text:
needs to be taken to ensure that the strong optical aberrations induced by the fluid-filled pipe wall do not negatively impact the optical measurement being performed.
Prior to commencing this investigation, a custom-made corrective optic (referred to as an optical contour) was designed and manufactured using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) 5-axis machining station and used to correct for the aberrations induced by the water-filled acrylic pipe. The original design and manufacture of the optical contour is described in de Witt et al.. The optical contour was designed to be clamped to the external pipe surface, making it relatively easy to attach it to different pipe locations. The optical contour was found to correct for the strong aberrations that would have otherwise been present while imaging through the water-filled pipe. The optical contour allows for approximately 80% of the central pipe to be investigated as shown in de Witt et al..
The camera and the beam source are positioned perpendicular to the pipe axis as shown in Figure 1, with the spatial extent of flow investigated approximately 24.5 mm in the -direction of the 57.15 mm internal diameter cast-acrylic pipe. As noted in Figure 1 (upper), two optical contours are required when applying the SH-WFS to the investigation of pipe flow. A replica of the CNC-manufactured optical contour described by de Witt et al. is produced by first creating a mold of the CNC-manufactured optical contour and then pouring a time-hardening transparent urethane into the mold. The transparent urethane optical contour shows good optical characteristics when compared with the original acrylic lens. Moreover, it can be produced at a fraction of the cost and in less time than the CNC-manufactured optical contour.
2.2. Half-Pipe Apparatus
The half-pipe test section shown in Figure 1 (lower) enables the response of the optical diagnostic equipment to be examined while detecting air bubbles in water and in the absence of a net bulk velocity. The inner diameter of the acrylic half-pipe section is 57.15 mm with a wall thickness of 12.7 mm. The half-pipe section is attached to an acrylic wall 11.4 mm in thickness. The optical contour is clamped to the outside of the acrylic half pipe, and given that one external surface was planar, the half-pipe apparatus requires only one optical contour.
Air bubbles are introduced into the half-pipe apparatus using two different methods. A single stationary bubble is introduced by injecting a known volume of air through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed in the water-filled acrylic half pipe in a manner that ensures that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
For the generation of multiple ascending bubbles, a piece of porous material (sand packing of 2.54 cm length and 1.27 cm diameter) is connected to a regenerative blower (EG&G Rotron Blower, with a maximum flow of 0.008684 and a maximum pressure of 61.0 cm of water) and placed at the bottom of the half pipe. The air supply hose connecting the blower to the sand packing has an internal diameter of 0.5 mm and is secured internally to the half pipe so as not to interfere with the measurement area (2.54 cm wide) within the pipe.
2.3. Optically Active Multiphase Flow Facility
The multiphase flow facility was designed and built specifically to study dispersed multiphase flow using optical methods. The facility can operate using air, water, and oil; however, only air and water are considered in the current investigation.
A schematic of the multiphase flow facility is shown in Figure 2 with water and air as the operating fluids. The cast acrylic pipe section shown in Figure 2 runs the length of a 4.572 m by 1.829 m optical bench, enabling a wide variety of optical sensing methods to be applied to the study of multiphase flow. The facility can be broken down into five main sections as follows.
3. Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
The performance of the SH-WFS is first examined by conducting experiments with a single bubble and with multiple ascending bubbles in the water-filled half-pipe.
3.1. Single Bubble Experiment
A single stationary bubble is introduced into the half-pipe apparatus by injecting a known volume of air (average volume = 0.0344 ± 0.0035 ) through a syringe into a small-diameter hose. A small-diameter hose is placed into the water-filled acrylic half-pipe so that the end of the hose is aligned with the sensing area of the SH-WFS.
The left part of Figure 3 shows a schematic of the incoming wavefront passing through a bubble where light encountering the bubble is shown to be scattered away from the detector. Results from a ray-tracing model (not shown) independently confirm this assumption. The right part of the same figure shows the corresponding intensity profile collected by the SH-WFS for a subset of the 2048 pixel array. Each 0.448 mm wide lens functions to focus the light into a relatively well-defined and quantifiable focal spot. Overlaid on the intensity profile is the reference measurement for the case of no bubble. By comparing the reference measurement to the single bubble measurement, it becomes apparent that the air bubble serves to scatter light away from the detectors, as depicted in the schematic to the left in the figure. The main consequence of this result is that it was not possible to apply the standard Shack-Hartmann data processing techniques that were described earlier. Rather, an alternate method of evaluating the data from the SH-WFS is required.
Due to low-signal levels, an evaluation that computes intensity attenuation is performed. To compare the intensities, the attenuation for each lens is calculated as the summed absolute difference between the reference intensity profile and the intensity profile collected with the air bubble in place. The attenuation is then passed through a thresholding algorithm that only accepts attenuations larger than 50 counts. A threshold of 50 counts is determined by quantifying noise as the summed absolute difference for multiple reference intensity profiles.
This thresholding algorithm is found to reject variations caused by electronic noise and results in clearer plots. The maximum value of attenuation is well above the threshold level and is greater than 1000 counts. The resulting plot in Figure 4 shows the existence of an aberration in lenses 37 through 46 (pixels 1168 to 1456). Given the 32 pixels per lenslet and a pixel width of 14, the radius of the single bubble aberration is quantified to be 0.4032 cm. Knowing the average volume injected by the syringe and assuming that the bubble remains spherical, the average radius is computed to be cm or a difference of 0.15%.
In order to ascertain the benefits of using the SH-WFS for bubble measurements, Figure 5 shows the intensity profile obtained for a single stationary bubble while using a standard line-scan camera without lenslet array. Once again, data from a reference measurement collected for the case of no bubble is overlaid. Although an attenuation region caused by the bubble is evident, it is more difficult to visually perceive this region than for the case with the lenslet array presented in Figure 3. The pixel-by-pixel absolute difference between the Single Bubble Measurement and the reference measurement is calculated, thresholded, and plotted as a contour plot in Figure 6. Although a region of strong attenuation is noted from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, artifacts of the differencing and thresholding routine appear at pixels that are not aligned with the bubble, as noted specifically near pixels 725 and 1400.
The bubble diameter can be calculated from Figure 6 as the length from pixel 814 to pixel 1096, resulting in a diameter of 0.3948 cm. When compared with the cm average bubble diameter, an error of 2.23% can be calculated. This error is slightly larger than that obtained while using the lenslet array. The main difference between the two results is attributed to the increased difficulty in the thresholding routine for the case without lenslet array.
A more severe threshold is applied to the case without lenslet array in order to filter the data. The contour plot of the differences between intensity profiles (Figure 6) results in increased noise near the edges of the bubble. The diameter of the single bubble is estimated with increased error from Figure 6 due to the inconsistency in light attenuation along the pixel array. In comparison, the results for the experiments with the lenslet array (cf. Figure 4) lead to a more uniform region for the single bubble experiment.
3.2. Multiple Ascending Bubbles Experiment
Data for multiple ascending bubbles in the half-pipe apparatus is collected at a line rate of 2.5, yielding 256 lines of data with 0.0004 seconds between samples. When multiple bubbles are studied, it is noted that clustering between two or more bubbles may be observed leading to an uncertainty in the response of the SH-WFS.
For the case of multiple ascending bubbles, the subaperture spot centroidal location does not shift significantly when compared to the unaberrated reference signal. Furthermore, the signal for multiple bubbles is not fully attenuated as it is for a single bubble. It is suspected that scattered light from one bubble may be detected by other subapertures not directly aligned with that bubble. Even though the amount of light extinction is less than that for the case of a single bubble, the extinction is still more quantifiable than a shift in spot centroidal location. Consequently, the same signal analysis routine as performed for the single bubble experiment is used, with results shown in Figure 7.


text:
I currently use iText for PDF generation and I am having difficulty determining if the PDF files generated with iText are text-based or image-based once generated. Is there an easy way to determine that programmatically (or to specify one option or the other at the time of generation)?
iText generates PDF text instructions for text, and PDF image XObjects for images. Some other elements (e.g. borders) are generated as PDF graphics instructions. So I suppose you could say it generates "text-based" files.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


NAME
join – relational database operator
SYNOPSIS
join [ options ] file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
Join forms, on the standard output, a join of the two relations specified by the lines of file1 and file2. If one of the file names is –, the standard input is used.
File1 and file2 must be sorted in increasing UTF collating sequence on the fields on which they are to be joined, normally the first in each line.
There is one line in the output for each pair of lines in file1 and file2 that have identical join fields. The output line normally consists of the common field, then the rest of the line from file1, then the rest of the line from file2.
Input fields are normally separated spaces or tabs; output fields by space. In this case, multiple separators count as one, and leading separators are discarded.
The following options are recognized, with POSIX syntax.
a n In addition to the normal output, produce a line for each unpairable line in file n, where n is 1 or 2.
v n Like –a, omitting output for paired lines.
e s Replace empty output fields by string s.
1 m
2 m Join on the mth field of file1 or file2.
jn m Archaic equivalent for –n m.
ofieldsEach output line comprises the designated fields. The comma–separated field designators are either 0, meaning the join field, or have the form n.m, where n is a file number and m is a field number. Archaic usage allows separate arguments for field designators.
tc Use character c as the only separator (tab character) on input and output. Every appearance of c in a line is significant.
EXAMPLES
sort –t: +1 /adm/users | join –t: –1 2 –a 1 –e "" – bdays
Add birthdays to the /adm/users file, leaving unknown birthdays empty. The layout of /adm/users is given in users(6); bdays contains sorted lines like ken:Feb 4, 1953.
awk –F: '$3 != ""' /adm/users | tr : ' ' | sort –k 3,3 >temp
join –1 3 –2 3 –o 1.1,2.1 temp temp | awk '$1 < $2'
Print all pairs of users with identical non–empty userids.
SOURCE
/sys/src/cmd/join.c
SEE ALSO
sort(1), comm(1), awk(1)
BUGS
With default field separation, the collating sequence is that of sort –b –ky,y; with –t, the sequence is that of sort –tx –ky,y.
One of the files must be randomly accessible.
Copyright © 2019 Alcatel-Lucent. All rights reserved.


