Influencing factors and improvement methods of powder coating fluidity
Update:22 Oct,2021
1. The activity of powder coating and its detection
The mobility of the powder refers to the level of the powder coating being fluidized by air in the fluidized bed, and it is an important basis for evaluating the construction performance of the powder coating. The mobility of powder coatings can usually be weighed by the angle of repose or fluidity coefficient. The angle of repose is a direct detection method for powder activity. The smaller the angle of repose, the better the activity. There are currently two commonly used detection methods for activity:

1.1 Normative funnel method
This method is mainly used to detect the mobility of metal powder. It measures the time required for 50g of metal powder to flow through a funnel hole of a standard size, in s/50g. The longer it takes, the worse the mobility, and vice versa.
1.2 Natural accumulation angle
Let the powder flow down naturally through a set of screens and pile up on a flat circular plate with a diameter of 1 inch. When the powder is piled up on the circular plate, the bottom angle of the powder cone is called the angle of repose or pile powder angle. The larger the pile powder angle, the worse the mobility of the powder, and vice versa, the better the mobility.

2. Factors affecting activity performance
Powder mobility is the fundamental characteristic of powder, which refers to the difficulty level of powder movement. Powder activity performance is related to many factors, such as powder particle size, shape, roughness, dry humidity and so on. Generally speaking, increasing the coefficient of friction between particles will make it difficult for the powder to move. Generally, spherical particles have the best mobility, while powders with irregular shape, small size and rough appearance have poor mobility.

In addition, the mobility of the powder is affected by the adhesion between the particles. If the surface of the particles absorbs moisture, gas or participates in the forming agent, the mobility of the powder will be reduced. The mobility of the powder directly affects the average mixing performance. The mobility is too poor and it is easy to mix. Adhesion and clumping cannot be mixed evenly.

The glass transition temperature of the powder coating resin determines the activity and storage stability of the powder coating. The glass transition temperature of T polymer is improved, the stability of the powder is improved, the agglomeration is reduced, and the mobility of the powder coating is improved. The glass transition temperature increases with the increase of molecular weight. When the molecular weight increases to a certain level, the glass transition temperature of the polymer does not change significantly. The glass transition temperature is too high, the number average molecular weight of the resin is large, the melt viscosity is large, the mobility is poor, and the mechanical properties of the powder coating film decrease. The molecular weight of the commonly selected resin in consumption is 2000-5000, and it is more suitable to control the glass transition temperature in the range of 50-65°C.

3. The influence of activity performance on powder coatings
3.1 Impact on painting construction
In the process of electrostatic spraying of powder coatings, the mobile powder, like water boiling, appears very loose and has the effect of flowing water. From the powder supply barrel to the spray gun, the powder is transported and heavy, and the powder is atomized well from the nozzle, and the powder is restrained. Agglomeration of paint results in abnormal consumption such as spraying gun blocking or "powder spitting". The opposite is true for the powder with poor mobility in the powder tank, which leads to poor powder coating efficiency.
3.2 The impact on the consumption of stored procedures
The mobility of powder coatings directly affects the storage stability of the product. During the product packaging process, the powder begins to agglomerate. As time progresses and squeezed during storage, the powder begins to harden and agglomerate. The texture powder loses its texture effect after spraying, and the flat powder also shows a metamorphosis phenomenon.

4. Improvement of powder coating activity performance
The mobility of powder coatings is closely related to storage stability. The storage stability of powders is mainly determined by the glass transition temperature of the resin and curing agent. They occupy a large proportion in the formulation design, so they play a more important role. Although the amount of curing agent is small, it has a significant impact on the storage properties of powder coatings. Under the condition of ensuring the appearance of the coating film, try to choose a resin and curing agent with a high glass transition temperature.

In powder coating formulations, the mass fraction of pigments and fillers has a significant impact on mobility. The pigments and fillers of powder coatings are mainly used for coloring and improving rigidity. If the mass fraction of pigments and fillers is too high, the resin is relatively less, powder coatings The performance of the activity is worse. At the same time, in the formulation design process, try to add as little or no additives as possible that affect the glass transition temperature and storage stability, such as adding less leveling agents, wax-type matting agents and accelerators, etc.

Adding a loosening agent to improve the looseness of powder coatings by internal addition can reduce the angle of repose of powder coatings and make the powder less likely to agglomerate. After addition, it can adjust the affinity and cohesion between the film-forming substances in the powder coating and improve the anti-caking of the powder coating. Temperature, improve the storage stability of powder coatings, and improve the performance of dry powder; in addition, when electrostatic powder spraying, the powder coating is not easy to block the spray gun, preventing agglomeration and sticking to the wall. Hubei Laisi Chemical New Materials Co., Ltd. dry powder active agent 445 belongs to this category of additives.

In addition, additives such as fumed white carbon black and alumina, which are larger than the surface area and have strong moisture absorption ability, are added in an external way to form a barrier between the powder coating particles, reduce the collision and agglomeration of the powder coating particles, and reduce the space between the powder coating particles. Absorb and rub each other to avoid contact between particles, so that the powder coating is not easy to agglomerate. Hubei Laisi anti-caking agent 466 is made of inorganic minerals as the main body and auxiliary organic surface active agent. It is processed by air jet pulverization. The particle and density of the anti-caking agent are similar to powder coatings. The addition amount is 0.4%, which can be directly added to the waste powder, and can also be crushed and sieved together with the flakes.

5 Conclusion
The mobility of powder coatings is the result of the comprehensive use of multiple elements. In addition to the main elements discussed above, it is also related to other elements, such as commonly used pigments, filler properties and amount of participation, spraying operation process conditions, angle of repose detection methods, etc., which require scientific and technical personnel to explore from time to time during consumption. Discussing the mobility of powder coatings, improving powder coating formulations and spraying consumption process control parameters are of great significance to guiding consumption theory.


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British Jewry Pledges Solidarity with American Jews in U.S. War Effort
A message "of brotherhood and solidarity with American Jewry" and a pledge to stand together in the fight for "a free Jewry in a free world," appears in the leading editorial in tomorrow's issue of the Zionist Review, official organ of the British Zionist Federation.
Stating that the United States' entry into the war has changed the aspect of the whole Jewish scene the Zionist organ calls upon Jews in Britain and the United States to work out a program for Palestine. "British and American Jewry now stand united, sharing a common burden," the editorial states. "What is essential now is coordination of efforts of the Jewish communities in the English-speaking world. It is more essential than ever to awaken public opinion in the Western Hemisphere to the magnitude of the Jewish problem, and its connection with Palestine."
Declaring that Jews of the English-speaking nations have already helped build a Jewish homeland in Palestine and have fought Nazism and Fascism, the Zionist Review concludes: "We are convinced that with the Jews of Britain and the Dominions the bulk of American Jewry is ready to face the greater tasks allotted it by world developments."


text:
New Delhi: It's a big world with many countries, subsequently; there would be different culture, food habit and traditions pertaining to the region. Food of a particular region is made according to the climate of the place.
Therefore, few dishes may look unusual to us. It may give us shivers but for some it is their staple diet.
Here are 10 such bizarre foods of the world that can shock your senses:
It is a half developed duck egg, usually eaten in Cambodia. The egg is boiled and it is eaten in the shell. The liquid inside the shell is sipped first and then, the embryo is eaten.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Human Dorsal Root Ganglion PolyA RNA Seq Dataset
Study ID Alternative Stable ID Type
phs001158 Case-Control
Study Description
PolyA+ RNA sequencing was performed on human DRGs and were contrasted to a panel of relevant human and mouse RNA-seq studies (integrating, among other sources, datasets from ENCODE and GTex) in order to identify tissue-specific gene expression and alternative splicing in DRG, and contrasting the human and mouse DRG transcriptomes. Relevant sets of DRG-specific genes and splice variants were identified in human and mouse in a high-throughput way, creating a roadmap for future studies for deeper analysis of these transcripts from a molecular biological and pharmacological (in the context of chronic pain) perspective. Additionally, human DRG transcriptomes from donors suffering from chronic pain were contrasted with donors with no history of chronic pain.
Archive Link Archive Accession
dbGaP phs001158
Who archives the data?
There are no publications available


