text:
We know that facility management is a crucial part of any company. These facility managers help us tackle several facilities management challenges and help in their proper upkeep. The key to a successful company is overcoming these challenges and improving efficiency.
Expert facility managers have identified innovative methods for resolving issues, serving customers, and optimizing efficiency and productivity in companies.
In this article, we will discuss some of the crucial facilities management challenges that organizations face and how we can overcome them.
Cost management is a significant challenge for facility management companies. Managing the costs of labor, materials, and equipment can be challenging, and unexpected expenses can quickly eat into profits.
One strategy for overcoming this challenge is to invest in preventative maintenance. By identifying potential issues before they become major problems, companies can save money on repairs and avoid downtime.
Facility management companies must comply with a variety of regulations and standards, including those related to safety, environmental protection, and accessibility. Keeping up with these requirements can be a significant challenge, especially for companies that operate across multiple locations.
One way to address this challenge is to invest in training and education for staff. By ensuring that employees are up-to-date on relevant regulations and best practices, companies can minimize the risk of non-compliance.
The shortage of skilled labor is a challenge faced by many industries, and facility management is no exception. As older workers retire, there are fewer trained technicians and tradespeople to take their place.
One way to address this challenge is to invest in training and development programs that help to develop the next generation of skilled workers.
Additionally, companies can explore partnerships with local trade schools and community colleges to build a pipeline of qualified candidates.
The adoption of new technologies is critical to the success of any industry, and facility management is no exception. However, integrating new technologies can be a significant challenge, especially for smaller companies with limited resources.
One strategy for overcoming this challenge is to start small, by implementing technologies that provide the most significant impact with the least amount of disruption. As companies become more comfortable with new technologies, they can gradually expand their capabilities.
Communication and Coordination
Effective communication and coordination are critical to the success of any facility management company. However, coordinating multiple teams across different locations can be challenging, especially when dealing with emergency situations.
One strategy for overcoming this challenge is to invest in tools and technologies that facilitate communication and collaboration, such as mobile apps and cloud-based software.
Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important issue for facility management companies, and many are now implementing measures to reduce their environmental impact.
However, this can be a significant challenge, as it requires a significant investment in infrastructure and a change in mindset.
One way to address this challenge is to start small, by implementing small-scale sustainability initiatives and gradually expanding them over time.
In conclusion, facility management companies face a variety of challenges, from cost management to regulatory compliance.
However, by investing in preventative maintenance, training and development programs, and new technologies, companies can overcome these challenges and succeed in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
Additionally, effective communication and coordination are critical to ensuring that all teams are working together towards a common goal.
If you're in search of a facility management company in Abu Dhabi that meets all the criteria mentioned above, look no further than NANO FM. With over a decade of experience in the industry, we have provided services to numerous top brands such as MG and Ferrari, among others.
NANO FM is arguably the best facility management company in Abu Dhabi that offers a variety of facility management services to meet your needs.
Contact NANO FM for Abu Dhabi facility management and benefit from our experience and expertise.


text:
This spring I'm thinking about putting down sod in some areas of my back yard. I've heard that you should check your soil before laying the soil. Can I bring a sample of my soil and have it tested? If so is there a charge and how do I go about bringing it in.
Jefferson County Kentucky
That's a very good and timely question! We do test soils for nutrients and pH (soil alkalinity) based on what you wish to plant. Different plants and trees need a wide range of soil conditions to grow so let us know what you are growing and we will help you get the soil to the best receptive condition.
The following University of Kentucky routine soil testing instructions:
* Take multiple examples of the area to be tested, 4 to 8 inches down.
* Mix these together to equal 2 cups of soil.
* Allow to dry thoroughly.
* Put in clean baggy/container and bring to the Extension Office at 200 Juneau Drive (Middletown).
* Bring cash or check, its $7 for each area to be tested.
The test result are mailed to you (we get a copy too) with your soil's pH and readings of major and minor nutrients along with information on how and what to change for the plants to be grown there.
The University of Kentucky will test your soil, get results back in about 2 weeks, and make recommendations all for 7 bucks. It is the best deal in horticulture!
This is a limited time offer!
The Jefferson County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) is offering a soils test incentive program to offset the cost for Louisville Metro residents. The SWCD will provide up to 2 vouchers per household to cover the processing fee for a standard soils test. People wishing to participate in this incentive program must request the soils test voucher(s) from the Conservation District office. Email your voucher request to: _EMAIL_ or _EMAIL_ the email should include your name, physical address, phone number and if you want one or two vouchers. The soil vouchers along with your soil sample should be taken to the Jefferson County Cooperative Extension Service at 200 Juneau Drive, Suite 400 for testing. Call _PHONE_ (SWCD) if you have any questions.
This offer is avilable through a research grant so it is therefore limited. When funds run out the cost per soil test will return to 7 dollars each.
Feel free to contact our office if you have other questions.
Let me know if I can help you further!
Jefferson County Cooperative Extension Service
200 Juneau Drive
Louisville KY 40243

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Associate professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
Geotechnical engineer, Gannett-Fleming Geotechnical Engineers, Harrisburg, PA
A review of various criteria that have been proposed to identify collapsible soils and test techniques, which are used to quantify the amount of collapse, is presented. The results of a series of laboratory single and double oedometer collapse tests conducted on three metastable loess soils are presented to illustrate problems associated with investigating collapse behavior of soils. Guidelines are proposed for developing a standard test procedure.
Paper ID: GTJ10003J

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Importance of Limestone Mud Washing Plant in Industrial Operations
The Importance of Limestone Mud Washing Plant in Industrial Operations
Industrial operations rely heavily on the proper management of resources and waste. One crucial aspect of these operations is the effective treatment of wastewater, particularly in industries that deal with minerals like limestone. In such cases, the implementation of a limestone mud washing plant becomes of utmost importance. These specialized facilities play a significant role in ensuring environmental sustainability, as well as optimizing the efficiency of industrial operations.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which is widely used in various industries, including construction, agriculture, and manufacturing. During the extraction and processing of limestone, a significant amount of mud or sludge is generated as a byproduct. This mud contains impurities, such as clay, silt, and other minerals, which must be removed before the limestone can be used in its intended applications.
One of the primary purposes of a limestone mud washing plant is to separate these impurities from the extracted limestone. The process involves a series of steps that effectively remove the unwanted particles, leaving behind a cleaner product. This is achieved through the use of various techniques, including sedimentation, filtration, and centrifugation.
By implementing a mud washing plant, industries can ensure that the limestone they produce meets the required quality standards. Cleaner limestone has better reactivity, making it more suitable for applications like lime production, cement manufacturing, or agricultural purposes. This directly translates into improved operational efficiency and reduced waste, as higher-quality limestone yields better results in these industries.
Furthermore, the importance of a limestone mud washing plant extends beyond simply improving the quality of limestone. It also plays a significant role in environmental sustainability. The treatment of the extracted mud helps prevent the release of harmful solid particles into nearby water bodies, reducing the risk of pollution. Additionally, the sludge from the mud washing process can be further treated to recover valuable components and minimize waste generation.
Efficient management of wastewater is a responsible practice that modern industries must adopt. Proper treatment and disposal of wastewater not only protect the environment but also maintain compliance with stringent regulations imposed by environmental authorities. Failure to comply with these regulations can lead to costly penalties, legal implications, and damage to a company's reputation.
In conclusion, the importance of a limestone mud washing plant in industrial operations cannot be overstated. It serves as a crucial component in ensuring the quality of limestone while promoting environmental sustainability and compliance with regulations. By effectively managing wastewater and reducing waste generation, industries can optimize their operational efficiency and reduce their impact on the environment. As industries around the world continue to expand, the implementation of such facilities becomes essential for responsible and sustainable industrial growth.
Contact us
Related


Convert a string to ASCII in c
Program to convert string into ASCII values in c programming language:
int main(){
 char str[100];
 int i=0;
 printf("Enter any string: ");
 printf("ASCII values of each characters of given string: ");
 printf("%d ",str[i++]);
 return 0;
Sample Output:
Enter any string:
ASCII values of each characters of given string: 99 113 117 101 115 116 105 111 110 98 97 110 107 46 98 108 111 103 115 112 111 116 46 99 111 109
3. Write a c program to delete the all consonants from given string.
Haris said...
Thanx for da GUIDE in all programs GOD BLESS U.
Anonymous said...
c program to calculate 8 bit crc
Vishu said...
u missed the & for scanf
Anonymous said...
when using string, you don't need to use & :D
Anonymous said...
great man keep it up?
Ayesha Jawed said...
Write a program that takes a string as input and generates an encoded string as output. Each letter of the input string is encoded by a given rule. Numerical value (1 for A, 2 for B, 10 for J and so on) of the letters are used to define the rules for encoding. The rules for generating codes are as follows:
A – E
Add 3 in its numerical value.
U -- Z
Find the largest integer factor of its numerical value less than the value itself. Multiply it by 12.
For Z, numerical value is 26, largest integer factor of 26 is 13 so, (13*12) is 156 which wraps around all the alphabets 6 full times and ends on Z.
For B,Y, encoded value will be E, H.
this question is of encryption can anyone solve this?
Unknown said...
I'm a complete beginner but I wanted to share my try at this program.
for(int x; (x = getchar())!= EOF; printf("%d ", x));
I just thought this would be worth sharing since the program in the post seems pretty long for something so simple.
Unknown said...
Weird, it cut out certain parts... Here's a link then:
Unknown said...
please give a method to store the ascii value in another array as i have to use the ascii value further in program
Vijayakash said...
Python Training in Chennaii
Vijayakash said...
php training in tambaram
php Training in Anna Nagar
php training in velachery
PHP Training in T Nagar
PHP Training in Porur
PHP training in OMR
PHP Training in Chennai


