text:
International Festivals are common in all countries. However countries hosting international festivals are unaware of the expectations and behavior of travellers related to their food choice behavior before their visit. A study was conducted with specific reference to Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF), Sarawak, Malaysia, to explore the food choice behavior of international travellers relating to neophobic behavior. The study followed interpretive research philosophy and exploratory study design with phenomenological interpretations, case studies and Delphi method. The research design integrated a longitudinal design during 2016 to 2017 period to develop a food choice consumer behavior model with triangulated tools and methods, identified causative factors related to consumer food choices. The study followed purposive sampling with a sample of 148travelers during the festival and data collection was done with the triangulated tools of indepth interviews, content analysis and observation following phenomenology method. The investigators came up with a thematic model in relation to food choice behavior of RWMF travelers, by extending theoretical and practical contributions.
Kumar M., Dileep and S Govindarajo, Normala
"Consumer Food-Choice Behaviour Model,"
Interscience Management Review: Vol. 4
, Article 3.
Available at: _URL_


ApplicationData), "RentData.xml"))) { int count = 0; XDocument doc; using (var reader =...
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How to Transfer Apps to New Android from old Android Device
In this article we will learn how to transfer the apps to a new android device from an old android device. The methods will tell how to transfer apps from android in built feature and restore feature. Or maybe using the Samsung smart switch mobile app if you already have it on your device. Therefore, in the instructions we cover the Android pie 9.0, Oreo 8.0, Nougat 7.0 and android devices from all the manufacturers.
Transfer apps to a new android phone using the Android backup and restoring feature
The simplest method to transfer your apps from android to android. It is by backing up your old device, and restoring the function on the new phone. Firstly, you need see if your new device is backing up your data or not, to do so you have to:
 1. Go on to the Settings.
 2. Tap on the System by scrolling down.
 3. Select the Backup option (You might have to expand the Advanced section before that).
 4. Check and see if the toggle of the Back up to Google Drive is on, if you see it is on then you are ready!
 5. If the toggle is off then slide it to make it on and Back up now.
 6. Hence, you are all set after the backup is complete.
Restoring your data to the new phone
Now you are all set to restore the data to your new android phone from the old one through this method. However, if you have not yet restored your data you can now restore it including all the apps during this process.
 1. Make sure to charge your new android device and power it up. Follow the instructions from the screen till it asks you to restore the data from another device. However, you can always opt to start it as a brand-new clean slate, but restoring some data will be helpful for you in the future.
 2. Tap on the Copy Your Data and select the device from which you have to restore the data.
 3. Then your android device will ask you to connect to a Wi-Fi network. Be sure that you connected to the same network as your old device is.
 4. Now you will be seeing the restore option on the screen of your phone. Select either A Back up from an android phone or A Back up from the cloud or drive.
 5. Use your old phone only and sign into your google account.
 6. Here you will see the list of the options to back up including your old device.
 7. Now choose the right one or correct one and tap Restore. So that you can transfer all the data and setting from your old device. Tap on the Apps you wish to transfer from your old device to your new device.
 8. Hence, now you can continue with your setting up process, while your data is restoring in the background.
Use the Samsung Smart Switch mobile App
Therefore, if you have a Samsung S7 or other version, then smart switch app is already in that in your device, for your old device you can download this app from the app store. And then follow the instructions from the screen and download it. You can select this app to transfer your data from any android phone which has android marshmallow 6.0 to a Samsung phone.
Therefore, to get into the app on S7 or later version, tap on Settings > Accounts > Smart switch, for any different phone look in the app drawer for the app.
There are three ways which you can use with Smart Switch: USB cable, Wirelessly, or external storage. The most straightforward method is transferring the apps wirelessly.
 1. Open Smart Switch on your new device.
 2. Choose Wireless > Receive > Android.
 3. Now open Smart Switch on your old phone.
 4. Tap on Wireless > Send.
 5. Follow the screen instructions on your new phone.
From the USB cable
 1. Plug in the USB of your old device.
 2. Now connect that cable to the Samsung USB connector.
 3. Here you will now plug in the Samsung USB connector into your new device.
 4. Open Smart Switch on your old device.
 5. On your old phone adjust the USB settings to Media Device (MTP).
 6. Follow the screen instructions to move the apps.
Using the external storage (SD card)
Insert the SD card or connect your phone to the USB storage device in which you have the apps for restoring. And follow the instructions on the screen.
Samsung also provides the Smart Switch app for Mac. and Windows, installs and opens the desktop app and then connects the phone to the computer. Therefore, now follow the screen instructions to transfer the apps and the data right from the device you want it to.
Some considerations:
For the other apps that are not from Google, you will have to recheck if they are backing up the Google drive. However, it can be helpful especially if you want to save the chat history, usually, the popular apps have this. Your data will only sync properly if you sign in to all your Google devices. If you wish to save the bookmarks and the password then you have to be signed in to all the Google devices. Go on to the browser setting in sign-in from there if you have not signed in already. Therefore, this is how you will share apps from android to android.
Frequently Asked Question
Q. How do I transfer apps from old phone to new android?
A. Launch the Google Play Store. Tap the menu icon, then tap "My apps and games." You'll be shown a list of apps that were on your old phone. Pick the ones you want to migrate (you might not want to move brand-specific or carrier-specific apps from the old phone to the new), and download them
Q. How do I transfer everything to my new Android phone?
A. Switch to a new Android phone
 1. Charge both phones.
 2. Make sure you can unlock the old phone with a PIN, pattern, or password.
Q. Is there an app to transfer data from Android to Android?
A. Samsung Smart Switch
It allows the transfer of the data between any two Android devices (Lenovo, HTC, Motorola, etc.). The app can also transfer data between two Android devices through the SD card even
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Old Winchester Hill, Hampshire
Old Winchester Hill map
Classification Moderate
Distance 10km (6.2 miles)
Typical duration 3hr 30min
Height gain 135m
Starting/finishing point Shoe Inn
OS grid reference SU 612 208 (Explorer Maps 132 and 119)
Walk in a nutshell
This route takes you from the pretty village of Exton to the pinnacle of one of the county's most impressive hill forts. Constructed 2,500 years ago, there are also vestiges of an earlier settlement in the form of bronze age burial mounds. Those who brave the slog to the top of this chalk ridge are richly rewarded with impressive views in every direction - on a clear day, you can see as far as the Isle of Wight.
Why it's so special
As well as the panoramic vista, Old Winchester Hill is a national nature reserve, rich in the flora of the Hampshire downland. Shrubs such as juniper and hawthorn thrive on the chalky soil, as does the yew tree - sometimes referred to as the "Hampshire weed". Part of this route also runs alongside the clear stream of the Meon.
Keep your eyes peeled for
In summer months, you can see clouds of chalkhill blue and meadow brown butterflies. The area is also a place of refuge for dormice, squirrels, badgers, roe deer and foxes.
But bear in mind
Although the majority of the walk is flat, the 400m or so that take you up the hill are quite a steep climb.
Impress your companions
This walk crosses a section of the disused Meon Valley railway line that, from 1903 to 1968, ran between Portsmouth and London. It earned its nickname, "The Strawberry Line", during the heyday of market gardening in Hampshire - trainloads of the fruit used to be loaded aboard at Wickham and Mislingford. The line was put to more momentous use in June 1944, when, as the final preparations for the D-day landings were underway at nearby Southwick House, Churchill and his war cabinet stayed for several days aboard a special train in the long siding at Droxford station.
Recover afterwards
The walk begins and ends at the Shoe Inn, so-called because it stands on the site of the old blacksmith's. Sup a pint of one of their selection of real ales or sample the delicious home-cooked dinners.
And if it's tipping down
In its day, the Southwick Brewhouse supplied ale to the Golden Lion pub next door, where generals Eisenhower and Montgomery took their breaks while planning the Normandy invasion. It closed in 1957, but now functions as a Victorian brewery museum and a shop, so leave some room in your knapsack for bottled ales and ciders.
How to get there
By car Exton lies on the A32 from Alton to Wickham; roadside parking is possible near the church or at the pub, but can be crowded.
By public transport The closest rail station is Botley, just under 12km away. Bus services to and from Exton are infrequent, so you might be better off taking a taxi for the last part of your journey.
Step-by-step guide
Walk ID 2975
1. Walk north-west along Shoe Lane. Turn right at end of road by the church, and continue along minor road alongside stream, up to main A32 road.
2. Cross A32, then a wooden footbridge over the river as the path bears right and heads towards farm.
3. Shortly before farm, path turns left over another footbridge towards a path lined by trees. This has two levels: the lower looks like the remains of an old railway line, the upper has clearer views of surroundings and takes you in a straight line to the underpass of the disused main Meonstoke line.
4-5. Cross line by going over or under bridge. On other side you face three alternative paths - take either left or middle (right-hand path will be used for return). The path follows Garden Hill Lane in a straight line, along the old railway siding. After 800m, you emerge at edge of Roll's Copse, at a T-junction with Monarch's Way.
6. Turn right. Keep hedgerow on right, following path uphill. Shortly after an S-bend, the path comes to a T-junction.
7-8. Turn left uphill, and after 250m, you enter trees on the edge of Old Winchester Hill reserve. Path continues more steeply, emerging on edge of the ancient hill-fort. Continue along either edge of the fort to the other end.
9. Go through the gate at the other end of the fort, and follow the upper path around a path bending to the left, emerging at a road after 800m. Pause to take in the dramatic view of the fort looking back from the road.
10. Follow the same path back to the fort and take the opposite route round the edge of the fort. Continue down the same path back to step 7.
11. From step 7, follow the path over the shoulder of the hill until you reach step 5 again. (This route opens up the view on the descent.) From step 5, turn left and retrace your steps to the start.


