naire on stress, and quality of life, and MRI scans to map 78 regions of the brain, the researchers discovered three new subtypes of Depression. The researchers even divided 5 major statistical indicators into 3000 indicators which also included childhood trauma. The researchers worked on the common hypotheses that different subtypes of depression, interact differently with anti-depressants and thus, show different results. These tests led to the identification of three subtypes, of these one subtype which did not respond effectively to the SSRIs was connected to high functionality as well as childhood trauma, while the other two which responded well to the SSRIs, showed a lesser connection with high functionality and childhood trauma.
This has opened doors for several more theories, like the apparent interconnection between childhood trauma and development of the hard to detect high functional depression. Other areas of research also include the propensity of long-term high functional depression in negating the effects of SSRIs, and if not SSRIs then what could be a better treatment option for the subtype of depression which is connected to childhood trauma and high functional depression. More research is required into the field of depression to help understand it.
With the Most Number of Anxiety and Bipolar Disorder Cases, India is The Most Depressed Country in the World
– 22nd Oct 2018
A recent WHO research report conducted for National Care of Medical Health states that maybe the Indian government and society start taking mental health issues a little seriously. According to the report, every sixth person in India was in need of some form of mental health support, if this wasn't enough, the report also stated that 6.5% of the total Indian population irrespective of their placement in rural or urban India suffers from a mental disorder.
The report further revealed, that if tracked agewise, the younger population of India, namely teenagers as well as young adults are more in need of mental health support. The report further added that mental health care in India is grossly inadequate with only 1 mental healthcare professional per 1,00,000 patients. Deepika Padukone, who has been a pioneer in encouraging a discussion on mental health issues, has been trying to spread awareness on mental illnesses through The Live Love Laugh Foundation, which recently conducted a survey across 8 Indian cities. The survey was designed to gauge how many people still attached stigma with mental health, the researchers reported that nearly 87% of the respondents believed that mental health was a disorder. However, as Deepika Padukone has pointed out herself, the new urban myth being, that disorders like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders happen only to the rich and successful.
1.
Why is depression more prevalent in women. ncbi. _URL_ Published July 1, 2015.
2.
Depression in women in Indian context. ncbi. _URL_ Published July 1, 2015.
3.
Sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the Whitehall II study. ncbi. _URL_ Published July 27, 2017.
4.
Diet quality and depression risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. ncbi. _URL_ Published January 15, 2018.
5.
Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. ncbi. _URL_ Published December 7, 2006.
6.
Evaluation of the antidepressant activity of Moringa oleifera alone and in combination with fluoxetine. ncbi. _URL_ Published December 1, 2015.
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The advancement of medical technology and the possibility of brain transplant
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text:
Schools, universities, government offices and banks have closed their doors in the southwestern province of Khuzestan due to intense pollution and the air being thick with dust. According to observers, the level of particle pollution in the cities of Ahvaz and Shush currently has recently stood at 25 times the safe level.
At the same time, a Ministry of Energy official has warned announced that the volume of water behind the Karkheh Dam will not be sufficient to provide residents of the area with drinking water, and its 5.9 billion cubic meter-capacity reservoir will be dry by December.
These twin crises have played out summer after summer in Khuzestan, including during the pandemic. Experts say both have been worsened by human activity, particularly the style of governance adopted. IranWire spoke to Nikahang Kowsar, a journalist and water management analyst who is currently living Washington, D.C, about how this came about.
Just How Serious is the Situation in Khuzestan?
At dawn on Monday, May 2, Iranian media reported that particle pollution — also called particulate matter (PM) — records had been broken in several cities in Khuzestan. Iran's Environmental Protection Agencies recorded indices for particle pollution in a number of cities as 1,932µm/m3 (microns per cubic meter) in Abadan, 3,785µm/m3 in Ahvaz, 3,714µm/m3 in Bandar Imam Khomeini, 2,110µm/m3 in Susangerd, 4,010µm/m3 in Shush, 2,298µm/m3 in Shushtar and 2,374 in Khorramshahr. According to this same agency, the safe level of particle pollution of air is just 150µm/m3.
The current air pollution level in Ahvaz is close to eight times that of Tehran three weeks ago. At that time, it was reported that a dust wave originating from outside of Iran was to blame: the Iran Meteorological Organization predicted that the situation in Tehran would get better by mid-summer, but omitted to talk about the western provinces.
The situation in Khuzestan is much more complicated. A few days before the public service shutdowns, Shapour Rajaei, a Ministry of Energy official overseeing the Karkheh drainage basin, told the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) that the water behind the Karkheh Dam has fallen to its lowest level on record.
The water in the reservoir of this dam, biggest embankment dam in the Middle East, cannot supply drinking water for local residents beyond November, he said - let alone for washing, agriculture or animal husbandry. He hinted that even this was an optimistic assessment.
Videos and pictures published on social networks clearly illustrate the scope the severity of the pollution. Some have described the situation as "doomsday" and claim cities in Khuzestan are becoming "uninhabitable", so uncomfortable is it to breathe.
What are the Risks of the Dust Storm?
Nikahang Kowsar, a long-time researcher of water management in Iran including in Khuzestan, says of the dust pollution: "It's very serious because these very tiny particles can enter the human respiratory system and have delbilitating consequences, both in the short and long term."
The particles, he says, "have sharp edges that can injure the respiratory system. If they are smaller than a certain size they can enter the bloodstream and cause further damage. People should wear masks to protect themselves against this pollution the same way they do to protect themselves against coronavirus."
The dust particles are ground down as they travel westward, and are then deposited into the dry beds of rivers and wetlands such as the Hor al-Azim (Hawizeh) Marshes in Khuzestan. "Whenever a dry tract of land hold particles smaller than 20 microns," Kowsar says, "a strong wind can pick these particles up and keep them in the air until the conditions change." Many of these particles, he says, are clay: "Clay particles are very small; they stay in the air for a long time and are easily carried from one location to another."
What Caused This Public Health Catastrophe?
When the latest surge in potentially lethal air pollution was reported in Khuzestan, Iranian media said it had started with a sandstorm in Iraq. Al Alam, an affiliate of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRIB), reported along with domestic media that flights to and from the Iraqi cities of Baghdad and Najaf had been canceled because of the sandstorms.
Kowsar, however, believes that although some of the dust is coming from North Africa, Iraq and Syria, more is emanating from Khuzestan itself - and the Islamic Republic's aggressive dam-building has played a pivotal role in creating the crisis.
"The river Karkheh brought the waters of the Zagros Mountains to the Hawizeh Marshes," he says. "Now, with many dams along the course of this river, the water flowing into Hawizeh has dwindled considerably. This process will continue into the future."
Two planned dams in neighboring provinces, Mashoureh on the Kashkan River and Seymareh on the Seymareh River in Ilam, are going to make the situation even worse, he says: "Both these dams are being built on rivers that flow into the Karkheh.
"The reduction of snowfall on Zagros mountains as a result of climate change has already reduced the water flow. All the calculations that were used to build these dams have been proved wrong. In fact, most of [Iran]s] dams were costly projects that only damaged the environment."
The dams Kowsar refers to were vast projects mostly aimed at redirecting water away from the plains of Khuzestan towards the more arid areas in central Iran to make them arable. Instead, these dams have made vast expanses of Khuzestan barren and impossible to cultivate in turn.
Needless to say, they have also destroyed local livelihoods. In July 2021, thousands of residents took to the streets in major cities to protest the water crisis. The protests started peacefully but turned violent after security forces attacked the protesters with firearms, killing at least a dozen people and injuring hundreds.
Besides the drought that enraged citizens last summer, Kowsar says, the dams have degraded the soil in Khuzestan as well. "The dams built in southwestern Iran prevented the natural flow of water to the plains. These waters carried minerals and organic compounds along that now, no longer reach those areas."
At the same time, he adds, "Due to the absence of water that used to flow into rivers that end in southern Khuzestan, the waters from the Persian Gulf have advanced into their confines. As a result, underground water has become more salty, making life more difficult for people in southern Khuzestan."
"Unfortunately, even the water that was stored behind the dams was used for unsustainable agriculture. Part of it was for rice cultivation, which isn't right for the climate of Khuzestan. Waters from the Karun and Dez Rivers were used for crops that needed excessive amounts of water. Another part was used to expand Haft-Tappeh [sugarcane plantation and sugar refinery complex], a project that can be criticized extensively. No matter how you look at it, these projects that were carried out under the banner of 'self-sufficiency' did extensive damage to the environment and people's lives in Khuzestan."
The Government Was Warned
Kowsar asserts that even during the planning and building phase, officials of the Islamic Republic were aware of the destructive consequences their dam-building projects would have. In the 1990s, he says, he was personally invited to the office of then-President Mohammad Khatami after he wrote articles that spelled out the risks.
"In Mohammad Khatami's office, I emphasized that we'd come to a bad end if we indulged in building dams, if we only tried to manage surface water and ignored the effects on underground water.
"Iranian politicians at the time paid no attention. These projects were launched without an appropriate, rational environmental evaluation. Their entire justification was that if a certain dam was built, it could provide water for agriculture, it could generate electricity, and besides, it would create 'pleasing scenery'."
In essence, like other water management scholars, Kowsar says the dams in Iran were the result of populism, not good policymaking. "They thought that these projects would convince people that the government had a water management plan, and that this would make people happy. Building these dams was more of a populist gesture than a true infrastructural development."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A conversation with Andres Bosso, a Member of BirdLife's Global Council and former CEO and current International Cooperation Programme Director of Aves Argentinas, about the work being done to help conserve the threatened Hooded Grebe. Only discovered in 1974 breeding on high-altitude lakes in Patagonia, the migratory Hooded Grebe has declined by around 80% and Andres outlines the problems the grebe faces (including predation by American Mink, Kelp Gulls, and introduced Trout), the monitoring work being done on the breeding and coastal wintering grounds, and the Appeal launched to raise funds to support conservation measures vital to stop the Hooded Grebe sliding into extinction.
This podcast has been produced by Talking Naturally to promote the conservation of the Hooded Grebe and support the work of Aves Argentina, the BirdLife partner for Argentina and a non-profit organization working to reassess the link between people and their natural environment, providing a space for nature lovers and developing projects and conservation activities, research, education and outreach.
Hooded Grebes. Photo Santiago Imberti
Aves Argentina: _URL_
BirdLife factsheet – Hooded Grebe: _URL_
Hooded Grebe Emergency Appeal (BirdLife International)
Click the image below to visit _URL_
(Please note this is a screensave from 20 Jan 12 and does NOT reflect current contributions)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


