text:
The word millet often serves as a collective noun. These tiny cereals - powerhouse of fibre, protein, vitamins and minerals, though indigenous worldwide, being cultivated for more than 7000 years, regained their lost glory in the recent times – all thanks to healthy eating.
Millets unlike quinoa, oats are not a fad of modern times. They have always been around for human consumption but faded away in our country slowly after the advent of world cuisines that gained popularity in no time.
In India, there are five types of millets which are considered staple – Jowar or Sorghum, Ragi or Finger Millet, Korra or Foxtail Millet, Sama or Little Millet and Kodo or Arke Millet. While all millets compete at an equal stage when it comes to nutritional content, there are many variations in terms of other components. In many of our earlier articles, we discussed extensively about millets and this one is dedicated to Kodo millet.
What Is Kodo Millet?
Kodo, Koda or Arke millet that goes with the botanical name Paspalum scrobiculatum is a drought-tolerant annual plant that is cultivated extensively in India, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia and West Africa. Kodo millet grass reaches up to four feet tall, sporting slender leaves at 20 to 40 cm in length requiring very little water to grow. When harvested the seeds are ellipsoidal in shape, tiny at 1.5mm in width and 2mm in length, colour varying between light brown to dark grey.
Kodo millet is also known as cow grass, rice grass, ditch millet, Indian cow grass. It is called as Kodo dhana in Hindi, Arikalu in Telugu, Varagu in Tamil, Kodro in Gujarati, Harka in Kannada, Kodon in Urdu.
Nutritional Value in Kodo Millet:
Kodo millet is repository of nutrients, a great substitute for rice and wheat. With a whopping 11% protein for every 100 grams, it is also a rich source of fibre at 10 grams, 66.6 grams of carbohydrates, 353kcal, 3.6 grams of fat, besides impressive presence of calcium, iron, polyphenols and various other nutrients. (Source: Wikipedia)
Kodo Millet in Ayurveda:
Ancient Indian medicine ayurveda classifies Kodo millet as langhana, which means bringing lightness to the body and is included under the category of Trina Dhanya Varga – (grains that are produced by grass like plants). It is termed as a wholesome food, prized for its medicinal, therapeutic and culinary properties and is recommended for diabetics, to beat fatigue, heal wounds faster. Being cold in nature, it increases vata dosha but balances issues caused due to kapha and pitta doshas.
Benefits of Kodo Millet:
If you are a diabetic, it's time to switch over to millets. Bring in kodo millets in your regular diet plan for averting those sudden spikes in the levels of blood sugar and also to elevate the levels of insulin. According to studies, Kodo millet significantly reduces glycated haemoglobin levels, triggers production of liver glycogen, stimulating instant levels of energy in diabetics.
Fights Chronic Ailments:
Kodo millets are an impressive source of powerful antioxidants. The phenolic extracts in this tiny millet reduce LDL or bad cholesterol, keep heart healthy, bring down blood pressure levels and prevent various other chronic conditions. These antioxidants also act against free radicals causing damage to the cells, tissues thus preventing various types of cancers.
Aids in Weight Loss:
Millets of all kinds top the list of those hoping to lose those extra kilos. Kodo, a great alternative for rice and wheat serves the purpose, as it triggers metabolic activity, fights against metabolic syndrome especially in the adolescent boys and girls thus aiding in shedding that stubborn fat in and around the waist, abdomen and hips.
Cardiovascular problems are the major cause of fatalities around the world. A healthy diet, means healthy heart and it's time to bring in millets. Regular consumption of Kodo millets not only keeps this vital organ healthy but also brings down the levels of bad cholesterol, regulate blood pressure, fight anxiety and keep you happy, all thanks to the presence of protein, dietary fibre and antioxidants.
Kodo millet is a time tested home remedy for healing external wounds. Mix one spoon of fresh Kodo millet flour with water and apply it on the affected area on the skin to alleviate pain and also to accelerate the process of healing.
Is Ragi and Kodo Same?
Ragi and Kodo though millets are not the same. However, these both varieties are gluten free, rich in fibre, they belong to different species. While it is easy to cook ragi and Kodo needs to be soaked for couple of hours for better digestion.
Is Kodo Millet Better Than Rice?
Both Kodo millet and rice come with equal amount of nutrients. White rice is a good source of instant energy, carbohydrates, calcium, iron, thiamine, folate and Vitamin E. Kodo millets offer an impressive amount of protein, dietary fibre, good fats, calcium, iron.
While rice is easily digestible, Kodo millets being on low glycemic index are highly recommended for those with diabetics. Both are equally beneficial and cooked in different ways. Make it a point to include both rice and Kodo millets in right amounts for enjoying overall health benefits.
How To Cook Kodo Millet?
Millets are a tad hard to cook and would require exact amount of water to achieve that grainy texture.
1 cup Kodo millet
4 cups of water
Wash Kodo millet thoroughly and soak it in water for 2 hours
In a pan bring 4 cups of water to boil, add drained millets to it
Cook it on high flame for 5 minutes, reduce the heat and let it simmer for another 5 minutes
Turn off the heat and fluff it with a fork for that grainy texture
Kodo Millet Recipes:
Kodo Millet Pulao:
1 cup kodo millet
2 carrots, chopped carrot
1 potato, cut into small pieces
10 beans, chopped
1 big onion, thinly sliced
½ green capsicum, chopped
1 bunch of mint leaves
1 inch ginger
3 garlic cloves
2 long green chillis
¼ bunch coriander leaves
1 tej patta
½ tsp cumin
½ tsp garam masala
½ tsp turmeric
3 tsp oil
Salt to taste
Soak kodo millet for 2 hours in water, set it aside
In a mixer, grind mint, coriander, ginger, garlic, chillis, cloves in to a fine paste, by adding very little water
Take a deep bottom vessel, add oil. Sauté onion till it turns translucent. Add cumin, tej patta, chopped vegetables, salt, garam masala, turmeric powder and give it a good stir
Add mint, coriander paste. Fry till it turns aromatic
Add water, bring it to boil. Stir in kodo millet and cook it on high flame for 5 minutes
Reduce the heat and let it cook for another 5 minutes. Serve hot with raita
Kodo millet is loaded with protein, dietary fibre and has an exceptional amount of antioxidants that help in fighting various chronic diseases. It is ideal for those fighting diabetes and on a weight loss diet. Adding vegetables like carrots, potatoes, beans, capsicum increases the nutritional value of this dish as they offer an array of vitamins including Vitamins A, B, C, zinc, potassium, manganese, phosphorous besides copious amounts of fibre. Mint, coriander aid in good digestion, while garlic, cumin, flush out toxins in the system. Eating it along with curd raita leaves a cooling effect on the stomach.
1 cup kodo millet
¼ cup whole urad dal
½ tsp fenugreek seeds
2 tbsps poha or beaten rice
Salt as per taste
Wash kodo millet, urad dal. Soak it in water along with fenugreek seeds and poha for 6 hours
Grind it by adding right amount of water into smooth paste
Transfer it to a container, add salt and let it ferment overnight
Heat an iron tawa, rub oil on it. Pour a ladle full of batter and gently spread it into a dosa
Roast it on both sides and serve it with chutney
Kodo or Arke millet is your best breakfast choice, as it keeps you satiated for a long time, prevents sudden spike of blood sugars and keeps you active. Urad dal too is loaded with protein, fibre rich and an amazing source of phosphorous for strengthening muscles and bones. Fenugreek not only adds crisp texture to your dosa but makes it healthier and ideal for diabetics to consume. Include it in your breakfast menu regularly, for staying healthy.
Kodo millets are very safe to consume, but can turn poisonous if infested with fungal species called Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamarii, as they release a toxic substance called cyclopiazonic acid. This can result in severe diarrhea, nausea, unconsciousness. Avoid consuming these millets if you are having constipation as it may aggravate the problem. Make sure to clean it


