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Bread crumbs or breadcrumbs (regional variants: breading, crispies) are small particles of dry bread, used for breading or crumbing foods, topping casseroles, stuffing poultry, thickening stews, adding inexpensive bulk to meatloaves and similar foods, and making a crisp and crunchy coating for fried foods, especially breaded cutlets like tonkatsu and schnitzel. The Japanese variety of bread crumbs is called panko.
Dry breadcrumbs are made from dry breads which have been baked or toasted to remove most remaining moisture, and may even have a sandy or even powdery texture. Bread crumbs are most easily produced by pulverizing slices of bread in a food processor, using a steel blade to make coarse crumbs, or a grating blade to make fine crumbs. A grater or similar tool will also do.
The breads used to make soft or fresh bread crumbs are not quite as dry, so the crumbs are larger and produce a softer coating, crust, or stuffing. The crumb of bread crumb is also a term that refers to the texture of the soft, inner part of a bread loaf, as distinguished from the crust, or "skin".
Different from croutons
They are not to be confused with croutons, though both are made of dried bread. Croutons are approximately cubic pieces typically 0.5 to 8 cubic centimeters in size while breadcrumbs are irregularly shaped and range in size from roughly 1 to 500 cubic millimeters. Both probably originated as a way to use stale bread and unwanted crust.
Panko (パン粉) is a variety of flaky bread crumb used in Japanese cuisine as a crunchy coating for fried foods, such as tonkatsu. Panko is made from bread baked by passing an electric current through the dough, yielding bread without crusts. It has a crisper, more airy texture than most types of breading found in Western cuisine and resists absorbing oil or grease when fried, resulting in a lighter coating. White panko is made from bread which has had the crusts removed while tan "panko" is made from the whole loaf of bread. Outside Japan, its use is becoming more popular in both Asian and non-Asian dishes: It is often used on fish and seafood and is often available in Asian markets, specialty stores, and, increasingly, in many large supermarkets.
Panko is produced worldwide, particularly in Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Thailand, China, and Vietnam.In February 2012, the US fast-food chain Wendy's introduced a cod fillet sandwich that they advertised as having a panko breading.
The Japanese first learned to make bread from the Portuguese: The word panko is derived from pão (Portuguese for "bread") and -ko, a Japanese suffix indicating "flour", "crumb", or "powder" (as in komeko, "rice powder", sobako, "buckwheat flour", and komugiko, "wheat flour").
Breading (also known as crumbing) is a dry grain-derived food coating for a piece of food such as meat, vegetable, poultry, fish, shellfish, crustacean, seitan, or textured soy, made from bread crumbs or a breading mixture with seasonings. Breading can also refer to the process of applying a bread-like coating to a food. Breading is well suited for frying as it lends itself to creating a crisp coating around the food. Breading mixtures can be made of breadcrumb, flour, cornmeal, and seasoning that the item to be breaded is dredged in before cooking. If the item to be breaded is too dry for the coating to stick, the item may first be moistened with buttermilk, raw egg, or other liquid.
Breading contrasts with batter, which is a grain-based liquid coating for food that produces a smoother and finer texture, but which can be softer overall.
- "Panko Bread Crumbs: The Secrets Revealed". YouTube. 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
- Marshall, Jo (2010-10-05). "COOKCABULARY: Panko is a crumby ingredient - Fall River, MA". The Herald News. Retrieved 2012-11-17.


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. Okpara. The Hotel presidential was established in 1961 but came into full established in 1963. it has staff strength of about 30, with Mr. Julius U.E. as the manager and Emeka Ossai as the accountant then.
It is quite unfortunate that the objectives with which the hotel was informed did not leave much to be desired as soon as the N.I Okpara left office, since the inception, the hotel has witnessed so many set-backs resulting from poor management, lack of fund by the government in power. This reckless abandon by the government in power has crippled the hotel.
However, the present government of Governor Dr. Chimaoke Nnamani has provided succor to the hotel. Thus, the starting from March 15th 2001. when the governor commenced a rehabilitation and renovation exercise.
The hotel has come back to stay. In fact, this is one of the major reasons why the researcher has decided to critically examine the effect of improper accounting system, which has reined the management of the hotel.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Most government establishment in Nigeria of which hotel industry is one are known for their usability to keep complete or proper accounting records and quite often lost some of the assets under their control through fraudulent workers and other enemies of progress who adopt any strategy possibility to satisfy their selfish interest at the expenses of public interest. To this end, researcher has chosen as the main focus of this work, the identification of the nature and weakness as well as limitations inherent in the accounting system of hotel industry, using presidential Hotel limited, Enugu as case study.
1.2 RESEARCHER OBJECTIVES
A good accounting system is essentially indispensable to every organization that has portfolio of assets and bulky transactions to handle. It is with due cognizance of this dispensable nature of proper accounting system to organization mostly hotel industry that the research have assigned the research to;
1. Examine the nature of accounting system operating in the sampled establishment.
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of accounting system operating in the sampled establishment.
3. Ascertain the implementation of the existing accounting system in the sampled establishment.
4. Determine factor that promote or constraint the operation of the accounting system in the sampled establishment.
5. Make recommendations.
1.3 Significance of the study
The research work is being undertaker in the hope that student researcher. And interested members of the public will be latter exposed to the following.
1. The various accounting systems.
2. The cause breakdown in the accounting
3. The effect of an efficient or inefficient accounting system and proper application of effective accounting system.
4. Appropriate method of rectifying an ineffective accounting system and proper application of effective accounting systems.
The presidential hotel limited Enugu is a good case study for the satisfaction of the above –mentioned objectives.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions are the main focus of this study.
(1) Do time keep proper accounting and control system?
If they do how reliable and adequate if the accounting records?
(2) To what extent are the information from the accounting records appraised in the light of future decisions.
(3) To what extent does these firms use accounting information is making decision in decision centers that require them?
1.5 1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Proper accounting system is an important tool for safekeeping of assets in Government establishment. In view of the research problem, the following hypothesis is hereby formulated.
1. HO: Proper accounting system is not necessary for safekeeping of assets.
Hi: Proper accounting system is necessary for safekeeping of assets.
2. HO: proper accounting system is not adequately applied in Government establishment.
HI: Proper accounting system is an adequately applied in Government establishment.
3. HO: Proper accounting system has no significance role in the growth of Government establishment.
HI: Proper accounting system has a significance role in the growth of Government establishment.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accounting it can be defined as the systematic recording of the financial transactions, which involves the transfer of monies worth to or from the business.
Accounting is concerned not only with recording, but also with analyzing and interpreting financial transactions.
AUDIT: it is an objective examination of, and expression of opinion on the true and fair of financial statements prepared by the directors (the controller of resources) for the shareholders (the owners of the resources)
ASSETS: they are those items owned by the business i.e. the various items of wealth unrested in the business enterprises.
Assets are of many types and forms, they may consist of audible and intangible wealth e.g. cash, debtor, stock, machinery and building.
HOTEL: A hotel could be a building an estate where men. And lodging facilitate as well as research ional facilities are provided for paying visitor.
Cost and revenue are recognized when they are incurred or earned and not necessary when the money is paid or reviewed. As long a revenue and cost can be identified long as revenue and cost can be identified in the profit and loss account of the period to which they relate, then they can be matched with one another.
Professional accounting bodies world wide determined standards, which regulates the practice of the accounting profession. It is a communicative function of accounting, which consists of particular reporting standards, the standard which are generally accepted accounting policies are according to international accounting standard.
b. Substance overcome e.g. hire purchase transaction
GUEST HOUSE: These are transient hotels, which cater for overnight guest or those who stay for few days. They also provide house for banquet, wedding parties, buffets and some gardens for barbers.
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Posts Tagged: express.js
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Jan 14
Express.js dynamic route definitions
Express provides the bare necessities to bootstrap a web application and although due to its non-opinionated nature it is very flexible, bootstrapping a web application requires a bit of work, which isn't available out of the box as with rails or another full stack web framework.
I'd like to have all my routes defined in a directory or resources and allow the url mappings to be defined in those files as well. There is some debate whether centralizing routing is beneficial, many frameworks (i.e. rails, play, etc…) do it. I think that there is a benefit to just writing a resource without having to also route it in a completely different file. Some java frameworks allow you to define url routes with annotations, though you write a resource, annotate it and you're done. I personally like that style.
In order to make express follow some sort of convention by inferring the directory structure and allow you to define routings within the actual resource files, we came up with the following convention:
 1. The 'routes' directory will hold any .js files, which are basically resources. In those files, you can define your handlers and then provide a definition of how these handlers are routed.
 2. The directory can be arbitrarily nested
 3. There is convention of 'routes/some/path/handler.js' will be mapped to '/some/path/handler' but can be overridden by doing your own route bindings
 4. Methods within the resource files can be mapped to the usual RESTful resource routing, though 'some/path/handler' with the HTTP methods, or you can follow the non-RESTful convention if needed, but modifying the path as needed, for example, you are more than welcome to do this: 'some/path/handler/someMethod'.
 File-per-resource is nice, but sometimes you want might have resources that you want to group together.
Below is the code you need to bootstrap your application routing as described above. One can customize this as you wish, but this works for us right now. Also, there is a resource definition below that shows how the routing inference works and how you can define/customize routes.
Routes can be defined by using exports.routes in your resource file. The value can be on of the three below:
 1. A function with one argument will be called with that argument bound as the app object and you can do whatever route bindings you want yourself
 2. A function with no arguments will be called on to provide a data structure of bindings. The format of the data structure can be seen in the below resource files. Path is bound to an object of verb/handlers a. path can be relative or absolute. Absolute paths start with '/', relatives do not b. path can be an underscore '_', which basically a way to not specify any path for the resource and though it'll be 'path/to/resource' with the proper verb dispatch
 3. You can also provide a data structure vs. a function that returns one. The only issue with that, is that you must then define your exports.routes after all the handlers, otherwise due to eager evaluation of javascript data structures, it'll bind an undefined handler.


