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Issue No.08 - August (2005 vol.16)
pp: 686-701
ABSTRACT

Abstract—Efficient and reliable communication is essential for achieving high performance in a networked computing environment. Finite network resources bring about unavoidable competition among in-flight network packets, resulting in network congestion and, possibly, deadlock. Many techniques have been proposed to improve network performance by efficiently handling network congestion and potential deadlock. However, none of them provide an efficient way of accelerating the movement of network packets in congestion toward their destinations. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism for detecting and resolving network congestion and potential deadlocks. The proposed mechanism is based on efficiently tracking paths of congestion and increasing the scheduling priority of packets along those paths. This acts to throttle other packets trying to enter those congested regions—in effect, locking out packets from congested regions until congestion has had the opportunity to disperse. Simulation results show that the proposed technique effectively disperses network congestion and is also applicable in helping to resolve potential deadlock.

INDEX TERMS
Interconnection networks, congestion, deadlock, router scheduling, router architecture.
CITATION
Yong Ho Song, Timothy Mark Pinkston, "Distributed Resolution of Network Congestion and Potential Deadlock Using Reservation-Based Scheduling", IEEE Transactions on Parallel & Distributed Systems, vol.16, no. 8, pp. 686-701, August 2005, doi:10.1109/TPDS.2005.93
18 ms
(Ver 2.0)
Marketing Automation Platform Marketing Automation Tool


text:
Describes the calculation of standard cell potentials.
Demonstrates how calculate cell potential for a given chemical reaction.
Reviews the calculation of standard cell potentials.
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
Covers the applications of electrochemical cells and the power output of these cells.
These flashcards are here to help you better understand high school chemistry.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Google Play Services for Location and Activity Recognition
Android Development with Google Play Services
This article was peer reviewed by Marc Towler. Thanks to all of SitePoint's peer reviewers for making SitePoint content the best it can be!
People like to take their mobile devices everywhere and use them constantly. Some apps take advantage of this and change their behaviour according to the users location and/or current activity to provide a better individualized service.
To get the user's current location on Android, you can use the Location API that has been part of the Android framework since API level 1, or you can use the Google Location Services API, which is part of Google Play Services. The latter is the recommended method for accessing Android location.
The Google Location Services API, part of Google Play Services, provides a more powerful, high-level framework that automates tasks such as location provider choice and power management. Location Services provides new features such as activity detection that aren't available in the framework API.
Developers using the framework API, as well as those now adding location-awareness to their apps, are strongly advised to use the Location Services API and this is what we will look at in this article. We will create different apps that show how to get a users current location, update it periodically and detecting the user's current activity. For example, are they walking, running, on a bicycle, in a vehicle, etc.
Note: The device you use for testing during this tutorial must have support for Google Play Services. You should have a device that runs Android 2.3 or higher and includes the Google Play Store. If you are using an emulator, you need an emulator image with the Google APIs platform based on Android 4.2.2 or higher.
Getting the Last Known Location
The Google Play Services Location API can request the last known location of the user's device, this is equivalent to the user's current location.
To get the device's last known location, use the FusedLocationProviderApi which allows you to specify requirements such as the location accuracy required. High accuracy means more battery power used.
Create a new Android project, name it Example01, set the Minimum SDK version to 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) and select Empty Activity on the next window, leave the default settings in the last window and click on Finish.
Note: I'm assuming that you are using Android Studio 1.4 or later, where the Activity templates have changed. The Blank Activity template in previous versions resulted in an app with an almost empty view, but it now includes a Floating Action Button. We'll use the Empty Activity for our project, if you are using a previous version, then select Blank Activity.
Include the following dependency in the build.gradle (Module: app) file and sync the gradle files.
compile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services:8.1.0'
To use location services, the app must request permission to do so. Android offers two location permissions: ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION and ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION. The permission you choose determines the accuracy of the location returned by the API. Fine Location uses the device GPS, cellular data and WiFi to get the most accurate position but it costs battery life. Coarse Location uses the device cellular data and WiFi to get the location. It wont be as accurate as Fine but uses a lot less battery power, returning a location with an accuracy equivalent to a city block.
Add the following permission to the AndroidManifest.xml file as a child of the manifest tag.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
Note: If you have used Google Play Services in an app before, you might be used to adding the following to the manifest file which sets the version number of Google Play Services your app uses.
<meta-data android:name="com.google.android.gms.version" android:value="@integer/google_play_services_version"/>
As of version 7.0 of Google Play Services, if you are using Gradle, it's included automatically..
We'll be using the fused location provider to get the device's location. This information will be presented as a Location object from which you can retrieve the latitude, longitude, timestamp, and other information such as bearing, altitude and velocity of a location.
The apps we'll create, will display the raw latitude and longitude data of the retrieved Location. In a real app, you might use this information to, for instance, get the location Address, plot the location on a map, change the UI or fire a notification.
Let's create the UI that will display the latitude and longitude values. Change activity_main.xml as shown.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
 xmlns:android="_URL_
 xmlns:tools="_URL_
 android:layout_width="match_parent"
 android:layout_height="match_parent"
 android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
 android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
 android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
 android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
 tools:context=".MainActivity">
 <TextView
 android:id="@+id/latitude"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
 android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
 android:text="Latitude:"
 android:textSize="18sp" />
 <TextView
 android:id="@+id/latitude_textview"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:layout_alignBaseline="@+id/latitude"
 android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
 android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/latitude"
 android:textSize="16sp" />
 <TextView
 android:id="@+id/longitude"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
 android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
 android:text="Longitude:"
 android:layout_marginTop="24dp"
 android:textSize="18sp" />
 <TextView
 android:id="@+id/longitude_textview"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"
 android:layout_height="wrap_content"
 android:layout_alignBaseline="@+id/longitude"
 android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
 android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/longitude"
 android:textSize="16sp"/>
</RelativeLayout>
Add the following in MainActivity.java.
private static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
private TextView mLatitudeTextView;
private TextView mLongitudeTextView;
Instantiate the two TextViews by adding the following at the end of onCreate(Bundle).
mLatitudeTextView = (TextView) findViewById((R.id.latitude_textview));
mLongitudeTextView = (TextView) findViewById((R.id.longitude_textview));
When you want to connect to one of the Google APIs provided in the Google Play services library, you need to create an instance of GoogleApiClient. The Google API Client provides a common entry point to all Google Play services and manages the network connection between the user's device and each Google service.
Before making the connection, you must always check for a compatible Google Play services APK. To do this either use the isGooglePlayServicesAvailable() method or attach a GoogleApiClient.OnConnectionFailedListener object to your client and implement its onConnectionFailed() callback method. We'll use the latter approach.
If the connection fails due to a missing or out-of-date version of the Google Play APK, the callback receives an error code such as SERVICE_MISSING, SERVICE_VERSION_UPDATE_REQUIRED or SERVICE_DISABLED.
Change the class definition as shown.
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements ConnectionCallbacks, OnConnectionFailedListener
Add the necessary imports and implement the following methods from the two interfaces.
@Override
public void onConnected(Bundle bundle) {
}
@Override
public void onConnectionSuspended(int i) {
}
@Override
public void onConnectionFailed(ConnectionResult connectionResult) {
}
The ConnectionCallbacks interface provides callbacks that called when the client connects or disconnects from the service (onConnected() and onConnectionSuspended()) and the OnConnectionFailedListener interface provides callbacks for scenarios that result in a failed attempt to connect the client to the service (onConnectionFailed()).
Before any operation executes, the Google


text:
Western History & Genealogy Blog
GI - General Index
Known by staff and researchers as the GI, it is an index of about 6.5 million entries on 1 million cards to previously un-indexed local and county histories, biographical works, some manuscript material, and western journals and serials. It makes accessible the otherwise inaccessible. Researchers in the know often go slack-jawed or misty-eyed when they realize what they've discovered.
In 1935, the newly created Western History Department acquired an index of local subjects begun by the Reference Department. With this base, new subject headings were added to broaden the scope beyond Denver and the established headings were refined. Then, in the midst of the Depression, the Western History Department benefitted from a federal stimulus: a Colorado Works Progress Administration (WPA) grant to index in detail the Rocky Mountain News, _PHONE_. The result? An every-name index for the premier Colorado newspaper of the day for a more than twenty-year span.
In the years that followed, the Department's staff continued to index contemporary newspapers, journals, and some standards of Colorado history, while also adding retrospective sources such as the Denver Times, _PHONE_. The General Index closed to additional entries in 1995.
Still housed in its original wooden card catalog cabinets and situated across from our reference desk, the GI is available to all visitors to the Department. The entire General Index has been digitized, and librarians are able to search a department-only database at the reference desk. We hope to make the General Index available online to the world in the near future.
An Ode to the General Index
Among the treasures of the Denver Public Library, few rival the massive General Index in the Western History Department. This product of more than a half-century's work, if recreated at current costs, would be worth $2 million or more. An index of an estimated four million entries to articles, books, newspapers, and other material, it is an outstanding contribution to scholarship - a college in itself. Without it scholars would be impaired and devotees of well-researched local history would be impoverished. Without it the Denver Public Library would be a far less splendid institution that it is. All hail to the generations of librarians and Denver taxpayers who have supported, built, and maintained such a superb research tool.
Stephen J. Leonard. Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression, with FSA Photographs. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1993 page 300.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


