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Ireland–New Zealand relations
Ireland–New Zealand relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Ireland and New Zealand. Both nations are English speaking nations. As a result of famine and poverty, several thousand Irish people migrated to New Zealand where today approximately 18% of the population can claim Irish heritage. Both nations are members of the Australia Group, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.
Historically, both Ireland and New Zealand were constitutionally linked when the United Kingdom formally established the Colony of New South Wales in 1788 which included most of present-day New Zealand. In 1840, New Zealand formally joined the British Empire after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. The first major contact between both nations was during first wave of Irish immigration to New Zealand. Because the Irish were considered to be "British", it is unknown who the first Irish were to reach New Zealand, however, the first Irish migrants to reach New Zealand would have occurred around 1840 when the New Zealand Company first began assisting would-be migrants to settle in New Zealand. In comparison to Irish immigration to North America and Australia, very few Irish people migrated to New Zealand, mainly due to the cost of travel and the enormous distance between both nations. Over the years, however, several waves of Irish people would migrate to New Zealand and as a result, approximately 18% of the population of New Zealand today can claim Irish descent.
Both Irish and New Zealand soldiers fought side by side for the British Empire during the Second Boer War from 1899 to 1902 and World War I from 1914 to 1918, especially during the Gallipoli Campaign. During the Easter Rising in 1916 and when Ireland declared its independence from the United Kingdom in 1919, many Irish-New Zealanders became involved in the Irish cause, however, their numbers were never great which may have been attributed to the fact that most of those with Irish origins in the country were already second generation New Zealanders with loose connections with Ireland. By 1947, New Zealand essentially became an independent nation after accepting the Statute of Westminster Adopting Act.
In May 1948, former Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera traveled to New Zealand seeking support for a united Ireland, but was not successful due to the fact that Ireland remained neutral during World War II whereas New Zealand fought under the Commonwealth in the war. Although New Zealand did not support a united Ireland, many New Zealanders still hold Ireland as an important contributor to their country both culturally and historically.
In 1976, Ireland opened an honorary consulate-general in Auckland to represent Irish interests in the country. The current honorary consul-general is Niamh McMahon. In 2000, New Zealand re-opened an honorary consulate-general in Dublin. Both countries maintain strong political links and similar interests with regards to climate change and peaceful resolutions in trouble zones throughout the world. Several prime ministers have visited each other's countries respectively. Furthermore, three of the Prime Minister of New Zealand have been born in Ireland. Both countries have established working holiday visa with each other and work closely together with regards to agriculture.
Until 2018, the two countries did not have resident embassies in each other's capital, with the Irish Embassy in Canberra, Australia being cross-accredited to Wellington, and the New Zealand High Commission in London in the United Kingdom being cross-accredited to Dublin. In August of that year, however, Ireland opened its first resident embassy in Wellington. In November, New Zealand opened its first resident embassy in Dublin.
- President Patrick Hillery (1985)
- Taoiseach Charles Haughey (1988)
- President Mary McAleese (1998, 2007)
- President Michael D. Higgins (2017)
- Prime Minister Bill Rowling (1975)
- Prime Minister Helen Clark (2005)
- Trade Minister Tim Groser (2015)
- Foreign Minister Winston Peters (2018)
In 2019, trade between Ireland and New Zealand totaled $533 million New Zealand dollars. Ireland's main exports to New Zealand include mainly pharmaceutical products. New Zealand's main exports to Ireland include: wine, mechanical machinery and equipment.
Resident diplomatic missions
- State Luncheon for President of Ireland, Mary McAleese
- "Closer relations with New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- British & Irish immigration, _PHONE_
- Irish Immigration to New Zealand
- New Zealand at War
- "Bureau of Military History". Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2020-01-26.
- A Policy of Futility: Eamon de Valera's Anti-Partition Campaign, _PHONE_
- "Honorary Consulate-General of Ireland in Auckland, New Zealand". Archived from the original on 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- New Zealand appoints envoy, Irish Times, January 10, 2000
- New Zealand Prime Ministers
- Ireland and New Zealand agriculture: trade and climate change
- New Zealand opens Irish embassy in Dublin, Newstalk, 12 November 2018
- New Zealand to open embassy in Dublin, Newstalk, 24 March 2017
- Ireland's first Ambassador to New Zealand appointed, Newshub, 29 August 2018
- New Zealand opens first embassy in Dublin
- President Patrick Hillery's State Visits
- Beehive: Visit of The President of Ireland
- PM Transcripts: Charles Haughey in New Zealand
- President of Ireland visits Christchurch Earthquake National Memorial
- New Zealand Prime Minister's visit
- Beehive: New Zealand and Ireland discuss film agreement
- MFAT: Ireland
- Embassy of Ireland in Wellington
- Embassy of New Zealand in Dublin


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The Ulam Spiral revealed non-random patterns, but they didn't quite match up. Both Shaun and I had long felt there was a better way to wrap the primes that would reveal a deeper structure.
Shaun explained that he had developed a new algorithm (he calls it "Parallax Compression" or, "Daena," named after his wife) for wrapping the primes on a plane, and visualizing their distribution, inspired by the Ulam Spiral. Shaun's algorithm revealed an interesting glyph-like, fractal pattern in the distribution of primes, that to our knowledge, had not been seen before.
Here is an easy to use interactive HTML version, for a quick hands-on demo of this pattern.
Here is a more robust Github version of the code in a Mathematica notebook if you want to explore it yourself (note: Thanks to Stephen Wolfram for taking a look at the Mathematica code and advising us in January, when we were wondering whether this might break crypto and needed advice; the answer is no, it doesn't break crypto, but Mathematica is pretty great!).
And here is the code for prime-draw – a version in Perl by Simon Hardy-Francis.
We have set up a Telegram group for sharing images and insights about this. Lots of good things in there.
After his initial discovery of the Daena pattern, Shaun searched the Web for anyone else who was thinking this way and that led him to my blog post, and to me.
When one looks at a visualization of this pattern, it appears reminiscent of runes, Mayan glyphs, Amazonian tribal imagery, tapestries, and hieroglyphics. If you look at it for a moment or two you will see there are several levels of nested geometric shapes within it that appear to have a kind of fractal symmetry. And interestingly, these patterns recur in a self-similar way at different levels of scale – it's a fractal.
A cell is colored black if there is at least 1 prime number within it, and red if there are no primes within it.
Here, the width of a cell, n, is 100, so each cell represents 100 integers in the sequence, and the pattern holds for 100 rows.
Initially we found that for even values of n this pattern converges on a known numerical sequence,OEIS A054521 — known as the GCD sequence.
For example, If n = 50, then each cell represents 50 integers, and the pattern holds for 50 rows. If n = 200 then each cell represents 200 integers, and pattern holds for 200 rows.
Here is an animation (Thanks to Ian Rust) that shows the pattern approaching the GCD sequence pattern, as the values of n increase.
However, some readers noted today in the thread on Hacker News that GCD doesn't hold for all values of n.
For example, for odd values of n we see a different pattern that is also rather interesting. Here is n = 99:
Like the GCD pattern we see for even values of n, the odd valued n pattern also recurs for different sized odd values of n. This means that this pattern is not simply the GCD sequence — there are variances that we don't understand yet.
The Daena visualization also reveals sequences (that we call "runs") of primes and non-primes along various axes that might be useful for predicting prime and non-prime regions.
Since this article was published, many people have contributed visualizations and observations about Daena to the Telegram group discussion. We, and others, have also found a few patterns within this pattern that can be used to find specific classes of numbers. But for the most part, as far as we can tell, the characteristics of this pattern are well-understood in number theory already, and so it probably is not a major advance in understanding. However, the way we are laying out the pattern is novel (in the pyramid) and yields new insights about the relationships within it, and these insights, which are not necessarily noticeable until you see it visually (even for a mathematician), may inform further research and understandings.
Here are some highlights of findings from the Telegram discussion.
Here is a rendering that colors the cells by the number of primes they contain, by Simon Hardy-Francis:
2048*1024 row renderings (click to zoom in) (credit: Simon Hardy-Francis):
This is zoomed in at the bottom of the 2048×_PHONE_ row render…
And some "sightseeing" from various places in this image….
We were also alerted by a reader to a video from many years ago, for creating the exact same pattern, but using a different geometric approach…
Here the algorithmic rendering (left) is compared to the geometric rendering (right) — they appear to be exactly the same.
We also heard from an artist, Henry King, who years ago, made a sculpture with striking similarities, using a different algorithm, below:
"the square rendering is actually from the prime zeta function for z=2, using the inverse of the square of the primes only. If I had used the zeta function itself using the composites as well as the primes the pattern would have been exactly the same but with more height" (comment by Henry King)
To construct the square rendering you first make a triangular rendering (instead of the pyramid rendering of Daena), and then you put two triangles together to get the square:
And, a reader noted that Stephen Wolfram also found the square version of this in his book, A New Kind of Science.
Here are two 3D models showing some interesting higher level patterns – when you visualize the number of primes per cell. We still haven't fully analyzed these. These models were made by Allan Costa and illustrate the same pattern, found using a faster algorithm that was found separately by Stephen Wolfram and Henry King (however this algorithm has certain limitations; see Telegram discussion for more):
And here it is in 240 lines
So now we know of 4 entirely different algorithms that arrive at the same pattern.
It is also interesting to experiment with other ways of wrapping this pattern — for example, to a rectangular spiral instead of a triangle, (we haven't yet tried other polygons, but that's coming). (Image: by Simon Hardy-Francis):
In the Telegram group there have been some interesting findings about properties of the pattern, where we heard from several researchers, including Andrew Fuchs, who explained that what we are doing is related to his core area of mathematics research on the differences in the reduced residue system modulo primorials (product of first N primes), explained here.
We're not exactly sure what this all means yet — it might not mean much — it might just be a pretty visualization — but it's interesting enough (to us at least) that we decided eventually to make this public so that others could help us explore it further, in case there is something more to this.
At the very least we think this is a way to visualize the Riemann Zeta function. As for more than that, let's see what emerges. Are there connections between this and other research findings, such as this recent article we found on aperiodic order in the primes?
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this is that many different approaches arrive at this pattern — because it's a fundamental pattern of the number system. In fact, I would venture to suggest that any mathematically advanced civilization, anywhere in the universe, would find this pattern and be able to recognize it as well. If that is correct, then this might be a good pattern to look for in the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, and perhaps a good pattern to send out as well — a kind of Cosmic Dial-Tone that says, "we're here and we're intelligent.
We hope you enjoy this, and if you make further progress on this, or find anything that may be connected, please let us know. (You can discuss it with us, and others who are interested, on this Telegram group).
Social tagging: algorithms > chaos theory > cybernetics > fractals > mathematics > number theory > Philosophy > prime numbers > Ulam spiral

