text:
KeepIt course module 4, Southampton, 18-19 March 2010
Tools this module: Plato, EPrints preservation apps
Tags Find out more about: this module KeepIt course 4, the full KeepIt course
Presentations and tutorial exercises course 4 (source files)
We continue our journey through the KeepIt course modules, adding commentary and context to the core materials for those who want to follow and apply the course at their own speed.
Module 4 is the penultimate module, and in some ways the culmination of the course – certainly it is the culmination of modules 3 and 4 and our approach to put preservation in the repository interface.
We've seen in courses 1 and 2 that digital preservation should be built into general information management – institutional policy and costings – but there's an area that differentiates digital preservation, it's somewhat technical and concerns file format characteristics. We learned about those characteristics in the previous module, KeepIt course 3.
In this module we will be using another tool, Plato, to create a preservation plan to manage file format characteristics, and applying this to files in a repository based on EPrints. The PLANETS project provided opportunities to learn about and practice with Plato, and EPrints offers regular training courses some of which will feature preservation, but this course module, and its final live incarnation, is the only place to put these pieces together. Once again we have top class presenters, who designed and built the tools you will be using.
Putting it in the interface: the importance of a familiar workspace
Apple recently launched a new machine – the iPad. It provoked differing opinions, from 'can't wait to use' to 'not revolutionary, just a bigger iPhone'. Why expect another revolution so soon? The key is the familiarity of the interface: "That's all people who already know how to use the iPad", said Steve Jobs, in perhaps the line that epitomised Apple's design approach to the interface of the new device.
EPrints is not Apple, but it is attempting to put preservation in the repository interface, to enable tasks to be accomplished in a familiar working environment.
First, the previous module was a primer for this one, so a quick recap might help. We began with preservation workflow (slide 7). This will underpin our work in this module. We looked at the two ends of the workflow – finding out what we have (identification), and considering the type of preservation actions we may have to take (if any). We recognised risk as an area we will wish to control and moderate.
As an example we looked at the broad risks (slide 8) associated with some formats we identified in a typical repository format profile. Our teams compared and rated some familiar formats (slide 9). But note, we also came up with reasons why our 'winning' formats might not be the best choice in all situations.
We next looked at significant properties using the F-B-S engineering design framework (slide 13):
- Function-the purpose of the design
- Structure-of the designated digital object
- Behaviour-what a user wants from the object
In this way we aim to identify and understand the critical characteristics of an object that we seek to preserve, recognising that it's not just what you preserve but how you preserve it that can affect its use.
We did an exercise to analyse the structure of emails (slide 14), where we were seeking to identify the behaviours required of the structural elements of an email (slide 15), and then classified these in five high-level categories (slide 16). A second exercise revealed that the expected behaviours of our email can be different depending on the user (slide 17).
In two rapid sessions we looked at two means to document these characteristics (slide 19):
- Open Provenance Model
Not forgetting we began module 3 with a simple numbers exercise to show why it matters to document the significant characteristics and history of objects: numbers can change, features can change, information can change whenever it is transmitted and transcribed. Unless you are careful, you will not end up with the information you started with (slide 21).
There we have it, module 3 in a single slide (slide 22).
Digital preservation fundamentals: a recap
Now we will put it all to work in a repository. First, Andreas Rauber and Hannes Kulovits from the Vienna University of Technology will answer the question Why do we need digital preservation? This broad recap of digital preservation fundamentals will be familiar to many, but Rauber and Kulovits are skilled presenters and held KeepIt course particpants rapt.
What follows in this module, KeepIt course 4, is:
- Discover support for large-scale storage in EPrints (version 3.2) – go here next if you wish to follow this course module in the order of presentation
- Create a test set of data in our training repositories to investigate how we can manage format risk with EPrints
- The output of this stage we will take forward to create a preservation plan in Plato
- Finally, we will enact that plan back in our EPrints repository
Although we are using training repositories based on EPrints, we expect similar approaches to become available for other repository softwares.


I don't understand is how is the structure set up, what is the key and the value in the map, what is the purpose of the compare value (I know it gets called three times when the push_back is done). Can anyone help me with this problem?
 Thanks in advance.
 2. #2
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 Posts
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 typedef std::map<index, indices_pointers, cmp_lt_vertex> vertex_map;
 The type vertex_map uses the type index as the key and the type indices_pointers as the data. Each element of the map map is actually a pair where the the first value of the pair is the key and the second is the data. Each element of the map is stored in the map in sorted order according to the cmp_lt_vertex function.
 INMO, using this example to learn STL maps, or other aspects of STL, is like using Hoefstaders "Goedel, Escher, and Bach" to learn English---it can be done, but only with extreme measures.
 You're only born perfect.
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 Quote Originally Posted by elad
 typedef std::map<index, indices_pointers, cmp_lt_vertex> vertex_map;
 The type vertex_map uses the type index as the key and the type indices_pointers as the data. Each element of the map map is actually a pair where the the first value of the pair is the key and the second is the data.
 Yeah, I realized that, what I don't understand is for example, is the following line:
 Code:
 VertexMap[Indices[j]].push_back((index *) &(Indices[j]));
 I haven't seen any stl map example that uses the push_back function. I suppose that this line stores Indices[j] as the key, and (index *) &(Indices[j]) as the value, is that right?
 Quote Originally Posted by elad
 Each element of the map is stored in the map in sorted order according to the cmp_lt_vertex function.
 I don't understand this one either. How does the compare function works? I know that it has to return a bool, what does it mean if it returns true and what does it mean when it returns false?
 Quote Originally Posted by elad
 INMO, using this example to learn STL maps, or other aspects of STL, is like using Hoefstaders "Goedel, Escher, and Bach" to learn English---it can be done, but only with extreme measures.
 Yeah, too bad I had to bump into this code to realize I had to learn STL. Anyway I got myself a book(STL Tutorial and Reference Guide: C++ Programming with the Standard Template Library (2nd Edition)) that's helping me a bit, but its not enough.
 Thanks a lot for the help.
 4. #4
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 Quote Originally Posted by Hulag
 Yeah, I realized that, what I don't understand is for example, is the following line:
 Code:
 VertexMap[Indices[j]].push_back((index *) &(Indices[j]));
 I haven't seen any stl map example that uses the push_back function. I suppose that this line stores Indices[j] as the key, and (index *) &(Indices[j]) as the value, is that right?
 Wrong. VertexMap[Indices[j]] looks up the element of the map with the key Indices[j]. This element is of the type indices_pointers, which is a typedef for vector<index *>. push_back is then called on this vector.
 I don't understand this one either. How does the compare function works? I know that it has to return a bool, what does it mean if it returns true and what does it mean when it returns false?
 Depends on the function. This particular functor has "lt" in the name, which I guess means "less than". Thus, if the function returns true then the first argument is "less than" the second, whatever that means.
 It's not important what exactly it means, what's important is that it creates a strict weak ordering for the keys.
 All the buzzt!
 CornedBee
 "There is not now, nor has there ever been, nor will there ever be, any programming language in which it is the least bit difficult to write bad code."
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the abbreviation "iff" first appeared in print in John L. Kelley's 1955 book ''General Topology''. Its invention is often credited to
Paul Halmos Paul Richard Halmos ( hu, Halmos Pál; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a HungarianHungarian may refer to: * Hungary, a country in Central Europe * Kingdom of Hungary, state of Hungary, existing between 1000 and 1946 * Hungarians, ethnic g ...
, who wrote "I invented 'iff,' for 'if and only if'—but I could never believe I was really its first inventor." It is somewhat unclear how "iff" was meant to be pronounced. In current practice, the single 'word' "iff" is almost always read as the four words "if and only if". However, in the preface of ''General Topology'', Kelley suggests that it should be read differently: "In some cases where mathematical content requires 'if and only if' and
euphony Phonaesthetics (also spelled phonesthetics in North America North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the A ...
euphony
demands something less I use Halmos' 'iff'". The authors of one discrete mathematics textbook suggest: "Should you need to pronounce iff, really hang on to the 'ff' so that people hear the difference from 'if'", implying that "iff" could be pronounced as .
Usage in definitions
Technically, definitions are always "if and only if" statements; some texts — such as Kelley's ''General Topology'' — follow the strict demands of logic, and use "if and only if" or ''iff'' in definitions of new terms. However, this logically correct usage of "if and only if" is relatively uncommon, as the majority of textbooks, research papers and articles (including English Wikipedia articles) follow the special convention to interpret "if" as "if and only if", whenever a mathematical definition is involved (as in "a topological space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover").
Distinction from "if" and "only if"
* ''"Madison will eat the fruit if it is an apple."'' (equivalent to ''"Only if Madison will eat the fruit, can it be an apple"'' or ''"Madison will eat the fruit ''←'' the fruit is an apple"'') *: This states that Madison will eat fruits that are apples. It does not, however, exclude the possibility that Madison might also eat bananas or other types of fruit. All that is known for certain is that she will eat any and all apples that she happens upon. That the fruit is an apple is a ''sufficient'' condition for Madison to eat the fruit. * ''"Madison will eat the fruit only if it is an apple."'' (equivalent to ''"If Madison will eat the fruit, then it is an apple"'' or ''"Madison will eat the fruit ''→'' the fruit is an apple"'') *: This states that the only fruit Madison will eat is an apple. It does not, however, exclude the possibility that Madison will refuse an apple if it is made available, in contrast with (1), which requires Madison to eat any available apple. In this case, that a given fruit is an apple is a ''necessary'' condition for Madison to be eating it. It is not a sufficient condition since Madison might not eat all the apples she is given. * ''"Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple."'' (equivalent to ''"Madison will eat the fruit ''↔'' the fruit is an apple"'') *: This statement makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples. She will not leave any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit. That a given fruit is an apple is both a ''necessary'' and a ''sufficient'' condition for Madison to eat the fruit. Sufficiency is the converse of necessity. That is to say, given ''P''→''Q'' (i.e. if ''P'' then ''Q''), ''P'' would be a sufficient condition for ''Q'', and ''Q'' would be a necessary condition for ''P''. Also, given ''P''→''Q'', it is true that ''¬Q''→''¬P'' (where ¬ is the negation operator, i.e. "not"). This means that the relationship between ''P'' and ''Q'', established by ''P''→''Q'', can be expressed in the following, all equivalent, ways: :''P'' is sufficient for ''Q'' :''Q'' is necessary for ''P'' :''¬Q'' is sufficient for ''¬P'' :''¬P'' is necessary for ''¬Q'' As an example, take the first example above, which states ''P''→''Q'', where ''P'' is "the fruit in question is an apple" and ''Q'' is "Madison will eat the fruit in question". The following are four equivalent ways of expressing this very relationship: :If the fruit in question is an apple, then Madison will eat it. :Only if Madison will eat the fruit in question, is it an apple. :If Madison will not eat the fruit in question, then it is not an apple. :Only if the fruit in question is not an apple, will Madison not eat it. Here, the second example can be restated in the form of ''if...then'' as "If Madison will eat the fruit in question, then it is an apple"; taking this in conjunction with the first example, we find that the third example can be stated as "If the fruit in question is an apple, then Madison will eat it; ''and'' if Madison will eat the fruit, then it is an apple".
In terms of Euler diagrams
File:Example of A is a proper subset of B.svg, ''A'' is a proper subset of ''B''. A number is in ''A'' only if it is in ''B''; a number is in ''B'' if it is in ''A''. File:Example of C is no proper subset of B.svg, ''C'' is a subset but not a proper subset of ''B''. A number is in ''B'' if and only if it is in ''C'', and a number is in ''C'' if and only if it is in ''B''.
Euler diagram An Euler diagram (, ) is a diagrammatic means of representing Set (mathematics), sets and their relationships. They are particularly useful for explaining complex hierarchies and overlapping definitions. They are similar to another set diagramm ...
Euler diagram
s show logical relationships among events, properties, and so forth. "P only if Q", "if P then Q", and "P→Q" all mean that P is a
subset In mathematics Mathematics (from Ancient Greek, Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory), mathematical structure, structure (algebra), space (geometry), and calculus, change (mathematical analysis, analysis). ...
subset
, either proper or improper, of Q. "P if Q", "if Q then P", and Q→P all mean that Q is a proper or improper subset of P. "P if and only if Q" and "Q if and only if P" both mean that the sets P and Q are identical to each other.
More general usage
Iff is used outside the field of logic as well. Wherever logic is applied, especially in
mathematical Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (cal ...
discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for ''if and only if'', indicating that one statement is both
necessary and sufficient In logic Logic (from Ancient Greek, Greek: grc, wikt:λογική, λογική, label=none, lit=possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative, translit=logikḗ)Also related to (''logos''), "word, thought, idea, argument, ac ...
for the other. This is an example of
mathematical jargon The language of mathematics has a vast vocabulary A vocabulary, also known as a wordstock or word-stock, is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool ...
(although, as noted above, ''if'' is more often used than ''iff'' in


