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Frank Raynor (1922- ), scientific instrument technician, spent most of his career working on instrumentation to support British nuclear research. He initially worked as an electrician before joining the nuclear instrument group at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston. In the 1950s he worked on instrumentation at the British nuclear weapons tests in Australia and the Pacific, including thefirst, Operation Hurricane, and the later Grapple series of H-bomb tests. In 1958 he moved to the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell to design equipment for research scientists. He was later transferred to the Culham nuclear laboratories where he headed the Electronics Service Group which built prototype equipment for manufacture by contractors and provided support services for nuclear scientists. After his retirement in 1986 he continued a lifetimes' interest in electronics and enjoyed exploring the British countryside.
- Birth name: Frank Raynor
- Born: 1922 Lincolnshire, UK
- Occupation: Technician
- Disciplines: Scientific Instruments
- Education: Apprentice at Electrical Installations Ltd
Related Audio Clips
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Graham Moore Books In Order
Publication Order of Standalone Novels
The Sherlockian (2010)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Last Days of Night (2016)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Holdout (2020)Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Graham Moore is an American historical fiction author and screenwriter. He is best known for "The Sherlockian," the debut historical fiction novel he published in 2010 and "The Imitation Game" an Academy Award-winning television script that was based on a biography on Andrew Hodges. His mother was chief of staff for Michelle Obama while his father was an insurance defense lawyer. He was born and spent much of his childhood on the north side of Chicago and had a happy childhood despite the fact that his parents divorced when he was barely in his teens. In 2016, he published his second novel
"The Last Days of Night" that tells of the rivalry between George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison set in New York City in 1888. The story is told from the perspective of Paul Cravath who was attorney to Westinghouse. The novel was made into a film whose script was written by that Moore.
Growing up in North Chicago, Graham Moore got interested in mystery stories as a child when he would read Agatha Christie novels that his mother brought home. Since he always loved music, he intended to find a career in music and hence spent much of his time as a teenager playing and reading about various bands. When he joined Columbia University, he still wanted to work in music though he was starting to get interested in literature having attended classes where he read Western classics such as "The Odyssey" and "The Iliad." However, his interest in music was stronger and thus he kept at it and when he graduated, he built a studio that he worked in with his friends. Moore was in charge of collecting equipment and was also sound engineer when he was not playing with a bunch of bands around New York. He had always been fascinated by Sherlock Holmes but something changed in 2004. A leading archeologist announced that they had found Arthur Conan Doyle's diary which was something of a Holy Grail from Sherlock fans. He was so fascinated with the discovery that he started writing the manuscript for a novel that would later become "The Sherlockian." Soon he was angling to become an author though he still worked in the studio to make rent and wrote whenever he had free time.
In 2004, Ben Epstein who was a student at New York University film school and Graham Moore's best friend made an interesting suggestion. They had been out drinking and were just telling foolish jokes that got funnier as the night wore on. It had not been such a good joke when it all started but over the course of the night, it developed into an idea for a comedy. Moore had never written anything except for a few short stories and the manuscript for his first novel. However, Epstein was adamant that they had to write the script for the comedy he was making for MTV together. While he did not know anything about scriptwriting Graham thought it would be fun. And so for several years he became a scriptwriter during the day working with his friend Epstein and in the studio during the night. When their studio closed in 2008, he had made a few connections in Hollywood after having written several scripts. His agent invited him to go live in Los Angeles. At this time, all he wanted to do was write novels but the agent assured him that he would find him a job to pay the rent while he completed his novel. The agent paid his airfare and got him his first job writing on the staff of "10 Things I Hate About You" that was airing on ABC. "The Sherlockian" was published in 2010 even though he was still better known as a scriptwriter in Hollywood. He then published "The Last Days of Night" in 2016 to establish his name as one of the most promising literary authors.
Graham Moore's "The Sherlockian" is set in 1893 where Londoners bought their magazines hoping to read of Sherlock Holmes's next adventure, only to find that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had killed the indomitable detective. The unthinkable had happened and London descends into mourning with many railing against Doyle and crowds of people walked around sporting black armbands. But then Doyle had redeemed himself when in 1901 he resurrected the beloved detective. While he had insinuated that the death of Holmes in the novel "The Final Problem" was final, he never bothered to explain why he later changed his mind. After his death, the people in charge of his estate learned that one of his diaries was nowhere to be found. It went missing for decades and had become something of a "Holy Grail" for Sherlock Holmes fans. When Harold White is inducted into "The Baker Street Irregulars," he is thrust into the search for the missing journal. But when a literary scholar is found dead supposedly murdered, Harold uses the methods and wisdom he had amassed from reading Holmes in a quest to find the killer and the missing journal.
Graham Moore's "The Last Days of Night" is set in 1888, where the electric light just made its debut but many streets are still lit by the flicker of gas lamps. The person who controls the technology to convert night into day is set to make a vast fortune and write their name in the books of history. Paul Cravath who is a fresh-faced lawyer out of Columbia has just taken an almost impossible case. He is the attorney for George Westinghouse, who is being sued by Thomas Edison that accuses him of stealing his light bulb invention. By taking the case, he gets the opportunity to rub shoulders with the movers and shakers of New York who conduct insidious dealings in secret. His opponent Edison is a dangerous and wily man who has a lot of resources to call upon including newspapers, private spies and one of the richest men in America, J.P. Morgan. But just like Edison, the young lawyer is determined to win no matter the cost. In his obsessive quest for winning the case, he meets with the brilliant but eccentric inventor Nikola Tesla who may just be the man who knows how to beat Edison. Beautiful opera singer Agnes Huntington will also prove a great ally, though the risks he has to take are ever greater as no one is ever what they seem to be.
"The Holdout" by Graham Moore is the story of a fifteen-year-old heiress named Jessica Silver. She has just inherited a real estate fortune worth billions but then on her way home from school, she goes missing with the prime suspect a 25-year-old African American man named Bobby Nock. The ensuing trial traps straight into what preoccupies most Americans: law enforcement, race, sex, class and the garish sins of the famous and the rich. The prosecution believes that they have their man until a young woman named Maya Seale convinces he jurors that Nock did not commit the crime. But their "not guilty" verdict comes back to haunt all them for years. A decade later, the jury reassembles when a network pays them to do a docuseries and Maya who has gone back to school and is now an attorney also joins the series. But then one of the jurors turns up dead in Maya's room and it seems someone is framing her for the murder. She now needs to get to the bottom of a case that seems to have taken a life of its own and prove her innocence while at it. The current investigation soon has threads tying into what happened ten years back as secrets threaten to be revealed putting all involved in danger.
Book Series In Order » Authors » Graham Moore


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First harvest for our resistant vines !
Planted on a small plot of 1732 square metres, alongside the Loire river, planted with peach and apple trees, and watched by our laying hens, these mildew resistant vines experience their first harvest.
Pierre-François Masson, 7th generation of winemakers at the Masson-Blondelet estate, started this experimental adventure in 2017.
This trial, authorised by France-Agrimer, is the first one in the whole Loire Valley region.
20 years after their return at the estate and following their parents – Michelle and Jean-Michel Masson, who never used any chemical fertiliser in their vines for almost 45 years – pionner path.
Pierre and Mélanie Masson, brother and sister – who stopped using herbicide and insecticide on all the estate's vines since 2002 – were looking, with help from this new trial, for a way to stop the use of fongicides in this northern region prone to vine diseases.
Amateur apuculturist and sensitive to the environmental and climate challenges that our children will have to take up in the upcoming decades, Pierre-François Masson wished to share this first harvest – message of hope towards a more environment-friendly future – with his 6-year-old son Paul, so he can start to act, him also, in order to protect the planet.
This very first experimental harvest, of which NO BOTTLES will be commercialised, will give us a first idea – full scale- of the uncommon grapes, Sauvignon Kretos and Sauvignon Rytos, quality potential.
We would, therefore, know if we should presevere ou continue to look for new solutions for a more clean and environment-friendly viticulture.
#FirstonesinValdeLoire #Research #FindingSolutions #CleanWorld #Viticulture #ClimateChange #ResistantGrape #SauvignonKretos #SauvignonRytos #SauvignonBlanc #UltraBio #Mildew #Organic #ExperimentalVines #PouillyFumé #MassonBlondelet #Experiment #Winemaker #Pioneer
Photos credit : ED

