Degrees of Separation
Identity Formation While Leaving Ultra-Orthodox Judaism
Schneur Zalman Newfield
Book Cover
PB: $34.95
EAN: 978-1-4399-1896-8
Publication: Apr 20
HC: $99.50
EAN: 978-1-4399-1895-1
Publication: Apr 20
Ebook: $34.95
EAN: 978-1-4399-1897-5
Publication: Apr 20
228 pages
6 x 9
How exiting ultra-Orthodox Judaism is not a single act of defiance, but an interactive process that extends for years after leaving
Read a blog entry by the author
Read an excerpt from Chapter 1 (pdf).
Those who exit a religion—particularly one they were born and raised in—often find themselves at sea in their efforts to transition to life beyond their community. In Degrees of Separation, Schneur Zalman Newfield, who went through this process himself, interviews seventy-four Lubavitch and Satmar ultra-Orthodox Hasidic Jews who left their communities. He presents their motivations for leaving as well as how they make sense of their experiences and their processes of exiting, detailing their attitudes and opinions regarding their religious upbringing. Newfield also examines how these exiters forge new ways of being that their upbringing had not prepared them for, while also considering what these particular individuals lose and retain in the exit process.
Degrees of Separation presents a comprehensive portrait of the prolonged state of being "in-between" that characterizes transition out of a totalizing worldview. What Newfield discovers is that exiters experience both a sense of independence and a persistent connection; they are not completely dislocated from their roots once they "arrive" at their new destination. Moreover, Degrees of Separation shows that this process of transitioning identity has implications beyond religion.
"At its most compelling, Degrees of Separation offers numerous inside(r) portraits of the emotional cost of exiting.... Degrees of Separation should be received as a significant contribution to the emergent field of OTD studies. (off the derech, or path, way) In light of the current vogue of memoirs, novels, film, and television shows by and about the so-called formerly Orthodox, Newfield cautions against partial or breezy generalizations; his intervention highlights the limits of our current understanding of what 'going OTD' represents in its religious, sociological, and psychological dimensions."
—Contemporary Jewry
"Degrees of Separation offers a fresh perspective on…following those who have chosen to exit Hasidic communities…. The book takes readers on a generally convincing journey into how exiters become something new while never fully separating from the people they used to be…. Degrees of Separation is a welcome addition to a nascent body of literature looking into Jewish ultra-Orthodox life from the vantage point of its restless, unruly, and permeable social margins."
—American Journal of Sociology
"(T)his book is an important contribution to the field and is ideal for graduate or advanced undergraduate courses in the sociology of religion or social psychology. It is an interesting read, the writing is accessible and relatively jargon free, and Newfield allows the data to do most of the talking. Moreover, as an exiter himself, Newfield writes in an engaging, empathic way that does not exoticize the Ultra-Orthodox Hasidic community. Overall, this book will make a great addition to the library of anyone interested in religious exit, identity transformation, and the social construction of reality."
Symbolic Interaction
" Newfield's book on the exiting of Ultra-Orthodox Jews from their communities is a welcome addition to the sparse literature on this topic.... The book is informed by sociological theory and concepts and describes the historical context of these two Hasidic movements.... The book is well conceptualized and contains rich examples of the reported experiences of exiters."
—American Jewish History
" Newfield's book offers a deep, descriptive accounting of the experiences of exiters from ultra-Orthodox Judaism. In so doing, it contributes substantial insight into ultra-Orthodox communities. It also provides clear evidence of liminality in the lives of ultra-Orthodox exiters, as they navigate between their worlds of origin and their new communities."
—Contemporary Sociology
"(Newfield) builds on interviews with 74 men and women from the Chabad and Satmar Hasidic communities to focus on the 'exit process' they underwent.... Sociologists will appreciate how much Newfield employs from sociological theory, especially the concepts of liminality and hybridity, and how he compares exiting Hasidism to exits from other 'total institutions,' such as convents, prisons, and totalitarian countries.... (N)o scholar of "exiting" should ignore Newfield.... Summing Up: Recommended."
"(An) excellent analysis of exiting from ultra-Orthodoxy.... (T)his is a most opportune book.... (Newfield) is to be congratulated on this exemplary work of scholarship and also on his contribution to public sociology."
Social Forces
"(A)n important scholarly work precisely because of popular interest in sensationalist stories of departure (liberation!) proffered in books and films."
"Degrees of Separation is an original and imaginative investigation of the character and consequences of exiting closed and closely knit religious communities. On the basis of extensive interviews and observation of two Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities in New York—Lubavitch and Satmar—Newfield examines the experiences and consequences of exiting. He rejects the taken-for-granted assumption that exit can be clean and decisive and hence prefers to talk about 'exiting.' Like whistleblowers, exiting individuals are typically subject to symbolic attacks and are often regarded as psychologically unstable by the community. Exiting can never be complete, because individuals have deeply ingrained habits acquired from early socialization in the community. Degrees of Separation is not simply a study of religious communities; it offers important insights into membership of and exit from any community or 'total institution.'" —Bryan S. Turner, Presidential Professor of Sociology, Emeritus, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and author of The Religious and the Political: A Comparative Sociology of Religion
"Degrees of Separation is a nuanced, sensitive book about 'exiters'—those who leave their Hasidic communities of origin—for all kinds of reasons. Newfield's account moves beyond a simple binarism, that of staying or going; instead he foregrounds the complicated ways that exiters experience long-term liminality, simultaneously attached to and independent of the totalizing communities in which they grew up. Newfield has written an accessible, fascinating book sure to be of great interest to a wide audience—a real accomplishment.—Ayala Fader, Professor of Anthropology at Fordham University and author of Hidden Heretics: Jewish Doubt in the Digital Age
"Newfield treats both his subjects and their former communities with fairness and empathy. He presents the world of these exiters as they see and experience it, with admirable clarity and honesty. Degrees of Separation is truly an excellent book. It follows the gaze of Newfield's subjects back at their former communities. But it's the complexities of the hybrid lives they are living now that are the real and enduring revelations here."
"This is a fascinating book in which Newfield attempts to understand why people leave (Ultra-Orthodox Judaism). The complexities of life and religious experience are such that there is not a single answer. However, a common thread is that many exiters had deep questions that were either not answered or minimized.... What parents and educators can learn from this book is that sophisticated questions must have an equally sophisticated response."
Jewish Link
" Newfield has made a significant contribution to the body of social scientific analysis of contemporary Hasidism through his book.... There are a number of key findings.... Beyond shedding considerable light on the specific phenomenon of those who choose to leave Hasidic communities, the book also offers the reader important insights into the communities they have left.... (T)his book goes a long way towards filling a significant gap in our knowledge of communities whose increasing presence and importance make them well worth knowing on a more than superficial basis."
Ethnic and Racial Studies
Table of Contents
1. You Can Check Out, but You Can Never Leave
2. Permeable Boundaries
3. Exit Narratives
4. Habits of Action and Habits of Thought
5. Strategies for Managing Liminality
Appendix A: Three Structural Factors That Enable Exiting
Appendix B: Demographics and Method of Study
Appendix C: Interview Protocols
About the Author(s)
Schneur Zalman Newfield is an Assistant Professor of Sociology in the Department of Social Sciences, Human Services, and Criminal Justice at the Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York. Visit him online at


