Oracle FAQ Your Portal to the Oracle Knowledge Grid
From: Bob Badour <>
Date: Mon, 12 Jun 2006 01:12:22 GMT
Message-ID:
vc wrote:
> Keith H Duggar wrote:
> [ A lot of irrelevant chaff skipped]
>>>1. PT is a logic generalization.
>>No, I the OP claimed quote:
>> "interestingly, one view of logic is as a specialization
>> of conditional probability theory. One that deals only
>> with certainty (1) and impossibility (0) rather than a
>> range of probability." -- KHD
>>In other words to paraphrase myself and Cox:
>> "interestingly, one view of probability theory, the Cox
>> formulation, is as a generalization of logic. One that
>> deals with a range of probability corresponding to a
>> degree of rational belief bounded in the extremes by
>> certainty (1) and impossibility (0)."
>>>My response was that PT is not truth functional in the
>>>sense the propositional logic is namely that the compound
>>>sentence truth, in logic, is determined by its
>>>constituent's truth values
>>No, your response was quote
>> "PT cannot be 'a generalization of logic' because PT
>> 'connectives' (+/*) are not truth functional." -- vc
>>Which, I tried to explain to you is wrong for two reasons.
>>First, (+/*) are NOT connectives in PT they are the real
>>operators addition and multiplication. Second, PT uses the
>>SAME connectives as logic. The connectives haven't changed
>>they are still truth-functional as well as probability-
> OK, good, so you continue to claim that the probability of P(A and B)
> is determined solely by P(A) and P(B) just as you did before:
> "When you apply the connectives to a probability-valued
> statements you get probability-valued statements whose
> probability depends only on the constituent probabilities.
> "
I don't see how you draw the inference you draw. Clearly, P(B|A) and P(A|B) are constituent probabilities as well.
 Show how to derive P(A and B) given P(A) and P(B). If you > can show that, you can claim that "probability depends only on the > constituent probabilities". Are you unable to do that?
P(A and B) = P(B|A)P(A)
P(A and B) = P(A|B)P(B)
To derive P(A and B) one must know either P(B|A) or P(A|B) just as one must know the angle between two sides to use the cosine law. You fail to demonstrate anything useful or meaningful by your challenge.
>>>What kind of sentences do you have in mind whose
>>>probability is one?
>>>Please provide a meaningful example.
>>What are you talking about? It's not hard. It's trivial and
>>irrelevant! For proving probability theorems or that
>>probability is a generalization of logic it does not matter
>>what A, B, C etc stand for! "My first name is Keith" "My
>>last name is Duggar" "My first name is Keith or my last name
>>is Duggar". Does that satisfy you? I hope so because it is
>>TOTALLY irrelevant (and somewhat VI honestly).
>>[disjunction nagging]
>>>2. In some case, namely when probabilities are 0 and 1,
>>>the probabilistic statements'reduce' to logical
>>>statements. I asked to provide two or more statements
>>>whose probability would be one and show what the
>>>probability of the disjunction of such statements might
>>>be. There has been no answer. Are you unable to answer the
>>>question?
> What you've provided is not a meaningful example, but just two
> mutually irrelevant true propositions (similarly to introducing
> irrelevancy with penguins and the leaking roof in the Jaynes book). To
> provide a meaningful example of reducing probabilities, take for
> example two relevant statements A='It will rain today' and 'The roof
> will leak' (see the same book), assign priors and show how P(A and B)
> can be equal to one.
> Also, your 'basic proof' is quite meaningless (as I pointed out in
> another message):
>>One last time I will provide one of these basic proofs. And
>>I will provide more than you ask for, that is below is a
>>proof for the complete reduction to logic in the limit of
>>certainty (1) and impossibility (0).
[light bulb goes on]
Keith already specified the argument applies to a limit.
>>P(A) = 1
>>P(A or B) = P(~(~A and ~B))
>>P(A or B) = 1 - P(~A and ~B)
>>P(A or B) = 1 - P(~B|~A)P(~A)
> Since P(~A) equals zero, the above statement does not make sense.
But Keith stated "in the limit of". Thus, one could read the first line of what he wrote as
lim P(A) as P(A) -> 1
which makes the other factor
lim P(~A) as P(~A) -> 0.
Thus, in the limit as P(A) approaches 1, P(A or B) = 1 - P(~B|~A)(1-P(A)) = 1
If he rewrote the proof using explicit limit notation, would you still object to his proof? Received on Sun Jun 11 2006 - 20:12:22 CDT
Original text of this message


text:
Damage of Major South American Lepidopteran Soybean Pests
- @ZonaPellucida_'s saved articles (unknown_user_13)
Lepidopteran pests are major factors limiting soybean productivity in South America. In some cases, the control of these species requires the use of foliar insecticides. For a sustainable use of these insecticides, they should be sprayed when insect population sizes reach an economic threshold. Since this estimation requires to determine the consumption of different species, this work aimed to integrate all the main factors, studying the consumption of small-and medium-size larvae of major lepidopteran pests to vegetative and reproductive tissues on Bt and non-Bt soybeans. The damage to vegetative tissues was tested in detached-leaf assays in grow chambers, and to reproductive structures was measured in greenhouse with infestation at early (flowering) and mid reproductive (mid grain filling) stages. Based on the feeding behavior of the species tested, they were cast in four groups: a) A. gemmatalis and C. includens , defoliating only the RR variety with the lowest consumption of foliar area; b) S. eridania , defoliating both RR and IPRO varieties, consuming twice than the species mentioned above; c) H. armigera , defoliating and being the most damaging species to pods in the RR variety; d) S. cosmioides and S. frugiperda , defoliating and damaging pods in both varieties. The species differed in their ability to feed on IPRO varieties, so a different economic threshould could be considered. This clasification contributes to a recommendation of insecticide use sustainable, taking into account the behavior of these species that are major soybeans pests in South America.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Using PHP Object Interfaces
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Categories: PHP Tutorials
When you are sharing code with closely related objects, you use class abstraction. When you want to provide class templates for broadly related objects, you use Object Interfaces.
Read this tutorial to learn the different ways to implement interfaces and set up interface dependencies in PHP.
Introduction
Short Review of Abstracts
Basic Interface
Implementing Multiple Interfaces
Interface Dependency
Constants and Interfaces
Conclusion
Introduction
This tutorial assumes you have a working knowledge of class inheritance, visibility and instantiation. You may review these concepts in my previous article on this topic.
You also need to have a working knowledge of class abstraction about which you can also review in my previous article.
Please note that examples in this tutorial are not complete models and are provided to illustrate a concept.
Short Review of Abstracts
Before we get started with Interfaces, a short review of Abstracts will help us understand these concepts. An Abstract Class can provide abstract and common methods.
The abstract methods provide the method signature (function name and parameters) which a concrete class extending it must use when implementing. Understanding this part of abstraction and you are well on your way to understanding Interfaces.
The common methods which are fully implemented in an Abstract Class can be used by a concrete class through inheritance. This is the basic principle of Traits, which is a newer PHP language feature which will be discussed in another article.
Basic Interface
In PHP, interfaces are really nothing more than a template of method signatures for other interfaces or concrete classes to implement. An interface is implemented using the implements operator. How simple is that?
interface oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password );

}
class oopClass implements oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName ) {

 echo 'The user name is '. $userName. '
';

 }

 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password ) {

 echo 'The user name is '. $userName. '
';
 echo 'The password is '. $password. '
';

 }

}
In the above example we have an interface named oopTemplate which contains two method signatures and a class named oopClass with implements the interface by fully implementing the required methods. It is important to note that all method signatures in an interface are public.
Implementing Multiple Interfaces
We can also implement more than one interface by separating them with a comma after the implements operator.
interface oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password );

}
interface anotherTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodThree( $userName, $password );

}
class oopClass implements oopTemplate, anotherTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName ) {

 echo 'The user name is '.$userName.'
';

 }

 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password ) {

 echo 'The user name is '.$userName.'
';
 echo 'The password is '.$password.'
';

 }

 public function methodThree( $userName, $password ){

 if( $userName == $password ) {
 return true;
 } else {
 return false;
 }

 }

}
As we can see, the class now implements both the oopTemplate and anotherTemplate and has fully implemented the required methods in both interfaces.
Notice that the anotherTemplate interface also has a method signature named methodOne, just like the oopTemplate interface.
In newer versions of PHP, since version 5.3.9, this is allowed as long as the method signatures are the same. If the method signatures are not the same, or in previous PHP versions, the duplicate method signatures create ambiguity and the script will fail with a fatal error.
Interface Dependency
An interface can also extend another interface which allows us to define dependencies.
interface oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password );

}
interface anotherTemplate extends oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodThree( $userName, $password );

}
class oopClass implements anotherTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName ) {

 echo 'The user name is '.$userName.'
';

 }

 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password ) {

 echo 'The user name is '. $userName. '
';
 echo 'The password is '. $password. '
';

 }

 public function methodThree( $userName, $password ){

 if( $userName == $password ){
 return true;
 }else{
 return false;
 }

 }

}
The above example is nearly identical to the previous one, however we have now used the anotherTemplate interface to be dependent on the oopTemplate interface by extending it. The oopClass now only implements the anotherTemplate interface yet still must fully implement all the methods as before.
Constants and Interfaces
While we are not able to define class properties in interfaces, we can define constants.
interface oopTemplate {

 const memberConstant = 'password';

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password );

}
interface anotherTemplate extends oopTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName );
 public function methodThree( $userName, $password );

}
class oopClass implements anotherTemplate {

 public function methodOne( $userName ) {

 echo 'The user name is '. $userName. '
';

