text:
economic sphere. Shevchenko О.А., Burlakova I.A., Sheviakov О.V., Agarkov O.A., Shramko I.A. A theoretical and methodological approach to the study of the process of professional health of specialists in the economic sphere was developed, which allowed to distinguish professionally important qualities of a specialist influencing his professional health, as well as to predict their transformation in changing social conditions. The peculiarities of the dynamics of the process of occupational health of specialists in the economic sphere (the stage of "primary formation" and undefined attitude to the profession; "personal-activity" stage - realization of social status at the level of the professional community; "professional-ethical" stage – values-based attitude to the profession) are revealed. Types of values-based attitude relation (neutral; pragmatic-realistic; values-based) to professional activity and peculiarities of their manifestations in specialists of economic sphere having different experience of such activity are determined. It is shown that the dynamics of professional becoming of specialists in the economic sphere is associated with the activation of changes in the internal and external environment of the subject of activity. The conceptual model of formation and preservation of professional health of specialists of the economic sphere is offered, implemented as a theoretical and methodological strategy of the systemic and holistic process in the direction of ensuring its effectiveness, presented in the form of an image of a healthy person, responsibly managing his own health and realizing himself in society, and an image of a specialist who independently sets the goals of formation and preservation of professional health, chooses the best ways and means and achievements. The developed model provides a qualitatively new level of personal, physical, professional and social readiness of the person for self-realization in the professional economic sphere of activity and successful integration into society.
PAGES OF HISTORY
Berest I.R., Berest R.Ya., Pasichnyk M.S., Savchuk H.M., Oliynyk M.A. Analysis of the statute and the first year of activities of Lviv Society of Halician Physicians («Towаrzystwo lekarzów galicyjskich»)
Key words: medicine, trade union, society, physicians, protection
Abstract. Analysis of the statute and the first year of the activities of Lviv Society of Halician Physicians («Towаrzystwo lekarzów Galicyjskich»). Berest I.R., Berest R.Ya., Pasichnyk M.S., Savchuk H.M., Oliynyk M.A. Based on the principle of historicism, system analysis, structural functionalism, dialectics and synergetics, the paper analyzes the charter and activity the of the Lviv Society of Halician Physicians, the first trade union organization in the medical sphere. Contemporary codition as well as development of historiography of the issue including the history of the medical and trade union movement, the names of the Society founders is shown. The crucial problem among physicians of the second half of the nineteenth century which was in line with the problems of all population segments is proved. This organization played a prominent role in the development of medicine in Halychyna. The activity of the Society was regulated by the charter. Each member, when joining the Society, assumed the obligation to comply with all the provisions of the charter and had to care for its growth and the glory of the organization. Acting members had to be present at scientific meetings and provide observations on the status of the medical case. That is, to provide statistics on the diseases and patients they have been treated, as well as to share the experience gained in practice. The purpose of the organization and its activities were primarily socio-economic and cultural-educational ones. Under its control, the Society kept a record of the movement of patients in Lviv hospitals (kept statistics of all cured patients), analyzed new methods in the treatment of fever, various pathologies and other issues. The members of the Society promised to meet every first Saturday of the month to participate in scientific meetings. They discussed major events in the life of the organization, read correspondence and planned work for the next month. Once a year, in December, the Society of Galician physicions held an annual meeting, which provided a full annual financial report, discussed the issues of new members and those who left the organization, announced the names of new honorary and advisory members.


text:
ISO/TS 24534-5:2008 provides the requirements for an Electronic Registration Identification (ERI) using symmetric encryption techniques that are
- based on an identifier assigned to a vehicle (e.g. for recognition by national authorities),
- suitable to be used for:
- electronic identification of local and foreign vehicles by national authorities;
- vehicle manufacturing, in-life maintenance and end-of-life identification (vehicle life-cycle management);
- adaptation of vehicle data, e.g. in case of international re-sales;
- safety related purposes;
- crime reduction;
- commercial services, and
- adhering to privacy and data protection regulations.
It specifies the interfaces for a secure exchange of data between an electronic registration tag (ERT) and an ERI reader or ERI writer in or outside the vehicle using symmetric encryption techniques.
Symmetric encryption techniques are based on secret keys shared by a particular community of users, i.e. in closed user groups in which it is trusted that keys are not revealed to outsiders.
ISO/TS 24534-5:2008 specifies:
- the interface between an ERT and an onboard ERI reader or writer,
- the interface between the onboard ERI equipment and (road side) reading and writing equipment,
- security issues related to the communication with the ERT.
Текущий статус : WithdrawnДата публикации : 2008-02
Версия : 1
Технический комитет:Intelligent transport systems

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Engraving of a female slave kneeling by the shore; a cloth garment covers the lower part of her body, shackles are on her legs and arms; a long armed tool rests on the ground; in the background, a group of slaves working in the field under their overseer's whip. Engraved by Thomas Garner, after Samuel Lines.
This image has the following copyright:
Choose one of the available sizes to download:
This metadata has the following copyright:
Do you want to download metadata for this document?


text:
Definition of capsaicin
n. - A colorless crystalline substance extracted from the Capsicum annuum, and giving off vapors of intense acridity. 2
The word "capsaicin" uses 9 letters: A A C C I I N P S.
No direct anagrams for capsaicin found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after capsaicin (in bold), or to aacciinps in any order:
s - capsaicins
All words formed from capsaicin by changing one letter
Browse words starting with capsaicin by next letter


