Flag of Arkansas
The flag of the state of Arkansas is a U.S. state flag with a very interesting history and meaning behind it. The current state flag of Arkansas is rectangular with a red background. In the center of the flag is a large white diamond with a blue border. Twenty-five white stars appear inside the blue border. In the center of the white diamond, the word "Arkansas" appears in blue capital letters, with one blue star above and three blue stars below it.
Although the current version of the Arkansas state flag was adopted on March 16, 1924, Willie Kavanaugh Hocker designed Arkansas's first state flag in 1912. In this year, the Daughters of the American Revolution's Pine Bluff chapter decided to hold a contest to develop a design for Arkansas's state flag. Willie Hocker, who was also a member of the Pine Bluff chapter, won the contest.
The original design for the Arkansas state flag is similar to the current version, but in the original version, only three stars appear, all in one line, in the center of the white diamond. The word "Arkansas" was not included in the original design. Arkansas's Secretary of State Earle Hodges requested that Hocker add the state's name to the flag, and Hocker complied, rearranging the stars so that one blue star appeared above "Arkansas" and two appeared below the name. The Arkansas state legislature adopted this version of the flag was adopted on February 26, 1913.
In 1923, for only one year, a fourth star was added above the state's name. These four stars represented the Confederate States of America, and the three countries Arkansas has been part of: Spain, France, and the United States. In 1924, the Arkansas State legislature moved the fourth star below the word Arkansas, and rotated it so that the top point of the star faces downward.
The flag's images have deep symbolic meaning. The diamond in the center of the flag represents that Arkansas, before recent diamond discovers in America's Rocky Mountain region, was the only state in the United States that contained known quantities of diamonds. The twenty-five stars inside the diamond's blue border represent Arkansas's admission to the Union as the twenty-fifth state.
The four inner stars' meanings are more complicated. The star above the word "Arkansas" is now said to represent the Confederate States of America. The three stars below Arkansas have three separate representations. First, the three stars represent the three states Arkansas has been a part of: Spain, France, and ultimately the United States. Second, the three stars represent the year 1803, when the Louisiana Purchase made present-day Arkansas part of the United States. Finally, the three stars also recognize that Arkansas was the third state admitted to the Union from the Louisiana Purchase's territory.
September 11 Memorial Flags
Our lives changed forever on the morning of September 11, 2011, when terrorist attacks devastated New York City's Twin Towers, the Pentagon in Washington DC, and flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Since September 11, 2011, countless troops have died in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other war zones around the world.
Each year, on September 11, we honor the victims of the September 11 attacks and those troops who have sacrificed their lives for our safety. Since September 11, Americans have become increasingly patriotic and Online Stores has supported Americans in the military by donating flags, flagpoles, and pins, among other items.
This year will mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks. Cities around the country are planning memorial events to honor the victims of the attacks and American troops in combat. Online Stores has a variety of beautiful September 11 memorial flags to help you make the day more meaningful.
The USA 9/11 Flag
The USA 9/11 flag is designed based upon the United States flag. Instead of the traditional blue, fifty-star Union field, however, the USA 9/11 flag features an embroidered image of the New York City Skyline with the Twin Towers, white stars, and the date, September 11, 2011. The flag is 3'x5' with sewn stripes and durable brass grommets.
Always remember....
The 9/11 Always Remember flag is a beautiful way to honor the victims of the September 11 attacks. The nylon flag features red and white stripes at the top and bottom, a blue image of the Statue of Liberty, and the following poem:
Remember the heroes,
born at ground zero.
Remember the price,
so many still pay.
Move on, face forward,
but remember the day.
Always Remember 9-11
This flag is available in the large 3'x5' size and a vertically oriented garden size.
The 9/11 Remembrance flag features bold images of the New York City and Twin Towers skyline, red and white stripes disappearing into the horizon, and blue stars in the background. The words "Always remember 9/11" appear in the foreground of the flag, with the "11" designed to look like the Twin Towers. This flag is also available in 3'x5' or garden size.
The 9/11 We Will Never Forget flag is specifically designed to honor the 10-year anniversary of the September 11 attacks. The nylon flag features a photograph of the New York City skyline in the foreground and images of a police hat and firefighter's hat in the upper left corner. The text "We Will Never Forget 2001-2011" appears in the upper right corner in bold white letters. This flag is made from top quality fabrics and can be used inside or outdoors.
Flag of South Sudan
South Sudan is the newest country in the world, having declared its independence from Sudan on July 9, 2011. Many countries adopt a flag after becoming an independent nation, but South Sudan actually adopted its official flag exactly six years before its independence day. The flag of South Sudan was adopted on July 9, 2005, following the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War.
The flag of South Sudan is rectangular with three large horizontal stripes: the top stripe is black, the middle stripe is red, and the bottom stripe is green. Two thinner white stripes appear between the larger colored fields. A blue triangle with a gold star in the center appears on the left side of the flag.
The colored stripes on the flag refer to the Pan-African colors. These colors appear in the flags of many African nations and are also the official colors of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA).
In the flag of South Sudan, the black stripe represents the people of South Sudan; the red stripe represents the blood of all the South Sudanese that fought for their country's freedom; and the green stripe represents the geographical land and resources of South Sudan. The smaller white stripes on the flag represent the country's desire for peace.
The blue triangle on the left side of the flag stands for the Nile River, which flows through South Sudan. The gold star in the center of the triangle stands for unity among the people of South Sudan. It also alludes to the Star of Bethlehem, and the relatively large number of Christians residing in South Sudan.
The flag of South Sudan is very similar to the flag of Kenya, which borders South Sudan. Prior to the current flag's adoption in 2005, the flag of South Sudan was the official banner of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, which fought the Sudanese government from 1983 until 2005.


set the the different variables as the object is created. For example, in our test project, you can create a controller object and give it a key or mouse event, and in that event, you can add something like this:
Create Dialog Instance
Here we are creating a dialog instance and then using the Apply to... action to set the text, number of lines, and the width and position of the dialog object. You could even create a new function that does all this for you using these actions as a template.
That's it for this Coffee-break Tutorial, and we hope it's been useful to you!
Happy GameMaking!


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Carbon is child's play
Carbon is all around us and makes up every living thing. Whether it's a tree, a bird or a person, it all consists of carbon. When living things grow and change, the natural processes that cause these changes affect the carbon they contain. But carbon doesn't just reside in living things – it can also affect the weather living things experience. Furthermore, the carbon life-forms themselves can influence how much effect carbon has on the weather! The Carbon is child's play unit is an ideal way to investigate the basic science of carbon in living things and the weather, and improve the scientific literacy of students in the classroom and in their own worlds. It provides opportunities for students to investigate their understandings of carbon in the context of their everyday experiences and, through hands-on activities and discussion, to make decisions and take actions to live more sustainably with carbon.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Hi! In this lesson we'll be dissecting the winning entry of the 1st Live4Guitar competition and we'll go through various phrasing ideas, as well as approaches to improvising and lead playing, in detail.
In this lesson we will take a look at dynamics and tone - one of the most important aspects of playing and music in general. Great dynamic control is what makes your playing sound like it means something and it is one of the key things that separates the average players from the "pros".
This song was my entry for Guitar Idol III. It involves some of my favourite rock techniques and licks, and it will improve your alternate picking, tapping, and string skipping, as well as develop stamina in your right hand, thanks to the prolonged wide stretches.
We will be seeing how to play as accurately as possible the solo of "The Final countdown" by Europe. This solo includes a few interesting guitar techniques such as alternatet picking, vibrato, slides, bendings, use of tremolo bar, hammer ons, pull-offs, etc. The harmonized part will be also taught.
This package is aimed at intermediate level players who want to expand their improvisational vocabulary. The Phrygian mode is explained in detail in the included lesson write-up, alongside the 6 great licks featured in the main video.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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OBJECTIVES: To study the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in severe cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) associated with hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) and to describe the effect of rituximab on HRQOL. METHODS: HRQOL was evaluated with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36). Health Survey questionnaire was submitted to 15 patients with severe CV. SF-36 questionnaire was evaluated at baseline and after rituximab. Physical Health Composite Summary (PCS) and Mental Health Composite Summary (MCS) scores were calculated according to standard protocols, and normalised to healthy controls. SF-36 summary scores were compared with those of HCV positive patients without CV, and other vasculitis published in the literature. European Quality of Life-5 dimensions (EQ5D) scores were also derived. RESULTS: Physical and mental domain scores were all reduced if compared with those of the healthy population, with physical domains being greatly affected. HRQOL of CV was comparable with HRQOL reported for the other small vessel vasculitis. The development of CV in HCV positive patients worsened PCS rather than MCS score. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) did not correlate with HRQOL, while the presence of peripheral neuropathy was associated with a worse HRQOL. Early rituximab treatment improved both PCS and MCS scores, with long-term effects. CONCLUSIONS: PCS rather than MCS was affected in HCV positive patients when CV is present. Rituximab improved both physical and mental domains, thus supporting its use before antiviral therapy in severe HCV-related CV. The cost/benefits ratio of a sequential therapy may be supported.
|Autori interni:||BOMBARDIERI, STEFANO|
|Autori:||Quartuccio L; Isola M; Masolini P; Scaini P; Zani R; Tavoni A; Pietrogrande M; Bombardieri S; De Vita S.|
|Titolo:||Health-related quality of life in severe cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis and improvement after B-cell depleting therapy.|
|Anno del prodotto:||2013|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