 }

 public function methodTwo( $userName, $password) {

 echo 'The user name is '. $userName. '
';
 echo 'The password is '. $password. '
';

 }

 public function methodThree( $userName, $password ) {

 if( $password == self::memberConstant ) {
 return true;
 }
 if( $userName == $password ){
 return true;
 } else {
 return false;
 }

 }

}
The oopTemplate interface defines a constant named memberConstant with a value of 'password'. The oopClass now uses this constant to perform a logical check to determine if the $password property is the same as the constants value.
An interface constant can only be defined once so other interfaces or classes that inherit them are not allowed to change or override them.
Conclusion
Most development projects are closely related and use abstract classes to provide partial implementations along with method signatures.
If all you want to provide is a template of method signatures, with or without dependency, to a broad range of classes then the Object Interfaces are the way to go.
If you liked this article or have questions about PHP object interfaces, post a comment here.
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Comments:
3. Abstract Class vs. Interface - D (2015-07-23 02:27)
Abstract Class vs. Interface: when to use which?... - 1 reply
Read the whole comment and replies
2. simple and good exaplanation - C. C. Ng (2015-07-22 16:15)
simple and good expanation on the PHP interface... - 0 replies
Read the whole comment and replies
1. Thanks for that - Yoni Lamri (2015-07-22 16:14)
interface in OOP... - 0 replies
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 PHP Classes blog Using PHP Object Inte... Post a comment See comments (4) Trackbacks (0)
For more information send a message to info at phpclasses dot org.


Entry Point File of Joomla Component
The file, site/helloworld.php, is the main entry point file for Joomla component. The main entry point passes control to the controller, which handles performing the task that was specified in the request.
// No direct access to this file
// Get an instance of the controller prefixed by HelloWorld
// Perform the Request task
// Redirect if set by the controller
The first line enables for a secure entry point into the Joomla platform.
1. Instantiation of Controller
JControllerLegacy is a base class for a Joomla Controller. In order to use controllers, you must extend this class in your component. The getInstance static method of the JControllerLegacy class will create a controller. In the code above, it will instantiate a controller object of a class named HelloWorldController.
Joomla will look for the declaration of that class in /components/com_helloworld/controller.php.
2. Task
After the controller is created, the controller executes the task, as defined in the URL:
Other common tasks are save, edit, new, and so on.
3. Redirect
Star InactiveStar InactiveStar InactiveStar InactiveStar Inactive


Methods for characterizing protein acetylation during viral infection.
TitleMethods for characterizing protein acetylation during viral infection.
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2019
AuthorsMurray, LA, Combs, AN, Rekapalli, P, Cristea, IM
JournalMethods Enzymol
Date Published2019
KeywordsAcetylation, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Lysine, Mass Spectrometry, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proteins, Proteome, Proteomics, Viral Proteins, Virus Diseases, Virus Physiological Phenomena
Lysine acetylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that acts as a regulator of protein function, subcellular localization, and interactions. A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of temporal alterations in protein acetylation during infection with a range of human viruses. It has become clear that both cellular and viral proteins are decorated by lysine acetylations, and that these modifications contribute to core host defense and virus replication processes. Further defining the extent and dynamics of protein acetylation events during the progression of an infection can provide an important new perspective on the intricate mechanisms underlying the biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. Here, we provide protocols for identifying, quantifying, and probing the regulation of lysine acetylations during viral infection. We describe the use of acetyl-lysine immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry for assessing the cellular acetylome at different stages of an infection. As an alternative to traditional antibody-mediated western blotting, we discuss the benefits of targeted mass spectrometry approaches for detecting and quantifying site-specific acetylations on proteins of interest. Specifically, we provide a protocol using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). We further discuss experimental considerations that are specific to studying viral infections. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the types of assays that can be employed to characterize the function of an acetylation event in the context of infection. As a method to interrogate the regulation of acetylation, we describe the Fluor de Lys assay for monitoring the enzymatic activities of deacetylases.
Alternate JournalMethods Enzymol
PubMed ID31606092
PubMed Central IDPMC6889803
Grant ListR01 GM114141 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States
T32 GM007388 / GM / NIGMS NIH HHS / United States


text:
The diversity of plants and vegetation within Grand Canyons National Park can be attributed the extremely varied terrain and climates that are exclusive to the region. With over 8,000 ft. elevation from the River to the highest point on the North Rim, there is a great variety of high and low altitude plants, as well as varied desert and river species.
In the park, there are approximately:
1,737 known species of vascular plants
167 species of fungi
64 species of moss
195 species of lichen
found in Grand Canyon National Park. Warmer all year round than the North and South Rim, the flora communities of the River boast rare plants such as the white-flowering redbud tree, stream orchid, and McDougall's flaveria.
In the intermediate elevations, mesquite, sagebrush and ocotillo are common. At around 6000 feet, juniper forests come in to abundance, and by 8000 feet, vast Ponderosa Pines intermingle with Mountain Mahogany and Gambel Oaks.
Specific to the North Rim are also populations of sub-alpine grasses, including blue and black grama, big galleta and Indian Ricegrass.


text:
XrML stands for Extensible Rights Markup Language, and it is a way for businesses to exchange digital content without losing power over the conditions and restrictions they imposed on it. In easiest terms, XrML makes sure everyone who buys, downloads or uses protected digital content uses it within the guidelines set by the owner.
What Is XrML and How It Works
XrML is language that provides systems details concerning protocol over licensed digital content. This language builds rules, regulations and restrictions for how the content can be used by other users. It also guarantees the rights of the content remain intact for the licensed distributor or proprietor. XrML helps provide standards for digital rights management.
One of the main reasons for XrML's development is the stipulation and imposition of rights correlated to digital properties. The XrML language relays information to the user and system of the licensed file or program. This information ensures an understanding and agreement to the limitations and ownership of the digital content.
XrML sets conditions for which trusted systems are to abide by throughout use of the shared or purchased content. These conditions can include fees for businesses who are sharing files on a time restricted basis. An example of this is a company who sells access to a downloadable instructional video library. If a user pays for a month of access, they could conceivably download each video file and stop paying. The conditions set in the XrML help restrict this using built-in certification checks. This ensures use of the file is tied to the fees originally agreed upon.
Progression of XrML and Future Projections
The initial release of XrML was restrictive to companies due to its contract agreements and conditions that transferred ownership and licenses from XrML-created works to an outside company. XrML initially came equipped with ways to ensure the licensed user was using the content and not an unwarranted consumer.
XrML evolved into a way systems assured a successful transfer of content could be completed. It allowed license-holders to control rights and services of content. It started moving away from the restrictive language it initially contained. Things like installation rights were language parts that were phased out of XrML to be replaced with less concrete ideas about licensed usage of content. It eventually became the main rights expression language for MPEG-21, which uses the language to create guidelines for multimedia.
XrML figures to be a part of developments by digital content companies. Multimedia companies wishing to progress the usage of their content through digital transactions need language similar to that of XrML to ensure fair use and protection. It could be key in the continued use and development of web services.
XrML is part of the way companies adapted to digital transactions. Use of XrML and similar languages continue to guide regulations and necessary restrictions upon licensed content. Familiarize yourself with the new language of digital transactions to succeed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Date of Original Version
Abstract or Description
When using wireless networks, some chats, web searches, and other information are broadcast out onto the local network. Other users on the same network may intercept and read this information. Unfortunately, without detailed knowledge of underlying technologies, many users are unable to properly evaluate the risks involved in everyday communication tasks. This study aims to develop techniques for allowing users without technical backgrounds to form more accurate expectations of privacy. We have developed a method for notifying users when their computer leaks such information. A large projected display placed in a common workplace shows excerpts from network traffic. A two-week trial was conducted to measure the effects of the display. Data was collected from network traffic monitoring and two paper surveys, which were conducted before and after the trial.


Evolution average number of beds per hospital
July 27, 2012
(This article was first published on Fishy Operations, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
The OECD collects (among a lot of other statistics) information on the number of hospitals and hospital beds per country. These two parameters combined and its evolution over the years could give an indication on whether or not the country's hospital landscape is evolving towards large medical centers, small scale hospital settings or whether there is no trend to detect.
In the graph below you can see the evolution of the average number of beds per hospital for a number of countries. The first datapoint for every country serves as a reference point and equals 100 percent. A point above this reference point denotes an increase in the average numbers of beds per hospital. In contrast, a point below the reference point means a decrease in the average number of bed per hospital. Of course, a decrease/increase could mean an country-wide decrease/increase in the number of beds. However, assuming that in these 'developed' countries there would be no drastic sudden changes in total number of hospital beds, a continuous increase might indicate that the country's hospital landscape is evolving towards large scale medical centers (through for example mergers & acquisitions).
Even though no solid conclusion can be drawn from the two parameters at hand, countries like Greece, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand and Turkey do seem to be evolving towards a healthcare landscape with large scale medical centers. Conversely, Estonia, Italy, Korea, Poland, The Slovak Republic and Slovenia seem to evolve towards smaller scale hospitals.
The R script to generate the graph:
hospitals<-subset(dataset, Variable=='Hospitals')
hospitalbeds<-subset(dataset, Variable=='Total hospital beds')
dataset_new<-merge(hospitals, hospitalbeds, by=c('Country', 'Year'))
ratioperc<-function(ratio, country){
Year==min(dataset_new[dataset_new$Country==country,]$Year) &
if(length(value)==0) return(NA)
else return(value)
dataset_transform<-ddply(dataset_new,.(Country, Year), transform,
refvalue=ratioperc(ratio, Country))
ggplot(dataset_transform, aes(x=Year, y=refvalue, group=Country,
colour=refvalue)) + geom_line() + geom_point() +
facet_wrap(~Country, ncol=4) + opts(axis.text.x=theme_text(angle=-90,
hjust=0), legend.position='none') + scale_colour_gradient(low='blue',
high='orange') + ylab('')
The.csv file used: hospitaldata.csv (source: oecd.org)
To leave a comment for the author, please follow the link and comment on his blog: Fishy Operations.
Comments are closed.