text:
with a vapor pressure of less than 10-6 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) will tend to remain in soil; above 10-6 mm Hg, the contaminant will tend to volatilize into the atmosphere.
- Henry's Law Constant combines water solubility with vapor pressure to describe how easilya contaminant in water or wet soil will volatilize to the atmosphere. Contaminants with aHenry's Law Constant higher than 10-3 atmospheres per cubic meter per mole (atm-m3/mole)are expected to easily volatilize; from 10-3 to 10-5 atm-m3/mole are expected to have moderatevolatilization; and below 10-5 atm-m3/mole are not expected to volatilize from water or wet soil.
- Specific Gravity measures the density of a contaminant in comparison to water. A contaminant that is not dissolved in water and has a specific gravity of greater than 1 is heavier than water and will tend to sink. A chemical that is not dissolved in water and has a specific gravity of less than 1 is lighter than water and will tend to float.
- Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient reflects the likelihood of a contaminant to remainadsorbed, or adhered, to soil. Normal ranges are from 1 to 107 milliliters per gram (mL/g).Lower values indicate a lower tendency to adhere to soil and higher values indicate a greatertendency to adhere to the soil. Contaminants with a low organic partition coefficient tend to be more mobile in the environment.
|Contaminant||Water Solubility (ppm)||Vapor Pressure (mm Hg)||Henry's Law Constant |
|Specific Gravity (unitless)||Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient (mL/g)|
|Hydrazine||miscible||10||no data||1.01||no data|
|NDMA||>100,000||0.1||no data||1.0||no data|
|Hexavalent Chromium||insoluble||negligible||not available||7.1||not available|
Migration and Degradation Processes
As contaminants move through the environment, contaminant concentrations decrease. Thisdecrease results from the physical process occurring during migration or chemical interactions andbiological processes that change or degrade the contaminant into new forms of chemicals. Physicalmigration and chemical degradation processes that may be occurring at AFP PJKS include:
Physical Migration Processes
- Molecular Diffusion is the random motion of chemical molecules from areas of highconcentration to areas of low concentration. An example of molecular diffusion is dripping redfood color into a still bowl of water. Initially, there is a small area with a deep red color, over time, however, all the water in the bowl becomes an even pink color.
- Turbulent Diffusion is the random motion of the air or water containing a chemical to move the chemical from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Turbulent diffusion occurs when red food color is dripped into a bowl of still water which is then stirred. All the water in the bowl quickly becomes an even pink color. Turbulent diffusion occurs in streams and rivers as water flows downstream and, to a lesser extent, in groundwater as water flows through pores and fractures.
- Dilution is the addition of uncontaminated water or air to an area of contamination. Dilution would occur when a bowl containing clear water is poured into a bowl containing pink water. The combination of water would become a paler pink. Another example is a stream with no surface water contamination flowing into a stream with surface water contamination. The resulting larger stream would have a lower surface water contaminant concentration.
Chemical Degradation Processes
- Hydrolysis is the interaction between a contaminant and water, either surface water or groundwater, to form new chemicals.
- Photolysis, or photodegradation, is the breaking of bonds that hold a contaminant together by the energy, or heat, in sunlight to form new chemicals.
- Biodegradation is the conversion of a contaminant by organisms, such as bacteria or fungi, toform new chemicals. Chlorinated compounds, such as TCE, are less likely to be biodegradedversus non-chlorinated compounds, such as hydrazine.
Fate and Transport of Site-Specific Contaminants
Understanding the chemical and physical properties for site-specific contaminants and potentialdegradation processes provides a basis for evaluating the overall fate and transport of contaminantsat AFP PJKS, as discussed below. Site-specific conditions, such as soil characteristics andgroundwater depth, will also impact contaminant fate and transport. The 1990 RemedialInvestigation and the 1999 Supplemental Remedial Investigation provide a more detailed evaluationof the fate and transport of contaminants at AFP PJKS.
TCE has been detected in on-site groundwater (to a maximum of 11,000 parts per billion [ppb]) andsurface water (to 22 ppb) at PJKS. Lower levels were measured off site. TCE is a colorless liquidwith a sweet odor and is mainly used as a solvent to remove grease from machinery parts. The watersolubility value of 1,000 ppm indicates that once released, TCE will dissolve readily in surfacewater or groundwater. Once in surface water or groundwater, two factors (Henry's Law Constantand the organic carbon partition coefficient) influence how TCE will migrate with surface water orgroundwater or migrate to other media, such as air or soil. The Henry's Law Constant is above 10-3,and indicates that TCE easily volatilizes to the air. TCE will volatilize to air from surface waterfaster than it will from groundwater because TCE in surface water is in direct contact with theatmosphere. Interactions between TCE and natural components of the atmosphere quickly degradeTCE into other chemicals. Studies have found that once in the atmosphere, approximately one halfof the TCE is degraded within one week. This degradation time, however, varies depending on theseason and temperature. TCE in groundwater will volatilize to the air found in soil and eventually tothe atmosphere. The organic carbon partition coefficient is low, indicating that TCE will only adhereto soil to a small degree. TCE, therefore, would be expected to be transported with water along thegroundwater or surface water flow pathways.
Chemical reactions in the air will quickly degrade TCE. Studies have found that hydrolysis andphotolysis do not substantially contribute to TCE degradation. Biodegradation does occur, but isminimal.
At PJKS, hydrazine (to 2,000 ppb on site) has been detected in the groundwater in the alluvium nearthe D-1 Test Stands. Hydrazine is a clear, colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor and was oftenused as a component of rocket fuel or an additive to boiler water to reduce corrosion. Hydrazine'swater solubility is considered miscible, which means that an unlimited amount of hydrazine candissolve in water. As such, hydrazine released to either surface water or groundwater is expected tocompletely dissolve. Because hydrazine is very soluble in water, a high vapor pressure and Henry'sLaw Constant are needed for volatilization from water to occur. Hydrazine has a moderately highvapor pressure, indicating that volatilization from soil and water is likely. Although there are notenough data to determine the Henry's Law Constant, laboratory studies show that hydrazine inwater does readily volatilize. There are not enough data to determine the organic carbon partitioncoefficient for hydrazine, therefore, it is unknown how adherence to soil may influence hydrazinemovement in groundwater.
Once in air, hydrazine is completely degraded within a few minutes or hours by chemical reactionswith components of the atmosphere. In water and soil, chemical reactions with oxygen andbiodegradation will breakdown hydrazine. The primary chemical reaction in water producesnitrogen gas and water. In oxygen deficient waters, ammonia may also be produced. The rate atwhich the processes occur depend on site-specific conditions such as water quality and soilcharacteristics.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (to 42 ppb) was detected in groundwater in the alluvium andbedrock along the East Fork area of AFP PJKS. NDMA, which is a breakdown product ofhydrazine, is a yellow, oily liquid with a faint odor. Similar to hydrazine, NDMA has a high watersolubility indicating that NDMA detected in groundwater is likely completely dissolved.Volatilization to air from water is expected because NDMA has a moderately high vapor pressure.Currently, there are not enough data to determine the Henry's Law Constant or organic carbonpartition coefficient. The tendency for NDMA to volatilize from water or adhere to soil, therefore, isunclear. NDMA, however, could be expected to move with groundwater flow based on its highwater solubility.
Hexavalent chromium has been detected in groundwater downgradient of the Inactive Site at theLockheed Martin Astronautics property surrounding AFP PJKS. Chromium, usually as trivalentchromium, is a naturally occurring element in the environment. Hexavalent chromium is generally produced by industrial processes. Hexavalent chromium is not found in the environment as anindividual molecule but as part of a compound, such as calcium chromate or potassium chromate.Hexavalent chromium is considered insoluble in water. If released to water, only very small amount

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Enjoy this documentary and history of Oakwood: Oakwood: Our Home on the Hill
Living in Oakwood means being part of a rich history. In the city's 100+ years, it's been home to technological and business innovators like Orville Wright - whose Oakwood home, Hawthorn Hill, is part of the National Aviation Heritage Area that recognizes the Dayton region as the birthplace of powered flight. Oakwood was also home to John H. Patterson, the visionary founder of NCR Corporation. Oakwood civil engineers, working in the aftermath of the tragic Dayton flood of 1913, helped develop modern levee and flood control systems that were implemented to save lives and property in riverside communities around the world.
Oakwood's history is focused on community, family, and quality of life. Scouting is big here, with Oakwood's Troop 101 being one of the first chartered by the Boy Scouts of America. Tradition has it that the blue and gold of the Cub Scout uniform were drawn from Oakwood High School's team colors. The first Soap Box Derby took place in Oakwood, too.
The 400 homes in Oakwood's Schantz Park, an entire neighborhood listed on the National Register of Historic Places, are a textbook of architectural styles from the flourishing turn of the 20th century. The Oakwood Historical Society's Long-Romspert Homestead, a living history museum, offers a glimpse of everyday life in America over the centuries. But your home doesn't have to be listed on the Register to have the sense of history that comes from generations growing up in Oakwood, leaving for a time for college or career, and then returning to raise families or settle into active retirement.
In truth, Oakwood has never been about history for history's sake. The community looks back with pride on a long tradition of forward thinking, a tradition you'll step into when you cross the welcome mat. Come home to Oakwood, and make some history of your own.Today, city services go beyond the traditional, to include back door refuse and recycling collection and snow removal on public sidewalks. Public tennis courts, gardens and parks are among the finest anywhere.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
When ancient ruins were spotted in aerial photographs of the town of Urla in Izmir, steps were taken to initiate Turkey's first underwater excavation. As a result a new archaeology park, Limantepe, was born.
|Excavation area at Liman Tepe [Credit: Geocities]
Limantepe is Turkey's first underwater excavation site and work is being carried out there with the support of Ankara University's Underwater Research Center. The area has been shown to be one of the 10 most important underwater excavations sites in the world, according to the head of the excavation, Prof. Hayat Erkanal. Limantepe is the site of an ancient Greek city, mear the site of Klazomenai, dating founded in the Archaic Greek era, and also a site where hunter-gatherer societies later evolved into agricultural ones. The excavation began on land, with the underwater portion of the work beginning coincidentally, Erkanal said.
The first underwater archeaology park
"If someone had told me that this would be one of the important underwater archeological sites I would have laughed. Everything developed coincidentally," Erkanal said. "We were given several aerial photos that the municipality had taken in preparation for landscaping work in 1999. We saw some spots connected to the coast, and there we found the remnants of a harbor.
In the first years, we tried to conduct the excavations without professional support, but it didn't work out. In those days, the University of Haifa in Israel and Ankara University signed an agreement. We asked for help [from them] as they had experience with underwater excavation. We worked together and learned many things.
There had been some work done previously on the wrecks of ancient ships, but no underwater excavations.
When Ankara University provided the necessary equipment, we established our underwater excavation team for the first time. The team quickly began finding important information. A two-winged harbor with a height of 350 to 400 meters, dating back to the 6th century B.C., was unearthed, which was the largest harbor of the time. Now, we are working at a depth of 7 to 8 meters on the floor of the harbor, where we have found the remains of a city spreading over one square kilometer."
The process of desalinating the artifacts from the site will take six months, and it will be a year before they are ready to be exhibited, Erkanal said.
|Two of the artefacts unearthed during the excavation works [Credit: AA]
"We are finding many artifacts in the underwater excavation at Limantepe. When the laboratory is ready, we will be able to excavate a lot of historical artifacts. But we have to desalinate them first, to keep the artifacts in good condition. We can dig out the materials over several months, and then the other institutions will continue working on the pieces for a longer period. Several museums could be filled with these artifacts," Erkanal said.
The team working at the site consists of 70 people, including students who are being trained to work on excavations throughout Turkey. Excavations will also be conducted at Teos and Eritrai.
Artifacts from ships are already being exhibited to shed light on the history of the site and attract citizens' attention, Erkanal said. Many people visit the center to see how underwater excavations are carried out.
Tourists interested in excavation works
"Tourists are interested in the excavation work, so we established a program whereby tourism companies bring groups of tourists on determined days, and groups can visit by appointment. This led us to [creating] the Archeo Park project.
First we decided to establish a museum, but there is already work underway to establish a Museum of Aegean Civilizations in Izmir.
We thought that a museum in the town wouldn't draw the intended number of tourists. We plan to exhibit ships and artifacts from them, to help describe the lifestyles of the past. We will use historical ships to take visitors on short trips, and people will be able to view an ancient ship dating back 3,000 years. Urla Municipality allocated 1.1 hectares of land to the project. This year, we are going to establish an Archeo Park with the support of the Koç Foundation, and next year, we are going to open the park, making Urla a significant world archaeological center. In the future, we plan to transform the park into the Naval Archeology Institution," said Erkanal.
Source: Hurriyet Daily News [Kily 18, 2012]


