Difference Between File and Folder (With Table)
The terms Folder and File are computer terms, which are quite commonly used.
In simple terms, a file is similar to a document available on one's desk and a folder is similar to a container that is used to store files.
It cannot be denied that it is impossible to keep thousands of paper files on a single desk, as it will be impossible to find a particular file from the lot when you need it. So, it is necessary to store these files in a folder. The files must be organized and placed into particular folders. This will make it easy to search for a particular file.
File vs Folder
The difference between a file and a folder is that a file is a collection or group of interlinked data and information, whereas a folder is a container used to store files and subfolders. Files have extensions to identify their type but folders do not have extensions.
Comparison Table Between File and Folder
Parameter of ComparisonFileFolder
DefinitionIt is a collection of linked information and data which is stored in a secondary storage device.It is basically a container that carries and organizes files and adds them under a common heading.
ExtensionsIt can have extensions.It cannot have extensions.
ContainerA file is not a container. It cannot hold or contain any other files or folders.A folder is a container that can contain any number of folders or files.
Supported operationsThe operations that a file supports are open, modify, save, print, rename and email the file content.The operations that a folder supports are share, rename, move and delete.
SharingFiles are restricted from being shared on the network by itself.Folders are allowed to be shared on the network.
SpaceFiles occupy space on the memory of a computer.Folders do not occupy any space on the memory of a computer.
Memory sizeA file has a particular memory size.A folder has no specific size.
What is a File?
Whenever we store any data in our computer system, the operating system supplies an entity called a file. A file is a collection of associated information or data. There are many different types of files as per the data stored in them and these are identified by the extensions they have. Some files can have data and information in numeric form, some can have it in binary or alphanumeric form. A few types of files include a workbook, word document, scanned photograph, application, or any audio or video stored in a hard drive.
Properties of a File
 1. Name– The name of the file helps to differentiate it from one another. Files are accessed using their names and there are certain rules for naming files.
 2. Extension– It is the extension that specifies the type of the file, whether it is a document, text, image, video audio, or any other type.
 3. Date and time– These are stored by a file at the time of its alteration or creation in addition to the data in the files.
 4. Length– The total byte content expresses the length of the file.
 5. Protection attributes– The file protection attributes are used to determine the type of file access that is given to the user, such as archive, read-only, or hidden.
What is Folder?
A folder is used to accommodate a group of files and folders and place them under the same heading. Any number of folders can be created and each such folder can have numerous files and subfolders. The folders can have many entries as per the number of files created. If a file is deleted from the folder, the entry automatically gets deleted from the folder also.
Folders are important to keep. They help organize numerous files into groups and make searching for a particular file easy. If we did not have any folders on our computer system, all the programs, documents, and different files would be found in the same place. A Folder allows us to have multiple files in it. We can have more than one file with the same file name in different folders. For example, a file called assignment.doc can be saved in my documents folder, and another file called assignment.doc in another folder called assignments.
A folder does not have extensions like a file.
Main Differences Between File and Folder
 1. A file is a collection of related information and data, whereas a folder is a place to store such files.
 2. A file can have extensions, but a folder does not have extensions.
 3. A file cannot contain other same entities, while a folder can contain other same entities.
 4. When talking about space consumption, a file has a specific size. On the other hand, a folder does not have any particular size.
 5. Once the file is created, it can be opened, saved, printed, renamed, emailed, and modified. Once a folder is created, it can be moved, renamed, or deleted.
 6. Serial, indexed sequential, sequential and direct file organizations are the different organizations of a file. The different directory organizations of folders include a single directory per user, one directory per user, and multiple directories per user.
 7. A file has a name, time, date, length, protection, and extension attributes. A folder has a name, time, date, and protection attributes.
 8. A file can store information or data in a single unit, while a folder can store different types of files.
People often get confused between the terms File and Folder, but these are completely different words that cannot be used in place of one another. A file is a group of related information and data. A file can be a word document, workbook, application, scanned or digital photograph, or any video or audio stored in a hard drive. On the other hand, a folder is a place to store such files. They help to organize multiple documents and files into a group, so as to make a particular file easily searchable. Thus, a folder can contain numerous folders and files, but a file cannot accommodate another file or folder inside it.
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_
Fortnite vs PubG video


text:
Temperatures and Altitudes of Isothermal Layers of Earth's, Titan's and Jupiter's Atmospheres in a Simultaneous Proportion of the Golden Ratio Constant, _PHONE_...
atmosphere, golden ratio, earth, titan, Jupiter
Proportion of altitudes and temperatures of tropopause, stratopause and mesopause in the Earth's atmosphere is estimated. A clear numerical coincidence is expressed in proportions of altitudes and temperatures of isothermal layers of Titan's atmosphere. A statistically significant simultaneous proportion of altitudes and temperatures of isothermal layers was established in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Proportion values of temperatures and altitudes of isothermal layers is equivalent to the golden ratio constant, of the irrational number _PHONE_. Results in this paper indicate the possible function of the golden ratio constant in numerical models of the atmosphere.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2019 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Consequences of Conjugal Bereavement in Adults
Bereavement refers to the expected reactions and sadness associated with the loss of a loved one. It has been reported that the loss of a spouse is rated as the major life stressor among survivors of varying ages and diverse cultural backgrounds. Statistics have shown that in the United States over 800,000 men and women lose a spouse each year.
A wide range of symptoms has been associated with bereavement including; depressed mood, tearfulness, sleep disturbances, and irrational behavior. Previous studies have shown that up to 50% of bereaved individuals can develop major depression. Bereavement has also been associated with dysfunction of the immune system. As a result, bereaved adults are more vulnerable to infection. However, the exact relationship between bereavement and immunity is uncertain.
Researchers firmly believe that a relationship does exist between stress, more specifically bereavement, immunity, and the increased chance of dying following the loss of a long-term spouse.
The objective of this study is to find possible links between bereavement, depression, and the immune system. This study will follow a group of elderly bereaved spouses and a group of elderly people who have not lost a long-term spouse. The group of bereaved individuals will be followed for approximately 13 months after the loss of their spouse and the group of controls will be followed for 13 months after entering the study. Researchers will make note of any clinical, biological, and immunological changes in any participants of the study.
|Official Title:||Conjugal Bereavement in Older Adults: Biological, Functional, and Psychological Consequences|
|Study Start Date:||July 1997|
|Estimated Study Completion Date:||May 2002|
It is estimated that over 800,000 men and women become bereaved each year in the United States (LaRue et al, 1985). While the near certainty of such bereavement is predictable in one spouse or the other, the exact impact and duration of bereavement is much less predictable (Stroebe et al, 1995). It has been reported that the loss of a spouse is rated as the major life stressor among survivors of varying ages and diverse cultural backgrounds (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). As one copes with the loss of a loved one, expected reactions include sadness, tearfulness, and even depression (DeLeon, 1994; Pasternak, 1996). Other complications can include work-related difficulties, sleep disturbances, irrational behaviors, and immunologic dysfunction (Zisook, 1994; Prigerson, et al, 1995). All of these symptoms are common; yet, the underlying biology and relationship with the time course of bereavement are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study will be to prospectively follow a cohort of elderly bereaved spouses and controls from multiple clinical and biological perspectives over thirteen months after the loss of a spouse.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00001659
|United States, Maryland|
|National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)|
|Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Last updated: July 28, 2017
- Beatrice, Nebraska
- Social History
- National Register of Historic Places
- OPEN TO PUBLIC:
The Institution for Feeble Minded Youth Farm is nominated to the National Register under Criterion A on the state level for its association with social history. The Institution, now known as the Beatrice Developmental Center, was established in 1885 for the care of the developmentally disabled. The Farm buildings represent a period of the Institution's history when it was largely self-sufficient with the majority of dairy, meat, and produce raised and processed by residents and staff. The period of significance, c.1930 -1947, encompasses the construction of the buildings. The Farm is also significant as the only known complex of its type in the state which provided a dormitory for residents engaged in the farm work. Additionally, the Farm is eligible as a separate because of its significant association with the evolution of institutional treatment for the developmentally disabled. The farm retains a high degree of integrity in terms of buildings and setting; it is the only known extant example of a farm complex historically associated with a public institution.


