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About The 4x4 Training Center
Since 1993, The 4×4 Center Driving School has been challenging drivers from across the USA to explore and achieve new levels of skill both on road and off road. Our clients include professional and recreational drivers. We have classes geared to everyone from first-time off-road drivers to corporate safety trainers and the United States Military.
Every course starts with a presentation to establish some basic principles of driving techniques and the mechanics of how vehicles and machines work and operate. Only then can you master the critical relationships between the driver and the vehicle and the vehicle and the terrain.
Training Classes Offered by The 4x4 Center Include:
- Business & Employee Training's are focused on the necessary building blocks that each employee needs to accomplish their responsibilities. When and accident occurs at work, the first questions OSHA asks are: how & when was the employee trained to perform this task, and proof the training occured. The 4x4 Center helps businesses keep track of employee training and promotes the training of new employees. Click here to see our list of available Business Training Modules.
- Individual & Recreational Opportunities focus on building responsible and safe recreation practices. In these classes you will learn how to drive off-road using methods that respect both your vehicle and the environment while conquering some of Vermonts highest off-road trails. Click here to learn more about our Off-Road Jeep Driving Experience.
Each class is customized to fit YOUR specific needs!
Some of the topics we will cover include four-wheel drive systems, proper gear selection, and vehicle preservation. In the field, driving one of our fleet vehicles, you will take what you learned in the classroom and apply it to some challenging terrain in northern Vermont.
The 4×4 Center training facility is located in the heart of the Green Mountains accessing over 3,000 acres of natural terrain with twenty miles of trail. We also feature twenty acres of man-made obstacles, including a paved skid pad; complete with sprinkler system to simulate all weather conditions. Our northern Vermont location allows for outstanding winter driving challenges from December through March.
All of our instructors have years if not decades of experience operating 4×4 vehicles. They are highly trained as drivers and mechanics with extensive practice in extreme vehicle operation, repair, and recovery.
Whether you're looking to enhance your professional driving resume, want to teach your employees some job-related driving skills, need to learn expedition related driving techniques, or just want to enjoy a fun day in the field, we promise training that is invaluable.
Our "Classroom" Vehicles
Try your hand at a wide variety of vehicles that are; gas or diesel powered, automatic or manual shift transmissions, left or right hand drive. Being able to experience: Land Rover Defenders, Range Rovers, Jeep Rubicons, Toyota 4Runners, HiLuxs, and RAV4s, etc allows you to develop the skills to operate any type of vehicle. Every off road vehicle is equipped with a winch, skid plates, rock sliders, heavy duty bumpers, recovery points, and recovery gear. Some school vehicles have open differentialss, true trac limited slip differentials, and others have selectable lockers which provides an educational experience for participants to see how different drivetrains operate in varied terrain.
Current Fleet of Vehicles:
Facilities & Terrain
The 4×4 Center driving school, located in Bolton, Vermont, encompasses over 3,000 acres of natural mountanous terrain including twenty miles of trails. We break all this down into four specific training areas — mountain trails, manmade obstacles which we design and build ourselves, a winter ice pad, and a paved skid pad complete with a sprinkler system to simulate wet or icy driving conditions.
Our on-site classroom comfortably accommodates up to twenty-five people and is equipped with computers, internet access, full food and beverage services, bathrooms and vehicle maintenance facilities. Larger meeting areas are available upon request.
In addition to our 3,000 acre facility, we can arrange for some government agencies to access the terrain at a local military base of 18,000 acres and can arrange for special events at other locations in North America based on our customers' needs.
The Michelin and BFGoodrich tire companies trust The 4×4 Center Driving School to provide their sales forces with firs thand experience of their products in the field. They trust The 4x4 Center to push these tires to the limit and demonstrate their full capabilities. You can learn more at that schools dedicated website TheTireExperience.com.
Onsite lodging, meals and meeting space is available from our partners at Bolton Valley Resort and The Essex.


interesting facts about snails for kids
Snails are one of the ancient living animals on this earth. Their ancestors have been around for 500 million years. They have many interesting characteristics and can be a great pet option for your kids.
We have listed some popular and engaging snail facts for kids in this article. Hope you have a fun time reading it.
11 Most Interesting & Fun Facts about Snails for Kids
Snails are often kept as pets in houses. Be it the land snail or the freshwater one. Kids have an amazing love and curiosity about this small animal. But be careful while petting one as they can be vigorous plant-eaters. So make sure you keep your plants away and safe from them.
1. Ever heard of snail races?
The snails that are found on land are very slow. The reason behind this is the absence of bones inside their body. They use muscle tissues to move. Their speed is usually between 0.5 – 0.7 inches per second.
They leave a trail behind while moving because of the slime they release which is a lubricant that helps them move forward. People have fun organising snail races in various parts of the world.
snail facts and information for kids
2. They can not hear sounds
Snails belong to the class of gastropods and the animals belonging to this class cannot hear as they lack ears. Snails have eyes and olfactory organs that help them to survive. Their sense of smell helps them majorly to search for food.
Although they do not need a large amount of food and can adapt well to the conditions they live in. They prefer to live near the availability of food. They can see objects that are very near to them.
3. They carry their home on their back
It is the most attractive feature of snails. They carry a spiral-shaped shell on their back. They are born with this shell and the shells are soft at birth but harden afterwards. It is made up of calcium carbonate and protects their soft body and internal organs such as their lungs.
It also protects them from predators. They withdraw themselves inside it when they sense danger and during hibernation and sleeping. They can not survive without this shell as it also protects them from the climatic conditions of their habitat.
4. You can find them almost everywhere
Snails are found in almost every corner of the world except for the polar regions due to the excessive cold. You can find them on rocks as well as leaves. You can also find them under the water and stems of the plants.
They can adapt to human habitats as well and live in gardens and public parks. They live in rainforests, woodlands, and limestone and Rocky outcrops. They are also found in grasslands.
5. They are ancient animals
The ancestors of the snails are some of the ancient animals that existed on earth. Their fossils have been found and researched and it is revealed that they existed around 500 million years ago.
Their lifespan is limited to 3 – 7 years in the wild. However, they are known to survive longer in captivity, up to 10 – 15 years or even longer. You can think of getting one as a pet for your kid.
6. They are eaten by humans
The land snails have been made to the diet of humans for centuries. The European countries of Spain and France have considered them a delicacy. However, they are not common in diets everywhere.
They can be a good source of calcium for humans and other animals as well. Their consumption should be monitored carefully because some of them are attacked by parasites which when consumed by humans or animals might cause severe diseases.
7. They possess thousands of teeth
Snails possess tongues like humans but their tongues are different in the way that they have rows of tiny teeth on them. These are also known as radula instead of teeth.
The snails can have around 15,000 – 20,000 of such teeth which helps them in grinding the food that they eat. They use their tongue to scrape off the food such as leaves, which is their favourite. They are also considered pests as they can destroy large amounts of crops on farms.
8. They have both gills and lungs
Depending on the species, snails can possess both lungs and gills. The land snails possess lungs and the snails that live underwater breathe through their gills, just like the fishes do.
Some of the water snails have reduced gills and have difficulty taking oxygen from the water. These snails often come to the surface of the water to breathe in air which then goes into the lungs to provide them with oxygen.
9. The Snails can hibernate
In dry climatic conditions, the snails stay inactive for a long time to preserve energy. During the winters, the snails enter the state of hibernation. The duration of their hibernation is 4 – 6 months.
During this time, their palpitations and metabolism slow down. An interesting fact here is that to protect themselves from the prolonged cold, they can hibernate for 3 years. They also hibernate this long to survive for longer periods of time.
10. They are mainly herbivores
The snails are commonly herbivores. Their diet consists of leaves, flowers, stems, fruits, and garden crops. The underwater snails and some of the larger snails can be carnivores and omnivores as well.
They prefer calcium-enriched food which keeps them healthy and helps in their growth. Calcium also keeps their shells hard and thick to protect their inner bodies from any outside danger. They can also feed on dead organic matter, fungi and algae.
