Modeling Dynamic Functional Connectivity with Latent Factor Gaussian Processes
Lingge Li, Dustin Pluta, Babak Shahbaba, Norbert Fortin, Hernando Ombao, Pierre Baldi
Dynamic functional connectivity, as measured by the time-varying covariance of neurological signals, is believed to play an important role in many aspects of cognition. While many methods have been proposed, reliably establishing the presence and characteristics of brain connectivity is challenging due to the high dimensionality and noisiness of neuroimaging data. We present a latent factor Gaussian process model which addresses these challenges by learning a parsimonious representation of connectivity dynamics. The proposed model naturally allows for inference and visualization of the time-varying connectivity. As an illustration of the scientific utility of the model, application to a data set of rat local field potential activity recorded during a complex non-spatial memory task provides evidence of stimuli differentiation.


Business Activity Monitoring Design
Version 3
 This document will outline the proposed design for the Business Activity Monitoring (BAM) Design. This work will also encompass the area of Service Activity Monitoring (SAM), which will be treated as a sub-domain, that may have specific views onto the information being collected, to enable service administrators to perform relevant tasks.

 The document is divided into four main sections, each dealing with a separate phase of the BAM architecture.

 Activity Event: Collection, Reporting and Querying

 SAM1-ActivityReporting.jpg

 The first stage of the Business Activity Monitoring design is the "Activity Server". This component has three responsibilities:

 Collection

 Although activity events can be reported directly to the server, it may also be useful to have a capability embedded within a service execution environment, to automate the collection of the information as much as possible.

 The additional benefit of having a "behind the scenes" collection mechanism is that it will be able to infer relationships between various reported activities that are not necessarily visible to the reporting components themselves. A prime example is having an understanding of the XA transaction in which the activities are being reported, as a means to correlate them to the same business transaction.

 The collection mechanism will provide batching capabilities to send the activity event list at configurable intervals or when the list size reaches a threshold.

 Reporting

 An 'ActivityServer' interface will be created to provide the reporting function. This interface can be used directly, if the collection and reporting capabilities are co-located, or via a service API (e.g. REST, JMS, etc.).

 Activity events are reported to the server in a list (i.e. batch) for efficiency. Where reported remotely, they will be serialized to JSON, but represented as a Java object model internally within the server and between its sub-components.

 The Activity Server will have two sub-components:

 ActivityStore

 This component will be responsible for persisting the activity information. The default implementation will be JPA.

 ActivityNotifier

 The Activity Server will be configured with zero or more ActivityNotifier implementations. These will be used to trigger further processing of the activity events and provide the link to the second stage of the Business Activity Monitoring design.

 Querying

 The ActivityServer interface will also support query operations to enable a client to retrieve previously reported activity events. These queries will be passed through to the configured ActivityStore implementation for processing.

 Various query criteria should be supported, including date/time range, event source, etc. However this may be dependent upon the information within the event model.

 Model

 TO BE DEFINED - although an essential part of the Business Activity Monitoring implementation, the actual information within the model does not impact the overall design, so the details of the model can be elaborated throughout the implementation, as well as supporting extensibility to incorporate future requirements.

 Event Processor Network (EPN)

 SAM2-EventProcessorNetwork.jpg

 The second stage of the Business Activity Monitoring design is the Event Processor Network (EPN). The diagram above shows a single 'Event Processor Node' that forms a node within a graph that comprises the 'Event Processor Network'. As the name suggests, this network is responsible for processing a stream of events, with each node (and associated event processor) performing a particular function as part of this processing.

 More than one Event Processor Network could co-exist within a Business Activity Monitoring infrastructure, each with a particular responsibility. For example, phase 1 of the SOA governance work primarily focuses on processing service metric information. This processing could be achieved using an EPN configured with the relevant Service Level Agreements (SLAs) being monitored - with the output from the network being the warnings and alerts to notify appropriate people of pending or actual violations.

 A separate EPN could be configured to accept Activity Events (via a specific Activity Notifier implementation, as discussed previously), as a means of processing business transaction specific activity information, to detemrine other situations of interest. For example, for business transactions associated with a particular customer, an organisation may wish to monitor other metrics that would not otherwise be available with the service wide metrics collected. This mechanism can also be used to ensure that the business transaction is executing according to a valid protocol definition (e.g. derived from a BPMN2 choreography).

 EPN Node

 The Events will initially be introduced into a "well known" named node, which will then process the events and forward them to other nodes in the network if appropriate. As with the Activity Server, the events are passed around as a list (i.e. batch) to enable multiple events to be processed within the same transaction boundary.

 When an event list is received by the EPN Node, it will perform the following tasks:

 - it will iterate over each event in the list, processing them individually
 - if an optional predicate has been configured, then the event must satisfy the predicate for it to be processed further
 - if appropriate, the event will be supplied to the associated Event Processor implementation
 - if the processed event returns a value (possibly transformed), this will be stored ready to be forwarded to other optionally configured nodes in the network
 - if the processed event does not return a value, then no further action is taken - this may occur if the processing is awaiting a number of events before it takes further action (e.g. temporal correlation between events), or it is possible that no further processing is necessary
 - if an exception occurs during the processing, then the original event is added to a retry list
 - when all events have been processed, if any events are in the retry list (and number of retries is less than threshold configured for the node) then the list is resubmitted to the node (possibly after some optional time delay, if supported by the container)
 - transformed events are forwarded to any other nodes that have been configured
 - if notifications have been enabled, then all successfully processed events should be reported to any interested listeners (note, this notification can be used as an input into stage 3 of the Business Activity Monitoring design)

 If an Event Processor implementation maintains state, then it is the implementation's responsibility to handle any persistence and sharing of information with other instances of the EPN in a cluster. (A future enhancement could possibly be to provide container support for this).

 Examples of Event Processor implementations could be CEP rules, BPMN2 based protocol validation, or bespoke implementations.

 EPN Container

 The container is responsible for managing the links between the nodes, handling the notification mechanism, as well as providing some initial entry point for external systems to supply events into the network.

 The initial implementations for the container will be

 (1) in-memory
 (2) JEE (using JMS/MDBs)

 Another possible future supported container could be Storm (_URL_ although the setup of this project's infrastructure appears quite involved, and therefore would be an administrative overhead - however its potential performance advantages may make it worth looking at in the future.

 EPN Configuration and Deployment

 The basic configuration of a network will be generic. The configuration will identify the details associated with each node (e.g. the event processor to use, whether notifications should be emitted, retry threshold, etc) and the connections between them, to form the graph.

 However part of the deployment step may be container specific, and therefore require (a) knowledge of the target container, and (b) the ability to post-process the initial generic configuration with target container implementation details.

 Some tooling will be required to help do this - but also raises the issue of how will updates be handled? If deployed as a single module within AS7 (e.g. using the MDB container approach), then when a new version is available, the EPN will need to be shutdown and then restarted as a whole when deployed. This is probably the safest, as it ensures the network is atomically consistent. If we allow some of the event processor implementation to be changed mid flight, then it may have unknown consequences on the rest of the network, although each EPN node should equally be atomic.

 It will be the containers responsibility to manage stopping and restarting the network. However this still leaves the situation where events queued up for a particular node find that the node no longer exists when the network is restarted. (JEE specific note - queues are independently created/deleted from the mdb deployments, which is good as they are not inadvertantly deleted with remaining messages - but on the other hand it means new nodes need to have their queues created before they can be deployed, and removed nodes may need some tooling to know how to deal with messages left on the queue - e.g. remove or divert are probably the only options).

 Proposal is to include migration details as part of the subsequent configuration. So if a new node will no longer exist in the new graph configuration, then the new configuration will include a temporary node to deal with remaining events - to consume them and either discard or redirect them to other nodes for further processing - so a node cannot simply disappear between versions, it has to enter a deprecated stage where no input source will exist.

 4/4/12 GB: New proposal is to use a versioning technique, similar to that use in BPM engines, where when a new version is available, any existing instances continue to use the old version, while new instances use the new version. In this case, once an initial event list has been triggered against a particular network, it will continue to be processed by that network until completion. However new events will be submitted to the most recent version of a network. Due to the fact that some custom event processor implementations may accompany the network deployment, this means that a network