text:
Learn how to use Analog Outputs on the GS4 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to report status and monitor drive functions in this live tutorial Video/Demo from AutomationDirect.com.
GS4 Variable Frequency Drives have 2 analog outputs. And either analog output can be used to represent any of these things: the output frequency, motor speed, power factor. They can show you what the analog inputs are doing, be commanded from Serial Modbus, Modbus TCP or Ethernet/IP and you can even enter values directly from the keypad which is handy when you are trying to calibrate your system and just want to force a known output for test. Analog output 1 is voltage only. Switch 1 on the terminal board selects if it's positive voltage or plus and minus voltage. Analog output 2 can be switched between voltage and current using switch 2 on the terminal board. Could you use Analog output 1 as a current output? Sure – you just have to provide an external 500 ohm load in series to get a 0 to 20 mA current output. Using parameter 4.53, you can even change it to 4 to 20 mA loop. Again, that assumes you connected an external 500 ohm load. Is this parameter really changing the output from 0 or 4 to 20 mA? No, not really. It's just scaling the voltage from 0 to 10 volts to 2 to 10 volts. So when you add that external that 500 ohm load you get the correct currents. If you just want to use analog output 1 as a straight voltage output like the switch says, make sure that parameter 4.53 is at its default scaling setting of zero so you get the full range you expect. Analog output 2 is identical to analog output 1 with one exception: The switch really does switch output 2 between voltage and current. Other than that the same exact rules apply. If you are using the voltage setting, make sure the scaling is set to 0 to 20 so you get the full voltage range. If you have the switch set to current mode, then parameter 4.57 switches between 0 and 4 to 20mA. Analog output 2 has one other benefit: A bias control. That is, you can tweak the output level to accommodate anomalies in your system. Let's do an example. Suppose we need analog output 2 in current mode, we'll use the default 0-20mA range and we want to output a fixed level. If we tell output 2 to go to 50%, sure enough it gives us 10 mA. Perfect. But suppose our system really needs for the 50% level to be at 11mA. Using parameter 4.59 we can add in an offset – or bias – to make the value whatever we want. Let's bump it a little, a little bit more, a little bit more – bingo. Now when any source that's driving analog output 2 is at 50%, Analog output 2 will send out 11mA. Cool. You can also change the gain of the output from 0 to 500%. So if we double the gain, the output would look like this. If we reduce the gain to 50%, the output would look like this. One side note: If you are writing this value from Modbus TCP or Ethernet/IP using one of the optional com cards on the integrated PLC, note that there is an implied decimal – so to get 50%, you would write a 500. To get 500%, you would write a 5000. You can even change the behavior of the output. These parameters tell the drive to only output positive numbers, zero for negative numbers and or automatically shift the mid-point to the mid-point of the range to represent plus and minus. This is really intended to modify how to present the analog outputs when the motor is going in reverse. Do you just want to see positive values for forward and reverse, no value for reverse or do you want use half the range to indicate when it is going in reverse and half the range when it is going forward? Before we go any farther, take a look at this chart in Appendix C. It shows you everything you need to know about Analog output 1 in one quick reference. All the associated parameters, their options and default values. In one convenient place. There is an identical chart for analog output 2. The only difference is it has that extra bias parameter. We just did an example of using the fixed value as the source. We just put a 13 in parameter 4.50 or 4.54 for output 2 and then the value we want output in parameter 4.60 or 4.61. If you make the source one of the optional com cards, then you can set the output value simply by writing to this memory address via Modbus TCP or EtherNet/IP. If you are sending commands in via RS485 Modbus, you write to the same address. In both cases there are two implied decimal places. So to output 50% of the max range you would write 5000. It's important to understand you only get one or the other: If you choose the RS485 port by selecting an 11 for this parameter, then writes coming from the any of the com cards will be ignored. And vice versa. If you choose a 12, then the RS485 port writes will be ignored. You can also output the analog inputs, the power factor and anything listed here. Most of the time you will probably want to monitor the output speed or amps or frequency. Regardless of what you are monitoring, all of them end up in one place that then goes through the same gain, bias, and negative value handling regardless of the source. That includes writes from the PLC. When the PLC writes to one of the dedicated analog output addresses, it also goes through all of this stuff. And remember: If the PLC references an analog output, whatever you select here will be ignored. Which raises an interesting question. Instead of talking to its dedicated output register, could the PLC tell the Drive parameters to go to fixed value and then send its output by writing to this guy? Sure! The cool thing about that is now the PLC doesn't take the output control away from drive control so the drive analog output source parameters can still be used. And the PLC can switch these to anything at any time. Maybe for one operation you need the analog output to represent output frequency, but for another you need it to represent output current. The PLC can switch between these all day long BUT only if the PLC never references its own dedicated output register. Once that happens, nothing you or the PLC select here will work. Which is why this parameter is so important – at a glance you can see if the drive thinks the PLC owns the analog output. If this block is solid analog output 1 is owned by the PLC and all of these will be ignored. Whether you selected them or the PLC did – it doesn't matter. If this block is solid, analog output 2 is owned by the PLC and any function you select here will be ignored. So keep an eye on this analog output mask and consider using the trick of having the PLC control the drive parameters instead of its own dedicated register – that way you get both PLC and Drive control. And there is one other side benefit to controlling the analog output parameters from the PLC: If the PLC writes to its dedicated register – that's a write only operation. If the PLC tries to read that value back it will get zero. On the other hand, if the PLC uses the drives the drive parameters to output a fixed value, it CAN read the output value back. This snippet of a chart in section 2 of the user manual shows how the analog outputs share an analog common – which is the same one as the analog inputs by the way – and that any cable shields should be connected to chassis ground. There is also a reminder to make sure the switches on the terminal board are set to give you the output range you need. Positive voltage or plus and minus voltage for analog output 1 and voltage or current for analog output 2. The analog outputs are located here on the terminal strip and remember if you remove these two screws you can pull out the terminal board to make your wiring easier. Slide it back in, re-insert the screws and you are ready to go. Click here to learn more about GS4 drives, here to learn about AutomationDirect's free support options and here to subscribe to Automationdirects YouTube channel so you will be notified when we post new video content.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
1. a man participant in his own marriage ceremony;
[syn: groom, bridegroom]
2. someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses;
[syn: stableman, stableboy, groom, hostler, ostler]
3. a man who has recently been married;
[syn: groom, bridegroom]
1. educate for a future role or function;
- Example: "He is grooming his son to become his successor"
- Example: "The prince was prepared to become King one day"
- Example: "They trained him to be a warrior"
[syn: prepare, groom, train]
2. give a neat appearance to;
- Example: "groom the dogs"
- Example: "dress the horses"
[syn: dress, groom, curry]
3. care for one's external appearance;
- Example: "He is always well-groomed"
[syn: groom, neaten]
The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Groom \Groom\, n. [Cf. Scot. grome, groyme, grume, gome, guym, man, lover, OD. grom boy, youth; perh. the r is an insertion as in E. bridegroom, and the word is the same as AS. guma man. See Bridegroom.] 1. A boy or young man; a waiter; a servant; especially, a man or boy who has charge of horses, or the stable. --Spenser. [1913 Webster] 2. One of several officers of the English royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain's department; as, the groom of the chamber; the groom of the stole. [1913 Webster] 3. A man recently married, or about to be married; a bridegroom. --Dryden. [1913 Webster] Groom porter, formerly an officer in the English royal household, who attended to the furnishing of the king's lodgings and had certain privileges. [1913 Webster]The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Groom \Groom\, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Groomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Grooming.] To tend or care for, or to curry or clean, as a, horse. [1913 Webster]U.S. Gazetteer (1990):
Groom, TX (city, FIPS 31292) Location: 35.20408 N, 101.10600 W Population (1990): 613 (297 housing units) Area: 2.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 79039Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:
121 Moby Thesaurus words for "groom": adapt, apprentice, bed, bed down, blushing bride, break, break in, breaker, breed, breeder, bride, bridegroom, bridle, brief, bring up, broncobuster, brush, brush up, buckaroo, cattleman, clean up, clear the decks, clear up, coach, condition, cow keeper, cowman, cultivate, curry, currycomb, dairy farmer, dairyman, develop, discipline, drench, dress, drill, equerry, exercise, farrier, feed, fetch up, fettle, fit, fix up, fodder, form, foster, gentle, get ready, grazier, handle, harness, hitch, honeymooner, horseshoer, hostler, house-train, housebreak, improve, lick into shape, litter, make ready, manage, manicure, milk, neaten, newlywed, nurse, nurture, plighted bride, plume, police, police up, practice, preen, prepare, prime, primp, put in trim, put in tune, put to school, raise, rancher, ranchero, ranchman, ready, rear, refresh, rehearse, rub down, saddle, send to school, shape, sheepman, smarten up, spruce, spruce up, stableboy, stableman, stock raiser, stockbreeder, stockkeeper, stockman, straighten up, take in hand, tame, tamer, tend, tidy, tidy up, titivate, train, trainer, trig up, trim, trim up, tutor, war bride, water, yoke

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A steel bridge designed to be shipped in parts and assembled rapidly.
In military engineering, a portable bridge consisting of a series of prefabricated steel sections in the form of lattices.
Other Word Forms
Origin of bailey-bridge
- After Sir Donald Bailey (1901–1985), British engineer
From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition


text:
Adana is one of the largest and the most energetic cities in Turkey. It had developed its significance from its location as the gateway to the Cilician basic which is now known as the Çukurova basic. Adana happens to be the marketing and allocation core for an agricultural district where grapes, wheat, cotton, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco and barley are produced in huge amounts. Some of the city's leading industries are engaged in tanning, textile development, and wool dispensation. Apart from all this, Adana is also well-known for their cuisine; out of its several specialties, one would be the salgam, the special local diversity of turnip juice and not to mention the unique Adana kebab.
Adana, for decades had been an essential metropolitan because it is situated in the center of an industrious city. The esteemed River Seyhan had been further emphasized by the prehistoric Taskopru or better known as the Stone Bridge. The Stone Bridge had been refurbished by Justinian and constructed by Hadrian. The construction of the 300 yards long stone bridge during the Roman era was truly an accomplishment. During the 16th century, within the city numerous remarkable structures had been constructed. The Eski Mosque or Yag, Saat Kulesi (a clock-tower) the Hasan Aga Mosque, Great Mosque (Ulu Camii) were all established during the year of 1882. Ethnographical Museum in the city is enriched with remarkable historical belongings. Manuscript books, swords, Turkish carpets, as well as tombstones are exhibited here.
Adana Turkey prestige luxury car hire company was developed to offer capable escort services and fresh out of the showroom new prestige cars in Adana to clients than some other available. . Throughout this time we have endeavoured to be the cheapest and most affordable car rental company in Adana offering quality rental cars from as low as TL19 per day* - ( * Conditions apply ).
Best Turkey Adana Car Rentals Company have a wide range of budget priced hire vehicles from which to choose, you will find our long and short term rates are exceptionally affordable and what is even better there are no hidden costs. Contact us direct on our phone number or click the buttons below to view our range of vehicles, or request a FREE quote.
Medium / intermediate cars for rent in Adana / Turkey
The medium / intermediate hire cars are the perfect rental car for carrying a bit more luggage in the boot and have more room and comfort inside for the passengers with seating capacity for 5 people. These cars for hire are only available in Automatic sedan and have air conditioning and power steering. Intermediate cars are medium size cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Long Term Rental around Krakow, Turkey : Please contact us for our competetive long term rental fees (min. 1 year) Cars include : Toyota Camry, Mitsubishi Magna, Fiat Albea, Fiat Palio, Renault Clio, Ford Fiesta, Hyundai Getz, Hyundai Accent, Fiat Marea, Fiat Linea, Kia, etc. With a family rental car, you have more space to stretch out. No matter if your family is renting a car for a day trip or for a week-long road trip we can meet your needs.
Family size cars for hire in Adana / Turkey
Family size cars have large luggage room with 5 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Dacia Logan, Fiat Doblo, Renault Kangoo or similar. With a family rental car, you have more space. Our fleet ranges from fullsize SUVS and minivans to passenger vans that seat up to 15 passengers. When it's time for your next road trip, Krakow's best rent a car company has a variety of vehicles with room for everyone. Car hire services company in Turkey Adana offers premium family vehicles like SUVs seating four to seven people and minivans seating seven. Have a big family? One of our passenger vans seating 12 to 15 people gives you plenty of room. If you decide you need more room we give you the opportunity to upgrade from a 5-seat SUV to a minivan, or from a minivan to a passenger van.
Premium cars for hire in Adana / Turkey
Premium cars are large size cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Fiat Linea, Ford Focus, Hyundai Era ( auto transmission ), Toyota Corolla, Opel Astra, Kia Cerato or similar. Using a luxury car will give you an unique advantage: you will be able to access exclusive places in Krakow, Turkey. You will not need to use public transportation or taxis, so you will have the freedom to explore the city in its fullest. By using a car rental in Adana you will be able to go as you wish with a Mercedes E Cabrio or a Maserati Gran Cabrio. You will also have a much better experience by being able to go sightseeing or shopping in your own rhythm.
Luxury rental cars in Adana / Turkey
Luxury cars are larger sedan cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Prestige car hire service Adana has a fantasy to be the best drivers' association Adana Turkey conveys to the table. We hope to open our association's remarkable potential, making us a less inflexible, all the more quick and clearer affiliation. One that passes on in the meantime, above all, makes us the best business driver association for our customers. With us rent a luxury car in Adana Turkey and live a great experience of driving. Rent your favourite car now online in one click and drive it. Cars included ; Ford Mondeo, Ford Focus Trend Diesel, Renault Fluence diesel, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Passat, Renault Megane Station Wagon, Opel Vectra, Honda Civic, Peugeot 407 or similar.
Deluxe car hire in Adana / Turkey
If you're thinking of renting a luxury car, look no further than the Adana Turkey car rental company team. Just make and enquiry with your dates and requirements and we will respond promptly. We have a vast range of luxury vehicles for hire; sports cars, SUVs, luxury models and cabriolets. All the vehicles are new and the very latest models. Deluxe cars are larger sedan cars with 4 doors, manuel and automatical transmission, airconditioning. Mercedes S Class, BMW Series, Audi Series, Porche, Land Rover Range Rover Sport, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Mercedes E Class, Jaguar, Bentley or similar.
Minivan hire in Adana / Turkey
Minivan cars are larger vehicles cars with 4 doors, manuel and automatical transmission, airconditioning. Mercedes Viano, Mercedes Vito, VW Transporter, VW Caravelle, Hyundai Starex, Ford Journey or similar. Comfortable, affordable and luxurious, these classic 7 seater hire, 9 seater hire, 13 seater hire and 16 seater luxury mini van hire options are ideal for small corporate groups, intimate family and friends groups or sports enthusiasts who are looking for a small luxury coach hire option at affordable rates.
Motorbike hire in Adana / Turkey
A motorcycle ( also called a motorbike, bike, or cycle ) is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions. Adana Scooter Hire and bike rentals, first and foremost, you must have experience of riding a motorcycle before. You do not need to present a license but must be able to show that you know how to drive. If you are a little rusty and it's been a while since you last rode our staff can run over the basics with you. BMW R1200 GS, BMW F 800 GS, BMW F 650 GS, BMW G 650 GS, Yamaha XT 660R, Yamaha XT 600, Yamaha XT 660Z Tenere or similars.
Motorcycle hire in Adana / Turkey
We offer a Wide Range of Motorcycles and Scooters For Rent in Adana / Turkey! Our Motorcycle Rentals Offices have Automatic, Manual and Off-Road Motorcycles and scooters for rent in Krakow! Lowest rates on all types of motorcycle rentals. diverse rental fleet of over 2.000 motorcycles to choose from, is impeccably maintained and inspected before each ride, and you are given a complete overview of your bike prior to departure. Suzuki DRZ 400S, Honda XL700 V Transalp, Suzuki DL 650 VStorm, Suzuki DL 1000 VStorm, Suzuki VL 800 Intruder C 800 or similar.