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I remember hearing somewhere that strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds "look like" fibers.
I know that Otal's result about short geodesics in hyperbolic mapping tori being unlinked with respect to fibers has an analogue in the setting of strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces.
Can someone tell me some other similarities between strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces and fibers in hyperbolic 3-manifolds? Or why someone would say that strongly irreducible Heegaard surfaces look like fibers? Any references would be greatly appreciated.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Something more basic is true. Strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings act a lot like incompressible surfaces (of which fibers are a special case). Here are two results as evidence.
First, suppose that the three-manifold is equipped with a triangulation. Then Haken showed that incompressible surfaces can be normalized. That is, isotoped to intersect every tetrahedron in a collection of standard disks; normal triangles and normal quads. Rubinstein (and Stocking) showed that strongly irreducible splittings can be "almost normalized"; in every tetrahedron it has normal disks and in at most one tetrahedron there is an almost normal annulus or octagon. Michelle Stocking's thesis is a standard reference for this material. Many people (Rubinstein, Hass, Bachman, Scott,...) will say in public that the above is a PL version of an analytic truth: incompressible surfaces can be isotoped to be minimal surfaces of index zero while strongly irreducible surfaces can be made minimal of index one.
Second, suppose that $S, T$ are surfaces, with $T$ incompressible. If $S$ is also incompressible then it is an exercise in innermost disks to show that, after isotoping $S$ to meet $T$ minimally, all curves of intersection are essential on both surfaces. If $S$ is instead strongly irreducible then a one-parameter sweep-out argument, followed by an innermost disk argument shows that there is some position of $S$ where all curves of intersection are essential on both surfaces.
Ok, third (I couldn't resist), suppose that the ambient three-manifold is hyperbolic. Minsky's approach to the ending lamination conjecture says that the geometry "around" the incompressible surface or a strongly irreducible splitting can be modelled using "blocks" based on the four-holed sphere or once-holed torus, where the blocks are glued to each other vertically using pairs of pants and horizontally using solid tori (Margulis tubes).
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In the Tech Nation 2017 review, it is evident that the UK has thriving clusters of digital companies, in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Cardiff, Cambridge, Sheffield, Oxford, Bristol and Bath, for example. Indeed, the majority of countries within the EU are experiencing skills challenges. As a response, the EU Agenda for New Skills and Jobs outlines that the demand for digital technology professionals has grown by 4% annually in the last ten years. Yet, digital skills are lacking; it is estimated that by 2020 there will be 756,000 unfilled vacancies in the IT sector. In such a fast-moving and dynamic sector it is challenging for tech apprenticeships to keep up with the demands for skills in the workplace. So, the main aim of the VETIT project is focused on the development of new and sustainable structures and mechanisms to ensure such skills shortages are addressed. More specifically, VETIT aims to bridge the gap between the world of vocational education and business, specifically work based learning, to ensure apprentices are given the very best opportunity to transit from vocational education into the world of work.
VETIT's approach is a good example of co-production, where the curriculum being developed, for both vocational education trainers/learning facilitators and in-work mentors, is one that is influenced by the insights from those providing IT apprenticeships, apprentices and businesses.
VETIT's website is currently in draft mode but can be visited here:


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Land Use Ordinances & Development Standards
Acquisition of Land & Easements
Case for Conservation
Economic Benefits of Conservation
- Economic Benefits of Conservation
The creation of riparian buffers in agricultural landscapes can improve water quality, but also take land out of productive agricultural use. However, planting and harvesting of non-timber products (fruits, nuts and ornamentals) can create both environmental and economic benefits, including a gross income of $60,934/ha/year.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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6.7.1 Limitations of the traditional building design process and fragmented market structure
One of the most significant barriers to energy-efficient building design is that buildings are complex systems. While the typical design process is linear and sequential, minimizing energy use requires optimizing the system as a whole by systematically addressing building form, orientation, envelope, glazing area and a host of interaction and control issues involving the building's mechanical and electrical systems.
Compounding the flaws in the typical design process is fragmentation in the building industry as a whole. Assuring the long-term energy performance and sustainability of buildings is all the more difficult when decisions at each stage of design, construction and operation involve multiple stakeholders. This division of responsibilities often contributes to suboptimal results (e.g., under-investment in energy-efficient approaches to envelope design because of a failure to capitalize on opportunities to down-size HVAC equipment). In Switzerland, this barrier is being addressed by the integration of architects into the selection and installation of energy-using devices in buildings (Jefferson, 2000); while the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings in the EU (see Box 6.3) aims to bring engineers in at early stages of the design process through its whole-building, performance-based approach.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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A dental clinical examination form is a detailed medical report prepared by a dentist or clinic for an individual. This type of form focuses on all aspects of oral health right from health condition of teeth to jaw movements, muscles, and gums. A clinical examination form also contains results of different types of tests along with the proper diagnosis of the tests. This enables a dentist to arrive at a conclusion regarding the overall dental health of their patient and thus be able to provide the right treatment or prescribe the right medication.
You can Download the Dental Clinical Examination Form, customize it according to your needs and Print. Dental Clinical Examination Form Template is either in MS Word and in Editable PDF.
Sample Dental Clinical Examination Form
Download Editable Dental Clinical Examination Form for only $4.99


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The St. Junípero Serra Canonization Mass at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception made history by being the first to take place in the United States. Rambusch was honored by the National Shrine's commission to commemorate this historic event with a canonization banner.
The practice of displaying a banner depicting the saint being canonized is a tradition in the Catholic Church that dates back to the 13th Century. The figure of the saint is always full-size and standing. The iconography of the border contains symbols and images that point to the culture and events of significance in the life of the saint and the times in which he/she lived. Previously, the Company had designed and produced the banners depicting John Neumann and Katharine Drexel, which hung in St. Peter's, Rome for their canonizations.
The borders of Saint Junípero Serra's banner reference those traditionally used in Rome, yet there was an important design change in their application. As is typical, the Papal Coat of Arms is placed at the top but for this banner, the Coat of Arms of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception was placed at the bottom. The Basilica's Coat of Arms, which was created by Dr. Geraldine Rohling, the Shrine's Archivist, visually tells the story of Pope Francis visiting the Basilica to celebrate the Canonization of Father Serra.
The original oil painting by a Rambusch artisan began one quarter full-size, and was enlarged to 16-ft wide by 30-ft tall using dye-sublimation printing on UV-resistant vinyl.
Rambusch has designed and made objects, lighting fixtures, stained glass and sculpture for the National Shrine since its beginnings in the 1920s.
"The banner of Saint Junípero Serra, which was fabricated by the Rambusch Family for the Canonization Mass on September 23, 2015, was a beautiful replication of the stained glass window in the Shrine's Upper Sacristy. It hung majestically from the Shrine as Pope Francis declared Junípero Serra the 13th Saint of the United States."
— Reverend Monsignor Walter R. Rossi, Rector, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, DC


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Ek, Anek aur Ekta (One, Many and Oneness)
Project Presentation for Computer Animation (CS 527 - Project 2)
The idea for this piece was inspired by a clip on National Integration that used to be shown on National Television in India in the 1980's. That clip was called as Ek, Anek aur Ekta (hence the name). It can be seen here.
A Boid is an entity that (according to Craig W. Reynold) follows the three basic rules. More information here.
Using the three (and another) basic rules of Boids, I have tried to portray a story:
A bunch of letters want to eat apples in a tree. They try to get them independently, but fail miserably. Then, they get together and think for a plan. It flashes to them that unity among the group will help them get the apples. They join together and reach their goal.
This has been implemented by changing the amount of influence each rule has on the boids and modifying their goals from time to time.
Rules that I have implemented:
1. Move Towards Center of flock
2. Prevent Collisions between Boids
3. Tend to go Towards a Particular Point (with Velocity Matching)
4. Move Boid to a specific Point
Special thanks to my girl-friend Shruti for the idea and all the support during the course of this piece.
Download Boids.zip. Unzip to a folder and run Vishu dot exe.
How it works
1. Setup Scene: Paper, Apples, Text.
2. Start with Scene (Step) 0 - Stationery position.
3. While (Animating)
4. For Each Boid in the Scene
Based on its current position, and step,
update its next position and step.
End While (Animating)
Q: I guess you would have used weights for your boids to make them fly differently base on their weights. If that is the case, did you use weight as a factor in determining the collision with the apples making them to fall down. Will a few boids of greater weight have a greater effect than the same number of boids of lighter weight in making the apple fall down? - Vijay Krishnamoorthy
A: Yes, the boids move differently because of the weight factor. But to make the apples fall down, I only used the fact that there has to be 10 or more boids around it in "close-vicinity".
Q: I have a few basic questions about your boid states - do yo switch states (jumping, talking, etc) based on location? Also, in class, I noticed that you create a new boid or apple object every time you change state. Isn't this constructor business computational expensive? - Lindsay Grace
A: I switch state of a boid based on its current step. Sometimes (Example: when it is about to jump) I change its state when it reaches its goal (position) and other times (Example: when they get together) I change the state of all boids at the same time. Also, an apple boid is created on the click of the mouse; when this is done, an existing apple is cloned and positioned randomly on the tree - so there is theoritically no loading from files involved; and the number of apples is very minimal, so I don't think it is very heavy of computation. But yes, I could have re-used the apples that were eaten up (if there were any) for new apples.


