text:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE OF NEEDLE-PUNCHED C/C-SIC COMPOSITES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES
In this study, thermal contact resistance (TCR) of needle-punched C/C-SiC composites under different conditions (temperature, pressure) is experimentally measured by a three-element system. The "three-element system" refers to a thermal conductivity measurement facility, a surface roughness measurement microscope and a one-D heat conduction system. Details of the three elements and the measurement process are described. Under the measurement conditions, the values of TCR of the needle-punched C/C-SiC composites are within the range of 0.00005 to 0.000275 K·m2·W-1. Generally speaking the TCR increases with interface temperature when it is lower than about 220° and decreases with loading pressure monotonically. Four variation curves of TCR are presented.


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While listening to a podcast from SpanishPod recently, I came across this section where they were discussing the Spanish for various computer-related terms and one of the hosts gave liga as the Spanish for link, the stuff that when clicked leads to a different web page.
Elsewhere, I have also heard two other words for the same term: vínculo and enlace. Do all three really mean the exact same thing? I want to know if there's any, just any, difference among the three whatsoever. Any subtle difference?
And if they are all really the same thing, which is the preferred word in which region? Which of the three is preferred in Mexico? What about other parts of the world?
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Vínculo, that evil word from Microsoft... – JoulSauron Jun 13 at 12:53
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In México we can use vínculo or enlace but it is more common to use liga.
The later is used in a day to day conversation, vínculo and enlace are more formal.
By the way... ligar as a verb is used here when referring to flirting.
 ¿Cuál es la liga para comprar esa bolsa en ebay?
 Pásame la liga para entrar a tu sitio.
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The original meaning of link, IIUIC, is each of the rings of a chain. That is Spanish is eslabón. (cf. The missing link / El eslabón perdido).
Then, in English, link is also used to mean conection or even relation. That in Spanish would be conexión, enlace or relación.
In Internet, link is actually a short form of the original hyperlink (remember that HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol). That was usually translated as hiper-enlace or hiper-vínculo (with our without dashes). Then, when the English form shortened to link the Spanish one did the same to vínculo or enlace.
As a new meaning for an old word, I don't think that neither vínculo or enlace are better than the other. Personally, I prefer enlace. It just sounds better to me (I'm from Spain).
However, about the other word you comment, liga, I think it is used solely because it sounds similar to the English one, so would be it better avoided. Ligar means tie or bind, only somewhat similar to link.
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I agree enlace is really the only thing that works, but vínculo makes sense as well. – Cayetano Gonçalves Jun 13 at 15:17
_USER_: The thing is that enlace sounds nice, but the older hiperenlace sounds a bit weird to Spanish ears, maybe because of the syllabification: it would be natural to do it as hi-pe-ren-la-ce, but the speaker tries to keep the prefix separated as hi-per--en-la-ce. Hipervínculo does not have this issue so it may have been preferred in the early days of Internet. – rodrigo Jun 13 at 15:45
Here in Chile, we say link, vínculo or enlace.
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Link, in the meaning you describe, is indistinctly translated in Spain and Mexico as vínculo or enlace.
There are no nuances when using one or the other, so probably is a matter of habitude in using one or the other.
For example, Microsoft uses vínculo exclusively for their software localized in Spanish from Spain (es_es), and vínculo or enlace, depending of the package, when in Spanish from Mexico (es_mx). However, enlace is as widely used as vínculo in Spain.
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Though, looking to Microsoft for translations is probably not the best idea. They after all translated English font as fuente (tipografía or tipo being the words actually used by typographers) and refuse to fix it even after I've reported it many times. – guifa Jun 26 at 3:00
Yes, that's true, they used to use "mouse" as spanish translation for "mouse". But the fact is that sometimes the wide use of a translation makes it more understandable; even bad uses of words have become accepted because of its wide use. Think of the use of "incierto" as synonym for "false" (which is incorrect as "incierto" means "uncertain"), widely used by spanish politicians as a more politically correct way to say "falso". Finally, "incierto" is now accepted by the Real Academia Española de la Lengua as synonym for "false". – Roberto Jun 27 at 8:56
The three words are exatly the same, but enlace and vínculo are for the formal speech and text while liga and link are the "informal" ones but ther's no problem for using both words in formal talking. Personally I've never said liga, me and my environment use link. I'm from México.
 1. That's the link.
 2. Ese es el enlace.
 3. Ese es el vínculo.
 4. Esa es la liga.
 5. Ese es el link.
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Your Answer


How many times have you gone out to the practice range with a big bag or bucket of balls and hit them until: 1. Your back was too sore to hit another, or 2. You were slapping them down there pretty well and it just felt good. Notice, I called it THE PRACTICE RANGE.
How can hitting balls every ten seconds be good for you? Either: 1. You'll hurt yourself and/or 2. You equate "quantity" with "quality."
I've been following Jack Nicklaus' example of how to practice my entire career. It is a process I teach my students: practice how you play.
You'll be surprised just how effective 20 ball can be instead of 200.
-- Steve
P.S. The response we received from all of you to our "Immediate Improvement" streaming video was fantastic! So were the comments from golfers who discovered "immediate" was the right word. We're about ready to put together another 30 more tips so keep checking the site out. We'll also be having another drawing. Stay tuned.
P.P.S. We been asked if we still have "The Three Fundamentals" DVD (physical disk). Definitely. Click below to order (remember Father's Day).
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text:
by Keith Anderson
Time: 11:00 am
Place: Godide, Gaza Province, Mozambique
Event: Graduation day!
December, 2014—It's been a long road for the pastors and church leaders who have gathered to officially finalize their time with Samaritan's Purse. For months now, they've been training with Samaritan's Purse pastors and learning about the Bible, leadership and how to touch their communities with the Gospel.
"The great goal of the program is to teach the vision, which is the development of the local community using local materials, and also to motivate the communities to learn the Word of God and biblical knowledge," said Mishaque Sibanda, a pastor who works with Samaritans Purse.
The graduation was a time release these church leaders, to see how they carry out everything they have learned. We have taught them how to aid their communities in a positive manner, biblically representing the love of Christ. They are encouraged to start small projects, such as animal rearing, in order to benefit those in need.
"[Samaritan's Purse] gave me a vision for the future, about the rearing of animals and agriculture, and also about visiting and caring for the poor," said Florida Macuacua, one of the participants.
Too often, churches are entangled in severe struggles. Fights over members, internal discord, and lack of spiritual understanding are harmful. Pastor Naftal, who participated in the training, said that churches aren't focused on fulfilling their role as salt and light in the communities.
He said he will remember the warning against witchcraft. Many pastors in Mozambique have little or no theological training, and some still rely on traditional religious practices. But Samaritan's Purse is sharing God's Word about salvation.
As these men and women are taught the truth about Jesus and His sacrifice, they are freed to look beyond themselves and see the hurting world outside their church walls. I'm excited to see their progress as they reach this final stage of the program.
"We are benefitting from the program through the biblical teaching," Florida said.
Throughout the course, we encourage the churches to begin seed programs—small, simple projects using local materials aimed at impacting the community for Christ. They are encouraged to initiate projects of their own and not wait for donations from the government.
One example is the church Florida attends. The leaders have a vision for its future development and Samaritan's Purse desires to see this church and its community working together. Our prayer is for the believers to embrace the integral mission for the transformation of their communities and for new members to be attracted to the church as a result.
I've often wondered what it would look like for a group of churches to join together to train and work to impact their immediate communities. The work done by these believers will have a visible impact. My prayer for them is that the Truth they have learned will entirely alter their lives, that they will not fall back into the practices that can ensnare them, and that the love of Jesus will transform and restore this land.
Click here to visit the Samaritan's Purse gift catalog and help people hear the message of God's salvation.
Keith Anderson recently completed an internship with Samaritan's Purse in Mozambique.
Working tirelessly to meet the physical and spiritual needs in their communities, many local churches around the world are a source of help, comfort, and support. Your gift will allow Samaritan's Purse to help the international church continue to be a tangible model of Christ's love.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Summary: Interpreting classical theories
in constructive ones
A number of classical theories are interpreted in analogous theories
that are based on intuitionistic logic. The classical theories considered
include subsystems of firstand second-order arithmetic, bounded arithmetic, and admissible set theory.
Proof theory was developed, in part, as a way to reconcile classical and constructive aspects of mathematical reasoning. Given this historical fact, it is not
surprising that over the years proof theorists have invested a good deal of effort
in reducing classical theories to constructive ones.
Elegant in its simplicity, the GĻodel-Gentzen double-negation interpretation
works wonders. For example, it seamlessly reduces classical arithmetic to its
intuitionistic counterpart, and with some additional work it can be used to interpret Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in a variant based on intuitionistic logic.
Under the double-negation interpretation, 2 sentences of arithmetic, which can
be said to carry a theory's "computational" content, are not preserved, but in
both these examples a further application of the Friedman-Dragalin interpreta-

