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Environmental watering in 2011-12
3.9 gigalitres of Commonwealth environmental water was made available to provide flows through Muggabah Creek near Booligal in the Lachlan catchment.
These environmental flows were delivered between August and November 2011, along with an additional 1.3 gigalitres supplied by the New South Wales Government. This action built on previous environmental watering activities in the Merrimajeel system and has taken advantage of 2010-11 inflows. In addition, the action aimed to improve system connectivity, support wetland vegetation and provide habitat for bird species. Observations in January 2012 indicate that native vegetation has responded well and has provided improved habitat for a wide range of water birds including glossy ibis and egrets.
The action was developed by working with the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage and the Lachlan Riverine Working Group.
4.9 gigalitres of Commonwealth environmental water was delivered to Merrimajeel Creek. Delivery of this water for the environment was carried out from June 2011 to September 2011 and was delivered with 2.5 gigalitres from the New South Wales Government.
The purpose of the watering action was to improve system connectivity, support habitat for a wide variety of wetland dependent species, including threatened species and migratory birds. Reported observations after the water delivery indicated the presence of a range of water birds including egrets, spoonbills, shelducks and swans, along with positive vegetation responses.
The watering action was managed in cooperation with the New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales Office of Water, State Water and Lachlan Riverine Working Group, as well as landholders and community members.


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I am thinking about smooth vector fields on some (open set of an) euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$.
I know that the integral curves of a general vector field $X$ are not defined for every time $t\in \mathbb{R}$. A simple example is given by $X=x^2 \partial _x$ on $\mathbb{R}$, whose integral curve emanating at $t=0$ from some $x_0 >0$ is given by $\gamma(t) = \frac{x_0}{1-tx_0}$. This curve is defined only on $]-\infty, \frac{1}{x_0}[$; moreover as $t$ ranges in that set we have $\gamma (t)\in ]0,+\infty[$.
I would like to see an example of a vector field $X \in \mathfrak{X}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ such that the integral curve emanating at $t=0$ from some point $p$ is defined only for bounded times $t\in]-T,T[$ $ \ $ (with $T<+\infty$) and also remains bounded "in space", i.e. there exist a compact $K\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ such that $\gamma (t) \in K, \ \ \forall t \in ]-T,T[$. Can anyone provide some example or hint to build one?
Edit from comments: it has been pointed out that, by the Escape Lemma, such a vector field cannot exist, because if the maximal domain is not the whole $\mathbb{R}$, then the curves are forced to "escape" any compact set.
So let me slightly modify my question: in the above notations, let $T=+\infty$, so that the maximal domain is $\mathbb{R}$ and the integral curves can a priori be bounded. The first example I can think of is the following:
consider $X=x\partial _y -y\partial _x \in \mathfrak{X}(\mathbb{R}^2)$ and $p=(1,0)$. Then the integral curve starting at $p$ is just $S^1$ and $X$ can be pictured as its tangent counter-clockwise unit vector field.
This would answer my question, but this is not what I was really looking for, because this curve is not simple (it's periodic indeed), so it's defined for every time and bounded, but let me say in a quite trivial way.
So what I'm actually looking for is this: a vector field $X$ that at some point has a simple integral curve (i.e. injective as a map $\gamma : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}^n$) which is bounded in a compact set $K$ (and so globally defined, by the Escape Lemma). Is this possible? (maybe there is another result I don't know which proves this cannot be the case).
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Maybe I'm forgetting (it's been years since I took manifolds), but isn't this exactly what the Escape Lemma says cannot happen? Concretely, that if the maximal domain of an integral curve is not all of $\mathbb{R}$, then it must escape to infinity (i.e. it cannot lie in any compact set). – Matt Jan 23 '13 at 17:30
_USER_ : you are right! I didn't know this lemma, thank you. I've edited my question accordingly. – Lor Jan 23 '13 at 19:13
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2 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
How about a vector field in the plane with a stable limit cycle?
$$ \frac{dr}{dt} = r(1-r) \\ \frac{d \theta}{dt} = r $$ If I'm not mistaken, this is a continuous vector field with an unstable singularity at the origin such that any initial condition in the punctured disk $\{1 > r > 0\}$ tends toward the periodic orbit $\{r = 1\}$.
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This is what I was looking for, so I tried to carry out the computations. It turns out (if I'm still able to solve ODEs) that the integral curve starting from $(r_0,\theta _0)$ is given by $r(t)=\frac{r_0 e^t }{1-r_0 +r_0 e^t }$ and $\theta (t)= \theta _0 + ln (1-r_0 +r_0 e^t)$. So this is a complete vector field with integral curves bounded in the unit ball and tending towards the special orbits in $0$ and $S^1$ as $t \to -\infty$ or $+\infty$. Thank you very much! – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 11:58
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How about this flow in $\mathbb{R}^3$: $$\begin{align} \dot{x} &= -\beta y + 2zx\\ \dot{y} &= \beta x + 2zy\\ \dot{z} &= 4 - x^2 - y^2 + z^2 \end{align} $$ If one embed $\mathbb{R}^3$ into $S^3 \subset \mathbb{R}^4 \sim \mathbb{C}^2$ through the mapping: $$\begin{align} (x,y,z) &\to (X,Y,Z,W) = (\frac{x}{1+r^2/4},\frac{y}{1+r^4/4},\frac{z}{1+r^2/4},\frac{1-r^2/4}{1+r^2/4})\\ &\to (U,V) = (X+iY, Z+iW) \end{align} $$ the above flow can be rewritten as: $$\begin{align} \dot{U} &= i\beta U\\ \dot{V} &= -4 i V \end{align} $$ This flow is a rotation in $U$ direction with speed $\beta$ and $V$ direction with speed $-4$. If $\beta$ is irrational and $|U|, |V| \ne 0$, the flow line will not repeat and fill the surface of a torus.
This flow in $\mathbb{R}^3$ is possible because of the famous Hopf fibration of $S^3$ by $S^2$. If you want to have a feeling how the torus are nested, the wiki page of Hopf fibration is a possible start.
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This example is really nice, thank you! Let me see if I get the geometry of this. The integral curves starting from $(U_0,V_0)$ are given by $(U(t),V(t))=(U_0 e^{i\beta t},V_0 e^{-i4t})$, so they live on a torus in $S^3$. If I take $|U|=|V|=1$, isn't this the canonical Heegaard surface of genus 1 for $S^3$? – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 12:53
Do you mean $|U| = |V| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$? It is clearly a torus and acted as a Heegaard surface of genius 1. I don't know whether it is the canonical one you referred to. I've only heard of their names but never studied them. – achille hui Jan 31 '13 at 13:26
sure, I was thinking about unit vectors, but I haven't written it properly. Anyway this is what I mean with "canonical Heegaard surface of genus 1 for $S^3$", so I'm really happy with this example, thanks again! – Lor Jan 31 '13 at 14:07
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The purpose of this study was to examine the antihypertensive effects of lower extremity aerobic exercise on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure among hypertensive adults. Nine studies representing a total of 245 subjects (147 exercise, 98 control) met the criteria for inclusion. Using the meta-analytic technique, exercise-induce effect size reductions significantly different from zero were found for both resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean +/- SD, systolic: 0.63 +/- 0.66, 95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 1.14; diastolic: 0.35 +/- 0.19, 95% confidence interval, 0.19 to 0.49). Effect sizes corresponded with decreases of approximately 7 +/- 5 and 6 +/- 2 mm Hg for resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. None of the changes were significant for the control groups. The results of this study suggest that lower extremity aerobic exercise has an antihypertensive effect on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults. However, a need exists for more meticulously controlled investigations on this topic.
PubMed ID: _PHONE_
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Violence and Intergenerational Poverty
Methods Used in the Sugira Muryango Program
The Impacts of the Program in Rwanda
Potential Global Impacts
– Caroline Dunn
Photo: Flickr
impact of conflict on poverty
Conflict Background and Economic Impact
The Impact on Public Health
Current Aid and Support Efforts
The Future of the Region
Danielle Forrey
Photo: UN Multimedia
Human Rights in Central AmericaCentral America, which includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, has a history of human rights violations. The three northern countries (El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras) are considered the most dangerous countries in the region for vulnerable communities. The United Nations defines human rights as rights thought to be inherent no matter any status. Violations of these rights include violence, discrimination and injustices.
Vulnerable Communities
Members and supporters of the LGBTQ community, women and children are the most prone to violence and discrimination in Central America. Violence against LGBTQ people is severe and spread far throughout the region. In northern Central America between 2014 to 2019, 243 LGBTQ people were murdered.
The northern region is also the most dangerous for women. This is because El Salvador has the highest rate of gender-motivated killing in the world. Guatemala follows closely behind at third-highest while Honduras is sixth. In 2017, 2,559 cases of gender-motivated murders were reported in Latin America and the Caribbean with Central American nations making up a majority of the countries with the highest risk for women. El Salvador, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala and Nicaragua are included within the top 10.
Another highly vulnerable group is children. Children suffer from gangs, sexual violence and poverty. Many are forced to flee from Central America to the United States in the hopes of living safer lives, but this journey is often dangerous due to the drug-trafficking gangs. In addition to violence, poverty is also a significant driving force for children and families fleeing Central America. More than two-thirds of children live in poverty throughout El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In El Salvador alone, 86.8 percent of children live under the poverty line. However, families who do make it to the U.S. border are detained and often separated.
Human Rights Defenders
There is constant work to expand existing organizations and encourage a public environment that allows human rights defenders, local civil society groups and individuals to carry out their vital work without fear of violence. The people on the ground doing research, providing aid and services and protesting injustice are the foundation of the cause.
OutRight Action International, founded in 1990, works to improve the lives and protect LGBTQ people in Central America. In Guatemala, OutRight hosted a security training for LGBTQ activists in 2016. They document abuse and work towards creating a more tolerant society.
Journalists and activists that carry out such work are often detained or arrested for speaking out against the violation of human rights. 87 human rights activists were murdered or died in detention in Central America in 2016. The Latin America Working Group (LAWG) recognizes the importance of activists in the fight for human rights and has launched many campaigns advocating for laws protecting human rights defenders. In many cases, the violence and crime against activists are ignored by law officials and in response, human rights organizations have implemented devices, such as contact buttons and emergency plans, to keep people from being punished for speaking out.
Furthermore, the Pan American Development Foundation, based in Washington D.C., is currently 4 years into a 5-year plan to strengthen human rights in Central America. The project began in 2016 and has provided help to at-risk communities and has established protection systems for civil society groups and human rights defenders.
Moving Forward
Human rights in Central America are challenged every day. These rights are often abused due to the ineffectiveness of government intervention efforts and gang-related violence. Central America has a long way to go in providing a safe and enriching society for its citizens, but with the continued efforts of activists and community groups, there is a possibility for improved safety and livelihoods.
Taylor Pittman
Photo: Flickr
Child Labor in Saudi Arabia
Many know Saudi Arabia as one of the richest countries in the world. With the second largest natural oil reserve underground, Saudi Arabia is rapidly accumulating wealth and political power in international affairs. However, there is a dark side to the flashy urban lights of Saudi Arabia. The wealth gap that exists between the rich and the poor, coupled with the country's patriarchal tradition and its recent conflict with the Houthi movement in Yemen, puts many Saudi and immigrant children in danger of child labor, violence and economic exploitation. Here are 10 facts about child labor in Saudi Arabia.
10 Facts About Child Labor in Saudi Arabia
 1. Poverty is the main cause of Saudi Arabia's Child Labor. While Saudi Arabia is famous for its wealth, thanks in large part to the second-largest oil deposits in the world, there is a big economic disparity between the poor and the rich. According to a study that the Saudi Arabian government funded in 2015, 22 percent of families in Saudi Arabia depend on their children's income.
 2. The minimum employment age is 13. In the royal decree of 1969, Saudi Arabia enacted a law that set the minimum employment age to 13 years old and banned children from working in hazardous conditions. This does not apply to works in the family business, domestic labor and agricultural work. Some employers of Saudi Arabia exploit a loophole in the law. For example, this law does not address the child brides of Saudi Arabia. If a child bride does any house chores or agricultural work for her husband's family, it will not be a violation of the minimum employment age law.
 3. There are cases of child labor trafficking from neighboring countries. Stemming from Saudi Arabia's recent conflict with Yemen, which left Yemen devastated, wartorn and practically lawless, some Yemeni parents are seeking illegal agents who will traffick their children to Saudi Arabia. While some Yemeni parents traffick their children to Saudi Arabia to save them from the desperate conditions in Yemen, other parents traffick their children in hopes of economic relief provided by their children's labor in Saudi Arabia. While deportation is the main concern of many Yemeni parents for their trafficked children, many trafficked Yemeni children are in danger of violence, hunger and sexual abuse.
 4. Child workers usually have parents who have low professional and education level. The low education and professional level of child workers' parents, coupled with economic disparity, make poverty in Saudi Arabia hereditary. Saudi Arabia is taking steps to ameliorate this issue. In early 2018, the Saudi government declared that it aims to eradicate adult illiteracy by 2024. Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Education established adult education centers across the country and launched the Learning Neighborhood program in 2006 in pursuit of this goal.
 5. Children of migrant workers in Saudi Arabia do not have protection under a law that prohibits forced or compulsory labor. Saudi Arabia's labor law does prohibit forced labor, however, these measures do not extend to over 12 million migrant workers in the country. Some employers exploit this loophole in the labor laws, which sometimes results in physical, mental and sexual abuse of migrant workers and their children.
 6. Saudi Arabia's citizenship requirement puts Saudi children in danger of child labor and human trafficking. A Saudi child's citizenship comes from his or her father. If a child has a citizen mother and a non-citizen father, or from a mother who is not legally married to a citizen father, there is a chance that the country will consider the child a stateless person. As a result of being stateless, Saudi Arabia can deny a child state education, and in certain cases, medical attention. According to the U.S. Department of State, about 5 percent of street begging children in Saudi Arabia are Saudi nationals of unknown parents.
 7. The Saudi government is working with the international community to combat child labor. In 2016, with technical advisory services support from the International Labour Organization (ILO), Saudi Arabia ratified its report for ILO's Minimum Age Convention of 1973. According to the United Nations' 2016 report on Saudi Arabia's adherence to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Saudi Arabia adopted and implemented regulations against child abuse and human trafficking. As part of the new labor reforms and regulations in 2015, for example, the Labor Ministry of Saudi Arabia can impose SR $20,000 ($5,333) on employers who employ children under 15-years old.
 8. In 2014, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Women's World Summit Foundation (WWSF) launched a campaign against child labor in Saudi Arabia. For 19-days, WWSF campaigned to raise awareness for child labor, abuse and violence against children and youth. The National Family Safety Program of Saudi Arabia also launched its four-day program which raised awareness for economic exploitation and abuse of children in Saudi Arabia. Through these campaigns, both WWSF and the Saudi government aimed to reduce child labor in Saudi Arabia by highlighting that child labor contributes to the abuse of children by harming children's health, physical development, psychological health and access to education.
 9. UNICEF and the Saudi Ministry of Social Affairs opened a reception center for trafficked Yemeni children. Many trafficked Yemeni children end up in the streets of Saudi Arabian cities as beggars or street vendors. In the worst cases, these trafficked children are under severe danger of exploitation and abuse. When the Saudi authorities detained them, these Yemeni children usually went to prison or open-air enclosures with adult deportees. The center provides shelter for