text:
Mecsek MountainsArticle Free Pass
Mecsek Mountains, also called Baranya Mountains, mountain range in southern Hungary. The range consists of a fractured local fold system of an origin contemporaneous with the Carpathian Mountains. The Mecsek emerged from beneath the sea in the Mesozoic Era (which began about 250 million years ago) and reached mountain proportions when the surrounding crystalline rocks sank again. Its present appearance is that of a broad dissected limestone plateau, with cols and valleys along the fault lines. The largest transverse fault line breaks the system into two parts: the Eastern Mecsek rises to 2,237 feet (682 metres) at Zengő; the Western Mecsek, reaching 2,008 feet (612 metres) at Tubes, has extensive sandstones and shales. Toward the north, the Mecsek range merges into the Tolna-Baranya hills. The south margin sharply overlooks the Pécs plain. A Mediterranean climate and a high total of annual sunshine hours are favourable to fruit growing (even figs) and viticulture.
What made you want to look up "Mecsek Mountains"? Please share what surprised you most...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
By Chris King •
Updated: 01 Apr 2022 • 5:31
Polar jet stream from Greenland to hit Andalucia this weekend.
As reported by AEMET, the State Meteorological Agency, the arrival of Storm Ciril will bring a mass of polar air to Andalucia that will cause a drop in temperature. In the next few days, this cold mass of Arctic origin will reach practically all parts of the country, and will be especially noticeable in Andalucia from Monday.
Starting tomorrow, Friday, April 1, a short period of stabilisation of the atmosphere will begin in Andalucia, with hardly any rainfall. This is simply a prelude though to a new period of intense rains that will occur in the first half of next week
AEMET also forecasts, although, without any risk warnings, that intervals of strong west winds will blow in the Strait, and on the Alboran coasts. This entry of polar air will affect the provinces as follows:
Thus, this entry of polar air in Andalusia will leave very low temperatures in:
Jaen: the capital of Jaen will remain well below the maximum 15 degrees from this Friday 1. During the weekend the thermometers will not exceed 13 degrees, and by next Monday 4 they will drop to a maximum of 11 degrees and a minimum of 7 degrees.
Granada: the Nasrid city will record temperatures over the next few days that will range between a maximum of 10 and 15 degrees. Monday will be the coldest day with a maximum of 11 degrees and a minimum of 6 degrees.
Almeria: the capital will see a significant drop in temperatures. Today, Thursday 31, the maximum should settle at 18 degrees. A gradual decline this weekend will reach its lowest point on Monday 4, with a maximum of 13 degrees and a minimum of 10.
Malaga: Storm Ciril will be more benevolent with Malaga. This Thursday the mercury will reach 20 degrees, but temperatures will drop over the weekend by about four degrees, leaving maximums still above 15 degrees.
Cordoba: almost the same panorama in Cordoba as Malaga. The polar air will enter with less force, and the maximum will descend with less intensity in the capital. From the 19 degrees recorded this Thursday, it will go to 17 during the weekend, and Tuesday 5 will be the coldest, reaching a maximum of 13 degrees.
Huelva: Huelva residents will really notice the drop in temperatures. Their maximums will go from 21 degrees this Thursday, down to an expected 14 degrees this coming Monday 4.
Cadiz: the city of Cadiz will experience a milder drop in temperatures than in the rest of the provinces. During the weekend, the thermometers will reach 18 degrees, while on Monday 4 mercury will drop to a maximum of 15 degrees.
Sevilla: the capital of Sevilla has remained above 20 degrees all this week, even with the entry of this Atlantic front. Maximums will gradually descend during the weekend, reaching their minimum at the beginning of next week. During Monday 4, a maximum of 16 degrees can be expected, with a minimum of nine, as reported by sevilla.abc.es.
Thank you for taking the time to read this article, do remember to come back and check The Euro Weekly News website for all your up-to-date local and international news stories and remember, you can also follow us on Facebook and Instagram.
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Originally from Wales, Chris spent years on the Costa del Sol before moving to the Algarve where he is a web reporter for The Euro Weekly News covering international and Spanish national news.
Got a news story you want to share? Then get in touch at _EMAIL_
Download our media pack in either English or Spanish.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Inquiry into the Regional Partnerships Program
Terms of reference
Download this document (PDF 21KB)
On 2 December 2004 , the Senate referred the following matters to the Finance and Public Administration References Committee for inquiry and report by 15 August 2005 . On 22 June 2005 the Senate extended the time to report to 6 October 2005 .
- The administration of the Regional Partnerships program and the Sustainable Regions program, with particular reference to the process by which projects are proposed, considered and approved for funding, including:
- decisions to fund or not to fund particular projects;
- the recommendations of area consultative committees;
- the recommendations of departmental officers and recommendations from any other sources including from other agencies or other levels of government;
- the nature and extent of the respective roles of the administering department, minister and parliamentary secretary, other ministers and parliamentary secretaries, other senators or members and their advisers and staff in the process of selection of successful applications;
- the criteria used to take the decision to fund projects;
- the transparency and accountability of the process and outcomes;
- the mechanism for authorising the funding of projects;
- the constitutionality, legality and propriety of any practices whereby any members of either House of Parliament are excluded from committees, boards or other bodies involved in the consideration of proposed projects, or coerced or threatened in an effort to prevent them from freely communicating with their constituents; and
- whether the operation of the program is consistent with the Auditor-General's 'Better Practice Guide for the Administration of Grants', and is subject to sufficient independent audit.
- With respect to the future administration of similar programs, any safeguards or guidelines which might be put in place to ensure proper accountability for the expenditure of public money, particularly the appropriate arrangements for independent audit of the funding of projects.
- Any related matters.
Inquiries from hearing and speech impaired people should be directed to the Parliament House TTY number (02) 6277 7799. Adobe also provides tools for the blind and visually impaired to access PDF documents. These tools are available at: _URL_ If you require any special arrangements in order to enable you to participate in a committee inquiry, please contact the committee secretary.
For further information, contact:
Senate Standing Committees on Finance and Public Administration
PO Box 6100
Canberra ACT 2600


Why You Should Eat Duck Eggs
1. Duck eggs taste great! They are creamier and richer than chicken eggs
2. Duck eggs are larger, 50% larger than jumbo chicken eggs, and stay fresher longer due to harder shells
3. Duck eggs have larger yolks with higher levels of omega 3 fatty acids
4. Duck eggs contain more vitamin D and other essential vitamins, including thiamine, niacin, vitamin B12, and vitamins A and E, than chicken eggs
5. Duck egg whites have higher levels of protein, creating taller meringues and lighter, fluffier cakes, they are prized by pastry chefs!
6. People with chicken egg allergies can often eat duck eggs
© 2017 by Red Flower Organics.


Why Do Mice and Hamsters Love Wheels In Cages and How Do They Know How To Use Them?
Mice and hamsters have an instinctual need to run whenever they can.
why do hamsters love wheels
Their metabolism is fast, and they burn off energy almost as fast as they consume food. Fortunately too, mice are quick learners.
Curiosity leads them to the wheel to explore. Once on the wheel, it doesn't take long for them to reach upward and roll a couple of times.
They soon learn that the wheel will move continuously, satisfying their need for physical activity.
About Karen Hill
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Difference between T301 and T311
Hi LTE experts,
Can anyone briefly explain the solid difference between T301 and T311?
T311 starts while initiating RRC Reest, stops at cell found.
T301 starts at RRC Reest Request, and stops at Success or failure.
The difference is when each one is stopped.
T301 Stops at the Receipt of RRC Connection Re-establishment OR RRC Connection Re-Establishment REJECT message OR when selected cell becomes unsuitable to continue further.
T311 stops upon selection of suitable E-UTRA cell OR a cell using another RAT
In other words, T311 is for finding a cell after RLF to send Reest message, R301 is to get out of RLF by sending Reest message.
Yes, T311 is about selecting a cell in due time.


text:
Skip to comments.Researchers discover secrets behind unintentional overpouring of wine
Posted on 09/30/2013 6:47:15 AM PDT by JoeProBono
Pouring two to three glasses of wine when you think youre pouring just a glass is actually quite common, new research at Iowa State and Cornell universities reveals. In fact, researchers found that how much one pours is affected by a number of environmental factors and could have somber repercussions when it comes to overconsumption of alcoholic beverages.
Researchers asked the study participants to pour what they thought was a normal drink utilizing various types of glasses in different environments. The findings reveal how easy it is to overpour. For example, participants poured approximately 12 percent more wine into a wide glass than a standard one. The same was observed when holding a glass while pouring versus placing the glass on a table and pouring.
People have trouble assessing volumes, said co-author Laura Smarandescu, assistant professor of marketing at Iowa State, in a statement. They tend to focus more on the vertical than the horizontal measures. Thats why people tend to drink less when they drink from a narrow glass, because they think theyre drinking more.
Researchers looked at six different environmental cues to learn how each affected the amount of wine poured. They found that the contrast between the glass and the color of the wine also led to a considerable difference. For instance, when pouring white into a clear glass, study participants added nine percent more than adding red into a clear glass.
If you ask someone how much they drink and they report it in a number of servings, for a self-pour thats just not telling the whole story. One persons two is totally different than another persons two, said co-author Douglas Walker, an assistant professor of marketing at Iowa State. Participants in the study were asked to pour the same amount at each setting, but they just couldnt tell the difference.
According to researchers, even though study participants could recognize those environmental factors, it does not mean they were aware of how much more wine they were adding to accurately document their alcohol consumption.
Unfortunately, drinking too much wine can have quick and serious consequences. According to Smarandescu, people will often rely on internal indicators, like a full feeling, when eating, but that doesnt translate to drinking. The study reveals the need to teach people about how to determine a proper serving size of alcohol.
The studys findings are described in the journal of Substance Use and Misuse.
A 12+ oz wine glass is the way to go.
Nothing in the rest of the article talks about simple miscounting like this first sentence does.
This is funny. It seems like a "duh" assessment to me. If glasses are different sizes or colors, people are going to pour different amounts. If the study asked people to pour the same amount in the same type of glass, they'd get consistent results.
I hope taxpayer money wasn't spent on this study. (Too lazy to click through before a full glass of chocolate milk.) ;p
Try assessing volume after 6 shots of JD...
Sometimes people pour a little too much wine in the glass, and have to sip it down until they can pour the right amount back into it. I've found that it often takes three or four tries to get it right, only with me it is Scotch, not wine.
Who uses a glass for drinking wine?
A glass of wine is 1/4 a bottle.....easiest way to judge is look at the bottle....
What's with the 'unintentional', kemosabe?
I was thinking they should watch me in action with my "handle" of George Dickel #12 and a water glass!
Ya beat me to it!
A person without a beer mug.
Are you sure? :-)
And why would they choose wine for this study? People have trouble estimating volumes when it comes to wine but can pour exact amounts if the liquid is orange juice or water?
Could there be an agenda behind this study? Me thinks so.
Agreed. It is time to get the politics out of our booze!
um, yeah, I am. Per bottle...(standard can be assumed). I did not say Magnum, or anything else...BOTTLE.
>> standard can be assumed
You know what they say about assume. :-)
I was just making a funny... I am frankly surprised that you're touchy about it!
The gracious response would have been "ha ha, yeah, sorry, I meant standard 750ml bottle."
Me. My lovely wife.
Sorry....you right....I'm busy and crabby today......I need a fouth of a 750 ML bottle....OF SINGLE MALT!!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