Elementals are prominent in folk tales of the Fae and certain other groups, and considered good and ill omens alike.
The old magical folk of the Grand East and the Dominion's conquered territories, Yokai are said to have been a common sight before the Asuran Empire fell. Yokai were spirits that manifested as objects, beasts and humanoids alike, but in modern times, little remains of them save for statues in their likeness throughout the Orient.
The name 'Sylvan' applies to two distinct, but closely-related entities: Primarily, they are a race of immense, primordial trees bearing a hive-mind and intensely magical sapBut also, any humanoid that should drink their sap, and take on their floral qualities…
lore/races.txt · Last modified: 2018/11/28 04:09 by sage


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(Alternative spellings: wergild, wergeld, weregeld, etc.) was a reparational payment usually demanded of a person guilty of homicide, although it could also be demanded in other cases of serious crime. The payment of weregild was an important legal mechanism in early northern European societies, such as those of the Vikings
, and Anglo-Saxons
; the other common form of legal reparation at this time was blood revenge. The payment was typically made to the family or to the clan. The word means, literally, "man price".
The size of the weregild in cases of murder was largely conditional upon the social rank of the victim. Thralls and slaves technically commanded no weregild, however it was commonplace to make a nominal payment in the case of a thrall and the value of the slave in such a case.
Weregild was also known to the Celts, who called it ericfine. Other cultures had similar customs e.g. the Slavonic glowczyzna.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let's consider curve $C\subset \mathbb P^n$ of degree $d$ and genus $g$. We want to calculate dimension of deformation space of $C$, i.e. $h^0(C,L)$ where $L$ is the normal bundle.
We can decompose $L$ as $L_1\subset L_2\dots \subset L$, such as $dim L_{i+1}/L_i =1 \ $ and apply Riemann-Roch to each $L_{i+1}/L_i$.
I heard that this gives us $(n-1)(d-g+1)+2g-2 + 2d\ $ (as expected to be dimension of deformation space of $C$ or the number of points need to fix to count curves degree $d$ and genus $g$ passing through them).
But I can't calculate it! Could you help me with this or give me a reference?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Let's start by stating Riemmann-Roch for vector bundles: If $C$ is a smooth projective curve of genus $g$, and $E$ is a vector bundle of rank $r$ and degree $\delta$, then $h^0(C,E) - h^1(C,E) = \delta - r(g-1)$. If $E$ has a filtration such as you describe, you can prove this by using Riemann-Roch on each quotient line bundle, and then adding up the contributions in the long exact sequence of cohomology.
Now, we want to consider the case where $E$ is the normal bundle $N$ to $C \subset \mathbb{P}^n$. The rank of $E$ is $n-1$. We have the short exact sequence $0 \to T_C \to T_{\mathbb{P}^n}|_C \to N \to 0$. The tangent bundle to $C$ has degree $-(2g-2)$. The tangent bundle to $\mathbb{P}^n$ has first chern class $(n+1)$ times the hyperplane class; the hyperclane class restricts to $d$ times the fundamental class of $C$. So the degree of $N$ is $d(n+1) + (2g-2)$ and Riemann-Roch gives $$d(n+1)+(2g-2)-(n-1)(g-1)$$ which matches your formula.
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Your Answer


text:
What is a 4G Mobile DVR? How much does it cost?
What is a 4G mobile DVR?
A 4G mobile DVR is a vehicle-mounted hard disk video recording device with 4G communication transmission capability. The 4G transmission enables the DVR to carry clearer onboard monitoring cameras and achieve 1080p ultra-clear video recording. "4G" typically refers to the device's support for 4G network connections, allowing remote real-time viewing and management of vehicle monitoring screens, as well as alarm and warning functions.
How much does a 4G mobile DVR cost?
The YUWEI standard 4G Mobile DVR costs $125 and features global 4G wireless transmission, WIFI communication, DVR functionality, and BDS/GPS dual-mode positioning. It supports advanced monitoring functions such as ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System), BSD (Blind Spot Detection), DSM (Driver Status Monitoring), passenger status, cabin loading, cargo conditions, etc. This ensures a high level of intelligent monitoring and enhances overall safety.
4G mobile DVR specifications:
4G mobile DVR features:
This vehicle-mounted hard disk recorder has the following features and functions:
1. The technical core has an internationally leading visual recognition algorithm engine that is accurate and reliable, used in danger driving warning systems and driver status monitoring systems.
2. Supports intelligent monitoring functions, including ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System), BSD (Blind Spot Detection), and DSM (Driver Behavior Safety Warning), which can monitor passenger status, cabin loading status, and cargo status, etc.
3. Supports network remote upgrade programs, allowing software and functions to be updated remotely over the network.
4. Supports GPS/Beidou satellite real-time positioning, enabling accurate acquisition of vehicle location information.
5. Provides 6-channel analog video input, including 2-channel 1080P HD video, 2-channel audio input, 1-channel IPC input, and 1-channel CVBS output, achieving comprehensive audio and video intelligent monitoring and recording.
6. Data storage supports hard disk storage and SD card storage, ensuring data security through dual storage.
7. The device has a hard disk shock protection mechanism, which can effectively prevent damage to the hard disk caused by vibration.
8. Built-in protection memory provides additional data protection and backup functions.
9. Supports UPR (Uninterruptible Power Supply Recording) function, ensuring that video data is not lost in the event of a power outage.
10. Has low voltage protection function to protect the safe use of vehicle batteries.
11. The device has a patented storage medium protection device to prevent illegal disassembly of the hard disk and SD card.
12. Supports the next-generation video standard H265, providing more efficient video compression and storage.
13. Adopts a single-board design with high integration and high reliability.
14. Uses a unique streaming media file system storage method to ensure data security and prevent tampering.
What types of fleets are suitable for 4G mobile DVR?
4G mobile DVR can be used for tracking and monitoring management of fleets such as trucks, buses, taxis, school buses, and dump trucks. It can be paired with a software system backend, allowing managers to remotely view the status of the fleet. It supports remote operations (such as remote vehicle lock).


text:
Ibrahim, Rahinah and Pour-rahimian, Farzad
Comparison of CAD and manual sketching tools for teaching architectural design.
Automation in Construction, 19
978 - 987.
Official URL: _URL_
Communications for information synchronisation during the conceptual design phase usually require designers to employ more flexible and intuitive digital design tools. In developing such support tools, a case study research was initiated to first understand the current state of communication among novice design team members. The main purpose of the study is to understand the novice designers' collaboration culture when working on conceptual architectural design projects. The overall case study research involves 1) ethnography for data collection and 2) artefact and protocol analyses for data analysis. This paper presents the latter data analyses based on the earlier ethnography results about novice designers' conceptual design and technology design synthesis strategies. Data analyses on the characteristics of utilised external representation tools indicate that although conventional manual sketching is beneficial for providing rich intuitive design concepts, they have limitations when novice designers need to oversee complicated design problems. The study also found that although current conventional CAD tools are advantageous for detailed engineering design articulation, they do hinder novice designers' creativity due to their intuitive ideation limitation. Based on these results, this paper discusses the identified advantages and challenges of current design media and then proposes an alternative VR-based design interface for enhancing cognition and communication among designers during the conceptual design phase.
Repository Staff Only: item control page

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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|Best time to travel / Season|
St. Louis' position in the middle latitudes allows the area to be affected by warm moist air that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as cold air masses that originate in Canada. The alternate invasion of these air masses produces a wide variety of weather conditions, and allows the region to enjoy a true four-season climate Climate and Temperatures
During the summer months, air originating from the Gulf of Mexico tends to dominate the area, producing warm conditions, however, extremely hot temperatures (100 degrees or more) are expected on no more than five days per year.
Winters are brisk and stimulating, but prolonged periods of extremely cold weather are rare. Records show that temperatures drop to zero or below an average of only 2 or 3 days per year, and temperatures as cold as 32 degrees or lower occur less than 25 days in most years.
Snowfall of an inch or less is received on 5 to 10 days in most years.


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The Crocus CTSR400C series is a family of magnetic switches designed for sensing a wide range of magnetic fields. The advantages of the CTSR400C series include high magnetic sensitivity, no bias current, low power consumption, flexible supply voltage, small form factor, and low cost.
The Crocus series of magnetic switches is composed of multiple magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) made of magnetic thin films. The MTJ cell is constructed of two magnetic layers separated by a thin oxide which serves as a tunnel oxide. One of the two magnetic layers has a fixed magnetic orientation and it is called reference layer. The other magnetic layer, called sensing layer, has flexibility of changing orientation in the presence of magnetic field, leading to the change of the sensor resistance. Thus, the sensor acts as a magnetic switch whereby it shows high resistance when magnetic field is absent and low resistance when magnetic field is present.
Crocus magnetic switches provide high stability as well as highly reliable performance over a wide range of operating temperatures and voltage supply.
- High sensitivity
- High temperature operation
- High frequency performance
- High stability
- Low power
- Switching open/close (off/on)
- Proximity switching
- Rotation and speed
- Position sensing
|Pin Name||Pin Number||Note|
|DNU||3||Do not use|
CTSR420C – IS2/Basic Parameters
|Output resistance: ON||Rl||9||10||12||KΩ|
|Output resistance: OFF||Rh||16||20||26||KΩ|
|Operating point (BOP)||5||mT|
|Release point (BRP)||0.5||mT|
|Switching speed: ON||600||ns|
|Switching speed: OFF||600||ns|
|Max. exposed field||1||T|
|Package||SOT23||3 x 2.6||mm|
*Note: This product also works with voltage supply of 1.2V and 3V


