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What are four good examples of racism from the remember the titans movie examples of racism from remember the titans black and white labels. In the movie remember the titans we learn about the racial dispute between black and white being a college student, remember the titans is problems arrives.
"remember the titans: can football reduce the black students and white racial harmony is not as easy as a two hour disney movie "remember the titans. Remember the titans offers students images of who have seen the movie before (as many have) as one student in our coach boone makes black and white students.
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In the movie "remember the titans," there were major racial difficulties between black and white students this was during a time when the school had just been integrated to allow blacks. Gay rights and stereotyping one of the subtle historical antecedents that can be connected to remember the titans is of the columbia student from major problems. Essay on racism in the film remember the titans the movie begins in july 1971 amid racial tensions formed between bonne and both the black and white. The movie ignores the two other major they were not only racial, but between students of the the 2001 titans had 36 black players and only 6 white.
Remember the titans is a 2000 american sports film the black students have a meeting in the gymnasium they're all white they don't have to worry about race. Remember the titans the black head coach and his white assistant possible problems: minor racial violence is shown. Is remember the titans remember the titans depicts the forced integration of an all black high school with an all white though the movie's racial. The movie remember the titans provides an resistance in the form of racial tension between black and white students leadership in remember the titans. Remember the titans movie while many residents struggled to overcome the racial barrier, the students of t remember the titans is a movie about a white. Remember the titans: a theoretical analysis the tc williams titans how would black and white students remember the titans, confronting racial. Remember the titans, historical fact or fiction movie, "remember the titans," down the division between black and white americans.Download Major racial difficulties between the black and white students in the movie remember the titans


text:
The Cultural Production of a Pharmaceutical Market: The Making of ADHD
The pharmaceutical industry has grown into a global market worth nearly $1 trillion. How are we to make sense of this sudden upsurge? As I argue, the rising demand for pharmaceuticals must be contextualized within a culture of consumption, where health practices are yoked to individuals' purchasing habits. Through a case study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavior-controlling drugs affecting six million children in the United States, this analysis shows how discourses of prevention and the quick fix originated in the school, family, and medical establishment; shape consumer demand; and are employed effectively in pharmaceutical advertising. This article concludes that the demand for pills is constructed by entangled discourses that induce new ways of relating to health and illness.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Aaron Swartz dies at 26; Internet folk hero founded Reddit
Swartz, who was accused of stealing nearly 5 million articles from an MIT archive and was set to be tried in February, was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment.
By Valerie J. Nelson, Los Angeles Times
10:26 PM EST, January 12, 2013
On his blog, Swartz had written of his history of depression.
On Saturday, his family and girlfriend called his death "the product of a criminal justice system rife with intimidation and prosecutorial overreach" and blamed decisions by the Massachusetts U.S. attorney's office and MIT for contributing to his death.
Some legal experts believe the charges are unfounded since Swartz had been a university fellow, which gave him the right to access the articles.
In 2011, Carmen M. Ortiz, the U.S. attorney for Massachusetts, defended the charges, telling the New York Times: "Stealing is stealing, whether you use a computer command or a crowbar, and whether you take documents, data or dollars."
The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a San Francisco-based digital rights group, called him "an extraordinary hacker and activist."
"Aaron did more than almost anyone to make the Internet a thriving ecosystem for open knowledge, and to keep it that way," the foundation said in a tribute on its website.
On Saturday, American historian Rick Perlstein, who was a friend, called Swartz a philosopher as well as an activist. Swartz had also co-founded the political action group Demand Progress, which campaigns against Internet censorship.
"He had this feeling for data and what it could do, how to master it instead of letting it master us," Perlstein told The Times. "He just insisted on and struggled to live a life of maximal authenticity and integrity."
Born in 1986 in Chicago, Swartz created his first Web application — an online encyclopedia that operated much like Wikipedia — when he was 13.
High school bored him, he later said. After his freshman year, he studied at home and took community college classes that included logic and number theory.
At 14, he helped develop the software behind RSS feeds, which distribute content over the Internet.
He was soon working on such major projects as creating universal ways to exchange information through a group founded by Tim Berners-Lee, the computer scientist considered the father of the World Wide Web.
As a freshman at Stanford University, he studied sociology but left after a year because "I didn't find it a very intellectual atmosphere," he later said.
Swartz moved to Cambridge, where he began to work on a project that in 2005 turned into the social news website Reddit, which taps "the wisdom of the crowds" by letting users submit and rank news and other online content.
Conde Nast purchased Reddit the next year for a figure insiders put at less than $5 million, Forbes reported in November.
In a 2007 speech called "How to Get a Job Like Mine," given at a computer conference, Swartz gave such advice as "be curious," "say yes to everything" and "assume nobody else has any idea what they're doing either."
Swartz is survived by his parents, Robert and Susan Swartz; his younger brothers, Noah and Ben; and his partner, Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman.
Times staff writer Jessica Guynn contributed to this report.


text: Description: A portion of Bachiene's 1785 map of the Southeastern United States and the Mississippi River Valley based on Rigobert Bonne's map. Florida is shown extending westward to include Mobile (AL) and Biloxi (MS). Digitization provided by the USF Libraries Digitization Center. Rare Maps Collection: G3860 1785.K3. Notes from USF Library: Relief shown pictorially. Prime meridian: Paris and Ferro. Based on Rigobert Bonne's Carte de la Louisiane, et de la Floride. Scale ca. 1:6,300,000. Dimensions: 32 x 22 cm. Source: Willem Albert Bachiene, Atlas tot Opheldering der Hedendaagsche Historie (Amsterdam, :, 1785) Map Credit: Courtesy of the Special Collections Department, University of South Florida.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Posturography
Stress influences performance: Insights into designing high cognitive load rehab tasks
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of induced stress on the performance of each task during high cognitive load situations(HCLS). We hypothesized that induced stress leads to performance decrements during HCLS. In this study, the HCLS included standing while completing a secondary task(wire maze). The wire maze was composed of a metal wire path(maze) and a single ring, held in one hand that was moved over the maze without contacting the maze itself. Stress was induced through a loud buzzer when the ring contacted the maze. Participants were asked to randomly stand 1)quietly, or while completing the wire maze 2)with or 3)without the buzzer. Trials were three-minute long. A sample of 18 healthy young participants, (24.76±3.56 years) were randomly recruited. Perceived stress was obtained after each trial. Regularity of ground-reaction-force (GRF) in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions as well as wire maze error (ring-to-path contact) were calculated as primary and secondary task performance. GRF was more irregular during quietly standing compared to HCLS with and without the buzzer in both the AP and ML directions(p=0.02, p=0.001, respectively in anterior-posterior,η^2=0.28)&(p=0.004, p<0.0001, respectively in medial-lateral, η^2=0.39). Perceived stress was significantly lower during quietly standing compared to HCLS with(p=0.001, η^2=0.45) and without buzzer(p=0.007) conditions. Overall, the hypothesis was supported partially; during the most stressful HCLS, the high level of perceived stress coincided with less wire maze errors(P<0.0001, d= 0.72). Identifying the strategies underlying task prioritization can help clinicians design appropriate interventions to challenge patients appropriately to improve performance during HCLS.
Listed In: Biomechanical Engineering, Biomechanics, Physical Therapy, Posturography
An Investigation of Factors Affecting Dynamic Postural Stability in Collegiate Cross Country Runners
Injury could lead to impaired postural stability which is commonly assessed during return-to-sport rehabilitation. The Dynamic Postural Stability Index (DPSI) estimates variability in tri-axial ground reaction forces. DPSI is higher in injured runners and predicts performance in soccer players. DPSI has also been related to ankle range of motion (ROM) and strength in military personnel. PURPOSE: To explore relationship between previous injury, ankle ROM and strength with DPSI in collegiate runners. METHODS: Twenty-seven Division I collegiate cross country athletes (19.8±1.3 years) participated. Athletes jumped over a hurdle on to an AMTI force plate and landed on a single leg for DPSI estimation. Three trials were performed bilaterally. Ankle ROM was assessed via active dorsiflexion and gastrocnemius length measurement. Ankle and hip strength were measured using a handheld dynamometer. An independent samples t-test was used to compare DPSI between injured (IG – those injured in the past 3 years) and uninjured (UG) groups. Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined between DPSI and other variables. RESULTS: No significant difference was found for DPSI on left (IG: 0.30±0.03 vs. UG: 0.32±0.04) and right (IG: 0.30± 0.03 vs. UG: 0.31±0.03) sides. There was a significant moderate negative correlation between dorsiflexion ROM and DPSI (right side r= -0.605, p= 0.001; left side r= -0.452, p= 0.001). There were no correlations between strength and DPSI except for right inversion strength and right DPSI (r= 0.446, p=0.020). CONCLUSION: DPSI seems to be influenced to a greater extent by ankle dorsiflexion than strength or previous injury in a collegiate runners.
Listed In: Biomechanics, Physical Therapy, Posturography, Sports Science
Synchronization of EEG Activity with Body Balance During Cognitive Visual Exercises
When evaluation cognition, there is a certain complexity surrounding electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings, which would greatly benefit from being supplemented by secondary recordings, such as those from a force platform. Currently, there is also a lack of evidence supporting the need to implement creative exercise on analytical coursework, specifically in STEM degrees where there is gaining momentum to incorporate the arts [3]. This pilot study aims to correlate electroencephalography (EEG, Brain Vision) and postural sway (AMTI AccuSway) data to verify cognitive changes. This study hypothesizes that participants will have 1) increased EEG alpha activity and 2) increased postural sway when participating in iterations of a problem-solving tasks administered after the participant engages in creative activities. The study will use human-subject data gathered from electroencephalography (Brain Vision) and postural sway (AMTI AccuSway) to quantify the cognitive engagement of participants during the learning of new concepts in a unique manner that allows the participants to think about them visually. The hypothesis is that the teaching methods introduced will encourage participants to have increased cognitive attention. Two participants were evaluated on their postural sway and EEG activity during the answering of Raven's Progressive Matrices tests before and after artistic viewing and drawing activities. The data generated by this study by these means will show that increased cognition is apparent when concepts are presented in a visual manner, fortifying a philosophy that engineering curricula would benefit from artistic additions.
Listed In: Neuroscience, Posturography
Standing steadiness and variability of older adults on a step ladder
MOTIVATION: Ladder fall injury rates are highest among older adults. While standing stability has been quantified using center of pressure (COP) to classify general fall risk of older adults, it has not been applied to older adults' balance and performance on ladders. This study investigates the standing stability of older adults while performing a task on a ladder. METHODS: One-hundred four older adults completed the Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) to classify fall risk and climbed to the second step of a household step ladder to change a light bulb. Force plates under the step ladder were used to calculate the COP. COP parameters were extracted to assess stability on the step ladder including path length (time-normalized), RMS and elliptical area. Task time and COP parameters were compared between 10 participants with the highest fall risk and 10 participants with the lowest fall risk based on the PPA. RESULTS: Task time was 8.4 seconds (63.9%) longer for the high fall risk group. Time-normalized path lengths were similar between the two groups. The high fall risk group showed an increase in RMS by 18.1% and elliptical area by 44.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in tasks time, RMS and elliptical area were observed between low and high fall risk groups. Larger RMS values and elliptical area indicate more movement away from the average COP location. This suggests high fall risk older adults to be more variable than low fall risk older adults in their standing stability when completing a task on a step ladder.
Listed In: Biomechanical Engineering, Biomechanics, Posturography
The effect of a specific fatigue protocol in force propulsion and postural sway in female handball athletes
Fatigue is a case of interaction between different factors and is characterized by the increase in the perceived effort to exercise and produce force. However, the effect on balancing tasks are not completely understood, especially the time course of the postural sway parameters during the recovery phase. Twenty female handball athletes participated in this study. They stood upright in a one-leg posture supported by the non-dominant limb on a force plate. The center of pressure (COP) and the maximum propulsion force (FMAX) were obtained at baseline, immediately after the exhaustion due to the fatigue protocol and every minute during the first 10 min of the recovery phase. For the postural-sway measures, participants stood on the force plate for 30 s with eyes opened looking to a target. Based on the COP displacement, the ellipse area containing 95% of the COP data points (Area) was computed. The FMAX was measured during a countermovement jump. Specific handball actions composed the fatigue protocol in the format of a circuit with the gradual increment of laps. The force decreased ~9.5% after the fatigue protocol (p = 0.01) and returned to baseline values during the recovery phase at the fifth minute. For the postural sway, the Area decreased during the recovery phase until the fourth minute (p = 0.007). The fatigue protocol affected postural sway and force variables, which returned to baseline values after four minutes of the protocol. Therefore, we suggest that future fatigue analyses should be tested during this time window.
Listed In: Biomechanics, Posturography, Sports Science
Balancing sensory inputs: Sensory reweighting of vision and ankle proprioception during a bipedal posture task
Multisensory integration is driven by a process of sensory reweighting during which each input is assigned a weight depending on the current functional state of a particular sensory system, the task itself and the context in which it is being performed. The primary aim of this study was to determine which of the two inputs between ankle proprioception