text:
1. Dial your office extension (701-845-7XXX) from any phone off campus and wait for it to get to voicemail.
2. When your voicemail greeting begins press the star key (*) on your phone.
3. When prompted enter your extension 37XXX followed by the pound or hashtag key (#)
4. When prompted enter you voicemail PIN follow by the pound or hashtag key (#).
5. Your are now at the Unity Connections voicemail menu. Press 4 on your phone keypad to begin setup options.
6. Press 1 on your phone keypad to change your greetings.
7. Press 1 on your phone keypad to rerecord your standard greeting or Press 3 on your phone keypad to edit all other greetings.
8. If you press 3, follow the menu options to edit the other greetings.


text:
Country of Origin: United States of America
Overall: 6ft x 7ft (182.88 x 213.36cm)
Frame: Aluminum, with circuit boards attached. Wires in interior.
This is a CRAY-1, an early example of a class of computers called "supercomputers." It was built by Cray Research, Inc. of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, and installed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. Unlike most computers, it was hand-wired, and its circuits were arranged in a three-quarters circle. Both helped increase the speeds at which signals travel from one part of the computer to another. Hefty power supplies are located below each of the circuit bays, and the padding on them suggests a piece of lounge furniture.
At NCAR, the machine was used between 1977 and 1983, where it performed complex calculations involving the numerical modeling of weather phenomena. As the speeds of ordinary workstations increased over the years, it became obsolete and was donated to the Smithsonian.
Gift of Cray Research, Inc.


Six Distinguishable People in Four Distinguishable Rooms
(An archive question of the week)
Last time we looked at some elementary problems in combinatorics, where we counted the number of ways to choose or arrange elements of a set. Let's look at a somewhat more complicated problem, which will demonstrate issues that come up in interpreting such a problem and in choosing a way to solve it. We'll be using each of the basic methods we saw last time (products, permutations, and combinations), each in its place.
The question: assigning rooms
Here is the question, from 2013:
Maximum Occupancy
A hotel has four vacant rooms. Each room can accommodate a maximum of four people.
In how many ways can six people be accommodated in the four rooms?
There seems to be lots of different configurations, e.g., zero people in rooms 1 and 2, two in room 3, and four in room 4. I tried to use multisets but couldn't get the (n + r - 1)Cr formula to make sense.
Guy mentions knowing about multiset combinations, which I will be looking at in the future; briefly, that refers to "sets" in which an element can occur more than once. That idea was probably suggested by the fact that each room might be selected by more than one person. That might be a good thought, but before we choose the tools to use for a project, we have to be sure of our goals. So Doctor Ian wrote back, as we often do, asking for clarification:
The first thing to do is define what you mean by "ways."
That is, consider this assignment:
 Room 1: Bob, Carol
 Room 2: Ted, Alice
 Room 3: Mick
 Room 4: Keith
Is that a different "way" than this?
 Room 1: Mick, Carol
 Room 2: Keith, Alice
 Room 3: Bob
 Room 4: Ted
Or are you just looking for the number of people that you can put in each room? And if that's the case, consider this assignment:
 Room 1: 2 people
 Room 2: 2 people
 Room 3: 1 person
 Room 4: 1 person
Is that a different "way" than this?
 Room 1: 2 people
 Room 2: 1 person
 Room 3: 2 people
 Room 4: 1 person
Or are you just looking for the number of ways to partition 10 items into 4 groups? And if so, is 0 a legitimate group size?
The first two examples illustrate the question, whether the people are to be considered "distinguishable": that is, does it matter who is in a given room, or do we only care about how many are in each room? The third example shows how we would describe the first two under the assumption of indistinguishable people; the fourth, by comparison, illustrates the question, whether the rooms are to be considered distinguishable. If they are indistinguishable, then we only care about the numbers of people, not where they are.
Clarifications
I started pondering ways to solve this, under the interpretation that made most sense to me; meanwhile, Guy responded with more information as well as his own reading of the problem:
Thank you, Doctor Ian, for posing these questions.
The way I read the question is that we have four rooms, A, B, C, and D. A room can have from zero to four occupants. We are asked for the number of ways six persons can be accommodated.
I'm trying to envisage this as a stars and bars problem, but cannot get any of the multiple choice answers (4020, 4068, 4080, or 4096).
As these are large numbers, I'd assume that ABCD = 0303 is different from ABCD = 3003.
Although I'd like to solve this specific problem, I'm really more interested in gaining the intuition to know how to tackle counting problems in general.
He mentions here the "stars and bars" technique, which I plan to cover soon, and which is often used in connection with multisets. I won't be using that, but perhaps we could.
He also shows us an idea he's had for a notation for thinking about the problem, listing the number of people in each of the four rooms (A, B, C, and D) as a way to identify one way to assign them. (This implicitly assumes that the people are indistinguishable.)
He also tells us that this is a multiple-choice question, and gives the choices. I dislike multiple-choice questions in general, but this is a good example where listing choices can help in validating one's interpretation of a problem and getting feedback on an answer. When a problem is multiple-choice and you don't tell us the choices, that may handicap us. So now we are better prepared to answer the question.
I had already worked out an answer, which agreed with one of the choices, so I passed that information on to Doctor Ian, who said to take over the discussion. So I did, first confirming the interpretation:
Hi, Guy.
I took a look at this question after Dr. Ian responded, and found that I could get one of the listed answers by interpreting the problem as treating not only the rooms as distinguishable, but also the people. I considered that likely because any other interpretation would probably produce smaller numbers; and this does seem like a reasonable reading of the exact words of the problem.
We want to find the number of ways to assign people A, B, C, D, E, and F to rooms 1, 2, 3, and 4, such that each person has a room, and each room may have from 0 through 4 occupants.
I reversed the naming from Guy's approach, using letters for names and numbers for rooms — not intentionally, but because it seemed most natural to me. It was also helpful to make a fresh start.
Rather than give you the answer, I want to give you a chance to find it, knowing what the correct interpretation is. My basic approach (which probably can be improved upon) was to first find the number of ways to assign each of the 6 people to one of the 4 rooms without any restrictions. The fact that this produced a number of assignments in the right ballpark was encouraging.
Then I had to exclude all assignments that put 5 or 6 of them to the same room. I did this by subtracting the number of ways to do each (which required looking at the problem from different perspectives).
So I had chosen a subtractive strategy. This is probably not the only way, but it worked for me. (Details are coming!)
As to your broader question -- how to tackle such problems in general -- I've tried to describe my thinking above in a way that highlights some of the key ideas. While I may try different models, such as the stars and bars approach that you mentioned, I just look at a problem like this in as many different ways as possible, sometimes starting with the slots, sometimes with the people who go in them.
Ultimately, I don't think there's necessarily any single technique that will shorten this exploratory phase. Rather, you must build up enough experience that you start to develop an intuition, however ineffable. (I don't claim to have that; others of us apparently do ... but don't try to explain it!)
My comment about starting with the slots or with the people is illustrated here:
Reverse Permutation Doubt
My comment about some of us having the necessary intuition mostly referred to Doctor Anthony, who will show up often as we look at combinatorics. He often solved these problems without explanation of the process by which he found the solution, sometimes astonishing me. I comfort myself with the knowledge that figuring something out along with a student can be more productive pedagogically than producing a fully-formed answer.
A near miss
Guy responded with his attempt based on my suggestion, which turns out to be almost correct:
Many thanks, Dr. Peterson, for your illuminating comments.
I tried your approach as follows:
1) If there were no room capacity constraints, then the number of ways of allocating six people to four rooms would be 4^6 = 4096, I believe. Would you agree? Note that I am not distinguishing between rooms or between people.
2) From 4096 I then tried to deduct the number of ways that allocated 6 people to one room, which I take to be 4 (the six people would be in one of the four rooms), giving us 4096 - 4 = 4092.
3) From 4092 I then deducted the number of ways that allocated 5 persons to one room and one person to one of the other three rooms. I took this to be 4 times 3 = 12, giving us 4092 - 12 = 4080, or multiple choice answer (C).
What do you think?
He also asked a more general question, which I'll quote later.
Multiple models
I answered, starting with his first step:
This is the right thing to do; but it appears that you have a misunderstanding about what "distinguishable" means, which will affect what you do later.
You ARE distinguishing between rooms, and between people!
I said this (as I'll make clearer below) because his \(4^6\) is the number of ways to assign one of four distinct rooms to each of six distinct people.
I avoid blindly using formulas, in order to make sure I'm thinking correctly about them. What is it that you are doing when you apply the formula n^k to find the number of ways to


