master record
 - Assign a default value like "Not Available" when you cannot let a field remain blank
The action you must take will vary depending on the type of data you're working with, and typically is the responsibility of the business department that works with a specific type of data set.
Note that all of the measures we've discussed till now focus on improving the quality of existing data rather than addressing the root cause – which is often at the point where data is entered in transactional system by front-line employees. If you're truly invested in improving data quality, you will also need to implement rules that improve quality of data being entered. For instance, in a financial institution, the management may notice that social security numbers of customers are often left blank or incorrectly entered. They could choose to implement a rule that makes the field value 'required' in a format specific to social security numbers (AAA-GG-SSSS) while disallowing nonsensical entries like 999-99-9999.
Data Integration: Bringing Together Data from Different Sources to Improve Quality
Data integration as a methodology is different, but in the context of data quality, it refers to integrating data about the same entity across different systems. For instance, information about a specific product may be found in your US database, but the same product may be sold in different countries too, meaning that records of the same product are spread across different database with respect to region. In every region, the product may be sold under a different name, under different branding, and with different patterns used to describe information in database records.
When building your data warehouse, you'd have to integrate all of these disparate pieces of information across multiple database to form a master view that can be used for reporting. Let's take a look at an example:
Original Data Data After Standardization
BMI Corp BMI Corporation
BMI Inc BMI Incorporated
BMI Co. BMI Company
MR JOHN DEERE Mr. John Deere
Mister Jonathan Deere Mr. John Deere
Mister John DEERe Mr. John Deere
#_PHONE_ _PHONE_
_PHONE_ _PHONE_
National Salt National Salt Company
NSC National Salt Company
N. Salt National Salt Company
National S. National Salt Company

Using our original customer and product example, integrating data in this way revolves arounds two important processes:
 - Recognizing whether the same customer entity exists in both sources
 - Combining customer data to obtain a consolidated view of the product table
When trying to find if two entities link, you could start with a common field that is likely to exist in the same pattern across systems. For customer entity, this field could be the tax ID number. If the same tax ID number exists for customer records in different, you have just identified commonality in a very efficient manner. However, we are rarely so lucky as to have such simple solutions in the world of databases.
If you cannot find a common field, all available product information would have to matched across tables to determine if the same customer entity exists between two systems. Modern data quality management tools automate this sort of work, which used to take subject matter experts hours of scouring through rows and tables to find links. Let's take this example further and see how product information could potentially be matched.
Say your US database contains brand, product description, and product identification number all in one field, in varying patterns. In UK, for instance, the database records just the product description, but that too in varying patterns depending on who entered them. An automated data quality tool could determine commonality by:
 - Parsing the product description from US and UK database into individual attributes and sorting by brand name
 - Applying operations to brand names to make them consistent
 - Fixing differences in how product attributes are recorded
 - Use fuzzy logic to match product attributes across both databases
 - Show reports of products that match and link them to a customer entity
Using data integration in this way has saved companies tons of man hours annually. The best way to go about this when building your data warehouse is to put a comprehensive, API-based data cleansing and matching a solution between source and destination.
Data Augmentation: Adding Value to Data to Increase its Usefulness
So by now, we've conducted data profiling, looked at causes of data quality and actions to take, and found how integrating data across multiple sources to determine commonality adds value. The natural last step to complete the data quality cycle is to look at ways to augment existing entity data with data from external sources, outside our own databases.
For entities like Customer, data augmentation like this is very common. Your marketing automation application could, for instance, contain valuable insights about customers that could be used to augment records in the data warehouse. The additional insight will help your business target product offerings better by providing deeper segmentation opportunities.
The table below gives an example of the kinds of data that can be obtained from external sources to augment the master record:
State CL
City Move
ZIP 65464
ZIP+4 3234
Delivery ID 3
Route ID 4
Address 6546 House Way
House Number 6546
Street House Way
Street Type Way
County ID 635
County Name Glow
District 47
Record Type Personal
Latitude 35.4685
Longitude 64.2334
Census Group 35632165
Census Tract 35

In the above example data, a business could potentially look at address and postal codes and the ZIP+4 code to determine if the customer falls in a specific housing segment. For instance, houses in a particular region that have ZIP+4 codes were built in the 80s and spanned 2500 square-ft. This information could be used to target certain product offerings to all such customers.
While the above was just one example, in reality, data augmentation using the address field to build correlation is common. Product data is another example of data that is used for augmentation purposes. Buying patterns, especially when building predictive models, can be determined using correlations in product data with other augmented data. Another prime example of data augmentation can be seen in the case of manufacturer. As a manufacturer, you'd only know what and how much you're selling to retailers or wholesalers – not the actual amount of product sold to the final customer. Research firms like Nielsen provide data of this sort, which manufacturers purchase to gain a better understand of sales patterns so they can enhance their product offerings and strategy in terms of product inventory and delivery.
While not directly tied to data quality at its core, data augmentation should be the natural last step if you're building an intensive data quality management framework within your organization.
Conclusion: Build Reliable and Accurate Analytics Capabilities with Data Quality
The purpose of any data warehousing initiative is to provide business intelligence, and that purpose is defeated if enough thought is not given to building a comprehensive data quality framework, with the end-result being inaccurate analytics, and therefore, bad decisions.
Use the data quality framework described here as a base to build your own processes. Your focus should be on adding value to existing data however you can, rather than merely fixing errors in production data and moving onwards.

