CSCI 2041
Reasoning about programs:
Induction (Review)
How can we convince ourselves (and others) that a program is correct?
let sum_to n =
 let rec tr_sum i acc =
 if i=0 then acc
 else tr_sum i-1 acc+i in
 tr_sum n 0
let fib n =
 let rec tr_fib i f0 f1 =
 if i=0 then f0
 else tr_fib (i-1) f1 (f1+f0) in
 tr_fib n 0 1
How can we convince ourselves that sum_to and fib are correct?
We can test any specific input, but for many programs, there are infinitely many possible inputs…
Principle of Natural Induction: Let P(n) be a property of natural numbers. (i.e. for each natural number n, either P(n) is true or P(n) is false.) If the following hold:
P(0) and ∀𝓃, P(𝓃) ⇒ P(𝓃+1)
Then it must be true that for all n, P(n).
Review: when proving a theorem by induction on ℕ, we have:
 1. A Property P(n): e.g. P(n) ≡ ∑i≤n i = n(n+1)/2, and
 a Theorem: That for every n, P(n) is true: ∀n.P(n).
 2. A Base Case: Prove that P(0) is true. (e.g. ∑i≤0 i = 0 = 0(0+1)/2, ✓)
 3. An Inductive Case: Prove that if P(k) is true, then so is P(k+1): ∀k. [P(k)P(k+1)]. In this step:
 - P(k) is the inductive hypothesis: let ∑i≤k i = k(k+1)/2; it is used to prove
 - P(k+1), the inductive conclusion: that ∑i≤k+1 i = (k+1)(k+2)/2:
 - i≤k+1i = ∑i≤ki + (k+1) [algebra]
 - = k(k+1)/2 + (k+1) [I.H.]
 - = (k2 + k + 2k + 2)/2 = (k2 + 3k +2)/2 = (k+1)(k+2)/2 ✓
Theorem. For every n, 5n-1 is a multiple of 4. Here, we have:
 1. P(n) : ∃m. 5n-1 = 4m
 2. Base Case: 50-1 = 0 = 4×0. ✓
 3. Inductive Case: Assume IH: ∃m. 5k-1 = 4m. Need to show IC: ∃a.5k+1-1 = 4a.
5k+1-1 = 5×5k - 1 [defn of 5n]
 = (4+1)×5k - 1 [5=4+1]
 = (4×5k + 5k)-1 [distributivity]
 = 4×5k + (5k-1) [associativity ]
 = 4×5k + 4m [I.H.]
 = 4(5k+m) [distributivity, ✓]
(don't do any of the things on the next 3 slides)
Wrong induction variable
Theorem: ∀a∀k. ∑i≤kai = (ak+1-1)/(a-1).
Base Case: a=0 : ∀k. ∑i≤k0i = 00 + 0 = 1, and (0k+1-1)/(0-1) = (-1)/(-1) = 1. ✓
Inductive Case: (Can't step from 0 to 1)
a is the wrong variable to use for induction. (Use k instead)
This makes proofs hard, but doesn't usually allow you to "prove" false statements
Circular inductive case
Theorem: ∀n.n is even. P(n) = ∀n.n is even.
Base Case: 0 = 2×0, so 0 is even. ✓
Inductive Case: Assume ∀k, k is even. In this case, P(k) is true for all k, so P(k+1) must also be true.
You can "prove" obviously false statements with this mistake. so don't do it!
Incorrect step case
Theorem: ∀n.∀i≤n.∀ƒ.ƒ(i)=ƒ(n).
Base Case: ∀i≤0.∀ƒ.ƒ(i)=ƒ(0). [✓, only 0 ≤ 0].
Inductive Case: Assume IH: ∀i≤k.∀ƒ.ƒ(i)=ƒ(k).
Suppose that for some g, and some i≤k, g(k+1) ≠ g(i).
Then there exists some function ƒ(x) = g(x+1) such that
ƒ(k) = g(k+1) ≠ g(i) = ƒ(i-1), contrary to the IH.
Thus ∀i≤k+1,∀ƒ.ƒ(i)=ƒ(k+1), ✓
(For k = 0, g(0-1) is not covered by the IH)
// reveal.js plugins


text:
Journal of Applied Business Research
A monocentric model of land use that assumes urban spatial size is determined by a set of exogenous variables is employed to test the hypothesis that urban land size is negatively related to gasoline prices. Using a model from Brueckner and Fansler (1983), the amount of urbanized land area is shown to be a function of population, income, agricultural land prices and commuting costs. The latter is measured as the price of gasoline, broken into two components; the amount of any state gasoline excise tax imposed plus the total price paid by consumers minus such a tax. Using 1990 data, an empirical model that defines the dependent variable as the average-sized urban area in each state is estimated. The results confirm that higher levels of population and income contribute to larger amounts of urbanized land area, while higher land prices are primarily associated with smaller urban size. Of importance to this study, the results indicate that states with higher gas prices, mainly due to increased state gasoline excise taxes, are associated with smaller urban size.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The 106-RPS-RR and 206-RPS-RR surge anticipating relief on rate of rise valves are based on the 106-PG or 206-PG main valve.
The valve is installed downstream of the pump check valve(s) and has two pilots, the 81-RP and the 81-RPD. Both pilots sense pressure through a connection to the header pipe. The 81-RP high pressure pilot acts as a standard relief pilot, opening on excessive pressure. The 81-RPD differential pilot responds to the pressure differential across its diaphragm. A pressure differential is created when there is a system pressure increase. The flow into the accumulator creates a pressure drop across the fixed restriction, which lowers the pressure in the connection between the fixed restriction and the pilot.
The pilot senses the pressure difference between this lower pressure and the header pressure. This difference occurs at the initiation of the pressure surge, providing the time necessary for the valve to open in anticipation of the high pressure.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Telekinesis is something that everybody wants, but most people say it is impossible. Telekinesis is the art of transferring things with no hands. You simply use your mental state to control the anergy enclosing the thing you wish to use. This info is for novices.
Casting Instructions for 'How to Begin Using Teleknesis'
1: Clear your mind. Some people think that you've got to be thinking of nothing, but that is a misconception. Concentrate on concentrating on the small item,(let's say we use a pencil) and imagine that it is alive.
2: Pick up the pen. Examine it and concentrate on it until you feel like it it is a part of you.
3: Make Psi balls. To make a psi ball, all you will need to do is put your hands together. Press them on each other. Now, keep your eyes open! Imagine that energy is flowing from your core to your palms. Now gather that energy into a ball, and gradually seperate your hands until it's like the energy is in between, and you are holding it, or making it hover. Concentrate on taking energy from sunlight, the wind, the ground, anything around you. Focus till you fell like it is real. Psi balls can be used to control objects around you. Consider throwing it at something tall, like a tree or lamp, and see what happens. Usually nothing will happen if you don't practice for a while.
4: Now that you have mastered Psi balls, make one and use it on the pen as a shield. Imagine making a tunnel from your mind and sight straight to the pen. Block out everything. Take energy from sunlight, the wind, the ground ( like psi balls) and move it to the pencil. Make it clear where you want the pen to move. Up, down, left right. Make sure you are concentrating and focusing. Practice amy take some time, even years, but most people have more mental capacity than that. Don't Overwork yourself. Stop if you feel mentally or physically tired.
5: Meditation: Sit or lie down in a comfotable pose. Think about emotions, things that happened, or just drift off and do not think. This will help with your mental wellbeing and contribut to your telekinesis.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Fruit crop values increase
Although the overall value of Washington's agricultural production dropped 8 percent in 2009 from the previous year, grapes set a record high value, according to the Washington State Department of Agriculture.
Grape growers contributed $210 million to the state's agricultural economy, figures compiled by the National Agricultural Statistics Service for the year 2009, show.
Apples continued to top the list of Washington's agricultural commodities with a value of $1.5 billion, a 14 percent increase from 2008. Apples represented 21 percent of the total agricultural value, compared with 17 percent in 2008. The per-acre value for apples was $9,628, the highest of any commodity except storage onions, which had a value of $11,063.
Fruit and nut crops as a whole were valued at $2 billion, up 5 percent from 2008, but the value of specialty products, at $373 million, was the lowest in many years.


