text:
The MPG64-A (Midi Pattern Generator 64 Alpha) is a free 64 step midi sequencer designed to run on Win 7, Windows Vista or XP with a minimum screen resolution of 1024×768.
In addition to playing midi notes, the MPG64-A is capable of simultaneously recording the resulting audio, creating loopable WAV files that can be used in any audio application. An 'Auto Set' feature can be used to automatically calculate and correct for latency of the midi device prior to recording, resulting in loopable samples. The 64 step pattern data can also be exported to a midi file.
The MPG64-A features a row of parameter knobs which can control the duration and velocity of each note, and can also be used to set values for two continuous controllers. A 'Controller Automation' feature uses preset patterns to modulate the continuous controllers to create filter sweeps and random 'sample and hold' type effects.
The MPG64-A is also designed to run as a plug-in for Tu2 by Bram Bos. If you are triggering synthesizer software on the same computer, you will need a midi 'loopback' (like loopMIDI) to route the midi data.


text:
It is safe to say that the majority of people consider all old cars to be vintage in one way or the other. But, to be considered 'vintage', the car needs to be a little bit more than just old. For example, you find a T-shirt in a thrift shop, and the seller claims it was made back in the 1970s; so, it is pretty old, or vintage. But, what determines the price isn't just that; it's also the brand of the T-shirt, its condition, the design, and whether it is significant in one way or the other. The same goes for anything else; there needs to be something else to an item to be considered fully vintage and get your money for it.
So, in the following paragraphs, we'll go over some of the main definitions and understandings of what constitutes a vintage car, and what makes a car vintage, but also classic (fun fact, vintage and classic cars aren't the same). So, without further ado, let's dive right in!
The Difference Between Classic, Antique, and Vintage Cars?
What Does 'Vintage Car' Ever Mean? (Vintage, Antique, Classic = Old?)
There are a lot of definitions of 'vintage car' out there, but only one really makes complete sense. So, the meaning of a 'vintage car' term is as follows; vintage cars are those cars that have been manufactured between 1919 and 1930. The vintage car period/era ends with the start of Great Depression, in 1930, and has greatly affected the overall car and automotive industry for decades to come.
So, when someone refers to a car as 'vintage', chances are the car was made somewhere in the said period, which would indeed make it vintage. But, people like to throw other terms alongside 'vintage' as well, to describe their cars and add value. For example, many refer to their cars as 'antique' or 'classic', without truly considering the meaning and differentiation between those terms as well.
To loosely define it, an antique car would be a car that is anywhere between 25 and 45 years old. But, these number really depend on the organization providing the evaluation and the rules. Nevertheless, the general consensus is that car withing this age range are considered antique, but not vintage. This is where the synonymous use of the expressions like 'old car' and 'vintage car', as well as 'classic and antique car' becomes tricky for people to follow.
So, to avoid any misunderstanding, here are the three main terms and their definitions, all in one place (so we can continue with a better understanding of the terms and their meanings);
- Vintage car – generally defined as a car made in the period between 1919 and 1930 (when the period of Great Depression commenced).
- Antique car – a car that is between 25 and 45 year old.
- Classic car – generally a car that is at least 10 to 25 years old, but is considered to have a pedigree of some sorts; highly valuable car in excellent condition, generally collector vehicle. A classic car can be vintage and antique as well.
So, What Makes a Car Vintage?
As we mentioned, a vehicle made in the period between 1919 and 1930 is considered vintage. That alone is enough to determine a vintage car. But, there are other indicators and auxiliary factors that can help determine whether a car is truly vintage. Upon further inspection, car collectors can easily determine the state of the car, its condition, use over time, mileage, appearance, design, history of ownership, and much more. All of this can add to the value and increase the price of the vehicle. Also, a vintage car can be a restored or a so-called 'survivor' car that is restored according to the original manufacturer specifications.
Things To Consider When Buying a Vintage Car
When buying a vintage car, you can't really expect to drive it around. Most of the time, vintage cars are just collector pieces that are either to be exhibited or kept for personal reasons. Either way, these are some things people need to take into consideration when purchasing a truly vintage car (for whatever reason or purpose);
- Safety issues – vintage cars, or cars made prior the 1930 Great Depression, aren't really equipped with safety features (at least not those that are currently standard in modern cars). Vintage cars and their safety features are pretty rudimentary, so keep this in mind as a rather important information. For example, should you be able to drive a vintage car, there is a high chance that the front wheel breaks and hydraulic breaks might not be within the car (because they only began appearing in the cars in the 1930s).
- Rarity and price – it is no secret that vintage cars are pretty rare; you won't be seeing the on the road, but there is a chance they'll appear in vintage car shows and exhibitions. The point is; these cars are old, and rare. So, when purchasing a vintage care, you need to be ready for a higher price as well. Vintage cars that are in good condition can cost tens of thousands of dollars. And, if they need further restoration, the price can skyrocket pretty quickly. So, unless you have the budget, purchasing a vintage car might take a toll on your finances.
- Valuation – determining the value of a vintage car can be rather difficult. There are many factors that affect the price, but it can be difficult to find someone who is an expert on vintage cars as well. Truth to be told, services do publish vintage car valuation data and price baseline to the public (for cars in different conditions). This ensures an insight into the state of the market, making things a bit easier. Still, determining the age, condition, rarity, mileage, vehicle provenance and history, alongside the observable factors, can be rather difficult and requires an expert in the field.
- Condition category – when purchasing a vintage car (especially if you're a collector or investor), a vehicle's condition rating is essential. The rating system has six categories that are used to rate the condition of the car, and points are assigned (from 40 to 100, the latter being 'perfect condition' points). There are currently two condition rating systems in the United States, so make sure to consult both.
Examples of Vintage Cars
If it's a bit difficult for our readers to differentiate between classic and vintage cars, here are some vintage car examples to make it a bit easier. The observational difference between classic and vintage cars is pretty stark, so you'll see what we were really talking about in the previous paragraphs;
- 1919 Ford Model T Sedan – this cars is the true vintage car; it was made in 1919 and is considered the first affordable car for middle-class families. The car was designed by an American and Hungarian engineers. The Model T was also referred to as the 'Tin Lizzie', 'Leaping Lena' and 'flivver'. Its estimated cost back in the day was around 500 USD (which would be around 8,800 USD in 2023).
- 1921 Hudson Super Six Phaeton – the first Hudson automobile was introduced in 1916, but it wasn't until the 1920s that this car become available to the wide public. The Hudson Super Six car was super stylish and had a four-wheel break system. This model was kept in production until 1928. The base price for this model used to be around 2,000 USD, but nowadays it can be valued at around 40,000 USD.
- 1930 Cadillac V-16 – this was the Cadillac's top-of-the-line model that was launched in 1930. Because of the Great Depression, only 4,076 examples of this car were built, so it is pretty rare. The car powered by an engine, that was both powerful and smooth; a breakthrough in the automotive industry back in the day. The base price for this car was around 5,000 USD, but nowadays it is sold for around 90,000 USD.
Pros and Cons of Owning a Vintage Car
As awesome it is to own a vintage car, we need to present you with both pros and cons that come with the said car. So, before you decide to invest your hard-earned money into a vintage care, let's observe the advantages and disadvantages of this decision;
The pros of owning a vintage car definitely revolve around the wow-factor. Owning an almost hundred year old car is always going to be the main topic of any conversation. It is also super fun to own such a car, especially if you're a fan of the attention. There is also the investment-return, because, let's face it, vintage cars are always going to be cool and sought-after. As time goes by, and if the car is well-maintained, the value can go nowhere else but high.
Now, the cons of owning a vintage car are less fun, and a bit more elaborate. First of all, vintage cars require regular and specific maintenance, which isn't really cost-effective. Between maintenance, restoration, storage, and insurance, a vintage car can cost some serious money.
Moreover, a vintage car isn't something that you can just drive around, and even if you do, the experience won't be the best you ever had. Such cars aren't really safe according to modern standards, and in case of collision, you could be in great danger. There are no airbags, and the break systems are pretty unreliable.
It is surely up to you to figure out whether this is the right investment or not. But, at least you're now familir with the whole

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Document Type
Doctor of Philosophy
Advisor's Name
Chockalingam Viswesvaran
Advisor's Title
Committee Chair
Advisor's Name
Nathan Hiller
Advisor's Name
Victoria Pace
Advisor's Name
Jesse Michel
Applicant attraction, need for achievement, person-organization fit, valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory, organizational personality
Date of Defense
This research explored the thesis that organizational personality is related to applicants' attraction to an organization through a process which involves need motivation, expectancy beliefs, and applicants' perceptions of person-organization fit. Organizational personality may be defined as a collection of trait-like characteristics that individuals use to describe organizational practices, policies, values, and culture. Specifically, this research investigated the hypothesis that organizational personality information is useful to applicants because it helps individuals to determine their perceptions of fit. A sample of students (N = 198) and working adults (N = 198) participated in an online experiment. Findings indicated that individuals' beliefs about the instrumentality of desirable work related outcomes are essential to determining their perceptions of fit and organizational attraction. Additionally, organizational personality perceptions interacted with need motivation to affect perceptions of fit and organizational attraction. For instance, perceptions of fit mediated the influence of the interaction between need for achievement and perceptions of innovativeness on organizational attraction. The interaction of need motivation and perceptions of organizational personality helped individuals to better determine their perceptions of fit and subsequent attraction toward organizations.


