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Efficient Power Management for Maximum Energy Optimization
What: This blog features the uses of efficient power management for energy optimization and getting peak performance from your electronics.Why: To know the different ways to maximize energy optimization and what the current trends are in place to optimize energy.
This is the era of electronic devices, where power is used at every stage. With all the devices in use, energy is consumed a lot without even knowing. From smartwatches to smart fridges, you are probably using energy at basically every stage of your life. Since energy is wasted at each stage, it is essential to optimize energy for a sustainable future.
With a proper power management plan, energy optimization is easy for devices. Power management maintains a balance between functionality, performance, and battery life. Environmental sustainability aside, the importance of power management is needed for our various other factors. Learn them here in this blog!
The Importance of Power Management
The importance of power management in different systems is discussed below:
 - Better Battery life
Efficient power management leads to a longer battery life, allowing for more usage time and fewer recharges. Different power management techniques, such as auto-lower-brightness and power-saving modes, can lead to better battery life.
This is more noticeable in portable devices where the battery is the limiting factor.
 - Improved Thermal Behavior
Through efficient use of the power supply, the temperature of the operating devices can be reduced.
As the device gets heated up, the system slows down even with the latest parts and pieces of technology. Certain parts might melt and even break connections. With proper power management techniques, thermal behaviour can be improved.
 - Reduced Product Size and Cost
Efficient power management can lead to smaller, lighter, and less expensive devices. Smaller devices are known for energy efficiency.

Power optimization also helps to reduce the environmental impact of a product since less energy is used to power devices.
 - Noise Reduction
Noise refers to the unwanted electrical interference in the electronic devices. Power management helps to reduce the noise through regulated power supply, low power modes, DVFs and optimized circuit layout.
 - Reduced Environmental Impact
Efficient use of power supply can lead to reduced impact on the environment. Solar energy and alternatives can greatly increase the sustainability of the resources.
How to Maximize Energy Optimization?
 - Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)
To explain in simple terms, DVFS provides energy on demand. DVFS provides automatic adaptation of CPU frequencies and voltages according to system load. The voltage supplied to various components is reduced based on the idle time to reduce overall power consumption. Hence, by using the DVFS technique, we achieve energy optimization.
 - Selecting the Right Power Supply Unit
Maximizing energy optimization involves not letting energy go to waste. Choosing a power supply unit with a higher efficiency rating maximizes energy optimization by preventing energy from going to waste. These devices also help in heat reduction, leading to optimized energy output.
 - Load Management and Power Factor Correction
Load balancing distributes the operation into different devices, which translates to optimized energy as a single device doesn't get overloaded with tasks. Load management helps by reducing the impact on a single device.
Power Correction factor is a measure of how efficiently an electrical system uses the power supplied by the power supply unit. Adding capacitors into the system can improve the power correction factor. This uses less energy for the same work, which not only saves time and money but the environment as well by reducing carbon emissions.
 - Efficient Lighting Solutions
Using energy-efficient lighting equipment indirectly helps to optimize energy. LEDs consume 80% less energy than traditional bulbs, resulting in lower optimization of energy. So, using such lighting systems helps in quality and control, making them a great way to optimize energy.
 - Smart Metering and Monitoring
In the matter of smart metering and monitoring, it is easy to know how this helps to optimize energy efficiency. We can tackle any problems that arise without needing extensive diagnosis by monitoring the energy outputs. Control and optimization of power usage helps to minimize leakage as well, thus helping to achieve maximum energy optimization.
 - Integrating Renewable Energy
The use of renewable energy not only increases energy optimization but reduces environmental impact as well. But, renewable energy sources alone do not provide as much power to a system compared to other energy sources. For this, integrating both sources in a system can increase energy efficiency in a system.
Integrating renewable energy in areas where the load can be balanced becomes a great way to optimize energy output.
 - Energy Management Systems and Software
Some software monitors the energy consumption during runtime for an embedded system. These energy management systems and software offer the same level of usefulness as smart metering but from a software point of view.
This software uses power scheduling policies such as Greedy, Predictive, Time out, etc., to ensure power optimization.
 - Sleep mode and power down
Modern devices and embedded systems have this feature integrated inside to achieve maximum energy efficiency.
It helps to achieve energy optimization through:
 - Reduced Power consumption
 - Lower heat generation
 - Battery conservation
 - Optimized Circuit Layout
Optimized circuit layout is a brilliant and overlooked way to increase energy efficiency. By carefully organizing the circuit cables, you can minimize power losses, voltage drops and EM interferences. Selecting the best circuit components also helps to achieve the same thing.
Organized circuit also leads to better airway passage allowing devices to cool down naturally.
The organized layout leads to noise reduction, heat management and efficient power distribution as well, which all lead to the optimization of energy.
Power Management Trends For Energy Optimization
Along with the traditional techniques to optimize energy efficiency, some modern techniques are in the trend. This includes:
 - Increasing Power Density
Packing more power into smaller devices is the latest trend to achieve enhanced system functionality and reduced system design. This improves portability and reduces energy usage for a system.
HotRod and MicroSiP are technologies used for packaging and module integration to increase power density.
 - Lowering Quiescent Current
Low quiescent current refers to the amount of current consumed by an electronic circuit when it is not powering any load and its inputs are not switching.
Newer devices are made to use less current when in an idle state to minimize power consumption. Lowering Quiescent current is the way to
 - Low Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
The current trend shows the need to use low electromagnetic interference (EMI). Designs are made to lower EMI in the systems, which can save cost and time. Spread Spectrum clocking is used to spread emissions over a wider band, reducing EMI.
 - Isolation
Isolation is the process of transferring power across a high-voltage barrier. For this, galvanic isolation is used which electrically separates two domains. SiO2 insulation barriers and integrated transformers are also used to increase safety without compromising performance.
 - Low Noise and Precision
Noise is electrical interference from a device. Linear voltage regulators and precision op-amps are being used to reduce noise and increase precision. Devices are made to reduce and mitigate IC error sources as well.
Conclusion
Energy optimization is essential for efficiency and cost savings. In conclusion, power management must become a priority in the design, deployment and operation of electronic systems. With the right focus on optimization, electronic and embedded systems can function effectively and save the environment at the same time.
IoTbyHVM is an attempt to help people by sharing knowledge and ideas about the Internet of Things and other technology-related articles and videos. IoTbyHVM.OOO provides articles related to Arduino, Raspberry Pi, use of all general purpose sensors, circuits, home automation, drones, smart TV, voice control TV, micro controllers etc. for DIY (Do it Yourself) purposes.
FAQs
 - What is Power Management in Electronics?
Power management is the process of optimizing and controlling how electronics consume electricity.
 - What is the Power Management Process?
The power management process includes monitoring, regulating, and optimizing power usage for efficiency and performance.
 - What are the Characteristics of Good Power Quality?
The characteristics of good power quality are as follows:
 - Consistent voltage
 - Stable frequency
 - Minimal distortion
 - Low noise level
 - What are Power Quality Issues?
Some of the power quality issues are:
 - Voltage fluctuations
 - Spikes, sags
 - Frequency variations
 - Harmonics
 - Electromagnetic interference.