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Diana is an Associate Director at the Atlanta, GA Protiviti office. Diana joined Protiviti in April 2018 and will assist with several projects focusing on Regulatory Compliance, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Information Security, and Privacy for numerous clients. Diana has extensive experience in Cyber Law and US/EU Data Privacy laws.
- Assisted multiple organizations with the implementation and certification of Information Security, Quality and Risk Management programs.
- Established General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance programs across global organizations that included Third-Party testing of Security Controls to assure the secure processing and Privacy of sensitive information.
- Established programs to ensure the protection of millions of records of personal data while complying with the applicable legal framework on data protection.
- Managed multiple data-driven GRC Operational Excellence strategies to improve, optimize and simplify Information Security and Privacy business processes and designs.
- Established the GRC/eGRC vision for various organizations, eliminated bottlenecks, leveraged improvement opportunities and streamlined overly complex risk assessment processes.
- Streamlined day to day operations of Cybersecurity and Information Security in the areas of Privacy, Risk and Vulnerability Management, Information Access Management, Audit and Compliance and Information Security Awareness & Training.
- Led the development of reasonably appropriate Information Security, IT and Privacy policies and procedures for global companies.
- Assisted various organizations in multiple industries adopt IT Governance, Quality, Cyber Security and Privacy Frameworks from COBIT to NIST to ISO.
- Established anti-phishing/anti-ransomware programs reducing the number of occurrences from dozens per month to single digits.
- Directed feasibility studies with full Secure Systems Development Lifecycle (SSDLC) initiatives including data privacy, system security, threat analysis, and systems architecture.
Areas of Expertise
- IT Regulatory Compliance
- Cyber-Risk Management
- Cyber Security & Privacy
- Information Technology
- Federal/Local Government
- M.S. in Information Technology, Information Assurance & Security
Professional Memberships and Certifications
- Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA)
- FBI InfraGard Member
- Certifications: ITIL, CSSGB, C|EH, E|CSA, C|NDA, L|PT


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text:
Rabbits, in general, have a sweet tooth, and they love treats. This is why sometimes you should control yourself, especially if your rabbit shows cute begging faces.
Hays and pellets should still be their primary source of nutrients because your pet's metabolism needs a lot of fiber from the grass. High-fiber food helps them digest and distribute energy nutrients all over their body.
However, it's not bad if you sneak a few slices of healthy treats for them, especially if it will give your pet additional nutrients from munching the treats.
Rabbits enjoy munching on some foods aside from grass hay because of its sweet content. However, note that excessive glucose can cause health issues you don't want your pet to catch on to.
There are several rabbit treats available in the market; it's important to always remember that if you buy your rabbit treats, ensure they contain no added sugar or artificial flavors and colorings.
But if you are second-guessing some rabbit commercial pet treats that can contain questionable and imbalanced nutrition, you may offer them sweet but natural treats to satisfy their cravings.
So, as a rabbit-savvy owner, you should make good options for your pet. Introducing a few sweet treats like sugary treats of fruit and veggies is best.
Fruits and vegetables make a good alternative natural treat you can offer your rabbit. Here are some lists of food that your rabbit will surely enjoy munching while getting a nutritional benefit.
This fruit is rich in fiber, one of the primary nutrients that the body of your rabbit needs. Remember to feed this in moderation and remove the excess pits and kernels of the apple because they can be poisonous to your pet.
One of the safest fruits that your bunny can enjoy without feeling guilty. Blueberry is a great source of antioxidants that helps your rabbit's body cells against free radicals.
Your bunny will be satisfied with this natural treatment because it is rich in vitamins and minerals to boost their body function. Strawberry leaves are also healthy; you can add them to your rabbit staple diet.
Banana is a good occasional sweet treat you can offer to your rabbit. This fruit is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that assist the rabbit's development. However, remember not to overfeed them bananas because it can upset their metabolism.
Fiber and Vitamin K are the main benefits your rabbit can take advantage of when they eat grapes. This perfect-size fruit is also a good alternative if you want to satisfy the cravings of your rabbit.
Spinach is a staple food that your rabbit can safely eat. The stalks and stem of this veggie can also contribute to their wellness because of its folic acid and vitamin content.
This veggie is good for your rabbit's heart and liver, making it a perfect treat for your pet. However, too much intake can cause constipation for them; a few slices is enough for your rabbit to get the nutritional benefits of broccoli.
A carrot is a good option to escape your rabbit's boredom. It has a hard texture and vitamins and minerals that can contribute to the body. Do not feed them too much because it might cause them dental issues.
Zucchini has a great amount of water content in its flesh. This is a great option to fodder your bunny, especially for summer when they need extra help to increase your pet's hydration. However, a moderate amount is enough for your pet because it may lead to diarrhea if they intake too much water.
While these natural treats listed above are not as satisfying as the desserts such as chocolate and ice cream, they are a great alternative for your rabbit's cravings. Since your pet will be consuming timothy hays and grasses all their life, adding a little flavor to their diet is not bad. However, stick to the right amount and sizes because it might cause your rabbit some health problems.
For more details on what your Rabbit Can and Cannot Eat, Read this article: The Definitive Guide To What Foods Rabbits Can & Cannot Eat
Like the amount of grass hays your rabbit should consume, satisfying their sweet tooth should also be limited. According to some reports, veggies, especially fruits, have a natural sugar content meaning excessive intake has some disadvantages. This may cause your rabbits to get obese and develop tooth decay.
When giving food to your rabbit, it will depend on its size and weight. But in general recommendations, fruits and veggies should be given for 2 or 3 days a week. Fruits like bananas and grapes should be offered less because they are higher in glucose content than the rest of the fruits.
Rabbits below 7 months old must not be fed with fruits. Those between 7 months to 1 year can eat only 1 to 2 ounces of fruits, equal to 2-4 tablespoons, for every 6 pounds of body weight per day. If your pet is already 1 year old, you can give up to 2 tablespoons.
However, if you want to make sure about the feeding guidelines for your pet, you can always check your veterinarian's advice. They can also give you a list of safe and beneficial food for your rabbit.
Rabbit's Dental Health
Dental health should be as important as your rabbit's diet because serious issues with their teeth can cause further problems for your pet. If not addressed, your rabbit may lose their appetite.
You may check out these tips on how to maintain your rabbit's dental care:
- Routinely check your rabbit's gum and teeth to monitor if there are problems.
- Giving your rabbits something extra or food to chew can help them maintain dental health.
- Be aware of hard-to-chew foods because they can damage your pet's teeth.
- Schedule a visit to your pet's doctor for their dental check-up.
Here are some early symptoms that you can notice in your rabbit if they are experiencing dental problems:
- Difficulty in chewing food
- Prefer taking food in a water bowl over a sipper bottle
- Loss of Appetite
- Decrease in weight
- Nasal discharge
- Excessive drooling
- Tooth grinding
- Excessive teardrops
- Your rabbit naturally craves sweet foods. And you can satisfy them with available commercial treats, or for a healthier option, some fruits and veggies are safe for them to eat. In addition, it is more beneficial for them because of the nutritional value it can give to their body.
- Simple desserts for humans, such as ice cream and chocolate, are unsuitable for your rabbit's metabolism because of their high sugar content.
- Be aware if you see your rabbit licking or showing interest in your sweet foods. They might enjoy it, but there can be health consequences.
- Avoid giving Ice cream, chocolate, and cake to your pet, even if it's a homemade sweet. There might be ingredients that are unsafe for your rabbit to eat.
- A variety of natural food, such as veggies and fruits, can satisfy your rabbit's sweet food.
- Some fruits have higher sugar content, so avoid overfeeding them because it raises digestive and dental issues for your pet.
- It's always advisable to have a veterinarian check your pet regularly regarding their overall wellness and diet.
- The Definitive Guide To What Foods Rabbits Can & Cannot Eat
- 6 Rabbit Pellets You Can Trust
- Do Rabbits Love Sweet Foods? (Natural Treats & Feeding Guide)
- Best Treats To Reward Your Rabbits (Feeding Guide & Tips)
- What Food Do Baby Bunnies Eat? (Ideal Diet & Care Guide)
- How Long Can Rabbits Survive Without Food? (Survival Rate, Facts & Care Guide)
- What To Do When Your Rabbit Accidentally Eats Marijuana? (The Law, Signs, Treatment & Alternatives)
- Definitive Guide to Your Rabbit's Health
- Diarrhea In Rabbits: Causes, Treatment & Prevention
- Understanding the Drinking Habit of a Rabbit
- Rabbit's Digestive System: Parts, Problems, Treatment & Prevention
- Lumps In Rabbits (Causes, Types, & Treatment)
- Understanding Your Rabbit's Eyes: Common Infections (And Treatment)
- Ear Mites in Rabbits: Diagnosing, Risks, Prevention & Treatment
- Parasitic Infestation: Encephalitozoon Cuniculi in Rabbits (What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment)
- Rabbit Testicles: Common Problems, Symptoms & Best Practices


Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using ::1.
in
Preface:
I've been using ChatGPT as a development tool as of late. Prior to searching for possible bug fixes, I'll check to see if ChatGPT has an answer to what I would normally use as a query on Google or Bing. In this instance, I receive the following error after running service apache2 start.
Me:
AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using ::1. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
ChatGPT:
This message is generated by the Apache web server and is indicating that the server is not configured with a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for the current IP address.
To resolve this issue, you can set the ServerName directive globally in the Apache configuration file to specify the FQDN of your server. This can be done by following these steps:
 1. Open the Apache configuration file for editing. This is typically located at /etc/apache2/apache2.conf or /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.
 2. Search for the ServerName directive. If it is commented out (i.e., prefixed with a #), remove the # character to uncomment the line.
 3. If the ServerName directive does not exist, add it to the configuration file as follows:
ServerName yourserver.example.com
Replace yourserver.example.com with the FQDN of your server.
 1. Save the configuration file and restart the Apache service to apply the changes:
sudo service apache2 restart
After completing these steps, the message should no longer appear and the Apache web server should be able to determine the server's FQDN.
Result:
The error did not repeat itself.
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text:
Designers want to create many, varied concepts to choose among. Design Heuristics provide 77 specific strategies to help you generate novel designs that are different from each other, leading to innovative concepts.
Each card includes a description of the heuristic, an abstract image depicting the application of the heuristic, and two scketches that show how the heuristic is evident in consumer products.
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Comparing relative release potential
Comparing relative release potential
To fulfil their specific functions, additives should stay in the plastics they have been added to. They may nevertheless be released from plastic products during their use, which can result in potential risks to human health and the environment.
The release of an additive depends on some properties of the substance itself (e.g. the molecular weight), its concentration in the plastic material, the diffusivity of the polymer matrix, the dimensions of the article (e.g. the size of surface) and the conditions of use of the article (e.g. temperature). Producers of high quality plastic materials and articles will normally aim to optimise the combination of these parameters to limit release.
Whether the released amount of an additive is of concern for human health and the environment depends on its toxicological and eco-toxicological properties, and how it behaves in water, on skin and in air after release. For confirming or ruling out a concern usually a more in depthassessment is needed.
Under the joint project, ECHA and industry developed a screening method based on the comparison of relative release potential, to enable the identification of plastic additives that should be prioritised for assessment in the light of available hazard data.
The method enables the comparison of the relative release potential of different additives used in plastics. It is meant for screening purposes among those substances not yet under regulatory scrutiny. It therefore makes use of information inputs expected to be readily available for the majority of additives, including substance properties, concentrations, and types of plastic materials they are found in. The tonnage of the additive on the market and its breakdown by article type are is not taken into account, as available data are scarce.
The method is based on existing models for plastic articles. More details on the modelling approaches and how they were used within the framework of the joint initiative are provided in the Supplementary Information on Scope and Methods.
The relative release potential among a set of additives is described by two indicator values, one for the dermal route (covering also oral contact and release to water) and one for the inhalation route.
Based on the available models, it is not possible to derive indicator values for all substance types, and thus more qualitative considerations were applied in the comparison. For pigments with very low solubility in water and octanol, for example, a low release potential is assumed by default. Additives where the release behaviour is very uncertain, such as those with charged migrants, are excluded from the comparison at all.
How it works
Where more than one function or polymer type is relevant, the type leading to the higher release is used as a reference. Where industry could not provide information on the typical concentration in plastic material, a default concentration for the function is used. Where information on the function and/or the polymer matrix was not available, a high default concentration (35 %) and a high diffusivity polymer matrix (polyethylene or soft PVC) is used as the default.
Table 1: Examples for comparing the release potential for organic plastic additives
Substances D, G and M have the highest potentials for release, while substances B, H, I and S have the lowest. This illustrates how the release potential of additives belonging to the same functional group may differ by various orders of magnitude.
Substance name Molecular weight (Da) Vapour pressure (Pa) Water solubility (mg/L) log Kow (-) Technical function Polymeer Matrix Conc. nn polymer (%) Release indicator (dermal) Release indicator (inhalation)
A 403.0 5.63E-04 4.85E-02 5.6 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
B 637.0 4.21E-21 2.19E-06 9.61 n.a. PA 0.5 -7 -10
C 403.0 1.65E-11 1.26E-01 5.12 n.a. n.a. 35 -2 -8
D 218.0 3.31E-01 5.80E+04 0.36 plasticiser PVC (soft) 10 0 0
E 795.0 3.28E-22 6.60E-11 13.7 heat stabiliser Polyolefin-I 2 -6 -9
F 553.0 1.39E-18 2.75E-04 7.79 antioxidant Polyolefin-I 1 -5 -9
G 255.0 5.93E-16 2.70E+00 -2.28 flame retardant PUR 30 0 -8
H 685.0 9.51E-14 4.68E-06 10 UV/light stabiliser PMMA 1 -7 -9
I 593.0 1.06E-15 2.05E-10 14 Other stabiliser Polyolefin-I 0.3 -7 -10
L 355.0 1.29E-03 1.14E-05 10.2 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -3
M 350.0 1.10E-11 2.30E+03 0.51 n.a. n.a. 35 0 -9
N 214.0 9.48E-06 1.34E+05 -0.19 flame retardant ABS 25 -3 -4
O 414.0 1.95E-12 2.20E+00 3.57 nucleating agent Polyolefin-I 2 -3 -9
P 451 9.83E-10 4.97E+01 2.9 UV/light stabiliser Polyolefin-I 0.8 -3 -8
Q 224.0 6.28E-03 2.33E+02 2.51 Other stabiliser PVC (soft) 2 -2 -2
R 254.0 2.32E-10 2.80E+03 -2.61 heat stabiliser Polyolefin-I 2 -1 -5
S 733.0 1.07E-14 2.95E-12 15.1 antioxidant Polyolefin-I 0.2 -7 -10
T 483.0 4.05E-06 4.78E-08 12 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -4 -4
Table 2: Release potential comparison for different constituents in the same substance
A comparison is made between the intrinsic properties of constituents contained in a single additive and the resulting release potential. The concentrations of the constituents in the substance have not been taken into account, as this information is usually not publicly available. The example shows how the release potential of different constituents in the same substance may differ by various orders of magnitude. This illustrates that proper judgements on the release behaviour of such substances depend on identifying the constituents that best represent the hazard and the release behaviour of the substance.
Name Molecular weight (Da) Vapour pressure (Pa) Water solubility (mg/L) log Kow (-) Technical function Polymer matrix Conc. in polymer (%) Release indicator (dermal) Release indicator (inhalation)
A1 204.0 9.30E-04 3.82E+03 1.21 n.a. n.a. 35 0 -3
A2 457.0 6.30E-09 6.33E-05 9.18 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -8
A3 849.0 2.73E-17 2.28E-19 22.46 n.a. n.a. 35 -5 -8
B1 331.0 9.51E-08 1.25E-01 5.63 n.a. n.a. 35 -2 -6
B2 569.0 9.35E-13 5.31E-09 13.11 n.a. n.a. 35 -4 -8
B3 892.0 2.64E-18 6.53E-21 23.94 n.a. n.a. 35 -5 -8
C1 326.4 5.38E-04 6.80E-01 4.8 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
C2 348.0 1.65E-03 1.93E-02 6.46 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -2 -2
C3 384.6 1.85E-03 1.70E-04 8.61 plasticiser PVC (soft) 35 -3 -2
Categories Display
Route:.live2


transalations
Hi,
I am having prolem when dealing with N-way synchronization.the problem description is below:
differebt systems involved in the integration uses their own native codes for representing data. say one system may use 001 to represent countrycode for some country and other may use 010 for the same country as countrycode. How to do these transalations? source system send data to webMethods with their own native codes and webMethods is supposed to synchronize data in target systems with their corresponding native codes.
Could you please help me in sorting out this scenario.
Thanks in Advance.
You can consider storing these codes in DB table, so when source system sends particular code, you can query and retrieve the value of target system's respective code.
Hi Rajashekar,
you can handle this scenario by using properties file also.
Better I'll explain with below example.
 1. create properties file
 ex : firstName=E001
 lastName=E002
 2. Put this properties file in config dir
 3. get that properties file from conf directory
 4. Translate data codes based on the input value.
Please let me know if you face any problem
Hi,
Thanks for your replies. But in the scenario, i need to update the xrefs also. In that case how can we handle? i got some information like we should store all the translations in DB and then we need to pull the data from DB. but i dont know how to perform the cross-referencing and what exactly it means. Please guide me.
Thanks in Advance
Using xref is here is the best bet for you. Please refer to following GEAR documentation, they are describing this topic in very great detail:
Data Synchronization: Cookbook- GEAR 6.5 – Implementation Guide
Data Synchronization: Overview- GEAR 6.5 – Implementation Guide
Thanks
AmaR
Hi,
 1. Try to obtain the country_code–>country_name mapping of your source. Put this in a DB.
 2. You try to store the country codes(intermediate-u giv ur own) of all countries which you may use, in a DB. (This is purely for your team alone.)
 3. Then, once the source sends data, use the country code of it and find country name using DB as in step-1.
 4. Then with country name you have, take the intermediate-code.
 5. Do the reverse to map to target.
All the Best!!!


This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
LineWeight Cell (Line Format Section)
Determines the line weight of a shape. Set the line weight by entering a number with a valid unit of measure.
You can also set the value of LineWeight in the Line dialog box (on the Home tab, in the Shape group, click Line, point to Weight, and then click More Lines).
If the unit of measure is not entered, the unit of measure for text specified in the Visio Options dialog box is used (click the File tab, and then click Options). Line weight is independent of the scale of the drawing. If the drawing is scaled, the line weight remains the same.
To get a reference to the LineWeight cell by name from another formula, or from a program using the CellsU property, use:
Cell name:
LineWeight
To get a reference to the LineWeight cell by index from a program, use the CellsSRC property with the following arguments:
Section index:
visSectionObject
Row index:
visRowLine
Cell index:
visLineWeight
Show:


text:
Why do you live with your tia/aunt?: Making Sense of Cultural and Family Identities as a Latinx Foster Youth
In 2017, more than 690,000 children spent time in foster care, and on any given day in the US, more than 443,000 children are in foster care. One-third of all foster youth are children of color, with 93,507 children identifying as Hispanic/Latinx. People identifying as Latinx are the fastest growing group in the child welfare system. Michael will be interviewing Latinx foster youth from across California, focusing on the cultural and family identities of each participant. Familia/family, culture, and ethnic identity are cornerstones of the Latinx community, so how do Latinx foster youth navigate these spaces? The projects goal is disruption: disrupting extractive research practices, disrupting Black/white binaries, disrupting foster youth research conducted by non-foster youth researchers, and emphasizing Latinx foster youth voices.
- Major: Ethnic Studies and Film, Education Minor
- Mentor: Jill Berrick, Social Welfare


