Actuators Outputs The Start each time block The Start each time block offers the option of running a program when a condition is fulfilled. Therefore, it works similar to a case distinction, but runs not only one time, but rather every time the condition is fulfilled during the entire course of the program. The Start each time block: Is an abbreviation for the following construct: You can insert all conditions from this category into the Outputs category in the Start each time block. Note: The program section in the Start each time block should be kept short, and should not contain any blocking calls or endless loops, so that this part of the program can be processed quickly. LEDs Set You can use the set LED ... and set LED brightness ... blocks to switch the LEDs on and off, and to set their brightness to a certain value (from 0 to 512). Call You can use the get LED brightness block to call up the brightness of an LED and process it as a value. Query You can use the blocks is LED ... and is LED brightness ... to use the activity or the brightness of an LED as a condition. In the example, the brightness of the LED is set to 512 if it does not already have this brightness. Motors The symbol on the motor blocks represents all motors that are not encoder or servo motors. Set You can use the set motor speed to []... block to set the speed of a motor to a certain value (from 0 to 512). Call You can use the get motor speed block to call up the speed of a motor and process it as a value. Query You can use the blocks if motor is running and if motor speed is ... to use the activity or speed of a motor as a condition. Stop You can use the block stop motor ... to stop a motor. Compressor Set You can use the block set compressor [] to switch the compressor on or off. Query You can use the block if compressor [] to use the activity of a compressor as a condition. Solenoid valve Set You can use the block set solenoid valve [] to switch the solenoid valve on or off. Here, "on" means that the valve is open, and "off" means that the valve is closed. Query You can use the block if solenoid valve [] to use the activity of a solenoid valve as a condition.Engine The Start each time block The Start each time block offers the option of running a program when a condition is fulfilled. Therefore, it works similar to a case distinction, but runs not only one time, but rather every time the condition is fulfilled during the entire course of the program. The Start each time block: Is an abbreviation for the following construct: You can insert all conditions from this category into the motor category in the Start each time block. Note: The program section in the Start each time block should be kept short, and should not contain any blocking calls or endless loops, so that this part of the program can be processed quickly. Engine The symbol on the motor blocks represents all motors that are not encoder or servo motors. Set You can use the set motor speed to []... block to set the speed of a motor to a certain value (from 0 to 512). You can use the drop down menu (small triangle) to select the direction of rotation. Call You can use the get motor speed block to call up the speed of a motor and process it as a value. Query You can use the blocks if motor is running and if motor speed is ... to use the activity or speed of a motor as a condition. Stop You can use the block stop motor [] to stop a motor. The stop motor [] block offers the option of stopping a motor directly, or allowing it to run to a stop. You can select the desired option using the drop down menu (small triangle): Servo motor Set You can use the set position to... block to set the position of a servo motor to a certain value (from 0 to 512). 0 and 512 are the values for the maximum deflection to the left and right. At a value of 256, therefore, the servo motor will be in the center. Call You can use the get position block to call up the position of a servo motor and process it as a value. Encoder motor The encoder motor has the same functions as a normal motor, but also offers the option of counting revolutions and controlling multiple motors synchronously. A rotation is divided into ~64 steps. Set You can use the block to set the speed of a motor to a certain value (from 0-512). You can use the drop down menu (small triangle) to select the direction of rotation. In addition, you can enter the number of steps the motor should complete. In this example, the motor turns 100 steps, or one and one third turns. As you can see in the example, this block has a plus sign that can be used to control multiple motors synchronously. It is possible to synchronize motors to the master or to an extension, however comprehensive synchronization, for instance between motors of the master and an extension, is not possible. Note: Multiple synchronization calls in rapid sequence, such as could be caused by a loop (see example), can have a negative impact on synchronicity or prevent this entirely. Stop You can use the block stop motor ... to stop a motor. If you would like to stop multiple motors at the same time, you can add up to three additional motors by clicking the plus sign at the left of the block. Query Block has reached position is used to utilize reaching the position as a condition. Position here means the end position of an encoder motor after completing the step size.Sound The TXT 4.0 Controller: has a built-in speaker, and therefore offers the option of playing sounds. The Start each time block The Start each time block offers the option of running a program when a condition is fulfilled. Therefore, it works similar to a case distinction, but runs not only one time, but rather every time the condition is fulfilled during the entire course of the program. The Start each time block: Is an abbreviation for the following construct: You can insert all conditions from this category into the sound category in the Start each time block. Note: The program section in the Start each time block should be kept short, and should not contain any blocking calls or endless loops, so that this part of the program can be processed quickly. Play Pre-installed audio files You can use the following block to play one of 29 pre-installed sounds. You can select the desired audio using the drop down menu (small triangle). In addition, the sound can be played in a continuous loop. To do so, check the box beside the continuous loop symbol. Own audio files If you would like to play your own sound, you can use the block To embed your own sound in the block, you must: be connected to the Controller enter the IP address of the Controller in the browser (you must select the IP that was used to connect to the Controller) enter USER: ft, PASSWORD: fischertechnik on the accessed page open the Sounds folder, and load the desired audio file to the Controller there using the plus sign (important note: the audio file must be available in wav format) enter "./filename.wav" in the ROBO Pro Coding block under path Here as well, you have the option of playing the sound in a continuous loop. Query To query whether an audio file is played, use the play sound block. This can be used as a condition in the program. Stop To stop a sound, simply use the stop playing sound block in the program. Display You can use the blocks in the Display category to design the screen of the TXT 4.0 Controller and make it easier to use. This requires two steps: Configure, which means open a new file in the Display category using the Pages symbol with the plus sign at the top left drag the desired items to the screened area (this represents the configurable part of the display) adjust the specifications as needed. Program, which means program the interactions with the display in the main program using the blocks in the Display category. Blocks Event request The event block [] opens the return value for an element. This block can only be used in the event programs. In these event programs, the block automatically relates to the event in whose program it is used. You can select the suitable type for the return value using the drop down menu (small triangle): Label field You can use the label field element to place a text on the screen. The symbol in the display configurator is the label. Drag this symbol to the screened area to open a window at the right side. Here, you can use Inspector to define the size of the label field in pixels, the position of the label field in pixels (the top left corner of the text field is at the given point), the name of the label field, and the content of the label field (this text is shown when the Display is started) . You can use the block set label field text ... to change the text shown in the course of the program. Submissions The inputs element allows users to enter text via the Controller. The associated symbol in the display configurator is the "T" character. Drag this symbol to the screened area to open a window at the right side. Here, you can use Inspector to define the size of the input field in pixels, the position of the input field


text: Dirt is still being produced all the time, albeit in much lesser quantities. Beneath the soil's surface, rocks constantly react with rainwater or groundwater and slowly grind together to break down into smaller minerals. So in that respect, dirt really isn't that old. Then again, Pavich notes, a lot of what came out of the big bang was essentially dust, which then condensed to form the stars and, later on, planets. "If you think about it," he says, "dirt and its origin are older than the stars."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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> Vision, Mission and Belief
To become a professional, dynamic organization that actively raises the public awareness on the importance of mental health and support the younger generation to enhance their psychological well-being and to construct happy life.
1. To raise public awareness on the importance of mental and spiritual health through psycho-education, workshops, public events, and etc.
2. To benefit our children and youth by incorporating elements of counselling psychology into various forms of experiential activities such that children and youth can unearth their potentials, develop their talents and maintain a well-balanced and holistic development.
3. To provide counselling services for those who encounter hardships in daily life, academic and/or career.
4. To operate as a social enterprise with the aim to enhance the awareness of mental health and generalize mental health services to all members in the society.
To establish culturally appropriate counselling approach for local Chinese by integrating western psychology and Chinese culture.


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Forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) has grown into a specialization informed by research and professional guidelines. This series presents up-to-date information on the most important and frequently conducted forms of FMHA. The 19 topical volumes address best approaches to practice for particular types of evaluation in the criminal, civil, and juvenile/family areas. Each volume contains a thorough discussion of the relevant legal and psychological concepts, followed by a step-by-step description of the assessment process from preparing for the evaluation to writing the report and testifying in court. Volumes include the following helpful features: - Boxes that zero in on important information for use in evaluations - Tips for best practice and cautions against common pitfalls - Highlighting of relevant case law and statutes - Separate list of assessment tools for easy reference - Helpful glossary of key terms for the particular topic In making recommendations for best practice, authors consider empirical support, legal relevance, and consistency with ethical and professional standards. These volumes offer invaluable guidance for anyone involved in conducting or using forensic evaluations. This volume focuses on evaluating the determination of disability status in the workplace. The reader is walked through every aspect of the evaluation, beginning with an introduction to the nature and legal meaning of disability. The authors offer evidence-based practice recommendations and a helpful overview of issues specific to evaluations for social security, worker's compensation, and other disability benefit programs.
- Publication Date:
- 25 / 05 / 2011