Featured Image Source: Freepik
Harshvardhan Mishra
Hi, I'm Harshvardhan Mishra. Tech enthusiast and IT professional with a B.Tech in IT, PG Diploma in IoT from CDAC, and 6 years of industry experience. Founder of HVM Smart Solutions, blending technology for real-world solutions. As a passionate technical author, I simplify complex concepts for diverse audiences. Let's connect and explore the tech world together! If you want to help support me on my journey, consider sharing my articles, or Buy me a Coffee! Thank you for reading my blog! Happy learning! Linkedin
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It turns out that alligators do not live on meat alone. Neither do Nile crocodiles. A new study led by the Wildlife Conservation Society says that the American alligator and a dozen other crocodile species enjoy an occasional taste of fruit along with their normal meat-heavy diets of mammals, birds, and fish.
The study gives new insight into the possible role that crocodilians, some of which have large territories, may play in forest regeneration through digesting and passing seeds from fruits.
The study appears in the July issue of the Journal of Zoology. Authors include: Steven Platt of the Wildlife Conservation Society; Ruth M. Elsey of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Hong Liu of Florida International University and the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden; Thomas R. Rainwater of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; James C. Nifong of the University of Florida; Adam E. Rosenblatt and Michael R. Heithaus of Florida International University; and Frank J. Mazzotti of University of Florida.
The authors looked at 18 species of crocodilian ranging from the American alligator to the fearsome Nile crocodile and found 13 of the species consumed some form of fruit including a variety of berries, legumes, nuts, and grains.
While the authors say some of the fruit ingestion may have been incidental to prey capture, evidence shows that other fruit is consumed deliberately and in large quantities. Much remains to be learned about how crocodilians process carbohydrates and other plant-based nutrients, though studies suggests that fruit eating is likely to yield nutritional rewards for crocodilians.
"Although underreported, fruit eating appears widespread among crocodilians," said the study's lead author, Steven Platt of the Wildlife Conservation Society. "Given the biomass of crocodiles in many subtropical and tropical wetlands and their capacity for ingesting large numbers of fruits, we consider it likely that crocodilians function as significant seed dispersal agents in many freshwater ecosystems."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Sea Monkeys Add Water
The water purifier contains salt which is essential for your sea monkeys since it allows them to hatch and thrive. Once you put the packet in the water, stir a little and allow the water to sit in room temperature for a day or up to 36 hours before adding the sea monkeys to the tank. That means the Sea Monkeys can survive years and even decades of drought, but to the naked human eye the eggs just look like sand. Just add water and "instant life!" Photos used under Creative Commons from Genista rogerajohnson. What are Sea Monkeys? Sea Monkeys in History
Basically unchanged for 300 million years (!), triops are
Next add package#2, the meteor bits(the instant live eggs)into the water.These space rock fragments actually have prehistoric sea monkeys enclosed from the precambrian, the time when the first.
Sea monkeys add water. Sea-Monkeys adapt well to the gradual process of their water world becoming more salty as the water level drops. However, replenishing the water can be a shock to their system as the salt concentration quickly changes when fresh water is added back to their tank. The more water that has evaporated from the tank, the greater the shock to their. Sea-Monkeys are a hybrid breed of brine shrimp called Artemia NYOS invented in 1957 by Harold von Braunhut. Initially marketed as "Instant Life," Sea-Monkeys are sold in hatching kits as novelty. Adult Sea-Monkeys: As your Sea-Monkeys grow larger, use the large end of the Aqua-Measure Spoon and feed once a week.Cloudy water: If the water gets cloudy, you're over-feeding and should stop adding food until the water clears. Common sense: Employ common sense. Obviously, you would feed 5 dogs MORE food than you would feed just 1.
CHECK THE WATER LEVEL: Eventually, some water will evaporate. When down by 1.5 inches, add fresh water to within 1/2″ from the top. Why Can't I Grow My Sea-Monkeys®? Sea-Monkeys® really aren't hard to raise at all. First, you have to prepare the water. Most people mix everything together at once and expect the Sea-Monkeys® to be born. 24 hours later, cut open packet #2 "Instant Live Eggs", add contents to water and stir for one minute. Keep the aquarium in shaded area away from direct sunlight. Step 3. Five days later, use a Sea-Monkey® Feeding Spoon to add one small scoop of powder from packet #3 "Growth Food". Do not stir. Sea-Monkeys WILL NOT HATCH if you measured the WRONG AMOUNT OF WATER that should be used. You must use EXACTLY 12 ounces of water to get Sea-Monkeys to hatch "on the button." Failure to use the RIGHT QUANTITY of water will NOT ruin the experiment. It WILL however cause a DELAY. Too little water: If YOU used too LITTLE water, simply add MORE to.
When down by 1.5 inches, add fresh water to within 1/2" from the top. Why Can't I Grow My Sea-Monkeys? Sea-Monkeys® really aren't hard to raise at all. First, you have to prepare the water. Most people mix everything together at once and expect the Sea-Monkeys® to be born. Well, you don't get anything but a jar of dirty water if you do that. Sea-Monkeys are fun lovable little creatures, relatives of brine shrimps, that are too small to hug, but are highly enjoyable! The great thing is that they are virtually maintenance-free pets; these little creatures are probably one of the easiest pets to raise, and come in a package. Just add water! Pour water into this special tank using a purifier that removes all the harmful chemicals. Add the Sea Monkey Eggs and these unique laboratory created hybrid brine shrimp seem to hatch instantly! As the weeks go by the Brine Shrimp will grow up to 20mm long, a special growth food is included – simply feed the Sea Monkeys every.
Add your water purifier. Open the pack of water purifier and pour its contents into the water. The water purifier is intended to balance the chemical makeup of the water and help create an appropriate environment for your sea monkeys. Stir the water so the purifier can more easily spread throughout the tank. With the help of this trait, sea monkeys possess a unique distinction compared from other sea creatures. Once you purchase a packet of sea monkey eggs, they appear as lifeless dust. When you pour this dust (brine shrimp eggs) in a tank or aquarium with purified water, the sea monkeys will spring to life in a jiffy. Sea-Monkeys might be hardy little animals but they still require basic care. As well as feeding your brine shrimp, you may need to keep the habitat clean, which involves changing some of the water. This doesn't mean scooping out some water and filling up the tank or container from the faucet, which would almost.
Directed by Penny Lane. With Sam Mercurio, Rich Pell. For decades, Sea-Monkeys won the hearts of children everywhere and quickly transformed into cultural phenomena thanks to inventor, marketing genius, and complicated eccentric Harold von Braunhut. What Are Sea Monkeys? Despite their name, a sea monkey isn't an amazing underwater primate. Instead, they're a species of brine shrimp. This species, known as Artemia NYOS, is a hybrid of several types of naturally occurring brine shrimp.The creators wanted to create a hardy breed that was large enough for children to see since most brine shrimp are nearly microscopic. The sea monkeys or sea pets will adapt to the water, but don't throw in salt unless you have thrown in a lot of fresh water. In this case it will be a shock on them. Use the salt from our salt rocks only to break of a pinch to add to the water. Only add small amounts of distilled water or bottled water as a general rule so that they can adapt.
Get set for sea monkeys at Argos. Same Day delivery 7 days a week £3.95, or fast store collection. Sea-Monkeys are a novelty aquarium pet, a type of brine shrimp that undergoes cryptobiosis.Developed in the United States in 1957, by Harold von Braunhut, the shrimp are intended to be added to water, and almost always come bundled in a 3-pouch kit with other required pouches and instructions.Sometimes a small tank and/or supplementary pouches may also be included with the product. Add tap water until the total mass of the solution inside the beaker is 1,000 grams, stirring until the salt is completely dissolved (remember to take the weight of the beaker itself into account). Rock salt, sea salt, kosher salt and table salt can all be used to make seawater at home.
Smell the tank water to check that it no longer smells foul. Then, put the water back in the tank, followed by the sea monkeys. Top up the tank water with purified, room temperature water. Feed your sea monkeys and aerate the tank several times throughout the day. Then, feed them again five days later, per their usual feeding schedule.
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Abstract
The campus-wide electricity use in University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP) is highly correlated with the outdoor 2-meter surface air temperature, at hourly, daily, and monthly scales, with the correlation coefficients normally > 0.70 in 2014 and 2015. Nevertheless, 2-meter surface air temperature has evident spatial heterogeneity, determined by underlying surface types and surrounding vegetation fraction, with up-to 6 °F difference between a roof on campus and a vegetation-covered airport for the clear days on Julys 2014 and 2015. Such urban heat island effect (UHI) signal suggests that urban local surface air temperatures, instead of those in an nearby airport, may be needed in order to accurately forecast the electricity use for a given urban community. In addition to outdoor weather conditions, campus electricity use amount is also affected by other factors such as human behavioral pattern, for example, weekdays vs weekends. Therefore, interdisciplinary effort from weather system, society, and mechanical engineering is needed to fully understand and thus forecast electricity use.
How to Cite
S. JIN, REBECCA HUFF, Menglin. Urban Heat Island Effect on Building Electricity use. Global Journal of Research In Engineering, [S.l.], apr. 2019. ISSN 2249-4596. Available at: <_URL_ Date accessed: 24 apr. 2019.


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Is Tiger Woods Loss Averse? Persistent Bias in the Face of Experience, Competition, and High Stakes
- Pope and Schweitzer
- A version of the paper can be found here.
- Want a summary of academic papers with alpha? Check out our Academic Research Recap Category!
Although experimental studies have documented systematic decision errors, many leading scholars believe that experience, competition, and large stakes will reliably extinguish biases. We test for the presence of a fundamental bias, loss aversion, in a high-stakes context: professional golfers' performance on the PGA Tour. Golf provides a natural setting to test for loss aversion because golfers are rewarded
for the total number of strokes they take during a tournament, yet each individual hole has a salient reference point, par. We analyze over 2.5 million putts using precise laser measurements and find evidence that even the best golfers—including Tiger Woods—show evidence of loss aversion.
Scoring in golf is fairly simple, you add up the number of shots it takes you to get the ball in the hole. That being said, golfing–like investing–is simple, but not easy:
If the goal is to get the lowest score possible, where every shot counts the same, then every shot is important. In a perfectly efficient market, one would expect that PGA tour players would exhibit the same focus and effort on every shot. Turns out they don't!
This study examines over 2,500,000 putts on the PGA tour from 2004 to 2009. The finding should be a warning beacon for anyone who still believes that behavioral bias can't influence important outcomes: given a similar putt, PGA tour professionals perform better if the putt is for par as opposed to a birdie (i.e., loss aversion).
What is the theory behind this "loss aversion" among professional golfers?
This paper describes it very well:
Rather than make consistent decisions over final wealth states, Kahneman and Tversky (1979) postulate that economic agents evaluate decisions in isolation with respect to a salient reference point. In Prospect Theory, Kahneman and Tversky (1979) propose a reference-dependent theory of choice in which economic agents value gains differently than they value losses in two key ways. First, economic agents value losses more than they value commensurate gains (loss aversion); the "value function" is kinked at the reference point with a steeper gradient for losses than for gains. Second, economic agents are risk seeking in losses and risk averse in gains (risk shift); the utility function is convex in the loss domain and concave in the gain domain.
Here is a picture describing this theory for golf:
The picture above shows that "gains" such as a birdies (relative to par) have less utility (value) than the corresponding "loss" such as bogeys (relative to par). Essentially, "losses" hurt more than "gains."
So how could this affect a golfer?
Let's say I have a 5 foot putt.
- Scenario 1: If this putt is for "birdie" I may focus less than if this putt is for "par." Why? Because the utility, or value derived, from making the birdie putt is relatively small.
- Scenario 2: This putt is for "par". I will be more focused in this situation, because the fear of hitting a bogey is so painful.
The rational solution suggests that every put should get equal attention–they all matter. However, according to loss aversion theory, golfers will be more focused on their par puts than their birdie puts, all else equal.
But how does this affect PGA tour professionals, who should know that every putt counts the same, and who are playing for millions of dollars?
Here is the evidence:
The evidence is stunning, but is perfectly described by prospect theory: given a similar putt for birdie or par, PGA tour professionals make more par putts!
Another prediction is that golfers will be more risk averse when putting for birdie relative to par. This could be tested by examining how hard one hits the ball. It is a fact that you need to at least hit the ball to the hole to make the putt. However, many golfers (including myself) tend to lag the ball up to the hole, leaving the putt short, as the fear of hitting the ball "too far" past the hole makes players lag the putt short of the hole. If golfers are more risk averse for birdie putts, we may expect to find that birdie putts tend to come up short of the hole. The paper examines this idea.
Here is the evidence:
In the above picture, a positive (negative) regression coefficient indicates that birdie putts are more (less) likely to come to rest in the box than par putts. Examining the picture, we find many positive coefficients short of the hole, and many negative coefficient pas the hole. This indicates that PGA tour professionals tend to leave birdie putts short compared to par putts. This is again stunning, as leaving the ball short of the hole gives you "zero" probability of making the putt (I will try to remember this next time I go golfing).
What about the skill of the golfer? From 1998 – 2008, Tiger Woods was the best player in the world.
Did this loss aversion affect Tiger?
Here is a plot of the player's world ranking and their corresponding relative accuracy of birdie putts relative to par putts (a negative number means that the golfer is less accurate for birdie putts relative to par putts):
The above chart shows that most PGA golfers (including Tiger) exhibit this loss aversion, and are less accurate on birdie putts relative to par putts (as shown with the negative coefficients). In theory, competition and incentives should make the PGA tour market more efficient, yet this paper documents that PGA tour professionals exhibit loss aversion bias.
How much did this cost these golfers?
The paper estimates this here:
From this table, it appears that PGA players left hundreds of thousands of dollars on the table, due to their own loss aversion.
Besides potentially helping our own golf games, by reminding us to be less risk averse on birdie putts, can this be extended to other fields?
At Alpha Architect we believe that behavioral biases can affect stock prices, and try to build models to exploit investor bias. The trick while simultaneously trying to contain our own bias.
Let us know what you think, can this be extended to stock markets?
- The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Alpha Architect, its affiliates or its employees. Our full disclosures are available here. Definitions of common statistics used in our analysis are available here (towards the bottom).
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Here is a concept car of the future which was design by Harsha Vardhan who definitely sees the future as it looks in the movies.
He is visualizing a car that is powered by an magnetic field generated by on-board electricity powered systems which means Zero emission. The concept is called the Transporter (TW) Twin Wheel, the electric engine will produce a magnetic field which will rotate the large wheels. The wheels are suspended over a superconducting fluid where the changing magnetic field produces the motion needed to propel the vehicle. See more photos after the break..

