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[US Coast Survey 1851; this map shows the baseline used in the first US Coast Survey, the line was established on Fire Island; image courtesy of Stony Brook University]
Triangulation refers to a technique used in surveying and political action as well as research within the social sciences. In surveying, the term means the dividing of an area into triangles using known points and distances; angles are then measured from the known baselines to a new point, and its distance is calculated given existing information. This technique was used especially in circumstances that were difficult to survey by traditional means, allowing for the staking out of new territory along coastlines, in the atmosphere (pilot navigational charts), or in outer space (GPS satellite surveys). Within the social sciences, triangulation refers to using more than two methods in a study in order to test results. In political action, like in chess, the term signifies a specific maneuver in which an opponent is left with the move and at a disadvantage.
What I'm interested in today is what this method for the staking out new terrain might reveal when considering the social and material implications of Thomas Jefferson's landscape designs. While little discussed, many of Jefferson's original interests and design projects were concerned with landscape practices and concepts. In 1763 he made a study of navigation on the Rivanna River and subsequently lead a project to make it navigable as far as Milton, VA. In 1773 he was appointed surveyor of Albemarle County and even though he quickly resigned the post, he would use surveying to organize his experimental and productive agricultural landscapes. Around this time he also undertook the first systematic proto-archeological project in the United States, leading the stratigraphic excavation of an Indian mound near the Rivanna River.
Working toward this reorientation, it is useful to focus on the second of Jefferson's three major building projects in western VirginiaPoplar Forest. As the red headed stepchild of the Jeffersonian canon, Poplar Forest has rarely received attention alongside the well-known constructions at Monticello and the University of Virginia. It is something of a transitional project chronologically, aesthetically, and technologically. For that reason it promises insights into both projects. An examination of Poplar Forest with a focus on landscape and indigenous built forms promises insights into the design of Jeffersonian social and educational institutions that have remained inaccessible to Eurocentric epistemology.
[Poplar Forest near Lynchburg, VA, from the eastern mound; the summer kitchen is in the foreground and the main house is in the background]
Poplar Forest is a main central house with a large geometric mound on either side, and impressive lawns to the back and front. Current theories about the existing mounds asymmetrically located on either side of the house draw directly from European architectural theory: the mounds are supposed it to be a direct adaptation of Palladian concepts, intended to imitate a symmetrical façade with wings that terminate in a pavilion. Jefferson used earthen mounds at Poplar Forest- a radically different technology than a Palladian pavilionbut even the technology is attributed to European precedents he had seen; in the ornamental gardens of European aristocrats mounds were sometimes constructed throughout to create vantage points for surveying ornamental surroundings. It is supposed that Jefferson took these known forms and concepts and created his arrangement, bringing in mounds close to the house to serve as cheap stand-ins for Palladian pavilions.
This explanation is decidedly Eurocentric and simplistic. While this is not necessarily bad, it is highly problematic with respect to issues of aesthetics, technology, and context. For instance, why did he plant the mounds with trees, obscuring views, if they were traditionally used to provide vistas over immediate ornamental grounds? What about the fact that Poplar Forest was never intended as a public house for entertaining, but rather as a working farm where Jefferson could make some money to pay off his debts and get away from the never-ending string of guests making up his public life centered at Monticello? Why were the mounds constructed asymmetrically and off-axis if they were intended to imitate Palladian forms? Were these truly only a cheap stand-in for more stately Palladian pavilions? And as to the idea that they provided a convenient disposal site for excavation from the South Lawn, couldn't this material have be disposed in almost any location without the hassle of compaction techniques and geometrical construction needed to create the mounds?
[Artists' rendering imagining the archeological dig of an Indian mound undertaken near Monticello by a young Thomas Jefferson; the vertical elevation is exaggerated and indicates the various stratigraphic layers that Jefferson made note of in the mound's construction]
Jefferson's views of the Indians in Virginia were complicated. In addition to implementing policies that stripped certain nations of their land claims he had communicated his desire that "your blood will mix with ours; and will spread, with ours, over this great island [all of North America]." Writing to Benjamin Hawkins during the period in which he was constructing Poplar Forest, Jefferson said on February 18, 1803:
The ultimate point of rest and happiness for [the Indians] is to let our settlements and theirs meet and blend together, to intermix, and become one people. Incorporating themselves with us as citizens of the United States, this is what the natural progress of things will of course, bring, on, and it will be better to promote it than retard it.
This vision of Jefferson provides impetus for a new thesisAmerican settlements as an exceptional blend of imported European traditions and indigenous practices and concepts, set within a landscape that was larger and more violent than anything that Europeans had experienced. It is known that Jefferson had great interest in the mound structures of the native peoples that were located throughout Virginia and had even undertaken an excavation of one in the 1770's. Writing later he noted that:
"many [mounds] are to be found all over this country. These are of different sizes, some of them constructed of earth, and some of loose stones… There being one of these in my neighborhood, I wished to satisfy myself whether any, and which of these opinions was just. For the purpose I determined to open and examine it thoroughly… It was a spheroidical form, of about 40 feet diameter at the base, and had been of about twelve feet altitude…"
Certain facts arise from his early archeological work that might bring new concepts in to view when considering the landscape and architecture of Poplar Forest. That the sizes, proportions, material construction, and regional context were all similar in both the Indian mounds of the area and the mounds at Poplar Forest suggest that there is much to be learned from a more in depth consideration of the influence of Indian burial mounds, and indigenous architectural practices in general, on the architecture, landscape design, and ultimately public policy of Thomas Jefferson.
Despite being one of the most digested public figures in the history of the United States, and entire history is waiting to be written which considers Jefferson's work from a landscape perspective with a particular focus on the influence of indigenous forms and practices. In doing that work we might gain some insight in to Jefferson's understanding of and interest in indigenous settlements, and how he saw them "blending together" with those of the European settlers and African slaves? While the above questions have been traditionally considered from a general sociological perspective, a study that focuses on the landscape design of Poplar Forest might provide new insight not only into the design and construction of the Lawn and the grounds of Monticello, but also help us to understand the Public Lands Survey System, and other ambitious landscape projects in the Americas.
[west mound with view toward the Blue Ridge Mountains beyond; some trees remain on the mounds, although historical documents suggest that the mounds were much more heavily planted according to Jefferson's original design]


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by Sheldon Roussy in collaboration with Brittany Collier
Cultural appropriation is a persistent topic with regards to cultural and Indigenous studies in Canada. This paper holds that the cultural appropriation of the Indigenous sweat lodge ritual limits Indigenous community control resulting in benefits for individuals and organizations actively appropriating the ceremony. This article highlights the negative implications of appropriating the sweat lodge tradition through a tragic 2009 incident led by self-help guru James Ray. It is argued that intercultural understanding—though limited—must be fostered to ensure the future safety of sweat lodge participants in both Canada and the United States.
Cultural Appropriation, Sweat Lodge, New Age Movement, James Ray, Indigenous
Spirituality, Cross cultural awareness
Sheldon Roussy is a fourth year undergraduate law student at Carleton University from Webbwood, Ontario. Interests are in business and environmental law, and upon receiving a B.A has hopes on attending law school.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The combined TEM test specimen is made of a combination of small gold islands on a perforated, carbon film and a light deposition of graphitized carbon. The perforations on the film serve to indicate any defects by observing through the over focused Fresnel fringe.
The graphitized carbon particles, as explained above, provide a lattice spacing of 0.34nm.
Note: This should be observed where the particles overlap the holes on the film.
The gold islands provide rough measurements of particle to particle resolution. Some of them will be oriented in such a way that produces gold lattice images.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Rosie's Mom: Forgotten Women of the First World War
Presenter: Carrie Brown
One hundred years ago, a full generation before Rosie the Riveter, American women rolled up their sleeves and entered war industries where they had never been welcome before. They ran powerful machinery, learned new skills, and faced the sullen hostility of the men in the shops. In this illustrated lecture, historian Carrie Brown reveals their courage and their hard work, asks what impact "the Great War" had on their lives, and explores how these women helped shape the work that their more famous daughters would do in the next World War. Registration information will be posted soon.
Event Details
Thursday, July 22, 2021 7:00pm
PO Box 117
Madison NH 03875
Hosted By:
Friends of Madison Library
Contact Info:
Sloan Jarrell


