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Translation mistakes – English vs Bulgarian
One of the most common mistakes we see when proofreading bilingual annual reports (Bulgarian/English) is that the periods and commas are placed incorrectly as delimiters in numbers and figures.
When writing figures, Bulgarian speakers sometimes forget that the symbols used are different in Bulgarian and English. In both Bulgarian and in US/UK English, commas, and points are used; they are, however, placed differently in the two languages.
Please note that there are different conventions when it comes to writing numbers, both in Bulgarian, and in the different versions of English. For the sake of clarity, we have boiled this complex topic down to the following rules for Bulgarian and US/UK English when it comes to writing figures, e.g. in multilingual financial reports:
- A symbol for the "decimal separator"
- in Bulgarian: „EUR 999,50" or „EUR 6,5 million";
- in English: "EUR 999.50" or "EUR 6.5 million".
Notice how in UK/US English a decimal point, and not a comma, is placed as a separator before the cents (the fractional part of the decimal number).
- A symbol for the "thousands separator"
- in Bulgarian: „US-$ 200 000,50";
- in English: "US-$ 200,000.50".
So, have it in mind! 😊


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| Food Composition Data: A User's Perspective (1987) |
Food Composition Data Are Important
Food is a major component of man's environment. Data on what is actually in foods are critical to important activities of a great variety of individuals and groups including those involved with epidemiological research into disease patterns, government regulation formulation and enforcement, health assessment of individuals and populations, and national and international trade in foods.
Food Composition Data Are Currently Inadequate and Getting Worse
Current activities involved with the gathering and compiling of food composition data are for the most part isolated and often produce inaccessible, incompatible, inconsistent, and redundant information. Additionally, there are large gaps in the available data on what is in foods; data on many biologically important components of many commonly consumed foods simply do not exist. Moreover, very little information exists on the variability of food components and the attendant problems are almost totally neglected by data compilers and users.
Most food data bases are compiled for specific usages and often are unsuitable for other purposes. Thus, many of the data that do exist are difficult to find and use because of the limiting ways in which they are gathered, stored, and described. Interest in food components is expanding rapidly, as are the varieties of foods that are available and consumed. The need for access to more data on more foods is far outstripping the amount of data that are being made available.
There Is a Need for Co-ordinated Activity in the Field
The importance of food composition data and the relatively limited resources that are available necessitate a co-ordination of activity in the area. It is recommended that INFOODS pursue this goal by:
1. Serving as a focal point as it strives to set up a network of global communication between workers in the field.
2. Formulating guidelines for the various aspects of gathering, compiling, communicating, and using food composition data. This, of necessity, will include guidelines for methodologies for data gathering, data description, data storage and retrieval, data interchange, and data manipulation.
3. Pursuing the appropriate involvement of modern computer and information systems technology within the field of food composition data. Any such involvement must recognize that flexibility is a key element and that work in this area must be primarily directed towards providing the users with better tools.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Dryness may sound simple, but differs that much by facial parts!
IFSCC Conference 2013, Rio de Janeiro Conference Award (Podium Presentation)
Visualization of Water Distribution in Facial Skin Using Novel High-Sensitivity Imaging Systems and Application to Cosmetics Evaluation
A two-camera system to visualize the moisture in the skin by simple photography!
System 1: Whole-face image -> Shows the parts of the face where moisture is rich or lacking
System 2: Micro-imaging of skin surface -> Shows how moisture permeates into the skin
Cosmetic shops have devices that measure moisture and skin texture by applying a skin scope on the face. Such equipment is very useful in capturing the current state of the skin, so the information can be used as reference in future skin care. These devices use electrical resistance to calculate the moisture in the face based on the state of skin texture but they do not actually measure the moisture content itself. However, in order to develop effective skin-care products, the amount of moisture needs to be calculated more accurately. The new camera systems made this possible.
We succeeded in capturing special light to photograph the moisture. Based on this finding, a system of two cameras was developed to provide wide-area images of the moisture in the face, as well as imaging of the micro area moisture, as small as a single skin grain.
This technology uses a camera that captures near-infrared rays, which are invisible to the human eye. The light we normally see is visible light. However, the light we cannot see includes ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared light. Of these, we used a camera that detects near-infrared light, which has a slightly longer wavelength compared to visible light.
This near-infrared ray camera shows water and oil as black in the photograph. The camera system that we have developed applies color according to the concentration of moisture and prepares a distribution diagram understandable at a glance.
Contributing to the development of cosmetics and beauty therapy that will gently moisturize and beautify the skin!
These systems help to develop new methods of skin care by investigating the effects of new products, as well as accurately tracking the state of skin dryness. For example, these systems have demonstrated and proved that lotions permeate better into the skin when applied with cotton pads rather than with hands, and that the season for the driest skin is autumn rather than winter. Unfortunately, these systems are still very expensive. If the cost goes down in the future with technology advance, you may see your own moisture distribution diagram in stores. Until then we will use them to develop moisturizing products that work gently on the skin.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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First, make sure you have a myFOSSIL account, this is required to upload your fossil information. If you are interested in seeing if your fossil can be used for research purposes, please follow through the following steps. They walk you through the information needed and why it is helpful for other scientists to use it for research questions. Even if the information you have on your fossil is not enough to be used for research purposes it will still benefit the community through educational means and help others identify their fossils. Specimens that have sufficient information will be uploaded to iDigBio and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) for public accessibility.
If you have already gone through the stepwise process that explains each piece of data please click through to a summary tab where you can enter in your specimen data on a single page.
Data Quality Information Page