11. Their shells keeps growing
We know that the shells of the snails are soft at birth. It keeps hardening as they grow. This shell keeps growing along with the growth of the snail. Snails can get as big as the size of your hand.
They can recover from minor damages and cracks in their shells but once broken completely, they can not replace it by growing another shell.
Different Types of Snails
The snails have a wide range of varieties and species. There are more than 60,000 species of them in the world. We have listed here the most common snails that can be easily seen in our surroundings.
 - Apple snail – They are the freshwater snails that are kept as a pet in aquariums. You need to have a large tank to keep it as a pet.
 - Garden snail – It is common in Europe but also found in other parts of the world as well. They destroy crops and plants on a large scale.
 - Giant African Land Snail – They can get as big as 8 inches in length. They live from 5 – 7 years. They cause damage to agriculture.
 - Mediterranean Green Snail – They are new species and have been around since the 1980s only. They are found in the rainforests of Northern Africa and Western Australia.
 - Orchid Snail – These are very small in size. They are known to destroy the orchards and the greenhouses.
 - Roman Snail – It has a beautiful shell and is used in the French dish Escargot. It is a land snail and has two pairs of tentacles on its head.
What does a snail eats?
Snails are herbivores and eat vegetables, fungi, seaweed, and fruits.
Do snails have teeth?
Snails have the highest number of teeth. They can have around 20,000 teeth.
Why are snails slow?
The snails do not have bones in their body. They move with the contraction of the muscle tissues. They need to create a slime track on which they can glide or move. This slime making takes time and that is the reason for their slow movement.
Scientific name for snail
The scientific name of snail is Achatinoidea
Is a snail an insect?
Snail is not an insect. It is a different kind of animal.
What class do snails belong to?
It belongs to the class Gastropoda. Animals belonging to this class have a coiled shell that is big enough for them to completely withdraw into.
Do snails have tongues?
Most common snails have a tongue similar to the humans except for the fact that theirs is covered with rows of tiny teeth.
How do snails move around?
Snails use muscular contractions to move. Their feet attach to the surface on which they are moving with the help of the slime they create from the glands under their mouth.
Does a snail have a foot?
The snails are invertebrates which means they have only one foot to move around.
Where do snails live?
Snails live almost everywhere except for the polar regions due to the cold weather. They live near the availability of food. They are found in tropical and subtropical rainforests, dry rainforests, temperate rainforests, Native grasslands, limestone outcrops, rocky outcrops, eucalypt forests and woodlands.
Do snails live in the ocean?
Snails are known to live underwater, both freshwater and oceans.
How do snails get their shells?
The snails create their shells through the process of biomineralization. They have a shell gland that secretes the organic matrix of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids that makes the hard base of the shell. Calcium carbonate is responsible for making the mineral of the shell.
Can a snail survive without its shell?
A snail is unable to survive outside its shell. It protects it from environmental conditions and predators.
Are snails born with their shells?
Snails are indeed born with their shells but they are soft during birth and gets hardened


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LIB recycling sees metallurgical and mechanical processes used separately, or in combination, to recover valuable metals and materials from end of life and production scrap LIBs. Concerns regarding the efficiency of processing and the need to sustainably dispose and recover potentially hazardous materials sets the stage for huge LIB recycling opportunities.
The Neometals LIB recycling process targets the predominant LIB chemistries, with LCO (lithium cobalt oxide) and NMC/NCA (nickel manganese cobalt/nickel cobalt aluminium) cathode batteries targeted from electric vehicles, energy storage systems and from consumer electronics.
While the use of LIB anode materials generally remains constant, cathode compositions tend to differ based on end use application and performance requirements. The key minerals targeted for recovery by Neometals are as follows:
- Graphite; and
Plastics, aluminium foil (the cathode substrate) and copper foil (the anode substrate) are separated early. The balance of materials are recovered and refined into industrial and high purity chemicals for sale, where possible, directly back into the LIB supply chain.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Distributed Matrix Solver
The distributed matrix solver is a distributed memory parallel technique for the HFSS integral equation solver (IE) solver. HFSS-IE uses the method of moments (MoM) technique to solve for sources and currents on the surfaces of conducting and dielectric objects. The distributed matrix solver significantly increases HFSS-IE simulation capacity by using the distributed-memory parallel technique to distribute the matrix solution to a network of processors and RAM. This method combines with multithreading to provide faster solves for each of the individual subdomains.
The distributed matrix solving method distributes the matrix solution across a network to utilize available processors and RAM. This significantly improves computational speed for ANSYS HFSS-IE.


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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 27 Mar 2017
Building performance metrics
The mere act of assessing the operation of things tends to lead to improvements in performance. This is a useful by-product of any intervention. When it comes to building performance, assessments need to combine the physical and the behavioural, for example energy consumption and occupant satisfaction. The combination is vital. The I3CON research project seeks to go beyond the performance of individual factors and look at the total delivered value of the building to the customer.
Performance metrics for the operation and maintenance of buildings have not been agreed by either the construction industry or its clients. People tend to select those that are most appropriate for their situation.
So what does an organisation need to know to allow it to make informed property decisions? There are many metrics that need to be available about a facility before strategic property decisions can be made, such as life-cycle costs, functionality and lease agreements.
 Choosing the right metrics
There is always a need in building operation and maintenance to provide a clear and compelling case for resources. Interventions must also be able to benefit an organisation's corporate objectives. For example, organisations need to be convinced that proactive maintenance is in its best interest, and that the measurements (the metrics) verify that maintenance makes sense from a business perspective.
In March 2009, BSRIA held a focus group meeting to develop a set of metrics in consultation with industry stakeholders. The focus group considered the inter-relationship between measuring the performance of a building as an asset and measuring the value or effect of that measured attribute on the organisation. The aim was to identify the important metrics, as well as to gain an initial understanding of how building performance measurements varied according to the use of a building.
Inevitably, the user group's range of perspectives made it difficult to draw firm conclusions from one meeting. However, the results were developed into an initial set of operating and management metrics. These were then tested by other industry representatives through a second workshop and a telephone survey.
The resulting metrics were grouped into seven key indicators:
- Building running costs.
- Reliability of the building and resilience to failure.
- Flexibility of the internal space.
- Building and systems complexity.
- Productivity of occupants.
- Contribution to corporate image.
- Environmental impact.
A telephone survey was undertaken to test these metrics on a larger sample of 28 building operators. Respondents were categorised into types of properties that they operated. The majority of operators (63 per cent) were running office buildings; 18 per cent were running manufacturing plants, and 7 per cent were running University properties.
When the respondents were asked which metrics they already use, the results were slightly different from those they thought important. There is a tendency to record the metrics that are easy to assess. Metrics that are difficult to assess, such as productivity, are rarely used.
Figure 1: The use of building performance metrics reported by the BSRIA survey. The results from the three building sectors have been aggregated to show the ranking of the metrics (hence the accumulated percentage axis). Each metric is, of itself, a percentage score of the ratio between use and importance.
BSRIA took the ratings for importance and frequency of use to generate a ratio of importance to use for each metric. This highlighted metrics that are not currently used but regarded as valuable in the future.
Of course, facilities managers do not all occupy similar premises or have the same needs. Hence the individual results for manufacturing, universities and offices are separated out in Figure1. This reveals that the three environmental measures are used by all of the universities, but to a lesser degree by manufacturing firms. Less than 40 per cent of respondents in offices were using environmental metrics.
The least used measures which are not important to the universities and only of small importance to the offices and manufacturing groups are business impact from disruption, lifecycle costs, flexibility of support systems, remaining liability costs and occupant productivity.
The metric of total facilities management (FM) costs is used by a good percentage of the respondents in each group, although some universities and manufacturing respondents did not regarded the metric as an appropriate measure for their facilities.
While the survey results were interesting, the number of responses was too small for detailed analysis. The results are nonetheless a good indication that different performance metrics are needed for different types of building.
