text:
Wood Burning Stove Removal in Portland
In an effort to keep Oregon a healthy, thriving place to live, the state regularly passes laws that help protect our environment. The goal is to make sure that the beautiful outdoor areas that we all enjoy, from our backyards to our lush forests, are here for generations to come. One of those laws, put into effect on August 1, 2010, banned the use of uncertified wood-burning stoves in homes across the state.
The reason? Air quality control. The smoke that comes from these older wood-burning stoves causes a significant amount of air pollution and can carry particulate matter that reaches the deepest part of our lungs. The poor air quality caused by wood-burning stoves can contribute to respiratory disease, asthma, heart problems and in some rare cases, cancer.
To stay in compliance with the law, and protect your neighbors and community, you should understand the steps of removing an uncertified wood stove. We'll help you identify uncertified wood stoves, how to get rid of it and how to make sure any wood stove you purchase in the future is lawful and better for the environment.
How to Tell if Your Wood Stove Is Uncertified
The first step to the wood stove removal process is to confirm that you have an uncertified wood stove. The law states that no home can be sold if it has an uncertified wood stove. If you're in the process of finding a home, keep this in mind as you continue your search as it might stall your progress.
Certified wood burning stoves will have a sticker from the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality or the United States Environmental Protection Agency. These stickers are issued from the manufacturer and cannot be given to stoves that are already in use.
If you don't see one of these stickers on your stove, it is likely that it's uncertified and you need to destroy it or render it inoperable immediately. You cannot just give it away to someone or attempt to sell an uncertified wood burning stove — you must provide official proof that you've made sure the wood burning stove is disposed of.
How do you get that proof? You call us.
Alpha Environmental's Wood Stove Removal Process
As soon as you let us know that you need a wood stove removed, our team of experts work quickly to make the complicated process simple and easy for you. We'll set up an appointment to come to your house and remove the stove. No matter where the stove is in your house, upstairs, downstairs or in an awkward nook, we'll find a way to safely take it out of your home. No nicks on your wall or strained backs!
After that, we'll properly dispose of the stove and email you a confirmation number with a link to notify the DEQ. That's all it takes! You just have to set the appointment and click a single link and we'll do the rest.
Have any questions about the process? We have answers! You can give us a call or read the frequently asked questions below.


Let ZFC2 be the Second-Order formalisation of ZFC.
The Second-Order Axiom schema of Comprehension (part of the deductive system for SOL) says that for every formula (of SOL) there is a relation with the same extension (shapiro 1991).
If we formalise ZFC2, then the domain is all sets and the second-order quantifiers range over all the subsets of the domain. But then, what stops Russell's Paradox from arising?
I know it doesn't because ZFC2 is equivalent to Morse-Kelley set theory.
In Second-order Logic, the comprehension schema (considering for simplicity only unary predicate variables) is:
∃X∀x [ ϕ(x) ↔ X(x) ],
where x is an individual variable, X is a 1-ary predicate variable and X may not occur free in ϕ.
What prevents form generating Russell's Paradox?
Two facts:
(i) we cannot substitute X for x.
A s-o language for sets must use individual variables x for sets and unary predicate variables for classes. So, x ∈ A must be formalized as A(x) and thus, using it as ϕ(x), what we get is:
∃X∀x [ ~A(x) ↔ X(x) ].
(ii) the proviso that X may not be free in ϕ prevents from using ~X(x) to get:
∃X∀x [ ~X(x) ↔ X(x) ].
Your Answer