kind of threat possible at each data entry point. The STRIDE model, described below, can help you evaluate the threats.
For more information, please see Guerrilla Threat Modelling.
Threats to consider: STRIDE
STRIDE is a method of classifying the effect of a threat being realized. It is an acronym that stands for
 - Spoofing allows an adversary to pose as another user, component, or other system that has an identity in the system being modeled.
 - Tampering is the modification of data within the system to achieve a malicious goal.
 - Repudiation is the ability of an adversary to deny performing some malicious activity because the system does not have sufficient evidence to prove otherwise.
 - Information Disclosurerefers to the exposure of protected data to a user that is not otherwise allowed access to that data.
 - Denial of Service occurs when an adversary can prevent legitimate users from using the normal functionality of the system.
 - Elevation of Privilege is when an adversary uses illegitimate means to assume a trust level higher than currently authorized.
You can use STRIDE to guide your investigation when considering what threats your control might be vulnerable to.
Other Resources on Threat Modeling
Many great resources exist on the Web detailing threat modeling and different ways to secure your controls. Here are a few.
Secure Development Practices
Once you have designed and threat-modeled your control it is time to start implementing.
Prevent Denial of Service Attacks
Be sure the control doesn't loop infinitely or stop responding when given bad data or arguments. An attacker might tie up a user's computer using your ActiveX control.
Safely Handle Memory
It is important for a secure ActiveX control to check all inputs and guard against buffer overruns. For example, if a control receives an input string into a fixed-length buffer without checking its length first, it is possible for a malicious caller to provide a string that is longer than the allocated buffer, overwriting other information in an unintended way. In some cases these bugs can be exploited to make the control perform unsafe operations it was not designed to do. As the author of an ActiveX control, you need to be vigilant. Never assume that a certain input conforms to certain requirements. Always check the data to avoid these attacks. All inputs should have maximum sizes, and controls should be tested to perform safely, even with inputs that are beyond specifications. See Fix Those Buffer Overruns for more information.
Limit Drag-and-Drop Capabilities
Drag-and-drop capabilities can be used to create many engaging and interactive experiences for users, however, ActiveX controls need to enable and react to these capabilities in a responsible manner. If your control acts as a drop target then you should not perform any unsafe action without prompting the user. If your control is a drag source, then you should be sure to set the CFSTR_UNTRUSTEDDRAGDROP Clipboard format. This will insure that any program reading the dropped data will know that it should not be fully trusted. You should also be aware that drag-and-drop capabilities in IE are now limited by a security setting which may restrict the drag-and-drop capabilities of your control (URLACTION_SHELL_ENHANCED_DRAGDROP_SECURITY).
For more information on tagging clipboard data, please see Shell Clipboard Formats .
For more information on the IE security setting regarding drag-and-drop, please see URL Action Flags.
Safe for Scripting and Safe for Initialization
There are a few different mechanisms that IE uses to determine that controls are safe to initialize and script. The IObjectSafety interface and Component categories manager are two tools that IE uses.
One of the first things to note about marking a control safe for scripting or initialization is that this should only be done for controls which you actually intend to be initialized or scripted. If your control does not need scripting functionality then do not mark it as such.
IObjectSafety is an interface that IE can use after a control is loaded to query the control and determine if the control believes that it is safe to be initialized and scripted. The component categories manager is a method for controls to register themselves as safe for use in IE. These are registry settings which IE can check prior to loading a control.
The IObjectSafety interface supports two methods, IObjectSafety::GetInterfaceSafetyOptions and IObjectSafety::SetInterfaceSafetyOptions. The GetInterfaceSafetyOptions method should return the control's security capabilities, safe for initialization and/or safe for scripting. The SetInterfaceSafetyOptions method is a request from the container, IE, to the control and indicates that the control should configure itself to be safe for initialization or scripting.
The component category manager is a way that IE uses the registry to determine when controls are safe for initialization and scripting. You should be sure to register your control with the component category manager when it is installing. Details on how to set these registry keys can be found at How to mark MFC ActiveX controls as Safe for Scripting and Initialization.
For more information on marking ActiveX controls safe for initialization and scripting via IObjectSafety and Component Categories, please see Safe Initialization and Scripting for ActiveX Controls.
Controls that Operate in the Local Machine Zone
ActiveX controls operating within the Local Machine Zone should not allow arbitrary content from the Internet to be written to files in predictable locations without user interaction. Furthermore, controls operating in the Local Machine Zone should not allow execution of arbitrary code directly or indirectly.
Design your control to be compatible with the Data Execution Prevention Feature
Data Execution Prevention (DEP) is a set of hardware and software technologies that perform additional checks on memory to help prevent malicious code from running on a system. DEP is available on Microsoft Windows 2003 Server SP1, Windows XP Service Pack 2, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005, and on Windows Vista.
DEP works by preventing code execution from data memory that is not marked EXECUTABLE, such as the stack and heaps. Hardware-enforced DEP detects code that is running from these locations and raises an exception when execution occurs. Software-enforced DEP is a subset of hardware-enforced DEP, for machines that do not have supporting processors, and can help prevent malicious code from taking advantage of exception-handling mechanisms in Windows.
Controls which are DEP compatible cannot execute code from any page which is marked non-executable. Note, ATL 7.1 and earlier is not DEP compatible so if you use ATL, you will need to compile your control with ATL 8.0 or later.
Internet Explorer provides a setting you can enable to test your control with the DEP feature. Go to the Tools menu, choose Internet Options, then Advanced tab, and then select Enable memory protection to help mitigate online attacks. (Note: If you are running on Windows Vista, Internet Explorer must be running with administrator privileges in order to change this setting. You can run Internet Explorer with administrator privileges by right-clicking the Internet Explorer icon and selecting Run as Administrator. Once you have enabled DEP you can run Internet Explorer with regular privileges and DEP will remain enabled.) You should use this Internet Explorer setting to test your control and make sure it is compatible with DEP. Once your code is compatible with DEP, you should link your code with /NXCOMPAT.
The Enable Memory Protection setting in the IE7 Internet Options dialog box.
For more information, please see Changes to Functionality in Microsoft Windows XP Service Pack 2, Part 3: Memory Protection Techniques and A Detailed Description of the Data Execution Prevention (DEP) Feature.
Use Automated Tools to Evaluate Your Code
Code reviews and quality assurance testing are highly valuable processes which are able to find and correct many bugs and threats; however, more recently, new automated tools have become available which can review your code and flag potential problem areas. One tool which Microsoft releases is called PreFast. It is available as part of Visual Studio Team System 2005 and also in the Windows DDK. PreFast will step through all the execution paths in your source code and look for errors in the following areas.
 - Memory: Potential memory leaks, de-referenced NULL pointers, access to uninitialized memory, excessive use of the kernel-mode stack, and improper use of pool tags.
 - Resources: Failure to release resources such as locks, resources that should be held when calling some functions, and resources that should not be held when calling other functions.
 - Function usage: Potentially incorrect usage of certain functions, function arguments that appear incorrect, possible argument type mismatches for functions that do not strictly check types, possible use of certain obsolete functions, and function calls at a potentially incorrect IRQL.
 - Floating point state: Failure to protect floating point hardware state in a driver and attempting to restore floating point state after saving it at a different IRQL.
 - Precedence rules: Code that might not behave as the programmer intended because of the precedence rules of C.
 - Kernel-mode coding practices: Coding practices that can cause errors, such as modifying an opaque memory descriptor list (MDL) structure, failing to examine the value of a variable set by a called function, and using C/C++ string manipulation functions rather than the safe string functions defined in Ntstrsafe.h.
 - Driver-specific coding practices: Specific operations that are often a source of errors in kernel-mode drivers, such as copying a whole I/O request packet (IRP) without modifying members and saving a pointer to a string or structure argument instead of copying an argument in a DriverEntry routine.
This kind of automated code checking can greatly increase the security of your


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Cats are impressive in a multitude of ways, not least in how they make feats like climbing and running look easy. Cat parents will be familiar with their feline friend's gracious movements and elegance even when running at fast speeds, but how exactly do cats run and what is it that makes them so speedy? The answer is complex and really depends on what the cat is trying to accomplish at any given moment. Read on to get the lowdown on how cats run.
How Do Cats Run?
The way cats are built and what they're built to do (hunting out in the wild) has a lot to do with how they run and why they run the way they do. The way they run is also determined by how fast they need to go.
For example, a walking cat would first put forward a front leg and the hind leg opposite to it, moving forward in a diagonal motion and in a four-beat pattern of movement. The paws would not all touch the ground at the same time. Two or three feet would be touching the ground, the deciding factor for this being the speed at which the cat is moving. The tail would be positioned straight and beneath the spine.
If the cat were to progress to a trot, the opposite (diagonal) paws would be touching the ground at the same time, the head may lower, and the tail would be positioned low and held in a straight-outward fashion. The cat would advance in a two-beat movement pattern.
Now, if a cat runs at speed, things start to get really interesting. A cat runs in a three-beat pattern and there may be phases where the legs don't touch the ground at all. This is called a single or double-suspension phase. During the suspension phase, the hind legs are responsible for propelling the cat's body in a forward motion.
One of the front legs touches down just before the other, and the rear end is drawn under the body, at which point the hind legs can land in the same way as the front legs—one a split second before the other. The hind legs come into very close proximity to the front legs when they land, creating what looks like a sort of bounding motion.
How Fast Cat Cats Run & Why?
Domestic cats are capable of reaching speeds of up to 30 miles per hour (48.28 kilometers per hour). Many factors contribute to this, including the fact that cats are digitigrade, which means that they walk on their toes. This not only allows them to move more quickly, but it also makes for a stealthier predator. As digitigrades, cats are better able to keep quiet when they move.
Moreover, the way a cat's body is formed contributes greatly to how quickly they can move. For one thing, their spines are very flexible. Elastic discs sit between the spinal bones, allowing for smoother, more fluid movements. This also accounts for why cats look so graceful when they jump, climb, and run.
To add to this, bone doesn't connect the cat's shoulder blade to the body—muscles do. Because of this, the shoulder area isn't hampered by a hard material and can move about more freely.
Cats can also avoid air resistance when in a suspension phase (when their feet don't touch the ground at all), can use their claws for extra grip when running, and have strong, powerful hind legs and back muscles to help thrust them forward. Finally, their natural sense of balance is impeccable, which allows them to stay on course and upright as they reach their top speeds.
The way a cat runs is different from the way they walk and even trot, but what's clear is that the feline's incredible physiology—the fact that they are digitigrades and have excellent balance, flexibility, and power in the hind limbs—is responsible for our fluffy friends' exquisite grace and speed.
So, even if your cat is a little on the chunky side and prefers snoozing the day away to exploring, remember that beneath that sloth-like exterior is a real little powerhouse!
Featured Image Credit: Nils Jacobi, Shutterstock


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EDUCATION GOALS OF AMERICA'S GOVERNORS
1. By the year 2000, all children in America will start school ready to learn. 2. By the year 2000, the high school graduation rate will increase to at least 90 percent.Skip to next paragraph
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3. By the year 2000, American students will leave grades four, eight, and 12 having demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter including English, mathematics, science, history, and geography. In addition, every school in America will ensure that all students learn to use their minds well, so they may be prepared for responsible citizenship, further learning, and productive employment in our modern economy.
4. By the year 2000, US students will be first in the world in mathematics and science achievement.
5. By the year 2000, every adult American will be literate and will possess the knowledge and skills necessary to compete in a global economy and exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
6. By the year 2000, every school in America will be free of drugs and violence and will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning.
Adopted Feb. 25, 1990, by the National Governors' Association.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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KDOT Hosts First Round of Public Open Houses
In January 2015, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) hosted the first set of public open houses to gather input regarding the Route 92 Centennial Bridge Study. The open houses were held the evenings of January 14 at the Platte County Community Center and January 15 at the Riverfront Community Center in Leavenworth. Approximately 140 citizens attended the open houses. KDOT and the study team members presented maps and general information to help inform attendees and answer their questions. Eighty-eight citizens provided written comments on an open-ended comment form designed to gather general input. The majority of written comments focused on tolling, bicycle/pedestrian accommodations, and general preferences on the construction of a replacement bridge.
Of the written comments received, about half mentioned support for bicycle/pedestrian accommodations to be included on a new bridge. As a result, the bridge concept moving forward will include a 10-foot shared-use path on one side of the bridge with a concrete safety barrier between the path and vehicular lanes. Specifics such as a funded plan for connectivity to existing trails, maintenance of the shared-use path, and potential need for cost sharing will be determined with the cooperation of local government â€" Platte County, Leavenworth County and the City of Leavenworth.
Of those who provided written comments regarding tolling, about half expressed concerns and the other half indicated they could be in favor of tolling with some conditions. Conditions cited included reasonable rates, compatibility with current K-TAG system, keeping tolling revenue local, using tolling as a last resort, and the suggestion to start tolling now. Those who questioned the implementation of tolling to fund the bridge cited reasons such as cost to residents and commuters, affect on where retirees and military choose to live, and negative impact on small businesses and federal employees.
Of those who made general comments about the bridge, there was significant support for a new four-lane structure located roughly in the same location. A recurring request was to keep the bridge open to traffic during the construction of a new bridge.
In addition to comments received at the public open houses and via email, the study team is meeting with area representatives of local governments and other stakeholder groups for input. For additional information, visit the KDOT Kansas City Metro Area Projects & Studies page.


