Points in General Position
Many Discrete Geometry problems study planar point sets in general position. Most commonly, this definition refers to point sets with no three collinear points and no four cocircular points (that is, no circle contains four points of the set). A few examples of such problems:
 - What is the minimum number of distinct distances that are spanned by a set of n points in general position?
 - What is the minimum number of convex k -gons determined by n points in general position?
 - For even n , what is the maximum number of distinct ways in which one can cut a set of n points in general position by a line into two halves, each of cardinality n/2 ?
 - What is the maximum number of points that can be placed on an n \times n grid so that no three points are collinear. What happens when we also forbid four cocircular points?
Randomly choosing n points from the plane will lead to a set in general position, but this set is unlikely to have any interesting extremal structure. For example, we expect such a set to span many distinct distances, and it is not clear why such a set should span few convex k -gons. Problems such as the ones above ask for point sets that are in general position while also having some kind of structure. I often find it useful to have examples of such point sets as part of my "Discrete Geometry toolkit". I am familiar with two very different constructions of such sets. This post describes these two constructions. If you are familiar with additional constructions, do let me know!
Construction 1: Subsets of the integer lattice. Our first construction involves finding a large subset of an n \times n section of the integer lattice that is in general position. The basic idea for this construction seems to originate from Erdős (for example, see this paper of Roth), although we will follow a later variant of Thiele.
For a prime p , we consider the point set
{\cal P} = \left\{\left(t,t^2 \mod p\right)\ :\ 0\le t <p/4 \right\}.
Note that {\cal P} is a set of \lfloor p/4\rfloor points from a p\times p section of the integer lattice. We will now show that {\cal P} does not contain three collinear points or four cocircular points.
Thiele
An example of the first construction, created by Gábor Damásdi.
Three points (x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2), and (x_3,y_3) are collinear if and only if
\begin{vmatrix} 1 & x_1 & y_1 \\ 1 & x_2 & y_2 \\ 1 & x_3 & y_3 \end{vmatrix} = 0.
It is not difficult to check that for three points (t_1,t_1^2),(t_2,t_2^2),(t_3,t_3^2) , we get
\begin{vmatrix} 1 & t_1 & t_1^2 \\ 1 & t_2 & t_2^2 \\ 1 & t_3 & t_3^2 \end{vmatrix} = (t_2-t_1)(t_3-t_2)(t_3-t_1).
For distinct integers t_1,t_2,t_3 , this determinant is clearly nonzero. When we also have that 0\le t_1,t_2,t_3 < p , this determinant is also not a multiple of the prime p . Thus,
\begin{vmatrix} 1 & t_1 & (t_1^2 \mod p) \\ 1 & t_2 & (t_2^2 \mod p) \\ 1 & t_3 & (t_3^2 \mod p) \end{vmatrix} \neq 0.
We conclude that no three points of {\cal P} are collinear. We can use a similar argument for the case of cocircular points. Four points (x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),(x_3,y_3), and (x_4,y_4) are cocircular if and only if
\begin{vmatrix} 1 & x_1 & y_1 & x_1^2 +y_1^2\\ 1 & x_2 & y_2 & x_2^2 +y_2^2\\ 1 & x_3 & y_3 & x_3^2 +y_3^2\\ 1 & x_4 & y_4 & x_4^2 +y_4^2 \end{vmatrix} = 0.
(One can think of this test is as lifting the four points to the paraboloid defined by z=x^2+y^2 in {\mathbb R}^3 , and checking if the four lifted points are coplanar. It is known that the intersections of the paraboloid with planes are exactly the lifting of circles to the paraboloid.)
Taking the points (t_1,t_1^2),(t_2,t_2^2),(t_3,t_3^2),(t_4,t_4^2) , we get
\begin{vmatrix} 1 & t_1 & t_1^2 & t_1^2 +t_1^4\\ 1 & t_2 & t_2^2 & t_2^2 +t_2^4\\ 1 & t_3 & t_3^2 & t_3^2 +t_3^4\\ 1 & t_4 & t_4^2 & t_4^2 +t_4^4 \end{vmatrix} = (t_1+t_2+t_3+t_4)\prod_{1\le j<k \le 4}(t_k-t_j).
Since 0\le t_1,t_2,t_3,t_4 < p/4 , we have that t_1+t_2+t_3+t_4 is not a multiple of p . Assuming that the four integers are distinct, none of the elements of the product is a multiple of p . Repeating the above argument, we get that no four points of {\cal P} are cocircular.
Now that we know that the above construction is in general position, let us mention a few of its applications:
 - Erdős and Purdy asked for the size of the largest subset of the n\times n integer lattice with no three points on a line and no four on a circle. The above construction provides the current best lower bound for this problem.
 - Erdős, Hickerson, and Pach asked whether there exists a planar set of n points in general position that spans no parallelograms and still determines o(n^2) distinct distances. Dumitrescu provided a positive answer to this question by using the above construction.
 - The Heilbronn triangle problem asks for the smallest \Delta(n) such that every set of n points in the unit square determine a triangle of area at most \Delta(n) . Erdős used a variant of the above construction to produce one of the first non-trivial lower bounds for the problem.
Construction 2: Projection from a hypersphere. In our first construction, the point set has some structure since it is a subset of a p\times p section of the integer lattice. The structure in our second construction also originates from a lattice, although in a very different way. This construction comes from a paper of Erdős, Füredi, Pach, and Ruzsa, and seems to be influenced by earlier ideas of Behrend.
For a positive integer d , consider the section of the d -dimensional integer lattice
{\cal L} = \left\{(x_1,\ldots,x_d)\in {\mathbb Z}^d :\ 0\le x_1,\ldots,x_d <2^d \right\}.
We claim that there exists a hypersphere around the origin that contains many points of {\cal L} . First, note that |{\cal L}| = 2^{d^2} . We also note that the distance between a point x\in {\cal L} and the origin is \sqrt{x_1^2+\cdots+x_d^2} . Every such distance is the square root of an integer between zero and d\cdot 2^{2d} . That is, the points of {\cal L} determine at most d\cdot 2^{2d} distinct distances from the origin. By the pigeonhole principle, there exists a distance \delta such that at least 2^{d^2}/(d\cdot 2^{2d})=2^{d(d-2)}/d points are at distance \delta from the origin. In other words,


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Child sponsorship provides children with access to education. In this picture, children, many of them sponsored, play games and attend class at a Lower Primary School in Amri, India. World Vision provided furniture for the school.
- A Happy Childhood
- The man who wants to see his 'child' become a Collector

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Reception immediately following in 3rd floor open space
Web-based communities have become a place for millions to seek and share expertise. This talk will present findings drawn from several online question-answer (QA) forums. We find that QA forums are frequently used to seek out support and conversation, in addition to factual expertise. Where the type of expertise exchanged is primarily factual, one can identify experts both through network-based ranking algorithms and user supplied ratings. The users themselves respond to point and monetary incentives in addition to the altruistic motives of helping and correcting others. Finally, we find that on the individual level, participation can be highly intermittent, but that the users who stay active tend to specialize and adopt strategies for gathering points. These and other insights have significant implications for future knowledge generating online communities.
This is joint work with Mark Ackerman, Jun Zhang, Jiang Yang, Kevin Nam and Eytan Bakshy.


What is the X in X-mas?
[huh-ben-yuh-luh] /həˈbɛn yə lə/
noun, plural habenulae
[huh-ben-yuh-lee] /həˈbɛn yəˌli/ (Show IPA).
a narrow bandlike structure, as the stalk attaching the pineal gland to the thalamus.
1875-80; < Latin: small strip of skin, equivalent to habēn(a) strap, thong, rein (derivative of habēre to have, hold, possess; cf. able, habit1) + -ula -ule
Related forms
habenular, adjective Unabridged
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habenula in Medicine
habenula ha·ben·u·la (hā-běn'yə-lə)
n. pl. ha·ben·u·lae (-lē')
 1. A frenulum.
 2. The stalk of the pineal gland. No longer in technical use.
 3. A circumscript cell mass embedded in the posterior end of the medullary stria of the thalamus, from which it receives most of its afferent fibers. Also called habena, pedunculus of pineal body.
ha·ben'u·lar adj.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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The San Andreas fault line from above.
The ancient Greeks believed that weather triggered earthquakes. Those views have been thoroughly debunked by modern science. Or have they? This video from Seeker discusses some recent evidence that may give credence to the idea that weather can influence seismic activity.
Articles in the New York Times and elsewhere pointed to a study on seismic activity in Taiwan, one of the most seismically active places on Earth. The study demonstrated the correlation between typhoons and tiny earthquakes known as "slowquakes". Big storms cause air pressure to plummet and underground water and air to rush to the Earth's surface, therefore reducing friction between tectonic plates and making earthquakes more likely. These slowquakes, over time, reduce the pressure between tectonic plates and can cause real earthquakes.
More From Popular Mechanics

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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- Research Feature
- Read Time: 20 min
In recent years, researchers have created a number of metrics to explain the connections between customer behavior and growth. But under the harsh reality of the marketplace, these efforts have generated more smoke than heat. Nevertheless, managers continue to search for insight into how customers feel – and how they will behave.


British Government Condemns Ex-Gay Therapy As Harmful
British Health Minister Norman Lamb
British Health Minister Norman Lamb has issued the following condemnation of ex-gay therapy on behalf of the government's health programs:
The Department of Health does not condone the concept of therapists offering 'cures' for homosexuality. There is no evidence that this sort of treatment is beneficial and indeed it may well cause significant harm, to some patients.
It is incumbent on professionals working in the National Health Service to ensure that treatment and care, including therapy, is provided to every patient without any form of discrimination.
If someone is suffering a mental health problem, clinicians will try to help patients with whatever is causing them distress. This could involve helping someone come to terms with their sexuality, family arguments over their sexuality, or hostility from other people.
We know from research that the incidence of depression, anxiety and suicide within the gay community is significantly higher than within the heterosexual community and this is why 'No health without mental health' identifies lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people as a specific group for whom a tailored approach to their mental health is necessary.
Just last month, the British Association of Counselling & Psychotherapy came out against ex-gay therapy, pointing out that it had "no basis in science or medicine" and advising members not to offer it to clients.