Programmer's Wiki
Template metaprogramming
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Template metaprogramming (also template meta-programming, or just TMP) is a metaprogramming technique that involves the use of templates. It essentially works by generating temporary code as compile-time, and it is able to do work then instead of at run time. TMP is turing complete, so literally any run time instructions can be shifted to compile-time, enhancing performance.
Simple Examples Edit
A common example used to demonstrate TMP, is the 'Factorial Snippet'. It is presented here:
_TAG_
using namespace std;
template
struct FACTORIAL {
 static const int value = N * FACTORIAL::value;
template <>
struct FACTORIAL<0> {
 static const int value = 1;
int main() {
 cout << FACTORIAL<4>::value << '\n'; // == 24
What happens in this example, is that the template FACTORIAL will be instantiated, and it's member value is accessed. To properly set value, it will instantiate itself with its value minus one. This continues until a instantiation of 0 is encountered. The template specialization handles 0 specifically, ending any infinite loops.
More Elaborate Examples Edit
Loop Unrolling Edit
By using recursion, TMP can hard-write the code of any loop into an executable. This means things such as for loops can be rewritten in a faster way (They are faster because there is no run time expression checking). For example, the song '99 bottle of beer' is commonly coded using a loop to count. This can be easily achieved in TMP:
_TAG_
_TAG_
using namespace std;
typedef unsigned int uint;
const string x = " bottles of beer";
const string a = " on the wall. ";
const string v = "Take one down, pass it around! ";
const string e = "No more bottles of beer on the wall. No more bottles of beer. Go to the store, buy some more! 99 bottles of beer on the wall :)";
template
void bottles() {
 cout << num << x << a << num << x << ". " << v << num-1 << x << '\n';
void bottles<0>() {
 cout << e;
int main() {
 return 0;
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
FAA wants proposed wind turbines trimmed
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recently classified proposed wind turbine projects at West Tisbury School and the Martha's Vineyard Arena (MVA) as presumed hazards to air navigation, given their location in the Martha's Vineyard Airport's flight paths. The FAA's decisions, which included recommendations for reducing the height of the two wind turbines, may literally take the wind out of the ice arena's project.
"We are in a holding pattern," MVA President Jevon Rego said yesterday. "We have to make a decision, because we are going to be decreased in height significantly, and we are trying to figure out whether or not it will be feasible for us to do the project."
Airport manager Sean Flynn said he received notification from the FAA last week. "The projects have not been turned down altogether," he explained. "They just have to go through another process. We get updates when something changes, and those two just happened to come up at the same time."
The MVA's wind turbine project underwent an aeronautical study by the FAA, in addition to review as a development of regional impact by the Martha's Vineyard Commission. The MVA proposal involves building a combination 165-foot-tall wind turbine and wireless communications tower at Martha's Vineyard's only ice rink, located on Edgartown-Vineyard Haven Road across from the regional high school.
The goal of the wind turbine project is to curb soaring energy costs and raise revenues for the nonprofit community organization.
The commission approved the MVA's project with several conditions, pending FAA approval, in October. However, on December 5, the FAA sent the MVA a notice of presumed hazard, recommending reducing the wind turbine structure to 94 feet above ground level.
Mr. Rego said a combination wind turbine and cell phone equipment tower would not be high enough at 94 feet to make the wind turbine efficient and would not allow enough room between the blades of the wind turbine to position cell phone equipment above the treeline.
"Our project is not dead yet, but it's going to be difficult to make it work," Mr. Rego said. "We're trying to see if we can salvage it and if it's doable. We never expected this to be the stumbling block. We're going back to square one here."
Mr. Rego said the MVA is going to investigate using a different turbine that may offer better energy production at that height, as well as other cell phone equipment options.
Mr. Rego said he has been talking with FAA officials over the past two days, as well as Mr. Flynn, who has been very helpful.
"This was the first application we made before we did any of our local permitting applications - we never expected to have any problems, based on the wind turbine at the high school, which is 112 feet," Mr. Rego said. "Apparently we're just further enough in line with the airport's runway to make a significant difference."
The West Tisbury School wind turbine project involves collaboration between the Up-Island Regional School District (UIRSD), which owns the property, and a town committee, the Up-Island Regional School Energy Committee. Original plans called for building a 235-foot wind turbine at the school.
A wind site survey conducted in January 2007 identified West Tisbury School as a favorable site. Because the location is only 2.2 miles from the airport, the UIRSD and energy committee requested an aeronautical study from the FAA to determine whether there would be height restrictions for a wind turbine. On October 23, 2008, the FAA issued a notice of presumed hazard, recommending a reduction in the wind turbine structure's height to 202 feet above ground level.
In a phone call Monday, Mr. Flynn said after issuing a notice of presumed hazard, the FAA either declares a proposed project a hazard or sends it to circularization.
"I don't see anything definitive yet as far as these two projects go," Mr. Flynn said. "It may come to that - it depends - the FAA gets to this kind of in-between place where they try to negotiate a height that allows a project to continue and doesn't have any negative impacts on the airport."
Superintendent of schools James Weiss and the UIRSD received a notification from the FAA dated December 3 that the West Tisbury School wind turbine proposal will undergo circularization. During that process, the FAA circulates a public notice to parties who would have interest in the case and solicits their input.
"In the circularization process, the airport would have a chance to comment," Mr. Flynn said. "That is one of the opportunities - the only opportunity, really - that we have to comment on it, and we're just looking for protection of the airspace, so as not to degrade the approaches to it."
Mr. Flynn said although he and airport officials keep track of FAA decisions, they essentially are not involved in the process. "We have to advocate on behalf of the airport at some point in time if they get to that point, but it's not our airspace - we don't own it - and neither does the FAA," he pointed out. "The FAA recognizes that they have to have compatible uses between surrounding communities and their uses for the airspace, so we agree with that."
The most critical traffic in and out of Martha's Vineyard Airport is air transport for medically related purposes, Mr. Flynn explained. "What we're trying to do is make sure that we protect the airspace around us for the most extreme cases, which are the Life Flights that need to get to the airport to evacuate somebody," he said. "It's a small percentage of the flights, but they're the most important flights, and they usually happen in bad weather."
Proximity to the airport is not always the deciding factor in the FAA's determinations of navigation hazards, however. "We had one wind turbine over in Waldron's Bottom that ended up fairly close to the airport at what you would consider a significant height, but because it wasn't on the approach, even though it was close to the airport, the project went right through," Mr. Flynn said. "So it depends, and that's why we don't give advice to people who are contemplating putting up antennas and wind turbines, and recommend that they go through this process because the FAA has the engineers on board that can do the evaluations."
Mr. Flynn said the airport staff will take a look at the West Tisbury School's wind turbine proposal, see what the proponents' responses are to the FAA, and go from there. "We like the idea of wind energy, and when it doesn't have any effect on the airport, then it's a good use of the airspace," Mr. Flynn said.


text:
Rinish the Keep it Simple worksheet.
Read "The Meaning of Sarah Palin" (.pdf file).
Write a journal entry on the Sarah Palin article including at least one sentence answering each of these questions:
1. What is the main idea?
2. Where does the author state the main idea?
3. What evidence does the author give to support the main idea?