text:
If you're just starting out in video, lighting can be one of the most daunting things to learn. Knowing all the lighting rules and just as importantly, how to selectively break them to create your own personal vision, is a huge undertaking. This video provides some great tips to get you off and running.
In this video, Tony Reale of Creative Edge walks us through some of the basics of video lighting that one has to have internalized: three-point lighting, Rembrandt lighting, and proper background exposure to maintain good subject separation. Once you've mastered the basics, it's time to move into breaking the rules to develop your own creative style a bit. Reale gives some useful examples of how one might begin tinkering with that, including mixing color temperature, "dirty" lighting, and more. Next, it's on to using larger key lights to create more cinematic looks, reverse keying, and using proper backlighting to add more dimension to your shots.
Altogether, these pointers make a very handy reference for anyone looking to improve their video lighting skills. Do you have any favorite tips? Share them in the comments!
Be sure to subscribe to Creative Edge for more!
[via ISO 1200]


Automotive aftersales: recovery after coronavirus
After-sales and recovery: let's take a look
It's undeniable that the months of March and April meant a period of reduced activity and profit for the automotive after-sales market, which only in recent weeks has gone back to display positive trends. Given this new normality we are about to experience, made up of smart working and social distancing, a question arises, what impact will it have on the after-sales sector? Taking into account the persistence of a general situation of distress, true to practically the whole world, after-sales operators will have to take quick measures to be able to face the restart with the right approach.
Automotive after-sales: a 'resilient' business
It must be said that the automotive sector is usually less sensitive to the first impact of a crisis: typically, in a difficult economic period, you may not buy a new car, but you certainly repair the one you already have in order to keep using it.
A recent study released by McKinsey tried to take stock, studying previous periods of global crisis to quantify the changes in demand, earnings, and other performance indicators that are normally affected during difficult times. The resulting patterns were then projected onto the current situation to enable a forecast of the immediate future, to better understand what the so-called "new normal" will be like. That being said, and taking as example the 2007/09 financial crisis, even in a situation of general distress for the automotive industry, the after-sales sector was resilient to a greater extent and, at least in Europe and the US, remained relatively stable in revenues.
An unparalleled crisis
What's the difference today? Five elements: fewer miles driven, fewer accidents, fewer car inspections and services (as governments often postponed deadlines), and increased ecommerce for spare-parts products, at the expense of purchases handled by workshops and spare-parts dealers. On a positive and potentially beneficial note, there's a decreasing desire to use public transport (we have discussed this in relation to car-sharing), with a consequent push to purchasing vehicles. The impact of these 5 factors has led to a reasses the current year's forecasts, which for Europe suggest a decline of 5 – 7% if the containment of the virus is successful, and even between 15 and 17% if infections resume in the autumn.
The digital aid
At this point the question is: how to deal with this uncertainty? The answer is rather complex, but to sum up we could say that it's necessary to turn the crisis into an opportunity, seizing emerging trends, and turning them into one's advantage. Today, a digital action plan represents an asset that must make customer relations easier, and more effective: it's necessary to digitalize the customer check-in phase, intake of appointments, sending quotes and choice (perhaps the purchase) of spare parts. These seemingly simple aspects are often taken for granted, but they represent a real challenge for those stuck with an analogical approach: for instance, MotorK's latest estimates indicate that 30% of workshops in Italy do not own a website. The future of the after-sales sector also depends on this dimension.
Share on facebook
Share on twitter
Share on linkedin
Share on whatsapp
Do you have any questions?
Please let us know how we can help you.


text:
In our world, the designer is responsible for creating dynamic templates that enable the marketer to send highly personalized messages. These templates can be built using the HTML editor or the Sculpt editor.
To achieve advanced personalization, we developed a template syntax that is based on a custom version of Smarty (a php based template language). We'll just refer to as Smarty from now on. To take advantage of all the personalization possibilities, the designer should be proficient in the Smarty syntax and be able to code templates that use variables, link functions, conditional logic, and data looping.
Dig the Data
Before diving into Smarty, the designer should understand how Cordial stores all data in separate collections. Smarty references these collections when rendering data in a message using Smarty variables.
Here are some recommended articles to get you up to speed on the different data collections:
- Contact Collection - stores data specific to a contact including channels, attributes, list membership and cart items.
- Event (Contact Activities) Collection - stores event data specific to messages (opens, clicks, etc.) or any custom named event.
- Product Collection - stores data from a product catalog.
- Orders Collection - stores order data.
- Supplements Collection - stores additional data (store locations, coupon codes, message content, etc.) that doesn't fit into one of the above collections.
In addition to the above data collections, you can also reference external data (RSS feed, Instagram feed, weather, etc.) when personalizing message content.
Watch the Data Overview video to learn more:
Smart Personalization with Smarty
Once you understand what data is available and how it is stored in Cordial, you are able to access it and render it in a message using Smarty.
Introduction to Smarty
To get an introduction to Smarty, start with this article:
The key takeaways here are:
- Smarty is wrapped in curly braces.
- CSS also uses curly braces, so be sure to escape CSS using the literal tag or you will get errors when trying to save a message.
- Smarty renders when previewing a message or at the time of message send.
- You can select a contact's email address when previewing a message to see a live preview of the personalized content for the selected contact.
- Smarty supports variables, conditional statements, data looping and other functions and modifiers.
Smarty can access the data using variables. Variables can access system data, account data, contact attribute data and more. Here are some articles dedicated to what you can do with Smarty variables:
- Variables Overview - Get an overview of how variables are used in Cordial.
- System Variables - Certain variables are reserved for system values such as email address and message ID.
- Account Variables - Account variables are used for account specific values that can be used for CAN SPAM/CASL compliance in message footers.
- Contact Variables - Used to render contact attribute values for each contact such as first name, address, etc.
- Assigning Variables - Variables can be set in a message and then recalled throughout the message. This is useful for link appends or building complex Smarty logic.
- Date and Timestamp Variables - Used for rendering dates in a message.
- Variable Modifiers - Modifiers are used to change the way variables are rendered, such as date formats, numbers and capitalization.
Cordial's custom version of Smarty adds additional functionality to links beyond just pointing to a web page. Learn about link functions with the articles below:
- Optout Link - Modify the default optout link using Smarty
- Adding Tags to Links - Use link tags to associate links in multiple messages for segmentation and reporting.
- Naming a Tracked Link - Give links a "friendly name" for use in the UI when viewing reports.
- Link Appends - Use Smarty to set up link appends.
- Updating List Membership - Add or remove contacts to a list when they click a link.
- Updating an Attribute - Update a contact attribute when a link is clicked.
Conditionals Statements and Data Looping
In addition to rendering variables and link functions, Smarty is used for conditional if/then statements for rendering dynamic content. You are also able to loop through data arrays and render specific values using foreach statements.
Get Data Arrays
Using smarty, you are able to access data arrays from a collection (i.e. products), filter the results and render them in a message. These are called get data array methods. When you combine these with conditional statements and variables, you've opened the door for highly personalized dynamic content. The following articles give you explanations and examples of the different methods available:
- Get Products - Filter and render products from your product catalog.
- Get Events - Filter and render event data such as "items browsed on a site".
- Get Orders - Filter and render order data in a message.
- Get Supplements - Filter and render supplement data in a message.
- Get JSON - render data from an external source such as an Instagram feed.
HTML Content Includes
Reusable HTML snippets can be saved outside of message content in a content library, and then rendered in multiple message using Smarty:
Sculpt Templates and Blocks
The Sculpt message editor provides an easy way for the marketer to create complex message layouts and content without having to write any HTML using a combination of Sculpt templates and Sculpt blocks.
As the designer, you create a Sculpt template to use as a starting point for messages, as well as a variety of Sculpt blocks that can be dragged into templates during message creation by the marketer. Note that both Sculpt templates and Sculpt blocks support advanced personalization using Smarty.
Before the Sculpt editor is available for message creation, a Sculpt Template must be created and saved in the account. A Sculpt template is the "HTML shell" that can accept Sculpt blocks. Get an overview of Sculpt here, and read more about creating Sculpt templates.
Watch the Sculpt template video to learn more:
Sculpt blocks are created separately from Sculpt templates and live within the Sculpt block library. During message creation, the marketer chooses a Sculpt template as a starting point and then drags in Sculpt blocks to build layouts and customize content.
As the designer, you create the library of Sculpt blocks that the marketer can use for messages. Any element within a Sculpt block (images, colors, fonts, etc.) can be set as editable using variables and then customized using forms that you create. Learn more about Sculpt blocks.
Watch the Sculpt block video to learn more:
Other Helpful Resources
We've put together a list of additional external resources that you may find useful...we did!
- Email boilerplate - The folks at Litmus have put together several responsive email templates to get you started building email code.
- CSS inliner tool - To make sure your HTML and CSS are email friendly, use this CSS inliner tool from Zurb.
- Character converter - If you use special characters in your messages they may need to be converted to their respective HTML entities. This HTML Character Converter will do it for you.
- Rendering tests - Both Litmus and Email on Acid provide great tools to test email rendering.
- Smarty Documentation - _URL_ is the official guide for Smarty. Keep in mind that not all functions and modifiers are supported in Cordial. Check out our full list of supported functions and modifiers here.
- JSON validator - JSONLint is an awesome tool for checking your JSON for errors when making API calls. Sometimes it's just a comma causing the problem!
- HTML, JS and JSON beautifier - jsbeautifier.org will beautify your code and make it easier to read.


