Imperative Heaps
January 25, 2013
We'll write our program in Awk instead of Scheme; Scheme has the ability to manipulate arrays and write do-loops, but to my functional eyes, such code just looks … wierd. We start with the swap function that is used in both siftup and siftdown:
function swap(i, j, t) {
 t = x[i]
 x[i] = x[j]
 x[j] = t }
The siftup function stores the current node at i and calculates the parent node at p. The while loop stops when the i node reaches either the root of the heap or its proper position within the heap:
function siftup(n, i, p) {
 i = n
 while(1) {
 if (i == 1) break
 p = int(i / 2)
 if (x[p] <= x[i]) break
 swap(p, i)
 i = p } }
The siftdown function is similar to siftup, but calculates a child node instead of a parent node, and also compares the two siblings:
function siftdown(n, i, c) {
 i = 1
 while(1) {
 c = 2 * i
 if (c > n) break
 if (c+1 <= n)
 if (x[c+1] < x[c])
 c++
 if (x[i] <= x[c]) break
 swap(c, i)
 i = c } }
Sorting first forms a heap, then extracts the items from the heap in order, reversing the items in the process of extracting them:
function hsort(n, i) {
 for (i = 2; i <= n; i++)
 siftup(i)
 for (i = n; i >= 2; i--) {
 swap(1, i)
 siftdown(i-1) } }
We test by building an array and sorting it:
BEGIN {
 split("4,7,8,1,5,3,2,9,6", x, ",")
 hsort(9)
 for (i = 1; i <= 9; i++)
 print x[i] }
Output is the numbers 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; to return the numbers in ascending order, reverse the sense of the comparisons. You can see the program at _URL_
Pages: 1 2
7 Responses to "Imperative Heaps"
 1. […] today's Programming Praxis exercise, our goal is to implement an array-based heap. Let's get started, […]
 2. My Haskell solution (see _URL_ for a version with comments):
 import qualified Data.Vector as V

 (!) :: V.Vector a -> Int -> a
 v ! i = v V.! (i-1)

 swap :: Int -> Int -> V.Vector a -> V.Vector a
 swap i j heap = heap V.// [(i-1, heap ! j), (j-1, heap ! i)]

 siftup :: Ord a => Int -> V.Vector a -> V.Vector a
 siftup i heap = let j = div i 2 in if i == 1 || heap ! j <= heap ! i
 then heap else siftup j $ swap i j heap

 siftdown :: Ord a => Int -> V.Vector a -> V.Vector a
 siftdown n = f 1 where
 f i heap = if 2*i > n || heap ! i <= c then heap
 else f j $ swap i j heap where
 (c, j) = minimum [(heap ! x, x) | x <- [2*i, 2*i+1], x <= n]

 hsort :: Ord a => V.Vector a -> V.Vector a
 hsort heap = foldr (\i -> siftdown (i - 1) . swap 1 i)
 (foldl (flip siftup) heap [2..V.length heap]) [2..V.length heap]

 3. jpverkamp said
 Went ahead and did this for the previous exercise: Splay heaps redux–imperative model
 Personally, I think this one makes more sense (even in a functional language), but to each their own.
 4. David said
 The imperative sort is ideal for languages like Ruby and Python which prefer variable sized arrays over linked structures. I wrote this as a Heap class in Ruby, so the heapsort is just a perfunctory testing function, not an in-place sort.
 class ArrayHeap
 def initialize(seq = nil, &block)
 @ord = block
 @heap = [nil] # Cheap way of getting 1-based indexing
 seq.each {|item| push(item)} unless seq.nil?
 end

 def length
 @heap.length - 1
 end

 def empty?
 length == 0
 end

 def top
 return nil if empty?
 @heap[1]
 end

 def pop
 return nil if empty?

 # Swap root with element at end
 @heap[1], @heap[-1] = @heap[-1], @heap[1]
 min = @heap.pop
 siftdown

 return min
 end

 def push(item)
 @heap.push(item)
 siftup
 end

 def inspect
 "<ArrayHeap " + @heap[1..-1].inspect + ">"
 end

 private
 # Move top of heap down to maintain heap invariant
 def siftdown
 i = 1
 while 2*i <= length do
 j = 2*i
 if j+1 <= length and @ord.call(@heap[j+1], @heap[j]) then
 j += 1
 end
 break if @ord.call(@heap[i], @heap[j])
 @heap[i], @heap[j] = @heap[j], @heap[i]
 i = j
 end
 end

 # Move bottom of heap up to maintain heap invariant
 def siftup
 i = length
 while i > 1 do
 break if @ord.call(@heap[i/2], @heap[i])
 @heap[i], @heap[i/2] = @heap[i/2], @heap[i]
 i /= 2
 end
 end
 end

 def heapsort(list)
 h = ArrayHeap.new(list) {|a,b| a<b}
 r = []
 while (item = h.pop) do
 r << item
 end
 return r
 end

 irb(main):015:0> heapsort [9,1,4,27,33,21]
 => [1, 4, 9, 21, 27, 33]

 5. Joe A said
 # A Python version
 class Heap:
 '''
 Simple heap impl, with 'min' at the top
 '''
 def __init__(self):
 self.arr = [None]
 self.n = 0

 def siftup(self, ele):
 parent = ele / 2
 if parent > 0 and self.arr[ele] < self.arr[parent]:
 self.arr[parent], self.arr[ele] = self.arr[ele], self.arr[parent]
 self.siftup(parent)

 def siftdown(self, ele):
 left = ele * 2
 right = ele * 2 + 1
 smaller = None
 arr = self.arr

 # case where l & r both exist
 if left <= self.n and right <= self.n:
 if arr[left] < arr[right]:
 smaller = left
 else:
 smaller = right
 elif left <= self.n:
 smaller = left
 elif right <= self.n:
 smaller = right

 if smaller is not None and arr[ele] > arr[smaller]:
 arr[ele], arr[smaller] = arr[smaller], arr[ele]
 self.siftdown(smaller)

 def insert(self, ele):
 self.n = self.n + 1
 self.arr.append(ele)
 self.siftup(self.n)

 def get_min(self):
 tmp = self.arr[1]
 self.arr[1] = self.arr[self.n]
 self.n = self.n - 1
 self.siftdown(1)
 return tmp

 def is_empty(self):
 return self.n < 1

 def heap_sort(lst):
 heap = Heap()
 for ele in lst:
 heap.insert(ele)

 while not heap.is_empty():
 yield heap.get_min()

 print (list(heap_sort([14, 4, 5, 16, 6, 1, 19, 2, 99, 3, 10, 8, 21])))

 6. […] Imperative Heaps (programmingpraxis.com) […]
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(Showing Draft Content)
GC.Spread.Sheets.TableSheet.TableSheet
Class: TableSheet
Sheets.TableSheet.TableSheet
Hierarchy
Table of contents
Constructors
Properties
Methods
Constructors
constructor
new TableSheet(name?, dataView?, options?)
Represents a table sheet with the specified name, data view and options setting.
example
//This example creates a empty TableSheet.
var tableSheet = spread.addSheetTab(0, "", GC.Spread.Sheets.SheetType.tableSheet);
//This example creates a TableSheet with name.
var tableSheet = spread.addSheetTab(0, "tableSheet1", GC.Spread.Sheets.SheetType.tableSheet);
//This example creates a TableSheet with name and data source.
var dataManager = spread.dataManager();
var myTable = dataManager.addTable("myTable", {
 remote: {
 read: {
 url: '_URL_
 }
 }
});
myTable.fetch().then(function() {
 var myView = myTable.addView("myView");
 var tableSheet = spread.addSheetTab(0, "tableSheet1", GC.Spread.Sheets.SheetType.tableSheet);
 tableSheet.setDataView(myView);
});
//This example creates a TableSheet with name and options.
var style = new GC.Spread.Sheets.Style();
var tableSheet = spread.addSheetTab(0, "tableSheet1", GC.Spread.Sheets.SheetType.tableSheet);
tableSheet.options = {allowAddNew: false, alternatingRowOptions: { step: [1, 1], style: style}};
Parameters
Name Type
name? string
dataView? View
options? ITableSheetOptions
Properties
options
options: ITableSheetOptions
Represents the options of the table sheet.
property [allowAddNew] - Whether to allow to add new empty row.
property [sheetTabColor] - A color string used to represent the sheet tab color, such as "red", "#FFFF00", "rgb(255,0,0)", "Accent 5", and so on.
property [alternatingRowOptions] - Defines the alternating row style options.
property [defaultStackRowHeight] - Tablesheet default stack row height, will calculate the average height by default.
property [menuItemVisibility] - Tablesheet default stack row height, will calculate the average height by default.
property [showRowNumber] - Whether to show the row number header.
property [enableDefineColumn] - Whether to enable defining column.
property [defineColumnCommand] - Specify the command for defining column options.
property [submitDefineColumnCommand] - Specify the command for submitting defined column options.
property {GC.Spread.Sheets.TableSheet.IColumnTypeItem[]} [columnTypeItems] - Specify the column types.
property [groupLayout] - Specify the options for group layout.
example
//This example changes a TableSheet's options.
tableSheet.options.allowAddNew = false;
tableSheet.options.alternatingRowOptions = { step: [1, 1], style: new GC.Spread.Sheets.Style("lightyellow")};
Methods
addHierarchyItemAbove
addHierarchyItemAbove(row, rowData): void
Add a new row data as the parent of the specified row.
example
//This example adds a new row data as the parent of the specified row.
tableSheet.addHierarchyItemAbove(8, {id: 8, name: "spreadjs"});
Parameters
Name Type Description
row number The row index.
rowData any The row data.
Returns
void
addHierarchyItemAfter
addHierarchyItemAfter(row, rowData): void
Add a new row data after the specified row.
example
//This example adds a new row data after the specified row.
tableSheet.addHierarchyItemAfter(8, {id: 8, name: "spreadjs"});
Parameters
Name Type Description
row number The row index.
rowData any The row data.
Returns
void
addHierarchyItemBefore
addHierarchyItemBefore(row, rowData): void
Add a new row data before the specified row.
example
//This example adds a new row data before the specified row.
tableSheet.addHierarchyItemBefore(8, {id: 8, name: "spreadjs"});
Parameters
Name Type Description
row number The row index.
rowData any The row data.
Returns
void
addHierarchyItemBelow
addHierarchyItemBelow(row, rowData): void
Add a new row data as the child of the specified row.
example
//This example adds a new row data as the child of the specified row.
tableSheet.addHierarchyItemBelow(8, {id: 8, name: "spreadjs"});
Parameters
Name Type Description
row number The row index.
rowData any The row data.
Returns
void
addRow
addRow(rowData): void
Adds a new row to table sheet.
example
//This example adds a new row with data.
tableSheet.addRow({id: 8, name: "spreadjs"});
Parameters
Name Type Description
rowData any The row data.
Returns
void
applyFreeHeaderArea
applyFreeHeaderArea(sheetJson?): any
Applies a Worksheet JSON to a TableSheet column header free layout area.
Parameters
Name Type Description
sheetJson? any a Worksheet JSON, which can be gotten easily by Worksheet's toJSON method.
Returns
any
applyTableTheme
applyTableTheme(tableTheme): void
Applies a table theme to current TableSheet.
Parameters
Name Type Description
tableTheme TableTheme A table theme instance.
Returns
void
cancelChanges
cancelChanges(): void
Cancels the changes of data manager in batch mode.
example
//This example cancel changes manually in batch mode.
tableSheet.cancelChanges();
Returns
void
collapseAllHierarchyLevels
collapseAllHierarchyLevels(): void
Collapse the all hierarchy levels.
example
//This example collapse the all hierarchy levels.
tableSheet.collapseAllHierarchyLevels();
Returns
void
demoteHierarchyLevel
demoteHierarchyLevel(row, withChildren?): void
Demote the hierarchy data level of the specified row.
example
//This example demote the hierarchy data level by specified index.
tableSheet.demoteHierarchyLevel(8);
Parameters
Name Type Description
row number The row index.
withChildren? boolean Optional, the children will be demoted with the record by default.
Returns
void
detailColumnsVisible
detailColumnsVisible(value?): boolean
Whether to show or hide the detail columns after Table Sheet is grouped.
example
//This sample shows how to hide the detail columns.
tableSheet.detailColumnsVisible(false);
Parameters
Name Type Description
value? boolean A boolean value which indicates the visibility of the detail columns.
Returns
boolean
Returns the visibility of the detail columns.
expandAllHierarchyLevels
expandAllHierarchyLevels(): void
Expand the all hierarchy levels.
example
//This example expand the all hierarchy levels.
tableSheet.expandAllHierarchyLevels();
Returns
void
expandGroup
expandGroup(field, expand): void
Expands or collapses one level grouping by the specified field.
example
//This sample shows how to collapse one level grouping, which is grouped by "LastName".
tableSheet.expandGroup("LastName", false);
Parameters
Name Type Description
field string The field name.
expand boolean A boolean value, true means expanding the grouping, false means collapsing the grouping.
Returns
void
expandGroupItem
expandGroupItem(level, index, expand): void
Expands or collapses one grouping by the specified level and index.
example
//This sample shows how to collapse one grouping, which level is 1 and start index is 10.
tableSheet.expandGroupItem(1, 10, false);
Parameters
Name Type Description
level number The grouping level.
index number The grouping start index.
expand boolean A boolean value, true means expanding the grouping, false means collapsing the grouping.
Returns
void
expandHierarchyLevel
expandHierarchyLevel(level): void
Expand the hierarchy data by specified level.
example
//This example expand the hierarchy data by specified level.
tableSheet.expandHierarchyLevel(8);
Parameters
Name Type Description
level number The level to expand.
Returns
void
getChanges
getChanges(): IDataViewChanges[]
Gets the changes of data manager in autoSync or batch mode.
example
//This example get changes manually in autoSy