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Drivers for the various devices in my ongoing robotics work.
The pwm2 file uses the pins_af.py file built for each board to automatically select and configure timer for the given pin. It allows you to pick alternative timers if the pin uses them and specify the pulse length in microseconds.
You can get and set the pulse width in microseconds as well as duty cycle. Changes to the pulse width can be made to occure over a period of time.
Driver for an HCSR04 ultrasonic rangefinder.
This interrupt-driven driver allows concurrent operations while ranging. It should be timed out, though, as the device will return garbage if the maximum distance is exceeded.
A collection of motor drivers.
Motor drivers have three layers.
This is the physical circuit used. It determines the types of motors controlled and how to do so.
A chip or breakout that implements a specific circuit, usually with some support hardware for specific behavior, possibly tweaking the behavior or providing a specific option.
An implementation class will be created with parameters specific to that implementation, then provide a method to connect pins to the appropriate circuit objects.
Sheilds are implementations for specific connections. Since the connections are hard wired, the instance objects will have methods to return the circuit objects by name, returning the circuit object with the connections used by the sheild.
A Python vesion of the PyBoard's Servo driver, but a bit more flexible. Servos allow you to rotate the motor shaft to a specific angle, or at a specific speed (a "continuous rotation" servo), depending on the hardware, and to do so over a period of time.
The PyBoard servo driver's "raw" pulse widths are replaced by width measured in microseconds.
An h-bridge circuit is four switches controlling inputs to a motor. While four switches imply 16 different states, some of them are uninteresting duplicates of other states, and some are to interesting, shorting power across the motor and destroying your hardware. So there are four interesting states, controlled by in1 and in2.
The two inputs in1 and in2 select between four different states:
- Both inputs low turns off the drive so the motor coasts.
- One input high and one low drives the motor in one direction.
- Swapping the state of the inputs reverses the motor direction.
- Both inputs high will apply a braking force to the motor.
The speed of a motor can be controlled by using a pwm signal on one of the inputs. If the high input is a pwm signal, then the motor switches between run and coast modes, with a higher duty cycle being higher speed. If the low input is a pwm signal, the motor switches between run and brake modes, with a higher duty cycle being lower speed. Run/coast mode is a bit easier on the electronics, but the ouput power falls off very quickly as the duty cycle drops. Run/brake mode doesn't have that problem, and is often preferable because of it. In tests with the DRV8835, run/brake mode could move my platform with a duty cycle below 10%, but run/coast wouldn't budget it until the duty cycle was over 50%.
The downside of this approach is that having variable speed in both directions requires pwm signals on both inputs. So a common alternative input scheme replaces those two inputs, only one of which needs to be pwm. One is direction (or phase), and is sent to the two inputs to the h-bridge, one inverted. The motor runs in one direction when it is high, and the other when low. The other is normally called enable, and switches the inputs between the state selected by direction and both being in the same state, either on or off. Using pwm on this input makes it a speed control, providing a bi-directional variable speed motor control with a single pwm signal.
Fundumoto - L298-based Arduino motor/servo/sensor shield
This is a very basic shield, using a single L289 with a pair of h-bridges, wired as run/coast motors with enable and direction inputs. Due to it's simple nature, it just uses the h-bridge driver directly.
It also provides a buzzer and servo connectors.
DRV8835 - Driver for the TI DRV8835 on the Polulu carrier.
This chip supports both a run/brake mode with speed and direction inputs, or the two pwm inputs passed through to the h-bridge. A single mode input selects the mode for both h-bridges on the chip.
There is an Arduino shield version of this from Pololu. The mode input is connected to ground or vcc, and not under software control.


Harmony and Voice Leading
Cengage Learning US
Harmony and Voice Leading
Ordinarie pris 601 kr
Enhetspris per
Moms ingår.
Författare: Edward Aldwell; Carl Schachter; Allen Cadwallader
E-bok ISBN: 9781337671149
ISBN: 9781337671149
Språk: English
Upplaga: 5
A clear and accessible volume spanning the entire theory course, HARMONY AND VOICE LEADING, 5th Edition, begins with coverage of basic concepts of theory and harmony and moves into coverage of advanced dissonance and chromaticism. It emphasizes the linear aspects of music as much as the harmonic, and introduces large-scale progressions--linear and harmonic--at an early stage. In the fifth edition, starting with Unit 4, the upperand lower-case system of Roman numeral analysis has been incorporated to facilitate students' recognition of chord quality. In addition, Schenker's notion of linear progressions--an important concept in later, more advanced work in tonal analysis--is informally introduced in Unit 11.


designs for high-current accelerators at Livermore and elsewhere. When an electron beam crosses the energized gap of an accelerator cell, the electron energy is increased. However, the beam with the associated electromagnetic wave also looses a small amount of energy because of the increasedmore » impedance seen across the gap. The phenomenon is sometimes called beam loading. It can also be described as a beam-induced voltage at the gap which is time varying. This creates beam energy variations that we need to understand and control. A high-fidelity computer simulation of the beam and cell interaction has been completed to quantify the time varying induced voltage at the gap. The cell and pulse-power system was characterized using a Time-domain Reflectometry (TDR) measurement technique with a coaxial air-line to drive the cell gap. The beam-induced cell voltage is computed by convoluting the cell impedance with measured beam current. The voltage was checked against other measurements to validate the accuracy. The simulation results predicted that there are significant beam-induced gap voltage variations. Beam-induced voltages from different current profiles and cell impedances were simulated and compared. This allows us to predict the effect on voltage regulation for different design alternatives before making hardware changes and high-voltage testing. The beam-induced voltages are incorporated into a larger accelerator system-model to quantify their effect on total beam energy variations.« less


text:
By the time of European contact, pottery-making in various parts of what is now Canada had evolved through a number of characteristic local phases, developing unique regional styles that can be associated with distinct First Nation groups and sub-groupings. The ceramics included in this display represent many groups we are familiar with today, such as the Ojibway (A below), the Sioux (B below), and the Mackenzie Inuit (C below).
As with many archaeological reconstructions, the deeper in time we go, the more things tend to resemble each other. Put differently, the older things are, the more difficult it is to separate them into objects that we can identify as having been produced by a particular ethnic group of the present. This statement certainly applies to ceramics.
Ceramic styles of the late prehistoric period, just before Europeans arrived, reveal shared features, so that we can speak with some confidence about Iroquoian pottery. But we also know that within such large groups there existed many small local sub-groups that functioned independently.
For example, a number of St. Lawrence Iroquoian pot styles (A and B below) included circular punctates or ring impressions, often in groups of three. In northern Manitoba, the Cree were apparently the only Cree group to manufacture ceramic plates (C below), perhaps influenced by the Inuit, who lived along the Manitoba coast at that time. Even their large pots (D below) had distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from pots (E below, for example) made by other Cree just to the south in northwestern Ontario.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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"She has a most graceful figure; holds herself well; and if, as may be hoped, she grows a little taller, she will possess every good quality one could wish for in a great princess. Her heart and character are both excellent."
This statement was made when she was around 13. There have been many debates on how tall Antoinette actually was, the number is unknown for sure. Speculation has found her to be anywhere from as tall as 5'6'' and a shorter 5'25''.
5'6'' would be rather tall for the 18th century lady. As she had been observed and described we must remember she would always be found in her fashionable heeled shoes, and miles high poufs. Along with posture fit for a queen (and helped by those grand corsets), she would certainly appear tall to contemporaries. She also had better nutrition than most. It can be agreed she was somewhere between the two but I would say closer to 5'25''.
By the 18th century height was at an all time low! (between the 9th -18th cent.'s) Yes, people grew shorter. The 18th century population was on average 2.5 inches shorter than their medieval ancestors.
If someone would be so kind as to measure the length of the death mask at Madame Tussaud's we can get an idea of how tall Marie Antoinette's height was based on the ideal cannon of proportions! (I know, that is dark) Too bad we do not have any exact numbers...