DF2014:Armor stand
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This article is about the current version of DF.
Armor Stand
Materials Workshops Labors
Armor stands are a type of furniture. Much like the weapon rack, the armor stand can be used to create a barracks. After being built (b-a), you may define the barracks dimensions (b-a, then +-). It can also be placed in a noble's room to appease them.
When used in a barracks designated for individual and squad equipment, dwarves will prefer to store their armor on stands instead of stockpiles. Doing so in concert with weapon racks will allow you to create centralized armories for your military.
Armor stands do not block dwarf movement.
Stockpile storage always takes priority over furniture, making armor stands all but useless for their practical purpose.


text:
In order to assess the current situation, the main library at 355 Schoenbeck Rd., Wheeling, completed engineering studies on the building in 2010 and 2013 and community focus groups in 2012. These studies determined there were several mechanical and building issues that needed to be resolved for the building to operate as cost-efficiently as possible. For example, we currently have an all electric building that is very inefficient for heating and cooling the facility.
The library also lacks sufficient meeting and classroom space to serve our members' needs. The current building is 46,000 square feet, which is inadequate to serve our population of 67,000. Almost 15,000 square feet will be added to the building.


text: In 1994, a group of Nebraska providers united to form SecureCare. The goal was to develop an organization that provided the highest standard of network management services, and a comprehensive clinical review program. This would ensure patient care is delivered in a cost-effective manner without the interference caused by prior authorizations. From the beginning, the purpose was to ensure conservative care was accessible and available to all people. These guiding principles are one of the driving forces for SecureCare's rapid expansion across the United States.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


.. _videoInputPSNRMSSIM: Video Input with OpenCV and similarity measurement ************************************************** Goal ==== Today it is common to have a digital video recording system at your disposal. Therefore, you will eventually come to the situation that you no longer process a batch of images, but video streams. These may be of two kinds: real-time image feed (in the case of a webcam) or prerecorded and hard disk drive stored files. Luckily OpenCV threats these two in the same manner, with the same C++ class. So here's what you'll learn in this tutorial:.. container:: enumeratevisibleitemswithsquare + How to open and read video streams + Two ways for checking image similarity: PSNR and SSIM The source code =============== As a test case where to show off these using OpenCV I've created a small program that reads in two video files and performs a similarity check between them. This is something you could use to check just how well a new video compressing algorithms works. Let there be a reference (original) video like :download:'this small Megamind clip <../../../../samples/cpp/tutorial_code/HighGUI/video-input-psnr-ssim/video/Megamind.avi>' and :download:'a compressed version of it <../../../../samples/cpp/tutorial_code/HighGUI/video-input-psnr-ssim/video/Megamind_bugy.avi>'. You may also find the source code and these video file in the :file:'samples/cpp/tutorial_code/HighGUI/video-input-psnr-ssim/' folder of the OpenCV source library... literalinclude::../../../../samples/cpp/tutorial_code/HighGUI/video-input-psnr-ssim/video-input-psnr-ssim.cpp :language: cpp :linenos: :tab-width: 4 :lines: 1-14, 28-29, 31-205 How to read a video stream (online-camera or offline-file)? =========================================================== Essentially, all the functionalities required for video manipulation is integrated in the :hgvideo:'VideoCapture ' C++ class. This on itself builds on the FFmpeg open source library. This is a basic dependency of OpenCV so you shouldn't need to worry about this. A video is composed of a succession of images, we refer to these in the literature as frames. In case of a video file there is a *frame rate* specifying just how long is between two frames. While for the video cameras usually there is a limit of just how many frames they can digitalize per second, this property is less important as at any time the camera sees the current snapshot of the world. The first task you need to do is to assign to a :hgvideo:'VideoCapture ' class its source. You can do this either via the :hgvideo:'constructor ' or its :hgvideo:'open ' function. If this argument is an integer then you will bind the class to a camera, a device. The number passed here is the ID of the device, assigned by the operating system. If you have a single camera attached to your system its ID will probably be zero and further ones increasing from there. If the parameter passed to these is a string it will refer to a video file, and the string points to the location and name of the file. For example, to the upper source code a valid command line is:.. code-block:: bash video/Megamind.avi video/Megamind_bug.avi 35 10 We do a similarity check. This requires a reference and a test case video file. The first two arguments refer to this. Here we use a relative address. This means that the application will look into its current working directory and open the video folder and try to find inside this the *Megamind.avi* and the *Megamind_bug.avi*... code-block:: cpp const string sourceReference = argv[1],sourceCompareWith = argv[2]; VideoCapture captRefrnc(sourceReference); // or VideoCapture captUndTst; captUndTst.open(sourceCompareWith); To check if the binding of the class to a video source was successful or not use the :hgvideo:'isOpened ' function:.. code-block:: cpp if (!captRefrnc.isOpened()) { cout << "Could not open reference " << sourceReference << endl; return -1; } Closing the video is automatic when the objects destructor is called. However, if you want to close it before this you need to call its :hgvideo:'release ' function. The frames of the video are just simple images. Therefore, we just need to extract them from the :hgvideo:'VideoCapture ' object and put them inside a *Mat* one. The video streams are sequential. You may get the frames one after another by the :hgvideo:'read ' or the overloaded >> operator:.. code-block:: cpp Mat frameReference, frameUnderTest; captRefrnc >> frameReference; captUndTst.open(frameUnderTest); The upper read operations will leave empty the *Mat* objects if no frame could be acquired (either cause the video stream was closed or you got to the end of the video file). We can check this with a simple if:.. code-block:: cpp if( frameReference.empty() || frameUnderTest.empty()) { // exit the program } A read method is made of a frame grab and a decoding applied on that. You may call explicitly these two by using the :hgvideo:'grab ' and then the :hgvideo:'retrieve ' functions. Videos have many-many information attached to them besides the content of the frames. These are usually numbers, however in some case it may be short character sequences (4 bytes or less). Due to this to acquire these information there is a general function named :hgvideo:'get ' that returns double values containing these properties. Use bitwise operations to decode the characters from a double type and conversions where valid values are only integers. Its single argument is the ID of the queried property. For example, here we get the size of the frames in the reference and test case video file; plus the number of frames inside the reference... code-block:: cpp Size refS = Size((int) captRefrnc.get(CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH), (int) captRefrnc.get(CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT)), cout << "Reference frame resolution: Width=" << refS.width << " Height=" << refS.height << " of nr#: " << captRefrnc.get(CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT) << endl; When you are working with videos you may often want to control these values yourself. To do this there is a :hgvideo:'set ' function. Its first argument remains the name of the property you want to change and there is a second of double type containing the value to be set. It will return true if it succeeds and false otherwise. Good examples for this is seeking in a video file to a given time or frame:.. code-block:: cpp captRefrnc.set(CV_CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC, 1.2); // go to the 1.2 second in the video captRefrnc.set(CV_CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES, 10); // go to the 10th frame of the video // now a read operation would read the frame at the set position For properties you can read and change look into the documentation of the :hgvideo:'get ' and :hgvideo:'set ' functions. Image similarity - PSNR and SSIM ================================ We want to check just how imperceptible our video converting operation went, therefore we need a system to check frame by frame the similarity or differences. The most common algorithm used for this is the PSNR (aka **Peak signal-to-noise ratio**). The simplest definition of this starts out from the *mean squad error*. Let there be two images: I1 and I2; with a two dimensional size i and j, composed of c number of channels... math:: MSE = \frac{1}{c*i*j} \sum{(I_1-I_2)^2} Then the PSNR is expressed as:.. math:: PSNR = 10 \cdot \log_{10} \left( \frac{MAX_I^2}{MSE} \right) Here the :math:'MAX_I' is the maximum valid value for a pixel. In case of the simple single byte image per pixel per channel this is 255. When two images are the same the MSE will give zero, resulting in an invalid divide by zero operation in the PSNR formula. In this case the PSNR is undefined and as we'll need to handle this case separately. The transition to a logarithmic scale is made because the pixel values have a very wide dynamic range. All this translated to OpenCV and a C++ function looks like:.. code-block:: cpp double getPSNR(const Mat& I1, const Mat& I2) { Mat s1; absdiff(I1, I2, s1); // |I1 - I2| s1.convertTo(s1, CV_32F); // cannot make a square on 8 bits s1 = s1.mul(s1); // |I1 - I2|^2 Scalar s = sum(s1); // sum elements per channel double sse = s.val[0] + s.val[1] + s.val[2]; // sum channels if( sse <= 1e-10) // for small values return zero return 0; else { double mse =sse /(double)(I1.channels() * I1.total()); double psnr = 10.0*log10((255*255)/mse); return psnr; } } Typically result values are anywhere between 30 and 50 for video compression, where


