text:
Each extra hour per day spent watching TV, using the internet or playing computer games during Year 10 is associated with poorer grades at GCSE at age 16, according to research from the University of Cambridge. In a study published today in the open access International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, researchers also found that pupils doing an extra hour of daily homework and reading performed significantly better than their peers. However, the level of physical activity had no effect on academic performance.
The link between physical activity and health is well established, but its link with academic achievement is not yet well understood. Similarly, although greater levels of sedentary behaviour - for example, watching TV or reading - have been linked to poorer physical health, the connection to academic achievement is also unclear.
To look at the relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviours and academic achievement, a team of researchers led by the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge studied 845 pupils from secondary schools in Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, measuring levels of activity and sedentary behaviour at age 14.5 years and then comparing this to their performance in their GCSEs the following year. This data was from the ROOTS study, a large longitudinal study assessing health and wellbeing during adolescence led by Professor Ian Goodyer at the Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge.
The researchers measured objective levels of activity and time spent sitting, through a combination of heart rate and movement sensing. Additionally the researchers used self-reported measures to assess screen time (the time spent watching TV, using the internet and playing computer games) and time spent doing homework, and reading for pleasure.
The team found that screen time was associated with total GCSE points achieved. Each additional hour per day of time spent in front of the TV or online at age 14.5 years was associated with 9.3 fewer GCSE points at age 16 years - the equivalent to two grades in one subject (for example from a B to a D) or one grade in each of two subjects, for example. Two extra hours was associated with 18 fewer points at GCSE.
Screen time and time spent reading or doing homework were independently associated with academic performance, suggesting that even if participants do a lot of reading and homework, watching TV or online activity still damages their academic performance.
The researchers found no significant association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and academic performance, though this contradicts a recent study which found a beneficial effect in some academic subjects. However, both studies conclude that engaging in physical activity does not damage a pupil's academic performance. Given the wider health and social benefits of overall physical activity, the researchers argue that it remains a public health priority both in and out of school.
As well as looking at total screen time, the researchers analysed time spent in different screen activities. Although watching TV, playing computer games or being online were all associated with poorer grades, TV viewing was found to be the most detrimental.
As this was a prospective study (in other words, the researchers followed the pupils over time to determine how different behaviours affected their academic achievement) the researchers believe they can, with some caution, infer that increased screen time led to poorer academic performance.
"Spending more time in front of a screen appears to be linked to a poorer performance at GCSE," says first author Dr Kirsten Corder from the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) in the MRC Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge. "We only measured this behaviour in Year 10, but this is likely to be a reliable snapshot of participants' usual behaviour, so we can reasonably suggest that screen time may be damaging to a teenager' grades. Further research is needed to confirm this effect conclusively, but parents who are concerned about their child's GCSE grade might consider limiting his or her screen time."
Unsurprisingly, the researchers found that teenagers who spent their sedentary time doing homework or reading scored better at GCSE: pupils doing an extra hour of daily homework and reading achieved on average 23.1 more GCSE points than their peers. However, pupils doing over four hours of reading or homework a day performed less well than their peers - the number of pupils in this category was relatively low (only 52 participants) and may include participants who are struggling at school, and therefore do a lot of homework but unfortunately perform badly in exams.
Dr Esther van Sluijs, also from CEDAR, adds: "We believe that programmes aimed at reducing screen time could have important benefits for teenager' exam grades, as well as their health. It is also encouraging that our results show that greater physical activity does not negatively affect exam results. As physical activity has many other benefits, efforts to promote physical activity throughout the day should still be a public health priority."
The research was mainly supported by the MRC and the UK Clinical Research Collaboration.
Corder, K et al. Revising on the run or studying on the sofa: Prospective associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exam results in British adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity; 4 Sept 2015.


How to Open Bak File | What is Bak File
Last Updated on July 30, 2020
A file that has been saved as BAK extension is said to be a backup file of an application mainly used to store a copy of files for backup purposes. Most of the BAK files present in a computer system are automatically generated by a program into the system folders. Such BAK files can hold onto anything, starting from the bookmarks of a web browser to files of a software application that needs to be periodically backed up. When an application is said to be saving the recently made changes to the data stored in the computer, it does rename the older file extension BAK with a new one, so that even if the application crashes in one way or another, the lost data can be recollected. This way, minimal data loss can be guaranteed in the first place.
Most of the.bak files that are created and stored automatically are database backups representing the SQL Server databases; yet, other programs such as Word and Excel can also create such backup files. There is no kind of standard program available to import or extract information directly from files that are saved with BAK extension. Restoring the.bak file is the only way to view and edit the content that is backed up through a software application. If you have XLS extension file then you need to use the excel application to open XLS file.
Steps to Open.bak file
As discussed above, the.bak files can either be automatically or manually created by multiple programs and if you have no clue about the file's history, then you need to follow few steps that can help in rightly extracting the information present within the backed up file.
If at all you do know anything regarding the file's history related to the program from which it has been backed up and exported form, then you need to open up the desired program and search for restoring options through them.
Possible ways to open SQL saved BAK file
The following is a set of instructions that you need to follow to open the BAK file that is stored as a backup from SQL Server. To access the information stored as a backup file, it must be restored to its original state. If you try to open.bak saved file using Notepad like text editors, then you can only end up witnesses a list of messed up characters.
 1. Open up SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio).
 2. From the database that you are about to restore BAK file, right-click upon it and then navigate to Tasks and then click Restore and then Database, as mentioned the BAK file
 3. Select 'From Device' option and then click on it to browse and load the.bak file from the destined folder the BAK file
 4. A 'Specify Backup' window shall pop-up, in which you need to click upon the 'Add' button to choose the previously saved file extension BAK.
 file extension BAK
 5. The next screen will hold on the directory of the local drive that is present in your computer system. Navigate to the folder that has the.bak file and select it to start with the restoring process.file extension BAK
 6. Once the file has been selected, click upon the 'OK' button and then again press the 'OK' button to get back to the initial screen.
 7. Make sure to tick upon both 'emptyTransaction Log Backup' and 'Full Database Backup' to successfully restore the file.file extension BAK
 8. Once both these options are selected, press upon the 'OK' button and wait until the below-mentioned window pops up.file extension BAK
Now all the backed-up databases are online and you can easily access them at your convenience.
Renaming the extension:
If you do know the appropriate extension of the program that has created the.bak file, then it can be restored by renaming them to its original extension format. For example, if you are looking forward to opening the BAK file that has been identified as a Word document, then then you must remove the bak extension and rename it using DOC extension.
If the desired file name has been saved as "mydocument.bak", then you need to change the file type by renaming it to "mydocument.doc". After renaming it, you can directly open the file using Microsoft Word and access the saved content. The same process applies for.bak files that are saved as a backup file of a Notepad document. You need to rename the.bak file extension as.txt to view the data saved in them.
Finding the original file format of a backed-up.bak file:
If you are clueless about a.bak file present in your laptop or personal computer, and not able to figure out the exact program that created them, then you need to open it as a text document using text converter software like Best Free Text Editors. By trying to open the BAK file through such text editors, you can find the exact program that has backed up the data in the first instance. All you need to do is to read through the loaded text file and search for the extensions that can indicate the original file extension in one way or another.
For example, if at all the file has been named "file.bak" and said to be found in an odd folder in your hard drive, then you need to open it up using text editor software at first. The below-mentioned image showcases an opened.bak file using Notepad++ text editor. You can witness letters like "ID3" present within the loaded file. If you tend to search online, then you can understand and be clear that it is a metadata container that is widely used in MP3 file formats. Now, all you need to do is to rename the "file.bak" to "file.mp3" to immediately restore and access the BAK file.
open the BAK file
Similarly, if at all the BAK opened in a text editor shows various a bunch of tables or text like elements, then you need to realize that the original file format is said to be CSV. Follow the same renaming process by adding.csv in the place of.bak and then open it using Microsoft Excel to get to know more about the saved data files.