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But what if the objective is to create a work of art with no actual functionality?
As part of a series of works with a similar theme, Wisconsin artist Lisa Gralnick made a plaster cast of a Power Mac G4 system, painted it with white acrylic, and fashioned solid gold inserts for the system unit's Apple logo and the mouse button.
Almost 6-1/2 oz of 18K gold was used - the idea behind Gralnick's 'The Gold Standard' works is that on the date of casting, the value of the gold approximately matched that of the original object.
"It was my intention that the fragility of the plaster would suggest and perhaps eventually yield, temporality. The fragments of gold would, of course, remain virtually unchanged for centuries," explained Gralnick.
The exhibition 'Lisa Gralnick: The Gold Standard' runs at the Bellevue Arts Museum until August 15.


Scientists get creative to carry on research during pandemic
Claudio Monteza, Pedro Castillo
Biologists Claudio Monteza, right, and Pedro Castillo, look for a place to install a camera in a dense tropical rainforest in San Lorenzo, Panama, Tuesday, April 6, 2021, amid the new coronavirus pandemic. A year ago, Monteza had just finished a master's degree in the United States and was stopping by his native Panama for a few days before flying to Germany to begin his doctoral studies when the COVID-19 pandemic stranded him. (AP Photo/Arnulfo Franco)
SAN LORENZO, Panama (AP) — Biologist Claudio Monteza pushed through thick vegetation to install a camera near a Panamanian highway in a dense tropical rainforest. Securing the device to a tree just off the forest floor, he checked its field of vision.
The camera and others were set up to provide insights into which animals steer clear of highways and which ones are more apt to check them out. The findings could someday help transportation officials better protect wildlife in one of the world's most biologically diverse environments.
But the highway study "was not the initial plan," said Monteza, whose career was upended last year when COVID-19 stranded him in his native Panama and suspended his research. Because of the pandemic, many scientists "have had to innovate and look for alternatives."
The coronavirus abruptly halted research by many Latin American scientists, interrupting field work, sample collection and laboratory experiments. Some of them could focus on writing scholarly articles based on previous research, but others had to get creative to avoid losing a year of their careers.
Monteza had just finished a master's degree in the United States when he stopped in Panama for a few days before a planned flight to Germany to begin his doctoral studies. Then the world began shutting down. He started taking doctoral classes virtually.
After governments adopted strict quarantine measures, Monteza concluded that one way to get permission for research was to look at highways because they could be studied without significant travel.
Other scientists hauled samples of marine sediment and lab equipment or even entire ant colonies into their homes. One researcher, barred from capturing bats to bring to her laboratory, mounted cameras that allowed her to spy on their sexual habits in the wild.
On a recent day, after installing one camera, Monteza pushed about 50 yards deeper into the forest. Field biologist Pedro Castillo helped him install another camera just as heavy raindrops began to fall. In minutes, both men were soaked, but the opportunity to get into the field was a relief.
Monteza believes the highway research could help push authorities to create wildlife crossings for armadillos, the rodents known as lowland pacas and agoutis, and other animals.
During the first half of 2020, when Panama was under an absolute quarantine, scientists had almost "zero mobility, said Erick Núñez, head of the Panama Environmental Ministry's biodiversity department. "There was very little research."
Later, the Health Ministry began to loosen restrictions and granted passes to some scientists who planned to work in protected areas alone or in small groups, Núñez said.
Researcher Brígida De Gracia of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute was lucky to be able to work from home. She had collected sediment samples in 2018, 2019 and January 2020 that allowed her to continue her research during the pandemic.
But to do so, De Gracia took the samples, a stereoscope, vials, a scale and many books home from her lab in Naos, near where the Panama Canal meets the Pacific Ocean.
De Gracia studies otoliths, tiny stone-like structures in the ears of many vertebrates. In particular, she studies them in fish to see how humans have affected fish over the past several thousand years.
"You have to store them very carefully," because they're so tiny that even a light breeze can move them, said De Gracia, who analyzed and photographed the otoliths at home.
Before the coronavirus arrived, Mariana Muñoz-Romo, a post-doctoral researcher at the Smithsonian, had planned to capture a large sample of bats from different places around the Panamanian town of Gamboa, but the suspension of research activities made that impossible.
So she adjusted. Instead of catching bats to take back to a lab, Muñoz-Romo shifted to observing the bats' sex lives in their own habitat. She hopes to discover the purpose of a strong-smelling substance on the forearms of the fringe-lipped bat.
Her mentor was able to get permits to install video cameras and other devices in a bat sanctuary in Gamboa. They started recording in mid-2020 and plan to continue for several more months.
"Analyzing these recordings is fabulous because you can generate a mountain of information," said Muñoz-Romo, a Venezuelan who is a professor at the University of the Andes in Merida, Venezuela.
When the pandemic closed his laboratory in Gamboa, Dumas Gálvez moved dozens of colonies of ants to his home in Paraiso. He wanted to continue observing them as part of his research into their immune systems.
Before the pandemic, that required many hours in his lab analyzing their blood and how they responded to attacking fungi.
"I had to look for alternatives," Gálvez said. "And one of the alternatives was initially to do it in my house."
Gálvez outfitted an extra bathroom to hold up to 100 ant colonies. His largest colonies were around 200 ants, so he had an estimated 13,000 ants in his home.
He observed their lives and reactions for months, but over time they began to die. Exactly why was not clear. It was either because of the fungus or excessive heat, he said.
"The conditions in the bathroom were not optimal," he said. "It was very hot. They dried quickly."
The pandemic prevented him from going out to collect more ants, so he shifted his focus and is now studying the interaction of ants and a small predatory frog.
Panama has since eased its pandemic restrictions, and the Smithsonian is reopening its facilities there. Gálvez has been able to resume field work and supervising students.
"If not for the pandemic, I wouldn't have invested the energy in considering alternatives," he said. "I probably would not have ever done this project."
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真空用Al合金の表面酸化膜構造とガス放出特性 Outgassing Rate and Morphology of Surface Oxide Layer of Aluminum Alloy for Vacuum Equipment Use
One of the practical and low cost treatments, an electrolytic polishing (EP) was applied to aluminum alloys for vacuum equipment use to optimize polishing condition utilizing the Taguchi Methods by small samples. EP samples prepared at the optimal conditions, i.e. high temperature of the polishing liquid and the first rinse water, had outgassing rate as low as chemical polishing (CP). Uniformly thinner and dense surface oxide barrier layer and thicker porous columnar oxide surface layer were the product of the optimal and the starting EP treatments, respectively, and they corresponded to lower and higher outgassing quantity, respectively. Pumping time dependence of outgassing rate q of EP and CP treated chamber samples showed that the formers were higher than the latter, respectively. At ultimate pressure q of EP and CP samples are 3×10-12 Pa·m·s-1 and 1×10-12 Pa·m·s-1, respectively.
真空 43(3), 209-213, 2000-03-20
The Vacuum Society of Japan


Education Equity Fund
Why does Philadelphia need an Education Equity Fund?
PILOTs aren't taxes–they're voluntary payments. There's no requirement for where the funds are directed. This means that it's up to us to make sure that when our city's wealthiest institutions pay their fair share, that money directly meets the needs of our students, not the priorities of outside institutions.
In other cities, mega-nonprofits have tried to "dictate what their money goes toward." Here in Philly, we know what it looks like when mega-nonprofits call the shots. In our May 5th Speak Out, we heard from Philadelphians who have been directly impacted by our School District's funding crisis. Nonprofit-driven initiatives never make up for a lack of basic necessities–teachers, textbooks, nurses, counselors, libraries, and safe and healthy school buildings.
As we fight for a more equitably funded public education system in Philadelphia, the last thing we need is a closed-door deal that gives the wealthiest institutions total control over funding for our schools.
Philadelphia needs a PILOT agreement that meets the most essential needs of our most vulnerable public school students. This means that we need Mayor Kenney to establish an Education Equity Fund for our city's mega-nonprofits to pay into via PILOTs. A publicly administered fund that directly serves the School District will be the best way to establish accountability and transparency for a stable, sustainable PILOT agreement.


What are some examples of selective media
Nutrient medium
Synonyms: culture medium, growth medium
1 definition
A Nutrient medium is a sterile matrix with defined environmental conditions. Culture media are mainly used in microbiology and are used to cultivate microorganisms or human or animal cells.
2 classification
2.1... according to consistency
A distinction is made between two types of culture media based on consistency:
The transition between solid and liquid nutrient media is fluid and depends, among other things, on the agar or gelatine content, which ensures the thickening of a nutrient medium. Culture media with a lower agar content are sometimes delimited as the third group of so-called "semi-solid" media.
2.2... according to nutrient content
Another dimension is the division of the nutrient media according to the nutrient composition. A distinction is made here:
 - Mineral medium
 - Minimal medium
 - Minimal medium with growth substances
 - simple complex medium
 - Complex medium
2.3... according to the objective
 - Selective nutrient media or selective media: nutrient media whose nutrient content or composition only allow the growth of certain microorganisms or cells.
 - Differential culture media or differential media: culture media that allow the growth of several microorganisms used, but are composed in such a way that distinguishable colonies form.
Some culture media can combine both of the above properties, e.g. MacConkey agar or mannitol salt agar.
3 application
Liquid Culture media are used:
Festivals Culture media are mainly used for analysis purposes because they also enable quantitative determination. Since the multiplying microorganisms cannot freely distribute themselves in the medium, a visible point or spot forms around each initial germ. The number of these CFU (colony-forming unit) allows a conclusion to be drawn about the original number of germs.
The process of introducing samples into or onto a nutrient medium is called inoculation.
4 composition
In addition to water, culture media mainly contain culture-specific nutrients and salts. The nutrients are also called substrates and in most cases are carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids. Nutritional salts provide ions and molecules that are essential for the organism, such as ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate.
Other possible components are:
5 Manufacturing
To produce a nutrient medium, the nutrients and additives are mixed together according to a recipe and dissolved in demineralized water (possibly under flowing steam). This is followed by sterilization (usually in an autoclave). Additives that would be destroyed by the sterilization can then be added through a sterile filter.
Ready-to-use culture media are also often used in practice.


