: The name of the macOS device.
 - Serial Number: The unique serial number assigned to the device.
 - Model: The model name or identifier of the device.
 - OS Version: The version number of the operating system.
 - OS Build: The specific build version of the operating system.
 - OS Friendly Name: A user-friendly name for the operating system version (e.g. Sonoma).
 - SIP Status: The status of the System Integrity Protection (SIP).
 - Secure Boot Status: The status of the Secure Boot feature on the device.
 - Chip: Information about the processor chip (e.g., Intel, Apple Silicon).
 - Memory: The total amount of physical memory (RAM) in the device.
 - FileVault Status: The status of FileVault disk encryption.
 - Storage Total: The total storage capacity of the primary storage device.
 - Storage Free: The amount of free storage space available on the primary storage device.
 - Last Boot: The date and time when the device was last booted.
 - Device ID: A unique identifier for the device in Intune.
 - Entra Tenant ID: Entra Tenant ID
 - Local Admins: A list of usernames that have administrative privileges on the device.
You can download the script from here: Intune/MacOS/CustomInventory.sh at main · ugurkocde/Intune (github.com)
Requirements
You need a Log Analytics Workspace and copy and paste the workspaceId and sharedKey into the script:
You can find both inside the Settings -> Agents -> Log Analytics agent instructions:
The sharedKey is the Primary Key. Copy and paste both (ID and Key) into the script before starting the deployment.
Deployment
We can deploy the script with Intune here: macOS – Microsoft Intune admin center
Click on the +Add Button
Choose a Name:
Click on Next and now upload the Shell Script:
You can download the script from here: Intune/MacOS/CustomInventory.sh at main · ugurkocde/Intune (github.com)
Do not forget to add the workspaceId and sharedKey variables.
Options:
Run script as signed-in user: No -> We want to run this script as the root user.
Hide script notifications on device: Yes -> Runs the script in the background without any user notification
Script frequency: Every 1 Week -> I want the script to upload the data once a week. Set this to whatevery you like.
Max number of retries: 3 times -> Retries to run the script in case it errors out when e.g. no internet connection is available.
Click on next and assign Scope Tags if you need as well as assign a device or user group to deploy the script to.
Log Analytics Workspace
After the script successfully runs it will send the data to your Log Analytics Workspace. There will be a new Table called CustomInventory_CL (CL stands for Custom Logs) and inside them you will find the data the script gathered from the device.
The results should look like this:
Possible Improvement:
You can avoid any secrets in the shell script if you use a Azure Function that will send the data to a Log Analytics Workspace for you. This way the client sends the data to a Azure Function only and has no secrets or IDs for the LAW.
Disclaimer
I am not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for the results obtained from the use of this information. The use of the script and information is at your own risk. It is advised to test the script in a controlled environment before deploying it in a production scenario.
]]>
_URL_ 2
Get Local Admins and Last Reboot Time on MacOS Devices Using Custom Attributes _URL_ _URL_ Mon, 11 Dec 2023 15:46:47 +0000 _URL_ Read more]]> You can create custom attribute profiles which enable you to collect custom properties from managed macOS device using shell scripts.
Introduction to Custom Attributes
If you are managing MacOS Devices in Intune you can use custom attributes to really get into the nitty-gritty of device management. Custom Attributes are basically outputs of shell scripts and can help to scoop up all kinds of specific info about the devices. This is super useful because it gives you a much clearer picture and more control over all the macOS devices in your organization. These scripts are pretty flexible and they can dig up a lot of detailed data, which is awesome for keeping track of and handling a bunch of different devices effectively.
Configure Custom Attributes
Custom Attrbites are basically the outputs of your shell script. In the next chapter we will focus on two examples how a Shell Script can look like that will output the information we want.
To start with Custom Attributes go to the Custom Attributes menu in the Intune Portal.
You can click on the above link or get there by following this steps:
 1. Intune Portal
 2. Devices
 3. MacOS
 4. Custom Attributes
Here you can add a new Custom Attribute by clicking on the +Add button.
After clicking on the Add button you can give it a Name and a Description. In my case it looks like this:
Click on "Next". Now we can upload the script and set the Data type to "String". (You may have to select another Type depending on the script output)
Assign it to a Group of MacOS Devices or Users and its done.
You can check the results after clicking on any of the created Custom Attributes:
Lets now check both use cases.
Use Cases
There are multiple use cases for Custom Attributes in Intune for MacOS. I have picked two of them to demonstrate Custom Attributes.
List all Local Admins
Today, without Platform SSO, many enterprises that have MacOS Devices have atleast one local admin (accessible to the user) on the managed MacOS Devices. Intune does not provide a list of local administrators so lets create a shell script that will do this for us:
#!/bin/bash
# Script to list all local admin users
echo "Listing all local admin users:"
dscl . -read /Groups/admin GroupMembership
Download from GitHub
The output of the script is in the Result column. Example:
Get Last Reboot Time
Use this script to get the last reboot time of your MacOS Devices.
#!/bin/bash
# Script to get the last reboot time formatted
# Extracting the timestamp from the sysctl command
timestamp=$(sysctl kern.boottime | awk '{print $5}' | tr -d ',')
# Converting the timestamp to a formatted date
formatted_date=$(date -r $timestamp "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
echo "Last Reboot Time: $formatted_date"
Download from GitHub
The output of the script is in the Result column. Example:
Microsoft has also released a few Scripts for Custom Attributes here: GitHub
Microsoft Docs about Custom Attributes: Microsoft Learn
Conclusion
In conclusion, leveraging custom attributes in Intune for MacOS devices, like listing local admins and tracking last reboot times, is a powerful and efficient way to enhance device management. These shell script-based attributes provide a clear and detailed view of device statuses, significantly improving the management and security of MacOS devices in any organization.
]]>
_URL_ 1
Rename Linux and MacOS devices in Intune _URL_ _URL_ Thu, 16 Nov 2023 18:04:39 +0000 _URL_ Read more]]> A consistent naming convention is important for efficient management within an IT environment, as it significantly helps us in the organization and clarity of device identification. This approach allows for the straightforward recognition of various aspects of a device, including its type, whether it is personally owned or a corporate asset, and its associated location or department. This kind of clear setup is really key to making sure everything runs smoothly and efficiently.
Furthermore, in the context of large organizations, where the volume of devices can be considerable, a consistent naming convention simplifies the overall management of these devices. It facilitates quick identification, making it much easier to group devices for essential tasks such as applying updates, implementing policies, or conducting troubleshooting. This streamlined approach to device management not only saves time but also enhances the effectiveness of the IT.
I have created two scripts that will help to rename linux and macOS devices that are managed by Intune. We will deploy them both and also log the process in a seperate hostname.log file. In example I took the approach to rename the devices to "LT-%SERIAL" where LT stands for Laptop and SERIAL is the serialnumber but only to a maximum of 8 digits as the character limitations of device names in Intune is only 15 characters (max length). You can change the variables in the script and rename them to something else e.g. location or department.
Renaming Linux Devices in Intune
The script:
#!/bin/bash
# Define the log file location
LOG_FILE="/var/log/hostname.log"
# Check if the dmidecode command is available
if ! command -v dmidecode &> /dev/null
then
 echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") - dmidecode command not found, cannot retrieve serial number" | sudo tee -a "


text:
NASA Visits Virtually, Teachers Choose the Visitor
By: Denise Lineberry
Classroom visits are being redefined through a new Digital Learning Network (DLN) initiative, known as Virtual Visits, in which NASA Langley employees can easily interface with classrooms nationwide from the DLN studio or their own office.
Fourth- through 12th-grade teachers can request a NASA expert from an online collection of videos. That allows teachers to tailor the visit with a specific lesson or subject, making sure the presentation and the speaker suit the students.
The DLN is offering to locate NASA personnel who can address specific areas of student interest in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) that are related to the agency's missions and research areas.
More than 28 employees have been interviewed on camera, with eight more waiting their turn.
A Langley Aerospace Research Summer Scholar (LARSS) intern and four INSPIRE high-school students have spent their summer at Langley preparing the 3-5 minute videos of participating NASA subject experts.
"This has been a great opportunity for the students, as well. They are meeting people with STEM field careers and getting a broader scope," said Karen Ricks, DLN manger.
Students gathered participants by contacting employees who took part in Langley's Day of Education, a mission that brought NASA into 1,000 local classrooms in 2010.
"We believe education is not just confined to the classroom or to one day," said Cory Davis, an INSPIRE student who worked on the initiative this summer. "Through our Virtual Visits, we would like to showcase the diverse talent that NASA has to offer students and teachers."
Kimiko Booker, a LARSS intern who is studying mass communications at Norfolk State University, supervised the student team this summer.
Along with Davis, INSPIRE students Patrick Negus and Ryan Olmstead gathered participants, maintained a database, prepped the participants for the camera, asked interview questions and uploaded the interviews to the website.
Nick Raimondi of Langley's DLN staff helped the students with the interviews, which began in July.
Chief Engineer Clayton Turner was one of the first to record his interview from a production room that was set up by the students, outside of the DLN.
As an electrical engineering graduate, Turner explained that he chose NASA because he found that work to be most compelling. "The work we do extends 10, 20, 30, 40 years into the future," Turner said in his interview. "There are not many places you can do that."
Turner talked about his work with the Ares 1-X rocket and described it as a "precursor for what we will use for human space flight."
Other interviewees work at NASA's Langley Research Center as a research physicist, aerospace, computer and electronics engineers, an IT specialist, a communications manager, a chief scientist and project managers.
Details about their work are included in their videos.
Virtual Visits will bring the subject experts into a learning environment for a 45-60-minute interaction with students.
The delivery options include videoconferencing, webinar or webcam.
Virtual Visits offer the what, who and how –- teachers choose.
NASA's Virtual Visitors -- view them all at:
The Researcher News
NASA Langley Research Center
Editor & Curator: Denise Lineberry
Managing Editor: Jim Hodges
Executive Editor & Responsible NASA Official: Keith Henry

