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Introduction: Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is a steroidal drug that has been widely administered intravitreally for retinal and choroidal conditions. Safety of steroidal products for intraocular use is essential because of their risk of ocular adverse events. This review comprehensively discusses the safety of intravitreal administration of TA. Areas covered: This paper analyzes the mechanisms of action and key pharmacokinetic attributes and provides a discussion of the main clinical trials investigating clinical applications of intravitreal TA. The safety of intravitreal TA is evaluated through a search of the Medline database from 1980 to 2011. The most relevant literature on the safety of intravitreal TA is also discussed. Expert opinion: The complications of intravitreal TA therapy include secondary ocular hypertension in about 20 ? 40% of eyes, steroid-induced cataract in about 15 ? 20% of cases and postinjection infectious endophthalmitis and pseudoendophthalmitis in less than 1%. TA is an effective drug for various retinal and choroidal diseases when delivered intravitreally. It may imply an off-label use and it may be associated with ocular adverse events. Intravitreal TA is not associated with significant systemic safety risks.
University of Udine, Department of Ophthalmology , P.le S. Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine , Italy _EMAIL_.
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Expert opinion on drug safety
This study aimed to review the incidence and clinical outcome of presumed sterile endophthalmitis after the off-label use of intravitreal Kenalog injections (triamcinolone acetonide with 1.5% benzyl a...
To evaluate the outcome of triple therapy of photodynamic therapy combined with injections of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) and subtenon triamcinolone acetonide for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy ...
Over the past decade, great strides have been made in the management of diabetic macular edema (DME). Therapeutic alternatives now include focal/grid laser photocoagulation, vitreo-retinal surgery, an...
To report the outcomes of decanted high-dose intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (HD-IVTA) injection for treatment-resistant persistent macular edema (ME).
To analyze the effects of injections of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on the incidence rates of anterior segment neovascularization (ASN) and neovascul...
Efficacy duration of triamcinolone acetonide (steroid) for treatment of diabetic macular edema. Furthermore, dosage dependency of triamcinolone acetonide comparing a high dosage versus a l...
A 24 - month Study looking at the the changes in visual acuity of patients receiving PDT therapy in conjunction with intravitreal triamcinolone.
Intravitreal triamcinolone has been effective for central macular thickness reduction and concomitant visual acuity improvement in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). VEGF is a ver...
Phase I/II study with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide microspheres(RETAAC)for treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema unresponsive to laser photocoagulation. Study hypothesis is t...
The study involves the enrollment of patients over 18 years of age with diabetic macular edema(DME). Patients with one study eye will be randomly assigned (stratified by visual acuity and ...
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
Removal of a drug from the market due to the identification of an intrinsic property of the drug that results in a serious risk to public health.
Measurable biological parameters that serve for drug development, safety and dosing (DRUG MONITORING).
Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.
Clinical Approvals Clinical Trials Drug Approvals Drug Delivery Drug Discovery Generics Drugs Prescription Drugs In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which drugs are dis...
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing as well as dispensing drugs and medicines. It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of...
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved on October 8th 2013 Adempas® (riociguat) tablets for: (i) the treatment of adults with persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) (WHO* Group 4) after ...


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Modeling of spatio-temporal processes has received considerable attention in recent statistical research. However, due to high dimensionality of the data, joint modeling of the spatial and temporal processes presents great computational challenge in both likelihood-based and Bayesian approaches. In this talk, I will present a composite joint estimating function (CJEF) approach to estimating spatio-temporal covariance structures, which substantially reduces the dimensionality and computational complexity and is more efficient than existing composite likelihood methods in spatial/temporal applications. The novelty of the proposed CJEF lies in the construction of three sets of estimating functions from spatial, temporal and cross pairs respectively. To deal with the issue that the resulting set of estimating functions contains more equations than the number of parameters, we form a quadratic inference function in a similar spirit to Hansen's generalized method of moments for estimation. We show that the proposed method yields consistent estimation and the estimator is asymptotically normal under practical scenarios. Simulations prove that our method performs very well in finite samples. Finally, we apply our method to study the spatio-temporal dependence structure of PM10 particles in northeastern United States. This is the joint work with Yun Bai and T.E. Raghunathan.
Groupe d'études et de recherche en analyse des décisions

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Deposit feeding is one of five feeding modes used by organisms to obtain food, the others being fluid feeding, filter feeding, bulk feeding, and phagocytosis. Deposit feeders obtain food particles by sifting through soil, vaguely analogous to the way that filter feeders get food by filtering water. Prominent examples are earthworms, other annelids such as polychaete worms, and fiddler crabs. Insects and their larvae, which may burrow through living or dead plants and animals, or feces, are also considered deposit feeders.
Deposit feeding is a feeding strategy that only works in fertile areas with a lot of preexisting life. The top layer of soil is targeted, typically within six inches of the surface, as this is the soil most likely to contain food particles that haven't been completely broken down yet. Biologists call these food particles detritus. After detritus has been broken down to a chemically neutral state, it becomes known as humus. Humus has a black color due to its high carbon content.
Among deposit feeders, precise strategies vary. Earthworms are unique animals in the world of deposit feeding, and in general, by having an oral cavity that connects directly to their digestive system without any intermediary. Lauded for their benefits to the soil, of earthworms, Charles Darwin wrote, "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures." By breaking detritus into humus, breaking soil down into tiny pieces that maximize available nitrogen and phosphates for plants, and aerating the ground by poking it full of tunnels, earthworms have a trifold benefit for the earth and its plants.
Besides earthworms, terrestrial deposit feeding is practiced by fiddler crabs. These crabs pick up little balls of dirt, reach them to their mouths, and pick out any edible material, including colonies of microbes. Then, the spheres are discarded as quickly as they were picked up. These little dirt spheres can be found wherever fiddler crabs dwell.
There are marine species that practice deposit feeding as well, which burrow through the ooze on the ocean floor. These include polychaete worms, some bivalves, and giant protozoa called xenophyophores. Marine deposit feeders are more poorly understood due to their remote location and fragility when brought to the surface.
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Winnett Cemetery, established in 1916, is the archetypical prairie cemetery of eastern and central Montana communities. The markers represent the homestead settlement era, the oil boom of the 1920s, and the slow decline in rural population thereafter. While relics of the homestead settlement era are representative of many communities east of the Divide, the oil boom relics are specific to the Winnett area. The grave markers are made from locally available materials, which is typical of the prairie communities in the early 1900s. These materials include sandstone, iron spikes, and railroad ties. Furthermore, the cemetery is a physical reminder of the hardships endured by the settlers of the early 20th century.
The cemetery included misaligned rows, lost markers, and areas filled with undocumented graves. The disorganization made it difficult to locate family plots and individual graves. Using a grant from the History Foundation, the Petroleum County Conservation District employed Archaeo-physics and the University of Montana Archaeological School to complete a geophysical survey. This data was used to create a field map locating all known burials.


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You can view our safety protocols here.
Distinction in Eyewear and Eyecare
A retinoscope is a handheld device used by eyecare professionals to determine whether your eyes are "20/20," or have difficulties in seeing things up close or far away.
By shining a light back and forth across your eye, eye doctors are able to determine (usually with great accuracy) if your vision needs corrective lenses by "dialing" the retinoscope so that the light focuses properly at the back of the eye on the retina.
This simple procedure is called a retinoscopy.
During a retinoscopy, if light focuses in front of or behind your retina, you have what is called a "refractive error" of the eye. This means you may have difficulty seeing things up close (farsightedness) or difficulty seeing things in the distance (nearsightedness). And means you likely need prescription lenses or contact lenses.
Many times, your eye doctor can determine your exact prescription by using only a retinoscope, though other equipment during an eye exam will be used to completely study your eye health, and verify any refractive errors that require you to get glasses or contact lenses.
How does a retinoscope work during retinoscopy?
Retinoscopy is a relatively quick and pain-free procedure, though your eyes may water or tear up slightly when exposed to the light within the retinoscope.
Other high-tech equipment like autorefractors are becoming more common as well, as they take retinoscopy measurements automatically in just a few seconds.
The retinoscope is a handy examination tool that can automatically detect a possible vision problem. A retinoscopy can be especially good for young children or people with special needs who might have problems accurately describing "what's wrong" with their vision.
Optometric Associates, New Holland, Pa. from David D. Speace on Vimeo.


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Berlin food preparations are rich with meat and vegetables flavored richly with seasonings. Pork, lamb, boars, chicken and fish are the prime meats used while potatoes and cucumbers are the predominant vegetables used in food. Popular recipes from the cuisine of Berlin include-Berliner Kartoffelsalat or Potato Salad Berlin Style, Berlin Potato Soup, Berliner Pfannkuchen or Berlin Donuts and Spritzkuchen.
Historical and Cultural Influences on Berlin Cuisine
Berlin food history includes the powerful influences of the kings and authority that ruled over the country. In the 18th century, the king of Prussia-Frederick set a norm for his subjects to consume only potatoes and cucumbers that were introduced to Europe from America as they were economical for common people.
Ingredients and Cooking Methods Used in the Cuisine of Berlin
Berlin food preparations most commonly make use of different types of fish, goose, pork, beans, peas and potatoes. Smoking, roasting, boiling and marinating are the cooking methods adopted by the Cuisine of Berlin.
Traditional Berlin Recipes
- Currywurst refers to a grilled pork sausage that is sliced and seasoned using tomato paste or ketchup mixed with curry as well as liberal quantities of curry powder. The dish is commonly sold as a fast food and generally served along with bread rolls or French fries.
- Eisbein mit Sauerkraut or pork knuckle on sauerkraut refers to a deeply marbled meat coated with a dense layer of crunchy fat also called "crackling". The meat which is tender and smelly by nature needs to be cooked well by being braised over a long period of time. Generally it is sold after being cured and then included in recipes and had alongside Berliner Weisse a beer pairing which is light and fruity.
- Berliner refers to doughnut prepared using sweet yeast dough that is deep fried in oil or fat, along with jam filling or marmalade usually consisting of a topping of made of powdered or regular sugar. The doughnut is called so most often in regions outside of Berlin while it is indigenously called Pfannkuchen. It is had along with Spritzkuchen or cream puffs as noon time snacks commonly and a common feature on the eve of New Year as well as carnival.
- Doner Kebab a national Berlin Food invented by Turkish immigrants who lived in the Kreuzberg area of Berlin in 1971.It is made by combining lamb, chicken strips or beef and many different vegetables and served in a Turkish pita with sauce.