text:
|Safety steps, collapsible|
-Particularly useful for working in places where there is not a lot of height.
-Minimum space requirement for storage and transportation.
-Non-slip serrated aluminium treads.
-Work comfortably and safely on a large standing surface (treads 360mm wide and 230mm deep).
-Side rails made from aluminium extruded profiles for maximum stability.
-Stiles made from tubular steel (25mm diameter) with powder-coated surface.
-With plastic inserts to prevent slipping.
Number of steps: 5
Platform height: 1.15* m
Weight: 12.8 kg


text:
Abstract: A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is the remainder or residue of binary division of a potentially long message, by a CRC polynomial. This technique is ubiquitously employed in communication and storage applications due to its effectiveness at detecting errors and malicious tampering. The hardware implementation of a bit-wise CRC is a simple linear feedback shift register. This means that 'n' clock cycles will be required to calculate the CRC values for an n-bit data stream. This project primarily focuses on error detection in the Ethernet applications. This paper presents implementation of parallel Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) based upon DSP algorithms of pipelining, retiming and unfolding. The architectures are first pipelined to reduce the iteration bond by using novel look-ahead techniques and then unfolded and retimed to design high speed parallel circuits. The methodology to be employed with VHDL, Xilinx ISE for simulation and test-bench verification.
Keywords: Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), Parallel Pipelining, LFSR, VHDL code.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Public inquiries
15.37 The Copyright Act does not contain an exception for the use of copyright material for inquiries or royal commissions. These uses are currently made under the statutory licence.
15.38 Public inquiries are established by the executive to inquire into a matter of public importance.[49] The Commonwealth and all Australian states and territories have enacted legislation that provides for the appointment of royal commissions[50] or other public inquiries with powers and protections.[51] Governments may also establish inquiries, task forces, committees and reviews without statutory foundation.
15.39 The Royal Commissions Act 1902 (Cth) provides that an authorised person may make copies of any documents produced before a royal commission that contain matter that is relevant to a matter into which the commission is inquiring.[52] A document includes 'any book, register or other record of information, however compiled, recorded or stored'.[53] It also provides that a custodian of royal commission records may use the records for the purpose of performing his or her functions or powers.[54] The Act is silent as to the copyright implications. The Act provides certain immunities to commissioners, witness and legal practitioners assisting a royal commission,[55] but it is not clear that these immunities extend to actions for copyright infringement.
15.40 Use of copyright material for investigation, presenting exhibits, briefs and reports is intrinsic to the conduct of an inquiry. These uses serve the public interest in ensuring that matters of public importance are thoroughly investigated and the proceedings made public where possible. Most copyright material used for these purposes, such as letters, file notes, and other internal documents of companies, government agencies and private institutions, are not produced for creative or commercial purposes, and do not have any market value.
15.41 There are exceptions for these uses in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. In the UK, copyright is not infringed by anything done for the purposes of the proceedings of a royal commission or statutory inquiry, or reporting those proceedings.[56] In New Zealand, the exception extends to anything done for the purposes of the proceedings of royal commissions, commissions of inquiry, ministerial inquiries or statutory inquiries, or reports of those proceedings.[57]
15.42 The ALRC considers that the Copyright Act should include an exception for use of copyright material for the proceedings of royal commissions and inquiries established under a statute. If the four fairness factors were considered, these uses would generally be fair: they are non-commercial; are in the public interest; and the material used is generally not offered for sale.
15.43 It is not necessary to extend the exception to every inquiry established by government. The inquiries that are of significant public importance will be established under statute. Uses for other inquiries may be undertaken under the fair use exception or under the statutory licence.
Recommendation 15–3 The Copyright Act should provide for a new exception for the purpose of the proceedings of a royal commission or a statutory inquiry, or for reporting those proceedings.


Given the continuous demands of modern life, burnout has become extremely common and you can hear about it frequently. We take on more work and responsibilities, we work longer hours, we sacrifice free time and no matter how much we've achieved, there is always room for more. For the vast majority of people, this continuous striving is clearly unsustainable and eventually leads to burnout.
This illustration is a personal exploration around the concept of burnout at its earliest stages and around the feelings and expressions that one might experience: trying to stay afloat, running on empty, feeling depleted of energy, drowning, apathy and feeling tired all the time.
From people holding onto batteries to not drown while others are just casually waiting to be mechanically recharged, to people embracing canisters of fuel while pumps are being held by a giant hand, everything is designed to illustrate a surreal embodiment of a serious condition using an overwhelming composition of elements.
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IMat/SEI Lead: Materials for Solar Energy Harvesting & Conversion
Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena is an Assistant Professor and the Goizueta Junior Faculty Rotating Chair in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, USA.
His group focuses on understanding and control of crystallographic structure and effects on electronic dynamics at the nanoscale of low-cost semiconductors for optoelectronic applications. Juan-Pablo's group works on advanced deposition techniques, with emphasis on low-cost and high throughput, as well as advanced characterization methods that include synchrotron-based mapping and imaging approaches with nanoscale resolution.
His research program at Georgia Tech has attracted funding from the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense, which funds cutting-edge research on new materials for solar energy conversion.
His work has been cited over 28,000 times (h-index of 59) making him a top cited researcher as recognized by the Web of Science Group, Highly Cited Researchers-cross-field (2019, 2021) and Chemistry (2020), and Nature Index, Leading early career researcher in materials science (2019).
Georgia Institute of Technology


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The Ultimate Sea Creature Quiz
Take this amazing quiz to test your sea creature knowledge!
The Ultimate Sea Creature Quiz
1/7 Sea Cucumber
What is this?
2/7 Spider crab
How big can giant spider crabs grow?
Which of these statements is true?
4/7 Coral reef
What is coral?
5/7 Deep sea fish
How far below the surface can sea creatures survive?
6/7 Octopus
How many hearts does an octopus have?
7/7 narwhale
When Narwhal horns washed up on shore, what did people from the past think they were?
Crab and the word 'awesome'
Awesome! When it comes to sea creatures,you know your stuff! Well done!
Jellyfish and the words 'not bad'
Not bad! You know a bit about life under the sea, but you could always know more!
Hmm, you only know a tiny bit about sea creatures. Why not take the quiz again and see if you pick up any facts?
Angler fish and the words 'oh no'
Uh oh! You don't know much about sea creatures or life underwater, maybe you're more of a land person? Give the quiz another go and see if you can improve!