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Things to Consider When Getting a Tattoo
Things to Consider When Getting a Tattoo
1. Being Picky About the Parlor
While it might seem more fun to make a spontaneous trip to the tattoo parlor, it is important to take some time to find more about the parlor before you can choose to have the tattoo. You can end up regretting choosing a parlor because of their convenient location. The only important thing is not the quality of their art – tattooing will involve a needle in your skin, which is why it is important to choose a parlor that follows proper health precautions. Tattoo parlors should invest in high-quality equipment, the Surplus database offers a selection of equipment at great prices. If you have well-tattooed friends, ask them to give you recommendations for a parlor.
2. Following Aftercare Instructions
A tattoo is said to be complete when the healing process is done. Different artists have different aftercare instructions, so you should always follow them so you don't end up with an infection. The upper part of the skin has been removed, and this exposes your body to bacteria. The care advice can vary a little from one artist to another, but it is going to mostly involve washing, drying, and applying a moisturizer every day. During the bandaging phase, you should not let it be covered using a plastic wrap. While people can easily see it without having to expose it, it can provide the perfect ground for bacterial breeding.
3. Avoiding Alcohol
It can be tempting to take a little alcohol to take off the edge, but this might not be a good idea. Alcohol is going to thin your blood, which leads to more bleeding during the tattooing. The blood will push out and makes it harder for the ink to push in. Alcohol is going to have a big impact on the design while impairing your judgment and you can decide to go with something you end up regretting. You might have wanted a small tattoo but decide to go with a big tattoo on your forearm, which leaves you with a lot of regrets. Alcohol is not going to make it hurt less.
4. Checking Your Spelling
There are many people who like tattoos that have texts from Eastern philosophy. A line from Confucius can give you some street cred, especially when you put it on the nape of your neck. Japanese characters have become popular because they are beautiful characters, but it is not wrong to get a tattoo from another culture, as long as it has meaning to you. A mistake people make is choosing fashion over form and choose something just because it looks neat. You need to invest time in researching about the symbols you are considering to write on your body so you can know what they mean. You might end up tattooing something that is offensive or funny without even knowing.
5. Location, Location
Where your tattoo is going to be is very important, and you have to factor in your lifestyle. Some of the things you need to consider when choosing the location are your wardrobe, and when you want it to be seen. If you are getting started, the face and head are off the table. You should only consider your face and head after you have had many tattoos. If you are working or planning to work in a job prohibiting tattoos, then you should choose a location that cannot be seen easily. This means ankles, forearms, and necks are a no-no. Some parts of your body experience more wear and tear, and you will need to go for touchups so they can keep looking good, and this means spending more money. If you cannot tolerate a lot of pain, then choose meaty parts of your body because tattooing areas close to the bone hurts a lot.
6. Getting a Bid
This is one of those many people getting started with tattoo fail to consider. Getting a good tattoo from a respected artist is going to cost a lot. When designing the tattoo, have this in the back of your mind. The two factors that will largely determine the cost of your tattoo are size and detail. This is because it means more time. The longer it takes, the more it is going to cost. A small tattoo that is in just one color will cost between one hundred and three hundred bucks. Look for an artist with an impressive portfolio then find out how much they charge.
7. Design Challenge
When you tattoo something on your body, it is going to be part of your forever, unless you choose to remove it, a process that is both painful and expensive. You need to choose something that you are going to still love decades later. Take your time and check out different places for ideas. You can even have an inspiration book with all the different ideas, then narrow them down. A tattoo can be anything that you think looks cool, it doesn't need to have a significance. Choose the right colors because there are some that go better with your skin tone. Always remember the more detailed and larger the tattoo is, the more you are going to pay.
What to know before getting a new tattoo
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By Michael P. McCarthy
The New Year offers a clean slate, a welcome opportunity to try something new. Given the title of the blog, Reflective MedEd, I would like to offer a way of refocusing and reorienting oneself through reflecting on the experiences of the day. As Hedy Wald described in her blog post, reflection enhances a variety of skills that are essential for continuing professional identity formation for medical students, educators, and practitioners alike. The process of the examen serves as a way to reflect by reviewing hour-by-hour the events, circumstances, and experiences of the day…
The examen begins by quieting myself, and then reviewing slowly the events of the day. I start with an objective review, what I did, and a subjective view, how I felt (positively, negatively, happy, sad, joyous, frustrated, etc.) about the day's events. I recall experiences and feelings, and then identify one thing for which I want to be especially attentive a meeting coming-up; a difficult exam; a family crisis; etc. The context of the examen is a prayerful one that is attentive to sources of meaning and motivation. Cultivating a habit of reflecting on my daily experiences through the examen expresses a desire to become more aware of who I am and who I am becoming, two essential components of formation.
The examen was developed first by St. Ignatius Loyola in sixteenth century as a component of formation for Jesuit priests who in addition worked as educators, chaplains, even physicians. Their work flowed from their sense of meaning in "finding God in all things." While the work was important, it also held similar challenges to the ones we face today: feelings of fatigue, disconnection, burnout, loss of empathy, etc. The examen functions as a reminder to reconnect with the meaning behind the work we do.
By rummaging backwards through one's day we take time to pause and pay attention to the deeper meaning and motivation behind our daily responsibilities—both personal and professional. For people of faith, the goal of the examen is to find God's presence in the midst of one's day. For others, the examen could serve as a review of one's day that looks for sources of meaning and motivation. Cultivating a habit of reflecting—regardless of one's faith perspective—allows for us to be attentive to finding sources of meaning in who we are and what we do. Through reflection we might come to recognize that "all moments are key moments."
While the purpose of entering into an examen centers on cultivating one's relationship with God, one could also describe it as focused on integrating the personal, who I am, with the professional, what I do. In this regard, the examen stands out as a nearly 500 year-old practice that allows for people of faith to view their work as a form of prayer, and/or an opportunity to practice mindful reflection that fosters professional identity formation. Reflection on the ordinary reinforces the importance of daily choices and experiences that contribute to our becoming better persons and professionals, and isn't that what New Year's resolutions are all about?
Michael P. McCarthy, PhD, is an assistant professor of bioethics in the department of medical education at the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. He is the co-director of the innovative Physician's Vocation Program that explores the intersection of faith and medicine in medical students' formation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Bat man is a science hero
A bat scientist who left academia 14 years ago to establish his own research station has had his efforts recognised by the scientific establishment.
In 1988 Dr Spencer left a tenured position at the University of Wollongong to establish a tropical research station in the rainforest of Cape Tribulation in northern Queensland.
Using their own savings, he and his wife Brigitta bought a strip of cleared land that was once pristine rainforest running from the highlands almost to the water's edge.
The former station property is now almost completely reforested, and serves as a research facility that has been used by dozens of scientists from five countries, as well as more than a thousand volunteers.
Dr Spencer has always been fascinated by the wide biodiversity the region has to offer. The hundred-million-years-old Daintree lowland rainforests represent one of the last remnants of the giant Gondwanan rainforests, he says.
"It's worth conserving not just for its intrinsic value but for the potential for the development for new compounds from the many species of plants, animals and fungi in the area," he said.
His own research includes developing sophisticated radio technology to track the movements of rainforest bats. Three German universities have adopted the technology for use in their research.
Australian Science Communicators (ASC) is a national association of over 400 journalists, editors, scientists and teachers committed to the communication of science and technology.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Measuring Vibration with IMU Batch Sampler¶
The IMU BatchSampler can be used to record high-frequency data from the IMU sensors to the dataflash log on the flight controller. This data can be analysed post-flight to diagnose vibration issues using graphs created from Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) of the data.
FFT transforms data from the time domain into the frequency domain. Put another way, accelerometer data recorded over time (i.e. a flight) can be converted into a graph showing the frequencies of the vibration. A frequent feature of these graphs is a spike at the propeller's "blade passage frequency" (the frequency at which the blade crosses over the arms) which causes an acceleration in the aircraft body. FFT has the following limitations:
- FFT can not show you frequencies above half your sensor's sampling rate
- The smallest frequency that can be shown is half your sample size divided by your sample rate
Flight and Post-Flight Analysis¶
- Perform a regular flight (not just a gentle hover) of at least a few minutes and download the dataflash logs
- Open Mission Planner, press Ctrl-F, press the FFT button, press "new DF log" and select the .bin log file downloaded above
- Accelerometer data appears in the top left window with the vertical access showing the amplitude and horizontal axis showing the frequency. The amplitude is not scaled to a useful value meaning the graph is useful for determining the frequency of the vibration but not whether the levels are too high or not. Vibration at frequencies above 300hz may lead to attitude or position control problems.
Advanced Configuration and Analysis¶
- Set INS_LOG_BAT_OPT = 1 to enable batch sampling at the sensor's highest rate which allows analysis above 500hz for very fast IMUs from InvenseSense
- INS_LOG_BAT_MASK can be used to sample just a single sensor. This will increase the number of samples retrieved from a single sensor (e.g. the best on the platform), which may provide better data for analysis
- INS_LOG_BAT_CNT specifies the number of samples which will be collected. Increasing this will yield a more representative idea of problem frequencies. When divided by the sample rate will give the smallest frequency which can be detected, so 1024 samples at 1024kHz sampling will (poorly) pick up 0.5Hz frequencies
- INS_LOG_BAT_LGIN interval between pushing samples to the dataflash log, in ms. Increase this to reduce the time taken to flush data to the dataflash log, reducing cycle time. This will be at the expense of increased system load and possibly choking up the dataflash log for other messages
- INS_LOG_BAT_LGCT Number of samples to push to count every INS_LOG_BAT_LGIN ms. Increase this to push more samples each time they are sent to the dataflash log. Increasing this may cause timing jitter, and possibly choke up the dataflash log for other messages
The following two graphs are from the same flight on a PixRacer flight controller. Accel on the right is the InvenseSense IMU and shows higher frequencies than the slower IMU on the left
Log Message Contents¶
There are two types of dataflash log messages involved in batch sampling, ISBH and ISBD.
- ISBH is a batch header; it includes a batch number and metadata about the batch.
- ISBD messages contain the actual data for the batch, and reference a header by batch number.