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Table of Contents
Which good is not imported in India?
List of items prohibited for import into India: Other meat and edible meat offal, fresh, chilled or frozen of wild animals. Pig fat, free of lean meat and poultry fat, not rendered or otherwise extracted, fresh, chilled, frozen, salted, in brine, dried or smoked.
What Cannot be exported from India?
- Human skeleton.
- Specified sea-shells.
- Beef, tallow, fat/oil of animal origin.
- Exotic birds except for a few specified ones.
- Wild animals, their parts and products.
- Specified Live birds and animals.
What are India's imports and exports?
Exports and imports India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries, and imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries. India exported US$318.2 billion and imported $462.9 billion worth of commodities in 2014.
Why India's exports are less than imports?
Structural factors: Some structural (read long term) like low technological adaptability and absence of technology intensive foreign investment are curtailing India's exports. The slowdown of engineering goods, poor progress in electronics are the result of such structural factors.
Why imports are high in India?
Tax on imports in India are high because of India's policy of encouraging local/homegrown industries. The high import tariffs are a result of this policy, which recognises the need for industries in developing countries like India to be protected from international trade.
Which of the following is not amongst India's major export items?
Oil and petroleum products are not amongst India's major export items.
What are prohibited and restricted goods?
Banned and restricted goods controlled drugs. offensive weapons, for example flick knives. self-defence sprays, for example pepper spray and CS gas. endangered animal and plant species.
What is negative list of product?
This Negative Lists consist of goods whose import is prohibited & restricted through licensing or otherwise, or canalised and accordingly prohibited items in this Negative List of imports shall not be imported. Such goods can only be imported or exported by the canalising agency specified in the Negative Lists.
Why does India import more than it exports?
India is an Agricultural country and India's Exports are Mainly related to Agriculture or RAW Materials for Industries/Factories. If India was an Industrial Country like China then India's exports will be more than import.
Is the Indian economy really as bad as it seems?
R eserve Bank of India recently painted quite a gloomy picture for the Indian economy and rating house Moody's too pointed out how corruption and scams are hampering the country's business environment. However, things are not as bad as it seems. For, quite a few contradictory statements are doing the rounds as well.
What are some interesting facts about the Indian economy?
I ndia is moving from being an agriculture based economy to an industrialised and service focused economy similar to the US, Europe and other industrialised countries. India is now the world's biggest manufacturer of small cars. India is ranked 12th in the world in terms of nominal factory output.
Why should you do business in India?
So doing business in India is a must for companies with a long-term view. India will sooner or later come back to the time when it was the biggest economy in the world. Great news for Indians, indeed!


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How to say dear white girls in my Spanish class in Spanish?¿Cómo se dice dear white girls in my Spanish class en español? English to Spanish translation of "queridas chicas blancas en mi clase de español" (dear white girls in my Spanish class).
Popular Spanish categories to find more words and phrases:
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Asi Se Dice Spanish 3 Textbook Answers
130 Spanish Oak Way
Ensayo Persuasivo Ap Spanish Ppt
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Ashar ( Modern Turkish: Öşür or Aşar ) was a tax in the Ottoman Empire, based on the traditional practice of muqasama (which means "sharing"), a traditional tithe in the Fertile Crescent. It was abolished on 17 February 1925 in Turkey the successor of the Ottoman Empire.
Much of the Ottoman empire's tax system was inherited from earlier practices in each territory that it conquered. Muqasama had been common practice in the Mamluk empire, and much of the Middle East, even before the spread of Islam; a similar system had been used in Sassanid Persia. Muqasama was a tax directly applied to agricultural output, taking a proportion which varied between areas and between producers. These discriminatory rates caused inefficiencies; as farmers reacted to locally varying taxes on different farm products, this increased variations in agricultural output between areas, or even between villages. Farms subject to the highest taxes switched to alternative crops.
Under Ottoman rule, muqasama became known as Ashar. The name means "a tenth", although the exact proportion might vary - and it was a tithe taken from all agricultural produce. Ashar was an important source of revenue in the early Ottoman empire, as it had been for the Abbasids. Ashar was typically paid annually, to the timar holder. early forms of öşür were enforced in transit, with watchtowers on transport routes, and checkpoints at bottleneck locations such as bridges and passes.
One preserved tax-code document from Mosul in the 1540s specifies öşür shares ranging from one fifth to one sixth to a tenth, depending on the crop - more lucrative crops were subject to a larger tithe. There was very wide variation between different regions, and the tithe was extended to cotton, fish, honey, and silk as well as the usual fruit and vegetables.
Ashar was primarily collected in the Ottoman Empire's Middle Eastern territories; different tax structures were inherited in other parts of the empire, particularly in Europe. Taxation evolved over time, moving from tithes and other taxes-in-kind towards a more centralised system of taxation in cash; hence öşür was mostly superseded by taxes like avariz. However, a later form of tithe on farming, called, asar, was reintroduced during the tanzimat reforms.


A Way of Living. Celebrate how you live your life!
How CMM Machines Help North American Manufacturers Adapt
how to use a cmm machine
It's a common sentiment, and a true one: companies that can't adapt to technological change get left behind. In the North American manufacturing industry, one common form of adaptation is increasing automation on the production line in order to compete with factories in countries with less regulation and cheaper labour.
Thankfully, automation has helped manufacturing become viable again in North America when many had predicted its demise here after decades of decline.
One of the tools playing a central role in automation is the coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Read on to learn more about how CMM machines work, and how they have helped to manufacture in North America to be competitive again on a global stage.
Quality Control
A CMM machine is designed to automate quality control on the production line. CMM machines measure the physical geometrical characteristics of an object or part. It may be manually controlled by a human operator, but it can also be computer controlled. Measurements are defined by a probe attached to the third moving axis of the CMM machine.
After the CMM machine scans the object or the part, it compares the measurements to the blueprint of the piece, which has been uploaded into the machine. If there are any differences between the blueprint and the part, the machine immediately knows there is a flaw in the part.
In a broad sense, having these machines on the production line to automate quality control has been perhaps the fundamental way North American manufacturers have managed to successfully adapt to the changes posed by globalization.
CMM machines are very sophisticated, so click here for more info that will give you a sense of the other functions they can perform, and see the different kind of CMM machines available.
Even Newer Adaptations
The need for change is constant, and the breakthrough technology that helped North American manufacturing compete against international rivals must also evolve, or risk becoming obsolete.
This process is already underway. Known as Industry 4.0, new technology is transforming manufacturing once again, with the creation of software that enables machines to automatically exchange data with each other. While Industry 4.0 is still in the early stages of development, it is already re-writing the rules of North American manufacturing.
Software programs like PolyWorks enable CMM machines to communicate with other equipment along the production line, so if the CMM machine detects a flaw in a part caused by machine degradation, other machines further up the production line will instantaneously know.
CMM machines don't only catch the defect: they can identify what caused the flaw in the first place. This means an employee doesn't need to waste time trying to figure out what went wrong. New software in CMM machines mitigates the cost of equipment failure automatically, without requiring a human employee — in a sense, automation is being automated.
International competition shows no signs of slowing down, and North America's manufacturing sector is going to need to keep up. CMM machines have played a large role in the resurgence of the manufacturing industry, and this equipment must continue to evolve to ensure North American factories stay competitive in the decades to come.