The following Technic sets
 - 8043 (Motorized excavator)
 - 42009 (Mobile crane)
 - 42082 (Rough terrain crane)
 - 42110 (Liebherr)
and likely a couple of more have a double set of linear actuators to move the boom.
boom la's
For all these models, rotation is administered simultaneously on the gears of the linear actuators through bevel gears that are symmetrically placed.
bevel gear
I've been told that the symmetrical placement of the bevel gears is problematic. The reasoning being that as the boom moves up or down, additional rotation is placed on the linear actuator gears, but in opposite direction, causing one LA to slightly retract while the other to slightly extend, causing torsion on the boom. Hence it would be better to place the bevel gears asymmetrical.
My questions:
 - Is the reasoning wrong? (I think not)
 - If the reasoning is correct, why are the Lego designers seemingly not aware of this and haven't they addressed this in later Technic sets?
Is the reasoning wrong?
Most probably it is not wrong, but its effect is small enough to be negligible (at least compared to other factors, like ensuring an error-free building experience). In serious engineering applications this effect would certainly have to be taken into account.
why are the Lego designers seemingly not aware of this and haven't they addressed this in later technic sets?
I took a look at my copy of the Bucket Wheel Excavator, and found that there is a minuscule difference in the angle of the double linear actuators between the highest and lowest boom elevation configurations:
highest boom configuration
lowest boom configuration
I don't have the relevant values right now, but I'd guess this angle of rotation does not result in a measurable difference in the lenghts of the two actuators. Or if it does, it is certainly absorbed by the flexibility of the structure without causing any harmful amounts of stress.
I think the same applies for the other such sets as well, but I'd welcome anyone providing data to either confirm or disprove this theory.
 - 1
 mkay, looking at the black gear in the back, I estimate the angle difference about 1,5 tooth on 20 tooth bevel gear, so 27 degrees. This gets geared up with 22/12 so 49,5 degrees. The LA gears go in different direction so a total difference of 99 degrees Asuming Sariels measurements of 26,5 rotations for an extension of 5 studs also apply to the new LA I get 5*99/360/26,5 = 0,052 studs or 0,41 mm difference. So yes, negligible. However, why can't Lego get it 'right'? I don't think ease of building is an argument here.I think Lego has the educational obligation to teach this stuff correct. – Michael Verschaeve Dec 5 '19 at 15:54
 - Thanks for doing the research and math part :) The question "However, why can't Lego get it 'right'?" is, however, definitely out of scope for Bricks.SE, but one could always ask TLG directly. – zovits Dec 5 '19 at 16:03
Your Answer


Troponin with Underlying Myopathy
Written by Clay Smith
Spoon Feed
Adult patients with skeletal myopathy often have false positive high sensitivity troponin T (but not troponin i), because the assay cross reacts with skeletal muscle troponin T.
Why does this matter?
Patients with myopathies often have elevated troponin, even if they have no known cardiomyopathy. This may lead to increased, and potentially unnecessary, invasive testing. What's going on here?
Troponin tricks - hs-TnT is a problem
This was an analysis of 74 adults with skeletal myopathies: "myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2, nondystrophic myotonias, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophies, X-linked myopathy with postural muscle atrophy (XMPMA), inclusion body myopathy, and inflammatory myopathies." All underwent extensive cardiac workup: ECG, biomarkers, cardiac MRI, and some had coronary CTA. Most had no cardiac involvement; 23% did to some extent. They found high sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) was elevated in almost 70% of all patients, whereas hs-Tni was only detectable in about 4%. They gleaned, using muscle biopsy and sophisticated protein identification, that the cardiac troponin T assay was likely cross reacting with skeletal muscle troponin T, giving a false positive result. When a patient with myopathy presents to the ED, realize that troponin T may not be the most reliable way to assess for MI. If hs-TnT is the only assay available, serial values must be obtained for the information to be helpful in diagnosing cardiac injury.
Source
Elevated Cardiac Troponin T in Patients With Skeletal Myopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Apr 10;71(14):_PHONE_. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.070.
Peer reviewed by Thomas Davis
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text:
Delaware School Health Profiles
Roberta Gealt, Principal Investigator
Secondary School Survey--Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health through the Delaware Department of Education;
Elementary School Survey— Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health through the Delaware Department of Educationand Nemours Health Prevention Services.
The School Health Profiles (Profiles) is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, territories, and tribal governments. Profiles are completed biennially by middle and high school principals and lead health education teachers. The secondary school survey has been administered every other year in even-numbered years. The Center develops the Delaware version of the survey, based on a CDC survey, with input from state and community agencies. CDAS has conducted fieldwork for the surveys, scanned the surveys to provide a data set, and provided some analyses and report writing, and dissemination of findings. The study reports data which relates to other Center studies on substance abuse, and provides statewide data on health instruction, policies and practice in schools, as well as professional development for health instructors in specific areas relating to CDC priorities also addressed in the student survey, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The secondary school survey has been conducted since 2004and the elementary survey, which is administered to principals only, was administered for the first time in 2010. These surveys are now conducted electronically. The basic CDC elementary school survey has been enhanced with additional questions consistent with the goals of Nemours.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Some people dislike vegetables because of their genes, researchers at the University of Kentucky assume.
A certain gene makes compounds in some vegetables, for example in broccoli or Brussels sprouts, taste particularly bitter to some people.
The gene may also make beer, coffee and dark chocolate taste unpleasant, BBC reported. Everyone has two copies of a taste gene called TAS2R38. Those having two variants of this gene are not sensitive to bitterness of vegetables, while those having one copy cannot stand the taste.
The researchers want to create a diet that will be acceptable to people who feel bitterness of vegetables.


text:
To select all buildings that fall into a selected circular buffer with a 2000 radius you need this command:
SELECT * FROM Buildings WHERE ST_DWithin(geom, (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(0 0)', 26918)), 2000);
See this, for more examples.
I've gave you already the right answer!
To prove you I'll show the tests I've done before answering to you, on my test data (my SRID is 31700):
If you want to see the selected points in QGIS then you need to follow the images bellow:
So, I think that your center point coordinates are not [0, 0] and if you'll follow carefully my demonstration you'll obtain the proper results!
My tests showed me that it is possible a user to keep its data in a PostGIS table with the 4326 SRID, and to obtain a proper result, like above, using its own SRID (e.g. 26918).
In this case one my use this command:
SELECT * FROM Buildings WHERE ST_DWithin(ST_Transform(geom, 26918), (SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(0 0)', 26918)), 2000);
Yet, in this case, I've noticed that the selected points are still in the 4326 SRID. Therefore, if you create a table based on this query, eventually, you need to update the table SRID to your own.
Here's what I've done (using my test data) prior to see the selected point in QGIS:
But, the newly created table has the 4326 SRID:
Therefore, we need to change it to our own:
(I've verified my solution, considering the buildings are points, polygons and multipolygons, and didn't noticed any other problems than those already presented here.)


text:
Skip to Main Content
Performance assessment and large-scale monitoring of terrestrial digital video broadcasting (DVB-T) transmission apparatuses are currently a pressing need due to the rapid growth of related broadcasting networks in many countries. Power measurements, in particular, play a very important role since RF and IF signal power, RF channel power, RF and IF power spectrum, noise (or unwanted) power, and power efficiency are relevant parameters to be measured as accurately as possible. Although modern spectrum analyzers and high-performance vector signal analyzers exhibit satisfying accuracy and repeatability, their cost, weight, and size make them unsuitable for the purpose. This paper is focused on the design and realization of a digital signal processing-based meter for power measurement in DVB-T systems that is capable of granting good accuracy, satisfying repeatability, reduced measurement time, and cost effectiveness. This paper deals with the digital signal processing algorithm to be implemented in the meter, paying attention to parametric power spectral density (PSD) estimators for their reduced memory requirement and potentially limited computational burden. In particular, a parametric estimation algorithm that is capable of assuring a fast measurement rate is implemented and made operative. The simulation and emulation stages are properly designed to regulate the most relevant parameters of the adopted PSD estimators according to the specific features of the signals involved; a number of experiments on actual DVB-T signals are conducted, the results of which are compared to those provided by competitive measurement solutions.