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DX Engineering Radio RF Ground Plane Kits provide an effective method of reducing stray RF pickup by equipment and interconnecting cables. Used under and in back of equipment, this 1/16 inch thick, pre-drilled copper sheet creates an RF reference plane that is typically connected to the existing grounding bus. As described in the ARRL's "Grounding and Bonding for the Radio Amateur" by H. Ward Silver, N0AX; a large surface area of metal improves upon the single conductor grounding buss by equalizing the RF E-field (electric field) around equipment and attached cables. This reduces voltage differences between pieces of equipment and the associated currents that cause RF interference to transceivers, microphones and accessories. The reduction in RF interference improves both transmitted and received signal quality.
The Radio RF Ground Plane Kits are available in six versions, displayed below; three sizes of copper plate with hardware and the same three sizes copper plates with companion mounting boards made of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), with hardware. All kits are intended for indoor use only.
As used by top contesters and DXers alike, a flat metal sheet placed under equipment, along with physically short grounding braids, wires and interconnection cables can significantly reduce the RF voltage differences between cables and equipment. The chance of RF trouble in your equipment is reduced by installing DX Engineering Radio RF Ground Plane Kits in your station.
Inflatable Satellite Antenna GATR 2.4m Inflatable Ku & C Band Satellite Antenna VSAT Satcom Deployable Up for auction is an GATR 2.4m inflatable antenna for Ku and C Band. This unit is in good physical and working condition.I also... Read more
Icom IC-T10 Rugged Dual Band HT This New VHF/UHF HT from Icom features a Very Rugged Design, 1500 mW of loud, clear speaker audio, 2400 mAH battery, IP67 Dust and Waterproof, FM Broadcast and Weather Receiver, Built on their Land Mobile Cha... Read more


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Reoxidation of a high-nitrogen ultrathin oxynitride (∼1.3nm) has been studied. The reoxidation is conducted using an alternation of nitrous oxide and oxygen gas in rapid thermal oxidation (RTO). The new finding in this study is the zig-zag characteristic of the oxidation rate by O2 and N 2O. It is clear that the N2O oxidation rate is almost independent of the concentration of nitrogen in oxynitride through out the rapid thermal oxidation process, but the O2 oxidation rate is not.
|Number of pages||2|
|Journal||Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Part 1: Regular Papers and Short Notes and Review Papers|
|Issue number||5 A|
|State||Published - 1 May 2005|
- Atomic oxygen
- Nitrous oxide
- Rapid thermal oxidation


, $curr [,$time]);
If $curr = 0, this means to look for the previous occurrence of the day of week, and set the time to the value passed in (or current time if no time was passed in). The day is ALWAY less than the current day. If the current day is the same day of week as $dow, then the date returned will be one week earlier.
If $curr = 1, it means to look for the current or previous occurrence of the day of week, and set the time to the value passed in (or 00:00:00 if none was passed in). If the current day of week is the same as $dow, the date will remain unchanged. Since the time is then set, the new date may actually occur after the original date depending on the value of $time.
If $curr = 2, it means to look for the last time (not counting now) that the day of week at the given time occurred. The date may be the same as the original date.
$time may be a list reference of [H,MN,S], [H,MN], or [H].
The following examples should illustrate the use of this function.
 Original Date = Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
 dow curr time new date
 4 (Thu) 0/1/2 undef Thu Nov 21 00:00:00
 4 0/1/2 [12,30,0] Thu Nov 21 12:30:00
 5 (Fri) 0/2 undef Fri Nov 15 18:15:00
 5 1 undef Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
 5 0 [12,30,0] Fri Nov 15 12:30:00
 5 1/2 [12,30,0] Fri Nov 22 12:30:00
 5 0/2 [19,30,0] Fri Nov 15 19:30:00
 5 1 [19,30,0] Fri Nov 22 19:30:00
The second way to use this method is by passing in undef for the day of week.
 $err = $date->prev(undef,$curr,$time);
In this case, a time is required and it must be a list reference of 3 elements: [H, MN, S]. Any or all of the elements may be undef.
The new date is the previous occurrence of the time.
If you define hours, then minutes and seconds may be defined, or default to 0 and you are looking for a previous time that the specified time (HH:00:00) occurred (which might be as much as 24 hours in the past).
If hours are undefined and minutes are defined, then seconds may be defined, or default to 0, and you are looking for the last time the minutes/seconds (MN:SS) appeared on the digital clock, which will be sometime in the past hour.
Finally, if hours and minutes are undefined, seconds must be defined (or default to zero) and the last time that that second occurred will be returned (which will be sometime in the past minute).
If $curr is non-zero, the current time is returned if it matches the criteria passed in, so the returned value will be now or in the past. If $curr is zero, the time returned will definitely be in the past.
 DATE = Fri Nov 22 18:15:00
 curr hr min sec returns
 0/1 18 undef undef Nov 22 18:00:00
 0/1 18 30 0 Nov 21 18:30:00
 0 18 15 undef Nov 21 18:15:00
 1 18 15 undef Nov 22 18:15:00
 0 undef 15 undef Nov 22 17:15:00
 1 undef 15 undef Nov 22 18:15:00
printf
 $out = $date->printf($in);
 @out = $date->printf(@in);
This takes a string or list of strings which may contain any number of special formatting directives. These directives are replaced with information contained in the date. Everything else in the string is returned unmodified.
A directive always begins with '%'. They are described in the section below in the section PRINTF DIRECTIVES.
secs_since_1970_GMT
 $secs = $date->secs_since_1970_GMT();
This returns the number of seconds that have elapsed since Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT (negative if the date is earlier).
The reverse is also allowed:
 $err = $date->secs_since_1970_GMT($secs);
which sets the date to $secs seconds from Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT in the local time zone.
set
 $err = $date->set($field,@vals [,$isdst]);
This explicitly sets one or more fields in a date.
$field can be any of the following:
 $field @vals
 zone [ZONE] ZONE can be any zone or alias
 zdate [ZONE,]DATE sets the zone and entire date
 date DATE sets the entire date
 time TIME sets the entire time
 y YEAR sets one field
 m MONTH
 d DAY
 h HOUR
 mn MINUTE
 s SECOND
Here, DATE is a list reference containing [Y,M,D,H,MN,S] and TIME is a list reference containing [H,MN,S].
ZONE is optional (it defaults to the local zone as defined either by the system clock, or the SetDate or ForceDate config variables). If it is passed in, it can be any zone name, abbreviation, or offset. An offset can be expressed either as a valid offset string, or as a list reference. Refer to the join/split functions of Date::Manip::Base for information on valid offset strings.
An optional last argument is $isdst (which must be 0 or 1) is included when setting a date which could be in either standard time or daylight saving time. It is ignored in all other situations. If it is not included, and the resulting date could be in either, it will default to standard time.
The $date object must contain a valid date (unless the entire date is being set with $field set to either "zdate" or "date").
If $field is "zone", the time zone of the date will be set. If ZONE is not passed in, it will be set to the local time zone. When setting the time zone, no conversion is done! Whatever date and time is stored in the $date object prior to this remains unchanged... except it will be that date and time in the new time zone.
If $field is "zdate", the entire date and time zone is set. If ZONE is not passed in, it is set to the local time zone.
If $field is "date", the entire date will be set, but the time zone of the date will not be changed.
If $field is "time", or one of the individual fields, only those fields will be modified.
An error is returned if an invalid argument list is passed in, or if the resulting date is checked and found to be invalid.
value
 $val = $date->value([$type]);
 @val = $date->value([$type]);
These return the value of the date stored in the object.
In scalar context, a printable string in the form YYYYMMDDHH:MN:SS is returned. In list context, a list is returned of (Y,M,D,H,MN,S).
If $type is omitted, the date is returned in the time zone it was parsed in.
If $type is "local", it is returned in the local time zone (which is either the system time zone, or the zone specified with the SetDate or ForceDate config variables).
If $type is "gmt", the date is returned in the GMT time zone.
An empty string or list is returned in the case of an error (and an error code is set).
week_of_year
 $wkno = $date->week_of_year([$first]);
This figures out the week number. If $first is passed in, it must be between 1 and 7 and refers to the first day of the week. If $first is not passed in, the FirstDay config variable is used.
NOTE: This routine should only be called in rare cases. Use printf with the %W, %U, %J, %L formats instead. This routine returns a week between 0 and 53 which must then be "fixed" to get into the ISO 8601 weeks from 1 to 53. A date which returns a week of 0 actually belongs to the last week of the previous year. A date which returns a week of 53 may belong to the first week of the next year.
ISSUES WITH PARSING DATES ^
The following issues may occur when parsing dates that should be understood to make full use of this module.
Complete vs. truncated dates and times
Date formats are either complete or truncated. A complete date fully specifies the year, month, and day and a complete time fully specifies the hour, minute, and second.
It should be understood that in many instances, the information may be implied rather than explicitly stated, but it is still


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created clay slips from a mixture of clays and minerals. The clay slips were then used to decorate the pottery. By the fourth century, a broad range of colors including yellow, purple, red, and orange were being made. However, some Mayan painters refrained from using many colors and used only black, red, and occasionally cream. This series of ceramics is termed the "Codex-style", it being similar to the style of the Pre-Columbian books.
From the 5th century AD onwards, post-firing stucco was adopted from Teotihuacan. By preparing a thin quicklime, the Maya added mineral pigments that would dissolve and create rich blues and greens that added to their artistic culture. Many times this post-fire stucco technique was mixed with painting and incising. Incising is carving deeply or lightly into partially dried clay to create fine detailed designs. This technique was mostly popular during the Early Classic Period.


