text:
Conducting quantitative and qualitative research can be a unique process when targeting healthcare audiences, such as physicians, payers, key opinion leaders and patients. Best practices and techniques we use for consumer research can also be applicable to these audiences.
Stefan Cave, Client Operations Manager and Healthcare Subject Matter Expert with Kantar's Profiles division, breaks down what healthcare researchers should take from modern survey best practices, the importance healthcare double opt-in panels have on qualitative research and how the healthcare industry can take advantage of integrated data solutions.
Is there a difference to approaching survey design when engaging a healthcare audience versus a consumer audience?
In short, no. Too often, design concessions are made when targeting a professional audience based on the solemnity of the survey topic. However, Healthcare Professionals are regular people, just like us. They spend a lot of time on their smart phones, just like us. They're pushed for time, just like us. We should design surveys in the same way we approach consumer work, focusing on: narrative, engagement and device agnosticism.
How can technology play a role in engaging healthcare audiences?
The proliferation of technology has never been more exciting in research. It can be used to drive engagement, glean enriched responses and produce top quality data. It may not come as a surprise that this applies to a healthcare audience too! When designing research, we can use video open-ends to replace a tradition written open-end. These tools often come with software for further analysis. We can also use emotional coding technology to capture legitimate emotional responses to video stimulus. These solutions can better help answer the research objective.
With data privacy being a primary concern for researchers today, permission-based data sources have never been more important. How does Kantar ensure we're providing high-quality, validated healthcare respondents and data sources?
Our Healthcare Panel Team work tirelessly to ensure we provide high quality data. From registration to retirement, our respondents are subject to a rigorous verification process. Our respondents double opt-in and we verify their details: name, work place address and medical license number/certificate before a single research participation email is sent. Throughout our respondent's journey we regularly update their personal and contact information to ensure we are interacting with the right person at the right time.
There are benefits when using a supplier with a verified double opt-in panel of Physicians, Payers, Patients & KOLs to conduct qualitative research. Why is that?
It's simple. Through the double opt-in verification process, you can be confident that the professionals are:
From KOLs to GPs, when you engage with professionals who are also double opt-in panelists, you are reaching out to those who genuinely want to shape their industry for the better.
What was the most common mistake you saw in 2018 regarding the execution of qualitative research among healthcare professionals, and what can researchers do to avoid it?
A common mistake we see is conducting interviews in non-native languages and dialects. Although it may save on costs when you don't, it's important to ask whether anything is lost in translation. Are the questions being understood correctly? Is the respondent able to convey what they truly mean in their non-native tongue? Are we limiting who we approach by only targeting multi-linguals?
Ensure you're using highly skilled translators and moderators that will ask the right questions, in the right language, to deliver more insightful and valuable data.
We know that connecting survey data with other insights sources helps capture a holistic view of a target audience. How do you see integrating data sources being most useful for healthcare research?
Just as with consumer research, third-party data sources are available under the healthcare umbrella (i.e. patient records, etc.) that can be applied to patients profiles. When we think of building robust healthcare profiles efficiently while maximizing ROI, we think of three key benefits:
- The complete diagnosis: understanding the individual and all the factors that drive their decisions, gaining commercial advantage and a holistic view of target groups
- Getting to the heart of the matter: appending additional data sources to survey data allows you to only ask what you need to ask, but save time and money while enhancing profiles
- A targeted approach: identification of bespoke audiences for effective media targeting


text:
This Ten Minute Evidence Based Dentistry Article provides an example of the implementation of the evidence based dentistry search process with trusted search engines, and identification of the best literature through critical appraisal to answer the clinical question on long-term success of posterior resin vs. posterior glass ionomer restorations.
Langas, Eleni E. DDS; Manoj, Mridula DDS; and Carreras-Simons, Kelsey DDS
"10-Minute EBD: Do Posterior Composite Restorations Have Longer-Term Success Than Glass Ionomer?,"
The Journal of the Michigan Dental Association: Vol. 105:
5, Article 4.
Available at: _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Add leading zeros to a number in PHP
It is important to format numbers with leading zeros in PHP. This will ensure that the number is formatted correctly. Numbers with leading zeros are much easier to read and understand than numbers without them.
The formatting of a number can make or break a project when it comes to presenting data professionally. Luckily there are many different methods and formats available! In this article we'll cover some basics about how you can easily format your numbers with leading zeros.
There are 3 ways to add leading zeroes to an integer in PHP – str_pad, printf/sprintf, and substr.
str_pad()
str_pad() function pads a string to a certain length with another string. The function will pad a string to the left or right with another specified character. It is important that you use all four arguments for this one if you want to pad left side.
echo str_pad('15', 3, "0", STR_PAD_LEFT);
//output: 015
printf()/sprintf()
You can also use the these string formatting functions to format numbers, "rounding functions," and currency conversion.
A number can be formatted in PHP with leading zeros by using the printf() function. This will provide a more professional appearance to your numbers. The syntax is as follows: printf("%02d", $number);.
sprintf() is a PHP method which will automatically convert a number input to a string and pad it with zeros accordingly.
printf("%02d", 3);
//output: 03
echo sprintf("%010d", _PHONE_);
//output: _PHONE_
substr()
substr() in PHP can be used to extract a substring out of a given string. It can be accessed using the following syntax: substr($string, start_position, end_positon).
The start position is specified as an integer with respect to $string and denotes where in the string we want to start extracting from. The end position specifies how many characters or how many characters followed by the end of string.
To add leading zeroes to a number, we combine str_repeat and substr to repeat number of 0 at the beginning of the given number.
$number = 100;
$length = 5;
$result = substr(str_repeat(0, $length).$number, - $length);
//output: 00100
str_repeat() returns string repeated a number of times.
In this article we've covered some of the basics about how to easily format your numbers with leading zeros. Whether you're printing out a report, making a spreadsheet or writing an email – these formatting tips will help make sure that what you present is professional and easy for others to read!
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text: The shar-pei, or Chinese fighting dog, is covered with folds of loose skin. It stands 18 to 20 inches (46 to 51 centimeters) tall and weighs up to 50 pounds (22.5 kilograms). Its solid-colored coat can be black, red, fawn, or cream. The dog originated in Tibet or the northern provinces of China some 2,000 years ago. The People's Republic of China put such a high tax on shar-peis, however, that few people could afford to keep them, and the dog was in danger of extinction. But a few specimens were smuggled out of China, and the breed has made a comeback in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Although bred as a fighting dog, the shar-pei is generally an amiable companion.


text:
Reformų valdymo problemos.
The problems of managing of public service reforms are analysed in this article. It is mentioned that the public service reforms are necessary to be made constantly and this process differs only in context, size and term of implementation of the reforms. The experience of different countries is examined and the ways how to use this experience in managing the public service reforms in Lithuania are determined. Great attention is paid to the key management issues: the context of the reforms and management dimensions. The role and functions of the lead agency responsible for the reforms implementation and line ministries are discussed as well. The requirements to the personnel especially to the leader of the core group are examined too. It is mentioned that these requirements are different when goals and strategy of any reform is creating if compared them when reforms are implemented. On the basis of the foreign countries experience mentioned above in managing of public service reforms the conclusions and suggestions how to carry out these reforms in Lithuania are formulated.
- Articles / Straipsniai


text:
Fiber Optic strain, temperature and shape sensing via OFDR for ground, air and space applications
This paper presents results from two example applications to illustrate the applicability of OFDR based sensing to the industry. First, high temperature sensing experiments on two stainless steel plates prepared with a ceramic-based thermal barrier coating is described. Second, an OFDR based shape sensing system is used to simultaneously measure strain, shape and roll of a composite material under various loading conditions.
Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is used to interrogate fiber sensors adhered to various structures. Temperatures in excess of 1000Â°C are observed on a thermal-barrier coated stainless steel test plate as it is exposed to a high-temperature torch. The surface temperature distribution is mapped with 5 mm spatial resolution at 100 Hz, revealing large spatial and temporal thermal gradients at coating defect locations. Results and response times are compared with conventional K type thermocouples. Also presented in this work, are real-time position, shape and twist measurements of a simple structure as it is subjected to various loads.
J. Bos, J. Klein, M. Froggatt, E. Sanborn, D. Gifford. Fiber Optic Strain, temperature and shape sensing via OFDR for ground, air and space applications. SPIE Nano Macro Space 2013