How to Build Your Personal AI Assistant Using Python
How to Build Your Personal AI Assistant Using Python
Introduction
Do you remember J.A.R.V.I.S., Tony Stark's virtual personal assistant? I'm sure you do!
Have you ever wondered about creating your own personal assistant? Yes? Tony Stark can help us with that! Oops, did you forget he is no more? It's sad that he cannot save us anymore.
But hey, your favorite language Python can help you with that. Yes, you heard it right. We can create our own J.A.R.V.I.S. using Python. Let's roll it!
Project Setup
During the development of the project, we'll come across various modules and external libraries. Let's learn and install them. But before we install them, let's create a virtual environment and activate it.
We are going to create a virtual environment using virtualenv. Python now ships with a pre-installed virtualenvlibrary. So, to create a virtual environment, you can use the below command:
$ python -m venv env
The above command will create a virtual environment named env. Now, we need to activate the environment using the command:
$ . env/Scripts/activate
To verify if the environment has been activated or not, you can see (env) in your terminal. Now, we can install the libraries.
 1. pyttsx3: pyttsx is a cross-platform text to speech library which is platform-independent. The major advantage of using this library for text-to-speech conversion is that it works offline. To install this module type the below command in the terminal.
$ pip install pyttsx3
 1. SpeechRecognition : It allows us to convert audio into text for further processing. To install this module type the below command in the terminal.
$ pip install SpeechRecognition
 1. pywhatkit: It is an easy-to-use library that will help us interact with the browser very easily. To install the module, run the following command in the terminal.
$ pip install pywhatkit
 1. wikipedia: It is used to fetch a variety of information from the Wikipedia website. To install this module type the below command in the terminal.
$ pip install wikipedia
 1. requests: It is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python that allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. To install the module, run the following command in the terminal:
$ pip install requests
.env File
We need this file to store some private data such as API Keys, Passwords, etc related to the project. For now, let's store the name of the user and the bot.
Create a file named .env and add the following content there:
USER=Ashutosh
BOTNAME=JARVIS
To use the contents from .env file, we'll install another module called python-decouple as:
$ pip install python-decouple
Learn more about Environment Variables in Python here.
Setting up JARVIS
Before we start defining a few important functions, let's create a speech engine first.
import pyttsx3
from decouple import config
USERNAME = config('USER')
BOTNAME = config('BOTNAME')
engine = pyttsx3.init('sapi5')
## Set Rate
engine.setProperty('rate', 190)
## Set Volume
engine.setProperty('volume', 1.0)
## Set Voice (Female)
voices = engine.getProperty('voices')
engine.setProperty('voice', voices[1].id)
Let's analyze the above script. First of all, we have initialized an engine using the pyttsx3 module. sapi5is a Microsoft Speech API that helps us use the voices. Learn more about it here. Next, we are setting the rateand volumeproperties of the speech engine using setPropertymethod. Now, we can get the voices from the engine using the getPropertymethod. voiceswill be a list of voices available in our system. If we print it, we can see as below:
[<pyttsx3.voice.Voice object at 0x000001AB9FB834F0>, <pyttsx3.voice.Voice object at 0x000001AB9FB83490>]
The first one is a male voice and the other one is a female voice. JARVIS was a male assistant in the movies, but I've chosen to set the voice property to the female for this tutorial using the setProperty method.
Note: If you get an error related to PyAudio, download PyAudio wheel from here and install it within the virtual environment.
Also, using the configmethod from decouple, we are getting the value of USERand BOTNAMEfrom the environment variables.
Enable the Speak Function
Speak function will be responsible to speak whatever text is passed to it. Let's see the code:
## Text to Speech Conversion
def speak(text):
 """Used to speak whatever text is passed to it"""
 engine.say(text)
 engine.runAndWait()
In the speak() method, the engine speaks whatever text is passed to it using the say() method. Using the runAndWait() method, it blocks during the event loop and returns when the commands queue is cleared.
Enable the Greet Function
This function will be used to greet the user whenever the program is run. According to the current time, it greets Good Morning, Good Afternoon, or Good Evening to the user.
from datetime import datetime
## Greet the user
def greet_user():
 """Greets the user according to the time"""
 hour = datetime.now().hour
 if (hour >= 6) and (hour < 12):
 speak(f"Good Morning {USERNAME}")
 elif (hour >= 12) and (hour < 16):
 speak(f"Good afternoon {USERNAME}")
 elif (hour >= 16) and (hour < 19):
 speak(f"Good Evening {USERNAME}")
 speak(f"I am {BOTNAME}. How may I assist you?")
First, we get the current hour, i.e., if the current time is 11:15 AM, the hour will be 11. If the value of hour is between 6 and 12, wish Good Morning to the user. If the value is between 12 and 16, wish Good Afternoon and similarly, if the value is between 16 and 19, wish Good Evening. We are using the speak method to wish the user.
How To Take User Input
This function is for taking the commands from the user and recognizing the command using the speech_recognitionmodule.
import speech_recognition as sr
from random import choice
from utils import opening_text
## Takes Input from User
def take_user_input():
 """Takes user input, recognizes it using Speech Recognition module and converts it into text"""
 r = sr.Recognizer()
 with sr.Microphone() as source:
 print('Listening....')
 r.pause_threshold = 1
 audio = r.listen(source)
 try:
 print('Recognizing...')
 query = r.recognize_google(audio, language='en-in')
 if not 'exit' in query or 'stop' in query:
 speak(choice(opening_text))
 else:
 hour = datetime.now().hour
 if hour >= 21 and hour < 6:
 speak("Good night sir, take care!")
 else:
 speak('Have a good day sir!')
 exit()
 except Exception:
 speak('Sorry, I could not understand. Could you please say that again?')
 query = 'None'
 return query
We have imported speech_recognitionmodule as sr. The Recognizer class within the speech_recognitionmodule helps us recognize the audio. The same module has a Microphone class that gives us access to the microphone of the device. So with the microphone as the source, we try to listen to the audio using the listen()method in the Recognizer class. We have also set the pause_thresholdto 1, i.e., it will not complain even if we pause for one second during we speak.
Next, using the recognize_google()method from the Recognizer class, we try to recognize the audio. The recognize_google() method performs speech recognition on the audio passed to it, using the Google Speech Recognition API. We have set the language to en-in, i.e. English India. It returns the transcript of the audio which is nothing but a string. We've stored it in a variable called query.
If the query has exit or stop words in it, it means we're asking the assistant to stop immediately. So, before stopping, we greet the user again as per the current hour. If the hour is between 21 and 6, wish Good Night to the user, else, some other message. We create a utils.py file that has just one list containing a few statements as:
opening_text = [
 "Cool, I'm on it sir.",
 "Okay


text:
Let's Go NC! A Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Skills Program for Healthy, Active Children Begins NOW!
Let's Go NC! was developed for the North Carolina Department of Transportation's (NCDOT) Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation and the state Safe Routes to School program by NC State University's Institute for Transportation Research and Education (ITRE). This program is an all-in-one package of lesson plans, materials, activities and instructional videos that encourages children to learn about and practice fundamental walking and biking skills that build safe habits.
Child safety and well being is paramount to NCDOT and is part of its mission and goal to make North Carolina safer for persons of all ages and abilities. Teaching both the pedestrian and bicycle lessons will give children the skills necessary to be safe, healthy and active in their daily lives. The goal of the curriculum is to develop walking and biking skills for active lifestyles that can be carried into adulthood. The purpose of the program is to help children transfer the knowledge they learn into automatic responses in their behaviors. These behaviors will benefit future generations and will work to promote a healthy, well informed culture for safe active living and will improve transportation choices for all North Carolinians.
Let's Go NC! adheres to the North Carolina standard course of study recognized by the Board of Education and the Department of Public Instruction and offers lesson sets that go beyond physical education and offers hands-on learning and skill building activities in math, reading, social studies, science, art and music. All curriculum materials, including lesson plans, lesson videos and instructor materials are accessible online here.
Beyond the school centered teaching of Let's Go NC!, clubs, after school programs, law enforcement and many other groups have the opportunity to use the curriculum to help children from K-5 develop the foundation of their understanding of traffic safety, encourage kids to lead healthy and active lives, and build self-esteem and independence.
Let's Go NC! Start getting this fantastic new safety and education program out to as many children as possible this summer and into every school this fall!