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Genetic analysis is considered to be the ultimate diagnostic approach in many fields, e.g., in medicine for disease detection, in agricultural technology for food and feed authentication, in forensics, to name a few. Consequently, great interest is growing in developing sensitive and reliable analytical tools (biosensors) to identify whole DNA sequences, oligonucleotide fragments, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In addition, these biosensors are becoming vital tools for clinical diagnosis and point-of-care systems. They need to be of high sensitivity, high specificity, fast response, inexpensive, and easy to use. In this work, we discuss a surface-plasmon fluorescence grating coupler-based biosensor, fabricated on polymer substrates, and with a designed surface binding procedure that offers the direct response required for a sensor to be implemented in a disposable system. These gratings fabricated on polymer substrates using an embossing technique showed excellent and reproducible resonance coupling results. We also present a monitoring protocol for hybridization reactions based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to quench the bulk solution contribution that decreases the sensitivity of the grating biosensors.
- Biosensor Technologies


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MMJ cartridges across the island chain are turning out to be unsafe by state officials.
Through the islands multiple reports from MMJ card holders have confirmed that cartridges purchased in the state have not met the safety requirements to consume.
While other states have extensively set standards for what is a proper medical marijuana cartridge, Hawaii has not yet caught up.
In states requiring MMJ to have printed information, or a source that provides a link to the testing of each cartridge, Hawaii cartridges have been shown to inhibit alcohol and other harmful chemicals.
MMJ THC Requires Extensive Extraction Methods
In order for a THC cartridge to be made, the separation of the THC crystals from the plant is called extraction. Typically, the process requires a form of solvent, once the solvent has been added to the plant, the crystals then fall off. Then, the mixture of the solvent plus the THC is then put in a heating element. This evaporates the solvent until there is nothing left with but THC wax.
One of the most commonly used solvents is ethanol. This issue can occur if the extraction process isn't given the necessary time to complete. Thus leaving trace amounts of solvent in the end mixture.
How To Spot A Bad Cartridge
If the mixture is extremely dark and runny then there is too much solvent remaining in the cartridge. If there is a burnt taste upon purchasing there can be a fault with the atomizer located in the cartridge itself.
It is important to report these issues with the store or retailer. In most cases, a retailer will exchange the product for a new one. Although it may seem like a bargain, cheaper cartridges are also worth speculating. The low cost can attribute to unhealthy chemicals. Also, the quality of each cartridge can lead one to make a different decision.
If the cartridge is plastic, and the atomizer is cotton, then stay away. A good cartridge will be ceramic along with a glass capsule.
Steps will be taken by local officials to ensure the safety of the product is a top priority. Until then, cardholders must keep a sharp eye on cartridges.


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Eric Lybrand, Rayan Saab.
Year: 2021, Volume: 22, Issue: 156, Pages: 1−38
We propose a new computationally efficient method for quantizing the weights of pre- trained neural networks that is general enough to handle both multi-layer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks. Our method deterministically quantizes layers in an iterative fashion with no complicated re-training required. Specifically, we quantize each neuron, or hidden unit, using a greedy path-following algorithm. This simple algorithm is equivalent to running a dynamical system, which we prove is stable for quantizing a single-layer neural network (or, alternatively, for quantizing the first layer of a multi-layer network) when the training data are Gaussian. We show that under these assumptions, the quantization error decays with the width of the layer, i.e., its level of over-parametrization. We provide numerical experiments, on multi-layer networks, to illustrate the performance of our methods on MNIST and CIFAR10 data, as well as for quantizing the VGG16 network using ImageNet data.


Share Article: How do new Immigration proposals affect Criminal Law
The government recently announced a range of proposals regarding immigration, but how does this affect criminal law?
Priti Patel, the Home Secretary, said it was the introduction of the most significant overhaul of the system in decades. The aim appears to be to prevent illegal entry into the UK, especially when people smugglers or trafficking is involved.
What are the proposals?
Words repeatedly used in the announcement documentation were that the asylum claim process would be based on need rather than the ability to pay people smugglers. How someone arrives in the UK will impact their claim process and status in the UK if successful in a claim.
Modern slavery
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 made provisions about slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour, and human trafficking. The Act also introduced a defence for slavery or trafficking victims who commit an offence.
The government reports "an alarming increase" in the number of illegal migrants seeking modern slavery referrals. As a result, they will seek to reform the system and consult on measures, including "distinguishing more effectively between genuine and vexatious accounts of modern slavery".
The Act's statutory guidance is "I suspect but cannot prove" that the person is a victim of modern slavery. It is proposed to amend the definition to "reasonable grounds to believe that a person is a victim", a higher test.
The impact on the criminal defence remains to be seen.
County lines
Numerous referrals a year are made for exploitation linked to county lines. There will be a pilot of a new way to identify child victims of modern slavery. Again, this may impact the defence within the Modern Slavery Act.
The indication was that there are "unscrupulous" people posing as children to gain entry. The relevant agencies will use new scientific methods to assess age more accurately.
Age is also an important factor in the criminal justice system; anyone under 18 faces a different sentencing regime. This would impact any child wrongly assessed as being an adult.
Border Force enforcement powers
Border Force will be given additional powers to search unaccompanied containers, seize and dispose of vessels, stop and redirect vessels away from the UK.
Those sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment or more, who constitute a danger to the UK community, can have their refugee status removed and be considered for deportation.
New criminal offences/sentences
"Tougher" criminal offences will be introduced for those who try to enter the UK illegally, along with a raised penalty for illegal entry.
The power to target those who facilitate illegal entry will be widened. An example of whom is given as those piloting the small boats used to cross the channel. The power will include the ability to return vessels, and those on board, to the country where they started the journey, subject to agreement from that country.
The maximum penalty for facilitation will be increased from 14 years to life imprisonment.
The penalty for foreign offenders who return to the UK in breach of a deportation order will be increased from 6 months to a maximum of 5 years imprisonment.
A consultation will also take place in respect of the Clandestine Civil Penalty Regime. This regime currently allows a maximum penalty of £2,000 for each person found on a not adequately secured vehicle.
 - The maximum available penalty will be increased from £2,000 to encourage compliance to a level subject to consultation.
 - A new penalty will be introduced for failing to secure a vehicle
 - A penalty could be levied on hauliers where a migrant is found in their vehicle, regardless of the security they have used
 - Accreditation for hauliers repeatedly found in breach will be reviewed.
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text:
Publication details for Prof Mike ByramPorto, M. & Byram, M. (2017). New Perspectives on Intercultural Language Research and Teaching: Exploring Learners' Understandings of Texts from Other Cultures. Routledge.
- Publication type: Authored book
- ISSN/ISBN: 9781138672406
- Further publication details on publisher web site
Author(s) from Durham
Illustrated by an empirical study of English as a Foreign Language reading in Argentina, this book argues for a different approach to the theoretical rationales and methodological designs typically used to investigate cultural understanding in reading, in particular foreign language reading. It presents an alternative approach which is more authentic in its methods, more educational in its purposes, and more supportive of international understanding as an aim of language teaching in general and English language teaching in particular.


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3.24.1 Repr Objects
Repr instances provide several members which can be used to
provide size limits for the representations of different object types,
and methods which format specific object types.
Depth limit on the creation of recursive representations. The
default is 6.
- Limits on the number of entries represented for the named object
type. The default for maxdict is 4, for the others,
Maximum number of characters in the representation for a long
integer. Digits are dropped from the middle. The default is
Limit on the number of characters in the representation of the
string. Note that the ''normal'' representation of the string is
used as the character source: if escape sequences are needed in the
representation, these may be mangled when the representation is
shortened. The default is 30.
This limit is used to control the size of object types for which no
specific formatting method is available on the Repr object.
It is applied in a similar manner as maxstring. The
default is 20.
- repr (obj)
The equivalent to the built-in repr() that uses the
formatting imposed by the instance.
- repr1 (obj, level)
Recursive implementation used by repr(). This uses the
type of obj to determine which formatting method to call,
passing it obj and level. The type-specific methods
should call repr1() to perform recursive formatting, with
level - 1 for the value of level in the recursive
- repr_type (obj, level)
Formatting methods for specific types are implemented as methods
with a name based on the type name. In the method name, type
is replaced by
Dispatch to these methods is handled by repr1().
Type-specific methods which need to recursively format a value
should call "self.repr1(subobj, level - 1)".
Send comments on this document to _EMAIL_.


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The Ditto Machine
A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine ) was a low-volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches. The term "spirit duplicator" comes from the alternative term for alcohols, which is "spirits." Alcohols were a major component of the solvents used as "inks" in these machines. The spirit duplicator was invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld. The best-known manufacturer in the United States was Ditto Corporation of Illinois, hence that name.
A ditto machine used a solvent like methylated spirits or ammonia to transfer ink from the master copy (the template, if you will) onto other pieces of paper.
The master copy was a smooth, waxy piece of paper which was thickly inked when printed. The procedure for printing on a master was like the reverse of a carbon-copy; instead of writing on the normal paper and having the carbon underneath, the text and pictures were printed onto carbon paper of varying colours to transfer print to the master. If you want to know exactly how thickly a master was inked, put your printer on the best quality and print about two or three passes onto the same sheet of paper (so that you are printing over the previous printing, I mean).
The master was then wrapped around a drum, and the solvent was applied as the drum rotated. The solvent either softened or melted the ink so that just enough of it would stick to the blank sheets of paper. A lot of the copies produced in this way came out with purple ink because purple "provided the best contrast" As you can see in the following photo Ditto copies were far from easy to read.
Both the isopropanol and the methanol found in ditto solvents are toxic substances. These chemicals can cause a host of medical problems when humans are improperly exposed. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) guidelines recommend the use of personal protective equipment during exposure to methanol, however, most chemists work with methanol and isopropanol wearing only medical exam grade gloves, goggles and a working fume hood as the chief, no-ingested or inhaled reaction with methanol is limited skin irritation.
Ditto machines were popular in schools and churches as no electricity was needed to make quick stinky copies. Nothing smells quite like a fresh slightly wet Ditto copy.
They have gone the way of the typewriter and the dictaphone.
They Always Come Back:
Thanks to the efforts of this site they are not forgotten.