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When Gunnar Ovstebo and Andrew Ensoll landed in El Paso on August 1, they traded in 60-degree highs in Scotland for a chance to search the scorching Chihuahuan Desert for plants most people would walk right past. The horticulturists from Scotland's Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, were on a mission to find ferns that included remnants of those dominating the Earth hundreds of millions of years ago, before mammals, birds – and even dinosaurs – existed.
With the guidance of Wildflower Center Plant Conservationist Michael Eason, they hit pay dirt over a three-week span, making 35 collections of these flowerless plants in four counties.
The sites they visited ranged from stark, open scrubland outside Presidio, Texas, the lush "sky island" of Mount Livermore in the Davis Mountains and the northern lip of the Rio Grande River, a melting 106-degrees F during their visit. Ensoll glimpsed a mountain lion off in the distance at Big Bend National Park and they both marveled at the tenacity of a drought-damaged fern found on their first collection excursion behind Sul Ross State University in Alpine.
"It felt very sacred, these places we've seen through Michael's contacts. They're really gems of nature," Ovstebo said. "And seeing desert ferns in the wild will help us while trying to cultivate them back in Scotland."
The Norwegian oversees glass houses at the Edinburgh botanic garden where desert and other plants from arid regions are kept to brave Scotland's cold climate. Among the offerings available to visitors is a glass house with a Southwestern U.S. exhibit where creosote, desert willow and Chihuahuan Desert cacti are already on display. To the Southwestern exhibit, they will begin adding more than 30 different species of ferns found in August.
"Most people don't expect to find ferns in the desert," Ovstebo said, noting that "we're trying to challenge the public to think beyond the expected."
A river fern or a Boston fern with delicate, saw-toothed fronds is likely what many people envision when they think fern. But more than half of Texas' ferns and related species (pteridophytes) exist in its arid Western half, where water-conserving needs rule all things.
Clambering inside limestone canyons, along granite outcrops and elsewhere, the horticulturists came across a range of ferns, from the snowflake-shaped leaves of star cloak ferns, whose fronds resemble hands when closed up, to the stubby, flat fronds of wavy scaly cloak fern, to spike moss with its scale-like leaves clustered in spikes.
As alien as some of the plants looked, the biggest surprise came from their habitat, which differed from the shady, cooler crevices some ferns favor. "You have an image of where things should be growing," said Ensoll, a Brit who oversees the propagation of ferns at the Edinburgh garden. "But you couldn't actually touch some of the rocks the ferns were growing on without burning your hand."
Eason was equally impressed with the horticulturists' skill at recognizing ferns. "I've learned so much from them about the identification of ferns and their terminology," he said. "It's just something I never focused on while collecting seeds in Texas." Not that the identifications always came easily. Many of the ferns had to be baptized in water before becoming lifelike enough to recognize, and in some cases, months of work will occur back in Scotland to grow them up and confirm identifications. "On a lot of the ferns, the pinnae (frond segments) had shriveled up and curled around, and they'd have just snapped if you'd touched them," Ensoll said, immediately adding that "as soon as it rains, they'll expand and within 24 hours, they start coming alive."
Spores, unlike seeds, are single-celled, making it easier for ferns to produce thousands of the lightweight reproductive packets on the back of their fronds. With ferns in water-rich areas, the spore germinates and develops into a sexual stage that undergoes a fertilization step involving sperm swimming to an egg to produce a new plant. However desert ferns have evolved a quicker life cycle that bypasses the fertilization step to form another, spore-producing fern.
The horticulturists look forward to showcasing for the public diverse attributes of desert ferns such as their reproductive strategy – after growing up the Texas plants from spores over the next year. "We'll plant them out in the glass houses, which have lots of space for the ferns to run around the cacti and the rocks," Ensoll noted, recalling their sun-baked homeland. "But we definitely need to add more rocks first."
All photos courtesy of Andrew Ensoll, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Forsythia turning black
My forsythia bush leaves are turning almost black. What causes this, and what can I do?
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
Are they soot-like? If so, this could be sooty mold. It is a byproduct of a pest infestation, likely aphids or scale. This article will help you with getting rid of it: _URL_
Neem oil can help as well. In addition to treating whatever pests may be affecting the plant, it is also a good fungicide, which will help in the event that this is caused by some other type of fungus. Here is more information: _URL_


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1. Describe Hump.
Hump is an educated, wealthy, refined and impractical. He is a noted literary man published widely in prestigious magazines. He knows nothing about the sea and therefore enjoys the dense fog a seaman would find daunting.
2. Do you think Hump survival of the torrid conditions is realistic?
Hump survives being swept to sea after losing consciousness and Hump has spent at least several hours in the cold sea. Given his weak state, his survival is indeed incredible.
3. How does Hump take to the rest of the crew?
Hump is repulsed by the rough appearance of the other crew members and is shocked by their lack of decorum when they toss the mate's body into the waters. However, Hump is mostly concerned with Larsen's steely gaze and immense physicality.
4. How does Mugridge's attitude change towards Hump?
The change in Mugridge's behavior is remarkable. As the cabin boy, Hump is merely a dog to be kicked and a slave to be commanded. Instead of his prior courteous compliments, Mugridge issues a constant stream of abuse.
This section contains 2,917 words
(approx. 10 pages at 300 words per page)


Doctor's Oral Promise to Retire in Future Not Enough To Sustain Healthcare Plaintiff's Fraud Claims
In Heartland Women's Healthcare, Ltd. v. Simonton-Smith, 2021 IL App (5th) 200135-U, the appeals court affirmed summary judgment for an obstetrician sued for fraud based on her alleged verbal promise to retire from her practice at the end of a three-year employment term.
The plaintiff claimed the defendant tricked it into buying her practice by promising to retire. The written agreement resulting from the parties' negotiations contained neither a non-compete term nor a recital that defendant intended to retire at the agreement's conclusion.
The trial court granted summary judgment for the defendant on plaintiff's fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims. Plaintiff appealed.
Affirming, the Fifth District found that the plaintiff failed to produce evidence to support its misrepresentation claims and specifically, to show defendant hatched a "scheme to defraud" the plaintiff.
In Illinois, to state a colorable fraudulent misrepresentation claim, a plaintiff must allege: (1) a false statement of material facts, (2) known or believed to be false by the person making it, (3) an intent to induce a plaintiff to act, (4) action by the plaintiff in justifiable reliance on the truth of the statement, and (5) damage to the plaintiff resulting from the reliance.
A negligent misrepresentation plaintiff must also establish these elements but instead of showing a knowingly false statement, must prove the defendant (i) was careless or negligent in ascertaining the truth of the statement and (ii) owed a duty to the plaintiff to impart accurate information.
In both a fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation claim, the statement must be of an existing or past fact and not merely a promise to do something in the future. The alleged fraud must also be complete at the time of the challenged statement as opposed to an intention to commit a future fraud.
The 'Scheme to Defraud' Exception
Where the false representation of future conduct is the scheme or device employed to accomplish the fraud, a court can restore the parties to the positions they occupied before the fraud was committed. And while courts make clear that something beyond a lone broken promise is usually required to trigger the scheme exception, that "plus-factor" is still elusive.
Some courts require a plaintiff to allege a sustained pattern of repeated false representations [see HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc., 131 Ill.2d 145 (1989)] while others [Roda v. Berko (401 Ill.335 (1948), Vance Pearson, Inc. v. Alexander, 86 Ill.App.3d 1105 (1980)] have held that a single promise can trigger the scheme exception.
In cases that have recognized the exception in the single broken promise setting, the plaintiff must generally produce evidence of a defendant's contemporaneous intention not to follow through on the promise. The cases also make clear that whether a plaintiff is proceeding on a course of conduct scheme theory or one that involves only one promise, it must show the defendant's fraudulent intent existed at or before the time of the promise. [25]
Here, the plaintiff could not prove the defendant promised to retire while, at the same time, never intending to fulfill that promise at the outset. For support, the Court quoted both plaintiff's agent's and defendant's deposition testimony. Both testified that while the defendant's future retirement was discussed prior to inking the three-year pact, it was never reduced to writing. The plaintiff also could not pinpoint a definite promise by the defendant to retire when the employment contract lapsed.
As further proof that the defendant never unequivocally promised to retire, the plaintiff's agent testified he even asked the defendant not to retire and that defendant stay beyondthe employment contract's end date. In the end, Plaintiff's evidence did not go far enough to establish either an oral promise to retire at the agreement's conclusion or the defendant's intention not to fulfill that promise.
In finding for the doctor defendant, the Heartland Women's Healthcare Court was careful to respect the boundary between contract and tort law damages – a delineation that, in theory at least, prevents every broken promise from undergirding a fraud claim.
And while the content and outer reaches of the scheme to defraud exception [to the rule that a false promise is not actionable fraud] is still murky, it seems that something beyond a one-off broken promise is generally required. A plaintiff invoking the scheme exception has a better chance of surviving a pleadings motion or summary judgment where it can show a defendant's pattern of repeated broken promises.
Here, the plaintiff alleged only a single misstatement – defendant's supposed oral promise to retire at the conclusion of the employment contract. Without evidence of defendant's contemporaneous intent not to uphold her promise, there wasn't enough evidence of a scheme to defraud to survive summary judgment.
In hindsight, the Plaintiff should have negotiated and codified both a non-compete provision and defendant's imminent retirement as material terms of the contract.
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Airflow Resistivity Meter
Mecanum's airflow resistivity meter (SIGMA) is designed to obtain a reliable measurement of static airflow resistivity, resistance, specific resistance and permeability for a wide range of open-cell porous materials used for noise control.
Why choose Mecanum's Airflow Resistivity Meter?
Follows ASTM C522-03 and ISO 9053 standards
Choosing an airflow resistivity meter compliant with ISO and ASTM standards ensures accuracy, reliability, and global acceptance. It offers precise measurements, compatibility with other equipment, regulatory compliance, and long-term value, making it a prudent choice for industries and research where airflow resistivity data is crucial.
Made for quality control in production and suppliers control
Mecanum's resistivity meter can be integrated at the end of the production line to test product quality and consistency. The measurement procedure is simple and the software guides the operator to ensure a reliable response, without the need for long and costly training.
This system also allows you to quickly and reliably check the quality of your suppliers' products. Resistivity is one of the key parameters governing the acoustic effectiveness of absorbing materials. Testing this parameter at the end of the production line ensures both the acoustic effectiveness of the material and the quality of the production line.
Supports you in new acoustic materials development
Resistivity is used by all theoretical models used to model sound absorption. The first model developed in this direction – Delany-Basely (1971) was based on this property. Our resistivity meter has been specially designed to allow reliable, fast and efficient measurements.
Offers the power and convenience of SIGMA-X software
Our cutting-edge technology automatically detects the minimum flow velocity range, empowering you to effortlessly capture pressure drop data as it correlates with flow velocity, even at ultra-low levels as low as 0.5 mm/s.
Airflow Resistivity Meter techs specs
432 (L) x 370 (W) x 135 (H) mm
17.0 (L) x 14.5 (W) x 5.3 (H) inches
Sample diameter: 44.4 mm or 100 mm
Max sample thickness: 100 mm
Flow control: from 0.5 mm/s to 100 mm/s (depending on sample holder diameter)
Specific airflow resistance: 10 Pa.s/m to 110 kPa.s/m
Airflow resistivity: 400 to 4.6 x 10⁶ Pa.s/m²
Airflow resistance: 1275 to 1.4 x 10⁷ Pa.s/m³
Airflow permeability: 3.9 x 10⁻¹² to 4.8 x 10⁻⁸ m²
What's in the box
Two specimen holders (44.44 and 100 mm diameter)
Resistive film support
Grids to support soft materials
Rings to minimize air leakage around the sample
SIGMA-X measurement software
Static airflow resistivity (Pa.s/m² or rayls/m)
Static airflow permeability (m² or Darcy)
Static specific airflow resistance (Pa.s/m or rayls)
Static airflow resistance (Pa.s/m³ or rayls/m²)