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We build custom 3D Terrain Models
Table of Contents
Tradition + Technology
3D printing technologies are helping humans venture into new frontiers. 3D printers can accurately create realistic 3D views of planet surfaces, ocean floors, drone captured terrains and underground geology formations, and even the surface of the moon. Terrain models can benefit developers, mining companies, outdoor sports industries, and educational organizations.
Creating 3D raised maps used to be extremely laborious even with the best equipment. 3D printers can create models faster than ever before, make them more precise, and are lower-priced (considering man hours). 3D terrain models can be created using a wide variety of technologies to create as accurate as possible models. Models can be printed using thousands of colors and texturized elements, and traditional handwork for landscape can be added.
WhiteClouds is a full-service company and can also provide customized, handcrafted bases to hold your terrain models and offers 3D cutting services if requested. It is simple to submit design ideas and start a conversation with WhiteClouds. There are no limitations to what can be created or what technologies can be used to make the terrain models.
One of our most recent terrain projects was of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and some surrounding area.
Gallery of Selected Terrain and Topography Projects
Features & Benefits
- Time saving. 3D print technologies can produce accurate terrain maps quicker than any previous technology used.
- Precision. Maps can be as exact as the information given to create the maps.
- To scale. They can be built to scale within any parameters needed.
- High tech. WhiteClouds utilizes all types of technologies including simple drawings, Google Earth, drone images, and LIDAR data to create terrain maps.
- Affordability. 3D printing is becoming reasonably priced, making it advantageous enough for many industries to use.
- Enthusiasm. 3D maps communicate across languages to excite interest in your project regardless of people's background or language.
- Details. Prints can depict the tiniest of details as well as thousands of colors.
- Portability. Maps can be created using lighter materials than what was available in the past, making them easier to transport
3D Terrain Raised Relief Model Videos
Technology and Materials
- With 3D printing technology, you aren't limited to straight lines and boxes. A 3D printer can easily print jagged edges, curved walls, and rounded rooflines.
- We can 3D print models in different materials including UV-cured resin. The type of model determines which material will produce the best results. We can help you choose the material that is best for your project.
- We use foam fabrication technologies such as CNC Cutting, Hot Wires, Laser Cutting, Hot Knifing, and Sculpting.
- 3D Printed Terrain models, architectural models, and topographical models show incredible detail. The resolution of our printers is finer than a human hair.
- Terrain models can be 3D printed in full-color (over 750,000 variations of color) for awe-inspiring presentations and displays. No painting required!
- Our in-house spray booth gives us flexibility in different types and grades of paint and finishing capabilities.
The cost of terrain 3D models is based on the volume of material (size of the model), the time it takes to create the 3D printable file or CNC file, and other elements of the model. Each model is bid individually and the best way to determine cost is to email us, call us at _PHONE_, or fill out the form below and let us bid on your project.
Get a Free Price Estimate for Custom Terrain Models
Common Questions & Answers
What file type is required to 3D print a model?
We work with all architectural CAD programs including AutoCAD, Revit, Chief Architect, ArchiCAD, and Sketchup, just to name a few. If you desing in 3D, we will start with your 3D files. If you have 2D blueprints and elevations, artist's sketches (or even napkin drawings), we can build a model from these as well.
Do the printers print in color?
Yes. Most of our terrain models are printed in a material that prints in full color (up to 750,000 different colors). Anything printed in UV-cured resin materials are a single color but can be painted.
What is the material used?
We match the correct material and fabrication process to your requirements in terms of presentation, size, and transportability. We fabricate in our model shop using different types of foam, wood, metal, resins, and acrylics. We can also 3D print in uv-cured resin, plastic, rubber-like acrylic, and nylon.
What is the largest model you can 3D print?
There is no limit to the size for a terrain model. If we are using 3D printing technologies for building the terrain, our 3D print envelope on our larger printers is 9″ x 15″ x 20″. This is the largest model we can print in a single piece. We can 3D print larger models in multiple pieces. We have built many terrain models that are finished anywhere from 2'x2′ to 10'x14′ (including base). If we are using a foam type structure, it is very easy to build out very large models.
What is the turnaround time for a 3D-printed terrain model?
We usually ask for four to six weeks from the time we take the order to when you will receive the model. We understand that sometimes deadlines are tight and we can accommodate rush orders in as little as one week.
Can you 3D print homes, buildings, swimming pools, arbors, hardscaping features, etc.?
Yes. We 3D print many of these items in our terrain models.
Do you have a question we didn't answer? Don't hesitate to contact us at _PHONE_ or [email protected].
WhiteClouds has delivered models around the world.
History of Terrain Models
Terrain maps have been used since the simplest of flat maps existed. Raised terrain maps show landscape details that can be understood without the use of language or modern mathematics. Some historians speculate that simple terrain maps existed since the 15th century. Other may argue they existed before spoken language to show through simple soil drawing the location of food sources or the path of herd migrations.
In recorded history, some of the most notable terrain maps include Emperor Maximillian the First's commissioned terrain models of the eastern Alps during the 1500s. During this time, terrain maps were mostly used for military operations or siege plans. More modern terrain maps emerged from Switzerland in the 19th century using more reliable map contour lines.
Long before 3D printers, countries such as Germany, Italy, France, and the USA used a pantograph to guild a milling cutter to create raised maps and terrain models. This method was refined during World War II. Again, mostly used for military operations. Nowadays, 3D maps are used for more than just military uses. They can be used to depict a variety of terrains including the surface of other planets, ocean floors, prospective mining locations, watershed flows, and new development areas.


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In this quick tutorial you'll learn how to draw Poliwag in 6 easy steps - great for kids and novice artists.
The images above represents how your finished drawing is going to look and the steps involved.
Below are the individual steps - you can click on each one for a High Resolution printable PDF version.
At the bottom you can read some interesting facts about the Poliwag.
Make sure you also check out any of the hundreds of drawing tutorials grouped by category.
How to Draw Poliwag - Step-by-Step Tutorial
Interesting Facts about the Poliwag
Poliwag is a two-feet-tall water-type Pokemon, with a round body that is marked with a swirling pattern in its middle. Their eyes are wide and dark, and their lips are pink and often seem to be pouting. The most interesting feature of this Pokemon, however, could be its large fin-like tail. They look a lot like tadpoles. The spiral in the center of its body is thought to be effected by their proximity to the equator, which can cause it to face different directions. Because they are not very good on land and have no arms with which to feed themselves outside of water, they tend to stay in ponds and lakes, where they can dine on their favorite weed, salveyo weed. They are much better swimmers than runners.
Did you know?
- The spiral on a Poliwag's belly is actually its internal organs, being seen through the skin.
- Poliwag Pokemon cannot run with their newly-developed legs.
- Even though their skin is very thin, it is quite flexible and can withstand even the sharpest of fangs.
- Their tails are mostly transparent.
- It's recommended for Pokemon trainers to try and work with their Poliwag to better teach them how to walk.
Arts and Crafts Activity Notes: Using flour and water, create a paper-mache glue. Stir in water to flour until the glue makes a paste-like consistency. Inflate a balloon, tie it off and then begin applying the paper mache to the entire surface of the balloon using shredded pieces of paper. After applying three to four layers, set the balloon aside to dry. During this time, draw and color in the tail for your Poliwag on a sheet of paper. Cut it out carefully with safety scissors. Once the paper-mache on the balloon has dried, paint the surface of it with a non-toxic light blue paint, leaving a large circle in the middle uncovered. Add white to that spot later, and let dry. Once this first layer of paint has dried, add the black spiral to the Poliwag's midsection. Paint on eyes and a mouth as well. Carefully as to avoid getting paint on your hands or tearing the paper mache, use either glue or tape to fix the tail to your covered balloon. And now you have your very own Poliwag!


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A thesis on collisions with bats, successfully defended
On 14th November 2018, Charlotte Roemer defended her thesis, which was financed by Biotope and the ANRT (the National Association for Research and Technology) and supervised by the National Museum of Natural History.
A thesis to guide Biotope's expert studies
Wind turbines and road vehicles cause numerous collisions with bats and threaten their populations. Within the framework of environmental impact studies, expert chiropterologists must assess the impacts of those projects and recommend measures to avoid them. However, the lack of scientific knowledge causes the strength of the recommendations to be limited and for that reason, Biotope decided to finance a thesis to rectify that.
Creation of an index of sensitivity to collisions
In order objectively to assess the sensitivity of each species to the risk of collisions, a sensitivity index was created, based on the number of bat corpses collected in France and the relative size of the populations of each species. For further details, please refer to our article on monitoring of chiroptera with wind masts. Today, that index is used in wind turbine impact studies to create a hierarchical structure of the impacts on the various bat species.
Effect of the landscape on risks of collision
By using a completely innovative method which consists in locating the position of bats by triangulating their echolocation calls, collision risks have been estimated for minor roads and for wind farm projects. The landscape features in the sampled sites were studied in order to identify landscapes that produced the most significant risks of collision. In this thesis, the results were set out in detail for different species, whereas in previous studies they were often grouped together for all the species without taking account of the different ecologies. Scientific articles are currently being submitted for publication and the results will soon be available.
A productive partnership
This thesis, which was begun in 2015, was financed by the ANRT (through a "CIFRE" Industrial Agreements for Training through Research grant) and by Biotope. The thesis was supervised by the National Museum of Natural History, and the Ph.D. student was hosted in the premises of the CEFE- CNRS (National Scientific Research Centre) in Montpellier. It is the 4th thesis financed by Biotope.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Fundamental Limits of Budget-Fidelity Trade-off in Label Crowdsourcing
Part of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS 2016)
Bibtex Metadata Paper Reviews Supplemental
Authors
Farshad Lahouti, Babak Hassibi
Abstract
Digital crowdsourcing (CS) is a modern approach to perform certain large projects using small contributions of a large crowd. In CS, a taskmaster typically breaks down the project into small batches of tasks and assigns them to so-called workers with imperfect skill levels. The crowdsourcer then collects and analyzes the results for inference and serving the purpose of the project. In this work, the CS problem, as a human-in-the-loop computation problem, is modeled and analyzed in an information theoretic rate-distortion framework. The purpose is to identify the ultimate fidelity that one can achieve by any form of query from the crowd and any decoding (inference) algorithm with a given budget. The results are established by a joint source channel (de)coding scheme, which represent the query scheme and inference, over parallel noisy channels, which model workers with imperfect skill levels. We also present and analyze a query scheme dubbed k-ary incidence coding and study optimized query pricing in this setting.


