CHAR (Transact-SQL)
Converts an int ASCII code to a character.
Topic link icon Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions
Syntax
CHAR ( integer_expression )
Arguments
 - integer_expression
 Is an integer from 0 through 255. NULL is returned if the integer expression is not in this range.
Return Types
char(1)
Remarks
CHAR can be used to insert control characters into character strings. The following table shows some frequently used control characters.
Control character
Value
Tab
char(9)
Line feed
char(10)
Carriage return
char(13)
Examples
A. Using ASCII and CHAR to print ASCII values from a string
The following example prints the ASCII value and character for each character in the string New Moon.
SET TEXTSIZE 0
-- Create variables for the character string and for the current
-- position in the string.
DECLARE @position int, @string char(8)
-- Initialize the current position and the string variables.
SET @position = 1
SET @string = 'New Moon'
WHILE @position <= DATALENGTH(@string)
 BEGIN
 SELECT ASCII(SUBSTRING(@string, @position, 1)),
 CHAR(ASCII(SUBSTRING(@string, @position, 1)))
 SET @position = @position + 1
 END
GO
Here is the result set.
----------- -
78 N
----------- -
101 e
----------- -
119 w
----------- -
32
----------- -
77 M
----------- -
111 o
----------- -
111 o
----------- -
110 n
----------- -
B. Using CHAR to insert a control character
The following example uses CHAR(13) to print the name and e-mail address of an employee on separate lines when the results are returned in text.
USE AdventureWorks2012;
GO
SELECT p.FirstName + ' ' + p.LastName, + CHAR(13) + pe.EmailAddress
FROM Person.Person p JOIN Person.EmailAddress pe
ON p.BusinessEntityID = pe.BusinessEntityID
AND p.BusinessEntityID = 1;
GO
Here is the result set.
Ken Sanchez
_EMAIL_
(1 row(s) affected)
See Also
Reference
+ (String Concatenation) (Transact-SQL)
String Functions (Transact-SQL)


text:
Something did not make sense. Understanding the torque specifications of the Kubota diesel engine for tractors allows you to make a more informed purchase decision, as torque is the acceleration force that gets your vehicle up and moving. They also range in design, and include horizontal crankshaft and and air- and liquid-cooled models. Feel free to contact our tech support 7 days a week. Department of Energy, diesel engines are more powerful than gasoline engines of the same size.
Having a stated weight at the kerb of 1125 kg, the Mitsubishi Starion 2. The neglecting of the oil system may also decrease the longevity of hydraulic valve lifters. The 4-1 designs are more performance orientated for the heavy four wheel drive users, the 4-2-1 designs more for the every day driver with limited modifications planned. Such a special person fails to comprehend the straightforward description of 1 sparkplug but thinks he can do anything productive by coping with his own car repair? Head notes The notoriously weak head in the 2. Tighten the cylinder head bolts using the following sequence-31L and 3.
The 4G54 engine at around 10 psi is good for around 140kw at the flywheel. By 1988, this engine was substituted with the 2. These can produce small gains with the basic systems of around 5 — 10kw at the wheels, with improved fuel economy and torque. Mitsubishi Motors is known for its compact power units, in-line three, 4-cylinder and V6 engines. Pick that one has the most persuasive working theory on achievement of your performance capability wise goals.
With all these components 4G64 engine power will rise up to 200+ hp. Since modern engine heads are soft alloys this is key. The torque on the Cummings Diesel is 650 lb. Torque: 30 Nm 22 ft-lbs. The normal package we provide to our customers is a rebuilt engine with 10. The Starion model is a car manufactured by Mitsubishi, sold new from year 1989 to 1991, and available after that as a used car.
If you fail to change the oil in time, you may face the malfunction of the hydraulic valve lifters. Not too heavy compared to other larger brands, it could tow quite easily for medium loads and was still small enough to drive around local streets with ease. Background image courtesy of Thibaut Nagorny, via unsplash. Rather than being limited to the factory settings, adding an authentic Magnum Mitsubishi Performance Spark Plug allows you to improve on those settings, enhancing the low end torque and fuel efficiency, and numerous other more subtle changes that will positively affect overall efficiency of your Mitsubishi L200 2. I note that you touched on one when you recommended re-torquing the head.
If it lasts a year or two, and there is no reason why it would not you are money ahead. It was primarily employed in Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution vehicles till 2006, when it was substituted with 4B11T turbocharged version. How do you know which are the best plugs to purchase? The cost for balancing is about the same as for the new balance shaft drive and tensioning parts. Not much more to say about them, a good purchase but its overpriced. DodgeDodge vehicles, including the 2010 Ram 2500, come with the Cummings diesel engine. Do not use a torque wrench for this step.
Feb 06, 2011 To install: Fig. I never replaced the carb, I did have a new head installed under warranty when it was about a year old. Their average run is 35,000-40,000 miles. The maximum torque ratings are 20. This truck ran like a scalded dog with stock engine specs. The 4G54, or G54B, engine is also known as the Mitsubishi Astron engine.
This is not for you. We have a vacuum diagram below from a 1986 2. The maximum torque is rated at 123 pound-feet at 2,500 rpm. We hope this helps you plan your vehicle modifications in a more informed manner. As a result, pistons and valves will start to function improperly. However, price is a robbery daytime. Thanks to the unique and patented 360-degree electrode design, higher engine performance, awesome throttle response and splendid pep are achieved through better fuel energy utilization.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Speakers and Book Talks
Mind-Body Health and Meditation
May 21, 2021
This information session will explore the interaction between the mind and body, and how it can impact both our mental and physical health. It will explore how chronic disease, if not adequately controlled, can lead to pain, emotional distress, and physical hardship. Lastly, this talk will integrate how mindfulness exercises, like meditation, can assist individuals in achieving mind-body balance, enabling individuals to develop a positive attitude for maintaining their overall health. Join us for this free online discussion with Akruti Patel, B.A., PhD Student of Clinical Health Psychology, Pace University.
Speakers and Book Talks, Featured


OBIEE - How to set and use a server variable (system/repository) of type date ?
About
This article is a tutorial on how to set a date in a server variable (session variable of repository variable) and use it.
This article use the schema SH : SH repository installation in the database and for the repository
Steps
The statement
To initialize the variables, two statements are used in order to test sysdate :
 - the current date
select TIME_ID from TIMES WHERE TIME_ID = (select max(TIME_ID) from SALES)
 - and sysdate
select SYSDATE from dual
Creation of the system and repository variable
OBIEE see the oracle date as a DATETIME then when you create the initialization blocks, you must use this format in the default value :
TIMESTAMP '2001-12-31 00:00:00'
of
DATE '2001-12-31'
Create then 4 initialization blocks :
 - CurrentDateRepo : a repository variable with the current date statement
 - CurrentDateSession : a session variable with the current date statement
 - SysDateSession : a repository variable with the sysdate statement
 - SysDateRepo : a repository variable with the sysdate statement
Verification of the type of the variable
Use of the variable
CurrentDate
You can then use it in an answer to create a logical sql as for the session variable :
SELECT Calendar."Calendar Year" saw_0
FROM SH
WHERE Calendar."Time Id" = VALUEOF(NQ_SESSION."CurrentDateSession")
ORDER BY saw_0, saw_1
For the repository variable, the filter will be :
Calendar."Time Id" = VALUEOF("CurrentDateRepo")
You made an equality between a date (the column Time Id is defined as a date) and a datetime with the session variable CurrentDateSession. BI Server fired :
select distinct T3883.CALENDAR_YEAR as c1,
 cast(T3883.TIME_ID as CHARACTER ( 30 ) ) as c2
from
 SH.TIMES T3883 /* TIMES Fact */
where ( T3883.TIME_ID = TO_DATE('2001-12-31 00:00:00' , 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') )
order by c1, c2
Sysdate
With sysdate if you want to make a comparison with a date, you will get no rows because the variable don't have 00:00:00 in the hour:minute:second part of the timestamp.
You may have to cast it as a date
Support
The repository variable doesn't support the date datatype from Oracle
Oracle has one date datatype and it's the timestamp datatype of OBIEE. It means that you have always the hour, minute and second.
If you use one repository variable in a report and that you don't want to see the hour, minute and second, you have to cast it (in the repository of in an anlytics) such as :
cast( myRepositoryVariable as date)
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Help Center > > User Guide> Permissions Management> Creating a User and Granting Permissions
Creating a User and Granting Permissions
Updated at: Sep 29, 2020 GMT+08:00
You can use IAM to implement refined permission control for DAS resources. To be specific, you can:
 - Create IAM users for employees from different departments of your enterprise. In this way, each IAM user has a unique security credential to use DAS resources.
 - Grant only the permissions required for users to perform a specific task.
 - Entrust an account or cloud service to perform professional and efficient O&M on your DAS resources.
If your account does not need individual IAM users, you may skip over this section.
Figure 1 describes how to grant permissions to a user group.
Before granting permissions to a user group, learn about the DAS system policies that can be added, as shown in Permissions Management. For the system policies of other services, see System Permissions.
Process Flow
Figure 1 Process for granting DAS permissions
 1. Create a user group and grant permissions to it.
 Create a user group on the IAM console, and grant the DAS Administrator policy to the group.
 2. Create an IAM user.
 Create a user on the IAM console and add the user to the group created in 1.
 3. Log in to the HUAWEI CLOUD console as the created IAM user, switch to the region where you have been authorized to use DAS, and verify permissions. For details about how to log in to the console, see Logging In as an IAM User.
 - In the service list, select Data Admin Service. On the displayed DAS console, click Add Login. If login information can be successfully created, DAS policies have already taken effect.
 - Select any other service, rather than DAS, in the Service List. If a message indicating insufficient permissions to access the service appears, DAS policies have already taken effect.
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text:
Distributed Sparse Image Reconstruction for Radio AstronomyMachine Learning ·
Keywords: C++, MPI, OpenMP, Unit Testing, Benchmarking, Profiling, Astronomy, Instrumentation, Distributed Data, Distributed Computation,
During my PhD at UCL I developed distributed astronomy image reconstruction software called Purify. Purify was developed while performing research on developing algorithms that can leverage sparsity priors to correct artifacts in images from radio telescopes.
There are two core features to the software. The first is to model the instrumentation of the telescope. The second is to apply the optimization algorithm and wavelet transforms (see SOPT).