This section includes the following topics:
Saving Each Context and System Separately
Saving All Context Configurations at the Same Time
Saving Each Context and System Separately
To save the system or context configuration, enter the following command within the system or context:
hostname# write memory
Note The copy running-config startup-config command is equivalent to the write memory command.
For multiple context mode, context startup configurations can reside on external servers. In this case, the adaptive security appliance saves the configuration back to the server you identified in the context URL, except for an HTTP or HTTPS URL, which do not let you save the configuration to the server.
Saving All Context Configurations at the Same Time
To save all context configurations at the same time, as well as the system configuration, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname# write memory all [/noconfirm]
If you do not enter the /noconfirm keyword, you see the following prompt:
Are you sure [Y/N]:
After you enter Y, the adaptive security appliance saves the system configuration and each context. Context startup configurations can reside on external servers. In this case, the adaptive security appliance saves the configuration back to the server you identified in the context URL, except for an HTTP or HTTPS URL, which do not let you save the configuration to the server.
After the adaptive security appliance saves each context, the following message appears:
'Saving context 'b' ... ( 1/3 contexts saved ) '
Sometimes, a context is not saved because of an error. See the following information for errors:
For contexts that are not saved because of low memory, the following message appears:
The context 'context a' could not be saved due to Unavailability of resources
For contexts that are not saved because the remote destination is unreachable, the following message appears:
The context 'context a' could not be saved due to non-reachability of destination
For contexts that are not saved because the context is locked, the following message appears:
Unable to save the configuration for the following contexts as these contexts are
locked.
context 'a' , context 'x' , context 'z' .
A context is only locked if another user is already saving the configuration or in the process of deleting the context.
For contexts that are not saved because the startup configuration is read-only (for example, on an HTTP server), the following message report is printed at the end of all other messages:
Unable to save the configuration for the following contexts as these contexts have
read-only config-urls:
context 'a' , context 'b' , context 'c' .
For contexts that are not saved because of bad sectors in the Flash memory, the following message appears:
The context 'context a' could not be saved due to Unknown errors
Copying the Startup Configuration to the Running Configuration
Copy a new startup configuration to the running configuration using one of these options:
To merge the startup configuration with the running configuration, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# copy startup-config running-config
A merge adds any new commands from the new configuration to the running configuration. If the configurations are the same, no changes occur. If commands conflict or if commands affect the running of the context, then the effect of the merge depends on the command. You might get errors, or you might have unexpected results.
To load the startup configuration and discard the running configuration, restart the adaptive security appliance by entering the following command:
hostname# reload
Alternatively, you can use the following commands to load the startup configuration and discard the running configuration without requiring a reboot:
hostname/contexta(config)# clear configure all
hostname/contexta(config)# copy startup-config running-config
Viewing the Configuration
The following commands let you view the running and startup configurations.
To view the running configuration, enter the following command:
hostname# show running-config
To view the running configuration of a specific command, enter the following command:
hostname# show running-config command
To view the startup configuration, enter the following command:
hostname# show startup-config
Clearing and Removing Configuration Settings
To erase settings, enter one of the following commands.
To clear all the configuration for a specified command, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure configurationcommand [level2configurationcommand]
This command clears all the current configuration for the specified configuration command. If you only want to clear the configuration for a specific version of the command, you can enter a value for level2configurationcommand.
For example, to clear the configuration for all aaa commands, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure aaa
To clear the configuration for only aaa authentication commands, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure aaa authentication
To disable the specific parameters or options of a command, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# no configurationcommand [level2configurationcommand] qualifier
In this case, you use the no command to remove the specific configuration identified by qualifier.
For example, to remove a specific nat command, enter enough of the command to identify it uniquely as follows:
hostname(config)# no nat (inside) 1
To erase the startup configuration, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# write erase
To erase the running configuration, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure all
Note In multiple context mode, if you enter clear configure all from the system configuration, you also remove all contexts and stop them from running.
Creating Text Configuration Files Offline
This guide describes how to use the CLI to configure the adaptive security appliance; when you save commands, the changes are written to a text file. Instead of using the CLI, however, you can edit a text file directly on your PC and paste a configuration at the configuration mode command-line prompt in its entirety, or line by line. Alternatively, you can download a text file to the adaptive security appliance internal Flash memory. See Chapter 38, "Managing Software, Licenses, and Configurations," for information on downloading the configuration file to the adaptive security appliance.
In most cases, commands described in this guide are preceded by a CLI prompt. The prompt in the following example is "hostname(config)#":
hostname(config)# context a
In the text configuration file you are not prompted to enter commands, so the prompt is omitted as follows:
context a
For additional information about formatting the file, see Appendix C, "Using the Command-Line Interface."


text:
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Generalized holographic and Ricci dark energy models
Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics & Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
* e-mail: _EMAIL_
Revised: 15 July 2009
Published online: 22 August 2009
In this paper, we consider generalized holographic and Ricci dark energy models where the energy densities are given as ρ R =3c 2 M pl 2 Rf(H 2/R) and ρ h =3c 2 M pl 2 H 2 g(R/H 2), respectively; here f(x), g(y) are positive defined functions of the dimensionless variables H 2/R or R/H 2. It is interesting that holographic and Ricci dark energy densities are recovered or recovered interchangeably when the function f(x)=g(y)≡1 or f(x)=Id and g(y)=Id are taken, respectively (for example f(x),g(x)=1−ε(1−x), ε=0or1, respectively). Also, when f(x)≡xg(1/x) is taken, the Ricci and holographic dark energy models are equivalent to a generalized one. When the simple forms f(x)=1−ε(1−x) and g(y)=1−η(1−y) are taken as examples, by using current cosmic observational data, generalized dark energy models are considered. As expected, in these cases, the results show that they are equivalent (ε=1−η=1.312), and Ricci-like dark energy is more favored relative to the holographic one where the Hubble horizon was taken as an IR cut-off. And the suggested combination of holographic and Ricci dark energy components would be 1.312R−0.312H 2, which is in terms of H 2 and .
© Springer-Verlag , 2009


text:
This shimmering, metallic structure isn't a new configuration of carbon nanotubes. It's actually a slime mold, which grows on dead plants. Not only does it look alien, but it has a very alien lifecycle. Individual slime mold cells can merge into one giant cell, up to 30 meters across. (Pics)
There are many types of slime mold, and they come in a variety of lurid colors. You can see several examples below, photographed by Russian researchers. You can see the two forms of slime mold in these pictures – the gooey collective form (the yellow grid/blob) and the more commonly-seen individuated form that looks like a stalk with a small sphere or lozenge on top.
Continue reading io9