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Many journalists from the Northwest have visited the seminars of the Danish expert on infographics Ole Rode Jensen. This June the opportunity to "pump" the knowledge and skills was given to Murmansk journalists and students of journalism. For two days the representative of the Nordic Journalism Centre, lecturer of Danish school of journalism and media told and taught how to use free and accessible data visualization tools.
On 16 June Brussels hosted a seminar on the Barents cooperation. Representatives of BPI Anna Kireeva and Amund Trellevik were also among speakers. The heads of the Russian and Norwegian Barents Press described the 20 years of successful collaboration in the field of media.
There are no blueberries or cloudberries or cranberries , or other familiar to us northern berries on the polar archipelago of Svalbard. The islands are located just a thousand miles from the North Pole and they are not very suitable for life. But over the past five centuries the Russian coast-dwellers, the Dutch, the British and the Scandinavians tried to settle there.
Visit of Foreign Press Association to Murmansk
Foreign Press Association members stop in Nikel.
FPA is an association for foreign correspondents in Norway, aiming to facilitate the work of foreign journalists. It organizes meetings with key politicians, business leaders and other newsmakers, as well as press trips and social events.
Open to all journalists covering Norway for international media, the FPA currently has about 75 members.
Journalists started their Murmansk trip in Kirkenes, than crossed the Russian boarder and visited town Nikel.
Jonas Karlsbakk from the Norwegian Barents- secretariat guided them in the Murmansk Region. The travelling seminar was devoted to the new opportunities for cooperation in the Barents Region with the regard of Shtokman project development, fishery and mining industry.
The trip was organized by the Norwegian Barents-secretariat in cooperation with Murmansk regional journalist union and Barents Press.
Photo: Björn Lindahl


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Smithsonian Gardens Turns 40!
2012 marks the 40th anniversary of the founding of the horticulture division of the Smithsonian Institution. Known as Smithsonian Gardens to the public since 2010, the department was called the Office of Horticulture when it was founded on July 31, 1972. Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, an enthusiastic ornithologist and conservationist, sought to extend the interior exhibits outside the museum walls. Though most of the museums were surrounded by some sort of landscaping, it was not until this time that the grounds were brought together under the umbrella of the Office of Horticulture and a plan was developed to integrate the gardens into the educational mission of the Smithsonian. Secretary Ripley was an innovative thinker, bringing the much-loved and iconic carousel to the mall as well as helping to found the Folklife Festival. The first major project for the Office of Horticulture was establishing the Victorian Garden in time for the 1976 United States Bicentennial. The Victorian Garden parterre became the basis for the Enid A. Haupt Garden, which opened to the public in 1987. The history of the gardens is explored more in depth in A Guide to Smithsonian Gardens, published in 2011.
What started as a small staff and half of a shared green house has now grown to 180 acres of gardens on the mall, 64,000 square feet of greenhouse space, the Archives of American Gardens research collection, and a variety of educational programming. Our gardens showcase modern sculpture, explore the landscapes of past Americans, celebrate the beauty of the Victorian age, highlight exotic and heirloom plants, and create a serene environment in a busy city.
Let's take a step back in time and explore Smithsonian gardens through the decades:
-Kate Fox, Smithsonian Gardens Contractor

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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A minor earthquake with magnitude 3.06 (ml/mb) was reported 84 km N of Isabela, Puerto Rico (52 miles) on Friday. Exact time and date of event in UTC/GMT: 10/11/17 / 2017-11-10 09:47:58 / November 10, 2017 @ 9:47 am. The epicenter of the earthquake was roughly 66 km (41 miles) below the earth's surface. Id of earthquake: pr2017314001. Event ids that are associated: pr2017314001. Exact location, longitude -67.1555° West, latitude 19.2515° North, depth = 66 km. The temblor was reported at 05:47:58 / 5:47 am (local time epicenter).
In the past 24 hours, there have been two, in the last 10 days five, in the past 30 days twelve and in the last 365 days two hundred and fourty-two earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater that was reported nearby. Each year there are an estimated 130,000 minor quakes in the world. Earthquakes 2.5 to 3.2 are often felt, but only causes minor damage.
Questions or comments?
Did objects rattle, topple over, or fall off shelves? Leave a comment or report about activity, shaking and damage at your home, country and city. This information comes from the USGS Earthquake Notification Service. Read more about the earthquake, Seismometer information, Date-Time, Location, Distances, Parameters and details about this quake, recorded: 84 km N of Isabela, Puerto Rico.
Copyright © 2017 earthquakenewstoday.com All rights reserved.


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If you're a healthcare-related business, good management is essential for your success. A recent study found that companies with effective management practices are more likely to succeed than those without.
This is because good management can help you make the most of your resources, stay organized, and make intelligent decisions that will benefit your business. Therefore, healthcare business owners who want to succeed in healthcare need good management.
Understanding the Importance of Good Management for Healthcare Businesses
These days, there are plenty of healthcare businesses out there, and all of them are competing for a piece of the healthcare pie. So how can you make sure your healthcare business doesn't get lost in the shuffle? By making good management a top priority.
Good management is essential for any business, but it's significant for healthcare businesses. Why? Because healthcare is a complex and ever-changing industry, you could quickly fall behind if you're not on top of things.
For example, suppose you're starting your dental practice. You'll need to find the right people and equipment for your dental clinic. That will come at a cost, but you'll rest assured your clinic is well-managed will likely be more successful than one that is not. This is because good management can help you make the most of your resources, stay organized, and make intelligent decisions that will benefit your business. Therefore, healthcare business owners who want to succeed in healthcare need good management.
Good management isn't just crucial for healthcare businesses. It's vital for any business. However, good management can mean the difference between success and failure in the healthcare industry. So if you're running a healthcare-related business, make sure you focus on good management, and everything else will fall into place.
Healthcare business owners need to have effective management practices in place to stay ahead of the curve. This means having systems in place that allow you to track performance, identify problems early on, and make changes as needed. It also means being able to communicate effectively with staff members and patients.
With that said, here are four excellent management strategies for healthcare businesses:
1. Establish a healthy workplace culture
Healthcare business owners need to establish a healthy workplace culture by ensuring they have all the necessary tools to facilitate this. Some healthcare businesses may already be doing well in establishing a good workplace culture. Still, healthcare business owners can always do more with their employees and clients to improve it even further.
2. Encourage regular communication between staff members
Good healthcare management practices should encourage regular communication between staff members. That way, everyone is on the same page about what needs to get done throughout the day or week ahead. Communication should also include feedback from patients regarding how things went during their visit to help healthcare providers better understand which areas need improvement moving forward.
3. Reward performance through incentives like bonuses/promotions
It's important to reward employees who are performing well. After all, healthcare professionals don't go into this line of work for the money, but they do like to be recognized and rewarded for doing a great job. The healthcare sector's culture should encourage performance-based promotions/bonuses because it will help keep people motivated while encouraging others to step up their game!
By performing well, healthcare employees will promote success for the companies they are affiliated with. This will result in healthcare employees having a better quality of life since they will have more money coming in from their jobs and higher healthcare standards for both themselves and their families because healthcare professionals can provide better care due to being rewarded with bonuses/promotions.
4. Delegate tasks properly
Of course, it's important to delegate tasks appropriately. You don't want healthcare employees to feel like they are being maltreated or, worse yet, overburdened with too much work! Therefore, you need to be able to delegate healthcare tasks effectively.
To do this, it's best if a healthcare professional oversees healthcare employees and makes sure they are getting their work done on time without feeling overwhelmed by all of their responsibilities. It would also be helpful if someone from management were available at any time during business hours so they could offer assistance whenever needed. This way, no one feels like they have too much weight put on them while ensuring everyone else gets what needs to get done when needed.
Good management is essential for healthcare businesses because it can help to avoid costly mistakes and ensure the company is running smoothly. This includes making sure employees are adequately trained and following all safety procedures and keeping up with healthcare regulations.
In addition, good management can also help improve employee morale, leading to a more productive work environment. When employees feel appreciated and like they are part of a team, they are less likely to take sick days or leave their job. Overall, good management is vital for any healthcare-related business. By investing in it, you can ensure your business is flourishing now and will be more successful in the future.


a five-point U-turn
Discussion in 'French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais' started by elmingo, Sep 1, 2011.
 1. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 It's about someone doing a U-turn with his car. Does it mean it is like three-moves, drawing a five-point star from above? Or something else?
 Thanks for your help
 2. jann
 jann co-mod'
 English - USA
 This is a three-point turn, named for the three lines of motion involved (forward, reverse, forward).
 If space is very limited, or if the driver is incompetent, you can imagine that it might take a little extra maneuvering to turn around... forcing the driver to make "five point" turn instead (forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward). Neither of these turns are technically "U-turns," but the point is that they all reverse the direction of travel by 180°.
 3. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 Thanks a lot for the explanation, jann.
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A Pine can have lightning scars that run down the trunk. Why doesn't an Oak?
 by Cecilia Catron, Tarflower Chapter of the Florida Native Plant Society
(reprinted with permission from the August 2016 issue of Tarpaper)
Pine Scar
 When days are hot, as they have been for the past month, it seems like a sensible idea to lie in or around the pool all day, like a motionless alligator. Curds of bright, white thunderheads rise higher and higher, expanded by the increasing heat. Gradually air pushed from the east and west coasts meets in the middle of the peninsula. By mid-afternoon it becomes charged by the collision of the fronts and summer lightning is created, with or without a storm.
Knotty Oak
Have you ever noticed a stripe spiraling down the trunk of a pine tree where lightning has stripped the outer bark off? You may have also noticed there is no such stripe on the trunk of an oak tree. Oaks and Pines, both dominant here in central Florida, have different lightning survival strategies. Most pine species have long, straight trunks. They are relatively fast-growing with soft wood. Oak trunks on the other hand are often twisted and full of knots. They grow more slowly (except Laurel Oak, Quercus laurifolia) and the wood is very hard, dense, and heavy.
Lightning is attracted to the tallest tree, regardless what species it is. Energy is conducted down the trunk of a typical pine with little to stop it since the cells are constructed in long, continuous rows. Knotty oaks on the other hand do not have such unobstructed cellular highways. When a knot is struck it may explode, but a lightning bolt's energy is spent before it can progress down the trunk, limiting damage. Good planning, oaks. Also a case for organisms that create knots on oaks - part of the ecological give and take. New pines grow relatively quickly to replace trees that are destroyed, which is also a viable strategy.
 Be that as it may, never take shelter under any tree to escape a storm. Especially here in Lightning Alley nature can put on an awesome show, but it's important to remember that a tree may be a target.
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Single borehole dilution tests are a method for characterizing groundwater monitoring wells or boreholes and can either be conducted as uniform injection throughout the entire saturated length or as point injection at one specific depth. By injecting a tracer into a borehole and measuring concentration profiles, flow horizons and possible vertical flow can be identified and quantified. Compared to conventional methods, such as flowmeters, SBDTs are cheaper and require less equipment, but allow important conclusions about wells and aquifers.
Uniform injections deliver information about the entire saturated length and can be conducted using different techniques. The most common one uses a hosepipe filled with tracer solution to obtain a uniform concentration over the entire water column. We present a simplified method using a permeable injection bag to achieve close-to-uniform tracer distribution in the well.
However, uniform injections are not ideally suitable for the investigation of vertical flow. For this purpose, point injections are more appropriate. We introduce a newly developed probe which can be filled with saline solution, lowered into the intended depth and then be opened by a falling weight. Numerous tests have been carried out in the laboratory and several groundwater monitoring wells, to evaluate the simplified method for uniform injections and the new probe for point injections. Results show that with the simplified method, significant and reproducible results can be obtained. The functionality of the new injection probe was also demonstrated. Both techniques represent useful tools for efficient hydraulic characterization of boreholes in karst and other aquifers.


