both dry sandy areas and moist areas (for details see reference [44]).
The sand lizard is a short-legged, rather robust, small to medium sized lizard (up to 110 mm snout to vent length (SVL)) from the family Lacertidae. It is a ground-dwelling and strongly diurnal species with one of the widest distribution ranges of all reptiles [45]. In the study area the sand lizard is a common species, and an average of 0.37 individuals were noted on 200 m transect route [44].
Lizard and tick sampling
Lizards were captured using landing fishnets or by hand, then aged (adult, sub-adult and juvenile) and sexed. Animals were examined for the presence of ticks, which were removed with forceps and stored in 70% ethanol. Ticks were identified to species and aged using a binocular microscope, according to Siuda [17].
From each individual lizard a skin biopsy was taken from collar scales (3-4 mm in length) with sterile scissors and put in separate vials with 70% ethanol. This method had been previously successfully used to detect tick-borne pathogens in reptiles [4, 5]. The collar is an extension of the skin, hence this method is only minimally invasive to the lizard. The sample is also easy to obtain. To avoid resampling the same individual, lizards were permanently marking using Medical Cautery Units (unpublished observations).
Lizard capture was carried out according to Polish law and the ethical commission for the study on animals (LKE 12/2007).
DNA isolation
Immediately prior to extraction, ticks and tissues were dried for 30 min to evaporate the ethanol. Each sample was cut with a disposable sterile scalpel. Genomic DNA from lizard scales and from ticks was isolated by alkaline hydrolysis, according to previous reference [46], with a 30 min. incubation time. Cut samples were incubated in the presence of 100 μl ammonium hydroxide (0,5 mol/l) at 100°C for 30 minutes in 1.5 ml tube, followed by 10 minutes at 100°C with the tube open. Isolated DNA was stored at -20°C.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
PCR amplification was performed in a total of 25 μl reaction mixture of a MasterTaq DNA polymerase kit (Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany) containing 10.4 μl of deionized water, 5.0 μl of 5 × TaqMaster PCR Enhancer, 2.5 μl of 10 × Taq buffer (with 15 mM Mg2+), 1.5 μl of a 25 mM solution of Mg(OAc)2, 0.1 μl of Taq DNA polymerase (5 U/ml), 0.5 μl of dNTP-mix (10 mM) (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania), 1.25 μl of each primer (10 pmole/μl) (Invitrogen, Paisley, Scotland), and 2.5 μl of DNA template.
In order to verify that DNA had been successfully isolated from each tick, primers for the fragment of the tick's mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (620 bp) were used [47]. Verification of successfully isolated DNA from lizard scales was carried out using primers for the fragment of the vertebrate's 12S rDNA [48]. Seven negative samples of ticks and two negative samples of lizards were excluded from further analysis.
Samples with successfully isolated DNA of ticks and lizard were examined for the presence of Anaplasmataceae DNA by amplifying a portion of the region of the 16S (rrs) rRNA gene of the family Anaplasmataceae[37, 49]. Samples were also examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. by amplifying a portion of the 5S (rrfA)-23S (rrlB) rDNA intergenic spacer [50]. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel, stained with Gold View Nucleic Acid Stain, and visualized with a UV transilluminator.
RFLP analysis
The positive PCR products of the 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions were further analyzed by RFLP. Previously extracted DNA of B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. valaisiana, B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. lusitaniae were used as positive controls. For each positive sample 13 μl of amplified DNA were digested at 65°C overnight in a solution containing 5 U of Tru1 I (300 u/ml) and 1 × Buffer R (Fermentas). Electrophoresis was carried out in 16% polyacrylamide gel at 150 V for 3 h. The gels were stained with SYBR Gold nucleic acid gel stain (Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) for 20 min, and bands were visualized with a UV transilluminator.
All procedures, DNA isolation, PCR, and electrophoresis were performed in separate rooms using different pipettes and racks, with separate lab coats and disposable gloves worn in each laboratory to prevent carry-over contamination and to avoid false-positive results. PCR mixture was prepared in a sterile PCR box. All liquid handling procedures were performed using disposable sterile filter tips. In each DNA isolation and PCR reaction, a negative control (water) was included.
DNA sequencing of PCR products
Three randomly selected PCR products of 16S rDNA of the Anaplasmataceae family were sequenced in the Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice. Sequencing only a few selected samples to exactly verify a bacterium species is an acceptable procedure [14]. Prior to the sequencing, PCR products were purified using a QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). The complementary strands of each sequenced product were manually assembled.
Index of co-infection (Ic)
Ginsberg [38] developed an index of co-infection (Ic), which quantify the degree of departure of the number of mixed infections from independence. This is defined as the difference of the number of co-infections from the number expected due to chance alone, as a percentage of the total number of infected ticks in the sample.
I c = [ ( O - E ) N ] × 1 0 0 ,
where: O = number of observed coinfections, E = expected number of co-infected ticks due to chance alone, N = total number of ticks infected by either or both microorganisms.
E = [ ( a + b ) ( a + c ) ] ( a + b + c + d ) ,
N = a + b + c ,
where: a = number of ticks infected with both bacteria (equals O), b = number of ticks infected only with microorganism 1, c = number of ticks infected only with microorganism 2, and d = number of ticks not infected with either microorganism. Ic is positive when the number of co-infections is greater than expected, and negative when there are fewer co-infections than would be expected due to chance alone. Significance of the index was calculated by a chi-square test.
Statistical analysis
To improve sample size and show more general patterns, data from the two breeding seasons (2008 and 2009) were pooled. Statistics were performed using SPSS for Windows, and all tests are two-tailed. Confidence limits (95% CL) for binary, presence-absence, data were calculated in an Excel macro.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all those who helped us in the field and laboratory, especially Víchová B. and Peťko B. Tim Sparks critically read previous versions of the manuscript. We would like to thank Howard S. Ginsberg for discussion on the co-infection index.
This work was supported by grants N N 303 317 433 and N N 304 381 338 from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland. A. E. is a scholar of Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation in 2011.
Authors' Affiliations
(1)
Department of Behavioural Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
(2)
Parasitological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040-01, Košice, Slovakia
(3)
Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71 c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
References
 1. Levin ML, des Vignes F, Fish D: Disparsity in the natural cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Emer Infect Dis. 1999, 5: 204-208. 10.3201/eid0502.990203.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
 2. Ragagli C, Bertolotti L, Giacobini M, Mannelli A, Bisanzio D, Amore G, Tomassone L: Transmission Dynamics of Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia afzelii Among Ixodes ricinus, Lizards, and Mice in Tuscany, Central Italy. Vector-Borne Zoonot. 2009, 9: 1-8. 10.1089/vbz.2008.0046.View ArticleGoog