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Posted 14 Aug 2018
Licenced CPOL
Clipping Plane in WPF 3D
, 14 Aug 2018
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Demonstrate Clipping Plane in WPF 3D
Introduction
I recently needed to brush up on WPF and had the idea of adding a Clipping Plane to Rod Stephens' excellent WPF Menger Sponge. While I was at it, I added some other features which I will describe via the following links:
 1. Clipping Plane
 2. Axes
 3. Lighting
 4. Textures
 5. Progress Bar
 6. Menu Bar
Download and Build
Download the MengerSpongeClipping.zip file and extract it. Open the MengerSpongeClipping project with Visual Studio. Build it by pressing F6; the project should build successfully with no errors. Press F5 to run the MengerSpongeClipping project in debug mode.
Using the Code
To clip the Menger Sponge, simply click the "Clip" button. You can orient the clipping plane using the sliders as illustrated in the above image. You can rotate the clipping plane about the x, y, or z axes using the "Rotate Plane" Sliders, and you can translate it along the x, y, or z axes using "Translate Plane" sliders. For this version, the Clipping Plane is assumed to be infinite in all directions, so the translation is for demonstration purposes and does not affect the actual clipping. (In a future version, I plan on having the clipping algorithm assume a finite Clipping Plane, and therefore take into account the translation of the Clipping Plane, so parts of the Sponge that are outside are not clipped.) The positive side of the Clipping Plane is an opaque green; the negative side is an opaque blue.
Clipping Plane
My implementation of the clipping plane is simple: the distance from the plane to each rectangle center is computed, and rectangles with distance values less than zero (that is, behind the opaque blue side) are discarded. The method DrawClippingPlane() performs the following steps:
 1. Rotate the Clipping Plane
 2. Translate the Clipping Plane
 3. Get the transformed coordinates of the Clipping Plane
 4. Determine Equation of the Clipping Plane in the form Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
The method DistanceFromPlaneToPoint() uses the Equation of the Clipping Plane to determine the distance to the rectangle's center. The method RemoveClippedRectangles() (described below) computes the distance and removes clipped rectangles from RectanglesMade. The method DrawClippedSponge() (also described below) redraws the Menger Sponge.
Axes
I used Mr. Stephens' WPF Cylinder code to draw the x, y, z axes. You can toggle them on and off by pressing the "A" (the Axis Toggle Key), or by using "View" from the Menu Bar. To label the axes, I used Eric Sink's fantastic CreateTextLabel3D() method; I added another parameter, a Transform3DGroup transform. See TextLabel3D.cs for details.
Lighting
In WPF (and DirectX and OpenGL), a directional light is a light that projects its effect along a specified vector. The Vector3D lightVector1, Vector3D lightVector2, Color lightColor1 and Color lightColor2 are inputs to the DirectionalLight() constructor. Since it can sometimes be hard to visualize where the light is pointing by specifying a vector, I used Mr. Stephens' WPF Cone code to draw "flashlights" (a flashlight is known as a torch in the UK) that shows where the directional light is pointing. There are two directional lights named appropriately enough Light 1 and Light 2. The flashlights are disabled (not displayed) by default for clarity. To enable (display) them, press the "F" key (the Flashlight Toggle Key) or use "View" from the Menu Bar. Whether the flashlights are enabled or not does not affect the actual lighting; in other words, they are only used for making the lighting vectors easier to visualize.
You can experiment with the two lights by setting the sliders for the direction vectors and combo box for the colors. If you select "None" from the colors combo box, the corresponding DirectionalLight() is turned off, and the flashlight is displayed in wireframe code supplied by Mr. Stephens. (I spent some time trying to use 3D Tools wireframe, but to no avail.) In the illustration below, I've enabled the flashlights, zoomed out a little (using the minus key) and disabled the Clipping Plane (for clarity) by pressing the "P" key (the Clipping Plane Toggle Key). Next, I set the direction vectors as shown, set Light 1 (in the background) to blue and Light 2 (in the foreground) to red. Note how the red light illuminates the X and Z faces of the Menger Sponge to red, and the Y face is a shade of purple due to the combination of blue and red:
MengerSpongeLighting1
In the next illustration, after I rotate the scene 195 degrees using the arrow keys (note how theta goes from 60° to 255°), and tilt it from phi=30 degrees to phi=40 degrees, the effect of the Light 1, the blue light (now in the foreground) can be seen illuminating the -X and -Z faces of the Menger Sponge to blue:
MengerSpongeLighting 2
Textures
You can add textures to the Menger Sponge by selecting an image file from the "Texture" combo box as shown below. In order to use this feature, you first need to modify app.config to point to the image files, for example:
<setting name="ImageFileLocation" serializeAs="String">
 <value>C:\MyProjects\MengerSponge\MengerSpongeClipping\MengerSpongeClipping\Images\</value>
</setting>
The code for this is from yet another useful article by Mr. Stephens on textures.
MengerSpongeTexture
WPF Progress Bar
Since the number of rectangles drawn is determined by the SpongeDepth, I added a WPF Progress Bar to show the progress of re-drawing the clipped Menger Sponge, as illustrated below. The code demonstrates the use of a BackgroundWorker object. To get the full effect if you're running on a fast machine, you might want to run the program in Debug mode by pressing F5 since there is some console output in debug mode which slows the process somewhat.
MengerSpongeProgressBar
When you click the "Clip" button, the BtnClip_Click() callback creates the BackgroundWorker object in order to perform the clipping operation on a separate thread. Note the use of Dispatcher.Invoke in RemoveClippedRectangles() which is needed since the method DrawClippedSponge() accesses the spongeMesh object which is owned by a different thread. The method RemoveClippedRectangles() calculates the progress.
The Menu Bar has "File", "View" and "Help" menu items. "File->Save As..." allows you to save your settings to a text file, and "File->Open" allows you to retrieve them. File->Reset will reset the Clipping Plane rotations and translations, Camera movements, lighting settings, and textures to their initial values (as will pressing the Escape key). "View" allows you to toggle the Axes, Clipping Plane, Sponge, and Plane Normal. You can also use the "A", "P", "S", and "N" toggle keys, respectively. Since the Plane Normal is small (a unit vector), you will have to turn off the Sponge (and Axes, if the Plane Normal is aligned with an axis) in order to see it.
History
 - Version 1.0.0.0
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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About the Author
charles922
Software Developer (Senior)
United States United States
Chuck Peasley is a developer in Orange County, CA
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text:
SAF Forwarder with L2 Adjacency Configuration Example
This configuration example demonstrates how to configure SAF Forwarders that share a common multi-access segment.
Related show Commands
show eigrp service-family ipv4 neighbors
Commonly Asked Question
Q: Does SAF have to run EIGRP?
A: Although SAF requires that an EIGRP virtual-instance be configured ("SAF-fwdr" in the example above), EIGRP as a routing protocol is not required in order for SAF to operate properly. SAF is responsible for advertising services and not IP prefixes. SAF can run with any routing protocol (eg: static, RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, BGP).


text:
Thanksgiving should be a time for celebration, not cruelty, yet approximately 45 million turkeys -- gentle birds who enjoy having their feathers stroked and gobbling along to music -- are killed every year for Thanksgiving dinner.
Before they're killed, turkeys spend several months packed tightly together in filthy, dark sheds. To keep them from pecking one another in stress and deprivation, factory workers cut off part of the birds' sensitive upper beaks with a hot blade -- using no pain relievers.
At the slaughterhouse, the terrified turkeys are hung upside-down and dragged through an electrified "stunning tank," which immobilizes them but does not kill them. Many birds dodge the tank and are still conscious when their throats are slit. Many are then scalded alive in the tanks of water used for feather removal.
If you want your holiday centerpiece to reflect joy and gratitude rather than pain and suffering, then try a tasty vegan feast. Visit PETA.org for gourmet recipes and product suggestions, and have a happy and humane holiday.
The PETA Foundation

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Single-Root Input/Output Virtualization (SR-IOV) with Linux* Containers
By Marco Righini,
Published: 11/10/2015 Last Updated: 11/10/2015
CERNopenlab

Platform Competence Centre
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Abstract
Table of Contents
 1. Introduction
 2. Hardware and software setup
 3. SR-IOV configuration in the OS
 4. Tests
 5. Conclusions
 6. Bibliography
Appendix A: Controlling resource usage inside containers
Appendix B: Additional resources
Executive Summary
Virtualization is a technology offering an abstraction layer between software and hardware. It can emulate a hardware platform in order to provide the operating system abstractions of various resources. It is also a means to easily manage hardware resources and to run services in the cloud. One of the main disadvantages of the traditional hypervisor-based virtualization is, however, that it introduces a large overhead with respect to memory and CPU1 usage. Linux* Containers (abbreviated to LXC) is a lightweight alternative to the traditional approach, providing separation of namespaces and file systems while running all processes on a single kernel. Combined with Single-Root Input/Output Virtualization (abbreviated to SR-IOV) it can provide a solution that allows the containers to appear in the network as separate compute-nodes with exclusive MAC2 addresses, while sharing one link and physical network adapter.
This paper is a result of a joint CERN openlab-Intel research activity with the aim to investigate whether Linux Containers can be used together with SR-IOV in conjunction and complementary to the existing virtualization infrastructure in the CERN Data Centre. This solution could be potentially applied to the storage nodes, which are principally used for Input/Output operations, while keeping the CPU mostly idle. CERN could benefit from LXC/SR-IOV by running both CPU-intensive and storage jobs in containers on one storage node, with full separation of both applications and control over consumed resources.
We describe a successful setup of Linux Containers on top of an Intel® 10-Gigabit Ethernet adapters with SR-IOV support together with results from synthetic network and storage benchmarks.
Authors: Pawel Szostek (CERN openlab ) and Marco Righini (Intel)
1 Central Processing Unit
2 Media Access Control