How to Replace The Carbon Brushes On A Washing Machine
 1. What You Will Need:
 2. Step 1 – Unplug Your Appliance.
 3. Step 2- Gain Access to the Motor.
 4. Step 3 – Releasing the Motor.
 5. Step 4- How to Remove the Old Carbon Brushes.
 6. Step 5 – Fitting Your New Carbon Brushes.
 7. Step 6 – Refitting Your Appliance Back Together Again.
Besides, what happens when brushes go on washing machine?
If your brushes are worn or damaged when you come to use your washing machine it will fill up with water, appear to sit idle for the duration of the wash and spin cycle (because the drum won't turn), and then drain out the water, and when you open the door of the machine to remove your clothes they will still be
Likewise, how do I know if the motor has gone on my washing machine? The five most common signs of motor issues are listed below.
 1. Washer Won't Pump or Spin. It may happen that the washing machine fails to pump water in and out, as well as spin.
 2. Pumps, but Won't Spin.
 3. Washer Won't Agitate.
 4. Clothes Still Wet.
 5. Problems in Every Cycle.
In this way, how long do brushes last on a washing machine?
Carbon brushes typically last between two and ten years on most machines depending on frequency of use.
What happens if you put carbon brushes in wrong way?
Have brushes been fitted correctly The holders are keyed so that they will only fit in the correct motor and the correct way. If fitted the wrong way round then only the tip of the brush trails against the commutator instead. This would cause a loud ratchety sound and excessive sparking or lack of power.
Related Question Answers
How do you know if carbon brushes are bad?
Similar to a tool that won't start, check your carbon brushes for any heavy wear or signs of damage. If your brushes are clear, there may be damage to your tool's commutator or the rest of the assembly. Discoloration, buildup and even melted insulation are signs that these parts are the root cause.
How do you fix a washer that won't spin?
If your washer fills with water but doesn't agitate, the problem is likely to be a faulty lid switch, a broken belt, or a problem with the motor. (Note: Direct-drive washing machines do not have belts.) To diagnose the problem, do the following: 1 Check the washing machine's spin cycle.
How do you tell if brushes need replacing?
As a general rule, if either brush has worn to about a quarter inch long, it is time to replace it. If the carbon (a brush is essentially a carbon block with a metal spring tail) shows any signs of breakage, crumbling, or burning, the brush needs replacing.
Why do carbon brushes wear out?
Here are three of the most common reasons for rapid carbon brush wear: Poor Commutator or Ring Condition: A rough, out of round, or otherwise poor contact surface can cause accelerated brush wear. A poor commutator condition can lead to both electrical and mechanical wear of the carbon brush.
How do you change brushes?
Select a painting, erasing, toning, or focus tool. Then choose Window > Brush Settings. In the Brush Settings panel, select a brush tip shape, or click Brush Presets to choose an existing preset. Select Brush Tip Shape on the left side and set options.
How do I know if my electric motor brushes are bad?
When they first start to go out, switches and carbon brushes can present either (or both) of the following two symptoms :
 - Off-and-On Use.
 - Decreased Tool Power.
 - Tends to Run Fine After Starting.
 - Off-and-On Use Worsens Steadily.
 - Off-and-On Use During Operation.
 - Shaking or Slapping the Tool Helps.
 - Banging Sound.
Why is my washing machine sparking underneath?
If the machine is filling and emptying as normal but the drum isn't turning, or if it's making some sort of spluttering noise, or if you can see sparking coming from underneath the front of the machine these are all likely to be caused by worn brushes and you'll need to replace them.
How much is a new washing machine motor?
Consider that most new washing machines cost roughly $600, and you will find that the washing machine motors are about $100.
How long on average does a washing machine last?
11 years
How much does it cost to repair washing machine?
If your washer breaks, it's probably worthwhile to have it repaired or replaced. Depending on what you need fixed, repairs will most likely cost between $120 and $500.
Why is my washing machine making a banging noise when spinning?
If the noise primarily happens during the spin cycle the bearing is likely the problem. If the washer is making a loud noise the drive pulley might be worn out, cracked, loose or bent. If the washer is making a loud noise in the spin cycle, the clutch assembly might be worn out.
Why is my washing machine so loud when spinning?
A washer making a loud noise during spin cycle can also be caused by a faulty drive pulley. The pulley is what the belt (if applicable to your washer) rides on to spin your washers tub. The pulley can be made of plastic or metal. It could be simply worn out or just loose.
What causes excessive sparking at the brushes?
Sparking can be caused by numerous conditions like motor overload, vibration, high humidity, worn brushes and worn commutators. When checking for sparking or arcing, a good visual inspection of the commutator and brushes will have to be performed. Check for worn brushes.
How do I know if the motor is broken on my washing machine?
The five most common signs of motor issues are listed below.
 1. Washer Won't Pump or Spin. It may happen that the washing machine fails to pump water in and out, as well as spin.
 2. Pumps, but Won't Spin.
 3. Washer Won't Agitate.
 4. Clothes Still Wet.
 5. Problems in Every Cycle.
What causes a washing machine motor to burn out?
Worn bearings can place a heavy load on a motor and cause it to burn out prematurely. Any of the bearings in the washing machine's transmission, the tub bearing or the sleeve bearings in the motor itself can cause early motor burnout.
Why is my washing machine drum not turning?
If your washer fills with water but doesn't agitate, the problem is likely to be a faulty lid switch, a broken belt, or a problem with the motor. (Note: Direct-drive washing machines do not have belts.) To diagnose the problem, do the following: 1 Check the washing machine's spin cycle.
What is the use of carbon brush in motor?
A carbon brush is a sliding contact used to transmit electrical current from a static to a rotating part in a motor or generator, and, as regards DC machines, ensuring a spark-free commutation.
How long do motor brushes last?
What is normal brush life. As an estimate, 7,500 hours brush life is normal for general purpose, medium horsepower DC motors with good commutator film with commutator surface speeds in the range of 2,500 to 4,000 feet per minute. The minimum life might be 2,000 to 5,000 hours with 10,000 hours being about maximum.
What does e60 mean on a Logik washing machine?
-Check that door is closed and shut properly. -Check wires to door switch. -Check door lock for faults. Logik Washing Machine Error 30: "E60" Error Code Definition: Washer motor failure or fault.


text:
The concept of culture is very important in determining the behaviors of communities. This is because from a general perspective, culture is the way of living of a community. Scholars have defined culture as a collective and learned figurative system of policies, values, morals, viewpoints and thoughts that shape and influence perspicacity and conducts of individuals. The ways through which a particular culture makes a live have diversified effects on other aspects of culture in the community. Studies on culture have been expanded by the way ideas and thoughts are organized and interpreted. Whether a culture is classified as forager, horticulturalist, pastoralist, agriculturalist, and/or industrialist has some direct influences on the other cultural behaviors which include; social organization, kinship, economic organization, social change, gender relations, political organizations, and beliefs and values among others. This study will look at how primary modes of subsistence of Huaorani of Ecuador's culture influence other aspects of culture (Woods, 1975).
The Huaorani people also called Waorani are the indigenous Amerindians who reside in the Amazon region of Ecuador country in South America. These people have distinct characteristics from other tribes of Ecuador. The general population of this community is appropriately 4,000 who speak Huaorani language. Studies have indicated that the language spoken by the Huaorani people is totally unrelated to other languages in this country. The Huaorani community has their ancestral lands located between the Curaray and Napo rivers a landscape which is heavily threatened by the practices of oil trapping and logging which are illegal in the country. Importantly, the Huaorani community is well known for its efforts in protecting their culture from indigenous enemies and other settlers (Naylor, 1996).
In the past, the Hauorani community was hunters and gatherers who lived in forest hunting animals as a means of subsistence. This practice has changed drastically as a result of advancement in technology and interaction. Presently, this community lives in forest as their permanent settlements. The Hauorani community is comprised of five groups namely; the Tagaeri, the Huinatare, the Onamenane, and the two groups of the Taromenane. These groups have isolated themselves from other people in the outside world (Zeppel, 2006).
According to the belief systems of the Huaorani people, the whole world was once a forest and hence they consider the forest as their home while the outside world is considered as very unsafe. As result of this, this community has isolated itself from other communities that live outside the forest. According to them, the aspect of living in the forest offered protection from witchcraft and other attacks from their enemies. Just like many of the hunters and gatherers, the forest and rivers are considered as the most significant aspect in life among the Huaorani. Cultural anthropologists who have studied the Huaorani community have put forward that, animals and plants according to the beliefs of the Huaorani people have a spiritual as well as a physical existence. Importantly, there is a concept of respecting animals even though they are hunted in the Huaorani community because these people believe that when people die they return to earth as animals and more specifically termites. The Huaorani people hunt animals as their means of survival but they still believe that the spirits of the dead animals have to be placated otherwise they will cause harm to the humans. In their hunting practices, they put a lot of considerations in snakes and jaguar. This is because snake is considered to be the most evil force in this community's cosmology while the jaguar is considered as the most significant majestic marauder. The Huaorani community possesses a lot of knowledge concerning the botanical and medicinal values of plants in the forest. In this case, plants are considered as part of the life of this community and portray their characteristics (Woods, 1975).
Studies have indicated that the Huaorani people are widely known for their complete isolation from other people by completely staying in the forest. This practice has been brought about by the belief that the forest is their protector from their enemies and predictors. As a result of this, the outside world is considered as very unsafe. Importantly, this aspect of complete staying within the forest explains clearly their mode subsistence which is hunting and gathering. There are set of beliefs and values that influence the practice of hunting and also eating habits. In this case, the Huaorani people believe that when people die they are guarded by a large python and all those people who are not able to escape the trail of the snake are unable to enter into the spirit world. On this basis, these people get back to the earth inform of animals. This has resulted to hunting taboos where some animals are not supposed to be hunted. These limitations in hunting practices influence their modes of subsistence as they are limited to hunt and eat certain animal species and avoid others (Surralles & Hierro, 2005).
Additionally, the Huaorani people are not supposed to hunt jaguar and hence are restricted from eating its meat. This is because jaguar is considered in this community as the most significant and magnificent forecaster in the Oriente. History of the Huaorani community has it that these people descended from a mating between a jaguar and an eagle. Elders metaphorically adopted 'jaguar sons' who were able to communicate both medical and spiritual knowledge. As a result of this belief the Huaorani people highly respect the jaguar and hence they should not be hunted. Anyone who kills a jaguar has killed a prophet of the forest. This would result into a calamity as the spirits are angered by this act (Naylor, 1996).
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drawer
The {drawer} package offers an interactive image editing tool that can be added as part of the HTML in Shiny, R markdown or any type of HTML document. Often times, plots, photos are embedded in the web application/file. {drawer} can take screenshots of these image-like elements, or any part of the HTML document and send to an image editing space called "canvas" to allow users immediately edit the screenshot(s) within the same document. Users can quickly combine, compare different screenshots, upload their own images and maybe make a scientific figure.
Features
 - {drawer} is built with 99% javascript + HTML + CSS, there is no need to have a Shiny server or any other types of server in the back-end. That's why you can use it in any HTML document. All you need is a modern web browser, like Chrome or Firefox (IE will not work).
 - Shiny and R markdown compatible.
 - Screenshot any element in the page and edit in canvas or download it png or jpg
 - Drag and upload your own images.
Drawer UI screenshot drawer
Installation
Read the developer tools main page, not repeating here.
Functions reference manual
Please read the reference manuals for details of every function.
Some video demos
Basic looking and options
Capture
Use the capture buttons to capture plots, images and other elements in the same document.
Add text
Upload your own images
You can upload one or multiple your own images at once.
Browser support
{drawer} only works on recent browsers versions, like Chrome, latest Edge, Firefox. IE is not supported (IE is not my friend). Also, some browser privacy extensions will block javascript and HTML5 canvas fingerprint. This will cause the screenshot to be blank. {drawer} does not collect any user information from you.
Last modified 2021-04-16 : update in progress (5e9129ad)