text:
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Leek dip includes any vegetable or cracker dip that uses the leek as its base flavor. A cousin of the onion, leeks have a pungent flavor. Most individuals preparing leek dip cook the leeks enough to draw out the vegetable's sweetness, though, often making the dip milder and more appealing to a broader range of tastes. Some leek dips also combine leeks with other vegetables or ingredients to add dimension to the flavor. These dips are typically served with a platter of sliced vegetables or crackers.
Allium porrum, more commonly known as the leek, is a member of the lily family, along with onions, shallots, garlic, and chives. Leeks have a flavor that closely mimics the taste of onions, but when cooked, leeks take on a sweeter, more delicate taste than onions do. The vegetable measures roughly 1 foot in length (approximately 30 centimeters), and its stalk is about 2 inches in diameter (approximately 5 centimeters). Layers of dark green leaves tightly wrap around a pale green stalk, which gradually turns white as it reaches the small bulb at the bottom of the plant. Both the stalk and leaves of the leek are edible, but some recipes call for one over the other.
Many individuals making leek dip prefer to use the white and pale green parts of the stalk instead of the dark green leaves. The leeks are halved and sliced into thin rings measuring about 1/3 inch (approximately 8 millimeters) or smaller. In a preheated skillet coated with butter, the cook sautès the pieces until they soften. Some cooks may continue sautèing the leeks until they begin to brown and caramelize. This cooking process minimizes the pungency of the leeks while releasing their aroma and drawing out their mild flavor.
After the leeks are cooked, they must be added to a dairy base. Most dips are made with sour cream, and the average leek dip is no exception. Many cooks also add a soft cheese, like goat cheese, to the dip, and some substitute cream cheese for sour cream in order to create a richer tasting dip. The dairy ingredients are thoroughly mixed together before the cook stirs in the sauteed leek slices, creating a very simple, basic leek dip.
Most individuals prefer adding other ingredients to the dip to create a more complex flavor. Herbs, spices and vegetables, including parsley, black pepper, salt, and chives, are the most common, subtle possibilities. Some individuals may also add blended vegetables, like mashed peas, or chopped nuts, like almonds, peanuts, or walnuts, to alter the taste and texture of the leek dip. Finely chopped pieces of cooked bacon create a dip with a heartier flavor.
Leek dips are usually served with platters of raw vegetables or crackers. Vegetables commonly served on platters include cucumbers, celery, cauliflower, and carrots. For more variety, individuals may also include less common vegetables like daikon radishes or kohlrabi. Alternatively, a leek dip can be served alongside gourmet crackers, pita crisps, and breadsticks, instead of vegetables.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Moving On Up: Lifelike Spontaneous Motion Seen In Lab Created GelBrandeis University researchers have created an organic gel that, despite being lifeless, seems to move of its own volition. While the movements are too small to be seen with the naked eye, when viewed under a microscope, microtubules in the gel flow of their own accord, moving like living cells viewed on a slide. You can take a look at the surprisingly soothing motion of this groundbreaking goo after the break.Read on...
Study: Emperor Penguins Do The Wave
Taking turns seems like an easy enough concept (though lets be honest, it's not.) But for the thousands of Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) that call Antarctica's vast ice sheets home, taking turns to stay warm is a highly complex affair.
A team of researchers, led in part by scientists from the Department of Physics at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, set up a time lapse camera to track the movements of a pack of penguins near the Neumayer Antarctic Research Station. When sped up, the video showed subtle movements that hadn't been noticed through observation of the pack with the naked eye. The penguins, in their own way, do a version of the wave with coordinated movements that radiate through the group.Read on...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Computer Can Pick You Out From Your Eyes In A Crowd: 'Needle in Haystack' Search Capability
Identifying people by acquiring pictures of their eyes is becoming easier, according to a new report* from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST researchers evaluated the performance of iris recognition software from 11 different organizations and found that some techniques produced very rapid results—though this speed was often at the cost of accuracy.
NIST evaluated 92 different iris recognition algorithms from nine private companies and two university labs, all of which submitted software to an open competition held by NIST. The task was to identify individuals from a database of eye images taken from more than 2.2 million people.
"If, for example, you are trying to pick out a fugitive who is trying to cross a national border, you need to know your software can identify that person from among millions of records," says Patrick Grother, a scientist in NIST's Information Access Division. "This ability to pick out a 'needle in a haystack' quickly and accurately is crucial, and we found some algorithms can search a haystack thousands of times larger than others. This is important because often there is no corresponding record, no needle to be found."
Among the results: Accuracy varied substantially across the algorithms the NIST team tested. Success rates ranged between 90 and 99 percent among the algorithms, meaning that no software was perfect, and some produced as many as 10 times more errors than others. Also, the tests found that while some algorithms would be fast enough to run through a dataset equivalent to the size of the entire U.S. population in less than 10 seconds using a typical computer, there could be limitations to their accuracy. A related NIST report showed that accuracy could be improved if operators control image collection more tightly during acquisition, thereby obtaining better quality iris images.
"When combined with the feedback that this study provides to the industry and the use of the iris in combination with other biometrics, the findings will push accuracy toward 100 percent," Grother says. Grother adds that the new findings should be useful to policy makers, who are increasingly incorporating iris recognition in official systems in places as far-flung as India, Mexico and Indonesia, as well as the United States and Canada.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)


plant is another great way of ensuring that you are reducing its height. Topping is something that can be achieved once your plants reach about 12 to 18 inches of height. You also need to see if there are at least three levels of branches/nodes and only then you can start off the process of topping. The idea is to identify the central and top-most shoot and cut it off. By cutting it off, you will basically ensure that multiple branches spawn off from there and the vertical growth is being reduced. However, this has to be done slowly and gently and it can't be done frequently because the plants need quite a bit of time to heal and recover from the topping process.
The third major way in which you can reduce the height of your weed plants is via fimming. Fimming is the process in which you would follow things almost in the same way as you would in topping, but instead of cutting off the top part of the shoot, you would cut it down at the halfway mark. Fimming makes sure that the lower portions of your plants have a denser growth, and it also ensures that the stress on the plants is lower than what it would be if you were to use topping. Everything else remains the same between the process of fimming and topping its just the location of the cut that makes the difference here.
Pros and Cons of Growing Small Weed Plants
Now that you know everything about keeping your plants small in height, let us take a closer look at some of the pros and cons of growing small weed plants:
 - Plants become easier to manage
 - Leaves and buds on the bottom portions benefit the most because of a direct access to light
 - Ensures that the plants fit in the grow tents and the grow rooms
 - Plants consume lesser resources
 - The concentration of THC/CBD improves if there are lesser leaves/buds
 - Yield per square foot reduces
Frequently Asked Questions About Marijuana Plants and Their Height
Here are the answers to some common and frequently asked questions about growing weed and the height that these plants can reach up to.
1. What is the optimal height for a marijuana plant?
There is no singular 'optimal' height. If you are growing outdoors in a farm you might want to allow the plant to attain its natural and full height which is an optimal height for the plant. However, if you are an indoor grower you might have a different understanding of the concept of 'optimal' height for your plants which might be somewhere around 6ft or whatever fits your tent/room well.
2. Which are better suited for small size – Sativa or Indica strains?
When it comes to growing smaller plants, it is generally the Indica strain which has smaller plants. However, even these plants can grow about 6ft in height. But when you compare them with Sativa plants, which are generally an even taller variety of plants that can grow twice that height, the indica plants are generally considered more manageable and more indoor-friendly.
3. Are auto-flowering plants as good as regular plants?
Yes, auto-flowering plants are as good as regular plants – but there are a few caveats. These plants are often low-yielding compared to their regular strain, and in some cases auto-flowering plants would carry a lesser THC/CBD content than compared to the regular plants. However, this difference is actually quite small and insignificant – and one which doesn't really prevent most growers from growing these kind of plants. Autoflowering plants are great for newbie growers because they don't really need to adjust the lighting conditions to trigger the flowering and they grow faster as well as shorter.
4. Can training damage my plants?
The process of training is a double-edged sword. If done right, it is great for your plants and will help you maintain and sustain them well and ensure that they remain of the right height. However, a small mistake there and you might end up causing some sort of a permanent damage (or at least one that might take a long time to heal). You need to be extremely careful when chopping off parts of your plant.
5. Can temperature impact height?
Yes, the temperature of your grow room does have an impact on the height of your marijuana plants. If you are growing in a place which has a hot temperature, you might end up with taller plants, especially if you also have a poor airflow. This causes plants to stretch due to the stress and increases their height. Keeping the room temperatures low and ensuring a proper airflow will always be beneficial for ensuring a regular height.
We hope that by this point in the article you know everything that there is to know about how to keep the size of your weed plants contained so that you can grow them in small spaces. Plants growing tall can cause quite a bit of a problem, especially for those growers who are growing them indoors in grow rooms or in grow tents. Plants need to be allowed to grow to their normal size and scale – but only when it is suitable for the grower. Keeping your plants smaller helps maintain your privacy as well as increases your convenience. If there are any more questions that you have when it comes to keeping your plants small in size, feel free to mail us or let us know in the comments below and we shall get back to you really soon!
Till then..
..Happy Growing! 🙂
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text:
Providing unfettered access to all of the bits, bytes and packets flowing through a network is a critical piece of network design. Without it, security appliances, monitoring devices and analytical solutions cannot function optimally – a critical issue in a world where downtime or a security breach could cost millions. Network Test Access Points or Traffic Access Points (Network TAPs) were engineered in the 1970s to address this challenge.
Read this white paper from Garland Technology to learn:
– Connectivity best practices and understanding Network TAPs and modes
– Environmental considerations: passive or active
– How to engineer End-to-End visibility

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: Atomic force microscopy is widely employed for imaging material at the nanoscale. However, real-time measures on image reliability are lacking in contemporary atomic force microscopy literature. In this article, we present a real-time technique that provides an image of fidelity for a high bandwidth dynamic mode imaging scheme. The fidelity images define channels that allow the user to have additional authority over the choice of decision threshold that facilitates where the emphasis is desired, on discovering most true features on the sample with the possible detection of high number of false features, or emphasizing minimizing instances of false detections. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of fidelity imaging.