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Human Nephrin Biotinylated Antibody
Human Nephrin Biotinylated Antibody Summary
Accession # O60500
Complete Your Research
Complete Your Experiment
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Nephrin, also known as renal glomerulus-specific cell adhesion receptor and nephrosis 1 (NPHS1) is a 185-200 kDa type I transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. It is expressed on podocytes and is an essential component of the interpodocyte-spanning slit diaphragm complex. Nephrin forms cis-hetero-oligomeric complexes with Neph1, followed by trans-homophilic interaction with Nephrin on opposing cells. Mutations in the Nephrin gene is the pathogenic cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome. Mature human Nephrin contains a 1033 aa extracellular region and a 165 aa cytoplasmic tail. One potential soluble splice form is known where aa's _PHONE_ are deleted, eliminating the transmembrane region. Over aa 23-1029, human Nephrin shares 84% and 89% aa sequence identity with mouse and canine Nephrin, respectively.
No product specific FAQs exist for this product, however you mayView all Antibody FAQs
Supplemental Cell Selection Products
Supplemental ELISA Products
Reviews for Human Nephrin Biotinylated Antibody
There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review Human Nephrin Biotinylated Antibody and earn rewards!
Have you used Human Nephrin Biotinylated Antibody?
Submit a review and receive an Amazon gift card.
$25/€18/£15/$25CAN/¥75 Yuan/¥1250 Yen for a review with an image
$10/€7/£6/$10 CAD/¥70 Yuan/¥1110 Yen for a review without an image


text:
In the Florida Keys we justifiably lay claim to the most spectacular sun awakenings and finales in the universe. Anglers rise early enough to witness the brilliant fireball burn its way out of the ocean, its igneous shafts dramatically piercing the clouds overhead. Divers relish the midday sun's intense rays, which light up the ocean waters like a torch, illuminating the colorful corals below. Sunbathers lie prone on pool decks and man-made beaches, soaking the solar rays, storing up some much-needed vitamin D.
But our sunsets take center stage in the twilight hours. Both visitors and residents jockey for an unobstructed vantage point from which to watch the smoldering orange ball ooze into the sea like a sphere of molten lava. Flotillas of small boats drift anchorless in the Gulf waters . . . waiting. Travelers pull their autos off the Overseas Highway and stand at the water's edge, their awestruck attention riveted on the setting sun. Key West even has a daily sunset celebration ceremony at Mallory Square, complete with fireeaters, jugglers, and Keys buskers of every shape and description.
If you are vigilant, you may see the green flash, a brilliant, emerald colored spark of light that occasionally appears just as the sun melts into the sea. The rare sighting lasts only a second or less and has inspired legends the world over. According to the Boston Globe, "The green color results from the refraction, or bending, that sunlight undergoes as it passes through the thick layers of atmosphere near the horizon. Blue and green wavelengths of light are refracted the most, just like in a prism, so the setting sun appears to have a very thin blue-green fringe on its top edge. This fringe is hidden by the glare from the rest of the sun until all but the last of the sun's rim is blocked by the horizon."
In the Florida Keys the sun sets over the Gulf of Mexico. The day must be clear, and the sun must meet the horizon through a cloudless sky to see the green flash.
Although sighting a green flash is a singular phenomenon akin to spotting a comet or a shooting star, every sunset is reason for celebration in the Florida Keys. So allow us to share with you our little-known and muchguarded 10-point secret rating scale for the ceremonial Keys sunset watch:
The Gee-Whiz Sunset Rating Chart
Rule #1: Score five points if the sun sets at all because that means you are alive.
- One point for preglow (reflection of sun and streaks across the water).
- One point if you see the bottom of the sun touch the horizon.
- One point if the top of the sun touches the horizon.
- One point for an afterglow (the sky turns pastel colors).
- One point for the company you keep while you are watching the sunset.
- Score a bonus point if a sailboat, bird, or cloud moves in front of the sun as it sets.
- A verified sighting of the green flash is an automatic 10 points.


text:
CHRISTMAS LECTURES 2010: Mark Miodownik - Why Chocolate Melts and Jet Planes Don't
About this video
Mark Miodownik journeys from little to large in the second of his Christmas Lectures.
As we zoom into the microscopically small realm beneath our fingertips to explore the tiny world we have created inside mobile phones, jet planes and chocolate, curious things start to happen. Gravity becomes less and less important, while stickiness and quantum mechanics start to dominate.
This is the wild west of science, where anything and everything seems possible, but is it? Can we create invisibility cloaks, self-healing phones and super-strong jet planes just by controlling the scale of things? Journey into the inner space of the things around us to find out how the very small affects the very large.
Mark shows that even the taste of chocolate depends on the size of extraordinary crystals which are designed to only melt in your mouth. Moving up in scale he then reveals how sperm whales – one of the world's biggest animals – use a unique material called spermaceti to increase and decrease their body density and adjust their buoyancy.
- Christmas Lecture
- Professor Mark Miodownik
- London, UK
- Filmed in:
- The Theatre
Royal Institution, BBC
- Collections with this video:
- CHRISTMAS LECTURES 2010 - Size Matters
Licence: Courtesy of BBC
Collections containing this video:
From the very large to the very small, discover why size matters.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Sian Ka'an, located in the state of Quintana Roo in southern Mexico, is a nature reserve which was granted UNESCO World Heritage status in 1987. Although inclusion on this list is considered an honour, it can sometimes lead to overexposure of the protected area which then, a victim of its own success, struggles to cope with the influx of tourists it attracts. But in Sian Ka'an, a cooperative of women are keeping a close eye on things. I had the great pleasure of meeting them during my visit to Mexico.
Created by 25 women, the Sian Ka'an Orquideas Cooperative ensures the sustainable usage of resources while seeking to develop ecotourism in the region. In Mayan, Sian Ka'an can be translated as "Heaven's door". The nature present in these areas must be protected at all costs: their swamps, mangroves and rainforest are home to stunning flora and fauna, including 300 species of birds.
Trained as tourist guides in keeping with the current norm in Mexico, each woman is able to explain to visitors all of the features of the nature reserve, to recount its history and share every last one of its secrets. But their priority remains awareness of sustainable tourism.
The cooperative offers a wide and varied range of activities. It's even possible to embark on a kayak trip in the heart of San Ka'an - comfortably seated in 100% naturally made canoes - and in doing so, you'll be able to observe the indigenous and migratory birds, or different types of mangroves. Another ever-popular trip is hiking in the middle of the jungle to learn all about the local medicinal plants.
25 employees are at hand to welcome both travellers and voluntary workers. Thanks to them, major beach and jungle cleaning is organised on a regular basis. At Sian Ka'an, you're guaranteed beautiful scenery as well as carefully planned tourism that you're sure to love!


text:
The 12V solenoids have arrived and are operable from my current setup! I've written an arduino code in which the solenoid opens only when a voltage input passes a certain threshold. This means that, when the pressure sensor arrives, the system can be set up such that the voltage output from the sensor can operate the solenoid.
We are also trying to determine whether we can operate multiple arduino shields running different codes from the same arduino UNO board. Both shields use pins in common, so it may not be possible to run code to both at once. Does anyone know whether it might be possible to run two different codes to the shields, if it is done not simultaneously? For example, a code could be run to one shield to open the solenoid, then immediately after, another code could be run to the other shield (which operates a vacuum pump) to pump gas into the chamber? Any thoughts would be appreciated!


Binghamton Homepage
Spring Weather Sponsored by
When Do Kids Form Their First Memories?
New research challenges the notion that very young children do not form memories, finding that they do but that the memories often fade over time.
May 11, 2011 -- New research challenges the notion that very young children do not form memories, finding that they do but that the memories often fade over time.
Most adults remember little before their third or fourth birthdays, and the thinking has been that prior to this age children do not have the cognitive or language skills to process and store events as memories.
But psychology professor Carole Peterson, PhD, and colleagues from Canada's Memorial University of Newfoundland confirmed in earlier research that this is not the case and that even very young children can recall past events.
Now they report that young children's earliest memories tend to change over time, being replaced with "newer" earliest memories until around age 10. As this happens, memories occurring in the preschool years tend to be lost.
"As young children get older their first memories tend to get later and later, but around age 10 their memories crystallize," Peterson tells WebMD.
Checking Children's Memories
In an effort to better understand how children form memories, the researchers asked 140 kids between the ages of 4 and 13 to describe their earliest memories and then asked them to do the same thing two years later.
On both occasions, the children were also asked to estimate their age at the time of each memory, and parents were questioned to confirm that the events happened.
The researchers found that children between the ages of 4 and 7 during the first interview showed very little overlap between the memories they recalled as "first memories" during the first question session and those they remembered two years later.
"Even when we repeated what they had told us two years before, many of the younger children would tell us that it didn't happen to them," Peterson says.
Conversely, a third of the children who were age 10 to 13 during the first interview described the same earliest memory during the second interview. More than half of the memories they recalled were the same at both interviews.
The researchers are now studying why children remember certain events and not others.
Peterson says traumatic or highly stressful events made up only a small percentage of the earliest memories reported by children in the study.
Cultural Differences Influence Early Memory
Earlier research suggests that culture plays a big part in early memory.
When Peterson and colleagues compared early memories in groups of Canadian and Chinese children, they found that the Chinese children's earliest memories tended to be a year or more later than the earliest memories of Canadian children.
Emory University child memory researcher Robyn Fivush, PhD, found the same thing in a study comparing Chinese and American children.
Fivush tells WebMD that Western children tend to have stronger early memories because their dialog with parents and other adults tends to be more autobiographical.
"As we know from watching Oprah and Dr. Phil it is perfectly OK to talk about yourself in this culture. But in China it is less appropriate to talk about yourself or call attention to yourself," Fivush says. "It is more appropriate to talk about events in the context of the group."
She cites studies finding that children who are asked a lot of questions about their personal experiences and feelings by their mothers tend to develop memory skills earlier. Since dialog among Chinese mothers and their children tends to be less child-centered, memory may develop later.
"In return Chinese children tend to develop other skills, such as a better ability to pay attention," she says. "Of course there are huge individual differences within cultures in how mothers relate to their children."
Page: [[$index + 1]]
comments powered by Disqus
Top Stories


text:
Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on February 21, 1816. He graduated from Harvard in 1835, studied law there and received his LL.B. degree in 1839. He was admitted to the bar in 1840. He was judge of the court of common pleas in Boston from 1849 to 1855, and associate justice of the State supreme court from 1859 to 1869. President Grant appointed Hoar Attorney General of the United States on March 5, 1869. He was a member of the Joint High Commission which framed the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain in 1873 through 1875. From December 1873 to March 1875, Hoar was a Representative in Congress. He died on January 31, 1895 in Concord.
William Morris Hunt was born in Brattleboro, Vermont. He attended Harvard, but left before graduating. He studied art at Dusseldorf in Germany and with Thomas Couture in Paris. Hunt returned to the United States and settled in Boston. He was known for his landscapes, portraits and cameo portraits. He is remembered, too, for his murals in the State capitol in Albany, New York. His portrait of Attorney General Hoar was painted in 1870.


