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P8 Tech Ref Chapter 6
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Chapter 6 - Adding Routines to ProDOS
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This chapter explains device-handling routines that can be used with the ProDOS MLI. Because such routines are connected to and interact with the MLI, they are essentially invisible to the BASIC system program described in Appendix A of this manual and in BASIC Programming With ProDOS.
Appendix A explains the rules for installing routines when the BASIC system program is active.
The types of routines described in this chapter are:
 - clock/calendar routines
 - interrupt handling routines
 - disk driver routines.
Note: These routines must all begin with a CLD instruction and end with an RTS.
Clock/Calendar Routines
ProDOS has a built-in clock driver that queries a clock/calendar card for the date and time. After the routine stores that information in the ProDOS Global Page ($BF90-$BF93), either ProDOS or your own application programs can use it. See Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1. ProDOS Date and Time Locations
 49041 ($BF91) 49040 ($BF90)
DATE: | year | month | day |
TIME: | hour | | minute |
 49043 ($BF93) 49042 ($BF92)
You can cause ProDOS to call the clock driver and to update the date and time by issuing a GET_TIME call (see Section 4.6.1).
ProDOS calls the clock driver routine for every call that might need the date and time: CREATE, DESTROY, RENAME SET_FILE_INFO CLOSE, and FLUSH.
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The ProDOS clock driver expects the clock card's firmware to return information in a certain way. The ROM on the clock card must also follow Apple's identification convention if it is to be recognized by ProDOS at startup.
The ProDOS clock driver expects the clock card to send an ASCII string to the GETLN input buffer ($200). This string must have the following format (including the commas):
mo is the month (01 = January...12 = December)
da is the day of the week (00 = Sunday...06 = Saturday)
dt is the date (00 through 31)
hr is the hour (00 through 23)
mn is the minute (00 through 59)
For example:
would represent Thursday, July 14, 10:46 p.m. The year is looked up in a table in the clock driver.
When the ProDOS system file is executed, it installs the address of the clock routine at $BF07, $BF08 -- whether there is a recognized clock card or not.
ProDOS recognizes a clock card if the following bytes are present in the Cn00 ROM:
$Cn00 = $08
$Cn02 = $28
$Cn04 = $58
$Cn06 = $70
The address is preceded by a $4C (JMP) if a clock card is recognized, or by a $60 (RTS) if not.
The ProDOS clock driver uses the following addresses for its I/O to the clock:
Cn08 - READ entry point
Cn0B - WRITE entry point
The accumulator is loaded with an _TAG_ before the JSR to the WRITE entry point. This value could be used to let the clock card's firmware know in what format to leave the time.
The ProDOS driver takes the ASCII values sent by the clock, converts them to binary, and stores them in the ProDOS Global Page.
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The driver uses zero page locations $3A through $3E. It also saves and restores the peripheral RAM card location $F8+n, where n is the slot where the card resides.
Other Clock/Calendars
To support clock cards that do not follow the ProDOS protocol defined above, you can locate your code in a number of places. The cleanest solution is to replace the ProDOS routines with your own, if they fit.
If you look at $BF07,$BF08, you will find the location to put your code.
There is room for 125 bytes.
To install your code, simply write-enable the language card area, and move your code. Your relocation code must justify the absolute addresses as part of the relocation procedure. Finally, restore any soft switches you have changed. (There is no guarantee as to the absolute location of the clock-driver code on future revisions of ProDOS, only that its location can be found by examining the global page.) All that your code needs to do is get the time from the clock card, convert it to the ProDOS format, and store it in the date and time locations in the global page.
Your installation routine can be called either from an application program, or as part of the STARTUP program.
Interrupt Handling Routines
To aid the development of software that can handle interrupts, the MLI provides a convention for interfacing interrupt driven devices.
To use interrupts, you must install from one to four interrupt receiving routines somewhere in memory. It is up to you to check and update the system bit map to be sure that the routines do not conflict with ProDOS or other concurrently executing programs.
Once a routine is installed, you must use the ALLOC_INTERRUPT call to inform the MLI of the starting address of the receiving routine. After this call has been successfully completed, you may enable the hardware for interrupts.
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When an interrupt occurs, the MLI's interrupt handler preserves the 6502's registers, zero page locations $FA thru $ff, and, if the stack is more than 3/4 full, 16 bytes of the stack. Then it calls each receiving routine (via JSR), one by one, in the order in which they were installed. Each installed routine must begin with a CLD instruction.
When the routine that can process the interrupt is called, it should carry out its task, clear the interrupt on the hardware, and return (via an RTS) with the carry flag clear. When a routine that cannot process the interrupt is called, it should return (via an RTS) with the carry flag set so that the MLI knows to call the next routine in the list.
As mentioned above, all 6502 registers, locations $FA thru $FF and if the stack is more than 3/4 full, 16 bytes of the stack, are preserved.
The interrupt routine may use these resources freely for temporary data storage.
Note: There is no general way for an interrupt routine to identify whether or not its device was the source of the interrupt. This task depends on the specific characteristics of the device; in fact, some devices provide no mechanism for interrupt verification. It is necessary to service such a device after all others have been polled.
If no installed and allocated routine claims a pending interrupt, a SYSTEM FAILURE message will be displayed and program execution will be halted.
When finished with a interrupt driven device, a DEALLOC_INTERRUPT call should be made, but only after the device itself is disabled.
This Warning does not apply to the Apple IIc nor to Apple IIe's with enhanced ROMs. Because the Apple II Monitor program relies on a zero-page location ($45) that is overwritten when an interrupt occurs, you should disable interrupts while you are using the Monitor program. The system also uses location $7F8 to store the I/O slot location that was in use before an interrupt occurred; do not use this location.
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Interrupts During MLI Calls
The preceding section does not discuss what a program should do if an interrupt were to occur during the execution of an MLI call and your interrupt handling routine itself makes calls to the MLI.
The interrupt routine must allow the MLI to complete its current call before initiating a new call to the MLI. The mechanism for doing this consists of changing the globals so that the MLI completes its call and returns to your routine rather than to the the routine that originally called it. Then your routine can use the MLI as needed. When it is finished, it must restore the 6502 registers to the state they would have been in at completion of the MLI call had the interrupt not occurred, and then jump back to the proper address in the original routine.
To do this, the interrupt handling routine should first check the status of the MLI. If the flag MLIACTV ($BF9B) has the high bit set, then the MLI was in the middle of a call. Your routine should then:
1. Save the return address of the original caller (CMDADR, $BF9C), replacing it with the address to which the MLI should return on completion of the current call.
2. Claim the interrupt by disabling interrupts on the hardware, and clearing the carry flag.
3. RTS
4. The MLI's interrupt handler believes that the interrupt has been processed, so it completes the current MLI call and returns to the address in CMDADR, which is actually in your routine. Your routine should now do this:
5. Save the A, X, Y, and P registers as the return state for the routine whose call just completed.
6. Use the MLI as needed.
7. Restore the A, X, Y, and P registers.
8. Jump to the original CMDADR.
The original program sees only that its MLI call was successfully completed, and it continues execution.
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Sample Interrupt Routine
Here is a sample interrupt routine that reads the


Flight of Coke Butterflies
Introduction: Flight of Coke Butterflies
We made these for my sisters wedding, they are cheap and easy to make ( although depending on how many you want they take a little time) but they look beautiful. And you get to reuse some of those plastic bottles.
Step 1: Gather Materials
To make these you will need
Clear plastic 2 liter bottle (empty)
Liquid lead ( gray or silver)
Translucent glass paint ( we did another batch later and used acrylic i will attcah a pic at the end)
Fishing Line
Needle ( or other small pokey tool)
Space for Drying
Step 2: Create Template
Draw a Butterfly the size and shape you want to make on a piece of paper ( any type of paper will do). Add lines to define the patterns on the wings - this will be used in the next step.
If you can't draw a butterfly i am sure you could find lots of pictures online.
Cut out your paper butterfly. This will be your template
Cut the plastic bottle into squares roughly the size of your template
Place the paper butterfly template on the plastic square and cut the plastic to match the template
Repeat as many times as you want
now you have a bunch of plastic butterfly shapes
Step 3: Wing Outlines
Now it is time to add some detail.You will be painting on the side that used to be the outside of the bottle - The plastic butterflies will still curl so you want the paint to be on the top/outside when you set them on the table ( creating a tunnel between the table and butterfly)
Use the Liquid Lead( or Liquid Silver) to paint the outlines of the wings, and wing pattern for the butterfly. You can make this as detailed or simple as you like
If you aren't good at free handing you can set the clear plastic on top of the paper template and trace over the lines that were drawn on your template
Set Aside to dry.
I let mine sit overnight but depending on conditions you might be able to do the second step sooner.
Step 4: Add Color
Once the Outlines are dry you can color in the areas using the transparent glass paint, Or paint the entire thing one color.
We used, Pink and Blue Opalescent Paint for the ones used for the wedding. The other ones used latex paint. and glitter over the top
Here you are just using a paintbrush and the Glass Paint. Paint however you like on the same side of the butterfly as the liquid lead outlines.
Let Dry
Step 5: Hanging Mechanism
For this part you can use the top or bottom of the bottle (or both) depending on which you like better.
If you use the BOTTOM:
Cut the bottom off the bottle evenly all the way around about an inch think.
using the needle poke holes around the open edge of the plastic ring.You will hang a butterfly from each hole so use that to determine how many holes and how far apart you want your holes
Poke a hole in the center of the bottom of the bottle. Thread a piece of fishing line through this hole to hang the entire thing.
If you use the TOP:
Cut the pouring spout off. cut the top from the bottle to form a ring of plastic about 2 inches thick.
Poke holes around the wider edge of the plastic ring. You will hang a butterfly from each hole so use that to determine how many holes and how far apart you want your holes.
Poke 3 holes along the other edge to hang the entire thing. These holes should be evenly spaced around the ring. Thread one piece of Fishing line through each of the three holes, tie the three pieces of fishing line together in the center leaving at least one long piece to hang the entire thing from.
Step 6: Assemble
Poke one hole in the top of each Top/Front wing. Take one piece of Fishing line, thread it first through one then the second hole. Bring the leading end around the back of the butterfly and tie the two ends together roughly equidistant from each wing. Leave one end of the fishing line longer than the other so that you can hang the butterfly from this long end.
Thread the longer end of the fishing line from the butterfly through one of the holes in the Hanging ring. Tie Off
Step 7: Enjoy!
Find somewhere to tie it ( chandeliers are great)
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 5 years ago
 how lovely
 9 years ago on Introduction
 Why do the butterflies in step 3 and 4 look so different? In step 3 the paint is very wiggly, and in step 4 it is straight like wire.
 Reply 9 years ago on Introduction
 They were actually from 2 different projects. I didn't have pictures of all the different steps from the first time we made them. I wasn't planning to make an instructable the first time around. So i used photos from both times they were made just to help people visualize what is supposed to be going on. They are both the same but it just depends on speed, patience, and personal style preference to make the lines straight or wiggly.