text:
|Carl Purpus, Plant Collector in Western America||C. A. Purpus: His Collecting Trips in the Sierra Nevada and Owens Valley, California, 1896 - 1898|
Topics in this Article:
| REPRINTED FROM
Plant Biology of Eastern
University of California
Carl Albert Purpus was a pioneer plant collector in southeastern California whose chronicles and collections are of historical interest. His collecting trips in this area began in 1895 near Mt. Whitney. The following year he left his winter home near Springville and travelled up the Middle Tule River to the headwaters of the Little Kern River and down Cottonwood Creek into Owens Valley, returning by much the same route. In 1897 he collected first in the Piute Range of Kern County before crossing Walker Pass enroute to the Argus Range, after which he collected at the headwaters of the Kaweah River. In 1898, a drought year, he crossed Walker Pass again and proceeded north through the Argus Range and Owens Valley to Westgard Pass. He spent the rest of the summer in Nevada and Utah before returning through Fish Lake Valley and Sonora Pass. During these trips he collected the types of over 30 new taxa from southeastern California.
| One of the most significant but
least known of the early collectors in the
southern Sierra Nevada and desert ranges to the east was Carl Albert Purpus, a
German born botanist who first came to the United States as a collector of
winter-hardy plants for the Darmstadt Botanical Garden, where his brother Joseph
Anton Purpus was head gardener. During the years _PHONE_, he collected nearly
2000 numbers, including the types of over 30 taxa, from the southern Sierra
Nevada, adjacent mountain ranges, and the Owens Valley. He became a "freelance"
collector, depending for income on sales of seeds, cacti, pinecones, and anything
else the German market would pay for. Sets of his herbarium collections were
also available for sale, resulting in the wide distribution of his specimens.
In addition, he wrote numerous articles on natural history that were published
in popular and technical German magazines, covering topics as diverse as
rattlesnakes [Purpus, 1896c] and redwoods [Purpus, 1896a].
|| Although Purpus's later years in
Mexico and that itinerary have been studied
and published elsewhere [Sousa, 1969], his United States travels have been
relatively unknown. This is the first in a series of presentations to fill the
gap. Most of the following information is derived from my translations of a
series of articles describing his journeys from _PHONE_ [Anonymous, 1896;
Purpus, 1896b, 1897, 1898, 1899], mostly published by the German Dendrological
Society, and from his field notes and letters to Katharine Brandegee (archives
of the University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley).
South entrance to Potter Valley, California, May 1988.
Purpus apparently first moved to California in 1894, where he probably
stayed initially with his cousin Nettie in Potter Valley, Mendocino County. He
soon acquired a winter residence in Daunt, on the outskirts of Springville,
Tulare County. During this period he made contact with Katharine and Townshend
Brandegee, with whom he maintained a close interaction. He sent them the first
set of his collections, refusing to accept payment even though he depended on the
sale of specimens for his livelihood. Townshend described most of the new
species he collected, including the genus Purpusia in the Rosaceae, while
Katharine was apparently a partner in his cactus-selling venture.
Foxtail pine on Tawny Point, Bighorn Plateau, California.
Locations: Mount Whitney.
| Purpus's first summer
in the Sierra Nevada was 1895, spent in the area
around Mt. Whitney. The article [Anonymous, 1896] describing the area to his
German audience is full of the superlatives that characterize Purpus's writing:
Other Articles: Purpus' Introductions: 0130
One feels overwhelmed, as if placed in another world, when viewing these gray-white giants.... All these toothlike peaks drop precipitously to the east in every sense of the word, the easternmost more than 3400 meters straight down into the Owens River Valley. The view from this precipice is truly terrifying.
Carl A. Purpus, with a Sequoia and a dog.
Other Articles: Purpus' Introductions: 0160
The sight of the giant trees of Sequoia gigantea is truly awesome. One feels completely overwhelmed, in another world, when seeing these monuments to ages long past for the first time.
Abronia alpina. |
Other Articles: Purpus' Introductions: 0280
In granitic gravel below the volcano, I encountered a low mat-forming Allionia unknown to me, which was completely covered with rose-red flowers, providing a lovely sight beyond all description.
| This last was in
reference to a new species he collected on this trip, Abronia alpina Brandeg.
[Next Page] |
[Published Biographies] [Travelogues and Articles] [Letters]
[Plant Lists and Bibliography] [Site Administration]
Date and time this article was prepared: 6/7/2002 7:32:32 PM

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
White Seabass are found along the US Pacific coast, growing over 1.5 m in length and 40 kg in weight. They grow at a moderate rate, may live for 25 years, and can produce millions of eggs each year.
The US commercial fishery for White Seabass occurs in Californian waters, where abundance of White Seabass is at a medium level.
Most fish are caught using drift and set gillnets, which cause little or no habitat damage. Some marine mammals are incidentally caught in this fishery but the State of California has implemented regulations to reduce their bycatch.


ux_path(&vmlinux) <= 0) {
pr_debug("Couldn't find a vmlinux that matches the kernel running on this machine, skipping test\n");
err = TEST_SKIP;
goto out;
}
err = 0;
/*
* Step 7:
*
* Now look at the symbols in the vmlinux DSO and check if we find all of them
* in the kallsyms dso. For the ones that are in both, check its names and
* end addresses too.
*/
map__for_each_symbol(vmlinux_map, sym, nd) {
struct symbol *pair, *first_pair;
sym = rb_entry(nd, struct symbol, rb_node);
if (sym->start == sym->end)
continue;
mem_start = vmlinux_map->unmap_ip(vmlinux_map, sym->start);
mem_end = vmlinux_map->unmap_ip(vmlinux_map, sym->end);
first_pair = machine__find_kernel_symbol(&kallsyms, mem_start, NULL);
pair = first_pair;
if (pair && UM(pair->start) == mem_start) {
next_pair:
if (arch__compare_symbol_names(sym->name, pair->name) == 0) {
/*
* kallsyms don't have the symbol end, so we
* set that by using the next symbol start - 1,
* in some cases we get this up to a page
* wrong, trace_kmalloc when I was developing
* this code was one such example, 2106 bytes
* off the real size. More than that and we
* _really_ have a problem.
*/
s64 skew = mem_end - UM(pair->end);
if (llabs(skew) >= page_size)
pr_debug("WARN: %#" PRIx64 ": diff end addr for %s v: %#" PRIx64 " k: %#" PRIx64 "\n",
mem_start, sym->name, mem_end,
UM(pair->end));
/*
* Do not count this as a failure, because we
* could really find a case where it's not
* possible to get proper function end from
* kallsyms.
*/
continue;
} else {
pair = machine__find_kernel_symbol_by_name(&kallsyms, sym->name, NULL);
if (pair) {
if (UM(pair->start) == mem_start)
goto next_pair;
pr_debug("WARN: %#" PRIx64 ": diff name v: %s k: %s\n",
mem_start, sym->name, pair->name);
} else {
pr_debug("WARN: %#" PRIx64 ": diff name v: %s k: %s\n",
mem_start, sym->name, first_pair->name);
}
continue;
}
} else if (mem_start == kallsyms.vmlinux_map->end) {
/*
* Ignore aliases to _etext, i.e. to the end of the kernel text area,
* such as __indirect_thunk_end.
*/
continue;
} else if (is_ignored_symbol(sym->name, sym->type)) {
/*
* Ignore hidden symbols, see scripts/kallsyms.c for the details
*/
continue;
} else {
pr_debug("ERR : %#" PRIx64 ": %s not on kallsyms\n",
mem_start, sym->name);
}
err = -1;
}
if (verbose <= 0)
goto out;
header_printed = false;
maps__for_each_entry(maps, map) {
struct map *
/*
* If it is the kernel, kallsyms is always "[kernel.kallsyms]", while
* the kernel will have the path for the vmlinux file being used,
* so use the short name, less descriptive but the same ("[kernel]" in
* both cases.
*/
pair = maps__find_by_name(&kallsyms.kmaps, (map->dso->kernel ?
map->dso->short_name :
map->dso->name));
if (pair) {
pair->priv = 1;
} else {
if (!header_printed) {
pr_info("WARN: Maps only in vmlinux:\n");
header_printed = true;
}
map__fprintf(map, stderr);
}
}
header_printed = false;
maps__for_each_entry(maps, map) {
struct map *pair;
mem_start = vmlinux_map->unmap_ip(vmlinux_map, map->start);
mem_end = vmlinux_map->unmap_ip(vmlinux_map, map->end);
pair = maps__find(&kallsyms.kmaps, mem_start);
if (pair == NULL || pair->priv)
continue;
if (pair->start == mem_start) {
if (!header_printed) {
pr_info("WARN: Maps in vmlinux with a different name in kallsyms:\n");
header_printed = true;
}
pr_info("WARN: %" PRIx64 "-%" PRIx64 " %" PRIx64 " %s in kallsyms as",
map->start, map->end, map->pgoff, map->dso->name);
if (mem_end != pair->end)
pr_info(":\nWARN: *%" PRIx64 "-%" PRIx64 " %" PRIx64,
pair->start, pair->end, pair->pgoff);
pr_info(" %s\n", pair->dso->name);
pair->priv = 1;
}
}
header_printed = false;
maps = machine__kernel_maps(&kallsyms);
maps__for_each_entry(maps, map) {
if (!map->priv) {
if (!header_printed) {
pr_info("WARN: Maps only in kallsyms:\n");
header_printed = true;
}
map__fprintf(map, stderr);
}
}
out:
machine__exit(&kallsyms);
machine__exit(&vmlinux);
return err;
}
DEFINE_SUITE("vmlinux symtab matches kallsyms", vmlinux_matches_kallsyms);


text:
This review discusses the benefits seen of heat treatment during storage in order to reduce embryonic mortality caused by prolonged storage in avian species.
Heat treatment during storage
The longer eggs are stored, the higher the losses in hatchability. Stored eggs have a higher rate of embryonic mortality between days 2 and 3 of incubation, and need more time to complete incubation. This causes some live chicks to be rejected at take-off because they hatch too late. Several studies have investigated the possibility to limit the hatchability loss after long storage by applying short periods of heat treatment during storage, with differing results. Heat treatment for stored eggs has been around since the 1950's, most commonly known as SPIDES but also known as PRESI in Canada and IDEAS in Turkey. In recent years, more and more successful attempts have been reported applying heat treatment during storage, even for large-scale trials. Nicholson (2012) and Aviagen (2014) have shown a consistent improvement of the hatchability of long stored eggs (Ross 308 & Ross 708 broiler eggs, as well as various GP & GGP lines) by applying one or more heat treatments in 34 small to large-scale trials.
Effect of storage according to developmental stage
Development of the avian embryo begins immediately after fertilization in the infundibulum and continues as albumen and shell are deposited over the next 24-26 hours. The embryonic developmental stage at the moment of oviposition (egg laying) is variable for different genetic lines as well as parental ages. This may be genetically determined or linked to variations in oviductal transit time and/or body temperature. The effect of long storage times on embryonic development highly depends on the developmental stage of the embryos at oviposition. Although there are variations of staging at point of lay, according to breed type, etc. the stage should always be well away from the "point of no return". However collection timing, farm storage, transport, etc. can all affect the embryo stage if the eggs are poorly managed and it must be remembered that to fill a commercial incubator will usually take more than one days egg collection or eggs from more than one farm. It has been reported that embryos at the pre-gastrula stage at oviposition are less able to withstand prolonged storage compared to embryos at the gastrula stage. For these embryos, incubation during storage may improve hatchability, since it can advance them to the developmental stage in which hypoblast formation is complete. In contrast, if development is already well advanced and embryos have started to form the primitive streak, incubation during storage may be detrimental since it brings the embryo in a more advanced stage of primitive streak formation (to around stage 3/4 H&H, 1951, period of active cellular migration and differentiation). Storage during such a period could impede critical embryonic processes. So there is some sort of "point of no return"- once this is reached, the embryonic development cannot be stopped anymore via returning the eggs to cold storage.
How does heat treatment during storage help?
In the egg holding room, eggs are kept at or under a so-called threshold temperature or physiological zero for development. However, some partial, but not a global or proportionate development can take place at these subthreshold temperatures. Different cells or tissues in these early embryos may have different threshold temperatures for development, resulting in uneven or disproportionate development. When this disproportionate development progresses too far it may interfere with embryonic viability and, hence also hatchability. Total heat treatment aims to be around 12 hours, but this will depend on egg size, cold store temperatures and egg temperature at removal. Using current technology adapted to work in a specialised way, has allowed the process to be refined to give accurate and consistent results irrespective of egg age, breed, size, egg weight or storage time of the loaded eggs. This consistency would the answer the question as to why previous heat treatments have been shown to give a benefit but with varying levels of success.
Storing eggs is an inevitable practice when incubating eggs on commercial scale. It is impossible to synchronize breeder egg production with final product production, which often generates high levels of losses. Heat treatment during egg storage allows a significant reduction in these logistical discrepancies. There is undoubtedly a huge potential in restoring the hatchability of stored eggs, and even improving post-hatch performance. The initial series of commercial trials demonstrated that the operational parameters required in order to achieve a degree of benefits was relatively broad; however achieving the optimal gains considerably narrowed the parameter limitations. Add to this the logistical need to minimize space usage within the hatchery, it was clear there is a need for dedicated, accurate equipment that has a practical capacity. It is crucial to accurately and consistently control the key incubation parameters, as inadequate application of the technique will result in suboptimal results or might even lead to major losses. The precise measurement and control of the egg shell temperature in the incubator, as well as a controlled and uniform warm-up and cool-down phases of the eggs, are key to achieve consistent, optimal gains. The trials currently being undertaken under precise controlled conditions indicate gains can be achieved on eggs with relatively short storage. Taking an immature embryo to a more robust developmental stage either prior to or during initial storage has a major effect on embryonic viability as this gain is seen in the improved hatch of set figures.
Presented at the 9th Turkey Science and Production Conference