text:
Community Assistance for Municipalities/Local Government
Laws and Regulations
- The term "statute" generally means an act or law passed by a legislative body, such as the Missouri General Assembly or the United States Congress.
- The term "regulation" generally means a rule or standard that has the force of law once promulgated by an administrative agency within its statutory authority. Sometimes referred to as a "Rule."
State regulations are developed through the rulemaking process, by departments or commissions given such authority by statute.


text:
Cross-axis sensitivity or "angle orthogonal to the plane of measurement":
Cross axis sensitivity is a proportionality constant that relates the change of the inclinometer output induced by a cross acceleration/inclination input. The sensitivity can vary depending on the direction of the cross input.
For example: A liquid capacitive gravity based sensor needs to be mounted in a vertical position - if the back of the inclinometer is mounted 45° off of vertical one would expect the inclinometer to be accurate within 0.1° of the expected output when mounted vertical. Due to the unique cavity design the error is predictable without much overall change to the accuracy. The unit will still provide output along the sensor's degree range, however the error at larger cross angle inputs will be significantly higher - as much as 2 or 3 degrees - the further off vertical the sensor is mounted.
It is recommended to mount a gravity based inclinometer sensor as close to vertical as possible to maintain the integrity of the sensor's output.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Distinct in style using an eye-catching zigzag effect, herringbone flooring creates a timeless interior that is sure to be loved for many years. Originating in France and traditionally manufactured in timber pieces, the herringbone effect has now been mimicked in other flooring types including laminate flooring like Carpet Court's Masterpieces collection. Learn more about herringbone flooring below and get a free, in-home measure and quote today.
Create a timeless interior
Browse Carpet Court's Masterpieces Collection
Get the herringbone effect
Browse Carpet Court's Masterpieces Collection
What is herringbone flooring?
Herringbone flooring is a distinct style of flooring which creates a zigzag, geometric effect often referred to as parquetry. The original parquet style has French origins. The word translates to 'small compartment' reflecting the classic placement of small rectangular tiles or pieces in right-angled rows.
Herringbone flooring can be constructed from different materials such as timber, laminate or ceramics. Historically, it has been manufactured from timber pieces which vary in colour and grain creating the unique, patterned effect. Woods such as oak, walnut, cherry and mahogany have been popular choices over the years.
Modern flooring styles see the eye-catching herringbone pattern in floating floor constructions, removing the need for the time-consuming and detailed installation process. The distinctive herringbone pattern is found in Carpet Court's laminate flooring line in the Masterpieces collection. A beautiful design reflecting the classic herringbone look forms laminate planks which click and lock together to 'float' above the subfloor.
How to install herringbone flooring?
While herringbone flooring can be installed as a DIY project, it may be best left to the professionals. It requires precision and involves laying tiles or pieces directly on the subfloor in the herringbone pattern. In order to get a perfect finish, the subfloor needs to be in good condition and completely level. The herringbone pattern is then created by working from the centre of the room outwards using tape measures and chalk lines. If you intend to lay a timber floor or a tile floor with a herringbone pattern and you want a perfect finish, either engage an installer or seek detailed, step-by-step instructions before commencing installation yourself.
The simple alternative is to lay the best herringbone flooring available from Carpet Court, choosing from the range of styles and colours available in the easy-to-lay luxury laminate Masterpieces parquet floors collection.
How much to install herringbone flooring?
Our stunning Masterpieces parquet floors in a wide range of shades reflect a variety of natural woodgrains and boast a top class A6 wear and durability rating. This means they are exceptionally tough and the pricing structure reflects the premium product with exceptional wear and tear durability for lasting beauty and performance within your home.
In order to obtain an indication of what the product might cost minus installation, you can use our handy online estimator tool simply by selecting the colour of the Masterpieces flooring you like best, and selecting an approximate room size from small, medium or large. A price indicator for the parquet floors will then come up on the screen.
But to include the installation costs and obtain an exact figure it is best to contact us so we can provide you with a free, in-home measure and quote. Either click online or find your locally-owned and operated Carpet Court store using our handy store locator and call in to the showroom to discuss. Another simple way to arrange that free in-home measure and quote is to call us on 1300 CARPET.
Which direction to lay herringbone floor?
The direction the herringbone pattern runs is a matter of preference. Do you want the points to lead your eye to a certain destination, a focal point in the room? Do you want the room to appear longer, larger? Typically, a herringbone tile floor or wood floor looks best with the points running in the longest direction of the room as you view it but there are exceptions to the rule. Your installer or tiler may take into account the best direction with regards to the cuts that need to be made and the aspect of the room along with other features. Generally speaking, in a rectangular room parquet floors laid lengthways is usually the best option for a perfect finish.
Where to find herringbone flooring?
As Australia's largest flooring retailer with over 200 locally owned and operated stores right around the country, you can find the best herringbone flooring at your nearest Carpet Court store.
Within our Masterpieces collection there is a wide range of shades to suit a variety of home decors. Perhaps your formal dining room would look very elegant in a grey slate herringbone floor such as Espigna Grey. Or would your open plan living area lend itself to a light herringbone floor with a stunning range of shades within the woodgrain texture, such as those found in Espigna Chic or Espigna Cream?
What would suit your classic bathroom room best, a black herringbone floor or perhaps a fresh, white herringbone tile floor?
Speak with the friendly team at your local Carpet Court store to see what herringbone flooring options in different styles and colours are available to create a stylish base for your home's interior décor.


text:
Free Educational Events for Kids in Brooklyn's Prospect Park: NYC Trees and Climate Change
September 25, 2011
Audubon Center, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York
- What: : In celebration of NYC Climate Week 2011, the Rainforest Alliance is leading a workshop to educate kids on climate change. Using dynamic, interactive activities, kids will learn about the climate cycle, measure trees to find out how much carbon they can store and discover the role that forests play in climate change. This event is free to the public, thanks to funding from HSBC.
- Who: Kids aged 10-17.
- Contact: Reserve your spot by contacting _EMAIL_ or _PHONE_. Walk-ins are welcome. Please arrive promptly at 2:00pm.


text:
All these names refer to the same animal...the Nutria.
- Nutria live up to 20 years
- Nutria swim using web feet and are strong animals when caught
- Nutria are brown with yellow to red teeth (incisors)
- Nutria are mostly active at night
- Nutria must eat constantly
Why are Nutria considered pests?
- Nutria destroy trees by girdling them (see picture above)
- Nutria eat farmers vegetable crops, garden plants, and dig up your grass looking for food
- Nutria eat vital wetland marsh vegetation until it is gone
- Nutria will dig holes and burrow everywhere and anywhere making it unsafe to walk
- Nutria dig holes and nests in levees, water control dikes, thus causing them to fail suddenly
- And the list goes on and on.
ORGANIC NATURAL NUTRIA CONTROL:
- Taste: Apply a repellent that when applied to a plant or tree tastes bad to nutria, they will stop eating it.
- Touch: Apply a repellent that will not dry and actually sticks to them and they will go elsewhere.
- Sound: Sudden sounds activated by their motion work well. Nutria disappear when you move toward them and these sound devices cause the same type of quick response to unusual or sudden sound.
- Motion: Motion activated water sprayers do a great job in encouraging them to go elsewhere.
- Fertility control: As far as we know, the use of this method is still experimental and not available to us common folk.
- Cold: They don't like it and will go to a warmer place. But we haven't learned how anyone has used this to prevent them yet. Make your million by figuring out a way to use it to drive nutria back to South America.
- Allowing animals including alligators, eagles, turtles, for example to live in the same area can reduce the nutria population.
Live Trapping: Bait with cracked corn or a chemical lure that emits an odor that is a sexual attractant to nutria and makes them walk right into a live trap easily.
- Snares: Destroy the nutria after catching.
- Leg hold: Destroy the nutria after catching.
- Live cage traps: Place the cage traps on land or on a raft floating in the water. Destroy the nutria by drowning or shooting them while the nutria are in the trap or relocate the nutria far far away.
Kill Trapping: Bait with cracked corn.
- Body grip traps: These traps are designed to kill quickly.
Shooting: Dispatch the nutria safely and legally as applicable in your area.
CHEMICAL NUTRIA CONTROL:
Pesticides: There are no approved pesticides for nutria pest control.
Poison: There are no approved poisons that kill nutria.