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Whilst compiling with avr-gcc I have encountered linker errors such as the following:
undefined reference to '__cxa_pure_virtual'
I've found this document which states:
The __cxa_pure_virtual function is an error handler that is invoked when a pure virtual function is called.
If you are writing a C++ application that has pure virtual functions you must supply your own __cxa_pure_virtual error handler function. For example:
extern "C" void __cxa_pure_virtual() { while (1); }
Defining this function as suggested fixes the errors but I'd like to know:
 - what the purpose of this function is,
 - why I should need to define it myself and
 - why it is acceptable to code it as an infinite loop?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 18 down vote accepted
If anywhere in the runtime of your program an object is created with a virtual function pointer not filled in, and when the corresponding function is called, you will be calling a 'pure virtual function'.
The handler you describe should be defined in the default libraries that come with your development environment. If you happen to omit the default libraries, you will find this handler undefined: the linker sees a declaration, but no definition. That's when you need to provide your own version.
The infinite loop is acceptable because it's a 'loud' error: users of your software will immediately notice it. Any other 'loud' implementation is acceptable, too.
share|improve this answer

What could cause the virtual function pointer to not be filled in? Wouldn't the compiler detect this and prevent compilation? – Matthew Murdoch May 28 '09 at 12:11
1
:) have a look into the 'related' questions on the right. – xtofl May 28 '09 at 12:43

@xtofl Thanks, stackoverflow.com/questions/99552/… was particularly helpful. – Matthew Murdoch May 28 '09 at 14:00
1) What's the purpose of the function __cxa_pure_virtual()?
Pure virtual functions can get called during object construction/destruction. If that happens, __cxa_pure_virtual() gets called to report the error. See Where do "pure virtual function call" crashes come from?
2) Why might you need to define it yourself?
Normally this function is provided by libstdc++ (e.g. on Linux), but avr-gcc and the Arduino toolchain don't provide a libstdc++.
The Arduino IDE manages to avoid the linker error when building some programs because it compiles with the options "-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections" and links with "-Wl,--gc-sections", which drops some references to unused symbols.
3) Why is it acceptable to code __cxa_pure_virtual() as an infinite loop?
Well, this is at least safe; it does something predictable. It would be more useful to abort the program and report the error. An infinite loop would be awkward to debug, though, unless you have a debugger that can interrupt execution and give a stack backtrace.
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text:
Stories of Hope-Barbara Reynolds
The stereotypical image of a 1950s housewife is one of a life limited to the domestic scene, concerned with raising children, maintaining the household, and quietly accepting the status quo. For the majority of her early life, Barbara Leonard Reynolds, by her own admission, embodied this stereotype.
However, a life-altering trip around the world led her to the path of peace activism.
Rather than returning from her journey to a life unconcerned with world events, Barbara concentrated her efforts on bringing to the world the story of the hibakusha. The word hibakusha, meaning "explosion-affected people," refers to any person (including an unborn child) who was within the city limits of Hiroshima or Nagasaki when the atomic bombs were dropped, came into the cities within two weeks of the bombings, or had direct contact with bomb victims. Barbara dedicated herself to helping the hibakusha share their experiences and their message that atomic bombs should never again be used by any nation.
- _PHONE_: Growing Up with Taro and Tak
- _PHONE_: The Housewife and the Bomb
- _PHONE_: Meeting Japan
- _PHONE_: Adventure and Awareness
- _PHONE_: Sailing in Restricted Waters
- _PHONE_: Spreading the Message
- _PHONE_: Working for Peace
- _PHONE_: Global Community
- _PHONE_: The Wonder Woman Never Quits
- A Lasting Legacy


text:
What is Peak Demand?
When temperatures are extremely hot, increased demand for electricity can cause Firelands' power supplier, Buckeye Power, to reach a new peak in demand for power. Peak electric loads mean increased costs for all consumers. Electricity costs more during the summer, due to the peak demand for electricity in hot weather. This is reflected in Firelands' summer rate schedule (June through September), which is higher than the rate for the rest of the year.
A PeakBuster is a load management device that allows Buckeye Power to remotely control and reduce the electric demand during peak demand periods. Members who participate in Firelands' PeakBuster program are eligible for special incentives and rebates offered by the co-op. PeakBuster control devices are installed for water heaters, central air conditioners, heat pumps, and geothermal systems to help reduce costly demand during peak times — 2:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. on very hot summer afternoons.
When demand for electricity is likely to reach record levels, we ask memembers to help lower demand by reducing use of electricity and avoid using major appliances during 'peak' demand times and RAISE your cooling thermostat four degrees.
Peak alert bulletins are posted on our website, Facebook and Twitter pages; and also via text and email alerts to members. Peak Alert messages are broadcast on local radio stations ONLY during the most extreme weather conditions. Click here to learn more about levels of electricity demand and ways to reduce peak.
Thank you for helping us manage peak demand!
Buckeye Power is a member of the PJM Interconnection, which coordinates the movement of electricity through all or parts of Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. The PJM region has an area of 168,500 square miles, a population of about 51 million and a peak demand of 144,644 megawatts.
Because of the large geographic area served by the PJM Interconnection utility group, there is a greater potential for summertime demand peaks to occur involving Buckeye Power and Firelands. Even though very hot weather may not be present in Ohio, Firelands members may be affected by load management efforts to reduce high demand elsewhere in the PJM Interconnection utility group to keep power costs as low as possible for all consumers in the group.
Peak demand is very costly and continues to be a growing concern for all electric utilities. New generation facilities are needed, but what will they cost? Global climate change issues and greenhouse gas laws require special treatment and scrutiny for any new power plants. This means the cost of constructing future new generation facilities will be extremely expensive, and whatever the cost, consumers will pay the bill.
Cooperative electric loads have grown to the point that the excess generation capacity built decades ago has been used up. Buckeye Power's current generation mix includes base load coal-fired generation, natural gas-fired peaking units, hydroelectric generation, livestock waste digesters producing bio-gas for generation, and a wind turbine farm. This generation portfolio helps ensure that Ohio co-op members will have sufficient power supply beyond 2020.
Like those co-op members in the 1970s who paid for generation capacity they "grew into" over several decades, we take advantage of opportunities today to ensure our power supply for tomorrow and for the next generation. "The power we generate at our own plants is less expensive than power we may have to buy from the energy markets," said Firelands General Manager April Bordas. "If we can keep our energy demand lower, we don't have to buy the 'high-priced stuff' from outside markets, and we all save money."
Ohio's electric cooperatives offer load management programs to encourage their members to help reduce high demand during very hot, humid summer weather and at other times when high demand occurs. In addition, Buckeye Power continues to investigate various renewable energy options to add to its generation portfolio.


text:
- Georgia is a country of Eastern Europe.
- It covers 69 700 square kilometers and has a population around 3.723 million inhabitants (according to data from 2017).
- Georgia is bounded to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, to the southeast by Azerbaijan, and to the west by the Black Sea.
- Its capital city is Tbilisi.
- Georgians call themselves ქართველები (kartvelebi) and their language is ქართული (kartuli).


edit
RC Input and Output
RC Input
RC Input is a key part of any autopilot that gives the pilot control of the airframe allows them to change modes and also gives them control of auxiliary equipment.
Edge supports both S.Bus and PPM input, which combines information about all PWM channels from the receiver in one sequence, which could be transferred over single wire. Channel values sent by remote controller will be decoded and then used for servo control.
You need to calibrate radio before using it.
By default the RC input channels are:
 - Channel 1: Roll input
 - Channel 2: Pitch input
 - Channel 3: Throttle input
 - Channel 4: Yaw input
 - Channel 5: Flight mode
 - Channel 6: (Optional) Tuning
These can be changed by setting the RCMAP_ROLL, RCMAP_PITCH, RCMAP_THROTTLE and RCMAP_YAW parameters. After changing any of these parameters the flight controller should be rebooted.
To set modes of channels 7..12 select Vehicle Setup and then Flight Modes tab.
RC Output
RC Output is how ArduPilot controls servos and motors.
Edge has 12 available output channels.
To change channel configuration you can use SERVOx_ parameters. The "x" in this case is the channel number.
We do ask to NOT SET AUXILIARY FUNCTION SWITCHES TO RC7,8 USING HEX FRAME!
You can use Motors Test to check motor connection. In Vehicle Setup menu choose Motors.
Attention
Make sure the propellers are removed before using this. It can be dangerous.
Relay Switch
A "Relay" is a digital output pin that can be either 0V or 3.3V. Similar to a servo it allows the flight controller to invoke some action from another device on the vehicle. You can use it to control things like camera shutter, bottle drop etc.
Note
This feature available only on ArduCopter.
First you need to specify RELAY_PIN parameter in QGC Parameters:
Attention
Don't set digital pin to PWM channel used for control servos!
Next, configure pilot control of the relay. Choose previously selected Relay for one of the free channels in Flight Modes:
After that you can switch state of Relay Pin using your RC transmitter.