quisite
library(sf)
use_sf()
execGRASS("v.info", map="schools", layer="1")
vInfo("schools")
myschools <- readVECT("schools")
print(summary(myschools))
Summarizing data
We can create a table of cell counts:
table(ncdata$geology_30m)
CZfg_217 CZlg_262 CZig_270 CZbg_405 CZve_583 CZam_720 CZg_766 CZam_862 CZbg_910 Km_921 CZbg_945 CZam_946 CZam_948
70381 19287 66861 24561 2089 _PHONE_ 4351 1211 1 398 85
And compare with the equivalent GRASS module:
execGRASS("r.stats", flags=c("c", "l"), parameters=list(input="geology_30m"), ignore.stderr=TRUE)
217 CZfg 70381
262 CZlg 19287
270 CZig 66861
405 CZbg 24561
583 CZve 2089
720 CZam 467
766 CZg 691
862 CZam 6017
910 CZbg 4351
921 Km 1211
945 CZbg 1
946 CZam 398
948 CZam 85
Create a box plot of geologic types at different elevations:
boxplot(ncdata$elevation ~ ncdata$geology_30m, medlwd = 1)
Boxplot geo.png
Querying maps
Sometimes you may want to query GRASS GIS maps from your R session.
As an example, here the transfer of raster pixel values at the position of vector points:
# set the computational region first to the raster map:
execGRASS("g.region", raster = "elev_state_500m", flags = "p")
# query raster map at vector points, transfer result into R
goutput <- execGRASS("r.what", map="elev_state_500m", points="geodetic_pts", separator=",", intern=TRUE)
str(goutput)
chr [1:29939] "571530.81289275,265739.968425953,,187._PHONE_" ...
# parse it
con <- textConnection(goutput)
go1 <- read.csv(con, header=FALSE)
str(go1)
'data.frame': 29939 obs. of 4 variables:
 $ V1: num 571531 571359 571976 572391 573011 ...
 $ V2: num 265740 265987 267049 267513 269615 ...
 $ V3: logi NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
 $ V4: Factor w/ 22738 levels "-0._PHONE_",..: 6859 6642 6749 6411 6356 6904 7506 7224 6908 7167 ...
summary(go1)
 V1 V2 V3 V4
 Min. :121862 Min. : 7991 Mode:logical 0 : 723
 1st Qu.:462706 1st Qu.:162508 NA's:29939 * : 293
 Median :610328 Median :204502 0.3048 : 47
 Mean :588514 Mean :200038 0.6096 : 44
 3rd Qu.:717610 3rd Qu.:247633 1.524 : 42
 Max. :946743 Max. :327186 0.9144 : 23
 (Other):28767
Exporting data back to GRASS
Finally, a SpatialGridDataFrame object is written back to a GRASS raster map:
First prepare some data: (square root of elevation)
ncdata$sqdem <- sqrt(ncdata$elevation)
Export data from R back into a GRASS raster map:
writeRAST(ncdata, "sqdemNC", zcol="sqdem", ignore.stderr=TRUE)
Check that it imported into GRASS ok:
execGRASS("r.info", parameters=list(map="sqdemNC"))
 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
 | Map: sqdemNC Date: Sun Jul 19 13:06:34 2015 |
 | Mapset: PERMANENT Login of Creator: veroandreo |
 | Location: nc_spm_08_grass7 |
 | DataBase: /home/veroandreo/grassdata |
 | Title: ( sqdemNC ) |
 | Timestamp: none |
 |----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | |
 | Type of Map: raster Number of Categories: 0 |
 | Data Type: DCELL |
 | Rows: 491 |
 | Columns: 400 |
 | Total Cells: 196400 |
 | Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic |
 | N: 228500 S: _PHONE_ Res: 27.49490794 |
 | E: 645000 W: 630000 Res: 37.5 |
 | Range of data: min = 7.47818253045085 max = 12.5000787351036 |
 | |
 | Data Description: |
 | generated by r.in.bin |
 | |
 | Comments: |
 | |
 +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Using RStudio in a GRASS GIS session
If you are most used to run R through RStudio, but still want to have all GRASS data available for performing any analyses without loosing the possibility of still using GRASS command line, you can run:
GRASS> rstudio &
or, if you already are working on a certain RStudio project:
GRASS> rstudio /path/to/project/folder/ &
Then, you load rgrass7 library in your RStudio project
library(rgrass7)
and you are ready to go.
RStudio used in GRASS GIS 7 session
GRASS within R
Using GRASS GIS within a R session, i.e. you connect to a GRASS GIS location/mapset from within R (or RStudio).
Startup
In the first place, find out the path to the GRASS GIS library. This can be easily done with the following command (still outside of R; or through a system() call inside of R):
# OSGeo4W users:
grass74 --config path

# Linux, Mac OSX users:
grass74 --config path
It may report something like:
# OSGeo4W users:
C:\OSGeo4W64\apps\grass\grass-7.4.2
# Linux, Mac OSX users:
/usr/local/grass-7.4.2
To call GRASS GIS 7 functionality from R, start R and use the initGRASS() function to define the GRASS settings. If GRASS GIS was installed through OSGeo4W, first start the OSGeo4W Shell. Note that it may start in C: or a directory where the user does not have writing permission. Before calling R or RStudio, first change to a directory where you are sure you have writing permission.
## MS-Windows users (example for an OSGeo4W 64bit installation)
# change to a directory with writing permission
C:\>d:
D:\>cd temp
D:\temp>cd testR
# start R within this directory:
D:\temp\testR>R
# to start RStudio from OSGeo4W Shell, run: "C:/Program Files/RStudio/bin/rstudio.exe"

# load rgrass7 package
library(rgrass7)
# initialisation of GRASS in the North Carolina sample dataset
initGRASS(gisBase = "C:/OSGeo4W64/apps/grass/grass-7.4.2",
 gisDbase = "C:/Users/marissa/grassdata/",
 location = "


text:
Reimagining the Role of Technology in Education
The NETP is the flagship educational technology policy document for the United States. The plan articulates a vision of equity, active use, and collaborative leadership to make everywhere, all-the-time learning possible.
Increasing access to high-quality education opportunities
The U.S. Department of Education's _TAG_ initiative supports States, districts and educators using openly licensed educational materials to transform teaching and learning. Learn what it takes to be a _TAG_ District or State:
Reimagining the Role of Technology in Higher Education
The Higher Ed NETP builds on the principles described in each of the NETP's five sections—learning, teaching, leadership, assessment, and infrastructure—and examines them in the context of higher education.
Every Student Succeeds Act
We discuss how States and districts may use new ESSA Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) funds to improve the effective use of technology.


text:
Martha and Four Friends
Date: 09/17/2001 at 07:30:12 From: vidya Subject: Combinations permutations Martha and four friends go to a movie. How many different ways can they sit together with Martha always between two friends? My answer is 72, whereas the solutions gives the answer to the question as 24. Thanking you in anticipation, Vidya
Date: 09/17/2001 at 09:56:06 From: Doctor Ian Subject: Re: Combinations permutations Hi Vidya, I get the same answer you do. The total number of ways that they can sit together is 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120 The total number of ways that Martha can sit on the left end is 4! = 24 The total number of ways that she can sit on the right end is 4! = 24 So the total number of ways that she can sit in the middle must be 120 - 24 - 24 = 72 I'm guessing that the person who said that 24 is the answer reasoned this way: There are 3*2*1 = 6 ways that Martha can sit with two of her friends on the inside. Then there are 4 ways to choose the person on the left; which leaves just 1 way to choose the person on the right; for a total of 4*3*2*1*1 = 24 ways for the friends to sit together. However, this is incorrect, since it doesn't take into account the ways that the inner and outer groups can be chosen. But as I said, I'm just guessing. But in problems like this - assuming they are small enough - there is always a way to settle a question definitively, which is to enumerate all the possibilities. To generate them systematically, I'm going to use the notation '-- ---', in which the left side represents choices that have been made, and the right side represents the unchosen elements. And let's say that Martha is 'a', and mark each permutation in which she doesn't appear on either end. a bcde -> ab cde -> abc de -> abcde abced abd ce -> abdce abdec abe cd -> abecd abedc ac bde -> acb de -> acbde acbed acd be -> acdbe acdeb ace bd -> acebd acedb ad bce -> adb ce -> adbce adbec adc be -> adcbe adceb ade bc -> adebc adecb ae bcd -> aeb cd -> aebcd aebdc aec bd -> aecbd aecdb aed bc -> aedbc aedcb b acde -> ba cde -> bac de -> bacde * baced * bad ce -> badce * badec * bae cd -> baecd * baedc * bc ade -> bca de -> bcade * bcaed * bcd ae -> bcdae * bcdea bce ad -> bcead * bceda bd ace -> bda ce -> bdace * bdaec * bdc ae -> bdcae * bdcea bde ac -> bdeac * bdeca be acd -> bea cd -> beacd * beadc * bec ad -> becad * becda bed ac -> bedac * bedca c abde -> ca bde -> cab de -> cabde * cabed * cad be -> cadbe * cadeb * cae bd -> caebd * caedb * cb ade -> cba de -> cbade * cbaed * cbd ae -> cbdae * cbdea cbe ad -> cbead * cbeda cd abe -> cda be -> cdabe * cdaeb * cdb ae -> cdbae * cdbea cde ab -> cdeab * cdeba ce abd -> cea bd -> ceabd * ceadb * ceb ad -> cebad * cebda ced ab -> cedab * cedba d abce -> da bce -> dab ce -> dabce * dabec * dac be -> dacbe * daceb * dae bc -> daebc * daecb * db ace -> dba ce -> dbace * dbaec * dbc ae -> dbcae * dbcea dbe ac -> dbeac * dbeca dc abe -> dca be -> dcabe * dcaeb * dcb ae -> dcbae * dcbea dce ab -> dceab * decba de abc -> dea bc -> deabc * deacb * deb ac -> debac * debca dec ab -> decab * decba e abcd -> ea bcd -> eab cd -> eabcd * eabdc * eac bd -> eacbd * eacdb * ead bc -> eadbc * eadcb * eb acd -> eba cd -> ebacd * ebadc * ebc ad -> ebcad * ebcda ebd ac -> ebdac * ebdca ec abd -> eca bd -> ecabd * ecadb * ecb ad -> ecbad * ecbda ecd ab -> ecdab * ecdba ed abc -> eda bc -> edabc * edacb * edb ac -> edbac * edbca edc ab -> edcab * edcba I count 72 different ways for them to sit together with Martha in the middle. Does this help? - Doctor Ian, The Math Forum _URL_
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Graham's number is a very, very big number that was discovered by a man called Ronald Graham. It is the answer to a problem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory, and is one of the biggest number ever used in a mathematics study.
Even if every number in the number was written in the tiniest writing possible, it would still be too big to fit in all the universe that scientists have seen so far – in other words: the universe is just too small a place to be able to write this number in.
Graham's number is connected to the following problem in the branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory: (Note that the symbol ^ is used to denote "to the power")
Consider an n-dimensional hypercube, and connect each pair of vertices to obtain a complete graph on 2^n vertices. Then colour each of the edges of this graph either red or blue. What is the smallest value of n for which every such colouring contains at least one single-coloured 4-vertex planar complete subgraph?
Graham and Rothschild proved in 1971 that this problem has a solution, N*, and gave as a bounding estimate 6 ≤ N* ≤ N, with the upper bound N a particular, explicitly defined, very large number. In other words, the smallest possible value of N was thought to be 6 in 1971. However, this answer has been debunked. A possible solution points to the smallest value of N being at least 11, it may well be 12, but the answer lies between 11 and Graham's Number (G).
To convey the difficulty of appreciating the enormous size of Graham's number, it may be helpful to express—in terms of exponentiation alone—just the first term (g1) of the rapidly growing 64-term sequence.
(I) 3x3x3 is 3^3 is 27.
(II) 3^^3 is 7625597484987 you can think of this as 3 mutiplied by its self 3^3 times so 3x3x3x3x3….27 times.
(III.a) 3^^^3 is so huge, its digits would fill up the universe and beyond. it has 3638334640025 decimal digits – and this is only the start.
(III.b) 3^^^3 can also be represented as g1.
(IV) g2 is equal to 3^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^…3 the number of arrows (^) in this number is g1 this means there are 3^^^3, arrows, or levels of exponents, in g2.
(V) g3 is equal to 3^^^^^^^^^^…3 the number of arrows is the value of g2 and so on.
(VI) g64 is equal to G, graham's number.
Because of the Knuth up-arrow notation described here we know that the last ten numbers in Graham's number are […] _PHONE_. But the actual entire number (the remaining cyphers preceding these last ten numbers put together in one large number) is virtually infinitely longer.
The point of Graham's number (G) is that it is the answer to the upper bound of N in this particular hypercube problem. Whatever the smallest value of N must be in this particular problem remains unclear. The answer probably lies between 11 and G. There is quite a margin of error to render faulty.