Statement 5.3
 - Section 5
"Hospital pharmacists should ensure their hospitals seek review of their medicines use processes by an external quality assessment accreditation programme, and act on reports to improve the quality and safety of these processes."
What does it mean for patients? The safety of patients is the primary goal of the hospital pharmacist. Hospitals that fulfil quality and safety criteria from external accreditation programs ensure that continuing improvement practices are implemented in order to minimise errors
What does it mean for healthcare professionals? The medication practice process is very complex and external assessment programs help to identify critical aspects of the organisation and initiate appropriate preventive/corrective measures to achieve patients' safety.
What does it mean for Hospital Pharmacists? Hospital pharmacists should conduct self-assessment activities to identify critical aspects in the medication process and communicate them internally to other healthcare professionals and hospital administrators
Hospital pharmacists should promote adherence to external quality assessment inspections/audits. Hospital pharmacists should be involved and lead projects to improve quality and safety of the medication practices as risk management process. Examples include projects in areas of patient safety protocols, active pharmacovigilance, therapeutic reconciliation, discharge counselling and follow up, and transition of care programs.
The Hospital Universitario Clinico San Carlos is SILCC Host providing training on this Statement. Please learn more about the SILCC programme here.


Document Type
Publication Date
Publication Title
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Recently, infrared and interference microscopy methods have been increasingly applied to measure internal concentration gradients and hence the uptake of different adsorbates in zeolite crystals. In contrast to conventional macroscopic batch uptake techniques, these microscopic/mesoscopic methods measure changes associated with single zeolite crystals. The analysis of data from these measurements to determine micropore diffusivities has been performed on the basis of the assumption that isothermal conditions prevail during both the adsorption and desorption experiments. This assumption is critically examined in this paper for the case of methanol diffusion in ferrierite crystals during adsorption and desorption to vacuum. It is shown by both detailed simulation as well as an order of magnitude analysis of time constants for heat transfer and diffusion that the temperature changes in the system are negligible during adsorption due to the high conductive heat transfer rate. However, during desorption to a vacuum, heat conduction is minimal so that heat transfer occurs only by radiation. Temperature changes as large as 5–7K are therefore to be expected at the beginning of the desorption process. However, since the time constant for the desorption process is of the order of hundreds of seconds, this temperature transient dissipates rapidly and has no significant impact on the overall desorption process. Even for the worst case scenario considered here, for both interference and infrared microscopy methods, the systems can be considered as essentially isothermal.
Original Citation
Heinke, L., Chmelik, C., Kortunov, P., Shah, D., Brandani, S., Ruthven, D.,,…rger, J. (2007). Analysis of thermal effects in infrared and interference microscopy: n-Butane-5A and methanol–ferrierite systems. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 104(1-3), 18-25. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.11.017


Global Economics
How So Much Plastic Got Into the Frozen Arctic Sea
How So Much Plastic Got Into the Frozen Arctic Sea
Photograph by Peter Broecke/Getty Images
The Arctic Ocean is considered one of the world's "last pristine ecosystems." That's why Rachel Obbard, a Dartmouth University professor who studies polar ice and materials science, was shocked to find that Arctic sea ice contains large quantities of plastic and synthetic particles. "I used to think of Arctic sea ice as unaffected by man-made pollutants," she says. "It's not the case."
In a study published in the open-access journal Earth's Future, Obbard and her colleagues write that more than a trillion bits of plastic may be released into the ocean over the next 10 years as global warming speeds the melting of Arctic ice. Obbard stumbled upon the microplastics while examining four enormous samples of so-called "sea ice," which generally forms during the winter and largely melts away during the summer. Most sea ice has been frozen from two to five years and measures roughly one to five meters from surface to sea level. The samples, each about 1 meter thick (3.2 feet), had been collected from locations roughly 1,000 kilometers apart during Arctic expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
"I melted [the ice] through a very fine filter," Obbard explains. "There was some sediment, like sand, and some microorganisms … and then these little brightly colored pieces of plastic." Most of the particles were roughly the size of a pin head and made from commonly-used synthetic materials such as polyester, nylon, and polyethylene. The researchers found anywhere from 38 particles to 234 particles per cubic meter of ice.
Obbard and her colleagues believe that micro-plastics typically land in the ocean in one of three ways: "One way is through laundry," she says: "The lint particles that come off in your washing machine and then get washed out with the water." A second type of particles results from fragmentation in the ocean of larger plastic waste such as water bottles and fishing nets. The last major source is probably waste from companies that use small plastic particles to manufacture larger items.
It's unclear whether the majority of the plastic flows into the Arctic from the Pacific Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean, says Obbard. The particles are found in higher concentration in ice than in water because they're light and tend to float at the surface of the ocean, where they get trapped in ice as the water freezes.
The potential ecological hazards of the synthetic fragments to Arctic marine life are unknown, but Obbard's discovery may help solve a longstanding mystery: Humans produce huge amounts of plastic but cannot account for where much of it ends up. "Polar sea ice represents a major historic global sink of man-made particulates," the study suggests.
To make matters worse, plastic lasts forever. Even most biodegradable plastics don't degrade in seawater because they require the relative warmth of soil or a compost heap. "We have managed to pollute the entire earth," says Obbard. "There's no place that's exempt."
Winter is a reporter for Bloomberg Businessweek in New York.
The Good Business Issue
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I got my hair cut in the morning. This is an example of the causative form. Causative verbs are used to talk about getting something done by somebody else. Some common expressions using the causative verb forms are given below.
- You must have your hair washed. / You must get your hair cut.
- You must get that carpet cleaned.
- You must get / have your nails polished.
- We must have the roof repaired.
In this structure we use the past participle form of the verb.
- We must have the house painted. (NOT We must have the house painting.) (NOT We must have the house paint.)
Causative forms are also possible with make. Causative forms of make often imply the idea that somebody has a certain authority over somebody else.
- He made me cry.
- They made her repeat the whole story. (= They forced her to repeat the whole story.)
- She made the child drink the milk.
- I made him do the homework.
- He made her cook dinner.
- She made me accompany her.
Note that in this structure we use the infinitive without to.
- She made me wait for hours. (NOT She made me waiting for hours.) (NOT She made me waited for hours.) (NOT She made me to wait for hours.)
Passive structures are possible in some cases and then we use an infinitive with to.
- She was made to repeat the whole story. (NOT She was made repeat the whole story.)
- I was made to wait for hours. (NOT I was made wait for hours.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Four North Carolina instructors will get new tools and technology to aid in the teaching of space exploration and to excite and empower students interested in the topic. A big Mars or Moon learning map, Mimio Mybot instructional robotics system, a Lunar or Mars Pro Globe with augmented reality technology, and many more materials are included in the $5,000 space education bundles.
Educators in grades 5–8 could apply via the North Carolina Business Committee for Education (NCBCE), a business-led education non-profit inside the Governor's Office. The Aldrin Family Foundation and Public Consulting Group provided the Moon and Mars Bundles.
Teachers can be the spark that inspires students to follow a promising career path like space exploration. It's exciting to see students interested in science and math because we need more young people in our workforce pursuing STEM careers, Governor Roy Cooper said.
Source: NC Governor

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Background & Aims: Celiac disease is a prevalent immune disorder caused by the ingestion of gliadin-containing grains. We investigated the ability of a polymeric binder to reverse the toxic effects induced by gliadin in human intestinal cells and gliadin-sensitive HCD4-DQ8 mice. Methods: Gliadin was neutralized by complexation to a linear copolymer of hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and sodium 4-styrene sulfonate (SS). The ability of the polymeric binder to abrogate the damaging effect of gliadin on cell-cell contact was investigated in IEC-6, Caco-2/15, and primary cultured differentiated enterocytes. The efficacy of the polymeric binder in preventing gliadin-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction was assessed using gliadin-sensitive HLA-HCD4/DQ8 transgenic mice. Results: Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-styrene sulfonate) [P(HEMA-co-SS)] complexed with gliadin in a relatively specific fashion. Intestinal cells exposed to gliadin underwent profound alterations in morphology and cell-cell contacts. These changes were averted by complexing the gliadin with P(HEMA-co-SS). More importantly, the P(HEMA-co-SS) hindered the digestion of gliadin by gastrointestinal enzymes, thus minimizing the formation of immunogenic peptides. Coadministration of P(HEMA-co-SS) with gliadin to HLA-HCD4/DQ8 mice attenuated gliadin-induced changes in the intestinal barrier and reduced intraepithelial lymphocyte and macrophage cell counts. Conclusions: Polymeric binders can prevent in vitro gliadin-induced epithelial toxicity and intestinal barrier dysfunction in HCD4/DQ8 mice. They have a potential role in the treatment of patients with gluten-induced disorders.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