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Humanistic Spirit and Scholarship Value of Ancient Chinese Scholars
Download as PDF
The humanistic spirit of ancient Chinese scholars can also be understood as the spirit of learning. It is said in "The Note of Learning" that " If jade is not polished, it cannot become a thing of use. If a man does not learn, he cannot know his duty." It shows that what ancient people advocated in the underdeveloped natural science and social science was still a learning spirit of reading changes life. There are very few serious scholars. Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism all embodied the idea of "people-centered", they think of man as the center of the universe or take man as a small universe. To a certain extent, this kind of philosophy has influenced ancient Chinese scholars to pursue the maximization of human value, and has also beautified the energy of human being as the center of the universe. It has also played an important role in the formation of humanistic spirit, such as "The Theory of Zhouyi", "Analects of Confucius", "The Book of History" and "Filial Piety", thereby embodying this humanistic spirit into scholarship value. This paper discusses the origin of humanities, the formation of humanistic spirit and the embodiment of the value of ancient scholarship.
Ancient chinese scholars; Humanistic spirit; Scholarship value


program memory.
In our previous example with the ATTiny44, the fuse programming was done with the 'program-usbtiny-fuses' target:
'''bash
program-usbtiny-fuses: $(PROJECT).hex
 avrdude -p t44 -P usb -c usbtiny -U lfuse:w:0x5E:m
'''
Here, the '-U' command targets the **low** bits of the fuse memory for the ATTiny44.
The actual value is specified as a hex number: '0x5E'.
### Hexadecimal Numbers
Hex numbers are numbers in hexadecimal base (16) and are typically prefixed with '0x'.
The symbols are:
| Decimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
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| ------- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
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| Hexa | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| Bin | 0000 | 0001 | 0010 | 0011 | 0100 | 0101 | 0110 | 0111 | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 |
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To hexa
Alexandre Kaspar committed
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Looking at the individual bits (in groups of 4 since '2^4 = 16') is typically the main reason for hexadecimal.
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</xmp>
<script src="sd/strapdown.js"></script>
</html>


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Background: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can persistently infect and cause limited damage to mosquito vectors. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mosquito antiviral response important in restricting RNA virus replication and has been shown to be active against some arboviruses. The goal of this study was to use a recombinant Sindbis virus (SINV; family Togaviridae; genus Alphavirus) that expresses B2 protein of Flock House virus (FHV; family Nodaviridae; genus Alphanodavirus), a protein that inhibits RNAi, to determine the effects of linking arbovirus infection with RNAi inhibition.
Results: B2 protein expression from SINV (TE/3'2J) inhibited the accumulation of non-specific small RNAs in Aedes aegypti mosquito cell culture and virus-specific small RNAs both in infected cell culture and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. More viral genomic and subgenomic RNA accumulated in cells and mosquitoes infected with TE/3'2J virus expressing B2 (TE/3'2J/B2) compared to TE/3'2J and TE/3'2J virus expressing GFP. TE/3'2J/B2 exhibited increased infection rates, dissemination rates, and infectious virus titers in mosquitoes following oral bloodmeal. Following infectious oral bloodmeal, significantly more mosquitoes died when TE/3'2J/B2 was ingested. The virus was 100% lethal following intrathoracic inoculation of multiple mosquito species and lethality was dose-dependent in Ae. aegypti.
Conclusion: We show that RNAi is active in Ae. aegypti cell culture and that B2 protein inhibits RNAi in mosquito cells when expressed by a recombinant SINV. Also, SINV more efficiently replicates in mosquito cells when RNAi is inhibited. Finally, TE/3'2J/B2 kills mosquitoes in a dose-dependent manner independent of infection route and mosquito species.


text:
Keeping loads level can be especially challenging in mobile equipment operated on uneven terrain—especially when the load is a utility worker or other precious cargo. Linear transducers for hydraulic cylinders provide valuable feedback information for today's sophisticated electrohydraulic controls, but when it comes to monitoring the attitude of a work platform, nothing beats the simplicity, reliability, and safety of direct measurement using an inclinometer (tilt sensor).
Mobile equipment adds to additional challenges because vibration can interfere with readings from the sensor, and uneven terrain can cause readings to continually fluctuate—which could overwhelm electronic controls.
To address these challenges, ASM Sensors Inc., Elmhurst, Ill., recently introduced its Positilit PTK29 inclination sensor that compensates for dynamic influences to give correct values even when in motion. The sensor measures ±180° inclination in one axis or ±60° in two axes. Using gyro-compensated MEMS technology, the sensor position signal is instantaneous with no delays and has a static linearity up to 0.05°.
The PTK29 can be mounted with selectable axis orientation. The sensor electronics are completely enclosed and protected by a hermetically sealed stainless steel housing. The compact, 10-mm flat and 49.5-mm (or less) wide sensor housing allows mounting in tight spaces. The sensor is also available in a hermetically sealed stainless steel housing with redundant output options for safety-critical applications.
The sensor is shielded against electromagnetic disturbances and available in protection class IP67. It can operate in areas of high shock and vibration in temperatures from −40° to 85°C.
For more information on the PTK29 inclination sensor, call _PHONE_, or click here.


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A BEST example of channel structure annotation by molecular simulation.
Rao S., Klesse G., Stansfeld PJ., Tucker SJ., Sansom MSP.
An increasing number of ion channel structures are being determined. This generates a need for computational tools to enable functional annotation of channel structures. However, several studies of ion channel and model pores have indicated that the physical dimensions of a pore are not always a reliable indicator of its conductive status. This is due to the unusual behavior of water within nano-confined spaces, resulting in a phenomenon referred to as "hydrophobic gating". We have recently demonstrated how simulating the behavior of water within an ion channel pore can be used to predict its conductive status. In this addendum to our study, we apply this method to compare the recently solved structure of a mutant of the bestrophin chloride channel BEST1 with that of the wild-type channel. Our results support the hypothesis of a hydrophobic gate within the narrow neck of BEST1. This provides further validation that this simulation approach provides the basis for an accurate and computationally efficient tool for the functional annotation of ion channel structures.


text:
Main Article Content
Artificial Intelligence is taking over all walks of human life and this can be considered to be a major area that can have massive implications on the lives of people. The study here has focused on understanding the overall use of AI and AI tools in the domain of rehabilitation. With the use of secondary data that is qualitative only, the study has aimed at understanding the basic usage of AI tools in rehabilitation. Further, an understanding of the factors that might play an essential role in the proper implementation of AI tools for rehabilitation purposes has also been presented here. All the factors that ensure and negate the use of AI tools for rehabilitation purposes have been presented in this study using a secondary qualitative data collection method. The data has been analysed using an appropriate systematic review to generate the desired themes, which have been further analysed using critical analysis techniques. This has allowed betterment in terms of the generation of the most appropriate results that are in line with the needs of the study. The study has effectively revealed that AI tools have found growing importance in the domain of rehabilitation. AI and the tools associated with the same are extremely beneficial in engendering betterment associated with the generation of a decentralized model of care. It can help in providing appropriate care interventions and therapeutic interventions from a distance or remotely and this can be a major help.


Home Heritage Useful Scots words Useful Scots word: peelie-wally
Useful Scots word: peelie-wally
by Betty Kirkpatrick
Picture: paukrus
Picture: paukrus
Many of us who have a Celtic genetic inheritance have very fair skins. Usually this creates no problems and a fair skin can be a decided beauty asset. Pale skin looks fine against a background of its native heath, but transfer it to a sun-baked foreign beach and things change dramatically. Pale skin can stand out like an unfortunate sore thumb when surrounded by a sea of bronzed bodies. The Scots word peelie-wally springs to mind.
Peelie-wally, also spelt peelie-wallie and with wally pronounced to rhyme with sally, can mean pale, but in this sense it is far from being a compliment. You might describe a flawless porcelain complexion as pale, but you are very unlikely to describe it as peelie-wally. Rather, peelie-wally means pallid or washed-out looking, like the odd pale body among a multitude of sun-tanned ones.
Peelie-wally is often used to refer to the kind of paleness that accompanies ill health. If a child is looking peelie-wally it is often a sign of impending sickness of some kind. In fact, peelie-wally can mean ill-looking or sickly or, by extension, thin or feeble.
Things as well as people can be described as peelie-wally when something colourless or insipid is being referred to. For example, you might refer to the beige décor of someone's house as peelie-wally if you are the sort of person who prefers strong colours. Or you might criticize the pastel colours of someone's dress as being too peelie-wally. If you like a strong cup of tea you might describe a weaker form of the beverage as peelie-wally.
An activity or performance of some kind can also be referred to as peelie-wally when it lacks vigour or vitality. Not surprisingly, this use usually occurs in connection with Scotland's obsession with football. Apparently there are many instances of peelie-wally performances on the pitch.
The expression peelie-wally started life out simply as peelie. This is likely to have a connection with the Scots word palie meaning sickly, listless, delicate or stunted in growth and palie is, in turn, likely to be connected with English pale.
However, it has been suggested that the origin of the peelie of peelie-wally may be imitative of a kind of whining, feeble noise made by people who are ill. As for the wally, it may just have been added for effect and may have been influenced by the Scots word paewae meaning pallid, sickly or insipid. The suggestion that there is a connection with the whiteness of wallie, meaning china or porcelain, seems less likely.
But back to our sun-baked beach. There is good news for the peelie-wally. Now that over-exposure to the sun is known to cause major skin problems, official health advice is to cover up in the sun. There is now no need to reveal yourself in all your peelie-wally glory on the beach. In any case, the peelie-wally skin does not bronze. It just goes an unattractive shade of red.
 - Anither Rab
 A've heard tell that in India "peelah wallah" (no shair aboot the spellin) means "pale man" an wis yaised tae descrive a body that wis no weel an the expression wis brocht hame bi Scottish sodgers as "peelie-wally".
 - Ostrakon
 You may be on to something…the expression is Pilau Wallah, used by Indians for a white or yellow coloured man.
 I suppose it would all come down to the first recorded usage of the expression Peely-Wally and whether it preceded the addition of the Indian subcontinent to the British Empire
 - _URL_ theresa mccardle
 Thank you Betty Kirkpatrick for a consistently informative and witty column on Scots words. As one educated in Scottish schools that frowned on the use of the "mither tongue" as coarse, I am delighted to savour the flavour of Scots as it is still spoken. The column on "peely-wally" filled me with the glow of approval. Theresa McCardle


