Residual Stress
Residual stresses are locked-in stresses within a metal object, even though the object is free of external forces. These stresses are the result of one region of the metal being constrained by adjacent regions from expanding, contracting, or releasing elastic strains. Residual stresses can be tensile or compressive. In fact, tensile and compressive residual stresses co-exist within a component.
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Causes of residual stress
Residual stresses arise whenever a component is stressed beyond its elastic limit and plastic deformation occurs. Plastic deformation occurs when the stress exceeds a metal's yield strength (discussed in Tensile Testing). This can be as a result of…
 - Non-uniform plastic deformation during mechanical processing, such as that during rolling, forming operations (bending or drawing), machining, and mechanical surface treatments (shot peening and roller burnishing).
 - Phase transformations during cooling from elevated temperatures
 - Non-uniform plastic deformation during heating or cooling
 - Heterogeneity of a chemical or crystallographic order (nitriding or case hardening)
 - Various surface treatments (enameling, electroplating PVD and CVD coating)
This article discusses the first three causes.
Residual stress due to temperature variations
In parts cooled from elevated temperatures, residual stresses are caused by temperature variations in the metal during cooling. Cooling from elevated temperatures occurs during heat treating and welding.
Temperature variations in a metal during cooling from an elevated temperature result in localized variations of the amount of thermal contraction. Thermal contraction develops non-uniform stress due to different rates of cooling experienced by the surface and interior of the metal. During cooling, the outer portion of a component cools first and that portion of the metal contracts, compressing the hotter inner metal. As the inner portion of the component cools, the metal tries to contract, but is constrained by the already cooled outer portion. Consequently, the inner portion will have a residual tensile stress and the outer portion of the component will have a residual compressive stress.
Residual stress due to phase transformation
A phase transformation is a change in the metallurgical phases present in an alloy. For example, the transformation from austenite to martensite in steel during through hardening is a phase transformation.
Residual stresses that arise during a phase transformation are due to the volume difference between the newly forming and initial metallurgical phases. The volume difference causes expansion or contraction of the metal.
For phase transformations that occur during cooling from an elevated temperature, such as in steel, the outer portions of the metal cool first and undergo the phase transformation first. If the volume of the new phase is different from the volume of the initial phase, then the transformed volume of metal will change as the new phase forms. As the interior of the metal cools it will also try to increase or decrease in volume. However, the volume change of the metal interior will be constrained by the cooler outer layer of metal that has already transformed.
When the volume of the new phase is larger than the volume of the initial phase, the center portion of the component will be under compression and the surface will be under tension. When the volume of the new phase is less than the volume of the initial phase, the center portion of the component will be under tension and the portion of the metal at and near the surface will be under compression.
For example, during through hardening of steel during a quench, austenite transforms to martensite, with the martensite having a volume that is about 4% greater than austenite. During the quench, the steel at the surface transforms to martensite first since the surface cools the fastest. As the metal at the interior continues to cool, it transforms to martensite. However, its volume expansion is restricted by the hardened, cooler surface layer. This restraint causes the interior to be under compression and the outer surface under tension (see Metallurgy of Steel Through Hardening).
In some conditions, the volume changes can produce residual stresses large enough to cause plastic deformation, leading to component warping or distortion. With severe quenching the quenching stresses can be so large that they cause cracking.
Residual stresses caused by mechanical treatment
Residual stresses also arise when plastic deformation is non-uniform through the cross-section of an item being deformed such as during bending, drawing, rolling, and extruding. When a metal undergoes plastic deformation, a portion of the deformation is elastic (discussed in Tensile Testing). After the load causing the deformation is removed, the metal tries to recover the elastic portion of the deformation. However, the elastic recovery is incomplete because it is opposed by the adjacent plastically deformed material.
Consider a metal item that has been bent. Regions adjacent to the bend will have been only elastically deformed, and this region will try to recover, a phenomenon known as springback. After removing the external force, the regions which have been bent prevent the adjacent regions from undergoing complete elastic recovery to the non-deformed condition. These regions are left in a state of residual tension and the regions which were plastically deformed are in a state of residual compression.
In general, the sign of the residual stress produced by non-uniform deformation will be opposite the sign of the plastic deformation which produced the residual stress.
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Effects of residual stress
Residual stresses can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on whether the stress is tensile or compressive. Tensile residual stresses can be large enough to cause component distortion or cracking. Also, fatigue and stress corrosion cracking require the presence of tensile stresses. Because residual stresses are algebraically summed with applied stresses, surface residual tensile stresses combined with an applied tensile stress can reduce the reliability of components. In fact, a residual tensile stress is sometime sufficient to cause stress corrosion cracking.
Surface residual compressive stresses are generally helpful because they reduce the effects of applied tensile stresses. In most cases, surface compressive stresses contribute to the improvement of fatigue strength and resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
Controlling residual stress
Controlling the type and magnitude of residual stress is important for applications in which components will be exposed to fatigue or stress corrosion cracking conditions or if the residual stresses are large enough to cause component deformation or cracking. This can be achieved through mechanical treatment, stress relief heat treatment, control of heat treating processes, and alloy selection.
Mechanical treatments such as shot peening, light cold rolling, stretching, and small amounts of compressing are used to intentionally induce a compressive residual stress at the surface of a component.
Because metal yield strength decreases as its temperature increases, metals can be stress relieved by heating to a temperature where the yield strength of the metal is the same or less than the magnitude of the residual stress. At this temperature, the metal can undergo microscopic plastic deformation, thus releasing at least a portion of the residual stress. After stress relieving, the maximum residual stress that can remain is equal to the yield strength of the material at the stress-relieving temperature.
From a component processing perspective, residual stresses can be minimized by using reduced cooling rates to reduce temperature variations and allow for phase transformations to occur more uniformly throughout a component's cross-section. Also, alloys can be selected that alloy for slower cooling rates to be used, while still getting the desired phase transformations to occur. For example, for carbon steel components to be through hardened, low-alloy carbon steels enable the use of slower cooling rates compared to plain carbon steels.
Measuring residual stresses
X-ray diffraction is used for measuring residual stress nondestructively. With this technique, strains in the metal's atomic crystal lattice are measured, and the residual stresses are then calculated based on the strain measurements.
 - G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
 - Krauss, Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance, ASM International, 2005.
 - I.C. Noyan and J.B. Cohen, Residual Stress Measurement by Diffraction and Interpretation, Springer-Verlag, 1987.
 Sam Bloodgood, VP Process Improvement, Hydraforce, Inc.
 Tom Parkman, Plant Manager, Simonds International.
 Andy Jacobs, Staff Engineer, DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc.
 Paul Flury B/E Aerospace
 Jim Marks, Magellan Corporation
 Mark Winter, Abbey Forged Products
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To put on a live pyrotechnic show at a music festival, [Chris] built the FireHero 3. The result is remotely controlled flames shooting up to 100 feet in the air.
The system is controlled by a Raspberry Pi and an Arduino. A server runs on the Pi and allows a remote computer to control the system. The Pi sends commands over serial to the Arduino, which switches solid state relays that actuate the valves.
There's also some built in safety features: the system won't boot unless you have the right key and RFID tag, and there are pressure transducers and temperature sensors to ensure the system is operating safely. A CO2 actuated valve can quickly stop fuel flow in an emergency.
Vaporized propane creates the fireballs. The vapor is created by heating the supply tank in a hot water bath. An accumulation tank stores the vapor and custom built manifolds distribute it to the various flame cannons. At each cannon, a silicon nitride hot surface igniter (HSI) is used to ignite the flames once the valve is opened.
After the break, watch a video the the FireHero making some flames.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A command to calculate the angle between two planes. Each plane is spanned by the first two eigenvectors from the corresponding PCA.
The algorithm is described in section 12.4.3 of Golub & van Loan (1996):
First we form the projection of one set of eigenvectors on the other set. This results in a 2×2 matrix C:
|C = E1′ E2,|
where E1 and E2 are 2×dimension and dimension×2 matrices that contain the first two eigenvectors of the PCA's, respectively.
Next, we compute the singular value decomposition of C:
|C = U Σ V′|
Now the cosine of the angle between the two planes is given by σ2 and the angle in degrees is therefore:
© djmw, October 28, 2004


When do you take enzymes? Right now!
Unlike a prescription, a supplement is not supposed to be defined about a timing to take by a pharmacist.
It will be the frequently asked question that digestive enzymes should be taken before a meal.
That is a way you should have. Because it prepares for degrading any substances, such as proteins and carbohydrates etc. to be absorbed into a body by a meal.
Sometimes I take them after eating too much or after drinking.
It can surprisingly difficult to control how much we eat in our daily lives
"Oops! I ate too much. So, I am stuffed."
In such cases, enzymes work well enough to support digestion.
When your stomach is full after overeating, and take supplements containing full of vegetable nutrition, extra enzymes are to be consumed wastefully.
Then you should take a supplement containing pure enzymes to serve a purpose of assisting digestive activities.
At last, I would suggest you the best time to take enzymes!
You are recommended to take enzymes before going to bed.
Because it is a prime time to make metabolic enzymes work best.
Metabolic enzymes not only play a role in the conversion of food/fuel to energy but they also play an important role in protecting poisons and harmful substances.
Therefore, those who are in sick they are recommended to take the enzymes after meals and before going to bed. You should have not eat right before going to bed as it is in vain to waste metabolic enzymes working during sleep.
Please find the article below if you are not clear about necessity of enzymes yet;
An inquiry "are enzymes essential?"
Probiotics with digestive enzymes supplements