Provided by: libtangence-perl_0.24-3_all bug
NAME
 "Tangence::Stream" - base class for "Tangence" stream-handling mixins
DESCRIPTION
 This module provides a base for Tangence::Client and Tangence::Server. It is not intended
 to be used directly by "Tangence" implementation code.
 It provides the basic layer of message serialisation, deserialisation, and dispatching to
 methods that would handle the messages. Higher level classes are used to wrap this
 functionallity, and provide implementations of methods to handle the messages received.
 When a message is received, it will be passed to a method whose name depends on the code
 of message received. The name will be "handle_request_", followed by the name of the
 message code, in uppercase; for example "handle_request_CALL".
REQUIRED METHODS
 The following methods are required to be implemented by some class using this mixin.
 $stream->tangence_write( $data )
 Write bytes of data to the connected peer. $data will be a plain perl string.
 $stream->handle_request_$CODE( $token, $message )
 Invoked on receipt of a given message code. $token will be some opaque perl scalar value,
 and $message will be an instance of Tangence::Message.
 The value of the token has no particular meaning, other than to be passed to the "respond"
 method.
PROVIDED METHODS
 The following methods are provided by this mixin.
 $stream->tangence_closed
 Informs the object that the underlying connection has now been closed, and any attachments
 to "Tangence::Object" or "Tangence::ObjectProxy" instances should now be dropped.
 $stream->tangence_readfrom( $buffer )
 Informs the object that more data has been read from the underlying connection stream.
 Whole messages will be removed from the beginning of the $buffer, which should be passed
 as a direct scalar (because it will be modified). This method will invoke the required
 "handle_request_*" methods. Any bytes remaining that form the start of a partial message
 will be left in the buffer.
 $stream->request( %args )
 Serialises a message object to pass to the "tangence_write" method, then enqueues a
 response handler to be invoked when a reply arrives. Takes the following named arguments:
 request => Tangence::Message
 The message body
 on_response => CODE
 CODE reference to the callback to be invoked when a response to the message is
 received. It will be passed the response message:
 $on_response->( $message )
 $response = $stream->request( request => $request )->get
 When called in non-void context, this method returns a Future that will yield the response
 instead. In this case it should not be given an "on_response" callback.
 In this form, a "MSG_ERROR" response will automatically turn into a failed Future; the
 subsequent "then" or "on_done" code will not have to handle this case.
 $stream->respond( $token, $message )
 Serialises a message object to be sent to the "tangence_write" method. The $token value
 that was passed to the "handle_request_" method ensures that it is sent at the correct
 position in the stream, to allow the peer to pair it with the corresponding request.
 $ver = $stream->minor_version
 Returns the minor version negotiated by the "MSG_INIT" / "MSG_INITED" initial message
 handshake.
AUTHOR
 Paul Evans <_EMAIL_>


Marengo, IA
Sponsored Topics
Marengo's longitude and latitude coordinates
in decimal form are 41.797227, -92.069550.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km²), of which, 2.1 square miles (5.4 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (2.78%) is water.


This glowing blue death worm could hold the key to human longevity
In an eerie discovery, we've found that dying worms emit an intense, blue glow that begins in their intestines before radiating outward into their entire bodies. Studying this "death fluorescence" allows researchers to understand how age-related death works in humans — and possibly, pathways to slowing it. » 7/23/13 3:20pm 7/23/13 3:20pm


text: An integrated modeling system is developed to simulate the far-field dispersions of concentrate discharges along the Saudi coast of the Red Sea. It comprises the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model for simulating the atmospheric circulations, the MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) for simulating the large-scale ocean conditions, and the Connectivity Modeling System (CMS) for tracking particle pathways. We use the system outputs and remote sensing altimetry data to study and analyze the atmospheric and oceanic conditions along the Saudi coast of the Red Sea and to conduct particle tracking experiments. The model simulations show distinctive patterns of seasonal variations in both the atmospheric conditions and the large-scale ocean circulation in the Red Sea, which are also reflected in the salinity and temperature distributions along the Saudi coast. The impact of this seasonality on the far-field dispersion of concentrate discharges are illustrated in seasonal dispersion scenarios with discharging outfalls located at the northern, central and southern Saudi coasts of the Red Sea.


text:
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (May 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
Avenida General Paz (official name Ruta Nacional A001 - National Route A001) is a beltway freeway surrounding the city of Buenos Aires. Roughly following the boundary between the city and Buenos Aires Province, it is one of the few motorways in Argentina that is toll-free. It carries three lanes of traffic in each direction during most of its length, and five lanes between the Pan-American Highway and the Río de la Plata. There are feeder roads in both directions and there are service areas along its length, usually with a gas station and fast food restaurants.
Named after José María Paz, the freeway was designed by Pascual Palazzo and construction was directed by José María Zaballa Carbó. It was the first freeway built in the country. The crossings with the most important avenues were grade-separated; more minor cross-streets were served with traffic circles. The road had four lanes, two on each direction and lateral feeder streets of one lane on each side. The pavement was made of reinforced concrete.
Work was started on 8 June 1937, and the freeway was opened to the public on 5 July 1941. In the 1970s the roundabout on Avenida del Libertador was replaced by an interchange.
In 1996 the road was modernized and fully grade-separated, widening the road to three lanes on each direction and two feeder streets with two lanes each. To facilitate traffic it was decided that the colectivo bus lines travelled on these feeder roads, except the express service buses, which stop on these feeders. These streets have speed bumps of limit speed to 40 kilometers per hour (25 mph).


ToolboxDragItemDropEventHandler Delegate
Represents a method that will handle the ToolboxControl.DragItemDrop event.
Namespace: DevExpress.XtraToolbox
Assembly: DevExpress.XtraBars.v21.2.dll
Declaration
public delegate void ToolboxDragItemDropEventHandler(
 object sender,
 ToolboxDragItemDropEventArgs e
);
Parameters
Name Type Description
sender Object
A ToolboxControl that raises the event.
e ToolboxDragItemDropEventArgs
A ToolboxDragItemDropEventArgs object that comprises data related to the event.
Remarks
When creating a ToolboxDragItemDropEventHandler delegate, you identify the method that will handle the corresponding event. To associate an event with your event handler, add a delegate instance to this event. The event handler is called whenever the event occurs, unless you remove the delegate. For more information about event handler delegates, see Events and Delegates in MSDN.
See Also


text:
Rural Connectivity Technologies Cost Analysis
Rural areas of Tanzania are still disadvantaged in terms of diffusion of IP-based services; this is due to lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructures, especially lack of connectivity. One of the limitations for connectivity problems in rural areas of Tanzania is the high cost to establish infrastructures for IP-based services [1-2]. However the cost of connectivity varies from one technology to the other and at the same time, the cost is also different from one operator (service provider) to another within the country. This paper presents development of software system to calculate cost of connectivity to rural areas of Tanzania. The system is developed to make an easy access of connectivity cost from different technologies and different operators. The development of the calculator follows the V-model software development lifecycle. The calculator is used to evaluate the economic viability of different technologies considered as being potential candidates to provide rural connectivity. In this paper, the evaluation is based on the techno-economic analysis approach.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): _URL_.5281/zenodo.1055277Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 1645
 Sedoyeka, E. Hunaiti, Z. Al Nabhan, M. Balachandran, W. (2008). WiMAX Mesh networks for underserved areas. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications - Vol 00. Pp _PHONE_. ISBN: 978-1-4244-1967-8. IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA.
 Simba, F., Mjema, E.C., Mvungi, N.H., Lena, T., Mwinyiwiwa, B.M.M., (2009). Strategies for Connectivity Configuration to Access e- Learning Resources: Case of Rural Secondary School in Tanzania. In Proceedings of World Academy of Science and Technology. ISSN 2070-3742. Vol. 54. Pp 889 - 894. Paris, France.
 The Guardian. (2009). The Tanzania local news paper accesses online via the ippmedia _URL_ Accessed on 23rd July, 2009.
 SEACOM (2009). Seacom Goes Live in East Africa _URL_ accessed on 23rd July, 2009
 eThinkTanktz, (2009). Seacom has arrived..... _URL_ . Accessed on 27th July, 2009
 MST Minister-s Speech, (2009). _URL_ =64&Itemid=94 accessed on 23rd July, 2009.
 Lenoir, M. (2008). Building a Wireless Mesh Network in Sengerema, Tanzania _URL_ internet-in-sengerema-tanzania/
 TTN Report (2008). A TTN workshop: The Sengerema Wireless Shared Community Network October 19-24 2008. _URL_ accessed on 28th July, 2009.
 Geocities, (2009). _URL_ /rmtiwari/Resources/Management/SoftwareDevelopmentLifecycle/VModel. html accessed on 22th july, 2009.
 free enclopedia, (2009). _URL_ software_development) accessed on 20th July, 2009.
 TCRA, (2009). List of licensed Service Providers in Tanzania. _URL_. _URL_ CLFlicensed_ operators. php accessed on 19th July, 2009.
 Jerman-Blaži─ì, B (2007). Techno-economic analysis and empirical study of network broadband investment: The case of backbone upgrading. Journal of Information Systems Frontiers. Volume 10, Number 1. Pp 103-110. ISSN _PHONE_ (Print) _PHONE_ (Online). Springer Netherlands.
 Mishra, S. M., Hwang, J., Filippini, D., Moazzami, T. D, R. and Subramanian, L. (2005). UCB Technical Report UCB/CSD-05-1411: Economic Analysis of Networking Technologies for Rural Developing Regions.
 Wikipedia, (2009) _URL_ accessed on 28th July, 2009.
 Cadman, R; Dineen, C; Twomey, P. 2006. Trends in Economics and Finance. Volume II: Use of Economic Modeling in Telecommunications. ITU Report.
 Raman, B and Chebrolu, K. (2007) "Design and Evaluation of a new MAC Protocol for LongDistance 802.11 Mesh Networks". In ACM MOBICOM.
 Vodacom Internet Bomba, (2009). _URL_ accessed on 23rd July, 2009.