text:
Ask a question about 'Finnic languages'
Start a new discussion about 'Finnic languages'
Answer questions from other users
The term Finnic languages
often means the Baltic-Finnic languages
The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages are a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by about 7 million people....
, an undisputed branch of the Uralic languages
The Uralic languages constitute a language family of some three dozen languages spoken by approximately 25 million people. The healthiest Uralic languages in terms of the number of native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Mari and Udmurt...
. However, it is also commonly used to mean the Finno-Permic languages
The Finno-Permic languages are a traditional but disputed,group of the Uralic languages that comprises the Baltic-Finnic languages, Sami languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages, and likely a number of extinct languages...
, a hypothetical intermediate branch that includes Baltic Finnic, or the more disputed Finno-Volgaic languages
Finno-Volgaic or Fenno-Volgaic is a defunct hypothesis of a subgrouping of the Uralic languages that tried to group the Finnic languages, Sami languages, Mordvinic languages and the Mari language...


What Are Common Jeep Wrangler Starting Problems?
A Jeep Wrangler's starting issue is usually caused by electrical problems, such as a malfunctioning neutral safety switch or starter. In order to correctly repair a Wrangler with a starting issue, the problem must be diagnosed and component replaced.
The neutral safety switch is located behind the clutch pedal of a vehicle. Its purpose it to act as a safeguard against accidentally starting the vehicle in gear, which it accomplishes by only engaging the starting mechanism when the clutch pedal is pressed. When damaged, the vehicle will fail to start. Its replacement procedure resembles a brake switch replacement. Use the listed instructions to replace the neutral safety switch.
 1. Locate the unit
 2. Replace a neutral safety switch by accessing the unit from behind the clutch pedal.
 3. Remove the switch
 4. Unbolt it from the pedal and disconnect it from the electrical plug.
 5. Inspect the rubber stopper
 6. Check to make sure the rubber stopper on the pedal is still in tact. If not replace the stopper.
 7. Install new switch
 8. Install the new neutral safety switch.
The starter spins the flywheel on a engine just to start it. If the solenoid or motor fails, the starter will not engage.
 1. Locate the starter
 2. In order to replace it, locate the starter on the transmission housing.
 3. Disconnect negative battery cable
 4. Disconnect the battery to avoid accidental shock.
 5. Remove plugs
 6. Disconnect the plugs on the starter.
 7. Replace the unit
 8. Remove the mounting bolts and replace the unit.


In the Input section of the Player SettingsSettings that let you set various player-specific options for the final game built by Unity. More info
See in Glossary
(menu: Edit > Project SettingsA broad collection of settings which allow you to configure how Physics, Audio, Networking, Graphics, Input and many other areas of your Project behave. More info
See in Glossary
> Input), create an axis mapping to add the appropriate mapping from input name to axis index for the platform device's feature. To retrieve the button or axis value, use Input.GetAxis or Input.GetButton and pass in the now-mapped axis or button name.
For more information about how to use the button and joystick axes, see documentation on the InputManager.
You can send haptic events to an InputDevice. Haptics take on the form of an impulse, with an amplitude and duration.
Not all platforms support all types of haptics, but you can query a device for haptic capabilities. The following example gets an input device for the right hand, checks to see if the device is capable of haptics, and then plays back an impulse if it's capable:
List devices = new List();
UnityEngine.XR.InputDevices.GetDevicesWithRole(UnityEngine.XR.InputDeviceRole.RightHanded, devices);
foreach (var device in devices)
 UnityEngine.XR.HapticCapabilities capabilities;
 if (device.TryGetHapticCapabilities(out capabilities))
 if (capabilities.supportsImpulse)
 uint channel = 0;
 float amplitude = 0.5f;
 float duration = 1.0f;
 device.SendHapticImpulse(channel, amplitude, duration);
 - Updated XR input mappings table and refreshed code samples in 2019.2
 - New functionality and behaviour in 2019.1 NewIn20191,NewIn20192
Mobile Keyboard


text:
From A Wiki of Ice and Fire
A food taster is a person tasked with ingesting food or drinks that have been prepared for someone else, to confirm they are safe to eat or drink and devoid of poisons.
Known food tasters
- Ummet, for King Aegon II Targaryen
- Gaemon Palehair, for King Aegon III Targaryen
- King Aerys II Targaryen's food taster, who was forced to suckle at the teats of Prince Viserys's wet nurse before he could be fed.
- Ser Boros Blount, for King Tommen I Baratheon
I begged Lord Arryn to use a taster, in this very room I begged him, but he would not hear of it. Only one who was less than a man would even think of such a thing, he told me.—Varys, to Eddard Stark
- ↑ Fire & Blood, The Dying of the Dragons—The Short, Sad Reign of Aegon II.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Targaryen Kings: Aegon II.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Targaryen Kings: Aerys II.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 67, Jaime VIII.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 30, Eddard VII.


Geometric Multigrid Methods
Sunday, November 28, 2010 - 9:00am - 10:30am
Keller 3-180
Susanne Brenner (Louisiana State University)
Geometric multigrid methods solve an elliptic boundary value
problem on a sequence of grids generated by a refinement
procedure. They have optimal complexity in the sense that
the computational cost is proportional to the number of
unknowns. In this tutorial we will introduce various
multigrid algorithms (V-cycle, W-cycle, F-cycle, etc.)
and discuss their convergence analysis.