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The remains of Capernaum of the New Testament are located on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee.
Where was biblical Capernaum located?
Capernaum, Douai Capharnaum, modern Kefar Naḥum, ancient city on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. It was Jesus' second home and, during the period of his life, a garrison town, an administrative centre, and a customs station.
What kind of city was Capernaum?
In Biblical times Capernaum was one of the main trading villages in the Gennesaret area. It was a vibrant and prosperous part of Palestine, home to about 1,500 people many of whom were fishermen. Many travelers, caravans, and traders passed through Capernaum on the Via Maris.
What is significant about Capernaum in the Bible?
According to Luke 7:1–10 and Matthew 8:5, this is also the place where Jesus healed the servant of a Roman centurion who had asked for his help. Capernaum is also the location of the healing of the paralytic lowered by friends through the roof to reach Jesus, as reported in Mark 2:1–12 and Luke 5:17–26.
Where is Capernaum in relation to Nazareth?
When we consider the location of Jesus' hometown, we generally think of Nazareth. However, the biblical record indicates that, after being driven out of Nazareth (Luke 4:29-31), Jesus relocated to the town of Capernaum (located on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee) for the period of his earthly ministry.
Does chorazin still exist?
The only synagogue visible today was built in the late 3rd century, destroyed in the 4th century, and rebuilt in the 6th century. The large, impressive synagogue which was built of basalt stones and decorated with Jewish motifs is the most striking of the surviving structures.
What does the name Capernaum mean?
In Biblical Names the meaning of the name Capernaum is: The field of repentance, City of comfort.
How many times is Capernaum mentioned in the New Testament?
Capernaum is mentioned more than fifty times in the New Testament, making it the most-mentioned place after Jerusalem. The teachings, allegories and preaching of Jesus originate in this area – he speaks of water, ships, fish and fishermen.
Where is Galilee today?
Where Is Galilee? Galilee is in northern Palestine, between the Litani River in modern-day Lebanon and the Jezreel Valley of modern-day Israel.
Is Capernaum a true story?
Director Nadine Labaki on the Real Stories Behind Her Oscar-nominated Movie Capernaum. In Capernaum, her latest film, Nadine Labaki, the Lebanese actor and director tells the story of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon through the eyes of a young Syrian boy living in a Beirut slum.
What did Jesus do when he went to Capernaum?
They went to Capernaum, and when the Sabbath came, Jesus went into the synagogue and began to teach. The people were amazed at his teaching, because he taught them as one who had authority, not as the teachers of the law.
Where did Jesus go after Capernaum?
After these events, a good portion of the gospel narratives deal with Jesus' final journey to Jerusalem through Perea and Judea. As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem through Perea he returns to the area where he was baptized.
Why was Capernaum exalted to heaven?
Analysis. Lapide points out that Capernaum has become exalted by Jesus' miracles and doctrine and preaching, not its wealth and prosperity. However for not receiving Jesus, they will be brought down to Hades, which the KJV renders as 'hell' while the NIV gives 'depths.
How long did it take Jesus to walk from Capernaum to Nazareth?
Sections of the trail
The geography and distances involved naturally allow the Jesus Trail to be walked as a series of day-hikes for a total of four days, with each day's hike being between 13 and 19 km (8 to 12 mi) in length.
What was the Red quarter in Capernaum?
By noting how Mary is in the "Red Quarter", The Chosen is implying that she is a prostitute. The Bible never suggests Mary Magdalene was a prostitute. However, some biblical interpreters mistakenly labeled her as such because the story before Luke 8 is about a prostitute being forgiven.


text:
Nephila jurassica: The biggest spider fossil ever found
Spiders are small arthropods, famous for their elasticity, strength and web-making abilities. For some people, spiders are not welcome in the home; as soon as they see one crawling on the ceiling, the first thought that comes to mind is to swat it at once.
But spiders predate us humans by a long way. And while sometimes spiders are tiny creatures, a team of scientists has discovered the largest spider fossil ever in a layer of volcanic ash in Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia, China. The research was carried out by Paleontologist Professor Paul Selden, of the University of Kansas, with his team.
Named Nephila jurassica, this 165-million-year-old fossil is 2.5 cm in length and has a leg span of almost 9 cm. It is currently the largest known fossilized spider, and is from the family known as Nephilidae, the largest web-weaving spiders alive today.
According to research published online in the 20th April, 2011 issue of Biology Letters, this prehistoric spider was female and shows characteristics of the golden orb weaver. Widespread in warmer regions, the golden silk orb weavers are well-known for the fabulous webs they weave. Females of this family weave the largest orb webs known.
"When I first saw it, I immediately realized that it was very unique not only because of its size, but also because the preservation was excellent," said ChungKun Shih, study co-author, and a visiting professor at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.
According to a press release: "This fossil finding provides evidence that golden orb-webs were being woven and capturing medium to large insects in Jurassic times, and predation by these spiders would have played an important role in the natural selection of contemporaneous insects."


Monday, April 16, 2007
Are 38-Year-Olds the Best Philosophers?
I'm sitting here looking at the covers of Donald Davidon's recently re-issued anthologies. Boy does he look old. Is that what philosophers look like?
Davidson was born in 1917. The pictures must have been taken near the time of his death (I'd almost say after) in 2003, when he was 86. But his most famous, best regarded essays were written long before, in the 1960s and 1970s, when he was in his 40s and 50s. Why not grace the cover with a picture of him from that era? Non-philosophers often think of philosophers as old. My mother advised me, when I was an undergraduate, to do science first and philosophy when I'm old, since the best scientists are young the the best philosophers are old!
Davidson actually started a bit late. In my philosophy of mind class, I present to students the dates of the philosophers we read and the dates of publication of the assigned essays -- some of the most important essays in historical and 20th-century philosophy of mind. To calculate age, I subtract one from the difference of the years (if you're born in the middle of 1900, in 1950 you're 49 for half the year, and there's always a delay before publication). Here's the list from the main part of the course:
Rene Descartes: _PHONE_. Meditations on First Philosophy: 1641 (age 44).
John Locke (_PHONE_). Essay Concerning Human Understanding: 1689 (age 56).
George Berkeley (_PHONE_). A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge: 1710 (age 24). Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous: 1713 (age 27).
Julien Offray de la Mettrie (_PHONE_). Man a Machine: 1748 (age 38).
J. J. C. Smart (1920- ). "Sensations and Brain Processes": 1959 (age 38).
Hilary Putnam (1926- ). "The Nature of Mental States": 1967 (age 40).
David Lewis (_PHONE_). "Psychophysical and Theoretical Identifications": 1972 (age 30). "Mad Pain and Martian Pain": 1980 (age 38).
Ned Block (1942- ). "Troubles with Functionalism": 1978 (age 35).
Frank Jackson (1943- ). "What Mary Didn't Know": 1986 (age 42).
Paul M. Churchland (1942- ). "Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes": 1981 (age 38).
Colin McGinn (1950- ). "Can we solve the mind-body problem?": 1989 (age 38).
David Chalmers (1966- ). The Conscious Mind: 1996 (age 29).
Supposing these data are representative, here are two theories:
(1.) Philosophers tend to peak around age 40; or
(2.) Philosophers who haven't done anything very influential by age 40 tend to withdraw from publishing philosophy, or not aim very high, for the rest of their careers; and those who do achieve eminence by age 40 tend to regress toward the mean for the rest of their careers. (How many great ideas, or bursts of genius, can you expect one person to have?) This second theory would explain the overrepresentation of great work by 40-year-old philosophers without committing to the thesis that 40 years of age is the best time to do philosophy.
(I just left 38 behind me last weekend. What will I think of this issue, I wonder, when I'm 60?)
Anonymous said...
How about Immanuel Kant, who went supernova well into his sixties?
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
A comforting example! Kant's three Critiques came out when he was 56-65 years old. I don't know that we should take that much comfort in the example of Kant, though. There's always someone in the tail ends of a good distribution! Berkeley offsets him.
Anonymous said...
Also Hegel, born 1770, published Phenomenology of Spirit 1807.
Which is close to 38.
Brandon said...
I wonder how much the list is affected by philosophical fashions. We tend to focus on Berkeley's Principles and Three Dialogues, but that's largely because we are interested in idealism as an epistemological foil (in great measure due to Hume and Kant). But Berkeley was going strong philosophically in the Analyst controversy in the 1730s; although, objectively, his most enduring philosophical contribution has been the one that was formulated in his first major work, the New Theory of Vision (1709). If we had less interest in epistemology and more in philosophy of mathematics or philosophy of perception, we'd tend to get different answers. We tend to emphasize Hume's Treatise (27/28 mark) because we're obsessed with issues of skepticism; but there have been periods and places where that's been considered Hume's least interesting contribution (in comparison with, say, his philosophy of religion, which pushes the mark way up to the end of Hume's life, or his aesthetics, which pushes it to the mid-40s).
I wonder, too, how much the list is affected by two other things: academic positions and interactions. That is, I wonder if the structure of academia itself will tend to put pressure on the 35-45 years, leading people simply to publish much more in that period than in other periods. And similarly, the years of 'peak' are bound to be affected by how much interaction with peers (and thus the debates of the day) is practically possible. One would tend to assume that below a certain age and above a certain age people are limited in how much interaction of that sort is possible.
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
I wouldn't say Phenomenology of Spirit is my *favorite* work of philosophy, Tanasije -- but I suppose reflections of this sort shouldn't be focused on idiosyncratic matters of judgment! So Hegel is a good example.
It's interesting to consider cases of philosophers who made major contributions over a long span of time -- more than the typical (it seems to me) span of 15 years. Hume is a good example of that, Brandon, if (as seems right) you count his philosophy of religion; Wittgenstein and Mill also come to mind. (I won't mention whom I think fits in this category among late 20th-century philosophers of mind, for fear of offending!) But maybe part of philosophical longevity is a willingness to start fresh with new topics or perspectives -- and not cavalierly, like a Nobel laureate who begins pronouncing broadly on everything now that his views have weight, but with a seriousness of scholarship.
The points in your final paragraph are pretty interesting, Brandon, but I'm not sure I agree with them. The motivation to publish starts pretty early, if one is ambitious. Maybe it wanes later, for some; but I don't think tenure is the main driving force of philosophers of this caliber. As for the opportunity to interact with other philosophers -- that seems to me generally to increase over time for the most professionally successful philosophers. To the extent there is ageism in this profession (which I fear I may be promoting with this post!) I don't think it applies, or applies much, to those at the very top of the profession. Indeed, the perception of the quality of a person's work generally lags considerably behind the actual quality of her work.
Roman Altshuler said...
Averaging 38 seems to be a general trend in Europe, as well. Consider:
Jean-Paul Sartre. The Transcndence of the Ego: 1937 (age 32), Being and Nothingness: 1943 (age 38)
Jacques Derrida. Writing and Difference, Of Grammatology, Speech and Phenomena: 1967 (age 37)
Gilles Deleuze. Difference and Repetition: 1968 (age 43)
Edmund Husserl. Logical Investigations: 1900 (age: 41)
Martin Heidegger. Being and Time: 1926 (age 37)
Juergen Habermas. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: 1962 (age: 33)
I don't know what you personally think of these people, given your stated lack of appreciation for Hegel's Phenomenology, but each of the above books was a major agenda-setting work. (The big exception in this tradition is Gadamer, who was about 60 when Truth and Method appeared.)
On the other hand, as far as I can tell, all of the above continued producing major work for well over 15 years, so I wonder if that is a cultural difference (along, of coruse, with the fact that the above are typically massive books rather than 20 page papers...).
Finally, I wonder if the peaking age might be dropping now in the anglophone world, given the greater emphasis on early publication.
Eric Schwitzgebel said...
Neat list, Roman -- thanks! My personal taste runs more to the analytic (though with a soft spot for Nietzsche [Genealogy of Morality, age 42]), but that's irrelevant to my hypothesis.
On