How To Identify Mobile Phone Parts/functions (Small Parts)
The Small Parts On A Mobile Phone's PCB
In this article on "How To Identify Mobile Phone Parts/functions " we shall be focusing on "The Small Parts" found on mobile phones generally before digging in to "The Big Parts",
Most technicians who do not know how important it is to identify mobile phone parts/functions performed by each of these parts may not be able to achieve much and might even experience more damages or make avoidable mistakes by neglecting such an indispensable aspect of the art. Its so funny sometimes when you see some G.S.M Technicians doing a jumper connecting two points say from A to B where a a shorted capacitor or diode was removed. Such a thing should rather be done for a fuse in power section or where appropriate instead.
When you do jumper for a capacitor, you are creating an artificial short and adding more salt to the injury! You should rather do that for an open circuit where you are sure their is a broken path. Alright, that was just by the way. At this point, we will begin to consider how to identify mobile phone parts/functions they perform.
How To Identify Mobile Phone Parts/functions They Perform
Resistors: A solid state electronic component that resist or limit the flow of current in a Mobile Phone SMT Resistorscircuit to a measured value. It opposes the flow of current, and is measured in ohms using the multi-meter. When a resistor is open a phone can go dead. When the resistance value of a resistor drops say from 1.5 Kilo Ohms to 700 Ohms, then more current will flow into the circuit board and vice versa. Get a schematic or block diagrams to find out the exact value the manufacturer assigned so you can read on your PCB and check if it corresponds or needs to be changed. You can check the measurement using the multi-meter in Ohms mode. Resistors with 0 resistances will act like fuse, so they will give sound in buzzer mode while a 1kilo Ohms resistor will not give a buzzer sound in same mode. The values of resistors are written on them, but in cases where they are too small, the values are not written and are therefore left plane. However one can still know the resistance value using the ohms mode on the multi-meter.
Capacitors: An electronic component that acts as filter by filtering electric current from eitherMobile Phone SMT Capacitors AC or DC source and creating stability and eliminating noise in a circuit. Capacitors can be either polarized or non-polarized. When working with a polarized capacitor, you will have to take the positive and the negative terminal into consideration by making sure they are placed according to the positive and the negative terminals. The non-polarized can be placed in any direction you like; they can be found in grey, brown and orange like colors. One can find the SMT polarized capacitors in two colors on mobile phones in black with a white strip representing negative, and orange color capacitor with a brown strip representing negative side. To know the value of a capacitor, its capacitance is measured using the capacitance meter. Depending on where the capacitor is found in a circuit, it can affect the proper functioning of those hardware components it is connected to. If charging capacitor is shorted for example, the phone won't charge and chargers may get burnt amongst other things the phone can go dead too. A faulty capacitor will give sound in buzzer mode while a good one will not. You can also check if it's good in battery mode. While set to 20 DCV if it keeps dropping in reading it's a healthy sign. While set to Ohms mode say like 2000k, if it keeps increasing in reading, it's a good sign
Diode: An electronic component that allow current flow in a particular direction; either Mobile Phone SMT Diodesforward bias or reverse bias depending on the circumstances of the flow of current. The diode you will familiarize with in GSM repairs includes the following: Zenar diode, rectifier diode, photo diode and the light emitting diode known as the LED.
The Zener diode is found in the charging section and is responsible for filtering, protecting, minimizing and regulating current and passing it forward; it comes in different strength and values i.e. 4volts, 6volts, 8volts 10volts etc.
The rectifier diode on the other hand is found in power section and converts AC current into DC. It allows the flow of current in the one forward bias direction and not reverse bias like the zener diode.
The photo diode mainly senses and capture light rays for infrared functionality; by this means it is able to transfer data for a required user function. This application is found in sensors, remote controls and some high tech medical equipment.
The LEDs (Light Emitting Diode ) primarily emits or produces light. It is a crystal substance that produces light when current flows through it. The light color is determined by the crystal color combination. LEDs illuminate the phone's screen display. You can test if the LED is good by using the both test leads of your multi-meter to check if it glows when in buzzer mode. Aside the diodes discoursed here; there are several other diodes like tunnel diode, shocky diode etc
Normally, a diode is tested in the buzzer mode. If it gives sound in buzzer mode, that is a bad sign that it is shorted and should be removed so that it doesn't affect the functioning of any part of a phone's smooth working. A good diode should read 1 in one direction and more than 1 in the other direction when you test with a multi-meter. A bad diode giving buzzer sound can affect any part of a phone. It can affect power, it can affect charging etc.
Transistor: A semi-conductor solid state electronic device. It's a combination of two or moreSMT Transistor diode acting as switching mechanism in an electronic circuit. Generally speaking there are two main types of transistors namely the NPN transistors and the PNP transistors. A transistor consists of the base (B), the collector (C) and the emitter (E). Aside acting as a switch, it also performs amplification of electronic signals. The commonly used of the duo is the NPN, and this probably because it is easily made from silicon which is cheap and readily available. A good example of how it amplifies electronic signals is when you are about to snap a picture, you notice a sudden flash of LED light in its fullest strength! That's the amplification function aspect. There are lots of them on the PCB and can be found in charging sections, power IC section, display IC sections etc.
Coils: Coils may either be boost or step down coils depending on the function they perform Mobile Phone SMT Coils - Inductorsjust like what you see in the case of AC to DC transformers. Boost coil can be found in any part of a phone's PCB. They are required to step up current-voltage required for a specific function according to a measure of value while on the other hand, the step down coils helps to reduce and regulate the flow of current to a determined value. Step down coils usually supply current to ICs that function at low current-voltage level, this is why they are spread all across a phone's PCB like the resistors and caps. A faulty coil could create and open thereby interrupting the value of current expected to flow through a circuit in a mobile phone's PCB.
Backlight Driver: The backlight driver in a mobile phone supplies a regulated amount of Phone SMD LCD Backlight Driverelectric current needed for the phone LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) to be illuminated. The backlight driver has eight legs or pins and comes in different sizes and shapes and can be found in the power section of a mobile phone mostly close to the battery terminal. When the backlight driver is faulty the phone screen will go black and nothing will be visible in the display.
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5 Responses
 1. Patrick says:
 Thanks bro, your write ups leave me in laughter though
 2. Ibrah bwaise says:
 Thx bro
 3. Samson says:
 Thanks so much sir for this wonderful explanation, God bless you an grant you more wisdom
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Let $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ be two simple closed curves in a closed surface $S$.
What is the maximum Euler characteristic of a compact properly embedded surface $\Sigma \subset S\times [0,1]$ such that $\partial \Sigma = \gamma_0 \times \{0\} \cup \gamma_1 \times \{1\}$?
Of course, in order for such a surface $\Sigma$ to exist, the two curves $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ must represent the same class in $H_1(S,\mathbb Z_2)$. Note that $\Sigma$ may be non-orientable.
If $2n$ is the minimum geometric intersection number of $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$, it is easy to construct a $\Sigma$ with $\chi(\Sigma)\geqslant \chi(S) - n$. Is there a converse estimate of this kind? Do we have $\chi(\Sigma) \leqslant -n$ when $S$ is a torus?
share|improve this question
what is the "geometric intersection number" and why is its minimum even? – Vivek Shende Feb 14 '11 at 23:48
_USER_ : The geometric intersection number of two curves $x$ and $y$ on a surface is the minimum of the set of numbers $#(x' \cap y')$, where $x'$ and $y'$ range over curves homotopic to $x$ and $y$. In the case at hand, this has to be even because the mod $2$ algebraic intersection number of the two curves in question is $0$, so mod $2$ there have to be the same number of positive intersections as negative intersections. – Andy Putman Feb 15 '11 at 2:21
3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Here is a graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$ associated to a surface and homology class (similar to the 1-skeleton of the curve complex): For a fixed class in $x\in H_1(S;\mathbb{Z}_2)$, consider isotopy classes of embedded multicurves representing the homology class $x$ (one may assume no components are parallel and there are no trivial components). Make this collection the vertices of the graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Connect two vertices $A, B$ to be adjacent in the graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$ if $A\cup B$ are disjointly embedded, and after removing all parallel curves of $A\cup B$, the remaining components bound a pair of pants or a twice-punctured projective plane (this second can only happen if $S$ is non-orientable). I'm not sure if such a complex has been defined before, but there is a somewhat analogous complex defined in the integral homology case by Bestvina, Bux, and Margalit. Also, this is related to a technique of Hatcher-Thurston to undertand surfaces in two-bridge knot complements.
I claim that the maximal Euler characteristic of a surface bounding $\gamma_0\times 0 \cup \gamma_1\times 1$ is the negative of the distance between $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Put the product metric on $S\times [0,1]$, and make $\Sigma$ into a minimal surface with respect to this metric (Theorem 6.12 of Hass-Scott). Then $S\times t, t\in [0,1]$ gives a foliation by totally geodesic surfaces, and by the maximum principle, they can be tangent to $\Sigma$ in only saddle tangencies (see an argument of Hass, we will assume things are perturbed to be generaic). Thus, for all but finitely many $t$, $S\times t$ meets $\Sigma$ in a finite collection of curves, giving rise to a vertex of $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. As one passes through a tangency point $S\times t_0$ (assuming things are generic), the intersection changes by a saddle move, giving a surface in $S$ of Euler characteristic $-1$ bounding the curves before and after the tangency. There can never be a closed trivial curve occurring, because this would give rise to a center tangency. Thus, each saddle tangency gives an edge between the adjacent vertices of $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$, and therefore $\Sigma$ gives a path between $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Conversely, any such path gives rise to a surface.
Of course, there will be many geodesics connecting $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$, given by any Morse function on $(\Sigma, \gamma_0,\gamma_1)$ with only index 1 critical points, and I don't expect the distance function to be easy to compute (probably one should use normal surface theory to compute it).
share|improve this answer
In your definition of the graph is it equivalent (and perhaps easier) to say that $A$ and $B$ and joined by an edge iff they are related by a saddle move? – Kevin Walker May 18 '11 at 21:59
yes, that's equivalent - in fact, as one varies the parameter t, one will see a movie isotoping multicurves with finitely many saddle moves. – Ian Agol May 18 '11 at 22:07
Thanks Ian. Does $\Sigma$ need to be $\partial$-incompressible to guarantee that one can find a minimal representative, or is incompressibility enough? In fact my question was motivated precisely by normal surface theory: in some cases normal surfaces of highest $\chi$ are "seen" by quantum invariants by using the techniques described in a (nice) paper of Frohman - Bartoszynska arxiv.org/abs/math/_PHONE_ and I was wondering whether this minimal distance between curves could be computed by using some Turaev-Viro invariant. – Bruno Martelli May 19 '11 at 14:35
This is Theorem 6.12 of Hass-Scott: ams.org/journals/tran/1988-310-01/S0002-9947-_PHONE_-6/… – Ian Agol May 19 '11 at 15:55
For orientable surfaces of genus at least $2$, pretty sharp bounds are obtained in the unpublished PhD thesis of Ingrid Irmer, which is available here.
share|improve this answer
Nice reference, thanks! – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 8:24
The thesis deals with oriented curves and surfaces, but probably the same techniques apply in the non-oriented case. – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 14:00
Let $a$, $b$ and $x$ be curves on $S$ such that
 - $a$ and $x$ intersect once,
 - $b$ and $x$ intersect once, and
 - $a$ and $b$ have a large algebraic intersection number.
(I assume that $S$ is orientable.) Then there is a surface $\Sigma_a$ connecting $x$ and $x+2a$ with $\chi(\Sigma_a) = -1$ and a similar surface $\Sigma_b$ connecting $x$ and $x+2b$. Combining $\Sigma_a$ and $\Sigma_b$ we get a surface of Euler characteristic $-2$ connecting $x+2a$ and $x+2b$. Thus the geometric intersection number of two curves does not give a lower bound on the complexity of a surface joining them.
(In your original question you ask if $\chi(\Sigma) \le n$, but $n$ is positive and $\chi(\Sigma)$ is negative, so I assume you meant $|\chi(\Sigma)|$.)
share|improve this answer
Thank you (I have corrected the sign) – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 8:24
Your Answer