text:
Report a marine pest sighting
Agriculture Victoria is the lead agency for the management of marine pests in Victoria.
Reporting marine pests means that you are helping to stop the introduction of exotic species into Victoria and preventing the spread of existing pests to other parts of our coastline.
Any unusual, strange or exotic marine species, found or sighted in Victoria, should be reported to Agriculture Victoria.
Three ways to report a sighting
When making a report remember to include the following details to help Agriculture Victoria officers to follow up on your report as quickly as possible:
- your name
- contact phone number
- email address
- name or brief description of the marine pest you wish to report
- number of animals you have found or spotted
- date and time of the sighting
- location where the marine pest was found or spotted (specific references to streets or landmarks are helpful)
- images including an item that helps determine the size of the pest e.g. a coin or a pen.
Call the Agriculture Victoria Customer Service Centre 136 186.
3. Use our online form
You can submit your report or sighting using the form below. Fill out as much as possible and a member of the marine pest team will contact you directly.
Fields marked with * are mandatory.


text:
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) is an autonomous apex body of science and technology in Nepal under the leadership of Rt. Honorable Prime Minister as Chancellor. Keeping in view the indispensable role of science and technology in overall development of the country, NAST is dedicated for promoting science and technology for over three and half decades. During this period, NAST has deeply realized that maximizing the utilization of science and technology in all sectors is attainable only through the exchange of knowledge, ideas and collaborations among scientists, experts and researchers.
With the main objective of enhancing collective effort for the development of science and technology, NAST has initiated a program - Nepali Researcher Identity (NRI) - for Nepali people living in Nepal and abroad as diaspora. NAST firmly believes that this objective can be achieved by developing and maintaining database of scientists, experts and researchers working at different parts of world through collaboration and exchange programs, which ultimately will support socio-economic transformation and overall wellbeing of the country.
In the given backdrop, scientists, researchers and experts who are working in Nepal or abroad are humbly requested to join the program (NRI) by uploading their professional details as part of the first stage of developing database. NAST will fully maintain confidentiality and privacy of all information provided for this purpose and welcomes suggestions to broaden the initiative.


text:
The recent article appeared in India Today, based on a decade old report triggered a series of debates about the capabilities of Tejas aircraft. So we decided to create an article comparing one of the world's most dominant single engine fighter that is Gripen NG with Tejas.
The Gripen has American Engine, IRST and AESA radar made by an Italian-British company, missile launch rails made by an American company, Cockpit made by an Israeli company, many other foreign components and foreign weapons. Still the Gripen is called an Indegeneous Weapon nobody has any problem in buying Gripen. Because it is Gripen It is not HAL Tejas. In HAL Tejas apart from engine and Radar there is rarely anything that has been a foreign product. Still people say Tejas not indigenous.
Saab has been making aircrafts since the 1930s. They take 70 years to produce an aircraft like Gripen NG, we only take 30 years to develop an aircraft like Tejas. There is lot of problems faced from the start of the project and the western sanctions also affect the program still we managed to develop a world class fighter. 65% of Tejas is ingenuously developed. Tejas MK 2 will incorporate 90% indigenous tech and surely it can outperform Gripen NG in many areas. Gripen considered as one of the best multi role fighter in the world. Many defense analysts place Gripen inside the top 10 table. We must be proud of by our achievements and must support our great scientists.
The comparison between Tejas and Gripen is in the following 4 criteria's
Both Tejas and Gripen incorporate a certain amount of stealth. Gripen uses 30% composites & Tejas uses 45 % composites. 90% of the surface of Tejas is made of composites. The RCS of Tejas not publically available. Tejas MK2 will contain 70% of composites surely MK2 will have a considerable advantage in stealth. Both Gripen and Tejas using Radar Absorbent materials and coating for reducing RCS.
RCS of Tejas = 0.5 m2
RCS of Gripen = 0.9 m2
So far as aerodynamics is concern, Gripen is an excellently designed plane which gives it a very good speed and long range. LCA Mk1 was considered to be a bit draggy but a lots of studies have been made to improve its aerodynamics is concern. Making LCA Mk2 1m longer is a part of Aerodynamic improvement process for better compliance of Area rule. There are some other aerodynamics changes which are coming in LCA Mk2. Study says that it will reduce drag by 8% and improve trans sonic acceleration by 20%.. So these aerodynamic changes should make LCA Mk2 a plane with very good aerodynamic characteristic.
For good turning performance wing loading should be low and thrust to weight ratio (TWR) should be high. Tejas has an advantage in both TWR and wing loading. The thrust-to-weight ratio of a combat aircraft is a good indicator of the maneuverability of the aircraft. So Tejas should have better turn rates than Gripen .Tejas shall be at a big advantage because of its light empty weight and should maneuver fast and probably can beat Gripen in close combat. Its small airframe makes it difficult for the enemy pilot to spot in a close combat. Tejas have an advantage of low wing loading also which should give it an edge at high altitude fighting. Some websites claims Gripen has superior Sustained turn Rate than any other aircraft anyway we are not considering it as a credible source. However airplane design always a compromise & both wing loading & TWR can be "adjusted" within some margins to enhance turning performance. We don't know anything more about the specifications of Gripen to evaluate its maneuverability. Even though Tejas has better turn rates we consider both Tejas and Gripen almost equally maneuverable.
TWR Tejas = 1.07
TWR Gripen = 0.97
Wing loading Tejas = 247kg/m2
Wing loading Tejas = 283kg/m2
Gripen got very good radar, a gallium Nitride based radar. LCA Mk2 is also all set to get top of the class AESA radar till Uttam is ready with 150 KM range. Israel has offered ELTA 2052. Recently Thales has flight-tested active array radar built specifically for Tejas. The radar is based on the company's successful RBE2 radar installed on Rafale fighter jets. With the latest Thales AESA radar MK1A can kick out any of its adversaries. But still lags behind Gripens GaN Raven radar.
Gripen also going to get a world class IRST in the form of Selex skyward G and tejas doesn't have any IRST till now. With the help of GaN radar and skyward G IRST gripen can detect stealthy fifth generation fighter aircraft's at long distances.
In Electronic Warfare Gripen is the first aircraft which uses electronic warfare system based on gallium nitride technology, India and Israel are making EW for Tejas and has designed MAYAVI Ew suite for Tejas and work is on for better EW. India has got spectra configured for Indian requirement. If spectra technologies goes in LCA MK2 by the way of buy back clause, it will be superior to Gripen. If not, Indo-Israeli EW will catch up with that of gripen .
So far sensor fusion is concern; Gripen is a top class plane. India is also working on sensor fusion but how much effective that will be is not known. Here is an area where I see gripen is significantly out performing Tejas in current scenario. Gripens sensor fusion is only inferior to F35 , and nobody knows how good will be India's own sensor fusion. In avionics Gripen is atleast a generation ahead than Tejas Mk1A. May be MK2 can catch up with Gripen NG.
Both Tejas & Gripen have very good targeting pod and weapons . India shall use Python, derby and Russian missiles along with Astra. Gripen uses AIM Series and Meteor missile. Meteor is a top class missile but new Israel claims I Derby can provide 80% of meteor performance. Astra 2 the desi meteor is under development can also be include in Tejas Mk2 weaponry. Both planes are neck to neck in A to A missiles but If Meteor is used, Gripen will have a superior edge. Both will have gun according to their requirement and both can use guided bombs. India has just tested SAAW bomb which will give LCA MK2 an edge in anti airfield strike capability.
Engine and Power
Both Tejas and Gripen deriving the power from same engine GE 414 with a Dry thrust of 62 KN and 98 KN in afterburner. However India is also working on indigenous kaveri engine with the help of Snecma France. New Kaveri engine is supposed to have same power as GE 414. LCA Mk1A has 13.2 M long which is 2 meter short in length of Gripen. Both planes have same g limits. LCA mk1As service ceiling is 16000 m which is higher than the 15240m of Gripen . This is because of low wing loading and will give protection to LCA against many short range and shoulder fire missiles and SAMs. MK2 may have even better service ceiling which will increase the advantage of MK2 over Gripen NG.
Gripen has better speed than Tejas which does not make a big difference. But the super cruising ability of Gripen gives it an advantage of Tejas Mk1A, but we can incorporate super cruise ability in Tejas MK2. However, supercruising uses more fuel to travel the same distance than at subsonic speeds but uses less fuel than afterburner.
Gripens Higher cruise speed allows pilot to surprise the enemy by approaching him from the rear, zone of poorest detection, and to avoid getting surprised by a slower-cruising opponent. It also allows the fighter to choose a time and place of engagement.
In the beyond visual range combat, super cruise capability increases range of the missile shot, and reduces the effective range of adversary's missiles. If pilot decides to pursue a merge or a visual-range attack pass, its excess kinetic energy again allows it to dictate terms of the engagement. It can also offset a possible situational awareness disadvantage – knowing where the enemy is is of little use if you can't engage him.
Super cruise is an area where MK1A lag behind Gripen.
Max Speed Of Tejas – mach 1.8
Max Speed Of Gripen – mach 2
LCA MK1A has 500 m take off distance (some sources says it is 700m). Gripen NG has a short take off distance of 400m which favors Gripen and it will reduce at least 15% in Mk2 so mk2 will have equal short take off distance.[Figures may not be accurate ].
Speed at sea level is also against Tejas compared to Gripen, Gripen got 1400 Km/H at sea level Tejas got 1300 Km/H. We believe things will change in Tejas Mk2 with better aerodynamic features Mk2 can catch up with Gripen .
The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of an aircraft is the maximum weight at which the pilot is allowed to attempt to take off, due to structural or other limits. MTOW is the heaviest weight at which the aircraft has been shown to meet all the airworthiness requirements applicable to it. Gripen has a MTOW of 16500 Kg Ideally it should be 2.5 times the dry thrust which comes around 15.62 tons but let us assume that it is 16.5 tons