text:
TED Talks: TED Talks are highly engaging and lend themselves to deeper thinking and valuable class discussions. These task cards use Dr. Sandra Kaplan's Depth and Complexity model to motivate students by extending their thinking to great heights! Custom created tasks, based on a highly motivating TED Talk: Adora Svitka ~ What Adults Can Learn From Kids, will create for you an engaged and exciting classroom!
Please be certain to watch the video prior to purchasing this product so you can determine if it is appropriate for your students. It can be found at this link:
TED Talk: Adora Svitka ~ What Adults Can Learn From Kids
* Students in grades 5 - 8
* Students identified gifted in grade 4
* 11 Task Cards
* 11 Response Tabs
* 11 Mini Titles (for station)
* 1 Response Mat (if cards aren't used)
* 1 Comprehensive Product Poster
This product was designed to be flexible in presentation and completion. It can be viewed as a whole class, in small groups, or independently at stations.
* View, analyze and discuss TED Talk
* The teacher might assign all tasks to be completed or offer student / group choice.
A comprehensive list of products is included and can be used as a mini poster in a work station to offer student choice or for teacher reference.
The task cards would best be used in or on a:
* Book / Spiral
* Response Mat (Teacher or students choose icons to address.)
Examples of Tasks
Imagine being a glass blower at the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, WA! Research this career choice to determine how this occupation "travels" ACROSS DISCIPLINES. List 5 other subjects this profession crosses and describe how they are interdependent.
DETAILS: Anne Frank, Ruby Bridges, and Charlie Simpson are mentioned as strong role models for young people. Research one of these "kids" and develop a thorough outline in which you provide clear and accurate DETAILS about the person.
Positive feedback is greatly appreciated.
Please visit my TPT store for more TED Talks task cards.


text:
Plotly Beta: Graphing and Analytics Platform
Hey Data Scientists,
I wanted to reach out about Plot.ly, a new startup for analyzing and beautifully visualizing data. We just launched a beta.
It is built for math, science, and data applications. We'd love your thoughts.
- You can import data from anywhere, and analyze it in our grid with stats, fits, functions, and more.
- Our plotting APIs (R, Python, MATLAB, Arduino, REST, Julia, Perl) and grid make interactive, web-ready, publication-quality graphs.
- We have a Python Shell, and interactive graphs w/ IPython notebooks.
- Your data and graphs are always together.
- You can make, share, style, embed, and download beautiful graphs.
- Others can edit with you and collaborate if you give them permission.
This means you can code, analyze, store, share, and collaborate in Plotly.
We've just launched, and it'd be great to get any and all feedback, thoughts, reactions, and examples. Thanks so much for your help and advice.
All the best,

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
ROCKFORD — The Natural Land Institute recently was awarded two grants to support youth employment and stewardship on Silver Creek, Kyte River, Nygren Wetland and Milan Bottoms preserves, according to a news release sent June 13.
A $46,800 grant by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources provides funding for the Natural Land Institute to hire 14 local youth between the ages of 16 and 18 and two supervisors ages 19 or older through the IDNR's Illinois Youth Recreation Corps Program. The youth participants will learn about land management, restoration ecology and botany during their eight-week job.
A $30,000 grant was awarded by the Illinois Clean Energy Foundation to help fund stewardship, equipment needs, invasive species removal and volunteer activities support.
For information: naturalland.org.


Search the lexicon
Lexical component
MORPHOLOGY: term used for one autonomous part or module of the grammar, viz. the module where the word formation rules and the (lexical) phonological rules are applied. The words derived in the lexical component are inserted into the syntactic component, and the postlexical component. Another term used for the lexical component is Lexicon.
LIT. Kiparsky, P. (1985)
Kiparsky, P. (1982)


text:
of the pathology educator, to teach the things that would truly enhance their competence and; implement competency-based teaching tools to train the students to deal with notional clinical scenarios like professionals.
It is important for the pathology educator to appraise how the millennials can learn their maximum, what are the best digital tools and what are the best online resources. Pathophysiology concepts and morphology are extremely important; however, an educator must also focus on the learners gaining the ability to ask a definable question, search for relevant scientific data, read and critically assess the information using the principles of competency-based molecular pathology, and be able to transmute pathology concepts into clinical practice. In an era of precision medicine, molecular pathology is the new lynchpin of patient-centered medicine, and the learners must know its role not just in diagnosis, but also in disease prevention and management, which behooves the pathology educator to develop their competency to interpret the immunohistochemistry and biomarker testing results. It is important for every learner to attain a solid grasp on sensitivity and specificity of various laboratory tests and to develop the competency to choose the appropriate test and its interpretation to make the best decisions for patient care as future physicians.
This highlights the idea of competency based pathology education in the current precision medicine setting and the way to smoothly transit from traditional knowledge-based lectures to competency-based pathology training. Also, by teaching competencies in pathology, the educator will be able to emboss for the student what actually pathology has to offer.
106 – Pathology Teaching Within Physician Assistants, Podiatric Medicine, and Osteopathic Medical Curricula at Des Moines University
Kevin Carnevale and Yujiang Fang
Purpose – Pathology education is taught within undergraduate healthcare training programs such as Physician Assistant, Physical Therapy, Nursing, Podiatric Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine, and Allopathic Medical Schools. Students within the different healthcare training programs require different depth and breathe of pathology education within their individual curricula. Des Moines University (DMU) is a healthcare sciences university with pathology education offered to physician assistants, podiatric, and osteopathic medical students within a semi-integrated curriculum (traditional first year and systems based second year). We evaluate and compare the lecture hours and subjects taught in general and systemic pathology within the physician assistant, podiatric medicine, and osteopathic medical programs at DMU.
Methods – Lecture hours in pathology subjects were counted and compared in general pathology and systems based courses at DMU for physician assistant, podiatric medicine, and the osteopathic medical curricula. Different subjects within different curricula taught by a pathologist were also evaluated. We compared the lecture hours in pathology teaching of DMU osteopathic curriculum to a traditional second year pathology curriculum at University of South Carolina School of Medicine (USCSOM – allopathic medical school with traditional curriculum).
Results – The osteopathic and podiatric medical students take the same general pathology course within the spring semester of their first year, so the lecture hours are equivalent. The physician assistant students receive 25.7% (9hrs compared to 35hrs) of the lecture hours in general pathology compared to the osteopathic and podiatric medical students. The physician assistant students receive 60.5% (23hrs compared to 38hrs) of lecture hours in systemic pathology compared to the osteopathic and podiatric medical students. Even though the number of lecture hours (38hrs) are the same in systemic pathology for osteopathic and podiatric medical students, the podiatric medical students do not receive lectures in male and female genitourinary pathology, breast pathology, skin pathology, and laboratory medicine. The podiatric medical students do receive separate pathology lectures in surgical pathology, diabetic neuropathy, muscle/joint, bone healing and processing that are not given to osteopathic medical students. The osteopathic medical students received 70% (35hrs DMU compared to 50hrs USCSOM) of lecture hours in general pathology, and 30.2% (38hrs DMU compared to 126hrs USCSOM) of lecture hours in systemic pathology compared to the allopathic students respectively.
Conclusion – Physician Assistant students receive the least amount of lecture hours in pathology education within the healthcare programs at DMU. Even though the lecture hours are the same within general and systemic pathology education between the podiatric curriculum and osteopathic curriculum, the subjects taught in pathology vary within these curricula. Lastly, the amount of pathology teaching for the osteopathic medical students in a semi-integrated curriculum at DMU is markedly less especially within systemic pathology compared to allopathic medical students within a year-long traditional second year pathology curriculum.
107 – The Millennial View of Transfusion Medicine Instruction During Medical School
Marisa Saint Saint Martin
Loyola University Medical Center
Purpose: The aim of our study is to determine how effective current educational practices are, and how pivotal introducing transfusion medicine and its practices early on, and throughout the 4 years of medical education, could potentially impact blood ordering confidence and practices among graduates.
Traditionally, transfusion medicine education has been an under-emphasized discipline of course instruction in medical school education. In the current environment, striving for excellence in quality care and quality assurance, hospital systems have sought the expertise of the transfusion medicine sub-specialty to evaluate blood utilization and laboratory utilization within their systems.
Methods: An interview of the 4th year medical student class of 2018 (160 students) at Loyola Stritch Medical School in Maywood, IL with the use of a Google Forms survey was conducted. The survey included questions about general transfusion medicine practices, length of transfusion medicine instruction, information about obtaining consents, recommendations on length and format of transfusion medicine instruction.
Results: Of the 54 responses, (33.8% of students), 38 (70.4 %) stated that they do not feel comfortable adequately ordering blood products in their future residency career, and 16.7% (9/54) did not feel comfortable obtaining consent for transfusing blood products.
At the Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, the pathology department assists in providing medical school instruction during their 1st and 2nd years of medical school. With that in mind, only 38.9% (21/54) felt that they received adequate instruction during their first two years in medical school.
The class provided feedback for opportunities for improvement in transfusion medicine instruction which ranged from lecture format in the first two years to summary sheets to use while on rotations and their residency years.
Conclusions: Overall, we believe, and our brief study demonstrates, that more hours of transfusion medicine education are needed in medical school. Providing continued assistance and education in transfusion medicine practices throughout medical school and residency training is not only preferred, but also could impact transfusion ordering practices providing better quality care to the patients we serve.
108 – The Use of 3D Printers in Medical Education with a Focus on Bone Pathology
Shayna Youman, Evan Dang, and Bonnie Brenseke
Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine
Purpose: The objectives of this study are to create models of benign and malignant bone tumors from CT scans and to assess the effectiveness of the use of such models in medical education.
Method: CT scans of bone pathology were anonymized using 3D slicer software and imported into web-based Democritiz3d for conversion into 3D digital models for 3D printing. Pre-created digital models of tumors were also 3D printed. Randomized groups of medical students will be surveyed for their understanding of bone pathology with and without the use of the 3D printed models.
Results: Printed models were able to imitate gross characteristics of the tumors. Impact on student education is still pending.
Conclusion: 3D printing stylized models of bone tumors is a cost and time-effective means to improve medical student understanding of this pathology.
109 – There is a smart way to teach Pathology: Using resources from BEST network to engage learners
Mohit Shahi and Raja Koteeswaran
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, Department of Pathology/Microbiology, Eastern Virginia Medical School
A vast majority of medical students are either millennial or Gen Y learners who were raised in an entertainment rich, multi-media environment 1. They are technology savvy and like to be in control of their learning in terms of choice, pace, sequence and content 2. Millennial learners expect immediate feedback and meaningful assessments3. As educators, we face growing challenges with a new generation of students using technology that is constantly evolving 3. One of the technology tools that can benefit pathology educators is SLICE tool of BEST network.
BEST (Biomedical Education Skills and Training) Network is a not-for-profit network of biomedical schools developing and sharing next-generation courseware and technology (best.edu.au)4. It was founded in 2014, as a joint venture of Australian Universities funded by an education grant from the Australian government. As of now, the BEST network has a bank of over 18,000 images with annotations and courseware shared by its members. The BEST network operates on an adaptive learning platform (smartsparrow.com) to design learning activities.
The workshop speakers are from the University of Queensland (UQ) Faculty of Medicine, Australia and Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), VA, who have used the resources from BEST network in their teaching. In this workshop, the speakers will share their experiences of how they used the high-resolution digital images from BEST network database SLICE (_URL_ to engage the students in labs tutorials, small groups or large classroom settings. They will demonstrate using examples, how to design lessons, gather analytics, and to give feedback with this technology tool. It can be applied broadly across disciplines such as histology, immunology, microbi