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In Education edit
Evaluation in education is the word used to discuss how the effectiveness of the learning environment is assessed.
Shared resources for evaluating wikiversity resources or courses run on wikiversity are being developed (see, e.g., Valuation).
In Research edit
Evaluation in research is a formal procedure to quantify the level of actual or anticipated parameter under investigation. This evaluation may be theoretical, experimental or hybrid (see, e.g., Seismic performance evaluation).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Florida's agricultural industry is one of the largest and most diverse in the nation. As such, it requires a broad and interdisciplinary research approach to ensure its continued prosperity as the population swells and natural resources become increasingly limited. The Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering (ABE) links engineering with life sciences to produce food, feed, fuel, fiber and other products from renewable bio-resources.
115 Fraizer-Rogers Hall
P.O. Box 110570
Gainesville, FL 32611
Administration & Advising
Dr. Ana Martin-Ryals
BE Undergraduate Coordinator
What do Agricultural & Biological Engineers do?
Agricultural and biological engineers work on activities ranging from aquaculture (raising food, such as fish, that thrive in water) to land farming to forestry; from developing biofuels to improving conservation; from planning animal environments to finding better ways to process food.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics
More than 30 faculty members, located in Gainesville and throughout Florida, work with state, national and international agricultural, water management and environmental protection agencies. Gator Engineering faculty also collaborate with the UF-IFAS Space Agricultural and Biotechnology Research and Education Center located at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the NASA Environmental Systems Commercial Space Technology Center located at UF, and the Florida Center for Renewable Fuels and Chemicals. The ABE department is a leading member of the Southeast Climate Consortium Supported by NOAA and USDA.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Human Stupidity: Can we Reduce Stupid Action?
This is a Speculation on Human Stupidity.
What is the probability that a given human will do something stupid?
There is a simple mathematical relationship for Stupid Action (SA). This is an equation that can predict the likelihood of human stupidity, or its specific realization The Stupid Action (SA).
Where PSA is the Probability of Stupid Action (SA).
Human Stupidity runs in reverse proportion to an individual's level of self awareness, self esteem and experience.
Calculating the Probability of Stupid Action (SA)
The likelihood of Stupid Action (SA) can be predicted by looking at
 1. SelfAware = the deviation between a person's view of themselves and how other's see them;
 2. SelfEsteem = the deviation between how they feel inside and the image they are trying to project outwards and
 3. Experience = the accumulated hours of deliberate practice they have attained in a specific domain of human competence.
Stupid Action: The Danger Zone
Photo Credit: Ben Heine via Compfight
Hence we can predict that an individual with 1) no habits of self-reflection, 2) feeling bad after watching their favourite sports team lose and 3) working in a domain in which they have very little practical experience is almost certain to do something deeply stupid.
To reduce likelihood of stupid action (SA), we can 1) place mirrors in the room, 2) compliment the individual on a recent achievement and 3) motivate the individual to care and practice.
Refining the Stupidity Equation
Take Our Poll I am currently working on an improvement of the Human SA Equation. I welcome all input, reflections and thoughts that can contribute to this debate. What other factors contribute to Stupid Action? Have you witnessed Stupid Action today?
What ways do you suggest that we test this hypothesis? Is it a general equation, or do we need to develop context specific equation (for instance the Probability that someone will say something deeply stupid in front of an MBA class)?
Author: Conor Neill


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Helium mass spectrometer leak detectors are designed to measure the partial pressure of trace amounts of helium passing through small leaks and then display the measurement as a function of leak rate. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, it is necessary to tune and calibrate the leak detector on a regular basis by introducing a precise flow of helium into the leak detector and comparing the output measurement with the actual flow.
This regulated flow, or leakage of tracer gas, is achieved through the use of a calibrated helium leak standard. Many of today's leak detectors have integrated or built-in calibrated leak standards. Older models of leak detectors, and current models of leak detectors that do not provide automatic calibration, may require an external calibrated leak standard to do the tune and calibration function.
Two common types of commercially available calibrated leak standards are glass permeation and capillary leaks. Glass permeation calibrated leak standards consist of a permeable glass membrane encapsulated in a sealed reservoir that is charged with helium. The helium in the reservoir diffuses through the glass membrane out of the leak and into the leak detector vacuum system.
An important factor to consider when using glass permeation style leaks is the temperature's affect on accuracy. Permeation style leaks have a leakage temperature coefficient of 3 or more percent per degree Celsius. As the operating temperature of the calibrated leak increases, its leakage rate also increases by its temperature coefficient. The temperature at which the leak standard was originally calibrated is typically marked on the side of the leak. This allows the user to compare the ambient temperature at the time the leak is used with the original calibration temperature and to compensate for the difference as required.
Glass permeation leaks are fragile and should be handled with care. If the glass membrane breaks from impact, the helium supply will immediately deplete from the reservoir and the leak will be unreparable.
Capillary-type leak standards are made up of a thin metal or glass capillary tube constructed into a pressurized metal envelope such that the gas from the envelope flows through the capillary tube out of the leak and into the vacuum system of the leak detector. One advantage of capillary type leaks over permeation leaks is that they are less sensitive to temperature changes. The leakage temperature coefficient of a capillary leak is approximately 0.2 percent per degree Celsius. Although capillary leaks are not as fragile as permeation leaks, they do have a capacity to become plugged by solids or vapor condensation.
The accuracy of calibrated leaks incorporating an integral gas supply depends on age. Gas-filled leaks will decrease in value over time as the source of helium leaks out. This applies to both permeation and capillary type leaks. The depletion rate of a calibrated leak depends on its specified leakage rate. A 10-7 or 10-8 standard cubic centimeters per second (sccs) range leak will lose approximately 2% to 3% of its initial leak rate value per year.
The depletion rate of a calibrated leak does not change when the leak is stored with its valve in the closed position. In fact, storing a gas-charged calibrated leak with its valve closed will result in helium buildup within the mechanism of the valve, causing the leak to become inaccurate. A gas-charged leak should always be stored with its valve in the open position.
Aged calibrated leaks can be recertified on a regular basis to keep up with internal or external quality standards. Recertifi-cation involves measuring the leak on a calibrated system and re-labeling it with the new leakage rate, calibration temperature and date of calibration. A typical re-calibration cycle is one year.
Regardless of whether the leak detector calibration is done automatically or manually, or whether it is done with an internal or external leak, the process is the same, in general. The first step in calibration involves tuning the leak detector so that the output signal is optimized for a constant in-flow of helium. This is generally performed by introducing a steady flow of helium into the leak detector vacuum system and then adjusting voltages within the analyzer cell and monitoring the output signal of the leak detector. The voltage values that result in the greatest signal output are set as the standard operating voltages until the calibration routine is re-initiated. Attempting to tune to a leak that is less than 1.0E-9 sccs may result in a "no signal" or "low signal" error message. This is an indication that the available helium flow is too low for the leak detector to do a successful tune adjustment.
After tuning is complete, the calibration routine is run. Calibration involves comparing the tuned output signal with the calibrated leak value and applying a multiplier or gain factor to make the leak detector output or display equal the calibrated leak value. It should be noted that adding additional gain to calibrate a leak detector may also amplify noise and background. Higher gain settings could potentially make the leak detector unstable in the higher sensitivity ranges.
The typical gain factor of a leak detector that is isolated from all external systems depends on the inherent sensitivity of the leak detector. This is a function of the design of the vacuum system and the analyzer cell components. A gain factor that is equal to or near 1.0 is the most appropriate because it indicates that the leak detector design provides enough inherent sensitivity to read a calibrated leak accurately without additional amplification of the tuned signal. A significant change in the typical gain factor of a leak detector may indicate a problem. Monitoring the gain factor on a regular basis is a good way to ensure that the leak detector is clean and working correctly.
It is possible for the gain value to vary as a result of a change in the test configuration. If the leak detector is connected to an external vacuum system during the calibration routine, the pumping action of the external system could divert helium from the calibrated leak away from the leak detector. This is referred to as a split-flow condition. In this situation, a greater gain value would be required to bring the measured value up to the fixed value of the calibrated leak. This is not an indication of a problem with the leak detector; it is the result of the application.
Calibration of modern leak detectors is relatively easy and fast. Many of today's leak detectors have an integrated calibrated leak standard and an automatic calibration feature. Calibrating a leak detector with an integrated leak often involves the push of a single button and a 3 to 5 minute wait period. It is important to warm up the leak detector for at least 30 minutes prior to performing a calibration routine.
The frequency of calibrating a leak detector can depend on the application or be mandated by quality control requirements. More frequent calibrations are recommended for applications that involve accurate and quantitative testing to a specific pass/fail value. Less frequent calibrations are required for qualitative or go/no go testing. A well-designed leak detector will hold its calibration within the tolerances of go/no go test requirements for more than a few weeks. In addition to scheduled calibrations, it is appropriate to perform a calibration after the leak detector has experienced an unexpected shock, such as a power outage, power surge or inadvertent venting of the test port while in high sensitivity mode.
- A regulated flow is achieved through the use of a calibrated helium leak standard.
- Many of today's leak detectors have built-in calibrated leak standards. Older models may require an external calibrated leak standard.
- Two common types of commercially available calibrated leak standards are glass permeation and capillary leaks.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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History Fair 2014-2015: Leadership and Legacy in History
The Women and Leadership Archives (WLA) is excited to welcome History Fair participants!
We welcome opportunities to work with students individually or as part of a larger classroom instruction. Faculty may schedule a visit to the archives, utilizing the large reading room, or staff will bring the archives to the classroom. The WLA offers archival lab experiences for students to work with collections directly, customizing archives-related assignments for most academic disciplines. Class visits are an ideal opportunity to jump start class History Fair projects.
In addition to working with classes as a group, the WLA also provides individual student assistance regarding planning and conducting original research with primary source documents. Students learn to "read" original resources, understand basic preservation and conservation, and access digital primary sources. Students are welcome visit any time during regular operating hours, no appointment required. The WLA is open Monday, Wednesday through Friday from 9am-4pm and Tuesday from 11am-7pm.
WLA staff also conduct tours of historic Piper Hall, with special emphasis on interpreting class, gender, and race in historic spaces. Prior class visits include undergraduate and graduate students from Theology, Women's Studies & Gender Studies, Sociology, Education, and History.
Check out our Online Exhibit
Our new online exhibit, Activist Mundelein: Civic Engagement at a 20th Century Women's College, is a great example of how our collections can be used to develop a creative project. This exhibit looks at the history of activism at Mundelein College, a Catholic women's college here in Chicago from _PHONE_. Using documents, photographs, newspapers articles, and oral histories, this exhibit utilizes the full range of excellent resources available here at the Women and Leadership Archives


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The Luis Leon reservoir on the Rio Conchos in Mexico will be releasing water over the next few weeks. Visitors may notice that the river is higher than usual. Flow rates may increase from 50 cubic meters per second to 100 cubic meters per second. The reservoir needed to release water due to their reservoir exceeding the full pool level from recent rains.
In areas where the river spreads out over a flood plain, the rise will probably not be noticeable since so much water soaks out into the deep sand. In the canyons the river may be noticeably higher as the river flows mostly over bedrock.
Possible impacts include the hot springs at Rio Grande village being inundated, deeper water along the length of the river which will improve conditions for rafting, and possibly larger rapids in some canyon river sections.
The rise will likely be at most a few feet of depth. This is a small flow rate increase and no structures are threatened. By mid to late June the river level will subside.