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Home > News > Plants
Through several online seminars, the aim is to reach a Nordic joint view on the matter which corresponds with international agreements.
In the Arctic Clover project, wild populations and landraces from NordGen's collection of red clover have been compared with commercial varieties. A new scientific article shows that the genebank material carries important properties that can be used to produce better...
The last two years the number of distributed seed samples from NordGen has almost doubled. They will help create a more sustainable agriculture.
Renowned barley researcher and beloved co-worker Udda Lundqvist has passed away during the Christmas holidays. Udda was a pioneer in the field of radiation-supported plant breeding.
15 older potato varieties have been characterized and evaluated in project aiming to increase their utilization and interest. These varieties will be a welcome addition to the present collection.
From the 30th of November to the 2nd of December, NordGen will participate in an online event about agrobiodiversity and food security in times of COVID-19 and climate change. The meeting is open to the public.
The PPP-project for pre-breeding of perennial ryegrass has led to new important discoveries for developing new forage plant varieties that can thrive in the future climate of the Nordic and Baltic regions.
The Finnish speaking part of the Nordic countries' population is an important target group for NordGen. Therefore, we are proud to announce that our website, which already had a Swedish and English version, now also is available in Finnish. The...
NordGen has been granted 8,3 million DKK from the Danish Novo Nordisk Foundation. The money will be used for a state-of-the-art backup seed storage in Denmark and to upgrade our information system GENBIS.
NordGen has more than 2 000 seed samples from different peas in our collection. Last summer, we propagated 100 of the pea accessions and took the opportunity to learn as much as possible about them.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Journey Through History: Exploring the Arizona Capitol Museum
In the heart of Phoenix, Arizona, history comes to life at the Arizona Capitol Museum. This captivating institution is a gateway to the past, offering visitors a chance to explore the rich heritage and fascinating stories that have shaped the state of Arizona. Join us on a historical adventure as we uncover the treasures and insights hidden within the walls of the Arizona Capitol Museum.
The Arizona Capitol Museum is more than just a repository of artifacts; it's a testament to the state's rich history and vibrant culture. Located in the historic Capitol building, the museum is a place where the past is preserved and celebrated. It serves as a bridge connecting the Arizona of yesteryears to the present.
Before we delve into the museum itself, let's take a moment to appreciate the magnificent Capitol building that houses it. Designed by renowned architect James Riely Gordon, the Capitol is an architectural masterpiece in itself. Its iconic copper dome, symbolizing Arizona's copper industry, is a sight to behold.
As you step inside the Arizona Capitol Museum, you'll embark on a journey through time. The museum's exhibits showcase the state's political, cultural, and social evolution. From the early days of territorial Arizona to its path to statehood and beyond, the museum offers a comprehensive look at the state's history.
One of the highlights of the museum is its extensive collection of art and artifacts. From Native American artistry to the contributions of early settlers, each piece tells a unique story. Be sure to admire the stunning stained glass windows, the meticulously crafted legislative chambers, and the historic flags that adorn the Capitol building.
Additionally, the Arizona Capitol Museum isn't just a place for passive observation; it's a hub of education and engagement. The museum offers educational programs, guided tours, and interactive exhibits that cater to visitors of all ages. It's a fantastic opportunity to learn about Arizona's history in an immersive and informative way.
In summary, the Arizona Capitol Museum in Phoenix, AZ, is a treasure trove of history and culture. It's a place where the past is brought to life, where the stories of the people who built Arizona are celebrated, and where the spirit of the state is preserved for generations to come. So, step into the Arizona Capitol Museum and let the history of the Grand Canyon State unfold before your eyes.
Driving Directions to Corporate Data Solutions | IT Support & Managed IT Services From This POI
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The passage of time has brought with it vast alterations to the landscape of Northern Virginia and Fairfax County. Once a sleepy rural area dotted with a few small villages, it has changed into a bustling suburb that is now home to thousands of people. Throughout its history, Fairfax County has hosted presidents, been home to slave traders and been a strategic component in multiple campaigns during the Civil War. "Remembering Fairfax County, Virginia," by longtime local historian Karl Reiner, is a collection of historical vignettes that captures not only the essence of the events and people who have shaped the history of Fairfax County, but also their impact on the Old Dominion. From the influence of presidents such as George Washington to forgotten battles during the Civil War, this collection chronicles the history of Fairfax County during some of the most influential periods in American history.
Title: Remembering Fairfax County, Virginia
Author: Karl Reiner is a 1971 graduate of Thunderbird School of Global Management.
Publisher: The History Press (April 24, 2006; third printing 2010)
Description: Paperback, 128 pages


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11-08-2017 07:00 AM
Lathika Saju | My Indian Dream 17
A tribute to the sacrifices of soldiers
Ahead of the 70th Independence Day Celebrations, the hill town of Dharamshala which is already famous for its cricket stadium and the Tibetian community residing there will get one more feature –A War Museum.
The museum which has come up at a cost of Rs 10 crores was inaugurated by Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh. He also laid the foundation stone of Freedom Fighters Memorial on Wednesday. Addressing the people of the State he said that he salutes the great heroes of freedom struggle and all those brave soldiers who laid down their lives for the sake of the Nation.
He said that the War Museum was a reminder of the sacrifices of the valiant soldiers of Himachal Pradesh. The Museum would acquaint visitors with the Nations first Param Vir Chakra recipient, the highest gallantry awardee, Major Somnath Sharma, late Captain Bikram Batra, Saurabh Kalia, and others who laid their lives for the sake of the Nation.
He also expressed his gratitude to the families of the valiant soldiers who had become martyrs.
He said that 52 brave soldiers from Himachal who died in the Kargil war will find mention in this War Museum so that generations to come will know about their valour.
The museum is spread over a total area of 2190 square metre with its outer walls displaying murals of heroic deeds. There is also Ashoka Pillar of dimension 5x2 feet, a Pakistan flag captured, regimental flags and Medium Machine Guns.


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3.2.3 Fully integrated tools
Several countries utilise fully integrated tools for estimating emissions from forestlands(1). Descriptive case studies are provided in Appendix C. There are currently two operational fully integrated tools used for reporting to the UNFCCC: the Full Carbon Accounting Model of Australia (FullCAM) and the Carbon Budget Model for the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) (Box 13). Both have been used to develop multiple inventories in their respective countries and have also been applied in other countries(2). For example, the CBM-CFS3 has been applied by the Joint Research Centre of the EU to 26 EU countries providing a single consistent methodology to compare country-level submissions (Pilli et al., 2016). Both tools are freely available and, in the case of the CBM-CFS3, are backed with support including frequent training courses and email help systems.
Both FullCAM and the CBM-CFS3 are mass-balance frameworks that utilise a mix of empirical and process models to estimate emissions from all pools. The advantage of these frameworks is that all of the data (e.g., growth curves, emissions factors, model calibrations, activity data) are held externally to the systems and only drawn into the framework as required. This allows for data to be easily updated and for the development of projections (Stinson et al., 2011, Smyth et al., 2014, Australian Government, 2011).
Box 13: High level description of fully integrated tools
CBM-CFS3 : The CBM-CFS3 is an example of a flexible integration framework that can implement both spatially-referenced (Stinson et al., 2011, Kurz et al, 2008) and spatially-explicit approaches (both polygon (Trofymow et al., 2008) and pixel-based (Mascorro et al., 2015)) to simulate forest carbon dynamics as affected by forest growth, mortality, natural disturbances, forest management and land-use change. Moreover, the model can simulate a single stand, a region or several hundred million hectares of forests. Depending on available data, it can be scaled up from representing a small number of forest strata to representing many thousands of forest strata. The model has been applied in Canada, 26 European Union countries, Russia, Korea, Mexico, China and other regions. Because the model was developed more than 15 years ago, the main constraints in the toolbox arise from software and hardware limitations that make it difficult and impractical to scale the model to pixel-based approaches with millions of pixels. While some tools have been developed as interim solutions, work is under way to implement the scientific modules of the CBM-CFS3 on a new platform (FLINT).
FullCAM: The Full Carbon Accounting Model is another example of a flexible integration framework. Similar to the CBM-CFS3 it can operate using spatially-referenced or spatially-explicit approaches, but its main strength is running pixel-based systems. FullCAM can also model emissions from the entire land sector (both forest and non-forest land uses). FullCAM models both biological and management processes which affect carbon pools and transfers between pools in forest and agricultural systems. The exchanges of carbon, loss and uptake between the terrestrial biological system and the atmosphere are accounted for in the full, closed cycle mass balance model which includes all biomass, litter and soil pools (Waterworth & Richards 2008). Analysis and reporting includes all carbon pools (biomass, dead organic matter and soil), greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide).
FullCAM has been supporting the production of the Australian national greenhouse gas inventory since 2005. While drawing on pre-existing constituent models (like CamFOR and Roth-C), there were elements in the initial design that were Australian-specific and not designed with a broader international purpose in mind. Consequently, like all systems, implementation of country-specific models would require detailed support. On the other hand, much of the system is generic and Australian-specific elements are in the process of being standardised to ensure broader application.
FLINT : The Full Lands Integration Tool (FLINT) is a second generation integration tool currently under development through collaboration between Kenya, Australia and Canada. The need for FLINT arose as there were no existing integration tools that could meet all the needs of the Systems for Land-based Emissions in Kenya (SLEEK). Due to the cost of developing an integration tool it was decided to design the FLINT as a generic framework. This will allow other countries to easily use the same tool, hence reducing costs for others in the future. This will also increase transparency, comparability and validation of reported estimates.
The FLINT incorporates the lessons from the teams that developed the CBM-CFS3 and FullCAM. The core design features are:
- Full-mass balance framework that can meet all IPCC requirements
- A customisable platform to meet national policy and reporting requirements
- Modular system design that allows countries to easily add their own carbon modules
- Ability to run in spatially explicit and spatially referenced modes
- Ability to produce reports of past emissions and removals as well as projections in support of policy analyses such as REDD+ or mitigation scenarios
- Increased simulation speeds and ability to run on computer clusters and cloud frameworks, which will facilitate the use of tools in countries with limited computing resources
- Access to global data sets such as remote sensing time-series and climate data layers which can be used to augment regional and national data
- Flexible methods of representing all land uses.
FLINT is currently operating as a prototype, with initial full runs for the entire Kenyan land sector to occur in mid-2106. Canada has implemented most CBM-CFS modules on the FLINT platform and has verified the new module estimates against the CBM-CFS3. FLINT will be open source with a proposed management structure that will allow countries using the tool to make requests for enhancements and support, pending resource availability.
These tools support Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 methods.
Examples are described in more detail in Appendix C