The Bride of the Three Virtues
The Bride of the Three Virtues
This article was published on the well known Tibetan blog Choemey (Butter Lamp). The piece, published under a penname, concerns social change and shifting family dynamics inside Tibet.
The Bride of the Three Virtues
By Namkha
My internet friends may laugh when they first see the title of today's article. Possibly they haven't seen this title before. This is a new prize that is becoming popular in Tibetan areas. It reminds me of the time when I worked hard to become a young pioneer at the primary school, and worked hard to become a "student of the three virtues." The student of the three virtues must be: 1. A good student; 2. Have good discipline; 3. Have good hygiene. The student must have these three virtues.
In the twenty-first century, from this idea of "the student of the three virtues" spread this idea of "the bride of the three virtues" in the snowland, a place devoted to love and compassion and karma. I laughed when I first heard of this, but I also wanted to think on this idea and ask some questions about it.
I asked questions of the girl who was discussing this issue with me. She said, "It in't about identifying some prize winners as a result of improvement of thoughts and economy. Both in nomadic and farming areas, elderly parents experience a lot of sufferings." Later I clearly understood the meaning of "the bride of the three virtues."
Listen to what she had to say after this. At this point she took a long breath and said, "These days for both nomads and farmers, economic problems have been slightly relieved by the caterpillar fungus. Sons and brides, leaving their children with their elderly parents, go to the county and prefecture towns to hang out. The elderly parents not only take care of the children, but also do house chores and herd the livestock. They don't come home from the city for a few days. Husbands carelessly waste a few day drinking and playing mahjong. Some brides, disregarding the suffering of the children and the elderly parents, play mahjong and look for lovers."
Here she stopped speaking. Then she continued in a sad and quiet voice, "Last winter I went home for the New Year. As you know the weather in the nomadic areas is quite cold. I was born on the grassland. In the winter, most of the nomads settle in the town or near it. In many nomadic communities, they don't have plumbing at home, so they have to carry water in from outside. In winter the place where they draw water is covered with ice, so it is very slippperly. One day, I think just before noon, an elderly man from the community came to my house. He said they needed me to go with him to the town.
He said, 'The old grandma (Name) fell on the ice and broke her leg when she went to fetch water this morning. In fact, the full bucket of water spilled over her, and she nearly died. Fortunately, a bride (Name) from another family noticed and saved her. Otherwise, she would have frozen to death.'
This elderly couple have a son and two daughters. The two daughter married into another community. The son is the youngest among them. He is about 35 years old. He is a civil servant in the county. He has an attractive wife, a woman who is very proud of her beautiful skin. The result of leaving their son with the elderly 75-year old mother ripened that morning. The reason the old man wanted me with them was that they wanted someone who can speak Chinese when the grandma was treated at the hospital.
My father asked where the son and the bride were, but the the old man said they had gone to the main town for shopping seven or eight days ago. Honestly, the distance between that town and our county town is about one and half hours. Even if they had gone on a motorcycle, they could have reached home in a day. Moreover, there were many cars going back and forth between the county and town.
When I hurried there, the old grandma was in a car, covered in a warm blanket. The driver was the son of the old grandma's younger brother. He was also angry and abusing the the old grandma's son and bride, 'The couple's behavior is always the same. They don't take care of the parents. They bought an apartment in the county town and they live there.'
'They only visit a few times during the New Year and the holidays. I talked to them a few times. Now the parents are old. If you two stay in county town without caring for the parents, it is hard for them even to get water. Maybe you should take the parents to town to live with you. The son indicated that I should not give him advice.'
'Since then I dare not say anything, because I know they wouldn't listen to an illiterate person like me. However, on the one hand, she is my father's younger sister. On the another hand, his parents are old. It is hard for me to bear it in my heart, every time when I see them.' As the driver, with some anger, shared the couple' story, we arrived in the main town. We quickly found the hospital and brought the old grandma inside.
In the hospital, I tried to comfort the grandma and touched her hand, but there was no warmth in her hand. She said, 'My fate is very sad. I have no reason not to die" and tears fell down from her eyes. Her husband, the old grandpa, had also come to the hospital with their 5 year-old grandson. The grandma asked, 'Why did you come here? There is no one at home. Who is taking care of the livestock?' He said a neighbor's name and said that he would take care of the livestock.
What we needed then was a person to take care of the old grandma in the hospital, so we had to look for the son and the bride. The driver said, 'The son must be at the mahjong place, but the bride may be at the apartment' and went in the direction of the apartment. After a moment, he came back and said, 'The wife is not in the apartment. It is impossible to guess where she is. I called him many times but his phone was turned off.' That is true that he called many times while driving. The doctor said, 'Her (grandma's) leg is broken and it takes a while to reattach the bone. As she is in her old age, it is hard to recover as easily as a youth, but there is no need to worry.'
The old man who came to call me said, 'It is certain that we will need a woman in the hospital to take care of the grandma and to help her to the bathroom. We can call the two daughters' families and clearly explain the situation.' I strongly agreed with this idea. I had wondered about how well the son's bride might care for the grandma. At that moment, the grandma's nephew said, 'Let's go eat.'
The old grandpa stayed in the hospital, and we took the grandson with us. One the way to the restaurant, the driver asked someone where we could find the son and the bride. Someone said he didn't know about the son but said the wife was in a restaurant and gave us the name. When we arrived there, she was enjoying a meal with some civil servants from the county and her face was full of smiles. Once she saw us, she looked a bit uneasy.
I knew the driver was very angry. His face had become very red. However, he controlled his anger and explained what had happened to the grandma. He also said they had been looking for her and her husband.
She said she didn't know where her husband was. She left her son and walked out of the restaurant. It seems we were all aware that the 70 year-old grandma wouldn't die this time, so everyone felt very relieved. Everyone said they were hungry now. After everyone ate something they liked, we took some food for the elderly couple and went to the hospital. The bride was on a phone call with someone. After about an hour, the son appeared. His two eyes were very red. To us it looked like he was very tired. Once his father saw him he got very angry.
The father was so angry he couldn't even speak. The dishonest son started to say, 'I went to the prefecture town to run some errands for my bureau. My phone battery died.' Pointing his finger at his wife, he said, 'I told you to go back to the town. You told me you would go that afternoon.' At that, the wife also became angry and said, 'If it's ok for you to look for Chinese prostitutes and wander the streets like a homeless dog, why can't I look for lovers?' They pulled out all their dirty secrets in front of the parents. I was embarrassed and didn't know what to say, so I went to ask the doctor about the patient's condition.
Such things have happened and are happening in both the nomad and farming areas. Actually, there are many cases of parents being abandoned by sons and brides. Because of this, to ensure that the son and the bride would take care of the parents, they established this prize for "the bride of the three virtues" in every village. There are three criteria for "a bride of the three virtues:" 1. She must take good care of the parents; 2. She must have a good relationship with the villagers and neighbors; 3. She