s £31million to fight Ebola", the result is Bill Gates. If the group successive match is set to false, two events are generated as Bill and Gates.
findNameEntityTypeViaDictionary
Syntax<string> findNameEntityTypeViaDictionary(<string> entityType, <string> dictionaryFilePath, <string> string-variable )
Extension TypeFunction
Description
This function uses the following input parameters.
 - entityType : This is a user-specified string constant. e.g., PERSON, LOCATION, ORGANIZATION, MONEY, PERCENT, DATE or TIME
 - dictionaryFilePath : The path to the dictionary in which the function searches for the specified entries. The relevant entries for the entity types should be available in the dictionary as shown in the example below.
 - streamAttribute : A string or the stream attribute in which text stream is included.
This function returns the entities in the text. If you specify group successive matches as true , the result aggregates successive words of the same entity type.
Example
findNameEntityTypeViaDictionary("PERSON","dictionary.xml",text)
In the above example, if the text attribute contains "Bill Gates donates £31million to fight Ebola", and the dictionary consists of the above entries (i.e. entries of the example in the Description), the result is "Bill".
findRelationshipByVerb
Syntax<string > text, <string> subject, < string > object < string > verb findRelationshipByVerb (<string> verb, <string> string-variable )
Extension TypeFunction
Description
findRelationshipByVerb takes in a user specified string constant as a verb and a text stream, and returns the whole text, subject, object and the verb based on the specified verb. This information can be extracted only if the verb specified exists in the text stream. However, the tense of the verb does not have to match.
The input parameters used are as follows.
 - verb : This is a user specified string constant.
 - string-variable : A string or the stream attribute which includes the text stream.
Examples
findRelationshipByVerb("say", "Information just reaching us says another Liberian With Ebola Arrested At Lagos Airport") returns the following.
 - The whole text
 - Information as the subject
 - Liberian as the object.
 - says as the verb.
findRelationshipByRegex
Syntax<string > text, <string> subject, < string > object < string > verb findRelationshipByRegex (<string> regex, <string> string-variable )
Extension TypeFunction
DescriptionThis function returns the whole text, subject, object and verb from the text stream that matches the named nodes of the Semgrex pattern.
Example
findRelationshpByRegex('{}=verb >/nsubj|agent/ {}=subject >/dobj/ {}=object', "gates foundation donates $50M in support of #Ebola relief") returns the following.
 - The whole text
 - "foundation" as the subject
 - "$" as the object
 - "donates" as the verb
findSemgrexPattern
Syntax<string > text, <string> match, < string > object < string > verb findSemgrexPattern (<string> regex, <string> string-variable )
Extension TypeFunction
Description
The findSemgrexPattern function returns the whole text, subject, object and verb from the text stream that matches the named nodes of the Semgrex pattern.
This function uses the following input parameters.
 - regex : A user specified regular expression that matches the Semgrex pattern syntax.
 - string-variable : A string or the stream attribute which includes the text stream.
Example
findSemgrexPattern('{lemma:die} >/.*subj|num.*/=reln {}=diedsubject', "Sierra Leone doctor dies of Ebola after failed evacuation.")
In this example, the function searches for words with the lemmatization die that are governors on any subject or numeric relation. The dependent is marked as the diedsubject, and the relationship is marked as reln. Thus, the query returns an output stream that has the full match of this expression, i.e. the governing word with lemmatization for die. It also returns the name of the corresponding node for each match it finds.
The following is the list of elements in the output stream.
 - The whole text
 - dies as the match
 - "nsubj" as reln
 - doctor asdiedsubject
findTokensRegexPattern
Syntax< string > text, <string> match, <string> group_1, etc. findTokensRegexPattern (<string> regex, <string> string-variable )
Extension TypeFunction
Description
findTokensRegexPattern returns the whole text, subject, object and verb from the text stream that matches the named nodes of the Semgrex pattern. The return also includes the corresponding node in the Semgrex pattern and the corresponding named relation defined in the regular expression for each word/phrase.
This function uses the following input parameters.
 - regex : A user specified regular expression that matches the Semgrex pattern syntax.
 - string-variable : A string or the stream attribute which includes the text stream.
Example
findTokensRegexPattern('([ner:/PERSON|ORGANIZATION|LOCATION/]+) (?:[]* [lemma:donate]) ([ner:MONEY]+)', text) defines three groups:
 - The first group looks for words that are entities of either PERSON, ORGANIZATON or LOCATION with one or more successive words matching same.
 - The middle group is defined as the non capturing group.
 - Third looks for one or more successive entities of type MONEY.
This function returns the following.
 - The whole text
 - " Paul Allen donates $ 9million " as the match.
 - " Paul Allen", as group_1.
 - "$ 9million" as group_2.
pmml
This extension adds PMML based predictive analytic model compliance to Siddhi. It allows you to make predictions based on a predictive analytic model. Supported functions of PMML extension are as follows.
predict
Syntax< double | float|long|int|string|boolean > predict(<string> pathToPmmlFile)
Extension TypeStream Processor
Description
Processes the input stream attributes according to the defined PMML standard model and outputs the processed results together with the input stream attributes.
This function uses the following input parameter.
 - pathToPmmlFile : The path to the PMML model file.
The function returns the outputs defined in the output fields. The number of outputs can vary.
Example
predict('<DAS HOME>/samples/artifacts/0301/decision-tree.pmml')
This model is implemented to detect network intruders. The input event stream is processed by the execution plan that uses the pmml predictive model to detect whether a particular user is an intruder to the network or not. The output stream contains the processed query results that include the predicted responses together with the feature values extracted from the input event stream.
Syntax< double | float|long|int|string|boolean > predict(<string> pathToPmmlFile, <double|float|long|int|string|boolean> input )
Extension TypeStream Processor
Description
Processes the input stream attributes according to the defined PMML standards model and outputs the processed results.
This function uses the following input parameters.
 - pathToPmmlFile : The path to the PMML model file.
 - input : An attribute of the input stream that is sent to the PMML standard model as a value to based on which the prediction is made. The predict function does not accept any constant values as input parameters. You can have multiple input parameters according to the input stream definition.
This function returns the processed outputs defined in the query. The number of outputs can vary depending on the query definition.
Examples
predict('<DAS_HOME>/samples/artifacts/0301/decision-tree.pmml', root_shell, su_attempted, num_root, num_file_creations, num_shells, num_access_files, num_outbound_cmds, is_host_login, is_guest_login, count, srv_count, serror_rate, srv_serror_rate)
This model is implemented to detect network intruders. The input event stream is processed by the execution plan that uses the pmml predictive model to detect whether a particular user is an intruder to the network or not. The output stream contains the processed query results that include the predicted responses.

ml
This extension provides Siddhi the capability to make predictions based on Machine Learning models. Supported functions of the ML extension are as follows.
predict
Syntax<double|float|long|int|string|boolean> predict(<string> pathToMLModel, <string> dataType)
Extension TypeStream Processor
Description
Returns an output event with the additional attribute that has the response variable name of the model, set with the predicted value, using the feature values extracted from the input event.
This function uses the following input parameters.
 - pathToMLModel : The file path or the registry path to the location of


) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the Backspace key
 isArrowDownKey
 isArrowDownKey(event: KeyboardEvent) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the ArrowDown key
 isArrowUpKey
 isArrowUpKey(event: KeyboardEvent) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the ArrowUp key
 numberLocale
 numberLocale(locale: any) => string
 Parses the locale to the correct display locale
 numberLocale('de-CH')
 // 'de-CH'
 dateLocale
 dateLocale(locale: any) => string
 Parses the locale to the correct display locale
 numberLocale('de-CH')
 // 'fr-CH'
 isValidMonetaryNumber
 isValidMonetaryNumber(stringValue: string) => boolean
 Returns true if the arrays are equal
 isValidMonetaryNumber('1'000.99') // true
 getDecimalSeparator
 getDecimalSeparator(locale: any) => string
 Returns the decimal separator of the given locale
 getDecimalSeparator('de-ch') // .
 getThousandSeparator
 getThousandSeparator(locale: any) => string
 Returns the thousand separator of the given locale
 getThousandSeparator('de-ch') // '
 formatLocaleNumber
 formatLocaleNumber(locale: any, number: number, minimumFractionDigits: number) => string
 Formats the number into the given locale
 formatLocaleNumber('de-ch', 1000.42) // 1'000.42
 parseLocaleNumber
 parseLocaleNumber(locale: any, stringNumber: string) => number
 Parses the locale formatted number into a native number
 parseLocaleNumber('de-ch', '1'000.42') // 1000.42
 Keywords
 none
 Install
 npm i @baloise/web-app-utils
 DownloadsWeekly Downloads
 471
 Version
 3.9.0
 License
 Apache-2.0
 Unpacked Size
 132 kB
 Total Files
 24
 Last publish
 Collaborators
 - assistentenitch
 - madalina.iacob
 - yannickholzenkamp
 - montakasparsone
 - team_mortal
 - mladenplaninicic
 - nobilo
 - thomasseyssenstpo
 - se-aperto-com
 - baopso
 - hirsch88


text:
The souring of normally sweet production systems is a significant problem which can have implications to continued oilfield operations. Such problems are commonly approached by gathering of field sample and laboratory analysis or by simple test kits. This series in Hot Topics describes an alternative approach which includes the use of specialized field sampling and analysis procedures and portable equipment that can be moved from site to site. The current article provides an overview and introduction to how MIC growth can be studied and evaluated.
The souring of normally sweet production systems is a significant
problem. It can have implications in terms of
- reduced quality of produced hydrocarbons relative,
- the reduced productivity of wells,
- increased corrosivity of produced fluids.
In cases where remedial action is not taken, it can also have
implications relative to the potential for sulfide stress cracking
and selection of materials for downhole, flowlines and surface
facilities. Therefore, it is important to be able to properly
characterize field situations and make accurate recommendations
for remedial actions to minimize the impact of souring and to
prevent the occurrence of similar occurrences in other related
In an assessment of reservoir souring, field analysis provides
an important technical basis for engineering decision making through
their supporting scientific evidence. Such tests can yield information
useful in determining the sources and the potential severity of
souring and the selection and confirmation of successful remedial
actions. Some of the significant questions that can be addressed
through field investigation are indicated below:
- Is the souring a direct consequence of bacterial action?
- Were the bacteria introduced by the water injection system?
- Are the bacteria naturally occurring in the reservoir?
- Can the bacteria survive and grow under reservoir conditions?
- How adaptable are they to varying field conditions?
- Are there sufficient nutrients to sustain bacterial growth
in the system?
- What is the potential for controlling MIC and bacterial growth?
Field souring is often studied by either of two approaches:
- field sampling followed by transportation of the samples to
the laboratory for analysis, or
- analysis directly in the field using simplified field test
In many cases, the field sampling/laboratory approach is difficult
due to the remote nature of many onshore and offshore production
and injection facilities and the inability to transport, maintain
and analyze cultures. Additionally, most simple field tests lack
the sensitivity required to properly assess, characterize and
differentiate marginal cases.
Issues discussed in this series include:
- Description of MIC systems and methods of field investigation
- Specialized procedures and equipment for field or in-plant
investigation of souring, scaling, corrosion, fouling and bacterial
action in water handling systems. This includes a survey of planktonic
micro-organisms and bio-films as well as measurements of total
- A case study to validate this field testing capability
- Analysis of data obtained for characterization of reservoir
souring in petroleum production operations