text:
Sorry, we do not have enough data to show an influence graph for this author.
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The recovery period of the taste responses of rat chorda tympani after application of toothpaste was examined. The response observations of four kinds of essential taste stimuli, 0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.005 M quinine hydrochloride, 1.0 M sucrose, and 0.05 M tartaric acid, were repeated every 2 or 5 minutes. After five observations of summated responses of… (More)


Focus: Minimalist's Tug-of-War
Published December 11, 2002 | Phys. Rev. Focus 10, 26 (2002) | DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFocus.10.26
Figure 1
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266601 (2002)
Swiss cheese conductivity. According to computer simulations, a composite material optimized for two properties (conducting both heat and electricity) has a surprising structure. The boundary between the two phases is called a minimal surface.
Spider silk must be light, elastic, and strong–all at once. Drawing inspiration from natural materials that must balance such competing demands, researchers have used computer simulations to calculate the microstructure of a material that simultaneously conducts both heat and electricity. The surprising shape that resulted provides the first simple example of the effects of competing demands on mixtures of two materials, and may offer materials engineers a way to solve a range of similar problems. The results appear in the 23 December print issue of PRL.
Biological materials are often composites of two or more substances that can simultaneously perform several tasks well–such as provide mechanical support, conduct electricity, or transport fluids and particles. To Salvatore Torquato of Princeton University, that fact suggests at least a rough sort of optimization at work. A mixture optimized for a single property, such as heat conduction, looks like blobs of one material suspended in another. But no clear, simple examples exist for the structure resulting from a two-property tug-of-war in a mix of two materials.
Now Torquato and his coworkers have adapted a method called topology optimization to simulate a mix of two phases, one that conducts heat well and one that conducts electricity well. These specific properties were chosen for their simplicity. After the researchers make a first guess at the arrangement, the program morphs the guess this way and that until it finds a shape that maximizes both heat and electrical transport.
The resulting boundary between the two phases turned out to be a so-called bicontinuous, triply-periodic, minimal surface. "Bicontinuous" means that each phase extends from one side of a sample to every other side without interruption, rather than one phase being immersed in the other. It has a repeating pattern in all three directions ("triply-periodic"). And the material boundary has the minimal surface area possible for a surface with the first two properties. To understand a minimal surface, think of a soap film on a wire frame bent into a complicated shape. The soap film is minimal because of surface tension, but the simulated minimal surface comes from the competition between the two properties and "is completely unexpected," says Torquato. He's unaware of any other physical mechanism for minimizing a surface besides surface tension.
The technique should extend to any combination of two or more physical properties, including chemical, mechanical, and optical characteristics, he says. One practical example might be mass and electrical flow in batteries. To Torquato, the result also implies that there might be signs of optimization, however incomplete, in biological systems. Certain cell membranes resemble periodic minimal surfaces, for instance.
The biological angle may not pan out, but the authors' work represents a fascinating conjecture, says mathematician Robert Kohn of New York University. The topology optimization method employed is a powerful technique that remains relatively unknown, he says. It isn't clear why the competing demands of material properties can mimic the effect of surface tension and lead to a minimal surface, but Kohn hopes those in the field can establish the connection. "It would be nice of course to have a proof. But that's work for the rest of us."
–JR Minkel
JR Minkel is a freelance science writer in New York City.
Subject Areas
New in Physics


tmp/
work/<arch>/<recipe name>/<software version>/packages-split directory.
It contains a subdirectory for every subpackage and has its contents in the subtree.
Among the possible reasons for a mistaken content split, we have the following:
- Contents not being installed (for example, an error in installation scripts)
- Application or library configuration error (for example, a disabled feature)
- Metadata error (for example, wrong package order)
Another common issue that we find, mainly in library recipes, is that the needed
artifacts are not made available in the sysroot directory (for example, headers
or dynamic libraries), causing a build breakage. The counterpart of the sysroot
generation can be seen at build/tmp/work/<arch>/<recipe name>/<software
version>/sysroot-destdir.
[ 75 ]
Debugging with the Yocto Project
Other possible causes may need us to instrument the task code with the further
presented logging functions, so we can figure out the logical error or bug that causes
the unexpected result.
Logging information during task
execution
The logging utilities provided by BitBake are very useful to trace the code execution
path. BitBake provides logging functions for use in Python and Shell Script code,
as described:
- Python: For use within Python functions, BitBake supports several log levels,
which are bb.fatal, bb.error, bb.warn, bb.note, bb.plain, and bb.debug
- Shell Script: For use in Shell Script functions, the same set of log levels exists
and is accessed with a similar syntax: bbfatal, bberror, bbwarn, bbnote,
bbplain, and bbdebug
These logging functions are very similar to each other but have inner differences
as described:
- bb.fatal and bbfatal: These have the highest priority of logging messages
as they print the message and terminate the processing. They cause the build
to be interrupted.
- bb.error and bberror: They are used to display an error but do not force
the build to stop.
- bb.warn and bbwarn: They are used to warn users about something.
- bb.note and bbnote: These add a note to the user. They are only informative.
- bb.plain and bbplain: These output a message.
- bb.debug and bbdebug: These add debugging information that is shown
depending on the debug level used.
There is one subtle difference between the use of the logging functions in Python and
Shell Scripting.
The logging functions in Python are directly handled by BitBake, seen on the
console, and stored in the execution log that can be seen inside build/tmp/log/
cooker/<machine>.
When the logging functions are used in Shell Script, the information is
outputted on the task's respective task log file, which is available in build/tmp/
work/<arch>/<recipe name>/<software version>/temp.
[ 76 ]
Chapter 9
Inside it, we can run the scripts for every task with the pattern run.<task>.<pid> and
use the pattern log.<task>.<pid> for its output. For convenience, symbolic links are
kept updated by BitBake, pointing to the last log files using the pattern log.<task>;
thus, we can actually check for log.do_compile, for example, when intending to
verify whether the right files were used during the build process. Alternatively, we can
check for log.do_patch to verify whether a patch has been applied.
The build/tmp/work directory is detailed in Chapter 5, Detailing the Temporary
Build Directory.
Utilizing a development shell
When editing packages or debugging build failures, a development shell can be
a useful tool. When we use devshell, source files are extracted into the working
directory, patches are applied, a new terminal is opened, and files are placed in the
working directory.
In the new terminal, all the environment variables needed for the build are still
defined, so we can use commands such as configure and make. The commands
execute just as if the build system was executing them.
The following command is an example that uses devshell on a target named
linux-yocto:
$: bitbake linux-yocto -c devshell
This allow us to rework the Linux kernel source code and build it in place, to avoid
building it from scratch in our development machine, and change its code as needed.
It is important to bear in mind that all changes made inside devshell
are not persistent between builds; thus, we must be careful to record
any change that is important, prior to leaving it.
As we have the source at our disposal, we can use it to generate extra patches. One
very practical way of doing that is using Git and git format-patch to create the
patch to be included in the recipe afterwards.
In order to include the generated patch in the recipe and make it persistent, see
Chapter 12, Customizing Existing Recipes.
[ 77 ]
Debugging with the Yocto Project
Using the GNU Project Debugger for
debugging
While developing any project we, from time to time, end up struggling to
understand subtle bugs. The GNU Project Debugger (GDB) is available as a
package within Poky and is installed in SDK images by default, as was detailed in
Chapter 8, Developing with the Yocto Project.
In order to install debugging packages that contain the debug symbols
and debugging tools in an image, add IMAGE_FEATURES += "dbgpkgs tools-debug" in local.conf.
The use of the SDK, or an image with the debugging packages and tools installed,
allows us to debug applications directly in the target, as we usually do in our
development machine.
Sometimes, due to memory or disk space constraints, it is not possible to use GDB
directly on the target to debug. These constraints arise because GDB needs to load
the debugging information and the binaries of the process being debugged, and
it needs to perform many computations to locate information such as function
names, variable names and values, stack traces, and so forth even before starting the
debugging process.
To overcome these constraints, we can use gdbserver, included by default when
using tools-debug in IMAGE_FEATURES. It runs on the target and does not load
any debugging information from the debugged process. Instead, a GDB instance
processes the debugging information on the host. The host GDB then sends control
commands to gdbserver to control the debugged application.
As the host GDB is responsible for loading the debugging information and
performing the necessary processing to make the debugging process take place,
the target does not need to have the debugging symbols installed and we need to
make sure the host can access the binaries with their debugging information. It is
advisable that the target binaries are compiled with no optimizations to facilitate the
debugging process.
The process to use gdbserver and configure the host and target in the appropriate
way is detailed in the Yocto Project Development Manual.
[ 78 ]
Chapter 9
Summary
In this chapter, we understood how we can configure Poky to help us with the
debugging process. We learned the contents of deployed directories that can be used
on debugging, how we can track our changes using buildhistory, how we can use
devshell to emulate the same build environment found by BitBake, and how we
configure our system to provide the needed tools for GDB debugging.
In the next chapter, we will understand how to expand the Poky source code using
external layers. We will be introduced to the concept of layering, and we will learn in
detail the directory structure and the content of each layer type; additionally, we
will learn how to add an external layer on our project manually or by using the
Hob configuration.
[ 79 ]
Exploring External Layers
One of the most charming features of Poky is the flexibility of using external layers.
In this chapter, we understand why this is a strong capability and how we can
take advantage of this. We understand layer types and how their directory trees
work. Finally, we learn how to include a new layer on our project or on a
Hob configuration.
Powering flexibility with layers
Poky contains a great amount of metadata as machine definition files, classes, and
recipes that cover everything from simple applications to full graphical stacks
and frameworks. The main motivation to use layers is to organize the long list of
providers better and still make sure users may be able to pick only the needed or
desired provider. It is also a way to provide a customizable source code that can be
used for any architecture or modified in the way the user needs.
We can choose the set of layers needed for each project. We can configure the provided
source code for our needs because we want to configure how one package acts in our
product or because we want the package built with our architecture flags. This means
that using layers, we can provide additional features to Poky (represented by recipes
from additional layers) that may be modified according to our needs (represented by
the configuration appends we include for external recipes).
In addition, when creating our own custom project environment, instead of changing
recipes and configuration files and