1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Dutch
 4. >
 5. "Als er geen zon zou zijn, zo…
"Als er geen zon zou zijn, zou leven niet mogelijk zijn."
Translation:If there were no sun, life would not be possible.
December 26, 2014
Am I the only one who finds this difficult!!? Also, it should have been mentioned somewhere in the tips that zou/zouden could be used in both parts of the sentence, or am I missing something?
I'm really struggling with this one too!
I also find it confusing, especially since this site gives a different rule on how to form these sentences. _URL_ Could someone please explain this? Can I use the conditional in both clauses or not?
Are you essentially asking when to use something such as:
 - Als er geen zon was, zou leven niet mogelijk zijn.
 - Als er geen zon zou zijn, zou leven niet mogelijk zijn.
That really helped me understand the first half! I sort of understand the second half anyway so at least I can see where this sentence comes from now, thanks!
Glad I could help! \^_^
The first sentence is essentially saying:
 - If there had been (in the past, previously) no sun THEN 'life would not be possible'.
The second sentence:
 - If there were/were to be/would be (subjunctive) no sun THEN 'life would not be possible'.
I see, so it's like "if there were in general no sun". One of the hard bits of learning a language is how ambiguous English is (which I've never noticed before) and having to figure out what I really mean.
"In English, the subjunctive mood is used to explore conditional or imaginary situations." _URL_
Not in English.
This sentence is using the subjunctive mood in the dependent clause after 'als', which, while largely no longer a thing in English, seems to still be in use in Dutch, albeit in a different form from the way it was formed in English.
"If there were no sun," is the subjunctive in English. It's true that it's tending to disappear in English, but it is still used in phrases such as this one.
The problem is that it is applied hapazardly in the Engligh translations in the Dutch unit. There are other conjectural or counterfactual clauses where Duo requires the English indicative translation. Granted, these are obscure and tortuous shades of meaning in both languages.
If there were no hints, this lesson would not be possible. (for me)
Why is "zouden" used in both sentences? Shouldn't it rather be "Als er geen zon was, zou leven niet mogelijk zijn"?
I'm presuming zou/zouden is was/were/would and so it is used twice due to the fact that it says: if there were no sun, life would not be possible
It should also be possible to say "if there is no sun, life would be impossible", or am i totally mistaken?
Why not "If there was no sun, life would be impossible"? Help!
In cases of 'present contrary to fact' one should use the subjunctive. That means that in all such 'if' cases one must write 'were' and not 'was' (If I were, if you were, if he/she/it were...). True, you will often find the usage 'If... was' (even among the Duolingo experts!), but grammarians still consider this incorrect, although it has become common in vernacular US English.
You're absolutely right, and I have always known that. But, with the general dumbing down of English, esp. by US influence (for example by not forming adverbs from adjectives, as in "you sang amazing" instead of "you sang amazingly" and other areas of laziness in grammar, spelling, and punctuation), I had assumed this was perhaps another instance of misuse that was becoming the norm. I'm all for preserving the full expressiveness of English even if others aren't sensitive to its subtleties.
so does this mean that when you are making a conditional, the structure like "zouden zijn" could be used in both part of the sentence? I mean in English usually it's like were+would be or had done+would have done, the "would" dont usually go to both part. by the way what should i say if i want to mean "i would have done"? thanks~
Question: Why is this incorrect?: "If there wouldn't be a sun, life would not be possible."?
'If there were no sun, life would be impossible', is the correct version in English, = subjunctive mood followed by conditional tense. Your sentence would never be said.
It's against English grammar. In proper English the first conditional sentence type is: IF + Present Simple + Future Tense (will); the second conditional sentence type: IF + Past Simple + Conditional (would); and the third conditional sentence type: IF + Past Perfect + Past Conditional.
is impossible not the same as not possible?
Generally, the meaning might be the same, but it's important to translate words and phrases as precisely as the two languages allow. On another occasion, you might need to alter the meaning of "not possible" / "niet mogelijk" by turning it into something like "It is not only possible, but even desirable" / "Het is niet alleen mogelijk, maar zelfs gewenst", which you can't do with 'impossible' / 'onmogelijk'.
The if-part never contains "would etc", the other part does. It is implied stricktly, as all computers do!
I think this reply is the clearest for non-English speakers, I award a lingot!
Strictly speaking not good English - it should be subjunctive - If there were no sun, life would be impossible - or - if there had been no sun life would have been impossible. So - is zou zijn subjunctive here, or can you have two conditionals in one sentence in Dutch? Not the case in English (or Italian, which I'm also studying.)
German would use a double conditional in this case, so I'm left to think the same is true for closely-related Dutch.
English uses the subjunctive mood, which no longer exists in Dutch, so they have their own grammar convention.
The word 'zon' is not correctly pronounced. It is pronounced if it was zo'n instead of zon
Learn Dutch in just 5 minutes a day. For free.


text:
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® (or ADSL) is applied directly to the surface water in the dam. Once it comes into contact with the water it creates an invisible net that carries the polymers downwards. The different sized polymers start to expand and create a gel that is drawn into voids and areas where water is seeping through porous soil. The polymers begin to bond together and expand to fill any holes, cracks and porous sections of the dam's base. Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® creates a long lasting virtually permanent layer to seal the dam's structural walls and create it's own geomembrane.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is a blended formulation of polymer granules that are 99% water insoluble which become active immediately upon application. Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is sucked into the dam's cracks and porous areas. This results in a positive seal caused by the massive growth of the polymer's particle size. This process is further enhanced with the packing of super fine suspended particles attracted by the unique charge built into the product.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® creates a seal without the need to empty the dam of water.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® can be applied to full or partially full dams.
The application of Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is quick, simple and begins to work immediately.
The application of Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is cost effective without the need for heavy expensive earth moving equipment.
Treatment can be targeted directly at a known leakage problem area or if the general location of the leak is not known then the entire dam can be treated.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is easy to apply.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is non toxic, biodegradable and environmentally friendly.
Aquatic Dam Stop Leak® is long life. Once polymers are in place, they will become part of the dam structure and will last for many years to come.


iOS Developer Library
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ApplicationServices Framework Reference CGAffineTransform Reference
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CGAffineTransform Reference
The CGAffineTransform data structure represents a matrix used for affine transformations. A transformation specifies how points in one coordinate system map to points in another coordinate system. An affine transformation is a special type of mapping that preserves parallel lines in a path but does not necessarily preserve lengths or angles. Scaling, rotation, and translation are the most commonly used manipulations supported by affine transforms, but skewing is also possible.
Quartz provides functions that create, concatenate, and apply affine transformations using the CGAffineTransform data structure. For information on how to use affine transformation functions, see Quartz 2D Programming Guide.
You typically do not need to create an affine transform directly—CGContext Reference describes functions that modify the current affine transform. If you don't plan to reuse an affine transform, you may want to use CGContextScaleCTM, CGContextRotateCTM, CGContextTranslateCTM, or CGContextConcatCTM.
Functions
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed from values you provide.
 Declaration
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformMake ( CGFloat a, CGFloat b, CGFloat c, CGFloat d, CGFloat tx, CGFloat ty );
 Parameters
 a
 The value at position [1,1] in the matrix.
 b
 The value at position [1,2] in the matrix.
 c
 The value at position [2,1] in the matrix.
 d
 The value at position [2,2] in the matrix.
 tx
 The value at position [3,1] in the matrix.
 ty
 The value at position [3,2] in the matrix.
 Return Value
 A new affine transform matrix constructed from the values you specify.
 Discussion
 This function creates a CGAffineTransform structure that represents a new affine transformation matrix, which you can use (and reuse, if you want) to transform a coordinate system. The matrix takes the following form:
 image: ../Art/equation01.pict
 Because the third column is always (0,0,1), the CGAffineTransform data structure returned by this function contains values for only the first two columns.
 If you want only to transform an object to be drawn, it is not necessary to construct an affine transform to do so. The most direct way to transform your drawing is by calling the appropriate CGContext function to adjust the current transformation matrix. For a list of functions, see CGContext Reference.
 Import Statement
 Availability
 Available in iOS 2.0 and later.
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed from a rotation value you provide.
 Declaration
 Swift
 func CGAffineTransformMakeRotation(_ angle: CGFloat) -> CGAffineTransform
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformMakeRotation ( CGFloat angle );
 Parameters
 angle
 The angle, in radians, by which this matrix rotates the coordinate system axes. In iOS, a positive value specifies counterclockwise rotation and a negative value specifies clockwise rotation. In OS X, a positive value specifies clockwise rotation and a negative value specifies counterclockwise rotation.
 Return Value
 A new affine transformation matrix.
 Discussion
 This function creates a CGAffineTransform structure, which you can use (and reuse, if you want) to rotate a coordinate system. The matrix takes the following form:
 image: ../Art/equation10.pict
 The actual direction of rotation is dependent on the coordinate system orientation of the target platform, which is different in iOS and OS X. Because the third column is always (0,0,1), the CGAffineTransform data structure returned by this function contains values for only the first two columns.
 These are the resulting equations that Quartz uses to apply the rotation to a point (x, y):
 image: ../Art/equation11.pict
 If you want only to rotate an object to be drawn, it is not necessary to construct an affine transform to do so. The most direct way to rotate your drawing is by calling the function CGContextRotateCTM.
 Import Statement
 import CoreGraphics
 Availability
 Available in iOS 2.0 and later.
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed from scaling values you provide.
 Declaration
 Swift
 func CGAffineTransformMakeScale(_ sx: CGFloat, _ sy: CGFloat) -> CGAffineTransform
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformMakeScale ( CGFloat sx, CGFloat sy );
 Parameters
 sx
 The factor by which to scale the x-axis of the coordinate system.
 sy
 The factor by which to scale the y-axis of the coordinate system.
 Return Value
 A new affine transformation matrix.
 Discussion
 This function creates a CGAffineTransform structure, which you can use (and reuse, if you want) to scale a coordinate system. The matrix takes the following form:
 image: ../Art/equation08.pict
 Because the third column is always (0,0,1), the CGAffineTransform data structure returned by this function contains values for only the first two columns.
 These are the resulting equations that Quartz uses to scale the coordinates of a point (x,y):
 image: ../Art/equation09.pict
 If you want only to scale an object to be drawn, it is not necessary to construct an affine transform to do so. The most direct way to scale your drawing is by calling the function CGContextScaleCTM.
 Import Statement
 import CoreGraphics
 Availability
 Available in iOS 2.0 and later.
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed from translation values you provide.
 Declaration
 Swift
 func CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation(_ tx: CGFloat, _ ty: CGFloat) -> CGAffineTransform
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformMakeTranslation ( CGFloat tx, CGFloat ty );
 Parameters
 tx
 The value by which to move the x-axis of the coordinate system.
 ty
 The value by which to move the y-axis of the coordinate system.
 Return Value
 A new affine transform matrix.
 Discussion
 This function creates a CGAffineTransform structure. which you can use (and reuse, if you want) to move a coordinate system. The matrix takes the following form:
 image: ../Art/equation06.pict
 Because the third column is always (0,0,1), the CGAffineTransform data structure returned by this function contains values for only the first two columns.
 These are the resulting equations Quartz uses to apply the translation to a point (x,y):
 image: ../Art/equation07.pict
 If you want only to move the location where an object is drawn, it is not necessary to construct an affine transform to do so. The most direct way to move your drawing is by calling the function CGContextTranslateCTM.
 Import Statement
 import CoreGraphics
 Availability
 Available in iOS 2.0 and later.
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed by translating an existing affine transform.
 Declaration
 Swift
 func CGAffineTransformTranslate(_ t: CGAffineTransform, _ tx: CGFloat, _ ty: CGFloat) -> CGAffineTransform
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformTranslate ( CGAffineTransform t, CGFloat tx, CGFloat ty );
 Parameters
 t
 An existing affine transform.
 tx
 The value by which to move x values with the affine transform.
 ty
 The value by which to move y values with the affine transform.
 Return Value
 A new affine transformation matrix.
 Discussion
 You use this function to create a new affine transform by adding translation values to an existing affine transform. The resulting structure represents a new affine transform, which you can use (and reuse, if you want) to move a coordinate system.
 Import Statement
 import CoreGraphics
 Availability
 Available in iOS 2.0 and later.
 - Returns an affine transformation matrix constructed by scaling an existing affine transform.
 Declaration
 Swift
 func CGAffineTransformScale(_ t: CGAffineTransform, _ sx: CGFloat, _ sy: CGFloat) -> CGAffineTransform
 Objective-C
 CGAffineTransform CGAffineTransformScale ( CGAffineTransform t, CGFloat sx, CGFloat sy );
 Parameters
 t
 An existing affine transform.
 sx
 The value by which to scale x values of the affine transform.
 sy
 The value by which