text:
John Adams has described Phrygian Gates and its shorter "companion" piece China Gates (written between 1977 and 1978) as his "Opus 1." Built on an unrelenting sense of pulse and unfolding gradually, both pieces were influenced by the Minimalism of Terry Riley (In C), Steve Reich, and Philip Glass. Process (like phasing and gradually building musical patterns with the addition of one note at a time) lies at the heart of early Minimalism. Phrygian Gates and China Gates may be Adams' most process-oriented works, but there's also a sense of restlessness. John Adams was once described as "a Minimalist bored with Minimalism." Even in these first mature works, written around the time Adams turned 30, unexpected disruption of process foreshadows Adams' later music.
At his blog, Earbox, John Adams describes Phrygian Gates:
Phrygian Gates is a 22-minute tour of half of the cycle of keys, modulating by the circle of fifths rather than stepwise à la Well-Tempered Clavier. The structure is in the form of a modulating square wave with one state in the Lydian mode and the other in the Phrygian mode. As the piece progresses the amount of time spent in the Lydian gradually shortens while that given over to the Phrygian lengthens. Hence the very first section, on A Lydian, is the longest in the piece and is followed by a very short passage on A Phrygian. In the next pair (E Lydian and Phrygian) the Lydian section is slightly shorter while its Phrygian mate is proportionally longer, and so on until the tables are turned. Then follows a coda in which the modes are rapidly mixed, one after the other. "Gates," a term borrowed from electronics, are the moments when the modes abruptly and without warning shift. There is "mode" in this music, but there is no "modulation".
The Phrygian and Lydian modes, commonly used in jazz, with roots back to ancient Greece, have a distinctly different sound and "feel" from major and minor scales. (Listen to the sound of the Phrygian and Lydian modes). These scales seem to float in midair because they don't have the same sense of pull from dominant to tonic we hear in tonal music. In an interview with Edward Strickland, John Adams described the qualities of these modes and their relationship in the music:
I immediately imagined a piece in which modes would oscillate-two radically different church modes, the Phrygian, which is very nervous and unstable, since it starts on the third degree and so opens with a half step, and the Lydian which begins on the fourth degree and so has a raised fourth-very stable and yet ecstatic, used in a lot of New Age music, which is supposed to induce bliss and ecstasy.
Phrygian Gates is constantly developing and teeming with energy. At the same time, it forces us to slow down and celebrate the moment. Listen to the way the emphasis shifts within its eternal pulse. Here is Ralph van Raat's recording:
China Gates was written during Northern California's rainy season, perhaps suggesting the gentle, continuous patter of rain hitting a rooftop. According to Adams, the piece's structure forms an "almost perfect palindrome," first alternating between Mixolydian and Aeolian modes, culminating with a similar alternation between Lydian and Locrian modes, and using all four in the middle.
Here is Emanuele Arciuli's recording:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


LINR 1 | Lesson 1: Linear Patterns
Learning Intentions (Objectives)
 1. Identify linear trends shown in patterns, tables, graphs, and equations.
 2. Make connections between linear representations in patterns, tables, graphs, and equations.
 3. Identify \(y\)intercepts and rates of change (slopes) given linear patterns, tables, equations, and graphs.
 4. Write equations given linear patterns, tables, and graphs.
Standards Addressed in this Lesson
California Common Core State Standards for Mathematics
Lesson 1 Components
(Note: Lessons are designed to be followed in the order presented, with the goal of building conceptual understanding and skills for the topics of study.)
Start Lesson
Go to Explore (Patterns)


text:
There is a need for a harmonised tool for sustainable resource management in Europe. The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) is a system that may be used for this purpose. In MINTELL4EU we aim to demonstrate if geological surveys will be able to apply UNFC, and to show if the application of UNFC will provide better harmonization of mineral resource data nationally and across Europe.
Late October 2020, MINTELL4EU had a digital workshop where eight case studies on UNFC were presented and discussed.
The findings from the workshop indicated some possibilities and challenges:
- The presented case studies showed that geological surveys can do UNFC on Raw Materials
- We are still at a starting point at establishing a more harmonised system and stricter guidelines are required. The partners in MINTELL4EU have different levels of experience in UNFC and the approach and methods on UNFC varies between the countries.
- There is a need to compare the case studies and the surveys approach to identify obstacles, data gaps and harmonization issues.
- Data availability is an issue as non-accessible data can result in less precision, and this must be taken into account when aggregating data. In addition, not all geological surveys have the responsibility or data availability to be able to classify the E- and F-axis in UNFC.
- There is a need to work on the visualisation of UNFC.


text:
2 runners(Alice, Bob) are running on the oval track at a constant speed. The tracklength is 200 meters.
First Alice ran with such low speed that Bob passed him every 2 minutes. To run faster than Bob, Alice sped up 2 times and now she is passing him every 6 minutes. What speed did Bob ran at in km/h?
How much was Bob faster than Alice at first speed?
1/30h is 2 minutes x km/h * 1/30h = 0.2km x = 6km/h
How much was Alice faster than Bob at second speed?
1/10h is 6 minutes 2x km/h * 1/10h = 0.2km x = 1km/h
Don't know how to create equation out of this.


complete
 if ( bufl[bufno] == 0 )
 {
 break ;
 }
 // wait for the in-flight write operation, if one exists, to complete
 // the only time one won't exist is after the very first read operation completes
 if ( write != null )
 {
 write.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne() ;
 output.EndWrite(write) ;
 }
 // start the new write operation
 write = output.BeginWrite( buf[bufno] , 0 , bufl[bufno] , null , null ) ;
 // toggle the current, in-use buffer
 // and start the read operation on the new buffer.
 //
 // Changed to use XOR to toggle between 0 and 1.
 // A little speedier than using a ternary expression.
 bufno ^= 1 ; // bufno = ( bufno == 0 ? 1 : 0 ) ;
 read = input.BeginRead( buf[bufno] , 0 , buf[bufno].Length , null , null ) ;
 }
 // wait for the final in-flight write operation, if one exists, to complete
 // the only time one won't exist is if the input stream is empty.
 if ( write != null )
 {
 write.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne() ;
 output.EndWrite(write) ;
 }
 output.Flush() ;
 // return to the caller ;
 return ;
 }
 public static async Task CopyToAsync( this Stream input , Stream output )
 {
 await input.CopyToAsync( output , DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE ) ;
 return;
 }
 public static async Task CopyToAsync( this Stream input , Stream output , int bufferSize )
 {
 if ( !input.CanRead ) throw new InvalidOperationException( "input must be open for reading" );
 if ( !output.CanWrite ) throw new InvalidOperationException( "output must be open for writing" );
 byte[][] buf = { new byte[bufferSize] , new byte[bufferSize] } ;
 int[] bufl = { 0 , 0 } ;
 int bufno = 0 ;
 Task<int> read = input.ReadAsync( buf[bufno] , 0 , buf[bufno].Length ) ;
 Task write = null ;
 while ( true )
 {
 await read ;
 bufl[bufno] = read.Result ;
 // if zero bytes read, the copy is complete
 if ( bufl[bufno] == 0 )
 {
 break;
 }
 // wait for the in-flight write operation, if one exists, to complete
 // the only time one won't exist is after the very first read operation completes
 if ( write != null )
 {
 await write ;
 }
 // start the new write operation
 write = output.WriteAsync( buf[bufno] , 0 , bufl[bufno] ) ;
 // toggle the current, in-use buffer
 // and start the read operation on the new buffer.
 //
 // Changed to use XOR to toggle between 0 and 1.
 // A little speedier than using a ternary expression.
 bufno ^= 1; // bufno = ( bufno == 0 ? 1 : 0 ) ;
 read = input.ReadAsync( buf[bufno] , 0 , buf[bufno].Length );
 }
 // wait for the final in-flight write operation, if one exists, to complete
 // the only time one won't exist is if the input stream is empty.
 if ( write != null )
 {
 await write;
 }
 output.Flush();
 // return to the caller ;
 return;
 }
}
Cheers.
 - 2
 All AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne() seem to be not needed. My tests show that async does not help, here are my results: // file -> localhost network // 1T of data (32K buffer) //async: 104 109 108 100 111 108 109 MB/s //sync: 95 98 111 124 104 117 117 MB/s – Pawel Lesnikowski Jul 24 '11 at 8:05
 - The call to WaitOne() is needed as there is no guarantee that the pending write operation has completed: you must wait for the asynchronous write to complete before calling EndWrite(). It doesn't surprise me that the synchronous performance is just as good as the asynchronous approach: if the i/o library is well-designed, it should have a quality buffering strategy by default and the physical i/o operations should be pretty well disconnected from the logical i/o operations. – Nicholas Carey Jul 25 '11 at 16:57
 - 8
 @Nicholas WaitOne() is not needed. MSDN: "This method [EndWrite] blocks until the I/O operation has completed" – Pawel Lesnikowski Jul 28 '11 at 14:10
 - 1
 why do did you make it more complicated than it needs to be? the Read is completed synchronously, there's no need to call the async version, or manipulate all that extra state. – Spongman Nov 4 '16 at 18:24
 - 1
 Because this is single-threaded code. The reason for making both read and write asynchronous is so they can overlap: the write operation for block n is in flight while we wait for the read of block n+1 to complete. Feel free to add your own solution. – Nicholas Carey Nov 4 '16 at 19:23
16
I doubt this is the fastest code (there's some overhead from the .NET Task abstraction) but I do think it's a cleaner approach to the whole async copy thing.
I needed a CopyTransformAsync where I could pass a delegate to do something as chunks were passed through the copy operation. e.g. compute a message digest while copying. That's why I got interested in rolling my own option.
Findings:
 - CopyToAsync bufferSize is sensitive (a large buffer is required)
 - FileOptions.Asynchronous -> makes it horrendously slow (not sure exactly why that is)
 - The bufferSize of the FileStream objects can be smaller (it's not that important)
 - The Serial test is clearly the fastest and most resource intensive
Here's what I've found and the complete source code for the program I used to test this. On my machine, these tests were run on a SSD disk and is the equivalent of a file copy. Normally, you'd not want to use this for just copying files, instead when you have a network stream (which is what my use case is), that's when you'd wanna use something like this.
4K buffer
Serial... in 0.474s
CopyToAsync... timed out
CopyToAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
CopyTransformAsync... timed out
CopyTransformAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
8K buffer
Serial... in 0.344s
CopyToAsync... timed out
CopyToAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
CopyTransformAsync... in 1.116s
CopyTransformAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
40K buffer
Serial... in 0.195s
CopyToAsync... in 0.624s
CopyToAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
CopyTransformAsync... in 0.378s
CopyTransformAsync (Asynchronous)... timed out
80K buffer
Serial... in 0.190s
CopyToAsync... in 0.355s
CopyToAsync (Asynchronous)... in 1.196s
CopyTransformAsync... in 0.300s
CopyTransformAsync (Asynchronous)... in 0.886s
160K buffer
Serial... in 0.432s
CopyToAsync... in 0.252s
CopyToAsync (Asynchronous)... in 0.454s
CopyTransformAsync... in 0.447s
CopyTransformAsync (Asynchronous)... in 0.555s
Here you can see the Process Explorer, performance graph as the test is run. Basically each top (in the lower of the three graphs) is the start of the serial test. You can clearly see how the throughput increases dramatically as the buffer size grows. It would appear as if it plans out somewhere around 80K which is what the .NET framework CopyToAsync method uses, internally.
Performance Graph
The nice thing here is that the final implementation wasn't that complicated:
static Task CompletedTask = ((Task)Task.FromResult(0));
static async Task CopyTrans


