What is a Clinical Biology?
clinical biologist is a health professional such as a doctor of medicine, pharmacist, or biologist that is specialized in clinical biology, a medical specialty derived from clinical pathology. The concept includes interventional biology, including assisted reproductive technology.
Clinical Biology designates a medical specialty that uses laboratory techniques (analysis, microscopy, immunology, bacteriology, virology, hematology, etc.) to contribute in particular to the assessment of the state of health, the diagnosis of pathologies, the treatment follow-up …
Clinical biology covers several specialized branches:
 - Biology of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and hospital hygiene),
 - Reproductive biology (analysis of seminal fluids and technical assistance for medically assisted procreation),
 - Immunology (study of the body's defense mechanisms, Essential during grafts and transplants),
 - Biological hematology (diagnosis of blood pathologies),
 - Molecular biology (study of molecules supporting the hereditary message – DNA and RNA nucleic acids),
 - Cytogenetics (study of chromosomes).
What does the clinical biologist do?
The clinical biologist validates the patient analyzes carried out in the laboratory and interprets their results. He thus participates in the detection of pathologies, and contributes to the diagnosis or even establishes it himself. This practitioner also issues a therapeutic opinion, which makes it possible to orient, monitor, or adapt a treatment, in terms of antibiotics for example. Today, the discovery of the importance of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria), antibiotic resistance, advances in obstetrics, or the obesity epidemic in the world are also tending to change the role of the biologist towards preventive medicine.
When to consult a doctor specializing in clinical biology?
It is the attending physician or specialist consulted beforehand who refers the patient to a medical biologist to carry out additional examinations. The analyzes carried out and the interpretation of their results help to make or support a diagnosis and make it possible to monitor or modify treatment, in consultation with the prescribing physician.
**What is Clinical Biology?**
**Introduction**
Clinical Biology is a specialized field in healthcare that focuses on the study and understanding of biological processes in the context of human health and disease. It applies scientific principles and methodologies to investigate various aspects of human biology, such as genetics, genomics, cellular and molecular mechanisms, and disease processes.
**Scope of Clinical Biology**
Clinical Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of topics, including:
* **Diagnostics:** Identifying and analyzing biological markers or indicators of disease through laboratory tests
* **Disease Mechanisms:** Investigating the underlying biological processes and molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of diseases
* **Treatment Development:** Evaluating the effectiveness and side effects of potential therapeutic interventions based on biological understanding
* **Genomics and Personalized Medicine:** Utilizing genetic information to tailor medical treatments and interventions to individual patients
* **Preventive Medicine:** Studying the biological factors that contribute to disease risk and developing strategies to prevent or delay disease onset
**Methods in Clinical Biology**
Clinical Biologists employ various scientific techniques and methodologies, such as:
* **Laboratory Testing:** Conducting blood, urine, and tissue analysis to diagnose and monitor diseases
* **Sequencing and Bioinformatics:** Analyzing DNA and RNA data to identify genetic variants and understand gene expression
* **Molecular Diagnostics:** Detecting and characterizing specific nucleic acid sequences or proteins associated with diseases
* **Computational Modeling:** Developing mathematical and statistical models to simulate and predict biological processes and disease dynamics
**Applications of Clinical Biology**
Clinical Biology plays a crucial role in multiple aspects of healthcare, including:
* **Diagnosis and Disease Management:** Providing accurate and timely diagnostic information to guide clinical decisions and monitor treatment response
* **Drug Development and Evaluation:** Assessing the safety and efficacy of potential therapeutic agents through clinical trials
* **Precision Medicine:** Tailoring treatments to individual patient genomes to improve outcomes and reduce side effects
* **Public Health Research:** Identifying risk factors, disease trends, and developing preventive strategies based on population-level data
* **Education and Training:** Training healthcare professionals in genetic testing, molecular diagnostics, and data interpretation
**Conclusion**
Clinical Biology is a rapidly evolving field that significantly impacts healthcare practice and patient outcomes. It combines biological sciences with clinical medicine to unravel the complexities of human health and disease. By harnessing the power of scientific methodologies and computational approaches, Clinical Biologists drive advancements in diagnostics, therapies, and personalized medicine, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes and well-being.
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tsprechen oder die Unterabfrage keine Zeilen an die äußere Anweisung zurückgibt.Returns TRUE for <predicate> when any value retrieved for the subquery satisfies the comparison operation, or FALSE when no values in the subquery satisfy the comparison or when the subquery returns no rows to the outer statement. Der Ausdruck ist andernfalls UNKNOWN.Otherwise, the expression is UNKNOWN. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter SOME | ANY (Transact-SQL).For more information, see SOME | ANY (Transact-SQL).
EXISTSEXISTS
Wird mit einer Unterabfrage verwendet, um Tests im Hinblick auf das Vorhandensein von Zeilen durchzuführen, die von der Unterabfrage zurückgegeben wurden.Used with a subquery to test for the existence of rows returned by the subquery. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter EXISTS (Transact-SQL).For more information, see EXISTS (Transact-SQL).
BemerkungenRemarks
Die Rangfolge der logischen Operatoren beginnt mit NOT (höchster Operator). Darauf folgt AND und anschließend OR.The order of precedence for the logical operators is NOT (highest), followed by AND, followed by OR. Mithilfe von Klammern kann diese Rangfolge in einer Suchbedingung überschrieben werden.Parentheses can be used to override this precedence in a search condition. Die Reihenfolge der Auswertung logischer Operatoren kann variieren, abhängig von den vom Abfrageoptimierer gewählten Optionen.The order of evaluation of logical operators can vary depending on choices made by the query optimizer. Weitere Informationen zur Verarbeitung von logischen Werten durch logische Operatoren finden Sie unter AND (Transact-SQL), OR (Transact-SQL) und NOT (Transact-SQL).For more information about how the logical operators operate on logic values, see AND (Transact-SQL), OR (Transact-SQL), and NOT (Transact-SQL).
BeispieleExamples
A.A. Verwenden von WHERE mit der LIKE- und ESCAPE-SyntaxUsing WHERE with LIKE and ESCAPE syntax
Im folgenden Beispiel wird nach den Zeilen gesucht, in denen die LargePhotoFileName-Spalte die Zeichen green_ aufweist, und es wird die ESCAPE-Option verwendet, da es sich bei _ um ein Platzhalterzeichen handelt.The following example searches for the rows in which the LargePhotoFileName column has the characters green_, and uses the ESCAPE option because _ is a wildcard character. Ohne Angeben der ESCAPE-Option würde die Abfrage nach allen Beschreibungswerten suchen, die das Wort green gefolgt von einem anderen Zeichen als _ enthalten.Without specifying the ESCAPE option, the query would search for any description values that contain the word green followed by any single character other than the _ character.
USE AdventureWorks2012 ;
GO
SELECT *
FROM Production.ProductPhoto
WHERE LargePhotoFileName LIKE '%greena_%' ESCAPE 'a' ;
B.B. Verwenden der WHERE- und LIKE-Syntax mit UnicodedatenUsing WHERE and LIKE syntax with Unicode data
Im folgenden Beispiel wird die WHERE-Klausel zum Abrufen der Postanschrift für Unternehmen außerhalb der USA (US) in einer Stadt, deren Namen mit Pa beginnt, abgerufen.The following example uses the WHERE clause to retrieve the mailing address for any company that is outside the United States (US) and in a city whose name starts with Pa.
USE AdventureWorks2012 ;
GO
SELECT AddressLine1, AddressLine2, City, PostalCode, CountryRegionCode
FROM Person.Address AS a
JOIN Person.StateProvince AS s ON a.StateProvinceID = s.StateProvinceID
WHERE CountryRegionCode NOT IN ('US')
AND City LIKE N'Pa%' ;
Beispiele: Azure SQL Data WarehouseAzure SQL Data Warehouse und Parallel Data WarehouseParallel Data Warehouse.Examples: Azure SQL Data WarehouseAzure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data WarehouseParallel Data Warehouse
C.C. Verwenden von WHERE mit LIKEUsing WHERE with LIKE
Im folgenden Beispiel wird nach den Zeilen gesucht, in denen die LastName-Spalte die Zeichen and aufweist.The following example searches for the rows in which the LastName column has the characters and.
-- Uses AdventureWorks

SELECT EmployeeKey, LastName
FROM DimEmployee
WHERE LastName LIKE '%and%';
D.D. Verwenden der WHERE- und LIKE-Syntax mit UnicodedatenUsing WHERE and LIKE syntax with Unicode data
Im folgenden Beispiel wird die WHERE-Klausel verwendet, um einen Unicode-Suchvorgang in der LastName-Spalte durchzuführen.The following example uses the WHERE clause to perform a Unicode search on the LastName column.
-- Uses AdventureWorks

SELECT EmployeeKey, LastName
FROM DimEmployee
WHERE LastName LIKE N'%and%';
Weitere InformationenSee Also
Aggregate Functions (Transact-SQL) (Aggregatfunktionen (Transact-SQL)) Aggregate Functions (Transact-SQL)
CASE (Transact-SQL) CASE (Transact-SQL)
CONTAINSTABLE (Transact-SQL) CONTAINSTABLE (Transact-SQL)
Cursors (Transact-SQL) Cursors (Transact-SQL)
DELETE (Transact-SQL) DELETE (Transact-SQL)
Ausdrücke (Transact-SQL) Expressions (Transact-SQL)
FREETEXTTABLE (Transact-SQL) FREETEXTTABLE (Transact-SQL)
FROM (Transact-SQL) FROM (Transact-SQL)
Operatoren (Transact-SQL) Operators (Transact-SQL)
UPDATE (Transact-SQL)UPDATE (Transact-SQL)