, from a few to more than a thousand full load operating hours.
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
The process characteristics of thermal storage presented in this study were computed over a wide range of thermal storage capacities varied from a few hours to the order of magnitude of a thousand full load operating hours. The corresponding solar fraction values of hybrid solar-fossil power plants supported by energy storage ranged between 0.2 (no storage applied) and 1.0 (the pure solar operation). Although the modeling was specifically developed to simulate parabolic trough systems operated as base load plants, the obtained results can qualitatively be extended to most other CSP systems and also to different continuous load profiles (except peaking power generation), since the dominating factor affecting system performance is the intermittent solar power source. Based on the statistical analysis of thermal energy variations in time throughout an annual operating cycle, four distinctive storage scales were identified, referred to as diurnal (φ < 14 h), intermediate (14–102 h), seasonal (102–103 h) and yearly (∼103 h) storage capacities. The operational performance of the diurnal-scale storage was shown to be strongly influenced by hourly and daily solar power conditions so that thermal storage efficiency with respect to month-mean solar fractions is considerably smaller in the low-sun season (winter) than in the high-sun season (summer). Correspondingly, the annual solar fraction of hybrid power plants employing thermal storage with a nominal capacity within 14 full load operating hours is limited to below 0.5, so that half or more of the energy input must be provided by burning fossil fuels. An improved diurnal storage efficiency resulting in a solar fraction of 0.6 can be achieved by increasing the solar field size along with losing some a few percent of the total annual amount of solar energy collected. The results of simulations show that a pure solar power plant (solar fraction equal 1.0) should include a storage capacity almost 2 orders of magnitude greater than what is available with the most advanced thermal storage systems. The state of the art solar thermal storage technologies utilizing either sensible or latent heat of molten salts or various other materials are limited to the diurnal range of capacities as they suffer primarily from a relatively low energy density of the exploiting storage materials and also from significant heat losses from the system during lengthy operating cycles. Hence, the further development of thermal storage technology should be particularly aimed at vastly more powerful energy storage concepts extending the storage capability into the intermediate and seasonal scale ranges, in order to achieve a higher level of sustainability for solar thermal electric systems.
دانلود فوری مقاله + سفارش ترجمه
نسخه انگلیسی مقاله همین الان قابل دانلود است.
هزینه ترجمه مقاله بر اساس تعداد کلمات مقاله انگلیسی محاسبه می شود.
این مقاله شامل 4902 کلمه می باشد.
هزینه ترجمه مقاله توسط مترجمان با تجربه، طبق جدول زیر محاسبه می شود:
شرح تعرفه ترجمه زمان تحویل جمع هزینه
ترجمه تخصصی - سرعت عادی هر کلمه 90 تومان 8 روز بعد از پرداخت 441,180 تومان
ترجمه تخصصی - سرعت فوری هر کلمه 180 تومان 4 روز بعد از پرداخت 882,360 تومان
پس از پرداخت، فوراً می توانید مقاله را دانلود فرمایید.


text:
Thematic Research Groups
Thematic research activities in the Centre
The CCG comprises experts from diverse and complementary disciplines including sociology, history, political science, public health, political philosophy, international relations, political economy, and anthropology. They draw on both qualitative and quantitative methods to enhance their research and
to produce innovative and accessible studies. CCG researchers also specialise in a number of regions including Australia, China, Korea, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Africa, the Middle East and the United States.
The CCG's research activities coalesce around a set of common themes, which encourage and enable cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural collaboration among leading and emerging CCG, Deakin and international scholars.
Research in the context of democracy and the potential democratisation of governance and media and more equitable local, national and global societies
Investigation of the current debates around'managing' and governance of cultural and religious diversity and intercultural and interreligious education
The largest centre in Melbourne focusing specifically on European philosophy and the History of Ideas
Research aimed at contributing to a more inclusive and just social existence for all
Inter-disciplinary research in the
context of Asia and the Middle East


Why is Pomp and Circumstance Always Played at Graduations?
Nathan K. asks: How did Pomp and Circumstance get to be the tune always played at graduations?
Every year, hundreds of thousands of students march across a stage in a gown and a squared hat to receive a piece of paper that says they've completed a particular phase in their education. This school graduation will undoubtedly be marked by cheering, proud adults, and, particularly in North America, the playing of the seminal marching tune "Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1." So, why is Pomp and Circumstance played at seemingly every graduation?
We should probably kick things off by discussing the name itself- "pomp and circumstance" simply is a phrase for a ceremony or display of splendor or stateliness. It comes from the Latin "pompa," meaning "procession," and "circumstantia," meaning "standing around." A procession of standing around doesn't make much sense until one follows the evolution of the meaning "circumstantia." In the 13th century, the word was used in reference to "a particular detail, matter of small consequence." But a century later, in the 1300s, somehow it literally reversed its meaning to be defined as "something of great importance or accomplishment."
Like so many other phrases, the credit for the first to coin this one is generally given to William Shakespeare, though in many cases it is thought he was just using existing phrases that we simply don't have earlier surviving examples of today. Whatever the case, in Act 3, Scene 3 of his 1604 play "Othello," the title character notes
Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, th'ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!
From there, the phrase seemed to take on an almost sarcastic quality, often used as a way to make fun or point to the belief that someone or something thinks of themselves as overly important.
Flash forward three centuries later, in 1901, one Edward Elgar had already made a name for himself as one of the premier English musical composers of his day. Despite this, as so many musicians and artists before him, Elgar was struggling financially, unable to translate critically-acclaimed works into money-making successes.
Knowing that people love a good military march, he composed two (of what would end up being five) marches that he called "Pomp and Circumstance," pulling the title from the line in Othello.
As for the most famous of these, March No. 1, legend has it that Elgar told a friend, Dora Penny, that "I've got a tune that will knock 'em – knock 'em flat! … a tune like that comes once in a lifetime." Whether he actually said this or not, "Pomp and Circumstance" March No. 1 in D was first performed on October 19, 1901 by the Liverpool Orchestral Society. This debut performance was reportedly met with a standing ovation, which was nothing compared to when it was played three days later in London.
After the first go-around, the ecstatic audience would not let the rest of the concert go on until the tune was played two more times. (And, note, this sort of non-passive audience used to be the norm, even during symphonies, contrary to what generally happens at such events today, see: Has There Ever Been an Actual Case of Someone Being Pelted With Tomatoes During a Performance?)
This event was, according to the London performance's conductor, Henry J. Wood, the first time in that particular theater's history that a double encore was ever done.
In November of that year, Elgar was approached by famed English contralto Clara Butt who asked him to compose a finale for her performance with a full chorus at the crowning of King Edward VII later that summer.
Sparing himself extra work, Elgar used the very same march he'd composed that was such a hit. He did add lyrics to it, thanks to poet Arthur Christopher Benson. Called "Land of Hope and Glory," Benson's lyrics extol the virtues of the British crown and empire. The march, coupled with lyrics and Butt singing, was all set to premiere on June 30th at King Edward VII's coronation, but the king fell ill and the ceremony was delayed until August 9th.
In meantime, Elgar put together four more marches and produced sellable versions of them. By August, he was already making good money off this. When it was finally played at the coronation of the new King and Queen, Elgar was on his way to finally making his fortune.
Thanks to the music's prominence in the coronation, Elgar became internationally famous. Fairly quickly, in part because of its use at the coronation of the King and Queen, the march became immensely popular with American orchestras, particularly played with great frequency in Chicago.
Coming back around to why Pomp and Circumstance is played during graduation ceremonies, in 1905, Elgar was invited to the United States by a friend, Professor of Music Samuel Sanford, to receive an honorary degree from Yale University. Hailed as "England's foremost musician," he outshone the 12 others who were also receiving honorary degrees from the revered American university that day.
Upon completion of the ceremony, the entire group left the stage to the tune of "Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1" in honor of Elgar. This is the first known time that the tune was played at a school graduation.
The uplifting song was noted by other colleges and played at graduations, including at Princeton in 1907 and University of Chicago in 1908.
According to the Elgar Research Center, it was the 1920s when "Pomp and Circumstance" became the norm at college graduations across the United States, though it's unclear when it shifted from being a recessional to a processional (entering) song.
Today, the lyrical version of the march (Land of Hope and Glory) is one of England's most famous songs, even considered by some to be something of a second national anthem. In the United States, the march – sans lyrics – is also played thousands of times a year while students march down the aisles in anticipation of receiving their diplomas.
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text:
Biodiverse planting for carbon and biodiversity on Indigenous land
Our paper on Biodiverse planting for carbon and biodiversity on Indigenous land has just been published in PLoS one (get the PDF).
Renwick, A. R., Robinson, C. J., Martin, T. G., May, T., Polglase, P., Possingham, H. P., & Carwardine, J. (2014). Biodiverse Planting for Carbon and Biodiversity on Indigenous Land. PloS one, 9(3), e91281
Climate change has prompted the development of methods to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many countries have established emissions trading schemes offering incentives to offset carbon emissions. In addition to carbon storage these schemes have the potential to deliver other environmental benefits such as biodiversity conservation and the provision of other ecosystem services. However, there has been concern that they do not contribute to sustainable development and in particular their lack of provisions to encourage and sustain the involvement and provision of co-benefits to Indigenous communities, and respect of their traditional livelihood and land-uses practices. One carbon trading scheme is the Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) established by the Australian government to provide opportunities for land managers and local communities to reduce or sequester carbon emissions by altering land management practices. Tree planting is one approved methodology to sequester carbon and, if mixed native trees are planted, has the potential to provide additional ecosystem services as well as added resistance and resilience to disturbances.
Unlike some carbon trading schemes, the CFI legislation contains provisions to provide benefits to biodiversity or Indigenous communities, and many indigenous leaders have shown interest in carbon offset projects, and their associated co-benefits and opportunities they provide including working on country, education, training and increased decision making powers. However, determining the optimum locations for tree planting to ensure more' bang for their buck' is unknown. Anna Renwick, a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Queensland and CSIRO, along Josie Carwardine and other colleagues at CSIRO and the University of Queensland conducted a spatial analysis of the carbon and biodiversity potential of planting biodiverse native vegetation on Indigenous land across Australia.
Using the conservation planning tool Marxan and an economic scenario reflecting the Australia government's 2011-2012 carbon trading price of AU$23/tonne the cost-effectiveness of areas across Australia for sequestering carbon and restoring each vegetation type up to 30% of its pre-1750 extent was calculated. We then determined the relative priority of the areas within the potentially plantable area for meeting the combined carbon and biodiversity restoration target cost-effectively. Finally we overlaid the map of Indigenous land tenure, composed using data sourced from the official agencies responsible for the registration of various Indigenous land tenures including the National Native Title Tribunal, Conservation and Protected Areas Database, Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water Population and Communities, Indigenous Land Corporation, National Land and Water Resources Audit and Geoscience Australia, with maps of carbon sequestration, biodiversity features and the relative priority areas to determine the proportion of carbon and biodiversity goals that can be met on Indigenous land, and the proportion of very high, high, moderate and low priority areas on Indigenous land.
Approximately 92 million hectares of land in Australia has been cleared and has the potential to be replanted with native vegetation sequestering around 710 Mtonne CO2/year over the next 40 years. The amount of this area that will available depends on the profitability for environmental planting which is dependent on the carbon price and other economic, social and practical constraints in the area. Using the 2011-2012 Australian's carbon trading price of AU$23/tonne, 31 Mha of the area is profitable for carbon farming sequestering 294 Mt CO2. Almost a third of this area, 9.7 Mha, is on Indigenous land which would sequester 83 Mt CO2 (28% of the total). If, however, the price of carbon drops to AU$5/tonne, close to the 2013 international markets, the profitable area for carbon farming is reduced severely to only 5Mha and the potential for Indigenous communities to get involved would be greatly limited. Almost 19% of the combined high and very high priority areas for cost-effectively meeting biodiversity goals are on Indigenous lands primarily in southeast Queensland, eastern New South Wales, southwest Victoria, southeast South Australia and southwest Western Australia (see map). There are little carbon and biodiversity benefits from planting on Indigenous land in northern Australia reflecting the low density of forests and historical clearing in this area although other carbon offset schemes in this area may be more appropriate, for example savanna burning. Given that Indigenous land cover 19% of the total biodiversity plantable area, this result indicates that Indigenous lands are approximately as important as the rest of Australia for achieving this combined goal cost-effectively.
This top-down approach provides one perspective of the potential for Indigenous communities to get involved in carbon projects. The next stage is to test these model results in partnership with local Indigenous communities who may require additional information, special training and community engagement skills. Despite the positive potential for the CFI to contribute to biodiversity and provide benefits to Indigenous communities and broader society, the recent change in government in Australia highlights the instability of the policy and political environment surrounding the CFI opening up new risks and uncertainties to carbon farming efforts, including those adopted by Indigenous communities.