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The European Congress on Physiotherapy Education has also seen the first stage launch of PHYSIOPEDIA.
Physiopedia is an ambitious project that aims to eventually offer an evidence-based knowledge resource for rehabilitation professionals throughout the world. Through utilising collaborative wiki technology Physiopedia is a place where all physiotherapists and physical therapists can participate by sharing, contributing and building
knowledge to develop a global understanding. For educators Physiopedia offers an opportunity to involve their students in this knowledge creation process as part of an educational program.
This project is currently being developed with universities from the UK and the USA. We are now at a stage where we are keen to establish further partnerships with other institutions from around the world that can help us with the initial population of the site with valuable content. We are also keen to engage therapy educators and their students to use this resource as a learning tool in their educational programme. Additionally we are seeking input from clinical
experts who by adding their opinions on specific topics will add great value to this resource.


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Objective: People with schizophrenia are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and their overall mortality rate is elevated compared to the general population. The metabolic side effects of antipsychotic medications have been widely studied; however, the effect of adding conventional mood stabilizers, such as lithium and valproate, to antipsychotic medication has not been assessed in terms of metabolic risk. The primary purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine whether treatment with lithium or valproate in addition to a second-generation antipsychotic is associated with poorer metabolic outcomes than treatment with a second-generation antipsychotic without lithium or depakote.
Methods: Baseline data from 3 studies, which included measurement of body mass index, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity index, glucose utilization, and acute insulin response to glucose, were included in the analysis.
Results: No differences were found between those taking lithium or valproate and those who were not in terms of fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Insulin sensitivity was lower among participants taking lithium or valproate. Participants taking lithium or valproate had a higher body mass index than those not taking conventional mood stabilizers, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusions: These cross-sectional findings suggest it may be beneficial to monitor insulin sensitivity and body mass index in patients taking lithium or valproate in combination with a second-generation antipsychotic.


This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
How to: Create a Secure Session
With the exception of the basicHttpBinding Element binding, the system-provided bindings in Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) automatically use secure sessions when message security is enabled.
By default, secure sessions do not survive a Web server that is recycled. When a secure session is established, the client and the service cache the key that is associated with the secure session. As the messages are exchanged, only an identifier to the cached key is exchanged. If the Web server is recycled, the cache is also recycled, such that the Web server cannot retrieve the cached key for the identifier. If this happens, an exception is thrown back to the client. Secure sessions that use a stateful security context token (SCT) can survive a Web server being recycled. For more information about using a stateful SCT in a secure session, see How to: Create a Security Context Token for a Secure Session.
To specify that a service uses secure sessions by using one of the system-provided bindings
 - Configure a service to use a system-provided binding that supports message security.
 With the exception of the basicHttpBinding Element binding, when the system-provided bindings are configured to use message security, WCF automatically uses secure sessions. The following table lists the system-provided bindings that support message security and whether message security is the default security mechanism.
 System-provided binding Configuration element Message security on by default
 BasicHttpBinding
 basicHttpBinding Element
 No
 WSHttpBinding
 wsHttpBinding Element
 Yes
 WSDualHttpBinding
 wsDualHttpBinding Element
 Yes
 WSFederationHttpBinding
 wsFederationHttpBinding element
 Yes
 NetTcpBinding
 netTcpBinding Element
 No
 NetMsmqBinding
 netMsmqBinding Element
 No
 The following code example uses configuration to specify a binding named wsHttpBinding_Calculator that uses the wsHttpBinding Element, message security, and secure sessions.
 <bindings>
 <WSHttpBinding>
 <binding name = "wsHttpBinding_Calculator">
 <security mode="Message">
 <message clientCredentialType="Windows"/>
 </security>
 </binding>
 </WSHttpBinding>
 </bindings>

 The following code example specifies that the wsHttpBinding Element, message security, and secure sessions are used to secure the secureCalculator service.
 WSHttpBinding myBinding = new WSHttpBinding();
 myBinding.Security.Mode = SecurityMode.Message;
 myBinding.Security.Message.ClientCredentialType =
 MessageCredentialType.Windows;

 // Create the Type instances for later use and the URI for
 // the base address.
 Type contractType = typeof(ICalculator);
 Type serviceType = typeof(Calculator);
 Uri baseAddress = new
 Uri("http://localhost:8036/serviceModelSamples/");

 // Create the ServiceHost and add an endpoint, then start
 // the service.
 ServiceHost myServiceHost =
 new ServiceHost(serviceType, baseAddress);
 myServiceHost.AddServiceEndpoint
 (contractType, myBinding, "secureCalculator");
 myServiceHost.Open();

 ms733783.note(en-us,VS.100).gifNote:
 Secure sessions can be turned off for the wsHttpBinding Element by setting the establishSecurityContext attribute to false. For the other system-provided bindings, secure sessions can only be turned off by creating a custom binding.
To specify that a service uses secure sessions by using a custom binding
 - Create a custom binding that specifies that SOAP messages are protected by a secure session.
 For more information about creating a custom binding, see How to: Customize a System-Provided Binding.
 The following code example uses configuration to specify a custom binding that messages using a secure session.
 <bindings>
 <!-- configure a custom binding -->
 <customBinding>
 <binding name="customBinding_Calculator">
 <security authenticationMode="SecureConversation" />
 <secureConversationBootstrap authenticationMode="SspiNegotiated" />
 <textMessageEncoding messageVersion="Soap12WSAddressing10" writeEncoding="utf-8"/>
 <httpTransport/>
 </binding>
 </customBinding>
 </bindings>

 The following code example creates a custom binding that uses the MutualCertificate authentication mode to bootstrap a secure session.
 SecurityBindingElement security = SecurityBindingElement.CreateMutualCertificateBindingElement();

 // Use a secure session.
 security = SecurityBindingElement.CreateSecureConversationBindingElement(security, true);

 // Specify whether derived keys are required.
 security.SetKeyDerivation(true);

 // Create the custom binding.
 CustomBinding myBinding = new CustomBinding(security, new HttpTransportBindingElement());

 // Create the Type instances for later use and the URI for
 // the base address.
 Type contractType = typeof(ICalculator);
 Type serviceType = typeof(Calculator);
 Uri baseAddress = new
 Uri("http://localhost:8036/serviceModelSamples/");

 // Create the ServiceHost and add an endpoint, then start
 // the service.
 ServiceHost myServiceHost =
 new ServiceHost(serviceType, baseAddress);
 myServiceHost.AddServiceEndpoint
 (contractType, myBinding, "secureCalculator");
 myServiceHost.Open();

See Also
Show:


SCR Catalyst Testing
SCR Catalyst Testing in progressSCR catalyst testing is a required first step in devising an effective catalyst management strategy. Pilot testing and audits of SCR catalyst activity though laboratory analysis of catalyst samples can provide insight into methods for extending catalyst life.
Our in-house laboratories perform SCR catalyst testing and analysis to determine catalyst deactivation rates and provide corrective measures for system optimization.
How CORMETECH Measures SCR Catalytic Activity And Potential
Analysis objective
SCR Catalyst Activity Test Determine the catalyst activity under specific plant or standard conditions through the use of representative-size catalyst samples. Metrics include the catalyst SO2/SO3 conversion rate, pressure drop, initial activity (K0) and actual activity (K).
Physical Properties Test Evaluate physical properties of the catalyst such as its surface area (BET - Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Test) and porosity (or pore volume).
Chemical Composition Test Chemical Composition Test: Evaluate the impact of coal and ash properties on the catalyst and its performance by measuring the catalyst's chemical composition using quantitative and Semi-quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy analysis:
 - The XRF-Quantitative analysis is primarily used for manufacturing control and finished product quality assurance. This analysis ensures that manufacturing specifications of the elemental composition for the catalytic metals are met. Carefully-prepared sets of analytical standards, composed of the metals in the actual matrix to be analyzed, are used to set the calibration for these measurements.
 - XRF-Semi-quantitative analysis measures approximately 40 other elements to detect changes in surface and bulk chemical composition as the catalyst is exposed to flue gas.
Our testing program includes collection and compilation of field performance data, such as NOx levels, removal efficiency, ammonia-in-ash levels, operational data, and the like. CORMETECH also takes samples of SCR catalyst removed from the field and tests them in its laboratory to assess the catalytic potential against initial design requirements. These tests are done at either standard conditions (single-layer; MR=1), or at actual field conditions (multi-layer; field MR), and often at both conditions to ensure accurate evaluation of the test results. These tests, along with available fuel impact tests (FIELD GUIDE™), provide users current data to assess SCR catalyst system performance. This approach gives users added operational flexibility by analyzing a wide range of catalyst management "what-if" scenarios.
CORMETECH's testing equipment is state-of-the-art and methods are fully conforming to the SCR industry's best practices and VGB guidelines.