- Headline indicator
- Suggested metrics
- Building running costs
- Total facilities management cost per m2, workstation, or employee
- Building cost/business revenue ratio
- Lifecycle cost per m2, expressed as equivalent annual cost
- Remaining liability (£)
- Reliability of the building and resilience to failure
- Availability against plan
- Planned/reactive ratios
- The effect of disruption on a business
- Ease of maintenance for a range of typical maintenance activities
- Time to reinstate
- Flexibility of the internal space
- Time and cost to move a single member of staff/office/room, and reconfigure a group of desks
- Utilisation of space
- Flexibility of support systems
- Complexity of the building and its systems
- FM perception
- User perception
- Productivity of occupants
- Sick days/full-time equivalent
- Contribution to personal productivity
- Contribution to corporate image
- Design Quality Indicator (DQI) assessment – particularly the functionality and impact measures
- Desirability of location
- Environmental impact
- Carbon footprint
- Water footprint
- Energy use per m2 or per person
 Find out more
 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Building performance evaluation.
- Building performance evaluation in non-domestic buildings guide – an introduction to the tests and methods in non-domestic buildings.
- Building use studies (BUS).
- Co-heating test.
- Defects liability period.
- Design quality.
- Energy performance certificates.
- Facilities management.
- Green building.
- Green rating systems.
- Migration strategy.
- Performance in use.
- Post occupancy evaluation.
- Post project review.
- Soft landings.
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Public Release:
Zinc deficiency may play a role in high blood pressure
Link found between zinc, blood pressure and kidney sodium transporter in mouse study
American Physiological Society
Rockville, Md. (January 24, 2019)--Lower-than-normal zinc levels may contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension) by altering the way the kidneys handle sodium. The study is published ahead of print in the American Journal of Physiology--Renal Physiology.
Zinc deficiency is common in people with chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. People with low zinc levels are also at a higher risk for hypertension. The way in which the kidneys either excrete sodium into the urine or reabsorb it into the body--specifically through a pathway called the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC)--also plays a role in blood pressure control. Less sodium in the urine typically corresponds with higher blood pressure. Recent research has suggested that zinc may help regulate proteins that in turn regulate the NCC, but a direct link between zinc-deficiency-induced hypertension has not been examined.
Researchers compared male mice with zinc deficiency to healthy controls with normal zinc levels. The zinc-deficient mice developed high blood pressure and a corresponding decrease in urinary sodium excretion. The control group did not experience the same changes. A small group of the zinc-deficient mice were fed a zinc-rich diet partway through the study. Once the animals' zinc reached adequate levels, blood pressure began to drop and urinary sodium levels increased. "These significant findings demonstrate that enhanced renal [sodium] reabsorption plays a critical role in [zinc-deficiency]-induced hypertension," the research team wrote.
"Understanding the specific mechanisms by which [zinc deficiency] contributes to [blood pressure] dysregulation may have an important effect on the treatment of hypertension in chronic disease settings," the researchers added.
Read the full article, "Zinc deficiency induces hypertension by promoting renal sodium reabsorption," published ahead of print in the American Journal of Physiology--Renal Physiology.


Narrative 101: 4 Ways To Use Symbolism In Your Novel
One of the words you hear a lot about when it comes to literature is symbolism. Whether you're in an English class reading through the classics, or attempting to write your own novel, you may be wondering what symbolism is and why it's important.
Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. These can be words, people, markings, locations, or abstract ideas. Anything that demonstrates an idea beyond its literal meaning. It can also refer to the symbolic meaning of natural objects or facts. It exists not only in literature, but in our everyday lives through things like signs, art, religious objects, logos, slogans, gifs, emojisthe list goes on. A symbol can also be subtle or obvious depending on its use.
One of the biggest benefits of using symbolism is that it automatically elevates your story. Being able to use one device that allows you to say multiple things while using fewer words is not only efficient, but also effective. It can be used to say both the literal and figurative simultaneously, allowing readers to gain insight into a situation or conversation that they otherwise might overlook.
Here are 4 reasons you should use symbolism in your writing:
 - Show not tell: Every writer has heard this piece of advice numerous times, but what does it mean in terms of symbolism? To put it simply, it means that you use a specific image or object to represent an underlying message or theme. For example, the raven in Edgar Allen Poe's famous poem, The Raven. In his poem the raven is an obvious symbol for "mournful, never-ending remembrance", or the loss of his love, Lenore. Here rather then telling his readers directly about his grief, Poe uses the symbol of the raven to help get his point across.
 - Connect Themes: Symbols are the vehicle through which themes are said. Think of them as the main mode of transportation that connects your readers to your theme or main point of your novel. An example is the green light from The Great Gatsby. In the story the green light represents Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy, but under the surface it also represents his pursuit of the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses a green light to represent this because the color green is associated with money, power, and materialism.
 - Add imagery: The number one reason we use symbols is because they are visual. Where concepts, ideas, themes, and messages are abstract, having a tangible representation helps a lot. Readers are at their core, visual. They count on us to paint a picture in their mind that they can then explore. One novel that does this particularly well is Lord of the Flies. In this one novel there are several examples of visual representation, such as the conch shell which represents authority and order, a pig head that symbolizes pure evil, and the island itself which represents the Garden of Eden.
 - Deeper meanings: Symbolism is also used to communicate the darker themes of stories, the unpleasant truths that otherwise would be too on-the-nose or too depressing to say directly. In The Scarlett Letter, Pearl symbolizes her mother's supposed sin. In Game of Thrones, Tyrion represents the ugliness of society and the mistreatment of those who are viewed as different. In Shadow and Bone by Leigh Bardugo, the Fold represents the oppressive nature of the Darkling and the end of society as it is currently known.
Start with your story and characters
Begin in the brainstorming phase. Form your characters and your outline. See what you have to work with and learn about the types of people that make up said story. Don't worry about adding in symbolism until after you have your basics covered. Once you do, there are opportunities to sneak in some tiny symbolic details that will help make your story more interesting overall. In Harry Potter, Harry's lightning-shaped scar is a symbol of his lifelong struggle against Voldemort as well as of his mother's love. In The Lightning Thief, Percy associates a trident with his father's presence, and you see this symbol appear throughout the series as their relationship develops.
Use small and large-scale symbolism
Symbolism can take two forms: small and large-scale. Using a balance of these two can help bring depth and deeper meaning to your work in both a subtle and obvious way. Small-scale symbolism focuses on the details. For example, the way a person dresses, a specific object that holds meaning for them (like a locket or picture), etc. These are used to help your readers understand the inner workings of your character's mind and personality. Large-scale symbolism serves to indicate general moods and physical location. Examples of this are weather events and physical descriptions of cities and buildings. They generally make statements about broader, all-encompassing themes such as death, love, grief, power etc. You should strive to use both of these methods to place further emphasis on your story's theme.
Don't use common symbols
This is where you need to challenge your creative mind and put it to the test. There are certain symbols that are universally the same regardless of cultural differences. Roses (love), doves (peace), sunrise (new beginning), rain (sadness), we see these all the time in movies and literature. While they communicate what the author is trying to convey, it becomes boring to see these symbols repeated. That's why you must challenge yourself to come up with your own brand of symbolism rather than following the crowd. Some of the best instances of symbolism are the ones that are unique to the circumstance and meaning of the story it appears in, like the pig representing Joseph Stalin in Animal Farm. Here the comparison is brilliant because it was fitting but also had never been done before.
Create emotional resonance
Last but not least, it all comes down to emotional relevance. Symbols can be used to represent deep emotional impacts that linger after traumatic events. In Macbeth, the guilt-ridden Lady Macbeth is tortured by a spot of blood on her hands that will not wash clean after she kills King Duncan. In The Secret Garden, Mary Lennox keeps a white ivory elephant as the only keepsake after she is orphaned. It represents the emotional pain she feels over the lack of relationship she shared with her mother and her grief after she is dead. These stories retain their emotional depth and significance long after a reader finishes reading because these symbols are so effective.