Louis Armstrong Biography
Published: 2017-11-11 13:11:13
1091 words
4 pages
10 min to read
Boston College
Type of paper:
Louis Armstrong Essay
 1. Impacts on Social Integration Aspects
Social assimilation was also an impact of Armstrong's music in that he had a large fan base. His performances tours were aimed at different international countries; hence, expanding the comprehension of jazz music. His music acted as a channel to join different ideologies of jazz music towards a common understanding. Performances, on the other hand, acted as locations for meeting new friends across various societies. For example, if he visited a particular town in Europe, fans would come from different countries across the continent to listen to jazz music.
In the present day, networking and integration also occur in shows that include performances of his music by artists that were featured during production. The followers and learners of his music at the time have continued representing by employing the same skills that they were provided with during training. Consequently, many families and friends have been facilitated by Louis' music both directly and indirectly.
 1. Impacts on Social Politics
The American Society had variation in its political approaches, especially after the two world wars. Consequently, singers and other entertainment icons were hired in political affiliations to cause awareness. As for Armstrong, he did politicize his racial background done by other black American popular figures. He was politically neutral and tried to support what he though was right according to his perceptions. Subsequently, he could mingle freely between the black and white representations when it came to politics.
His neutrality had positive impacts on the society and his fans. For instance, in the cases of Civil Rights Movements, he positively contributed in a nonpartisan manner. In the long-run, he accumulated fans from different racial backgrounds due to his political neutrality.
Lessons learnt from this political impact could help present day artists that are politically divided leading to the spread of articulated ideologies in their productions. Impacts of biasness through music or other entertainment channels may lead to segregation and profiling of the society among racial, ethnic and gender lines.
Louis Armstrong Life
 1. Motivation Aspects in the Society
Louis' background as discussed in the reasons for his choice of discussion was rough. His success was based on innovation, originality, and determination. As a result, Louis set an example for upcoming artists, followers and fans by sharing his biography or though his music. Those that comprehended his life had major changes, especially on determination issues to ensure that they improve their lives.
 Louis' innovation assisted him in coming up with new trends of jazz music that thrilled his fans. With years of jazz experience, he was able to perfect his work leading to originality. As a result, he used his revolutionary language to build a legend in the entertainment industry that is remembered to date.
His efforts and determination had positive social impacts where he mentored fans and other followers to enhance their musical carriers. In the modern day, jazz music has been known to be inspiring through the set lyrics that have common goals towards the human societal attributes.
Louis' Impact On The Society During Both His Time And The Present Day
 1. Preservation of Cultural Morals and Values
The U.S is known to have various music genres that originated from early 1900 ("Louis Armstrong, The Entertainer Who Epitomized Jazz"). Jazz music is one of the genres. Notably, each music genre is associated with specific value and moral backgrounds in its time of origin. Jazz music originated from communities that joined to form the black American societies; hence, had rich, independent and rooted traditions. As a result, Armstrong being one of the godfathers enhanced the transitory of jazz from his generation to the current one through music.
Initially, jazz music was used to pass messages through song lyrics in most black communities leading to the New Orleans Jazz that originated from Armstrong's birthplace. He embraced the music due to the presence of improvisation whereby an artist would improvise the lyrics to match a certain audience or event. Earlier forms of the music had origins from blues, folk and work songs that were sung by slaves as motivational songs.
 Subsequently, Louis adopted jazz music to ensure that he shared his experiences with other individuals in the black community that found it hard to survive during his time. Since jazz music would be performed in live shows in bars during evening hours, there was a tradition that the black Americans would hide in those taverns to drink alcohol and share ways to escape prison.
Concerning the present day, jazz is still adopted to by Western communities. The lyrics to the music relay messages to the fans just like in Armstrong's era. Moreover, the black community is still associated with the jazz genre of music.
 1. Impacts on Love and Emotions
In its origin, the 'blues' music genre, had emotional aspects in the lyrics and ways of expression. Consequently, jazz music also had.residue of blues music whereby the performance approaches were similar. Since Louis had begun his music career by singing blues, he had a perfect and experienced level of jazz presentation (Prouty 361). Louis' music titles and lyrics were emotionally addressed into his audience. For instance, if it were about love, his title, lyrics and tones would synchronize to come up a perfect emotional song. His followers that learnt to trumpet and jazz performances also had similar aspects since he was their instructor. In the long-run, jazz music became a channel of expressing emotions, experiences or issues.
Louis' impact on love is greats in the modern society since most of his love songs are played in social events such as weddings and get-togethers. In his personality, he did not focus his lyrics on hurting his audience or haters in anyway; but offered equal attention to all.
 1. Impacts on Cultural Segregations
In modern day music, Louis has had both positive and negative impact on the western culture. Initially, he made it possible to absorb and transform influences from other genres of music due to the presence of improvisations in jazz music. This aspect reduced the segregation between fans that loved other music genres since it would be improvised and performed in jazz genre (Brothers 33). However, prior characteristics of jazz music that led to racial segregation also prevail to date. In general, the society tends to associate jazz with the black Americans; hence, there has not been sufficient positive change.
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Do pelagic predators hunt in random patterns or with some more organized approach that actually has some mathematical significance? Underwater Times picked up on an article in ScienceNews, about a study showing that fish like tuna, billfish, and some sharks exhibit a mathematical logic in their movements, called a Lévy walk or flight.
In tracking various ocean predators, the researchers noted foraging patterns that were not random - moving here and there without any particular method to their movements - but more deliberate, punctuated with long movements and demonstrating evidence of mathematical fractals.
A fractal is a mathematical pattern that is used to describe the shapes of many things, from snowflakes to the shapes of leaves. No, snowflakes and leaves don't have intelligence, at least not intelligence that necessarily demonstrates free will. But in analyzing the foraging patterns of their test subjects, the researchers detected a level of mathematical thinking or intelligence that was not purely random-based, which was the prevailing theory in the past.
"Many of the animals displayed Lévy behavior at least some of the time, researcher David Sims and his colleagues report — 'the strongest evidence yet that these Lévy patterns are exhibited by wild animals,' he says. Lévy behavior showed up more often in waters where plankton, fish and other food was scarce. In regions with plentiful food, random motion dominated. This observation, says theoretical physicist Gandhimohan Viswanathan, fits with earlier suggestions that 'animals may use a Lévy flight motion to improve their chances of finding prey.'"
This kind of research can provide more insight into migration and other feeding patterns based on availability of food. Perhaps in the future we can better understand or anticipate the actions or movements of some species or their ability to adapt when environmental conditions change.
Read ScienceNews article.


text:
Students in Years 7 and 8 are experiencing first-hand how food is grown with the creation of a kitchen-style garden at our Hurstville Campus.
Garden projects are part of the new mandatory Technologies syllabus introduced in 2019.
The focus of this course is based entirely on the Agriculture and Food Technologies content and includes topics such as food and fibre production, nutritional needs, sustainable production of food, sensory properties of foods and safe and ethical work practices.
Our students are growing herbs, tomatoes and other vegetables for use in their recipes. Later this term they will visit a city pocket garden to explore how sustainable living in possible in an urban environment.
Our thanks to our Year 10 students who created the garden as part of their work experience with our Property and Maintenance Team. We look forward to watching this project grow.