Long Integer type values. Here, we are not going to bother about what is Long Integer or Short Integer and their range of values that we can store in them, etc.
Next line Apple_Box1 = 10, value 10 is stored in Apple_Box1.
The next three lines are remarks explaining what we are doing in the next line.
We are calling Test_1B() Function and passing the value of Apple_Box1 to the function to do something with the value received in a Variable (ByVal Apple_Box2). The ByVal before Apple_Box2 given in Test_1B() function states that take a copy of the value from Apple_Box1. The 'As Long' appearing after the closing parenthesis indicates that the second function does some calculations with the received value and returns the result to the first function. The new value received is stored in ApplesReceived Variable.
Next line MsgBox() function displays the Apple_Box1 contents and the result value (after modification done to the original copy of value) received from Test_1B() function.
The Test_1B Function.
Public Function Test_1B(ByVal Apple_Box2 As Long) As Long
'Take Note of the Key-Word 'ByVal' (says take a Copy of the Passed Value)
'Return the value back into the first function Test_1A
'After adding 15 to the original value of 10
'copied into Apple_Box2
Test_1B = Apple_Box2 + 15
End Function
There is only one executable statement in the above function. Immediately after the function definition four lines of remarks indicating what happens in the function.
We will take a closer look at the next line of the statement. This statement has two parts – the first part appears left of the = sign and the second part is on the right side of the equal sign.
In this expression, the left side of the equal sign will be a Variable or a Function name. By now you will be asking yourself as to why a function name there. That will be explained in a moment.
The computer always evaluates the expression given at the right side of the equal sign first and arrives at a single value and moves that result in the Variable given at the left side of the equal sign. Any existing value in the variable will be lost. You can write that expression in two lines to arrive at the same result as below:
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
Test_1B = Apple_Box2
In the first expression, you can see that we have used the Apple_Box2 variable to the left side and right side of the = sign. As I said earlier the expression at the right side of the equal sign is evaluated first. So it takes the existing value of 10 from Apple_Box2 for calculations and Adds 15 to it, arriving at the single result value of 25, and moves that value into Variable Apple_Box2, replacing earlier value 10.
If the Function name (the function name given at the first line of Code) appears at the left side of equal sign then the meaning of the statement is that the final result of the expression must be returned to the Calling Function. Here, the Function Name acts as a Variable with the Data Type (As Long) specified immediately after the closing brackets on the first line.
This function name appears on the calling statement in the calling function to the right side of the = sign and a Variable Name on the left side of the = sign that saves the received result value (ApplesReceived = Test_1B(Apple_Box1).
Method-2 Examples:
In this method, we have defined only one variable Apple_Box1 as Long Integer Type. In the next line, the Variable is loaded with an initial value of 10. The next two lines are remarks explaining what is happening in the next line that calls the second function Test_1D().
Compare this statement with the statement that calls Test_1B. Unlike the statement that calls Test_1B() the Function Name Test_1D and the function parameter, Variable Apple_Box1 only appear here. The opening and closing brackets are omitted from the function name. The parameter variable is the second item. Test_1D() function is not returning any value back into the calling function Test_1C. Therefore we don't need to write this line of code in the form of an expression as we did in Test_1A Function. But, you cannot write the statement as:
Once we use the parenthesis (normally used with the function name) around the parameter variable then VBA assumes that some value is returned from the called function and you are forced to write it like we did it in Function Test_1A:
x = Test_1D(Apple_Box1) 'Expression
'OR use Call statement
Call Test_1D(Apple_Box1)
There will not be any value in the variable x because no value is returned from the called function.
If you feel comfortable with this method then you may do so. You will be defining one more variable for this purpose and your program takes up more memory.
The usage of the Call statement requires the parenthesis around the parameter variable. If no parameters to pass to the called function even then you should use the opening and closing parenthesis at the end of Function Name like Call Test_1D().
When control returns from Test_1D() the next line displays the changed value in Apple_Box1 Variable.
Public Function Test_1C()
Dim Apple_Box1 As Long
'put 10 into Variable
Apple_Box1 = 10
'here Test_1D function takes the
'location address of Apple_Box1
Test_1D Apple_Box1 'compare this statement with Test_1A function
End Function
Test_1D() function takes the location address of the parameter variable passed to it. It works directly with the value stored in the variable Apple_Box1's own location.
Public Function Test_1D(ByRef Apple_Box2 As Long)
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
End Function
 Test_1D() takes the location address (this is the memory location number of the variable) of variable Apple_Box1 into variable Apple_Box2, defined in the parameter area of Test_1D() function.
Now, look at the expression:
Apple_Box2 = Apple_Box2 + 15
Apple_Box2 contains the location address, not the contents of the Apple_Box1 variable. But, no need to make any change in the expression to do any kind of calculations. The computer uses the location address to pick the value from there and use the value in calculations.
Even though we have used ByRef to the Parameter Variable, to accept the location address of the variable passed to it (always a number irrespective of different variable types), the rest of the parameter definition is like any other variable with variable Type (as Long) specification. Compare Test_1D() function definition with the Test_1B(). Test_1D doesn't have the As Long at the end of the line because it is not returning any value from the function but it changes the original value at its location directly.
You may omit the usage ByRef from the Function declaration. By default, VBA assumes that the Function Parameter declaration is ByRef (By Reference) if you have not explicitly defined the parameter as ByVal like:
Public Function Test_1D(Apple_Box2 As Long)
Each Variable Type, like Byte, Integer, Long (integer), Double, String, etc. gets allocated with enough memory cells, besides its own address, to hold their maximum range of values. This is different among Programming Languages: VBA, C, C++, C#, etc.
In Conclusion.
We don't have to bother about going too deep into all those things but it does no harm to have a basic understanding of them.
If you get in touch with the C language and its variants, like the examples given above, you need to deal with these things, sooner or later.
Our discussion here was on a single variable and it's value. How we can work with an Array of Variables and Values. We will explore its methods in the coming weeks.
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01 Ottobre 2021 - 14:30 / 16:00
Luiss Research Seminars, Luiss
Speaker: Heeyoung Yoon , New York University - Stern School of Business
As firms strategically extend assortments to satisfy heterogeneous consumer preferences, consumers are more likely to encounter items that they personally find unappealing. In this research, we find that, although adding unattractive items to an assortment does not affect actual consumption, people erroneously believe that this addition will negatively affect their experience, reducing both their enjoyment and the amount they will consume. We propose that this erroneous prediction derives from two mechanisms. First, whereas consumption decisions focus on the items being consumed, predictions tend to take the entire assortment into account, including the unattractive items (i.e., predictions are more holistic). Second, consumers believe that considering the unattractive items will reduce how much they will enjoy the attractive items (i.e., consumers intuit hedonic assimilation). As a result, we find that consumers expect they will enjoy the extended assortment less, will consume fewer items from it, are willing to pay less for it, and are more likely to trade it. However, the negative effect of the additional unattractive items can be eliminated when predictions are made for individual items (countering holistic processing) or when consumers cannot consume the unattractive items (countering imagined hedonic assimilation).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Document Type
Article
Abstract
We propose a mathematical programming methodology for identifying and examining regression rules extracted from layered feed-forward neural networks. The area depicted in the rule premise covers a convex polyhedron in the input space, and the adopted approximation function for the output value is a multivariate polynomial function of x, the outside stimulus input. The mathematical programming analysis, instead of a data analysis, is proposed for identifying the convex polyhedron associated with each rule. Moreover, the mathematical programming analysis is proposed for examining the extracted rules to explore features. An implementation test on bond pricing rule extraction lends support to the proposed methodology.
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Model
 {
 Message = landingPage.LandingPageContent.FirstOrDefault()?.LandingContentMessage
 };
 }
}
Define a page template controller
This quickstart guide shows an approach to querying content item data that is valid for Xperience by Kentico 28.3.1 and older versions. We will update the guides to reflect improvements in content API released in 28.4.0.
In the meantime, you can read about the changes in the Xperience changelog or dive into retrieving content to see how the new mapping works.
Page templates automatically use a ComponentViewModel object as a model. This is useful for accessing any page template properties you may have set up, but adds an extra step to accessing content item data.
In this section, you will create a controller that allows you to pass your own view model to the page template, and retrieve that view model from the template's view.
 1. Create a new class called LandingPageController in the Features/LandingPages folder.
 2. Define an asynchronous Index action for the controller, which returns a TemplateResult object.
 LandingPageController.cs

 TrainingGuides.Web.Features.LandingPages;

 public class LandingPageController : Controller
 {
 public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
 {
 return new TemplateResult(model);
 }
 }

 3. Retrieve the current LandingPage content item using Content item query. To retrieve a web page content item, use its asynchronous method, GetWebPageResult which requires two parameters (you will define them in the next steps):
 - A query builder object that defines the query parameters.
 - A result selector function that maps the results into a collection of pages.
 4. Pass a LandingPageViewModel object to the TemplateResult constructor, using the GetViewModel method defined in the view model above.
 LandingPageController.cs

 ...
 public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
 {
 IEnumerable<LandingPage> pages = await contentQueryExecutor.GetWebPageResult(builder, container => webPageQueryResultMapper.Map<LandingPage>(container));

 var model = LandingPageViewModel.GetViewModel(pages.FirstOrDefault());
 return new TemplateResult(model);
 }
 ...

 5. Define contentQueryExecutor and webPageQueryResultMapper, as private variables and populate them using constructor injection.
 LandingPageController.cs

 ...
 private readonly IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor;
 private readonly IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper;

 public LandingPageController(
 IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor,
 IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper)
 {
 this.contentQueryExecutor = contentQueryExecutor;
 this.webPageQueryResultMapper = webPageQueryResultMapper;

 }
 ...

 6. Create the ContentItemQueryBuilder object as the last piece of the puzzle:
 LandingPageController.cs

 ...
 public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
 {
 var context = webPageDataContextRetriever.Retrieve();
 var builder = new ContentItemQueryBuilder()
 .ForContentType(
 LandingPage.CONTENT_TYPE_NAME,
 config => config
 .Where(where => where.WhereEquals(nameof(WebPageFields.WebPageItemID), context.WebPage.WebPageItemID))
 .WithLinkedItems(1)
 .ForWebsite(webSiteChannelContext.WebsiteChannelName)
 )
 .InLanguage(preferredLanguageRetriever.Get());

 IEnumerable<LandingPage> pages = await contentQueryExecutor.GetWebPageResult(builder, container => webPageQueryResultMapper.Map<LandingPage>(container));

 var model = LandingPageViewModel.GetViewModel(pages.FirstOrDefault());
 return new TemplateResult(model);
 }
 ...

 Content query API
 Learn more about content query API and best practices for retrieving content items in Xperience by Kentico on our Retrieve content items documentation page.
 7. Define the missing private properties webPageDataContextRetriever, webSiteChannelContext and preferredLanguageRetriever. Populate them through the constructor injection.
 LandingPageController.cs

 ...
 private readonly IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor;
 private readonly IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper;
 private readonly IWebPageDataContextRetriever webPageDataContextRetriever;
 private readonly IWebsiteChannelContext webSiteChannelContext;
 private readonly IPreferredLanguageRetriever preferredLanguageRetriever;

 public LandingPageController(
 IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor,
 IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper,
 IWebPageDataContextRetriever webPageDataContextRetriever,
 IWebsiteChannelContext webSiteChannelContext,
 IPreferredLanguageRetriever preferredLanguageRetriever)
 {
 this.contentQueryExecutor = contentQueryExecutor;
 this.webPageQueryResultMapper = webPageQueryResultMapper;
 this.webPageDataContextRetriever = webPageDataContextRetriever;
 this.webSiteChannelContext = webSiteChannelContext;
 this.preferredLanguageRetriever = preferredLanguageRetriever;
 }
 ...