Motifs in traditional African print designs often convey a metaphor and tell a story
Speed Bird
ALSO KNOWN AS Air Afrique | 'Rich today, poor tomorrow'.
With the bird being such an important symbol in many cultures, this fabric has gained a variety of meanings, often referring to change, prosperity, freedom and transition. In Ghana the pattern refers to the transience of riches: rich today, poor tomorrow, for money has wings and can fly away. But the pattern also symbolises asking for a favour, such as the hand of a young woman. In Togo the pattern is called ""Air Afrique"" because the fabric was also used in the uniform of the local airline company.In the Ebo region it is called Eneke, and it is said that if the hunters learn to shoot without missing, they have learned to fly without perching.
Theme: MONEY
ALSO KNOWN AS Le Cheque et le Choque
Theme: LOVE
ALSO KNOWN AS Change your life | Senchi Bridge | Aganmakpo | La Danse à la Mode
This pattern has many meanings. The names "Cha Cha Cha" and 'Change your Life' are derived from the rhythm of the pattern. 'Senchi Bridge' refers to a bridge over the Volta River in Ghana, a suspension bridge that sways violently when crossed. In Togo the pattern is called "Aganmakpo", which means the back of a chameleon, an animal that symbolises change. And in Ivory Coast this pattern was called "La Danse à la Mode" after the war in that country.
Theme: LIFE
ALSO KNOWN AS Tomato, Necklace
The name "Aklepan" refers to an instrument used in the "Oracle Fa-", a voodoo ritual. Perhaps it is the instrumental nature of this pattern that inspired the traders to name the fabric thereafter.
Theme: VODOO
ALSO KNOWN AS Wounded Heart | Cœur Blessé | Dynamite
In Togo this pattern has acquired a special meaning. The drawing depicts the state of mind of a woman who knows her husband is cheating on her and is leaving her with a "Cœur Blessé", a broken heart.
Theme: LOVE
ALSO KNOWN AS Guerre de Shaba
This popular fabric in DRCongo is called 'Village Molokai', as connecting the village of Molokai in DRCongo to the village depicted on the design. The pattern is also called "Guerre de Shaba", 'The War of Shaba', on account of the struggle for independence that broke out in Shaba, a province in the southern part of DRCongo, now known as Katanga.
Theme: WAR
The Hibiscus pattern is especially popular in Guinea and Ivory Coast. Twelve yards are regarded as essential to a bride's dowry: 'No Hibiscus, no Wedding.' The pattern is known by several other names, including "Topizo" in Togo and "Tohozin" in Benin (both meaning 'rush'), alluding to the day it first went on sale, when it was met by a rush of customers. In 1970, it was adopted by Air Zaire's flight attendants as their uniform.
ALSO KNOWN AS I run faster than my Rival
The names of many patterns identify with a woman's family and marital relationships. In Côte d'Ivoire, the classic Jumping Horse, also known as "Je Cours Plus Vite Que Ma Rivale" (I Run Faster than My Rival), expresses the rivalry between co-wives. In Nigeria, Igbo women favor this design for Aso-Ebi (uniform cloth) to express unity at their annual women's meeting, held every August.
What is Ankara?
The name Ankara is believed to have its origin from a girl called, well, Ankara. Many stories abound. Ankara, commonly known as "African prints" or "African wax prints", is a 100% cotton fabric with vibrant patterns that possesses great strength with its tight weaving. African wax print fabric is a defining metaphor of African design, fashion and expression; an immediately recognisable icon throughout the world. Quite simply, it just says, "Africa". Ankara was formerly known as "Dutch wax print". It was originally manufactured by the Dutch for the Indonesian textile market. But, by luck or by design, these prints garnered significantly more interest in West African countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal, than in Indonesia. Recognizing this opportunity, the Dutch decided to focus on West Africa. As African countries gained independence in the 20th century, they built their own textile mills and started creating designs reflecting traditional African culture.The prints have since then evolved to truly reflect African culture and lifestyle. At first, Ankara was reserved for special occasions. People felt that the fabric was too flowery and too colourful for everyday wear. There was even a time when Ankara textiles were thought of as the fabric of the poor. But today, it has undergone a transformation to become the fabric of choice for many. To the knowing eye, the design on a textile reveals a story, often meaningful to the wearer. The colours may also provide information about the wearer's tribal origin, social standing, age and marital status. Dress plays an important role in African society, and has even been used as a form of protest. Designs and the way they were worn often made quiet but effective commentary on the colonial establishment. Colours in African prints have an intimate association with tribes and regions. Sepia-ochre is generally accepted across Africa as the colour used to represent earth. Yellow is the colour of initiation in Nigeria, while the combination of yellow/red belongs to the Igbo tribe of southeastern Nigeria. African print designs fall into fours main categories: – Women's lives (family, love, housework) – Society and what it brings, good or bad (alphabet, television, money, power) – Nature (animals, flowers) – Rhythm (music, drums)
*All the info related to the fabrics are courtesy of VLISCO


and will be indented if the list's format specifies a non-zero indentation.
We can refer to each list item by its index in the list:
for index in range(0, list.count()):
 listItem = list.item(index) processListItem(listItem)
Since QTextList is a subclass of QTextBlockGroup , it does not group the list items as child elements, but instead provides various functions for managing them. This means that any text block we find when traversing a document may actually be a list item. We can ensure that list items are correctly identified by using the following code:
QTextFrame.iterator it
for it in frame:
 block = it.currentBlock()
 if (block.isValid()) {
 list = block.textList()
 if (list) {
 index = list.itemNumber(block) processListItem(list, index)
Images
Images in QTextDocument are represented by text fragments that reference external images via the resource mechanism. Images are created using the cursor interface, and can be modified later by changing the character format of the image's text fragment:
if (fragment.isValid()) {
 newImageFormat = fragment.charFormat().toImageFormat()
 if (newImageFormat.isValid()) {
 newImageFormat.setName(":/images/newimage.png")
 helper = cursor
 helper.setPosition(fragment.position())
 helper.setPosition(fragment.position() + fragment.length(),
 QTextCursor.KeepAnchor)
 helper.setCharFormat(newImageFormat)
The fragment that represents the image can be found by iterating over the fragments in the text block that contains the image.