text:
Having your build scripts in XML is one of the worst things you can do for maintainability and readability.
Treat your build scripts like you treat your source code (or, how developers should treat their source code) – with respect for readability and maintainability, not just for performance.
To that end, XML is a bad candidate to have. If you have any more than 15 or 20 lines of xml in a build document:
- It is hard to tell where things start, and what they depend on
- It is hard to debug the build
- It is hard to add or change things in the build logic
- XML case sensitivity sucks
- Creating, Adding and using custom actions is a chore
To avoid XML, you can start using some of the many build tools out there that are either visual, or support a domain specific language for builds that is more readable, maintainable or debuggable than XML:


HomeDefinitionsCareer DictionaryLoudermill Rights
Loudermill Rights
The term Loudermill Rights refers to those due process requirements that are followed when a tenured public employee is involuntarily terminated. Loudermill Rights are based on a U.S. Supreme Court decision: Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill (1985).
Tenured public employees were granted Loudermill Rights following a Supreme Court decision, which determined that most public employees have a property interest in their job. For this reason, they are afforded due process rights before removing or impacting their property interest in their job. This "property right" means non-probationary public employees can only be terminated for cause. They may also be entitled to certain rights in cases of severe discipline.
Generally, the following steps are followed when a tenured public employee is involuntarily terminated:
 1. Loudermill Letter: employees are entitled to proper notice, indicating why they are being fired as well as any specific evidence supporting the employer's decision to terminate the employee. The letter will also inform the employee of their right to a hearing.
 2. Pre-Termination Hearing: also referred to as a Loudermill Hearing, this is a relatively informal meeting that provides an opportunity to determine if there are reasonable grounds to terminate after the employee addresses the evidence of the case. Individuals attending this meeting typically include the employee, their direct supervisor, a member of the human resources department, and a union representative.
 3. Post-Termination Hearing: if the employee is subsequently terminated, they are entitled to a full evidentiary hearing. The purpose of this meeting is to verify the facts presented against the employee, and whether or not the involuntary termination is justified.
Note: If the employee does not attend the pre-termination hearing, the employer can still proceed with termination.
Related Terms
termination benefits, contractual termination benefits, special termination benefit, constructive discharge, voting rights


All rights reserved The edges of key populations: how to think, describe and reach these hidden groups? In many settings, key populations (in particular men having sex with other men, sex workers and drug users) are overwhelmingly affected by HIV and many programs are focusing on them. Due to epidemiological modelling and policy planning, these groups are too often seen as socially homogeneous groups rather than heterogeneous categories with fuzzy outlines. Identities, social life, sexual practices, exposure to HIV varies within these groups, in particular between the core and the edges. Their sexual networks are also connected to individuals not perceived as "key populations": female partners of bisexual men, regular partners and clients of sex workers, sexual partners of drug users… Could we better conceptualize the edges of key populations? What do we know about them? What is their role in the dynamic of HIV epidemics? How can we include them in the HIV response? Are some interventions more relevant to reach them? AIDS Impact 2019-07-30 London communication orale en session plénière Joseph Larmarange


text:
Impact-based classification of extreme rainfall events using a simplified overland flow model
In this study, we present a new rainfall classification method based on the potential of individual rainstorm events to generate and sustain overland flow on a simplified urban model surface. Conventional rainfall classification approaches using peak intensities or rainfall sums can lead to misjudgements of the impact of rainfall events, as they do not explicitly consider the potential of rain to generate and sustain substantial amounts of overland flow on typical sealed urban surfaces. The new method of impact-based rainfall classification proposed here comprises three steps: Identification of rainfall events from high-resolution time series, computation of overland flow depths for each event, and impact-based classification of rainfall events as a function of the magnitude of overland flow. The accuracy of this approach was evaluated by its ability to describe seasonal and annual occurrences of and variations in rainstorm impacts for high-resolution series at three different urban stations in Germany.
Is Part Of
Published in: Urban water journal, 10.1080/1573062X.2022._PHONE_, Taylor & Francis