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Researchers produced the first hydrogen that was generated from electricity by tidal energy. The first 'tidal hydrogen' was produced at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney. As hydrogen production is energy intense in the making, tidal energy and renewable clean energy sources could be real game changers. Hydrogen is promising to substitute fossil fuel generated devices, because it emits no carbon making it a carbon neutral fuel source.
The extracted hydrogen will be sent to the Scottish mainland where the hydrogen will be converted back to electricity to power ferries.businessGreen
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Spain: No Smokers Group Presents Petition to Ban Smoking on Beaches
The group has been gathering signatures for over two years. Their aim is transforming Spain's 3,084 miles (4,964km) of coastline into areas free of cigarette smoke and waste. Delivered to the minister Teresa Ribera, the petition asks for a national legislation on the issue.
Raquel Fernández Megina of No Fumadores said that the signatures "send the message that we can't wait any longer", adding that a ban would protect beachgoers from the effects of secondhand smoke while also curbing the ubiquitous cigarette butts that litter many of the country's beaches. She highlighted that about 475 local beaches have already been declared smoke free.
How discarded cigarette butts affect the environment
A 2019 study published in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety had indicated how cigarette butts can disrupt an ecosystem. Titled, "Cigarette butts have adverse effects on initial growth of perennial ryegrass (gramineae: Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (leguminosae: Trifolium repens L.)" this research had found that the presence of cigarette butts in the soil harms certain plants.
"Despite being a common sight littering streets and parks worldwide, our study is the first to show the impact of cigarette butts on plants," said lead author Dannielle Green, Ph.D. "Many smokers think cigarette butts quickly biodegrade and therefore don't really consider them as a litter. In reality, the filter is made out of a type of bioplastic that can take years, if not decades to break down."
Data indicate that over five trillion butts are generated by smokers each year worldwide. Since they are small enough to appear more harmless than the more visible type of rubbish, cigarette butts are more likely to be disposed of inappropriately. Therefore they tend to pile up in parks, beaches, streets and bus stops.
The UK asks Big Tobacco to take responsibility for this litter
In 2020, the UK Environment Minister Rebecca Pow warned local tobacco companies to do something about the millions of cigarette butts littering local streets, or else face new tougher measures.
Minister Pow summoned the major players in the industry focusing her fire on the Tobacco Manufacturers' Association and cigarette giants Philip Morris and Japan Tobacco International, which owns the Silk Cut, Camel and Benson & Hedges brands. "If we cannot progress this discussion… we will have to reflect on what steps the Government can take to ensure the tobacco industry takes increasing responsibility for the litter its products create," she said in a letter addressed to the tobacco firms.
Read Further: The Guardian
New Zealand: A Vape Ban Imposed on Otago's Most Popular Beaches
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Source: VapingPost


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Thursday, January 8, 2009
Blue Pencil no. 3.2: Rotunda
Rotunda was a southern European script and it was as popular in Spain as in Italy. Spanish rotunda tends to be narrower, more rigid and more precise than the Italian model. The example here is an undated sheet of parchment—it looks as if it could have been written anytime from the late 15th c. to the end of the 16th c.—which I bought ten years ago in Copenhagen. The writing is on both sides and there is no illumination. In comparing it to the Colonna Missal look especially at the "round" letters cited before and r, long s and x.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Originally Posted by Kevin45
Not being a smartazz, just curious. How would the rear "come around" if it locked up first? It seems to me if the front locked first, then the rear could come around. That is one of the reasons truckers were unhooking their front brakes, so the rear would pull them to a stop and not jacknife.
Traction is a dynamic situation. When the tire is rolling, the coefficient of friction in the direction of travel is lower than the coefficient of friction sideways. You're rolling in one direction and sliding in the other. This is what allows you to corner. If the tire is locked, you are now sliding in both directions and there is equal traction (or lack thereof) in both the forward and lateral directions. Thus, any minor off-axis force will cause the locked tires to move in a different direction.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Extracting protein-protein interactions from Medline using the hidden vector state model
A major challenge in text mining for biomedicine is automatically extracting protein-protein interactions from the vast amount of biomedical literature. We have constructed an information extraction system based on the Hidden Vector State (HVS) model for protein-protein interactions. The HVS model can be trained using only lightly annotated data whilst simultaneously retaining sufficient ability to capture the hierarchical structure. When applied in extracting protein-protein interactions, we found that it performed better than other established statistical methods and achieved 61.5% in F-score with balanced recall and precision values. Moreover, the statistical nature of the pure data-driven HVS model makes it intrinsically robust and it can be easily adapted to other domains.