Adult Learner
Systems Change
Adult Learner > Factors > Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic Status
Factor Connections
How Socioeconomic Status connects to...
Socioeconomic Status (SES) refers to an individual or family's social standing as compared to other families. It is usually measured by a combination of factors, including a family's education, occupation, and income, as well as access to social and cultural resources. Socioeconomic Status and educational attainment are tightly interconnected, and adult learners are often seeking to improve their Socioeconomic Status through continuing education and training opportunities.
Main Ideas
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 30% of adults living at or below the federal poverty line have not completed their high school credential. Many adults who are experiencing poverty struggle with basic reading, math, and digital skills, and having a high school credential does not guarantee that basic skills are in place.
In addition to inequitable access to high quality education and training opportunities, people who experience poverty or earn less than a family-sustaining wage may also be impacted by: housing insecurity, food insecurity, and job insecurity.
 - Housing insecurity and mobility often affects low-income families such as those who have high housing costs relative to their income. This disparity can result in difficulty paying monthly rent and utilities, which can lead to housing instability, eviction, and in some cases, homelessness.
 - Food insecurity refers to lack of access to sufficient amounts of nutritious food. People experiencing food insecurity may also live in food deserts, areas where there is limited access to grocery stores or farmer's markets that supply healthy and affordable food.
 - Job insecurity and unemployment also negatively impact adults living below family-sustaining wages, and can be major sources of psychological stress. It is important to note that unemployment disproportionately affects Black men, who are historically more likely to experience mass incarceration and have limited opportunities to advance in education, build their skills, and access well-paying jobs.
Additional factors such as the cost of continuing education, childcare, and transportation may also prevent individuals with lower SES from participating in adult and continuing education opportunities. The cost of digital devices and reliable broadband internet access may also widen what is often referred to as the digital divide. For many individuals, the childhood trauma associated with economic hardship and lack of access to financial, social, and educational resources at home and in the community can have long-term effects on academic achievement, health, and well-being into adulthood.
Learn More
View Measures and References


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A new study from Carnegie Mellon University shows that analyzing data from Twitter yields the same results as conducting a public opinion poll.
We're willing to bet it probably costs less, takes less time and annoys fewer people, as well.
A CMU team from the computer science department looked at sentiments expressed in a billion Twitter messages between 2008 and 2009. The researchers then use simple text analysis methods to filter out updates about the economy and politics and determine if the overall sentiment of the update was positive or negative. The CMU team found that people's attitudes on consumer confidence and presidential job approval were similar to the results generated by well-reputed, telephone-conducted public opinion polls, such as those conducted by Reuters, Gallup and pollster.com.
For at least some topics, CMU Assistant Professor Noah Smith thinks this kind of passive information gathering could work. "With seven million or more messages being tweeted each day, this data stream potentially allows us to take the temperature of the population very quickly," Smith said. "The results are noisy, as are the results of polls. Opinion pollsters have learned to compensate for these distortions, while we're still trying to identify and understand the noise in our data. Given that, I'm excited that we get any signal at all from social media that correlates with the polls."
The CMU researchers did notice that Twitter sentiments had much more day-to-day variation compared to data gathered from traditional polling data. To compensate, the team averaged the Twitter results over a number of days; at that point, the results were generally quite similar to polling data.
For example, on Twitter as in life, consumer confidence slumped in 2008 and started to revive last spring. And Twitter updates showed the same general decrease in presidential job performance approval through 2009 as was seen in traditional polls. There were a few discrepancies — enough that the CMU folks don't recommend using Twitter to poll for election results just yet. Still, researchers hope that better natural language processing (NLP) techniques will make Twitter and other social media a valuable source of public opinion information in the future.
The paper is available online (use the left column to navigate to the "papers" section, and scroll down to "From Tweets to Polls: Linking Text Sentiment to Public Opinion Time Series"), for those who'd like to dig deeper.
What do you think: Could Twitter and other social media eventually replace public opinion polls? Would you rather have a researcher mining your public stream of updates for information or calling your phone to get the same information?
[img credit: tsevis]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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I am trying to understand the proof of Thm 9.23 in. Let $S_k(\Gamma)$ be the cusp forms for a subgroup $\Gamma_1(N) \subseteq \Gamma \subseteq \Gamma_0(N)$. Let $\mathbb{T} := \mathbb{Z}[T_1, T_2, T_3,...]$ be the hecke algebra viewed as a subset of $End(S_k(\Gamma))$ (not as abstract double coset stuff!). Let $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) := S_k(\Gamma) \cap \mathbb{Z}[[q]]$ then the author claims that $ \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle : \mathbb{T} \times S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) \mapsto \mathbb{Z},$ $\langle T, f \rangle = a_1(T(f))$ is a perfect bilinear form and because of finite-rank-arguments i already know that it suffices to show that the $\mathbb{Z}$-module homomorphism $T \mapsto \langle T, \cdot \rangle \in Hom_\mathbb{Z}(S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}), \mathbb{Z})$ is surjective but i am unable to understand why this is the case. Only for $N=1$ i have found a workaround (see below).
This is what i have tried:
As was pointed out to me here "Hecke algebra" finitely generated?, the set $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ is a finitely generated free $\mathbb{Z}$-module. Let us take a basis $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z}) = \mathbb{Z}f_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z}f_n$. The $Hom_\mathbb{Z}(S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})) = \mathbb{Z}\phi_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z} \phi_n$ where $\phi_i(f_j) = \delta_{ij}$. Let us assume that we select $\Gamma_0(N)$ with trivial character. Then, the ring $\mathbb{T}$ is nothing else than the $\mathbb{Z}$-module
$\mathbb{T} = \mathbb{Z}T_1 + \mathbb{Z}T_2 + \mathbb{Z}T_3 +...$
(because $T_{p^e} = T_p T_{p^{e-1}} - p^{k-1} T_1$ so that every polynomial in the $T_m$ is actually a sum in the $T_m$). We want to show that there is a $T$ such that $\langle T, f_j \rangle = \phi_1(f_j) = \delta_{1j}$ so that we search for a $\mathbb{Z}$ linear combination of the $T_m$ mapping to $\phi_1$, say $T = v_1 T_1 +... + v_l T_l$. Then, $\langle T, f_j \rangle = \phi_1(f_j) = \delta_{1j}$ is equivalent to
$\begin{pmatrix} a_1(f_1) & \cdots & a_l(f_1) \\ \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_l(f_n) & \cdots & a_l(f_n) \end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix} v_1 \\ \vdots \\ v_l \end{pmatrix} = e_1$
Let us denote the matrix on the left hand side by $A$, then the question is: is $A$ a surjective map seen as a map $A : \mathbb{Z}^l \mapsto \mathbb{Z}^n$ (where we can select $l$ as big as we want)? Rephrased i ask for the following:
For a subgroup $\Gamma$ that satisfies some properties (i.e. $\Gamma$ a congruence subgroup or so) is there a $\mathbb{C}$-basis $f_1,..., f_n$ of $S_k(\Gamma)$ with fourier coefficients in $\mathbb{Z}$ such that the matrix $A$ becomes surjective as a map from $\mathbb{Z}^l$ to $\mathbb{Z}^n$ (for example: when selecting $n$ columns, does the matrix consisting of these columns satisfy $\det(Matrix) = \pm 1$? I.e. is there something like a Victor Miller basis for modular forms of higher level)?
For $\Gamma = SL_2(\mathbb{Z})$, this is easy, because one has a Miller basis, i.e. a $\mathbb{C}$-basis $f_1,..., f_n$ of $S_k(SL_2(\mathbb{Z}))$ with integral fourier coefficients such that $a_i(f_j) = \delta_{ij}$ so that $A = (Id ~~...)$. Note: if $f_1,..., f_n$ are a $\mathbb{C}$-basis for $S_k(SL_2(\mathbb{Z}))$ with integral fourier coefficients then this does not necessarily imply that $f_1,..., f_n$ form a $\mathbb{Z}$-basis for $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ but this suffices to see that the Hecke algebra is finitely generated by the first $r$ Hecke operators since one can do the same argument with $\mathbb{Z}f_1 \oplus... \oplus \mathbb{Z}f_n$ in place of $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ since the behavior of an operator in $End(S_k(\Gamma))$ is determined by its actions on $f_1,..., f_n$.
Note that for $N > 1$ this seems to be true in "many" cases: For example, typing the following lines in magma
M := ModularForms(Gamma1(16),3);
q - 189*q^9 + 132*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^2 - 136*q^9 + 94*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^3 - 92*q^9 + 66*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^4 - 57*q^9 + 38*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^5 - 33*q^9 + 22*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^6 - 17*q^9 + 9*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^7 - 8*q^9 + 4*q^10 + O(q^12),
q^8 - 3*q^9 + O(q^12),
q^11 + O(q^12)
So here one would select columns 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,11.
Also note the following: Using the Sturm bound and selecting $l \geq \max(n, \operatorname{SturmBound})$ one can show that the matrix $A$ has a full $\mathbb{Q}$-rank, i.e. there are $v_1,..., v_l \in \mathbb{Q}$ satisfying the above relation but can they be somehow found to be in $\mathbb{Z}$?
Could someone help me out of this mess?
Best regards,
Fabian Werner
share|cite|improve this question
Fabian, you need to study the theorems just before Thm 9.23 in William Stein's book, about congruences of modular forms. The result you want ultimately relies on the fact that $S_k(\Gamma_1(N))$ admits a basis consisting of modular forms all of whose Fourier coefficients are algebraic integers (which was first proved by Shimura, I think). – François Brunault Jan 24 '12 at 12:17
Is it really that recent? I'm no expert on the history, but didn't Igusa have some results on this kind of thing in the 30's and 40's? – David Loeffler Jan 24 '12 at 12:44
_USER_ : you may be right (I'm also not expert on the history). Maybe Shimura was the first to treat the general case. – François Brunault Jan 24 '12 at 13:09
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
You pose your questions for a general $\Gamma$, but I'm not sure that quite makes sense; in general the Hecke algebra won't be commutative and will have a very different structure, and $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ won't necessarily span $S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{C})$. So let's assume $\Gamma$ is $\Gamma_0(N)$ or $\Gamma_1(N)$ for some $N$.
Let $\mathcal{S} = S_k(\Gamma, \mathbb{Z})$ and $\mathcal{T} \subseteq End_{\mathbb{Z}}(\mathcal{S})$ the Hecke algebra. Then (as I


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As the current plan goes, the move of an aging Titan 1 ICBM from its current location at NASA ARC to its new home next to Building 596 starts around 7:30 AM PST on 18 March 2010. This Titan 1 was brought to ARC in 1969 and was used in a variety of tests to study buffeting of launch vehicles during atmospheric ascent. The rocket has been sitting outside since the early 1980s as an exhibit next to the (former) Ames visitor's center.
A team has been assembled that will restore this rocket and upgrade it to serve as an educational tool as well as a smallsat payload integration testbed - much in keeping with its original appearance at Ames 41 years ago. This project will be undertaken at NASA Ames Research Center at Building 596 aka "McMoons" where the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) has been under way for 2 years.
The Titan 1 team includes SpaceRef Interactive Inc., SkyCorp Inc, and the Challenger Center for Space Science Education. The intent is to involve a wide range of local groups and citizens of all ages in this project in a crowd-sourced, participatory exploration format.