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


In the Player's Handbook, it is pretty clear that reactions normally interrupt the thing that they are reacting to.
Xanathar's Guide to Everything, however, has explicitly changed all reactions to occurring after their triggers have finished resolving unless the ability specifies otherwise, and is reliant on that implicit assumption for several reaction abilities already.
This leads to contradictory interpretations of reactions that take implicit timing. How should this be resolved?
I'm particularly interested in how to resolve this in Adventurers League games, where players show up with perfectly legal characters reasonably expecting their abilities to work either way on account of owning or not owning XGE.
Reactions come after their triggers, except when they don't
If the timing is specified in the ability, use that timing. Otherwise, reactions occur after the trigger.
This entire thing is a matter of specific over general. In 5e, when a specific rule and a general rule conflict, the specific rule wins.
Xanathar's Guide to Everything outlines the general rule for the timing of reactions:
If you're unsure when a reaction occurs in relation to its trigger, here's the rule: the reaction happens after its trigger completes, unless the description of the reaction explicitly says otherwise.
So, if the timing of the spell/ability you are using does not specify a timing then the reaction will come after whatever triggered it.
This is essentially just rephrasing what was already in the DMG since its release:
Various spells and features give a creature more reaction options, and sometimes the timing of a reaction can be difficult to adjudicate. Use this rule of thumb: follow whatever timing is specified in the reaction's description. For example, the opportunity attack and the shield spell are clear about the fact that they can interrupt their triggers. If a reaction has no timing specified, or the timing is unclear, the reaction occurs after its trigger finishes, as in the Ready action. (D&DB)
Thus, nothing has changed in the way reactions are handled since the DMG was released. Even with the rule being in the DMG and XGtE, you may (and probably will) still meet players who misunderstand how reaction timing works. There is not too much you can do to prevent this, but having a thorough understanding of the basics yourself will allow you to talk them through the issues with confidence that you are correct. Thus, I have prepared an extensive analysis below to hopefully help you accomplish this.
Dealing with Adventurers League and false expectations
Firstly, it is simply a fact that a DM is going to have to teach/correct that players that don't know or misunderstand the rules. It is one of the DM's primary jobs. There is not much you can do at the table to fix a character built on a misunderstanding of a rule whether it was based on not owning a particular reference material or not.
So how do you deal with it when it comes up? Well, as an AL DM, you are bound to follow the rules as written for all cases in which the rules are clear. However, if there was a case of a reaction ability that you found unclear lean on the general rule. If the ability is unclear then just assume it comes after the trigger. If assuming this seems to break the ability or make it useless then it is probably incorrect. In short, either go with the reaction happening after the trigger or go with what allows the ability to work.
Reaction spells
Below, I go through every currently published spell with a casting time of reaction and show how it either follows or is an exception to the general rule above. Remember, each one of these spells is analyzed using this same rule. As long as you understand it, there should be minimal issues with adjudicating most reaction timing abilities.
Shield - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you are hit by an attack or targeted by the magic missile spell.
So, shield explicitly says that it takes effect before the triggering attack resolves (and before the triggering magic missile spell hits). That means it is an exception and may take effect before the triggering effect resolves. This is an exception to the general rule because it's timing is specified by its effects.
The DMG also explicitly says that shield interrupts its trigger:
See this Q&A for more on the timing of shield: Do you have to cast Shield prior to your opponent's attack roll?
Absorb elements - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you take you take acid, cold, fire, lightning, or thunder damage.
Again, the spell wording implies that it comes before the damage from the attack is resolved and thus it applies to the triggering attack as well. See this Q&A and this Crawford tweet for more.
Counterspell - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you see a creature within 60 feet of you casting a spell.
Counterspell thus interrupts the spell being cast explicitly (also, if it did not it would literally be useless).
This post deals partially with the timing of counterspell: Can a readied spell be Counterspelled after it is cast, but before the trigger occurs?
Feather fall - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you or a creature within 60 feet of you falls.
A falling creature's rate of descent slows to 60 feet per round until the spell ends.
The effect description says that it slows creatures that are in the process of falling. This means that it interrupts the falling and is thus another exception. Again this is also clear because if feather fall did not interrupt the falling creature's decent, it would be useless as the ground will have stopped the creature already with potentially deadly results.
Hellish Rebuke - occurs after trigger
Trigger: being damaged by a creature within 60 feet of you that you can see.
You point your finger, and the creature that damaged you is momentarily surrounded by hellish flames.
Hellish rebuke does specify timing, but it aligns with the normal rules of reactions. The trigger is being damaged and the reaction occurs after that damage is resolved. So, this spell is not an exception.
See here for further discussion: Hellish Rebuke reaction with zero hitpoints
Soul cage - occurs after trigger
Trigger: when a humanoid you can see within 60 feet of you dies.
This spell snatches the soul of a humanoid as it dies and traps it inside the tiny cage you use for the material component.
The trigger is a humanoid dying and the spell snatches the soul as soon as its death is complete. Thus, this reaction does not interrupt the trigger and happens after the trigger is resolved.
Non-spell reactions
I'll go over the two most commonly used non-spell reactions. There are many abilities and other effects that are reactions so it would be incredibly unwieldy to go through and analyze them all. However, knowing and understanding these two should cover a large portion of your reaction timing issues in most games (in my experience).
Ready action - occurs after trigger
Trigger: variable
The ready action can be difficult to adjudicate because it is up to the person readying the action what they want the trigger to be. What makes this especially tricky is that there are no real guidelines for how specific of a trigger you can set which leads to some confusion when it comes to, for example, the question of whether you can interrupt the casting of a spell with a readied action (also see this).
One thing is quite clear though, the readied action is always carried out after the triggering condition is met. No matter how clever the exact trigger is worded, the readied action can never precede the triggering condition.
Opportunity attack - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when a hostile creature that you can see moves out of your reach.
An opportunity is thus taken before an enemy's movement completes and thus interrupts the trigger. The enemy is free to continue moving after the resolution of the opportunity attack if they are able.
The DMG also explicitly says that the opportunity attack interrupts its trigger:
These are all the spells with a casting time of reaction that are currently published and a couple examples of non-spell reactions.
You don't have to look at this list though as long as you remember adjudicating every single one of these things can be done just by looking at the particular ability by following one simple rule: if a timing is listed or implied use that timing, and have the reaction resolve after the trigger for all the others.
 - \$\begingroup\$ Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. \$\endgroup\$ – mxyzplk Mar 16 '18 at 5:41
Your Answer