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Active Ecosystem (SMF) is an interactive art installation inspired by the cycles of growth, movement, and decay in the natural and agricultural environment of Sacramento. Located in the Sacramento International Airport's new ticketing hall, the piece involves a series of 14 LCD screens mounted across the glass surface of a three-story elevator shaft. Animations controlled by the rise and fall of the elevator depict changes in different ecosystems, linking the human movement within the airport to the environment outside.
Conceptually, Active Ecosystem (SMF) continues the airport's theme of "bringing the outside in," while capitalizing on what interactive media and dynamic computer systems do best: visualizing time and movement in an open-ended, evolving way. The different scenes in the piece combine both pre-rendered and algorithmically generated animations. Leaves, seeds, fish and other natural elements are hand-drawn, but the movements of those elements are calculated dynamically to always create different behaviors as they grow or move.
Each of the different scenes in Active Ecosystem (SMF) contains multiple responses to the elevator. For example, in the "river" scene, passengers' pushing a call button on any of the landings starts a series of ripples in the river. When the elevator moves to a new floor, a school of fish follow it. A large, curious fish investigates the elevator wherever it stops. If no one rides the elevator for an extended period of time, an abstract drawing of the river starts to flow. Similarly, in the "tree" scene, falling leaves are blown in different directions as the elevator rises and falls.
In each scene, the elements also change based on time of day and the seasons. The color palette changes from dawn to noon to dusk, mimicking the outside environment. Different local fish, such as king salmon or rainbow trout, swim in the river during the months when they are spawning. Falling autumn leaves are replaced by drifting pollen in the spring.
This piece marks the first collaborative artwork between longtime friends Camille Utterback and Michelle Higa Fox. The pairing draws on Utterback's expertise in interactive and public art, and Higa Fox's acclaimed skills as an animator.


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Background: Although it is well-recognized that hospitalization often precipitates functional decline in older patients, there have been few studies to examine these functional changes carefully over multiple points in time. Objective: To describe functional trajectory during and 6 months posthospitalization and to ascertain the predictors that signal different classes of functional trajectory, using latent class analysis. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on 286 older hospitalized patients who were admitted to five surgical-medical units at a tertiary medical center in Northern Taiwan. Results are reported of 241 participants who completed all four scheduled assessments during hospitalization (within 48 hr after admission and before discharge) and 3 and 6 months postdischarge. Functional trajectory was measured using the Barthel index over four time points, and decline was defined as a reduction on the Barthel index scores. Demographics, comorbidities, visual impairment, medications taken, cognitive status, nutritional status, oral health, depressive symptoms, social support, surgical diagnosis, and length of stay were assessed as the predictors of functional trajectory classes. Results: Most (74.3%) participants developed functional decline during hospitalization, and 32.0% had persistent functional impairment at 6 months posthospitalization. Three functional trajectory classes (good, moderate, and poor) were identified, and gender, age, comorbidities, cognitive status, nutritional status, oral health status, and length of stay were associated with different trajectory classes. Conclusion: Visualizing different classes of functional trajectory and studying predictors that signal such differences during and posthospitalization help practitioners understand how function changed and the possible ways to intervene.
|Number of pages||8|
|State||Published - 1 Mar 2008|
- Activities of daily living
- Acute care for the older persons
- Functional decline
- Longitudinal design


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Royal Canin Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Adult Dry Dog Food - 1.5kg
Royal Canin Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Adult
Dry Dog Food - 1.5kg
Benefits of using Royal Canin Cavalier King Spaniel specific food,
Cardiac health: As Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are at risk of certain types of heart conditions, this formula contains nutrients to help support cardiac health such as taurine, omega 3 fatty acids (EPA & DHA), L-carnitine and antioxidants.
Ideal weight: The Cavalier is a breed that can easily gain excess weight. This formula is designed to provide a precise level of calories for this breed to maintain a healthy weight.
Coat health: As the Cavalier can be prone to skin issues, this formula contains nutrients such as omega 3 fatty acids (EPA & DHA) and omega 6 fatty acids to maintain skin and coat health.
Exclusive kibble design: A kibble exclusively designed to make it easier for your Cavalier King Charles Spaniel to pick up and to encourage him to chew.
Ingredients in this food are,
Composition, including any additives
Rice, vegetable protein isolate*, dehydrated poultry protein, maize, animal fats, hydrolysed animal proteins, beet pulp, vegetable fibres, minerals, fish oil, soya oil, dehydrated tomato, fructo-oligo-saccharides, hydrolysed yeast (source of manno-oligo-saccharides), borage oil (0.1%), marigold extract (source of lutein), hydrolysed crustaceans (source of glucosamine), hydrolysed cartilage (source of chondroitin).


@article{10902/13818, year = {2016}, url = {_URL_ abstract = {We study several linear connections (the first canonical, the Chern, the well adapted, the Levi Civita, the Kobayashi-Nomizu, the Yano, the Bismut and those with totally skew-symmetric torsion) which can be defined on the four geometric types of (J2 = ±1)-metric manifolds. We characterize when such a connection is adapted to the structure, and obtain a lot of results about coincidence among connections. We prove that the first canonical and the well adapted connections define a one-parameter family of adapted connections, named canonical connections, thus extending to almost Norden and almost product Riemannian manifolds the families introduced in almost Hermitian and almost para-Hermitian manifolds in [13] and [18]. We also prove that every connection studied in this paper is a canonical connection, when it exists and it is an adapted connection. © 2016, Masarykova Universita. All rights reserved.}, publisher = {Masarykova Universita}, publisher = {Archivum Mathematicum. T. 52 (2016), 159–203}, title = {Distinguished connections on (J2 = ±1)-metric manifolds}, author = {Etayo Gordejuela, Fernando and Santamaría Sánchez, Rafael}, }