A wanderer at heart, Ehsan specializes in exploring how people interact with product-focused B2B companies across various touch-points and leveraging that insight in content marketing. In his spare time, he dabbles in data science and learning how to get the most out of data.
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21 Different Hydrangea Varieties That Love Full Sun
Thinking of planting some hydrangeas but aren't sure if they can take full sun? Well the good news is, there's actually plenty of different hydrangea varieties that are sun tolerant! In this article, gardening expert Jill Drago takes a deeper look at her favorite full sun hydrangea varieties.
Are you wondering whether or not it's a good idea to plant some hydrangeas in a sunny spot in your garden? We hear so much about hydrangeas being excellent plants to grow in partial shade, which is true. This is probably because many plants that grow well in the shade tend to have abundant foliage, and minimal flowers. This is part of what makes hydrangeas so well loved.
On the same hand, so many hydrangea varieties can do very well in full sun. You may have seen rows and rows of hydrangeas just basking in the sunlight, decorating a front walkway, softening up a fence, or enclosing a patio. As always- what it comes down to is "right plant, right place".
When choosing a hydrangea to plant for the full sun areas of your garden, be sure to choose the right variety, and be prepared for the extra watering the plant may, or may not, need. Continue on, and take a look at some of the top varieties of hydrangea for garden spaces that get full sun.
Hydrangea arborescens Varieties
Also known as the "smooth hydrangea" the arborescens is a medium sized shrub that's native to the eastern parts of the United States. There are many popular hydrangea varieties in this species. Some of the most popular are more shade friendly like the 'Annabelle.' The 'Incrediball' is also one of the most popular when it comes to sun friendly hydrangeas. Let's take a look!
This plant adorns impressively giant, white or pink, ball shaped flowers that bloom in the middle of the summer. The flowers will slowly turn to green as Autumn approaches. The stems of 'Incrediball' are upright and strong enough to hold the weight of the blooms with minimal dropping. This mounded shrub will grow from four to five feet high and wide, and would make a really pretty addition to a perennial garden.
Plant these as a border for a really stunning show enduring the summer months. 'Incrediball' is very cold hardy (USDA zones 3-8), and luckily blooms on new wood so you won't have to worry about losing your blooms in a harsh winter. Don't forget to cut a few of these blooms for your vases inside, they will last for over a month!
This is a new and improved pink version of the variety 'Annabelle'. Hydrangea 'Invincibelle' sports a very nice dark green foliage, covered with deep pink flowers. These flowers are reblooming and will continue to do so through autumn. The pink flowers will lighten in color finally drying out as green in the fall.
Another mounded grower, 'Invincibelle' will grow to four feet high as well as four feet wide. It would do well mixed in with your perennials in a border, or as a hedge.This variety does equally as well in chilly zone 3 as it does in the heat of zone 8 as it is hardy in USDA zones 3-8.
This is a fun one! The large, disc-like blooms on this shrub start out as light green, they will age to a darker green accented with pink pollen as the season progresses. This pollen can attract bees and butterflies. This hydrangea has an upright form with very strong stems that can withstand the storms of summer without any flopping of the flowers. It will grow from four to five feet high and wide.
This compact size gives you a lot of options for uses in your garden. You could use it in a container, plant a pair on either side of your front steps, or plunk this popular perennial hydrangea into your garden. These flowers make a really pretty fresh cut addition to your arrangement, and will dry nicely as well. This very reliable plant is hardy in USDA Zones 3-8.
Hydrangea macrophylla Varieties
The macrophylla varieties are considered "long leaved." Plants from this species are native to Japan, and have spurned many varieties. The most popular of these, are the 'cityline' series of plants, all of which are big leaf hydrangeas. These tend to be smaller, which means they are great perennials for low growing areas, and can even be used as landscaping border plants.
There are about five varieties in this series of sun loving big leaf hydrangeas. The majority of them come in shades of rich purple and blue. They will all do well in full sun. They are smaller shrubs, topping out at three feet tall, which makes them a versatile choice for your gardens. The whole series is hardy from USDA zones 5-9 and does really well in hotter climates.
H. macrophylla 'Cityline Paris' has deep green foliage and bright red flowers.
H. macrophylla 'Cityline Venice' has bright pink flowers that will change to green as they age.These blooms are reactive to your soil pH. Be sure to protect this one over winter.
H. macrophylla 'Cityline Mars' has really pretty blue or pink flowers with a white border. The soil pH of your soil will affect the color of the blooms. Add aluminum for bluer shade, and lime for redder shades.
H. macrophylla 'Cityline Vienna' is a very neat plant covered in large mophead flowers. Blooms may be pink or blue depending on your soil pH. 'Vienna' is salt tolerant making it a good option for roadside planting.
H. macrophylla 'Cityline Rio' is really unique depending on your soil pH the blooms will be blue or pink. Regardless of the main color of the flower, the center will be accented with a shade of blue or green.
Hydrangea paniculata Varieties
Also known as the panicled hydrangea, this plant originates in Asia and is most commonly seen as shrub, or grow into a tree. Many different varieties of panicled hydrangeas are sun tolerant. 'Grandiflora' and 'Limelight' are typically two of the most popular shrubs you'll see out on display in full sun.
'Bobo' is a Dwarf panicle hydrangea topping out at three feet in height. Don't let the height fool you, this shrub is covered in lots of large white flowers. The white blooms turn a really pretty antique pink as they age. 'Bobo' flowers from early summer to early fall. The small upright habit of this plant makes it a great candidate for a container, or a perennial garden where you only have a small amount of space.
Due to the compact nature of this plant, it will grow a little slower than is normally expected of hydrangeas, but it will reach its full height in about two years. This plant is very cold hardy and can withstand harsh winters in USDA zones 3-8.
Compact in habit 'Candelabra' is covered in flame shaped flowers that change color as they mature. Red stems are a great contrast to the pretty green leaves, and offer beautiful winter interest once the leaves have dropped.
Growing from four to six feet high, this shrub blooms in midsummer and will last through fall. The flowers start off as white and change to red; making them especially beautiful in cut arrangements and also especially loved by pollinators. Hardy in USDA zones 3-9.
Similar to 'Limelight', but more compact; 'Candy Apple' only grows to about four or five feet tall. The flowers bloom in summer starting as green and slowly turn to a pure white, finally ending on as a red in the fall. The dark green leaves are an amazing backdrop for the white flowers, making them truly stand out.
'Candy Apple' would be really nice in a container or as a focal point in a small garden. This compact yet upright nature of this plant would make it a nice addition to a formal garden or hedge as a specimen. Very cold tolerant, 'Candy Apple' is hardy in USDA zones 4-8.
Also known as Pee Gee Hydrangea, this variety can be grown as a shrub or in a tree form. Whichever form you decide is right for your garden will be covered in large blush colored blooms that will endure throughout the summer.
If you keep the shoots on this plant limited to five or ten, the flowers will reach up to 12 or 18 inches in length. These plants can grow up to 15 feet in height, making them a really nice point of interest in your garden. Can adapt to a wide range of climates as it is hardy in USDA zones 3-8.
The tried and true sun lover. This shrub is large, growing to six to eight feet high and wide. Very large flowers open as a fresh green and age to pink, red, or burgundy and last through the frost. The height of this plant makes it a great option for a hedge or privacy screen in the summer months.
These flowers are gorgeous when cut and used in arrangements. These summer lovers pair well with any of your sun loving perennials, enhancing your gardens or border plantings. Very cold and heat tolerant 'Limelight' is hardy in USDA Zones 3-9
'Little lamb' has the smallest and most delicate flower petals of any hydrangea making it very unique. There are many tiny flowers on each flower head. They are held in tight creating the appearance of the fleece of a lamb jumping over the leaves

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Making Missouri Green
The people who plant the seeds and package the bundles have changed. Buildings have expanded and changed colors. Yet through its existence, the role of the George O. White State Forest Nursery has remained the same. Since 1935, the nursery, located in Texas County, approximately three miles northwest of Licking, has provided millions of trees to Missouri landowners and forest industries for conservation planting.
This year, the nursery is celebrating 50 years of tree production under the Missouri Department of Conservation. The Conservation Department took over the nursery from the United States Forest Service in 1947 and distributed its first crop of seedlings in 1948.
In 1934, the Forest Service designated national forests in Missouri. Thousands of acres were in need of reforestation after indiscriminate logging and wildfires wiped out much of Missouri's forests. George O. White, a Forest Service forester, selected the original 40-acre site for the nursery in 1934. He chose the site because it was centrally located within the national forests and the soil looked good for growing shortleaf pine trees. The Forest Service purchased the acreage in 1935 for $1,430. White later became Missouri's first state forester in 1936.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Work Projects Administration workers, employed by the Forest Service, constructed a home for the head nurseryman, a shop and warehouse, a deep well and a cold storage building. Workers also built two barracks, where they slept, plus a kitchen and mess hall.
Robert Miller, a native of Warsaw, went to work in 1935 at the CCC Camp, earning $1 a day. After a 1934 drought, Miller helped install the first overhead water lines on 27 acres of the nursery. "In those days, you lived in barracks with 200 men and sowed the seeds with a spade," Miller says.
The nursery continued operation until 1942, when World War II disrupted funds for reforestation. The irrigation system was dismantled and shipped to California as a part of the war effort to establish rubber plantations. The Forest Service leased the nursery grounds to a Licking farmer for crop production and shipped many nursery workers, including Miller, to Sullivan, to work at the Meramec State Nursery.
The Forest Service reopened the nursery in 1947, growing primarily shortleaf pine trees on a small portion of the 15 acres of seedbed space. In August of that same year, the Conservation Department signed a 25-year permit with the Forest Service

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Johari Window definition
Johari Window is a technique that aims to help people understand their emotional and physical relationship with self and other people. It is used in both a self-help context, group setting and in the corporate environment to improve individual and team performance.
The Johari Window concept was created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955 – some consider it derived from the psychological theories of Carl Jung.
Participants are given a list of 56 adjectives and told to select five or six they feel best describe their personality. Colleagues, peers, family members or friends (depending on the context) are then asked to do the same for the participant.
These answers are then mapped onto a grid of four different boxes:
- Arena: Adjectives selected by both participant and others, representing personality traits that are known to both groups
- Façade: Adjectives selected only by the participant, representing personality traits that outsiders are not aware of
- Blind spot: Adjectives chosen by others that the subject doesn't select, representing personality traits the subject is not aware of
- Unknown: Adjectives that were selected by neither party, either representing personality traits that don't apply to the participant or hidden traits that neither group are aware of
Once the grid has been mapped, both the participant and the other contributors are given the opportunity to inform each other of the adjectives that only they selected.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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On Sunday, November 13th, 2016 at 4:30PM the community is invited to plant daffodil bulbs as a living memorial to the 1.5 million children who perished in the Holocaust, The Holocaust was the catastrophic murder of eleven million human beings between 1938 and 1945 throughout Nazi Germany, German-occupied territories and territories held by allies of Nazi Germany. Six million of those victims were Jewish. Five million others were murdered for their religious beliefs, political views, sexual orientation, or physical and mental disabilities.
The garden will be planted at the Charleston Holocaust Memorial in Marion Square, erected in 1999 "to remember those who were murdered in the Holocaust and to honor the survivors who came to South Carolina to rebuild their lives."
After discovering her family's own history with the Holocaust, and traveling to Eastern Europe in the summer of 2016 with College of Charleston Zucker/Goldberg Professor of Holocaust Studies Theodore Rosengarten, CofC Honors student Samantha Krantz '19 was empowered to bring her experience back to the Lowcountry as the recipient of the Klaper Fellowship in Jewish Studies, which charges recipients with bettering the Lowcountry. With the help of community volunteers, Krantz hopes to plant 1,800 daffodils alongside the Holocaust Memorial in Marion Square on November 13th at 4:30PM. A brief ceremony will precede the planting, with remarks delivered by local Holocaust survivor Joe Engel and philanthropist Anita Zucker, herself a child of Holocaust survivors.
"By planting daffodils with local community members alongside the city's existing Holocaust memorial, I hope to create a living memorial of flowers so that residents and visitors to Charleston may be further inclined to learn about the Holocaust, and its connection to Charleston. Each year the eighteen-hundred daffodils will return with a burst of color in honor of the survivors and the innocent lives that were taken too soon. –Samantha Krantz
The Daffodil Project, a worldwide initiative empowering Holocaust education created by the Atlanta-based non-profit Am Yisrael Chai, aspires to build a Living Holocaust Memorial by planting 1.5 million daffodils around the world to remember the children who perished at the hands of the Nazis. Daffodils represent the yellow stars that Jews were forced to wear during the Holocaust, and the flower symbolizes both remembrance and resilience. By drawing attention to the memorial through the Daffodil Project, members of the Charleston community can work together to pledge that these victims will not be forgotten.
Krantz's efforts are being supported by the College of Charleston Yaschik/Arnold Jewish Studies Program, the City of Charleston Department of Parks, Charleston Parks Conservancy, and the Charleston Jewish Federation's REMEMBER Program for Holocaust Education and Genocide Awareness.
Sponsor: Jewish Studies Program, Charleston Jewish Federation REMEMBER Program