Abstract
This document investigates the possibility to configure SR-IOV with LXC in the CERN environment with the most recent flavour of the operating system used at CERN (CERN CentOS* 7). We present all the steps necessary for an operational configuration. We also present results from the basic network and storage benchmarks run in this configuration. Our results prove that the technology stack is working. However, minor performance drops when running intensive I/O operations were detected. The future work involves running performance and reliability tests with the target technology stack.
1. Introduction
What are Linux Containers?
Linux* Containers, abbreviated to LXC, is a feature implemented in the Linux kernel, allowing processes to be separated inside their own namespaces and file systems, while running on the same kernel. As shown by various studies (Xavier, et al., 2013; Kjallman, et al., 2015), its performance overhead is smaller than for hypervisor-based, which comes for the cost of lower flexibility and manageability. LXC can be bundled together with cgroups, providing a way to control usage of hardware resources inside the containers, which results in even better separation of the applications running inside the different containers.
LXC differs from Docker in that it provides lightweight namespace separation capabilities while removing traditional VM overhead while Docker is a single application virtualization engine which runs on the top of the containers. It differs significantly from LXC in the way that it is meant to be running a single application, enclosed together with its dependencies in a single image. By default Docker disables storage persistence, making the images stateless over executions.
What is SR-IOV?
The Single-Root I/O3 Virtualization (SR-IOV) is a PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG) specification for I/O virtualization. It provides a standard mechanism for devices to advertise their ability to be simultaneously shared among multiple virtual machines. It also allows for the partitioning of a PCI function into many virtual interfaces for the purpose of sharing the resources of a PCI Express* (PCIe*) device in a virtual environment.
Depending on the physical device and the support on the kernel side, a different number of Virtual Functions can be made available inside a system. For this paper we used Intel X520 Cards providing up to 64 Virtual Functions per port. Each of them can be delegated to a container, which will own it during its lifetime. As a result, the device will appear in the network as an independent node with completely isolated traffic.
The Big Picture
The CERN Data Centre lies at the heart of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. It is a place where data from the LHC experiments are gathered, stored and processed. It hosts almost 110,000 processor cores and 11,000 servers that run round-the-clock to ensure uninterrupted services. All the nodes hosted at the CERN Data Centre can be divided into several categories, depending on their use case. In this paper we focus on the storage front-end nodes, whose aim is to collect data coming from the experiments and serve this data on demand to the computing nodes. They are characterized by low CPU usage and intensive use of their persistent storage resources. The aim of the investigation described in this Openlab paper is to look at the possibility of using Linux Containers to provide additional computing resources from the storage servers without the need to sacrifice storage reliability. A diagram of the target setup is shown in Figure 1.
Example Of a Storage Node Configuration
Figure 1: Example of a storage node configuration.
EOS is a disk storage system used at CERN for large physics data – it is I/O intensive with moderate need for computing resources. Boinc is a distributed application for data processing – CPU intensive with negligible I/O. In the target configuration EOS and Boinc would run on a single storage node. Such a setup would allow better utilizing CPUs, which are currently underutilized, while keeping the applications separated from each other and providing them with the necessary hardware resources. To this end, SR-IOV enables us to create many virtual network interfaces to be used inside the containers independently, while cgroups provides the capability for resource separation.
In this paper we describe a setup of LXC with SR-IOV tested with a handful of easy-to-run synthetic benchmarks. We do not investigate the target configuration as depicted in Figure 1, since such a setup is complicated, time-consuming and error-prone. Instead, we focus on running synthetic benchmarks with the aim of stressing I/O-related hardware resources.
3 Input/Output (operations)
2. Hardware and software setup
The node tested is equipped with a JBOD array of 24 Hitachi HUA72302 A800 drives and with an Intel® 82599ES 10-Gigabit Ethernet Adapter featuring SR-IOV support. In addition, there is one data and one management 1-Gigabit Ethernet port on the system board.
The machine is booted with pre-production CentOS* 7 with the 3.10.0-123.13.2.el7.x86_64 kernel and CERN-specific add-ons. Standard packages are installed, unless explicitly mentioned.
BIOS configuration
SR-IOV requires the following BIOS settings to work correctly: VT enabled, SR-IOV enabled and VT-D disabled.
3. SR-IOV configuration in the OS
In this section we describe in detail all the steps needed to obtain a working setup of SR-IOV on the test system. In the remainder of the text the host machine will be called p01001534852033, while the containers will be called centos1 and centos2.
First of all, we ensure that the Ethernet adapters are visible in the system. Since these are PCIe devices, we use the lspci command:
[root@p01001534852033 tmp]# lspci | grep 10-Gig 04:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82599ES 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection (rev 01) 04:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82599ES 10-Gigabit SFI/SFP+ Network Connection (rev 01)
Kernel drivers for the card employed are publicly available on the Intel website. Once the drivers are downloaded, we unpack, build and install both ixgbe and ixgbevf kernel modules:
tar xvzf ixgbe-*.tar.gz
cd ixgbe-*/src
make install
cd ../..
tar xvzf ixgbevf-*.tar.gz
cd ixgbevf-*/src
make install
Afterwards, we configure the system to load the kernel modules automatically at boot-time:
echo "ixgbevf\nixgbe" >> /etc/modules-load.d/modules.conf
In addition, the ixgbe driver requires virtual memory pages of large size (also called huge memory pages) to be mounted:
mkdir -p /mnt/huge chmod 777 /mnt/huge echo "huge /mnt/huge" hugetlbfs defaults 0 0 echo "vm.nr_hugepagesz=2M" >> /


Gour Kishore Ghosh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gour Kishore Ghosh (Bengali: গৌরকিশোর ঘোষ, 22 June 1923 – 15 December 2000) was a celebrated Bengali writer and journalist.
Early life[edit]
Gour Kishore Ghosh was born in Hat Gopalpur village in the Jessore district in undivided Bengal, (presently Bangladesh), on 22 June 1923. He completed his schooling in Nabadwip, and completed his intermediate science (I.Sc.) examinations in 1945.
Due to extreme poverty, Ghosh could not continue his education further and had to become a professional soon after.[1]
He continually changed his professions between 1941 and 1953. Amongst others, he worked as private tutor, electrician and fitter, sailor, waiter at restaurants, trade union organiser, schoolteacher, manager of a touring dance troupe, land customs clearing clerk, proof reader and others, until from an interim job as a border customs clerk he joined a new daily newspaper, Satyayuga[2] where his distinctive writing style earned him promotion to editor of two feature sections. Thus, he settled at his chosen profession, that of a reporter / journalist.
Journalistic and literary career[edit]
Ghosh went on to author popular columns in the literary weekly Desh and in Calcutta's largest vernacular daily, Anandabazar Patrika, of which he also became senior editor. He portrayed the agony of West Bengal during the Naxalite movement from 1969 to 1971, in sharp satire, in his "News Commentary by Rupadarshi". He often wrote under his pen-name, Rupadarshi.
After the emergency was imposed upon India in 1975, Ghosh shaved his head and wrote a symbolic letter to his 13-year-old son explaining his act of "bereavement" over the loss of his freedom to write. Published in Kolkata, a Bengali monthly, this letter caused his arrest, was widely circulated through the underground and became a classic of protest. He was sent to jail along with another reporter Barun Sengupta.[3] Ghosh smuggled from prison two other letters on abuses of authoritarian rule before, in his cell, he suffered a third heart attack.
He did not write much fiction, but what he wrote was highly appreciated and successful. In his fiction, he has illuminated the underlying human dilemma of West Bengal—of a talented, emotional people sorely affected by deep-seated religious and political differences.
Although reinstated as a senior editor of Ananda Bazar Patrika after the emergency ended and he had recovered from his illness, Ghosh started Aajkaal (This Time), in collaboration with a few associates.
After a short stint with Aajkal, he wrote for Anandabazar Patrika till the end.
His weekly satirical column was famous, as also a series of humorous stories. His mature work chose the rather neglected field of interaction between Hindu and Muslim societies.[4]
Among his lighter works, Brojoda, although not as popular as Ghanada and Tenida, has left his distinct mark in the so-called dada-literature of Bengal.[5]
This humanitarian writer-journalist was presented with many awards during his lifetime. Notable among them were:
 1. Ananda Purashkar for Literature (1970)
 2. Ko Joy Uk Memorial award (1976), from the South Korean Government.[6]
 3. Ramon Magsaysay Award (1981) for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts.[7]
 4. Maharashtra Government Award (1981).
 5. Bankim Puraskar (1982).
 6. Hardayal Harmony Award (1993).
 7. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Award (1993).[8]
List of major works[edit]
Short story collections:
 1. Ei Kolkatay (1952)
 2. Mon Maney Na (1955)
 3. Sagina Mahato (1969)
 4. Poschimbongo Ek Promod Toroni, Ha ha! (1969)
 5. Aamra Jekhaney (June 1970)
 6. "Prem ney"
 7. "Jol Porey Pata Norey
Personal life[edit]
He had two daughters and a son. He was known for his spartan living.
His early political inspiration came from M. N. Roy's Radical Humanism, but in his later years he veered towards the ideals of Gandhi.
He was arrested in 1975, as per the controversial MISA Act.
A vocal supporter and advocate of journalistic rights and right to expression, he had been in many instances in opposition to the prevailing conditions, and had to bear censure of the prevailing authorities for his struggles.
Sagina Mahato, a story written by him in remembrance of a colleague of his in his political activist past, was successfully adopted into movies in Hindi (Sagina)[9] and Bengali (Sagina Mahato)[10] by Tapan Sinha, with the famous thespian Dilip Kumar playing the part of the protagonist Sagina Mahato in both instances.