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Ducks are from the family Anatidae that has been on Earth before the pre-historic period. These aquatic birds are generally found near ponds, lakes, rivers, and seas. Also, ducks' vision is different from humans'. So, are ducks colorblind, or can they see more colors than us?
The answer is: Ducks are not colorblind. They can see colors more vibrantly than humans. They are tetrachromatic and can perceive reds, greens, yellows, blues, and ultraviolet much better than us. Also, ducks can distinguish thousands of color shades that are even invisible to a human eye.
They have excellent vision allows them to notice two to three times farther than humans. Like every bird, ducks are also primarily dependent on their vision.
Therefore, in this post, we will discuss more on Ducks' Vision and how do they see the world. So, without any further delay. Let's begin.
Are Ducks colorblind? Duck Vision
Ducks can see and recognize more colors than humans. They are tetrachromatic; it means the cones in their eyes can perceive ultraviolet, blue, green, and red colors from wavelength 300 nm to 700 nm. On the other hand, humans are trichromatic, meaning our cones are sensitive only to blue, green, and red colors from 380 nm to 750 nm.
Ducks can perceive a more comprehensive range of electromagnetic spectrum as compared to humans' visible spectrum. Additionally, their eyesight is more sensitive towards red, green, yellow, and blue colors.
It represents that they can see dazzling shades of these colors. Below we have inserted an image showing the absorption of the different colors in ducks' eyes.
The image demonstrates that ducks absorb blue, green, and red colors best at 445, 508, and 565 nm, whereas the human eye perceives colors best at 424, 530, and 560 nm. In this way, you can imagine how differently ducks can see the exact color compared to us.
Additional knowledgeThere are more than 167 species of ducks.
Do Ducks have good eyesight?
Ducks have excellent eyesight during the day. Their eyes are more sensitive to light and have more cones than rods, permitting them to perceive millions of color variations.
Ducks have a different eye mechanism where many powerful muscles control the curvature of their corneas and lenses. It enables them to see at a greater distance clearly. According to Ducks Unlimited, ducks can see three times farther than humans.
Not only this, the eyes of ducks comprise various sensitive cones that grant them superiority in color sensing capability over human vision. They carry on various day-to-day activities through their sharp vision like finding food, searching for mates, etc.
In a nutshell, ducks and geese can sense the environment twelve times better than humans during daylight.
However, ducks cannot see clearly at night because they have very few rods in their eyes compared to nocturnal birds. Still, they perceive the environment much better than humans in the dark.
Apart from their vision, they have other sensing abilities like beak sensitivity that allows them to navigate in low-light situations. Later in this post, we have discussed ducks' vision at night in detail.
Can Ducks see color? (What colors do ducks see)
Ducks have a vast number of cones in their eyes through which they can see thousands of color shades, including ultraviolet light. Their eyes sense ultraviolet, blue, green, yellow, and red colors vibrantly during daytime.
Ducks' vision is more titled towards blue-violet and green colors, whereas human vision is more focused on red-orange colors. Also, they have the ability to filter out specific colors to attain greater sensitivity selectively. As compared to humans, they see colors differently.
For Example, Ducks see red, green, and blue colors with more brightness in contrasting shades. Also, they cannot see black color; they can sense and detect it as a dark gray shade. In addition, they witness orange color in an obscure shape not as bright as we do.
However, in the dark, they don't have the ability to detect any color except ultraviolet rays.
Additional knowledgeDucks like the green color the most.
Can Ducks see in the dark? Duck Night Vision
Duck cannot visually discern in the dark but can sense their environment through various abilities. They don't have a special thin membrane in their eyes called tapetum lucidum that assists them in seeing in the dark. Therefore, they use beak sensitivity to search for their food at night.
Ducks' beak is covered with susceptible skin through which they can feel things, similar to our hands. In this way, they don't need their eyes to sense their food.
Ducks are generally diurnal but can change to nocturnal depending on geographical and weather conditions. Also, it can be seen that ducks usually migrate at night from one place to another, where their senses mainly guide them.
Most of the time, ducks love to sleep and take during the night. The nighttime is the ideal time for them to slow their senses and relax. But it doesn't mean that at night they are easy to catch.
Even in sleep, they are in the firm of intermittent alertness, and like other birds, they rest one side of their brain at one time. In this way, they can sense any predatory and react quickly.
How do Ducks see humans?
Ducks see humans the same as we see but with more color shades. They are tetrachromats and discern us with colors along with ultraviolet light. It means their vision comprises more blue-violet hues rather than red-orange like ours.
Ducks can also recognize their owners through their vision and beak. It is witnessed that they show too much affection to their caretakers in the form of a cuddle or pet.
In contrast, they also express their anger to other people. In brief, ducks can see and distinguish humans from other living beings.
However, the only catch is detailing. Their vision has slightly less detailing and sharpness as compared to humans. We see the world with more sharpness and clarity; however, among birds, only eagles have more sharp eyes than us.
Must ReadCan Eagles see in the Dark? Eagle Vision
How do Ducks see the world?
Ducks see the world predominately in blue-violet and green colors. They are monocular and have a wide range of vision that empowers them to perceive a vast area at one time.
Their eyes focus on area rather than depth and focus. Humans have binocular vision. It means our eyesight has depth, and we can focus on a particular entity simultaneously. In conclusion, ducks are not colorblind. They perceive colors better than us and see the world in different shades.
Duck Vision vs Human Vision
|Have tetrachromatic vision
|Have trichromatic vision
|Can see ultraviolet rays
|Cannot see ultraviolet rays
|Cannot see clearly in the dark
|Cannot see clearly in the dark
Here, we have discussed "Are Ducks colorblind," along with other relevant queries on their eyesight. We will be back with another post. Till then, stay tuned with us and read the articles below.
About Ducks by Ducks Unlimited
Meet Abhidept (nickname Monty), the visionary founder of How It See, being an engineering student, he's fueled by an insatiable curiosity about the world around him. He is captivated by an eclectic correlation between animal groups, science, and nature, and this fascination drives his quest for understanding.
After completing his degree, he's set on a mission to delve deep into the realm of nature, accumulating knowledge to share with you through his writing. In the meantime, he loves to watch anime and read anime.


DKIM DNS Configuration
To configure your domain for DKIM, you will want to add a TXT Record to your domain's DNS file.
1. Sign in to the administrator console/portal provided by your domain provider.
2. Locate the page/section within your console/portal where you can update your DNS records, commonly referred to as Zone File(s).
3. Using the information provided by Redtail's technicians, you will create a TXT record. The information provided will be comprised of two pieces of data. A sample of the data is listed below:
Domain Key:
Domain Signature:
v=DKIM1; k=rsa; " "p=MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDGCjltfKIKmzhiMiMPXe/hgUEzfaoEx+87OtucpeZ0kajCfapuyGTmDuvonTy+ra5Fz+qjV6To1U/e9cp8FBfyZxx9/hc9E+jmBSXf1QGlwpe5srOSfQP85bkqSgRajSP/0b/ST6A4YVUo1LqgL3CKRK9ygflcKv4Xtr6G4OBtNwIDAQAB
Please note that domain registrars use different names for the fields associated with a TXT record. For Example, GoDaddy has fields named Host and Text Value, while Google Domains has fields named Name and Data.
4. After selecting to add a TXT record, you will replace the data in the field that contains the "@" with the Domain Key
5. Next, you will leave the TTL to it's default setting.
6. Lastly, you will add the Domain Signature to the Data/Value field.
Below is a sample DKIM record that was added to Google Domains:
If you have trouble or need assistance adding DKIM, it is strongly suggested that you contact your domain registrar. If you do reach out to Redtail Support for assistance, it is best to provide us with the name of the domain registrar and a screen shot from the administrator console/portal showing the fields for TXT record creation.
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TextWrangler is a text editor, not a word processor, and there's an important difference.
It's the bee's knees at jobs such as complicated search-and-replaces, sorting, line numbering, and so on, but it doesn't care much about appearance. Changing the display font is about all you can do.
So you shouldn't consider it as an alternative to Word, NeoOffice and the like. Nor is it really an alternative to TextEdit or Stickies for quick-anddirty scribbles.
Where TextWrangler comes into its own is in logically manipulating large chunks of text. For example, through a single dialog you could change a price list order 'SKU, price, product name' into 'product name, SKU, price', and then use just one more dialog to sort that list by price.
There is, of course, a learning curve. Advanced search-and-replace, for example, is based on the Unix utility Grep. But TextWrangler's documentation is excellent, and well-integrated with AppleScript, so you can save processes and call them up.
Other features include multi-file search-and-replace and tools for adding and removing hard line breaks, as well as smartening and dumbing down quotes – tasks that frequently become chores when you're moving text from one format to another. It's difficult to fault.
One welcome addition, however, would be support for opening DOC and RTF files.


type class
Zhanyong Wan _EMAIL_
Wed, 11 Oct 2000 09:53:52 -0400
Hi Mark,
Thanks for the references you provided!
Mark P Jones wrote:
> My instinct (which perhaps somebody will prove incorrect) is that this will
> not help. Suppose, for example, that you needed to unify ([a],[b]) with f c
> as part of the type inference process. How would you solve this problem?
> Alas, there are several different, and incompatible ways:
> ([a], [b]) = (/\a. ([a],[b])) a
> = (/\b. ([a],[b])) b
> = (/\c. (c, [b])) [a]
> = (/\d. ([a], d)) [b]
> = (/\e. e) ([a], [b])
> Note that the /\-terms in each of these examples satisfies your restriction.
> So I don't think you'll be able to obtain most general unifiers or principal
> types with this restriction.
Let's put your example into the context of type classes:
 class T f c where
 method :: f c
Now when we want to use method as a ([a],[b]), ambiguity arises, as you
However, I think this just means we should allow *at most one* of the
following instances to be declared:
 instance T (/\a. ([a],[b])) a
 instance T (/\b. ([a],[b])) b
 instance T (/\c. (c, [b])) [a]
 instance T (/\d. ([a], d)) [b]
 instance T (/\e. e) ([a], [b])
In other words, the above instances are considered overlapping.
| As long as we only have one of these instances |
| in the program, there is no ambiguity. |
I'm sure there must be other ramifications (e.g. maybe now whether two
instances are overlapping becomes undecidable -- I haven't thought over
it yet), but it seems worth further investigation.
-- Zhanyong