text:
- Girl Names
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Marciane - Name Meaning, Origin & Popularity
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
PROC GLM Features
The following list summarizes the features in PROC GLM:
- PROC GLM enables you to specify any degree of interaction
(crossed effects) and nested effects.
It also provides for polynomial, continuous-by-class,
and continuous-nesting-class effects.
- Through the concept of estimability, the GLM procedure can provide tests
of hypotheses for the effects of a linear model regardless
of the number of missing cells or the extent of confounding.
PROC GLM displays the Sum of Squares (SS) associated with each
hypothesis tested and, upon request, the form of the
estimable functions employed in the test.
PROC GLM can produce the general form of all estimable functions.
- The REPEATED statement enables you to specify effects
in the model that represent repeated measurements on
the same experimental unit for the same response,
providing both univariate and multivariate
tests of hypotheses.
- The RANDOM statement enables you to specify random effects
in the model; expected mean squares are produced for each
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, and contrast mean
square used in the analysis.
Upon request, F tests using appropriate mean
squares or linear combinations of mean squares as
error terms are performed.
- The ESTIMATE statement enables you to specify an L
vector for estimating a linear function of the parameters
- The CONTRAST statement enables you to specify a contrast
vector or matrix for testing the hypothesis that
. When specified, the contrasts are also incorporated into
analyses using the MANOVA and REPEATED statements.
- The MANOVA statement enables you to specify both the
hypothesis effects and the error effect to use for a
multivariate analysis of variance.
- PROC GLM can create an output data set containing the input
dataset in addition to predicted values, residuals, and
other diagnostic measures.
- PROC GLM can be used interactively.
After specifying and running a model, a variety of
statements can be executed without recomputing
the model parameters or sums of squares.
- For analysis involving multiple dependent variables but not the
MANOVA or REPEATED statements, a missing value in one dependent
variable does not eliminate the observation from the analysis
for other dependent variables.
PROC GLM automatically groups together those variables
that have the same pattern of missing values
within the data set or within a BY group.
This ensures that the analysis for each dependent
variable brings into use all possible observations.
Copyright © 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.


Skip to definition.
Noun: implosion therapy
 1. A technique used in behaviour therapy; client is flooded with experiences of a particular kind until becoming either averse to them or numbed to them
 - flooding
Derived forms: implosion therapies


text:
The New York Observer ran a series of eight letters from October 11 until December 27, 1900 by a man named Augustus. He was reporting on the Paris Exposition and part two (October 18) includes a description of the "traveling sidewalk" in action.
From this part of the fair it is possible to proceed to a distant exhibition which is placed in what is called the Champs de-Mars, without going out of the gates, by means of a travelling sidewalk or a train of electric cars. Thousands avail themselves of these means of transportation. The former is a novelty. It consists of three elevated platforms, the first being stationary, the second moving at a moderate rate of speed, and the third at the rate of about six miles an hour. The moving sidewalks have upright posts with knobbed tops by which one can steady himself in passing to or from the platforms. There are occasional seats on these platforms, and the circuit of the Exposition can be made with rapidity and ease by this contrivance. It also affords a good deal of fun, for most of the visitors are unfamiliar with this mode of transit, and are awkward in its use. The platform runs constantly in one direction, and the electric cars in the opposite.
Below is a photo of the moving sidewalk from the Library of Congress as well as a German postcard (circa 1900) of the moving sidewalk concept.
Postcards Show the Year 2000 (circa 1900)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Ohio Livestock Environmental Assurance Program (LEAP) is an innovative and proactive program that helps Ohio livestock farms of all sizes and all species voluntarily prevent or minimize agricultural pollution risks. LEAP teaches farmers how to identify and prevent environmental risks through best management practices and work to comply with state and federal environmental regulations.
History of LEAP
LEAP was created in 1997 by the Ohio Livestock Coalition (OLC) to help Ohio's livestock and poultry farmers blend sound production economics with environmental quality.
LEAP is a voluntary environmental assurance program for all major livestock species in Ohio, including sheep, beef and dairy cattle, swine and poultry. The program helps livestock and poultry farmers manage environmental challenges and effectively assess how farm management practices affect water quality. By participating in LEAP, farmers will learn how to operate and grow their livestock operation with environmental assurance, confidence and security. By increasing confidence, improving profits, reducing problems, enhancing relationships and enriching an image, LEAP will accomplish its primary objective – to promote sustainability by seeking profitable environmental solutions.
LEAP is coordinated by the OLC in cooperation with The Ohio State University (OSU) Extension, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' (ODNR) Division of Soil & Water Conservation, United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), and various commodity and farm organizations.
To date, more than 6,000 livestock and poultry farmers in the Buckeye State have participated in the program.
Why LEAP Matters
Ohio's farming community recognizes that consumers have concerns about the impact of farming on the environment, which is why all farmers must do their part to make sure they are educated on what needs to be done to protect the state's streams and waterways.
That means, Ohio's farmers must continue to improve our management practices – from managing manure responsibly to exploring techniques for improving air quality and reducing odors.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2009)|
The Sackur–Tetrode equation is an expression for the entropy of a monatomic classical ideal gas which incorporates quantum considerations which give a more detailed description of its regime of validity.
The Sackur–Tetrode equation is named for Hugo Martin Tetrode (1895–1931) and Otto Sackur (1880–1914), who developed it independently as a solution of Boltzmann's gas statistics and entropy equations, at about the same time in 1912.
The Sackur–Tetrode equation is written:
where V is the volume of the gas, N is the number of particles in the gas, U is the internal energy of the gas, k is Boltzmann's constant, m is the mass of a gas particle, h is Planck's constant and ln() is the natural logarithm. See Gibbs paradox for a derivation of the Sackur–Tetrode equation. See also the ideal gas article for the constraints placed upon the entropy of an ideal gas by thermodynamics alone.
The Sackur–Tetrode equation can also be conveniently expressed in terms of the thermal wavelength.
Note that the assumption was made that the gas is in the classical regime, and is described by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (with "correct Boltzmann counting"). From the definition of the thermal wavelength, this means the Sackur–Tetrode equation is only valid for
and in fact, the entropy predicted by the Sackur–Tetrode equation approaches negative infinity as the temperature approaches zero.
Sackur–Tetrode constant
The Sackur–Tetrode constant, written S0/R, is equal to S/kN evaluated at a temperature of T = 1 kelvin, at standard pressure (100 kPa or 101.325 kPa, to be specified), for one mole of an ideal gas composed of particles of mass equal to one atomic mass unit (mu = 1.660 538 782(83)×10−27 kg). Its 2006 CODATA recommended value is:
- S0/R = −_PHONE_(44) for p
o= 100 kPa
- S0/R = −_PHONE_(44) for p
o= 101.325 kPa.
Interpretation of the equation through information theory
In addition to using the thermodynamic perspective of entropy the tools of information theory can be used to provide an information perspective of entropy. The physical chemist Arieh Ben-Naim rederived the Sackur–Tetrode equation for entropy in terms of information theory, and in doing so he tied in well known concepts from modern physics. He showed the equation to consist of the sum of four entropies (missing information) due to positional uncertainty, momenta uncertainty, the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle and the indistinguishability of the particles.
- H. Tetrode (1912) "Die chemische Konstante der Gase und das elementare Wirkungsquantum" (The chemical constant of gases and the elementary quantum of action), Annalen der Physik 38: 434 - 442. See also: H. Tetrode (1912) "Berichtigung zu meiner Arbeit: "Die chemische Konstante der Gase und das elementare Wirkungsquantum" " (Correction to my work: "The chemical constant of gases and the elementary quantum of action"), Annalen der Physik 39: 255 - 256.
- Sackur published his findings in the following series of papers:
- O. Sackur (1911) "Die Anwendung der kinetischen Theorie der Gase auf chemische Probleme" (The application of the kinetic theory of gases to chemical problems), Annalen der Physik, 36: 958 - 980.
- O. Sackur, "Die Bedeutung des elementaren Wirkungsquantums für die Gastheorie und die Berechnung der chemischen Konstanten" (The significance of the elementary quantum of action to gas theory and the calculation of the chemical constant), Festschrift W. Nernst zu seinem 25jährigen Doktorjubiläum gewidmet von seinen Schülern (Halle an der Salle, Germany: Wilhelm Knapp, 1912), pages 405 - 423.
- O. Sackur (1913) "Die universelle Bedeutung des sog. elementaren Wirkungsquantums" (The universal significance of the so-called elementary quantum of action), Annalen der Physik 40: 67 - 86.
- Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006". Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 (2): 633–730. Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Direct link to value.
- Ben-Naim, Arieh (2008). A Farewell to Entropy: Statistical Thermodynamics Based on Information. World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-270-706-2. Retrieved 2009-11-28.