text:
The Milkwater is a river located beyond the Wall. It is created from several tributaries that originate in the Frostfangs, and runs south along the mountain range until it pours its waters into the Bay of Ice. It carves a deep gorge through the mountains as it empties into the sea at the western end of the Wall, which is guarded by the Shadow Tower.
The Milkwater has four main branches, none of which has been revealed to have a formal name - they are all considered part of "the Milkwater". One major branch runs all the way north along the mountain range, almost to the valley of the Thenn. The next branch runs northwest from the Fist of the First Men, north of the Skirling Pass. A third branch runs south of the Fist and the Skirling Pass. The fourth and southernmost branch actually doesn't originate in the Frostfangs, but in the Haunted Forest to the east. Indeed, it extends as far east as Castle Black (though at a much northern latitude), and runs past Craster's Keep. This final branch joins the river somewhat north of the Shadow Tower.
- ↑ Season 2 Bluray: War of the Five Kings feature


text:
Digital stability: How technology can empower future generations in the Middle East
- Manuel Langendorf
- Content Type
- Policy Brief
- European Council On Foreign Relations
- The growth of the digital economy in the Middle East and North Africa could become one of the key solutions to the region's youth unemployment crisis.
Governments in the region have taken steps to create an environment in which technology startups can thrive.
However, they need to overcome challenges such as flaws in their education systems, bureaucratic inefficiency, and a lack of funding for new businesses.
Digitisation not only creates new opportunities for employment and political participation but also enables digital authoritarianism in the region.
Europeans must help construct the region's digital infrastructure, to prevent China from popularising its internet governance model there.
The European Union should support the digitisation drive in the Middle East and North Africa through regulation, capacity-building, and funding.
- Science and Technology, Digital Economy, Political stability, Digital Policy
- Political Geography
- Europe, Middle East, North Africa


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Aurora behind ship mast
Night Lights
In the fall of 2003, the Arctic Edge science team returned to the Western Arctic Ocean to retrieve and redeploy an array of moorings placed in 2002 to observe one of the world's least-studied bodies of water. Their instruments were designed to measure the complex ocean circulation processes between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, with an eye on how that interaction affects regional and global climate. The more immediate question is: how did the moorings fare after a year under the watchful spirits of the Northern Lights? (Photo by Chris Linder, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
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text:
The effect of TMR on dairy cow preference to be indoors or at pasture.
This study investigated whether offering a TMR at pasture affected cow preference to be indoors or outdoors.
Year of Publication2010
Grazing is considered a normal behaviour for dairy cattle, although they may not be able to meet their nutritional requirements from grazing alone, and so require access to a total mixed ration (TMR). This study investigated whether offering a TMR at pasture affected cow preference to be indoors or outdoors. The study took place in the UK from August to November 2009, using 36 Holstein dairy cows. The study had three 26 day experimental periods, with 12 cows studied in each. Within each period a cross over design was used with the cows swapping between a control and a treatment group halfway through the study period. Control cows had access to TMR indoors only, whereas treatment cows had access to TMR indoors and at pasture via Calan gates. As a group, the cows were given the choice of going out to pasture or into a cubicle house following AM and PM milking. They were then free to move between the two until next milking. A video camera was used to record time spent in each location. The cows spent 71.1% of their time at pasture when given the choice. Cows spent less time at pasture as the season progressed but treatment had no effect. The results indicated that cows had a partial preference for pasture, which was not influenced by TMR being provided at pasture, although the cows spent less time at pasture as the season progressed.
This item is categorised as follows
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Animal health & welfare
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Dairy production
This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
social justice: promoting respect and equity upon all people of all minority and majority demographics
SJA: short for social justice activist/activism/awareness - promoting social justice with the specific goal of educating people to be more equitable and respectful of all people regardless of demographic (or, someone who does all this). Best taken as a compliment.
SJW: short for social justice warrior/wanker - someone who uses social justice and social justice activism/awareness to bully, harass, and dogpile people, often over semantic mistakes as much as legitimate offense, refusing to accept apologies or acknowledge mistakes for being just that, and general using SJ(A) to be an asshole. As you can probably tell, it's generally not used as a compliment.


text:
Rh-Negative Blood Type Traits: Large Head, Low Blood Pressure--and Alien Ancestors? The majority of people in any region are Rh positive. Caucasians are the most likely to be Rh negative, with approximately 17% of blood donors demonstrating a lack of this protein and highest in Basques. Native Americans are the next highest proportion of the population to test as Rh negative: approximately 10% of donors from this population lack this protein.
Rh-Negative Blood Type Traits and Characteristics: Large Head, Low Blood Pressure--and Possible Alien Ancestors?


text:
WP1 - Literature Review and User Requirements definition:
Conduct a literature review on the current state of the art and best practice in the research area. Outline issues and pressures in an Irish context and include all relevant bibliography. Develop a detailed specification for user requirements.
WP2 - Hardware, Housing, Comms Development and Sensor Integration:
Development of end to end system architecture and testing strategy. Development of housing, electronics and communications system – data logger, display, data capture, and transmission. Integrate relevant off the shelf sensors and the Hydrolight lab on a chip technology for monitoring nutrients in receiving waters.
WP3 - Software Development – Design, Build and Test:
Building out a roadmap based on the prototype developed during Proof of Concept stage and develop machine learning software for optofluidic platform. End to end software system including integration and testing for IEM buoy to be developed.
WP 4 - Field Trial and performance analysis:
Initially, lab sampling and analysis will be used to generate unique spectral identifiers for a list of contaminants that can be detected in real time. Wastewater treatment plant critical operational scenarios to be identified and appropriate early intervention strategies recommended. Deployment optofluidic platform remotely and generation live signals. IEM buoy to be tested and validated in a real-world environment focusing on system durability, usefulness, real-time data gathering, system bugs etc.