Animal Emotions
Do animals think and feel?
Tool use in animals: Mammals, birds, and other animals make and use tools and do other "surprising" things
We're not the only animals who make and use tools
Many animals use tools (see also). Recently someone suggested this video and it is a good one. There are many surprises when we pay attention to what animals are able to do and feel (see also) and we should always keep our eyes open to new possibilities so that we come to understand animals for who they are. Many examples are provided in The Animal Manifesto, and a wonderful example of complex patterns of play has recently been noted in gorillas. We still have a lot to learn about animal intelligence, emotions, and moral behavior and this information will surely open our eyes to how we need to take the time to study animals in conditions that allow them to display their full behavioral repertoire and show us how they can adapt to many different social and nonsocial situations. We must also pay attention to the details of what they do because superficial studies don't capture the richness of their lives and the subtle nuances with which they finesse their social interactions.
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Sustainable Supply Chain Management workshops for small and medium sized enterprises Two-Part Workshop
Gain valuable insight into how you can become leaner and greener through your supply chain by:
- Reducing supply chain costs
- Improving decision making
- Improving customer service
- Increasing outputs and efficiencies
Using real-world learning, you will leave this FREE workshop with an action plan that you can apply to your own business.
Demonstrating a sustainable supply chain is now essential in many tendering processes. Not just for large companies, this hands on workshop will reveal how small and medium sized businesses can achieve sustainability through lean approaches.
- How to identify problems and challenges, areas of improvement;
- Look at case studies to learn good working practise;
- Hands on exercises and presentations on supply chain mapping, characteristics, issues and challenges;
- Deriving critical success factors for supply chain sustainable performance;
- Measuring through KPIs;
- Measuring supply chain sustainability and deriving means for improvement;
- Leave day one; use the learning from the day to identify challenges in your own business in more detail.
- Receive more intensive support from industry experts who will help identify possible solutions to the problems identified following day one;
- Sustainable supply chain enhancement;
- Work on an action plan for your business;
- Hands on exercises and presentations on business case and project plan development;
- Q&A with the experts;
Dr. Prasanta Kumar Dey – Lecturer: Operations and Information Management Group at Aston University
Dr. Chris Owen – Teaching Fellow, Executive DBA Director at Aston University
Dr. Oscar Rodríguez-Espíndola – Lecturer: Operations and Information Management Group at Aston University
Dr Tony Anosike – Senior Lecturer: Supply Chain Management at Derby University
Enscite is a three-year collaboration between the University of Derby, Aston University and Derby City Council to support TEM businesses to improve their productivity to facilitate growth and competitive advantage. It is part funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
Company eligibility criteria
- Under 250 employees
- Turnover not exceeding €50 million
- Trading office located in the D2N2 LEP area
- Unfortunately Statutory Provision or Under 18's are not eligible
To register your interest in this workshop, please complete the form below.


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How can the Projective Differential™ be used?
Because the PD is a general purpose assessment technique rather than a tool to assess a particular thing, it is very versatile. The PD could potentially help in any situation where tapping into right-brain processing or unconscious perceptions might be useful.
There are numerous purposes for which the PD can be used, falling into four main categories:
- diagnosing issues relating to organizational culture, values alignment, commitment, etc.
- evaluating issues, objects, concepts, choices, etc..
- enhancing or augmenting the creative process
- intervention & development (team building, etc.)
(please see What is the PD? for more detail on these).
Whether you're trying to enhance the creative processes involved in planning or problem solving, needing to uncover the hidden influences that could adversely affect a large project, or evaluate your team's readiness for change, the PD can help. Using a process that bypasses the left-brain, rational, verbal processing and expression, the PD gets below the surface of conscious awareness to help you tap undiscovered potential, or to become aware of hidden threats.
We have detailed several specific ways in which the PD can be used. The basic PD session is the same for all applications, with differences in the topics assessed, people involved, type of post-session group processing/discussion (if any), and the amount and type of data analysis and reporting. Each PD administration is customized to the needs of the client, the information sought, and the specific goals of the session.


Friday, January 11, 2013
Amalekites - What About the Children?
We've already seen that there were lots of ways out for individual Amalekites who wanted to run away. We have seen that the primary intention of God's command in 1 Samuel 15:3 is to stop the Israelites profiting from the destruction of the Amalekites. But given that command what about children who remained? Would they have been killed?
Probably, yes. And that's hard to say.
But think about the situation. We've seen that the Israelite army was huge and slow-moving - that there was plenty of time for people to get away. Whose fault is it if children stay behind for a battle? Whose fault is it if a parent takes their children to war and the children get killed?
It's the parents' fault, isn't it? Let's take an example from WW2. Just before the D-Day invasion, the Allies parachuted troops into France to secure vital bridges and so on. The normal orders for such troops is to take no prisoners, just like for the Israelite army. Now suppose they are faced by a column of German infantry, and the column includes women and children, who are also fighting. Whose fault is it if those children die? Is it Churchill's, for ordering that the troops take no prisoners? Or is it their parents' for making them fight when they should be keeping them safe?
Same here.
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This blue was purely unintentional as scientists wanted to figure out a way to protect strawberries from frost and found that a gene in "Artic Flounder Fish" produced antifreeze properties to protect itself from freezing waters. The result of genetically modifying this gene created a shockingly blue fruit that can withstand very cold temperatures and won't turn into mush in your freezers. >> That is craziness!
Blue Strawberry - A genetically modified organism. It wasn't engineered that way, it was actually created to withstand freezing temperatures. When scientists discovered the Arctic Flounder produces antifreeze to protect itself in frigid water, they wondered what would happen if they introduced the gene that produces the antifreeze in to a strawberry plant. A blue berry was an unexpected side effect.


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Diane Pomerance joins Life Lessons to discuss her latest book.
1). Tell us about yourself and your spiritual background.
2). You studied with many great spiritual teachers and masters – tell us about your
experiences with these great teachers.
3). How did you meet Katherine Hayward?
4). What about Katherine Hayward intrigued you and led you to become her student,
5). Who was Katherine and what made her "different" from other spiritual teachers?
6). What kind of paranormal/psychic experiences did Katherine have in her life,
particularly her youth and life?
7). What was remarkable about Describe Katherine's visit with Chapter 8's "The
Remarkable Mrs. Dunham" and how it changed her life.
8). How did the discovery of Anton Mesmer's teachings influence Katherine i.e. "I Can
and I will".
9). How did the visit of Spiritualist healer, Mr. Fletcher, forever transform Katherine and
the life of her family?
10). How did Katherine, her father, husband and moth


Captain America #215 these appearances are attributed to William Nasland and Fred Davis Jr. They are identified as such in this summary to avoid confusion.
 - This issue also features a brief 2-page educational story "Only the Beginning" which details various boats used throughout history.
See Also
Links and References
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What is a Moc?
For more than a decade, this question has puzzled many fans and observers of Chattanooga Athletics.
The UTC Athletics Department changed logos in 1997, moving away from Native American imagery to a package of logos using railroad images, the nickname "Mocs," and the Scrappy mascot. The new package emphasized UTC's connection to Chattanooga and the city's railroad heritage and incorporated the Tennessee state bird.
The term "Moc" is short for "Mockingbird." Mockingbirds are fiercely territorial creatures which protect their homes with courage, determination and skill. Those attributes reflect the intellect, spirit and character of UTC student-athletes and alumni. A Moc is a champion on the playing surface, in the classroom and, most importantly, in life.
Named after legendary football coach A.C. "Scrappy" Moore, Scrappy, the Chattanooga mascot, is a fixture for the Mocs. A re-design in 2008 puts Scrappy in the image of the State Bird of Tennessee, a Mockingbird. The mockingbird is known as a fierce protector of its nest and environment. It is sometimes seen swooping down on a dog, cat or predator that may be venturing too close to the bird's protected territory. Once described by "Late Night" host Jimmy Fallon as "a sledge-hammer wielding mockingbird with a heart of Blue & Gold," Scrappy symbolizes that competitive passion.
Faced with politically sensitive issues and in need of a stronger core identity to help establish a strong brand as Chattanooga's Team, the athletics department embarked on a comprehensive identity program in 1996. A new direction for the athletics identity was determined, moving away from the politically incorrect Native American Indian imagery.
Several identities have been used in the past. With the old nickname "Moccasins," a snake was used in the 1920s and an Indian was used until the year of major change in 1996. A moccasin shoe was even used in the 1980s.
In 1996, it was decided to adopt the State Bird of Tennessee, the Mockingbird, as the core of the new identity, while incorporating the strong regional imagery of Chattanooga's vast railroad history. The mascot "Scrappy" was born and a new emphasis was placed on the athletics department's role in the region.
The committee also recognized the need for the word "Chattanooga" to have a great emphasis in the logo. The nickname "Moccasins" was shortened to simply "Mocs." Thus established, Chattanooga could rebuild its athletics programs and initiatives around this new identity.
And rebuild it did. Quickly establishing the identity program in February 1997, combined with tremendous success in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, UTC had positioned itself to reach for the next level.
From 1997 to 2007, the primary logo was the mascot, Scrappy, riding a train. The secondary logo features the front of a train with the word Mocs built into the logo. This logo is affectionately called the "Cowcatcher logo," referring to the front lower grill of the train that helped push objects from the train tracks.
In August 2007, officials at Chattanooga updated the school's marks. A new C logo, the "Power C" as it has become known to fans and alums, was created as the primary mark and is emblazoned on the side of the football team's helmets. The secondary marks were updated with a more modern look, and a new font, unique to the school, is now used on the text areas of the logos and marks.
In September 2008, Scrappy was re-branded to better match the image of a mockingbird and reflect the rich tradition of our state, our city and our University. New marks of the head as well as a full body were released. The program has also been taking special efforts to stay true to its color palette—which includes navy blue and old gold.