text:
(mih-nest-ROE-nay) - Means "big soup." It is a thick vegetable soup that generally contains pasta.
A thick soup mad with a large variety of vegetables, usually including greens..
soup made with a variety of vegetables
A thick Italian soup containing a mixture of vegetables and pasta or rice.
vegetable soup with pasta or rice
a thick soup of Italian origin containing assorted vegetables, peas and beans, pasta (such as vermicelli or macaroni) and herbs in a meat or vegetable broth.
a very hearty, mixed vegetable soup, subject to enormous variation. From minestrare (to administer), probably because this was the only dish served at the meal. Note that it is redundant to say "minestrone soup".
a minestra with pasta.
a thick Italian vegetable soup usually containing pasta along with peas or beans and sometimes other vegetables.
Minestrone (< Italian minestra'soup' + -one (augmentative suffix)) is name for a variety of thick Italian soups made with vegetables, often with the addition of pasta or rice. Common ingredients include beans, onions, celery, carrots, stock, and tomatoes.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Consider the sentence:
You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you?
In spoken English, this statement may be spoken with a rising intonation or a falling one. If the former, it suggests that leaving the dog in the car is a bad thing, and might even suggest incredulity and consternation on the part of the person asking.
In the latter case, when the sentence ends with a falling intonation, the speaker probably believes that the dog should have been left in the car, and that the person being addressed fell short. It amounts to an accusation.
Now, given that question tags are always questions, it seems they ought to be punctuated with a question mark. But in written form, especially dialogue, it feels to me that question tags meant to be spoken with a falling intonation might get by with just a period:
You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you.
I've tried Web searches but haven't gotten close to a set of search terms that point me toward an appropriate source. Anybody know of a definitive answer to this question?
Further Reflection
One of the reasons I ask this is that any declarative statement may be changed into a question by means of a rising intonation at the end.
You left the dog in the car.
becomes a question if your voice modulates upward at the end. In written English, it is customary to show that by means of a question mark:
You left the dog in the car?
I include this information because _USER_ asserts that "punctuation may not be used to differentiate [someone's] two intonations." Yet clearly there are cases in which punctuation is used in precisely that way (though in this case involving the opposite modulation from what I'm suggesting). So I wonder if it might not be possible to move the needle in the other direction.
If not, why not?
Note: I almost accepted my own answer to this question, but retracted it. If someone comes up with a better one I'll certainly consider awarding that one the checkmark. I think this question touches on an important concept, despite the scant attention it has received.
share|improve this question
Traditional punctuation prescribes a question mark even if the tone does not go up; it is not a direct representation of tone, but of the grammatical status of the sentence (direct question or no). See Fowler. – Cerberus Jun 15 '12 at 15:24
Possible duplicate: english.stackexchange.com/questions/67355/… – Elberich Schneider Jun 15 '12 at 15:47
_USER_ they're not asking about the same things. – Matt Эллен Jun 15 '12 at 15:48
_USER_: They are not even remotely similar, except that both concern question tags. – Robusto Jun 15 '12 at 15:48
I might punctuate #2 like this: "You didn't leave the dog in the car – did you." (BTW, your question has me wondering if you should have ended the title of your question with a question mark... A question mark is always required – isn't it.) – J.R. Jun 15 '12 at 15:50
6 Answers 6
up vote 20 down vote accepted
The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th Edition (2003) has this entry under "Exclamation Point":
6.77 Exclamation rather than question. A question that is essentially an exclamation usually ends with an exclamation point.
How could you possibly believe that!
When will I ever learn!
If we take this guidance seriously, it seems to me, then for like reasons we ought to find it acceptable for a question that is essentially a statement to end with a period.
Consider this lyric from Lisa Germano's song "Bad Attitude": "But if life was easy, you wouldn't learn anything, now would you." I certainly wouldn't criticize a writer for complying with the standard approach of ending that statement with a question mark—and in fact I believe that Ms. Germano does use that punctuation. Nevertheless, given that her more-speaking-than-singing voice drops by more than an octave between "now" and "would you," I wouldn't think it misleading to end the sentence with a period.
In addition, Chicago 15 has an entry under "Question Mark" for what it calls "courtesy questions":
6.74 Courtesy question. A request courteously disguised as a question does not require a question mark.
Would you kindly respond by March 1.
Will the audience please rise.
That gives us two instances in which a widely influential U.S. reference work endorses using punctuation other than a question mark to end a phrase otherwise structured as a question.
I tend to agree with Robusto that strict adherence to the rule requiring all statements that are laid out in a form that would normally identify them as questions to end in question marks prevents writers from indicating, as they otherwise might, whether the intonation of the speaker's voice is rising or falling. The bad aspect of any widespread effort to differentiate intonation by punctuation is that it invites countless instances where authors choose punctuation mismatched to their intended intonation, and readers—newly alert for clues to intonation in the punctuation—consequently misinterpret the sentence.
share|improve this answer
Good answer. +1. – Robusto Feb 20 '13 at 12:50
By "mismatched to their intention," I mean "mismatched to their intended intonation." – Sven Yargs Feb 21 '13 at 2:49
I edited that for you, but you could have done that yourself by clicking the edit link underneath your text. – Robusto Feb 21 '13 at 3:02
I basically agree with FumbleFingers, I say you should always use a question mark, but you can't derive the intonation from the text so written.
But why would you restrict yourself when using the written word? Something like:
"You didn't leave the dog in the car, did you?", she asked incredulously...
or a slight rephrasal:
"You left the dog in the car, didn't you?", she asked incredulously...
would provide further context, which would then inform the reader regarding intonation (were they to read the written text aloud for instance).
Short answer - the written word requires more context, what stops you from providing it?
share|improve this answer
I won't downvote, because it's a sensible answer, but I must disagree. You are sacrificing economy of expression because you can't bring yourself to punctuate sensibly. – Pitarou Feb 20 '13 at 4:08
Sorry, but in what way can you punctuate this to unambiguously delineate all the possible meanings spoken inflection could convey? I don't think it is possible - but why would you try? Punctuation isn't the correct tool for the job in this case. – Kyudos Feb 20 '13 at 21:09
Of course punctuation can't convey EVERY nuance, but in the case of tag questions, there are clearly two distinct types, with distinct meanings and distinct intonations, and it seems that punctuation is the perfect tool for distinguishing them. – Pitarou Feb 21 '13 at 12:41
One punctuation mark is enough, and the comma after the quotation mark is incorrect. Also, incredulously is spelled wrong. – shipr Feb 21 '13 at 22:13
There are more than two types of tag questions; punctuation could never represent them all. And by the way, regarding the question mark followed by a comma, we already have an "interrobang" (question mark combined with exclamation point) although it is almost never used. Why not create a combination question mark and comma (replacing the period under the squiggle)? I think it would be wonderfully useful, and graphically easy to understand, in exactly such cases as the example sentences Kyudos gives here. – John M. Landsberg Feb 24 '13 at 8:45
I think there's no way for punctuation alone to represent with absolute fidelity what the speaker's tone, intention, and exact meaning are in such a case. That would be expecting far too much of a simple graphical dot or squiggle.
The writer must decide just how important it is to convey one and only one particular precise tone and intention. The more important it is to convey the exact intended meaning, the more important it becomes to use contextual clues to get that meaning across to the reader.
Creative writing gives you license to describe the setting, the demeanor of the participants in the scene, the exact circumstances surrounding the statement at the moment it is spoken, and much more, in order to give a clear sense of how the statement and its tag question are being delivered. You could even explicitly describe the tone of the person's voice if necessary.
So, no, you are not required to use a question mark, but you are free to utilize all a writer's tools to make the sentence work the way you want it to.
share|improve this answer
I really hate it when people downvote without explaining why. – Pitarou Feb 24 '13 at 23:10
+1 You basically said what I was thinking, John - that with all the writing tools at one's disposal, why box the dialog into needing to depend on the question mark. However, if one is reporting, not creating, it becomes slightly more difficult since the actual quoted words are limited to what was