text:
Empires and Decolonization
Map of Europe and Middle East and North Africa
Ohio University's History Department has an area of great strength in the study of imperialism, decolonization, and the contemporary history repercussions of both. Areas of particular focus are the British, Russian/Soviet, and Japanese empires and East and Southeast Asia, South and Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.
More detailed information can be found on the faculty biography pages:
Dr. Patrick Barr-Melej, Professor of History, teaches the history of modern Latin America.
Dr. John Brobst, Associate Professor and Graduate Director of History, specializes in British imperial and international history.
Dr. Joshua Hill, Assistant Professor of History, specializes in modern China and East Asia.
Dr. Alec Holcombe, Assistant Professor of History, specializes in modern Southeast Asia and Vietnam.
Dr. Victoria Lee, Assistant Professor of History, specializes in the role of Japan in 20th and 21st century science and technology.
Dr. Assan Sarr, Assistant Professor of History, has broad interests in oral history, Islam, slavery, agrarian change, land tenure systems, peace and conflict resolution in Africa.


text: Turtle Diary's adjective games for 2nd grade is designed to help second grade students test and develop their knowledge of adjectives, a basic building block of grammar. In this adventure game, players are given a sentence with an adjective at the bottom of the screen. Then, they will have to identify the adjective in the given options and click the correct one in order to win the race! Not only will students come to better be able to recognize and identify adjectives, this adjective game for 2nd graders will also help them to understand adjective conjugation and how to use them properly in the context of a sentence. This adjective game is time-sensitive and adventurous which will motivate students to accelerate their problem-solving skills. Our 2nd grade adjective game is and exciting complement to a classroom lesson or a thrilling game to play in the comfort of your home.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access)
Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling.
World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP) (_URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Do I really need yoga blocks?
The purpose of yoga blocks and how to use blocks to enhance your yoga poses with Juni MokLead Trainer for Teacher Trainings
equal yoga
If you practice yoga and haven't made yoga blocks your best friend yet, now is the time. However, not everyone feels comfortable using blocks or even knows how to use yoga blocks at all. There are so many ways to incorporate blocks into your practice. Whether you are a new yogi looking for modifications to help you access a pose or you are an experienced practitioner looking to deepen an expression of a shape, there are endless possibilities.
Yoga blocks are a really savvy tool to use to help you substantially improve your yoga practice and physical well-being. Many practitioners may feel inferior using props to assist postures, but props like yoga blocks can make postures not only more accessible, but can also deepen postures for more advanced practitioners.
Yoga blocks allow you to practice integrity of form in yoga postures, ensuring you get the most out of your yoga practice. They assure proper alignment that allows for proper muscle memory to be built (which decreases chance of injury).
Yoga blocks are props, or tools, used to help yoga practitioners in three primary ways: to make yoga poses more accessible, to act as support, and to add a challenge to develop strength. Yoga blocks allow you to practice yoga poses in a safer, more beneficial way. All that bending, twisting, and folding you do in yoga poses can be difficult, especially when you are newer. Yoga blocks are essential to doing the postures skillfully.
equal yoga
How to Use Yoga Blocks
Yoga blocks can be used in a variety of ways, but in the end, to benefit you, it really comes down to three main things: lengtheningstrengthening and support.
 - Lengthen
This refers to correcting your alignment and deepening the stretch that you are in. When you are in a pose that you feel you are struggling to stay in, you would benefit by using blocks. When you don't this, you are most likely not in good alignment and therefore not obtaining the full benefit of the pose or experiencing the fullest expression. Using yoga blocks will help prevent you from over straining yourself, improve your alignment, and get deeper into your poses to become more flexible. Basically almost anytime your hands are unable to touch the ground in a pose, it would be beneficial for you to use yoga blocks. There are alternatives such as resting your hands on your shins or ankle instead, but blocks provide much more stability and comfort than doing that, which in turn helps you get deeper into the pose and improve your flexibility.
 - Strengthen
Yoga blocks are a great tool to use to build strength throughout your entire body. A lot of yoga poses are great for improving strength, but you may not be reaping the benefits because you are unable to maintain proper alignment, form, or have not built up enough strength to get into the pose. Blocks are a great way to force your body into perfect alignment and push yourself to use the correct muscles to stay in the pose. You can also use them to provide you with a little extra support in some challenging poses so you have more control over the severity of the pose, allowing you to build strength effectively.
 - Support
A lot of yoga poses that are classified as restorative can actually be pretty strenuous and ineffective if you lack flexibility. There are several ways you can use blocks in each pose to give you the support you need to deepen into the pose and unleash the tightness.
equal yoga
How many yoga blocks should I get?
We recommend 2 yoga blocks (or more), considering you have 2 sides of your body to work evenly. Also, many restorative poses utilize two blocks to support multiple areas of your body to allow full relaxation in the pose.
What one yoga block can be used for:
 - Length support in one sided poses such as Triangle, Extended Side Angle and Half Moon
 - Comfort support in poses such as Hero, Fish, and Pigeon
 - Balance and alignment support in poses such as Crow and Boat
You need two yoga blocks for:
 - Length support in two sided poses such as Full Split, Downward Facing Dog, and Camel
 - Strength building exercises such as Chaturanga (low plank)
 - Comfort support in two sides poses such as Reclined Bound Angle
 - For extra support in restorative postures such as Bridge and Fish chest openers
 - If you are extra tight on one side and need extra length
equal yoga
Can I use household items as yoga blocks?
Yoga blocks are ideal, but if it's not in the budget, some household items can help achieve similar results:
 - For hip support, use a thick, folded towel or a dense pillow or cushion
 - For balancing and/or "bringing the floor to you," use a thick, sturdy book (like a textbook).
So, go ahead and get a set of two blocks. The benefits of having two just seem like a no-brainer and it is really not that much more expensiveand you will have them for years to come to assist you in an endless amount of ways to advance your yoga practice!