A spherical microphone array based system for immersive audio scene rendering
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2008-03-25
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Abstract
For many applications it is necessary to capture an acoustic field and present it for human listeners, creating the same acoustic perception for them as if they were actually present in the scene. Possible applications of this technique include entertainment, education, military training, remote telepresence, surveillance, and others. Recently, there is much interest on the use of spherical microphone arrays in acoustic scene capture and reproduction application. We describe a 32-microphone spherical array based system implemented for spatial audio capture and reproduction. The array embeds hardware that is traditionally external, such as preamplifiers, filters, digital-to-analog converters, and USB interface adapter, resulting in a portable lightweight solution and requiring no hardware on PC side whatsoever other than a high-speed USB port. We provide capability analysis of the array and describe software suite developed for the application.
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text:
By Diana Lee
|UNIORB: ASIAN TREND: JAPAN|
The sounds of thunderous booms, crackles and pops might have evoked natural fear, but the spectacular flashes, sparkles, and fizzles of fireworks superimposed against a backdrop of billions of celestial stars had been well worth the risks of danger. So thought the Chinese who first invented fireworks solely for amusement. To this very day, fireworks have become traditional entertainment dazzling and mesmerizing millions of Japanese viewers throughout the country.
The Japanese considered hanabi (fireworks) as "flowers of fire" — brilliant bursts in various forms and colors of poignant beauty. Like the splendid cherry blossoms' brief existence, fireworks flash in all their pomp and glory for a fleeting moment only to vanish into thin air. Since fireworks displays have become such popular events, it's common to see many people strolling in yukatas (cotton kimonos), drinking cold beer and carrying uchiwas (round-shaped fans) — everyone from the neighborhood turned up for the festivity on muggy summer nights.
In the past, firework performances were held as exclusive entertainment for the privileged class. After wining and dining on a boat, the daimyos and their lovely courtesans often watched fireworks hurled into air as they drifted along the Sumida River. Hence, shooting fireworks along a river has become a traditional practice. In fact, fireworks show over the Ryogoku Bridge on the Sumida River marks the opening ceremony of the boating season.
Fireworks would not be what it is today without the contribution of two great craftsmen — Kagiya and Tamaya. Not only did they elevate the art of fireworks but also promote fireworks status as a popular diversion among the commoners. Dexterous in pyrotechnics, Kagiya started a family business in 1659, which rapidly expanded along with his fame and influence in society. As an apprentice of Kagiya, Tamaya soon became a master in his own right, even surpassing the wizardry of his former teacher. Trying to outdo his old master, the ambitious Tamaya often challenged Kagiya to stunning fireworks performances in public. In a twist of fate, Tamaya's popularity came abruptly to an end when one of his innovative experiments caused a disastrous fire that burned village houses to the ground. Consequently, he was banished and his family heritage ruined, but his legacy lives on. To this day, many of Tamaya's exquisite fireworks achievements engrained in ukiyoe (woodblock prints) are sold in souvenir shops.
With the public's obsession with fireworks, it's not surprising that Japanese fireworks have evolved into an art of its own. The Japanese created the fabulous design of a three-dimensional global dispersion that resembles a chrysanthemum, one of the most elegant presentations in pyrotechnics. The firework shell is globular packed with several layers of different colors of powder to alter the hue of illumination while burning in the air. When the casing explodes, each star uniformly positioned around the core is strewn into space in equal distance from the center of the blast.
The Japanese fireworks fall mainly under three categories based on different scattering results: warimono, kowarimono, and pokamono. The warimono bursts into sizzling stars distributed in equal distance from the center to resemble petals of a chrysanthemum. The key to projecting a large circular distribution effect lies in the balance of tension between the thickness of the shell casing and the strength of the detonation. The magnificence of this rupture stems from the diverse color coordination and smaller additional cores in the center of the firework bloom. Instead of one awesome floral blossom, the kowarimono ejects a multiple of tiny chrysanthemums blooms all at once. Unlike the floral shower, the pokamono splits into two hemispheres while in the air, casting stars in one direction as sparks fly erratically and part as traces of smoke.
Fireworks with the state-of-the-art techniques are grabbing much attention nationwide. The special effects of starmine, a succession of launches for speed and rhythm, or the water-born fireworks, a fountain spraying out a shower of sparks, have added a new dimension to the art of pyrotechnics. Even more astounding, the daylight fireworks streak through the cloudless blue sky like lightning bolts in Technicolor. The popularity of creative firework designs has inspired replications of computer graphic designs of swirls and lines, as well as fueled patterns of familiar figures in an assortment of colors, such as, a butterfly, snail, hat, fish, and even a smiley face.
Over the years, the Japanese pyrotechnicians have consistently awed the crowds with new designs and improved techniques for a more fantastic and sophisticated display. In fact, the pyrotechnic artists exhibit their skill and ability at the annual firework display competitions held throughout Japan. The widely known contests draw thousands of spectators to the Starmine Concourse in Ise City, Mie Prefecture, the Large and Consecutive Fireworks Contest in Tsuchuira City, Ibaragi Prefecture, and the most stupendous one of them all, the Original Fireworks Contest in Omagari City, Akita Prefecture.
Although fireworks performances can be seen almost anywhere in Japan, the most celebrated ones will make you come back for more. The magnificent sanjakudama, a single massive firework rising to the height of 600 meters with a spread of 650 meters across the sky, will guarantee to enrapture you in Nagaoka City of Niigata Prefecture. The artistic endeavors of sophisticated, imaginative and fascinating fireworks will enthrall you at the Fireworks Art Celebration at Perfect Liberty. The fireworks with a water theme will captivate you at the renown lakes and seashores: the Fireworks Festival at Lake Suwa, the Bayside Fireworks Display in Yokohama, the seaside Fireworks Display in Kamakura, and the Waterborn Fireworks Display in Miyajima.
As a tradition, fireworks have evolved over hundreds of years, becoming highly entertaining, enticing, and ever increasingly adored by the Japanese. Emulating the beauty of nature, a spectacular hanabi is like a photo worth a thousand words.
(NOTE! Photos - Courtesy of Nagaoka City, Japan.)
Copyright © 2004 Uniorb All rights reserved. No part of this site may be reproduced without special permission.
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text:
At 13,642 feet, the Jungfrau is the tallest peak in a massif that includes the Eiger (13,025 feet) and the Mönch (13,474 feet). These craggy and windswept mountains, located in the Bernese Oberland region of the Swiss Alps, were once inaccessible, but the completion of the Jungfraubahn cog railway in 1912 simplified access to the Jungfrau massif, and the easy routes on the peaks became popular with climbers. This popularity, combined with the inherently volatile snow conditions throughout the Swiss Alps, has resulted in numerous fatal accidents. According to an Associated Press report, 32 people have been killed by snow slides in the Swiss Alps during July and August in the last 36 years.
At 10 a.m. on the morning of July 12, 2007, 12 Swiss soldiers from the Mountain Specialists Division accompanied by two guides were traversing a 45-degree slope on the southwest face of the Jungfrau when a slab avalanche, probably human triggered, swept two rope teams of three each 3,000 feet to their deaths. The eight remaining members of the party, including the two guides, were rescued unharmed. It was Switzerland's worst military accident in 15 years. All healthy Swiss men are required to complete an average of 10 months of military service. The victims aged 19 to 23.
THE SOUTHWEST FLANK of the Jungfrau is the normal route and is considered an easy climb, but on the morning in question the mountain was blanketed by almost two feet of fresh snow and the avalanche risk was graded a three (on a scale of five) by the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SFI). According to avalanche-center.org, there are "at least three points along the route where avalanches come down regularly," and the slide occurred on a slope that experts consider extremely dangerous. On the day before the accident, another group of climbers had triggered a slab avalanche on the adjacent Mönch and several guides sharing the Mönchsjoch hut with the army contingent warned the soldiers against trying the Jungfrau route. Soon after the tragedy, families of the victims demanded to know why the group went forward with the climb despite the warnings and clear indicators that the mountain was unsafe. In October the SFI opened an investigation into the accident. At the same time, the two guides were charged with "multiple homicides by negligence" as an examining magistrate from the Swiss military tribunal launched a separate investigation. Chris Huber, the investigating magistrate, has stressed that the guides are presumed innocent until proven guilty, but several prominent guides have been critical of the decision to attempt the peak given the hazardous conditions. The Swiss media has been particularly harsh in their censure of the army and the guides. The inquiry is ongoing.
Four variables determine avalanche danger: slope angle (terrain), snowpack, weather and you, the climber. In the case of the Jungfrau on July 12, all of the signs suggested that avalanche danger was high. The weather had been unstable and a slab avalanche had already occurred on a nearby peak, indicating that the new snow was not bonded to the layer below it. The guides and soldiers placed themselves at grave risk by entering dangerous terrain. Slab avalanches can run on any incline, but most frequently occur at an angle of 38 degrees, the steepest angle any granular substance (like sand) can achieve. This is called the angle of repose. Snow can hold on steeper slopes because the grains can bond, but as the angle of repose climbs above 38 degrees, the slope's propensity to slide increases. Snow will rarely slide on slopes under 25 degrees. On slopes steeper than 55 degrees, snow sluffs off continuously rather than forming slabs. A snow-loaded slope of 45 degrees, however, like the one that slid on the Jungfrau, is a time bomb.
There are many ways to assess avalanche danger including monitoring snow conditions—check out avalanche.org or csac.org, or digging a pit to check the layers—but the best way to stay alive when conditions are iffy is to stay home. As the authors of The ABCs of Avalanche Safety point out, "Nothing substitutes for formal instruction, routine practice, and plenty of experience." Avalanche science is complex and beyond the scope of this article. See "Avalanche," No. 141, for a more complete discussion, and a list of further reading and suggested courses.


text:
In SCEC code-comparison exercise, the results of TPV25 are quite different when the conditions at the fault junction are changed. The connected branch fault allows the rupture to slip at the junction and thus has ability to fully rupture. Does pylith supports such connected branch fault model?
PyLith can handle T intersections of faults.
Typically for a fault branch, we create the main (through-going) fault first and then the branch fault. The branch fault must be clamped (no slip) at its intersection with the main fault. The clamping is done by including the intersection in the buried edges. This results in the following geometry:
A===============B=============C \ \ \ D
The "main" fault is A-B-C and the branch fault is B-D. The vertices at B are included in the buried edges for the branch fault. Slip can occur anywhere along A-B-C on the main fault. Slip can occur on the branch fault B-D except at B.
Alternatively, the branch fault can be B-C. That is, one can first create the main fault A-B-D and then the branch fault B-C with B again being in the buried edges for the branch fault B-C. This would allow slip anywhere along the main fault A-B-D and slip on the branch fault B-C except at B.
When I say, create the main fault first, I mean list it first in the PyLith parameter file. PyLith will create faults in the order they are listed in the
Thanks for your help. You used the command
group "branch_fault" remove node in main_fault in
createbc.jou file of TPV24. If I include the intersection in the buried edges rather than remove it from branch fault, then I can create a connected fault model. Is that right?
Hi, Brad. I created a fault model as you described. I set the A-B-C as the main fault and B-D as the branch fault with vertices at B included in the buried edges. But I found that B-D is still disconnected with the A-B-C and can only be dynamic triggered by the rupture on main fault. I am wondering that if I run two simulations with A-B-C and A-B-D respectively and then combine the results of A-B-C and B-D, could it equivalent to a connected fault model?
In PyLith v2.2 when creating the
branch_fault nodeset, you do not need to remove the nodes in the
main_fault nodeset; that only applied in versions of PyLith before we implemented buried edges. The nodesets for the two faults will overlap at the intersection; the nodes in the intersection should be included in the bured edges nodeset for the branch fault.


How to Remove Leading and Trailing Zeros from String in Javascript
In this tutorial, you will learn how to remove leading and trailing zeros from string in javascript. Zeros at the end of the string are called trailing zeros and zeros at the beginning of the string are called leading zeros. From a developer perspective, it can be a bit tricky to remove leading and trailing zeros from a string.
There are numerous ways to remove leading and trailing zeros from a string. We are going to use the simplest approach which involves the usage of the regex pattern as well as replace() method. The replace() method searches the string for a particular value or a regex pattern and it returns a new string with the replaced values.
In the following example, we have one global variable that holds a string. Upon click of a button, we will remove leading and trailing zeros from the string and display the result on the screen. Please have a look over the code example and the steps given below.
HTML & CSS
 - We have 3 elements in the HTML file (div, button, and h1). The div element is just a wrapper for the rest of the elements.
 - The innerText for the button element is "Remove".
 - We have done some basic styling using CSS and added the link to our style.css stylesheet inside the head element.
 - We have also included our javascript file script.js with a script tag at the bottom.
<!DOCTYPE html>