text:
Pack contains: 20 g Micro-Force Microbes, 300 mL Life-Force Liquid Microbe Food
Features species of beneficial bacteria and species of soil-friendly fungi. Microbial inocula have rapidly become an exciting feature of biological agriculture. Life Force® Micro-Force™ is a new product for the home gardener. Life-Force® Micro-Force™ is a proven performer in this arena and includes species of beneficial soil bacteria and species of 'friendly' fungi.
The bacterial species make nutrients available and supply natural nitrogen. They improve soil structure and moisture retention and the fungal species convert plant residues to humus. Several of the Micro-Force™ microbes are plant growth promoters.
-Promotes plant growth.
-Improves soil structure.
-Rapid humus production.
-Increases phosphorus availability.
-Improves nutrient recycling.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Michigan's President Coleman Advocates Sexist Hiring
In yet another example of an overheated — indeed, almost unhinged — response to the prospect of Michigan voters voting to outlaw discrimination on the basis of race or gender, University of Michigan president Mary Sue Coleman made one of the most extreme and unqualified defenses of gender-based hiring I've ever seen coming out of academia lately. (And that's saying a lot.)
Coleman's talk was devoted to predicting the various ways that the sky would fall on Michigan women if MCRI passes. Some of the items in her parade of horribles were obviously true, though not horrible: "Coleman said any gender-specific program administered by the state could be targeted if MCRI succeeds." Well, yes. If you outlaw discrimination on the basis of gender, discrimination on basis of gender will indeed be "targeted."
Some of what she worried about was simply wrong — that MCRI would prevent "outreach" programs to encourage women to enter non-traditional fields, or that it would bar support for activities that primarily involve women. As Chetly Zarko, MCRI spokesman, said, "MCRI allows programs that do not formally exclude men but attract women almost exclusively."
Some of what she said was inexplicably odd: "that research is funded by the federal government and taxpayers' dollars should not support a system that does not serve the entire population." Well, yes, but how would barring discrimination prevent research dollars from serving "the entire population"?
Good question! Now note Coleman's remarkable answer:
Coleman also argued that gender-specific policies in academia are necessary for the health of the American public. She noted that medical research conducted at the University must address the health concerns of both men and women. She held that women's health issues could only be adequately addressed if women were actually conducting the research.
Note that this is not "one factor among many." This is not "diversity." This is undiluted sex-based job qualifications.
I wonder if Coleman thinks that only women can research and teach women's history? That only women can research and teach women's literature? But if that's true, then it's presumably also true that only men can research and teach about activities done by men, and, it would follow, "that [men's] health issues could only be adequately addressed if [men] were actually conducting the research."
Who selected this person to be president of a major American university?
ADDENDUM [15 March 12:45AM]
I wonder if Coleman's reaoning and analytical abilities might be suffering from the same malady that led MIT biologist Nancy Hopkins to announce with great fanfare that she "would've either blacked out or thrown up" if she hadn't walked out of Larry Summer's talk when he suggested that it was worth investigating whether mathematical ability might not be evenly distributed between men and women.
Quick! Let's get a (woman) doctor on the case! Maybe there's some research by a (woman) psychologist or (woman) brain physiologist that could throw light on this mystery of why apparently sane and balanced women academics seem to lose their analytical equilibrium when confronted with views and values they dislike.
Say What? (34)
 1. mikem March 14, 2005 at 11:19 pm | | Reply
 That is incredible. I sent a comment to the linked article, which has to be approved by the 'board' before it is posted. I resisted the temptation to claim fainting and nausea spells in my post.
 2. Chetly Zarko March 15, 2005 at 12:54 am | | Reply
 To overcome a content filtering problem, I'm posting multiple responses to isolate the blocked word.
 Actually, John, the Coleman
 3. Chetly Zarko March 15, 2005 at 12:56 am | | Reply
 statements came at a "WORD MEANING THINGS THAT ORBIT EARTH conference" (three Michigan university campuses utilizing video connections)of most of the major Democratic female leaders in Michigan, sponsored directly by our opposition ballot question committee. This conference featured the paper labelled as a "study," that you linked to earlier in the weekend.
 The Coleman quotes are priceless. I thought the quote about federal funding and "research benefitting EVERYONE" subtlely supports MCRI. As to the about women researchers being necessary for women's health – absurd. More condescending though, was this priceless "women are weak" argument:
 Lansing Community College President Paula Cunningham said the scarcity of women in corporate boardrooms may be partly the fault of women themselves.
 4. Tim Gannon March 15, 2005 at 8:01 am | | Reply
 I wonder who would do the research that Larry Summers is looking for?
 5. Chetly Zarko March 15, 2005 at 2:36 pm | | Reply
 Tim, perhaps someone interested in destroying their career?
 I would note I disagree with Summers' conclusion or theory, but I don't see it as "out of bounds" and I believe good science and academia requires that such perspectives be explored, advocated, and researched until they are proven or disproven. We are witnessing a radical deconstruction of both traditional academic freedom (ironically, using a twisted version of "academic freedom," as O'Connor cites in Grutter to justify her "deference") and the entire scientific process. A very dangerous and Orwellian road that we are headed down.
 6. Tim Gannon March 15, 2005 at 3:45 pm | | Reply
 My point exactly. As an acedemic outsider, Why should such a study be a career breaker?
 And if so, Where is acedemic freedom and acedemic integrity?
 7. Michelle Dulak Thomson March 15, 2005 at 4:18 pm | | Reply
 What flummoxes me about this is that the thing that really needs attention is men's health. I mean, we basically have two equal-sized cohorts with identical demographics at birth, one of which lives (on average) six or seven years longer than the other. And there are constant calls for greater attention in medical research to one of them, but oddly enough it isn't the one with the shorter life expectancy. I find that very strange.
 8. Richard Nieporent March 15, 2005 at 5:19 pm | | Reply
 She held that women
 9. Dom March 15, 2005 at 6:32 pm | | Reply
 Michelle made an intersting point. But I'd like to add that the differences in Men's and Women's health is not always due to differences in medical research. (Although it's a little strange that we have gynecology but not "andrology"). The biggest difference is that men are not overly concerned about health matters.
 10. Laura March 15, 2005 at 6:41 pm | | Reply
 Plus, we have more DNA.
 Michelle, it wasn't so long ago that anything that affected a woman's reproductive system was classified as "women's complaint", 'nuff said. I think it wasn't until women actually started becoming doctors that all that was taken seriously.
 And regarding gynecology: remember that the take-an-aspirin-a-day study, which was done fairly recently in the scheme of things, was performed using only males, and no one saw anything wrong with that until the study was published and nurses, I believe, started asking questions. In case you wonder why that matters, there's a school of thought that the reason the aspirin helps is that it causes microhemorhages in the stomach, so that there is a constant blood loss. Menstruating women do not need this, so the (non)benefit would be outweighed by the potential damage to the stomach. "Medicine" still sometimes means "men's health".
 11. Michelle Dulak Thomson March 15, 2005 at 6:59 pm | | Reply
 Dom, if men aren't careful enough of their health we must do something about it! We must bombard them with advertisements about diseases they never knew existed, together with instructions to "ask your doctor about the little fuschia pill," or whatever. Oh, wait...
 Laura, I take your point about male-only studies. I think the reason studies for a long time used only men is that researchers were justifiably concerned about teratogenic effects, especially post-Thalidomide. If you put fertile women in a study and whatever-you're-testing turns out to be a teratogen, you're in major trouble. This is why half the pharma disclaimers on those incessant ads include "don't take this if you're pregnant or may become pregnant." They don't know whether it's unsafe for pregnant women, but they don't dare risk finding out that it is.
 12. Richard Nieporent March 15, 2005 at 7:35 pm | | Reply
 I know this may be hard to believe, but many years ago I discovered for myself that woman were different from men. The ludicrous statement made by Mary Coleman is not that separate research should be done on women and men, but that it requires women to conduct the research.
 13. LTEC March 15, 2005 at 9:21 pm | | Reply
 What if almost all subjects in medical experiments were women? I'm sure feminists would have nothing to complain about then.


Pavement Shops
The Effects of the Pavement shops in the boulevard of Puducherry
The boulevard area of Puducherry is attracting domestic and foreign tourists) especially through the French heritage buildings and the rock beach. However, they are littered with non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics and disposable materials, discarded by hawkers selling eatables and the pedlars who sell on the road and these non-biodegradable wastes are posing a threat to the marine life and polluting the sea. Addition to this the vegetable and fruit waste which are degradable also cause a stinks in some streets. This reports aims to provide solution for the issues faced by the Pavement shops and to creating awareness among the people for a trash-free marine environment.
 In general the Municipalities are permitted to enforce reasonable regulations concerning hawking and peddling within their borders. It may be required for such salespeople to obtain licenses; however, municipalities cannot prohibit the business through the requirement of an excessive fee. In such situations where a license is required, a pedlar or hawker must obtain it prior to the time when he or she begins to sell wares and it must be issued to the individual who is actually engaged in the peddling.
The study has the below objectives:
1. To relocate the hawkers to an alternative site.
2. To deteriorate the fees that is paid to the municipalities.
3. To validate the pavement shops to be hygienic and clean.
4. To appoint local authorities to monitor the pavement shops.
5. To eliminate parking of vehicles on either side of the road, as it causes problems to pedestrians.
According to sources, the hawkers were spoiling the beauty of the beach, and so have been asked to move. The tourists and local visitors to the beach front buy snacks etc. and leave the food waste, paper plates, and garbage and plastic cups on the beach itself. At present, there were about 125 hawkers near...