 8. Add the RegisterWebPageRoute assembly attribute so that Xperience uses this controller for any Landing page requests.
 LandingPageController.cs

 [assembly: RegisterWebPageRoute(
 contentTypeName: LandingPage.CONTENT_TYPE_NAME,
 controllerType: typeof(TrainingGuides.Web.Features.LandingPages.LandingPageController))]

 9. Below is the completed LandingPageController.cs, including all necessary using directives for your reference:
 LandingPageController.cs

 using CMS.ContentEngine;
 using CMS.Websites.Routing;
 using Kentico.Content.Web.Mvc;
 using Kentico.Content.Web.Mvc.Routing;
 using Kentico.PageBuilder.Web.Mvc.PageTemplates;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 using TrainingGuides;

 [assembly: RegisterWebPageRoute(
 contentTypeName: LandingPage.CONTENT_TYPE_NAME,
 controllerType: typeof(TrainingGuides.Web.Features.LandingPages.LandingPageController))]

 namespace TrainingGuides.Web.Features.LandingPages;
 public class LandingPageController : Controller
 {
 private readonly IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor;
 private readonly IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper;
 private readonly IWebPageDataContextRetriever webPageDataContextRetriever;
 private readonly IWebsiteChannelContext webSiteChannelContext;
 private readonly IPreferredLanguageRetriever preferredLanguageRetriever;

 public LandingPageController(
 IContentQueryExecutor contentQueryExecutor,
 IWebPageQueryResultMapper webPageQueryResultMapper,
 IWebPageDataContextRetriever webPageDataContextRetriever,
 IWebsiteChannelContext webSiteChannelContext,
 IPreferredLanguageRetriever preferredLanguageRetriever)
 {
 this.contentQueryExecutor = contentQueryExecutor;
 this.webPageQueryResultMapper = webPageQueryResultMapper;
 this.webPageDataContextRetriever = webPageDataContextRetriever;
 this.webSiteChannelContext = webSiteChannelContext;
 this.preferredLanguageRetriever = preferredLanguageRetriever;
 }

 public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
 {
 var context = webPageDataContextRetriever.Retrieve();
 var builder = new ContentItemQueryBuilder()
 .ForContentType(
 LandingPage.CONTENT_TYPE_NAME,
 config => config
 .Where(where => where.WhereEquals(nameof(WebPageFields.WebPageItemID), context.WebPage.WebPageIte


From Encyclopedia of Scientonomy
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Accept the definition of compatibility, as the ability of two elements to coexist in the same mosaic. Also replace the zeroth law with the compatibility corollary.
The modification was suggested to Scientonomy community by Patrick Fraser and Ameer Sarwar on 28 January 2018.1 The modification was accepted on 3 June 2020.
The current zeroth law of scientific change is problematic in many respects. First, it pertains only to epistemic elements that are part of the mosaic, and says nothing about the compatibility of elements outside the mosaic. In addition, unlike the other accepted laws of scientific change, it attempts to explain the process of scientific change from a static perspective that deals with the state of the scientific mosaic at some particular point in time, rather than a dynamic perspective that describes the actual mechanics of the process of scientific change. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the current zeroth law is tautological, as it pretty much restates what is implicit in our notion of compatibility. While there is currently no explicitly accepted definition of compatibility, it can roughly be explicated as the ability of two elements to coexist within a particular mosaic. If this is what we currently mean by compatibility, then the formulation of the current zeroth law is a direct consequence of it, which means that the law lacks empirical content. For all these reasons, a series of modifications are necessary, including the replacement of the zeroth law with a new definition of compatibility, and the compatibility corollary, which collectively preserve the gist of the current zeroth law.
Theories To Accept
Compatibility (Fraser-Sarwar-2018).png
Compatibility Corollary (Fraser-Sarwar-2018).png
Theories To Reject
Questions Answered
This modification attempts to answer the following question(s):
The modification was accepted on 3 June 2020. While the modification induced a few comments on the encyclopedia, it became accepted as a result of discussions that took place mostly offline. It was agreed that the modification "comes to remedy one of the glaring omissions" in the current zeroth which doesn't "say much above and beyond what is already implicit in the notion of compatibility"c1 as it "is lacking in empirical content, and should be replaced with a definition of compatibility".c2 It was also noted that the proposed "definition of compatibility criteria... captures the gist of the concept as it has been used in our community".c3 It was also agreed that "the compatibility corollary follows from this definition".c4 c5 Finally, the community accepted that the definition and the corollary "recover the content of the Zeroth Law".c6
Click on the Discussion tab for comments.
 1. ^ Fraser, Patrick and Sarwar, Ameer. (2018) A Compatibility Law and the Classification of Theory Change. Scientonomy 2, 67-82. Retrieved from


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Computer Science Network (CSNet)
What Does Computer Science Network (CSNet) Mean?
The Computer Science Network (CSNet) is a now-defunct computer network designed to extend networking benefits to universities and institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET. CSNet was funded by the National Science Foundation from its inception in 1981 until 1984.
CSNet was a major milestone in providing access to national networking, which contributed to the development of the Internet. In 1991, the establishment of regional networks rendered CSNet redundant and the project was shut down.
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CSNet began by connecting just a few institutions, but eventually expanded to connect more than 180 institutions worldwide. CSNet was founded to create a network that would be open to all computer researchers in the United States. This was to be supported by their payment of fixed annual dues and usage fees. CSNet was initially made up of three subnets: ARPANET, Telenet and Phonenet.
The CSNET project had three primary components: email relay, name service and TCP/IP-over-X.25 tunnelling technology. Users initially accessed CSNet via email relaying, through specific gateways, over dial-up, or X.29/X.25 terminal emulation. CSNet later added TCP/IP.
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text:
Young students are invited to explore the field of science and technology through real-life situations that have an impact on their daily lives. By following Waterphil and Conservictor and replicating their actions in the lab, students will see the significant differences between responsible water use and wasteful use. Includes a pairing activity, hands-on activities in the AquaLab and a rally in our permanent exhibit.
Schedule and Duration
The activity takes place every day, Monday to Friday. The Aquaconserv activity lasts for 2 hours. It takes place at the C.I.EAU.
Maximum of 60 students divided into two groups.
The C.I.EAU can accommodate up to 60 children simultaneously for this activity. Two groups are formed and directed towards two different sub-activities. Halfway through, the groups are switched so that all the students experience both the simulations and the activities at the AquaLab.
Rate for the Aquaconserv activity
$225 per group (non-taxable)
Liens avec le Programme de
Formation de l'École Québécoise
Chaque animation du C.I.EAU est développée dans le but d'inculquer des notions pédagogiques
du Programme de Formation de l'École Québécoise. Téléchargez le document ci-dessous afin de prendre connaissance des concepts traités dans l'animation « Compareau ».

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Hawaii FAC Assignments
Pre-Program Assignments
Greetings Facilitators, We are looking forward to an exciting Playshop of facilitating rhythm and community. Here are your assignments, should you choose to do them. They are optional, but doing them will augment the Playshop's activities for you. I look forward to sharing our knowledge and spirit with each other when we meet in the circle. Get plenty of sleep before the program starts.
See you there!... Arthur
The following are the Playshop assignments for reading, writing and drum circle lists...
Reading Assignment
READ the book: Drum Circle Facilitation – Building Community Through Rhythm by Arthur Hull. Pay special attention to Chapters 4, 5, and 9.
Writing Assignment
All of the following writing assignments are due at the beginning of the program and will be shared with the group unless you put the word "Private" on the top of each page submitted.
 1. Write a one-page biographical essay with a photo of you attached to it.
 2. Do the 'Mission Statement' writing assignment on page 78 of the book: Drum Circle Facilitation. This should be one-page long and handed in at the start of the Playshop.
 If you are not yet facilitating rhythm-based events, then skip the following writing assignments. If you are currently facilitating rhythm-based events:
 3. Write one-page or less on the subject "my best drum circle" using the critique technique on page 108 of the book. Include your biggest learning.
 4. Write one-page or less on the subject "my worst drum circle" using the critique technique on page 108 of the book. Include your biggest learning.
By doing these assignments, you will turn your training into a launch pad for community service through rhythm...
Drum Circle List Assignment
SUBSCRIBE to the list and "learn" (read without responding) for a day or two. This will help you get in touch with the vast international facilitators' community.
To join the International Drum Circle List, email a blank message to:
Percussion Equipment
BRING a bell, a shaker, and a wood block or clave. Bring other "sound" percussion if you have them (Tibetan bells, rain sticks, gong, ankle bells, etc.).
BRING at least one drum. Bring more than one type of drum if possible. Example: one large hand drum like a Djembe, Conga, or Ashiko, and one small drum such as a Talking drum, bongo, or dun beck. We also will need Dun Duns, surdos, and base drums.
Please let us know in advance if you need a drum. We only have a few we can provide.
For the Closing Ceremony
STRING... Please bring 3 feet of colored string, or ribbon for the closing ceremonies, "thicker than thread but thinner than rope". As you select your string, imagine it being connected to all of the other facilitators' intentions and work in our drumming community as we continue to serve our growing "rhythmaculture".


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CTSA: introduction: computer system
A computer system called the Company Tax System or COTAX supports CTSA.
- continues the support previously provided by the CTPF system for CTPF accounting periods,
- provides equivalent support for CTSA,
- has a built-in system of Help, Instructions and Training (HINT), which includes an Online Company Tax Manual (COM)
- like the other Revenue national systems, is managed by the Department in partnership with EDS.
If an office that does not have access to COTAX needs such access it should raise thematter, in the first instance, with the CT help desk (This content has been withheld because of exemptions in the Freedom of Information Act 2000).


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Scale Finder & Common Keys Finder
Two simple apps for Mac that I made for my students to find notes of a scale or find common notes between two scales. First steps for the algorithmic composition with Max/MSP. :)
Scale Finder: App that helps you to find notes of every scale you want.
Common Notes Finder: App that helps you find common notes between two scale. Useful when you try to find two similar scales for modulation, without many knowledges of music harmony.