a local port, immediately monitor the spawned port, and in the remote init function, immediately monitor the passed local port. This two-way monitoring ensures that both ports get cleaned up when there is a problem. "spawn" guarantees that the $initfunc has no visible effects on the caller before "spawn" returns (by delaying invocation when spawn is called for the local node). Example: spawn a chat server port on $othernode. # this node, executed from within a port context: my $server = spawn $othernode, "MyApp::Chat::Server::connect", $SELF; mon $server; # init function on C<$othernode> sub connect { my ($srcport) = _USER_; mon $srcport; rcv $SELF, sub {... }; } after $timeout, _USER_ after $timeout, $callback Either sends the given message, or call the given callback, after the specified number of seconds. This is simply a utility function that comes in handy at times - the AnyEvent::MP author is not convinced of the wisdom of having it, though, so it may go away in the future. cal $port, _USER_, $callback[, $timeout] A simple form of RPC - sends a message to the given $port with the given contents (_USER_), but adds a reply port to the message. The reply port is created temporarily just for the purpose of receiving the reply, and will be "kil"ed when no longer needed. A reply message sent to the port is passed to the $callback as-is. If an optional time-out (in seconds) is given and it is not "undef", then the callback will be called without any arguments after the time-out elapsed and the port is "kil"ed. If no time-out is given (or it is "undef"), then the local port will monitor the remote port instead, so it eventually gets cleaned-up. Currently this function returns the temporary port, but this "feature" might go in future versions unless you can make a convincing case that this is indeed useful for something. AnyEvent::MP vs. Distributed Erlang AnyEvent::MP got lots of its ideas from distributed Erlang (Erlang node == aemp node, Erlang process == aemp port), so many of the documents and programming techniques employed by Erlang apply to AnyEvent::MP. Here is a sample: # chapters 3 and 4 # chapters 5 and 6 # chapters 4 and 5 Despite the similarities, there are also some important differences: * Node IDs are arbitrary strings in AEMP. Erlang relies on special naming and DNS to work everywhere in the same way. AEMP relies on each node somehow knowing its own address(es) (e.g. by configuration or DNS), and possibly the addresses of some seed nodes, but will otherwise discover other nodes (and their IDs) itself. * Erlang has a "remote ports are like local ports" philosophy, AEMP uses "local ports are like remote ports". The failure modes for local ports are quite different (runtime errors only) then for remote ports - when a local port dies, you *know* it dies, when a connection to another node dies, you know nothing about the other port. Erlang pretends remote ports are as reliable as local ports, even when they are not. AEMP encourages a "treat remote ports differently" philosophy, with local ports being the special case/exception, where transport errors cannot occur. * Erlang uses processes and a mailbox, AEMP does not queue. Erlang uses processes that selectively receive messages, and therefore needs a queue. AEMP is event based, queuing messages would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason the pattern-matching abilities of AnyEvent::MP are more limited, as there is little need to be able to filter messages without dequeuing them. (But see Coro::MP for a more Erlang-like process model on top of AEMP). * Erlang sends are synchronous, AEMP sends are asynchronous. Sending messages in Erlang is synchronous and blocks the process (and so does not need a queue that can overflow). AEMP sends are immediate, connection establishment is handled in the background. * Erlang suffers from silent message loss, AEMP does not. Erlang implements few guarantees on messages delivery - messages can get lost without any of the processes realising it (i.e. you send messages a, b, and c, and the other side only receives messages a and c). AEMP guarantees (modulo hardware errors) correct ordering, and the guarantee that after one message is lost, all following ones sent to the same port are lost as well, until monitoring raises an error, so there are no silent "holes" in the message sequence. * Erlang can send messages to the wrong port, AEMP does not. In Erlang it is quite likely that a node that restarts reuses a process ID known to other nodes for a completely different process, causing messages destined for that process to end up in an unrelated process. AEMP never reuses port IDs, so old messages or old port IDs floating around in the network will not be sent to an unrelated port. * Erlang uses unprotected connections, AEMP uses secure authentication and can use TLS. AEMP can use a proven protocol - TLS - to protect connections and securely authenticate nodes. * The AEMP protocol is optimised for both text-based and binary communications. The AEMP protocol, unlike the Erlang protocol, supports both programming language independent text-only protocols (good for debugging) and binary, language-specific serialisers (e.g. Storable). By default, unless TLS is used, the protocol is actually completely text-based. It has also been carefully designed to be implementable in other languages with a minimum of work while gracefully degrading functionality to make the protocol simple. * AEMP has more flexible monitoring options than Erlang. In Erlang, you can chose to receive *all* exit signals as messages or *none*, there is no in-between, so monitoring single processes is difficult to implement. Monitoring in AEMP is more flexible than in Erlang, as one can choose between automatic kill, exit message or callback on a per-process basis. * Erlang tries to hide remote/local connections, AEMP does not. Monitoring in Erlang is not an indicator of process death/crashes, in the same way as linking is (except linking is unreliable in Erlang). In AEMP, you don't "look up" registered port names or send to named ports that might or might not be persistent. Instead, you normally spawn a port on the remote node. The init function monitors you, and you monitor the remote port. Since both monitors are local to the node, they are much more reliable (no need for "spawn_link"). This also saves round-trips and avoids sending messages to the wrong port (hard to do in Erlang). RATIONALE Why strings for port and node IDs, why not objects? We considered "objects", but found that the actual number of methods that can be called are quite low. Since port and node IDs travel over the network frequently, the serialising/deserialising would add lots of overhead, as well as having to keep a proxy object everywhere. Strings can easily be printed, easily serialised etc. and need no special procedures to be "valid". And as a result, a port with just a default receiver consists of a single code reference stored in a global hash - it can't become much cheaper. Why favour JSON, why not a real serialising format such as Storable? In fact, any AnyEvent::MP node will happily accept Storable as framing format, but currently there is no way to make a node use Storable by default (although all nodes will accept it). The default framing protocol is JSON because a) JSON::XS is many times faster for small messages and b) most importantly, after years of experience we found that object serialisation is causing more problems than it solves: Just like function calls, objects simply do not travel easily over the network, mostly because they will always be a copy, so you always have to re-think your design. Keeping your messages simple, concentrating on data structures rather than objects, will keep your messages clean, tidy and efficient. SEE ALSO AnyEvent::MP::Intro - a gentle introduction. AnyEvent::MP::Kernel - more, lower-level, stuff. AnyEvent::MP::Global - network maintenance and port groups, to find your applications. AnyEvent::MP::DataConn - establish data connections between nodes. AnyEvent::MP::LogCatcher - simple service to display log messages from all nodes. AnyEvent. AUTHOR Marc Lehmann