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This is similar to playing a sport whereby if you have no understanding of the rules your opponent gets bored, and without understanding the rules of the sport you are likely to come away second best.
To function successfully in China, and therefore maximise your business success it is crucial to know how to recognise and respond effectively to the 36 Chinese Strategies. Knowledge of the Chinese negotiating culture, which means how the 36 Chinese Strategies are used, is your greatest asset.
An example of how one of the 36 Chinese Strategies is used is in Strategy three 'Murder with a Borrowed Knife - 借刀杀人. Strategy Three is applied is a situations where you meet with your Chinese contacts. In such a scenario this may be the fifth meeting and you are getting closer to discussing a deal. You are likely to discover that the head Chinese person will not be the one who asks the difficult questions such as "can you lower the price?" Rather the person with the lower status will ask this question. Likewise the head person will not complain, as complaints will be done by the person with less status to conserve the leader's strength and reputation. Strategy Three - 'Murder with a Borrowed Knife - 借刀杀人 - enables the leader to "preserve their strength" while other issues are still being worked out. This is similar to how the King moves on the chessboard, because the King on the chessboard is the most powerful piece on the board and moves the least.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
MarkerSet<T extends Marker> Class
A set of Markers that are logically related, such that they cluster when they overlap one another in screen space. In that case, a cluster marker is drawn instead of the overlapping Markers.
|addDecoration(context: DecorateContext): void||This method should be called from Decorator.decorate.|
|getClusterMarker(cluster: Cluster<T extends Marker>): Marker ProtectedAbstract||Implement this method to create a new Marker that is shown as a stand-in for a Cluster of Markers that overlap one another.|
|getMinScaleViewW(vp: Viewport): number||Get weight value limit establishing the distance from camera for the back of view scale factor.|
|markers||Set<T>||The set of Markers in this MarkerSet.|
|minimumClusterSize||number||The minimum number of Markers that must overlap before they are clustered.|
Last Updated: 20 September, 2019

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


It has been a few months since I have made a change to the "Generics based Framework for.Net Hadoop MapReduce Job Submission" code. However I was going to put together a sample for a Reduce side join and came across a issue around the usage of partitioners. As such I decided to add support for custom partitioners and comparators, before stamping the release as a version 1.0.
The submission options to be added will be -numberPartitionKeys (for partitioning the data) and -comparatorOption (for sorting). Before talking about these options lets cover a little of the Hadoop Streaming Documentation.
A Useful Partitioner Class
Hadoop has a library class, KeyFieldBasedPartitioner, that allows the MapReduce framework to partition the map outputs on key segments rather than the whole key. Consider the following job submission options:
 -partitioner org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.KeyFieldBasedPartitioner
The option specifies that the map output keys will have 4 fields. In this case the the -Dmapred.text.key.partitioner.options=-k1,2 option tells the MapReduce framework to partition the map outputs by the first two fields of the key; rather than the full set of four keys.This guarantees that all the key/value pairs with the same first two fields in the keys will be partitioned to the same reducer.
To simplify this specification the submission framework supports the following command line options:
 -numberKeys 4
 -numberPartitionKeys 2
When writing Streaming applications one normally has to do the partition processing in the Reducer. However with these options the framework will correctly send the appropriate data to the Reducer. This was the biggest change that needed to be made to the Framework.
This partition processing is important for handling Reduce side joins; the topic of my next blog post.
A Useful Comparator Class
Hadoop also has a library class, KeyFieldBasedComparator, that provides sorting the key data. Consider the following job submission options:
 -D mapred.output.key.comparator.class=org.apache.hadoop.mapred.lib.KeyFieldBasedComparator
 -D mapred.text.key.comparator.options=-k2,2nr
Here the MapReduce framework will sort the outputs on the second key field; the -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-k2,2nr option. The -n specifies that the sorting is numerical and the -r specifies that the result should be reversed. The sort options are similar to a Unix sort, but here are some simple examples:
Reverse ordering: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-r
Numeric ordering: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-n
Specific sort specification: -Dmapred.text.key.comparator.options=-kx,y
For the general sort specification the -k flag is used, which allows you to specify the sorting key using the the x, y values; as in the sample above.
To simplify this specification the submission framework supports the following command line option:
 -comparatorOption "-k2,2nr"
The framework then takes care of setting the appropriate job configuration values.
Although one could define the Partitioner and Comparator options using the job configuration parameters hopefully these new options make the process a lot simpler. In the case of the Partitioner options it also allows the framework to easily identity the difference in the number of sorting and partitioner keys. This allows the correct data to be sent to each Reducer.
As mentioned, using these options, in my next post I will cover how to use the Framework for doing a Reduce side join.


text:
Obs via Google Maps
Oil & Gas ADCP
Ship Obs Report
Obs Web Widget
NDBC on Facebook
NDBC DQC Handbook
Hurricane Data Plots
Handbook No. 1
See recent photos from TAO buoy 8N 110W
How can I compute the distance from a buoy to shore, an inlet, or another reference location?
Often, when you ask us how far a buoy is away from a location, we don't know the exact location of the jetty, inlet, or the point on shore that you are referring to. We'd hate to guess and give you the wrong information. However, it's fairly easy to determine this yourself if you can find the latitude and longitude of your reference position.
Copy the station's latitude and longitude from the station page. Next, look up the latitude and longitude of the inlet, lighthouse, town, or other geographic feature you are interested in. You can find these on NOAA nautical charts: _URL_ provides a listing of these charts which you can purchase.
When you have this information, do an Internet search for a "Great Circle Calculator" and go to one of the web sites featuring this type of calculator.
Here's a Great Circle Calculator offered by NOAA's National Hurricane Center: _URL_
Then, enter the latitude and longitude of our buoy and the position of your reference location. The calculator will provide the distance in in your choice of units.


text:
Erowid References Database
Fang X, Li W, Gao H, Ma Y, Dong X, & Zheng D.
"Skin hyperpigmentation: a rare presenting symptom of nitrous oxide abuse".
Clinical Toxicology. 2019 Sep 16.
Context: Recreational nitrogen oxide (N2O) abuse can cause nervous system damage. There was a sharp increase in the number of patients with neurological disorders associated with recreational N2O use in China, as recreational N2O use became popular in young people nationwide. Among cases with neurological disorders caused by N2O abuse, a few showed skin hyperpigmentation, which has rarely been reported. We explored the characteristics of hyperpigmentation in N2O abusers to draw the attention of clinicians to this rare cutaneous symptom related to N2O abuse.
METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of patients with neurological disorders related to recreational N2O abuse in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2014 to June 2019. Detailed clinical data were gathered from patients who manifested skin pigmentation, including the history of N2O abuse and characteristics of neurological lesions and skin pigmentation.
RESULTS: In total, 66 patients (average age: 22.7 ± 4.5 years, 36 males) with neurological disorders due to N2O abuse were included; four of them (17–23 years old, 1 male) manifested skin hyperpigmenta-tion. The duration of N2O abuse of the four patients ranged from 2 to 24 months, and they all had peripheral neuropathy; the two patients also had subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. One patient exhibited significant hyperpigmentation throughout the body (trunk, limbs, and face), with no abnormalities in cortisol and other biochemical tests. One patient presented with punctuate pigmentation throughout the trunk. Two patients presented with finger skin pigmentation, especially in the distal phalanxes. Pigmentation after N2O use remitted slowly with vitamin B12 supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS: Skin hyperpigmentation is a rare symptom in N2O abusers, which can distribute locally in hands or diffusely throughout the body. Therefore, attention should be paid to a history of N2O abuse and serum vitamin B12 level should be tested.
[ Cite HTML


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The development of accurate digital measurement of instantaneous powerduring a pump stroke has made possible a very quick and detailed analysis ofthe efficiency of the pumping system. The efficiency is then used as thebenchmark for determining whether a complete well performance analysis iswarranted from the standpoint of making best use of personnel and economicresources to increase oil production.
In addition, power measurement provides direct information about liftingcost per barrel of fluid and barrel of oil produced, electrical and mechanicalloading of the prime mover, peak power demand, power factor and minimumrequired ratings. These results give operating personnel information regardingpotential problems and give to management a complete picture of thedistribution of pumping costs.
The power measurements are also converted, by the software, to instantaneoustorque and presented as continuous torque curves for the upstroke anddownstroke. This allows determination of the existing level of counterbalanceand provides the most rapid and accurate method for counterbalance adjustmentto achieve lower torque loading on the gear box and reduced energy utilization.One of the principal advantages of this balancing method is that counterbalanceadjustment can be made without need for an accurate description of the pumpingunit's geometry which is often unknown or inaccurate. The effect ofcounterweight displacement on torque and power is observed immediately byrepeating the power measurement after relocating the counterweights.
This paper presents a series of case studies showing the Application ofpower measurement to a variety of pumping systems and components, includingconventional, Mark II, Rotaflexunits and high efficiency motors.