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- Review Article
- Open Access
The prevalence of headache may be related with the latitude: a possible role of Vitamin D insufficiency?
The Journal of Headache and Pain volume 11, pages 301–307 (2010)
According to recent observations, there is worldwide vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) in various populations. A number of observations suggest a link between low serum levels of vitamin D and higher incidence of chronic pain. A few case reports have shown a beneficial effect of vitamin D therapy in patients with headache disorders. Serum vitamin D level shows a strong correlation with the latitude. Here, we review the literature to delineate a relation of prevalence rate of headaches with the latitude. We noted a significant relation between the prevalence of both tension-type headache and migraine with the latitude. There was a tendency for headache prevalence to increase with increasing latitude. The relation was more obvious for the lifetime prevalence for both migraine and tension-type headache. One year prevalence for migraine was also higher at higher latitude. There were limited studies on the seasonal variation of headache disorders. However, available data indicate increased frequency of headache attacks in autumn–winter and least attacks in summer. This profile of headache matches with the seasonal variations of serum vitamin D levels. The presence of vitamin D receptor, 1α-hydroxylase and vitamin D-binding protein in the hypothalamus further suggest a role of vitamin D deficiency in the generation of head pain.
The prevalence and incidence of headache differ widely between countries and there is an intriguing geographical pattern . Several factors can be responsible for the differences of prevalence between countries, such as methodological differences in the studies, and cultural, environmental, metabolic and genetic factors, etc.
Vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) has emerged as a widespread global public health issue in the recent times. Rickets and osteomalacia are the most common manifestations of VDI. However, recent observations and hypotheses suggest that VDI may affect almost every system of the body . A number of observations have suggested an association between low serum levels of vitamin D and higher incidence of chronic pain . Anecdotal evidences suggest that vitamin D may be effective in a few headache disorders [4–6]. If the prevalence rate of a particular disease increases with increasing latitude, vitamin D deficiency is another possibility. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of a few disorders was purported only when it was noticed that the prevalence of the disease has some relation with latitude.
We review the articles reporting a role of vitamin D in headache disorders. We also review the literature to delineate a relation of prevalence rate of headaches with the latitude.
Review of literature
A number of recent observations, including small randomized controlled trials, suggest a link between low serum levels of vitamin D and higher incidence of chronic pain . There is no consensus on the optimal levels of vitamin D. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level (25(OH) D) of more than 30 ng/ml is usually considered as a sufficient vitamin D level. Vitamin D deficiency is considered when serum 25 (OH) D level is less than 20 ng/ml. Between 20 and 30 ng/ml of 25 (OH) D levels indicate a VDI state . Observations of vitamin D levels with painful conditions have been made on musculoskeletal pain of limbs, trunk and joints. No such study has been done in patients with headache. There are just a few case reports or observations suggesting a role of vitamin D in headaches [4–6]. Recently, Turner et al. studied the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy (<20 ng/ml) among 267 patients with chronic pain, including headache (25 patients). The prevalence of VDI among these 267 patients was 26%. However, the details of vitamin D levels in headache patients were not provided. The first case report on a role of vitamin D (with calcium supplementation) was probably reported by Thys-Jacobs in 1994. The author demonstrated the beneficial effect of vitamin D in two female patients with a history of menstrually related migraine and premenstrual syndrome. Both the patients had low serum vitamin D levels (case 1: less than 5 ng/ml; case 2: 17 ng/ml). Both patients received vitamin D (1,200–1,600 IU daily) and calcium (1,200–1,600 mg daily) supplementation. There was a significant reduction in migraine attacks in 2–3 months. Later on, the same author showed dramatic reduction in the frequency and duration of migraine headaches in another two postmenopausal migraineurs with vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The serum 25 (OH) D levels in these two patients were 19.8 ng/ml (Case 1) and 15 ng/ml (Case 2). Wheeler studied the serum vitamin D levels in chronic migraine patients; 14.8% of patients had levels of ≤20 ng/ml and another 25.9% of patients had levels between 20 and 30 ng/ml. Recently, Prakash and Shah reported eight patients with vitamin D insufficiency having symptoms of both osteomalacia and chronic tension-type headache. All patients had vitamin D levels of ≤10 ng/ml. Both headache and osteomalacia responded to vitamin D and calcium supplementation in a few weeks' duration. Vitamin D insufficiency constitutes an unrecognized epidemic in many populations worldwide. Therefore, the causal association of any disease with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency should be judged cautiously.
If vitamin D is important in the generation of head pain, the incidence of headache will be higher at higher latitudes. There is at least one report on the relation of headache prevalence with latitude. Mitsikostas et al. studied the prevalence of headache in Greece and noted a correlation of the frequency of daily headache with latitude. The prevalence and frequency of daily headache was higher in the northern regions (higher latitude) than in southern areas. We further searched the literature for a possible relation of headache prevalence with the latitude. Search methods included MEDLINE, review articles and reference lists of relevant manuscripts. The MEDLINE search was conducted using the keywords "headache", "prevalence" and "epidemiology". Studies were included if they were: (1) population based; (2) conducted in the general populations; (3) reporting lifetime or 1-year prevalence of total headaches, migrainous headaches and tension headaches; (4) studies using IHS classification or published after 1988; (5) studies conducted in a city or small county/provinces or small countries with a narrow latitudinal range (up to 5°). Articles were excluded if (1) the studies were not conducted on the general population (e.g., among students, clinic-based studies, in workplaces, only in a limited age group and only on one gender); (2) studies not describing the time frame for determination of prevalence rate; (3) national population survey done in a country with a wide latitudinal range (more than 5°, such as the USA, Canada, Brazil, Japan, France, Sweden, Germany, Denmark); (4) studies on rare types of headache disorders.
We looked for a relation of headache prevalence with latitude. The latitude of the city or country, described in the manuscript, was determined by "Google Earth". The mean latitude of the country was used as a reference for seeking its relation with headache prevalence in small countries.
Although every effort was taken to include all the relevant data described in literature, it might be possible that some important data could have been missed. We faced a few problems in including the studies. There were many differences in methodology and reporting patterns among the studies. A few studies explored/reported the same population on two or more occasions. Time frame for determining the prevalence rate was not described in a few observations. Some articles described the prevalence rates in males and females separately, but failed to give a combined (male and female together) prevalence rate. On a few occasions, we calculated the combined prevalence rate. For calculating the total headache prevalence, we combined the total number of male and female patients (if number was given in the article) having headache and then expressed it in percentage (the usual method of determining headache prevalence). The headache types/subclassifications were not very clear in some studies (such as non-migrainous headaches, mixed headaches, etc.). We excluded such type of studies from the final review to minimize the confounding factors.
Both lifetime and 1-year prevalence for the total headaches did not show any significant relation with the latitude (and we did not include total headache prevalence in the table). However, we noted two studies with very low prevalence of total headache near equatorial areas. Both studies did not define the time frame for the headache prevalence. Gourie-Devi et al. reported prevalence of various neurological disorders in Bangalore, India (12°N). Their survey recruited 102,557 subjects. Prevalence rate for headache was only 1.1%. Similarly, the prevalence of headache was relatively low (4%) in Hong Kong (22°N), in the screening of 7,356 persons . These prevalence rates are very low even if we consider these two as point prevalence.
We evaluated further to see the relation of latitude with the prevalence of tension headache, migraine and chronic daily headache. We noted a significant relation of lifetime prevalence of both tension-type headache and migraine with the latitude (Table 1) (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The lifetime prevalence for migraine was between 2.6 and 6.9

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Current Affairs Cuckoo, declining in numbers in Czech Republic, named Bird of Year
The common cuckoo has just been named Bird of the Year 2010 by the Czech Society for Ornithology. One of the aims of the annual award is to draw attention to the problems faced by particular species of birds. In the case of the cuckoo, ornithologists report a baffling fall in numbers over the last few decades.
The Czech Society for Ornithology has just named the cuckoo the Bird of the Year 2010. The head of the organisation Zdeněk Vermouzek explains why.
"Given that this is the Year of Biodiversity we wanted to choose a breed that would be sufficiently well known to all Czechs. I'd go so far as to say that there's nobody in this country who doesn't know the cuckoo, or hasn't heard of it. At the same time, the bird has broader cultural significance, if we consider various superstitions and lore linked to particular times of the year."
Czech ornithologists say that as elsewhere there has been a steep decline in the cuckoo population here over the last 20 or 30 years. As to why, however, they are not entirely sure.
"We can assume that it is because of changes in agriculture, which has become more intensive, with mechanisation and the use of insecticides and other factors whose influence it is hard to prove. But at the same time it could be due to changes in conditions at the cuckoo's wintering grounds in sub-Saharan Africa."
Cuckoos are what are known as brood parasites, which means they lay their eggs in the nests of other birds, and the only such parasites to be found in the central Europe region. By the way, their behaviour is said to explain the provenance of the word cuckold.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
698 A.2d 959 (Del.Ch. 1996)
- Caremark's employees were indicted for violating healthcare fraud statutes, which ultimately resulted in $250M total fines.
- Shareholders of Caremark sued the board of directors derivatively for breach of their fiduciary duty to monitor the ongoings of the corporation.
- Eventually, the Directors and Shareholders came to a settlement agreement, which required approval by the court.
- The court's review of the settlement forms the basis of this opinion.
- Whether the settlement agreement was valid.
- Yes, the settlement was approved.
- The board of directors can't assume their corporation is complying with the law.
- The board has an obligation attempt in good faith to invest in or implement a monitoring system that's sufficient to identify legal breaches by the corporation.
- However, the board's efforts have a low benchmark:
- The board had to have failed to provide reasonable oversight in a "sustained and systematic fashion."
- The information reporting system which the board relied on must be deemable as an "utter failure."
- Note, the system itself can be an utter failure, but the design cannot. The court reviews the design of the system.


text:
How to use Toxic-waste in a sentence
The environmental impact of the toxic waste is to create a new breed of more savory locust.
A koi pond should be able to stand-alone for hours without danger of quick suffocation or toxic waste build up.
Wind energy is infinite, pollution-free, and does not produce radioactive or toxic waste.
Non-renewable energy sources also use and pollute water supplies, harm plant and animal life, and increase toxic waste production.
Similarly, the game Toxic Waste seems simple enough.Advertisement
Possible environmental factors, such as mercury exposure, lead poisoning, polluted water, living near toxic waste sites, have been studied.
It was his belief that this toxic waste was to be blamed for weight gain.