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DO-178C is the international and de facto standard for certifying all aviation safety-critical software.
The purpose of DO-178C is to provide guidance for developing airborne software systems to ensure that it performs its intended function with a level of confidence commiserate with its airworthiness requirement.
DO-178C is objective driven and companies may use a variety of means to achieve compliance as long as they meet the objectives in question. To comply with DO-178C, companies must provide multiple supporting documents and records surrounding their development processes.
Different airworthiness levels within DO-178C—A, B, C, D and E—directly correspond to the consequences of a potential software failure: catastrophic, hazardous/severe-major, major, minor or no effect, respectively.
Each software level has a defined number of objectives that need to be satisfied (some with independence). Objectives requiring independence need documentary evidence that the person verifying the item is not be the person who developed the item.
These different software level certifications also determine the rigor required in testing and other aspects of development—the most challenging of which is software verification.
DO-178C compliance involves six key processes: planning, development, verification, configuration management, quality assurance (QA) and certification liaison.
One of the significant changes in DO-178C from DO-178B is that there are four additional supplements that may be used in conjunction with the DO-178C.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)EASA and Transport Canada approve all commercial software-based aerospace systems. Through DO-178C these certification authorities emphasize that achieving compliance needs to be done in all aspects of development.
Want to learn more about DO-178C? Tonex offers DO-178C Training, a 3-day course where participants learn about the compliance aspects of DO-178C and comprehend the objectives of DO-178C as the primary means for meeting airworthiness requirements to obtain approval of software used in civil aviation products.
For more information, questions, comments, contact us.
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Project Tatirano, Madagascar
This Entry has been submitted.
Project Tatirano, Madagascar: Developing a culture of rainwater harvesting to improve clean water supply
Fort Dauphin, Madagascar
Year Founded:
Organization type:
nonprofit/ngo/citizen sector
Project Stage:
$10,000 - $50,000
Project Summary
Elevator Pitch
Tatirano, meaning "to collect water" in Malagasy, is piloting rainwater harvesting (RWH) on a rural village school roof as a means of providing clean drinking water to the students. It is demonstrating to the community a simple, affordable and replicable technique of obtaining clean water from rain.
What if thousands of lives AND 5 hours a day could be saved simply by collecting rain?
About Project
Problem: What problem is this project trying to address?
11.7 million people in Madagascar do not have clean drinking water resulting in 4,000 childhood deaths due to diarrhoea each year. In the southeast (SE), communities rely on often broken and dirty wells and contaminated rivers whilst > 81% of the population live on < $1.90 per day (the international poverty line) and state capacity is non-existent after years of instability.
Solution: What is the proposed solution? Please be specific!
To construct, monitor and evaluate a pilot system to collect and store rainwater from a school roof in a rural village called Sainte Luce for students' drinking water. The simplicity of the system is conducive to household replication and thus eventually establishing a RWH culture in the region. This will provide a water source of improved quality at the homestead and alleviate pressure on existing sources, whilst also saving time not collecting water from faraway sources. The second phase will involve the design of a household setup in a kit that can be purchased by families to retrofit on their palm frond-built roofs. Funding will be sourced for the scale-up to provide means-tested subsidies on the kits to reach the poorest families.
Impact: How does it Work
In Ambandrika, all water sources available to the community have a high count of faecal coliforms. One of the two wells is broken and the other is under severe demand, whilst the 2nd and 3rd choice forest streams are hours away. The average time taken per day to collect water for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd choices are 21 minutes, 3 hours 44 minutes and 6 hours 10 minutes respectively. The region receives approximately 1500 mm of rainfall annually yet RWH is not common practice. Between 2001 - 2004 a project in Kusa, Kenya facilitated the construction of 311 tanks through subsidies that allow people, especially women, time to pursue entrepreneurial and educational activities. There is HUGE potential to replicate this success in SE Madagascar.
The current project provides clean drinking water for 143 school children plus the 4 teachers and the directress of the school. The school children will receive a water bottle for each of them to be able to take clean water home as well as enjoying it at the school. Five minutes following the completion of the guttering on one side (and having previously installed the clean, pre-galvanised metal roofing) it rained at a medium intensity and water streamed off the end in huge volumes. So significant was this rainfall event that people stopped collecting water from the bacteria laden well water 18 m at the other end of the building and started queuing to collect water from the roof. Whilst the completed system will only be used by the school for the students, this immediate behavioural change strongly suggests a massive potential impact in facilitating households to have their own systems.
In 5 years everyone in Sainte Luce (2500+ people) could have access to 100% of their clean drinking water needs through RWH systems; in 10 – 15 years the successful replication of the model across the region, by instilling a culture of RWH, could reach more than 250,000 people. This ambitious yet possible target would be achieved by training and supporting local committees to install systems using locally available materials. These groups will use their new skills to provide a service to others, enabling a positive multiplier effect towards health, socio-economic and developmental benefits.
External funding will partially subsidise early scale up plans until widespread confidence in the approach is achieved, after which households will fund the systems themselves. Local investment will instil ownership and responsibility, ensuring sustainability of both the performance of systems and RWH installation/consultancy as a profitable profession; training in installing and maintaining RWH systems could create new employment opportunities.
RWH has been completely neglected by the few organisations operating in SE Madagascar. Collaborations with experienced regional specialists (such as SEED Madagascar and Azafady NGO), will enable sharing of expertise and resources to ensure effective and efficient implementation. Existing water provision projects focus mainly on wells; although effective to a degree, many of these are easily broken or contaminated. The simplicity of RWH encourages system longevity and local involvement through avoiding intimidatingly complex ideas in both installation and maintenance.
Founding Story
In 2011, aged 18, Harry volunteered in a remote rural village in SE Madagascar on a conservation programme and washed in smelly red well water. One night Harry unwittingly left his empty bucket outside in the rain and awoke to a quarter-full bucket of what seemed to be the clearest water he had ever seen – cue light bulb moment! The region receives huge volumes of rain annually yet nobody collects it for drinking. Harry designed a pilot RWH scheme for the school building in the village for his undergraduate thesis and after receiving great interest from the village chief and elders, decided to seek funding and begin the daunting task of instilling a RWH culture in Madagascar!
The project is managed by Harry and supported by a regional specialist development and conservation charity called SEED Madagascar (formerly Azafady UK) and a local Malagasy NGO called Azafady. As the project moves past the pilot phase and secures funding for the scale up, a second full-time member of the team will be sought in order to expand Project Tatirano's scope and reach more people with clean drinking water.


text:
Wheat gluten may find use in "green" diapers
Disposable diapers are definitely not eco-friendly, not only because of their plastic outer shell, but also due to their petroleum-based absorbent inner layer. There could soon be a more sustainable alternative to the latter, though, and it's made from wheat gluten.
The main protein of wheat, wheat gluten is known for being highly absorbent. It's a left-over co-product from the production of wheat starch and ethanol – this means the wheat isn't grown solely for gluten production, so the crop can still also serve as a food or fuel source.
For the diaper-layer material, an international team of scientists started by changing the chemistry of natural gluten, enhancing its ability to swell up and absorb liquids by up to 10 times.
In order to give it a more cohesive structure, they also added extracts from the cape jasmine evergreen shrub (gardenia jasminoides). Doing so caused the gluten's molecules to crosslink with one another.
The resulting biopolymer is claimed to swell by up to 4,000 percent in water and 600 percent in saline solution, which is about the same as some other bio-based materials that are not derived from co-products (potentially making them less sustainable). What's more, the scientists believe that by tweaking the formulation of the material, its absorbency could ultimately match that of petroleum-based synthetics.
Down the road, the biopolymer could be utilized not only in diapers, but also in personal hygiene and medical products, and in materials designed for flood water mitigation and rain water retention for agriculture.
A paper on the research – which included scientists from Sweden's KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Japan's Kyoto University – was recently published in the journal Advanced Sustainable Systems.


text:
as an hourly wage. Worker schedules are categorized by number of work hours per day or number of work hours per week; these are regulated and distinguish part-time from full-time jobs. The man-hour describes the amount of work that a person can complete in one hour. Many professionals such as lawyers and therapists charge a fee per hour.
The credit hour measures the time commitment of an academic course (typically university level) in terms of "contact hours" between students and staff per week. For example, a class that meets for one hour three times a week is said to be a 3-hour class.
The kilowatt hour, the energy expended by a 1000 watt device in one hour, is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities. Conversely, the Btu per hour is a unit of power used in the power industry and heating/cooling applications. In the railroad industry, when sharing locomotives, the horsepower-hour may be used as a measure of energy.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hour.|
Notes and references
- "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 2007-04-11.
- "Hour". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.
- "A Walk Through Time". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- Landes, David S. 'Revolution in Time. Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 76.
- Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2005). The History of Time: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions 133. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192804990.
- There is a "trace" of that system, for instance, in Verdi's operas where in Rigoletto or in Un ballo in maschera midnight is announced by the bell striking 6 times, not 12 as we are accustomed to it today! But in his last opera, Falstaff, strangely, he abandoned that style, perhaps under influence of contemporary trends at end of 19th century when he composed it, and the midnight bell strikes 12 times.
|Look up hour or stound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hour.|
- Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum (1996). History of the hour: clocks and modern temporal orders. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-15510-2.
- "Astronomy before the telescope". Ed. Christopher Walker. London: British Museum Press, 1996.


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What is SMART?SMART (Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions) is an inter-agency initiative launched in 2002 by a network of organizations and humanitarian practitioners.
SMART Methodology is an improved survey method for the assessment of severity of a humanitarian crisis based on the two most vital public health indicators:
- Nutritional status of children under-five.
- Mortality rate of the population.
SMART NewsUPCOMING SMART TRAINING: An inter-agency training will take place in Madrid on June 17th-21st, 2013, intended for European-based headquarter staff involved in nutrition and mortality surveys. Please make sure you have filled out the pre-questionnaire no later than Friday, May 24th, 2013: _URL_
Preparing survey teams in SMART
The SMART standardized survey methodology incorporates elements of nutrition, mortality, and food security for emergencies or surveillance purposes. It was developed to be used with the user-friendly ENA software.
The SMART manual provides agencies & field workers with basic tools to collect data necessary for planning direct interventions in emergency settings, as well as for surveillance.
Standardized Training Package (STP)
The STP harmonizes the procedures and tools used throughout the survey process and is broken down into 9 modules.
Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) Software
ENA software is the user-friendly analytical program recommended by SMART. It saves time and effort by simplifying both survey planning and data collection via integrated calculators.