text:
Vulnerable Art: Historic Iron Fences at Mount Auburn Cemetery
In the early years at Mount Auburn Cemetery many proprietors chose to enclose their lots with iron fences. By the 1860's, 1700 iron fences dotted the cemetery. People called the look, "crazy quilt." Iron fence art was short lived. By 1871 a movement to remove them began. Today only a treasured few remain and the Cemetery is committed to preserving them. In this walk with Volunteer Docent Rosemarie Smurzynski you will visit these fences, learn a vocabulary for this art, and discover what makes these remaining fences significant.
Funding for programs has been provided in part by the Massachusetts Cultural Council.
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text:
Structural Engineering - ST Range
Understanding Structural Behaviour
ST10/ST11 - issue 1
New revolutionary teaching system
A pioneering new approach to the teaching of structural engineering.
A fusion of innovative software, unique hardware and the authoritative textbook provide a firm foundation on the understanding of structural behaviour.
Armfield offer a totally new approach to the teaching of structural engineering.
Focusing on the underlying understanding of the structural behaviour, whilst still offering explanation of the basic principles.
Ordering Specification - ST10/ST11
ST10 Understanding Structural Behavior
ST11 Instrumentation Package
- Educational tool aimed at giving students an understanding of how structures behave
- A variety of different structures can be built up on a widescreen display. The software calculates the simulated performance of the structure i.e. deflection, moment force diagram, shear force diagram, reactions. These diagrams are displayed directly behind the physical model of the structure at the same size of the model and so can be directly related to the responses obtained by applying manual stimuli
- Supplied with a selection of beams of different lengths, fixed and pinned joints, and fixed, pinned and slide supports, allowing a wide range of physical structures to be assembled
- Carbon fibre beams provide an exaggerated bending response to aid visualisation and understanding
- An optional sensor and instrumentation package enables loads to be applied from the software, and the resulting reactions and deflections to be measured and displayed on the screen
- Supplied with the textbook - "Understanding Structural Analysis" by Dr David Brohn
Intuitive design providing great 'touch
> Carbon fibre beams provide exaggerated response for enhanced visualisation
> Carbon fibre beams also provide negligible plastic deformation for long life and repeatability
> Fully integrated hardware and software display
> Wide range of structures can be constructed from simple components
> Compare computer simulations with actual responses
> Sensor and Instrumentation package
> Supplied with the textbook 'Understanding Structural Analysis' by Dr David Brohn
Modern structural engineering makes extensive use of computer programs to provide the detailed analysis of structures. Once a structure becomes even slightly complex the calculations involved exceed what can be sensibly implemented using manual or spreadsheet calculations. Similarly modern teaching practice focuses on the use of these structural engineering analysis programs. Although these provide a superb analysis facility, they rely totally on the user having an inherent understanding of the structure to be analysed. This unfortunately is not always the case. The analysis is only as good as the information provided and can do nothing to improve an inherently flawed concept (RIRO).
Conventional structural engineering teaching equipment does little or nothing to provide this understanding, focusing on detailed analysis of simple situations, it makes no attempt to encourage the student to think of what really matters when designing or analysing structures.
Armfield have teamed up with Dr David Brohn (who is also working with the Institution of Structural Engineering on this topic) to develop a range of hardware and software specifically to address this issue of understanding structural behaviour.
The range of equipment enables a wide variety of structural models to be assembled and understood. It deliberately uses a series of beams, which provide an exaggerated response allowing the deflections to be easily and visualised. Even the basic system without actuators or sensors can provide invaluable understanding of the structures just by pressing manually and observing the deflections. When coupled to the display software, the sensors, the actuators and the analysis software, the equipment provides an unsurpassed unique learning experience.
Modes of use
The simplest mode is to use the hardware and backboard to build a structure. Applying loads by hand and seeing how the structure reacts gives instant feedback and a great learning experience.
Using the display and visualisation software takes this learning experience to another dimension. Graphical display of moment forces, shear forces, deflections and reactions in response to a simulated load really bring these concepts to life. Displaying these simulations on the screen, overlaid with the physical model, and comparing the simulations with the hardware provides an unparalleled and totally unique teaching capability. (The software can also be used on its own without the hardware if desired.)
The next stage is to add the optional Instrumentation hardware package. This enables loads to be applied to the structure from the computer, and actual reactions and displacements measured on the sophisticated sensors. Thus quantitive measurements of loads, displacements and reactions can be taken.
The sensors and actuators can also be used in a
freeform mode to apply and measure responses to the users own structure.
Finally it is possible to do a full computer simulation of the structures. Armfield provide models of the key structures, which can be run directly on a demonstration version of a professional software structural analysis package.
The overall teaching package is comprised of four different types of components. Different selections of components are available to meet specific teaching requirements.
1. Structural Hardware
This is a set of components enabling a wide variety of 2D structures to be assembled and understood. It comprises a transparent backboard on which the structure is assembled with 32 potential mounting positions configured as an 80mm x 80mm grid. A variety of different nodes and joints are available. The fixed nodes attach to the baseboard via a simple peg mounting system.
A number of 'beams' are provided in different lengths. These beams are manufactured of carbon fibre and are designed to flex easily in one dimension to demonstrate the movement of the structure.
Beam Lengths Available: 1U, 2U, 3U, 4U, 4U+
- Fixed rigid
- Fixed pinned
- Simple slide support
- End slide
- Horizontal slide anchor
- Rigid right angle
- Pinned right angle
- Inline pinned
The transparent backboard is mounted on a 32" widescreen display, with the computer running the display and visualisation software as described in section 2.
The beams, joints, etc are supplied in a lockable chest of drawers matching the screen, with specific mounting positions for storage of each component. One empty drawer is available for the ST11 Instrumentation option.
Visualisation software and hardware
2. Display and Visualisation
This software is a fundamental part of the Understanding Structural Behaviour (USB) concept, and works in conjunction with the USB hardware to demonstrate and help understanding.
For a number of predefined structures it is possible
to perform an immediate interactive simulation of the effect of loading
on the structure. Loads can be
simulated using the computer mouse and the Shear force diagrams, Moment diagrams,
Deflections and Reactions are shown graphically and updated continually as
the load is varied.
Display and visualisation softwareenlarge
When combining the hardware and software, the diagrams are displayed immediately behind the structure and can be directly related to it.
Functions of the Software:
- Display the structure to be evaluated to aid
- Display the structure in both diagrammatic form and as a typical pictorial implementation of the same structure. This has been proven to be a powerful aid to student understanding
- Gives a graphical representation of the moments, the shear, the deflections and the reactions in response to simulated loads
- Contains presentations to introduce the concepts of Moment, Shear, Deflections and Reactions and their associated graphical representation on the structure diagram
- When used in conjunction with the instrumentation hardware, the software controls the actuators and displays the outputs from the various sensors
- In this mode the displayed diagrams relate to the actual load applied by the actuator, rather than a simulated load
- Provides calibration for the sensors and screen
Typical pictorial and diagrammatic views of the structure to be used in an exerciseenlarge
Graphical representation of Moments, Shear, Deflections and Reactionsenlarge
Composite graphical representation of Moments, Shear, Deflection and Reactionsenlarge
3. Instrumentation Package
The Instrumentation Package includes a range of sensors and actuators used to stress and measure the performance of the structural hardware.
Components available are:
- Three Component Rigid Support Sensor - ST11-1
This is used instead of a fixed rigid support with the structural hardware. It measures both the longitudinal reaction at the joint (in the direction of the beam, equivalent to the tension or compression), the orthogonal reaction at the joint and the moment reaction.
- Two Component Pinned Support Sensor
This is used instead of a fixed pinned support with the structural hardware. It measures both the longitudinal reaction at the joint (in the direction of the beam, equivalent to the tension or compression) and the orthogonal reaction at the joint.
- Deflection sensor - ST11-3
Used to measure the deflection of the beam at a grid point.
- Simple Support Sensor - ST11-4
Used instead of a simple slide support, and measures the reaction on the support.
- Linear Actuator - ST11-5
Provides a linear deflection to the structure at any grid point, complete with sensor to measure the force (load) generated by the actuator to reach the requested deflection.
- Interface Module - ST11-6
Provides the interface between the sensors and computer by a standard USB2 interface. It also includes a universal input power supply and interconnecting cables.
The sensors and actuators are connected to the interface unit and to each other using linking cables in a chain configuration. They can be connected anywhere on the chain and multiple components of the same type can be configured in the same system. Additional sensors and actuators can be bought individually and added at a later date if required.
4. Analysis Software
Armfield supply software models for all the predefined structures, which can be analysed in a freely available demonstration version of a professional modelling software package. Armfield also supply the demon-stration version of this package.
From this starting point, users can analyse their own models and structures, either using the Armfield components, or using the software. The software enables any beam material, size, thickness, strength etc


derelict-gl3 2.0.0-beta.8
A dynamic binding to the OpenGL library.
To use this package, run the following command in your project's root directory:
Manual usage
Put the following dependency into your project's dependences section:
DerelictGL3
A dynamic binding to OpenGL for the D Programming Language.
Please see the sections on Compiling and Linking in the Derelict documentation for information on how to build DerelictGL3. DerelictGL3 differs from the other Derelict packages in that there is a two-step load process which is used to mask some platform differences in how the graphics drivers are managed. Everything in the section The Derelict Loader in the Derelict documentation still applies. The difference is that DerelictGL3.load(), unlike its behavior in the other bindings, does not load the entire library; it only loads the functions for OpenGL versions 1.0 and 1.1. Once a context has been created, DerelictGL3.reload() should be called. This will load all available versions 1.2+ and all supported ARB and EXT extensions. reload should also be called any time the OpenGL context is switched. The load method can be called before or after creating a context, but should always be called before the first call to reload and does not need to be called on a context switch.
By default, the DerelictGL3 loader will only load core OpenGL functions and will not load any of the deprecated API or extensions. Here's some sample code.
// For core API functions.
import derelict.opengl;
void main() {
 // Load OpenGL versions 1.0 and 1.1.
 DerelictGL3.load();
 // Create an OpenGL context with another library (like SDL 2 or GLFW 3)
 ...
 // Load versions 1.2+ and all supported ARB and EXT extensions.
 DerelictGL3.reload();
 // Now OpenGL functions can be called.
 ...
}
DerelictGL3 supports a compile-time configurable API. It can be used to restrict compiled OpenGL symbols to a specific version. For example, the above snippet compiles all supported core OpenGL symbols up to version 4.5 into the binary and the loader will attempt to load them all, but with the compile-time configuration options can be restricted to OpenGL 2.1, or 3.3, or any other supported version. It is also the only way to make deprecated symbols and extensions available. See the DerelictGL3 documentation for details.
Authors:
 - Mike Parker
Dependencies:
derelict-util
Versions:
2.0.0-beta.8 2019-Mar-28
2.0.0-beta.7 2018-Sep-03
2.0.0-beta.6 2018-Mar-28
2.0.0-beta.5 2017-Dec-04
2.0.0-beta.4 2017-Aug-28
Show all 42 versions
Download Stats:
 - 2 downloads today
 - 20 downloads this week
 - 116 downloads this month
 - 110309 downloads total
Score:
3.6
Short URL:
derelict-gl3.dub.pm


text:
WEST PALM BEACH (CBSMiami) — There is good news and not-so-good-news concerning Lake Okeechobee.
October 2011, ranked the fourth-wettest October in 80 years of record-keeping in South Florida, helped improve the lake's water level.
The South Florida Water Management District said three major storm events in October helped bring the lake from a level of about 11.1 feet a month ago to about 13.7 feet. That's still below the historical average of about 15 feet, but a drastic improvement for a major South Florida water source.
All areas from Orlando to the Florida Keys received above-average rainfall, with key regions such as the Kissimmee basins and Water Conservation Areas receiving a much-needed boost.
Unlike last year, the lake is rising instead of falling. October 2010 was the driest October on record and now that South Florida is heading into the dry season, long-term forecasts are once again calling for below-average rainfall.
The District is working to store as much water as possible in anticipation of future water shortage conditions in the spring.
That means water shortage restrictions remain in effect which limit landscape irrigation to two days per week throughout most of South Florida. Mandatory reductions for agricultural and other large water uses also remain in effect.


text:
Patients with tracheotomies are managed by a wide variety of healthcare professionals. As a result, information regarding best practice is scattered throughout the medical literature and can be difficult to identify and implement in the clinical setting. Tracheotomy Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach is a practical review of all tracheotomy procedures and acute and chronic tracheotomy care. It combines evidence-based practice and expert opinion to create an invaluable hands-on guide for any healthcare provider managing patients with tracheotomies. Each chapter is authored by at least two different subspecialists, contains case studies with real-life examples of problematic clinical scenarios, and is enhanced by high quality images. The rationale for different approaches is discussed to guide the decision-making process. Written and edited by tracheotomy experts from a wide variety of disciplines, Tracheotomy Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach is essential reading for anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists and critical care and emergency physicians.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