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RDI collaborated with Institut Teknologi Bandung and Dinas Tata Ruang Kota Bandung to hold a Group Discussion Forum on Counselling the Concept of Nature-Based Solutions for Flood Mitigation in Bandung City on Thursday, 5th of November 2020. This Forum Group Discussion contained the discussion and sharing in flood disaster mitigations in Bandung, including the delivery or preliminary results on Nature-based Solutions and its application in Bandung as a form of flood mitigation as well as the formulation of actions and challenge. This FGD featured two speakers, the first one was Dr. Saut Sagala as a speaker from Institute of Technology Bandung, who delivered the explanation of the implementation of Nature-Based Solution in Bandung. The second one was Yuni Sri Handayani as a representative of Bandung City Spatial Planning Office (DISTARU Kota Bandung) who explained the materials about the government's program in supporting the implementation of the Nature-Based Solution. This FGD was also moderated by Aria Mariany from Institute of Technology Bandung.
Nature-Based Solutions Concept
Sumber: Monty et al., 2016
This FGD activity was motivated by two things, namely the lack of conservation land and the potential for major flooding. The shortage of conservation land itself is based on the very rapid growth and migration activities to urban areas that encourage ecosystem damage and loss of various species and water resource crises, and the riskiest is flooding. Then the second one is related to the potential for major flooding. Frequent flooding is the result of a lack of Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH). The purpose of holding this activity is to socialize the concept of Nature-Based Solution which is a solution that is inspired and supported by nature, which is cost effective, simultaneously provides environmental, social and economic benefits, and helps resilience. Nature-based solutions are to protect and manage an ecosystem that is inspired and supported by nature in order to provide prosperity to society. Dr. Saut Sagal explained that until now there have been several countries that have succeeded in implementing the Nature-Based Solution concept, namely the Putrajaya Wetland in Malaysia, the Pahing River restoration in the Philippines, and the Green Building concept in Ho Chi Minh City.
This discussion forum was attended by several stakeholders related to the implementation of NBS in Bandung City such as BAPPEDA West Java, BBWS Citarum, Dinas Penataan Ruang Kota Bandung, etc. There are several important points from the discussion of the FGB NBS, namely the need for a change in the NBS paradigm in society. multisectoral contributions, as well as considerations from an economic point of view. In addition, academics also have an important role in the implementation of NBS, which is related to further studies supported by private or private parties. "The NBS FGD activity is evidence that universities are 'present' in the community by making a real contribution to flood management that prioritizes aspects of sustainable development. We hope that this kind of collaboration will continue in the future along with the complexity of the problems in Bandung. "Said Yuni Sri Handayani, S.T., M.T., M.Eng". as a representative from the Bandung City Spatial Planning Office in his testimony regarding the NBS FGD.
Group Picture of FGD Participants


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Vern Suomi's 100th birthday was yesterday.
Vern brought an engineer's perspective to climate science, and was the inventor and first leader of satellite meteorology. I had the great privilege of his acquaintance. He remained a constant presence at UW-Madison's Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences department until weeks before his passing.
A man both startlingly unassuming (he was normally seen wearing a plaid shirt) and remarkably competent with a variety of talents technical, scientific and administrative, he also was instrumental in making Wisconsin a long-time leader in observational meteorology and space science, which continues today. He also was the organizer of the Charney report in 1979 which was the foundational document of global warming studies.
Vern Suomi was one of the great figures of 20th century science.


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Solid radioactive wastes should consist of dry contaminated laboratory materials, equipment, and supplies such as paper, unbroken glass, and plastic products.
HMM provides 7.5 gallon and 28 gallon yellow fiber drums for solid low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) disposal.
Segregate solid radioactive wastes by radionuclide(s). Please see the Table of Acceptable Segregation Categories for LLRW. (Use a separate drum for each category).
- Ensure yellow fiber waste drum is lined with large plastic bag prior to discarding solid wastes into fiber drum
- Fill out a Container Label (instructions) and attached to the designated location on upper side of the large yellow fiber drums (lower side of small fiber drums).
Designated location for the container label
- Fill out a LLRW Manifest (instructions).
- Perform a contamination survey on the exterior of each waste container (instructions).
- Do not discard radioactive material as normal trash.
- Do not use translucent or opaque bags (eg. Biohazard waste bags, etc.) to discard radioactive wastes into yellow fiber drums. (Note: use clear bags only).
- Do not deface or write directly on OSEH yellow fiber drums. (Note: drums are reused).
- Do not overfill and/or underfill yellow fiber drums.
- Do not discard the following materials into OSEH yellow fiber drums:
- Non-radioactive wastes (eg. paper towels, boxes, etc);
- Stock vials or other containers which contain standing liquids (>0.5 ml/container);
- LSC vials (empty or full);
- Lead, leaded materials, or large contaminated metal objects (Note: request a special collection);
- Chemicals or chemically soaked materials;
- Biological wastes (eg. carcasses, blood, tissue, organs, urine, feces, bedding, etc).


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composition:task:start
Task Composition
 - Below is an example of how tasks can be composed.
 - It shows how tasks and skills can be composed flexibly
 - Several tasks can be composed to be executed in sequence or in parallel (horizontal composition)
 - A task can be refined with other tasks (vertical composition): Abstract tasks are refined to more concrete tasks.
 - Refinement of tasks may be static or dynamic
 - Static: The tasks and eventually the order is known. E.g. making coffee always involves approaching the machine, putting a cup into the machine, pressing the button, etc.
 - Dynamic: The tasks and the order are not known in advance (i.e. to be solved by symbolic planning): E.g. it is not known what is the best way to clean up the table after customers left (what order, what to stack into each other, what to carry at once/first/next/last, etc.)
 - Skills will finally translate to configurations of one or more components (lower right). E.g. moving the manipulator requires to configure the component for collision-free manipulation-planning in a certain environment and the manipulator component to move along these collission-free trajectories.
 - Grasp cup relies on the existence of a task "recognize-object" which is later bound to "recognize-cup".
 - There are constraints that have to be maintained during the execution of a task, for example: the robot is not moving while manipulating.
 - There are results of a task that effect execution of other tasks, even after the current task was finished. For example, grasping a cup means that the cup still is in the gripper after the execution is done.
Acknowledgement
This document contains material from:
 - Lotz2017 Alex Lotz, "Managing Non-Functional Communication Aspects in the Entire Life-Cycle of a Component-Based Robotic Software System," 2017. (unpublished work)
 - Lutz2017 Matthias Lutz, "Model-Driven Behavior Development for Service Robotic Systems: Bridging the Gap between Software- and Behavior-Models," 2017. (unpublished work)
 - Stampfer2017 Dennis Stampfer, "Contributions to Composability using a System Design Process driven by Service Definitions for Service Robotics," 2017. (unpublished work)
composition:task:start · Last modified: 2017/08/01 13:56
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A clause at the end of a document, in particular a will, which sets forth the legal requirements the document must satisfy, states that those requirements have been met, and is signed by one or more witnesses. An attestation clause strengthens the presumption that the requirements have been met.
See, e.g. Keely v. Moore, 196 U.S. 38 (1904).
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A provision at the end of a will or other legal document that sets out the legal requirements of the document and states that those requirements have been met. By signing the attestation clause, a person is stating and confirming that everything within the clause is true.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:11 pm


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PINETOP, Ariz. — Biologists from multiple agencies working on the Mexican Wolf Interagency Field Team (IFT) have been surveying Mexican wolf end-of-year population numbers since Nov. 1, 2021. Those surveys are expected to continue through Feb. 2.
Population numbers are essential for the Mexican wolf due to the subspecies' status as an endangered species.
Ground counts of wolf packs and single wolves in Arizona and New Mexico began Nov. 1. The ground count is conducted in November and December, and that period is followed by an aerial count and capture operation conducted by the IFT using helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft. The dates for the upcoming aerial count and capture operation are Jan. 21 through Feb. 2, weather permitting. Agency personnel will be limited for this year's aerial operation, and numerous precautions will be implemented to limit the exposure to and possible spread of COVID-19.
Residents of Alpine, Ariz., and Reserve and Magdalena, N.M., and surrounding areas may notice several daily flights of a low-flying helicopter over their communities during this period, as biologists conduct their annual wolf population survey and capture. Survey flights will occur on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Apache-Sitgreaves, Cibola and Gila national forests in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, and possibly on some areas immediately outside the forests.
The IFT is in the process of contacting private landowners for permission to land on their property to capture a wolf, if necessary, and is coordinating with land management agencies and county sheriff offices on survey operation details. Details of the 2021 wolf population census are anticipated to be available in March 2022.