Well, it sucks but it's true. There's a bunch of noise on the Internet about how to do unique constraints in Google App Engine, but it seems like these are the only two safe ways. The thing to remember is, the only uniqueness that GAE will guarantee is on key names.
Approach #1: Make the unique field be the key name
As long as you promise to yourself that you'll never need to change the value, then you should make the unique field be the "key name" in the table. Then you can call db.Model.get_or_insert(key_name) to either retrieve an existing one or create a new one. Too bad in the real world, it's really hard to find something like this. Email addresses never change? Let me check my hotmail account. Social security numbers never change? Well, unless there was a typo. Every time I think I found a unique field that can never change, I'm proven wrong. So you'll never catch me doing this. But YMMV.
Approach #2: Create a separate table to track all used ids
This is pretty slick -- I found it in this article: Add a Unique Constraint to Google App Engine. The approach is to create a new table called Unique, and make the "key name" of each row in Unique be a combination of the name of the table and the unique field value. The downside is that you have extra storage overhead: a new table with the list of unique fields, plus the default indices that GAE makes for it. This is fairly analogous to declaring a unique index in SQL databases, since a unique SQL index is merely a persisted list of unique fields. There's just less overhead in a SQL database implementation because it's only one list, whereas in GAE this user-generated unique index is really one list (for the table) plus the default indices GAE makes for any entity.
I must say that Google is aware of this issue. It looks like they'd have to make some major architectural changes to implement this. My guess is if they ever fix this, they'll sneak in approach #2, above their BigTable support and below the API that us users use.
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Evaluation of Methods for Sentence and Lexical Alignment of Brazilian Portuguese and English Parallel Texts
Helena de Medeiros CaseliAline Maria da Paz SilvaMaria das Graças Volpe Nunes
Parallel texts, i.e., texts in one language and their translations to other languages, are very useful nowadays for many applications such as machine translation and multilingual information retrieval. If these texts are aligned in a sentence or lexical level their relevance increases considerably. In this paper we describe some experiments that have being carried out with Brazilian Portuguese and English parallel texts by the use of well known alignment methods: five methods for sentence alignment and two methods for lexical alignment. Some linguistic resources were built for these tasks and they are also described here. The results have shown that sentence alignment methods achieved 85.89% to 100% precision and word alignment methods, 51.84% to 95.61% on corpora from different genres.
Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Computação - Contato:
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text:
Recent extensive research on high-temperature superconductivity in compressed binary hydrogen-rich compounds generat-ed a large corpus of phase stability calculations with an evident lack of their experimental verification. Pt-H system at high pressure represent a typical example of inconsistency between computational approach, which predicted stability of eight PtH structures, and experiments revealing the existence of only two modifications: hexagonal close-packed (hcp) PtH (alt-hough at drastically lower pressures than predicted), and trigonal PtH (not foreseen by ab initio calculations). Of particular interest is face-centered cubic (fcc) platinum hydride - a product of hydrogen intercalation into the native structure of fcc Pt. This phase was predicted to be nearly isoentalpic to the hcp PtH and stable between 93 and 105 GPa, but has been never observed experimentally. Here we report the first synthesis of the fcc PtH using laser heated diamond anvil cell. The fcc plat-inum hydride was found to occupy high-temperature area of the phase diagram in a wide pressure range of 20 – 100 GPa. It can be quenched, although with partial transformation into the hcp phase, thus being metastable at room temperature. Our results look promising for uncovering weak approximations in current ab initio approaches, used for computational model-ling of high-pressure hydrides stability. Moreover, here we clarify the view on the inertness of Pt as a heat absorber in laser-heating high-pressure experiments with hydrogen-containing systems.The research was carried out at PETRA III (DESY), Р02.2 Extreme conditions beamline, proposal #I-20180048.
This work was supported by RFBR grant №18-35-20047.


text:
The impact of the removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement on textile and cotton trade of the United States and China
MetadataShow full item record
Textiles and apparel trade has been governed by the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) for three decades. Trade restrictions have generated substantial welfare losses and price wedges in exporting and importing countries through trade distortions. Beginning in 1995, textiles and apparel trade underwent fundamental changes in trade flows and patterns. The World Trade OrganizationÂs Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) aimed to remove all MFA quotas by January 2005. This study established an equilibrium displacement model to investigate the impact on textile and cotton sectors of different countries and country-groups of removing the MFA quota. The model specifies the basic linkages of textile and cotton markets in the United States, China and four other country-groups. With different assumptions about U.S. textile supply elasticity, foreign cotton exportersÂ reaction and changes in the U.S. farm program payments, alternative scenarios are simulated to predict changes in domestic and import demand for textiles and apparel, import demand for U.S. cotton, domestic and import price of textiles and apparel, U.S. cotton price and adjusted world cotton price. Uniform distribution was imposed for selected parameters involved in the model to overcome the deficiency of equilibrium displacement models of assuming certainty of known related parameters. Results indicate increased import demand for U.S. cotton by China, higher U.S. cotton supply, more textile and apparel supply from China, decreased domestic demand for U.S. cotton, and lower U.S. domestic demand for textiles and apparel. However, prices of both textile and cotton markets experience both positive and negative changes under different scenarios. Holding other assumptions unchanged, when farm program payments increase, U.S. cotton price and adjusted world cotton price declined. When farm program payments are held constant, prices rise. The changes expected in U.S. cotton price are, in absolute value, greater than those of the adjusted world price.
Xia, Yan (2004). The impact of the removal of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement on textile and cotton trade of the United States and China. Master's thesis, Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University. Available electronically from


text:
Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or building that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have permission to use. Squatters often claim rights over the spaces they have squatted by virtue of occupation, rather than ownership; in this sense, squatting is similar to (and potentially a necessary condition of) adverse possession, by which a possessor of real property without title may eventually gain legal title to the real property.
Squatting has a long history, as old as or older than the idea of property itself. To squat in many countries is in itself a crime; in others it is only seen as a civil conflict between the owner and the occupants. Property law and the state have traditionally favored the property owner. However, in many cases where squatters had de facto ownership, laws have been changed to legitimize their status. It is said that the United States Homestead Act is an example of such legislation. Additionally, US states which have a shortage of housing tend to tolerate squatters in property awaiting redevelopment until the developer is ready to begin work; however, at that point the laws tend to be enforced.