text:
How do you measure the distance from an African village to an American city? What does it mean to be refugee in today's global village? This hour on Here on Earth: Radio Without Borders, Jean Feraca talks with a filmmaker who documented two Somali families' effort to survice in America.
- Anne Makepeace, documentarian, maker of "Rain in a Dry Land"
- Mohamed Osman, a Somali native, founder of the Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota and the Somali-American Education Program, Minnesota
- Anne 12/13/07: "I had the pleasure of being on your show on November 26, and wanted to clarify something for your audience that may have confused them. Mohamed Hassan Osman, the Somali man who was interviewed in the last half of the hour, criticized my film, Rain in a Dry Land, as being 'dramatized' and therefore untrue. In fact, the film is pure documentary and tells the true, undramatized story of two Somali Bantu families who are now in America. Like many Somalis, Mr. Osman wants to deny the rampant oppression of the Bantu in Somalia. In fact the Bantu's third class social status, lack of access to education or enfranchisement, and their history as descendants of slaves are simply historical facts; the families in the film experienced these things in Somalia before fleeing from attacking militias during the 1991 civil war. Even in the refugee camps where the lucky ones managed to escaped, the Bantu were attacked and discriminated against by other Somalis. There are many Somalis in America who have been generous and helpful to the arriving Somali Bantu, but Mr. Osman's attitude of denial is neither helpful nor true."


Publications by Eva Poluha and Elehu Feleke
This site is dedicated to our book Thinking Outside The Box and other publications by Eva Poluha and Elehu Feleke
Click on "THE BOOK" for a synopsis of the contents of and excerpts from the book.
Use the following links to order your copy
Independent reviews:
A short review of:
Thinking outside the box: Essays on the history and (under) development of Ethiopia,
By Eva Poluha ad Elehu Feleke,
Published by Xlibris: United Kingdom. ISBN 978-1-5144-2224-3. Pp. 383. Price: 200 SEK.
Eva Poluha is an anthropologist whose engagement with Ethiopia started in the early 1970s. Her life-partner, Elehu Feleke, is a practicing medical doctor based in Sweden and Ethiopia. The authors have put more than 40 years experience in the production of this beautiful and reader friendly book.
Thinking outside the box is twice as big as most books written this day, but the wide margins and large font makes it quite easy to hold and read. The main question that the authors confront is the reason why Ethiopia has remained one of the poorest nations in the world in spite of its natural and human resources as well as a rich history.
The book contains seven chapters (or essays) that can be read separately. The first three chapters attempt to reconstruct the history of Ethiopia from the early centuries AD until 1974. The first three chapters are important to a serious reader who aspires to grasp the long and complicated history of the country. Indeed, Ethiopia is one of the oldest yet surviving nation-states in the world. The authors admit that they could not avoid dates and place names and advise the reader to read the summaries at the end of each chapter. The best parts of the first three chapters are, however, the maps from page 50 to 54. The reader can very easily visualise the size of the Ethiopian state through time, migration flows and trade routes as these are superimposed on the current physical map of the country.
Chapters four and five provide excellent background to the main objective of the book, namely to explain why Ethiopia remains one of the poorest in the world. The human and institutional resources are discussed in chapter four while the economy and economic policies since 1900 are treated in chapter five. In chapter six, the authors explain why and how Europe and Asia succeeded to deliver development. The final chapter is a bold attempt to answer the question as to why Ethiopia has remained poor. Ethiopia does not need to remain poor and it could overcome its poverty if its leaders, the academic elite and donors begin to think outside of the box, with sufficient examples of this can be done.
If you want a book that captures the history of Ethiopia, its society and its challenges of development through the centuries, and if you want a book that you can read in small doses, then Thinking outside of the Box is indeed the answer.
Tekeste Negash from Malmö


text:
To enter, fourth through 12th grade students should write personal letters to authors, living or dead, from any genre explaining how those authors' work changed the students' way of thinking about the world or themselves.
Finalists will be chosen by a panel of judges from throughout the state. The finalists' entries will be submitted to the Library of Congress for the national competition.
Last year's Letters About Literature contest resulted in 1,097 entries, up from 42 entries in 2008 before the State Library was a sponsor.
"We are so pleased with the increase in student participation in Letters About Literature since we became a sponsor two years ago. This particular program is an exceptional way for us to encourage our youth to read," State Librarian Rebecca Hamilton said. "Because participation in the contest requires reflective reading, the contest emphasizes the personal rewards to be gained from the reading experience."
Louisiana language arts teachers and home-school instructors along with school, public children and public young adult librarians are encouraged to visit the Letters About Literature website for more information and lessons plans, and to incorporate Letters About Literature into their curricula and programming.
Submissions must be sent directly to the national Letters About Literature address, which can be found by visiting the links _URL_ or _URL_.


text:
Wednesday, January 10, 2007
Answer on What is the difference between turin italy and torino italy?
Turin and Torino are the same city. Torino is the Italian name for the city and Turin is the Anglicised name. The tradition of changing place (and person) names to a more "English" form dates back to the Middle Ages at least.
The alternate namings arent't just limited to English speakers. During the opening ceremonies of the 2006 Olympics, many of the country name on the standards that were carried before the athletes as they entered the stadium had Italian versions of their true names. For example, the United States was shown as Stati Uniti d'America and the Netherlands was shown as Paesi Bassi.


How to: Build an EntityConnection Connection String
This topic provides an example of how to build an EntityConnection.
To run the code in this example
 1. Add the AdventureWorks Sales Model to your project and configure your project to use the Entity Framework. For more information, see How to: Use the Entity Data Model Wizard.
 2. In the code page for your application, add the following using statements (Imports in Visual Basic):
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Collections;
 using System.Data.Common;
 using System.Data;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Data.SqlClient;
 using System.Data.EntityClient;
 using System.Data.Metadata.Edm;

 Imports System
 Imports System.Collections.Generic
 Imports System.Collections
 Imports System.Data.Common
 Imports System.Data
 Imports System.IO
 Imports System.Data.SqlClient
 Imports System.Data.EntityClient
 Imports System.Data.Metadata.Edm

Example
The following example initializes the System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnectionStringBuilder for the underlying provider, then initializes the System.Data.EntityClient.EntityConnectionStringBuilder object and passes this object to the constructor of the EntityConnection.
// Specify the provider name, server and database.
string providerName = "System.Data.SqlClient";
string serverName = ".";
string databaseName = "AdventureWorks";
// Initialize the connection string builder for the
// underlying provider.
SqlConnectionStringBuilder sqlBuilder =
 new SqlConnectionStringBuilder();
// Set the properties for the data source.
sqlBuilder.DataSource = serverName;
sqlBuilder.InitialCatalog = databaseName;
sqlBuilder.IntegratedSecurity = true;
// Build the SqlConnection connection string.
string providerString = sqlBuilder.ToString();
// Initialize the EntityConnectionStringBuilder.
EntityConnectionStringBuilder entityBuilder =
 new EntityConnectionStringBuilder();
//Set the provider name.
entityBuilder.Provider = providerName;
// Set the provider-specific connection string.
entityBuilder.ProviderConnectionString = providerString;
// Set the Metadata location.
entityBuilder.Metadata = @"res://*/AdventureWorksModel.csdl|
 res://*/AdventureWorksModel.ssdl|
 res://*/AdventureWorksModel.msl";
Console.WriteLine(entityBuilder.ToString());
using (EntityConnection conn =
 new EntityConnection(entityBuilder.ToString()))
{
 conn.Open();
 Console.WriteLine("Just testing the connection.");
 conn.Close();
}
' Specify the provider name, server and database.
Dim providerName As String = "System.Data.SqlClient"
Dim serverName As String = "."
Dim databaseName As String = "AdventureWorks"
' Initialize the connection string builder for the
' underlying provider.
Dim sqlBuilder As New SqlConnectionStringBuilder()
' Set the properties for the data source.
sqlBuilder.DataSource = serverName
sqlBuilder.InitialCatalog = databaseName
sqlBuilder.IntegratedSecurity = True
' Build the SqlConnection connection string.
Dim providerString As String = sqlBuilder.ToString()
' Initialize the EntityConnectionStringBuilder.
Dim entityBuilder As New EntityConnectionStringBuilder()
'Set the provider name.
entityBuilder.Provider = providerName
' Set the provider-specific connection string.
entityBuilder.ProviderConnectionString = providerString
' Set the Metadata location.
entityBuilder.Metadata = "res://*/AdventureWorksModel.csdl|res://*/AdventureWorksModel.ssdl|res://*/AdventureWorksModel.msl"
Console.WriteLine(entityBuilder.ToString())
Using conn As New EntityConnection(entityBuilder.ToString())
 conn.Open()
 Console.WriteLine("Just testing the connection.")
 conn.Close()
End Using
See also


text:
Remember the "ecology symbol" popularized in the seventies? Like a new sign of the Zodiac, it seemed to herald a dawning awareness of Earth and environment.
What better time to revive it?
In 1969 the cartoonist Ron Cobb designed the ecology symbol and published it in the Los Angeles Free Press. A circle with a horizontal bar through its midsection, the symbol was often seen alongside the ubiquitous peace sign.
Somehow, the ecology symbol wasn't as enduring. The green theta adorned flags, buttons, t-shirts and walls for several years before it disappeared.
They were important years:
- The EPA was founded in 1970. In a 1971 public service announcement, more successful than Smokey Bear's, a Native American canoed down a polluted stream; a single tear rolled down his face.
- America was conducting nuclear tests in the Aleutian Islands.
- A group of anti-whaling environmentalists claimed the name "Greenpeace" in 1972.
The symbol played an important role as a visual emblem, a simple sign of solidarity. It accompanied what was, for many, new vocabulary: "Ecology." Billboards appeared around Vancouver saying, "Ecology? Look it up! You're involved."
The beginning of the ecology movement was an irreversible cultural shift. It brought us more vocabulary — recycling, acid rain, climate change — and the collective will to do something about it.
Let's bring theta back into our visual vocabulary.
Photo: Ecology Symbol mini buton, courtesy of EcoConscious, used by permission.