2010;55(1):45-52.
Background & Aims
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening can provide opportunities to reduce disease progression through counseling against alcohol use, but empirical data on this issue are sparse. We determined the efficacy of a behavioral intervention in reducing alcohol use among young, HCV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) (n=355) and assessed whether changes in liver enzymes were associated with changes in alcohol consumption.
Methods
Both the intervention and attention-control groups were counseled to avoid alcohol use, but the intervention group received enhanced counseling. Logistic regression, ANOVA, and continuous time Markov models were used to identify factors associated with alcohol use, changes in mean ALT and AST levels and change in alcohol use post-intervention.
Results
Six months post-intervention, alcohol abstinence increased 22.7% in both groups, with no difference by intervention arm. Transition from alcohol use to abstinence was associated with a decrease in liver enzymes, with a marginally greater decrease in the intervention group (p=0.05 for ALT; p=0.06 for AST). In multivariate Markov models, those who used marijuana transitioned from alcohol abstinence to consumption more rapidly than non-users (RR=3.11); those who were homeless transitioned more slowly to alcohol abstinence (RR=0.47); and those who had ever received a clinical diagnosis of liver disease transitioned more rapidly to abstinence (RR=1.88).
Conclusions
Although, behavioral counseling to reduce alcohol consumption among HCV-infected IDUs had a modest effect, reductions in alcohol consumption were associated with marked improvements in liver function. Interventions to reduce alcohol use among HCV-infected IDUs may benefit from being integrated into clinical care and monitoring of HCV infection.
doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.028
PMCID: PMC3094600 PMID: 21145862
16. Synthetic lethal compound combinations reveal a fundamental connection between wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycan biosyntheses in Staphylococcus aureus
ACS chemical biology 2010;6(1):106-116.
Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus depends on the production of mecA, which encodes penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), an acquired peptidoglycan transpeptidase (TP) with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. PBP2A crosslinks nascent peptidoglycan when the native TPs are inhibited by beta-lactams. Although mecA expression is essential for beta-lactam resistance, it is not sufficient. Here we show that blocking the expression of wall teichoic acids (WTAs) by inhibiting the first enzyme in the pathway, TarO, sensitizes MRSA strains to beta-lactams even though the beta-lactam-resistant transpeptidase, PBP2A, is still expressed. The dramatic synergy between TarO inhibitors and beta-lactams is noteworthy not simply because strategies to overcome methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are desperately needed, but because neither TarO nor the activities of the native TPs are essential in MRSA strains. The "synthetic lethality" of inhibiting TarO and the native TPs suggests a functional connection between ongoing WTA expression and peptidoglycan assembly in S. aureus. Indeed, transmission electron microscopy shows that S. aureus cells blocked in WTA synthesis have extensive defects in septation and cell separation, indicating dysregulated cell wall assembly and degradation. Our studies imply that WTAs play a fundamental role in S. aureus cell division and raise the possibility that synthetic lethal compound combinations may have therapeutic utility for overcoming antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
doi:10.1021/cb100269f
PMCID: PMC3025082 PMID: 20961110
17. Role of Wall Teichoic Acids in Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis
This study shows that wall teichoic acids, which are major polyanionic polymer components of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus, are necessary for growth and survival of S. aureus in the eye.
Purpose.
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are major polyanionic polymer components of the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. However, little is known about their role at the host–pathogen interface, especially in endophthalmitis. This study was designed to investigate the extent to which WTAs contribute to the pathogenicity of S. aureus in models of endophthalmitis and to determine whether there would be value in targeting their biosynthesis as a new therapeutic approach.
Methods.
S. aureus RN6390 and its isogenic WTA-null mutant (RN6390ΔtarO) were used to evaluate the role of WTAs in endophthalmitis. RN6390 and RN6390ΔtarO were cultured in bovine vitreous humor (VH) in vitro or inoculated into the vitreous chamber of C57B6 mice. Changes in the number of bacteria, organ function as determined by electroretinography (ERG), and histopathologic changes were assessed throughout the course of infection. In addition, the efficacy of WTA biosynthesis inhibitors in VH in vitro was examined.
Results.
It was observed that a component of VH synergized with WTA biosynthesis inhibitors in vitro and killed the S. aureus. This effect was also seen when mutants incapable of expressing WTA were exposed to VH. The killing activity of VH was lost on treatment with a protease inhibitor. RN6390ΔtarO could not survive in mouse eyes and did not affect organ function, nor was it able to establish endophthalmitis.
Conclusions.
WTAs are essential cellular constituents for the manifestation of virulence by S. aureus in endophthalmitis, and appears to be a viable target for treating the endophthalmitis caused by S. aureus strains.
doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6558
PMCID: PMC3109022 PMID: 21345983
18. Efficient Construction of Diketopiperazine Macroarrays Through a Cyclative-Cleavage Strategy and Their Evaluation as Luminescence Inhibitors in the Bacterial Symbiont Vibrio fischeri
Journal of combinatorial chemistry 2009;11(6):_PHONE_.
Diketopiperazines (DKPs) are a well-known class of heterocycles that have emerged as a promising biologically active scaffold. Solid-phase organic synthesis has become an important tool in the combinatorial exploration of these privileged structures, expediting the synthesis and, often, the discovery of active compounds. We recently identified several DKPs that are capable of inhibiting the luminescence response of the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri, and we sought to further test the scope of this biological activity. Herein, we report the synthesis of DKP macroarrays using a SPOT-synthesis approach based on an Ugi/DeBoc/Cyclize strategy. Neither a spacer nor a linker was required for macroarray construction on cellulose support, and the cyclative cleavage produced high purity DKPs in good yields. Using this protocol, we prepared a library of 400 DKPs on cellulose support and evaluated its members as luminescence inhibitors in V. fischeri. We found six DKPs capable of inhibiting luminescence by greater than 80% at 500 μM. Collectively, this work serves to further highlight the utility of the small molecule macroarray platform for the synthesis and evaluation of focused libraries.
doi:10.1021/cc900115x
PMCID: PMC3175616 PMID: _PHONE_
Diketopiperazine; Luminescence; Small molecule macroarray; Spatially addressed solid-phase synthesis; SPOT-synthesis; Ugi four-component reaction; Vibrio fischeri
19. Social and Health Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Kuwaiti College Students
Journal of Obesity 2011;2011:512363.
Our aim was to explore the social and health factors that are associated with the level of physical activity among Kuwaiti college students. A random sample of 787 students (48% males and 52% females) was chosen and weight and height were measured to obtain body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Associated social and health factors were obtained using a questionnaire. Those reporting being physically inactive numbered 354 and the remaining 433 were active. Obesity among males was 13% and was 10.5% among females. The social and health factors that were found to be significantly associated with physical activity among the students were gender (P < .001), marital status (P < .05), BMI category (obese or nonobese) (P < .05), last dental and health checkup (P < .01), desiring a higher degree (P < .001), and countries preferred for visiting (P < .01). Males significantly exceeded females in the practice of physical activity. In conclusion, behavioural modifications, intervention studies, and health education touting the benefits of being physically active should be


三亚红树林生态公园 / 土人设计
来自土人设计 对gooood的分享。更多关于他们：Turenscape on gooood
Appreciation towards Turenscape for providing the following description:
Project Statement
Right in the middle of the city of Sanya and in just three years, an area of lifeless land fill within a concrete flood wall has been successfully restored into a lush mangrove park, where nature and people harmoniously share the meeting of ocean tides and fresh water. The project demonstrates the success of following the ecological processes of wind and water that produce a designed ecotone made of inter-locked fingers to speed up the natural process of mangrove rehabilitation.
▼生态公园鸟瞰，aerial view
Site and Challenges and Objectives
Three decades of ruthless development has left Sanya，a tropical tourist city in China's Hainan Island, a mess of destruction in terms of landscape. Almost all waterways in the developed districts have been polluted and filled with garbage. Concrete flood walls were built to claim land for development that killed the mangroves, wiped out the riparian habitats, and blocked tides from the sea and storm water from the upper land causing urban inundation. Meanwhile, increased population, particularly seasonal tourists and immigrants are demanding more connected parks along the rivers, which were sadly inaccessible. In 2015, the city government decided to make dramatic changes, and the landscape architect was called upon to design this demonstration project: Sanya Mangrove Park.
▼原始场地分析，the pre-existing conditions
The site is 10 hectares in size, on the east bank of Sanya River that bears the name of the city itself, and in the central area of the city. Analysis shows that the site is also critical in terms ecological relationships between the sea and inland, where the daily sea tides meet with the fresh water of the river. Typical of the city, the water is polluted due to the urban runoffs. High concrete walls have enclosed about 10 hectares of land that is filled with urban debris for a new development project that has been stopped by the government.. An artery road runs by, and there is a 9 meter steep drop from the road to the water, challenging public access to the water.
▼可抵御热带风暴的混凝土结构，one of five pavilions of modulated concrete that are designed to be resistant to strong tropical storm
The design objectives are to rehabilitate the mangroves and make the site a park showcase for citywide urban renewal and ecological recovery. Several site challenges have to be addressed: (1) Wind–the strong annual tropical monsoon storms may harm the process of mangrove rehabilitation and destroy the fledging mangrove planting; (2) Water– the upper stream floods from the monsoon storm water may wash away the young mangrove community; (3) Pollution: The polluted urban runoffs may damage sensitive mangrove seedlings and the biodiversity of the mangrove community; (4) Access: public accessibility and natural restoration need to be well integrated.
▼修复后的红树林公园，the established mangrove park
Design Strategies：Form follows processes
In addressing the above site challenges and to achieve the project objectives, the following design strategies were taken:
Balanced earth work: the land fill composed of urban construction debris and concrete materials from the demolition of the flood wall are recycled on site, and by means of cut-and-fill, ecotones of water ways and riparian habitats of various elevations are created for diverse fauna and flora, particularly different species of mangroves;
▼丰富的驳岸生态系统，an eco-system with diverse fauna and flora
Inter-locked fingers: a land form of inter-locked fingers was designed to lead ocean tides into the park. This is necessary for the mangroves, but they must at the same time avoid annual strong tropical storms from the sea and the storm water flood and pollution from the upper stream mountain and urban area that may harm the establishment process of the mangrove community. This also maximizes the edge effects (water edge length increases 6 times from 700 meters to over 4000 meters) and habitat diversity with water depth varies from 0 to 1.5 meters, and creates a dynamic aquatic environment following the rise and fall of tides, which are necessary for some aquatic species.
▼指状相扣的地形把海潮引进公园，the land form of inter-locked fingers was designed to lead ocean tides into the park
台地和生态廊道： 利用道路与水面间的9米高差，建立一系列的台地和生态廊道系统，截流并净化来自城市的地表径流，高低错落的公共空间布置其间。
Terraces and bio-swales: Making use of the 9-meter drop from the urban road to the water level, terraces are integrated with bio-swales to catch and filtrate the stormwater from the urban pavement and road, creating public spaces at different elevations.
▼台地和生态廊道，terraces and bio-swales
Adaptive design of pavilions and access: a network of pedestrian passageways follow the landform. A skywalk is designed as a ramp to create an experience of walking above the mangrove canopy; five pavilions are strategically allocated allow visitors to enjoy the tranquility and beauty within the mangroves, as well as providing necessary shelter and shading in the changeable local weather. The modulated concrete shelters are designed to resist strong tropical storms; they open to views from various angles. The twisted pavilions make good shelters for bird watching.
▼景观盒子被布置在林间幽静景美的位置， viewing pavilions are strategically allocated in the landscape
▼模块化的混凝土盒子能抵抗强烈的热带风暴，the modulated concrete shelters are designed to resist strong tropical storms
▼遮荫挡雨的空间，a shelter preventing the visitors from sun and rain
This project is a great success. Just three years after its construction, its objectives have been fulfilled. The mangroves within the interlocked fingers have established well. Along with the flourishing mangroves, fish and birds are abundant, attracting visitors of different ages. The park has become a daily recreational place for the local communities, and a showcase of ecological restoration that not only benefits the natural environment, but the public welfare. Just as the slogan on one of the pavilions says: blue water and Green Mountain is essentially Gold Mountain.
▼市民的日常活动场所，a daily recreational place for the local communities
▼在景观盒子里享受宁静的傍晚景色，enjoying the quiet evening in the pavillion
More：土人设计。更多关于他们：Turenscape on gooood
随机推荐工作 所有工作 »