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Scheduler Examples
Here we show some example job scripts that allow for various kinds of parallelization, jobs that use fewer cores than available on a node, GPU jobs, low-priority condo jobs, and long-running FCA jobs.
1. Threaded/OpenMP job script
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=partition_name
#
# Request one node:
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#
# Specify one task:
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=1
#
# Number of processors for single task needed for use case (example):
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=4
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=$SLURM_CPUS_PER_TASK
./a.out
Here --cpus-per-task should be no more than the number of cores on a Savio node in the partition you request. You may want to experiment with the number of threads for your job to determine the optimal number, as computational speed does not always increase with more threads. Note that if --cpus-per-task is fewer than the number of cores on a node, your job will not make full use of the node. Strictly speaking the --nodes and --ntasks-per-node arguments are optional here because they default to 1.
2. Simple multi-core job script (multiple processes on one node)
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=partition_name
#
# Request one node:
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#
# Specify number of tasks for use case (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=20
#
# Processors per task:
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
./a.out
This job script would be appropriate for multi-core R, Python, or MATLAB jobs. In the commands that launch your code and/or within your code itself, you can reference the SLURM_NTASKS environment variable to dynamically identify how many tasks (i.e., processing units) are available to you.
Here the number of CPUs used by your code at at any given time should be no more than the number of cores on a Savio node.
For a way to run many individual jobs on one or more nodes (more jobs than cores), see this information on our ht_helper tool.
3. MPI job script
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=partition_name
#
# Number of MPI tasks needed for use case (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks=40
#
# Processors per task:
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
module load gcc openmpi
mpirun ./a.out
As noted in the introduction, for all partitions except for savio2_htc and savio2_gpu, you probably want to set the number of tasks to be a multiple of the number of cores per node in that partition, thereby making use of all the cores on the node(s) to which your job is assigned.
This example assumes that each task will use a single core; otherwise there could be resource contention amongst the tasks assigned to a node.
4. Alternative MPI job script
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=partition_name
#
# Number of nodes needed for use case:
#SBATCH --nodes=2
#
# Tasks per node based on number of cores per node (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=20
#
# Processors per task:
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
module load gcc openmpi
mpirun ./a.out
This alternative explicitly specifies the number of nodes, tasks per node, and CPUs per task rather than simply specifying the number of tasks and having SLURM determine the resources needed. As before, one would generally want the number of tasks per node to equal a multiple of the number of cores on a node, assuming only one CPU per task.
5. Hybrid OpenMP+MPI job script
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=partition_name
#
# Number of nodes needed for use case (example):
#SBATCH --nodes=2
#
# Tasks per node based on --cpus-per-task below and number of cores
# per node (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=4
#
# Processors per task needed for use case (example):
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=5
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
module load gcc openmpi
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=$SLURM_CPUS_PER_TASK
mpirun ./a.out
Here we request a total of 8 (=2x4) MPI tasks, with 5 cores per task. This would make use of all the cores on two, 20-core nodes in the "savio" partition.
6. Jobs scheduled on a per-core basis (jobs that use fewer cores than available on a node)
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=savio2_htc
#
# Number of tasks needed for use case (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks=4
#
# Processors per task:
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=1
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
./a.out
In the savio2_htc pool you are only charged for the actual number of cores used, so the notion of making best use of resources by saturating a node is not relevant.
7. GPU job script
#!/bin/bash
# Job name:
#SBATCH --job-name=test
#
# Account:
#SBATCH --account=account_name
#
# Partition:
#SBATCH --partition=savio2_gpu
#
# Number of nodes:
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#
# Number of tasks (one for each GPU desired for use case) (example):
#SBATCH --ntasks=1
#
# Processors per task (please always specify the total number of processors twice the number of GPUs):
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=2
#
#Number of GPUs, this can be in the format of "gpu:[1-4]", or "gpu:K80:[1-4] with the type included
#SBATCH --gres=gpu:1
#
# Wall clock limit:
#SBATCH --time=00:00:30
#
## Command(s) to run (example):
./a.out
To help the job scheduler effectively manage the use of GPUs, your job submission script must request two CPUs for each GPU you will use. Jobs submitted that do not request a minimum of two CPUs for every GPU will be rejected by the scheduler.
Here's how to request two CPUs for each GPU: the total of CPUs requested results from multiplying two settings: the number of tasks ("--ntasks=") and CPUs per task ("--cpus-per-task=").
For instance, in the above example, one GPU was requested via "--gres=gpu:1", and the required total of two CPUs was thus requested via the combination of "--ntasks=1"


text:
Mortality is a fancy word for the inevitability of death. "To the Virgins" talks about the death of a flower, the setting of the sun (another kind of death, and a metaphor for human life), about how getting older means getting closer to death, and about the possibility of a sort of living death, exemplified in the poem's nightmarish vision of an unmarried life. Even though death is everywhere, we can still make the most of what time we have.
Although the speaker emphasizes the brevity of life, and thus the importance of acting during one's "prime," both the sun (stanza 2) and the flowers (stanza 1) suggest the possibility of rebirth or second chances. The rosebush will grow new flowers, and the sun will rise again.
"To the Virgins" describes both literal deaths (the flower) and a number of figurative ones (the setting of the sun; the "tarrying" of the last stanza), and it remains undecided about which is worse.


text:
- mustard (n.)
- late 13c. (late 12c. as a surname), from Old French mostarde "mustard, mustard plant" (Modern French moutarde), from moust "must," from Latin mustum "new wine" (see must (n.1)); so called because it was originally prepared by adding must to the ground seeds of the plant to make a paste. As a color name, it is attested from 1848.
Mustard gas, World War I poison (first used by the Germans at Ypres, 1917), so called for its color and smell and burning effect on eyes and lungs; chemical name is dichlordiethyl sulfide, it contains no mustard, and is an atomized liquid, not a gas. To cut the mustard (1907, usually in negative) is probably from slang mustard "genuine article, best thing" (1903) on notion of "that which enhances flavor."
I'm not headlined in the bills, but I'm the mustard in the salad dressing just the same. [O.Henry, "Cabbages and Kings," 1904]


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 Managing Cross-Functional Teams
 What do you need to do to manage cross-functional teams? How can a manager maintain order in such a diverse group? Cross-functional teams can be a great way to accomplish corporate goals if they are managed correctly.
 © BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com February 24, 2021, 8:24 pm ad1c9bdddf
 Solution Preview
 In order to fully appreciate the task of leading a cross-functional team it is important to understand the unique differences that such a team provides. First, a cross-functional team is made up of individuals that are specialized in different areas. Therefore, cross-functional teams are made up of people who do not speak the same technical language. One member may be proficient in finance, while another may be proficient in customer service. While both are very good...
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 This solution answers explains in 293 words what one must do to manage a cross-functional team. It contains 1 reference, and gives a detailed explanation of what a cross-functional team is, and how it can be effectively utilized in the workplace.


How do you say "I'm a journalist" in Korean?
Here's the answer:
"나는 기자예요"
Watch a real native speaker say it:
Here's how it sounds in a textbook:
Fun fact: the hundreds of thousands of people learning Korean with Memrise get this phrase correct 97.21% of the time!
Time to set your textbook on fire, learn "나는 기자예요" and other useful phrases that Korean speakers really use!
burning textbook


2011 Lab 12 - Online Assessment
From Embryology
2011 Lab 12: Introduction | Embryo to Fetus | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | Birth | Neonatal | Abnormalities | Online Assessment
Individual Assessment
 1. Give examples of 3 systems that continue to develop postnatally.
 2. Identify the abnormalities detected by the Guthrie Test and link to one abnormality listed in OMIM.
Note - the individual assessment pages will be locked 5pm Monday next week.
2011 Lab 12: Introduction | Embryo to Fetus | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | Birth | Neonatal | Abnormalities | Online Assessment
Glossary Links
Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2019, August 23) Embryology 2011 Lab 12 - Online Assessment. Retrieved from _URL_
What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2019, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