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose both I and my friend have a set of integer numbers. We want to know the number of common elements in our two sets but without knowing elements of the sets of each other. So I don't want my friend to know any element of my set and he don't want me to know his. But we want to know how many elements are in the intersection of our two sets (without also knowing which elements these are).
Are there any algorithm to achieve this goal? One that will calculate the number of common elements using data from which it is very difficult to compute elements of our sets? Or its just impossible?
All elements of our sets are integers so we can use algorithms of computational number theory.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Answer. Yes! It is possible to do this, using the magic of secure multi-party computation. The security property we get is basically the best one could possibly hope for: namely, your friend learns nothing more about your set of numbers than the maximum he could have learned by choosing his set in a clever way and learning the size of the intersection; and your friend gets symmetrical protection against you.
The particular problem you list is known as the cardinality set intersection problem or cardinality private set intersection problem, and there has been considerable research on protocols for this problem.
One way to solve this problem is using the standard general-purpose machinery for secure two-party computation. The general-purpose tools for secure two-party computation can be applied directly to this problem, giving one way to do what you want.
Alternatively, researchers have devised special-purpose protocols designed especially to solve the cardinality set intersection problem. These special-purpose protocols are considerably more efficient than what you get if you apply the general-purpose methods. Here are some some pointers into the research literature in this area:
Mathematical details. Here's the basic idea behind Kissner and Song's approach:
 1. They encode each set as a polynomial: for example, the set S = {3,5,17} is encoded as the polynomial s(x) = (x-3)(x-5)(x-17), the set T = {4,12,17} is represented as t(x) = (x-4)(x-12)(x-17), and so on. In general, a polynomial p(x) represents the set of roots of p(x), i.e., the set {a : p(a)=0}.
 2. Given polynomials s(x),t(x) representing the sets S,T, we can compute a polynomial u(x) representing the intersection U = S ∩ T, by picking random polynomials q(x),r(x) and computing
 u(x) = q(x)*s(x) + r(x)*t(x).
 Note that the roots of u(x) are (with high probability) exactly the common roots of s(x),t(x), i.e., u(a)=0 usually happens only when s(a)=t(a)=0.
 For example, if with sets S,T defined as in 1 above, we might pick q(x) = 2x^3 + 7x^2 + x - 3 and r(x) = 14x^3 + 3x^2 - 2x + 5. Then we can calculate u(x) = 16 x^6 - 502 x^5 +... - 3315, whose only integer root is x=17. This corresponds to the fact that U = S ∩ T = {17}.
 3. They use Pallier's additively homomorphic public-key encryption scheme. In particular, you and your friend jointly generate a Paillier public/private keypair, so that both of you know the public key but the private key is shared between you (it is only possible to decrypt if both of you jointly participate). There are known ways to do this.
 4. You take your set S, encode it as a polynomial s(x), and encrypt each coefficient under the Paillier public key, and send the resulting encrypted polynomial to your friend. Your friend takes his set T, encodes it as a polynomial t(x), encrypt each coefficient under the Paillier public key, and send the resulting encrypted polynomial to you. You jointly generate random polynomials q(x),r(x) (there are known ways to do this). Then, using the additively homomorphic properties of Paillier encryption, you can both compute an encrypted form of the polynomial u(x) = q(x)*s(x) + r(x)*t(x), where you get the encrypted value of each coefficient of u(x). You each share the value of u(x) you got with the other person.
 5. For each element a of your set S, you evaluate the encrypted polynomial at a, thus learning the encryption of u(a), call it E(u(a)) (the additively homomorphic properties of Paillier encryption allow you to do this), and then you pick a random non-zero value c and multiply to get E(c*u(a)). You do this separately for each element of your set, so you get |S| encrypted values, you shuffle them, and send them to your friend. Your friend does the same with his set and sends you a shuffled set of |T| encrypted values.
 In the running example, you'd learn the encryption of u(3), u(5), and u(17), you'd pick random non-zero values, say 8, 2, 5, and you'd share E(8*u(3)), E(2*u(5)), and E(5*u(17)) with your friend in random order. In this case u(3)=-50904, u(5)=152880, u(17)=0, so you'd be sharing E(8*-50904), E(2*152880), and E(0), in random order. Your friend would do something similar with his set.
 6. Finally, you and your friend jointly decrypt the encrypted values you've shared with each other, using the shared private key. You count how many zeros you see in the decrypted values your friend sent you. Your friend counts how many zeros are present in the decrypted values you sent him. This is the number of values you had in common, i.e., the cardinality of |S ∩ T|.
I've introduced some simplifications (e.g., all computations have to be done in an appropriate group, and many others). Please don't try to implement based upon this description alone. See Kissner and Song's paper for the full details. You might also look into the subsequent literature; there have been some follow-on papers that claim to improve their scheme to get better performance, though I'm not familiar with all the details. Also, in a real implementation, you'd need to add some zero-knowledge proofs at each step, to prove that each participant correctly performed their own computation (i.e., to lift from the honest-but-curious model to the malicious model). There has been follow-on research on that problem as well.
Summary. As you can see, this gets highly technical -- but the bottom line is that this problem has been studied in detail before, and there exist clever, beautiful, efficient solutions to it.
share|improve this answer
Not a complete answer, but it seems like the possible range of numbers needs to be very large and the actual numbers highly unpredictable. Otherwise, regardless of the specific algorithm, your "friend" could claim to have many or all of the numbers in his set and then learn information about how many you have in yours. If you were willing to perform the experiment repeatedly (and most automated systems are) the friend could learn your numbers through iterative refinement.
share|improve this answer
Yes, this is unavoidable. However: it is possible to limit the information leakage, simply by limiting the number of times you will run the protocol. Moreover: There exist protocols that achieve the best security that is achievable, i.e., that leak nothing more than this information (a fact that I find rather amazing and beautiful). See my answer. – D.W. Aug 18 '11 at 7:44
How about this idea:
 - We'll assume that the integers in the sets are all in the range [2, N] for some agreed-upon N. (why is the start of the range '2'? Because the below protocol doesn't work with the element 1; if the set has a different range, it is straight-forward to have a public mapping between the values that the set can be, and the range [2, N], if need be)
We'll call side 1's set E_i, and side 2's set F_i.
 - Both sides agree on a prime p with the properties:
 - Both p and (p-1)/2 are prime
 - (p-1)/2 > N
 - p is large enough that the decisional Diffie-Hellman problem is infeasible (decisional DH problem? Well, if the dDH problem was feasible, someone could attempt to attempt to use it to find matching pairs).
Phase 1:
 - Side 1 select a random value 1 <= e < (p-1)/2, computes the values P_i = (E_i)^(2e) mod p, shuffle those values into random order, and sends those values to side 2. (why 2e? Well, it's so that someone won't be able to use whether the elements were Quadratic Residues as a tag


,,,,
In 1880, Gustave Lundberg and Christian Carff, planing mill operators, set up a direct current electric light plant, probably the first in Utah. It was a small Thompson-Houston machine with a capacity of fifty arcs, providing five lights for Logan City at $15.00 per month per light. January, 1886, the Logan Electric Light and Power Company was organized, capital stock $5000, one-half subscribed by Lundberg and Garff and the balance by Logan City Commissioners. In 1888, the city acquired complete ownership and it became Utah's first municipal electric light plant.


Skip to main content
West Allotment – Life in a Mining Village
My grandfather walked each day to and from the pit, a distance of approximately five miles.
We lived in the shadow of the pit heaps. Most of the small roads were laid with clinker. That's where Catherine Cookson got her title 'The Cinder Path'. A number of small railways crossed the roads and wagons would rumble past taking coals to the staithes at Wallsend. A short distance from our house was the house of George Stephenson, famous for his engineering work and builder of the 'Rocket'. At the point of the road where the wagons crossed was a small signal cabin where the signalman sat. He changed the signals by hand and stopped the traffic with his red flag and sent it on its way with his green one. My paternal grandfather was a miner for all his working life. He walked each day to and from the pit, a distance of approximately five miles. His life came to an end in the signal cabin where he suffered a heart attack well before his retirement was due.
My maternal grandfather was also a miner. He had fought in the Boer War and the Great War, but later lost an eye while working in the pit. He received no compensation for this, but, after a period of convalescence during which no money came into the house, he returned work. He couldn't work at the coal face any more, so his wage was greatly reduced.
As far as I remember, miners were given free coal as part of their wages. Miner's widows also had a less amount of free coal. They often sold this to the neighbours. They weren't supposed to, but the colliery turned a blind eye.