Maratus volans
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Maratus volans
MalePeacockSpider.jpg
Male
Courtship rituals
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Salticidae
Genus: Maratus
Species: M. volans
Binomial name
Maratus volans
(O. P-Cambridge, 1874)[1]
Synonyms[1]
 - Salticus volans O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874
 - Maratus amoenus Karsch, 1878
 - Saitis volans Simon, 1901
Maratus volans is a species in the jumping spider family (Salticidae), belonging to the genus Maratus (peacock spiders).
Description[edit]
Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, who is credited with the first formal biological description and hence is noted as the person assigning it its binomial name (he originally named it Salticus volans; its name was changed to Maratus volans by Marek Zabka in 1991[2]), wrote in his first description of it that "it is difficult to describe adequately the great beauty of the colouring of this spider".[3]
The red, blue and black colored males have flap-like extensions of the abdomen with white hairs that can be folded down. They are used for display during mating: the male raises his abdomen, then expands and raises the flaps so that the abdomen forms a white-fringed, circular field of color. The species, and indeed the whole genus Maratus have been compared to peacocks in this respect. The third pair of legs is also raised for display, showing a brush of black hairs and white tips. These legs are also used in a clapping motion to further attract a female's attention. While approaching the female, the male will vibrate his abdomen while waving raised legs and tail, and dance from side to side.[4][5]
Both sexes reach about 5 mm in body length. Females and immatures of both sexes are brown but have colour patterns by which they can be distinguished from related species.
Though a female may witness a male's dance, she could already be carrying eggs or simply not be impressed. If the male continues his dance when the female is not interested, she will attempt to attack, kill, and feed on him (Evans, 1990). If the male is quick enough he uses his ability to jump long distances to escape her, if he is not quick enough he is eaten by the perturbed female. This may also happen even if the female is interested and allows the male to mate with her. The behavior of the female M. volans suggests why the males have developed unique sexual dimorphic features and courtship behavior (Thornhill, 1984). It is important to note that M. volans not only use their inherited colorful opisthosomal flaps to lure the attention of the female but much of the mating ritual consist of waving and vibrating the third legs. This calls to question, why peacock spiders do not stick with just one signal in order to lure a female? The M. volans mating ritual can last anywhere between four and fifty-minutes (Girard, 2011). That is a lot of time and energy invested into a female that may not even mate with that particular male. This multi-modal approach to mating has been studied by Jakob Bro-Jergensen. In his published work, he states "When both sexes are allowed to respond optimally by introducing adaptive dynamics to a standard runaway model of condition dependent signaling, multiple signals can coexist even if the signal preferences entail significant costs"(Bro-Jorgensen, 2009). He goes on to explain that the potential sexual success outweighs the relatively low costs of the mating ritual. The mating rituals of M. volans is one example of intersexual selection. Intersexual selection is characterized by the competition of a male species with its female species, in which the female will decide which male she will mate with depending on certain phenotypic traits and relative fitness. It has been stated that M. volans males may have evolved to have such unique traits because of this sexual selection (Prum, 2010). The female spiders have been selecting for the most unusual and elaborate dances, therefore, the female is selecting for good genes. If the female decides to mate with a male that has the brightest colors and unique dancing patterns, it is likely that her offspring will have similarly unique courting advantages and succeed sexually as well (Thornhill, 1984). In contrast, if a female were to mate with a male that has a dull color pattern and does not dance appropriately, her offspring will likely have the same coloring pattern and may not succeed sexually, ultimately putting the species existence in danger. What was just described is an example of runaway sexual selection model. In the runaway sexual selection model, it is to be assumed that "If the genetic correlation between trait and preference is extremely high, this system can "run away" in a positive feedback loop, like a snowball rolling down a snowy mountain and accelerating as it becomes larger and larger."(Bergstrom, 2012) An effect of this would be that across many generations, male coloration would become more and more elaborate because the male gene for color and the female gene for preference are linked. It should be noted that the runaway sexual selection model and good genes model of intersexual selection are difficult to distinguish from one another. One distinguishing characteristic of the runaway sexual selection model is that the evolution of the selected gene can be detrimental to either the male or female. Because the male risks death in attempting to mate, the runaway sexual selection model is used to describe M. volans.
This species of spider poses no threat to humans.
Distribution[edit]
M. volans is confined to specific parts of Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Western Australia and Tasmania).[6]
Name[edit]
The species name—volans—means "flying" in Latin, because in his description of them O.P-Cambridge indicated that the person who sent him the specimens from New South Wales had told him that he had seen the spiders "actually using [the flaps] as wings or supporters to sustain the length of their leaps."[3] This belief has been debunked by the Australasian Arachnological Society.[7][8] Nevertheless, the designation "volans" remains.
References[edit]
 1. ^ a b "Taxon details Maratus volans (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874)". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
 2. ^ Waldock, Julianne M. (20 November 2008). "What's in a name? Or: why Maratus volans" (Salticidae) cannot fly" (PDF). _URL_. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
 3. ^ a b Pickford-Cambridge, Octavius (1874). "On some new genera and species of araneidea". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Fourth series. London: Taylor & Francis. 14 (81): 160–182. doi:10.1080/00222937408680951. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
 4. ^ _URL_
 5. ^ _URL_
 6. ^ Platnick 2009
 7. ^ _URL_
 8. ^ _URL_
 - Ed Nieuwenhuys: Peacock spider
 - David Edwin Hill 2009: "Euophryine jumping spiders that extend their third legs during courtship (Araneaee: Salticidia: Euophryinae: Maratus, Saitis)". Peckhamia 74(1): 1-27.
 - Jurgen C Otto and David E Hill 2011: "An illustrated review of the known peacock spiders of the genus Maratus from Australia, with description of a new species (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae)." Peckhamia 96.1: 1-27.
 - Thornhill, R., Alcock, J., (1984).The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems, Science Ne Series, 223(4638), 808-809
External links[edit]


text:
(Santa Barbara, Calif.) –– A new paradigm in quantum information processing has been demonstrated by physicists at UC Santa Barbara. Their results are published in this week's issue of Science Express online.
UCSB physicists have demonstrated a quantum integrated circuit that implements the quantum von Neumann architecture. In this architecture, a long-lived quantum random access memory can be programmed using a quantum central processing unit, all constructed on a single chip, providing the key components for a quantum version of a classical computer.
The UCSB hardware is based on superconducting quantum circuits, and must be cooled to very low temperatures to display quantum behavior. The architecture represents a new paradigm in quantum information processing, and shows that quantum large-scale-integration is within reach.
Physicists Demonstrate a Quantum Processor – Memory on a Chip - [Link]


text:
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Foaming saliva (symptom description): Foaming saliva is listed as a type of or related-symptom for symptom Drooling.
Foaming saliva (symptom description): For a medical symptom description of 'Foaming saliva', the following symptom information may be relevant to the symptoms: Drooling (type of symptom). However, note that other causes of the symptom 'Foaming saliva' may be possible.
Research the causes of these symptoms that are more broader types of symptom than Foaming saliva:
More information on symptom: Drooling:
Research related medical symptoms or conditions such as:
Search Specialists by State and City


text:
The design consisted of utilizing the existing detention basin constructed as part of the Madrid subdivision as an on-line facility that outlets to a storm drain which discharges to Culver – Hawes Basin. During the pre-design study, the Madrid on-line basin bypass was optimized to mitigate existing flooding of the downstream subdivision. The Culver-Hawes Basin is designed as an off-line facility where low-flows bypass the basin. The design included the development of a SWMM model to verify the dynamic operation of the off-line basin diversion structure. Downstream of the basin, the Hawes/Hermosa Vista storm drain conveys the flood flows to the Spook Hill Floodwater Retarding Structure (FRS). The entire system is designed to convey the 100-year flood and includes approximately 2.5 miles of large diameter storm drain and a 25-acre foot detention basin. The project also included landscape/aesthetic treatments, PAAC, and public meetings.
- 100-year flood protection
- 2.5 miles of large diameter storm drain
- 25-acre foot detention basin
Flood Control District of Maricopa and City of Mesa


Abstract
TeleHead I is an acoustical telepresence robot that we built on the basis of the concept that remote sound localization could be best achieved by using a user-like dummy head whose movement synchronizes with the user's head movement in real time. We clarified the characteristics of the latest version of TeleHead I, TeleHead II, and verified the validity of this concept by sound localization experiments. TeleHead II can synchronize stably with the user's head movement with a 120-ms delay. The driving noise level measured through headphones is below 24 dB SPL from 1 to 4 kHz. The shape difference between the dummy head and the user is about 3% in head width and 5% in head length. An overall measurement metric indicated that the difference between the head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) of the dummy head and the modeled listener is about 5 dB. The results of the sound localization experiments using TeleHead II clarified that head movement improves horizontal-plane sound localization performance even when the dummy head shape differs from the user's head shape. In contrast, the results for head movement when the dummy head shape and user head shape are different were inconsistent in the median plane. The accuracy of sound localization when using the same-shape dummy head with movement tethered to the user's head movement was always good. These results show that the TeleHead concept is acceptable for building an acoustical telepresence robot. They also show that the physical characteristics of TeleHead II are sufficient for conducting sound localization experiments.
This content is only available as a PDF.