Shayirkul Adreshova is part of group of women farmers who supply medicinal herbs to European markets, thanks to WFP/GIZ project. Photo: WFP/Alima Nurgazieva
A WFP Project Empowers Women Farmers In Rural Kyrgyzstan
In a remote Kyrgyz village, Shayirkul Adreshova had the seemingly impossible dream of becoming a successful business woman whose products sell internationally. The dream turned into reality three years after she had joined a WFP food-for-assets project that assists vulnerable rural women. She is now part of a small group of women farmers who provide medicinal herbs to European markets, including valerian that is most often used to treat insomnia.
Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked low-income country in Central Asia dominated by the majestic Tian Shan snow-capped mountain range. A former Soviet Republic, the country gained independence in 1991. Although it has since made some economic progress, almost 38 percent of the people remain below the poverty line and an estimated 24 percent are food-insecure. One of the main reasons large parts of the population are locked in a cycle of poverty and hunger is that the country is frequently exposed to natural disasters shocks such as earthquakes, mudslides and floods combined with dilapidated infrastructure and a complex ethnic and political environment.
Подробная информация о деятельности ВПП ООН на русском языке здесь


text:
Trees in seasonal climates may use water originating from both winter and summer precipitation. However, the seasonal origins of water used by trees have not been systematically studied. We used stable isotopes of water to compare the seasonal origins of water found in three common tree species across 24 Swiss forest sites sampled in two different years. Water from winter precipitation was observed in trees at most sites, even at the peak of summer, although the relative representation of seasonal sources differed by species. However, the representation of winter precipitation in trees decreased with site mean annual precipitation in both years; additionally, it was generally lower in the cooler and wetter year. Together, these relationships show that precipitation amount influenced the seasonal origin of water taken up by trees across both time and space. These results suggest higher turnover of the plant-available soil-water pool in wetter sites and wetter years.
Goldsmith, G. R., Allen, S. T., Braun, S., Siegwolf, R. T. W., & Kirchner, J. W. (2022). Climatic influences on summer use of winter precipitation by trees. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL098323. _URL_
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Agriculture is the biggest contributing factor in the GDP of Nepal, followed by tourism, hence merging of these two sectors gave way to an exclusive kind of tourism, that is, Agro Tourism. Under this scheme, people throughout the world visit Nepal to explore it farmlands and ranches. Nepal is an ideal location for Agro Tourism as it has different types of terrain and the method of farming differing in each region, hence providing its visitors with multiple options to choose from. Also, different regions are home to different kinds of animal rearing practices, so one gets to experience versatile agricultural possibilities all within the country's frontiers.
What to expect?
Getting acquainted with Nepalese farming methods
Learning about local crops and their local usage
Involving in local farming and animal rearing activities
Organic food and clean environment
Rural lifestyle amidst picturesque landscape
Key activities of Agro Tourism
According to the time of your arrival and the places you choose to visit, you get to participate in farming activities like harvesting, sowing and land preparation
Picking fresh and organic fruits and vegetables from the plant itself
Grazing cattle, shearing sheep, milking cows, and riding horses, as per the husbandry that particular places follow (some farm resorts have many types of animals in them)
Learning about different agricultural methods and sharing your ideas
Participating in farming-related festivals like "Ropai Jatra" when farmers sow rice, or "Naag Panchami" and "Indra Jatra" when people worship Naag and Lord Indra for abundant rainfall, the Newars also celebrate "Gathey Muga:" to ward off evil eyes from their crops
Nepalese economy largely depends on farming, but with the lack of export opportunities, worthy market and availability of modern technology, the agricultural section of the country are not able to make its optimum profit. Majority of the youth of the nation are opting for casual labor in other countries rather than pursuing their traditional occupation. At such condition, to prevent the Nepalese economy from turmoil and to promote the traditional agricultural practices of the country, Agro Tourism is the need of the time.
Optional trip to Mount Everest by Helicopter
As Nepal is the agricultural country and HHS Pvt. Ltd. always promotes agro tourism concept and offers you multiple trip packages for agro tourism. For more detail please contact our sales team or drop an email to _EMAIL_ .
For our service's experience from previous traveler please have a look on trip advisor.


text:
TITLE: Principal Engineer II
LOCATION: Greenwood Village, CO
JOB SUMMARY: Engineer, write, present and support DOCSIS Operations standards. Liaise on DOCSIS Operation's behalf with vendors, Advanced Engineering, CBO, Voice, Video, and Field teams. Design, document, deploy, troubleshoot, diagnose, and remediate complex DOCSIS CMTS (Arris, Casa, and Cisco) incidents and provisioning of CPE devices. Create strategic technical solutions to reduce network incidents. Provide audience appropriate technical reports and presentations on new and existing DOCSIS technologies. Design, document, implement, monitor, enhance, and troubleshoot DOCSIS systems. Analyze and revise existing system logic difficulties and documentation. Provide a high level of Engineering Technical support and guidance to DOCSIS operations, ensuring all aspects of technical integration, changes, standards, and documentation are achieved. Review work plans, providing technical advisement. Design routing architectures using protocols including ISIS, RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Apply IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemas. Utilize PacketCable, Quality of Service, and differentiated service codes point to classify and analyze network traffic.
EDUCATION / REQUIREMENTS: Bachelor's degree (or foreign equivalent) in engineering, telecommunications, or related field. Must have 8 years of experience in: designing, documenting, deploying, troubleshooting, diagnosing, remediating incidents on multiple DOCSIS CMTS types and provisioning of CPE devices; using routing protocols including ISIS, RIP, OSPF, and BGP; applying IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemas; and using PacketCable, Quality of Service, and differentiated service codes point to classify and analyze network traffic.


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Superordinate goals, in psychology, are goals which can only be achieved by the contribution and co-operation of two or more people or groups must.
Muzafer Sherif (1953) performed a study involving a group of boys at a camp that were in opposition to one another. He was able to successfully bring these two groups together by using a superordinated goal. The end result of the study was bonding of both groups.
References & BibliographyEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Nestled on the Crown Terrace overlooking the Whakatipu Basin at an elevation of more than 600 metres is Royalburn Station, a 1200-acre working farm. Originally founded in 1887 by William McKibbon to grow wheat and barley for gold miners and early settlers, passionate food advocates Nadia Lim and Carlos Bagrie took over the farm in 2019.
With a motto of 'Grow, Feed, Connect' Nadia and Carlos decided to diversify the farm in pursuit of finding more sustainable and circular solutions to protect the land and help the animals thrive.
Nadia Lim, Royalburn Farm
With fertile soils for growing cereals and seeds, they've also trialled sunflowers and other produce, with soil health improvements supported by on-farm animal-waste compost.
Royalburn is one of only a couple of farms in New Zealand an on-site abattoir and butchery, helping reduce transport costs and emissions.
It ultimately creates tastier lamb, too – Royalburn Station recently won a NZ Food Award for its fine lamb, now high on the wish list of some of NZ's best restaurants.
Pasture-raised hens are a recent addition to the mountain farm, and they're free to roam in wide-open spaces in between laying eggs in their high-tech mobile homes. Nitrogen-rich chicken manure is repurposed to enrich the productive soils.
Nadia and Carlos are continuing to experiment with farming operations that significantly reduce or utilise waste. They've found each season brings different successes and lessons learnt from their organic market garden; altitude challenges, very hot and cold climates, and spray-free growing that suits some crops better than others.
Royalburn Farm Shop in Arrowtown
Much of the farm's produce is available for purchase locally at the Royalburn Farm Shop in Arrowtown and restaurants across Queenstown have been quick to support Royalburn for its high-quality produce and sustainable approach to feeding the masses. Chefs from Amisfield, Rata, Lil Red, The Dishrey, and Mora are just some of the supporters raving about their tender lamb and fresh produce.
Most recently, the farm launched an exciting new product to complement its food offering: Swifty beer. A classic, simple and refreshing tipple, the beer is created from the farm's spray-free barley and is now available on tap at selected establishments in Queenstown and Wānaka.
Nadia and Carlos' vision for the future is to adopt a more regenerative approach and offer a true paddock-to-plate experience.
"It's motivating for us to be able to connect people to their food and how it's grown," says Carlos. "Royalburn Station is one of Aotearoa's oldest farms and I think we now have an awesome opportunity, and a responsibility, to help bridge the gap between what's on our plates and how it's grown to ultimately build a more resilient and sustainable food system in New Zealand."
Royalburn 'Swifty' beer
In recognition of Royalburn's diverse farming practices and regenerative systems, Carlos has been awarded one of four Nuffield Scholarships which will see him explore various agricultural contexts, practices, strengths and challenges around the world. By learning more about zero-waste circular solutions and maximising them to reduce costs, Carlos hopes will aid Royalburn's journey in leading the future of farming in New Zealand.
Locals and visitors can get the exclusive chance to tour the farm this summer. Royalburn will open up its doors to the public for three charity farm tours. Proceeds will go to local charities, Garden To Table, Kiwi Harvest and Basket of Blessings.
Learn more about Royalburn and its vision for regenerative farming on its website here.