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Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a condition of the hand in which the blood flow to the fingers is reduced. Hypothenar refers to the group of muscles that control the movement of the little finger. Some of these muscles make up the fleshy edge of the palm (hypothenar eminence).
It occurs when workers repeatedly use the palm of the hand (especially the hypothenar eminence) as a hammer to grind, push, and twist hard objects in either work or recreational activities. These activities can damage certain blood vessels of the hand, especially the ulnar artery. This artery goes through the fleshy area of the palm and supplies blood to the fingers. When the ulnar artery is damaged there is a reduction in the flow of blood to the fingers. Sometimes a single significant episode can cause the syndrome.
Workers at risk
Hypothenar hammer syndrome typically occurs in men with an average age of 40 years. Workers at risk include landscapers, bricklayers, auto mechanics, metal workers, lathe operators, miners, and machinists. Workers who use vibrating tools are also at risk.
This syndrome can also be caused from sports activities such as karate, basketball, baseball, mountain biking, golf, tennis, hockey, handball, volleyball, badminton, breakdancing, drumming, and weight lifting.
The symptoms of hypothenar hammer syndrome are a pain at the hypothenar eminence and ring finger, pins and needles (paresthesia), loss of feeling, and difficulty holding heavy objects in the affected hand. The fingers become sensitive to cold and change colour.
Because this syndrome is relatively uncommon and unrecognized, the diagnosis is often missed or delayed. The diagnosis is based on symptoms, medical history and job history, and then confirmed with tests showing the obstruction of the blood vessels.
Treatment and prevention
Treating hypothenar hammer syndrome begins by avoiding those activities that caused the syndrome in the first place. Other treatments may include smoking cessation (smoking negatively affects blood circulation), the use of padded protective gloves, and avoiding the cold. Certain drugs will help to restore the blood flow. For some cases surgery may be necessary.
Be aware of the causes and symptoms of this syndrome. Some steps you can take to prevent hypothenar hammer syndrome are:
- Focus on improving work practices.
- Avoid using the palm of the hand as a hammer to pound, push or twist hard objects.
- Don't grip tools such as impact wrenches, pliers, scissors and even vehicle gearshifts too tightly.
- Switch tasks regularly or rest your hands.
- Use padded protective gloves to avoid the excessive trauma to the heel of the hand while working or participating in activities that put pressure on the palm.
The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) promotes the total well-being – physical, psychosocial and mental health – of workers in Canada by providing information, training, education and management systems and solutions that support health and safety programs and the prevention of injury and illness.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Ember Composable Helpers
Simplify your templates using these declarative template helpers.
Ember Composable Helpers repo
ember install ember-composable-helpers
Final template:
{{_TAG_-in (group-by activeGroupBy (filter-by'size' activeSize model)) as |group items|}}
In this video, we're going to talk about refactoring your app using the Ember Composable Helpers addon.
Ember apps often have dynamic interface elements that let users explore their data. Here, we're looking at a shopping app that's displaying some clothes. We can see on the left that users can group clothes by type (we have shirts and pants) or color (blue, green and red). They can also filter by size - regular or tall.
Traditionally an interface like this might be built using a series of computed properties. Let's look at how this page was implemented.
On the left, we have this application's controller and on the right our template. The controller has a few pieces of state that it needs in order to render: the list of clothing items (referenced by the model property), the activeGroupBy option, and the activeSize filter. The computed properties then use this state to transform the clothing items array: filteredItems returns a subset of the original list, and groupedItems takes that filtered list, and transforms it into an object whose keys are the groups and whose values are the items belonging to each group.
The template then uses the standard each-in helper to iterate over the keys and values of the groupedItems object. Finally, it renders each group's items to the page.
We can also see how the interface elements themselves update the controller's state. For example, clicking on the "Color" button sends an action to the controller, which updates the activeGroupBy property. The computed properties are then recalculated, and as a result the interface re-renders.
Ember's Computed Properties work well here, but there's a lot of room for developers to make errors: the dependent keys for each property must be just right; there's a lot of boilerplate for these fairly generic transforms; and most of the code here is imperative and focused on implementation.
Let's see how we can use some simple, declarative template helpers from the Ember Composable Helpers library to clean up our code.
First, we'll install the library by running
 ember install ember-composable-helpers
Next, we'll pull up the documentation. Looking at the index of helpers, we see that the library includes both a group-by helper and a filter-by helper, which is exactly what our app needs. Let's start with group-by.
The docs show us that group-by takes two arguments: the property used to form each group, and the original ungrouped array of objects. Note that in our app, the user can actually change which property is being used to form each group, so we'll be using that dynamic property here, instead of a static string.
Let's go ahead and make the change. We'll replace groupedItems with the group-by helper, passing in the activeGroupBy property and our array of filteredItems.
- {{_TAG_-in groupedClothingItems as |group items|}}
+ {{_TAG_-in (group-by activeGroupBy filteredClothingItems) as |group items|}}
 {{_TAG_ items as |item|}}
Note that we're grouping the filteredItems array here, just like in our computed property, so that our filtering functionality still works.
With that change, we can see that our app renders, and the grouping functionality works - changing the group updates the template. The filtering functionality is also preserved. We can now go back to our controller and delete our groupedItems computed property. We already have a simpler controller and a more declarative template.
Now let's replace the filteredItems computed property. We'll use the filter-by helper. This helper takes a property to filter on, a value that satisfies the filter, and the original unfiltered array. We want to filter on size using the activeSize property, so we'll end up with something like this:
(filter-by'size' activeSize model)
This says we want to filter the original model by looking at each item's size property, and seeing if it matches the current value of activeSize - which can be either regular or tall.
Now, your first instinct here might be to assign this filtered list to a local property using the {{_TAG_}} helper, and then passing that result into our (group-by) helper:
{{_TAG_ (filter-by'size' activeSize model) as |filteredClothingItems|}}
This solution works, but we can do better. The Ember Composable Helpers library is built with composability in mind. This means that helpers can be used in conjunction with each other, which can save us from having to do things like creating temporary variables.
Instead of using {{_TAG_}}, let's leverage the power of subexpressions and compose filter-by with group-by directly:
Note that nested helpers evaluate right-to-left: first we filter the list by activeSize, and then we group the resulting array by activeGroupBy.
Looking at our app, we see that everything works as expected - meaning we can delete our filteredItems computed property. We've now eliminated both of our original computed properties, and we're left with a declarative template that's easy to read, change, and most important, relies on an addon to do its heavy lifting.
As with most things in programming, there are tradeoffs involved when using helpers to move controller or component logic into templates. In our example, we only needed two helpers; but you can imagine a series of computed properties that are much harder to replace.
Computed properties are still extremely useful in Ember applications. They're best suited for domain-heavy or complex transformations. You have the full power of JavaScript, and they're easy to debug and write unit tests for.
However, writing generic computed properties just to group or sort an array is unnecessary and error-prone. In these situations, Ember Composable Helpers is a great fit - and it's really fun to use! In fact, it's so fun that you'll need to be careful not to get carried away and start programming in your templates. The key is to find isolated, generic transforms you've written yourself, and replace them with battle-tested library code that you don't have to maintain.
So give it a shot in your own app! Install the library, and see how you can make your templates simpler and more declarative.'
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HILMY, YOESRY (2010) PENDUGAAN KARBON TERSIMPAN DI ATAS PERMUKAAN TANAH DI BLOK PERLINDUNGAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG BAUNG PASURUAN - JAWA TIMUR. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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The research aimed to assess the potential of carbon placed on land surface, exactly in standing plants, lower plants and necromass in protection blok of "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park Pasuruan. Data collection was done by collecting primary data, or direct data taken from the field which would be calculated in alometric equation. Measurement in big plot with 20m x 100m dimension or 2000m2 to measure trees with >30 cm diameter, sub plot with dimension 5m x 40m or 200m² to measure tree with size 5- 30 cm, 6 plot measured 0,5m x 0,5m or 0.25m to measure understory (understory), and necro-mass in box 20m x 100m or 2000m² for necro-mass with size >30 cm, necro-mass 5m x 40m or 200m² for necro-mass with size <5 cm. From the research done in "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park Pasuruan assessed biomass stock on the land surface. They were wood biomass ± 9.196,4 understory ± 556,77 and necro-mass ± 271,46. so the total assessment of biomass was ± 10.024,63 Mg haˉ¹ with width 195,5 ha, carbon (C) amount was ± 4.611.32 Mg haˉ¹, and carbon dioxyde (CO2) 17.338,56 Mg haˉ¹ or 17.338,56 Ton. Carbon assessment in "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park Pasuruan conservation blok was ± 4.611,32 Mg haˉ¹ or 4.611,32 ton, vegetation in "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park area had large carbon absorption with value ± 17.338,56 Mg haˉ¹ or 17.338,56 ton with width 138,5 ha area. There suggested further research of carbon assessment in limited usage for 20 ha, intensive usage blok 10 ha, and rehabilitation blok with 27 ha width completing data of carbon assessment in "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park. There needed socialization to the society around "Gunung Baung" Natural Tourism Park area about the importance of forest as carbon savings and forest as toxic absorption element like carbon dioxyde (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxyde (N2O) to decrease quality and contaminate air and environment.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||S Agriculture > SD Forestry|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Agriculture & Animal Husbandry > Department of Forestry|
|Depositing User:||Rayi Tegar Pamungkas|
|Date Deposited:||17 Apr 2012 06:25|
|Last Modified:||17 Apr 2012 06:25|
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FORGED is an exhibition where Lyra Garcellano postulates several arguments:
1) the valuation of creative output,
2) issues on authenticity and its implications to a work's financial viability, and
3) generated images as goods for trade.
In a period when art forgeries abound, Garcellano employed an artist/worker (whose skills include imitating images of popular Philippine genre paintings and selling them to households) to replicate four of her past paintings. She then added to the equation by painting the certificates of authenticity for each of his replications.
These painted versions of the certificates (added documentation to paintings/art objects that determine their worth) come in two forms: one from its source gallery where the original paintings were first sold and the other, from where the replicated pieces are currently exhibited.
Included in this cycle of repeating images are the accompanying exhibition catalogues of the original works(themselves generated images of the actual paintings) on which the worker based his copies. These catalogues also provide details, such as how the originals look, from which historical series they were part, and the actual size of the works.
What meanings are lost and what are presented by these reproduced images?
What will diminish or boost an artwork's value?
What and who will determine its worth?
These are just some of the questions that FORGED wishes to explore.


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How much space do you have allocated for your project?
A simple measurement of length and wide of your allocated space plays a significant role in determining the right products for your project. The majority of the equipment on our site have a specified Safety Use Zone. This zone includes the space that the structure occupies AND the safety buffer space surrounding the equipment. Measurements will be listed as XX' x XX' (e.g. 22' Long x 24' Wide). The important item to note here is if your length and wide measurements are less than or equal to the Safety Use Zone specifications you can rest assured the equipment will "fit".
Calculate Your Square Footage
Use our calculator to convert a play structures Use Zone into square feet OR use it to help you calculate how much play space you have available. Simply enter a length and a width a click "Calculate Square Footage"
What is a Use Zone?
In order to ensure our playgrounds are properly designed to minimize safety risks, we meet or exceed applicable standards for playground safety use zones. The safety use zone is the minimum free space around a play structure required to meet Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) standards. Use zone measurements vary depending upon the type, elevation and intended use of the equipment.
Safety Use Zones are designated amounts of space the United States Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends between each type of playground equipment to ensure that children playing on your playground are not vulnerable to potential fall or collision injuries. Adhering to these guidelines when you choose your playground equipment and install it is important because it protects you from premises liability, and, in some locations, is a legal requirement. Below are some basic guidelines for determining your playground use zones:
Climbers should occupy a use zone that extends a minimum of 6' in all directions from the perimeter of the climber
This use zone can overlap with neighboring equipment when:
- Adjacent play surfaces are no more than 30" high OR
- There is at least 9' between equipment when adjacent designated play surfaces are more than 30" high
All slides should have an exit region to help children maintain their balance and facilitate a smooth transition from sitting to standing when exiting.
For Public Areas with Unlimited Access:
For Preschool and School
The use zone in front of and behind the swing should be greater than to the sides of such a swing since children may deliberately attempt to exit from a single-axis swing while it is in motion.
- Use zone in front and behind should be greater than to the sides of the swing to account for children jumping off the swing while in motion
- For a belt swing seat, front-to-back use zone should allow twice the vertical distance from the pivot point to the top of the protective surfacing below
- For a full bucket swing seat, the minimum front-to-back use zone should be twice the vertical distance from the top of the occupant's sitting surface to the pivot point
- Side-to side-use zone should be a minimum of 6 feet from the perimeter of the swing
- Front-to-back use zones for swings should not overlap with any other use zone
- Side-to-side use zones may overlap that of an adjacent swing structure or other play structure