rence (TTDR) in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - Time to distant recurrence is defined as the time from date of randomization until the first occurrence of distant recurrence or death from breast cancer.
Timepoint [15] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [16] 0 0
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Time to Distant Recurrence (TTDR) Survival at Year 2 by Treatment Arms
Timepoint [16] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [17] 0 0
Central Nervous System Recurrence in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - CNS recurrence is defined as the time from randomization to CNS as the first distant recurrence. Competing events include distant recurrence at other sites as the first distant recurrence and death from any cause prior to distant recurrence.
Timepoint [17] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [18] 0 0
Cumulative Incidence of Central Nervous System Recurrence (CNS) at Year 2 - Cumulative incidence of Central Nervous System Recurrence (CNS) is estimated by Gray's method (Gray,1988).
Timepoint [18] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [19] 0 0
Overall Survival (OS) - Overall survival is defined as the time from randomization to death from any cause
Timepoint [19] 0 0
From time of randomization to death
Secondary outcome [20] 0 0
Disease-free Survival Including Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DFS-DCIS) in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - Disease-free survival including DCIS time is defined as the time from date of randomization until the first occurrence of DCIS or an iDFS event (an iDFS event including invasive ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence, invasive contralateral breast cancer, local/regional invasive recurrence, or distant recurrence and death from any.
Timepoint [20] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [21] 0 0
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Disease-free Survival Including Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DFS-DCIS) at Year 2 by Treatment Arms
Timepoint [21] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [22] 0 0
Distant Disease-free Survival (DDFS) in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - Distant disease-free survival time is defined as the time from date of randomization until the first occurrence of distant recurrence or death from any cause.
Timepoint [22] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [23] 0 0
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Distant Disease-free Survival (DDFS) at Year 2 by Treatment Arms
Timepoint [23] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [24] 0 0
Time to Distant Recurrence (TTDR) in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - Time to distant recurrence is defined as the time from date of randomization until the first occurrence of distant recurrence or death from breast cancer.
Timepoint [24] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [25] 0 0
Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Time to Distant Recurrence (TTDR) Survival at Year 2 by Treatment Arms
Timepoint [25] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [26] 0 0
Central Nervous System Recurrence in Neratinib Arm Compared to Placebo Arm - CNS recurrence is defined as the time from randomization to CNS as the first distant recurrence. Competing events include distant recurrence at other sites as the first distant recurrence and death from any cause prior to distant recurrence.
Timepoint [26] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Secondary outcome [27] 0 0
Cumulative Incidence of Central Nervous System Recurrence (CNS) at Year 2 - Cumulative incidence of Central Nervous System Recurrence (CNS) is estimated by Gray's method (Gray,1988).
Timepoint [27] 0 0
From randomization until time of event up to 2 years
Eligibility
Key inclusion criteria
- Stage II through IIIC HER-2/erbB-2 positive breast cancer with node positive disease.
- Been treated for early breast cancer with standard of care duration of trastuzumab.
- Could have been treated neoadjuvantly but have not reached pathologic complete
response.
Minimum age
18 Years
Maximum age
No limit
Gender
Females
Can healthy volunteers participate?
No
Key exclusion criteria
- Positive clinical and radiologic assessments for local or regional recurrence of
disease at the time of study entry.
- History of heart disease.
- Corrected QT (QTc) interval >0.45 seconds
- History of gastrointestinal disease with diarrhea as the major symptom.
Study design
Purpose of the study
Treatment
Allocation to intervention
Randomised controlled trial
Procedure for enrolling a subject and allocating the treatment (allocation concealment procedures)
Methods used to generate the sequence in which subjects will be randomised (sequence generation)
Masking / blinding
Blinded (masking used)
Who is / are masked / blinded?
The people receiving the treatment/s
The people administering the treatment/s
The people assessing the outcomes
The people analysing the results/data
Intervention assignment
Parallel
Other design features
Phase
Phase 3
Type of endpoint(s)
Statistical methods / analysis
Recruitment
Recruitment status
Active, not recruiting
Data analysis
Reason for early stopping/withdrawal
Other reasons
Date of first participant enrolment
Anticipated
Actual
Date of last participant enrolment
Anticipated
Actual
Date of last data collection
Anticipated
Actual
Sample size
Target
Accrual to date
Final
Recruitment in Australia
Recruitment state(s)
NSW,QLD,SA,VIC,WA
Recruitment hospital [1] 0 0
Sydney West Cancer Trials Centre - Sydney
Recruitment hospital [2] 0 0
Iron Cancer Care South Brisbane - South Brisbane
Recruitment hospital [3] 0 0
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital - Adelaide
Recruitment hospital [4] 0 0
Ashford Cancer Centre Research - Kurralta Park
Recruitment hospital [5] 0 0
North Adelaide Oncology Calvary Hospital North Adelaide - North Adelaide
Recruitment hospital [6] 0 0
Royal Melbourne Hospital - Melbourne
Recruitment hospital [7] 0 0
The Western Hospital - Melbourne
Recruitment hospital [8] 0 0
Hollywood Private Hospital - Nedlands
Recruitment postcode(s) [1] 0 0
2145 - Sydney
Recruitment postcode(s) [2] 0 0
4101 - South Brisbane
Recruitment postcode(s) [3] 0 0
5011 - Adelaide
Recruitment postcode(s) [4] 0 0
5037 - Kurralta Park
Recruitment postcode(s) [5] 0 0
5006 - North Adelaide
Recruitment postcode(s) [6] 0 0
3050 - Melbourne
Recruitment postcode(s) [7] 0 0
6009 - Nedlands
Recruitment outside Australia
Country [1] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [1] 0 0
Alabama
Country [2] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [2] 0 0
Arizona
Country [3] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [3] 0 0
Arkansas
Country [4] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [4] 0 0
California
Country [5] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [5] 0 0
Connecticut
Country [6] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [6] 0 0
District of Columbia
Country [7] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [7] 0 0
Florida
Country [8] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [8] 0 0
Georgia
Country [9] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [9] 0 0
Hawaii
Country [10] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [10] 0 0
Idaho
Country [11] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [11] 0 0
Illinois
Country [12] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [12] 0 0
Indiana
Country [13] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [13] 0 0
Kentucky
Country [14] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [14] 0 0
Louisiana
Country [15] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [15] 0 0
Maine
Country [16] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [16] 0 0
Maryland
Country [17] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [17] 0 0
Massachusetts
Country [18] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [18] 0 0
Michigan
Country [19] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [19] 0 0
Minnesota
Country [20] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [20] 0 0
Mississippi
Country [21] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [21] 0 0
Missouri
Country [22] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [22] 0 0
Montana
Country [23] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [23] 0 0
Nebraska
Country [24] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [24] 0 0
New Jersey
Country [25] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [25] 0 0
New York
Country [26] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [26] 0 0
North Carolina
Country [27] 0 0
United States of America
State/province [27] 0 0
North Dakota
Country [28] 0 0
United States


Break axis in Makie
Hi, I am pretty new to Makie, but I am loving the package so far! Is it possible to have a broken y-axis in Makie? E.g. I want to plot:
xs1 = randn(10)
ys1 = randn(10)
xs2 = randn(10).+ 3
ys2 = randn(10).+ 10
fig = Figure()
ax = fig[1,1] = Axis(fig)
scatter!(ax, xs1, ys1)
scatter!(ax, xs2, ys2)
without resorting to a log scale and have the clusters on the same height. Any help would be much appreciated!
So I asked about this on the Makie Slack channel and apparently this is not implemented yet. However, Julius Krumbiegel suggested I try the following to manually implement what I want:
possible manually, yes, but there's no premade function for it. you would currently have to make two axes, plot the same thing in them, set limits how you want, hide the adjacent spines so it looks like one axis, then the only "tricky" thing is adding diagonal lines at the spine ends. this is best made dependent on the axis position, so that it stays correct
you can grab the ends of the spines from the lineaxis objects in ax.elements, they have an attribute called endpoints. grab the correct points and calculate your diagonals in figure space, then plot the lines into figure.scene
For anyone else who needs to implement this manually, here is the code. This does everything except add that "broken" y axis. I could not manage to implement those diagonal "broken axis indicator" lines. However, if you are in a pinch for time, just add them manually using Inkscape :slight_smile:
If anyone figures out how to add them, please reply to this topic.
using CairoMakie
xs1 = randn(10)
ys1 = randn(10)
xs2 = randn(10).+ 3
ys2 = randn(10).+ 10
fig = Figure();
ax1 = fig[1,1] = Axis(fig)
scatter!(ax1, [xs1; xs2], [ys1; ys2])
hideydecorations!(ax1, ticklabels=false)
ylims!(ax1, 8.5, 11.0)
ax1.yticks = 9:1:11
ax2 = fig[2,1] = Axis(fig)
scatter!(ax2, [xs1; xs2], [ys1; ys2])
hideydecorations!(ax2, ticklabels=false)
hidexdecorations!(ax2, ticklabels=false)
ylims!(ax2, 0.0, 2.5)
ax2.yticks = 0:1:2
rowsize!(fig.layout, 2, Relative(2/3))
rowgap!(fig.layout, 1, Relative(0.0))
Label(fig[:, 0], "Manually broken y", rotation=pi/2)
_USER_, you could draw a horizontal grey line where the axis is broken, with an annotation of the gap used. E.g., y = (2.5, 8.5)
it looks like your y-scale changes, say 0-1 versus 10-11, is that desired?
Yes, so the type of figure I was going for looks like this:
Do you mean a horizontal line spanning the entire figure? If so, yes that would be a programmatic way of indicating where it breaks, however it would not look as pretty as e.g. the matplotlib version (see here)
I mean that the distance between 0 and 1 and between 10 and 11, along the y axis, does not look the same. The distance between 0 and 1 looks bigger. The image you showed with the squiggly broken axis has the same metric near 0 and near 1. Some problem when creating your figure maybe?
Ah, now I see what you mean. Nope, that is not desired, but I suppose it could be fixed by just setting the y limits and the y ticks of both figures?
You could fix the relative scaling by giving both rows an Auto(ratio) size where ratio is the relative length of each axis. For the diagonal lines, you just need to do linesegments!(fig.scene, diagonal_points). The points you have to calculate given the endpoints of the axis lines, an angle that you like, and a line length that you like. You should calculate the points using lift(endpoints) do points... etc so that they update whenever the axis shifts.
Here's a possible implementation, although it uses some rather internal things:
f = Figure()
lims = Node(((0.0, 1.3), (7.6, 10.0)))
g = f[1, 1] = GridLayout()
ax_top = Axis(f[1, 1][1, 1], title = "Broken Y-Axis")
ax_bottom = Axis(f[1, 1][2, 1])
on(lims) do (bottom, top)
 ylims!(ax_bottom, bottom)
 ylims!(ax_top, top)
 rowsize!(g, 1, Auto(top[2] - top[1]))
 rowsize!(g, 2, Auto(bottom[2] - bottom[1]))
hidexdecorations!(ax_top, grid = false)
ax_top.bottomspinevisible = false
ax_bottom.topspinevisible = false
linkxaxes!(ax_top, ax_bottom)
rowgap!(g, 10)
angle = pi/8
linelength = 30
segments = lift(
 ) do p1, p2, p3, p4
 ps = Point2f0[p1, p2, p3, p4]
 map(ps) do p
 a = p + Point2f0(cos(angle), sin(angle)) * 0.5 * linelength
 b = p - Point2f0(cos(angle), sin(angle)) * 0.5 * linelength
 (a, b)
linesegments!(f.scene, segments)
scatter!(ax_top, randn(100, 2).* 0.5.+ 9)
scatter!(ax_bottom, randn(100, 2).* 0.2.+ 0.25)
 1. rescale data such that they fit into the same coordinate system.
 2. plot as you would
 3. re-annotate y-ticks
In your example, you have two chunks of data, share same x, but different ys, one from [0, 0.25], and one from [0.75, 1]. To set up common coordinate system, from [0, 0.5], where [0, 0.25] map to [0, 0.25], and [0.75, 1] map to [0.25, 0.5], this should be one simple broadcast. If you need log-scale, just do it.
i dont really know how to do the "//", but given it serves as attention grabbing marker, you could just plot some shaded region, depends on the determined coordinate system


text:
One of the lessons our level 2 students were learning this term was how to describe body part. Here is the text from their book.
They have learnt how to say "to have/has" and body parts in previous lesson. To help them to remember the words and phrases, they played bingo game to start with and then they continued with _URL_ games.
In this new lesson, they were going to learn how to describe body part, such as "She has long hair." "He has big eyes." etc…
To make the learning fun, I designed the game I called it "huàliǎn 画脸" (drawing a face). Basically, students worked in two groups –team 1 & team 2. It was a competitive game which made it fun as I would give a high five to the winning team at end of the game.
The first student from team 1 would instruct the first student from team 2 a sentence such as "tā yǒu dàda de yǎnjing 他有大大的眼睛" （He has big eyes.)
Then they swapped roles until everyone had a go for both instructing(speaking) and drawing(listening)， and the face being completed. The completed faces all came out hideously funny, of course. But it was so fun and they all wanted to do the instructing (speaking) and drawing (listening).
This was so great for students to practice their speaking and listening.