PhD Programme Environmental Policy Analysis
The PhD research in the department of Environmental Policy Analysis (EPA) focuses on the theme of governance for sustainability. Governance has become a key concept in policy research, where it denotes the departure from old-style government to new forms of horizontal and vertical steering. This generally includes a transition from bureaucratic, centralized top-down policies to new forms of decision-making that are more inclusive, more decentralized, more flexible, less hierarchical, and more complex.
Within this context, we investigate several overarching questions: for example, how effective are modern systems of environmental governance in achieving the transition to sustainability? Which theories can best explain variation in the effectiveness of different forms of governance? How can we scrutinize unintended effects? How does a multitude of institutions that co-exist with an issue area interlink, overlap, and interact? How do unsustainable practices change into sustainable ones? And finally, how can we stimulate innovation in terms of governance approaches?
The EPA department runs PhD research projects linked to their three Research themes: Governing under Complexity; Governance Innovation and Institutional change; and Governance Evaluation (more information here).
Enrolment: see PhD enrolment.
For more information or applications, please contact Prof. Philipp Pattberg or Prof. Dave Huitema.


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Office of Educational Affairs, Division of Research and Evaluation; Department of Neurology; Department of Pathology
Medical Subject Headings
Learning; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Students, Medical
Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research | Medicine and Health Sciences
In 2003 it was forecasted that medical students'preclinical learning would mostly consist of large portions of educational training and instruction provided on the internet and other technology tools, while the traditional lecture format would become more infrequent. Five years later many medical schools have adapted to this new technological-enhanced learning environment.
No one can argue that today's millennial generation of medical students is more familiar with technology than their predecessors. However, does this technology savvy generation report that these new tools are indeed superior when compared to the traditional tools of facilitating learning and understanding in the preclinical years? Additionally, is there a difference in usefulness of learning techniques for students in year one as compared to year two of medical school?
This study examines the learning tools in basic science courses to determine how the millennial generation of students report they are learning best. Tools from our blended learning curriculum were investigated within and across preclinical years one and two.
Presented at the AAMC (Association of American Colleges) Annual Meeting, RIME (Research in Medical Education) Program, November 2008.


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Korea Rich in Underground Resources
Korean Central News Agency of DPRK via Korea News Service (KNS)
Pyongyang, April 9 (KCNA) -- Korea is abundant in underground resources.
Kim Hung Ju, a department director of the State Resources Development Guidance Bureau, told KCNA that useful minerals were found in nearly 80 percent of the territory.
There are billions of tons of iron ores, including magnetite and limonite. It is easy to mine them as they are deposited near the crust of the earth.
The country has also large deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, cyanite, sillimanite, titanium, manganese, nickel, chrome and rutile.
Rare metallic minerals such as molybdenum, monazite, wolframite, beryl, zirconium and uranium are spread in different parts of the country.
In particular, rare earth minerals including fluorocarbonic cerium are inexhaustible in the country.
The country is also endowed with limestone, apatite, alunite, barite and other minerals used as raw materials in chemical and building materials industry, granite, marble, dolomite, phyllite and other natural stone resources and mica, asbestos, talc, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite and other nonmetallic minerals.
Deposits of magnesite and graphite are as large as billions of tons respectively.
High-caloric coal resources are distributed in different areas of the country to provide favorable conditions for the economic development.
Up to now hundreds of kinds of minerals have been discovered in the country.
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Rising Damp Treatment Guide
What is Rising Damp?
Rising Damp is caused by moisture rising from the ground into the walls of a building. Damp is able to rise up the walls because most construction materials contain tiny pores. These pores 'suck' water from the ground, causing moisture to rise up the wall in the same way that oil rises through the wick of a lamp.
Dryzone damp-proofing cream works by preventing moisture rising through these pores.
How high does it rise?
The height to which rising damp will rise up a wall depends on a number of factors including the size of the pores in the wall, the type of wallpaper or paint on the wall, and the degree of dampness in the ground. In most cases, rising damp is unlikely to rise above 1.5 metres. However, in extreme cases (e.g. where the wall has been covered with an impervious membrane) moisture can rise more than 2 metres up the wall.
How do I know if I have Rising Damp?
Dryzone is specifically designed for the treatment of rising damp, so it is important to be certain that this is the cause of dampness before treatment begins. Other types of dampness that affect buildings (e.g. condensation, lateral damp, penetrating damp) are treated in different ways.
Further information about diagnosing rising damp can be found in our free publication "Rising Damp and its Control" which can be downloaded free of charge from HERE.


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Since introducing its first laser sight and weapon light in the 1980s, SureFire has set the standard by which weapon lights are judged. Now, the Fountain Valley, California, company redefines that standard with the X400, a tactical light that integrates a versatile high-output LED and visible targeting laser into a compact single unit.LEDs vs. incandescent bulbs
The SureFire X400 utilizes a state-of-the-art CREE LED (Light Emitting Diode). LEDs are based on solid-state semi-conductor technology. Unlike incandescent bulbs, they have no filament to burn out or break. They are also exceptionally power efficient, consuming 1/10 of the power of an incandescent bulb, enabling them to run longer.
Recoil is the enemy of the filament in incandescent bulbs. LEDs are inherently more shock resistant, making them immune to the effects of recoil.
SureFire considers 60 lumens to be the tactical-level threshold for an incandescent light. The tactical-level threshold for white LED light is 50 lumens, due to its higher color temperature. Of course, there's more to a tactical light than just light output. The ideal tactical beam has a bright center spot that provides a blinding beam surrounded by a soft corona of peripheral light to provide a search beam more suited for close-up operations. This isn't a problem with an incandescent bulb with a properly designed reflector, but LEDs are another matter.
Unlike incandescent bulbs, which have a spherical radiance, LEDs radiate their light in a 180-degree forward arc. There are two options — use a lens to achieve a more concentrated central spot of light, or use a specially designed reflector to achieve some degree of peripheral light around a bright center.
The X400 features a computer-engineered focusing lens with Total Internal Refection (TIR) to provide a tightly focused central bream and an enhanced peripheral corona. This lens allows the X400 to project a tightly focused beam at greater distances than comparably sized lights while at the same time producing a wider corona to accommodate peripheral vision.X400 details
The X400 is designed for close-quarters and longer-range applications. It's identical in white light performance to the X300 WeaponLight.
The beam from the X400, provided to Law Enforcement Technology testers for evaluation, was flawless. The tactical light produced a bright central beam with a wide background beam. The beam was even and well focused, without any rings or dark spots. The CREE LED produces a brilliant white beam.
The company rates the X400's output at 110 lumens. SureFire is conservative in these ratings. The company measures lumen output out the front of the light after losses from the lens and reflector are accounted for. In contrast, some manufacturers measure output at the emitter before losses are accounted for or simply use the LED's maximum rated output.
The X400's bezel window is constructed of tempered Pyrex glass for scratch-resistance and LED protection. Its thin, anti-reflective coating maximizes light transmission.
The lifetime of a CREE LED is rated at thousands of hours. For purposes of comparison, incandescent bulbs have a rated life of approximately 30 hours.
The X400 has a 635nm (red/orange) continuous wave (non-pulsing) ANSI Class IIIR (FDA Class IIIa) laser. The laser has a 5mW peak output. The laser aperture has a glass aspheric lens. The beam is tightly colimated for maximum power density. Dot size is approximately 0.5 inches at 50 feet. The laser on the X400 is fully adjustable for both windage and elevation with recessed Allen screws. The laser holds alignment to within one MOA.
This tactical light features a five-position rotary mode selector mounted at the rear of the laser housing. It allows the operator to choose between disable, white light only, laser and white light, laser only, and disable as the tactical situation dictates. Positive detents provide secure, tactile selection.
The X400 is powered by two 3-volt 123A lithium batteries, which are included. The X400 has a runtime of 2.4 hours of tactical-level white light on a set of batteries. For purposes of comparison, a 6-volt SureFire light with the 120-lumen P61 incandescent lamp assembly has a runtime of 20 minutes.
The light is built to military specifications. It features a precision-milled aerospace-grade T6-AL aluminum body with a Mil-Spec Type III hard-anodized black finish. The rails and rail adapter, machined from the same aluminum, are a nice upgrade to the X300. The X400 is O-ring and gasket sealed, making it waterproof to a depth of 66 feet.
The X400 measures 3.54 inches long by 1.56 inches wide by 1.86 inches high (with standard switch) and has a 1.06 diameter bezel. Its total weight (with batteries) is 4.4 ounces or less than a loaded pistol magazine.Switching options
SureFire's new offering features digital current regulation to maintain a consistent light output throughout the useable life of the batteries. The X400 also has a modular switching system with several switching options available.
This tactical light comes with an ambidextrous toggle/momentary pressure switch that provides momentary and constant-on activation. For constant-on operation, press the switch up or down. For momentary activation, push the switch forward. It's easily operated with the trigger finger in an indexed position (Uniform Cover Position) or with the thumb of the support hand. Momentary operation of the X400 requires the shooter to use his support hand when firing unless a remote pressure switch is employed.
Weapon-specific Dev Group (DG) remote switches for a variety of popular service pistols are available from SureFire for the X400. The DG Remote Tailcap Switch enables light activation with a center-mounted pressure pad on the handgrip's front strap. This gives the user precise control without altering his weapon grip.
SureFire is also developing different switching options for use on shoulder arms. The waterproof XT-07 Rail Mount Tape Switch is an example. The XT-07 includes a disable feature, constant click on/off push button, and a momentary-on tape switch attached via a 7-inch cable connected to a replacement tailcap. Simply pop off the standard rocker switch tailcap and pop on the XT07. The tape and rocker switches are integrated onto a molded urethane brace that is flexible enough to snap onto a Picatinny rail. The constant-on push-button switch and momentary tape switch operate independently.Integrated rail system
The X400 is designed to fit the Picatinny rail and the Universal Standard rail. The X400 mounts on the weapon using a Nylok screw clamp mount. It's a very solid mount that provides excellent boresight repeatability, and although it sacrifices the quick detach and quick installation of a lever latch, it takes little time to install and remove. The X400 includes interchangeable spacer blocks for Universal and Picatinny rails because Universal and Picatinny rails have different specifications and require different adapters for a proper fit.
The X400 provides a superb light and laser for long guns when employed with the XT-07 removable tape switch module for the X-Series. The X400 is especially suited for use on compact assault rifles, PDWs, SMGs and pistol-caliber carbines. The integrated system eliminates the "module stack up" that would be the case where a separate laser sight and illuminator are employed.
The era of LED lighting is upon us. Australia has banned the sale of incandescent bulbs after 2010. The U.S. Department of Energy predicts affordable, efficient LED lamps will be lighting everyone's homes by 2025. Cities around the globe have already saved millions by replacing fluorescent and incandescent lights with state-of-the-art LEDs. And now SureFire has revolutionized law enforcement tactical lighting by producing a flashlight that combines a targeting laser with a high-output LED.
Eugene Nielsen is a private consultant. The former police officer can be reached at _EMAIL_.