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The compensation order
When a defendant is convicted of an offence, the Magistrates' Court can make a compensation order when passing sentence. A compensation order is intended to make the defendant compensate the victim of the crime. Subject to the below, the court must make a compensation order wherever possible – even where the victim can claim compensation in the civil courts.
A compensation order can either be a sentence in its own right, or more commonly, ancillary to the sentence imposed. Compensation can be ordered if the defendant is sent to prison – but only if the defendant has the means to pay immediately. If the magistrates decide that no compensation is payable, they must state their reasons in open court.
What does compensation cover?
The court must consider making a compensation order where the offence resulted in personal injury, loss or damage. Personal injury includes psychological injury. In relation to property stolen, if the property is recovered but in a damaged condition, compensation can still be ordered regardless of whether or not the defendant was responsible for the damage. All that matters is that the damage was caused whilst the property was out of the owner's control as a result of the theft.
What is excluded?
Compensation is not generally payable to the dependents of a victim who has died, except for funeral expenses.
Compensation will not be ordered where the injury, loss or damage resulted from a road traffic accident unless there is a conviction under the Theft Act 1968; or the offender is uninsured and the Motor Insurers' Bureau (MIB) will not cover the loss. The MIB is funded by all UK insurance holders and compensates victims of uninsured drivers. Personal injury and damage are covered (except for the first £300 of a claim for damage).
Fixing the amount of compensation
It is for the prosecution to establish the value of loss and to produce up-to-date and detailed evidence in support. The offender may also make representations.
The prosecution's evidence will often be in the form of a victim statement setting out, for instance, the price of the stolen or damages items (with a receipt), or detailing the nature and extent of any personal injuries sustained. The magistrates will follow formal guidelines to ascertain the appropriate amount of compensation to award for personal injuries – subject to a maximum of £5000 per charge.
However, the magistrates must balance the requirement to order compensation against the defendant's ability to pay. Payments by instalments are common and magistrates' guidance suggests that the amount ordered should be paid between a period of 13 and 52 weeks.
Varying a compensation order
The defendant can appeal a compensation order within 21 days. During this time, the order is enforceable and the defendant must make payments. However, if the appeal is successful any payments made by the defendant will be refunded.
The Magistrates' Court can discharge or reduce the order in certain circumstances:
- where a lesser amount has been awarded by a civil court;
- where the defendant has a subsequent reduction in their finances which is likely to continue for some time so that they are unable to pay either the whole or part of the compensation;
- where the property stolen is partly or fully recovered, and;
- where a confiscation order has been made in the same set of proceedings and the defendant's means are insufficient to comply with both orders.
Compensation and deprivation orders
The court can make a deprivation order in some cases, unless it will cause undue hardship to the offender. If it is satisfied that the defendant was in possession of, or in control of, property used or intended for the purposes of committing or facilitating the commission of any offence, then the court can deprive the defendant of this property.
For example, if the defendant used a car to commit a series of shoplifting offences then the court could make a deprivation order, and the proceeds of sale of the car can then be used to compensate the shop owners.
Compensation and confiscation orders
The Magistrates' Court cannot currently make confiscation orders except in very limited circumstances. The prosecution must therefore apply to the Crown Court for the offender to be committed to the Crown Court for confiscation to be considered under the Proceeds of Crime Act.


text:
News & Events
- Free ONLINE course for teachers in Newtonian Mechanics from MIT
This Summer Mechanics Course is offered on the MIT-Harvard edX.org platform for teachers who want to increase their appreciation of Mechanics, their problem-solving ability, or who might consider using our pedagogy, automatically graded homework, and hundreds of other free online resources in their class. Those who only want to browse are also welcome.
This course targets physics teachers. There is a special discussion forum on how to teach this material, Massachusetts teachers can receive Professional Development Points, and all teachers can receive Continuing Education Units from the American Association of Physics Teachers at ½ of their usual rate. Instructors are encouraged to share this announcement with their colleagues and to suggest this course to accomplished students whom they think would enjoy or benefit from a more mature overview of mechanics and problem solving. Register: _URL_ (the course is 8.MRev)More Information: _URL_ or Rel
- published by David Pritchard on May 16, 2013
- The Physics of Water in Trees
- The physics of water in trees is so much more complicated than one would expect. Derek Muller's videos and this article use simple puzzles to help you to better understand some of mechanisms for water flow in trees.
- published by Science for All on May 13, 2013
- Counting cracks in glass gives speed of projectile
- Simple relationship between velocity and number of spokes in star-shaped fracture
- published by Science News on May 8, 2013
Jul 28, 2012 - Aug 01, 2012
in Philadelphia, PA
American Association of Physics Teaching event
SM12 Theme - Physics: The Experimental Core -
The AAPT 2012 Summer meeting will take place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, home of the first great American experimental physicist, Ben Franklin. Physics is an experimental science. Encouraging and empowering the next generation to embrace the art of experimentation that lies at the core of physics, will ensure that our field remains vibrant and alive.
Mar 30, 2012 - Jun 15, 2012
in Gainesville, Florida
University of Florida Center for Precollegiate Education and Training event
Week-long summer camp will immerse rising 10th graders in engineering, physics, and geology. Kids live in a college dorm, interact with scientists, and conduct investigations in biomedical, environmental, & forensic science. $650 fee
Mar 01, 2012 - May 22, 2012
Students are encouraged to enroll in a free, online Mechanics course hosted by the RELATE group from MIT. The course runs March 1 through May 22.
Sep 14, 2011 - Sep 17, 2011
Workshop introduction to the ComPADRE resource collection.


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At first glance, there seems to be no obvious method of shifting your car in to "N" or neutral gear.
To make it simple, we coined terms like "Full-Pull" and "Half-Pull". Full-Pull is when you pull the right stalk all the way down to select "D" to drive or all the way up to select "R" to reverse. While doing that, you feet a slight "resistance". Half-Pull is when you don't pull all the way up or down, but stop at that resistance.
To put your car in "N" or neutral
- If you're in "D" or drive, do a half-pull in the upward direction and hold it there for 2 seconds. The gear indicator should change to "N" at this point.
- If you're in "P" or "R", do a half-pull in the downward direction and hold it there for 2 seconds. The gear indicator should change to "N" at this point.
Note: this is different than putting your Tesla in "P", which is the parking gear.
Enjoy and remember to share if you find this article helpful.