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1700 different power converters or power supplies feed the magnets in the accelerator. (They are known as converters because they convert A.C. to the D.C. required by the magnets. )
What is a power converter at CERN?
The current delivered depends strongly on the magnet type. Some correctors take up to 60 Amps; the main bending magnet circuits take around 11,000 Amps at top energy. The total current delivered is 1.7 million Amps.
The challenge of CERN: Precision, repeatability, stability and reliability


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8 Hour Refresher Training
HAZWOPER 8-Hour meets the requirements outlined in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120 for 8 (eight) hours of annual refresher training for workers at hazardous waste sites. This course is designed for general site workers who remove hazardous waste or who are exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous substances or health hazards.
- Disaster Readiness
- Flammable Liquids: Know Your Risk
- Hazard Communication: Erase the Mystery
- Personal Protective Equipment
- Resource Conservation Recovery Act
- TSCA (Toxic Substance Control Act)


, like gyros and souvlaki, on several northeastern diners' menus, testifies to this cultural link.[8][9]
Diners frequently stay open 24 hours a day, especially in cities, and were once the most widespread 24-hour public establishments in the U.S., making them an essential part of urban culture, alongside bars and nightclubs; these two segments of nighttime urban culture often find themselves intertwined, as many diners get a good deal of late-night business from persons departing drinking establishments. Many diners were also historically placed near factories which operated 24 hours a day, with night shift workers providing a key part of the customer base. For this reason, diners sometimes served as symbols of loneliness and isolation. Edward Hopper's iconic 1942 painting Nighthawks depicts a diner and its occupants, late at night. The diner in the painting is based on a real location in Greenwich Village, but was chosen in part because diners were anonymous slices of Americana, meaning that the scene could have been taken from any city in the country-and also because a diner was a place to which isolated individuals, awake long after bedtime, would naturally be drawn. The spread of the diner meant that by 1942 it was possible for Hopper to cast this institution in a role for which, fifteen years earlier, he had used an Automat all-night restaurant.
But as a rule, diners were always symbols of American optimism. Norman Rockwell made his 1958 painting, The Runaway, generically American by placing his subjects, a young boy and a protective highway patrolman, at the counter of an anonymous diner.[10] In television and cinema (e.g. The Blob, Happy Days, Grease and Diner), diners and soda fountains have come to symbolize the period of prosperity and optimism in America in the 1950s. They are shown as the place where teenagers meet after school and as an essential part of a date. The television show Alice used a diner as the setting for the program, and one is often a regular feature in sitcoms such as Seinfeld. The diner's cultural influence continues today. Many non-prefab restaurants (including franchises like Denny's) have copied the look of 1950s diners for nostalgic appeal, while Waffle House uses an interior layout derived from the diner.
Manhattan was once known for its diners. The Moondance Diner was shipped to Wyoming to make room for development.[11] Diners provide a nationwide, recognizable, fairly uniform place to eat and assemble, desirable traits mirrored by fast food chains. The types of food served are likely to be consistent, especially within a region (exceptions being districts with large immigrant populations, in which diners and coffee shops will often cater their menus to those local cuisines), as are the prices charged. At the same time, diners have much more individuality than fast food chains; the structures, menus, and even owners and staff, while having a certain degree of similarity to each other, vary much more widely than the more rigidly standardized chain and franchise restaurants. The Poirier's Diner and Munson Diner, both manufactured by the Kullman Dining Car Company of Lebanon, New Jersey, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[12]
Immigrant influences
Several international ethnic influences have been introduced into the diner industry in the U.S., because of generations of immigration.[13] Many diners in the United States—especially in the Northeast—are owned or operated by first and second generation Americans.[14] Greek-Americans, Eastern European Americans, as well as Polish, Ukrainian, Eastern European Jews, Italian-Americans, Mexicans and Cubans may have notable presences. These influences can be seen in certain frequent additions to diner menus, such as Greek moussaka, Slavic blintzes, and Jewish matzah ball soup, deli-style sandwiches (e.g., corned beef, pastrami, Reubens), and bagels and lox.[15]
A bacon cheeseburger from a New York City diner in a to-go container, with a pickle slice, onion rings, coleslaw and french fries
Many diners serve a metal cup alongside a milkshake, containing what cannot fit in the glass.
Many diners serve casual food, such as hamburgers, french fries, club sandwiches, and other simple fare. Much of the food is grilled, as early diners were based around a grill. There is often an emphasis on breakfast foods such as eggs (including omelettes), waffles, pancakes, and French toast. Menus may somewhat resemble those from greasy spoon-style restaurants. Some diners serve these "breakfast foods" throughout the business day and others that focus on breakfast may close in the early afternoon. These are most commonly known as pancake houses. Coffee is ubiquitous at diners. Many diners do not serve alcoholic drinks, although some may serve beer and inexpensive wine, while others—particularly in New Jersey and on Long Island[citation needed]—carry a full drink menu, including mixed drinks. Many diners serve hand-blended milkshakes. The food is usually quite inexpensive.
There is regional variation among diners with traditional food. In the U.S., Michigan and the Ohio Valley at "Coney Island–style" restaurants, coney dogs are served, as are certain types of Greek cuisine like gyros influenced by Greek diner owners. In Indiana and Illinois, fried pork tenderloin sandwiches are often on the menu. The Northeast has more of a focus on seafood[citation needed], with fried clams and fried shrimp commonly found in Maine and cheesesteak sandwiches and scrapple in Pennsylvania. Diners in the Southwest U.S. may serve tamales. In the southern U.S., typical breakfast dishes include grits, biscuits and gravy, and soul food such as fried chicken and collard greens. In New Jersey, the "Pork roll, Egg, and Cheese Sandwich" is a feature of many diners. Many diners have transparent display cases in or behind the counter for the desserts. It is common with new diners to have the desserts displayed in rotating pie cases. Typical desserts include a variety of pies and cheesecake.
In media
The diner Jax At The Tracks in Truckee, California, was featured in the food reality television series Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives in June 2010
John Baeder, 2007, John's Diner with John's Chevelle
John Baeder, 2007, John's Diner with John's Chevelle
Diners have figured significantly in American films and television since the form developed. In I Love Lucy, the episode titled 'The Diner' shows the perils, pitfalls, and difficulty in operating a diner, to much comedic effect. Archetypal appearances include significant scenes in classic films such as Sullivan's Travels and The Killers. The 1982 "rites of passage" film Diner was centered on an eatery shared by the protagonists. Waitress in 2007 was about a waitress in a diner.[16] Television series include the Food Network show Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives. Pennsylvania Diners and Other Roadside Restaurants, is a 1993 documentary.
The diner as an institution was iconically captured by painter Edward Hopper in his 1942 Nighthawks, a vignette mimicked by a movie lead-in aired nightly on the Turner Classic Movie Channel. Diners are the focus of photorealist painter John Baeder who spent about 40 years painting diners across the US.
Pinball machine
In 1990, WMS Industries (then known as Williams) introduced a pinball machine entitled Diner. The object of the game is to serve all customers to light-up Dine Time (the jackpot).
See also
 1. ^ Restaurants – American Diner (in Finnish)
 2. ^ Gabriele, Michael C. (May 2018). "Jersey Gems". New Jersey Monthly. p. 43.
 3. ^ p.16 Westergaard, Barbara A Guide to New Jersey Rutgers University Press
 4. ^ "Loading..." Retrieved October 21, 2017.
 5. ^ "Diners, the original prefab success story".
 6. ^ Witzel, Michael Karl (2006). The American Diner. MBI Publishing. pp. 76–78. ISBN 978-0-7603-0110-4.
 7. ^ "1939 Sterling Diner". Antique Car Investments. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
 8. ^ Berger, Joseph (March 16, 2008). "Diners in Changing Hands; Greek Ownership on the Wane". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
 9. ^ Kleiman, Dena (February 27, 1991). "Greek Diners, Where Anything Is Possible". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-27.... Greeks became a visible presence in the diner and coffee


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The solid blue line on Map 2 represents LANE's border between Eastern and Western New England. The English settlement of the area east of the blue line began at Boston and Plymouth and other settlements along the Atlantic coast, and moved west and north from there; west of the line, settlements began along Long Island Sound and moved north. The area of TLN corresponds roughly to Western New England, with notable gaps in the Hartford and Springfield areas and in the southwestern corner of Massachusetts. The lines weave in and out of each other in Vermont, but the E/W border is less secure there as Vermont was settled later than the rest of New England and included populations from both the West and East regions.
The string of red spots in western Connecticut follows the Housatonic River, which was at one time one of the main routes of settlement and travel in Western New England. This suggests that full neutralization of marry-merry-Mary may, in this area, have originated in Bridgeport, at the mouth of the river, and spread northward along it.
The gap in the TLN region in southwestern Massachusetts suggests that TLN was not an original feature of the Western New England dialect that spread with settlement; if that were the case, TLN would have to have been originally present in Hartford and in southwestern Mass. and then reversed by influence from the east. This is unlikely because mergers are notoriously hard to undo. On Maps 3 and 4, we look at other phonological features native to western New England and how their interaction with TLN could have stopped TLN from spreading into these anomalous areas.