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The first boats with rudders were steered by a long oar, or 'scull', at the stern. When a second rudder was added to allow for steering in the other direction, it was placed on the left side, opposite the first rudder. This was because of the way that most people are right-handed, and it allowed them to steer with both hands on one side of their body.
It wasn't until later that steering wheels became common; when they did, they were always placed on the left side of boats because people were already accustomed to steering this way.
Today, there are some exceptions: some small boats have steering wheels on the right side, because this makes it easier to operate winches and other equipment mounted on that side of the boat.
Last modified: October 24, 2022


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Despite the introduction of the Whistleblower Protection Act 2010 (the Act), whistleblowing is still a rare occurrence in Malaysia. In fact, the annual report from the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) in 2012 indicates that out of a total of 8,953 complaints received by the Commission only 28 were from whistleblowers. However, data from the US suggests that as a method of detection whistleblowing is the single most effective means of uncovering graft. Considering the importance of whistleblowers in discovering cases of fraud the low number of whistleblowers as observed through the MACC statistics suggest that whistleblowers in Malaysia remain hesitant.
In order to encourage more individuals to come forward and whistleblow, there must be several changes made to Whistleblower Protection Act 2010. To achieve this, the following three areas need to be reformed under the Act:
- Protection for Whistleblowers – the level of protection for whistleblowers needs to be improved and reinforced.
- Independence of the Act – the Act still remains vulnerable to Ministerial action and it needs to be made entirely independent of such influence.
- Whistleblowing Mechanism – a more comprehensive whistleblowing mechanism needs to be created – one that is more robust than the current model.


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a cell membrane is selectively permeable what does that mean
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a cell membrane is selectively permeable what does that mean
Have you ever wondered why some substances can pass through your cell membrane while others can't? It's because your cell membrane is selectively permeable! In other words, it allows certain things to pass through while keeping others out. Read on to learn more about how this process works and what it means for your cells.
What is the cell membrane?
The cell membrane is a layer of material that surrounds the cell. It is made up of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning that it allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. This is how the cell controls what goes in and out of the cell.
What does it mean for a cell membrane to be selectively permeable?
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it can control what goes in and out of the cell. This is important because the cell needs to maintain a balance of fluids and other substances.
How does the cell membrane work?
The cell membrane is responsible for a lot of things, but one of its most important functions is to act as a selective barrier. This means that the membrane can regulate what goes in and out of the cell, and this is vital for the cell to function properly.
The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer, and embedded within this are proteins that act as pores. These pores allow small molecules and ions to pass through, but they can also regulate the traffic of larger molecules. This selective permeability is what allows the cell to control its environment and maintain a stable internal environment.
If the cell membrane was not selectively permeable, then the cell would be constantly bombarded with materials from the outside world. This would make it very difficult for the cell to function properly, and so selective permeability is essential for maintaining a healthy cell.
What are the benefits of a cell membrane being selectively permeable?
A cell membrane being selectively permeable has a number of benefits. First, it helps to regulate what goes in and out of the cell. This is important for maintaining the cell's internal environment and keeping it functioning properly. Second, it allows the cell to communicate with other cells. This communication is essential for the proper function of the body as a whole. Third, a selectively permeable cell membrane can help protect the cell from harmful substances. This protection is vital for the cell's survival. fourth, a selectively permeable cell membrane can help the cell to regulate its temperature. This regulation is necessary for the cell to maintain its normal function.
Conclusion
A cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out. This is an important function because it helps to regulate what goes in and out of the cell, and ensures that the cell stays healthy. The selective permeability of the cell membrane is achieved by a variety of different mechanisms, and this article has provided an overview of some of the most important ones.


It does not prevent additional motion blur (or other artifacts) above-and-beyond motion blur from persistence.
Persistence During Low Frame Rates
Blur Busters Law still applies, except motion blur size is the stutter vibration amplitude instead.
Just like a guitar string that is plucked, high-Hz strings are blurry while low-Hz strings noticeably vibrate. The same is true for display blur versus stutter — Blur Busters Law is simply a function of frequency.
For low Hz where the Hz is so low, the normally high-frequency stutter no longer blends seamlessly into display motion blur. If you stare at _URL_ on a common 60 Hz LCD screen, you will see higher framerates tend to show motion blur while lower framerates tend to stutter (vibrate).
Low frame rates such as 15fps (whether be 15Hz, 30Hz, 60Hz or 120Hz sample-and-hold) will noticeably stutter. Instead of "50 pixels of motion blur" it reads as "50 pixels of stutter amplitude" (the vibrate-back-and-fourth span).
However, once the stutter is high-frequency (e.g. 60fps or 120fps) the 60 or 120 stutters per second vibrates so fast, it just blends into motion blur. The "stutters-blends-to-motion-blur" effect is more easily understood in this variable refresh rate simulation, if viewed on a common LCD (non-strobed):
This is a TestUFO Animation that simulates variable refresh rate (G-SYNC, FreeSync, HDMI 2.1 Game VRR, or VESA Adaptive-Sync) via interpolation. Assuming you're using a modern GPU-accelerated web browser (e.g. chrome://gpu fully green) the above browser animation above will show that low-framerate stutter blending seamlessly into motion blur as the frame rate (refresh rate) smoothly ramps up and down.
A huge purpose of variable refresh rate gaming displays (G-SYNC and FreeSync gaming displays) is to eliminate stutters induced from frame rate fluctuations. However, it cannot fully eliminate stutter of ultra-low frame rates (e.g. 15fps or 30fps). Whatever leftover stutter remains, exactly follows Blur Busters Law except that the calculated minimum motion blur (in pixels) is instead the stutter amplitude (in pixels).
The threshold blending between stutter and blur will vary from human to human based on their individual flicker fusion threshold on the stutter vibration. Blur Busters Law for high frame rates (240fps) will tend to be motion blur due to ultra-fast 240Hz "stutter" blending into motion blur. While Blur Busters Law on low frame rates (15fps) will tend to be stutter amplitude instead of motion blur.
Another great animation demonstrating the continuum between stutter and motion blur, can be demonstrated in TestUFO Eye Tracking Variable Speed Animation.
What About Duplicate Images on Strobed Displays?
In the old days, playing 30 fps games on a 60 Hz CRT created a double image effect. This is still a problem today when playing on strobed displays running any frame rates below strobe rate.
Credit: Chronoptimist of AVSFORUM.
There are always 2 duplicate images during [email protected] strobed, and [email protected] strobed. This is still visible even at [email protected] strobed.
In addition, multi-image artifacts are also made visible via backlights utilizing PWM-dimming, such as doing 360 Hz PWM at 60 Hz. This produces the same effect.
Even 1000 Hz PWM still unfortunately produces visible artifacts. We cannot see high-frequency flicker directly, but PWM side effects (stroboscopic effect) up to 10,000Hz are still visible (research paper):
While human eyes cannot detect high-frequency flicker directly, humans can still see stroboscopic effects and persistence-based motion blur from Hertz limitations.
Duplicate Images During BFI = (Hz Divided by Frame Rate)
Repeatedly flashed duplicate frames (refresh cycles) create duplicate images as follows:
 - 20 fps at 60 Hz flicker creates 3 duplicate images during motion
 - 30 fps at 60 Hz flicker creates 2 duplicate images during motion
 - 60 fps at 120 Hz flicker creates 2 duplicate images during motion
 - 200 fps at 1000 Hz flicker creates 5 duplicate images during motion
Separation Between Duplicate Images During BFI = (Motion Speed / Hz)
Duplicate image separation shrinks at higher Hz. However, higher resolutions and faster motion speeds, re-amplifies multi-image artifacts again.
 - 30 fps at 60 Hz flicker at 4000 pixels/sec creates 66 pixel separation between 2 duplicates
 - 20 fps at 60 Hz flicker at 4000 pixels/sec creates 66 pixels separation between 3 duplicates
 - 60 fps at 120 Hz flicker at 4000 pixels/sec creates 33 pixels separation between 2 duplicates
 - 200 fps at 1000 Hz flicker at 4000 pixels/sec creates 4 pixels separation between 5 duplicates
Not just from refresh rate, this can also include PWM backlights that flicker multiple times per refresh cycle (e.g. PWM dimming too). To do proper motion blur reduction, you want only one want one flash per frame.
But I Also See Stroboscopic Effects at Full Frame Rate Too!
This happens when you do fixed-gaze situations. This is also called the Phantom Array Effect. Stare at the middle of the below animation, the TestUFO Mouse Arrow Demo.
Adding artificial motion blur (GPU blur effects) or camera motion blur (slow shutter) can fix this stroboscopic effect.
Unfortunately, there are many situations where we don't want motion blur forced upon us by the display above-and-beyond natural human vision blurring. This includes virtual reality headsets. Oculus and other manufacturers found that low-persistence reduces nausea in virtual reality. They cannot add additional motion blur without increasing nausea. So stroboscopic effects are currently the lesser of evil for most people.
During our true 480 Hz monitor tests, stroboscopic display effects were still visible even at 480 Hz!
Do Strobed LCD/OLED Flicker More Than CRT and Plasma?
At lower refresh rates such as 60 Hz or 75 Hz, amplified flicker can occur because of the flicker curve and flicker duty cycle. On CRTs and plasmas, phosphor gives a gentler fade than square-wave strobe backlight flashes. In addition, global flash strobing (e.g. ULMB) also varies average picture brightness more than a scanning flash (e.g. CRT).
This is why the equivalent refresh rate (e.g. 75 Hz) flickers a lot more on strobed LCD displays than on CRT/plasma displays, because you're comparing square-waved strobing (e.g. ULMB) versus curved strobing (e.g. CRT).
Today, we sit closer to screens that are bigger and brighter than yesterday's CRT tubes. This amplifies visibility of flicker. Due to this, most blur-reduction modes (ULMB) run only at higher refresh rates such as 120 Hz instead of 60 Hz to avoid bad flicker.
We simply use use overkill BFI/strobe rate to compensate for the lack of flicker curve-softening (phosphor fade). Thankfully, 120 Hz square wave strobing (ULMB or LightBoost) still flickers a lot less than an old 50 Hz or 60 Hz CRT.
Future Blur-Free Sample and Hold Technologies
The only way to simultaneously fully fix motion blur and stroboscopic effects is an analog-motion display.
Real life has no frame rate. Frame rates and refresh rate are an artificial digital image-stepping invention of humankind (since the first zoetropes and first movie projectors) that can never perfectly match analog-motion reality.
However, ultra-high frame rates at ultra-high refresh rates (>1000fps at >1000Hz) manages to come very close. This is currently the best way to achieve blurless sample-and-hold with no flicker, no motion blur, and no stroboscopic effects.
Also, real life has no flicker, no strobing and no BFI. Today's strobe backlight technologies (e.g. ULMB) are a good interim workaround for display motion blur. However, the ultimate displays of the distant future will fully eliminate motion blur without strobing. The only way to do that is ultra-high frame rates & refresh rates.
1000Hz
The limiting factor is human-eye tracking speed on full-FOV retina-resolution displays. As a result, with massive screen 4K TVs, 8K TVs, and virtual reality headsets, higher refresh rates are needed to compensate for degradation of motion resolution via persistence.
Most display scientists now agree (e.g. Michael Abrash, Chief Scientist of Oculus), said in his blog
the sweet spot for 1080p at 90 degrees FOV is probably somewhere between 300 and 1000 Hz, although higher frame rates would be required to hit the sweet spot at higher resolutions.
In addition, NVIDIA scientists, including Morgan McGuire, have agreed too:
Blur Busters Law Is Also a Vicious Cycle
The Blur Busters Law (1ms of persistence = 1 pixel of motion blurring per 1000 pixels/sec) becomes a vicious cycle when