Experimental muscle pain impairs descending inhibition
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Abstract
In chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, the balance between supraspinal facilitation and inhibition of pain shifts towards an overall decrease in inhibition. Application of a tonic painful stimulus results in activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). The aims of the present experimental human study were (1) to compare DNIC, evoked separately, by hypertonic saline (6%)-induced muscle pain (tibialis anterior) or cold pressor pain; (2) to investigate DNIC evoked by concomitant experimental muscle pain and cold pressor pain, and (3) to analyze for gender differences. Ten males and 10 age matched females participated in two sessions. In the first session unilateral muscle pain or unilateral cold pressor pain were induced separately; in the second session unilateral muscle pain and unilateral cold pressor pain were induced concomitantly. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured around the knee joint before, during, and after DNIC induction. Cold pressor pain increased PPT in both males and females with greater increases in males. Hypertonic saline-evoked muscle pain significantly increased PPT in males but not in females. When cold pressor and muscle pain were applied concomitantly the PPT increases were smaller when compared to the individual sessions. This study showed for the first time that two concurrent conditioning tonic pain stimuli (muscle pain and cold pressor pain) cause less DNIC compared with either of the conditioning stimuli given alone; and males showed greater DNIC than females. This may explain why patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain have impaired DNIC.
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This little LED-lit cube is much more than just a paper lantern: It's a translucent and flexible thin-film electronic circuit that hooks up a battery to an LED, limber enough to be folded into an origami box. And the coolest thing about circuits like these? You can make them at home.
In what follows, we combine basic electronics (an LED Throwie) and papercraft (a traditional origami balloon) to make what might be called an "LED Foldie." The circuitry consists of aluminum foil traces, ironed onto adhesive paper such as freezer paper, photo mounting paper, or even a laser printed pattern. Something constructed this way can then be folded so fit an LED and battery to complete the circuit.
The first step in designing a three-dimensional circuit like this is to see where the parts go. After that we will unfold the model, draw circuit paths between the points that we want to connect, and go from there.
To get started, we first folded an origami balloon, and then inserted the components where we wanted them. The balloon has a convenient pocket on the side for a lithium coin cell, and a single hole that allows you to point an LED into the interior of the balloon. (And you can follow along with balloon folding in this flickr photo set.)
We marked up the locations of the battery and LED terminals on the origami balloon– while still folded– and then unfolded our "circuit board." At this point, we have the component locations marked, but no lines drawn between them.
The next step is to add those circuitry lines (circuit board wires, or traces) between the battery and LED. One thing to keep in mind for interfacing papercraft to electronics: it's helpful if the circuit traces fold over the leads for the LED in order to maintain good contact.
After connecting the dots (so to speak) we have the resulting layout of our circuit. (See PDF below as well.) Pretty simple here– only two wires! The two round pads contact the two sides of the battery, and the two angled pads contact the two leads of the LED.
The next step is to actually fabricate our circuit board. We've actually found two slightly different techniques that work well, so we'll show you both. First is the "Freezer paper" method (which also works with sheets of dry mount adhesive), where you laminate foil traces to the plastic-coated paper. Second is the "Direct Toner" method, where you print out a circuit diagram on a laser printer and laminate the foil to the printed toner.
(Both of these methods of fabricating paper circuitry can be applied in all kinds of other arenas besides origami. Our origami balloon example provides a good demonstration of the techniques!)
METHOD I: The "Freezer paper" method
Next, cut out your traced pattern. Scissors work well, of course. Be careful not to tear the foil!
Prefolding your paper and comparing to your circuit layout will show you where to lay the aluminum foil pieces out on your paper. Then, use an iron to laminate the foil to the paper.
What kind of paper? The easiest (but slightly obscure) choice is "dry mount adhesive," which is tissue paper infused with high-quality hot-melt glue. You can get sheets or rolls of it from art supply places for use in mounting artwork and photography. Much more common and equally workable is freezer paper. Freezer paper is a common plastic-coated paper that you can get on rolls at the grocery store– look in the section with the aluminum foil. (Place foil on the shiny side of the freezer paper).
We used a small hobby iron to fuse the foil to our different papers, but a regular iron works just as well. The dry mount adhesive did not require much heat, while the freezer paper needed the iron to be on high– that plastic has to melt. We folded a larger sheet of parchment paper over the whole circuit during ironing in order to keep the adhesives from sticking to the iron and other surfaces.
We also experimented with waxed paper, which was not sticky enough for the aluminum foil. We even tried ironing copper leaf onto waxed paper, and though it adhered well, it was too fragile and the traces broke upon folding. It would probably work reasonably well in an application where folding isn't required: It was absolutely beautiful and completely unreliable for origami.
Once the foil is adhered to the paper, it is time to refold it.
Insert the components, and it lights up.
If it doesn't light up, try turning your battery around. If it still doesn't light up, make sure your LED leads are contacting the traces.
Hint for this circuit: You won't hurt the LED by plugging it in backwards to that little battery, so this is a better method than actually trying to keep track of the polarity.
The LED Foldie naturally wants to sit on the heaviest part, the battery, with the LED projecting into the side of the balloon. The weight of the battery helps keep the circuit connected.
METHOD II: The "Direct Toner" method
Our last breakthrough came when we created a pdf pattern to print out. We realized that you could fuse the foil directly to the toner from a laser printer. You can print out the pattern (laser printers only: no inkjet!) and iron your foil pieces directly to the paper.
Caveat: while the foil sticks well to the toner, it isn't quite strong enough that you can just iron on a giant sheet of foil and have it only stick where there's toner, so you still need to cut out the foil shapes, at least roughly.
Place your foil carefully over the pattern, and iron very well, very hot. Be sure to cover your work with parchment paper or you will get toner on your iron.
When your foil is stuck to the toner, cut out the square and get ready to fold.
Inflate, add battery and LED, and admire the glow. As before, if you have trouble, try turning your battery around and making sure that the leads of the LED are making contact with the foil.
And there it is: a bridge between papercraft and electronics, or perhaps between etch-at-home printed circuit boards and high-end flex PCBs. We think that there's some potential here.
Your turn! What kinds of origami can you light up? As always, we'd love to see your project pictures in the Evil Mad Science Auxiliary.


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Mathematical Model of Hydrodynamic Fluid Pressure on Smooth and Real Surface
Conventional method of flood delivering coolant fluid by a nozzle in order to achieve high process performance. However, hydrodynamic fluid pressure can be generated ahead of the contact zone due to the wedge effect between wheel peripheral surface and work surface. In the paper, theoretical hydrodynamic pressure modeling were presented for flow of coolant fluid through the grinding zone in flood delivery grinding using smooth and roughness surface grinding wheel respectively. The simulation results show that the hydrodynamic pressure was proportion to grinding wheel velocity, and inverse proportion to the minimum gap between wheel and work surface and the maximum pressure value was generated just in the minimum gap region in which higher fluid pressure gradient occuring. It can also be concluded the surface roughness of grinding wheel and workpiece makes the contact zone's hydrodynamic pressure rough and unstable, i.e. the value curve considering roughness is not smooth, leading to the micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication phenomenon.
Qiusheng Yan, Jiabin Lu, Jun Wang and Hang Gao
C. H. Li et al., "Mathematical Model of Hydrodynamic Fluid Pressure on Smooth and Real Surface", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 135, pp. 429-434, 2010


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Student space project prepares for take off
Students from the University of Sheffield are working on an innovative space project are making final preparations for launching a
The launch will take place at Esrange Space Center, the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) launch facility, where the telescope will be sent 30-40km into the atmosphere so it can take high-resolution images of the Sun.
If successful, the launch will be a step forward in the way scientists study and observe the sun as it will provide an alternative to using large land based observatories which can sometimes fall prey to atmospheric disturbances. Resulting images from the experiment will be used to compare against industry standards and assess the viability of such a product.
Academic lead, Dr Viktor Fedun from The University of Sheffield's Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, said: "The student-led SunbYte project has been a great experience for all of those involved. It is very important to the University that our students have real world experiences on projects like this as it helps them develop skills and networks outside the lecture theatre.
"The SunbYte project will enable the testing of the proposed stabilisation and observation system for use in future missions. We hope to create telescopes that will become important and economically sustainable instruments for high atmosphere balloon-borne solar observations."
After a rigorous design and testing process, the telescope has been equipped with a sensor and motorised system that will detect the Sun position and point the telescope in the required direction. It also uses larger mirrors, special optical filters and a higher resolution camera provided by Andor Technology Ltd. (Belfast, UK) to increase the quality of the data.
During the design of the telescope, students have used low-cost but high-tech manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, in order to produce an economical alternative to expensive large ground-based telescopes. The design itself is based upon a AiryLab EdgeHD 800 HaT Solar Telescope System provided by Astrograph Ltd and optical telescope called PiKon which was developed by team member, Mark Wrigley.
The team have worked with leading scientists from the REXUS/BEXUS programme as well as the European Space Agency (ESA) to ensure the telescope is safe and well-constructed, as well as drawing from technological expertise from industry professionals.