Introduction: Arm and Hand Gesture Control in Python
For those that haven't heard of the Myo before - it's an armband that reads the electrical impulses from your muscles, letting you control devices by simply waving or gesturing with your hand.
If you have seen it and want to develop on it, you'll soon come to realize that the library is C++ only. This is great for code bases that are already in C++ (*cough* video games *cough*), but not if you just want to make a quick script that does something with the input data. So, why not use Python?
We created a small library for the supported systems (currently OSX, Win32 and Win64) that bundles all of the required C++ code into a separate process and exposes it via a simple python class. In later steps we'll also go over the protocol, so you can port it to a language of your choice!
Let's get started.
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Note 11/2014: If you get repeated "unable to connect" messages and the vanilla hello-myo.exe program from Thalmic works, let us know and we'll fix it - new releases of Myo Connect can break old versions of the executable.
Time Required: 15 minutes (once Myo is set up)
Materials:
 - Myo Armband (we had the Alpha version) plus included BLE dongle
 - Computer running OSX or Windows 32/x64
Expertise:
 - Some basic knowledge of Python (how to run a script)
Step 1: Setting Up
To get a Myo talking to Python, you'll need a running installation of Myo Connect, a Python installation, and our custom library.
Myo Connect:
This comes with the developer SDK, in the myo-connect folder for Windows or the root folder for OSX. Run it and go through the setup process to register your Myo with the computer.
Python:
We're using version 2.7.8 of python - which can be found here. Installation should be as simple as downloading and running the file. If you're using OSX, python should come preinstalled.
Myo for Python:
Our library is available on GitHub as always - click the Download Zip button on the right side for an archive of all files.
Step 2: Go PyMyo!
Double-click the MyoTest.py script - you should immediately see a printout of roll, pitch, yaw, hand state, and arm side. This should be pretty familiar for those of you that previously tried the hello-myo binary, as it's exactly the same.
That's literally all there is to it - you now have the Myo armband talking to a Python script!
Read on to learn more about the test code, class, and executable.
Step 3: MyoTest.py
MyoTest is a python implementation of the hello-myo code that comes with the Myo sdk. It connects to the myo and prints all the same stuff to the console.
How it Works:
The main difference between MyoTest and hello-myo.exe is that the hello-myo code stops and polls for event data, while MyoTest instead registers a function (during the Myo() class instantiation) that's called when the myo sends data to our wrapped C code. For our test program, this callback function is printData, which gets/creates string representations of the pose, orientation, and arm state of the Myo.
Step 4: Myo.py
The actual Myo class (inside myo.py) handles the output data from the wrapped executable and makes it easy to use in a python script. It has methods to get any data that the myo currently allows the user to access, plus a convenient conversion from quaternions to roll/pitch/yaw rotation.
How it Works:
Calling .start() on the class object starts it as a new thread. The object executes our C code as a separate process, keeping a handle to the process I/O. It then blocks and waits for the executable to send us a data packet of the Myo's state before unpacking and saving the packet. Methods like getAcceleration() operate on this saved packet data.
Whenever a call to vibrate() occurs, our Myo object sends a (1) to STDIN of the process, which recognizes it as a request to vibrate and acts accordingly.
Step 5: PyMyo (.exe)
This executable is where the actual communication to the Myo occurs. It's a modification of hello-myo that prints out a compact version of the state of the Myo armband - only 9 bytes - every 50ms.
How it Works:
This works similarly to hello-myo (see here for extensive documentation); the majority of our changes were to catch accelerometer data, print out the data compactly, and handle console input to vibrate the Myo.
For a closer look at these changes, check out our inputThread() function (which runs the input as a separate thread) and DataCollector::print(), which prints out the Myo state for Myo.py to receive.
The Protocol:
The executable sends a packed string of bytes at 20Hz - the format is:
Acceleration X, Y, and Z (3 bytes) form the acceleration vector.
Rotation W, X, Y, and Z (4 bytes) form a quaternion representing the current rotation.
Hand Pose (1 byte) indicates the state of the hand (Fist, WaveIn, etc.). It uses the same enum values as the myo library.
Arm # (1 byte) is either 0 or 1 for Right/Left respectively, or ASCII 'A' (0x41) if the arm is not present.
Step 6: What's Next?
We built a Myo wrapper for Python because it's easier to get things done quickly. Python is "batteries included," meaning it has a truly incredible number of modules.
Here are a few ideas for projects that are quite Python-friendly that could benefit from a Myo:
We've got plenty more exciting new content on the way this summer, so if you enjoyed this Instructable, don't forget to favorite it and follow us on Facebook!
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text:
DROP DEFAULT (Transact-SQL)
Removes one or more user-defined defaults from the current database.
DROP DEFAULT will be removed in the next version of Microsoft SQL Server. Do not use DROP DEFAULT in new development work, and plan to modify applications that currently use them. Instead, use default definitions that you can create by using the DEFAULT keyword of ALTER TABLE or CREATE TABLE.
Before dropping a default, unbind the default by executing sp_unbindefault if the default is currently bound to a column or an alias data type.
After a default is dropped from a column that allows for null values, NULL is inserted in that position when rows are added and no value is explicitly supplied. After a default is dropped from a NOT NULL column, an error message is returned when rows are added and no value is explicitly supplied. These rows are added later as part of the typical INSERT statement behavior.
A. Dropping a default
If a default has not been bound to a column or to an alias data type, it can just be dropped using DROP DEFAULT. The following example removes the user-created default named datedflt.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.objects WHERE name = 'datedflt' AND type = 'D') DROP DEFAULT datedflt GO
B. Dropping a default that has been bound to a column
The following example unbinds the default associated with the EmergencyContactPhone column of the Contact table and then drops the default named phonedflt.
USE AdventureWorks2012; GO IF EXISTS (SELECT name FROM sys.objects WHERE name = 'phonedflt' AND type = 'D') BEGIN EXEC sp_unbindefault 'Person.Contact.Phone' DROP DEFAULT phonedflt END GO


Hi, I would be happy to know as to what would be the equivalents for the following 4 tags that are part of weblogic-ra.xml (weblogic specific deployment descriptor for resource adapters). weblogic has what is known as a principal map for security: (provides a mechanism to define appropriate resource-principal values for resuorce adapter and EIS authorization processing, based upon the known WebLogic runtime initiating run time initiating-principal. This map allows for hte specification of a defined set of initiaitng principals and the corresponding resource principal's username and password that should be used when allocating managed connections and connection handles) This has subtags that are, and. (identifies a configuration property name and value that corresponds to an ra.xml config-entry element with the corresponding config-property-name. At deployment time, all values present in a map-config-property specification will be set on the ManagedConnectionFactory. Weblogic has the following tags that are extra as the parameters for connection pooling: (identifies the max number of additional managed connections which the server attempts to obtain during resizing of the maintained connection pool) (indicates whether or not the connection pool should have unused managed connection reclaimed as a means to control system resources) two more related tags are and If anybody can tell me as to how I port a RA with a weblogic-ra.xml that has the above tags, i.e. what tags should I add to geronimo to get the same functionality, that'd be great.... Thanks in advance, Sai


text:
In the digital world, Dell OptiPlex 3010 has emerged as an unassailable pillar of dependability. This desktop warrants extraordinary attention because of its brilliant power supply system. With this article, we delve into the intricacies of the Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply – its specifications, highlights, and benefits.
1. **Understanding the Importance of Power Supply
In any computing apparatus, the power supply acts as the lifeblood, ensuring an uninterrupted inflow and outflow of power. Dell OptiPlex 3010's power supply takes the notch higher with its 275W, AC 120/230 V (50/60 Hz) power specifications, accelerating the system's performance while guaranteeing relentless durability.
2. **Vital Features of Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply
Dell OptiPlex 3010's power supply is laden with notable features that set it apart. With integrated disaster recovery, it promises safe and sustainable operations even during unanticipated power hitches. Moreover, it has an Active Power Factor Correction (APFC) feature which makes it an energy-efficient choice amongst its rivals. The power supply's auto-ranging technology amplifies its overall efficiency.
3. **Experience Consistent Performance with Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply
This power supply emphatically ensures that your system runs smoothly without voltage fluctuations. Its constant power delivery wards off performance drops, providing a reliable computing experience.
4. **Here's Why Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply Is an Environmentally Sustainable Choice
The Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply is RoHS compliant, signifying Dell's commitment to producing environmentally friendly products. Their power supplies are lead-free, inducing fewer toxins into the environment.
5. **The Ease of Replacing Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply
Inevitably, power supplies may need replacement over time. The Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply is easily replaceable. You can replace it yourself by unplugging the existing power supply and plugging in the new one without the need for hardware expertise.
6. **Subduing Power Anomalies with Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply
Power anomalies can be the nemesis of your computing experience. With the Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply, these anomalies are skillfully curbed. The power supply is engineered with integral surge protection to counter power spikes and fluctuations, ensuring consistent performance.
7. **The Warranty Assurance that Comes with Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply
Dell provides dependable warranty and after-sale service for the OptiPlex 3010 power supply unit. There is a standard 1-year warranty, offering you peace of mind and easy replacements if needed.
8. **How Dell OptiPlex 3010 Power Supply Outrivals Its Contemporaries
The Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply has excellently housed essential features, setting new benchmarks for power supplies in the market. With its robust build-quality, energy-efficient operations, and consistent power performance, it is no wonder why this power supply is unrivaled.
The Dell OptiPlex 3010 power supply is manifestly a technologically advanced and versatile unit that guarantees a great computing experience with its features and benefits. It is an indispensable part of owning the Dell OptiPlex 3010 desktop. With its specs clearly underscoring its commitment to power delivery and environment sustainability, it is a beneficial investment for a long-term dependable operation.
- The Ultimate Guide to Choosing the Best PC Motherboard
- Essential Components Required to Assemble a High-End Gaming PC
- Unraveling the Wonders of Essential Computer Desktop Accessories
- The Comprehensive Guide to Laptop Parts: An In-Depth Look at Their Functions and Importance
- A Comprehensive Overview of Different Parts of a Computer Screen