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Classification and Explanatory Rules of Harmonic DataFaculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive)
AbstractClustering is an important technique in data mining and machine learning in which underlying and meaningful groups of data are discovered. One of the paramount issues in clustering process is to discover the natural groups in the data set. A method based on the minimum message length (MML) has been developed to determine the optimum number of clusters (or mixture model size) in a power quality data set from an actual harmonic monitoring system in a distribution system in Australia. Once the optimum number of clusters is determined, a supervised learning algorithm, C5.0, is used to uncover the fundamental defining factors that differentiate the various clusters from each other. This allows for explanatory rules of each cluster in the harmonic data to be defined. These rules can then be utilised to predict which cluster any new observed data may best be described.
Link to publisher version (URL)IEEE Xplore
Citation InformationAli Asheibi, David Stirling and Danny Soetanto. "Classification and Explanatory Rules of Harmonic Data" (2008)
Available at: _URL_


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Homemade tunneling machines boost urbanization
A super large tunnel boring machine (TBM) measuring 15.03 meters in diameter has begun an underwater tunneling project in Shantou City, south China's Guangdong Province.
At 130 meters long and weighing 4,800 tonnes, the slurry TBM, with maximum thrust of 25,000 tonnes, can cope with multiple complex terrains such as soft silt and hard granite bedrock, according to manufacturer China Railway Engineering Equipment Group Co. Ltd. (CREG), one of the leading TBM suppliers worldwide.
Under 10-bar pressure from water, air, earth and slurry, the machine will bore a tunnel 3,048 meters long in a depth of 20 meters.
Its cutter head cuts the bedrock into small pieces, which are mixed with stones and sediment and then delivered out of the tunnel.
China's TBM demand has increased with the country's development. Many large infrastructure projects, such as urban subways and railways traversing mountains or waterways, require the technical and operational support of TBMs.
TBMs can excavate tunnels using a circular cross section that drills through a variety of soil and rock strata, and seamlessly lays concrete segments to build tunnels, subway tubes and sewer lines.
According to the China Association of Metros, by the end of June, 34 Chinese mainland cities had subway lines, and Jinan and Lanzhou are welcoming their first metro lines.
The fast expansion of rail transit has boosted demand for TBMs, and domestic demand accounts for 60 percent of the world total, according to CREG.
The 18 manufacturers of TBMs have a combined annual output of about 1,000 units, said Song Zhenhua, of the China Construction Machinery Association (CCMA). TBMs are getting larger as tunnels become wider to integrate utilities including railways, highways, water supply and drainage pipes, telecommunication and power cables.
Safety is the top priority no matter how large or complicated the projects are.
A 4,760-meter-long tunneling project with vehicle ways and subway rails is under construction in Jinan, east China's Shandong Province.
The tunnel is equipped with fire hydrants, broadcasting devices, emergency phones and video monitoring devices to ensure evacuation within 6 minutes in the upper vehicle ways and 30 minutes in the lower subway rails in an emergency, said He Yingdao, designer of the project.
China's largest slurry TBM with a diameter of 15.8 meters started work on a project in Shenzhen, south China's Guangdong Province, in August.
In previous decades, China relied on foreign tunneling expertise, with Beijing bringing in experts for its first subway lines in late 1960s, said Su Zimeng, secretary general of the CCMA.
In 2008, China's first independently developed earth pressure-balanced TBM debuted.
With around 30,000 precision components and mechanical engineering, electric, sensing, information and dynamics technologies, a TBM is considered a gauge of a country's equipment manufacturing level.
In the past decade, China's TBM industry has witnessed great progress, with products exported to more than 10 countries and regions for projects like subways, highways, railways and water conservancy.
About 70 percent of components and parts of Chinese TBMs are domestically made, said Song. "Our products are cheaper than those produced by other countries and excellent after-sale service is also our commitment."
By the end of June, CREG had received 916 orders and manufactured 842 TBMs, five times more than five years ago.
Manufacturers and experts are working to promote the repurposing of TBMs. The machines are specifically tailored in different shapes and diameters for each project.
"It's a pity that such a high-end equipment is hard to be reused," said Su Zimeng. He suggested the tunneling industry agree unified standards, such as a maximum width and height of tunnels, so that the machines can be used in more than one project.


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Gyeongbokgung, also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, is a royal palace located in northern Seoul, South Korea. First constructed in 1394 and reconstructed in 1867, it was the main and largest palace of the Five Grand Palaces built by the Joseon Dynasty. The name of the palace, Gyeongbokgung, translates in English as "Palace Greatly Blessed by Heaven."
Heavily destroyed by the Japanese government in the early 20th century, the palace complex is slowly being restored to its original form prior the destruction. As of 2009, roughly 40 percent of the original number of palace buildings still stand or are being reconstructed.


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Detroit River Area of Concern
On April 17, 1998, Environment Canada,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Michigan Department of Environmental Quality signed a Four Agency Letter of Commitment. The Letter outlined agency roles and responsibilities during implementation of the Remedial Action Plans for the St. Clair River, Detroit River and St. Marys River binational Areas of Concern.
The Agencies have worked in partnership to further clarify areas of joint leadership and responsibility. A Compendium of Position Papers has been written and describes how the agencies work together to provide leadership for the RAPs, by involving the public, monitoring and reporting on progress, with the ultimate goal of delisting the Areas of Concern. The Compendium was signed on February 2, 2000.
Separate RAP implementation frameworks have been developed for the Canadian and American sides of the Detroit River AOC that reflect local needs. Members of committees from each process are encouraged to participate in meetings and events in both countries, so that they are aware of activites and progress on both sides of the river.
In 1998, the Detroit River Canadian Cleanup Committee (DRCCC) was established to "cleanup, enhance and sustain the ecosystem of the Detroit River and its Canadian watersheds". The Committee was a community-based partnership of industry, government, academic, environmental and community organizations. The DRCCC worked on the Canadian side of the river to implement the RAP recommendations.
In 2003, an Implementation Specialist joined the Committee and assumed the role of Secretariat. A main priority for the Implementation Specialist was to develop and implement a strategy to re-energize the Remedial Action Plan process. Funding for the Implementation Specialist is provided by Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
In 2004, the DRCCC was reorganized to better facilitate progress towards delisting, and to encourage participants to contribute where their interests and experience are most ideally suited. The new Detroit River Canadian Cleanup effort is made up of two separate groups: an Implementation and Outreach Group and a Public Advisory Council. The Implementation and Outreach Group consists of three Committees: a Steering Committee, an Implementation Committee, and an Outreach Committee. Public input on the process is provided by the Detroit River Canadian Public Advisory Council (DRPAC), which includes representatives of the general public, community groups, academia, local business associations and labour. The Implementation Specialist continues to have a central Secretariat role in the new structure by coordinating activities of the Implementation and Outreach Group and serving as a local resource for individual project implementers.
The Four Agencies will treat the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and Detroit River holistically, using a watershed approach. For the St. Clair and Detroit River RAPs, monitoring activities are occurring locally to address the needs of the AOCs. Meanwhile, a monitoring committee for the corridor has been established with representatives from the Four Agencies. In the past, the corridor monitoring committee has conducted biennial inventories of monitoring activities underway within the corridor. An annual Great Lakes basinwide monitoring inventory has been proposed by those responsible for overseeing binational Great Lakes programs. The corridor monitoring committee will evaluate the opportunity to integrate their inventory needs into the basinwide inventory. This will allow the committee to focus on improving access to monitoring information to support management decisions.
- Date Modified:


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Faces of Freedom in American History
Written at an 8.0 reading level, this 12-lesson curriculum works to strengthen your students' understanding of their First Amendment rights and the people who have struggled to protect those freedoms. Students will be able to examine and analyze:
- Historical foundations of the First Amendment
- First Amendment freedoms
- How current issues impact freedom
- Historical narratives about legendary Americans
Faces of Freedom in American History also includes resources such as a set of Freedom cards highlighting the contributions of individuals in history, a list of First Amendment landmark Supreme Court cases, and a complete answer key.
Faces of Freedom in American History is a joint project of the McCormick Tribune Freedom Museum and the Bill of Rights Institute.