Oil Well Remote Monitor
 - Client
 Oil company
 - Sector
 - Year
Background and Challenges
Having a solution that is able to view and control the oil well and oil field in real time has been a challenge for the rig and refinery company. Because oil well and oil field are widespread in large coverage, and problems of drilling oil caused by harsh environment, system shutdown and human error sometimes make oil production halt, which affects the output and also bring trouble for management.
System Requirements
BIVOCOM recommends a wireless monitor and control solution, which uses wireless, intelligent and automation technology to cover all the oil well and oil field, reduce the risk of problems caused by human error, monitor the weather and system in real time, to promote the output and reduce consumption. The system includes 1. Data collection system To collect data of pressure, current, voltage, temperature, etc. 2. Data transmission BIVOCOM TD210 DTU Series, to transfer the data to center through 4G/3G/CDMA/GPRS cellular network. 3. Data center Data storage and process, remote control the system, etc.
1. Auto check and display data of current, voltage, temperature, etc.
2. Wireless remote monitor and automation, cost-saving.
3. Data auto transferred and report, real time monitor and alert, reduce incident.
4. Able to manage and monitor one oil field or multi oil fields in unified.
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Hello all, I would appreciate comments on the following question:
A main theorem of symmetric functions might be formulated: Let k be a field of char. 0. Then $k[x_1,...,x_n]^{S_n} = k[s_1,...,s_n]$, i.e. symmetric polynomials can be written as polynomials in the elementary symmetric polynomials. Moreover, $s_1,...,s_n$ satisfy no polynomial relations.
I want to see how to prove it using Galois theory. I thus consider the field $M=k(x_1,...,x_n)$ and its subfields $K=k(s_1,...,s_n)$ and $L$, the subfield of symmetric functions. Thus $K \subset L \subset M$. I then consider the polynomial $G(t)=(t-x_1)...(t-x_n)$. It has coefficients in $K$. $M$ is the splitting field of $G$ over $K$. Hence $[M:K] \leq n!$. From this we already see that $s_1,...,s_n$ satisfy no polynomial relations. On the other hand, $M$ has $n!$ different automorphism over $L$, which are permuting the $x_i$. Hence from Galois theory we can conclude that $L=K$.
My question is: How can I deduce the claim $k[x_1,...,x_n]^{S_n} = k[s_1,...,s_n]$ from the corresponding one for rational functions: $L=K$.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
I hope the following works. Let $A=k[x_1,\ldots,x_n]^{S_n}$, and let $B=k[s_1,\ldots,s_n]$. The polynomial algebra $k[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ is an integral extension of $B$, and hence, a fortiori, $A$ is integral over $B$. I think your argument proves that $A$ and $B$ have the same fraction field. However, since $B$ is (isomorphic to) a polynomial algebra, it must be integrally closed, whence $A=B$.
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The theorem that you are trying to reprove is true if $k$ is any commutative ring. – Tom Goodwillie Jul 4 '10 at 21:36
I was not trying to reprove any theorems, and in the statement of the question $k$ is a field. – senti_today Jul 5 '10 at 1:22
Thank you! It is exactly the kind of argument I was looking for. – Sasha Jul 5 '10 at 8:27
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Essay on the origin of the concept of 'co-creation' and its use within current architectural practices. The essay is published in a new forthcoming book series by Danish publisher 10 Grafisk Design & Forlag that takes a look at the vast potential and use of co-creation within Danish architecture.
"The book series Co-creating Architecture showcases the generation of Danish architects that emerged during the 2000s and early 2010s. These trailblazers are looking for sustainable answers to global, societal and social challenges – which is why they open up the design process, inviting users, decision-makers and experts from a wide range of fields to participate in the development of projects. The method is called co-creation. And the result is an architecture that functions as an important tool in the development of society."


June Selection: Skeletons at the Feast
By Chris Bohjalian
From Publishers Weekly
In his 12th novel, Bohjalian (The Double Bind) paints the brutal landscape of Nazi Germany as German refugees struggle westward ahead of the advancing Russian army. Inspired by the unpublished diary of a Prussian woman who fled west in 1945, the novel exhumes the ruin of spirit, flesh and faith that accompanied thousands of such desperate journeys. Prussian aristocrat Rolf Emmerich and his two elder sons are sent into battle, while his wife flees with their other children and a Scottish POW who has been working on their estate. Before long, they meet up with Uri Singer, a Jewish escapee from an Auschwitz-bound train, who becomes the group's protector. In a parallel story line, hundreds of Jewish women shuffle west on a gruesome death march from a concentration camp. Bohjalian presents the difficulties confronting both sets of travelers with carefully researched detail and an unflinching eye, but he blinks when creating the Emmerichs, painting them as untainted by either their privileged status, their indoctrination by the Nazi Party or their adoration of Hitler. Although most of the characters lack complexity, Bohjalian's well-chosen descriptions capture the anguish of a tragic era and the dehumanizing desolation wrought by war. (May)
From Amazon.com


Word & Phrase Generators
Fake Language Generator
Lets face it writing your own language is hard, so why not use a fake instead?
Using this generator you'll be able to disguise and encode your native language into a new 'fake' language by using the sounds specified in the 'Translation Phoneme'. To get started; simply add the'sounds' you want your language to use in the settings panel, then click Translate. The generator will handle the rest by replacing the input language'sounds' with your new custom phonemes.
Text To Translate:
So so doh dohfa mee sodoh, so so doh meefa mee sodoh, so so doh sodoh mee somee, so so doh sodoh mee dohsodohdoh, so so doh dohmeeso mee dohmee, so so doh dohmeeso mee raymeerayso, so so doh lala mee Sotee, so so doh lala mee Sodoh, so so doh teetee mee meedoh, so so doh raymee mee dohdohfa...
Translation Phoneme
Behind The Science
Behind every generator is science: Word science. The language generator is no exception; dabbling in the science of linguistics. By using the principles of phonemes, diagraphs, and morphologies the language generator is able to capture the complex structure and orthography of the input language and encode a 'new' unique set of phonemes (sounds); creating a seemingly diverse and complex written language. Though the generator does not constitute a true unique language, it can assist in faking one!
Before we go into the details of the generator, we need a Wikipedia crash course in linguistics and orthography. The important parts are summarized below.
What is a phoneme?
Think of phonemes as'sounds', when a group of these phonemes are placed together they form morphemes or words.
What is a digraph?
Digraphs represent a pair of letters that from a single phoneme (a distinct sound). Such as 'ay' in way, or the 'th' in through.
What about trigraphs, etcetera?
Like digraphs, a Trigraph, Tetragraph, or Pentagraph is a set of letters that form a single phoneme (sound). Trigraph, meaning three letters; tetragraph four, and pentagraph five letters. Examples: 'tch' (Trigraph) in watch. Four plus letter combinations are almost nonexistent. Though the 'ough' (Tetragraph) in through would work for our purposes. 'tzsch' (Pentagraph) appears in the English word Nietzschean.


text:
Florida Wing Deland, FL
1570 Old NDB Road
Deland, FL 32721
T-34 Mentor More Info
The Beechcraft Mentor was the brainchild of Walter Beech, who saw the need for a less expensive and easier-to-fly trainer than the North American Texan/SNJ/Harvard, which the Air Force, U.S. Navy and the United Kingdom used for primary training throughout the 1940s. In November of 1946 Beechcraft had received its Approved Type Certificate on the all new Model 35 Beechcraft Bonanza. By the end of 1977, Beechcraft had produced 10,000 of these popular, record setting, V-tailed civil aircraft.
Based in the East Hangar Complex at the DeLand Florida Airport, the Florida Wing of the Commemorative Air Force (CAF) is the only unit of the national CAF organization located in Florida. The mission of the Florida Wing is the education of future generations of Americans to value and support the contributions of military aviation in assuring our nation's freedom.
The Florida Wing maintains a flying T-34 Navy Trainer as part of the CAF's national fleet of flyable vintage aircraft. Volunteers at the Wing are responsible for maintaining, flying and exhibiting the airplane.
Housed in the Wing's aircraft hangar, the Robbins Memorial Library/Museum Collection includes aviation memorabilia and a library of aviation-related books, tapes, historic movies, oral histories and photos.
The Wing has established Educational Outreach Programs available to area groups and organizations. Programs are tailored to the interests of specific groups and may include presentations, library/museum tours, hangar tours and/or aircraft exhibits.
The Wing holds "workdays", open to members and non-members alike, each Saturday and Wednesday from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM throughout the year. The workdays provide an opportunity for attendees to assist in aircraft maintenance under professional supervision and to assist in hangar maintenance operations. Additionally, during these workday hours, the library and museum collections are available to students, residents and visitors for research.
Florida Wing membership is open to all members of the national CAF organization. Dues for the national organization are $200 annually; Florida Wing membership is $75 per year. Aircraft sponsorships, with flying privileges for qualified individuals, are available to Florida Wing CAF members.
No events currently scheduled.


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"If McDonald's can empower millions of franchise employees to make millions of perfect Big Macs a week, can a social enterprise empower hundreds of thousands to provide basic health care or education to their communities?
Of course Big Macs aren't the same as education or health care, but here are five practices from big companies that social enterprises or NGOs more broadly could adopt to deliver the same quality of goods or services to a huge number of people in a vast array of different contexts:"


Walter Gilbert
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Walter Gilbert
1932-
American molecular biologist who isolated the lactose repressor in Escherichia coli, the first time such a genetic control component had been identified. In 1980 he shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg for contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids. The sequencing techniques developed by Gilbert and Sanger, and the gene-splitting techniques of Berg, provided the basis for genetic engineering. In 1978 Gilbert helped found Biogen, a pioneering biotechnology firm, and served as its chairman and CEO until 1984.


text: The Guaicaramo Dam is a planned hydroelectric dam on the Upia River, in Casanare, Colombia. It is to be part of the Upía Hydroelectric Project It has a planned installed capacity of 1,750 MW. The dams designed to be 230 m (755 ft) tall, 850 m (2,789 ft) wide, and with 33,260,000 m (1.175×10 cu ft) of material. Designs were carried out between 1980 and 1983. An environmental study for the dam was carried out between 1989 and 1990.