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February 9, 1999
Dr. Estelle Levetin, The University of Tulsa
Dr. C. E. Main and T. Keever, North Carolina State University
The first year of the Mountain Cedar Pollen Forecasting Project has been completed. Our goal has been to provide pollen transport forecasts in order to alert patients sensitive to mountain cedar pollen when the pollen was moving into their area. Developed jointly by scientists at The University of Tulsa and North Carolina State University, the forecasts were based upon the presence of pollen at the source and meteorological conditions favorable for pollen release and transport. Meteorological information was obtained locally from the Oklahoma Mesonet and via the Internet from the National Weather Service and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Trajectories were provided by Air Resources Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Forecasts were produced daily during December 1998 and January 1999. We hope the forecasts of the airborne movement of this potent allergen were beneficial to allergy sufferers and concerned health care providers!
Pollen from mountain cedar or ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) is one of the most potent allergens in North America. Populations of mountain cedar trees occur in the Arbuckle Mountains of south-central Oklahoma and in the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas. Plants produce abundant pollen that is easily dispersed by wind. Day-to-day variability of pollen release is governed by several meteorological factors, the most important of which are temperature, relative humidity, surface moisture, and wind speed. In addition to being very allergenic, mountain cedar pollen is also unique due to the time of pollen release. Pollination occurs during December and January, with the peak often occurring the last week of December. It is responsible for mid-winter hay fever problems in the south-central region of the United States.
Creation of the forecasts was a multi-step process. Each day, forecast air-parcel trajectories were generated from several representative sites where mountain cedars are known to occur. Austin, Junction, and San Angelo were chosen from the Edwards Plateau in Texas. Sulfur, Oklahoma was selected from the Arbuckle Mountains. Conditions for potential pollen release and transport along the forecast paths were evaluated using past, current, and forecast weather data gathered over the Internet. Also involved in the decision-making process were such factors as the amount of pollen available to be released, the size of the source region, the duration of favorable release conditions that day, and how closely the forecast trajectories approached densely-populated areas. These elements were then synthesized to produce a judgement of the overall threat for that day's situation, either Low, Moderate, or Serious.
During December two favorable periods for pollen release occurred. During the first period from December 13 to December 17, conditions were most favorable on the 17th. This episode also held the greatest possibility for long-range transport of pollen. Airborne pollen spread northeast from both sources, affecting large areas of western north Texas and Oklahoma. The second episode was December 27 through December 31, during which favorable weather was largely limited to the Edwards Plateau region with peak conditions on the 29th and 30th. Wind directions were variable due to the passing of dry fronts; little long-range pollen transport was likely. Airborne pollen influenced various areas of Texas from day to day. Release from the Arbuckle Mountains in Oklahoma was possible between the 27th and the 29th. However, with favorable release conditions confined to a few hours each afternoon and the pollen source area being small, this location represented a Low threat.
After the first several days of January, an unusually dry and mild regime existed over the south-central United States. In Texas, where pollen-release weather and transport dominated from January 5-27, the peak period of favorable weather occurred between the 10th and 21st. Conditions varied from one side of the Edwards Plateau to the other at other times. In almost all cases, the more favorable conditions occurred more frequently in the western sections of the Plateau due to higher humidities in the east.
In the Arbuckle Mountains source area, frequent pollen-release weather occurred during the same January 5th to 27th period, though not to the extent found in Texas. There were more intrusions of cold and/or wet weather. The longest favorable period occurred from January 11-21 with peak release conditions occurring from the 15th to the 20th. This coincides with the time of best release conditions for the Edwards Plateau. Both the Texas and Oklahoma source regions experienced unfavorable conditions for pollen release after January 27 that lasted through the end of the forecasting program for 1998-99.
There was a variety of potential transport pathways exhibited by the forecast trajectories from both the Edwards Plateau and the Arbuckle Mountains. Most transport was to the north and east at varying rates including some trajectories that traveled great distances. Some pollen was transported south but only a few trajectories had a predominantly western track. The forecast trajectories typically had a duration of 48 hours and many showed a change in direction due to passing fronts, sometimes more than once. Washout of airborne pollen occurred periodically. However, the extent to which this occurred is difficult to determine and may only be possible with a broader sampling network.
Another notable point was the occasional tendency for trajectories from the east and west portions of the Edwards Plateau to take different paths. In most instances the Austin source trajectory followed one track while the Junction and San Angelo trajectories behaved differently (but similar to each other). These cases usually resulted from a passing front or a developing low pressure area to the north. The Austin trajectories appeared to be more readily influenced by wind flows ahead of the fronts or developing systems. Trajectories from the other two locations tended to begin in the same direction but then failed to get caught up in those same flows. They usually would travel slower and/or shift direction.
In general, conditions for pollen release were more favorable in January than in December and occurred more frequently on the Edwards Plateau than in the Arbuckle Mountains. Moderate or Serious threats were present for the Edwards Plateau about 3/5 of the season, compared to about 2/5 of the season for the Arbuckles. Though there were periods of favorable weather in December, jet stream patterns were even more conducive to warm, dry weather in January. The Edwards Plateau region experienced favorable to very favorable weather for all except the first four and last four days of that month.
Favorable conditions were less frequent in the Arbuckle Mountains mostly because of the greater number of weather systems influencing that region. This meant more precipitation and/or incursions of cold air that often missed the Edwards Plateau. When unfavorable weather governed release in both regions, favorable conditions returned more quickly for the Edwards Plateau area but tended to linger in the Arbuckle Mountains.
The weather related to pollen release is still under study as pollen trap counts become available. There should be more expansions or additions to this summary as more post-season analysis takes place. We suggest you periodically return to check for updates! All pollen forecasts have been archived and the complete set of day-by-day maps, forecasts, and other information of interest can be reviewed via the Mountain Cedar Pollen Forecasting website: _URL_


text:
In many beginning Japanese classes, 来る【くる】 and 行く【いく】 are presented as "to come" and "to go," respectively. Dictionaries generally also define them this way. However, every once in a while in more advanced classes, teachers will mention that this is not actually the case; these words are used differently in Japanese than their English (pseudo-)counterparts.
I cannot for the life of me remember the proper way to understand the differentiation between these verbs, past "come" and "go," a fact which is most embarassing.
Can someone please explain how these words are different than the English "come" and "go" in their usage?
Related question: Difference between -て行く and -て来る


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Jupyter kernels manipulation and in other environments (docker, Lmod, etc.)
Project description
Switch environments before running Jupyter kernels
Sometimes, one needs to execute Jupyter kernels in a different environment. Say you want to execute the kernel in a conda environment (that's easy, but actually misses setting certain environment variables). Or run it inside a Docker container. One could manually adjust the kernelspec files to set environment variables or run commands before starting the kernel, but envkernel automates this process.
envkernel is equally usable for end users (on their own systems or clusters) to easily access environments in Jupyter, or sysadmins deploying this access on systems they administer.
In general, there are two passes: First, install the kernel, e.g.: envkernel virtualenv --name=my-venv /path/to/venv. This parses some options and writes a kernelspec file with the the --name you specify. When Jupyter tries to start this kernel, it will execute the next phase. When Jupyter tries to run the kernel, the kernelspec file will re-execute envkernel in the run mode, which does whatever is needed to set up the environment (in this case, sets PATH to the /path/to/venv/bin/ that is needed). Then it starts the normal IPython kernel.
Available modes:
 - conda: Activate a conda environment first.
 - virtualenv: Activate a virtualenv first.
 - docker: Run the kernel in a Docker container.
 - singularity: Run the kernel in a singularity container.
 - Lmod: Activate Lmod modules first.
pip install
Not currently distributed through other channels, but hopefully this will change. This is a single-file script and can be copied just like this. The script must be available both when a kernel is set up, and each time the kernel is started (and currently assumes they are in the same location).
General usage and common arguments
General invocation:
envkernel [mode] [envkernel options] [mode-specific-options]
General arguments usable by all classes during the setup phase:
These options directly map to normal Jupyter kernel install options:
 - mode: singularity, docker, lmod, or whatever mode is desired.
 - --name $name: Name of kernel to install (required).
 - --user: Install kernel into user directory.
 - --sys-prefix: Install to the current Python's sys.prefix (the Python which is running envkernel).
 - --prefix: same as normal kernel install option.
 - --display-name NAME: Human-readable name.
 - --replace: Replace existing kernel (Jupyter option, unsure what this means).
 - --language: What language to tag this kernel (default python).
These are envkernel-specific options:
 - --python: Python interpreter to use when invoking inside the environment. (Default python. Unlike other kernels, this defaults to a relative path because the point of envkernel is to set up PATH properly.) If this is the special value SELF, this will be replaced with the value of sys.executable of the Python running envkernel.
 - --kernel=NAME: Auto-set --language and --kernel-cmd to that needed for these well-known kernels. Options include ipykernel (the default) or ir.
 - --kernel-cmd: a string which is the kernel to start - space separated, no shell quoting, it will be split when saving. The default is python -m ipykernel_launcher -f {connection_file}, which is suitable for IPython. For example, to start an R kernel in the environment use R --slave -e IRkernel::main() --args {connection_file} as the value to this, being careful with quoting the spaces only once. To find what the strings should be, copy form some existing kernels. --kernel=NAME includes shortcut for some popular kernels.
 - --kernel-template: An already-installed kernel name which is used as a template for the new envkernel. This is searched using the normal Jupyter search paths. This kernel json file is loaded and used as a template for all kernel options (--language, --kernel-cmd, etc). Also, any other file in this directory (such as logos) are copied to the new kernel (like kernel.js in irkernel).
 - --env=NAME=VALUE. Set these environment variables when running the kernel. These are actually just saved in the kernel.json file under the env key, which is used by Jupyter itself. So, this is just a shorthand for adding variables there, it is not used at the envkernel stage at all.
Order of precedence of options (later in the list overrides earlier): --kernel-template, --kernel, --kernel-cmd, --language, --python, --display-name.
The Conda envkernel will activate Conda environments (set the PATH, CPATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, and LIBRARY_PATH environment variables). This is done manually, if anyone knows a better way to do this, please inform us.
Conda example
This will load the anaconda environment before invoking an IPython kernel using the name python, which will presumably be the one inside the anaconda3 environment.
envkernel conda --name=conda-anaconda3 /path/to/anaconda3
Conda mode arguments
General invocation:
envkernel conda --name=NAME [envkernel options] conda-env-full-path
 - conda-env-full-path: Full path to the conda environment to load.
This operates identically to conda mode, but with name virtualenv on virtualenvs.
Virtualenv example
envkernel virtualenv --name=conda-anaconda3 /path/to/anaconda3
Docker is a containerization system that runs as a system service.
Note: docker has not been fully tested, but has been reported to work.
Docker example
envkernel singularity --name=NAME --pwd --bind /m/jh/coursedata/:/coursedata /path/to/image.simg
Docker mode arguments
General invocation:
envkernel singularity --name=NAME [envkernel options] [singularity options] [image]
 - image: Required positional argument: name of docker image to run.
 - --pwd: Bind-mount the current working directory and use it as the current working directory inside the notebook. This is usually useful.
 - A few more yet-undocumented and untested arguments...
Any unknown argument is passed directly to the docker run call, and thus can be any normal Docker argument. If,copy is included in the --mount command options, the directory will be copied before mounting. This may be useful if the directory is on a network mount which the root docker can't access.
Singularity is a containerization system somewhat similar to Docker, but designed for user-mode usage without root, and with a mindset of using user software instead of system services.
Singularity example
envkernel singularity --name=NAME --contain --bind /m/jh/coursedata/:/coursedata /path/to/image.simg
Singularity mode arguments
General invocation:
 - image: Required positional argument: name of singularity image to run.
 - --pwd: Bind-mount the current working directory and use it as the current working directory inside the notebook. This may happen by default if you don't --contain.
Any unknown argument is passed directly to the singularity exec call, and thus can be any normal Singularity arguments. The most useful Singularity options are (nothing envkernel specific here):
 - --contain or -c: Don't share any filesystems by default.
 - --bind src:dest[:ro]: Bind mount src from the host to dest in the container. :ro is optional, and defaults to rw.
 - --cleanenv: Clean all environment before executing.
 - --net or -n: Run in new network namespace. This does NOT work with Jupyter kernels, because localhost must currently be shared. So don't use this unless we create proper net gateway.
The Lmod envkernel will load/unload Lmod modules before running a normal IPython kernel.
Using envkernel is better than the naive (but functional) method of modifying a kernel to invoke a particular Python binary, because that will invoke the right Python interpreter but not set relevant other environment variables (so, for example, subprocesses won't be in the right environment).
Lmod example
This will run module purge and then module load anaconda3 before invoking an IPython kernel using the name python, which will presumably be the one inside the anaconda3 environment.
envkernel lmod --name=anaconda3 --purge anaconda3
Lmod mode arguments
General invocation:
envkernel lmod --name=NAME [envkernel options] [module...]
 - module...: Modules to load (positional argument). Note that if the module is prefixed with -, it is actually unloaded (this is a Lmod feature).
 - --purge: Purge all modules before loading the new modules. This can be safer, because sometimes users may automatically load modules from their.bashrc which will cause failures if you try to load conflicting ones.
How it works
When envkernel first runs, it sets up a kernelspec that will re-invoke envkernel when it runs. Some options are when firs run (kernelspec name and options), while usually most are passed through straight to the kernelspec. When the kernel is started, envkernel is re-invoked
Example envkernel setup command. This makes a new Jupyter kernel (envkernel singularity means singularity create mode) named testcourse-0.5.9 out of the image