text:
How to Do Two French Braids
2 braids into a ponytail
A simple and lovely hairdo is a French braid. Once you've mastered the single French braid, you may experiment with two French braids in your hair for even more styling options. Two French braids may take your ponytail braid and turn it into pigtails, half ponytails, or even buns.
1. How to Make French Braided Pigtails
1. Make a center part in your hair. Begin by brushing the hair and separating it in the center. Make sure the part extends all the way from the hairline to the nape. Pull the two pieces of hair over your shoulders, as if you're about to knot them into pigtails.
- Your hair part does not have to be a strict straight line. For a trendy boho look, you may have an untidy, uneven part. A zig-zag component may add some funk to your look.
2. Begin by braiding the foundation. To begin, choose a side. Take a tiny piece of hair about.5 inch (1.3 cm) from your hairline. With your fingertips, separate this portion of hair from the rest of the hair. Make three strands out of this area. Begin the foundation braid with a normal braid. Cross the right strand across the center strand. Then, across the new centre, cross the left strand.
- You may wish to use a hair band to tighten the other, loose side. This will assist prevent it from getting mixed up with the side you're braiding.
- The foundation braid will be placed on the side of the head. You should braid along either side of your head if you're doing French braid pigtails. The braids will be placed just between the ears and the part.
- Start with a bigger piece if you want a looser braid.
- If you have thick hair, you should work in greater parts.
3. Start the French braid. Connect the correct strand with a short bit of loose hair. While dragging the center strand to the right, cross the right strand across the middle strand. To the left strand, add a short portion of loose hair. While dragging the central strand to the left, cross the left strand across the new middle strand.
- Keep your hands close to your head to keep the braid secure.
- When adding hair to the strands, be careful to add an equal quantity of hair each time. This keeps the braids clean and consistent, rather than uneven.
4. Carry on braiding. Continue french braiding the hair as you proceed down the side of the head. Hair will be pulled from around the hairline in the front and from the part in the rear. When you need to create a new layer, divide the hair in a horizontal line.
- Continue braiding in a standard 3-strand braid until you run out of hair to add to the braid.
- As you braid, be careful to maintain the braid tight. This may be accomplished simply pulling the parts apart.
- If you're braiding your own hair, keep both arms on one side rather than holding them over your head since it'll be easier.
5.Hair should be tied back. Tie your braid with hair ties after it has reached the desired length. Hair clips, ribbon, and other accessories may be added.
6. Rep on the other side. Repeat steps 2-5 on the opposite side of the head with the hair. The braids should all appear the same. Make sure they all come to a halt at the same point, and attempt to use matching hair ties on each side.
- Instead of braiding all the way to the ends of your hair, stop at the nape of your neck for a different kind of French braid pigtails. Use a hair tie to secure the French braid. Because the hair draping over your shoulders will be loose, you may straighten or curl it.
- A bun is another option for two French braid pigtails. After completing one of the French braids, wrap the tail of the braid around your head and pin it into a bun at the back of your head. Using bobby pins, secure the hair. Rep on the opposite side, pinning the second braid to the top of the bun. Use as many bobby pins as you need to keep the bun in place.
2. Making French Braids on Both Sides
1. Part your hair. Part your hair in the middle after brushing it. The part should only go from your hairline to the crown of your head.
2.Begin with a foundation braid. To begin, choose a side. Separate a tiny part of hair around your face from the rest of your hair. Make three equal strands out of this. Make a classic braid for the foundation braid by crossing the right strand over the center and then the left strand over the middle.
- These braids will be made up of little strands that will curl around the back of the head and meet in the center. You are not attempting to braid your whole head of hair into the strands.
- Another approach to get this look is to make two bigger braids. This will give the style a slightly distinct appearance. Repeat the process, but this time add additional hair. The bigger braids will slope downwards more than the smaller braids, meeting just under the crown rather than in the cente of the head.
- Angle the braid away from the face and towards the rear of the head as you begin it. Don't slant it down.
3. Start the French braid. Connect a short bit of hair to the right strand, then cross the now-larger strand across the center. Insert a short length of hair into the left strand, then cross the now-larger strand across the new center. This should be repeated all the way around the head's curvature.
- Stop braiding once you reach the center of your head. Use a clip or a hair tie to keep it in place.
4.Rep on the other side. Steps 2 and 3 should be repeated on the other side of the hair. The two strands should meet at the back of your head in the center. They should be around the same size.
- The braids are forming a braided half-ponytail. Most of your hair will be loose.
5. Hair should be combined. Take the clips or hair ties from the half ponytail's two sides. Combine these two strands.
6. As requested, style. You may now arrange your hair whatever you like with the two French braids running down your head. For a trendy half-up do, fix the half ponytail with a clip or hair tie. You may also put your hair up in a ponytail. Wrap the ponytail into a bun and fasten with bobby pins for a more refined look.
- The two French braids will lay slightly above the ponytail or bun if you style it into a ponytail or bun.
- You may also combine the two braids to form a single three-strand braid that runs down your back. To achieve this, join the left and middle portions of your left braid into one strand, the right segment of your left braid and the left section of your right braid into one strand, and the middle and right sections of your right braid into one strand. Then, braid in a classic three-strand braid.
3. Making a French Braid Crown with Two French Braids
1. Part your hair. Brush your hair and then separate it down the center. The part should extend from the hairline to the nape of the neck.
- Use a hair tie to secure one side of your hair. This will keep it out of the way until you need it.
- Alternately, separate your hair to one side to make two different sized braids, or create a soft, sloppy part.
2.Begin with a foundation braid. Gather your hair around the nape of your neck. Make three portions in your hair. Cross the right strand through the centre, then the left strand through the middle. This results in the anchor braid.
- You may also make a braided crown by French braiding your hair in pigtails and wrapping each braid up and around your head. Tuck the braid's ends beneath and pin it to your scalp.
3.Start a Dutch braid. Cross a portion of hair beneath the center strand, then add a segment to the right strand. Cross a portion of hair beneath the center strand, then add a segment to the left strand. You should be braiding your hair up and over your head.
- Dutch braids are also known as inverted French braids or reverse French braids. The hair is braided beneath rather than over, as in a typical French braid.
- Instead of braiding from the top of the head down, this braid will be done from the bottom of the head up.
- Before you begin, you may wish to comb your hair in an upward manner to ensure that it is already in the correct direction.
4. Continue braiding the hair around the head. Because this is a crown braid, the braid should follow the contour of the head. Continue Dutch braiding by incorporating hair into the outside strands and crossing beneath.
- Make sure the quantity of hair put to the strands is consistent each time. This keeps the braid consistent rather than uneven.
5.Once you've reached your hairline's middle part, switch to a plait braid. You will cease adding hair on that side at the central part in the front of your hair. Stop dutch braiding your hair at this stage and start plaiting it. To finish that side, a basic three-strand braid is used.
- Simply knot your hair off if it ends at the portion. Because this style works best on long hair, the braid will most likely terminate somewhere around the brow.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) is a new experiment at Jefferson Laboratory to search for heavy photons, a particle predicted by dark matter and dark energy extensions to the Standard Model of particle physics, in the mass range of 20 MeV/c2 to 1000 MeV/c2 . The experiment also has the potential to discover true muonium, a bound state of a muon and an antimuon that is predicted to exist, but has never been observed. The true muonium atom should be produced by an electron beam incident on a target, such as the tungsten target used in the HPS experiment. Similar to the decay of the heavy photon, a triplet state of true muonium will decay to an electron-positron pair, allowing it to be detected in the same way. Since the mass of the atom will be about twice the mass of a muon, or approximately 211 MeV/c2 , and the decay length is expected to be on the order of centimeters, a precise search window can be specified. Simulations of this experiment were performed and an analysis was carried out to calculate how well we can expect to observe true muonium. Based on this analysis, the Heavy Photon Search will have a reconstruction efficiency of 16-20 %, and will be able to observe and fully reconstruct approximately 35 events after a month of running with a 6.6 MeV electron beam. As a result, the true muonium signal is expected to be statistically significant above the background signal.
Date of Publication or Presentation
Undergraduate Research Project
College or School
Civello, Chad N., "Analyzing Heavy Photon Search Simulations to Determine the Potential for True Muonium Discovery" (2014). Student Research Projects. 8.


How does Texas Law Prohibit Sexual Harassment?
First, employers in Ellis County are often required to formulate company policies regarding sexual conduct, which must be posted and visible to employees. Matters covered by such policies should include contact information used by employees to report incidents, handling procedures for claims, and corrective measures (in the event that a claim turns out to be successful).
There are also agencies which are established by federal and Texas law for the specific purpose of handling sexual harassment cases. Such agencies have the authority to investigate work sites to determine if the complaints they receive in Ellis County are true. Additionally, these laws prohibit employers from firing an employee for alleging sexual harassment or taking any action in retaliation to a claim.
How can a Texas attorney help?
A claim for sexual harassment may be difficult to investigate and establish without the proper expertise in the relevant areas of law. It's not uncommon for federal investigators to be too overworked to handle individual claims. Thus, hiring an attorney in Ellis County can be the safest way to file your claim within the deadlines for sexual harassment claims that Texas has defined.


text:
Ngspice is a general-purpose circuit simulator program.
It implements three classes of analysis:
- Nonlinear DC analyses
- Nonlinear Transient analyses
- Linear AC analyses
Ngspice implements the usual circuits elements, like resistors, capacitors,
inductors (single or mutual), transmission lines and a growing number of
semiconductor devices like diodes, bipolar transistors, mosfets (both bulk
and SOI), mesfets, jfet and HFET. Ngspice implements the EKV model but it
cannot be distributed with the package since its license does not allow to
redistribute EKV source code.
Ngspice integrates Xspice, a mixed-mode simulator built upon spice3c1 (and
then some tweak is necessary merge it with spice3f5). Xspice provides a
codemodel interface and an event-driven simulation algorithm. Users can
develop their own models for devices using the codemodel interface.


text:
Ben-Gurion University and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center are developing medical devices for pediatric patients.
A computer-based therapy relieves anxiety disorders in young patients without the need for drugs, according to an Israeli university study.
A new drug delivery system puts thousands of toxic pharmaceutical molecules inside a targeted missile which goes off only when it reaches cancerous tissue.
Sepsis, a blood infection, causes more than 200,000 deaths in US hospitals every year. A non-invasive monitoring device from Israel is changing that.
New cell research from Israel suggests the need for a radically different approach to chemotherapy.
Israel's BioView is pairing its imaging technology with fluorescent DNA markers to help doctors find this deadly cancer before it's too late.
URINFO, a new medical device from Israel inspired by agricultural technology, takes the guesswork out of diagnosing a kidney injury.
An Israeli team has made medical history with its ability to transform skin stem cells from heart-disease patients into healthy heart tissue.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Our LAR toxicity analyzer TOXAlarm™ continually monitors drinking and surface water for pollutants. Potential toxins in water are determined through the reaction of highly sensitive bacteria. The measurements follow at intervals of less than 5 minutes even after events of detecting toxicity.
With the ToxAlarm, measurements can be taken within 5-minute intervals. Thus, allowing enough time to introduce countermeasures after the occurance of pollution. The ToxAlarm offers three warning levels, which can be individually set. ToxAlarm contains a bacteria culture, which constantly and independently produces biomass. This means that there is enough bacteria at all times for each new measurement. As every water sample is tested with a fresh amount of bacteria, the risk of the fermenter being contaminated is ruled out.
The analyzer is extremely low in maintenance because the bacteria mass constantly proliferates on its own for months at a time. Its only requirement is the feeding of a nutritional solution every two weeks.
Reliable operation is guaranteed by the separation of the analytical compartment from the electronics and by the use of high-quality materials.
For a complete range of application, system and service options, please contact us.
Americas _PHONE_
EMEA +49 30 278 958 10
China/APAC +86 _PHONE_