WindowsSubstitution Logical Evaluation Rule
WindowsSubstitution is a logical evaluation rule (i.e. Rule[LogicalPlan]) that the logical query plan analyzer uses to resolve (aka substitute) WithWindowDefinition unary logical operators with UnresolvedWindowExpression to their corresponding WindowExpression with resolved WindowSpecDefinition.
WindowsSubstitution is part of Substitution fixed-point batch of rules.
Note
It appears that WindowsSubstitution is exclusively used for pure SQL queries because WithWindowDefinition unary logical operator is created exclusively when AstBuilder parses window definitions.
If a window specification is not found, WindowsSubstitution fails analysis with the following error:
Window specification [windowName] is not defined in the WINDOW clause.
Note
The analysis failure is unlikely to happen given AstBuilder builds a lookup table of all the named window specifications defined in a SQL text and reports a ParseException when a WindowSpecReference is not available earlier.
For every WithWindowDefinition, WindowsSubstitution takes the child logical plan and transforms its UnresolvedWindowExpression expressions to be a WindowExpression with a window specification from the WINDOW clause (see WithWindowDefinition Example).
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text:
pps-gpio-poll is a Linux kernel module which provides a /dev/pps* device using a GPIO pin as the PPS source. With an NTP daemon like chrony or ntpd it can be used to accurately synchronize the system clock with a reference time source.
Unlike the pps-gpio module (which is included in the Linux tree) it doesn't use interrupts. It uses a high-resolution timer and waits for the GPIO value to change in a busy loop instead. This means the PPS samples are more accurate and have less jitter, but more CPU time is consumed. Another difference is that the number of the GPIO pin is a parameter of the kernel module instead of relying on Device Tree.
This is a continuation of the openwrt-stratum1 project by Gabs Ricalde.


corticatization love
Sorry, no definitions found.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
 - This neologism could be murated from cortication, which means "having a cortex." Such a definition would fit the context of the text in which the word appears in Infinite Jest.
 On the other hand, this word also bears striking similarity to corticalization, which, while the context does not bear out its definition, could still be a significant connection, given DFW's penchant for making such connections.
 December 19, 2006


Keeping you current
DNA From Ancient Latrines Reveal What People Ate Centuries Ago
By digging in ancient toilets, researchers uncovered genetic material that tells of past diets and diseases
Mid 15th-century diners sit down to an elaborate meal in this illustration from an anonymous artist. (Wikimedia commons)
There's treasure to be found in mining excrement. At least, it's treasure to scientists studying the diets, habits and health of people who lived centuries ago.
In a new study, Danish researchers dug up old latrines and sequenced the DNA they found in the ancient poop. The results paint a picture of diets and parasites spanning times and places that range from an ancient fort Qala'at al-Bahrain, near the capital Bahrain in 500 B.C.E. to the river-ringed city of Zwolle in the Netherlands in 1850. The researchers published their results in the journal PLOS One.
The team collected samples of old latrines and soil deposits at eight different archeological sites. They screened the samples for the eggs of parasites, which can last for centuries, and analyzed the DNA in each sample to determine species. They also gleaned the DNA of plants and animals from the samples to determine what people ate.
In some ways, the team found that life centuries ago was unhygienic as might be imagined. Most people probably dealt with intestinal parasites at least once in their life, veterinary scientist and paper co-author Martin Søe, with the University of Copenhagen, tells Angus Chen at NPR. "I think it's fair to say it was very, very common," he says. "In places with low hygienic standards, you still have a lot of whipworm and round worm."
Søe explains that the types of parasites they found could also give insight into the animals people consumed. Parasites that live in fish and pigs but that can also infect humans were a common find, indicating that undercooked or raw pork and fish was a diet staple.
The analysis also identified a handful of parasites that only infect humans such as the giant roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura).
By sequencing the mitochondrial DNA of the parasite eggs, the researchers found that Northern European whipworms from 1000 C.E. to 1700 C.E. were more closely related to worms found in present-day Uganda than to those in present-day China. Findings like this offer "hints about ancient patterns of travel and trade," writes Charles Choi for a blog post at Discover magazine.
Researchers also found parasites that don't infect human but are more commonly found in sheep, horses, dogs, pigs and rats. This suggests the critters all likely lived near the latrines, leading people to dispose of the animal waste in the ancient toilets, Søe tells Choi.
The menagerie of ancient DNA helps paint a picture of life at some of the sites. For example, samples from Gammel Strand—a site in Copenhagen's old harbor—include DNA from herring and cod, horses, cats and rats. The harbor was "[l]ikely a very dirty place by our standards, with a lot of activity from humans and animals," Søe says.
The findings also reveal information about ancient diets. DNA in Danish samples shows that the people probably ate fin whales, roe deer and hares, writes Sarah Sloat for Inverse. The study also delves into the analysis of plant DNA, which included cherries, pears, cabbages, buckwheat and other edible plants. The ancient Danes' waste had an abundance of DNA from hops, showing the people's fondness for beer, whereas the samples from the Netherlands showed people there had a preference for wine.
This isn't the first time that scientists have looked to unappetizing leavings to learn more about the past. Researchers have traced the path of explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark by looking for traces of mercury in the soil. The metallic element was in pills the men took to treat constipation and its presence indicates where the expedition dug latrines and camped. And parasites in a castle latrine in Cyprus attest to the poor health endured by crusaders. But the DNA analysis of the new study offers a uniquely detailed picture of the past.
Together, the new findings offer intriguing hints about ancient life. Following up on some of these leads could lead future researchers to tell us more about ancient people's health and the migrations of our ancestors. As Maanasa Raghavan, a zoologist at Cambridge University who wasn't part of the new study, tells NPR: "Having these datasets will help us look further at how these pathogens evolved over time or how people moved around."
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text:
Commands to Manage Variables and Job Control Words
CALC Evaluates a CI expression into a variable.
DELETEVAR Deletes a variable defined during a session.
INPUT Interactively assigns a value to a variable.
SETJCW Creates or assigns a value to a job control word (JCW).
SETVAR Assigns values to MPE/iX variables
SHOWJCW Displays the current status of job control words.
SHOWVAR Displays specified variable names and their values.
To see all of the predefined CI variables, enter HELP VARIABLES.
For additional information on CI programming, enter EXPRESSIONS,
FUNCTIONS, or OPERATORS at the HELP prompt.


Sir Arthur Keith
Sir Arthur Keith, detail of a pencil drawing by William Rothenstein, 1928; in the National Portrait Gallery, LondonCourtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Sir Arthur Keith, (born February 5, 1866Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland—died January 7, 1955, Downe, Kent, England), Scottish anatomist and physical anthropologist who specialized in the study of fossil humans and who reconstructed early hominin forms, notably fossils from Europe and North Africa and important skeletal groups from Mount Carmel (now in Israel).
A doctor of medicine, science, and law, Keith became a professor at the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1908), was professor of physiology at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (1918–23), and was rector of the University of Aberdeen (1930–33). His major works include The Antiquity of Man (1915), Concerning Man's Origin (1927), and A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948). In his writings on human evolution, Keith tended to emphasize the competitive factor and interpreted racial and national prejudice as inborn. He was knighted in 1921.