Question: Is Debt A Debenture?
What is Debenture simple words?
Both corporations and governments frequently issue debentures to raise capital or funds..
What is the purpose of a debenture?
A debenture is a loan agreement in writing between a borrower and a lender that is registered at Companies House. It gives the lender security over the borrower's assets. Typically, a debenture is used by a bank, factoring company or invoice discounter to take security for their loans.
Why do companies issue debentures?
Why do company issue debentures, when they can borrow money from Bank. … When bank lend money they generally place restriction on how that money can be used. exborrowed fund can be used only for capital expenditure or they limit companies ability to raise additional funds till this loan is repaid. etc.
Are debentures high risk?
What some investors don't realise is that, unlike fixed-term deposits that carry virtually no risk, debentures come with a high level of risk. Unfortunately, there's no such thing as a free lunch with fixed interest securities such as debentures. The market is quite efficient at pricing a risk premium into the return.
Is debenture a long term debt?
What is an example of a debenture?
Is a debenture an asset?
The debenture is sometimes called a 'floating charge debenture' and includes all company assets. … The debenture secures the assets for the lender should the company fail and in liquidation, the charge becomes 'fixed' on the asset's value at that point in time.
Are debentures current liabilities?
Noncurrent liabilities include debentures, long-term loans, bonds payable, deferred tax liabilities, long-term lease obligations, and pension benefit obligations. The portion of a bond liability that will not be paid within the upcoming year is classified as a noncurrent liability.
What are the advantages of issuing debentures?
The following are the advantages of debentures:Secured investments. Debentures provide greatest security to the investors. … Fixed return. Debentures guarantee a fixed rate of interest.Stable prices. … Non-interference in management. … Economical. … Availability of funds. … Regular source of income.
How do I buy debentures?
Do debentures pay dividends?
SharesDebenturesPayment of returnDividends can be paid to the shareholders out of profits earned by the company.Interest can be paid to the debenture holders, regardless of if the company has earned profits.Voting rightsShareholders possess voting rights.Debenture holders possess any right for voting.12 more rows
How do you cash a debenture?
Debenture can be redeemed in various ways by a company. It can pay a lump sum on the date of maturity or may pay in annual installments. A company can also purchase it from the open market or convert to an equity share in case of convertible debentures. Innovative ways like call or put option can also be utilized.
How do debentures work?
Put simply, a debenture is the document that grants lenders a charge over a borrower's assets, giving them a means of collecting debt if the borrower defaults. Debentures are commonly used by traditional lenders, such as banks, when providing high-value funding to larger companies.
How many types of debentures are there?
What is a floating debenture?
With a floating debenture, the company would still be able to produce its products, use its inventory, and sell its stock even though the inventory was signed over to the creditor. The company would regain control over its inventory with the full repayment of the note.
What happens if current ratio is too high?
The current ratio is an indication of a firm's liquidity. … If the company's current ratio is too high it may indicate that the company is not efficiently using its current assets or its short-term financing facilities. If current liabilities exceed current assets the current ratio will be less than 1.
What is the difference between loan and debenture?
In debenture, the public lends its money to the company in return for a certificate promising a fixed rate of interest. In loans, the lending institutions are banks and other financial institutions.
Are debentures safe?
After paying interest for some years, the company regularly defaulted in meeting its obligation towards the debenture-holders. … Hence, the moral of the story is that, an investor should not be misled by the fact that when a debenture is secured against the assets of the company means it is a safe and secure investment.
What are liabilities examples?
Examples of liabilities are – Bank debt. Mortgage debt. Money owed to suppliers (accounts payable) Wages owed. Taxes owed.
Can loan be converted into debentures?
Sub-section (3) of section 62 under the companies act 2013 states that "Nothing in this section shall apply to the increase of the subscribed capital of a company caused by the exercise of an option as a term attached to the debentures issued or loan raised by the company to convert such debentures or loans into shares …
Where are debentures shown in balance sheet?
Liabilities are shown on the balance sheet as either current liabilities or long-term liabilities. Long-term liabilities are debts that are not required to be repaid within one year. Because debenture bonds fall into this category, they are placed on the balance sheet in the long-term liabilities section.


Buff-necked Ibis walking on grass
Buff-necked ibis
Buff-necked ibises are a fairly common South American species. As with many ibis species, their call is loud and piercing, and used in raucous duet during courtship.
Scientific name: Theristicus caudatus
Rank: Species
Common names:
White-throated ibis
Watch video clips from past programmes (1 clip)
Map showing the distribution of the Buff-necked ibis taxa
Species range provided by WWF's Wildfinder.
The Buff-necked ibis can be found in a number of locations including: South America. Find out more about these places and what else lives there.
The following habitats are found across the Buff-necked ibis distribution range. Find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them.
Additional data source: Animal Diversity Web
Conservation Status
Least Concern
 1. EX - Extinct
 2. EW
 3. CR - Threatened
 4. EN - Threatened
 5. VU - Threatened
 6. NT
 7. LC - Least concern
Year assessed: 2009
Classified by: IUCN 3.1
 1. Life
 2. Animals
 3. Vertebrates
 4. Birds
 5. Storks and long-legged wading birds
 6. Threskiornithidae
 7. Theristicus
 8. Buff-necked ibis


name: pesca version: 4.0.1 synopsis: Proof Editor for Sequent Calculus description: Pesca is a program that helps in the construction of proofs in sequent calculus. It works both as a proof editor and as an automatic theorem prover. Proofs constructed in Pesca can both be seen on the terminal and printed into LaTeX files.. The user of Pesca can choose among different versions of classical and intuitionistic proposition and predicate calculi, and extend them by systems of nonlogical axioms. The implementation of Pesca is written in the functional programming language Haskell. category: Theorem Provers, Compilers/Interpreters license: GPL license-file: LICENSE author: Aarne Ranta maintainer: Aarne Ranta homepage: build-depends: base>3, process build-type: Simple data-files: README, doc/geometry, doc/lattices, doc/manual.tex, doc/proof.sty tested-with: GHC==6.8.2 executable: pesca main-is: Editor.hs hs-source-dirs: src other-modules: Axioms, Calculi, Interaction, Natural, PrelSequent, PSequent, PrSequent, Sequent ghc-options: -Wall ghc-prof-options: -prof -auto-all


text:
The impact of disease-causing defects is often not limited to the products of a mutated gene but, thanks to interactions between the molecular components, may also affect other cellular functions, resulting in potential comorbidity effects. By combining information on cellular interactions, disease–gene associations, and population-level disease patterns extracted from Medicare data, we find statistically significant correlations between the underlying structure of cellular networks and disease comorbidity patterns in the human population. Our results indicate that such a combination of population-level data and cellular network information could help build novel hypotheses about disease mechanisms.
cellular networks, population-level statistics
Comorbidity, Diseases, Genes
EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2007 EMBO and Nature Publishing Group
Park, Juyong; Lee, Deok-Sun; Christakis, Nicholas A.; and Barabási, Albert-László, "The impact of cellular networks on disease comorbidity" (2009). Physics Faculty Publications. Paper 109. _URL_
Click button above to open, or right-click to save.


text:
Following a trial last summer Network Rail has extended the use of Radio-Tech's Rail Temperature Monitor (RTM) to another 200 sites across the UK Network. The fully automatic, battery powered system is designed for critical rail temperature management. It enables temperatures to be monitored constantly, anywhere on the network, providing early warning of the risk of track buckling without endangering personnel.
The trial featured loggers at 34 key points on the west coast main line between London and Crewe. The results gave Network Rail the confidence to extend use to just over 200 other sites throughout the UK network. Installed between May and July, the RTM systems seem to have met expectations, and Network Rail is assessing the impact to see if there is justification for even greater investment.
Until now, temperature monitoring was carried out manually at previously assessed critical areas by personnel on-track. To increase safety for staff and provide a more efficient system of temperature monitoring Radio-Tech developed the new RTM system. The system can be deployed anywhere on the rail network including tunnel mouths, cuttings, areas liable to flooding and restricted areas such as red zone working prohibited areas.
Up to eight non-invasive rail-mounted temperature probes at each location transmit to a track-side wireless data logger with a 70 metre reception radius. This in turn reports back to the central server running the RTM application software, where temperatures can be monitored. The server can also export data over the internet, an intranet or via SMS text message, enabling personnel to remotely access all information.


text:
What tutor books does Easy Notes work with?
Works with all piano tutor books
Easy Notes can be used in conjunction with any piano tutor books, building up note knowledge by hand position. Therefore when new pieces are introduced the child knows the notes needed to play them and less explanation is needed by the teacher.
Meshes perfectly with the Alfred's Basic Piano Library books
In particular the Easy Notes Theory books have been designed to mesh perfectly with the Alfred's Basic Piano Library
books because they progress in the same order of hand positions. When two pages of theory are given
per week, the Easy Notes books anticipate the learning stages in the Alfreds books, which helps make teaching beginners so easy and fun.
- When a beginner starts and is playing on the black notes, Easy Notes is teaching them the white notes. By the time the beginner starts to play on the white notes, they are already familiar with them and can easily identify and locate
them. At this stage you realise that Easy Notes is really helping them.
- At this time, while the student is playing on the white notes with directional notation, Easy Notes begins to teach the beginner the notes on the stave. So, by the time the beginner starts to play music on the stave (in C position),
they know the C position notes and can already read the music. At this point, the 'power' of Easy Notes really becomes evident, when you watch a beginner, who has only been learning a short time, reading music effortlessly!
- This anticipation of learning stages continues, with Easy Notes teaching the G position notes just before they are actually needed, and so on through middle C postion, high G position, and then the outer ledger lines. By the end
of the first year of learning, the student knows four octaves of notes. This has laid a solid foundation of note-reading in their first year, leaving them free to progress musically without being slowed down with not knowing the
Can be used easily with books that begin in Middle C position
Easy Notes also supports the progression of books that start in Middle C position when used in the following way:
- Work through Easy Notes Level 1 pages 1-14.
- Go to Easy Notes Level 2 pages 5-8.
- Go back to Easy Notes Level 1 page 15, and continue on through the books.