text:
India's GDP growth estimates to slip 7 per cent in 2022-23: Govt data
The official estimate of the Statistics Ministry, has claimed that India's Gross Domestic Product is projected to slip to 7 per cent in the current fiscal ending March 2023, owing to weak demand.
Notably, India has recorded 8.7 percent of GDP growth in 2021-22. Meanwhile, the Government of India had earlier predicted 8-8.5 per cent growth, and the Reserve Bank of India has projected 6.8 per cent.
Due to prevailing geopolitical tensions and tightening of global financial conditions, the RBI in December, had lowered the country's GDP growth forecast to 6.8 per cent for the current fiscal from 7 per cent.
The National Statistics Office predicted the output of the manufacturing sector to decelerate to 1.6 percent as against a growth of 9.9 per cent in FY22.
While, mining sector growth is estimated at 2.4 per cent in the current fiscal as against 11.5 per cent in 2021-22.
NSO has claimed that real GDP or GDP at constant (2011-22) Prices in the year 2022-23 is estimated at Rs. 157.60 Lakh crore, as against the Provisional Estimate of GDP for the year 2021-22 of Rs. 147.36 Lakh crore, released on 31st May, 2022.
It further stated growth in real GDP during 2022-23 is estimated at 7 per cent as compared to 8.7 percent in 2021-22.


text:
Green leafy vegetables are essential in our daily life and provide us with vitamins, but one disadvantage of green leafy vegetables is that they are difficult to store. This is a troubling problem for both demanders and suppliers of leafy greens. Especially for vegetable growers and suppliers, if the vegetables are not sold out, it is difficult to preserve them, or it may cause harm to the vegetables during transportation. So, how to protect the sale of green leafy vegetables?
In the daily life, the protection method of green leafy vegetables:
- Air dry the water on the surface of the green leafy vegetables naturally. Then put it in the bag, put a paper towel in it, and tie the bag. Then put it in the refrigerator to chill. The purpose of putting paper towels is to absorb the moisture that appeared in the bag during refrigeration, so that the leaves and stems will not rot quickly due to excessive moisture. However, it can only be stored for three or five days at most.
- Remove the rotten leaves and yellow leaves from the green leafy vegetables. Put it in the water and wash it, pay attention to the place where the roots have mud. Boil a pot of boiling water and add a spoonful of salt, so that the green leafy vegetables are clean and bright, with high appearance. Blanch the green leafy vegetables in boiling water for ten seconds, then soak them in water again to cool. Finally, after the green leafy vegetables are dried for two or three days, the green leafy vegetables will become dry and brittle, so they can be stored and eaten whenever you want.
- Dry the green leafy vegetables and put them in a fresh-keeping bag, pinch the mouth of the bag, put it in the water, use the pressure of the water to expel the air in the bag, dry the water outside the bag and put it in the refrigerator. The green leafy vegetables treated in this way are like being evacuated and can be stored for at least a week without being damaged. Remember to make sure that the mouth of the bag is facing upwards and water cannot get into the bag, otherwise the vegetables will still be spoiled.
However, for leafy vegetable sellers, the above method is not advisable, and leafy vegetables must be processed. Simple processing can be carried out, which can prolong a certain fresh-keeping period, and deep processing can also be carried out to process vegetables into dried vegetables, canned vegetables or frozen vegetables.
Whether it is the deep processing of leafy vegetables or simple fresh-keeping processing, a vegetable processing line is required. The vegetable processing line includes vegetable washing machines, vegetable cutting machines, vegetable drying machines, and vegetable packaging machines. Putting the unearthed vegetables in the washing machine can remove impurities such as impurities and small flying insects on the surface of the vegetables. An ozone generator can also be added to the vegetable washing machine to sterilize the vegetables. At the same time, it can also prolong the fresh-keeping period of vegetables and enhance the value of vegetables. Of course, if you want to process dried vegetables, canned vegetables or frozen vegetables, you need to match the vegetable dryer or freezing machinery in the pre-processing production line.
We are a vegetable processing line manufacturer with many years of manufacturing experience. If you are a vegetable grower or seller, you can contact us if you want to process vegetables. We will provide you with solutions and quotations.


text:
Wednesday, 10 December 2008
An independent review investigating the effectiveness of a publicly funded graphic anti-methamphetamine advertising campaign in the United States has found that the campaign has been associated with many negative outcomes, including increases in the acceptability of drug use.
The review was published in the December issue of the peer-reviewed journal Prevention Science .
David Erceg-Hurn, who is currently completing his PhD in Clinical Psychology at The University of Western Australia, closely scrutinised the research findings of the Montana Meth Project (MMP). The MMP is an organisation responsible for conducting an expensive anti-meth graphic advertising campaign in the American state of Montana.
The ad campaign aims to reduce meth use by showing the extreme consequences of using meth "just once." Meth users are shown committing violent crimes, leaving friends to die and engaging in prostitution to fund their meth habit.
The US ads are similar to graphic anti-ice ads launched in Australia by the Federal Government in 2007. Ice (also known as crystal methamphetamine) is a particularly addictive form of meth.
The negative outcomes identified in Mr Erceg-Hurn's review include: following six months exposure to the graphic ads, there was a threefold increase in the percentage of teenagers who reported that using meth is not a risky behaviour; teenagers were four times more likely to strongly approve of regular meth use; teenagers were more likely to report that taking heroin and cocaine is not risky; and up to 50% of teenagers reported that the graphic ads exaggerate the risks of using meth.
The review found that the MMP overlooked these unflattering results when promoting their research findings to policymakers and the media. Instead, the MMP focused on select positive findings. Mr Erceg-Hurn said that it is important for organisations that are considering funding the MMP's ad campaign to be made aware of all of the MMP's findings - positive and negative.
The MMP has received millions in government funding, and donations from several corporations and community organisations.
Mr Erceg-Hurn criticised claims by MMP that the ad campaign has been responsible for reducing meth use in Montana.
"Meth use had been declining for at least six years before the ad campaign commenced, which suggests that factors other than the graphic ads cause reductions in meth use. Another issue is that the launch of the ad campaign coincided with restrictions on the sale of cold and flu medicines commonly used in the production of meth. This means that drug use could be declining due to decreased production of meth, rather than being the result of the ad campaign."
Mr Erceg-Hurn also pointed out in his review that due to the way the MMP has conducted their research, it is impossible to conclude that the ad campaign had any effect on meth use. To draw such conclusions would require much more rigorous research. This would involve examining two groups of teenagers that were equivalent in terms of drug use, exposing only one group to the graphic ads, and then examining any differences between the groups in their drug use.
The theory underlying the MMP's ad campaign was also criticised by Mr Erceg-Hurn. "The idea behind the ad campaign is that teenagers take meth because they believe it is socially acceptable, and not risky - and the ads are meant to alter these perceptions. However, this theory is flawed because the Meth Project's own data shows that 98% of teenagers strongly disapproved of meth use and 97% thought using meth was risky before the campaign started."
The review also points out that considerable prior research has found that large anti-drug advertising campaigns can be ineffective and sometimes harmful. For example, the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign has cost American taxpayers over $1.5 billion since 1998. Several reports have found that the ad campaign has not reduced drug use. The only significant results have been in an unfavourable direction - some youths reported an increase in marijuana use upon increased exposure to the campaign.
Mr Erceg-Hurn concluded in his review that based on current evidence, continued public funding and rollout of Montana-style anti-methamphetamine graphic ad campaign programs is inadvisable. This has implications for the use of graphic anti-ice ads in Australia.
"We need to carefully evaluate the impact of Australia's graphic anti-meth ads, given that similar ads in the US have been associated with increases in the acceptability of drug use. The government should consider redirecting funding to alternative ice prevention programs that are not based on fear."
- International — Media Statements — Research — University News