text:
Ginger and Apple Jam
Recipe type: Jam
- 2kg (4lb 7oz) peeled and cored cooking apples
- 700ml (1¼ pits) water
- 1.5kg (3lb 5oz) sugar
- 300g (10½ oz) finely chopped preserved ginger
- 5ml (1tsp) of powdered ginger
- 3 average size lemons
- Peel and core the apples until you have 2kg of apple flesh.
- Cut the apple into slices and place in a preserving pan.
- Put the cores and peel into a muslin bag and place that in the preserving pan.
- Add the water and simmer gently until the apples and soft and pulpy.
- Remove and discard the bag of peel and cores.
- Use an electric blender or beater to reduce the cooked apple to a puree.
- Add the sugar, ginger and the juice from the lemons to the pan and mix well with the apples.
- Heat and stir well until all the sugar is dissolved.
- Bring to the boil and allow to continue boiling until it reaches setting point.
- Transfer to warmed and sterile jars, then seal well.


text:
Bus Cabin Noise Predictions of Large HVAC System using Total Noise Method 2023-01-1126
HVAC system design plays an important role in the acoustic comfort of passenger vehicles and becomes prominent in electric vehicles. In the case of buses, cabin volume is larger than in cars, thus HVAC system required inside buses are bigger in size, and to meet comfort requirement numerous blowers are used for airflow delivery. Due to multiple blowers rotating inside the mixing unit and large delivery of air inside of the large HVAC system airborne noise is produced during its operations. One way to evaluate this airborne noise with CFD methods would be using the traditional sliding mesh approach around all the blowers to resolve the flow and turbulence, which is computationally very expensive. However, ability to predict noise inside the bus cabin with lesser turnaround time is important to accommodate quick design changes at early product development stage. Consequently, there is a need to develop a methodology that predicts the cabin noise of large HVAC systems with a short turnaround time and is lesser expensive. This paper proposes a multiscale approach where airborne noise generated by a single blower in motion is predicted using commercial Lattice Boltzmann CFD software with a proportionally reduced HVAC system in an anechoic digital wind tunnel. This CFD noise prediction is used to replace all the blowers inside the mixing unit with virtual digital speakers to predict the cabin noise. This multiscale approach is divided into three steps and is defined as the Total Noise Approach in the paper. With the multiscale approach, overall SPL predicted inside the bus cabin at driver and rear passengers' ear level were compared with the physical test measurements and has shown a good correlation. With the approach, computational cost and turnaround time is significantly less as compared to the flow resolving approach around all the blowers to predict cabin noise for the large HVAC systems and is therefore useful in designing and planning countermeasures during product development.


Restoring respect project
Restoring Respect Project
Restoring Respect partners have identified hat, in the EU, the unemployment rate for refugees/migrants is two times more than the number of jobless national citizens.
Many EU tools and policies are still no widely used, mostly due to gaps in a holistic approach, which would include skills identification, labor mapping, accreditation and employability skills training to refugees and migrants.
In this context, RRP will create a innovative tools, which will act as an early intervention program for refugees and migrants, who cannot procure documentary evidence of their qualifications. At the end of the program, refugees and migrants will be empowered with new tools to better certify their knowledge and skills and capabilities.
Newsletter of the Project
Uso de cookies
Aviso de cookies


Home / Flights / Where Is the Safest Place to Sit on an Airplane?
Where Is the Safest Place to Sit on an Airplane?
It may not be where you think it is. I've often heard "within five rows of the exit row" cited as the safest area on the airplane.
And it makes sense logically–if you only have a short period of time to leave the plane, the closer to the exit, the better.
emergency row
But I haven't ever been able to find an actual study that says that. It just always seems to be a stat on a top 5 list.
But Popular Mechanics looked at the actual data, and this figure seems to be very wrong.
While people have died in a fire waiting to exit the plane (which is why you should not get your overhead baggage), we need to consider the fatalities that come from the crash itself.
And what did Popular Mechanics find?
For several weeks, we pored over reports filed by NTSB crash investigators, and studied seating charts that showed where each passenger sat and whether they lived or died. We then calculated the average fore-and-aft seating position of both survivors and fatalities for each crash.
We also compared survival rates in four sections of the aircraft. Both analytical approaches clearly pointed to the same conclusion: It's safer in the back.
I had seriously internalized the statistic about sitting near the exit doors, so this came as a huge surprise to me.
Mythbusters also studied what seating arrangement would result in the fewest fatalities–but it would literally mean changing around the seating.
They found that sitting backwards lessens your chance of dying on impact (but increases your chance of getting hit in the face with debris from the impact).
So maybe being by a door will get you out faster, but sitting in the back could save you on the initial impact.
(And yes, you should brace upon impact).
About Jeanne Marie Hoffman
Former bartender, still a geek. One equal part each cookies, liberty, football, music, travel, libations. Stir vigorously. +Jeanne Marie Hoffman Jeanne on Twitter
Check Also
Customs Agent Used Wikipedia to Grill Journalist on an Aircraft He Was Covering
Recently, a customs agent is believed to have used Google to research what questions you ...
5 comments
 1. Should be common sense. Planes fall out of the sky or crash into things making the back safest & 1st class the dumb zone.
 2. When booking travel for my family I always book the back of the plane. They always whine & complain, but my anxiety prefers to have statistics on my side.
 3. As a safety engineer, I'm well aware of this (yes, I study aviation disaster/root cause failures for fun). But I travel quite a bit for work. At least 4 flights per month, as many as 10. I still select seats toward the front. I grapple with it sometimes, but statistics are on my side. You may be x% "safer" sitting in the rear during a crash, but if the crash is only 0.00000x% likely to occur, then is it worth the additional 10 minutes PER FLIGHT spent waiting to deboard?
 I know the answer for ME is no. I'd rather get off a bit sooner. Or be upgraded 😛
 4. its a proven fact that the aft section is safer during an accident. Been a flight attendant for 29 yrs, and I always work the back of the plane. Even when I fly nonrev–I sit in the back. It all depends on the nature of the accident, but usually you are safer in the back, and on numerous occasions when boarding and I hear /talk to my pax, and they r griping about being in the aft section, I politely tell them its the safest part of the aircraft, otherwise I wouldn't be working in the back. then they stop andr ealizew hat ive said. be safe everyone
 5. Its a proven fact that sitting in the aft section is safer. But I guess that depends on the type of incident/accident. As a flight attendant I always work the back of the plane(where the black box is) Even when im non revving I sit in the back.
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.
BoardingArea
I like you!
You've got moxie, kid.
I like you!
You've got moxie, kid.
Use that moxie and join our list of email subscribers and become one of the thousands of others who visit this blog each day for tips, advice, reviews, deals & more!
You have Successfully Subscribed!


text:
Cart Ruts Mystery Solved
From The Portsmouth News:
Researchers at the University of Portsmouth believe they have solved an ancient Mediterranean mystery.
The mystery of how 2ft deep tracks were cut into the rock of Malta has been a puzzle for years.
Now Professor Derek Mottershead, of the university's geography department, has followed generations of scholars to unravel the mysteries of the Maltese landscape.
The tracks, or ruts, were almost certainly caused by carts because the rock was not strong enough to support the wooden wheels of loaded carts.
They are up to 2ft deep and more than 30km of them run in pairs criss-crossing the island.
Professor Mottershead's team came up with a design of a cart to fit the field evidence, estimated its weight and calculated the stresses involved.
They discovered that in some places the rock was so soft that after heavy rain a single passage of a cart could cause the rock to fail.
Professor Mottershead said: 'The ruts have been studied and talked about for centuries and though it is obvious they are related to vehicles nobody understood how they were made or even when.
'The underlying rock in Malta is weak and when it's wet it loses about 80 per cent of its strength.
'What is unique to Malta is the sheer number of ruts. For years they have attracted the attention of archaeologists but until now we didn't have a convincing explanation of the mechanics of how they could have been formed.'
The team included Dr Alastair Pearson and Martin Schaefer, also of the University of Portsmouth. Their research was published in the journal Antiquity.
Posted by baza
28th April 2009ce