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The TLAP-R (Jouve, 2013a) is an untimed, non-verbal reasoning test prepared with perceptual material. It consists in 8 matrices, each one including 6 lines of 15 patterns of which 4 have been deleted. The examinee is asked to find the 4 missing patterns. The first version (limited to 5 matrices) of this test has been prepared by Xavier Jouve in mid 2000 for a research project.
The chiefly involved cognitive process mostly depends on fluid intelligence and the test is minimal-knowledge based. The material used to prepare the matrices is numerical but not heavily mathematically based so that the TLAP-R is suitable to assess any person with only basic arithmetic knowledge.
In order to complete the matrices, to find which patterns are missing, the TLAP-R requires inductive reasoning. The task requires figuring out a specific logical and governing rule from a chaotic situation. Spearman (1927) described this process and considered it as the requisite for the eductive part of g. However, the TLAP-R showed a strong relationship with crystallized intelligence even without measuring it directly (Jouve, 2013b).
Item Response Theory (IRT) relates characteristics of items (item parameters) and characteristics of individuals (latent traits) to the probability of a positive response. A variety of IRT models could be applied for dichotomous as well as polytomous data. In each case, the probability of answering correctly or endorsing a particular response category can be represented graphically by an item response function (IRF). This function represents the non-linear regression of a response probability on a latent trait, such as inductive reasoning, spatial ability, verbal ability, or any other psychological factor (Hulin, Drasgow & Parsons, 1983).
In the Two-Parameter Logistic Model (2PLM) as expressed by Birnbaum (1968), the first parameter is the discrimination parameter referred to with letter a, which is proportional to the slope of the ICC at the ability scale point b, which is the second parameter and named difficulty parameter. This model is the generalization of the One-Parameter Logistic Model (1PLM) firstly introduced by Rasch (1960) that only takes into account the item difficulty as given by the b-parameter.
Additionally, it also exists a model that includes a third parameter for guessing, called the c-parameter. However, according to Hambleton, Swaminathan, & Jane Rogers (1991) the Three-Parameter Logistic Model (3PLM) is only of proper application for multiple-choice items in which the examinee needs to choose among diverse given alternatives. In fact, for free-response items like those of the TLAP-R, in which the examinee needs to engender an own original answer, the assumption of no guessing is quite probable and thus the model does not require the c-parameter.
Participants. The analyses performed in this investigation are based on the data collected from 1,003 respondents over a two-years period, between 2000 and 2002. The mean age of the individuals whose data were used was 24.43 years (SD = 8.11). This cohort included 45% female, 53.8% male and 1.2% missing gender data.
Method. The characteristic curves, for both the Item Empirical Functions (IEF) and the Item Response Functions (IRF) were drawn for each of the TLAP-R 48 matrix lines are all shown in Figures 1 to 2 respectively. These Item Response Functions (IRF) and could eventually be used in order select, discard or revised questions that would not match with psychometric standards. Test items must be those with steeper slopes because they are more useful to discriminate subjects and separate them into different ability levels. As a matter of consequence, a high a-parameter value results in a slope having a sharp inclination.
Estimation of the parameters has been performed with the Normal Ogive by Harmonic Analysis Robust Method (NOHARM; Fraser, 1986; Fraser & McDonald, 1988). This process of parameters estimation is a variant of the one described in McDonald (1982, 1985). In a general point of way, it is close to that of Christofferson (1975), with a main difference in the use of ordinary least squares where Christofferson utilizes generalized least square (McDonald, 1997). NOHARM yields some stable parameter estimates (Ackerman, 1988; Miller, 1991).
The calculation of the quadrature nodes and weights for empirical values followed the Levine & Drasgow (1988) method. On one hand, the theta scale of the IEF was divided into twenty-five points corresponding to the equally spaced percentile ranks from 2 to 98: -2.05, -1.56, -1.29, -1.08, -.92, -.77, -.64, -.52, -.41, -.31, -.20, -.10, 0,.10,.20,.31,.41,.52,.64,.77,.92, 1.08, 1.29, 1.56 and 2.05. On the other hand, the IRF theta scale that represents ability was sectioned into sixteen equally separated intervals of.5, ranging from -4 to 4. The midpoints of each interval were -3.75, -3.25, -2.75, -2.25, -1.75, -1.25, -.75, -.25,.25,.75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.25 and 3.75.
Results & discussion. According to their ICCs, the TLAP-R lines, each one representing an item, appeared suitable to discriminate examinees along the ability scope. Although the psychometric efficiency of test lines seemed varied, and not perfectly homogenous, the TLAP-R did not show any unappropriated item. Apparently, some lines of the TLAP-R were producing noise in the low-end of the proficiency scale, especially in empirical data.
This might be explained because in some lines of the test matrices, the examinees could be tempted to reproduced the patterns occurring with the highest frequency in the entire problem, and earned positive responses without the correct reasoning. In a such case, the test-taker's behavior might be interpreted as a form of guessing.
Additionally, as can be seen in the two figures, some items are very similar the ones to the others. This finding suggests that they are redundant. However, this is seen as inevitable because of the inherent nature of the design of the TLAP-R matrices. In fact, in some of them, the person who is administered the test needs to look at the matrix globally, making an effort of abstraction, in order to complete the problem as a whole, i.e. to respond to more than a single line at once.
Ackerman, T. A. (1988). Comparison of multidimensional IRT estimation procedures using benchmark data. Paper presented at the ONR Contractors' meeting, Iowa City,IA.
Birnbaum, A. (1968). Some latent traits models and their use in inferring an examinee's ability. In F. M. Lord, & M. R. Novik, Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Christofferson, A. (1975). Factor analysis of dichotomized variables. Psychometrika, 14(40), 5-32.
Fraser, C. (1986). NOHARM: An IBM PC Program for Fitting Both Unidimensional and Multidimensional Normal Ogive Models of Latent Trait Theory. Amindale, Australia: The University of New England.
Fraser, C., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). NOHARM: Least Squares item factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioural Research, 23, 267-269.
Hambleton, R. K., Swaminathan, H., & Jane Rogers, H. (1991). Fundamentals of Item Response Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Hulin, C. L., Drasgow, F., & Parsons, C. K. (1983). Item Response Theory: Applications to Psychological Measurement. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones Irwin Inc.
Jouve, X. (2013a). TLAP: Revised. Retrieved from _URL_
Jouve, X. (2013b). Correlations between the TLAP-R and other measures. Retrieved from _URL_
Levine, M. V., Drasgow, F. (1988). Optimal appropriateness measurement. Psychometrika, 53, 161-176.
McDonald, R. P. (1982). Linear versus nonlinear models in item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 6(4), 379-396.
McDonald, R. P. (1985). Unidimensional and multidimensional models for item response theory. In D. J. Weiss (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1982 Item Response and Computerized Adaptive Testing Conference (pp 65-87). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
McDonald, R. P. (1997). Normal Ogive Multidimensional Model. In W. J. van der Lindenand R. K. & Hambleton (Eds.), Handbook of Modern Item Response Theory (pp. 257–269). New


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|Plot Size:||15′ x 300′|
Soil Test Values (ppm)
Agro-Culture Liquid Fertilizers has two main foliar program options for soybeans. Depending on soil test Agro-Culture Liquid Fertilizers has two main foliar program options for soybeans. Depending on soil test levels, either a program of 3 gal/A Sure-K with 1 qt/A MicroLink Manganese or 2 gal/A fert-Rain are commonly used. For this experiment location, soil levels were medium to low on potassium with 70 ppm and 2.2% base saturation. In cases where potassium levels are medium, a foliar program including Sure-K would be a better option. In cases with higher potassium soils, ferti-Rain tends to work better. This experiment compared these two foliar programs applied at 3 different timings, keeping the total fertilizer rate for each product per acre for the season the same. Timings included (1) 1 application at V4, (2) 2 applications at V4 and R1 or (3) 4 applications at V4, R1, R2, and R3. (V4- 4 trifoliate, R1-beginning flower, R2-full flower, R3-beginning pod)
- All foliar applications increased soybean yields over the untreated check by at least 3 bu/A.
- With the soils in the experiment having medium potassium levels, there was no significant difference between the two foliar programs. However, at most timings, there was a slight advantage to the Sure-K with MicroLink Manganese application.
- There was no statistically significant difference in soybean yield between the 3 timings of application. This shows, that a grower can apply a full rate in a single application or split the rate and "spoon feed" the crop if they are making multiple pesticide applications. It is a good practice to apply small amounts of nutrition when making any postemergence application.


Is Yoga Safe During Pregnancy?
Prenatal yoga is safe during pregnancy
Regular exercise during pregnancy helps to keep weight gain slow and gradual and it prepares your body for the rigors of birth. During the first two trimesters, you can continue normal exercises such as jogging, running, aerobics, and even some lightweight training.
As the pregnancy progresses, alternative forms of exercise like yoga can be used to stay in shape while taking the intensity level down a bit.
Most traditional yoga poses are safe in pregnancy
Yoga is an exercise that involves strengthening, stretching, breathing, and balancing. During the first few months of pregnancy, traditional yoga poses are completely safe. As the pregnancy progresses, expecting women may find certain poses are no longer comfortable or unsafe for the baby due to changes in the female body and balance issues associated with pregnancy.
What is prenatal yoga?
Prenatal yoga is a modified version of the exercise created to allow pregnant women to continue practicing yoga throughout pregnancy. Prenatal yoga poses are broken up into three categories for the three trimesters of pregnancy. Long time yoga followers may find they are more comfortable attending their regular yoga classes, but certain changes in each pose will need to be made as the uterus grows larger.
During the first trimester, recommended yoga poses include prenatal sun salutations, pigeon, triangle, ardha chandrasana, warrior II, baddha konasana, and knee to ankle. These poses are chosen to increase flexibility. The second trimester can include all poses from the first trimester, as well as vajrasan, bhadrasan, marjariasana, and hasta uttanasana. Third trimester poses include ardha titali asana, poorna titali asana, and supta udarakarshanasana.
What precautions should be taken?
It is important to stay away from yoga poses that involve twisting, hopping, jumping, and lying flat on the stomach. These poses are not made for pregnant women and should be avoided for the safety of the fetus. When in doubt, contact a local yoga instructor and ask questions about proper yoga poses during pregnancy.
Read More:
Is Swimming Safe During Pregnancy?
Lifting Weights During Pregnancy


I am planning on building a system that requires apps to call each other via http requests and am trying to figure out how to get two apps to call each other. From the API reference (_URL_ it seems this may be possible by:
 1. querying the DO api for the desired app
 2. parsing out the 'live_url'
 3. calling the parsed url
But I wanted to see if there was a best practice somewhere that was different.
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If the two services are part of the same site, you might consider putting both services in the same application. Service components in the same app can communicate over a local network using the component name as the address. For example, if your app has two services, api and web, web can reach api at http://api:80. Public services will always be exposed internally on port 80. These internal requests don't count against the bandwidth utilization for an app, while requests from one app to another app's public URL will.


text:
The 3D-printed device can be programmed to carry out multistep, complex chemical reactions on demand and can be reconfigured to efficiently and precisely combine molecules to form very specific products.
The multitasking device can also be programmed to function like an artificial circulatory system that separates molecules flowing through the channel and automatically removes unwanted byproducts while it continues to print a sequence of bridges to specific catalysts, and carry out the steps of chemical synthesis.
Systems comprised of immiscible liquids held in non-equilibrium shapes by the interfacial assembly and jamming of nanoparticle−polymer surfactants have significant potential to advance catalysis, chemical separations, energy storage and conversion. Spatially directing functionality within them and coupling processes in both phases remains a challenge. Here, we exploit nanoclay−polymer surfactant assemblies at an oil−water interface to produce a semi-permeable membrane between the liquids, and from them all-liquid fluidic devices with bespoke properties. Flow channels are fabricated using micropatterned 2D substrates and liquid-in-liquid 3D printing.