text:
Vietnam: A Natural History
Vietnam: A Natural History, published by Yale University Press, is the first comprehensive volume on the country's extraordinary flora and fauna and diverse natural areas. Spectacularly illustrated with maps, photographs, and 35 original watercolor illustrations, this engaging 406-page book, co-written by Eleanor J. Sterling, Director of the American Museum of Natural History's Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (CBC), and CBC Biodiversity Scientists Martha M. Hurley and Le Duc Minh, offers a complete tour for scientists, naturalists, and the general reader of Vietnam's plants and animals along with an in-depth discussion of the factors shaping their evolution, distribution, and conservation.
Vietnam: A Natural History grew out of a conservation biology research and training project in Vietnam initiated in 1997 by the CBC. The goal of the project is to assist the country, a biodiversity hotspot, with the protection and sustainable management of its natural resources. Vietnam encompasses a wide variety of unique habitats, including four internationally recognized Endemic Bird Areas (critical regions for bird conservation designated by Bird-Life International). Meanwhile, the human population grows, the country's markets expand, and the international wildlife trade increasesall factors that threaten the preservation of the nation's unique biodiversity. The government has committed to developing protected areas, training conservation biologists, gathering and maintaining basic collections of plants and animals, and collaborating with foreign scientific and conservation organizations. Currently, four percent of Vietnam's total area is protected, and officials are committed to increasing that figure to six percent, which is part of what motivated the Museum to get involved in generating science to guide this growth.
As part of its commitment to providing scientific research and guidance in areas of the world harboring dense concentrations of biodiversity, the CBC has partnered with the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources in Hanoi (IEBR) and several universities in Vietnam, as well as World Wildlife Fund Greater Mekong Programme, to collaborate on research, education, and training; to assess the diversity and distributions of Vietnamese biota; and to identify conservation priorities and potential new protected areas.
One of the most significant results of this partnership so far has been a series of biotic surveys covering the past nine years in six different geographic regions of Vietnam that have been historically understudied. The multi-taxa surveys, for which the CBC trained research staff in Vietnamese institutions, have allowed these institutions to create and curate comprehensive research collections for phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses and conservation management decisions. The surveys have identified a number of species new to science and have yielded extensions of the range of particular species, and, in some cases, the first-reported discoveries of certain species in Vietnam. The results especially point to potentially high levels of hidden biodiversity among amphibians. Mammal survey results from the Huong Son Forest have helped scientists to realize the utility of small mammals in monitoring overall ecosystem health. Analyses of remotely sensed imagery (reaching back to 1950s aerial photography) indicate long-term stability of core forested sections in central Vietnam's Quang Nam and Thua Thien-Hue Provinces, an area of high biotic diversity and endemism. These forest cover maps are being employed in regional conservation planning and monitoring, for example, the development of the Song Bung hydroelectric dam adjacent to Song Thang Nature Reserve. Results from survey work and Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses of forest loss also contributed to the feasibility study of the proposed Nature Reserve at Ngoc Linh (Quang Nam Province).
Other results of this joint venture include the development of a laboratory at the IEBR and at the American Museum of Natural History for analysis of invertebrate specimens; a searchable, web-based collections database of the biotic survey results; and the design of conservation biology materials for use by educators at the undergraduate and graduate levels in Vietnam and other countries in the region. Over the next three years, CBC scientists will return to Vietnam to continue surveying for new amphibian and mammal species, examine the prevalence of malaria in reptile populations, analyze changes in forest cover, and develop and employ GIS maps and camera trapping as tools to allow local conservation practitioners to monitor targeted protected areas.
Book Details, Artwork
Uncommonly rich in plants, animals, and natural habitats, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam shelters a significant portion of the world's biological diversity, including rare and unique organisms and an unusual mixture of tropical and temperate species. Vietnam: A Natural History reports on dozens of newly described species of amphibians, birds, and mammals as well as current efforts to conserve Vietnam's complex, fragile, and widely threatened biodiversity. The book also explores the long history of humans in the country, including the impact of the Vietnam-American War on the region's biodiversity.
Throughout the book, compelling and vivid original watercolors by wildlife biologist and artist Joyce A. Powzyk illustrate select examples of Vietnam's most important plants and animals. More than half the species depicted have rarely been seen. In order to render wildlife as accurately as possible, Dr. Powzyk extensively researched each painting by consulting original species descriptions, historical plates, museum specimens, field guides, expert opinions, and photographs where they existed.
Vietnam's biological diversity remains incompletely documented, in part because research and exploration of the region dropped off during the First Indochinese War, which began soon after World War II and lasted until 1954, and the Vietnam-American War, lasting from 1955 to 1975. In the early 1990s, scientific research on Vietnam's biological diversity resurged following the government's 1986 decision to implement the policy of Doi Moi (economic "renovation"). The natural history presented in this new book reflects the current state of knowledge.
Separate chapters of the book focus on northern, central, and southern Vietnam, regions that encompass tropics, subtropics, mountains, lowlands, wetland and river regions, delta and coastal areas, and offshore islands. The authors provide detailed descriptions of key natural areas to visit, where a traveler might explore limestone caves or glimpse some of the country's 27 known monkey and ape species and more than 850 bird species, many of which can only be found in Vietnam or in adjacent regions.
Few natural forests remain intact in Vietnam and even very isolated areas are less than a few days' walk from the nearest human settlement. Many natural areas are fragmented islands in a sea of human development. Nonetheless, Vietnam remains a fascinating placebiologically, geologically, and culturallyand has much to share with visitors seeking a stronger connection with its past and present beauty, history, and diversity.
A majority of the authors' royalties earned from sales of this book will be contributed to an educational fund supporting Southeast Asians working in biodiversity conservation.
The book is available in the Museum Shop at the American Museum of Natural History in hardcover for $40.00.
Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, _PHONE_


text:
With the Alarm System extension for Joomla, an extra layer of security is added right after a user logs into the administrator. After a successful login, the user is presented with a PIN screen to disable the alarm system. When a user enters the correct PIN, the alarm will be disabled. When a user enters too many incorrect PINs, or doesn't provide the correct PIN within the given time frame, the alarm system will be triggered. When the alarm goes off, be default the user will be logged out. If configured, a new log entry will be added to track which users have triggered the alarm system.
For now this extension offers pretty basic functions only. We are open for your suggestions and tips to improve and expand. Please share your ideas at our forum or leave a review and tell us what you like about it and what is still missing!
Suggestion forum page:
Alarm System configurable options:
- General options
Under general options you can enable the alarm and configure the settings. You can choose how many seconds a user is granted to disable the alarm system and how many incorrect PIN numbers are accepted before the alarm is triggered. By default the system allows users 30 seconds and 3 incorrect PIN entries.
- PIN settings
You can select the source of correct PIN codes. You can select to use a System wide PIN, which means all users will have to enter the same PIN. You can also select to use user specific PIN codes. This allows every user to have it's own PIN code. The user PIN codes are managed by an admin with enabled access to edit PIN codes. These rights are configured in the component options.
- Alarm trigger settings
Here you can specify if you want a user to be logged out upon triggering the alarm.
There is also a logging system for tracking what happens with the alarm. The system can log if an incorrect PIN is entered, if a correct PIN is entered (alarm disabled) or if the alarm is triggered. It also tries to gather additional information, such as which user has caused an event, and which incorrect PIN was entered
User specific PIN codes
From the control panel there is an option for User PIN codes. Here you can specify for each user if they should have the system wide PIN, or a specific user PIN. So you could have a couple of users with a specific PIN code, while the rest is using the system wide PIN code. If the system cannot find a specific PIN code for a user, it will fall back to the system wide PIN. For that reason it's recommended to always set a system wide PIN code.
The Alarm System also supports subsystems to configure your own actions in case of alarm system events. You can create and install your own Joomla plugin handling responses when the alarm is triggered and or successfully disabled.
The component is easy to form, easily to install, he avoids the revenue to the core of Joomla and works perfectly.
I recommend it to 100 %.
I'm sorry for English.


text:
Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article.
Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review.
anthropological work in Ituri Forest
...of Africa; 1873). Stanley was the first to cross the forest from west to east, following essentially the same route as the present Kisangani-to-Bunia road. In the 1930s the Jesuit missionary Paul Schebesta undertook the first anthropological studies of the people of the Ituri. Since then, many aspects of the behaviour, ecology, and growth and demography of the Bambuti and their villager...
What made you want to look up "Paul Schebesta"? Please share what surprised you most...


I'm building a NMT model and I have some questions about the preparation of training pairs.
Background: I have a list of sentences that have similar semantic meanings and I would like to make pairs out of them. I have a rule to select a subset of sentences and set them as the targets. The rest of the sentences will be set as sources. Then, what I'm doing right now is to pair each of the source to each of the target. This will generate (n_source * n_target) pairs.
This approach, if we look at the resulting pairs, can match each of the source to multiple targets if there are more than 1 sentence that was set as targets.
Another approach is to only select 1 target within a single cluster, and match the rest of the sentences to this target. This approach will make sure each source is only paired with one unique target.
Question: Ignoring the number of pairs generated in the end, which approach is better for NMT in general? Is it better to have one source to pair to multiple targets given that they are all valid, or is it better to keep a one-to-one relationship?
Any discussions are welcome.
Your Answer
Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


text:
Michael Wall, Ph.D.
Director of the Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias
Geology is the scientific study of Earth. The natural world around us is dependent on and shaped by geologic history.
Core specialties within the geological sciences focus on:
- the chemical composition of Earth (e.g., mineralogy, the study of minerals, and petrology, study of rocks);
- the structure of Earth (structural geology);
- landforms and the processes that produce them (geomorphology);
- geologic history, including the study of fossils (paleontology), and the development of sedimentary strata (stratigraphy).
Knowledge generated by geologists is essential to our understanding of the
living systems in our environment. The Museum research focus is on the flora, fauna and ecology of our region, both past and present, incorporating the geologic knowledge produced by researchers elsewhere. The articles and references provided here are selected for their focus on our particular region, within the broader geologic picture.