text:
|resources:||Home Installation Source Bugs Screenshots Roadmap RGTP URLs|
HOWTO: add a new protocol to Mozilla
STILL BEING WRITTEN.
Prerequisite: Some idea about component-based architecture, and XPCOM in particular.
Overview: This document gives an overview of the process needed to implement a new protocol handler in Mozilla, so that you can make it recognise new kinds of URL. (For example, you might invent a protocol called
penguin. Then users would be able to retrieve some kind of document by entering URLs such as "
You do this by creating two components: a protocol handler and a channel. The protocol handler is Mozilla's one-stop shop for information about your protocol. When the user asks for a URL from your protocol, Mozilla will ask the protocol handler to return a channel, which is a component which can be repeatedly polled to retrieve more and more of the document.
I'm not an expert. This document may contain mistakes, though I hope it doesn't. If you find any, please let me know.
Note about Archangel: Archangel's back end is a component
_USER_.org/archangel/client;1, with the interface
nsIReverseGossip. This means that all the details of RGTP are kept separate from the implementation of the
rgtp: protocol, which lives in the file
archangel-protocol.js. You might like to follow through that file as you read this document.
The protocol handler in detail: Define a component with the contract ID
So in our example:
This component should implement nsIProtocolHandler, which involves implementing these attributes and methods:
- Returns a channel which can serve the document which uri points at. See below for how to make the channel.
nsIURI newURI(original, charset, baseURI)
- Returns an nsIURI object created from a string. Mostly you can just instantiate an _USER_.org/network/standard-url;1 and let it do the work for you. If baseURI is set, the string is relative to another URI, which is a pain in the neck.
- The default port number assigned to the protocol. (Of course, users can pick their own port numbers using the
:portsyntax in the URL, but this is what they get if they don't.) If port numbers don't make sense with this protocol, either use -1 or use a dummy value. (Venkman's protocol "
x-jsd" uses 2206, a reference to Ghostbusters).
- The name of this scheme, the same as protocol in the contract ID. (I'm not sure why this is needed, because you already know the protocol if you've got this far. But there it is.)
- Sum whichever of the following are relevant:
Identifier Value When to use
1 This protocol can't serve up documents which contain relative links.
2 This protocol has no concept of usernames or passwords.
4 Socks proxies (or, if
ALLOWS_PROXY_HTTPis also set, HTTP proxies) know how to deal with this protocol. If you set this, but you don't set
ALLOWS_PROXY_HTTP, your component will need to implement nsIProxiedProtocolHandler as well, which is beyond the scope of this document.
ALLOWS_PROXY. If you set this, you must set
boolean allowPort(port, scheme)
- The user can request an unusual port by adding
:portafter the hostname in the URL. However, there are certain ports that Mozilla usually won't let the user request for security reasons. This lets you override that and let the user make a request on a potentially unsafe port.
The channel in detail: The channel doesn't have to have a contract ID, because it's never requested by name, only supplied by protocol handlers. It should implement nsIChannel, though if you want to do anything particularly funky you may want to descend a new kind of channel (like nsIFTPChannel) with any extra stuff you need.
The methods and attributes you need to implement are the ordinary nsIChannel ones:
void asyncOpen(listener, context)
- This should make listener (an nsIStreamListener) the place to send bits of the document as they come in. You should call its
onDataAvailablemethod, passing in the new pieces of data. (context also gets passed in that call, unchanged.)
- Don't bother implementing this. It's optional, can't be used in a lot of places, and callers will always use asyncOpen() instead if this isn't present. Instead, just throw
- The length of the data that's coming in, if you know, or -1 if you don't.
- The MIME type of the data that's coming in.
- The charset of the data that's coming in, if applicable. (What format is this supposed to be in?)
- The URI used to construct this channel. You can return the one that was passed to the protocol handler's
- The owner of this channel. Not sure what good this is. Seems to work if you return null.
- Something to do with progress indicators and so on. Still trying to find out what. Seems to work if you return null.
- Don't know. Can anyone tell me? Works if you return null.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Eovations's mineral/thermoplastic composite has a modulus of elasticity between 500,000 psi and 800,000 psi, but a modulus of rupture of zero. It can flex extremely well, but does not have a catastrophic failure mode. (Source: Eovations)
_USER_: Okay, apparently you learned some highly non-standard definitions. According to Instron's glossary of materials testing, modulus of rupture is synonymous with flexural strength. If you Google "modulus of rupture," you'll see that this is the most commonly used definition. Clearly, "the flexural strength is zero" would not be a correct statement.
The derivation of the most widely-used modulus of rupture formula assumes that the material deforms in a linear and elastic way, so the formula no longer applies after the yield point. However, this doesn't mean that "the modulus of rupture is zero"; it just means that the formula no longer correctly predicts the stress.
As far as "catastrophic failure" goes, the most common definition seems to be "(sudden) failure from which recovery is impossible."
Give me any material, and I guarantee I can find a way to make it fail such that you'll never get it back into its original shape. Hit it hard enough, and it will fail catastrophically.
_USER_: The fact that something bends before it breaks doesn't mean that it doesn't have a catastrophic failure mode -- it just means that it bends first. If you continue to load it, it will fail catastrophically, sooner or later. (Steel bends before it breaks, too, but you can point to any number of catastrophic failures of steel structures).
And "the modulus of rupture is zero" is just plain wrong. As I said, modulus of rupture is a measure of the load-carrying capacity of a beam. If the load-carrying capacity were zero, it would be useless.
Modulus of rupture just isn't a useful number for something that yields before it breaks, since the equation assumes no yielding.
TJ, thanks for the clarification. Determining that would probably take a detailed lifecycle analysis. Although these are now voluntary, and not nearly as common as many of us would like, I hope that someday they'll be required as an item on the data sheet.
The original question was worse for the environment - structural members made from wood or the composites described in the article.
The lumber industry sells itself as renewable because the companies plant trees to replace the ones harvested, and the renewal process is pretty straight forward - Cut down a forest, make lumber, plant seedlings in the now-cleared area, come back in 20 years or so and repeat.
IF the composites are made from organic feedstocks, they may be the equal of wood's impact on the environment. If they're made from petrochemicals, one would probably have to say they have a larger impact.
Lou, I thought the hurricane-resistance use was one of the most intriguing and unique about this material, aside from the more mundane uses like deck replacement. Chuck, this is not aimed at high load-bearing structural components such as bridge beams: as we state, it's for lighter construction uses such as decks and pontoons.
Interesting development. Nice to see these sort of efforts moving forward. They may not always be the most cost effective, but it's a step in the right direction. I wonder if this is one of those "we can do it in the lab, so let's see if we can sell it" sort of things or if they actually had a specific market in mind.
We looked at a number of sources to determine this year's greenest cars, from KBB to automotive trade magazines to environmental organizations. These 14 cars emerged as being great at either stretching fuel or reducing carbon footprint.
A quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3D printing OEMs and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, Stratasys. The industrial revolution is now led by 3D printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time-to-market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. Bruce Bradshaw, Director of Marketing in North America, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help CAD designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. This broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3D printing. 3D Printing is