text:
November 14, 2011
DSBN Students to Compete in Hunger Games Challenges
In the post-apocalyptic world depicted in Suzanne Collins' novel "The Hunger Games", the ruling government forces young people to compete against each other in a battle for survival. At the District School Board of Niagara, students taking part in challenges based on "The Hunger Games" will be working cooperatively to complete a number of different tasks and improve their literacy skills. Through the week of November 14-18, students will be engaged in a broad range of different outdoor activities based on the novel at the Woodend Conservation Area.
The event involves students from schools across the DSBN. In the challenges, students will be asked to build shelters from fallen logs, trees and branches, navigate the paths of the conservation area using orienteering skills and participate in interactive, cooperative novelty sports and activities.
Literacy Support Teacher Krista Kiemele says the games "provide students with an engaging opportunity to make connections to the novel and extend their understanding of the events that unfold throughout the plot through active participation."
Each day is scheduled to begin at approximately 10:00 a.m. and will conclude at 2:00 p.m. Woodend Conservation area is located near Niagara College's Glendale Campus on Taylor Road in Niagara-on-the-Lake.
Lakeview Public School
St. Catharines and Thorold
Power Glen Public School
Port Weller Public School
Richmond Street Public School
St. Catharines Collegiate
Gordon Public School
Plymouth Public School
James Morden Public School
Fort Erie and area
Garrison Road Public School
Ridgeway-Crystal Beach High School


text:
Of the millions of accidents that occur each year, almost a third will be considered mild fender-benders. These low-speed collisions often leave little to no visible damage, which may cause you to avoid a body shop visit. Unfortunately, these types of accidents can result in hidden damage, which often affects your car's frame, electrical, or mechanical systems. Wondering if your vehicle has sustained hidden damage? Watch for the signs below.
A Rough Ride
If your drive seems to be a little rougher than before, you may have suffered frame damage. Steering issues could mean your frame was pushed out of alignment, which can put added stress on other parts of your vehicle. Noises, shaking, or pulling with your steering should always be investigated.
An extra bumpy ride could be a sign of alignment problems as well, but could also be a sign that there are problems with your suspension system. Suspension issues may start as a simple nuisance but can eventually lead to mechanical damage or damage to the underside of your vehicle.
Door, Hood, and Trunk Problems
If you find it harder to open or close your truck, doors, or hood, your vehicle may have suffered some damage to the frame. While this problem may not seem to be a large concern, it can become a safety issue if not repaired. For example, if the problem results from a broken latch, your trunk or hood could pop open while driving. Likewise, if your doors are stuck, it could prevent a quick vehicle exit if needed.
Leaking fluids from a vehicle is never a good sign, but when it occurs after an accident, it could come from a variety of sources. If the leak is accompanied by shifting or acceleration problems, you could have damaged your transmission.
Driver-Assistance Feature Failure
Newer vehicles, equipped with driver assistance features such as rear cross-traffic alert, rely on sensors. If these sensors become damaged during an accident, it may be hard to see, but you will notice that your system may begin to malfunction.
Euro Body Can Help
If you have been in a minor accident, make sure you don't have any hidden vehicle damage that will come back to haunt you. Contact Euro Body today. They offer top-notch service, experienced technicians, transparent pricing, and a fast turnaround to help you get safely back on the road, no matter the severity of your accident.


text:
Science with Samantha: Cloud Dough
Time to channel your inner chemists and create your very own at home playdough. This experiment will require the perfect balance of hair product to flour. This means the process of guess and check will come into play! One can review the concept of proportions and ratio to make the perfect mixture. Once the proportions are correct, you will have your very own receipt for cloud-like playdough.
- Flour or Corn Starch
- Shampoo or Conditioner
- Optional: Food Coloring
Some Questions To Prompt The Activity
- What is the ratio of flour to conditioner needed?
- Do you need more flour or more conditioner?
- Is there anything you could add to this mixture? If so, would that change the ratio?
- Start off with a little conditioner or shampoo in the bowl
- Mix in some flour or corn starch and start folding the two ingredients together
- Add in the food coloring of your choice
- Keep mixing, rolling, and experimenting with the flour and conditioner until the dough comes together!


text:
Adult Diapers - A Boon in Disguise for Adults
Adult diapers are designed to offer a good level of protection for the adults and they are worn to safeguard the elderly from the inconvenience caused by urine. They are very popular among the adults as there are lots of medical conditions that would curb their ability to control the urge to pass urine or to pass stools. These diapers are not worn by the elderly people alone but are also worn by other grown up people who are suffering from serious medical conditions such as incontinence which would cause the inability to control bladder movements. These diapers are designed with soft absorbent materials and have a seamless design that makes it to remain without any impression even under the dress and hence cannot be detected.
The unique features of adult diapers:
These diapers are designed keeping the aged people and their delicate skin in mind and hence they are designed with soft and comfortable cloth like feel materials. This absorbent material of the diaper is safe for the skin and prevents inflammation or irritation on the skin's surface. This way, the adults would not be able to feel the pressure or experience the feel of having a diaper on. The absorbent core of these diapers contains a synthetic material that has the ability to retain huge amounts of urine without causing it to expose on the outer layer of the adult diapers. Also the absorbent core of some diapers has the scientific formula with advanced technology that converts the wetness caused by urine in the thick gel form which makes it to hold it intact and prevents seepage. The diamond shaped channels locks the urine intact and prevents it from rising to the surface of the adult diapers. It also has wrap type arrangement around the thighs and wings that prevents spillage of urine. The leak guards present in these adult diapers make it to contain huge amounts of urine.
Adult diapers – The high absorbent core:
The unique absorbing formula of these adult diapers makes it an excellent option as it prevents any incidence of leakage of urine even on the sides. The outer cover of the absorbent core is designed with a cotton cover that has the ability to make the surface dry. This is essential as a wet surface would cause various infections in the urinary tract, trigger the bacterial growth and would neutralize the pH level in urine. When there is constant wetting of urine it might lead to a foul smell which might be very unpleasant. This is ruled out in adult diapers as it has the bacterial controlled core and soft smelling fragrance that keeps out the stink of the urine and offers a fresh feel to the adult using it. Also these adult diapers can be used even while spending long hours in a flight or train as it is capable of holding more than 8 wettings and does not need a change frequently. This way you can stay without any worries even in a crowded place or amidst a gathering.
These adult diapers are available in easy to wear type that they can be worn alone without taking help from another person. There are also pull up type and vests type which you can easily wear like clothing. These are extremely helpful for bedridden adults as their medical condition would have caused immobility. In such cases, the easy to wear diapers area boon as the caretaker can use it very efficiently within very less time. Also since the absorbency capacity is more, the time between the changes of adult diapers is more when compared to the others.
Cheap options of adult diapers:
There are also cheaper diapers that are washable in nature and can be used several times while serving the purpose of adult diapers at the same time. There are also large sized diapers that are specially designed for persons who are obese or over weight and they are designed with leg wraps around the thighs and wings that help in preventing the spillage of urine. These adult diapers also have Velcro fasteners to fasten it at the waist with adhesive to fasten at the waist and to grip the adult diapers tightly.
Adult diapers - Freedom from wetness:
With so superior factors contributing to the adult diapers, you can live a worry free life and indulge in your regular activities such as walking, visiting friends, taking a stroll at the park, play with your grandkids or do your shopping without any hassles or feeling sorry for wetting your dresses. Also these adult diapers would safeguard against the spilling or leakage of urine and soiling the furniture and other items at your home. Improve your lifestyle with these adult diapers and stride with confidence.