text:
Marie Joseph Demers (born 1740)
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Marie Joseph Demers (born 1740) was born in 1740. She was born into the Demers family.
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text:
"The picture of Ecuadorian cocoa farming is often portrayed with large, highly mechanized farms, however, the reality is that around 95% of cocoa farms are small to medium sized, family owned farms," she says.
"To put this into context, a large farm is over 100 hectares, but in fact, the average size of a cocoa farm here is approximately 5 hectares. The average cocoa yield in Ecuador is higher than what we see on West African cocoa farms, and I am often asked why this is the case? Firstly, the main variety of cocoa grown here is different and produces a higher yield. Secondly, in general Ecuador is blessed with very good soil quality. My background is trading, I am certainly not an agronomist nor do I have a particularly green finger, but everything in my garden here grows without much attention to its wellbeing!"
The premiums generated from the purchase of Cocoa Horizons products generated CHF 17m ($18.8m) in funds last year, which was directly invested in Cocoa Horizons registered farms across the globe -- Angela Gubser, Managing Director Barry Callebaut Ecuador
Cocoa Horizons is Barry Callebaut's preferred vehicle to implement sustainability activities and improve the livelihoods of cocoa farmers and their communities, and has been successfully used in West Africa.
Gubser says Barry Callebaut established the Cocoa Horizons Foundation to scale impact and drive on-the-ground change in cocoa growing communities through productivity, community and environmental activities.
"To put this into context, the premiums generated from the purchase of Cocoa Horizons products generated CHF 17m ($18.8m) in funds last year, which was directly invested in Cocoa Horizons registered farms across the globe. The Foundation is already operational in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Cameroon, Brazil and Indonesia. It was a natural next step to commence the program here in Ecuador."
She says farmers will benefit from Cocoa Horizons in Ecuador, specifically by increasing productivity and income, while protecting the environment.
"In terms of yield, we believe there is the potential for farmers to sustainably increase their yield and herewith their income. As I mentioned earlier, cocoa is grown almost exclusively by smallholder households and is their main source of cash income. As smallholder farmers are one of the most economically disadvantaged groups in Ecuador, the success of the cocoa industry here is definitely seen as critical to alleviating rural poverty. Offering training in Good Agricultural Practices, an integral part of Cocoa Horizons activities, has sparked a lot of interest from the farmers we are working with. They have told us they want to know more about the correct use of fertilizers and how to prevent disease," she says.
She also mentions that as part of Barry Callebaut's Forever Chocolate sustainability programme, the Group is committed to becoming carbon and forest positive by 2025. "Therefore growing more cocoa on existing farm land also reduces the risk of deforestation of protected areas."
COVID-19 was unforeseen, of course, but Gubser says Barry Callebaut is committed to rolling out its Cocoa Horizons scheme in Ecuador and the first step was to map and register the 304 farmers, some of whom have multiple farm plots.
"The reason we do the mapping is to determine the geographic information of the farm, for example, the size, density of cocoa trees, details of other crops being grown. To undertake the mapping, we partnered with a local start-up business Visión Geográfica to use drone technology. Working with this team was excellent, we reduced the amount of people needed on the ground to undertake face-to-face 'manual mapping', which was an important consideration due to COVID-19, yet at the same time we were able to support a local growing business."
Gubser also says that while undertaking the farm mapping, the team used the opportunity to speak to the farmers about the risks of COVID-19 and distribute hygiene packs, which included cocoa butter soap sourced from another local cocoa exporter.
"For me, working with the local community is something I truly value. Beyond the Barry Callebaut family here and the work we do with farmers and our suppliers, I think working with as many local businesses as possible is important," she says.


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Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - Humboldt Graduate School
Career Day 2021
Our Career Day 2021 was the first in an online format. Although it was an experiment, it was a great success with around 200 participants.
Remember, "After Career Day is before Career Day".
See you in February 2022!
After the doctorate, countless career paths are open, but many doctoral candidates have little insight into potential professional fields. That's why we organize an annual career day for doctoral candidates, to which we invite numerous young people, most of them with doctorates, from very different professional fields. Within the framework of small discussion groups, doctoral candidates and young professionals can talk to each other: In what jobs do people with doctorates work? How did they manage to enter this field of work? To what extent was and is the doctorate helpful? What does every day work look like? This individual exchange is supplemented by selected expert lectures and information. This year, the Career Day will take place online.
Download Flyer


text:
4 Best places to go for a historic hotel
Are you a history buff and lover of all things vintage? Do you spend hours antiquing? Do you plan your vacations around historical battle sites, cities and landmarks? If you said yes to any of these, why not take your obsession one step further and stay in a historic, vintage hotel?
Check into one of these four hotels that are not just decorated with old world charm, but have some serious significance in U.S. history! Each of these hotels is recognized by the Historic Hotels of America, with the the oldest one on the list dating back to 1716! So pack your bags, your history books and your keen spirit for vintage finds and head to one of these historically famous hotels!
Colonial Inn, Concord, Massachusetts
This hotel, built in 1716, has seen more than three centuries of American history. Located in the town of Concord, just 30 minutes north of Boston, the charming Colonial Inn used to be a meeting place for free-thinking colonists during British occupation. One of the rooms of the Inn was used to hold weapons and arms for the local militia during the Revolutionary War! After the war, in the early 1800s, the Inn was used as a grocery store and thriving business. Then, in the mid-1800s, author Henry David Thoreau moved in with his family while he attended Harvard College. In 1888, the Inn was renamed and turned into a small full-service hotel.
Because the hotel has been around for so long, many people believe it to be haunted. SyFy's Ghost Hunters visited the Inn and recorded multiple sightings and experiences of paranormal activity. Each of the Inn's 15 rooms is decorated with historic artifacts and charm, including antique dressers, vintage distressed mirrors and ornaments and four-poster beds from the early 1900s. Rates start at $154 a night.
Crescent Hotel & Spa, Eureka Springs, Arkansas
This majestic hotel nestled on 15 acres of gardens near the Ozark Mountains was built in 1886 by Eureka Springs Improvement Committee. Many people flocked to the hotel during the early years because the Eureka Springs were said to be "healing waters," so people from near and far came in hopes of finding a cure for their many ailments. After a few years, many people realized the springs had no healing powers, so fewer people flocked to the hotel causing it to shut down. From 1908 to 1924, it was used as a conservatory for young girls. Then, in 1930, Norman Baker bought the hotel and turned it into a cancer hospital. Since he had no medical training, it's reported that more than 300 people died on the hotel's fourth floor. Because of this, the Crescent is known to be one of the most haunted hotels in America.
After years of deterioration after the World Wars and several rehabilitation attempts, the resort was finally restored to its original beauty in 1997 after $5 million in renovations. The hotel's 72 guest rooms and suites are decorated in period colors and with stunning, one-of-a-kind antiques, like sleigh beds, ornate patina mirrors, Victorian furniture (like plush lounges) and vintage parlors. Rooms start at $119 a night.
Ahwahnee Hotel, Yosemite, California
The Ahwahnee Hotel was built in the early 1920s on land that was once home to the native Miwok Indian Tribe. Situated in the heart of Yosemite National Park, this hotel sees thousands of visitors a year, mostly for the view, accommodations and the rich history the hotel offers. Because of the hotel's location, the design and architecture was especially arduous, using almost 5,000 tons of stone, 1,000 tons of steel and 30,000 feet of timber. To prevent the Ahwahnee from fire damage (a common fate for hotels in this area), the outside was made of concrete that was poured into molds and dyed to look like redwood.
The hotel was open for guests in the 1930s and 40s until it was turned into a convalescent hospital for Navy veterans. Once it was converted back to a hotel, the Ahwahnee saw many renovations and refurbishes, including a $4 million roof overhaul. The Y-shaped hotel has 99 guest rooms, each decorated in a Native American theme with rich woods and dark colors. There are also 24 private cottages. Stanley Kubrick, director of The Shining, had the great lobby and hall of the movie modeled after that of the Ahwahnee. Rates start at more than $450 a night.
Gettysburg Hotel, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Built in 1797, the Gettysburg Hotel sits just a few feet away from where President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg address in 1863. The hotel was originally opened by James Scott as a tavern and was later transformed into an inn. In addition to the Gettysburg address, the hotel was in proximity to the grueling three-day battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Because of the number of casualties in Gettysburg during the Civil War, the hotel (like the rest of the city) is said to be haunted by soldiers and unlucky civilians. About a century after the Civil War, the hotel became home to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and served as a base for his national operations during the Cold War and as a place to recover from a near fatal heart attack.
Post World War changes to the hotel and a decrease in American travel in the 1960s caused the hotel to close its doors. It wasn't until years later when new management (Best Western Hotels) bought the property and did an expensive renovation and the hotel was able to re-open. Each of the 119 rooms still has a very antique feel with vintage furniture and period timepieces from the late 1700s, 1800s and early 1900s. The grand formal ballroom, which was added in 1814, has high ceilings, vintage chandeliers and is a popular spot for weddings. Rooms begin at $100 a night.


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Cape Verde Escudo
The Cape Verde Escudo (CVE) is the official currency of Cape Verde. The $ symbol is typically used to separate decimals; for example, 20$00 indicates 20 Escudos.
The Cape Verde Escudo is pegged to the Euro at 110$265 Escudos = 1 Euro.
- Cape Verde's economy does not have sufficient resources to sustain itself.
- Service-based industries account for 73% of the GDP and play an important role in the economy.
- Since 1990 the economy has been growing at a steady pace.
- In 1994 and 1995 the country received +/- 50 million USD in foreign investments.
- Cape Verde is recognized as an average development country. It is part of the Small Island developing states.
- Agriculture forms 9% of the total GDP and industry 16.5%.
- Export products are fish, hides, shoes, garments, and fuel.
- Import products are industrial, fuels, foodstuffs, and transport equipment.
- 30% of the population is unemployed.
- Inflation is estimated at 4%.
- Top industries are garments, shoes, salt mining, fish processing, ship repair, beverages, and food.
- Cape Verde receives a lot of cooperation from Portugal to help its economy.
- In 1914, the Escudo replaced the Rei, with 1 Escudo = 1,000 Reis.
- Until 1975, the Escudo was valued at par with the Portuguese Escudo.
- In 1998, a pegged rate was established between the Cape Verde Escudo and the Portuguese Escudo at 1 Poretuguese Escudo = 0.55 CVE.
- After the Portuguese Escudo was replaced by the Euro, the Cape Verde Escudo was pegged to the Euro at 110$265 Escudos = 1 Euro.
- The third issue of banknotes was introduced in 1992.
- In 2005, the 200-escudo note was redesigned and distributed to celebrate 30 years of independence.
Symbols and Names
- Symbols: $
- Nicknames: none
ISO 4217 Code
- Centavo = 1/100 of a Dollar
- Bills: 200$00, 500$00, 1000$00, 2000$00, 2500$00, 5000$00
- Coins: 1$00, 5$00, 10$00, 20$00, 50$00, 100$00
Countries Using This Currency
- Cape Verde
Currencies Pegged To CVE :
CVE Is Pegged To:
- Euro = 110$265