text:
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Human Resources in the Food Service and Hospitality Industry
Description: Human Resources in the Food Services and Hospitality Industry is one of a series of Culinary Arts open textbooks developed to support the training of students and apprentices in British Columbia's foodservice and hospitality industry. Although created with the Professional Cook, Baker and Meatcutter programs in mind, these have been designed as a modular series, and therefore can be used to support a wide variety of programs that offer training in foodservice skills.
Author: The BC Cook Articulation Committee, go2HR
Adoption (faculty): Contact us if you are using this textbook in your course
Adaptations: Support for adapting an open textbook
Need help? Visit our Help page for FAQ and helpdesk assistance.
Accessibility: Textbooks flagged as accessible meet the criteria noted on the Accessibility Checklist.
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Human Resources in the Food Service and Hospitality Industry by The BC Cook Articulation Committee, go2HR is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
1. Reviewed by: Amy Tucker
- Institution: Thompson Rivers University
- Title/Position: Lecturer
- Overall Rating:
5 out of 5
Q: The text covers all areas and ideas of the subject appropriately and provides an effective index and/or glossary
The text cover all the areas, ideas and topics that would be found in a strategic management course. The table of contents provides an overview of the subjects being covered. There is no glossary. Examples, case studies, and facts provided are current. Each chapter provides clear learning outcomes, key terms and definitions within the content. The book is quite comprehensive and would be useful in any human resource management course within the hospitality sector.
Comprehensiveness Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: Content is accurate, error-free and unbiased
The content in this textbook is accurate, up-to-date and and error-free. Figures, charts, pictures, tables, examples, facts and case studies provide real world examples. The content represents typical views of other scholars in this field. The book is professionally written and easy to follow. There are references for each chapter.
Content Accuracy Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: Content is up-to-date, but not in a way that will quickly make the text obsolete within a short period of time. The text is written and/or arranged in such a way that necessary updates will be relatively easy and straightforward to implement
The content is up-to-date, recent and relevant in terms of examples, facts, case studies and diagrams. Fundamental ideas and models are relevant. All content provides current references to modern day life and can be easily updated if needed.
Relevance Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text is written in lucid, accessible prose, and provides adequate context for any jargon/technical terminology used
The text is written in a professional manner. The content is written in a clear form of writing with straight forward examples and content. The style of the book is student friendly and engaging. All key terms are defined clearly and/or examples provided to explain the terms. It would be nice to have a glossary for quick review of key terms.
Clarity Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text is internally consistent in terms of terminology and framework
The text is internally consistent in terms of terminology and framework for understanding key concepts and is comparable to other texts in this subject area. The content has a clear direction that is easy to follow.
Consistency Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text is easily and readily divisible into smaller reading sections that can be assigned at different points within the course (i.e., enormous blocks of text without subheadings should be avoided). The text should not be overly self-referential, and should be easily reorganized and realigned with various subunits of a course without presenting much disruption to the reader.
The text content is divided into sections that could easily be used in a classroom or online learning environment. Learning outcomes provide the instructor an opportunity to create lessons and further reading around topics. Topics can also be moved to different parts of the curriculum in an easy manner that would relate to other sections of the book.
Modularity Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The topics in the text are presented in a logical, clear fashion
The learning outcomes are clear and the summary with key points - provide a solid overview of what to expect and summarizes what has been covered. In addition, there are websites, video's and other references that could be useful to readers.
Organization Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text is free of significant interface issues, including navigation problems, distortion of images/charts, and any other display features that may distract or confuse the reader
The text flows well and does not have an interface issues. The book does not appear to be distracting or confusing. There are several sections that are bullet point - but this makes it easier to read and follow.
Interface Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text contains no grammatical errors
None found. The text is written in a professional manner. It is well written, easy to follow and clear.
Grammar Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way. It should make use of examples that are inclusive of a variety of races, ethnicities, and backgrounds
The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way. The book is written from a Canadian perspective. Lots of Canadian examples, references and websites.
Cultural Relevance Rating: 5 out of 5
Q: Are there any other comments you would like to make about this book, for example, its appropriateness in a Canadian context or specific updates you think need to be made?
The book is appropriate for a human resource management course in the food service and hospitality industry within Canada. The material is professionally written, up-to-date and engaging. The learning outcomes are clear and provide an overview of each chapter. Visuals, examples, websites, and case studies provide further learning opportunities. Instructors will be able break up chapter(s) into sections and provide further readings or assignments around each of these items. The Canadian references will provide further value for learners.


TSO Logic Application-Aware Power Management | TSO Logic
"This seems like a big idea with scalable applications and material impact. New ways of delivering decision-quality data and actionable analysis is a very useful contribution!"
--Environmental Leader Product & Project Awards judge
TSO Logic's Application-Aware Power Management software enables companies to cut their energy costs and environmental impact by providing deep-level visibility and control over power consumption in datacenters. Taking advantage of periods of low workload, power usage can be reduced as much as 50%, resulting in significant reductions in carbon emissions and operating expenses. TSO's software correlates power usage/costs and IT workload across individual servers and applications. This allows companies to identify idle or underutilized servers for precise capacity planning, attach power costs to individual applications, measure and track carbon emissions, track wasted energy usage/costs, perform capacity shifting to optimize capacity levels and provide tracking of efficiency/performance improvements to meet sustainability objectives. It operates without any impact to datacenter performance or the user's experience and requires no additional hardware, agent software, or disruptive changes to the infrastructure.
TSO Logic image reducedDatacenters consume 3% of global electricity production, yet the average datacenter wastes as much as 90% of electrical energy on idle servers, the company says. Datacenters have highly variable workloads, but to prepare for spikes in demand, servers run at full power 24/7, even when there is no revenue to justify the cost. TSO Logic says its solution is unique in its ability to intuitively power control servers to eliminate the energy and heat generated from idle servers, thereby improving efficiency. It provides visibility to measure and track data such as transaction costs per kWh, cost per application and other metrics that demonstrate how application performance can affect power costs, environmental footprint and profitability.
For example, Arc Productions, an animation and visual effects studio, was facing monthly energy bills from their datacenter surmounting $25,000. They began using TSO Logic's solution and discovered that half their servers were idle 69% of the time. By adjusting server power levels, they reduced power consumption/costs by 56%, on track to save between $463,000 and $596,000 over the next 5 years. They also identified that 20% of their total server farm was underutilized. They replaced nearly half of these servers with more efficient technology, increasing their performance by 400%, and reducing the number of servers being powered. They also associated power costs with individual projects, performed precise capacity planning, and implemented capacity shifting to defer premium power rates during peak demand periods.
As one judge said, this product offers a lot of benefit and is a solid solution with impact.


Language: HTML | XAML
How to set background connectivity options (HTML)
Applies to Windows and Windows Phone
This topic explains the background network connectivity features available to a Windows Runtime app written in JavaScript and HTML and how to configure background connectivity options.
What you need to know
Technologies
 - IXMLHTTPRequest2
 Enables access to Web resources using an extension to XMLHttpRequest object.
 - System.Net.Http
 Enables connecting to web services with a modern web client.
Prerequisites
 - The following information applies to any connected or network-aware Windows Runtime app that depends on network connections to always be connected. This topic applies to apps written in JavaScript and HTML for Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8.1, and Windows Server 2012 R2. For more information on background tasks that apply to JavaScript apps, see Supporting your app with background tasks.
 For more information on connected or network-aware Windows Store apps written in C++/XAML and apps using the .NET Framework 4.5 in C#, VB.NET, or managed C++ on Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, see How to stay connected in the background.
Lifecycle model for Windows Store apps
Windows 8 and later introduces a new lifecycle model for Windows Runtime apps that differs from the model used for Windows 8 desktop apps and apps on previous version of Windows. By default, a Windows Runtime app is completely suspended from operation when the app is moved to the background. There are a few exceptions to suspending an app (actively printing, accessing an audio stream, and transferring files in the background using Windows.Networking.BackgroundTransfer, for example). For some of these exceptions (Windows.Networking.BackgroundTransfer, for example), the app may still be suspended but Windows continues the network transfer in a separate process.
This new model for Windows Runtime apps improves responsiveness for the app running in the foreground while reducing overall power used by the system. Lower power use improves the length of time that battery-powered system can operate before being recharged. In addition, this new model provides a mechanism for apps that need to work in the background (such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), instant messaging (IM), and email) to provide an always-connected experience for the end user. This means that an app that depends on a long-running network connection to a remote server can still work when the app is suspended. These are competing demands between being always connected for a real-time app and also trying to reduce power usage and increase app responsiveness.
In order to enable real-time networking scenarios for a Windows Runtime app written in JavaScript that needs to be always connected, several new features introduced in Windows 8 can be used:
 - Background tasks
 - System trigger for SessionConnected
 - Time triggers
 - Windows Push Notification Services (WNS)
 - Raw push notifications
These features provide support for always connected apps that need to receive raw push notifications when a Windows Runtime app is suspended. These apps are also described as being always reachable. The focus of this topic is on how a developer can use WNS and raw push notifications to build a real-time always connected app. These features require that the app also be a lock screen app.
Other background tasks features can also be used by a network app. Some other triggers available for use by a Windows Runtime app include the following:
 - Maintenance triggers (periodic time events for maintenance)
 - System triggers for users and sessions (user session connected/disconnected, user present/away, and online ID change)
 - System triggers for networking status (network state change, internet available/not available)
 - System triggers for lock screen (app add/remove)
A time trigger could be used when an app does not require real-time connectivity but needs to run for a brief time at some interval. A system trigger could be used when the app needs to be aware of events (for example, the availability of Internet connectivity or user presence). Various triggers can be combined in an app to enable a variety of scenarios. For more information, see Supporting your app with background tasks .
Most Windows Runtime apps will not need to use raw push notifications detailed in this topic. An app can give the user the impression that it is always running in the background by using a live tile, or by using a live tile with push notifications (other than raw push notifications) from WNS. Your app does not need to be a lock screen app (described later in this topic) or run in the background in order to use a live tile. However, your app must be on the lock screen to use a live tile with raw push notifications.
Requirements for always connected
Two elements are normally required for an app to be always connected and reachable:
 - A long-running process to ensure that any incoming network notifications are received and can be quickly processed by the app.
 - A long-running network connection to a remote endpoint that can receive and send data as needed.
In previous versions of Windows, apps stay running when they lose focus (in the background). These apps can maintain long-running connections when in the background since they can send and receive data and keep-alive messages. Allowing apps to run in the background consumes resources that can affect the responsiveness of other apps and battery life.
Windows Runtime apps and the lock screen
Windows 8 introduces a new software model that suspends Windows Runtime apps when they are moved to the background. Once an app is suspended, any packets received by the system may not be immediately delivered to the app and incoming network packets may be dropped. No new packets are sent when the app is suspended. As a result of these conditions, existing network connections may be closed.
To be always connected, an app needs to be a lock screen app. A lock screen app is a special type of app that can display notifications on the lock screen and run code in the background when the app is not in the foreground. Only apps that use one or more background tasks may be lock screen apps.
Lock screen apps have some special abilities:
 - Able to receive a raw push notification from WNS that can run code when the notification is received.
 - Able to run code when a time trigger occurs.
 - Able to run code when a user session is started.
Apps pinned to the lock screen can present information to the user when in the background by updating and displaying a badge icon on the lock screen when there is new information. These apps can also display an on-screen notification when a message arrives. If the notification is tapped or clicked, the user is asked to unlock the device. When the device is unlocked, the app corresponding to the notification is launched with context information.
There are some significant limitations placed on lock screen apps. A user can have a maximum of seven lock screen apps at any given time. A user can add or remove an app from the lock screen at any time.
Lock screen apps are great at providing information to users for things they may have missed when they were away from their device. It is also great for providing on screen notifications for events that may require immediate user action, such as an incoming phone call, incoming instant message, or urgent email.
Most apps will not need to be lock screen apps. When an app is suspended in the background it can use push notifications (other than raw push notifications) from WNS to update a live tile and give users the impression that the app is running, alive and fresh with content. Apps can also use WNS to raise a toast notification to the user at any time or to update the badge count on the app's tile.
Because there are a limited number of lock screen app slots, you should plan to build your app in such a way that it works even without lock screen app permissions. The user must explicitly allow an app to be added to the lock screen. Your app should always work when it is visible in the foreground. Being a lock screen app simply allows your app to enable some of the same scenarios while in the background.
There is one feature that allows an app written in JavaScript and HTML to receive incoming network packets when the app is in the background
 - Raw push notifications that are received by the system and result in running a background task in the app. Using this feature, the app receives the raw data from Windows Push Notification Service (WNS). The contents of this data must be understood by the app. The app must register with WNS to receive the raw push notification.
Several mechanisms discussed below can be used to enable real-time scenarios for apps that are placed on the lock screen. Each has its benefits and tradeoffs. The mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and can be combined in some apps.
Using WNS in Windows Store apps
WNS is a cloud service hosted by Microsoft for Windows 8 that can be used by Windows Runtime apps to receive notifications that can run code, update a live tile, or raise an on-screen notification. In order to use WNS, the local computer must be connected to the Internet so that the WNS service can communicate with it. For more information, see Push notification overview
A Windows Runtime app in the foreground can use WNS to update live tiles, raise notifications to the user, or update badges. Apps do not need to be on the lock screen to use WNS. You should consider using WNS in your app if it must run code in response to a push notification.
For apps that do not have to be on the lock screen (most apps), WNS can be used to provide a live tile update.
If you pin your Windows Runtime app to the lock screen and use WNS in the background