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How do I find the time difference between two datetime objects in ASP.NET?
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7 Answers
up vote 40 down vote accepted
The following example demonstrates how to do this:
DateTime a = new DateTime(2010, 05, 12, 13, 15, 00);
DateTime b = new DateTime(2010, 05, 12, 13, 45, 00);
When executed this prints "30" since there is a 30 minute difference between the date/times.
The result of DateTime.Subtract(DateTime x) is a Timespan object which gives other useful properties.
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You want TotalMinutes, not Minutes - the latter returns the minute component of the TimeSpan, e.g. 10 in 1:10:32 – Ben M May 12 '10 at 17:13
this is what i want – MarsMan May 12 '10 at 17:19
To display the difference, do something like this:Console.WriteLine((a - b).ToString(@"hh\:mm\:ss")). See: MSDN Custom TimeSpan Format – ishmael Nov 5 '12 at 20:07
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You want the TimeSpan struct:
TimeSpan diff = dateTime1 - dateTime2;
There are various methods for getting the days, hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds back from this structure.
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What you need is to use the DateTime classs Subtract method, which returns a TimeSpan.
var dateOne = DateTime.Now;
var dateTwo = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(-5);
var diff = dateTwo.Subtract(dateOne);
var res = String.Format("{0}:{1}:{2}", diff.Hours,diff.Minutes,diff.Seconds));
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The way I usually do it is subtracting the two DateTime and this gets me a TimeSpan that will tell me the diff.
Here's an example:
DateTime start = DateTime.Now;
// Do some work
TimeSpan timeDiff = DateTime.Now - start;
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You need to use a TimeSpan. Here is some sample code:
TimeSpan sincelast = TimeSpan.FromTicks(DateTime.Now.Ticks - LastUpdate.Ticks);
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Or just TimeSpan sincelast = DateTime.Now - LastUpdate; – Ben M May 12 '10 at 17:17
Thanks for the tip. I had no idea you could do it that way. – Jason Webb May 12 '10 at 18:06
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IF they are both UTC date-time values you can do TimeSpan diff = dateTime1 - dateTime2;
Otherwise your chance of getting the correct answer in every single possible case is zero.
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private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
 TimeSpan timespan;
 timespan = dateTimePicker2.Value - dateTimePicker1.Value;
 int timeDifference = timespan.Days;
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Your Answer


text:
This patent production line of rice bran pretreatment and expansion machines adopts reasonable designs. It can make high efficient expansion for rice bran. This rice bran oil expansion pretreatment is featured by high quality rice bran expansion, low human and production cost, small footprint, low power consumption etc.
Process flow of Rice Bran Oil pretreatment & Expansion introduction:
1. Rice bran was unloaded into workshop manually through artificial screw feeder and then be sent to elevator.
2. The uploaded rice bran goes through rice bran separating screen in order to remove large complexes of rice bran.
3. Clearly cleaned rice bran is sent into quenching pot through elevator conveyor. The quenched rice bran goes into feeding auger after expansion and fall into extruder.
4. After extruding, rice bran expansion materials fall on flat dryer for drying. The dry extruding rice bran is sent to extraction plant by conveyor.
Process Flow Chart of Rice Bran Oil Expansion & Pretreatment:
Working Principle of rice bran oil pretreatment and Expansion:
Rice bran oil expansion pretreatment will change the shape and structure of rice bran through press and promotion of non-isometric and nonstandard screw system of extruder. The gas among rice bran gap is squeezed out and quickly filled with materials, which causes rice bran sheared back and increased pressure inside the chamber. Rice bran hybrid is fully mixed, squeezed, heated, glued and pasted with increasing friction between screw and chamber, which changes rice bran structure and destroys rice bran fat layer structure.
At the same time, mechanical energy converts into heat, and machine chamber quickly rises to 125 degrees, which causes effective passivation of various enzyme activities of rice bran, and destruction of fat layer structure. The starch and protein turn into viscous state while rice bran is extruded to the exit, and high pressure changes into atmospheric pressure instantaneously. Moisture is evaporated from rice bran organizational structure quickly, forming into numerous pore structure inner rice bran. The rice bran oil expansion pretreatment is completed after cooling.


text:
CVEX is an TD/Artist VEX/VOP front end built in to specific render time procedurals by the developer of that render procedural. CVEX is an actual program written in VEX or built with VOP networks usually by the TD/Artist that gets called by a run-time procedural written in c++ by a developer utilizing the HDK. Geometry gets built and passed out of the procedural to the cvex program which processes the geometry then returns the result back to the procedural.
Some nodes let you customize their behavior by writing snippets of VEX to manipulate data, giving great flexibility. These VEX programs run in a generic "CVEX" context.
For example, rather than provide hundreds of parameters on the fur nodes to provide complete control over texture maps, noise, etc., the fur nodes let you use CVEX shaders to customize the node behavior using VEX code. The fur node initializes parameter values in the context and then the CVEX program can manipulate them. The fur node reads back the modified values and uses them to generate curves.
Unlike other VEX contexts which provide global variables and special functions related to the purpose of the context (such as channel query functions in the
chop context), the CVEX context is designed for hosting generic, low-level programs, so it provides only the generic functions common to all contexts, and no special pre-defined global variables.
To get a list of all functions available in the CVEX context, open a Houdini Command Line Tools shell and type
vcc -X cvex
You can create CVEX shaders by writing VEX code directly, or by creating a VOP CVEX Shader shader node and creating a VOP network inside.
The CVEX shader type has no output node. CVEX VOP networks work by manipulating parameters. Create a Parameter node and set its Export parameter to Always, then connect VOPs to its input to export a value. To take the initial value of a parameter, manipulate it, and then export the changed value, use two Parameter nodes: one at the start of the chain with Export set to Never, and one at the end of the chain with Export set to Always.
The Houdini extension development kit (HDK) contains sample code for creating nodes that can call CVEX programs.


Mast seeding
Biology
Alternate titles: masting; monocarpy
mast seeding, also called masting, the production of many seeds by a plant every two or more years in regional synchrony with other plants of the same species. Since seed predators commonly scour the ground for each year's seed crop, they often consume most of the seeds produced by many different plant species each year. Mast seeding is an effective defense because the seed predators become satiated before all the seeds have been consumed. The consequence of mast seeding for the organization of a plant community is that, instead of a few new seedlings establishing themselves every year, major pulses occur over time, during which new plants become established and old plants die. Many conifers in boreal forests exhibit mast seeding, as do other species, such as bamboos. Some bamboo species grow for 100 years or more before producing seeds. Then all at once the bamboo plants over a large geographic region will set seed and die in the same year.
What made you want to look up mast seeding?
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text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]چکیده [English]
Rotated factor analysis (RFA) is a powerful tool for climatic regionalization and delineation of rainy regions.Using this technique, we detect three main precipitation regions with different mechanisms in Iran. The first and the most important rainy region runs along Caspian Sea coasts. In this region rainfall mainly occurs during summer and fall. The second region coincides with Zagros Ranges. Winter is the most rainy season in this region. The third rainy region of the country covers northwestern and northeastern parts of Iran with more precipitation in spring.


text:
Integrated Library Systems Report
Earlier this year, the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction (DPI) contracted with WiLS to study and report on the current state of shared Integrated Library Systems (ILS) operated by Wisconsin's public library systems. The consultant was asked to collect information from each ILS consortia and to develop cost and operational comparisons that will be valuable when considering larger units of service for systems and ILS in the state. The report would also identify the remaining larger stand-alone libraries and counties in the state and determine their reasons for non-participation in the consortia.
Some facts that were shared about the ILS consortia in Wisconsin:
- most of the consortia in the state are using one of two products from Innovative Interfaces, Inc.;
- as independent entities, there is very little consistency among the consortia, including how the budgets are structured;
- no mechanism is in place to measure satisfaction with the ILS consortia.
The DPI also has some recommendations for how to move toward more consistency and cost-effective centralized services. A second phase likely will continue into 2015 to analyze the results and propose changes to the current structure for savings or efficiencies and to avoid duplication of resources and efforts. The DPI's recommendations based on the results of the study are available at _URL_ The full ILS study developed by WiLS is available _URL_


text:
What does "Pochemuchka" mean?
Do you know someone who always has a question to ask? Someone who is always curious about something or the other, no matter what the topic at hand is. If you do, then you know someone who is referred to in Russian as a Pochemuchka (pronounced poh-cheh-moch-kah) – a person who asks too many questions. Curiosity is often a sign of intelligence. But remember, if you ask too many questions, you'll only find more questions, no answers!


text:
Bring contrast and flavour to your garden with this vibrant culinary herb. The glowing golden foliage is as useful in the kitchen as it is as a ground cover or edging plant. Tolerant of poor soils, drought and frost. Plant in full sun for maximum colour and flavour.
An easy to grow herb, marjoram has a shallow root system so water regularly during dry weather and mulch to conserve soil moisture. Avoid watering in winter when waterlogging can cause plants to rot. Drought tolerant once established, foliage is tastiest when not under stress.