Here's a List of Some Toxic & Safe Ones!
We as humans eat many different kinds of foods and sometimes we like to give a little to our cat friends. Many always wonder if some of these foods are actually safe to give to our furry friends. That's why we compiled this list.
Although it's not even close to covering all of the foods out there it does least give cat owners an idea of what might be okay for their cats to consume and which foods they should definitely stay away from.
Here's an infographic with an overview of some human foods your cat can and cannot eat:
list of human foods cats can eat
Want to use this infographic on your blog? Just copy and paste the code below!
Disclaimer: Always remember that cats function differently than humans and aren't meant to consume some foods that humans can eat. If you're ever not sure about feeding your cat a particular food, don't do it
If your cat has consumed a food you're not sure was safe, make sure to call your veterinarian first. Lastly, always remember that some foods may be okay for some cats, but others may not do well consuming them. There always be debate over certain foods. Just remember, moderation is best!
Answer: In Moderation
Although some adult cats do suffer from lactose intolerance, your cat can eat yogurt. Yogurt is the safest dairy product to feed a cat. Cats often enjoy the flavor of yogurt, and there are some health benefits in yogurt for felines.
can cats eat yogurt?
Yogurt is considered healthy for cats because of the active bacteria cultures that live inside plain yogurt. The bacteria cultures found in yogurt can boost your cat's immune system and promote efficient digestion. Intestinal flora in bacteria cultures help a cat's stomach and ensure healthier bowel movements
If your cat is suffering from diarrhea, then a small dose of yogurt before their main meal is recommended. Yogurt is even beneficial for our feline friends when they've swallowed one too many hairballs.
The key to treating your cat to yogurt now and then is to monitor their reactions to it. If your cat shows adverse reactions to a bit of yogurt, then he or she may have a strong case of lactose intolerance. Thus, you won't want to give your furball any more yogurt. Start with a small serving of yogurt and test your kitty's tolerance.
Yogurt is the best dairy product for adult cats to eat. Just make sure you feed your cat plain yogurt. Sugars and additives in flavored variations are sure to upset your cat's stomach.
Answer: SURE!
can cats eat salmonYour cat can eat salmon, but it's not the best food for your feline. Salmon will not cause your cat to throw up or have an upset stomach. However, you should not feed your cat a diet strictly of salmon or any other fish product. No matter how much our furry friends love it.
Fish products are fine for your cat, but they don't have adequate nutrition for your furry friend. Your cat may come running every time he or she smells some salmon or tuna, but that doesn't mean you can switch their diet to all fish. Cat food has all the nutrients your cat needs, like taurine and more. Fish does not have the right amount of nutrients for your cat.
There is some difference in the type of fish you feed your cat. Canned fish and raw fish both have their negatives. Parasites, additives, and more can be in some types of fish and harm your cat.
Even though your cat loves the smell and taste of salmon – it's best to give them nibbles of salmon or tuna as a treat. And no matter how loud your feline meows, you cannot make salmon a central part of your cat's diet.
cats can eat cheese
Cats can eat cheese in moderation, but be careful if they're lactose intolerant!
Cats often love cheese, and the protein in it can be good for them. The problem is many cats develop a bit of lactose intolerance as they reach adulthood. This means cheese, or any other dairy product, could cause your feline friend stomach issues and diarrhea.
If you want to give your cat cheese, then start with a subtle portion. See how your cat reacts to the cheese over the next 12-24 hours. If your feline seems fine, then you should be able to feed your cat small portions of cheese on occasion.
Portions are essential when talking about cats and cheese. While a little slice may be fine, your cat will certainly get sick if it eats too much cheese (or any dairy product). Make cheese a special treat for your cat if he or she likes it.
(Cat's litter box full? See our clumping litter reviews)
As many cats do really like cheese, some owners have been able to use cheese to help their furry friends take medicine. Cat owners have been known to grind up medications their cats need to take and then place the powder on a small slice of cheese. This is the only way many cats will ingest the drug.
If your cat really likes cheese – just remember to start small and slow. Give your feline a little piece and make sure he or she can handle it. Cats can eat cheese, but only in moderation.
can cats eat bread? is it safe? here's the answer
Cats can eat baked bread in moderation, but be careful of raw dough!
Cats have no issue digesting bread. Eat baked bread will provide no real problem for your cat. Nor will eating bread provide any nutritional benefit to your cat. So it's pretty pointless to feed any bread to them. The particular nutritional needs that cats require makes bread a worthless for them.
You can give your cat some bread as a treat now and then, but it should never become a significant part of their diet. A small piece of bread will suffice. And make sure any bread you feed your cat is not covered in sauces or spreads like jelly or peanut butter.
Cats can eat bread, but make sure to do so in moderation. If your cat likes bread, then give them a small piece as a treat now and then.
*One important note – bread dough can be terrible for your cat. You should never allow your cat to eat bread dough. Furthermore, if your cat does somehow eat some bread dough, you should take them to the veterinary as fast as possible. Bread dough can rise in a cat's stomach and create many health issues. These issues will occur rapidly after the dough has been consumed.
Answer: SURE!
can cats eat broccoliYour cat can eat broccoli. Whether your furry friend would want a piece of broccoli is a different story. This vegetable is completely safe for your cat to consume, but don't be surprised if he or she has no interest in the leafy green.
While your cat may not want to eat broccoli, if he or she does like broccoli then you can feed it to them often. Broccoli offers some health benefits to your cat, including being packed with anti-oxidants and being an excellent source of roughage for you cat.
Cats may be attracted to broccoli when they have a stomach ache. In a similar manner to how grass and other leafy greens seem healing to them in times of stomach pain – broccoli does, too. Don't think that because your cat ate broccoli and then threw up it is not good for them. There's a high chance the cat's stomach was already in disarray if he or she wanted broccoli.
Feed your cat broccoli if you like. As with any human food, you should start with a small portion and work your way up.
can cats drink milk or cream
There are many variables to consider before serving milk or cream to your cat.
In most cases, an adult cat should not drink milk or cream. This seems counterintuitive as images of cats lapping up milk is seen all over. While kittens can drink milk when they're born, an adult cat is likely to have some lactose intolerance.
Milk is an incredible source of energy for young cats, but the enzyme that allows cats to digest milk disappears from their gut as they age. This creates lactose intolerance in most adult cats.
Even though milk may upset the stomach of an adult cat – many felines still love to lap up milk. The flavor of milk is preferable to most cats and the fat in the milk is good for them. This doesn't mean you should give your cat much milk, it's still best for them to drink water.
Avoid allowing your cat to consume milk as much as possible. A few sips now and then are okay for your furry friend, but anything more than that will usually lead to a stomach ache.
The less milk or cream your cat consumes – the better.
can cats eat apples
Cats can eat apples.
In moderation, apples are one of the healthier people foods for your furry friend. The key is to never, ever feed your cat the core of an apple. The seeds contain cyanide, which can be very harmful to your animal. An apple core can poison your feline.
Don't let this scare you from feeding your cat a little apple on occasion. Just keep the portions relatively mediocre and avoid the core. Apples are healthy for cats because they contain many vitamins and nutrients, like calcium, vitamin C, vitamin K, and pectin. The phytonutrients in the skin of an apple are also great for your cat.
Not only are apples good for your kitty – many cats love the taste of apples. Don't be afraid to give your cat a slice or two of an apple as a treat or as a topping on their cat food, especially if he or she takes a liking to the fruit.
There are a few cat foods that contain apples, but a few fresh slices to munch on is


the Nuances of generation of the application through the change chart
Model-Driven Development
When developing applications using Flexberry Designer use Model-Driven Architecture - that is, development is by creating and refining models.
Unfortunately, to confine the creation of a model is impossible, since you need to implement are unique to each project logic. However, Flexberry Designer allows you to take on a routine of creating applications and significantly speed up the development process.
As the renderer model used by UML. However, the model is not limited to define charts: there are many metadata affecting the generation of the executable code of the application.
Development through the modification of the model
After the creation of the first model there is possibility to generate executable code for the application.
Adding unique functionality to the generated application by appending executable code, but often there is a need for changes to the model. To make the programmer changes are not lost when changes to the model were created brackets programmer: all code written within these parentheses will not be lost when changes are made to the model and re-generate the executable code. All the code that lies outside the brackets, in contrast, is overwritten in accordance with the current state of the model.
Переведено сервисом «Яндекс.Переводчик»


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Giovanni Valle is a licensed architect and LEED-accredited professional and is certified by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). He is the author and managing editor of various digital publications, including BuilderSpace, Your Own Architect, and Interiors Place.
Bond beams, also called lintel blocks, are used in masonry construction to provide continuous horizontal reinforcement. This is typically achieved by filling U-shaped masonry units with grout or concrete and steel reinforcement.
The purpose of a bond beam is to provide horizontal structural support above openings and along building walls. An example would be at the head of a window or door opening. Because openings by their nature create an unsupported condition, bond beams play a critical role in maintaining the structural integrity of walls.
Often, bond beams are used within a building or freestanding wall that requires additional reinforcement. This might be for providing added structural support for wind loads or, in extreme conditions, for hurricanes or seismic activity.
Bond Beam Uses
Bond beams are commonly used above openings. However, they can also be used at the top or bottom of walls or integrated anywhere within the wall structure to provide greater reinforcement.
This is particularly useful at locations where the wall is not braced by floors or by the roof structure. A free-standing wall, for example, can be reinforced with the use of bond beams to better withstand lateral forces (i.e., wind loads).
Bond beams can also serve as anchorage for floors and roof structures since they provide a solid surface to which joists and other structural members can be secured.
When used above openings, such as doors and windows, bond beams help support the weight of the wall above the opening. This allows the openings to be larger than they would be otherwise.
How Does a Bond Beam Work?
Bond beams work by creating horizontal reinforcement along a building wall. This is achieved by infilling a series of adjacent U-shaped masonry blocks with either grout or concrete.
In addition to the grout or concrete, steel rebar is used to connect adjacent blocks along the bond beam. This creates a strong structural bond between the masonry units.
Because they are open on the sides, the blocks themselves are connected to one another with grout or concrete. This helps to further reinforce the horizontal continuity of the adjacent blocks.
Bond beam blocks are typically pre-manufactured to hold grout or concrete inside. They have a hollow interior with a solid bottom to support the grout or concrete within.
How Often do You Need a Bond Beam?
The location of a bond beam will depend on the design of the building wall. The number and locations of openings, floor levels, the wall height, and specific lateral load requirements all influence the use of bond beams.
Bond beams or lintels are needed everywhere there is an opening along a wall. They are primarily used above the opening, however, they can also be used at the bottom.
Bond beams are also placed at regular intervals along a wall when used to reinforce the structure. They are also commonly used at the top or bottom of the wall or at each floor level.
Types of Bond Beam Blocks
Blocks used for bond beams are typically rectangular in shape. The most common type are U-shaped blocks. They are hollow and shaped like a "U" on the inside when viewed in section, thus the name.
Sometimes they will have two square cutouts in the center. Like U-shaped blocks, these types of blocks are also hollow inside with a solid bottom to support the grout or concrete and to allow for steel rebar to run through.
Knock-outs, which are thinner pieces of block that form the internal cores, are often included. As the name implies, they can be removed or "knocked out" to allow for the continuity of steel reinforcement.
Bond Beam vs Lintel Block
Bond beams play a similar role in openings to lintels. However, unlike lintels, bond beams can tie horizontal reinforcement to vertical reinforcement.
By tying horizontal reinforcement steel with vertical reinforcement steel, bond beams can create a stronger and more unified structural bond between masonry blocks.
Additionally, while lintels are prefabricated, bond beams are often created onsite with most of the same materials used in the construction of a wall. Since they are made of concrete, they can often be custom made on-site using a mold.
Advantages of Bond Beams
While pre-fabricated lintels are more commonly used at openings, bond beams offer a flexible alternative where horizontal reinforcement is required. This allows for their use within walls at varying locations.
Because they are sized and made of the same materials as regular masonry units, they can be integrated within a wall seamlessly. Most commonly, they are used at the top of walls to provide support for roofing members.
They can also be used at the bottom of walls for added support at the base. Likewise, at floor levels, they can provide support and anchorage for floor joists. Where there is no structural reinforcement, bond beams can also be used.
Bond Beam Sizes
Pre-made bond beam blocks are manufactured in the same sizes as standard concrete or other masonry blocks. This allows them to seamlessly integrate into the design and layout of the walls.
Nominal dimensions are typically 16 inches in length and either 6 inches or 8 inches in width. Heights usually vary from 6 inches tall to 16 inches tall, in increments of 2 inches (i.e., 6″, 8″, 10″, 14″ and 16″).
True sizes vary from nominal sizing by 3/8″. This is because unit blocks are created to assume 3/8″ spacing between units for grout joints. So, for example, a 16-inch block is actually 15 5/8″ wide and an 8-inch high block is 7 5/8″ in true size.
The total width of a bond beam, that is, when all separate blocks are combined to form a single unit, can vary depending on the length of the wall or size of the opening.
Bond beams are a versatile solution where horizontal reinforcement is needed. From increased bearing capacity to lateral support, bond beams help strengthen a wall structurally.
Bond beam blocks are designed to allow for both concrete and steel rebar to be housed in their interior. This helps create a strong, continuous, horizontal beam structure that helps support structural loads.
Because they can be easily resized in the field and formed using standard cast-in-place concrete or grout, they offer a good solution in instances where structural support is required.
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The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) obtains, on an annual basis, information from hundreds of four-year colleges and universities nationwide about student participation in programs and activities that institutions provide for their learning and personal development. The results provide an estimate of how undergraduates spend their time and what they gain from attending college. Survey items on The National Survey of Student Engagement represent empirically confirmed "good practices" in undergraduate education. That is, they reflect behaviors by students and institutions that are associated with desired outcomes of college.
Institutions use their data to identify aspects of the undergraduate experience inside and outside the classroom that can be improved through changes in policies and practices more consistent with good practices in undergraduate education. This information is also used by prospective college students, their parents, college counselors, academic advisers, institutional research officers, and researchers in learning more about how students spend their time at different colleges and universities and what they gain from their experiences.
More than 1300 different colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada have participated in NSSE since it was first administered in 2000. NSSE's widespread use has spawned several other nationally-used instruments including the Beginning College Survey of Student Engagement, the Community College Survey of Student Engagement, the Faculty Survey of Student Engagement, and the Law School Survey of Student Engagement, all of which are supported through institutional participation fees.