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Tritium separation from heavy water using a membrane containing deuterated manganese dioxide
 - Hideki KoyanakaEmail author
 - Satoshi Fukutani
 - Hideo Miyatake
Article
 - 16 Downloads
Abstract
This study reports the separation of tritium from tritiated heavy water at room temperature using a membrane containing deuterated manganese dioxide. A continuous decrease in the tritium concentration in tritiated heavy water was observed when using the membrane. Furthermore, the dissolution of manganese ions from the membrane into tritiated heavy water was remarkably decreased by adding an adequate amount of lithium chloride to the tritiated heavy water.
Keywords
Separation Tritium Deuterium oxide Membrane Manganese dioxide
Notes
Acknowledgements
We thank Y. Koyanaka for LiMn2O4 preparation. M. Tosaki, Y. Isozumi for assistances in experiments at Kyoto University. Supporting finance by FORWARD SCIENCE Laboratory Ltd, The Japan Society For The Advancement Of Inventions, and Oita Prefecture Institute Of Invention And Innovation.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary material
10967_2019_6905_MOESM1_ESM.docx (1.5 mb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 1537 kb)
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Copyright information
© Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2019
Authors and Affiliations
 1. 1.Forward Science Laboratory LTD.OitaJapan
 2. 2.Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear ScienceKyoto UniversityKumatoriJapan
 3. 3.Radioisotope Research CenterKyoto UniversitySakyo-kuJapan
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Interview: Sharni Burstin and Sara Caplan - PwC's Skills for Australia
Pathways14 themes are inclusive, innovative and ingenuity, can you tell us about your work and research related to this?
The Inclusion of People with Disability in VET project is the first time government and industry have come together to explore how the development of training packages could increase the participation of people with disability in VET and the workplace.
This cross sector project aims to equip vocational educators, employers and customer service providers with the skills and knowledge they need to better include people with disability in education, employment and service contexts.
The project is one of several, pioneering the Australian Industry and Skills Committee's (AISC's) new approach to setting national competency standards in vocational education and training (VET). 'Cross-sector' projects are intended to reduce duplication in the sector by addressing common skills needs across industry as a whole, developing new training products that can be implemented across a wide range of qualifications.
The ultimate objective is to increase education and employment opportunities for people with disability across all economic sectors by addressing skill and knowledge gaps across multiple industry sectors.
PwC's Skills for Australia conducted significant consultation about inclusion of people with disability in Vocational Education and Training. Why was this consultation necessary and what themes emerged through your work?
All of PwC's Skills for Australia's projects require extensive consultation, to ensure that our training system meets the needs of employers, learners and rapidly-changing workplace environments.
In this Inclusion of People with Disability project, there were many voices that needed to be heard in order to ensure a holistic and complete approach to achieving the project's objectives. Consultation had to include people with disability, disability support providers, employers, training providers, advocacy groups, government representatives and more. As a national project, it was imperative that consultations spanned all states and territories, as well as different industries and perspectives on disability. Disability is diverse, and therefore so too needed to be the input into the project's findings.
- Interestingly, significant commonalities were identified across the large number of industries, disability support contexts and individuals who were engaged. Key themes that emerged included:
- A lack of understanding of the breadth of disability and the capabilities of people with disability.
- Skill gaps in communication, implementing reasonable adjustments, and adapting flexible work and learning practices to address individual need.
- The need for greater understanding of the benefits of inclusive practice, as well as the availability of support and resources available to foster inclusion.
From your findings, what are the practical implications for the VET Sector, for employers and for people with disability?
The intended outcome for the project is to introduce new training products into the VET sector, to equip employers, educators and service providers with the skills and knowledge they need to support and include people with disability. These training products will be included in relevant qualifications across various industries (e.g. for workers across different industry sectors).
The intended impact is to provide people with disability more opportunities to successfully complete VET qualifications, find employment in sectors aligned to their personal goals and capabilities, and access services like all members of society.
Sara you're a member of the COAG STEM Skills Partnership Forum which is a collaborative action until the National STEM School Education Strategy 2016-2026, what are the goals of this Forum?
The Forum brought together senior leaders from industry and the education sector to lead and facilitate a more strategic national approach to STEM education. Participation in the Forum gave us an opportunity to improve partnerships between industry and the school sector to help drive the engagement, aspiration, capability and attainment of Australian students within STEM disciplines. The Forum focused on three areas: Careers Awareness, Teacher Professional Development and Outcomes and Impact. Forum members met a number of times last year culminating in releasing an issues paper. Written submissions were invited and consultations were conducted in most states and territories. The final report, Optimising STEM Industry-School Partnerships: Inspiring Australia's Next Generation was released in April this year.
Sharni you led the Inclusion of People with Disability in VET Cross Sector Project involving large amounts of consultation, did you find any common themes emerge during this process?
As mentioned above, strong common themes definitely emerged across states and territories and consulted stakeholder groups. To me, three themes that really stood out were:
- Taking a 'person-centred approach': recognising each person as a unique individual with their own strengths, support needs, capabilities and interests
- Promoting understanding and open dialogue: speaking openly and honestly about what people with disability offer society, what support they need to succeed, and the value that inclusive practice provides to all parties involved.
- Being willing to explore just how easy and simple inclusive practice can be: inclusion does not have to be complex, expensive or scary. Often times, becoming flexible and more accessible to accommodate the various needs of different individuals can be a simpler process than expected, and provide more benefits than anticipated.
What issues do you think higher education students in Australia are facing today? How are higher education institutions helping or hindering those issues?
Our project focused predominantly on the VET sector, and not higher education. However, a few issues that emerged as potentially common across sectors included
- Student reluctance to disclose their disability and/or support needs to the institution, due to fears of prejudice or stigma, and concerns over how information provided is used and shared.
- Instigated support services and processes may not be clearly advertised and visible to students. Processes can also be complex and not always student-friendly.
- Limited educational resources; limiting the skills, time and specialist support educators need to promote positive learning outcomes for individuals with disability in their cohorts.
What skills do you hope to people who attend your session leave with?
We hope that those who attend our session will begin to identify where VET can be implemented across their industries, to support the development of skills and knowledge, to pave the way for future equal access and inclusion opportunities for people with disability.