Take the 2-minute tour ×
So today at work I ran into a strange problem. An application I was writing had a JavaScript file named form.sales.var.js, placed in the same directory as other JS files. However, when the browser tried to load the JS file, the server returned a 500 Internal Server Error page. The Apache log showed the entry:
Syntax error in type map, no ':' in /var/www/...
—followed by the rest of the file path and the file's contents.
I did some research on Google regarding the issue and found that this was likely caused by the filename containing.var., causing Apache to treat it as a type-map. Since it wasn't, a syntax error occurs.
My questions now are:
 1. Why is a.js file being treated as a type-map when the documentation says that type maps are *.var files? Is it just that my web server is misconfigured, or can others test to see if their web servers produce the same errors with files named something.var.something?
 2. Why is there no documentation of this problem, and why is it so rarely reported, even though this behavior seems to have existed since Apache 1.3? It seems like it would be a more common issue.
 3. Are type-maps commonly used? Is there any foreseeable issues with disabling them in Apache?
 4. What is the best way to address this issue (aside from renaming the file and not using any filenames that contain.var.)?
share|improve this question
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
That's part of Apache httpd's Content Negotiation. Just remove the handler for type-map for the or of your JavaScript files or remove MultiViews for these directories.
share|improve this answer
Would this likely impact compatibility with other software? I'd like to avoid removing default functionality if this is a commonly used feature. And is the behavior of matching "var" anyway in the filename instead of just the extension normal? – Lèse majesté Jul 10 '10 at 12:55
If you don't know if you're using MultiViews, you're probably not. I'd say it's safe to deactivate MultiVews for you. – joschi Jul 10 '10 at 13:52
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inner lower crack, and inner inverted crack of the screw hole, respectively. \(l_{{\text{g}}}\) is the length of the screw hole. \(l_{{{\text{g2}}}}\), \(l_{{{\text{g3}}}}\), and \(l_{{{\text{g4}}}}\) are the lengths of the inner upper crack, inner lower crack, and inner inverted crack of the screw hole, respectively. In addition, \(l_{1}\) and \(l_{2}\) are constants related to the ratio of the defect length to the normal screw-hole length. \(n\) is a constant related to the ratio of the defect area to the defect length. \(h_{2}\) is the height of the rail waist region, and is expressed by the number of pixels. \(L_{{{\text{min}}}}\) and \(L_{{{\text{max}}}}\) are constants related to the distance between the image contour centroids, which are the distances between screw holes.
Eqs. (6)–(8) can detect three types of screw-hole cracks: the inner upper crack, inner lower crack, and inner inverted crack of the screw hole. The outer upper, outer lower, outer inverted, and horizontal cracks of the screw hole can be detected in the same manner.
The generalized feature constraints of screw hole cracks can be summarized as follows: centroid height, color composition, position relationship between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole, inclination relationship between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole, length ratio between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole, ratio of the screw hole crack area and its length, and the distance relationship between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole. Specifically, the centroid height of the screw-hole crack reflects its longitudinal position in the screw hole. The color composition of the screw-hole crack reflects the angle of acquisition probe. The positional relationship between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole indicates that the screw hole crack appears above or below the screw hole. The inclination angle of the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole reflects whether they will be imaged by the same color channel. If the inclination direction is the same, they are imaged by the same color channel. Otherwise, they are imaged by different color channels. The ratio of the screw hole crack length to the corresponding screw hole length reflects the size relationship of the screw hole crack. The ratio of the crack area to its length approximately reflects the crack width, which is affected by the probe sensitivity. The distance between the screw hole crack and its corresponding screw hole is a significant constraint for evaluating the screw hole crack, and its threshold can be obtained using statistical methods.
3.3.3 Rail Bottom
As illustrated in Figure 12, the defects in the rail bottom contain longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, and clutter.
Figure 12
figure 12
Ultrasound image in rail bottom
Five generalization features of the position region, defect color, defect slope, defect length, and defect distance are selected and formulated to build a generalization feature cluster. There are three types of image contours for transverse cracks: a single blue oblique segment, single green oblique segment, and blue-green oblique segment appearing in pairs. The longitudinal crack is a long-line segment with red and horizontal lines. Transverse and longitudinal cracks are represented by generalization feature clusters, as follows:
Transverse crack of rail bottom,
$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}ll} {h_{2} < y_{{\text{i}}} < h_{3} ,} \\ {C_{{\text{i}}} = G\left| {\left| B \right|} \right|\left( {G + B} \right),} \\ {k_{{{\text{i1}}}} \cdot k_{{{\text{i2}}}} < 0,} \\ {l_{{\text{i}}} > 0,} \\ {\sqrt {\left( {x_{{{\text{i1}}}} - x_{{{\text{i2}}}} } \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{{{\text{i1}}}} - y_{{{\text{i2}}}} } \right)^{2} } < I_{{{\text{min}}}} .} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$
(9)
Longitudinal crack of rail bottom,
$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}ll} {h_{3} < y_{{\text{t}}} < r_{{{\text{ow}}}} ,} \\ {C_{{\text{t}}} = R,} \\ {k_{{\text{t}}} \approx 0,} \\ {l_{{\text{t}}} > T_{{{\text{min}}}} .} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$
(10)
From Eqs. (9) and (10), \(\left( {x_{{\text{i}}} ,y_{{\text{i}}} } \right)\) and \(\left( {x_{{\text{t}}} ,y_{{\text{t}}} } \right)\) are the centroid coordinates of the transverse and longitudinal cracks in the rail bottom, respectively. \(C_{{\text{i}}}\) and \(C_{{\text{t}}}\) denote the color compositions of the transverse and longitudinal cracks at the rail bottom, respectively. \(l_{{\text{i}}}\) and \(l_{{\text{t}}}\) are the lengths of the transverse and longitudinal cracks at the rail bottom, respectively. \(\left( {x_{{{\text{i1}}}} ,y_{{{\text{i1}}}} } \right)\) and \(\left( {x_{{{\text{i2}}}} ,y_{{{\text{i2}}}} } \right)\) are the centroid coordinates of the two adjacent rail bottom defects. \(k_{{{\text{i1}}}}\) and \(k_{{{\text{i2}}}}\) are the slopes of the two adjacent rail bottom defects. In addition, if the distance between these two points is less than the setting distance \(I_{{{\text{min}}}}\), the transverse crack at the rail bottom comprises blue and green defect contours in pairs, and the contour slope directions are opposite. \(k_{{\text{t}}}\) is the slope of the longitudinal crack, and the image contour of the longitudinal crack at the rail bottom is approximately horizontal. \(r_{{{\text{ow}}}}\) denotes a row of ultrasonic images, and \(T_{{{\text{min}}}}\) is the length threshold. Therefore, the combination of generalization feature clusters expressed by Eqs. (9)–(10) can be employed to detect transverse and longitudinal cracks at the rail bottom.
3.4 Feature Clustering and Dimension Reduction
In the generalization feature cluster, the constraint conditions of each feature are different. Some features have a good constraint effect, whereas others have a poor constraint effect. In this study, features with a strong constraint effect are selected by analyzing the constraint effect of each feature. Subsequently, new constraint features are constructed to achieve dimension reduction and simplify defect identification. In the rail head, \(S_{{\text{c}}}\) is the area of the contour circumscribed rectangle, and \(H_{{{\text{0d}}}}\) is the ratio of the height of the contour circumscribed rectangle to the height of the rail head region, and both are strong constraint generalization features for evaluating rail head flaws and joints. Usually, there are various types of screw-hole cracks in the rail waist, which are evaluated by the position relationship between the screw hole and defect. Therefore, it is difficult to constrain the defects uniformly using the generalized features of the reduction dimension. However, for a specific type of defect, it can be identified using the reduced-dimension generalization feature cluster. For example, the contour centroid height and defect area are strong constraint generalization features for evaluating the horizontal crack of a screw hole. The centroid height and contour circumscribed rectangle length are strong constraint generalization features for evaluating the lower crack


text:
Extricating lines requires pressing buttons to retract each in ways without causing collisions. The puzzles begin simply, but soon the interlocking lines begin meshing in complex ways, requiring more attention and planning to solve.
In our review, we praised the increasing complexity of the puzzles, introducing branching lines and switches that activate different sections. It's a concept that becomes more taxing and tricky than it first appears.
HOOK can be downloaded for free on the App Store.


text: Optical interior wall measurement of bore holes boreCONTROLBerührungslose und verschleißfreie Messung boreCONTROLNon-contact and wear-free measurement boreCONTROLRealisierung großer Messbereiche boreCONTROL is designed for the inspection of small bore holes from ø4 mm. The measurement system consists of a sensor with integrated rotary drive, a motor controller, a sensor controller and an exchangeable sensor lance. boreCONTROL is based on confocal chromatic sensor technology. The rotating sensor lance enables a circular measurement. The system provides non-contact diameter measurements in bore holes and cavities. Особенности Available measuring ranges: 4 - 10 / 8 - 12.8 / 10 - 16mm Large measuring ranges Measures even in difficult-to-access places Measurement of a wide variety of materials, also sensitive surfaces Short measurement cycles due to high sampling rate Confocal chromatic distance measurement and surface inspection using intensity measurement High repeatability and accuracy Optical temperature compensation Bohrlochsensor, konfokal-chromatisches Messprinzip Measuring principle The confocal chromatic measuring principle offers the following advantages: Non-contact measurement with small light spot High resolution in radial & axial direction High dynamics (sampling rate up to 25kHz) Applicable on many materials Applications Measurement of rivet holes in aircraft construction Surface assessment & defect detection For numerous applications in the automotive industry, aircraft industry, medical engineering and in machine building System components The boreCONTROL system consists of a rotating unit with exchangeable sensor lance, motor controller and sensor controller. The rotary drive is operated by the motor controller. The sensor controller serves for set-up and signal processing. Via the Ethernet interface of the controller, boreCONTROL provides a data package with distance, angle and intensity figures. For customer software development, a SDK is included. The system components are matched individually according to the customer's requirements. Customer software integration The boreCONTROL.dll Dynamic Link Library included in the SDK enables to control the measurement system. The library file supports reading the sensor data, setting the sensor parameters as well as acquiring and processing the measured values. In order to enable the use of DII with as many different development environments and compilers as possible, the DII interface is based on mere C functions of the »stdcall« calling convention. Therefore, the interface can also be used with C++, Delphi, Visual Basic, Python and other programming languages. Другие ссылки Глоссарий: принцип измерения "Confocal chromatic" Добавить в список наблюдения Уже добавлен в персональный список!