How to Build a Cargo Trailer
How to Build a Cargo Trailer
Most of us dream of being able to carry our bicycle, motorcycle, or goods safely from one place to another. If you are one of these people, have a look at the article below that cites steps for how to build a cargo trailer for trucks, bicycles, and motorcycles.
Utility trailers are vehicles used for transportation of goods and materials. There are different types of trailers like travel trailer, semitrailer, full-trailer, motorcycle trailer, livestock trailer, etc. Some of these are small in size and mainly used for small businesses, while some are part of a large truck. They are diverse in their construction and design and also in their usability.
Steps for Building a Cargo Trailer
 1. The materials required to build this are a camper, sledgehammer, reciprocating saw, and crowbars.
 2. Dismantle the outside part of a pop-up camper. The frame of the camper is used as the main frame. Cut the metal siding of the camper with the help of reciprocating saw, sledgehammer, and crowbars.
 3. Cut down the plastic roof off the camper shell.
 4. Cut the cabinetry, countertops, and beds from inside the trailer with the reciprocating saw.
 5. Pull up and loosen the trailer flooring with the help of crowbars.
 6. Remove all the wiring and piping from underneath the trailer.
 7. Cut the lumber to proper length and build a deck by laying the board on top of the frame. Secure them with lag bolts. If you want, you can leave some space between the two boards so that it can serve as an outlet for water.
 8. According to the instructions specified by the manufacturer, connect the lighting kit to the rear of the trailer.
 9. Run the wires from the hitch up to the frame so that you can connect the lights to your vehicle plug while pulling the trailer. Your utility trailer is now ready.
How to Build a Bicycle Cargo Trailer
 1. Build the main body with 4 pieces of lumber of 1 x 2 dimensions. Make a ladder-like frame using 90 degree brackets and screw everything properly.
 2. Attach wheels of diameter 16 inches to the frame using electric box cover plate.
 3. Create a trailer arm by cutting and bending it, and drill holes into it so that it can be fixed to the frame. Attach the trailer arm to the frame.
 4. Fold the electric plate. Drill a hole and bolt it onto the wheel of the bicycle. Screw an eye bolt and connect the trailer arm to it. Use a U-clamp for this connection. This will make your hitch.
 5. Screw a plywood of the same size to the frame for creating a smooth surface. Here is your bicycle trailer, ready to carry your favorite bicycle.
How to Build a Motorcycle Cargo Trailer
 1. Cut three pieces of wood of dimensions 25 x 25 x 1/8 inches. These form the front and rear of the motorcycle cargo. For building the sides of the motorcycle trailer, another two pieces of length 48 inches are required. Bolt all the pieces together, which forms the frame of the trailer.
 2. Buy a handle from a trailer-parts depot and weld it to the frame.
 3. Connect an axle of diameter 12 inches to the frame. The maximum length of the axle should be 40 inches. Attach the wheels on this axle.
 4. Finally, attach plywood over the frame to make it smooth and to avoid any damage to the motorcycle. These steps can help you build a motorcycle trailer that can be used for the transportation of your motorcycle.
Cargo trailers are essentially important for the transportation of vehicles and goods. So, gear up to carry your motorcycle, bicycle, or other goods anywhere at any time safely and without hassles.
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Social Thinking at The Moore Center
The process of navigating social situations comes naturally to many of us, but it can be very difficult for some. Social Thinking® – a social skills curriculum created by Michelle Garcia Winner – is the process of teaching the nuances of social relationships, including understanding that how we act influences how people view and treat us.
The Moore Center has two Master's level staff, Barbara Didona and Donna Raiche, who receive ongoing, targeted training in Social Thinking, in addition to their many years of experience in the human services field. Barbara and Donna lead small, focused, 10-week groups to help individuals understand the concepts of social interaction.
The 3 Step Process
The Moore Center uses Social Thinking is an effective tool to help many of our individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities. We've had wonderful success using the ideas created by Michelle Garcia Winner and below you can read an excerpt from an article she wrote on her 3-step process to teach social thinking and related social skills. To read the article in full, click here.
1. Engage in social thinking
Social thinking is the ability to consider your own and others thoughts, emotions, beliefs, intentions, knowledge, etc. In other terms, it is the culmination of executive functioning, perspective taking, and self-awareness that enables you to interpret and understand the social situation and what behaviors are expected of you.
Remember that your behavioral-response is directly influenced by your social thinking. Social behaviors that align or fail to align with what other people expect in that situation determines how others judge your "social skills". Improving your social thinking ability is a life-long learning process, and the key to developing chameleon-like social skills.
2. Adapt your behavior effectively (social skills)
Based on the results of your social thinking, adapt your behavior to consider the thoughts and feelings of others, as well as to communicate your intentions in the situation. By doing so, people are more likely to react and respond to you in the manner you had hoped (see below)
3. Be aware of others' reactions
People emotionally respond to our behaviors very quickly. If we feel a person has good social skills we may describe them as "polite" and "friendly"; if person has weak, awkward, or poor social skills we often describe them as "rude", "odd" or "impolite". The terms "polite", "rude", "friendly", "impolite", etc., represent how we emotionally perceive another's behavior.
We are far better at summarizing our feelings (emotional response) than we are at describing intellectually the behaviors a person produced that swayed how we felt. How people respond to our behavior often leads to how they treat us in return.
Join Our Program
If your family member struggles with social skills that affect their ability to secure and maintain employment or have positive social interactions, this small-group forum may be a perfect fit! Your cost for this program may be covered by Medicaid for those approved for services through an Area Agency (talk with your case manager), and it's also available on a private-pay basis.
Session Topics Include:
- Why is Social Thinking important?
- What does body language tell us? How do we decide how and when to approach someone?
- What are expected and unexpected social behaviors at work? What about those unwritten rules that everyone else seems to know about?
- How do we use flexible thinking®? Specifically, how can it help us respond to a change in routine?
- How do we evaluate if a problem is a big problem or a little problem?
- How do we enter a room and assess what the social expectations are?
How to Get Involved
New groups start regularly and run for 10 weeks. Please contact one of our Social Thinking professionals with any questions or to register:
For more information visit the Social Thinking website.


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The transmission Cycle
T.b. gambiense sleeping sickness is transmitted from human to human by the tsetse fly which is the most common form of transmission. As some animals can host the human pathogenic parasite, transmission can occasionally take place directly from animals to humans, which is believed to be one of the causes of the long term maintenance of the disease in endemic areas. However the epidemiological importance of such zoonotic transmission is poorly understood.
T.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness transmission cycle involves to a great extent domestic and wild animals. Intensified man to man transmission occurs during epidemics. The strong zoonotic character of the T.b. rhodesiense form of the disease substantially complicates surveillance and control issues, requiring action on the fly or on the animals hosting the parasite.
Vertical transmission (mother to child) is very frequent in infected pregnant. Blood transfusion and laboratory infection have been described.