text:
4 Safe Homemade Alternatives for Windshield Washer Fluid
As a child, you may have noticed a resemblance between brightly-colored windshield washer fluid and your favorite sugary drinks, which compelled you to speculate, "I wonder if that stuff Dad puts in his car is as tasty as my favorite blue juice."
If you did have that thought, good thing you never gave it a taste! Windshield washer fluid is made of methanol, also called methyl alcohol, and just a couple spoonfuls of it can be fatal.
Now, think about that toxicity as every car around the globe sprays it off its windshield to drain into the ground and sewers along the road. Can you imagine how many bottles of fluid that amounts to? Sure, the liquid is necessary to drive in snowy, dirty, and freezing conditions, but is there an alternative we could be using?
Good news: there is! We're proud to present a list of environmentally-friendly alternatives to methanol that you can mix yourself.
Have Questions About Financing Your Car? Get easy answers here!
- White Vinegar: This all-natural substance won't freeze in cold temperatures and is known for being an effective glass cleaner. Just dilute one part distilled white vinegar to three parts water to ensure that the acidity won't affect your car's paint or mechanical components.
- Rubbing Alcohol: Like vinegar, isopropyl alcohol also cleans dirt off of windows and is freeze-resistant. To dilute it, mix three cups with one gallon of water. Be sure not to ever put this flammable liquid in its pure form into your fluid tank.
- High Proof Vodka: True, it's a shame to waste good vodka to wash your windshield, but it is a comparable substitute for isopropyl if you're low on options. Follow the same instructions above.
- Household Glass Cleaner: While this substance is not completely natural, it's much less harmful than methanol. Mix one part glass cleaner to three parts water and toss in a spoonful of dishwasher fluid for good measure. Just note that this solution will only work for drivers in warm weather.
- Water: If you're in a bind and need something to keep the dust from the road off your windshield, a couple cups of pure water in the tank should be enough to keep the grime away. Just be absolutely sure you're in warm territory before making this decision, as frozen water can break your fluid tank. Pour in a bit of isopropyl if you're worried about that.
You can also add liquid castile soap to most of these mixtures for an extra boost of cleanliness. Or, you can combine them to form your own solution (like one gallon of water, one cup of glass cleaner, and a half cup of rubbing alcohol). Small steps like this may not seem like much, but will lead to fewer impacts on the environment.
How It Works: A helpful guide to the process of buying a car


text: InMountain States Medicinal Plants, Briana Wiles is your trusted guide to finding, identifying, harvesting, and using 120 of the region's most powerful wild plants. You'll learn how to safely and ethically forage and how to use wild plants in herbal medicines including teas, tinctures, and salves. Plant profiles include clear, color photographs, identification tips, medicinal uses and herbal preparations, and harvesting suggestions. Lists of what to forage for each season makes the guide useful year-round. Thorough, comprehensive, and safe, this is a must-have for foragers, naturalists, and herbalists in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and northern Nevada.


[][src]Crate beach_map
A BeachMap is actually a SlotMap, a data structure used to store elements and access them with an id.
Exemple:
use beach_map::BeachMap;

let mut beach = BeachMap::default();
let id1 = beach.insert(1);
let id2 = beach.insert(2);

assert_eq!(beach.len(), 2);
assert_eq!(beach[id1], 1);

assert_eq!(beach.remove(id2), Some(2));
assert_eq!(beach.get(id2), None);
assert_eq!(beach.len(), 1);

beach[id1] = 7;
assert_eq!(beach[id1], 7);

beach.extend(vec![1, 2, 3]);

assert_eq!(beach.data(), [7, 1, 2, 3]);
You shouldn't assume the order of the elements as any removing operation will shuffle them.
Structs
BeachMap
FilterOut
ID
Handle to a value inside the BeachMap.
IterID
IterMutID
Type Definitions
DefaultVersion


text:
Operation management software running on standard PCs. Collect data from and monitor the status of your factory's production equipment.
- Connecting different kinds of plant equipment such as machine tools, robots and PLCs
- Collecting various data of the plant equipment
- Monitoring and visualizing the collected data
- Communicating with an upper host system such as a manufacturing execution system (MES)
- No special hardware required
- Quick and easy setup
Find out more
Use the OPC Server to convert the communication protocol between OPC and FOCAS.
Find out more
Program Transfer Tool enables you to manage part programmes, tool offsets, custom macro value, workpiece origin offset, and tool management using Microsoft Windows®. PC, CNC memory or data server connectivity is via Ethernet.
- Efficient administration
- Easy and faster managing of programs
- Store and organize backups of CNC data
FANUC MT Connect Server
MTConnect is a protocol to retrieve data from factory equipment such as machine tools by client applications used for data analysis and monitoring. With the software "FANUC MTConnect Server", you can read data from machine tools equipped with FANUC CNCs. The software collects data from CNCs and PMCs and provides them to client applications via MTConnect protocol.
This option is required on the CNC in order to use the "FANUC MTConnect Server" software.
- Read data from FANUC CNCs and PMCs via MTConnect
- Use client applications from the market that require MTConnect


text:
The iReceptor Team uses a standard repertoire metadata spreadsheet to capture repertoire metadata. The repertoire metadata file format that is used in the iReceptor curation process is a UTF-8 encoded comma delimited text files (Metadata CSV files), consisting of a single header line followed by a single line of metadata for each repertoire. The header line should consist of keys that map to AIRR fields as specified in the MiAIRR standard as defined in the "AIRR Formats WG field name" columnn of the MiAIRR specification. Please see the example iReceptor Repertoire Metadata spreadsheet for more information.
To create a metadata sheet:
- For each repertoire in the paper, fill in values for each of the metadata fields.
- Refer to both the paper, any supplementary data included, as well as information from where the data is deposited (ex. The Sequence Read Archive)
- Use a controlled vocabulary and/or ontologies for values of those fields that require controlled vocabularies.
- Refer to the MiAIRR standards for the most accurate description of particular fields and particular entries for those fields
It should be noted that this step is error prone and time consuming when extracting this data from a paper. Care should be taken at this step to minimize errors, as errors at this stage can adversely affect the value of the data and can lead to scientific errors during data reuse. In order to minimize errors at this stage, the iReceptor curation process includes a data provenance/fidelity validation step (see Step 9).


- AFRICA UNITE!time to stop all the Tribal,Political,Religious and boundary wars and conflicts,cause we are all one people,United we rule divide we fall.One Africa one people,one love.Blessings.xx As we aproach our UAF(UNITED AFRICAN FEDERATION) Golden jubilee season 2013,i and my team members are still trying to pass across the awareness of our African golden jubilee next year.Laws of the Jubilee is Leviticus 25 which is a Mosaic law.i have done my research on the laws of the JUBILEE and would encourage everyone including the churches,schools,youth and africa as a whole to research on the laws so they can have a better understanding of what is a Jubilee season. In my own understand i will share my knowledge of what a Jubilee is.WHAT IS A JUBILEE?Biblical refference a JUBILEE is the HOLY Year( the Sabbatical year)A Jubilee year happens every 50 years;declare the year Sacred.Regulation has a special impact on the ownership and management of LAND in the territory of the KINGDOM OF ISRAEL and of JUDAH.REFFERENCE OF THE LAWS OF THE JUBILEE,BIBLE LEVITICUS 25. Jubilee deals largely with land, property, and property rights. As with most cultures, the property rights regarding land, slaves and indentured servants was less absolute than for other property rights such as for tools and personal artifacts. As examples, in Leviticus,ALMIGHTY is speaking to Moses: Leviticus 25:10 You will sound the Trumpet;On the day of Expiation you will sound the trumpet throughtout the Land.Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubilee unto you - and you shall return every man unto his own clan, you shall return every man to his family. Leviticus 25:23 The land must not be sold permanently, for the land belongs to me. You are only foreigners, my tenant farmers. Leviticus 27:21 When the field reverts in the Jubilee year it shall become holy unto the MOST HIGH, as a field set apart; and it shall become owned by the priests." Rejoice cause it shall be holy unto us,Almighty has showered his blessings and is interving for us in this holy season of our JUBILEE.Wake up Africa the time is now!
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Baryn Futa encourages a love for the arts
Like any facet of community — roads and infrastructure, community centers, schools, etc. — the arts play a critical role in its contribution to the city's culture. Supporters and benefactors of the fine arts sincerely understand this vital role, including people such as Baryn Futa who personally contribute to this endeavor. Just as the other areas of community deserve widespread support, so do the arts, notes Futa. And, unfortunately, the arts often goes without the support needed. Whether it's individual artists who cannot sustain life within the industry or museums and galleries that lack adequate funding, the arts as a whole suffers and so does its community. Without individuals like Futa who strives to increase arts awareness and love, the arts would flounder. Baryn Futa is determined to spread greater knowledge about their importance and works with others to help artists and art museums grow and thrive.


text:
There was a brief warm spell around 9 September, on which date the highest September temperature for six years was recorded, but much of the rest of the month was cool. In fact it was the coolest September since 1993, and heavy rain during the third week caused floods. This was the result of a deep and slow-moving low pressure system delivering copious rain between 23 and 25 September. Prior to that it was dry in East Anglia and south-east England.
The mean maximum temperature in September ranged from 20.2C at St James's Park, London, to 12C at Lerwick, Shetland. The Central England Temperature (CET) was 13.1C, which is 1 degree below average. Daytime temperatures were between 0.2 degrees above average in East Anglia and 1.3 degrees below in western Scotland. The highest recorded temperature was 29.3C at both Writtle in Essex and Cambridge on the afternoon of 9 September. The coldest night was that of 22/23 September, when Braemar, Aberdeenshire, recorded a minimum temperature of -4.1C.
Across England and Wales there was 78mm of rain, which is 102% of the average. Scotland had 81mm, exactly on the average, while Northern Ireland had 98mm, or 123% of average. Much of that rain came from the slow-moving storm during the last week of September. Up to 22 September it was relatively dry, but the following three days had widespread heavy rainfall which led to significant floods. During that period 131mm of rain fell on Ravensworth, North Yorkshire. The wettest location through the month was Cluanie Inn, Wester Ross, which measured 325mm of rain, while Otterbourne in Hampshire was the driest with 24mm.
England and Wales had an average 171 hours of sunshine, which is 116% of the mean. Only 11 Septembers have been sunnier in the last 100 years. Scotland had 127 hours, or 111% of its average, and Northern Ireland recorded 139 hours, which is 113% of the average. Manston in Kent was the sunniest location with 196 hours of sunshine, while Kinlochewe, Wester Ross, had the lowest sunshine total with only 62 hours.