Symbolism is a powerful literary tool. There are multiple ways it can be used, and depending on how well you succeed, they can help you to create stories that remain timeless and true despite the passing decades.
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Web Data Connectors in Tableau Server
Web data connectors (WDCs) are web pages that provide a data connection that is accessible over HTTP for data sources that don't already have a connector in Tableau. WDCs allow users to connect to almost any data that is accessible over the web and to create extracts for their workbooks. Data sources for a WDC can include internal web services, JSON data, REST APIs, and other sources that are available over HTTP or HTTPS. Users can create their own WDC or use connectors that were created by others.
For information about how to use a WDC in Tableau Desktop, see Web Data Connector in the Tableau Desktop documentation.
For information about how to create a WDC, see the Web Data Connector documentation on Github.
As a security measure, Tableau Server won't run WDCs unless you approve the connector, as explained in this topic.
Note: You must be a server administrator to approve WDCs for use on Tableau Server.
WDCs require your approval because they contain executable code and typically make requests to third-party websites. Before a user can use a WDC with Tableau Server, you must add the domain and port used by the connector to a safe list (whitelist) and also include the domains that a connector can send requests to and receive requests from on a secondary safe list (secondary whitelist). Before you do this, we recommend that you vet and test the connector so that you know what the connector does and what sites it connects to. For more information, see Testing and Vetting Web Data Connectors.
When you add a connector to the safe lists (whitelists), you configure Tableau Server to allow connections to a particular URL where the connector is hosted and from a URL which the connector can query. This is the only way to allow Tableau Server to run WDCs. The connectors can then be hosted on a server inside your organization's firewall or on an external domain. Importing WDCs is not supported for Tableau Server.
To add a WDC to the safe list, use the
tsm data-access web-data-connectors add command. This command and the related commands described below let you perform the following tasks:
Add WDCs to the safe list and secondary safe list.
Allow or disallow all WDCs, or WDC refreshes.
Remove one or more connectors from the safe list.
List all WDCs on the safe list and secondary safe list.
Updating WDC safe lists requires a server restart
After running any commands that make changes to WDCs, you need to apply your pending changes using the
tsm pending-changes apply command.
If the pending changes require a server restart, the
pending-changes apply command will display a prompt to let you know a restart will occur. This prompt displays even if the server is stopped, but in that case there is no restart. You can suppress the prompt using the
--ignore-prompt option, but this does not change the restart behavior. If the changes do not require a restart, the changes are applied without a prompt. For more information, see tsm pending-changes apply.
To add a connector to the safe list and secondary safe list, use the tsm data-access web-data-connectors add command, providing the name, safe list URL, and secondary safe list URLs. You can also manage WDCs using the web-data-connector-settings Entity. After running this command, you need to apply your pending changes using the
tsm pending-changes apply command. A prompt warns you that the command will restart Tableau Server. If Tableau Server is currently running it is restarted, and if it is stopped it is left in a stopped state with no restart.
tsm data-access web-data-connectors add --name 'WTA WDC' --url _URL_ --secondary _URL_
Notes on formatting:
- Be sure to use straight quotes (" and '), not curly or "smart" quotes, around the name of the WDC.
- For many WDCs, the port specified for the
--urloption is 443 or 80, but you can check the value for your connector by looking at the data source details on Tableau Server. You must specify the port number as part of the URL if the WDC is using SSL (HTTPS). For example, to use the default port for HTTPS, the URL might look like the following:
- If a WDCs send requests to and receive data from multiple domains, use a comma-delimited list of URL for the
- To add an entire domain to the secondary safe list, end the domain URL with a wildcard expression. Use
(.*)as the wildcard to indicate the entire domain. Be sure to include the parentheses
()as part of the expression.
To allow or disallow WDCs, or WDC extract refreshes, use the following command before running
tsm pending-changes apply:
To remove one or more WDCs from the safe list, use the following command before running
tsm pending-changes apply:
To list all WDCs on the safe list, use the following command:
When a user creates a workbook that uses a WDC, Tableau Server creates an extract from the data returned by the connector. If the user then publishes the workbook, the publish process sends the workbook and the data extract to the server.
Tableau can refresh an extract that was created by a WDC, the same as it can refresh any extract. If the connector requires credentials to sign in to the web-based data source, you need to ensure that the credentials are embedded with the data source, and that the WDC is on the safe list for the server. Tableau Server cannot refresh the extract if the connector requires credentials and they are not embedded with the data source. This is because the refresh can occur on a schedule or in some other background context, and the server cannot prompt for credentials.
Currently, there is no way to re-authenticate a data source from Tableau Server directly. If the data source has credentials that expire, or was published without embedding the credentials, the workbook and data extract need to be published again with the new embedded credentials.
If the background process that performs the refresh operation fails, it creates an alert and a log entry that indicates this issue. Users will be able to see that the timestamp on the extract does not change.
To disable refresh for all WDCs, use the
tsm data-access web-data-connectors allow -r false command.
If the server experiences problems with adding connectors to the safe list, you can examine the log files. Be sure to check the log files on both the initial server node and on the other nodes that are running the gateway process. For more information about log files, Server Log File Locations in the Ziplog Archive.
If the issue is that Tableau Server will not refresh an extract that was created by a WDC, make sure that the
webdataconnector.refresh.enabled configuration setting has been set to
true. If it is set to
false, run the following command to allow extract refreshes for all WDCs on the server:
Note: The safe list is the only way of allowing Tableau Server to run web data connectors. Importing web data connectors was deprecated starting with version 10.5.


text:
THE WORLD'S LONGEST
NAME OF A LAKE
THE LONGEST LIST OF THE LONGEST
STUFF AT THE LONGEST DOMAIN NAME AT LONG LAST
What is the world's longest name of a lake?
A short answer: Lake Webster, Massachusetts.
We know, you didn't come here for the short answer.
Lake Webster as called by the Nipmucks has a much longer name, in fact a few so
take your pick:
Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg also happens to be the longest
place name in the US and the 6th longest in the world.
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The First Rocket Launch
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The First Rocket Launch
June 4, 2006
A new chapter in space flight began on 1950 July with the launch of the first rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida: the Bumper 2.
Shown above, the Bumper 2 was an ambitious two-stage rocket program that topped a V-2 missile base with a WAC Corporal rocket. The upper stage was able to reach then-record altitudes of almost 400 kilometers, higher than even modern Space Shuttles fly today.
Launched under the direction of the General Electric Company, the Bumper 2 was used primarily for testing rocket systems and for research on the upper atmosphere.
Bumper 2 rockets carried small payloads that allowed them to measure attributes including air temperature and cosmic ray impacts. Seven years later, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I and Sputnik II, the first satellites into Earth orbit. In response, in 1958, the US created NASA.
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text:
Definition of Abdominal cavity
Abdominal cavity: The cavity within the abdomen, the space between the abdominal wall and the spine.
The abdominal cavity is hardly an empty space. It contains a number of crucial organs including the lower part of the esophagus, the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder.
Last Editorial Review: 4/27/2011 5:27:15 PM
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
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Organic Food Industry: 4 Reasons Why It Will Boom In Coming Years | Covaipost
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The organic food industry started to boom a decade ago and there has been no looking back ever since then. Rising consciousness amongst people about the side effects of artificial chemicals in food production has further boosted the growth of organic food in recent years. Given the kind of innovation coupled with this rising demand, organic food industry is yet to witness a full-fledged evolution. But one can safely assume that the organic food sector is here to stay.
Growth in e-commerce has acted like a catalyst for the industry to reach out to consumers, and the numbers are only showing an upward trend since 2013. Here are some probable reason why the organic food industry is expected to see an accelerated demand in years to come.