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World's slowest shark has to hunt sleeping seals
Being chased by a shark is the stuff of nightmares, but you wouldn't need to worry if it was this one - it's the world's slowest shark!
Scientists have tagged the Greenland shark and found they 'cruise' at just 34cm per second, which is slower than most people's walking speed.
They discovered the big fish were far too slow to catch a seal, their main source of food.
So researchers reckon the sharks have to sneak up on them while they sleep!
It's thought that these sharks swim this slowly because they want to save energy.
They live really far north where temperatures are near freezing - around 2 degrees Celsius.


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Touch DNA evidence is increasingly being collected and analyzed during criminal investigations. The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant amount of male (suspect) touch DNA can be collected from the clothes of assaulted victims after varying time intervals. A "grab and struggle" model was used to transfer touch DNA materials from human volunteers onto three types of fabrics (cotton, polyester, and a cotton/polyester blend). This was designed to replicate a sexual assault, in which a male acted as an "assailant" and grabbed different fabric covered arm areas of a female volunteer "victim". Afterwards, three cuttings from each fabric sample were taken and extracted at 12 hours and 7 days post-deposition. The extracts were then quantified using the Quantifiler®Duo DNA quantification kit. The maximum yield of DNA from cotton fabric 12 hours post-deposition was 7 pg/ul and 5 pg/ul for total human DNA and human male DNA, respectively. The limit of detection of the Quantifiler Duo kit is 23 pg/ul, therefore these results are below standard profile detection range. No significant deterioration of DNA yield between the two time intervals (12 hours and 7 days) was observed. Variation between the tested fabrics and the areas of sampling could not be determined due to the very small quantities measured.
This study did not find useful amounts of touch DNA on clothes after this assault model. Results are limited by a relatively small sample size and the assault model parameters; however, these results do not support the routine use of touch DNA evidence from clothes in similar assault cases.


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This project is part of the Lions Park work in Greensboro, Alabama. Two teams, one tasked with creating the Skatepark and the other the Concessions Stand, began their work by creating a master plan. After all, a park that serves many purposes should have thoughtfully integrated components, and construction on one project can contribute to other features. Such is the case with the Skatepark: Students began their work in 2008, and these teams constructed a social hub dubbed the "Great Lawn" (sized for 3 regulation volleyball courts), a second basketball court, and a combination pee-wee football/soccer field. The football/soccer field generated excess dirt from grading, and students used that material to create earth forms for the Skatepark, as well as to create two mounds to bound the Great Lawn, a space that is also anchored by an existing barbecue pavilion that the students renovated.
The Skatepark's earth forms minimized the cost of concrete on the project, allowing a $25,000 grant from the Tony Hawk Foundation to cover the other costs. The team of three students developed the project as a series of concrete strips the size of a sidewalk. The width and configuration of these strips ensured that the team building the project could construct them. The strips begin at the front edge as a series of skate trails that connect the parking lot to the Skatepark, and terminate in the skate bowl.


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Changes over time can be well illustrated by percent change. However, if another variable, population, is added, that percentage must be on a per capita basis to show accurate figures. For instance in the city of Palm Springs, in the year 1993, there were 1000 pets registered with the city. In 1995, there were 1100 pets. It is obvious that we increased the number of pets by 100 and the percentage of change, is an increase of 10 percent. If the population was 10000 people in 1994 and 13000 people in 1995, did we actually increase the ratio of pets to population, or decrease it on a per capita basis?
To determine that, you must divide the number of pets by the number of people in the city.


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I am typesetting my thesis in CMU Bright OpenType using font spec. For the math fonts I'm using the CM Bright T1 font.
The result looks nice except for the integral sign which does not match of other glyphs. Therefore I'm trying to display that sign using the Iwona font (which mathes nicely).
Everything works except for the position of the lower and upper limit on the integral. When using Iwona these are display closer to the middle of the line than they should be.
Minimal working example:
%MATH FONTS: CM Bright (T1)
\usepackage{cmbright} %for math only
%MAIN FONT: Computer Modern Unicode (CMU) Bright (open type)
\newcommand{\myint}{$\integralfont ∫$}
This is some text (CMU Bright OpenType)
Some math (CM Bright T1, except 2nd integral: Iwona T1): $\int_{0}^{10} f(x) = \myint_{0}^{10} g(x)$
The gives the following result: integral.png
Notice the difference in the position of the integral limits (0 and 10). They are further apart when they follow the first integral sign (set with CM Bright) than when they follow the second integral sign (set with Iwona).
Can anyone help me fix this? I have experimented with \displaylimits but couldn't get it to work right (or it didn't make a difference).
share|improve this question
Does declaring \myint as a math operator (\DeclareMathOperator from amsmath) help? – You Aug 9 '11 at 11:44
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1 Answer
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Put the following code in your preamble:
If you want to change all large symbols to Iwona (cmbright uses the default Computer Modern Extensions font), then
will suffice.
Then you'll use the usual \int command.
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If you have Adobe Acrobat installed on your computer, it would be an easy task to extract data from pdf files. Simply follow the instructions below:
- Open PDF with Acrobat
- If you are using Acrobat 5, use "Select Tool" to highlight the data you need, right click on selection
and select "Copy as Table". For later version like Acrobat 9, hold down "Alt" key and select the
columns you need, then right click and choose "Copy as Table"
- In order to make the table look nice in PowerPoint, we have to get rid of extra spaces hiding at the
end of wordings in each cell. To do this, paste the table into Word and highlight it, select "Align
Center" and then "Align Left". You will notice all spaces are gone.
- Secondly, make sure all cell margins are consistent
- Now we can paste the table into PowerPoint and start formatting
- End of Tutorial


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More and more is written about the 16th century prophecies of French astrologer Nostradamus. But Nostradamus, who was born Michel de Nostredame in 1503, was equally famous in his lifetime for his skills as a physician. Nostradamus studied medicine in Montpellier and began practicing as a physician in 1525. He is most famous for his innovative techniques for treating plague victims, especially because he successfully treated so many ill patients. In 1550, Nostradamus began writing his prophecies, earning him new fame and an appointment as royal physician to King Charles IX. His final prediction came when he told a priest, You will not find me alive at sunrise. He died early the next morning, on this date in 1566.
Copyright Aetna InteliHealth, Inc., 2012. All rights reserved.


text: In the past years Knowledge Management has dealt with various aspects of knowledge retention, knowledge sharing and knowledge development. It is agreed that knowledge documentation is essential for all these purposes, in order to enable their re‑use. Many books and articles have been written on accessibility of documents, revealing an understanding that knowledge that cannot be accessed cannot be re‑used. Most effort has been invested in providing the focused list of relevant documents to the user, while less research has been conducted on how to write the documentation so as to ease its reading, understanding and use. This issue seems to be critical as we notice that existing organizational knowledge is far from being fully utilized: for example, regulations and procedures, including the organization's wisdom, are written; however, recurring faults do occur. People tend not to re‑read entire or partial documents, even when the knowledge therein is needed. This paper describes a framework for the document's internal design. The research hypothesis claims that internal design, using the proposed enabling technique, eases understanding and usage of documents. It therefore reduces the knowledge loss. The research methodology implemented was a qualitative method; the strategy chosen was instrumental: multiple case study (Stake, 1995). The research sample included both organizations (public sector) and the public (KM readers), the research instruments consisting of documentation, archival records, interviews, direct‑observations, participant‑observation and physical artifacts. The findings suggest that internal documentation design eases reading, eases understanding and probably eases use. It therefore leverages knowledge understanding in documents, and reduces knowledge loss. The proposed framework may be useful for a large range of organizational documentation needs, from procedures of work, through SOW's, Engineering Specs, white papers and professional doctrines including organizational knowledge. The framework was designed for organizational Knowledge Management needs, but serves for external rich knowledge documentation as well. It has been used since 2007, in more than fifty cases in five different organizations in Israel.


AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Protocols/Autoclave
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< AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Protocols
Revision as of 13:28, 18 August 2011 by Kathryn Muratore (Talk | contribs)
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An autoclave is a piece of equipment that is used for sterilization. In this lab, we primarily use the autoclave to prepare broth and flasks for bacterial protein expression. The autoclave that we use is located in Beeghly 314. There are directions posted on the wall in this room for proper use of the autoclave. We follow the directions for "Wet Samples".
 - Make certain that there is enough water in the reservoir before you begin.
 1. Turn the power on
 2. Turn the black knob to fill. This fills the chamber with water.
 3. Let water continue to fill the chamber until it reaches the line at the front of the chamber.
 4. Turn the black knob to STE (short for "sterilize").
 5. Load your media into the autoclave chamber. (Note: 2 2.8L Fernbach Flasks can be loaded into the chamber)
 6. Close the autoclave door and seal it shut.
 7. Set the temperature knob just to the right of 121F.
 8. Turn the timer knob to 50 minutes.
 9. After the 50 minutes have elapsed, wait 30 minutes until the pressure drops back to atmospheric pressure.
 10. Turn the black knob to Off.
 11. Use gloves to unload your sterilized material.
Personal tools