text:
S. 3rd Street in German Village
|Added to NRHP:||December 30, 1974|
German Village (Boundary Increase)
|Architectural style:||No Style Listed|
|Added to NRHP:||November 28, 1980|
German Village is a historic neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio, just south of downtown. It was settled in the early-to-mid-19th century by a large number of German immigrants, who at one time comprised as much as a third of the city's entire population. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974, becoming the largest privately funded preservation district on the list, and in 2007, was made a Preserve America Community by the White House. On November 28, 1980, its boundaries were increased and today it is one of the premier historic restorations in the world.
In 1796, Congress appropriated the Refugee Lands for individuals who had supported the Colonial cause in the American Revolution. By 1802, an American Revolution veteran named John McGowan claimed 328 acres (1.33 km2), most of what would become the German Village. As German immigrants arrived, McGowan sold tracts of land to them. By 1814, a settlement had grown up, originally called "Die Alte Sud Ende" (the Old South End), and German immigrants contributed to building the first statehouse.
By 1830, massive German immigration to the city had occurred. The most influential German newspaper in 1843 was Der Westbote. Many would serve in the American Civil War, thus gaining the universal respect of the local citizens. By 1865, one-third of Columbus's population was German and the community was flourishing. They built up the local neighborhood, including many businesses, such as Hessenauer Jewelers and Lazarus Department Stores, schools, and churches, such as the Ohio-historic St. Mary's Catholic Church, built in 1865 and adorned with a 197-foot (60 m) steeple in 1893. German-American George Karb became mayor of the city, twice, at the end of the 19th century and again in the early 20th century.
The local schools the German immigrants constructed and managed were so superior that English-speaking residents of Columbus chose to attend them, such as one that once stood at Fulton Street east of S. Fourth Street. In 1831, the German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary secured 14 acres (57,000 m2) in the south end, founded by William Schmidt, a graduate of the University of Halle in Germany. The school would go on to become what is known today as Capital University, still under the leadership of the Lutheran Church and now located in nearby Bexley.
The arts and athletics
The German immigrants brought with them a vibrant athletic and artistic heritage, which was reflected in their social establishments. The Columbus Maennerchor, a singing group, was established in 1848, and as early as 1852, won a ribbon for their talent at the North American Sangerfest. In 1866, the group won the silver pokal at a festival held in Louisville. In the late 19th century, another singing group called the Columbus Liederkranz was formed by the Germans, but was forced to cease during World War I because of heavy anti-German pressure. Many of its members joined the Maennerchor, which survived.
In the 1860s and 1870s the Maennerchor formed a drama division called the "Dramatischen Sektion." They would produce operas, dramas, and comedies until disbanding in the 1930s. One of their notable performances was their 1927 production of Friedrich von Schiller's Die Räuber. Another social group was the Schiller Club, founded in 1900.
The Columbus Turn Verein was a social and athletic (tumbling) association that dated back to 1866, and was a main organization from which the German immigrants drew mutual support. In the late 19th century the Turners merged with the Germania Gesang Verein, which hosted a Maennerchor and a Damenchor. Another merger enlarged the Germania in the late 1920s. The Germania merged with the Kicker's Soccer Club, which for many years was a very active part of the organization. The club also now includes a Fahrrad Verein (Bicycle Club), which goes on weekend outings to bike trails throughout Central Ohio. The club's official name is now the Germania Gesang und Sport Verein (singing and sports club). The Germania Club itself was located in a residence on Kossuth Street, but outgrew its first facility. In 1927 it purchased the present location at 543 South Front Street from the estate of Nicolaus Schlee, one of the prestigious brewmasters of the neighborhood. The society is now located in the neighborhood known as the Brewery District of Columbus, which is the northernmost section of the German Village. Over the years the Germania Club has made it its mission to retain, promote and disseminate all that is good about German culture. A major component of this mission is the practice and performance of German song. Their choruses participate and support public events throughout Ohio during the year in appreciation for the community's support. The Germania Club will celebrate its 147th anniversary in 2013 with an Oktoberfest that will feature its choruses.
In 1890, the Ohio State Buckeyesl football team played their first-ever home game in the south end, at a location just west of present-day Schiller Park between Jaeger, Ebner, and Whittier (then called Schiller) Streets.
German Brewery District
A prosperous industry for the German immigrants was the brewing industry. Today, the Brewery District, part of the greater German Village neighborhood, still partially resembles its notable past. During the 19th century, the area was found largely along both sides of S. Front Street from Livingston Avenue to Sycamore Street.
Notable breweries during this period included the Bavarian Brewery, started in 1849 by George Schlegel, which ultimately became the Shlegel Bavarian Brewery in 1860 when Bavarian Nicholas Schlee immigrated and took over. Schlee was president of the company that eventually constructed the Great Southern Hotel downtown. Schlee also owned the Lyceum Theater and served as vice president of the Central Bank. Conrad Born opened the Capital Brewery in 1859 and was also president of the Century Discount Company. The industry flourished during the early 20th century.
One of the last major brewers of the city before Prohibition was August Wagner, who immigrated from Bavaria in the late 19th century and worked as the brewmaster at the City Brewery before becoming president and general manager of the Gambrinus Brewing Company. By 1919, he had purchased all of the stock for the company to become the sole owner, and in 1938 he changed the name to August Wagner Breweries, Inc. He was known to parade around on a horse costumed as Gambrinus, the patron saint of beer. A statue of Gambrinus is located at 605 S. Front Street.
Twenty-nine breweries have existed in and around the village throughout its history.
Hoster Brewing Dynasty
While English breweries were found originally in the city, as German immigrants moved in, their brewing techniques were universally embraced and became the dominant methods for producing beer. Louis Hoster, an immigrant from Rheinpfalz, Germany, is notably credited for this transformation when he opened the City Brewery in the 1830s. He would go on to serve on the City Council between 1846 and 1854 while establishing the city's first wollen mill in 1852. In 1864, he established the Louis Hoster & Sons Brewery, which became the Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries in 1904. He would also serve on the Board of Education and was a Unionist Democrat.
Later members of Louis Hoster's brewing dynasty included his son Louis Philip Hoster, president of the Columbus Structural Steel Company, and Herman Hoster, son of Louis's son George, a graduate of Yale University, treasurer of Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries, and founder of the Columbus Envelope Company. Another son of George was Carl J. Hoster, graduate of Cornell University, who was President of the Hoster Columbus Associated Breweries as well as the Director of the Hayden Clinton National Bank and Columbus Driving Park Association, President of the U.S. Brewer's Association, 32nd degree of the Scottish Rite, and great-great uncle of former U.S. President George W. Bush.
Hoster Street in the German Village stretches six blocks between Lazelle and S. Front Streets.
Dr. Herman A. Hoster, Jr.
Dr. Herman A. Hoster, Jr. was the son of Herman Hoster, and name-bearer of the Herman A. Hoster Research Laboratory of the Department of Medicine and the Department of Zoology at the Ohio State University. He was a graduate of Yale University and Johns Hopkins University who would suffer from Hodgkin's Disease. After learning of his illness, Dr. Hoster resigned his medical position with Yale to return home to Columbus. There he focused on research of the disease at Ohio State University. He became a professor of medicine and eventually an associate director of research at the College of Medicine, where he performed experiments on himself related to his illness, including some at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. He published several leading research papers, including support of radiation therapy to treat the disease.
Dr. Hoster became


Concentric transition fitting
Concentric transition fitting
A concentric transition fitting, also known as a concentric reducer or concentric expander, is a type of pipe fitting that allows for the connection of two pipes with different diameters while maintaining a smooth, gradual transition between the two sizes. The fitting features a tapered body that gradually changes from one pipe size to another, ensuring a concentric alignment of the pipes.
Key features and benefits of concentric transition fittings:
 - Size transition: Concentric transition fittings enable the connection of pipes with different diameters, allowing for the smooth transition of flow from one size to another.
 - Smooth flow: The gradual taper of the fitting promotes smooth flow transition, minimizing turbulence and pressure drop in the system.
 - Concentric alignment: The concentric design of the fitting ensures that the pipes are aligned along their central axis, promoting even flow distribution and reducing stress on the piping system.
 - Material compatibility: Concentric transition fittings are available in various materials, such as steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, and plastics like PVC and CPVC, to suit different piping systems and media.
 - Connection types: Concentric transition fittings can feature threaded, socket-weld, or slip-on connections, depending on the application and installation requirements.
Concentric transition fittings find applications in numerous industries and settings, such as:
 - Plumbing systems in residential and commercial buildings
 - Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
 - Industrial process piping
 - Oil and gas pipelines
 - Water distribution systems
 - Chemical processing plants
The ability to connect pipes of different sizes while maintaining smooth flow and concentric alignment makes concentric transition fittings an essential component in the design and construction of efficient and reliable piping systems.
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text:
The Demand For Cigarettes and Restrictions on Smoking in the Workplace
NBER Working Paper No. 2663
The purpose of this paper is to empirically test the effect that restrictive clean air laws have on the level of smoking. Restrictive clean air laws refers to the laws which prohibit smoking in private workplaces as well as in public places. The data employed in this study consist of a time series of cross sections of the fifty states of the U.S., and Washington D.C., over the time period from 1975 through 1985, Since states where sentiment is strongly against cigarettes are more likely to pass a clean air law, endogeneity between cigarette demand and the clean air law is a problem. A two step estimation model is used to control for endogeneity. Both a single equation and a two equation model of cigarette demand were estimated. The single equation results indicate that a clean air law has a significant negative effect on cigarette demand. However, the two equation model indicates that cigarette demand has a significant negative effect on the probability of passing a clean air law. The results indicate that when endogeneity is controlled for the clean air law dose not have a significant effect on cigarette demand. This does not imply that the enactment of a clean air law would not reduce the level of smoking if such a law were imposed in all states, but rather that only states with low levels of smoking are able to pass restrictive clean sir laws.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w2663
Published: "Clean Indoor Air Laws and the Demand for Cigarettes." Contemporary Policy Issues, Volume X, No. 2, April 1992, pp. 72-83
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:


TIFFWRITEENCODEDSTRIP(3tiff) LibTIFF TIFFWRITEENCODEDSTRIP(3tiff) NAME TIFFWriteEncodedStrip - compress and write a strip of data to an open TIFF file SYNOPSIS #include tsize_t TIFFWriteEncodedStrip(TIFF *tif, tstrip_t strip, tdata_t buf, tsize_t size) DESCRIPTION Compress size bytes of raw data from buf and write the result to the specified strip; replacing any previously written data. Note that the value of strip is a "raw strip number". That is, the caller must take into account whether or not the data are organized in separate planes (PlanarConfiguration = 2). NOTES The library writes encoded data using the native machine byte order. Correctly implemented TIFF readers are expected to do any necessary byte-swapping to correctly process image data with BitsPerSample greater than 8. The strip number must be valid according to the current settings of the ImageLength and RowsPerStrip tags. An image may be dynamically grown by increasing the value of ImageLength prior to each call to TIFFWriteEncodedStrip. RETURN VALUES -1 is returned if an error was encountered. Otherwise, the value of size is returned. DIAGNOSTICS All error messages are directed to the TIFFErrorExtR() routine. %s: File not open for writing: The file was opened for reading, not writing. Can not write scanlines to a tiled image: The image is assumed to be organized in tiles because the TileWidth and TileLength tags have been set with TIFFSetField(). %s: Must set "ImageWidth" before writing data\fP: The image's width has not be set before the first write. See TIFFSetField() for information on how to do this. %s: Must set "PlanarConfiguration" before writing data: The organization of data has not be defined before the first write. See TIFFSetField() for information on how to do this. %s: No space for strip arrays": There was not enough space for the arrays that hold strip offsets and byte counts. SEE ALSO TIFFOpen (3tiff), TIFFWriteScanline (3tiff), TIFFWriteRawStrip (3tiff), libtiff (3tiff) AUTHOR LibTIFF contributors COPYRIGHT _PHONE_, LibTIFF contributors 4.6 September 8, 2023 TIFFWRITEENCODEDSTRIP(3tiff)


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Summary: The guitar is a very versatile instrument that is popular in many different kinds of music. It comes in several varieties that have important similarities, although they can sound very different.
The group of instruments called guitars includes some of the world's most popular instruments. The guitar is classified as a chordophone in the plucked lute family. The fairly large, waisted (hourglass-shape) body that is most typical of the acoustic guitar gives it a fuller, more resonant sound than most other plucked strings. The electric guitar may have a different body shape and a more electronic timbre that features an ability to be altered in interesting ways, but the technique for playing the instruments is essentially the same, and players can switch back and forth between various types of guitars with little difficulty. There are many varieties of guitar found around the world; the guitars described below are only the ones most familiar in modern Western music.
Instrument Basics
Most modern guitars have six strings. Modern instruments that have fewer strings are usually called by a different name, although they may still clearly be in the guitar family (ukulele, for example). The exception to this is the electric bass guitar, which, although it is called a guitar, has only four strings and functions more as a bass than as a guitar. Some guitars have a seventh string - an extra bass (low) string - but this is quite rare. There are twelve string guitars, but the strings of these are arranged so that the playing technique is the same as that for a six-stringed instrument.
Figure 1: This is the standard tuning for guitar strings, as written for the guitarist. Music for guitar actually sounds one octave lower than written.
Standar Guitar Tuning
Standar Guitar Tuning (GuitarStrings.png)
The strings of most guitars are normally tuned to E, A, d, g, b, and e'. However, parts for the instrument are written an octave higher, so that the lowest written note is the e below the treble staff, not E. (See Octaves and Diatonic Music for an explanation of octave identification. See Transposing Instruments for more about instruments whose parts are not written where they sound.) Alternative tunings are occasionally used, particularly "D tuning", which involves tuning the lowest string to D rather than E. Hawaiian slack key guitar playing also features tuning some strings lower (or more "slack"), usually so that the open strings will play a major chord. Alternative tunings are usually used to provide easier fingerings in some keys and take advantage of the more resonant sound of the open string.
The four strings of the bass guitar are tuned one octave below the lowest four strings of a regular guitar.
The guitar is played by being plucked or strummed with the right hand, either directly with the fingers, or using a plectrum, usually called a pick. This can be either a flat pick, held between the thumb and fingers, or plectrums that are curled so that they can be worn individually on the thumb and each finger.
The left hand fingers the notes and chords by holding the strings down against the neck. The neck is fretted; the frets are thin raised bars embedded in the neck. When a string is held down, the string stops vibrating at the fret, not at the finger as it does for a non-fretted stringed instrument like the violin. Notes on the same string one fret apart are one half step apart. (For more about how holding a string down affects the pitch, see Standing Waves and Musical Instruments and Harmonic Series.) On a steel guitar, the pitches are changed by sliding a steel bar up and down the strings, rather than holding them down with the fingers. Steel guitars often do not have raised frets, which would interfere with the portamento (gliding pitch change) that is the characteristic sound of steel guitars.
A guitar may be acoustic, electric, or some combination of acoustic and electric. In an acoustic guitar, the vibrations of the string are picked up and amplified in the instrument's body. In an electric guitar, the string vibrations are picked up and amplified by electronic components. An electric-acoustic is a hybrid instrument that has a hollow, resonating body, but also an electronic pickup, which amplifies the sound from both the strings and the body.
If you would like some idea of the variation in sounds that different guitars get, here are audio examples of a (nylon-string acoustic) classical guitar, a (steel-string acoustic) twelve-striong guitar, a (steel-string) electric-acoustic (minimal distortion), and an electric bass guitar, all playing the same short riff.
Acoustic Instruments
Figure 2
Classical Guitar
Classical Guitar (hGuitar20.jpg)
Twelve-String Guitar
Twelve-String Guitar (twelvestring20.jpg)
There are several different types of acoustic guitar. The modern classical guitar or Spanish guitar uses nylon strings (the lower three strings are wrapped in metal wire) and has a fairly wide neck. It has a large, waisted (hourglass-shape) body with a flat back. This is the modern instrument used to play "classical" guitar music from any era, as well as Flamenco and many other folk styles.
The steel-string acoustic guitar has the same basic shape as the classical guitar. The metal strings give it a brighter, less mellow timbre than the classical guitar. It may have a narrow or wide neck, and the back of the body may be flat or rounded. This instrument is used for some types of popular music, for example American "country", and also for some types of folk music, including some blues.
Some acoustic steel-string guitars are twelve string guitars. Twelve string guitars have six courses, or groups of strings (two strings in each course, in this case) that are strung very close together and played (held down and plucked or strummed) together, as if they are one string. The highest (pitched) two courses are simply two e' and two b strings. The other courses consist of one string tuned as it is in a regular guitar plus one string tuned an octave higher. The total effect is a bright, full sound that is particularly useful for acoustic accompaniments.
The steel-string guitar should not be confused with the steel guitar, which is often more box-shaped than hourglass-shaped. Also called Hawaiian guitar (it was developed in Hawaii), the steel guitar is rested flat on the lap or on a stand, and may include floor pedals and knee levers for changing the string tunings while the instrument is being played. Resonator guitars, which do have the typical guitar shape, have a metal resonator rather than a sound hole in the body, and are typically played with a sliding steel bar, like the steel guitar. Besides being common in Hawaiian music, the steel guitar is also found in some blues and American "country" music. Many modern steel guitars are electric instruments.
Electric Guitars
Figure 3
Electric Bass Guitar
Electric Bass Guitar (bass20.jpg)
In the true electric guitar, the body is not hollow and does not act as a resonator. The vibrations of the strings are picked up and amplified electronically. This is the guitar most commonly found in all kinds of rock and pop bands, and it is also common in jazz.
There are also various hybrid electric-acoustic guitars. Some are essentially steel-string acoustic guitars that have a built-in electronic pick-up. Others are "hollow-body electric" guitars that have the neck and strings of an electric guitar, but with a body that, while not as deep as an acoustic guitar, is hollow and does provide some acoustic resonance. In hybrid instruments, the sound from both the strings and the body is amplified electronically, giving an amplified sound that still has some acoustic timbre. Hybrid instruments can be found playing folk, country, blues, jazz, pop, and rock music.
The electric bass guitar has only four strings, which are tuned an octave below the four lowest strings on a six-string guitar. The bass guitar is a standard part of rock and pop bands, and is also often used instead of the more traditional double bass in jazz and many other genres. Unlike other guitars, which play chordal accompaniments or melodies, the bass guitar generally plays the bass line. For this reason, switching to bass guitar, or doubling as a bass guitarist may be easier for a double bass player than for a guitar player.
Chordal Accompaniments on the Guitar
The guitar is often used as a melody instrument. The lead guitar in a rock band, for


Fri, Feb 22, 2019
FAQ page questions, answers will follow later:
Q: What Petroleum products are produced at Indeni?
A:
Q: What are their properties and usage?
A:
Q: Why is it better for Indeni to process comingled crude oil rather than bring in finished products?
A:
Q:What is Indeni's role in Petroleum refining in Zambia?
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Q: Is Indeni same as TAZAMA?
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Q:What are the advantages of using LPG?
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Q:What are the safety standards followed at Indeni?
A: SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT INDENI
Safety is a major priority at Indeni due to the high risk of the product (hydrocarbons) that is handled.
Management has demonstrated its commitment to safety management through a joint Safety, Health, Environment, Quality and loss control policy.
The international Sustainability Rating System (ISRS) is the management system that ensures that all the business processes are managed through safe and sustainable operations. The business processes which enable the refinery to deliver goods and services also include activities which used give rise to safety and sustainability risks and opportunities. The ISRS systematically addresses these Safety, Health, Environment, Security, process safety and Quality systems requirements in the organization.
The ISRS has 15 processes which are built into a Plan, Do, Check.