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Are hawks dangerous? Did you know that hawks are responsible for over 80% of bird deaths in the wild?
As one of nature's most skilled hunters, hawks are known for their impressive speed, agility, and sharp talons. But with their predatory nature, it's natural to wonder if hawks are dangerous to humans.
In this article, we'll take a closer look at hawks and their behavior, debunk common misconceptions, and explore the different types of hawks and their level of danger.
We'll also discuss how to stay safe around hawks and compare them to other birds of prey.
Ultimately, our goal is to provide you with a better understanding of these magnificent creatures and their role in the ecosystem, while also addressing any concerns about their potential danger.
Table of Contents
- 1 Overview of Hawks and Their Characteristics
- 2 Are Hawks Dangerous?
- 3 Understanding Hawk Behavior
- 4 Common Misconceptions About Hawks
- 5 How to Stay Safe Around Hawks
- 6 Types of Hawks and Their Level of Danger
- 7 Comparing Hawks to Other Birds of Prey
- 8 The Importance of Hawks in the Ecosystem
- 9 Conservation Efforts for Hawks
- 10 Frequently Asked Questions
- 11 Conclusion
- 12 Author
Overview of Hawks and Their Characteristics
Get to know the fascinating characteristics of these aerial hunters. Hawks, as skilled hunters, possess sharp talons and exceptional eyesight. These birds of prey are known for their prowess in capturing prey.
Hawks are versatile birds that inhabit diverse environments, such as forests, grasslands, and urban areas. They have adapted to thrive in different habitats and can be observed in these varied landscapes.
Their hunting techniques vary depending on the species and the type of prey they are targeting.
Some hawks hunt by soaring high in the sky and diving to catch their prey, while others hunt by flying low to the ground and chasing their prey.
Understanding hawk behavior is crucial to determine whether they are dangerous.
Are Hawks Dangerous?
Hawks can be dangerous to smaller animals they prey upon, such as rodents and small birds. However, they generally pose little threat to humans.
While rare instances of hawks attacking people or pets exist, they are usually defensive behaviors. It's advisable to maintain a safe distance and avoid disturbing hawks to minimize any potential risk.
Understanding Hawk Behavior
Understanding hawk behavior can be fascinating as it reveals their unique hunting strategies and mannerisms.
Hawks are known for their incredible vision and hunting skills, which allow them to target prey from great distances and heights.
They also have a keen awareness of their surroundings and use their sharp talons to grasp and kill their prey quickly.
Additionally, hawk communication patterns are noteworthy, as they use a distinctive set of calls to communicate with other hawks.
By understanding hawk hunting behaviors and communication patterns, you can gain a deeper appreciation for these majestic birds of prey.
Now, let's explore some common misconceptions about hawks.
Common Misconceptions About Hawks
Don't let your misconceptions cloud your view of these magnificent creatures – there's so much more to learn about the behavior of these awe-inspiring predators.
Common myths about hawks often portray them as aggressive and dangerous birds, but the reality is quite different.
Hawks are actually very shy and avoid human contact whenever possible. They are also highly territorial and will only attack if they feel their nest or young are being threatened.
To help dispel these myths, take a look at the following table:
|Hawks attack humans
|Hawks are not interested in humans and will only attack if they feel threatened
|Hawks are always aggressive
|Hawks are shy and avoid contact with humans
|Hawks are dangerous pets
|Hawks are wild animals and should never be kept as pets
|Hawks are a nuisance
|Hawks play an important role in the ecosystem and help control rodent populations
As you can see, many common misconceptions about hawks are simply not true. Understanding hawk behavior can help you appreciate these amazing birds and stay safe around them.
Speaking of safety, it's important to know how to stay safe around hawks, which we will discuss in the next section.
How to Stay Safe Around Hawks
If you're concerned about staying safe around hawks, there are a few key points to keep in mind.
First and foremost, it's important to avoid nesting areas, as hawks can be protective of their young and may view humans as a threat.
Additionally, make sure to keep small pets secure, either indoors or on a leash, to prevent them from becoming prey.
Finally, if you're spending time outdoors in areas where hawks are common, be sure to take precautions to protect yourself, such as wearing protective gear and staying alert to your surroundings.
By taking these steps, you can minimize the risks of encountering hawks and ensure your safety in outdoor settings.
Avoiding Nesting Areas
Steering clear of areas where hawks may be nesting can help to reduce the chances of any unwanted encounters.
Hawks are known to have specific nesting habits, and human impact on habitats can disrupt their natural living environment.
Additionally, it's important to be aware of hawk migration patterns and avoid human interference.
To avoid nesting areas, follow these steps:
1) Know the common nesting areas for hawks, such as tall trees or cliffs.
2) If you suspect hawks are nesting in your area, avoid disturbing them or their habitat.
3) Keep a safe distance from any nesting areas to avoid any potential attacks.
By avoiding nesting areas, you can decrease the likelihood of encountering a hawk and keep yourself and your pets safe. Speaking of pets, it's important to keep them secure around hawks, which we'll discuss in the next section.
Keeping Small Pets Secure
It's essential to keep your furry companions safe around these powerful predators, so let's talk about how to keep your small pets secure.
Pet safety should always be a priority when living in areas where hawks are present. These birds of prey have been known to swoop down and snatch up small dogs, cats, rabbits, and other animals.
One way to keep your pets secure is to keep them indoors or in a secure outdoor enclosure when you're not around to supervise them.
Another way is to always keep them on a leash when outside. Additionally, you can install hawk deterrents, such as reflective tape, fake owls, or even motion-activated sprinklers to scare off hawks.
Here is a table that outlines some additional tips for keeping your small pets safe from hawks:
|Tips for Keeping Small Pets Safe from Hawks
|Keep pets indoors or in secure enclosures
|Always supervise pets when outside
|Use a leash when walking pets
|Install hawk deterrents
By following these tips, you can help ensure the safety of your beloved pets. Now, let's move on to discussing how to protect yourself in outdoor settings without attracting unwanted attention from hawks.
Protecting Yourself in Outdoor Settings
When you're spending time outdoors, it's important to take outdoor precautions and be aware of potential wildlife encounters.
Hawks, for example, are a common sight in many outdoor settings and can pose a threat to small pets and even humans.
To protect yourself, it's important to avoid areas where hawks are known to nest and hunt, and to keep small pets on a leash or in a secure enclosure.
Additionally, it's important to stay alert and aware of your surroundings when in areas where hawks are known to be present.
In the next section, we'll discuss the different types of hawks and their level of danger, so you can better understand how to protect yourself and your pets when spending time outdoors.
Types of Hawks and Their Level of Danger
The level of risk posed by different types of hawks varies greatly, with some being more formidable than others.
For example, the Harris's hawk is known for its cooperative hunting behavior and can be trained to hunt with humans, making it less of a threat.
However, the red-tailed hawk is larger and more aggressive, with sharp talons and a powerful beak that can cause serious injury.
It's important to note that hawks generally don't pose a significant danger to humans unless provoked or defending their nests.
When spending time in areas where hawks are common, such as open fields or wooded areas, it's important to be aware of their habitats and avoid disturbing them.
Comparing hawks to other birds of prey, such as eagles and owls, can also provide a better understanding of the level of danger they pose in outdoor settings.
Comparing Hawks to Other Birds of Prey
You'll be surprised by how much you can learn about hawks by comparing them to other birds of prey, like the majestic eagle or the wise old owl.
Hawks are skilled hunters and have impressive speed and agility, but eagles are larger and more powerful, able to take down prey that hawks cannot.
Owls, on the other hand, have unique hunting techniques, such as silently swooping down on their prey from above.
Hawks are also known for their distinctive behavioral patterns, such as their use of soaring and hovering to locate prey.
Comparing hawks to other birds of prey can help us appreciate the unique characteristics and abilities of each species.
Understanding these differences is important in maintaining the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Speaking of which, hawks play a crucial role in the ecosystem, and their presence helps to control rodent populations that can cause damage to crops and other vegetation.
The Importance of Hawks in the Ecosystem
Now that you've learned about the different types of birds of prey, it's important to understand the role that hawks play in the ecosystem.
Hawks are considered to be apex predators, meaning they sit at the top of the food chain and help to regulate the populations of other animals in their environment.
They feed on smaller prey, such as rodents and insects, which helps to control their populations and prevent overgrazing or other negative impacts on the environment.
Additionally, hawks provide benefits to humans by helping to control pest populations and promoting a healthier ecosystem.
However, there are


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- Schweitzer went to his first Wagner opera, Tanhäuser in Stassbourg, which "overpowered me", and then went to all the others, except Parsifal which was only performed at Bayreuth.
- Romain Rolland at Bayreuth with Malwida von Meysenburg
1892 (June 12) GB Shaw mentioned meeting Cecil Sharp in his diary and that he knew Sharp quite well before he went to Australia.
- (July 13) Gustav Holst first heard Wagner at a concert in London conducted by Mahler. GB Shaw wrote a review.
1893 - Gustav Holst moved to London and joined the Hammersmith Socialist Society where GB Shaw was a speaker, and became vegetarian.
1894 - Percy Grainger, 12, reported to have visited his first vegetarian restaurant in Australia (unconfirmed).
- Karl Klindworth moved into the Eden vegetarian colony near Berlin and remained there for the last 20 years of his life.
- (June) Holst attended his second Wagner performance in London, again reviewed by GB Shaw.
- (July) GB Shaw at Bayreuth. His reports on this marked the end of his paid employment as a music critic, but his passion for Wagner continued.
- Mahler and Scriabin both reported to be reading Schopenhauer.
- Lilli Lehmann became vegetarian following influence from Klindworth.
1896 - Albert Schweitzer and GB Shaw both at the Bayreuth Festival, but unlikely to have known each. Lilli Lehmann played Brünhilde.
- Hugo Wolf set Byron poem to music
Late 1890s - Carl Friedberg teaching at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt; Cyril Scott, Percy Grainger and Herman Sandby all students there, Leonard Borwick had been ten years earlier.
1898 - GB Shaw wrote The Perfect Wagnerite as a commentary on the Ring Cycle.
- Carl Friedberg performed with the Vienna Philharmonic, conducted by Mahler.
1899 - Alexander Scriabin 'became absorbed' by Wagner's music in Moscow.
1900 - Schweitzer lecturing on Schopenhauer in Paris.
1902 - Schoenberg symphonic poem inspired by Maeterlinck
1903 - Cyril Scott vegetarian.
- Schoenberg became a Mahler enthusiast, following personal meetings.
- Isadora Duncan vegetarian
1904 - Isadora Duncan danced in Tanhauser at Bayreuth. Also reading Schopenhauer.
1905 - Schweitzer became a friend of Cosima Wagner while in Strasbourg.
- Romain Rolland wrote a biography of Hugo Wolf.
- Schweitzer and Rolland met in Paris, initally as musicians but became long-term friends.
- Scriabin traveled in western Europe and discovered theosophy (mostly vegetarian) and Eastern religions.
- Maud McCarthy went to India as a companion to Annie Besant (theosophist president).
1906 - Schweitzer at Bayreuth again, writing his book on Bach whilst there.
1907 - Cecil Sharp persuaded Gustav Holst to compose 'Somerset Rhapsody' using his collected folk tunes.
- Lilli Lehmann publicly supported Mahler on his departure from the Vienna Opera.
1908 - GB Shaw at Bayreuth again.
- Romain Rolland's Musicians of Today included sections on Wagner, Wolf and Schweitzer.
1909 - Cyril Scott's Handelian Rhapsody,
dedicated to and edited by Percy Grainger.
1913 - Scriabin attended a vegetarian congress in Moscow.
- Cyril Scott visited Vienna at the invitation of Mahler's widow.
1915 - Albert Schweitzer developed his ethic 'Reverence for Life', influenced by Schopenhauer.
- Wagner's son married Karl Klindworth's adopted daughter after they met at Bayreuth. She had grown up in the Eden Vegetarian Colony.
- John Foulds married Maud McCarthy.
1916 - Cecil Sharp's diary made a specific reference to being vegetarian, but probably was a lot earlier.
1917 - Cyril Scott became friends with GB Shaw
1918 - Schweitzer helped Cosima Wagner with food supplies after the war.
- Phiroz Mehta running the Colombo branch of the Theosophical Society.
1923 - Albert Schweitzer published 'Civilization and Ethics' including his arguments for 'Reverence for Life'.
1924 - Percy Grainger fully vegetarian, but had been heading towards it for many years.
- Schoenberg reported to be a theosophist (mostly vegetarians)
1925 - John Foulds wrote the music for GB Shaw's Saint Joan
1927 - Isadora Duncan's autobiography refers to Schopenhauer, Wagner, GB Shaw, Romain Rolland, and is praised by Percy Grainger.
1934/5 - John Cage studying with Schoenberg in California
1935 - John & Maud Foulds and moved to India
1939 - Maud Foulds (nee McCarthy) became Swami Omananda Puri in India.
1940 - Carl Friedberg reported vegetarian at the Juilliard Music School, New York.
1942 - Schoenberg set Byron poem to music
1946 - Percy Grainger, age 64, wrote article on 'How I Became A Meat-Shunner' (his preferred term for vegetarian).
1949 - John Cage into all things Eastern and Zen Buddhism in particular.
1952 - Yehudi Menuhin's first visit to India where he met Ravi Shankar and encouraged him to perform in the west. Yehudi was vegetarian by this time.
1954 - Georg Tintner became vegan
1956 - Ravi Shankar moved to the west to perform and record classical Indian music.
1958 - Yehudi Menuhin and Ravi Shankar joint concert in London, but not playing together, just alternate pieces..
1960 - Elly Ney, piano, Vladimir Ruzdac, baritone, and Gisela Litz, soprano. performed at the IVU Congress in Hamburg.
1965 -Philip Glass met Ravi Shankar for the first time in Paris, they were working on film music which was originally intended for jazz musician Ornette Coleman.
Glass then went on to India and became vegetarian.
- Yehudi Menuhin recorded with Glenn Gould.
Ravi and Yehudi performed specially composed piece together at the Bath (England) festival and release 'East Meets West' album.
1983 - Ingrid Fuzjko Hemming vegetarian
1991 - Ravi Shankar and Philip Glass record Passages