text:
What is the Holiday Act?
You can register absence and vacation digitally with Acubiz
With Acubiz, you can register vacations and absences on your mobile phone with just a few clicks. This ensures more efficiency and accuracy, benefiting the entire company.
The vacation earned in the vacation year can be taken in the vacation year. It starts at the same time as the vacation year on September 1st but runs until December 31st of the following year.
The law applies to employees who report to an employer.
Self-employed persons or persons who have an influence on the company they work for, for example, are not covered by vacation law. In addition, the law generally only applies to employees in Denmark.
What does the Holiday Act say?
First and foremost, the law stipulates that all employees in Denmark are entitled to take five weeks of vacation per year – equivalent to 25 vacation days.
An employee earns their paid vacation days with 2.08 days per month. This means they can take two days off after one month of employment, which the employer must honor according to vacation law.
It doesn't matter if the employee works full-time or part-time.
Concurrent vacation - new Holiday Act in 2020
In September 2020, a new Holiday Act came into force. It makes it possible for employees to take a vacation as they earn it in the future.
Before the law was changed, it stated that you had to earn paid vacation days in the calendar year (January 1st to December 31st) before you could take a paid vacation from May 1st the following year. If you had been out of the labor market for a long time or were a new graduate, it would take 16 months before you could take paid vacation.
That is what the new vacation law has changed to comply with an EU directive that ensures that employees who enter or leave the labor market for the first time do not have to wait years to take paid vacation.
The new vacation law thus abolishes the principle that you must earn the right to take a paid vacation in an accrual year before you can take leave in the following vacation year.
Concurrent vacation principle
Instead, the so-called concurrent vacation principle applies, which means that an employee can use the vacation as soon as they have earned it – which is why it is called concurrent vacation.
In principle, employees can therefore take 2.08 days of vacation per month.
The vacation must be agreed upon with the employer, where three of the five allowed weeks must be taken as the primary vacation during the period from May 1st to September 30th. The new vacation law allows for taking four weeks of leave in the vacation year (i.e., before August 31st).
Do you want to know more?
You can also learn more about our solution for digital registration of vacation and absence in the workplace. It reduces the risk of errors and reduces time-consuming manual work.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How do I call an.MSI within another.MSI?
Article:HOWTO5524 | Created: 2006-10-20 | Updated: 2009-08-20 | Article URL
Article Type
How To
How do I call an.MSI from within another.MSI?
You can either call _URL_ containing.MSI within the USER Interface or within a finish dialog.
1.) Add an Execute Program from Destination action. You will call msiexec.exe and pass the command line. If you wanted to call the.MSI silently, then you can pass the following command line: /i /q
2.) You would use the Execute Program from Installation custom action to execute the.EXE containing the.MSI.
3.) The better option is to create your own.EXE wrapper and then call the.MSI's in the desired order using Wisescript.
Legacy ID
Article URL
Terms of use for this information are found in Legal Notices


text:
'Cat-Eye' Boy Video Said To Show Chinese Child Who Sees In Dark
By: Natalie Wolchover
Published: 01/31/2012 09:46 AM EST on Lifes Little Mysteries
According to a news reel from China, a young boy there possesses the ability to see in the dark. Like a Siamese cat's, his sky-blue eyes flash neon green when illuminated by a flashlight, and his night vision is good enough to enable him to fill out questionnaires while sitting in a pitch black room — or so say the reporters who visited Nong Yousui in his hometown of Dahua three years ago.
The footage of Nong and his strange-looking eyes originally surfaced in 2009; it got little attention at the time, but is now making a splash all over the Web. If the boy really does have a genetic mutation that confers night vision, then he would be an interesting subject for analysis by vision scientists, evolutionary biologists, and genetic engineers alike — but does he?
The experts we shared the video with say Nong does have unusually colored irises considering his ethnicity, but he's not the next step in human evolution.
Night vision is made possible by a layer of cells, called the tapetum lucidum, in the eyes of cats and other nocturnal animals. This thin layer is a "retroreflector" — when a beam of light hits it, it reflects the light directly back along its incoming path. The reflected beam constructively interferes with the incoming light beam, amplifying the overall signal that hits the retina and enabling the animal to see in very low-light conditions. Retroreflection also causes cat eyes to flash when they are lit upon at night, and experts say Nong's eyes, if they are truly catlike, should do the same. [Red-Green & Blue-Yellow: The Stunning Colors You Can't See]
"It would be easy to test the boy's eyes for retroreflection (eyeshine), which would be indicative of a tapetum lucidum," said Nathaniel Greene, a physicist at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania who has studied retroreflection.
In fact, such a test is run in the video.
In the footage, Nong's teacher claims the boy's eyes flash when shined with a flashlight in the dark, but the reporters don't seem to be able to catch the effect on camera. When Nong's eyes are illuminated in the dark, they appear normal. James Reynolds, a pediatric ophthalmologist at State University of New York in Buffalo, noted, "A video could capture [eyeshine] easily, just like in nature films of leopards at night."
Furthermore, there is no single genetic mutation that could produce a fully formed and functioning tapetum lucidum, Reynolds explained; such an ability would require multiple mutations, which don't just happen all at once. Evolution happens incrementally, he said, not by leaps and bounds. "Evolutionarily, mutations can result in differences that allow for new environmental niche exploitation. But such mutations are modified over long periods. A functional tapetum in a human would be just as absurd as a human born with wings. It can't happen," he told Life's Little Mysteries.
On the other hand, in the footage, the reporters gave Nong a questionnaire to fill out while sitting in a dark room, and they acted surprised by his ability to see and complete the fill-in-the-blank form. Even if he doesn't have cat eyes, he may nevertheless have unusually good night vision, Reynolds said. He could have a rod-rich retina, for example — a retina that contains a higher than usual number of cells involved in light detection. Or the video could be a total hoax.
"It is hard to say what the truth is about this boy," said Dennis Brooks, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Florida's College of Veterinary Medicine. "A good ophthalmic examination by a physician ophthalmologist is in order, I think."
- 6 Paranormal Video Hoaxes Debunked
- How Many Genetic Mutations Do I Have?
- Which Superheroes Don't Have Superpowers?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Cerebral blood flow in transient hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy: Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance study.
 Vol. 36 (6) 2015 Neuro endocrinology letters Journal Article 2015; 36(6): 545-551 PubMed PMID: 26812287 Citation
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to apply arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF: the CBF values at each voxel / the subject's mean global flow) in patients with transient hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy.
METHODS: Our study included 27 patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy due to thyroid cancer and pre-131I therapy and 24 controls. Patients were evaluated at two points in time: before and after thyroxine replacement. The assessments for the patients and controls consisted of evaluation of ASL of the brain and the severity of depression using 21-question Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The assessments for the patients also included thyroid hormone lebel. We performed the comparison of rCBF between patients and controls, and investigated the association between rCBF in hypothyroid patients and thyroid hormone level and BDI score.
RESULTS: Hypothyroid patients showed a significantly lower rCBF in the cerebellum, the left thalamus and some regions, and showed a significantly higher rCBF in the bilateral frontal gyri and some regions. After thyroxine replacement, patients showed a significantly lower rCBF mostly in the right frontal lobe, and showed a significantly higher rCBF in the left frontal and parietal lobes, although the degree of rCBF changes was lower after thyroxine replacement. In the hypothyroid patients, significant positive relationships were found between free T3 and the rCBF (p<0.05 corrected for FDR).
CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed alterations of rCBF in patients with transient hypothyroidism. ASL is helpful for understanding of the effects of hypothyroidism on the brain.
 Full text PDF


text:
New research analyses maternal breastfeeding in Spain throughout the second half of the twentieth century. Experts believe that its development is associated with socio-demographic factors such as the advice of healthcare professionals, longer maternity leave, a woman's integration into the workplace and her level of education.
"Up until not long ago, maternal breastfeeding was vital for infant survival but things have changed in the second half of the twentieth century. This is mainly due to the arrival of artificial lactation," explains Juan Ramn Ordomaa, researcher at the University of Murcia, Spain and lead author of the study.
Published in the Journal of Human Lactation, the study analyses how maternal breastfeeding rates have evolved in the region of Murcia and, indeed, the rest of Spain, in recent decades and whether women who had children in the 1960's behaved in the same way as those who had children in the 1980's or 1990's.
The average time that a mother breastfeeds has changed over the studied period. Ordoana confirms that "what our results show is a U-shaped graph. Women breastfed for longer periods of time in the 1960's (61.3% for longer than six months) and 1990's (29% also for longer than six months) whereas the shortest periods occurred in the 1970's and 1980's (14.4% and 19.2% respectively).
Researchers studied 666 women who had been first time mothers from a period starting in the 1960's and ending in the 1990's. As well as gathering information on the child's diet, experts collected socio-demographic data with particular focus on the mother's educational attainment.
Ordoana outlines that "the effect of greater educational attainment on the duration of the breastfeeding period is not always the same and it very much depends on social context."
As such, women with medium and high educational attainment displayed drastically shorter breastfeeding periods at the beginning of the 1970
|Contact: Juan Ramn Ordoana Martn |
FECYT - Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology


text:
Scrabble word: RESILIN
In which Scrabble dictionary does RESILIN exist?
Definitions of RESILIN in dictionaries:
- An elastic substance consisting of cross-linked protein chains, found in the cuticles of many insects.
- noun - an elastic substance in the cuticles of many insects
There are 7 letters in RESILIN: E I I L N R S
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to RESILIN
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word RESILIN plus a wildcard: RESILIN?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word RESILIN
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for RESILIN
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Choose any $38$ different natural numbers less than $1000$.
Prove that among the selected numbers there exists at least two whose difference is at most $26$.
share|improve this question
I don't think this question has much to do with probability or statistics, but see, for example, this question to get an idea on how this one can be approached. Maybe you should edit the tags accordingly. – Dilip Sarwate Mar 9 '12 at 16:09
1 Answer 1
Arrange the numbers in increasing order. The smallest number is $\ge 1$. If all differences between consecutive numbers are $27$ or more, then the biggest number is $\ge 1+ (27)(37)$, which is $1000$.
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text:
Ancient Armenian church surfaces from under Lake Van
Armradio – The ancient Armenian church of Archesh has emerged as a result of water level decrease in Lake Van, Agos reports.
The church is part of the city of Old Archesh, which went underwater in 1841, when the water level of Lake Van rose. However, as a result of the drought, the sunken city surfaced when the waters retreated.
"And now, unfortunately, it is being destroyed by the excavations of treasure hunters. If no precautions are taken, another historical legacy will disappear," scholar Sedat Ulugana writes in Agos.
The author notes that until today, everyone has been speaking about the structures inside the castle of Old Archesh and the historical mosque, but the church has never been mentioned.


text:
In addition to being extremely strong and stretchy, spider silk
conducts heat better than most materials, including silicon,
aluminium and pure iron, mechanical engineers at Iowa State
University have discovered.
Spider silk has long been the subject of scientific scrutiny,
but mostly for its
impressive strength. Xinwei Wang, lead researcher on the study,
was keen to put speculation that spider silk would be a good
thermal conductor to the test as part of a search for organic
materials that can effectively transfer heat; most materials from
living things are very bad at conducting heat. Wang enlisted the
help of eight golden silk orbweaver spiders. They were given
lodgings in an Iowa State University greenhouse and fed crickets to
fuel their web-spinning.
Wang, along with colleagues Xiaopeng Huang and Guoging Liu,
found that spider silk conducts heat 1,000 times better than woven
silkworm silk and 800 times better than other organic tissues.
Spider silk conducts heat at a rate of 416 watts per metre Kelvin,
compared with copper at 401 and skin at 0.6 watts per metre
Wang said: "This is very surprising because spider silk is
organic material. For organic material, this is the highest ever.
There are only a few materials higher -- silver and
The thermal conductivity of the spider silk also increased by 20
percent when it was stretched to its 20 percent limit. Most
materials lose thermal conductivity when stretched.
These unusual properties are down to the defect-free molecular
structure of spider silk, including proteins that contain
nanocrystals and the spring-shaped structures connecting the
proteins. However, more research is needed to fully understand why
spider silk is so good at conducting heat.
This discovery could open a door to using spider silk to create
flexible, heat-dissipating parts for electronics, better clothes
for hot weather and bandages that don't trap heat.
The research is detailed in a paper in Advanced
New Secrets of Spider Silk: Exceptionally High Thermal Conductivity
and its Abnormal Change under Stretching.
/ Hunter Desportes /


Singing Capacitors and Whining Inductors
A Practical Introduction to Acoustic Cryptanalysis
Dan Hagon
In this talk we provide a practical introduction to Acoustic Cryptanalysis using tools and techniques that are easily grasped and cheaply available. The intention is not to present any new results, but instead the emphasis is on gaining a foundation in the theory of such attacks, so that you will be able to apply them more effectively in more challenging scenarios. As we shall see, such attacks are an extension of other types of side-channel attack (timing and power analysis attacks in particular), with the added promise of bridging air gaps.


Assa Meaning in English, Assa Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Assa Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Assa Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Assa Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Assa, names similar to Assa and sibling names of Assa. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Assa.
Baby Image
Boy, Girl
Japanese, Norse
fair, beautiful goddess
Related Assa Baby Names
Shino, YOSHI, Raidon, Hoshiko, Kioko, Yori, Taka, Takara, Aysa, Gin, Yukio, Yasuo
Sibling Names
Assa as a girl's name is of Old Norse origin, and the meaning of Assa is "fair, beautiful goddess". Assa is a variant of the Old Norse name Astrid.


[The Tech][overview][next]
The R in laser stands for radiation.
radiation image
Radiation is a word that has a bad reputation. It is a general term for anything that is radiated, or given off by an object. For lasers, radiation refers to the photons which are being emitted.
That's the last letter of laser and that's basically how a laser is made.
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Learn more about light and photons.


text:
A beautiful day today at the Costa Linda and a great forecast
Sunday Partly Cloudy High 90 F.
Monday Partly Cloudy High 90 F.
Tuesday Partly Cloudy High 90 F.
Average high temperature 90 F.
Average low temperature 80 F.
Average temperature 83 F.
Average water temperature 83 F.
Average wind speed 13 mph
Average maximum wind speed 28 mph
Average rainfall 2.60 inches (20.3 inches annual)
Keep in mind these are averages, Aruba has been rainier due to La Nina , but the past couple of weeks were an anomaly.
Increased rainfall is attributed to La Niņa
According to the Meteorological service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
" The moderate El Niņo phase which dominated the weather over our islands during especially the second half of 2009 and the first quarter of 2010 is now history. It was the main reason of the below average rainfall observed during the 2009 rainy season (-74%) in the ABC [Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao] Islands. In fact, with so little rain, the rainy season in these islands was uneventful. Even the SSS [St. Maarten, St. Eustatius, Saba] Islands, which should have received average rainfall during the second half of 2009, received less than that.
Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) in the tropical Pacific Ocean have decreased in the meantime (August 2010) to below average values and that has already lead to above average values of rainfall in the ABC Islands. In the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, the sea surface temperatures are already at above average levels [La Niņa]and the outlook is for these higher than normal temperatures to persist throughout the remainder of 2010. This is forecast to result in a good chance of significant rainfall for both the ABC and the SSS islands during the second half of 2010, including the upcoming rainy season (October-December).
Last updated: August 20, 2010."
the best thing is 17 mph gusting to 29 mph
the breezes are back :-)
Oh Yes! Today is a beautiful Aruba day! The winds are definitely back and the sun is shining brightly! Unfortunately we leave tomorrow afternoon so were only able to enjoy a couple of "normal" days. Our first week here was rainy, very hot and humid, with no wind. But it's nice to see things are now back to normal!
Another day dawns a new
Queen Beatrix Airport, Aruba
Oct 12, 2010 - 06:00 AM EDT
Wind: from the E at 13 MPH
Visibility: greater than 7 mile(s)
Sky conditions: partly cloudy
Temperature: 84 F
Dew Point: 77 F
Relative Humidity: 79%
I will be in Aruba this Sunday whta has the weather been like and going to be like ? Seems friends of have been there the past couple of weeks and had rain
so happyy to read this..i am going to aruba in 25 days and cant wait =D


text:
- College of Sciences
Dr. Joanna Mishtal
The Medical Anthropology minor develops students' understanding of health from the perspective of human cultural and biological diversity. Current trends in education and employment show a growing need for medical anthropology knowledge and expertise in a variety of national and international career directions. This Minor therefore prepares students for future graduate studies and work in health professions, including medicine, global health, nursing, and social work.
- The minor is not open to anthropology majors.
- Students must earn a grade of "C" (2.0) or better in all courses used to satisfy the minor.
- At least 15 hours used in the minor must be earned at UCF within the Department of Anthropology.
- Only two anthropology courses can overlap for students enrolled in multiple anthropology programs (minors or certificates). (Note: The myKnight Audit cannot capture overlapping courses between two or more programs; therefore, students should have their program reviewed by the department before filing for graduation.)
- Students must satisfy each course's prerequisites before enrolling in the class.
Tuition and Fees
$212.28 per credit hour
The approximate tuition cost for one year in this program at UCF based on a full time schedule (30 credit hours per year)


Put in Garbage Cart/Bin
Plastic Corks: Too Small to Recycle
Many synthetic corks are made out of plastic #7, but unfortunately are too small to be recovered by sorting equipment, so they go in the trash.
Composting Natural Corks
You can compost natural corks, but they will take a long time to break down unless you break them up into small pieces first, or even better, run them through a blender.
Ways to Reuse
Hydrate Your Plants
Break up a wine cork and add the pieces to the soil of your potted plants to reduce the rate of water evaporation during hot summer days.