1. Digital Literacy and E-commerce facilitation
Due to the surge of smart-phone usage India, coupled with low-cost internet, there has been an increase in access to information about organic food. Added with this, e-commerce platforms acted like a facilitator reaching out to potential customers across the country. This is the reason why the growth of organic food was initially harnessed by Tier I cities, but the industry eventually reached out to potential customers in Tier II and Tier III cities. E-commerce platforms also made the sector competitive with more and more players entering into the organic food industry. Experts are predicting an increased penetration of organic food into Tier II and III cities in the years to come, leading to demand for organic food at a continually increased rate.
2. Insignificant price difference
The price difference between organic and inorganic food is insignificant; when compared to the health benefits carried by organic food. While organic food might be priced higher by a few pennies, it prevents the body from the needless intake of pesticides and fertilizers. This further cuts down the risk of health hazards and unnecessary medical expenses in the longer run.
3. Indian government supporting organic food industry
The Indian government is supporting and promoting organic farming by extending financial help to farmers adopting organic farming. Various government schemes like Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) have been implemented to promote the sector. GOI also implemented the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) which involves accreditation programme for certification bodies, standards for organic production, promotion of organic farming etc.
4. Increase in export
The demand for Indian organic food has not only witnessed a steady rise in India but it is receiving appreciation on a global platform. Due to India's favourable agro climatic conditions coupled with the inherited tradition of organic farming, the quality of organic food to export is very high. As per reports, the demand for Indian organic food is on the constant increase worldwide; India exported organic products worth $515 million in the financial year 2017-18. The export trend will increase in the next five years.
One can say that the organic food industry will witness a humongous rise in the next five years. The industry is still naive and on an emerging phase; it has huge potential for growth and may even contribute to the economic growth of the country in the longer run.
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Category:
What are Forearm Forklift Straps?
Article Details
 - Written By: Lori Kilchermann
 - Edited By: Jacob Harkins
 - Last Modified Date: 17 May 2016
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Forearm forklift straps are pieces of nylon material that are worn over the forearms of a person who is going to move a heavy item. A portion of the straps are placed around or under the object to be moved and the wearer simply uses their forearms to lift the object and carry it. The forearm forklift straps utilize the laws of leverage to aid the wearer in lifting heavy objects. The arms work in the same manner as the forks on a forklift truck, allowing the lifter to balance the weight of the load more toward the core of the body.
By placing the weight of an object closer toward the body's center or core, the person is able to steadily lift and move objects much greater in weight than when lifting without the aid of the forearm forklift straps. When moving an oversize object such as a large chest of drawers, the forearm forklift straps are used at each end by two people. The object is easily picked up and moved by the duo, and the straps make the object feel much lighter than it actually is.
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The benefits of using forearm forklift straps over conventional methods of furniture moving are great. The forearm forklift straps promote proper lifting techniques by ensuring the wearer bends at the knees instead of at the back when lifting. Using the straps also prevents damage to floors and stairs, which is typically a problem when using a dolly or cart. Also, there is no need to strap the furniture down when using the forearm forklift straps since the straps hold the furniture tightly to the mover's body.
The soft material of the straps prevents nicks and scrapes to the object being moved. There are no hard surfaces to rub against the furniture as opposed to moving carts and dollies. Perhaps best of all, when moving with a truck or trailer, there is no need to leave room for packing the moving equipment. The forearm forklift straps can simply be folded and tucked in between pieces of furniture or tossed on top of the load. The padded cuffs prevent injury to the arms and provide a comfortable fit to any size arm. Forearm forklift straps make moving a much less painful experience. By reducing the lifting effort by as much as 66 percent, the straps help eliminate the tired and aching muscles usually equated with a moving job.
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Article Title
Automated determination of distance visual acuity: Towards teleophthalmology services
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the visual acuity scores of a computer-based visual function testing (CVFT) system. The automated chart uses logMAR notation (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) and randomised tilting E as optotype. The test was conducted using a laptop computer.
Methods: This prospective, clinic-based, test validation study was based on a model of repeatability in two observations. The right eyes of a total of 104 participants were randomly tested with both CVFT and the manual, gold standard Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart.
Results: The mean difference between CVFT and ETDRS was -0.01 ± 0.11 (SD) logMAR units. The Spearman Rank correlation coefficient (r) between the absolute difference and the average was 0.35. The average time for testing one eye was 54.7 ± 11.89 seconds. The mean difference between two consecutive, repeated CVFT tests in the same eye was 0.02 ± 0.07 logMAR units (paired t-test p = 0.046).
Conclusions: A novel, automated visual acuity testing application is reported. This automated system should be a useful tool for mass screening of visual impairment in rural and remote regions with its ease of use and shorter testing time.
Keywords
peer-reviewed, computerised eye testing, teleophthalmology, visual acuity
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Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Leeds Beckett University
Dr Vasiliki Ioannidou is a Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering and an active experimental researcher with significant field experience in contaminant/solute transport in waterways (esp. in wetlands, ponds, lagoons, streams) via tracer studies. Vasiliki has a strong background and research interest in quantifying wetland hydrodynamics, investigating interplay between water and plants, in assessing hydraulic performance of wetlands and ponds, and measuring contaminant transport and hydraulic behaviour to optimise and/or improve design of water treatment facilities. Her most recent research activities have focused on the assessment of hydraulic characteristics in mine discharge lagoons, their optimisation and modelling. Vasiliki has conducted and led several consultancies in the UK with the Coal Authority and the RSPB and is keen to develop new research collaborations.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


laboratory report amylase activity in dormant germinating and seedling stages of barley
Laboratory report: Amylase activity in dormant, germinating and Seedling stages of barley
Introduction
 Germination pertains to the developmental stage in plants that involves the generation of roots and shoots which serve as anatomical markers for plants growth. Germination initially starts from a dormant seed and given the optimal conditions such as presence of water, light and carbon dioxide, the primary root and shoot appears from the dormant seed. The enzyme amylase is one of the key proteins that are produced by the barley plant specifically during development. This enzyme has also served as a determinant for the quality of malt that will be produced by barley crop batches. Malt has long been employed for the production of beer (Georg-Kraemer et al., 2001). In addition, the activity of this enzyme is positively correlated with the diastatic power of the seeds from the barley species. Botanists have also determined that the weight of barley grains is positively correlated to the amount of malt that could be extracted from barley seeds (Jin-xin et al., 2006). Research studies have previously shown that amylase activity and grain weight were affected by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. In this report, we present our results from our assay that involved extraction of amylase and quantification of amylase activity in different seed stages of barley.
Materials and methods
 Briefly, ten barley seeds of each developmental stage (dormant, germinating and seedling) were weighed and homogenized in 10 ml amylase extraction buffer. The solution was filtered to remove debris and the resulting volume was measured. A five-fold dilution series was established by mixing 5 ml of the barley extract with 20 ml of dilution buffer. Amylase activity was measured using a colorimetric method using a starch indicator buffer containing iodine which reacts with starch. The achromic point was determined to quantify the reaction time of amylase. Hydrolysis reaction of each development seed stage was determined using the Benedict assay.
Results
 Table 1 shows the weights of ten (10) seeds representing each developmental stage (dormant, germinating and seedling) and the volume of the extract generated from crushing and filtering the seeds.
Table 1. Weight and volume of ten barley seeds at different developmental stages
Developmental stage
of barley seed
Total weight of 10
barley seeds (grams)
Volume of extract from 10 barley seeds (ml)
Germinating
1.41
9.9
Dormant
0.39
9.0
Seedling
1.92
10.1
 The amount of starch from the extract was initially determined as follows:
 5 mg/ml
 ———– = 0.714 mg/ml
 7 min
 The amount of starch from the barley extract was then calculated:
 1.611 g
 ——— = 0.201 g/ml
 8 ml
The dilution concentration of the barley extract was determined as follows:
 0.201 g/ml
 ———— = 0.0403 g/ml
 5
Amylase activity was then calculated as follows:
 0.714 mg/ml/min
 ——————– = 17.73 mg/min/gram of barley
 0.0403 g/ml
 Our calculations thus showed that 17.73 milligrams of starch was hydrolyzed per minute, per gram of barley extract.