text:
Nearly 550 billion MNT required for building flood protection dams
Officials underline that 548 billion MNT is necessary for building drainage and flood protection systems to prevent UB residents from suffering damages caused by flooding.
According to the flood hazard study, households living near the basin of the Selbe River are in danger of being impacted by flooding first. General Manager of Ulaanbaatar B.Badral emphasized that a defensive strategy needs to be implemented in order to prevent flood risk. He added that approximately 550 billion MNT will need to be invested for building flood protection dams.
As of July 19, the water level of the Orkhon River increased by 45 to 55 cm in a single day, exceeding flood levels by 10 to 40 cm near Ulziit and Kharkhorin soums. Water levels around estuaries of the Ongi River rose by 85 cm and exceeded flood levels by 5 cm.
As of yesterday, flood levels near the Orkhon, Old Orkhin, Khovd, Buyant, Baidrag and Ongi rivers are exceeding limits. State and province officials have called on herders settled near these river basins, people celebrating provincial Naadam festivals, and businesses and tourists to be alert and cautious of flooding hazards.
Short URL: _URL_


text:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Assistant Administrator for Water, Benjamin Grumbles, celebrated 30 years of progress under the Safe Drinking Water Act today at the Clayton County, Georgia Water Authority. The Assistant Administrator visited the Clayton County Water Authority to see how the utility is using innovative technology for making drinking water safer in the 21st century.
"We salute the Safe Drinking Water Act and the many Americans who work hard to make sure our water is safe to drink," Grumbles said. "We can all help – by working within our own communities to prevent contamination in the lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers that are the source of our water supply."
Grumbles praised the Clayton County Water Authority for taking action to go beyond regulatory requirements in ensuring that their customers have access to safe drinking water. In addition to conventional treatment, the Authority uses ultraviolet disinfection at all of their treatment plants to provide greater removal of microbial pathogens that can negatively impact human health by causing gastrointestinal illness.
Throughout 2005, EPA will recognize the anniversary of the Act by conducting a campaign focused on four themes: "Community Water Systems: The Backbone of Public Health;" "Protecting Sources of Drinking Water;" "Public Involvement in Safe Drinking Water;" and "Planning for the Future."
Visit _URL_ to view fact sheets created in commemoration of the anniversary and for updates on events and activities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Our Scope
 - With the goal to create bigger and more lasting impact on the targeted communities, TKT focuses on small numbers to ensure consistency, control, monitoring and evaluation of its programs.
 - The TKT beneficiaries are partly or completely orphaned children and youth between the ages of 4 to 20 years and are drawn from Kibera, Ngong, Mukuru, Kawangware and Dagoretti.
 - In the spirit of our founding principles, upon enrolment into the TKT program, the beneficiaries are taken systematically through social, emotional, physical, and professional development.
 - In TKT's effort to develop a holistic approach to ensure their ability to reintegrate into their communities in their adulthood, TKT not only provides a formal education, but each beneficiary is provided with a curriculum on basic life skills, home skills and other extra curriculum activities such as art.
 - At the end of each beneficiary's journey with TKT, they are supported in their vertical integration into the community as adults, where they will be contributing citizens who can engage and build as actors of change in their respective communities, widening TKT's impact.


text: Climate change is believed to affect the hydrological cycle and thus it would have significant implications on the regional scale agricultural water availability. In this study an Agricultural Water Availability Index was developed for Rechna doab, Pakistan. This index was used to evaluate the present and future agricultural water availability. Moreover this study also demonstrates the use of remote sensing to determine the soil moisture content on a regional or basin scale. Water availability for the future scenarios was assessed by statistical downscaling technique to downscale Tmax, Tmin and precipitation using the HadCM3 GCM outputs for the study area. The study results demonstrate that the variation in water availability will increase both spatially and temporally and there will be critical water shortage during the wheat sowing period. Therefore suitable climate change adaptation options were forwarded to cope with the shortages. This study can be used for making better surface water allocation in the future on the basis of knowing water availability on a spatial scale.


text:
Where Islam and Judaism Join Together
A Perspective on Reconciliation
|Publication Date||July 2014|
|Formats||Hardcover Ebook (PDF) Ebook (EPUB)|
This book is the result of many years of the author's thinking, speaking, and writing about peace. It is the fruit of many years of philanthropic activity in the Middle East Peace Network (MEPN), which the author founded in 1990. To a certain degree, it is a personal journey of a Jew into the heart of Islam in search of a common ground and possible Jewish-Muslim reconciliation. The purpose of Where Islam and Judaism Join Together: A Perspective on Reconciliation is to create an environment that could help reshape the future of Jewish-Muslim relations, and consequently shift the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict.