Why Do Women Like Tall Men?
We have all heard the universal adage of a lady seeking a man who is 'tall, dark and handsome,' and there seems there's more truth to the saying than meets the eye. Women tend to prefer taller men as their partners, but why?
Women like tall men for various reasons, such as adaptive evolutionary instincts, psychosocial preferences, and adaptive fear responses to external danger.
Cultural norms may also play a part where taller men are perceived to be more efficient leaders and given a higher social prominence than their shorter counterparts.
Our modern brains still bear the vestiges of our evolutionary past, which dictates in some measure what women find attractive in a male mate. Studies do support the notion of women's preference for taller men for several reasons discussed below.
Is There Scientific Evidence that Women Prefer Tall Men?
In an article in Personality and Individual Differences, called "Women want taller men more than men want shorter women," a team of experts conducted a scientific survey of women's preference for taller partners. The study showed that women are consistent in their height preferences, choosing partners much taller than themselves.
The survey found that women preferred men 21cm (8.26 inch) taller than themselves on average, while men were satisfied with only an 8cm (3.14 inch) difference between themselves and their female partners. This substantial difference in height selection is indicative of several factors that I will discuss below.
The Reasons Why Women Like Taller men
1. Biological Evolution
Our biological evolution determines much of what we instinctively find attractive in a mate. Sexual dimorphism is common in nature.
There is a substantial size difference between the sexes, such as spiders like the Golden Orb or Nephila senegalensis, where the female is substantially bigger than her mate. The female nephila may have a 30mmm abdomen in contrast to her diminutive suitor, who only reaches 5mm.
Did You Know?
In mammals, such as primates, the male tends to be larger and more muscular. For Example, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan males are not only larger and stronger but have more prominent canine teeth.
These physical characteristics ensured that the female primate had more chance of passing on her genetic material through the greater protection afforded by her larger mate.
Larger, more dominant males were also likely better food providers, and women and their young may have sough protection by attaching themselves to larger dominant partners. The reason why women prefer taller men may be seen as adaptive in evolutionary terms.
2. Women's Preference for Dominant Male Mates
In an article on Evolution and Human Behavior, a scientific survey found that women fearful of crime and tended to seek larger, more dominant, and aggressive mates. The inherent dangers of living with a potentially dangerous mate were seen as a 'trade-off' for the benefits of protection in a perceived environment of danger.
However, larger, more dominant males may prove to be more dangerous in terms of child-rearing and physical safety and are more likely to injure their partners through even low-level violence such as slapping or pushing.
3. Psychosocial Factors
Some experts suggest that women prefer taller men due to psychosocial factors. The act of looking up at somebody may translate to the unconscious brain to 'looking up' to their mate figuratively. A smaller, more diminutive stature in relation to their mates may make women feel protected by a more powerful person.
Studies show that taller men are favored somewhat in society and are seen as leaders. In fact, they tend to be elected to office more often than their shorter counterparts. This cultural bias towards the taller male may be yet another reason why women gravitate towards taller men.
Do Women Always Favor Taller Men?
Luckily for the shorter suitors out there, height is only one of the myriad of factors that play into a woman's choice of partner. If one looks around, there are not many couples showing the 21cm differences women are supposedly hardwired to find the perfect height difference.
In Fact
Our World in Data cites the mean height difference between men and women to be only 4 ½ inches or 12 cm throughout the globe.
Tall men tend to favor taller women, on the other hand, not as tall as they are., but taller than average. Studies suggest that taller men prefer women only 3 inches shorter on average in what biologists define as an assortative mating tendency.
Assortative mating is a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate more frequently with each other. Body size is one of these phenotype preferences in mates that may also ameliorate the incidence of taller men selecting women substantially shorter than themselves.
Are Women Defined By Their Instincts to Choose Taller Men?
Females are attracted to the masculinity and dominance evoked by taller men and the stereotypically masculine features indicating high testosterone. However, one should strive to separate this instinctual evolutionary impetus from the cultural norms that reinforce them.
In a culture where we may criticize the gender norms that reinforce the desirability of dominant males, we may go a long way in changing them. Although we might be slaves to our biological imperatives to a certain degree, we are also free-thinking individuals with insight into our deeper evolutionary instincts.
Simply being tall is not a deciding factor in women's mate preferences any more than large breasts are a deciding factor in a man's choice of a woman.
Although these features may inspire superficial attraction, there are a variety of characteristics such as charisma, intelligence, kindness, and confidence that determine a suitable choice of partner.
Although women's attraction to men who are taller than them may have some deeper biological and evolutionary imperative, they are by no means a deciding factor in choosing a suitable mate. Women can and do choose mates in various heights and form successful partnerships despite pairing with men the same height or shorter than themselves.
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Teaching Design Thinking to Create Change
Here at Nuru we like to highlight the good work that others are doing to put an end to global poverty. Designer Emily Pilloton moved to rural Bertie County, in North Carolina, to engage in a bold experiment of design-led community transformation. She's teaching a design-build class called Studio H that engages high schoolers' minds and bodies while bringing smart design and new opportunities to the poorest county in the state. To read more about her experiences check out the blog Design Mind.
Emily Pilloton is the author of Design Revolution, a book about 100-plus objects and systems designed to make people's lives better. The book features products like the Hippo Water Roller, a rolling barrel with handle that eases water transport; AdSpecs, adjustable liquid-filled eyeglasses; and Learning Landscapes, low-cost playgrounds that mesh math skills and physical activity.


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Station builded up in Svalbard Islands, Norway. It is northest of Norway and so close the pole of Earth. Station's main task is observation Aurora borealis northern lights, its effect on the magnetic field in the north poles. These datas were sent to sql database by arduino. And then we can analyze these datas.
Project was builded up with arduino mega, ethernet 2 module, Sensor Shield (magnetic sensor, light sensor, ultraviolet sensor, barometer, temperature sensors, real time clock, humudity sensor). Used watchdog timer for stability of system. Then we decided to build backup shield.
These photos about evulation of project, server side of datas and getting serial port.
This is server side: _URL_


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Airless paint sprayers come in many different configurations and designs but all have the same general features and controls. The basic idea behind how a sprayers works is that it pumps the paint and forces it out a very small tip on the spray gun. There is no air or air compressor involved, hence the name "airless" paint sprayer. They will apply a lot of paint very quickly and can make a tedious job very easy and quick.
 1. 1
 Prepare the surface for painting. Cover any and all things that are not to be painted, including yourself. When spraying, there will be misting/fogging and this paint will end up everywhere. It has the same characteristics as fine sheetrock dust and will float and settle. Light synthetic coveralls should be worn along with spray hood, safety glasses and respirator.
 - If painting inside, cover/mask floors, walls, light fixtures, doorknobs, hinges, light switches, etc.
 - If painting outside, the paint you spray 15 or 20 feet (4.6 or 6.1 m) up onto a second story can float and carry in the wind. Cover all landscaping, neighbors' house, fences, etc.
 2. 2
 3. 3
 4. 4
 Release the trigger and then stop motion of your hand to stop painting.
 5. 5
 When you are finished painting, thoroughly clean the sprayer. All the paint must be cleaned out after each use.
 - Never mix oil-based paint with water or latex paint and never mix paint thinner with latex paint.
 - The tip where the paint comes out is extremely small and prone to clogging. Any small piece of dust or sand or dried paint will clog the spray tip. To help minimize this problem strain the paint whenever possible with a synthetic paint strainer (never use cheesecloth). When renting or buying a sprayer, always get one with a reversible tip installed. If you get a clog, this allows you to quickly reverse the spray tip, clear out the clog, reverse it back and proceed with painting.
 - Treat your airless sprayer like a tool that can cause a mess. Be careful to keep children and untrained people away.
 - Airless paint sprayers operate at very high pressures and can very easily cause injures if you were to spray your skin or any part of your body. You may actually inject paint into your tissues or bloodstream through your skin without having an obvious cut or bleeding. The skin can open up and allow the passage of the paint through and then close off again making it appear that nothing is wrong. This is a "fluid injection injury", and should be treated by a professional immediately.
 - Even when a sprayer is off and unplugged it can have pressure trapped in the machine until it has been released. Always make sure that each time you turn off the machine, you release the pressure in the system by opening the prime valve or by pulling the trigger on the spray gun and spraying into an empty bucket.
 - Airless Paint Sprayers are able to spray a wide variety of paint products but do not spray coatings with textures or grits.
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Categories: Painting
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Español: usar un pulverizador de pintura sin aire, Deutsch: Eine Airless Spritzpistole verwenden, Português: Usar um Pulverizador Para Pintura Sem Ar, Русский: пользоваться безвоздушным краскопультом
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Field Notes
D. W. Mogk 1997 Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC Teaching Mineralogy p47-51
This article introduces the concept of "novelty space" and emphasizes that students' learning is impaired if they are 1) uncertain about their geologic and geographic setting, 2) not clear about what tasks they are expected to do or what the outcomes should look likem and 3) concerned about their personal safety and comfort. Pre-field trip preparations can significantly decrease this novelty space so students are well-prepared to engage field experiences to promote learning and positive attitudes about the activity.
The full text of the notes can be downloaded from this website.
Subject: Geoscience:Geology
Research on Learning: Ways Of Learning:In the Field, Cognitive Domain:Misconceptions/barriers to learning