Discussion
 The data collected from weighing ten seeds from different developmental stages of barley (germinating, dormant and seedling) showed that specific developmental stages have different weights and this also affected the amount of extract that can be collected after crushing the seeds and adding a constant volume of the extraction buffer. We have observed that the dormant seeds weighed the lightest, suggesting that dormant seeds have the least seed content. We have also observed that the seedlings weighed higher than germinating seeds, suggesting that advanced developmental stages of the seeds are correlated with an increase in the biomass of the seeds. Furthermore, the volume of the extract varied among different developmental stages. The smallest volume of extract was observed from the dormant seeds. The volume of the extract generated from the seedlings was greater than the volume of the extract collected from the germinating seeds, indicating that the content (water and other essential biological fluids) of the seedlings was substantially bigger.
 The determination of amylase activity using the colorimetric method and Benedict assay served as a tool in quantifying the reaction time for the process of hydrolysis to be completed. As our calculations show, approximately 17.73 milligrams of starch could be hydrolyzed per minute by the amylase enzyme that was extract from the barley seeds. It should be noted though that the activity of amylase in a barley seed depends of the amount of amylase that is present in each seed, which is turn is dependent on the developmental stage of the seed itself. In addition, the developmental stage of a seed is dependent of the condition of the seed's immediate environment. A barley seed will go into a dormancy stage during environmental conditions of drought or any similar condition that does not provide optimal amounts of water or humidity. The presence of water in the immediate environment of a barley seeds controls other plant biochemical activities such as nitrogen metabolism and the generation of other essential protein enzymes that could catalyze reactions that are necessary for the barley seed to grow and develop (Swanston and Molina-Cano, 2001).
 This experiment has allowed us to perform a simple method in comparing the amylase activities of different developmental stages of barley seeds. We have observed that the accumulation of starch in the seed is positively correlated with amylase activity as well as the seed content of barley. The extraction assay has provided us an exposure to collect a solution that is assumed to content an essential protein that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starches in the plant. The same principle may be applied to other plants and may be used in determining the species-specific amylase activities in relation to other environmental conditions such as the presence or absence of sunlight, atmospheric gases and other essential micronutrients.
References
Georg-Kraemer JE, Mundstock EC and Cavalli-Molina S (2001): Developmental expression of amylase during barley malting. Journal of Cereal Science, 33:279-288.
Jin-xin C, Fei D, Kang W and Guo-ping Z (2006): Relationship between malt qualities and β-amylase activity and protein content as affected by timing of nitrogen fertilizer application. J Zhejiang Univ SCIENCE B. 7(1):79-84.
Swanston JS and Molina-Cano JL (2001): β-amylase activity and thermostability in two mutants derived from the malting barley cv. Triumph. Journal of Cereal Science, 33:155-161.

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in,
Life Cycle Costing in Construction
What is Life Cycle Costing
One of the most important aspects of a construction company is a life cycle costing that is used by every business to outline the costs that lay ahead of them fully. To understand this, it's important to go over what a life cycle cost is, the benefits of life cycle costing, and what a building's life cycle cost is.
What is a Life Cycle Cost in Construction?
The name is what sort of helps an individual understand what a life cycle cost is. It's a method that determines the overall cost of a construction project and the cost of the entire building's life cycle.
It's often used in the early stages of a building's development. However, some companies like to use it as a tool for the entire process of a building. As noted, this is due to the fact that a life cycle cost determines the costs surrounding the entire life of a building such as the investment cost, maintenance cost, renovation cost, operating cost, and the end of life cost.
The entire stage of a construction process is a long one. Starting and ending with a concept, design, construction, operation of the project, and the end of life for the project. The amount of information surrounding this is the main reason why a life cycle cost is used. It's a tool that paints out the greater picture of cost surrounding a project to the construction team behind the project.
Life Cycle Costing in Construction Industry
Benefits of Life Cycle Costing
There are a lot of benefits for life cycle costing. One of the most important being the ability to allow a company to reduce costs. If it turns out that the company is going over their budget, they can look at a life cycle cost to help determine what alternatives they can go with to reduce cost. Alternatives such as the design, building components, and much more.
These factors are determined over the entire life span of the project allowing the company to encompass what they should do entirely.
However, it's important to know that a life cycle cost doesn't necessarily determine the cheapest option available for a construction team. It actually helps a company determine the largest economic advantage with consideration of cost and benefit over the life of a project.
Besides the ability to reduce costs, a life cycle cost helps a construction team determine the maximum benefit of their project. This is done by analyzing the cost with the benefits in mind. Combining the two is what determines the overall success rate of a project.
In simple terms, a life cycle cost is what can help determine alternatives for a more cost-effective and benefit based project.
What is a Building's Life Cycle Cost?
A life cycle cost is not just used in construction. It's something that is used in all sorts of projects because of how it determines current and future costs. This is why it's important to note the exact features of a building's life cycle cost.
A building's life cycle cost isn't too difficult to comprehend. Below is a list from beginning to the end of what a life cycle cost looks at.
1. Resource Extraction
A company will look at where the actual resources for the building should come from. Factors such as cost and environmental impact play an important role in determining where they should get the resources from.
2. Manufacturing
After the resources are extracted, the actual manufacturing of the materials needed for the project will be done. Determining what manufacturer is most suited for the job plays an important role in this method. Cost, reputation, environmental impact, and relationship plays the main factor in this step.
3. On-Site Construction
After the resources have been manufactured, the next step is the actual on-site construction. This is the main component of a construction company and is the most looked at area of the entire project.
4. Occupancy and Maintenance
Some people think that the on-site construction should be the last factor when looking at a companies costs. In reality, a life cycle cost determines everything after that as well. The occupancy and maintenance of a project should be just as heavily looked at as everything else.
5. Demolition
Once a company enters its final life cycle, demolition is the key factor in ending the life cycle of a building. The demolition is an important piece of this process, but it isn't the final step.
6. Recycling, Reuse, Disposal
After demolition occurs, the recycling, reusability, and how disposable the resources should be determined. Factors such as cost, environmental impact, and the ending of the process are what concludes the entire process of a life cycle cost.
As noted, the life cycle cost of a project is important for a company to analyze a projects entire cost and to compare and contrast alternatives for an economic benefit. It's an important tool that a lot of construction companies utilize.


text:
Thermal Stability vs. Crystallization of the Lithiumsilicate Glasses with Addition Zirconium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide
The glasses with composition of Li2O. 2 SiO2. n ZrO2. n TiO2 (where n = 0; 0.015; 0.031; 0.050; 0.075; 0.1; 0.15; 0.2) were prepared and the relationship between structural and selected parameters of thermal stability vs. crystallization has been studied by differential thermal analysis. Structural analysis was provided by X–ray diffraction. The order of thermal stability vs. crystallization representing of activation energy of studied glass systems which increase with higher addition both oxides. The same order was obtained from the values of XRD. On the comparison the glasses with zero addition titanium dioxide their activation energy was much higher.
M. Liška, D. Galusek, R. Klement and V. Petrušková
V. Pavlík et al., "Thermal Stability vs. Crystallization of the Lithiumsilicate Glasses with Addition Zirconium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 39-40, pp. 399-401, 2008


text:
Food banks are springing up in Japan as people become aware of the disconnect between food waste and the needs of the nation's hidden poor.
Food banks supply items donated by individuals or companies to needy families such as single mothers and cash-strapped pensioners. The items are those that might otherwise be thrown away.
Last spring, a married couple in their 70s in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi Prefecture, turned to the municipal government for help at a time when they were finding it hard to make ends meet. The wife's pension, which was their only income, did not cover the rent and medical bills for the bedridden husband, and they were depleting their savings.
Applying for a public stipend for poor families was a possibility, but the snag was that the couple owned a car — a necessity for shopping, but an asset that would be classed as a luxury.
The municipal government introduced the couple to Food Bank Yamanashi, a nonprofit organization based in the city of Minami-Alps in the prefecture, and in May they received their first food from it — rice and seasonings.