Home » News » breastfeeding
Tag: breastfeeding
What is Oxytocin?
Going into labour is like falling asleep…
Labour is a different state of being, a state of being with a lot of similarities to sleep. For a start, they are both states that cannot be forced. They just happen! Sometimes when we least expect it. We cannot decide or control the moment when we fall asleep. We can also not decide or control the moment when we "fall into labour." But we can make it difficult for both to happen easily and most effectively.
Labour is like sleep because we need the same conditions to "fall into labour" as we need to "fall asleep." We need to feel safe and warm and relaxed. We need to be in a place in which we feel comfortable, and we need to be free from pressure, anxiety or fear.
Oxytocin
When a woman is in labour she releases a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin is the hormone that makes the uterus contract during labour.
It is also the hormone of love.
Oxytocin is the hormone we release when we are enjoying a meal, or having a stimulating conversation. It is the hormone we release when we are making love and when we orgasm. It is the hormone that makes us feel in love, and it is the hormone that releases the milk when a mother is breastfeeding.
Isn't it amazing that it is the love hormone that brings the baby into the world?
In hospitals synthetic oxytocin is often given to women. It has different names like Pitocin or Syntocinon. Synthetic oxytocin is given to make the mother's uterus contract, which can help to birth the baby. But this synthetic oxytocin is not a love hormone. It is not like the oxytocin that is naturally secreted by the mother's body. Synthetic oxytocin is just a hormone that contracts the uterus and helps to push the baby out. It is important that we know more about the effects and function of natural oxytocin, because when a labouring woman is under the effect of synthetic oxytocin she may have a decreased ability to produce natural oxytocin.
How is synthetic oxytocin used?
Synthetic oxytocin is used to induce a labour (this means starting a labour artificially) or to augment a labour (this means to speed up a labour that has stopped or slowed down). Synthetic oxytocin is also used for active management of the third stage of labour when the placenta is delivered (an injection of synthetic oxytocin is given to the mother to help deliver the placenta quickly). It is also used to stop a mother bleeding if she has a postpartum haemorrhage (when the mother's uterus doesn't contract after birth and she begins to bleed heavily).
Induction
These days it is very common for a woman to be induced to start her labour. She may be given many reasons for this: she may be over her due date, or her caregivers may be worried that her baby is getting too big, or that her baby is ill, or that she is ill.
Augmentation
When a woman is in labour, it is common for her labour to slow down or even to stop when she arrives in the hospital. There could be many reasons for this sudden slowing down of the labour: the lights are too bright, she is given a vaginal examination, a stranger enters the room, she is feeling watched or self-conscious, she is feeling rushed, cold or scared. Usually, if the labour doesn't start up again after a certain amount of time, synthetic oxytocin will be used to get the labour going again. This labour is now very different to the natural labour of the love hormone. This new labour is now governed by a synthetic oxytocin, which has the effect of contracting the uterus without the behavioural effects of the natural love hormone.
The baby, when he or she is ready to be born,
will send a message that tells the mother's body that it is ready.
The mother's body can then begin labour by slowly releasing oxytocin, the hormone of love.
The mother and baby work together to bring the baby into the world.


text: The separation of gas from gas-liquid mixture in horizontal wells has become a growing concern in the oil and gas industry. The produced free gas reduces the efficiency of rod pump systems, minimizes oil production and can lead to the failure of the rod pump system due to gas locking phenomena. The impact of two-phase flow on the new horizontal well gas anchor's performance was investigated experimentally. Each experiment was conducted in a transparent horizontal well flow loop by using water and air as the test fluids. Experiments with and without the new gas anchor in the flow loop cases were studied. The new tool has two mechanisms to prevent gas phase from entering the tubing. The first mechanism is the breakage of the mixture's wave by the bull plug of the tool. The second mechanism is the separation of small gas bubbles due to the flow through the tortuous path inside the tool. This experimental program quantifies the tool performance regarding the first working mechanism only. The bubble separation via the tortuous path mechanism was not investigated. The results showed that both with and without tool cases can separate 90 – 100% gas from the mixture, if the inlet of tubing or the tool was fully submerged under liquid phase of the mixture at all time. This condition was achieved under stratified flow where the horizontal part of the well was toe flat or toe-up (0°, +1°, and +2°). The wave breakage mechanism by the bull plug of the tool was confirmed visually. This breakage mechanism established the advantage of using the new gas anchor over no-tool condition.


text:
A 'bailment' is a non-ownership transfer of possession. Under English Common Law, the right to possess a thing is separate and distinct from owning the thing. In some jurisdictions, an owner of an object can steal his own property, a curious result of the distinction. In context, an owner who lends someone else an article, then secretly takes it back, can be stealing.
When a bailment is created, the article is said to have been 'bailed'. One who delivers the article is the bailor. One who receives a 'bailed' article is the bailee.
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
A legal relationship in which one party (bailor) leaves personal property in the possession, and under the temporary control, of another (bailee). Common examples include leaving a car in a parking garage, lodging a pet at a kennel, or storing household goods in a storage center. While most bailments are considered "bailments for hire" (in which the bailee is paid), there is also "constructive bailment" when the circumstances create an obligation upon the bailee to protect the goods, and "gratuitous bailment" in which there is no payment, but the bailee is still responsible, such as when a finder of a lost diamond ring places it with a custodian pending finding the owner.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.
August 19, 2010, 5:11 pm

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|Yerrabothu, Chandra Shekar Reddy
|The following thesis provides a detailed description of the design and development of magneto-resistive unexploded ordinance (UXO) sensor array to detect the perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field due to the presence of buried ferrous objects. Over the years there has been a substantial development in the detection of unexploded ordinance. The objective of this research is to use the multiple axis sensors in the design to detect UXO. This thesis describes the theory of different magnetization techniques and the characteristics of Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) sensors. The description of each hardware component employed in the system is given in detail. The softwares used for the data handling and processing is also addressed. The verification of a working design is achieved by acquiring baseline data set.
|Efforts towards the Detection of Perturbations in the Earth's Magnetic Field: Design and Development of Solid State Sensor Array


Meaning of "duobinary" in the English dictionary
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Such a signal is called a duobinary signal. Thus, the line always returns to the "zero" level to denote optionally a separation of bits or to denote idleness of the duobinary signaling and decoding definition. One kind of bipolar encoding is a paired disparity codeof which the simplest example is alternate mark inversion. In this code, a binary 0 is duobinary signaling and decoding definition as zero volts, as in unipolar encodingwhereas a binary 1 is encoded alternately as a positive voltage or a negative voltage.
The name arose because, in the context of a T-carriera binary '1' is referred to as a "mark", while a binary '0' is called a "space". The use of a bipolar code prevents a significant build-up of DCas the positive and negative pulses average to zero volts. Little or no DC-component is considered an advantage because the cable may then be used for longer distances and to carry power for intermediate equipment such as line repeaters.
Bipolar encoding is preferable to non-return-to-zero whenever signal transitions are required to maintain synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. Other systems must synchronize using some form of out-of-band communication, or add frame synchronization sequences that don't carry data to the signal. These alternative approaches require either an additional transmission medium for the clock signal or a loss of performance due to overhead, respectively.
A bipolar encoding is an often good compromise: However, long sequences of zeroes remain an issue. Long sequences of zero bits result in no transitions and a loss of synchronization. Where frequent transitions are a requirement, a self-clocking encoding such as return-to-zero or some other more complicated line code may be more appropriate, though they introduce significant overhead.
The coding was used extensively in first-generation PCM networks, and is still commonly seen on older multiplexing equipment today, but successful transmission relies on no long runs of zeroes being present.
There are two popular ways to best option trades for monday night raw that no more than 15 consecutive zeros are ever sent: T-carrier uses robbed-bit signaling: The modification of bit 7 causes a change to voice that is undetectable by the human ear, but it is an unacceptable corruption of a data duobinary signaling and decoding definition.
Data channels are required to use some other form of pulse-stuffing, [2] such as always setting bit 8 to '1', in order to maintain a sufficient density of ones.
If the characteristics of the input data do not follow the pattern that every eighth bit is '1', the coder using alternate mark inversion adds a '1' after seven consecutive zeros to maintain synchronisation. On the duobinary signaling and decoding definition side, this extra '1' added by the coder is removed, recreating the correct data.
Another benefit of bipolar encoding compared to unipolar is error detection. In the T-carrier example, the bipolar signals are regenerated at regular intervals so that signals diminished by distance are not just amplified, but detected and recreated anew.
Weakened signals corrupted by noise could cause errors, a duobinary signaling and decoding definition interpreted as zero, or zero as positive or negative mark. Every single-bit error results in a violation of the bipolar rule. Each such bipolar violation BPV is an indication of a transmission error.
The location of BPV is not necessarily the location of the original error. For data channels, in order to avoid the need of always setting bit 8 to 1, as described above, other T1 encoding schemes Modified AMI codes ensure duobinary signaling and decoding definition transitions regardless of the data being carried.
A very similar encoding scheme, with the logical positions reversed, is also used and is often referred to as pseudoternary encoding. This encoding is otherwise identical. B-MACand essentially all family members of the Multiplexed Analogue Components Television Transmission family used Duobinary to encode the digital audio, teletext, closed captioning and selective access for distribution. At least with some data transmission systems, duobinary signaling and decoding definition can perform lossless data reduction though this has seldom been utilized in practice.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Line coding digital baseband transmission. Unipolar encoding Bipolar encoding On-off keying. Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero Alternate-phase return-to-zero.
Retrieved from duobinary signaling and decoding definition https: Webarchive template wayback links. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 14 Februaryat By using this site, you duobinary signaling and decoding definition to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikimedia Commons has media related to AMI code.
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The hedge fund manager apparently wont appear in person at Tuesdays shareholder meeting and vote. Witnessing defeat, it seems, is a job for a deputy. No special difficulties are expected in the Knesset, and the bill will become effective within three months of its final approval on its second and third Knesset reading.
The Securities Authority explained that the initial decision taken a year ago resulted from the realization that trading in binary options essentially amounts to gambling, with all the negative characteristics and associations of gambling.