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|Publisher||Philippine Centennial Commission, the University of the Philippines Press, and the UP Creative Writing Center|
|Media type||Print (paperback and hardcover)|
My Sad Republic is a 2000 Philippine English-language novel written by Filipino novelist Eric Gamalinda. The novel won for Gamalinda a Philippine Centennial Literary Prize in 1998. The 392-page novel was published by the Philippine Centennial Commission, the University of the Philippines Press, and the UP Creative Writing Center. My Sad Republic is the fourth novel written by Gamalinda. The theme of the novel is "love, obsession, and loss" occurring during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish colonial regime of the Philippines, and during the Philippine–American War.
Origin of the title
The title of My Sad Republic was derived from a verse in Florante at Laura, a classic narrative poem written by Filipino poet Francisco Baltazar (1789–1862) that intertwines romance and nationalism. The verse from which the title was adapted from mentions the Tagalog words "Sa loob at labas ng bayan cong saui,/ caliluha,i, siya'ng nangyayaring hari/", meaning "Inside and outside of my sad country,/ it is desolation that reigns supreme/" in the English translation.
The main characters in the novel include Dionisio Magbuela (also known as Isio, Papa Isio – meaning "Pope Isio", or Seguela, the "Pope of Negros"), Asuncion de Urquiza (also known as Asuncion Madrigal), Tomas Agustin, Felipe, Captain James Smith, and Martinez. Dionisio Magbuela is a peasant, healer, mystic, and religious leader, who later becomes a Filipino revolutionary, hero, and founder of a cult of babaylans (shaman-priests) based on folk Catholicism.
Asuncion de Urquiza is a young woman under the care of a wealthy lady known as Doña Madrigal (De Urquiza's mother); Asuncion is an orphan and is the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish matador and a young woman belonging to the Madrigal's household. De Urquiza was described by Stuart-Santiago as a "rich girl of One Hundred and Seventeen Names" because the paranoid Doña Madrigal christened her with all the names of the Mary the Holy Virgin as a form of protection from evil.
Tomas Agustin is a mestizo landowner and soldier serving in the Spanish army who believes that his "kind" is the "future of the Philippines", a social class that will improve the political and socio-economic situation in the archipelago after three centuries of Spanish rule and mismanagement. Agustin wanted to marry Asuncion de Urquiza for the latter's wealth.
Felipe is the son of Asuncion de Urquiza and Tomas Agustin. Felipe was born after Tomas Agustin raped De Urquiza.
Captain James Smith is an American soldier, leader of the American contingent. He is the American nemesis of Magbuela.
Martinez is the right-hand man of Magbuela. According to book reviewer Vicente G. Groyon III, Martinez is the least remarkable yet the most memorable character in Gamalinda's My Sad Republic.
As historical novel
My Sad Republic is a novel that blends fact and fiction based on events in Philippine history that occurred in Negros approximately from 1880 through 1911. It is a novel that features the failed romantic aspirations and nationalistic yearnings of Dionisio Magbuela. Magbuela aspires to bring the Philippines back to its pre-colonial status, a country that was never colonized by foreigners. Magbuela, as the Pope of Negros who is the "Supreme Power of God's Republic", wanted to give Negros back to the Negrenses (also known as Negrosanons), the native inhabitants and land-tillers of Negros.
As romance novel
As a romance novel, My Sad Republic, narrates the love triangle that occurred between Dionisio Magbuela, Asunción de Urquiza, and Tomas Agustin. Because of Magbuela's reputation as a healer and mystic, Magbuela is hired by Doña Madrigal as a resident plantation worker—a sugar cane cutter—who was given access to the mansion by Doña Madrigal. Magbuela meets Asuncion and courts her. Asuncion is falling for Magbuela's affection but Tomas Agustin—the landowning mestizo—rapes Asuncion, resulting to her pregnancy. Asuncion marries Agustin because of the pregnancy. Asuncion gives birth to a son, a boy named Felipe. After the defeat of the Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution, Magbuela and his followers' triumph was short-lived because of the arrival of the Americans, the new colonizers of the Philippines. Magbuela and his fellow revolutionaries are now confronted with two enemies—the Americans and the Filipino landowners (locally known as the hacenderos, meaning "ranch owners"), who are willing to collaborate with the Americans for their interests and benefit. Tomas Agustin becomes a General, who—together with other landowners—wanted the island of Negros to be separated from the rest of the Philippine archipelago to become a territory of the United States and be known as the Cantonal Republic of Negros.
As political novel
According to literary critic Vicente G. Groyon III, one of the most salient scenes in My Sad Republic is when Magbuela finds a copy of the Declaration of Independence of the United States through a Spanish friar, making Magbuela believe that the American occupiers will comprehend the reasons why he is fighting for the Negros Island's and the Philippines' own independence.
As erotic novel
In My Sad Republic, Gamalinda incorporated the genre of erotica such as what Angela Stuart-Santiago described as a "dash of friar erotica" (also known as "priest erotica") witnessed during the diminishing decades of the rule of the Spanish friars in the Philippines. Gamalinda described the love scene between a Spanish parish priest nicknamed Padre Batchoy and a native lass as if the friar was inserting a sacred host into the lips of a native girl's sex organ. There was another love scene—during a secret rendezvous between the novel's hero Magbuela and his beloved De Urquiza—wherein (according to Stuart-Santiago) De Urquiza did a "strange thing", lifting her a head a little to give Magbuela a prolonged bite on the hard and firm muscle located above Magbuela's collarbone, as if De Urquiza wanted to remain forever connected to Magbuela's body.
Book critic Angela Stuart-Santiago compared the reading of My Sad Republic to reading Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude and Chilean novelist Isabel Allende's The House of Spirits because of Gamalinda's style of combining fact and fiction. Stuart-Santiago described My Sad Republic as a rare Philippine novel that tackles the events during the Philippine–American War viewed through the eyes of the defeated, subdued, subjugated, and colonized Filipino people, and not through the point of view of triumphant foreigners and colonizers. Stuart-Santiago further reiterated that the author of My Sad Republic wrote the novel in "marvelous Philippine English", a language of "misery and sorrow" which has similarities to the characteristics of other native languages of the Philippines, which are languages and dialects that "a hundred years ago" had been "exorcised"—suppressed or almost brought into extinction - —by the English language rooted from the United States and the United Kingdom.
- Stuart-Santiago, Angela. "Love, sex, and revolution in a 'landscape of despair', My Sad Republic by Eric Gamalinda, Centennial Literary Prize 1998, Best English Novel, U.P. Press, 2000". Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- Groyon III, Vicente G. "Of love, nationalism, and other demons; Hopeful, not happy: The Centennial Literary Prize-winning novels in English, A Book Review". Philippine American Literary House. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
- "My Sad Republic". Kabayancentral.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- "My Sad Republic by Eric Gamalinda". Goodreads Inc. Retrieved 3 July 2011.


text:
In this study, cobalt-doped carbon xerogel (Co-CX) was synthesized via sol-gel polymerization resorcinol-formaldehyde, catalyzed with cobalt nitrate, followed by drying and carbonization process under nitrogen gas flow. The effect of initial pH value (5.5, 6.5 and 7.5) and the type of carbon precursors on the morphology of Co-CX have been investigated with Field Emission-Transmission Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The catalytic activity of Co-CX for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M KOH has been studied by using a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique. FESEM revealed that Co doping promotes the formation of more pores. While the conditions allow obtaining xerogel with higher porosity at pH 7.5. The RRDE result display that Co-CX exhibited good catalytic activity tends to favor two electrons pathway.
Cobalt-doped carbon xerogel with different initial pH values toward oxygen reduction
Azim Fitri, Kee Shyuan Loh, Ifa Puspasari, Abu Bakar Mohamad; Cobalt-doped carbon xerogel with different initial pH values toward oxygen reduction. AIP Conf. Proc. 4 December 2017; 1901 (1): 020027. _URL_
Download citation file:


text:
James Francis "Jimmy" Durante (1893 – 1980) was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. His distinctive clipped gravelly speech, comic language butchery, jazz-influenced songs, and large nose helped make him one of America's most familiar and popular personalities of the 1920s through the 1970s. His jokes about his nose included referring to it as a Schnozzola, and the word became his nickname. Durante was born on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was the youngest of four children born to Bartolomeo Durante and his bride Rosa, both of whom were immigrants from Salerno, Italy.
Original image by written permission from _URL_
Edited in CS3 and Topaz


The Importance of Flowers
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Students will relate the structure of flowers to their function in plant reproduction.
Big Idea
It's spring and the flowers are in bloom. Find out why there are so many different types of flowers.
What Students will Learn in this Lesson
1 minutes
Today students will dissect several flowers and compare their structures to determine how botanists classify monocots and dicots. First, students will dissect a Peruvian lily which can be easily purchased from any supermarket. Students learn the parts of the angiosperm flower during the first dissection. Next, students will dissect the flower they brought to class in a second dissection. Depending on what students brought from home, they might dissect a monocot or dicot. Students can experience the diversity seen throughout the angiosperms. Finally, students will explore several theories that explain how flowers led to the success of angiosperms. Here is an overview of what they will learn today.
Hook/Check for Understanding
3 minutes
Depending of the time of year, each student should bring a flower to school. Have students briefly show their flowers and describe where it was collected. Students should complete this graphic organizer as everyone shares. (Note: Students should not complete the final column of the graphic organizer. This will be done later in the period.)
In their lab notebooks, have students brainstorm responses to the question:
What is the reason plants have flowers?
(Typical student answers: They attract pollinators. They help them reproduce.)
Why are there so many different kinds of flowers?
(Typical student answers: People selectively breed flowers to make certain colors or certain sizes. In nature, certain plants were better adapted to certain environmental conditions. However, most students will not have any ideas why there are so many different kinds of flowers.)
Flower Dissection
15 minutes
Students will dissect a flower from the lily order to investigate its structures.
Materials needed for each lab group of two:
 - A bouquet of Alstroemeria
 - Magnifying lens
 - Scalpel
 - Forceps
 - Probe
 - Dissecting tray
 - Clear contact paper
Each lab group should receive one flower and dissecting equipment. In their lab notebook, they should sketch the external structures on the plant. At this point in the lab, they should not try to label any portion of the flower. They should simply note where they believe new tissue arises (as they did in the leaf lab the previous day). After students have examined the outer portion of the flower, they should begin by removing several petals. Students should sketch the structures that they see in their lab notebook or provided graphic organizer.
Students should identify the following structures: stamen, fllament, anther, plan, pistil, stigma, style.
Next, students should remove the rest of the petals and count the number that the flower has.
 - Ask students to identify which parts of the flower are male and which are female.
 - Ask students why it would be important to have both male and female portion on the same plant?
Students should write their responses in their lab notebook or provided graphic organizer.
Using forceps, have students removed the stamen (filament and anthers) of the plant.
 - Ask students how many stamen does this specimen have?
Using a scalpel, have students bisect the female portion of the flower (style and ovary). Students should make a sketch in their lab notebook. Using the magnifying glass, have students look closely at the ovary for possible ovules. Students should sketch what they see. Have students set these structures aside for later comparison.
Diversity in Flowers
15 minutes
Students should select the flowers that they brought to class today. They should dissect them using the same methodology that they used in the Alstroemeria dissection.
 - First, they should sketch the external features of the plant and label them.
 - Next, they should remove the petals and record the number their flower have.
 - They should sketch both the male and female portion of the plants.
 - While they are doing these sketch, they should notice any similarities and differences between the Alstroemeria in their lab notebook or at the bottom of the graphic organizer.
 - Students should bisect the female portion of the flower and look for ovules.
Next, students should construct a chart in their lab notebook (or use the attached graphic organizer). They should summarize the results of both dissections.
When all are done with their dissections, student should share their findings of the dissection.
Putting It All Together: How Flowers Led to the Success of Angiosperms
15 minutes
Poll the student groups to determine how many of each plant structure (sepals, petals, stamen, ovules) each of their plants had. Record their findings on the board.
Next, ask students if they notice any relationships between seemingly unrelated plant species. In their lab groups ask they to arrange the plants into two groups. Give students several minutes to do this then bring them back together and ask them to share what criteria they used to determine the two groups.
Introduce the terms monocot and dicot and explain the criteria that scientists use in these grouping.
Students should consider the number of flower parts each flowers has and fill out the final column of graphic organizer from the beginning of the period.
(Note: Monocots have floral parts in multiples of three, while dicots have floral parts in multiple of four or five.)
Next, ask students what benefit flowers might provide plants. Discuss the purpose of flowers and how flowers are modified to attach certain types of pollinators. Have students consider several flowers and brainstorm what type of pollinators would be attracted to certain flowers. Discuss the various types of pollination.