text:
In 2016, the funding that Edison provided for the DASIT Project gave us the opportunity to further our engagement in work in two areas that are very important to us;
- The health and well-being of women & girls.
- (STEM) science, technology, engineering and math.
BWW has continued to highlight the importance of educational and career opportunities in STEM for people of color, especially women and girls, through DASIT. Recent studies have indicated that the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) fields lack equitable representation of women and people of color. African Americans comprise approximately 3% of scientists and engineers; Latinos less than 4% and the representation of women in STEM fields is equally alarming with only one in ten STEM professionals representing as women of color.
With consistent support from Edison International, the DASIT Project has been able to promote and provide support to the STEM pipeline by providing engaging STEM activities for elementary, middle and high school students in the areas of Inventions and Innovations of people of color, solar technology and design and Aeronautical Science. Through these efforts, we work to dispel the overwhelming disparities and highlight the under publicized successes of people in color in STEM so students and communities can imagine and experience the impact STEM Education and Careers can have on youth and community development.
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Old 11-23-2003, 06:15 PM #24
Dojo: Jiki Shin Kan, Utrecht, Netherlands
Join Date: Nov 2003
Posts: 1
Hi Holmes and others,
I saw your post asking for strategies for aikido training longer than 1-2 hours. I read the replies with interest.
I have diabetes type I since 8 years and I train in aikido since 2 years.
Diabetes is an individual disease. What works for one person may not work for another. Everyone will have to learn by trial and error.
I am a bit different case compared to other people with type I, because I am a LADA type (Latent Auto-immune Diabetes in Adults) and my body still produces some insulin of its own. So what works for me may not work for other people with type I.
I take 4 insulin injections a day. I discussed the insulin pump with my specialist, but he was of the same opinion as your doctor was (If you manage a tight control of your blood sugar level by injections and your HbA1C is small enough then you don't gain much by an insulin pump).
Different individuals have a different sensitivity to insulin (E.g. This sensitivity partially depends on your weight. Overweight people tend to have a lower sensitivity. It also depends on the amount of physical exercise you get during a day). This explains why different individuals require different amounts of insulin for the same amount of carbohydrates. It may vary a factor 10.
I recently learned that your sensitivity to insulin varies within a 24 hour period. Most people are more sensitive during morning and afternoon and less during the evening. But some individuals show a different graph of sensitivity. If your sensitivity to insulin varies, so does your personal ratio of units of insulin per amount of carbohydrates. So what works in the morning may differ from what works for dinner.
I attended aikido summer school (in Netherlands, Europe) twice. The last summer school took 5 days with one training session on the first day and one on the last day and two training sessions per middle three days. Each training session takes 3 hours. I compensated for this larger amount of exercise by decreasing the amount of insulin, both my ultrafast insulin (humalog) and my slow insulin (insulatard). My teacher informed the sensei of the summer school, so I was given permission in advance to leave the tatami any time during the training session (in order to take care of my blood sugar regulation). Normally, an aikidoka has to approach the sensei and ask permission to leave the tatami.
On a regular week night I take 10 units of slow insulin. At the end of the first and last day I took 8 units of slow insulin. At the end of the three middle days I took only 6 units of slow insulin. Each training session was preceeded by a meal (either breakfast or lunch). I decreased the amount of ultrafast insulin for each of these meals, taking 3 units instead of 4 units. I took roughly the normal amount of insulin (both ultrafast insulin (humalog) and fast insulin (actrapid)) for dinner, sometimes rounding down the amount (varying between 7 and 13 units).
I had one hypo half way during a training session (I always hope to avoid that). It was 3.3. mmol/l = 59.4 mg/dl. I treated that one by eating 8 tablets of "dextro energy" (dextrose), slightly more than I would normally for a 3.3 mmol/l, and taking a small break of 5 to 10 minutes. I usually ended with low sugar levels after the second training session on the day, sometimes a minor hypo. I treated those primarily by decreasing the amount of insulin for dinner. I always measured my blood sugar level just before going to sleep. My blood sugar levels just before going to sleep were lower than usual, but not by much. I experienced one blood sugar level below 6.0 mmol/l = 108 mg/dl; it was 4.9 mmol/l = 88.2 mg/dl. I treated that one my eating a mandarin (6 gr carbohydrates). The standard advice is too eat 15 gr carbohydrates when your blood sugar level is below 8.0 mmol/l = 144 mg/dl just before you go sleeping. I adapted the advice for my individual case.
Physical exercise has about 24 (and for some people 48 hour) effect on your blood sugar level. After the physical exercise itself, your body tries to replace the (used up) sugar in your muscle cells. That gave me the idea to try out decreasing the amount of slow insulin after a day with physical exercise (after discussing it with my specialist).
This decreasing the dosis of insulin (instead of one or more timed intakes of carbohydrates) works fine for me.
I apply this strategy to a regular training session (either 1 hours and 30 minutes, or 2 hours) as well. My regular aikido training session is in the evening. So that implies planning my dinner before my training session, taking less insulin for dinner and taking less insulin after training session just before going to sleep. I do not eat any extra food if possible, though I always carry an apple and "dextro energy" with me. Roughly one out of 20 training sessions I experience a hypo during the training session (and eat "dextro energy"), so it works fine. Occasionally, I have a hypo after the training session and eat either the apple or "dextro energy".
With respect to stress. Most people with diabetes experience an increase in their blood sugar level as a result from stress, but some experience a decrease. For some people the increase is temporary and will be followed by a decrease in the blood sugar level. For other people the blood sugar level remains high after increasing. Given these three scenarios, every individual with diabetes should find out for him/herself how he/she responds to stress (and handle it accordingly).
I recently attended an educational weekend on the insulin pump. They advised me to decouple the pump during an aikido training session. They also advised not to decouple the pump for more than 90 minutes. If a pump is decoupled for longer than 90 minutes then one should consider taking an insulin injection. I think one gets better control of one's diabetes when one continues to wear the pump during an aikido training. So, what is the best place to attach the pump during an aikido training? Is there any experienced aikidoka who uses an insulin pump who can tell me?
With kind regards,
 Reply With Quote


text:
Gizmotchy 3 Element W/5000 Watt Gamma
Sets of Elements: 3, Boom Length: 9'
DB Gain: 12, Watts: 5000
Power Multiplication: 30X
Front-to-Back Separation: 25db
Turn Radius: 10.25'
Surface Area: 4.2 square foot
Weight: 14 lbs
Gizmotchy? beams are made to build upon. For example, you can
choose to start out with a 3 element beam and then you can increase
your boom length, number of elements, DB gain, etc at any point by
adding one or more Gizmotchy? Power Boosters.
Each set of vertical/horizontal elements is counted as 1 element -
so a "3 element" Gizmotchy? beam actually features 9 elements


_USER_{RAS:SourceID:8429, abstract = {This paper deals with the faunistic study of 27 species of sponges collected off Namibia during different Spanish expeditions. Most of the species are described and some taxonomic aspects are also considered. The name P. levi is proposed for the southern African specIes P. atlantica Levi, since this latter name has already been used for a North Atlantic species (Stephens 1917).}, author = {Uriz, M.J.}, journal = { Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station}, note = {Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Atlanto-Mediterranean Sponge Taxonomy}, pages = {54-73}, title = {Sponges from the south-west of Africa: description of species. In: Jones WC (ed) European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges.}, url = {_URL_ volume = {1}, year = {1987} }