text:
30 days. In case of a delay, interest will be paid on the refund amount.
33. What is the rate of interest in case of delayed refunds?
A. The rate of interest of late payment is 1 percent. This rate is as prescribed for delayed payment for Income tax/Excise laws.
34. What is the documentation required to be submitted with the return to get refunds?
A. Normally, proof of exports is required to be submitted with the return to get refunds.
35. Which inputs can I claim set-off of?
A. Any business inputs which is used to produce a taxable output in Arunachal is allowed for set-off. However, there is a list of items that if consumed even in business process are not allowed for input tax credit.
36. Apart from input credit on raw material would dealers be allowed to claim credit on other costs like labor, overheads?
A. VAT paid on any business input would be allowed to be set off. Since services are not a part of VAT as of now, no tax is levied on it and no credit allowed. However, in future, when services will be included, full credit shall be given even for service inputs.
37. I am a manufacturer. Goods manufactured by me are both taxable and exempt. How do I do the entries in the Purchase Book when the inputs are purchased?
A. Inputs (raw material as well as finished goods) that go in exclusively for manufacture of taxable goods are to be put in creditable purchases (provided other conditions are also met). Similarly, inputs that go in exclusively for manufacture of exempt goods are to be put in non-creditable purchases. However, the inputs that go in partially for manufacture of exempt goods and partially for taxable goods, such purchases are to be appropriated in the ratio of taxable : exempt out put. Alternatively, you can maintain two separate inventories of such inputs (a) for use in manufacture of taxable goods and (b) for use in manufacturing of exempt goods. Then, all the purchases that are credited into inventory (a) can be claimed credit of and for all others, credit is not allowed.
38. How do I calculate Input Tax credit on purchases against which partial credit is available?
A. If you are using the second method as explained in the last question, you can avail input tax credit of all purchases of input that you credit into the inventory "for use in manufacture of taxable goods" while all the purchases of inputs that are credited to the inventory "for use in manufacture of exempted goods", shall not be entitled for input tax credit.
If you are using the first method, at the end of each quarter, the input tax charged on purchases for which partial credit is available, is to be proportionately divided using the following formula :
Credit Allowed = I * T/(T+E)
I : Input tax charged on purchases, for which partial credit is available, made during the quarter.
T : Total sales of taxable manufactured goods made during the quarter and zero rated sales.
E : Total sales of exempt manufactured made during the quarter + revenues from outputs not available under VAT system.
Finally, at the time of filing the last quarter return, you are required to perform the same calculation based on the total value of purchases for which partial credit is available, and total value of sales (of exempted and taxable manufactured goods) made during the year. This will be the total credit allowable for the year (on account of inputs for which partial credit is available). After adjusting the credits already taken in the previous quarters, the remaining credit can be availed in the last quarter.
39. I am making inter-state sales, which type of invoice am I supposed to issue?
A. Retail invoices are to be issued in case of interstate sales, interstate branch transfers and exports.
40. Keeping in mind the C & H forms requirements, what is the stipulated time for filing self assessment?
A. With the streamlining of issue of C forms, CST self-assessment can be completed in 6 months after the close of the year. Filing of return is the Self Assessment under the Arunachal Goods Tax.
41. What are the documents required to be submitted for refunds arising in cases of interstate sales?
A. You have to file a bank Guarantee of the amount of refund claimed in lieu of Central Statutory forms. This Bank Guarantee shall be released whenever you furnish the Central Statutory forms.
42. I make purchases intended for sale on Inter-State basis. Can I avail input tax credits on such purchase?
A. Yes, on purchases intended for sale on Inter-State basis as well as exports, input tax credits can be availed.
43. What are the timelines for providing refunds?
A. Refunds would be provided in 30 days from the date of filing returns.
44. Is a guarantee required for refunds?
A. Normally not. If the documentation with the return is complete (i.e. you file the C/F forms etc.) no guarantee is to be filed. However, in case where the C/F forms etc. are not filed with returns, bank guarantee equal to the amount claimed as refunds is required until the C/F forms are filed.
45. Can we get refunds or only adjustments?
A. You can avail of either based on your personal choice.
46. What is an Approved Warehouse?
A. Approved warehouses are authorized warehouses, where a re-exporter can temporarily store the goods, without levy of Entry Tax on it.
47. Would three be entry tax on goods imported for exports?
A. If goods are not stored in the Approved warehouses, in such cases, entry tax is required to be paid first and then refunded. There are providing provisions for "Approved warehouses" to take care of such cases and thereby solve the case flow problems of the re-exporters.
48. Will we get set-off for Entry Tax on stock transfers?
A. If you stock your goods (intended for re-exports) in a bonded warehouse, no Entry Tax is levied. Hence there would be no set-offs either (which means that you can bring goods in Arunachal free of Entry Tax, store it an Approved Warehouse and subsequently branch transfer it again, free of tax). Otherwise also, if you purchase locally /pay entry tax on imports and subsequently branch transfer it, you will get input tax credits on branch transfers also.
49. Should VAT be implemented as long as CST and Entry tax are in force?
A. VAT is a reform of local tax law, independent of CST, VAT will make Arunachal trade more competitive, irrespective of whether CST rate in Assam and other States is reduced or not. Entry tax is a part of VAT implementation methodology. In fact, VAT can't work without entry tax.
50. Should VAT be implemented in all states simultaneously?
A. VAT is expected to make Arunachal trade more competitive vis-à-vis other states and therefore it is not necessary for us to wait for other states to implement the same.
51. Are services included in VAT?
A. Services would be included in future.
52. Will exemptions continue?
A. Yes exemptions would continue of few commodities.
53. Are there any statutory declaration forms under VAT?
A. There are no statutory forms under VAT.
54. Would the product classification under each category be uniform?
A. Yes, we are trying to classify products using a uniform system of nomenclature.
55. Is it possible to use old local sales tax number as new sales tax number for VAT?
A. Yes, it is possible to do the same if your turnover exceeds the threshold value (Rs. 5 Lakhs).
56. Will the new registrants have to give surely?
A. No, only if you are below the threshold, surety is required.
57. What will be the frequency of filing returns?
A. Frequency of filing returns would be monthly/quarterly.
58. What is the rate of interest on late payment?
A. The rate of interest of late payment is 2 per cent. This rate is as prescribed for delayed payment for Income tax/ Excise laws.
59. Would dealers be allowed to print their own stationery of statutory declaration forms?
A. There are no statutory forms under VAT system. Dealers are allowed to print their own tax invoices.
60. How will management of accounts be easier?
A. Since all sales would be taxable and all purchases be tax paid, the classification/bifurcation of various kinds of taxable/non taxable sales need not be maintained.
61. What is an invoice?
A. Invoices are crucial documents for administering VAT because they record each supply of goods, whether taxable exempt. They are to be issued by all registered dealers for each of their sales. An invoice establishes both the tax liability of the supplier and the deduction (credit) to the registered purchaser. There are two kinds of invoices that can be issued under VAT i.e. Tax Invoice & Retail Invoice.
62. What kinds of invoices are required for VAT? Why is the name and address of the printer mandatory?
A. Tax and retail invoices for a registered dealer/ consumer sale respectively is a normal VAT practice. Name and address of the printer is not mandatory.
63. What is a Tax invoice and when can I issue it?
A. If you are making a local sale to another registered dealer of Arunachal, a tax invoice can be issued. Specially, tax invoice should always mention :
· Identity of the seller (with pre-printed registration number, name & address).
· Identity of buyer (with name & address ); and
· Amount charged with the amount of tax charged in the transaction indicated separately.
The purchaser, on the strength of the tax invoice, can claim the benefit of input tax credit of the VAT paid on his purchases. (Provided his purchases are such that credit of the tax paid on them


A Guide To Currency Exchange
How are currency exchange rates determined?
Are foreign exchanges open on Sundays?
Although Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange is not open on Sundays, there are other foreign exchange companies that are on different timetables and might be open even on Sundays for business.
Do foreign currency exchange transactions have taxes levied on them?
The initial CAD 200 is exempt from taxation. However, all capital gains that are associated with foreign currency exchange operations that are made in cash has to be reported to the appropriate Canadian tax authorities.
What are Foreign Currency Exchangeable Bonds?
These are bonds that are expressed in a different currency other than the originating or home country. The amount of the bond is expressed in foreign currency, and includes the principal and payable interest. An Indian company issues these bonds, and they have individual subscribers that are drawn out of foreign countries. Where the equity shares of another company's shares are exchanged with a foreign currency exchangeable bond, this company is called the offered company.
There are any risks associated with currency exchange?
In some cases unfavorable exchange rates are quite common. Forex operators that are located in popular tourist ares, like airports, squares, and markets, are notorious when it comes to this.
What is the foreign currency exchange's origins?
Today's Forex market that we are all familiar with can trace its origins back to the time period immediately after World War II; to be specific, 1944.
What are the specifics of the Forex market's origins?
In 1944 most of the world's currencies assumed a fixed exchange rate was measured against the US dollar (and the gold standard was used to peg the value), according to the global treaty's provision referring to the Bretton Woods Agreement.
Do currency exchanges accept coins?
Coins are rarely accepted by currency exchanges. However, in cases where substantial amounts are involved, they may be willing to ignore the rule.
Do currency exchanges accept credit cards?
The decision of whether to reject or accept credit cards will differ from one company to the next; some do and some don't. Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators do not accept credit cards.
Stamps are sold by some service providers but not all do. Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange currency exchanges do not sell stamps.
Are title transfer services offered by currency exchanges?
Title transfers are not handled by Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators. However, these services are offered by some currency exchange service providers.
Are there foreign exchange rates fluctuations every day?
Currency exchange rate continue to fluctuate every day over a span of 24 hours.
Will a currency exchange cash my payroll checks?
Payroll check cashing services are not offered by Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange operators. However, those services are offered by some operators to their customers?
Should I exchange my money overseas or locally?
It is strongly recommended that you exchange your money locally, since that will allow to make big savings on every transaction that you do. It is even possible to do it from home through utilizing the online platforms that currency operators like Knightsbridge Foreign Exchange have established.
Should I gt my money exchange before I go on my European trip?
Yes, definitely. If you convert your currency before you travel to Europe it will help you save on expenses and avoid any hassles after you arrive.
Should I get my money exchange before my visit to Mexico?
Yes definitely. If you exchange your money before you go on your trip it can help you save a lot of money and avoid having any problems after you get to Mexico.
Should I get my money exchanged before I travel to Canada?
Yes, definitely. You can save a lot of money and avoid headaches in the future after you have arrived in Canada if you exchange your money before going on your trip.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Our eyes are spherical, our retina is circular, but still our eyes can see more in the horizontal direction than in vertical direction. Why is it so, why is the preferred aspect ratio not square?
share|improve this question
This is just a hypothesis: but there is probably not one "preferred" aspect ratio, even for one individual. It probably has to do with the following points: 1. the eyes are positioned on a horizontal line; 2. the width between the irises; 3. how far you are looking. And let's not call it a "preferred" aspect ratio. It's more like an "effective" aspect ratio. My hypothesis is that the closer you look, the wider the effective aspect ratio is, and the further you look, the more circular it is. And if you cover one of your eyes, you'll probably get a circular FoV regardless of distance. – Kal Nov 5 '12 at 9:28
I have to agree with Kal, but mainly about #1. Essentially, the eyes are next to each other, and this allows for stereoscopic vision. If you cover one eye, your field of view is more or less circular (due to the retina and macula), but you'll lose depth perception. Plus, your eyelids slightly limit the amount you can see in the up-down directions. – jello Nov 5 '12 at 11:19
_USER_ Surely the eyelids can't be having an effect as you describe because they don't normally cover any part of the pupils. – Alan Boyd Nov 5 '12 at 19:08
_USER_ I think you're right. For some reason, I was probably thinking about ptosis, when a drooping eyelid does limit your visual field. – jello Nov 7 '12 at 8:35
I will add that in other animals, having a wide horizontal angle helps in hunting and also in defending against hunters. The vertical angle is also important, for example for hunting birds, but not so much for terrestrial animals. – 149781-32509185 Nov 9 '12 at 13:45
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
I found the explanation given below here (my emphasis). It may not be authoritative, but it makes sense to me.
You can determine the approximate shape of your visual field by looking straight ahead, and holding a hand out to each side and noticing where you can no longer see them. Do the same for above and below, and you'll see that your peripheral vision probably extends to about 180 degrees (or a little less) left and right, and about 100 degrees up and down. Your brow, nose, and cheeks narrow the vertical angle.
So your visual field has a ratio of about 1 to 1.8.
Interestingly, and not entirely coincidentally, ordinary films and wide-screen TVs have a ratio of 1.78 (16:9).
Another way to see this effect is to look at someone's head in profile and from directly above. In the former case you have a clear view of their eyes, in the latter you don't. (Tested on a small sample - one 3 year old male, playing with an iPad).
share|improve this answer
add comment
The reasons your field of view is not circular are:
 - Even when looking directly forward your nose, brows, and cheeks obstruct your view.
 - You have two eyes which are aligned horizontally.
The field of view is measured by a method called perimetry, and looks approximately as depicted in this graphic. The guide here provides further comments on the graphic.
As you can see in the image I linked to, the field of view (were it to be approximated with a rectangle) spans 180° horizontally and 130° vertically. Yielding a width-to-height ratio of 0.72. Which is better approximated by the traditional 4:3 screen size and NOT by modern 16:9 displays. Having said that, 16:9 may not necessarily be a worse format, as researchers found that horizontal saccades are faster than vertical ones.
share|improve this answer
add comment
Your Answer