How to Generate MD5 hash in Java - example
How to create MD5 hash digest from String and byte array in JavaIn this part, we will see some example to generate the MD5 hash in Java. Following Java program generates MD5 hash or digest of a String, by converting into a byte array. Java Security package provides MessageDigest, which can generate the MD5 hash.
MessageDigest's digest() method accept a byte array and return a byte array of hash value. Since many times we need MD5 hash as Hex String, I have converted that byte array into Hex String. Apart from core Java example, which doesn't use any dependency, there are a couple of more open source solution of generating the MD5 digest.
Two of the most popular open source library, Apache Commons Codec and Spring Framework provides utility method to create MD5 Hash in both byte array and Hex String format. Both Apache commons code and Spring provides, DigestUtils class with overloaded method md5() and md5Hex(), which can accept either String or byte array and can return either 16 element byte array or 32 characters Hex String.
If you are already using either Spring or Apache Commons Codec, then its best to use DigestUtil, as it only needs a line of code to generate the MD5 hash in Java. here is complete code example of generating MD5 digest in Java.
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.apache.commons.codec.digest.DigestUtils;
 * Java program to generate MD5 hash or digest for String. In this example
 * we will see 3 ways to create MD5 hash or digest using standard Java API,
 * Spring framework and open source library, Apache commons codec utilities.
 * Generally MD5 has are represented as Hex String so each of this function
 * will return MD5 hash in hex format.
 * _USER_ Javin Paul
public class MD5Hash {
 public static void main(String args[]) {
 String password = "password";
 System.out.println("MD5 hash generated using Java : " + md5Java(password));
 System.out.println("MD5 digest generated using : " + md5Spring(password));
 System.out.println("MD5 message created by Apache commons codec : " + md5ApacheCommonsCodec(password));
 public static String md5Java(String message){
 String digest = null;
 try {
 MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
 byte[] hash = md.digest(message.getBytes("UTF-8"));
 //converting byte array to Hexadecimal String
 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(2*hash.length);
 for(byte b : hash){
 sb.append(String.format("%02x", b&0xff));
 digest = sb.toString();
 } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException ex) {
 Logger.getLogger(StringReplace.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
 } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) {
 return digest;
 * Spring framework also provides overloaded md5 methods. You can pass input
 * as String or byte array and Spring can return hash or digest either as byte
 * array or Hex String. Here we are passing String as input and getting
 * MD5 hash as hex String.
 public static String md5Spring(String text){
 return DigestUtils.md5Hex(text);
 * Apache commons code provides many overloaded methods to generate md5 hash. It contains
 * md5 method which can accept String, byte[] or InputStream and can return hash as 16 element byte
 * array or 32 character hex String.
 public static String md5ApacheCommonsCodec(String content){
 return DigestUtils.md5Hex(content);
MD5 hash generated using Java : 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
MD5 digest generated using : 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
MD5 message created by Apache commons code : 5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99
That's all on How to generate an MD5 hash or digest in Java. As you have seen, there is more than one way to generate a MD5 digest, both in a byte array as well as Hex String format. Just remember to specify file encoding to String.getBytes() method, until you have not used any application wide character encoding. Since String.getBytes() uses the platform specific encoding which could be different in your windows development machine and production Linux Server. Also, consider using Spring or Apache Commons Code to generate MD5 Hash value, if you are already using these libraries. It's always best to reuse library code than writing your own MD5 hash function, to avoid testing overhead.
Other Java Programming Tutorials from Javarevisited Blog
Hi Javin gr8 article fe things I want to add in this..
The MessageDigest class can provide you with an instance of the MD5 digest.
Always when working with strings and the crypto classes be sure to always specify the encoding you want the byte representation in. If you just use string.getBytes() it will use the platform default. (Not all platforms use the same defaults)
byte[] bytesOfMessage = yourString.getBytes("UTF-8");
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
byte[] thedigest = md.digest(bytesOfMessage);
If you have a lot of data take a look at the.update(byte[]) method which can be called repeatedly. Then call.digest() to obtain the resulting hash.
Javin @ What is ClassLoader in Java said...
_USER_, Indeed, specifying character encoding is very important, but, instead of hard coding them at code e.g. getBytes("UTF-8"), which works well on test programs, is not very convenient on real project. Consider using an application wide character encoding, which you can provide by using System property -Dfile.encoding="UTF-8". This allows you to change and manage character encoding easily. Regarding update(), yes that's preferred way if input is large.
Anonymous said...
Great friend, i didn't even know that Spring had that method/classes
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text:
STATEMENT: Aqueduct 3 inflows are increased as Umgeni Water moves steadily towards eradicating raw water deficit
Tuesday, 12 July 2022
Over the past 24 hours, Umgeni Water began progressively increasing raw water through Aqueduct 3, after successful completion of the commissioning process. Repair of a significant leak on this pipe, which transports water from Nagle Dam to the Durban Heights Water Treatment Works, was completed on Sunday afternoon – ahead of schedule. The leak was in the vicinity of Annet Drive in Reservoir Hills, Durban.
Following completion of repairs, thorough inspections and monitoring were done on Monday, 11 July 2022, and the following day. No other leaks were detected.
By the afternoon of Tuesday, 12 July 2022, the amount of water released into Aqueduct 3 was close to its capacity of 180 million litres. Releases will be steadily increased, as part of plans to continue to reduce the raw water deficit at the Durban Heights Water Treatment Works. The deficit was caused by forced decommissioning of aqueducts 1 and 2 – two of the four Nagle Dam-Durban Heights Water Treatment Works aqueducts – because of severe damage to them in the April 2022 floods. Repairs are currently being undertaken on the two flood-damaged aqueducts: one is expected to be ready for commissioning by the end of December 2022 and the other by the end of June 2023.
The raw water deficit has resulted in a situation in which reduced volumes of potable (drinking) water are being supplied to eThekwini Metro from the Durban Heights Water Treatment Works. Umgeni Water is working hard at reducing the shortfall in raw water.
To assist in this process, three of four emergency shaft pumps are being used to transfer water from Inanda Dam to the Durban Heights Water Treatment Works. Collectively, they supply 150 meglitres of raw water per day. The fourth shaft pump is being used five days in a week, as a mitigation against risk of failure. It supplies, on average, 50 megalitres, per day.
With Aqueduct 3 back online, Aqueduct 4 remaining operational and the emergency shaft pumps transferring water, the total amount of water currently reaching the Durban Heights Water Treatment Works for treatment amounts, on average, to 560 megalitres per day.
The remaining work associated with Aqueduct 3, including earthworks and rehabilitation of the road surface, will be completed in accordance with the schedule provided by the contractor.
Issued by Corporate Stakeholder Management Unit, Office of the Chief Executive


Home Forums Artistic Conventions Artistic Conventions Reply To: Artistic Conventions
Miranda Jackovich
As we learned earlier in the semester the Greco-Roman art displayed realism. 'The Ivory Panel with Archangel' from the Byzantine Empire may be inspired by the Greco-Roman robes but encompasses its own style through dimension and spacing in the artwork. 'Rebecca at the Well' from the Vienna Genesis made in Syria or Palestine also shares the same characteristics of style as the Romans but differs from the realism perspective of art. The image shows multiple scenes being played out in one. The Byzantine artwork is a continuation of the Greek and Romans but evolved into its own style due to new factors influencing the culture.