text:
In order to properly use CAD/CAM engineering software you need a "workstation graphics" 3D chip, usually either FireGL or Quadro.
There has not been a way to do this as an add-on component for laptops without some very complex and expensive custom hardware, to have an internal high-speed video card slot inside a laptop.
Schools that teach these programs may require students to use a "workstation laptop" that often costs double the price of a normal laptop, and either the student or the school needs to provide for the classwork.
What with the availability of USB 3.0 and Thunderbolt and the ability to send high speed data and power over a combined cable, it seems feasible to put this 3D chip in an external dongle-box that then also routes its video output back into the laptop to the internal screen.
This then allows inexpensive laptops to be able to run engineering CAD/CAM, by using the dongle-box. Students who are just doing a required course for a semester could have it loaned to them by the school until they are done with the program, and then it is handed back and used by someone else.
The 3D chip dongle-box does not need a PCI-express slot or external video connector, so it can be very small and compact. The dongle-box could include its own cooling fan for the 3D chip.
The dongle-box could also optionally have a separate USB-C / Thunderbolt connector for an external power supply, to power both the dongle-box and the laptop at the same time.
(Though I am aware workstation 3D is a scam and the firmware that provides extra math precision can run on consumer 3D chips. It's just the 3D chip manufacturers have a lock on the market and so can collude to prevent using their "professional grade" firmware without their associated blessed expensive 3D chips.)


text:
The town's history
Although written differently, Tölz was mentioned for the first time in the records of 1180. In 1331, it was granted extensive "Marktrechte", e.g. the right to hold a market. In the 13th and 14th century many workshops (e.g. limeburners and raftsmen) settled in this area. A great fire destroyed large parts of the town in 1453, but with generous noble support reconstruction soon began. Thanks to the location at the river Isar, the rafting and also brewery trade the town soon flourished. 22 breweries could be counted in 1721. Tölz became also famous for arts and crafts with the beautiful coloured chests, cases and beds. In 1845, iodine was found close to Tölz. Therefore, market town Markt Tölz became Bad (= the German word for spa resorts) in 1899. In 1906, it was recognized as town and in 1969 it got the rating "Heilklimatischer Kurort", which means that its climate is beneficial to health. What is more, in 2005, it also got the title "Moorheilbad", that means it is acknowledged as mineral and medicinal mud-bath spa.
The town's coat of arms
The town's coat of arms.
The town's flag with the colours black and gold.


What is a Records Schedule?
Presented by: Kimberly Hall and Karen Rogers
 Records Liaison Training Module #2
 November, 2010
 Module Objectives
 What is a Records Schedule?
 What is Records Disposition?
 What is a Big Bucket Retention Schedule (BBRS)?
 What is a Records Schedule?
A Records Schedule is a document which …
 Provides mandatory instructions for what to do with
 records that are no longer needed for current
 government business;
 States how long records must be kept to meet
 business needs and notes the legal requirements that
 apply before they can be destroyed or deleted; and
 Indicates when FHFA records can be transferred to
 off-site storage for temporary storage or to the
 National Archives for permanent retention.
 What is the Scheduling Process?
1. Review office functions and recordkeeping
2. Inventory and evaluate records;
3. Determine whether there is an existing schedule by
 reviewing the office's File Plan and the Agency
 Records Schedule; and
4. If no existing schedule seems appropriate, contact
 RIM staff who will work with you and your business
 unit representatives to schedule new or unscheduled
 Common Elements of a Records Schedule
 Records series title
 Records description
 Disposition authority
 Retention period
 Electronic Records require information about
  Inputs
  Outputs
  Backups
  Documentation
 What is Records Disposition?
Records Disposition provides for the effective and efficient
management of records no longer needed in agency office space to
conduct current Government business
 Saves space, time, money, and protects records
  Transfer of inactive records to lower-cost storage at the WNRC
 until the end of their retention period,
  Disposal of temporary records at the end of their retention period,
  Transfer of custody of permanently-valued records to the National
 Archives at the end of their retention period.
 Disposition Authority is the legal approval granted by NARA
allowing the appropriate destruction of temporary records or
transfer of permanent records to the National Archives.
 Types of Records
 Records retentions can be either
  Temporary
  Permanent
 Retention authorities are located in either
  FHFA's Records Retention Schedule
  NARA's General Records Schedules (GRS)
 Agency records are either
  Program records
  Administrative records
 FHFA Program Records
 Program Records document the mission, or unique,
 substantive functions for which FHFA is responsible.
 FHFA's Mission
 Provide effective supervision, regulation and housing mission
 oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home
 Loan Banks
  To promote their safety and soundness,
  Support housing finance and affordable housing, and
  Support a stable and liquid mortgage market.
 FHFA Administrative Records
 Administrative Records relate to support, facilitative,
 or housekeeping functions
 Examples
  Human Resources records,
  Facilities records,
  Budget records, and
  Technology and Information records.
 Big Bucket Retention Schedule (BBRS)
 Comprehensive FHFA Records Inventory
 Fewer, simplified "Big Bucket" retention rules
 Records grouped according to agency business functions
 Cross-walk to the old FHFB and OFHEO Records Schedules
 BBRS concept is
  An industry "Best Practice"
  Endorsed by NARA (Bulletin 2008-04)
  Recently implemented by other government agencies
 The new comprehensive FHFA Records Schedule will
  Reflect FHFA missions and functions;
  Be media-neutral;
  Apply appropriate retentions to meet FHFA information needs; and
  Address adequate and proper documentation necessary to protect legal
 rights and ensure government accountability.
 Advantages of BBRS
 Simplifies disposition instructions;
 Synchronizes agency records retentions in the context of
 business functions;
 Improves the ability to find an existing, appropriate
 schedule for new or unscheduled records of a
 previously-scheduled business process;
 Maps more easily to an electronic records management
 (eRM) application, such as xWorks or the new
 Information Management System (IMS); and
 Allows automated, systematic records management.
 Questions or Comments?
The RIM Team is available to assist you in the
management of FHFA records
Jeanne Ratchford _PHONE_
Susan Sallaway _PHONE_
Karen Rogers _PHONE_
Brigitte Tolbert _PHONE_
Kimberly Hall _PHONE_
Dawn Morton _PHONE_
Angela Flottemesch _PHONE_
To top


text:
Objective: Standard approaches for large scale phenotypic screens using electronic health record (EHR) data apply thresholds, such as ≥2 diagnosis codes, to define subjects as having a phenotype. However, the variation in the accuracy of diagnosis codes can impair the power of such screens. Our objective was to develop and evaluate an approach which converts diagnosis codes into a probability of a phenotype (PheProb). We hypothesized that this alternate approach for defining phenotypes would improve power for genetic association studies.
Methods: The PheProb approach employs unsupervised clustering to separate patients into 2 groups based on diagnosis codes. Subjects are assigned a probability of having the phenotype based on the number of diagnosis codes. This approach was developed using simulated EHR data and tested in a real world EHR cohort. In the latter, we tested the association between low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) genetic risk alleles known for association with hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia codes (ICD-9 272.x). PheProb and thresholding approaches were compared.
Results: Among n = 1462 subjects in the real world EHR cohort, the threshold-based p-values for association between the genetic risk score (GRS) and hyperlipidemia were 0.126 (≥1 code), 0.123 (≥2 codes), and 0.142 (≥3 codes). The PheProb approach produced the expected significant association between the GRS and hyperlipidemia: p = .001.
Conclusions: PheProb improves statistical power for association studies relative to standard thresholding approaches by leveraging information about the phenotype in the billing code counts. The PheProb approach has direct applications where efficient approaches are required, such as in Phenome-Wide Association Studies.


text:
Boys Last: Birds Control Birth Order
A mated pair of house finches in an aerial display. The bird with the red breast is the male.
CREDIT: Alex Badyaev
Like any protective mother, female house finches try to keep their chicks away from unwanted pests. But they favor their more vulnerable sons over their sturdier daughters, according to a new study.
Blood-sucking mites can infest a finch's nest, jeopardizing the chicks' chances of surviving long enough to leave home. And, "sons are more sensitive to the mites than daughters," said Alexander Badyaev of the University of Arizona.
When breeding female finches are exposed to the mites, their bodies make hormonal changes that help out their more susceptible sons. When a female finch lays eggs, she lays only one per day. The hormone shifts in her body change the order in which eggs are laid—girls first, boys last—and make the male chicks grow faster while they're still in the egg.
"Mothers essentially hid their sons in the eggs," Badyaev said.
Because they have less exposure to the mites, the male chicks born during mite season can grow up just as big and strong as those born during mite-free months, even though they spend less time in the nest, the study concluded.
The research was published last week in the early online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Images: Birds of Prey
- Images: Rare and Exotic Birds
- Mama's Boys Get Better Milk
- Clean Bees Keep Mites Away
- All About Birds
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


text:
The SD will always be equal to or larger than the mean error, but usually not too far off. For a normal distribution, the SD is 25.3% higher than the mean error, I think).
The statistical Pythagorean Theorem, then, says that if you have two independent variables, A and B, then
SD(A+B)^2 = SD(A)^2 + SD(B)^2
This is really important... I learned it in the first statistics course I took, but I finished my entire statistics degree without realizing just how important it was, and how it makes certain regression results work. I searched the internet, and I only found one page that talks about it: it's a professor from Cornell calling it "the second most important theorem" in statistics. He's right... it really is amazing, and useful, that it all works out.
In the three dice case, the Pythagorean relationship meant that each die reduced the variance by the same amount, 2.92 out of 8.75 total. That allows statisticians to say, "The blue die explains one-third of the variance. The red die explains one-third of the variance. And the green die explains one-third of the variance. Therefore, together, the three dice explain 100% of the total variance."
Because it works out so neatly, it means statisticians are going to like to talk in variances, in squares of errors instead of just errors. That's because they can just add them up, which they couldn't do if they didn't square them first.
And that's what r-squared is all about.
Let's suppose you actually ran an experiment. You got someone to run 1,000 rolls of three dice each, and report to you (a) the total of the three dice, and (b) the number on the blue die. He reports back to you with 1,000 lines like this:
Total was 13; blue die was 4
Total was 11; blue die was 6
Total was 08; blue die was 1
Total was 17; blue die was 6
With those 1,000 lines, you run a univariate regression, to try to predict the total from just the blue die. The regression equation might wind up looking like this (which I made up):
Predicted total = 6.97 + (1.012 * blue die)
(The coefficients should "really" be 7 and 1.000, but they won't be exact because of random variation in the rolls of the green and red dice.)
And the regression software will spit out that the r-squared is approximately 0.33 -- meaning, the mean square error was reduced by approximately 1/3, when you change your guess from the average (around 10.5), to "6.97 + (1.012* blue die)".
That is: "the blue die explains 33% of the variance."
This makes perfect sense. But, as I argued in my 2006 post -- and others -- the figure 33 percent is limited in its practical application. Because, in real life, you're normally not concerned about squared errors -- you're concerned about actual errors.
Suppose you can't perfectly estimate how many customers your restaurant will have. Sometimes, you order too many lobsters, and you have to throw out the extras, at a cost of $10 each. Sometimes, you order too few, and you have to turn away customers, which again costs you $10 each. Suppose the SD of the discrepancy is 10 lobsters a day.
If a statistician comes along and says he can reduce your error by 50% of the variance, what does that really mean to you? Well, your squared error was 100 square lobsters. The statistician can reduce it to 50 square lobsters. The square root of that is about 7 lobsters. So, even though the statistician is claiming to reduce your error by half... in practical terms, he's only reducing it from 10 lobsters to 7. That's an improvement of 30 percent, not 50 percent, since your monetary loss is proportional to the number of lobsters, not the number of square lobsters.
The r-squared of 50% is something that's meaningful to statisticians in some ways, but not always that meaningful to people in real life.
Statements like "the model explains 50% of the variance" are useful in certain specific ways, that I'll talk about in a future post... but it usually makes more sense, in my opinion, to think about things in lobsters, rather than in square lobsters.
Labels: regression, statistics