Home / Insights / Are Cable Internet Connections Vulnerable To Hackers?
Are Cable Internet Connections Vulnerable To Hackers?
Webopedia Staff
Last Updated May 24, 2021 8:01 am
A PC that is connected to the Internet via a cable modem is always vulnerable to a malicious hack attack whenever the PC is on.
A PC that is connected to the Internet via a cable modem (i.e., using a cable television ISP) is always vulnerable to a malicious hack attack whenever the PC is on. Even if a browser is not opened, merely turning on a PC with a cable connection renders the device vulnerable to attack.
Why is this? Because cable ISPs, in providing the Internet access to a user, essentially are creating giant always-connected networks of PCs comprised of all their customers. Cable connections utilize Ethernet cards, which render the user one link in a giant network. Even if a browser is never opened, a cable-connected PC links to the Ethernet-enabled network (i.e., the Internet) as soon as the PC is booted — just as a connection to a LAN or other corporate network renders the device vulnerable to attacks across that network. This gives a hacker access to the user's hard drive, and opens the door for many kinds of malicious hack attacks.
One way to protect a cable-connected PC from malicious hacks is to disable file-sharing and print-sharing capabilities in the operating system. This is a simple solution for some but for others not a reality as this method basically disables any kind of home networking.
A better method is to install either a hardware or software firewall. A hardware firewall typically is a small device that the cable and the Ethernet card are both connected to. All transmissions pass through the hardware firewall. A software firewall, which is the more common and cheaper of the two methods, is a piece of code that resides on your PC and is always running. The software watches interactions between the PC and the Internet and blocks any suspicious activities.
This article was originally published on August 28, 2003


text:
Partial Exemption methods: the special method document
Form of a method
A special method details how a business is to determine its recoverable input tax and it will be in the form of a written document. It is a series of steps, which taken together, and in the prescribed order, produce a value for the amount of input tax which a business may deduct.
However, in Barclays Bank PLC [VTD 5616] the Tribunal quoted an Inland Revenue case: Cape Brandy Syndicate v Inland Revenue where the judge said:
"…in a taxing Act one has to look merely at what is clearly said. Nothing is to be read in nothing is to be implied. One can only look fairly at the language used…"
Both businesses and HMRC therefore have the right to rely upon the wording in the method document. However, after a method is approved, if it transpires that a business has deliberately withheld relevant information, then they may not be able to rely on that method, since it was approved on the basis of the agreed facts at the time of approval.
For any methods approved from 01 April 2007, which will require a declaration (see PE43000 - The Declaration), HMRC will be able to serve a SMON if it can be shown that a business has deliberately withheld information.
In order for there to be a final proposal (which HMRC then approves), there must first be agreement between the parties on the detail of that proposal, and this often involves changes on both sides. It is important to emphasise that the wording of the method must reflect what has actually been proposed by the business and approved.
In many cases, if there is any ambiguity in the wording of a special method approval letter, it will be decided in favour of the business, rather than HMRC. This is because the Department is expected by the courts to have the expertise to ensure that the wording of a special method approval letter is correct.
Special method letter requirements
All letters will be different since all circumstances will be different. However there are some areas that should always be included. These are:
- the business's name and VAT number;
- requirement that any changes in business (or VAT group membership) should be notified in writing;
- the business's tax year;
- the provision for direct attribution;
- the method of allocation to sectors (if applicable), including a provision for direct allocation of residual input tax where it is only used by one sector;
- the method of apportionment of residual input tax;
- how many decimal places calculations should be rounded to;
- provisions to exclude any distorting factors, other than those already set out in Regulation 101(3); and
- the requirement to carry out an annual adjustment.
Avoid including anything in a letter that is unnecessary because it is covered in the Regulations. For example, do not include the de minimis rules in the letter. If you do, the law may change but not affect your business, since he has to abide by those set out in his special method letter.
Any special method must include provision for the direct attribution of input tax. Any input tax on goods or services that wholly relates to taxable supplies is reclaimable in full, and any that wholly relates to exempt supplies is not reclaimable. This direct attribution must form a part of any special method. Any input tax that is incorrectly treated as residual when it could be directly attributed may produce an unfair result.
Calculation of the recoverable amount
UK and EC law requires a business to determine the amount of input tax that is recoverable; and not to assume that all is recoverable except for any input tax they can identify that is irrecoverable.
If a business's method of apportionment is a transaction count and it makes 100 transactions in a period, 70 of which are taxable, 30 that are exempt, the calculation must produce a result of 70% recoverable, not a result of 30% irrecoverable. Accordingly, the numerator (top part of the fraction) should always be in respect of taxable supplies.
As well as being incorrect in law, treating everything as recoverable and identifying input tax to disallow is likely to lead to over recovery. Although the reverse is also true, the business is in a much better position than HMRC to react if the method is not producing a fair and reasonable result.
Special methods should not allow rounding up to the next whole number in the recovery percentage. Until the 2005 Budget, HMRC allowed special methods based on output values and using a single calculation to be rounded-up to the next whole number. However, for all new special methods approved or directed on or after 1 April 2005 we will only allow rounding to two or more decimal places. This policy will also apply to existing special methods as and when they are reviewed or updated.
Incidental and distortive supplies
When considering the acceptability, or otherwise, of a special method, you will need to be alert for elements that could distort the apportionment calculation. This distortion may be in favour of either HMRC or the business, but either way it will prevent a fair and reasonable apportionment of non-attributable input tax. The most common distortive supplies are those that are excluded from the standard method under Regulation 101(3). These include capital goods used in the business, some incidental supplies relating to land and finance and self-supplies. Such supplies are also excluded from special methods by virtue of Regulation 102(2). Further detail on what is meant by 'incidental' is included in PE32000.
A business may make supplies that are distortive, in that including them causes an otherwise appropriate method not to reflect use, but this does not automatically mean that they are incidental. They may be a fundamental part of the business's activities and/or use significant amounts of residual input tax bearing costs. Excluding them completely might therefore cause a method not to reflect use.
Methods that are not based on output values may also be affected by distortions. A transaction based method for a financial advisor receiving exempt commissions and giving taxable advice will almost certainly be distorted by the inclusion of the sales to staff from the sweet trolley! Whatever the basis of the apportionment calculation, elements that could distort it should be excluded and the approval letter should specifically address this.
Distortive elements should normally be excluded from a special method. However, where distortive supplies also use significant amounts of residual input tax it may be necessary to find an alternative method of dealing with them. For example, an output values based method might specify that any supply exceeding £10,000 should be treated as though it were £10,000 or that some supplies are treated as though they were a percentage of their actual value.


text:
Are conception rates on your farm where you would like them to be or is there room for improvement?
There are a number of factors that can affect conception rate in dairy cattle. Each can have a considerable impact on conception rate, and all of them can be prevented and/or controlled, says Cynthia Martel with Virginia Cooperative Extension.
In the September 2012 issue of the Virginia Tech Dairy Pipeline, Martel examines the role that hygiene can play in reducing conception rates.
"It's tempting to think reduced conception would only be a result of calving conditions, post-calving health, reproductive disorders, milk production, nutrition, estrous detection errors, and timing of service," she says. "However semen quality and handling, insemination technique, and the environment in which you work can also play a role in reduced pregnancy rate."
Martel has put together a breeding hygiene assessment for you and your employees to examine breeding techniques and hygiene before, during, and after performing artificial insemination.
Source: September 2012 Virginia Tech Dairy Pipeline


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Aurin names - Wildstar
This name generator will give you 10 random names for the Aurin part of the Wildstar universe.
The Aurin are a race of humanoid beings with large rabbit ears and feline features like claws and long tails. They live in the forests and as such have developed a wide range of fur and skin colors, although they're no longer as diverse as they once were back in the distant past.
Aurin first names are often soft and quite melodic, but like their forests their names also have various harsher elements.
Surnames are compound names made up of 2 words which are often related to nature in some way. Names like 'Sungrass' and 'Redleaf' for example.


Ion cannon
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"I've got my ion you."
―Ion gunner
The ion cannon was a multi-scale weapon which could be fitted, in varying sizes and power levels, to just about any kind of starship, from small starfighters to the largest capital-class warships and space stations. Small-scale ion cannons were also used by various military organizations and/or criminals.
The principles behind ion cannon technology were too complex to explain to the average citizen of the galaxy, particularly . Suffice to say, such weapons allowed non Force-sensitive beings to harness the power of Force lightning. While ion cannons did little to no damage to organic beings, they were extremely effective in shutting down the electrical systems of any type of machine or mechanism that the beam came into contact with.
This article is called Ion cannon. Ion cannon has been written from a simple, Ric Olié point of view. A non-simple version of Ion cannon can be read on Darthipedia. Darthipedia is the Star Wars Humor Wiki.
Primitive ion cannons were used by Jawas as aids to the illegal procurement of technology, typically things such as droids or small vehicles, which they would then repair or rebuild and, as often as not, sell it back to whomever they had stolen it from. Pirates also prized ion cannons for the booty they yielded during raids.
Ad blocker interference detected!


text:
C. Gaps of Systems
Assessing Gaps of Systems asks that we consider the inclusiveness of the systems upon which our proposed action depends and that we reflect critically upon the limitations of those systems. For example, if we propose to communicate a message – upon what systems does our message depend? We must consider how we will reach people who do not speak our language, who cannot hear/read, and to what extent there may be communities who lack access media. Alternatively, if we locate a free mediation service at the court-house, we must consider whom our legal system serves and fails to serve and whether our efforts to provide alternative methods for conflict resolution might be limited due to the legal system's limitations. Ultimately, this aspect of Gap review asks whether we aware of the limitations of our existing systems and how we may create more inclusive systems.