text: Eastern Spicy-wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) is an evergreen subshrub of the forest floor. The plant's leathery leaves grow clustered on short upright stems. The red, pea-sized fruit dangles from the center in bunches or singly, as is the case above. The fruit is edible, if a bit mealy, with a minty flavor. The leaves, when chopped up and steeped as a tea, or simply nibbled, release a similarly pleasant flavor. Other common names for Gaultheria procumbens include Checkerberry, Teaberry, and Spiceberry. This subshrub can be distinguished from Partridge-berry in that the latter features smaller, oppositely-arranged leaves and fruit with a distinct pair of "eyes".


text:
Authored Article by Pankaj Kumar Singh, MD of Cambridge Montessori Preschool and Daycare
New Delhi: Developing a strong emotional foundation is crucial for pre-school learners, and teachers play a vital role in supporting their emotional development. The demand for quality pre-school education is growing worldwide, and as the education industry continues to focus on providing an environment that fosters holistic growth and development, prioritizing the emotional well-being of pre-school learners is more important than ever.
One of the most critical aspects of understanding pre-school learners' emotional needs is developing a relationship with each child. This includes taking the time to learn about each child's background, interests, and unique personalities. By doing so, teachers can personalize learning, create a sense of belonging, and show genuine care and interest in each child's well-being. Developing a positive and supportive relationship with pre-school learners helps build trust, a sense of security, and a strong foundation for emotional development.
Listening and observing are other essential strategies that teachers can use to understand pre-school learners' emotions. This includes actively listening to what the child is saying but also observing their body language and behavior to identify any unspoken needs or feelings. Children often struggle to articulate their emotions, so paying attention to nonverbal cues is essential in helping teachers identify when a child needs emotional support. Being attuned to these cues allows teachers to respond more effectively and provide appropriate support when needed.
Encouraging expression is another critical aspect of supporting pre-school learners' emotional development. Creating opportunities for children to express their emotions in a safe and supportive environment, such as through art or play, helps them learn to recognize, understand and regulate their emotions. It also means validating their feelings and helping them to develop positive coping mechanisms. Pre-school learners who are encouraged to express their emotions in healthy ways have better mental health outcomes and are more successful in school.
Creating a supportive environment is also vital for promoting emotional well-being in pre-school learners. Establishing clear expectations and boundaries helps children feel secure, and providing positive reinforcement and encouragement helps build their self-esteem. Teachers can also model healthy emotional regulation strategies, such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or positive self-talk, to help children learn how to manage their emotions in a healthy way.
Prioritizing the emotional well-being of pre-school learners is essential for early childhood education. By using strategies such as developing a relationship, listening and observing, encouraging expression, and providing a supportive environment, teachers can support pre-school learners' emotional development and help build a strong foundation for future success. Early childhood educators who prioritize emotional well-being set their students up for success not just academically but also in their personal and professional lives. Providing a nurturing environment that supports the emotional growth of pre-school learners is crucial to ensuring their long-term success.
Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing understanding of the importance of social-emotional learning (SEL) in education. SEL refers to the process of developing the skills and abilities to understand and manage emotions, establish positive relationships, make responsible decisions, and demonstrate empathy and kindness towards others. These skills are essential for success in both personal and professional settings, and research has shown that early intervention and support for SEL can have long-lasting positive effects on children's lives.
By prioritizing the emotional well-being of pre-school learners, educators can lay the groundwork for effective SEL development. This includes creating a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing their emotions and building positive relationships with others. By modeling healthy emotional regulation strategies, teachers can demonstrate the importance of self-awareness and help children learn to manage their feelings in a constructive way.
In addition to these classroom strategies, it's also essential for parents and caregivers to support pre-school learners' emotional development outside of school. This includes providing a stable and nurturing home environment, encouraging open communication and active listening, and modeling positive emotional behaviors. By working together, educators and families can provide the consistent and supportive environment that pre-school learners need to thrive emotionally and academically.


text: The contribution is to present both the theoretical and experimental analysis of a wedge prism, which allows us to perform very small angle deviation of a passing beam in a simply way. No high precise steering element is necessary. The results of the theoretical analysis, i.e. the dependence of the propagation vector on the angle of incidence had been verified experimentally, using both Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a holographic grating. The results obtained have proved the advantage of the method proposed, which may be of great importance anywhere if small-angle deviation of propagation wave vector is needed.


text:
: The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) and cantonal and urban monitoring networks provide information on current concentrations of the principal pollutants.
International air pollution control
Since air pollutants do not recognise national borders, many air quality problems cannot be resolved by one country on its own. It is only possible to reduce air pollution if neighbouring countries also take appropriate measures. In view of this, Switzerland is actively involved in a variety of international organisations that focus on limiting air pollution in Europe.
More information on the topic Air is available in German, French and Italian

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
How these sandals are harmful?
In the research conducted in Germany, it is found that highly carcinogenic substance compounds are present in the plastic that is used to make these sandals and many types of cancer could be caused by this. From the top most brands of clogs that are there in the market, 10 pairs have been selected by the scientists that were made up of plastic. 60% of PAHs were found in these clogs by the scientists. The highly carcinogenic substance that when absorbed by the body, mutate the body cells are PAHs. The concentration of these PAHs was found to be highest in the black colored clogs.
To prevent the body from absorbing these harmful compounds via skin, one must wear socks before wearing them. However, any of the PAHs are not here in the original Crocs but some people might suffer from allergies after wearing them as they are having 4 allergy causing solvents.


text:
1896: "Stars and Stripes Forever" is Written
While this wasn't exactly a military action, it's definitely a symbol of America's military might.
John Philip Sousa, who grew up during the Civil War, was a talented musician who became a long-time director of the U.S. Marine Band. Known as the "March King," he was a rock star of his time, eventually starting his own band in 1892.
On Christmas Day 1896, while crossing the Atlantic on his way home from a European vacation, Sousa's lasting legacy came to him. He said the notes for "Stars and Stripes Forever" were born out of homesickness and fond memories of his time as the Marine Band's leader.
The iconic song officially became America's national march in 1987.
So this holiday season, while you're enjoying leave, family, friends and feasts, think of some of your fellow troops, past and present, who had to forgo their holidays for the greater good of the country. While you're at it, you might even want to put on "Stars and Stripes Forever" in their honor.


text:
The Mystery School Code Review: A Complete Guide to Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe
The Mystery School Code is an ancient system of knowledge and wisdom passed down through generations. It is a powerful tool for personal transformation and spiritual development, providing the keys to unlocking the mysteries of the universe.
The origins of the Mystery School Code can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as Egypt and Greece, where secret societies and mystery schools were established to preserve and transmit this sacred knowledge. The teachings of the Mystery School Code have been passed down through the ages, and continue to be practiced and studied by spiritual seekers today.
One of the key components of the Mystery School Code is the use of symbols and archetypes. These symbols and archetypes are powerful tools for unlocking the hidden knowledge and wisdom of the universe, and can be used to access higher levels of consciousness and understanding. The use of symbols and archetypes is also a way of encoding the teachings of the Mystery School Code, to preserve them for future generations.
The Mystery School Code also emphasizes the importance of community and connection. Those who practice the Mystery School Code are part of a global community of like-minded individuals, all working together to unlock the secrets of the universe. This sense of connection and community is an integral part of the Mystery School Code, providing support and guidance as one travels along their spiritual journey.
The Mystery School Code also provides a unique approach to personal development and growth. It teaches individuals how to tap into the power of their own minds, and harness the power of their thoughts and emotions to create positive change in their lives. Through the use of visualization and other techniques, one can manifest their deepest desires and create the life they have always dreamed of.
One of the most powerful practices within the Mystery School Code is meditation. Meditation is a way of quieting the mind and accessing the deeper levels of consciousness. It is a powerful tool for personal transformation and spiritual development, and is an essential part of the Mystery School Code.
The Mystery School Code also teaches about the use of energy and vibration. Everything in the universe is made up of energy and vibrates at a certain frequency. By understanding and working with these energies and vibrations, one can access higher levels of consciousness and understanding, and manifest positive change in their life.
For those looking to deepen their spiritual practice and unlock their full potential, the Mystery School Code is an invaluable tool. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced practitioner, the Mystery School Code offers a powerful and transformative path to spiritual growth and understanding.