text: Binocular rivalry is an important phenomenon for understanding the mechanisms of visual awareness. Here we assessed the functional locus of binocular rivalry relative to blind spot filling-in, which is thought to transpire in V1, thus providing a reference point for assessing the locus of rivalry. We conducted two experiments to explore the functional order of binocular rivalry and blind spot filling-in. Experiment 1 examined if the information filled-in at the blind spot can engage in rivalry with a physical stimulus at the corresponding location in the fellow eye. Participants' perceptual reports showed no difference between this condition and a condition where filling-in was precluded by presenting the same stimuli away from the blind spot, suggesting that the rivalry process is not influenced by any filling-in that might occur. In Experiment 2, we presented the fellow eye's stimulus directly in rivalry with the 'inducer' stimulus that surrounds the blind spot, and compared it with two control conditions away from the blind spot: one involving a ring physically identical to the inducer, and one involving a disc that resembled the filled-in percept. Perceptual reports in the blind spot condition resembled those in the 'ring' condition, more than those in the latter, 'disc' condition, indicating that a perceptually suppressed inducer does not engender filling-in. Thus, our behavioral data suggest binocular rivalry functionally precedes blind spot filling-in. We conjecture that the neural substrate of binocular rivalry suppression includes processing stages at or before V1.


text:
For most companies, a strong business case exists for decreasing waste, cutting energy and water consumption, minimizing transportation costs, curtailing emissions, and/or undertaking other environmentally beneficial initiatives.
Before your company spends a lot of money on certification programs, public relations campaigns, or consultant reports, consider how you can use systems like your CMMS for creating key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to your business, setting reasonable targets, and executing an action plan for achieving them. Let's look at some specific ways in which your CMMS might help you manage energy costs and meet environmental goals.
The greatest cost of an asset stems from the "operate and maintain" stage of its lifecycle. On average, this accounts for roughly 80% of the total cost of ownership. During this stage of the asset lifecycle, one of the largest cost categories is the energy consumed by the asset.
Your CMMS will let users set improvement targets and track their progress. Some more-modern CMMS packages can track energy consumption – not unlike the metering of any asset for condition-based maintenance. This may require the addition of metering capability for individual assets, as many companies rely on utility companies to meter only site-level energy consumption.
Once individual assets are metered for energy consumption, data can be analyzed on a detailed basis. This allows for the following:
- Use of condition-based monitoring, such as detecting equipment downtime, power surges, brownouts, and other important triggers
- Correlation of other factors, such as aging and wear factors and prediction failure or other significant events
- Analysis of peak, average, and total consumption
- Translation of consumption volumes into dollar values
- Use of lifecycle analysis to compare total cost of ownership for older equipment with costs for newer, more energy-efficient equipment
- Validation and better understanding of utility bills.
Three basic goals of any Lean Six Sigma improvement program are to reduce non-value-added activities, minimize variation in processes and products, and eliminate waste. A CMMS system is an invaluable tool for ensuring these are met, as through the following:
- Pareto analysis on cause and action codes for work orders resulting from quality problems or unexpected downtime
- Development of a work program complete with standardized and optimized job plans detailing how assets are to be operated and maintained
- Condition monitoring to ensure minimal variation in processes and products and triggering of maintenance work orders if something trends outside control limits
- Schedule compliance reporting to ensure the work program is executed on time, thereby minimizing the risk of variation, waste, and non-value added activities such as unexpected downtime.
Operators should be trained on not only how to operate equipment properly but also how to recognize and possibly even remediate anomalous findings, such as unusual noises, vibrations, or gauge readings. Maintenance can then be dispatched, or operators may be able to quickly make appropriate adjustments to reduce the risk of variation, waste, or downtime.
As assets become more complex and smarter, the lines between operators and maintainers continue to blur. This is why many companies have merged the two roles with titles such as "production technician." Some companies also have adopted Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) principles, pushing much of the responsibility for adjustments, inspections, and minor maintenance to operators. TPM has been growing in popularity over the past 20 years, albeit slowly.
Almost all businesses require some level of facilities management. Building operations account for about 75% of electricity consumed in the United States, about 50% of U.S. energy consumption by sector, and more than 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by sector, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2012). This sector is targeted for significant improvement in the next decade, via the design and construction of new facilities that have a much smaller carbon footprint.
Existing facilities can take a variety of steps to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Modern CMMS packages can assist in this regard as buildings are simply one of five asset classes (i.e., production equipment, facilities, fleet, infrastructure, and technology assets). Here's how an advanced CMMS can help:
- The system will generate and track a facility condition index (FCI), used to assess a building asset's condition. The FCI is defined as the ratio of renewal cost in a given year to the replacement cost of an asset converted to a percentage (i.e., facility is in good condition if FCI <5%, and in critical condition if FCI >20%).
- The CMMS integrates with building management systems to better operate and maintain safety, electrical, and mechanical systems. Work orders are generated if systems or components trend outside normal operating conditions.
- CMMS dashboards monitoring energy consumption and carbon emissions can be used to observe the effects of improvement initiatives, such as lowering room temperatures, increasing insulation, or mounting solar panels.
Fleet or mobile assets such as trucks and rail cars can contribute substantially to your carbon footprint. More-sophisticated CMMS packages have features unique to fleet assets, including the ability to track the following:
- Fuel consumption rate
- Tire pressure, as this relates to energy efficiency
- Vehicle mileage, use, and real-time operational status
- Wear measure history and analysis of tires, brakes, etc.
Whether your company is large or small, you can encourage (or require) your suppliers to adopt best practices related to reducing their carbon footprint (and in turn your costs). You also can give preference to suppliers that promote green products, produced locally at prices competitive with offshore sources (i.e., minimizing transportation). Most CMMS packages today have the ability to track supplier history, and create a scorecard to rate your suppliers using multiple, user-definable criteria (e.g., quality of a supplier's energy management program).


text:
Interhemispheric interactions between the primary motor cortices (M1) have been described with a variety of TMS methods. Here we give a detailed description of the interhemispheric interactions of a period of theta burst simulation (TBS), a rapid method of producing long lasting after-effects on the excitability of the stimulated M1. A total of 18 right handed healthy subjects participated. In most experiments, continuous and intermittent TBS (cTBS and iTBS) were delivered over the right M1 using a coil orientated to induce antero-posterior followed by postero-anterior (AP-PA) currents in the brain. The intensity of stimulation was 80% of active motor threshold (AMT), and a total of 600 pulses were applied. The effects on the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were evaluated in the left and right M1 before and at three different times after TBS. We also tested long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) in right M1 and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from right to left M1. Finally, to explore the effect of different polarities of cTBS over dominant and non-dominant hemisphere we delivered AP-PA and postero-anterior followed by antero-posterior (PA-AP) cTBS over either right or left M1 and tested MEPs in both hemispheres. In the stimulated hemisphere, cTBS reduced MEPs and SICI whereas iTBS increased MEPs and SICI. In the non-stimulated hemisphere cTBS increased MEPs and reduced SICI, while iTBS reduced MEPs and increased SICI. There were no effects on ICF, LICI or IHI. Although both AP-PA cTBS and PA-AP cTBS reduced MEPs in the stimulated M1, the former increased MEPs from non-stimulated M1 whereas the latter did not. There was no difference in the effect of cTBS on the dominant or non-dominant hemisphere.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Supersymmetric long-range t-J model as a new canonical model for strongly correlated fermions
Y. Kuramoto
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
3 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
The origin of the characteristic spectrum in the t-J model is ascribed to a hidden continuous symmetry. The Lie group theory gives the exact eigenstates as generalized plane waves in a fictitious Riemannian space. In the high-density limit, the model is exactly mapped to the nonlinear σ model.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)831-833
Number of pages3
JournalPhysica B: Physics of Condensed Matter
Volume186-188
Issue numberC
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1993 May 2
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
 - Condensed Matter Physics
 - Electrical and Electronic Engineering
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Effect of nanotube cap on the aromaticity of single-wall carbon nanotubes
- Additional Document Info
- View All
The aromaticky properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes are investigated using density functional theory to determine the nucleus independent chemical shift at the open end of one-end-closed nanotubes and twoends-open nanotubes. Two chiralities: near-arm-chair (6,5) and near-zigzag (9,1) nanotubes of identical diameter and each one having a unique cap compatible with their structure are examined for a comparison of their aromatic properties and the influence of the presence of the cap on such properties. The influence of the cap structure is also analyzed on the (8,3) nanotube having a larger diameter and being compatible with three different caps. We conclude that the presence of the cap and the specific chirality provide distinct aromaticity and reactivity properties to single-wall carbon nanotubes, whereas for a given chirality the particular nature of the cap seems to be of no relevance for these properties. 2008 American Chemical Society.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C
author list (cited authors)
Zhao, J., & Balbuena, P. B.
complete list of authors
Zhao, Jin||Balbuena, Perla B