Fitting a swimming pool on your property is a great way to stay cool during hot weather and to stay fit at any time of the year. Swimming is an enjoyable way of maintaining your fitness levels and can be a great social activity for people of any age. Having a pool of your own frees you from the need to visit your local community pool and lets you swim at any time of the day.
Caring for your swimming pool
In addition to the obvious advantages of having your own swimming pool, owning one comes with responsibilities. A badly maintained swimming pool can soon become a health hazard as bacteria breed in the stagnant water in the pool and infect all of the water. It is possible to maintain your swimming pool manually, but many people with busy lives consider calling a pool maintenance service. While a pool maintenance service is an effective way of ensuring that your swimming pool has sparkling crystal clear water it can be an expensive option. If you want the benefits of a clean pool without the expense of a maintenance service, there is a cheaper option. Have you thought about the benefits that robotic pool cleaners can bring to your pool?
What are robotic pool cleaners?
If you don't have time to vacuum your swimming pool, then a robotic pool cleaner can do the job for you. robotic pool cleaners can efficiently clean both small and large pieces of debris. They will help to circulate the water in your pool at those times when the filter isn't running. They can even scrub the walls of your pool and the tile lines.
How do robotic pool cleaners work?
Robotic pool cleaners do not rely on your pool filter system. They are plugged into one of your outdoor outlets and are powered by an electric pump and motor that runs off a low-voltage transformer. The pool cleaner will transfer the debris that it collects into the filter bag. If you want to know how busy your robotic pool cleaners have been, then you can often track the activity using a computer chip.
To find out more about the benefits that robotic pool cleaners could bring to your pool, you should speak to your local suppliers today. They will be able to explain exactly how pool cleaners work and how you could use them to keep your water sparkling.


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aws_dhcp_options Resource
DEPRECATION NOTICE
The aws_dhcp_options InSpec audit resource is deprecated and replaced by the aws_ec2_dhcp_option and aws_ec2_dhcp_options resources.
Use the aws_dhcp_options InSpec audit resource to test properties of a single AWS DHCP Options.
For additional information, including details on parameters and properties, see the AWS documentation on EC2.
Installation
This resource is available in the Chef InSpec AWS resource pack.
See the Chef InSpec documentation on cloud platforms for information on configuring your AWS environment for InSpec and creating an InSpec profile that uses the InSpec AWS resource pack.
Syntax
Ensure that an aws_dhcp_options exists
describe aws_dhcp_options('dopt-0123456789abcdefg') do
 it { should exist }
end
describe aws_dhcp_options(dhcp_options_id: 'dopt-0123456789abcdefg') do
 it { should exist }
end
Parameters
dhcp_options_id (required)
This resource accepts a single parameter, the DHCP Options ID which uniquely identifies the DHCP Options. This can be passed either as a string or as a dhcp_options_id: 'value' key-value entry in a hash.
Properties
dhcp_configurations
The list of dhcp configurations.
domain_name_servers
The list of domain name servers in the dhcp configuration.
ntp_servers
The list of ntp servers in the dhcp configuration.
tags
The tags of the DHCP Options.
Examples
Test tags on the DHCP options.
describe aws_dhcp_options('dopt-0123456789abcdefg') do
 its('tags') { should include(:Environment => 'env-name',
 :Name => 'dhcp-options-name')}
end
AWS Permissions
Your Principal will need the EC2:Client:DescribeDhcpOptionsResult action with Effect set to Allow.
You can find detailed documentation at Actions, Resources, and Condition Keys for Amazon EC2.
Edit this page on GitHub.
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Blazor WebAssembly: Performing the Table Pagination on Server-Side and Client-Side
Blazor is an interactive UI technology for modern Web Front-End apps, there are various kinds of UI and UX needs from the end-users. One such need is the Pagination of data that is shown in table form on the UI. In this article, we will implement Server-Side pagination using ASP.NET Core API defined using .NET 6 by using UI client as Blazor WebAssembly Application. The Blazor WebAssembly application executes in Browser. This is pure front-end application technology. In this article, we will implement an End-to-End .NET Full-Stack application and we will see a simple implementation of the Server-Side Pagination for fetching data from the Azure SQL database server and displaying it in Blazor Component that contains HTML Table.
This article has 2 phases in the first phase, we will see how to perform pagination on the in-memory collection that is already loaded in the browser, and in the second phase, we will see how the server-side pagination can be implemented by receiving data from Azure SQL database and API. Figure 1 will put light on the implementation
Figure 1: The Server-Side Pagination
This code of this article is implemented using Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 and .NET 6. The .NET 6 can be downloaded from this link
Phase 1: The Client-Side Pagination based in the In-Memory Collection loaded
Step 1: Open VS2022 and create a new Blazor WebAssembly project. Name this project as Balz_Pagination. In this project add a new folder, name this folder as Models. In this folder add a new class file and name it as StatesCities.cs. In this file add the State and City classes as shown in listing 1
namespace Blaz_CascadeDropdown.Models
{
 public class State
 {
 public int StateId { get; set; }
 public string? StateName { get; set; }
 }
 public class States : List<State>
 {
 public States()
 {
 Add(new State() { StateId = 1, StateName = "Andhra Pradesh" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 2, StateName = "Arunachal Pradesh" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 3, StateName = "Assam" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 4, StateName = "Bihar" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 5, StateName = "Chhattisgarh" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 6, StateName = "Goa" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 7, StateName = "Gujarat" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 8, StateName = "Haryana" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 9, StateName = "Himachal Pradesh" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 10, StateName = "Jharkhand" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 11, StateName = "Karnataka" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 12, StateName = "Kerala" });
 Add(new State() { StateId = 13, StateName = "Maharashtra" });
 }
 }
 public class City
 {
 public int CityId { get; set; }
 public string? CityName { get; set; }
 public int StateId { get; set; }
 }
 public class Cities : List<City>
 {
 public Cities()
 {
 Add(new City() { CityId = 101, CityName = "Vizianagaram", StateId = 1 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 102, CityName = "Prakasam", StateId = 1 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 103, CityName = "West Godavari", StateId = 1 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 104, CityName = "Kurnool", StateId = 1 });

 Add(new City() { CityId = 201, CityName = "Tawang", StateId = 2 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 202, CityName = "Itanagar", StateId = 2 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 203, CityName = "Naharlagun", StateId = 2 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 204, CityName = "Along", StateId = 2 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 301, CityName = "Baksa", StateId = 3 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 302, CityName = "Jorhat", StateId = 3 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 303, CityName = "Sivasagar", StateId = 3 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 304, CityName = "Barpeta", StateId = 3 });