Refugee Council of Australia
Black and white photo of bookshop with bookshop owner
Books about refugees
Non-fiction books for adults
Offshore: Behind the wire on Manus and Nauru (2016)
Madeline Gleeson
This essential book provides a comprehensive and uncompromising overview of the first three years of offshore processing since it recommenced in 2012. It explains why offshore processing was re-established, what life is like for people seeking asylum and refugees on Nauru and Manus, what people seeking asylum, refugees and staff in the offshore detention centres have to say about what goes on there, and why the truth has been so hard to find.
What is a refugee (2016)
William Maley
With the arrival in Europe of over a million refugees and people seeking asylum in 2015, a sense of panic began to spread within the continent and beyond. What is a Refugee? puts these developments into historical context, injecting much-needed objectivity and nuance into contemporary debates over what is to be done. Refugees have been with us for a long time – although only after the Great War did refugee movements commence on a large scale – and are ultimately symptoms of the failure of the system of states to protect all who live within it.
The Optician of Lampedusa (2016)
By Emma Jane Kirby
More than 360 people died in the disaster off the coast of Lampedusa, Italy on October 3, 2013. Carmine Mena, the only optician on the island, and his seven friends managed to save 47 people (his boat was designed to hold ten people). Hundreds died. This is a poignant and unforgettable account that brings home the reality of an ongoing refugee crisis that has resulted in one of the most massive migrations in human history.
Cast Away: Stories of survival from Europe's refugee crisis (2016)
Charlotte McDonald-Gibson
Across the Seas – Australia's Response to Refugees – A History (2015)
Klaus Neumann
In this eloquent and informative book, historian Klaus Neumann examines both government policy and public attitudes towards refugees and people seeking asylum since Federation. By exploring the ways in which politicians have approached asylum-seeker issues in the past, Neumann aims to inspire more creative thinking about current refugee and asylum-seeker policy.
More to the story: Conversations with refugees (2015)
By Rosemary Sayer
More to the Story had its genesis in unease with the negative, often politicised debate dehumanising refugees and people seeking asylum in Australia. Over several years the author, based in Western Australia, conducted interviews with former refugees and people seeking asylum from Burma, Afghanistan and South Sudan and uncovered powerful, moving and incredibly personal stories.
Refugees: Why Seeking Asylum is Legal and Australia's Policies are Not (2014)
Jane McAdam and Fiona Chong
This book rejects spin and panic to provide a straightforward and balanced account of Australia's asylum policies in light of international law. Written for a general audience, it explains who people seeking asylum and refugees are, what the law is, and what policies like offshore processing, mandatory detention, and turning back boats mean in practice. Using real-life examples, this book reminds us of the human impact of Australia's policies
The People Smuggler (2012)
By Robin de Crespigny
The Happiest Refugee: A Memoir (2010)
By Anh Do
One of Australia's best-loved comedians, Anh Do, depicts his incredible, uplifting and inspiring life story. In his memoir he tells of his family's treacherous journey from war-torn Vietnam, surviving starvation and pirates in an overcrowded boat. He describes the pleasures and the pitfalls as he grew up in Australia as an outsider, and the struggles that his family faced. This heart-warming book captures Ahn's gratitude for what he has, and his hope for the future.
The Pacific Solution (2010)
Susan Metcalfe
In The Pacific Solution, Susan Metcalfe asks how we can justify a policy that detained a total of 1,637 people seeking asylum in offshore camps in Papua New Guinea and Nauru, causing undeniable damage and trauma. She brings together accounts of her own visits to Nauru, extensive interviews conducted with refugees and advocates, media reports, long-distance correspondence and new research. By engaging with the stories of people who have survived the experience and who are now our neighbours, workmates and friends, she encourages us to go beyond the labels of 'illegals' and 'queue jumpers'.
Zoya Phan and Damien Lewis
Zoya Phan was born to committed resistance fighters in the Karen State of Burma. Despite the civil conflict under the nation's brutal military regime, Zoya's early years were blissfully removed from the war. However, at the age of fourteen, Zoya's childhood was shattered as the Burmese army attacked and her family was forced to flee. Zoya joined thousands of refugees hiding in the jungle, before she sought refuge across the border in a Thai refugee camp. With her enemies still pursuing her, in 2004 she fled to the UK and claimed asylum, where she now acts as the face for UK's Burma Campaign.
Acting From the Heart: Australian Advocates for Asylum Seekers Tell Their Stories (2007)
Sarah Mares and Louise Newman (editors)
In this moving and inspiring collection of stories, poems and cartoons, fifty contributors describe how they became involved in supporting people seeking asylum and refugees (to purchase, email Laura at Finch Publishing on
Alek: Sudanese Refugee to International Supermodel (2007)
By Alek Wek
Alek Wek grew up in the Sudan in the midst of the vicious civil war. Now, at age 28, she is one of the most sought-after supermodels in the world; as a model, refugee activist and businesswoman she is a worldwide inspiration. This remarkable real-life story sheds light on her journey from war-torn Sudan, her escape to London at the age of fourteen, all the way to new beginnings in New York. Alek's memoir is a poignant and powerful story that gives an unforgettable insight into her rise to fame and her dedication to refocus the world's attention on those she left behind in the Sudan.
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Effect of atmospheric radiance errors in radiometric sea surface temperature measurements
In situ radiometric measurements of the sea surface skin temperature (SSST) are typically obtained by using infrared radiometer systems mounted on ships. The emissivity of seawater is less than unity and the signal measured by a radiometer viewing the sea surface is mainly composed of sea surface radiance and a small (<2%) downwelling skying radiance component reflected at the sea-surface into the radiometer field of view. For a given sea view angle the effect of ship roll and pitch or non-simultaneous sea and sky radiance measurements may result in the determination of inappropriate sky radiance measurements.
Bibliographic Reference: Article published in: Applied Optics, 39 (2000), pp2392-2397
Record Number: 200013110 / Last updated on: 2001-02-23
Original language: en
Available languages: en


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This article is only available in the PDF format. Download the PDF to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables.
The author propounds the theory that the Koch bacillus, by its metabolism, produces end-products that in pathogenic action and chemical characterization are closely related to ptomaines. The exaggerated oxidation produced by these compounds, it is said, is mainly responsible for the wasting away of the tissues of the tuberculous patient. For the discovery of the metabolic end-products of the tubercle bacillus in the urine the author has developed chemical tests that are described in detail. The positive outcome of these reactions makes possible the diagnosis of urotuberculosis. The author, however, makes the reservation that so far his general deductions are of an experimental character only.
Uro-diagnostico de LA TUBERCULOSIS y EL CUERPO DE DOCTRIN QUE LE SIRVE de fundamento—"la TUBERCULOSIS ES UNA ptomainosis.". JAMA. 1930;94(20):1624. doi:10.1001/jama.1930.02710460078039


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Maineville is a village in Warren County, Ohio, United States, with a population of 885 at the 2000 census, up from 359 in 1990. It is called Maineville as the original settlers were from the state of Maine.
Aviation Accident Litigation Lawyers In Maineville Ohio
What is aviation accident litigation?
Cases involving individuals who have been injured in crashes and collisions involving commercial airlines and private airplanes. An aviation Accident is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure and/or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
Answers to aviation accident litigation issues in Ohio


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The Rules of the Will
Issue 945: The will (Wasiyah) is that people seek to establish a particular act after their death. This will is called the covenant will (Al-Wasiyah Al-'Ahdiyyah), like someone making a will regarding matters related to his burial shroud (Kafan), the place of his burial and his ceremonies. Or someone makes a will that part of his property is the possession of an individual after his death. This will is called the will of transfer of property (Al-Wasiyah At-Tamleekiyyah). Or he specifies a caretaker or guardian for his children.
Issue 946: It is permissible for he who intends to make a will that he note what he desires by words or writing. When he is unable to speak or write, it is permissible to make a will by gestures which convey his intent.
Issue 947: In addition to the will, it is permissible to perform all of transactions (Mu'aamalah) by means of writing or undertaking an action according to what is common in our present time whereas records are completed by the method of receipts and signing it. However, in marriage and divorce, it is objectionable to be content with writing.
Issue 948: Conditional in the one making the will is that he be mature (Baaligh) and sane ('Aaqil). However, the child who is in the age of ten who can distinguish between good and evil, when he desires to will a certain righteous act, like building a Masjid and school and hospital or he wills some matters for his relatives (that are) appropriate and reasonable, his will is proper.
As such it is conditional that the one making the will not be incompetent (Safeeh) nor restricted from utilizing his property by the ruling of the Religious Authority and that he make the will with intent and free will and is not compelled nor forced.
Issue 949: When people witness the effects of death and its signs in themselves it is obligatory upon them to surrender deposits (Amaanaat) and immediately return them to the (appropriate people). Just as it is obligatory upon he is indebted and the term of his debt has arrived (it is obligatory) that, without delay, he will immediately pay it. When it is not possible that he can act like that or the term of payment of his debt had not arrived, it is obligatory that he make a will (regarding it). When he is not content that they will come to know of his will, it is obligatory upon him to bring someone as a witness for it. When he is content that his heirs will pay his debts, a will is not obligatory upon him.
Issue 950: He who witnesses the effects of death and its signs and has Khums, Zakah and the restitution of an injustice obligatory upon him, it is obligatory that he immediately set out to pay that which is obligatory upon him. When that is not possible, then, if he has property or does not have property but there is a probability that his relatives will pay it on his behalf, it is obligatory that he make a will (to that effect).
Likewise, when one has an obligatory pilgrimage upon him and when the Qadhaa' of a prayer or fast was in his responsibility, it is obligatory upon him to make a will, according to obligatory precaution (with the observance of that which has passed in the prayer and fast for hire).
Issue 951: He who has a debt, an obligatory pilgrimage, Khums, Zakah and whatever is similar to that in his responsibility, and, then, dies, it is obligatory to pay these matters from the principle of his property, although he had not made a will. When some is in excess, if he had willed to disburse of third of it or something from its third in a particular area, it is obligatory to act according to his will.
When he had not will anything to anyone, there is not third for him, rather, whatever is in excess of the payment of his debts is for his heirs.
Issue 952: It is not permissible for people to make a will for more than one third of his property, except when the heirs give permission for that, whether this permission was before his death or after his death. It is not permissible for the heirs to revoke their permission after his death, whether they had permitted it and given permission before his death or after it, according to obligatory precaution.
Issue 953: When there were various will for various actions for a person and the third (of his property) is not sufficient, it is obligatory to act according to what has come in his will in the first sequence. Then, the first until it reaches a third and the remaining will is invalid (except with the permission of his heirs).
As for when one mentions in his will the obligatory acts (like the pilgrimage, Khums, Zakah and injustices) also this part of the will is taken from the principle of his inheritance and the remaining from the third.
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Assist the Restaurant General Manager (RGM) in the overall management of the restaurant in order to achieve employee P & L, customer, profit, and sales targets and maintain restaurant operational excellence in accordance with Company policies and procedures through team management. In the absence of the RGM, assume full responsibility and accountability of the day-to-day running of the restaurant
- Assist the RGM in the achievement of CHAMPS (Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product and Speed of Service) Standards within the restaurant by ensuring that all employees are focused on exceeding customer expectations for Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product and Speed of Service.
- Ensure that controls and procedures are implemented to protect the safety and security of employees, customers, property, and company funds/resources are protected by all employees.
- Allocate responsibilities to each employee on shift and monitor performance accordingly
- Ensure that all employees follow correct maintenance procedures in accordance with the established maintenance roster and advise RGM of any repairs or maintenance required
- Drive culture in the restaurant by fostering and building engagement by adopting all Culture initiatives.
- Keep RGM informed of any competitive activity that is likely to affect the trading results of the restaurant.
- Forecast and schedule labour by shift and create a deployment plan to control labour costs and still meet the needs of the business.
- Manage shifts in accordance with Company Policies and Procedures including directing the activities of employees in maximising sales, operating efficiency, and profitability.
- Basic understanding of financial information
- Excellent command of the English language
- Strong numeracy skills
- Able to use available resources to assist the RGM to make informed decisions about operating a profitable store.
- Intermediate MS Office skills (Teams, Excel, Word)
- Strong communication skills on various platforms e.g. telephone, e-mail etc.
Vacancy Type: Full Time
Job Location: Cape Town, Western Cape, SA
Application Deadline: N/A