text:
From Supplyto Demand-led: Labour Training in Latin America
Over the past two decades, most Latin American countries began to see the need to reform their labour training systems. Up until this time, traditional training in Latin America had been supply-driven, with large-sized public sector institutions providing training based on what they perceived was needed within a state-led industrial development framework. Graduates of these training institutions were supposed to be absorbed by the emerging industrial sector. However, this model broke down during the crisis-ridden 1980s, as the firm-size structure of the economy shifted dramatically towards smaller firms and the informal sector grew exponentially. The response in the 1990s was a demand-driven approach, where the state had a role in financing, but much less so in providing training. A host of programmes along these lines were implemented across Latin America, many of which included built-in impact evaluations. This Brief begins by describing general features of the shift to a demand-led approach to labour training and highlights some of the main programmes in the region. It then presents the results of the impact evaluations undertaken, concluding with some key lessons that may be useful for labour training initiatives in other contexts.
- The market mechanisms of the demand-driven model have encouraged competition among training institutions and the creation of a market for training in cases where none existed previously. Key elements for the success of these programmes are in the design: private sector participation in consultations during the design phase; competition promoted on the basis of relevance, quality and cost-efficiency; and a clear mechanism to link training to a future job, such as through internships.
- Although measured impacts are hardly homogeneous, some clear patterns emerge across countries and programmes. In particular, impacts on job quality - through formal sector employment and higher wages - seem more likely than on employment rates alone.
- Interestingly, impacts among women are both more frequent and larger than for men. This indicates that these programmes may play an important role as policies orientated to reduce gender gaps in the labour market.
Otros materiales de ELLA conocimientos relativos a la Políticas activas del mercado laboral:
GUíAS Y RESúMENES
COMENTARIOS DE EXPERTOS


Garden Dictionary Word: formation
formation
One of the earth's largest subdivisions of vegetation types, usually of huge geographical extent and composed of communities that are similar in physiognomy and broad environmental description, such as the coniferous forests of Canada. See also: climax, biome.
A| B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
garden dictionary
Free Garden Catalog

Free gardeing catalog


Australian Water Information Dictionary
mean seasonal storage range
Expresses the estimated mean seasonal range in the amount of water stored in all water stores (surface, soil and groundwater). A large range is likely to indicate a large use of water from storage during periods with low rainfall, for example through root water uptake from deeper soil or groundwater stores.
Related: MSSR
This definition applies to:


text:
Water levels low at Lake Cumberland, Dale Hollow
Published 4:19 pm Monday, June 12, 2023
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready...
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nashville District's water managers are reporting that two reservoirs in the Cumberland River Basin did not receive enough rain this spring to reach their traditional summer pool elevations, which could affect recreational activities and more.
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Robert Dillingham, a hydraulic engineer in the Nashville District Water Management Section, says Lake Cumberland and Dale Hollow Lake did not get to their typical summer elevation due to little rain.
"Water managers control outflow, which is discharge through the dam, but inflow is received via rainfall in the watershed," he stated. "In mid-March, reservoir elevations were on target, but rainfall runoff has been unseasonably dry since mid-March and thus reservoir elevations behind Wolf Creek and Dale Hollow Dams will likely not reach the top of their targets this summer."
The Nashville District's four storage reservoirs, which also include Center Hill Lake and J. Percy Priest Lake, each follow a unique seasonal guide curve where reservoir elevations rise in the spring and draw down in the late summer and fall. Water managers perform a balancing act to maintain available storage throughout the spring for flood risk management while also slowly filling the reservoir to capture water for multi-purpose use throughout the rest of the year. While Center Hill Lake and J. Percy Priest Lake did reach their summer pool levels, Lake Cumberland and Dale Hollow Lake did not.
As of June 5, Wolf Creek Dam at Lake Cumberland had a pool elevation of 714.9 feet. The typical target is elevation 723 feet by mid-May. The historical median elevation for early June is 721 feet. In addition, there is not an option to simply "shut off" the flow of water from Wolf Creek Dam to allow it to fill.
More than half the water flowing through Nashville is originally released from Wolf Creek Dam. This water provides clean hydroelectric energy at Wolf Creek Dam and again at four additional hydropower plants as it makes its way towards the Ohio River. Additionally, this water is critically important for water quality, water supply, commercial navigation, recreation, and fish and wildlife habitat throughout the Cumberland River Basin.
Dale Hollow Dam at Dale Hollow Lake on June 5 had a pool elevation of 648.4 feet. The typical target is elevation 651 feet by mid-May. The historical median elevation for early June is 650. Much like at Wolf Creek Dam, releasing water from Dale Hollow must continue as well.
"It would take more than two inches of rainfall in a single rainfall event in the Wolf Creek and Dale Hollow watersheds for the reservoirs to reach summer pool elevations," Dillingham said. "While receiving significant rainfall events are possible during the summer months, it is highly likely that the lakes would not reach these elevations during this recreation season as water will continue to be released from both projects in the meantime."