text:
This book contains a study of the system of liability under the Hagueand Hague Visby Rules. The application of the Rules under American, English and Dutch law and incidentally Australian and Canadian law is researched to determine if the Rules are construed and applied uniformly. Where it is found that there are differences in the way a Rule is applied the intended construction of the Rule is established.
After a chapter on the construction of the Rules, the duties of the carrier contained in article III(1) and III(2) are discussed. Some of the most important exceptions of article IV and the relationship between those exceptions and the duties of the carrier are discussed in two separate chapters. There is also a chapter on the division of the burden of proof.
The book ends with a chapter containing the conclusions derived from the comparative legal research throughout the book.
A summary is included in English and Dutch.
N.J. Margetson is a lawyer in Rotterdam at Hampe Meyjes.
List of abbreviations
1.1 When do the H(V)R apply?
1.2 Construction of the Rules
1.3 Research question
1.4 Method used to answer the research question
1.5 Researched legal systems
1.6 Topics of research
1.7 The UNCITRAL draft convention
2 Construction of the Hague (Visby) Rules
2.3 Aids to the construction of the H(V)R
2.4 Problems regarding uniform construction of the H(V)R
2.5 Ways to improve uniform construction of the H(V)R
3 Duties of the carrier
3.2 What is meant by 'voyage'?
3.3 What is meant by 'before and at the beginning of the voyage'?
3.4 Why is the requirement restricted to the period 'before and at the beginning of the voyage'?
3.5 What is meant by 'due diligence'?
3.6 Is the duty to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy delegable?
3.7 What is the meaning of seaworthiness?
3.8 What is meant by 'properly and carefully'?
3.9 Is the duty contained in art. III(2) delegable?
4 The relationship between the duties of the carrier and the exceptions
4.2 Causes of damage
4.3 The expression 'overriding obligation'
4.4 The requirement of causal connection
4.5 Doctrines concerning the relationship between art. III and art. IV
4.6 Concurrence of culpable and non-culpable causes of damage
4.7 Why is art. III(2) not also considered an overriding obligation under English law?
4.8 The intended construction of the relationship between the duties and the exceptions
5 Art. IV(1) and some of the exceptions of art. IV(2) H(V)R
5.1 Art. IV(1): loss or damage due to unseaworthiness
5.2 The 'nautical fault' exception
5.3 The fire exception
5.4 Perils of the sea
5.5 The catch all exception
6 Division of the burden of proof under the H(V)R
6.2 In general
6.3 Common law
6.4 Dutch Law
6.5 Some other continental authors
6.6 The author's opinion: the division of the burden of proof depends on the invoked exception
6.7 The intended division of the burden of proof
7.1 The intended construction of the H(V)R
7.2 Duties of the carrier
7.3 Overriding obligation
7.4 Art. IV(1): loss or damage due to unseaworthiness
7.5 The 'nautical fault' exception
7.6 The fire exception
7.7 Perils of the sea
7.8 The catch all exception
7.9 Division of the burden of proof
Appendix I Hague Visby Rules
Appendix II Harter Act
Appendix III Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936
Appendix IV Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971


text:
We have some great news – Centauri now connects to our well established StarLab PC application!
What does it mean exactly?
Similar advanced features as can be performed on-board the feature rich Centauri, are now available for your convenience remotely on your PC.
Full-fledged advanced laser power/energy meter
The StarLab application together with a Centauri meter turns your PC into a full-fledged advanced laser power/energy meter at your fingertips on your PC keyboard..
StarLab provides graphic display of measurements in the form of line plots, histograms, bar charts, and simulated analog needles; measurements can be displayed separately or in multiple data sets on one graph.
- Conditioning of measurements (average, offset subtraction, scale factor)
- Power / energy density
- Pass / fail limits
- Multichannel comparisons
- User-defined mathematical equations
What's in it for you?
For instance, when using a Dual channel Centauri, StarLab enables the measurement from each sensors to be displayed and logged (on the PC) to provide temporal graphs of each channels. The time stamps of each channel are synchronized, so a user may tell how laser sources perform in time relative to each other. Starlab allows the use of mathematical functions between each sensor measurement (which, by the way, you can also do separately on-board the Centauri).


text:
Environmental history of Fenékpuszta
The Late Roman fortification and its surroundings are an internationally significant area.
The 18th century historical maps still depict extensive marshlands here. Also palpable is the natural-topographical stand of the Late Roman fortification at the southern tip of the loess ridge.
Anthropogenetic impacts determine the present aspect of Lake Balaton: dams, drainage and enbankments. Although the anthropogenetic impacts have had a long history, the historical landscape greatly differed from that of today.
The environment of the fortification have changed according to the method and measure of human intervention in different periods. The most important factors to generate changes have been agriculture, water regulation, infrastructure between settlements, and settlement structures.
The reconstruction of these changes provides vital data to realize one-time environmental and living conditions. It is especially true as concerns Kis-Balaton region that includes Fenékpuszta at its western edge.
Since the 19th century there has been a debate on the time, formation, process, and geographical base of Lake Balaton. From a geological point of view it is a young, 18.000-20.000 year old formation. Tectonic movements initated the formation of the lake. Along the so-called Balaton fault line a succession of clearly separate basins developed. Waters accumulating in them have eventually formed the present shape of Lake Balaton. Keszthely Basin is the oldest that had developed before the northern part of Szigliget and Szemes basins.
The water-level changes of Lake Balaton
The water level of Lake Balaton essentially depends on the water of Zala River and the capacity of the sluice of Siófok
The water level of Lake Balaton (besides evaporation and smaller streams) essentially depends on the water output of Zala River and the capacity of the sluice of Siófok to drain excess water. Former river valleys of north-south direction break up the southern shore, then open funnel-like towards the shore of the lake (groves). Between the valleys, loess ridges of the Somogy hills lie. Lake Balaton used to have high water fluctuations in historical times: the highest water level may have been over 111 ms, while the lowest could be about 104 ms above see level.
Fenékpuszta on historical maps
Maps from the recent centuries provide important sources to the research of Fenékpuszta and its environs
These maps can inform us about that the Roman fortification of Fenékpuszta was known as 'castle' for the one-time cartographers, as well as about the changes in its environment in the recent centuries. The earliest map was drawn in 1579 which clearly describes the Keszthely peninsula, along with the extension of Kis-Balaton and its related marshy areas. The map by Ignác Müller from 1769 presents the rectangular ground-plan of the 'Romanorum Castellum' of Fenékpuszta, and the broad Zala River mouth. The two crossings of Fenékpuszta and Hídvég at the western end of Lake Balaton can be perfectly compared on the two maps from the end of the 18th century. The first military survey map of Hungary was compiled between 1763 and 1785 which describes the fortification of Fenékpuszta precisely, as 'Rudera der alten römischen Stadt Cybalis'.


WELS Endowment Funds
An endowment is a permanent fund in which gifts are invested. The income from the fund is then used to meet ongoing expenses year after year for perpetuity. WELS has two main endowment funds that provide ongoing and increased financial support to synod missions and ministerial education.
WELS Missions Endowment Fund
This endowment supports the continued proclamation of the gospel to people in our nation and the world by WELS missions programs. Donations can be made to the WELS Missions Endowment or to the Home Missions or World Missions sub-fund.
WELS Ministerial Education Endowment Fund
This endowment provides direct and indirect financial assistance to students preparing to serve in the public ministry of WELS and to continue the quality training provided by WELS ministerial education schools. Donations can be made to the Ministerial Education Endowment or to one of the sub-funds set up for each ministerial education school.
So why did WELS establish these endowments?
1. WELS programs of mission and ministry are long-term programs requiring continuing and predictable financial support. These endowments provide needed financial stability.
2. Economies change. In strong economies gifts increase and ministry expands. In weak economies gifts decrease and ministry is reduced, often adversely affecting what has been accomplished. These endowments provide a needed financial buffer.
3. The ministry and mission programs of WELS are very inflation sensitive. Because items such as health care, utilities, and insurance are rising faster than inflation, cost of maintaining ministry programs rises approximately two percent above inflation annually. These endowments provided needed additional income.
4. Endowments meet the desire of many WELS members. They want to give the Lord substantial gifts through their Christian estate plans. They want WELS to be able to use those gifts wisely. Endowments meet these desires.
How do I include these endowments in my giving?
We welcome all gifts—current and deferred, whatever the size—and give thanks to God for all of them! We continue to emphasize Congregation Mission Offerings and thank you for your support of CMO through your congregation.
Thank you for considering a gift to help WELS proclaim the life-changing, soul-saving gospel of Jesus Christ to the world.
WELS has Christian giving counselors all over the country that can help you meet your Christian giving goals.


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Philippine folk dance is one of the Philippine cultures that incorporate influences from immigrants and conquerors while at the same time maintaining their own national identity. The dances of the Philippines were developed while Filipinos were working in the fields, celebrating feasts, harvests, births and weddings.
Thursday, April 21, 2011
Philippine Folk Dance
Here's the list of popular Philippine Folk Dances from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao:
A. Philippine Folk Dances from Luzon
The Banga or pot dance is a contemporary performance of Kalinga of the Mountain Province in the Philippines. This dance illustrates the languid grace of a tribe otherwise known as fierce warriors.
Maglalatik was originally performed in Biñan, Laguna as a mock-war dance that demonstrates a fight between the Moros and the Christians over the prized latik or coconut meat during the Spanish rule, this dance is also shown to pay tribute to the town's patron saint, San Isidro Labrador.
Pandanggo sa Ilaw
3. Pandanggo sa Ilaw
Pandanggo sa Ilaw - The word pandanggo comes from the Spanish dance "fandango"characterized with lively steps and clapping while following a varying ¾ beat. Pandanggo requires excellent balancing skill to maintain the stability of three tinggoy, or oil lamps, placed on head and at the back of each hand. This famous dance of grace and balance originated from Lubang Island, Mindoro.
B. Philippine Folk Dances from Visayas
Tinikling means "bamboo dance" in English. The dance imitates the movement of the tikling birds as they walk between grass stems, run over tree branches, or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. Dancers imitate the tikling bird's legendary grace and speed by skillfully maneuvering between large bamboo poles.
The Kuratsa is highly favored by the Waray people of the Eastern Visayan region in the Philippines. Strictly speaking, The Kuratsa must be done the amenudo; that is, only one couple dances it at a time. the Kuratsa is however, very different in the manner of execution to the Mexican counterpart.
3. Mazurka Boholana
Mazurka Boholana is a Spanish-inspired ballroom dance from the Bohol province of the Philippines. Although the mazurka is the Polish national dance, it was wildly popular throughout Europe in the 19th century and even in colonized lands overseas.
C. Philippine Folk Dances from Mindanao
The Itik-Itik is a dance from Surigao del Norte, in which the movements of a duck are imitated. An itik is a species of duck.
The Maranao dance called Singkil is in the repertory of all Filipino dance troupes. In 1958 the Bayanihan Dance troupe started with a simple version and has since developed it into a theatrical and stylized spectacle to the point of its becoming the troupe's signature piece.
Performed at Tausog weddings in Jolo, the Kandingan consists of figures and steps based on classical and traditional Indian dance forms. Dancers perform with slightly bent knees turned outward, fingers held stiffly together with the thumb outward and apart.