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Sample Preparatation Basics
The care that you take in preparing your sample mount is the most important factor influencing the data quality that will ultimately be obtained. A mount intended for SIMS analysis must be both flat and polished, with tolerances on the order micrometers. In general, it is the responsibility of the user to produce the required sample quality. Mounts arriving in Potsdam that are not of the required quality will be returned to the user for improvement, meaning in most cases that the date for the analyses will need to be rescheduled. Samples must be vacuum compatible to better than 10-6 Pa, and in most cases any necessary documentation of the sample (e.g., SEM images) or electron microprobe analyses should be conducted prior to sending your mounts to us.
For most projects samples will need to be in the Potsdam SIMS lab at least 7 days before the scheduled session. If the orientation of you sample is already defined (usually the case if you have done any imaging) you must make sure to make a small but obvious notch at the edge of each sample to indicate the north orientatation. Also, please scratch the sample number on the back side of each mount using a diamond-tip pen (or we will do this for you).
Possible Mount Geometries
Samples intended for analysis can consist of grain mounts, thin sections, or even polished rock disks or slices. The locations intended for analysis should be as close to the middle of the mount as possible. Materials for analysis in our SIMS facility can have the following geometries:
- 1" Diameter Rounds: The diameter of the mount should be between 24.5 and 25.5 mm, and the height of the mount should be no greater than 8 mm. It is best if the height is less than 4 mm tall, as this allows us to use springs to hold the sample in the sample holder.
- 10 mm Diameter Rounds: Sample diameter must be between 9.8 and 10.2 mm and sample height should be no greater than 3 mm.
- Flat Slices: The front and back of the sample must be parallel, allowing us to use springs to hold the polished surface against a metal face plate. The sample should be at least 5 x 5 mm in size, but no larger than 10 x 10 mm. This method is not recommended for isotope analyses requiring good analytical uncertainties.
Prior to analysis we will clean the sample in high-purity ethanol, gold coat the sample to make the surface electrically conductive, load the mount into a sample holder and will then image the sample using a flat-bed scanner (helps with the subsequent navigation).
When preparing multiple samples for a single mount, and especially if your will be requiring the measurement of point profiles, please position the samples so that the profiles are all run in the same direction. It greatly simplifies the measurement of profiles if they all run in the same directions (e.g., north-south or east-west on the mount's surface).
IMPORTANT: For isotope ratio analyses, and in particular for d18O determination where we strive for total uncertainties of around 0.1‰, all analysis points as well as the reference materials should be within 8 mm of the center of the sample mount. Target areas closer to the edge cannot be reliably analyzed due to deformation of the electric field caused by being too close to the edge of the sample holder.
Preparing Thin Section Mounts
Petrographic relationships often provide valuable information for augmenting isotopic data, hence thin sections are often the most appropriate sample type. Thin sections for SIMS analysis must be round and 25.0 ± 0.5 mm in diameter. As the SIMS primary beam penetrates only a few microns into the sample the thickness of the rock slice attached to the round piece of glass is not constrained, although retaining the 30 µm typical thickness for thin sections may help during the petrographic investigation. If the sample is more than perhaps 10 µm thick then it is important that the rock sample extends all the way to the edge of the glass -- failing to do so can result in the sample surface being tilted relative to the front of the SIMS sample holder.
A disadvantage of thin section style mounts is that it is difficult to insert reference materials into them, meaning that this might not be the preferred sample geometry when very good analytical uncertainties are reqeuired. Again it is stressed that areas intended for analysis should be near the center of the thin section.
Preparing Grain Mounts, in Particular Zircon Samples
In order for us to provide the best possible data for your project, grain mounts must be carefully made. In many cases (e.g., zircon U-Pb, d18O analyses) the reference material should be embedded in each 1-inch mount. It is essential that the mounts be flat, well polished and free of bubbles; it is important to pay close attention to assure that the epoxy resin makes good contact with each grain without any trenches forming between epoxy and the individual grains. It is also important that prior to doing your SIMS analyses you should obtain backscattered electron (BSE) and cathode luminesence (CL) images of each grain in order to improve the targeting of the SIMS ion beam. When taking such images with a scanning electron microscope you sould use the minimum electron beam current and the fastest scan rate which are compatible with getting the necessary information. Slow scanning and a high electron dose can damage the epoxy resin in which the zircons are mounted, and this can cause problem during the U-Pb analytical session.
We recommend that you contact us before beginning any sample prep work so that we can help you obtain the best possible data quality from the Cameca 1280.
For information regarding which types of embedding materials (epoxy) one might best use, we refer you to a detailed study by the Edinburgh SIMS facility.
How Not to Make a SIMS Sample Mount
The following photo gallery shows examples of poorly made SIMS samples that have arrived in Potsdam. These are meant as examples of how your sample should not look. Click on the indvidual photos to get an enlarged view and a more detailed figure caption.


What Does Base Sycophancy Mean?
What is the opposite of sycophant?
Opposite of deferential, groveling.
What is a brown nose slang?
noun. Also brown-noser. a toady; sycophant.
What is sycophantic behavior?
The adjective sycophantic is perfect for describing someone who uses flattery to get what they want. You see sycophantic behavior in Hollywood all the time, from red carpet interviews pouring flattery on movie stars to fawning autograph seekers. …
What is the synonym of sycophancy?
Some common synonyms of sycophant are leech, parasite, sponge, and toady. While all these words mean "a usually obsequious flatterer or self-seeker," sycophant adds to this a strong suggestion of fawning, flattery, or adulation.
How do you identify a sycophant?
How to Recognize a SycophantOpinion conformity. A sycophant imitates your tastes and opinions, often sharing your opinions enthusiastically. … Fashion stockers. This is a subtype of mimickers. … Self-promotion. … Other enhancement. … Kiss up, kick down. … Disagree on small points.
What does Psychophant mean?
Psychophant definitions (humorous) A sycophant, especially one with psychological problems.
What is obsequious behavior?
What does it mean to be obtuse?
obtuse • \ahb-TOOSS\ • adjective. 1 a : not pointed or acute : blunt b : exceeding 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees c : having an obtuse angle 2 a : lacking sharpness or quickness of sensibility or intellect : insensitive, stupid b : difficult to comprehend : not clear or precise in thought or expression.
What does it mean to be a base?
Base suggests a contemptible, mean-spirited, or selfish lack of human decency: "that liberal obedience, without which your army would be a base rabble" (Edmund Burke). Something low violates standards of morality, ethics, or propriety: low cunning; a low trick.
How do you deal with a sycophant?
Here are some tips:Let the sycophant know that you're on to them. Brown-nosers are out for themselves, and, like roaches, will scatter and hide when the lights are turned on. … Remain alert. Remember that a sycophant will have no problem using you as a means to their end. … Establish clear rules. … Don't engage.
What does Brown nosing someone mean?
brown noser (plural brown nosers) (idiomatic) One who brownnoses (flatters or humors somebody in an obsequious manner for personal gain); one who sucks up; a bootlicker, ass-kisser, sycophant.
What is a yes man called?
Noun. yes man (plural yes men) (idiomatic) A person who always agrees with their employer or superior. Synonyms: brownnoser, yeasayer, yea-sayer, Uriah Heep.
What does a sycophant do?
A sycophant is a person who tries to win favor from wealthy or influential people by flattering them. Also known as brown-nosers, teacher's pets or suck-ups.
What does sycophancy mean?
: obsequious flattery also : the character or behavior of a sycophant.
What does toady mean?
: one who flatters in the hope of gaining favors : sycophant. toady. verb. toadied; toadying.
What is a dilettante person?
What is the opposite of diatribe?
Antonyms of DIATRIBE compliment, recommendation, sanction, tribute, praise, ovation, blessing.
How do you use sycophant in a sentence?
Sycophant in a Sentence 🔉Because she always kisses up to the teacher, Janice is considered the sycophant in first period. … My sister is a shallow sycophant who will flatter anyone for a free designer handbag.More items…


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Artist Concept of Apollo 15 Lunar Module on Moon
May 6, 2003
An artist's concept showing the Apollo 15 crewmen performing deployment of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) on the lunar surface. The figure on the left represents Astronaut James B. Irwin, lunar module pilot, who here is maintaining a constant pull on the deployment cable to help the LRV unfold, while Astronaut David R. Scott, the mission commander, right, pulls the tapes that lower the LRV to the surface.
Topics: Technology Internet, Lunar rover, Apollo spacecraft, Apollo program, Apollo TV camera, Apollo Lunar Module, David Scott, Apollo 15


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National Transportation Safety Board
Office of Public Affairs
Washington, DC - The National Transportation Safety Board determined today that the probable cause of the 2007 pipeline rupture near Carmichael, Mississippi was the failure of a weld that caused the pipe to fracture along the longitudinal seam weld, a portion of the upstream girth weld, and portions of the adjacent pipe joints.
On November 1, 2007, a 12-inch diameter pipeline segment operated by Dixie Pipeline Company was transporting liquid propane at about 1,405 pounds per square inch gauge, when it ruptured, releasing about 431,000 gallons of propane, in a rural area near Carmichael, Mississippi. As a result, the propane began to vaporize and form a cloud that expanded over nearby homes. Local emergency responders received calls informing them of the smell of gas and the sighting of white gas. Approximately seven-and-a-half minutes after the rupture, the vapors ignited, creating a fireball. There were two fatalities and several minor injuries.
The accident pipe was manufactured in 1961 using the lowfrequency electric resistance welding (ERW) process for longitudinal seam welds. The majority of ruptures in ERW pipe involve the longitudinal seams. At the time of the accident, no confirmed in-service pipeline ruptures in girth welds had been reported for the entire pipeline since it was installed. Additionally, segments of the accident pipe had been inspected multiple times since 1998, using in-line inspection tools.
As a result of the investigation, the Safety Board issued recommendations to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the Clarke County Board of Supervisors, the American Petroleum Institute, and Dixie Pipeline Company on testing of pipeline, public awareness, and training and drills for 911 personnel.
A summary of the findings of the Board's report is available on the NTSB's website.
NTSB Media Contact:
Terry N. Williams
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent federal agency charged with determining the probable cause
of transportation accidents, promoting transportation safety, and assisting victims of transportation accidents and their families.