text:
Pigeon Fermented Mixed Vegetables is a product that consists of a blend of various vegetables that have undergone a fermentation process. Fermented vegetables are known for their tangy, complex flavors and are often used in Asian cuisines as condiments, side dishes, or ingredients in cooking.
The exact composition of Pigeon Fermented Mixed Vegetables may vary, but it typically includes a combination of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, radishes, and other seasonal vegetables. These vegetables are fermented using traditional methods, allowing beneficial bacteria to develop and enhance the flavors.
During the fermentation process, the natural sugars in the vegetables are transformed, resulting in a slightly sour and tangy taste. This fermentation also promotes the growth of probiotics, which are beneficial for gut health.
Pigeon Fermented Mixed Vegetables can be enjoyed in various ways. They can be served as a side dish alongside rice or noodles, added to soups or stews for added flavor, or used as a condiment to provide a tangy and refreshing element to dishes.


text:
Who is Mummy Bear and where did he come from?
Starting from the left, click each year on the timeline to read about Mummy Bear.
How to understand the Timeline...
Today we are in the year
CE. If we count backwards, we reach the year 0. Between the year 0 and today is a time of history called the Common Era or CE. The year 0 is the start of the Common Era. If we keep going backwards past the year 0, we get into a time of history called Before Common Era or BCE. For example, 2560 BCE means 2,560 years before the beginning of the Common Era. This is a time when ancient Egyptians lived. And long before the ancient Egyptians, there was the fabled continent of Atlantis.


height \(h\) in feet of a model rocket above the ground \(t\) seconds after lift-off is given by
 \[ h(t) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} -5t^2 + 100t, & \mbox{if} & 0 \leq t \leq 20 \\ 0, & \mbox{if} & t > 20 \\ \end{array} \right.\]
 1. Find and interpret \(h(10)\) and \(h(60)\).
 2. Solve \(h(t) = 375\) and interpret your answers.
 Solution
 1. We first note that the independent variable here is \(t\), chosen because it represents time. Secondly, the function is broken up into two rules: one formula for values of \(t\) between \(0\) and \(20\) inclusive, and another for values of \(t\) greater than 20. Since \(t=10\) satisfies the inequality \(0 \leq t \leq 20\), we use the first formula listed, \(h(t) = -5t^2 + 100t\), to find \(h(10)\). We get \(h(10) = -5(10)^2 + 100(10) = 500\). Since \(t\) represents the number of seconds since lift-off and \(h(t)\) is the height above the ground in feet, the equation \(h(10) = 500\) means that \(10\) seconds after lift-off, the model rocket is \(500\) feet above the ground. To find \(h(60)\), we note that \(t=60\) satisfies \(t > 20\), so we use the rule \(h(t) = 0\). This function returns a value of \(0\) regardless of what value is substituted in for \(t\), so \(h(60) = 0\). This means that \(60\) seconds after lift-off, the rocket is \(0\) feet above the ground; in other words, a minute after lift-off, the rocket has already returned to Earth.
 2. Since the function \(h\) is defined in pieces, we need to solve \(h(t) = 375\) in pieces. For \(0 \leq t \leq 20\), \(h(t) = -5t^2 + 100t\), so for these values of \(t\), we solve \(-5t^2 + 100t = 375\). Rearranging terms, we get \(5t^2 - 100t + 375 = 0\), and factoring gives \(5(t-5)(t-15) = 0\). Our answers are \(t=5\) and \(t=15\), and since both of these values of \(t\) lie between \(0\) and \(20\), we keep both solutions. For \(t>20\), \(h(t) = 0\), and in this case, there are no solutions to \(0=375\). In terms of the model rocket, solving \(h(t) = 375\) corresponds to finding when, if ever, the rocket reaches \(375\) feet above the ground. Our two answers, \(t=5\) and \(t=15\) correspond to the rocket reaching this altitude \textit{twice} -- once \(5\) seconds after launch, and again \(15\) seconds after launch.\footnote{What goes up \ldots}
 The type of function in the previous example is called a \textbf{piecewise-defined} function, or 'piecewise' function for short. Many real-world phenomena (e.g. postal rates and income tax formulas) are modeled by such functions.
 By the way, if we wanted to avoid using a piecewise function in Example 1.4.4, we could have used \(h(t) = -5t^2 + 100t\) on the explicit domain \(0 \leq t \leq 20\) because after 20 seconds, the rocket is on the ground and stops moving. In many cases, though, piecewise functions are your only choice, so it's best to understand them well.
 Mathematical modeling is not a one-section topic. It's not even a one-course topic as is evidenced by undergraduate and graduate courses in mathematical modeling being offered at many universities. Thus our goal in this section cannot possibly be to tell you the whole story. What we can do is get you started. As we study new classes of functions, we will see what phenomena they can be used to model. In that respect, mathematical modeling cannot be a topic in a book, but rather, must be a theme of the book. For now, we have you explore some very basic models in the Exercises because you need to crawl to walk to run. As we learn more about functions, we'll help you build your own models and get you on your way to applying Mathematics to your world.
 Contributors
 - Carl Stitz, Ph.D. (Lakeland Community College) and Jeff Zeager, Ph.D. (Lorain County Community College)


text:
12 December 2001
ECONOMIC FACTORS. The economic factors affecting the dredging of
Navy harbors are the following.
Amount of Material to be Dredged
. The mobilization and demobilization
costs will constitute a significant portion of the total project cost for small-volume
dredging projects. For large-volume dredging projects, the mobilization and
demobilization costs will only increase the cost per cubic yard by a relatively small
Distance From the Dredging Site to the Disposal Site. This distance
depends on the availability of disposal sites, the volume, and the environmental mental
quality of the dredged material. If the sediment is contaminated, regulatory agencies
may require dumping at a "contained" land disposal site. In many areas these sites are
limited. Ocean disposal sites are attractive alternatives because of their unlimited
capacity and general proximity to Navy harbors. In either case additional costs and time
delays may be incurred because the dredged material must be proven environmentally
clean prior to issuance of a dredging permit. Regardless of where the material is
dumped, cost is a function of distance to the disposal site and mode of transport.
Environmental Considerations. Some form of environmental
documentation is required for every dredging project, which can add substantially to
project costs. The minimum requirement is a Preliminary Environmental Assessment.
Additional chemical or biological testing may be required to supplement this
documentation. If ocean disposal is proposed, it is likely that bioassays will be required
at an additional cost. Most costly of all are environmental surveys of the dredge site
and the disposal site which may be required in environmentally sensitive areas or cases
of critical contamination. It is recommended to involve the local environmental office in
the planning discussions from the inception of the project.
New Work Versus Maintenance Dredging. Where an area has not
been dredged before, the bottom sediments may be consolidated and difficult to
dredge. The added time required to dredge new material may incur additional costs.
Other Factors. Other factors include the cost of fuel, competition
between private and public dredgers, and the configuration and use of the naval harbor
to be dredged. Refer to either Chapter 8 of The Handbook of Dredging Engineering
(Herbich, 1992) for an Economic Analysis for Disposal or Chapter 10 in Dredging: A
Handbook for Engineers (Bray et al., 1997) for a discussion of Dredging Costs and
GEOTECHNICAL FACTORS. Soil investigations and testing techniques
are generally similar to terrestrial procedures except that trial dredging may be resorted
to where conditions for a particular type of dredge are marginal. Soil classifications
generally refer to the PIANC adopted system.
Sediment Analysis. Sediment samples from the dredge area should be
obtained and analyzed.


text:
Numerical simulation of flood and debris flows through drainage culvert
Keywords:debris flow, culvert, numerical simulation
In mountainous area, cross drainage culvert is commonly used to allow water and debris to pass underneath road or embankment. Flood and debris flows typically undergo a sudden change of the flow depth in the open channel with culvert due to the discontinuity of the bottom slope and the cross-sectional area near the culvert inlet, which can result in culvert failure due to blockage. In this study, we seek to improve our understanding of the culvert flow and its transition in such open channel. A second-order-accurate finite volume method using a shock-capturing scheme with TVD limiters has been developed for solving one dimensional shallow water equations with debris flow resistance terms to predict the time-dependent behavior of non-Newtonian debris flow through culverts. To evaluate the numerical model, we first apply it to calculate a saturated debris flow in a large scale experimental channel. The comparison of the numerical results with experimental measurements shows that the present model can reasonably well reproduce laboratory but fairly large scale debris flows. To investigate the behaviour of the common flood flow, an immature debris flow and debris flow in our laboratory flume with a square culvert and an abrupt change of bed slope, we conducted these ows using corresponding flow resistance relations. The numerical results appear to be in good agreement with our experimental measurements which provide useful information on the debris flow transient through culverts. The numerical results show that the present model is a promising engineering tool for practical simulations of such flows. We elucidate the transient features of ood and debris flows through culverts, based on numerical solutions of such flows in the open channel with culvert at various con gurations of different bottom slopes between the channel and the culvert.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2011 Italian journal of engineering geology and environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


text:
Australian photographer Daniel Shipp's photographic series "Botanical Inquiry" blends the beauty of every day plants along side ghostly urban environments. The composition of the plants highlights and accents their subtle botanical beauty. It creates a striking contrast with the often haunted background. His arrangements have the pants framing the urban scene. The viewer looks through their foliage to see the world beyond.
I enjoy that you can tell the images are constructed. The plants are collected and posed in relationship the their background. The resulting technique creates a strong cinematic image that's aware of it's artifice. The resulting image creates a more interesting narrative. You see the world through the plants perspective, on its scale.


text:
Auckland university researchers have written software which enables a computer to recognise rat footprints from those of other wildlife, and tell the difference between species of rats.
"By identifying rat species we can understand patterns of invasion on predator-free islands, or detect new species entering New Zealand," biologist James Russell said.
The software can be used to read cards left on either side of an inkpad that pests walk over in tunnels placed in vulnerable sites such as predator-free islands or cargo crates.
Footprint cards are a cheap method of identifying animals, particularly ones present in low numbers, or difficult for human observers to find.
The Department of Conservation uses footprint cards but analyses them manually, and it is difficult for even experts to differentiate between species with similar-looking footprints.
Automating the footprint identification speeds up the tracking of invasive animals, and technique can be easily adapted to monitor other animals.
By developing an automated method to identify species, and extending it to any animal that leaves tracks - including reptiles and insects - researchers can help track species living in an area, said Dr Russell, who now teaches at the University of California's Berkeley campus.
Tracking tunnels will be used on Auckland's Rangitoto and Motutapu islands, where eradication programmes have started against all introduced animals.