20 October 2020
Artificial intelligence reveals hundreds of millions of trees in the Sahara
There are far more trees in the West African Sahara and Sahel than most would expect. A combination of artificial intelligence and detailed satellite imagery allowed a team from the University of Copenhagen and international collaborators to count all trees across a 1.3 million km2 area of West Africa.
Dryland landscape in Africa
Photo: Martin Brandt
If you think that the Sahara is covered only by golden dunes and scorched rocks, you aren't alone. Perhaps it's time to shelve that notion. In an area of West Africa 30 times larger than Denmark, an international team, led by University of Copenhagen and NASA researchers, has counted over 1.8 billion trees and shrubs. The 1.3 million km2 area covers the western-most portion of the Sahara Desert, the Sahel and what are known as sub-humid zones of West Africa.
"We were very surprised to see that quite a few trees actually grow in the Sahara Desert, because up until now, most people thought that virtually none existed. We counted hundreds of millions of trees in the desert alone. Doing so wouldn't have been possible without this technology. Indeed, I think it marks the beginning of a new scientific era," asserts Assistant Professor Martin Brandt of the University of Copenhagen's Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, lead author of the study's scientific article, now published in Nature.
The work was achieved through a combination of detailed satellite imagery provided by NASA, and deep learning — an advanced artificial intelligence method. Normal satellite imagery is unable to identify individual trees, they remain literally invisible. Moreover, a limited interest in counting trees outside of forested areas led to the prevailing view that there were almost no trees in this particular region. This is the first time that trees across a large dryland region have been counted.
The role of trees in the global carbon budget
New knowledge about trees in dryland areas like this is important for several reasons, according to Martin Brandt. For example, they represent an unknown factor when it comes to the global carbon budget:
"Trees outside of forested areas are usually not included in climate models, and we know very little about their carbon stocks. They are basically a white spot on maps and an unknown component in the global carbon cycle," explains Martin Brandt.
Furthermore, the new study can contribute to better understanding the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystems and for the people living in these areas. In particular, enhanced knowledge about trees is also important for developing programmes that promote agroforestry, which plays a major environmental and socio-economic role in arid regions.
"Thus, we are also interested in using satellites to determine tree species, as tree types are significant in relation to their value to local populations who use wood resources as part of their livelihoods. Trees and their fruit are consumed by both livestock and humans, and when preserved in the fields, trees have a positive effect on crop yields because they improve the balance of water and nutrients," explains Professor Rasmus Fensholt of the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management.
The area where the trees were mapped
The red rectangle marks the area where the trees were mapped.
Technology with a high potential
The research was conducted in collaboration with the University of Copenhagen's Department of Computer Science, where researchers developed the deep learning algorithm that made the counting of trees over such a large area possible.
The researchers show the deep learning model what a tree looks like: They do so by feeding it thousands of images of various trees. Based upon the recognition of tree shapes, the model can then automatically identify and map trees over large areas and thousands of images. The model needs only hours what would take thousands of humans several years to achieve.
"This technology has enormous potential when it comes to documenting changes on a global scale and ultimately, in contributing towards global climate goals. We are motivated to develop this type of beneficial artificial intelligence," says professor and co-author Christian Igel of the Department of Computer Science.
The next step is to expand the count to a much larger area in Africa. And in the longer term, the aim is to create a global database of all trees growing outside forest areas.


Friday, 12 June 2020
'The first fear...'
We're Building The Ship As We Sail It
The first fear
being drowning, the
ship's first shape
was a raft, which
was hard to unflatten
after that didn't
happen. It's awkward
to have to do one's
planning in extremis
in the early years -
so hard to hide later:
sleekening the hull,
making things
more gracious.
 1. Wonderful poem. Thanks, nige!
 2. I noticed another instance of the metaphor, not by a poet but by a philosopher:. I wonder whether there is a common source, but can't now think what it could be.
 3. Yes, thanks for that George. These images of sailing and staying afloat do apply very widely. Here's Michael Oakeshott on the business of governance: 'In political activity, then, men sail a boundless and bottomless sea: there is neither harbour for shelter, nor floor for anchorage, neither starting place nor appointed destination. The enterprise is to keep afloat on an even keel: the sea is both friend and enemy: and the seamanship consists in using the resources of a traditional manner of behaviour in order to make a friend of every hostile occasion.'
 4. The other day I read and enjoyed this analysis by Kay Ryan of Larkin's poem about a funeral in Ireland:
 5. Thanks Zoe – that's wonderful.


Hackernoon logoCarrierWave Upload Multiple Images by@kolosek
CarrierWave Upload Multiple Images
Nesha Hacker Noon profile picture
CEO @ Kolosek.com
When you are building a web application, you definitely want to add an option for image uploading as well. In this tutorial, we will show you the necessary steps to enable upload multiple images/files using CarrierWave in Rails 4+ from scratch. A similar procedure can be applied for nested forms.
Step 1: In the gem file
CarrierWave is a Ruby gem that provides a simple and extremely flexible way to upload files from Ruby applications. You will need to add these gems to the Gemfile and run
bundle install
gem 'carrierwave'
Step 2: Setting up CarrierWave
The first step to configure CarrierWave it to run the following command:
rails generate uploader Avatar
This will create a new directory called uploaders in the app folder and a file inside called avatar_uploader.rb.
class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
 storage :file
 def store_dir
 def default_url
 "/images/fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_')
- You can modify the default directory to change where uploaded files will be stored.
- It is the path to the default image, you can use this image if no other image has been selected.
Step 3: Generate your migrations
You can generate your migrations using Scaffolding in Rails. This will generate a full set of model, views and controller, and a test suite for each of the above. It is the most simple way to get your project up and running.
 - rails g scaffold post title:string
 - rails g scaffold post_attachment post_id:integer avatar:string
 - rake db:migrate
Step 4: Edit Models
Once scaffolding finishes generating the files you can start editing your models.
You want to be able to create post and post_attachment in one go. To do this you need to add the following to
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
 has_many :post_attachments
 accepts_nested_attributes_for :post_attachments
'accepts_nested_attributes_for :post_attachments'
- Nested attributes allow you to save attributes on associated records through the parent.
The time has come to mount your uploader. Navigate to your PostAttachment model and add
'mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader'
to the file.
 class PostAttachment < ActiveRecord::Base
 mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
 belongs_to :post
Step 5: Modify your Controller
The next step is to modify the
to accept those new nested attributes.
def show
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.all
def new
 _USER_ = Post.new
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.build
To make sure that
is ready to be created once the new post is done, you will need to build it with
 def create
 _USER_ = Post.new(post_params)
 respond_to do |format|
 if _USER_.save
 params[:post_attachments]['avatar'].each do |a|
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.create!(:avatar => a, :post_id => _USER_.id)
 format.html { redirect_to _USER_, notice: 'Post was successfully created.' }
 format.html { render action: 'new' }
To help the nested attributes reach the model, you will need to add the following to the post_params method in the PostController.
def post_params
 params.require(:post).permit(:title, post_attachments_attributes:
 [:id, :post_id, :avatar])
Step 6: View layout
For the last step to finish out application you will need to edit the view to allow us to upload new images. You can do this by adding the following line:
<%= p.file_field :avatar, :multiple => true, name: "post_attachments[avatar][]" %>
<%= form_for(_USER_, :html => { :multipart => true }) do |f| %>

 <%= f.label :title %>
 <%= f.text_field :title %>
 <%= f.fields_for :post_attachments do |p| %>