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Scientists give frost the cold shoulder
Forget about defrosting your fridge, say goodbye to your windscreen scraper and don't worry about the small matter of your plane falling out of the sky with ice-clagged wings.
Scientists have designed a material that will remain 90 per cent ice free – without the need for chemicals or a coating.
From the loss of efficiency in refrigeration equipment to the problem of icing in transport infrastructure, frost accumulation is estimated to cost industry tens of billions of pounds annually. Dealing with the issue also has an environmental cost – de-icing a single passenger jet takes about 4,000 litres of antifreeze, much of which finds its way into the water table.
Now researchers have developed a structure that they say uses the properties of ice


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Modeling with Cubes
MAA Distinguished Lecture: Ruth Charney
Geometric models based on cubes can provide insights into complex physical and biological systems, from planning the motions of reconfigurable robots to deciphering genetic family trees. In a mathematical context, using geometric pictures to represent abstract algebraic objects such as groups can often tell us something new about the objects, Ruth Charney of Brandeis University said.
On Oct. 14, at the MAA's Carriage House Conference Center, Charney spoke about using cubes, not only in three but also in higher dimensions, as models to represent a variety of systems. The resulting geometric spaces typically consist of complex assemblages of cubes, in three, four, five, or higher dimensions.
"The geometry of these spaces is strange, complicated, and a lot of fun to study," Charney noted. By studying the geometry, we can learn about the system, whether physical or mathematical.
As an example of how to build a geometric model of a system, Charney described a cubic representation of the motions of a planar robot made up of an array of hexagons that can each rotate about a vertex. The independent motions of such a reconfigurable robot can be represented as higher-dimensional cubes, with each vertex standing for a different robot configuration and each edge for a single move between configurations. Each "cube" is then a set of independent moves.
Such geometric spaces can be very complicated, Charney said. But by studying these configuration spaces, we can answer questions, for instance, about how efficiently and quickly robotic moves can occur.
Charney then described methods we can use to characterize the resulting cubical complexes in any dimension, from finding shortest paths (geodesics) and defining curvature to locating centers and centroids.
For a space that models a physical system, these geometric properties correspond to physical properties, she said. A geodesic, for example, might correspond to the most efficient path from one configuration to another.
"Understanding these geometries has useful applications both within and beyond mathematics," Charney concluded.
Charney's presentation was one in a series of public lectures hosted by the MAA, with the support of the National Security Agency, to showcase current trends in mathematics and the relationship between mathematics and broader scientific and engineering endeavors.
An Interview with Ruth Charney
 Listen to Ruth Charney's lecture (mp3)
This MAA Distinguished Lecture was funded by the National Security Agency.


How to Memorize: Photographic Memory
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Phonetic Alphabet - Memorizing Numbers
Quick Notes - Phonetic Alphabet:
 - Memorize the phonetic alphabet and you will use it to memorize numbers for the rest of your life.
Using the Phonetic Alphabet for remembering numbers is a simple memorization strategy that only takes a few minutes to learn and you will use it for the rest of your life.
The Phonetic Alphabet
To be able to remember a long number, you must first learn the phonetic alphabet. Each number in the phonetic alphabet (0-9) symbolizes a sound:
0 - has a Z, S or a soft C sound
1 - has a T or D sound
2 - has a N sound
3 - has a M sound
4 - has a R sound
5 - has a L sound
6 - has a sh or ch sound
7 - has a K, hard C, or hard G sound
8 - has a F, V, or ph sound
9 - has a B or P sound
Take some time to memorize the phonetic alphabet. You will want to be able to recite it easily before you can begin to use it. After you can recite the phonetic alphabet smoothly, it is time to start associating your numbers to words or images. Our article on memorizing numbers will teach you exactly how to do this. You will soon be able to remember a phone number or any long number the first time you hear it.


TheoryCRAFTING: Multi-Crafting
In this article, we investigate multi-crafting and how it changes refining, creation, and deconstruction of crafting items.
This information will be useful for non-crafters, crafters, and console players.
Updated: New Gamepad UI version available
In Elder Scrolls Online Update 23: Scalebreaker, one of the new quality of life improvements included in the Base Game updates is Multi-Crafting.
You can now perform several actions in bulk at crafting stations and receive your items immediately! This includes refining, creation, deconstructing, and extracting, and applies to all crafting stations. Note that a multi-craft will only partially process if your inventory fills during it.
Elder Scrolls Official Forums: Update 23 PTS Patch Notes
Multi-Crafting simplies the crafting process into four steps.
 1. Select Action
 2. Select Item(s)
 3. Select Quantity
 4. Hit Go.
 1. Create a new character
 2. Spend 30 Champion Points in the The Tower Tree to unlock Inspiration Boost
 3. Test Deconstruction
 1. Deconstruct some items and record results
 4. Test Creation
 1. Learn a level 15 provisioning recipe and make 90 items
 5. Test Refinement
 1. Refine at least 500 items.
 6. Make conclusions based on the results
 1. Item selection and quantity steps combined.
 2. Inspiration and any achievement are applied to your character
 3. Items placed into the inventory (space permitting)
 1. Select item
 2. Set quantity
 1. Optional Minimum or Maximum (1000) button available
 2. Set quantity to 90, the approximate current number to go from level 1 to 20 provisioning.
 3. Inspiration applied and items placed into the inventory (space permitting)
Refining / Extraction
 1. When item is selected, the quantity is automatically set to the maximum amount.
 2. Any achievement earned are applied to your character and items placed into the inventory (space permitting)
My testing concluded that multi-crafting
 1. Executed immediately once the action button was triggered
 2. Inspiration appeared to be equivalent to previous version
 3. Items recovered from deconstruction appeared to be equivalent to previous version
 4. Items obtained from refinement appeared to be equivalent to previous version
 - The instantaneous nature of multi-crafting is a significant improvement over the previous versions.
 - The ease of the new feature may encourage non-crafters to make their own consumables.
 - Power Leveling crafting professions will be incredibly faster if you have the necessary materials, recipes, and deconstruction items
Bonus – GamePad UI


fat stores. Greater accumulation of the drug in these fat stores is thought to prolong excretion.
Urinary pH: It is necessary to consider that urinary pH could have an influence on clearance rate and excretion speed of Trazodone. Someone with a low pH urine is said to have "acidic" urine, whereas someone with high pH urine is said to have "alkaline" urine. The lower the pH of your urine, the more efficiently you'll likely excrete Trazodone. The higher the pH of your urine, the more likely the drug is to get reabsorbed and recirculated through your body before excretion – resulting in a longer half-life.
 1. Dosage (Low vs. High)
Dosage can have an impact on how long the drug is likely to linger in your system. As was mentioned earlier, the dosage administered relative to your body mass likely influences excretion time. In general, the more of Trazodone you ingest, the longer you can expect to retain the drug (and its metabolites) in your system.
Assuming you were to take a single dose of 50 mg, you'd likely be able to metabolize and excrete this dose substantially quicker than a 300 mg dose. At the lower dose, there's less of the drug for your body to metabolize – this places less of a burden on your liver (namely the hepatic enzymes CYP3A4). At the higher dose, a greater burden is placed on liver isoenzymes to metabolize such a large quantity of Trazodone.
As a result of the 300 mg dose, the metabolism process is less efficient. Furthermore, once the larger dose is metabolized, there's a greater amount of metabolites formed and an increased amount of the drug gets distributed throughout your body (relative to the smaller 50 mg dose). This may result in greater accumulation of the drug within fat stores.
Additionally, there's a greater total amount of the drug that needs to be excreted when administering the larger dose. This is why individuals taking exorbitant (supratherapeutic) doses of the drug often exhibit significant increases in elimination half-life. Put simply: at lower doses, it's easier for your body to metabolize and efficiently excrete the drug.
 1. Term/Frequency of Administration
Both the term over which you've taken Trazodone, along with the frequency of its administration can impact how long it's likely to linger within your system after cessation. A person who's taken the drug on a daily basis for 10 years will likely take longer to excrete the drug and fully detoxify compared to someone who took the drug intermittently for 2 weeks. Differences in excretion times between long-term/chronic users differ from those of short-term/intermittent users for number of reasons.
When administered consistently over a long-term, the drug is more likely to accumulate to peak levels within bodily tissues and in the bloodstream. If administered infrequently over a short-term, the drug is less likely to accumulate to peak levels within tissues. Furthermore, frequent usage over a long-term is often associated with administration of higher doses.
This is due to the fact that long-term users often build up tolerance to lower doses, requiring an upward titration in dosing – which is known to increase the drug's half-life. Short-term infrequent usage generally only requires a low dose because a user will not have built up tolerance to the drug's effects; low doses are excreted quicker. Understand that both frequency of ingestion and cumulative term of administration may have a subtle impact on systemic excretion.
 1. Co-ingestion of other drugs (CYP3A4)
If you're taking other drugs along with Trazodone, it is important to understand their potential pharmacokinetic implications. Certain substances are thought to interfere with the hepatic metabolism of Trazodone, thereby increasing its elimination half-life. Other drugs may actually expedite its hepatic metabolism by increasing activation of CYP3A4 isoenzymes.
Should any other drugs you're taking act as either CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers, you can expect the half-life of Trazodone to possibly increase or decrease (respectively). CYP3A4 inhibitors are known to decrease function of isoenzymes CYP3A4, prolonging the metabolism and ultimately excretion of Trazodone. Examples of such CYP3A4 inhibitors include: Clarithromycin, Cobicistat, Indinavir, Ketoconazole, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir, and Saquinavir.
On the contrary, CYP3A4 inducers enhance functionality of CYP3A4 isoenzymes, facilitating a quicker metabolic breakdown of Trazodone. As a result of this enzymatic induction in the liver, Trazodone's half-life may be decreased. Examples of prominent CYP3A4 inducers include: Carbamazepine, Modafinil, Oxcarbazepine, Phenytoin, Rifampicin, and St. John's wort.
Trazodone: Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion (Details)
Following oral administration of Trazodone, it is efficiently absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Consumption of food is known to enhance absorption, but can also delay it and prolong time to attain peak serum concentrations. An estimated 89-95% of the drug binds to plasma proteins and is distributed extensively throughout the body, accumulating in bodily tissues.
After absorption, the drug undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, getting broken down by CYP450 (cytochrome P450) isoenzymes. In detail, Trazodone's pyridine ring is split via hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and N-oxidation. CYP3A4 specifically catalyzes formation of the drug's chief (and pharmacologically active) metabolite "mCPP" (m-chlorophenylpiperazine).
Metabolites of Trazodone are then subject to conjugation with glucuronic acid or glutathione. CYP2D6 isoenzymes facilitate the 4′-hydroxylation of "mCPP" and some of its glutathione conjugates. The inactive metabolite oxotriazolopyridinpropionic acid (OTPA) is also formed via Trazodone metabolism along with various OTPA metabolites.
Due to the fact that Trazodone is extensively metabolized in the liver, less than 1% of a dose is excreted as the drug "unchanged." Up to 75% of an oral dose is excreted by the kidneys in the form of various metabolites, with OTPA (oxotriazolopyridinpropionic acid) accounting for ~20%. A smaller percentage of the drug undergoes biliary excretion where it appears in the feces.
The elimination half-life of Trazodone is considered biphasic in that it occurs in 2 phases. The first phase has an elimination half-life of 3-6 hours, whereas the second phase takes 5-9 hours. This suggests that full systemic excretion of Trazodone takes between 1.14 and 2.06 days. The half-life of various metabolites formed via Trazodone metabolism has been reported to be 13 hours – taking just under 3 days for complete excretion.
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Tips to clear Trazodone from your system
If you want to ensure that Trazodone has been fully excreted from your body after your last dose, there may be some extra steps you can take. Keep in mind that you should always talk to a medical professional regarding safety and alleged efficacy of the suggestions listed below. Realize that these tips may not be beneficial for everyone and that they may be detrimental to individuals using other medications.
 1. Cease ingestion: Getting Trazodone and its metabolites out of your system requires that you stop taking it. The simple fact is that the longer you've been off of the drug, the more likely it is to have been excreted from your body. If you haven't stopped using Trazodone – you should expect it to remain in your system until you fully discontinue.
 2. Hydration: Staying hydrated is unlikely to significantly speed up excretion, but it may provide some benefit. Hydration is known to ramp up clearance speed of drugs that are excreted via urine. Obviously you'll want to avoid going overboard with hydration (as this can be toxic), but staying properly hydrated after cessation of Trazodone can ensure that it gets eliminated quickly.
 3. Acidification: Your urinary pH may affect whether Trazodone is likely to get reabsorbed prior to excretion. Individuals with highly alkaline urine tend to reabsorb drugs like Trazodone before full excretion, leading to re-circulation throughout the body