Found a JavaScript assignment on Codewars.com:
The goal of this exercise is to convert a string to a new string where each character in the new string is '(' if that character appears only once in the original string, or ')' if that character appears more than once in the original string. Ignore capitalization when determining if a character is a duplicate.
"din" => "((("
I did the assignment in Java, and came up with below code. I want to know is this the write way to code or is there a better way? If so please let me know.
private static String duplicateEncode(String word) {
 String encodeString = "";
 String decodedString = word.toLowerCase();
 for (int i = 0; i < decodedString.length(); i++) {
 if (decodedString.substring(i + 1, decodedString.length())
 || decodedString.substring(0, i).contains(String.valueOf(decodedString.charAt(i)))) {
 encodeString += ")";
 } else {
 encodeString += "(";
 return encodeString;
First of all, nullbyte is exactly right about the use of a StringBuilder: using a += b for Strings roughly equals new StringBuilder().append(a).append(b).toString() under the hood and thus is a quite expensive operation.
Then, your method to check whether a given charcter exists in the string after a given index is s.substring(i).contains(ch) which again creates a superfluos string object via the substring-call. Instead, simply use s.indexOf(ch, i) to find the next index of ch after the given starting index (returns -1 for "not found").
Additionally, you might consider nullbyte's suggestion to hold the seen-or-not-seen status in a set, which also was my first intuition when reading the exercise. (Right now, you have runtime complexity of O(n^2) which you could reduce to O(n)). You only have to somehow come up with a method to revisit the first character, maybe by not using a set but by usign a map from character to number of occurrences or something like that.
Naming: why decodedString? This is not decoded in any way, this is just lowercase word. I can live with encodeString (or probably better encoded), but decodedString does not look right and does not give the reader any clue about the variable's contents.
public static String encode(String input) {
 input= input.toLowerCase(); //ignoring case
 StringBuilder myNewString = new StringBuilder(); // for holding new String
 for(char ch : input.toCharArray()) {
 if(StringUtils.countMatches(input, ch) > 1){ // more than 1 condition
 }else{ // not repeating chars
I am using StringUtils class from Apache Commons project. So need add this to your import: import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 - 1
 \$\begingroup\$ Same as I already commented at nullbyte's answer. This is not a review. BTW, what is StringUtils? \$\endgroup\$ – mtj Mar 13 '18 at 7:13
 - \$\begingroup\$ oh forgot to mention, StringUtils is an Apache Commons project. Edited my original post and added package. Thanks \$\endgroup\$ – SKV Mar 13 '18 at 7:55
 - \$\begingroup\$ This seems to be a little bit more concise solution than the original one. What's the time complexity of the StringUtils.countMatches() method? It's definitely O(n) which doesn't make it any better. You used a StringBuilder though. \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:53
Here's a better solution using a hash map:
 public static String encode(String input) {
 final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
 final Map indexMap = new HashMap<>();
 char ch = Character.toLowerCase(input.charAt(index));
 if(indexMap.containsKey(ch)) {
 int previous = indexMap.get(ch);
 builder.replace(previous, previous+1, ")");
 }else {
 indexMap.put(ch, index);
 return builder.toString();
It requires O(n) time and O(n) additional space, but it's way faster than yours. Also, try using a StringBuilder if you append strings in a loop.
 - \$\begingroup\$ The above code will fail if the first character is coming twice. For eg: if my string is abca, i am expecting an output )((). But the above code will print (((). \$\endgroup\$ – SKV Mar 13 '18 at 6:53
 - \$\begingroup\$ Not worth my karma to downvote this, but I don't consider "I can do it better, here's some code" a review. \$\endgroup\$ – mtj Mar 13 '18 at 7:12
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ Well, I think it's not worth pointing out, but the OP's question is: I want to know if is this the right way to code or if there is a better way? Is this how you read it? First of all, it was not my intention to hurt someone else's feelings by "showing off" with a better solution. Secondly, there's really nothing to review, and I think I've pointed (as well as you have) the main points in my post. I could have done it more explicitly though. \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:45
 - \$\begingroup\$ _USER_ Ha! that's a good catch. Thanks. Please see my updated answer \$\endgroup\$ – nullbyte Mar 14 '18 at 0:46
Your Answer


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Title: Efficient Red Light Emitting Diodes Based on a Zero‐Dimensional Organic Antimony Halide Hybrid
Abstract
Zero‐dimensional (0D) organic metal halide hybrids (OMHHs) have recently emerged as a new class of light emitting materials with exceptional color tunability. While near‐unity photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs) are routinely obtained for a large number of 0D OMHHs, it remains challenging to apply them as emitter for electrically driven light emitting diodes (LEDs), largely due to the low conductivity of wide bandgap organic cations. Here, the development of a new OMHH, triphenyl(9‐phenyl‐9H‐carbazol‐3‐yl) phosphonium antimony bromide (TPPcarzSbBr4), as emitter for efficient LEDs, which consists of semiconducting organic cations (TPPcarz+) and light emitting antimony bromide anions (Sb2Br82−), is reported. By replacing one of the phenyl groups in a well‐known tetraphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+) with an electroactive phenylcarbazole group, a semiconducting TPPcarz+cation is developed for the preparation of red emitting 0D TPPcarzSbBr4single crystals with a high PLQE of 93.8%. With solution processed TPPcarzSbBr4thin films (PLQE of 86.1%) as light emitting layer, red LEDs are fabricated to exhibit an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.12%, a peak luminance of 5957 cd m−2, and a current efficiency of 14.2 cd A−1, which are the best values reported to date for electroluminescence devices based on 0D OMHHs.

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Award ID(s):
_PHONE_
NSF-PAR ID:
_PHONE_
Author(s) / Creator(s):
 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Advanced Materials
Volume:
35
Issue:
9
ISSN:
0935-9648
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
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 Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as highly promising light emitting materials for various applications, ranging from perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) to lasers and radiation detectors. While remarkable progress has been achieved in highly efficient and stable green, red, and infrared perovskite NCs, obtaining efficient and stable blue‐emitting perovskite NCs remains a great challenge. Here, a facile synthetic approach for the preparation of blue emitting CsPbBr3nanoplatelets (NPLs) with treatment by an organic sulfate is reported, 2,2‐(ethylenedioxy) bis(ethylammonium) sulfate (EDBESO4), which exhibit remarkably enhanced photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) and stability as compared to pristine CsPbBr3NPLs coated with oleylamines. The PLQE is improved from ≈28% for pristine CsPbBr3NPLs to 85% for EDBESO4treated CsPbBr3NPLs. Detailed structural characterizations reveal that EDBESO4treatment leads to surface passivation of CsPbBr3NPLs by both EDBE2+and SO42–ions, which helps to prevent the coalescence of NPLs and suppress the degradation of NPLs. A simple proof‐of‐concept device with emission peaked at 462 nm exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 1.77% with a luminance of 691 cd m−2and a half‐lifetime of 20 min, which represents one of the brightest pure blue PeLEDs based on NPLs reported to date.

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 Scintillators, one of the essential components in medical imaging and security checking devices, rely heavily on rare‐earth‐containing inorganic materials. Here, a new type of organic‐inorganic hybrid scintillators containing earth abundant elements that can be prepared via low‐temperature processes is reported. With room temperature co‐crystallization of an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) organic halide, 4‐(4‐(diphenylamino) phenyl)‐1‐(propyl)‐pyrindin‐1ium bromide (TPA‐PBr), and a metal halide, zinc bromide (ZnBr2), a zero‐dimensional (0D) organic metal halide hybrid (TPA‐P)2ZnBr4with a yellowish‐green emission peaked at 550 nm has been developed. In this hybrid material, dramatically enhanced X‐ray scintillation of TPA‐P+is achieved via the sensitization by ZnBr42−. The absolute light yield (14,700 ± 800 Photons/MeV) of (TPA‐P)2ZnBr4is found to be higher than that of anthracene (≈13,500 Photons/MeV), a well‐known organic scintillator, while its X‐ray absorption is comparable to those of inorganic scintillators. With TPA‐P+as an emitting center, short photoluminescence and radioluminescence decay lifetimes of 3.56 and 9.96 ns have been achieved. Taking the advantages of high X‐ray absorption of metal halides and efficient radioluminescence with short decay lifetimes of organic cations, the material design paves a new pathway to address the issues of low X‐ray absorption of organic scintillators and long decay lifetimes of inorganic scintillators simultaneously.