Preprint Open Access
P vs NP
Frank Vega
Citation Style Language JSON Export
{
 "publisher": "Zenodo",
 "DOI": "10.5281/zenodo._PHONE_",
 "author": [
 {
 "family": "Frank Vega"
 }
 ],
 "issued": {
 "date-parts": [
 [
 2018,
 6,
 8
 ]
 ]
 },
 "abstract": "
P versus NP is considered as one of the most important open problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? It is one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute. This question was first mentioned in a letter written by John Nash to the National Security Agency in 1955. A precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced independently in 1971 by Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Since that date, all efforts to find a proof for this problem have failed. To attack the P versus NP question the concept of NP-completeness has been very useful. If any single NP-complete problem can be solved in polynomial time, then every NP problem has a polynomial time algorithm. MONOTONE 3SAT is a known NP-complete problem. We prove MONOTONE 3SAT is in P. In this way, we demonstrate the P versus NP problem.
",
 "title": "P vs NP",
 "type": "article",
 "id": "_PHONE_"
}
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a Pokemon can't learn two of it's two of it's egg moves. For example, Charmander can't learn AncientPower and Beat Up together, because no Pokemon learns these two moves, and there's no Pokemon that can connect these two moves together like Arbok did just now.
It's worth noting that all this chain breeding isn't needed in the Field egg group, where Smeargle is, simply because Smeargle can learn any move (through it's signature move Sketch). So that also means that there's no such thing as an illegal move combination in the Field egg group.
Hatching an Egg
Hatching an egg can take a really long time depending on the Pokemon that's inside. Actually, it doesn't depend on time, but the amount of steps you take. It could take between 1,000-10,000 steps to hatch an egg. If you have a Pokemon with the Magma Armor or Flame Body Abilities in your party, the amount of steps will be cut in half. You can ride your bicycle in a circle or up and down the same route until the egg hatches, or just take it with you on your adventure. Check the egg's status screen to get hints as to how long it'll take to hatch.
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text: Herein, a newly designed π-conjugated D-π-A type organic material, namely TPA-T-DCV 9, was synthesized in excellent yield by introducing triphenylamine as electron donor and dicyanovinyl unit attached to the benzene ring as electron acceptor at positions 3 and 4 of the central thiophene skeleton as π-linker, respectively. The Au/TPA-T-DCV 9/p-Si/Al diode was fabricated by using TPA-T-DCV 9 material as interface material. The electrical properties of this diode were analyzed using the current–voltage (I-V) curve of the diode and it was determined that the use of TPA-T-DCV 9 material improved electrical charecteris. The I-V measuments of the diode are performed between 100 K and 325 K. According to calculations from TE theory, n value changes between 4.04 and 1.19 value for increasing temperature value, Φb value changes between 0.33 and 0.81 eV value with increasing temperature. In addition, Rs values calculated from Cheung functions vary between 2004 Ω and 10470 Ω with decreasing temperature value. From the temperature-dependent I-V graphs of the diode, it was determined that the diode parameters were in a strong change depending on the temperature gradient. The frequency response of capacitance–voltage (C-V) measurements of Au/TPA-T-DCV 9/p-Si/Al diode was investigated.


text:
The definition of public is something that is related to, available to or known by people.(adjective)
Public is ordinary people or people within a community.(noun)
All of the people in a given location are an example of the public.
See public in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: ME < L publicus: altered (prob. infl. by pubes, adult) < poplicus, contr. of populicus, public < populus, the people
See public in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: Middle English publik
Origin:, from Old French public
Origin:, from Latin pūblicus
Origin:, alteration (influenced by pūbēs, adult population)
Origin: of poplicus
Origin:, from populus, people
Origin:, of Etruscan origin.
Learn more about public


text:
With some 100 million land mines around the world, and an average of 40,000 new land mines deployed each week, current land-mine detection techniques aren't cutting it.
So researchers at the US Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico are developing a new force of minesweepers -- a squadron of honeybees -- to locate fields where land mines are buried.
While bees cruise for nectar, their fuzzy bodies attract dust and pollen that is carried back to their hives. Researchers are using tiny radio-frequency ID tags to monitor the bees as they enter and leave specially designed electronic hives.
Chemical sniffing by a spectrometer located inside the hive determines the types of agents on the bee that will, in turn, provide a chemical survey of the area. The spectrometer looks for TNT -- the explosive, primary ingredient of land mines.
The project aims to locate buried mines within the bees' flying range, which is about a mile in all directions from the hive.
"Honeybees are really good homing pigeons because they always go back to the same hive and colony," said Ron Gilbert, group leader of electronic systems at the The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, which is also involved in the project. "In the future, the same technology might be used to find illegal narcotics and nuclear materials."
The project, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, uses mock mines that were built for land-mine detection research. Last fall, the Sandia team established two honeybee hives in the field. Two control hives were established a few miles away.
Eventually, the project leaders want to train bees to seek out chemicals used in mines by associating odors of explosives with substances they are attracted to, such as sugar.
Researchers are also experimenting with different types of plants to determine which ones readily accumulate TNT. If they can be identified, potential mine fields can be seeded with the plants to maximize the bees' chances of finding the mines.
Since bees are indigenous to nearly every climate on earth, they could be sent on missions practically anywhere.
The Sandia and Pacific Northwest researchers are working with entomologists at The University of Montana on the project, which is funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Controlled Biological Systems Program.


text:
Lean burn combustion is increasing its popularity in the aeronautical framework due to its potential in reducing drastically pollutant emissions (NOx and soot in particular). Its implementation, however, involves significant issues related to the increased amount of air dedicated to the combustion process, demanding the redesign of injection and cooling systems. A reduced coolant mass flow rate in conjunction with higher compressor discharge temperature negatively affect the cooling potential thus requiring the exploitation of efficient schemes such as effusion cooling.
This work describes the experimental and numerical final validation of an aeronautical effusion-cooled lean-burn combustor. Full annular tests were carried out to measure temperature profiles and metal temperature distributions at different operating conditions of the ICAO cycle. Such an outcome was obtained also with an in-house developed CHT methodology (THERM3D). RANS simulations with the Flamelet Generated Manifold combustion model were performed to estimate aerothermal field and heat loads, while the coupling with a thermal conduction solver returns the most updated wall temperature. The heat sink within the perforation is treated with a 0D correlative model that calculates the heat pickup and the temperature rise of coolant. The results highlight an overall good capability of the proposed approach to estimate the metal temperature distribution at different operating conditions. It is also shown how more advanced scale-resolving simulations could significantly improve the prediction of turbulent mixing and heat loads.


text:
BAKU, Azerbaijan, Sept.15
By Khumay Aghajanova - Trend:
The Azerbaijani-Turkish brotherhood has deep roots, Elshad Musayev, chairman of the Great Azerbaijan Party, told journalists, Trend reports.
According to Musayev, the liberation of Baku from the Bolshevik-Dashnak occupation by the Caucasian Islamic Army under the command of Nuru Pasha on September 15, 1918 is a great event in the history of the brotherhood of the two countries.
"On this day, the Azerbaijani people rose [against the Bolshevik-Dashnak occupation], and our Turkish brothers supported Azerbaijan. We remember Nuru Pasha and Enver Pasha with gratitude," he said.
Besides, according to him, the events of recent history also prove that Azerbaijan and Turkey support each other in difficult times.
During the 44-day second Karabakh war [from late Sept. to early Nov.2020 for liberating Azerbaijani territories from Armenian occupation], brotherly Turkey provided support to Azerbaijan. It's gratifying that Azerbaijan has such an ally and brother as Turkey, added Musayev.
On September 15, 1918, the Caucasian Islamic Army, which included the Azerbaijan Corps, liberated Baku from the Bolshevik-Dashnak occupation. The liberation of Baku is an event of exceptional importance for the Azerbaijani-Turkish friendship and brotherhood.