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How to make pasta fregola sarda
fregola cookedHow to make pasta fregola sarda: When we first opened The Big Dream Factory for business, it was journey into the ancient art of pasta making and we are by no means the experts. Along the way we have found and made many different types of pasta not normally seen at the supermarkets across America. Many of our pasta shapes are readily found in Italy but what would you know … not so pasta fregola sarda!
Anna who has arrived from Italy, is putting us through out pasta paces and is introducing us to the more obscure pasta. We are so excited to be able to bring you pasta fregola sarda because not only is it little known in America, it is little known in Italy too.
cutting the pasta fregola sarda
So what is pasta fregola sarda? Despite its appearance, 'fregula' (which is it's original name) is not a grain, but an ancient form of pasta from the island of Sardinia, where it has been popular since Ligurian navigators imported it from North Africa in the Middle Ages. It has been suggested that the word 'fregula' (or fregola) derives from the Latin word 'fricare', meaning 'to chop up', 'little fragment', 'crumb'. The durum semolina is traditionally formed by hand using the same method for making couscous. However, unlike couscous, the fregola is toasted. As it browns, it dries giving the fregola the appearance of tiny grains, it also imparts a wonderful nutty, wheaty flavour.
drying fregola sarda
Fregola remains a staple in the Sardinian kitchen and is commercially produced. Here at The Big Dream Factory we make them completely from scratch. Since we have experience in making our own couscous from scratch and by hand, we decided that it would be better for us to create fregula using one of our small pasta machines. VOILA!!
fregola cooked
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Located on the doorstep to the Yarra Valley, Foothills Conference Centre is nestled amongst 20 acres of native trees and gardens. Foothills provides a unique experience like no other, with its wide range of functions, events, and accommodation options that you can choose from.
Hidden among the leaves and branches live native wildlife that roam freely throughout our gardens. At the break of dawn–away from the busy roads and bustling shopping centres–our feathered friends sing their gentle songs which echo throughout the property every morning.
Two common birds can be observed around our grounds:
- The Crimson Rosellas – part of the Parrot family, with crimson plumage and bright blue cheeks.
- The Superb Fair-wren – small sized birds. Males are more noticeable with their rich blue and black plumage above and on the throat, while females are mostly brown with a dull red-orange area around the eye and a brown bill.
We also take pride in our extensive gardens, which host a wide variety of native plants. Three of our favourite varieties are:
- Bottlebrush –an iconic shrub known for their red cylinder-shaped flowers, which provide food for a range of wildlife such as birds, insects and possums.
- Spider flower – known as Grevilleas with noticeably unique foliage, and colourful flowers that attract small nectar feeding birds.
- Wattle – also known as Acacia, being the Australian national flower with its large fluffy golden-yellow flower-heads.
We're so thankful for our amazing grounds and gardens team, who work tirelessly to maintain our beautiful venue.


text:
Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) are the fixed assets of the companyFixed assets are also known as non-current assets.
Property, plant, and equipment includes assets that will - in the normal course of business - neither be used up in the next year nor will become a part of any product sold to customers.
Some of the most common parts of property, plant, and equipment are:
Buildings (and leasehold improvements)
Companies with lots of property, plant, and equipment often have special categories. For example, railroad property includes:
There is often a note in the financial statements - found in a companys 10-K - that will explain the different categories of property a company owns.
The market value of property, plant, and equipment can differ tremendously from the book value of property, plant, and equipment.
For example, when Berkshire Hathaway liquidated its textile mills, it had to pay the buyers of the companys manufacturing equipment to haul the equipment away. That property, plant, and equipment was literally worth less than zero. On the other hand, some companies own thousands of acres of land.
All property, plant, and equipment other than land is depreciated. Land is never depreciated. However, land is not marked up to market value either. Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), land is shown on the balance sheet at cost.
The property, plant, and equipment line shown on the balance sheet is usually net property, plant, and equipment. This means it is the cost of the property, plant, and equipment less accumulated depreciation.