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MasterKey Methods
The MasterKey type exposes the following members.
 Name Description
Public method AddPasswordEncryption Adds password encryption to the master key.
Public method AddServiceKeyEncryption Adds service key encryption to the master key.
Public method Close Closes the master key.
Public method Create(String) Creates a master key that has the specified password.
Public method Create(String, String, String) Creates a master key from the specified file and that has the specified encryption and decryption passwords.
Public method Discover Discovers a list of type Object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method Drop Removes the master key from the database.
Public method DropPasswordEncryption Removes the password encryption from the master key by using the associated password.
Public method DropServiceKeyEncryption Drops service key encryption from the master key.
Public method EnumKeyEncryptions Enumerates a list of the current set of key encryptions for the database master key.
Public method Equals (Inherited from Object.)
Public method Export Saves the database master key to the specified system path location by using the specified password.
Protected method FormatSqlVariant Formats an object as SqlVariant type. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method GetContextDB Gets the context database that is associated with this object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method GetDBName Gets the database name that is associated with the object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method GetHashCode (Inherited from Object.)
Protected method GetPropValue Gets a property value of the SqlSmoObject object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method GetPropValueOptional Gets a property value of the SqlSmoObject object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method GetPropValueOptionalAllowNull Gets a property value of the SqlSmoObject object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method GetServerObject Gets the server of the SqlSmoObject object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method GetType (Inherited from Object.)
Public method Import(String, String, String) Loads the database master key from the file that is located at the specified system path by using the specified passwords to decrypt and encrypt the master key.
Public method Import(String, String, String, Boolean) Loads the database master key from the file that is located at the specified system path by using the specified passwords to decrypt and encrypt the master key, and with the option to force regeneration.
Public method Initialize() Initializes the object and forces the properties be loaded. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method Initialize(Boolean) Initializes the object and forces the properties be loaded. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method IsObjectInitialized Verifies whether the object has been initialized. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Protected method IsObjectInSpace Verifies whether the object is isolated or connected to the instance of SQL Server. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method Open Opens the database master key by using the specified password.
Public method Refresh Refreshes the object and retrieves properties when the object is next accessed. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method Regenerate(String) Regenerates the database master key by using the specified new password.
Public method Regenerate(String, Boolean) Regenerates the database master key by using the specified new password, and with the option to force the regeneration, thus removing all items that cannot be successfully decrypted.
Protected method SetParentImpl Sets the parent of the SqlSmoObject to the newParent parameter. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method ToString Returns a String that represents the referenced object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Public method Validate Validates the state of an object. (Inherited from SmoObjectBase.)
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 Name Description
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.Discover Discovers any dependencies.Do not reference this member directly in your code. It supports the SQL Server infrastructure. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.GetDomainRoot Returns the root of the domain. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.GetParent Gets the parent of this object. Do not reference this member directly in your code. It supports the SQL Server infrastructure. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.GetPropertyType Gets the type of the specified property. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.GetPropertyValue Gets the value of the specified property. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.GetUrn Gets the Unified Resource Name (URN) of the object.Do not reference this member directly in your code. It supports the SQL Server infrastructure. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.Resolve Gets the instance that contains the information about the object from the Unified Resource Name (URN) of the object. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.SetObjectState Sets the object state to the specified SfcObjectState value. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method IAlienObject.SetPropertyValue Sets the property value. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
Explicit interface implemetation Private method ISfcPropertyProvider.GetPropertySet Gets the interface reference to the set of properties of this object.Do not reference this member directly in your code. It supports the SQL Server infrastructure. (Inherited from SqlSmoObject.)
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© 2015 Microsoft


Setting Breakpoints for the DOM
When building a web app, sometimes we need to approach it top-down. Ever encountered a situation where you can see the bug in the UI visually, but virtually have no idea what is the cause?
Luckily for us, modern browser devtools allow us to set breakpoints not only on the JS code, but also on the DOM as well! We can easily pin down the offending lines deep inside the code base, by pausing the execution based on DOM changes.
First, identify the DOM element that we want to monitor, then right click it and go to Break on. We have 3 different options for how this breakpoint shall be triggered.
Setting a DOM Breakpoint
Setting a DOM Breakpoint
Now, whenever the DOM element we are monitoring gets some update (depending on the option we chose), the breakpoint will get hit, and we can inspect what is happening at that point in the source tab.


Cookie Consent by Cookie Consent by Darlington Borough Council - Vehicle access requests privacy notice
Vehicle access requests
Who do you keep information about?
We keep information about individuals who have requested to have a vehicle access constructed by us.
Why do you keep information about me?
The information we keep allows us to construct a vehicle access at your property in accordance with the Highways Act 1980 Section 184.
Who can see my information?
Only named individuals in the Economic Growth and Neighbourhood Services department can see your information.
How do you store the information you keep about me?
The information is stored within a secure database. We also have information stored within a secure file on our computer network. We will scan any paper information that you send us once your access has been constructed.
How long do you keep information about me?
We will keep your information for 7 years from the date of completion. The information is destroyed securely when we no longer need it.
What sort of information do you keep?
Personal data:
 - Name
 - Identification number
 - Location data
 - One or more factors specific to the:-
 - economic


text: ||This paper presents a new Kalman filter approach to Power System State Estimation based on PMUs, in which the knowledge of the system frequency is exploited to ensure the accuracy of the estimated quantities even under off-nominal conditions. In the proposed solution, the frequency is added as a new state variable to be estimated, so that its value can be known with lower uncertainty, thus leading to more accurate estimates also for node voltages and branch currents. All the frequency measurements available from PMUs can be exploited through the presented method to improve the estimation. In order to assess the benefits given by the integration of the frequency knowledge, the performance of the new approach is compared to different state estimation methodologies, by means of simulations carried out on the New England IEEE 39-bus system under different realistic operating conditions and measurement configurations. Performed tests take into account, in particular, the possible occurrence of off-nominal frequency conditions, highlighting the issues associated to traditional PMUbased Kalman filter approaches and proving the effectiveness of the proposed solution.


text: Experimental, analytical, and archaeological evidence is presented to describe the characteristics of thermal alteration in mesolithic assemblages from the northern Netherlands. Experiments, both in the field and in the laboratory, have established the sequence of changes that occur when flint is subjected to heat. Analytical techniques involving the scanning electron microscope and thermoluminescence analysis are used in an attempt to recognize thermal pretreatment and to define the stages in manufacturing in which it was used. The proportions and spatial distributions of thermally-altered artefacts are employed to compare archaeological assemblages and to locate heat sources on occupation floors. In spite of high incidence of heat alteration in the assemblages, there is no conclusive evidence for intentional thermal pretreatment.


text:
Johannesburg, South Africa
The 3-day national workshop, "'Consensus-Building' on the Implementation of ILO Recommendation 204 on Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy," was convened by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC) in Johannesburg, South Africa. The workshop aimed to reach agreement on practical steps to be taken at national and city levels for the implementation of the ILO Recommendation 204 on Transitioning to Formality.
Workshop participants included local and national government officials and representatives from informal worker organizations, community-based organizations, cooperatives, organized labour, and business.
Pat Horn of StreetNet International attended the workshop as one of the representatives of local informal worker organizations and Vanessa Pillay of WIEGO attended in an advisory capacity in support of informal worker organizations.
- Read the WIEGO Network Platform: Transitioning from the Informal to the Formal Economy in the Interest of Workers in the Informal Economy
- Read about WIEGO's participation in the 2015 International Labour Conference on Facilitating Transitions from the Informal to the Formal Economy
- Read Myths & Facts about the Informal Economy and Workers in the Informal Economy
- Read Informality and Illegality: Unpacking the Relationship
- Watch WIEGO's video on Organizing for Change