text:
Dictionary Results for separate|
1. separate - noun
· a separately printed article that originally appeared in a larger publication
Synonym(s): offprint, reprint
2. separate - noun
· a garment that can be purchased separately and worn in combinations with other garments
3. separate - verb
· act as a barrier between; stand between; "The mountain range divides the two countries"
4. separate - verb
· force, take, or pull apart; "He separated the fighting children"; "Moses parted the Red Sea"
Synonym(s): disunite, divide, part
Hypernym(s): move, displace
5. separate - verb
· mark as different; "We distinguish several kinds of maple"
Synonym(s): distinguish, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize, severalise, tell, tell_apart
Hypernym(s): identify, place
6. separate - verb
· separate into parts or portions; "divide the cake into three equal parts"; "The British carved up the Ottoman Empire after World War I"
Synonym(s): divide, split, split_up, dissever, carve_up
7. separate - verb
· divide into components or constituents; "Separate the wheat from the chaff"
8. separate - verb
· arrange or order by classes or categories; "How would you classify these pottery shards--are they prehistoric?"
Synonym(s): classify, class, sort, assort, sort_out
Hypernym(s): categorize, categorise
9. separate - verb
· make a division or separation
10. separate - verb
· discontinue an association or relation; go different ways; "The business partners broke over a tax question"; "The couple separated after 25 years of marriage"; "My friend and I split up"
Synonym(s): part, split_up, split, break, break_up
11. separate - verb
· go one's own way; move apart; "The friends separated after the party"
Synonym(s): part, split
12. separate - verb
· become separated into pieces or fragments; "The figurine broke"; "The freshly baked loaf fell apart"
Synonym(s): break, split_up, fall_apart, come_apart
13. separate - verb
· treat differently on the basis of sex or race
Synonym(s): discriminate, single_out
Hypernym(s): distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize, severalise, tell, tell_apart
14. separate - verb
· come apart; "The two pieces that we had glued separated"
Synonym(s): divide, part
15. separate - verb
· divide into two or more branches so as to form a fork; "The road forks"
Synonym(s): branch, ramify, fork, furcate
16. separate - adjective
· independent; not united or joint; "a problem consisting of two separate issues"; "they went their separate ways"; "formed a separate church"
17. separate - adjective
· standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything; "a freestanding bell tower"; "a house with a separate garage"
18. separate - adjective
· separated according to race, sex, class, or religion; "separate but equal"; "girls and boys in separate classes"
19. separate - adjective
· have the connection undone; having become separate
or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that
project or homework!
letters to unscramble the word
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word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
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(Article/content is below...)
To F--S S. O--D by Edgar Allan Poe
"To F--S S. O--D" is a poem written by Edgar Allan Poe. It was originally titled as "To Elizabeth"--referring to his cousin Elizabeth Herring. However, after some revision it was published in Southern Literary Messenger with the title "Lines Written in an Album" supposedly addressed to Eliza White (the daughter of Poe's employer at Messenger). The final name, the one showing here, was added in his collection The Raven and Other Poems in 1845.
The poem simply tells the woman to stay on her current path to achieve her goal of being loved.
"To F--S S. O--D" is a poem with only one stanza. It contains the rhyme scheme ABABCDCD with the even lines indented.
To F--S S. O--D
Thou wouldst be loved?- then let thy heart
 From its present pathway part not!
Being everything which now thou art,
 Be nothing which thou art not.
So with the world thy gentle ways,
 Thy grace, thy more than beauty,
Shall be an endless theme of praise,
 And love- a simple duty.
Published in.
Next: To Helen (1831)
Recommended Content
Literary Movement
Romanticism, 19th Century
Last update:


v module isn't even used, since all the output and input strings for Nodemailer are always in UTF-8. I just haven't found a good way to automatically exclude the iconv module since the other modules that share the same codebase (eg. MailParser) do need it.
And as the last part of the installation equation, include Nodemailer in your script file
var nodemailer = require("nodemailer");
Selecting mail transport method
While SMTP makes up the barebones of e-mail messaging, you don't actually have to use it directly if your MSA accepts something else, for example HTTP POST request with e-mail file etc. Nodemailer includes 3 different mail transports and if this doesn't suit you, you are welcomed to add your own.
 1. SMTP (obviously)
 2. sendmail to stream message contents to the stdin of sendmail command
 3. SES to post the message contents to Amazon SES REST API endpoint (SES also exposes SMTP endpoint but the used credentials are different in this case, see SES docs for details)
In this article we only look at using SMTP as it is the most important of them all.
Setting up SMTP
To use SMTP you need to have access to a MSA server. If you have a Gmail or Google Apps account, you can use Gmail SMTP for this but you can't ride it far as there are strict usage limits (about 100 emails per day, unless you have a Google Apps Business account that has higher limits), besides you can only send mail from the same user you are authenticated as, you can't change it to something else (actually you can change the address but it is displayed as a nasty "via _EMAIL_" address, not good for your business if you want it to show just "_EMAIL_" instead). If you need to go any further, consider using Sendgrid or Postmark or Mailgun or Amazon SES or any other professional message delivery service. There's a great discussion in Quora about the reasons behind pricing of these services. If you don't want to send hundreds of millions messages, it is usually more feasible to pay one of the providers than building your own e-mail infrastructure. But getting started is totally free - you can use Gmail as a starting point and move on to a free trial or a developer account of another service before you need to pay a cent.
Lets say that for a starters you're going to use Gmail as the SMTP service. Setting up Nodemailer is a piece of cake in this case, you just need to have your username and password available:
var smtpTransport = nodemailer.createTransport("SMTP",{
 service: "Gmail",
 auth: {
 user: "_EMAIL_",
 pass: "gmailpass"
 }
});
And that's it, you now have a working wire for transmitting e-mails.
NB! If your mail configuration needs go beyond Gmail, you can find the full spectre of connection settings from the Nodemailer documentation.
The problem with SMTP is that you need to have plaintext passwords available somewhere for the app. In case of Gmail there are actually several other options as well. If you use 2 factor authentication, then you can generate application specific password for your mailing app without compromising your real password. There's also a way to use OAuth1.0 and OAuth2.0 tokens with Gmail if you want to skip using passwords at all. See Nodemailer documentation for details.
Sending an e-mail
Now that we have the working wire, we can start sending e-mails. The simplest form of e-mail requires sender address, recipients address, subject line and message text which can be formatted like this:
var mailOptions = {
 from: "_EMAIL_", // sender address
 to: "_EMAIL_", // list of receivers
 subject: "Hello ✔", // Subject line
 text: "Hello world ✔" // plaintext body
}
If the e-mail structure has been composed, we can send the mail using the "transport wire" defined earlier
smtpTransport.sendMail(mailOptions, function(error, response){
 if(error){
 console.log(error);
 }else{
 console.log("Message sent: " + response.message);
 }
});
Nodemailer transport object accepts a large number of messages to be sent at once, you don't have to wait for the first message to be delivered before you can proceed to the following. Only a limited count of connections are opened to the SMTP server (Nodemailer uses built-in connection pooling) at once and messages are queued automatically for delivery. Thus you can initiate sendMail just as well from a for loop, no need for a complex async setup or a callback hell.
for(var i=0; i<mailArray.length; i++){
 smtpTransport.sendMail(mailArray[i]);
}
Address formatting
Usually you want to include the name of the sender or receiver in addition to the plain address, or sometimes you want to send the e-mail to not just one but several recipients. Nodemailer recipient fields ("to", "cc", "bcc") accept comma separated addresses for multiple recipients and the name can be formatted as well (remeber to enclose the name in double quotes if it contains a comma).
...,
from: "\"Name, User\" <_EMAIL_>",
to: "Receiver Name <_EMAIL_>, _EMAIL_, \"Name, Another\" <_EMAIL_>"
...
And as with any other field, unicode is allowed - you can use non-ascii characters both for the names and for the domains, unicode e-mail domains are converted to the punycode form automatically.
Advanced options
Nodemailer supports a lot of advanced options, like DKIM signing or OAuth2.0 token generation and we are not going to cover all of these here, see Nodemailer docs instead for all the details about these features.
Using HTML and plaintext views
Usually the e-mail contains either HTML view (usually the default), plain text view or both. It is a good practice to include plaintext view in addition to the HTML view, so the less-able mail clients could fall back. Nodemailer can generate the plaintext view automatically, based on the HTML view but you can create it yourself if you want to (or skip it altogether, as only plaintext capable clients are pretty rare nowadays).
You can use both html and text views by specifying according properties of the e-mail object.
...,
text: "plaintext contents",
html: "
HTML contents
",
...
Keep in mind that one of the main differences between text and html views is that newlines are ignored in the html view but not in the plaintext view when rendering the contents.
You can generate the text view automatically when using generateTextFromHTML property
...,
html: "
HTML contents
",
generateTextFromHTML: true,
...
Or if you don't want to include the text contents at all, use only html property
...,
html: "
HTML contents
",
...
Just whatever you do, do not use a plaintext view that only states "Your e-mail client is not capable of displaying this e-mail" - a lot of e-mail clients use the plaintext part (if it exists) as the preview for the message and html part for the actual viewing.
Adding attachments
Attachments are defined as an array of attached files. You can use a variety of data sources for the attachments (files on disk, strings, buffers, streams, even web urls) and for these examples we are using files on disk. See Nodemailer documentation for the other options.
The most simple form of attachments are file paths on disk. Attachment filename and content type are derived automatically in this case (although you can override these values if you want to).
...,
attachments: [
 {filePath: __dirname + "/attachment1.txt"},
 {filePath: __dirname + "/attachment2.txt"}
],
...
When using images as attachments, you can point to these images as embedded files for the HTML view. You need to define unique cid value for the attachment and use it as an URL.
...,
html: "
Embedded image:
",
attachments:[
 {filePath: __dirname + "/image1.jpg", cid: "image1"}
],
...
In conclusion
Using an e-mail library like Nodemailer makes your life so much easier if you want to send an e-mail with Node.js. Sure, you can compose the message by yourself and transmit it using the standard Node.js net module (and if you're really interested how the


text:
Compact gas springs represent a substantial step forward in spring technology and are also available for high-temperature environments. Apart from the stipulated Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU, some of our gas springs are equipped with additional safety features. „The Safer Choice" are unique safety advantages that include overstroke protection, overpressure protection and piston rod protection. This puts our spring among the safest on the market.
Wether reshaping, cutting or punching, nearly all renowned tool manufacturers rely on the versatility when using FIBRO gas spring. A gas spring is a self-contained receptacle, which is filled with nitrogen gas. A piston rod moves into the space and compresses the gas located inside. Because the gas wants to expand again, the piston rod is forced out at a defined force (force = pressure x surface).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Naraharitirtha (_PHONE_ CE).[1] was a disciple of 13th Century Indian saint Madhvacharya and is considered the founder of the Haridasa (a Hindu Vaishnava) movement n India. He was not only a noted saint but also a pontiff to the ruling Vijayanagara royal as evidenced by some inscriptions. The pre-pontification name of Naraharitirtha was Shyama Sastry.[2]
Early years[edit]
No clear picture appears regarding his early years except that he was the minister of the King of Kalinga (modern Orissa, a state of Eastern India) described in a work called Narahariyatistotra which says he was a minister for twelve years. Hence its assumed that he was a native of either Andhra Pradesh or Orissa. Inscriptions from the Srikurmam and Simhacalam temples also attest to his ministry in Kalinga.
Though presumably not of Kannada origin, many of his works were in that language, although only three compositions in Kannada have been recovered. They are, yanthu marulade nanenthu, hariye idu sariye and tiliko ninnologe neene
Naraharitirtha was responsible for the conversion of many princely and aristocratic families of Kalinga and Andhra regions to the Madhva fold. The descedants of these families still flourish in the coastal Andhra and adjoining states. Though some allude to the belief that Naraharitirtha was indeed the founder of the Haridasa movement, based on the strength internal evidence of songs confirm that it was Sripadaraya who pioneered the haridasa movement, almost a century later.
Naraharitirtha is also attributed to be the founder of The Yakshagana and Bayalata dance and cultural art forms which still flourishes in parts of Karnataka and Kasargod in Kerela and is gaining widespread attention outside this region. He is also the founder of the Kuchipudi dance form when he was the "mathadhipathi"(high-priest) of his monastery in Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh.
 1. ^ "Sri Narahari Tirtha". Online Webpage of Haridasa ( Retrieved 2013-03-17.
 2. ^ Sri Narahari Tirtha


text:
September 12, 2003 (by Lieven Dewitte) - The Edwards F-16 Mid-Life Update (MLU) test program recently had the unique opportunity to utilize two NATO aircraft during a weeklong evaluation of its improved datalink system, the Link-16.
A NATO Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft flies with three F-16s during a test mission. The AWACS conducted airborne interoperability testing on the Link-16
, part of the F-16 Mid-Life Upgrade test program. [USAF photo by Tom Reynolds]
Arriving from Geilenkirchen, Germany, the two Airborne Warning and Control System aircraft touched down in Edwards on Aug. 15, and prepared to conduct airborne interoperability testing - a vital Link-16 test objective.
The Link-16 is a tactical datalink integrated into the F-16, providing an updated communications capability. This enhanced system allows aircraft to talk to each other and communicate with those on the ground. Basically, it provides increased situational awareness for the pilot.
Because the AWACS performs the C-2 mission, it is critical for fighter aircraft to have the ability to communicate with such platforms.
Not only was the collected data beneficial for the MLU
program, added Quistorf, but it was also valuable to the AWACS evaluation of their own Link-16 capability and instrumentation - an effort for improved interoperability joint and service wide.
The Link-16 is one of five avionics and weapons upgrades being tested as part of the overall MLU program, a $9.8 million test effort scheduled to be completed in 2004.
Five countries are currently involved in the Mid-Life Update, with two of the F-16 project pilots from the Netherlands
Air Forces - Maj. Terts Van Den Berg and Maj. Geert De Decker.
The recent Link-16 test involved 43 NATO
crewmembers, representing 19 NATO countries.
The weeklong test easily involved more than 200 people, said Quistorf, and was completed Aug. 24 with the departure of the NATO AWACS.
Fielding of the Link-16 is projected for the very near term.


text:
Swan Bay located at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula is one of the region's most important eco systems regarded as having international significance.
The 30 square kilometre shallow marine embayment lies between St Leonards to the North and Queenscliff to the South makes up part of the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The bay was originally called Swan Ponds and was named by explorer Matthew Flinders who was amazed by the large numbers black swan found in the waters. The black swan is only one of a number of important species found in the bay there the list of bird life is stunning with waders, seabirds and the orange bellied parrot which is one of the rarest birds in Australia with its name on the Critically Endangered list and an estimated 50 birds still alive in the wild. There are countless species of birds on the bay but pelicans, gull, spoonbill, sandpipers, oyster-catchers, terns and various species or duck are quiet common sights. Birds of prey like owls, eagles and hawks are also common sights.
The bay is one of the region's favourite spots for recreation. Bird watching is a favourite past time in the area as are some water based activities including scuba diving, kayaking and boating. As the area is part of the Marine National Park there are strict rules on where and what to fish. The scenic Bellarine Railway which runs from Queenscliff to Portarlington also offers spectacular views of the bay.
The bay is an important breeding ground and nursery for many of Port Phillip Bay's fish including mullet, whiting, flounder, and snapper. Much of the bay is covered in sea grass which offers food and protection for the sea life.
The scrub and vegetation around the bay is also an important feature. The southern tip of the bay is home to some of the peninsula's only real native bushlands with dense coastal tea tree and coastal beard heath. The shoreline has plenty of coastal saltbush and shrubs like Glasswort and Austral Seabite which also offer food and shelter to the abundant bird life.
Separating Swan Bay to Port Philip Bay on the Queenscliff side of the bay is Swan Island. This small island is home to the Queenscliff Golf Club which has an amazing course overlooking the bay. The Department of Defence also occupies a large portion of the island and uses it as a training facility including a counter terrorism training centre for the Australian Special Forces. Swan Island also houses the Queenscliff Cruising Yacht Club and waters of the island are popular dive spots especially around the wreck of the Mountain Maid which sank off the island in 1856. A J-Class Submarine was scuttled there in 1926 and also offers a great dive.
Swan Bay is the setting for one of the Geelong region's oldest legends or myths. The southern shoreline I meant to be home to buried pirate treasure which was allegedly hidden by Pirate 'Bloody Sword' Benito Bonito. The treasure called the 'Lost loot of Lima' consisted mainly of golden religious figures and jewels, was taken from the west coast of the Americas and hidden on Swan Bay in the early 1820s. No one has ever found the treasure, so who knows it may still be out there and on today's market could be worth more than $300 million. Poor old Bonito was caught by the British not long after leaving Port Phillip Bay and after a drum head court martial and was hung taking any secrets he had to his death.