text:
RISE Seminar: Search-based Approaches to Optimize Deep Learning Computation, a talk by Zhihao Jia
May 17, 2019
Title: Search-based Approaches to Optimize Deep Learning Computation
Speaker: Zhihao Jia
Affiliation: Stanford University
Date and location: Friday, May 17, 12:30-1:30pm; Wozniak Lounge (430 Soda Hall)
Abstract: Existing deep learning frameworks deploy DNN architectures on modern hardware devices by applying a sequence of heuristic optimizations. For example, current frameworks use data and model parallelism to parallelize DNN training across distributed clusters, and use rule-based operator fusions to optimize DNN computation graphs. These heuristic approaches achieve improved runtime performance in general but miss subtle optimizations for particular DNN architectures.
In this talk, I will present two projects that use search-based approaches to optimize deep learning computation. First, I will introduce SOAP, a comprehensive search space of parallelization strategies for DNN training that includes strategies to parallelize a DNN in the Sample, Operator, Attribute, and Parameter dimensions. I will present FlexFlow, a deep learning engine that uses guided randomized search of the SOAP space to automatically discover fast parallelization strategies, outperforming existing data/model parallelism by up to 3.3x. Second, I will present XFlow, a DNN computation graph optimizer with automatically generated graph substitutions. For a DNN architecture, XFlow uses these auto-generated substitutions to constitute a search space of candidate computation graphs, and uses cost-based backtracking search to discover optimized graphs, which outperform graphs generated by existing rule-based optimizers by up to 2.9x. Finally, I will conclude the talk by discussing future work and research opportunities enabled by emerging DNN architectures, such as graph neural networks.
Bio: Zhihao Jia is a PhD candidate in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, working with Prof. Matei Zaharia and Prof. Alex Aiken. His research interests lie at the intersection of systems and deep learning. In particular, he is interested in designing automated systems for optimizing deep learning computation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Hanapepe massacre
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Hanapepe massacre
Date September 9, 1924
Location Hanapepe, Hawaii
Goals $2 daily wage
8 hour day
Parties to the civil conflict
Striking Filipino sugar workers
Lead figures
Jack Butler
Deaths: 16 killed
Arrests: 101
Deaths: 4
The Hanapēpē Massacre (also called the Battle of Hanapēpē since both sides were armed) happened on September 9, 1924. Toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, local police shot dead nine strikers and fatally wounded seven, strikers shot and stabbed three sheriffs to death and fatally wounded one; a total of 20 people died. The massacre brought an end to armed protests in Hawaii.
By the 1920s, the sugar plantation owners in Hawaiʻi had become disillusioned with both Japanese and Filipino workers. They spent the next few years trying to get the U.S. Congress to relax the Chinese Exclusion Act so that they could bring in new Chinese workers. Congress prevented the importation of Chinese labor.[1]
But organized labor in the 1920s' U.S. mainland supported the Congress in this action, so that for a while it looked as though militant unionism on the sugar plantations was dead. To oppose organized labor, the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature passed the Criminal Syndicalism Law of 1919, Anarchistic Publications law of 1921, and the Anti-Picketing Law of 1923.
These laws, with penalties of up to 10 years in prison, increased the discontent of the workers. The Filipinos, who were rapidly becoming the dominant plantation labor force, had deep-seated grievances: as the latest immigrants they were treated most poorly. Although the planters had claimed there was a labor shortage and they were actively recruiting workers from the Philippines, they wanted only illiterate workers and turned back any arrivals who could read or write, as many as one in six.
Strikes and Massacre[edit]
By 1922 Filipino labor activist Pablo Manlapit had organized a new Filipino Higher Wage Movement which numbered some 13,000 members. In April 1924, it called for a strike on the island of Kauaʻi, demanding $2 a day in wages and reduction of the workday to 8 hours. As they had previously, the plantation owners used armed forces, the National Guard, and strike breakers paid a higher wage than the strikers demanded. Again workers were turned out of their homes. Propaganda was distributed to whip up racism. Spying and infiltration of the strikers' ranks was acknowledged by Jack Butler, executive head of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.
Strike leaders were arrested in attempts to disrupt workers' solidarity, and people were bribed to testify against them. On September 9, 1924, outraged strikers seized two strike breakers at Hanapēpē, Kauaʻi and prevented them from going to work. The police, armed with clubs and guns, came to union headquarters to rescue them. Filipino strikers were armed only with homemade weapons and knives.
The Associated Press flashed the story of what followed across the United States in the following words: Honolulu. - Twenty persons dead, unnumbered injured lying in hospital, officers under orders to shoot strikers as they approached, distracted widows with children tracking from jails to hospitals and morgues in search of missing strikers - this was the aftermath of a clash between cane strikers and workers on the McBryde plantation, Tuesday at Hanapepe, island of Kauai. The dead included sixteen Filipinos and four policemen.[citation needed]
After the massacre police rounded up all male protesters they could find, and a total of 101 Filipino men were arrested. 76 were brought to trial,[2] and of these 60 received four-year jail sentences. Pablo Manlapit was charged with subornation of perjury and was sentenced to two to ten years in prison.[3] The Hawaiʻi Hochi claimed that he had been railroaded into prison, a victim of framed-up evidence, perjured testimony, racial prejudice and class hatred. Shortly thereafter, he was paroled on condition that he leave Hawaiʻi. After eight months the strike disintegrated.
The Federationist, the official publication of the American Federation of Labor, reported that in 1924 the ten leading sugar companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange paid dividends averaging 17 percent. From 1913 to 1923, the eleven leading sugar companies paid cash dividends of 172.45 percent, and most of them issued large stock dividends.
After the 1924 strike, the labor movement in Hawaiʻi dwindled, but did not die, and discontent among the workers rarely surfaced again. Pablo Manlapit, who had been imprisoned and exiled, returned to the islands in 1932 and started a new labor organization, this time hoping to include other ethnic groups. But the time was not ripe in the Depression years. There were small nuisance strikes in 1933 that made no headway and involved mostly Filipinos. Protests since the massacre have discouraged carrying guns at demonstrations.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). "Suppressing the News and Contributing to a Masscre". Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 131–138. ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3.
 2. ^ Matsuoka, Fumitaka; Fernandez, Eleazar S (2003). Realizing the America of Our Hearts: Theological Voices of Asian Americans. Chalice Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8272-3251-8.
 3. ^ Raymundo, Rizaline R (2003). Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, _PHONE_. University of Hawaii Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8248-2688-8.
Additional sources[edit]
Further reading[edit]


Magnet Designation Matters to Nurses | 50 States Staffing
Magnet Designation Matters to Nurses
Magnet Hospital
Once thought to be the most reliable measure of patient care and satisfaction, nurse-patient ratios have been joined by a number of other statistics that correlate with positive outcomes. Evidence suggests nurse work environments play an important role in quality patient outcomes, along with nurses' perception of the type of facility they work in. For example, hospitals that have earned a "Magnet" designation are recognized for valuing nurses' contributions, formalizing career development and training, and keeping lines of communication open. It is widely believed that workplace satisfaction is higher at these facilities than at non-Magnet hospitals. The ANCC (The American Nurses Credentialing Center) administers and awards the Magnet designation.
Although some healthcare experts may question the procedures for awarding and maintaining the Magnet designation, a Gallup survey indicated that nurses who work in Magnet facilities perceive the level of care they provide to patients as being higher than nurses who don't.
These exclusive hospitals tend to promote a high level of communication between nurses and doctors, deploy advanced medical technologies and are receptive to nurse input. Magnet facilities keep a close eye on nurse staffing burnout and typically offer health and wellness programs to enhance career satisfaction.
Nurse workplace quality is reflected in patient outcomes
The nurse workplace is under scrutiny, with hospitals, academics and institutions all looking at ways to improve patient care levels by enhancing working conditions. One case study, from McKinsey and Company, reported that improved levels of job satisfaction for nurses led to improved quality of care, reduced absentee rates, and cost savings. Although Magnet designation can require substantial investment, the hope is that it will not only enhance patient care, it will eventually earn back its investment.
50 States is a travel nursing agency that focuses on placing RNs in travel nursing jobs, in particular at Magnet facilities.
50 States staffs some of the largest health systems in Florida and more than nine Magnet facilities across the state, including popular destinations Clearwater, Tampa and St. Petersburg. Nurses in search of a traveling RN job in Florida should intensify their search in early Fall; winter is tourist season and the need for travelers in Florida rises.