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Rigid-Flexible Virtual Prototyping Study of Planetary Gear Reducer for Shearer Cutting Unit
In this research, three-dimensional simplified model for the planetary gear reducer of a certain large-scale shearer cutting unit is established by the use of UG NX5, and it is imported into ADAMS/View environment through the UG interface with ADAMS. While ANSYS is used to generate the flexible body of key parts such as sun gear, high-speed planet gear and low-speed planet gear, and then in ADAMS the flexible body is used to replace the corresponding parts of planetary reducer rigid body model, which aims to set up virtual rigid-flexible prototype model of planetary reducer. Finally, kinematics simulation was done. The simulation results show that the virtual prototype model of each component motion displays smooth without interference and the transmission ratio meets the design request. Meanwhile, the planetary gear mechanism design is proved to be very correct.
Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou, Zhengyi Jiang, Jianmei Wang, Hailian Gui, Lifeng Ma, Lidong Ma, Yugui Li and Chunjiang Zhao
K. B. Zhang et al., "Rigid-Flexible Virtual Prototyping Study of Planetary Gear Reducer for Shearer Cutting Unit", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 145, pp. 414-419, 2011


Is Culturally Relevant Teaching just Good Teaching?
While I was reading the article of Ladson-Billings about culturally responsive teaching, the reaction of teachers to her advice made me think: what is good teaching? Culturally responsible teaching is good teaching, but is it "just good teaching"? Is good teaching equivalent to culturally relevant teaching? Does culturally relevant teaching require more than "just good teaching"?
Characteristics of good teaching – Why good teaching does not mean culturally relevant teaching?
Dr. Richard Leblanc lists the top 10 requirements of teaching (click for the source). Here, I will discuss three of these which I selected. One of the requirements for good teaching is passion. Most of us probably encountered the teacher who sees her job just as a chore and performs it in a dehumanized way. In several types of performance, whether it is singing, acting or another artistic performance, the emotions of the performer passes to the audience. Similarly, in a classroom environment, the teacher's feelings pass to the students. Therefore, when we encountered that teacher, we promptly notice it if not immediately. Therefore, the number one rule of good teaching is being passionate about teaching.
Being aware of the fact that each student is different is another requirement he lists. Every person is unique; therefore, everyone has different needs. The first step to understand a student's needs is listening. Listening and really trying to understand the student helps teachers see the situation from the students' eyes. It will also enable us to ask the right questions and take action accordingly.
One of my favorites in this list is that "good teaching is about caring, nurturing and developing minds and talents". Unfortunately, caring about each and every student in the classroom is not something every teacher does. Sometimes teachers just ignore the students that they perceive inferior to give all their time and attention to the decent and high performers instead of nurturing each student and encouraging everyone to make progress at their own pace. This helps teachers to have very successful students in the class; however, according to my personal experience, teachers who try to help every student are the ones who are making a real impact.
So far, these practices might seem very similar to the ones discussed as culturally relevant teaching; in theory, it is similar. However, there is a big difference in practice: cultural lens. Even the greatest teacher who is very passionate, trying to understand and respond to every student's needs, and nurture students, usually do these in their own way. In a classroom with students from different ethnic groups, this causes a problem because the teacher usually is familiar with her own culture and naturally has that culture's lens. In that situation, the teacher is sometimes unable to respond to the needs of certain students although she tries to do so. For example, a teacher who has a collectivist cultural lens might be perceived as offensive by a student who has an individualistic cultural lens. Conversely, a teacher who has an individualistic cultural lens might be perceived as unempathetic by a student who has a collectivist cultural lens. In either case, it is obvious that the help attempt of the teacher is not helpful—maybe even harmful. That's why good teaching does not necessarily mean culturally relevant teaching.
Why culturally relevant teaching is good teaching?
My discussion so far is to say that good teaching might still be limited in considering cultural factors in teaching practices. What we see as culturally relevant teaching is not very different than good teaching—it is good teaching with the awareness of cultural differences. It is important for a teacher to gather information about students' backgrounds in the class, be aware of the limitations of her teaching practices across different cultural lenses, and extend her repertoire of teaching so that teaching practice is meaningful across different cultures. By considering the cultural context, a teacher can satisfy three aforementioned requirements and practice good teaching that is good across different cultures.
In summary, I believe that making a distinction between good teaching and culturally relevant teaching is important. Culturally relevant teaching is good teaching, but it is more than "just good teaching". It is good teaching with the awareness of cultural differences. Culturally relevant teaching requires multiple lenses, empathy, and background about the students. In a diverse classroom, in order to practice good teaching with its fullest, we should strive for more culturally aware practices and be open to different approaches in our pedagogy.


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1. REVIEW THE ACADEMIC ENGLISH TO PATHWAY POWERPOINT BELOW
2. PREPARE YOUR FINANCIAL DOCUMENTATION
To receive your new I-20 after successfully completing Academic English, you must provide updated financial documentation. Financial documentation must be no older than 6 months. Proof of financial support is required for each subsequent program. Multiple sources of funding are acceptable, but financial documentation must be provided for each source of funding. Be advised that Designated School Officials in the Office of International Student Services reserve the right to reject submitted financial documentation or request additional information, proof, or financial documentation on a case-by-case basis.
Types of Financial Documentation
- Affidavit of Support (preferred)
- Bank Statements
- Loan Letters
- University Scholarship or Assistantship Award
- Government Funding, Scholarship, or Sponsor
Proof of Financial Support Amounts
|Program||Minimum Funding Amount|
|Undergraduate – One year||$36,894|
|Graduate – One year||$38,690|
|Spouse – One year||$8,020|
|Child – One year||$4,870 per child|
3. SUBMIT THE FINANCIAL CERTIFICATION FORM
If you are completing the financial certification form on your own, be sure that for "Select the reason you are submitting proof of financial support" you choose "I am in my final term of Academic English and expect to begin Pathway next semester".Complete the Financial Certification
4. TRAVELING INTERNATIONALLY BEFORE PATHWAY? SUBMIT A TRAVEL SIGNATURE REQUEST FORM.
If you plan to travel outside the United States before starting Pathway, be sure to let the Office of International Student Services know your travel plans. To do this, you must submit a Request for a Travel Signature. Your Travel Signature Request will remain pending until your new I-20 is issued.
If you are registered for an ISS Progression Workshop, we will assist you with submitting a Request for a Travel Signature during the workshop.
Frequently Asked Questions about Travel Before Pathway
- Do I need a travel signature to travel inside the United States?
- Can I reenter the United States with my old I-20?
- Can I leave the United States before I receive my new I-20?
- What documents do I need to reenter the United States after traveling abroad?
- If my old I-20 has a valid travel signature, do I still need a new travel signature?
5. Receive your new I-20
ISS typically begins issuing new I-20's about one week after the end of the semester. If your financial documents are approved for pathway and you meet all progression requirements, you will receive an email notifying you that your new I-20 is ready for pick-up. If you are not able to pick-up your I-20 at the Welcome Center, you can see alternative delivery options at Document Pick-Up and Delivery.
Frequently Asked Questions About Receiving the I-20
- What documents do I need to submit to receive my I-20?
- When will I receive my I-20?
- How can I receive my new I-20?
- Why do I need a new I-20?
- Do I need to purchase insurance BEFORE I can receive my I-20?
- Do I need to register for classes before I get my I-20?


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This collection contains items from the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.
Founded in 1853 to survey and study the vast resources of California and beyond, the California Academy of Sciences is the oldest scientific institution in the West. Over the past 154 years, the Academy has grown to become the fourth largest natural history museum in the country. Home to Steinhart Aquarium, Morrison Planetarium, and the Kimball Natural History Museum, as well as world class research and education departments, the Academy's mission is to explore, explain, and protect the natural world.


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What is a Sea Wind?
A sea breeze or onshore breeze is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass.
By contrast, a land breeze or offshore breeze is any wind that blows from a landmass toward or onto a large body of water. The term offshore wind may refer to any wind over open water.
Where Is Sea Winds In Cape Town South Africa?
Why is there so much wind in Cape Town?
"Cape Town is situated along the eastern edge of this anti-cyclonic system. Simplistically, the counter-clockwise flow around the High forms the basis for the summer southeast trade wind that blows during summer. The dry, denser air that creates the High pressure also means sunny, dry weather."
What is the summer wind in Cape Town?
"Cape Doctor" is the local name for the strong, often persistent and dry south-easterly wind that blows on the South African coast from spring to late summer (September to March in the southern hemisphere).
It is known as the Cape Doctor because of a local belief that it clears Cape Town of pollution and 'pestilence'.