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 Two bipolar host materials3‐CBPyand4‐mCBPyare reported. These hosts are structural analogs of the common host materials CBP and mCBP wherein the phenyl rings have been replaced with pyridines. The two materials possess deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and shallow lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels along with sufficiently high energyS1andT1states that make them suitable hosts for yellow emitters in electroluminescent devices. Yellow‐emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light‐emitting diodes are fabricated using 2,4,6‐tris (4‐(10H‐phenoxazin‐10‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tri‐PXZ‐TRZ) as the dopant emitter with either3‐CBPyor4‐mCBPyemployed as the host. Their device performance is compared to analogous devices using CBP and mCBP as host materials. The pyridine‐containing host devices show markedly improved external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and decreased roll‐off. The 7 wt% tri‐PXZ‐TRZ‐doped device exhibits very low turn‐on voltage (2.5 V for both3‐CBPyand4‐mCBPy) along with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) reaching 15.6% (for3‐CBPy) and 19.4% (for4‐mCBPy). The device using4‐mCBPyalso exhibits very low efficiency roll‐off with an EQE of 16.0% at a luminance of 10 000 cd m−2.

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 5. Abstract
 The synthesis and characterization is reported of (C9NH20)2SnBr4, a novel organic metal halide hybrid with a zero‐dimensional (0D) structure, in which individual seesaw‐shaped tin (II) bromide anions (SnBr42−) are co‐crystallized with 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium cations (C9NH20+). Upon photoexcitation, the bulk crystals exhibit a highly efficient broadband deep‐red emission peaked at 695 nm, with a large Stokes shift of 332 nm and a high quantum efficiency of around 46 %. The unique photophysical properties of this hybrid material are attributed to two major factors: 1) the 0D structure allowing the bulk crystals


text:
Sugati means happiness, bliss, wellness or fortune. We as a trust would like to bring happiness and wellness. We can say Sugati means 'having a good or auspicious position'.
- Contribute towards Education
- Build awareness in cleanliness
- Inspire, Encourage, Energize everyone the trust can reach especially Children.
- Identifying the schools that require support to get children to school.
- Identifying the children who do not have any on basic education.◦Providing required support so that they can go to school.
- Identifying and supporting schools that lack basic facilities.
- Work closely with other organizations to reach needy children and provide education.
- Conduct medical and health awareness camps.
- Orphanages - supporting◦Make them self-sufficient.
- Old age homes - supporting◦Make them self-sufficient.
- Reach out to remote villages and support them to build basic necessities.
Sugati foundation plans and executes daily, weekly and monthly projects where we need your help. Everyone wish to contribute in a good deed. However, in this busy life it is not possible for everyone to spare time or energy.
Quote of the day
We are what our thoughts have made us; so take care about what you think. Words are secondary. Thoughts live; they travel far.
- Swami Vivekananda
During the last 2 years sugati was able to support education for multiple students across AndhraPradesh and Telangana states.


Is it okay to use "let $arg =" within a macro to shadow the previous definition of $arg outside the macro?
I have the following in my code (simplified). Is it okay to use let in such a way to "hijack" the outer variable outside the macro ? It works fine, but somehow feels like a hack...
macro_rules! foo {
 ($gd: ident, $elt: ident) => {
 let $gd = || { $gd(); println!("{}", stringify!($elt)); };
 };
}
fn main() {
 let gd = || println!("First!");
 foo!(gd, ThisIsTheOne);
 foo!(gd, TwoIsTwo);
 foo!(gd, Three);
 gd();
}
(Playground)
The real code uses this trick to inline-create various structures, then alter their values and in the end be able to automagically collect them into a mustache MapBuilder, so the corresponding macro looks as follows:
macro_rules! html_text {
 ($gd: ident, $elt: ident, $rinfo: ident, $modified: ident) => {
 let mut $elt: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<HtmlText>> =
 std::rc::Rc::new(std::cell::RefCell::new(Default::default()));
 {
 let mut $elt = $elt.borrow_mut();
 $elt.highlight = $rinfo.state.$elt != $rinfo.initial_state.$elt;
 $elt.value = $rinfo.state.$elt.clone().to_string();
 $elt.id = format!("{}", stringify!($elt));
 $modified = $modified || $elt.highlight;
 }
 let $gd = || {
 $gd()
 .insert(stringify!($elt), &$elt.borrow().clone())
 .unwrap()
 };
 };
}
Yes, in fact this is exactly how pin_utils::pin_mut works!
2 Likes
In fact, the macro cannot access the gd binding defined in main() because of hygiene rules.
The only information macros have access to is the information passed to them directly by means of arguments.
Maybe I misunderstand what you wrote, but the code generated by macro can both call the previous value of $gd which is passed as parameter, as well as effectively redefine it, so the next invocation of the macro can stitch the call to this new value. You can see yourself in the playground example I linked. That's what caused me to ask this question - it works just fine, I just wanted to ensure I am not accidentally exploiting some bug :slight_smile:
Yes, it works because your are working on a variable (ident) provided by the one calling the macro, which thereby grants the macro access to the name itself (not just the value) :slightly_smiling_face:
On the other hand, although rebinding is a very Rusty pattern, therefore not only acceptable but also sometimes needed when within a macro, I personally appreciate when the macro makes it explicit that it is performing a (re)binding. This is usually achieved by requiring some special syntax as input, such as:
macro_rules! foo {(
 $elt:ident => $gd:ident
) => (
 let $gd = || { $gd(); println!("{}", stringify!($elt)); };
)}
fn main ()
{
 let gd = || println!("First!");
 foo!(ThisIsTheOne => gd);
 foo!(TwoIsTwo => gd);
 foo!(Three => gd);
 gd();
}
Aside
You can get rid of some .clone() calls (before calling .to_string() or when taking a & reference), the first elt does not need to be mut if you are using RefCell.
You could even do:
macro_rules! html_text {(
 $gd:ident, $elt:ident, $rinfo:ident, $modified:ident $(,)?
) => (
 let highlight: bool = $rinfo.state.$elt != $rinfo.initial_state.$elt;
 let $elt = ::std::rc::Rc::new(::std::cell::RefCell::new(HtmlText {
 highlight,
 value: $rinfo.state.$elt.to_string(),
 id: stringify!($elt).into(),
 .. Default::default()
 }));
 $modified = $modified || highlight;
 let $gd = || {
 $gd()
 .insert(stringify!($elt), &*$elt.borrow())
 .unwrap()
 };
)}
 - Regarding hygiene, the let highlight = ... binding won't pollute the caller namespace, for instance.
1 Like
This is very cool, I had no clue about the "=>" syntax - I will try to redo it precisely for the same reasons you mention! Thanks so much!
Context: Highlight is a property of the struct embedding the html input element. This is a part of a tweak/rewrite of my web framework library. The very first iteration which wasn't opensource had way too much boilerplate; the first shot at opensourcing it (the demo/test use of it is in github.com/ayourtch/slrsp) went a bit too heavy on the syn/quote usage; now I am making another, more balanced iteration, which won't have the separate derive crate but rather (maybe) an external command to generate the needed boilerplate + some simpler but easier macros.
The "highlight" is a universal attribute for an input element whenever its state has been changed from initial, I found it was a great thing from the UX standpoint. It gets translated into uniform style change by the mustache template layer.
I think the principle - having a triple of (initial default state; current state; current default state) passed around with every event - is solid, and allows completely stateless processing on the backend, hence my stubbornness at trying to make this better :slight_smile: - thanks a lot for helping! :slight_smile:
1 Like


A framework for detecting deviations in complex event logs
Article
Li, G. & van der Aalst, W.M.P. (2017). A framework for detecting deviations in complex event logs. Intelligent Data Analysis, 21(4), 759-779.
Read more: DOI Medialink/Full text
Abstract

Deviating behavior within an organization can lead to unexpected results. The eects of deviations are often negative, but sometimes also positive. Therefore, it is useful to detect deviations from event logs which record all the behavior of the organization. However, existing model-based and cluster-based approaches are inaccurate or slow when dealing with complex event logs, i.e. logs of less structured processes having many activities and many possible paths. This paper proposes a novel approach that is faster than cluster-based approaches because it creates a so-called prole which is less time-consuming than creating clusters. Furthermore, the approach is also more accurate than model-based approaches because we use an iterative approach to improve the result. Our experiments show that approach outperforms existing techniques in a variety of circumstances.


re rating knowledge the place some values are NULL, DENSE_RANK() will assign the identical rank to all NULL values. Be aware of this when working with datasets that include NULL values, and take into account changing NULLs with a price that represents their which means in your context, or excluding them relying in your particular necessities.
One other frequent error is overlooking the significance of partitioning when utilizing DENSE_RANK(). The 'PARTITION BY' clause permits you to divide your knowledge into distinct segments and carry out the rating inside these partitions. Neglecting to make use of 'PARTITION BY' can result in misguided outcomes, significantly while you need ranks to restart for various classes or teams.
Associated to that is the improper use of the ORDER BY clause with DENSE_RANK(). DENSE_RANK() assigns ranks in ascending order by default, which means the smallest worth will get the rank of 1. If you happen to want the rating to be in descending order, you could embrace the 'DESC' key phrase in your ORDER BY clause. Failure to take action will produce rankings which may not align together with your expectations.
Lastly, some analysts mistakenly use DENSE_RANK() the place ROW_NUMBER() or RANK() is likely to be extra applicable, and vice versa. As we have now mentioned, all three of those features have distinctive behaviors. Understanding these nuances and choosing the right operate in your particular use-case is crucial to conducting correct and efficient knowledge evaluation.

How Mastering DENSE_RANK() Enhances Environment friendly Information Evaluation in SQL

Mastering the usage of DENSE_RANK() can considerably improve the effectivity of information evaluation in SQL, significantly the place rankings and comparisons are concerned. This operate affords a nuanced strategy to rating, one which maintains a continuity within the rating scale by assigning the identical rank to similar values with out skipping any rank numbers.
That is significantly useful in analyzing giant datasets, the place knowledge factors can typically share similar values. As an example, in a gross sales dataset, a number of salespeople could have achieved the identical gross sales figures. DENSE_RANK() allows a good rating, the place every of those salespeople are assigned the identical rank. Moreover, the usage of DENSE_RANK() together with 'PARTITION BY' permits for centered, category-specific evaluation.
This operate's utility turns into much more potent when coping with null values. As a substitute of excluding these from the rating course of, DENSE_RANK() treats all nulls as similar and assigns them the identical rating. This ensures that although the precise values is likely to be lacking, the information factors are usually not ignored, thereby offering a extra complete evaluation.

To reinforce your SQL expertise, we suggest training on-line on platforms comparable to BigTechInterviews, Leetcode, or comparable websites.