text:
Artist projects in the border region (2021)
In 2021 Very Contemporary invites contemporary artists to shine their light on the unique characteristics of the Meuse-Rhine Euregion. Professional artists with a link to the region are invited to produce an artwork or event containing topics such as: crossing borders, distance, barriers, language, landscape, cultural and industrial heritage, travelling, cycling, history and the future.
During a research phase the artists research the particularities of the region. During that time they collaborate with at least two of the Very Contemporary venues. In 2021/2022 the artists present their end results to the public in the Euregion.


text:
Apr 14, Colombo: A salinity barrier being constructed to prevent sea water intrusion into Nil Wala River during season under is expected to resolve the drinking water shortages in the district.
D. I. Wijesiri, Project Director of the Matara Water Supply Project says it is the responsibility of a government to provide drinking water to the people without any shortages and fulfilling that responsibility, the government has been able to provide drinking water to over 2,298,200 people in the four years since 2015.
In the first 4 years under the 7-year water supply program since 2015, clean drinking water has been provided to a total of 1,000 villages at a cost of Rs. 10 billion.
Accordingly, in 2015 alone drinking water was provided to 1,090,333 persons under the "Gamata Wathura- Semata Sathuta" (water for village-happiness for everyone).
Under the program, water supply projects will be carried out at a cost of Rs. 18 billion in the Matara district alone.
The project implemented targeting the expected increase in population by the year 2046, will improve water supply to consumers of low water pressure areas. The project also includes network expansion and construction of a salinity barrier.
In the fourth phase of the project 16,000 cubic meters of water obtained from the Nil Wala River can be purified daily to provide drinking water.
Once the construction of the salinity barrier is completed, salt mixing into the Nil Wala River water will completely be prevented. Accordingly, solutions for the drinking water problem of the people in the Matara District will also be made easier, the Project Director said.


Hispanic Culture
Hispanic Culture in the United States
Hispanic people are vibrant, socializing and fun loving people. Among various Hispanic culture facts, the most amazing fact is that Hispanics have a deep sense of involvement in their family traditions and cultures. Encompassing a wide range of activities, Hispanic culture facts are interesting to know and read about.
Family Bonding
General Manners
One of the Hispanic culture facts is that religion plays a significant role in the daily life of Hispanics with more than 90% of the population being Roman Catholic. Churches and spiritual activities influence family activities and families unite together to involve in prayers and sermons. More than birthday's of children, the saint's day of every community is celebrated with great vigor and enthusiasm.
Dietary Habits
Another Hispanic culture facts is that Hispanics follow a three day meal system. Generally, there is a culture of eating lunch and dinner in the presence of all family members. Students and working individuals are expected to return home after work or school to have lunch together with the family members. Light breakfast and light evening meal are necessary part of Hispanic eating habits. Coffee and snacks are popular in evening coffee time.
Hispanics celebrate international festivals with great pomp and show. Christmas Eve, New Year's Day and the Three Kings' Day are some of the most commonly celebrated festivals. While the term iesta naciona refers to national official holiday, las fiestas refer to local festivals. Festivals are government declared holidays and generally and during these times, the Hispanics enjoy a lot.


text: The ballast layer is intended to provide a free draining base and sufficient bearing capacity to maintain a proper track alignment. Due to the growth in commuter and industrial traffic, the railway industry needs to fulfil the demands for faster, heavier, and longer trains. However, these high traffic loads often result in a large plastic deformations and degradation of ballast, which in turn, leads to a significant loss of track stability and high maintenance costs. The deformation and degradation of ballast are influenced by factors such as the amplitude and frequency of loading, the number of load cycles, track confining pressure, gradation of aggregates, and the angularity and fracture strength of individual particles. The use of geocomposite (biaxial geogrid-nonwoven geotextile) for enhancing the performance of rail tracks was described, with the aim of reducing track settlement, increasing track resiliency, and decreasing ballast degradation. The effects of impact loads on ballast degradation and its mitigation due to the installation of resilient mats (shock mats) beneath rail tracks were studied using large-scale drop hammer equipment. It has been shown that for tracks built on soft formations, prefabricated vertical drains significantly decrease the build-up of excess pore-water pressure during cyclic loading. A preliminary finite element analysis was used to examine the performance of vertical drains, and a Class A prediction was obtained in terms of settlements, excess pore pressures, and lateral displacements under rail tracks.


How to create an FTP account in DirectAdmin?
Perform the following steps to create an FTP Account in DirectAdmin control panel:
 1. Login to DirectAdmin
 2. Click on FTP Management link from Account Manager.
 3. Click on Create New FTP Account.
 1. Provide the following details:
 - FTP Username
 - Password of that user
 - Re-type Password
 2. Select the path for your FTP account Directory. In this case, you can set custom path for your server too.
 3. Click on Create button to create FTP account on your server through DirectAdmin Hosting Control Panel.
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text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Tweed (river)
|←Twachtman, John Henry||Collier's New Encyclopedia
|disclaimer.Edition of 1921;|
TWEED, a river of Scotland, which rises in the S. part of Peeblesshire, passes by or near to Peebles, Melrose, Kelso, Coldstream, from near which place it forms the boundary line between England and Scotland for 16 miles, runs through England for a short distance, and then enters the North Sea at Berwick; total length, 97 miles. Its tributaries include the Ettrick, Gala, Leader, Teviot, Eden, and Till. Its waters abound with salmon and trout, and its name is celebrated in connection with some of the best literature of Scotland.


text:
Help your toddler develop independent eating skills with the award winning, eco-friendly fork and spoon sets! While they are, of course, excellent first utensils, we also love them for play in our kiddos' play kitchens!
What is Sprout Ware®? Sprout Ware is made from a plant-based resin. It is a safer plastic made from plant starches, commonly corn, tapioca root, sugarcane or potato. Small amounts of polypropylene are added as a binder and for flexibility. Plant-based resin is used in Green Sprouts Sprout Ware Dishes, Utensils, and Toys.
Pair with the Learning Plate and Learning Bowl.
Each utensil measures 7.5'' H x 4'' W x 1.02'' D
For What Age
For ages 12 months+
Made from plant-based resin & polypropylene, with food-safe dyes. BPA, BPS, PVC, and melamine-free.
Clean before first use and after each use. Dishwasher safe (top rack only) or wash in warm water with mild soap and rinse thoroughly. Food-safe colorants fade over time; hand wash to preserve color. Avoid use of abrasive cleaners. Dry with soft cloth before storing. Do not store in direct sunlight or near a source of heat. Do not microwave, sterilize or boil this product, and avoid storing near a source of heat. Heat and sun accelerate the natural breakdown of this unique type of plastic.
PRODUCT ORIGIN: MADE IN CHINA
i play.,Inc. was founded in 1982 based on values that prioritize protecting our earth and our children. Children grow and learn by playing, so our products encourage healthy and safe development through play. Because babies explore through their senses and put everything in their mouths, we make sure that all of our products are safe and conform to US health and safety standards.
In 2006 we learned of concerns about BPA (bisphenol-A), which is used in hard, clear plastics like polycarbonate baby bottles to prevent breakage. BPA has been shown to disrupt reproductive functions and cause other developmental problems. All iPlay.® and Green Sprouts® products have been phthalate free since 2003 and BPA free since 2006, and we are continually researching ways to make safer baby products.