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Harmonic growth on groups and stationary random graphs
Ariel Yadin, Ben Gurion University
13/05/2012 - 17:00
We study the structure of harmonic functions on certain homogeneous graphs: Cayley graphs, and stationary random graphs which are homogeneous "on average". Harmonic functions have been used to understand the geometry of these objects. Two notable examples are: Kleiner's proof of Gromov's theorem regarding polynomial volume growth groups, and the invariance principle (CLT) for super-critical percolation clusters on Z^d.
We consider the following question: What is the minimal growth of a non-constant harmonic function on a graph G (as above)?
This question is of course closely related to the Liouville property and Poisson-Furstenberg boundary; a non-Liouville graph just means that there exist _bounded_ non-constant harmonic functions. A classical result of Kaimanovich & Vershik relates the Liouville property on groups to sublinear entropy of the random walk.
We show a simple but very useful inequality regarding harmonic functions and entropy on a group. This inequality allows us to deduce many results rather simply, among them:
1. A quantified version of one direction of Kaimanovich & Vershik
2. Groups (and stationary graphs) of polynomial growth have no sub-linear non-constant harmonic functions.
3. Uniqueness of the "corrector" for super-critical percolation on Z^d.
All notions will be defined during the talk.
תאריך עדכון אחרון : 08/05/2012


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Kymäläinen, Hanna-Riitta and Sjöberg, Anna-Maija (2006) Cadmium content of Finnish linseed and estimated consumer intake. Agricultural and Food Science, 15 (1), pp. 3-11.
- Published Version
The aim of this study was to screen the cadmium (Cd) contents of seed and seed crush of Finnish linseed and to evaluate the acceptable daily dose. The Cd content of Finnish linseed is of interest, since some properties of linseed as the content of fatty acids are different in northern growth locations compared with other growing areas. Seed samples (N = 85) were collected from the experimental farm of Helsinki University and from commercial fields in different locations in southern Finland and Ostrobothnia. In addition, 15 samples of linseed crush were examined. The cadmium contents of the linseed samples, determined with atomic absorption spectroscopy, varied between 0.27 and 1.3 mg kg-1 (dry weight) (mean 0.61 mg kg-1). The Cd contents of the crush samples were between 0.47 and 1.5 mg kg-1 (mean 0.85 mg kg-1). There were differences between the Cd contents of the three examined varieties and years at the experimental farm. Increase in nitrogen fertilization somewhat increased the Cd uptake of linseed. The permitted intake of linseed depends on body weight and on the Cd content of the product and is in most cases higher than the dietary recommendation (24–30 g daily dose of linseed).
|EPrint Type:||Journal paper|
|Keywords:||linseed, Linum usitatissimum, cadmium, fertilizers, varieties, intake|
|Subjects:||Food systems > Food security, food quality and human health|
|Research affiliation:||Finland > Univ. Helsinki|
|Deposited By:||Koistinen, Riitta|
|Deposited On:||06 May 2010 12:18|
|Last Modified:||18 May 2010 07:27|
|Refereed:||Peer-reviewed and accepted|
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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Andar Bahar is a card game, one of the most popular games in India. Millions of people love to spend their free time playing their favourite slot. Moreover, today the game is available not only in real casinos but also on many online platforms! Almost every virtual casino offers to play Andar Bahar. The principle of the game online and offline are the same. The same playing cards, the same additional bets and the same payout rules are used. The only difference is the method of interaction. Online casinos use a random number generator to simulate the gambling process on a smartphone or computer.
Andar Bahar Game Rules
The game is normally played with a deck of 52 cards and one gambling table, divided into two parts. One part is called Andar, which means 'inside' and the other part is called Bahar ('outside').
The dealer (or a random number generator) then deals 13 random cards to the table. The player's task is to choose one of them. The chosen card is moved to a specific place and the other cards are returned to the deck. The players can then place their bets. The main task of the player is to predict on which side of the table a card with the same value as the chosen card will appear. Pay attention to the betting terms. The Table Minimum means the minimum betting amount allowed. Table Maximum refers to the maximum amount of money that can be wagered. In both cases, the amount is determined by the game organizer.
Once the bets have been placed, the dealer begins to place the cards alternately on different sides of the table. Placing starts with Andar if the first card to be dealt is a black suit. A red-suit card means that the card placement will start on the Bahar side.
As soon as a card with the same value hits one side of the table the round ends. Players can take their winnings or count their losses. The odds of winning are counted in two ways:
- 1:1 if a card appears on a different side than the first card drawn;
- 0.9:1 if the card appears on the same side as the first drawn card.
How to choose the best site to play Andar Bahar in India?
So, to play the favourite Andar Bahar game, it is necessary to choose a reliable online casino in India. Read on for the basic criteria for choosing a platform to avoid losing money and time.
Security and Legality of Casino
For players from India, the issue of security and legality of the gambling site is particularly relevant. Although real casinos are banned in the country, there is no ban on their virtual counterparts. A reliable Andar Bahar casino must have a special license. Licences from the Curacao Gambling Commission or the Malta Gambling Authority are usually used. To check the status of the license visit the official site of the casino in _URL_
For players to have no problems with the withdrawal of winnings from the Andar Bahar game, it is mandatory to visit the Deposit and Withdrawal section. The casino should support popular payment systems in India and payments in Indian rupees. The availability of cryptocurrencies will be a significant plus. It is also advisable to read the online platform's User Agreement, which spells out the rest of the payment nuances for India.
Note how many games are featured in the Casino section. Apart from the famous Andar Bahar game, there should be hundreds of other activities where betting can be done. Read the information about the providers of these games to know the quality of these entertainments. They should be reliable companies with good reputations.
A Good Bonus Line
In the Bonuses section, explore all the current offers. Usually, these are Casino Welcome Bonus, Cashback, Free Bets and so on. Perhaps some casinos are offering a special Andar Bahar bonus. This will be a good sign. Also, pay attention to the bonus wagering terms and conditions. If they are too strict – look for an alternative.
Every online platform should have 24/7 customer support. This is necessary in case users encounter difficulties while playing Andar Bahar. Pay attention to the communication methods and their availability in India. For example, a good indication would be if support is available in the Hindi language.
5 Best online Casinos for Andar Bahar
The following is a list of the top 5 online casinos in India that meet all the criteria listed above. Players can choose one of them or try to bet on Andar Bahar at each.
Fun88 offers quality casino gaming not only through the mobile version of the site but also through a smartphone app. Accepts Indian rupees through UPI, Netbanking, PhonePe, Google Pay and more! Fans of the Andar Bahar game can expect a generous 400% Welcome Bonus and instant payouts.
22bet offers a choice of 1,000 exclusive casino games, including the Andar Bahar slot. All new players are guaranteed a 100% Welcome Bonus with no strict wagering requirements. Operator 22bet is legal and licensed in India and accepts Indian players. Similarly, the Andar Bahar live dealer game is available. Customer assistance is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Although Parimatch specialises in sports betting, it has an elaborate Casino section. Players from India can look forward to huge Jackpots and a generous Welcome Bonus of up to 105,000 Indian rupees. Playing at Andar Bahar is safe here as Parimatch has a valid license. It can also count on prompt help from the support team. PayTM, UPI, Mastercard, and ecoPayz are supported.
A well-known online casino 4rabet offers to play Andar Bahar not only on the site but also in the application for Android and iOS. The app and site are legal in India and use the best data protection technology. There are plenty of casino games to choose from as well as a 200% Welcome Bonus. 4rabet guarantees fast withdrawal of winnings through popular payment systems. Supports cryptocurrencies.
Betway platform offers an exclusive casino bonus of up to 60,000 Indian rupees for registering with the casino. A significant advantage is that the Andar Bahar game is available in a real format! Clients can get as close as possible to the atmosphere of a real casino by playing with the dealer over a streaming video link. The minimum deposit is quite high at 700 Indian rupees. Popular payment systems are supported, guaranteeing instant withdrawal.
Is playing the Andar Bahar slot legal in India?
Yes, online casinos are not banned in India. Just choose a reliable Andar Bahar casino.
Is the real Andar Bahar different from the virtual format?
The rules and gameplay are identical in online and offline formats. The only difference is that in the online Andar Bahar game, the dealer is replaced by a random number generator.
What do I need to check to choose a good Andar Bahar Casino?
Pay attention to the casino's license, Andar Bahar bonuses available, deposit and withdrawal methods, and customer support.
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Pyrmin Limited
"Applying heat to unlock value"
Welcome to the website of Pyrmin Limited, part of the Enhanced Landfill Mining Group.
Pyrmin is focussed on the processing of waste organic (ie - carbon-containing) compounds using heat to produce re-usable materials that can be sold, principally into the fuels value-chain but also including other products that are produced. These materials may currently be destined for landfill or may be being re-processed in a harmful way. Materials include waste plastics of all types and ultimately biologically sourced organic materials.
Our initial focus is on the thermolysis of waste tyres since these represent a significant problem for disposal and, by their nature, provide a significant volume of already sorted material for our process.
If you would like more information, please email us at: _EMAIL_


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A simple test can indicate whether people have significant coronary artery disease (S-CAD), researchers at the Washington Hospital Center have discovered.
To test cardiac respiratory stress response (RSR), the researchers use a Pulse Oximeter (PPG) to measure blood flow in a finger matched to paced breathing over a 90 second period. The PPG data are captured and analyzed using a proprietary algorithm.
The results found that patients with S-CAD had a much lower RSR compared to patients without – 6.7 percent versus 17.4 percent respectively.
The researchers tested their findings using Quantitive Coronary Angiography (QCA). The rest results are claimed to be highly accurate, with a sensitivity and specificity of 86 percent and 81 percent.
Ron Waksman, MD of the Division of Cardiology at Washington Hospital Center, said it's difficult to detect significant coronary artery disease in patients at the doctors. Detection often involved a physical stress test, nuclear imaging and cardiac catheterisation.
He said: "The RSR test is simple and fast to perform in a doctor's office without the need for significant expense and hardship to the patients, and results of the study support its accuracy to detect significant coronary artery disease."
The test isn't yet available in the US but is being used in over 25 cardiology clinics in the States.