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In D'Blossiers Tovey's fascinating 1738 work which deals with the archaelogical remnants of English Jewry before the expulsion of 1290, Anglia Judaica, about the "the history and antiquities of the Jews in England, collected from all our historians, both printed and manuscript, as also from the records in the Tower, and other publick repositories," he reproduces an image of a vase or an urn of sorts with a Hebrew inscription. Explaining that it was found in a brook about 40 years earlier (about 1700), he asked Jews what it was used for, but they didn't know:
Tovey's own (way off track) guess was that it was meant to store documents. But my guess is that it was a 'tzedakah box.' צדקה תציל ממות.
What's your interpretation?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Disk Investigator is a multi-purpose, powerful hard disk tool that lets you find raw data saved on disk partitions, and check unreadable disk clusters and sectors. The application is built to navigate through the disk sectors, while showing the raw data in HEX, TEXT, and Decimal form. This not only helps you identify identical data written on the disk partitions, but also verify the performance of data shredding utilities. If you've recently used a file shredder to securely delete data from disk partition, it lets you view the current raw data present on the disk. Moreover, the application gives detailed insight into disk structure, including total logical sectors, bytes per sector, sectors per cluster, cluster size, MFT start cluster, MFT zone clusters and more. Additionally, it includes a simple, yet feature-rich file explorer that lets you view files and folders saved on disk, check raw data (in Text, Dec, and Hex form) of selected file, and check CRC-32, and MD5, Hash, RipeMD, and SHA hash value.
When launched for the first time, it starts fetching disk information, including starting sector on disk, cluster distribution, total clusters etc. Once done, you will see main window, showing all the information retrieved during the scan process. It shows drive view with complete disk information, and raw data written on first sector of disk. However, you can use Sector input field and slider to navigate through disk sectors. If you want to search a specific text string from the disk, use Search option to view specified text/hex values.
Using View cluster option, you can check data on a single cluster. You can switch between Text, Hex, and Dec data forms to easily find the required information. It provides you with simple navigation buttons in bottom-left corner to navigate through clusters.
You can view files and directories on the disk by switching to Directories mode from View section. It shows all the folders and files saved on selected disk partition. A small disk explorer is present in left sidebar, letting you quickly jump to required directory.
Perhaps, the most useful option of file explorer is View raw file contents, which allows you to view raw data (text, dec, and hex form) of any selected file. Just right-click the file in the list, and select this option to open disk sector where file is saved. You can also open file's Property dialog box, view CRC-32 and generate file integrity hash values from right-click context menu.
The application also lets you view MFT zone (Master File Table), an area on disk where information about files and directories is saved. The MFT is basically table of contents of a NTFS disk, allowing you to verify the structure of files and directory storage. Using Disk Investigator, you can view the MFT Zone from View menu.
Directory Investigator is meant for proficient users. If you're familiar with Hex and Dec data forms, you can use it to check the password text saved on the disk, find the total occurrence of specific file-related information etc. Disk Investigator can also be used to verify the performance of file shredding utilities that claim to securely delete data off the disk partitions. It works on all versions of Windows. Testing was carried out on Windows 7 64-bit.


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Estimation of internal pit depth growth and reliability of aged oil and gas pipelines: A Monte Carlo simulation approach
MetadataShow full item record
© 2015, NACE International. To estimate the internal pit depth growth and reliability of aged oil and gas pipelines, a Monte Carlo simulation approach was adopted. The average maximum pit depths of corroded pipelines were correlated with the operating parameters-temperature, CO<inf>2</inf> partial pressure, pH, flow rate, sulfate ion concentration, chloride ion concentration, water cut, and wall shear stress via a multivariate regression analysis. Poisson square wave model was used to predict the time lapse of the pit depth growth using the statistical best fit of the maximum pit depth and operating parameters as boundary conditions. Weibull probability function was used to determine the failure intensity and survivability of the pipelines for different distribution types, whereas inspection data from a magnetic flux leakage in-line inspected transmission pipeline were used to test the application of the model. The future pit depth distribution, survivability, and failure rate of this transmission pipeline were also determined, with the result showing that the model is vital for future internal pit depth growth and reliability estimation from single field inspection data.
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.
Stochastic modelling of perfect inspection and repair actions for leak-failure prone internal corroded pipelinesOssai, C.; Boswell, Brian; Davies, I. (2016)To enhance the performance of any facility, reduce cost and failure probability involves proper inspection and repair decisions. To be able to establish the cost of repair and inspection of corroded pipelines at different ...
Modelling the effects of production rates and physico-chemical parameters on pitting rate and pit depth growth of onshore oil and gas pipelinesOssai, C.; Boswell, Brian; Davies, Ian (2016)© 2016 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.To estimate the pitting rate of internally corroded oil and gas gathering pipelines, a multivariate regression modelling was carried out, using pitting rates and operating ...
Markov chain modelling for time evolution of internal pitting corrosion distribution of oil and gas pipelinesOssai, C.; Boswell, Brian; Davies, I. (2016)A continuous time non-homogenous linear growth pure birth Markov model was used to predict the future pit depth distribution of internally corroded oil and gas pipelines. A negative binomial distribution was used for ...


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WEEKLY HIGHLIGHTS FOR WEEK ENDING 8 FEBRUARY 2002:
PROGRAM MILESTONE CM 27 SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
The NASA end-to-end testing milestone was successfully completed last week. This test showed the end-to-end command path from the Mission Operations Center (MOC) at Stanford to the Space Vehicle (SV) through the NASA interfaces as well as the telemetry path back. All commands rates and modes (real-time and stored program commands) as well as all telemetry rates and modes were verified. The NASA portion of the link was completed by NASA's Compatibility Test Van (CTV) which has equipment which emulates the Ground Network (GN), and also has a portable antenna which allows the flow to pass through the TDRSS. The CTV measures the characteristics of the SV transponders and ensures that the configurations at the NASA networks will support GP-B in flight. All data required for this configuration was successfully collected last week before the End-to-End testing at the MOC.
Photo: The Compatibility Test Van and the end-to-end test team members.


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HAMPTON, Va. -- More than 150 Mars atmosphere experts from the U.S., Canada and Europe will be in Williamsburg, Va., for a NASA sponsored workshop.
NASA's Langley Research Center in nearby Hampton, Va., will host the four-day workshop, Nov. 10-13, at The Woodlands Hotel and Conference Center in Colonial Williamsburg. The goal of the Third International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations is to bring together experts on the Mars atmosphere and climate system.
Scientific interest in Mars is due in large part to its atmosphere, which has shaped its history and surface. This may have created past climate conditions that were suitable for sustaining surface liquid water and possibly life. The study of the Martian atmosphere and comparing its meteorology or weather conditions to Earth's is also of great interest to scientists who hope to better understand our atmosphere and improve our knowledge of the Martian environment for future robotic and human missions.
The workshop co-organizers and co-chairs are Joel Levine from the NASA Langley science directorate and Francois Forget from the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, France. Workshop sponsors are the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston; the Centre National d'Etudies Spatial (the French space agency); and NASA's Mars Exploration Program and the Mars Program Office at the Jet Propulsion.
The Williamsburg workshop is the first time that this meeting will take place in the U.S. The previous two meetings took place in Europe. More than 130 talks and poster presentations will be presented at the workshop.
Details about the Third International Workshop on the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observations, including the full program and abstracts, may be found on the workshop web site:
NASA news releases are available automatically by sending an e-mail message to _EMAIL_ with the word "subscribe" in the subject line. You will receive an e-mail asking you to visit a link to confirm the action. To unsubscribe, send an e-mail message to _EMAIL_ with the word "unsubscribe" in the subject line.
- end -


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Premium Prestashop Template
The main symptoms of Fusarium are green patches between 12 and 15 cm in diameter that can increase up to 90 to 200 cm and change color to look like dried grass straw. The shape of the spots on the law
The Rhizoctoniais a fungus that affects the lawn and its main symptoms are: presence of brown spots, circular and small (up to 40 cm in diameter).
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The cotton leafworm is a very common lawn pest.
Bananas trees in your garden are losing leaves and one can see very small bothersome insects? This is that the trees are suffering from the sycamore lace bug.