 <%= p.label :avatar %>
 <% end %>

 <%= f.submit %>
 <% end %>
Thank you for reading!
Previously published at _URL_
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text:
Teacher Performance Appraisal for Experienced Teacher – APS003
Reviewed/Revised: September 2015
The Waterloo Catholic District School Board believes the primary aim of a staff appraisal process is to ensure the professional growth of each of its teachers through recognition of professional achievement and positive contributions to the system. To assist experienced teachers in the successful achievement of their goals the Board is committed to the use of the Performance Appraisal of Experienced Teachers (2007) issued by the Ministry of Education.
Evaluation within the Board is based on the following assumptions:
- Educators within the system are competent.
- Educators want to increase their professional effectiveness.
- Educators wish to be involved in a co-operative evaluation process as part of a professional learning community.
The performance appraisal system for an experienced teacher applies to members of teachers' bargaining units as defined in Part X.1 of the Education Act and temporary teachers. It is not applicable to teachers new to the profession as of 2006, occasional teachers, continuing education teachers, supervisory officers, administrators, or instructors in teacher-training institutions.


voltage of 140V which means it provide a power supply of 28kVA, hence its total power consumed is 28kVA x0.85 = 23.8kW. According to Malaysian electricity billing rate, the cost is RM9.36 /kWh and the power cost can be calculated as power consumption used x operating time x electricity billing cost. For the gas cost, the consumption rate varies with the operating condition of the machine. For example, 200A oxygen plasma cutter consume 2m3 of oxygen while cutting. Hence, the gas cost can be calculated as the consumption used x operating time x price of air/m3. The consumable cost of the plasma cutter is tracked on monthly or yearly basis. The cost is depending on the part lifespan, operating parameters, duration of cuts, number of pieces and operating skill. The effective way on calculating the cost is the consumption rate x operation time x part cost. Labour cost is the major cost of the operation because it depends on the experience of the operator hired and the average hiring cost per operator in Malaysia is around RM1000 to RM1500. Hence, the labour cost is calculated as the total hours operated per year x shop hourly rate x number of people hired. In the overall starting investment in CNC plasma cutter machine is approximate RM 600000 to RM700000 which include the initial and operating cost. This investment is a huge risk to handle due to the amount of money would be invested and countermeasures on reducing the risk is needed to prevent the loss of value of this investment. 10 Therefore, there are a few recommended countermeasures that can optimize the productivity and reduce the risk of loss in investment. The first recommendation is the preventive maintenance should be carried out to prevent downtime for repair which is costly. Also, secondary operation needed to be minimized and this can achieve by optimizing cut quality. This method can produce better quality cut piece and reduce the use of raw material which could cut down the operating cost. Lastly, optimizing the consumable cost by hiring good operator could reduce the operating cost as this reduce the investment risk.
The second factor of market risk in CNC plasma cutter investment would be the inflation of raw material price. This is because the inflation of the price will affect the price of the product produced by the machine and the profitability of the investment may decrease. For example, hot rolled carbon steel sheet is commonly used in CNC fabrication. 12 According to MEPS (International) LTD statistics, the price of hot rolled carbon steel sheet in May 2017 is around RM 2092 per tonne and the price in May 2018 is around RM 2548 per tonne. The reason behind the increasing price of carbon steel is due to two main factors which are the high demand of supply from the market and the low supply provided toward the market demand. From the difference of the price given throughout the years, it is shown that the inflation of the hot rolled carbon steel had increased to 21.8% and this could increase the price of the investment which will leads to the increase of market risk. However, the increased price of the raw material can be covered by rising of the cost of final product and service. 13 In the manufacturing field, the price of CNC made product usually cost at least RM1000 due to its high operating cost. Also, the operating of CNC plasma cutter can be charged in operating hour to make profit. In the current market price, the use of CNC machine is charged around RM240 to 320 per hour. Thus, in order to cover the inflation of raw material price, increasing the price of CNC made product and service could be an alternative to reduce the risk bear by the investing company. Moreover, the demand of CNC cutting needs in the market also one of the influencing factors in market risk. 14 According to the Malaysia's index of industrial production (IPI) in May 2018, the manufacturing sector output in Malaysia raised by 4.1 per cent and the major sub-sector which is non-metallic mineral product, basic metal and fabricated metal product had increased 5 percent. Based on the statistic given, the market has shown a good demand on manufactured product and the market risk on investing CNC plasma cutter will be less as there is high chance the CNC machine invest can fulfil the market demand. Hence, the value of the machine will be high due to its high demand in the market. As the value of the machine is high, there will be lesser risk for the investment to receive. For the last factor which affect the market risk of the investment is the economic stability of the country. 15 Malaysia has the one most open economy in the world with an averaging over 140 percent of GDP ratio since 2010. Malaysia economic is well-diversified and it is weathered toward the external shock. Also, the financial system and banking system of the country is well-functioning. Hence, the market risk will be low based on the current situation of Malaysia's economy and investment of the CNC plasma cutting machine would being less affected by the market risk.
Maintenance on Machine
Maintenance is a process of preserving a condition or situation or the state of being preserved. On the other hand, risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings. In this case, the maintenance risk of CNC plasma cutter is being discussed because it is very important as it is always the priority for a manufacturing company. Machines that have a regular preventive maintenance can prevent the unwanted break down, increase its uptime, maintaining the best performance of the machine etc. Hence, the company has to look forward to the maintenance risk as it will affect the profit of the company.
Before purchasing any product, an individual or a company has to do a lot of research and assessment regarding the risk of the product. One of the risks that the company has to consider is the maintenance of the product to determine whether or not to invest in that particular product. In order to discuss in detail, the product chosen by the company is fixed as CNC Plasma Cutter. First of all, the issue is the maintenance cost for the machine. According to the current market value, the preventive maintenance cost for CNC plasma cutter is around RM4000 per time for the first 5 years, 16. As time goes on, the component of the machine will start to get older and older. Hence, preventive maintenance cost will be increased based on the condition of the machine. Moreover, if there are many components of the machine break down, the maintenance cost will get higher and higher and the same goes to the time spend on the maintenance process. Besides that, 16 says that a minimum of 2 preventive maintenances have to be carried out to make sure the CNC plasma cutter is working in the best condition. Meaning to say that, the preventive maintenance cost for the first 5 years will be around RM8, 000 and the cost for the following years will up to RM10, 000 or above. Besides the preventive maintenance, plasma table cleaning also considers as one of the maintenances which can improve productivity and uptime of the CNC plasma cutter 17. Al Holst and Rachel Scheck 17 mentioned that "The plasma cutting arc produces a large volume of molten slag that pours over the slats supporting the metal being cut. After a few weeks of production cutting, the slat can become so coated with slag that they actually grow wider until airflow into the table is blocked." The environment will become unsafe and fill with smoke if the maintenance of the table is being delayed 17. In order to increase the production rate, the company has to purchase more than one CNC plasma machine based on the company modal. So, the maintenance costs will be double up based on the number of machines purchased. In short, the company has to consider the recurring cost as it is a huge burden for the company.
In this case, let us make a comparison of table maintenance costs between conventional plasma cutter and modern plasma cutter and the total maintenance cost table (Table 2) to illustrate the total maintenance cost in 10 years. Assume the company is using the conventional plasma cutter and the maintenance cost for the first 5 years is RM4, 000 per time, RM5, 000 per time for the following years and a total of two maintenances per year.
Annual Impact
Modern Plasma Cutter Conventional Plasma Cutter
Labor – Slag removal from table and slag bin RM 2536.25 RM 4869.60
Cost – Slag bin replacement RM 608.70 RM 3246.40
Cost – Slat and slat frames replacement RM 13886.48 RM 29530.07
Lost production (RM 910 / hour) RM 11869.25 RM 43826.40
Labor – Replace slats and slat frames RM 2556.54 RM 3043.50
Total RM 31457.22 RM 54985.90
Table 1: Maintenance of the table of CNC Plasma Cutter
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NPV
Cost (RM) 62985.90 62985.90 62985.90 62985.90 62985.90 64985.90 64985.90 64985.90 64985.90 64985.90 RM 639859
Table 2: Total maintenance cost in 10 years
The table above show the total maintenance cost of CNC Plasma Cutter machine in 10 years is RM 639839.00. According to 18, the actual amount of money must be larger than the NPV shown is the table above because the table above does not include the costs for major maintenance and emergency maintenance of the machine which will


text:
Various lines of atomic fluorine laser have been studied over a wide pressure range for determination of the relative intensity of each pressure-dependent line. In this investigation, the most probable laser pumping mechanisms have been verified.
© 2001 Optical Society of America
Original Manuscript: January 11, 2001
Revised Manuscript: April 23, 2001
Published: July 20, 2001
Parviz Parvin, Hossein Mehravaran, and Babak Jaleh, "Spectral lines of the atomic-fluorine laser from 2 psi (absolute) to 5.5 atm," Appl. Opt. 40, 3532-3538 (2001)


text:
As part of their ongoing efforts to retarget subsidies, the government has decided to remove the electricity rebate for households with electricity bills above RM220 in 2024.
However, the government also decided to keep the electricity tariff unchanged for its industrial and commercial users, at least for the first half of 2024.
In the new revised subsidy mechanism, households with an electricity usage of 600 kilowatt hour (kWh) to 1,500 kWh, which translates to an electricity bill of RM200 to RM707 monthly, will not enjoy the current RM0.02 per kWh rebate.
However, this is not really something for these affected households to worry about, as according to the energy commission, it will only mean an increase of 4.2% to 6%, which amounts to an additional RM12 to RM32. Furthermore, it is estimated that these changes will only affect 15% of all households in Malaysia.
But, these households will still continue to receive the 10 sen per kWh surcharge discount, which is applicable since July 2023 to households consuming over 1,500 kWh of electricity per month.
According to The Edge, the move to reduce the number of households enjoying the electricity rebate will mean that the government will only spend RM1.9 billion in electricity discounts for the first half of 2024, a relatively lower number compared to the RM5.2 billion spent in the second half of 2023.
Meanwhile, the Small and Medium Enterprises Association of Malaysia have lauded the government's move to keep the electricity tariff for industrial and commercial users, but remains concerned about the uncertainty that the Imbalance Cost Pass-Through (ICPT) mechanism might bring.
"The energy costs remain a major concern for small and medium enterprises, and while we support the energy transition roadmap, we must be careful that any incremental costs are gradual and supportive of growth," he told Bernama.