How is the nose wheel steering mechanism usually actuated on a small aircraft?
How is the nose wheel steering mechanism typically controlled on small aircraft?
The nose wheel steering mechanism in small aircraft is typically actuated through a mechanical system involving cables, pulleys, and gears, which translate the pilot's interventions into movements of the nose wheel.
Nose Wheel Steering Mechanism in Small Aircraft
Overview: In small aircraft, the nose wheel steering mechanism is usually actuated mechanically. This mechanical system is designed to allow the pilot to control the direction of the aircraft on the ground. The mechanism consists of various components, including cables, pulleys, gears, and the nose wheel itself. Mechanical Linkage: The nose wheel steering mechanism is connected to the rudder pedals in the cockpit. When the pilot operates the rudder pedals by applying pressure with their feet, the mechanical linkage transmits this input to the nose wheel system. This allows the pilot to steer the aircraft while taxiing on the ground. Cable and Rod System: Typically, a cable or rod is used to directly connect the pilot's control inputs to the nose wheel steering mechanism. When the pilot turns the rudder pedals or steering wheel, the cable or rod transfers this motion to the nose wheel, causing it to turn left or right as needed. This precise control is essential for maneuvering the aircraft during taxiing, takeoff, and landing. Maintenance and Safety: Regular maintenance of the nose wheel steering mechanism is crucial for safe operation of the aircraft. Pilots and maintenance crews must ensure that the cables, pulleys, and gears are in good condition and properly lubricated. Any signs of wear or malfunction should be addressed promptly to prevent steering issues during ground operations. Conclusion: The nose wheel steering mechanism in small aircraft is primarily actuated through a mechanical linkage connected to the rudder pedals or steering wheel in the cockpit. This system allows pilots to control the direction of the aircraft while taxiing on the ground. By understanding how the mechanism works and maintaining it properly, pilots can ensure smooth and safe operation of the aircraft during ground maneuvers.
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text:
Our 7th grade curriculum includes the rise of civilizations, early humans, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, and Ancient Egypt. The science curriculum is focused on biology.
What multicultural picture books should I add to this list? Thanks for sharing!
p.s. Here are all the books in this series:
- Diversity Picture Books for 4th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 5th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 6th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 7th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 8th Grade
Images from Lascaux II
The First Drawing by Mordicai Gerstein
Imagine life more than 30 thousand years ago, before drawing was invented! Using a burnt stick (charcoal), imagine the first human to see shapes on a wall that resemble animals and draw them. It would feel like magic! This is one version speculating why early humans created cave paintings and this story is inspired by cave paintings in Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in Southern France. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
The Secret Cave: Discovering Lascaux by Emily McCully Arnold
Images from Lascaux II
In the middle of WWII, the Lascaux cave containing prehistorical cave art was discovered by boys. Sealed for about 17,000 years, it was the only cave painting where the colors had not faded. The animal shapes often followed the contours of the walls and the paintings are believed to have been used as part of trance rituals more than 35,000 years ago.
This picture book tells the story of the four young men from Montignac, France who discovered Lascaux in 1940. The cave is now closed to all but a few scholars. Lascaux II, a meticulous replica opened to the public in 1983. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Weslandia by Paul Fleischman
Tormented by the kids in his class, Wesley decides to start his own civilization as his summer project. He would grow his own staple food crop, the root of a new civilization. Seeds blow into a plot he's prepared and a wondrous multi-purpose plant is soon thriving in his garden. The fruit is edible, the tubers filling, and the leaves highly aromatic. He successfully weaves a hat and clothes from the plant's fibers. The plant's seeds yield an oil that repels mosquitos and protects his skin from the sun.
Wesley discovers a new way to tell time based on the plant's flowers, and a new counting system as well. He decides to name his new land after himself: Weslandia. Just before school starts, Wesley creates his own language. As he returns to school, he finds that his new civilization has made him a lot of new friends. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
Mystery Of The Giant Masks Of Sanxingdui by Icy Smith
image from Wikipedia
The mysterious and ancient city of Sanxingdui is famous for its astonishing bronze-casting technology. Villagers come from faraway lands to admire the bronze masks and trade for the highly prized bronze wares. However, Sanxingdui faces danger when its people hear rumors of a foreign invasion. The chief's daughter, Min, and her newly initiated warrior brother, Wei, lead the villagers to flee their homeland. Where do they go? And what do they do with their sacred bronze masks and statues?
image from Wikipedia
Discover the lost civilization of Sanxingdui in Sichuan Province, China, over 3,000 years ago. In 1986, the discovery of monumental bronzes in Sanxingdui was hailed as "The ninth wonder of the World". The artifacts unearthed are as old as the Pyramids of Egypt and reveal an advanced and civilized society in Sanxingdui. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Gilgamesh the King (trilogy) by Ludmila Zeman
Gilgamesh is a god-king who ruled the city of Uruk for 126 years. He's the main character in Sumerian poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, considered the first great work of literature. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who builds the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travels to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Flood.
In this first picture book about Mesopotamia*, Gilgamesh is a cruel king who forces his people to build a wall around their city of Uruk, and only another demigod, Enkidu, who lives with the animals of the forest can stop him. [picture book, ages 6 and up] *Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq.
I am very partial to ancient Egypt and Hatshepsut is intriguing as the only female pharaoh in Egyptian history. As a ruler she made Egypt a powerful and prosperous country by focusing on expanding trade with other countries which brought in timber, horses, and other exotic treasures. One mystery still remains: why were most records of Hatshepsut wiped out? [advanced picture book, ages 6-11]
I have more on Hatshepsut and Sennenmut including artifacts from the Boston Museum of Fine Art.
Seeker of Knowledge: The Man Who Deciphered Egyptian Hieroglyphs by James Runford
Hieroglyphs from Sarcophagus of Queen Hatshepsut recut for her father, Thutmose I
Jean-François Champollion was born in 1790, around the time when General Napoleon was in Egypt. At 11 years old, when he visited a famous scientist who had been in Egypt with Napoleon, he saw Egyptian artifacts and was determined to read the hieroglyphs. At age 16, he met the scholars studying the Rosetta stone covered in Greek and Egyptian words. It wasn't until he was 30 that he was able to unlock the mystery of the hieroglyphs. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
The Buried City of Pompeii by Shelley Tanaka
The excavation of the House of the Menander, the estate of a wealthy family that lived on the island of Pompeii, is the basis for this factual and historical fiction account of what happened on August 24, 79 A.D. The story is from the point of view of Eros, the chief steward for the Menander family. He was a freedman working for the one of the richest and most respected families in Pompeii. His actual body and that of a little girl — most likely his daughter — was found preserved from the volacanic eruption. Details of day to day life in Pompeii convey what life was like in Ancient Rome from visiting the baths, the open air market, to the brutal sporting games in the amphitheater. Teachers can read aloud parts of this book but I wouldn't be surprised for students to want to finish it themselves. [advanced nonfiction, ages 9 and up]
I am an Amazon affiliate which means if you buy anything through my blog, I get a very small kickback at no cost to you. I use this money to pay for postage and handling for my giveaways.


text:
Assemble Small Flying Geese Units
1. Use a pencil to mark a diagonal line on wrong side of each remaining assorted medium to dark print 1-1/2" square.
2. Align a marked assorted print square with one end of a white shirting 1-1/2x2-1/2" rectangle (Diagram 2). Stitch on marked line and trim seam allowance to 1/4". Press attached triangle open, pressing seam toward medium or dark print.
3. Align a second marked assorted print square with remaining end of Step 2 rectangle. Stitch, trim, and press as before to make a small Flying Geese unit (Diagram 2). The unit should be 2-1/2x1-1/2" including seam allowances.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to make eight small Flying Geese units total.


text:
Catalan common name : Celebérrima quència. Quèntia.
Spanish common name : Kentia.
General distribution : Australiana
Life-forms : Macrophanerophyte.
Habitat : Gardens.
Observations : It prefers to live in semi shade, but also prospers in the sun.
Origen : Illa de Lord Howe (Oceania)
Location on-campus UIB : Poc freqüent, es pot observar al Claustre de l'edifici Ramón Llull.
Description : A monoecious palm tree; it has one single trunk which can reach up to 10m in height and up to 14-15cm in width. The trunk is cylindrical, and does not widen at the base; it is green at first and has rings. The leaves are pinnate, erect, dark green and have horizontal leaflets which hang down only at the end. The inflorescence is branched and hangs down under the leaves. The fruits are brown and ovoid. It can be distinguished at first sight from Howea belmoreana by its leaflets, which are not erect, but v-shaped. The fruits are slightly larger than in Howea belmoreana.


text:
In May 1990 the Tippecanoe County "Interim Report" for the Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory was published. The Chauncey-Stadium National Historic Register District was created in 2002. But national districts offer very limited protections to historic neighborhoods.
So in September of 2010 I began work on the creation of a local historic preservation district for West Lafayette.
There is probably no need to rehearse the advantages of historic preservation. Since the 1930's, historic preservation districts and historic preservation commissions have proven to be an effective way of enhancing historic neighborhoods. They protect the investments of owners and residents, often offering tax incentives to property owners. They aid in professional recruitment, as local preservation suggests to prospective employees a higher quality of life. They honor architectural design and encourage a more innovative use of construction materials. They encourage the ultimate in recycling; that of an entire building!
In Indiana, they are used in cities from Anderson to Lafayette (1993) to Zionsville.
On June 6, 2011, Ordinance #9-11 was passed. It served as a statement of the city's willingness to establish a historic preservation district. Ordinance#19-13 shows how the preservation district will work.
Many thanks to Development Director Chandler Poole and his staff for the time and energy they put into this ordinance. It wasn't easy! Even the well-documented Chauncey-Stadium Historic District was missing some paper work. (Apparently the Zionsville law firm that did the work had lunch at Harry's one afternoon and a few blocks of Stadium disappeared!)
Thanks also to the members of the historic preservation commission for their thoroughness and persistence: Drew Freeman, Jeanette Bennett, Mary Cook, Persis Newman, Gerry McCartney, Jim Garland, Kelly Bush, Otie Kilmer, and Mary Whittaker. Many thanks to city attorney Eric Burns who did the final edit of the ordinance and sent it on to city council. Finally, a special thank you to Kurt Wahl, "on loan" from the city of Lafayette's Historic Commission, who served as our mentor and prepared the final map. This is a solid and reasonable work product.
What happens next? There is a "first phase" of the ordinance. This is a three-year period during which the ordinance applies only to demolition and new construction. During this time the commission will have to refresh its membership. Most of its current members have had their terms expire. The commission will also have time to develop a resource manual much like Lafayette has, and to begin an educational process in New Chauncey. The "second phase", which includes obtaining a Certificate of Appropriateness for renovations, begins after three years unless a majority of the property owners objects in writing to the Commission.
The whole process is meant to be helpful, not adversarial. (The practices of the Lafayette Historic Commission are instructive here.) It is helpful both to the individual property owner, and helpful to the city as it develops a multi-class, multi-generational near campus neighborhood that will make other cities envious.
It is part of a four-part process envisioned for the New Chauncey neighborhood during the conversation among New Chauncey residents, Purdue Research Foundation, CSO architects, and the city around the construction of Wang Hall. A land use plan was to be put in place for the neighborhood. That has been accomplished. Older structures would be protected by the creation of a historic preservation district. New structures would follow guidelines to be developed for a zoning "overlay". A redevelopment entity ("New Chauncey Rebound" J) would be created to marshal the resources necessary to renew the near campus neighborhood from Stump Town to Kingston to Chauncey.
This may not be the ordinance I would have preferred. (I believe the appeals process is redundant. I think it might be helpful, as in the Barnes and Thornburgh ordinance template developed by Indiana Landmarks, for the commission to be able to buy and sell property. AND the Lafayette ordinance has a nice section on signs!) It took too long. But it I believe it puts us in a good place between "too much, too soon" and "too little, too late"!
The ordinance's second reading will take place on Tuesday, September 3rd. at 6:30pm.