, df) b = _Bunch() b.statistic = statistic b.pvalue = pvalue b.df = df return b
[docs] def homogeneity(self, method="stuart_maxwell"): """ Compare row and column marginal distributions. Parameters ---------- method : string Either 'stuart_maxwell' or 'bhapkar', leading to two different estimates of the covariance matrix for the estimated difference between the row margins and the column margins. Returns a bunch with attributes: statistic : float The chi^2 test statistic pvalue : float The p-value of the test statistic df : integer The degrees of freedom of the reference distribution Notes ----- For a 2x2 table this is equivalent to McNemar's test. More generally the procedure tests the null hypothesis that the marginal distribution of the row factor is equal to the marginal distribution of the column factor. For this to be meaningful, the two factors must have the same sample space (i.e. the same categories). """ if self.table.shape[0] < 1: raise ValueError('table is empty') elif self.table.shape[0] == 1: b = _Bunch() b.statistic = 0 b.pvalue = 1 b.df = 0 return b method = method.lower() if method not in ["bhapkar", "stuart_maxwell"]: raise ValueError("method '%s' for homogeneity not known" % method) n_obs = self.table.sum() pr = self.table.astype(np.float64) / n_obs # Compute margins, eliminate last row/column so there is no # degeneracy row = pr.sum(1)[0:-1] col = pr.sum(0)[0:-1] pr = pr[0:-1, 0:-1] # The estimated difference between row and column margins. d = col - row # The degrees of freedom of the chi^2 reference distribution. df = pr.shape[0] if method == "bhapkar": vmat = -(pr + pr.T) - np.outer(d, d) dv = col + row - 2*np.diag(pr) - d**2 np.fill_diagonal(vmat, dv) elif method == "stuart_maxwell": vmat = -(pr + pr.T) dv = row + col - 2*np.diag(pr) np.fill_diagonal(vmat, dv) try: statistic = n_obs * np.dot(d, np.linalg.solve(vmat, d)) except np.linalg.LinAlgError: import warnings warnings.warn("Unable to invert covariance matrix", SingularMatrixWarning) b = _Bunch() b.statistic = np.nan b.pvalue = np.nan b.df = df return b pvalue = 1 - stats.chi2.cdf(statistic, df) b = _Bunch() b.statistic = statistic b.pvalue = pvalue b.df = df return b
[docs] def summary(self, alpha=0.05, float_format="%.3f"): """ Produce a summary of the analysis. Parameters ---------- alpha : float '1 - alpha' is the nominal coverage probability of the interval. float_format : string Used to format numeric values in the table. method : string The method for producing the confidence interval. Currently must be 'normal' which uses the normal approximation. """ fmt = float_format headers = ["Statistic", "P-value", "DF"] stubs = ["Symmetry", "Homogeneity"] sy = self.symmetry() hm = self.homogeneity() data = [[fmt % sy.statistic, fmt % sy.pvalue, '%d' % sy.df], [fmt % hm.statistic, fmt % hm.pvalue, '%d' % hm.df]] tab = iolib.SimpleTable(data, headers, stubs, data_aligns="r", table_dec_above='') return tab
[docs]class Table2x2(SquareTable): """ Analyses that can be performed on a 2x2 contingency table. Parameters ---------- table : array-like A 2x2 contingency table shift_zeros : boolean If true, 0.5 is added to all cells of the table if any cell is equal to zero. Attributes ---------- log_oddsratio : float The log odds ratio of the table. log_oddsratio_se : float The asymptotic standard error of the estimated log odds ratio. oddsratio : float The odds ratio of the table. riskratio : float The ratio between the risk in the first row and the risk in the second row. Column 0 is interpreted as containing the number of occurences of the event of interest. log_riskratio : float The estimated log risk ratio for the table. log_riskratio_se : float The standard error of the estimated log risk ratio for the table. Notes ----- The inference procedures used here are all based on a sampling model in which the units are independent and identically distributed, with each unit being classified with respect to two categorical variables. Note that for the risk ratio, the analysis is not symmetric with respect to the rows and columns of the contingency table. The two rows define population subgroups, column 0 is the number of 'events', and column 1 is the number of 'non-events'. """ def __init__(self, table, shift_zeros=True): if type(table) is list: table = np.asarray(table) if (table.ndim != 2) or (table.shape[0] != 2) or (table.shape[1] != 2): raise ValueError("Table2x2 takes a 2x2 table as input.") super(Table2x2, self).__init__(table, shift_zeros)
[docs] @classmethod def from_data(cls, data, shift_zeros=True): """ Construct a Table object from data. Parameters ---------- data : array-like The raw data, the first column defines the rows and the second column defines the columns. shift_zeros : boolean If True, and if there are any zeros in the contingency table, add 0.5 to all four cells of the table. """ if isinstance(data, pd.DataFrame): table = pd.crosstab(data.iloc[:, 0], data.iloc[:, 1]) else: table = pd.crosstab(data[:, 0], data[:, 1]) return cls(table, shift_zeros)
[docs] @cache_readonly def log_oddsratio(self): # docstring for cached attributes in init above f = self.table.flatten() return np.dot(np.log(f), np.r_[1, -1, -1, 1])
[docs] @cache_readonly def oddsratio(self): # docstring for cached attributes in init above return (self.table[0, 0] * self.table[1, 1] / (self.table[0, 1] * self.table[1, 0]))
[docs] @cache_readonly def log_oddsratio_se(self): # docstring for cached attributes in init above return np.sqrt(np.sum(1 / self.table))
[docs] def oddsratio_pvalue(self, null=1): """ P-value for a hypothesis test about the odds ratio. Parameters ---------- null : float The null value of the odds ratio. """ return self.log_oddsratio_pvalue(np.log(null))
[docs] def log_oddsratio_pvalue(self, null=0): """ P-value for a hypothesis test about the log odds ratio. Parameters ---------- null : float The null value of the log odds ratio. """ zscore = (self.log_oddsratio - null) / self.log_oddsratio_se pvalue = 2 * stats.


text:
How people resolve dilemmas: An elicitation method for subjective decision factors
In human society, people encounter various deontic conflicts every day. Deontic decisions are those that include moral, ethical, and normative aspects. Here, the concern is with deontic conflicts: decisions where all the alternatives lead to the violation of some norms. People think critically about these kinds of decisions. But, just 'what' they think about is not always clear. ^ People use certain estimating factors/criteria to balance the tradeoffs when they encounter deontic conflicts. It is unclear what subjective factors people use to make a deontic decision. An elicitation approach called the Open Factor Conjoint System is proposed, which applies an online elicitation methodology which is a combination of two well-know research methodologies: repertory grid and conjoint analysis. This new methodology is extended to be a web based application. It seeks to elicit additional relevant (subjective) factors from people, which affect deontic decisions. The relative importance and utility values are used for the development of a decision model to predict people's decisions. ^ Fundamentally, this methodology was developed and intended to be applicable for a wide range of elicitation applications with minimal experimenter bias. Comparing with the traditional method, this online survey method reduces the limitation of time and space in data collection and this methodology can be applied in many fields. Two possible applications were addressed: robotic vehicles and the choice of medical treatment. In addition, this method can be applied to many research related disciplines in cross-cultural research due to its online ability with global capacity. ^
Business Administration, General|Web Studies
"How people resolve dilemmas: An elicitation method for subjective decision factors"
(January 1, 2009).
ProQuest ETD Collection for FIU.


ours, to the best of our knowledge, is the first attempt to use such an approach to estimate true richness. Formally, let the Poisson intensity (or rate) λt be the parameter controlling the sampling process in a given time interval t. The number of observations Oi,t for a species i in that time interval t with duration dt has a Poisson distribution with mean λtdt. The likelihood of the sampling rate λt given Oi,t observations in that interval is then
 Display Formula
 2.1
 Here, we explicitly assume that a species detected in a time interval is extant during that whole time interval. Because any species that is represented in the database must have left at least one detected fossil we must condition the likelihood of λt on Oi,t > 0. The likelihood of λt is then
 Display Formula
 2.2
 The maximum-likelihood estimate for the sampling rate of a group of species in a given interval is found by maximizing the product of equation (2.2) over all the observed species (Nt) belonging to that group;
 Display Formula
 2.3
 If our data consist of only single records (i.e. Oi,t = 1, for all i), estimating λt using maximum likelihood will yield an estimate of 0. Hence, the minimum data requirement for estimating the sampling rate is a dataset where at least one of the species has more than one observation.
 We assume that sampling rates estimated are constant for all species within a clade in the same time interval (i.e. the sampling rates estimated are time-specific but not species-specific). We can then estimate the probability of detecting a species from this group as Inline Formula i.e. one minus the probability of not detecting a species if it was actually extant, according to the Poisson process. We further use this binomial probability in deriving the most likely true richness. The binomial probability of a species sampled during an interval dt is
 Display Formula
 2.4
 where Inline Formula is the probability of zero sampling events in one lineage with a rate Inline Formula in a bin of duration dt. Note that sampling rate (λt) and sampling probability (pbinom,t) are different; while sampling rate has units observations per lineage per Myr, the sampling probability is a stage-specific probability of detecting a species that was extant during that interval. The last step in estimating the true richness in a given time interval is to find the true species richness (Ntrue) that maximizes the binomial likelihood
 Display Formula
 2.5
 where pbinom,t is the binomial probability calculated from the estimated sampling rate (equation (2.4)) using maximum-likelihood estimates (equation (2.3)) and Nt is the observed number of species in the time interval. Thus, the value Ntrue that maximizes equation (2.5) is the maximum-likelihood estimate of the true richness where Nt species were observed.
 To quantify the uncertainty surrounding the estimate of the sampling rate and the true species richness we use the relationship between the χ2-distribution and log likelihood profiles (e.g. [29]). For the confidence bounds on the maximum-likelihood estimate Inline Formula we find the range of values for λ that satisfy the inequality
 Display Formula
 2.6
 where Inline Formula is the upper quantile function of the χ2-distribution with 1 d.f. Similarly, the upper and lower confidence bounds for the estimated true richness Ntrue are found using the lower and upper confidence bounds on the sampling probability (pbinom,t).
 TRiPS thus yields maximum-likelihood estimates and confidence intervals of true species richness for a given time interval by estimating a sampling rate (observations per species per Myr). This sampling rate can be transformed into a time interval specific sampling probability (probability of fossil detection per species) and thereby appropriately taking the duration of the time interval into account. In other words, we do not need to conform the data to equal durations as is commonly done [22,34]. The sampling rates estimated from TRiPS are thus directly comparable across geological intervals of unequal durations. Note that while we have described TRiPS using species observations it can also be directly applied to genera or groups of taxa defined in other ways. In fact, any grouping of taxa thought to exhibit similar sampling rates might be combined, whether or not they actually are taxonomic clades.
 (c) Simulations using a birth–death–fossilize process
 To evaluate our method's applicability and power, we performed a large number of continuous time birth–death (BD) simulations, coupled with a fossilization scheme, which we interpret as sampling. In a classic BD process a lineage either gives rise to a new species or goes extinct at a certain rate; our fossilization scheme adds a third potential event: that of a lineage leaving a fossil. We are thus simulating a 'fossil record' given a set of parameters controlling the dynamics and sampling of the simulated clade, and then using TRiPS to estimate the true number of species in these simulations.
 In case of no changes in species richness within a given time interval and identical sampling rates for all lineages, TRiPS will consistently recover true richness. Using simulations, we explicitly investigate the robustness of our approach to violations of TRiPS's two main assumptions, (i) equal sampling rates (per lineage per Myr) for all species in the clade in question and (ii) negligible species turnover within a time interval (i.e. all lineages span the entire interval in which they are observed). We then use the results of our simulations to aid interpretation of our estimates based on dinosaur records (see below).
 Our BD-fossilize model has six parameters: speciation and extinction rates (in per species per time unit), the number of species at the start of the simulation, the duration of the simulation (in continuous time), mean sampling rate (fossils per species per time unit) and a parameter that scales the variability of sampling rates among individual species.
 For our simulations, speciation and extinction rates were drawn from log-uniform distributions spanning 0.001–0.15 per species per time unit. For comparison, the maximum mean speciation rate for birds in the Cenozoic has been estimated to be approximately 0.15 [35]. Note that having non-zero speciation and extinction rates allows for changes in species richness, which explicitly violates the assumption of all lineages spanning the whole interval in which they are found. The initial number of species in the simulations ranged from 10 to 250, drawn from a uniform distribution. Durations of the simulations ranged from 2 to 20, drawn from a uniform distribution mimicking the durations of the geological stages in the Mesozoic where the Hettangian (2 Myr) and Norian (19.5 Myr) are the shortest and longest stages, respectively. Mean sampling rates ranged from 0.001 to 1.5 fossils per species per time unit as drawn from a uniform distribution. Variation in sampling rate among species ranged from 0 to 0.3, also drawn from a uniform distribution; setting this parameter to 0.3, for example, gives each lineage a sampling rate ranging from 0.7 to 1.3 times the clade mean (this is equivalent to twice the coefficient of variation). Each species thus has its own unique sampling rate drawn from a uniform distribution with means and variance differing across simulations, explicitly violating the TRiPS assumption that lineages have the same sampling rate. We ran 100 000 simulations.
 We evaluated TRiPS's ability to infer sampling rates and true species richness by (i) tabulating the number of simulations in which the true species richness was inside the predicted confidence interval (which we call success rate), (ii) estimating the bias in the maximum-likelihood prediction of species richness, the mean scaled error Inline Formula and (iii) Pearson's product-moment correlation (ρ) between true and estimated richness in the simulations. We compiled the same statistics for estimated sampling rates and sampling probabilities. Together these three metrics inform us of the precision, bias and relative accuracy of our methodology.
 (d) Estimating dinosaur sampling bias and species richness
 For each stage in the Mesozoic, we estimate the sampling rate (i.e. the bias) and the species richness for each of the four clades using TRiPS. Combined with confidence intervals, these estimates allow for sound statistical comparisons of both bias and richness between geological stages. Additionally, to give a crude estimate of the total richness across the Mesozoic, we calculate a Mesozoic sampling probability as a mean of binomial probabilities, weighted by estimated richness in each stage. Mesozoic mean sampling rates are calculated similarly. Using mean Mesozoic sampling probability and the number of unique observed species, we also estimated the total richness of the dinosaur clades throughout the Mesozoic.
 (e) Implementation
 All data analysis was performed in R [36]. Code necessary for the analysis, combined with scripts to directly download relevant (and thus updated) data from the Paleobiology Database in addition to simpler R scripts showing how other datasets can be analysed using TRiPS is available on Dryad (_URL_ Output from our simulations and functions and scripts to rerun simulations are also deposited.
 3. Results
 (a) Dinosaur sampling estimates among clades and through time
 Ornithischian species have the highest Mesozoic mean sampling rate (0.241 sampling events per lineage per Myr (0.172–0.355), table 1). Sauropodomorph and the