the select list of input
 # datsets in the icqsol_color_surface_field tool does not filter out
 # datasets with no field field_names, so we need this check.
 if len(dataset.metadata.field_names) == 0:
 return options
 field_name = dataset.metadata.field_names[0]
 field_components = dataset.metadata.field_components.get(field_name, [])
 for i, field_component in enumerate(field_components):
 options.append((field_component, field_component, i == 0))
 return options
Parameter Validation
This function is called before the tool is executed. If it raises any exceptions the tool execution will be aborted and the exception's value will be displayed in an error message box. Here is an example:
def validate(incoming):
 """Validator for the plotting program"""
 bins = incoming.get("bins","")
 col = incoming.get("col","")
 if not bins or not col:
 raise Exception, "You need to specify a number for bins and columns"
 try:
 bins = int(bins)
 col = int(col)
 except:
 raise Exception, "Parameters are not integers, columns:%s, bins:%s" % (col, bins)
 if not 1<bins<100:
 raise Exception, "The number of bins %s must be a number between 1 and 100" % bins
This code will intercept a number of parameter errors and return corresponding error messages. The parameter incoming contains a dictionary with all the parameters that were sent through the web.
Pre-job and pre-process code
The signature of both of these is the same:
def exec_before_job(inp_data, out_data, param_dict, tool):
def exec_before_process(inp_data, out_data, param_dict, tool):
The param_dict is a dictionary that contains all the values in the incoming parameter above plus a number of keys and values generated internally by galaxy. The inp_data and the out_data are dictionaries keyed by parameter name containing the classes that represent the data.
Example:
def exec_before_process(inp_data, out_data, param_dict, tool):
 for name, data in out_data.items():
 data.name = 'New name'
This custom code will change the name of the data that was created for this tool to New name. The difference between these two functions is that the exec_before_job executes before the page returns and the user will see the new name right away. If one were to use exec_before_process the new name would be set only once the job starts to execute.
Post-process code
This code executes after the background process running the tool finishes its run. The example below is more advanced one that replaces the type of the output data depending on the parameter named extension:
from galaxy import datatypes
def exec_after_process(app, inp_data, out_data, param_dict, tool, stdout, stderr):
 ext = param_dict.get('extension', 'text')
 items = out_data.items()
 for name, data in items:
 newdata = datatypes.factory(ext)(id=data.id)
 for key, value in data. __dict__.items():
 setattr(newdata, key, value)
 newdata.ext = ext
 out_data[name] = newdata
The content of stdout and stderr are strings containing the output of the process.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
file
This value is the name of the executable code file, and is called in the exec_before_process(), exec_before_job(), exec_after_process() and exec_after_job() methods.
True
tool > stdio
Tools write the bulk of useful data to datasets, but they can also write messages to standard I/O (stdio) channels known as standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr). Both stdout and stderr are typically written to the executing program's console or terminal. Previous versions of Galaxy checked stderr for execution errors - if any text showed up on stderr, then the tool's execution was marked as failed. However, many tools write messages to stderr that are not errors, and using stderr allows programs to redirect other interesting messages to a separate file. Programs may also exit with codes that indicate success or failure. One convention is for programs to return 0 on success and a non-zero exit code on failure.
Legacy tools (ones with profile unspecified or a profile of less than 16.04) will default to checking stderr for errors as described above. Newer tools will instead treat an exit code other than 0 as an error. The detect_errors on command can swap between these behaviors but the stdio directive allows more options in defining error conditions (though these aren't always intuitive).
With stdio directive, Galaxy can use regular expressions to scan stdout and stderr, and it also allows exit codes to be scanned for ranges. The <stdio> tag has two subtags, <regex> and <exit_code>, to define regular expressions and exit code processing, respectively. They are defined below. If a tool does not have any valid <regex> or <exit_code> tags, then Galaxy will use the previous technique for finding errors.
A note should be made on the order in which exit codes and regular expressions are applied and how the processing stops. Exit code rules are applied before regular expression rules. The rationale is that exit codes are more clearly defined and are easier to check computationally, so they are applied first. Exit code rules are applied in the order in which they appear in the tool's configuration file, and regular expressions are also applied in the order in which they appear in the tool's configuration file. However, once a rule is triggered that causes a fatal error, no further rules are checked.
tool > stdio > exit_code
Tools may use exit codes to indicate specific execution errors. Many programs use 0 to indicate success and non-zero exit codes to indicate errors. Galaxy allows each tool to specify exit codes that indicate errors. Each <exit_code> tag defines a range of exit codes, and each range can be associated with a description of the error (e.g., "Out of Memory", "Invalid Sequence File") and an error level. The description just describes the condition and can be anything. The error level is either log, warning, fatal error, or fatal_oom. A warning means that stderr will be updated with the error's description. A fatal error means that the tool's execution will be marked as having an error and the workflow will stop. A fatal_oom indicates an out of memory condition and the job might be resubmitted if Galaxy is configured appropriately. Note that, if the error level is not supplied, then a fatal error is assumed to have occurred.
The exit code's range can be any consecutive group of integers. More advanced ranges, such as noncontiguous ranges, are currently not supported. Ranges can be specified in the form "m:n", where m is the start integer and n is the end integer. If ":n" is specified, then the exit code will be compared against all integers less than or equal to n. If "m:" is used, then the exit code will be compared against all integers greater than or equal to m. If the exit code matches, then the error level is applied and the error's description is added to stderr. If a tool's exit code does not match any of the supplied <exit_code> tags' ranges, then no errors are applied to the tool's execution.
Note that most Unix and Linux variants only support positive integers 0 to 255 for exit codes. If an exit code falls outside of this range, the usual convention is to only use the lower 8 bits for the exit code. The only known exception is if a job is broken into subtasks using the tasks runner and one of those tasks is stopped with a POSIX signal. (Note that signals should be used as a last resort for terminating processes.) In those cases, the task will receive -1 times the signal number. For example, suppose that a job uses the tasks runner and 8 tasks are created for the job. If one of the tasks hangs, then a sysadmin may choose to send the "kill" signal, SIGKILL, to the process. In that case, the task (and its job) will exit with an exit code of -9. More on POSIX signals can be found on Wikipedia as well as on the man page for "signal" (man 7 signal).
The <exit_code> tag's supported attributes are as follows:
 - range: This indicates the range of exit codes to check. The range can be one of the following:
 - n: the exit code will only be compared to n;
 - m:n: the exit code must be greater than or


push() in Stack C++ STL
Binary Tree Problems books
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Reading time: 25 minutes | Coding time: 5 minutes
As we know stack data structure supports last in first out (LIFO) approach of managing data, it also becomes important to know about how we can insert elements into it. Here we will discuss about how we can insert elements in stack container using push() method provided by C++ STL (Standard Template Library). Elements are inserted at the top of stack.
We have covered different cases such as:
 - Inserting integers in Stack
 - Inserting user defined objects in Stack
 - Inserting strings in Stack
 - Inserting vectors and pairs in Stack
Basic Syntax of push() :
stack_name.push(element)
Example:
stack <int> container;
container.push(2);
 - element - It is the variable which contains data to be added in the stack. Data type of element is the type of container which we defined in the template parameter when initializing the stack. The function may throw an error if type of parameter doesn't match with the type of container.
 - return value - none
Example code for stack::push() function
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
int main(){
 //initializing stack to store integer values..
 stack <int> container;

 //adding elements in stack using push method....
 container.push(2);
 container.push(5);
 container.push(3);

 //printing elements to visualize stack.....
 while(!container.empty()){
 cout<<container.top()<<" ";
 container.pop();
 }

return 0;
}
Output :
3 5 2
Here, 2 will be added at the bottom(start) of the stack then 5 will be added at the top(after 2) and then 3 will be added at the top(after 5). When pop() is called on stack, the element that goes last in the stack will be removed first and following that we have the above output. It is actually reverse of the order with which we have performed insertion.
We can also insert user-defined objects, strings and other containers like vector, pair, etc.
Inserting user defined objects in Stack
In this example C++ code, we created an user defined object and inserted it into the Stack container using the push() function.
We created a Book class as follows:
class Book
{
 public:
 //member variables of class book...
 string Author;
 int id;
 //constructor of Book's instance...
 Book(string Author,int id)
 {
 this->Author = Author;
 this->id = id;
 }
};
It is inserted as follows:
Book b1("OpenGenus",125);
stack <Book> container;
container.push(b1);
Following is the complete C++ code:
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
class Book
{
 public:
 //member variables of class book...
 string Author;
 int id;
 //constructor of Book's instance...
 Book(string Author,int id)
 {
 this->Author = Author;
 this->id = id;
 }
};
int main(){
 //creating instances of Book class...
 Book b1("OpenGenus",125);
 Book b2("OpenSource",345);
 //initializing stack to store Book objects....
 stack <Book> container;
 //adding elements in stack using push method....
 container.push(b1);
 container.push(b2);

 //printing details of books in stack...
 while(!container.empty()){
 cout<<container.top().Author<<" "<<container.top().id<<endl;
 container.pop();
 }

 return 0;
}
Output :
OpenSource 345
OpenGenus 125
Here we first created a class that has author's name and id of book as data members then we initialized stack to store instances of this class.
Inserting strings in Stack
In this example, we will insert strings in a Stack container. This is done as follows:
stack <string> container;
string s1 = "opengenus";
container.push(s1);
Following is the complete C++ code:
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
int main(){
 //initializing stack to store strings
 stack <string> container;
 string s1 = "first";
 string s2 = "opengenus";
 //adding elements in stack using push method....
 container.push(s1);
 container.push(s2);
 container.push("third");
 container.push("fourth");