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How much soil is disturbed by shallow vertical tillage? The answer depends on the tool, the soil and the tillage depth, says Kevan Klingberg, a University of Wisconsin Extension outreach specialist. Many farmers value these implements to size residue, condition the seedbed and incorporate nutrients, he says. But when it comes to using these tools on erodible cropland, the watchwords should be "conservative and shallow."
In 2010, The University of Wisconsin's Discovery Farms program evaluated the effects of spring shallow vertical tillage on soil disturbance and residue cover. Tools from Great Plains and Summers were tested on 14 fields at five farms.
The study concluded that, on average, a single pass on silt loam soil tilled about 40% of the field to a 2-in. depth. About 60% of the field was undisturbed. In addition, the study found that 80% of corn residue remained on the surface after one pass, and 80% of the previous year's corn roots stayed in place. Intact roots "help minimize soil loss," says Klingberg, who led the research.
However, soil disturbance and residue cover varied significantly, depending on soil type, tillage machine characteristics and operating depth, Klingberg says. Sandy soils, aggressive blades and deeper operation all moved more soil and left less residue cover.
In addition, the soil conservation benefits of one-pass shallow vertical tillage disappeared with two passes, which disturbed just as much soil as tandem disking, Klingberg says. Likewise, vertical tillage tools with concave blades mounted on angled tool bars dislodged more corn roots and exposed more soil.
Minnesota research from 2010 to 2012 also measured residue disturbance after shallow vertical tillage. A single spring pass with a Salford RTS or Summers Super Coulter vertical tillage tool left about 70% corn residue cover – comparable to strip-till, says Jodi DeJong-Hughes, University of Minnesota Extension tillage expert. Two passes with a Salford RTS left 21-30% soybean residue cover and 39-58% corn residue cover.


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The Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) at the University of Missouri has developed an online tool to help farmers build projected budgets for their operations.
The Farm Cost and Return Tool, or Farm CART, is at _URL_
"The tool allows beginning farmers and ranchers, not only in Missouri but all over the country, to play a what-if game on the Web," said FAPRI economist Peter Zimmel. "They can develop a farm with how many acres they want, how many animals they want, and they can see what it will look like financially over the next five years."
Farm CART was funded by a Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Grant from USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The USDA Beginning Farmer and Rancher project was started because the age of the average farmer is increasing and the number of farmers is decreasing. USDA is looking for ways to educate people who may want to start farming in the future, Zimmel said.
FAPRI developed Farm CART to help producers who are either thinking about farming or are looking to grow their operation, but Zimmel says the tool can benefit anyone who wants help making better-informed agricultural finance decisions.
"With the risk that is involved in agriculture, you really need to plan for the future," Zimmel said. "What's the future look like for your farming operation? Is it feasible to continue to farm the way you're farming?"
Farm CART uses the baseline projections that FAPRI produces every year. The tool can provide budgets based on a selected location but can also be customized to a specific operation.
"One of the strengths of this tool is that producers can say they want to make a farm that looks like X, Y and Z, and see how that looks financially," Zimmel said. "But then they can go back and add soybeans and see what the difference is financially. Is it a positive or a negative? Then they can go back and make a better-informed decision if they should grow their farm that way."
Zimmel says a lot of effort went into making Farm CART easy to use. He says there is very little information that producers have to enter before they can play those what-if games. Information from the FAPRI baseline as well as the USDA is programmed in, so all that is needed is the number of acres or animals.
"All the information we start them with, all the costs for seed, fertilizer or chemicals, is there," Zimmel said. "But if they want to they can customize that to their specific operation and change every number in there."
The Farm CART is free to use and there is no sign-up or registration required. Zimmel says all you have to do is select the state and county and you are ready to go.
"There aren't many tools with the ability to project out five years, especially in a Web-based tool with all the information from FAPRI and USDA," Zimmel said. "One of the big benefits of Farm CART for a producer who is either getting ready to start farming or wants to make a change to their operation, they can look at it before actually going out there and spending the money to try and do it."
For more information, go to _URL_


Melicope obovata (H. St. John) T. G. Hartley & B. C. Stone
Obovate Melicope (Melicope obovata)
The Obovate Melicope was described in 1944, it is known only from the type specimen that was collected at the end of the 19th century either on the island of Lana'i or Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
The species is considered extinct.
*********************
edited: 07.04.2018


text:
In support of National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, the Media-Upper Providence Public Library is sponsoring an action-packed event to spread further awareness on the issues surrounding human trafficking.
The event, titled "Facing the Monster: Slavery Then and Now," is taking place right here, in our home town of Media, PA, on Wednesday, January 30th, 2013.
The program will involve a series of diverse segments including:
- A short presentation on the stories of runaway slaves in the 1800s as well as in the present; Dr. Sam Lemon and Carol Metzker will also speak on the various actions taken to battle trafficking
- A book signing with the author of Facing the Monster: How One Person Can Fight Child Slavery, Carol Metzker
- Five information tables with representatives from the Delaware County Coalition Against Human Trafficking, the Media Fair Trade Committee & Brandywine Penn State Trailblazers, the Delco WAR and Domestic Abuse Project, CASA, and Dawn's Place
- A vibrant discussion about slavery in modern society and methods that can be employed to eliminate trafficking
Contributed by Labanya Mookerjee, Fair Trade Intern


text:
Okay, so maybe this is a dumb question, but I'm going to go ahead and throw it out there simply because I'm curious.
What exactly is the difference between say IUPUI and Harvard (Don't point out the obvious, I'm well aware of the primary differences). My question is in regards to the education.
I go to IUPUI and have always wondered, what exactly is the educational difference? Take for example the following.
If I was taking a math class at IUPUI, and had the following equation.
2x = 6. Solve for x.
At IUPUI, the answer would be 3.
At Harvard, the answer would also be 3.
If students are taking classes that teach the same material, why pay thousands of dollars more for Harvard than for IUPUI, Ball State, IU, Purdue or anywhere else? Are students simply paying for prestige? Granted, Harvard and schools like it are known for law and other specialties, but in regards to basic type courses, why pay much more for the same material?
I know that isn't college level math, but that's just a simple example. Math does not change, ever, regardless of school/professor. So what is the difference exactly between Harvard, Princeton, Yale/others and your "normal" university/college?
Any input is appreciated. I've always just been curious about this for some time.


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Possible Duplicate:
How do I calculate someone's age in Java?
I have two dates eg 19/03/1950 and 18/04/2011. how can i calculate the difference between them to get the person's age? do I have to keep multiplying to get the hours or seconds etc?
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look here: _URL_.html – Harry Joy Mar 4 '11 at 13:22
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marked as duplicate by onof, Andrew White, justkt, Bala R, birryree Mar 4 '11 at 13:33
4 Answers
String date1 = "26/02/2011";
String date2 = "27/02/2011";
String format = "dd/MM/yyyy";
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat(format);
Date dateObj1 = sdf.parse(date1);
Date dateObj2 = sdf.parse(date2);
long diff = dateObj2.getTime() - dateObj1.getTime();
int diffDays = (int) (diff / (24* 1000 * 60 * 60));
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You use the classes Date and Duration:
You create Date-objects, then use Duration's methods addTo() and subtract()
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Duration is only available in an XML context, as the package name suggests. – Sean Patrick Floyd Mar 4 '11 at 13:32
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The following code will give you difference between two dates:
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
public class DateDiff {
 public static void main(String[] av) {
 /** The date at the end of the last century */
 Date d1 = new GregorianCalendar(2000, 11, 31, 23, 59).getTime();
 /** Today's date */
 Date today = new Date();
 // Get msec from each, and subtract.
 long diff = today.getTime() - d1.getTime();
 System.out.println("The 21st century (up to " + today + ") is "
 + (diff / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)) + " days old.");
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Why not use jodatime? It's much easier to calculate date and time in java.
You can get the year and use the method yearsBetween()
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text:
If you've never seen a Buddha's hand fruit before, you're in for a treat! Buddha's hand, also known as the fingered citron tree is a citrus fruit that rivals ALL other citrus fruits such as limes, lemons, and oranges. And as you can tell by the pictures and its name, it looks like a hand! This lemon colored fruit can have anywhere from 5-20 long "fingers" which dangle from a small distorted "lemon". Although Buddha's hand doesn't have much pulp inside, it's revered for its incredible lavender-citrus scent and taste which is often used in essential oils. Keep reading to find out how to grow Buddha's hand in your garden!
How to Grow Buddha's Hand
Planting Buddha's Hand:
- If you've ever grown a citrus tree before, Buddha's hand is grown exactly the same way.
- Best suited for tropical and subtropical climates, specifically USDA zones 10-11, but can also be grown indoors in large pots.
- They can grow up to 10 feet tall and are very often grown in pots or containers as decorative plants.
- Grow Buddha's hand seeds in well draining rich acidic soil.
- Choose a sunny spot that's sheltered from the wind.
- Water the plant regularly for the first 2 years while it is growing.
Caring for Buddha's Hand:
- In times of drought, water the plant regularly.
- After it has grown, only water once soil is dry.
- Fertilize with citrus fertilizer.
So now that you know how to grow Buddha's hand, it's time to roll up your sleeves and get to planting!