What does DENSE_RANK() do in SQL?

DENSE_RANK() is a SQL window operate that assigns ranks to rows of information primarily based on a specified column. It handles ties by giving them the identical rank with out leaving any gaps within the rating sequence.

What's the distinction between RANK(), ROW_NUMBER(), and DENSE_RANK() in SQL?

RANK() and ROW_NUMBER() assign ranks to knowledge, however they deal with ties in a different way. RANK() leaves gaps in rating for tied knowledge, whereas ROW_NUMBER() assigns a novel quantity to every row with out contemplating ties. Alternatively, DENSE_RANK() assigns similar ranks to tied knowledge factors with none gaps.

The best way to use DENSE_RANK() within the WHERE clause in SQL?

DENSE_RANK() is a window operate and can't be instantly used within the WHERE clause. As a substitute, it may be utilized in mixture with different features like ROW_NUMBER() or RANK(), which might then be used within the WHERE clause to filter knowledge primarily based on rank.

Can DENSE_RANK() be used with out PARTITION BY?

No, specifying PARTITION BY is essential for the right functioning of DENSE_RANK(). With out it, all knowledge could be handled as one group, resulting in inaccurate and meaningless rating. Mastering the usage of DENSE_RANK() in SQL can considerably improve your knowledge evaluation expertise.

What's the distinction between RANK() and DENSE_RANK()?

The primary distinction between RANK() and DENSE_RANK() lies in how they deal with ties. Whereas RANK() leaves gaps in rating for tied knowledge, DENSE_RANK() assigns similar ranks to tied knowledge factors with none gaps. Moreover, RANK() at all times increments the rank quantity by 1 for every new row, whereas DENSE_RANK() maintains a steady rating.

John Hughes was a earlier Information Analyst at Uber turned founding father of SQL studying platform referred to as BigTechInterviews (BTI). He's captivated with studying new programming languages and serving to candidates acquire the boldness and expertise to move their technical interviews. He calls Denver, CO house.
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Main site sections:
Plants section links:
 - San Diego Zoo
Plants: Species
Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum
FAMILY: POACEAE (Grass Family)
Yo ho ho and a bottle of...sugarcane? Sugarcane transported from its home in the South Pacific to the Caribbean in the late 15th century led to the production of molasses, which later was distilled into rum. Native to tropical Asia and Polynesia, sugarcane is still the main source of the world's sugar and its foliage provides fodder for cattle.
This tasty member of the grass family is a favorite treat for some of our Zoo animals to munch on, including giant pandas and sun bears.


text:
Modern wind turbines, which are usually made of composite materials, are fatigue critical structures that are subjected to variable multi-axial fatigue loading. Therefore, they should be designed as safely as necessary to withstand the fatigue loads over the designed life time. Path-Dependent Maximum Range (PDMR) is a multi-axial fatigue life assessment tool developed by Battelle researchers. PDMR has been successfully applied to fatigue analysis of isotropic structures under general variable amplitude, multi-axial fatigue loading histories. The effectiveness of the PDMR method has been validated by its ability to correlate a large amount of fatigue data available in the literature. For uniaxial loading data, PDMR gives exactly the same results as ASTM standard Rainflow cycle counting method. In this paper, the PDMR method is extended to composite materials, such as glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). The proposed multi-axial fatigue damage model effectively correlates fatigue lives of unidirectional composites for various off-axis ply angles under cyclic tensile loading. With this extended capability, the PDMR can now be used to assess the multi-axial fatigue life of composite structures used in wind energy industry.
- Advanced Energy Systems Division and Solar Energy Division
Multi-Axial Fatigue Life Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components
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Wei, Z, & Forte, TP. "Multi-Axial Fatigue Life Assessment of Wind Turbine Structural Components." Proceedings of the ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 2. Phoenix, Arizona, USA. May 17–22, 2010. pp. 877-883. ASME. _URL_
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text:
See for more themes.
HYPOTHESIS: What does flint rock mean?
INTRODUCTION: When you study the religions of the Internet, there are no religions that the author knows of that speak about two rocks of salvation mentioned in Scripture. The two ROCKS in Scripture described as similes of salvation, are the Father Rock and the Son Jesus Rock.
METHOD: All words in OT Hebrew studied. Where possible NT Greek is converted to equivalent OT Hebrew.
PICTURE: Strong's 6697.
The pictograph reads "The travelling secure HEAD"
CONCLUSION: The Hebrew word "tsuwr" means "flint type rock" which is is a bedrock foundation rock, used as a simile of the Father in heaven, who travels as a secure HEAD.
PERSONAL APPLICATION: There are TWO rocks in Scripture that work together as similes of salvation, the Father Rock and the Son Jesus Rock.
DISCUSSION: The discussion of all contexts of verses are presetned to the reader:-
Created by Rob Thompson. Hosted since 10/01/2012. Visitors HOSTED by Prologic, my Son. A thin website.
Visitors HOSTED by Prologic, my Son. A thin website.


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Symmetry 2018, 10(6), 218; _URL_
Article
Gauss Map and Its Applications on Ruled Submanifolds in Minkowski Space
Department of Mathematics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 12 May 2018 / Accepted: 11 June 2018 / Published: 13 June 2018
Abstract
:
We study ruled submanifolds in Minkowski space in regard to the Gauss map satisfying some partial differential equation. As a generalization of usual cylinders, cones and null scrolls in a three-dimensional Minkowski space, a cylinder over a space curve, a product manifold of a right cone and a k-plane, a product manifold of a hyperbolic cone and a k-plane which look like kinds of cylinders over cones in 3-space, and the generalized B-scroll kind in Minkowski space are characterized with the partial differential equation regarding the Gauss map, where k is a positive integer.
Keywords:
finite-type immersion; pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the second kind; generalized B-scroll kind
1. Introduction
According to Nash's imbedding theorem, a Riemannian manifold can be imbedded in a Euclidean space with considerably high codimension. That naturally enables us to study Riemannian manifolds as submanifolds of a Euclidean space. In the late 1970's, the notion of finite-type immersion of Riemannian manifolds into Euclidean space was introduced, which is a generalization of the so-called eigenvalue problem of the immersion [1]: An isometric immersion of x of a Riemannian manifold M into a Euclidean space E m is said to be of finite-type if it can be expressed as
x = x 0 + x 1 + + x k
for some positive integer k, where x 0 is a constant vector and Δ x i = λ i x i for some λ i R , i = 1 , , k . Here, Δ denotes the Laplace operator defined on M. If λ 1 , ⋯, λ k are mutually different, M is said to be of k-type. We may assume that a finite-type immersion of x of a Riemannian manifold into a Euclidean space is of k-type for some non-negative integer k.
Let E s m be an m-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space of signature ( m s , s ) . The notion of finite-type immersion was extended to that of submanifolds in pseudo-Euclidean space E s m and to that of smooth maps defined on submanifolds of Euclidean space E m or pseudo-Euclidean space E s m . In particular, the study of finite-type immersions and finite-type Gauss map of submanifolds in the Minkowski m-space E 1 m denoted by L m has been made extensively ([2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]).
On the other hand, the Gauss map of some nice surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space E 3 has an interesting property regarding the Laplacian. The helicoid in E 3 parameterized by
x ( u , v ) = ( u cos v , u sin v , a v ) , a 0
has the Gauss map G satisfying
Δ G = 2 a 2 ( a 2 + u 2 ) 2 G .
The Gauss map of the right (or circular) cone in E 3 with parametrization
x ( u , v ) = ( u cos v , u sin v , a u ) , a 0
satisfies
Δ G = 1 u ( G + ( 0 , 0 , 1 1 + a 2 ) )
(cf. [16,17]). The Gauss map of those surfaces is similar to of 1-type, but obviously not of 1-type in the usual sense. We need to know what other manifolds have such a property. Based on these examples, the following definition was introduced.
Definition 1
([18]). An oriented n-dimensional submanifold M of the Euclidean space E m or the pseudo- Euclidean space E s m is said to have pointwise 1-type Gauss map or the Gauss map is of pointwise 1-type if it satisfies
Δ G = f ( G + C ) ,
where f is a non-zero smooth function on M and C a constant vector in the ambient space. In particular, if C is zero, the Gauss map G is said to be of pointwise 1-type of the first kind. Otherwise, it is said to be of the second kind ([19,20,21,22,23,24]).
The notion of ruled submanifold is a concept of great interest in the Riemannian geometry, which has been investigated by many authors. Several results involving ruled submanifolds in manifolds equipped with remarkable geometric structures were recently obtained in [25,26,27,28].
In [19,20], the authors of the present paper et al. studied ruled submanifolds in the Euclidean space E m with pointwise 1-type Gauss map and proved that the ruled submanifold M in the Euclidean space E m is minimal if and only if the Gauss map G of M is of pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the first kind. Further, we showed that the only non-cylindrical ruled submanifold M in the Euclidean space E m with pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the second kind is the generalized right cone.
In [29], the authors of the present paper and et al. investigated the ruled submanifolds in the Lorentz-Minkowski m-space L m with pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the first kind and then established the equivalent conditions for the minimality of the ruled submanifold in the Lorentz-Minkowski m-space L m by means of the Gauss map.
In this paper, we will study ruled submanifolds in L m with pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the second kind and thereby complete the classification of the ruled submanifolds in L m with pointwise 1-type Gauss map.
2. Preliminaries
A curve in E s m is said to be space-like, time-like or null if its tangent vector field is space-like, time-like or null, respectively.
Let x : M E s m be an isometric immersion of an n-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold M into E s m . Throughout the present paper, a submanifold in E s m always means pseudo-Riemannian, in other words, each tangent space of the submanifold in E s m is non-degenerate.
Let ( x 1 , x 2 , , x n ) be a local coordinate system of M in E s m . For the components g i j of the pseudo-Riemannian metric · , · on M induced from that of E s m , we denote by ( g i j ) (respectively, G ) the inverse matrix (respectively, the determinant) of the matrix ( g i j ) of the components of the induced metric · , · . Then, the Laplacian Δ defined on M is given by
Δ = 1 | G | i , j x i ( | G | g i j x j ) .
We now define the Gauss map G on M. Consider the map G : M G ( n , m ) of a point p of M mapped to an oriented tangent space at p, where G ( n , m ) is the Grassmannian manifold consisting of all oriented n-planes passing through the origin. Roughly speaking it can be achieved by parallel displacement of the oriented tangent space at p to the origin of L m . By an isomorphism, G ( n , m ) can be identified with G ( m n , m ) in a natural manner. Let us express the Gauss map rigorously. Choose an adapted local orthonormal frame { e 1 , e 2 , , e m } in E s m such that e 1 , e 2 , , e n are tangent to M and e n + 1 , e n + 2 , , e m normal to M. Define the map G : M G ( n , m ) R N ( N = m C n ), G ( p ) = ( e 1 e 2 e n ) ( p ) .
An indefinite scalar product · , · on G ( n , m ) R N is defined by
e i 1 e i n , e j 1 e j n = det ( e i l , e j k ) .
Then, { e i 1 e i 2 e i n | 1 i 1 < < i n m } is an orthonormal basis of E k N for some positive integer k.
Now, let us recall the notion of a ruled submanifold M in L m ([7,8,9,10]). A non-degenerate ( r + 1 ) -dimensional submanifold M in L m is called a ruled submanifold if M is foliated by r-dimensional totally geodesic submanifolds E ( s , r ) of L m along a regular curve α = α ( s ) on M defined on an open interval I. Thus, a parametrization of a ruled submanifold M in L m can be given by
x = x (