text:
European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL)
The European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) is a non-profit research organisation which focuses on severe convective storms. We are based near Munich in Germany and in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, where we offer training courses to forecasters and organise the ESSL Testbed, an annual event with the aim of enhancing severe weather forecasting across Europe. ESSL is legally an association of which 18 European meteorological services are members. The first step towards founding ESSL was taken at the Conference on European Tornadoes and Severe Storms in Toulouse in 2000, where many scientists from across Europe presented reports on severe storms that had occurred in their respective countries. At the time, many still considered tornadoes or very large hail to be unpredictable "freak events". However, the participants of the conference detected patterns in their occurrence and realised that they happen all across Europe. Because a pan-European approach was required, researcher Dr. Nikolai Dotzek and six other scientists decided to found ESSL in 2006.
An important pillar of ESSL is the European Severe Weather Database (ESWD). It contains over 140,000 reports of phenomena like large hail, flash floods, severe wind gusts and tornadoes, collected by ESSL and its network of volunteers across Europe. Data from ESSL have been used in over 80 peer-reviewed publications and has become an important resource for scientists. ESSL's research has focused on studying the meteorological conditions that give rise to severe weather events. This supports the forecasting of such conditions and the prediction of the effects of climate change on severe convection. In a recent ESSL study, we reported that the consensus of 14 regional climate models is that severe storms will become more frequent over a large part of Europe by 2100 (Figure 1).
Training and Testbed
Besides research work, we also offer training courses to forecasters and organise the "ESSL Testbed". At the Testbed, forecasters from around Europe use new tools and products to make experimental forecasts. Such tools include novel visualisations of convection-permitting model ensembles and new satellite and radar products for detecting severe weather. The Testbed participants provide valuable feedback to tool developers. Our training courses and the Testbed are becoming more and more popular. A top priority right now is to provide training tailored to the aviation forecasting community. We are also developing new forms of training in cooperation with EUMETNET, such as remote on-the-job training.
The Meteosat Third Generation programme is becoming very important for the ESSL Testbed, as these satellites will be launched a few years from now. With the Testbed, we support the development of products based on new sensors, such as the hyperspectral sounder or the lightning imager, and prepare forecasters for using them. Another top priority is improving the collection of severe weather reports by crowd-sourcing. We have developed a standard for collecting and sharing such data with the European Weather Observer (EWOB) app (search for "EWOB" to find the respective app for your operating system). We are working with weather services to set up an international exchange of nationally-collected data.
Finances of ESSL
For a grass-roots independent research organisation like ESSL, it is difficult to raise sufficient funding to operate. Most importantly, covering operating expenses such as rent and administrative work is hard, because externally funded projects such as those funded by governments or the EU typically only cover expenses immediately related to the research, primarily the salaries of the researchers involved. Another major source of income for ESSL is membership fees; these are needed to sustain the quality control work for the severe weather database ESWD rather than operating expenses. Over the past years, ESSL's budget balanced because some of its employees were able to work on the testbed and the training courses as researchers. Recently, the financial situation has become more difficult because a number of research projects have ended and there is no guarantee that project proposals that are under review will be successful. If this difficult situation can be overcome, it is important that ESSL becomes less reliant on project income. Expanding training activities is one way to accomplish that. Membership fees, in particular those from national meteorological services, contribute only 3% of the total annual income (Figure 2) and will need to be reviewed at the upcoming ESSL General Assembly.
To find out more about ESSL please visit _URL_, where one can subscribe to our English-language Newsletter, register for training courses and workshops, read our publications, and find out how to support the collection of severe weather reports.
By Pieter Groenemeijer, Director of ESSL


text:
The definition of autonomous is a person or entity that is self-controlling and not governed by outside forces.(adjective)
An example of autonomous is agovernment that can run itself without aid from an outside country.
See autonomous in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: Gr autonomos, independent < autos, self + nomos, law: see -nomy
See autonomous in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: From Greek autonomos
Origin: : auto-, autoOrigin: + nomos, law; see nemin Indo-European roots.
Learn more about autonomous


How To Fix Kernelbase.dll Not Found or Missing Errors
A Troubleshooting Guide for Kernelbase.dll Errors
Kernelbase.dll Error Message
Kernelbase.dll Error Message.
Kernelbase.dll errors are caused by situations that lead to the removal or corruption of the kernelbase DLL file.
In some cases, kernelbase.dll errors could indicate a registry problem, a malware issue, like a virus infection, or even a hardware failure.
There are several ways that kernelbase.dll error messages might be phrased depending on the cause of the problem. Here are some common kernelbase.dll errors:
Kernelbase.dll Not Found
The file kernelbase.dll is missing.
This application failed to start because kernelbase.dll was not found. Re-installing the application may fix this problem.
Cannot find [PATH]\kernelbase.dll
Cannot start [APPLICATION]. A required component is missing: kernelbase.dll. Please install [APPLICATION] again.
Kernelbase.dll error messages might appear while using or installing certain programs, when Windows starts or shuts down, or maybe even during a Windows installation.
Noting at what point your kernelbase.dll error shows up is an important piece of information that will be helpful during troubleshooting.
The kernelbase.dll error message could apply to any program or system that might utilize the file on any of Microsoft's operating systems including Windows 10Windows 8Windows 7Windows VistaWindows XP, and Windows 2000.
How To Fix Kernelbase.dll Errors
Important: Do not download kernelbase.dll from one of those DLL download sites.
There are many reasons why downloading a DLL file is a bad idea. If you need a copy of kernelbase.dll, it's best to obtain it from its original, legitimate source.
Note: Start Windows in Safe Mode to complete any of the following steps if you're unable to access Windows normally due to the kernelbase.dll error.
 1. Restore kernelbase.dll from the Recycle Bin. The easiest possible cause of a "missing" kernelbase.dll file is that you've mistakenly deleted it.
 If you suspect that you've accidentally deleted kernelbase.dll but you've already emptied the Recycle Bin, you may be able to recover kernelbase.dll with a free file recovery program.
 Important: Recovering a deleted copy of kernelbase.dll with a file recovery program is a smart idea only if you're confident you've deleted the file yourself and that it was working properly before you did that.

 2. Scan your entire computer for viruses and other malware. Some kernelbase.dll errors could be related to some kind of malware infection on your computer that has damaged the DLL file.
 It's even possible that the kernelbase.dll error you're seeing is related to a hostile program that's masquerading as the file.

 3. Execute the sfc /scannow command to replace a missing or corrupt copy of the kernelbase.dll file.
 Fortunately, the kernelbase.dll file is provided by Microsoft in at least some versions of Windows so the System File Checker tool (the sfc command) should restore it.
 Important: This is the most likely solution to a missing or not found kernelbase.dll error. Please make every effort you can to complete this step after making sure your computer isn't infected with malware.

 1. Use System Restore to undo recent system changes. If you suspect that the kernelbase.dll error was caused by a change made to an important file or configuration, and System File Checker didn't help, a System Restore should solve the problem.

 2. Update the drivers for hardware devices that might be related to kernelbase.dll. If, for example, you're receiving a "The file kernelbase.dll is missing" error when you play a 3D video game, try updating the drivers for your video card.
 Note: The kernelbase.dll file may or may not be related to video cards - this was just an example. The key here is to pay very close attention to the context of the error and troubleshoot accordingly.

 1. Roll back a driver to a previously installed version if kernelbase.dll errors began after updating a particular hardware device's driver.

 2. Install any available Windows updates. Many service packs and other patches replace or update some of the hundreds of Microsoft distributed DLL files on your computer. The kernelbase.dll file could be included in one of those updates.

 3. Repair your installation of Windows. If the individual kernelbase.dll file troubleshooting advice above is unsuccessful, performing a Refresh, Startup Repair, or Repair Installation (depending on your version of Windows) should restore all Windows DLL files to their working versions.

 4. Use a free registry cleaner to repair kernelbase.dll related issues in the registry. A free registry cleaner program may be able to help by removing invalid kernelbase.dll registry entries that might be causing the DLL error.
 Important: I rarely recommend the use of registry cleaners. I've included the option here just in case it turns out to be helpful, in which case you could avoid the more difficult testing and last-resort options below.

 5. Test your memory and then test your hard drive. I've left the majority of hardware troubleshooting to the last step, but your computer's memory and hard drive are relatively easy to test and are the most likely components to cause kernelbase.dll errors as they fail.
 If the hardware fails any of your tests, replace the memory or replace the hard drive as soon as possible.

 6. Perform a clean install of Windows. A clean install will erase everything and install a fresh copy of Windows. If none of the steps above correct the kernelbase.dll error, this should be your next course of action.
 Important: To be clear, all the data on the drive you have Windows installed on will be deleted during a clean install so be sure to backup important files if you're able to. Obviously, make sure you've made every attempt possible to fix the kernelbase.dll error using a troubleshooting step prior to this one before you take on a clean install.

 7. Troubleshoot for an unknown hardware problem if any kernelbase.dll errors persist.
 A clean install of Windows is a fresh start on the software-side of the troubleshooting. So, unfortunately, if that didn't work, your DLL problem must be hardware related.
Need More Help?
See Get More Help for information about contacting me on social networks or via email, posting on tech support forums, and more. Be sure to let me know the exact kernelbase.dll error message that you're seeing and what steps if any, you've already taken to fix the problem.
If you're not interested in fixing this problem yourself, even with help, see my How Do I Get My Computer Fixed? piece for a full list of your support options, plus help with everything along the way like figuring out repair costs, getting your files off, choosing a repair service, and a whole lot more.