text:
The OnPoint Companies announced that its United States Patent No.10,368.947 was awarded by the Boston Patent Law Association for the second year in a row. The patent was issued on August 6, 2019, with the title "Augmented Reality Guidance Systems For Superimposing Virtual Implant Components Onto the Physical Joint of a Patient."
The OnPoint Companies work on revolutionizing spinal, orthopedic, sports, and robotic procedures through an AR (Augmented Reality) platform technology that superimposes virtual surgical guides and virtual implants onto the surgeon's visual field see-through optical head-mounted display.
In combination with impressive accuracy, the technology comes with many unique clinical and intra-operative benefits. The OnPoint AR technology acts as an enabler for the next generation of robotic systems that uses optics instead of, or in conjunction with, haptics.
This program aims to celebrate New England innovators, their inventions, and the stories behind their innovations. The program seeks to convey that the Boston Patent Law Association (BPLA) has transformed the nation's relationship with science and technology. It also aims to provide educational opportunities to inform the public of these fascinating innovations.
"We are thrilled to be recognized by the Boston Patent Law Association for the second year in a row for our innovations in the area of Augmented Reality and surgical guidance," said Philipp Lang, MD, Founder and CEO of the OnPoint Companies.
"Orthopedic and spinal procedures are technically complex, requiring high spatial accuracy. The OnPoint Augmented Reality technology offers greatly improved hand-eye coordination for surgeons by directly displaying virtual surgical guides onto the physical patient to improve accuracy and quickly return patients to normal, everyday activities. The ability to fit, size, trial and balance virtual implant components directly on the physical joint using augmented reality display prior to any irreversible bone resections advances non-robotic, manual and robot-guided surgery to an entirely new performance level, opening up the opportunity of improved clinical outcomes and better function for millions of joint replacement patients."


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Introduction
Because of its unique convenience and security, Hey Siri has been a frequently used function for iPhone users. Without touching the screen, users can free their hands by manipulating Siri to text someone, make phone calls, check routes, etc.. Today, we are sharing with you one Hey Siri unresponsive repair case.
Vidéo d'introduction
 1. Go to the home screen and invoke Siri by muttering the words 'Hey Siri'. Siri isn't opening on the phone.
 - Go to the home screen and invoke Siri by muttering the words 'Hey Siri'. Siri isn't opening on the phone.
 - Go to Settings > Siri & Search. We can see that 'Listen for Hey Siri' has not been enabled.
 - Enable 'Listen for Hey Siri'. Set up 'Hey Siri' on the phone. 'Hey Siri' set-up failed.
 - Long press the home button for Siri. Siri works normally.
 - As the front facing microphone is usually used for Siri. The fault is probably related to relevant circuits of the front facing microphone.
 2. Take apart the phone. Then take out the logic board.
 - Take apart the phone. Then take out the logic board.
 - Since the front facing microphone is integrated with the front facing camera, we need to run diode mode measurement of the front facing camera connector.
 - The measured value of Pin 29 is OL. Which means Pin 29 relevant circuit has open-circuited.
 3. The circuit is formed by an inductor, audio IC and two capacitors.
 - The circuit is formed by an inductor, audio IC and two capacitors.
 - Since the two capacitors have nothing to do with the open-circuit problem, we can check the inductor first.
 - Run diode mode measurement of the inductor. The measured value is normal.
 4. Judging by this, the fault is probably related to audio IC.
 - Judging by this, the fault is probably related to audio IC.
 - Let's try to replace with a new audio IC and see how it works.
 - Remove the audio IC with Hot Air Gun. Then clean the bonding pad. Solder a new IC onto the board.
 5. Now we need to test the logic board. Measure the boot current. The current reading is normal.
 - Now we need to test the logic board. Measure the boot current. The current reading is normal.
 - Continue to assemble the phone and test. The phone turns on normally. Go to Settings > Siri & Search. We can see that 'Listen for Hey Siri' has not been enabled.
 - Enable 'Listen for Hey Siri' and set up 'Hey Siri' on the phone. 'Hey Siri' set-up has been completed.
 - Go back to the home screen and invoke Siri by muttering the words 'Hey Siri'. Siri is opening on the phone this time.
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Dog Growling When Sleeping
Our dogs look peaceful and adorable when they sleep until we hear them growling. You've probably seen it happen because all dogs do this.
They're in deep slumber and suddenly let out a scary growl as their legs twitch.
What could be the cause of your dog growling when sleeping? For one, it could be because they are having a nightmare.
We share with you if it's normal for dogs to growl when sleeping and whether dogs do dream.
We also discuss sleep startle reflex in dogs and what to do when your dog is growling when asleep.
dog growling in sleep
Is It Normal for Dogs to Growl When Sleeping?
Yes, it is perfectly normal for dogs to make noises such as growling when they are asleep.
Aside from growling, they may also be whimpering, barking, snorting, making licking and chewing noises, and howling as signs of dreaming.
Aside from vocalizations, they may also show gestures that indicate dreaming. These include twitching their legs, moving their legs, flickering eyes, wagging their tail, and an increase in breathing.
Both vocalizations and physical manifestations are considered normal when they are dreaming.
It's alright to wake them up if it seems like they are under a great amount of distress due to a nightmare.
You also want to wake them up when they start acting weird while they are sleeping just to make sure they are safe.
Do Dogs Dream?
Dogs sleep similarly to the way we humans sleep.
They do dream. And they have both good dreams and nightmares, replaying everyday activities like chasing, eating, and playing.
They enter a deep sleep stage where their breathing becomes more irregular and they have rapid eye movements (REM). This is when dreaming occurs.
It should also be noted that some dogs dream more than others, depending on breed and age.
However, dogs do not experience sleep paralysis. This condition is usually caused by sleep deprivation, one which is very rare in our furry friends.
In sleep paralysis, we get conscious before the brain "switches on," resulting in our inability to move. Thankfully, our furry friends won't have to experience this horror!
Sleep Startle Reflex in Dogs
When your dog growls in their sleep and wakes up immediately, this is called sleep startle reflex. It's instinctive in animals because of their tendency to react quickly to dangers.
Dogs always assume that the disturbance is an enemy rather than a friend since being wakened up could mean a matter of life or death for them in the wild.
It's normal for domestic dogs to carry wild traits like this. They can suddenly bite you when they are startled by your touch, so it pays to be careful if you need to wake your dog up.
This is also normal since dogs enter into REM quicker than humans. They also sleep more than humans do.
Like us, they cycle through stages of wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Studies also show that dogs can spend 44% of their time alert, 21% drowsy, and 12% in REM sleep. They also spend 23% in the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, called slow-wave sleep.
It's impossible to know how deep your dog's sleep is, so their startle reflex can be surprising.
In normal cases, your dog will come to their senses in a second or two and stop any sudden aggression
You should take note this aggression is not a conscious attack. They don't mean to harm you, it is just their instinct.
What to Do if Your Dog Is Growling When Sleeping
Here are some things you can do to help your dog when they are growling in their sleep.
Wake Them Up Gently
If you have to wake your dog up, call their name or clap your hands so they wake up before you even touch them.
Then, lightly tap them. You can do this with your hand if they're already awake, or with a stick.
Lastly, throw them a treat. This will allow them to wake up more peacefully every time.
Make Sure Your Dog Gets Enough Sleep
Dogs need about 14 hours of sleep daily to be active and healthy. As much as possible, don't disturb their nap time.
Otherwise, it could ruin their sleep cycle.
Let Your Dog Sleep in a Separate Room
If you sleep with your dog and they growl every time they dream, it might be time to put them in a separate room.
This will help you stay safe from sudden bites at night in case you touch them intentionally or unintentionally.
It's also better for them if they are light sleepers and get interrupted easily with your movements.
You can also crate them at night. Make sure their crate is big and comfortable enough, like this Life Stages Folding Crate, because this is their safe place.
Do Not Punish Them
Your dog's growling and sleep startle reflex cannot be resolved by shouting, scolding, or even being physical.
It will just create more anxiety and fear in them which they may exhibit when they are both asleep and awake.
Again, when they growl in their sleep, just call their name calmly and quietly.
Go to the Vet
If your dog seems to be in huge distress when they are asleep, it could be because they have anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, or are in pain.
Fears and aggression can be a result of a traumatic event in their lives. On the other hand, your dog may also be growling at night to protect themselves from further physical pain.
As dogs age, they also develop cognitive dysfunction that disrupts their sleep cycles. They can be more alert, nervous, and aggressive because of it.
Go to your vet so they can determine if there is a physical or cognitive reason behind the growling in their sleep.
Your Dog Isn't Aggressive!
It is normal for dogs to growl in their sleep because they are simply dreaming. Like us, dogs can have good dreams and nightmares too.
Getting woken up and being aggressive for a second or two is also normal for dogs.
If you wish to wake them up, you must be incredibly careful. Call their name before touching them. And gently soothe them.
You can also manage this by moving them to a crate or another room. This helps them get uninterrupted sleep while you stay in bed without worrying about being bitten by your dog.
If your dog seems to be in huge distress while sleeping or if the behavior is ongoing then seek the advice of your vet.
Find out more about puppies growling and other dog body language so you can understand your pup more.
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From Inspiration to Publication: Poetry in the Brotherton Collection
- Date: Tuesday 25 October 2022, 12:00 – 14:00
- Location: Treasures of the Brotherton Gallery
- Cost: Free. Drop-in activity
Discover what it takes to make a poem, from first inspiration to publication and beyond, via items from our Brotherton Collection.
In this long-awaited return of our Tuesday Treasure events, join us to explore the evolution of a poem and experience our collections up close.
The Brotherton Collection includes significant literary manuscripts and texts, spanning centuries, which give insight into the work involved in creating a poem. The items on display will take you behind the scenes from first inspiration, through the tricky work of drafting and the collaborative process of editing, to publication and beyond.
See the evolving stages of a 'manuscript' from first scribbles to pre-publication, the effect of editorial intervention in the creation of a poem, and discover the differences and similarities between composition and drafting in manuscripts 300 years apart (1670s – 1970s).
We'll be asking: How does presentation effect how we read a poem? What should a poem look like on the page? What happens when the rules are broken? When is a poem finished? What if the poet revises their work? And what if the poem was never published - what then?
Image credit: IMC