text:
Introduction to the advantages of multi-user energy meters
Shandong University of Science and Technology Zhongtian Electronics Co., Ltd. _PHONE_ specializes in the production and sales of multi-user smart meters, multi-user energy meters, electronic meters, apartment ** meters, high-current centralized meters and prepaid energy meters. Small size, power consumption Low, low installation cost and easy management.
Multi-user energy meters have only been developed in recent years. Compared with traditional meters, multi-user energy meters have greatly improved their performance and use. The following is a description of how multi-user energy meters are similar to traditional meters. Where is the advantage over it
1. Multi-user energy meter saves energy. Compared with the past energy meters, multi-user energy meter suppliers have the characteristics of household metering, centralized collection, cyclic display, small size, high accuracy, and reliability. The amount of mixed juice in the three-phase circuit and high-power consumption measurement can effectively eliminate wasteful energy consumption.
2. Multi-user energy meter saves space. Multi-user energy meter has one meter and multiple households, and integrates electronic technology and computer technology. It has a small size and can accommodate a large number of households (a 24 household cluster meter has an area of about 1/3 of a single centralized simple installation), and some multi-user meters can currently reach 39 households. Of course, this is also related to the magnitude of the current. At the same time, it has the function of "one household, one meter". It is worth mentioning that there is currently a type of fully electronic intelligent multi-user energy meter on the market, which uses a single-chip micro-controller as the core and adopts a fully modular structure, which can simultaneously measure the power consumption of multiple users. It also independently monitors the power consumption status of each consumer, and displays the cumulative power consumption or residual power of each user in a cyclical manner, which not only saves space, but also achieves maximum metering.
The above are two prominent advantages of multi-user energy meters. I hope that more people will understand and recognize multi-user energy meters. I hope that Shandong University of Science and Technology Zhongtian Electronics Co., Ltd. can promote multi-user energy meters to more enterprises.


text:
|Working medium:|| |
|Body material:|| |
|Nozzle Diameter (mm)||0.5||1||1.5||2||2.5||3|
|Vacuum Pressure (kPa)||R (Pressure Type)||-88.6||-91.8||-91.8||-91.8||-91.8||-91.8|
|L (Flow Type)||-57.2||-57.2||-57.2||-57.2||-57.2||-57.2|
|Flow Rate (l/min)||R||6||27||63||110||160||225|
|Air Consumption (l/min)||13||44||100||180||265||385|
|Supply Pressure (MPa)||0.5||0.5||0.5||0.5||0.5||0.5|
Exhaust and flow characteristics
Exhaust characteristics refer to the relationship between vacuum pressure, suction flow or air consumption varying with the change of air supply pressure of vacuum generator. They increase as the supply pressure increases. Flow characteristics refer to the relationship between vacuum pressure and suction flow when the supply pressure of vacuum generator is constant. Suction flow rate is the flow of air inhaled from the suction port.
It refers to the time when the vacuum pressure in the vacuum suction cup reaches the required vacuum pressure or the time required when the air supply valve is switched to the vacuum pressure switch. It is related to the volume of the adsorption chamber (diffusion chamber, adsorption pipe volume and suction cup volume, etc.), the leakage of the adsorption surface and the required vacuum pressure.
The air consumption of pneumatic vacuum generator is determined by the diameter of nozzle, but it is also related to the working pressure. For the same nozzle diameter, the air consumption increases with the increase of working pressure. The nozzle diameter is the main basis for selecting a vacuum ejector. The larger the nozzle diameter, the greater the suction flow and air consumption, and the lower the vacuum pressure. The smaller the nozzle diameter, the smaller the suction flow and air consumption, but the higher the vacuum pressure.
There is a maximum vacuum pressure, when the maximum is exceeded, even if the working pressure is increased, the vacuum pressure will not increase but will decline. The maximum vacuum generated by the vacuum generator is -88kPa. In actual use, it is suggested that the vacuum pressure can be set at -70KPa and the working pressure is about 0.5Mpa.
This category is empty.


USS Fitzgerald
"Protect Your People"
USS Fitzgerald (ddg62)
Fitzgerald Sailors Share Lessons with Guam Youth
By Shaina Marie Santos, Joint Region Edge Staff
DEDEDO, Guam - Sailors from USS Fitzgerald (DDG 62) discussed the importance of school, careers and a drug-free attitude to students at Okkodo High School in Dededo Sept. 26.
The outreach to the school was one of two community service projects Fitzgerald Sailors supported during a port call on Guam.
"I think it's a great contact for [students] and to give them more information one-to-one and face-to-face, so they have more comfort level with approaching people in the military and getting to understand what the military is about, especially here on Guam," said Okkodo High School business education teacher Sharon Baxter.
During their visit, Sailors answered questions about life-enrichment, education and life as a Navy Sailor.
"It's always important to come out and talk to kids," said Operations Specialist 1st Class (SW) Justen Abernethy. "Especially because it's the time of period when they're starting to take everything in and they're learning and they're adapting to that adult life. So it'll help them along their path if they can hear it from the people who are out there, doing the job itself."
Abernethy added that discussing leadership and opportunities with students could make differences in their futures.
"The benefits for them is just that much more knowledge, that much more understanding and being able to say, 'Hey, this is why they do this and I can do this and I can be that much better in my life.'"
Seaman Recruit Mark Christian agreed with Abernethy and said that the Navy is a great career for students to look to help better themselves.
"I wish somebody did it to me, to be honest with you," he said. "I wish I had somebody to come there and answer questions. There's a lot of good things the Navy can offer."
Sailors also supported Special Olympics of Guam, coaching bowling athletes Sept. 29 at Century Lanes in Tamuning in preparation for an upcoming tournament


text:
Mission and Vision
Together, we protect marginalized children and youth, their families and communities and with them create innovative and exciting opportunities to build their futures.
Mith Samlanh is a local non-Governmental organization, founded by Friends-International and member of the CYTI Alliance (Children, Youth, Together and Initiative), works with and for marginalized children and youth, their families and their communities to build their futures.
- Protect marginalized children and youth from all forms of abuse within the scope of the International Convention of the Rights of the Child;
- Reintegrate marginalized children and youth so they become actively involved in the development of their society;
- Prevent marginalized children and youth from engaging in risky behaviors and/or dangerous situations that compromise their futures;
- Improve the way organizations work by promoting innovative and effective approaches with the active participation of the children and youth;
- Influenceall tiers of society to provide supportive environments and adopt positive behavior changes.
- Child value and best interest
- Positive approach
The target group includes marginalized children and youth of both genders regardless of ethnic, religious, political or social backgrounds
1. Primary:marginalized children and youth (0-24 years), including:
- Marginalized living children and youth
- Marginalized working children and youth
- Children and youth of marginalized families
- Their families and their communities
- Related youth groups
3. Tertiary: Society as a whole
- Children: 0-18
- Adolescents: 10-19 (early adolescence: 10-14; late adolescence: 15-19)
- Youths: 15-24
- Young people: 10-24