Create an Implicit Primitive
Create simple geometric shapes that can be used for repetitive tasks or combined into more complex shapes. Implicit primitives include a cuboid, cylinder, and sphere.
Each primitive type has controllable position, orientation, and dimension.
 1. On the Implicit Modeling ribbon, select the Primitives tool.
 2. Optional: For Visualization Quality, select from Low to Very High quality, which corresponds to a low to very high density of elements that are used to sample the underlying field of the primitive shapes. A higher quality produces sharper geometry features but is more computationally intensive. When creating a complicated function, it's recommended to work using a lower quality and then switch to a higher quality after the function is complete.
 3. In the guide panel, select a shape:
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 4. By default, you can move the primitive using the graphic manipulators in the modeling window. To move the primitive by entering values, turn on Manual Entry, and then define the x-, y-, and z-coordinates of the origin. The x-, y-, and z-coordinates can be variable driven or constant.
 5. If you selected Cuboid, to make a cube, turn on Uniform.
 6. Adjust the dimensions, which can be constant values or variables.
 7. Click OK.


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The LabCom _USER_, Laboratoire pour l'Insertion des Energies Nouvelles et l'Optimisation des Réseaux, is a joint laboratory funded by the ANR bringing together the LIAS laboratory and the distribution network operator SRD, the 5th largest electricity distribution network operator in France.
SRD develops, operates, maintains and modernises nearly 12,000 km of electricity network and nearly 150,000 delivery points in the Vienne department, and manages the associated data.
For several years, the growth of the ENR production park has been rapid and sustained: the installed capacity on the SRD network, which manages and operates the electricity networks of 244 communes in the Vienne department, increased from 119 MegaWatt (MW) at the end of 2014 to 340 MW at the end of 2020. That same year, the energy produced locally and injected into the SRD network represented 55% of the energy consumed in the same territory.
LabCom's research is divided into four areas of research:
- optimisation of the distribution of electrical flows,
- estimation and forecasting of consumption and ENR production,
- study of the impact of new uses,
- industrialisation of the tool combining the contributions of the three previous axes.


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Why is Colditz so famous?
The current situation
Description of the Castle
Getting to Colditz
About this Website
British Declaration of War
Help to support this website
Return to main Index
Post-War history and the current situation at Colditz.
After the end of the Second World War, Colditz town and Castle found themselves located in the Eastern Zone of Germany; for those readers who are too young to remember the division of Germany, it was also known as the German Democratic Republic or DDR, or simply as East Germany. This part of the country was under the rule of what was called the 'Eastern Bloc', countries under Communist control and effectively overseen by the Soviet Union.
The world-view of the ruling powers at that time [read: the Soviets] was such that they wanted to demolish both Colditz Castle and the nearby Podelwitz Castle, because they were symbols of a more 'decadent' era or some similar Communist excuse (such excuse probably also including the cliche word 'bourgeoise'). However the two castles were saved from this fate, but only because Podelwitz Castle was being used to house orphans and other homeless children, and Colditz Castle was being used as a hospital. The Castle, although still being used as a hospital, was allowed to fall into a state of general disrepair, and up until recently was actually quite dilapidated. [This lack of maintenance was not unusual in Eastern Bloc countries and evidence of this kind of neglect is still visible in parts across the former East Germany to this day]. Furthermore, Allied prisoners of war [POWs] had supposedly introduced several forms of slow damage-inducing pests into the Castle timbers, such as dry rot and woodworm; these too would have to be treated in any refurbishment project.
Nowadays, the Castle is owned and maintained by the local government of the State of Saxony - sort of like a county council in the UK. Under their aegis, part of the former Kommandantur buildings have been converted into a modern Youth Hostel, stripping out all of the former rooms and completely renovating that part of the Castle. None of the original character of the rooms has been preserved, if indeed any of the original rooms in the Youth Hostel area have been preserved at all. However, parts of the Kommandantur are still as they were during the War, especially the buildings on the South side of the outer courtyard. The external building that housed the Married Quarters during the War [at the Eastern end of the dry moat] has been demolished; this was historically important as it was the scene of both successful and unsuccessful escape attempts. Other buildings, such as the former German kitchens and store rooms in the Kommandantur courtyard, and the lower buildings which were situated along the'seam' at the south side of the inner [prisoners'] courtyard have been demolished. These were the buildings that constituted parts of the Canteen, the Evidenz Zimmer [interview room] and part of the prisoners' kitchen. Many of these buildings had to be taken down because they had become unsafe. Oddly, the Castle holds little interest for most of the local people; quite understandably, they would like to see the money spent on local facilities. This seems unfortunately to be a carry-over of attitude from that of the Eastern Bloc era, but surely the money brought in by an influx of tourists would rejuvenate Colditz's economy?
Colditz town itself is a beautiful, quiet town of great character. The locals are friendly and understanding about tourists tramping all over the place. I was surprised to note that only 15-20 percent or the people speak English; perhaps this is another legacy of the Eastern Bloc era. One of the nicest people of the local populace that I met was a council worker chap who was most helpful and spoke wonderful English, telling us that the Park was going to close at six o'clock and he didn't want us to get locked in. [Not that that event would keep the British in of course!] In any event, the town is clean and well looked-after; there is very little trouble and best of all there are no Chavs. At all. Anywhere. Not even at night. The buildings are mainly well-kept and painted nicely. However, there are a few derelict buildings too; these are houses vacated by the 2,000 or so people who have left the town over the last five years. The biggest problem is chronic unemployment, last quoted to me as being at the 40 percent level. We already have seen that the tourist industry could indeed revitalise the economy; Colditz is hardly a ghost town but it does need a bit of a boost in my opinion!
There has been, in recent years, an extensive programme of renovation in progress at the Castle, which at the time of writing is still in progress. The Castle has been re-roofed, many of the old chimneys have been removed, and the most obvious thing is that most of the buildings have been repainted in white with the corner stonework picked out in cream paint. Although the Castle no longer looks as grim as it did when it was that dirty brown colour in some of the older photos, I do appreciate that if you want a building to stay standing, you do need to repaint it every so often!
The big tragedy about the renovations, however, is the eradication of much that is of historical importance. Please allow me to explain. Most of the tourists that go to Colditz Castle are British or Commonwealth. They are there for the World War Two POW history stuff. It's almost as if, as has been said elsewhere, a part of Britain is'marooned' in Saxony. It's almost as if the British feel that they 'own' it; it's such a part of our national heritage and of our history. Because of this, and in order to maintain greater interest for British visitors, the POW-era features need to be retained in the Castle as far as possible. However, the renovation program, if it goes ahead as planned, will eradicate much of the historically important material in the interests of good intentions. I can understand what the Saxony authorities want to do, but I [and many other of my Colditz-interested friends] would like to see the preservation of the historically important areas and the opening up of more areas to controlled public viewing. For more details on the situation, see Gavin Worrell's page about the Colditz Preservation Trust here.
Recently, the access to 'extra' [normally 'off-limits'] places to visit during the guided tours has been curtailed by the Saxony authorities. Interestingly, the Castle tour guides are in something of a difficult position; although they are employed by Saxony, they understand as well as we do the sheer passion and interest that the British visitors have. They know that we would like to see more of the Castle but they are hamstrung by restrictions placed on them by Saxony. I got the distinct impression that the tour guide staff are genuinely proud of their Castle and would like nothing better than to show all the areas that we want to see. Unfortunately, at the time of my visit, the privilege of visiting the Theatre, as an 'extra' to the usual tour, had been suspended, seemingly in'reprisal' for some recent events involving British visitors, although the official line is to deny this. To me, that rings 65-year-old bells in my mind, since the Theatre was available for viewing, before that event, if you asked nicely... Anyway, it appears that access to the glider loft has also ceased - and it is clear that it is not the fault of the Tour Guides at all. However, the guided tour is still a fascinating experience and is really excellent. We got to see the Chapel, the wine cellar where the Chapel Tunnel began, and the West Terrace too. Certain rooms are always open, such as a good part of the Saalhaus [theatre block], which is open for general wandering around up to the first floor level, the Dentist's rooms and 'Prominente' cells [now with museum-style displays], and the Park is sometimes open too. Access to the Guard House is also available as that's where the escape museum is now housed.
However, the awful fact remains that we are in great danger of losing much of the irreplaceable heritage contained in Colditz Castle, which would be a colossal shame in anyone's book. This is one of the reasons I am doing this website - to raise awareness of the plight of Colditz Castle. I would suggest that if you yourself feel strongly about these issues, then please do take a look at the Colditz Preservation Society at Gavin Worrell's site. The former concentration camp at Auschwitz is, quite rightly, designated as a UN world heritage site with over 1 million visitors a year; the grounds and buildings have all been preserved for future generations. Even the remains of the gas chambers which the Nazis tried to destroy in early 1945 are still there; whereas Colditz is fighting for survival. Colditz was a symbol of the struggle against insurmountable odds agains the same evil that created Auschwitz; it is only right that this legacy too is preserved for the future.
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1 finding aid(s) found containing the word(s) Illinois. Supreme Court.
 1. John Dean Caton papers, _PHONE_
 9,500 items ; 33 containers ; 13.2 linear feet. -- Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
 Businessman and jurist. Correspondence, speeches, writings, legal records, financial records, a scrapbook, printed matter, and other material documenting mainly Caton's activities as a lawyer and businessman in Chicago and as associate and chief justice of the supreme court of Illinois.


text: The European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) is an important endemic disease in Europe which causes in both, the Mediterranean countries and Central Europe serious damage. Its pathogen is the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum'. The treatment and healing of the diseased trees and plantations with chemicals do not promise success. Thus, prevention may be the only solution. The transmission and spread of the pathogen happen by infected propagation material (grafting) or a vector (the psyllid, Cacopsylla pruni). Mechanism of the pathogen's transmission and population dynamics of the vector have been extensively investigated in several European countries, which may allow by the control of C. pruni even to hold back the disease. Diseased stone fruit trees and wild Prunus spp. as main host species play an important role in maintaining and spreading the pathogen. C. pruni collects the pathogen by feeding on these plants and it carries persistently 'Ca. P prunorum'. Researchers in Hungary have been characterized the disease only in terms of plant pathology, but neither the significance of the vector nor the role of wild Prunus spp. have been studied. This summary intends to give clues to these researches, that not only axe and saw should be the instruments of national control, but knowing the role and population dynamics of the vector the stone fruit production should be more successful.