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Beware of Dog (Poop)
Dog lovers beware...
Dog waste does not a good fertilizer make. It is actually toxic to your lawn, causing burns and unsightly discoloring.
More importantly, it has been estimated that a single gram of dog feces can contain 23 million fecal coliform bacteria, which are known to cause cramps, diarrhea, intestinal illness, and serious kidney disorders in humans.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) even estimates that two or three days worth of droppings from a population of about 100 dogs would contribute enough bacteria to temporarily close a bay, and all watershed areas within 20 miles of it, to swimming and shellfishing.
Dog feces are one of the most common carriers of the following diseases:
Children, puppies, and kittens are most susceptible to pet-borne illnesses because they have weaker immune systems than adults do.


Biofouling in pipelines is a function of the inner roughness of the specific piping material that is used in distribution systems and the concomitant biofilm formation. To test the effect of velocity on the growth of biofilm, a Roto-Scope was designed and built to imitate different materials and flow conditions in potable water distribution systems. Biofilm formation was monitored using DAPI staining and the total number of viable bacteria. Increased velocity in the system resulted in a specific detaching velocity, where the formation of biofilm was limited. Most of the time these detaching velocities were not the highest velocities tested. The range of detaching velocities was between ±3 m.s−1 and 4 m.s−1. A flow velocity within this range would thus be ideal for achieving reduced biofilm growth in a distribution system.
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Last updated on November 1st, 2022 at 08:33 am
Because the panda plant is considered a novelty succulent, it can be difficult to find in nurseries or garden centers. Although, if you're lucky enough to locate one, you'll need to be even luckier that it's still in stock. So is panda plant rare?
It is absolutely not a rare plant. As a novelty succulent, the panda plant is only available as a seedling, and it's difficult to find. But it doesn't mean it can't be acquired. with the popularity of this plant for houseplant lately, you can easily purchase it from your local vendor nowadays.
The panda plant, native to Brazil, is an odd succulent that's part of the Kalanchoe genus. The strange appearance and ease of growing are what make it a sought-after indoor plant. These unusual-looking plants have thick, gray leaves that are covered in papery white blotches, giving them the namesake appearance of a panda's face. They produce bright red bell-shaped flowers in the spring, adding to their unique value.
Panda plants, with their unusual leaves and white, red or pink flowers, have found their way into many a garden, largely due to the popularity of indoor gardening. These unusual plants are a win-win for gardeners because they're not only eye-catching but also low maintenance.
The panda plant is an interesting succulent to grow, as it's one of the few that can be propagated from stem cuttings. It's a good idea to start your panda plant from a cutting or a leaf so that you can be sure you're getting a healthy plant from which you can successfully propagate more. This propagation method is fairly simple, although it requires a little extra care.
The panda plant will only grow into its iconic leafy panda face shape when the plant is getting lots of light, warmth, and water.
Panda plant care is a snap. Here's how to grow your own tasty panda plants:
- Panda plant care requires light. These sun-loving succulents do not like to be kept in the dark. A sunny location is best, but they will tolerate partial shade. Also, the leaves may develop sunburn or turn brown if exposed to direct sun for too long.
- Panda plant care involves water. Like most succulents, panda plants prefer dry soil the majority of the time. During the summer months, give them a good drink every mid-week and never let their soil dry out completely. During cooler months, water them once a month and allow the soil to dry before you water them again. Never let their roots sit in water as this can cause root rot.
So in conclusion panda plant which is a type of succulent or cacti is not a rare plant or species. It is just a rising start for indoor plants lately which might cause a shortage in stock.
Gardening is my passion and growing plants indoors has always been a stress relief for me. Grow a banana tree in my apartment once (although failed to produce bananas).


HEVEA pacifier Milky White round (3-36 months)
Unit: tk
8,95 €
Qty.: - +
HEVEA pacifiers are made of 100% natural rubber and painted with FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) approved natural color pigments. The pacifier is biodegradable and does not contain dangerous chemicals - PVC, BPA and phthalates.
The pacifier is gentle on the baby's sensitive skin and tender on the gums and teeth. Thanks to the one piece design, there are no cracks where bacteria could accumulate. The butterfly shaped pacifier leaves enough space for the child's nose and chin, and the ventilation openings help to prevent skin irritation.
When not in use, the pacifier should be kept in a clean and dry place out of direct sunlight and away from heat. It should be stored in a closed, clean and dry container.
If the surface of the soother starts to peel or crack, it is a sign of too long use or incorrect cleaning. It is recommended to replace the pacifier with a new one every two months.
Why does the pacifier change color over time?
No preservatives have been used in the production of HEVEA products and the color of natural rubber changes over time.
How to take care of a pacifier?
Before first use, clean and sterilize the pacifier thoroughly. HEVEA pacifiers are lubricated with a thin layer of vegetable oil so that they do not dry or change color in the package. The oil comes off if the pacifier is cleaned in boiling water before the first use. HEVEA pacifiers are cleaned in a special machine or by briefly dipping the pacifier in boiling water. Do not wash in the dishwasher.
Sarnased tooted
SKU: Hevea_Watermelon_Round_3-36
8,95 €
SKU: Hevea_Natural_Round_3-36
7,50 €
SKU: Hevea_NordicSea_Round_3-36
8,95 €
SKU: Hevea_WinterSky_Round_3-36
8,95 €


text:
White House Council on Women and Girls
On March 11, 2009 President Obama signed an Executive Order creating the White House Council on Women and Girls. The mission of the Council is to provide a coordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls and to ensure that all Cabinet and Cabinet-level agencies consider how their policies and programs impact women and families.
USTR has already taken steps to fulfill the President's goals in this regard. Developing an outreach strategy that incorporates stakeholders from all facets of the community, we are working to ensure that U.S. trade policy is used as an effective tool to benefit women.
Recognizing that trade policy benefits women at home and abroad, USTR is using trade policy to achieve objectives such as poverty reduction, promoting rule of law, and improving the financial and socio-economic status of women and children. Whether through job creation, market access or the improvement in the overall standard of living, including within the home, opportunities can be created to impact the lives of women.
U.S. Free Trade Agreements include provisions to promote more effective and efficient trade capacity building assistance to all sectors of society, including programs that improve the ability of women and girls to participate more effectively in the domestic and global marketplace.
One of the more recent examples of this initiative is in Guatemala where a group of Guatemalan agricultural producers (Labradores) with assistance from USAID, strengthened production and became certified for Good Agricultural and Manufacturing Practices. As a result of its improved ability to comply with international requirements, Wal-Mart signed up Labradores to supply vegetables and fruits to its Central American outlets. The majority of the jobs in the packing plant went to women. This is just one of the many stories of how trade benefits women and girls. Without strong U.S.- Guatemalan trade relations, these jobs would not have solidified.
Such firm-level assistance is a typical trade capacity building mechanism that directly enhances the capacity of smalland medium-scale enterprises throughout Central America and the Dominican Republic.
USTR also administers the four U.S. tariff preference programs that provide enhanced access for developing countries' exports into the U.S. markets. These programs benefit women, who comprise much of the labor force in developing countries both in larger-scale manufacturing operations and in the home.
Read a blog, written by Deputy USTR Miriam Sapiro, on trade and women here.
The White House's Council on Women and Girls profiled Deputy United States Trade Representative Miriam Sapiro as part of a series entitled 'Meet the Women of the Administration.' Learn more Ambassador Sapiro in the blog post here.