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Thin Film Evaporation
A thin film evaporator (TFE) or wiped film evaporator (WFE or "Wiffe") provides short residence time and open, low pressure drop configuration, allowing continuous, reliable processing of many heat sensitive, viscous, or fouling materials without product degradation.
Simply put, they quickly separate volatile from less volatile components using indirect heat transfer and mechanical agitation of a flowing product film under controlled conditions. Either the vaporizable component (distillate) or the concentrated component may be the product.
Thin Film Evaporators
Evaporation Surface Area : 0.05m2 (DN60) – 1.5m2 (DN450) Maximum Temperature : + 200*C (Jacket)
Achievable Pressure : > 1mbar
Inner Diameter precision in the evaporation tube : +/- 0.02mm (DN60) to +/-0.8mm (DN45)
* Parts that come in contact with the fluid are made of borosilicate glass 3.3, PTFE, and SS316
Sealing : Magnetic Couplin
Short Path Evaporators
In a short path evaporator the condenser is located inside the evaporator body. Due to the different design details compared to Thin Film, short path evaporators can be used down to 0.001 mbar as compared with the conventional thin film evaporators which can be used down to approximately 1 mbar. Residence time in thin film and short path evaporators is only few seconds, which helps to avoid thermal decomposition of the product.
It is a thermal separation process for thermal sensitive products. Short residence time and low evaporation temperature will cause a minimum thermal stress to the distilled product. Typical applications are high molecular organic compounds particularly from the fields of chemistry, pharmaceutical and food industries. Distillation is one of the most important thermal separation methods.
Short path distillation is a continuous separation process working under vacuum conditions. Evaporation takes place from a heat wiped film. caused by the pressure drop between the place of vaporization and the vacuum system the operating pressure in typical wiped film evaporators with external condenser limits to some millibars.
Short Path Evaporators
Evaporation Surface Area : 0.05m2 (DN60) – 0.33m2 (DN150) Maximum Temperature : + 200*C (jacket)* *PTFE Wiper : +200*C, PBI Wiper : +300*C
Achievable Pressure : >0.001mbar
Inner Diameter precision in the evaporation tube : +/- 0.02mm (DN6) – +/-0.5mm (DN45)
Sealing : Magnetic Coupling


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 1. Dialogic dogs and phatic felines: speaking to and through our pets
 Contributor(s):: Nicole M. Dufour
 2. 'Doing good by proxy': human-animal kinship and the 'donation' of canine blood
 Full-text: Available
 | Contributor(s):: Ashall, V., Hobson-West, P.
 This article demonstrates the relevance of animals to medical sociology by arguing that pet owners' accounts of veterinary decision‐making can highlight key sociological themes which are important to both human and animal health. Based on semi‐structured interviews, the article argues...
 3. Understanding our kinship with animals: Input for health care professionals interested in the human-animal bond
 | Contributor(s):: Fine, Aubrey H., Beck, Alan M.
 4. Bitch, Bitch, Bitch: Personal Criticism, Feminist Theory, and Dog-writing
 | Contributor(s):: McHugh, Susan
 5. "This Dog Means Life": Making Interspecies Relations at an Assistance Dog Agency
 | Contributor(s):: Edminster, Avigdor
 6. Another Perspective on Dogs
 | Contributor(s):: Baenninger, Ronald


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An unfortunate victim of hunting, disease, natural disasters and habitat loss, the mountain chicken population has recently undergone catastrophic declines, estimated at around 80 percent since 1995 (1) (2). On Dominica, this Critically Endangered frog is favoured for its meaty legs, which are cooked in traditional West Indian dishes, and which are in fact the country's national dish (6). Annual harvests were thought to be taking between 8,000 and 36,000 animals before a ban on hunting was introduced and, as a result of this exploitation, the population on the island is thought to be near extinction (1).
The mountain chicken is particularly vulnerable to overharvesting as it has a relatively small brood size, limiting its ability to recover from heavy losses. The removal of breeding females is particularly damaging, as the tadpoles are dependent upon the females for food and moisture. The species' large size, loud calls and tendency to sit in the open also makes it a particularly easy target for hunters (3).
The mountain chicken has also lost huge areas of its habitat to agriculture, tourist developments, human settlements and, on Montserrat, volcanic eruptions. On Dominica, the species is largely confined to coastal areas where there is great demand for land for construction, industry and farming, while on Montserrat, volcanic activity since 1995 has exterminated all populations outside of the Centre Hills (1) (3). Human encroachment upon the species' habitat has also brought it into contact with a range of pollutants, including the highly toxic herbicide Gramazone, which is known to kill birds and mammals. Predation from introduced mammals, such as feral cats, dogs, pigs, rats and opossums, is also a relatively new threat to the species on Dominica (3) (7).
Perhaps the greatest, and least understood, threat to the mountain chicken today is the deadly fungal disease chytridiomycosis (1). This disease, which has wiped out many amphibian populations across the globe, became established on Dominica in 2002, and frog populations on the island declined by approximately 80 percent within 2 years (2) (7). The Dominican population is now so small that there may not be enough individuals to ensure the survival of the mountain chicken on this island. The fungus was introduced to nearby Montserrat in 2009, potentially via infected frogs hiding in shipments of fruit and vegetables. Like on Dominica, huge mountain chicken declines of 80 to 90 percent occurred. By July 2009, the last remaining healthy population of mountain chickens on Montserrat had succumbed to the disease (7).


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What Is Combination Skin
As the name suggests a combination skin is the one which is a mix of two or more types of skin like a mix of dry and oily skin. It is a mystery for most of the people. The combination skin is a bit troublesome and sometimes difficult to treat. A combination skin is when some part of the face is dry and have flakes and at the same time other parts of the face like the nose, chin and forehead appears oily. It is also defined as the T-zone. Combination skin can also be defined as one in which wrinkles and breakouts, or rosacea and dry skin is present at the same time.
What Causes Combination Skin?
There are varieties of reasons for combination skin and it varies from person to person. It is genetic in some people. It is found that the areas around nose, chin and forehead have more oil glands than other parts of the face. While some people have rosacea and dry skin others have blemish-prone, flaky dry skin. Sometimes the skin care products used also cause combination skin. An example for this is when you use any skin product that irritates your skin; it results in more oil production at the T-zone and cause dry skin in other parts of the face making them look red.
The doctors are of the view that the moisturizers used that are too emollient, make the skin more oily and clog pores which may affect the skin type. It is advised to use the skin care products according to the skin type and it may involve using different products in different parts of the face.
What Products Work For Combination Skin?
The people with combination skin have to be very careful while using the skin care products and only use the products which work best for their skin. There are many products which are made especially for combination skin and suit them. However, for combination skin it may result in using different products in different parts of the face to avoid any skin problem. Many people find that with using correct product on their skin, with time the skin gets more balanced. Thus it is always good to avoid using creams and other products on the face which are causing more harm than good. However, if the problem persists and the combination skin is causing more breakouts and acne it is advisable to see dermatologists immediately to prevent the situation from getting worst. Proper care and right skin care can treat the problems of combination skin.