Are valuable British tourists on the way?
If the British start travelling overseas this summer, they could provide quite a springboard for Icelandic tourism. In 2019, nearly one of every eight foreign tourists in Iceland was from the UK. British tourists have smoothed out seasonal fluctuations in the tourism sector and tend to spend freely, although their stays are brief.
Yesterday the UK government introduced a dated plan for the relaxation of public health restrictions in England. Although the plan applies to England alone, other parts of the UK – Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – are likely to follow suit. The part of the plan that probably has the strongest short-run impact on the Icelandic economy centres on travel, with restrictions on international travel set to be eased significantly in mid-May, although the British prime minister stressed that the relaxation would be based on "data, not dates".
The COVID-19 pandemic has been receding rapidly in the UK recently, and inoculation efforts are proceeding apace. As of yesterday, over one-fourth of all Britons had received at least one shot. The share who have been fully inoculated is much smaller, however, at around 1%, as the UK is taking a different path than most other countries that have begun inoculating in earnest. By way of comparison, just over 3% of Icelanders have been fully inoculated, and about 5% have received at least one shot.
Booking engines rebooted
As the BBC reported on its website, the British public have welcomed the news about easing of restrictions, responding with a surge of bookings through UK travel agencies. It is worth remembering, however, that even if the UK authorities ease their own border restrictions, the question of how easily British travellers can enter other countries remains unanswered. The UK is no longer a member of the European Union (EU), of course, and unlike Iceland, it has never been part of the Schengen Area, which provides for open borders within Europe. As a result, it is not covered by the EU's harmonised travel guidelines and the guidance issued by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, on which the colour-coding scheme for COVID risk is based. Even so, we think it likely that both sides will exert significant pressure to grease the wheels of travel between the UK and other European countries over the course of this year, and we in Iceland will reap the benefits of Schengen participation and EEA membership in this respect.
The importance of British tourists
The recent reports from the UK are good news for the Icelandic tourism industry, irrespective of the aforementioned uncertainties. Although surveys taken in our key market areas suggest that appetite for travel is still strong and that European people are generally willing to make travel plans at much shorter notice than before, there has been little solid information on when such travel can resume with minimal inconvenience at national borders. The news from the UK shows that greater certainty about the border situation encourages many would-be travellers to go ahead and book trips abroad.
But how much could this easing in the UK affect tourism in Iceland?
According to data from the Icelandic Tourist Board, some 262,000 British tourists visited Iceland in 2019, or just over 13% of the total for the year. Only the US, at 23%, accounted for a larger share of visitors in 2019. The UK percentage rose steadily in the early part of the 2010s but then tapered off as the number of travellers from North America and Asia increased during the years just before the COVID-19 pandemic.
But the importance of British travellers for Iceland's tourism sector is in some respects greater than these numbers suggest. For instance, British visitors bought some 16% of all hotel bed-nights in domestic hotels in 2019.
In addition, British visitors exhibit different travel patterns and behaviour than travellers from other market areas do. Britons' visits to Iceland have been spread much more evenly over the year, for instance: a full ¾ of their trips to Iceland in 2019 took place outside the peak season; i.e., the first four months and the last three months of the year. Because of this, they play an important role in smoothing out the seasonal peaks and valleys in Icelandic tourism, and they generate off-peak revenues for hotels, restaurants, and recreation providers.
On average, British tourists spend a shorter time in Iceland than others do – 5 nights as opposed to the 6.6-night average for all tourists combined. This shorter stay goes hand-in-hand with the larger share of wintertime trips, as people's free time is generally more limited in the winter, with long weekends often taking the place of stays of a week or more.
Furthermore, Britons have generally spent more per day in Iceland than the average tourist does. In 2018, for example, average spending among British travellers in Iceland came to just over ISK 37,000 per day, and of the countries most heavily represented among visitors to Iceland in recent years, only American and Chinese visitors spent more.
Britons could prove a windfall next winter
In 2019, revenues from foreign tourists totalled ISK 470bn, including an estimated ISK 50bn from British wallets, based on the aforementioned figures on length of stay and daily spending. Thus it is very important for revenues and overall activity in the tourism industry that Britons resume their travel to Iceland sooner rather than later. But it takes two to tango, as the saying goes, and assuming that the UK authorities' plans to ease border restrictions in May actually materialise – which in turn depends on the pandemic itself and the progress made with inoculations in Iceland and abroad – we think there is reason to be optimistic that British tourists will start coming to Iceland in greater numbers later this year. In particular, they could provide a real boost to tourism in Q4/2021 and Q1/2022 if they resume their established winter travel pattern.
One of the main assumptions underlying our recent macroeconomic forecast is that 700,000 tourists will visit Iceland this year. In that forecast, we projected that the Nordic countries and the western part of mainland Europe (Germany, France, etc.) would account for the lion's share of summer visitors but that British tourists would arrive in greater numbers as the year advanced. It could take longer, however, for American and Canadian tourists to arrive, and longer still for visitors from Asia. The latest news from the UK reinforces our opinion. Hopefully, other European countries, as well as the US and Canada, will prepare and publish similar plans in the weeks and months to come, as reducing uncertainty about travel restrictions is exceedingly important for the tourism sector – and, by extension, for the economy as a whole.
Jón Bjarki Bentsson
Chief economist


Trevelyan, George (1795 -1871)
This stamp is found on books still at Nettlecombe Court, and Clements states that it is that of the Reverend George Trevelyan, eldest son of the Venerable George Trevelyan, third son of Sir John Trevelyan, 4th Baronet of Nettlecombe, and Harriet, daughter of Sir Richard Neave 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he matriculated 5 June 1813, age seventeen. He took his B.A. in 1818, and his M.A. in 1820. He became Vicar of Milverton Prima with the chapelry of Langford Budville _PHONE_; Rector of Treborough in Somerset 1828; and Vicar of Stogumber in Somerset from 1821 to 1871, He married, Frances Anne, only daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Lumsden. He died sine prole in 1871. Clements must have had some reason for assigning the stamp specifically to the Reverend George Trevelyan. The stamp appears to be of the seventeenth century, and has only been seen on seventeenth century books. If Clements were mistaken, it would seem to be the stamp of John Trevelyan (d. 1623) High Sheriff of Somerset 16 James I, who rebuilt the mansion house of Nettlecombe. He was the son of John Trevelyan of Trevelyan (d. 1577) and Wilmot, daughter of John Harris of Havne, Serjeant at Law. He married Urith, daughter of Sir John Chichester of Ralegh.
Seat / Residence(s): Nettlecombe Court, Somerset
Stamp(s) Stamp Information
Trevelyan, George (1795 - 1871) (Stamp 1) Title: Trevelyan, George (1795 - 1871) (Stamp 1)
Arms: A demi horse issuant out of waves in base
Crest: Two arms habited embowed holding a bezant [roundel]
Helmet: Esquire
Supporters: Two dolphins
Dimensions (height x width): 82mm x 68mm
Heraldic Charges: arms (2), Heraldic Charges: horse, demi-, Heraldic Charges: roundel, Heraldic Charges: waves


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Voices of the Poor
A multicountry research initiative to understand poverty through the eyes of the poor, the Voices of the Poor project was undertaken to inform the World Bank's activities and the World Development Report 2000/2001. It provides a unique and detailed picture of life of the poor and explains the constraints they face in a way that more traditional survey techniques do not capture well. Each volume demonstrates the importance of voice and power in poor people's definition of poverty. The consultation involved 23 countries, reaching 200 communities and 20,000 people.