, 3, 4, and 5 are provided by sources 1, 3, 2, 3, and 1, respectively. In this example three sources are required to provide five fields of data. Fields 4 and 5 are initially provided by data sources having a low field ranking. Using edit precedence, the expected outcome is that the data in fields 4 and 5 will be replaced by data from sources having a higher field ranking, as defined by edit precedence.
Table 2 Example of edit precedence using three data sources
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Field 4
Field 5
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Edit precedence provides a number of key benefits for the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse:
 - It generates cost savings through the elimination of one or more data sources.
 - It results in field-level data becoming more reliable over time.
 - It simplifies the replacement of data from one source with data from another source.
Primary Record Types
The ODS contains two primary types of records: individual-based records and organization-based records. Individual-based records refer to individual customers who have purchased at least one product, attended at least one event, or subscribed to at least one online newsletter. Individual-based records, which are identified by residential addresses, do not ordinarily contain the names of organizations.
Individual-based records provide support for multiple e-mail aliases including the data source of each alias. A household key is used to bring together individual customers at the same physical location.
Organization-based records refer to businesses, companies, agencies, or divisions. An organization-based record is loaded into the warehouse provided the record is tied relationally to an individual-based record.
Telephone numbers are associated with individual-based records, but not organization-based records. Data suppliers periodically supply new telephone and fax numbers so that they are kept up to date. Telephone numbers are associated with existing fax numbers to ensure that a customer's preference is preserved even after a fax number is changed. If necessary a flag can be set to associate a telephone number with a company's home-office. Suppression flags accommodate each customer's preference of contact. For instance, a flag may be set indicating that contact via fax should not be attempted.
Factory Processing
Factory processing, a term used within Microsoft, applies to warehouse implementations that distribute the ODS, the application of business rules, and data marts among multiple computers. Factory processing is a customized process developed by the warehouse design team using SQL and is specific to the distributed nature of the warehouse within Microsoft.
Factory processing is used to periodically extract data from the ODS to perform transformations, aggregations, derivations, and partitioning before the enriched denormalized data is published through the generation of new data marts. Using the data marts, decision-makers can drill down and analyze individual customer transactions, produce reports, and support campaign-management activities. Figure 7 illustrates the flow of data from ODS through the factory process.
Figure 7: Factory-processing data flow
Factory processing provides a number of key benefits for the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse:
 - It provides an effective way of scaling the warehouse beyond 1 terabyte.
 - It enables servers to perform more specialized processing.
 - It simplifies the implementation of additional servers when they are necessary.
Data Marts
Data marts are SQL Server 2000-based databases optimized for efficient reporting. Factory processing generates new data marts on a weekly basis. The data marts provide a robust decision-support and campaign-management environment.
Once the data marts have been generated, a combination of internally developed and third-party applications are used to pull data and graphically display it in a graphical user interface. The graphical user interface permits decision-makers to gain visibility to the data and to conduct analyses. For example, one graphical user interface is used to pull data from four data marts, allowing decision-makers to "peel back" data layers to expose virtually any target audience. Doing this enables decision-makers to better understand which products, newsletters, and events are preferred by various target audiences.
Warehouse designers implemented four perspectives in the data marts so as to ease access to information for decision-makers. These perspectives are customer data, product registration, online subscription, and customer events.
Customer-Data Perspective
The customer-data perspective provides decision-makers with a comprehensive view of individual customers and organizations according to geography, profile, interests, and account activity. This perspective accommodates complex queries involving cross-activity analysis including profiles of individuals and organizations. The perspective counts individuals and organizations depending on which virtual perspective is being used.
Two virtual perspectives are based on the customer-data perspective: individual and organization. These virtual perspectives are similar to the base customer-data perspective except that the virtual perspectives can produce reports based on a specified number of individuals and organizations and the base perspective cannot.
Figure 8 illustrates a small segment of a fact table and some related dimensions in a data-mart customer-data perspective.
Figure 8: Example of data-mart information available to corporate decision-makers
Product-Registration Perspective
The product-registration perspective stores product-registration transactions in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to establish product-registration trends by individual customers over time. The default queries are fiscal month, subsidiary, sales location, product name, and count of product registrations.
Online-Subscription Perspective
The online-subscription perspective stores online-subscription transactions in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to establish online-subscription trends by individual customers over time. For newsletter-related activity, the perspective includes all subscribe and unsubscribe activity, including multiple subscribe or unsubscribe actions by a single individual.
Customer-Events Perspective
The customer-events perspective stores information about customer-events activities in a time-based view. The principal use of this perspective is to view customer activities connected with specific events over time. The perspective counts individual invitations, registrations, confirmations and event attendances.
The following section of this paper details some of the more important support tools used by the data-warehouse team for monitoring and maintaining the system.
These tools help to collect some information proactively, so that if a problem does arise the information can help to narrow down its potential causes; they collect other information at the time a problem arises. The primary support tools consist of Windows 2000 Performance Monitor, Windows 2000 Event Viewer, SQL Server-based e-mail, Windows 2000 Terminal Services, and SQL code.
Windows 2000 Performance Monitor
Windows 2000 Performance Monitor, which is included in Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, is used for locating performance bottlenecks caused by system or software components. Output from Performance Monitor is displayed graphically and supports the concurrent viewing of multiple system components and application processes. Performance Monitor is the first tool used by the operations team to determine whether a process or application is allocating too much memory or using too much processor time.
Data provided by Performance Monitor is extremely valuable to analysts and operations teams when it is time to tune operating-system performance. At Microsoft, only server administrators may run Performance Monitor, because experience has shown that information can readily be captured from a single machine and shared among analysts when necessary. Experience has also shown that performance is slightly improved by limiting the number of computers that are used for simultaneously viewing performance data. At Microsoft this number rarely exceeds five.
There are many reasons for initiating performance analysis using Performance Monitor, chief among them when an important process begins requiring far more time to complete than it did in the past. The decision to initiate a performance analysis comes from a group that is responsible for collecting performance data on a few computers dedicated to that purpose. Data is collected more-or-less following the scientific method, with collection taking place while suspect processes are run. Administrators add all performance counters (except for network segment) and log the results to disk, for a period of 48-72 hours. Then they pass the log file to a support analyst who analyzes the performance data.
The Performance Monitor also is used for systematically overlaying performance counters with memory, CPU, and disk counters, which are needed to identify which process or processes may be causing a given performance problem. Depending on the outcome of the analysis, performance problems can generally be resolved by the addition of more hardware, adjustment of the timing of SQL jobs, or the moving of a resource-intensive process to another server.
Event Viewer
The Event Viewer displays information based on event messages that SQL Server 2000 and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server write to application and event logs located on each server. Each event message has a corresponding ID that can be used to help determine the nature and severity of many common problems, such as full disks, failed hardware devices, or processes that have run out of memory. Through the Event Viewer, database administrators (DBAs) can use the event ID for searching through the Microsoft Knowledge Base (;EN-US;KBHOWTO&sd=GN&ln=EN-US?ln=en-us) for more detail on the potential cause of a given problem.
SQL Server-Based E-mail
The operations team relies on SQL Server-based e-mail to keep track of SQL Server 2000 activities in the Microsoft CRM and DSS data warehouse. SQL Server-based e-mail is configured to periodically send notification to the production team so they have some insight as to what is going on inside the system.
SQL Server-based e-mail is also used to automatically page someone on the production support team if an issue warrants immediate intervention. The data warehouse initiates SQL Server-based e-mail by programmatically calling the extended SQL stored procedure XP_SendMail from code locations that warrant e-mailing the production team.
Windows 2000 Terminal Services
Members of the operations team use Windows 2000 Terminal Services, which is part of Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, for remote operations. With Terminal


text:
Robot arm calibration
Note: This operation has been performed before the default robot is delivered. You do not need to repeat the operation. Incorrect use of this function may cause damage to the robot. If your robot works without abnormal conditions, please do not use it. Thank you for your cooperation.
Calibrating the robot arm is the precondition for precise control of the robot arm, and setting joint zero and initializing the potential of the motor are basic jobs for subsequent advanced development.
Different types of equipment have different operating methods. They have the approximate steps below:
- Burn the latest version of atomMain for Atom, and the minirobot for M5Stack-basic.
- Choose the Calibration function (It is unnecessary to burn Basic for micro-CPU devices)
- move all joints of the robot arm to their zero positions (align them with the scale line of zero positions)
- Press the calibration button and get started with robot arm calibration
- press the test button to test the zero positions
- press the exit button to exit this function
In this chapter, we will teach you how to calibrate the robot arm and to test and verify the joints.


text:
The Japanese government is concerned about the diet of the typical citizen. The average volume of vegetables, fruit and seafood that Japanese adults eat every day has fallen during the past ten years leading to concerns about health and nutrition.
As the volume of fruit and vegetables consumed in Japan has free-fallen, the volume of meat consumed has correspondingly increased, according to the Japan Times. This information has come from The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's survey on citizens' health and nourishment for 2011.
Although the findings correlate across the Japanese population, the report demonstrates, the House of Japan notes, a link between income and diet. The report found that people with a household income of less than ¥2 million a year (around $24,000) tend to eat fewer vegetables compared to the average.
Health and diet are intrinsically linked. Importantly, given the current global economic outlook, several global studies have shown that low income groups have been shown to have inadequate nutritional levels in their diets – with affordability cited as the major reason.
The main findings are (via the JiJi Press):
A Japanese adult eats an average of 80.7 grams of meat per day, up 6.7 grams from a 2001 survey.
Consumption of vegetables fell 18.4 grams to 277.4 grams and that of seafood declined 24.3 grams to 78.6 grams.
While consumption of seafood exceeded that of meat until the 2008 survey, meat consumption has been greater since.
The reason for the changes maybe linked to the popularity of Western diets, which are richer in meat. The new trend could see a change to the typical calorific intake by the Japanese. The average daily caloric intake in Japan is 2,754 calories, 85th in the world. This can be compared to 3,825 in the United States (no.1) and 1,500 in the Congo (173rd).
In response to the findings, the Japanese government has stressed the importance of a well-balanced diet. The advice is that this should include more vegetables and fruit in order to avoid the risk of diseases associated with poor diets. General medical advice suggests that fruits and vegetables are packed with essential nutrients that strengthen the body, heal and repair damage, ward off sickness and fight disease.


text:
Grammar Engineering Frequently Asked Questions
How do I constrain something to be not of a certain value?
The tdl formalism does not include any explicit negation operator. However, in most cases, you can use the logic of the type hierarchy to encode negative constraints.
For example, suppose your language has three cases, nominative, accusative, and dative, and that you want to constrain the value of CASE on some type to be not dative. Within this closed system, not dative is the same as nominative or accusative. Therefore, it suffices to define an intermediate supertype for nominative and accusative, which excludes dative:
case := *top*.
dat := case.
nom+acc := case.
nom := nom+acc.
acc := nom+acc.
Given this hierarchy, "The case is not dative" (equivalently, "The case is nominative or accusative") can be expressed thus:
[ CASE nom+acc ].
Back to FAQs page
Back to main course page
- 02 Nov 2004
Topic revision: r3 - 2006-04-30 - 21:36:52 - JonahCohen


text:
Water Flow – Penstock
Water flow is a measurement of the quantity of water flowing past a given point in a period of time and is measured in volume.
The volume of flow is typically expressed in gallons per minute or liters per minute.
The easiest way to measure water flow is to channel the flow of water at the natural speed of the flow into a container with a known volume.
Then, you measure the time it takes for the container to be filled with water to calculate the flow rate. Be sure to make several measurements at different times of the year to calculate the average water flow rate, as the flow rate may change with the season.
If you are in a zero head height location, one technique to measure water flow is to throw a ping-pong ball in the flowing stream, if you can keep up with the ball while briskly walking, the flow is too slow. If you need to quickly jog or run to keep up with the ball, then the flow rate will probably be high enough to use a zero head water turbine.
A penstock is what controls the rate and volume of water flow from a water source towards a hydro turbine generator. It is usually designed as a closed pipe with opening and closing gates to allow only the desired amount of water into the system.
When a hydropower system is not being used, water can be stored in the penstock for later use.