 //printing strings
 while(!container.empty()){
 cout<<container.top()<<" ";
 container.pop();
 }
 return 0;
}
Output :
fourth third opengenus first
Inserting vectors and pairs in Stack
We can insert any object in a stack. It can be user defined objects or objects from STL as well. In this example, we will see how to insert vectors and pairs in the stack container.
This is done as follows:
stack <vector<int>> vector_container;
vector<int> a;
a.push_back(30);
vector_container.push(a);
Following is the complete C++ code example:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <stack>
using namespace std;
int main(){
 //initializing stacks to store vector and pair containers.....
 stack <vector<int>> vector_container;
 stack <pair<int,int>> pair_container;

 //initializing vectors
 vector<int> a,b;

 a.push_back(30);
 a.push_back(20);
 b.push_back(10);
 //inserting vectors in vector_container stack ....
 vector_container.push(a);
 vector_container.push(b);
 //inserting pairs in pair_container stack....
 //here we can either initialize pair
 // or
 // we can directly call make_pair function in push() to create pair.
 pair_container.push(make_pair(1,10));
 pair_container.push(make_pair(2,20));
 //another approach to insert pair in pair_container stack...
 pair<int,int> c,d;

 //assigning values to first and second member of pair....
 c.first=3; c.second=30;
 d.first=4; d.second=40;

 pair_container.push(c);
 pair_container.push(d);

 return 0;
}
We will go through some questions to solidify your understanding.
Question 1
Which of the following applications does not use stack?
Infix to postfix conversion of an expression
Parenthesis balancing program
Recursion
CPU task scheduling
CPU uses queue to execute tasks according to their order in queue.
Question 2
If the sequence of operations - push(1), push(2), pop(), push(1), push(2), pop(), pop(), push(2) are performed on a stack then size of stack after these operations is:
3
7
5
2
There are 5 push and 3 pop so it results in 2 elements in the stack after all operations.
With this, you should have a complete idea of push() function in Stack container of C++ Standard Template Library (STL).


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This question already has an answer here:
I want to express a function as a sum of fourier series.
I tried the code below. It works. But only get one period (from 0 to 1).
How to display every period correctly?
f = Piecewise[{{10 x, 0 <= x < 0.1}, {-(10/9) x + (10/9), 0.1 <= x < 1}}];
coeff[0] = 1/4 Integrate[f, {x, 0, 1}];
coeff[n_] = 1/4 Integrate[f*Exp[I Pi n x/2], {x, 0, 1}];
series[m_, x_] := Sum[Exp[-I Pi n x/2] coeff[n], {n, -m, m}];
Plot[Evaluate[Table[series[j, x], {j, 1, 5}]], {x, -2, 2}]
enter image description here
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marked as duplicate by Artes, belisarius, The Toad Nov 14 '13 at 14:06
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This question, as it is asked, is more related to mathematics rather than Mathematica. I suggest you read more about Fourier Transform, Integral, Series, so you grasp the concepts and the relationships between them. – Sektor Nov 14 '13 at 6:49
1 Answer 1
You can try using Mathematica FourierSeries function directly. Change the plot range to see more periods.
enter image description here
Manipulate[
 Module[{x, f, g},
 f = Piecewise[{{10 x, 0 <= x < 01/10}, {-(10/9) x + (10/9),1/10 <= x < 1}}];
 g = FourierSeries[f, x, n];
 Plot[{f, g}, {x, -lim, lim}, PlotRange -> All, ImageSize -> 300,ImagePadding -> 20]
 ],
 {{n, 3, "number of terms"}, 0, 10, 1, ImageSize -> Tiny,Appearance -> "Labeled"},
 {{lim, 10, "plot range"}, 1, 30, .1, ImageSize -> Tiny,Appearance -> "Labeled"},
 SynchronousUpdating -> False,
 SynchronousInitialization -> False,
 ContinuousAction -> False,
 Alignment -> Center,
 ImageMargins -> 5,
 FrameMargins -> 5,
 ControlPlacement -> Top
 ]
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text:
Ryan Mahoney, curator of the Schenectady County Historical Society, discusses a panel featured in the traveling exhibit "Light on New Netherlands," which is hosted at the new education center at Mabee Farm.
Photo by John Purcell.
ROTTERDAM JUNCTION What many people believe to be the Dutch's role in forming the America of today might fall short of the full story.
A bigger part of that tale is now on display, as the Schenectady County Historical Society is hosting the "Light on New Netherlands" traveling exhibit at the George E. Franchere Education Center at Mabee Farm in Rotterdam Junction from now through Feb. 28.
The exhibit is produced by the New Netherland Institute and consists of 26 panels aimed at introducing important but little known aspects of what role the Dutch played in the settlement and development of colonial America, most specifically the development of New Netherland, the Dutch colony that stretched from Albany to Delaware in the 17th century.
Some of the subjects presented include exploration, the fur trade, establishing government and the interaction between Dutch settlers and Native Americans.
"It really touches on a lot of topics of Dutch culture and life here that's often glossed over," said Ryan Mahoney, curator of the Historical Society. "You learn about Dutch history and the new colony … as just a brief blip. It is like, 'All right, the Dutch showed up and then the American Revolution happened.' Really, there was so much more going on."
The New Netherland Institute works to enhance awareness of Dutch history in colonial America and it supports the translation of early Dutch documents through the New Netherland Project.
"This is a part of history that a lot of people are not aware of, even people living right in this area," Mahoney said. "All of the information here is actually taken from the original documents that are on file at the New York State Archives and are being translated even today."
There is also a 17-minute video included in the exhibit, "Illuminating New York's Dutch Past." In the video, researchers Charles Gehring and Janny Venmea provide background information about New Netherland and explain the importance of using document-based evidence. It also tells the journey of the Dutch documents and how they survived through the years.


text:
Ad server is a useful software widely used in digital ads. These ads involve publishers, advertisers and marketers. They perform monitoring on aspects like the number of clicks, and verify results of the businesses. It is worthwhile to know how these ad servers work.
An ad server serves the purpose of publishing ads in targeted websites according to a predetermined time across geographical areas. Ad servers are widely used by ad networks, advertisers, and publishers.
Ad servers are used to post ads on websites. Ad servers make sure the ads are displayed where they are targeted as per audience, time and locality.
How an ad server works?
Ad serving is a technology that uses software to place ads on websites. It also involves serving ads, optimally target them and choose them according the place and web page.
Ad servers are responsible servers and decide what ads are to be displayed, which are to be tracked such as impression and clicks.
Technically speaking, the explanation goes thus: When a user visits a website, the site gets prompted to send a message to the browser. The browser in turn approaches the relevant server. The server furnishes ads as per request of the browser. The ads are sent to the browser that are displayed in the website. Now the user can get the display ads on the target page. This is how the ad servers work.
What an ad server does?
- An ad server uploads ads as required. It also uploads rich-media. Rich media include interactive means of communication such as animation, audio, games, graphics, text, videos, etc.
- Ad servers make sure the proper traffic of ads happens. This depends on the terms associated with business between the publisher, advertiser and the business owner.
- Ad servers target ads depending on users or content. This is done based on the past browsing behavior of the user. The ad server sends relevant ads to the displayed page. Ads are also targeted according to the geographical location. The ads are programmed to be displayed on target web pages in a certain part of the globe.
- Ad servers furnish the data on impressions, number of clicks, and the activities following clicks, how the interaction and its duration.
Ad servers are an important means of doing business for all those involved in digital advertising. With appropriate planning and managing the ads optimally get good results for ad server usage.
Continue reading →