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If you spend much time in the British countryside, it's likely you'll be familiar with the pungent aroma lingering in the air after a farmer has been out muck-spreading – often ironically referred to as 'that fresh country air', it's the by-product of the natural cow-poo, or slurry, our farmers (among others) use as fertiliser. However, a growing number of our farmers are using more environmentally-friendly spreading techniques and in doing so, helping to reclaim the idea of 'fresh country air' and making it altogether sweeter smelling.
Limited-edition room fragrance
To help people smell the benefits of these increasingly used muck-spreading techniques, we've created a new limited-edition room fragrance, recreating the sweet yet earthy aroma of our farmers' country meadows… without the added element of pungent poo! Created in partnership with fragrance experts CPL Aromas, the scent is a refreshing blend of grasses, nettles, tree sap and a gentle sweetness of straw and is available as a reed diffuser to gently bring the new definition of 'fresh country air' into homes around the UK.
Environmentally friendly techniques
This comes as more of our dairy farmers are exploring alternative forms of spreading the nutrient-rich slurry across their land. These environmentally friendly techniques reduce the amount of ammonia and other smelly gasses escaping into the air, as is the case with the traditional 'spreading' method.
Instead, techniques such as dribble bars or even injecting the slurry directly into the ground with specialist equipment can lead to a reduction in air-born emissions of between 30 and 90 per cent*, which makes a noticeable difference to the smell of the air around the farms. These alternative techniques also have additional environmental benefits as they place the slurry directly onto or into the ground, leading the nutrients within it to be pulled further into the soil, enriching it with nitrogen and also stopping nitrous oxide from being leaked into the atmosphere.
A view from an Arla Farmer and Ben Fogle
One Arla farmer exploring these alternative techniques is Jason Bayley, he says: "Manure handling typically contributes towards a dairy farm's emissions, so anything we can do to reduce that amount by using alternative ways to spread the nutrient-rich manure across the land, then it feels like an obvious option to explore. I must also say, even though I'm used to the smell of manure after all these years, I do notice it's fresher around the fields when the slurry has been put directly into the ground!"
We've also been joined on this journey by Ben Fogle, the well-known countryside Broadcaster, who visited Jason's farm to find out more: "While that whiff of cow poo in the air after muck spreading takes me back to day trips out with my family as a kid, I must admit the benefits of these more environmentally-friendly methods do more than make up for the loss in nostalgia. It's great to know that the agricultural community is always looking at ways to become more sustainable."
The potential impact such on-farm changes can have on the environment is why we're helping our farmers monitor and share best practice on their collective journey to carbon net zero. As we share vital information and learnings on this and other sustainability initiatives with all our 2,400 UK farmers, we're helping to make the fresh country air even fresher for everyone.


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Performance evaluation of Dakawa irrigation scheme Morogoro Tanzania
Sokoine University of Agriculture
Many irrigation schemes which have been built in Tanzania are performing below standard. This situation has resulted in low scheme production. Major causes for poor performance may vary between different schemes. However, a comprehensive performance evaluation of these schemes may bring a common understanding on the way to improve the performance and enhance crop productivity in the irrigation schemes. This Study was conducted to evaluate the overall irrigation performance of a cooperate irrigation scheme in Dakawa Irrigation Schemes. In this scheme, water abstraction weir was designed and constructed along Wami river to deliver water to a main canal in a typical cooperate irrigation schemes. Flows to each of the secondary canals were measured using calibrated staff gauges. The discharge data along with climatic data was used in computing overall irrigation performance, irrigation water supply, distribution performance, productivity of land and water, equity of irrigation water supply, relative water supply, relative irrigation supply, water delivery capacity and irrigation ratio. Moreover, social economic survey was also conducted to assess financial self-sufficiency, fee collection, relative water costs, technical knowledge of staff and sustainability of irrigable area. Irrigation performance indicators were also used to compare performance among different cultivated areas. Review of documents, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and field measurements was administered to collect information on irrigation and land use practiced by farmers. The results show that the main canal supplied 4160 l/s of water for irrigation to all secondary canals which uses 4003 l/s during the cropping season to meet crop demand for the entire irrigation scheme. However, the farmers at the head and middle reaches abstracted more water than they required and consequently caused a shortage of water supply to farmers at the tail-end reach. The result also shows that the overall coefficient of variation in the discharge of water to al secondary canals was within the acceptable range which is 67%. This adequate coefficient of variation was due to improvements done in the whole scheme area including the pump house. The seasonal equity of water distribution in secondary canals in Dakawa was considered fair because all eight secondary canals equity values were above 62.5 percent. The productivity of land and output per command area in the Dakawa scheme is 8 198 346 US$. High productivity could be attributed to use of high–level inputs including sub-optimal cropping intensities. The relatively high values of output per irrigation supply suggest that the efficiency with which water is being used in the scheme is high. From the focus group discussion, it was found out that farmers still have limited understanding of irrigation scheduling and irrigation water management, as a result, some areas were overirrigated while others faced water shortage. This situation calls for more farmers training to be conducted in the Dakawa Irrigation Scheme. Same actions may be considered to other existing irrigation schemes in Tanzania.
Dakawa irrigation scheme, Performance evaluation, Morogoro, Tanzania


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Food education in the Sea-to-Sky Corridor.
Compost System Research
The main objective of the compost system research project was to find a composting system that does not attract animals, produces good quality compost and educates families about waste reduction and sustainable gardening practices.
The five composting systems tested were built by volunteers and includede: vermiculture (worm bins), rotating bins, 3-bin design, a pit system and a compost tower.
Healthy Pregnancy Outreach
Squamish and Pemberton
_PHONE_
The Healthy Pregnancy Outreach, also known as the Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Program is a free program designed to assist women in maintaining good health and having healthy babies. The focus is on food supplements, nutritional counselling, support, education, referral to other services, and counselling to pregnant women.
Please contact Suzie Soman for more information and to register
Howe Sound Secondary School — Professional Cook's Training
Howe Sound Secondary School offers a professional cook's training program for students for credit. The program is offered in partnership with Vancouver Community College.
This college level course will cover Level 1 of the Provincial Cooking Curriculum. This course is designed to provide the student with a solid basic understanding of the Culinary Arts and its practical fundamentals. The graduate should be instantly employable and able to be successful in almost any kind of professional kitchen.
Costs for this program are minimal (materials and supplies only) as it is funded through ACE-IT, a new industry certification program for BC high schools.
Pemberton Children's Centre — Nutritional Snacks and Meals Workshops
The workshops aimed to share ideas with parents for healthy snacks and meals for children aged 0 to 6. Putting children First (PCC) hosted two evening workshops–October 15 and November 2 6, each 2 hours long, and both led by a VCH Community Nutritionist. The issues explored were:
- The feeding relationship–never force a child to eat or reward your child with food.
- Parents decide what food is served and when
- Children decide whether and how much to eat
- Role modeling to help the child eat a variety of healthy food
- Aim to eat meals together as a family
- Timing — offer 3 meals and 1 to 3 snacks each day to keep up with your toddler's high energy needs
- Meal planning — planning in advance makes it easier to fit healthy eating into your busy day and helps curb impulsive shopping and spending
- Canada's good guide–include foods from at least 3 food groups for each meal, and include foods from at least 2 groups for each snack
- Ideas and recipes for snacks and meals
Participants did food preparation and received copies of the Healthy Start Model Menu Recipe Book.
Pemberton Meadow Childcare — Healthy Snacks
The goal of the project was to encourage and support parents to provide healthy snacks and meals to children aged 2.5 to 5 years. Two workshops on healthy foods for preschoolers were delivered to parents and caregivers. The focus was healthy lunch and snacks that are easy and affordable. Dinner and childminding were offered to make it easier for parents to attend.
"One fun aspect of the workshop was demonstrating how much sugar is in drinks. For this I put out an assortment of drinks and then sugar cubes equal to the amount of sugar that is in each drink. As this is very visual it works well with parents. I also showed some possible treats that would go into the children's lunches. We compared 2 oreos to 7 arrowroot crackers to 10 rice crackers. The two oreos had 3 times as much fat. Another focus of tihs was that children would be happy with the arrowroots or the rice crackers. How parents present it makes a difference."
Skatin First Nation — Head of the Lake School — Traditional Food Preservation
The project started with a proposal to purchase four food dehydrators and $120 worth of seeds and blueberry bushes. Due to a staff change, the proposal was reframed to focus on the more traditional food preservation approach of smoking. A $500 Bradley smoker was puchased instead. The project includes a child and youth education program about preserving salmon and related cultural teachings.


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Total White Population 36 Years Old (Metro)
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 General Notes: White includes people who identify themselves as White and people who do not identify themselves by any race but identify themselves by nationality such as Canadian, German, Italian, Arab, Lebanese, Near Eastern, or Polish. Hispanic population are persons of Spanish origin regardless of race; White, African American, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Asian or Pacific Islander populations do not include Hispanic persons; these four races plus Hispanics sum to total residential population. Historical data are revised each year and some historical data are estimated for witheld data due to disclosure and confidentiality policies.
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This post isn't about "tiled UVs" ("UDIM"), it's about multiple UV sets (layouts).
Polygon mesh models can have multiple UV sets. this becomes useful when the UV layout that is optimal for a certain texture isn't efficient for different texture (in the same material).
For example, we might have a model of furniture, or clothing, in which the UV layout that is best for the fabric weave pattern, isn't the best for dirt and wear & tear, or stickers.
In such cases we can define different UV sets for the model, each suitable for a different texture.
In this example, having a separate UV Set for the logo texture allows placing it without affecting the checker texture that is displayed an all the surfaces:
To create multiple UV sets:
- In the UV editor view, from the UV Sets menu, select UV Set Editor to open the UV Set Editor:
- In the UV Set Editor, press the New button to create a new UV Set and double click it in the list to rename it:
- Close the UV Sets Editor.
The UV Editor view now displays the new UV Set that is empty, and UV creation and editing operations will now affect the new UV Set.
- To switch to edit a different UV Set, select it from the list at the bottom of the UV Sets menu:
To link a texture to a specific UV Set:
- Make sure the texture is connected to the material set for the model.
- Select the model.
- Open Windows > Relationship Editors > UV Linking > Texture-Centric:
- Select the wanted texture from the material texture list on the left and select the wanted UV Set from the models UV Sets list on the right:
Basic UV Unwrapping
More posts about Maya
By default, the view-ports Camera view in Blender displays the view from the camera that is set as the scene's Active Camera.
If you split the view and in the new view select a different camera and set it as the Active Camera, the view in other view-ports set to camera view will update to display the new Active camera.
In short, by default, it seems you can't assign different camera views to different view-ports..
But you can…
You just have to unlock the wanted view-port from the scene's Active Camera by de-activating this button:
When the Use the scene's Active Camera and layers in this view button is de-activated, your allowed to set an Active Camera for the specific view-port without changing the scene's Active Camera setting, therefore not affecting other view-ports displaying the camera view.
Use the Select Pattern tool to select multiple objects with name similarities.
- In the 3D View in Object mode choose Select > Select Pattern…
- In the Select Pattern dialog, type a part of a name with an Asterisk to define wild cards.
For example *car* will select all objects who's names contain the string 'car',
And car* will select all objects who's names begin with the string 'car'.
To remove all the selected objects from all Groups:
Press Shift + Ctrl + Alt + G
1) Select multiple objects
2) Alt + Click wanted parameter and change it
1) Select multiple objects
2) Set the wanted parameter
3) right click parameter and choose 'Copy To Selected'
* Do the same for grouped parameters like vectors using 'Copy All To Selected'


text: The bacterial 16S tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) method was used to carry out the classification analysis of bacterial flora in adult female and male horn flies and horn fly eggs. The bTEFAP method identified 16S rDNA sequences in our samples which allowed the identification of various prokaryotic taxa associated with the life stage examined. This is the first comprehensive report of bacterial flora associated with the horn fly using a culture-independent method. Several rumen, environmental, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria associated with the horn fly were identified and quantified. This is the first report of the presence of Wolbachia in horn flies of USA origin and is the first report of the presence of Rikenella in an obligatory blood feeding insect.