Interactive Table for the Star-Spangled Banner Permanent Exhibition
Interactive Table for the Star-Spangled Banner Permanent Exhibition
C&G Partners, Chermayeff & Geismar, Potion, 2008
For the reopening of the National Museum of American History, Potion and C&G Partners designed an interactive table to accompany the Star-Spangled Banner display. The museum wanted visitors to have the opportunity to see, touch and explore the details of the flag. With the nearly 200-year-old flag's delicate condition, this hands-on experience could only take place with an interactive design. Here, a high-resolution image of the flag is projected onto a 15 x 4 table, presenting a section of the flag at actual scale to reveal its intricate details.
Custom sensing technology recognizes visitors' gestures, allowing them to easily activate information about the flag. One hundred and fifty "hot spots," indicated by circles, are scattered across the flag's surface. Touching a hot spot brings up a fact about the flag, such as why the material is torn in a certain place, what techniques were used during preservation, or why one of the original stars is missing. Visitors can also intuitively navigate to different areas of the flag. By holding their hand over the surface, they activate a graphic tool that can quickly push the flag in any direction.
Juror Notes
Great use of scale; shows tremendous restraint. The use of multi-touch surface is well orchestrated.
Collections: AIGA 365: 30 (2009)
Repository: Denver Art Museum
Discipline: Information design
Format: Information graphic, Interaction


Accepted Papers:
Non-State policing; does it warrant support or closure?
Bruce Baker (Coventry University)
Paper Short Abstract:
Paper long abstract:
Nonstate agencies are the primary providers of protection; deterrence; investigation; resolution; and punishment for most Africans in most circumstances. For this reason alone, states should be evaluating what if anything should be the contribution of the nonstate sector in the future and how it might fit into any national security policy. The paper begins by considering some of the definitional problems with the term 'nonstate' policing and suggests, despite the diversity, certain commonalties. It then proceeds to examine the arguments for and against the state supporting its activities. Though, in conclusion, it argues the case for the construction of new alliances and the strengthening of existing ones between nonstate and state policing, it doubts whether there is yet the political will to formally abandon the claim to be the sole provider of policing. Ultimately the question of who delivers justice and security services is a political and normative one.
panel H1
The State


text:
Why You Need Weighted Average for Calculating Total Portfolio Return
This is a very basic article explaining why unweighted arithmetic average is not suitable when portfolio is not equally weighted. See more about When to Use Arithmetic Average and When Not.
3 stock portfolio example
Let's say you have 1 million dollars and you want to invest it in stocks. You construct a fairly concentrated portfolio – you particularly like stock ABC. At the beginning of the year you have invested 1 million dollars in 3 stocks:
- Stock ABC: 80% of portfolio = USD 800,000
- Stock DEF: 10% of portfolio = USD 100,000
- Stock GHI: 10% of portfolio = USD 100,000
The important factor for illustrating the point of this article is that the positions have different weights in the portfolio: 80%, 10%, and 10%.
Performance of individual stocks
One year later, you are looking at your portfolio's performance. The 3 stocks performed like this:
- Stock ABC -20%
- Stock DEF +10%
- Stock GHI +40%
Arithmetic average of the stocks' returns
What is the arithmetic average? The sum of -20%, +10% and +40% equals +30%. Divided by 3, the arithmetic average of the stocks' returns in the last year is +10%. (See How to Calculate Arithmetic Average: The Very Basics).
Percentage return and P/L of total portfolio
How much money have you made?
- In stock ABC you have lost 20% of 800,000 = USD 160,000
- In stock DEF you have made 10% of 100,000 = USD 10,000
- In stock GHI you have made 40% of 100,000 = USD 40,000
The whole portfolio P/L is negative 160,000 plus 10,000 plus 40,000, which equals a loss of USD 110,000. On percentage basis, you have lost 11% of your initial investment.
Why is arithmetic average not working?
Though 2 of the 3 stocks have risen and arithmetic average of the 3 stocks' returns is +10%, your portfolio has lost money, as your biggest (and losing) position in stock ABC has outbalanced the two smaller positions. Had your portfolio been equally weighted (each stock 33.3%), its return would have been +10%. But you were unlucky to allocate more to ABC, the one stock that has lost in the end.
Weighted average is better for calculating total portfolio return
For calculating average return of a portfolio or basket of stocks, arithmetic average is only suitable when all stocks have equal weights in the portfolio, which is rarely the case. When the weights are different, you need to take it into account and use weighted average instead.


WWII Beans
Wikisimpsons - The Simpsons Wiki
WWII Beans
WWII Beans.png
Food/Drink Information
Type: Canned food
Town: Springfield
First Appearance: "The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer"
A tin of WWII Beans, presumably meant to be eaten during World War II, was seen in the kitchen at Springfield Elementary School.
Lunchlady Dora used the tin when she was preparing lunch for the school's cafeteria. When Doris opened the tin, spirits came out of it and moaned eerily as they flew around the kitchen. Doris, annoyed, then told them to get into the food.


text:
What: A graded color effect is nice for boundaries that you want to appear to blend into the map. For the Crater Lake map, we wanted the outside of the Park boundary to be distinct and the inside of the boundary to blend into the background. If you had to symbolize an indeterminate boundary, you could make further modifications so both sides blended and the line would look like it was indistinct on both edges and more distinct in the middle. Why: It is sometimes appropriate to show that that features have indistinct boundaries or there is an interior to a feature. Either of these goals can be achieved using a graded color boundary. The sharper edge of the boundary helps distinguish it as the exterior edge. If neither edge is distinct and the middle of the symbol is sharper, then the reader can better understand that the whole boundary is indistinct. How: To achieve the graded color boundary effect, you can use buffers symbolized with a color ramp. On our map, we matched the interior of the boundary with the our data so that it blended in; the exterior edge more sharply contrasted with the area outside the park extent.
To create the boundary:
You can also use the Multiple Ring Buffer tool in ArcToolbox. The difference is that you will need to input the distance value for each of the 20 rings. If you need to make a set of uniform width buffers, the older Buffer Wizard tool is faster.
To symbolize the boundary:
You can pick colors that match your map using the Eye Dropper tool. To add the Eye Dropper tool to any of your toolbars: Click Tools and Customize. Then click on the Commands tab and scroll down to Page Layout. The Eye Dropper tool will be on the right side of the window. Click and drag the tool to any of your toolbars. Use it to click on a color and find out its RGB values.
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Expanding Your Microcomputer's Power
by M. Kevin Parfitt, Asst. Chf. Struct. Engr.; Basco Associates, York, Penna.,
Serial Information: Civil Engineering—ASCE, 1981, Vol. 51, Issue 8, Pg. 55-55
Document Type: Feature article
Abstract:
Microcomputers are becoming more versatile and dependable with each new generation of computer hardware and software. There are times, however, when the computational power of a microcomputer is not sufficient, or a more sophisticated computer program is required. Connection of your microcomputer to a time-sharing computer network can solve these problems in an economical and efficient manner. Civil engineering applications, program libraries and information data banks available through computer time-sharing networks are explored.
Subject Headings: Computer software | Computers | Computer networks | Computing in civil engineering | Economic factors | Engineering education | Public buildings
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article

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text:
Which influence does high-tech-equipment have on the innovation capability of enterprises? How can the technology and knowledge transfer be designed within a Second-Product-Lifecycle-Strategy? How can the transferred technology and knowledge contribute to fostering innovations in the target enterprises?
These are the questions the research project 2nd Tech-Cycle, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the European Social Fund, strives to find adequate answers to. 2nd Tech-Cycle is regarded as an innovative concept improving the distribution of high-tech equipment into common small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to enhance their innovative potential. It thereby enables SMEs to generate product and process innovations faster.