Please select your country or region to be
directed to the appropriate Lesker site.
Basic Pump Throughput Concepts
What is Pump Throughput?
The manufacturer of a vacuum pump supplies a chart for each pump showing pumping speed (volume in unit time) vs pressure. The example, for a fictitious pump, shows the pumping speed is substantially constant over a large pressure range.
By multiplying pumping speed by pressure at which that pumping speed occurs, we get a measure called pump throughput. We can tabulate those results, as shown in the table below, or plot them as a graph of pressure vs pump throughput. As is clear from the chart, pump throughput (which might also be called mass flow) decreases proportionally with pressure, at least over the pressure range where pumping speed is constant.
Pumping Speed Pressure Pressure x Pumping Speed
100 L/sec 10 torr 1000 _URL_
100 L/sec 1 torr 100 _URL_
100 L/sec 0.1 torr 10 _URL_
100 L/sec 0.01 torr 1 _URL_
Expressed simply, throughput is a measure of the quantity of gas the pump can remove from its inlet, at a given pressure, in unit time.
But note, the word "quantity" can be replaced by "amount", "mass flow", or "number of atoms/molecules" and still be correct.
Contact Us - Basic Pump Throughput Concepts


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Street food in Kolkata, India
In many cities, so-called "street foods" play a large and increasing role in nutrition. Because such foods are generally low-cost, easily accessible, and cater to traditional tastes, they tend to be of particular importance in poor or informal communities and in areas experiencing high urban migration. The street food system is particularly vulnerable to deficiencies in water management. This is reflected in the fact that street vendors often have diminished infrastructural access to clean water for drinking or hygiene when compared with fixed-location providers. Moreover, street vendors often lack basic education, and rarely have formal training in food hygiene (or at times basic personal hygiene).
A 1992-3 study in Kolkata, supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization, highlighted both positive and negative aspects of street foods, and led to the "Improving Street Foods in Calcutta" program. This study led to significant changes in the management of street vending in Kolkata. For example, it identified increased provision of safe potable water and continued upgrading of waste water collection and disposal systems as critical to improving health.
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Kentucky Cabinet of Health - First Steps Technology-assisted Observation and Teaming Support system
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technology of beetroot nectar:
The beetroot nectar is a vermilion coloured (typical to beetroot), pleasant intensive beetroot smelling juice with a taste characteristic to boiled beetroot. It is produced with 35% vegetable content. It does not contain any preservatives.
The processing of bio-rhubarb takes place in a conserving study-workshop. Production is completed by students of faculty of food processing industry under the guidance of specialist teachers. All operations are carried out punctually, in accordance with hygienic and work regulations. The quantitative receipt of the rhubarb takes place by measuring, the qualitative receipt takes place by considering qualitative specifications.
Washing -> Husking-> Rinse ->
Chopping -> Fine chopping -> Confection of the coction-> Checking -> Glassing -> Sealing -> Tempering
The beetroot nectar is preserved by pasteurizing, tempering under 100 °C. This method is applicable at products under 4,5 pH.


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Participants in the first consultation on "The Scriptural Relationship of Man and Woman" received a homework assignment from the Commission on Theology and Church Relations (CTCR) as it continues work on a document to guide Christians regarding the topic.
During its Dec. 5-6 meeting, which followed the consultation, the CTCR asked the eight men and nine women participants to write about issues that arose. The commission will use these responses to develop an agenda for a second consultation with the same group on April 16-17.
Commission members attended the first consultation primarily as listeners, according to Dr. Samuel H. Nafzger, CTCR executive director. "We did our talking following the consultation, evaluating the process and identifying what we need to know more about. That led to the assignments for the participants," he said.
The commission asked the participants to rank by priority nine issues that recurred during the consultation. The issues include considerations of Scripture interpretation, the impact of the "new creation" in Jesus Christ, influence of culture, instances of chauvinism or intimidation, defining key terms like "headship" and "equality," the meaning of "our embodiment as men and women," order of creation, roles of husband and wife, and variable contexts (such as home, church, or academia).
The consultants were asked to write about relationship issues as they affect the Gospel mission of the church, how the issues affect them personally, and whether these issues can be considered apart from a specific discussion of ordaining women to the pastoral office. A fourth question seeks ideas for the outline and principal arguments to be included in the report.
"We've got the right people and we're off to a good start," said Nafzger. "They are thinking about the issues and will be a big help to the commission and the Synod."
Nafzger said that the CTCR already has produced several documents that respond to the 1995 LCMS convention request to study the scriptural relationship of man and woman. He said the consultations will help the commission complete its assignment.
The first consultation included presentations and responses followed by small-group and plenary discussions and reports. Dr. Gilbert Meilaender, a Christian ethicist and theology professor at Valparaiso University, spoke on "Men and Women in Christ." Dr. Gregory Lockwood, a former CTCR member and now professor at the seminary of the Lutheran Church of Australia, spoke on "Biblical Insights on Men and Women in Christ." Dr. Barbara Brunworth, director of Lutheran Counseling Services, Garland, Texas, spoke on "Men and Women in the Contemporary Context: Selected Insights from the Social and Behavioral Sciences."
Posted Dec. 28, 2006


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UNESCO's Slave Route Project inspires international seminar
Experts, scholars and authorities on black culture from different countries participate in the international seminar "Heritage, identity and culture: management of sites and places of memory related to the slave trade and slavery", in Brasília, which will last until 23 August. The opening of the seminar, inspired by UNESCO'S Slave Route Project, took place at the National Museum of the Republic, on Monday, 20 August, with the participation of two Ministers of State - Ana de Hollanda, Culture, and Luiza Bairros, the Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality – besides government secretaries, ambassadors of African countries, parliamentarians, jurists and diplomats.
During the opening ceremony, the president of Palmares Fundação Cultural, Eloi Ferreira de Araújo, launched the idea of the inscription of Cais do Valongo (Valongo Wharf), in Rio de Janeiro, in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Recently discovered, Cais Valongo was the main arrival gate for slaves in Brazil, where more than half a million Africans disembarked. Excavations of the wharf are allowing a rediscovery of Brazilian black culture and a reformulation of its origin. Over a hundred thousand artifacts have been cataloged, so far.
"Cais do Valongo was the largest port of entry of Africans in Brazil. It is a historical site, rich in memory that ought to be shared with everyone and, therefore, it should become a World Heritage Site, "said Eloi Araújo.
The Minister Luiza Bairros, the Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality, also defended the inscription of Cais Valongo in the World Heritage List of UNESCO. "The centre of Rio de Janeiro is home to concrete elements of the African contribution to the formation of Brazil, besides Cais do Valongo; anywhere with this history should be an international site," said the Minister.
The UNESCO Brasília Director, Lucien Muñoz, said that "the seminar is the concrete example of how a theme that is cultural in origin, can reach enormous size in social policies and development". Muñoz noted that the memory of the slave trade and slavery around the world can help to "educate the new generations to ethnic-racial relations based on the human respect and well-being provided by diversity".
The tourism related to the memory of slave trade and slavery was also at the seminar agenda. Ali Moussa-Iye, who is in charge of UNESCO'S Slave Route Project, delivered an intriguing lecture on the subject. Moussa stressed the need for conservation and management of historical sites worldwide that sustain any connection with slavery. According to him, "the sites provide, above all, a tribute to those who died as a result of the slave trade." Moussa recalled that hundreds of sites are forgotten and without protection. An initial mapping indicates that there are more than 800 places in the world that may be related to the history of slavery. From these, only a few are considered World Heritage sites, which provides them greater care and preservation appeal.
The Slave Route Project attempts to shed light on other sites still ignored. "The Project perceives the importance of this heritage and keeps us sensitive to the history," said Moussa, during the lecture. Moussa also noted that "UNESCO is the only UN agency to develop projects and policies for the conservation of slavery heritage sites ".
The Slave Route Project
The transatlantic slave trade is among the most extreme human rights violations in history. The length, breadth and magnitude of this enterprise of dehumanization led to its universal condemnation.
UNESCO plays an important role in fostering understanding and appreciation of history. Since the establishment of the Slave Route Project in 1994, UNESCO has endeavored to break the silence about the slave trade and slavery. The Organization assists States with additional research and enrichment of their national history and encourages the exchange of memories.
The Slave Route Project is an intersectoral and interdisciplinary project of UNESCO, which is connected to all areas of competence of the Organization. To meet this particular feature of the project, the Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, has composed a special team to deal with the activities of UNESCO concerning the study of the slave trade and its implications.
The international seminar "Heritage, identity and culture: management of sites and places of memory related to the slave trade and slavery", which aims to boost tourism at places of memory related to the slave trade and slavery, is a partnership between the Palmares Fundação Cultural and UNESCO, with the support of the Ministries of Culture, Education, Tourism and External Relations.
By the end of the seminar some partnerships, projects and agreements are expected to be signed by the representatives from the most important black culture foundations in the country and the world. Attendants participate in thematic discussions until this Thursday, 23 August.