text:
The Debate Over Daytime Curfews
- Wednesday, March 06, 2013
My family lives just a mile away from an excellent county library, which my homeschooled children can visit on a nice day in order to check out books for school research or additional reading. They enjoy the stroll with their older sister and feel empowered to use the library's resources. But would they take that walk if they knew that a police officer would stop them, question them, and possibly ticket them or drive them home in the back of a police car? I think not.
That is just one example of potential harm that a daytime curfew poses for homeschooling families. These laws—a trend that began to catch on in cities and counties during the 1990s—prohibit minors from being in public places during school hours, often at the risk of a stiff fine or a hearing before a judge. Are these laws necessary, and do they really pose a risk to homeschoolers?
Why a Daytime Curfew?
Proponents of daytime curfews are motivated by good intentions: to decrease juvenile crime and increase the high school graduation rate. Rarely, if ever, are such laws intended to target homeschoolers. In fact, those children taught at home are often excepted from the curfew rules. Yet homeschool advocacy groups, including the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), are among the most vocal opponents of these laws.
Statistics on the effectiveness of daytime curfews vary widely. For instance, in December 2011—during a debate on whether to enact such a law in Covington, Kentucky (a Cincinnati suburb), the acting police chief of neighboring Newport estimated that his town's curfew had lowered the rate of daytime crimes committed by minors "probably by over 70 percent."1 Yet others, such as Ken Adams, Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Central Florida, have studied the issue and suggest that these laws result in little statistical improvement to the juvenile crime rate and may even increase truancy.2
Whatever their actual impact, daytime curfews continue to be a popular means by which local governments address perceived juvenile problems. In 2011, cities and counties across the United States considered implementing these laws, passing them in towns such as Concord, California, and Covington, Kentucky, while rejecting passage in places such as Carlinville, Illinois, and Stoughton, Wisconsin.
Are These Laws Permissible?
Opponents of daytime curfews assert several reasons why such laws might be impermissible. To name just a few, they argue that such laws interfere with a minor's constitutional rights to freedom of movement or to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures. These statutes might also be unconstitutionally vague, making it unclear exactly what conduct is prohibited. Further, they can infringe on parents' rights to rear their children.
There are also concerns that curfews unfairly target minority students. Recently, the Los Angeles City Council considered changes to its law after the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) raised various concerns, including the over-ticketing of Latino and African-American students.
Even where exceptions for home education are built into a daytime curfew, there is cause for concern. The chance that a child will experience an inconvenient and potentially intimidating encounter with police is likely to "chill" a homeschooler's freedom to go outside during school hours. After all, there is no way for police to distinguish between a home-educated child and a truant public school student, unless the law also sets up an intrusive registration and ID card system.
The Supreme Court of the United States has never ruled on the constitutionality of a daytime juvenile curfew. And, despite legal challenges, some courts have upheld these curfews.3 However, other judges have found them to be problematic and impermissible on several grounds.4 Regardless of these mixed results, communities across the nation have passed, and continue to adopt, curfews as a matter of routine. Very few of them will ever face judicial scrutiny.
What Should Homeschoolers Do?
Daytime curfews have the potential to cause problems for homeschooling families. For that reason, I offer three points of advice in this area.
First, know whether there is currently a daytime curfew in place for your community and whether it contains an exception for homeschooled children. The time to learn the law is now, not when your child comes home in the back of a police car.
Second, keep tabs on local government agendas so you will know if your community is considering a daytime curfew. If so, you may wish to work with other families to fight against these laws or at least to ensure they contain an exception for home-educated children. On its website, HSLDA has prepared a helpful discussion outlining the objections to these laws, along with a package on how to present your views against them.5 Third, if your child is negatively impacted by a curfew, consult with homeschool legal advocates to determine whether they can get the citation dismissed or perhaps even bring a suit against the potentially impermissible law.
Curfew proponents and law enforcement officials have the best of intentions in passing and enforcing these statutes. Where an unintended side effect of the law impacts your family's right to homeschool, you are not powerless; consider taking action. Above all, know the law and know your rights.
1. Mike Rutledge, "Daytime Curfew Causes Clamor," Cincinnati.Com (December 4, 2011), available here.
2. Kenneth Adams, "The Effectiveness of Daytime Curfews at Juvenile Crime Prevention," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 587 (136), available here.
3. For instance, juvenile curfews were approved by the courts in Bykofsky v. Borough of Middletown, 401 F. Supp. 1242 (D. Pa. 1975), aff'd, 535 F.2d 1245 (3d Cir. 1976), Qutb v. Strauss, 11 F.3d 488 (5th Cir. 1993), and Schleifer v. City of Charlottesville, 159 F.3d 843 (4th Cir. 1998).
4. For instance, juvenile curfews were struck down in the following cases: Nunez v. San Diego, 114 F.3d 935 (9th Cir. 1997), and Ramos v. Town of Vernon, 353 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2003).
5. HSLDA's packet of information for homeschooler inquiries about daytime curfew laws is available here.
Antony B. Kolenc (J.D., University of Florida College of Law) is an attorney, author, and speaker. He and his wife have homeschooled their five children for over a decade. He is author of The Chronicles of Xan historical fiction trilogy, as well as several legal articles. Learn more about him at _URL_.
Copyright 2012, used with permission. All rights reserved by author. Originally appeared in the March 2012 issue of The Old Schoolhouse® Magazine, the education magazine. Read the magazine free at _URL_ or read it on the go and download the free apps at _URL_ to read the magazine on your mobile devices.
Publication date: March 6, 2013
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Projects per year
Here we report four post-synthetic modifications, including the first ever example of a high pressure-induced post-synthetic modification, of a porous copper-based metal-organic framework. Ligand exchange with a water ligand at the axial metal site occurs with methanol, acetonitrile, methylamine and ethylamine within a single-crystal and without the need to expose a free metal site prior to modification, resulting in significant changes in the pore size, shape and functionality. Pressure experiments carried out using isopropylalcohol and acetaldehyde, however, results in no ligand exchange. By using these solvents as hydrostatic media for high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments, we have investigated the effect of ligand exchange on the stability and compressibility of the framework and demonstrate that post-synthetic ligand exchange is very sensitive to both the molecular size and functionality of the exchanged ligand. We also demonstrate the ability to force hydrophilic molecules into hydrophobic pores using high pressures which results in a pressure-induced chemical decomposition of the Cu-framework.
- Carbon-dioxide capture
FingerprintDive into the research topics of 'The effect of pressure on the post-synthetic modification of a nanoporous metal-organic framework'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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text: Background: Colon cancer is the second most common cancer in developed countries. Activated plateletsplay a key role in inflammation and atherothrombosis, with mean platelet volume (MPV) is an early markerof platelet activation. The aim of the study was to clarify the relevance of MPV in patients with colon cancer.Materials and Methods: We measured MPV levels in 128 patients with colon cancer before and after surgery,and 128 controls matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. The odds ratios (ORs) and95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colon cancer were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysesacross MPV quartiles. Results: Patients with colon cancer had higher MPV compared with controls. Surgicaltumor resection resulted in a significant decrease in MPV levels (11.4 fL vs 10.7 fL; p<0.001). A positive correlationbetween MPV and tumor-nodule-metastases (TNM) stage was found. Furthermore, after adjusting for other riskfactors, the ORs (95%CIs) for colon cancer according to MPV quartiles were 1.000, 2.238 (1.014-4.943), 3.410(1.528-7.613), and 5.379 (2.372-12.198), respectively. Conclusions: The findings show that patients with coloncancer have higher MPV levels compared with controls, and these are reduced after surgery. In addition, MPVwas found to be independently associated with the presence of colon cancer. Further studies are warranted toassess the utility of MPV as a novel diagnostic screening tool for colon cancer.


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CompTIA Cloud Essentials is an internationally recognized certification that measures the knowledge needed to help streamline cloud implementation and improve productivity across varying levels of business professionals. The course grants Participants an insight into cloud computing from a commercial and technical aspect. In this course, Professionals understand the method of moving to and managing the cloud.
After completing this course, students will be able to:
- Features of cloud services from the commercial and technical aspect
- The commercial worth of cloud computing
- The procedure of successful adoption
- Impact of changes made on IT service management environment
- Comprehend risks involved and so forth consequences
- Must have basic computer literacy