ipsoap
ipsoap
This program is used to handle repeated Requests/Responses with a remote REST
or SOAP server - or anything that handles R-R.
It allows up to 10 Requests to be made, checked and processed in succession.
These could be, for example,
 - logon stage
 - verification stage
 - get 1st data stage
 - get last data stage
Each stage is split into 4 main sections
 - Beforehand
 - Add FipHdr information from a string or a standing file (or the input file
if there is one)
 the standing FipHDr file might be something saved from a previous run, such
as a cookie
 - Test to see if the stage is required - eg dont logon if there is alredy a
logon token from a previous run
 - Build and Send the Request
 - Complete the mime header
 - fill in the Envelope and Body using an existing template
 - Analyse the Response
 - Save the response and send it on to another Fip process
 - Extract FipHdr fields from tags/tagattibutes and save for future use
 - Test response for errors - commnucation, HTTP, data
 and stop, continue or jump to another loop.
 - Log it all and cleanup
The parameter file(s) are in tables/soap. The syntax of these are :
 ; comment start with a semi colon like this
 Before section
 fiphdr-beforefile-X:
 Add/Parse extra filehdr fields from a standing file - such as Logon
Information
 The format should be just a plain text file with FipHdr fields and NO
start/end FipHdr markers
 eg
 RL:fippo
 RP:hoho23
 fiphdr-before-X:
 This adds a single line of FipHdrs (or a single FipHdr) to the FipHdr
 This is added AFTER any fiphdr-beforefile-X, so previously added FH can be
used
 Usually this is the Path of the Mimehdr
 fiphdr-before-3:RX:/rmd/rest/xml/login?username=\RL&password=\RP
 test-before-X:
 test-before-2: fiphdr:R1="" action:goto1
 Build and send the Request
 mimehdr-X
 Name of a MimeHeader template file in tables/soap.
 if the mimehdr is always the same, use 'default-mimehdr:'
 envelope-X
 Name of template file in tables/soap
 This is usually needed for SOAP as it will contian the main Soap Xml Request
 For REST, a blank envelope file containing NO lines should be created and
specified
 host-x
 Name (and method) of remote host for this step.
 eg host-5:_URL_
 This is ONLY needed if the host is different to the default input switch
'-s'
 Analyse the Response
 save-response-9:(filename)
 queue:(output folder)
 fiphdr:(optional extraFipHdr to add )
 before:(optional data to add before)
 after:(optional data to add after)
 tag:(name of tag if NOT all the response is to be saved)
 data:xml or txt or raw or NO for none
 data:(dont send any data from the response - this assumes there is fiphdr
and/or before and/or after)
 fiphdr-after-X:
 test-after-X: [result or fiphdr or tag] [= or != or #] (some test)
 action: [stop or continue or gotoX or error]
 action:stop stop all processing
 action:error stop all processing and flag an error
 action:continue continue with the next Loop (default action)
 action:goto9 continue at loop 9 (or whichever number you have specified)
 log: (Fipseq - extra information to add the the log)
 script: (Script or program to run in FipSeq)
 result=200
 result=timeout
 tag:(tag name) save:(name of fiphdr file)
 test-after-1: result=404 action:error
; ---------------------------------------------
default-mimehdr:SOAP.MIMEHDR
; -------- loop 0 ------------
; logon and get a token
fiphdr-before-0:RX:/api/2006/05/01/TokenManagement_1.svc/Anonymous
envelope-0:rkd.create.service.token.xml
fiphdr-after-0:R1 tag:Expiration save:exp.file
fiphdr-after-0:R2 tag:global:Token save:token.file
OPTIONAL:
 port: Port number of the Remore Server. default: 80
 This forces the port to be this if none is specified.
 donque: done queue for the input file.
 nofiphdr: Do NOT add a Fip Hdr to the file. default: yes pls
 httphdr: Extra lines of HTTP header you may need. default: none
 Remember to add a NL at the end of each line.
 There can be multiple httphdr lines but pls remember to add a '\n' at the
 end of each one. (or you can try to force all on one httphdr line!)
 eg httphdr:Authorization: Basic AbGtGgbhpdOkOTE=\n
 httphdr:User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0\n
 httphdr:Host: wibble.wobble.com\n
 see below for 'useful, common header lines'
 filename: Filename for the output file in FipSeq. default: WEB\$Z
 If this does NOT start with a '/' it is left under the
 Output Queue as specified on startup (default spool/2go)
 eg filename:AFP\$d.\$z
 log: FipSeq custom logging for the item log. default:\SN \SU \EF : \ST,\SP
 This logs each Page grabbed
 Note that
 ST remote site host
 SP remote site port
 SF remote site url
 extra:
 extra-pre: Extra FipHdr fields to be added to the output file. default: none
 To separate FipHdr fields, pls use a '#'.
 extra-pre is added as soon as the file is read - so may be used for
information in the URL
 extra is only used for any output file and is not used at all for any other
purpose.
 eg extra:ZH:NYNZ#DI:Headline News#QZ:333
 connection-timeout: (secs)
 wait-end-timeout: (secs)
 For slow, busy sites, data - especially big files - may take a lot longer
than normal to be
 retreived. Use this to expand that time. Default is 120 (it should be
divisible by 5 for some arcane reason)
 no-data: (FipSeq string in place of data)
 Do not get/send the data - just this string
 proxy-server: If using a proxy, these are the name and port to aim at.
 proxy-port:
 proxy-logon: This is the logon and password to get thru the firewall
 if required. The format is (logon) (colon) (password) and is
 converted to base 64.
 proxy-logon:Y2hyaXMuaHVnaGpvbmVzOnBhbnRoZXIK=
 To generate :
 echo -n "logon:password" | sffb64 -i
 eg echo -n "chris:sleekpanther" | sffb64 -i
 gives Y2hyaXM6c2xlZWtwYW50aGVy
 proxy-logon:Y2hyaXM6c2xlZWtwYW50aGVy=
 proxy-is-squid:yes/no Is the proxy a Squid ? default: no
 proxy-handshake:yes/no Does the proxy need to say hello first ? default: no
 logeachfile:(dest) Send a Success/failed msg to this destination
 for each file. There is no default. This log file is
 just a FipHdr with the following extra fields :
 DR-File Sent OK DR:ok or DR:error
 DG-Will Retry later DG:retrying, DG:stopped
 DT-Some message text DT:No connection
 default: no log created.
 The text for the DR and DG can be in FipSeq and so can contain
 FipHdr and other variables. As they are FipHdr fields, please
 do NOT put NL, CR etc in the fields.
 do NOT put NL, CR etc in the fields.
 Note that System Variable \$q holds the time taken for transmission.
 DRgood:(text) Message for the FipHdr field DR on a successful tx
 default: ok
 DRbad: (text) Message for the FipHdr field DR on a unsuccessful tx
 default: error
 DGcont:(text) Message for the FipHdr field DG if, after an
 unsuccessful tz, another attempt will be made.
 default: retrying
 DGstop:(text) Message for the FipHdr field DG if no further
 attempts will be made as the file was sent successfully
 or the maximum no of attempts has


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Type hinting helps the compiler to assume the type of the variable, but, as the PHP is a dynamic scripting interpreted language, the question came to my mind if it's possible that type hinting even makes the runtime faster or not?
share|improve this question
up vote 15 down vote accepted
PHP is a dynamic language.
Dynamic languages only support runtime checking.
Type hinting is runtime type checking.
Runtime type checking is bad for performance.
Therefore, type hinting is bad for performance.
share|improve this answer
1
+1 - I like this, it's almost like a zen of type-hinting (or something) :) – karim79 Aug 27 '10 at 1:15

What about running Zend Optimizer or something similar with caches the opcode? – MANCHUCK Oct 26 '10 at 15:46

what does ff 9's type inference, how does that help improve performance? _URL_ – tom Aug 31 '11 at 17:21
All type hinting in PHP does is add code that tests the type of the parameters and fails if its not what's expected, so type hinting NEVER helps performance. Its only real use is for debugging, so if you have a function that's called very often, removing the type hint in the production code can speed things up, especially since checking the type of an object isn't the fastest thing in the world.
also see when should I use type hinting in PHP? and abusing type hinting in PHP
share|improve this answer
3
Accurate except for "Its only real use is for debugging". Type hinting introduces a level of safety to your code. – Alan Storm Aug 27 '10 at 1:44
Type hinting only hinders performance because it requires (for objects) to test the inheritance hierarchy. To make things worse, this kind of check is expensive in PHP because it is done in time proportional to the depth of the hierarchy.
A test for type, such the one done for the array hint is a much smaller overhead, though.
Furthermore, it is currently not used for any optimization purposes.
It is however, a useful defensive programming feature.
share|improve this answer
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text:
Wood River Land Trust
What are the appropriate grade levels:
Kindergarten through 3rd grade
Is there a limit to the number of participants:
Is there an opportunity for community service:
Is this a new or existing project:
Did you know that you can use bugs to control invasive weeds? There are weevils, beetles, flies and more that thrive by eating the weeds that crowd out our important native plants. Join us for a two-hour adventure in the field to place bio-control insects on invasive weeds. We will also include short ecology lessons appropriate to the surrounding habitat.
- Students will combat invasive plants with bio-control insects .
- Students will learn basic ecological principles, as appropriate to the location. Topics might include: components of habitat, food webs, food web composition in either river or sage habitats, aquatic macroinvertebrates.
Class Visits & Field Trips
- One 2-hour field trip to either the Howard Preserve in Bellevue, Draper Wood River Preserve in Hailey, or Rock Creek Ranch in Hailey. Field trips will take place in May.