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Kyoungkyu; Chun, Sungyung; Seo, Byoungdo
 2016-01-01
 [Purpose] The aim of this study was to collect basic data on the effect of asymmetry on the muscle strength of the left and right knee and ankle joints of soccer players at varying athletic performance levels, to guide the development of improved exercise programs. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-nine soccer players at three athletic performance levels participated: 15 professional, 16 amateur, and 18 college. Knee extensor and flexor strength were measured at 60°/sec and 180°/sec, and ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor strength were measured at 30°/sec and at 120°/sec. Variables were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. [Results] College soccer players showed greater muscle strength at 60°/sec and 180°/sec in the knee extension muscles of both the right and the left sides, lower muscle strength at 30°/sec and 120°/sec in the dorsiflexor of the right ankle, and similar levels of asymmetry between left and right. The maximum muscle strength on the same side significantly differed in the right ankle joint, with asymmetry between left and right at 30°/sec and 120°/sec. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that muscle strength asymmetry in the ankle joint may lead to counterbalancing muscle strengthening of the knee joint to maintain the center of body mass. PMID:27190469
 6. Effects of muscle strength asymmetry between left and right on isokinetic strength of the knee and ankle joints depending on athletic performance level.
 PubMed
 Jeon, Kyoungkyu; Chun, Sungyung; Seo, Byoungdo
 2016-04-01
 [Purpose] The aim of this study was to collect basic data on the effect of asymmetry on the muscle strength of the left and right knee and ankle joints of soccer players at varying athletic performance levels, to guide the development of improved exercise programs. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-nine soccer players at three athletic performance levels participated: 15 professional, 16 amateur, and 18 college. Knee extensor and flexor strength were measured at 60°/sec and 180°/sec, and ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor strength were measured at 30°/sec and at 120°/sec. Variables were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. [Results] College soccer players showed greater muscle strength at 60°/sec and 180°/sec in the knee extension muscles of both the right and the left sides, lower muscle strength at 30°/sec and 120°/sec in the dorsiflexor of the right ankle, and similar levels of asymmetry between left and right. The maximum muscle strength on the same side significantly differed in the right ankle joint, with asymmetry between left and right at 30°/sec and 120°/sec. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that muscle strength asymmetry in the ankle joint may lead to counterbalancing muscle strengthening of the knee joint to maintain the center of body mass. PMID:27190469
 7. In vivo assessment of contractile strength distinguishes differential gene function in skeletal muscle of zebrafish larvae.
 PubMed
 Martin, Brit L; Gallagher, Thomas L; Rastogi, Neha; Davis, Jonathan P; Beattie, Christine E; Amacher, Sharon L; Janssen, Paul M L
 2015-10-01
 The accessible genetics and extensive skeletal musculature of the zebrafish make it a versatile and increasingly used model for studying muscle contraction. We here describe the development of an in vivo assay for measuring the contractile force of intact zebrafish at the larval stage. In addition, as proof of applicability, we have used this assay to quantify contractile strength of zebrafish larvae in a morphant model of deranged rbfox function. Average maximum tetanic (180 Hz) whole body forces produced by wild-type larvae at 2, 3, 4, and 5 days postfertilization amounted to 3.0, 7.2, 9.1, and 10.8 mN, respectively. To compare at potentially different stages of muscle development, we developed an immunohistological assay for empirically determining the cross-sectional area of larval trunk skeletal muscle to quantify muscle-specific force per cross-sectional area. At 4-5 days postfertilization, specific force amounts to ∼ 300 mN/mm(2), which is similar to fully developed adult mammalian skeletal muscle. We used these assays to measure contractile strength in zebrafish singly or doubly deficient for two rbfox paralogs, rbfox1l and rbfox2, which encode RNA-binding factors shown previously to modulate muscle function and muscle-specific splicing. We found rbfox2 morphants produce maximal tetanic forces similar to wild-type larvae, whereas rbfox1l morphants demonstrate significantly impaired function. rbfox1l/rbfox2 morphants are paralyzed, and their lack of contractile force production in our assay suggests that paralysis is a muscle-autonomous defect. These quantitative functional results allow measurement of muscle-specific phenotypes independent of neural input. PMID:26251513
 8. Effects of 5 weeks of lower limb suspension on muscle size and strength
 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
 Tesch, P. A.; Ploutz, L. L.; Dudley, G. A.
 1994-01-01
 Lack of weight-bearing, as occurs in space, appears to be associated with reductions in strength and mass of skeletal muscle. Very limited data, however, is at hand describing changes in skeletal muscle size and function following manned space missions. Our current knowledge therefore is mainly based on studies of space flown rats. It is obvious though that this information, only in part can be extrapolated to humans. A few bed rest studies have demonstrated that decreases in strength and muscle size are substantial. At this time, however, the magnitude or time course of such changes either in response to space flight or simulations of microgravity have not been defined. In the last few years we have employed a human model to simulate unloading of lower limb skeletal muscles that occurs in microgravity. This model was essentially adopted from the rat hindlimb suspension technique. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of decreases in muscle strength and size as a result of five weeks of unilateral lower limb suspension.
 9. Abnormalities of AMPK Activation and Glucose Uptake in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells from Individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
 PubMed Central
 Brown, Audrey E.; Jones, David E.; Walker, Mark; Newton, Julia L.
 2015-01-01
 Background Post exertional muscle fatigue is a key feature in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Abnormalities of skeletal muscle function have been identified in some but not all patients with CFS. To try to limit potential confounders that might contribute to this clinical heterogeneity, we developed a novel in vitro system that allows comparison of AMP kinase (AMPK) activation and metabolic responses to exercise in cultured skeletal muscle cells from CFS patients and control subjects. Methods Skeletal muscle cell cultures were established from 10 subjects with CFS and 7 age-matched controls, subjected to electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for up to 24h and examined for changes associated with exercise. Results In the basal state, CFS cultures showed increased myogenin expression but decreased IL6 secretion during differentiation compared with control cultures. Control cultures subjected to 16h EPS showed a significant increase in both AMPK phosphorylation and glucose uptake compared with unstimulated cells. In contrast, CFS cultures showed no increase in AMPK phosphorylation or glucose uptake after 16h EPS. However, glucose uptake remained responsive to insulin in the CFS cells pointing to an exercise-related defect. IL6 secretion in response to EPS was significantly reduced in CFS compared with control cultures at all time points measured. Conclusion EPS is an effective model for eliciting muscle contraction and the metabolic changes associated with exercise in cultured skeletal muscle cells. We found four main differences in cultured skeletal muscle cells from subjects with CFS; increased myogenin expression in the basal state, impaired activation of AMPK, impaired stimulation of glucose uptake and diminished release of IL6. The retention of these differences in cultured muscle cells from CFS subjects points to a genetic/epigenetic mechanism, and provides a system to identify novel therapeutic targets. PMID:25836975
 10. AISI/DOE Technology Roadmap Program: Characterization of Fatigue and Crash Performance of New Generation High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications
 SciTech Connect
 Brenda Yan; Dennis Urban
 2003-04-21
 A 2-year project (2001-2002) to generate fatigue and high strain data for a new generation of high strength steels (HSS) has been completed in December 2002. The project tested eleven steel grades, including Dual Phase (DP) steels, Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels, Bake Hardenable (BH) steels, and conventional High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels. All of these steels are of great interest in automotive industry due to the potential benefit in weight reduction, improved fuel economy, enhanced crash energy management and total system cost savings. Fatigue behavior includes strain controlled fatigue data notch sensitivity for high strength steels. High strain rate behavior includes stress-strain data for strain rates from 0.001/s to 1000/


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Charlotte's Web Theme of Language and Communication
Are you looking for a wily little spider to manage your upcoming social media campaign? Well look no further than Ms. Charlotte A. Cavatica. She's got propaganda in the bag. This spider knows just how influential language can be. Whether the words are printed in a newspaper or a magazine advertisement or a spider's web, they can make a big impact. Plus, it's not every day you see words written inside a spider's web. The fact that most of the humans in Charlotte's Web have no idea how the words got into the web might just make the language even more powerful.
Questions About Language and Communication
- Is it good that the writing in Charlotte's web is so persuasive? Are there any downsides to her messages?
- How do the messages in the web relate to advertisements? Or how are they like propaganda? Are there other persuasive forms you'd compare the messages to?
- How do the words in the spider web affect the humans who read them?
Chew on This
Language is persuasive, and this is good news. Charlotte's web convinces everyone that Wilbur is great and deserves to live.
Be careful with the words you use, because language can be dangerous. If Charlotte picks the wrong words (like "crunchy" or "tasty"), the consequences could be dire.


» STC / Sheriff's and Corrections Courses
» Courses
Suicide Detection & Prevention: Avoiding Costly Litigation, 8 hours
STC: 0920-026484
Suicide continues to be a leading cause of death in jails. It is vital that correctional agencies implement a sound suicide prevention policy, including the critical component of staff training, to mitigate the risk of inmate suicide and costly litigation. This thorough and engaging course covers the facts and myths around suicide, red flags, communication skills, and prevention strategies.