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How Do Lobsters Communicate: A Guide
How Do Lobsters Communicate
Human beings are not the only species that communicate and interact with their kind. Species of other animals do, too. Like humans, animals need to communicate with others from same species for various tasks. Humans communicate by speaking to each other. But other animals' way of interacting with each other is a lot more different from humans. Here we will discuss how do lobsters communicate with their kind. But before coming on to their unique mode of communication, let's talk about some of their strange and unique characteristics, including other related information you need to know.
What Are Lobsters?
Lobsters belong to Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropods. They are fascinating animals having unique characteristics. They are classified as a decapod crustacean, which means that they are ten-legged water bugs. They have four walking legs on either side and two big claws.
They live in the North Atlantic Ocean and flourish in cold water. But can be found in all of the world's oceans as well as even in freshwater. Like the social behavior of Ants, they live pretty intertidally, in-depth for about one to fifty meters but can be found up to seven hundred meters. So in this intertidally range, they like having tiny holes and Rocky habitats that they can hide away in. They have poor eyesight but great sense of smell and taste.
Characteristics of lobsters
Besides this, they have some other strange, unique features that can only be found in them, and these feature make them different from other animal species.
They can regrow their limbs
Lobsters tend to be fairly solitary animals, how ever when they do interact with other lobsters they can be really aggressive and sometimes in these fights they lose their limbs. Fortunately for the lobsters they are able to regrow these limbs when they grow larger.
During the growth, they shed their shells, similar to snakes shedding their skin. They will then regrow their shell larger than the previous shell allowing their body inside to grow. When they are regrowing their shell, they are able to regrow their area that was lost.
Female lobsters get naked to mate
Female lobsters mate during their soft-bodied stage. Soft-bodied stage is kind of similar to growth. When lobsters shed their hard shells and before the regrow their new shells, there's an intermediate period where the lobsters are soft-bodied. It is during this time, the female lobsters mate with the males being naked.
How do lobsters communicate
They smell using their feet
Unlike humans which just have one means to smell, lobsters have several. The main way they smell is using their antennules. This is the smaller set of antenna located beneath the larger set. The antennules are covered with small, bristle hair-like structures called setae. The setae are chemical receptors and therefore can detect and chemicals in front of the lobster as the antennules wave through the water.
These setae are also located in the tufts of hair along the lobsters walking legs. This means as the lobster walks across the ocean floor, any chemical it walks on top of it can smell. Thus, the lobster is able to smell using it's feet.
How Do Lobsters Communicate
Their way of communication is unique out of all the other strange characteristics mentioned above. Before going on to the part of how do lobsters communicate, you need to know their really important feature before, which is directly connected to their manner of interacting and communicating with each other.
Lobsters pee out of their heads
It is the most strange character of lobsters. They have two paired glands in their head that are sometimes called the urinary glands, green glands and antenna glands. These glands act as the bladder of the lobsters where the urine is stored. These glands then lead to two pores that are located around the base of antenna and thus is where the lobsters pee out of.
Lobsters squirt pee to communicate
Lobsters not only pee out of their heads but they also use this pee to communicate with each other. This is because of the pheromones that are present in their urine.
What are pheromones?
Pheromones is just any chemical that is used for communication. Because the pee is released at the base of the antennae, it is also right above where the gills are near the lobster's mouth. These gills create current that push the pee out and away from the lobster towards any other animals or other lobsters that this lobster may be trying to communicate with.
These pheromones can carry the variety of information that the lobster may want to convey to other lobsters such as it's dominance, what sex it is and whether or not it is ready to undergo its molting stage.
How do lobsters communicate
Process Of Communication
Lobsters uses scents to communicate what and where they are and these scents are present in urine called pheromones described above. They project long lumes of urine 1-2 meters(3ft 3inches -6ft 7inches) in front of them, or so when they detect a rival or a potential mate in the area. So lobsters pee on each other's faces while communicating. They do not have local chords which other animals use to make sounds for communication. That's why they don't make any gesture as a way of communicating.
How lobsters squirt pee?
Instead of making noises to communicate, lobsters squirt pee at each other. This can be done very easily due to the fact that they pee from their head not from rear part of the body. They have paired bladed located just under their brain located on either side of their head. The 'rosette glands' produce pheromones, which are just chemicals that function like hormones outside of their body and can be smelled by other lobsters.
Pheromones are the injected into the stream of urine. The urine containing pheromones is ultimately released through small urine release nozzles just at the base of the lobster's antenna. Fan-like appendages in the head of lobster help then in the direct stream of urine towards the other lobster that is standing opposite of them.
The urine that was squirted contains the chemical message, which can communicate several things. It includes simple attraction, recognition, and aggression.
How do lobsters communicate
Close picture of Lobster
So, how do lobsters communicate? The answer of this question is now clearly explained. Lobsters communicate by peeing at each other's faces. The chemical substance released after that helps them to understand the message each is trying to convey. Communication is a key of life. And species of every animal communicates differently. Lobsters lack vocal cords, unlike other animals with vocal cords to make sounds for communication and don't make any gestures. What they do is pee on each other's faces, and that's enough for them to communicate.
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text:
The vice chancellor of Gloucestershire University has suggested that video games should play a role in the state education of the UK's youth.
Patricia Broadfoot, vice-chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire, said computer games could be used to assess creativity in schools.
According to The Times Higher Education, Broadfoot told the International Association for Educational Assessment conference in Brisbane last month:
"Games are excellent learning tools in that they are interactive and provide rapid feedback, opportunities for extensive practice, engagement with intellectual complexity, emotional involvement and, increasingly, open-ended outcomes that challenge the creativity of the player," she said.
They also offer training in metacognition, strategic thinking, concentration and even social skills, she added.
"Perhaps most important of all for many students is the level of engagement that computers can provide," she said.
"Engagement, as we have seen, is the essential starting point for creative thinking, whether this is at school, at university or in the workplace."
Current tests in the space are limited for assessment needs on a large scale, Professor Broadfoot said, adding that the sector needed to "embrace the full potential of the information age".


phrases, sayings, proverbs and idioms at
The meaning and origin of the expression: Donkey's years
Browse phrases beginning with:
Donkey's years
Other phrases about:
What's the meaning of the phrase 'Donkey's years'?
A very long time.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Donkey's years'?
It turns out that, although Donkey's years is now the more commonly used slang term when meaning 'a long time', donkey's ears, has been used that way too (although not very often) since at least the early 20th century. The English humorous writer Edward Verral Lucas used the phrase that way in his novel Vermilion Box, 1916:
The clue there seems to be that Lucas write comic stories. 'Donkey's ears' wasn't used until well after the date that 'donkey's years' had become established in the language and was only ever a jokey alternative form.
So, having found 'donkey's ears' to be a side-show, we now come to when and how did 'donkey's years' originate? It is now used as Cockney rhyming slang and the assumption that is made by many is that the expression was coined as such, making the rhyme between 'ears' and 'years'. That assumption is very likely to be wrong. Three things count against it.
1. It isn't backed by any known evidence.
2. The expressions use as Cockney rhyming slang is long predated by it being used in being used with no CRS connection. The first example of the expression 'donkey's years' that I can find in print is from The Salisbury Times, July 1876:
Didn't you ask him how long it had been in his possession?
I can't recollect that. I might have done so.
Didn't he say for years and years and donkey's years?
This is getting on for a hundred years earlier than any use of 'donkey's years' as rhyming slang, which isn't found in print with a rhyming slang connection until the 1950s.
'Donkey's years' is certainly in use as Cockney rhyming slang now but the evidence points to it being a back-formation, that is, an existing phrase that got taken up as rhyming slang later.
Donkey's yearsDonkey's years may have been chosen as a synonym for a long time simply because donkeys are long-lived animals. Lively Laddie, a donkey who had lived up to his name for many years while plying his trade on Blackpool Pleasure Beach was, until his death at age 62, a contender for the 'oldest living quadruped' title.


text:
SAN FRANCISCO – Earth observation startup Albedo raised $48 million in a Series A funding round led by Breakthrough Energy Ventures and Shield Capital. Participating in the round were new and existing Albedo investors including Republic Capital, San Francisco-based Giant Step Capital Partners, C16 Ventures, Initialized Capital, Liquid 2 and SNR.
With the cash infusion announced Sept. 7, Albedo plans to complete development and testing of its first satellite destined for very low Earth orbit, or VLEO, as well as the software for satellite operations and imagery distribution.
"This basically allows us to start going heads-down on executing our technical roadmap with flying in VLEO and obtaining this level of resolution in both optical and thermal infrared," Topher Haddad, Albedo co-founder and CEO, told SpaceNews. "There's a lot of new core technologies that we're developing to enable us to do that."
Albedo, based in Austin, Texas, and Denver, is developing satellites to acquire optical imagery with a resolution of 10 centimeters per pixel and thermal infrared imagery with two-meter resolution on the same platform. Because the satellites will obtain optical and thermal infrared imagery nearly simultaneously, Albedo can use the higher-resolution optical imagery to sharpen features in the thermal infrared imagery and offer "insights that you couldn't get if you had thermal on its own," Haddad said.
The resulting imagery, which can reveal moisture levels, temperature differences and energy efficiency, has applications for precision agriculture, mapping, insurance, vegetation management, construction, pipeline monitoring, urban planning and defense.
"To reach net zero, we will need high fidelity visual and thermal data that is available at low cost and high frequency, enabling a host of Earth science focused climate solutions," Carmichael Roberts of Breakthrough Energy Ventures said in a statement. "Albedo is the first company we've seen that can provide this data that will enable applications for precision agriculture, forestry management, and wildfire prevention and management."
Earth observation experts say that classified U.S. government satellites obtain optical imagery with a resolution of about 10 centimeters per pixel. As an example, they point to images of a damaged Iranian launchpad tweeted in 2019 by then-President Trump.
At that resolution level, analysts can classify military vehicles and aircraft, and observe missile tests.
In December, Albedo received a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration license to sell commercial optical imagery with a resolution of 10 centimeters per pixel. In April 2021, the company raised $10 million in a Seed funding round.
"Beyond the capital, we couldn't be more excited to partner with two lead investors who reflect the markets with some of the strongest needs for Albedo's imagery," said Haddad said in a statement. "We have an exciting and challenging road ahead. With the new funding and regulatory risks behind us, it's time to ramp up our technical development and execute on bringing this capability to market."


Generate IPNS id from a universally unique identifier such as an email - is this possible?
It is my understanding that the format of an IPFS hash has many headers in it that define stuff like:
 - which version of the protocol to use
 - which hash algorithm to use
 - which base to use
 - other headers for lengths and other stuff
I understand that a IPNS hash is pretty similar
My question is:
Is it theoretically possible to generate a IPNS hash from a universally unique identifier such as an email?
I suspect that in the existing protocol for an IPNS id, there is some code which creates a random hash. Could we replace that functionality with creating the hash from an email instead?
i.e. is it theoretically possible to pass a universally unique identifier such as an email address, to a function which generates a universally unique IPNS id? If we run the function a second time with the same email it produces the same IPNS - is this possible?
If it is possible does anyone know of any existing code that does that? I prefer Java code but any code is cool.
If this is possible it opens up a lot of possibilities.
Thank you in advance for any help anyone can give.
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If it existed, any person (read adversary) could generate the same IPNS "hash" and publish messages in your name (!)
What you can do is sign a message containing your email with you IPNS identity, but the IPNS hash will be the central identity.
If you want email to be the central identity, you need to prove that you are owning it. You can send an email with your IPNS identity for exemple.
Thanks for your reply.
What If the input was "email:password" then only people who knew both the email and password could publish messages. Is that correct?
It would be as secure as the password, yes, but how would other people make use of that? They have no way of verifying that the hash is linked to _EMAIL_. Also, anyone can generate a hash with _EMAIL_ + random string with the string supposed to be the password.
Thank you Akita for your time and dealing with possibly super dumb questions.
Can you think of a way to convert:
 namespace:_EMAIL_
to a IPFS cid so that an associated file can be retrieved without knowing the cid up front. Anyone can download the file but only one person can be able to create or update the file.
It was this requirement that made me start thinking about how IPNS cid are created.
Hello,
IPNS keys are random (and tied to a node). When you generate an IPNS key you can pass a key name but it's only a local identifier so that won't help.
Regarding your last question, i understand what you're trying to achieve, let me share my thoughts. If you were to import the content namespace:_EMAIL_ in IPFS, you'll get a unique CID (assuming you always use the same hash algo), and then anyone on the network can check that someone added this email (you just need to compute the hash corresponding to this email, by using ipfs add in hash-only mode, adding the string namespace:email, then fetch this CID). This part works because the email is known and static.
Associating a file to this email will not work because once you associate another CID to this CID, the resulting CID of the file will be unpredictable :slight_smile: (welcome to immutability …). Using a raw DAG doesn't change the problem.
What you can do however, is for example associate a raw DAG to an IPNS key, and store the emails and the associated CIDs in the raw DAG (you could even have a list of CIDs per email). Then people knowing the IPNS key can do ipfs get /ipns/key/_EMAIL_/0. That means you have to communicate the IPNS key/domain. You could also use an OrbitDB database for this.
Good luck.
Thank you very much for your time and answer reload.