J John Montague
The Errigal Road by John Montague
Within 'The Errigal Road' Montague delves into themes of Irish myth/legend, community, and heritage. The poem takes the reader through an engaging landscape that represents the similarities and deeper connections between all Irish people, Protestant or Catholic.
The Errigal Road John Montague
In 'The Errigal Road,' John Montague explores Irish mythological history while advocating for relationships that go beyond contemporary violence.
The poem takes the reader through a series of landmarks around Hill Head Road in Northern Ireland. The speaker and his neighbour are exploring the landscape. Montague's speaker depicts the land's history, and the neighbour explains stories and legends that they both can relate to and appreciate. As the walk comes to an end the neighbour asks that the speaker remember the clear-headed conversation they had and tell others that it's possible.
You can read the full poem here.
Structure and Poetic Techniques
The Errigal Road' by John Montague is a thirteen stanza poem that is separated into sets of three lines, known as tercets. These terces do not follow a specific rhyme scheme, nor do they conform to one metrical pattern.
Montague makes use of several poetic techniques in 'The Errigal Road' these include alliteration, enjambment, and similes. The latter, similes, are a comparison between two unlike things that uses the words "like" or "as". A poet uses this kind of figurative language to say that one thing is similar to another, not like metaphor, that it "is" another. For example, in the second line of the fifth stanza in which the speaker describes the movement of a red quarry as "a movement swift as a bird's".
Another important technique commonly used in poetry is enjambment. It occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. Enjambment forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One has to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. For instance, the transition between lines one and two of the second stanza or the transition between lines two and three of stanza six.
A simile is a comparison between two unlike things that uses the words "like" or "as". A poet uses this kind of figurative language to say that one thing is similar to another, not like metaphor, that it "is" another. For example, these lines in stanza ten "Heavily booted soldiers probing vehicles, streets, / their strange antennae bristling, like insects."
Detailed Analysis
Stanzas One and Two
In the first stanzas of 'The Errigal Road,' the speaker begins by describing a walk he took with his "old Protestant neighbour" up along the "Hill Head Road" in Ulster, Northern Ireland. While walking, they passed a number of sights that his companion helped point out. There was the churchyard of Errigal Keerogue and various hills and valleys "celebrated in local myth". The neighbour knew these paths well. In fact, the speaker refers to them as belonging to the neighbour.
Stanzas Three and Four
Next, the neighbour points out "Whiskey Hollow" which is a line of white "lunar birches". While walking, the two take their time imagining the plotting of men hiding out in amongst the hills and feeding fires to keep warm.
Stanza Five and Six
The neighbour also mentions "Foxhole Brae" that can be found in the "torn face of a quarry". The "them" the neighbour refers to in the third line of the fifth stanza is foxes. They used to live everywhere, but now there are barely any. One appears in the sixth stanza. The red fox is generally regarded as a symbol of the Irish peasant, or as Potts states in Contemporary Irish Poetry and the Pastoral Tradition, for general Irish resourcefulness under colonization. It is quick on its feet and able to disappear and melt like rain.
Stanza Seven and Eight
The next stanzas of 'The Errigal Road' depict "Fairy Thorn Height". From there they can see more of the countryside. This place is a mythological landmark that helps the two see beyond their current differences. Catholics and Protestants can together understand the world through their common Irish Heritage.
Stanza Nine and Ten
The two expand their conversation into the wider violence that's going on around them. They think about a "gun battle outside Aughnacloy" and the machine-gun fire that rang out. There is also the story of "two men beaten up near dark Altamuskin". The last event they talk about is "an attempt to blow up Omagh Courthouse". This is a reference to a ca bombing in August of 1998 at the courthouse. It was prefaced by a telephone call warning: "There's a bomb, courthouse, Omagh, main street, 500lb, explosion 30 minutes".
Stanza Eleven and Twelve
The next lines address the chaos after the call came in. The military response is compared to insect swarms. The helicopters were like "hovering locusts" and the soldiers on the street "like insects". These are compelling similes and paint an easy to understand image of the scene.
The twelfth stanza of 'The Errigal Road' is back to describing the neighbour again. Here, he turns to address the speaker. He makes a broad statement that is simple, yet very meaningful. He asks that the speaker pass on the fact that "old neighbours" no matter their differences can "still speak to each other around here". This persevering sense of community in amongst violence and hate is the main theme of this work. The two are connected by something deeper than religious affiliation.
Stanzas Thirteen and Fourteen
In the last two stanzas of 'The Errigal Road,' the speaker describes how the neighbour said goodbye and then the speaker went on his way. He trailed back down the "main road" where he is back in the real, contemporary world. His adventures into the past are over and all of a sudden there are "cars" whipping "smartly past" him.
The last lines express his concern for the future and allude to his desire for a continuation of the neighbourly talk/walk he just went on. If only this kind of calm and clear-headed communication could occur between all those who fight around him.
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 - I understand John was at school with my Father.
 The Hill Head Road took them as travellers from the main Omagh Road (John actually went to school at Glencull or Glen Chuil, at that end of the Hillhead Road) to a T junction. We lived for a time at that exact T junction.
 To their left as they arrived, down a quite steep hill, is the ancient Errigal Keerogue graveyard with its listed Celtic cross and old church (my grandparents are buried there, as is my Father).
 They could not have passed it, but instead they then turned right, heading up the Gort Road, to where the Eagleson Family lived (and who we also occasionally visited). We moved away, but I met the Eaglesons again when i saw them after my Father's funeral in the 90's. There, I believe i met the person referenced in this poem.
 Both travellers would have known each other and the area very well.
 John would have lived even further on up that road when he was a child (having returned from New York, then being forced to live with a relative, plus suffering as a stranger with – his US accent – at the first school he was sent to… He left that place to go to Glencull)
 This whole area is steeped in folklore, mysticism, deep history, and reminders of past peoples (with dolmens, neolithic tombs, stone inscriptions, ancient place names often roughly or badly translated into English from the 1600's onwards). John had a very intimate deep interest in, and sensitivity to, the place, its history, and its unseen echoes of yesteryear.
 The poem itself was written in 1975 (published in 95) so it would be impossible that John was referring to a bomb in 1998. More likely this is a reference to a completely different and earlier incident given that the Troubles kicked off way back in 1969.
 The 1970's were an extremely difficult time for those in the border communities, with the military presence etc. No doubt even close friendships and relationships were strained at a time when so many were being killed in this particular area. This would have been very hard in a community where (quite literally) 'everybody knew everybody' and all could probably have told you every member of everyones family going back generations.
 The Whisky Hollow section is a reference to a place where Irish Moonshine (poitin) was made by use of illicit stills.
 Hope some of that gives further context.
 - Lee-James Bovey says:
 Wow that is incredible information and really brings the poem to life. Thank you.
 - >
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Words That Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear, written by political and corporate consultant Frank Luntz, is one such book. I love the title, and I couldn't resist the urge to splurge on buying the book. As a communicator, I am obviously interested in word usage and communication theories. Luntz has used his brilliant mind and meticulous research to develop a lexicon of words that work and also words that don't work. The surprise is found in discovering the power of which words really work. The author's main message is often repeated throughout the book. "It's not what you say, it's what they hear" that matters.
At first, one could get the impression that Luntz is being simply manipulative, but a closer look at the book can change your mind rather swiftly. Luntz is not a manipulator but a communicator. Case studies of situations in business and politics where words were used well and appropriately permeate the content of the book.
Also, there are examples of what not to do and say, which is equally helpful. There are some valuable insights for ministers and lay people found in Words That Work. It is not written from the Christian perspective, but the book does offer an opportunity for Christians to learn from a wordsmith who has been successful in the secular world.


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The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) is the central banking institution and the de facto central bank of Hong Kong. It was established in 1993 as an independent authority under the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government. The HKMA is responsible for maintaining the stability and integrity of Hong Kong's monetary and financial systems.
The mission of the HKMA is to maintain monetary and financial stability in Hong Kong, promote the integrity and efficiency of the financial system, and safeguard the interests of depositors.
The vision of the HKMA is to be a world-class monetary and financial authority that ensures Hong Kong's monetary stability, fosters a robust and competitive financial system, supports sustainable economic growth, and enhances the well-being of the people of Hong Kong. The HKMA aims to be a trusted and proactive regulator, a promoter of financial innovation, and a global leader in central banking and financial supervision.
The Role of HKMA in Ensuring Financial Stability in Hong Kong
The HKMA plays a crucial role in ensuring financial stability in Hong Kong. Here are some key aspects of its role:
- Monetary Policy Implementation:
The HKMA is responsible for maintaining the stability of the Hong Kong dollar exchange rate. It employs a linked exchange rate system, where the Hong Kong dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar within a specified range. The HKMA conducts interventions in the foreign exchange market to maintain the stability of the exchange rate.
- Banking Regulation and Supervision:
The HKMA is the key regulatory authority overseeing banks and other authorized financial institutions in Hong Kong. It implements prudential regulations, sets standards, and conducts ongoing supervision to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking system. The HKMA assesses the financial health, risk management practices, and governance of banks to mitigate potential systemic risks.
- Crisis Management and Contingency Planning:
The HKMA develops and implements contingency plans to address potential financial crises and disruptions. It works closely with banks and relevant stakeholders to enhance preparedness and resilience in the face of systemic risks. The HKMA conducts stress tests and risk assessments to identify vulnerabilities and takes appropriate measures to mitigate potential threats to financial stability.
- Market Operations and Liquidity Management:
The HKMA manages the liquidity in the banking system to ensure the stability and smooth functioning of financial markets. It conducts open market operations, provides liquidity facilities, and monitors market conditions to maintain an orderly money market and support the stability of the financial system.
- Financial Infrastructure Development:
The HKMA promotes the development and efficiency of financial infrastructure in Hong Kong. It oversees payment systems, clearing and settlement systems, and other financial market infrastructures to ensure their smooth and secure operation. The HKMA encourages the adoption of innovative technologies and fosters a conducive environment for financial technology (Fintech) innovation.
- International Cooperation:
The HKMA actively engages in international cooperation and collaboration with other central banks, regulatory bodies, and international organizations. It participates in global discussions and initiatives related to financial stability, sharing insights and contributing to the development of international regulatory standards.
Through these functions, the HKMA plays a vital role in ensuring monetary stability, financial system integrity, crisis management, liquidity management, the development of financial infrastructure, and international cooperation in the financial sector.
Banking Regulation and Supervision by HKMA
The HKMA is responsible for the regulation and supervision of banks and other authorized financial institutions in Hong Kong. Here are the key aspects of its banking regulation and supervision role:
- Licensing and Authorization: The HKMA is responsible for granting licenses to banks and financial institutions operating in Hong Kong. It assesses the fitness and propriety of applicants, ensuring that they meet the required standards and comply with relevant regulations and guidelines.
- Prudential Regulation: The HKMA sets and enforces prudential rules and regulations to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking system. This includes requirements related to capital adequacy, liquidity management, risk management, corporate governance, and anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures.
- Ongoing Supervision: The HKMA conducts ongoing supervision of banks and financial institutions to monitor their compliance with regulatory requirements. It employs a risk-based approach, assessing the financial health, risk management practices, and governance of institutions to identify and mitigate potential risks.
- Off-site Monitoring and Reporting: The HKMA collects regular financial data and other relevant information from banks and financial institutions to monitor their operations and assess their overall risk profile. This off-site monitoring helps identify trends, emerging risks, and potential vulnerabilities in the banking system.
- On-site Inspections: The HKMA conducts periodic on-site inspections of banks and financial institutions to assess their compliance with regulatory requirements. These inspections involve reviewing internal controls, risk management frameworks, and operational procedures to ensure adherence to established standards.
- Crisis Management and Resolution: The HKMA plays a crucial role in managing and resolving banking crises or failures. It develops and maintains contingency plans, collaborates with relevant stakeholders, and takes appropriate actions to safeguard the stability of the financial system in times of distress.
- Consumer Protection: The HKMA promotes consumer protection in the banking sector by setting standards for fair and responsible banking practices. It oversees the handling of customer complaints and takes appropriate actions to address misconduct or unfair practices by banks.
Anti-Money Laundering and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Recognized as an international financial center and a hub for monetary flows, the HKMA places significant emphasis on protecting the integrity and stability of its financial systems through the implementation of Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing (AML/CFT) obligations that adhere to international standards.
The banking sector, as the primary component of the financial system, plays a critical role in this regulatory regime. The HKMA has been at the forefront of establishing AML/CFT systems, which encompass preventive measures such as Customer Due Diligence (CDD), transaction monitoring, and record-keeping to identify and mitigate risks associated with money laundering and terrorist financing.
One of the key aspects of AML/CFT implementation is conducting Customer Due Diligence. Banks systematically gathered information from customers and trusted sources during the account opening process. This information allows banks to establish the normal and expected banking transactions of customers, enabling them to identify and prevent any potential misuse of banking services.
The HKMA sets guidelines and requirements for banks to perform comprehensive CDD procedures, ensuring that adequate information about customers, their business activities, and sources of funds is obtained and verified. By implementing robust CDD measures, banks can assess the level of risk associated with individual customers and transactions, enabling them to identify any suspicious or unusual activities that may indicate potential money laundering or terrorist financing.
Transaction monitoring is another critical element of the AML/CFT regime. Banks employ advanced systems and technologies to monitor customer transactions in real-time, enabling the detection of patterns and behaviors that deviate from normal banking activities. Unusual or suspicious transactions trigger alerts, which are then subject to further investigation by banks to determine their legitimacy. The HKMA provides guidance and oversight to ensure that banks have effective transaction monitoring systems in place.
By implementing stringent AML/CFT measures, the HKMA aims to ensure the integrity of Hong Kong's financial system and preserve its reputation as a trusted and well-regulated international financial center.