The Surprising History of Hanafuda
When asked about some of the most popular card games in history, very few people would think to say Hanafuda. But the Japanese classic card game that paved the way for Mario, Pokémon, and Zelda is actually an artefact of modern history. Card games in Japan enjoyed similar levels of popularity to modern-day anime. Throughout time, card games have inspired and led to bigger and better things, have been repurposed for a new audience, and have found a new niche with increasing technology. But what exactly is Hanafuda and how can we give it credit for changing the way we interact with games?
Hanafuda's colorful designs formed the basis of a variety of different games
Hanafuda's colorful designs formed the basis of a variety of different games
How Did Hanafuda Begin?
Hanafuda – or flower cards in Japanese – are a deck of playing cards that can be used for a variety of games. Card games were brought to Japan with the French missionary Francis Xavier in 1549, leading to an upsurge in their popularity. Subsequently, foreign card games were banned in 1633. Despite this, the trend still remained popular.
As playing card games themselves were not banned, this led to the creation of a deck of cards that could flaunt the rules and get around the prohibition. A deck featuring Chinese warriors, armour and weaponry was invented, but the 75-card strong pack became too cumbersome for many to try to learn the rules. Still, every time a pack became popular, the government banned it and a completely new set of cards was created.
It was mainly the numbered cards that were banned, so packs were created that assigned certain numeric values to combinations of images. This continued from the 1700s onwards until the government realised it was fighting a losing battle and people would always find a way to play cards. So, Hanafuda was invented to combine the numbered playing cards with traditional Japanese designs and gameplay.
The games continued for several decades longer, but eventually lost some of the popularity that they had enjoyed when playing had been seen as taboo. The excitement of thwarting those killjoys who tried to temper their card games was probably as much an incentive to creating a new game that could be played. But eventually, one company decided to form and take advantage of the trend of such card games: Nintendo.
Success on the Cards for Nintendo
Nintendo, to the amazement of many people today, was formed in 1889. The exciting thing about Hanafuda is that, as there are no numbers on the cards, they can be used for a variety of games. Nintendo creator Fusajiro Yamauchi understood this and helped card games become popular in Japan again by printing the designs onto Mulberry tree bark. Most people don't know this about Nintendo and instead would think only of Pokémon, Mario, and Zelda.
In fact, the success from the early Hanafuda boom meant that Nintendo owns two of the ten most profitable franchises of all time (Pokémon taking the top spot worth around $92 billion and Mario at ninth worth $36 billion). Nintendo has successfully used its business savvy to tap into what audiences are wanting to engage with at every stage of their development.
One of the most striking characteristics of Nintendo's business model can be seen through the development of the Pokémon franchise. The games – launched in 1995 – have spanned more than 10 different consoles across 14 years. Fans have updated their consoles in order to maintain their connection to the franchise, turning into loyal customers who spend their money with the company.
Mario is much the same, and to a lesser extent so is Zelda. The fact that these franchises are able to command such loyalty as they grow and provide critical and commercially successful games is testament to Nintendo's successful business model. The games move with the technology available and help pioneer new technologies going forward. Pokémon Go was the first example of using AR tech on such a large scale in mobile gaming. Other franchises are following suit – such as Harry Potter, The Walking Dead, and Stranger Things.
Nintendo remains popular with its latest console, the Switch
Nintendo remains popular with its latest console, the Switch
Hanafuda's Lasting Legacy
Once we're aware of Hanafuda and its exciting history, we can begin to see a likely connection with the games we're more familiar with today. Take blackjack, for example. While blackjack does use numbered cards, it uses them to create additional meaning in the quest to achieve a value of 21 that surpasses that of your opponents and the dealer - not forgetting the specific (and adaptable) roles of the face cards.
As we've seen, Hanafuda was invented as a way of playing similar games during a time when they were banned. Blackjack, an American version of the game first notarised by Cervantes in a short story about characters who played veintiuna (twenty-one in Spanish), was invented back in the early 1600s. It's therefore likely that it was played before then, allowing us to surmise it featured somewhere in the Hanafuda story. The tradition – and most of the gameplay – has remained the same ever since.
The advent of digital technology not only helped blackjack continue to thrive but changed the way we look at it. The classic tabletop card game was reimagined with the dawn of online casino. The game translated well online and enjoyed many variants, some making it more difficult for the player, others requiring more strategic thinking in order to beat opponents. We can see from the list of 888 casino games that there are many other variants and that they take a reliance on technology to the next level, incorporating live-streamed gameplay into blackjack.
Live blackjack involves a dealer that you can see dealing live, while you are able to respond to the cards you are dealt. This gives an added element to the gameplay and shows just how live technology can benefit online casino games. By incorporating a classic that has been played for hundreds of years with brand new technology, the fusion can create a gaming experience that keeps players coming back for more.
Hanafuda might not be played as much now, but its legacy will remain important. Not only did Hanafuda gift us with Nintendo and everything that spawned from that, but it showed us the power of simple designs and games that can be played. Our love of playing games supersedes all and we will find a way to circumvent barriers in our way.
Gaming might be done less on tabletops now and more online, but that only adds to the legacy of such longstanding gaming traditions as Hanafuda and blackjack. No doubt the games will continue to prosper in the future.
Related content


text:
ECO and Frontiers in Marine Science Announce 2019 Partnership
ECO Posted On November 26, 2018
Two leading marine science publications will partner in 2019 to further promote international efforts in marine science and connect the global marine science community.
STUART, FL. November 26, 2018 - ECO magazine (ECO), a leading international marine science publication written by ocean experts and explorers, and the world's largest and fastest growing marine science journal, Frontiers in Marine Science , have today announced a partnership that aspires to further connect the global marine science community.
A selection of the latest scientific studies published in Frontiers in Marine Science will feature in ECO's 2019 issues, and the journal's large network of international editors will have the opportunity to submit stories for both the magazine and website.
The partnership will provide a platform that promotes newly published research to an international audience, helping to share the latest scientific advances in topics from coastal to deep sea. The partnership also aims to encourage scientists to expand how they communicate their research by utilizing trade magazines such as ECO as a platform to share thought-provoking stories, opinions, and work-related advice.
"The dissemination and communication of scientific knowledge are becoming more and more important in today's society. This is especially the case for marine science. This partnership adds another platform where scientists can stay informed on the latest advancements and learn from others' experience in the field," said Kira Coley, senior editor of ECO, lecturer in science communication at the University of Portsmouth, and founder of the science communication resource, The Chatty Scientist.
"Dissemination of new discoveries and innovations is the foundation of scientific progress. By showcasing the latest marine research - from biology to ecosystem functioning to the impact of human activities - this partnership will help accelerate new solutions for the conservation and sustainable use of our oceans," says Nina Hall, journal manager of Frontiers in Marine Science .
The partnership is part of the wider rebrand of ECO that introduces several exciting changes for 2019, providing essential information for scientists and professionals working in marine and coastal fields.
ECO Magazine is a marine science publication committed to bringing scientists and professionals the latest ground-breaking research, industry news, and job opportunities from around the world.


text:
hw.design at the 2008 designparcours
On the occasion of this year's designparcours 2008 in Munich from 28 February to 9 March 2008, hw.design developed the website regarding the ideals of different generations.
The website enables users to experience the ideals of generations in the past and today, both visually and interactively. At the centre is the individual website visitor, who is asked to describe the ideals of their generation or their personal ideals for the future in the form of a brief statement. Each visitor must place their own building block by either responding to previous statements or contributing to the overall shape of the interactive graphics that are created in the statement process.
Visitors are asked to enter their age, origin and personal attitude to life, which can then be displayed through a variety of different diagrams. In addition to the colour coded implementation reflecting the date on which the entry was made during the designparcours, various other aspects are also visualised in this way.
The website, developed as part of the 2008 designparcours on the topic of generations, puts the spotlight on the vision and understanding of each generation with regard to what the future holds.


text:
About the Product: Sterloc multipurpose Sanitizer + Disinfectant is a 100% natural solution consisting of HOCl, an active element of the human body's white blood cells. The Electro Chemical Activation (ECA) process is used, in which electricity is applied to salt and water to produce HOCl. Sterloc is the only Sanitizer + Disinfectant in India that may be entirely secure for sanitizing skin, pets and any surface without any side effects of alcohol.
It kills 99.9999% of harmful germs, bacteria and other harmful microbes. Sterloc is 100% environment friendly as It's entirely organic, non-corrosive, non-flammable and non-toxic.
Ingredients: HOCl is a natural a part of our internal defence system. It's produced in our white blood cells as a component that works to fight infection, regulate responses to injury, and give a boost to healing.
Find out how to use it? Fill the Sterloc disinfectant liquid into a sprayer (pump) and spray at your desired surface or targets to disinfect straight away.
Trusted by the most efficient: Sterloc is authorized by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, to verify specialized HOCl based disinfectants for fumigation and sterilization of hospitals and quarantine facilities.