着 (continuous action)
Discussion in '中文+方言 (Chinese)' started by Zephie, May 7, 2013.
 1. Zephie New Member
 English - UK
 Okay so I have a question:
 I know that 着 can be used to show something that a continuous action occurring at the time of speaking i.e. 他正在念着 or 他在床躺着。
 However can you use it to show a continuous state of affairs? i.e. 我舅妈学着用电脑 or 他的汉语/口语改进着。 In these two examples the action is occurring over a period of time which includes that of the speaker.
 I'd much appreciate any help with this, I'm finding it a little confusing!
 2. Lucia_zwl
 Lucia_zwl Senior Member
 他正在念课文。I think there should be an object after 念.
 我舅妈学着用电脑。You can say like this, but the sentence sounds to me unfinished. I would say 我舅妈正在学电脑, which could mean she's learning computer at the time of speaking, or she has been learning it over a period of time. It depends on the context. You can also add a time indicator, say
 我舅妈最近正在学电脑, which only means that the action has been lasting for a period of time.
 他的汉语/口语改进着。I would say, 他的汉语有进步-- His Chinese is improving. Or you can also use 最近, like 他的汉语最近有进步--His Chinese has been improved recently.
 Last edited: May 7, 2013
 3. Zephie New Member
 English - UK
 Thanks for the reply and corrections. Just to confirm, you are saying that 着 can be used in the context I gave? Whilst I realise that my example sentences could be constructed without it, I specifically need to be able to use it in an upcoming exam and am looking for ways to fit it in. We only just learnt it and I'm finding it, along with 被 sentences, to be a bit of a handful :eek:
 4. Lucia_zwl
 Lucia_zwl Senior Member
 I happened to edit my last post when you were posting...:p
 For me it's not incorrect but sounds unfinished, so I would not suggest you use this without explanation in your exam. I think both of the following sentences are fine:
 5. Zephie New Member
 English - UK
 How about: 她正在学用电脑呢，她公司是最近用电脑管里蔬菜
 Is the 呢 needed there? Also if the 是。。。的 sentence is entirely wrong I could just change it to 他公司最近开用电脑管理蔬菜？ In case that sentence sounds weird, the pretext is that she owns a vegetable growing business.
 6. Lucia_zwl
 Lucia_zwl Senior Member
 Yes, this sentence sounds more completed with a reason, but you need a linking word here:她正在学着用电脑呢，因为她的公司用电脑管理蔬菜种植。 蔬菜种植means vegetable growing. You can keep 呢 here, it's no problem to me.:)
 7. zhg Senior Member
 Hi Zephie
 Are you indicating that 着 functions the same way as gerund does in English? like 看 is present tense and 看着 is present continuous?
 Well if so, I have to disagree, because all of you sentences would still be implying continuous actions even if you drop 着(provided with proper changes of word order),which I believe couldn't be true in English language, as showed in some of the sentences rewritten by Lucia above.
 Regarding your doubt about whether it could be indicating a state of continuous, I say that is true. And the only difference I see between 他在床上躺着 and 他正躺在床上 is that the former with 着 focuses on the state of him lying in the bed while the latter on the action "lie"
 Also I am not trying to be critical about your words but why don't you use 正在学电脑 instead of 正在学着电脑
 Last edited: May 7, 2013
 8. YangMuye
 YangMuye Senior Member
 The usage of 着 is hard to explain.
 In these sentences:
 1. 他在床上躺着。
 2. 门开着。
 3. 房间空着。
 4. 手里拿着苹果。……
 You cannot use (正)在 instead of (着). I think they are not continuous actions. The verbs are not actions.
 躺着, 开着 and 空着 are viewed as the result states of 躺, 空 and 开. (similar to perfect aspect)
 In fact, 躺着, 开着 and 空着 do not even imply events like 躺, 开 and 空 have ever token place. They just function like adjectives.
 Not all verbs can be used like this. I don't know if there is any rule, but you can simple think 开着/空着/拿着 as totally different words than 开/空/拿…
 When the verb describes an action(such as 学电脑、念课文), we usually do not use 着 to report an (on-going) event. But we use it a lot when telling stories. I cannot find a good explanation for this usage.
 9. zhg Senior Member
 I agree. Sometimes I do feel with or without 着 they can be completely different, for instance
 看着他,心中想到... I'm looking at him wondering... is fine,but 我看他 dosn't mean anything to me.
 书能陶冶情操 Reading books is good for one's mind, but 看着书 is strange why would someone just look at a book but not open it up and start reading?
 Last edited: May 7, 2013
 10. YangMuye
 YangMuye Senior Member
 They do not sound strange to me at all. I think you are expressing in a more delineative way.
 11. zhg Senior Member
 Yes, that could be true given right contexts.But would it be better to say 他一边看书，一边对我说?
 Just in case we don't go too far off the topic, it might be better to re-state my point that,unlike English gerund, "着" is not a necesary part of the verb to form continuous actions without it actions could be continuous as well.Not every verb you find can apply a Verb+着= continuous rule,sometimes it means differently from the original verb.
 Last edited: May 7, 2013
 12. xiaolijie
 xiaolijie Senior Member
 English (UK)
 Zephie, the problem with this "着" is not that it's difficult to learn or to use, but that people keep associating it with the continuous progressive in English. Don't do that - don't learn Chinese via English structures - or most of you sentences with "着" will need to be corrected, as you've seen above.
 What you need to do is re-learn how to use "着": its use is motivated so try to remember under what circumstances it is used and don't just use it when you think the continous progressive is required in English. I can't give you a lesson on "着" here but just some simple examples for you to see that the use of "着" doesn't have much to do with the progressive.
 1. 他躺着看书 (He's was reading lying down)
 躺着 here indicates the state you're in when reading.
 2. 墙上挂着一幅画 (A painting is hung on the wall).
 挂着 here indicates the state the painting is in as a result of someone's action.
 3. 他们抽着烟，喝着酒，高兴极了！(The drank, smoked, and got very excited)
 着 is used here to show a number of actions going on at the same time.
 So you can see from the italic parts of the examples the reasons for the use of 着, and these reasons have very little to do with continous actions.
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Falconry was a royal sport in pre conquest england and the next four chapters anglo saxon england william i to henry ii richard i to henry iii and edward i are historical explorations of its organisation development and practice using an unprecedented wealth of material from governmental records. The history of falconry in england begins as the history of a royal sport anglo saxon kings from ethelbald of mercia to edward the confessor flew hawks and falcons by the tenth century if not earlier the sport was practiced by other groups in society and by the norman conquest falconry was avidly pursued by nobles and clergy as well as by kings. Download citation the kings and their hawks falconry in medieval england in medieval europe falconry was perhaps the most popular form of hunting among the aristocracy owning a falcon and . This book is the first broad history of english royal falconry in medieval times a book that draws on forty years of research to provide a full description of the actual in medieval europe falconry was perhaps the most popular form of hunting among the aristocracy
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Study of the Bio-Oil Samples Produced by Thermal Liquefaction of Microalgae in Different Solvents
We have performed a comparative analysis of the bio-oil produced by thermal liquefaction of microalgae in different solvents using high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and GC-MS approach. Water, methanol, ethanol, butanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, toluene, and hexane were used as solvents in which the liquefaction was performed. It was observed that all resulting oils demonstrate a considerable degree of similarity. For all samples, compounds containing 1 and 2 nitrogen atoms dominated in the positive ESI spectra, while a relative contribution of other compounds was small. In negative ESI mode, compounds having 2 to 7 oxygens were observed. Statistical analysis revealed that products can be combined in two groups depending on the solvent used for the liquefaction. To the first group, we can attribute the products obtained by using protic (alcohols) and to the second by using aprotic (acetonitrile, toluene) solvents. Nevertheless, based on our results, we concluded that solvent possesses a minor impact on molecular composition of bio-oil. We suggested that the driving force of the liquefaction reaction is the thermal dehydration of the carbohydrate in algae, resulting in water formation, which could be the trigger of the producing of bio-oil. To prove this hypothesis, we performed the reaction with the dry algae in the absence of the solvent and observed the formation of bio-oil.
KeywordsBio-oil Mass spectrometry Petroleum Dissolved organic matter FT ICR ESI
The investigation of the sample using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 18-79-10127). The development of the liquefaction reactor was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 17-19-01617).
The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
- 11.Vlaskin, M.S., Grigorenko, A.V., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Nikolaev, E.N., Vladimirov, G.N., Chernova, N.I., Kiseleva, S.V., Popel, O.S., Zhuk, A.Z.: Influence of solvent on the yield and chemical composition of liquid products of hydrothermal liquefaction of Arthrospira platensis as revealed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom (Chichester). 24, 363–374. 469066718771209 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Wang, Y., Nan, G., Wang, W., Zhang, J., Han, W.: Preparation and application of a new catalyst to produce bio-oil from microalgae liquefaction. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng. 10, 169–175 (2017)Google Scholar
- 21.Perminova, I.V., Dubinenkov, I.V., Kononikhin, A.S., Konstantinov, A.I., Zherebker, A.Y., Andzhushev, M.A., Lebedev, V.A., Bulygina, E., Holmes, R.M., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Popov, I.A., Nikolaev, E.N.: Molecular mapping of sorbent selectivities with respect to isolation of Arctic dissolved organic matter as measured by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology. 48, 7461–7468 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- 37.Popov, I.A., Nagornov, K., Vladimirov, G.N., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Nikolaev, E.N.: Twelve million resolving power on 4.7 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instrument with dynamically harmonized cell-observation of fine structure in peptide mass spectra. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25, 790–799 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- 40.Kukaev, E., Kostyukevich, Y., Kononikhin, A., Indeykina, M., Popov, I., Nikolaev, E.: Supermetallization of peptides and proteins studied by high resolution mass spectrometry. Protein Sci. 25, 14–14 (2016)Google Scholar
- 41.Zherebker, A.Y., Kostyukevich, Y.I., Kononikhin, A.S., Nikolaev, E.N., Perminova, I.V.: Molecular compositions of humic acids extracted from leonardite and lignite as determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Mendeleev Commun. 26, 446–448 (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.Kostyukevich, Y., Vlaskin, M., Vladimirov, G., Zherebker, A., Kononikhin, A., Popov, I., Nikolaev, E.: The investigation of the bio-oil produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina platensis using ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Eur J. Mass Spectrom. 23, 83–88 (2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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C
Blend Mode
This page describes the Blend Mode property edited in Qt 3D Studio.
"Blend Mode"
The Blend Mode property controls how the colors of the active layer or object are blended with the colors of the background layer or object.
In Qt 3D Studio both layers and object materials have the Blend Mode property. Changing Blend Mode in a layer will effect all objects in that layer while changing Blend Mode for a single object will only effect that object and it will only blend with background objects in the same layer, not with objects in other layers.
Different blend modes are using different formulas to calculate the result as described below. It is important to know that every color channel of a pixel has a value ranging from 0.0 (black) to 1.0 (white). In formulas below A is the pixel color value of the active layer or object while B is the pixel color value of the background layer or object.
Note that modes marked with * are available only with hardware supporting KHR and NV extensions.
Blend Modes
Normal
For both layers and objects the default blend mode is Normal. Opaque objects will occlude objects in the background.
"Normal"
Screen
Screen inverts the pixel color values of both active and background layers or objects, then multiplies them and finally inverts the product. This will produce a lighter result. Black pixels in the active layer will be rendered as 100% transparent.
Formula: 1-(1-A)*(1-B)
"Screen"
Multiply
Multiply multiplies the pixel color values of both active and background layers or objects. This will produce a darker result. White pixels in the active layer will be rendered as 100% transparent.
Formula: A*B
"Multiply"
Add
Add simply adds the pixel color values of both layers. This will produce a lighter result. Black pixels in the active layer will be rendered as 100% transparent.
Formula: A+B
Note: Available only in Layers
"Add"
Subtract
Subtract simply subtracts the pixel color value of the active layer or object from the pixel color value of the background layer or object. This will produce a darker result.
Formula: B-A
Note: Available only in Layers
"Subtract"
Overlay
Overlay uses a combination of Multiply and Screen modes. Basically it uses Screen mode on lighter pixels and Multiply mode on darker pixels. This will produce a result with increased contrast.
"Overlay"
ColorBurn
ColorBurn inverts the pixel color value of the background layer or object and then divides it with the pixel color value of the active layer or object. Finally the result is inverted. This will produce a result darker than with Multiply.
Formula: 1-(1-B)/A
"Colorburn"
ColorDodge
ColorDodge divides the pixel color value of the background layer or object with the inverted pixel color value of the active layer or object. This will produce a result lighter than with Screen.
Formula: B/(1-A)
"Colordodge"
Available under certain Qt licenses.
Find out more.