At its core, the Assessment package defines a hierarchical container model of a "survey", "questionnaire" or "form". This approach not only follows the precedent of existing work; it also makes excellent sense and no one has come up with a better idea.
We choose the terms Assessment-Sections-Items-Choices over Surveys-Sectdions-Questions-Choices partly to reduce naming clashes during the transition from Survey/Questionnaire packages, but mostly because these terms are more general and thus suit the broader applicability intended for this package.
As is the custom in the OpenACS framework, all RDBMS tables in the package will be prepended with "as_" to prevent further prefent naming clashes. Judicious use of namespaces will also be made in keeping with current OpenACS best practice.
Several of the Metadata entities have direct counterparts in the Data-related partition of the data model. Some standards (notably CDISC) rigorously name all metadata entities with a "_def" suffix and all data entities with a "_data" suffix -- thus "as_item_def" and "as_item_data" tables in our case. We think this is overkill since there are far more metadata entities than data entities and in only a few cases do distinctions between the two become important. In those cases, we will add the "_data" suffix to data entities to make this difference clear.
A final general point (that we revisit for specific entities below): the Assessment package data model exercises the Content Repository (CR) in the OpenACS framework heavily. In fact, this use of the CR for most important entities represents one of the main advances of this package compared to the earlier versions. The decision to use the CR is partly driven by the universal need for versioning and reuse within the functional requirements, and partly by the fact that the CR has become "the Right Way" to build OpenACS systems. Note that one implication of this is that we can't use a couple column names in our derived tables because of naming clashes with columns in cr_items and cr_revisions: title and description. Furthermore we can handle versioning and internationalization through the CR.
Synopsis of The Data Model
Here's a detailed summary view of the entities in the Assessment package. Note that in addition to the partitioning of the entities between Metadata Elements and Collected Data Elements, we identify the various subsystems in the package that perform basic functions.
We discuss the following stuff in detail through the subsequent pages, and we use a sort of "bird's eye view" of this global graphic to keep the schema for each subsystem in perspective while homing in on the relevant detail. Here's a brief introduction to each of these section
Data Modell Graphic


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Date of this Version
Published in Ecological Modelling 130 (2000) 131–143.
The authors present a framework that illustrates how a resource quality index can be used to examine policy relevant questions regarding environmental condition, the management of a resource as a production output, and sustainability. The framework demonstrates that heterogeneous endowments of a resource can change over time in different ways. By evaluating these changes using substitution, reversibility and uncertainty criteria, we can suggest four general guidelines for managing an environmental resource in a single production process. This framework was applied in a case study to three soil types (stable, neutral and susceptible) used in agricultural production in the Midwestern United States. By evaluating the economic and environmental impacts of managing soil quality under different sustainability and profit objectives, we uncovered policy relevant information including: which soils need to be preserved; when public intervention is needed to attain sustainability; and what perceptions of sustainability may be worth pursuing at all. The accuracy of these insights is highly dependent upon the reliability of the assessment of resource quality. An index was useful in this resource assessment because it could adapt to many of the complexities of environmental condition. We offer three lessons in refining resource indicators so that they may be used in the framework to better achieve optimal resource management and a greater understanding of what sustainability really means.


=1). C INCU - INCREMENT BETWEEN ELEMENTS OF U. (INPUT) C UP - SCALAR SET TO V(LP)-W(LP) TO DEFINE THE C HOUSEHOLDER TRANSFORMATION Q. (INPUT IF C MODE=2, OUTPUT IF MODE=1) C C - VECTOR OF NCV*M ELEMENTS. (INPUT/OUTPUT) C IF NCV.LE.0, C IS NOT USED. C IF NCV.GT.0, C CONTAINS NCV VECTORS OF LENGTH C M WITH INCREMENT INCC BETWEEN ELEMENTS OF C VECTORS AND INCREMENT ICV BETWEEN VECTORS. C ELEMENT I OF VECTOR J IS DEFINED AS C C(1+(I-1)*INCC+(J-1)*ICV), I=1,...,M AND C J=1,...,NCV. C ON OUTPUT, C CONTAINS THE SET OF NCV VECTORS C RESULTING FROM MULTIPLYING THE GIVEN VECTORS C BY Q. C INCC - INCREMENT BETWEEN ELEMENTS OF VECTORS IN C. C (INPUT) C ICV - INCREMENT BETWEEN VECTORS IN C. (INPUT) C NCV - NUMBER OF VECTORS STORED IN C. (INPUT) C PRECISION/HARDWARE - SINGLE AND DOUBLE/H32 C - SINGLE/H36,H48,H60 C REQD. IMSL ROUTINES - NONE REQUIRED C NOTATION - INFORMATION ON SPECIAL NOTATION AND C CONVENTIONS IS AVAILABLE IN THE MANUAL C INTRODUCTION OR THROUGH IMSL ROUTINE UHELP C REMARKS 1. IF U IS A SINGLE SUBSCRIPTED ARRAY OR THE J-TH COLUMN OF C A MATRIX, THEN INCU=1. IF U IS THE I-TH ROW OF A MATRIX C THEN INCU IS THE ROW DIMENSION OF THE MATRIX EXACTLY AS C SPECIFIED IN THE CALLING PROGRAM. C 2. IF C IS A DOUBLE SUBSCRIPTED MATRIX AND THE VECTORS ARE C THE FIRST NCV COLUMNS OF C, THEN INCC=1 AND ICV IS THE C ROW DIMENSION OF C EXACTLY AS SPECIFIED IN THE CALLING C PROGRAM. IN THIS CASE C IS REPLACED BY QC. IF THE C VECTORS ARE SUCCESSIVE ROWS OF C THEN INCC IS THE ROW C DIMENSION OF C EXACTLY AS SPECIFIED IN THE CALLING C PROGRAM AND ICV=1. IN THIS CASE C IS REPLACED BY CQ. C COPYRIGHT - 1978 BY IMSL, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. C WARRANTY - IMSL WARRANTS ONLY THAT IMSL TESTING HAS BEEN C APPLIED TO THIS CODE. NO OTHER WARRANTY, C EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, IS APPLICABLE. C----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUBROUTINE VHS12 (MODE,LP,L1,M,U,INCU,UP,C,INCC,ICV,NCV) C SPECIFICATIONS FOR ARGUMENTS INTEGER MODE,LP,L1,M,INCU,INCC,ICV,NCV DOUBLE PRECISION U(1),UP,C(1) C SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCAL VARIABLES INTEGER IJ,ILP,IL1,IM,INCR,I2,I3,I4,J DOUBLE PRECISION SM,B DOUBLE PRECISION ONE,CL,CLINV,SM1 C FIRST EXECUTABLE STATEMENT ONE = 1.D0 IF (0.GE.LP.OR.LP.GE.L1.OR.L1.GT.M) GO TO 9005 ILP = (LP-1)*INCU+1 IL1 = (L1-1)*INCU+1 IM = (M-1)*INCU+1 CL = DABS(U(ILP)) IF (MODE.EQ.2) GO TO 15 C CONSTRUCT THE TRANSFORMATION. DO 5 IJ=IL1,IM,INCU 5 CL = DMAX1(DABS(U(IJ)),CL) IF (CL.LE.0.0D0) GO TO 9005 CLINV = ONE/CL SM = (U(ILP)*CLINV)**2 DO 10 IJ=IL1,IM,INCU 10 SM = SM+(U(IJ)*CLINV)**2 C CONVERT DBLE. PREC. SM TO SNGL. PREC. SM1 SM1 = SM CL = CL*DSQRT(SM1) IF (U(ILP).GT.0.0D0) CL = -CL UP = U(ILP)-CL U(ILP) = CL GO TO 20 C APPLY THE TRANSFORMATION I+U*(U**T)/B TO C 15 IF (CL.LE.0.0D0) GO TO 9005 20 IF (NCV.LE.0) GO TO 9005 B = UP*U(ILP) C B MUST BE NONPOSITIVE HERE. IF B = 0., C RETURN. IF (B.GE.0.0D0) GO TO 9005 B = ONE/B I2 = 1-ICV+INCC*(LP-1) INCR = INCC*(L1-LP) DO 35 J=1,NCV I2 = I2+ICV I3 = I2+INCR I4 = I3 SM = C(I2)*UP DO 25 IJ=IL1,IM,INCU SM = SM+C(I3)*U(IJ) I3 = I3+INCC 25 CONTINUE IF (SM.EQ.0.0D0) GO TO 35 SM = SM*B C(I2) = C(I2)+SM*UP DO 30 IJ=IL1,IM,INCU C(I4) = C(I4)+SM*U(IJ) I4 = I4+INCC 30 CONTINUE 35 CONTINUE 9005 RETURN END SUBROUTINE SEIGCX(A,N,ND,VAL,K1,K2,TOL,NVEC,VEC,C) c modified 03/28/01 C DIAGONALIZES FULL HERMITIAN MATRIX A, USES ONLY LOWER TRIANGLE IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z) DIMENSION VEC(ND),VAL(1),A(2,ND,1),C(1) IF (N.GT.1) GOTO 10 VAL(1)=A(1,1,1) IF (NVEC.GT.0) VEC(1)=1D0 IF (NVEC.GT.0) VEC(2)=0D0 GOTO 20 10 CALL HOUSCX(A,N,ND,C,C(ND+1),C(2*ND+1),C(3*ND+1),C(4*ND+1)) CALL BISECT(C,C(ND+1),C(2*ND+1),VAL,N,K1,K2,TOL,ERRBND,C(6*ND+1)) TOL=ERRBND IF(NVEC.LE.0) GOTO 20 CALL INVITR(C,C(ND+1),N,VAL,NVEC,VEC,ND,C(2*ND+1),C(7*ND+1), * C(8*ND+1),C(9*ND+1),C(6*ND+1),C(10*ND+1)) K=NVEC*ND+1 NDMN=ND-N DO 1 J=1,NVEC K=K-NDMN DO 1 I=1,N K=K-1 VEC(2*K-1)=VEC(K) 1 VEC(2*K)=0D0 CALL REVCX(A,N,ND,VEC,NVEC,C(4*ND+1),C(3*ND+1)) 20 RETURN END SUBROUTINE HOUSCX(A,N,ND,C,B,B2,H,TAU) IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z) DIMENSION A(2,ND,1),TAU(2,1),C(1),B(1),B2(1),H(1) c TOL = smallest floating point number = .2225073858507201-307 = 16**(-255)/4 = 2**(-1022) c (at usc) TOL=/z0d10000000000000/=2**(-208)=16**(-52)=.24308653429145084800d-62 DATA TOL,ZERO,ONE/1d-100,0D0,1D0/ DO 11 K=2,N KM1=K-1 Q1=A(1,K,KM1)**2+A(2,K,KM1)**2 Q2