text:
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is an antelope species native to the Indian Subcontinent that has been classified as near threatened by IUCN since 2003, as the blackbuck range has decreased sharply during the 20th century.
The blackbuck is the only living species of the genus Antilope. Its generic name stems from the Latin word antalopus, a horned animal. The species cervicapra is composed of the Latin words capra, she-goat and cervus, deer.
Antelope is a term referring to many even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia. Antelopes comprise a miscellaneous group within the family Bovidae, encompassing those old world species that are neither cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, nor goats. A group of antelope is called a herd.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Ceva and Menelaus Meet on the Roads
Ceva's theorem gives a condition for concurrency of three lines, while Menelaus's theorem provides a similar condition for collinearity of three points. Stuart Anderson made a brilliant observation that an analogous dichotomy holds for a lemma that underlies his solution to the 4 Travelers Problem. Pursuing the analogy he came up with a unified proof of Ceva's and Menelaus' theorems which is presented below.
As usual, let ABC be a triangle, and let D lie on BC, E on CA, F on AB. Let travelers d, e, and f start at time t = 0 from D, E, and F along lines AD, BE, and CF. Assume that they all meet each other (pairwise). Focus on two of the travelers, say d and e. Start two other travelers d' and e' from D and E along BC and CA, also at t = 0, and give them speeds so that d' meets e at B and e' meets d at A. You can always do this by choosing the correct speeds.
Now the 4 travelers problem shows that d' meets e' at C. Let's look at the times of travel (Vx means velocity of traveler x):
(1)EA / Ve' = AD / Vd because d and e' meet at A,
(2)BD / Vd' = BE / Ve because e and d' meet at B,
(3)CE / Ve' = DC / Vd' because d' and e' meet at C.
Combining these gives
(4)CE / EA · BD / DC · AD / BE = Vd / Ve,
and multiplying this together with the two other equations we get by cyclic permutation gives
(5)(CE / EA · AF / FB · BD / DC)2 = 1,
which, quite appropriately, is the square of the Ceva and Menelaus conditions.
Now let's look at the quantities in (5) as signed segments. It's a simple matter to verify that, for the concurrency condition, the ratios in (5) are either all positive, or exactly two of them are negative. Thus the product of the ratios is always positive, which leads to Ceva's theorem. For the collinearity condition, the ratios in (5) are either all negative, or exactly two of them are positive. The product, therefore, is always negative, which leads to Menelaus' theorem.
Conversely, in the three cyclic equations like (4), we can choose Vd arbitrarily, then choose Ve to satisfy the first of the equations, then choose Vf compatible with Ve in the second equation. In the third equation, we have no more choices, but (5) ensures that the third equation is equivalent the product of the first two, so it is automatically satisfied. Similarly, (4) and its permutations make it possible to choose Vd', Ve', and Vf ' to satisfy (1)-(3) and their permutations. (Note: because they drop out of (4), Vd', Ve' and Vf ' can be chosen independently when focusing on each pair of travelers. The Vd' used with d and e need not equal the Vd' used with d and f.) The timings then imply that each traveler meets each of the others.
Therefore the condition that travelers d, e, and f all meet pairwise is equivalent to the hypothesis of Ceva and Menelaus. Now by the lemma I used in proving the 4 travelers problem, the travelers d, e, and f are all collinear (Menelaus) or their paths are concurrent (Ceva).
This is quite an interesting (to me, at least) connection, because in the original 4 travelers problem as posed, the parallelism of the travelers or the concurrency of their paths is in neither the statement nor the conclusion, but occur in the body of the proof. Further, the original form of the 4 travelers problem excluded the Ceva-like case by requiring the lines to be in general position. It is only when you look at both the case of general position lines and the general position travelers that the connection to Ceva and Menelaus appears.
Note that I don't think this is the "best" way to prove Ceva and Menelaus, because other ways are simpler, but it makes a connection I haven't seen anywhere.
(AB: Neither have I. However, Maj/Cpt/Lt Pestich pointed out that the close relationship between the two theorems can be derived by observing the pole/polar relationships in a triangle. Lt Pestich has also mentioned as his source the Russian edition of I. M. Yaglom's Geometric Transformations, v. 2 (1956), problem 165. The relevant part of the book is available in English as Geometric Transformations, v. III, MAA, 1973, problem 66. Our proof is different and more transparent.)
Menelaus and Ceva
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On January 15 and 24, we received Oscar Guayabero in our classroom, all within the subject of Identity Projects taught by Xavier Alamany.
Oscar Guayabero defines himself as a para-designer. Actually what he does is tell stories, he does it through objects, writing, installations, books, curating exhibitions and also teaching, publishing articles, activating platforms …
The session began with a conference where design was treated as a tool for social change, possible through the sum of the basic elements design + empathy + mediation- All shown with different design examples, their impact on society and your benefit
Then Oscar, along with Xavier, observed and listened to the different project proposals of the students in order to lead them towards a better projection, understanding and visualizing the strengths of each project as well as the weakest aspects to strengthen. It generated a session of debate and collective correction of the most interesting!
We are very grateful.


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You may be wondering what the full form of a Maximum Retail Price is and what it entails. There are several factors to consider when setting a PCR, including whether taxes are included in the price, as well as how to calculate a full form of mrp. This article will walk you through the process and answer any questions you may have. Also, it will explain what the advantages and disadvantages of the mrp are.
Maximum retail price
Maximum retail price is the price calculated by the manufacturer. It is the highest price that a product can sell at in India and Bangladesh. It is used to establish the price range for a product and is not to be confused with the suggested retail price. So, what is the maximum retail price? In simple terms, it is the price that a product can sell for, after considering the price of the raw materials and other costs. Let us explore how manufacturers calculate their maximum retail price.
The concept of maximum retail price has a number of benefits. It reduces the possibility of tax evasion and black marketing. It also helps the buyer build trust with the seller by not charging them more than what is stated on the price tag. Finally, it makes it easier for manufacturers to compete against the competition. Here are some of the benefits of the maximum retail price. To understand its importance, let's examine its implementation in more detail.
PCR requirements for a full form of mrp
MRP gene products are expressed in many tissues, including the liver, testis, and adrenals. MRP4 is highly expressed in the lung, muscle, and pancreas. MRP6 is expressed mainly in the liver. However, there are also reports of full-length MRP9 gene. Although the function of these proteins is not fully understood, they are thought to be important in metal and xenobiotic tolerance.
Taxes that are included in mrp
The maximum retail price (MRP) of a product is an estimate of what the item will cost when sold in the market. A manufacturer determines the maximum retail price of a product before it is sold in India. Once this price is determined, retailers are not allowed to charge customers more than this price. In addition to the MRP, retailers must also include all other taxes that may be included in the price.
Disadvantages of mrp
MRP is a manufacturing process that combines inventory control, elementary scheduling, and bill of materials processing. It helps organizations maintain low inventory levels by determining the time, quantity, and type of components needed for a particular product. When used correctly, MRP can reduce the cost of excess inventory while improving customer service. However, its disadvantages cannot be overlooked. Insufficient quantities of the right product or a wrong item can delay deliveries, or even result in missed deadlines.
The full form of MRP has many advantages. First, it helps manufacturers track their resources more efficiently and track them more closely. The full form of MRP integrates engineering, accounting, human resources, and marketing to make it more comprehensive. Second, it allows manufacturers to link functional areas across the entire business enterprise using computer technology. Third, MRP is complex, which makes it difficult for some businesses to implement.


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Native Languages of the Americas: Gros Ventre Legends and Traditional Stories
This is our collection of links to Atsina/Gros Ventre folktales and traditional stories that can be read online.
We have indexed our American Indian legends section
by tribe to make them easier to locate; however, variants on the same
legend are often told by American Indians from different tribes, especially if those tribes are kinfolk or neighbors to
each other. In particular, though these legends come from the Gros Ventre tribe, the traditional stories of
related tribes like the
Arapaho and Cheyenne are very similar.
Enjoy the stories! If you would like to recommend a Gros Ventre legend for this page or think one of the ones on here
should be removed, please contact us and let us know.
Click on each character's name for more detailed information about his or her role in Gros Ventre mythology.
Nihaat (also spelled Nihant, Nixant, and
Nihaat is the spider trickster of the Gros Ventre tribe. It is pronounced nih-hawt or nih-hawt-ah.
Nihaat is an interesting figure-- in some tales he plays the typical trickster/transformer role common to Algonquian tribes, making more or
less benign mischief and shaping the world for the Gros Ventres as he goes. But in other tales, Nihaat is depicted as a more violent, anti-social trickster type
similar to Siouan spider spirits like Iktomi. In any case, the literal meaning of the character's Gros Ventre name is "Spider." It is given as "White Man" in
many older translations, but this is a misleading translation-- the Gros Ventres named white people after the trickster character, not vice versa! It doesn't
literally mean "white."
Ihityebi-Nihaat (also spelled Ixtcibenihehat, Chebbeniathan, and other ways:)
This means "Spider Above" or "Spider of Heaven" in the Gros Ventre language,
and is the Gros Ventre name for the Creator (God,) as distinguished from the earthly Nihaat (see above.) Sometimes the name is translated in English as
"Man Above," since the literal form of a spider is not ascribed to Ihityebi-Nihaat. Some people believe that Nihaat and Ihityebi-Nihaat were originally
the same mythological entity, and split into two figures after trickster legends were borrowed from the Crow and Sioux.
Thunder-bird (Bha'a in the Gros Ventre language.)
A huge bird of prey, common to the mythology of most Plains Indian tribes,who is responsible for creating thunderstorms.
The Gros Ventre considered Thunder-bird a particular benefactor of their tribe, who brought the sacred pipe to the people.
Horned Serpents (Bha'anbi:'itha, Bi'itha or Bi'ithan):
Giant underwater snake monsters, who lurk in lakes and rivers and eat unwary travelers. Although they are dangerous and fearsome
creatures, they were also respected by the Gros Ventres, and were sometimes said to help those who honored them properly.
Bashnobe (also spelled Basnobe or the Big Sand.) This
is not a person but a place. It is the Gros Ventre afterworld.
Although benign races of small magical creatures exist in many Native American tribes, the Little People
of the Gros Ventres are dangerous man-eaters feared by the people. They are said to be about three feet tall, dark-skinned, and
left-handed. Some Gros Ventre people used to leave offerings of animal lungs for the Little People to keep them from becoming
hungry and preying on humans.
By-The-Door and Found-In-Grass:
These mythical twins whose mother was killed by a monster are common to the folklore of many Midwestern and Eastern tribes.
They are generally portrayed as heroic monster-slayers in Gros Ventre legends.
Charred Body, Unknown One, First Creator, and Only Man --
these are not really Gros Ventre legends at all, but Mandan and Hidatsa ones. Sometimes, especially on the Internet, they are mislabeled as Gros Ventre myths,
because the Hidatsas were also called "Gros Ventres" by the early French settlers.