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Charles Stuart Calverley (1831-84)
English poet and humourist, born in Worcestershire on December 22, 1831, and given the name of Charles Stuart Blayds. In 1852 his father resumed the old family name of Calverley, which his ancestor had exchanged for Blayds in 1807. He was educated at Harrow School and Balliol, Oxford. In 1851 he got the Chancellor's prize for a Latin verse which he had composed in an afternoon while locked in his room by his friends for that purpose. The next year Calverley moved to Christ's College, Cambridge, and then again got the Chancellor's prize for a Latin verse. He was the only undergraduate who was awarded the prizes at both universities. He was elected fellow of Christ's in 1858, published a volume of light verse, Verses and Translations in 1862, and was qualified to be a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1865. But because of a serious skating accident, his career was hindered and he was invalided during the last years of his life. In 1872, he published his other volume of light verse, Fly Leaves, which includes literary parodies of Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold. Calverley has been called the father of the university school of humour. His parodies bring to mind John Betjeman (1906-84). He was also famous for the translation of medieval hymns from Latin to English. Died of Bright's disease in February, 1884. (H. N.)
2.First Love
3.On the Brink


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High-impedance Electromagnetic Band-Gap structures (EBG) surfaces have the capability to forbid flow of EM waves in a given band which and therefore surface waves in case of planar antennas like mictostrip antenna can be minimized with this characteristics of EBG plane. Shape, size, symmetry, and material used in their construction defines their operating band. In this research, a novel compact EBG structure also called high impedance structure (HIS) is proposed. The design is achieved through incorporation of 'L' shaped via to conventional mushroom type EBG/HIS instead of straight vias. The design includes distribution of square patches over substrate material below which there exists a ground plane. Vias passing through the substrate connecting square patches and the ground plane are also part of its design It has been observed that operating frequency of L shaped via based EBG is much lower than that of conventional mushroom type EBG/HIS having straight vias. Alternatively, we can say that size reduction has been achieved through incorporation of L shaped via to the EBG/HIS resulting in 62.5 % of size reduction. All the designs and simulations are carried out in CST microwave studio.
Touseef Ahmad L Shaped via based Mushroom type High Impedance Structure International Journal of Engineering Works Vol. 6 Issue 04 PP. 143-147 April 2019
 A.Sihvola,―Electromagnetic emergence in metamaterials‖, Advances in Electromagnetics of Complex Media and Metamaterials, vol. 89, pp. 1-17, 2003.
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 N. Engheta,―Metamaterials with negative permittivity and permeability: background, salient features, and new trends‖, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 187-190, 2003.
 N. Engheta,―Design, fabrication, and testing of double negative metamaterials‖, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, issue. 7, pp. _PHONE_, 2003.
 W. R. Ziolkowski and N. Engheta, ―Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations‖, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 18 September 2006.
 D. Sievenpiper, ―High Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces‖, Ph.D. dissertation, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999.
 D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang, R. F. J. Broas, N. G. Alexopolous, E. Yablonovitch,, "High-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces with a Forbidden Frequency Band," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2059-2074, 1999.
 Y. J. Lee, J. Yeo, R. Mittra, W. S. Park, "Application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Superstrates With Controllable Defects for a Class of Patch Antennas as Spatial Angular Filters," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 224-235, 2005.
 S. G. Mao, M. Y. Chen, "Propagation Characteristics of Finite-Width Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguides with Periodic Electromagnetic Bandgap Cells," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 2691-2703, 2002.
 F. Yang, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Reflection Phase Characterizations of the EBG Ground Plane for Low Profile Wire Antenna Applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 677-682, 2003.
 F. Yang, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "A low-profile circularly polarized curl antenna over an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 264-267, 2001.
 Z. Li, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "PBG, PMC and PEC ground planes: A case study of dipole antennas," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2000.
13] T. H. Liu, W. X. Zhang, M. Zhang, K. F. Tsang, "Low profile spiral antenna with PBG substrate," Electronics Letters, vol. 36, p. 779–780, 2000.
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 N. Chahat, M. Zhadobov, R. Sauleau, K. Mahdjoubi, "Improvement of the On-Body Performance of a Dual-Band Textile Antenna Using an EBG structure," in Loughborough antennas and propagation conference, Loughborough, 2010.
 J. H. S. D. Sievenpiper, "Textured Surface Having High Electromagnetic Impedance in Multiple Frequency Bands". United States Patent US 6,483,481 B1, 19 November 2002.
 R. Li, G. DeJean, M. M. Tentzeris, J. Papapolymerou, J. Laskar, "Radiation-Pattern Improvement of Patch Antennas on a Large-Size Substrate Using a Compact Soft-Surface Structure and Its Realization on LTCC Multilayer Technology," IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 200-208, 2005.
18] R. Diaz, V. Sanchez, E. Caswell, A. Miller, "Magnetic Loading of Artificial Magnetic Conductors for Bandwidth Enhancement," 2003.
 Aminian, F. Yang, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "In-phase Reflection and EM Wave Suppression Characteristics of Electromagnetic Band Gap Ground Planes," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium," 2003.
 Aminian, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Bandwidth Determination for Soft and Hard Ground Planes: A Unified Approach in Visible and Surface Wave Regions," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 2004.
 F. Bilotti, L. Vegni, "Radiating Features of Capacitive and Inductive Surfaces," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 117-121, 2003.
 Stylianos D. Assimonis, Traianos V. Yioultsis, and Christos S. Antonopoulos, "Design and Optimization of Uniplanar EBG Structures for Low Profile Antenna Applications and Mutual Coupling Reduction," IEEE Transaction on antennas and propagation, vol. 60, no. 10, Oct. 2012, pp. 4944-4949.
 S. Zhang, B. Kiong Lau, Y. Tan, Z. Ying, and S. He, "Mutual Coupling Reduction of two PIFAs with a TShape Slot Impedance Transformer for MIMO Mobile Terminals," IEEE Transaction on antennas and propagation, vol. 60, no. 3, March 2012, pp. 1521-153l.
 A. M. Abdelreheem, and M. A. Abdalla, "A Novel Bilateral UC-EBG Structure," IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society International Symposium pp. 1780-81, July 2014, pp. _PHONE_.
 Eva Rajo-Iglesias, Member, IEEE, Luis Inclán-Sánchez, José-Luis Vázquez-Roy, Member, IEEE, and Enrique García-Muñoz, "Size Reduction of Mushroom-Type EBG Surfaces by Using Edge-Located Vias" IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2007.
 Wenquan Cao Bangning Zhang Tongbin Yu Daosheng Guo Aijun Liu "Helical-Via-Type Mushroom EBG Structure for Size Reduction" IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society International Symposium pp. 1780-81, June 2015, pp. _PHONE_
 D. Sievenpiper, ―High-Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces with a Forbidden Frequency Band‖, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, pp. 2059-2073, November 1999.
 D. Sievenpiper, L. Zhang and E. Yablonovitch, ―High-Impedance Electromagnetic Ground Planes‖, IEEE MlT-S Digest, vol. 4, pp. _PHONE_, 1999.
 D. Sievenpiper, R. Broas and E. Yablonovitch, ―Antennas on high-impedance ground planes‖, IEEE MTT-S, International Microwave Symposium Digest, vol. 3, pp. _PHONE_, 1999.
 D. Sievenpiper, ―High Impedance Electromagnetic Surfaces, Ph.D. dissertation, Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999.
 F. Yang, Y. Rahmat-Samii, ―Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna Engineering‖, The Cambridge RF and Microwave Engineering Series, October 2008.
 B. Jecko, T. Monediere, L. Leger, "High Gain EBG Resonator Antenna", 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, ICECom 2005, pp. 1-3, 12-14 Oct.


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Raising the BAR in dependable cooperative services
Wong, Edmund Liangfei
MetadataShow full item record
Cooperative services--a term which includes any system that relies on the resources and participation of its clients to function--have proven to be a popular, naturally scalable means to disseminate content, distribute computational workloads, or provide network connectivity. However, because these services critically depend on participants that are not controlled by a single administrative domain, these services must be designed to function in environments where no participant--because of failure or selfishness--will necessarily follow the specified protocol. This thesis addresses the challenge of establishing and maintaining cooperation in cooperative services by (1) advancing our understanding of the limits to what our services can guarantee in the presence of failure, (2) demonstrating the critical role that correct participants can play in the incentives provided by the service, and (3) proposing a new notion of equilibrium that, unlike traditional notions, provides both rigorous yet practical guarantees in the presence of collusion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our ideas can be applied to practice by designing and implementing Seer, a system that provides a scalable, reliable, and robust method for disseminating content even if participants may fail arbitrarily or deviate selfishly as a coalition.