) cities to chose for the first position, you have 3 x 2 x 1 paths of length 3 to calculate. For n = 3 that means you have O(n!).
To calculate the distances for all subpaths of length 4, you repeat the process. This time you need 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 calculations. For n = 4 that means you have O(n!). This is the point where your elimination starts its effect. From every two paths that start and end in the same cities, you only need to remember the shorter one. This means that only (4 x 3 x 2 x 1)/2 paths of length 4 remain.
To calculate the distances for all subpaths of length 5, you gain from the elimination done in the last step. You need to calculate only 5 x (4 x 3 x 2 x 1)/2. For n = 5 that means you have O(1/2 x n!) = O(n!). This time you can eliminate 5 out of the 6 paths that start and end in the same cities (some of which you didn't even calculate, because of the elimination in the previous step), leaving you with (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)/6 paths of length 5.
Consequentially, for n = 6 you have O(1/6 x n!), which is still O(n!). For every further step the factor will become smaller. What means that you algorithm is faster than the naive brute force approach that does not save any intermediate results. But your complexity remains O(n!).
 - If that was true I would be able to calculate 19 cities path, that is 18! = 6.40237370e+15. So you have a mistake and I will explain you what it is. You think that if I calculate the cities A,B,C,D, I will also need to calculate the cities [A,B,D,C], [A,C,B,D], [A,C,D,B], [A,D,C,B], [A,D,B,C], but this is not true. I am the saving k - 1 (in this example k = 4) cities you can choose(Order is not important and repeating is not allowed) from N - 2. The formula for that is: N! / ((N - R)!(R!)) – Ilya Gazman Oct 11 '13 at 10:03
 - You state nothing in your post that would save you from calculating all these permutations. You statement about not having to calculate Option 2, because you already calculated in together with Option 1 makes no sense to me, since you still do the calculation, only somewhere else. – Sven Amann Oct 11 '13 at 10:12
 - Then I don't know how to convince you rather than show you the facts. This algorithm solved 19 cities map in less than 6 minutes. Take a look at the code, look again on my explanation and try to explain how is this possible. – Ilya Gazman Oct 11 '13 at 10:16
 - Computation time is no argument in a discussion about complexity. You can always throw more hardware at the problem. This will not reduce the complexity. If you cannot even explain why you think you can skip some calculations, how can you be sure that your results are correct? – Sven Amann Oct 11 '13 at 10:20
 - 2
 You did not understand the big O. O(n!) does not mean there are n! actions to perform. By the way, 18! is 6.402.373.705.728.000 according to my windows calculator. – Marius Oct 11 '13 at 10:41
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text:
When choosing a drilling method, especially for exploration and grade control, one must consider many factors such as cost, time, environmental impact, depth of drilling and sample quality. Reverse Circulation drilling offers many advantages over other drilling methods, such as Rotary Air Blast drilling or diamond drilling. This article will explain what Reverse Circulation drilling is, its benefits, its health and safety considerations, and why it is the best method of grade control.
1. What is Reverse Circulation drilling?
Reverse Circulation drilling, or RC drilling, is a method of drilling which uses dual wall drill rods that consist of an outer drill rod with an inner tube. These hollow inner tubes allow the drill cuttings to be transported back to the surface in a continuous, steady flow.
Unlike diamond drilling, it compiles sample rock cuttings instead of rock core. The drilling mechanism is most often a pneumatic reciprocating piston called a hammer, which in turn is driving a tungsten-steel drill bit, specifically made to be able to crush hard rock.
The hammer is used to remove rock samples which are pushed through the machine with compressed air. When air is blown down the annulus (ring-shaped structure) of the rod, the pressure shift creates a reverse circulation, bringing the cuttings up the inner tube. When the cuttings reach a deflector box at the top of the rig, the matter is moved through a hose attached to the top of the cyclone.
The drill cuttings will travel around the cyclone until they fall through the bottom opening into a sample bag. These bags are marked with the location and depth of the place where the sample was collected and can be transported directly to the assay lab for analysis.
2. The benefits of RC drilling
Reliable and uncontaminated samples:
When the cutting travels through the bit into the inner tube towards the cyclone, it is not introduced to other areas of the hole, keeping it free of cross-contamination. This creates the possibility of producing large quantities of high quality, reliable samples.
Sample cuttings are easier to catalogue and keep track of. Because the samples collected will have an exact location and depth at which they were found, surveyors and interested parties will be able to locate mineral deposits more precisely.
High drilling penetration rates:
RC penetration rates are comparable to open drilling methods and are often faster at greater depths. Sample velocity through the inner tube can reach speeds of 250 m/sec, making the retrieval of drill cuttings a rapid but safe method requiring fewer man-hours.
Production rates are superior to diamond drilling; rates of 200-300 m/day are routine at speeds faster than 10 m/h. Therefore, results from RC drilling can be revealed to clients much faster because the drilling process takes less time.
Versatile in tough conditions:
RC drilling is fairly straightforward and requires far less water than diamond drilling, making it ideal in places such as Australia, where water may be scarce or costly. RC drilling is also a more cost-effective method than diamond drilling, with operating costs reduced by up to 40% compared to diamond drilling.
Cost reduction is especially noticeable in geologically challenging locations, which would increase the cost of more conventional drilling methods even more. RC drilling will keep those costs down since it is more resilient in harsh environments.
3. Why is RC drilling best for grade control?
Grade control is used to define the ore grades and blocks in the pit. For an exploration program, the quality of the samples is imperative for mine planning and blasting—the samples must be reliably accurate.
RC drilling is the superior method used for grade control in open pit mining operations because:
- samples obtained via RC drilling are free of contaminants
- the samples are collected at the drill and sent directly to the lab to be assessed
- RC sampling requires less handling than other methods
- less handling results in cost reduction and faster turnaround times
The reliability of the cuttings produced during RC drilling is an industry asset. RC grade control is the most cost effective and efficient method to differentiate between waste rock and minerals.
4. Key safety and environmental considerations
Exploration drilling is strictly controlled and regulated when an exploration licence is approved. Most drilling requires further governmental approval, which will demand a thorough environmental survey, proposed methodology, administrative plan, and environmental mitigation.
RC drilling safety regulations will vary depending on location, but there are general precautions to observe. RC drilling has some inherent risks to be aware of.
The sounds of constant hammering of drill bits into rock combined with the use of loud air compressors may cause hearing loss. That's why occupational health and safety laws require workers to wear some sort of hearing loss protection as well as all other appropriate personal protective equipment. This includes not only ear plugs or ear muffs but also respiratory masks, safety footwear, hard hats and industrial work gloves.
RC drilling requires 'Samplers' or 'Offsiders' to process the cutting samples from the cyclone. They may have to manually handle some of the downhole equipment, putting them in a more hazardous situation than in a standard drilling site such as well drilling. They must remain vigilant about a number of hazards such as:
- the physical strain they could receive from manually handling samples,
- the potential of falling objects,
- proximity to compressed air, and
- pinch points or areas around the rig that could be the source of crush injuries.
However, adopted control measures make it more difficult to access potential pinch points, and added interlocks prohibit operation under unsafe conditions.
Because RC drilling has a small rig footprint, it eliminates the need for extensive earthworks. This means RC drilling has a minimal environmental impact.
5. RC drilling best practices
There are many procedures and techniques required to achieve the best possible results from RC drilling. Holes are set up similarly to conventional holes, and the most important element of RC drilling is the sample. The goal is to capture as much sample as possible from the hole, preferably through the inner tube.
High inside sample circulation is achieved by having the appropriate clearance between the bit shroud and the hole wall. This should forge a seal, thereby forcing the sample inside. If there is water in the hole, allow the hole to collar off as this helps to keep the samples dry, making them easier to transport and process.
Since its inception in the early 1970s in Australia, RC drilling has become a preferred method for initial exploration and grade control due to its many advantages:
- the samples extracted by RC drilling are reliable and free of contaminants,
- the method is timely and cost-efficient,
- it is well-suited for difficult terrains,
- it has high penetration rates, and
- it has minimal environmental impact.
Taken together, these positive aspects of RC drilling make it an excellent choice for mining exploration and grade control.


text:
filtering for networked systems with multiple state delays. (English) Zbl 1133.93314
Summary: A new robust filter design problem is studied for a class of networked systems with multiple state-delays. Two kinds of incomplete measurements, namely, measurements with random delays and measurements with stochastic missing phenomenon, are simultaneously considered. Such incomplete measurements are induced by the limited bandwidth of communication networks, and are modelled as a linear function of a certain set of indicator functions that depend on the same stochastic variable. Attention is focused on the analysis and design problems of a full-order robust filter such that, for all admissible parameter uncertainties and all possible incomplete measurements, the filtering error dynamics is exponentially mean-square stable and a prescribed attenuation level is guaranteed. Some recently reported methodologies, such as delay-dependent and parameter-dependent stability analysis approaches, are employed to obtain less conservative results. Sufficient conditions, which are dependent on the occurrence probability of both the random sensor delay and missing measurement, are established for the existence of the desired filters in terms of certain linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). When these LMIs are feasible, the explicit expression of the desired filter can also be characterized. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed design method.
|93B35||Sensitivity (robustness) of control systems|
|93C41||Control problems with incomplete information|


The Birth of Model Theory: Löwenheim's Theorem in the Frame of the Theory of Relatives
$99.95 / £82.00
Jan 25, 2004
6 x 9.25 in.
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Löwenheim's theorem reflects a critical point in the history of mathematical logic, for it marks the birth of model theory — that is, the part of logic that concerns the relationship between formal theories and their models. However, while the original proofs of other, comparably significant theorems are well understood, this is not the case with Löwenheim's theorem. For example, the very result that scholars attribute to Löwenheim today is not the one that Skolem — a logician raised in the algebraic tradition, like Löwenheim — appears to have attributed to him. In The Birth of Model Theory, Calixto Badesa provides both the first sustained, book-length analysis of Löwenheim's proof and a detailed description of the theoretical framework — and, in particular, of the algebraic tradition — that made the theorem possible.
Badesa's three main conclusions amount to a completely new interpretation of the proof, one that sharply contradicts the core of modern scholarship on the topic. First, Löwenheim did not use an infinitary language to prove his theorem; second, the functional interpretation of Löwenheim's normal form is anachronistic, and inappropriate for reconstructing the proof; and third, Löwenheim did not aim to prove the theorem's weakest version but the stronger version Skolem attributed to him. This book will be of considerable interest to historians of logic, logicians, philosophers of logic, and philosophers of mathematics.


text:
There are two types of infrared filter; infrared cut-off filters and infrared passing filters. Infrared cut-off filters prevent light in the near infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum from reaching the sensor. Infrared passing filters allow this light to pass, but block light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum from reaching the sensor.
For infrared photography, the type of filter you need is the 'infrared passing filter' so that near infrared light can reach the sensor, but most visible light is blocked.
If you had your camera converted to infrared you may still use external infrared filters. Just keep in mind that the external filter needs to be stronger or deeper in the IR than the internal filter. For example, if your camera was converted to the Super Color Infrared filter, which is 590nm – you can use a 665nm or 720nm or even deeper to override the internal filter. Because what you are doing is blocking a wider amount of IR than the internal filter. This wouldn't work the other way around, say if you had a Deep BW infrared filter (830nm) installed in your camera and wanted to use a 590nm filter – although the external 590nm filter blocks light at 590 and less nm, the internal blocks more, effectively blocking whatever the 590nm filter passes.