USGS - science for a changing world
South Atlantic Water Science Center - Georgia
 home information/data projects publications GWIN RiverCam drought flood about contact
Picture of flooding on Northside Drive at Peachtree Creek, Atlanta.
Peachtree Creek home page. Peachtree Creek home
USGS Water Science Centers are located in each state.
High-water marks and stream stage
Peachtree Creek WaterWatch
Stream stage at Peachtree Creek
High-tech instrumentation is not the only tool used to analyze flood-flow information. Something a simple as a "seed line" can help determine how high the water was (and the subsequent stream stage) during a flood at Peachtree Creek. Instruments that read stream stage can indicate how high the stream stage was during a storm, but cannot show how high water got in the surrounding land and how much land will flood when Peachtree Creek overflows its banks (unless detailed surveys are conducted). One way to determine this is to use high-water marks that occur during floods. If hydrologists can find a high-water mark on a tree or mailbox after a storm, then that information combined with the stream-stage data (from stream-stage records) can be used to estimate how much flooding will occur at different stream stages.
Take our quiz:
Find the high-water marks.
Pictures, from a distance, of plants next to Peachtree Creek - user is supposed to locate visible high water marks on the plants.
Here are a couple of pictures of Peachtree Creek at the Northside Drive bridge (notice the pipes in the background of the top picture). Both pictures were taken on the river bank next to Peachtree Creek a few days after high water occurred during a storm.
Did you find them?
Pictures of a line of dried mud on a plant, indicating high water points. Also picture of leaves stuck in a plant hanging over a stream, indicating where high water hit, but would not be a good indicator of high water.
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The active ingredients of glucofit* is called corosolic acid. Corosolic acid also know as 2-alphahydroxyursolic acid, is a triterpene compound extracted from the leaves of the plant lagerstroemia speciosa. Research shows that when used as part of your diet, corosolic acid is able to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels in those already within the normal range. A recent animal study indicates this constituent of banana leaves may promote cardiovascular health as well.
Products of other enterprises
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Cameroon: Group training on safe use of pesticides in the Loum basin
- Posted by: Sandra Borma
- Category: Cameroon, News
On 14 and 15 July, COLEACP organised group training on the "Safe Use of Pesticides" for plant protection product applicators in the Loum basin. This training is part of the Standards and Trade Development Fund (STDF) project "Improvement of the sanitary and phytosanitary quality of Penja pepper in Cameroon to facilitate access to international markets" (STDF/PG/593).
Following this training, the participants are now able to carry out treatments according to good phytosanitary practices and to carry out the instructions:
- during dosing and before, during and after application, including the management of empty packaging
- regarding safety equipment
- on personal hygiene and equipment.
This technical and practical training took place in the classroom and in the field, using the educational animations developed by COLEACP.
Other training sessions will be held in the coming weeks in other production basins in order to train a maximum number of technicians on good phytosanitary practices for Penja pepper.
As a reminder, sustainable intensification is at the heart of COLEACP's programmes. It increases productivity while making a positive contribution to climate, ecosystems and the environment. We promote integrated pest management (IPM) and help producers control pests while minimising negative impacts on humans and the environment. Where plant protection products (PPPs) are an important part of an IPM system, COLEACP ensures that growers have access to appropriate, least harmful products and that they can use them safely.
This activity was organised within the framework of the Project to improve the sanitary and phytosanitary quality of Penja pepper in Cameroon, supported by the Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) project and implemented by COLEACP.


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A Tingling Sensation In The Abdomen And Thighs When Exercising With Weights?
Hello, I want to ask you.rnWhy do my stomach and thighs have a tickling sensation when I do sports movements that use weights?rnrnPlease enlighten me, thanks!
Sport is one part of efforts to maintain health. Exercise using your own weight has a variety of goals ranging from maintaining fitness to increasing muscle strength.
What you are experiencing could be caused by uncomfortable clothes. Uncomfortable clothing can cause discomfort ranging from tingling to possibly painful during exercise.
In addition, because you practice using weights, it could be that an incorrect position or method can also be a trigger, causing the activities you are doing to be inappropriate with your body's physiology, causing discomfort.
Since you're using weights in your workout, make sure you warm up enough to start adding more intensity to your workout. Otherwise, your body will have difficulty keeping up with the weight and intensity of your workout, causing the discomfort you experience.
It's a good idea to learn the procedures for training with weights well before starting the exercise or learning from a trained trainer. This is useful so that your exercise is effective and reduces the risk of injury.
I hope this helps.


WordPress Plugin
Creating a WordPress plugin can seem intimidating at first, but with the right tools and resources, it can be a straightforward process. Here are the steps to create a WordPress plugin:
 1. Set up your environment: You will need a working WordPress installation, a text editor to write the plugin code, and FTP access to your hosting account to modify the code .
 2. Navigate to the WP-content/plugins directory in your WordPress installation . Create a new directory and name it after your plugin .
 3. Inside your new plugin directory, create a PHP file for your plugin . This is where you will write the code for your plugin.
 4. Write the code for your plugin. You can start with the basics if you are new to plugin development , and WordPress provides a Plugin Developer Handbook to help you learn more about the process .
 5. Once you have written the code, save it in the PHP file you created in step 3.
 6. Create a zip file containing your PHP file and any other assets your plugin needs (such as images or CSS files) .
 7. In your WordPress dashboard, navigate to the Plugins page and click "Add New" .
 8. Click "Upload Plugin" and select the zip file you just created . Click "Install Now" to upload and install the plugin.
 9. Once the plugin is installed, click "Activate" to activate it .
These are the basic steps to create a WordPress plugin. There are also tools available to help simplify the process, such as Plugin-plate, which provides a template for building a simple plugin , and the WordPress CLI, which allows you to scaffold the plugin files .
I hope this helps you get started on creating your own WordPress plugin! For more detailed information on each step, be sure to refer to the resources cited above.
Best WordPress Plugins 2023


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south saint paul
city, Dakota county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River, adjacent to the city of St. Paul. It was settled in the 1850s on the site of a Sioux village (Kaposia, 1826-53). Until 1889 the South St. Paul area included West St. Paul. The St. Paul Union Stockyards opened in 1886, bringing large numbers of primarily central and eastern European immigrants to the city to work in the yards and associated meatpacking plants. By the 1970s, however, most of the large plants had closed, and the stockyard decreased dramatically in size. Efforts at redevelopment soon followed, and during the 1990s the former site of a major plant was turned into an industrial park. The city's economy still includes some meatpacking, as well as the manufacture of pumps and pumping equipment and a mail-order retail operation. A community college (1969) is located in nearby Inver Grove Heights. The eastern section of South St. Paul is part of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area. Inc. 1887. Pop. (1990) 20,197; (2000) 20,167.
Learn more about South Saint Paul with a free trial on Britannica.com.
|an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event; an exceptional example or instance.|
|a fool or simpleton; ninny.|


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Economic Effects of RGGI
How Selling Allowances Affects Consumer Prices
In other pollution reduction programs, power companies are given the allowances for free, the companies then pass through the "market value" of these allowances in their bills to consumers. This means that the cost of electricity to consumers will include as much of the cost of allowances as the law permits generators to add on, whether those allowances are purchased or obtained free of charge. Selling the allowances ensures that their proceeds will benefit the public by funding projects to conserve energy, reduce CO2 emissions and develop clean technologies.
The decision to sell allowances takes into account the European Union's experience. The E.U. gave away 90 percent of its allowances, thinking that would ease industry's compliance cost. However, that mechanism resulted in companies enjoying a windfall; power costs to customers increased to cover the cost of the allowances, but generators did not pay for the allowances. In the U.K. alone, free allowances amounted to a $1 billion grant to the power industry.
Likely Price Impact of RGGI
The cost of allowances, like the cost of fuel, will be built into generators' electricity prices. However, modeling analysis revealed that price impacts would be negligible. Economic modeling projected that RGGI would increase wholesale electricity prices by about 1.6 percent (78 cents per month for a typical residential customer) in 2015 and 2.4 percent ($1.13 per month for a typical residential customer) in 2021.
Economic models also projected that the price per allowance would be $2/ton in 2009. Though the projections were considered accurate, the regulations include some mechanisms to mitigate the risk of high prices. These mechanisms include expanding the use of offsets, adjusting compliance periods and holding frequent auctions. There is also a "circuit breaker" provision that expands offsets if the price of an allowance rises to $7/ton.
Analysis Group Report: The Economic Impacts of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative on Ten Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States
According to the Analysis Group Report released in November, 2011, RGGI has raised over $1.6 billion for the ten participating states since the program began in 2008. Most of the funding from the auction proceeds was spent on energy efficiency programs, saving regional customers $1.1 billion in electricity bills, and over $174 million on natural gas and heating bills. RGGI programs also created 16,000 jobs throughout the region, and the region's payments for out-of-state fossil fuels decreased by over $765 million. (See link at right.)


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One more approximation approach to solution of the inverse problem of gravimetry for a set of bodies of L.N.Sretensky class
© Bulakh E.G., Markova M.N.
An inverse problem of gravimetry is being solved when geological models are represented by a totality of bodies of L.N. Sretensky class. It means that each body is determined by position of the medium plane. Approximation construction has been chosen, which has to describe the position of the top and the bottom of the body. One of these approximation schemes was described earlier. Some other approach is being considered in this work. The problem is determination of parameters of specific approximation scheme.