National Rivers Hall of Fame Inductees
The Artists, Writers, and Musicians
George Catlin
Inducted in 2001
Catlin was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and he initially studied law, but later abandoned it for painting. Though he had virtually no formal training, his skill as a portrait artist was evident.
Catlin decided to dedicate his life to portraying American Indians, what he called the "vanishing race," after he saw a group of visiting chieftains at the Charles Wilson Peale Museum of Natural History in Philadelphia in the 1820s. Catlin later wrote, "In silent and stoic dignity, these lords of the forest strutted about the city for a few days, wrapped in their painted robes, with their brows plumed with the quills of the war eagle, attracting the gaze of all who beheld them." And so Catlin was inspired to paint and record the lifestyles of this race of people "rapidly passing away from the face of the earth." By 1840, he had visited 48 different tribes, painted 310 portraits, and 200 other paintings.
Catlin, in 1832, was the first artist to paint the Missouri River as far as Fort Union at the junction of the Yellowstone and the Missouri. His paintings of the Missouri were often great panorama views that included Indian and animal life along the river. With his famous Indian Gallery, he also put the Missouri River and its vast surroundings on view for the first time in England and France where many people had never seen a steamboat or keelboat.


text:
BENSOLVE is a solver for vector linear programs (VLP), in particular, for the subclass of multiple objective linear programs (MOLP). It is based on Benson's algorithm and its extensions.
BENSOLVE is a free software published under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It utilizes the GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK). BENSOLVE (from version 2) is written in C programming language.
BENSOLVE provides the following features:
- arbitrary pointed solid polyhedral ordering cones
- primal and dual algorithms
- primal and dual solutions
- support of unbounded problems
- 3D graphics format output

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Video encyclopedia
29/09/1954 The convention establishing CERN is signed
What is CERN Large Hadron Collider LHC? End of the World?
Dark Energy, Black Holes, Other Dimensions? CERN Scientist Sums up What They're Doing at CERN
The convention establishing CERN was ratified in 1954 by 12 countries in Europe. The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, meaning European Council for Nuclear Research, which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 European governments in 1952.


text:
Illustrated by Eric Gurney
"I can read it all by myself" is the Beginner Books motto, and behind it is an understanding of how important it is for children to take pride and pleasure in their early reading. These books have been designed to appeal directly to children through the use of humour, rhyme and bright pictures that can be "read" even by the non-reading child. Some Beginner Books are simple stories, others are hilarious nonsense: both types have been designed to give children confidence and make them want to go on reading.
When Sam's new dog learns to dig holes, he can't stop. He digs up gardens, roads, and buildings, and finally digs himself into a hole he can't get out of. The adventures of 'The Digging-est Dog' are certain to appeal to the Beginner reader age group.
- Publication Date:
- 17 / 10 / 1983
- 163 x 225mm


text:
What does BIU stand for?
BIU stands for BikeTrial International Union
This definition appears somewhat frequently and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Organizations, NGOs, schools, universities, etc.
See other definitions of BIU
We have 24 other meanings of BIU in our Acronym Attic
- Basic Income Unit
- Basic Information Unit
- Basic Interface Unit
- Beach Interface Unit (US DoD)
- Beat It Up
- Beirut Islamic University
- Belarusian Insurance Union
- Benson Idahosa University
- Berkeley International University (Delaware)
- Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire


text:
Updated: April 25, 2016
MoleculE VR is a virtual reality app focusing on Cell Biology and Medicinal Chemistry. Using a Google Cardboard You can take part in an Expedition into the Cell World.
During the journey You will be introduced to the sophisticated system of cell communication. Moreover You will be able to have a closer look at some protein complexes involved in the process and learn key aspects about their functions and interactions with small molecules like medicines.
Real Crystallographic data from the Protein Data Bank turn into 3D virtual structures and take Molecular Modelling Science to the next level.
Molecular VR is an innovative eLearning tool that aim to support and integrate classic teaching and learning methods.
Released: November 12, 2016
PROteinVR is the next generation of PDB viewer, using cutting-edge technologies, this app turns your flat iPhone into an interactive 3D Virtual Reality experience.
Do you want to learn the secret of life and explore in VR fascinating crystal structures?
Download PROteinVR and find yourself into the nano-structures of proteins, DNA and ligands.
The ultimate and innovative tool for scientists.


text:
Lawyers for Change (LFC) is a learning platform that seeks to build a resource & support base for social justice lawyers to galvanize a movement across India by connecting them. We hope to pioneer as the go-to place for social justice lawyers negotiating the labyrinth called Indian judicial system.
We believe this will fundamentally subvert how we use the law as a tool for empowerment & ensuring access to human rights for all. Join us and contribute to creating a just and vibrant society.
Social justice lawyers fight inequality by using the legal system in a deeply unequal society like India. However, restricted access to knowledge limits them in their fight for the rights of the marginalized.
The present legal vocabulary thrives on inaccessibility but if knowledge really is power, then these barriers must be broken and LFC aims to do exactly that.
We aim to accomplish this by creating a community of social justice lawyers, ensuring they get free access to legal resources, including but not limited to knowledge generated from the lowest rungs of the judiciary which is barely accessible in India.
We also have a Virtual Academy, which will provide persons working at the grassroots with access to research, training materials and a platform to consult each other.
LFC empowers lawyers from marginalized communities and trains them to navigate an imbalanced landscape.
Lawyers for Change enables lawyers from vulnerable communities to address the specific problems faced by the communities to which they belong. LFC stands at the intersection between law and social transformation by focusing on identity building, sensitization and instilling a robust understanding of ground realities.
These transformations are key to making our democracy stronger.