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Men's clothing
Subject Source: Library of Congress Subject Headings
Scope Note: UF: Men's wear and: Menswear LCSH allowed for use as Genre/Form DU: As a Genre/Form, only apply to 3-D material. For photos and graphics of people selling, using or wearing them, mention only in the Notes; for textual material ABOUT them, use the corresponding Topical term instead.
Found in 1 Collection or Record:
Hornbein Family Papers
Identifier: B167
Abstract The Hornbein family of Denver, Colorado, was actively involved in the Colorado Jewish and larger community. Philip L. Hornbein (_PHONE_) married Flora Anfenger (_PHONE_) in 1905, and they had three children: Louis (_PHONE_), Marjorie (_PHONE_) and Philip (_PHONE_). The collections consists of material objects, photographs, and documents that belonged to the Hornbein family.
Dates: _PHONE_


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The Geisha variety originated in the 1930s from coffee forests in Ethiopia. From there, it was sent to the Lyamungu Research Institute in Tanzania, and in 1953 was brought to the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) in Central America, where it was finally recorded as T2722.
It was recognized because of its resistance to coffee leaf rust. It was distributed throughout Panama by CATIE in the 1960s, but it was never widely adopted because of its brittle branches, which made it unpopular among farmers.
Decades later, in 2005, Peterson from the Boquete region of Panama entered Geisha at the "Best of Panama" auction.
There, for the first time, the coffee was recognized for its quality and sold for more than $20 per pound, setting a record for green bean auction prices at the time.
This variety is known for its delicate floral, jasmine, and peachy aromas that, when carefully cultivated at high altitudes, leading to very high cup quality.


text:
The Canary Islands are in the oil industry's crosshairs, and that spells danger for the area's marine habitats and wildlife.
In a new report, Oceana has denounced oil prospecting plans in the Canary Islands, highlighting the dangerous impact of these activities on cold-water coral reefs, deep sponge fields, hydrothermal vents, and nearly 100 protected species.
Spanish oil company Repsol is planning to prospect in the Canary Islands Channel, located off the northwest coast of Africa. The channel contains gas-based habitats that are protected under the Habitats Directive. These habitats support coral and sponge communities that would be destroyed by oil prospecting activity.
A total of 25 protected areas and 82 endangered species would be threatened by Repsol's prospecting activities. These include sea turtles, short finned pilot whales, angel sharks, bottlenose dolphins, and a variety of fish.
The International Maritime Organization has declared the Canary Islands a Particularly Sensitive Area for its biological wealth and its economic dependence. This status affords the islands' strict protection in terms of waste and pollution.
The Canary Islands is an archipelago supported by fishing and tourism. Both of these industries rely on the islands' high biodiversity—more than 600 species and 350 communities and habitats. Oil prospecting would interfere with fishing and tourism, and reduce the biodiversity of the area.
We'll be sure to keep you posted!


Optimized local control schemes for active distribution grids using machine learning techniques
Abstract
Modern distribution system operators are facing a changing scenery due to the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, introducing new challenges to system operation. In order to ensure secure system operation at a low cost, centralized and decentralized operational schemes are used to optimally dispatch these units. This paper proposes a decentralized, real-time, operation scheme for the optimal dispatch of distributed energy resources in the absence of extensive monitoring and communication infrastructure. This scheme uses an offline, centralized, optimal operation algorithm, with historical information, to generate a training dataset consisting of various operating conditions and corresponding distributed energy resources optimal decisions. Then, this dataset is used to design the individual local controllers for each unit with the use of machine learning techniques. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a low-voltage distribution network and is compared against centralized and existing decentralized methods.
Publication
Proc. of the 2018 IEEE PES General Meeting


text:
Secondary Education - Masters
Effective Dec. 2, 2016: To meet the demands and schedules of current teachers and educators, the Department of Curriculum & Teaching will offer this Master's degree program in a fully-online delivery format beginning in Summer 2017. More information on the online program can be found here.
Master's Degree Learning Objectives
KU's Department of Curriculum & Teaching is committed to producing teachers who foster high academic achievement in all students, including learners with diverse racial, cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds and abilities. The Master's degree in Secondary Education prepares master teachers, researchers, specialists, and leaders for all levels of secondary education.
Both program tracks offers students the option to choose from a variety of content emphasis areas:
- Foreign Language
- Math Education
- Science Education
- English Education
- History & Government (Social Studies) Education
As a student enrolled in the 30 credit hour program (thesis/project), you will develop a portfolio demonstrating your personal perspectives and competencies related to national educational standards. As a student enrolled in the 36 credit hour program (comprehensive exam), you will complete an examination demonstrating the same perspectives and competencies.
- Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the content you intend to teach
- Develop a thorough understanding of the relationship of content and content-specific pedagogy
- Provide multiple explanations and instructional strategies for all students to learn
- Apply the ability to critique research and theories related to pedagogy and learning
- Convey an in-depth knowledge of research-based instructional strategies and technologies


text:
This paper examines effects of three dams on flow characteristics of Insiza River on which they are located. The storage capacities of these dams varies from an equivalent of 48–456% of the mean annual runoff. Mean annual runoff and annual maximum flood flows have not been modified by the presence of these dams. The average number of days per year without runoff had decreased downstream of two dams. A comparison was made of flow duration curves at sites upstream and downstream of the selected dams. Significant differences were detected between the flow duration curves of upstream and downstream sites. Exceedance frequencies of low flows had decreased downstream of two dams, while these had increased downstream of the other dam. The study recommends development of operating rules for these dams that will ensure that changes detected in low flows do not adversely affect instream flow requirements.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - "Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information".


text:
Lover of plants or nature in general, you may have already wanted to be able to identify a species of plant that catches your eye. Whether it's for a project or just out of curiosity and a desire to learn more about the flora around you, it's possible! Thanks to an online identification tool that uses artificial intelligence. The name of this tool is simply WhatisthePlant .
Whatistheplant, a project bringing together several plant specialists
WhatisthePlant is a project put together by the amazing team at iNaturalist. It is both a citizen science project and an online social network. It brings together naturalists, citizen scientists and also biologists. The objective of this team was to develop a concept for mapping and sharing observations of biodiversity around the world.
To do this, this iNaturalist team trained machine learning models that can identify a plant from a photo . And the identification process is constantly evolving as the results are based on CNN technology related to deep learning and the collection of more than one hundred thousand photos of plants.
How to use Whatistheplant to identify a plant?
The scanning and recognition process is very fast . In addition to analyzing the image of the plant, Whatistheplant will refer you to several possible results. The information provided by the site will be very reliable as it is based on reliable sources such as the World Farmers Organization (WFO), the POWO online database and Wikipedia.
In short, Whatistheplant is a very effective tool for identifying a plant. It will allow you to easily identify more than 10,000 species of plants . It's the perfect online tool to learn more about plants. It allows you to have the opinion of a plant and/or gardening expert at your fingertips anywhere and anytime.


text:
3 pm to 5 pm
"Adolphus Busch's Lager Landscape"
Paula Lupkin, Washington University St. Louis
At the turn of the twentieth century brewer Adolphus Busch built an industrial empire on his famous lager beer: Budweiser. Its center was the mammoth redbrick brewery on the south side of St. Louis but its boundaries encompassed a wider web of industrial, commercial, and recreational spaces: railroads, depots, hotels, office buildings, saloons, and amusement parks. Built, owned, or controlled by Busch, these elements map the dynamic spatial and architectural relationship between industry and ethnic culture, and between production and consumption at the turn of the twentieth century. This paper presents Busch's lager landscape as a complex architectural phenomenon designed to promote and legitimize the consumption of beer in the years before Prohibition.
"Burlesquing the Beast: William Holbrook Beard and the Museum Movement"
Jennifer Greenhill, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
In 1869, the humorous animal painter William Holbrook Beard attempted to revise his reputation for jocularity by designing a mammoth sculptural complex, which he hoped would be built beneath Central Park. These underground galleries would have linked the park and the art museum New Yorkers planned to build above ground, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. But Beard's scheme never made it past the planning phase. This chapter considers what kind of intervention Beard's complex would have made in an art world developing its first monumental public museums. What would it have said about those institutions? And where, in relation to these edifices, would it have situated Beard's humorous aesthetic?
Commentator: Sarah Dreller, University of Illinois at Chicago