 Add(new City() { CityId = 401, CityName = "Araria", StateId = 4 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 402, CityName = "Aurangabad", StateId = 4 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 403, CityName = "Begusarai", StateId = 4 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 404, CityName = "Patna", StateId = 4 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 501, CityName = "Balod", StateId = 5 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 502, CityName = "Baloda Bazar", StateId = 5 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 503, CityName = "Balrampur", StateId = 5 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 504, CityName = "Bastar", StateId = 5 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 601, CityName = "North Goa", StateId = 6 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 602, CityName = "South Goa", StateId = 6 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 701, CityName = "Ahmedabad", StateId = 7 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 702, CityName = "Amreli", StateId = 7 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 703, CityName = "Baroda", StateId = 7 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 704, CityName = "Surat", StateId = 7 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 801, CityName = "Ambala", StateId = 8 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 802, CityName = "Bhiwani", StateId = 8 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 803, CityName = "Charkhi Dadri", StateId = 8 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 804, CityName = "Fatehabad", StateId = 8 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 901, CityName = "Bilaspur", StateId = 9 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 902, CityName = "Chamba", StateId = 9 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 903, CityName = "Kangra", StateId = 9 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 904, CityName = "Kullu", StateId = 9 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1001, CityName = "Bokaro", StateId = 10 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1002, CityName = "Chatra", StateId = 10 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1003, CityName = "Deoghar", StateId = 10 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1004, CityName = "Dhanbad", StateId = 10 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1101, CityName = "Bagalkot", StateId = 11 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1102, CityName = "Ballari ", StateId = 11 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1103, CityName = "Bengaluru ", StateId = 11 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1104, CityName = "Bidar", StateId = 11 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1201, CityName = "Kannur", StateId


The Correct spelling is: unanimously
Common misspellings of the word unanimously are:
How do you spell unanimously?. It is not
 - adj.
 1. Sharing the same opinions or views; being in complete harmony or accord.
 2. Based on or characterized by complete assent or agreement.
 [From Latin Å«nanimus : Å«nus, one + animus, mind.]
 unanimously uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ly adv.
 unanimousness uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ness n.
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text:
Here are the copy-pasted instructions you get when you access your domain manager:
Learn how to manage your name.
1. Set Resolver
The Resolver is a Smart Contract responsible for the process of translating names into addresses. In the Resolver area click 'Set'. Then click the 'use public resolver' link, and 'save' to launch the transaction.
2. Set Address
Once you have set the Resolver, you can then add records by clicking the '+' in the 'records' field. Adding your ethereum address will allow you to point your wallet to your name in the next step.
I've made a subdomain. I've set the public resolver for both the domain and subdomain. I cannot set address. There's no place to add records. There is no 'records' field. There is no '+' anywhere. My wallet address appears defaulted in the Controller field. But the domain still doesn't point to my wallet.
Does it take 24 hours, or something? What am I missing?
Then, there's step 3. I haven't gotten to this step. Can I ignore it if I don't want or need a reverse pointer?
3. Set Reverse Record
Once you set your address, you will see a message saying the reverse pointer is not set. Click the arrow in the field to expand, then click the button 'save'. This will translate your address into your new name.


text:
Raising Tetra fish fry can be pretty tricky at times. They are very small in size, so providing the right-sized food, right aquarium tank size, right parameters, and right Aquarium filtration system for the tetra fish fry is very crucial. You can feed the fry the same fish food that you feed your tetra fish by finely crushing them.
However, for the filtration system choosing one is pretty tricky. The filtration system used in your average tank for the bigger Tetra fish can be overpowering for the small fish. The small fish fry can get sucked in by the powerful filter, and the strong current created by the filters will stress out the small fry and might also kill the fish fry.
There are a few things you need to take care of before you set an Aquarium Filtration System for the tetra fish fry.
- The strength of the current should be very low, so it will not stress out the fish.
- The perforation on the filter media also should be small so that the tetra fish fry cannot be sucked into the filter.
And in this article, we will be learning what types of filters are best suited for tetra fish fry. These filters will not only benefit the Tetra fish fry but will also promote the quick growth of the fish as a result of cleaner water.
Heres everything you will need to know for choosing the right filtration system for your Tetra Fish fry.
If you are a beginner then the article "Tetra Fry Care" will help you a lot.
What is an Aquarium Filter?
Aquarium filter is one of the most important requirements for any fish to live a healthy life in your aquarium. It removes all the toxins present in the water of your aquarium. Fish produce a ton lot of toxins as waste material:- both biological and chemical waste. These toxins need to get removed from the water column of your aquarium as it might and will lead to fatal conditions to your fish or other stockings.
Toxins like ammonia, nitrates, and nitrates are only some of the deadly major waste by-products produced by the fish. Accumulation of uneaten food also builds up the toxic waste, which should be mechanical or chemically or biologically removed.
You should be careful while setting up a filter in your aquarium. You should set the filter of the correct ability to filter the amount of water present in your tank. The requirement of filtration depends on the size of the fish and their biological waste. Small fish like tetra fry require very slow running filters.
Adding different types of aquarium plants also helps you remove all these toxins from your aquarium in a natural way. You should always use the right combination of mechanical, biological, and chemical filtration should be added for your tank. With a little help of natural filter that is the aquatic plants, your tank will be pretty balanced at all times.
You can also try to incorporate hydroponics to filter your tank or to utilize the waste produced by your fish. You can use Pothos Plants for this purpose. This can be a pretty fun project.
Want to know more aquarium filter? Check the article "Types of Aquarium Filter and Filtration Methods".
Why Do We Require Filtration in Tank Having Tetra Fish Fry?
We, humans, require clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and good food to eat for a healthy life. If the water that we drink or the air that we breathe in contaminated with any pollutants or toxins, it will lead to a life-threatening condition. Our environment plays a massive role in our survival. Similarly, if the water is not clean in your aquarium, it will lead to a life-threatening condition in the fish.
The metabolism of a Tetra fish fry is relatively faster than an adult Tetra fish. And as a result, the Tetra fish fry produces a lot more of biological waste as pollutes the water more than an adult Tetra fish. And if you do not remove these wastes, these may be fatal for the fish within some days.
The buildup of the toxins in the water column disrupts water parameters. They may cause mild changes in pH and GH but may also result in large ammonia spikes, which causes mild stress to fish and, in the worse cases, may cause severe diseases like ammonia burn or even death. These toxins stress out the fish and don't let the fish thrive in the tank.
Overall, these toxins only harm the fish in your tank and are best removed from the tank as soon as possible. You can remove these toxins either by adding an adequate filter or even by some partial water changes manually.
Types of Filters That are Best Suited for Your Tetra Fish Fry
When you are looking for a filtration system for tetra fish fry, any strong power filters should be strictly avoided. They produce too strong current for the tetra fish fry to swim in. These types of filters suck in the tiny fish fry. So you will have a harder time trying to save all your tetra fish fry.
Any type of air-driven filter should serve its purpose right for filtration of water containing small fish fry—filters like sponge filter, gravel filters, Matten filters, etc.
Sponge filters have a flat base, which is usually weighted, which helps it sink in the bottom of the tank. It has a tube coming from the base with numerous pores for the water to flow. A sponge covers the tube entirely. The sponge also acts as filtration media.
It has an effortless working mechanism. The air from the pump produces a suction force inside the filter. The suction force causes the water to flow through the sponge, and thus filtration occurs.
Sponge filters have decent mechanical filtration, but it excels in biological filtration as the sponge in the sponge filter is home to thousands of beneficial bacterias.
Some of the best sponges that I've used and had success over the years are
- Aquaneat Aquarium Bio Sponge filter,
- Hikari Bacto-surge Foam filter, and
- Hugger Aquarium Double sponge filter.
Any of these Sponge filter brands you choose to go with will provide enough filtration for your tetra fish fry.
Corner filters also keep the water pretty clean but are not as efficient as the sponge filters. You can place the corner filters in the corners of the tank, which allows it not to occupy much space in your tank.
The Corner Filters work with the same principle as the sponge filters.
The Corner Filters have lesser surface are for the beneficial bacterias to grow in. These filters are a lot harder to maintain compared to The Sponge filters.
Corner filters are of two types. One is having an airstone within. It makes your corner filter a lot quieter while maintaining a good filtration. The other one has no airstone within. The filtration is the same. However, this type of corner filter tends to make a lot of noise.
I would prefer and recommend the Corner filter with the airstone. It is a lot more quieter and provides the same level of filtration.
Some of the best brands producing the Undergravel filters are Penn Plax under gravel filter, Lees Premium UG Filter, etc.
Undergravel filters would be my last choice. YOu can find Undergravel filters in various shapes. Most of them are square. Usually, it measures about 12 inches by 12 inches (length * breadth).
It uses the gravel from the tank as the mechanical media and also provides a surface for beneficial bacteria to accumulate in.
They do provide decent filtration but is very hard to clean and are not good overall in the long term.
These filters are usually not safe for the fish fry. These types of filters produce a lot of flow in the tank. This causes the fish fry to stress out. The current can be too much for the fry to bear. Your fish fry can get sucked by the powerhead filters.
Powerhead filters might not be the best choice for tetra fish fry. I would only suggest these filters if you're left with no other options for filtration.
Some of the best powerhead filters for tetra fish fry are the ones that you make on your own. By doing some small modification, some powerhead filters can be made Tetra fish fry safe.
Which Filtration System is the Best for Tetra Fish Fry?
You will have the best results for your fish fry by using the air-driven filters. It comes in all shapes and sizes, so there's one for everyone. You can discreetly place one in your tank without making it too obvious. If you can place it carefully in your tank, it will add up to the beauty and simplicity of the tank.
The rate failure of these sponge filters is almost zero to none. You can never go wrong with a sponge filter. And it is pretty easy to clean too. It is cheap to buy, simple to maintain, and requires almost no effort to keep it running in your tank. You can use these filters to quickly cycle a new tank in cases of emergency.
The air-driven filters are some of the most economical choices, even for adult tetra fish. Air-driven filters like sponge filters have been the filter of choice for many fish breeders throughout the world.
Recommendations of Filtration System for your Tetra Fish Fry
I would recommend you to go with any type of sponge filters, as they provide good filtration with a gentle flow. And at the same time, the sponge acts as a surface for the beneficial bacteria to grow. I would prefer a Matten filter over other sponge filters. Sponge filters come in various types. Some sponge filter even incorporates gentle powerheads to insure excellent filtration.
Matten filter is some of the