 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
 <title>Document</title>

 <button>Remove</button>

Result

.container {
 text-align: center;
}
button {
 margin-top: 10px;
 padding: 10px 20px;
}
Javascript
 - We have selected the button element and h1 element using the document.querySelector() method and stored them in btnRemove and output variables respectively.
 - We have attached a click event listener to the button element.
 - We have a global variable myString which holds a string as its value.
 - We are displaying the original string in the h1 element using the innerText property.
 - In the event handler function, we have regex variable that holds a regex pattern /^0+|0+$/g as its value.
 - We are calling replace() method and passing regex and empty string as parameters. As a result, it will remove leading and trailing zeros from a string. The new string returned by this method will be stored in the result variable.
 - We are displaying the result in the h1 element using the innerText property.
let btnRemove = document.querySelector("button");
let output = document.querySelector("h1");
let myString = "00008014254400000";
output.innerText = myString;
btnRemove.addEventListener("click", () => {
 let regex = /^0+|0+$/g;
 let result = myString.replace(regex, "");
 output.innerText = result;
});


text:
The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship focuses specifically on individuals with backgrounds in science, technology, engineering, and math—the STEM disciplines—because these are the individuals who can have the greatest impact in supporting of high-need urban and rural public high school students develop 21st century skills.
By 2013, the Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship will prepare over 700 highly skilled math, science, and technology teachers for high-need public schools in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. These Fellows will make a significant impact on the futures of the tens of thousands students they will teach.
Passionate, Knowledgeable Science & Math Teachers Are Critical to the Nation's Future
At a time when the global economy requires more students to attain math, science and technology literacy to compete in the workplace, increasing both the quantity and quality of STEM teachers ensures that all students have the access to what they need – and deserve. Fellows also bring their passion for math, science and technology to the classroom to secondary-level STEM instruction helps to boost inspire the next generation to be scientists, mathematicians, engineers and technology experts.
A Series of Best Practices for Teacher Training
The WW Teaching Fellowship program provides participating universities with the resources to develop model math and science teacher preparation programs. Working closely with the Foundation, each partner campus redesigns their STEM teacher education curriculum to ensure it is more clinically-based, focuses on the needs of at-risk students, and supports teachers throughout their first years in the classroom.
Supporting Math and Science Teachers in the Field
Nationally, about half of all new teachers leave within their first five years. The Fellowship supports Fellows who enter the classroom by ensuring that their preparation is aligned with the skills teachers need to succeed in high-need schools, including significant teaching experience prior to becoming the full-time teacher-of-record. Fellows are prepared to hit the ground running. Upon receiving their teacher certification, Fellows are assisted in securing teaching placements within high-need schools And every Fellow receives ongoing, intensive mentoring and assessment during their first three years of teaching. Fellows also have opportunities for extended professional development both through their university and the Foundation.


text: A highly contaminated glove-box at LLNL containing plutonium was decontaminated using a strippable decontamination gel. 6 x 12 inch quadrants were mapped out on each of the surfaces. The gel was applied to various surfaces inside the glove-box and was allowed to cure. The radioactivity in each quadrant was measured using a LLNL Blue Alpha meter with a 1.5 inch standoff distance. The results showed decontamination factors of 130 and 210 on cast steel and Lexan® surfaces respectively after several applications. The gel also absorbed more than 91% of the radiation emitted from the surfaces during gel curing. The removed strippable film was analyzed by neutron multiplicity counting and gamma spectroscopy, yielding relative mass information and radioisotopic composition respectively.


text:
Tabebuia chrysantha seeds are harvested in May, commonly known as Araguane, guayacan.
Tabebuia chrysantha seeds
- Tabebuia chrysantha (Araguaney or Yellow Ipê), known as guayacan in Colombia, as tajibo in Bolivia, and as ipê-amarelo in Brazil, is a native tree of the intertropical broadleaf deciduous forests of South America above the Tropic of Capricorn. On May 29, 1948, Tabebuia chrysantha was declared National Tree of Venezuela since being an emblematic native species of extraordinary beauty. Its deep yellow resembles the one on the Venezuelan flag. It is one of about 100 species of Tabebuia.


text: Background/Purpose Muscular reflex responses of the lower extremities to sudden gait disturbances are related to postural stability and injury risk. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has shown to affect activities related to the distal leg muscles while walking. Its effects on proximal muscle activities of the leg, both for the injured- (IN) and uninjured-side (NON), remain unclear. Therefore, the aim was to compare the difference of the motor control strategy in ipsilateral and contralateral proximal joints while unperturbed walking and perturbed walking between individuals with CAI and matched controls. Materials and methods In a cross-sectional study, 13 participants with unilateral CAI and 13 controls (CON) walked on a split-belt treadmill with and without random leftand right-sided perturbations. EMG amplitudes of muscles at lower extremities were analyzed 200 ms after perturbations, 200 ms before, and 100 ms after (Post100) heel contact while walking. Onset latencies were analyzed at heel contacts and after perturbations. Statistical significance was set at alpha[less than or equal to]0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were applied to determine group differences. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to evaluate the extent of differences. Results Participants with CAI showed increased EMG amplitudes for NON-rectus abdominus at Post100 and shorter latencies for IN-gluteus maximus after heel contact compared to CON (p Conclusion Unilateral CAI alters the pattern of the motor control strategy around proximal joints bilaterally. Neuromuscular training for the muscles, which alters motor control strategy because of CAI, could be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation for CAI.


-> forall x:nat, ~ A -> P x.
1 goal ============================ forall (A : Prop) (P : nat -> Prop), A \/ (forall x : nat, ~ A -> P x) -> forall x : nat, ~ A -> P x
tauto.
No more goals.
Note
In contrast, tauto cannot solve the following goal Goal forall (A:Prop) (P:nat -> Prop), A \/ (forall x:nat, ~ A -> P x) -> forall x:nat, ~ ~ (A \/ P x). because (forall x:nat, ~ A -> P x) cannot be treated as atomic and an instantiation of x is necessary.
Tactic dtauto
While tauto recognizes inductively defined connectives isomorphic to the standard connectives and, prod, or, sum, False, Empty_set, unit and True, dtauto also recognizes all inductive types with one constructor and no indices, i.e. record-style connectives.
Tactic intuition ltac_expr?
Uses the search tree built by the decision procedure for tauto to generate a set of subgoals equivalent to the original one (but simpler than it) and applies ltac_expr to them [Mun94]. If ltac_expr is not specified, it defaults to Tauto.intuition_solver.
The initial value of intuition_solver is equivalent to auto with * but prints warning intuition-auto-with-star when it solves a goal that auto cannot solve. In a future version it will be changed to just auto. Use intuition tac locally or Ltac Tauto.intuition_solver ::= tac globally to silence the warning in a forward compatible way with your choice of tactic tac (auto, auto with *, auto with your prefered databases, or any other tactic).
If ltac_expr fails on some goals then intuition fails. In fact, tauto is simply intuition fail.
intuition recognizes inductively defined connectives isomorphic to the standard connectives and, prod, or, sum, False, Empty_set, unit and True.
Example
For instance, the tactic intuition auto applied to the goal:
(forall (x:nat), P x) /\ B -> (forall (y:nat), P y) /\ P O \/ B /\ P O
internally replaces it by the equivalent one:
(forall (x:nat), P x), B |- P O
and then uses auto which completes the proof.
Tactic dintuition ltac_expr?
In addition to the inductively defined connectives recognized by intuition, dintuition also recognizes all inductive types with one constructor and no indices, i.e. record-style connectives.
Flag Intuition Negation Unfolding
This flag controls whether intuition unfolds inner negations which do not need to be unfolded. It is on by default.
Tactic gintuition ltac_expr?
Tactic rtauto
Solves propositional tautologies similarly to tauto, but the proof term is built using a reflection scheme applied to a sequent calculus proof of the goal. The search procedure is also implemented using a different technique.
Users should be aware that this difference may result in faster proof search but slower proof checking, and rtauto might not solve goals that tauto would be able to solve (e.g. goals involving universal quantifiers).
Note that this tactic is only available after a Require Import Rtauto.
Tactic firstorder ltac_expr? using qualid+,? with ident+?
An experimental extension of tauto to first-order reasoning. It is not restricted to usual logical connectives but instead can reason about any first-order class inductive definition.
ltac_expr
Tries to solve the goal with ltac_expr when no logical rule applies. If unspecified, the tactic uses the default from the Firstorder Solver option.
using qualid+,
Adds the lemmas qualid+, to the proof search environment. If qualid refers to an inductive type, its constructors are added to the proof search environment.
with ident+
Adds lemmas from auto hint bases ident+ to the proof search environment.
Option Firstorder Solver ltac_expr
The default tactic used by firstorder when no rule applies in auto with core. This command supports the same locality attributes as Obligation Tactic.
Command Print Firstorder Solver
Prints the default tactic used by firstorder when no rule applies.
Option Firstorder Depth natural
This option controls the proof search depth bound.
Tactic gintuition ltac_expr?
An extension of intuition to first-order reasoning (similar to how firstorder extends tauto).
Tactic congruence natural? with one_term+?
natural
Specifies the maximum number of hypotheses stating quantified equalities that may be added to the problem in order to solve it. The default is 1000.
with one_term+?
Adds one_term+ to the pool of terms used by congruence. This helps in case you have partially applied constructors in your goal.
Implements the standard Nelson and Oppen congruence closure algorithm, which is a decision procedure for ground equalities with uninterpreted symbols. It also includes constructor theory (see injection and discriminate). If the goal is a non-quantified equality, congruence tries to prove it with non-quantified equalities in the context. Otherwise it tries to infer a discriminable equality from those in the context. Alternatively, congruence tries to prove that a hypothesis is equal to the goal or to the negation of another hypothesis.
congruence is also able to take advantage of hypotheses stating quantified equalities, but you have to provide a bound for the number of extra equalities generated that way. Please note that one of the sides of the equality must contain all the quantified variables in order for congruence to match against it.
Increasing the maximum number of hypotheses may solve problems that would have failed with a smaller value. It will make failures slower but it won't make successes found with the smaller value any slower. You may want to use assert to add some lemmas as hypotheses so that congruence can use them.
Tactic simple congruence natural? with one_term+?
Behaves like congruence, but does not unfold definitions.
Example
Theorem T (A:Type) (f:A -> A) (g: A -> A -> A) a b: a=(f a) -> (g b (f a))=(f (f a)) -> (g a b)=(f (g b a)) -> (g a b)=a.
1 goal A : Type f : A -> A g : A -> A -> A a, b : A ============================ a = f a -> g b (f a) = f (f a) -> g a b = f (g b a) -> g a b = a
intros.
1 goal A : Type f : A -> A g : A -> A -> A a, b : A H : a = f a H0 : g b (f a) = f (f a) H1 : g a b = f (g b a) ============================ g a b = a
congruence.
No more goals.
Qed.
Theorem inj (A:Type) (f:A -> A * A) (a c d: A) : f = pair a -> Some (f c) = Some (f d) -> c=d.
1 goal A : Type f : A -> A * A a, c, d : A ============================ f = pair a -> Some (f c) = Some (f d) -> c = d
intros.
1 goal A : Type f : A -> A * A a, c, d : A H : f = pair a H0 : Some (f c) = Some (f d) ============================ c = d
congruence.
No more goals.
Qed.
Error I don't know how to handle dependent equality.
The decision procedure managed to find a proof of the goal or of a discriminable equality but this proof could not be built in Coq because of dependently-typed functions.
Error Goal is solvable by congruence but some arguments are missing. Try congruence with term+, replacing metavariables by arbitrary terms.
The decision procedure could solve the goal with the provision that additional arguments are supplied for some