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Two-Dimensional Circulation Modeling of the Pamlico River Estuary, North Carolinaby G. L. Giese, Hydrologist; U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, United States,
Jerad D. Bales, Hydrologist; U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
Abstract: A two dimensional, vertically averaged, unsteady flow model was applied to a 50- kilometer reach of the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina. The model computational grid, which consists of about 16,000 square cells, each 200 meters on a side, was developed from more than one million depth soundings. Information from a comprehensive data-collection network, including six water-level stations, six temperature and salinity measurement stations, and one wind measurement station, was used to provide data for boundary conditions and for model calibration. Preliminary model results for this ongoing study were sensitive to the presence of a lateral water-level gradient at the downstream boundary. For the simulation period, water-level oscillations at the downstream boundary were much more important in controlling Pamlico River flows than were local winds blowing over the surface of the estuary. Average absolute differences between observed and simulated water levels at two measurement sites were less than 2 centimeters for the 8-day calibration period.
Subject Headings: Hydrologic models | Water circulation | Two-dimensional models | Rivers and streams | Flow simulation | Flow measurement | River flow | Water flow | Unsteady flow | Estuaries | North Carolina
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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text:
Reducing Installation Costs
When it comes to harnessing solar energy, one of the biggest challenges has been finding an efficient and cost-effective way to install solar panels. Traditional solar panel installation methods often require the use of ballasts, which are weights used to secure the panels to the roof. However, this method can be labor-intensive and expensive. Luckily, non-ballasted solar panel systems offer a solution to this problem, reducing installation costs significantly.
Non-ballasted solar panels are designed to be installed directly onto the roof surface without the need for additional weights or supports. This eliminates the time-consuming process of placing and securing ballasts, resulting in a faster and more streamlined installation process. Additionally, without the need for ballasts, there is less equipment required, further reducing costs.
Minimizing Roof Load
Another advantage of non-ballasted solar panel systems is their ability to minimize roof load. Ballasted solar panels can add a significant amount of weight to a roof, which can put stress on the structure and potentially lead to damage over time. On the other hand, non-ballasted solar panels distribute the load more evenly across the roof surface, reducing the strain on the structure.
This reduction in roof load can be particularly beneficial for buildings with flat roofs that may not have been initially designed to support the weight of traditional ballasted solar panel systems. By opting for non-ballasted panels, building owners can avoid the need for costly structural modifications or reinforcements.
Non-ballasted solar panels offer a sleek and streamlined appearance that can enhance the overall aesthetics of a building. Unlike traditional ballasted systems, which require visible ballasts to secure the panels, non-ballasted panels lay flush against the roof surface, creating a seamless and visually appealing look.
This aesthetic improvement is particularly important for residential or commercial properties looking to maintain a clean and modern appearance. By opting for non-ballasted solar panels, building owners can seamlessly integrate solar energy into their design without compromising on style.
When it comes to durability, non-ballasted solar panels have a clear advantage over their traditional counterparts. Ballasted systems, with their additional weights and supports, can be more prone to damage from wind uplift, punctures, or other external factors.
Non-ballasted solar panels, on the other hand, are typically secured directly to the roof surface using specialized mounting systems. This eliminates the risk of ballast displacement or damage, resulting in a more durable and long-lasting solar panel system.
Faster Maintenance and Repair
In the event that maintenance or repairs are required, non-ballasted solar panel systems offer a faster and more convenient solution. With traditional ballasted systems, the removal and replacement of the ballasts can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
Non-ballasted solar panels, on the other hand, can be easily accessed and serviced without the need for extensive disassembly. This means that repairs can be completed more efficiently, minimizing downtime and reducing any potential disruptions to the building's energy production.
In conclusion, the installation of non-ballasted solar panels on flat roofs offers numerous benefits. From cost savings to improved aesthetics and enhanced durability, non-ballasted systems provide a practical and efficient solution for harnessing solar energy. As solar technology continues to advance, non-ballasted systems are likely to become even more prevalent, further driving the adoption of renewable energy sources. Want to dive deeper into the topic? Check out this interesting source, external material we've put together for you.
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Flinders University researchers and volunteers confirm there are just 38 fairy penguins left on SA's Granite Island
- From: The Advertiser
- October 21, 2013
THE number of fairy penguins on Granite Island is slowly but surely improving, according to a new count conducted today.
Flinders University researchers and volunteers, who conducted the census on the south coast island off Victor Harbor, say there are now a total of 38 penguins living on the island, up from 26 last year.
While the numbers have steadily improved, they are dramatically down from the more than 1500 penguins that inhabited the island in 2001.
Dr Dianne Colombelli-Negrel, of Flinders University's School of Biological Sciences, headed the census funded by the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources.
"What we're thinking is the numbers are stabilising," she said. "What we're counting is the number of active burrows - every burrow we count for two penguins (but) we need to make sure there are actually penguins in the burrows."
Her team will be back on the island next week to microchip the penguins and determine what stage of breeding they are at.
She said she believed there was a combination of factors why numbers were so low.
"(They have) predators on land like dogs and cats ... and fur seals," she said.
"It could be malnutrition if they don't have... enough food. There's also a possibility that they're going somewhere else ... a lot of penguins from Kangaroo Island have been found on Phillip Island."
Since 2011, Natural Resources Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges coast and marine manager Tony Flaherty said they had received $400,000 in funding for various conservation projects for the penguins.
He said they needed to figure out why and how the numbers were declining before they could introduce a possible breeding program on the island.
"If you do something to reintroduce penguins (now) … you are just going to be releasing animals back into a situation where they may continue to decline," he said.


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Ampt infiltration option in GSSHA [Downer, 2002; GSSHAWIKI (2011), _URL_, accessed 29 August 2011] was used to simulate infiltration in the Dead Run catchment.
 Channel cross sections were simulated as trapezoidal, and were generally assumed to increase in size in the flow direction. We did not use detailed cross-section surveys. Rather, areal photographs were used to estimate channel bottom widths. Trapezoidal cross sections had 2:1 (H:V) side slopes and bottom widths varied from 8 m in first order channels to 12 m at the watershed outlet.
2.7. Model Calibration
 Ordinarily, calibration uniqueness in distributed-parameter physics-based hydrologic models is enhanced by calibration on an extended period of record with continuous soil moisture accounting [Javier et al., 2007], which improves the ability of a model such as GSSHA to better simulate a range of event magnitudes [Senarath et al., 2000]. In urbanized catchments, calculation of evapotranspiration is complicated by uncertain aerodynamic roughness, radiation shading, irrigation, etc. However, in the case of moderate to extreme rainfall events, model sensitivity to heterogeneous parameters is diminished [Ogden and Julien, 1993], which enables use of event-based calibration [Ogden et al., 2000].
 Calibration of the GSSHA model in urbanized catchments is simplified by assignment of soils and hydraulic parameters based on a land-use index, which limits the number of parameter values that must be estimated. Parameter values were adjusted manually to achieve an acceptable fit to the observed hydrograph, with parameter values bounded by physical understanding and our experience with the model. The existence of physical limits on parameter values is one of the strengths of the physics-based approach, which significantly reduces uncertainty in parameter values.
Table 1 lists the parameters used to simulate infiltration in vegetated areas using the multilayered Green and Ampt infiltration scheme in GSSHA. Note that not all parameters listed in Table 1 were calibrated. In fact, soil hydraulic parameter calibration was limited to a total of five parameters, namely three values of saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the thickness of the upper two soil layers. Initial soil moistures were estimated for each of the three soil layers in vegetated areas based on cumulative rainfall 7 days prior to the event before manual calibration of the soil parameters.
Table 1. Parameter Values for the Multilayered Green and Ampt Infiltration Scheme in the GSSHA Model for Simulating Infiltration in Grass/Woodlands Areas
Indicates calibrated parameter.
Indicates literature or otherwise assigned value based on modeler experience.
 Roughness coefficients influence overland and channel flow travel times. Literature values were applied without calibration. Overland flow Manning's roughness coefficients used were: 0.16 for vegetated areas, 0.014 for rooftops, roadways, and parking lots. The Manning roughness coefficient for all channel segments was set equal to 0.035, which is representative of clean and winding channels [Chow et al., 1988]. The Manning roughness coefficient of subsurface storm drains was assumed constant and uniform, equal to 0.024. The retention depth for all land uses was assumed to be 5 mm. Rainfall interception was neglected.
 The calibrated outflow hydrograph for Hurricane Isabel (18–19 September 2003) was compared to the observed discharge at the basin outlet as displayed in Figure 2(a). The model Nash-Sutcliffe [Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970] efficiency for this calibration event was 91% with subsurface storm drainage included, and 89% without. Figure 2(a) also shows the hydrograph predicted by the calibrated model with the storm-drain simulator de-activated, as well as the flows from the storm drainage network to the channels when activated.
2.8. Calibration Verification
 The extreme thunderstorm of 7 July 2004, was simulated with GSSHA to verify the model calibration for an extreme event. The hydrograph for the calibration verification simulation is shown in Figure 2(b). It is important to note that the model parameters used in this verification were the same as those identified through model calibration. Initial soil moisture for grass/woodlands soils were increased as shown in Table 1 because the preceding 7 days saw a number of rain storms. Calculation of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency was not possible because there is no complete observed hydrograph for this event. The GSSHA simulated peak discharge with subsurface storm drainage was 247 m3 s−1, which is essentially the same as the indirect peak discharge measurement by the U.S. Geological Survey. This result indicates that our calibration is plausible, but does not demonstrate that it is unique. However, for GSSHA and similar models, the model sensitivity to parameter uncertainty diminishes as event magnitude increases [Senarath et al. 2000], which provides confidence that errors in the parameter set will not significantly effect the conclusions in this paper.
2.9. Generation of Channel Networks
 The distributed GSSHA model allows simulation of different channel networks to evaluate their relative hydrologic response. To test the effect of channel dendritic structure we used the drainage density Dd, which is defined as the length of channel per unit watershed area (km km−2), and the width function W(s), which is defined as the number of channel segments at a given distance s from the watershed outlet. A flow segment was defined as a 10 m length of either channel of subsurface storm drain.
 The TOPAZ program [Garbrecht and Martz 1993] running as part of the watershed modeling system (WMS) [Nelson 2001] model interface by Aquaveo LLC was used to generate different drainage networks based upon a flow accumulation threshold parameter. Given an input threshold value, TOPAZ identified channel locations, and the WMS interface was used to generate stream arcs for input to the GSSHA model. Figure 3 shows four idealized channel drainage networks generated applying TOPAZ that have drainage densities of 0.4, 0.9, 1.9, and 3.9 km km−2. The width functions for these four different channel networks are shown in Figure 4. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) shows two other channel networks with identical drainage density equal to 1.5 km km−2 that were developed to test the effect of the width function on hydrologic response. The width functions for these two networks are shown in Figure 6.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes in Impervious Area
 The effect of impervious area was examined by simulating the calibration and verification storms with three different realizations of watershed imperviousness: actual conditions (34% impervious), roof tops only (11% impervious), and no impervious areas. Removed impervious areas were assumed to have the same soil hydraulic properties as the grass/woodlands shown on Figure 1(b) and in Table 1. The resulting hydrographs are shown in Figures 7(a) and 7(b) for the Hurricane Isabel and 7 July 2004, extreme storm, respectively.
 The results in Figure 7 show that the magnitude of the storm changes the effect of impervious area on the runoff hydrograph. The respective peak flows, runoff volumes, and runoff efficiencies for these three different degrees of imperviousness for both storms are listed in Table 2. In the case of the moderately extreme Hurricane Isabel, both peak flows and runoff ratios increase significantly with increases in imperviousness. The effect of imperviousness on peak discharge is much more pronounced in the first peak of the Hurricane Isabel runoff hydrograph. The second peak is much less sensitive to the degree of imperviousness, due to the decrease in soil infiltration capacity during the second pulse of intense rainfall.
Table 2. Results of Simulations With Variable Degrees of Imperviousness
 However, in the case of the extreme storm of 7 July 2004, imperviousness was observed to have a less pronounced effect on runoff volume and runoff generation efficiency. Increasing the impervious area from 0% to 11% and 0% to 34% of the watershed area increased the runoff volume and runoff production efficiency only 2.2% and 3.4%, respectively. This result supports the hypothesis by Leopold that the most infrequent floods occur under conditions that are not appreciably affected by imperviousness of the basin. This is particularly true when the rainfall intensity greatly exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil, which was clearly the case during the storm of 7 July 2004. That said, the peak flow was found to be sensitive to impervious area during this event, increasing from 188 to 212 and 247 m3 s−1 as impervious area increased from none to 11% and 34% of the catchment area. This represents increases in peak discharge of 16% and 31%. Clearly in the case of extreme events on Dead Run, peak discharge remains sensitive to impervious areas. This finding is contradictory to Leopold .
 Compared with the calibration event, results in Table 2 show that the runoff efficiencies for the fully impervious case during the 7 July 2004, event is very high, 88% versus 55% for Hurricane Isabel. For the hurricane event, runoff efficiency increased substantially from 32% to 55% with the addition of 34.4% impervious area. For the verification event, the runoff production efficiency increases only from 82% to 88% for the same scenario. For this extreme event the amount of rainfall overwhelmed the soil infiltration capacity. For comparison, the