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- What is Polonium
- Polonium – Properties
- Atomic Mass of Polonium
- Density of Polonium
- Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of Polonium
- First Ionization Energy of Polonium
- Polonium – Melting Point and Boiling Point
- Polonium – Specific Heat, Latent Heat of Fusion, Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Polonium in Periodic Table
What is Polonium
Polonium is a chemical element with atomic number 84 which means there are 84 protons and 84 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Polonium is Po.
Polonium is a rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth.
Polonium – Properties
|Phase at STP||Solid|
|Atomic Mass [amu]||209|
|Density at STP [g/cm3]||9.196|
|Electron Configuration||[Hg] 6p4|
|Possible Oxidation States||+2,4|
|Electron Affinity [kJ/mol]||183.3|
|Electronegativity [Pauling scale]||2|
|1st Ionization Energy [eV]||8.4167|
|Year of Discovery||1898|
|Discoverer||Curie, Marie & Pierre|
|Melting Point [Celsius scale]||254|
|Boiling Point [Celsius scale]||962|
|Thermal Conductivity [W/m K]||—|
|Specific Heat [J/g K]||0.12|
|Heat of Fusion [kJ/mol]||—|
|Heat of Vaporization [kJ/mol]||—|
See also: Properties of Polonium
Atomic Mass of Polonium
Atomic mass of Polonium is 209 u.
Note that, each element may contain more isotopes, therefore this resulting atomic mass is calculated from naturally-occuring isotopes and their abundance.
The unit of measure for mass is the atomic mass unit (amu). One atomic mass unit is equal to 1.66 x 10-24 grams. One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol.
For 12C the atomic mass is exactly 12u, since the atomic mass unit is defined from it. For other isotopes, the isotopic mass usually differs and is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 63Cu (29 protons and 34 neutrons) has a mass number of 63 and an isotopic mass in its nuclear ground state is 62.91367 u.
There are two reasons for the difference between mass number and isotopic mass, known as the mass defect:
- The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
- The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. A nucleus with greater binding energy has a lower total energy, and therefore a lower mass according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. For 63Cu the atomic mass is less than 63 so this must be the dominant factor.
See also: Mass Number
Density of Polonium
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume:
ρ = m/V
In words, the density (ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total volume (V) occupied by that substance. The standard SI unit is kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The Standard English unit is pounds mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft3).
See also: What is Density
See also: Densest Materials of the Earth
Electron Affinity and Electronegativity of Polonium
Electron Affinity of Polonium is 183.3 kJ/mol.
Electronegativity of Polonium is 2.
In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as:
the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.
X + e– → X– + energy Affinity = – ∆H
In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies.
An atom of Polonium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Polonium.
Po + e– → Po– – ∆H = Affinity = 183.3 kJ/mol
To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. This affinity is known as the first electron affinity and these energies are negative. By convention, the negative sign shows a release of energy. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process. This affinity is known as the second electron affinity and these energies are positive.
Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals
- Metals: Metals like to lose valence electrons to form cations to have a fully stable shell. The electron affinity of metals is lower than that of nonmetals. Mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron.
- Nonmetals: Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity than metals. Nonmetals like to gain electrons to form anions to have a fully stable electron shell. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons. The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.
The electronegativity of Polonium is:
χ = 2
In general, an atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity number, the more an element or compound attracts electrons towards it.
The most electronegative atom, fluorine, is assigned a value of 4.0, and values range down to cesium and francium which are the least electronegative at 0.7.
First Ionization Energy of Polonium
First Ionization Energy of Polonium is 8.4167 eV.
Ionization energy, also called ionization potential, is the energy necessary to remove an electron from the neutral atom.
X + energy → X+ + e−
where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+ is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and e− is the removed electron.
A Polonium atom, for example, requires the following ionization energy to remove the outermost electron.
Po + IE → Po+ + e− IE = 8.4167 eV
The ionization energy associated with removal of the first electron is most commonly used. The nth ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the species with a charge of (n-1).
1st ionization energy
X → X+ + e−
2nd ionization energy
X+ → X2+ + e−
3rd ionization energy
X2+ → X3+ + e−
Ionization Energy for different Elements
There is an ionization energy for each successive electron removed. The electrons that circle the nucleus move in fairly well-defined orbits. Some of these electrons are more tightly bound in the atom than others. For example, only 7.38 eV is required to remove the outermost electron from a lead atom, while 88,000 eV is required to remove the innermost electron. Helps to understand reactivity of elements (especially metals, which lose electrons).
In general, the ionization energy increases moving up a group and moving left to right across a period. Moreover:
- Ionization energy is lowest for the alkali metals which have a single electron outside a closed shell.
- Ionization energy increases across a row on the periodic maximum for the noble gases which have closed shells.
For example, sodium requires only 496 kJ/mol or 5.14 eV/atom to ionize it. On the other hand neon, the noble gas, immediately preceding it in the periodic table, requires 2081 kJ/mol or 21.56 eV/atom.
Polonium – Melting Point and Boiling Point
Melting point of Polonium is 254°C.
Boiling point of Polonium is 962°C.
Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point – Saturation
In thermodynamics, the term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given temperature and pressure. The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is called the saturation


Engage the world
The world continues to change and present challenges and opportunities for us all. LaGrange College is committed to preparing students for these changes by helping them understand other cultures and by promoting Global Engagement.
More than 20 million people speak Spanish in the United States, making it the fifth largest Spanish-speaking country in the world. The Spanish major, the Spanish minor and the Latin American Studies minor (a combination of Spanish language and culture courses) are designed to provide students with a working proficiency of the language and a familiarity with the cultures in which it is spoken, including the 21 countries of Latin America, Spain and parts of Africa.


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This video, captured by University of California Santa Cruz professor Giacomo Bernardi, shows an orange-dotted tuskfish (Choerodon anchorago) cracking open a clam by throwing it against a rock. Other fish from the wrasse family have also been observed using similar techniques to crack open clams. These include the blackspot tuskfish (Choerodon schoenleinii), yellowhead wrasse (Halichoeres garnoti), and a sixbar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke). Tool use among fish is not well-studied. For a fish to plan such an elaborate scheme (digging up the clam, finding a suitable rock to use as an anvil, and cracking the clam open) is really quite impressive. More research into the use of tools by these beautiful fish is clearly warranted.
In his short article, Dr. Bernardi describes how this behavior is exhibited in three genera of wrasses (the ancestral Choerodon, and the more derived Halichoeres and Thalassoma). Because the animals use the same similar movements of the head to toss the clams, he suggests that these behaviors may either have evolved independently for the species mentioned or may be a common trait that might be found in other wrasse.
Bernardi G. The Use of Tools by Wrasses (Labridae). Coral Reefs. September 20, 2011.