5e SRD >Creatures >
Medium humanoid, neutral evil
Armor Class 13
Hit Points 22 (4d8 + 4)
Speed 30 ft.
12 (+1) 16 (+3) 13 (+1) 14 (+2) 16 (+3) 14 (+2)
Skills Animal Handling +5, Deception +4, Intimidation +4, Perception +5
Damage Immunities acid
Condition Immunities paralyzed
Senses blindsight 60 ft. (blind beyond this radius), passive Perception 15
Languages Deep Speech, Undercommon
Challenge 1/2 (100 XP)
Special Traits
 - Bound in Jelly. The mydnari and its jelly are wholly reliant on each other. If the mydnari's jelly is somehow separated from its master, the jelly dies within 1 minute. If the mydnari is separated from its jelly, it loses its blindsight, Acid Glob action, and Jelly Symbiosis trait.
 - Jelly Symbiosis. A creature that touches the mydnari or hits it with a melee attack while within 5 feet of it takes 2 (1d4) acid damage.
 - Ooze Empathy. A mydnari can use its Animal Handling skill on ooze type creatures with an Intelligence score of 5 or lower. An ooze never attacks a mydnari unless provoked.
 - Shortsword. Melee Weapon Attack: +5 to hit, reach 5 ft., one target. Hit: 6 (1d6 + 3) piercing damage.
 - Acid Glob. Ranged Weapon Attack: +5 to hit, range 30/60 ft., one target. Hit: 5 (1d4 + 3) acid damage, and the target must succeed on a DC 12 Constitution saving throw or be poisoned for 1 minute. The target can repeat the saving throw at the end of each of its turns, ending the effect on itself on a success.
This tall, lanky humanoid is sightless, its eyes nothing more than useless spots in its otherwise human face. The creature is encased in a sheath of thick orange jelly, almost as if it had been dipped in a giant pot of honey. The jelly wobbles and slides over the creature's body as if alive.
Sightless Alchemists. The mydnari are an eyeless, evil subterranean race that lives alongside oozes. They delight in capturing other creatures and using the creatures for experimentation or as food for their colonies of oozes and slimes. They constantly experiment with new serums, tonics, and concoctions, striving to always improve themselves and their connection with their oozes.
Bound in Jelly. Each mydnari enters into a symbiotic relationship with a mutated strain of ochre jelly as soon as it is born. This is a sacred rite among the mydnari, and without this link a mydnari is cast out and soon succumbs to the elements.
The mydnari provides long-term sustenance for the jelly, and the jelly provides the sightless mydnari with protection and the ability to better sense its environment.
Oozing Cities. The cities of the mydnari are dominated by flowing spires and twisting walkways, and they are always bathed in a sickly yellow-green radiance. Oozes and slimes are found almost everywhere, whether simply wandering along the street to clean up refuse or serving as living baths for mydnari nobles. Their cities also boast a large section dedicated to alchemy, and the sulfurous and sometimes noxious odors from the many alchemical labs float through the city for all to smell.
Detested Necessity. The mydnari are viewed with revulsion by duergar and other subterranean races who rely on their alchemy. Only derro and aboleths are known to tolerate the mydnari for any length of time.
Oozebound Nature. A mydnari doesn't require sleep.
Section 15: Copyright Notice


Provided by: hercules_3.07-2_i386 bug
 cckd - Hercules Compressed CKD DASD image file
 Hercules DASD image file that emulates IBM mainframe DASD devices on a
 (usually) non-mainframe platform. Specified in the Hercules
 configuration file (default name hercules.cnf) to describe the DASD
 devices Hercules is to emulate. Also specified as input and/or output
 file to several Hercules utilities. Hercules compressed DASD devices
 are frequently referred to as CCKD. Hercules uncompressed DASD devices
 are frequently referred to as CKD. Hercules CKD DASD image files are
 largely compatible with P/390 AWS DASD files.
 The following provides a technical overview of CCKD internal
 structures. Except as indicated below, data in the following
 structures is stored in the byte order indicated by the CDEVHDR.options
 CCKD_BIGENDIAN bit (the 0x02 bit). This bit is 1 when data is bigendian byte order, 0 when data is little-endian byte order.
 occupies the first 512 bytes of a CKD or CCKD DASD file. The DEVHDR
 contains the device type and the number of heads per cylinder. Its
 contents are the same whether the DASD image is compressed (CCKD) or
 not (CKD). Described by the CKDDASD_DEVHDR struct; 512 bytes in size.
 immediately follows the DEVHDR, and contains fields describing the
 number of L1ENTs in the L1TAB, the number of L2ENTs in each L2TAB, and
 anchors the free space chain. Described by the CCKDDASD_DEVHDR struct;
 512 bytes in size.
 immediately follows the CDEVHDR, and consists of L1ENT entries, each of
 which points to an L2TAB. Each L1ENT is an U32 (4 bytes) offset into
 the CCKD DASD file. The CDEVHDR numl1tab field describes how many
 L1ENTs are in the L1TAB. L1ENTs are described by the CCKD_L1ENT
 typedef; the L1TAB is of variable size. Conceptually each L1ENT
 describes cdevhdr.numl2tab tracks.
 is pointed to by an L1ENT, and is composed of L2ENT entries, the number
 of which is described by the CDEVHDR numl2tab field; currently 256
 L2ENTs in each L2TAB. L2ENTs contain the offset to the TRKHDR, and the
 combined length of the TRKHDR and (optionally) compressed track data.
 The CDEVHDR numl2tab field describes how many L2ENTs are in each L2TAB.
 Currently, there are 256 L2ENTs in each L2TAB. Described by the
 CCKD_L2ENT struct; (256 * 8) bytes in size. Conceptually each L2ENT
 describes one track.
 describes free space in the CCKD DASD image, anchored by the CDEVHDR
 free field. Consists of a 4 byte offset to the next free space (or
 zero for end of free space chain), and a 4 byte length of the free
 space (which length includes the 8 bytes occupied by the FREEBLK
 itself), followed by zero or more bytes of residual data. Described by
 the first 8 bytes of the CCKD_FREEBLK struct; 8 bytes in size.
 Occurs once at the beginning of each track. contains flag (one byte),
 CC (two bytes), and HH (two bytes) of the track. When the flag byte =
 0x00, TRKHDR is the same as the Home Address on real DASD. Flag bits
 are described in hercules.h, and are of the format nlllllcc where n=1
 for new track header format, lllll is used for track recovery purposes,
 and cc describes the track compression algorithm. The compression
 algorithms are: B'00' = uncompressed, B'01' = zlib, B'10' = bzip2,
 B'11' is currently invalid. Data in TRKHDR is stored in big-endian
 byte order. Described by the CKDDASD_TRKHDR struct; 5 bytes in size.
 COUNT field
 8 bytes, containing CC (two bytes), HH (two bytes), R (one byte), KL
 (one byte), and DL (two bytes). CC is the (relative zero) cylinder
 number. HH is the (relative zero) head number. R is the (relative
 zero) record number on the track. KL is the key length; if zero no key
 is present. DL is the length of the data record. Data in the COUNT
 field is stored in big-endian byte order. Described by the
 CKDDASD_RECHDR struct; 8 bytes in size.
 KEY field
 if present, KL bytes of record key; immediately follows the COUNT
 field. Byte order is not a factor for the KEY field; to the extent it
 is examined by Hercules code it is simply a byte stream. Size varies.
 DATA field.
 if present, DL bytes of record data; immediately follows the KEY field
 for keyed record, else immediately follows the COUNT field for unkeyed
 records. Byte order is not a factor for the DATA field; to the extent
 it is examined by Hercules code it is simply a byte stream. Size
 Count, Key, Data - contents of an track. Also refers to the Hercules
 uncompressed DASD image file.
 Compressed Count, Key, Data - compressed contents of a track. Also
 refers to the Hercules compressed DASD image file.
 Direct Access Storage Device - term the IBM mainframe world uses to
 refer to hard drives.
 End Of Track - indicated by 8X'FF' in the COUNT field.
SEE ALSO the Hercules emulator homepage. which describes
 the Hercules CCKD DASD facility. which describes
 the Hercules configuration file.
 2003-02-07 originally written by James M. Morrison
 2003-02-03 cckd(4)


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The Relentless Roger and the Caveman Doctor (RRCD) Podcast: Simplifying complex issues for healthy living
The podcast exists to take our daily efforts in the physical world and distill usable information for you, the listener.
In Episode #62 Roger and Dr. Champ Discuss:
- Roger's Book (review it!)
- How to instill swagger in your child through fitness
- Ted talk how to make stress your friend
- What is Oxytocin?
- What physiologic role does it play?
- What does it have to do with stress and can stress actually have benefits?
- A look at hypertrophy training (here and here)
- Pre-workout enhancers banned
- Dr. Champ's recent diet and cancer articles (here and here).


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Iron-Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Unactivated Alkenes
The thermal [2+2] cycloaddition of alkenes leading to cyclobutanes remains a big challenge for chemists as current methodologies rely on photochemical activation and substrates bearing chromophores. For this reason, unactivated alkenes, which are available in large quantities from natural resources, have been outside the scope of [2+2] cycloaddition reactions so far. Recently, a new breakthrough methodology for performing this transformation has been described in a Science paper published by Professor Paul Chirik and members of his group from Princeton University (USA). This Fe-catalyzed work is an example of chemistry that has been of long-standing interest to the Chirik group in order to develop sustainable catalytic methods that employ earth-abundant and environmentally benign first-row transition metals.
Read here the full article for free Iron-Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Unactivated Alkenes


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Quick: If a student asks you, what's the difference between sanctifying grace and actual grace, how would you answer? It's tricky, isn't it? It sure would be handy to have a quick faith word reference right at your fingertips—and thanks to Our Sunday Visitor, you do.
Emily Stimpson has adapted a quick reference list of 19 key terms from the Diocese of Harrisburg's "Basic Catholic Vocabulary" list for new catechists.This listwill help you clarify meanings and enhance understanding for your students. A few of them are listed here:
Holy Trinity: The mystery of one God in Three Persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
Incarnation: When the Son of God assumed human nature and became man.
Transubstantiation: When, in the consecration of the bread and wine, there occurs the change of the entire substance of the bread into the Body of Christ, and the entire substance of the wine into the Blood of Christ.
Angel: A spiritual, personal and immortal creature, with intelligence and free will, who glorifies God without ceasing and who serves God as a messenger of his saving plan. Not a person who has died and gone to heaven.
Sanctifying grace: Grace that heals our wounded human nature by giving us a share in the divine life of the Trinity. A habitual and supernatural gift that perfects and makes us holy.
Actual grace: Temporary supernatural intervention by God to enlighten the mind or strengthen the will to perform supernatural actions that lead to heaven.
For the complete list, click here.