Wednesday, June 22, 2016
Fab Lab Fab Academy Final Project Software Defined Cooking with ESP8266
Fab Lab Fab Academy Final Project Software Defined Cooking with ESP8266
Software Defined Cooking with ESP8266
There is an idiom: the proof of the pudding is in eating it. Same applies to the successful implementation of Software Defined Cooking with ESP8266; the proof is in the egg and eating it.
The objective of this final project to be submitted in due course for completion of Fab Academy 2016 is to design and fabricate an apparatus that display & control the temperature of a heated water bath (Sous Vide) over the Internet. DS18B20 acquire the temperature of the water bath, ESP8266 send this data via HTTP to thingspeak, and via MQTT to Node-Red server hosted on Cloud or VM. PID controller is defined in Node-Red with a set point. Output of PID is send via MQTT to ESP8266 to control the CPC1966B connected with heater.
Ever since humans discovered fire to cook food. The desire to have tasty food hot, and ready to serve without significant labour contributed to the preparation is insatiable. Progressively over different period of time, the labour required to prepare food is contracted to another person whether specialized or otherwise. By logical extension of the idea of the labour is contracted out to prepare food for humans, here comes the robot cook. Hence the notion of Software Defined Cooking meant for robots or home appliances have to be defined. An industry framework is needed to define protocols, communication standards, recipe, dispensing of food items, quality assurance and etc for Software Defined Cooking. Through observations on demonstrations in CES over the years, the software defined cooking appliances meant for smart kitchens are implemented in product silos by the respective vendors. Appliances that do not interact with other makes of smart appliances, and human owners are nothing close to the ideals of a Software Defined Cooking.
Some vendors have disrupted the market by inventing heating mechanism meant for cooking that is controllable by software. FreeScale have invented a "solid-state, high-power output, high-operating temperature radio frequency (RF) transmitter technology" to address software defined cooking. This articlehere explains the FreeScale RF solution and addresses the following issues:
1. "Heating is difficult to control with both thermal (heat) and temporal (time) precision. Heating elements take time to heat, are frequently not calibrated to a precisely measured numeric temperature scale, and then take time to cool to lower temperatures.";
2. "It is extremely difficult to track the "doneness" state of the inside of food with precision."
3. "The feedback loop between sensing doneness and adjusting temperature has been performed mostly by human observation, judgement and labor throughout recorded human history."
The article above also outline three features of a Software Defined products
A. "Gather and analyze sensor data."
B. "Maintain peak performance and health based on sensor data analysis (feedback loop)."
C. "Communicate their analysis with other software-define products and cloud services for continuous improvement." Besides the highlights of the 3 issues and 3 features, the article mentioned above and the product video of RFSage, an innovative appliance utilizing the FreeScale RF technology did not communicate enough details for a layman to deduce whether the RF mentioned is used for both transferring heat and communicating cooking data between different make of smart appliances in the category of software defined cooking.
A little more historical background. Back in 2011, I chanced upon sous vide while clicking away on cooking videos over the Internet, and saw a demo of thermal circulator in a chemistry lab, I have never looked back since. The essence of sous vide cooking is to maintain a water bath at precise temperature, with food placed in food safe bags submerged into this precise temperature controlled water bath. We started off with a store bought DIY kit that cost quite an arm and leg. We even went to the extent to make sous vide shield for Arduino. At that point in time, a dedicated sous vide supreme is out of the equation, it has to give way to tuition fee, rent, transport, and food.
Sous vide solved two out of the three issues highlighted earlier. Doneness of the inside of the food is precise with sous vide, thus the inexperienced novice is spared from the labourious sensing doneness and adjusting temperature to prevent overcooking; hopefully stop food wasting from bad cooks. The other pressing issue is the calibration between heat transfer and time needed for heat to transfer is solved partially with some sous vide implementations. Some amateurish sous vide controller uses "bang-bang" algorithm for open feedback loop system, which is bad, really bad and hardly precise at the required set point. Some comes with PID controller, in which a controller for continuously adjusting the heat and time components in a closed feedback loop system.
The three features mentioned above speaks of the cloud computing itself without mentioning the name. A server in the cloud will collect and collate information send by the sensors, perform computations on the data collected, transmit control to the actuators, and lastly communicate to user through the use of visualizations.
Full implementation here:
Anjar Very said...
tank for information, visite me,
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text:
The effects of cutting conditions and tool wear on chip morphology and surface integrity during high speed machining of tool steel (60–62 Hrc) are investigated experimentally and analytically in this paper. Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN) tools are used in this investigation. The chips and the subsurface of the workpiece are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Microhardness measurements are performed on the surface and subsurface of the workpiece. The X-ray diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stresses induced in the machined surface. The paper is divided into two parts. Part 1 presents the results obtained from the micrographical analysis of the chips and the surfaces produced. Part 2 deals with microhardness and residual stresses of the machined surface. The micrographical analysis of the chips produced shows that different mechanisms of chip formation exist depending on the magnitude of the cutting pressure and tool wear. Saw toothed chips are produced during the machining of tool steel if the cutting pressure exceeds approximately 4000 MPa. The metallographic analysis of the surface produced illustrates the damaged surface region that contains geometrical defects and changes in the subsurface metallurgical structure. The types of surface damage are dependent on the cutting conditions, tool geometry and the magnitude of the wear lands. [S1087-1357(00)00104-0]
Surface Integrity of Die Material in High Speed Hard Machining, Part 1: Micrographical Analysis
Contributed by the Manufacturing Engineering Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. Manuscript received Nov. 1997; revised Nov. 1999. Associate Technical Editor: K. Ehmann.
El-Wardany, T. I., Kishawy, H. A., and Elbestawi, M. A. (November 1, 1999). "Surface Integrity of Die Material in High Speed Hard Machining, Part 1: Micrographical Analysis ." ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. November 2000; 122(4): 620–631. _URL_
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Mathematica 9 is now available
Wolfram Library Archive
Courseware Demos MathSource Technical Notes
All Collections Articles Books Conference Proceedings
Title
.NET/Link: Controlling the Kernel from .Net
Author
Andreas Lauschke
Organization: Andreas Lauschke Consulting
Conference
2005 Wolfram Technology Conference
Conference location
Champaign IL
Description
The talk will highlight some of the features that .NET/Link provides for calling into the Mathematica kernel from a C# program. Several examples of instant visualizations in .Net, Java, and applet windows will be shown, as well as using the Mathematica kernel as the computation engine for data-intensive computation tasks that hand the results back to the controlling C# program.
.NET/Link makes it very easy to pop up .Net windows of various types with user-defined properties in a highly flexible manner. Only a few lines of code are required to display typeset, graphical, and animated results/calculations. These can run in either the same .Net runtime (for manipulation of the objects by the controlling C# program) or in a separate one. Additionally, by linking to a Java runtime via J/Link, it becomes very easy and straightforward to make use of applets found on the web to instantly display output of results using features the applets provide. Several interfaces/wrapper functions, both in C# and in Mathematica, will be shown.
With .NET/Link, the C# program can effectively be used as the controlling program for the Mathematica kernel, while still using .Net or Java methods from the kernel in a separate .Net or Java runtime to make use of their methods, or applets. That way, the Mathematica kernel can be thought of as a huge math library that integrates seamlessly with the controlling C# program or as a controlling program itself that manages .Net or Java output. Mathematica packages extend these functionalities even more and, with the GUIKit package as an example, additional user-interface elements can be used from the .Net program in a very flexible and code-efficient manner.
Subject
*Mathematica Technology > Linking Technology > .NET/Link


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I am thinking on the following problem:
If $|G|=12$ and there is no element of order $2$ in its center then $3$-Sylow subgroup of $G$ cannot be normal in $G$.
I was told that to assume the $3$-Sylow subgroup of $G$, say $P$, is normal in the group and go to reach a contradiction.
My attept: $|P|=3$ so it is cyclic, $P=\langle x\rangle=\{1,x,x^2\}$. As above hint, I would have for all $g\in G$ two possibilities: $gxg^{-1}=x$ or $gxg^{-1}=x^2$. Cannot to go any further. I am in doubt if the hint leads me to a contradiction properly and if so, it does with a long proof. Any help or any other way are welcome to me. Thanks for your time.
share|improve this question
This is a followup to math.stackexchange.com/questions/158339/… – Jack Schmidt Jun 24 '12 at 19:10
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Hint #1: Show that all Sylow 2-subgroups are abelian. So if an element of a Sylow 2-subgroup commutes with the elements of $P$, then it belongs to the center.
Hint #2: At this point the questions you should ask from yourself are: 1) What possibilities (up to isomorphism) are there for the Sylow 2-subgroup H? 2) Given that $P$ was assumed to be normal, what possibilities are there for the conjugation action for the non-trivial elements of $H$. Remember that conjugation action is a homomorphism from $H$ to $Aut(P)$.
share|improve this answer
:About you first hint: That the Sylow 2-subgroups is abelian is obvious cause they are of order 4. So I should show that an element of one of these subgroups COMMUTE with $x$. Thanks. As you said me later, you put a loop in my mind finding the result. :-) – Babak S. Jun 24 '12 at 10:14
Correct (re: the 1st hint). Be a bit careful in that the element of $H$ that commutes with $P$ should be of order two. It doesn't really matter much in this case, but for full credit... :-) – Jyrki Lahtonen Jun 24 '12 at 10:29
I am on the way you paved. Yes, with that element say $y$, I can see that $G$ is being generated by $x$ and $y$. Thanks. Thanks. – Babak S. Jun 24 '12 at 10:38
To follow your attempt:
For every $g \in G$, we have $gxg^{-1} = x$ or $gxg^{-1} = x^2$. Thus $x$ has $1$ or $2$ conjugates, in other words, $[G : C_G(x)] = 1$ or $[G : C_G(x)] = 2$. In both cases, $2$ divides the order of $C_G(x)$, and thus $C_G(x)$ contains an element $y$ of order $2$. This gives us the desired contradiction. Can you see why $y$ must belong to the center of $G$?
share|improve this answer
Thanks for your answer. It solves my problem in detail. :) – Babak S. Jun 25 '12 at 5:39
Your Answer


text:
Arizona and New Mexico Launch Southwest Climate Initiative
Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano and New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson signed an agreement at the National Governors Association Winter Meeting in Washington D.C. beginning the Southwest Climate Change Initiative. The agreement creates a framework for the two states to collaborate on strategies to address the effects of climate change and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in the Southwest.
Under this agreement, the two states will:
- Develop consistent methods for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions.
- Identify options for reducing emissions.
- Promote development of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.
- Exchange information about ways to deal with the impacts of climate change across the Southwest.
Napolitano and Richardson said that actions to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases might bring additional benefits to the economy of job creation, cost savings, and improved air quality. Both governors signed executive orders in 2005 creating state advisory groups on climate change. Each of these groups will present recommendations to their respective governors in 2006.
New Mexico Governor Richardson said, "In the Southwest, water is absolutely essential to our quality of life and our economy. Addressing climate change now, before it is too late, is the responsible thing to do to protect our water supplies for future generations." For more information see Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano's February 28 press release (PDF 31 KB).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