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Automatic Control and Optimization of Drilling Operations
MetadataShow full item record
Drilling automation initially gained acceptance in the Oil & Gas industry as a solution to increase rigsite safety. While safety-related drilling automation has been implemented, many companies are beginning to recognize that drilling automation oﬀers possibilities of performance enhancement also. Decision making in manual oil ﬁeld operations is dependent on how quickly the driller can recognize the problem, how knowledgeable the driller is regarding the problem and how quickly he/she can ﬁnd a solution for the problem. There is also a distinct lag in interpreting data and then taking corrective action. Such ineﬃciences are eliminated by adopting automated systems in place of human labor. In this work, the current state of automation in drilling engineering ﬁeld was studied and barriers to automation were identiﬁed. Mathematical models developed for automated drilling operations are to be simulated before testing them on a physical system. For this purpose, a simulation environment or a Drilling Simulator has been developed in LabVIEW. Automatic Managed Pressure Drilling using Constant Bottom-Hole Pressure technique was modeled using a PID controller and simulated on the Drilling Simulator. The simulator is open to design modiﬁcations. A model rig with fully automatic capabilities has been designed and constructed with design limitations on drilling parameters. To improve the performance, an optimization algorithm is proposed which makes use of Mechanical Speciﬁc Energy to maximize Rate of Penetration. The Drilling Simulator and the model rig can be used in conjunction to experiment with diﬀerent models and control methodologies.
Vishnumolakala, Narendra (2015). Automatic Control and Optimization of Drilling Operations. Master's thesis, Texas A & M University. Available electronically from


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Phase Shift Method for Distance Measurements
Laser rangefinders are often based on the phase shift method, a technique for measuring distances in the following way. A laser beam with sinusoidally modulated optical power is sent to a target. Some reflected light (from diffuse or specular reflections) is monitored, and the phase of the power modulation is compared with that of the sent light. The phase shift obtained is 2π times the time of flight times the modulation frequency. This shows that higher modulation frequencies can result in a higher spatial resolution.
Although the phase shift is directly proportional to the time of flight, the term time-of-flight method should be reserved to case where one really measures a delay time more directly.
As for an optical interferometer, the phase shift method involves an ambiguity regarding the measured distance, because with increasing distance the phase will vary periodically. However, the periodicity is much larger than in an interferometer, since the modulation frequency is much lower than the optical frequency. Also, the ambiguity can easily be removed, e.g. by coming measurement results with different modulation frequencies.
Compared with interferometers, devices based on the phase shift technique are less accurate, but they allow unambiguous measurements over larger distances. Also, they are suitable for targets with diffuse reflection from a rough surface.
The power modulation may be obtained with an electro-optic modulator, acting on a continuous-wave laser beam. Modulation frequencies of many megahertz or even multiple gigahertz are easily obtained. A resonant type of modulator can be operated with relatively low input voltage, but only with a small range of modulation frequencies, making the removal of the mentioned ambiguity more difficult.
A special kind of power modulation is achieved by using a mode-locked laser. Advantages are the high modulation frequency (allowing for high accuracy) and (for passive mode locking) that no optical modulator is required.
The use of a laser beam allows to realize a laser radar, where an image is formed by scanning the laser beam direction in two dimensions. However, imaging systems can also be made with one or several current-modulated light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illuminating the whole object area. The spatial resolution is then obtained via imaging detection. There are optoelectronic chips with two-dimensional sensor arrays, being able to measure the phase shift for each pixel.
Questions and Comments from Users
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The Rachol Seminary Goa
The Rachol Seminary Goa was a Muslim fortress which was converted into a church by the Portuguese and thereafter changed to a prison. The Rachol Seminary in Goa was initially a seminal centre for Theological Studies in the 16th century. The church was constructed in the year 1576 and was dedicated to Saint Ignatius Loyola who was the founder of the Jesuit order which is upheld even today by followers of the Christian faith. In 1762, the erected structure was later converted to a Diocesan seminary. The seminary housed the first printing press which was to generate Christian spiritual literatures. This press had the capacity to generate 16 journals and the most well-known of them was the Gospels conversion to Indian language. In this context, it ought be referred that even some Hindu sculptures were unearthed when the seminary was constructed.
The Seminary played a pivotal role in endorsing Christianity in India since its inception. The complex was built by the Jesuits in 1610 AS and it used to house a hospital and a school for the poor. Apart from this, the seminary also had an educational school to train the priests.The Rachol Seminary Goa is in addition famous for its distinctive architecture. One will find the well carved sculpture of Saint Constantine, the first Roman Emperor who got converted to Christianity. The seminary also housed the Museum of Christian Art that displays the artefacts collected from all corners of the state of Goa.
Best Selling Goa Tours
"file" tab contnet here


then(function(response) {
 $scope.comments = response.data.contentlets;
 });
}]);
 1. We created the CommentsCtrl
 2. We injected the $scope (we will talk more about this in a bit)
 3. We injected our custom service: CommentsService
 4. From our CommentsService we invoke the getComments method, and because this returns a "promise", we can perform a ".then()" and assign the result contentlets (the actual comments data) to $scope.comments.
The $scope
The "scope" is an object that refers to the application model. It is the execution context for expressions. Scopes are arranged in hierarchical structures which mimic the DOM structure of the application. Scopes can watch expressions and propagate events.
So now that we have data in the $scope.comments object we can access the comments data from the HTML
4. Building the Template
Create a file in your favorite text editor called: comments-list.html and write the following html code there:
Post a comment

 Comments

 <time></time>

We have our title where we'll be putting the comments count and we have our comments list with:
 - Author information (name and icon)
 - Publish date
 - Comment body
All the HTML is Bootstrap ready.
Angular built-in directives:
Because $scope.comments is an array of comment contentlets that we get from our CommentsService we need to iterate over each to "print" them out in our comments-lists.html file. To do that, AngularJS has some built-in directives that are called ng-repeat.
So, when we do:

We are saying: "Hey, AngularJS, print one
 for each comment we have in the list of comments.
Angular Expressions:
Angular expressions are JavaScript-like code snippets. We are using it to print the comments data:
 1. First we display the comments quantity that we get {{comments.length}. Because comments is an array of objects we can use .length to get the amount.
 2. And then, we just print the content for each comment:

{{ comment.comment }}

{{ comment.author }}
And so on...
Angular Filters:
A filter formats the value of an expression to display to the user.
So when we do:
<time>{{ comment.datePublished | date:"MM/dd/yyyy" }}</time>
We are formatting the date into: "MONTH/DAY/YEAR". Ex: 12/31/2015
Our final comment-list.html HTML will look like this:
Post a comment

 {{comments.length}}
 Comments

 {{ comment.author }}

 <time>{{ comment.datePublished | date:"MM/dd/yyyy" }}</time>

{{ comment.comment }}

5. Now Let's test this thing
Open the page /tutorial/index.html. Edit the simple widget we created and call the custom directive that we created inside the

 tag:

 <comment-list content-id="'7a3d042f-aae4-4e60-8385-7fc5320f572f'"></comment-list>

We need to pass a valid news content identifier and make sure it has some comments related to it.
Open index.html in the browser and, if everything is ok, you should see the comments.
Part II: Post the Comments
1. We need some HTML for the form:
Create the file comments-form.html and write the following code:
<form ng-submit="submitComment()" id="commentsForm" name="commentsForm">
 <fieldset>
 <legend>Post a comment</legend>

There was an error posting your comment, please try again later

 Name

 <input class="form-control" id="name" name="name" type="text" value="" tabindex="1" ng-model="c.author">

 Email

 <input class="form-control" id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" tabindex="2" ng-model="c.email">

 Comment

 <textarea class="form-control" cols="30" rows="5" name="comment" id="comment-textarea" tabindex="3" ng-model="c.comment" required></textarea>

 <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-comment" tabindex="4">Post comment</button>
 Cancel

 </fieldset>
</form>
New AngularJS built-in directives
As you can see, there are some new AngularJS directives in this HTML code.
 1. ng-submit: Enables binding angular expressions to "onsubmit" events. In this case, when the form is submitted, we are going to call the submitComment() function that we'll be creating in our commentsForm controller soon.
 2. ng-show: shows or hides the given HTML element based on the expression provided.
 3. ng-model: Binds an input, select, textarea (or custom form control) to a property on the scope. So all the values in our form fields will be accessible from our commentsForm.
2. After HTML, we need some Javascript
2.1. New directive form - the comment form:
In the comments.js file, lets add the commentForm directive right below our commentList directive:
commentsApp.directive('commentForm', [
 function () {
 return {
 restrict: 'E',
 templateUrl: 'comments-form.html',
 controller: 'CommentsFormCtrl',
 controllerAs: 'commentsForm'
 };
 }]);
We are creating the commentForm directive the same way we did with the commentList.
2.2. Expanding our service
We built a service with the