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A map of Australia indicating the location of Birregurra, Victoria. - click to view larger image
Birregurra, Victoria
Gulidjan and Wadawurrung country
The grassy plains of Gulidjan and Wadawurrung country attracted pastoralists in the 1830s. The traditional landowners initially resisted but then were forced to adapt to their presence.
Gulidjan and Wadawurrung peoples still maintain a deep connection to country and continue to practise their culture today.
Setting the scene
Aunty Edna Arnold, Gulidjan and Gadubanud elder, 2015:
We have never left.
Country setting featuring a house with a tin roof surrounded by grass, trees and garden.
Elliminook homestead at Birregurra, Gulidjan and Wadawurrung country
Edna Arnold's family has always lived in Gulidjan country in south-west Victoria. In 2015 she visited Elliminook homestead, where her ancestors had worked for the Bromfield family in the 1860s.
Aunty Edna Arnold, Gulidjan and Gadubanud elder, 2015:
Oh, my ancestors would have swept that flagstone.
When settlers arrived in the 1830s, Gulidjan people fought hard for their country. But by the 1860s they and neighbouring Wadawurrung and Gadubanud peoples had learnt new ways of surviving in the colonial world. Women often worked in settler households and men did stock work.
Spear-thrower made of wood, decorated with complex incised figurative designs, including two human figures; one holding a shield and a boomerang, the other clothed in a decorated skin cloak. - click to view larger image
Spear-thrower by Gulidjan or Wadawurrung people
Possum-skin cloaks
British settler Eliza Bromfield, who displayed an active interest in Gulidjan culture, collected this decorated spear-thrower in the 1860s, probably at Elliminook homestead.
The spear-thrower is decorated with the image of a person wearing a possum-skin cloak (top).
Such cloaks were used by Aboriginal people throughout south-eastern Australia. Designs on the insides of cloaks relate to clan affiliations of the wearer.
Senior Wadawarrung man Sean Fagan identified this spear-thrower from Birregurra as most likely having been made by Gulidjan people.
'Yarruun Parpur Tarneen (Victorious): Chiefess of the Moopoor Tribe', about 1881. State Library of Victoria H30158/25
Yarruun Parpur Tarneen, from the western district of Victoria, wearing a possum-skin cloak and a wallaby tooth necklace
'Kaawirn Kuunawarn (Hissing Swan), Chief of the Kirra Wuurong Blood Tip Tribe', about 1820–89. State Library of Victoria rwg/6025
Hissing Swan's necklace is identical to that worn by his kinswoman Yarruun Parpur Tarneen
An image of an elderly lady wearing a possum-skin cloak. - click to view larger image
Aunty Edna Arnold
Aunty Edna Arnold
Today, Edna, her son, granddaughter and great-grandchildren all live at Apollo Bay, on Gadubanud country.
In recent times, there has been a revival in making and using possum-skin cloaks, which have become a symbol of cultural identity, worn on significant occasions.
Treahna Hamm, Yorta Yorta artist, 2005:
You've got the beginning of life and the end of life. The babies were wrapped in the cloaks and the people wore the cloaks right through until the people were actually buried in them.
A carved wooden shield featuring various geometric patterns and motifs.
Malka (shield) by Sean Fagan
Malka (shield)
Sean Fagan, Wadawurrung man, 2015:
The streams leading up the centre [of this shield] represent the northern and southern flowing waters weaving in and out of the Great Dividing Range … The diamonds in the middle represent home and a place of ceremony, where our tribes can now come together harmoniously after the dispossession and devastation … to share culture, stories, song and dance, free from the modern laws thrust upon us... This shield is for the protection of our children, to protect us from history repeating itself.
Match the text to the pictures
Mix and match
What do you know about Birregurra?
Take the quiz
More activities
Examine the images above of the spear-thrower, Yarruun Parpur Tarneen (Victorious) and Aunty Edna Arnold. In which part of Australia were possum-skin cloaks traditionally worn, what did the designs on the inside of the cloaks relate to, and what do the cloaks symbolise today?
To find more, check out the Culture Victoria website or the ABC Open website.
Design a possum-skin cloak, considering this quote by Yorta Yorta artist Treahna Hamm:
Brainstorm what aspects of your life and culture should be included on your cloak, and how to represent them as symbols. Create a drawing of your design. Label each of the elements, explain what the symbols represent and why they are included on your design.
Write a 'life in the day' of one of your ancestors, after reflecting on this quote by Gulidjan and Gadubanud Elder Aunty Edna Arnold after she visited the Elliminook homestead in Gulidjan country: 'Oh, my ancestors would have swept that flagstone.'
Think of a place where one of your ancestors worked in the past. What did they do there? What does it tell you about the time? Consider the working conditions, the opportunities, or restrictions that could have an impact on them.
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How To Handle Thanksgiving If You Are Divorced
bird nesting during a divorce child custody attorneys st louis mo
The holidays can present particular problems for parents going through a divorce or who have already divorced. Each parent wants family time with the children, and if not handled right, everyone can feel hurt or depressed. Fortunately, with some forethought, every family can identify the right Thanksgiving approach that should make everyone as happy as possible given the reality of two separate households.
The easiest situation would be if historically only one parent and his or her family traditionally celebrated Thanksgiving. In that situation, that parent would have the children for the holiday (from the end of school until the return to school) and the other parent would have the first choice on another big holiday. This solution works well if one family happens to be large and tends to gather out of town for the holiday.
What happens if both parents have extended families and tend to travel out of town to celebrate? In this situation, it is impossible to accommodate both parents on the same holiday. So, the parents can agree to alternate this holiday week every other year so that each parent gets the chance to travel. Or, both parents could agree that instead of traveling they would each host their extended families, which would allow both parents time with the children and their extended families.
When both parents live in town and have significant family in town, it becomes much easier to make everyone happy. Rather than alternate an entire week, the parents can agree to divide Thanksgiving as a mini-holiday, with half of it starting on Wednesday morning and extending until mid-afternoon on Thanksgiving, and the second half beginning mid-afternoon on Thanksgiving and extending until Friday until the parents' normal weekend exchange time. Parents can agree to alternate who has the early and late shift but otherwise maintain the regular weekend schedule, which has the additional advantage of not needing to make up any lost weekend time. Using this strategy gives each parent time on Thanksgiving with family, so no one loses out.
If one parent lives out of town, usually that parent will have the week of Thanksgiving given the difficulty of having regular custody periods during the school year. However, if the distance between the parents is not too great, it would still be possible to split the holiday, depending upon how the parents have divided other holiday and break periods.
As you can see, the options range from sharing the actual holiday time with minimal disruption to the regular custody schedule, to extending the holiday to a Wednesday to Sunday chunk of time that alternates every other year, to treating the entire week of Thanksgiving as a vacation period that is either allocated to one parent every year or alternates every year (with the caveat that the children may miss a day or two of school).
Deciding which option best fits your family depends on your Thanksgiving traditions, the degree to which you must travel to be with family, and the willingness each parent has to share Thanksgiving every year as opposed to just alternating the entire holiday every other year.
If you have questions about Thanksgiving and divorce, contact us – we can help.


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Visual merchandising (the way you display products) and design (the look of your store) work together to attract shoppers into your retail store, lead them through your displays, attract their attention to specific products, and persuade them to buy.
Download this checklist to help you determine the visual merchandising and design for your store.
Effective visual merchandising and design incorporate these elements:
What sections or departments will your store have?
- How do you want foot traffic to move through your store?
- Visualize a path that you want customers to follow and use lighting, signage, and displays to draw them along.
- Use planogram software such as SmartDraw, GoPlanogram, DotActiv, or PlanoGraphics to help.
How will you layout your merchandise?
- Rows (like a supermarket) can be good for highly organized stores with a lot of SKUs, such as hardware stores or beauty supply stores.
- A circular path (like Kohl's or Ikea's) can help to draw customers throughout your entire store.
- Islands (like Anthropologie) are ideal for creative, artistic products such as fashion or home décor.
What types of fixtures will you use?
- Display cases/counters
- Clothing racks
- Fitting room fixtures (mirrors, hooks or hangers, seats)
Look for modular fixtures that allow the flexibility to move displays around and change your space.
- What mood do you want to create with lighting?
- What type of overhead or ambient lighting will you use for the store overall?
- Where will you use spot or accent lighting to highlight specific products, areas, or displays?
Note your ideas for designing displays in each section of the store.
- Group similar items (i.e., display of neckties together)
- Group complementary items (i.e., half-mannequin wearing necktie, shirt, blazer, and sunglasses)
- Use the display to tell a story (i.e., a display of clothing for a job interview with a mannequin in a suit and tie carrying a briefcase)
List the types of signage you need including wording and how many of each.
- Directional signage to help shoppers find their way
- Informational signage that explains policies or pricing
- Engaging signage that "sells" products by highlighting benefits/features
- Outdoor signage
- Display window signage
Note your plans for:
- Wallcovering (paint, paneling, wallpaper, etc.)
- Flooring (linoleum, tile, wood, carpet, rugs, etc.)
- Decor (murals, artwork, wall hangings, etc.)
- Furniture (benches or chairs, etc.)
Determine frequency (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually) for the following:
- Sweep or vacuum floors
- Clean walls, windows, and doors
- Straighten merchandise and signage
- Dust displays
- Wipe down surfaces and fixtures


text: What the "95" in Windows 95 realy stands for 15. The 95 stands for average CPH : Crash Per Hour. 14. Bill Gates' age when it ships. 13. The number of days until Gates tries to sell you a newer OS. 12. The required number of megabytes of RAM to run at useable speed. 11. The percentage that will be complete on the shipping date. 10. The number of floppies it will ship in. 9. The percentage of people who will have to upgrade their hardware. 8. The number of megabytes of hard disk space required. 7. The number of pages in the EASY-INSTALL version of the manual. 6. The percentage of existing windoze programs that won't run in the new OS. 5. The number of minutes to install. 4. The number of calls to tech support before you can get it to run. 3. The number of people who will actually PAY for the upgrade. 2. The number of MHz required for the OS to run. 1. The year it WAS DUE to ship.