text:
Low Fertility, Socioeconomic Development, and Gender Equity
While new empirical findings and theoretical frameworks provide insight into the interrelations between socioeconomic development, gender equity, and low fertility, puzzling exceptions and outliers in these findings call for a more all‐encompassing framework to understand the interplay between these processes. We argue that the pace and onset of development are two important factors to be considered when analyzing gender equity and fertility. Within the developed world, "first‐wave developers"—or countries that began socioeconomic development in the nineteenth/early twentieth century—currently have much higher fertility levels than "late developers." We lay out a novel theoretical approach to explain why this is the case and provide empirical evidence to support our argument. Our approach not only explains historical periods of low fertility but also sheds light on why there exists such large variance in fertility rates among today's developed countries.
No Supplementary Data
No Article Media
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: September 1, 2015


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Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya
Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction. A building may contain some or all of the following features:
Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction
Common Fire fighting equipment
Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire fighting measure, generally undertaken by the occupants of the building before the fire service arrives. It is important that occupants are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.
Most fires start as a small fire and can be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include:
Extinguishing Agent Principle Use
Waterwood and paper fires – not electrical
Foamflammable liquid fires – not electrical
Carbon dioxideelectrical fires
Wet chemicalfat fires – not electrical
Dry powder solid combustibles, flammable liquids and electricity
Clearly identify fire extinguisher locations. Color code extinguishers based on the extinguishing agent. Logically group them at exits from the building so that occupants first proceed to the exit and then return to fight the fire, with the knowledge of a safe exit behind them, away from the fire.
Hose reels
Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' fire fighting measure but may, in some instances, also be used by firefighters.
When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, then open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose, then close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives:
 - A depressurised hose and hose reel seal will last longer than if permanently pressurised.
 - When using the hose reel next, the operator must turn on the isolating valve, thereby charging the hose reel with pressurized water supply, before dragging the hose to the fire. A potential danger arises if the operator reaches the fire and discovers no water is available because the hose reel valve is still closed.
Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit, in an emergency it is possible to reach a safe place simply by following the hose.
Fire hydrant systems
Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the fire. Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the fire fighting process.
Fire hydrants are for the sole use of trained firefighters (which includes factory fire fighting teams). Because of the high pressures available serious injury can occur if untrained persons attempt to operate the equipment connected to such installations.
Fire hydrant systems sometimes include ancillary parts essential to their effective operation such as pumps, tanks and fire service booster connections. These systems must be maintained and regularly tested if they are to be effective when needed..
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Time is essential in the control of fire. Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling fires. Today's automatic fire sprinkler systems offer state of the art protection of life and property from the effects of fire. Sprinkler heads are now available which are twenty times more sensitive to fire than they were ten years ago.
A sprinkler head is really an automatic (open once only) tap. The sprinkler head is connected to a pressurised water system. When the fire heats up the sprinkler head, it opens at a pre-set temperature, thus allowing pressurised water to be sprayed both down onto the fire and also up to cool the hot smoky layer and the building structure above the fire. This spray also wets combustible material in the vicinity of the fire, making it difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing fire spread and growth.
When a sprinkler head operates, the water pressure in the system drops, activating an alarm which often automatically calls the fire service via a telephone connection.
Some people say sprinklers cause a lot of water damage. As has been explained, only those sprinkler heads heated by the fire operate. All sprinklers in a building do not operate at once. Usually non-fire water damage only occurs if the occupants carelessly damage the system. Firefighters use much more water than a sprinkler system. The combined damage from a fire and the water used by firefighters dramatically exceeds that likely from a properly installed sprinkler system.
Because, historically, complete extinguishment of fires has not been achieved, it is traditional to consider that sprinklers only control fire growth until intervention occurs by the fire service. Today, some sprinkler systems are designed for early suppression and are considered to have failed if they do not extinguish the fire.
Sprinkler systems are usually installed in high or large buildings and high fire hazard occupancies. Statistics show that in a majority of cases where sprinklers are installed the fire has been controlled by one sprinkler head alone.
Call +254748246998 to place your order on Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya
Swift delivery within Kenya. Huge price (KES) discounts on large orders


text:
The Chevrolet Motor Company presents "Streamlines". Learn all about wind resistance and how shape can effect the movement of an object through the air. All recorded by a motion picture camera.
It's handy to know the basics of streamlines in case you ever have to deal with fluid resistance of any sort, including air.
Wikipedia on Streamlines
"Fluid flow is characterized by a velocity vector field in three-dimensional space, within the framework of continuum mechanics. Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are field lines resulting from this vector field description of the flow. They differ only when the flow changes with time: that is, when the flow is not steady.
- Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of the flow. These show the direction in which a massless fluid element will travel at any point in time.
- Streaklines are the loci of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously through a particular spatial point in the past. Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed point extends along a streakline.
- Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as "recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the path takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.
- Timelines are the lines formed by a set of fluid particles that were marked at a previous instant in time, creating a line or a curve that is displaced in time as the particles move.
Definition of Streamlines
By definition, different streamlines at the same instant in a flow do not intersect, because a fluid particle cannot have two different velocities at the same point.
Similarly, streaklines cannot intersect themselves or other streaklines, because two particles cannot be present at the same location at the same instant of time; unless the origin point of one of the streaklines also belongs to the streakline of the other origin point.
However, pathlines are allowed to intersect themselves or other pathlines (except the starting and end points of the different pathlines, which need to be distinct).
Streamlines and timelines provide a snapshot of some flowfield characteristics, whereas streaklines and pathlines depend on the full time-history of the flow. However, often sequences of timelines (and streaklines) at different instants—being presented either in a single image or with a video stream—may be used to provide insight in the flow and its history."


text:
The term 'rosette' is commonly used to describe plants that grow leaves around a central growth point making a circle of layers, much the way petals unfold in a rose. Some plants that grow in a rosette look flower-like, others are less obvious. Succulents like aloes, aeoniums and agaves (Century plants) demonstrate the spiral form of growth clearly whereas the lettuce is a little harder to notice. Most plants that grow in a rosette form are neat-looking in the garden. They conform well to container growing and can be used to good effect in a formal or controlled landscape design.
Amazon Carousel Widget


text:
Convert degree to milliradian
Selected category: angle.
Definition and details for degree:
Degree (deg) unit was introduced by the Greek geometer Hipparchus of Nicaea (ca. 180-ca. 125 BC), who developed the first trigonometric tables. This is the standard unit of angle measure, equal to 1/360 circle, 60 minutes, 3600 seconds.
Definition and details for milliradian:
Milliradian (mrad) is a unit of angle measurement equal to 0.001 radian.