text:
The Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge has passed the halfway mark, but it's not too late for teachers and students to sign up. Since the fall, CoderZ and Amazon Future Engineer have been bringing real-world industry to Title I classrooms with this free, three-hour virtual learning experience. Students can sign up for the challenge to learn the basics of computer science at any time until the end of the current school year. They will also uncover how Amazon uses computer science and robotics daily to deliver customer goods.
Schools that support students from underserved communities who finish the challenge will have the chance to keep learning on CoderZ's cloud-based platform with its virtual robots and game-like "missions." For teachers who want to continue with CoderZ, Amazon will also sponsor free access to the yearlong curriculum for 100,000 students from underserved communities within the United States for a full semester during 2020 – 2021.
"We're truly delighted to be partnering with Amazon Future Engineer," said Ms. Yaarit Levy, VP Business Development at CoderZ. "This challenge has proved to be an excellent way to keep students engaged and learning even if they can't be together with teachers at this time."
The Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge provides a unique learning experience for students in grades four and up where they can explore and practice coding skills while taking an inside look at real-world industry. Participating students will see how what they learn in class relates to future job opportunities. That makes this challenge a great bonus unit for any STEM/computer science class or curriculum.
Aligned to CSTA K-12 Computer Science Standards, the Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge can be broken into four, 45-minute or three, 60-minute lessons for any class (Introduction to Computer Science, AP Computer Science Principles, science, math, etc.). As part of the experience, two Amazon Future Engineer Scholarship recipients introduce the challenge and guide participating students. As students make their way through the competition, the Scholarship recipients share details about their own personal journeys into computer science, which is helpful for younger students to hear firsthand.
Aside from the sponsorships, students' cyber robotics learning doesn't have to stop once they have completed the Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge. They can continue their coding journey via CoderZ's comprehensive offerings such as CoderZ Adventure for elementary students, the Python Gym course for students in grades seven through 12, and the middle school curriculums Cyber Robotics 101 and Cyber Robotics 102. Teachers can even register their classes for the all-new CoderZ League Sprint Challenge that will be played in March.
Throughout the year, Amazon Future Engineer is committed to providing access to high-quality computer science education for hundreds of thousands of students from underserved and underrepresented communities. In addition to sponsoring continued access to CoderZ for more than 100,000 underserved students, the Amazon Future Engineer program more than doubled its own reach to more than 5,000 schools, benefitting more than 550,000 K-12 students across the country.
For more information about the Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge, go to _URL_
CoderZ is an innovative and engaging online learning environment. Developed for students in grades 2 and above, the gamified STEM solution allows students to work at their own pace, easily programming real and virtual robots from anywhere in the world. The platform enables students to acquire computational thinking, problem-solving and creativity skills, together with coding and STEM learning, all via a flexible and scalable virtual solution. For more information go to _URL_.
The Amazon Cyber Robotics Challenge has passed the halfway mark, but it's not too late for teachers and students to sign up. Since the fall, CoderZ and Amazon Future Engineer have been bringing real-world industry to Title I classrooms with this free, three-hour virtual learning experience. Students can sign up for the challenge to learn
source: Read More, eSchool News


text:
How Upskill Me works
To keep up with our rapidly changing world, students need to connect with employers early, and build critical skills like problem-solving, teamwork and creativity.
With Upskill Me, young people can track their skill development through earning badges. To support their development further, they can connect with employers and go to events to find job and work experience opportunities. The platform also serves as a record of achievement students have gained and experiences they're proud of - both in and out of school. So when they're applying for jobs and further education, they've got everything they need. It's all in one place.
What are the benefits?
Build a digital record of achievement.
Students can record awards won and projects they're proud of. They can add certificates, photos and reflections to keep track of key achievements.
Build and keep track of skills
Students can develop essential skills through our online courses, and track their development through earning points and badges, and climbing levels
Discover work experience
Students are connected with opportunities from employers, organisations and more
Build a future
Upskill Me shares careers advice, training and support to help students go further
Strengthen CVs and UCAS statements
Each student's profile is a digital record of achievement, making applications a little bit easier
Develop the key skills employers are looking for. The more time students spend on skills development, the more employable they'll become
Support for teachers and schools
We've built easy-to-use analytical tools and resources for teachers to help support their students
Get in touch
Teachers and Educators. We can help measure, demonstrate and improve the growth of your students skills.
Companies We can support promoting your opportunities and connecting you to early talent.


PCS2CCS: Convert Polar Coordinate System to Cartesian Coordinate...
Description Usage Arguments Value Examples
View source: R/Geometry.R
Description
Convert Polar Coordinate System to Cartesian Coordinate System.
Usage
1
2
PCS2CCS(theta = 0:360, a = 1, ab = 1, orig = c(0, 0),
 rotation = 0, clockwise = FALSE)
Arguments
theta
angle in PCS.
a
Semi-major (Ellipse) or Radium (Ring).
ab
Semi-major over semi-minor. ab=1 for a Ring.
orig
Reference orgin. Default = c(0, 0)
rotation
Rotation of the theta=0
clockwise
Whether clockwise, Default = FALSE
Value
(x,y) in Cartesian Coordinate System.
Examples
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x1=PCS2CCS(a=10, ab=1.5)
x2=PCS2CCS(a=9, ab=1.2)
c1 = ab2c(a=10, ab=1.5)
c2 = ab2c(a=9, ab=1.2)
plot(x1, type='n', xlim=c(-10,10), ylim=c(-10,10), asp=1)
abline(h=0, v=0, asp=1, lty=2)
lines(x1, col=2);
points(c1, 0, col=2)
lines(x2, col=3);
points(c2, 0, col=3)
# Test 2
x1=PCS2CCS(a=10, ab=1.5, clockwise = FALSE, rotation=0);
x2=PCS2CCS(a=8, ab=1.5, clockwise = FALSE, rotation=45);
plot(x1, asp=1, col=terrain.colors(nrow(x1)), pch=19)
points(x2, asp=1, col=terrain.colors(nrow(x1)))
RoundAndRound documentation built on May 2, 2019, 6:50 a.m.


The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh
N.K. Sandars, trans.
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Gilgamesh, King of Uruk, and his companion Enkidu are the greatest of the heroes to have survived from the ancient literature of Babylon, immortalized in this epic poem that dates back to the third millennium BC. Together they journey to the Cedar Forest, slay the monster Humbaba and defeat the Bull of Heaven. When Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh's grief and fear of death are such that they lead him to undertake a quest for eternal life. A timeless tale of morality, tragedy, and pure adventure, The Epic of Gilgamesh is a landmark literary exploration of a man's search for immortality.
N. K. Sandars's lucid, accessible translation is prefaced by a detailed introduction that examines the narrative and historical context of the work. This edition also includes a glossary of names and a map of the Ancient Orient.
Back To Detail Page
Map of the Ancient Orient
1. The History of the Epic
2. The Discovery of the Tablets
3. The Historical Background
4. The Literary Background
5. The Hero of the Epic
6. The Principal Gods of the Epic
7. The Story
8. Survival
9. The Diction of the Epic
10. Remarks on this Version
Prologue: Gilgamesh King in Uruk
1. The Coming of Enkidu
2. The Forest Journey
3. Ishtar and Gilgamesh, and the Death of Enkidu
4. The Search for Everlasting Life
5. The Story of the Flood
6. The Return
7. The Death of Gilgamesh
Glossary of Names
Appendix: Sources


equivalent to the chi2 method, but the matrices are constructed using an FFT-based approach similar to that of the fast method. The result is a relatively efficient periodogram (though not nearly as efficient as the fast method) which can be extended to multiple terms. The scaling is approximately \(O[n_f(M + N\log M)]\) for \(N\) data points, \(M\) frequencies, and \(n_f\) Fourier terms.
Summary
The following table summarizes the features of the above algorithms:
Method
Computational Scaling
Observational Uncertainties
Bias Term (Floating Mean)
Multiple Terms
"slow"
\(O[NM]\)
Yes
Yes
No
"cython"
\(O[NM]\)
Yes
Yes
No
"scipy"
\(O[NM]\)
No
No
No
"fast"
\(O[N\log M]\)
Yes
Yes
No
"chi2"
\(O[n_fNM]\)
Yes
Yes
Yes
"fastchi2"
\(O[n_f(M + N\log M)]\)
Yes
Yes
Yes
In the Computational Scaling column, \(N\) is the number of data points, \(M\) is the number of frequencies, and \(n_f\) is the number of Fourier terms for a multi-term fit.
RR Lyrae Example
An example of computing the periodogram for a more realistic dataset is shown in the following figure. The data here consists of 50 nightly observations of a simulated RR Lyrae-like variable star, with a lightcurve shape that is more complicated than a simple sine wave:
(png, svg, pdf)
../_images/lombscargle-6.png
The dotted line shows the periodogram level corresponding to a maximum peak false alarm probability of 1%. This example demonstrates that for irregularly sampled data, the Lomb-Scargle periodogram can be sensitive to frequencies higher than the average Nyquist frequency: the above data are sampled at an average rate of roughly one observation per night, and the periodogram relatively cleanly reveals the true period of 0.41 days.
Still, the periodogram has many spurious peaks, which are due to several factors:
 1. Errors in observations lead to leakage of power from the true peaks.
 2. The signal is not a perfect sinusoid, so additional peaks can indicate higher frequency components in the signal.
 3. The observations take place only at night, meaning that the survey window has non-negligible power at a frequency of 1 cycle per day. Thus we expect aliases to appear at \(f_{\rm alias} = f_{\rm true} + n f_{\rm window}\) for integer values of \(n\). With a true period of 0.41 days and a 1-day signal in the observing window, the \(n=+1\) and \(n=-1\) aliases to lie at periods of 0.29 and 0.69 days, respectively: these aliases are prominent in the above plot.
The interaction of these effects means that in practice there is no absolute guarantee that the highest peak corresponds to the best frequency, and results must be interpreted carefully. For a detailed discussion of these effects, see [11].
Literature References