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There are more than 30 different ways to lace up shoes. Try teaching your children how to lace shoes in this fancy spiderweb style.
What you need:
- 1 pair of lace up shoes with at least four pairs of eyelet holes
Watch the how-to video to find out how to lace shoes in the spiderweb style.
- This decorative method is worn on military boots and looks great on long boots.
- Start on the second eyelet holes from the bottom. Go straight through from one side to the other.
- Now take the end of the shoelace straight down and into the bottom eyelet hole on each side.
- Now cross over and go diagonally up to the next vacant set of eyelets on the opposite side.
- Now go down and hook through the lace directly below, take the shoelace diagonally up to the next vacant eyelet.
- Do the same on the other side.
- Keep going that way, hooking down through the lace below on the outside, then diagonally up and through from the inside of the shoe, until you have laced your shoes to the top.
- See the intricate spiderwebbing you have formed? Cool!


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It's been years since photographer Thomas Ruff has taken a picture in the traditional sense – set the aperture, press the shutter release, develop the film. For most of his career, Ruff's work has consisted of altering images he's dug up everywhere, from the archives of NASA to Internet porn sites. In his latest series, Ruff disregards the camera's role in the photography process altogether.
In photograms, now on display at Johnen Galerie in Mitte, Ruff champions the so-called camera-less photography, first made popular by 1920s avant-garde artists such as Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy, who inspired Ruff's desire to explore the medium. Photograms are made by placing objects on photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The objects leave a shadow of their form on the paper making it a kind of photographic negative.
The process is similar to the one that makes people looks like raccoons when they come back from vacation after having worn sunglasses for ten days. Frequent visitors to the tanning salon have also developed this trick and have found that by placing a sticker in the same place day after day, they eventually have a kind of reverse tattoo of a heart, dollar-bill sign, or Playboy insignia. But I digress.


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A grapefruit is a large fruit that looks like an orange and it belongs to the citrus family. Though, it's still regarded as a "new comer," since it's a cross-breed between a pomelo and an orange. The diameter of a grapefruit could range between 4-5 inches, and its albedo (the white portion under the skin), is about a quarter to half an inch thick. Furthermore, the fruit's skin is similar to an orange, but the flesh comes in pink, red, or white. The reason why it's called grapefruit, is because it grows in clusters, just like grapes. When it comes to taste, it's usually sour and bitter.
Selection and Storage
- When selecting grapefruits, opt for ones that are richly colored. The skin should be firm and free from blemishes.
- Scars and bruises could often indicate improper handling, or insect damage.
- Select grapefruits that yield slightly to firm hand pressure.
- Ideal grapefruits are usually heavy for their size. It's also a good indicator of juiciness.
- Avoid those grapefruits that are either soft, mushy, or elongated. They're generally of poorer quality.
- The difference in taste between red, pink, and white grapefruit varieties is usually unnoticeable. They're equally sweet most of the time.
Like all fruits, grapefruits are also perishable and should be stored properly to lengthen its shelf life.
- If you're not planning to eat your grapefruit, don't slice it. Leave it fully intact at a room temperature.
- Generally, grapefruits could be stored for several days. However, once the bruises or spoil spots start to appear, it's an indication that it would deteriorate soon.
- Fresh whole grapefruits should be stored inside the refrigerator. Put them inside a plastic bag for optimum results. The longest storage time would be, up to 3 weeks.
- A sliced grapefruit should be stored in an airtight container. This could last for 5 days if refrigerated.
- For best results, it's advisable to wrap the cut portions of the fruit with a plastic wrap. This would keep as much air as possible, so that the grapefruit wouldn't become dry.
Note: Peeled grapefruit doesn't last long. So it's recommended to only peel the grapefruits when you're about to consume them.
How to Properly Peel A Grapefruit
- Using a sharp knife, slice off the ends of your grapefruit.
- Stand your grapefruit on one of the ends for easier peeling.
- Insert the top of the knife between the peel and the flesh of the grapefruit. Then, gently loosen the peel.
- You can now start peeling your grapefruit with just your fingers.
- Using a sharp knife, cut one end of the grapefruit. Try to avoid cutting the edible flesh of the fruit.
- In a sawing motion starting at the top, slowly slice the peel.
- Make your way around the fruit in a spiral manner to cut away the remaining peel.
- Never store a whole grapefruit inside a freezer.
- If molds start to form on the skin and the fruit emits a bad odor, don't eat it.
Several Ways to Cook and Enjoy A Grapefruit
1. Grilled – Grilling a grapefruit could caramelize its natural sugars and bring out the flavor. Best of all, it's very easy to grill this fruit. All you need to do is cut it in half and grill it face-side down for about 5 minutes. For a healthy grill treat, you could top it with honey.
2. Turn it into a salsa – If you like mango or orange salsa, you'll definitely love grapefruit salsa! Just dice the fruit, mix with caramelized onions, lime, diced avocado, and diced jalapeno. You can use it to top a salmon, over your crackers, on your salad, or anywhere you'd use your salsa.
3. Candied grapefruit peel – This could be used as a garnish for iced tea, cocktails, and lemonade. You could also add them to a cake batter, frosting, fillings, pan sauces, salad dressings, stews, and braises.
- From organic grapefruits, remove the peel in large sections and try to trim as much pith as you can.
- Blanch it and remove the remaining pith.
- Cut the zest into strips and let it simmer into 1 part of water with 2 parts of sugar for about 45 minutes.
- On the next day, roll the strips in sugar and store them in an airtight container for a longer shelf life.
4. Use it as a sauce
- For a mild fish, add a little blanched grapefruit zest and a spoonful of juice.
- On the other hand, if you prefer an oily fish like tuna, salmon, mackerel, and swordfish, you'll need a punchier pan sauce. Sautee your onions and garlic, blanched grapefruit zest, grapefruit juice, thinly sliced scallion, and a little soy sauce.
5. As a salad ingredient – Grapefruit is perfect for salads. For a healthy and sumptuous meal, slice them into pieces, mix with walnuts, arugula, feta cheese, walnuts, and a small amount of vinaigrette.
6. Juiced – You can juice this fruit in a number of ways. It could be used as an alternative to lime and produce grapefruit margaritas. Also, you can drink it straight or add a little water. This will depend on your preference.
- After you've eaten all of the pulp, don't throw the remaining of the fruit yet. You can squeeze the rest of the juice and drink it or use it in a smoothie.
- Sprinkling some sugar on top of it could lessen it's sourness.
- If you're tired of eating a regular grapefruit, you could freeze them first for a change. You'll have a yummy ice-like treat that's very healthy.
- When peeling a grapefruit, be careful not to cut yourself.
- To make it more presentable, you can add a cherry on the center half of it.
- For an added twist, try broiling a grapefruit with blue cheese or a little brown sugar.
- If you're on medication, consult a doctor first before consuming a grapefruit.
- The tougher parts of the grapefruit shouldn't be eaten. Even though they're harmless, they don't taste that good and they are very hard to chew.
Despite its bitter-sour taste, this fruit is packed with tons of health benefits.
- Weight Loss – Grapefruits are proven to help people lose weight and keep up with their ideal weight. As a matter of fact, most dieticians and nutritionists suggest including grapefruits in a daily diet chart.
- Lowers the Insulin Levels – Doctors came to a conclusion that grapefruits could lower the insulin level, resulting in rapid weight loss. The sugar is used as the body's fuel instead of being stored as fats.
- Anti-carcinogenic – Grapefruit is full of flavonoids that help the body fight against infections, making it free from carcinogens that could cause cancer. Likewise, the high level of pectin present in grapefruits acts as a laxative that protects the colon mucous membrane.
- Better Eyesight – Red and pink grapefruits contain huge amounts of beta-carotene. It keeps the eyes healthy and improves the vision. One grapefruit a day is more than enough to maintain the ideal vision and eradicate the ravages of eye aging and strain.
- Remedy For Arthritis – The salicylic acid found in grapefruits could lessen the pain of arthritis. For best results, drink grapefruit juice with apple cider vinegar.
- Treatment for Infections – The flavonoid present in grapefruits helps the body fight infections. Wherein, eating grapefruit daily could provide a boost in immunity against diseases.
- Reduces Cholesterol – The antioxidants present in grapefruit could reduce the cholesterol level of a person for up to 15%. Doctors recommend the grapefruit diet to those patients who suffer cholesterol problems. Also, it could strengthen the heart and prevent the development of heart disease.
- A Liver Cleanser – Grapefruit contains several cleansing agents for the liver. Among them are the phythonutrients called limonoids. The limonoids aid in excreting the toxic from the liver, making them more water soluble. Likewise, it also contains naringenin that helps the liver to burn fat instead of storing it.
- Could Reduce Gum Bleeding – Eating 2 grapefruits a day could treat a bleeding gum. It also increases the vitamin C levels of the body which is a way to avoid periodontal disease.
- Treatment for Respiratory Problems – Eating grapefruits could strengthen the immunity and lessen the duration of colds.
- Stops the Formation of Kidney Stones – Studies show that drinking a liter of grapefruit a day could lessen the risks of developing kidney stones. Its high content of vitamin C helps in increasing urinary pH and the rate at which the citric acid should be excreted. Minimizing the risks of kidney stone formation.
- Promotes Hair Growth – Our hair follicles could get clogged up because of dandruff and dry, flaky skin; this could hinder hair growth. However, grapefruit seed extracts could fight the bacteria on the scalp, soothe the skin, and prevent dandruff. Encouraging faster hair growth.