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An air cleaner temperature sensor is not overly common on newer vehicles. This is because in order to ensure that your car engine operates the way it should, several electronic sensors may actually be needed. However, if you drive an older model car, your vehicle almost certainly has an air cleaner temperature sensor. It is located inside the breather housing, and operates mainly as a vacuum sensor, although it does also contain some electronic components.
The air cleaner temperature sensor has only one function – it delivers information to your car's computer so that it can ensure that the air/fuel mix is right, regardless of the speed at which you are traveling. This means that as soon as you start up your car, the air cleaner temperature sensor begins to work.
The air cleaner temperature sensor is not a part that is replaced after a certain number of miles, or after so many years. It has no specific lifespan, and could last the life of your vehicle. However, as is the case with all parts that contain electronic components, the air cleaner temperature sensor can be vulnerable to corrosion, and it can also be damaged easily because of its location inside the breather housing – just changing an air filter places the sensor at risk of impact.
Signs that your air cleaner temperature sensor needs to be replaced include:
- Check Engine Light is on
- Car idles rough or stalls when cold
You can still drive if your air cleaner temperature sensor is failing, but performance will suffer. If you think that it needs to be replaced, consult a qualified mechanic. A mechanic can find out why your vehicle is idling rough or stalling, and if necessary, replace the air cleaner temperature sensor.


we are presenting our comments in a fair light. However, at this time there appears to be some key differences between these modules and what we are proposing with Maestro.
One consistent difference is that the idea of assigning a user a task does not exist, instead site users do something which triggers and action to occur. With Maestro, site users will initiate a new process (example request office supplies), and then other site users will be assigned tasks to complete in the order required. Users assigned tasks will be able to access them from their task console and may have only 1 task or possibly many for various other and different workflow instances. The types of the tasks in the other modules are essentially to complete a content type. With Maestro other task types exist such as to review submissions, approve or reject submissions, or answer other interactive questions such as assigning subsequent workflow step owners and changing the workflow routing. Workflow admin's have the ability to cancel workflow instances (projects) or re-assign task owners.
While all three of the modules compared in this section are quite powerful, there is a common drawback with all of them that really separates Maestro. The main difference between Maestro and the other modules can be summed up in one line: rather than waiting for site actions to occur and acting on them, Maestro drives the site actions to occur.
1.3.1 Workflow
The Workflow module, when combined with the Actions module, has the ability to create basic workflows. It can create "pseudo-tasks", which are represented by the state of the workflow. For example, if the task was to create a form, the state of the workflow would be "Create a Form", rather an a generic "Draft" or "Initiated" state.
The Workflow module integrates well with the Actions module, which is almost required to create a working process. Since workflows are built around content types in the system, the workflow module is well suited to facilitate site content creation.
Unfortunately, as we will see with the other modules, the Workflow module is based more around site actions and site content types rather than defining standard processes that get executed. Instead of a specific user being assigned complete a task as part of their job, it is up to the user to create a content type in the system, at which point the system will direct the lifecycle of that particular content type.
Maestro aims to build business project information, where multiple content pieces come together to form a project. Arbitrary documents can be uploaded and site users are actively assigned tasks which they can easily see in their task console. While Maestro will integrate with site content types, its purpose is not to build site content, but rather facilitate a company's procedure to complete work.
The Workflow module also lacks in conditional task abilities, it does not have any metric reporting, and has a clunky interface to create a workflow, which are all areas that Maestro will improve upon as well.
1.3.2 Workflow NG
Workflow NG is a more developed workflow solution which can handle certain conditional logic, and integrates well with other modules. However, it is no longer supported for future releases of Drupal as it has migrated to the Rules module. All of its strengths and weaknesses are similar to the Rules module, so lets leave it at that and jump straight into the Rules module comparison.
1.3.3 Rules
The Rules module is a great module to track system events and act on them. You can build up a workflow based on system events, so, for example, a form is created, that event is trapped and signals the next task to be created. You can define a ruleset in the Rules module which allows you to group related rules and execute them in order, to simulate a workflow. Rules is well suited to define a workflow to built site content and to act on site events.
However, similar to the workflow module, it does not support the creation of a standard "task", such as requiring a user to complete an action. Like the Workflow module, it waits for an action to happen, such as a new site content to be created, then performs actions on that, where as with Maestro, a process is defined to assign site users to create the content, and metrics are stored to track how long certain tasks have taken to execute.
With rules, there is no way to know what tasks are assigned to you, unless you set up an action to email the task owner on task assignment. The lack of a task console and a project dashboard page is another area that Rules lacks that Maestro will improve upon. Again, like with the Workflow module, Rules relies on system content types as the means of executing a workflow, where Maestro helps facilitate the building of business project information.
1.4 Planned Integration with Drupal Modules
1.4.1 Actions
Integration with the actions module is key. There are a number of different opportunities to integrate with the Actions module. Number one, we plan to include an action that launches a new workflow when trigger is fired. That will allow, for example, when a site user is created, launch the workflow that defines all the things that need to happen when adding a new employee to your company, like setting up their email address, etc.
Another key opportunity for integration is inside each different task type. On both task creation and task completion we will have the opportunity to execute an action, such as sending an email, or publishing a content type. The main purpose of this would be to send task notifications to users, however by integrating it into an action it makes that extensible.
The final area of integration into actions will is that we will have a task type that waits for a trigger to occur. So, if the workflow requires a user to be created, then the "new user created" trigger is fired, the workflow will continue on.
1.4.2 Tokens
For email notifications, tokens will be used to change out values like username, etc. It's important to be able to send out email notifications for task assignment but also send out task reminders, task alerts as to an identified contact for escalation if task not completed in x days and also task completion notifications. Our present workflow solution allows these different notifications and notification rules like sending the initial task reminder after 5 days and then every day, send an escalation to the initiator of the workflow after 10 days if task not completed. Being able to customize these notification email messages using tokens will be supported.
1.4.3 Rules
Maestro will be initially lightly integrated into Rules, where there will be an opportunity within Rules to create a rule which launches a new workflow. That again will allow a workflow to be launched after a specific site action has occurred.
In Closing
We would like to include the Drupal community in the development of this application, and include your ideas and feature requests as well. While initially we want to get this up and running in Drupal all feature ideas and feedback on how to properly integrate into Drupal will be considered in the initial port, and subsequently implemented in future releases.
This post contains the initial section of the Maestro spec and our plan is to publish the additional sections over the coming weeks which will get into more technical detail. That detail though is dependent on our initial high level spec and ideas/questions proposed in this document and why we are anxious for community input.
The Nextide Team
Focusing on Business Applications but heck we do CMS and Social Networking projects too
Looks cool!
crea's picture
Looks cool!
Discuss with fago
rfay's picture
Hi - I encourage you to discuss your project thoroughly with fago, the maintainer of Rules. You may find a way to build an add-on to rules or otherwise collaborate on that. Plus you may benefit from his experience with this type of module.
Is this intended to be d6 or
fago's picture
Is this intended to be d6 or d7 stuff? I'd suggest you to do any serious development in d7 now, it will make sure it plays well with d7, but much more important you can leverage lots new great d7 stuff, mostly entities + improved fields.
In d7, I'd suggest making your workflow task a fieldable entity, therefore any entity can be easily categorized by adding a taxonomy reference field. In d6, you can't.
ad rules for workflows:
Yep, it's a rules engine, no workflow engine. You can use it to build workflows, but there is no definition that drives the workflow. But having such a workflow definition (-> entity) which allows reacting on its changes / applying changes to it makes much sense to me. Anyway, I'm working on integrating web services with rules-7.x-2.x such that this enables one to create distributed workflows.
Generally for d7 and simple workflows, I think it makes also sense to leverage the group module. Assigning the a group to an entity, let's say a node would represent a state of the node. Such we could have a group for "drafts, needing work", "drafts, needing review" and maybe also for published nodes. Then you can assign people to the groups that are allows to edit the group's content + approve it such it goes a step forward + you can define group based permissions. This is fine for usual editorial workflows, e.g. alfresco does it that way.
Assigning a task to a single user has some similarity to usual case tracking system, such as open atrium. So it might be useful to integrate with something like that, or not.
You could implement this notificiations with Rules. Questionable is just how the UI should look like. With rules 7.x it's easy to integrate existing UI components of the module somewhere else though.
Our intention is for D7
_randy's picture
Thanks for the quick reply fago. Our intention is to make this a D7


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I want to move my object with an acceleration in the proper direction. For example if I have these values:
friction = 0.3;
direction = 180;
speed = 5;
For making it clear, I need a formula to create a linear acceleration.
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3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
You can calculate the invidual components by using sin and cos:
xSpeed = sin(direction)*speed;
ySpeed = cos(direction)*speed;
xPos += xSpeed;
yPos += ySpeed;
Accleration is simply increasing the speed.
xAccel = sin(accelDirection)*accleration;
yAccel = cos(accelDirection)*accleration;
// [...]
xSpeed += xAccel;
ySpeed += yAccel;
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Actually before posting this question I wrote this solution. Your answer will be completed by the Xavier Arias Botargues's answer. Thanks. – MahanGM Jul 22 '12 at 9:58
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. If it is zero, then you will keep moving at your start velocity. If it is larger than zero, and in the same direction as the current velocity, velocity will increase.
velocity = old_velocity + acceleration;
position = old_position + velocity
If acceleration = 2, then your velocity will increase by 2 for each timestep.
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This is similar to other 2 answers. Thanks. – MahanGM Jul 22 '12 at 10:01
To do any movement or physics calculations you should always use the time spent since the last frame (dt or delta); this depends on the main loop implementation, but is generaly passed to a method called update as parameter. (If this is not available assume dt = 1)
To update speed with acceleration and time and position with speed and time you can:
speed += acceleration * dt;
position += speed * dt;
Note that acceleration, speed and position are vectors, so they have the operations:
 - vector addition
 - scalar and vector multiplication
more info: _URL_
To create a vector with a given angle you can use the method described by Mr. Beast.
To simulate friction you can do something like:
speed -= speed * friction
Where friction should be a number: 0 < friction < 1
share|improve this answer
Yeah I didn't mention the time passing in my question. I'm using timeGetTime() to calculate previous frame. Thanks. – MahanGM Jul 22 '12 at 9:59
Your Answer