text:
We calculate the delay time and noise spectrum of a squeezed state throughout an electromagnetically induced transparency medium with dynamic Stark splitting. It is shown that the noise spectrum splits into two parts with the same delay time, so that the delayed squeezing can survive well in two channels. Furthermore, we show that the two squeezing channels as well as the delay time can be manipulated via one-photon detuning and detection frequency such that the quantum state with high delay time and squeezing can be well preserved. This avoids the influence of large noise from laser near zero detection frequency.
© 2012 Optical Society of America
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Original Manuscript: July 30, 2012
Revised Manuscript: September 25, 2012
Manuscript Accepted: September 30, 2012
Published: October 30, 2012
Yuan Li, Zhonghua Li, Dan Wang, Jiangrui Gao, and Junxiang Zhang, "Manipulation of squeezed state in electromagnetically induced transparency system via dynamic Stark effect," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29, 3177-3182 (2012)


Selecting The Appropriate Linear Actuator
Selecting The Appropriate Linear Actuator
David Eidelshtein
David Eidelshtein
PA Engineer
Learn how to determine the appropriate actuator for your application with some advice from one of our engineers.
One of the great things about working at Progressive Automations is hearing from customers about how they plan to use our actuators. From home fixtures to industrial applications, the sky is the limit for automation. In order to realize your ideas for using our linear actuators, there are many parameters which must be determined about the intended application. In this series, we present useful design techniques for determining how our actuators can be used.
Introduction
So you want to lift up a cellar door? Or slide a hidden bookshelf? Great! Now where to start …
The first step in any design with linear motion is determining how the actuator will be positioned to move an object. Once this is determined, the basic dimensions of the actuator – its force and length – can easily be determined. Careful attention to detail in this stage of design can actually save money, as the system may be capable of operating without additional switches to limit movement (more on that later); poor planning can produce a linear motion system that moves unnecessarily slow, puts undue stress on the surrounding structure, is prone to burning out or is generally unsafe.
Goals of the Design
The goal of this design process will be to select an actuator and mounting position that will:
 1. - maximize the amount of movement in the system
 1. - keep the actuator within safe operating conditions
 1. - minimize wear and strain on the actuator
Selecting an Actuator
Overall Length
The distance between the mounting holes of an actuator (with the exception of the PA-18 track actuator) can be described by the following equations:
equations
Note: the body of the housing (which includes the motor, gears and the bottom mount) is a constant, fixed length specific to each series of actuators and is independent of the stroke length. A page containing tables of the retracted and extended lengths of all the regularly stocked stroke sizes for each of our actuator models can be found on the Hole to Hole tab of Technical Date page.
Limit Switches
All of our electric linear actuators come with built in limit switches which will automatically stop the motor when the actuator is fully extended or retracted. The built-in limit switch works by breaking the circuit to the motor, and so it can be in relied upon to safely and consistently stop the actuator at a specific point. If the actuator stops moving because it has jammed against something, either the actuator will break or it will break whatever it is mounted to. Hence, the only safe way to stop an actuator that is not fully extended or retracted is to stop applying power externally.
It is good practice to allow an actuator the space to fully extend or retract, and let its built-in limit switches dictate the total sweep of movement in a system. If a system cannot be made so the actuator can fully extend or retract, external limit switches can be placed in the system so the actuator (or other moving part) makes contact before the actuator is fully extended or retracted.
Mounting Location
The mounting location of the actuator will affect both the maximum force that the actuator will have to push as well as the stroke length. In general, the more that a mounting location is hidden or discrete, the greater the force required to move the object. It is important to remember that the way an actuator is mounted can easily double or quadruple the apparent force on the actuator, and so a calculation of the force should always be attempted, even if it is just a 'ballpark' estimate.
One common misconception about linear actuators is that they can replace gas struts (i.e. shock absorbers) by being mounted in the exact same location. Gas struts aid the user by holding an object in place or by reducing the force needed to move an object; they do not exert all of the moving force as an actuator must do. Gas struts also have a low profile, and can be mounted very discretely. Placing an actuator in the same place that a gas strut once was (such as under the hood of a car) should only be done after calculating the maximum force that the actuator will have to move.
Unless the actuator is sliding an object in the same direction it is mounted, the actuator will likely pivot in its mounts as it moves the object. Be careful to make sure that the actuator will have plenty of room to move around, and that the only contact the actuator makes with the supporting structure is via the mounting brackets.
Force and Torque
After having selected a length and mounting location, the only remaining task in choosing an actuator is to calculate the maximum force on the actuator. An actuator will experience different forces depending on how it is mounted. An easy method of calculating force in systems with rotational movement is to convert all forces to torques.
Lever Arm
The force of gravity tends to create a torque in the clockwise direction, with a lever arm equal to half the length of the bar. The force needed by an actuator to oppose this torque depends on the lever arm formed by the actuator and the angle the actuator makes with respect to the bar.
Angle
Mounting location B is at the middle of the bar, and so the lever arms of the torques due to gravity and the actuator are the same. Mounting position A is between the hinge and the middle of the bar, so the lever arm that an actuator would form is smaller than the lever arm formed by gravity.
Therefore, the force of an actuator positioned in A will have to be greater than if it were positioned in B. It should be clear that in both cases, the greatest force occurs when the bar is horizontal; as the bar is lowered, the force needed to hold the bar in place decreases because the lever arm due to gravity also decreases.
The above analysis considered how the mounting location affects the lever arm and the forces on an actuator. To completely determine the force requires considering the angle formed between the actuator and the bar. As the angle between the bar and the actuator decreases, the force on the actuator will increase. Considering that the force on the actuator is greatest when the bar is horizontal, the angle between the actuator and the bar should be as close to ninety degrees as possible at this point. Of course, this would mean that the actuator is mounted directly underneath the bar, on the ground, which isn't very practical. Consider mounting positions 1 and 2 used in combination with B: the angle formed between the actuator in 1B is smaller than the angle in 2B, and so the force would be greater for an actuator. Note, however, that with the actuator in position 2B, the object will not be able to move as far as in, e.g. 1A. In general, as the mounting position is affected in such a way that the force on the actuator is reduced, the total range of motion in the system decreases.
Conclusion
In general, the design process is iterative: the preliminary design will narrow down the list of actuators that will work in the system, the next iteration of the design might include a specific actuator series and later iterations hone in on the exact model that will work for the system. While we do have a huge selection of linear actuators, we stock only specific forces and stroke lengths. We keep all the most commonly used sizes of actuators in stock, but if a niche application requires something you don't see in stock on our website, call us up: we can custom manufacture actuators to whatever specification you need!
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Acoustic Levitator Case
Acoustic levitator from Asier Marzo is a very popular thing here on instructables. I build it, it was working but I noticed couple of issues. For example:
 1. The 3D printed space between bowls is a bit fragile.
 2. The levitator can't stand on its own because of its curvature.
 3. All the electronics are fragile and a bit ugly.
So I built this case. It does couple of things like:
 1. Serves as a stand.
 2. Hides all the electronics.
 3. Iluminates levitated objects.
 4. Changes the voltage going into driver which is important when levitating liquids.
 5. Shows input and output voltage.
If you look at the second image you can notice that many changes have been made to the original model.
Step 1: Parts List
You will need these components:
acoustic levitator
LM2577 variable step-up converter
10K ohm precise potentiometer
2x toggle switch
2x white LEDs
2x UV LEDs
Acrylic, MDF or other material what are you going to cut it from
IP68 endoscope camera (optional)
endoscope camera holder (optional)
Step 2: Tool List
These tools might be handy:
1) laser cutter (I used GCC SLS 80)
2) soldering iron
3) hot glue gun
4) acumlator drill
5) screwdriver set
6) drill bit set
7) cable stripper
8) multimeter
9) marker
Step 3: Cutting the Case
Why did I choose laser cut case instead of 3D printed one? The answer is simple. It's faster to make, cheaper, and the final case will be very robust.
The thing to do now is to choose material you're gonna cut it from. Wood or MDF is elegant and cheap, and acrylic is futuristic and if you add see throught acrylic you're gonna see all the electronics inside. I chose acrylic.
I designed this case in Corel. If you don't have acces to a laser cutter (as me) there are many local services, that you can give this file to, and they will cut it to you for affordable price. All needed files are included in this step.
Note: This case was drawn for 3mm thick material. Make sure that you have this thickness.
Step 4: Getting Pieces Together
You have all pieces alreday cut, they all fit, so now you can build the case. Imagine that the case is a prism and the C shape is base. Now with a little 3D imagination sense I'm sure that you can build it.
Step 5: Adding Levitator Core
Now if you have built the basic case shape, you can add the levitator core. The case is designed that way, that it fits the curvature of levitator. Just insert the levitator between two holes of case, and glue it in place.
Step 6: Adding Electronics
The levitator is glued in, so now it's the right time to connect all necessary electronics. The best option is to glue driver in the middle part, so wires from top and bottom bowls don't have to be so long and you have to put bunch of other stuff in the bottom part of the case. Wires from driver will then go to arduino nano, which will be in bottom part of case. Very important thing to do is to add a jumper between D10 and D11 of arduino nano.
The DC barrel connector will be also in the middle part. At first, energy from it will go right into driver, but later, it will go to li-ion battery charger module and the driver will be powered from li-ion battery. That means that levitator will work even away from outlet.
I also added a switch at the front control panel. One pin of switch is connected to + of DC barrel and the other to 12V input of driver. This will be necessary when it will be powered from li-ion battery.
Step 7: Adding Ilumination
In general the particles that can levitate are small. And small things are hard too see. So I think that LED ilumination is a good idea. I just drilled two 3mm holes in plastic at the top and bottom of levitator. Then I glued both LEDs in place and connected them to 3.3V output of arduino nano.
One cool idea is to paint particless that'll levitate with UV highlighter and glue UV LEDs instead of the classic ones. I added both normal and UV ilumination. I also added switch, so I can switch between UV and normal. The best place to place the UV LEDs is in the gap between control panel and the rest of the case.
If you want just normal ilumination, just connect both white LEDs to GND and 3.3V outputs of arduino nano. If you want both normal and UV, follow included scheme. More info about mounting UV LEDs is in step 10.
I uploaded some pictures for comparison of UV and LED. All these pictures were shooted at absolute darkness (no ambient light). As you can see, normal LEDs iluminate the whole device, while UV LEDs highlight the particle itself (and that's super cool at night).
Source: Acoustic Levitator Case
About The Author
Muhammad Bilal
I am a highly skilled and motivated individual with a Master's degree in Computer Science. I have extensive experience in technical writing and a deep understanding of SEO practices.
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text:
The effect of dietary crude protein and potassium on water intake and excretion by turkeys
Study to improve understanding of the importance of protein and potassium in water intake and excretion by growing turkeys.
Year of Publication2011
Wet litter is a multifactorial problem. It is likely that the EU-wide ban on feeding animal protein to poultry and the resultant use of vegetable protein sources has increased the risk of wet litter. Soybean meal (SBM) is the main vegetable protein used in poultry diets and compared to animal proteins, SBM contains more potassium (Kþ) and non-starch polysaccharides. It also, may contain trypsin inhibitors, and have a relatively low protein and fat digestibility. These factors can cause a change in the normal gut flora, provoking sticky droppings and polydipsia. Studies have reported on the effect of crude protein (CP) content on water intake (WI) and excretion but may not always distinguish between the effects of CP and the potentially confounding effects of Kþ. As SBM contains significant amounts of Kþ the concentration of this mineral increase as the protein concentration increases. The aim of this study was to improve understanding of the importance of protein and potassium in water intake and excretion by growing turkeys.
This item is categorised as follows
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Poultry & egg production
- Subject Collection > Livestock & dairy > Animal health & welfare
This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.