text:
System on Chip Tools
Regression Test System
The InES Regression Test System provides a platform to design and execute tests. It provides a wide range of interfaces to interact with the system under test. This includes interfaces to analyse and manipulate Ethernet traffic as well as interfaces to generate and analyse video and audio signals. The test system is based on a Linux operation system and can therefore be run on multiple platforms. The individual test cases are described in a Python script and can be run manually or automatically on the test system. The test system provides an interface for Jenkins (_URL_), an application for building and testing software continuously.
The InES Regression Test System provides following advantages:
- Quality improvements due to regression testing
- Automation of the testing process
- Simplified test implementation
- Individually adaptable to provide the needed test capabilities


Introduction: How to Make Blackpowder (a.k.a Gunpowder)
Black powder is the base of many pyrotechnic projects and is very versatile. This instructable will show you how to make it and where to find the materials.
Disclaimer :
Any damage or harm done to people or property is not my or this websites (_URL_) fault and i will not be held responsible. Also any comments on this tutorial are the sole responsibility of their writers and the writer will take full responsibility, liability, and blame for any libel or litigation that results from something written in or as a direct result of something written in a comment. The accuracy, completeness, veracity, honesty, exactitude, factuality and politeness of comments are not guaranteed. Also, please note this may not be legal in your country/state and ,if not, it isn't my fault if your caught.
Step 1: Sourcing the Materials.
Potassium nitrate: Some stump removers contain it.
Sulfur: Can be found in chemists and garden centres (Look for flowers of sulfur)
Charcoal: Can be found in barbeques, supermarkets, the bottom of fires or you can make your own.
Or if you live in the UK you can go here _URL_
Step 2: You Will Need
You will need:
75% potassium nitrate
15% charcoal
10% sulfur
(Must be measures by weight, not volume)
An old coffee grinder
A spoon
Kitchen scales
Container
Optional:
Mortar and Pestle.
Step 3: Preparing the Ingredients.
1) Put your potassium nitrate (if it is not already finely ground) into the coffee grinder and grind it until it is a nice fine powder, then put it in the mixing container. Wash the grinder.
2) Repeat with the charcoal and sulfur.
3) Put all the ingredients through a fine sieve and any lumps, put in a mortar and pestle and grind them to they've turned to powder.
4) Mix with a spoon until it is all mixed in.
Step 4: Storing and Using.
Store it in a air tight container until ready for use.
Also you can you can make the mixture using 60% Potassium nitrate 30% Charcoal and 10% Sulfur for a slower burning rocket fuel!
Have fun and be careful!!!
This is a small video of a spoon of my mixture in a small container.

Check here to see how to make some quickmatch!
_URL_
Comments
author
amcclenning (author)2013-08-14
Can you put the ingredients in grams for each and where would I be able to get these ingredients from in the uk cheers
author
Don,t try this at home (author)2012-11-14
Please do not use the coffee grinder you will get yourself hurt or burn your house down doing that!!!. Go on ebay and buy a ball mill. Trust me its alot cheeper then the hospital bill or buying a new house.
author
AtomRat (author)2012-11-12
You just noted at the end that a 65, 30,10 mixture is slower? I've found this mix to be faster!? Why do you think we have these differences?? Im using KNO3, willow, and sulfur. With the standard BP mix, I packed into a tube and got no lift, but with the 65,30,10 mix I did get lift off. Whats going on here
author
daisyalan (author)AtomRat2012-11-13
I don't know. The 60:30:10 should burn slower due less oxidiser and more carbon and it always works for me.
author
AtomRat (author)daisyalan2012-11-13
Very odd, I made one last night with sorry: 65, 25, 10 mixture. I got my tube to launch 30 meters into the air and burns for 4 seconds. I swear the normal mix only made smoke pour out the nozzle. I'll attempt again. Maybe my nozzle was too large back then
author
rimar2000 (author)2012-11-10
Please, between point 1 and 2 in step 3, is INDISPENSABLE to wash the grinder. Otherwise the residual potassium nitrate will ignite the sulphur.
More: it is A VERY BAD IDEA to grind all ingredients together. Surely the powder will ignite.
author
daisyalan (author)rimar20002012-11-10
I have changed the ible. Thankyou for pointing that out!!!
author
rimar2000 (author)daisyalan2012-11-11
You are welcome. Well done!
author
daisyalan (author)rimar20002012-11-10
I have changed the ible. Thankyou for pointing that out!!!
author
volvojb (author)2012-11-10
Please Please PLEASE if you must do this, DO NOT GRIND the black powder mix and DO NOT USE PLASTIC for mixing bowls. Black powder (gunpowder, same thing) is static and friction sensitive. I have investigated incidents where people have sustained serious bodily injuries from black powder autoignition. The industry standard is copper or brass (both non-sparking) for mixing and pouring. At the least.earth yourself with an earthing strap and benchtop mat (about $20 tops).
author
daisyalan (author)2012-11-10
Have done
author
Kiteman (author)2012-11-10
Be very, very careful grinding any mixed lumps in a coffee grinder - friction can generate enough heat to set it off.
(It would be nice if you could include suggestions for where to buy the ingredients, and I, personally, would like to see a video of your mix going off?)


Sending interviewers to targeted locations requires specific distribution options within the software itself, all of which can be found within Nfield CAPI. Have you already heard about sampling points?
Sampling points help you organize the fieldwork
In face to face interviewing, we refer to sampling points when talking about survey distribution. So what are sampling points?
From a technical perspective, sampling points are a way of categorizing interviews into certain groups (points). Categories could literally be anything: streets, areas, cities, or even experienced interviewers in one sampling point and less experienced interviewers in another.
In practice, sampling points are commonly used for a geographical distribution of interviews. The usage of sampling points helps you
 - assure a geographical representativeness of the survey
 - simplify the quota frame
 - control the fieldwork and targets better.
Thanks to sampling points it's easy to assign interviewers to interviews and control your fieldwork!
The geographical categorization helps to divide and manage the fieldwork and survey targets because interviewers may live in different areas or because you need to find respondents across a number of areas.
For example, when working on an international project involving many countries (offices worldwide), one sampling point could be one country (one office) with many interviewers.
Or in another case, when working on a local project, the town could be divided into parts with each one assigned to a different interviewer as a sampling point.
Nfield CAPI offers various scenarios
The following examples are theoretical and meant to explain you the main differences.
1. Surveys without sampling points and without quota
Non-geographical distribution is defined and your interviewers can ask anybody and anywhere.
Typical situation: polls
Example 1 without quota and sampling points actually means no table at all.
2. Surveys without sampling points and with quota
Non-geographical distribution is defined by sampling points, but please note that a quota frame can still be used for geographical distinction. The fieldwork is controlled through the total target that is placed in the software.
Typical situation: the interviewers who live in different cities interview people who are randomly passing by
Example 2 with quota, but no sampling points
3. Surveys with sampling points and quota
Geographical locations with the targets as the sampling points (Amsterdam East, Amsterdam West, Amsterdam South) need to be uploaded first, and then a quota frame with sample characteristics (female, male) should be set up. The fieldwork should be controlled through sampling points, not the total target. The sum of the sampling points targets is your total target, but having the total in the software does not help you control the fieldwork better.
Typical situation: a complex set-up used for international or national projects when a detailed distribution is needed
Example 3.1. with sampling points and quota, less items
Example 3.2. with sampling points and quota, more items