of those costs can add up pretty quickly.
But if it's done right, those expenses will be compensated for by improved productivity and expertise among employees, and streamlined production processes.
High level of expertise required
The complexity of this technology requires a high level of knowledge and experience to ensure its correct application. Without the expertise, the plan might be too expensive to execute, or bring too little ROI.
To avoid this issue, it makes sense to partner with VR experts experienced with applying technology to the automotive industry. The right specialists can help the company identify proper VR use cases, create a roadmap, and execute the implementation.
Challenges of applying VR to automotive industry
Challenges of applying VR to automotive industry
How Much Does It Cost to Make an Automotive VR Solution?
The cost of automotive VR solutions depends on a variety of factors, which we will discuss here. Some factors relate to the software itself; others to the team building it.
Here are the software-related factors of the VR app cost:
Types of VR apps
Software solutions may be configured for various degrees of immersiveness, based on the company's particular VR use case.
There are three major types of VR app:
 - Non-immersive. The user isn't immersed in the virtual environment — everything is displayed on the screen in front of the user.
 - Semi-immersive. Here users do find themselves in a virtual space, but there are only three degrees of freedom. This means the experience is stationary and the user can't move inside the space.
 - Fully immersive. The software offers a full-fledged VR experience. Here, the person can not only observe the Virtual Reality but also move and interact with the object inside.
Types of Virtual Reality apps
Types of Virtual Reality apps
Fully immersive VR development is the most complex process; it requires strong expertise and sound development skills. So, the cost of the fully immersive VR app is much higher than that of a semi-immersive one, for example.
Features
The features required for an automotive VR app also influence the overall development cost.
Features, in turn, vary in complexity depending on the purpose of the app.
For instance, VR software for marketing purposes can feature a rather simplistic 3D tour of the vehicle that the company offers. So, the app needs a virtual environment, 3D models of cars, and an admin panel to manage the assets.
A manufacturer who wants to go the extra mile can also create a driving simulator featuring all kinds of road and weather conditions.
When it comes to prototyping and designing a vehicle, the VR solution has to offer a high level of interactivity with the assets — creating, arranging, or removing parts of the vehicle for design purposes.
For staff training software, apart from interactive spaces and objects, another major factor comes into play — instructional design. To teach workers effectively, it's essential to develop solid training scenarios in which the simulations are created. This affects the overall cost as well.
VR software features
VR software features
Content
Another major part of an automotive VR solution is the assets the user interacts with within the virtual space. All kinds of parts, vehicles, and environments have to be created separately by 3D modelers.
Here the overall cost depends on the number of assets and their complexity.
Content for VR software
Content for VR software
Now, let's talk about the team that creates the whole thing — the development team.
Development team composition
Each member of the development team has their own role, and whether a particular specialist is needed or not depends solely on what the client needs in the VR app.
Let's start off by breaking down the team roles. A team usually consists of:
 - Business Analyst — keeps the budget in check;
 - Project Manager — oversees the development process;
 - UX/UI Designer — creates the look and feel of the software;
 - Developers — build the software;
 - QA Engineers — make sure it has no errors and performs as well as possible.
The client can hire a whole team to do the project, or only a selected number of specialists to expand the in-house team and bring in the required expertise.
In addition, there are some specific specialists the business may consider hiring according to the project goals:
 - Instructional designers — create learning scenarios for staff training software;
 - Voice actors — do voice-over instructions for training solutions;
 - 3D modelers — build assets for virtual spaces.
VR software development team
VR software development team
The logic here is simple: the larger the hired team, the higher the cost. The exact figure, however, depends on the developers' hourly rate.
The hourly rate is how much each developer receives for an hour of work. Developers in different locations have different rates, so it makes sense to look into hiring remote developers from countries such as Estonia, where specialists with solid skills work for a lower rate.
The Future of Virtual Reality in the Automotive Industry
Virtual Reality provides great potential for car manufacturers to expand their technological expertise, improve the performance of their staff, and increase sales. That's a result of replacing expensive and time-consuming processes with more insight-driven and cost-effective digital ones.
But where does it go from here?
One answer to that question lies with blockchain and NFT technology.
Audi's company Holoride is building an ecosystem based on blockchain and NFT tech to hit two birds with one stone: provide customers with unique XR experiences while offering content creators clear monetization options.
Here's how the whole thing is going to work:
Holoride VR automotive platform
Holoride VR automotive platform
Holoride creates a content-driven VR platform for vehicle passengers. While the car is driving through the real world, passengers can entertain themselves with immersive content.
The content will be provided by third-party creators, whom Holoride aims to attract with NFT and for fair compensation and convenient creative tools.
The content might include games, Virtual Tours, and 360 videos, and it can even be tied to a certain location in the real world through which the car passes.
Here's where the close integration of Holoride with the car manufacturers comes in. The security of data flowing between the platform and the vehicle systems is guaranteed by blockchain technology.
The choice of the technology is not coincidental — blockchain and NFT also allow for fast scaling while securing the integrity of a developer-centric approach.
Our Success Story
The HQSoftware development team packs specialists highly skilled in VR development for the automotive industry. We offer full-cycle development and consulting services.
One of the numerous VR projects we have developed is a software solution for a global automobile consortium with a driving school.
The client wanted a VR app that simulated the distorted visuals of the drunk driver. Going through the simulation helps students understand the physical difficulties of operating a vehicle while intoxicated.
The software can apply a distortion filter on an image that is streaming in real-time. Also, the app features several distortion effects, such as latency vision, swirled, blurred, vignette, and double vision.
VR drunk driving simulator
VR drunk driving simulator
If you are considering building your own automotive VR app, drop us a line. We will evaluate your idea and offer the best possible way to make it happen.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is VR so useful in the automotive industry?
What is a VR vehicle?
What is a virtual showroom?
Is the VR industry growing?
What is a VR report for cars?
Read also
Using VR for Training: A Full Guide for 2022
How to Build Virtual Classroom Software: Tools and Technologies
VR for Healthcare: How to Build VR Solutions that Save Lives and Educate Better Doctors
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Selector API
Modifying a widget usually requires having direct access the object. This may not always be the most convenient or efficient way to work with complex UIs. The Tabris.js selector API allows referencing widgets without using an instance, and even manipulating multiple widgets at once.
Selector Strings
A selector string describes an existing widget that we want to work with. There are different formats for these strings, which will look familiar to you if you know CSS.
 - "*" - Matches all widgets.
 - "Type" - Matches all widgets of the given type, e.g. "Button" matches all button widgets.
 - ".class" - Matches all widgets that have the given class in their class list, e.g. ".foo" matches a widget with class set to "foo" or "foo bar".
 - "_TAG_" - Matches all widgets with the given id, e.g. "_TAG_" matches all widgets with the id "foo".
The id of a widget is a property like any other. It's initial value is undefined, so you always have to assign one yourself, usually when creating the widget.
new tabris.TextView({id: "myLabel"});
Id's don't have to be unique, but it is strongly recommended that they are so within a page.
The class property is a string containing a whitespace separated list of "classes". A class is an arbitrary name for a state or category the widget should be identifiable by. It may only contain alphanumeric characters, "_" and "-".
new tabris.TextView({class: "label important"});
Classes may be freely mixed, re-used and changed on any widget at any time.
Working with Selectors
To find a widget anywhere in the current page, simply call page.find(selector). This will return a WidgetCollection with all widgets within the page that match the given selector. You can further narrow the search scope by using page.children(selector), or by calling either of these methods on a container within the page.
It is also possible to search through all widgets in the current widget tree, using tabris.ui.find(selector). However, this is rarely practical. Instead, you may use tabris.ui to find all current pages (tabris.ui.children("Page")), actions (tabris.ui.children("Action")) or the drawer (tabris.ui.children("Drawer")).
A selector may also be given in LayoutData instead of a the widget itself. This even works if the referenced widget is not yet created.
The apply method
How it works
 - apply({*})
The apply method uses selectors to apply different sets of properties to different widgets in one call. It is available on all widgets, but most commonly used on Page.
For example, to make all widgets within a page green you could call:
page.apply({"*": {background: "green"}});
You can also set different properties on different widgets:
 "_TAG_": {text: "OK!", background: "yellow"},
 "_TAG_": {text: "Cancel!", textColor: "red"}
The order in which these properties are applied depends on the selector used. The order is:
 - "*" > "Type" > ".class" > "_TAG_"
For example:
 "_TAG_": {background: "red"},
 "Button": {background: "green"},
 "*": {background: "blue"}
This will make all widgets within the page blue, except for the buttons, which are green, except for "_TAG_", which will be red.
The on-screen order of the properties in the object literal is meaningless. According to the EcmaScript standard the members of a JavaScript object do not have a defined order.
How to use it
While we used object literals in the above examples, the apply method can be very effectively used with modules, allowing most or all property values (except ids) to be extracted from your code.
Imagine, for example, that you want to apply different texts to your widgets depending on your locale. You could do it like this:
var lang = tabris.device.get("language");
try {
 page.apply(module.require("./texts-" + lang));
} catch() {
 // fallback if the desired language file does not exist:
Since JSON files can be used as modules, your language file (e.g. "texts-en.json") could simply look like this:
 "_TAG_": {"text": "OK!"},
 "_TAG_": {"text": "Cancel!"}
An alternative pattern would be to always use the same module…
But use scripting within the module to calculate the actual values:
var texts = {
 en: {
 "_TAG_": {text: "OK!"}
 "_TAG_": {text: "Cancel!"}
module.exports = texts[tabris.device.get("language")] || texts.en;
The same pattern could be applied for e.g. colors based on the OS, font-sizes based on screen width, or layout data depending on device orientation:
page.on("resize", function() {
 var bounds = page.get("bounds");
 page.apply(require("./layout-" + (bounds.width > bounds.height)? "landscape" : "portrait"));
It is better to use the aspect ratio of the page as a basis for selecting a layout than the device orientation. This is because when the device is re-oriented, the page is first re-sized, and then rotated in an animation. Also, in future Tabris.js versions a page may not always have the same aspect ratio as the screen.


text:
[Haskell-cafe] Solving a geometry problem with Haskell
hughperkins at gmail.com
Sat Jan 12 16:39:07 EST 2008
On Jan 12, 2008 10:19 PM, Rafael Almeida wrote:
> After some profiling I found out that about 94% of the execution time is
> spent in the ''isPerfectSquare'' function.
I guess that Haskell's referential transparence means the answers to
the isPerfectSquare will be cached, ie automatically memoized? (not
sure if is correct term?)
Just out of interest, what is the upper bound for the catheti in the
question? How much memory is the perfectSquares list taking up?
- you're calculating the square by multiplying two numbers, maybe that
could be done more quickly
Quick back of envelope:
1 x 1 = 1
2 x 2 = 4 = 1 + 1 + 2
3 x 3 = 9 = 4 + 2 + 3
4 x 4 = 16 = 9 + 3 + 4
... in other words, you can use dynamic programming to calculate each
perfect square, getting each square as:
square(n+1) = square(n) + (n - 1) + (n)
Maybe this could save some CPU?
More information about the Haskell-Cafe


text:
Involvement has worked with Experian to create a Population Insight and Engagement Toolkit to provide insight into your local region (West Midlands, East Midlands or East of England). It covers:
- Who is likely to be driving urgent care activity?
- Who is likely to be affected by long-term conditions?
- How do residents access primary care?
- individuals and their households in terms of their demographics
- the needs, attitudes and behaviours of different population groups
- how to engage using their preferred communication channels
The 'Public Sector Profiles' toolkit provides a clear picture of the people you need to reach, and how best to engage with them, divided into 15 groups.