Sleeping with bottle leads to higher chances of obese baby?
Sleeping with bottle leads to higher chances of obese baby?
Studies show babies that fall asleep with a bottle have a higher chance of becoming obese.
Childhood obesity Parents who let their babies fall asleep with milk bottles may cause them to become obese.
Sleeping with bottles
Recent studies show that a baby who sleeps with a milk bottle has a higher chance of becoming an obese baby. The study was led by sociology professor, Ben Gibbs, who has studied 8,000 mothers that either breast-fed or fed their nine-month-old babies with formula, and recorded their body weights after 24 months.
Daily Mail reported that out of 8,000, Mr. Gibbs found that formula fed babies were more likely to be clinically obese. On top of this, babies who end up falling asleep with their bottles had a 30 per cent higher likelihood of obesity.
RELATED: Prolonged bottle feeding can harm
Obese baby
What these findings suggest, according to Mr. Gibbs, is that formula-fed babies who have a higher chance of being obese will also have a harder time regulating their appetites in the future. This puts them at an even higher risk of being obese later on in life.
Furthermore, Mr. Gibbs claimed that mothers who measure their babies' formula by the ounces usually overfeed them as compared to breastfeeding them. A baby who feeds on solid food is also 40 per cent more likely to be an obese baby.
RELATED: Overweight kids can develop spine abnormalities
obese baby A lot of times obesity really depends on habits taught early in life
Not always true
Even though feeding techniques play an important role in determining whether your baby will be an obese baby or not, paediatrician, Dr. Cynthia Mann insists that babies should never be labelled as 'fat' just because they feed on formula or fall asleep with the bottle.
It is normal for babies to have layers of fat because they keep them warm. Furthermore, some babies are simply fatter than other babies. But the only way parents can really enable an obese baby is to rectify every situation with a milk bottle, causing the baby to consume excessive calories.
Mr. Gibbs summed up, "The takeaway here is that the habits we adopt early on for our babies matter later in life."
RELATED: Calculating BMI in children
Formula feeding
Mothers are usually encouraged to breastfeed their infants. As Dr. Yong Tze Tein says, "Breast milk is preventive medicine at its best." However, if a mother opts for formula instead, we suggest different types of infant formulas to look out for before making a purchase. There are three main types:
 - Cow's milk - It's the closest thing to breast milk
 - HypoallergenicEasier to digest
 - Soy based (for a vegan diet) - Alternative to cow's milk formula
Do you think sleeping with a bottle will make your baby obese? Tell us your opinion. We'd love to hear from you! For more on this topic, watch this video:
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text:
The membrane potentials of periderm and cuticular membranes were measured with KCI and NaCl solution using Ag/AgCI electrodes. For the electromotive force (emf) measurements, the concentration in both compartments were brought to equilibrium with the 0.01 M concentration of KCI or NaCl solution, then the one side was kept constant and the other side changed. The estimation of the Donnan potential contribution to the membrane potential was carried out by taking into account the fixed charge concentration, C_x, value. From these measurements electrochemical characterization of the asymmetry and surface layers of the periderm and cuticular membranes can be described.
Membrane potential, periderm membrane, cuticular membrane, fixed charge concentration, asymmetric potential
ŞAHİN, AYGÜL; ÇENGELOĞLU, YUNUS; and ERSÖZ, MUSTAFA (2002) "The Membrane Potentials of Periderm and Cuticular Membranes," Turkish Journal of Chemistry: Vol. 26: No. 5, Article 17. Available at: _URL_


text:
- A new study traces the migration of a genus of shrub frogs, endemic to India's Western Ghats, to Sri Lanka some 27 million years ago.
- A constantly changing climate gave rise to various types of habitats over the course of geological time, allowing isolated populations of the same species to evolve in vastly different ways.
- One group of frogs later even migrated back across to India.
- The researchers hope to identify historical reasons that may be driving current trends of species diversity and distribution.
Hindu legend has it that the deity Rama built a bridge from the southern tip of India to the island of Sri Lanka, for his army of ape men to cross and help him rescue his wife, Sita, from the clutches of the Ravana.
It's a story immortalized in the Sanskrit epic the 'Ramayana' and venerated as myth. But the idea of creatures crossing from one side to the other over a land bridge is far from a myth: A recent study shows a group of frogs made the crossing some 27 million years ago, settling and evolving in Sri Lanka's highlands, before some crossed back again about 8.8 million years ago.
The study used time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny, a theory that sheds light on how organisms are related to one another through evolutionary time, to analyze the tempo of diversification, or the rate at which a species evolves. By studying diversification in the context of past climate and geography, the researchers hope to identify historical reasons that may be driving current trends of diversity and distribution.
That's also the case with Sri Lanka, where the "three main mountain ranges of this region constitute ecological islands of cool, wet habitats separated by low, warm and often drier valleys," according to the paper, published in the March issue of the journal Molecular Phlyogenetics and Evolution.
However, the habitat associations of these species also indicate that a cooler climate itself is not enough for their survival. "They also need specific habitat conditions, and the most of important of these is forest cover. Forest cover coupled with a cool wet climate effectively serve as a refugium," said Madhava Meegaskumbura, an evolutionary biologist and lead author of the study.
The descendants of those frogs that made the original crossing — during a period of climate cooling and drying that exposed the land bridge of low islands today known as Ram Setu (Rama's Bridge) — constitute a group of shrub frogs from the genus Pseudophilautus. Today they're endemic to the Western Ghats of southwestern India and to Sri Lanka and exhibit a wide range of diversification, though dozens of known shrub frog species are now considered extinct.
After arriving, their endemic diversification largely took place within the wet tropical regions of Sri Lanka — a vivid story about species evolution, geography, geology and historical climate change.
The study highlighted how the hills of Sri Lanka served as "species pumps as well as refuges" throughout 31 million years of evolution, highlighting the importance of tropical montane regions for both the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. Pseudophilautus today occupy several habitat types, ranging from open grasslands, rock substrates along streams, and rainforest canopy, to shrubs, open grasslands and human-influenced habitats.
While the frogs' initial habitat during the Oligocene epoch some 27 million years ago was the mountainous central hills, they later repeatedly colonized areas beyond. There was also a frequent pattern of sister species being distributed across the three mountain regions and diversification within a given geographic region.
Changes in the climate played an important role in the geographic distribution, dispersal and process of speciation, providing an opening for the frogs' colonization of Sri Lanka.
The gradual diversification of their lineages began during the Oligocene, as the Indian subcontinent pushed up against the Asian land mass, creating the Himalayan mountain range and thus initiating the monsoon cycle.
This was followed by a period of glaciation in Antarctica, ushering in a climate suitable to the spread of species adapted to cool and wet conditions, such as those that would have existed in Sri Lanka's central hills.
Further up the geological time line, lowland lineages arose as the Asian monsoon cycle strengthened, giving rise to lowland rainforests that would have enhanced the frogs' opportunity for diversification.
While there was nothing to indicate a rapid initial burst in the Sri Lankan diversification of these shrub frogs, there was a constant rate of diversification over the entire history of the clade, the study shows.
Sri Lanka's habitat complexity provided opportunities for isolated populations of the same species to evolve in different ways. The current exceptional diversity of Pseudophilautus within Sri Lanka owes much to the long period of time available for diversification, abundant ecological opportunity, habitat, and fewer competing lineages, Pethiyagoda said.
The traffic wasn't one-way, though; during the late Miocene epoch, about 8.8 million years ago, another glaciation event once again exposed the land bridge between India and Sri Lanka. This allowed the migration back to the Indian mainland of some of the frogs, now vastly different from the species that made the first crossing all those millions of years earlier.
Those back-migrating Pseudophilautus were possibly lowland forms that were probably adapted to drier conditions. Today, the lowland regions of India and Sri Lanka adjacent to the shallow Palk Strait that separates the two land masses are warm and dry, with scrub forest habitats in which a single species of Pseudophilautus occurs on either side: P. regius in Sri Lanka and P. kani in the Western Ghats.
The period between the initial migration and the subsequent back migration also coincided with the intensification of the monsoon, indicating a period favorable for diversification of the species in Sri Lanka. The initial migration to Sri Lanka may have provided abundant ecological opportunity to the early colonizers in the form of habitat unexplored by other frog species, the study says.
When diversification of these shrub frogs began to take place, a process facilitated by climatic events, suitable habitats likely became available gradually over time. The species that were adapted to lower elevations — and warmer and drier conditions — were more likely to be sources of dispersal among mountain ranges, unlike those species restricted by elevation, the study says.
During climatically favorable periods, the species crossed the valleys between mountain ranges, giving rise to montane communities made up of members derived from disparate clades.
These features highlight the importance of montane regions in generating and sustaining the remarkable diversity of Sri Lankan shrub frogs through time.
"It is important however, to note, while there is high endemism, there is also high extinction, at the higher elevations," Pethiyagoda said.
And this happens, according to Meegaskumbura, when lowland rigorous species move up the mountains displacing the more vulnerable Pseudophilautus species. "As climate warming continues, unable to find high enough mountains to track their optimal climatic conditions, many of these species risk going extinct."
Meegaskumbura, M., Senevirathne, G., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R., Hanken, J., & Schneider, C. J. (2019). Diversification of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae, Pseudophilautus) in Sri Lanka — Timing and geographic context. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 132, 14-24. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.004
Banner image: Pseudophilautus femoralis, commonly known as the round-snout pygmy frog, belongs to the Rhacophoridae family and is endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and is threatened by habitat loss. Photo by Hiranya Sudasinghe.