If you look at architecture all across the world, it shouldn't be difficult to see how the biome directly influenced the buildings.
 - What building resources are available?
 - At the most basic level, buildings are shelter. What do your people need shelter from? (Rain, snow, wind, heat, cold, predatory animals, enemies, natural disasters, or something else?)
 - What features of your buildings protect your people from these things? (For example, the turf houses I mentioned earlier use earth to insulate from the cold)
 - What terrain is preferred for the buildings your people will construct?
Note: There are many other elements that will affect buildings. For example, which buildings are the most important to a society? How are they distinguished? What features are stylish at the time? Etc. However, for now I am specifically focusing on biome-related considerations.
Like food and shelter, clothing is an important part of culture. Many people associate silk with China or grass skirts and leis with Hawaii. Clothing can be just as distinctive as food or a building, and it too is largely dictated by available resources. Common materials include but are not limited to wool, cotton, fur, leather, linen, silk, polyester, and more.
Also, like buildings, clothing must be appropriate to the temperature. Fur was widely used in Canada and northern Europe because the indigenous animals had warm fur to protect them from the bitter cold. The people would hunt these animals specifically to benefit from the same protective furs. In contrast, people in Greece and Rome, in the warm Mediterranean climate, wore thin, loose linen garments so they didn't get too hot.
Clothing is also protective. Knights in Medieval times wore armor into battle, my dad wears a windproof jacket when he rides his motorcycle, and construction workers wear hard hats. Firemen wear fire-resistant jackets, divers wear scuba gear, and I wear rubber boots when I have to work outside and the ground is flooded. No matter what you are doing, chances are you will probably wear something that will keep you comfortable and safe. Over time, people will find ways to make it easier to interact with their environment, so it would be a good idea to consider what technology your civilization may have developed to deal with some unwanted elements of their biome.
 - What materials are available for making clothes?
 - Just like buildings, clothes provide shelter. What do your people need shelter from? (Rain, snow, wind, heat, cold, predatory animals, enemies, or something else?)
 - What type of clothes would suit the environment?
 - What is the most common material that would serve the needs of most people?
 - Are there any specialized clothes that would only be used under certain circumstances? (Most people don't wear rain gear every day, but it is quite beneficial during the rainy season.)
 - What armor or protective gear do soldiers or warriors wear?
In Conclusion…
Next time, I will look at the broader social and economic effects of resources – Which ones are the most rare and valuable? What happens when one country relies on another to provide a critical resource? How do population centers grow around a large supply of an important resource? – But for now, consider how the environment dictates culture on an everyday scale.
If you are interested in more information, check out Day 8: Economy and Politics from 30 Days of Worldbuilding.
Thanks for reading! As always, questions, comments, opinions, and ideas are always welcome in the comments. Have you ever thought about how much a society is built around the resources available? What are some of the most interesting real-world cultures to you?
 1. This is very cool, Hannah! I've scratched the surface of these topics in building my own world, but you're right that when you start to dig deeper there is so much about a society that relates to where it's located, what the climate is like, and what resources are available.
 1. Thanks! It's so fascinating to me. No culture is exempt, and I love researching what factors led each civilization to develop the way it did. Sometimes in a story, the surface is all you need. Even so, I love worldbuilding, so I am working toward discovering the answers to these questions for my cultures.
 2. I agree that it is important to understand the "world" in which your story is developed, and it becomes even more complex when you are developing a fantasy world! Moving from the Midwest where rocks were abundant, for example, I was rather shocked to find that we had to "purchase" rocks for landscaping purposes in Florida! I would certainly prefer to write about the world I know, but I admire your unique willingness to delve into the details required to create a believable fantasy world. I enjoyed your mine craft examples and pictures!


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- During World War II, some United States soldiers in the Pacific theater used the word lollapalooza as a shibboleth to challenge unidentified persons, on the premise that Japanese people often pronounce the letter L as R or confuse Rs with Ls. In Oliver Gramling's Free Men are Fighting: The Story of World War II (1942) the author notes that, in the war, Japanese spies would often approach checkpoints posing as American or Filipino military personnel. A shibboleth such as "lollapalooza" would be used by the sentry, who, if the first two syllables come back as rorra, would "open fire without waiting to hear the remainder".
- During the Allied breakout from the Normandy beachheads in 1944, hand-to-hand fighting occurred throughout the hedgerows and thick undergrowth of the Norman countryside. British and American troops were told to use the word "Thunderer" as a countersign through the thick foliage. Given the number of syllables and the leading "th" sound, it was believed that the word would invariably be mispronounced by native German speakers.
(MANY others on the linked page)
For those interested in the french definition + spelling :


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...marked contrast, embryogenesis of the orchids is more simple. Except when a suspensor is formed, early cleavages follow no well-defined plan, and the product is an ovoid mass of tissue called the proembryo. No cotyledon, stem apex, or root apex is organized in this early period; these organs do not appear until after germination has occurred.
What made you want to look up "proembryo"? Please share what surprised you most...


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The management of the national nature reserve (NNR) of the French Southern Lands is entrusted to the Prefect and high commissioner of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (TAAF). The TAAF administration therefore manages the French Southern Lands and Seas.
Like other nature reserves, the Prefect and high commissioner of the TAAF relies on an advisory committee and a scientific council to manage the French Southern Lands:
– advisory committee: article 3 of amended decree n. 2006-1211 makes the advisory council of the TAAF the advisory committee of the nature reserve, of which 6 other members are a part of, in particular the representatives of the southern fisheries operators and recognized environmental NGOs. The advisory committee gives its opinion on the operation and management of the nature reserve, as well as the conditions under which the measures provided for in the nature reserve's declaration document are carried out. It may ask the State representative to carry out scientific studies and collect any opinions to ensure the conservation, protection and improvement of the natural environment of the nature reserve.
– scientific council: according to article 4 of amended decree n. 2006-1211, the French inter-ministerial Committee for the Polar Environment (CEP) serves as the scientific council of the French Southern Lands NNR. It may be called upon for any scientific matter affecting the nature reserve. It especially provides advice on requests for the manipulation of species and access to protected areas of the nature reserve for scientific purposes.
Unlike other French nature reserves, the French Southern Lands NNR is uninhabited—the only non-permanent residents are scientists, military men and civilians whose presence ensures France's sovereignty. Indeed, no local elected representative sits in the management bodies of the nature reserve. The nation's collective interests are represented by four members of Parliament who are a part of the advisory council of the TAAF. This shows how important these territories and their management are for the country.


≡
XChangePointerControl man page
XChangePointerControl, XGetPointerControl — control pointer
Syntax
int XChangePointerControl(Display *display, Bool do_accel, Bool do_threshold, int accel_numerator, int accel_denominator, int threshold);
int XGetPointerControl(Display *display, int *accel_numerator_return, int *accel_denominator_return, int *threshold_return);
Arguments
accel_denominator
Specifies the denominator for the acceleration multiplier.
accel_denominator_return
Returns the denominator for the acceleration multiplier.
accel_numerator
Specifies the numerator for the acceleration multiplier.
accel_numerator_return
Returns the numerator for the acceleration multiplier.
display
Specifies the connection to the X server.
do_accel
Specifies a Boolean value that controls whether the values for the accel_numerator or accel_denominator are used.
do_threshold
Specifies a Boolean value that controls whether the value for the threshold is used.
threshold
Specifies the acceleration threshold.
threshold_return
Returns the acceleration threshold.
Description
The XChangePointerControl function defines how the pointing device moves. The acceleration, expressed as a fraction, is a multiplier for movement. For example, specifying 3/1 means the pointer moves three times as fast as normal. The fraction may be rounded arbitrarily by the X server. Acceleration only takes effect if the pointer moves more than threshold pixels at once and only applies to the amount beyond the value in the threshold argument. Setting a value to -1 restores the default. The values of the do_accel and do_threshold arguments must be True for the pointer values to be set, or the parameters are unchanged. Negative values (other than -1) generate a BadValue error, as does a zero value for the accel_denominator argument.
XChangePointerControl can generate a BadValue error.
The XGetPointerControl function returns the pointer's current acceleration multiplier and acceleration threshold.
Diagnostics
BadValue
Some numeric value falls outside the range of values accepted by the request. Unless a specific range is specified for an argument, the full range defined by the argument's type is accepted. Any argument defined as a set of alternatives can generate this error.
See Also
Xlib - C Language X Interface
Referenced By
XGetPointerControl(3) is an alias of XChangePointerControl(3).
X Version 11 1.6.4 XLIB FUNCTIONS


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How do you go to work? How long is your journey? Listen to Anne describe her journey to work.
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This lesson is about Anne's journey to work. It provides learners with listening and speaking practice of transport vocabulary and talking about their journeys to work or college/school.