text:
Please note that the information contained in this article is now superceded by the article located Here
. This article will remain published to serve as a reference for the new implementation.
Please note, this document is written refering to a pre-production version of the DIGGSML schemas, things may or may not exist in the release version (specifically the "readings" tag may well change name!)
This is how we are thinking of implementing monitoring in DIGGSML, it's not set in stone, it's just one possible way of implementing Monitoring.
I'd be welcome to recieve comments (either attached to this article or via the contact facility) if you have any opinion on other ways of doing this.
Since a SamplingPoint inherits from Observation, just like Hole and FoundationGroup do, it can contain all of the common properties that are included in Observation (Geometry, CRS, Id, Name and StartDateTime are all common properties inherited from Observation) and those that are mandatory are still mandatory in SamplingPoint. A SamplingPoint contains a collection of Instruments. These instruments are the physical inspection instruments that are used to monitor.
Single Reading Instruments
A good example of a single reading instrument is a Piezometer, detecting water level, actually recording the position of the water, since ground level can move (with excavations and so on) and therefore depth (or more accurately distance down the hole from ground level) isn't necessarily a valid measurement.
Continuing our Piezometer example, a Piezometer records a number of positions, so there is a positions tag, inside which we can specify a default CRS to use when recording the individual positions within this Instrument (this will often be a reference to the CRS of the SamplingPoint itself). After you have specified the CRS to use to locate points, next you can specify the points themselves, this is done using a "readings" property, which in turn contains many PositionReading objects.
Each of these PositionReading objects defines a reading made at a point in time, so it contains the DateTime the reading was taken, and the position itself that was read, it may optionally also contain another CRS, to enable the specification of a movement in the path the reading was taken on (for example a ground level change during excavation).
Example 1 - A Single Reading Piezometer
5
6
Here a Piezometer is recording water level at one minute past midnight every day, the final PositionReading shows how the change in ground level on the third day means the value changes, but the actual level did not.
Multiple Reading Instruments
Multiple reading instruments are slightly different, but the only thing that differs between a multiple reading instrument and a single reading instrument is that there are many reading types reported.
They are used when the same physical instrument reads more than one thing at the same time, take an Annometer measuring wind speed and direction in the same instrument.
Example 2 - A Multiple Reading Annometer
7 22
1 30
5 27
4 1.34
8 0.23
2 2.9
This Annometer example shows a single instrument (the Annometer object) recording two parameters (the directions and velocities properties) at the same time as the aforementioned Piezometer. Note how the readings themselves are independant, so you are not constrained to monitoring all of the parameters at the same time.
I hope this article helps explain how to implement monitoring in DIGGSML, Monitoring is an important part of the geotechnical framework and I hope this article shows how DIGGSML can be used to transfer monitoring data of all types in one internationally standardized way, helping systems interoperate together to the best of their abilities.


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BOTANICAL NAME: Cupressus sempervirens
SCENT: Cypress French Essential Oil has a spicy, herbaceous, slightly woody evergreen aroma. It is fresh and clean.
PLANT PART USED: Needles and Twigs
EXTRACTION METHOD: Steam Distillation.
ORIGIN: France
COLOUR: Cypress French essential oil has a pale yellow hue
NOTE: Middle
The Cypress is a perennial, conical-shaped tree that is about 28 meters (80 feet) high. It is an evergreen with dark green foliage, small flowers and round brown-grey cones with seed nuts inside. The wood is hard and durable, and red-yellow in colour.
Traditional and Emotional uses reportedly include:-
Aromatherapy uses include in massage, combatting excessive perspiration (particularly feet), haemorrhoids, menorrhagia, oily skin, rheumatism, and varicose veins.
Aromatherapists also commonly credit Cypress French with being a relaxing, nerve soothing essential oil. It has the properties of an astringent and has been used in skin care applications.
Cypress French blends well with Bergamot, ClarySage, Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper, Lavender, Lemon, Lime, Orange, Pine, Rosemary and Tangerine.
The Phoenicians and Cretans used Cypress wood for building ships and homes. The Egyptians used the wood for making sarcophagi (coffins), and the Greeks used it for sculpturing statues of their gods. The Greek word 'Sempervirens' means 'lives forever' or ever-living. The tree gave its name to the island of Cypress where it used to be worshipped. The legend says the cross of Jesus had been made of cypress wood and it generally seems to be connected with death.
Weight 0 kg


text:
(From the publisher):
The 14th century gives us back two contradictory images: a glittering time of crusades and castles, cathedrals and chivalry; and a dark time of ferocity and spiritual agony, a world plunged into a chaos of war, fear and the Plague. Barbara Tuchman anatomizes the century, revealing both the great rhythms of history and the grain and texture of domestic life as it was lived.
Original title: A Distant Mirror
Genre: Fiction→ Nonfiction (admin Use Only)


BTEC Level 2
Why take this course?
You will study customer service, communications, ﬁnance and selling. You will also get the chance to learn about the travel and tourism industry.
What will I study?
More than 50% of your programme will be made up of a vocational specialism leading to either a BTEC Level 2 or OCR Level 2 qualiﬁcation.
How will I be assessed?
Most of the vocational Level 2 programmes are assessed through coursework and external assessments. However, some programmes are assessed through coursework alone. For your coursework assessments a variety of methods will be used including written work, oral presentations, posters, group tasks and, where appropriate, practical performance.
What can I do next?
The majority of students who complete our Level 2 programme progress to one of our Level 3 courses. To progress to Level 3 you will need to obtain merit grades in your vocational programme and make good progress where appropriate in English and/or Maths and have a good attendance record. Other students progress directly into employment with training or to a range of apprenticeships.
Secured By miniOrange


extraction (equilibrium) constant
The _USER_@ constant at zero _USER_@, \(K_{\text{ex}}^{\text{0}}\), is the _USER_@ of the distribution reaction expressed in terms of the reacting species. Thus, for the gross reaction: \[\text{M}_{\text{aq}}^{n+} + n\text{HL}_{\text{org}} \rightleftharpoons \text{ML}_{n,\text{org}} + n\text{H}_{\text{aq}}^{+}\] in which the _USER_@ HL initially dissolved in an organic phase reacts with a metal ion Mn in aqueous solution to form a product MLn which is more soluble in the organic phase than in water, \[K_{\text{ex}}^{\text{0}} = \frac{a_{\text{ML } n,\text{org}}\hspace{2pt}a_{\text{H}^{+},\text{aq}}^{n}}{a_{\text{M}^{n+},\text{aq}}\hspace{2pt}a_{\text{HL},\text{org}}^{n}}\]
 1. When concentrations are used instead of activities or mixed terms are employed as when H+ and/or Mn are measured with an electrode, the appropriate name is _USER_@ constant, symbol \(K_{\text{ex}}\), accompanied by a careful definition. \(K_{\text{ex}}^{\text{0}}\) may be termed the thermodynamic _USER_@ constant.
 2. The _USER_@ constant is related to other terms relevant to such systems by: \[K_{\text{ex}} = \frac{D_{\text{ML},n}\,\beta_{n}\,K_{a}^{n}}{D_{\text{HL}}}\] where \(\beta_{n}\) is the overall _USER_@ of MLn and \(K_{a}\) is the _USER_@ constant of HL. Where the _USER_@ HL is more soluble in water than the other immiscible phase it may be more convenient to define a special _USER_@ in terms of \(\text{HL}_{\text{aq}}\): \[K_{\text{ex}}^{0} = D_{\text{ML},n}\,\beta_{n}\,K_{a}^{n}\]
 3. In distribution equilibria involving non-aqueous systems, e.g. liquid SO2, molten salts and metals, the mass action _USER_@ for the relevant _USER_@ process can be identified with \(K_{\text{ex}}\) which should be explicitly defined in this context.
 4. In actual practice, it may be necessary to include other terms to take into account other complexes formed by auxiliary reagents and the _USER_@ and/or _USER_@ of the various species. In such cases, \(K_{\text{ex}}\) must be defined with reference to the relevant explicit chemical equation. An example is complex formation between the metal ion and an uncharged _USER_@ ether or _USER_@ molecule followed by ion-pair _USER_@: \[\text{M}_{\text{aq}}^{n+} + \text{L}_{\text{org}} + n\text{A}_{\text{aq}}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \left ( \text{ML}^{n+}.\text{A}_{n}^{n-} \right )_{\text{org}}\] \[K_{ex} = \frac{[ \text{ML}^{n+}.\text{A}_{n}^{n-} ]_{\text{org}}}{[ \text{M}^{n+} ]_{\text{aq}} [ L ]_{\text{org}} [ A^{-} ]_{\text{aq}}}^{n} \]
 5. Use of Ringbom's 'conditional _USER_@ constant', \[K_{\text{ex}}^{\text{eff}} = \frac{{a_{\text{H}^{+}}^{n}}^{n} [ \text{ML}_{n}' ]_{\text{org}}}{ [ \text{M}' ]_{\text{aq}} [ {\text{HL}' ]_{\text{org}}}^{n}}\] in conjunction with alpha coefficients is useful.
 6. The phases can also be specified by the formula of the solvent or by other symbols (preferably Roman numerals) or by overlining formulae referring to one phase, usually the less polar one. The subscript aq (or w) is often omitted; aq is preferable to w as the latter is appropriate only in English and German.
 7. The qualification 'equilibrium' is often omitted.
 8. The terms _USER_@ and _USER_@ must not be used in this sense.
Orange Book, 2nd ed., p. 89 [Terms] [Book]
PAC, 1993, 65, 2373. (Nomenclature for liquid-liquid distribution (solvent extraction) (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)) on page 2383 [Terms] [Paper]