text:
Doug Bramlett, Kieran Turley, Jerry D. Grayson
Atlantis: The Second Age: A Sword and Sorcery Roleplaying Game
Atlantis: The Second Age (2nd Edition)
„Between the Golden Age of Atlantis and the coming of the Hyperborean Age there was a time of great heroes and terrible monsters. This was an age of epic kingdoms and draconian warlords, an age of dark Gods and forbidden sorcery, when those that plumbed the depths of lost lore could build empires of light, or plunge the world into darkness eternal."
– This is the Second Age of Atlantis
A complete game for sword and sorcery adventures in the mythic past.
- 13 playable races, including the savage Nethermen, the bestial Andamen, the ever-shifting Jinn, the ancient Lemurians, the mighty Atlanteans, and of course the great mass of humanity.
- Over 100 cultures for your character to come from.
- Lifepaths that guide you through character generation and provide hundreds of stepping off points for adventure.
- Uses the robust Omega-system.
- An overview of the isles of Atlantis including dozens of adventure ideas.
- And so much more!
368 Seiten. 2014 (Second Printing).


BAPACK
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Branch Always Packer 1.00
=========================
(C) Branch Always Software, 1990. All rights reserved.
released: January 19, 1990
The file BAPACK.ACC and this text file make up the BA Pack 1.00 release.
This is a freeware release, and may be used by all Atari ST users. The
software may be copied freely. It may not be modified, disassembled, or
used for commercial purposes.
What is BA Pack?
================
BA Pack is an executable program packer. It takes an existing program,
which may have a .PRG, .TOS, .TTP, or .ACC extender, and creates a file
which is smaller but still remains executable. This frees up disk space,
and allows more programs to fit on a floppy disk or hard disk. Desk
accessories as well as normal applications can be packed.
For example, the size of Flash 1.6 drops from 135K to 97K, a savings of
about 38K of disk space. Calamus drops in size by about 80K. The larger
the program, the more the savings. Typical programs will compress to
about 50% to 80% of their original size. BAPACK.ACC itself is packed.
On a standard 360K single sided floppy disk, it is usually possible to
free up about 100K of disk space, simply by packing the programs on the
disk.
We tested BA Pack on dozens of different programs, like Flash, Calamus,
Word Writer, ST Writer, Tempus, Laser C, ARC, ARC Shell, Quick ST, etc,
and all the programs worked perfectly when packed.
The reason that BA Pack was written in the first place was to allow
us to put more files on our upcoming software releases. We looked at
several alternatives:
 - use a double sided 720K disk - 520ST users would kick and scream
 - self extracting ARCs - this requires more disk space for extraction
 - ARC the files - this requires ARC.TTP (which eats more disk space)
 and some people may not be familiar with ARC.
 - use two disks - this raises the price of the software
All 4 of the above alternatives were unacceptable, so BA Pack was written.
Differences between PACKing and ARCing
======================================
A program packer is slightly different than a normal ARCing program.
The two main characteristics of a file compression program are the
efficiency of compression, and the speed of decompression (or unpacking).
Programs like LHARC offer very good compression of files, but they take
a long time to do the decompression. A program like ARC is slightly
faster but doesn't compress as well. BA Pack is even faster than ARC,
but does not compress as efficiently. The reason is simple. A packed
program must unpack very quickly, otherwise it will annoy users if they
have to wait a minute or two each time they double click on a program.
So there is a tradeoff between compression efficiency and pack/unpack time.
BA Pack performs the packing and unpacking operations entierly in memory,
so it is extremely fast, but as a result, the packed programs are larger
than what could be obtained by using ARC or LHARC.
The algorithm that BA Pack uses is also different than what ARC might use.
There is a compression scheme known as Huffmann encoding, which is widely
used for compressing files. Unfortunately, Huffmann encoding and decoding
is not terribly fast. The compression scheme used by BA Pack, although
quite "brain dead", is effective nevertheless. It works on the fact that
a program will tend to have a lot of repeating 68000 instructions, since
there are just a limited number of instructions in common use. But you
don't have to worry about how BA Pack works!
In future releases we will experiment with other methods of compression
which may be slower or faster, smaller or larger. The current method
was chosen as the best compromise between speed and packed size.
There is another consideration that makes BA Pack slightly different.
If you try to pack a program that is smaller than 1K, BA Pack won't let
you do it. The reason is that the ST allocates disk space 1K at a time. So
it doesn't matter if a file is 5 bytes long or 995 bytes long, it still
uses up 1K (1024 bytes) of disk space. Therefore, since our main goal is
to save disk space, it is unnecessary to try performing packs that save
less than 1K of disk space.
BA Pack also displays all file sizes in terms of kilobytes rather than
bytes, since the actual number of bytes is somewhat unimportant.
When a packed program is run, it performs all the unpacking in memory, at
a rate of about 30K per second. On a floppy disk system, this will usually
mean that a packed program loads faster than the unpacked program, because
the time spent unpacking is less than the time it would take to load the
larger unpacked program.
When running a packed program from a hard disk or RAM disk, the load time
will usually be too fast to make a difference. There will be a slight
delay on large files as the program unpacks. This may take up to 5 seconds
on very large files.
Using BA Pack
=============
BA Pack uses an intuitive GEM based interface. There is currently only
one operation supported: packing. For our purposes it was not necessary
to have an unpack feature. We also recommend that whenever you pack a file,
you should always keep a backup of the original unpacked version. This is
so that the original file can be used for such purposes as ARCing, or
patching (a method of updating programs). There are programs out there,
such as ARC Shell, which store configuration information right in the
program file itself, so when changing the configuration, you must have
the unpacked version handy.
BA Pack runs as a desk accessory or an application. To install is as a
desk accessory, simply rename it to BAPACK.ACC and copy it to the root
directory of your boot disk. To run it as an application, rename the
file to BAPACK.PRG and run it from the desktop.
Programs that are already packed should not be packed again, since this
will not reduce the size of the program further. BA Pack is already
packed.
In addition to the memory required to load the unpacked file into memory,
BAPACK uses about 300K of memory for the packing process. Therefore it
is almost a must to have at least a megabyte of memory. The memory is
required for the fast packing process we regret if this causes an
inconvenience to 520ST users. The unpacking of a packed file does not
require any additional memory.
To go and pack, run BA Pack and click on the button marked "Pack a program".
Two file selectors will pop up in succession. The first one is for
specifying the file to pack, i.e. the original unpacked program. When
that is done, the second file selector will come up and you must type
in the name of the packed file. The packed file does not exist yet, but
in case you do select an already existing file, it will prompt you to make
sure. Once both the packed and unpacked files are selected, BA Pack will
go and pack. This will take from a few seconds to a minute, depending on
the size and complexity of the unpacked file.
You can also click on "Packed file statistics" to check the compression
of a packed file, or to check whether a file is already packed or not.
To avoid confusion, we recommend the use of the .APP extender on packed
files. For example, if you pack Flash 1.6, the unpacked file name is
FLASH.PRG, and the packed file name is FLASH.APP. Although APP stands for
APPlication, it is so seldom used that it could just as well mean
A Packed Program.
Make sure that when packing, there is enough room on the disk for the
packed file that will be created.
Under no circumstances should the packed and unpacked files be the same
file! If you do not want the unpacked file, copy it to a floppy disk for
future use.
The future of BA Pack
=====================
BA Pack was written for a very specific purpose, and was not intended to
be yet another ARC program. However, even using the current brain dead
compression scheme, it is possible to compress non-program files, such as
text files, quite well. For example, typical text compresses by about 40%.
The main advantage of BA Pack on non-program files as we see it would be
its speed of packing and unpacking. If users demand it, BA Pack will be
expanded into a full blown ARC-like program, with compression, decompression,
archive listings, multiple file support, and other features.
So, please vote on the future of BA Pack. Send us your responses by email or
regular mail. Please answer as many of the following questions as possible.
Q1: Do you find BA Pack useful for packing programs?
Q2