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The Lake Dick Cooperative Association in Arkansas was a New Deal Project. It consisted of the heads of each resident household, with each member holding one share of stock. This Association controlled all commercial and agricultural activities at Lake Dick. As a benevolent cooperative, the Association leased the entire 3,453 acre farm from the Federal government.
Each family had four acres for a home, yard, and small vegetable garden, the crop-producing land itself was jointly owned and jointly cultivated by all resident families. A cooperative work system was arranged whereby each farmer was assigned a job by the Association's elected officials. Whether a man worked in cultivation of the land, raising livestock, cutting timber, or operating one of the community services, he received cash wages bi-weekly from the Association.
All farmers on this project are young Arkansas farmers selected from all parts of the state as seen in the photographs below taken by photographer Dorothea Lange Aug. 1939
These farmers are about to begin cooperative cultivation of cotton at Lake Dick project, Arkansas taken by photographer Dorothea Lange 1938
Farmer loading strippings from sorghum into wagon, Lake Dick Project, Arkansas by photographer Russell Lee September 1938
Farmers' cooperative association making sorghum. Lake Dick Project, Arkansas by Russell Lee September 1938
Farmer adjusting mask to avoid dust in haying operations. Lake Dick Project, Arkansas by Russell Lee Oct 1938
Below Images are of some Members of the Lake Dick Project, Arkansas taken by Russell Lee Sep. – Oct. 1938
Three complete historical novels in one book Tapestry of Love Historical Series 2nd edition 2015 –
Court records dating back to the 1630s create historical accuracy as the reader is taken back to the primitive days of colonial Virginia and Maryland where the Pattendens encounter life-changing difficulties with Indians, ducking stools, illness, massacres, death, loneliness, love, and greed.
READER REVIEW OF RIBBON OF LOVE: 2nd edition – A Novel of Colonial America Book one: The exhilarating action and subplots keep the reader in constant anticipation. It is almost impossible to put the book down until completion. – Dr. Don P. Brandon, Retired Professor, Anderson University
Check out all books by Donna R. Causey


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LEAF (Linking Environment And Farming) is the leading organisation delivering sustainable food and farming. Working with farmers, the food industry, scientists, educationalists and consumers, LEAF inspires and enables sustainable farming that is prosperous, enriches the environment and engages local communities. It develops and promotes Integrated Farm Management (IFM) and works in three core pillars:
- Facilitating knowledge generation and exchange amongst farmers and researchers through the LEAF Network of Demonstration Farms and Innovation Centres; LEAF develops management tools and resources to support farmers in the adoption of IFM. These include the LEAF Sustainable Farming Review, IFM Guide and IFM Bulletin. Farmers also have the opportunity to see IFM in practice by visiting LEAF Demonstration Farms.
- Developing Market Opportunities through the LEAF Marque Standard.
- Engaging the public in sustainable food and farming through a range of educational and public engagement activities including LEAF Open Farm Sunday, LEAF Open Farm School Days, Countryside Classroom, resources and training.
Role in the project
LEAF is co-leader in the knowledge exchange and dissemination package (work package 7). They also have a network of 38 Demonstration Farms in the UK, which can be interviewed for work package 1 and have links to farmers across Europe and the world who are LEAF Marque certified. The LEAF Marque is a global assurance scheme recognising sustainably farmed products, which can be used as a case study in work package 5.
Key persons involved
- Alice Midmer, Co-leader work package 7, leader task 7.2
- Caroline Drummond
- Laura Tippin, Task 7.2


Don was invited by the Mechai Viravaidya Foundation, to evaluate the leadership, curriculum, resources and teacher training and experience, at the Mechai Pattana Secondary School in north eastern Thailand, in preparation for it to become a demonstration school for the proposed Teacher Training Institute. Don has a particular interest in the philosophical and theoretical place of computers in primary classrooms in Tasmania, and their effect on students' learning, behaviour and social development. Email:
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Carpet Cleaning in Saudi Arabia
It is not as easy as it seems to carpet cleaners in Saudi Arabia. In fact, the process of cleaning carpets can sometimes be so labour intensive that many hotels and foreign visitors are avoiding it completely. Most expatriates who do own carpets either use them as a way to add a bit of culture to their homes or just for decoration, while others use them as a form of protective covering for their floors and walls.
Carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia is different from how it is done in other parts of the world. For one thing, carpets are never allowed to be steamed. The hot water used for carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia is usually from a hot bath tub or a swimming pool. This prevents the development of molds and fungi that grow on carpet. Some carpets are even steamed while others are soaked for an hour or two.
Read More : تنظيف سجاد بالقطيف
After the carpet is saturated, it is removed from the room and placed in a large vat or bin where it will sit and dry. Some carpets are put in this same large vat outdoors in the hot sun to dry out completely. While this is taking place, special chemicals are mixed that loosen the dirt and grime on the carpet. Sometimes, water is used but this is not common because water can cause damage to some carpets. Once the dirt is loose, a machine or person is used to suck up the water.
Before the carpet can be reused, the liquids used have to be neutralized with water. This is usually done by mixing vinegar and baking soda together. Then the carpet cleaning process begins. Usually three to four people are used for carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia.
A special machine called a 'rubber" is used to scrub the carpet. Different than your normal vacuum cleaner, it uses special chemicals that bond with the dirt and grime on the carpet. The "rubber" then uses its suction power to pull up the carpet and dispose of it through the "spout". This allows the carpet to dry very fast. Then another "rubber" is used to extract the water from the carpet.
After the carpet has dried and been cleaned, it is inspected for any signs of mold, fungus, mildew, dirt or bacteria. If so, the carpet is treated again. Each time the carpet is inspected, special chemicals are used. Many times the carpet is treated with chlorine to kill any remaining mold or fungus. Other times special disinfectants are used to kill bacteria.
There are special cleaning companies that only perform these services for their clients. They know the intricacies of doing carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia due to the climate and the soil conditions. That is why some companies have been established to only perform this service for their clientele. Some carpet cleaners are fully bonded and insured, while others are not, and they will be willing to let you know up front.
Keep in mind that you need to make arrangements for a reliable carpet cleaner to come and do your carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia. If your carpet does not pass their standard inspection, they will not do it. The last thing you want is for something to happen because your carpet was not cleaned properly. That is money down the drain that could have been used to decorate your home.
You should expect that the rental that you pay will cover everything, the cleaning equipment, the chemicals, and the labour of the carpet cleaners. You should note that dry carpet cleaning in Saudi Arabia is often done using a steam cleaner. You should also know that dry carpet cleaning is not usually required, so it would be wise to inquire about it when renting your carpet.
When you rent a carpet in Saudi Arabia, you are responsible for its care. That is why you should carefully consider all of your options before renting a carpet cleaning service. Ask for an inspection report to ensure that everything was done according to standard practices. Also, if your carpet is something you are not familiar with, make sure you learn all you can about the carpet's proper care before you rent a service.
Renting a dry carpet cleaning service to clean your carpet in Saudi Arabia is not difficult, but it is important to do some research ahead of time. This will help to guarantee that you get the best experience possible on your carpet. If you make sure to choose a reputable company, you will have peace of mind that your carpet will be cleaned to its fullest potential.
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The Exhibition Hall will be closing on on Thursday (16Thermostable direct hemolysin of Grimontia hollisa causes nuclear toxicity of liver cells ?
using recombine peptide sequence identified from the mass differences in the y-fragment ion series of MALDI TOF/TOF spectrum.
Significant amounts were released into the atmosphere as a result of nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Dr Andrew Higginson, Senior Lecturer, Psychology Department, University of Exeter, UK
Title: "Learning to be ill? Adaptive decision-making systems with limited information may cause ill health"
Non-communicable illnesses such as obesity, depression, and anxiety disorder are the dominant medical problems in the developed world, but their causes are poorly understood. Evolutionary explanations are limited to reasons why the deleterious condition could be adaptive and often fail to capture critical phenomena. For instance, explanations for depression focus on depressive behaviour as a way to avoid costly effort where benefits are small and/or unlikely, but fail to explain why low mood persists when the situation improves. Animals, including humans, do not always make optimal decisions but have evolved decision-making systems (or 'rules') that are adaptive generally. I will describe an emerging paradigm for understanding illness based on computational models of adaptive learning in which individuals face repeated choices among options that affect fitness and alter beliefs. Among populations of individuals all following adaptive rules a significant minority show behaviour associated with illness. For example, our model of depression predicts 5% of individuals will be inactive when it would be better to interact with the world, mimicking an effect of depression on behaviour. These explanations for depression, anxiety disorder and obesity contract strongly with the idea that the system is somehow malfunctioning; brains of depressive patients may be working perfectly but have inaccurate beliefs about current conditions. Our work suggests that medical interventions for these illnesses are unlikely to work because they do not adjust beliefs: effective treatments are likely to involve altering the experiences of adaptive decision makers.
About Neuroscience Seminars
Neuroscience Seminars archive 2005-2018


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When a volcano erupts, molten rocks, ash, pyroclastic flow, and debris flow can cause disasters. Debris flow is responsible for enormous damage across large areas. This makes debris flow simulations a crucial means of determining whether to issue an evacuation warning for area residents. For safety purposes, restricted areas are designated around volcanos during eruptions, making it difficult to gather information (such as the amount and permeability of ash) required for precise debris flow simulations. An unmanned observation system, intended for use in such restricted areas, was developed to address this issue. The proposed system is based on a multirotor micro-unmanned aerial vehicle (MUAV) that transports cameras, small devices to measure target environments, and a small robot to active volcanic areas. Several field tests were performed around active volcanoes for validation and system improvement. This study investigates five unmanned systems with field tests. The first one is an autonomous flight to collect three-dimensional (3D) terrain information. The MUAV conducted the long flight at Mt. Unzen-Fugen and evaluated the accuracy and calculation time of the developed 3D terrain model. The second one is a drop-down-type ash-depth measurement scale. The scales were deployed at Mt. Unzen-Fugen and confirmed its function. The third system is a soil-sampling device to estimate permeability. The device is hung from the MUAV by a long tether and collects soil and gravels directly with two rollers, while the MUAV is hovering. Indoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the device, and field experiments were conducted to confirm the validation of the system in different volcanic environments. The fourth system is an unmanned surface flow measurement device to estimate permeability. The device carries a water balloon and breaks it when it lands on the ground. By observing water flow with mounted cameras, qualitative permeability can be estimated. Initial experiments were conducted at Mt. Unzen-Fugen to confirm its function. The fifth system is a small ground vehicle with a rainfall sensor deployed by an MUAV. The MUAV carries a capturing net suspended from it and delivers and retrieves the ground vehicle, while it is hovering. Field experiments were conducted at Mt. Asama and Mt. Unzen-Fugen to validate the function of the system. Data obtained by these systems can contribute to the improvement of debris flow simulations developed in the project. In this paper, the above systems and experiments to evaluate them are introduced, and debris flow simulation results are demonstrated to prove the effectiveness of the data obtained by the proposed systems. Each field-test section includes a discussion of the lessons learned.
- aerial robotics
- emergency response
- natural disaster response
- wheeled robots
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Computer Science Applications