text:
Enlisted aviator students in the U.S. Air Force 37th Training Wing will now experience physiological responses to flying, right from the comfort of their training base. The Wing's Career Enlisted Aviator Center of Excellence (CEA COE) at Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA)-Lackland will cut the ribbon on its new altitude chamber, making it officially open for regular student use on 15 June.
"We're always pushing the envelope when it comes to bringing our students the best training and education, and the opening of this altitude chamber is just one piece in the puzzle of preparing the next generation of Airmen for careers as enlisted aviators," said Lt. Col. Patrick King, Commander of the 344th Training Squadron that oversees the CEA COE.
When enlisted aviators—that's any Airman with an aircraft job other than piloting or navigating the plane—graduate from Basic Military Training, they head up the street to begin tech school in the CEA COE. The CEA COE teaches a base level of aviation knowledge in Aircrew Fundamentals on aerodynamics, aircraft systems, safety procedures, publications, physiological responses to altitude and more to Air Force and international students in aviation career fields.
After students can explain physiological functions and how to respond in the midst of an altitude threat, such as hypoxia, they strap into an altitude chamber and experience it for themselves. Previously, classes drove to JBSA-Randolph to use its chamber, but now students will experience simulated altitude threats in the new chamber right below their classroom.
"Learning how to use both everyday and emergency in-flight equipment is crucial to an enlisted aviator's success," said Staff Sgt. Agnes Berry, an aerospace physiology technician and instructor with the CEA COE. "You need to know how your body will respond, and how to keep you and your teammates safe."
Upon completion of Aircrew Fundamentals, Airmen progress to their higher level, specialized aircrew training within the CEA COE. Specialized courses include the Boom Operator, Flight Engineer, Aircraft Loadmaster, Airborne Mission Systems Operator, Flight Attendant and Special Missions Aviators courses.


text:
Weight class (boxing)
In boxing, a weight class is a standardized weight range for boxers. The lower limit of a weight class is equal to the upper weight limit of the class below it. The top class, with no upper limit, is called heavyweight in professional boxing and super heavyweight in amateur boxing. A boxing match is usually scheduled for a fixed weight class, and each boxer's weight must not exceed the upper limit. An amateur boxer's weight must in addition not fall below the lower limit, although pro boxers may fight above their weight class. A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight.
The weigh-in
A professional boxer typically weighs more between fights than at the time of a fight. Part of the process of training for a bout is "getting down to fighting weight". The weigh-in takes place the day before the fight. Boxers typically stand on the scales barefoot and without gloves. The weigh-in is often a photo opportunity and boxers or their entourage may trash talk each other. This element is such a valued part of the build-up that heavyweight boxers go through the ritual of being weighed even though there is no limit to be measured against, even where there appears to be genuine animosity between boxers.
A boxer who is over the weight limit may strip naked to make the weight if the excess is minimal; otherwise, in a professional bout, one can try again later, typically after losing weight in the interim through dehydration by vigorous exercise in a steam room. If the excess weight is too great, the effort expended trying to "make weight" will make the boxer unfit for the fight itself. In such cases, the fight may be cancelled, with the over weight boxer sanctioned; or the fight may proceed as a catch weight non-title fight.
An amateur boxer must make the weight at the initial weigh-in; there is no opportunity to try again later. There is a "general weigh-in" before the start of the tournament and a "daily weigh-in" on the morning of each of a fighter's bouts. At the general weigh-in, the fighter must be between the weight class's upper and lower limits; at the daily weigh-in only the upper limit is enforced. A fighter outside the limit at the initial weigh-in may be allowed to fight in a different class if there is space in the tournament. At major events such as boxing at the Olympics, there is a limit of one boxer per country per weight class.
A boxer may fight different bouts at different weight classes. The trend for professionals is to move up to a higher class as they age. Winning titles at multiple weight classes to become a "multiple champion" is considered a major achievement. In amateur boxing, bouts are much shorter and much more frequent, and boxers fight at their "natural" weight.
One boxer is said to be better "pound for pound" than another if he is considered superior with due regard for their difference in weight. Theoretical comparisons of the merits of boxers in different weight classes are a popular topic for boxing fans, with a similar speculative appeal to comparing sports figures from different eras; in both cases, the competitors could never face each other in reality.
In the early nineteenth century, there were no standard weight classes. In 1823, the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue said the limit for a "light weight" was 12 stone (168 lb) while Sportsman's Slang the same year gave 11 stone (154 lb) as the limit. Size mismatches were dangerous for the smaller boxer and unsatisfying for the spectators. National and world titles could only become recognised if standard weight classes were agreed upon. Important sets of weight classes were those specified in 1909 by the National Sporting Club of London, and those contained in the 1920 Walker Law which established the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC).
After the split in the 1960s between the WBC and the WBA, the divisions were narrowed, creating more champions simultaneously, and making it easier for fighters to move between different weight divisions. Among the professional bodies, the names of the new divisions are not standardized between different sanctioning bodies, although the cutoff weights are. These weights are specified in pounds, reflecting the historic dominance of America (and, earlier, Britain) in the sport.
Catch weight
A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight. A catch weight may be agreed for an individual bout—sometimes even for a championship bout—but championships are awarded only at the standard weight classes. For example, when Manny Pacquiao fought Miguel Cotto at a catch-weight of 145 pounds, the World Boxing Organization sanctioned this as a title fight for welterweight, whose limit is 147 pounds.
Professional boxing
The date is that since which a continuous world title has been recognised by a major sanctioning body; some classes had earlier champions recognised intermittently or by minor bodies. One current weight class with only minor recognition is "super-cruiserweight"; widely used as an informal descriptor, it is a formal weight class of the lightly regarded (professional) International Boxing Association at a limit of 210 lb; the IBA's cruiserweight limit is 190 lb.
(lb / kg / stone)
|200 / 90.7 / 14 st 4||1980[t 1]||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Junior heavyweight||Cruiserweight|
|175 / 79.4 / 12½ st||1913||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight|
|168 / 76.2 / 12 st||1984||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight|
|160 / 72.5 / 11 st 6||1884||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight|
|154 / 69.9 / 11 st||1962||Super welterweight||Super welterweight||Junior middleweight||Junior middleweight||Light middleweight|
|147 / 66.7 / 10½ st||1914||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight|
|140 / 63.5 / 10 st||1959||Super lightweight||Super lightweight||Junior welterweight||Junior welterweight||Light welterweight|
|135 / 61.2 / 9 st 9||1886||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight|
|130 / 59.0 / 9 st 4||1959||Super featherweight||Super featherweight||Junior lightweight||Junior lightweight||Super featherweight|
|126 / 57.2 / 9 st||1889||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight|
|122 / 55.3 / 8 st 10||1976||Super bantamweight||Super bantamweight||Junior featherweight||Junior featherweight||Super bantamweight|
|118 / 53.5 / 8 st 6||1894||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight|
|115 / 52.2 / 8 st 3||1980||Super flyweight||Super flyweight||Junior bantamweight||Junior bantamweight||Super flyweight|
|112 / 50.8 / 8 st||1911||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight|
|108 / 49.0 / 7 st 10||1975||Light flyweight||Light flyweight||Junior flyweight||Junior flyweight||Light flyweight|
|105 / 47.6 / 7½ st||1987||Minimumweight||Strawweight||Mini flyweight||Mini flyweight||Minimumweight|
- Original limit 190 lb; raised to 200 lb in 2003
Amateur boxing
When the (amateur) International Boxing Association (AIBA) was founded in 1946 to govern amateur boxing, it metricated the weight class limits by rounding them to the nearest kilogram. Subsequent alterations as outlined in the boxing at the Summer Olympics article; these have introduced further discrepancies between amateur and professional class limits and names. The lower weight classes are to be adjusted in September 2010, to establish an absolute minimum weight for adult boxers.
Amateur weight classes also specify the minimum weight (which the same as the maximum weight of the next highest class). For safety reasons, fighters cannot fight at a higher weight. This also meant that even the heaviest weight class has a limit, albeit a lower bound. The lower limit for "heavyweight" was established in 1948 at 81 kg. When a new limit of 91+ kg was established in 1984, the name "heavyweight" was kept by the 81+ kg class, and the 91+ kg class was named "super heavyweight", a name not currently used in professional boxing.
Classes are as follows:
|Class name||Weight class limit (kg)|
At the Olympics, each weight-class is a separate single-elimination tournament. The competition begins with the first round of the lightest weight class and proceeds with the first round of each higher weight class; then the next round of the lightest class, and so on, with the finals of each class held over the final two days, and the super-heavyweight final last of all.
- AIBA, Technical & Competition Rules, §1.2 & Appendix K
- AIBA,


text:
Alexander, William Tasse
- Existence: 1808 - 1870
Found in 1 Collection or Record:
Abstract Papers of William Tasse Alexander and his descendants in the Mallard Creek area of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Consists primarily of records relating to the operation of the family plantation, including deeds and other legal papers, financial accounts, and information on cotton production and enslaved people. Also includes correspondence, an 1882 school register, genealogical material, clippings, photographs, and early twentieth century postcards of Charlotte. A portion of the...
Dates: 1818 - 2000