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What's the difference between the different vertical bars?
$S = \{\, x \mid x \not= 17 \,\}$
$a \vert b$ implies $a \leq b$ when $b \ne 0$
$a|b$ implies $a \leq b$ when $b \ne 0$
$\lvert x \rvert$ is always non-negative
enter image description here
Are all of these uses correct?
share|improve this question
(Off-topic) Actually, 1|0 but 1 > 0. – KennyTM Jul 28 '10 at 18:06
Yeah, well… it's true if a, b > 0. – Ben Alpert Jul 28 '10 at 18:09
Divides is actually defined on negative numbers as well; 2 | -10. _USER_ Alpert had the right condition. Of course, that's off topic from the question. As far as that's concerned, I'm glad you asked! The answers have been rather helpful. – Daniel H Sep 4 '11 at 21:58
\mid automatically has spacing before and after it, which | does not have. – Michael Hardy May 3 '13 at 0:08
add comment
4 Answers
up vote 54 down vote accepted
According to texdoc symbols:
\mvert and \mid are identical and produce a relation. \vert is a synonym for | and both produce the same symbol, but should be used in the context of an ordinal, and should be used as an operator, not as a delimiter (p54, bottom). \divides once again produces the same symbol but should be used as a binary "divides" operator.
\lvert and \rvert are left and right delimiters, respectively.
share|improve this answer
+1 ran out of up-votes but this is a nice, clear and concise answer. – Juan A. Navarro Jul 28 '10 at 20:29
I am now thoroughly confused – what is an ordinal? – Ben Alpert Jun 9 '11 at 19:30
_USER_ The word "ordinal" in this context is copied from the symbols document which uses it without explanation. My guess is that it's the usual sense: to denote a number symbol (operand) rather than an operator or a delimiter. I can't think of a use for this, but the very similar symbol "‖" is used as an ordinal in standard typography, namely as the fifth footnote symbol. The consequence for LaTeX is spacing: | doesn't introduce any. – Konrad Rudolph Jun 9 '11 at 20:26
So when using a vertical bar as a separator in a set definition before the condition, is that a relation or an operator? I'd say it's a delimiter, but those are left or right only, not centre. Correct? – Christian Dec 16 '13 at 2:30
_USER_ Good question. A bit of both, I'd say. No idea what'd be appropriate here. Probably \mid / \mvert. – Konrad Rudolph Dec 16 '13 at 8:03
show 1 more comment
This is similar in spirit to qbi's answer. Let me quote from the guide to the amsmath package (the document known as amsldoc), section 4.14.2 Vertical bar notations:
The amsmath package provides commands \lvert, \rvert, \lVert, \rVert (compare \langle, \rangle) to address the problem of overloading for the vert bar character |. This character is currently used in LaTeX documents to represent a wide variety of mathematical objects [...]. The multiplicity of uses in itself is not so bad; what is bad, however, is that fact that not all of the uses take the same typographical treatment, and that the complex discriminatory powers of a knowledgeable reader cannot be replicated in computer processing of mathematical documents. It is recommended therefore that there should be a one-to-one correspondence in any given document between the vert bar character | and a selected mathematical notation, and similarly for the double-bar command \|. This immediately rules out the use of | and \| for delimiters, because left and right delimiters are distinct usages that do not relate in the same way to adjacent symbols; recommended practice is therefore to define suitable commands in the document preamble for any paired-delimiter use of vert bar symbols:
\providecommand{\abs}[1]{\lvert#1\rvert} \providecommand{\norm}[1]{\lVert#1\rVert}
whereupon the document would contain \abs{z} to produce |z| and \norm{v} to produce ∥v∥.
share|improve this answer
Adding in \left and \right then means that they have a chance of scaling correctly as well. – Andrew Stacey Jul 29 '10 at 9:40
_USER_: bad idea in general \abs{ \sum_k } becomes way to large. The \DeclarePairedDelimiter from mathtools is a better choice. It create two macros \abs and \abs*, where the last one scales using \left/right and the first can be manually scaled using say \abs[\Big]{...} – daleif Apr 11 '11 at 8:13
_USER_: See tex.stackexchange.com/q/1023/86 for a question about getting the right parenthesis size when the inner text isn't vertically balanced. – Andrew Stacey Apr 11 '11 at 8:38
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As far as I know, by default they're all defined to be the same bar, except for maybe some spacing differences. But LaTeX, like properly written HTML, favors semantic markup over purely functional markup - you use the command for what you mean, rather than just what you want to appear on the page. This way, if you decide later on that you want certain kinds of bars to look different, it's easier to change only the bars you actually want to and not mess with anything else. For example, if you want to have less space between the bars and the text in constructions like |x|, you can redefine \lvert and \rvert appropriately.
As qbi said, it is recommended to define a higher level of semantic markup, namely things like \abs, \norm, \union, \or, \suchthat, etc., to represent what you really mean in your formulas, and to use those instead of \vert, \lvert and \rvert directly.
share|improve this answer
they're all defined to be the same glyph, but the class is different; check the definitions in plain.tex or appendices b and f of the texbook (via the index). – barbara beeton Feb 3 '12 at 17:46
add comment
\mid is a relation symbol and | is a delimiter. As far as I know \vert is basically the same as |. For things like abslute value and norm I like to use mathtools.sty. This class allows to define something like \absval{} which translates to \lvert...\rvert. This is useful when you tend to forget the closing bar. :-)
share|improve this answer
According to symbols, \vert and | aren't delimiters either. – Konrad Rudolph Jul 28 '10 at 18:42
You don't need a package like mathtools to define \absval{} as you describe. – Mark Meckes Aug 20 '10 at 14:28
add comment
Your Answer


Sacred Texts Confucianism Index Previous Next
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At the beginning of Chinese history stands a tablet which in some mysterious way is supposed to be connected with an explanation of the universe. It has been reconstructed by later Chinese thinkers and is pictured in the hands of Fuh-Hi as an arrangement of the kwa figures preserved in the Yih King. Considering the several traces of Babylonian traditions in ancient Chinese literature and folklore, would it not be justifiable to identify the tablet of Fuh-Hi with the ancient Babylonian "Tablet of Destiny" mentioned in the Enmeduranki Text, a copy of which was discovered in the archives of Asurbanipal 20 and was said to contain the "Mystery of Heaven and Earth?"
p. 34
Enmeduranki, king of Sippar, is the seventh of the aboriginal kings, and he declares that he received the divine tablet "from Anu, [Bel, and Ea]." 21
Chinese sages have their own interpretation of the phrase "the mystery of heaven and earth." They would at once associate the words "heaven" and "earth" with the two opposing principles yang and yin, and the question is whether among the ancient Sumerians there was not a similar tendency prevalent. It seems to be not impossible that the Chinese tablet in the hands of Fuh-Hi is the same as the "Tablet of Destiny" of the Sumerians, and when some Assyriologist has informed himself of the primitive Chinese conception of this mysterious tablet, he may be able to throw some additional light on the subject.
33:20 K2486 and K4364; cf. Zimmern, KAT3 533.
Next: Divination


What is a 775 electric motor?
The number 775 is the Size ID of motor universally accepted. Its casing is made of rustproof material mainly steel with some protective coatings, with few plastic parts. It is a high torque high power device for mid to high-power applications generally in robotics, quadcopters, and industrials.
How many watts is a 775 motor?
288 watt
What is the cost of 775 motor?
Divyanshi RS-775 12 Volt DC High Torque Motor With Mounting ScrewsM.R.P.:₹ 899.00Price:₹ 349.00 FREE Delivery. DetailsYou Save:₹ 550.00 (61%)Inclusive of all taxes
What is the rpm of 775 DC motor?
Rated voltage current : dc 12 volt no load current: 0.6 amps on load current: 2 amp no load speed: 14000 rpm on load speed: 7000 rpm operating voltage: dc 9-15 volt.
brandTechnical hutModel Number12V 24V 20000 RS 775 RPM High Torque Brushed DC MotorTypeMotor ControlROHS ComplaintNoMaterialSteel
How do you make an electric motor more powerful?
We can increase the turning force (or torque) that the motor can create in three ways: either we can have a more powerful permanent magnet, or we can increase the electric current flowing through the wire, or we can make the coil so it has many "turns" (loops) of very thin wire instead of one "turn" of thick wire.
IT IS INTERESTING: Do AC motors have magnets?
How do I know if my engine is 775?
The 775 dc motors have a standard size of 66.7 x 42.0 mm. The 42.0 is the outer diameter as the motor is cylindrical, wheres 66.7 mm is its height. The number 775 stands for this standard size. It is in the same fashion to the number with 130/ 140 motor.
Will a 9v battery power a 12v motor?
In principle, it's probably possible to run a 12V motor on 9V — it'll just run slower and with much less torque. But if by "a 9V battery" you mean a typical PP3 size battery (i.e, the rectangular ones with a snap connector on top), the answer is almost certainly "no".
What is high torque DC motor?
A torque motor is a specialized form of DC electric motor which can operate indefinitely while stalled, without incurring damage. … Brushless torque motors are available; elimination of commutators and brushes allows higher speed operation.
What is the price of 12v DC motor?
6000 12V DC Motor, Rs 65 /piece Vansh Group | ID: _PHONE_.
How much electricity can a 12v DC motor generate?
That is a beast of a motor. It can produce over 1300 Watts which is 91 amps at 14.7 Volts – more than enough to charge anything, including car batteries. It could easily run an alternator from a car or motorcycle, but would need to be geared down to 2000 rpm.
Can DC motor be used as generator?
Both brushed and brushless DC motors can be operated as generators. maxon DC motors are very efficient, this is also true when operated as generators. … The basic calculations between speed and voltage as well as current and torque are very simple.
IT IS INTERESTING: How many watts does a 5hp electric motor use?
What is a 550 RC motor?
540 versus 550
A 550 motor will spin at lower rpm than an otherwise identical 540 but will have more torque. … A 550 motor is about a centimeter longer than a 540 motor. If otherwise constructed the same, the 540 should offer higher rpm, while the 550 will have more torque.
Are AC or DC motors more powerful?
Which Motor Is More Powerful: AC or DC? AC motors are generally considered to be more powerful than DC motors because they can generate higher torque by using a more powerful current. However, DC motors are typically more efficient and make better use of their input energy.
What are the 6 parts of an electric motor?
These six components include:
 - 1) The Rotor. The rotor is the moving part of your electric motor. …
 - 3) The Bearings. The rotor in your electric motor is supported by bearings, which allow it to turn on its axis. …
 - 4) The Windings. …
 - 5) The Air Gap. …
 - 6) The Commutator. …
 - What Do All of These Components Have in Common?
How can we increase the power of DC motor?
The power of the DC motor increases by increasing the torque developed by the shaft/rotor which in turn depends on the current in direct proportion.
Motors