e -> return e
 where
 p = do pos <- getPosition
 setPosition $
 (flip setSourceName) file $
 (flip setSourceLine) line $
 (flip setSourceColumn) col $
 pos
 spaces
 e <- expr
 eof
 return e
3 The Quasiquoter
Remember, our quasiquoter allows us to write expression in our simple language, such as [expr|2 * 3|], directly in Haskell source code. This requires that the variable expr be in-scope when the quasiquote is encountered, and that it is bound to a value of type Language.Haskell.TH.Quote.QuasiQuoter, which contains an expression quoter and a pattern quoter. Note that expr must obey the same stage restrictions as Template Haskell; in particular, it may not be defined in the same module where it is used as a quasiquoter, but must be imported.
Our expression and pattern quoters are quoteExprExp and quoteExprPat, respectively, so our quasiquoter expr is written as follows:
quoteExprExp :: String -> TH.ExpQ
quoteExprPat :: String -> TH.PatQ

expr :: QuasiQuoter
expr = QuasiQuoter quoteExprExp quoteExprPat
Our quasiquoters re-use the parser we wrote in the previous section, parseExpr, and make use of the generic functions dataToExpQ and dataToPatQ (described in the Haskell Workshop paper). These functions, from the Language.Haskell.TH.Quote package, take a Haskell value and reflect it back into the language as Template Haskell abstract syntax. The catch is that we don't want to handle all values generically: antiquoted values must be handled specially. Consider the AntiExpr constructor; we don't want this constructor to be mapped to Template Haskell abstract syntax for the AntiExpr constructor, but to abstract syntax for the Haskell variable named by the constructor's argument. The extQ combinator allows us to do this nicely by defining a function antiExprExp that handles antiquotations.
quoteExprExp s = do loc <- TH.location
 let pos = (TH.loc_filename loc,
 fst (TH.loc_start loc),
 snd (TH.loc_start loc))
 expr <- parseExpr pos s
 dataToExpQ (const Nothing 'extQ' antiExprExp) expr

antiExprExp :: Expr -> Maybe (TH.Q TH.Exp)
antiExprExp (AntiIntExpr v) = Just $ TH.appE (TH.conE (TH.mkName "IntExpr"))
 (TH.varE (TH.mkName v))
antiExprExp (AntiExpr v) = Just $ TH.varE (TH.mkName v)
antiExprExp _ = Nothing
The corresponding code for patterns is:
quoteExprPat s = do loc <- TH.location
 let pos = (TH.loc_filename loc,
 fst (TH.loc_start loc),
 snd (TH.loc_start loc))
 expr <- parseExpr pos s
 dataToPatQ (const Nothing 'extQ' antiExprPat) expr

antiExprPat :: Expr -> Maybe (TH.Q TH.Pat)
antiExprPat (AntiIntExpr v) = Just $ TH.conP (TH.mkName "IntExpr")
 [TH.varP (TH.mkName v)]
antiExprPat (AntiExpr v) = Just $ TH.varP (TH.mkName v)
antiExprPat _ = Nothing
4 Examples
We can now try out a few examples by invoking ghci as follows: ghci -XQuasiQuotes Expr/Quote
> [expr|1 + 3 + 5|]
 BinopExpr AddOp (BinopExpr AddOp (IntExpr 1) (IntExpr 3)) (IntExpr 5)
> eval [expr|1 + 3 + 5|]
 9
Taking advantage of our quasiquoter, we can re-write our evaluator so it uses concrete syntax:
eval' :: Expr -> Integer
eval' [expr|$int:x|] = x
eval' [expr|$x + $y|] = eval' x + eval' y
eval' [expr|$x - $y|] = eval' x - eval' y
eval' [expr|$x * $y|] = eval' x * eval' y
eval' [expr|$x / $y|] = eval' x 'div' eval' y
Let's make sure it works as advertised:
> eval [expr|1 + 2 + 3|] == eval' [expr|1 + 2 + 3|]
 True
> eval [expr|1 + 3 * 5|] == eval' [expr|1 + 3 * 5|]
 True


Is emulation legal?
It's generally only a matter of time before someone discovers emulation, the ability to run old software on new systems. And since people can do it without necessarily paying for the software they run, someone may wonder, is emulation legal?
Emulation certainly tends to be a gray area. You can do it legally, but not everyone does. And there are a good number of misconceptions about what you are and aren't allowed to do. But plenty of emulation happens all the time, without breaking the law at all.
What emulation is
is emulation legal?
The Coleco Vision had an expansion module that emulated an Atari 2600. Today of course you can emulate both systems, and more, on modern machines.
Emulation isn't a new practice at all. It existed in the 1980s, and people asked about it all the time. A 1980s article I read about emulation said any computer can emulate any other computer, as long as speed isn't a consideration. That truism holds today, but speed isn't as much of a consideration as it was 30 years ago.
The most successful emulators in the 1980s required some hardware to make it work. The compatibility modules that made Coleco and Mattel game consoles compatible with the Atari 2600, or the Commodore 64 compatible with the Apple II+, all included hardware to make the emulation fast enough. It wasn't until the Amiga started getting Mac emulators in the late 1980s that software-only emulation became practical. Legally, it was often problematic. Atari sued Coleco for creating its Atari 2600 compatibility module. Apple couldn't keep people from running Mac software on their Amigas, but they made it really difficult to get their hands on the necessary ROMs to make it work.
Over time, emulation became more common. By the early 1990s, systems were fast enough that emulation purely through software became practical. I ran Atari 2600 and Commodore 64 software on my 486 in college quite a bit.
Modern emulation is just translation. It's a layer of software that sits in between your new computer and your old software and translates the instructions the old computer understood into new instructions the new computer understands. But it still sometimes remained controversial.
The Connectix controversy
In 1999, Connectix saw an opportunity. Apple's Mac computers were starting to see a resurgence, but there was a dearth of games for them. Connectix created a product called Virtual Game Station that allowed Sony Playstation titles to work in a Mac. Sony sued and received an injunction, but eventually lost. So Sony killed the product by buying it outright and taking it off the market.
For whatever reason, Sony saw the emulator as a threat to its Playstation console. And while it may have cut into Playstation sales, Sony sold the consoles themselves at break-even or even a loss. The money came from royalties on the software titles sold. Many people argued at the time that Sony would have been better off just letting people emulate the Playstation and collecting the royalties.
But Sony did its thing, so Connectix put its experience to work emulating other computer systems rather than game consoles, and high-profile emulation in commercial products fell by the wayside.
Emulating past products ended up being far safer. You name a system, you can probably find something that emulates it. Even the Playstation, at this point.
Patents, copyrights, DRM, and Fair Use
There are several potential legal pitfalls with emulation, and not just copyright. In some cases, re-implementing a system in software could violate its patents. This isn't a problem on systems that are 17 years old or older.
The bigger issue, though, is copyright. Most people know that copying something without paying for it is usually illegal. Even if the software is no longer commercially available for purchase, copyright laws as they exist today don't have a provision for them to go into the public domain until 95 years after their release. "Abandonware" isn't a legal concept. Emulation isn't illegal, but piracy is.
That said, once you've paid for software, you have the right to use it. And the software publisher, the company who made the computer or console it originally ran on, or anyone else has little say in that matter. As long as you retain the original copy of the software, nobody can say you pirated it. Ideally, you would transfer the software to the new system, but I know you won't do that. Technically, downloading software you own physical copies of isn't legal. From an ethical standpoint, you're OK, given that the original author and publisher got paid when you made the purchase.
You can look at emulation like ripping audio CDs to MP3s to listen to them. You're changing the format. Retain the CDs and you're legal. Sell the CDs and keep the copies, and then you aren't. Selling the existing copy while retaining a digital copy is piracy.
The problem with old copyrights
The problem with copyrights that may be three or four decades old is tracking down ownership. In many cases, the company who published them went out of business, or has been acquired several times, and it's not clear who owns what anymore. Sometimes the author knows, but frequently not. And while some authors enjoy going to conventions and other retro-themed events, some of them faded into obscurity. Larry Miller, author of Activision's Enduro for the Atari 2600, is one example.
In some cases it's clear who owns the copyrights, but the publisher just isn't interested. The Super Famicom game Fighting Baseball has a cult following thanks to its tortured names, but is owned by EA, who doesn't want to bother with it. As far as they're concerned, it's not commercially viable, so it languishes in obscurity.
There was a time when old abandoned copyrights fell into the public domain, but that started changing in the 1970s. Computer software that is no longer commercially viable is a significant gap in copyright law and has been for some time, but without a Fortune 10 company pushing for change, a gap in the law that only affects a few thousand people isn't likely to get addressed.
Of course, if you own a physical copy of the title, the point is moot. Everyone got paid and nobody gets hurt. Transferring the code to a new system so you can continue to run it falls into the legal concept of Fair Use.
Getting your old software onto your new computer for emulation
Reading old cartridges and computer media can be difficult. The formats usually aren't compatible, and you need specialized equipment to read them. And there might be some DRM going on to make it more difficult to copy the media. I don't know anyone who's ever read their Atari cartridges into their PC. They downloaded them from a sketchy web site. The same goes for every other platform of old.
In some cases, a publisher will license the rights to a bunch of vintage software and sell you a bundle that includes everything you need. Cloanto's Amiga Forever package is one example. This type of emulation is perfectly legal.
Another case of legal emulation is the Nintendo Virtual Console, which it shipped with the Wii. For a small fee, you could download vintage games and play them. This, of course, was sanctioned by the publisher and therefore legal.
If you want to be really safe, read images yourself of cartridges you actually own using a contraption you build with an Arduino. Here's one such example.
Where to find emulators
is emulation legal?
Emulators are usually written by volunteers interested in preserving the old hardware and software of the past. Generally they run on all major operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS, and even Linux. Generally the way to find them is to just search for them.
Ideally, download the emulator from your operating system's official app store or from the developer themselves, not from a file hosting clearinghouse that may inject other badware into it.
You can build a rather nice emulator out of a Raspberry Pi. A Raspberry Pi can struggle to emulate the N64 generation and newer game systems at high speed, but it does a very nice job of emulating game systems that predated the mid-1990s. For best results, get the newest and fastest model Raspberry Pi, currently a Raspberry Pi Model 3 B+.
Older systems run fine even on the original Raspberry Pi model. I've emulated 8-bit systems, such as the Atari 2600 and Nintendo NES, on the original Raspberry Pi with outstanding results.
What about selling emulators?
Selling emulators can become problematic. It's not at all uncommon for people to offer MAME cabinets, modded consoles, or other premade emulators for sale via Craigslist or other means. There is no problem with selling your workmanship. The problem becomes when you bundle the old software itself. That's a copyright violation, and you run the chance of getting prosecuted if you do it. While I haven't heard of cases of people being prosecuted for downloading old software for their personal use, I have heard of people being prosecuted for reselling preloaded emulators.
If you are going to sell an emulator, be sure to only load images that you know for certain were released into the public domain on it. What the purchaser does with the device after taking possession is their affair, not yours.
One thought on "Is emulation legal?
 - April 2, 2018 at 9:21 am
 Reading an Atari 800 cartridge into a PC would require duplication of a lot of hardware. But reading it into an Atari computer is easy; there is no DRM in the way, though you may need to know the details of bank