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Typical PHP socket functionality is synchronous, and halts the thread when waiting for incoming connections and data. (eg. socket_read and socket_listen)
How do I do the same asynchronously? so I can respond to data in a data received event, instead of polling for data, etc.
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4 Answers 4
up vote 16 down vote accepted
Yup, that's what socket_set_nonblock() is for. Your socket interaction code will need to be written differently, taking into account the special meanings that error codes 11, EWOULDBLOCK, and 115, EINPROGRESS, assume.
Here's some somewhat-fictionalized sample code from a PHP sync socket polling loop, as requested:
$buf = '';
$done = false;
do {
 $chunk = socket_read($sock, 4096);
 if($chunk === false) {
 $error = socket_last_error($sock);
 if($error!= 11 && $error!= 115) {
 my_error_handler(socket_strerror($error), $error);
 $done = true;
 } elseif($chunk == '') {
 $done = true;
 } else {
 $buf.= $chunk;
} while(true);
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What do you mean by differently? Can you show me any code samples of asynchronous data received events? – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 12:06
So this is synchronous, but non-blocking? Then what exactly does non-blocking mean? – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 17:54
No, it is asynchronous, and polling-based. The code is from a larger polling mechanism. PHP has no support for interrupt/signal driven socket I/O events like you're asking for, as far as I know. You achieve async communications by using operations that do not wait for completion but return immediately, with an indicative error code, if the operation isn't ready. Like reads on a non-blocking socket. There are lots of tutorials on async socket use in C that will go into lots of detail abou this; PHP's support is just a layer over the standard C stuff. – chaos Sep 16 '09 at 18:02
Its Aug/2012. Do you think the approach is updated/improved in the way OP wanted it? – Aug 1 '12 at 15:55 No. – chaos Aug 1 '12 at 19:45
You will need to execute your script and issue stream_select to check weither there is any data to receive. Process and send data back.
share|improve this answer
The term "asynchronous" is often misused in network programming. For I/O, asynchronous is often just used as another word for non-blocking. This means that the process is able to continue before a call on the network api has completed transmission.
For process execution in general, asynchronous means that multiple instructions are able to be computed at once (concurrently.)
In other words, asynchronous I/O is not truly asynchronous unless multiple threads are used to allow multiple reads/write/accepts to occur concurrently - all sockets will sill have to wait on a synchronous non-blocking call if it has data to be read/written or will otherwise not block, and reading/writing a large file can still take seconds or even minutes if not interrupted. Note that this would require a perfect flow between the client and server or TCP itself will interrupt the transmission. For example, a server sending faster than a client can download would cause a block on a write.
So from a strict point of view PHP is not able to perform asynchronous networking, only non-blocking. In short, the progression of the process will stop while the network call is able to usefully read/write etc. However, the process will then continue when the call is not able to usefully read/write or would otherwise block. In a truly asynchronous system the process will continue regardless, and the read/write will be done in a different thread. Note that blocking I/O can still be done asynchronously if done in a different thread.
Moreover, PHP is not able to do event driven I/O without installing an extension that supports it. You will otherwise need to do some form of polling in order to do non-blocking I/O in PHP. The code from Chaos would be a functional non-blocking read example if it used socket_select.
With that said, the select function will still allow true non-blocking behavior in PHP. In C, polling services have a performance loss over event driven, so I'm sure that it would be the same for PHP. But this loss is in the nanoseconds-microseconds depending on the amount of sockets, where the time saved from a non-blocking call is typically milliseconds, or even seconds if the call is made to wait.
share|improve this answer
AFAIK PHP is strictly singlethreaded, which means you can't do this asynchronously, because Script execution is always linear.
It's been a while since i have done this, but as far as i recall, you can only open the socket, and have the script continue execution upon receiving data.
share|improve this answer
Even chaos's code sample seems to corroborate this fact. – Jarvis Sep 16 '09 at 12:20
PHP provides stream_select for async socket operations, analogous to posix select(). – karunski Sep 16 '09 at 12:42
select() is synchronous: it just lets you know whether a socket is ready for reading/writing. You still call it from a single thread, and block on the select() call instead of the read() or write(). – Matt Connolly Nov 13 '12 at 2:32
Your Answer


text:
Home Learning Center Articles Milwaukee Tools
It all started in 1918. World War I was coming to a close, and automotive tycoon Henry Ford was looking for a fabricator who was willing to produce a compact, lighter-weight, portable version of the 1/4" capacity power drill. A young Wisconsin manufacturer by the name of A.H. Petersen accepted Ford's commission, and developed what came to be known as the Hole-Shooter. Weighing in at only 5 pounds, this revolutionary power tool was driven by a series-type Westinghouse motor, and was the first industrial drill that was light enough to be operated with just one hand, but powerful enough to handle heavy-duty workloads.
Four years later, in 1922, Petersen was joined by business partner Albert F. Siebert, and together, the two of them founded the A.H. Petersen Company. Tragically, a fire destroyed their manufacturing facility the following year, and the financial setback forced the company to close their doors. In 1924, Siebert was able to purchase the company's remaining assets at auction, and reopened the company as the Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation, with the goal of fully realizing the sales potential of the Petersen Hole-Shooter. But it didn't end there. Here you'll find some of the most significant moments in Milwaukee's tool-innovating company history.
- Surprisingly, during its early days in the second half of the 1920s, the Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation relied more on tool repair than tool manufacturing to stay in business. Because they kept constant tabs on their customers' needs and the shortcomings of the tools that were brought to their company for repair, Milwaukee employees were able to ascertain exactly which niches needed to be filled in the marketplace. This information, combined with the hundreds of hours of research and analysis done by staff engineers, led to a stronger and more durable Hole-Shooter, which became a must-have tool for workers throughout the automotive and metalworking industries.
- In 1930, Milwaukee Tools set their standards even higher by obtaining an equipment specification rating from the U.S. government for its newly-redesigned electric drill. Soon afterward, the company began applying Navy standards to the manufacture of all their portable tools, including a portable hand grinder and electric hammers, sanders and polishers.
- By 1935, Milwaukee had developed a lightweight 3/4" electric hammer-drill, which was designed to both drill and sink anchors into concrete. Thanks to the fact that it could be converted into a standard 3/4" drill, the tool met with great market success, and sparked the subsequent design of a shorter, lighter precision drill.
- As a result of the strong reputation they had earned among welders by the late 1930s, Milwaukee was asked to apply their expertise and improve on existing lines of metalworking tools, with a concentration on heavily used sander/grinders. The company rose to the challenge, and Milwaukee designers soon developed an easy to handle, single-horsepower sander/grinder that weighed only 15 pounds, but could stand up to any abuse it received in the field.
- In response to the armed forces' increased demand for power tools during World War II, the Milwaukee Electric Tools Corporation began working even harder to develop tools that were more powerful than ever. Milwaukee Hole-Shooters became vital to the manufacture of military aircraft, and, pleased with the fact that tools were being built to their standards, the United States Navy placed a significant number of orders with the company.
- In 1949, Milwaukee Tools took their line of sander/grinders to the next level by adding a spring clutch to them. This design update created a smoother-running tool with very little recoil, and was so successful that it was also added to the company's circular saws.
- 1949 also saw Milwaukee's invention and introduction of the first 1/2" right-angle drill, which allowed plumbers and electricians to drill holes in wood and steel, even in very tight quarters.
- Milwaukee yet again revolutionized the power tool industry in 1951, when they unveiled the Sawzall® Reciprocating Saw. The Sawzall®, still a defining Milwaukee tool to this day, was the first portable hacksaw to have a reciprocating mechanism. To meet their customers' demands for versatility, Milwaukee followed the Sawzall® up with a full line of blades for cutting all types of materials.
- Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Milwaukee Electric Tools Corporation grew steadily, and in addition to expanding their product lines, they transitioned into larger facilities as well. In 1965, the company moved out of their headquarters on State Street in the City of Milwaukee, and set up shop in a 212,000 square foot facility in nearby Brookfield, Wisconsin.
- In response to a new and significant market that had developed for their products in the Southeast, Milwaukee made their first move outside the state of Wisconsin in 1974. While headquarters remained in Brookfield, the company opened an additional 60,000 square foot manufacturing plant in Jackson, Mississippi.
- During the 1970's, Milwaukee had another prolific burst of product development, and introduced the Hole Hawg®, the first drill ever created for large hole drilling of the studs and joists in new home constructions. Not long after, the company debuted the Magnum Hole-Shooter, their first 1/2" professional pistol drill, and became the first American manufacturer to produce a 4-1/2" angle grinder.
- In 1991, after two full years of testing, Milwaukee's Super Sawzall reciprocating saw was put on the market. With a built-in counterbalance, a gear-protecting clutch and 5 different patents, the Super Sawzall set a new worldwide standard for fast, vibration-free reciprocal saws.
- Throughout the 1990s, Milwaukee developed a new line of miter saws, and further expanded their offerings by manufacturing an extensive lineup of 18-volt Contractor Cordless tools, all of which could be powered using the same battery and charger system.
- In 2008, Milwaukee developed Ice Hardened™ strengthening technology, a cryogenic hardening process that enables a variety of Milwaukee's accessories to last up to 50% longer than those of their competitors.