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Automated Audit using WAPITI
WAPITI is a simple command line to tool to automate the audit of a web application. It's free and open source and has had some recent edits and updates (WAPITI homepage). The pplication is available for contribution at (WAPITI Repository).
Please be aware this command line does not replace a manual audit but can be useful to perform a first validation or exploration of legacy projects.
It is also recommended that you perform a build of the app:
python setup.py install
python wapiti _URL_ -n 10 -b folder -u -v 1 -f html -o /tmp/scan_report
-n: Define a limit of urls to read with the same pattern (prevent endless loops), here limit to 10.
-b: Set the scope of the scan, here we analyze all the links to the pages which are in the same domain as the URL passed.
-u: Use color to highlight vulnerables parameters in output.
-v: Define verbosity level, here we print each url.
-f: Define report type, here we choose HTML format.
-o: Define report destination, in our case it must be a directory because we choose HTML format.
Attack modules used by WAPITI:
- backup: This module search backup of scripts on the server.
- blindsql: Time-based blind sql scanner.
- crlf: Search for CR/LF injection in HTTP headers.
- exec: Module used to detect command execution vulnerabilities.
- file: Search for include()/fread() and other file handling vulns.
- htaccess: Try to bypass weak htaccess configurations.
- nikto: Use a Nikto database to search for potentially dangerous files.
- permanentxss: Look for permanent XSS.
- sql: Standard error-based SQL injection scanner.
- xss: Module for XSS detection.
- buster: Module for a file and directory buster attack - checking for "bad" files.
- shellshock: Module for Shellshock bug detection.
A sample TXT report is available here.


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Flour & Grains: Changing grains
Heritage Loaf, Sprouted Grain Loaf, Seeded Whole-Wheat with Stoneground Khorasan and Spelt Loaf… The bread flavours popping up in the baskets at farmers markets and on the shelves of bakeries are increasingly varied and intriguing. Baking Business finds out how different varieties of grains have been shaking up the establishment and showing customers that bread needn't take a back seat to the ingredients it accompanies.
Flour, grains and the status quo: how we got here
The current flour commodity market in Australia works like this: farmers grow wheat right across the continent—about 20 million tonnes every year—and after harvest, wheat grains are transported to silos where they are stored until needed. Millers use these grains, often combining varieties from several farms, and grind them to make flour.
Flour bags are labelled with strength and extraction percentages and shipped off to a bakery for use in bread and other products.
"These factors are extremely valuable to bakeries that need to produce consistent products by numerous staff," says Emily Salkeld of Small World Bakery.
While commodity flour is reliable and produces consistent results for bakers, its dominance in the marketplace means customers have grown to see bread as something that lacks variety in flavour. Mostly, customers think of bread as a casing to fill with ingredients, rather than as an ingredient in itself.
"Customers have become accustomed to thinking about baked products in terms of neutral flavour, unobtrusive texture and overall softness," Emily says.
Revolution in the air: where we're going
Bakers think bread needn't be the bridesmaid anymore, and they're increasingly turning away from flour available on the commodity market and toward flour made from single-origin grains, or sometimes blends of certain grains, so they can play with the texture, taste and aroma of their loaves.
Emily says the revival of historic cereal grains follows the same kind of revival in heirloom vegetables and fruits.
"A global concern with conserving diverse foods for food security as we face uncertain climatic changes has led people to consider all food sources as valuable for the future."
Emily is one of the leaders of this revolution, and has been growing lines of ancient wheat grains at a property in South Australia. Her interest in grain varieties began after she tasted a loaf of bread containing freshly milled flour. When she tried the bread, she could taste more than the usual fermentation characteristics.
"[I tasted] this beautiful flavour and aroma pop. I didn't realise wheat could actually have a character and personality—it gives the loaf personality," she explains.
Emily decided to plant different varieties of wheat to explore their affect on bread. She approached the Genebank at Horesham who provided her with samples of wheat varieties.
"There were thousands [of varieties] to choose from so we just chose based on some comments we could pick up on in the literature."
That literature comes from journals from the late 1800s and early 1900s as well as knowledge from retired seed breeders.
"There's a couple of old seed breeders that are still alive," says Emily.
"They've got a lot of material and they're so helpful and really glad to know that people are still interested in the work that they put in in the old days. They've been brilliant to share stuff."
Emily's currently growing einkorn, spelt, emmer and khorasan along with other wheats that were used during settlement in Australia, as well as lines such as Red Spice, Sonora, and Marquis from North America.
Emily says different varieties have a complexity in flavour.
"In our experience, different grain varieties and cultivars produce varied flavour profiles. They have spiciness, grassiness, creaminess… Some of them are more malty and some of them are quite tannic. And some varieties are pretty neutral in flavour."
Increasingly in Australia, and indeed the world, bakers are seeking out these grains and experimenting with them in the bakery.
Before we go any further, we must talk about milling, because it matters. The two main methods of milling are roller milling and stone grinding.
Wheat grains are made up of three parts: bran (the hard outer covering of the wheat grain that's high in fibre and nutrients), the germ (also high in nutrients, this is the part that sprouts) and the endosperm (the biggest part that's high in starch). When grains are roller milled, the bran and germ are removed, and the remaining endosperm is milled into refined white flour.
"Roller milling enables the unstable fractions (the oil-rich germ and bran layers) of the grain, which affect shelf life, to be removed," says Emily.
The longer shelf life allows roller-milled flour to be stored for longer, and transported over large distances, and this has led to roller milling being established as the current convention.
The downside of roller milling is, removing the germ and the bran removes much of the nutritional value of grains, and it also removes much of the flavour profile, too.
Stone grinding retains all three parts of the grain, which are squeezed between the runner and bedstone of a stone mill and ground into a whole meal. Not only does stone grinding retain nutritional elements, but it also releases oil from the germ through the flour. While this oil reduces the shelf life of flour, it is also responsible for releasing the unique flavour and aroma of individual grain varieties.
Emily says while interest in both has always been around, the recent revival of stone mills and grain varieties go hand in hand, and their revival is why many bakeries are now turning to different varieties of grains that are freshly stone milled.
"When you stone mill grain and use that, you're using freshly ground germ and bran smeared in with all the endosperm, so you get this really lovely fatty creamy kind of flour.
"We have certainly tasted sifted stone milled flours of many kinds, including ancient and historic and modern cultivars of cereal grains, which have their own great flavour characteristics. From the late 1800s to current times Australians haven't had much of a chance to taste these differences, and sometimes people assume that because they haven't experienced something, it doesn't exist!
"Using wholegrain flour from a stone mill brings a beautiful complexity to the flavour of a well fermented loaf, along with a feeling of satiety."
Maintaining the rage
Emily says bakers need to support growers of diverse grains to keep the momentum going. "There's a group of us that all try to support this diversity as much as possible. Wholegrain Milling has a blend of historic Australian wheats and that's a beautiful blend—really lovely flavour." Rosemary Dunn at Four Leaf Milling in South Australia grows khorasan wheat (they call it Egyptian Gold) as well as spelt while Jason Cotter from Tuerong Farm in Victoria is growing and stone-milling spelt and red wheat varieties. Grant and Lindsay Tuckwell are freshly milling wheat at St. Alban's farm in Western Australia while Courtney and Ian Congdon are growing and milling wheat varieties at Woodstock Farm in New South Wales. John Campbell of Provenance Flour in Sydney connects bakers with farms producing the varieties they seek. Creating direct farm to bakery connections means bakers can liaise with farmers about what they're growing, and can adjust and experiment with grains depending on seasonal and regional differences. And of course Emily Salkeld continues her experiments with different grains at Small World Bakery in South Australia. She says, "We've been using older wheat whenever we can, just to support the supply from the mill because if bakers don't buy these flours, then you won't be seeing them in a couple of years because they'll stop producing them."
Ancient Grains 101
Using flour made from historic grains can be tricky and there are tips and tricks you need to know to use them effectively.
Stone-ground bran, for instance, is quite sharp, and small bits of bran can act like little knives, cutting through the gluten frame on which dough rises. But there are ways to get around this, including mixing stone-milled flour with regular flour, increasing hydration and proofing times, and getting to know the way different wholegrain flours behave.
"Some of the grains are quite tricky to use in conventional loaves, so you have to rethink the way you mix your dough," says Emily.
"Sometimes you use them just for blending, or you might just sprout the grain and add that to the dough.
"You've got to be flexible when you're in the bakery, which makes it interesting."
Einkorn is probably the trickiest grain to make into a voluminous loaf because it has a very high overall percentage of protein or gluten. Those glutens don't perform in an elastic manner, but the flavour is fantastically grassy and sweet.
If you want a conventional hearth loaf, use a proportion of einkorn flour with a more modern wheat flour. You can put a whole einkorn flour loaf into a tin, and the sides of the tin will support that loaf—much like a 100 per cent rye can go into a tin without fear of it going totally flat and having a lot of crust-to-crumb ratio.
Einkorn makes really beautiful pancakes, pasta, pastry, and flat breads. Just slowly build up how much water you think you can add.
This all depends though, on how the flour is milled and whether you're using wholegrain flour that's stone-milled or whether you're using a si