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Demand for Emerging Transportation Systems: Modeling Adoption, Satisfaction, and Mobility Patterns comprehensively examines the concepts and factors affecting user quality-of-service satisfaction. The book provides an introduction to the latest trends in transportation, followed by a critical review of factors affecting traditional and emerging transportation system adoption rates and user retention. This collection includes a rigorous introduction to the tools necessary for analyzing these factors, as well as Big Data collection methodologies, such as smartphone and social media analysis. Researchers will be guided through the nuances of transport and mobility services adoption, closing with an outlook of, and recommendations for, future research on the topic. This resource will appeal to practitioners and graduate students.
- Examines the dynamics affecting adoption rates for public transportation, vehicle-sharing, ridesharing systems and autonomous vehicles
- Covers the rationale behind travelers' continuous use of mobility services and their satisfaction and development
- Includes case studies, featuring mobility stats and contributions from around the world
Please Note: This is an On Demand product, delivery may take up to 11 working days after payment has been received.
Constantinos Antoniou, Emmanouil Chaniotakis and Dimitrios Efthymiou
Part B. A critical review of (emerging?) transportation systems.
- Review of factors affecting transportation systems adoption & satisfaction.
Yannis Tyrinopoulos and Constantinos Antoniou
- Mobility on Demand (MOD) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS): Early Understanding of Shared Mobility Impacts and Public Transit Partnerships.
?????????? Susan Shaheen and Adam Cohen
- Implications of vehicle automation for accessibility and social inclusion of people on low income, people with physical and sensory disabilities and older people.
???????? ??Dimitris Milakis and Bert van Wee
Part C. Methods.
- Data Aspects of the Evaluation of Demand for Emerging Transportation Systems.
? ? ? ? ? Emmanouil Chaniotakis, Dimitrios Efthymiou and Constantinos Antoniou
- Location Planning for One-way Car Sharing Systems Considering Accessibility Improvements: the case of super-compact electric cars.
????????? Tomoki Nishigaki, Jan-Dirk Schmöcker, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Nobuhiro Uno, Masahiro Kuwahara, Akira Yoshioka
- Uncovering Spatiotemporal Structures from Transit Smart Card Data for Individual Mobility Modeling.?
Zhao Zhao, Haris N. Koutsopoulos and Jinhua Zhao
- Planning Shared Automated Vehicle Fleets: Specific Modelling Requirements and Concepts to Address Them.
???????????Francesco Ciari, Maxim Janzen and Cezary Ziemlicki
Part D. Applications
- Public Transport
- Factors Affecting the Adoption of Vehicle Sharing Systems
Dimitrios ?fthymiou, Emmanouil Chaniotakis and Constantinos Antoniou
an overview on what we know
Stefan Schmöller and Klaus Bogenberger
- Smart Mobility via Prediction, Optimization and Personalization
Bilge Atasoy, Carlos Lima de Azevedo, Arun Prakash Akkinepally, Ravi Seshadri, Fang Zhao, Maya Abou-Zeid and Moshe Ben-Akiva
- Adoption, Modeling, and Effects of Urban Air Mobility
Raoul Rothfeld, Anna Straubinger, Mengying Fu, Christelle Al Haddad and Constantinos Antoniou
Part E. Outlook
????? 15. Synthesis/Discussion/Conclusion
???????????Emmanouil?Chaniotakis, Dimitrios Efthymiou and Constantinos Antoniou
Constantinos Antoniou is a Professor and Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on modelling and simulation of transportation systems, Intelligent Transport Systems, calibration and optimization applications, road safety and sustainable transport system. Dr. Antoniou has been involved in a large number of projects, primarily in Europe and the US, and has authored more than 250 scientific publications, including in Elsevier's Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies (for which he serves as an editorial board member), and Journal of Transport Geography. He is also the author of a book on dynamic traffic assignment models (On-line calibration for Dynamic Traffic Assignment models- Theory, methods and application - VDM Verlag).
Dimitrios Efthymiou is a Senior Program Manager in Amazon and Research Affiliate in the Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Munich. His research focuses on urban analytics, transportation data analytics, spatial econometric models, discrete choice analysis, real estate price analytics, and sustainable transport systems. He has been involved in a number of research and consulting projects in Europe, and his research has been published in many journals, including Elsevier's Journal of Transport Geography, and Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice.
Emmanouil (Manos) Chaniotakis is Lecturer (Assistant Professor) at University College London (UCL). His research focuses on modelling and simulation of transportation systems, demand modeling, and machine learning in Transportation. He has been involved in various European and national projects and his research has been published in many journals, including Elsevier's Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice and Transportation Research Part B: Methodological.


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Recent erosion along the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal has exposed an unusually rich Upper Cretaceous fossiliferous outcrop at the Biggs Farm, near the eastern end of the Canal. Some III species of mollusks representing 72 genera have been identified. Coelenterata, Porifera, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Crustacea, and a few fragmentary vertebrate remains have also been found. Five species are being described as new, and there are 54 new records for the Cretaceous of Delaware.
The preservation of the material suggests that the animals lived on a sandy bottom in water between 50 and 100 feet in depth, possibly near the mouth of a bay.
Inasmuch as there is a mixing of some species characteristic of the Matawan Group and other species characteristic of the Monmouth Group, it is believed that the fauna at this locality lies near the Matawan-Monmouth boundary, perhaps in the lower part of the Monmouth Group.
University of Delaware
Delaware Geological Survey Building
Newark, DE 19716
Mon - Fri; 8:00am to 4:30pm


Washington Apple Pi
A Community of Apple iPad, iPhone and Mac Users
Creating a Survey Database
By Paul Chernoff
Washington Apple Pi Journal, reprint information
Introduction
Working at The Washingtonian presents many interesting challenges. Some of our articles, such as Best & Worst and Top Doctors, use surveys. I've been writing software so we can enter the survey data inhouse. When the most recent survey was produced, I decided to write a generic survey database that would not require any reprogramming to set it up for use with a new survey.
Washingtonian Survey Requirements
The requirements for survey software came down to the following:
The solution was to create a relational database. This database was written in 4th Dimension v6. A relational database was used because the number of questions per survey varies.
Setting Up the Survey Database
The first step a user takes in setting up the database for a new survey is to make a copy of the survey database structure file, rename it, and place it in its own folder. When this file is opened for the first time, it will create a new data file. 4th Dimension, unlike FileMaker Pro, uses a single structure file and data file for its databases. This makes it very easy to create a copy of a database program without its data.
Figure 1 -- Opening the Questions Form
After opening the file, the user enters the survey questions. Select Go To Area from the File menu and then double-click on "Questions" in the Go To Area dialog (see Figure 1). An question browser will appear. The user presses command-N to enter a new question. A number may be up to 5 characters and made up of both numbers and letters. A question may be up to 32,000 characters. If a predefined list is used, it is also entered. The user then saves the question and continues entering new ones.
Figure 2 -- Questions Browser Showing Survey Questions
If any predefined lists are used in the survey, they should be entered now. Entry is similar to question entry. Each record holds the name of the list and the individual entry. See Figure 3. In the Top Psychotherapist survey, there is only one list. Lists are used for any question that has a limited number of answers.
Figure 3 -- List Records
The database is now set up for the entry of completed surveys. The steps above took much less time than programming a new database with individual fields for each questions. No technical prowess needed. Future version of the generic survey database will provide tools to ensure that only defined lists are entered in the questions area and there will be room for more information about the survey, such as survey name and who requested the survey.
Entering a Completed Survey Form
After opening the database, the data entry operator selects Add New Records from the Selection menu or presses command-N. A new survey record is created with a row for each question. See Figure 4. The user can select a field in the table for data entry with either the keyboard or the mouse.
Figure 4 -- New Completed Survey Data Entry Form
Because the first question, "Your profession" has a list attached to it, when the cursor enters its response field, a list of options will pop up. See Figure 5. The user can now select from the list using either the keyboard keys or the mouse.
Figure 5 -- The Profession List
If a survey contains more than one answer to a question, the user can either click on the Add Row button * or press command-tab. This will create a blank row directly below the current row. The user now enters a question's number. If he or she needs to review the questions he or she can enter an invalid number for a list of all questions. See Figure 6. The question can be selected with the keyboard or the mouse. The user can change the question for any row by replacing the question's number.
Figure 6 -- Pick List of Questions
The user can sort the table by any of its three fields by clicking on the table header. In the Top Psychotherapist, survey, most of the answers are the names of healthcare professionals, and many people enter the same name for multiple questions. The data entry person can click on the Response heading after entering a single survey to see if a person's name was entered in a consistent manner. When a survey response has been completed, the user either presses on the Accept button or presses the Enter key. The data is saved and a new data entry form appears on the screen. When a data entry session is completed, the user presses on the Cancel button or presses command-period keys.
When a survey record is saved, only rows with responses are saved to disk. When a survey is reopened, only answered questions are shown. This approach saves time and disk space.
Figure 7 -- Completed Survey Response
Under the Hood
Figure 8 -- Database Tables
For every completed survey, we create a single record in the Survey table and a record in the Responses table for every question. The Survey table holds a minimal amount of data: an ID field and a Date_Entered field. The ID field is the table's key field. It is an integer generated by the database. It is unique; no two Survey records will have the same ID number. The ID number is written on the paper survey so we can refer to it if necessary, such as to check data entry. The date the record was entered is automatically recorded by the database. Other fields could have been added to this table, such as the name of the data entry person. All fields for the Survey table should be standard ones used on every survey.
The Responses table has a many-to-one relationship with the Survey table. For every survey record, there can be an unlimited number of responses, and every response record is linked to a single Survey record. The ID field is the link to the corresponding Survey record. The Number field is a 5-character string that holds the survey question number. The Response field holds the answer to the question. The response may take up to 80 characters. The reason for an 80-character limit is that our surveys usually ask for short answers, such as a person's name.
The Questions table holds the survey questions. It is related to the Responses table through a many-to-one relationship: There are many Response records related to each Questions record. The tables are related through their respective Number fields. The Questions tables holds each question in a text field. If a question is supposed to be answered from a list of options, the name of a list is entered in the List field.
The Lists table holds the options for each list. In the Top Psychotherapists survey, one question has a list associated with it. The purpose of a list is to speed up data entry and minimize errors.
The database is written in 4th Dimension v6, a relational database management system. Unlike FileMaker Pro, the most popular Macintosh database, 4th Dimension is intended for database developers and not end users. This survey database is simple but requires programming. 4th Dimension uses a Pascal-like programming language.
It was important to use a programmable database to make the survey database as generic as possible.
AreaList Pro v6.1, a 4th Dimension plug-in, is used on the survey data entry form. This plug-in provides an improved interface for data entry. Various features, such as easy user sorting and automatic actions upon leaving and entering a cell, are controlled via AreaList Pro.
While we are using uncompiled versions of the database, I do run the code through 4D Compiler as a method of detecting syntax errors. A compiled database runs faster than an uncompiled one, but requires either a full copy of 4th Dimension or 4D Server, or it must be compiled with 4D Engine to work with 4D Runtime. The last option is too expensive for our office and is intended for developers who want to distribute their databases as applications. Users are running the database with 4D Runtime, which can be freely distributed but does not support compiled databases.
All that is required to turn the survey database into a multiuser database is the purchase of 4D Server, which is a 4th Dimension database server. It has the additional advantage of allowing us to use a compiled version of the database.
Further Development
A number of enhancements are planned for the survey database. The most important is report generation. Currently, the user has access to 4th Dimension's built-in report writer. One export routine has been written to export the data as a tagged text file for QuarkXPress.
There is a need for a table for general survey information, such as survey name, when the survey was mailed, and who requested the survey. These will be easy to add. I will add an import routine so surveys filled out on a web-based form can be imported into the database.
While the survey database assumes that all data is text, it is possible to expand the database so a user can specify that a question requires a text or a date or a numeric answer. The Questions table can have a field that specifies the type of date -- text, date, or number -- and programming can mandate that a question not violate the data type during data entry. Custom reports will have to be programmed to tabulate numeric data.
Summary
Writing a generic survey database was surprisingly simple. It took less time than creating a database dedicated for a specific survey and solved the problem of the programmer not knowing how many answers any particular question might have on a single survey. While this database was written in 4th Dimension, the principles behind it should be transferable to other Macintosh databases such as Panorama, FileMaker Pro, and Omnis.
Paul Chernoff spends his days writing databases at The Washingtonian when not busy helping people with QuarkXPress, fixing