Don't be encouraged by the upvote; that was me by accident.)
 With the rise and rise of 'Social' network sites: 'Computers are making people easier to use everyday'
 Examine what is said, not who speaks -- Silence betokens consent -- Love the truth but pardon error.
 "Science is about questioning the status quo. Questioning authority".
 In the absence of evidence, opinion is indistinguishable from prejudice.
 RIP Neil Armstrong
 Ribald?!?
 --
 A math joke: r = | |csc(θ)|+|sec(θ)|-||csc(θ)|-|sec(θ)|| |
Re: IO::Select and correct way to detect client crashed?
by andal (Friar) on Oct 19, 2012 at 07:19 UTC
 Well, I would recommend to look not into perl, but into TCP protocol, since you are using it. This protocol is not hidden away from you, you have to manage the events produced by the protocol stack.
 From the perspective of the protocol, you make quite a few mistakes. First of all, when using "select" one should make sockets non-blocking. For example, there's no guarantee that "accept" will return socket after the "select" has marked it as ready. By the time you call this function, kernel could have removed the socket, so you would end up blocked in the "accept" waiting for next connection. Of course, probability of this event is small, but you want to have robust program, right?
 Next thing. The TCP is "stream" protocol. So, you can not know how much of data is available for reading when your socket is marked as read-ready. You may get only 2 bytes out of expected 4, but when you call "recv" you'll get those 2. Your code is not prepared for that. It simply would throw away those 2 bytes.
 Writing to TCP socket also requires care. There's no guarantee that the peer will read quickly. So, you may fill up your system buffers (if you write a lot) and then your call to "send" will block (if the socket is blocking), or won't write everything, which you don't check.
 And now concerning your question about detecting presence of peer. As someone here already mentioned, if the peer has closed connection, or crashed (application crash), then your end of the socket shall become "read-ready", but when you try to read from it, you'll read 0 bytes. In this case you know that the peer is gone and you should close your socket.
 There's a catch here. If the peer has crashed when you write to it, then you won't see the 0 bytes input. In this case, your write may result in EPIPE error, actually by default it is passed as signal killing your whole application. So, you may want to pass "MSG_NOSIGNAL" flag to function "send" to prevent it. But if your write is short, then you'll get your socket "read-ready" after it, and you'll read the 0 bytes input, indicating that the peer can not accept your input any more.
 Finally. Don't put small timeout for "select" call. Why should you do anything, if you don't have any sockets ready? Real application would need support for timers, the presence of timers would define the time-out for "select" call. If you need timers, then use something like GLib events loop instead of "select".
 Again, all of the above stuff comes from knowing TCP protocol. You should know how the connection is established on the protocol level, you should know, how the data is passed, how the errors are communicated between peers and between protocol stack and the application. I encourage you to read "Unix network programming" written by Stevens. This book provides very complete description of networking.
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Various Rules are preconfigured in system and can be used for various scenarios. There are three options for configuring new rules:
- Change existing rule
- Copy existing rule and change it to new requirements
- Create a new rule.
You define the rules for date determination on the basis of the following dates:
- The possible baseline date is predefined by a fixed value range (for example current date, beginning of the contract) and cannot be changed.
- You can define the period in any way by specifying a number with a corresponding time unit.
- If you use a calendar ID to define a rule, the system determines the next possible workday starting from the baseline date. If you use a calendar ID, you may NOT specify a period.


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Underground or over surface pipelines for water, gas and oil supply are critical assets that can significantly impact both civilians and the environment when sabotaged intentionally or damaged unintentionally due to digging around them. Now, security of pipelines is possible by state-of-the-art embedded geophone technology with Shyam's Pipeline Security solution. This system is also used for the protection of communication lines like fiber duct, telephone cable, and power cable in urban and semi-urban areas. The affected area is identified by sensors installed in proximity and alerts are sent to the central station by fixed wire or wireless transmission for timely action.
The Pipeline Security working is also quite innovative as in this a cascading chain of geo-sensors that extends along the length of the pipeline. Even the smallest vibrations can be detected. Individual sensors communicate via RS 422 protocol to the nearest processor unit (each unit accommodates 50 geophone sensors in one direction). Hence, after every 100 sensors, a new processor unit is deployed and connected by wireless to the control center. Sensors can be powered on battery as well as through solar cells.
Features & Benefits
- Protection against Sabotage
- Vibration Detection by invisible Geophone Sensors
- Corrosion and Erosion detection by Ultrasonic sensors
- Wireless Communication
- Very Low Power Consumption
- Robust and Rugged Capsulation
- Continuous Monitoring from Control Room
- Faster incident reporting to control center and hence a quicker response by patrolling team
- Easy to Install on Existing pipelines


text:
Tough for bakers to make dough with winter wheat shortage
- Heavy spring rains, falling demand, and the smallest winter wheat crop in more than a hundred years have resulted in a high-protein wheat scarcity, according to Bakery and Snacks.
- Drenching downpours in Kansas, the largest producer of winter wheat in the U.S., have decreased the protein levels in wheat, which thrives in more arid conditions. This creates a problem for bakers who need the higher protein level to create an airy texture consumers expect.
- Millers have been able to pass along the elevated cost of in-demand high-protein flour to bakers, but bread makers have been unable to recoup the cost when selling to retailers. Grocers are unwilling to pay more for bread, as consumer demand is dropping and a price increase could drive sales down.
It's been a rough couple of years for farmers and bakers.
U.S. consumption of wheat flour in 2016 fell to its lowest level in close to three decades. In addition, American farmers planted their smallest winter wheat crop in more than a hundred years.
As is the nature of supply and demand, farmers who did yield high-protein winter wheat are charging a premium. This escalated cost is passed along the production chain, but ends with bakers. They've largely been unable to charge retailers more for their rolls and loaves, thanks to decreased consumer demand.
If there is another season of high-protein wheat scarcity, though, the price of the average loaf of bread may increase.
Bread manufacturers have been able to cope with using the less expensive low-protein wheat by re-formulating recipes. By adding gluten, whose price has increased 20% thanks to demand, many bakers are able to create the same light texture consumers expect. But once again, they absorb the cost of research and development, and the pricier gluten.
High-protein winter wheat accounts for about 40% of the $10 billion U.S. wheat crop.
Wholesale bakers like Grupo Bimbo, Flowers Foods Inc and Campbell Soup Co's Pepperidge Farms have already seen profits suffer. The squeeze on their margins will only continue, until a robust crop of high-protein winter wheat is produced.
If bread sales slide as a result of the shortage, it could be beneficial to manufacturers that make bakery products without wheat flour, such as Udi's and Food for Life. In addition, alternative flours such as brown rice and millet varieties, could see increased demand.
- Bakery and Snacks Low protein wheat challenge deflates U.S. Bakers


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An anti-tank mine, (abbreviated to "AT mine"), is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including tanks and armoured fighting vehicles.
Compared to anti-personnel mines, anti-tank mines typically have a much larger explosive charge, and a fuse designed only to be triggered by vehicles or, in some cases, tampering with the mine.
More modern anti-tank mines are usually more advanced than simple containers full of explosives detonated by remote or the vehicles pressure. The biggest advances were made in the following areas:
* Power of the explosives (explosives such as RDX).
* Shaped charges to increase the armour piercing effect.
* Advanced dispersal systems.
* More advanced or specific detonation triggers.
Most modern mine bodies or casings are made of plastic material to avoid easy detection. They feature combinations of pressure or magnetically activated detonators to ensure that they are only triggered by vehicles.
There are several systems for dispersing mines to quickly cover wide areas, as opposed to a soldier laying each one individually. These system can take the form of cluster bombs or be artillery fired. Cluster bombs contain several mines each, which could be a mixture of anti-personnel mines. When the cluster bomb reaches a preset altitude it disperses the mines over a wide area. Some anti-tank mines are designed to be fired by artillery, and arm themselves once they impact the target area.