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The Nuns of S. Apollonia and that Virile Castagno!
Camille will be our leader for this article on audience reception, the role of gender in patronage in the Quattrocento, and how style intersects with these two issues in the Last Supper fresco in the fresco of the Refectory of S. Apollonia in Florence. Naturally, I have some questions!
1. Do you agree with the author in assigning the choice of the artist of this fresco to the abbess of A. Apollonia? Is the evidence compelling in your opinion?
2. What were the other functions of the refectory and how did the iconography of the frescoes intersect with the uses of this space?
3. The profusion of females in the Passion scenes above the Last Supper is singled out as having special relevance for the nuns in the convent. Do you think this is true?
4. What is the relationship between women, food, the Eucharist, and Castagno's rendering of the Last Supper?
5. Do you agree that Castagno's hard-edged, "virile" style is in a sense a fulfillment of the patron's wishes for this refectory Last Supper? Why or why not?
6. Why was virility a virtue, as it were, for the nuns of S. Apollonia?
7. In what way did the tenor of Castagno's fresco correspond to the punishments sometimes endured by the nuns who failed to follow the Benedictine rules?
8. In what way is Mary "present" in the Last Supper according to the author?
9. Do you agree with the author's reading of the marble panels in the fresco of the Last Supper?
10. Have women always sought a "place setting" at the Last Supper in both art and life? Discuss!


Han Solo[src]
A Republic tugboat uses its tractor beam to guide another starship
A tractor beam was a projected force field that manipulated gravitational forces to push or pull objects.[1] Such devices were employed on some vessels, creating an energy field that allowed them to lock onto and move other vessels or objects.[2]
Vessels employing tractor beams included the Imperial I-class Star Destroyer,[3] the MC80 Star Cruiser,[4] the Confederacy of Independent Systems's Recusant-class warship,[5] and the TUG-314 Republic tugboat.[2] The Death Star also contained tractor beams and was able to draw the Millennium Falcon into one of the battlestation's hangar bays.[6]
Notes and references[]


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Goal of the experiment :
A walking droplet is placed in a square box, at the onset of Faraday thresold.
The trajectory of the droplet is mapped.
In the long time limit, does a self-interference pattern appear? what's its shape? How does it relate to the square cavity surface wave eigen-modes?
cf. experiment by Bush et al. : in a circular corral
In short, we try to reproduce the experiment of Bush et al, but in a square box.
First result :
A walking droplet in a square cavity shows random motion, but with time, its trajectory is building a statistic reminiscent of the resonant mode of the cavity.
This can be seen by the naked eye in this movie excerpt :
This is then confirmed with optical tracking measurment of the trajectory :
The position distribution (~probability density) is then computed :
PDF Version of this résumé :


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A black light in the laboratory of the Venkatarman research group demonstrates how UMass Amherst researchers are synthesizing "power" polymers that can harness energy and release it (or 'waste' it) in the form of fluorescent light. The Barnes/Venkatarman research group has developed new methods and processes key to improved photovoltaic photoconversion efficiencies. This research is part of the PHaSE (Polymer-Based Materials for Harvesting Solar Energy) Center where researchers are conducting cutting edge photovoltaic research to design the next generation of photovoltaic devices. Learn more.
Photo credit: Amanda Drane


Composites Kitting
Process materials used in molding composites such as breather fabrics, release films, bagging films, peel plies, etc. are most commonly manufactured and supplied in roll form. These rolls usually measure up to 60" to 120" in width and upwards of 300 yds in length. For application, these materials are usually cut by hand into the lengths, widths and shapes needed for the layup process.
Composite materials in roll form
For customers wishing to save labor expense and warehousing space, Northern can develop kits of materials precut and assembled for specific assembly manufacturing projects.
Composite mechanics repetitively cutting process materials with scissors and utility knives is a labor intensive process. Costs are often underestimated. Also, manual cutting creates far more waste than what would is typical of the kitting process.
A CNC cutting table can make repetitive, precision cuts
A computer Nesting program allows maximum yield of materials, minimizing the amount of scrap
Machine cutting is typically done using computer controlled slitters. Shaping is performed by CNC cutter apparatus with a nesting program which better utilizes all the available material and minimizes waste. These cutting machines can process several layers of material at the same time with much higher precision than by hand.
The value of purchasing pre-kitted composite materials becomes evident as both production demands and labor costs rise. By having process materials kitted, inventory, storage space and waste are reduced. Kits can be used immediately upon receipt. In most cases, production rates increase while off quality and labor hours/part decrease. M. Alper Corakci's Thesis titled "An Evaluation of Kitting Systems in Lean Production" found that proper kitting had a beneficial effect on the five major tracks in the observed process ( space, quality, materials handling, flexibility and learning ).
" Kitting as a method of materials supply to the assembly line is generally observed as a good solution for the industry whenever there are problems about space, quality, materials handling, flexibility and learning due to high number of variants." …."Kitting was observed to show numerous benefits in all of five tracks if applied properly "
(Corakci, "An Evaluation of Kitting Systems in Lean Production")
Northern Composites' extensive product lines and inventories allow us to offer solutions for small and large, simple or complex manufacturing challenges. Northern has the technical expertise to support our customers in the material selection and packaging process.
Call us with your challenges, we will show you solutions!


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This one is about an issue you may run into when Microsoft Word is virtualized and you try to open a DOC or DOCX file from a SharePoint site. Issue: When you have Microsoft Word virtualized and streamed to a client, if you open a SharePoint site, select a doc file and in the drop down list you choose "Edit in Microsoft Word" you may receive the following error.
Resolution: There are three possible workarounds for this issue:
1. Install the SharePoint Compatibility Pack from the Office CD on the client.
2. Save the document locally before editing.
3. Run Internet Explorer inside the virtual environment, either by opening it directly from a virtual app or by adding an OSD for it to the package.
More info: KB83314


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Pupil resistance to their schooling experience
The thesis explores the nature of pupil resistance; it investigates what constitutes it and how it can be explained. Various ethnic and national group, male and female working-class resistance if analysed in two secondary schools in Birmingham (England) and one school in Sydney (Australia). It focuses on the pupils' experience of school. 'Compressed ethnographies' (Walford and Miller, 1991) were conducted in each school to examine pupil resistance. The research found that structural societal state factors, regional, community and formal, informal and physical characteristics of each school, together with the teachers and pupils characteristics and background all influence resistance. The class, gender, ethnic and national identity of each pupil shapes resistance. In all three schools that were involved with the research, girls were more likely to exhibit overt, collective forms of resistance, whereas lads were more likely to operate alone. Islander pupils in Sydney and African-Caribbean kids in Birmingham were more likely to display engaged forms of resistance. Girls tended to show more engaged forms compared to their male counterparts across all ethnic and national cultures. Resistance is complex and dynamic, the definition alters depending upon context. Dimensions of resistance are developed; including overt, covert; individual, collective; intentional, unintentional; engaged and detached forms. Resistance operates within a structure and agency framework, the pupils can shape their own schooling experience mediated within the structures of their school, community and society. Some pupils manage their resources and the structures better than others; how the pupil manages and operates within the structures influences their resistance response. Resistance is contradictory and can reinforce the status quo. To fully understand resistance, it must be contextualised.


advisor Prof. J.H.J. van Vuren and Prof. H.H. du Preez author Janse van Rensburg, Darelle Tania 2012-09-06T12:31:33Z 2012-09-06T12:31:33Z 2012-09-06 1997 M.Sc. This project considers the feasibility of using heated cooling water from coal-fired power stations within Eskom for the culturing of C/arias gariepinus (Sharptooth catfish) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia). The work includes: an overview of world wide trends in power plant thermal effluent aquaculture, the identification of suitable power stations for aquaculture, long term monitoring of the physical and chemical characteristics of the cooling water at selected power stations, including the effects of the cooling water on the growth response, food conversion, condition factor, survival rate and suitability for human consumption of the aforementioned fish species reared in the cooling water at Matla and Kriel Power Stations. en Coal-fired power plants. Clarias gariepinus. Catfishes - Breeding - Research. Mozambique tilapia. Aquacultural use of heated effluents from coal-fired power stations : a feasibility study Thesis


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The goals of the proposed work are to improve technical capacity of the Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) for forest monitoring using US free-of-charge and commercial satellite data and to support collaboration between UMD GLAD and the BFD. The primary technical objective of the proposed project is to support BFD to estimate the forest and and trees outside forests change for the 2015-2020 (2021) interval and to develop the required activity data for REDD+ and UNFCCC reporting. The project's goals and objectives followed request from the BFD for capacity building support and were discussed between BFD and GLAD.
The project will include two stages: (1) supporting 2015-2020 forest change assessment, and (2) supporting 2020-2021 forest change annual update.
The first stage of the project (supporting 2015-2020 forest change assessment) will include the following objectives:
- Supporting national Landsat-scale forest change analysis using NASA SERVIR regional products developed by the GLAD team. Enhancing capacity of the BFD in application of the SERVIR regional data.
- Supporting the national sample-based assessment by providing training, support, and high spatial resolution Planet data for the BFD. Enhancing BFD capacity to perform independent sample-based assessment.
- Supporting data and methods exchange between the BFD, UMD GLAD, NASA SERVIR, and forest departments of other South/Southeast Asia countries.
The second stage of the project (supporting 2021 annual forest change update) will include provision of the Planet data and supporting national annual sample assessment and activity data reporting.