15 May, 2021
Doves Versus Hawks
Mixed opinions from an overflowing nuclear cauldron
Doves Versus Hawks
It is not easy to categorise a collection of papers presented at a university seminar. In the world of nuclear arsenals, learned opinion is vertically divided between the proponents of nuclear weapons and the opponents to weaponisation. Within this bipolar universe is a range of opinions where the fulcrum varies from ethical positions to economic positions: "pragmatism" is the term used by both the camps as they differ in their assumptions and their conclusions. Nuclear India, as a collection of papers presented at Jadavpur University, has all the advantages and the disadvantages of a university seminar.
The book tries to be inclusive, thus favouring a debate, and to look beyond the immediate impact of Pokhran II. The three broad issues discussed are the bomb, deterrence and arms control; non-military variables; and diplomacy and foreign relations. Its biggest achievement is in the recognition that in India there is no consensus on any aspect of the nuclear issue. It also brings to the fore the far greater divide among the proponents of the nuclear weapons. From being a minimum...
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They must have knowledge about what procedures need to do with the patients like antenatal tests and screening that need to take into account and explain what purpose of these tests and give the patients time to discuss those tests with their partner or family. Patients might refuse to do any antenatal test or examination because they might have scared or anxiety, then the midwives should explain to them why they need to do these this and give them information. So, they have the right to refuse any tests, according to Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives (NMC,2009 code 5), the midwives need to act in the best interest of people at all times which means that respect a person's right to accept or refuse. For example, at some stage, the midwife will do scanning to listen to the baby's heart rate and it an optional for the mother to accept or refuse to have ultrasound. However, in some stage, the midwife will do some blood test, urine to check the patient's glucose and protein and feel the abdomen to see how the child is growing and they do this with consent from patients. Therefore, the midwife should make sure that she gets the properly informed consent and document it before taking any action (NMC 2009, code 6). The skills the midwives need to have to deliver a good care effectively for patients are, they need to have good communication skills including an active listening, team work, time management, reflective etc. The midwives have to give a full attention to patients needs and listen to the patients on what they want to say, ask questions if needed and don't interrupting the patients at inappropriate times because this might make them forget what they want to say, therefore, give them space on what they want to say and take time to understand the point that patients are being made and encourage the patients to look forward to ordinary side of pregnancy and parenthood even in a complex pregnancy and birth. The midwives should communicate with patients in clear and effective way so that they can understand each other. The midwives should make sure that the patients are full understand of the situation and they need to meet patients language and communication. The NMC (2009) explain this in The Code 7.2- Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives by clarify that: the midwives need to take step to meet patient's language and communication needs and give help as possible, to these patients who need help with communicating their own. The code emphasis the important of communication with patients and how the midwives can help the patients to understand the information. For example, if the women cannot speak English language and she speak different language, then the midwives can arrange interpreter for her, so that they can convey information effectively, The code emphasis the important of communication with patients and how the midwives can help the patients to understand the information. For example, if the women cannot speak English language and she speak different language, then the midwives can arrange interpreter for her, so that they can convey information effectively, make easier for each other to understand and minimums any misunderstanding or mistakes that can stop the communications from progress. Use different methods of communications such as verbal and non-verbal, have in mind that people are come from different cultural, so they need a clear communication to understanding and respond to people needs. Work as part of team is important part in the healthcare, midwives will work with a multidisciplinary team like GPs, health visitors and social work in order to cooperate on a matter of patient's concern. So, having a good multidisciplinary team will give a good quality maternity care for women and families, for example the midwives work with obstetric and GP to deliver a good care for women. Another example, during the pregnancy or maybe after the childbirth the mother's might have mental health problem like women might experience postpartum depression or anxiety disorders such as panic attacks after the child is born. So, in this case, according to the NHS Health Educational England (2016, p.3) the midwives will contact the health visitor as they help with controlling the emotions of the mother, and understanding why the women are react this way, the health visitor may already know why the mother is having postpartum depression especially in first time mothers, it is most likely because she is overwhelmed with having a baby for the first time, and they also help with feeding and help them will learn about being a parent. Delivering a good maternity care for women and families, will depend on each of the multidisciplinary team and how they work together and effectively. So, to deliver good maternity care according to the code of nurses and midwives (NMC 2009 code.8), they need to respect each other including their skills and report back to your colleagues in appropriate way by using an appropriate language and share the care with other healthcare professionals and staff, so that the patients are receiving a good care and inform your colleagues with you are sharing the information. They need to share information to the other professionals to identify any risk that can impact the patients and work on how to minimise the risk and they need to be supportive to patients who are facing health or performance problem, to deliver care effectively.
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Photo: Ellen Morris Bishop
Fossils of Metasequoia, commonly called "dawn redwoods" are abundant in Oregon's fossil record particularly near the Painted Hills and the towns of Mitchell and Fossil.
Past citizens of Oregon can be found in rocks throughout the state ranging in age from 10 thousand to hundreds of millions of years old. Marine fossils can be found along today's coast or far inland, marking ancient coastlines. One of the world's greatest records of life after the dinosaurs and before the Ice Age is found in the John Day Basin. Arid eastern Oregon is home to Ice Age fossils, records of a colder, wetter time. Keep your eyes open as you explore Oregon, you may just meet one of its past citizens!
In this window, you can learn what is a fossil and how marine fossils are found not only along the coast, but also hundreds of miles inland! You can also see representations of the eight main communities of fossils from the John Day Fossil Beds-one of the best preserved and most complete records of life ranging from more than 44 to 7 million years ago. Learn about a "mammoth" discovery in one Oregon child's backyard and get to know Metasequoia, Oregon's state fossil, living examples of which were discovered in China in the 1940s!
Know before you go:
All fossils are irreplaceable past citizens of Oregon. Fossils cannot be collected within any National Park Service land or state parks. Fossil collection is restricted on US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management land as well. It is your responsibility to check with the local land owner or land management agency for information and regulations. There are opportunities to legally collect fossils, visit the websites below for more information!
Digging Deeper: For more information, visit these websites:
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (Take the virtual tour!) (National Park Service):
Oregon Paleo Lands Institute:
Learn more about Oregon's state fossil Metasequoia (while you're at the Capitol, stroll through the Willson Park garden, can you find the Metasequoia planted there?):
House Joint Resolution 3 (_URL_ established Metasequoia as the state fossil.
North American Research Group:
The John Day Fossil Beds contain some 14 different genera of fossil horses! Visit Fossil Horses in Cyberspace to learn more about their fascinating evolutionary story:
Oregon Fossils, including a list of museums where you can see Oregon fossils, and rules on collecting fossils in the state:
For a small fee, you can collect fossils, including the state fossil Metasequoia, at a classic locality behind Wheeler County High School in Fossil Oregon.
Digging Deeper: For more information, give this sample of books a read:
Fossil Shells from Western Oregon by Ellen J. Moore (2000, Chintimini Press
Oregon Fossils by Elizabeth L. Orr and William N. Orr (1998, Kendall/Hunt
Geology of Oregon, 5th Edition by Elizabeth L. Orr and William N. Orr (2000, Kendall/Hunt [_URL_ Professors at the University of Oregon, the Orr's have been writing about Oregon's geology for decades.
In Search of Ancient Oregon by Ellen Morris Bishop (2003, Timber Press
[_URL_ Take a photographic journey through time and see Oregon's ancient places.


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2016 Artist in Residence
Lorette C. Luzajic is most inspired by colour, texture, and the vast array of human ideas and imagination, including art, literature, religion, pop culture and technology. If one word was needed, to sum up what is behind her creativity, it would be "curiosity."
Her fascination with human ideas melds perfectly with her love of eclectic materials, resulting in what she calls "mixed up media." Lorette plays with appropriation to create wholly original works; she blurs the intersection of art and writing by incorporating text, literature, and typography collage; she uses music to fuel the rhythm of each painting.
Lorette's formal education is a degree in journalism from Ryerson University, but her independent study of art history and constant reading could be considered "learning for life." Taking pictures to better observe the world around her, as well as travel, are both essential to her creative practice.


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Indian authorities said they have been busy pumping water out of a sprawling lake in the south of the country in an effort to allay local villagers' fears that it was contaminated after the discovery of the body of a woman infected with HIV a week ago.
The lake near the village of Morab in Karnataka, about 440 km (273 miles) from the state's capital of Bengaluru, covers 32 acres (13 hectares).
The drainage operation has run for the last four days and fresh water from a nearby canal will be used to replenish the lake over the next four to five days, said Naveen Hullur, who is in charge of the area.
The lake is a key source of drinking water for more than 1,000 people who live in the drought-affected region and earn their livelihoods by farming the surrounding land.
According to the local official, although the virus is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse, infected blood and from an infected mother to the baby in her womb or through breastfeeding, the villagers' alarm at the discovery a week ago drove the demand for the lake to be drained.
'We tried our best to assure the villagers that we would get the water tested, but they did not budge and even refused to come near the lake,' Hullur added.


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Inland shipping, and by extension multimodal goods transport, have been characterised by a series of problem areas and mismatches with the market. These challenges and problem areas manifest themselves mainly around the use of small waterways for transport purposes:
Young barge-skippers aspire to large vessels. They generate more cash flow and higher operating margins and attract financing by suppliers of credit more easily.
Increasing lack of small canal barges. Since the 70s of the last century no small vessels have been added to the fleet.
Living and working on a vessel. Today traditional inland navigation is done by a fleet of inland ships provided with living accommodation. The barge-skipper lives and works on the barge. This results in a rather closed environment that often accords to only a limited extent with the expectations of what is currently available on the job market.
Too low intake of labour. Supply does not meet demand.
Vital role of small waterways and small vessels. They act as satellites for the larger waterways. Numerous industrial shippers are located on smaller waterways and can only be supplied by vessels of up to 600 tonnes or 1350 tonnes. Small vessels are also necessary on larger waterways to serve industrial shippers with limited storage capacity.
Road congestion in and around cities. Truck traffic in the heart of big cities is becoming more and more of a problem.
Striving for the proposed modal split. Virtually all seaports in the so-called Hamburg-Le Havre range have set modal split objectives. Only increasing the potential of inland waterways and improved harmonisation between sea and inland transport can result in achievement of the modal split targets and better integrated logistics chains.