text:
Date: June 1, 1939
Creator: Robinson, Russell G. & Delano, James B.
Description: The drag of closed-cockpit and transport-type windshields was determined from tests made at speeds from 200 to 440 miles per hour in the NACA 8-foot high-speed wind tunnel. This speed range corresponds to a test Reynolds number range of 2,510,000 to 4,830,000 based on the mean aerodynamic chord of the full-span model (17.29 inches). The shapes of the windshield proper, the hood, and the tail fairing were systematically varied to include common types and a refined design. Transport types varied from a reproduction of a current type to a completely faired windshield. The results show that the drag of windshields of the same frontal area, on airplanes of small to medium size, may account for 15% of the airplane drag or may be reduced to 1%. Optimum values are given for windshield and tail-fairing lengths; the effect, at various radii is shown. The longitudinal profile of a windshield is shown to be most important and the transverse profile, to be much less important. The effects of retaining strips, of steps for telescoping hoods, and of recessed windows are determined. The results show that the drag of transport-type windshields may account for 21% of the fuselage drag or may be reduced ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text:
Why is standardisation important?
- A lack of standardisation impedes the development of the market. Using multiple standards means devices cannot communicate. Standardisation is important for the industry to be truly efficient and integrated.
- However it is important that the standard is allowed to develop over time. Technology in this sector is moving on and any standard needs to be flexible enough to move with technological changes.
- This community is dedicated to promoting a progressive standard. As technology develops, the WAVE2M standard will be allowed to develop and improve.


text:
National Trust and Savings Association
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
National Trust and Savings Association, abbreviated NT&SA, is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (N.A.). Notably, it was used until 1998 by Bank of America NT&SA, the only major bank to utilize the designation. It was also construed to denote the character of a savings and loan association, with a focus on home mortgages and savings accounts.
|This finance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
2. POSITIONING TOWARDS CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER
2.1. Traditional commerce vs E-commerce
Multiple media vs a single one
towards traditional commerce or e-commerce affects directly its processes and strategy. The main difference between exercising traditional commerce and e-commerce is that in the former
(like magazines, letters, mail, fax, etc) are used while in the latter
everything is digital.
Traditional commerce means
(ordering, paying) with customer and supplier using different applications in
many time-consuming different steps
E-commerce means processing of information using
one digital application
(EDI or Internet) and only
a few quick steps
Positioning is a plan showing the
of the company towards other actors of the market.
Interactivity characterises a system when it is in a
steady dynamic process of data interchange between many equal and free access system users at the same time.


text:
Before any person moves for an order under division (A)(1)(g) of this section, that person shall make a reasonable effort to resolve the matter through discussion with the petitioner or prosecuting attorney seeking discovery. A motion for an order under division (A)(1)(g) of this section shall be accompanied by a statement reciting the effort made to resolve the matter in accordance with this paragraph.
The orders that may be made under division (A)(1)(g) of this section include, but are not limited to, any of the following:
With respect to a petition filed under division (A)(1)(a)(iv) of this section, the procedures and rules regarding introduction of evidence and burden of proof at the pretrial hearing that are set forth in divisions (C), (D), and (F) of sectionof the Revised Code apply in considering the petition. With respect to such a petition, the grounds for granting relief are that the person has been diagnosed with one or more of the conditions set forth in division (A)(1)(a) of section of the Revised Code and that, at the time of the aggravated murder that was the basis of the sentence of death, the condition or conditions significantly impaired the person's capacity in a manner described in division (A)(1)(b) of that section.
R.C. § 2953.21


text:
Why Dogs Are Afraid Of Vacuum Cleaners
You know your dog is fearful of vacuum cleaners when they react abnormally towards the stimulus vacuum cleaner has created. A dog cannot tolerate surroundings becoming noisy. Vacuums look like peculiar, tall moving robots. Since dogs are known to be frightened of lifeless things, it's no big surprise vacuums make the rundown. Tragically for dogs, most dog proprietors regularly buy vacuum cleaners for cleaning their mats and covers. Actually, a portion of the vacuum cleaners in the market are explicitly intended to clean fallen pet hairs like those of dogs or cats from rugs and carpets. The utilization of these vacuums makes them an unquestionable requirement have in the homes of dog owners.
You may not comprehend what your dog is going through at whatever point you wheel out that odd robot from its concealing spot. It is significant you understand the responses of your dog and why it is so frightened of a harmless machine at whatever point you do a cleaning meeting. So to know that a dog feels insecure when it sees the vacuum cleaner is not enough to know, you must also understand why this is happening. So that you can comprehend its behavior for finding out the right solution to make your dog feel comfy.
Need to know why your dog is terrified of vacuums, see the reasons beneath.
1. STRANGE STRUCTURE OF THE VACUUM CLEANER :
A dog is familiar to see an animal or a human, but to see something in between makes it quite difficult for a dog to comprehend. The strange structure of a vacuum cleaner can be one of the most important factor though which your dog is getting scared. The height of a vacuum, its hose, and design are some of the features that make it still more difficult for a dog to understand the vacuum cleaner. The vacuum cleaner suddenly appears from an inconspicuous place and disturbs the peace of the dog, making the dog feel scared of it.
After creating so much disturbance and hindrance in the life of your dog, it suddenly vanishes away, leaving the dog behind, frightened, and confused about the abnormal activity of the vacuum cleaner.
Most dogs that are not all around mingled are regularly survivors of danger as incited by the cleaning activity of vacuums. Dog proprietors that get their dog from a lawn raiser or a pet store would most like experience a vacuum cleaner scared dog. The dread might be because of the way that such dogs have not been all around presented to noisy sounds or odd items when they were at the pup stage.
Better believe it, oddly, however, this could be one reason why dogs are terrified of vacuums.
2. THE FIERCE NOISE VACUUM CLEANERS MAKE :
A fluctuating level of commotion frequently joins vacuuming. The story of fuss made is subject to the kind of vacuum cleaner utilized. On the off chance that you hear discomforting noise when you vacuum, it is easy to understand that such a threat will be upsetting and unpleasing, and may cause dread for your dog.
The explanation is that dogs are exceptional pets with a well developed touchy visual, and hear-able organ. The clamor from your abnormal-looking vacuum cleaner may appear to be an indication of a threat to your dog, which can inspire dread. The reaction a dog gives before any earthquake also shows the sensitivity of their hearing organs.
3. THE FOUL SMELL VACUUM CLEANERS MAKE :
Sometimes, it may also happen that your dog gets afraid of the foul smell produced by cleaning the ground to which the dog is most unlikely familiar. The cleaning activity of vacuums frequently excites smell in the room. The scent might be foul and aggravating to your dog. The high pull capacity of vacuums makes them sniff the earth from the floor. By so doing, an unsavory smell may summon, which may incite dread in dogs. Since dogs likewise sniff things on the floor, they may get scared of the forceful sniffing of vacuums, which is not quite the same as theirs.
4. VIBRATIONS CREATED BY VACUUM CLEANER :
The vacuum cleaners create a high suction that induces vibration, and that further makes the dog feel scared about it. The vibration created by the suction pump of the vacuum cleaner is a lot disturbing, which is highly unfamiliar for dogs. The random movement of vacuums and their operators in harmony may induce fear in dogs. Dogs may become afraid when they feel their owners are threatened or vulnerable by this act.
5. STRANGE MOTION OF THE VACUUM CLEANERS :
Vacuum cleaners make an irregular motion that creates a disturbance in the peacefulness of the dog. The movement of a vacuum cleaner doesn't follow a familiar example. A vacuum brushes the niches and corners of the space for soil until there is a perfect floor. A few vacuums need people to work them by pushing them along the bottom and under furnishings. The irregular movement of vacuum cleaners and their administrators in amicability may initiate dread in dogs. Dogs may become threatened or afraid when they start to feel that their proprietors are compromised or helpless by this demonstration.
6. INSTINCT OR GENETIC EFFECT :
Sometimes, it may also happen that your dog is getting threatened as soon as it comes across any new object which seems likely unfamiliar to him. This instinct may be inherited from at least one of his parents, and that would have created the specific type of behavior in your dog about the vacuum cleaners.
The above tips are valuable to let you know why your pet is getting threatened by the vacuum cleaner. So that you can find out the ways by which you can make your dog adapt to the utilization of your vacuum cleaner in the home. Additionally, you could look for the assistance of a veterinary specialist to tackle the issue of dread of vacuums in your dog. Clinical consideration and treatment have been demonstrated to support dreadful dogs. Understanding the reasons why dogs fear vacuums will give valuable knowledge into how to help your dogs to facilitate their feelings of dread for vacuums.


text:
Heating mats are convenient forms of increasing the temperature, if your grow area needs it. As opposed the conventional heater, mats distribute heat evenly, gently warming your cannabis plants from the bottom.
Though it might be used wherever a reliable source of heat is necessary - in cold attics, basements or abandoned factories, or to gently warm the hydroponics nutrient vat - it is especially recommended for handling of seedlings and clones. The sizes of available heating mats are usually corresponding to the most popular propagators - some are even integrated with one, and constitute a part of most advanced germinating kits.
Heating cables fulfil the same role, of providing heating from the bottom, where even distribution is important (i.e. almost always in cannabis cultivation). These are available with build in thermostats, allowing for temperature to be controlled automatically, adjusting to the changing conditions inside the grow area.


text:
Conditional Use Permitting
Prime consultant to El Corazon Compost Facility in Oceanside, CA. Obtain San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board approval to operate compost facilities. Conduct infiltration testing, prepare Technical Reports that incorporate Water and Wastewater Management, Hydrologic Analysis, Water Balance Verification, and Groundwater Protection.
10-2021 to 12-2021
Landscape and Surface Drainage Design/Build At Private Residence
Property Drainage Assessment and Improvements
Inspection/Cleaning of roof, gutters, downspouts, and surface drainage. Concentrated flows from the homes caused erosion on the slopes and ponding around the structures. Design new layout for surface drains and subsurface piping to connect downspouts, and divert concentrated surface runoff safely off of the property to prevent erosion and ponding. Trenching, and construction of piping and surface inlets and discharge outlets. The surface drains were placed inside planters slightly lower than the hardscape to allow runoff from the walkway into the planter to give the plants additional water and capture surface runoff. Soil surface modifications included reducing elevation of soil in planter areas and building soil on slopes for back patio construction.