What is Texas sage used for?
Asked By: Melitina Landaribar | Last Updated: 22nd June, 2020
Category: shopping couponing
4.4/5 (21 Views. 29 Votes)
Leucophyllums can be used in a wide range of landscape situations, included focal points, visual and wind screening, accents, and wildlife habitat. With the onset of summer monsoons, leucophyllum explodes in a burst of color, giving it the nickname barometer plant.
Click to see full answer
Herein, what is Texas sage good for?
Texas sage is a classic in the American Southwest. What is a Texas sage shrub? As a native plant, it provides cover for wild animals and birds and helps stabilize loose desert soils. This adaptable plant is drought tolerant and useful in areas with high heat and cold desert temperatures.
Subsequently, question is, how do you take care of Texas sage? Texas sage does not need rich soil to thrive and prefers dry but well-draining alkaline soil with infrequent watering. Stop watering the plant during winter. It is a water-conserving plant and only needs occasional watering. This makes Texas sage ideal for xeriscape gardens and dry soil is ideal for older plants.
Likewise, can you eat Texas sage?
It also helps that almost the entire shrub is edible some way. The blossoms, yellow or red, can be eaten raw or cooked. Their flavor is mild.
How quickly does Texas sage grow?
The Texas Sage is a fairly slow growing plant, and may take up to two years to become fully established and bloom reliably. Once established the Texas Sage is extremely drought tolerant, requires very little supplemental water, and will bloom after a good rain storm.
29 Related Question Answers Found
How much water does a Texas sage need?
Water newly planted Texas sage every five to seven days for a few weeks until it's well established, allowing the top 2 inches of soil to dry out between watering sessions. After that, rainfall should be enough in most climates. If rainfall is below average, water the plant in summer to promote flowering.
Is Texas sage poisonous to dogs?
Commonly called barometer bush or Texas sage, Leucophyllum frutescens has green or silver leaves and seasonal blooms, most commonly shaded purple. Barometer bush is not typically toxic to dogs, but can shelter allergens and other poisonous animals or matter.
Does Texas sage attract butterflies?
Bloom Time
Texas sage most often blooms after summer showers and does bloom repeatedly in waves from spring through fall, especially after rains moisten the soil. Other benefits of Texas sage are its interesting foliage and its ability to attract butterflies and other beneficial insects.
Do bees like Texas sage?
Texas Sage Plant Features
The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other polliantors.
Does Texas sage loose leaves in winter?
ANSWER: Leucophyllum frutescens (Cenizo), or Texas sage, is a dry land plant that responds very strongly to weather conditions. It often loses leaves following a cold winter. Texas sage can be pruned severely if desired without permanent damage.
Is Texas sage an evergreen?
As you might have guessed, Texas sage originated in Texas, but also in New Mexico, and across the border, in northern Mexico. It is an evergreen shrub, with grayish-green leaves and purple flowers. Texas sage also goes by the names of Texas Ranger and Silverleaf. It's a perennial which will bloom on its own every year.
Can you cut back Texas sage?
If left to grow naturally, Texas sage develops uneven branches and an unruly appearance. Pruning is not necessary, but an occasional trim keeps the shrub looking neat. Ideally, pruning should occur in late winter before Texas sage produces new growth.
Why is my Texas sage not blooming?
Texas Sage thrives in full sun and well-drained alkaline soil. They will tolerate a bit of shade, but too much shade will result in leggy plants that don't bloom heavily. Supplemental water in summer will help plants grow faster and bloom more, but over-watering or poor drainage will kill Texas sage quickly.
What is Cenizo good for?
Comments: Cenizo is popular for xeriscaping in Texas - it is a good choice for foundation planting and hedges, and is useful as a windbreak barrier or a screen. It is not unusual to see Cenizo as a sheared hedge, although light pruning to maintain a more natural shape may result in a healthier shrub.
What is Purple Sage good for?
Highly aromatic, Purple Sage is the most effective medicinal variety of Sage but stands cold the least. It can be made into teas to aide in digestion, used as an anti inflammatory agent for insect bites and can relive chest colds and congestion.
Can you cook with Purple Sage?
Purple sage can be used in place of common garden sage or when an added pop of color is desired. Purple sage develops optimal flavor when cooked in fat such as butter, olive oil, or bacon. Pan fry fresh Purple sage leaves until crispy for a uniquely colored garnish for quiches, pastas, risotto or other dishes.
What does it mean when purple sage blooms?
It tells you when it may rain! A drought-tolerant, evergreen shrub, this pretty, silver-leafed bush can bloom tubular-shaped blossoms that are a bold purple in color. Actual rainfall may not occur, but the plant is sensitive to changes in barometric pressure and humidity, and therefore it blossoms.
How do you prune a Texas Ranger?
Prune the shrub in the late winter or early spring when it is dormant. Cut out any dead or broken branches with a pair of pruning shears. Make each cut 1/4 inch above an outward-facing leaf bud, lateral branch or branch base. Remove any crossing branches that rub against other limbs.
Why is my Texas sage yellow?
How do you transplant Texas sage?
The shrub can get established and form a good root system during the cool, wet season when conditions are mild.
 1. Clear the planting area and remove rocks, weeds, roots and sticks.
 2. Soak the container the Texas sage is in 24 hours before planting.
Is Texas sage drought tolerant?
Very drought tolerant. Requires excellent drainage. The Texas sage is a fairly slow-growing plant, and may take up to 2 years to become fully established and bloom reliably. Once established, the Texas Sage is extremely drought tolerant, requires very little supplemental water, and will bloom after a good rain storm.
What does Texas sage look like?
Handsome and hardy, Texas sage is an outstanding South Florida landscape choice with its silvery foliage, purple flowers and drought-tolerant nature. The lavender to purple blossoms appear on and off all year amidst small, soft, silver or gray-green leaves.


KnowMore - Knowledge Base Augmentation with Structured Web Markup
Tracking #: _PHONE_
Authors:
Ran Yu
Ujwal Gadiraju
Besnik Fetahu
Oliver Lehmberg
Dominique Ritze
Stefan Dietze
Responsible editor:
Guest Editors ML4KBG 2016
<
Submission type:
Full Paper
Abstract:
Knowledge bases are in widespread use for aiding tasks such as information extraction and information retrieval, where Web search is a prominent example. However, knowledge bases are inherently incomplete, particularly with respect to tail entities and properties. On the other hand, embedded entity markup based on Microdata, RDFa, and Microformats have become prevalent on the Web and constitute an unprecedented source of data with significant potential to aid the task of knowledge base augmentation (KBA). RDF statements extracted from markup are fundamentally different from traditional knowledge graphs: entity descriptions are flat, facts are highly redundant and of varied quality, and, explicit links are missing despite a vast amount of coreferences. Therefore, data fusion is required in order to facilitate the use of markup data for KBA. We present a novel data fusion approach which addresses these issues through a combination of entity matching and fusion techniques geared towards the specific challenges associated with Web markup. To ensure precise and non-redundant results, we follow a supervised learning approach based on a set of features considering aspects such as quality and relevance of entities, facts and their sources. We perform a thorough evaluation on a subset of the Web Data Commons dataset and show significant potential for augmenting existing knowledge bases. A comparison with existing data fusion baselines demonstrates superior performance of our approach when applied to Web markup data.
Full PDF Version:
Tags:
Reviewed
Decision/Status:
Minor Revision
Solicited Reviews:
Click to Expand/Collapse
Review #1
Anonymous submitted on 05/Oct/2017
Suggestion:
Minor Revision
Review Comment:
First of all, I would like to thank the authors for the changes they made in response to my review. I appreciate in particular the clarified contribution and the added Section 9.1 on the potential of the proposed method.
Regarding the review criteria of originality, significance of the results and quality of writing, I now believe that the originality of the proposed end-to-end pipeline is good, and that the results are significant, in so far as they have the potential to considerably enrich existing knowledge bases.
Major concerns however remain however about the quality of writing:
1. Unless stated, it appears the paper has not been properly proofread for language and presentation issues. This is not just a surface issue, as the language currently used makes understanding difficult in several places, and especially surprising given that the paper has 6 authors.
2. While I see improvements, I still find the problem definition (Section 3.2) convoluted
3. The evaluation in several parts only spells out numbers, but does not provide the reader with insights or lessons learned
I think the abovementioned concerns require a major effort and was at the edge between suggesting a major or a minor revision. I chose a minor revision because I think the concerns can be adressed without requiring changes to the methodology or new experiments, but suggest to really take a major effort at improving the writing.
Details:
1. Language and Presentation
- Intro: "to aid knowledge base augmentation", "to enable the exploitation of markup data", "for supporting KBA tasks" - Why these reservations? Are you not *doing* KB augmentation, not *exploiting* markup data?
- Intro: "the KBA problem" - is the term "problem" needed here? I am not aware of an established KBA problem (like "the travelling salesman problem"), so if needed please introduce the term, though I'd rather simply drop "problem" and refer to it by the established process name: "KBA".
- Figure 1 has an unreadable fontsize
- 3.3: "the KBA problem defined above, consists of two steps" -> remove comma
- 3.3: "The first step aims KnowMore_{match} at" - fix word order
- 3.3: "with respect to KB." - add article
- Table 1: "Notation" -> "Term"?
- Table 1: Some terms are named well "F_class, F_ded", others are illegible (F, F'). Why not give sensible names to all?
- 4.3: Similarity for dates: What is "a conflict"? Insatisfiability or one disagreement? As it stands it is not clear whether values other than 0 and 1 could occur at all.
- 5.1: Features: The author reply mentions that the text appears after Table 4 as further explanation, but in the present version, the text appears first. Also as it stands, the typesetting of the features is quite unfortunate, it appears on a first glance as if they were part of references [1, 3]. How about using "t_1, ..., t_3" instead?
- "we follow the intuition that, if" - remove comma
- "the example facts #2 and #3, would be valid" - remove comma
- "S im(f_i,f_{KB})" - fix math typesetting
- "this does neither .... while improving ..." - fix language
- "for each type book and movie from Wikipedia" - fix language
- "preliminary analysis of the completeness" - relict of the old version
- "available ^{12}" - fix spacing
- Enumeration in 6.2.2: There seems to be a problem with types, the label of the first item seems to be a step in the pipeline, while the others sound like metrics. Also, what about aligning the labels with the names of the steps as defined in Table 1?
- 6.2.2: "R - the percentage" -> "Recall R - the percentage"
- 6.3: "S V M" - fix typesetting
- 7.1: "While the step is a precondition, we provide evaluation results" - "As it is an important precondition"?
- 7.4: "entities, existing" - remove comma
2. Problem Definition
- The addition of the example is nice, but it appears still too late. Please put an example of an entity description immediately when you define it.
- Use of symbol "q" for entities is confusing. The symbol bears no similarity with the term "entity" and in the field is often used for queries. Why not use "e"?
- What is "E"?
- What is the "type" of Definition 1? "Problem definition"? "Task"?
- As it is, Def 1 can be satisfied by the empty set. You likely want to not just "a set" but "the maximal set"?
- The problem definition is possibly overly complicated by the fact that there are actually two problems hidden in it, as also described in the approach section: 1) Find the entity descriptions that refer to the same entity, and 2) Find novel facts. Maybe the problem definition would benefit from being split in two, especially as you are adressing the problems independently, and appear not to use joint inference?
3. Missing Discussion/Lessons learned
- What do we learn from Naive Bayes outperforming the other methods? In response to my previous comment on this you added more experiments showing THAT it outperforms the others, my point was however rather to understand WHY that happens and what we can learn from this for similar scenarios.
- Section 4.2: Still hard to understand due to the language. What really is happening here, on which basis are entities returned by the Lucene queries? How conservative/credulous is the String similarity inside? Understanding this is crucial to understand how many false negatives this step may introduce, so I'd consider a discussion as imperative.
- 5.1: "We have experimented with several different approachs" - Why? And why the ones you chose?
- 7.1: Text only spells out the numbers in Table 7. Please rather provide 1-2 sentences explanation as to why the main results are as they are (i.e., why is the best configuration best, or why are the baselines worse?)
- 7.2: The same: "The baseline fails to recall a large amount of correct facts" - Why? What does your technique do better? What can future researchers learn from your method?
- 7.4: Coverage gain: I think the metric is reasonable, but as it is nonstandard please explain briefly before using it why you consider it useful/interesting for the present problem.
Other
- Is Naive Bayes really a state-of-the-art classifier?
Review #2
Anonymous submitted on 16/Oct/2017
Suggestion:
Accept
Review Comment:
This manuscript was submitted as 'full paper' and should be reviewed along the usual dimensions for research contributions which include (1) originality, (2) significance of the results, and (3) quality of writing.
In their revised version, I consider that the authors have significantly improved the presentation of their contributions. In particular, they have taken into account my comments on their first version in a satisfactory manner.
Review #3
By Aleksander Smywinski-Pohl submitted on 23/Oct/2017
Suggestion:
Minor Revision
Review Comment:
Comparing to the previous review, most of my suggestions have been introduced in the text. Yet there are two things that could be improved without much further work:
1. The definitions of the