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Regardless of the beach, there are particular times that are better than others for finding truly unique shells. After a storm, collectors may find spectacular shells, as the shells are pulled from their ocean floor fossil beds and washed ashore. Additionally, during anew moon or a full moon, the rise and fall of the tides increases, producing more shells on the beach. Don't forget to search through seaweed found on the beach—often shells are entangled in the seaweed, and small but perfect shell specimens can be found.
Most of the shells found on the beach are fairly young. Occasionally, though, an older ecto-skelton from the late Pleistocene era may be found on the shore—approximately 10,000 years old. How can you determine the age of your treasure? Color is a key factor—a dark gray shade may indicate a rare or old specimen. A true treasure you may find during your shell searching is the lettered olive shell. This shiny little shell resembles an olive and was first documented by Edmund Ravenel, a 19th century naturalist who donated a collection of shells to the Charleston Museum that is still on exhibit today. If you find this shell, you'll have a special
memento —the lettered olive is also the state's official shell.
how to preserve sea shells
Shells found on the beach need to be thoroughly examined to ensure there is no creature living within. If the shell is empty, soak the shell for several days in a solution of half water and half bleach. Rinse well with fresh water and dry the shell in the sun. If algae is present, it can be removed by gently rubbing the shell in fresh water after bleaching. To add more luster to your shell, polish the shell with mineral oil. Sand dollars can be preserved by placing them in fresh water. The water may turn brownish in color— change the water until the water remains clear. Replace half the water with bleach and leave the sand dollar immersed for 15 minutes to bleach the sand dollar white. Do not use too much bleach or leave in the solution for too long, as the bleach will cause the sand dollar to crumble. Rinse the sand dollar well with fresh water to remove the bleach, and allow it to dry in the sun. If your collection includes sea horses or sea stars, you'll need to carefully preserve them, as their odor can become quite foul. Soak the sea horse or sea star in 70-percent rubbing alcohol for one or two nights. Allow to dry on a paper towel in the sun. With sea stars, you'll need to flatten the arms with a small weight while drying or they may curl.


Experiencing a spirituality festival as a secular Humanist
By Katie MacFadyen
13 Aug 2012
The focus is on diversity and co-operation, and above all on being all-inclusive, without simply blurring edges and boundaries.
The question of whether Humanism and theism are or can be compatible is a difficult one. Many Humanist organisations insist that Humanism necessitates scepticism, secularism, and rejection of all supernatural phenomena, but at the same time there are religious individuals who happily identify as Humanists. So is Humanism compatible with the Festival of Spirituality and Peace?
As a Humanist and a Festival media intern and blogger, I clearly think so. Though I do have the occasional disconcerting moment when I find myself, a lifelong atheist, sitting alongside a bookshelf of hymn books writing blurbs for prayer meetings, at its heart I find the spirit of the Festival of Spirituality and Peace very close to that of Humanism as I experience it.
Modern Humanism draws on spiritual backgrounds including Confucism, Buddhism, ancient Indian philosophy and Christian teachings. The principles behind Humanism are love, humanity, and above all community. One of the big draws of Humanism is being part of a non-religious philosophical community that brings together a diverse range of people.
Most critically, Humanism is about rationality, and about making sense of the world using reason and empiricism. In this sense, Humanism is compatible with any religion willing to question and re-evaluate itself when necessary. Many of FoSP's conversation events such as Disorganised Religion (Thursday August 9) and Women in Religion (Tuesday August 21) are very much in the rational spirit of Humanism.
Is the difference between 'faith' and 'no faith' really as stark as it seems? There are religious Humanists; there are atheists who identify as Christian. When it comes down to it, we all want a better world, and we all have faith that we can achieve it. In this sense, Humanist philosophy, despite its lack of overt spirituality, is not only compatible with Festival of Spirituality and Peace but at the heart of it.
* Twitter alert: _URL_
Ekklesia is a sponsor and media partner of the Festival, along with the Scottish Government and other faith, civic and educational groups.


Find Duplicates
The duplicate search offers various setting options and the starting dialog is divided into the following sections:
1 Find in: Here you can specify whether you want to search in the entire database, the current view, specific folders and collections, or based on specified source and destination folders. In the latter case, duplicates will be searched for the photos of the source folders in the destination folders.
2 Duplicate type: In the second step you can specify the type of duplicates. Exact duplicates are photos that are not only visually the same, but are also binary the same file. Thus, the binary hash representations of these files are identical. It should be noted that a search takes longer due to file access and hash calculation. Near duplicates are photos that are visually similar. The degree of similarity can be set from very strict to very loose. Here, very strict represents a high degree of visual similarity. We recommend this mode as the default setting. In the third mode you can find duplicates that are elements of image series and whose shooting dates differ only slightly. The time interval of these photos can be adjusted by a slider.
3 Filter: For the search for duplicates, various filtering options are provided. For example, folders and collections can be specified that should be excluded from a search. Or format endings of photos that should also not be considered. The filter options are completed by the minimum and maximum edge length that photos should have so that they are taken into account in a search.
Video is in German – we recommend to enable Google subtitles.
After a performed search, a user can switch either to the results view or to the flagging assistant. This Assistant can be used for automatic assignment of flags, where a user can decide whether the selection or rejection flag should be assigned. There are several options available for this process. A user can either select an action from the predefined default settings or use the numerous options from the advanced settings. The latter offer numerous setting options that cover numerous use cases. All elements of the dialog are equipped with so-called tooltips, so that when a mouse pointer is moved over the corresponding dialog element, a help text appears.
After a duplicate search, the individual duplicate groups are displayed in the result view. As you are used to from the main view, you can make various filter settings here and also expand the individual groups if you want to view a group completely. A button in the filter bar can also be used to open the flagging assistant to set automatic selection or rejection options. Deleting photos with a rejection flag is also possible via a button, but a user is asked beforehand if he really wants to perform this deletion action.


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Submitted by Lynn Saunders, Government Documents
The Vermont State Data Center sponsored a workshop to discuss and review some websites and the upcoming 2010 Census. The State Data Center (SDC) Program is a cooperative program between the state and the Census Bureau to make data available locally to the public through a network of state agencies, universities, libraries, and regional and local governments.
In early December the State Data gathered together a group of statistical users to talk about the upcoming 2010 Census. At the present time the Census Bureau is gearing up by hiring individuals to check addresses and to work in the Vermont office which is located in the Burlington area. They are also looking for community volunteers and groups to help with making sure that the count is complete. I have posted some literature in the staff room about Census 2010.
One significant difference in the 2010 Census will be that there will be no long forms handed out. The information that was gathered in the long form then is now being gathered by the American Community Survey (ACS) (_URL_ The ACS is a department of the Census Bureau that surveys the population on an ongoing basis to provide more recent information than is available from our Decennial Census. This method of gathering information is going to be problematic for small states like Vermont. The surveys used to get the sample information are sent out to certain parts of each state each month in a rotation. In small states the sampling area is so small that the information has to be gathered for a longer period of time in order to get enough samples so that the people answering the questions can't be identified. The effect for small states is that the statistics that they use will only be available every 5 years, while larger states will have new statistics every year. When applying for grants, larger states will have an edge because their statistics will be more up to date than the smaller states.
Our State Data Center has been in contact with the Census Bureau to try and work out this problem. The director of the Vermont State Data Center, Will Sawyer, had a personal meeting with the head of the Census Bureau. Although nothing is scheduled to change immediately the Census Bureau is considering the problem and potential fixes.
We also reviewed how to use American Fact Finder and the State Data Center's website, Vermont Indicators. Vermont Indicators is very useful for finding compiled statistics for the state. They also have historic data which can be easily accessed by the click of button. Vermont Indicators can be found at _URL_