. So we can say that anyone can't forge a
valid smart card with the knowledge of g d because Si (= IDidmod(n)) in
the smart card must be calculate by KIC on account of d which is secret
for users. In addition, the risk of revealing secret information between
the transmission link of users and KIC is eliminated while changing
password locally. By focusing on efficiency, the communication cost is
reduced between users and KIC while changing password locally. The
proof of unnecessary of protecting gd. I list the proof in the following:
By Euclid's theorem, we can obtain two integer a and b such that
 aPW 1 +bPW 2 =1
from a and b, gd(mod(n)) can be obtained as follows
 h1a * h2b = g a*PW1*d
 *g b*PW2*d
 =g(aPW1+bPW2)*d
 =gd mod n
8.3.6. Improvement
According to our observation, we can define a new changing password
protocol. If U i wants to change his password and choose a new one, he
must insert his smart card into a terminal and key in his IDi' and original
 36
password PWi' . If the IDi' matches the IDi which is kept in the smart
card, these steps should be done as following:
1. The smart card must use g d and PW i' to compute hi'. If hi' matches hi
stored in the smart card, then keep on the procedure. Otherwise, reject
the request of changing password.
2. User U i submits a new password PW i*, and then the smart card
calculates a new hi* as :
 hi*=gd* PW* mod(n).
3. The original hi would be replaced by the new one then can use the new
password to login the network system.
According to the new password changing protocol, we must store both gd
and hi in the smart card. Although we have proven that it's not necessary
to keep gd as a secret, but it still have to be protected from being
modified. The gd must be protected and unmodifiable in the smart card
to a successful authentication. It follows that users don't need the KIC
assistance while changing their passwords.
 37
9. Conclusion
Smartcard is a power carrier for digital information. It not only provide
strong security to protect digital data; but it also simple and easy enough
for common person to carry and use in the world. Digital cash card ( to
replace old credit card), prepaid card, and personal ID are the card's
opportunity in the market.
By the way, up to today, there is no one really break smartcard's security
and take any piece information from it. Therefore, the smartcard is an
ideal piece to replace the common drive license and credit card. In the
future the IC chip in the smartcard will be enhanced – larger memory
size and more powerful processor. Soon, the smartcard can carry more
job without any extra help.
 38
10. Reference
1. Bruce Schneier and Adam Shostack, "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do:
 Modeling Security Threats for Smart Cards", Oct. 19, 1999
2. Bo Lavare's Smartcard security page,
 _URL_
3. IC Card Technology Co., _URL_
4. Yu-Chan Wu, "A Study of Password Authentication Scheme with
 Smart Cards and Its Application", January 2002
5. _URL_
6. "American Express Licenses SmartcardMultiple Application
 Framework to Leading Industry players",
 _URL_
7. Chan, Siu-cheung Charles, "An Overview of SmartcardSecurity",
 _URL_
 x.html, August 17, 1997
8. DigiCrypto Co., _URL_
9. Chan, Siu-cheung Charles, "Electronic Smart Passport/Visa",
 _URL_
 ml, August 17, 1997
10. Chan, Siu-cheung Charles, "Infrastructure of Multi-Application
 Smart Card",
 _URL_
 ard/index.html, August 17, 1997
11. "Your key to 21st Century ---Smartcard",
 _URL_
12. "Inside Smart Cards",
 _URL_
13. Sony Contactless Smartcard System
 _URL_
14. Ross Anderson and Markus Kuhn, "Tamper Resistance – a Cautionary
 Note", _URL_
15. Ross J. Anderson, "Tamperproofing of Chip Card",
 _URL_
16. "SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC MODULES", FIPS
 PUB 140-1, FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS
 39
 PUBLICATION, January 11, 1994
17. "French banking smartcard cracked : the story!",
 _URL_
18. "Why Smartcard?",
 _URL_
 851AD2111DF41A9CC213C15CE3CB045E
19. "A Frequently Asked Questions list (FAQ) for
 alt.technology.smartcards", _URL_
 40
 Appendix A
Major smartcard manufacturers
2-Tel (_URL_
Advanced card Systems Ltd (ACS) (_URL_
American Microdevice Manufacturing, Inc (AMMI)
(_URL_
Activcard (_URL_
Alcor Micro Inc (_URL_
Athena Smartcard Solutions (_URL_
BasicCard (_URL_
Bull CP8 (_URL_
C3PO (_URL_
CardLogix (_URL_
Cherry GmbH (_URL_
Darfon (_URL_
General Information Systems (GIS) (_URL_
Gemplus (_URL_
Giesecke & Devrient (_URL_
Hagiwara (_URL_
Hitachi (_URL_
Incard (_URL_
Infineer (_URL_
Ingenico (_URL_
Ingenico (_URL_
Innolab (_URL_
Innovonics (_URL_
JS Digitech (_URL_
Jaeik Information & Communication Co. Ltd. (_URL_
Kobil (_URL_
LabCal (_URL_
Litronic (_URL_
Microsoft Windows for Smartcards
(_URL_
MySmart.com (_URL_
 41
Network Security Technology Co. (NST) (_URL_
Oberthur (_URL_
Omnikey (_URL_
Orga (_URL_
Rainbow (_URL_
SCM Microsystems (_URL_
Schlumberger Cyberflex (_URL_
Schlumberger (_URL_
Smart Silicon Systems (_URL_
SmartDisk (_URL_
Spyrus (_URL_
Tai Hao (_URL_
Todos (_URL_
Towitoko (_URL_
Utimaco (_URL_
VeriFone (_URL_
Zeitcontrol (_URL_
Software Publishers
Aspects Software (_URL_
Fischer International (_URL_
Pipistrel Software (_URL_
SSE (_URL_
PCSC Drivers
CardMan drivers (_URL_
GemPlus Drivers
(_URL_
Intertex drivers (_URL_
 42
 Appendix B
Here is the resource regarding to the attack to the smartcards which I
collected recently.
Resource: Bruce Schneier and Adam Shostack, "Breaking Up Is Hard To
Do: Modeling Security Threats for Smart Cards", Oct. 19, 1999
7.3. Detail attacks methods and theories
7.3.1. Attacks by the Terminal Against the Cardholder or Data
Owner
These are the easiest attacks to understand. When a cardholder puts his
card into a terminal, he is trusting the terminal to relay any input and
output from the card accurately. For example, if a user puts a stored
value card into a vending machine and makes a $1 purchase, he is
relying on the terminal to send a \deduct $1" message to the card, and
not a \deduct $10." Similarly, when the card sends a message to the
cardholder that says \balance = $1," the cardholder is relying on the
terminal's screen to relay that message accurately. The ability for a
rogue terminal to do damage in this environment is significant, and it is
impossible for the cardholder to detect this kind of fraud in the context of
a single terminal. This kind of fraud has been attempted using fake ATM
machines.
Prevention mechanisms in most smartcardsystems center around the
fact that the terminal only has access to a card for a short period of time.
Software on the card could limit the amount of damage a rogue terminal
could do. A stored-value card could, for example, only allow the terminal
to deduct $1 maximum per transaction, and to perform no more than
one transaction every minute. However, there are prevention
mechanisms that involve having the user own the smartcardterminal,
such as one attached to a personal computer. The real prevention
mechanisms, though, have nothing to do with the smart card/terminal
exchange; they are the back-end processing systems that monitor the
 43
cards and terminals, and suspicious behavior.
7.3.2. Attacks by the Cardholder Against the Terminal
More subtle are attacks by the cardholder against the terminal. These
involve fake or modified cards running rogue software, with the intent of
subverting the protocol between the card and


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Photonic Crystal Structures with Tunable Structure Color as Colorimetric Sensors
AbstractColorimetric sensing, which transduces environmental changes into visible color changes, provides a simple yet powerful detection mechanism that is well-suited to the development of low-cost and low-power sensors. A new approach in colorimetric sensing exploits the structural color of photonic crystals (PCs) to create environmentally-influenced color-changeable materials. PCs are composed of periodic dielectrics or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) by defining the allowed and forbidden photonic bands. Simultaneously, an amazing variety of naturally occurring biological systems exhibit iridescent color due to the presence of PC structures throughout multi-dimensional space. In particular, some kinds of the structural colors in living organisms can be reversibly changed in reaction to external stimuli. Based on the lessons learned from natural photonic structures, some specific examples of PCs-based colorimetric sensors are presented in detail to demonstrate their unprecedented potential in practical applications, such as the detections of temperature, pH, ionic species, solvents, vapor, humidity, pressure and biomolecules. The combination of the nanofabrication technique, useful design methodologies inspired by biological systems and colorimetric sensing will lead to substantial developments in low-cost, miniaturized and widely deployable optical sensors. View Full-Text
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Wang, H.; Zhang, K.-Q. Photonic Crystal Structures with Tunable Structure Color as Colorimetric Sensors. Sensors 2013, 13, 4192-4213.
Wang H, Zhang K-Q. Photonic Crystal Structures with Tunable Structure Color as Colorimetric Sensors. Sensors. 2013; 13(4):_URL_ Style
Wang, Hui; Zhang, Ke-Qin. 2013. "Photonic Crystal Structures with Tunable Structure Color as Colorimetric Sensors." Sensors 13, no. 4: 4192-4213.