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As a Building Consultant, you will be responsible for inspecting and reporting on building related matters, undertake and/or co-ordinate forensic investigations, provide detailed scope of works and cost estimates, obtain and review tenders, and manage various projects.
- Conduct field investigations involving all types of structures and construction problems including residential, commercial and industrial properties
- Determine of the cause, origin, and extent of structural failures, water intrusions, construction defects and building system failures
- Assignments may include foundation settlement investigations, structural assessments, site evaluations, sub-surface investigations, vibration analysis and other building related issues
- Analyse failures in buildings and other infrastructure systems by conducting site visits and applying building principles and practices in accordance with codes and industry standards
- Conduct unbiased investigations for various types of clients
- Prepare written reports that document causes of failure, extent of loss, and recommended remediation.
- Maintain professional and technical knowledge by attending educational workshops, seminars and reviewing professional publications.
- You are a self-driven enthusiastic individual who is a problem solver by nature
- You'll also be a people person and have the ability to demonstrate a caring, empathetic and positive outlook. In addition, you will be thorough, analytical and be able to make rational decisions in a fast-paced environment and be happy to always go the extra mile


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Kaizen's Industrial Enclosures
Industrial enclosures or industrial partition is a generally used technical term which is used to define a closed engineering structure or separation for a particular area specifically designed and built for the purpose of reduction, minimization or attenuation of noise and heat generated by the machineries or equipment's. Industrial enclosure is the most suitable solution to meet all storage requirement in an industry and also to monitor the day to day activities going on in the manufacturing plant. Kaizen Airtech solutions is the leading manufacturer & supplier of Industrial enclosures and partitions caters various industries for their diverse industrial requirements.
Insulated enclosures to protect machineries & equipment's from heat :
Modular enclosures are made up of individual panels that can be removed easily to facilitate access to enclosed machinery and equipment. They can even be completely disassembled and relocated in a different area of a facility—all without loss.
Dust Proof Enclosures :
Kaizen Airtech solutions provide dust proof, hygiene enclosure according required cleanliness. We have done many projects in cleanroom to control cleanliness and parameters such as temperatures and humidity at required level for various cleanroom classes.
Acoustic Enclosures :
Individual standard panels can be used as sound barriers in various interior and exterior scenarios. Outdoor applications include placement around:
Fabricated Enclosures :
There are a number of different types of commercial and industrial enclosures that can be fabricated and manufactured from metals.
Freestanding Enclosures :
Modular wall systems and support columns, it is easy to create all types of freestanding rooms and walls. These cost-effective structures utilize less material as they require no roof/with roof and can utilize lighting, fire suppression and HVAC service from the existing building.
Negative Pressure Isolation Room :
Negative pressure isolation rooms, airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR) are used by patients for hospitals and medical centres to prevent cross-contaminations and airborne infections from spreading throughout the facility.
These rooms are commonly recommended by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to help protect the public from diseases and infections that spread easily like tuberculosis, measles, and the coronavirus (COVID-19).


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Returns the natural logarithm of a number. Natural logarithms are based on the constant e (2.71828182845904).
Number is the positive real number for which you want the natural logarithm.
LN is the inverse of the EXP function.
The example may be easier to understand if you copy it to a blank worksheet.
How to copy an example
- Create a blank workbook or worksheet.
- Select the example in the Help topic.
Note Do not select the row or column headers.
Selecting an example from Help
- Press CTRL+C.
- In the worksheet, select cell A1, and press CTRL+V.
- To switch between viewing the results and viewing the formulas that return the results, press CTRL+' (grave accent), or on the Formulas tab, in the Formula Auditing group, click the Show Formulas button.
||Natural logarithm of 86 (4.454347)
||Natural logarithm of the value of the constant e (1)
||Natural logarithm of e raised to the power of 3 (3)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Among its innovations, Object Matrix is showing its Process in Place (PiP) content-aware feature that aims to reduce the processing needed to index and access content.
In addition to demonstrating PiP, Object Matrix is launching its new management API software, which enables access to audit and monitoring information. It's also featuring Trashcan, which works like the trashcan on a PC, meaning that when content is accidentally deleted it can be stored on the system and recovered instead of being removed entirely.
Nicholas Pearce-Tomenius, sales and marketing director, Object Matrix, said: "We are noticing the rapid increasing of file sizes and the number of platforms for content provision. The constant changing of distribution methods means that it's more important than ever for broadcasters to be able to easily access their content and be sure that it won't be damaged or lost."


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1 Dec 2010
Instructional Poster for "Dynamo" c. 1929-30
Pencil, watercolour and black ink on paper, 33.5 by 46.5 cm
The design of visual propaganda for the young Land of the Soviets was an important, indeed the paramount occupation for all Soviet artists. It was usually top-class, fully-trained professionals who were accepted to work on visual aids in the military and sports areas. Many of these also achieved success with their easel works and participated in art exhibitions across the country. Such was the outstanding Leningrad master Vladimir Lebedev who, as is well known, received commissions from the Dynamo sports society in 1929 and 1930. It was for this organisation that the artist created the instructional poster now on offer.
The main requirement of a mass teaching aid of this kind is a thorough knowledge of military subjects and a detailed, delicate draughtsmanship, facilitating speedy and accurate teaching. The Red Army soldiers in Lebedev's poster are painted in watercolour. Each "pin-point" touch of the brush recreates details of the clothes, of the figures' bulk, their weapons and even the basics of handling the weapons, easily understood thanks to the use of bodily gesture. Such filigree perfection and finish would be the envy of any disciple of Filonov. This unique work not only demonstrates the highly developed graphic culture of Vladimir Lebedev, his capability as a draughtsman and watercolourist, but is also a valuable document of its time.
Notes on symbols:
* Indicates 5% Import Duty Charge applies.
Ω Indicates 20% Import Duty Charge applies.
§ Indicates Artist's Resale Right applies.
† Indicates Standard VAT scheme applies, and the rate of 20% VAT will be charged on both hammer price and premium.


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This is a video of Slavonian grebes fishing in the USA.
From the RSPB in Britain:
New research is hoping to shed light on the lives of one of Scotland's most mysterious birds. The Slavonian Grebe only began breeding in the UK in 1908; its population today remains restricted to northern Scotland where latest counts have shown only 22 breeding pairs remain, the lowest level since monitoring records began. As it is a relative newcomer to the country, many aspects of the bird's behaviour remain unclear but conservationists are hoping further study will identify what may be driving a decline in numbers.
New study reveals Slavonian grebes' breeding must-haves: here.
California's Mono Lake, stopover spot for half the population of eared grebes: here.


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But over the years this rock has sustained some damage from tourists covering it with chalk to photograph the glyphs to a large crack developing near its center.
Jackson County officials have decided to develop a conservation plan to help preserve this piece of Cherokee history. In early October county commissioners hired Stratum Unlimited in Georgia to develop a plan of action to prevent further damage.
Archeologists will discuss their plan later this month with commissioners, said Jackson County Manager Ken Westmoreland.
Preserving Judaculla Rock is not only important to the Eastern Band, but also to area residents. Anne Rogers, professor of anthropology at Western Carolina University, has used the rock as a teaching tool for her students.
"It's part of Cherokee's history, and we need to be aware that we live in the Cherokee's homeland," Rogers said. "It's just been exposed to all the elements for many years."
The petroglyphs carved onto Judaculla Rock are images that are tough to decipher. Squiggly lines and circles could represent a serpent or bird but only a few know the true meaning.
"For us they are tough to decipher but for many Cherokee they still have meaning," said Scott Ashcraft, U.S. Forest Service archeologist in Asheville and director of North Carolina Rock Art Survey. Ashecroft has been studying Judaculla Rock since the early 1990s and could be considered a local expert
Ashcraft has seen the negative environmental impacts first hand. Over the last 15 to 20 years sediment has been burying the rock, he said. About half of the rock is hidden from view now, beneath the soil that has settled around it.
The rock was probably once used as a ceremonial place for shamans, said Ashcraft. This idea emerged after Ashcraft photographed the rock at night by the light of a fire that made the glyphs come to life.
"It was a pretty powerful situation for anybody, even during prehistoric time," he recalled of his experience that night.
Judaculla was a giant the roamed around the mountains protecting the plants and animals. The markings on the rock were left by Judaculla before he left this world, said Tom Belt, a Cherokee language professor at Western Carolina University. Some believe that the symbols are ways for us to communicate with plants and animals, he explained.
Belt also says that the site was used by shamans.
"For Cherokees these were scared things (the rock) and were used for spiritual purposes," he said.
Ashcraft and Belt are excited about the county's conservation plans.
"We need to identify what is wrong and why it's occurring and hopefully phase two of the project will be remedying it," Ashcraft said.
"This site is held in high regard with our people," Belt said. "It's extremely important part of the tribe, the mountains and what the creator gave us. It was part of our concept of place. The marks are very complex and hold an incredible amount of information about the universe as we know it."


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Technologics Development Corp.'s R&D activity is focused on our innovative proprietary GREENX2™ Renewable Energy Technologies and Industrial Computing. Our design philosophy is based on cost effective manufacturing and construction.
Waste to Energy
Current Design Work:
|1,500 Ton Per Day Thermal Depolymerizer|
Thermal depolymerization (TDP) is a depolymerization process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil and methane gas. It mimics the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Under pressure and heat, long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons.
|Industrial Computing Infrastructure|
|Control Systems & Monitoring|
|Software Development & Network Management|