Politismos eMagazine | Vitamin A
Vitamin A Tag
Dried plums (Prunus Domestica)
01.03.2019 in Gastronomy
Dried plums (Prunus Domestica) ORIGIN AND TRAITS Why is it that tasty and appetizing food is associated with unhealthy choices, while nutritious options are usually not as desirable? This question is commonplace when it comes to health and diet and it lies behind the eternal dilemma "Is food fuel for my body or is it pleasure?" Especially when it comes to cravings, we subconsciously have the idea that a bar of chocolate or a bag of chips is a satisfying afternoon. While it is not easy to let go of unhealthy habits, there are food choices that can…
The unique foods of Greece and their health benefits – Goat's Milk
13.02.2018 in Gastronomy
The unique foods of Greece and their health benefits – Goat's Milk Since ancient times, the Greeks had realized how precious the gifts of Mother Nature were. The Mediterranean climate along with the geological formations of the country created a fertile ground where an abundance of wild herbs and plants could grow. About 1800 endemic species that grow, or graze, on Greek soil have certified medicinal properties. This month, we take a look at the silky goodness of goat's milk! "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food." –Hippocrates Goat's milk ORIGIN AND TRAITS …


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This phenomenon is called Bathochromic Shift – which is the change in the ability of a liquid to absorb light of longer wavelengths(red light) caused by the substitution or changes in the molecules of the liquid.
So something happens to the tea molecules when you add lemon, that changes its ability to absorb red light. (That's my plain English definition).
Why does it happen, let me see if I can keep the explanation simple and interesting.
When tea leaves are picked they are green. Like all leaves, when you pluck them, they start to wilt because they lose water. This is the start of the natural oxidation process. To make our household regular tea, oxidation has to happen at a controlled and specific rate, plus its heated. Oxidation means that water is driven out of the leaf and the chlorophyll (the pigment that make it green) slowly breaks down by the action of the enzymes naturally present in the leaves. Oxidation of the leaves, creates a tannin called Thearubigins – that's what gives the tea its brown colour and slightly bitter taste.
Now when you add lemon juice to your tea, the citric acid in the lemon reacts with the tannin (thearubigins). The acid doesn't allow the tannin to get ionized (ionization= converting a molecule to ions). This changes the nature of the liquid to absorb low frequency light.
I hope I got it right. Enjoy the resulting brownish orange chemical solution.
Heres what Everything.com has to say:
Adding a squeeze of lemon juice to black tea has the effect of clearing the liquid; it transforms it from a dark, nearly-opaque brown to a transparent orangey yellow in a matter of seconds. This is because the hydogen ions produced by the acid in the lemon juice suppress the ionisation of thearubigins (tannins), the polyphenols that otherwise give tea its brown colour, an effect known as the bathochromic shift - it's a fun chemistry demonstration as well as a tasty hot drink!* The reaction makes the thearubigins lose not just their brown colour but also their astringency, so strong black tea can be made drinkable this way - especially with the addition of a little sugar to take the edge off the bitterness. Unlike milky tea, lemon tea made this way remains tasty at any temperature, and many recipes for iced tea call for the addition of lemon. Incidentally, orange juice is also acid enough to remove most of black tea's astringency, as well as sweetening it; it sounds weird, but it's actually pretty good.
Just to remind you of the chem lab days, I used to love titrations


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Home, interior design tips: Make your house colourful and vibrant with these decor ideas
Home is where one spends 2/3rd of their time so it is essential that one is never bored of that space. Check these tips to make your house colourful and vibrant
With no sun and cloudy days in monsoon, the interiors may start to appear gloomy and preparing homes for the monsoon can be challenging but understanding the appropriate colours, textures and configurations can help maintain the interior's character while overcoming the gloom. These efforts are needed because home is where one spends two-third of their time hence, it is absolutely essential that one is never bored of that space.
In an interview with HT Lifestyle, Ar Anupriya Sahu, Founder and Design Head at Alankaram in MP, revealed that some tips to make your house colourful and vibrant are to pick one primary colour and pop it up with secondary colours, and use colours through a balanced mix of printed, textured solids and patterns.
She said, "As the monsoon clouds roll in, bringing relief from the scorching sun, it's time to infuse some vibrant colours into your living space. Your home is more than just a place to live; it's your sanctuary, your haven, and the backdrop to countless memories. With the monsoon season here, it's the perfect time to infuse your living spaces with vibrant colours and creative décor. After all, home is where you spend a significant portion of your time, and it should never be a dull or uninspiring place."
She suggested the following creative décor ideas to transform your house -
1. Embrace a Vibrant Palette:
Start by selecting a primary colour that resonates with you and your space. It could be a cheerful sunshine yellow, a calming sea blue, or a lively leafy green. This primary colour will serve as the anchor for your décor theme, a background for highlighting either your furniture pieces or artworks.
2. Pop it up with Secondary Colours:
To add depth and personality to your space, introduce secondary colours that complement your primary choice. For example, if you've chosen a soothing blue, consider accents of coral, mustard, or even a lively fuchsia. These secondary colours can be infused through cushions, artwork, or smaller pieces of furniture.
3. Balance is Key:
Achieving a vibrant yet balanced look is the goal. Mix and match colours through printed fabrics, textured solids, and patterns. Consider adding colourful throws, rugs, or curtains to breathe life into your living room or bedroom. Layering neutral colours such as beige or off-white help maintain equilibrium.
4. Play with Patterns:
Don't shy away from using patterns, especially vibrant tropical ones. Geometric prints, floral designs, or ethnic motifs can add a playful and energetic vibe to your interiors. Incorporate these patterns through cushions, upholstery, or even wallpapers.
5. Bring in Nature:
Adding indoor plants or flowers can instantly lift the mood and create a refreshing atmosphere. Greenery not only adds colour but also contributes to a healthier indoor environment.
6. Wall Art and Paintings:
Consider adorning your walls with vibrant artwork or paintings. This can be an excellent way to introduce a burst of colour into your home. Look for pieces that resonate with your chosen colour palette.
Adding to the list of tips, Devika Khosla, Creative Director at The Works Interiors, recommended:
- Welcome Nature Indoors
Leverage the monsoon's favorable conditions for plant growth. Embrace the temperature drop and heightened humidity to introduce indoor plants that thrive during this season. Consider incorporating green wonders like Fittonias, Monstera Obliqua, Anthurium, Syngonium, and Ferns to infuse your interiors with a sense of freshness. These plant varieties are well-suited to survive with limited sunlight and demand minimal maintenance, making them ideal choices for a vibrant indoor display.
- Elevate the Ambiance with Fragrances
The power of scents can dramatically influence the atmosphere of a room. Choose the perfect fragrances to uplift spirits and combat any unpleasant odors that might emerge from stagnant rainwater. Use lightly scented candles, incense sticks, or essential oils to purify the air and create a delightful ambiance. Embrace the enchanting fragrances of Jasmine and Moringa, which are well-suited for the monsoon season, adding a touch of magic to your indoor spaces.
- Revamp the Design
The interior arrangement of your space plays a vital role in shaping its overall appeal. As each season brings its unique charm, it demands a fresh theme that harmonises with the surroundings. During the cold and damp monsoon season, curtains take on a significant role. Consider using sheer curtains in pastel and neutral tones adorned with textured patterns, allowing abundant natural light to brighten the space while imparting an air of sophistication.
(i) Infuse the ambiance with positivity by incorporating cushions, rugs and carpets boasting vibrant colours and inviting textures. To add an extra layer of design finesse, consider using cane and wicker baskets along with throws.
(ii) Artwork on the walls holds tremendous potential to enhance your interiors. Swap understated monotone artwork with vibrant pieces that can counter the dreariness of the monsoon. Additionally, updating your lamps can swiftly contribute to the ambiance of the space. Opt for lighting arrangements like ambient or mood lighting, which work exceptionally well in colder environments, creating a cozy and inviting atmosphere during the rainy season. By thoughtfully reimagining your interior arrangement, you can curate a space that thrives with vibrancy and style throughout the monsoon.
Revamping your interiors to suit the changing seasons is a wonderful way to infuse your living spaces with freshness and vitality. With thoughtful consideration and a touch of creativity, you can transform your living spaces into a cozy and refreshing sanctuary this monsoon season.
Embrace the beauty of the changing weather and let it inspire your interior revamp, making your home a delightful place to enjoy the rainy days. Whether you opt for lush potted plants, stylish upholstery or simple furniture pieces, not only enhance the decor scheme of your home but also create a more invigorating and vibrant atmosphere during the monsoon months.


text: An ecosystem, productivity, ocean, climate (EPOC) model has been developed in the R statistical language to help explore topical issues on Antarctic marine ecosystems, including impacts of climate change, consequences of over-exploitation, conservation requirements of recovery and interacting species, and the need to evaluate whether harvest strategies are ecologically sustainable. As such, it can be used to facilitate the development of plausible ecosystem models for evaluating management procedures for krill following the recommendations of the workshop held by WG-EMM in 2004. EPOC has been designed as an object-oriented framework currently built around the following modules: (i) Biota, (ii) Environment, (iii) Human activities, (iv) Management, (v) Outputs, and (vi) Presentation, statistics and visualisation. Each element within a module is an object carrying all its own functions and data. EPOC is designed to be a fully flexible plug-and-play modelling framework. This is because of the need to easily explore the consequences of uncertainty in model structures but, more importantly, to enable ecosystem modelling to proceed despite widely varying knowledge on different parts of the ecosystem and avoiding the need to guess model parameters for which no information exists. EPOC provides these opportunities as well as examining the sensitivity of outcomes to changes in model structures, not only in the magnitude of parameters but in the spatial, temporal and functional structure of the system. A case study for Antarctic krill is presented as an example.