Food Bank Yamanashi supports around 100 families with care packages tailored to their needs. For example, diapers and baby food are included for families with babies.
The effort takes many hours of work and depends heavily on its volunteers.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries says 40 organizations were engaged in food bank services in Japan in 2014.
The organizations, some of which receive support from municipalities and other public organizations, are struggling to secure funds, manpower and storage space and to find willing donor companies.
"The activity varies from region to region, so it is not necessarily that the same kind of assistance can be provided everywhere," said Keiko Yoneyama, who heads Food Bank Yamanashi.
Food Bank Iwate, based in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, relies on individuals including farmers for 80 percent of its donations, as there are few food companies in the area.
While rice is available in relative abundance due to donations from farmers, Food Bank Iwate has a shortage of such items as canned foods.
One option is to swap items with organizations elsewhere — in urban areas, canned food is readily available while rice donations are scarce, for example. However, the transportation costs are the bottleneck, said Tomoyuki Abe, a senior official of the food bank.
In November, 11 organizations, including Food Bank Yamanashi, set up a national group of food banks to share know-how and assist newcomers entering the field.
Taeko Tanaka, 62, of Komae, Tokyo, heard of the concept in 2014 and set about establishing her own food bank. She has been receiving advice from Food Bank Yamanashi.
"At first, I didn't even know how many people are struggling to get enough to eat," Tanaka said.
Aided by tips from Food Bank Yamanashi, she assembled staff and started delivering food to around 10 families last summer. In February she will launch a nonprofit organization, Food Bank Komae.
In a time of both misinformation and too much information, quality journalism is more crucial than ever.
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text:
Wild Blue Pixel
LEARN HOW TO PLAY THE KALIMBA
I have written hundreds of songs on the kalimba, but most of them are gone by the time I wake up the next day. To make it easy to save my kalimba ideas for another day, I invented a kalimba tablature, a visually intuitive diagram or map of the kalimba that shows you which tines to play to produce a song or exercise. I use this kalimba tablature to help me remember new songs I write, as a compositional tool, as an instructional tool to convey detailed musical ideas to students, and as a tool to help me learn difficult passages that my mind can create but my body doesn't yet understand. I have written seven kalimba books based on this tablature.
Some other kalimba enthusiasts have created a software program called KTabS that can produce the tablature for any kalimba. People around the world have begun using KTabS and the kalimba tablature to notate kalimba music.
The advantage of a standard musical notation is that anybody who knows all the rules can read any piece of music and know how it goes, no matter what instrument it was written for. Most conventional music tablature is written on a five-line staff, e.g., the treble cleff or bass cleff, or both.
An example of the conventional five-line musical staff notation.
But I will introduce you to another way of notating music for the kalimba. When I play, I think of geometrical patterns dancing on the kalimba tines. So I invented a tablature that represents these geometrical patterns as if they were notes dancing on the kalimba tines. This kalimba tablature is much more connected to what your thumbs need to do to make music. And you won't waste any time figuring out where a given note is supposed to be played on your kalimba, left or right side—the tablature shows you exactly which tine to play.
The kalimba tablature reads from bottom up. The tablature uses the same note symbols as staff notation (quarter notes, eighth notes, etc.), but the note symbols are placed on an elongated map of the kalimba. If your kalimba has fewer tines, that kalimba's tablature will also have fewer tines. The painted tines on your kalimba will correspond to the colored (or shaded) tines on the tablature.
If there are two or more notes on the same horizontal line, that means there is a chord and you must play them at the same time. The different kinds of note symbols - open, filled, with dots or flags - indicate how long a note lasts before you play the next note. If you don't understand the rules for these symbols, you are in LUCK! There is a series of Tips of the Day on notation which starts at the beginning and works up to more difficult and complex examples.
To illustrate the tablature (tab) with a song you know, please look at the tab for Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star for the Alto kalimba, for the Treble kalimba, or for the 8-Note kalimba. Read from bottom to the top, like you would read a traffic warning written on the road ("STOP AHEAD").
Graphic concept by Tim & Mark Holdaway
OK, so far so good, but isn't this overkill for a simple little instrument like the thumb piano?
Well, the kalimba is a very capable instrument, and if we are going to be able to capture its beauty and magic, we DO need something like this. For example, check out the tablature for Hark the Herald Angels Sing.
Listen to this music while you follow the tablature. Start from the bottom left and go up the page.
This tablature is expressive enough to permit
the kalimba's complexity to be transmitted to YOU, yet is simple
to read and very intuitive.
Now, you don't have to read tablature
to play kalimba - I played for 18 years before I invented the
tablature. But tablature will open up a whole new world of
understanding, knowledge, and music to you. The Tips of the Day, the books,
and some of the newsleter articles use this tablature. You can
send tablature easily by email. You can write it on paper or
on your computer. It is fast, easy, and fun to read and write.
So, what are
you waiting for?
Last updated Nov 2011


text: WT1 encodes a zinc finger protein with a key role in urogenital development that is inactivated in a subset of Wilms' tumors. This tumor suppressor gene product contains an amino-terminal dimerization domain required for trans-inhibition of wild-type WT1 activity by mutants defective for DNA binding. In the course of characterizing truncation mutants of WT1, we noted that the WT1 zinc fingers contain two functionally independent targeting signals required for nuclear localization of the protein. These novel signals lie within zinc fingers I and within zinc fingers II and III. We demonstrate that nuclear targeting of the WT1 homodimerization domain functionally antagonizes activity of the wild-type protein activity.


Cow with better body condition has stronger calving process
Body condition scoring refers to evaluating the amount of body fat in a cow (or any other animal).
This cow has a body condition score of 6, meaning she is ideal. All ribs are covered, and her hooks and pins are becoming rounded. Photo provided by Joe Paschal.
Under normal grazing conditions, cows carrying more body fat are more efficient because they are more adapted to their environment. Cows (and bulls) that are more adapted to their environment are more fertile and productive.
The value of body condition scoring has been known since at least the early 1960s when Dr. J. N. Wiltbank reported that cows in better body condition, or that were increasing body condition, had a greater chance of getting bred, maintaining the pregnancy and getting rebred earlier after calving.
Early body condition scores were simply thin, average and fat. These visually estimated the amount of fat covering the backbone, ribs, hooks and pin bones. Later the scores were given a range of numbers from 1 (emaciated, very thin) to 9 (obese, very fat) with a score of 5 being average.
Dairy producers and Australians use a similar score, but the range is 1 (emaciated) to 5 (obese) and 2.5 is average. Both evaluate condition in the same manner.
Unless cows have been deprived of forage or feed for an extended time or have been sick or are very old, few are scored 1 or 2. These scores indicate a total loss of external fat cover and even severe muscle loss. Most of the bones are easily noticeable. Allowing cows to become or remain in these condition scores is considered inhumane.
This cow has a body condition score of 4. Most of her ribs are showing, but her backbone has some fat cover, but her hooks and pins are angular with no fat cover. Photo contributed by Joe Paschal.
A BCS 3 cow's backbone is easily noticed, as are all her ribs. Cows are considered BCS 4 if their backbone has some fat cover and their fore ribs are covered. A BCS 5 has all ribs covered and hooks (hipbones) and pins (tailbones) are rounded.
If a cow's ribs are covered and the area between her hooks and pins is filling in with fat, the cow is BCS 6.
A BCS 7 has a rounded appearance from her hooks to pins (with all other bones well covered).
Cows fatter than BCS 7 are obviously quite fat. BCS of 8 or 9 are unnecessary as there is no advantage for this additional fat and in fact, it could create problems at calving.
Ideally, a cow should calve in BCS 5 and a heifer as a 6. Typically, a whole BCS is lost at calving. Cows and heifers should be evaluated for BCS 60-90 days prior to calving to allow time to gradually increase it prior to calving. Once a cow or heifer calves and begins to milk, it is nearly impossible to increase condition; however, it is better to try late than never. Evaluate BCS for the entire herd but treat individuals by supplementing.