Coating Alternatives for Aluminum & Plastic
aluminum-coatingInstead of going to your local hardware store for a can or two of spray paint, consider covering your aluminum or plastic in different more durable materials. While the materials may be a bit more expensive at first, it will prove to be money well spent in the long run as these coats will last a long time.
Aluminum & Plastic Coating Aletrnatives
 - Anodizing This first process applies only to Aluminum and is an electrochemical coating that forms a coating of aluminum oxide on the surface of the aluminum. Here are some general pros and cons
 1. Can only be used with Aluminum
 2. This is cheaper than most painting options
 3. This coating cannot peel because its integral to the metal
 4. The thicker the coating the longer the life of the coating
 5. Poor chemical resistance but still better than pure aluminum (ie acidic rain)
 6. You can paint or cover the anodizing with another form of paint or coating
 7. Environmentally friendly as it emits no VOC's and uses no heavy metals
 8. A few colors available
 9. Easy to scratch
 10. Able to be done at home with the right chemicals and materials
 11. No curing time needed
 12. You can't remove the coating
 - Powder Coating This process involves spraying powder onto the plastic or metal part and then melting and baking that powder onto the material coated. Here are some general pros and cons to powder coating
 1. Multiple colors available
 2. Most resistant to chemical and physical abuse
 3. It can chip and peel, although not easily
 4. More expensive than spray paint and anodizing
 5. The coating is thick
 6. Environmentally friendly
 7. Can be used with multiple materials
 8. Hard to do it yourself
 9. Short curing times
 10. More flexible coating meaning its more durable with moving parts
 11. Easy to clean off the powder and restart before you cure it
 - Paint Finally, the tried and true spray can. This involves spraying paint onto the metal or plastic and then waiting for the paint to dry or curing the paint in an oven. Here are some pros and cons
 1. Easiest to do at home
 2. Cheap for simple paint jobs although it can get really expensive with more complex jobs
 3. NOT environmentally friendly as paint sometimes includes heavy metals and the propellants are usually hydrocarbons and curing releases VOC's
 4. Long curing times
 5. Infinite colors available
 6. This has the weakest chemical and physical resistance
 7. Only thin coatings allowed otherwise paint will droop
 8. Coatings can easily peel and chip
 9. Easy to clean off and fix any mistakes
Anodizing is cheap and durable but can only be used on aluminum with limitedplatstic-coating-materials colors and no re-do's. Powder coating is expensive but offers the best durability with the most flexibility in terms of what it can be applied on and what colors can be used. Finally, painting is easiest to do, but has the weakest durability. Whichever coating you go for, you'll have an amazing look to admire and protect your materials for years.


Clone wiki
ariac / documentation
Documentation for Gazebo Environment for Agile Robotics (GEAR)
GEAR is the software used by teams participating in the Agile Robotics for Industrial Automation Competition (ARIAC) hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
 1. Competition Specifications
 2. Finals
 3. System Requirements
 - The system requirements for GEAR.
 4. Competition Interface
 - How contestants are to communicate with GEAR.
 5. Environment Configuration Specifications
 - How to configure the GEAR competition environment.
 - How to add sensors.
 - How to select and place the arm.
 6. Logging and Playback for ARIAC Qualifiers
 7. ARIAC Update Policy
Updated


?MDCLXVI'
 x = ''.join(N).find(l)
 # Calculate the value of this letter based on x
 v = (5 - x%2 * 4) * 10 ** (3 - x/2)
 if X < x:
 # We're moving forward in the list, e.g. CX
 n += s # Add in any previously-stored value
 s = v # Store this value in case we have something like CXL
 X = x # Advance the index
 elif X > x:
 # Moving backward, e.g. XC
 n += v - s # Add the current value and subtract the stored one
 s=0
 else:
 # Same index as before, e.g. XX
 n += v + s # Add the current value and any stored one
 s = 0
 # Update total using operator and value (including leftover stored value
 # if any)
 exec "t" + o + "=n+s"
# Now convert the answer back to Roman numerals
# Special-case the thousands digit
r = t / 1000 * 'M'
# Loop over the number mod 1000, padded with zeroes to four digits (to make
# the indices come out right)
for p, d in enumerate("%04d" % (t % 1e3)):
 i = "49".find(d)
 g = N[p]
 if i < 0:
 # i == -1, thus d isn't '4' or '9'
 if '4' < d:
 # >= 5, so add the 5's letter
 r += g[0]
 # ... plus (digit % 5) copies of the 1's letter
 r += int(d) % 5 * g[1]
 else:
 # If it's a 4 or 9, add the 1's letter plus the appropriate
 # larger-valued letter
 r += g[1] + N[p-i][i]
print r
I have a feeling Perl would have been better, but I don't know enough of it. For a first stab at code golf, though, I feel pretty good about this.
share|improve this answer
PHP — 549 525 524 520 bytes
Nothing too innovative: normalizes the operators to ensure left to right precedence, converts Roman to decimal, runs eval on the statement, e.g. XCIX + I / L * D + IV is converted to something like return (((((+90 +9) + (+1)) / (+50)) * (+500)) + (+4));, then converts decimal back to Roman.
 - final results are truncated
 - answers less than 1 come back blank
 - results are undefined if given incorrect input
$f='str_replace';$g='str_split';$c=array('M'=>1e3,'CM'=>900,'D'=>500,'CD'=>400,'C'=>100,'XC'=>90,'L'=>50,'XL'=>40,'X'=>10,'IX'=>9,'V'=>5,'IV'=>4,'I'=>1);$j='['.$f(array('+','-','*','/'),array('])+[','])-[','])*[','])/['), $argv[1]).'])';$j=str_repeat('(',substr_count($j,')')).$j;$j=$f('[','(',$j);$j=$f(']',')',$j);foreach($g('IVIXXLXCCDCM',2)as$w)$j=$f($w,'+'.$c[$w],$j);foreach($g('IVXLCDM')as$w)$j=$f($w,'+'.$c[$w],$j);$k=eval('return '.$j.';');$l='';foreach($c as$a=>$b){while($k>=$b){$l.=$a;$k-=$b;}}print$l."\n";
e.g.
$ php roman.php 'XCIX + I / L * D + IV' — test case
MIV — 1004
$ php roman.php 'XXXII * LIX' — 32 × 59
MDCCCLXXXVIII — 1888
share|improve this answer
Python - 446 bytes
This could be improved considerably. I felt I had to take the first swing using Python. It does 3 things on the first pass
 1. tokenizes the numbers and operators
 2. evaluates the numbers, and enlarges the symbol table x to include all possible combinations encountered (even if they are not used). For example, while XIX is being lexed, the partial values of "X":10, "XI":11 and "XIX":19 are added to the symbol table
 3. inserts nested parens to enforce left-to-right evaluation
At the end, it calls eval on the original string (except with added parens) and gives it the symbol table.
Then I just pasted in a known solution to convert integer to Roman, since I had worked on this long enough... please feel free to improve so that I learn something new :)
m=zip((1000,900,500,400,100,90,50,40,10,9,5,4,1),
('M','CM','D','CD','C','XC','L','XL','X','IX','V','IV','I'))
def doit(s):
 x={'M':1e3,'D':500,'C':100,'L':50,'X':10,'V':5,'I':1};y=[];z='';a='0';s='+'+s
 for c in s.upper():
 if c in x:
 z+=c;y.append(x[c])
 if len(y)>1and y[-1]>y[-2]:y[-2]*=-1
 x[z]=sum(y)
 elif c in"+/*-":a='('+a+z+')'+c;y=[];z=''
 a+=z;i=eval(a,x);r = ''
 for n,c in m:d=int(i/n);r+=c*d;i-=n*d
 return r
print doit("XIX + LXXX")
print doit("XCIX + I / L * D + IV")
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text:
However, with the advent of renewable energy and digital connectivity, the landscape of remote areas is rapidly changing. This blog article explores the intersection of renewable energy and digital connectivity, highlighting their significance in enhancing the quality of life in remote areas.
The Importance of Renewable Energy in Remote Areas
In remote areas, traditional energy sources like fossil fuels are often limited or non-existent, making it necessary to harness renewable energy.
- Accessibility: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are readily available in most remote areas, providing a sustainable solution for power generation.
- Cost-effectiveness: Once the initial investment is made, renewable energy systems offer a more cost-effective solution in the long run, as they rely on natural resources that are abundant in remote locations.
- Environmental benefits: Utilizing renewable energy sources significantly reduces the carbon footprint, contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment.
For instance, according to the World Bank, 840 million people worldwide still lack access to electricity, with the majority residing in remote areas. The implementation of renewable energy solutions can play a crucial role in addressing this gap and improving the standard of living for these communities.
Impact of Digital Connectivity in Remote Areas
Access to digital connectivity brings numerous benefits to remote areas, transforming their socio-economic landscape.
- Economic development: Digital connectivity allows businesses in remote areas to expand their reach and access global markets, promoting economic growth and job opportunities.
- Education: Online education platforms empower individuals in remote areas with access to quality educational resources, bridging the educational divide.
- Healthcare: Telemedicine services enable healthcare professionals to remotely diagnose and treat patients in remote areas, improving healthcare accessibility.
A study conducted by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) revealed that every 10% increase in broadband penetration in developing countries results in a 38% increase in GDP growth. These statistics highlight the profound impact of digital connectivity on remote areas.
The Synergy Between Renewable Energy and Digital Connectivity
The combination of renewable energy and digital connectivity provides a holistic solution for remote areas, driving sustainable development and improving quality of life.
- Energy for connectivity: Renewable energy sources can power the necessary infrastructure for digital connectivity, ensuring a reliable and uninterrupted internet connection.
- Off-grid solutions: Renewable energy systems can enable off-grid communities to access digital services, such as internet connectivity and mobile communication, even in the absence of traditional power grids.
- Smart grids: Integrating renewable energy sources with digital connectivity enables the creation of smart grids, optimizing energy distribution and consumption in remote areas.
By leveraging this synergy, remote areas can overcome the challenges of energy scarcity and limited connectivity, paving the way for sustainable development and inclusion.
Renewable energy and digital connectivity are catalysts for progress in remote areas. Their combination opens up new opportunities for economic growth, education, healthcare, and overall development, enhancing the quality of life for those living in these underserved areas.
As we continue to advance technologically, it is essential to prioritize the deployment of renewable energy systems and digital infrastructure in remote areas. By doing so, we can bridge the digital divide, promote sustainable development, and create a more inclusive world.