How Zella Got Her Name
Kimberly Maynor
Zella is named after her grandmother, Zenaren Zimmarue Blevins. Zella's mother, Sarahann Susie Sulvanus (spelling? ) Day, was forcibly kidnapped from her mother, Zimmarue, by Catherine'Caty' Harris and Ambrose Day because Zimmarue was a Cherokee. Zella wrote a letter detailing how the Day's plotted the kidnapping since Myron Sulvanus Day, Zella's grandfather, died 3 months before Susie was born. The excuse, they didnt want Susie "raised indian". Zella was given her grandmother's middle name.
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Legendary Army aviator among four to be honored at 51st Annual National Aviation Hall of Fame Ceremony
Tuskegee Airmen mentor, Navy "Top Gun" Shuttle astronaut, civil aviation pioneer among those enshrined at "Oscar Night of Aviation" October 4th in Dayton
(Dayton, Ohio – July 22, 2013) The National Aviation Hall of Fame (NAHF) will soon add more illustrious names to its roster of 215 air and space pioneers previously so honored by the Congressionally chartered organization. Among the four individuals to be inducted on October 4, 2013, is the first Army Aviator to be enshrined into the Hall, retired Major General Patrick H. Brady.
Considered by many to be the top helicopter pilot of the Viet Nam War, Brady is legendary among Army aviation and aerial medevac communities. His 34-year Army career includes flying over 2,500 combat missions as a Dust Off helicopter pilot, saving over 5,000 wounded, and earning the Medal of Honor among his other awards for valor. He also developed foul weather and tactical techniques for air ambulance rescue, none of which had ever been executed in combat before. Serving to present Brady his enshrinement at the ceremony will be his daughter, former Army Captain Meghan Brady Smith.
In addition to Brady, the NAHF Enshrinee Class of 2013 is:
- The late C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson – Widely recognized as "the father of African-American aviation," Anderson helped develop a civilian-pilot training program for blacks in 1940. His 1941 flight with first lady Eleanor Roosevelt aboard was the catalyst that led to the training of the first African American military pilots, the Tuskegee Airmen, for whom Anderson served as chief instructor. Accepting will be Anderson's grand-daughter, Christina Anderson. Presenting will be retired Air Force Colonel and astronaut, Guion S. "Guy" Bluford, Jr.
- Capt. Robert L. "Hoot" Gibson, USN (Ret) – As a Navy fighter pilot, Gibson flew combat in Southeast Asia, graduated from "Top Gun," and served as a flight test pilot before joining NASA's astronaut corps in 1978. He flew five Shuttle missions (four as Commander) and participated on the Challenger accident investigation team. Also an aeronautical engineer, record-setting pilot and air racer, Capt. Gibson has logged over 14,000 hours in over 130 types of aircraft. Accepting will be Capt. Gibson. Presenting will be retired USMC Major General and astronaut, Charles F. Bolden, NASA Administrator.
- The late Dwane L. Wallace, After 41 years with the Cessna Aircraft Company, Wallace retired in 1975 as its Chairman and CEO. During the Depression, Wallace used money won by air racing to meet payroll. After the company served to meet demand for WWII military aircraft, Wallace directed Cessna's development of extensive corporate and general aviation product lines. He was a founder and first chairman of the General Aviation Manufacturers Association. Accepting will be Wallace's daughter, Sarah Bracco. Presenting will be former Cessna CEO, Jack J. Pelton, EAA Chairman of the Board.
The enshrinement dinner and ceremony will take place on Friday, October 4, 2013 at the National Aviation Hall of Fame Learning Center and the adjacent National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. Often referred to as "America's Oscar Night of Aviation," the black-tie dinner and ceremony is open to the public and reservations are available by advance purchase from the NAHF. Patron seats are $150 each and Premium seats are $300 each. Sponsored tables are also available.
The NAHF is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization founded in Dayton in 1962 and chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964. Its mission is to honor America's outstanding air and space pioneers, which it does through a 17,000 square-foot public Learning Center featuring interactive exhibits, a youth education program, its annual enshrinement ceremony, other public outreach programs, and collaboration with like-minded organizations.
For more information or to make reservations visit _URL_ or call _PHONE_.
# # #
Ron Kaplan TEL: _PHONE_
NAHF Enshrinement Director CEL: _PHONE_
Editors – Please note:
- Enshrinee Brady will be featured at EAA AirVenture "Warbirds In Review" at Oshkosh on Saturday, August 3, at 1 PM, with the Army Aviation Heritage Association's restored Bell UH-1 "Huey". Details at _URL_.
- Individual photos of the Enshrinee Class of 2013 are available for download at _URL_ or by calling _PHONE_.


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Получение и применение материалов для цветных дорожных покрытий (обзор)
Materials-science aspects of the development of color road pavement (color asphalt concretes) and marking are considered. Kinds of binders used as a base for color asphalt concretes are characterized; these include dark petroleum bitumens, colorless polymer binders, and biobinders. The main requirements to colorless binders are formulated. The relationship between the composition and physicochemical, mechanical, strength, rheological, and service properties of the materials in question are demonstrated. The main types of road marking materials and their formulations and components are considered. The important trends in the development of road marking materials are a decrease in the content of organic solvents in the formulation and their replacement by biodegradable solvents produced from renewable resources. Much attention is paid to improvement of the visual contrast of the road marking under diff erent weather conditions. High-tech smart and dynamic marking systems are being developed for this purpose.


on the farm, from management to farming, through packaging and security. The amortization period is about four years. Electricity will be produced by photovoltaic panels during the day and, at night, when grid electricity costs essentially less, to save investment costs of batteries.
We will save even more energy in aquaculture and horticulture by using the evaporative cooling of greenhouses also for parts of the intensive aeration energy of fish tanks. The demonstration plant has no connection to the sea. We will recirculate the water from fish tanks after treatment and use it for greenhouse irrigation, as well as recycle the evaporated water. Thus, we will use 80% to 90% less water than conventional greenhouse horticulture, using aquaculture recirculation.
EU Partner Programmes


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Nurses's Bill of Rights
Registered nurses promote and restore health, prevent illness and protect the people entrusted to their care. They work to alleviate the suffering experienced by individuals, families, groups and communities. In so doing, nurses provide services that maintain respect for human dignity and embrace the uniqueness of each patient and the nature of his or her health problems, without restriction with regard to social or economic status. To maximize the contributions nurses make to society, it is necessary to protect the dignity and autonomy of nurses in the workplace. To that end, the following rights must be afforded:
- Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their obligations to society and to those who receive nursing care.
- Nurses have the right to practice in environments that allow them to act in accordance with professional standards and legally authorized scopes of practice.
- Nurses have the right to a work environment that supports and facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code of Ethics for Nurses and its interpretive statements.
- Nurses have the right to freely and openly advocate for themselves and their patients, without fear of retribution.
- Nurses have the right to fair compensation for their work, consistent with their knowledge, experience and professional responsibilities.
- Nurses have the right to a work environment that is safe for themselves and their patients.
- Nurses have the right to negotiate the conditions of their employment, either as individuals or collectively, in all practice settings.
Reference: American Nurses Association


Mohamad Sabbah, Author at The Cardiology Advisor
Mohamad Sabbah
All articles by Mohamad Sabbah
Other Coryneforms
OVERVIEW: What every clinician needs to know Pathogen names and classification Coryneform bacteria are a group of gram-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. The coryneform bacteria include the genera Corynebacterium, Arcanobacterium, Brevibacterium, Dermabacter, Microbacterium, Rothia, Turicella, Arthrobacter, and Oerskovia. They have also been called diphtheroids. Lipophilic Corynebacteria Corynebacterium jeikeium, C.urealyticum, C.afermentans subsp. lipophilum, C.accolens, C.macginleyi,…
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Andrew Barclay - No.2217 'Henry Ellison' - Overhaul
The Association's steam locomotive 'Henry Ellison' No.2217 has been withdrawn from traffic to begin its 10-year overhaul following the expiration of its boiler certificate in September 2022. This is the second steam locomotive that was restored and operated by the Association.
Progress of its overhaul will be documented below.
These small steam locomotives were built at the Caledonia Works, Kilmarnock, of Andrew Barclays and Sons Ltd in Scotland. They are 0-4-0 wheel arrangement saddle tank engines (meaning the water tank is on top and around the boiler).
"2217" spent its working life at the Kilnhurst Tar Works of Yorkshire Tar Distillers near Swinton in Rotherham, a period of some 23 years, before being made redundant about 1970. This locomotive was despatched to store at Tinsley in Sheffield where they were to remain for some 35 years until being acquired on long-term loan by the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway Association, who have restored it.
There are a large number of this type of locomotive in preservation, in particular with the Ayrshire Railway Preservation Society, the Swindon and Cricklade Railway, Bowes Railway, East Anglian Railway Museum, Buckingham Railway Society etc.
In the case of "2217", on arrival, it was in a perfectly filthy condition, as the method of keeping it intact was to pour lorry sump oil on it from time to time. Primitive, but effective. It had (possibly) a black or dark green livery, or that may just be tar. Following the return to traffic after restoration, "Henry Ellison" is mainly used shuttling up and down the 1 in 27 incline to Ravenstor on special events but occasionally forays further down the line too.
Donate to our Locomotive & Carriage Club
£5 - text LCC 5
£10 - text LCC 10
£20 - text LCC 20
Alternatively, to give any other whole amount between £1 and £20 text LCC followed by a space and then the amount you wish to donate to 70085
Texts cost your donation + one standard network rate message.
Download our 'Locomotive & Carriage Club' leaflet 'here'


MiniMax Game Trees
By Eric Suh
The Minimax Game Tree is used for programming computers to play games in which there are two players taking turns to play moves. In the most basic sense, the minimax tree is just a tree of all possible moves. For instance, take a look at the following minimax tree of all the possible first two moves of Tic-Tac-Toe (the tree has been simplified by removing symmetrical positions).
Partial Minimax Game Tree of Tic-Tac-Toe
(Click this thumbnail to get the full-sized picture)
Notice that unlike other trees like binary trees, 2-3 trees, and heap trees, a node in the minimax game tree can have any number of children, depending on the game situation.
The tree above has three levels, but in programming, the levels of a minimax tree are commonly referred to as plies. At each ply, the opportunity to play (the "turn") switches to the other player. The two different players are usually referred to as Max and Min (this convention will be explained shortly).
With a full minimax tree, the computer could look ahead for each move to determine the best possible move. Of course, as you can see in the example diagram, the tree can get very big with only a few moves, and to look even just five moves ahead can quickly overwhelm a simple computer. Thus, for large games like Chess and Go, computer programs are forced to estimate who is winning or losing by sampling just a small portion of the entire tree. Also, programmers have come up with algorithms such as Alpha-Beta pruning, Negascout, and MTD(f) to try to limit the number of nodes the computer must examine.
The minimax game tree, of course, cannot be used very well for games in which the computer cannot see the possible moves. In poker, for instance, the computer will have a very hard time judging what the opponent will do because the computer can't see the opponent's hand. So, minimax game trees can be used best for games in which both players can see the entire game situation. These kinds of games, such as checkers, Othello, chess, and go, are called games of perfect information.
The reason this data structure is named the minimax game tree is because of the logic behind the structure. Let us assign points to the outcome of a game of Tic-Tac-Toe. If X wins, the game situation is given the point value of 1. If O wins, the game has a point value of -1. Now, X will be trying to maximize the point value, while O will be trying to minimize the point value. So, one of the first researchers on the minimax tree decided to name player X as Max and player O as Min. Thus, the entire data structure came to be called the minimax game tree.
Part 2