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DOI: 10.1089/heq.2019.0111; PMCID: PMC7310226
Researchers often describe use of "bilingual/bicultural" research teams, especially for research being conducted with marginalized communities. In this perspectives article, we argue that while increasing the diversity of research teams is imperative, using the term "bilingual/bicultural" without further explanation is problematic. We first review the nuances of the terms bilingual and bicultural individually. Next, we describe how the terms bilingual and bicultural cannot be conflated. Finally, we provide recommendations for researchers, journals, and funding agencies.
academic medicine; bicultural; bilingual; health disparities
Ragavan MI, Cowden JD. Bilingual and Bicultural Research Teams: Unpacking the Complexities. Health Equity. 2020;4(1):243-246. Published 2020 Jun 9. doi:10.1089/heq.2019.0111


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If you're an acoustic guitar player looking to perform live or record your music, then you know the importance of having a great acoustic guitar amp. A high-quality acoustic guitar amp can enhance the natural sound of your guitar and make your performance or recordings sound professional. But with so many options on the market, it can be challenging to choose the right one. In this article, we'll take a look at the best acoustic guitar amps available today to help you make an informed decision.
1. Positive Grid Spark Guitar Amp
The Positive Grid Spark Mini 10W Portable Smart Guitar Amp is a compact and portable amplifier that allows guitarists to practice and play their guitar at home or on-the-go. It comes with a range of features such as app control, Bluetooth connectivity, built-in effects, and a variety of amps and tones. With its compact design and powerful performance, the Positive Grid Spark Mini is a great option for guitar players who want a versatile and easy-to-use amp that can be used in any setting.
2. Acoustic Guitar Amplifier
The Acoustic Guitar Amplifier is a 20-watt Bluetooth amplifier designed for use with acoustic guitars. It comes with reverb and chorus effects and features a 3-band EQ to allow guitarists to fine-tune their sound. The amp is compact and portable, making it a great option for gigs, rehearsals, and home use. It also has an auxiliary input for connecting external audio devices, and a headphone jack for quiet practice.
3. BOSS Acoustic Singer Live LT Guitar Amp
BOSS Acoustic Singer
The BOSS Acoustic Singer Live LT Guitar Amp (ACS-LIVELT) is a compact and versatile amplifier designed for acoustic guitar players. It features a bi-amp design, with a custom-designed 6.5-inch woofer and dome tweeter, and delivers up to 60 watts of power. The amp also includes built-in vocal processing, such as harmonies and looping, and has multiple channels and effects for customization. The lightweight and portable design makes it easy to take on the go.
4. Boss Acoustic Singer Pro 120-Watt Bi-Amp
Boss Acoustic Singer
The Boss Acoustic Singer Pro is a 120-watt bi-amp acoustic combo amplifier with built-in effects. It is designed for singer-songwriters and acoustic guitar players, with two channels for guitar and microphone inputs. The amplifier has a variety of features including a built-in looper, chorus, delay, and reverb effects. The Acoustic Resonance feature recreates the natural sound of an acoustic guitar for a more authentic tone. The amplifier also has a feedback elimination system to prevent unwanted feedback.
5. Blackstar Acoustic Combo Amp
The Blackstar Acoustic:Core 30 is a 2×15-watt 2×5″ combo amp designed for acoustic guitar players. It features two channels, one for guitar and one for vocals, with independent EQ and effects controls. The amp also has a built-in looper and Bluetooth connectivity for playing along to backing tracks. The compact and lightweight design makes it easy to transport to gigs and rehearsals.
The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Best Acoustic Guitar Amp" Introduction:
Acoustic guitar amps play a critical role in shaping and amplifying the sound of acoustic guitars. They are designed to deliver a clean, transparent, and natural sound that brings out the best in your acoustic guitar. However, with so many different models available, it can be difficult to determine which one is right for you. This guide will provide you with everything you need to know to choose the best acoustic guitar amp for your needs.
Types of Acoustic Guitar Amps
There are several types of acoustic guitar amps available on the market, each with its own unique features and benefits. The most common types include:
Combo Amps: These are all-in-one amps that come with a built-in speaker and are typically easy to transport.
Acoustic Amp Heads: These amps are designed to be used with external speakers and are popular with gigging musicians.
Acoustic Amp Cabinets: These amps are similar to acoustic amp heads, but come with a built-in speaker cabinet.
Power and Wattage
The power and wattage of an acoustic guitar amp determine its volume output. Generally, the more watts an amp has, the louder it will be. However, higher wattage amps can also be heavier and more difficult to transport. If you plan to play gigs, you'll likely need an amp with a higher wattage to ensure that you can be heard over the noise of the audience.
Channels and Inputs
Acoustic guitar amps typically come with multiple channels and inputs. This allows you to plug in multiple instruments or microphones and adjust their levels independently. Some amps also come with built-in effects such as reverb, chorus, and delay, which can be useful for adding depth and character to your sound.
Size and Portability
The size and portability of an acoustic guitar amp can play a big role in your decision-making process. Smaller amps are typically more portable and easier to transport, making them ideal for practicing at home or taking to small gigs. Larger amps, on the other hand, tend to be more powerful and offer better sound quality, but can be more difficult to transport.
Ultimately, the sound quality of an acoustic guitar amp is the most important factor to consider. Look for an amp that delivers a clear, natural sound that brings out the best in your guitar. Some amps are designed specifically for certain styles of music, so make sure to choose one that complements your playing style and the genre of music you're interested in.
Choosing the best acoustic guitar amp can be a daunting task, but by considering factors such as the type of amp, power and wattage, channels and inputs, size and portability, and sound quality, you can find an amp that suits your needs and helps you achieve the sound you're looking for. Whether you're a beginner or a seasoned musician, investing in a high-quality acoustic guitar amp can take your playing to the next level.
Final Verdict About Acoustic Guitar Amp
In conclusion, the choice of the best acoustic guitar amp for you will depend on your specific needs and preferences. Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned player, there is an amp out there that will help you achieve your desired sound. Consider the factors discussed in this guide such as power, size, portability, sound quality, and effects when making your decision. By choosing the right amp, you will be able to take your acoustic guitar playing to the next level and truly let your music shine.


【論文】A01 加藤 昌子教授の論文がInorg. Chem.掲載されCover採択されました
Phosphorescence Properties of Discrete Platinum(II) Complex Anions Bearing NHeterocyclic Carbenes in the Solid State
Tomohiro Ogawa, W. M. C. Sameera, Daisuke Saito, Masaki Yoshida , Atsushi Kobayashi , and Masako Kato
Inorg. Chem.2018, 57 (22), 14086–14096
DOI10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01654

Four anionic Pt(II) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were synthesized as tetra-n-butylammonium salts, affording discrete Pt(II) complexes surrounded by the bulky cations in the crystalline states. Depending on the π-extension site of the NHC ligand, these crystals exhibit luminescence with different colors. Their strong luminescence properties were rationalized by spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations.


text: A system using a helicopter, 30 to 70 knots, was perfected in the early 1970s, a slow flying airplane system, 80 to 130 knots, became available in the early 1980s, and an over water fast airplane system, 200 to 320 knots, was flown in the mid 1980s. This chapter presents data from surveys flown using the helicopter and slow fixed-wing system. Accuracies of these systems when compared to ground data are between 1 and 2 mgals. The first reported tests of airborne gravity measurements in the late 1950s and 1960 were feasibility trials. Available fixed-wing aircraft were used. Systems were installed consisting of marine type gravity meters, available photo-grammetric cameras and/or doppler radar for positioning and some unique hypsometers for vertical variation measurements. The basic aim of the test program was to create a helicopter-transported gravity and magnetic surveying system to be used for petroleum exploration.


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ShortPixel Image Optimizer
- Step-by-step guide to install and use ShortPixel Image Optimizer (SPIO)
- The "Using the <PICTURE> tag syntax" option doesn't work; next-gen images won't show up
- The bulk optimization progress bar jumps around. What's happening?
- The ShortPixel column has disappeared from the Media Library, how do I get it back?
- The ShortPixel column in the Media Library explained
- This plugin is creating new thumbnails, how can I stop it?
- Using ShortPixel Image Optimizer with Cloudflare's API Token
- WebP and AVIF - Exclude some site parts from the picture tag replacement
- WebP isn't served on AMP websites
- What data is kept when the "Remove EXIF" option is selected?
- What does "Preload Largest Contentful Paint image" mean? How can I solve it?
- What happens to my original images?
- What happens when my quota is exceeded and I still have images that need to be optimized?
- What is smart cropping?
- What types of formats can be optimized?
- When I deactivate ShortPixel the WebP or AVIF images disappear, why?
- When I try to install your plugin, I get a 500 error. How can I solve it?
- When I try to optimize, every image gets a 503 error. Can I fix that?
- Where exactly does ShortPixel store the data on the database?
- Where is my API key? How do I use it?