text:
Author: Raymond Huber
Reading Age: 10 Years
Have you ever felt like you didn't belong, you were different from everyone else? Ziggy certainly was different. He was a drone that wanted to work, had a good memory and kept breaking the hive rules.
The Queen called on Ziggy to perform an important task, where he discovered things about humans the worried him. They were using bees to sniff out explosives. Could Ziggy ever go back to the hive once he knew this?
This story is told from the point of view of Ziggy, the bee, but swaps occasionally to the diary entries of Dr Sophie (Sparkles) the bee scientist. It is an exciting read, once you realize that Ziggy is special and has to find his real family.


Southdown's June Star Student Award recipients are an exceptional group of boys and girls.
Southdown Closes Year by Honoring its Stars
June 30, 2021
As the school year drew to a close, Southdown Primary School faculty and staff members wanted to present a final round of Star Student Awards before everyone headed for the exits and summer vacation.
The last Southdown Splash Assembly, which once again was held in a virtual format, recognized some really outstanding youngsters. Principal Scott Oshrin was excited to announce the names of the award recipients. A short assembly video was piped into classrooms and available to those who were participating in a distance learning program.
The honorees include:
Universal Pre-Kindergarten: Autumn Stancil-Moore, Brianna Uzho; Kindergarten: Tayla Quin, Anthius Vanbrakle, Ashley Hernandez Velasquez, Alexander Zavala Nunez, Jake Bradshaw, Angel Rodriguez Rodriguez, Bella Coppinger, Jay Fuentez; First Grade: Justin Banegas Galdamez, Kaileen Silva, Jadyn Adam, Harrison Weston, Addison King, Nancy Yanes Ulloa, Valerie Morales Campos, Ashley Flores Canales, Katherine Sorto Lopez, Genesis Velasquez Aguilar; Second Grade: Kimberly Gonzalez, Michael "Mikey" Spagnoletti, Amora Ingram, Andy Velasquez Arevalo, Mileidy DePaz Cruz, Eddyll Jaco Oliva, Theodore Fischer, Evangeline Pearce; Third Grade: Ashley Avalos Cedillos, Stephen Pagan, William Duenas, Luis Ponce Reyes, Hazzell Perez Argueta, Jeremy Godoy Calderon
Two Southdown students were selected from every class in the building for formal recognition at the "splash" assembly. The school considers these youngsters to be its stars of the month. Teacher Theresa Duffy was June's faculty award recipient in recognition of everything she does around the building.
Mr. Oshrin announced the names of each award winner. The virtual assembly was held during the regular school day so that students in school and at home could view the proceedings simultaneously. Click on this link to view the short film:
Every Splash Assembly has a special focus that highlights an important educational component. During last week's program teacher Pamela Schwarting discussed being safe and having fun this summer. Everything from wearing sun block to reading good books was covered during the short session.
The phrase Splash Assembly is a takeoff on the school's mascot, which is a dolphin, an aquatic mammal that's known for flipping around in the water and splashing anyone nearby. Think 1960's television show Flipper.


text:
Photo by Heather Middleton
By Joel Hall
High amounts of sentimentality, coupled with a healthy dose of superstition, contributed to many of the customs associated with funerals, and mourning rituals, that are still practiced today.
The "Victorian Mourning" exhibit, on display this month at Stately Oaks Plantation in Jonesboro, explores the unique traditions surrounding mourning during the Victorian era, and how they relate to modern traditions.
Throughout the month of August, Stately Oaks will be decorated to reflect the strict customs a Victorian-era family would need to follow in order to "mourn well." Clothing pieces, stationery, coffins, hair accessories, and keepsakes will be on display, with docents providing detailed information about the significance, and historical context, of the items.
Kay Dreyer, curator of the exhibit, said many of America's modern mourning traditions were established during the reign of Queen Victoria, who went into 40 years of self-imposed isolation and mourning following the death of her husband, Prince Albert. Throughout the 19th Century, the British and Americans took their cues from Victoria, making mourning one of America's first big businesses, she said.
"Mourning clothes for ladies were really the first ready-made, off-the-rack clothes that you could buy," Dreyer said. "She [Queen Victoria] was the leader of the most powerful country in the world and especially, if you were wealthy, you wanted to emulate her.
"Victorians could accept death, but they couldn't accept not being mourned well. You had to decorate your house a certain way. There was mourning stationary... the thickness of the border signified the deepness of mourning."
The exhibit includes mourning stationary, veils, public attire, postcards, hairpins, purses, gloves, and jewelry items -- all of which would be worn by men, and especially ladies, during their time of mourning. She said a woman who lost her husband was expected to shy away from society and mourn for a period of two and a half years, according to Victorian customs.
The exhibit also examines the significance that flowers and food played in Victorian-era funerals, as well as many of the actions following death that were customary, such as sending out all of ones' correspondence on black-bordered stationary. New to the exhibit this year is an entire section dedicated to the burial traditions of slaves and African Americans during the Victorian era, such as placing seashells on top of graves, in hopes of preserving the spirit of the person for all eternity.
Also covered in the exhibit, are the strange and superstitious customs of the period, such as: Covering mirrors with black draping to prevent the rare glimpse of spirits; carrying bodies out the door feet first to prevent the dead from dragging the living into the land of the dead; preserving ones' tears in bottles; making jewelry out of the hair of departed lovers and wearing them as keepsakes; and burying the dead with a bell attached to their wrist to alert surface dwellers that a grave mistake was made.
"The bell was on the surface and attached to the wrist of the dead," said Stately Oaks Docent Jan Turner. "If the person rang the bell, it would mean you are not dead. 'Dead ringer' and'saved by the bell,' that is where we get those sayings. I think it [the exhibit] helps explain, in a way, why we do things."
Dreyer said the Victorian Mourning exhibit, a tradition of Stately Oaks for more than 10 years, is one of its most popular programs, attracting 500 visitors from 13 countries and 38 states last year.
Tours of the exhibit will be given until Aug. 31, Mondays through Saturdays, from 10 a.m., to 3 p.m. The cost is $12 for adults, $9 for seniors, $3 for children, ages 5 to 11, and free for children under 5. For more information, call _PHONE_.


Definitions for genetic determinism
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word genetic determinism
Freebase
 1. Genetic determinism
 Genetic determinism is the belief that genes, along with environmental conditions, determine morphological and behavioral phenotypes. The term is sometimes mistakenly applied to the unscientific belief that genes determine, to the exclusion of environmental influence, how an organism turns out. As CH Waddington wrote in 1957, "It is of course a truism which has long been recognised that the development of any individual is affected both by the hereditary determinants which come into the fertilised egg from the two parents and also by the nature of the environment in which the development takes place." A related error is that geneticists and molecular biologists have only recently come to the realization that environment is essential in the development of the organism from egg to adult. In fact theorists and researchers long ago understood that genetic effects cannot be studied in isolation of the environment and that all measurements of such effects are only relative to stable external conditions. Also known since at least the 1950s is the means by which the environment influences embryonic and juvenile development, namely the epigenetic control of gene activation and deactivation.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
 1. Genetic Determinism
 The theory that human CHARACTER and BEHAVIOR are shaped by the GENES that comprise the individual's GENOTYPE rather than by CULTURE; ENVIRONMENT; and individual choice.
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