text:
Aninal Feed Production Line,Fish feed mill plant
The prosperous breeding industry means the intensive production of animal feed pellets. Lima Machinery are dedicated to offerring feed pellet production solurions, so we developed the feed pellet production line that can be applied to make various pellet feed for poultry animals, livestock animlas as well as aquztic animals, such as rabbits, ducks, cattle, chickens, sheep, pigs, pigeons, fishes and shrimp. And the peoduction capacity is adjutable based on your production requests.
Highlights of Our Animal Feed Production Plant
1. Customized production capacity as required to meet different scale animal farms and feed processing plants.
2. Wide application for producing various pellet feed for poultry, livestock, and aquatic animals.
3. Various pellet sizes for different animals.
4. Able to processing many kinds of raw materials into feed pellets.
5. Automatic PLC control system for the whole production line.
6. Environment-friendly production with no any waste water and exhaust gas during the production process.
Equipment Related to Complete Feed Pellet Production Line
Feed Grinder →Feed Mixer → Feed Pellet Mill → Counterflow Cooler → Feed Pellets Crumbler → Feed Pellets Grading Sieve → Automatic Weighing and Packing Machine
Fish feed mill plant more details
Raw materials: Plant protein comes from corn, rice, wheat, soybean, peanut cake powder, etc; Animal protein is from fish meal, shrimp meal, crab meal, sleeve-fish meal and so on you can add other ingredient according to requirements and eating habits of animals.
How to produce fish food or other animal food?
The processes of this fish feed manufacturing plant mainly include material grinding, material mixing, pellets extruding, pellets drying, and pellets packing.
1.Material grinding - feed hammer mill- feedstuff grinding
The raw materials should be grinded to the required size by feed grinder. Crushing the material can improve the water stability and digestibility of feed pellet.
2.feed mixing - use feed mixer
Mixing the material thoroughly can ensure extruding efficiency and improve the feed quality. Horizontal ribbon feed mixer or double-shaft mixer or feed ribbon type mixer.double-shaft efficient mixer can be applied to mixing powdery, granular, flaky and blocky materials while feed ribbon type mixer is mostly used for mixing powdery materials.
3.Fish food extruding- floating feed pellet extruder
Dry type fish feed machine and wet type feed machine. The wet type extruder has the conditioner and need a steam boiler, while the dry type fish feed machine does not need. The former is suitable for large fish feed pellet plant, while the latter is better for small and medium feed pellet user or fish feed pellet production plant.
4.Fish feed pellets drying- feed pellet dryer
Belt dryer. We provide multi-layer mesh belt feed pellet dryer for drying the pellet coming out of the fish feed machine. The pellets are spread evenly on a wire mesh belt conveyor and conveyed within the dryer. Hot air passes through the pellets and brings away the moisture.
5.Fish feed pellets cooling
Fish feed pellets cooling is reduce the temperature of food.
6.Fish feed pellets packing - pellet paking -electronic packing machine
The fish feed pellets packing machine consists of automatic weighing machine, conveyor, bag sewing machine and automatic control box. It can weigh the pellets fast and precisely. Simple structure, reliable operation.
Animal feed pellet production line technical data


text:
Try the following:
- Lift your finger, and then tap the tap sensor rather firmly.
- If you do not put the headset's units on both of your ears, you can't adjust the volume, even if you tap the tap sensors.
- If the tap sensors are disabled, you can't adjust the volume. Use the following procedure to reactivate the tap sensors.
- Put the headset's units on both of your ears.
- If the Bluetooth® function is on, hold down the button on the left (L) unit for 2 seconds to turn off the Bluetooth function.
- Hold down the button on the right (R) unit for 4 seconds.
- You can also reactivate the tap sensors when the headset's units are set in the charging case.


text:
MALABAR TREE TOAD
Disclaimer: Copyright infringement not intended.
Context: The critically endangered Malabar tree toad — found in Mollem National Park which itself is threatened by three infrastructure projects — finds mention in the updated 'Checklist of Indian Amphibians (2023)' released by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).
- Mollem is among the top 8 global biodiversity hotspots.
- The national park is the site of three proposed projects: the installation of power lines by Goa Tamnar Transmission, 4/6-laning of the highway, and doubling of the rail line.
About the toad:
- The Malabar tree toad (Pedostibes tuberculosus), or warty Asian tree toad, is a species of toad found in forests along the Western Ghats of great Karnataka or Deccan.
- It is a small species and is found in wet tree hollows or leaf bases containing water.
- It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pedostibes, also known as Asian tree toads.
Formerly, the genus Pedostibes also hosted other Southeast Asian species that were subsequently moved to a new genus, Rentapia, in 2016
- This is a slender frog with a moderate-sized head.
- Females are larger than males.
- This species is known to live in tree habitats, but adults are found among leaf litter, climbing into trees at night.
- They are found in the forest of the Western Ghats at elevations of 250 m to over 1000 m, often beside streams.
- Malabar tree toad is also found in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary.
Mollem National Park:
- Spread over 240 sq km in the Western Ghats, Mollem National Park is located in Sanguem taluk in Goa close to the border with Karnataka.
- The reserve also has several temples dating back to the Kadamba Dynasty.
- The park was earlier known as Mollem game sanctuary. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and renamed Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary.
- The core area of the sanctuary spread over 107 sq km was named Mollem National Park in 1978.
- Since then the national park is called Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park.
- Several species of snakes including the King Cobra, Hump-nosed pit viper, Indian rock python and Malabar pit viper are found in the park.
- The national park showcases a wide variety of birds like fairy bluebird, wagtails, three-toed kingfisher, drongo, golden oriole, great Indian hornbill.
- Butterflies of many species like Blue Mormon, Crimson Rose, Tailed Jay, Malabar Tree Nymph, Tamil Yoeman, Plain Tiger and Lime Butterfly are found in the region.
The Zoological Survey of India:
- The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is the premier taxonomic research organization in India.
- It was established on 1 July 1916 to promote surveys, exploration and research leading to advancement of our knowledge of various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life of India.
- The ZSI had its genesis as the Zoological Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1875.
- Since its inception, the ZSI has been documenting the diversity and distribution of the fauna of India towards carrying out its mandate of conducting exploration-cum-taxonomic-research programmes.
Q) Which of the following statements is/are correct with reference to the Malabar tree toad?
a. It is critically endangered according to IUCN Red List.
b. Females are larger than males.
Answer: Option III


text:
The Case for an Interwoven Parallel Hardware/Software Stack
Cloud and Distributed Computing
System Software and Runtime Systems
TimeMonday, 15 November 202111:20am - 11:45am CST
DescriptionThe layered structure of the system software stacks we use today allows for separation of concerns and increases portability. However, the confluence of widely available virtualization and hardware partitioning technology, new OS techniques, rapidly changing hardware, and significant advances in compiler technology together present a ripe opportunity for restructuring the stack, particularly to support effective parallel execution. We argue that there are cases where layers, particularly the compiler, run-time, kernel, and hardware, should be interwoven, enabling new optimizations and abstractions. We present four examples where we have successfully applied this interweaving model of system design, and we outline several lines of promising ongoing work.