text:
Background: Affective disorders present an important clinical challenge in multiple sclerosis (MS). Due to prohibitive sample size requirements, population-based studies have not yet provided an adequate description of the underlying epidemiology of this association.
Objective: To describe the epidemiology of affective disorders in MS in a general population sample.
Methods: The study presented here accessed administrative data from a universal healthcare insurance plan in the Canadian province of Alberta. Physician billing data recorded in the Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan was used to identify members of the population ≥15 years of age with and without MS. Crude and stratified estimates of the association between affective disorders and MS were made. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate statistical interactions and to provide adjusted estimates of the association.
Results: The estimated prevalence of MS in the population within the targeted age range (2.3 million individuals) was 386/100,000 and that of affective disorders was 7.7%. As expected, an association between MS and affective disorders was identified (crude relative prevalence: 2.2). The association varied in strength over age-sex categories. Although the prevalence of affective disorder was higher in women with MS than men with MS, the association of MS with affective disorders was stronger in men. The strength of association declined with age in both men and women. Affective disorder prevalence in people with MS becomes similar to that of the general population in older age groups.
Conclusion: Affective disorders occur with an increased frequency in MS. This is true in men and women and across all relevant age groups, although the association gets weaker with advancing age. Higher frequencies of affective disorder occur in women with MS than in men with MS. The frequency of affective disorder in people with MS is highest in the 25–44 age group, and declines in older age categories.


text:
The population development of Yŏngqiáo Qū as well as related information and services (Wikipedia, Google, images).
|Yŏngqiáo Qū [incl. Sùzhōu Mǎ'ānshān Modern Industrial Park, Sùzhōu Economic and Technological Development Zone]||District||埇桥区||1,601,181||1,647,642||1,766,285|
Source: China National Bureau of Statistics (web), Anhui Provincial Bureau of Statistics (web).
Explanation: Status and division as of 2020, as far as sufficient information is available. Area figures are computed by using geospatial data.
Further information about the population structure:
|Gender (C 2020)|
|Urbanization (C 2020)|
|Age Groups (C 2020)|
|Age Distribution (C 2020)|


text:
- Plant biologists have now shown that they can make plants resistant to dodder vine by attacking the junctions where the parasite taps into the host.
Dodder vines are parasitic plants that suck water, nutrients and information from other plants as they spread over them. Plant biologists at the University of California, Davis, have now shown that they can make plants resistant to dodder by attacking the junctions where the parasite taps into the host.
"We think that this will translate into other parasitic plants," said Neelima Sinha, professor of plant biology at UC Davis, who led the project. The work was published online July 20 by the journal Plant Cell.
Sinha's lab uses dodder as a model for more serious parasites such as Striga, which attacks the roots of maize, sorghum and other African crops.
In earlier work, Sinha and colleagues found that when dodder taps into a host plant, it takes up RNA molecules that can act as chemical messengers in the host along with water, sugars and other nutrients. These circulating RNA molecules act as messengers inside plants, for example coordinating growth and flowering.
The researchers wondered if they could exploit this to attack the parasite. It is possible to switch off a gene with a short piece of RNA with which it pairs. This technique is called RNA interference or RNA silencing, and it won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 2006.
To use RNA interference against dodder, the team looked for genes that could affect the parasite but not the host.
"The answer turned out to be genes I've worked on all my career," Sinha said, describing a group of genes that control the activity of other genes involved in shoot and root growth.
These genes are active in both the host plant meristem (an area of active growth in roots and shoots) and in the haustoria, the junctions where the parasite penetrates the host, Sinha said. So the researchers identified regions that were unique to the parasite, and used them to make a short DNA construct. Tobacco plants carrying this construct make short pieces of RNA that match the genes of the parasite, but not the host.
Dodder did not grow as well on the engineered plants as on control plants, Sinha said. At the same time, the dodder showed high levels of stress signals and flowered early -- a reaction to stress.
The work was initiated by Steven Runo and spearheaded by Amos Alakonya, two African graduate students who have now returned to Kenyatta University in Kenya, Sinha said. They hope to develop the technique to control Striga in African maize crops.
"This is the proof of concept, and now we can take it into the field," she said.
Other authors on the paper are: at UC Davis, postdoctoral researchers Ravi Kumar, Seisuke Kimura, Helena M. Garces, Julie Kang, Rakefet David-Schwartz; graduate students Daniel Koenig, Brad Townsley, and undergraduate student Andrea Yanez; and Jesse Machuka at Kenyatta University.
The work was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and the National Science Foundation.


variable, lat, that has a value at the time
multirember&co is called recursively: (berries tuna fish). So (car
lat) is (quote berries). What we've got here is a version, or an
instance, of when-differ that has a value bound to one of its
variables.This is like currying, this binding of values to the variable of a
function and then using this altered function to do something. I think
that currying, however, refers to wrapping functions so that only one
variable at a time is given a value. What this apparent creation of a
specific instance of the function when-differ DOES have in common with
currying is this: both use closures to encapsulate the instance of the
function with bound variables, or, to be precise, to make a copy of
the function with its own scope that will persist so long as there are
references to the closure. I didn't realize this on my own, of
course. I owe this insight to Richard P. Gabriel's essay The Why of Y,
which you can read in this Dr. Dobb's article or download as a PDF.There's something else in when-differ that will bind to a value:
col. The function passed, remember, is last-function. So we can (and
should) substitute that in for col.Let's give a unique name to the instance (technically the closure) of
the function when-differ that has these two values bound to it:
when-differ-1. Let's write it out, and set it aside for later use:(define when-differ-1
(lambda (newlat seen) (last-function (cons (quote berries) newlat) seen))
)Now, on to iteration two, which we can summarize like this:(multirember&co (quote tuna) (tuna fish) when-differ-1)OK, so this time, (eq? (car lat) a) yields true, and the other branch
of the condexecutes: multirember&co is called with tuna as a, (fish)
as lat, and when-match as col. Once again, thanks to currying, the
definition of when-match contains expressions to which values are
bound:(car lat), which becomes (quote tuna) , and col, which becomes
when-differ-1. Remember, we just recurred by calling multirember&co
with when-differ-1 as the function argument for the parameter col. So
now let's define the resulting instance of when-match as when-match-1:(define when-match-1
(lambda (newlat seen) (when-differ-1 newlat (cons (quote tuna) seen)))
)On on to iteration three–we're nearly there–which we can summarize
like this:(multirember&co (quote tuna) (fish) when-match-1)This time, tuna and fish don't match, which means we're going to recur
with another version of when-differ, when-differ-2:(define when-differ-2
(lambda (newlat seen) (when-match-1 (cons (quote fish) newlat) seen))
)Finally, iteration four:
(multirember&co (quote tuna) () when-differ-2)This time lat is an empty list, which means (null? lat) is true, and
the terminating line (col (quote()) (quote())) is executed. Yay! We're
done!Except…The result of the completed execution (col (quote()) (quote())) has to
be evaluated. Here's where everything turns inside out, or rightside
out if you like.First of all, the value of col in the final iteration was
when-differ-2. So we'll start there.(when-differ-2 (quote()) (quote()))Now, look back up and get the definition of when-differ-2 and
substitute it.((lambda (newlat seen) (when-match-1 (cons (quote
fish) newlat) seen)) (quote()) (quote()))OK, so the parameters newlat and seen both get assigned the value of
an empty list:(when-match-1 (cons (quote fish) (quote())) (quote()))We can simplify this by consing fish onto the empty list:(when-match-1 (fish) (quote()))We have a definition for when-match-1 too. Let's substitute that in now.((lambda (newlat seen) (when-differ-1 newlat (cons (quote tuna)
seen))) (fish) (quote())) )And again assign values, this time (fish) and () to newlat and seen:
(when-differ-1 (fish) (tuna))We're getting somewhere now. Do you see how at each step we're consing
a value onto either seen or newlat? seen has gotten the instance of
tuna, which was the atom we passed to multirember&co at the start,
whereas newlat has gotten the other atom, fish. Guess where berries is
going to go when we get to it.Now, let's substitute our definition of when-differ-1:((lambda (newlat seen) (last-function (cons (quote berries) newlat)
seen)) (fish) (tuna))Which becomes….
(last-function (berries fish) (tuna) )And now we're back where we started, with last-function.( (lambda(x y) (length x)) (berries fish) (tuna) )(length (berries fish) )2So that's how multirember&co works. What does it accomplish? It seems
to separate occurrences of the atom a in the list of atoms lat from
the other atoms in lat, and then it executes last-function using the
list of occurrences and the list of other atoms.In an imperative language like C or Java, you would probably define
two variables, one for each list, and then loop through the list of
atoms, testing each element in the list for equality with a, and then
pushing the element onto either of the two lists. Finally, you would
call the final function with the two lists you built.Consider the differences in this approach. Throughout the loop, you
have several variables remaining in scope, which means you have an
opportunity to munge one of them accidentally. Also, how modular is
this hypothetical code? In C, you could pass the last-function
function as an argument to a procedure that encapsulates the loop, but
try it in Java. No sir, in Java you'd have to call a method to get the
two lists (which would have to come back wrapped into one object,
probably a String[] array) and then call last-function with returnval[
0 ] and returnval[ 1 ]. Not terrible, but not elegant either.That's just scratching the surface, I'm sure. If the example were more
complicated, other implications of the recursive approach might become
clear, at least to smarter people than me. But there is one other
thing to point out.As TLS points out, the function you supply for use with the two lists
is assigned to a parameter names col because "col" stands for
"collector" by convention. What is this function collecting? The two
lists, of course. But more than that each use of col, as it changes
from when-differ to when-match, is persisting the values of the lists
from one step to the next. And that's important because as of page
136, there has been no mention in TLS of an assignment operator. So
even if we wanted to define variables to reference while looping
through the list, we could not. Not yet. After all, such code would
produce what functional programmers refer to, with a sniff, as side
effects.[2] [_URL_
6 thoughts on "闭包"
Leave a Reply