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||It has been suggested that this article be merged with Languages_of_Switzerland#French. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2012.|
The Suisse romande (lit.: "Romance Switzerland") is a local name for the French-speaking districts of western Switzerland. The name Romandie (Romandy) is also used. The term "Suisse romand" is used to refer to Swiss French, the variety of French spoken in Switzerland. There are about 1.6 million French-speakers in Switzerland, about 20% of the total population.
The word "romand/romande" indicates the Latin or Roman origin of the French language and the general orientation of the region to the French-speaking cultural sphere and to Roman Law. It is used in contrast to "Suisse allemande" (German Switzerland) and "Suisse italienne" (Italian Switzerland), more commonly called "(le) Tessin" (Ticino).
The Suisse romande is not a precisely defined area, but in general includes the Cantons of Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, western Valais, Vaud and the northern part of Berne (known as the Jura Bernois or the Bernese Jura). The city of Geneva constitutes the largest urban area of the region.
German-speaking Swiss refer to the Suisse romande as Welschland and to the French-speaking Swiss as Welsches. This word, related to Walloon, Vlach and Welsh, refers in German to a foreigner of Celtic or more precisely Gallo-Roman origin.
Historically, most of Suisse Romande has been strongly Protestant, especially Calvinist, with Geneva being one of the earliest and most important Calvinist centers. There are a few Roman Catholic French-speaking Swiss, mainly in Jura, Valais, and Fribourg.
The expression "Suisse romande" or "Romandie" is best known in the English-speaking world through institutions such as the Geneva-based Orchestre de la Suisse Romande and the annual stage race Tour de Romandie.
- the French suffix -mand is an adaptation of the German -mann (corresponding to English -man) seen in alemand, flamand, normand etc.; it was introduced unetymologically into romand. The French adjective romande is not usually capitalized in the name Suisse romande.
- Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). "Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" (Portable Document Format) (in French, German, Italian). Neuchâtel: Office fédéral de la statistique. Retrieved 5 January 2006.


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Posted on: July 1, 2014
Crest factor is the ratio of the instantaneous peak amplitude of a waveform, to its root mean square RMS value. The peak amplitude refers to the instantaneous peak current that may be required by a load, whereas the RMS is the average load current under normal conditions.
The crest factor specifies the properties of an electrical system such as the purity of a signal or waveform, and the capability of a system such as a power supply to output a particular current or voltage.
The ratio is also referred to as peak-to-RMS ratio is given by:
Crest Factor (peak-to-RMS ratio) = (peak value)/(RMS value).
The crest factor indicates the extreme peaks of a waveform. For a purely DC system with a resistive load, the value should be 1:1 which is also the minimum. A sinusoidal AC waveform with a resistive load has a CF of 1.414. However, the waveform may be distorted when supplying reactive loads with no power factor correction.
Some IT equipment and other loads with power factor corrected supplies have a crest factor of about 1.414, whereas those with no correction such as stackable hubs and personal computers have factors of 2 or 3.
For applications requiring a pure sine wave, the supply is desired to have a crest factor of 1.414 or the closest possible. Distortions caused by interactions between supply and the load may affect the relationship between the peak and RMS values and result into a higher value.
The crest factor of a computer load depends on the power source feeding it and may vary from one ac receptacle to another. It is important to note that the crest factor arises due to the interaction between the AC source and the load and that the crest factor required by the load will depend on the AC supply waveform.
Crest factor of a source shows the possible and safe output peak currents it can handle above rated current. Since the supplies can provide higher outputs, they should also have fail safe circuits that should shut down and cut off power in case the load continues to draw more of this high current.
The source must be capable of supplying the peak current desired by the load; otherwise the source voltage becomes distorted by the excess peak current. Most power sources manufacturers usually provide the crest factor, or peak repetitive current data, to help consumers or designers match their loads to the suitable sources.


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Emotion Intensity Meter
The EIM-100 Emotion Intensity Meter allows subjects to indicate on an ongoing basis the intensity of their emotional response to experimental visual or auditory stimuli. It connects to a DIN8 transducer input of an iWorx data recorder and the responses are shown on a dedicated channel of the LabScribe recording.
Manual: EIM-100
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Choose the parameters you want to Measure
EMG : Number of Channels
Invasive BP : Number of Channels
Non-Invasive BP : Number of Channels
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Temperature: Number of Channels
Force: Number of Channels
Stimulation: Describe the type
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Food dyes are used in soft drinks to simulate natural colors of fruits or vegetables and to make the products more appealing to consumers. In this experiment, you will look at seven food dyes approved by the Food and Drug Administration: FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, FD&C Green No. 3, FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 40, FD&C Yellow No. 5, and FD&C Yellow No. 6. You will analyze a common soft drink to determine the food dyes used to give it color.
There are three parts to the experiment. In Part I, you will use a spectrophotometer to observe the absorbance spectrum of the soft drink to see which colors (wavelengths) of visible light are absorbed by the dyes in the drink. The spectrophotometer passes a light beam containing all the visible colors of light through a sample of the drink. As the light passes through the sample, some of the colors are absorbed and other colors pass through. Some colors may be partially absorbed. The detector measures the amount of each color of light that it sees and provides a signal that is graphed by the software.
In Part II, you will separate the dyes from a sample of the drink using a technique called column chromatography. In column chromatography, the column contains a material (called the stationary phase) to which food dyes are partially attracted. Some dyes are more attracted to the material in the column than others.
The dyes can be moved through the column by various solvents (called the mobile phase). The rate at which a dye passes through the column can be controlled by varying the ratio and concentration of solvents that are injected through the column. Some dyes will move more readily and others will require higher concentrations of a particular solvent to move through the column.
In Part III, you will compare the spectra of the separated components of the drink from Part II, to the spectrum you saw in Part I. This will give you an idea of how the dyes contribute to the overall spectrum of the drink.
After collecting and analyzing your data, you will compare the spectra of the components of the drink to the spectra of commercial food dyes in order to determine which dyes were used to make the drink.
- Observe the absorbance spectrum of a soft drink.
- Conduct a liquid-chromatographic separation.
- Observe the spectra of the components of the separation.
- Compare the spectra of commercial dyes to determine which dyes were used to make the drink.


The Cooperacy governance is the way participants take decisions in Cooperacy, according to cooperation science insights.
The Cooperacy governance is made of cooperations, that can also be containers. The main cooperation container is Cooperacy itself. Every cooperation is based on the most simple form of cooperation: two or more people doing something together.
It is advised every cooperation should have two coordinators and a maximum of 150 people. They may also decide to elect everyone as coordinator to experiment diffuse governance.
Anytime, coordinators may resign, can be substituted upon the cooperation participants' will or candidates may propose themselves to become coordinators.
Coordinators may take direct decisions in their cooperation. Only when their decision is publicly communicated it becomes effective. When they are in contrast or unsure about what decision to take, coordinators can ask advice to the participants or start a voting phase, remembering voting is never subject to majority but represents an official evaluation that needs to be integrated.
Participants can propose decisions as well through voting evaluation or asking the coordinators for direct approval.
Participants may also oppose the coordinators decisions. If the opposing participants are at least two1, the coordinators should proportionally and creatively integrate the opposition according to the seven solutions or alternatively start a voting evaluation.
If just a single participant proposes or opposes, but nobody secondes, the single instance is recorded or, when possible, but not always, proportionally and creatively integrated.
Cooperacy is a design democracy: we vote cooperation ideas first, people afterwards. Decisions are voted independently from the people who will enact them, as they will be chosen on a second step.
The voting can be anonymous during the voting phase, but becomes transparent once the results are shown. All voting evaluation results are transparent.
The decision making is based on approval voting, that is, everyone may vote with a single vote all the cooperation ideas or alternative decisions they want. If there is not a clear orientation2 after the voting evaluation, the participants may want to leave their choice to the coordinators. They may also choose with the coordinators which one of the seven possible solutions to apply for the realization of the cooperation's will.
1: DUAL COORDINATION The idea of a coordinating pair came up in order to avoid power to be concentrated in just one person, that receives huge responsibilities and is alone in facing them, or in more than two people, that may generate internal conflictual groups or collusions. Collective coordination is also possible, although roles could emerge anyways.
2: VOTING IS INFORMATIVE The voting results are indicators of the participants will, they do not explicitly determine a final decision, because winning and losing the voting process is substituted by evaluation and proportional creative integration.


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Image-Intuitive Modes of Perception Physical-Mathematical Modes of Perception Differential Education
Institute of Information Theories and Applications FOI ITHEA
In article the problems of mutual adapting of the humans and computer environment are reviewed.
Features of image-intuitive and physical-mathematical modes of perception and thinking are investigated. The
problems of choice of means and methods of the differential education the computerized society are


This tool allows an RT 3.x instance to integrate with a Subversion revision control system. To install the package in your RT instance, run the following commands: perl Makefile.PL make install To configure your subversion server to talk to an RT instance, you'll need to do a bit of setup. In your RT::SiteConfig, set up the following variables: Set($PathToSvn, '/usr/bin/svn'); # or wherever your svn(1) binary lives Set($SvnRepository, ''); # or Set($SvnRepository,'svn://'); You also need to add a "post-commit" hook to your svn repository so that it knows how to talk to RT. Basically, it does a simple HTTP "GET" request to tell RT to query the svn server for an update. We use this provoked poll method so that RT doesn't need to trust arbitrary incoming pings. RT is careful to only apply each commit once. Create a _privileged_ RT user for the svn integration to use. It doesn't matter if that user has no specific rights; they just need to be able to log into RT's web interface. Add the following line (assuming you use curl) to your repository's hooks/post-commit script: curl "$REV" & To tell RT which ticket a commit is associated with, put an RT-Ticket: line in your commit message. if there's no RT-Ticket: line, rt will ignore the commit message. If you put "rtname#" before the ticket id, RT instances whose rtnames don't match what you've put in will act as if they haven't seen a ticket id. This can be useful if you use svk to move subversion commits between repositories and want to track commit history across multiple RT instances. The other recognized commands are RT-Status and RT-Update. RT-Action is an alias for RT-Update, if preferred. Commands are case-insensitive and may occur in any order, at any point in the commit message. A couple simple examples: =====cut here====== RT-Ticket: RT-Ticket: RT-Ticket: RT-Status: resolved RT-Update: comment This is a simple comment. ======cut here======= OR ======cut here======= RT-Ticket: 123 RT-Status: open RT-Update: correspond We've commmited a fix to your problem. Is it fixed in -HEAD? ======cut here=======