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Wednesday 15 May
Philippine duck (Anas luzonica)
Philippine duck fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Philippine duck description
With its rusty-cinnamon head and bluish-grey bill, the Philippine duck is a rather distinctive bird. The cinnamon coloured head is boldly decorated with a black crown and a black stripe through the eye, while the rest of the plumage is brownish-grey. When in flight, a well-defined patch of glossy green on the wing can be clearly seen (2), which is bordered with black and has a narrow white edge (3), and the underside of the wing is also white (2). Immature Philippine ducks have slightly duller plumage than that of adults, while ducklings are olive-brown with a bright yellow face and neck (2). It calls with a typical duck-like quack (3).
- Length: 48 – 58 cm (2)
Philippine duck biology
This shy and nervous species, which will quickly fly off if approached, may be seen in large flocks outside of the breeding season, but usually occurs in pairs or small groups (2). The breeding season is thought to extend between March and November, with a peak in activity in July and August, although this may vary throughout the range (2). The Philippine duck constructs a nest obscured from view under a thick cover of aquatic vegetation, such as water bindweed. Clutches consist of 8 to 10, sometimes 15 to 16, eggs, which are dull white with a brownish tinge. These are incubated for 25 to 26 days (2).
Most active in the early morning, late afternoon, and during moonlit nights, the Philippine duck forages in shallow water for plants, molluscs and crustaceans (2). Fish and frogs may also be consumed, as well as insects, rice and the shoots of young plants; some farmers have complained of the damage this duck had done to newly sown fields and sprouting crops (4).Top
Philippine duck rangeTop
Philippine duck habitat
The Philippine duck can be found in both freshwater and saltwater habitats, including small streams in forests, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, tidal creeks, and the open sea (2) (4). It prefers areas with marsh vegetation, which offers vital food and cover, and is found up to elevations of 300 to 400 metres (2).Top
Philippine duck status
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).Top
Philippine duck threats
Hunting and habitat loss pose the greatest threat to the Philippine duck's survival, and evidence from the last 20 years suggest that numbers are declining (2). Since the 1960s, high levels of hunting and trapping of this species have been recorded, with thousands allegedly shot each week in certain months in the late 1980s (3), for both food and sport (5). Many wetland habitats of the Philippines have been drained, or converted for aquaculture and shrimpor fish-ponds (3) (5). Most devastating to this species was the drainage of Candaba Marsh in the 1990s, which was once one of the most important sites for the Philippine duck, but is now too dry to support a large population (5). The recent extensive use of pesticides on rice-fields may also have had serious impacts on the Philippine duck (3).Top
Philippine duck conservation
The Philippine duck receives legal protection at five locations, including Lake Naujan National Park on Mindoro and Maria Aurora Memorial Natural Park on Luzon (3). In addition, hunting of all bird species is illegal in the Philippines, with the government banning firearms in 1972, although unfortunately, this law lacks enforcement (3) (5). Education and awareness programmes are required to enable local people to understand the effects of hunting on birds and the relevant laws (5). Further protection of the Philippine's wetlands is also essential for this species' survival; for example, the protection and restoration of Candaba Marsh has been recommended (3).Top
Find out more
For further information on the conservation of the Philippines' wetlands see:
- Society of the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands:
For more information on this and other bird species please see:
- BirdLife International:
AuthenticationThis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. If you are able to help please contact: _EMAIL_
- The cultivation of marine or freshwater food fish or shellfish under controlled conditions.
- Diverse group of arthropods (a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae, one pair of mandibles (parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food) and two pairs of maxillae (appendages used in eating, which are located behind the mandibles). Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, slaters, woodlice and barnacles.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- A diverse group of invertebrates, mainly marine, that have one or all of the following; a horny, toothed ribbon in the mouth (the radula), a shell covering the upper surface of the body, and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill. Includes snails, slugs, shellfish, octopuses and squid.
- IUCN Red List (April, 2008)
- Kear, J. (2005) Ducks, Geese and Swans. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- BirdLife International (April, 2008)
- BirdLife International. (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
- Crosby, M.J. (2003) Saving Asia's Threatened Birds: A Guide for Government and Civil Society. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
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The square neck is a type of neckline that forms a square-shaped frame around the collarbone. Square necks are popular features on a wide variety of garments, including tank tops, bathing suits, fitted shirts, and dresses. Square necks are flattering on virtually every body shape and size, and also provide a sophisticated frame to the decolletage and face without revealing too much cleavage. The square neck has been featured on several different formal and informal styles of garments throughout the years. The formal or informal nature of these fashions depends largely on which type of sleeves, bodices, and fabrics are also featured on the garment.
During the late 18th century and early 19th century, the square neck was a popular feature on women's gowns, in combination with ruffled cap sleeves and shirred empire bodices. This style of square neck dress, sometimes referred to as a "Regency dress," is often depicted in artwork that captures the Regency era. Many of the female characters featured in the works of Jane Austen are depicted in this style of dress in illustrations and films based on her work. During the Regency era, square necks were often worn in combination with a "modesty panel," which is a piece of sheer fabric such as a scarf or shawl that was draped around the neck and tucked into the bust line, to avoid revealing too much skin. White Regency dresses were often crafted from fine muslin and worn as wedding dresses.
Since the Regency era, the square neck has remained a standard option for necklines, along with the boat neck, round neck, V-neck, sweetheart neck, and the slot neck, which is similar to the square neckline but features vertical edges that are closer to the collar bone and create a narrower, rectangular shape. In the 1990s, the square neck enjoyed a resurgence in popularity when the babydoll dress became fashionable, as it was often featured on dresses such as these which feature an empire waist. Also during the 1990s, the square neck was often featured on ribbed women's cotton shirts. Since the beginning of the new millennium, square neck tank tops have become a popular wardrobe staple in both men and women's fashions.


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Maximize the total conversion value of your campaign within your specified budget with maximize conversion value bidding strategy. This bidding strategy uses advanced machine learning to automatically optimize and set bids. It also offers auction-time bidding capabilities that tailor bids for each auction. You define the value that you want to maximize, such as sales revenue or profit margins, when you set up conversion tracking for your account.
Before you begin
- Familiarize yourself with automated bidding.
- Before you can use maximize conversion value bidding, you'll also need to set up conversion tracking with transaction-specific values.
How it works
Using historical information about your campaign and evaluating the contextual signals present at auction-time, maximize conversion value bidding automatically finds an optimal CPC bid for your ad each time it's eligible to appear. Google sets these bids to help get conversions that are the most valuable for your campaign while spending your budget.
Before switching to maximize conversion value bidding:
- Check your average daily budget amount. Maximize conversion value will try to fully spend your average daily budget, so if you're currently spending much less than your budget, maximize conversion value could increase spend significantly.
- Check your return-on-investment (ROI) goals. If you have an ROI goal for your campaign, such as a target return on ad spend (ROAS), you may want to add a Target ROAS to your bid strategy.