text:
Advanced technologies and automation are important facilitators of single pilot operations, but they also contribute to the workload management challenges faced by the pilot. We examined task completion, workload management, and automation use in an entry-level jet (ELJ) flown by single pilots. Thirteen certificated Cessna Citation Mustang (CE-510S) pilots flew an instrument flight rules (IFR) experimental flight in a Cessna Citation Mustang simulator. At one point, participants had to descend to meet a crossing restriction prior to a waypoint and prepare for an instrument approach into an un-towered field while facilitating communication from a lost pilot who was flying too low for air traffic control to hear. Four participants experienced some sort of difficulty with regard to meeting the crossing restriction, and almost half (n=6) had problems associated with the instrument approach. Additional errors were also observed, including eight participants landing at the airport with an incorrect altimeter setting.
Burian, B. K.,
& Mead, A.
(2013). Single-Pilot Workload Management During Cruise in Entry Level Jets. 17th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, 208-213.


Framework:Javascript GridAngular GridReact GridVue Grid
JavaScript Grid: Excel Export - Hyperlinks
This section describes how to insert hyperlinks in the cells of the exported Excel file.
Exporting Formulas
You can insert hyperlinks in the cells of the exported Excel file by outputting an Excel HYPERLINK formula with a URL value you provide. The code below inserts hyperlinks in the Excel export file for all values in the URL column.
const gridOptions = {
 columnDefs: [
 { field: 'company' },
 {
 field: 'url',
 cellClass: 'hyperlinks' // references excel style
 }
 ],
 defaultExcelExportParams: {
 autoConvertFormulas: true,
 processCellCallback: params => {
 const field = params.column.getColDef().field;
 return field === 'url' ? '=HYPERLINK("${params.value}")' : params.value;
 }
 },
 excelStyles: [
 {
 id: 'hyperlinks',
 font: {
 underline: 'Single',
 color: '#358ccb'
 }
 }
 ],
 // other grid options ...
}
Note the following:
 - The URL column of the grid below has URL values.
 - In the exported Excel file, the URL column has active links for these URL values.
Next Up
Continue to the next section: Master Detail.


text:
Field of technology: Vehicles, Engines and Transportation
Patent granted on: Tue, 20 Sep 2022
A variable force tensioner (VFT) system that includes a primary piston split into two chambers disposed within a primary bore. The two chambers including a first low pressure chamber having a primary reservoir therein that feeds fluid through a check valve into a second high pressure chamber to control a biasing force on the primary piston. A piston bore clearance path can extend along a groove in the primary bore to feed oil back to the primary reservoir from the high pressure chamber.


text:
Houston Colored Junior College (_PHONE_)
On September 14, 1927, the Houston Public School Board agreed to fund the development of two junior colleges: one for whites and one for African-Americans. And so, with a loan from the Houston Public School Board of $2,800, the Colored Junior College was born in the summer of 1927 under the supervision of the Houston School District. The main provision of the authorization was that the college meet all instructional expenses from tuition fees collected from the students enrolling in the college. The initial enrollment for the first summer was 300. For the fall semester, the enrollment dropped to 88 students because many of the 300 enrolled during the summer semester were teachers who had to return to their jobs once the school year began.
The Colored Junior College was established to provide an opportunity for African-Americans to receive college training. The Junior College progressed so fast that by 1931, it became a member of the Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and was approved by the Southern Association of Colleges.
Houston College for Negroes (_PHONE_)
In the summer of 1934, the Houston School Board changed the junior college to a four-year college and the name to Houston College for Negroes. In 1936, sixty-three individuals became members of the first graduating class. The college operated this way until the summer of 1943, when it formally added a graduate program. In the spring of 1945, the Houston Independent School District severed its relationship with Houston College for Negroes, and thereafter all management of the college was vested in a Separate Board of Regents.
The College continued to operate in Yates High School, but by 1946 it had grown to an enrollment of approximately 1,400 students and needed room to grow. A few years earlier, with the help of Hugh Roy Cullen, a local philanthropist, the college obtained a 53-acre piece of property in the Third Ward area of Houston. With support from two large donors, Mrs. T.M. Fairchild, in memory of her late husband, Mr. and Mrs. C.A. Dupree, and the African American community, the college raised enough money to construct its first building on the new campus. And so, in the fall of 1946, the college moved from Jack Yates High School to its first building, the new T.M. Fairchild Building, which still operates as an active building in the university's facilities inventory.
Texas State University for Negroes (_PHONE_)
In February of 1946, Herman Marion Sweatt, an African American Houston mail carrier, applied to enroll in the law school at the University of Texas. Because Texas was one of the segregated states, Sweatt was denied admission and later filed a suit against the University of Texas and the State of Texas with the support of the NAACP. In response, believing the separate but equal doctrine would carry the day, the Texas Legislature passed Senate Bill 140 on March 3, 1947, providing for the establishment of a Negro law school in Houston and the creation of a university to surround it. This bill was complemented by House Bill 788, which approved $2,000,000 to purchase a site near Houston to house this new college and support its operation. Texas law makers initially considered Prairie View A&M College as the location of this new Law School. However, on June 14, 1947, the decision was made to use the site of Houston College for Negroes, with its new campus at the center of a large and fast growinig black population. Thus, a new law school for Negroes of Texas and Texas State University for Negroes was born.
Under the separate but equal concept, the intention of Senate Bill 140 and House Bill 788 was to create a new university for Negroes in Houston that would become the equivalent of the University of Texas in Austin.
Texas Southern University (1951-Present)
On June 1, 1951, the name of this new university for Negroes was changed from Texas State University for Negroes to Texas Southern University after students petitioned the state legislature to remove the phrase "for Negroes."
When the university opened its doors in September 1947, it had 2,300 students, two schools, one division and one college - the Law School, the Pharmacy School, the Vocational Division, and the College of Arts and Sciences. Responding to the changing times, in 1973, the 63rd Legislature designated Texas Southern University as a "special purpose" institution for urban programming. As a result, four more academic units were added - the College of Education, the School of Public Affairs, the School of Communications and the Weekend College. This designation described what Texas Southern University was doing from its inception - embracing diversity.
Today, Texas Southern University offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degree programs in the following academic colleges and schools: the College of Liberal Arts and Behavioral Sciences; the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; the College of Science and Technology; the College of Education; the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs; the School of Communication; the Thurgood Marshall School of Law; the Jesse H. Jones School of Business; the Thomas Freeman Honors College; the College of Continuing Education and the Graduate School. Other programmatic emphases are found in the Center for Excellence in Urban Education, the Center for Transportation Training and Research, the Center on the Family and a variety of special programs and projects.
Currently, Texas Southern University is staffed by approximately 1,000 faculty members and support personnel. More than 9,500 students, representing ethnically and culturally diverse backgrounds, are currently enrolled at the university.