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'St Luke's Hospital', print, London, England, 1785
This print shows St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics shortly after a new building was built in 1782 in Old Street, London. St Luke's was a hospital for the mentally ill founded in 1751 to relieve the pressure on London's other asylum, Bethlem Hospital. St Luke's was one of the first teaching hospitals to study mental illness. Unlike other asylums, visitors were not permitted purely to be amused by the plight of the patients. The illustration was engraved by an artist named Deeble for The European Magazine and London Review, which was launched in 1782.
Related Themes and Topics
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Pictorial works produced by transferring images by means of a matrix such as a plate, block, or screen, using any of various printing processes. When emphasizing the individual printed image, use "impressions." Avoid the controversial expression "original prints," except in reference to discussions of the expression's use. If prints are neither "reproductive prints" nor "popular prints," use just "prints."
A technique to obtain prints from an engraved surface. Engraving is the practice of cutting into a hard, usually flat surface.
Glossary: psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospital specialising in the treatment of serious mental illness, usually for relatively long-term patients.
A historic term for a psychiatric hospital. The term in this context was common in the 1700s and 1800s, but is no longer in use.
Glossary: mental illness
Who were the 'mentally ill'? We use this phrase to reflect the historical descriptions of individuals with a variety of behaviours, mental health problems and pathologies. Historically, the concept of ' madness' or 'insanity' was used to describe people who may have had what we would now consider psychiatric disorders. It often also included those showing symptoms of syphilis, epilepsy, depression, or in some cases merely behaviour considered to be eccentric or outside commonly accepted norms.


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EIS Definitions and Conventions
30 August 2004
The EIS survey system is designed to administer and document (via
integration with a robotically maintained WEB service) multiple
surveys and strategies in their entirety, from survey definition to
release of science-grade products by nominally operating in
unsupervised mode. Achieving this requires the introduction of
well-defined procedures to enable adaptive, automatic and
sequential addressing of information. Occasionaly, these may be
need to be properly explained, which will be done in this document
In addition, the system also produces a large variety of survey
products requiring clarification on the different data types, FITS
header keywords and conventions.
The purpose of this document is to serve as a quick reference
document for users of data products produced by the EIS survey
system. This is a ''live'' document which will evolve time as
For some surveys involving external collaborators, inconsistencies
may be present between adopted conventions which, while inconvenient,
are unavoidable. Below some of these differences are described and
their origin explained.
Ideally, the standard adopted by EIS to name a field is to use the
survey name and/or region as the root, followed by a numerical
suffix generated by the particular algorithm used in the
construction of the "Observation Block" (OB) and the associated
survey strategy (as defined by a set of pointings, instrument and
passband). Typically, this numerical suffix is assigned in an
increasing sequence based on the R.A. and Dec. defining the
pointings. This should be done when a survey is first defined. In
this way, all possible identifiers of a field utilized by the EIS
system (both internally and externally, e.g. OB name, object name,
target name, field name) and their graphical representations on the
EIS WEB pages form a homogeneous set.
Historically, however, the conventions have evolved in time due
to several factors:
- At their outset, prior to the introduction of a systematic
global approach, several surveys were defined case-by-case
and in isolation.
- Over time, some pre-existing and on-going surveys had their
geometries changed; methods for addressing positions were
reviewed; surveys were extended, amalgamated or otherwise
re-defined using modified algorithms.
- In the absence of pre-determined standards, collaborative
surveys co-administered by independent groups have led to
different notations. The interface to a common scheme (when this
requirement is inevitably identified) becomes particularly
difficult leading unavoidable to inconsistencies.
Hence, in practice, the desired ideal case is not always attainable
and requires some retroactive adaptations. The following noteworthy
discrepancies between these different conventions are:
- There exist surveys for which addressing information was
assigned in isolation at the survey outset and which were also
assigned a sequential value to be incorporated into, and
referenced by, the EIS system at a later date. For these
surveys, while the multiple nomenclatures persist
simultaneously, sequentially numbered fields and/or regions
referred to in EIS indices do not correspond to numerical values
which may appear in region and/or field names assigned prior to
introduction of the EIS system. For example, in the
the field indexed by the EIS system (including the web service)
as "1" does not necessarily correspond to the field name
originally defined to be "F01" in the GOODS survey
- The current EIS terminology prefaces fields with root names
derived from the particular survey name whereas the same fields
may be refer to by a subjective name (e.g.XMM-06 =
SHARC-2). This applies to the OB names as well as the OBJECT
keyword in image FITS header. Thus, the use of this keyword to
rename the distributed images is discouraged since it may lead
- Sequential TILEID numbers appearing in the FITS header of an EIS
product are automatically assigned by the EIS system when
binding mosaic images and their contributing tiles into a set of
related products for a given release. The binding depends on the
geometry and completeness of the contributing reduced
data. Therefore TILEID numbers do not necessarily correspond to
other indices such as the field identifiers used by the Survey
teams, or the field identifiers employed by EIS algorithms.
EIS Definitions and Conventions
- FIELD: An individual pointing of an instrument defines a
field. Fields are thus instrument specific and if exposures
at the same coordinates are taken with different instruments, they
constitute different fields. Each field belongs to exactly one
- REGION: Region is the area covered contiguously by fields
belonging to the same strategy. Each region belongs to exactly one
- STRATEGY: An observing strategy is a combination of telescope,
instrument, filter, exposure time and expected limiting magnitude.
Strategies are grouped by wavelenght domain (optical/infrared) and
by limiting magnitude (deep/shallow). Each of these groups is also
referred to as Strategy.
- SURVEY: A survey is a group of strategies covering one or more regions.
- FILTERS: All filters listed on the EIS WWW pages have the format
''passband''+''ESO Filter ID''. Details about these filters can be
found on the telescope pages which are directly linked from the filter names.
- OBSERVATION BLOCK (OB): as defined in the ESO Data Flow System
- REDUCTION BLOCK (RB): one RB is a group of raw images obtained in the same night
which share the same position, passband and form a
sequence in time. The content of one RB is usually
identical to an executed OB. However, the system
also allows RBs to be formed by concatenation of
similar sequentially executed OBs. In addition
individual exposures can be discarded based on
configurable constraints on their properties
(e.g. background counts, DIMM seeing values,
integration time, etc.)
- REDUCED IMAGE: A "reduced image" is the "nightly" product of a
reduction process of a so-called "Reduction Block"
- STACKED IMAGE: A "stacked image" is the product of an advanced
process in which "reduced images" sharing the
same instrument, passband and position on the
sky are grouped into so-called "Stack Blocks"
(SB). In the assembly of SBs, individual
"reduced images" can be discarded according to
configurable constraints on their properties
(e.g. measured seeing, amplitude of PSF
distortion, visual grade, OB completeness). The
images of the thus assembled SB are re-scaled
and accumulated in a weighted co-addition
procedure to generate a single final output
- MOSAIC IMAGE: A "mosaic image" (or simply "mosaic") is an
image formed from several contiguous (reduced
or stacked) "images" produced by the EIS
survey system, which have been subsequently
re-scaled to share a common zero point and
co-adjoined as "tiles" to form a single,
- MOSAIC TILE: A "mosaic tile" (or simply "tile") is an image
(reduced or stacked) produced by the EIS survey
system which has been subsequently re-scaled
such that it shares a zero point common to other
tiles and a large-scale "mosaic image" (or
simply "mosaic") of which it forms a component.
- VERSION: A release "version" represents a wholesale, global
change: either introducing a new set of products,
affecting or superseding the quality or properties of
more than 5 per cent of previously release products.
- REVISION: A release "revision" represents localized changes
which may affect individual products with a released
data set, while leaving others unaffected. Individual
products found to be anomalous may be removed or
replaced. New products may be added. The total
revisions must not alter more than 5 per cent of a
pre-existing set of products.
- ZP: FITS header keyword ZP contains the value of the zero point
(magnitudes) computed from night solutions. In a
reduced image the ZP in the header is given by ZP =
ZP' + KX. where ZP' is the zeropoint at zero airmass
(determined from the linear fit), K is the extinction
coefficient and X is the observed airmass. Therefore,
the Vega magnitude is given by mag (Vega) =
-2.5*log(flux) + ZP. In the case of a stack the ZP is
the zeropoint at zero airmass where the flux is the
number of counts directly measurable on the images
(note that the reduced images are normalized to 1
sec). It can also be set to a default value in which
case the associated error is set to a negative value.
- ZPERR: FITS header keyword ZPERR contains the value of the
uncertainty (magnitudes) associated with the
determination of ZP. This is estimated to be the
scatter relative to the best linear fit to the flux
measurements of standard stars as a function of the
airmass. It can also take the values of (-1) for
nights with poor fits; (-2) for nights without
standards; (-3) for nights in which the zeropoint
deviates significantly from a ''typical'' (normally
- ZPMOSAIC: FITS header keyword