Registry>().TheDefault.Is.Object(_graph); ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.Object(_actionRegistry); ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.Object(_typeRegistry); }
The Object() method is the pertinant method in the InstanceExpression. There is also an alternative syntax called "IsThis":
var container = new Container(x => { x.ForRequestedType().Use().TheArrayOf().Contains(arr => { arr.IsThis(new ColorRule("Red")); }); });
Choosing "IsThis" or "Object" is strictly a matter of aesthetics.
Also see Changing Configuration at Runtime for some related behavior.
Constructing Objects with Lambda Functions
Some classes simply cannot be created with constructor functions. Other objects may need to be located by invoking some sort of other infrastructure (the built in Provider model in ASP.Net 2.0+ is a good example of this). In those cases, StructureMap can instead build or find these objects by registering a Lambda expression with the ConstructedBy() method of InstanceExpression.
Let's say that your system includes an important legacy class named WeirdLegacyRepository that manages its own lifecycle somehow, and new instances can only be accessed by a static method on the WeirdLegacyRepository. You still want to inject these objects into the classes that depend on WeirdLegacyRepository, so you might do something like this code below:
ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.ConstructedBy(() => WeirdLegacyRepository.Current).WithName("Weird");
That example used a no argument Lambda function. You can also register a Lambda expression that uses the current BuildSession/IContext to access other services:
ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.ConstructedBy( context => context.GetInstance().CreateSession()); ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.ConstructedBy( context => context.GetInstance().Transaction);
See Using the Session Context for more information.
Referencing a Named Instance
Many times it is helpful to simply say "use the Instance with this name here" when configuring array dependencies or overriding the autowiring defaults. Use the TheInstanceNamed() function as shown below to do this:
IContainer manager = new Container(r =>
.TheArrayOf().Contains(x =>
Using the Default Instance
Sometimes you may want to just tell StructureMap to use the default Instance of a type. The most common usage of this is telling StructureMap to inject an optional setter property. Use the "IsTheDefault()" or "TheDefault()" method to force the injection of a setter on an Instance by Instance basis.
[Test] public void AutoFill_a_property() { var container = new Container(r => { r.ForConcreteType().Configure.SetterDependency().IsTheDefault(); r.ForRequestedType().TheDefault.Is.Object(new ColorRule("Green")); }); container.GetInstance().Rule.ShouldBeOfType(typeof (ColorRule)); }
While this functionality will be supported in the future, it may be better to use the new Setter Injection Policies.
Specifying a Prototype Object with Cloning
You can have StructureMap construct objects by having it simply clone a supplied template object:
// Build an instance for IWidget, then setup StructureMap to return cloned instances of the // "Prototype" (GoF pattern) whenever someone asks for IWidget named "Jeremy" var theWidget = new CloneableWidget("Jeremy"); container = new Container(x => { x.InstanceOf().Is.PrototypeOf(theWidget).WithName("Jeremy"); });
There is also the option to use binary serialization as the "cloning" method. The old advice from Microsoft is to use cloning for flat objects, and favor serialization copying for objects with lots of children.
Specifying a Prototype Object with Serialization
You can have StructureMap construct objects by having it simply clone a supplied template object by using binary serialization:
// Build an instance for IWidget, then setup StructureMap to return cloned instances of the // "Prototype" (GoF pattern) whenever someone asks for IWidget named "Jeremy" var theWidget = new CloneableWidget("Jeremy"); container = new Container(x => { x.InstanceOf().Is.SerializedCopyOf(theWidget).WithName("Jeremy"); });
Configuring Conditional Construction
There have been several questions on the StructureMap users list about doing conditional construction (i.e., return this object if this condition, else this other object). In order to meet this apparent need, StructureMap 2.5.2 introduces the new ConditionalInstance that allows a user to effectively switch the active Instance based on a Predicate boolean test. Here's a quick example of using the new Conditional() syntax of InstanceExpression:
var container = new Container(x =>
x.InstanceOf().Is.Conditional(o =>
The syntax above is configuring and attaching a ConditionalInstance object. Internally, this syntax is telling the ConditionalInstance to:
 1. Return the concrete type "ARule" if the condition "c => false" is met (in real usage the predicate would do something more intelligent 😉 )
 2. Else, return a Rule object specified by the variable named GREEN if the condition "c => true" is met
 3. Finally, if none of the predicates match, return the Rule object specified by the variable named RED
The syntax "If( predicate ).*************" uses an InstanceExpression and all possible Instance types are available.
Internally, the ConditionalInstance looks like this:
public class ConditionalInstance : ExpressedInstance>
// Conditional Instance keeps track of zero or more internal Instance
// objects against a Predicate condition
private readonly List _cases = new List();
// The "default" Instance to use if none of the conditional predicates
// are met. If this is not explicitly defined, the ConditionalInstance
// will simply look for the default Instance of the desired
// PluginType
public Instance _default = new DefaultInstance();
public class InstanceCase
public Predicate Predicate { get; set; }
public Instance Instance { get; set; }
When a call is made to container.GetInstance("conditional"):
 1. Internally, the Container object finds the ConditionalInstance object that was configured and named "conditional" for the PluginType "Rule"
 3. The ConditionalInstance evaluates its InstanceCase collection to find the first InstanceCase that matches the current IContext and invokes the internal Instance of that InstanceCase
 4. Lastly, if ConditionalInstance does not find any matching InstanceCase objects, it will invoke its default Instance to build the requested object
It might be easier to just see the code for this:
protected override object build(Type pluginType, BuildSession session)
// Find the first InstanceCase that matches the BuildSession/IContext
var instanceCase = _cases.Find(c => c.Predicate(session));
// Use the Instance from the InstanceCase if it exists,
// otherwise, use the "default"
var instance = instanceCase == null? _default : instanceCase.Instance;
// delegate to the chosen Instance
return instance.Build(pluginType, session);
Please see Using the Session Context for more information on what is possible with the IContext.
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No Junk In The Trunk - New Robotic Arm Never Forgets Its Elephant Lineage
Brainchild of Germany company Festo and the Fraunhofer institute in Stuttgart is the Bionic Handling Assistant (BHA), which takes its cue from the supple movement of the trunk of an elephant.
The idea behind the BHA was to create a bionic arm that was safe to use around humans - that wouldn't knock them over when swinging their way or hurt them if it tried to pick something up. Research, dedication and a great deal of Animal Planet led the creators to idea of using the trunk of an elephant as a model, owing to its ability to twist and bend freely along its length.
To simulate the flexibility of an elephant's trunk, Festo and Fraunhofer used a multitude of soft segments joined together and each created from a flexible polyamide. Within the segments are air chambers that are inflated in sequence to produce movement. The entire arm is divided into three large sections to grant it the ability to bend back on itself, and this coupled with the ability to individually inflate each of the air chambers means that the arm can move in almost any direction and do so incredibly smoothly.
The arm itself has collision detection sensors to prevent a "Doc Oc" kind of moment from occurring, as well as resistance sensors that will limit its movement when it comes into contact with an object like a table or a face.
At the end of the BHA lies the fourth and final segment, the gripper, which is powered by air chambers in the hand axis. The gripper uses three collapsible fin-shaped "fingers" in order to pick up and securely hold objects. The collapsible nature of the FinGripper - which also sounds like an underwater supervillan - means that very little pressure is required to pick up and hold an object, again helping to limit potential injury.
Currently, the BHA is being tested on production lines with gripper sizes ranging from "can pick up a grapefruit" to "let me get that hazelnut for you". The BHA has been nominated for a German Future Award and is a part of the Festo "Bionic Learning Network". Ideally, the company would like to see these used in places from production lines to hospitals, with a potential for future home use.
Frankly, they're scary as hell, but at least they're gentle. Apparently.
Source: PhysOrg
Douglas Bonderud
Technology and Gadgets Blogger


The themes in the Canterville Ghost
The Canterville Ghost is a ghost story.
Ghost stories belong to the genre called horror literature, whose purpose is to scare the reader with situations that cause horror or fear. The most common technique is suspense, the slow insinuating of a doubt or of a frightening revelation, which keeps the reader interested.
 This story can be defined an inverted ghost story, because a lot of elements are different from the traditional ones. The main difference is the fact that Mr Otis is not scared by the ghost, while usually people should be. Moreover, the Ghost itself is frightened by the Otis twins.
 There is also comic relief bordering on farce, including buckets of water balanced on half-open doors. But the story has a dark centre. The crime and retribution which led to the haunting is ghastly, and this is really not a comedy at all, but a tale of redemption through the power of love. The innocent girl of the family, appropriately called Virginia, prays for the ghost and endures terrifying if unnamed experiences to release the ghost.
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This guide shows you how to Add a 301 & 302 Redirects in Webuzo. A 301 redirect means that the page has permanently moved to a new location. A 302 redirect means that the move is only temporary. To a user they seem to work the same way, but they aren't the same as far as search engines are concerned. Search engines sense the different types of redirects, and handle them differently. If the wrong type of redirect has been set up, search engines may become confused, resulting in a loss of traffic.
You can Add a Redirect from your Webuzo Enduser Panel > Domain > Redirects
Screenshot : Redirects
- Populate the Fields and Click Add Redirect to ADD a domain redirect rule from Webuzo.
For e.g : example.com
- Select the Domain from the drop down box.
- Populate the input field with the Path to the particular directory you wish to redirect. If you want your top level domain to redirect than keep it blank.
- Select the Type of redirection you wish to add for the above domain from the drop down box.
- Populate the input field with the Address i.e. the URL you wish your domain to redirect. For e.g. _URL_
- Click on ADD Redirect to see a success message like this.
- Select Domain - Specify the Domain to Add the domain redirect.
- Path - Specify the name of the file or directory of the domain you wish to redirect. If you want your top level domain to redirect than keep it blank.
- Type - Specify the TYPE of Redirect you wish to add (301 / 302)
- Address - Specify the url to which you wish to redirect.
- This redirection cannot be used to redirect your domain from http protocol to https protocol.
- The permanent redirection when removed shall be removed from Webuzo records but shall remain in the browser. You yourself will have to remove it from the browser's cache.
- This utility should not be used for redirection within the same domain.


text:
Learning Guide: Personal hygiene
Author: Alba Cecilia Báez Gómez – Description: This English selfstudy guide helps you practice giving instructions in written form. All the activities are related to the top of personal care habits presented in Way to Go 7 workbook Module 1 Unit 2 Lesson 3.
It starts with some vocabulary revision activities. Then you have to answer some questions about the language used to write instructions( Imperatives and sequential linking words) and end up writing the instructions for a personal care habit.