text:
"Prior" to the creation of the material universe ex nihilo there was no space or time. Because there was no time we conclude that God existed atemporally (timelessly). What about the absence of space? Would this not mean God existed non-spatially without creation? Yes it would. How does that conclusion square with the Biblical teaching that God is omnipresent? How can a being that is spaceless in nature be omnipresent? Is the Bible contradicting itself in its description of God's nature? What exactly is the nature of God's omnipresence? Has He always been omnipresent? These questions ought to cause us to think more clearly about what it means to say God is "omnipresent."
To be all-present requires that there be a "here" and a "there" to be present at. Without the existence of spatial location the notion of omnipresence is meaningless. Seeing that there was no space "prior" to creation it follows that God was not omnipresent prior to creation. Omnipresence, then, is not an essential attribute of God's nature; spacelessness is essential to God's nature. "God existing alone without creation is spaceless." God became omnipresent concurrent with creation in virtue of the creation of space. Omnipresence emerged as a contingent relation between God and the spatial universe.
What is the Nature of God's Omnipresence?
While we have determined that God is spaceless without creation and omnipresent subsequent to creation, this does not tell us anything about the nature of His omnipresence. What does it mean to say God is omnipresent? Does it mean He is spatially located within and extended throughout the universe such that He is present at every point, or does it mean He is cognizant of and causally active at every point in the universe though He is neither spatially located in, nor spatially extended throughout it? While we have typically conceived of omnipresence in the first sense I would argue that God's omnipresence is more aptly described by the second.
At a minimum God's omnipresence means He is not localized anywhere within space, and that He lacks both shape and size. But if omnipresence refers to God's extension through space He would have both shape and size because the universe has both shape and size. God is not extended through space so that He fills it like air fills a container. God is not a physical substance that can fill anything. God's omnipresence in the universe is more comparable to the way in which our minds are "filled" with thoughts. Our thoughts are not spatially extended throughout our minds, and neither is God spatially extended throughout the universe.
If God were spatially present at every point in the universe He could not distinguish "here" from "there." For a being that is spatially present at every point in the universe everywhere is here; everything is ever-present before Him. There is no "there" for such a being. If God were spatially extended through space He must believe that two points, separated by millions of light years, are both "here." That would mean God could not know the Statue of Liberty is separated from the Eiffel Tower by thousands of miles. That is patently absurd, and impugns God's omniscience! There must be a better way of understanding God's omnipresence.
Has God Changed?
Earlier I argued that spacelessness, rather than omnipresence, is essential to God's nature. Those properties that are essential to a substance cannot be changed without causing the substance to cease to exist. Only accidental properties can be changed if the substance is to retain its essence. If spacelessness is essential to God's nature, then, how could God become omnipresent at creation without giving up the property of spacelessness and ceasing to be who He was? If God's omnipresence is understood as a spatial location extended through space this is unavoidable, for He would be required to relinquish the property of spacelessness in order to assume the property of spatiality, and thus He would cease to exist as the divine essence He once was. If, however, God's omnipresence is understood as God's immediate mental cognizance of, and causal activity at every point in the universe then God's omnipresence would not encroach on His essential spaceless nature. Mental cognizance and causal activity do not require spatial presence.
Additionally, there is nothing intrinsic to the act of creation that would require God to be drawn into space (spatialized). Creation was not a spatial act, therefore, we have no compelling reason to believe God surrendered His divine spacelessness and began to exist spatially subsequent to the act of creation. It stands to reason that God remained spaceless even subsequent to creation. If God remained spaceless His omnipresence must mean He is simply "cognizant of and causally active at every point of space".
God's omnipresence is an example of analogous language in which those incomprehensible aspects of God's nature are described in terms finite humans can comprehend. We run into problems, however, when we take this use of language and apply it to God in literal terms. God is not spatially extended throughout the finite universe, but is cognizant of and causally active in each and every part of it as a non-spatial being. Because God is mentally cognizant of, rather than personally located at every point in the universe He can be both here and there, and know the difference between the two.


text:
Commander of the Royal Saudi Naval Forces Lieutenant General Fahd bin Abdullah Al-Ghafili launched on 23 December the Multi-Mission Combat Navy Helicopters (MH-60R).
The launch was attended by the Commander of the US Central Command, Fifth Fleet and Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) Samuel Paparo, the Saudi Press Agency (SPA) reported.
During the inauguration ceremony, Al-Ghafili expressed the Royal Saudi Naval Forces' pride to have the Multi-Mission Helicopters (MH-60R) which come in line with the strategic objectives of the future vision of the Ministry of Defense.
Al-Ghafili said that this type of aircraft possesses the latest technologies and systems, which will enhance the capabilities of the Royal Saudi Naval Forces to face all challenges and threats in the region.
The width of the fuselage is 1.8 meters, its height is 1.3 meters, and the take-off weight is about 10.6 tons. There is a version for surface ships and another for anti-submarines, and its armament load ranges from 2.7 to 3 tons of munitions. It has a top speed of 267 km / h, a range of 834 km, and a maximum flight altitude of more than 3,400 meters. The helicopter is armed with anti-submarine torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, and a 30 mm machine gun.
The helicopter made its first flight in 2001, and production began in 2005, and it is now in service on US Navy ships.


text:
Sportavia (Fournier) RF-5
The Sportavia Fournier RF-5 was a powered sailplane which was produced during the mid-1970's. It was a logical development of the earlier single-seat RF-3 and RF-4 motor gliders. A motor glider has a small engine which enables the aircraft to take off under its own power, as opposed to the classical glider take-off method using a winch or towing aircraft. At altitude, the engine can be switched off for soaring. If needed the engine can be engaged again to enable the aircraft to increase flight time, climb to higher altitude or as a safety measure in case of adverse soaring conditions..
The RF-5 was of wood construction with a retractable main wheel in the fuselage and fixed wing outriggers. Normal powerplant was a 68hp Limbach Comet four-cylinder four-stroke motor, driving a twin-blade, fixed-pitch prop. The aircraft seated two in tandem and was fitted with dual controls.
Paper Model Details: 38 parts on two pages with illustrated instructions. Opaque canopy, boxed wheel, duo-fold prop blades, skids, and outriggers.
Degree of Difficulty: 2/5.
If you enjoy building this paper model, please contribute a review!
Proceeds from all Design Group Alpha paper models are donated to aviation museums.
There are no reviews yet.


Basic Interview Questions for ASIC
Dear Readers,
In ASIC field, these are the most common questions people use to ask in interviews. So here I would like to share these type of questions with answers that can be useful to brush up fundamentals for ASIC engineer as well as any person who are using languages like Verilog, SystemVerilog, Vera etc...
Que : What is difference between Task and Function in Verilog?
Ans : The following rules distinguish tasks from functions:
 - A function shall execute in one simulation time unit;
 - A task can contain time-controlling statements.
 - A function cannot enable a task;
 - A task can enable other tasks or functions.
 - A function shall have at least one input type argument and shall not have an output or inout type argument;
 - A task can have zero or more arguments of any type.
 - A function shall return a single value; a task shall not return a value.
Que : How will you generate clock in Verilog?
Ans : There are many ways to generate clock in Verilog we could use one of the following:
Method1:
initial
 begin
 clk = 0;
 end
 always begin
 #5 clk =~clk ;
end
Method2:
initial
 begin
 clk = 0;
 forever begin
 #5 clk =~clk ;
 end
 end
Method3:
initial
 begin
 clk = 0;
 end
always begin
 #5 clk =0;
 #5 clk =1;
end
These are the ways which I know, there can be some other ways through which you can generate clock in Verilog. This peace of code can be useful for clock generation where you would like to generate clock.
I will keep updating some more question with answers. Please feel free to shoot me an email if you have any question and suggestions are always welcome. You can drop me an email with your feedback on _EMAIL_
Happy Reading,
ASIC With Ankit