Zenu Triangles Bracelet
Geometric decoration consisting of lines, circles, triangles and spirals were found in deep tombs of important dignitaries. In a society which sought to trascend to other levels of conscience through shamanism, the light effects and the sensation of movement as they rotated this patterns, must have induced to special mental states during ceremonies and rituals.
This astonshing bracelet was made from the Zenu tradition findings.


text:
Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra - Aboriginal people and wild resource use
This book is about Aboriginal people's uses of plants and animals in the Illawarra area, south of Sydney. The title means animal food (Murni), plant food (Dhungang) and fur (Jirrar) in Dharawal language.
The book includes interviews with Aboriginal people, combined with extensive background research. It explores the spiritual and economic significance of various Illawarra environments - including marine, inter-tidal, estuarine, woodland and forest habitats - to the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra.
'Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra' is consistent with a change in emphasis in the organisation's cultural heritage research. For many years, OEH's Aboriginal cultural heritage management efforts were focused on archaeological sites and objects. More recently, OEH has tried to expand this focus to acknowledge the deep and ongoing connections between Aboriginal communities and their country.
This new publication is part of the Illawarra Aboriginal Heritage Regional Studies program which also includes 'A history of the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra'. These books have already made an impact on national park management and educational activities in the Illawarra. OEH hopes that they will become a valuable resource for the Illawarra Aboriginal community and the wider community for years to come.
Documents to download
This publication is available in two versions.
If you have a broadband internet connection, you may wish to download the complete book:
- Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra (PDF - 7.5MB)
If you have a dial-up internet connection, you may wish to download sections of the book individually:
- Murni, Dhungang, Jirrar: Living in the Illawarra
- Find out about a related publication 'A history of the Aboriginal people of the Illawarra'.
Page last updated: 10 June 2011


Advancing Together With Barrick Gold
People BLOG: Keeping an external eye on Barrick's community grievance management
Some companies develop grievance mechanisms that look great on paper, while some want to know if their grievance mechanisms actually work.
A few months ago, the phone rang early in the morning; Barrick wanted us to conduct an independent effectiveness review of the company's community grievance mechanisms. The idea was to verify to what extent the company walked the talk now that all sites are supposed to have a functioning procedure. We decided to review all site procedures and dissemination materials and conduct interviews with key staff.
Grievance mechanisms are a critical component to community engagement. They allow community members and other stakeholders to file a complaint requesting corrective action for alleged negative impacts caused by a company. They give communities a voice and a means of holding companies accountable. They help companies gauge the mood in the community and defuse tensions before they snowball.
Indeed, one of the interesting things we found during our review was the concern among some Barrick grievance officers in instances where there was a lack of grievances. Most companies would see that as a signal there are no problems. But the insightful officers wondered if this could reflect a lack of public confidence in or awareness of the mechanism and encouraged the community relations team to make inquiries. This was a great example of company staff going beyond the easy answer and applying rigor to their approach.
In fact, I would describe the overall results of the review as encouraging. Barrick is among a handful of mining companies that can fairly claim that all of its sites have a functioning formal community grievance mechanism. There is variation in the way the mechanism is implemented at different Barrick mines, with each site adapting to local circumstances. Sites in Australia and North America, for example, take a more informal approach towards complainants based on the notion that 'trust is based on a hand-shake.' In contrast, complainants in other jurisdictions prefer paper forms with lots of signatures because that instills confidence. Yet in all cases, the procedure is backed up with specific registration and documentation.
It was truly exciting to discover a number of international leading practice examples across sites. For example, the Cowal mine in Australia provides a public record of how it deals with each individual complaint and encourages people to use the mechanism as an engagement tool. The Pueblo Viejo mine in the Dominican Republic discusses each complaint during the weekly management meeting, which allows for an expedited high-level response. The Lumwana mine in Zambia is one of the few sites in the world that has a recourse mechanism involving third parties. The Lagunas Norte mine in Peru has developed catchy radio spots to advertise the mechanism and the Veladero mine in Argentina uses door-to-door visits to raise public awareness.
These are just some examples that show how and why Barrick has become a leader at implementing effective site-based grievance mechanisms.


text:
Title: Shunga, Glass Negative Photographic Plates. Set of 12, Box L. Early 20th Century
Publisher: Ilford Photo
Condition: Very Good
A set of Shunga glass negatives, uniquely produced on Ilford Photo plates from the early 20th century, illustrated with sexual scenes of an Edo Era Japan.
There are 12 plates of erotic illustrations, each featuring different figures.
Shunga are a type of Japanese erotic art, normally depicted in the style of ukiyo-e, often in woodblock print format. The Japanese word shunga roughly translated to "picture of spring". Spring was also a common euphemism for sex.
It is uncommon to see shunga produced on anything else besides paper in the early 20th century. One possibility is that these glass negatives were perhaps used as slides for class lectures.
One set of 12 glass negatives, 17 x 12.5 cm
On note of condition, these negatives are in very good shape, with light chipping to the corners, and some staining that can be seen at angles. The negatives still retain their dark hue.


text:
Material designers Henna Burney and Kalijn Sibbel of Atelier Luma have used ancient salt marshes in southern France to create thousands of glass-like panels and installed them as cladding inside Frank Gehry's Arles tower.
Over 4,000 of the panels, which are all made from salt crystals, line the lift lobbies on nine floors of the tower, designed by Gehry for the Luma Arles arts centre.
The panels were created by Sibbel and Burney, who are designers at the art centre's design lab Atelier Luma, as part of a four-year-long project in the Camargue salt flats.
The project was carried out to explore the natural crystallisation of salt that occurs there, and develop new applications for the material in the fields of design and architecture.
The salt cladding is being exhibited today by Burney as part of her guest editorship for Dezeen 15 – a digital festival celebrating Dezeen's 15th birthday.
Later today, Burney will also speak to Dezeen's editor-in-chief Marcus Fairs in a live interview and explain the studio's manifesto for the use of salt as "a material of the future".
"The wall of salt is a way to prove that it is possible to design with salt and it is possible to take it from its usual applications," Burney told Dezeen.
"It is also a way to prove that materials can also be grown and that maybe not every aspect of its production needs to be fully controlled."
Burney and Sibbel's study of salt forms part of a wider project at Atelier Luma involving the development of new materials from local resources in the Camargue region.
The ancient salt marshes, named the Salins du Midi, were chosen because the site has been little used in recent years and the designers believed it could be utilised more effectively.
"The salt marshes called Les Salins du Midi situated in the city of Salins de Giraud have been producing salt since the 20th century," added Burney.
"During the fifties, the economy of the region was based on the production of derived salt products as soda and sodium carbonate," she continued. "Nowadays the use of salt is notoriously reduced, making salt an abundant material to be explored."
To carry out the work, Atelier Luma set up the Crystallization Plant at the site to work in collaboration with saltmakers at the Salins du Midi and learn about the crystallisation process.
Each cladding panel is made by designers Sibbel and Burney using a custom metal mesh frame. The metal meshes are submerged underwater in the salt marshes, where salt crystals grow all over their surface.
This natural crystallisation process takes approximately two weeks and relies solely on the sun and wind.
The result is a series of cladding panels with a glass-like quality. The size and colour of the crystals depend on the weather conditions. According to Atelier Luma, they are also naturally fire-proof, meaning they are safe for use in public space.
By using a natural process of crystallisation, the process of crafting the panels has a low environmental impact and means it can be regularly carried out at the site.
As salt is not a common material to be used inside public buildings, Atelier Luma required certification through the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB) in France to use the panels inside Gehry's tower.
To achieve this, the studio studied the performance of the panels in terms of their strength and durability. Crystallised salt is now certified for use.
"This process was an excellent example to prove how the certification organisations are able to adapt their limits in order to accept new and natural materials," Burney said.
Atelier Luma is a research platform and circular design lab that was established in 2016 by Luma Arles – an arts centre in Arles. It is currently led under the direction of Jan Boelen.
The salt panels were not the only interior finishes the studio designed and approved for use in the Luma Arles tower from natural materials.
The toilets are finished in multicoloured tiles made from algae harvested in the salt flats, while thin acoustic material for the building has been made from sunflower waste. The sunflower's seeds are also pressed and used to make biofuel that powers the building.


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It only just occurs to me that, yes, I'm doing multithreading in winget and, yes, I have to think a lot less about it because recently departed E.W. Dijkstra thought so much about it. It only occurred to me when I was looking through my CS261 Intro to OS lab manual and reading:
There are four types of kernel objects explicitly intended to perform different forms of [thread] synchronization [in Windows NT].... The behavior of each of these synchronization objects is inspired by Dijkstra's semaphores (explained more fully in your textbook). Briefly, a Dijkstra semaphore behaves like an abstract data type. It is made up of a private integer variable, s, that can be manipulated only by using the abstract data type's P and V member functions. P and V behave as follows.
P(s): [while(s == 0) wait(); s--;]
The square braces around the P and V code are meant to emphasize that P and V are atomic operations, meaning that once they start they cannot be interrupted until they have completed. The
waitoperation in the P selectively breaks this uninterruptable assumption by allowing other threads to execute while s is equal to zero.
And, of course, being Dutch, he named his P and V functions with names cryptic to Anglophones: proberen meaning to test, and verhogen meaning to increment. In case you wondered.