text:
Soil samples show Richard III suffered from roundwormBreaking News
tags: archaeology, Richard III, medicine, ringworm
Richard III suffered from a roundworm infection, a team says.
A soil sample from the region where his infected intestines would have been during life, revealed multiple roundworm eggs.
Prevalent both in medieval times and in tropical countries today, the roundworm parasite spreads from faecal contamination and can grow up to one foot long....
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text:
Brussels, 27 November 2003
Travelling with pets: Pet passports to be introduced in July 2004
The European Commission today adopted a Decision establishing a model passport which will allow pets and their owners to travel more easily within the European Union. New EU legislation(1) comes into force in July 2004 which will mean all cats, dogs and ferrets will need a passport to travel. The pet passport, a veterinary document, will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom(2). The passport can also contain details of other vaccinations, including those not required by law, as well as information on the animal's medical history.
David Byrne, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Commissioner said: "This is great news for pet owners like myself. A pet passport will be accepted throughout the EU as proof that a pet has received the anti-rabies vaccination. It also makes it easier for vets to learn about the pet's medical history. This is a significant step for the free movement of people and their pets and a step that was made possible by dramatic advances made in our fight against rabies. Rabies is now close to being totally eradicated from the EU".
Why do pets need passports?
Harmonised veterinary controls on the movement of animals between Member States for trade have been in place for some time. The same rules do not exist for pets. Member States require many different documents to prove a pet meets the veterinary conditions required for travel.
Regulation 998/2003 harmonised the rules on travelling with pets to make it easier for EU citizens and their cats or dogs to enjoy the freedom of movement within the Union. From 3 July 2004 the Regulation will require cats, dogs and ferrets to have a pet passport. It will provide proof that the animal has been vaccinated against rabies. This is the sole requirement for pets to travel to all Member States except Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
The pet passport will be accepted in all Member States. It can also contain details of other vaccinations and clinical examinations to give a clear picture of the animal's health status. This will facilitate veterinary checks and provide evidence of good health for a pet travelling to third countries free of rabies or where the disease is under control.
What will the passport look like?
The pet passport will measure 100 x 152 mm with a blue cover and the yellow stars of the European emblem. The languages used will be English and the official language of the Member State where the passport is issued. The words "European Union" and the name of the Member State will appear on the cover, along with the passport number which is the ISO code of the Member State followed by a unique number.
What difference will it make?
Travelling with pets will become much easier. All the different documents needed for travel into each Member State will be replaced by one veterinary document, the pet passport, which will be recognised across the EU. Visits to the vet will also become much more straightforward as the passport can instantly inform the vet about the pet's medical history.
More information: IP/02/950. If you would like to receive a copy of the passport electronically, please send an e-mail to _EMAIL_, indicating the language.
(1) Regulation 998/2003.
(2) Pets travelling to Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom from the rest of the EU need to have an antibody titration test several months after the rabies vaccination to check it has been effective. The UK and Ireland also require pets to be treated for ticks and tapeworm (echinococcus) as part of the Pets Travel Scheme (PETS). Pets travelling to Sweden need to follow different procedures according to the country of origin.


text:
Pan's House 潘宅
設 計 者／翁梓富
參 與 者／許媁甯
攝 影 者／揅空間工作室
This project was conducted in an old community in Hsinchu with few residents. Its architectural style belongs to that of the traditional terrace house (tou tian cuo), which shares the same exterior construction and interior layout with the buildings in the neighborhood. According to the local residents, due to home burglaries that had been experienced, installing iron gratings outside balconies and windows became a norm. In light of this norm, we developed an interesting starting point in design, and we were hoping to respond to this typical relationship through the concept of (building) skin. Skin is the outermost layer of a body and it is also integral with the body. In the context of architecture, the skin is a part of a building that is constructed along with the building instead of being added on later in order to meet demands or address a lack of functions. The difference between building a skin and putting on iron gratings is that building a skin with the function of resisting invading forces does not give off a feeling of confinement or indifference; it presents a bright and refreshing sense of lightness and transparency.
The interior design places the stairs and bathroom on the same side to constitute a service core. The square-shaped staircase produces a small patio on one side of the room, with the stairwell circling inside and light filtering through the areas; the twining of the moving line and light ray creates a Z-axis space that is highly dynamic in the vertical direction. The design of the staircase handrails adopts the material of the building skin used in the exterior facades, and the light and transparent metal mesh makes it easier for light to penetrate. Patios are on the other side of the stairs. The design of two patios resolves the problem wherein the traditional terrace houses (tou tian cuo) were only able to receive natural light from the front.
For the purpose of allowing more natural light to enter the room and sculpting the spatial texture, we tried to keep the interior layout as simple as possible. A large number of white background walls are used to reflect light, and light grey and white furniture was employed with the intention of reducing the interference of colour on the light.
Photographer/Millspace & Workpaperpress
Nature of Space/ Residential Space
Location / Zhudong City, Taiwan
2021 TID award
2021 golden pin design award


text:
Seminar Leader: Dr. J. Malat
This is a practical, clinically oriented seminar designed for psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychotherapists in active practice who deal with the problems of integrating psychotherapy and medication treatments. Participants will examine the history of integration and some significant turning points in thinking about them. Participants will examine current models of treatment and examine their applicability to their own practice.
- Participants will recognize the range of psychotherapies practiced in Ontario as they relate to the use of medication as an adjunct. (1.3)
- Participants will appraise current models of medication treatment for their appropriateness in contemporary models of psychotherapy practice. (1.3)
- Participants will recognize the major classes of psychoactive drugs and their effects. (1.3)
- Participants will examine the effect of medication treatment on the psychotherapeutic relationship and consider possible pitfalls and advantages. (1.3)
Cabaniss, D. L. (2001). Beyond dualism: psychoanalysis and medication in the 21st Century. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65(2),160-170. (Article to be provided to students by Jean Bowlby).


Famous People Who Died in 884
The Most Historically Significant Person Who Died in 884 Was Ahmad ibn Tulun.
Recognized by over 1,000,000 people
Thursday, September 20
Death date
Wednesday, May 10
Ahmad ibn Tulun is the most famous person who died in 884. They were born on a Thursday. They died on a Wednesday. Their Zodiac sign is ♍ Virgo. Their Chinese Zodiac sign is 兔 Rabbit. They are considered the most important person in history who died in 884.
Their birthplace was Baghdad
Fame statistic for people who died in 884
Number of Famous People:
Top 100%Weak
Fame Power of People:
Top 85%Weak
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text:
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes and the rate of epiretinal membrane (ERM) recurrence in eyes that had undergone ERM-internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling surgery at least 6 months earlier.
METHODS: The records of 81 eyes of 81 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and ERM-ILM peeling with the diagnosis of idiopathic ERM between January 2015 and January 2016 in our clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. The demographic details of the patients, duration of the follow-up period, use of endotamponade, and any complications were recorded. Best corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) at baseline and at 6, 12, and 18 months were also recorded.
RESULTS: A total of 81eyes of 81 patients, 45 (55.6%) males and 36 (44.4%) females, with a group mean age of 65.7±8.5 years (range: 46-85 years) were assessed. The mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.81±0.50 logMAR (the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) (0.22 decimals). During the follow-up, the mean visual acuity at 6, 12, and 24 months was 0.61±0.37 logMAR (0.33 decimals), 0.61±0.38 logMAR (0.33 decimals), and 0.55±0.33 logMAR (0.36 decimals), respectively. The visual acuity was significantly better at 6,12, and 24 months compared with the baseline measurement (p<0.05 for all; paired t-test). The mean preoperative CMT was 519±103 μm. During the follow-up, the mean CMT was 302±89 μm, 287±80 μm, and 273±82 μm at 6,12, and 24 months, respectively. Compared with the baseline, a statistically significant difference was observed at 6, 12, and 24 months.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: PPV with membranectomy and ILM peeling is a safe and effective method to treat idiopathic ERM. It led to a functional improvement and a reduction in macular thickness in most of the patients diagnosed with ERM. The rate of recurrence of ERM and the need for repeat ERM surgery was lower in eyes where the ILM was removed with the ERM than the expected rate for when ERM peeling is performed alone.


Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Any math questions on this site should be programming related.
learn more… | top users | synonyms (4)
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hold the rendered visual result.
 12. fz_clear_pixmap_with_value: Fills the fz_pixmap with a color (usually white).
 13. fz_new_draw_device: Creates a fz_device to draw the rendered result.
 14. fz_lookup_device_colorspace: Gets a fz_colorspace structure, used in the fz_run_page function.
 15. fz_run_page: Renders the page to the specific fz_device.
 16. fz_free_device: Frees the resources used by the fz_device.
 17. fz_drop_pixmap: Frees the resources used by the fz_pixmap.
 18. fz_pixmap_samples: Gets the data of the rendered fz_pixmap, used to render the Bitmap.
Notice: if you use the DLL compiled from SumatraPDF
In the recent release of the SumatraPDF, in order to downsize the DLL library file, the developers decided to strip some functions when compiling the libmupdf.dll file. Consequently some functions in the fitz.h file are not compiled into the DLL file and we have to use the equivalent exported functions from the pdf.h file instead.
Writing the P/Invoke functions
Note: The chapter will show you how the P/Invoke functions are composed. If you don't care about how they came from, just skip this chapter.
Once we know about what functions we are going to use, we can start writing P/Invoke functions in C#. Firstly we begin with the following code in fitz\context.h for the fz_new_context_imp function, since it creates the fz_context instance and the following of the code will rely on that object.
fz_context *fz_new_context_imp(fz_alloc_context *alloc, fz_locks_context *locks, unsigned int max_store, const char *version);
 1. The fz_context * is the return value of the function, a pointer to a fz_context structure. In our P/Invoke function, IntPtr will be used since we don't care about the internal structure of fz_context.
 2. fz_new_context_imp is, of course, the function name.
 3. fz_alloc_context * and fz_locks_context * are the types of the first two parameters of the function. When initializing the fz_context with the fz_new_context function, we can simply pass IntPtr.Zero for those two parameters, hereby we will use IntPtr in the corresponding positions of the P/Invoke function.
 4. max_store determines the size of resources cached by the engine. The recommended size (256 << 20) provided by the header file equals 256 megabytes.
 5. version is a string passed to the function.
Here is the P/Invoke function code for the fz_new_context_imp function.
[DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint="fz_new_context_imp")]
static extern IntPtr NewContext (IntPtr alloc, IntPtr locks, uint max_store, string version);
Since the caller actually doesn't have to know about alloc, locks and max_store, we can add an overload function to make the method look neat.
const uint FZ_STORE_DEFAULT = 256 << 20;
const string MuPDFVersion = "1.6";
public static IntPtr NewContext () {
 return NewContext (IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, FZ_STORE_DEFAULT, MuPDFVersion);
But... you may ask, "Wait a minute. How do you know that we can pass two IntPtr.Zeros and a FZ_STORE_DEFAULT to the NewContext function? And what the heck is the magic string '1.6'?" Good questions. The answer for the first question is written in fitz\context.h--"when you don't need to preallocate some memory nor set locks, you can simply use NULL". In the world of P/Invoke, NULL means IntPtr.Zero, for the first two parameters. The value of FZ_STORE_DEFAULT was also mentioned there.
The answer to the second question can be found in fitz\context.h and fitz\version.h. At first, we see the following line in context.h:
_TAG_ fz_new_context(alloc, locks, max_store) fz_new_context_imp(alloc, locks, max_store, FZ_VERSION)
If you study the example code provided by MuPDF or SumatraPDF, you can see that they used fz_new_context instead of fz_new_context_imp. However, as the above line of code shows, the fz_new_context is just a defined macro in C, which was not exposed to the C# world out of the DLL. We have to call fz_new_context_imp instead when we P/Invoke the library.
And next, we can find out the definition to FZ_VERSION in version.h.
If you pass a version number which mismatches the version of the engine, the function will return IntPtr.Zero instead of a fz_context instance. When you are compiling your own libmupdf.dll library, you shall at least take a look at the fitz\version.h file and check whether the FZ_VERSION definition matches the version parameter we pass into the function here.
Please refer to those *.h files in the fitz folder and the pdf folder when you have further questions.
Let's do the same thing to the rest functions and write P/Invoke functions accordingly. During the course we will inevitably encounter three more new structures, fz_bbox, fz_rectangle and fz_matrix, referenced by those functions listed above. They are quite simple ones. We just define them as structs in our code, according to their definitions in fitz.h. Eventually we will reach something similar to the following code ready to be used by P/Invoke.
public struct BBox
 public int Left, Top, Right, Bottom;
public struct Rectangle
 public float Left, Top, Right, Bottom;
public struct Matrix
 public float A, B, C, D, E, F;
class NativeMethods {
 const uint FZ_STORE_DEFAULT = 256 << 20;
 const string DLL = "libmupdf.dll";
 const string MuPDFVersion = "1.6";
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint="fz_new_context")]
 public static IntPtr NewContext () {
 return NewContext (IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero, FZ_STORE_DEFAULT, MuPDFVersion);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_free_context")]
 public static extern IntPtr FreeContext (IntPtr ctx);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_open_file_w", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
 public static extern IntPtr OpenFile (IntPtr ctx, string fileName);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_open_document_with_stream")]
 public static extern IntPtr OpenDocumentStream (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr stm);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_close")]
 public static extern IntPtr CloseStream (IntPtr stm);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_close_document")]
 public static extern IntPtr CloseDocument (IntPtr doc);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_count_pages")]
 public static extern int CountPages (IntPtr doc);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_bound_page")]
 public static extern void BoundPage (IntPtr doc, IntPtr page, ref Rectangle bound);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_clear_pixmap_with_value")]
 public static extern void ClearPixmap (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr pix, int byteValue);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_lookup_device_colorspace")]
 public static extern IntPtr LookupDeviceColorSpace (IntPtr ctx, string colorspace);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_free_device")]
 public static extern void FreeDevice (IntPtr dev);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_free_page")]
 public static extern void FreePage (IntPtr doc, IntPtr page);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_load_page")]
 public static extern IntPtr LoadPage (IntPtr doc, int pageNumber);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_new_draw_device")]
 public static extern IntPtr NewDrawDevice (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr pix);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_new_pixmap")]
 public static extern IntPtr NewPixmap (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr colorspace, int width, int height);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "pdf_run_page")]
 public static extern void RunPage (IntPtr doc, IntPtr page, IntPtr dev, ref Matrix transform, IntPtr cookie);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_drop_pixmap")]
 public static extern void DropPixmap (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr pix);
 [DllImport (DLL, EntryPoint = "fz_pixmap_samples")]
 public static extern IntPtr GetSamples (IntPtr ctx, IntPtr pix);
Using the code - the flow of the program
The goal of this article is to render PDF documents into pictures. The procedure is quite straightforward.
 1. Loads the document.
 2. Iterates each page in the document.
 3. Renders each page to Bitmap and saves them to the disk.
 4. Releases allocated resources during the operation.
The skeleton of the code flow
The code is listed below.
static void Main (string[] args) {
 IntPtr ctx = NativeMethods.NewContext (); // Creates the context
 IntPtr stm = NativeMethods.OpenFile (ctx, "test.pdf"); // opens file test.pdf as a stream
 IntPtr doc = NativeMethods.OpenDocumentStream (ctx, ".pdf", stm); // opens the document
 int pn = NativeMethods.CountPages (doc); // gets the number of pages in the document
 for (int i = 0; i < pn; i++) { // iterate through each pages
 IntPtr p


cottonwood-01 cottonwood-02 cottonwood-03 cottonwood-04 cottonwood-05 cottonwood-06 cottonwood-07 cottonwood-08 cottonwood-09 cottonwood-10 cottonwood-11 sycamore-12
First Class requirement #5a: Identify or show evidence of at least 10 kinds of native plants found in your local area or campsite location.
Cottonwoods leaves are large, light-colored, and shaped like a spade. They grow a lot of leaves in the spring. Some of these pictures show very few leaves because they were taken at the end of summer. When the summer heat hits Dallas-Fort Worth, the cottonwoods can drop half their leaves in order to slow down evaporation and preserve their moisture.
Cottonwoods grow very fast because they make very soft wood. So where tree growth is new, you will often see cottonwoods sticking up above the tops of other trees.
Click on the pictures to see them up close.
Cottonwood branches are often almost white. So it is no surprise that they are related to poplars and aspens.
Cottonwoods are most likely to be confused with sycamores. The last picture on this page is a sycamore to show the differences. Sycamore leaves are more divided into sections than cottonwood leaves. And on big sycamores the bark is shaggy, while on big cottonwoods the bark instead has ridges.
Page last updated 2020.01.09


text:
REPLACE mechanically runs
INSERT. That may change the PRIMARY KEYs.
Here is something else you can do.
Suppose your table is called name_city and it looks like this:
CREATE TABLE name_city
id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
and you want to do the
LOAD DATA INFILE.
Here are your steps to update the city based on id:
Step 01) Create another table to use for the import
CREATE TABLE name_city_import LIKE name_city;
Step 02) Drop the name column from the import table
ALTER TABLE name_city_import DROP COLUMN name;
Step 03) Perform the import into
LOAD DATA INFILE'somefile.csv' INTO TABLE name_city_import...
Step 04) Perform an UPDATE JOIN
UPDATE name_city_import B
INNER JOIN name_city A USING (id)
SET A.city = B.city;
Step 05) Remove the import table
DROP TABLE name_city_import;
Give it a Try!!!