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Busy hands build strong minds! Learn about the human skull with this fun 4D anatomy model. Comes with 17 detailed, realistic bones to show the skull structure. Challenge your critical thought and mental acuity. Build dexterity, fine motor skills and problem solving skills. Reinforce learning through hands-on exploration! The model is 5.75″ in size and comes with a display stand, illustrated assembly guide, and a learning guide with the description of the anatomy and how a human skull works along with some fun questions to test your knowledge!
Ages 8 - 98


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A scientist from Queen Mary has produced a dance track that sounds like it is accelerating forever.
The track is based on an audio illusion that can make a rhythm sound, impossibly, as if it speeds up to hundreds of times faster than its starting tempo. Dr Dan Stowell from Queen Marys Centre for Digital Music (C4DM) has been investigating the illusion - and now he's turned it into dance music.
Originally produced by French composer and scientist Jean-Claude Risset, the Risset Illusion superimposes and loops rhythms of different speeds. Dr Stowell explains: "Your brain has a preference to focus on rhythms of a particular speed, so as the tempo changes your attention is naturally drawn to events in the mid-tempo range, even when you are trying to follow a beat that is always accelerating."
The loudness of the different rhythms is also manipulated to keep the recording from turning into a pile-up of an infinite number of sounds.
Dr Stowell was studying how to use the illusion in combination with conventional music rhythms, and following a conference presentation he was asked by a digital music label to produce a piece of dance music based on the idea.
He explains: "Some researchers have studied what happens when people are asked to tap their finger to these weird rhythms, but it would be even better to see what happens when people try and dance to it."
Dr Stowell researches the analysis and synthesis of sound, and also produces music under the name MCLD. He adds: "In the track, the tempo doubles about every 30 seconds, which is far beyond what happens in most music. It means that, if you say the track starts off at 120 beats per minute, at the end it is nominally going at 15,360 beats per minute."
For comparison, the Greek tune known as Zorba's Dance or Sirtaki famously speeds up as it goes along, but from 100 bpm only goes up to around 170 bpm.
Despite speeding up so much, the Risset Illusion prevents it from sounding a complete mess, meaning it can carry on accelerating indefinitely adds Stowell.
The seven minute track is featured on an EP released on Monday 27 February by Chordpunch, titled RissEP - a play on Risset's name. Commenting on the pun, Jean-Claude Risset said: "I do not consider the names you propose as disrespectful."
Explore further: Mais non! French universities may teach in English
More information: A one minute teaser of the track is available online at: chordpunch.com/2012/02/rissep-out-feb-27th


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Absorption of Radium and Thorium from New Mexico Uranium Mill Tailing Solutions.
Beard-HR; Salisbury-HB; Shirts-MB
The Bureau of Mines investigated the absorption of radium and thorium from waste uranium leach liquor by clays and other materials. This work was conducted in support of the Bureau's goal of minimizing the environmental conflicts, impacts, and occupational hazards associated with mining and milling operations. Tailing and soil samples from New Mexico were evaluated for their potential to absorb radium and thorium from tailing liquors. Absorption ranged from 0 to 97 pct for radium and 0 to 60 pct for thorium. Some samples that readily absorbed radium were contacted with various salt solutions that could be present in tailing solutions to determine whether desorption would be a potential problem. The desorption of radium ranged from 0 to 75 pct. An alpha spectrometric method was used to determine the radium and thorium concentrations in the solutions and solids.
IH; Report of Investigation;


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Courses that cover holistic animal nutrition are available at only a select number of institutions, typically through their continuing education departments. A much larger number of schools offer courses in general animal nutrition through undergraduate and graduate programs in animal science. Some common concepts covered in these courses include:
- Symptom analysis and treatment evaluation
- Nutrition and the digestive process
- The physiology of digestion
- Daily nutritional requirements
- Nutritional disorders
Find schools that offer these popular programs
- Animal Health Sciences
- Animal Nutrition
- Dairy Science
- Farm Animal Breeding
- Livestock Management
- Poultry Science
List of Common Courses
Veterinary Homeopathy Course
Typically offered as a continuing education course for professional veterinarians, this course details a variety of approaches to homeopathic animal care. Beginning with diagnosis and evaluation of symptoms, the course goes on to cover such subject material as the homeopathic effect and curative response, adjunctive therapies, chronic disease and vaccination. Discussion of nutraceutical medicines (the use of nutrition to heal) and the ways in which they differ from standard pharmaceuticals are also included. Veterinarians learn the proper applications of holistic medicine to animals, what the benefits of these medicines are, how to tell if they're working and how to talk to pet owners about veterinary homeopathy. The format for this class usually involves a number of successive professional seminars.
Animal Nutrition Principles Course
This course covers the basics of domestic animal nutrition from the fundamentals to feeding and ration balancing. Other topics can include the economics of animal agriculture, genetics, reproduction and nutrient absorption. Emphasis is placed on creation and analysis of the proper formulas used in animal feeding. Though the subject matter covers both mammals and birds, this course, like most animal science program courses, is specifically interested in cattle, horses, pigs and poultry. This typically 1-semester course almost always includes a laboratory element.
Animal Anatomy and Physiology Course
Animal anatomy and physiology is an important subject to understand when dealing with animal nutrition because nutrition is bound up with the anatomy and physiology of digestion. This course delves into the form and function of cells, tissues and organs. It also explores circulation, digestion and reproduction. How animal physiology is affected by environmental factors is another common topic. A lab component is part of the course.
Small Animal Nutrition Course
The small animal nutrition course examines principles behind the proper feeding and care of dogs, cats and other domestic animals. These courses introduce students to the stages of domestic animal life, the function of nutrients and various applications of therapeutic nutrition, most notably prescription diets and foods. Some small animal nutrition courses involve in-depth studies of domestic animal anatomy and metabolism, including digestive tract and stomach size and functions, feeding habits and nutritional requirements. Nutritional disorders such as obesity and pancreatitis may also be covered. Courses dealing with the anatomy, physiology and metabolism of domestic animals may be prerequisites for this course.


Analysis: Could artificial intelligence replace GCSEs?
Some top independent schools are exploring replacing GCSEs with educational technology - but will fee-paying parents really go for this?
Catherine Lough
ai school
Elite independent schools are currently in talks with a technology company exploring a new artificial intelligence programme that could replace GCSEs.
Yet while a digital alternative to the GCSE that some schools view as "increasingly dry" might sound promising, how feasible would it really be?
Mike Buchanan, executive director of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, has spoken of how this could create a far more "personalised" style of learning, with computer programmes constructing a digitised profile of each pupil's skills. And arguably, the historic reason for GCSEs no longer exists, given that most students do not leave school at 16.
News: Exclusive: AI may replace GCSEs in top private schools
Private schools: Private schools warn uni cap would lead to brain drain
Related: 'Don't make closing private schools education's Brexit
So the idea of a bespoke digital learning platform is attractive, and according to one source in the private school sector, senior figures at Ofsted are interested.
Rather than studying a raft of GCSEs, pupils would learn from an online programme alongside their usual class teaching. The programme could be adaptive to their needs, building up a detailed profile of their strengths and weaknesses. It could tell potential employers that a child might struggle with grammar, yet is also a gifted public speaker.
And it would also assist the "forgotten third", currently doomed to fail maths and English GCSE. It sounds almost utopian – "failing" an exam would become a thing of the past.
However, there are practical issues to consider.
Firstly, are fee-paying parents likely to want this? Private schools do have more freedom to explore alternative models of teaching and assessment – Bedales School already teaches just five core GCSEs alongside their own curriculum, which is recognised by Ucas.
That said, a personalised curriculum is one thing, but private school parents may be less entranced by the idea of paying for their children to sit with a computer app.
In Mike Buchanan's view, the app would leave teachers free to pursue their passions, and he stresses that this would not replace the deeply personal, human connection at the heart of good teaching. Nonetheless, if the app proved successful, could it undermine the profession? A future where children are taught solely by teacher-bots sounds faintly terrifying.
A further issue would be how universities might respond. Speaking at the HMC conference, Bella Malins, director of access and admissions at UCL, said universities prefer GCSEs to in-school assessments – national, public exams are a form of quality assurance.
Would universities accept these qualifications? Yes, GCSEs can be a crude means of measuring someone's talent and ability, but they do provide a snapshot of what someone can do. A digital profile of every child's complex range of strengths and weaknesses could be difficult to navigate, for both employers and higher education providers.
It is fair to say that many see GCSEs as problematic. Endlessly tinkered with, revised and reformed, it is no surprise that today's teenagers are increasingly stressed and anxious. An A grade is no longer enough when there are now two grades above it. In addition, GCSEs condemn the forgotten third to endless difficulties when pursuing further employment or education.
Nonetheless, the idea that AI is the answer, while tempting, may be unworkable in practice. It would also mean children spending even more time in front of screens, when surely good education depends on the rich, lively discussions that happen between teachers and pupils.
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Catherine Lough
Catherine Lough is a reporter at Tes.
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