ADEDE wins UXO detection and beach clearance contract in Belgium
ADEDE was recently awarded the three year UXO detection and clearance contract for the Belgian coast by the Belgian Coast Authority (Afdeling Kust). Although a lot of effort was made to clear the Belgian beaches of UXO immediately after the last war, the volume of explosive and inert Remnants of War (ROW) was such that nowadays their number still pose a threat. The ongoing maintenance of sea defenses therefore implies that all intrusive activities, earthworks and construction needs to be preceded by geophysical surveys, detections and clearances of UXO, not in the least because of the shifting sediment resulting in migration of UXO from the sea towards the beaches. We are proud that our scientific, multidisciplinary and therefore costeffective approach towards solving UXO threats was recognised and we are looking forward to putting that into practice on the Belgium coastline for the next three years.
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Right now I am reading a proof of Downward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem in Hodges, but I am slightly confused about a proof Hodges makes. Let me write down some of the definitions.
Definition: Let $T$ be a first-order theory in a first-order language $\scr{L}$. >Then a skolemisation of $T$ is a theory $T^+\supseteq T$ in a first order >language $\scr{L}^+\supseteq \scr{L}$ such that
 1. Any model of $T$ can be expanded to a model of $T^+$.
 2. For every formula $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ of $\scr{L}^+$ with $\bar{x}$ a nonempty tuple, there is a term $t$ of $\scr{L}^+$ such that $$ T^+\vdash \forall \bar{x}(\exists y\phi(\bar{x}, y)\to \phi(\bar{x}, t(\bar{x}))). $$
A theory $T$ is said to be a Skolem Theory or to have Skolem functions if $T^+:=T$ and $\scr{L}^+ = \scr{L}$ is a skolemisation of $T$, i.e. $T$ is a skolemisation of itself.
Hodges goes on to say that for a Skolem theory $T$, and $A$ a model of $T$ and $X$ a subset of $A$, if the skolem hull $B:=\langle X\rangle_A$ is nonempty, then it is an elementary substructure of $A$. He proves this by invoking the Tarski-Vaught Criterion for elementary substructures. In particular, if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is a $\scr{L}$-formula and $\bar{a}$ is a tuple from $B$ with $A\models \exists y \phi(\bar{a}, y)$, then $A\models \phi(\bar{a}, t(\bar{a}))$ for the appropriate term $t$. But $t^A(\bar{a})\in B$ as $B$ is closed under the functions, and he concludes that $B$ satisfies the Tarski-Vaught Criterion and so $B\preceq A$.
Here is my question, what if $\phi(\bar{x}, y)$ is actually $\phi(y)$? Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is a sentence and so does not have a Skolem function. So if $A\models \exists y\phi$, how can we guarantee that $B$ possesses a witness to $\exists y\phi$?
My attempt to work around this is to consider the formula $$ \psi(x, y): = \ulcorner \phi(y)\wedge x=x\urcorner. $$ Then $\exists y\phi(y)$ is logically equivalent to $\exists y \psi(x, y)$. As $T$ is a skolem theory, there is a term $t(x)$ such that $$ T\vdash \forall x(\exists y\psi(x, y)\to \psi(x, t(x))). $$ Then for any $a\in B$, $t^A(a)$ will be an element of $B$ witnessing $A\models \exists y\phi$. Is this a correct resolution of my question, or is there something else I am missing? Thanks for the help!
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up vote 3 down vote accepted
Yes, your solution works. A less "cheap" way to resolve things is to remove the word "nonempty" from Hodges' definition, so that $(\exists y)\phi(y)$ has a zero-ary Skolem function, that is, a "Skolem constant" $c_\phi$. That is the definition of a Skolemization some others use. (I am not familiar with Hodges' definitions and conventions; he might not require that a variable shown in a formula name must actually appear, in which case he could write "$(\exists y)[y = y]$" as $\phi(x)$.)
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text:
Calling All Engineers!
A week-long engineering and science non-residential camp is offered each year by the Tagliatela College of Engineering. Participants in the program discover the excitement of working on engineering and science projects in a university environment. Due to ESUMS's partnership with UNH, students who attend ESUMS may qualify for full or half scholarships to the camp.
At the camp UNH faculty and staff lead a variety of activities that focus on:
- 2D Video Game Design – A fun introduction to computer programming principles that are aimed at beginners. Participants create a 2D video game that includes animation, sound, music, and graphics. Free software will be used that will allow the student to continue to create and design even after the camp!
- Aerodynamics – Investigate the shapes of wings and airfoils and how different designs affect the way they fly. Participants design, build and test their own airplane models to see which fly farther, faster and for the longest time.
- Chemistry of Energy – Discover the chemistry behind batteries, solar panels, fuel cells and more! Participants will learn the principles of these power sources, make their own batteries and solar cells and test them, both in the lab and on a model car.
Through these hands-on activities participants will learn about careers in engineering and science.
UNH faculty and staff supervise all classroom and project work. The faculty have outstanding backgrounds in many different areas of engineering, technology, and science, combined with a genuine interest in working with young people who show an aptitude from science, math, engineering, and technology.


text:
For more trusted health
news and information,
visit CBS Chicago's
CHICAGO (CBS) — A Northwestern University research survey at has turned up data showing around 20 percent of all body piercings end up with infections.
As WBBM Newsradio's John Cody reports, the infections are usually mild and local. But on rare occasions, they can lead to toxic shock syndrome, viral hepatitis or endocarditis, among other complications.
LISTEN: WBBM Newsradio's John Cody reports
"(The infection rates) kind of tend to hover around 20 percent," said Dr. Jamie Holbrook, a dermatologist at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. "Any area can become infected."
Holbrook says the most common symptoms are redness and crusting, little local infections. But the more severe infections have led to loss of tissue and even brain abscesses.
Other body piercing complications include allergies, loss of blood, scarring, and interference with medical procedures, such as MRI, X-ray or ultrasound.
The Mayo Clinic Web site says the infection rate could actually be as high as 30 percent, and a 2005 British survey showed that 15 percent of all people with piercings required treatment by a doctor.
Dr. Holbrook said her research shows that Doctors need to become more familiar with body piercings which are becoming increasingly common.
She says doctors need to know how to gently remove piercings without resorting to wire cutters in non-emergency cases.
Holbrook adds that patients need some education before getting piercings.
"If you use something that's too small of a gauge – too thin – it could potentially tear out," Holbrook said. "So people have problems with earrings sometimes if they put piercings sometimes in their ear, in their nipple, in their belly button."
Holbrook conducted the literature survey to check the safety of tongue piercings which are being used to help paraplegics guide computerized wheelchairs and communications devices.


text:
As the result of a Settlement Agreement that the National AGO organization is entering into with the Federal Trade Commission, the AGO is no longer permitted to publish Salary Guidelines, Model Contracts, or Model Contract Provisions. Accordingly, these documents and guidelines have been removed from the AGO headquarters and this chapter's website.
Independent Contractor or Employee? How to Tell the Difference.
Occasionally churches or synagogues will hire musicians as independent contractors instead of employees. According to the IRS, workers are generally considered employees if they:
- Must comply with the employer's instructions about the work.
- Receive training from or at the direction of the employer.
- Provide services that are integrated into the business.
- Provide services that must be rendered personally.
- Are aided by assistants who are hired, supervised, and paid by the employer.
- Have a continuing working relationship with the employer.
- Must follow set hours of work.
- Work full-time for an employer.
- Do their work on the employer's premises.
- Must do their work in a sequence set by the employer.
- Must submit regular reports to the employer.
- Receive payments of regular amounts at set intervals.
- Receive payments for business travel expenses.
- Rely on the employer to furnish tools and materials.
- Lack a major investment in the facilities or equipment used to perform the services.
- Cannot make a profit or suffer a loss from their services.
- Work for one employer at a time.
- Do not offer their services to the general public.
- Can be fired by the employer.
- May quit work at any time without incurring liability.
According to these guidelines, the majority of church and synagogue musicians are employees.
To access the AGO "Positions Available" (available only to current members), please click here.


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Cosmic Ray may refer to:
- The ability from Dissidia Final Fantasy and Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy.
- The ability from Final Fantasy Record Keeper.
Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin.