- lemonfrogfitness
15 Things I've Learned This Past Year
Here are some of the educational, interesting and trivial things I've learnt this year.
1. Write shit down!!! Writing things down helps remove all the clutter from your head allowing you to focus and make sense of what's important and to get stuck in with the tasks at hand. 2. Naps promote health and longevity, research has shown those who take a 30-minute siesta had 37% less chance of developing cardiovascular diseases. 3. Lack of sleep leads to dementia, muscle loss, and fat gain. Being awake places accuse stress on the brain which can lead to dementia. When you're sleeping your body is repairing and building muscle, not getting enough causes you to lose muscle. A lack of sleep comes with a lack of energy and lowers your hormone responsible for feeling full (leptin), and increases your hunger hormone (ghrelin) causing you to seek food. 4. Avoiding foods you like lowers blood glucose (low blood glucose makes you hungry). 5. The biggest recorded salamander is from Japan and is over 5ft long (salamanders are typically the same size as a gecko). 6. Eating more carbs than your body can store causes insulin resistance. This then causes only some of the glycogen from carbs to be stored whilst the remainder floats around in the bloodstream causing higher levels of hunger. This leads to you always being hungry and causing you to overeat. 7. That a Starbucks hazelnut latte may rival Costas Carmel latte. I've always been loyal to costa and their caramel latte but a Starbucks hazelnut latte has caused me to occasionally have wandering tastebuds. 8. That counselling is incredibly beneficial, I enjoy it and it helped me grow as a person. Earlier this year I went through a rough stage in my personal life which was exacerbated by my business and working alone. Counselling helped me get back to myself and help me grow and make me a better version of me and I believe everyone can benefit from it. 9. Spending money (on the right things) makes money. This year I have pumped the most money I ever have into my business, education and mental health. This has been my most profitable year by far despite spending more money and has been the year I've grown the most. 9. No one else is going to do the work for you. You can buy all the information you need, the gear you need and professional help you need but unless you work your ass off yourself you won't achieve anything. This massively applies to fat loss and your fitness journey, you can buy the gear, the books, and the PT but unless you put the work in yourself, you won't achieve the results. 10. Habits stacking makes new habits much easier to adhere to. The best way to make a habit stick is by stacking it on top of something you already do. When you wake up have a glass of water or perform 5 minutes of stretching. When you leave work on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday go straight to the gym, when you usually sit down and eat chocolate in the evening switch it for a healthier lower calorie alternative. The way habits work is through a contextual cue that triggers your habit, here are some examples. Trigger: Sitting in front of the tv - Habit: Eating chocolate. Trigger: Having a cup of tea - Habit: Eating 3 biscuits with it. Trigger: Get stressed at work - Habit reward yourself with calorific foods. Find your triggers and stack new healthier habits on top. 11. Changing words in your vocabulary shift your mindset for a more positive outcome. By using certain words you could be preventing yourself from achieving things. "I can't stop eating cake", "I can't get fit and healthy", " I have no will power", "I'm so weak", "I can't do that". This mindset sets you up for failure if you keep saying things like this you convince yourself it's true. I dunno about you but the number of times I've convinced myself I have a bad illness due to reading google is uncanny. I'd keep telling myself something is wrong, I'm not well, this isn't normal that I believed it, every time I've turned out fine, so far touch wood. 12. That the bluezones have the healthiest and longest-living humans. People who live in the bluezones live longer than anyone else these places are: Icaria (Greece), Ogliastra (Italy), Okinawa (Japan) Nicoya Peninsula (Costa Rica) and Loma Linda in California. Why do they live so long with good health? Because they eat a diet full of whole plant foods rich in fibre and nutrients as well as plenty of healthy fats like oily fish and olive oil. They keep active every day of their lives, they get enough sleep and nap in the days, they have tight nit communities and are sociable. We can learn a lot from these zones if we want a longer happier life. 13. That dreaming is your brain making up stories to fill in missing gaps. The two lobes in the front of your brain are around an inch apart and signals travel 250mph between them scanning and taking in information. Due to taking in information so quickly it can only remember certain snapshots of the event. When you're sleeping and dreaming your brain is technically filing the information away, because it only has these freeze frames of information it fills the gaps between each snapshot by making up a story that fits between them, and that's how your weird random dreams are born. 14. That beer Kellers are amazing. When I went to Manchester for my mate's stag we went to a beer Keller on the night out and it was the most fun I've had on a night out. Standing on tables dancing with strangers and some German folk type music, hitting beer steins together and being surrounded by fun, friendly upbeat people. If you ever get the chance go. 15. That I am a lot more confident I thought. I use to tell myself I wasn't a confident person all the time and believed I was a shy person, and like I already discussed, you are what you tell yourself you are. This year I changed that more than ever, I went to the beach for the day with complete strangers, I drove all the way to Manchester and spent the night there alone to attend a course the next day with strangers, I went for a night our after another course I attended alone with all strangers, I was the only one who didn't know anyone. Every single experience was awesome and I'm so glad I have done it. Learning is a huge part of my life whether it's for business, to help me help my clients or just trivial stuff, I love it. - Never stop learning because life never stops teaching. If you want to keep growing as an individual and learn some awesome tips that will help you along your journey then here are 3 ways you can learn from me, for free.Download and listen to my podcast for free- I discuss ways in which you can improve your results by applying the simple tools I layout for you in each episode. Click Here to listen Free personal training - Come along for a week's free personal training in my fully private training facility and learn how to exercise and eat effectively for your goals. Click Here to book in your free week. Download my complete beginners' guide to fat loss - This free guide will teach you what you need to know on how to lose fat and comes with a free training plan. Click Here to download.
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Recursive (Unary) Relatinoships
From: gkiourtas michail <michgkio_at_otenet.gr>
Date: Sun, 12 Nov 2000 18:45:57 +0200
Message-ID: <3A0EC945.60AC67CE_at_otenet.gr>
Can someone present the following meanings in an easy to understand way?
What is the usefullness of these meanings in database design?
a) Symmetric Recursive Relationship
b)Asymmetric Recursive Relationship
c)Recursive Relationship as an Entity.
 Thanks.Mike Received on Sun Nov 12 2000 - 17:45:57 CET
Original text of this message


Collaboration provides enterprise-wide access to SciFinder
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Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) has announced that enterprise-wide access to SciFinder has been provided, thanks to what the organisation states is an unprecedented collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Library. Scientists across NIH can now have on-demand access to the world's largest curated collection of publicly disclosed information on chemistry and related research, built and maintained by CAS scientists. The CAS databases include chemical substances, reactions and other related content from more than 10,000 major scientific journals worldwide, patents from 63 global patent authorities, dissertations, meeting abstracts, electronic-only journals and other reputable Web sources.


text:
Reaction Paper to One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.
In the novel entitled, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn continuously refers to the pleasures of food and how the characters in the novel describe and treat it. Throughout the novel, the main character, Shukhov, emphasizes upon what food means to him. After reading these descriptions of food, I noticed that the prisoners in the prison camp treat food differently from the way I treat food.
When describing food, Shukhov describes it as a source of life. When Shukhov goes to the mess hall, one can notice how much appreciation he has for food. He thinks of it as warmth and life. He even mentions that food is more important than freedom. As a result of this appreciation, the prisoners tend to be very frugal with the food that they receive. In many cases, the prisoners would save and hide it in secret pockets for future use.
Contrastingly, I do not appreciate food as much as the prisoners in the camp. The prisoners receive a limited amount of food, while for me, it is always reachable. Because food is never out of reach, I do not see it the same way prisoners, like Shukhov, do. I tend to be less frugal with food and see food as disposable. It is never hard for me to get more food if I am hungry. However, Shukhov only receives food three times a day and can only eat otherwise if he has saved food. Furthermore, to me, food is enjoyable. The prisoners in the camp do not mind eating gruel and bread everyday and they seem to never complain because they do not have any other options. Dissimilarly, I have many options and choices when it comes to food and I even complain when food does not taste acceptable. After analyzing the ways in which the prisoners and I treat food, I realized that I should appreciate food to a certain extent. I am lucky to have food that is always reachable, and I am also lucky to have options.


text:
Role of surface composition in morphological evolution of GaAs nano-dots with low-energy ion irradiation
1 Inter-University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
2 National Physical Laboratory, Dr K S Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
3 Nanotechnology Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:552 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-552Published: 4 October 2012
The surface chemistry of GaAs (100) with 50-keV Ar+ ion beam irradiation at off-normal incidence has been investigated in order to elucidate the surface nano-structuring mechanism(s). Core level and valence band studies of the surface composition were carried out as a function of fluences, which varied from 1 × 1017 to 7 × 1017 ions/cm2. Core-level spectra of samples analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the Ga enrichment of the surface resulting in bigger sized nano-dots. Formation of such nano-dots is attributed to be due to the interplay between preferential sputtering and surface diffusion processes. Valence band measurement shows that the shift in the Fermi edge is higher for Ga- rich, bigger sized nano-dots due to the partial oxide formation of Ga. 'One-dimensional power spectral density' extracted from atomic force micrographs also confirms the significant role of surface diffusion in observed nano-structuring.


text:
One of the major concepts to understand on the LSAT is the use of formal logic. Formal logic is found predominantly in the Analytical Reasoning section of the LSAT, but it is also found in the Logical Reasoning section in inference questions and assumption questions.
Formal logic is founded on the understanding of necessary and sufficient assumptions. A necessary assumption is something that MUST be true, whereas a sufficient assumption is something that COULD be true. Formal logic is the use of rules to make deductions.
In the Analytical Reasoning section of the LSAT you want to diagram formal logic and necessary/sufficient problems. For If—then statements you want to diagram them as:
If A then B: A —–> B
The left side of the arrow (A) is the sufficient condition, and then right side of the arrow is the necessary condition (B). Thus, it is possible for A to happen (although it doesn't have to happen), but if A does happen then B MUST happen as well.
When you have a conditional statement you can also write the if—–then statement's contra-positive. A contra-positive is just a further deduction that can be made from a conditional statement. To do this you will negate both terms and then flip them to the other side of the arrow.
If A then B: ~B —-> ~A
1) If not X then Y: ~X —–> Y OR ~Y —–> X
2) if not S then not T: ~S —-> ~T OR T —-> S
Another common type of formal logic seen on the LSAT is the "only if" statement. For example, A only if B. Only if means that if A does happen then B must also happen. That means that:
A only if B can be rewritten as: if A then B: A—–> B
Once again the contra-positive would be ~B —-> ~A
Another common type of formal logic seen on the LSAT is the "if and only if" and "if but only if" statements. "If and only If" is a bi-conditional logical connective between statements. This means that the truth of one of these statements requires the reverse to also be true. For example:
A if but only if B can be written as: if A then B AND if B then A: A <—–> B
The contra-positive would be: ~A <—–> ~B
Also, the phrase "if and only if" means the same thing as "if but only if" in terms of formal logic and would be written the same way as the above example.
***"~" means NOT ***