text:
From July 20 to August 8, 2023, the Einstein Probe (EP) satellite successfully passed the thermal test in the Innovation Academy for Microsatellites, CAS.
Thermal test aims to make sure the satellite can work normally once launched, despite the harsh environments in space. For this sake, the whole-satellite platform has to be test in different simulated extreme conditions in lab before launching. Such tests include three parts: low pressure discharging test, thermal balance test, and thermal vacuum test.
Figure 1 EP Satellite in KM4C Vacuum Chamber
The thermal test results showed that the EP satellite can perform normally to achieve a working performance up to the preset standards in a low-pressure environment. The thermal control system of the satellite was demonstrated to be capable of maintaining the onboard instruments within the working temperature range under different external heat flux environments, indicating a correct and reasonable thermal control design. The instrument of the satellite operated normally under vacuum and extreme temperature conditions, and the performance indicators met the requirements. The temperature difference and temperature stability indicators of key components such as the payload support truss, Wide-field X-ray Telescope (WXT) and Follow-up X-ray Telescope (FXT) supporting frames, star tracker supporting frame, WXT CMOS detector, and FXT pnCCD detector all exceeded the requirements.
During the thermal test, the WXT and FXT of the EP satellite underwent a series of testing. Tests including long-term detector background test, trigger and follow-up test via hot spots, software refactoring test, and data stress test were conducted on WXT payload. All 12 WXT modules performed well during the thermal test. Tests including the sunshield flip structure opening test, full-frame, windowed, and time-variable operation mode tests, wheel full blocking and radiation source positioning tests, background data acquisition test, offset calculation test, and front-to-back light leakage test were carried out on the FXT payload. The FXT payload worked well in various working modes during the thermal test.
Currently, the EP satellite mission team is intensively conducting follow-up tests for the flight model of the satellite, with a plan to launch in December 2023 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
Provided by IAM, CAS


text:
Pronunciation: (spOOn), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/spoon.html on line 79 [key]
1. a utensil for use in eating, stirring, measuring, ladling, etc., consisting of a small, shallow bowl with a handle.
2. any of various implements, objects, or parts resembling or suggesting this.
3. a spoonful.
4. Also called spoon' bait". Angling.a lure used in casting or trolling for fish, consisting of a bright spoon-shaped piece of metal or the like, swiveled above one or more fishhooks, and revolving as it is drawn through the water.
5. Also called number three wood. Golf.a club with a wooden head whose face has a greater slope than the brassie or driver, for hitting long, high drives from the fairway.
6. a curved piece projecting from the top of a torpedo tube to guide the torpedo horizontally and prevent it from striking the side of the ship from which it was fired.
7. born with a silver spoon in one's mouth, born into a wealthy family; having an inherited fortune: She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth and never worked a day in her life.
1. to eat with, take up, or transfer in or as in a spoon.
2. to hollow out or shape like a spoon.
a. to push or shove (a ball) with a lifting motion instead of striking it soundly, as in croquet or golf.
b. to hit (a ball) up in the air, as in cricket.
4. Informal.to show affection or love toward by kissing and caressing, esp. in an openly sentimental manner.
1. Informal.to show affection or love by kissing and caressing, esp. in an openly sentimental manner.
2. Games.to spoon a ball.
3. Angling.to fish with a spoon.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.


text:
Pelican Beach Resort
There are over ten diverse cultures present in Belize, many of which still place great importance on traditional activities and practices that span generations. These traditions are often rooted in practicality and provide great benefits to those that keep them going.
In southern Belize, two of the most prominent cultural groups are the Garifuna and the Maya. These groups still continue with many daily practices started by their ancestors.
- Schedule a "Garifuna cultural experience", on a cassava baking day near a small farm. Learn how to grate the manioc root, strain, sieve, and bake on an open hearth. Then enjoy the finished cassava biscuit with Serre la Sus - fresh fished sauteed in coconut milk with mashed plantains.
- Pass by a neighborhood wake, "9 night" or "Dugu" and share in the honoring of Garifuna ancestor spirits via drumming and song. A "9 night" is similar to a wake and is held as a memorial usually 9 nights after someone has been buried.
- Garifuna songs and dances are vehicles for teaching newer generations about their history. These dances are filled with meaning, and an evening of entertainment can be arranged with a local dance group.
Visit the village of Maya Center at the entrance to the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary and:
- Shop at the Women's Craft Cooperative, where Mayan women sell souvenirs crafted from materials found in the nearby tropical forest
- Visit the Maya Museum and learn more about the rich history of the Maya in Belize
- Walk the medicinal trails inside the sanctuary itself, and learn the myriad uses for some of the herbs and plants that grow within the Cockscomb Basin.


rendered entirely using default rendering behavior (perhaps
modified by operator-specific rendering parameters) without the
need for any template matching.
Constructs with traditional "2-dimensional" notations, however,
will typically require macros (provided by the standard or by the
author of a document) to translate from a "logical source form"
(that is not a standard term) into a "layout schema".
None of the details of this are yet worked out fully, let alone
agreed upon. However, we have general agreement about the flavor
and scope of this, so I will fill in the details in one possible
manner in order to illustrate what I think we agree on. I'll
concentrate on the examples of fractions (with horizontal bars)
and integrals. I'll assume for these examples that "words" are
always identifiers, but "\words" can be operators.
Every layout schema (e.g. in Neil's list of "Candidate Rendering
Schema" recently forwarded to the group by Dave under that subject
heading) will have a standard low-level form, which can be directly
rendered without the use of macros. For example, we might specify
 {\frac \num... \den...}
is a low-level form (in HTML-Math source format) for fractions with
horizontal bars.
One way to make this work is to declare (in the standard Math
Context) that \frac is a prefix operator (with lower precedence
than anything except bracket-interiors), and that \num and \den
are *infix* operators with the same left-associative precedence,
a bit higher than \frac but lower than anything else. Then everything
of the above form (provided the...s are wrapped in {}s if they
contain any \word-like operators themselves) will parse into an
expression tree that looks like
 ( \frac
 ( \den
 ( \num
 ... )
 ... ))
which can be recognized and directly intepreted by the renderer.
( is an empty element inserted by the parser for missing
terms. The reason to use it here is mainly to allow \num and \den
to come in either order.)
There are other ways to set this up; for example, the low-level
form could instead be
 {\frac {\num...} {\den...}}
with \frac a prefix operator of lower precedence than , and
\num and \den prefix operators of the lowest possible precedence
(except higher than the left-precedence of "}"), so that the above
parses to the expression tree
 ( \frac
 (
 ( \num... )
 ( \den... )))
The reasons to prefer one of these low-level forms (or some other
one) over another are beyond the scope of this letter; either of
the above methods is sufficient to serve as an example. I'll assume
the first one for now.
Finally I can explain how this relates to macros.
For each layout schema, besides the low-level form there may be
one or more higher-level constructs which make use of it. These
would not be necessary if the only goal was to permit rendering of
anything expressible using the layout schema; rather, by providing
predefined macros for certain higher-level constructs, we permit
authors to use abbreviations, imply certain (perhaps informal)
semantic connotations, and permit customization of rendering rules
by viewers (who can override the standard macro rules for these
For example, we might choose to define an infix operator "\over"
(perhaps of the same precedence as the infix operator "/" for
division with linear (horizontal) syntax), and provide a standard
macro rule which transforms
 {... \over... }
Why would we want to do this? Abbreviation and semantic connotation
might be motivating factors; in more complex examples these reasons
will be more compelling. E.g., if the \frac construct has additional
options (e.g. to replace or remove the horizontal bar), and is
sometimes used for non-fractions (e.g. for the insides of binomial
coefficents), then by declaring the \over syntax and macro-expanding
it into the \frac form, we allow authors to declare which instances
of the \frac layout schema actually represent fractions in the
semantic sense (i.e. the ones represented by the \over operator),
and thus allow viewers to use different rendering rules for true
fractions but not for general uses of the \frac construct.
(One might suggest, in light of this, that my example \frac layout
schema is misnamed, and that in general one should avoid naming
layout schemas in accordance with one of their common semantic
uses; and I would tend to agree.)
It bears emphasis that, in this macro proposal, there is no distinction
between a "macro instance" and any other expression, except whether
there happens to be a macro rule which transforms that expression,
and that this may depend on which viewer is viewing a document (or even
on the mode being used by that viewer, e.g. on-screen or copy-command).
Potentially any expression structure could be transformed by a macro
rule. I believe that we have consensus on this feature, even
if not on all details of macros as I'm describing them.
Also, I believe we have complete consensus that macro processing
occurs after operator-precedence parsing, and can't reorganize the
expression tree as if it was re-parsed (as can happen in macro
systems which occur at the textual or token stage, as in the C
programming language).
It is very important that we are providing both authors and viewers
the ability to define their own macro rules. However, to the extent
that we provide predefined, standard macros for common constructs
like fractions and integrals, this does not release us from the
responsibility to design them as well as if we weren't providing
authors with the ability to override us. Authors will be stuck with
our decisions about standard macros (and their semantic connotations,
if any), to the extent that they want to represent semantics in a
way which is a universal standard. (Within specific subcommunities,
such as submitters of manuscripts to some set of math journals, it
is of course possible and hoped-for that an additional set of
standard macros with formal or informal semantic connotations would
be agreed upon.)
I hope that this clarifies some of the structure we have arrived
at, even though I have not completely spelled out what part of it
is the group's consensus, and what part remains my proposals. To
the extent that any of it is disagreed with, it would be very
helpful if this was specifically pointed out.


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