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Streetscape and Townscape of Metropolitan New York City, _PHONE_
Between 1850 and 1950, the population of New York City grew from just under 700,000 to more than seven million. This collection of 1,300 photographs documents the manifold changes that characterized New York City's urban environment in this 100 year period. The photographs are gathered from several collections: 1896 street views by Staten Island photographer Alice Austen, 1911 panoramas of Fifth Avenue, Washington Irving's home in the 1860s, 31 photo-lithographics of mid-1800s Hudson River mansions, the Sperr collection of 335 photographs taken between 1931 and 1942, and a general collection of photographs divided by city borough. Highlights include Austen's images of New York City laborers (organ grinders, bootblacks, police men, messenger boys) and of her home life among the State Island elite—both rare subjects for this period, and the Sperr collection's documentation of the construction of the Belt Parkway. Part of the New York Public Library's renowned digital library collection, this website is essential for those interested in U.S. urban history, architecture, the history of New York City, and the built environment.


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The "reconstruction" of traffic accidents has traditionally involved relatively simple momentum and energy based calculations using evidence of vehicle collision and post-impact travel. This evidence is used to estimate the "initial conditions" present at the beginning of the accident sequence. Those lacking training, knowledge, or ethical restraint may often employ faulty data in developing an unproven "model" or opinion regarding how the accident happened. The scientific method requires a logical application of the laws of physics to the careful examination of evidence, thus arriving at a hypothetical model of how the collision occurred. Yet the scientific method has not been fully satisfied until that model has been tested.
Actual testing of an accident model by the controlled crashing testing of vehicles is seldom practical. However, the reconstruction model of the accident can often be tested and refined through the use of computer simulations. Not every accident can be effectively modeled by computer simulation, due to both program and evidence limitations. However, if an accident reconstructionist has not tested his hypothetical model, he has not fully satisfied the requirements of the scientific method.


Google+ Sign-In Localisation
Had a couple of questions recently about Google+ Sign-In in different languages. While its rather common to want to use custom graphics instead of the supplied sign-in button, one of the nice benefits of using the supplied buttons on Android, iOS and the web is that they automatically adapt to the language of the user. Pretty much this post could end there, but there are a few interesting edge cases that are worth mentioning.
Javascript
On the web the Javascript Google+ buttons will attempt to choose the language based on the browser settings. This should be (mostly) fine, but if you have a specific user setting for language you can output some configuration to force the language for all buttons (including the sign-in, +1 and so on).
These kind of global parameters are generally configured in the ___gfg property of the window, which the Google Javascript API checks when it loads. You'll need to put the following before (or in the same script tag where you load the Javascript:
Which looks like this (assuming your browser language wasn't already set to arabic, in which case there will be no change!):
Android
On Android, the language is chosen by the Locale, which you can force by updating the Configuration.locale parameter (h/t to +Lee Denison for this):
All of the strings for the translation are actually part of the resources supplied with the client library (as mentioned in the docs), which means you can actually retrieve the text directly if you'd like. This gives you the ability to have a custom button, and still pick up the localised text. There are entries for the wide and short versions of the button, for example:
iOS
On iOS, its important to make sure that your app is configured for the languages you support. In the project settings, make sure you have added each language your app supports:
In general, its a bit of a pain to force the language on iOS - you could update the UserDefaults configuration, but you'll generally need to do that very early in the execution for it to work. The easiest way during testing is just to change your language in the Settings on your device or simulator. However, if you are creating your own button and just want to get the string, that's a bit easier, using the GooglePlusPlatform bundle. Note that this isn't an official part of the API, so the name or the translation string could always change - make sure to test when upgrading between SDK versions!
It is a bit easier to hint the language to be used in the consent screen, using the [GPPSignIn sharedInstance].language property - you can pass language code there, e.g "es", or "en-US".
One additional thing you might notice though is that different languages actually cause the button to render at slightly different sizes. Particularly if you're not using constraint based layouts, this could cause some unexpected results.
There is actually a bit of help in the comments of the header, where you are given the maximum dimensions for each variant of the button:
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleStandard: 226 x 48
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleWide: 308 x 48
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleIconOnly: 46 x 48 (no text, fixed size)
Make sure your app accounts for these, or inspect the frame size of the GPPSignInButton after setting the style, and you shouldn't have a problem.
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Improved protection for handhelds now in beta-testing
18 Feb
Product News
Kaspersky Security for PDA 5.5 now in final stages of development
Kaspersky Lab, a leading vendor of secure content management solutions, is now conducting open beta-testing of Kaspersky Security for PDA 5.5. The new product incorporates a range of upgrades and improvements, significantly extending the product's functionality.
Kaspersky Security for PDA protects data on handheld computers and smartphones. Kaspersky Anti-Virus technology optimized for pocket devices offers comprehensive protection for handheld computers running PocketPC and Palm OS, and smartphones running Microsoft Smartphone 2002 and Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone.
The latest version of the solution has a new, user-friendly interface. Virus detection and disinfection functions have been upgraded. The new antivirus monitor complements the existing functions by tracking application activity in real time, ensuring that malicious code cannot be executed. Updates to the antivirus databases can be downloaded automatically, meaning the device is protected against even the very newest viruses.
Kaspersky Security for PDAs can also be used to encrypt data stored on handheld devices. This prevents unsanctioned users from accessing confidential information. PocketPC users can create hidden folders: data stored in these folders is encrypted, and the folders themselves are password protected. PalmOS users can use passwords to lock their devices. Data is encrypted when the device is locked; therefore, even if a malicious user gains access to the memory card, they will be unable to access information stored on it. New cryptographic algorithms from the Intel library further heighten security when the program is run under Pocket PC.


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Realtime Access Map
Discrimination of bio-crystallogram images using neural networks
MetadataShow full item record
This study utilized a unique neural network model for texture image analysis to differentiate the crystallograms from pairs of fresh red pepper fruits from conventional and organic farms. The differences in visually analyzed samples are defined as the distribution of crystals on the circular glass underlay, the thin or thick structure of crystal needles, the angles between branches and side needles, etc. However, the visual description and definition of bio-crystallogram images has major disadvantages. A novel methodology called an image neural network (INN) has been developed to overcome these shortcomings. The 1,488 × 2,240 pixel bio-crystallogram images were acquired in a lab and cropped to 425 × 1,025 pixel images. These depicted either a conventional sweet red pepper or an organic sweet red pepper. A set of 19 images was utilized to train the image neural network. A new set of 4 images was then prepared to test the INN performance. Overall, the INN achieved an average recognition performance of 100 %. This high level of recognition suggests that the INN is a promising method for the discrimination of bio-crystallogram images. In addition, Hinton diagrams were utilized to display the optimality of the INN weights.