How to Stop a Heat Cycle in Dogs?
A Stopwatch! Could it Stop a Dog from Being in Heat?Several people have asked me recently, if it is possible to stop a heat in dog. They were unpleasant with the whole situation when the dog must not be let alone in the yard, had to be guarded, and were restless most of the time.
To answer short, Yes, there is a method to stop a heat cycle in dogs.
However, owners who seek a relief for their misery may be left disappointed, because you will still need to protect your dog. Protective period will be shorter, but it will not disappear at all. If someone wants to escape from caring for a dog in heat, using medications is not the best option. But it's your choice.
How the heat cycle postponement work in dogs?
Heat cycle in dogs can be halted by using megestrol acetate (commercial name: Ovaban).
Above all, these medications must be used under veterinarian recommendation and supervision only. While they may be available with no prescription in some countries, most of the world markets require it. And it's not without a reason.
Megestrol acetate is a synthetic derivative of a hormone called progesterone.
Naturally, level of this hormone starts climbing near the ovulation of the dog (about day nine of he heat). It then suppresses the hormone called estrogen, which is high before it, and plays an important role in continuation of the heat.
If megestrol acetate, that is a synthetic derivative of progesterone, is given to the dog during the beginning of the heat, output of the estrogen (the hormone which is high before ovulation) is suppressed and stops developing, thus breaking the heat cycle.
Is stopping a heat cycle in dogs safe?
Stopping the heat cycle by using Ovaban sounds like an easy and harmless hormonal modification. Like speeding up things and ending the heat cycle earlier. However, there are things you should be aware of:
 - Veterinary guidance and manufacturer instructions. I already wrote it above (there, in bold, red letters – it's important), but it's not possible to mention it too often. Do not use ovaban on your own. Ask a vet for instructions, do not exceed prescribed dosages and inform him if unexpected happens.
 - Contraindications. Megestrol acetate should not be used in pregnant dogs, dogs who have uterine disease, diabetes mellitus or mammary tumors. Also, there should be caution using it for young dogs who have not developed stable heat cycle, or for dogs who undergo stress. Contraindications, not mentioned here, must be discussed with a veterinarian.
 - Aversive effects. Like most medications, Ovaban also has a long list of contraindications. They vary starting from increased appetite (and weight gain), or fatigue, and ending with mammary tumors, and some studies showed a development of diabetes. Some may say, most drugs have long lists and they are used anyway. That's right, every treatment is about taking risks. If we are healing cancer, we may take the risk of getting diabetes in exchange. But if we are treating heat cycle (which is not even a disease), diabetes is an unnecessary risk, no matter how small.
 - Keep your dog isolated during therapy. While the therapy, in most cases, is intended to stop the heat cycle and stop worries about unwanted pregnancy, you still have to avoid your dog mating during the therapy. In most cases, it lasts for eight days or more. If the mating occurred, use of the megestrol acetate must be cancelled (unless your vet says you may continue it which often happens if mating occurred near the ending of the therapy).
 - Consider spaying. If megestrol acetate (Ovaban) is used to escape worries about the dog in heat, and the dog is not intended for breeding, spaying must be seriously considered. However, surgery must done when the dog is not in heat. I know there are people, who say, spaying is not natural, but you know what is not natural, as well? Giving hormonal medications and domesticating wild animals (even if dogs were domesticated thousands of years ago).
If the above contraindications or aversive effects did not scare you, you may go to your vet and ask for more information about halting a heat cycle in dogs. Therapy must be started during the first three days of the heat, though. But remember, list of aversive effects is not just letters on instructions. They actually do happen, and many of them are not rarities.
If you are really responsible dog owner, you'd want to stop dog from coming in heat by spaying, not halting the cycle each time it starts.
This article is a part of series about dogs in heat.
Dog Health / Dogs
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It won't be the first time and certainly not the last; the plane assigned for your trade has been delayed. Bummerrr! As an importer of fruit and vegetables, you especially want to know: How long will the delay last? When will my pallets arrive? And you will think with concern: will the quality of the fruit and vegetables still be the same? Where do those delays come from and how can you avoid delays? We asked one of our airfreight agents.
Where do the delays come from?
The transport chain from 'farm to fork' is often long and because so many parties are involved, there are also various reasons that cause delays. Below we name a few:
 - One of the reasons is that too much trade has been accepted by the airline, causing a back log. I can hear you thinking: why does an airline take one extra trade and leave the fresh products behind? This is due to the relatively lower transport costs for the fruit and vegetable sector. Especially in this time of Corona, which means there is less air traffic, airlines are having a hard time financially and trade is being looked at more profitable business like medicines and machines. These parties are willing to pay more for the space on the plane and for that reason space is made and (part of) the fruit and vegetable trade remains at the airport.
 - Another possibility is damage to parts of an aircraft. Then there are three options: repair the plane, use another plane to fly to the destination or cancel the flight at all. Any option will cause delay. If the flight is cancelled, a number of airlines will postpone each flight, creating a snowball effect, which also delays the trade of every other flight. When another device is used, there may be less space available and trading may be delayed as a result.
 - If the trade is delivered too late, it will arrive at the aircraft too late and cannot be taken on board.
 - Human errors are often also made. Think of leaving a skid or taking too much trade when it won't fit. Airlines that are very reliable in terms of delays from experience; CargoLux and Singapore Airlines.
Fruits and vegetables versus medicines
Why do airlines still schedule fruit and vegetables at all if they can earn more from other items such as medicines? The reason for airlines to transport fruit and vegetables, despite low rates, is the continuity with which they place orders over the year.
Can we be informed sooner of delays?
There is often quite a bit of discussion about the provision of information about delays. In some cases, customers are even more aware than agents. This may be due to the time difference, but also to the lack of information or miscommunications from the airlines. Temperature loggers are sent along with orders where temperature plays an important role. You could already notice a delay from here, unfortunately no separate notifications are sent from here to report a delay.
How do we solve delays?
We hardly have any influence on the airlines and human errors, but what everyone in the the entire chain can do is, among other things:
 - Customers to place orders in time with BE Fresh
 - Meeting deadlines and communicating about the status
 - Arrival of trucks with the right temperature to load the cargo straight away
 - Send the correct documents.
In short, we all have to be sharp to avoid creating our own delay.


text:
To truly learn, new information one must have the benefit of doing exercise and applying concepts to the subject. That's why virtual tech lab is so crucial. Unfortunately, for most students, the computer lab experience is limited due to time, space and financial constraints. Today virtual computer labs are becoming prevalent in organizations around the world, replacing conventional labs. These labs reduce training expenses, allow instructors to remotely monitor the progress of all learners, and enable them to use the facilities both before the course begins and after it is completed.
Learn how cloud-based computer labs can improve your training program _URL_


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CardboxForumsMacros and Programming > "calculation problems"
calculation problems
how to calculate the length of a plant
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herman.cbx
19-Oct-2012 07:00
I created a CD to recognise grass species of South Africa. I used Cardbox for it and it works fine.
As end user you can make use of a lot of buttons and you can enter values to be calculated, but the method to calculate the length or width of a leaf is a bit sloppy. Maybe someone can help me.
In my database I inserted characteristics of all the grass species. If the stem length of a grass can be between 40 and 90 cm, I entered 40 in Field1 and 90 in Field2. If a user finds a grass with a stem length of 60 cm, he can enter that value in the system. Cardbox selects all records greater than 40 (Field1) and smaller than 90 (Field2). As you can see, for one value Cardbox has to make two selections. This happens of course for all other choises you make (leaf lenght, width, number of flowers, etc.). So the selection levels increases very fast, and when you want to go back to the previous level you have to press 'undo level' twice.
Is there a more simple method to calculate and select?
thanks,
Herman
bert
19-Oct-2012 09:09
Herman,
I think in this direction:
Make a special database with fields for every field to be searched.
Then a search could go like this:
1.Screen button opens search record database
2.Deletes all present records (or adds one - old queries can be saved then!)
3.Add an new record for entering search values
4.Screen button saves that record, close that db, and use the values you've just entered for querying your grass database;
A second button can bring you to the query database for changing your query (last record edit).
Another solution is making in Visual Basic or something a form in which you enter your search values which can do the job for you.
This is a really a macro job but I did such a thing once before. It is really a nice solution for such a thing.
Regards
Bert
herman.cbx
19-Oct-2012 09:26
Thank you Bert. I shall try.
Do you know if once in the future there will be an Android version of Cardbox. For me it should be perfect, than I can use my grass identification key in the field!
Herman
bert
19-Oct-2012 10:20
I think there will never be an Android version.
But why there must be such a fashion thing?
On a netbook you can do a lot more then on any Android tablet.
And let be phone, a phone....
Over 20 inch screens we liked, and now we want to work now with a 1 inch screen?
I think we lost our way.
Regards
Bert
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text: An optical vortex may be characterized as a dark core of destructive interference in a beam of spatially coherent light. This dark core may be used as a filter to attenuate a coherent beam of light so an incoherent background signal may be detected. Applications of such a filter include: eye and sensor protection, forward-scattered light measurement, and the detection of extra-solar planets. Optical vortices may be created by passing a beam of light through a vortex diffractive optical element, which is a plate of glass etched with a spiral pattern, such that the thickness of the glass increases in the azimuthal direction. An optical vortex coronagraph may be constructed by placing a vortex diffractive optical element near the image plane of a telescope. An optical vortex coronagraph opens a dark window in the glare of a distant star so nearby terrestrial sized planets and exo-zodiacal dust may be detected. An optical vortex coronagraph may hold several advantages over other techniques presently being developed for high contrast imaging, such as lower aberration sensitivity and multi-wavelength operation. In this manuscript, I will discuss the aberration sensitivity of an optical vortex coronagraph and the key advantages it may hold over other coronagraph architectures. I will also provide numerical simulations demonstrating high contrast imaging in the presence of low-order static aberrations.