This the durability of SCT has been
This critical review article gives an overview of efficiency, stability and durability of self-cleaning technology (SCT). The SCT includes so many widespread applications such as textiles / cotton-fabrics / garments, Construction of buildings / lavatories / domestic-automobiles windows / architectural heritage and photovoltaic / solar cells. Durability is a serious problem of SCT, so how the durability of SCT is significant in human life is also deliberating. Due to the SCT has broad categories of applications, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the durability and the preparation of self-cleaning surfaces?SCS?using a simple way of techniques of SHP surfaces of SCT are discussed in details with a separate section. The efficiency and durability studies are discussed with influence characteristics and importance of durability on SCT classified and summarized. In SCT, recent progress of the durability of SCT has been reviewed by for investigation at last decades, clinched that the research going on this field is increasing slowly from increasing a fraction of publication. We review the most current, and promising efforts in innovative applications of SCT to the understanding of efficiency, stability, and durability are studied. Present conclusions, future perspectives, and challenges on the field of the durability of SCT are also proposed.
Keywords: Materials, Surface, Self-cleaning, Durability, Superhydroscopic surface
____________________________________________________________________
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Durability advances in SCT
1.2 Influence Parameters of Durability Studies of SCT
1.3 Why Efficiency and Durability essential for SCT
2. Fabrication of SCT
2.1 Sol-gel process
2.2 Dip-coating technique
2.3 Chemical deposition/Electrolysis
2.4 Layer by layer assembly
2.5 Miscellaneous techniques
3. Recent Applications in Durability of SCT
3.1 SC Building
3.1.1 SC Toilet
3.1.2 SC Mineral Paints for Architectural Heritage
3.2 SC Photovoltaic Devices/Solar Cell
3.3 SC Fabrics /Textile Industry
4. Summary and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬-__________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
The most basic principle of the idea of self-cleaning technology (SCT) is the properties of spherical water droplets that can be removed dirt particles. The essential conditions for the formation of self-cleaning (SC) properties are the combination of surface hydrophobic epicuticular wax, and a hierarchical structure could contribute to a high water contact angle (CA), and a low sliding angle (SA) 1. Inspiration for nature will give an idea to develop a simple and low-cost method to construct and fabricated the SC surfaces with superhydrophobic (SHP) capable of advanced applications towards the SC. A review article was written by Ganesh et al. 2 on SC coatings of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, and also focused on their fabrication techniques and working mechanism. Biomimetic SC surfaces were studied by Xu et al. 3, they reported that SL studies with water and without water was discussed. Few of the researchers have been addressed their problems of SL-SHP surfaces represent a significant technological innovation in recent studies on durable surfaces. SCT used for daily application, SL surfaces were survived under harsh conditions, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and chemical corrosion. Hereafter, designing and constructing durable and chemically stable SHP surfaces have become progressively meaningful and practical 4.
Durability enhancement of SHP surfaces was an essential issue for SCT, it would still necessary to develop a good SHP coatings achieved by the majority of methods hold limited abrasion resistance (AR), corrosion free, efficiency, non-hazardous chemicals, and stability. Researchers indorse that to use the alternative eco-friendly chemicals such as fluorine-containing chemicals, and organic chemicals, which are dangerous for human health and environmental conditions 5. Recently, there have been several studies have enunciated to the mechanical integrity of the SHP coatings, evaluating its outdoor stability and AR. The AR was resolute in assessing the change in a static CA, CA hysteresis, and the coefficient of surface friction 6.
Nowadays, seeking out low-cost materials and developing one-step methods has become gradually important to fabricating SC-SHP surfaces. For this reason, Sas et al. 7 reviewed article in a brief overview of the idea of SC-SHP surfaces and basic principles of the electrospinning process, considered into several groups and their results have been compared in SHP behaviors. An alternative approach is necessary for the minimizing a major problem facing to reduce the cost of preparation of SL surfaces and simultaneously, consider on the eco-friendly coatings for enhancement on environmental conditions for in a long period of durability and it will reduce time, energy, and laundry cost 8. The SCT is also useful in the various applications including the textile materials normally used in daily life. The SCT also developed various applications such as medical, textiles, athletic wear, outdoor fabrics, and military uniform. SCT fabrics are beneficial to human life as it effectively conserves water 9. Much of SCT has been already the presence of reflected in our daily life in different uses, such as clothes, shoes, waterproof umbrellas, and paints.
The main purpose of this article to overview of significant SCT durability studies initiated into the literature. The most relevant research investigations into durability of SCT results achieved from last decades. To summarize, compare and discuss the results from advances in durability of SCT, influencing characteristics of durability of SCT and also how efficiency and durability essential for SCT elaborated. The SCT of durability based materials fabrication method discussed in separate section. To delivery some general conclusions of the most suitable fabrication methods and their applications for studying the durability, and also recommend some future scenarios to develop them.
1.1 Advances of Durability in SCT
In a 21st century, there is major importance characteristics requirement of durability of materials 10, which involves the maintenance of SL behavior during their service era, intended at 5-10 years. The durability of SCT can be ruled by the applicable requirements of high-temperature stability for a SL-SHP surfaces leads to metals and ceramics as suitable candidates 11, for better use of parameters with lightweight, mechanical flexibility, corrosion resistance, chemical and mechanical stability are vital application requirements, than polymeric materials are more suitable candidates for SC surfaces. One of the main uses of these SHP surfaces is to grow the corrosion resistance of surfaces bare to harsh environments as well as their long-term chemical stability and maintaining the SCT 12. New synthesis techniques and surface modification methods need to be accepted, which can provide excellent adhesion and strength for the coatings on the substrates 13. We also focus on the SCT was strongly dependent on the availability and cost of fabrication techniques. SC materials (TiO2 and ZnO) have been identified, the choices of fabrication methods, once the fabrication processes finalized then these samples had been tested for SC-SHP. The highly optimized superior SCS are checked, their efficiency, stability and durability. From these comments, we can recognize the best efficiency and durability of SCT for our study.
Several researchers are reviewing for the SC coatings 2, 6-9, 14-16 such as, Sakhuja et al.17 systematically investigated the planar and nanostructure glass samples for the SC properties, and their durability test was studied over an open-air exposure period of 12 weeks, they obtained the SC and anti-reflective performance. Singh et al. 18 developed a super-repellent surfaces using zirconia particles of water-soluble siloxane emulsion on cotton fabric. They also studied that the stability of an coated cotton fabrics (CCF) was observed by the extents of water CA after the treatments of CCF with various tests such as chemical stability, UV irradiation stability, sandpaper abrasion test, and adhesive tape tear test with repetitions was presented in Fig. 1. The durability of the coating on CCF also measured by the repeated tear test of an adhesive tape. In their study, the cotton surface was paste onto an adhesive tape, and then it was peeled offed presented in Fig. 2. The developed material remained super-repellent with respect to all four test liquids, even after repetition of the tear test with an adhesive test for 20 cycles, with CA >150°. Thus the results of the study representing the excellent stability of the coating on cotton fabric 18. Quiroga et al.19 tested for long-term working conditions and performance of a commercial SC coating of water-based TiO2 sol has been coated on three building materials, it is significant in current and older European heritage such as