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What is Undergraduate Research?
Undergraduate Research: A Definition
The Council for Undergraduate Research (CUR) and the National Conferences on Undergraduate Research (NCUR) are longstanding leaders in promoting undergraduate research. In 2005, they jointly endorsed the following statement on undergraduate research:
Its central premise is the formation of a collaborative enterprise between student and faculty member-most often one mentor and one burgeoning scholar but sometimes (particularly in the social and natural sciences) a team of either or both. This collaboration triggers a four-step learning process...
1. the identification of and acquisition of a disciplinary or interdisciplinary methodology
2. the setting out of a concrete investigative problem
3. the carrying out of the actual project
4. finally, the dispersing/sharing of a new scholar's discoveries with his or her peers- a step traditionally missing in most undergraduate educational programs. (NCUR)
Essentially, undergraduate research involves the same steps as research done by professionals.
This list of a generalized version of what Lopatto (2003) identifies as the essential features of undergraduate research as stated by faculty engaged in the practice. Figuring prominently in his list is also the idea that students experience some independence, have room for creativity, and feel ownership of the research project.
Undergraduate Research Teaches Disciplinary Practice
Undergraduate research experiences help students understand a particular topic or phenomenon in a field while simultaneously strengthening their comprehension of research and research methods. Undergraduate research is inquiry-based learning that involves practicing a discipline, not just being told about it. Students learn and apply the tools by which knowledge is created in their disciplines. They discover firsthand how the steps of the research process are related to one another, experience the triumphs and pitfalls inherent to the creative process, see that research is an iterative process and that ambiguity is part of the real world, develop an understanding and appreciation of how knowledge evolves, and produce an original contribution to that body of knowledge.
Undergraduate Research is Engaged Learning
Undergraduate research is engaged learning in a number of respects. It is a form of both experience-based learning and active learning, and it can engage students with contexts, including the social and civic. The mentoring and collaboration dimensions of undergradaute research can foster ownership for learning and encourage a committment to high standards and accountability. While the research process in a discipline may be well-established, research always requires creativity, as well as patience and resolve in grappling with what sometimes feels ambiguous to all participants, including the faculty mentor. These features create opportunities for students to explore their own learning styles as well as develop exposure to those of others.
Undergraduate Research Can Take Many Forms
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start.
When they are structured properly, class-based activities (naturalistic observation, surveys, quantitative writing assignments and experiments) can be undergraduate research experiences. So can class-based research projects (term papers, service learning, community-based and campus-based learning), capstone experiences (senior and honors theses), and out-of-class student/faculty collaborative research (like summer research experiences).
Some institutions and departments offer support and programs for undergraduate research through student/faculty summer research programs or undergraduate research offices. Even without such support, faculty can follow a well-defined process for developing undergraduate research and determining its best form for the course or experience they are considering.


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Only one week remains before TIGER TIGER is released to the world. You can pre-purchase your copy now directly from the Samhain website!
In the process of writing it, we learned a lot about writing, editing, and life in general. Here are our five favorite things we learned:
1. Writing a novel is like anything else that requires a lot of sustained effort over time (weight loss, marathon running, etc.). Learn how to put small, consistent work in on the project so that you don't burn out, but that you keep the momentum going.
2. Editing can be tough. Allow yourself the time to do it, and use tools like 30 On/30 Off to make it doable.
3. Collect a master document of things to look for in edits. If you make consistent errors with something (spelling manger instead of manager, etc.) then put that in your document so you know to look for it during edits, and you don't have to be paranoid about it during the writing stage.
4. Remember that it's play. Relax and enjoy the project and keep foremost in your mind that you're doing this because you love the characters and the story.
5. Trust your Inner Storyteller. Trust that the Story should be told and give yourself enough time to get the whole thing out onto the page.
Check out TIGER TIGER today!


CEP: Process Safety Beacon - Mechanical Integrity of Tubing
Proper installation, maintenance, and inspection of metal tubing is important in preventing fires and toxic material releases in process plants. Do not forget about tubing just because it is usually small. Even a small leak can cause a fire that can grow much larger, and small releases of toxic materials can be dangerous. Here are some reported incidents.
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As part of the Zoo's plan to continually improve their animal habitats and enhance the visitor experience, this revitalisation project will provide people with the opportunity to learn more about our wildlife, the threats Australian species face and be inspired to conserve the environment.
The Taronga Wildlife Retreat will provide a new overnight conservation experience for visitors which will wrap around a native wildlife sanctuary and nestle within the new Australia Habitat.
Key features of the Wildlife Retreat include:
- 62 rooms across 5 accommodation buildings (pods) nestled into the landscape, ranging between two and four storeys in height and connected by elevated walkways;
- A standalone guest lodge with an external deck overlooking the wildlife sanctuary; and
- A new kitchen and dining room adjacent to the existing Taronga Function Centre.
Key features of the new Native Australian Wildlife exhibit include:
- Kangaroo and Platypus exhibits and a walk through aviary;
- A walk through 'sanctuary exhibit' containing native Australian wildlife; and
- A new exhibit pedestrian pathway and public viewing platform.
Additional Information: _URL_
Taronga Conservation Society Australia


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$\newcommand{\fs}{\mathscr{F}}\newcommand{\gs}{\mathscr{G}}$Let ${\bf C}$ be some algebraic category (e.g. commutative rings), ${\bf Psh}(X,{\bf C})$ the category of presheaves on $X$ taking values in ${\bf C}$, and ${\bf Sh}(X,{\bf C})$ the category of sheaves on $X$ taking values in ${\bf C}$. Let $\phi:\fs\to\gs$ be an epimorphism in ${\bf Sh}(X,{\bf C})$. Is it possible that $\phi$ is not an epimorphism in ${\bf Psh}(X,{\bf C})$?
(Sheaf monomorphism seems to imply presheaf monomorphism, if one assumes that every presheaf can be sheafified. The proof doesn't extend to epimorphisms.)
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At least in the category of (pre)sheaves of sets, epimorphisms of presheaves are the naive ones, i.e., they are surjective on sections over every object. Epimorphisms of sheaves can be characterized as the morphisms which induce surjections on all stalks. It's definitely possible to have an epimorphism of sheaves which is not an epimorphism of the underlying presheaves, although it is clear that if the underlying morphism of presheaves is an epimorphism, then it is an epimorphism of sheaves. This is discussed in relative detail in the Stacks Project sections ons sheaves on spaces and (more – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 3:44
generally) sheaves on sites, where other target categories are discussed (and the notion of an algebraic structure is made formal). – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 3:45
I should mention that the characterization I give of epimorphisms of sheaves in terms of stalks only works for sheaves on topological spaces. For sites, the condition is: for every object $U$ and $s\in\mathscr{G}(U)$, there is a covering $(U_i\rightarrow U)$ such that $s\vert_{U_i}$ is in the image of $\varphi_{U_i}:\mathscr{F}(U_i)\rightarrow\mathscr{G}(U_i)$ for all $i$. – Keenan Kidwell Jan 20 '13 at 5:32
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No. If sheaf epimorphisms were always presheaf epimorphisms then there would be no point to sheaf cohomology!
Here's an example. Let $X$ be $\mathbb{R}^2$ minus a point, and let $\Omega^*_X$ be the de Rham complex. $X$ is two dimensional, so we get an exact sequence $$\Omega^0_X \longrightarrow \Omega^1_X \longrightarrow \Omega^2_X \longrightarrow 0$$ in $\textbf{Sh}(X, \textbf{Vect}_\mathbb{R})$, because we can always locally integrate a closed $(n + 1)$-form to get an $n$-form using the Poincaré lemma. Let $B^1 (\Omega_X)$ be the image of $\Omega^0_X \to \Omega^1_X$ in $\textbf{Sh}(X, \textbf{Vect}_\mathbb{R})$. As usual, $\Omega^0_X \to B^1 (\Omega_X)$ is an epimorphism, but after taking global sections, $\Gamma (X, \Omega^0_X) \to \Gamma (X, B^1 (\Omega_X))$ is not. Indeed, we find that the $1$-form $$\mathrm{d} \theta = \frac{-y \, \mathrm{d} x + x \, \mathrm{d} y}{x^2 + y^2}$$ is closed, but $\mathrm{d} \theta$ cannot be exact because $$\int_S \mathrm{d} \theta = 2 \pi$$ where $S$ is the unit circle in $X$. Thus $\Gamma (X, \Omega^0_X) \to \Gamma (X, B^1 (\Omega_X))$ is not surjective, which is just as well, because de Rham's theorem tells us that $H^1(\Gamma(X, \Omega^*_X)) \cong H^1(X, \mathbb{R}) \cong \mathbb{R}$!
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Modules
Design Methodology
CoRA is built on an architectural framework consisting of various components including some core components such as the navigational and authentication components. The rest of the site is logically structured around modules, which are plugged into the framework and they interact with each other.
Modules
CoRA is structured around some core modules such as Specimens, DNA, Isotopes, Dental, Missing Persons and Individuals modules. Each of these modules is described in more detail below.
currentModules1
Specimens
DNA
Isotopes
Dental
Missing Persons
Individual
An individual is a collection of specimens that the forensic anthropologist believe should go together and belong to an unknown individual. The selection of specimens that go together is done in blind so as to not introduce any bias towards the segregation process.
Last update: 2024-01-05
Created: 2023-12-23


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Theranostic applications require coupling of diagnosis and therapy, a high degree of specificity and adaptability to delivery methods compatible with clinical practice. The tunable physical and biological effects of selective targeting and activation of plasmonic nanobubbles (PNB) were studied in a heterogeneous biological microenvironment of prostate cancer and stromal cells. All cells were targeted with conjugates of gold nanoparticles (NPs) through an antibody-receptor-endocytosis-nanocluster mechanism that produced NP clusters. The simultaneous pulsed optical activation of intracellular NP clusters at several wavelengths resulted in higher optical contrast and therapeutic selectivity of PNBs compared with those of gold NPs alone. The developed mechanism was termed "rainbow plasmonic nanobubbles." The cellular effect of rainbow PNBs was tuned in situ in target cells, thus supporting a theranostic algorithm of prostate cancer cell detection and follow-up guided destruction without damage to collateral cells. The specificity and tunability of PNBs is promising for theranostic applications and we discuss a fiber optic platform that will capitalize on these features to bring theranostic tools to the clinic
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