text:
FRUIT BEHAVIOROLOGY IN SWITZERLAND - DESIGNING URBAN RURAL COMMONS
The notion of Urban Rural Commons is understood as the possibility to consider both rural and urban commons, as well as a possible interaction between the two. Students will examine the existing livelihood with ethnographic approach and visualize them by actor network drawings. Then, through drawings and models, the students will propose an architectural project to intervene in the network and establish Urban Rural Commons to define a possible future for the study area.
This year, we focus on designing architecture for livelihoods focused on permanent fruit crops, such as vineyards, apple orchards or chestnut forests. We are aiming to design Urban Rural Commons within the small rural communities and the larger urbanised area and forester a better connection within and between village and urban life. Fruit crops are in many ways important for Switzerland. For example, a typical person in Switzerland consumes more than 15 kilograms of apples and about 40 bottles of wine per year. Besides the nutritional value, fruit has a highly symbolic value in our culture, spanning from ancient stories to modern day politics and everyday rituals. And lastly fruit and the producers, which can be gained by certain processes have a great economic value and massive impact on the areas, where fruit plantations are possible and will usually change entire landscapes.
One of the biggest and most important fruit growing areas and our field of study in the autumn semester will be the lower Valais. There, plantations, retaining walls, irrigation system and other infrastructure have shaped the valley for centuries and fruit plantations reach even within the most urbanised centers.


Noyyal River
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Noyyal River
The Noyyal River at Noyyal Cross.
Origin Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India
Mouth Kaveri River
Location India
Length 180 km (110 mi)
Basin area 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi)
Aathupalam Bridge in Coimbatore over the Noyyal.
The Noyyal River rises from the Vellingiri hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, southeastern India and drains into the Kaveri River. The river's basin is 180 km (110 mi) long and 25 km (16 mi) wide and covers a total area of 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi). Cultivated land in the basin amounts to 1,800 km2 (690 sq mi) while the population density is 120 people per km² (311/mi²) in the countryside, and 1000 people per km² (2590/mi²) in the cities. The area is known for its scanty rainfall and the development of the Noyyal River Tanks System to hold any overflow from the rains plus the water of the Northeast and Southwest monsoon season was ecologically important. The 173 km (107 mi) long tributary of the Kaveri River filled 32 tanks. These interconnecting tanks held the water flowing from the Noyyal.[1]
The township of Coimbatore once was surrounded by the Noyyal river and its canals, tanks, and rivulets. The Noyyal river and its interconnected tank and canal system, believed to have been originally built by the Chalukya Cholas kings, was then an efficient system that provided water transport, storage, and maintained stable groundwater levels. Surplus water from the Noyyal river spilled into the canals and were channeled to the tanks, preventing unwanted flooding. The tanks were a major factor in replenishing the ground water through percolation of the subsoil water. As urbanisation grew, the system was neglected and the number of functional tanks was drastically reduced until only eleven were left. Today the system no longer works and water is scarce. Agriculture has significantly decreased. Lacking irrigation water, lakhs of Coconut trees in the area have dried up.[2][3]
The "Noyyal" is a sacred river in Tamil history. Its original name was Kanchinadi but changed later to the name of the place where it drains into the Kaveri River in 1750 A.D.
The Noyyal village is situated at the banks of Noyyal and Kaveri (Ponni) Rivers where they both merge. An ancient temple to the goddess Sellandiyamman is also situated at Sangamam. This temple belongs to "Karadi" Kulam people of Kongunadu Vettuva Gounder community.
The Western region of Tamil Nadu was known as the Kongunadu. Though during the supremacy of the Chera kings, Kongunadu was the heartland of the Cheras with Karur as their capital. Next came the Gangas (Kongas) with their capital in Dharapuram (Tarakapuri or Vijayaskandapuram). Then it fell under the later Cholas and was under their control for a short time of five kings from Veerachozha to Rajaraja. The heirs to the Cholas settled in Coimbatore and continued to rule the country. The Kongu Cholas were soon defeated by the native Kongu vassals under the Hoysalas. Then Vijayanagara, Mysore, and Dheeran Chinnamalai ruled Kongu which in 1805 was annexed by the British East India Company.
Noyyal, Ungampalayam, Karur Dist.
Successive dynasties established trade links with the Greeks and the Romans. Many trade routes crisscrossed the basin. A number of temples and schools were established in the area. The Patteeshwarar Temple at Perur was built in line with Tamil architecture. Art flourished in the basin. Even today Natyanjali is held in Perur every year.
A part of the Roman spice route, about 80% of Roman coins excavated in Tamil Nadu were in Vellalore, says R. Jagadeesan, office representative of Kongu Kalai Kalanchiyam. It had agriculture-based settlement and was known as "Velleer Oor." Roman trade happened here even before the 1st century AD. [4]
A critical issue is the of pollution of the rivers Noyyal and Nallaru originating and flowing in the Kongu region. The river flows with natural antibiotic minerals. The entire Orathuppalayam Dam has become a tank holding effluent and releases water after every rainfall, effectively polluting the down river villages in the Tirupur and Karur district.
However from 2004 onwards, efforts by local volunteers organization Siruthuli have been trying to conserve the water resource. After several petitions from 2003 to 2011, dying and bleaching units were ordered closed on the river until zero liquid discharge status was achieved.
the Cheyyar River and the Kanchimanadhi are the tributaries to the river. They all have their origins in the Western Ghats. Periar flows out of the Siruvani hills and the Kovai Kutralam, a landmark waterfalls. Chaadiaar or Cheyyar River flows through Chaadivayal and later along with the other rivers join up at Kooduthurai to become Noyyal River.
After running through a distance of 160 km (99 mi), Noyyal joins with river Cauvery near Kodumudi in Erode District, the place is also called Noyyal, Karur District. Apart from these three rivers, there are numerous rivulets that also join Noyyal. But most of these rivulets carry water only during the rainy season and therefore are not perennial. According to the available sources, the number of rivulets are 34.
The river has a valley fill (made of alluvial kankar soil) over a stretch of 25 km (16 mi) and a depth of 198 ft (60 m). It extends from the origin of the river at Kooduthurai (in Madhvarayapuram, 30 km (19 mi) west of the city) to the Ukkadam Tank on the city border. The fill absorbs water like a sponge. Only when the absorption reaches a saturation point does excess water flow to the suburbs and the city.
Dams and reservoirs[edit]
Noyyal contains two major dam Orathuppalayam (Near Chennimalai, Tirupur District) and Aathupalayam Dam (Near Vellakoil in Karur district) commissioned in the aim of irrigating about 20,000 acres of land in Tirupur and Karur districts. As of now Orathuppalayam dam stands decommissioned and acting as effluent tank for the Tirupur textile units.
The river has 23 check dams. Most are located between Kooduthurai and Tirupur, 52 km east of Coimbatore city. Decades ago, it irrigated 3,550 square kilometres (1,370 sq mi). Noyyal revival over 40 km (25 mi) will enable irrigation of 165 km2 (64 sq mi), according to Siruthuli.
 1. ^ "River Noyyal". Retrieved 2007-02-01.
 2. ^ "A glorious system in peril". Retrieved 2007-02-01.
 3. ^ "Reviving the tanks". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
 4. ^ "about vellalore". Retrieved 2 January 2015.
External links[edit]