text:
- Buyer's guide
Northeast Ohio regional sewer plan approved
In an effort to clean up Lake Erie that began with the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, U.S. District Court Judge Donald C. Nugent has approved a 25-year regional sewer district plan to reduce the amount of untreated waste that is dumped into local waterways, usually during flooding.
The judge's approval allows the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District to move forward on a $3 billion deal worked out with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Justice and the Ohio Attorney General's office which promises to reduce discharges of untreated waste from the current level of about 4.5 billion gallons a year to under 500,000 gallons annually by 2036.
The consent decree signed by the judge requires the district to pay a total of $1.2 million within 30 days to the U.S. and Ohio EPAs for past violations of clean water regulations.
The sewer district's board approved a five-year rate hike, the bulk of which will go to pay for improvements required under the plan. The increases, which average about 13 percent a year, begin in January and continue through 2016.
The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District serves Cleveland and 61 neighboring communities. Nearly one-quarter of its sewers are combined and overflows from them spill out from the system's 126 outfalls, some built as early as 1876, which are located in a number of communities.
The Northeast Ohio Regional District is planning to build seven massive tunnels designed to help stop storm water and sewage from getting into Lake Erie, but the court is requiring that part of the solution come from "green" infrastructure.
Green solutions use plant and soil systems, permeable pavement, green roofs and cisterns, and bioretention wetland areas to capture, store and filter storm water before it reaches the combined sewer system.


Skip to definition.
Verb: nourish nur-ish or nú-rish [N. Amer], nú-rish [Brit]
 1. Provide with nourishment
 "This kind of food is not nourishing for young children";
 - nurture, sustain
 2. Give nourishment to
 - nutrify, aliment
Derived forms: nourished, nourishing, nourishes
Type of: cater, feed, give, ply, provide, supply
Encyclopedia: Nourish


Free working space on primary hard disc
15 pts.
Tags:
Hard disks
Microsoft Windows Server 2003
Microsoft Windows XP
SQL Server
when large files (*.mdb, *.mdf) stored on server are opened on client PC - where do they open - client's memory or server memory? - I check properties of C: to check free space available - but after opening few large files, I do not see any change in property window of C: for free space available. Does OS provide any utility to find out such statistics? As an example I have a 80 GB HDD on my client PC. Now 20GB is still free. I know for defragmentation one need atleast 15% of free space. Other wise what is the ideal scenario to have what percentage of primary hard disc to be free?
Software/Hardware used:
Win 2003 server, winxp client , MS access, SQL server, VS 2005
Answer Wiki
Thanks. We'll let you know when a new response is added.
Disk and RAM (memory) are different things.
When you open a remote file, it is opened using client's memory (not disk), so in normal situations your free disk space is not affected. You can use the Windows Task Manager (Performance and Processes tabs) to see statistics about resources usage.
The OS may use disk space to temporary store information as well (see: In Windows, what is a swap file?)
-CarlosDL
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 - Vinodmerch
 Thanks CarlosDL, But ... My PC RAM is 2GB Which has to store part of OS, applications I have opened, along with so many other processes. SQL server files are very large. E.G. aspnet.mdf it self is 1 gb or more , MS Access uncoldensed file is upto 2 GB. I do not see how 2 GB ram or even Swap files can accomodate all these. Take for exampl I am converting a MS Access databse to SQL database. And a part of my question as to best scenario what percentage of primary hard disc should be free still remains unanswered.
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 - carlosdl
 When you open or connect to the database, the OS does not keep the complete file in memory. It keeps portions of the files in memory as needed, and when it needs to show information to you that is not in memory it reads it from disk (in this case, from the server's disk). As for your second question, I don't have a well-founded answer, but I don't think it should be measured as a 'percentage' of the total size of the disk since you could have really big disks or really small ones. Some people say that when the utilized space is over 60% of the total, performance will start degrading, but I have never corroborated that. The free disk space needed would depend on the operations you need to perform on the machine. For example, the disk defragmentator requires some disk space to be able to run; If you want to re-size a virtual machine's disk you will need at least as much free space as the size of the virtual disk, and so on. Windows XP shows a warning when free disk space is less than 200 MB, so definitely having less than that is not recommended, but I would try to keep much more than that. I would also like to hear what others have to say about this topic.
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text:
Oklahoma Fishery Research Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a part of their National Reservoir Research Program (NRRP) and the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) independently estimated angler-use on 25 Oklahoma reservoirs for 1975. The Fish and Wildlife Service utilized a multiple regression equation that relates fishing pressure to various physical parameters of 103 U.S. reservoirs in order to predict angler use. The ODWC utilized aerial observations. There was a positive relationship between NRRP predictions and ODWC estimates. However, compared to ODWC estimates the NRRP predictions of angler-use on these reservoirs were consistently higher. It is suggested that another factor, perhaps the ratio of fishing license sales to water surface area of a state or region, should be considered in the NRRP prediction.
The creel survey became a tool for evaluating management practices and predicting management needs as early as 1920 (1). Even today, however, one of the main problems facing fishery biologists is that of obtaining accurate creel survey estimates. Generally, the amount of time and effort available for a creel survey limits its accuracy. A total count and interview of all sport fishermen is often not economically feasible, and some form of abbreviated survey becomes necessary. Because few comparisons of actual data generated by these different methods have been made, it is difficult to select the best one. If several methods yield reasonably comparable results, there is a rational basis for choosing the least cumbersome. For this reason, the following comparison was made.
During _PHONE_ the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) initiated a creel survey on 47 Oklahoma impoundments greater than 200 hectares and on 17 small impoundments owned by the ODWC. After one year, estimates of harvest and angler use were obtained. Angler-use estimates for 25 of these reservoirs are shown in Table 1. Angler-use estimates were made by taking periodic counts from an aircraft. Although the periods between flights varied, counts were made on weekdays, weekends and major holidays during the year. The mean value for these counts was then multiplied by the annual number of daylight hours available for fishing. No estimate of nocturnal angler-use was attempted.
Prior to this census, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the National Reservoir Research Program (NRRP) compiled data for predicting fish production
in Oklahoma (2). This program also predicted angler-use on 50 Oklahoma reservoirs using a multiple regression prediction equation. Regression coefficients for this equation were obtained by relating data on diurnal angler-use of 103 United States reservoirs to various environmental variables of these reservoirs. Angler-use figures for the 103 reservoirs had been previously obtained by creel census techniques. Environmental variables used in the equation were reservoir age, total dissolved solids, length of growing season, surface area, and storage ratio. Both ODWC and NRRP estimates of angler-use are based on 4-hour angler-days.
In the present comparison, simple linear regression and correlation were used to relate the estimates of angler-use obtained by the two methods.
The NRRP predictions exceeded the ODWC estimates of angler-days for each reservoir (Table 1) by an average of nearly 64,000 days (Figure 1). In every case but one, the NRRP predictions exceeded the ODWC estimate. The data were positively correlated and the r value (0.7449) was significantly different from zero using a Student's t-test (P < 0.01) (3). Although perfect correlation of angler-use for each reservoir was not obtained, there was a definite positive relationship between the two methods. The least squares equation for the regression of NRRP predictions (Y) on ODWC prediction (X) was:
Y = 63899.5 + 1.160 X
Thus, an increase of 10,000 angler-days by the ODWC predictions was accompanied by an approximately equal increase of 11,600 angler-days by NRRP estimates. The increases shown by the two methods were, in fact, shown not to differ significantly: a Student's t-test (4) indicated the slope (b) of our equation did not significantly differ from 1.0 (P > 0.4).
In any large-scale creel survey the investigator must choose between a relatively expensive field census, such as was used to obtain the ODWC estimates, and a less expensive inferential model such as the NRRP equation.
In the present comparison, it appears that the NRRP equation was similar to the ODWC census in providing the order of angler-use for 25 Oklahoma reservoirs. For economic reasons, then, the NRRP equation would seem more practical for relative comparisons of angler-use between reservoirs. However, the NRRP equation produced consistently higher estimates of angler-use than the ODWC's aerial survey. Therefore, estimates based on reliable data obtained from the actual reservoirs in question are preferable to those obtained by use of the NRRP equation in cases where estimates of actual rather than relative values of angler-use are needed.
In examining the NRRP equation, one additional factor was found which may have merit for consideration if results from use of the equation are to become more comparable to ODWC estimates. While nonresident fishing may contribute a slight amount to the total angler effort, it is felt that the abundance of water area in relation to license sales is a factor presently limiting realization of the angler potential in Oklahoma as predicted by the NRRP equation. The average reservoir used to produce the NRRP equation was located in a state that had 2.01 times as many license holders per hectare of impounded water (reservoirs over 200 hectares) as Oklahoma. From data obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, it appears that Oklahoma sold only about 2 percent of the total annual fishing licenses in the United States in 1975 (636,494), although it ranked second in the total surface area of impounded water (238,760 hectares).
The authors wish to express their appreciation to Robert Jenkins of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for providing information for this comparison. Work of the employees of the Enforcement and Fish Divisions of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation in gathering data for the Creel Survey is appreciated. Funds for this investigation were obtained from Federal Aid in Fish Restoration under Dingell-Johnson Project F-15, State of Oklahoma.
1. V.E.F. SOLOMAN, Trans. N. Am. Wildlife Conf. 16: 225-233 (1951).
2. R. M. JENKINS, Ann. Okla. Acad. Sci. 5: 11-20 (1976).
3. R. R. SOKAL and F. J. ROHLF, Biometry, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Cal., 1970.
4. R.G.D. STEEL and J. H. TORRIE, Principles and Procedures of Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto and London, 1960.