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All that he surveys
All that he surveys
This surveyor's plane table frame belonged to Captain James Cook. The frame held paper firmly on the top of the plane table, a level surface used for surveying with an alidade (sighting rule) and compass. Cook adapted this land surveying method to rapidly chart Pacific coastlines as a continuous running survey from the deck of a moving ship.
Before leaving for the Pacific in 1768, Cook wrote to the British Admiralty requesting a set of instruments, including a plane table, that would enable him to survey lands touched on during the voyage. Cook's charts of the coasts of New Zealand and New Holland (Australia) were drawn up in sections using the plane table method, which required Cook to sail the Endeavour close to shore.
A honey-coloured wooden folding frame used in map-making and geographical surveys. The frame is seen being folded in four images in a horizontal strip. The far left image shows the frame fully unfolded; it forms a rectangle with the horizontal sides slightly longer than the vertical sides. The next image to the right shows the frame starting to fold. Hinges halfway along the vertical sides allow these sides to fold inwardly. The next image to the right shows the folding still in progress. The last image to the right shows the frame fully folded. The vertical sides have collapsed upon themselves and the horizontal sides sit above and below them. A small space is left in the middle between the horizontal sides. In all four images, the frame is seen against a plain white background.
Demonstration of how the plane table folds down for easy storage and transport.
Photo: George Serras.
Related link
Find out more about Captain Cook's navigational instruments


The Midas Touch for Your Security Strategy
Four ways converging cybersecurity and physical security adds value
overhead view of three call center workers at their computers
This article was contributed by Meraki technology partner Openpath.
Security systems are an important investment, yet it's often difficult to make the case for new technology until after a costly breach. By merging cybersecurity and physical security, your teams will be better equipped to navigate the emerging security landscape, adding significant value for your business.
Improve team and system efficiency
Efficiency in any department affects your bottom line, and the same holds true for security. When physical security and cybersecurity systems and teams work together, operations are more efficient and effective. Converging cyber and physical systems reduces duplicative efforts between teams by streamlining operations. Security convergence also results in faster incident response, which mitigates risk and prevents threats as they are happening.
Streamline processes with remote access
Remote access to keyless entry system controls and video surveillance data saves time, reduces IT burden, and improves the user experience. Management teams having access from anywhere results in fewer calls to IT for time-consuming tasks such as provisioning, addressing lockouts, and configuring credentials. In addition, it eliminates the need for property and IT managers to visit the building to resolve minor incidents.
Reduce costly training
While security training is essential for every business, it's often time consuming and expensive. The right tools and strategies decrease the costs associated with training administrators and end users for new features or security updates. Intuitive cloud-based software requires less onboarding and recurring training. It's also easier to scale, making the deployment of security systems and strategies to new locations faster, and simplifying onboarding through streamlining changes to staffing and headcount.
Scalable, future-proof technology
Your technology is only as secure as the latest update. Bringing physical security and cybersecurity together makes it easier to identify and mitigate evolving vulnerabilities. Over-the-air software updates eliminate expensive upgrades and maintenance and ensure you have the latest features and security updates.
Future-proof security technology scales more easily than on-premise models, which adds inherent value. A flexible strategy that keeps buildings and data secure through transitions is well worth the investment. With 81% of companies recently surveyed by PwC expecting to change their real estate strategy in the next 12 months, the value of a future-proofed system that effortlessly grows or shrinks to meet changing needs is clear.
Cybersecurity and physical security that employs full-system automation has a measurable impact. As IoT devices continue to flood the market, fully integrated building systems and AI-powered intelligence tools allow organizations to analyze data and apply learnings quickly, with increasing accuracy to inform decisions. Automation frees up time and IT resources while strengthening sustainability, building experiences, and security posturing.
For a more detailed look at the impact of security convergence strategies, join our webinar on June 29 for a three-part discussion on emerging security strategies.
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interface... */
 1099
 1100 /*
 1101 * This function is optional. Use this to convert Direct3D shader assembly
 1102 * language into bytecode, which can be handled by MOJOSHADER_parse().
 1103 *
 1104 * (filename) is a NULL-terminated UTF-8 filename. It can be NULL. We do not
 1105 * actually access this file, as we obtain our data from (source). This
 1106 * string is copied when we need to report errors while processing (source),
 1107 * as opposed to errors in a file referenced via the #include directive in
 1108 * (source). If this is NULL, then errors will report the filename as NULL,
 1109 * too.
 1110 *
 1111 * (source) is an UTF-8 string of valid Direct3D shader assembly source code.
 1112 * It does not need to be NULL-terminated.
 1113 *
 1114 * (sourcelen) is the length of the string pointed to by (source), in bytes.
 1115 *
 1116 * (comments) points to (comment_count) NULL-terminated UTF-8 strings, and
 1117 * can be NULL. These strings are inserted as comments in the bytecode.
 1118 *
 1119 * (symbols) points to (symbol_count) symbol structs, and can be NULL. These
 1120 * become a CTAB field in the bytecode. This is optional, but
 1121 * MOJOSHADER_parse() needs CTAB data for all arrays used in a program, or
 1122 * relative addressing will not be permitted, so you'll want to at least
 1123 * provide symbol information for those. The symbol data is 100% trusted
 1124 * at this time; it will not be checked to see if it matches what was
 1125 * assembled in any way whatsoever.
 1126 *
 1127 * (defines) points to (define_count) preprocessor definitions, and can be
 1128 * NULL. These are treated by the preprocessor as if the source code started
 1129 * with one #define for each entry you pass in here.
 1130 *
 1131 * (include_open) and (include_close) let the app control the preprocessor's
 1132 * behaviour for #include statements. Both are optional and can be NULL, but
 1133 * both must be specified if either is specified.
 1134 *
 1135 * This will return a MOJOSHADER_parseData, like MOJOSHADER_parse() would,
 1136 * except the profile will be MOJOSHADER_PROFILE_BYTECODE and the output
 1137 * will be the assembled bytecode instead of some other language. This output
 1138 * can be pushed back through MOJOSHADER_parseData() with a different profile.
 1139 *
 1140 * This function will never return NULL, even if the system is completely
 1141 * out of memory upon entry (in which case, this function returns a static
 1142 * MOJOSHADER_parseData object, which is still safe to pass to
 1143 * MOJOSHADER_freeParseData()).
 1144 *
 1145 * As assembling requires some memory to be allocated, you may provide a
 1146 * custom allocator to this function, which will be used to allocate/free
 1147 * memory. They function just like malloc() and free(). We do not use
 1148 * realloc(). If you don't care, pass NULL in for the allocator functions.
 1149 * If your allocator needs instance-specific data, you may supply it with the
 1150 * (d) parameter. This pointer is passed as-is to your (m) and (f) functions.
 1151 *
 1152 * This function is thread safe, so long as the various callback functions
 1153 * are, too, and that the parameters remains intact for the duration of the
 1154 * call. This allows you to assemble several shaders on separate CPU cores
 1155 * at the same time.
 1156 */
 1157 const MOJOSHADER_parseData *MOJOSHADER_assemble(const char *filename,
 1158 const char *source, unsigned int sourcelen,
 1159 const char **comments, unsigned int comment_count,
 1160 const MOJOSHADER_symbol *symbols,
 1161 unsigned int symbol_count,
 1162 const MOJOSHADER_preprocessorDefine *defines,
 1163 unsigned int define_count,
 1164 MOJOSHADER_includeOpen include_open,
 1165 MOJOSHADER_includeClose include_close,
 1166 MOJOSHADER_malloc m, MOJOSHADER_free f, void *d);
 1167
 1168
 1169 /* High level shading language support... */
 1170
 1171 /*
 1172 * Source profile strings for HLSL: Direct3D High Level Shading Language.
 1173 */
 1174 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_VS_1_1 "hlsl_vs_1_1"
 1175 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_VS_2_0 "hlsl_vs_2_0"
 1176 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_VS_3_0 "hlsl_vs_3_0"
 1177 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_1_1 "hlsl_ps_1_1"
 1178 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_1_2 "hlsl_ps_1_2"
 1179 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_1_3 "hlsl_ps_1_3"
 1180 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_1_4 "hlsl_ps_1_4"
 1181 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_2_0 "hlsl_ps_2_0"
 1182 #define MOJOSHADER_SRC_PROFILE_HLSL_PS_3_0 "hlsl_ps_3_0"
 1183
 1184
 1185 /* Abstract Syntax Tree interface... */
 1186
 1187 /*
 1188 * ATTENTION: This adds a lot of stuff to the API, but almost everyone can
 1189 * ignore this section. Seriously, go ahead and skip over anything that has
 1190 * "AST" in it, unless you know why you'd want to use it.
 1191 *
 1192 * ALSO: This API is still evolving! We make no promises at this time to keep
 1193 * source or binary compatibility for the AST pieces.
 1194 *
 1195 * Important notes:
 1196 * - ASTs are the result of parsing the source code: a program that fails to
 1197 * compile will often parse successfully. Undeclared variables,
 1198 * type incompatibilities, etc, aren't detected at this point.
 1199 * - Vector swizzles (the ".xyzw" part of "MyVec4.xyzw") will look like
 1200 * structure dereferences. We don't realize these are actually swizzles
 1201 * until semantic analysis.
 1202 * - MOJOSHADER_astDataType info is not reliable when returned from
 1203 * MOJOSHADER_parseAst()! Most of the datatype info will be missing or have
 1204 * inaccurate data types. We sort these out during semantic analysis, which
 1205 * happens after the AST parsing is complete. A few are filled in, or can
 1206 * be deduced fairly trivially by processing several pieces into one.
 1207 * It's enough that you can reproduce the original source code, more or
 1208 * less, from the AST.
 1209 */
 1210
 1211 /* High-level datatypes for AST nodes. */
 1212 typedef enum MOJOSHADER_astDataTypeType
 1213 {
 1214 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_NONE,
 1215 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_BOOL,
 1216 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_INT,
 1217 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_UINT,
 1218 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_FLOAT,
 1219 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_FLOAT_SNORM,
 1220 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_FLOAT_UNORM,
 1221 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_HALF,
 1222 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_DOUBLE,
 1223 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_STRING,
 1224 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_SAMPLER_1D,
 1225 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_SAMPLER_2D,
 1226 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_SAMPLER_3D,
 1227 MOJOSHADER_AST_DATATYPE_SAMPLER_CUBE,


The dioptre is a unit of measurement used to describe how well a person sees.
Farsightedness is measured in positive dioptres, and nearsightedness is measured in negative dioptres. Astigmatism is measured in dioptres that can be either positive or negative.
With dioptres, the farther a measurement is from 0, the more severe the refractive error. For example, if a person has -4 dioptres of nearsightedness, it means that the farthest point you can see clearly is one-fourth of a metre (about 10 inches) from your eye.
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