text:
Most importantly, "There is no Frigate like a Book" is a celebration of the power of reading. Reading is great! Reading is fun! Reading is the best way to escape your dull, humdrum life, and go out and "see" the world! In fact, the poem even slyly suggests that reading might be better than actual travel – after all, it immediately announces that "There is no Frigate like a Book" (line 1), suggesting that a book even tops a real ship. This poem ecstatically shows us just how amazing books are, and reminds us that we shouldn't take reading for granted, even though it's just a simple, everyday activity. After all, whether you're just seeking a little escapist vacay, or longing to transport your soul to a distant, mystical realm, books are the only way to get there.
In "There is no Frigate like a Book," Dickinson mainly addresses literature from the perspective of readers, and does not address the role of writers. In doing so, she suggests that it is ultimately the reader who makes a book what it is.
In some ways, Dickinson is making fun of the act of reading.


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Tip
This page only contains information on the st.connections.BaseConnection class. For a deeper dive into creating and managing data connections within Streamlit apps, read Connecting to data.
The abstract base class that all Streamlit Connections must inherit from.
This base class provides connection authors with a standardized way to hook into the st.connection() factory function: connection authors are required to provide an implementation for the abstract method _connect in their subclasses.
Additionally, it also provides a few methods/properties designed to make implementation of connections more convenient. See the docstrings for each of the methods of this class for more information
Note
While providing an implementation of _connect is technically all that's required to define a valid connection, connections should also provide the user with context-specific ways of interacting with the underlying connection object. For example, the first-party SQLConnection provides a query() method for reads and a session property for more complex operations.
Class description[source]
st.connections.BaseConnection(connection_name, **kwargs)
Methods
reset()
Reset this connection so that it gets reinitialized the next time it's used.
Reset this connection so that it gets reinitialized the next time it's used.
This method can be useful when a connection has become stale, an auth token has expired, or in similar scenarios where a broken connection might be fixed by reinitializing it. Note that some connection methods may already use reset() in their error handling code.
Function signature[source]
BaseConnection.reset()
Example
import streamlit as st
conn = st.connection("my_conn")
# Reset the connection before using it if it isn't healthy
# Note: is_healthy() isn't a real method and is just shown for example here.
if not conn.is_healthy():
 conn.reset()
# Do stuff with conn...
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CNTK 106 Tutorial – Time Series prediction with LSTM using C#
The blog post is divided into several sub-sections:
 1. Simulated data part
 2. LSTM Network
 3. Model training and evaluation
Data generation
 1. generateWaveDataset()
 ////fill data
 //split data on training and testing part
 var a = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];
 var b = new float[xsin.Length - timeShift];
 b[l - timeShift] = xsin[l];
 //make arrays of data
 var row = new float[timeSteps];
 row[j] = a[i + j];
 //create features row
 //label row
 //split data into train, validation and test data set
 retVal.Add("features", xxx);
 retVal.Add("label", yyy);
 return retVal;
Network modeling
The description above can be illustrated on the following picture:
 //creating LSTM cell for each input variable
 Function LSTMFunction = LSTMPComponentWithSelfStabilization(
 new int[] { LSTMDim },
 new int[] { cellDim },
 Function lastCell = CNTKLib.SequenceLast(LSTMFunction);
 //implement drop out for 10%
 var dropOut = CNTKLib.Dropout(lastCell,0.2, 1);
 //create last dense layer before output
 return outputLayer;
Training the network
 var lst = new List();
 return lst.ToArray();
 size = mMSize;
 var x = asBatch(X, i, size);
 var y = asBatch(Y, i, size);
 yield return (x, y);
Key Insight
// build the model
// prepare for training
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble learningRatePerSample = new TrainingParameterScheduleDouble(0.0005, 1);
TrainingParameterScheduleDouble momentumTimeConstant = CNTKLib.MomentumAsTimeConstantSchedule(256);
//create trainer
// train the model
 //get the next minibatch amount of data
 //Combine variables and data in to Dictionary for the training
 batchData.Add(feature, xValues);
 batchData.Add(label, yValues);
 //train minibarch data
 trainer.TrainMinibatch(batchData, device);
 if (this.InvokeRequired)
 new Action(() =>
 //output training process
 //output training process
Model Evaluation
 textBox3.Text = iteration.ToString();
 textBox4.Text = trainer.PreviousMinibatchLossAverage().ToString();
 progressBar1.Value = iteration;
 reportOnGraphs(trainer, model, iteration, device);
 currentModelEvaluation(trainer, model, i, device);
 currentModelTest(trainer, model, i, device);
15 thoughts on "CNTK 106 Tutorial – Time Series prediction with LSTM using C#
 1. Pingback: CNTK C# LSTM Examples – program faq
 2. The example has as input a single feature, but what should I do if I have two features? Should I set hiDim to 2? How the data for the input should be sorted? This guide is really really helpful, many thanks…
 - Actually the example uses 5 features, because the sine function (time series data) is transformed into data frame with 5 features and one label.
 First the sin wawe function is generated for 10 000 values. Those 10 000 values are transformed into data frame with 5 features and one label.
 For example: let w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,…, w10000 represent sin values. The data frame with 5 features is generated on the following way.
 feature1, feature2, feature3, feature4, feature5, label
 w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6,
 w2, w3, w4, w5, w6, w7,
 . w9999, w10000
 On this way we got data frame with 6 columns (5 features and one label ) and 9994 rows.
 So the answer:
 Feature dimension=5
 Label dimension = 1.
 Since label dimension is 1- this is typical regression problem.
 Hope this help.
 - Many thanks for the clarification, what should I do if instead of one I had two input signals (ie one sine wave and one square wave) to predict a single output value?
 - Right, you have typical multi-variant time series case. So the previous case is repeated two times.
 Say we have two time series:
 ts1: w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7,…, w10000
 ts2: r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6,r7,…, r10000
 and want to build one network model with 10 features (5+5) each and two labels (1+1)
 Two time series are tranformed into data frame like the following:
 feature1, feature2, feature3, …., feature9, feature10, label1, label2
 w1, r1, w2, r2, w3, r3, w4, r4, w5, r5, w6, r6
 w1,r2,w3, r3, w4, r4, w5, r5,w6,r6, w7,r7
 So the answer:
 Feature dimension=10
 Label dimension = 2
 3. Great explanation, many thanks. I'm training and it seems to work. I don't want to take advantage of your kindness, but…. If I understand correctly, the two output values (labels) should be set equal and the dense layer uses these two results to generate a more precise value? Is it right to leave the number of hidden lstm layers equal to 1? Also what do you suggest to do if in some cases I have a missing value (feature) in the sequence?
 4. Pingback: CNTK C# LSTM Examples – ioloiip
 5. Great explanation and easy to understand for beginners.
 If there is a C# project that we can download so that without confusing in environment setup.
 Thank you indeed for your consideration and reply
 - I am sorry that I lose the description as a source code attached.
 Additional note that if your compiler required C# 7, you will need to install
 in your NutGet.
 6. Hello,
 Thanks for this great article. I took the code from your link above opened and run it. Sadly, in button1_Click(…) the call of
 Task.Run(() => train(…));
 runs to nowhere. A breakpoint at start of private void train(…) won't be reached.
 VS 2019 with.NET Framework 4.7.1 and
 Any ideas?
 Thanks in advance
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text:
We have been ready for the start for two weeks, our equipment and online transmission software have been tested a number of times, and the crews are waiting to be called to Pole Mokotowskie for the take off.
The plans for launching the BALLOON-SCI-ART-GALLERY mission are difficult to realize because flights over Warsaw are under heavy restrictions, which means that we have got a permission for only one narrow route for our flight.
For those two weeks, we have been waiting for the right meteorological conditions: stable wind from the southern direction at 180-200 degree angle, 5-6 hours with no changes in the weather, the right wind direction present at the altitude of 610 meters, wind speed of 4-5 m/s (in order not to stay hovering over the city), temperature up to 25 C, no strong currents of hot air masses over the city.
Unfortunately, those conditions have not been met yet, but we are determined to do it – even if it becomes a greater challenge than a flight over Tatra Mountains.
The image show the weather forecasts for June 5. Required conditions are indicated, with the crucial one - the wind direction. The direction also has to remain stable on all altitudes, otherwise the changing wind would not only steer us towards air corridors of Okęcie airport, but it could push the balloons backwards, right to the airfield.