Can patient safety improvement still learn from the aviation industry?
How can we tackle healthcare staff burnout?
What is the link between staff burnout and patient care?
Burnout and wellbeing in mental healthcare staff: Our review
It was an article that started life as a conversation. We sat around a table in March 2016, discussing mental healthcare staff wellbeing. Someone pointed out the increase in burnout they had seen in mental… View Post


text:
Croda Supports Hand Sanitiser Manufacture and Vaccine Development During Covid-19 Outbreak
Croda International Plc, who use smart science to create, make and sell speciality chemicals that improve lives, are supporting the manufacturer of hand sanitiser during the outbreak of Covid-19 through the supply of additional glycerine to their customers in Western Europe, free of charge.
The outbreak of Covid-19 has seen a global shortage in items such as hand sanitisers, and to help their customers supply essential items during the pandemic, to date, Croda has gifted enough glycerine to manufacture five million* bottles of hand sanitiser. The company plans to review with customers where more glycerine could be gifted. The glycerine in hand sanitiser helps to protect hands from the drying effects of other ingredients, such as alcohol.
Croda's leading saponin vaccine adjuvants are also being gifted to projects across the world that are working on a vaccination for Covid-19. Whilst not confirmed that they will be in a final vaccine, the company's smart science has a valuable role to play in the development of an effective and safe vaccine for Covid-19. Read more


text:
Integrative Organismal Biology
Beginning with grounding theory highlighting the role of the individual in evolutionary and ecological processes, the book covers theory and mechanism from both classic and modern perspectives. Chapters explore concepts such as how genetic and epigenetic variation becomes physiological and phenotypic variation, homeostasis, gene regulatory networks, physiological regulatory networks, and integrators. A concluding section illustrates these concepts through a series of case studies of life processes such as aging, reproduction, and immune defense.
Written and edited by leaders in the field who are actively engaged in teaching and research, Integrative Organismal Biology will be an important advanced textbook for students and researchers across the numerous subdisciplines of integrative biology.


text:
MSK's wide range of flavours and flavouring systems cover all applications and give you full control over the flavour in your food. But knowing which option to use in which situation can, at first, be confusing. Should you reach for a flavour drop or would a concentrate work better, or a compound? When do the oils work best and what about the heatstables?
It becomes more straight forward, if you remember the following two 'rules':
- Oil and water don't mix: only use the flavouring oils where there is at least a small amount of oil/fat in the mixture or base liquid for the oil to bind with. Similarly, the drops are water soluble and so there needs to be some water in the base mix for the drop to combine with. If you are using straight chocolate (which has no water content), always use an oil. A ganache, on the other hand, has some water-content so a drop or an oil is fine.
- Flavour drops are not heat-stable: if you apply heat to flavour drops, the volatiles will evaporate off and the full depth of flavour will be lost.
Beyond that, feel free to experiment!
Each flavouring system has a massive array of functions and which one to use for which application is really determined by the result you're looking for.
You might though find the following two guidelines useful to remember:
- If you want to colour and flavour and texture; use a flavouring compound, it provides all three. Fruit compounds will also replace the acidity found in the natural fruit.
- If you have already got 90% of the flavour you want and you just want to boost the flavour or add a secondary flavour tone, then reach for a Flavour Drop or Flavouring Oil.
Have a look at the articles on each flavouring system in the Virtual Kitchen or browse the flavouring section of the website for a short summary of each and some examples of usage.


]" => "CorrelationId"
 "[Properties][SourceContext]" => "Context"
 "[Properties][TimedOperationElapsedInMs]" => "TimeElapsed"
 }
}
The json block tells LogStash that everything in the message property is a json object, rather than a string.
The date block extracts the time the message was recorded by the application and writes it to the special @timestamp field. This is a good idea as due to queuing, and processing times, the time the message was written and the time it was processed by LogStash will be different.
Lastly, the mutate block is moving a bunch of fields out of the message properties, and up to the top level of the object. We query by things like ApplicationName a lot, and it's nice not to have to write Properties.ApplicationName:blahblah all the time.
Splitting
Our messages contain a lot of data which for the purposes of tracing, we just don't care about. Not only is it a waste of bandwidth to send all the data to Jaeger, but also there could be clashing fields, and if we ever decide to use a hosted version of Jaeger, I don't want to be sending them all the data either.
So how do we remove everything from the message, but still keep it in the message for the other outputs?
LogStash has an interesting filter called clone. What it does is copy the message as many times as you specify, and then runs the remaining part of the pipeline once per message, including the original message. In code, this just looks like this:
clone {
 clones => [ "jaeger" ]
}
If we wanted to split the message more times, we can just add more types to the clones array; there will be one extra message produced for each entry in the array, which will also be added to the message as the type property so we can filter on it later.
We don't want to send the type field itself to Jaeger (or ElasticSeach), so we move it from the message to the @metadata object, which doesn't get passed to outputs.
mutate {
 rename => { "type" => "[@metadata][type]" }
}
To handle the messages differently, we can just use an if statement on the @metadata.type property:
if [@metadata][type] == "jaeger" {
 # do stuff to the jaeger message
} else {
 # process the original message
}
Building the Http Payload
The hardest part of getting this to work was handling the dates. Jaeger specifies that timestamps should come in microseconds since epoch, and duration should be in microseconds also. We need to use the ruby filter so we can run some code to do this, rather than using an inbuilt filter primitive.
The duration is easy enough, as we report TimeElapsed in milliseconds:
ruby {
 code => "event.set('duration', (event.get('TimeElapsed') * 1000).floor)"
}
To handle the timestamp we need to convert it to epoch milliseconds. We can get the fractional seconds since the epoch by calling to_f on the @timestamp field, and then multiply by 1000 a couple of times to express it as microseconds. We also floor it to remove the leftover fraction:
ruby {
 code => "event.set('timestamp', (event.get('@timestamp').to_f * 1000 * 1000).floor)"
}
This on its own will work, but it won't be right. We report log entries when an operation completes, which means our timestamp is the finish of the event, not the start. To solve this, we subtract the duration off the timestamp:
ruby {
 code => "event.set('timestamp', (event.get('@timestamp').to_f * 1000 * 1000).floor - event.get('duration'))"
}
Next, we need to create our span id. We need to generate a random id, consisting of letters and numbers, so the easiest way is to generate a uuid, and then tweak it to fit the Jaeger/Zipkin format. To do that we need to install the logstash-filter-uuid plugin:
/usr/share/logstash/bin/logstash-plugin install logstash-filter-uuid
There are a few things we need to do to generate a valid span id (for Jaeger):
 1. generate a uuid
 2. remove the dashes
 3. make it lowercase
 4. trim it to 16 chars
We use four filters to achieve this:
uuid {
 target => "id"
}
mutate {
 gsub => [ "id", "-", "" ]
 lowercase => [ "id" ]
}
mutate {
 gsub => [ "id", "(^.{1,16}).*$", "\1"]
}
The reason we specify the mutate twice is that order of the same operation (gsub in this case) is not guaranteed within a mutate block.
Next up we need to tweak the traceid from a guid to a uuid:
mutate {
 gsub => [ "traceid", "-", "" ]
 lowercase => [ "traceid" ]
}
Next, we can populate some other context into the message, by renaming the other fields we want. I discovered most of the fields and their formats from a combination of the thrift dtos and the this pull request.
mutate {
 rename => {
 "CorrelationId" => "traceid"
 "Context" => "name"
 "ApplicationName" => "[localEndpoint][serviceName]"
 }
}
Finally, we want to trim all the other properties from our message, which we can do by using the logstash-filter-prune plugin:
prune {
 whitelist_names => [ "id", "traceid", "name", "timestamp", "duration", "localEndpoint" ]
}
mutate {
 remove_field => [ "@timestamp" ]
}
We have to explicitly remove the @timestamp property as the prune plugin seems to ignore it (it also ignores the @metadata property).
The complete filter code can be made a little more efficient by combining several of the mutate blocks, provided we keep things in the right order, as follows:
ruby {
 code => "event.set('duration', (event.get('TimeElapsed') * 1000).floor)"
}
ruby {
 code => "event.set('timestamp', (event.get('@timestamp').to_f * 1000 * 1000).floor - event.get('duration'))"
}
uuid {
 target => "id"
}
mutate {
 rename => {
 "CorrelationId" => "traceid"
 "Context" => "name"
 "ApplicationName" => "[localEndpoint][serviceName]"
 }
 remove_field => [ "@timestamp" ]
}
mutate {
 gsub => [ "id", "-", "" ]
 gsub => [ "traceid", "-", "" ]
 lowercase => [ "traceid", "id" ]
}
mutate {
 gsub => [ "id", "(^.{1,16}).*$", "\1"]
}
prune {
 whitelist_names => [ "id", "traceid", "name", "timestamp", "duration", "localEndpoint" ]
}
Publishing to Jaeger
When publishing to the Jaeger API, you have to send it an array of json objects. To achieve this in the http output plugin, we can enable the format => json_batch, which will cause the HTTP client to buffer some events and then send them all at once. So more efficiency, and no extra code on our part.
To help make testing easier, I publish to two different HTTP endpoints: the Jaeger docker container running on my host machine, and to a Request Logger Bin; where I can inspect the response if something is reported as a failure by Jaeger, and replay it (via the Insomnia REST client) and check error messages returned from Jaeger.
output {
 if [@metadata][type] == "jaeger" {
 http {
 url => "http://192.168.0.115:9411/api/v2/spans"
 format => "json_batch"
 http_method => "post"
 }
 http {
 url => "_URL_
 format => "json_batch"
 http_method => "post"
 }
 } else {
 # normal message handling: elasticsearch etc.
 stdout { codec => rubydebug }
 }
}
I also used LogStash's log output by tailing the log file:
tail -f /var/log/logstash/


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the idea
Calx is a Latin word meaning limestone, in English.
This concept allows to remount to Roman era, where lies the origin of the Portuguese Pavement technique.
Creating a tradable good conceived mainly for export:
- supression of the displacement of specialized workforce
- standard application
- faithful look of the portuguese pavement
- ease of transportation due to the thickness and reduced weight
Innovation of the business model of Portuguese Pavement:
- enhancement of a Portuguese product with a strong historical legacy in the world
- enlargement of the type of applications
- revitalization of an economic sector of the region