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Journal Of Functional Foods
In this study, to prepare the fraction containing multifunctional cationic peptides, we first hydrolyzed rice bran protein (RBP) with pepsin. We separated the enzymatic hydrolysate of RBP into 20 fractions containing peptides with different isoelectric point (pI) values by ampholyte-free isoelectric focusing (autofocusing). Subsequently, we examined the antimicrobial activity of each fraction against four pathogens. In addition, we purified the cationic peptides from fractions exhibiting antimicrobial activity by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified them by matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectroscopy. Of five cationic peptides identified, we chemically synthesized three peptides with high pI values and evaluated their multiple functions, including antimicrobial, lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing and angiogenic activities. Our results demonstrated that the three identified cationic peptides exhibited multiple functions with little or no haemolytic activity. Fractions containing cationic peptides obtained from RBP hydrolysate have the potential to be used as dietary supplements and functional ingredients in food products.


What Makes a Supercar?
What Makes a Supercar?
By Ryan Hooper
Asking what makes a car super is like asking, what makes a woman beautiful - everyone has its own opinion.
A term supercar was coined to describe extremely expensive, extremely beautiful and extremely fast cars. But the proper use of this term is often subjective and disputed, especially among enthusiasts. There is no clear definition of what characteristics a car must have to be a supercar. What constitutes a supercar is often a matter of opinion. Also, the use of the term is heavily dependent on the era - a car that is considered to be a supercar at one time may lose its superiority in the future.
It is also important to know that the term refers to factory-built, usually unmodified, street-legal cars. Heavily modified and potentially street - illegal vehicles do not fall into the supercar category. Supercars are not muscle cars or tuned up sports cars. And there is no such thing as a cut price supercar.
A supercar is a car that combines speed, handling, unique design and represents the pinnacle of the automaker's art. It is the car equivalent of a supermodel or a race horse. There are, off course, some basic criteria for measuring whether a car should be considered a supercar or not. Things to consider: design, acceleration, top speed, handling, power-to-weight ratio, style, rarity, price - all of these has to be super in a supercar.
Want an example? Here is a prime example - The Bugatti Veyron.
The Bugatti Veyron is currently (2007) the most expensive (around $1.5 million) and fastest fully street legal car in the world. The Guinness Book of World Records included Bugatti Veyron under the heading - Fastest Production Car. With 1001 horsepower this supercar champion features all the most recent automotive advancements and is able to achieve a top speed of 253 mph (407km/h). This is faster than any production car ever made, it's actually faster than Formula 1 cars. Supercars are not just fast, they are blazingly fast.
Other supercars include: Koenigsegg CCX, Pagani Zonda, McLaren F1, Saleen S7 Twin Turbo, Enzo Ferrari, Lamborghini Murcielago and so on.
On the fun side, if you ever doubt whether a car is a supercar or not, consider this:
A car might be a supercar if:
 - you have a wallpaper or a poster of it
 - it's worth more than your house
 - you drool when you see one
 - it can break the speed limit in 1st gear
 - you will probably never own one,
 - but if you do, you would never give the keys to the valet.
In conclusion, a supercar is a car that changes your idea of what a car is and what a car can do.
Ryan Hooper is a car lover and a big admirer of the first true American supercar: Saleen S7 [_URL_]
Article Source: _URL_


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Sedentary farmer thesis! thesis meaning in greek baby thesis about english Comments Off Thesis statement in research paper thesis statement autism research paper Generate side - thesis farmer sedentary by - year degree programme. What is the Nomadic Warrior thesis? | Yahoo Answers; Sedentary farmer thesis ap human geography Essay Academic; AP Solitaire Geography ch. lanuguages. Warm. Nomadic warrior thesis definition human geography. Advanced Warrior Thesis. good ways to start a narrative essay the exciting time thesis. Sedentary Gig Thesis. AP Murder Probation Chapter 5- Language. Sedentary Farmer Thesis The spread one language to vast regions all over the world through the peaceful mechanisms of farming. This language is known as Proto-Indo-Europeans and is believed to have been first spoken BCE. The sedentary lifestyle causes incredibly bad impacts on your metabolism, which starts to generate about a 30% risk of metabolic conditions, including two types of diabetes, abnormally high levels of triglycerides and lipids, fibromyalgia, chronic fatique syndrome, and other maladies (Wellformative). Start studying APHUG chapter 5: Language. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
- Sedentary farmer thesis definition in writing
- Define sedentary farmer thesis proposal
- Sedentary Lifestyle Puts Office Workers at Risk
The loudspeakers are viewed to possess existed lengthy ago in B. Sedentaryplayerthesis — — essays. Do you know the areas of the Anatolian hearth theory?
Sedentary farmer thesis definition in writing
Getting a Anatolian hearth in Poultry which spread into Europe and. How Did Farming Achieve Europe? The primary competing theory towards the Anatolianplayer theory. It was a sedentary.
A Regional Biological Method of multiplication of Farming in. We advise that this can be described by the presence of an inherited bottleneck among Anatolian. Cimbri — Wikipedia, the disposable encyclopedia. Unit 3 — Cultural Geography: Unit 3 — Cultural Geography. The thesis developed in the following paragraphs is. The desert and also the sown: Nomad-player interactions within the.
Define sedentary farmer thesis proposal
Nomad-player interactions within the Wadi Faynan, southern Jordan. Europe was lived on with a pre-agrarian culture which appears to possess been somewhat sedentary and fairly peaceful. This furthers the thesis that such projects became economic.
Doctorate Dissertations Offered by Proquest.
Sedentary Lifestyle Puts Office Workers at Risk
Doctorate Dissertations Offered by. Imagining the Ottoman Empire and Kurdistan — muse. And just how perform the styles informing these histories. Mooring motorboats being built — alumarine-shipyard. Second, it compares sedentary. New paper around the origins of Indo-European. Now you are asking. The primary difference might have been density along with a more sedentary.
Ever nomads will always be utilised as tools by sedentary. Because they moved over neighbouring and much more distant player.


Service accounts overview
A service account is an OKD account that allows a component to directly access the API. Service accounts are API objects that exist within each project. Service accounts provide a flexible way to control API access without sharing a regular user's credentials.
When you use the OKD CLI or web console, your API token authenticates you to the API. You can associate a component with a service account so that they can access the API without using a regular user's credentials. For example, service accounts can allow:
 - Replication controllers to make API calls to create or delete pods.
 - Applications inside containers to make API calls for discovery purposes.
 - External applications to make API calls for monitoring or integration purposes.
Each service account's user name is derived from its project and name:
system:serviceaccount:<project>:<name>
Every service account is also a member of two groups:
Group Description
system:serviceaccounts
Includes all service accounts in the system.
system:serviceaccounts:<project>
Includes all service accounts in the specified project.
Each service account automatically contains two secrets:
 - An API token
 - Credentials for the OpenShift Container Registry
The generated API token and registry credentials do not expire, but you can revoke them by deleting the secret. When you delete the secret, a new one is automatically generated to take its place.
Creating service accounts
You can create a service account in a project and grant it permissions by binding it to a role.
Procedure
 1. Optional: To view the service accounts in the current project:
 $ oc get sa
 Example output
 NAME SECRETS AGE
 builder 2 2d
 default 2 2d
 deployer 2 2d
 2. To create a new service account in the current project:
 $ oc create sa <service_account_name> (1)
 1 To create a service account in a different project, specify -n <project_name>.
 Example output
 serviceaccount "robot" created
 3. Optional: View the secrets for the service account:
 $ oc describe sa robot
 Example output
 Name: robot
 Namespace: project1
 Labels: <none>
 Annotations: <none>

 Image pull secrets: robot-dockercfg-qzbhb

 Mountable secrets: robot-token-f4khf
 robot-dockercfg-qzbhb

 Tokens: robot-token-f4khf
 robot-token-z8h44
Examples of granting roles to service accounts
You can grant roles to service accounts in the same way that you grant roles to a regular user account.
 - You can modify the service accounts for the current project. For example, to add the view role to the robot service account in the top-secret project:
 $ oc policy add-role-to-user view system:serviceaccount:top-secret:robot
 - You can also grant access to a specific service account in a project. For example, from the project to which the service account belongs, use the -z flag and specify the <service_account_name>
 $ oc policy add-role-to-user <role_name> -z <service_account_name>
 If you want to grant access to a specific service account in a project, use the -z flag. Using this flag helps prevent typos and ensures that access is granted to only the specified service account.
 - To modify a different namespace, you can use the -n option to indicate the project namespace it applies to, as shown in the following examples.
 - For example, to allow all service accounts in all projects to view resources in the top-secret project:
 $ oc policy add-role-to-group view system:serviceaccounts -n top-secret
 - To allow all service accounts in the managers project to edit resources in the top-secret project:
 $ oc policy add-role-to-group edit system:serviceaccounts:managers -n top-secret