text:
MALE aggression only develops if the female hormone oestrogen is present, say researchers at the Kochi Medical School in Japan.
A team led by Katsumi Toda found that male mice engineered to lack aromatase, an enzyme that converts male hormones to oestrogen, showed no aggression when other mice invaded their territory.
Their aggressive behaviour was partly restored if they were given oestrogen supplements starting soon after birth. But if the oestrogen was given seven days after birth, aggression did not return. The findings will appear in the
"[Oestrogen] may be even more important before birth to sustain aggressive behaviour," Toda says.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Presentation on theme: "EnRoLE 2008 Workshop Series Evaluating Role Plays 26 November 2008"— Presentation transcript:
1EnRoLE 2008 Workshop Series Evaluating Role Plays 26 November 2008 Dr Maree GosperLearning and Teaching Centre
2Role PlaysEducational role plays in Australian universities designed to increase understanding of real life human interaction and dynamics.participants assume a role in someone else's shoes or in someone else's situationto do authentic tasks in an authentic contextinvolving substantial in-role human interaction such as collaboration, negotiation, debateinteraction between roles is substantially in an online environmentlearning outcomes are assessable and generate opportunities for student reflection
3Will they use it? The 4 E's - Collis and Moonen (2001) Ease of use EffectivenessEfficiencyEnvironmental readiness
4Sustainable software The Curriculum The ICTs The Organisational EnvironmentThe CICTO FrameworkJS Flagship Project(M Gosper, K Woo, H Muir, C Dudley, K Nakazawa. AJET 23, 2.
5Sustainable software Teaching aims Learning Outcomes Role play process Teaching supportsLearning Supports
6What were the aims of the role play? OutcomesWhat were the aims of the role play?What knowledge and skills are to be developed?How will you know if you have achieved them?How will you assess the achievement?
7Role play process Participant Facilitator Orientation Establishing rolesPlaying – interactions, collaborations, communicationsFinalisationDebriefAssessmentFeedbackWas it efficient and easy to use – i.e. did it make teaching and learning easier to accomplish; time, resourcesWas it effective in achieving outcomes?Was it motivating / engaging?What value did it add to the student experienceIs there a better way of doing this to achieve the same outcomes?
8Acquisition and administration of software The environment:Teaching supportsLearning supportsLearningTeachingAcquisition and administration of softwareTraining in use of software/systemsDevelopment of resourcesReuse of the role playComplianceAssessment policiesInformation managementAccessibility /disabilityLearning and Teaching support - in setting up, administering and maintaining the Role Play


text:
The bridge over the Little Belt strait was one of the engineering miracles of the interwar years when it opened in 1935. It was designed by the Danish State Railways' (DSB) chief bridge engineer, Anker Engelund. Cast in concrete with a self-supporting steel superstructure, the 1.1 kilometre long bridge was Denmark's greatest engineering work to date. With some difficulty, Parliament had managed to ensure that the bridge had two lanes. The bridge's two railways tracks still carry Funen-Jutland rail traffic. In connection with the H-shaped motorway network, a new, six-lane suspension bridge opened in 1970. But on this bridge there was no room for railway tracks and the six lanes are often congested.
The supporting structures for the Little Belt Bridge posed challenges for the engineer. In 1932, four piers had to be cast in situ in the strait. Four large floating caissons were cast, sailed out and tipped over the side of a boat to settle on the bottom. They had first to be buried, but they sank further and faster than calculated in the unstable clay on the bottom. One of the caissons went askew into the water and drifted off from the deposition site. Afterwards the caissons were fixed in place with long steel tubes hammered into the bottom. The piers could then be cast and the steel superstructure and struts mounted on top. The bridge is still in use as a road-rail bridge.


text:
Eight old master paintings that belonged to Dutch Jews before the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in 1940 and later seized from their German owner by the Communist government of East Germany are being turned over to the Dutch government, Bloomberg News reports. The paintings to be returned by the German government include oils by the 17th-century painters Jan Steen and Philips Wouwerman.
Alfred Kummerle, the owner of a mill in the German city of Brandenburg, acquired the paintings from the Netherlands from 1940 to 1944. When he died in 1949 his wife inherited his collection. She fled East Germany in 1953 and her possessions were seized by the government. Thirty-two old masters from Kummerle's collection are in the Museum der Bildenden Kunste in Leipzig. "Provenance research on the remaining works has not yet been completed," an e-mail from Germany's Federal Office for Central Services and Unresolved Property Issues said, according to a report by Bloomberg News. "This partial decision affects eight paintings bought in the Netherlands that were formerly in Jewish ownership." In 2001 the Dutch government established a restitution panel to advise it on Holocaust-related claims for artworks in the national collection.


Author
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop an accurate numerical method to be used in showing the deformation of a liquid fuel droplet in a convective field. To simultaneously solve the internal liquid droplet flow field as well as the external gas phase flow field, a nonstaggered rectangular grid system without any coordinate transformation is used. Transition from the gas field to the liquid field is performed through consistent balancing of kinematic and dynamic conditions at the liquid-gas interface. An implicit fractional step-type method is used to capture pressure and velocity field with proper coupling at low Mach number limit. To show the accuracy of the method, the solution of the driven cavity flow and flow over a solid cylinder is presented. Next, two phase flow field solution of moving and deforming droplet in a gaseous surrounding, with appropriate surface tracking, is presented. While gas Reynolds number and Weber number are shown to play an important role in droplet deformation, liquid Reynolds number and density ratio have no significant effect.
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text:
Article Archive >> Community
Reflections: Why was the hatter mad?
Why was the hatter mad?
By William L. Bulla
What is a Mad Hatter? He is not something we experience in our every day life. However, he is something we read about, even as children, in the story of "Alice in Wonderland", and again, "Through the Looking Glass."
Over the years we have read about both the Mad Hatter and his partner the March Hare. Both of these characters have seemed a bit mad.
Recently my friend Sean asked, "why do they say'mad as a hatter'?" I said I thought it came from Lewis Carroll's "Alice In Wonderland". He told me I was wrong. He said it had to do with the mercury used in preserving the furs from which they made the hats. Of course, I didn't believe him so I decided I should look into the issue. Sean was right. It was the chemicals used in preserving the fur used in making hats that caused the hatter's to go "mad".
The most famous Mad Hatter, of course, is the one from the Mad Tea Party in Alice in Wonderland, the partner of the March Hare. Both mad, of course. But Lewis Carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the character. The phrases "mad as a hatter" and "mad as a March hare" were common at the time Lewis Carroll wrote the first publication of Alice In Wonderland in 1865. The phrase had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. Carroll frequently used common expressions, songs, nursery rhymes, etc., as the basis for characters in his stories.
The origin of the phrase, it's believed, is that hatters really did go mad. The chemicals used in hat-making included mercury nitrate, used in curing felt. Prolonged exposure to the mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. Victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, which became known as "hatter's shakes"; other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. Advanced cases developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms.
The victims were the hatters, not the wearers of hats. The hatters were exposed to the mercury fumes, which would have been long dissipated, or of insignificant strength, by the time the hat was worn. This use of mercury is now subject to severe legal restrictions (if not banned) in the U.S. and Europe.
The March Hare and the Hatter make a brief reappearance in Alice Through the Looking Glass as the King's messengers, "Haigha" and "Hatta." These names are the only hint as to their identities other than the illustrations from the book published in 1871.
"In that direction," the Cat said, waving its right paw round, "lives a Hatter: and in that direction," waving the other paw, "lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad."
"But I don't want to go among mad people," Alice remarked.
"Oh, you can't help that," said the Cat: "we're all mad here. I'm mad. You're mad."
"How do you know I'm mad?" said Alice.
"You must be, said the Cat, "or you wouldn't have come here."
So, who knows for sure? Maybe we all become a bit mad in March.
William L. Bulla is a freelance writer residing in Washington County.
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Sub-picoliter Traceability of Microdroplet Gravimetry and Microscopy
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posted on 2023-01-12, 14:02 authored by Lindsay C. C. Elliott, Adam L. Pintar, Craig R. Copeland, Thomas B. Renegar, Ronald G. Dixson, B. Robert Ilic, R. Michael Verkouteren, Samuel M. Stavis
Gravimetry typically lacks the resolution to measure single microdroplets, whereas microscopy is often inaccurate beyond the resolution limit. To address these issues, we advance and integrate these complementary methods, introducing simultaneous measurements of the same microdroplets, comprehensive calibrations that are independently traceable to the International System of Units (SI), and Monte-Carlo evaluations of volumetric uncertainty. We achieve sub-picoliter agreement of measurements of microdroplets in flight with volumes of approximately 70 pL, with ensemble gravimetry and optical microscopy both yielding 95% coverage intervals of +/- 0.6 pL, or relative uncertainties of +/- 0.9%, and root-mean-square deviations of mean values between the two methods of 0.2 pL or 0.3%. These uncertainties match previous gravimetry results and improve upon previous microscopy results by an order of magnitude. Gravimetry precision depends on the continuity of droplet formation, whereas microscopy accuracy requires that optical diffraction from an edge reference matches that from a microdroplet. Applying our microscopy method, we jet and image water microdroplets suspending fluorescent nanoplastics, count nanoplastic particles after deposition and evaporation, and transfer volumetric traceability to number concentration. We expect that our methods will impact diverse fields involving dimensional metrology and volumetric analysis of microdroplets, including inkjet microfabrication, disease transmission, and industrial sprays.
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