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The swivel rod ends is sensitive to the damage of the rod end joint bearing during operation. For example, its peeling, indentation, rust, crack, wear, etc. are reflected in the vibration measurement of the rod end joint bearing, so The special rod end joint bearing vibration measuring device (frequency analyzer, etc.) can measure the magnitude of the vibration, and the specific situation of the abnormality cannot be inferred by the frequency division. The measured value differs depending on the conditions of use of the rod end joint bearing or the position at which the sensor is mounted. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and compare the measured values of each machine in advance to determine the judgment standard.
The temperature at the end of the swivel rod can be inferred from the temperature outside the product when it is used. It is more suitable to directly measure the temperature of the outer ring of the rod end joint bearing by using the oil hole during the operation. Usually, the temperature of the rod end joint bearing starts to rise slowly as the rod end joint bearing starts, and reaches a steady state after 1-2 hours. The normal temperature of the rod end joint bearing varies depending on the heat capacity, heat dissipation, speed and load of the machine.
If the lubrication and installation parts are suitable, the temperature of the rod end joint bearing will rise sharply, and abnormal high temperature will occur. At this time, it is necessary to stop the operation and take necessary precautions. The thermal sensor can be used to monitor the working temperature of the rod end joint bearing at any time, and automatically alarm or stop the occurrence of the burning shaft accident when the temperature exceeds the specified value. _URL_


Rootstrap Blog
Category: Ruby on Rails
Total 9 Posts
Feature Updates in Rails 6: Multiple Databases & State Management
Rails 6.0 recently shared its amazing enhancements although most would consider these as feature upgrades. In my opinion, both are correct, as the actual state of multiple databases before rails 6.0 was not even considered it a completed feature. So, let's dive into Rails < 6 state! Rails 6 introduced
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Link Tracking with StimulusReflex
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Exception Tracking
If we want to write better and higher quality software, it is important we keep track of exceptions, crashes and errors happening in our environment, so we can deal with them. We, at Rootstrap, have created this OS exception tracking tool in order to ease the task of monitoring errors.
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How to Improve Maintainability in Rails Applications Using Patterns. Part I
Introduction Software is constantly evolving, both in specification and implementation. Keeping an extensible and maintainable codebase is therefore crucial in order to deal with these changes quickly and easily. Ruby on Rails comes with a lot of good techniques and patterns out of the box that facilitate this. Nevertheless, some
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Ruby doesn't scale
Why you should stop blaming a programming language for your low quality work.
I've heard too many times that Ruby on Rails (also called RoR) doesn't scale. Guess what? Java doesn't scale,.NET doesn't scale, PHP doesn't scale, and Node.js doesn't scale. No programming language scales if you build terrible software with it.
In this article, I focus on Ruby, but the information is valid for almost any programming language. If you typically benchmark Ruby against other languages like Python or C++, it's probably slower in most contexts.
The real question is not how long it takes or how many resources it consumes to run some algorithms like regex redux, binary tree searches, or reading DNA sequences.
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Finite-control-set model predictive control of axially laminated flux-switching permanent magent machine with extended voltage space vectors
- Publication Type:
- Issue Date:
The Flux-switching permanent magnet machine (FSPMM) has recently attracted considerable interest for high performance drive applications due to their high torque and high power density features. The laminations of traditional FSPMMs are radially laminated, i.e. steel sheets are laminated perpendicular to the shaft axis. Due to the nonlinear magnetic path, the radial laminations can have serious partial magnetic saturation at the edges/tips of stator teeth or rotor poles. The rated frequency of FSPMMs is usually much higher than traditional rotor-inserted PM machines at a given speed. In this case, the core loss of FSPMMs becomes evident especially beyond the rated speed, which leads to decrease of output power, torque/power density and efficiency. The reluctance motor with axially laminated rotor has received growing interest in recent years. This type of motor can achieve a higher torque density compared with segmented rotors and flux-barrier rotors. In this thesis, an axially laminated flux-switching permanent magnet machine (ALFSPMM) with HiB grain oriented silicon steel stator and rotor cores is proposed. The HiB silicon steel features high permeability and low specific core loss, and as a result, the total power loss of proposed motor is much lower than the conventional FSPMMs. The detailed fabrication procedures are presented. The theoretical characteristics of ALFSPMM are calculated by 2D finite element method (FEM). Experimental measurements of the prototype machine are presented to validate the FEM calculation. On the machine control side, the direct torque control (DTC) is one of the most popular control algorithms. It features simple structure and fast dynamic response. However, the performance of DTC in terms of torque and flux ripples and drive system efficiency is unsatisfactory since the voltage space vector (VSV) is selected heuristically. Recently, the finite-control-set model predictive direct torque control (FCS-MPDTC) has been developed as a simple and promising control technique to overcome these problems. The FCS-MPDTC still suffers from relatively high torque and flux ripples due to the limited number of VSVs. This thesis proposes a novel FCS-MPDTC with an extended set of twenty modulated VSVs, which are formed by eight basic VSVs and twelve extended VSVs by modulating eight basic VSVs with fixed duty ratio. To mitigate the computational burden caused by the increased number of VSVs, a pre-selective scheme is designed for the proposed FCS-MPDTC to filter out the impractical VSVs. The drive system efficiency is also investigated. The theory and simulation are validated by experimental results on the ALFSPMM prototype.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:


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India's poorest areas suffer the heat, mostly in MP and Chhattisgarh, as govt plans target cities
Researchers used data from the 2011 Census, the district level household survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation to create a Heat Vulnerability Index that found 10 districts facing a "very high risk" due to the heat conditions.india Updated: May 20, 2017 13:09 IST
People living in underdeveloped parts of central India are most vulnerable to the health impacts of heat waves, a Heat Vulnerability Index (HVI) for India has found.
The index considered various factors including a person's age, caste, income and health, as well as the green cover in an area, as having a bearing on people's heat vulnerability, and its analysis of 640 (of the 707) districts in the country finds 10 districts to be "very high risk." Six of these are in relatively underdeveloped areas in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. In contrast, the 20 districts in the "very low risk" category are mostly in the relatively developed states of Kerala and Goa and the union territory of Lakshadweep.
The Index was published in The International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, in March 2017. Researchers used data from the 2011 Census of India, the District Level Household Survey-3 and the Indian Space Research Organisation, combining it statistically to create the index, according to this Rand Corporation blog post by two of the authors, Gulrez Shah Azhar and Jaime Madrigo.
The very high-risk areas, concentrated in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, are less urbanised and people there have fewer household amenities as well as lower rates of literacy and access to water and sanitation.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
These high-risk areas are not the same as areas with high or rising temperatures — the correlation between the HVI and average land surface temperatures is moderate. "When we think of temperature, there are several issues to consider – in addition to temperature there is effect of humidity and radiant heat on mortality. At the same time, local populations are adapted to (used to) the prevailing temperatures. Deaths happen when heat exceeds these adaptation thresholds," Gulrez Shah Azhar, one of the authors, told IndiaSpend.
Azhar gave the example of Dehradun, which reported heat wave deaths at lower temperatures than neighbouring cities in UP last year. "In UP there were much higher temperatures but no reported deaths, since the much higher temperatures are normal for UP," he said, adding, "If we include temperature as a variable in the index itself, it would bias the results towards places with higher normal temperatures."
India's largest avoidable natural disaster
The number of deaths due to heat waves recorded in 2015 – more than 2,400 – was higher than the number of deaths caused by any other natural disaster, according to the ministry of home affairs. In 1998 the death toll was 3,000 and in 2002, over 2,000, according to data from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 2016 action plan for the prevention and management of heat waves. The NDMA is an agency under the ministry of home affairs.
A heat wave is a period of abnormally high temperatures (more than the normal maximum temperature) that occurs during the summer season, with the resultant atmospheric conditions causing physiological stress, and sometimes death, among affected populations, according to the NDMA.
The Indian Meteorological Department uses several factors to quantify a heat wave:
a. Hot weather conditions are not considered a heat wave unless the maximum temperature reaches 40°C in plain areas and 30°C in the hills.
b. If the normal temperature in an area is less than 40°C, an increase of 5-6°C above 40°C constitutes a moderate heat wave while an increase of 7°C or more is a severe heat wave.
c. When the normal temperature is more than 40°C, an increase of 4-5°C from this normal is considered a moderate heat wave, while an increase of 6°C or more is a severe heat wave.
d. When the actual maximum temperature remains 45°C or more for two consecutive days, irrespective of normal maximum temperature, it is considered a heat wave.
Despite casualties, and the fact that heat wave deaths occur due to atmospheric conditions, heat waves are not included in the notified list of natural disasters, according to this response by the ministry of home affairs to a question asked in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament.National Disaster Management Authority
Health impacts, mortality and preparedness
In 2016, the NDMA prepared guidelines for state governments to formulate action plans for the prevention and management of heat waves, outlining four key strategies: forecasting heat waves and enabling an early warning system; building capacity of healthcare professionals to deal with heat wave-related emergencies; community outreach through various media; and inter-agency cooperation as well as engagement with other civil society organizations in the region.
The NDMA says adopting these measures has brought heat wave-related mortality down in many places such as Ahmedabad. The city experienced a major heat wave in 2010, and registered over a 1,000 additional deaths in May that year that could be attributed to heat wave conditions. In 2013, the city adopted a 'Heat Action Plan' (HAP) that has reduced mortality in succeeding years. The primary objective of the HAP is to alert populations most at risk of heat-related illness to existing or impending extreme heat conditions, and to take precautions.
At the same time, the India Meteorological Department publishes daily bulletins containing information about the prevailing temperature and a warning for coming days. For example, on May 17, severe heat wave conditions were observed at isolated places over coastal Andhra Pradesh, and heat wave conditions at isolated places over Odisha, Vidarbha and Tamil Nadu, according to this IMD bulletin.
"The combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population makes India vulnerable to heat waves. Vegetable vendors, auto repair mechanics, cab drivers, construction workers, police personnel, road side kiosk operators and mostly weaker sections of the society have to work in the extreme heat to make their ends meet and are extremely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of heat waves such as dehydration, heat and sun strokes," the NDMA guidelines say, "Therefore, it is not surprising that these workers, homeless people and the elderly constitute the majority of heat wave casualties in India."
The HVI confirmed as much. Pointing out that the high and very high HVI districts are in the central part of the country,the paper said that with a higher tribal population, these states have been at the lower end of various health, education, economic and population growth indicators.
a. Further research using sub-district level data to provide separate indices for urban and rural areas to enable more targeted geographical interventions.
b. Deeper analysis of urban ward-level data to provide intra-city vulnerability patterns.
c. Provision of public messaging (radio, TV), mobile phone-based text messages, automated phone calls and alerts.
d. Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing comfortable clothes.
e. Popularization of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water storage tanks and insulating housing materials.
f. Provision of drinking water within housing premises and indoor toilets.
(Patil is an analyst with IndiaSpend)