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O wild and sacred Ibis,
Long beaked bird of the Nile,
Now home on the marsh of Macquarie
0 bird with such elegant style.
Black, white and straw-necked,
Gathering where the waters drain;
Probing the teeming, living mud,
Cheek by jowl with the night crane.
O glorious morning in Australia free,
Warm and dry and a pale blue sky,
Cotton wool clouds in white pattern
Lives Ibis the bird of winged fraternity.
Far from the land of the Pharaohs,
Yet sharing the gypsy life-style,
Land of Australia, land that is free
Is home to the Ibis, bird of the Nile


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Battling child abuse
Organizations across the country are taking action in the aftermath of the Pennsylvania State University sex scandal.
One such organization, the Chicago Children's Advocacy Center, is attempting to raise awareness of how to prevent child sexual abuse. The nonprofit organization is conducting bi-monthly media receptions in hopes of gaining support for CCAC's mission.
The Penn State scandal has reminded people that sexual abuse against kids is not unusual, and that perpetrators are commonly people who have a close relationship with the child, such as a neighbor or family member, said CCAC's Executive Director Char Rivette.
"I don't want people to be afraid of everybody, but you do have to make sure your kids feel 100 percent comfortable telling you anything about what's going on in their lives," Rivette said. "This is a teachable moment."
According to a report study distributed by CCAC, there were 19,699 reports of abuse in Chicago last year and the numbers remain consistently high, Rivette said.
This year, the organization has had a 20 percent increase in the number of children in need of help. It has not been confirmed whether the rise in reported sexual abuse cases is because of increased awareness of the issue or if it is simply a blip, so workers plan to keep a close eye on the trend, Rivette said.
It can be difficult to recognize when a child has undergone sexual abuse, according to Rivette. The signs vary from child to child.
Typical things to look for include changes in behavioral patterns. If a child begins to act anxious, develops unusual fears, displays changes in sleeping patterns or acts in ways that are not age appropriate, it is time to start asking questions, Rivette said.
"Ask kids questions when [they] start to talk about things, like secrets and special relationships with certain adults and alone time with adults [who] aren't their parents," Rivette said.
Sometimes kids refrain from telling an adult because they fear that no one will believe them, as proven by the length of time it took for the Penn State case to reach authorities.
Stop It Now! is another resource for reporting sexual abuse. The nationwide organization distributes information and guidance to adults so that they can effectively help others confronted with sexual abuse.
According to Deborah Donovan Rice, executive director of Stop It Now, people sometimes report abuse that happened up to 30 years ago.
"We have a lot of people who call us and tell us that this is the first time that they had ever talked to anybody about having been abused," Rice said. "For the first time, they get unconditional support for what they went through and get to hear about resources that could possibly be helpful in dealing with the aftereffects of having been sexually abused."
This year marks the CCAC's 10th anniversary of providing services to Chicago-area children who were sexually abused and their families. Founded by former mayor Richard M. Daley in 1998, the organization opened its doors in 2001 to provide a coordinated investigation of abuse reports, as well as medical examinations, mental health services, referrals to other services and general support.
In the past, abused children were forced to relive what happened to them multiple times while telling their story to parents, social workers, police, investigators, doctors and counselors.
CCAC simplified the process by coordinating forensic interviews with the child and a medical exam in a single location to put the kids at ease, Rivette said.
Ana Correa, CCAC family advocate manager, works directly with the kids to ensure that they are comfortable and understand what is going on.
Some kids come in feeling like they are in trouble while parents come in feeling like they did not do enough to protect their kids, Correa said. "They are in a better place by the time they leave," she said.
If you see any signs of possible abuse, call the Chicago Police Department or the Child Abuse Hotline at _PHONE_. CCAC receives every allegation of sexual abuse in the city.


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A new DIVE-Turbine has been delivered to the Hydro Power Plant Mancioux (France) for EDF France. After a period of renovation the power plant was restarted in March 2019 with three DIVE-Turbines. The new DIVE-Turbine has a runner diameter of 1450mm and an installed capacity of 580 kW.
In 2015 two twin Francis turbines have been replaced at a retorift of hydro power plant Mancioux. In 2018 a third turbine was to be installed in another empty turbine chamber. After three years of operation with DIVE-Turbines the customer, EDF France, decided for another DIVE-Turbine.
The first two turbines were speed-variable DIVE-Turbines, the new turbine is a fixed-speed turbine. The two speed-variable turbines regulate the head at variable discharge and heads. Therefore the fixed-speed turbine is run at permanent flow conditions (80%-100%) and is directly connected to the grid without inverter losses.
Thus the unit of turbine and generator reaches efficiencies up to 86% from the hydraulic energy of the water up to the public grid.
The new turbine of Mancioux is the 39th DIVE-Turbine on the grid.


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Appendix B
Unattended Vehicles Statutes
Ten States have laws prohibiting adults from leaving unattended children in motor vehicles. Two States have laws specifically related to injury or death caused by leaving a child in a vehicle. Thrity-Eight States have no laws specifically protecting children from this vehicle occupancy neglect. Legislators have proposed bills addressing this issue in twelve of these States. Existing State statutes are listed found below:
Cal. Veh. Code § 15620 (2004)
Leaving a child unattended inside a motor vehicle prohibited
 1. Where there are conditions that present a significant risk to the child's health or safety.
 2. When the vehicle's engine is running or the vehicle's keys are in the ignition, or both.
dollars ($100)


Mourning The Day after lossTamar ashkenazi
 - Author: Dr. Tamar Ashkenazi
 - Language: English
 - Category: עסקים, עזרה עצמית והדרכה
Mourning – The Day After Loss
How to deal with the death of a loved one?
Practical insight on coping with grief and bereavement
The death of a loved one surfaces pressing dilemmas: How should the deceased be commemorated in daily life and special occasions, such as holidays, birthdays, and memorials? How should his absence be regarded in school or at work? How does a marriage continue after death? How should the deceased's clothes and belongings be handled? How should one remember, and how does one find the power to live on?
Mourning: The Day After Loss delivers personal expressions of grief from parents and grandparents, siblings, spouses, and friends who have suffered loss or supported others in their grief. The author uses her experience as a group facilitator to bring the voices of participants in support groups for the bereaved, as well as the insights and testimonies of others who have dealt with life after loss. This book offers a comprehensive overview of bereavement and the approaches and methods of dealing with loss.


How to Determine Font Size
By Contributor
Updated April 02, 2020
The size of a font refers to just that -- how big or small the text you are seeing on screen is measuring. A standard font size used in most computer applications is "12 point." However, the size varies depending on the document being viewed and who originally created it. If you have a document and want to determine the its font size, you need only use a word processor program to learn this.
Highlight a block of text. This can be from a webpage, an email or even a word processing document.
Screenshot of highlighted text on web page.
Right-click anywhere inside the highlighted block of text.
Screenshot of copying selecting text on web page.
Click "Copy."
Screenshot of copying selected text on a web page.
Open a word processing utility, like Microsoft Word or Microsoft Works, on your computer.
Screenshot of blank MS Word document.
Paste the text that you've copied into the blank document, while maintaining the formatting. The formatting of the text is the font size and type, which is of importance to this process. For example, if you're using Microsoft Office 2007 you have to click on the "Home" tab. Then, select the arrow beneath the "Paste" button and click "Paste Special." Select the "HTML Format" menu option and click "OK." The copied text will be pasted into the document with the proper formatting.
If you're using Microsoft Word _PHONE_, you need to click on the arrow next to the "Paste" button in the toolbar and select "Keep Source Formatting" before pasting the text into the document.
Screenshot of pasting text into MS Word.
Highlight a block of text. This can be from a webpage, an email or even a word processing document. Look on the toolbar at the top of the word processing utility for the "Font Size" drop-down list. The number that is currently being displayed on the button is the font size of the selected block of text on screen.
Screenshot of determining font size in MS Word.
Even when you paste text from the web with the proper formatting into a blank word processing document, it may appear to look slightly differently than it does on the original source page. This is because it is not being viewed in a web browser anymore, but rather in a word processing computer program. However, both the font type readings and the font size readings will be accurate.


Vintage Gas Station Road Maps
As digital mapping systems and GPS devices have become standard, the road map's reign has hit a dead end. Yet these pieces of paper ephemera are only increasing in desirability, as much for nostalgic and aesthetic reasons as their usefulness. Most consider road maps a byproduct of the automobile, but the earliest road maps depicted European routes for horse-drawn vehicles. The first known road map was created by Ehrhard Etzlaub around 1495...Continue Reading


text:
ACTA ALIMENTARIA, cilt.20, ss.197-203, 1991 (SCI İndekslerine Giren Dergi)
Numerous physical and chemical changes occur in the products during the baking process. These changes may affect the migration mechanism of water and the drying behaviour of the product. In the present study temperature effects on the drying behaviour of raw thin biscuits of 7x5x0.25 cm dimensions were studied in a laboratory oven by applying constant or linearly decreasing oven temperatures between 100 and 195-degrees-C. With constant oven temperatures a falling rate drying model, and with linearly decreasing oven temperatures a constant rate drying model stimulated these processes. Final moisture contents are one of the major properties determining the shelf life of the biscuits. These models may be used as simple methods for calculating the baking times.


akhil sood akhil sood - 8 months ago 36
R Question
Frequency cross-tabulation in R for categorical variables
I have a table with over 200 categorical variables. Sample:
Cat1 Cat2 Cat3
A B A
B A A
A C A
A B A
I want to get frequencies (number of times) any category appeared in the dataset. Something like this:
 - A 8
 - B 3
 ..
I very new to R and tried using a for loop to get the result. I am sure that there are better ways to do so. Can you please help me with this?
Answer
In general, the most convenient function to count how many tokens you have of each type is ?table:
d <- read.table(text="Cat1 Cat2 Cat3
A B A
B A A
A C A
A B A", header=T)
table(d$Cat1)
# A B
# 3 1
The most convenient way to execute table() for every categorical variable in a dataset is to use ?summary.data.frame:
summary(d)
# Cat1 Cat2 Cat3
# A:3 A:1 A:4
# B:1 B:2
# C:1
On the other hand, if you want to get a table that collapses over all categorical variables, you can use table() with ?unlist:
table(unlist(d))
# A B C
# 8 3 1
To understand what's happening there, the thing to realize is that in R a data frame is a special kind of list: each variable is a vector and the data frame is a list of vectors of equal length (cf., here). The unlist() function turns those into one long vector concatenated from first to last. Note that if you have some non-categorical variables mixed in, you will need to exclude those with something like table(unlist(d[,c(<variables to use>)])).