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Tuesday 5th February 2019
The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Hillier, has opened the High-G training and test facility at RAF Cranwell.
The £44m project is used by fast jet pilots in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force to replicate flight in aircraft such as the Hawk, Typhoon and new F-35 Lightning aircraft. Pilots are able to experience up to 9G – nine times the normal gravitational pull of the Earth – and learn how to use their specialist in-cockpit flying equipment to help them cope with these stresses. The centrifuge can accelerate up to 9G in one second and rotate up to 34 times a minute.
The new facility revolutionises High-G training as pilots are not simply strapped into the device and exposed to G-force but are able to 'fly' as they would in a flight simulator as the pilot manoeuvres the aircraft and applies the G-force.
Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal, Sir Stephen Hillier said:
"I am delighted to see our new High-G Training Facility opened today and to be able to mark this step-change in how we train our pilots. By exposing our Typhoon, Lightning and Hawk pilots to High-G forces in a tailor-made and completely controlled environment, we are significantly enhancing safety in the air and making a major contribution to our operational effectiveness. Today represents another major milestone in the RAF's impressive modernisation programme."
Pilots benefit from a cockpit which closely represents that of their normal aircraft enabling them to conduct a plethora of training scenarios from air-to-air combat to dealing with in-bound missile threats.
The device will also be used to trial and test new equipment to be used on fast jet aircraft and by the pilots. This will also ensure that the testing is done in a benign environment before being trialled in live flight.
Director Air Support at DE&S, Richard Murray said:
"This new and exciting facility is replacing the High-G trainer until recently used by Defence; that dates from the 1950s and no longer matches the performance of the modern fast jet aircraft such as the F-35 and Typhoon.
"The Centrifuge is capable of accelerating up to 9-G in just one second, but rather than just sitting in it, the replica, flyable cockpit delivers realistic and immersive training, helping to simulate real-life missions while teaching pilots to deal with acceleration and High G-forces."
The new facility at RAF Cranwell is used by fast jet pilots progressing through the UK Military Flying Training System and into their flying careers. Fast jet pilots will refresh their training at least every 5 years to keep them as safe as possible and current in the techniques used to handle High-G forces in flight.
The RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine is using the facility to train aircrew to recognise the effects of G-force, develop awareness of it and learn the physical techniques needed to counter the effects on their bodies during combat missions. Up to 300 aircrew will receive training on the centrifuge each year.
The 39-tonne centrifuge built by Thales UK has seen the company team up with world leading centrifuge specialists AMST from Austria to design and build the equipment. Thales has been training RAF aircrew since the 1930s providing over 300 complex simulators for 60 different platforms.
Thales UK Chief Executive Officer, Victor Chavez said:
"Only 24 months ago we cut the turf to set this project on its way, so to see the centrifuge in full operation is a testament to great collaborative working from Thales, DE&S and the RAF.
"Thales has been training RAF aircrew since the 1930s, that's more than 80 years of providing 300-plus complex simulators for 60 different platforms. The High-G Training and Test Facility is our next exciting chapter in this long-standing training partnership with the RAF."
Top image: Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Hillier KCB CBE DFC ADC MA RAF in the gondola of the new High-G training facility at RAF College Cranwell.


I'm a renter or have a shaded roof. Can I still use solar power?
If you have a shaded roof, the short answer is "no, " and if you are a renter the answer is "maybe." Renters can benefit from a rule known as virtual net metering that allows them to share the output of a solar system at multi-tenant buildings. Additionally, the concept of community solar could open up solar to renters, those with shaded roofs, and many others. However, it is currently not available to PG&E customers.
Virtual Net Metering
Virtual Net Metering
Virtual net metering allows solar energy to be credited to the electricity bills of multiple tenants in a building.
If you are a renter in a multi-tenant building, you and your neighbors can share the benefits of solar energy through an arrangement called virtual net metering (VNM). VNM is the concept of allocating an on-site energy source to tenants across multiple units through the utility billing system, rather than by hard-wiring separate energy systems to each unit's electricity meter. In addition to simplifying the installation process and saving money, VNM has greater flexibility because the landlord or HOA can administratively reassign shares of energy from one unit to another. Tenants that participate in VNM receive credit on their utility bill just like customers who have a solar energy system hard-wired to their electricity meter.
Under VNM, the solar system owner (likely the landlord) provides PG&E with a list of tenants, including PG&E account numbers, that want to participate, and indicates the percentage of the solar system's total output that each tenant should be credited for on their bill. The Robinson family in apartment 2 might sign up for 15%, the Garcias in apartment 5 for 10%, and so on. Then, at the end of the month, each family's electricity usage (kWh) is offset by its share of solar energy, reducing the family's electricity bill. If a family receives more solar energy than is used in a given month, it receives a credit for the value of the difference. That credit is applied to another month's bill.
You can learn more about VNM by reading PG&E's VNM Application and Interconnection Agreement. Building owners or HOAs interested in using VNM to supply solar energy to multiple tenants should also read about options for financing solar systems. Interested renters should speak to their landlords to encourage them to consider installing solar and using VNM.
Community Shared Solar
Community shared solar is the term most often used to describe solar systems that supply electricity to multiple customers within a geographic region (e.g., neighborhood, city, utility service area). In many ways, community shared solar is similar to onsite solar. For instance, the electricity produced by the solar system offsets charges for the participant's monthly electricity use. However, community shared solar does not require the solar system to be located on a participant's property, allowing multiple participants to invest in and benefit from a single, centralized solar system.
Community shared solar is currently not available to customers in PG&E's service territory. However, it would be an useful tool to expand access to solar energy for customers who otherwise are unable to benefit from solar. This includes those who rent, have a shaded roof, do not have the financial resources needed to meet the up-front costs of investing in solar energy on their property, or simply are not interested in hosting onsite solar.
Community shared solar has been successfully implemented by numerous utilities and states, and the California Legislature has considered legislation to create a statewide community solar program. To learn more, download our short paper on Community Shared Solar with the basics of community shared solar, examples of existing programs, and community shared solar's potential to expand San Francisco's solar market.


Social media impacts college students
By Hailey Angulo
Pulse Staff Writer
Over the past few years the use of social media has skyrocketed. According to, 98 percent of 18-24 year olds use some form of social media whether it be Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr or Pinterest.
With the introduction of new sites each year, it's no wonder why so many students are forming social media addictions.
"I wake up and check my phone (Twitter and Instagram) every morning like it is a part of my routine," said Palo Alto student Selena Guerrero, a sophomore Education major. "I like to know what was going on while I'm asleep and keep up with all my friends."
Guerrero isn't alone with her social media habit. According to, 56 percent of people check their Facebook daily and 12 percent check theirs every couple of hours. Aside from just checking notifications on their social media accounts, people spend an average of about three and a half hours on these sites, which calculates to about 24.5 hours per week. At the end of the year, the average user has spent 52 days on social media websites.
What makes these sites so addicting?
"At first I used social media just to pass time and over time it just became a habit," said Darian Ruggles, freshman Business Administration major.
Studies show social media can be compared to the feelings we get from eating food or having money. According to, when test subjects were asked a series of questions about their opinion and others opinions while hooked up to an MRI machine, researchers found that the area of the brain associated with reward were strongly engaged when people were talking about themselves rather than when they were talking about someone else. The addiction forms because we feel rewarded when updating statuses or posting pictures.
This year, The Miriam Hospital in Rhode Island did a study on college freshman to uncover if social media has an effect on colleges students' GPA. The results showed students who used less social media were attending classes regularly and completing homework while those who used more social media were more likely to abuse alcohol, have anxiety, have poor academic performance.
Facebook is still the number one social networking site, but Twitter is following closely behind.
"I'll admit, I am addicted to social media. Instead of studying, I find myself checking Twitter or texting. I'm even on it during class and at work…" said PAC student Britney Lopez, a sophomore Business Management major.
Just like any other habits, a social media habit is hard to break. suggests having a shut down time on your computer to limit the amount of time you spend on it, or downloading productive apps like Garminfit to encourage you to work out, or Due, which is used to keep your day scheduled to use social media in a positive light.
Students are aware that social media may impede on their ability to be successful.
"I will continue to use social media, but I know that if I want to reach my future goals, I need to keep it to a minimum and focus on my priorities," said Lopez.