The World Articles Update The Latest Content Marketing Online Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000 en-US hourly 1 A comprehensive approach to SWIFT security assessment Tue, 06 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000
a comprehensive approach to swift security assessment
Tran Phuong Hong, IT Advisory director, KPMG Tax and Advisory Vietnam and Do Kim Hien, senior solution consultant, KPMG Tax and Advisory Vietnam
In Vietnam, we have had vast opportunities in conducting SWIFT system security gap assessment projects for Vietnamese banks, and there are best practices that clients should consider while implementing and securing the system according to a SWIFT Customer Security Control Framework (SWIFT CSCF).
The SWIFT CSCF describes a set of mandatory and advisory security controls for users. Mandatory security controls establish a security baseline for the entire community and must be implemented by all users on their local SWIFT infrastructure. The SWIFT has chosen to prioritise these mandatory controls to set a realistic goal for near-term, tangible security gain, and risk reduction.
Advisory controls are based on good practice that SWIFT recommends. Over time, mandatory controls may change due to the evolving threat landscape, and some advisory controls may become mandatory.
All controls are articulated around three objectives: 'Secure your Environment', 'Know and Limit Access', and 'Detect and Respond'. Controls have been developed based on SWIFT analysis of cyber threat intelligence and in conjunction with industry experts and user feedback. Control definitions are also intended to be in line with existing information security industry standards.
SWIFT CSCF version 2021 has defined 31 security controls (22 mandatory and nine advisory controls) that underpin these objectives and principles. The controls are intended to help mitigate specific cybersecurity risks that users face due to the cyber threat landscape. Within each security control, SWIFT has documented the most common risk drivers that the control is designed to help mitigate.
Addressing these risks aims to prevent or minimise undesirable and potentially fraudulent business consequences, such as unauthorised sending or modification of financial transactions; processing of altered or unauthorised SWIFT inbound transactions; business conducted with an unauthorised counterparty; and confidentiality or integrity breach of business data, computer systems, or operator details.
Ultimately, these consequences represent enterprise-level financial, legal, regulatory, and reputational risks.
Common violations
a comprehensive approach to swift security assessment
During the gap assessment for the SWIFT system, we have noticed a number of common issues that financial institutions often violate compared to SWIFT CSCF requirements.
Firstly, the network micro-segmentation for applications and SWIFT systems is not carried out clearly and completely. For example, email or active directory applications still have common connections to the SWIFT system.
Secondly, security policies and procedures (for example security vulnerability management procedure, and malware prevention procedure) are not detailed, accurate, or aligned to the current situation of the system.
Next, system hardening guidelines/standards are not fully and completely developed, and they are not periodically reviewed and updated. Additionally, the security vulnerability scanning is only conducted on important applications and servers. For network devices, virtualisation platforms, or databases, the scanning is almost ignored.
Finally, the password policy is only applied to Windows servers and not applied on network devices, security devices, or Unix/Linux platforms.
In order to fully assess the security controls of the SWIFT environment, the following important points should be noted.
Understanding client's SWIFT architecture: The current architecture of SWIFT is divided into four types – A1, A2, A3, and B. Each architecture has a difference in components and the connection from the client to SWIFT. So, understanding each type of architecture will help you identify the scope and assess the relevant systems involved that may affect the security of the SWIFT environment.
Understanding security controls: SWIFT's security controls are only applied to a certain scope – SWIFT systems and indirect infrastructure related to it. You need to be aware of connections and determine which scope would apply security controls to avoid assessing unnecessary components that are outside the scope.
Understanding mandatory and advisory controls: SWIFT's security controls are divided into mandatory and advisory controls. Depending on the requirements of the customer and the scope of the assessment, you should decide which controls should be reviewed and evaluated in the most appropriate way.
Understanding the objective of each control: SWIFT CSCF 2021's security controls are divided into eight groups. Understanding the objective of each control makes it easier to identify alternative controls if they exist and avoid misjudging the customer's current security level because during the assessment, it is realised that customers could use different security controls than required by SWIFT and still meet the final objective and ensure the safety of the system.
Understanding purpose and role of SWIFT components: SWIFT includes many components with different roles such as messaging interface, communication interface, SWIFTNet Link, connector, and more. These components connect, interact, and have mutual security relationships. Therefore, understanding the roles and functions of each component helps you determine which security controls are appropriate for which component, thereby assessing most accurately and effectively for potential risks.
As international transactions and commerce become more popular, SWIFT becomes one of the important components of financial institutions, especially banks. Therefore, its security needs to be paid close attention to properly minimise fraud in international transactions, protect user data, and safeguard the reputation of the organisation.
By Tran Phuong Hong, IT Advisory director and Do Kim Hien, senior solution consultant, KPMG Tax and Advisory Vietnam
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Ipoh council to monitor Ramadan bazaars and amend SOPs if need arises, says mayor Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000
IPOH: The Ipoh City council will make any necessary changes to the management of Ramadan bazaars if the need arises.
Ipoh mayor Datuk Rumaizi Baharin said as of now, all bazaars in the city will operate under established Covid-19 standard operating procedures (SOPs).
"There are no issues so far on following SOP.
"Our officers will be placed at all the bazaars to monitor the situation," he told reporters after launching the Ipohpedia information database at a hotel here on Monday (April 12).
Perak local government committee chairman Datuk Nolee Ashilin Mohamed Radzi had reportedly said that Ramadan bazaars are allowed to operate under strict SOP.
To date, Perak has two Covid-19 red zones, namely Ipoh with over 100 cases and Lekir with 548 cases.
Nolee Ashilin, who was also present at the launch, said the state had yet to receive any instructions from the National Security Council on Ramadan bazaars and would monitor the situation for the moment.
On the launch of Ipohpedia, Nolee Ashilin said it was a website created by the city council that focuses on keeping a database and providing information about the city.
"In line with making Ipoh a smart city, the website will feature details about tourist spots, activities, services and documentation on Ipoh's development and historical sites.
"The council is also working on an Ipohpedia One Stop Centre at the old post office which will be the first smart centre in the city providing records of its history and culture," she said.
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Why NFTs have such a massive carbon footprint Mon, 12 Apr 2021 00:00:00 +0000
How much would you be willing to pay for a one-of-a-kind work of art? For some collectors, the limit lies somewhere in the region of hundreds of millions of dollars. What about a work of art that has no tangible form, and exists only as a digital token that's no more "real" than a JPEG file? Welcome to the strange world of crypto art collectibles, also known as NFTs.
Like Bitcoin, NFTs (nonfungible tokens) are cryptocurrencies. But whereas individual bitcoins all have the same value, NFTs are more like baseball cards. Each token has a different value, and they can't be used to buy things. They exist on your computer as digital representations of artworks, songs, films, and games, among other things.
NFTs have been around since 2017, when the first mainstream experiment in crypto-collectibles emerged: CryptoKitties. The average price for one of these cat cards was about US$60 back then. But that's chicken feed compared to current takings. Rights to a single digital image recently sold at auction for US$69.3 million (£50.2 million). CryptoPunk 7804 (a crudely drawn alien with a pipe) sold for US$7.5 million. A house on Mars was purchased for US$500,000. A digital house that is, not one that you might live in. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey recently sold his first ever tweet as an NFT for just under US$3 million.
"But how can someone buy a tweet?" you may ask. After all, anyone's free to click on, look at, print out, and frame the tweet as many times as they like.
When you buy an NFT, you're buying a unique certificate of ownership, which is locked away on an immutable distributed database known as a blockchain. The creator of the artwork generally retains the copyright and in most cases, you own little more than bragging rights. Creators are also likely to pass the costs for creating your NFT files (or "minting" them) on to you (around US$100 as I write this).
Most of the time, what you'll also be responsible for is an enormous carbon footprint.
Counting the carbon cost of NFTs
Because they depend on a


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Lagrangian points
Lagrangian points
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Lagrangian points
From Wikipedia: given two massive bodies in circular orbits around their common center of mass, there are five positions in space where a third body, of comparatively negligible mass, could be placed which would then maintain its position relative to the two massive bodies. As seen in a rotating reference frame with the same period as the two co-orbiting bodies, the gravitational fields of two massive bodies combined with the centrifugal force are in balance at the Lagrangian points, allowing the third body to be stationary with respect to the first two bodies.
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Blackburn with Darwen GPs win national cervical cancer screening award
19th February 2020
Local Primary Care GP Federation, which represents and supports all GP practices in Blackburn with Darwen has won a national award for their work to improve and increase cervical screening (smear test) attendance.
Their initiative has been awarded the top prize for equality, inclusion and diversity by national charity Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust in their annual Cervical Screening Awards.
In 2017 the GP Federation and NHS Blackburn with Darwen Clinical Commissioning Group launched a major campaign to protect women against cervical cancer. This was because the numbers of women having a cervical smear to detect cervical cancer early was lower across Blackburn with Darwen than in other areas, particularly in the Asian community. The lower the cervical screening numbers, the less chance for early detection of cervical cancer, and the greater the risk of women having the disease.
The GPs learned that women don't attend for their smear due to fear, embarrassment and in some cases, shame. Other women considered themselves as low risk or did not understand what cervical screening is. Some women wanted to attend screening but they struggled to find time to do so.
To help improve awareness and encourage more women to have a cervical smear, the GP Federation ran a campaign across the four neighbourhoods of Blackburn with Darwen (North, West, Central and Darwen) to encourage and make it easier for women aged between 25 and 64 to book an appointment and attend their smear. All GP practices in Blackburn with Darwen took part in the campaign, and the GP Federation teamed up with the GP Practice Patient Participation Groups and the Awaaz Women's Group who helped promote awareness using promotional material from Jo's Trust.
As well as an awareness campaign, the GP Federation and the CCG invested in additional cervical smear clinics each weekend on Saturdays and Sundays. The clinics are run by female GP practice nurses and can be booked through any of the GP practices across Blackburn with Darwen. The nursing team invited those who hadn't attended appointments by letter, text message, and telephone calls as well as through online booking and increased awareness through social media The Darwen primary care neighbourhood developed and promoted a patient leaflet that explained the reasons why it is important for women to have a smear test which included the real story of a daughter who lost her mother to the disease. This was shared across the neighbourhoods in all of the GP practices.
The concerted effort by the GP Federation, GP practices and partners, has made a huge difference with more women booking and attending appointments for cervical smears across all four neighbourhoods. This means that more women are having cervical smears, and as a result either ruling out cervical cancer, or if detected early, improving their chances of survival by having quick and effective treatment as a result of early detection.
North Blackburn Primary Care Neighbourhood had one of the lowest uptakes for cervical smear screening however the project has resulted in improved screening uptake increased in all six GP practices in the neighbourhood. Two of the six GP surgeries have already increased screening uptake by the 3 per cent target set for June 2020, with a further one increasing it by 2.9 per cent.