the contents of a byte blob instead of its id.
ifx.byteasvarchar = 0
Trailing blanks are stripped from fixed-length char columns. May help the life of Informix SE users.
ifx.charasvarchar = 0
If on, the contents of text and byte blobs are dumped to a file instead of keeping them in memory.
ifx.blobinfile = 0
NULL's are returned as empty strings, unless this is set to 1. In that case, NULL's are returned as string 'NULL'.
ifx.nullformat = 0
[Session]
Handler used to store/retrieve data.
session.save_handler = files
Argument passed to save_handler. In the case of files, this is the path where data files are stored. Note: Windows users have to change this variable in order to use PHP's session functions.
As of PHP 4.0.1, you can define the path as:
 session.save_path = "N;/path"
where N is an integer. Instead of storing all the session files in /path, what this will do is use subdirectories N-levels deep, and store the session data in those directories. This is useful if you or your OS have problems with lots of files in one directory, and is a more efficient layout for servers that handle lots of sessions.
NOTE 1: PHP will not create this directory structure automatically.
You can use the script in the ext/session dir for that purpose.
NOTE 2: See the section on garbage collection below if you choose to
use subdirectories for session storage
The file storage module creates files using mode 600 by default.
You can change that by using
 session.save_path = "N;MODE;/path"
where MODE is the octal representation of the mode. Note that this does not overwrite the process's umask.
session.save_path = /var/lib/php5
Whether to use cookies.
session.use_cookies = 1
session.cookie_secure =
This option enables administrators to make their users invulnerable to attacks which involve passing session ids in URLs; defaults to 0.
session.use_only_cookies = 1
Name of the session (used as cookie name).
session.name = PHPSESSID
Initialize session on request startup.
session.auto_start = 0
Lifetime in seconds of cookie or, if 0, until browser is restarted.
session.cookie_lifetime = 0
The path for which the cookie is valid.
session.cookie_path = /
The domain for which the cookie is valid.
session.cookie_domain =
Whether or not to add the httpOnly flag to the cookie, which makes it inaccessible to browser scripting languages such as JavaScript.
session.cookie_httponly =
Handler used to serialize data. php is the standard serializer of PHP.
session.serialize_handler = php
Define the probability that the 'garbage collection' process is started on every session initialization.
The probability is calculated by using gc_probability/gc_divisor, e.g. 1/100 means there is a 1% chance that the GC process starts on each request.
This is disabled in the Debian packages, due to the strict permissions on /var/lib/php5. Instead of setting this here, see the cronjob at /etc/cron.d/php5, which uses the session.gc_maxlifetime setting below. php scripts using their own session.save_path should make sure garbage collection is enabled by setting session.gc_probability
session.gc_probability = 0
session.gc_divisor = 100
After this number of seconds, stored data will be seen as 'garbage' and cleaned up by the garbage collection process.
session.gc_maxlifetime = 1440
NOTE: If you are using the subdirectory option for storing session files (see session.save_path above), then garbage collection does *not* happen automatically. You will need to do your own garbage collection through a shell script, cron entry, or some other method.
For example, the following script would is the equivalent of setting session.gc_maxlifetime to 1440 (1440 seconds = 24 minutes): cd /path/to/sessions; find -cmin +24 | xargs rm
PHP 4.2 and less have an undocumented feature/bug that allows you to to initialize a session variable in the global scope, albeit register_globals is disabled. PHP 4.3 and later will warn you, if this feature is used. You can disable the feature and the warning separately. At this time, the warning is only displayed, if bug_compat_42 is enabled.
session.bug_compat_42 = 1
session.bug_compat_warn = 1
Check HTTP Referer to invalidate externally stored URLs containing ids. HTTP_REFERER has to contain this substring for the session to be considered as valid.
session.referer_check =
How many bytes to read from the file.
session.entropy_length = 0
Specified here to create the session id.
session.entropy_file =
session.entropy_length = 16
session.entropy_file = /dev/urandom
Set to {nocache,private,public,} to determine HTTP caching aspects or leave this empty to avoid sending anti-caching headers.
session.cache_limiter = nocache
Document expires after n minutes.
session.cache_expire = 180
trans sid support is disabled by default.
- Use of trans sid may risk your users security.
- Use this option with caution.
- User may send URL contains active session ID to other person via. email/irc/etc.
- URL that contains active session ID may be stored in publically accessible computer.
- User may access your site with the same session ID always using URL stored in browser's history or bookmarks.
session.use_trans_sid = 0
Select a hash function:
0: MD5 (128 bits)
1: SHA-1 (160 bits)
session.hash_function = 0
Define how many bits are stored in each character when converting the binary hash data to something readable.
4 bits: 0-9, a-f
5 bits: 0-9, a-v
6 bits: 0-9, a-z, A-Z, "-", ","
session.hash_bits_per_character = 4
The URL rewriter will look for URLs in a defined set of HTML tags. form/fieldset are special; if you include them here, the rewriter will add a hidden field with the info which is otherwise appended to URLs. If you want XHTML conformity, remove the form entry.
Note that all valid entries require a "=", even if no value follows.
url_rewriter.tags = "a=href,area=href,frame=src,input=src,form=,fieldset="
[MSSQL]
Allow or prevent persistent links.
mssql.allow_persistent = On
Maximum number of persistent links. -1 means no limit.
mssql.max_persistent = -1
Maximum number of links (persistent+non persistent). -1 means no limit.
mssql.max_links = -1
Minimum error severity to display.
mssql.min_error_severity = 10
Minimum message severity to display.
mssql.min_message_severity = 10
Compatibility mode with old versions of PHP 3.0.
mssql.compatability_mode = Off
Connect timeout
mssql.connect_timeout = 5
Query timeout
mssql.timeout = 60
Valid range 0 – _PHONE_. Default = 4096.
;mssql.textlimit = 4096
Valid range 0 – _PHONE_. Default = 4096.
mssql.textsize = 4096
Limits the number of records in each batch. 0 = all records in one batch.
;mssql.batchsize = 0
Specify how datetime and datetim4 columns are returned On => Returns data converted to SQL server settings Off => Returns values as YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
mssql.datetimeconvert = On
Use NT authentication when connecting to the server
mssql.secure_connection = Off
Specify max number of processes. -1 = library default
 msdlib defaults to 25
 FreeTDS defaults to 4096
 mssql.max_procs = -1
Specify client character set. If empty or not set the client charset from freetds.comf is used. This is only used when compiled with FreeTDS
mssql.charset = "ISO-8859-1"
[Assertion]
Assert(expr); active by default.
assert.active = On
Issue a PHP warning for each failed assertion.
assert.warning = On
Don't bail out by default.
assert.bail = Off
User-function to be called if an assertion fails.
assert.callback = 0
Eval the expression with current error_reporting(). Set to true if you want error_reporting(0) around the eval().
assert.quiet_eva


text:
Human Remains Found at Medieval Ship Site
Submitted by Milica on Thu, 2002-12-19 16:13
Archaeologists excavating a 15th century ship in Newport, Wales have unearthed human remains. Curioser and curioser. The saga of the Newport medeival ship continues to spark interest around the world. On December 12, 2002, excavators discovered two ancient leg bones at the site on the River Usk. "It's possible that these bones are the result of some kind of accident," said Adam Yates of the Archaeological Trust. The bones belong to a grown man and were found underneath the ship. The bones have been removed for carbon dating.


text:
Find out about the outstanding work our highly talent group of scientists are doing to make a difference in the areas of medicine, diagnostics and fundamental aspects of biology within the LSI.
A world-class research community collaborating across disciplines to understand and control living systems
The Living Systems Institute (LSI) pioneers transformative science to engineer control of complex biological systems. LSI merges research in biology and medicine with ground breaking physical sciences technologies and powerful mathematical modelling capabilities. The cross-fertilisation between disciplines enables LSI investigators to decode biological complexity on all scales, from the molecular to the whole organism and populations. This integrated approach is aimed both at fundamental knowledge and at generating new tools for improving health and treating disease.
The interdisciplinary discovery vision of LSI entails co-location of scientists with diverse expertise in a dedicated research building equipped with high-specification technologies. The custom-designed LSI building is a flagship investment by the University of Exeter. LSI opened in autumn 2016 and is now home to 27 research teams, comprising biologists, engineers, physicists and mathematicians.
Learn about our unique approach to research
LSI is delighted to announce four fully funded studentships for interdisciplinary students
Learn more about the LSI research groups


text:
fondantArticle Free Pass
fondant, confection of sugar, syrup, and water, and sometimes milk, cream, or butter, that is cooked and beaten so as to render the sugar crystals imperceptible to the tongue. The candy is characteristically glossy white in colour, velvety in texture, and plastic in consistency.
Usually, as a first step in making fondant, sugar, corn syrup, and invert sugar, or sugar broken down by heat and graining retardants, are dissolved in water. The resulting mass is heated and beaten or agitated vigorously to dissolve the sugar further.
Icings and confectionery centres made of fondant are predominantly sugar; the proportion of corn syrup is increased to make the chewier fondant used in coating bonbons.
What made you want to look up "fondant"? Please share what surprised you most...