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Conservation of Energy, Steady State
A well-insulated water mixer has two inlet pipes, 1 and 2, through
which liquid water
at two different temperatures enters at constant mass flow rates.
A stirring unit mixes the two incoming water streams perfectly with
negligible energy requirements. At exit 3 the mixed water is leaving the
For steady state operation determine the mass flow rate and temperature
of the water at exit 3 using the data provided for inlet 1 and 2.
Assume that the enthalpy of water can be calculated according to :
h = c T


Estimating Ulka EP5 Pump Inductance
As part of my work to modulate the Ulka EP5 pump pressure in my Espresso machine, I decided to try and simulate the pump in SPICE. This would necessarily be a very simplified model, but might be useful nonetheless to understand the behaviour of snubber circuits for the pump PWM controller. To create the model, I needed an estimate of the pump inductance.
Previous attempts
I could only find one previous reference to the pump inductance online. It's not clear which Ulka pump was used, but it looks like an E5 type (EP5 or EX5) and a circuit diagram refers to 41W rating (consistent with the 120V 60Hz EP5). They took the approach of measuring the current drawn by the pump at 0.57A and, assuming a line voltage of 120V, calculated the reactance as follows:
XL = V/I = 120V / 0.57A (AC) = 211
With the formula XL = 2πfL = 2π * 60Hz = 377L, the inductance L was estimated as follows (for a 120V 60Hz pump):
L = 211 / 377L = 0.56H = 560mH
However, XL = VPEAK/IPEAK and the above voltage current values may be average or RMS values rather than peak values. For 120V AC mains the peak voltage would be VPEAK =12√2 = 170V. Similarly, when measuring AC current, some multimeters only give accurate results for a sinusoidal AC waveform, and may not be accurate for AC chopped by the series diode in the Ulka pump. This doesn't necessarily mean the result is wrong of course, just difficult to be certain.
Manufacturer data on the pump
The manufacturer data states that:
 - Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz is rated at 48W
 - Ulka EP5 120V~60Hz is rated at 41W
Estimating pump electrical properties
There's an integrated series diode in the pump, but the type is not indicated. However, based on similar Ulka pump models described in Ulka/CEMA specifications, the diode is assumed to be 1N4007 which according to manufacturer datasheets have a typical forward voltage VF = 1.0V when IF = 1.0A (noting that there are some small variations in the specifications for 1N4007 between manufacturers).
Attempting to measure the pump coil resistance directly with a resistance meter could give misleading results, due to the internal diode. To overcome this, a known DC voltage and current can be used to estimate the resistance.
With a ~12V DC power supply connected across the Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz pump, the measured voltage was 12.33V and the measured current was 70.1mA. At this relatively low current, it is likely that the diode forward voltage will be less than 1.0V. To estimate the diode VF, an individual 1N4007 diode was connected in series with a 220R resistor and ~12V power supply, giving IF = 51.9mA and VF = 0.775mV.
Assuming that VF = 775mV at IF = 70.1mA, the actual voltage across the coil will be reduced to (12.33 – 0.775) = 11.56V and therefore a first estimate of the pump coil resistance is as follows:
R = 11.56 / 70.1×10-3 = 165Ω
To calculate the inductance, the manufacturer voltage and power ratings are used to estimate the reactance as follows:
Although the Ulka EP5 240V~50Hz model is rated 48W, the internal diode means that the pump is only active for half the cycle. Considering the coil without the series diode, we therefore assume that the AC power consumption would be 96W and use this figure to calculate the AC current:
P=VI therefore I=P/V
IRMS = PRMS/VRMS = 96/240 = 0.4A
Note that the mains line voltage and current will of course vary in practice due to local mains supply quality.
The peak voltage and current are then estimated as follows:
VPEAK = VRMS√2 = 24√2 = 339V
IPEAK = IRMS√2 = 0.4√2 = 0.57A
The inductive reactance for an inductor energised by a sine wave is calculated as follows:
XL = VPEAK/IPEAK = 339 / 0.57 = 599.27
The inductance can be calculated based on the reactance and frequency as follows:
L = XL / 2πf
Where f is the mains line frequency 50Hz:
L = 599.27 / (2π × 50) = 599.27 / 314.159 = 1.91H
However, on closer inspection, I noticed that the exact pump model I tested is labelled 230V~50Hz on the side. Repeating these calculations with 230V, the following results are obtained:
IRMS = 96/230 = 0.42A
VPEAK = VRMS√2 = 23√2 = 325V
IPEAK = IRMS√2 = 0.4√2 = 0.59A
XL = VPEAK/IPEAK = 325 / 0.59 = 550.59
L = 550.59 / 314.159 = 1.75H
So this estimate puts the pump inductance for the 230V~50Hz EP5 pump at somewhere between 1.75H and 1.91H and the resistance at 165Ω.
Simulating the pump in SPICE
Running an LTSpice model with a 240V, 50Hz AC supply in circuit with a 1N4007 diode and an inductor modelled with L=1.75H, R=165Ω gives the following results:
Iavg=0.34A, Irms=0.46A, Vrms=240V, Pavg=35.67W
This doesn't look too far off, however it is obviously lower than the rated power of 48W indicated by the manufacturer. Adjusting the LTSpice model inductance to L=1.37H gives results closer to the manufacturer ratings:
Iavg=0.39A, Irms=0.54A, Vrms=240V, Pavg=47.93W
Measuring the pump inductance
More recently, another attempt was made to directly measure the inductance. This was achieved by drilling a small 1mm hole in the pump to access the coil terminal before the series diode. The measured inductance and resistance was L=854mH and R=165Ω. The series diode forward voltage was measured as 706mV.
Modelling the pump as a simple inductor is obviously a gross simplification, as the pump is a spring loaded solenoid, whose inductance will vary as the internal plunger vibrates. Also, the hydraulic pressure in circuit is not considered. Finally, with high frequency PWM switching, the parameters estimated at 50Hz / 60Hz frequency may not be correct.
Nevertheless, the inductance values above when used in SPICE provide a first approximation which may be useful to estimate how the system will behave in practice, and do seem to give behaviour very similar to the real system.
If anyone has any corrections, comments, improvements or information to add, drop me a line in the comments below.
5 thoughts on "Estimating Ulka EP5 Pump Inductance"
 1. Hey!
 One simple remark. The pump, of course, converts electrical work to mechanical work.
 This means that for higher mechanical power (pressure times flow rate), you would also be taking a higher electrical power.
 In your model this means that your electrical resistance (not the one generating losses due to the wire resistance, and core losses in the inductor) simbolizes mechanical power, and is dependent on the operating point that you're measuring.
 One simple and very crude way to measure the inductance, if you have an oscilloscope, is to charge a capacitor with some voltage, then connect them in parallel and measure the frequency. It's surprisingly accurate given its simplicity. (use f=1/(2pi sqrt(LC)) )
 1. Hi Andres
 Thanks for the comments above. I assumed that the series diode built into the pump would prevent a resonant/tank circuit with a parallel capacitor from working? (the diode is encased in the pump and there seems no easy way to take it out of circuit without damaging the pump)
 2. Very interesting calculations, but i actually arrived here in a much simpler way.
 I have measured a voltage difference between the metal framing of the pump and ground of approximately 35Vac when using the rubber mounts and connected to a 230Vac supply.
 there is little technical info on the Ulka website, or indeed other sites of companies manufacturing similar pumps, and i wanted to know if that voltage reading would be normal?
 I assume if it is then it would


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Alternative forms
From French québécois.
Related terms
- "Quebecois" Merriam Webster Online Dictionary (1989) (as accessed on 6 February 2007).
- "Québecois" Oxford English Dictionary (1989) (as accessed on 6 February 2007).
See also
- Of or relating to Quebec, its people, or its variety of French.