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How to Grow a Dinosaur
2013 REU Project:
Dinosaurs evolved in the Triassic period of Earth history, about 230 million years ago, and took over the terrestrial environment soon after. Even though dinosaurs are a unique group, they inherited many of their characteristics from their closest relatives. Some of these characters include a fast growth rate and new sites of muscle attachments on bones. Yet, the order of the appearance of these characters among early dinosaurs and their closest relatives and the relationships of the appearance of the muscle scars and individual age (ontogeny) are not clear. To understand the growth of an animal, different growth stages of a single species are needed, but such growth series rare in the fossil record. Fortunately, researchers at the Field Museum have recently collected hundreds of bones of different sized individuals of close dinosaur relative named Asilisaurus kongwe, from the Middle Triassic of Tanzania in Africa. The bones of Asilisaurus will help us understand the relationship between growth and the appearance of dinosaur-like features.
Research methods and techniques: An REU intern will focus on the skeletal remains of Asilisaurus by examining and describing gross morphology of bones of various growth stages of the dinosaur relative. This will be accomplished by sorting hundreds of bones of Asilisaurus that have come straight from the field. In addition, the intern will create histological sections (cross sections) of long bones (e.g., femur) in order to compare the appearance of external bone features with internal bone features at different sizes. These results will then be compared to bone features and growth trajectories of early dinosaurs.
Curator/Advisor: Dr. Kenneth D. Angielczyk (Assistant Curator of Paleomammalogy, Geology) and Dr. Sterling J. Nesbitt


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Inferring Multilateral Peering
The AS topology incompleteness problem is derived from difficulties in the discovery of p2p links, and is amplified by the increasing popularity of Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) to support peering interconnection. We describe, implement, and validate a method for discovering currently invisible IXP peering links by mining BGP communities used by IXP route servers to implement multilateral peering (MLP), including communities that signal the intent to restrict announcements to a subset of participants at a given IXP. Using route server data juxtaposed with a mapping of BGP community values, we can infer 206K p2p links from 13 large European IXPs, four times more p2p links than what is directly observable in public BGP data. The advantages of the proposed technique are threefold. First, it utilizes existing BGP data sources and does not require the deployment of additional vantage points nor the acquisition of private data. Second, it requires only a few active queries, facilitating repeatability of the measurements. Finally, it offers a new source of data regarding the dense establishment of MLP at IXPs.


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How an Absent Mother Affects Children
Discover why a maternal figure is so important in children's mental and emotional development.
When it comes to child development, an absent mother is not a trivial matter. In this article, we'll take an in-depth look at what can happen in this situation.
From the very beginning of a child's life, the mother is the most important figure of attachment. When a mother is not present in the life of her children, this can bring major consequences for their development.
A child's overall development is shaped by different aspects, from their physical needs to their emotional life. The relationship between a child and their mother or father is a vital part of their mental and emotional development.
A parent may be absent due to many different circumstances, some of them tragic. Not all children are lucky enough to grow up with a mother.
In other cases, although the mother is present, she is not able to spend enough time with her children, whether due to work commitments, relationship breakdown or other factors.
The absence of a mother figure can have a significant impact on the development of the child. However, the extent of the harm will depend on their environment and how the situation is managed.
What a mother gives her child
When we think about motherhood, the first word that comes to mind is protection. And with good reason.
A mother is the person who brings us into this world, and who nourishes and cares for us from the very beginning. This bond is an indispensable part of human existence.
As we grow older, our mother is there to comfort us whenever we feel down. She is there to soothe, calm and encourage us and chase away our fears. When we are nervous, scared, angry or in pain, she is the person we look to for unconditional support.
Feeling loved and valued by their mother will help a child to develop healthy self-esteem and build self-confidence.
An absent mother, therefore, can lead to deep insecurity in children. This is especially true when other adults in the child's life do not take action to address the situation.
This is one case where the support of a professional counsellor is indispensable.
Consequences of an absent mother
From the very start of a child's life, their mother is their most important figure of attachment. The lack of a mother figure can have major consequences.
Here are some of the main ones:
- Negative feelings. The child may experience feelings of loneliness or worthlessness, given that they don't receive the care and affection they need. This, in turn, can lead to anger or frustration.
- Poor behavior. This includes not responding to instructions, making unreasonable demands or hurting themselves or others. In more general terms, the child may seem to be constantly in a bad mood. These are common responses to the absence or loss of a parent or similar figure. Patience and affection are vital when it comes to helping children go through this phase.
- Problems with social relationships. Along the same lines, the child's other social relationships may also suffer. Whether due to lack of trust or because they have not learnt the necessary social skills, children with an absent mother figure tend to have trouble connecting with others. They may also develop a dependency on the people who are there for them.
- Emotional imbalances. This means irritability, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, lack of motivation and more.
- Health issues. Faced with the loss or absence of their mother, some children may lose their appetite. Coupled with the emotional issues described above, this can lead to problems with the child's physical health. This should be addressed immediately by a professional.
How to help a child cope with an absent mother
Despite all of the above, there are ways to help a little one cope with the loss or absence of their mother and its after-effects.
Here are some tips for parents or guardians:
- Be their mother figure. Although this is far from easy, a father or any other guardian can fulfill the role of mom and dad. Tact, understanding and affection are critical, but this can be a good solution for all those involved. This way, you will fill the gap in their lives, at least partly.
- Find a substitute. With the help of aunts, grandmothers or any other close family member, you may be able to find someone to take on the role of a maternal figure. As in the previous case, it is important not to force the relationship. The bond will need to form gradually, on a basis of trust and love.
- Explain the situation to them. The truth will always find its way out. Tell your little one why it is that their mother is not in their life. Sooner or later, they will need to know.
If the child's mother is not completely absent, but, for example, works long hours away from home, the situation may be much easier to resolve.
Many studies have shown that the quality of shared time is far more important than the amount of time spent together.
It is important to give your child your full attention when you can. Remember that these moments help considerably.
What you do together is less important: play, take a walk or help with their homework. Just spending time with your child will help them to feel valued and supported.
Children understand when their mother takes an interest in them, loves them and supports them. It is this day-to-day presence that is critical for their development.


All data are in degrees Celsius. Switch to Fahrenheit
Soma Bay, Egypt
Soma Bay, Egypt | © The Westin Soma Bay Golf Resort & Spa
Current water temperature on the Egypt coast. Forecast of changes in water temperature. Historical data.
Water temperature in Egypt today
#minimal
75°F
#average
78°F
#maximum
83°F
Conditions of sea water on beaches in Egypt
Now in all beaches in Egypt, the water temperature is quite comfortable, and in some places it is very warm and even hot.
The water temperature in Egypt has increased both over the past 10 days and over a month.
Marsa Matruh, Egypt
Marsa Matruh, Egypt | © ola.ua
Today the warmest water in Egypt is recorded in Halayeb. Its value in this location is 82°F. And the coldest one is in Sidi Barrani, its value 75°F.
The trend can be seen on the graph. It shows the change in average sea surface temperature over the past two months.
For the two most popular locations for swimming in Egypt, the graphs of changes in the average water temperature throughout the year are as follows:
We process, analyze and store data for every beach and city in Egypt. Below is a table with current weather data and trends in some places of the country.
CityWaterAir
Hurghada81°F90°F
Sharm-el-Sheikh80°F93°F
Marsa Alam81°F89°F
Soma Bay80°F90°F
Safaga80°F90°F
Dahab79°F93°F
Makdi80°F90°F
Sahl Hasheesh80°F90°F
El Gouna81°F93°F
Alexandria77°F81°F
Marsa Matruh75°F85°F
Ras Um El Sid80°F88°F
Taba79°F99°F
Berenice Troglodytica82°F92°F
Ain Sukhna77°F97°F
Climate in Egypt
Soma Bay, Egypt
Soma Bay, Egypt | © The Westin Soma Bay Golf Resort & Spa
Egypt is in Africa. The country is washed by two seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Egypt - has a fairly long coastline. To determine the temperature of the water in it, we track 24 settlements and resorts.
Hot tropical (south and Red Sea) and subtropical (Mediterranean coast) continental. In summer (May-September) the air temperature is + 35-40ºС, in winter (December-February) + 20-25ºС. The coldest month is January. The whole territory of Egypt is characterized by large daily fluctuations in air temperature - in January-February during the day the thermometer can rise to + 29ºС, and at night it can drop to 0ºС and even lower (the latter is typical for desert regions). In Hurghada, the average January temperature in the daytime is around + 21°C, the night temperature can drop to + 11°C, in June + 35°C and + 24°C, respectively. In Sharm el-Sheikh in the wintertime around + 21ºС, at night –13ºС, in summer + 37ºС and + 26ºС. Cairo in January is cool by local standards - during the day about + 18ºС, at night + 9ºС, in the summer –34ºС and 20ºС respectively. At the same time, there is very little rainfall - not more than 200 mm per year, in most parts of the country there are periods of 2-3 years when there is no rain at all. In the winter and spring periods, dry hamsin hot winds often blow, the temperature during this period can increase to + 40-45°C, and the humidity drops to 10% or lower. Strong sandstorms periodically occur. The average water temperature in February is about + 25ºС in the Red Sea and about + 18ºС - in the Mediterranean. Moreover, in the coastal regions of the southeast in summer, water can warm up to very uncomfortable temperatures - up to + 34ºС and higher.
Egypt: regions
We show the surface temperature of the water in the following regions of the country:
Port Said, Egypt
Port Said, Egypt | © rambler.ru
Egypt: oceans and seas
We monitor the following oceans and seas that wash the country. Just go to the page for a specific reservoir and see the temperature in all settlements on the coast.
Find out the temperature of sea water in more than 12000 cities and resorts around the world. Water surface temperature values are available in real time. There is a forecast of water temperature changes for the next few days, as well as historical data of sea surface temperature are available for all days of the last years.
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How do I know when my cockatiel is sick?
As always the information offered here is to provide guidance and is not intended to be a substitute for the good advice provided by your own avian vet. When in doubt always consult your own veterinarian.
How do I know when my bird is sick?
Tail bobbing, sitting "down on the perch" (crouching over its feet), and sitting on the floor of the cage.
Sneezing, clicking respiration (cough), brown-stained feathers above the nostrils (runny nose), or breathing difficulty occurs.
A change in or loss of voice or song is apparent.
Your cockatiel's behavior changes; it becomes sleepy (eyes closing), less active, and withdrawn.
There is a change in appetite. Loss of appetite or increase appetite.
Your bird drinks more water than normal.
Droppings become loose or change in color.
The number of droppings decreases. Count the number of droppings daily when changing the cage. Fewer droppings may indicate that your cockatiel is not eating well.
Your bird "fluffs up."
A long molt and scratching or picking feathers occurs.