specified in mathematical notation. Marker symbol rotation is shown in the following illustration:
Simple marker symbol examples are shown in the following illustration:
Arrow marker symbol examples are shown in the following illustration:
Character marker symbol examples are shown in the following illustration:
Picture marker symbol examples are shown in the following illustration:
Multilayer marker symbol examples are shown in the following illustration:
For additional information, see the following topics:
Line symbols
The line symbol objects are shown in the following diagram:
The ILineSymbol interface represents the two properties that all line symbols have in common: Color and Width. ILineSymbol is the primary interface for line symbols, which all inherit the properties and methods of ILineSymbol. The interface has two read and write properties that allow you to get and set the basic properties of any line symbol. The Color property controls the color of the basic line (it does not affect any line decoration that may be present - see the ILineProperties interface) and can be set to any IColor object. The Color property is set to black by default except for SimpleLineSymbol, which has a default of mid-gray. The Width property sets the overall width of a line, and its units are points. For HashLineSymbol, the Width property sets the length of each hash. The default width is one (1) for all line symbols except MarkerLineSymbol, which has a default width of eight (8).
A line symbol represents how a one-dimensional feature or graphic is drawn. Straight lines, polylines, curves, and outlines can all be drawn with a line symbol. Line symbol types are shown in the following graphic:
The width of a line symbol is in printer's points - about 1/72 of an inch. An example of line symbol width is shown in the following illustration:
For additional information, see How to make a cartographic line symbol.
Fill symbols
The fill symbol objects are shown in the following diagram:
Fill symbol types are shown in the following illustration:
The IFillSymbol interface represents the two properties - Color and Outline - that all types of fill symbols have in common.
IFillSymbol, inherited by all the specialist fill symbols in ArcObjects, has two read and write properties. The Color property controls the color of the basic fill - as shown in the following table - and can be set to any IColor object.
The Outline property sets an ILineSymbol object, which is drawn as the outline of the fill symbol. A fill symbol specifies how the area and outline of a polygon is to be drawn. By default, the outline is a solid SimpleLineSymbol, but you can use any type of line symbol as your outline. The outline is centered on the boundary of the feature; therefore, an outline with a width of five (5) will overlap the fill symbol by a visible amount.
For additional information, see the following topics:
Text symbols
The text symbol objects are shown in the following diagram:
The TextSymbol class provides the object that is used to symbolize text in graphic elements, annotation, labels, and so forth. TextSymbol defines more than just a font. Its main interfaces, ITextSymbol, ISimpleTextSymbol, and IFormattedTextSymbol, control how the text appears and how the individual characters are displayed. Extended ASCII characters are supported by TextSymbol.
For additional information, see the following topics:
Chart symbols
3DChartSymbol is an abstraction of the three types of chart symbols. It represents a marker symbol, which can be used by ChartRenderer to symbolize geographical data by multiple attributes. Although it is generally used by ChartRenderer, if all properties are set appropriately, you can also use the symbol as a marker symbol to symbolize an individual feature or element.
IChartSymbol is used to calculate the size of bars or pie slices in a chart symbol. The maximum attribute value that can be represented on the chart is used to scale the other attribute values in a chart. Always set this property when creating a 3DChartSymbol. When creating a ChartRenderer, ensure you have access to the statistics of your feature class - you can use these statistics to set the MaxValue property to the maximum value of the attribute or attributes being rendered. For example, if there are two fields rendered with a chart symbol, one containing attribute values from 0 to 5 and one containing attribute values from 0 to 10, set MaxValue to 10.
The Value property contains an array of values indicating the relative height of each bar or width of each pie slice. If you're using ChartSymbol in ChartRenderer, you do not need to set this property. The value array is populated repeatedly during the draw process by ChartRenderer, using attribute values from specified attribute fields from the FeatureClass class to create a slightly different symbol for each feature. All values are set back to 0 after the draw has completed. To use the symbol independently of ChartRenderer, set the value array with the values you want to use in the bar or pie chart.
For further information see:
Creating custom symbols
Creating other kinds of custom symbols
Sample: Triangle graphic element
Display feedback
The display feedback objects are shown in the following diagram:
The set of objects that implement the IDisplayFeedback interface gives you fine-grained control over customizing the visual feedback when using the mouse to form shapes on the screen display. You can direct the precise visual feedback for tasks, such as adding, moving, or reshaping features or graphic elements. The objects can also be used without creating any features or elements for a task, such as measuring the distance between two points.
Typically, you use the display feedback objects within code that handles the mouse methods of a tool based on the ITool interface, such as OnMouseDown and OnMouseMove. Which mouse method to program depends on the task at hand. For example, when adding a new envelope, program the display feedback objects in the OnMouseDown, OnMouseMove, and OnMouseUp methods. When digitizing a new polygon, program the OnMouseDown, OnMouseMove, and OnDblClick methods. When collecting points with the mouse to pass to the display feedbacks, you can use the ToMapPoint method on IDisplayTransformation to convert the current mouse location from device coordinates to map coordinates.
Although the feedback objects (excluding the GroupFeedback object) all have common functionality, their behavior varies. These variations can be divided as follows:
 - Feedback objects that return a new geometry. The interfaces for these objects have a Stop method that returns the new geometry. These objects are as follows:
 - Feedback objects that are for display purposes only. You must calculate the new geometry. For example, you can use the start and end mouse locations to calculate the delta x and delta y shifts, then you can update or create the geometry from this information. These feedback objects are as follows:
 The objects are used in applications to allow graphic elements to be digitized and modified within the map (data view) and layout (layout view) and are also used by the ArcMap feature editing tools. Some of the feedback objects have a Constraint property that determines how the feedback behaves. These constraints can specify, for example, that ResizeEnvelopeFeedback maintains the aspect ratio of the input envelope. The details of these constraints are given with the individual feedbacks. The display feedback objects also provide some of the base functionality for the rubber band objects. Use the rubber band objects first if they suit your requirements; select the display feedback objects for greater control over the user interface (UI) when modifying graphics or features. This greater control comes at the cost of additional code.
 IDisplayFeedback is used to define the common operations on the display feedback objects. These include moving, symbolizing, and refreshing the display feedback objects as well as setting the Display property (for example, setting it to IActiveView.ScreenDisplay). IDisplayFeedback is useful only in combination with one of the display feedback objects and its derived interfaces - for example, the NewPolygonFeedback object and its INewPolygonFeedback interface. Nearly all of the display feedback interfaces employ interface inheritance from IDisplayFeedback; hence, there is no need to use caching to access its methods and properties.
 Typically, the Display and Symbol properties would be set when a display feedback object is initialized, while the MoveTo method would be called in a mouse move event. Setting the Symbol property is optional. If not set, a default symbol is used. The Refresh method is used to redraw the feedback after the window has been refreshed (for example, when it is reactivated), and it should be called in response to the tool's refresh event. The hDC parameter, which is required by the Refresh method, is actually passed into the subroutine for you.
 For additional information, see: Sample: Display feedback.
 Rubber bands
 The rubber band objects are shown in the following diagram:
 The following classes implement the IRubberBand interface, allowing you to digitize geometries on the display using the mouse - either to create whole new geometry objects or to update existing ones. As such, they can be viewed as simple versions of the feedback objects. Examples of uses for the rubber band objects include dragging an envelope, forming a new polyline, or moving a point. Each class supports the IRubberBand interface, but the behavior is distinct to the individual class.
 The IRubberBand interface has two methods, TrackExisting and TrackNew, that are used to move existing geometries and create new geometries, respectively. These methods are typically called from within the code for a tool's OnMouseDown event, and they handle all subsequent mouse events. They capture subsequent mouse and keyboard events, such as OnMouseMove, OnMouseUp, and OnKeyDown events, and complete when they receive an OnMouseUp event or abort if the Esc key is pressed. This


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I need assistance reading all the resources from a resource file. I am working with visual studio 2010 c#.net 4.0.
I have a user control eg ~/MyFolder/MyControl.ascx. which has local resource files associated with it
I pass the above value ie. path the control, to another of my classes where I want to load the applicable resource file based on the current language.
Is this possible and if so how might i achieve this?
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One way is it to use embedded resources:
Assembly _assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
This blog post might give you more insight: _URL_
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text:
This is a part of a series where I ask the question, "What is the healing process and how does it take place?"
In the second part of this trilogy is where the Peacock emerges surrounded in light. The Peacock represents the embodiment of the Quan Yin energy, the goddess of self-compassion.
Self-compassion is the core to the healing process and moves us forward to our true nature.
Medium: Original Acrylic