The Concept
pH Scale Of Reality..
...there is a state when soul, mind and body reach a peaceful agreement through the filter of artistic and musical expression. A state when the inner world and perception is connected with the universe, creating a sense of fulfillment and communication.
This sense leads to a whole new reality. A reality that can create a mutual feeling among people just by filtering their differences and similarities through the channels of expression, finally bringing a harmonic bond of communication and compassion.
But this situation is derived by a magical paradox. Reality, as an existing quality rather than imagined; actually depends more or less on imagination for its existence. A Psylent Harmony...
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In Building a Bug Out Bag Part I we discussed why building a Bug Out Bag is important and what type of bag to select. In Part II we discussed the Transportation Items to consider, in Part III we explored Water preparedness, and in Part IV we explored Food preparedness for your Bug Out Bag. Today we'll discuss Shelter, Clothing and Protection from the Elements preparedness considerations for building a Bug Out Bag. Remember, this is your last ditch, carry on your back, walk away from trouble Bug Out Bag…not what you hope you can get to your bug out location if your car, SUV, or bugout ultralight makes it.
Today we add another article in our Top 10 series…this time it's the Top 10 Preparedness Uses of Baking Soda
Baking Sodais composed of pure sodium bicarbonate. This common leavening agent is added to baked goods which causes them to rise due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles. Baking Soda reacts chemically to help neutralize and regulate pH in substances that are to alkaline or acidic. Baking Soda differs from Baking Powder in that Baking Powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, an acidifying agent and a drying agent.
Sodium bicarbonate, also known as sodium hydrogen carbonate is a naturally occurring compound but can also be produced using the solvay process.
Andrew's Note: Today we present another lesson from our Military Pedagogy series. This discussion, from FM 21-76, the U.S. Army Survival Manual [Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited] is on the importance of fire in cold weather survival situations.
Fire is especially important in cold weather. It not only provides a means to prepare food, but also to get warm and to melt snow or ice for water. It also provides you with a significant psychological boost by making you feel a little more secure in your situation. Use the techniques described in Chapter 7 to build and light your fire. If you are in enemy territory, remember that the smoke, smell, and light from your fire may reveal your location. Light reflects from surrounding trees or rocks, making even indirect light a source of danger. Smoke tends to go straight up in cold, calm weather, making it a beacon during the day, but helping to conceal the smell at night. In warmer weather, especially in a wooded area, smoke tends to hug the ground, making it less visible in the day, but making its odor spread. If you are in enemy territory, cut low tree boughs rather than the entire tree for firewood. Fallen trees are easily seen from the air.
All wood will burn, but some types of wood create more smoke than others. For instance, coniferous trees that contain resin and tar create more and darker smoke than deciduous trees.
There are few materials to use for fuel in the high mountainous regions of the arctic. You may find some grasses and moss, but very little. The lower the elevation, the more fuel available. You may find some scrub willow and small, stunted spruce trees above the tree line. On sea ice, fuels are seemingly nonexistent. Driftwood or fats may be the only fuels available to a survivor on the barren coastlines in the arctic and subarctic regions.
Abundant fuels within the tree line are–
Dried moss, grass, and scrub willow are other materials you can use for fuel. These are usually plentiful near streams in tundras (open, treeless plains). By bundling or twisting grasses or other scrub vegetation to form a large, solid mass, you will have a slower burning, more productive fuel.
If fuel or oil is available from a wrecked vehicle or downed aircraft, use it for fuel. Leave the fuel in the tank for storage, drawing on the supply only as you need it. Oil congeals in extremely cold temperatures, therefore, drain it from the vehicle or aircraft while still warm if there is no danger of explosion or fire. If you have no container, let the oil drain onto the snow or ice. Scoop up the fuel as you need it.
CAUTION: Do not expose flesh to petroleum, oil, and lubricants in extremely cold temperatures. The liquid state of these products is deceptive in that it can cause frostbite.
Some plastic products, such as MRE spoons, helmet visors, visor housings, and foam rubber will ignite quickly from a burning match. They will also burn long enough to help start a fire. For example, a plastic spoon will burn for about 10 minutes. In cold weather regions, there are some hazards in using fires, whether to keep warm or to cook. For example–
In general, a small fire and some type of stove is the best combination for cooking purposes. A hobo stove (Figure 15-7) is particularly suitable to the arctic. It is easy to make out of a tin can, and it conserves fuel. A bed of hot coals provides the best cooking heat. Coals from a crisscross fire will settle uniformly. Make this type of fire by crisscrossing the firewood. A simple crane propped on a forked stick will hold a cooking container over a fire.
For heating purposes, a single candle provides enough heat to warm an enclosed shelter. A small fire about the size of a man's hand is ideal for use in enemy territory. It requires very little fuel, yet it generates considerable warmth and is hot enough to warm liquids.
Andrew's Note: Today we present another lesson from our Military Pedagogy series. This discussion, from FM 21-76, the U.S. Army Survival Manual [Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited] is on Cold Weather Survival Shelters.
Your environment and the equipment you carry with you will determine the type of shelter you can build. You can build shelters in wooded areas, open country, and barren areas. Wooded areas usually provide the best location, while barren areas have only snow as building material. Wooded areas provide timber for shelter construction, wood for fire, concealment from observation, and protection from the wind.
Note: In extreme cold, do not use metal, such as an aircraft fuselage, for shelter. The metal will conduct away from the shelter what little heat you can generate. Continue reading
I was having a beer the other day with a prepper buddy and the conversation turned to what types of shelter are best to carry in a bug out bag… and that's when the discussion turned to the poncho hooch also known as the poncho shelter. The poncho hooch is basically a tarp shelter made from a poncho, and a little cordage. Building a poncho hooch is easy so let's look at a few alternatives: Continue reading
Here's something that doesn't weigh a thing to add to your Get Home Bag or Bug Out Bag… a little knowledge about how to build a Dakota Fire Pit. While a fireless camp is the least likely to be observed there may be times when a fire is absolutely necessary…water purification by boiling (when you have no other methods available) or to avoid hypothermia are two possibilities that come to mind. Such situations call for a Dakota Fire Pit also known as the Dakota Fire Hole… the next most clandestine camp to a fireless camp.
Essentially the Dakota Fire Pit is a fire pit with a separate tunnel built to supply airflow directly to the fuel. By keeping the fire below ground you reduce the light signature of the fire significantly and are able to get by with a much smaller fire than you would need above ground to accomplish the same cooking tasks.
Here are some additional hints to make your Dakota Fire Hole easier to build and less likely to be seen: Continue reading
Sometimes preparedness is about seeing the potential alternate uses of everyday items, sometimes preparedness is about keeping the 'end' in mind while dealing with the 'ways' and the 'means.' These were the inspirations for this periodic column on Prepography called… It's Not This It's That (INTIT):


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Well-trained comparative medical scientists are needed to meet the research needs of the 21st Century. Veterinarians currently are underrepresented in biomedical research but can make a unique contribution because of their expertise in clinical practice and fundamental biology, as well as their knowledge of spontaneous animal models of human disease.
The goal of the Tufts REVEAL Program for residents is to attract veterinarians to academic and research careers. The program is designed to first create the desire to pursue research and then to nurture these candidates with strong mentoring and programs, as well as by providing readily accessible research opportunities and removing common barriers to research.
The program includes: 1) Symposia on spontaneous animal models of human disease to provide greater interaction with researchers from other disciplines and to increase opportunities for collaborative research; 2) A multi-function website to facilitate research, including a web-based course on applied statistical methods; 3) An academic seminar series that includes topics to foster an interest in research and to facilitate research training; 4) Short-term introductory research electives; and 5) An active mentoring program.
For more information, contact Dr. Lisa Freeman