From CIPedia
Revision as of 20:38, 22 January 2017 by Eluiijf (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
European Definitions
CBRNE is an acronym which includes beside CBRN, explosive substances or events. [1]
National Definitions
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives (CBRNE): The expansion of the term CBRN to incorporate certain high-yield explosives (E) into the broader term CBRNE signifies the new reality of this threat due to the weaponization of hazardous and dangerous goods. [2]
Lyhenteet CBRNE ja CBRN tulevat englanninkielisistä sanoista chemical (kemiallinen), biological (biologinen), radiological (säteily), nuclear (ydin-) ja explosive (räjähtävä, räjähde). [3]
United Kingdom
A term used to describe Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive materials. CBRNE terrorism is the actual or threatened dispersal of CBRN material (either on their own or in combination with each other or with explosives), with deliberate criminal, malicious or murderous intent. [4]
See also


text: А relatively inexpensive instrument (for fog density control), which works in the visible specter, is presented. Its purpose will be to alert the occurrence of fog or visible pollution in the air. It can also detect, if the cleaning fog has reached all areas. This equipment can be used to assess the density of fog. The device is designed for continuous monitoring of the atmospheric air and detection of dispersed agents in the form of aerosols. The total concentration of aerosols is measured and if it exceeds the pre-set threshold, an indication is given via a LED and the information can be exported to external systems. The principle of operation of the device is based on the spectrophotometric method. A beam of monochromatic light is passed through the investigated environment and its intensity is attenuated by the presence of pollutants. The hardware of the device is described, as well as its construction, software and the measuring procedure.


pandemic threatening to cause further harm to Somali children, Save the Children has created an emergency fund to increase the amount of aid it can provide.
Action Against Hunger is another humanitarian organization that has been combating malnutrition in Somali children since 1992. In 2019, the organization had provided aid in the form of food, water and health services support to more than 600,000 people. The organization helped more than 20,000 children suffering from severe malnutrition and provided health services to more than 160,000 pregnant women. Action Against Hunger plans to continue supporting Somalia. It plans to expand existing health services for the Somali people and empower the Somali healthcare system.
With millions being affected by food insecurity and more than 800,000 children suffering from acute malnutrition, Somalia is in need of continued humanitarian support. Continual improvements to healthcare, food and water systems have improved the lives of millions of people. The ongoing pandemic and droughts are obstacles in the way of continuing progress in combating malnutrition in Somali children. With these issues, the need for continued humanitarian support only grows.
Gerardo Valladares
Photo: Flickr
COVID-19 Vaccines for SomaliaIn March 2021, COVAX helped secure the first batch of COVID-19 vaccines for Somalia. According to The New Humanitarian, Somalia has one of the weakest healthcare systems in the world. Before the pandemic, Somalia was already struggling with political and economic concerns. The added effects of COVID-19 have significantly impacted the country.
COVAX Donation and Vaccine Hesitancy
More than 300,000 COVID-19 vaccines first arrived in Somalia on March 15, 2021. Donated by COVAX, a global effort to provide equitable vaccine coverage, the doses will prioritize "frontline workers, the elderly and people with chronic health conditions." UNICEF reports that Somalia is one of the first African countries to receive vaccine donations through COVAX, an important act as the country moves into a new wave of infections.
Misinformation has contributed to vaccine hesitancy in Somalia, which may adversely impact a successful vaccination rollout. Somali people working in the medical field are making efforts to combat misinformation and build vaccine trust to ensure vaccine hesitancy does not present a barrier for Somalia.
COVID-19 in Somalia
COVID-19 cases in Somalia stand at more than 13,000 as of April 30, 2021, with more than 700 deaths. COVID-19 deaths and infections in Somalia are low compared to other African countries and the rest of the world, but slow vaccination rates are making it harder to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. More than a year after the first reported case of COVID-19 in Somalia, Somalia is facing a peak, with a death toll far higher than the peak of 2020. Only about 0.8% of 15 million Somali's have been vaccinated so far.
The first cases of COVID-19 in Somalia were mostly travel-related cases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the past year, the WHO and partners have helped strengthen Somalia's COVID-19 response by providing critical resources. These efforts contributed to creating three COVID-19 testing labs in Somalia. Furthermore, "73 rapid response teams were deployed for COVID-19 case investigation, alert verification and sample collection." More than 7,000 healthcare workers received COVID-19 health training and 76 oxygen concentrators were provided to health facilities, among other efforts.
Vaccination Efforts for Preventable Diseases
Before the onset of COVID-19 in Somalia, WHO started the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), which aims to vaccinate Somali children against eight preventable diseases. This program helped control the 2017 and 2018 measles outbreaks in Somalia and helped citizens keep up with routine immunizations, mitigating the spread of common diseases across the country. In 2019, the initiative trained healthcare workers from more than 700 health centers in immunization practices and procedures.
Call to Action
As COVID-19 continues to threaten the world, vulnerable populations in developing countries are most at risk. Recognizing this fact, in June 2021, President Biden announced a plan to donate 500 million COVID-19 vaccines to countries in need through COVAX. The international community needs to come together in a collaborative global effort to ensure disadvantaged countries receive sufficient COVID-19 vaccines.
Monica Mellon
Photo: Flickr
USAID Programs in SomaliaSomalia is one of the most poverty-stricken countries in the world, plagued by frequent violence, widespread food insecurity and natural disasters. To address the nation's incredibly precarious situation, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) programs in Somalia are expansive and well-funded. USAID programs in Somalia aim to provide humanitarian relief and reduce poverty in the area.
Causes of Poverty in Somalia
Droughts are partly responsible for the severe food insecurity in Somalia. From 2011 to 2019, Somalia experienced a devastating drought. The drought was so severe that it was even given a name, Sima. When it first started, it triggered a famine that killed 250,000 Somalians. In the years following, Sima devastated livestock populations in Somalia. Sima has also forced Somalians to relocate: in 2017, drought was responsible for displacing more than one million people. While Somalia has seen several devastating droughts over the past half-century, Sima has been the most catastrophic one yet.
Civil war and political unrest have also contributed to Somalia's struggle with poverty and food insecurity. Since the collapse of the military regime led by President Siad Barre in 1991, Somalia has experienced near-constant warfare. The lack of a functioning Somali government has only made it more difficult for Somalians living in poverty and left the country increasingly reliant on foreign aid.
The numbers illustrate Somalia's dire situation. In 2017, 6.2 million Somalians were experiencing acute food insecurity. Of that number, half were experiencing crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity. Since that time, the U.S. Government had increased funding to the country by more than double when it offered an additional $257 million to USAID programs in Somalia in 2019.
USAID Programs in Somalia
The functions of USAID programs in Somalia are wide-ranging and amounted to about $500 million in 2019. USAID's proclaimed mission statement says "USAID strengthens the foundations for a more stable, democratic and prosperous Somalia while saving lives, alleviating human suffering and reducing the economic impact of disasters." USAID programs cover several key humanitarian areas.
Firstly, the Office of Food for Peace (FFP) received $300 million in funding for the fiscal year of 2019. FFP aims to alleviate food insecurity among Somalia's most vulnerable populations. A different initiative attempts to strengthen trust in Somalia's Government while also working to counteract violent extremist groups. The Democracy, Stabilization and Governance initiative consists of five separate initiatives with separate goals.
The multi-donor trust fund contributions consist of four parts and aim to assist local governments in becoming more effective. Social services initiatives in Somalia work to improve education for marginalized communities. Lastly, economic growth initiatives in Somalia work to revitalize the Somalian economy.
Somalia's struggle with poverty and food insecurity has been lengthy and difficult. Nevertheless, USAID programs have seen quantifiable improvements. For example, USAID provided access and benefits to alternative basic education for 20,248 students. Even with the positive progress, the U.N. predicts further issues in Somalia and that more foreign aid will be necessary to fully restore the country.
– Leo Ratté
Photo: Flickr
Denmark's Foreign Aid
When it comes to foreign aid, one of the most widely-commended countries is the small nation of Denmark. The Danes are well-known for their generous aid spending and both donor and recipient nations recognize Denmark as a highly effective partner in the fight against global poverty. Here are five facts about Denmark's foreign aid.
5 Facts About Denmark's Foreign Aid
 1. Denmark is a world leader in foreign aid spending. In 2019, Denmark spent $2.55 billion on foreign aid, a seemingly small figure compared to the $34.62 billion the United States spent, but Denmark's population is only about 1.76% that of the U.S. When adjusted for population, Denmark's foreign aid totals $447 per-capita, much higher than the United States' $95 per-capita. In fact, Denmark is the fourth-highest per-capita spender of all OECD countries after Norway, Sweden and Luxembourg.
 2. Denmark has consistently been a world leader since the 1970s. The United Nations uses foreign aid as a percentage of Gross National Income to measure a country's proportional spending, and Denmark is one of the few countries that has met or exceeded the U.N.'s target of 0.7% of GNI since 1978. Denmark's foreign aid currently amounts to 0.71% of its GNI, trailing only Luxembourg, Norway and Sweden among OECD countries. However, for a brief period during the 1990s, Denmark actually increased this number to over 1%.
 3. Low-and-middle-income countries rate Denmark high for usefulness, influence and helpfulness in foreign aid. In a new study that AidData conducted, leaders from 40 aid-receiving nations ranked Denmark as a top development partner. Besides meeting the U.N.'s foreign aid target, Denmark scored second among all countries for its usefulness regarding policy advice, second for its influence in setting agendas and first for its helpfulness regarding reform implementation. Since 2009, these reforms have included promoting greater private sector expansion and focusing on social progress as a catalyst for economic growth. Denmark's long-term commitments