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Authors: Aneta Karasek
Addresses: Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Abstract: Enterprises can influence and shape the behaviour of individuals in order to boost the innovativeness of the enterprise by applying HRM practices. The objective of the study is to identify relations between the application of a coherent bundle of HRM practices and internal sources of innovation, effectiveness of the individual phases of the innovative process, and the novelty scale of the innovation. The study was conducted among 92 innovative enterprises in Poland. The study is based upon an original bundle of HRM practices in six HRM areas significant for an innovative enterprise. The results show that there are relationships between the bundle of HRM practices and the innovativeness of an enterprise viewed in three aspects. Therefore, this article contributes to theory by original complementary approach to HRM practices and innovativeness of the enterprises. Analysis of the study resulted in a broad set of managerial implications of usage of HRM practices.
Keywords: innovativeness; HRM practices; innovative enterprise; employee behaviour; Polish enterprises; innovation; internal sources of innovation; effectiveness of the innovation process; novelty of innovation; knowledge management; organisational learning; value creation.
International Journal of Innovation and Learning, 2020 Vol.28 No.1, pp.98 - 118
Received: 13 Dec 2018
Accepted: 11 Apr 2019
Published online: 14 Jul 2020 *


:23:20 2020-02-21T11:23:20 99 105 Uptake copper Clarias gariepinus haematology histopathology Flora Eyibio Olaifa true 1 AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Pharmacological studies (Analgesic and Hemolytic) on the cone snail venom Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791 The venom of the cone snails has a rich source of novel peptides with pharmaceutical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the hemolytic, and analgesic effects of Conus coronatus venom. Samples were collected from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. The venom ducts were isolated and kept on ice then homogenized. The mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was considered as a crude venom. The hemolytic activity was performed on human red blood cell and purification was carried out by using gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-25. The analgesic effect was evaluated via intraperitoneally (IP) injection in mice. Finally, the molecular weight of the analgesic fractions was determined by using Tricine-SDS-PAGE. Results showed that the crude venom exhibited no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes and the purify fraction number C2 with dose 0/5 mg/kg showed the best analgesic activity in both acute and inflammatory pain and exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic effect (P<0.05) containing peptides with the molecular weight less than 6.5 kDa. The venom of the C. coronatus from the Persian Gulf contains an analgesic component for relieving acute and inflammatory pain with a small size and no toxicity which can lead to finding a new analgesic drug. _URL_ 2018-04-01T11:23:20 2020-02-21T11:23:20 106 111 Analgesic Hemolytic Venom Conotoxin Halimeh Rajabi true 1 AUTHOR Hossein Zolgharnein true 2 AUTHOR Mohammad Taghi Ronagh true 3 AUTHOR Ahmad Savari true 4 AUTHOR Alireza Amuzandeh true 5 AUTHOR Nabi Jomehzadeh true 6 AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Temporal variation in reproductive pattern of windowpane oyster Placuna placenta (Mollusca: Placunidae) from Sonmiani, Balochistan, Pakistan Windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta from Sonmiani on the coast of Pakistan was studied. They are pearl producing oysters well-known in south Asia. The sex-ratio in this species was found to be close to 1:1 Mendelian ratio with number of females being slightly greater than males. No sexually undifferentiated and hermaphrodite oyster was found. Five stages of gametogensis, developing, ripe, partially spawned, spent and resorbing were identified in male and female oysters. Spawning in males and females was observed throughout the year with peak in spring and autumn and a brief resting period in winter. Gonad index in males was 1 to 5, whereas, in females ranked 1 to 4. This value was never ranked 5 in females as continuous spawning occurred throughout the year except December. _URL_ 2018-04-01T11:23:20 2020-02-21T11:23:20 112 119 Windowpane oyster northern Arabian Sea gametogenesis spawning season Sadat Parveen true 1 AUTHOR Ghazala Siddiqui true 2 AUTHOR Safia Hassan true 3 AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Growth and response of Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, towards treated quail dung _URL_ 2018-04-01T11:23:20 2020-02-21T11:23:20 120 121 Seong Wei Lee true 1 AUTHOR Faiz Anizam Azree true 2 AUTHOR Ramli Zharif true 3 AUTHOR Yusoff Akrimah true 4 AUTHOR Eh Rak Aweng true 5 AUTHOR


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Use the computer without the mouse or keyboard
Windows has two features to help you use the computer without using a mouse or keyboard: Speech Recognition (you can use voice commands to work with Windows) and On-Screen Keyboard (you can enter text by selecting characters on the screen).
You can turn on or adjust settings for these features on the Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard page in the Ease of Access Center.
Open the Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard page by clicking the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking Ease of Access, clicking Ease of Access Center, and then clicking Use the computer without a mouse or keyboard.
Select the options that you want to use:
Use On-Screen Keyboard. This option sets On-Screen Keyboard to run when you log on to Windows. On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. You can select keys using the mouse or another pointing device, or you can use keys on the standard keyboard. For more information about using On-Screen Keyboard, see Type without using the keyboard (On-Screen Keyboard).
Use Speech Recognition. Use this option to control the computer with your voice. With a microphone, you can speak commands that the computer will understand and respond to, as well as dictate text. For more information about setting up Speech Recognition, see Set up Speech Recognition.


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Professor Havighurst exhaustively explores the antitrust implications of fee, utilization, and quality-oriented peer review. He places such activity first in a theoretical context and then in an historical context that shows why peer review merits particular antitrust attention. He suggests the defending peer review on the same public-interest grounds as are used in defense of the actions of public regulatory bodies is conceptually mistaken. A more appropriate defense, he says, would be that properly conducted peer review-- which eschews coercion, performs an advisory function, and leaves to others the decision whether to act on its advice-- actually enhances competition in the consumer's interest. Contrary to numerous contemporary commentators, he argues that special antitrust exemptions for peer-review bodies are not only unncecessary, but would be counterproductive to the continued evolution of sound antitrust principles. Professor Havighurst addresses the effects of peer review on both its professional sponsors and third parties. He concludes the when it does not adversely affect judicial scrutiny. Such a result would reinforce the notion that antitrust law should protect competition, not competitors.
Clark C. Havighurst, Professional Peer Review and the Antitrust Laws, 36 Case Western Reserve Law Review _PHONE_ (1985)


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Blegoš, at 1563 m high, represents the highest peak of the Škofja Loka Hills. Here the upper border of the forest is extremely low, hardly reaching a height of 1500 m. Blegoš is well known for its fauna and flora.
A carpet of rhododendrons spreads above the forest, where in between clustered bunches of mountain knapweed grow, and mountain orchids thrive on the grassy turf. There are so many that Blegoš could be called the mountain of orchids. The concrete fortifications of the Rupnik line at the top of Blegoš date back to before the Second World War. At that time Blegoš was one of the major strongholds in the military system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against Italy.