Can You Microwave Nothing? (What Happens, Is It Dangerous + More)
A microwave is a great appliance to have at home, especially if you lead a fast-paced life. Just pop your meal in the microwave, nuke your meal for a couple of minutes, and your food is ready.
However, what happens if you accidentally turn on the microwave with nothing in the microwave? I looked into it, and here is what I discovered!
Can You Microwave Nothing?
Turning on an empty microwave can damage the microwave. Since the microwaves produced are not absorbed by anything, the microwaves are instead redirected to the unit's magnetron. Since the magnetron is producing microwaves as well as absorbing these microwaves, the magnetron can break down and you will have to replace the magnetron to get the microwave working again.
In case you are interested to learn more about the dangers of running the microwave while empty and the signs that your microwave has been damaged because of it, keep reading!
What Happens If You Microwave Nothing?
Microwaving nothing can potentially destroy your microwave unit. However, the damage is often guaranteed only when you allow the microwave unit to run empty for longer than 5 minutes.
After reaching the 5-minute mark, the microwave's magnetron would have absorbed much of the heat it has produced, resulting in the magnetron's malfunction.
Without the magnetron, the microwave unit will not function. As such, you will either have to purchase a new microwave unit or get the magnetron replaced.
How Long Can You Microwave Nothing?
A microwave unit can operate with nothing inside it for approximately 5 minutes. Any longer than 5 minutes, and the microwave is likely to shut down or catch on fire.
However, if you turn the microwave off on or before the 5-minute mark, the microwave should not incur any significant damage, if at all.
Can You Ruin A Microwave By Running It Without Nothing In It?
It is possible to permanently ruin a microwave unit by letting the microwave unit run empty.
Depending on the settings of your microwave and how long you let the microwave run empty, the microwave can either have reversible or irreversible damage.
Nevertheless, a simple accident like turning on the microwave unit for a couple of seconds without putting the food in the unit is unlikely to have any significant effect.
Can You Leave A Microwave On With Nothing In It?
If you are preheating the microwave unit because you are preparing to cook food in the microwave, leaving a microwave on with nothing in the microwave is okay.
However, preheating is only done with microwave convection ovens, not with traditional microwave ovens.
Since microwave convection ovens heat differently than a traditional microwave oven, microwave convection ovens are less likely to get damaged when preheated empty.
Can You Heat A Microwave With Nothing In It?
Can You Heat A Microwave With Nothing In It?
On account of how microwaves operate, there is no need to warm up a microwave unit before cooking or reheating anything in the microwave unit.
However, if you simply want to observe how well your microwave unit is operating, make sure to at least place a cup of cool water in the unit.
By putting a cup of water inside the microwave unit, the microwaves get absorbed in the water, which will prevent the microwave unit's magnetron from getting damaged.
Why Shouldn't You Microwave Nothing?
Microwaving nothing is a sure way to damage your microwave unit. At worst, the microwave unit can malfunction or even start a fire.
Even if your microwave unit simply shuts down, the microwave unit can be extremely hot to touch, and the microwave unit can emit an awful smell inside your home.
Do Microwaves Explode When Empty?
Contrary to popular belief, microwaves units do not explode. While the glass tray in the microwave unit might break or burst, the microwave unit itself is not prone to bursting.
Nonetheless, a microwave unit that runs with nothing in it for too long can potentially start a fire and pose risks to you and your property.
How To Tell If The Microwave Was Damaged By Running Empty For Four Minutes?
You can tell if a microwave unit was damaged by running empty for several minutes when the microwave unit does not turn on again, even after allowing the microwave unit to rest.
In case the microwave unit turns on, try microwaving a glass of cool water. If the water does not heat up, it is likely the microwave unit's magnetron needs to be replaced.
Is It Dangerous To Run A Microwave Empty?
Running a microwave unit empty is dangerous because there is a risk of the microwave unit catching fire. Consequently, the fire can spread to your belongings and easily escalate.
Additionally, putting out the fire can leave you with burns. While there is no guarantee that a microwave unit running empty will eventually catch fire, it is best not to risk it.
Can Running An Empty Microwave Cause a Fire?
Some microwaves that run empty have a higher tendency of catching fire than others. While a rare occurrence, microwaves that run empty are always at risk of catching fire.
Generally, a fire can start because the microwave unit is forced to absorb all the microwaves produced by the magnetron. Consequently, certain parts of the microwave unit can spark.
Can An Empty Microwave Catch Fire?
Even an empty microwave unit can catch fire when overheated because the microwave unit has parts that can spark when exposed to too much heat.
Plus, the microwaves produced by a microwave unit are designed to excite water particles, and microwave units have none of those.
Take a look at our other articles to learn if you can microwave napkins, if you can microwave bacon, and if you can microwave broccoli.
Conclusion
Microwave units should never be turned on without any food or item inside the microwave. When you do so, the microwave unit will likely get damaged in the process.
Nonetheless, the occasional mistake of running a microwave unit empty for a few seconds should not result in any significant damage or hazard.
It is only when the microwave unit runs empty for more than five minutes that the risk of the microwave unit malfunctioning or even catching fire is amplified.
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Jewish Surrogacy
How Judaism influences Surrogacy and Egg Donation Arrangements
Q. How does Judiasm affect Surrogacy and Egg Donation situations?
A. Jewish Surrogacy and Egg Donation allows Jewish Intended Parents to use the services of a surrogate or egg donor to expand their families allowing the resulting child(ren) to be considered Jewish under Jewish Law.
Q. Why do Jewish Intended Parents need this type of service?
A. Many Jewish Intended Parents do not. However, many Jewish Intended Parents who are of the Orthodox faith, who live in the country of Israel absolutely need a Jewish Surrogate or egg donor, in order to follow the halachic views of their Rabbi or the faith.
Q. What is the reason for these views?
A. These views are guidelines for Jewish Intended Parents who want their future children considered Jewish in the eyes of the Jewish faith, without the need of conversion. As well, a child born Jewish reaps certain benefits of citizenship, in Israel. However, each Rabbi may have their own rules about using a surrogate or egg donor, based on their own individual interpretations of Jewish law.
Q. Give me an example of rules that may need to be followed by these Intended Parents.
A. Examples include:
1) A Surrogate/Egg Donor must be unmarried or married to a non-Jew.
2) A Surrogate/Egg Donor must be Jewish based on her mother being Jewish and her maternal grandmother being Jewish.
3) The egg donor must not be Jewish at all. (in some cases)
Q. How can we prove a surrogate or egg donor is Jewish?
A. It is helpful and sometimes important to have some type of documentation that the Surrogate or Egg donor is Jewish. Documents showing maiden names of the surrogate's mother and grandmother, Bat Mitzvah or baby naming documentation, the Donor/Surrogate's Parents' Ketubbah, can be very helpful.
Certification can be done by a national Beth Din organization. I can arrange ceritification with the Beth Din. Their charge is typically $100-$300. In some cases documentation is unavailable or no longer exists. In these cases we have to use maiden names in hope she can be certified or accepted by your Rabbi.
For some Rabbis, documentation is not necessary.
Q. How easy is it to find a Jewish surrogate or egg donor?
A. Unfortunately it is very difficult to find a Jewish Surrogate, especially an unmarried surrogate. The demand is significantly higher than the supply. It can take many months to a year to find a Jewish surrogate, if not longer. It is much easier to find a Jewish Egg Donor, but again the demand is much greater than the supply.
Q. How can Fertility Alternatives, Inc. help?
A. Fertility Alternatives specializes in Jewish matches. However, it takes time to find the right Jewish Surrogate or Egg Donor. Being Jewish myself, and experiencing first hand what it is like to be Surrogate and Egg donor, I am able to narrow down my search and recruiting options. I am also experienced in arranging Jewish certifications for the Carriers/Donors with the Beth Din of America and the Rabbinical Council of California.
It is important to me to find more Jewish women out there willing to help infertile couples and individuals.
Assisted Reproduction and Judaism
by Miryam Z. Wahrman, Ph.D


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This arcade like-game that works well for catechism lessons when covering Luke 5:1-11 or Mark 1:16-19. In these Scripture readings, Jesus calls Peter and his other disciples to follow him.
"And Jesus said to them, "Follow Me, and I will make you become fishers of men."[Mark 1:17]
The goal is to fish and catch one of the 12 disciples using a pole made from a canning ring attached by string to a yardstick. Kids will think right away the challenge is easy, but it is difficult due to the long lever arm of the pole. There is little precise control because a little wiggle of the end of the pole makes the canning ring move a lot!
Supplies of the Fishing of Disciples Game:
- 12 heavy bottles the shape of beer bottles or wine coolers
- Laminated cutouts of the 12 Disciples rubber-banded to the bottles
- enlarge and print the 12 disciples character sheet available from Kristy Mcallister's blog on cardstock
- laminate each individual photo
- 2 Fishing poles made of a yard stick, a 3 feet piece of string and a wide-mouth canning lid
Setup of the Fishing for Disciples Game:
- Divide the class into 2 teams
- Divide the Disciple bottles between the 2 teams.
To Play Fishing for Disciples Game:
- Line each team in front of their group of 6 bottles
- Give the first person in each line a "canning ring fishing pole".
- Designate a timer and a point recorder.
- Give each person 1 minute to try to get the ring on as many Disciples bottles as possible. Remove the Disciple bottle from play once caught.
- The next person in line is to try to catch remaining Disciple bottles.
- If a team catches all bottles before the last person is finished with their turn, then reset the bottles and then that team gets bonus for each additional Apostle caught.
If it is too difficult, move the bottles close enough to each other so they touch each other.


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This paper describes the outcome of the ESA contract 20532/06/NL/Sfe entitled "Instrument concepts using dynamic diffraction gratings". The goal of the project was to study the optical performance of state of the art dynamic diffraction grating technology and identify potential applications for space missions. A dynamic diffraction grating sample was obtained for characterisation and a demonstrator for a compact spectrometer architecture was implemented and tested.
|Proceedings of SPIE
|International Conference on Space Optics 2008, ICSO 2008
|14/10/08 → 17/10/08


Explore BrainMass
vCJD epidemiology
Figure 2 is a plot of number of deaths per year by birth cohort (i.e. those victims born before 1970, those born in the 1970s and those born in the 1980s).
Table 1 gives the median age at death of UK victims of definite or probable vCJD for those years for which a median could sensibly be calculated. The overall median age at death is 28 years, with a range from 14 to 75 years. The median number of days from onset of the disease to diagnosis is 326 days, with a further 87 days to death.
(The median is a type of average that is more appropriate than the mean when data is skewed in one direction or the other. If the number of data points is odd, the median is the value of the middle one. If it is even, then it is the mean of the middle two.)
Compare the shapes of the plots of number of deaths annually for the three age cohorts (Figure 2) with one another and with the distribution for the total number of deaths annually (Figure 1).
On the basis of this data, what can be said about the course of vCJD from time of infection to death? Bearing in mind that vCJD is widely believed to affect younger people particularly, what does the data on the youngest age cohort suggest about the vulnerability of the very young to vCJD? In each case, explain the reason(s) for your answer.
Solution Preview
As per Brainmass policy, this information is intended to guide your own answers rather than a completed assignment.
(i) The peak number of deaths in the total group occurred in 2000, which was the same pattern as that observed in the 1970s cohort. This...
Solution Summary
This solution analyzes real data regarding the number of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) cases in the UK. The annual number of deaths in different age groups is shown, together with the total number of deaths. The solution explains how the curves can be compared, and the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the course of vCJD infection in different age groups. It will be of interest both for studies on vCJD and disease epidemiology in general.


Employer Guidelines
 1. Establish consensus in the senior leadership team on the importance of all eligible employees voting in every election (federal, state, local, primaries, runoffs), and gain commitment to take action on a regular and consistent basis.
 3. VAC recommends that your organization remain neutral, non-partisan, and unbiased at all times. Your role is as a motivator, facilitator and information provider. Corporate positions or recommendations may be useful on bond issues or candidates that have a direct impact on your entity, but you can't be perceived as telling employees how to vote.
 5. Establish a "get out the vote" action group, with senior leadership oversight, comprised of a cross-section representative group of interested employees to take ownership for the initiative.
 6. Develop an internal communication strategy using meetings, videos, intranet, text messages, social media, bulletin boards, hallway and work room monitors — any and all applicable communications tools.
 8. Conduct sessions with employees for voter registration and impartial ballot review.
 10. Provide (_URL_ and others as needed) links to sample ballots, voting times and locations, candidate and issues information.
 11. Invite guest speakers and/or candidates to visit with employees during breakfast seminars or luncheon forums on select key ballot items.
 12. Encourage employees to vote during early voting, allow/encourage employees to vote anytime during the day that work demands will permit.
 14. On Election Day, have frequent reminders all day to encourage voting, provide access so that employees can find their precinct location if they do not already know, see relevant ideas in 12 and 13 above.
 15. Consider keeping score, report back after each election on what percentage of your team voted, and display running bar-chart comparisons to show trends.