Hard water hampers weed control
To get the most from the herbicides you're spraying in your field, check your water quality first
crop sprayer in the field
A North Dakota State University extension specialist says the performance of some herbicides can be adversely affected by using hard water to prepare spray mixtures. According to Richard Zollinger, there are a variety of water quality issues that can impact herbicide efficacy, including the presence of clay, silt or organic matter in the water. But a key factor in "antagonizing" herbicides is hard water that includes high levels of mineral ion content.
"Water hardness is based on the amount of calcium and magnesium in the water," Zollinger explains. Hardness is expressed as the amount of calcium in the water added to the amount of magnesium present as calcium carbonate equivalent. "The presence of the other minerals would be additive to the hard water value," he says. "Hard water may contain mostly calcium, magnesium, iron, and potassium. Soft water contains sodium, similar to how a water softener works in homes."
Minerals such as calcium, magnesium potassium, iron and sodium contain cations, or positively charged ions, that bind with herbicides, reducing absorption, which results in less activity from the herbicide.
Zollinger delivered a presentation entitled, "Weed Control Issues: How Water Quality Can Affect Herbicide Efficacy" at Manitoba Ag Days, held at Brandon, Man. in January.
During the presentation, Zollinger showed evidence that much of the water in the Prairie provinces is very hard, showing an up to or greater than 250 milligram per litre (ppm) concentration of hardness as calcium carbonate.
Almost all "weak acid" herbicides are antagonized by minerals in hard water, he explained, including glyphosate (Group 9) and Liberty (Group 10), and other "weak acid" herbicides in various chemical groups. Calcium levels of 150 ppm and sodium levels of 300 ppm in spray water are enough to antagonize herbicides.
According to an article on water quality and weed control prepared by Saskatchewan's Ministry of Agriculture, hard water can also reduce the activity of 2,4-D Amine. If the water is hard enough, this herbicide's effectiveness is severely reduced.
Additionally, some Saskatchewan groundwater contains relatively high levels of bicarbonate ions. "Bicarbonate content can be a factor affecting the performance of some herbicides, particularly those in the "dim" group such as Achieve (tralkoxydim), Poast Ultra (sethoxydim) and Centurion/Select (clethodim) as well as 2,4-D Amine," explains the article.
Managing hard water
There are a few steps you can take to mitigate the impact of hard water on herbicide efficacy. One strategy is to apply the maximum rates of herbicides when hard water is an issue. Also, water volume can be reduced to the minimum required for adequate herbicide coverage. This is effective for glyphosate in particular, due to a higher concentration of glyphosate in spray droplets.
Zollinger recommends applying ammonium sulfate (AMS) fertilizer with glyphosate, as it prevents cations in hard water from binding to glyphosate and minimizing its effectiveness.
AMS application rates should vary based on water hardness. Most glyphosate labels recommend an application rate of 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100 gallons, but as little as four pounds per 100 gallons may be enough to overcome most salt antagonism. Zollinger's guideline for dry application rates is 8.5 pounds per 100 gallons, or 0.8 kilograms per acre. AMS can also be purchased in liquid form for easier application. One guideline for liquid AMS application rates is 1.6 litres per acre. "This will overcome salts in the water and enhance all weak acid herbicides," Zollinger says.
AMS is not perfect — application requires lots of product, as well as time to let it dissolve in the spray water. In addition, it slows speed of loading and spraying overall, and impurities, as well as low water volume, may plug nozzles. However, Zollinger is convinced that the benefits outweigh the negatives.
"AMS has been the cheapest and most effective method to overcome hard water antagonism of herbicides," he says. "There are liquid water conditioners on the market that contain low amounts of AMS and other substances, but they are more expensive than AMS and some of them are less effective."
Zollinger concluded his presentation with a warning: "Know your water quality."
Growers who suspect they may have water quality issues should send samples for testing. In Saskatchewan, growers can refer to the ALS Environmental Laboratory's testing services. In Manitoba, Central Testing Laboratory offers water testing packages.
About the author
Julienne Isaacs
Julienne Isaacs's recent articles
Stories from our other publications


local farming
Ithaca College
Local farms provide communities not only with nutritious food, but also a way towards environmental sustainability by working directly with their local community.
When Carol Anne Sayle began farming with her husband Larry Butler in 1981, they were ahead of their time as urban farmers. They also became early voices in the locavore movement in Austin, Texas. (Eva Legge/Dartmouth College)
Planet Forward Correspondent | Dartmouth College
Two Austin, Texas, urban farms led the way for their area's locavore movement. These farmers talk about their motivation, and discuss why eating local is so important.
Planet Forward Senior Correspondent | University of Georgia
Roger Williams University


text:
Sustainable water management
We are committed to sustainable water management
In line with our commitment to sustainable development, we aim to pursue sustainable water management through:
- reduced potable water consumption
- improved efficiency in managing water resources
- demonstrating leadership in promoting water conservation in the community
- improvements to water quality and health of local waterways.
Domestic rainwater tanks
Rainwater tanks are a great way for you to reduce the consumption of potable water, but beware of health hazards from your rainwater tank.
Animals can get into an uncovered tank leaving bacteria in the water which can cause illness such as gastroenteritis.
Regularly clean gutters as dust, roof corrosion products, wood fire particles and bacteria from bird faeces can be washed into your rainwater tank.
Our integrated water management plan
The aim of the IWMP is to achieve a more sustainable integrated approach to water management, to reduce reliance on potable water and enhance ecological health of receiving waterways.
The development of this plan and its targets are key actions of our Council Plan 2013–17.
Waterwatch is a national community water quality monitoring network that encourages Australians to become actively involved in the protection of our waterways.
Waterwatch groups play an important role in determining the ongoing health of waterways and catchments through physical and chemical water tests, and biological and habitat assessments. Waterwatch groups can also assist in reversing damage to waterways through involvement in measures such as minimising contaminants entering the waterway, fencing and pest control which are designed to reduce or eliminate threatening processes.


text: A fresh perspective on British history from award-winning broadcaster Fatima Manji. Why was there a Turkish mosque adorning Britain's most famous botanic garden in the eighteenth century? How did a pair of Persian-inscribed cannon end up in rural Wales? And who is the Moroccan man depicted in a long-forgotten portrait hanging in a west London stately home? Throughout Britain's museums, civic buildings and stately homes, relics can be found that reveal the diversity of pre-twentieth-century Britain and expose the misconceptions around modern immigration narratives. In her journey across Britain exploring cultural landmarks, Fatima Manji searches for a richer and more honest story of a nation struggling with identity and the legacy of empire.


text:
Every once in a while, you see recipes from the 1950s for those horrid molded Jello salads made with tomato or celery flavored Jell-O. The history of Jell-O goes back much further than that. In fact, gelatin has been eaten for centuries. But it was rather difficult to prepare until the invention of powdered gelatin in the mid-19th century.
So, in 1845, the already famous inventor of the first American-built steam locomotive – the Tom Thumb – Peter Cooper, devised a way to make gelatin more accessible by making large sheets of it and grinding it into a powder. He applied for and was granted a patent (US Patent 4084) for a gelatin dessert powder he called "Portable Gelatin" requiring only the addition of hot water. Despite the future economic windfall a gelatin powder would provide, Cooper didn't market it nor did much of anything with his invention. He sold the powder to cooks on occasion, but never commercialized it beyond that. In fact, he was more interested in the production of powdered glue. He never quite figured out that secret. Unlike Jell-O, as most kids find out early in life, glue doesn't taste very good.
The patent for powdered gelatin passed through several other hands before it became a sensation in 1904. Read about how Jell-O was developed, named, and marketed on its way to being the ubiquitous product we know today, at Today I Found Out.


text:
ethalfluralin (Sonalan HFP)
Rate 1.5 to 1.7 lb ai/A (4 to 4.5 pints/A) before nightshade germinates; 1.5 lb ai/A (4 pints/A) before dodder germinates
Time Apply before nightshade germinates and thoroughly incorporate into the top 2 to 3 inches of soil. Apply again in the spring at 1.5 lb ai/A (4 pints/A), before dodder germinates.
Remarks Special local needs labels ID-950020, OR-940037, and WA-940018. In Oregon, use only on alfalfa grown for seed in Malheur, Umatilla, Morrow, Josephine, and Jackson counties by members of the Oregon Alfalfa Seed Growers Assn., Gardena Alfalfa Seed Growers Assn., Inc., and Josephine Growers Cooperative Assn. For best results, herbicide should be activated within 2 days after application. For dodder control, herbicide may be activated by rain, irrigation, or mechanical incorporation, but do not mechanically incorporate more than 1 inch deep.
Caution Do not apply the year before rotating to another crop. Do not apply to seedling alfalfa (up to six-true-leaf stage) or to soils that are wet, cloddy, or subject to prolonged flooding.
Site of action Group 3: microtubule assembly inhibitor
Chemical family Dinitroaniline


text:
Phase 1 Alerts (yellow)
Phase 1 alerts are triggered only after the sensor detects a significant decline in air quality within the microclimate around the sensor.
A decline in Air Quality is indicated by an increase in the IAQ value. This decline triggers a Phase 1 fire detection process and is done anonymously without notifying users. It involves the following four steps:
Sensor checks the air quality every 60 seconds.
If air quality remains unchanged, send data packets containing air measurements every 2 hours.
If the air quality deteriorates over a set timeframe, trigger a Phase 1 alert.
The sensitivity of the Phase 1 algorithm (threshold and sliding time window) can be configured remotely by Dryad's support team. In the future, Dryad is planning to enable self-configuration by customers using the Site Management app as well as an adaptive algorithm aiming to reduce the number of Yellow warnings over time.
Sensor checks air quality every 60 seconds
Once every 60 seconds, the sensor uses an algorithm to check the Air Quality in the microclimate within range of a sensor.
Data packets sent to Silvanet Cloud every two hours
As long as the sensor detects Normal Air which means the baseline IAQ determined during calibration remains stable, it sends data packets to the Silvanet Cloud every two hours.
These data packets contain the current air pressure, temperature and humidity in the environment within range of the sensor. This data appears in the Site Management app.
Deterioration in air quality triggers Phase 1 alert
If the Air Quality has significantly deteriorated (IAQ change > 50) within a short period of time (using a sliding window of 5 minutes), then the gas sensor issues a Phase 1 alert. This alert is sent to the Silvanet Cloud. Clients do not receive this alert but is used internally to determine why the sensor reacted.
A Phase 1 alert triggers the Phase 2 detection process to determine if the sensor has detected a fire.