Tracy Goodwin | Speak Your Truth and Get Others to Listen
In this episode, you will learn highly effective strategies to make a powerful impact with your message and "captivate the room." Tracy Goodwin is a leading expert in voice technique whose skill is in building confidence in her clients so they can use their true voices to share their message in a beautiful way that touches others. Ironically, Tracy grew up in a family where children were not allowed to speak or they risked physical punishment. Tracy was so desperate to have her voice heard that at the age of 12 she began speaking in public and winning awards. Tracy shares the struggles she overcame and the lessons she learned with our audience so that we can all communicate powerfully and effectively.
"I believe that everybody can learn to be powerfully engaging with their voice." – Tracy Goodwin
Tracy explains that we can truly touch other people's lives by tapping into their emotions using the five elements of vocal variety. Tracy gives specific methods we can implement today to become more engaging and dynamic in front of our audiences. She describes how we can create "utmost unpredictability" when we speak, grabbing their attention and making them want to listen to us.
"When I go in to teach, part of my goal is that no one ever picks up their phone to look at it. If I am truly regulating my voice and captivating the room with it, they don't." – Tracy Goodwin
Tracy describes how the tone of our voice can make or break our communication and even our relationships. She advises us to find the internal courage to say what we need to say instead of using that "tone" and hoping that the other person will be able to figure out what we really mean. In addition, Tracy teaches us how to really listen when we are communicating, so that we may step into the courage of changing lives with our words.
What You Will Learn:
Your voice, used effectively, is the most powerful tool you possess
How to begin using the five elements of vocal variety to captivate your audience
How to overcome a fear of speaking by defining exactly what you are afraid of
Habits you may be unaware of that are hindering your communication
The importance of truly listening to hear and understand
How to empower others with your voice


text:
They usually germinate in 1 – 2 weeks and can be planted when there are several true leaves. In warm areas, direct sow seeds.
How long does it take zucchini to sprout?
Keep the soil hills and surrounding area weed free. Water the soil when it begins to dry, keeping it evenly moist but not wet. Watch for zucchini sprouts to surface five to 10 days after planting. Thin each grouping of seedlings to two or three hardy plants when they reach 3 inches in height.
Why are my zucchini seeds not germinating?
Zucchini seeds won't germinate if it's too cold. The soil needs to be above 60°F for seeds to sprout. Starting seeds indoors and using a heat mat can give them a healthy start, with conditions just right for germination. You want the soil to be consistently moist, but not soggy.
How do you germinate zucchini seeds quickly?
Start seed indoors in peat pots filled with seed starting mix. Sow seed ½ to 1 inch (13mm-2.5 cm) deep. Seeds germinate in 7 to 10 days at 85°F (29°C) or warmer. Transplant summer squash into the garden after the soil has warmed to at least 70°F (21°C).
Should you soak zucchini seeds before planting?
Soak the zucchini seeds for 24 hours before planting. This step is optional, but improves germination and shortens germination time. Sow zucchini seeds in warm soil when temperatures are at least 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Do you need 2 zucchini plants to get fruit?
To start, it's important to understand that zucchini and other squash plants are monoecious, meaning they produce separate male and female flowers on the same plant. While you may have tons of flowers, in order to produce fruit you must have both male and female flowers at the same time.
How many zucchini do you get from one plant?
The average yield of one zucchini plant is three to nine pounds. This means that one plant should be enough for one small family, and a few plants will produce enough to share with neighbors.
What do I do if my seeds don't germinate?
If your seeds don't germinate, simple measures for what to do include making sure to mist your soil instead of pouring water, planting seeds at the recommended depth, controlling pests and fungus, using sterile organic garden soil or growing medium, and avoid using old seeds.
Why didn't my seeds germinate?
Other conditions such as improper soil temperature and moisture, or a combination of the two, are the majority of the reasons that seeds don't germinate in a timely manner. Planting too early, too deep, watering too much or too little are common mistakes made. Wet a paper towel and wring most of the moisture out of it.
Why are my seeds not sprouting?
The primary reasons for failed germination are: Seeds get eaten – mice, voles, birds, and wireworms all eat seeds. Check to see that the seed is still in the soil. Seeds rot – planted too deeply, over-watered, or in cold weather, our untreated seeds may simply rot.
Should you soak squash seeds?
Seed soaking does improve the germination of peas and members of the cucumber family that are planted in warm soil. I always try to slip in small summer plantings of squash and cucumbers, which come up in two to three days when the seeds are plumped up with water before they go into the ground.
How do you sow zucchini seeds directly?
You can sow zucchini directly outside after your last frost date. Make a depression into the soil about half an inch (1cm) deep then drop in two seeds. Cover them back over and pop a clear jar or half a plastic bottle over the top to serve as a miniature greenhouse to speed things along.
How do you germinate squash seeds fast?
To germinate squash seeds on a paper towel, wet the paper towel until it is damp (not soaking wet). Then, lay out the squash seeds so that they are separated (not touching). Be sure to keep the paper towel and seeds in a warm place, to encourage faster germination and higher germination rates.
Should you soak seeds in water before planting?
It is recommended that you only soak most seeds for 12 to 24 hours and no more than 48 hours. After soaking your seeds, they can be planted as directed. The benefit of soaking seeds before planting is that your germination time will be reduced, which means you can have happy, growing plants faster.
Which seeds should be soaked?
A short list of seeds that like to soak are peas, beans, pumpkins and other winter squash, chard, beets, sunflower, lupine, fava beans, and cucumbers. Most other medium-to-large vegetable and flower seeds with thick coats benefit from soaking.
How long soak squash seeds before planting?
Many sources recommend 8-12 hours and no more than 24 hours. Again, too much soaking and the seeds will start to decompose. If you use very hot water, the soaking time will decrease. We've always liked to use warm water and start the soaking at bedtime, then plant first thing in the morning.
Will a single zucchini plant produce fruit?
Zucchini plants produce male and female flowers on the same plant, but a young plant may only be producing male flowers and not the female flowers that develop into fruit. Young zucchini plants often produce only male flowers for the first week or so, resulting in no fruit set.
Can you plant just one zucchini plant?
Just One Plant Will Do And in fact, if planted properly and well-cared for, one plant may even produce more than you can handle on your own. Compared to other common vegetable garden crops, zucchini plants can take up a lot of real estate, but they certainly earn their keep.
Are zucchini self pollinating?
Plants in the squash family such as pumpkin, zucchini and cucumber, have male or female flowers. Female flowers have an immature fruit just behind the flower and male flowers have a long stem with no swelling at the base. You can dislodge the pollen in self-pollinating flowers by shaking the plant gently.


The creep and creep rupture of SMC-R50 under different thermomechanical conditions
dc.contributor.authorYen, Shing-Chungen
dc.contributor.departmentEngineering Mechanicsen
dc.date.accessioned2017-01-30T21:23:59Zen
dc.date.available2017-01-30T21:23:59Zen
dc.date.issued1984en
dc.description.abstractThe creep and creep recovery behavior of a random fiber composite (SMC-R50) at elevated temperature and constant humidity were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The short time creep response for four constant stress levels at each of four selected temperature levels was experimentally determined. It was found that repeatable results can be obtained by applying a mechanical conditioning prior to each creep and creep recovery test. Creep data were modelled using the Findley equation which contains three parameters, εO (the instantaneous creep response), m (the amplitude of transient creep), and n (the time exponent). It was found that the time exponent is a function of time but approaches to an asymptotic value when the duration of creep is long. Thus, at a constant temperature level, one long-time creep test and four short-time creep tests were conducted. The long-time creep results were used to determine the proper time exponent n. The short time creep data for constant load were used to determine the Findley parameters εO and m. It was found that the Findley equation represented the creep results very accurately. Based on the short-time creep results, the Findley equation was used to predict the long time creep response and the creep response due to multiple step loadings. Five long time creep experiments were conducted. Four of them were 10,000 minutes long and were conducted at the same stress level (6,510 psi) but different temperature levels. The fifth creep experiment was conducted at 5,425 psi and 185°F over a three week period. Three multiple step creep experiments were conducted. These tests were of different load steps and durations. In all cases, it was found that the Findley equation predicted both long time creep response and multiple step creep response very accurately. Since repeatable results were obtained from conditioned specimens, the test results were compared to experimental data obtained from unconditioned specimens. It was found that experimental results of the conditioned specimens fell within the scatter band of the data for the unconditioned specimens. A free energy based failure criterion (proposed by Reiner and Weisenberg) was coupled with the Findley equation to predict the creep rupture time of SMC-R50. It was found that the critical free energy at the time of failure is temperature dependent. For a constant temperature, the critical free energy required for rupture is essentially a constant. It is also concluded that, for limited data, the Reiner-Weisenberg failure criterion provj.dl!S overall good prediction of the time to failure for SMC-R50.en
dc.description.degreePh. D.en
dc.format.extentxii, 138 leavesen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/74710en
dc.language.isoen_USen
dc.publisherVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityen
dc.relation.isformatofOCLC# 11223650en
dc.rightsIn Copyrighten
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en
dc.subject.lccLD5655.V856 1984.Y45en
dc.subject.lcshFibrous composites -- Creepen
dc.titleThe creep and creep rupture of SMC-R50 under different thermomechanical conditionsen
dc.typeDissertationen
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
thesis.degree.disciplineEngineering Mechanicsen
thesis.degree.grantorVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityen
thesis.degree.leveldoctoralen
thesis.degree.namePh. D.en
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