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CALDWELL, Idaho — Researchers at Boise State are digging deep into the soil of several wineries across the Treasure Valley to see if there is a connection between an event that happened nearly 15-thousand years ago and the wines in the Snake River Plains.
That historic event was the Bonneville flood, and Rachael Haggen is already drawing connections between the effects of the flood and Idaho's ideal agricultural and soil conditions, but her research is also uncovering a lot more.
"We have soils here that support vineyards, support orchards, agricultural fields," said Rachael Haggen, a graduate student at Boise State.
It's pretty obvious the soil in the Gem State must be fairly optimal when you take a look at all of the thriving agriculture here in Idaho Rachael Haggen's question though, is why.
"Almost 15,000 years ago was the Bonneville flood, it was a massive discharge of water," said Haggen.
And could it be that the sediments deposited by the Bonneville flood thousands of years ago are affecting agriculture today? Rachael and her team set out to find out, by digging multiple pits at several vineyards in the valley.
"In some of the vineyards there are distinct representations of that flood sediment," said Haggen.
Like a vineyard in Melba, where Rachael found a gravel bar deposited by the flood.
"Water moves through that system a lot faster," said Haggen.
But she also found vineyards throughout the valley which had a more compact mixture of silt and clay.
"Silt and clay will have water move through the system at a slower rate," said Haggen.
But as far as the ideal growing conditions in Idaho wine country, she said there isn't really an "ideal" soil condition.
"Vines don't necessarily have an ideal soil texture. It's the way that the vineyard owners choose to manage their vines based on the soil texture that they have," said Haggen.
Good information for the winery owners, regardless. Rachael said many of them weren't aware of the many different soil textures throughout their vineyards, so this research will help them know how much water their vines will need.


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Inspired by recent achievements in optomechanics, we propose to investigate a coupled nanoelectromechanical resonator (NEMS) network in a microwave optomechanical scheme, in which the NEMS is the analog unit to mimic neurons and microwave photons are information bus in the network to dynamically control the cavity force acting on the NEMS. The microwave optomechanical system offers cavity forces and the nonlinearity from NEMS, which allow to synchronize a NEMS network for building a computing function. Based on this platform, the objective of this project is to demonstrate thermal fluctuation recognition, by combining sensing and computing functions in the coupled NEMS network. The concept and method, to be demonstrated by this project, is of broad impact since it is directly applicable to other platforms for smart sensing applications. The success of this project will bring smart thermometry on-chip and build the essential base for pursuing neuro-inspired parallel computing in the future.
- Coupled NEMS networks in microwave optomechanical scheme
- Neuron inspired computing functions
- Smart thermometry on-chip


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Here's my current solution for doing it solo. It's a multi-step process, but not too challenging and not fatiguing on your body.
See photo below.
1. Hook up ropes (with loops about 1-2 foot or two apart).
2. Hook rubber straps with S-hooks to the wheels and then attach them to the ropes with good tension.
3. Go to the front of the boat and lift up. The tension from the rubber straps will automatically pull the wheels under the boat.
4. Then readjust the tension by hooking the rubber straps further up the rope.
5. Repeat until you're the wheels are as close to the side-stay connection points (boat's center of gravity) as possible.
6. It's best to ditch the rubber straps at this point and secure the wheels with rope. (Not doing so you'll find challenges as you're wheeling it down or up the beach because the rubber straps will stretch and will thus come out a ways from the center of gravity, making it difficult to maneuver.)
The key to solo-launching is to have the wheels directly at the center of gravity. It will make you chuckle with how easy it is to move the boat.


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The effects of glucosinolates in canola meal feeding regiments on liver and thyroid physiological responses and productive performance parameters in the laying hen
Long-term (4-8 months) experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of a new low-glucosinolate canola meal for laying hens and to investigate the physiological responses in the liver and the thyroid to diet glucosinolate levels in various canola meal feeding regimens. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glucosinolates on fertility and hatchability in breeder laying hens and to assess the possible influence of iodine supplementation. The importance of glucosinolate hydrolysis products in the physiological response of laying hens to dietary glucosinolates was exemplified by the observations that hepatic glutathione and thyroid weight showed more pronounced response in birds fed diets designed to produce a maximum amount of glucosinolate hydrolysis products. A significant linear relationship between diet glucosinolate levels and hepatic glutathione content was observed. These data along with the data that a high rate of egg production and no mortality due to liver hemorrhage were noted in laying hens fed meal produced from the new low-glucosinolate cultivar indicate that the glucosinolate content should be reduced in future canola varieties. The corresponding meals could then be used in laying hen diets based on their nutritive value with no need for an upper-limit constraint. An increase in T3 and a decrease in T4 in response to the increasing glucosinolate levels were noted from the regression analyses indicating that the biological active hormone form, T3, rather than T4 tended to be produced as a compensatory response to ingested glucosinolates. No adverse effects were noted on hatchability and fertility of laying hens in canola meal feeding regimens indicating that canola meal can be used as a protein supplement in breeder laying hen diets. However, a reduction in body weight and plasma T4 of day-old chicks were noted although the latter response could be alleviated by adding supplemental iodine to the canola meal diet.


Target Target Target Target Class
Definition
Stellt ein einzelnes Target-Element in einem MSBuild-Projekt dar.Represents a single Target element in an MSBuild project.
public ref class Target : System::Collections::IEnumerable
public class Target : System.Collections.IEnumerable
type Target = class
 interface IEnumerable
Public Class Target
Implements IEnumerable
Vererbung
TargetTargetTargetTarget
Implementiert
Eigenschaften
Condition Condition Condition Condition
Ruft den Condition-Attributwert des Target-Elements ab.Gets the Condition attribute value of the Target element.
DependsOnTargets DependsOnTargets DependsOnTargets DependsOnTargets
Ruft den DependsOnTargets-Attributwert des Target-Elements ab, bei dem es sich um eine durch Semikolons getrennte Liste handelt.Gets the DependsOnTargets attribute value of the Target element, which is a semicolon-separated list.
Inputs Inputs Inputs Inputs
Ruft die Elemente ab, die in diesem Ziel eingegeben werden sollen, oder legt diese fest.Gets or sets the items that are to be input into this target.
IsImported IsImported IsImported IsImported
Ruft einen Wert ab, der angibt, ob das Target-Element in das Projekt importiert wurde.Gets a value indicating whether the Target element was imported into the project.
Name Name Name Name
Ruft den Name-Attributwert des Target-Elements ab.Gets the Name attribute value of the Target element.
Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Ruft die erwarteten Ausgaben dieses Ziels ab oder legt diese fest.Gets or sets the expected outputs of this target.
Methoden
AddNewTask(String) AddNewTask(String) AddNewTask(String) AddNewTask(String)
Fügt dem Target-Element das angegebene Task-Element hinzu.Adds the specified Task element to the Target element.
Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object)
Bestimmt, ob das angegebene Objekt mit dem aktuellen Objekt identisch ist.Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.
(Inherited from Object)
GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator() GetEnumerator()
Ruft einen Enumerator ab, der die BuildTask-Objekte im Target durchläuft.Gets an enumerator that iterates through the BuildTask objects in the Target.
GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode()
Fungiert als Standardhashfunktion.Serves as the default hash function.
(Inherited from Object)
GetType() GetType() GetType() GetType()
Ruft den Type der aktuellen Instanz ab.Gets the Type of the current instance.
(Inherited from Object)
MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone()
Erstellt eine flache Kopie des aktuellen Object.Creates a shallow copy of the current Object.
(Inherited from Object)
RemoveTask(BuildTask) RemoveTask(BuildTask) RemoveTask(BuildTask) RemoveTask(BuildTask)
Entfernt das angegebene Task-Element aus dem Target-Element.Removes the specified Task element from the Target element.
ToString() ToString() ToString() ToString()
Gibt eine Zeichenfolge zurück, die das aktuelle Objekt darstellt.Returns a string that represents the current object.
(Inherited from Object)
Erweiterungsmethoden
Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable) Cast<TResult>(IEnumerable)
Wandelt die Elemente eines IEnumerable in den angegebenen Typ umCasts the elements of an IEnumerable to the specified type.
OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable) OfType<TResult>(IEnumerable)
Filtert die Elemente eines IEnumerable anhand eines angegebenen TypsFilters the elements of an IEnumerable based on a specified type.
AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable) AsParallel(IEnumerable)
Ermöglicht die Parallelisierung einer Abfrage.Enables parallelization of a query.
AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable) AsQueryable(IEnumerable)
Konvertiert einen IEnumerable in einen IQueryable.Converts an IEnumerable to an IQueryable.
Gilt für:


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| Dr. Ahmed Shalaby, P.Eng.
Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
15 Gillson Street
Canada R3T 5V6
Phone: _PHONE_
Website: Pavement Research Group
Brief BioDr. Ahmed Shalaby is a professor of Civil Engineering and a professional engineer specializing in pavement design and highway materials. He has taught at the University of Manitoba since 1998, where he leads the Pavement Research Group. His research aims to improve the performance of road materials and pavement structures and to improve the maintenance and construction practices in Canada and around the world.
Dr. Shalaby believes that the condition of a road surface and the standards for road construction and maintenance of transportation networks play major roles in protecting the safety of road users, and are critical to providing an efficient and economically-viable transportation system for future generations.
- 1997 Ph.D., Civil Engineering, Carleton University
- 1992 M.Sc., Civil Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
- 1987 B.Sc., Civil Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Dr. Shalaby currently teaches undergraduate courses on numerical methods for civil engineers and pavement analysis and design. His graduate courses cover pavement evaluation and management and advanced numerical methods techniques. He has previously taught transportation engineering, surveying and materials courses.
- Resilient and dynamic moduli of soils, aggregates and asphalt pavements
- Image-based surface characterization
- Macrotexture and friction
- In-service pavement performance
- Instrumented pavements
- Partial depth repair materials and practices
- Highway and airfield pavement analysis and design
- Pavement evaluation, performance and management
- Dynamic and creep testing of paving materials
- Aging of asphalt binders
- Laser-based pavement condition assessment
- Fracture and fatigue of asphalt pavements
- Performance of joint and crack sealants
- FRP dowels for concrete pavements


Seva Center in Wichita,KS
Wichita Seva Center
Financial seminars
Women's empowerment
Interfaith dialogues
Homeless feeding
Hindu American Seva Charities works closely with partners and stake holders to address the various gaps to build a healthier community by eradicating poverty
The city has a population of nearly 350,000 people out of which 75.2% are whites, 11.42% are blacks, 8.42% are Hispanics, 3.96 % are Asians and 1 % of the othersAn awareness was created in the mainstream community to lead a healthy lifestyle, with the "Let's Move " initiative.
This was accomplished by:
 1. Introducing Yoga which will have an impact on the body,mind and senses.
 2. Serving vegetarian meals at the homeless shelters and emphasize the importance of healthy nutritional choices.
 3. Empowering the women in the community through an interfaith seminar, where women of different faiths and
 races shared their stories of success to motivate and inspire the less fortunate.
 4. Holding health fairs for the under privileged.
 5. Holding financial seminars in public library to educate the community on having a good control over their finances
 6. Attending interfaith dinner dialogues with other non-profit organizations to brainstorm innovative ways to eradicate poverty and build healthy communities.
 7. Mobilizing volunteer groups to lend a hand during disasters like floods and tornadoes.
 8. Fund raising for such natural disasters and calamities.
Hindu American Seva Charities joined hands with other non-profit organizations like Patanjali Yog Peeth, The art of living Foundation,Global faith in Action ( Interfaith Ministries (, Mahila Mandal of the Bhakta Samaj, Pov –Solve (, Association of American Physicians of Indian Origin, to -develop the seva projects
Teachers from the Art of Living Foundation partnered with HASC and gave a jump start to "Yogathon", having three sessions in one day. The beneficiaries were from the low income community of Wichita including students. Patanjali Yogpeeth teachers have helped us to conduct regular Yoga classes at the Hindu Temple.
Ladies from the Mahila Mandal of the Bhakta Cmmunity have formed groups to regularly feed the homeless in the overflow shelter and the inns in Wichita. HASC partnered with Global Faith in Action to educate the community on the Golden Rule in the form of a retreat to create more education on proper behavior and have a change in the cognition. Amazing faiths dinner between people of many faiths was organized to brainstorm ideas to build an interfaith healthy community. HASC 's partnership with PovSolve Inc., impacted a desire to do community service among high school and college students. Fundraisers were organized to improve the lifestyle of people in the community.
The intended outcome of all projects in the city of Wichita that HASC has put in has benefited nearly 450 people with 8 volunteer leaders and 1000 volunteering hours.
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Passage Through Nature
In our technical world nature has become more abstract. We pass through nature with less engagement often in a moving vehicle. So our perception of nature changes as we flyover it, zoom past it, or lock our gaze into handheld devices. This series explores different visual aspects of nature on the move, from a distance, or a cross section through its core.


++Mind vs Body in programming Is Dualism the future of programming? I like the RubyLanguage. Yet, I feel strange with the motto "In Ruby everything is an object". On the contrary I believe it is useful to pretend that some "things" are Objects and some other "things" are Values. Maybe I am not a Materialist. Let me explain. + Objects vs Values What is the difference between an Object and a Value? It's like the difference between material things and immaterial ideas. Objects must live in some body/place/container, whereas Values can live in multiple "minds" simultaneously. ++ Objects As I first read in a Grady Booch book a long long time ago, an Object has 3 main characteristics: # an *Identity*. A unique /identifier/ that makes it possible to "reference" a specific unique Object # a *State*, that can be represented using a *Value*. That state/value may or may not change over time # a *Behavior*, that defines how the Object will react when some "method" is invoked. Often the behavior depends on the "class" of the object (the "class" is part of the value). ++ Values Example of values include so called /primitive/ values like integers and floating point numbers, strings, dates. Some languages extend the notion to tables, lists, records, etc. But the notion of *value semantics* goes deeper, it relates to the idea that a value is an "in extenso" description of something (whereas a an object is that something itself). Values exist the way ideas exists, not the way a physical thing exist. Values are... # are *immutable*. They cannot change, they cannot "mutate". That means that the Value's value never changes! If string "ABC" is a value, then "ABD" is a different value. There is no way "ABC" can turn into "ABD". # are intrinsically *unique*. Integer 3 "exists" once only, there are no two integers 3, there never will. Values are neither created nor destroyed, they simply are, always have been and always will be. # are *self-identified*. Ie. the Value's identity is the Value itself. ++ An over simplification? Because Object Oriented languages use objects to represent values, they kind of hide the difference between Objects and Values. Everything becomes an Object. This is presented as an advantage. It is some kind of an "unification", a beautiful simplication. Well... really? Maybe it is an over simplification. I am asking because some of these languages later reintroduce the notion of "value semantics". Sometimes there are two "equality" operators. One for identity equality (are two object identifiers referencing the same object?). Another one for Value equality (are two objects representing the same value?). Some other times there will be a String class for example, and a MutableString class (or a StringBuffer/StringBuilder class maybe). As a result Values become second class citizen. They become a special case among all objects, the Immutable Object case. So, yes one can represent a value using an object, but the ideal/immaterial essence of the value gets lost. Why does this matter? + Only Values are multi-core friendly We are entering a time where parallel processing is becoming increasingly necessary to improve performances. That is why the distinction between Values and Objects is relevant. Values are friendly in a distributed non shared environment: # Values are light and fast. Values are naturaly cacheable. A value's computerized representation can be copied as much as one wants, there will never be a need to synchonize the copies. As a result accessing values is local, hence fast. # Mutable Objects are heavy and slow. Objects need a "home". That is the place where the object is stored. The place is not ubiquitous, it hosts the true and only Object. If there exists local cached proxies, they must be kept in synch with each others somehow, and this is costly. Functional programming, like in ErlangLanguage for example, is a nice thing. But pure functional programming, with no side effects, with only immutable values instead, is... a brutal paradigm shift, at best. Are we going to forget about Object Oriented Programming? I don't think so. ++ The Fertile Paradox of OO Languages Some languages have both "by value" and "by reference" parameter passing schemes. But "Pure" object oriented languages are expected to provide only one mechanism: a "by reference" parameter passing, where references are object identifiers. The difference between "by value" and "by reference" becomes of paramount importance when the caller and the callee live in two different address spaces, maybe on two different computers. Cannotical Object Oriented languages have only "by reference". But, but, at some implementation level they actually pass Values: Object Identifiers. ++ Object Identifiers are Values! That passed Value is the /id/ of an object, a /reference/ to it. That's an added level of indirection. Call it an Oid, a Pointer, call it a Reference, at the end it is a kind of Value (hence immutable, unique, self identified). But these languages deny the existence of such values, claiming that "everything is an object". Maybe "everything is an object" but then what is the reference to an object? Is it an object or a value? That is where there is a paradox: If everything is an object, then what kind of object is a "reference to an object"? The truth is that not everything is an object, because references to objects are not objects, they are Values. ++ Nice consequence As a consequence, a language claiming "In xxxx everything is an object" seems extreme to me. I want something in between, where there are Objects and Values, with a clear understanding about what these two species of data have to offer. That request is legitimate, because Values are not second class citizen. I bet I am not alone. Future languages will provide native support for Objects /and/ Values. Some possibilities include: * *Thing Oriented Programming* would be the Top. In such a programming orientation, Value is the norm and Object the exception, versus the opposite in Object Oriented Programming. * A *Value* base class and mixin. To make it super easy to create objects with value semantics. * An *value* method. It would freeze forever the value of an object, so that further processing can optimize things and treat the object as if it were a value, an immaterial idea versus an material thing. It is the _TAG_ Ruby method. There even exists an evil _TAG_ * A *incarn* method. That would create a *new* mutable object from an idealized value. Is it the _TAG_ Ruby method? * A *value?* method. That tells apart objects from values. Like Ruby _TAG_? maybe? Maybe, probably, some languages already offer these possibilites. I get to find them. ----- Ressources: * B. J. MacLennan. "Values and Objects in Programming Languages." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 17, 12 (December 1982). Page 70-79. * Values in Object systems at Ubilab -- Explains why Values are good. * * * Mutable or immutable? in * Objects and Values – A conceptual model, by Bruno Jouhier ----- + Solution Implementing value semantics in object oriented languages can be tricky. * What does Barbara Liskov have to say about Equality in Java? by Reg Braithwaite * Equals and Hash Code for **Java**, by Manish Hatwalne * Navigating the equality maze of **Ruby**, by Paul Butcher * Reference and value semantics. Part of **C++** FAQ Lite, Marshall Cline ----- Read/add comments Category AboutProgramming, JavaScript Misc. I am getting old. I apparently wrote about this in 2004, _USER_ - _USER_ - _USER_ - a visitor - _USER_ -
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