text:
Oil Tank Leaks
Sector: Chronic Care
Healthcare organizations require alternative power sources as a means to maintain power for various vital services during interruptions. Most organizations use diesel generators with fuel maintained in underground or above-ground storage tanks as the alternate power. Costly claims and environmental damage occur when tanks and/or the associated piping system leak. Leaks usually occur due to corrosion, installation failure and fuel overfilling. Organizations should have monitoring and leak detection systems and practices in place.
HIROC excludes coverage for any environmental impairment arising out of the ownership, operation or use of underground tanks and associated piping installed in excess of 15 years at the inception of the Composite Healthcare Insurance Policy or any of its renewals.
Data and Information
Oil Leaks Claims Facts
- Oil leaks is the 3rd highest ranked risk for chronic care, complex continuing care and rehabilitation facilities/hospitals and the 5th highest ranked risk for nursing homes, personal care homes and long term care facilities;
- The highest claim in this area settled for over $1,000,000.
Common Themes Seen in HIROC Claims Files
- Lack of compliance with the tank manufacturer's recommendations and/or provincial/local government's regulations and standards for operation and maintenance of oil tanks;
- Use or re-use of old/obsolete underground oil storage tanks;
- Poor contract management practices (expired, not signed or dated, no indemnity clause, or limit of liability limited to the value of the contract, modifications to services not clearly outlined/dated/ signed);
- Loss of work orders, maintenance records, repair and service agreements, emergency service calls and contracts;
- Delays in calling repairs and service;
- Work orders with unspecified maintenance and/ or instructions;
- Delays in notifying insurer and regulatory authority following suspected oil leak resulting in increased cost of remediation.
HIROC Claim Examples
An underground diesel fuel tank was installed by a community based organization in the mid 1980s to provide back-up power supply to the facility. Twenty years later, during routine precision leak testing, the facility noted a discrepancy between amount of fuel used versus amount that was supposed be in the tank. The suspected loss was reported to HIROC two years later. The tank was removed and a temporary tank was installed. The facility was requested by the safety authority to submit a remediation strategy. The soil testing in the area of the tank confirmed that the contamination of the surrounding soil bed was greater than 5 meters deep. The ground water and soil on nearby residential and city property were also contaminated. As ordered by the safety authority, the facility was required to delineate the parameters of the contamination and bore holes on the facility property, residential property and catch basins. Over the course of a couple of years, oil was removed through the drill holes reducing the contamination. In addition to the costs of the investigation and remediation activities, the facility received a demand for compensation from the owner of the residential property impacted by the leak
A nursing home employee observed an oil slick like material on the surface of a river next to the facility's main building. The river emptied into a near-by lake. The local city officials were contacted. The material was determined to be hydraulic oil, the type used as a lubricant for machinery. The lengthy investigation (involving petroleum companies, city officials and the Ministry of Environment) concluded that the pipe on the facility's elevator leading to the oil holding tank had clogged leaking hydraulic oil. The facility had a pre-existing ground water issue around the base of the elevator shaft. The leaked oil mixed with the ground water. The sump pump used to manage the water emptied a drainage pipe that flushed out to the river and ultimately the lake. Extensive and costly soil and river/lake mediation strategies were implemented. Periodic soil testing revealed an unexpected high level of contaminants – it was believed that prior oil leaks had occurred. The elevator company that serviced the nursing home was cross claimed.
- HIROC claims files. y Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. (2003). Environmental code of practice for aboveground and underground storage tank systems containing petroleum and allied petroleum products.
- Canadian Environmental Protection Act: The Storage Tank Systems for Petroleum Products and Allied Petroleum Products Regulations. (2008). Canada Gazette Part II, 142(13).
- Canadian Standards Association. (2006). Ontario installation code for oil-burning equipment.
- ECRI Institute. (2000). Flammable and combustible liquids. Healthcare Hazard Control, Physical Plant 9.
- ECRI Institute. (1996). Underground storage tanks. Healthcare Risk Control Risk Analysis, 3, Environmental Issues, 16.
- Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Operating and maintaining underground storage tank systems: practical help and checklists.
- Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Straight talk on tanks: leak detection methods for petroleum underground storage tanks and piping.
- Environmental Protection Agency. (1995). Musts for USTs: a summary of federal regulations for underground storage tank systems.
- FM Global. (2011). Ignitable-liquid handling. Understanding the Hazard.
- FM Global. (2011). Storage tanks for flammable liquids. Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet, 7-88.
- Ensure all fuel tanks meet provincial/local regulation's performance standards and requirements for (including corrosion protection, as applicable):
- Fiberglass-reinforced plastic;
- Steel/fiberglass-reinforced plastic.
- Ensure aboveground tanks are:
- Located on ground sloping away from main facility buildings and plant utility installations. On hilly terrain, provide drainage or dikes to bypass buildings or installations at lower levels;
- Provide containment for tanks containing oils or fuels by remote impounding, dikes around the tanks or secondary containment;
- Control vegetation and soil erosion around the tank area;
- Where tanks are arranged in more than two adjacent rows or in an irregular pattern, provide greater spacing between tanks, additional dikes or roadways so all tanks are accessible to emergency responders or maintenance personnel/contractors.
- If secondary containments are used, consider the following:
- Are provided with drainage to remove liquid from contained areas at a minimum slope of 1% away from tanks toward a sump, drain box or other means of disposal located at a safe distance from the tank. Ensure drains are prevented from entering natural water courses or public sewers;
- Have a means, accessible to the delivery operator, for determining the level of liquid in the tank;
- Are provided with a means to prevent overfilling by sounding an audible and/or visual alarm when the liquid level in the tank reaches 90% of capacity;
- Are protected against vehicle impact by suitable barriers except where the tank is specifically listed and marked as having passed vehicle impact testing;
- Are spaced a minimum of 1.5 m from building walls or openings.
- Ensure underground tanks are:
- Buried at least 1.5 m away from building foundations and 0.6 m from other tanks and pipelines. Where possible, choose a location farthest removed from below-grade open areas such as pits and basements under buildings;
- Adequately anchored where groundwater conditions are not ideal and where flooding is possible;
- Covered with 0.6 m of earth, except under concrete paving at least 100 mm thick, where 0.3 m of earth is sufficient;
- Also, provide an additional 0.3 m of cover at tank locations over which heavy vehicles pass. Reinforce paving over the tank and extend at least 0.3 m beyond the tank perimeter in all directions to transmit the superimposed load to foundations beside the tank;
- Protected against corrosion by:
- Providing at least 150 mm of well compacted clean gravel or sand around the tank;
- Locating tanks above groundwater level;
- Providing a protective coating on steel tanks. The base coat, often applied by the manufacturer, serves as a primer. The outer coating, applied in the field, must be compatible with the base coat;
- Patch-painting any portions of the protective coating that is damaged during installation;
- As an alternative to protective coatings, using cathodic protection in conformance to applicable standards (e.g. CAN/ULC S603.1, NACE Standards).
- Ensure tanks are monitored for leaks using one or more of the following methods:
- Inventory monitoring;
- Routine monitoring of the interstitial space of a double-walled tank;
- Vapour wells for monitoring soils in the excavation zone;
- Groundwater monitoring wells;
- Automatic tank gauging equipment;
- Other equivalent methods as approved by applicable codes and standards.
- Ensure appropriate documentation/logs including:
- Name of the inspector and date of inspection;
- Location and tanks being inspected;
- Condition and age of the tanks, valves and piping;
- Quantity of fuel in the tanks;
- Condition of leak detection and spills prevention systems (e.g. cathodic protection system, valves, overfill protection, secondary containment, dikes, berms).


Home > Blogs > This Is Why Soda Tastes Better in Glass Bottles
This Is Why Soda Tastes Better in Glass Bottles
Awesome! Share to:
Have you ever wondered why soda seems more delicious when it comes in a glass bottle? Most people will agree that sodas in different packaging—whether it's from the same brand—taste different. And no matter how the Coca-Cola company says that the taste is the same regardless of the packaging it comes in, consumers will always disagree.
Fortunately, science has an explanation for this long-debated question.
Why is soda better in glass bottles
Source: Freepik
Table of Contents
The Science Behind Soda in Glass Bottles
The real reason why soda tastes better in a glass bottle is because of the chemicals in aluminum cans and plastic bottles that alter its flavor.
Sara Risch, a food chemist who works with food and packaging companies, explains the science behind this. "While packaging and food companies work to prevent any interactions, they can occur."
She's pertaining to the Bisphenol-A (BPA), a polymer that is present in aluminum can liners. Worry not—the BPA present in soda cans is not enough to cause harm to your body no matter how many cans of soda you guzzle per day. However, when BPA absorbs small quantities of soluble flavor from the soda, it can alter its taste.
Source: Pexels
Another culprit is acetaldehyde, a chemical used to manufacture plastic bottles. When it reacts with soda, trace amounts of acetaldehyde could transfer to the drink. This gives it that noticeable 'plastic-y' taste. And while plastic packaging is regulated by the FDA to ensure that it's safe to drink, the soda's taste can still be affected.
Additionally, plastic is much more permeable to carbon dioxide compared to glass or aluminum. This means that the fizz will leak out of a plastic bottle faster, making it taste flat after a few weeks of storage.
The best and safest way to enjoy your soda is still by soda glass bottles. Glass is the most inert (less chemically reactive) material for soda packaging. This means that there is little to no chemicals in glass bottles that can change the taste of soda.
However, we still need to consider environmental factors. Even if the soda comes in a glass bottle, exposure to sunlight and temperature can still affect its taste.
Comparing Glass vs Plastic vs Aluminum
Aside from affecting the soda's flavor, its packaging can also make a huge difference in terms of production, transport, and sustainability. Let's compare the three soda packaging materials, then see which one is the most ideal.
Glass bottle vs plastic vs aluminum can
Source: Cgtrader
Production
Glass Bottle: It is made of liquified sand, which is the result of heating sand (silicon dioxide) until it turns into liquid. New glass bottles can also be made from recycled glass. The only disadvantageous effect of glassmaking is that it requires tons of fuel for melting sand. This produces a lot of carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere.
Aluminum Can: Aluminum cans are made from bauxite, a rock that contains alumina, silica, and titanium dioxide. Mining bauxite requires digging a large pit to extract the ores, which damages the environment. Making aluminum cans is also resource-intensive and produces toxic gases into the air.
Plastic Bottle: Plastic bottles may be a cheap option for soda packaging, but the cost of manufacturing them is our environmental welfare. It needs crude oil, which is obtained by drilling into the earth. It is then transported to a refinery to be distilled. Afterward, different types of plastic are created by manipulating polymers.
Glass bottle production
Source: Freepik
Transport
Glass Bottle: Since glass is heavy and fragile, it's quite difficult to transport between plants and factories.
Aluminum Can: Cans are small, lightweight, and can be packed tightly.
Plastic Bottle: Like aluminum cans, plastic bottles are also lightweight and can be packed together tightly.
Glass bottle transportation
Source: Freepik
Sustainability
Glass Bottle: The best thing about glass bottles is that they are completely recyclable. Even if they get broken, old glass pieces can still be turned into new ones (just be extra careful when disposing or packing them). That's why many soda companies use glass bottles since they can sterilize and reuse them. It's the most sustainable soda packaging among the three.
Aluminum Can: Aluminum cans are also recyclable, but only 49.8% of aluminum cans are recycled by consumers per year. The good thing about it is that it can be recycled unlimited times.
Plastic Bottles: It might be the most convenient packaging material, but it's also the most unsustainable. Only 6% of plastics are recycled each year; the rest of it is dumped into oceans and landfills.
Glass bottle sustainability
Source: Freepik
Why Soda Glass Bottles Are the Best Option?
If you're a beverage producer, then it's clear that glass bottles are the best packaging option for your drinks. First, glass bottles won't affect the taste of soda. They don't have chemicals that can leach into the drink and alter your drink's signature taste.
Glass bottles are also easier to clean and reuse. You can collect your empty soda bottles from the consumers, sterilize them, and reuse them for the next batch of sodas. It can cut back your packaging costs significantly.
Why are glass bottles better than plastic
Source: Unsplash
Additionally, glass is much more environment-friendly. A huge portion of plastics are thrown away and are currently polluting our oceans. Since glass is easier to recycle, it reduces your carbon footprint as a company.
Lastly, glass bottles are more attractive and aesthetically pleasing. Soda definitely looks tastier and more flavorful in glass bottles. Plus, you can choose between embossing your logo on the bottle (giving it a vintage look) versus having it printed (making it look more modern).
Conclusion
For your soda glass bottles and other packaging needs, contact Roetell Glass Packaging. Aside from the standard bottles, we also offer customized solutions to fit your brand and budget.
Consult Your Roetell Glass Bottles & Packaging Experts
We help you avoid the pitfalls to deliver the quality and value your glass bottle and jar need, on-time and on-budget.
Contact Roetell
0 Enquiry cart