Warning
This repository is being deprecated. Project documentation has moved to the Airship Docs project, and Airship-in-a-Bottle environment will be merged into the Airship Treasuremap project.
Getting Started for Airship Developers
Airship uses many foundational concepts that should be understood by developers wanting to get started. This documentation attempts to provide a survey of those topics.
Concepts
 - Containers/Docker
 - RESTful APIs
 - YAML
 - Security
Containers/Docker
Airship is, at its core, intended to be used in a containerized fashion. Dockerfile resources exist in each of the project repositories that are used by the build process to generate Docker images. Images are hosted on quay.io under airshipit.
Each main component is responsible for generating one or more images (E.g.: Shipyard produces a Shipyard image and an Airflow image).
When running, nearly every aspect of Airship runs as a container, and Airship (primarily Promenade + Armada) sets up many of the other foundational components as containers, including many Kubernetes components, etcd, Calico, and Ceph.
RESTful APIs
Each Airship component that runs as a service provides a RESTful API. Some API Conventions exist explaining the basic format of requests and responses and required endpoints that are exposed, such as health check and and design validation.
YAML
The YAML document format is used along with JSON Schema to define the declarative site and software design inputs to the Airship components.
Security
Security is a consideration from the ground-up for Airship components. Some technologies in this space are TLS and Keystone auth. Airship APIs are protected by RBAC policies implemented with oslo.policy (with some exceptions for basic health checking and listing of API versions). Keystone middleware serves as a layer in the pipeline of service layers for each component, providing lookup of authenticated users, resolving their roles, which are then checked. Access enforcement is within the Airship components, using a decorator for each API that requires limited access.
Environment
 - Helm
 - Kubernetes
 - Linux
Helm
Airship components are deployed into Kubernetes using Armada, which in turn uses the Tiller component of Helm. Helm charts are used to generate the Kubernetes artifacts (deployments, jobs, configmaps, etc...).
Kubernetes
Airship is thoroughly intertwined with Kubernetes:
 - Airship depends on Kubernetes as the orchestrator of the containers that make up the platform.
 - Airship sets up a single node Kubernetes instance during the Promenade genesis process, with the necessary configuration to become the seed of a resilient Kubernetes cluster during later stages of Airship.
 - Airship's components run as containers inside the Kubernetes cluster.
Linux
Airship is targeted to a Linux platform. There are significant elements of Airship that use shell scripts to drive processes.
Coding
Further information is available in Code and Project Conventions.
Airship is primarily a combination of Python 3 and shell scripting. There are several Python libraries that are used in common across many components:
 - Falcon: A service framework providing the API endpoints.
 - uWSGI: The service container.
 - oslo_config: Provides per-deployment, configuration file configurability.
 - oslo_policy: Provides RBAC support for API endpoints (and more).
 - Requests: A framework for making HTTP requests and receiving responses.
 - Click: A CLI framework used to provide component-level Command Line Interfaces.
Each component also brings in their own dependencies as needed.
Database(s)
Several of the Airship components require some data persistence. Some data persistence is achieved by utilizing Kubernetes provided mechanisms, and the Keystone software uses a MariaDB instance, but most is accomplished using a containerized PostgreSQL database.
Interaction with PostgreSQL uses the following:
 - SQLAlchemy: A python library providing most of the needed database functionality.
 - Alembic: Version management for database schemas and data.
 - oslo_db: An OpenStack layer providing additional functionality over SQLAlchemy.
Testing
 - Unit
 - Functional
 - Integration
Unit and functional tests are used in the gating of changes before merging code. Unit tests utilize combinations of pytest and stestr. Functional tests utilize Gabbi. These tools are not exclusive of others, but are the primary tools being used for unit and functional tests.
Integration testing is orchestrated in the merge gates, and uses various means of testing.


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The Audubon Nature Institute and San Diego Zoo Global were expected to announce Tuesday the development of a breeding program for rare and endangered species on 1,000 acres south of this city, bringing herds of antelope, okapi and Masai giraffe to graze on the banks of the Mississippi River, the New York Times reports.
The breeding site, which will be among the largest in the United States, represents the latest version of a wildlife conservation model based on the finding that certain species mate more successfully when allowed to roam in herds rather than when paired off in captivity, something to which many visitors to Bourbon Street could probably attest. It also brings two of America's most prominent zoological organizations together from opposite sides of the country.
Public access is likely to be somewhat limited, as the facility is intended primarily for breeding and research, and for this reason the species do not have to be, as one scientist put it, the most charismatic kind. But among the more than two dozen species expected in the program, which is slated to begin in 2014, are lions, flamingos, storks and several kinds of antelopes.
Read the story.


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Energy efficiency modeling is of great importance to energy management and conservation for machinery enterprises. To improve the generalization ability, this article combines the machining parameters and the configuration parameters into energy efficiency models, for which machine-learning (ML) algorithms are used considering the lack of theoretical formulas. Based on the three-year data collected in a shop floor, a comparative study for two different cases is conducted with a particular focus on prediction accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency. In Case 1, only cross-sectional data are used to predict energy efficiency, ignoring the deterioration of spindle motors and cutting tools. Three traditional ML algorithms, i.e., artificial neural networks, support vector regression, and Gaussian process regression, are evaluated with the help of five error metrics. In Case 2, we construct the models in a more realistic situation that considers the dynamic aspects of spindle motor aging and tool wear. A convolutional neural network, a stacked autoencoder, a deep belief network and the aforementioned traditional ML algorithms are investigated. The comparison shows that all the models in Case 1 suffer from performance degradation, while deep learning achieves the long-Term improvement in accuracy. Note to Practitioners-Energy efficiency models deliver many advantages, ranging from energy-Aware machine design to process optimization. Although a large amount of works in the past focused on physics-based and experimental modeling for specific machining configurations, it can be more effective to improve the applicability of the modeling methods by involving the configuration variables into the models. Due to the uncertainties in both the machine and the operation environment, machine learning is adopted to fit the high-dimensional and high-nonlinear energy system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article that provides a comprehensive survey on ML-based modeling in terms of data sizes, temporal granularities, feature selection, and algorithm performance. Such a survey helps engineers quickly justify the appropriate ML methods to meet the actual requirements.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||14|
|Journal||IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering|
|State||Published - Apr 2021|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Control and Systems Engineering


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Women who live in neighborhoods lacking in close ties are more likely to have coronary artery calcification, a key marker for underlying heart disease, than those who live in more socially cohesive neighborhoods, according to a study led by Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researcher Daniel Kim. Women who lived in the most economically deprived neighborhoods had more than double the odds of underlying heart disease.
The study was published online last month in the American Journal of Epidemiology.
Men appeared to be less affected by their social environments, with only those living in the poorest neighborhoods showing an impact. The study adds to the growing body of evidence that the physical and social environments in which people live and work can play a big role in health.
The researchers examined health data from nearly 3,000 women and men aged 32 to 50 participating in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study and living in four United States urban areas: Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago; Minneapolis; and Oakland, Calif. They found heart artery calcification in about 11 percent of the women and 29 percent of the men. Perceived neighborhood cohesion was based on a survey in which study participants were asked to rate how well their neighbors get along and trust one another. Also taken into account in the study were Census data on income, education, and occupation grouped at the neighborhood level.
"This is the first study to look at the relations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and low social cohesion with coronary calcification in the United States," said Kim. "Our findings are striking in that they show that these neighborhood factors can predict underlying heart disease in people without symptoms, as early as middle age."
According to the researchers, social cohesion, defined as strong, trusting relationships between neighbors, can improve people's health by lowering stress and depression, fostering the sharing and reinforcing of healthy behaviors, and strengthening a neighborhood's effectiveness in advocating for improvements in local services. Weak social cohesion took a toll on women's health in both rich and poor neighborhoods, which may be related to women spending more time in their neighborhoods than men due to domestic roles such as raising a child and household chores, magnifying their exposures to any neighborhood hazards, according to the study.
"If these neighborhood effects are in fact present," said Kim, "interventions and policies to reduce the gaps in neighborhood social and economic conditions may be powerful ways to address the higher risks of heart disease and other conditions such as obesity that those living in poorer neighborhoods disproportionately appear to face."
Ichiro Kawachi, professor of social epidemiology and chair, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health at HSPH, was a co-author of the study.
Tags: genetics, genomics


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Our jointly written short stories
During the student exchange in Italy, students worked in international groups to write the six stories. Each partner brought a plan for a story:
After the exchange programme each country got one story to finalise. The six stories:
Students voted and decided that they would like to work on the story titled "Murder in Istanbul".