Difference Between Baby Skin and Adult Skin
Baby Hair Care Products
I feel it's important to learn about baby skin vs adult skin as we venture on a shopping spree for baby hair care, skin care and adult care for that matter. I found this interesting article and just thought I'd share with you.
How Does Infant Skin Differ from Adult Skin?
"Smooth as a baby's bottom" summarizes the popular notion of infant skin: the soft, supple, and practically flawless integument that is the unattainable objective of all cosmetic treatments. Indeed, it can be difficult to imagine what problems a pediatric dermatologist could possibly address given how perfect newborn skin appears to be. And while there are undoubtedly plenty of skin maladies that affect those at the beginning of life, even for the smoothest of bottoms, there are critical differences worth thinking about, both in health and disease. In this article, we review some of the important structural and physiologic differences between infant (defined here as the first few years of life) and adult skin. We also consider some of the clinical and practical ramifications of these distinctions using evidence whenever possible.
The functions of the skin remain essentially the same at all phases of life, including: barrier, photoprotection, thermoregulation, immune surveillance, hormonal synthesis, insensible fluid loss prevention, and sensory perception. However, there are several important structural differences between the skin of babies and adults, differences immediately accentuated as the newborn transitions from the intrauterine environment to the outside world.
Barrier function of the skin is vital for survival for all human beings. With increasing prematurity, there is increasing barrier dysfunction with higher transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increased percutaneous absorption of chemicals. As a result, there is greatly increased mortality in premature infants with impaired barrier function, generally due to microbial invasion. Remarkably, this can be demonstrated experimentally by application of emollients that enhance barrier function. In a randomized, controlled trial, massaging premature infants with sunflower seed oil 3 times daily resulted in a 41% reduction in sepsis and a 26% reduction in mortality.
Although the TEWL in full-term infants is generally agreed to be close to that of healthy adults, there is recent evidence that the barrier development continues during the first year of life. Infant skin is found to have higher water content and is able to absorb more water and lose excess water faster than adult skin. Other microstructural differences include thinner stratum corneum and papillary dermis in infant skin.
Beyond these structural points, however, several factors converge to make infants more susceptible to percutaneous toxicity. Their high surface area-to-volume ratio, immature drug metabolism systems, and decreased subcutaneous fat stores effectively increase the absorptive area while decreasing the volume of distribution of a drug or toxin. This is compounded by the fact that once absorbed, the infants lack fully developed drug carriage and detoxification systems. Furthermore, direct barrier injury can occur because of the increased fragility of infant skin, particularly from the removal of adhesive tapes and monitors, thus increasing local permeability. Finally, given the estimated 20% incidence of atopic dermatitis among children, there are yet other reasons for barrier function to be impaired at baseline. Because of these factors, it seems prudent to advise that only essential products be applied to the skin, particularly in the first several months of life.
Below the skin, in the subcutaneous fat, there are also discrepancies between mature and immature. In newborns, the subcutaneous fat is rich in the saturated oils palmitic and esteric acid. These fats have higher melting point temperatures than the increasingly unsaturated fats of adulthood; as more oleic acid becomes present, the melting point diminishes. The higher melting point means that the fat in infants can freeze more easily: approximately 64°C vs the much lower adult melting point of 14°C. This principle is typified by "popsicle panniculitis," a fairly common form of fat necrosis in the cheeks of infants several hours after eating popsicles or ice, and the closely related equestrian panniculitis, seen after the cold exposure from riding horses, bicycling, or riding motorcycles. Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, a condition frequently associated with hypothermia, trauma, or other perinatal stressors, is a panniculitis that may also be related to the higher melting point of infant fat. Because of this limitation in infant skin, extra care must be made to avoid temperature extremes.
Bathing an infant provides important psychological benefits between parent and child. However, oddly enough, it can also provide an opportunity to damage the skin. There is evidence to suggest that washing the skin with a washcloth during the first 4 weeks of life is associated with increased TEWL and decreased stratum corneum hydration compared with simply soaking in water. Another study found that tub bathing an infant was actually associated with an increased risk of cord infection vs no washing at all. Several papers have examined the use of mild liquid cleansers vs using water alone for bathing. The consensus appears to be that a mild liquid cleanser may actually be less drying and less irritating than water alone, and that bathing should be brief (10 minutes or less) and no more than every other day with spot cleaning in between.
Photoprotection is an important function of the skin, though in the process of preventing ultraviolet (UV) sun damage to certain structures, the skin can itself accrue damage, increasing the chances of skin cancer. As for adults, sun protection is important in childhood. This topic takes special importance because the damage from UV radiation is cumulative: children spend more time doing outdoor activities, younger skin is more susceptible to damage, and UV damage in childhood may have particularly profound consequences later. It is also important to remember that infants are entirely dependent upon their caregivers to practice sun protection and are generally not able to communicate the symptoms of early sunburn.
In recent years, concerns have emerged over possible hormone-disrupting chemicals in sunscreens, such as oxybenzone. In children, the doubly worrisome scenario of increased percutaneous absorption of chemicals and the enhanced developmental sensitivity to hormone disruption makes this topic extremely contentious. Evidence for such absorption is fairly abundant with 1 study concluding: "…whilst limited absorption across the skin was observed for the majority of the sunscreens tested, [oxybenzone] demonstrated sufficiently high penetration to warrant further investigation of its continued application."
Evidence for hormone disruption is another issue that is well established for benzophenone-3, homosalate, 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and octyl-dimethyl-para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). All show estrogenicity, and studies document environmental persistence and widespread presence in the population. Unfortunately, even the mineral sunscreens such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are not without risk. There is evidence that the nanoparticles present in many of these mineral sunscreens can cause cellular damage. Although most studies have shown that there is minimal penetration into the skin, no studies have yet tested these particles in fragile or damaged skin. Infant skin is more fragile, and with the incidence of atopic dermatitis approaching 20% in some populations, there is a reasonably high chance that there will be areas of skin damage in some infants. My conclusion strongly reinforces the message conveyed by the American Academy of Pediatrics: minimize the reliance on topical products in infancy by avoiding sun exposure and using sun-protective clothing whenever possible.
Skin diseases in infants and adults can vary as much as the difference in fundamentals of the skin. Even disorders that may sound familiar from experience in older patients may be distinct in infants: acne, skin infections, and nutritional dermatoses, to highlight a few.
Classical teenage acne (acne vulgaris) is well known to all of us; however, there are 2 distinct forms of acne that can affect patients in the first few years of life: neonatal acne and infantile acne. Neonatal acne is perhaps more accurately referred to as neonatal cephalic pustulosis (NCP) and can affect up to 20% of newborns. This papulopustular disorder lacks the comedones of true acne and may actually be related to colonization with Malassezia yeast species on the skin. Generally benign and self-limited, treatment with topical ketoconazole may shorten the duration of the disease.
Infantile acne, on the other hand, is far more rare than neonatal acne, and generally occurs between 3 months and 1 year. Both comedones and inflammatory papules are seen in this disease, and like its teenage counterpart, scarring may be an issue. Sometimes infantile acne will resolve by school age without specific treatment, but it may also be a harbinger for severe forms of acne in adolescence and appears to be more common in families with a strong family history of acne. Here the differences end: treatment can be very similar to that for teenage acne, including a topical retinoid and topical benzoyl peroxide.
Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome in infants and children is caused by staphylococcal bacteria that release exfoliative toxin and can also be seen in adults with renal failure. This suggests that it is the inability to clear the toxin that


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George Dolgikh/Adobe Stock
Want to start your day like an American legend? A pancake recipe from civil rights activist Rosa Parks was recently unearthed by Dan Pashman, the host of The Sporkful podcast. And it features a creamy, protein-rich ingredient.
Parks' secret? Peanut butter. Not only does this nutty ingredient provide flavor to the batter, it also adds extra protein to the breakfast staple (there are six grams of protein in each pancake).
Library of Congress/Rosa Parks Papers
The recipe, scribbled on the back of an envelope by Parks, comes from the recently opened Rosa Parks Collection at the Library of Congress. According to The Washington Post, the collection "features previously unseen personal writings, letters, speech notes, financial and medical records, political documents and decades of photographs."
And it's pretty incredible that among Parks' handwritten account of her bus arrest and postcards written by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., you can also find her handwritten pancake recipe. Because this tells us that apart from being a rebellious badass and lifelong activist who championed black power, Parks also enjoyed eating pancakes just like the rest of us.
Library of Congress curator Adrienne Cannon tells NPR that the "recipe is quintessentially African-American" because of the peanut butter. By 1940, peanut production was second only to cotton in the South.
To make the pancakes just a bit more healthy, try swapping out the all-purpose flour for buckwheat flour. You can also substitute the whole milk with almond milk to make the pancakes dairy-free. And if you're feeling indulgent, top a stack of the cakes with extra melted peanut butter and dark chocolate chips.
Head here for the full recipe: Rosa Parks' Featherlite Pancakes
What Do YOU Think?
Would you put peanut butter in your pancake batter? Are you always searching for the perfect protein-packed breakfast recipes? Would you try Rosa Parks' pancake recipe?


Credentials tab
The information required to access a runtime service is found in the Credentials tab for each deployed application configuration.
To access Credentials:
 1. In the Mix dashboard, click the Manage tab.
 2. Click the Applications tab.
 3. Select the application you want to access.
 4. On the left panel, select the context tag you want to see credentials for.
 5. Click Credentials.
The Credentials & IDs for the context tag appear.
Credentials
The credentials for each geography are shown under the environment where the application configuration is deployed. Credential blocks are listed to the right of the geography. They include a JSON file to authorize your client application, as well as access parameters for each type of service used by your application configuration.
The credentials listed are specific to an environment geography. For example, credentials for Dev-Sandbox US are different from credentials for Prod US.
The table below summarizes the four types of Credential blocks:
Credential blocks
Credential block Description
config.json Contains the configuration needed to authorize the client application in the selected environment, in JSON format.
asr_params Contains the URN parameter to access your ASR DLMs application.
nlu_params Contains the URN parameter to access your NLU model application.
dlg_params Contains the URN parameter to access your Dialog application.
Select each credential block to see the code needed in your client application. You can copy the block by selecting Copy Credential Block.
Here is a sample config.json file:
{
"client_id": "appID:NMDPTRIAL_firstname_lastname_nuance_com_20201005T202248318244:geo:us:clientName:default",
"client_secret": "CLIENT_SECRET", /* to be filled by user */
 "oauth_server_url": "_URL_
 "oauth_scopes": "asr dlg nlu tts log asr.wordset nlu.wordset",
 "asr_endpoint": "asr.api.nuance.com:443",
 "nlu_endpoint": "nlu.api.nuance.com:443",
 "tts_endpoint": "tts.api.nuance.com:443",
 "dlg_endpoint": "dlg.api.nuance.com:443"
}
This table describes the current parameters for config.json.
config.json parameters
Parameter Description
client_id Provides the client ID needed to access the environment. There can be multiple client IDs. All client IDs defined for an environment geography will be listed in the config.json file.
client_secret A client secret is needed to access the environment geography. See Generate the client secret for more information.
oauth_server_url Provides the authorization URL. For example, auth.crt.nuance.com.
oauth_scopes Lists the scopes that are available for the client IDs in this environment geography.
asr_endpoint Provides the URL of the ASRaaS.
nlu_endpoint Provides the URL of the NLUaaS.
tts_endpoint Provides the URL of the TTSaaS.
dlg_endpoint Provides the URL of the DLGaaS.