IPrefetchPathElementCore Properties
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IPrefetchPathElementCore Properties
The IPrefetchPathElementCore type exposes the following members.
Public propertyDestinationEntityType
The EntityType enum value for the entity the entities to fetch are to be stored in.
Public propertyExcludedIncludedFields
Gets / sets the list of IEntityFieldCore objects which have to be excluded or included for the fetch. If null or empty, all fields are fetched (default). If an instance of ExcludeIncludeFieldsList is passed in and its ExcludeContainedFields property is set to false, the fields contained in excludedIncludedFields are kept in the query, the rest of the fields in the query are excluded.
Public propertyFilter
The filter predicate expression to fetch the ToFetch entities. Initially this is set in the constructor. Add additional predicates to this predicate expression.
Public propertyFilterRelations
The relations to use in the filters. Initially this is an empty collection, as the fetches use subqueries. Add additional relations to this relation collection to have multi-entity filters.
Public propertyGraphLevel
Gets or sets the graph level.
Public propertyMaxAmountOfItemsToReturn
The maximum amount of entities to set per destination instance.
Public propertyNoCaching
Gets or sets a value indicating whether the query should use its parent's caching directive (false, default) or should bypass the parent's caching directive and always fetch the query from the database (true).
Public propertyPropertyName
The name of the property which is the destination for the entities fetched by the definition of this path element.
Public propertyRelation
The relation between the destination (parent) entity and the entity to fetch with this path element
Public propertyRetrievalCollection
The entity collection to fill (and to use to retrieve the entities to fetch). After the fetch, this collection contains the entities to merge with the instances of the parent entity.
Public propertySorter
The sort expression to sort the entities per destination instance.
Public propertySubPath
The subpath containing path elements to retrieve in the ToFetch entity of this PrefetchPathElement. Can be empty.
Public propertyToFetchEntityType
The EntityType enum value for the entity to fetch defined by this path element.
Public propertyTypeOfRelation
The type of relation between the entity to fetch and the entity which will hold the entity to fetch
Public propertyUseRootMaxLimitAndSorterInPrefetchPathSubQueries
The flag to switch on (true) or off (false, default) the usage of the max limit and sorter used to fetch the root of the path in subqueries. If true, the root limit and sorter is added to the subquery filtering on the root entities, which can lead to more optimal queries. Some queries/databases can suffer from this, so only set this to true if required. Default is false, use with care.
See Also


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When you think of documentaries, you might think: fully factual with no question about it. When you think of narrative films, you might think: fully fictional with no truthful elements. However, neither of these assumptions is entirely correct. Some documentaries are fully factual, and some narrative films are fully original, but that is not always the case. Documentaries can have fictional elements and narrative films can have factual elements, placing them in the Hybrid category.
Hybrid films tend to be documentaries with fictional elements, but can also be the other way around. Hybrid films don't really have a right and a wrong way, allowing for filmmakers to have a bit more freedom with the story. Some of your favorite films may be Hybrid stories, and you would never have known had you not looked into them more; some directors are infamously silent as to how much fiction is in a documentary and vice-versa. Learning more about the films you love can teach you a lot about their origins. Considering that people's behavior is probably changed when they're on camera, and that there's always a bit of truth reflected in great fiction, maybe every film is a Hybrid of some sort. Nonetheless, these are some of the best.
fifteen is a dark coming-of-age film centered around the youth gangs in Singapore. While the film is not a true documentary, it is unscripted for the most part. Director Royston Tan does this to make the film as realistic as possible while not putting himself or any of the boys in harm's way. The choice to have the limited scripting of the film creates a Hybrid style of the film.
The ability for the boys to speak and act how they would in normal situations allows for the story as a whole to flow better and feel as organically realistic as it could be. The film obviously has some fictional elements, but like many Hybrid films, a basic storyling is scripted and the actors (often non-professionals) are given free rein to work loosely within the skeletal plot. fifteen as a whole perfectly exemplifies the Hybrid film model in a way that is artful but utterly authentic.
Empathy may not be the most well-known film on this list, but its Hybrid nature fits perfectly. The film begins as a documentary interviewing therapists and psychologists about their experiences. Empathy then delves into the fictional life of one woman and her personal experience with psychoanalysis. The film eventually moves towards more allegorical and intentionally disarming elements, but throughout all of it, they stick to mixing fact and fiction perfectly. Empathy may be a bit confusing for some viewers, but if you're willing to experiment, the blend of documentary and narrative story creates a very beautiful film. Empathy is only as interesting and beautiful as it is because of the use of Hybrid storytelling.
Famously made for just $218, tarnation is traditionally described as a documentary, but includes multiple pieces of narrative fiction throughout the film which are integral to its structure. The film is biographical and based on the life of writer, director, and star Jonathan Caouette. Caouette utilizes his past from him, growing up amidst the devastation of substance use and mental health conditions from many traumatic times with his mother from him. The film also includes a glance into Caouette's future, after he finds out his mother has overdosed, and thus how that may affect the rest of his life.
tarnation blends the elements of fact and fiction to create a smooth, linear story for audiences to live through Caouette's eyes. The blend of fact and fiction also makes the film the perfect example of an equally split Hybrid film, combining home videos of scripted monologues and fictional scenarios throughout the course of this extremely personal documentary. The blend allows viewers to relate to and understand Caouette in a way that would not be possible without the use of both documentary and narrative elements. Roger Ebert, who was more often than not right, wrote at the time, "I wonder if the movie represents a new kind of documentary that is coming into being."
two CSA: The Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America has been categorized as a great mockumentary but leans more into the Hybrid arena when examined further. The film is centered around the idea that the South has won the Civil War, and presents what the world looks like in 2004 (when the film was released) as a result. Drawing on historical events and then manipulating them into fiction, CSA creates a Hybrid film which fictionally satirizes actualities, but also documents politics from the 20th century uniquely (finding the capital-T Truth in between the two).
While everything after the Civil War is fiction in some way, pieces of it are factual to what the Confederacy was at its point of conception. The film perfectly melds fact and fiction to give viewers an alternate history of something we could be living and should be grateful that we are not. The blend gives viewers a more accurate depiction and fully immerses them in the story.
As one of the most talked-about films going into this year's Oscars, flee fits into the Hybrid docufiction category so well that it became the first film to be nominated for Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best International Feature, and Best Documentary Feature, and deserved one of those Oscars. The film follows the true story of a man who fled Afghanistan for Denmark but is told through a pseudonym, making it somewhat fictional. The film is also animated, separating it from most other documentaries, which are almost never animated.
The film follows the man throughout his life and what it meant to him to leave his home in Afghanistan. This is done through flashbacks, which are also abnormal for documentaries, but can be utilized because of the animated medium, which also allows for a more creative and personal visual retelling of the past. The film was released to immense critical acclaim and thus earned three nominations at this year's Oscars. The film creates a space in which a documentary almost seems more palatable for those who don't traditionally watch them. Not only is flee one of the best films of this past year, but it also shows us a more modern example of a perfectly melded Hybrid docufiction film.
These Great Documentaries Explain Complex Subjects in Understandable Ways
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Why User Experience (UX) Design is Crucial for Non-Profits
"We spend so much time entering data into many different software systems. It takes away from the time we can spend with our clients, and it doesn't help us improve the services we provide."
Sound familiar? Sadly, this is a very common complaint we hear from social workers within the human services industry.
In 2015, 41% of nonprofits replaced software. This indicates that many products are failing to meet non-profit needs. In fact, 52% of non-profit software buyers were using general-purpose software, such as Microsoft Excel or Google Drive. (View Source
Many social workers view software as a burden, but software solutions that are truly useful should:
 - Be fast and easy to use
 - Allow social workers to gain useful insights into the needs of clients
 - Help workers be more efficient in their day-to-day responsibilities
User experience design for non-profit software makes this possible.
User experience design is a greatly overlooked priority within the non-profit industry. When reviewing and selecting software, budget is always tough to secure, and user experience and efficiency is often overshadowed by administrators or who are looking to save on expenses. When this happens, end-users are often left out of the conversation. When it comes time for training and implementation, users will be skeptical and resistant to the new software.
Looking at how nonprofits have traditionally used software, a shift in mindset (and money) needs to happen. Instead of simply acting as a database to generate reports that funders want to see, more emphasis needs to be placed on how easy and beneficial software will be for end-users.
When this shift happens and software is designed to help social workers, the benefits become readily apparent:
 1. Less Staff Training: Software that is intuitive and easy to use will require less training, which translates into direct cost savings
 2. Faster User Adoption: Social workers will be eager (not resistant) to using new software when they see the value it provides for them
 3. Lower Employee Turnover: Social workers will be happier, which creates indirect cost savings over the long-term
 4. Improved Services, and more of them: When software is easy-to-use, workers can provide services more efficiently. This means more time with clients, and more services. This means an organization can grow its services without hiring new employees, a direct cost benefit to the organization.
 5. Better Client Care: Software that is accessible and easy-to-understand for non-technical users will help them to better understand their clients needs, so they can improve the care they provide
 6. Easier Fundraising: Major donors are usually savvy business people. They understand the value of strategic investments/expenses that improve organizational efficiency and client care. Non-profits can use key performance indicators gathered through new software to demonstrate how donor dollars are being efficiently used. Fundraising is easier with great data.
4 Key Steps to Get Started on User Experience Design for non-profit Software
 - Fully understand the needs and goals for the system from all users (not just IT administrators and funders, but also end-users)
 - Set and secure a realistic budget and timeline
 - Assign someone to internally manage the implementation project
 - Work with an experienced non-profit software consultant to understand your software needs and help you design, build, and implement a solution suitable for your organization
Having those pieces in place before you begin will ensure you save money, create efficiencies, and build the best user-friendly software solution for your non-profit.
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