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Miniplug transplants: Producing large plants quicklyAuthor(s): Thomas D. Landis
Source: In: Riley, L.E.; Dumroese, R.K.; Landis, T.D. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations - 2006. Proceedings RMRS-P-50. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 46-53
Publication Series: Proceedings (P)
Station: Rocky Mountain Research Station
PDF: Download Publication (1 MB)
DescriptionMiniplug transplants are a new nursery stocktype created when seedlings from very small containers are transplanted into bareroot nursery beds or larger containers. Most miniplugs used in forest and conservation nurseries feature some sort of stabilized growing medium—this allows the seedlings to be transplanted before they grow sufficient roots to form a root plug. Miniplug transplants continue to grow in popularity because they are a quick way to produce large plants, are very efficient in use of nursery production space, and have a very favorable seed-to-shippable plant ratio.
- You may send email to _EMAIL_ to request a hard copy of this publication.
- (Please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address.)
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationLandis, Thomas D. 2007. Miniplug transplants: Producing large plants quickly. In: Riley, L.E.; Dumroese, R.K.; Landis, T.D. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations - 2006. Proceedings RMRS-P-50. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 46-53
Keywordsminiplug transplants, nursery stocktype, seedlings, root plug
- Sucrose metabolism, growth and transplanting stress in sweetgum seedling taproots and stems
- Field performance of Nuttall oak on former agricultural fields: Initial effects of nursery source and competition control
- Towner State Nursery weed control program for field-grown conifer nursery stock
XML: View XML


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ReadWriteRoll is a system for readers, writers, and roleplayers who love telling stories with friends! It combines familiar d20-style mechanics with story game sensibilities to create a simple system designed around the way stories are constructed.
The core mechanic is simple - roll a d20, add modifiers, and determine if the total is high or low, even or odd. If the total is high, you succeed! If it's low, you fail. If the total is an even number, you narrate your success or failure. If the total is odd, the gamemaster or your opponent gets to describe you success or failure.
The game also uses risk dice, polyhedrals from a d4 to d12 that allow you to influence your level of success or failure. The bigger the die type, the bigger the risk. The bigger the risk, the greater your possible success - and the larger the consequences for failure!
ReadWriteRoll is divided into three sections:
- The first helps you to determine the type of story you want to tell, and allows the gamemaster to put together a setting alone or collaboratively with the rest of the group.
- The second section is character creation, so you can create the protagonists, antagonists, and supporting cast needed to populate your story!
- The final section contains the rules, everything you need to play the game and tell your story!


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- to make flat or flatter
- Informal to knock down; make prostrate
- to level to the ground
- to become flat or flatter
- to become prostrate
- to make or become flat or flatter by spreading out
- Aeron. level off (sense ) (at level)
verbflat·tened, flat·ten·ing, flat·tens
- To make flat or flatter.
- To knock down; lay low: The boxer was flattened with one punch.
To become flat or flatter.
(third-person singular simple present flattens, present participle flattening, simple past and past participle flattened)
- To make something flat or flatter.
- As there was a lot of damage, we chose the heavy roller to flatten the pitch.
- Mary would flatten the dough before rolling it into pretzels.
- (reflexive) To press one's body tightly against a surface, such as a wall or floor, especially in order to avoid being seen or harmed.
- To knock down or lay low.
- The prize fighter quickly flattened his challenger.
- (intransitive) To become flat or flatter; to plateau.
- Prices have flattened out.
- (intransitive) To be knocked down or laid low.
- (music) To lower by a semitone.
- To make vapid or insipid; to render stale.
- (computer graphics) To combine (separate layers) into a single image.


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Talking with someone about the need to stop driving can be challenging but has been shown to be effective. In a survey conducted by the Hartford/MIT AgeLab of 7,200 adults aged 50 and above, they found that more than half of the participants followed the suggestions made in conversations with friends and family about driving.
Friends and family members can be better prepared for the discussion with the following:
The Oregon DMV provides a brochure, "Retiring from Driving: When Someone You Know Should Give Up Driving
," which includes tips for families and caregivers.
The Older Driver Safety Conversations Web site
, sponsored by the Hartford Insurance Company, provides information to help families address sensitive subjects, such as driving, and fostering meaningful conversations with older drivers. Suggestions are given on how to prepare for a conversation, what to do when having the conversation and what to do after the conversation is finished.
The AMA's How to Help The Older Driver
brochure provides tips on determining if your loved one is an unsafe driver and what to do if you are concerned about his or her driving. Driving Decisions in Later Life,
a publication of the Pacific Northwest Extension, provides information to caregivers and family members on how to talk to a family member about stopping driving and what to do if they insist on continuing to drive.


* These are Tibbo BASIC/C-programmable devices and their function depends on the loaded app.
We offer many ready-to-use apps, among them a serial-over-IP (SoI) app and Modbus Gateway app.
GPIO: Displaying currency exchange rate on 7-segment indicators
GPIO: Displaying currency exchange rate on 7-segment indicators
About the Application
This tutorial demonstrates the control of 7-segment LED indicators using a single Tibbit #00_1 and several shift register ICs (daisy-chained together).
 - 7-segment indicators (in fact, almost all modern indicators have eight segments) are cheap and reliable LED devices that can display decimal digits (and some characters). Every segment of such an indicator is controlled through a dedicated input, so driving all these inputs directly from the LPTS would require a lot of wires (32 lines for a 4-digit display). A more practical solution is to use shift registers.
 - In a nutshell, a shift register is a converter between serial and parallel interfaces. This tutorial uses 74HC595 — a very popular 8-bit shift register. This IC is controlled by three lines (clock, data, and latch) and has eight outputs — just enough to drive one indicator. Shift registers can be daisy-chained to increase the number of outputs. Driving such a chain still requires only three control lines.
 - This project uses four shift registers connected to four 7-segment indicators to display currency exchange rates provided by the fixer.io JSON API.
 - The app features a simple web interface for selecting the currency to be displayed.
What you need
Hardware
* Common anode devices would require a different connection scheme.
Onboard Software
 - Node.js V6.x.x (pre-installed during production)
External Services
The Hardware
 - Configure the LTPS as shown on the Tibbit layout diagram below.
 - Assemble the shift register chain and 7-segment indicators according to the wiring diagram below (wires connecting the 2nd, 3rd, and the 4th resistor blocks to their respective indicators are not shown).
Note: When the power is first applied the indicators may display a random pattern.
Node.js Application
 - The app uses the Request package to fetch data from fixer.io, the Express package to serve static files, and socket.io to facilitate a link between the onboard app and the web interface.
 - The application requests USD exchange rates for a number of currencies. Requests are made every ten minutes. Fixer.io updates the rates daily, around 4 pm CET.
 - By default, the USD/EUR rate will be displayed on the indicators.
 - The App's web server listens on port 3000.
Configuration and Installation
git clone _URL_
cd gpio-indicators
npm install .
 - Launch:
node rates
Controlling shift registers
The code that controls 7-segment indicators is found in /modules/indicate.js.
Comments in the code explain how it works:
const gpio = require("@tibbo-tps/gpio");
class indicator {
 constructor(socket, length){
 this.length = length;
 this.digits = {
 1: [0,1,0,0,1,0,0,0],
 2: [0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1],
 3: [0,1,1,0,1,1,0,1],
 4: [0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1],
 5: [0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1],
 6: [0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1],
 7: [0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0],
 8: [0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],
 9: [0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1],
 0: [0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0],
 N: [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1], // Dash symbol
 B: [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0] // Blank symbol
 };
 // Sets up pins
 this.dataPin = gpio.init(socket+"A");
 this.dataPin.setDirection("output");
 this.dataPin.setValue(0);
 this.clockPin = gpio.init(socket+"B");
 this.clockPin.setDirection("output");
 this.clockPin.setValue(0);
 this.latchPin = gpio.init(socket+"C");
 this.latchPin.setDirection("output");
 this.latchPin.setValue(0);
 }
 indicate(number){
 var inst = this;
 // Converts number to the array of signals to be sent
 const numberToSignals = function(number){
 var output =[];
 number
 .toString()
 .split("")
 .forEach(function(current, index, array){
 if(current !== "."){
 var symbol = inst.digits[current];
 if (symbol === undefined){
 symbol = Array.from(inst.digits["N"])
 }else if(array[index+1] === "."){
 symbol = Array.from(symbol);
 symbol[0] = 1;
 }
 output.unshift(symbol);
 }
 },[]);
 // crops number to the first "length" digits, if needed
 output = output.slice(-inst.length);
 // pads the number with spaces if it's shorter than 4 digits
 while (output.length < inst.length){
 output.push(inst.digits["B"])
 }
 return output.reduce(function(prev, current){
 return prev.concat(current)
 });
 };
 var signals = numberToSignals(number);
 // Sets ST_CP (latch) to LOW
 // This operation sets shift registers into "programming" mode.
 // When latch is LOW, shift register doesn't change output states,
 // but reads and "remembers" data from DS pin.
 inst.latchPin.setValue(0);
 signals.forEach(function(value){
 // sets value to be pushed into the register on DS pin
 inst.dataPin.setValue(value);
 // sets SH_CP (clock) to HIGH and then to LOW
 // on rising edge of the clock shift register reads state from DS pin, and prepares it for setting on Q0 output.
 // Each of the previously SET values will be shifted to the next pin.
 inst.clockPin.setValue(1);
 inst.clockPin.setValue(0);
 });
 // then all signals are sent, sets ST_CP (latch) to HIGH
 // If latch is HIGH, all the read values will be simultaneously set to the outputs.
 inst.latchPin.setValue(1);
 };
}
module.exports = indicator;
Web Interface
The web interface files are found in the -/static folder.
 - The web interface app requests data from fixer.io independently from the onboard app.
 - The Angular toolset is used to display the exchange rates table and provide interactivity.
 - The Socket.IO library is used to detect the board's status (the table will be hidden if the board is offline) and send the currency data to the board.
GPIO: Displaying currency exchange rate on 7-segment indicators