Set Up Opening and Closing Rituals to Form Better HabitsS
When you are looking to form a new habit, it might be wise to set up rituals to start and stop, says Hannah Braime, author of The Ultimate Guide to Journaling.
They're about creating a boundary around our time and saying "OK, brain, this is your chance to tell me what's going on for you—no distractions, nothing else vying for my attention, it's just me and you".
Braime talks about the merits of setting up rituals in a blog post about journaling, but the advice is more universal to any habit you want to cultivate. It's similar to having triggers, which is one of the best ways to trick your brain into creating new habits. But instead of just the starting point, Braime's method lets you put yourself into a "zone" of sorts to implement the action, disconnecting it from other activities.
5 Ways To Inspire Your Journaling Practice | Becoming Who You Are


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The EEOC has published a new Q&A to clarify when requiring a high school diploma violates the ADA.
In November 2011, the EEOC issued a discussion letter on this topic. The Q&A is in response to "significant commentary and conjecture about the meaning and scope of the letter."
The letter stated that if a diploma requirement screens out a candidate who was unable to graduate because of a learning disability, the employer is required to demonstrate that the requirement is "job-related and consistent with business necessity." The EEOC added that an employer can't make that showing if "the functions in question can easily be performed by someone who does not have a diploma."
The Q&A clarifies that "nothing in the letter prohibits employers from adopting a job requirement that a job applicant have a high school diploma." The EEOC says that employers won't have to make an exception in "the vast majority of the cases."
However, if an applicant claims that a learning disability prevented him/her from getting a diploma, the employer may be required to "demonstrate qualification for the job in some other way." Examples offered by the EEOC include considering experience in similar jobs or allowing the applicant to demonstrate performance of the job's essential functions.
The Q&A also states that an employer "does not have to prefer the applicant with a disability over someone who can perform the job better."


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ATTENTION TEACHERS OF 3RD GRADE STUDENTS
We have created a document that will assist with your mathematics instruction for 3rd graders who will be taking the AIMS this school year. As you know all third grade teachers were asked to implement our TUSD 2012 Mathematics Curriculum (that encompasses the AZ Academic Content Standards in Mathematics) beginning with SY 2012 – 2013. However, third grade students across our state continue to be assessed on the 2008 AZ Mathematics Standard in the spring of 2013 and 2014. Information included in this document can assist us in making appropriate instructional decisions to effectively prepare our students for spring assessments as we progress through this transition. Click here for link.


Be uncontrolled - Crossword Clue
Below are possible answers for the crossword clue Be uncontrolled.
4 letter answer(s) to be uncontrolled
 3. violent state of the elements; "the sea hurled itself in thundering rage against the rocks"
 4. a state of extreme anger; "she fell into a rage and refused to answer"
 5. something that is desired intensely; "his rage for fame destroyed him"
 6. behave violently, as if in state of a great anger
 7. Fury
 8. feel intense anger; "Rage against the dying of the light!"
 9. be violent; as of fires and storms
Other crossword clues with similar answers to 'Be uncontrolled'
Still struggling to solve the crossword clue 'Be uncontrolled'?
If you're still haven't solved the crossword clue Be uncontrolled then why not search our database by the letters you have already!


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After a hot summer for much of western Europe and parts of the British Isles, warmth will keep on rolling into autumn.
The continued warm and dry weather will keep Scandinavia on high alert for wildfires throughout the season while a change to wet weather is predicted from Italy into Greece.
Warmth to last into October across the British Isles, France and Germany
Persistent heat dominated much of western Europe throughout the summer and, while the magnitude of the heat is expected to wane by October, temperatures will continue to be well above normal from the British Isles into France and Germany.
"Temperatures will average 1-3 degrees Celsius (2-6 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal throughout the United Kingdom this autumn," AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist Alan Reppert said.
A similar or even greater divergence from normal is forecast across France, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany.
A noticeable dip in temperatures is expected by November as rainfall becomes more frequent from the U.K. into northern France and western Germany.
The arrival of late-season rain will bring not only an end to lasting unseasonable warmth but also much-needed rain to areas that dealt with drought conditions in recent months.
The most significant rain will fall from western Ireland into Northern Ireland and western Scotland; however, all of the U.K. will receive beneficial rainfall throughout November.
"River levels will rise slowly, and the drought will lessen, especially in Wales and western England," AccuWeather Meteorologist Tyler Roys said.
"While our area of greatest concern for windstorms this autumn is from Portugal into western France, one or two named storms may impact the British Isles through November," he said.
A wet November is also expected in Paris, Brussels, and Cologne, Germany.
Farther south and east, rainfall will be more inconsistent with near- to slightly below-normal rainfall from Lyon, France, to Stuttgart and Berlin in Germany.
Italy and eastern Mediterranean to become wet, stormy
Hit-or-miss thunderstorms throughout the summer left parts of Italy, Greece and the western Balkan Peninsula drenched while others endured a hot, dry summer.
This pattern will hold into September before a significant shift toward widespread wet weather is expected from October into November.
Slow-moving storm systems will bring downpours at an increased frequency throughout Italy and neighboring parts of the western Balkan Peninsula between the Dinaric Alps and the Adriatic Sea.
This wet weather will expand into Greece as the season progresses, bringing an end to wildfire concerns but bringing the risk for flash flooding and mudslides, especially in areas that endured wildfires in recent years.
"Some of the storms will bring damaging hail and winds, along with an increased risk for waterspouts," Roys said.
"The areas at highest risk for damaging storms will be across Italy and Greece."
The increasing wet weather will also limit warmth across the region. While September will likely be a warmer-than-normal month, near- to below-normal temperatures are expected from October into November.
Scandinavia wildfire threat to remain high, snowfall to be limited
A hot, dry summer which turned into the worst drought in decades across parts of Scandinavia set the stage for numerous wildfires.
Sweden has been hardest hit as more than 50,000 acres burned during the summer, and drought conditions have worsened throughout the season.
Unseasonable warmth and drier-than-normal weather are expected to continue for much of autumn across the region with no significant rainfall to aid drought conditions and significantly lower the wildfire risk.
By October and November, temperatures will trend much lower compared to the scorching summer heat; however, a lack of rainfall will still bring the risk for wildfires due to dry vegetation.
"Given the dry and very warm conditions across Scandinavia this summer and autumn, I expect the harvest to be smaller than in previous years and there could be rationing of produce and higher prices," Roys said.
Snowfall will be below normal through November in Oslo, Norway, Stockholm and Helsinki due to the combination of above-normal warmth and drier-than-normal conditions.
Windstorms to threaten Portugal, northwestern Spain and western France
While much of Europe is expecting drier-than-normal weather throughout the autumn season, locations from Portugal to western France may endure periods of storminess.
These areas will be at risk for multiple damaging windstorms from September through November.
The threat will come in a variety of forms as post-tropical storms from the Atlantic Ocean will bring the risk for impacts in September and October, followed by more traditional windstorms from mid-October through November.
Each of these storms will bring a variety of risks; however, the early-season post-tropical threats are expected to bring heavy rainfall with the threat for widespread flooding and locally damaging winds.
"Any rainfall will be beneficial for crops following a largely dry summer across Portugal and Spain," Reppert said.
The threat will shift more to widespread damaging winds during the second half of the season with flooding becoming more localized.
Aside from the windstorm threat, slightly above-normal temperatures are expected in western France and the Iberian Peninsula.
No long-lasting heat waves are predicted early in the season, and overall rainfall will be near normal.
Warmth to persist as drought concerns build for eastern Europe
It will seem like a never-ending summer across parts of eastern Europe as prolonged warmth continues throughout the upcoming autumn.
Above-normal temperatures will prevail each month from September through November from the Baltic states into the eastern Balkans and Ukraine.
"While typically it turns noticeably cooler during October, it will feel like summer's grip doesn't want to relax this year," Reppert said.
Outdoor plans will benefit from the extended warmth and prolonged dry spells; however, agriculture will suffer further crop damage.
Along with the prolonged warmth, drought will become a more widespread concern during the upcoming months.
The greatest concern for drought will be across Ukraine, Moldova, Romania and Belarus where warm, dry weather during summer will carry over into early autumn. Rainfall will remain scarce through November resulting in a poor harvest and poor soil moisture for future planting.
The warm and dry weather will last into November limiting the risk for any accumulating snowfall throughout the lower elevations of eastern Europe.
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Hundreds of dead fish were discovered on Interstate 40 when floodwaters receded following Hurricane Florence.
A cool start to autumn will give way to increasing warmth and humidity across the Northeast in the coming days.
The formation of Subtropical Storm Leslie and Tropical Depression Kirk may only be the start of a busy next couple of weeks in the tropical Atlantic.
The newest storm in the western Pacific Ocean will track through the Philippine Sea, continuing to gather strength before impacting land later in the week.
Following a brief lull in tropical weather across the Atlantic Basin, several areas of interest have developed this weekend, including the season's newest named storms.
The start of Oktoberfest 2018 is upon us and big changes in the weather are expected for the opening days of festivities.
The same storm system that produced deadly flooding in Texas late last week will channel rounds of heavy downpours into the lower Mississippi Valley throughout much of this week.
The NASCAR Playoffs will continue tonight at the Richmond Raceway amid warm and potentially unsettled weather.