These 20 men explain in detail why they love women's feet. Ticklish feet are usually a good indication of health. I often experience more or less the same thing. The effect of a light touch that results in a tickling sensation is … Answer. According to Nirenberg, patients who either have ticklish feet or feel foot pain should feel fortunate—losing ticklish sensation on the feet can indicate neuropathy, a disease in which the nerves deteriorate. From: Florence, South Carolina, US. You are not tickling your foot. Wiki User Answered . And why does it feel so good? Some people have a very strong response, and others are only ticklish sometimes. While some people genuinely dislike the fact that their feet are ticklish, having sensitive feet is actually a good thing. Scientists and psychologists at one time thought ticklishness was a reflex, but now view it as social-bonding behavior that can be learned at an early age between a parent and child. Is the cream in most good quality moisturisers, from cows? 4. Non-ticklish feet can indicate problems with nerve receptors caused by illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, arthritis, certain vitamin deficiencies or thyroid problems. I've always been able to tickle myself, like if I just rub my bare foot bottom, along the wood under my desk IT TICKLES and I have to stop. He posited that a child expecting to be tickled laughed, but a child who wasn't expecting to be tickled initially showed displeasure. Similar to why some people are ticklish and others are not, mood can influence why some people like or dislike it. I do have the same feeling in my hands but not always. _URL_ _URL_ Posted in News, Uncategorized | Light tickling, such as the brush of a feather across the soles of your feet, is called knismesis. Losing ticklish sensation on the feet can also indicate neuropathy, a disease in which the nerves deteriorate. _URL_


Bacillus Megaterium
Definition – What is the meaning of Bacillus Magaterium?
Bacillus Megaterium is a rod-like, Gram-positive, mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium found in widely diverse habitats. With a cell length of up to 4 µm and a diameter of 1.5 µm, B. megaterium is amongst the biggest known bacteria. The cells often occur in pairs and chains where the cells are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls.
In the 1960s, prior to the development of B. megaterium was the main model organism among Gram-positive bacteria for intensive studies on biochemistry, sporulation and bacteriophages. Recently, its popularity has started increasing in the field of biotechnology for its recombinant protein production capacity.
Bacillus Megaterium explained by Bud Bionics
 1. megateriumgrows at temperatures from 3 °C to 45 °C, with the optimum around 30 °C. Some isolates from an Antarctic geothermal lake were found to grow at temperatures up to 63 °C.[1]
 2. megateriumhas been recognized as an endophyte and is a potential agent for the biocontrol of plant diseases. Nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated in some strains of B. megaterium.
 3. megateriumhas been an important industrial organism for decades. It produces penicillin amid aseused to make synthetic penicillin, various amylases used in the baking industry and glucose dehydrogenase used in glucose blood tests. Further, it is used for the production of pyruvate, vitamin B12, drugs with fungicidal and antiviral properties, etc.[2]It produces enzymes for modifying corticosteroids, as well as several amino acid dehydrogenases.
 4. megateriumis known to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid. The accumulation of the polymer is greatly increased in a saline (2–10% NaCl) environment, in which the polymer comprises largely of L-glutamate(L-isomer content up to 95%).[4] At least one strain of B. megaterium can be considered a halophile, as growth on up to 15% NaCl has been observed.[5]
Gram-stained Bacillus megaterium
Phylogenetically, based on 16S rRNA, B. megaterium is strongly linked with B. flexus, the latter distinguished from B. megaterium a century ago, but only recently confirmed as a different species. B. megaterium has some phenotypic and phylogenetic similarities with pathogens B. anthracis[6] and B. cereus, although itself being relatively harmless.
 1. megateriumis ubiquitous in the environment around us. In addition to being a common soil bacterium and an endophyte, it can be found in various foods (including honey, in which most microorganisms do not grow) and on a variety of surfaces, including clinical specimens, leather, paper, stone etc. It has also been isolated from cow feces, emperor moth caterpillars and greater wax moth frass.[1]
The method of[7] described in[1] can be used to isolate strains of B. megaterium from the soil. The procedure starts with plating 0.1 ml of dilutions of heat-treated soil suspensions on glucose mineral base agar: 10g Glc; 1g (NH4)2SO4 or KNO3; 0.8g K2HPO4; 0.2g KH2PO4; 0.5g MgSO4·7H2O; 0.05g CaSO4·7H2O; 0.01g FeSO4·7H2O; 12g agar; distilled water to 1 litre; adjust pH 7.0. Plates are incubated at 30 °C. White, round, smooth and shiny colonies 1–3 mm in diameter may develop on the nitrate (KNO3) medium in 36–48 hours. However, not all strains can use nitrate, therefore the recommendation to use the ammonium ((NH4)2SO4) medium in parallel. Colonies are detected by their appearance and suspects should be observed microscopically for the typically large cells of this species.
The species was described by de Bary in 1884, who called it Bacillus megaterium, but did not give an etymology.[8] However, some subsequent authors called it B. megatherium assuming the name was incorrectly spelled.[9] This trend continues as many scientists (mainly from the developing world) still use the name B. megatherium,[10][11] sowing confusion. The name B. megaterium is a nominative noun in apposition (see Rule 12 of IBCN[12]) and is formed from the Greek adjective mega, (μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα) meaning "great",[13] and a second word of unclear etymology. Three hypotheses of the epithet "megaterium" are possible:[9]
 - unintentional orthographic error (unlikely given the fact that de Bary and his students, consistently used the epithet "megaterium"), whereas it should have been megatherium, from therion(θηρίον, meaning "beast"[14]), to mean "great beast".
 - a contraction of "megabacterium" as speculated by Rippel in given the fact that de Bary called the bacterium with the nickname Grosstier or Grossvich
 - stems from teras, teratos(τέρας, τέρατος, a neuter noun meaning omen or wonder or, indirectly, monster,]) which could be interpreted to mean "great monster" (with the Neolatin name being formed incorrectly given that there is no evidence of a Greek third declension noun when converted into Latin becoming a second Latin declention using the nominative stem, which is "ter-" while the other case use the stem "terat-". If were converted into a third decleasion noun it would have been "megateras, -atis").
Consequently, it was decided in the first jouridical opinion of the Bacteriological code that the name should remain "megaterium" given the unclear meaning.
The etymology listed in LPSN is, despite being not quite correction, a fusion of the first and third interpretation Gr. adj. megas, large; Gr. n. teras -atis, monster, beast; N.L. n. megaterium, big beast.
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Effect of Online Social Networking on Student Academic Performance
Online social networks (OSNs) have permeated all generations of Internet users, becoming a prominent communications tool, particularly in the student community. Thus, academic institutions and faculty are increasingly using social networking sites, such as Facebook and LinkedIn, to connect with current and potential students and to deliver instructional content. This has led to a rise in questions about the impact of OSN on academic performance and the possibility of using it as an effective teaching tool. To learn more about the impact on academic performance, we conducted a survey of business students at a large state university. Survey results were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between time spent by students on OSN and their academic performance. The time spent on OSN was found to be heavily influenced by the attention span of the students. Specifically, we determined that the higher the attention span, the lower is the time spent on OSN. Further, attention span was found to be highly correlated with characteristics that predict or influence student behavior, such as their perceptions about society's view of social networking, their likes and dislikes of OSN, ease of use of OSN, etc.
Paul, J., Baker, V., Cochran, J. (2012). Effect of Online Social Networking on Student Academic Performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2117-2127.


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The element type topic is the base topic type from which all other topic types are specialized. All topics have the same basic structure.
For authors, typed content is preferred to support consistency in writing and presentation to readers. The generic topic type should only be used if authors are not trained in information typing or when a specialized topic type is inappropriate. The OASIS DITA standard provides several specialized topic types, including concept, task, and reference that are critical for technical content development.
For those pursuing specialization, new specialized topic types should be specialized from appropriate ancestors to meet authoring and output requirements.


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Blackberry Seed Oil, is oil that is cold pressed from blackberry seeds, and is a natural source of tocopherols, tocotriencols and lutien, packed with the vital phytosterol beta-sitosterol, it is also a rich source of Vitamin C. Vitamin C can help combat wrinkles, blotches, large pores and other skin blemishes.
The disadvantage of many Vitamin C ingredients is their tendency to oxidize quickly.
Blackberry Oil, however, contains a high proportion of Vitamin C yet possesses a stable shelf life of two years, and it contains about 90% unsaturated fatty acids, 20% of which are omega-3 fatty acids.
Blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the Rubus genus in the Rosaceae family, the oil extracted from its seed is commonly used in skin care products like soaps, lotions, creams, lip balms and hair care products like soaps, lotions, creams, lip balms and hair care products where it offers excellent skin protection and will also help to stabilize and improve the antioxidant activity.
- Blackberry seed oil can heal, strengthen and moisturize the hair and scalp. This wonderful oil is known to promote a silky soft hair, prevents moisture loss and adds elasticity and suppleness, it provides an immediate sparkle and shine, and helps to mend split ends.
- Blackberry seed oil is rich in antioxidant, making it an excellent addition to your natural sun protection products.
- It is an excellent choice to aid in the relief of itching, scaly, irritated skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis.
Blackberry seed oil is the one to have as a part in your skin care products for a healthy glowing skin and hair.