North Carolina Criminal Law Chapter(s) 14-202.4: Taking Indecent Liberities with a Student (by Teacher, School Administrator, Student Teacher, School Safety Officer, Coach)
1. Definition and Elements of the Crime
Lawsuits Involving Indecent Liberties with a Student Under North Carolina Criminal Law Chapter 14-202.4, the crime of taking indecent liberties with a student is defined as the intentional or attempted commission of a lewd or lascivious act on a student and/or taking or attempting to take an action against the body (or any part of the body) of a student for the purposes of sexual gratification.
To prove a charge of indecent liberties with a student, the State must be able to establish the following prima facie elements Beyond a Reasonable Doubt:
 - That the Victim is a student
 - That the Defendant was a teacher, school administrator, student teacher, school safety officer or coach at the same school
 - That the Defendant willfully: (a) took or attempted to take any immoral, improper, or indecent liberties with the victim for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire OR (b) committed or attempted to commit a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body or any part or member of the body of the victim
 - That this act occurred during or after the time the Defendant and the Victim were present together in the same school
"Student" means a person enrolled in kindergarten, or in grade one through grade 12 in any school.
"School safety officer" means any other person who is regularly present in a school for the purpose of promoting and maintaining safe and orderly schools and includes a school resource officer.
"Same school" means a school at which the student is enrolled or is present for school sponsored or school-related activity and the school personnel is employed, volunteers, or is present for a school sponsored or school-related activity.
"School personnel" includes those employed by nonpublic, charter or regional schools
It is not necessary that there be a touching of the child by the Defendant in order to constitute an indecent liberty. For example, a court can instruct the jury that an indecent liberty is an immoral, improper or indecent touching or act by defendant upon the child or an inducement by defendant of an immoral or indecent touching by the child.
"Indecent liberty" does not include vaginal intercourse or a sexual act as defined in North Carolina Criminal Law Chapter 14-27.1.
2. Examples
The Defendant, a middle school teacher, 32, sends inappropriate (sexual) photos and videos of herself to two of her 14-year-old male students at the Middle School. Defendant can be charged with 2 counts of taking indecent liberties with a student.
Defendant, a 29-year-old teacher from a Middle School, begins having inappropriate conversations with a student and exchanging pornographic images. Defendant can be charged with taking indecent liberties with a student.
Defendant, a 22 year old high school girls basketball coach, sends explicit texts and videos of himself masturbating to a student on the team. Defendant can be charged with taking indecent liberties with a student.
3. Related Offenses
Other similar or related offenses include:
 - North Carolina Criminal Law Chapter 14-202.4: Taking Indecent Liberties with a Student (by Member of School Personnel Other Than Teacher, School Administrator, Student Teacher, School Safety Officer, Coach) (Misdemeanor – A1)
 - North Carolina Criminal Law Chapter 14-202.1: Taking an Indecent Liberty With a Child
4. Civil Lawsuit Information in North Carolina:
 1. Contributory Negligence in North Carolina
 2. Negligence is not an Accident
 3. Charlotte Personal Injury Attorneys
 4. Discovery in NC Law Suits
5. Lawsuits Involving Indecent Liberties with a Student
The Powers Law Firm helps people victimized by sexual offenses and sexual predators.
To be clear, the State of North Carolina prosecutes criminal charges involving sex offenses including things like:
 1. Sex offenses
 2. Sexual Battery
 3. Indecent Liberties
The Plaintiffs Lawyers at our law firm bring CIVIL causes of action for money damages for those sex offenses. We sue the offender and those legally responsible for damages.
Lawsuits may be filed for matters involving what would other be considered either a felony or misdemeanor charge.
Civil lawsuits are different than criminal charges.
A lawsuit is separate and apart from criminal charges, although the same conduct/acts can be the basis for both an indictment in criminal court and institution of a civil lawsuit in civil court.
The District Attorney's office prosecutes criminal charges. Private civil attorneys bring lawsuits, not the State of North Carolina.
Legal liability may also extend to the sex offender, churches, schools, and other agencies responsible for background checks and the proper supervision and training employees, staff, and personnel.
6. Powers Law Firm: Plaintiff Lawyers for Civil Causes of Action involving Sex Offenses
Sex Offenses Our law firm provides legal representation in bringing civil causes of actions against sex offenders, churches, private and public institutions for negligence claims.
When legally appropriate, punitive damages may be appropriate for such matters.
The firm is available for consultation involving civil law suits alleging sexual battery, sex offenses, and improper supervision and training throughout North Carolina.
Powers Law Firm consultations for plaintiff matters are free of charge.
That is NOT true for family law matters where a True Retainer, Consultation Fee, and hourly rates apply. Family law cases involve things like separation, divorce, child support, custody, and equitable distribution.
As such, legal matters involving negligence, gross negligence, accidents, and other tortious conduct do not involve a consultation fee. Those include things like car accidents, trucking accidents, bicycle accidents, pedestrian injuries, and wrongful death claims.
Everything you tell any attorney or legal support staff at the firm are also strictly confidential.
Given the sensitivity of such matters, we prefer to meet in-person to discuss whether a legally actionable cause of action exists.
Call NOW to schedule an appointment: _PHONE_
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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Wednesday, 18 April 2007, 11:59 GMT 12:59 UK
Drillers target earthquake zone
By Jonathan Amos
Science reporter, BBC News, Vienna
Ship (Jamstec)
The 210m-long Chikyu is a brand new drill ship
It promises to be one of the grand scientific challenges of this decade.
Researchers are about to drill down into an earthquake zone at the Nankai Trough off the coast of Japan.
The project, which will cost hundreds of millions of dollars over the next 10 years, is being coordinated by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme.
It seeks to understand the causes of deadly quakes and tsunami by pulling up cores for study and by putting down sensors to monitor changes in the rock.
The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) expects to get under way in September.
There is a strong need in the Japanese community to know what is going on under the sea floor
Masataka Kinoshita, Jamstec
It is focused on a region of the sea floor that has been responsible for immense tremor events, including the 1944 Tonankai (Magnitude 8.1) and 1946 Nankaido (Magnitude 8.3) earthquakes.
"The place we are going to has a history of disastrous earthquakes and tsunami every 100 or 200 years; and these have resulted in the deaths of many people," explained Chief Project Scientist Masataka Kinoshita, from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (Jamstec).
"There is a strong need in the Japanese community to know what is going on under the sea floor," he told BBC News.
He was speaking here at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly meeting.
Real-time data
NanTroSEIZE is focused on an area of subduction, where a huge slab of Pacific oceanic crust is being pulled down under the continental rock on which Japan sits.
The drilling effort will attempt to cut directly into the faults that trace the grinding interface - the seismogenic zone.
Boys under table for quake drill (AFP)
The project has great relevance for Japan - but goes wider
"These are complex structures," said Cesar Ranero, from the Spanish research council, Icrea.
"They have areas that are very sticky - where the two plates are strongly mechanically coupled - and these are typically the areas where strong earthquakes nucleate.
"And they have other areas which are less sticky, but which may still be involved in the propagation of the quake. One of the goals of the project is to understand why an earthquake will rupture across a smaller or larger area, producing a smaller or larger earthquake."
Drilling operations will be conducted from a new 57,000-tonne ship, the Chikyu.
It will have to sit atop 2,500m of water, holding a steady position as the drill head cuts a series of holes up to 7km under the sea floor.
Tectonic plates (BBC)
(1) Philippine Sea Plate
(2) Pacific Plate
(3) North American Plate
(4) Eurasian Plate
The drilling (red dot) will cut to the interface of the Eurasian and Philippine plates
Core samples will be returned to the laboratory for study and the holes themselves will be instrumented to monitor changes.
Seismometers and tilt meters will follow how the rocks in the faulting zone are moving. The sensor package will also measure changes in temperature and pressure, and provide information to assess any geochemical reactions taking place.
"We'd like to know something about what fluids do at that position," said Nathan Bangs, from University of Texas at Austin, US.
"If there are a lot of fluids there that are under very high pressure, they can essentially act like lubricants and not allow stresses to build up. But if the fluids are not present, the rocks can build up big stresses that can eventually rupture as an earthquake."
Extreme environment
Data from the instruments will be stored by logging devices at nodes on the sea floor. Submersible vehicles will return year after year to retrieve the data packages, although it is hoped that eventually the nodes can be cabled, to bring the information straight on to shore and to the scientists' PCs.
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme (IODP) is aware that the venture is a risky one. The instruments will have to be built to survive searing heat, crushing pressures and corrosive fluids. They could fail at anytime.
There are places on the surface of the Earth that scientists can study the types of rocks being sought by the Nankai Trough experiment - but there is no substitute for seeing the true setting, researchers believe.
"To get those rocks up to the surface, they have been exhumed, which means, for example, that any fluids involved in an earthquake will have been lost," explained Paola Vannucchi, from the University of Florence, Italy.
"The process that brings these rocks to the surface from eight kilometres down is also a process of deformation, so you get one superimposed on the other. You don't get a pure signal."
As part of the IODP project, a second series of holes will be drilled off Costa Rica in Central America.
The scientists say the results from both experiments should be applicable to all major subduction zone earthquakes and related tsunami, as well as earthquakes generally.
Plate tectonics graphic
Magma rises from the asthenosphere at mid-ocean ridges
The new crust cools and spreads away from the ridge
Denser oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at subduction zones
The boundary interface is the source of major earthquakes
Melting feeds volcanoes on the overlying continental crust
Sea floor records ancient Earth
23 Mar 07 | Science/Nature
Project will cable up ocean floor
13 Mar 07 | Science/Nature
Methane ices pose climate puzzle
13 Dec 06 | Science/Nature
Japan conducts huge quake drill
01 Sep 06 | Asia-Pacific
Project opens up quake'machine'
09 Dec 05 | Science/Nature
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In Rautenberg's book (A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic, Universitext, Springer 2006), Gödel's second incompleteness theorem is stated:
Theorem 3.2 (Second incompleteness theorem). PA satisfies alongside the fixed-point lemma also D1–D3. For every theory T with these properties,
(1) $\nvdash_T Con_T$ provided T is consistent,
(2) $\vdash_T Con_T \to \neg\square Con_T$
where, at the beginning of the chapter, he defines:
Let ${\bf bew_T} (y, x)$ be a formula that is assumed to represent the recursive predicate ${\it bew_T}$ in T, exactly as in 6.4. For ${\bf bwb_T} (x) = ∃y {\bf bew_T} (y, x)$ we write $ \square (x)$, and $\square α$ is to mean ${\bf bwb_T} (\ulcorner α \urcorner )$.
and also:
D1: $\vdash_T \alpha \implies \space \vdash_T \square \alpha $
D2: $\vdash_T \square \alpha \wedge \square (\alpha \rightarrow \beta )\rightarrow \square \beta $
D3: $\vdash_T \square \alpha \rightarrow \square \square \alpha $
T = ZFC also satisfies these conditions (and indeed he mentions it).
from this it seems that the theorem is true for every representing formula for the theory T and for every representing formula for the predicate ${\it bew_T}$. on the other hand, there is this:
Formalize logic inside ZFC in the usual way, and for every relevand object o (term, formula, proof, etc) assign the corresponding object $\ulcorner o \urcorner $ in the usual way (so if $\phi$ is a formula in the metatheory, $\ulcorner \phi \urcorner $ is indeed a formula in the logic inside ZFC). Order formulas by their internal Gödel number (which, for formulas that come from the metatheory, it is equal to their real Gödel number...). let $t_1(x)$ be arbitrary representing formula for ZFC (e.g the most natural one, arising when formalizing first order logic inside ZFC and then formalizing the axioms of ZFC inside ZFC). let ${\bf bew_1}(y,x)$ be the formula for "y is a proof of x in ZFC" the theorem should indeed work for these. now, let ${\bf bew}(y,x,z) $ be the formula for "y is a proof of x in the theory z" and let ${\bf bwb}(x,z) $ and ${\bf Con}(z) $ be "x is provable from z" and "z is consistent" as formalized in ZFC. define:
$t_2(x) = t_1(x) \wedge {\bf Con}(\{y : t_1(y) \wedge G(y) \leq G(x)\})$. where G(x) is the Gödel number of x inside ZFC.
for every model of ZFC, the internal formulas x for which G(x) is standard are exactly those x which are $\ulcorner \phi \urcorner $ for some $\phi$ in the metatheory, and so, by the reflection theorem for ZFC, ${\bf Con}(\{y : t_1(y) \wedge G(y) \leq G(\ulcorner \phi \urcorner)\})$ for every $\phi$ in the metatheory.
therefore, since $t_1$ is representable, so is $t_2$.
on the other hand, if we let $ZFC_2 := \{x : t_2(x) \}$, clearly $ \vdash_{ZFC} {\bf Con}(ZFC_2) $ but ${\bf Con}(ZFC_2) $ is exactly the same as ${\bf Con}_{ZFC} $ if we use $t_2(x)$ and the corresponding (naturally defined) ${\bf bew} (y, x)$!
it may indeed be that I messed up my argument some, but I'm quite sure it works, i.e that the "incompleteness property" depends on the choice of representing formulas for the theory in question and/or the ${ \it bew}$ predicate, and that one can chose them to yield $\vdash_{ZFC} Con_{ZFC}$.
thus, my questions: first: am I right (in the last paragraph at least)?
second: if so, why and where exactly does the proof of the second incompleteness theorem fail in these cases?
third: how exactly does these dependencies work? specifiaclly : in my argument I have used a different representation for ZFC. does the same can happen if one uses the natural representation for ZFC, but a different representation for ${ \it bew}$, or, given a representation for ZFC, all representations for ${ \it bew}$ are equal in a way?
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So on the one hand, we have the usual assertion $\Con(\ZFC)$, which asserts that $\ZFC$ is consistent using a straightforward representation of the $\ZFC$ axioms, and then on the other hand, we have as with your $t_2$ the alternative assertion $\Con(\ZFC_2)$, using a representation of the $\ZFC$ that only continues to add axioms provided that the resulting theory remains consistent. So we can easily prove in a very weak theory that $\Con(\ZFC_2)$ holds, and this seems paradoxical because our two different theories seem both to be representing the same theory $\ZFC$.
This way of thinking goes back to S. Feferman, Arithmetization of metamathematics, Fundamenta Mathematicae, 1960, who discussed intensional and extensional consistency statements, and it was discussed previously here on MO on Sergei Tropanets question Clarification of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem, and also Marc Alcobé García's question Feferman's extensional and intensional applications of the method of arithmetization, which you may find helpful.
Part of the resolution of the paradox is to realizing that $\ZFC$ does not prove the equivalence of the two different consistency statements, and in particular, $\ZFC$ does not prove that the two representations of $\ZFC$ represent the same theory. Although a weak theory such as $\text{PA}$ can prove $\Con(\ZFC_2)$, it cannot prove that the theory as represented in $\ZFC_2$ includes much of substance at all.
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text:
AKAN CASE STUDY
Matrilineal groups in West Africa
by Phil Bartle, PhD
An example of the wide variety of kin arrangements
Many countries have immigrants from hundreds of societies of origin. This is one of several factors contributing to a huge variety of family forms and functions in eacj country.
To demonstrate the variations in families, we look at the Akan societies of West Africa. See Canadian Immigration (Ghana).
While these notes originally refered to Canada as the host country, similar processes are occuring in other areas of immigration such as all of North America and Western Europe.
The word "family" is Latin in origin. It meant domestic slaves. There is no precise equivalent word in Akan. Family is not a universal institution. Social scientists once assumed that the nuclear family was at the central element or building block of all kin systems. Not so in matrilineal societies. In Akan society the nuclear family is not the building block: there is no word; no practice. Akan society has two words that are related. The word "abusua" is a corporate descent group, while the word "fifo" (literally house people) means a residential group. Akan people in Canada speaking English may talk about their "family" back home. They mean their "abusua."
What is a corporate descent group? It is like a corporation. Membership is by birth, and it has no affines (people related by marriage). In a matrilineal society, that means all members of the group belong because their mothers belong. Your spouse or your father can not belong to the same abusua as you.
The group has maybe 100 to 200 members (boundaries are not easy to determine). It is not a communal organisation; there is division of labour and inequality within it. The descent group may own land, offices, houses, and gods.
To help you understand the structure, take a personal view. Your father or spouse cannot belong, but your mother's brother belongs. Your mother's mother's mother's mother's sister's daughter's daughter's daughter's son belongs. Your sister's children belong.
A student asked if Akan matriliny was like that in the Canadian West Coast First Nations (aboriginal) societies. West Coast First Nations are quite varied, with Tlingit and Tsimshian in the North, Haida on the West, Wakashan south of that, and Salish on the south coast. There is a range of mixtures from North to South, from matrilineal to patrilineal. Technically, the Akan have kin terms classed as "Iroquois" (as in southern Ontario from Montreal to Windsor). See Govt of BC (BC First Nations).
Matriliny is not matriarchy. The suffix, "liny" refers to descent, while the suffix "archy" means power. The Akan kin system is lineal, and it is not automatically one which confers power on women. Instead, we use the word "gynocracy" meaning that some power, wealth and independence is allocated to women. See my paper, Covert Gynocracy." The women had status much more than those in western societies and patriarchal patrilineal ones. In East Africa, for example, women are submissive and oppressed in comparison to those in Akan societies. Matriarchy would imply that women are automatically the recognized leaders; that is found in no known and studied societies.
Covert means hidden. In Akan society the higher power, wealth and independence of women is not so evident. Formal recognition (prestige) of office is not common, except for a few female chiefs, elders and priestesses; women find it useful to keep this power hidden.
In a chief's court, where perhaps nine out of ten of the elders are men, they may come to a difficult stage of their case, conflict resolution, or deliberation. They will break and then each head back to his or her matrilineal house (where the ancestral stools are kept) to "confer with the ancestors." It turns out that they are conferring with the older women in the matrilineage.
The matrilineal Akan spread and expanded, and took over earlier patrilineal Guan areas. Matriliny, based upon ranked confederations of matrilineages, is the basis for more effective organisation for war than is patriliny where the patrilineal corporate descent groups had no mechanism for confederating. Confederations were structured as in an army, with one lineage designated for each of four deployment positions, forward, left, right, and rear, plus interior affairs, and paramount. Like a football team or hockey team, each have different but complementary roles which make them stronger overall.
A high divorce rate is functional in all matrilineal societies. When members do not direct all their attention and efforts to their spouses, this supports strength of the abusua. Husbands and wives would live together temporarily, as when they were in satellite villages farming, or in cities and towns for employment or trade. Women had power, wealth, and independence (esp. from fathers and husbands), so they were not dependent upon staying in a nuclear family for financial security. Often members of the home town would return home, especially for funerals and for Easter. The common pattern was for husband and wife to go and stay in their separate ancestral, matrilineal homes for the duration of the visit, even if they lived together in their away residence. This is where a common practice was observed and noted in the literature, children going from Momma's house to Daddy's house every late afternoon carrying supper on their heads.
When a man had two or more wives, they would each stay in their separate lineage houses (a man could not marry two women from the same lineage, except that female twins became wives of chiefs). The man would inform which wife had a turn to spend the night with him. Although permitted, polygyny was and is quite rare, because most men could not afford to keep more than one wife. If a wife died, it was the responsibility of her matrilineage to provide a replacement. The relationship of marriage was the symbol of the confederation of the matrilineal oman structure. Each matrilineage was considered a wife of the chief's lineage. When a chief died, and a new one was elected by the lineage, he inherited all assets and liabilities, including all the wives. For many of them this did not involve conjugal duties, but was a form of old age security. In the town of Obo, where I did my PhD research, the chief had over thirty "structural" wives, but in practice lived with only one wife, the woman he had married before he was selected as chief.
Swiss missionaries came to the Gold Coast in the mid 1800s. They introduced much more than the theology and ritual of Christianity. They sought nothing less than the complete transformation of Akan society into a system imitating that of their Swiss origins.
Their support for the ideal of a nuclear family implied that women should be obedient to their husbands, stay at home to do domestic chores and raise their children while their husbands went out to work, and to abolish chieftaincy, matrilineages, ancestors, gods and the other institutions which supported these ancient notions.
Christian social structure, where it was adopted, contributed to a decline in women's status (though not as much as Moslem social structure).
Husband and wife residing together in the same residence, neolocal residence, is not a central element (building block) or Akan social structure. It does happen, and is correlated with whether the couple is in the home town or away. The system developed in the long past, when away meant living in the satellite villages to farm. When the couple returned to the home town, they would each go to stay in their separate lineage houses. With urbanization, and Akan people going to find work in the city, in the country towns, or overseas, the same pattern has been adapted. Husbands and wives live neolocally while away, but are likely to live duolocally when in the home town, temporarily for funerals, festivals and Easter, and permanently for retirement, especially if one of them succeeds to a stool office.
This pattern of duolocal residence in the home town and neolocal residence while away produces a household pattern that has been interpreted as social change that is more apparent than real, as if urban households represent the westernized pattern.
The verb "to marry" is used differently in the Akan language than it is used in English. The relationship can be temporarily discontinued if there is an annoyance between spouses, and the verb reflects this.
Senior women have huge power in running abusua (lineage) affairs. Much of this is not public. It is covert. Elders (9/10 male) in a chief's court may break during a case to "consult the ancestors." They each go off to their separate lineage houses, perhaps to have a meal. They consult the old women in the abusua (matrilineage) house. The facts are known to those old women, who keep better track of descent lines, and they influence the decision made in the chief's court by advising the elders during that break.
Separation and divorce have high frequency –– especially after the child bearing and child raising years. This is seen as a needed element in maintaining the abusua (lineage). A high divorce rate is common among most matrilineal societies around the world.
Immigrants have their feet in two cultures. This has particular significance for A