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to assessing a species' true status and recovery potential, as well as establishing management goals and monitoring population trends. Emily will also investigate the butterfly's taxonomic status. While most lepidopterists accept the subspecific status of Clayton's copper, others doubt its validity – especially since the taxonomic distinction between Clayton's and Dorcas Copper has never been quantified. Only detailed morphological and genetic analyses will determine if Clayton's Copper is a true subspecies, thus confirming and further increasing its conservation significance in Maine.
Roaring Brook Mayfly
In 1939, T.H. Frison climbed Mt. Katahdin and unknowingly made a discovery that would one day puzzle the experts. Frison, a well-known Illinois entomologist, was collecting mayflies and stoneflies as he and his family hiked to Chimney Pond on a late summer day. Several years later, one of those mayfly specimens would be described as a new species. Aptly named in memory of its collector, Epeorus frisoni went largely unnoticed for another half century. But in the early 1990s, MDIFW biologists began updating Maine's Endangered Species List and, for the first time ever, were considering the status of invertebrates. Mayflies were a well-studied group of insects, yet here was a species that had never been found anywhere else in the world since its discovery on Mt. Katahdin in 1939. This long history of a single occurrence, despite extensive collections and surveys of mayflies throughout Maine and North America, ultimately led to Epeorus frisoni being listed as endangered in Maine in 1997.
Unofficially dubbed the "Roaring Brook mayfly", this little insect remained a big mystery to MDIFW biologists now responsible for ensuring its conservation. Nothing was known about its life history, habitat requirements, or conservation needs. Its current status and distribution on Katahdin were also unknown, since no one had looked for it there since its original collection at "Roaring Brooks". To complicate matters, the species' taxonomic validity had come under question. Its similarity to a closely related species had led at least one mayfly expert to suggest that the original specimen might be just a variant form of a more common Epeorus species found in Maine.
Without additional taxonomic study and an assessment of the species' current status at Roaring Brook, MDIFW could not even begin to understand or address the mayfly's conservation needs. If the same animal could be collected again, a mayfly expert might be able to determine if the original species description was accurate. If Epeorus frisoni was not a valid species, it certainly did not belong on the State's Endangered Species List. However, if it was a valid species, Frison's namesake would endure as one of the rarest mayflies in the world.
Recently, with special permission from Baxter State Park, MDIFW surveyed Roaring Brook and two of its tributaries to collect specimens of the Epeorus species that occur there. With the expert help of Dr. Steven Burian, a mayfly taxonomist from Southern Connecticut State University, MDIFW was able to confirm that some of the specimens collected from the two tributaries of Roaring Brook matched the specimen collected by Frison in 1939. By comparing them to other species of Epeorus found in Maine, we were also able to confirm that Epeorus frisoni was indeed a distinct and valid species!
Since then, Dr. Burian has also located a specimen of E. frisoni in a recent collection from Vermont. While it now appears the Roaring Brook Mayfly is not endemic just to Katahdin or to Maine, its status as a "narrow endemic" (i.e., having an extremely limited distribution) is very rare, and E. frisoni is the only mayfly known to be endemic to New England. Its single occurrence in Maine also continues to support the species' listing status as state-endangered – allowing MDIFW to confidently advance an investigation of the mayfly's life history and conservation needs. The more we learn, the more effectively MDIFW can survey for new occurrences statewide and further investigate the species' rarity.
In 2005-2006, MDIFW continued surveys for the Roaring Brook Mayfly as part of ongoing ecoregional surveys for rare species. While high-elevation, headwater streams are not a common habitat type in the targeted Eastern Lowlands and Aroostook Hills and Lowlands ecoregions, streams on several of the highest peaks were sampled. No Epeorus frisoni were found. In 2007, MDIFW began surveys in the Western and Central Mountains ecoregions – two areas of the state that hold the greatest promise of finding new occurrences of this rare mayfly.
Funding for this work comes from the Maine Outdoor Heritage Fund (Maine's conservation lottery ticket), "Loon Plate" revenues, and "Chickadee Check-off" contributions on the State income tax form. Thank you!
Region A - Southwestern Maine
|Copyright © 2010 All rights reserved.|


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Motor cortex (M1) exhibits a rich repertoire of neuronal activities to support the generation of complex movements. Although recent neuronal-network models capture many qualitative aspects of M1 dynamics, they can generate only a few distinct movements. Additionally, it is unclear how M1 efficiently controls movements over a wide range of shapes and speeds. We demonstrate that modulation of neuronal input-output gains in recurrent neuronal-network models with a fixed architecture can dramatically reorganize neuronal activity and thus downstream muscle outputs. Consistent with the observation of diffuse neuromodulatory projections to M1, a relatively small number of modulatory control units provide sufficient flexibility to adjust high-dimensional network activity using a simple reward-based learning rule. Furthermore, it is possible to assemble novel movements from previously learned primitives, and one can separately change movement speed while preserving movement shape. Our results provide a new perspective on the role of modulatory systems in controlling recurrent cortical activity.
Original publication
Journal article
Nat Neurosci
Publication Date
1774 - 1783
Animals, Computer Simulation, Learning, Models, Neurological, Motor Cortex, Movement, Muscle, Skeletal, Nerve Net, Neurons


1. Sheylabsb Senior Member
 Barcelona (Spain)
 Spain Spanish
 Bueno, no sé si es correcto preguntar esto en este foro porque no es exactamente una traducción lo que necesito pero espero que algún nativo me pueda ayudar con mi duda: Son los mismo 5 feet 8 inches, que 5.8 feet? Gracias!!!!!!!! Sheyla
 2. abeltio Senior Member
 Spanish, Argentina
 no. 1 ft = 12 in
 o sea... 8 in = 2/3 ft.
 5ft 8in = 5.666 ft
 3. ksequen
 ksequen Banned
 Guatemala, Spanish
 Definitivamente no.
 1 feet = 12 inches
 5 feet 8 inches = 5.66 feet
 4. Sheylabsb Senior Member
 Barcelona (Spain)
 Spain Spanish
 Gracias a los dos por la aclaración, es un poco lío cuando estás acostumbrada a los metros y los centímetros, besitos, Sheyla
 5. snat Member
 Actually, that is how Americans write our height when we abbreviate, for example on the forms that we fill out at the doctor's office. So yes, 5.8" would be five feet, eight inches. The quotation marks after the 8" mean that it is inches, not a decimal point. Someone who is 5 feet, four inches would never write their height as 5.25. That would involve too much math and would just confuse us.
 6. sneaksleep Senior Member
 Actually, I would never put my height as 5.8" To me that would mean that it is 5 inches and 8/10 of an inch. Instead, I would put 5' 8" where the apostrophe indicates feet and the quotation mark indictes inches. However, I agree, I would never use decimals like 5.66 feet.
 7. Andréstable Banned
 Estoy de acuerdo con esto: 5'6'' quiere decir "5 feet, 6 inches," which is 5.5 feet, or 5 and 1/2 feet.
 imperial system is strange.
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Björkholmen Gallery
Lisa Lundgren
Lisa Lundgren's paintings are at once direct and enigmatic. The motif's dreamy narrative is presented through the artist's very distinguishable expression. The saturated color scale on the coarse linen canvas enhances a sense of tactility and adds an extra dimension to the works. The viewer is invited to a hidden scenery through a passage. The backdrop often opens up to an imagery such as a distant landscape or a mystical unknown, appearing in distorted perspectives. Lundgrens works are characterized by a visual intimacy that defies interpretation, inspiring the spectator to serenity and contemplation.
Lisa Lundgren website


Ranunculaceous sentence example
ranunculaceous
 - Charming every early blooming dwarf ranunculaceous herbs.
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 - Free-growing but rather weedy ranunculaceous plants, in many cases having elegantly cut foliage.
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 - Showy ranunculaceous plants, of free growth, flowering about May and June.
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 - Four species of Dewalquea, a ranunculaceous genus allied to the hellebore, make their appearance in the Upper Senonian of Westphalia, other species occurring at Aix-la-Chapelle in deposits of about the same age.
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 - Among the flowering plants are Dewalquea, a ranunculaceous genus already mentioned as occurring in the Upper Cretaceous, and numerous living genera of forest-trees, such as occur throughout the Tertiary period, and are readily comparable with living forms. Saporta has described about seventy Dicotyledons, most of which are peculiar to this locality.
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Policy.bind("parse.postiveMajor", major + SEPARATOR + minor + SEPARATOR + service + SEPARATOR + qualifier)); //$NON-NLS-1$ if (minor < 0) Assert.isTrue(false, Policy.bind("parse.postiveMinor", major + SEPARATOR + minor It * accomplishes this by writing out an exported preferences file by hand, * and then importing it back into the application. * * @param commandId * The command identifier to Returns: the minor version getServiceComponent publicintgetServiceComponent() Deprecated. this content Typically, * [emailprotected] #isCompatibleWithIDE()} is called to determine if this method should be * called.
int getServiceComponent() Deprecated. Returns the minor (compatible) component of this version identifier. String getQualifierComponent() Deprecated. Two version identifiers are considered to be perfectly equal if their major, minor, service and qualifier components are equal Parameters: id - the other version identifier Returns: true is this version Compares two version identifiers for perfect equality.
Tired of useless tips? Compares two version identifiers for order using multi-decimal comparison. You can vote up the examples you like and your votes will be used in our system to product more good examples. + Save this class to your library Example 1 Compares two version identifiers for equivalency.
Preferences.importPreferences(new Path(file.getAbsolutePath())); /* * END SECTION */ // Check to see that the key binding for the given command matches. A difference * in the major component is interpreted as an incompatible version * change. Use String version = (String) bundle.getHeaders().get(org.osgi.framework.Constants.BUNDLE_VERSION); new PluginVersionIdentifier(version); where bundle is the bundle associated with the relevant plug-in. Parameters: id - the other version identifier Returns: true is this version identifier is compatible with the given version identifier, and false otherwise isEquivalentTo publicbooleanisEquivalentTo(PluginVersionIdentifierid) Deprecated.
Parameters: major - major component of the version identifier minor - minor component of the version identifier service - service update component of the version identifier qualifier - qualifier component of The service level component is interpreted as a cumulative and compatible service update of the minor version component. In its string representation, it consists of up to 4 tokens separated by a decimal point. boolean PluginVersionIdentifier.isCompatibleWith(PluginVersionIdentifierid) Deprecated.
For example, State state = Platform.getPlatformAdmin().getState(); BundleDescription bundle = state.getBundle("my plug-in id", my plug-in version); BundleSpecification spec = bundle.getRequiredBundle("required plug-in id"); BundleDescription prereq = spec.getSupplier(); PluginVersionIdentifier IPluginPrerequisite.hashCodein classObject Returns: an integer which is a hash code value for this object. Accept & Close
Overrides: toStringin classObject Returns: the string representation of this plug-in version identifier Skip navigation links Overview Package Class Use