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Karachi Feb 7: Coalition on Right to Information (CRTI) has urged the Sindh government to ensure implementation of Sindh Transparency and Right to Information Act, 2016.
More than one year has elapsed but effective measures like designation of PIOs in public bodies and functionality of Sindh Information Commission is not guaranteed by the provincial government.
Coalition on Right to Information (CRTI) is a coalition of 55 organizations working endlessly for the protection of right to information in Pakistan.
In a joint statement issued to the press by CRTI Partners, CPDI Program Coordinator and PPF Secretary General demanded the following:
- Designation of public information officers in all public bodies of Sindh and (b) strengthening of Sindh Information Commission through financial and administrative empowerment.
- Sindh Information Commission was notified back in May 2018, but it is not financially and administratively empowered till date. With the weak Information Commission and no awareness about people's right to know, the whole process of public access to information is halted in Sindh
It is pertinent to mention here that KP as well as Punjab government along with provincial government of Sindh enacted the Sindh T& RTI Act 2016 in March 2017. This law is progressive and meets the international standards of an effective RTI law that is cost effective access to Information, maximum proactive disclosure, narrowly drawn list of exemptions and effective complaint redressal mechanism etc. but the law still awaits implementation.
The Secretary General of Pakistan Press Foundation said that right to information is a fundamental human right, guaranteed under Article 19-A. He stressed the need of immediate steps for the implementation of Sindh RTI law.
Coalition on Right to Information is a coalition of 55 civil society organizations working towards the enactment and implementation of right to information laws in Pakistan. Its secretariat is based at Centre for Peace and Development Initiatives (CPDI)


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Students will be able to:?Understand the use of light and lack of light in plant growth? Predict plant movement? Define and explain 1. Photomorphogenesis 2. Plant Tropic response and Phototropism 3. Gravitropism
Materials needed:? Plastic boxes? Soil? Seeds (your choice)? Digital camera? Computer with program for camera? Downloads of movies
Text of Learning Exercise:
A. Have your class write their answers to the following questions. 1. Ask the class what influences plant growth? 2. Is light need for plant growth? 3. Can plants grow upside down or without gravity?
B. Require the students watch the following movies and write their responses to the same questions listed above. 1. Site location: _URL_ 2. List of movies to watch:? Germination o Corn o Sunflower o Arabidopsis? Photomorphogenesis o Sunflower dark & light o Dark-grown Arabidopsis? Tropisms o Arabidopsis shoot phototropism o Tomato phototropism o Corn phototropism o Cool corn phototropism o Sunflower phototropism o Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism o Corn root gravitropism o Coleus shoot gravitropism o Sunflower gravitropism C. Next have the students get into groups of three to four.
D. Have the groups perform their own time lapse photography.
1. Give groups plastic boxes,
soil, seeds and water. 2. Have students place soil into the boxes and plant the seeds in a long row. 3. Students should then water the soil. Remember not too much or too little. 4. Place boxes in window sill or have artificial lights set up. 5. Have the students place a box over half of their seeds to block sunlight. 6. Students should then take a picture of their soil before the seeds start to grow and once or twice a day. 7. After two weeks have half of the groups position their boxes on edge. 8. Groups should report on their plants once a week with a brief written description. 9. Labeling or naming the group?s boxes will help with identifying pictures later on. 10. Make sure soil has sufficient moisture everyday. 11. At the end of the month have the students place their photos into a sequence slide show. This will show the movement and growth of the plants
E. At the end of the process have the groups write a paper on the effects of light and gravity on plant growth. Then have eachgroup present their time lapse?movie? and narrate the?movie?. The whole movie will be short so the group may want to view it slide by slide and then as a whole after their presentation. This is a good way to motivate and increase student interaction with the chapter on Plants.


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Florida International University researchers are taking principles from the traditional Japanese art of origami to create powerful, yet compact antennas and electronics.
Stavros Georgakopoulos, assistant professor in FIU's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, says the geometries of origami have allowed them to reconfigure antennas to whatever shape they need. The collapsible antennas may only be a couple of centimeters when folded flat but have ultra-broadband capabilities.
Georgakopoulos says applications are wide ranging, including for technology that needs to be launched in space or used on the battlefield. For example, a soldier could carry a powerful antenna into combat folded neatly in his back pocket.
Researchers use sophisticated inkjet printing techniques to deposit conductive materials such as copper or silver onto paper to create antenna elements with novel signal reception.


Optical Locating
From Mech
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(Target Illumination)
(Target Illumination)
Revision as of 14:03, 11 December 2008
System Design
The system contains the following elements:
 - Eye structure on a 2-DoF gimbal
 - Position-sensing detector
 - Target illumination circuit
 - Optics
 - Phase-sensitive detection circuit
 - Microcontroller
Position-Sensing Detector
Target Illumination
Phase-Sensitive Detection Circuit
The difficulty in trying to identify a target which could be buried within background ambient light is differentiating between the ambient signal and the target signal. The method of achieving that separation that this system uses is called phase-sensitive-detection. Essentially, the circuit uses an active low-pass filter to compare the centroid of light with the illumination on to the centroid of light with the illumination off, by switching from one lead when the illumination is on to the other when it is off. The use of the other lead when the illumination is off allows the filter to compare
One effective way to recover the small signal buried by large ambient noise is to use the so called phase sensitive detector, or lock-in amplifier. A phase sensitive detector achieves narrow bandwidth amplification by reducing the noise content at falling outside the interested bandwidth.
When the noise is white in nature, we can reduce its level of magnitude dramatically by limiting the bandwidth of detection, which includes the frequency occurring to the signal while excludes the frequencies occurring to the noise. Phase sensitive detection enables extremely narrow bandwidth detection (0.001Hz is normal). Typical application scenario is using electric transducers where the amplitude of noise is in mili volts and the signal falls into nano volt region. Sophisticated phase sensitive detector can extract signals buried in noise that is 107 times larger in magnitude.
In this article, we focus on a quick and easy method of building a phase sensitive detector from op-amps and analog switches.
Mathematical model
Consider two signals, f1 and f2, where f1=Asin1t, f2=Bsin(2t + ). Then, the product of f1 and f2 is:
f1 f2 = ABsin1t sin(2t + ) = -0.5AB {cos[(1 + 2) t + ] - cos[(1 - 2) t - ]}
Let's integrate the product over time [0, T): INT(0, T) f1 f2/T = -0.5AB/TINT(0, T) {cos[(1 + 2) t + ] - cos[(1 - 2) t - ]}dt =-0.5AB/TINT(0, T) cos[(1 + 2) t + ]dt + 0.5AB/TINT(0, T) cos[(1 - 2) t - ]dt When T , the first part  0, and the second part  0.5AB, when and only when 1 = 2 and  = 0.
This is the mathematical foundation of phase sensitive detection, because all signals can be broken down in to several harmonic components. And by intentionally modulating the useful signal and do the maths, we can recover the signal from the noise.
(I'll re-type it later using mathtype)
A phase sensitive detection can be split into 6 stages:
1. Modulation: Modulate the signal at a certain frequency.
2. Pre-amplification: A high-speed amplifier required to amplify the signal (along with the noise) to a suitable level for succeeding circuit. We can also stick in a high pass filter (can be a capacitor) after amplification, just to eliminate the DC portion of the noise.
3. Reference circuit: Usually a pulse wave at the modulating frequency, which can be from a function generator, or a 555 timer, or PIC, etc.
4. Multiplier: At this stage, we multiply the pre-amplified signal (along with the noise) with the reference signal. One easy way to do multiplication is suggested here: we use the reference signal to turn on and off an analog switch periodically, and let the modulated input signal pass the analog switch. So when the switch is ON (meaning connected), the output is 'input  1', and when the switch is OFF (meaning disconnected), the output is 'input  0'.
5. Integrator (demodulation): Let the multiplied signal pass through an integrator. The multiplied signal can have a lot of components – almost all of them will become zero after integration (see explanation in the mathematical model), but the one which is the product of the modulated signal and the reference signal will remain, because they are at the same frequency and the same phase angle. This is the essence of phase sensitive detection – only the product of the two signals that are 'in phase' will remain after integration. 'In phase' means the two signals share common frequency and phase angle. We can also do amplification at the integration stage by sticking in a feedback resistor (see the example circuit diagram), just for convenience.
6. Low pass filter: After integration, the signal is recovered and demodulated to a DC output. However, it may not be a perfect DC voltage due to high frequency spikes that still exist. That's why the low pass filter come into play.
Example circuit diagram
The concept of phase sensitive detection has been proved effective in optical tracking with lateral effect photodiode. The following circuit picks up the difference of the two corresponding output pins of the photodiode, in order to tell the position of the centroid of IR light on the photodiode sensing surface. The connection for the Y+ and Y- pins of the photodiode is exactly the same with what's shown here for X+ and X-. The timer is realized by a 555 chip, and the chip for analog switch is Maxim 4056. Schematic of phase sensitive detection.jpg
Commercial phase sensitive detectors
This link below provides some useful information on commercially available phase sensitive detectors, or lock-in amplifiers.
[1]SRS series Lock-in amplifiers
Personal tools


text:
What Types of Skills are Best for an Education Major?
A scientist, an actor, a chief executive officer and a philanthropist. What do these four professions have in common? They all possess skills that you will need as an educator.
This is because the list of abilities that define an effective educator is almost endless. However, there are several qualities that the best educators do have in common: curiosity, creativity, communication and compassion.
An educator's learning is never complete; you must be the type of individual who has an insatiable hunger for knowledge. An educator is the type of person who is curious about what will inspire his students, how his students learn best and how to guide his students to learn as much as possible. Educators cannot be afraid to look ahead, attempting new things and reflecting on the impact of past and current practices.
Being an educator requires a great deal of creativity and the ability to generate new ideas and then combine those with prior knowledge in order to problem solve for the best results. What helps one student learn may not work for another, so an educator is always flexible in his thinking, seeking to create novel ways to engage his students.
As an educator, you must first listen to understand others and then be able to discover ways to relay information for diverse populations in a manner that they can relate to. Because education is a major in which the expression of thoughts is vital, educators have to enjoy other's stories and seek them out.
Knowledge is meaningless without an underlying desire to use it for the betterment and welfare of others. Tolerance, acceptance and the ability to empathize with others are important elements of compassion and vital for an effective educator to possess. A compassionate educator is an advocate for her students, for himself and for the profession.
In summary, skills required for education majors can vary but the dispositions that guide how skills are used is vital; an educator should be intellectually curious with the ability to creatively problem solve in order to make informed decisions for the good of all involved. Education as a career path will reap rewards beyond the material to those of inspiration, gratitude, kindness, and the extension of knowledge for future generations.