Females that calve in better BCS (up to and including a 7) tend to be easier calving (less stress, especially heifers), have more vigorous calves, produce a higher quality and quantity of colostrum and milk, go through reinvolution of the reproductive tract more quickly and come into estrus (heat) earlier and breed earlier. This leads to calves born earlier in the season, which will be heavier at weaning and be worth more.
There are a number of publications on body condition scoring at the Texas A&M AgriLife Animal Science Extension website
via source the Victoria Advocate | Cow with better body condition has stronger calving process
Comments are closed.


text:
How do you calculate Larmor frequency?
The resonance frequency of any particle at a certain field strength can easily be calculated using this table and the Larmor equation. For example, in a field (Bo) of 1.5T, the resonance frequency of ¹H would be (42.58 MHz/T) x (1.5T) = 63.87 MHz. At 3.0T the resonance frequency would be twice as fast, or 127.74 MHz.
How do you calculate Larmor frequency in NMR?
ω = γB. where ω is the Larmor frequency in MHz, γ is the gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/tesla and B is the strength of the static magnetic field in tesla.
What is the Larmor frequency of protons in lipid at 3 tesla?
At 3.0T where the Larmor frequency is 128 MHz, the fat-water frequency shift would be twice as large, or about 440 Hz.
What is Larmor frequency?
about 43 to 170 MHz
The corresponding Larmor frequencies are about 43 to 170 MHz. These frequencies are in the radio frequency (RF) range, which are much lower than X-rays and do not disrupt living tissue. If by some means the magnetic moment is displaced from the field, as shown in Fig.
What is the Larmor frequency NMR?
The Larmor or precessional frequency in NMR refers to the rate of precession of the magnetic moment of the proton around the external magnetic field. The frequency of precession is related to the strength of the magnetic field, B0.
What is the Larmor frequency while the field strength is 0.5 T?
–The Larmor frequency for protons is 21 MHz at 0.5 T and 127 MHz at 3 T.
What is Deshielding NMR?
If the electron density around a nucleus decreases, the opposing magnetic field becomes small and therefore, the nucleus feels more the external magnetic field B0 , and therefore it is said to be deshielded.
What is the unit of Larmor radius?
is the strength of the magnetic field. in units of radians/second.
What is the value of 1 tesla?
One tesla is equivalent to: 10,000 (or 104) G (Gauss), used in the CGS system. Thus, 10 kG = 1 T (tesla), and 1 G = 10−4 T = 100 μT (microtesla).
What is the Larmor frequency?
The Larmor frequency is defined as: W h erω =L am of qu n cy ,γ g t is(42.6 Mz/T) dB F l ω0 =γB0 /2π 2 Background MRI :Localization of MR signal »Fields – BoMain Magnetic Field – B1Radiofrequency Field
What is the frequency of resonance at 3T?
Where γ denotes the gyromagnetic ratio (42.58 MHz/T) and B the magnetic field strength. Therefore, the resonance frequency increases from approximately 63.9 MHz at 1.5T to 127.8 MHz at 3T.
How do you measure Larmor fequency?
The Larmor fequency is specific to each nucleus. The Larmor fequency is measured during the NMR experiment, as it is dependent on the magnetic field that the nucleus experineces. How do you calculate Larmor frequency?
What is the contribution of Larmor?
Larmor demonstrated mathematically that these electrons should precess around the direction of the applied magnetic field. He further calculated that the frequency of precession was directly proportional to the strength of the applied field times a constant. Larmor's constant was directly related to the particle's charge/mass ratio.


text:
wren-warblerArticle Free Pass
wren-warbler, any of a number of Old World warblers, family Sylviidae (order Passeriformes), that are wrenlike in carrying their tails cocked up. The name also denotes certain birds of the family Maluridae that are found in Australia and New Zealand. Among the sylviid wren-warblers are those of the African genus Calamonastes (sometimes included in Camaroptera), in which the tail is rather long and the underparts are barred. An example is the barred wren-warbler (C. fasciolatus) of south-central Africa, which sews its nest like a tailorbird.
What made you want to look up "wren-warbler"? Please share what surprised you most...


CBC SDK
Submodules
cbc_sdk.base module
Models and Queries for the Base Carbon Black Cloud SDK
class ArrayFieldDescriptor(field_name, coerce_to=None, default_value=None)
Bases: cbc_sdk.base.FieldDescriptor
Field descriptor for fields of 'array' type.
Initialize the FieldDescriptor object.
Parameters:
 - field_name (str) – The name of the field.
 - coerce_to (class) – The type to which the value should be coerced, or None.
 - default_value (Any) – The default value of the field.
class AsyncQueryMixin
Bases: object
A mix-in which provides support for asynchronous queries.
execute_async()
Executes the current query in an asynchronous fashion.
Returns:A future representing the query and its results.
Return type:Future
class BaseQuery(query=None)
Bases: object
The base query for finding objects via the API.
Initializes the BaseQuery object.
Parameters:query (solrq.Q) – The parent query of this one.
all()
Returns the objects that this query has located, all at once.
Returns:The list of query objects.
Return type:list
first()
Returns the first result of this query.
Returns:The first result of this query, or None if it has no results.
Return type:object
one()
Returns the single result of this query.
Returns:The single result of this query.
Return type:object
Raises:MoreThanOneResultError – If the query has any number of results other than 1.
class BinaryFieldDescriptor(field_name, coerce_to=None, default_value=None)
Bases: cbc_sdk.base.FieldDescriptor
Field descriptor for fields of 'byte' type.
Initialize the FieldDescriptor object.
Parameters:
 - field_name (str) – The name of the field.
 - coerce_to (class) – The type to which the value should be coerced, or None.
 - default_value (Any) – The default value of the field.
class CbMetaModel
Bases: type
Meta-model for NewBaseModel and its subclasses.
Creates a new instance of a class, setting up the field descriptors based on the metafile.
Parameters:
 - name (str) – The name of the class.
 - bases (list) – Base classes of the class to be created.
 - clsdict (dict) – Elements defined in the new class.
model_base_directory = '/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/carbon-black-cloud-python-sdk/envs/v1.0.1/lib/python3.7/site-packages/carbon_black_cloud_sdk-1.0.1-py3.7.egg/cbc_sdk'
model_classes = [<class 'cbc_sdk.base.NewBaseModel'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.base.UnrefreshableModel'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.base.MutableBaseModel'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.FeedModel'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.Watchlist'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.Feed'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.Report'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.ReportSeverity'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.IOC'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.threat_intelligence.IOC_V2'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.ubs.Binary.Summary'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.ubs.Binary'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.ubs.Downloads.FoundItem'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.enterprise_edr.ubs.Downloads'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.PlatformModel'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.Process.Summary'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.Process.Tree'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.Process'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.ProcessFacet.Terms'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.ProcessFacet.Ranges'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.ProcessFacet'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.Event'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.EventFacet.Terms'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.EventFacet.Ranges'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.base.EventFacet'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.devices.Device'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.BaseAlert'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.WatchlistAlert'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.CBAnalyticsAlert'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.VMwareAlert'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.Workflow'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.platform.alerts.WorkflowStatus'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Run'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.RunHistory'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Result.Device'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Result.Fields'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Result.Metrics'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Result'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.DeviceSummary.Metrics'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.DeviceSummary'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.ResultFacet.Values'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.ResultFacet'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.DeviceSummaryFacet'>, <class 'cbc_sdk.audit_remediation.base.Template'>]
class CreatableModelMixin
Bases: object
Mixin for all objects which are creatable.
class EpochDateTimeFieldDescriptor(field_name, multiplier=1.0)
Bases: cbc_sdk.base.FieldDescriptor
Field descriptor for fields of 'epoch-ms-date-time' type.
Initialize the EpochDateTimeFieldDescriptor object.
Parameters:
 - field_name (str) – The name of the field.
 - multiplier (float) – Unused.
class FacetQuery(cls, cb, query=None)
Bases: cbc_sdk.base.BaseQuery, cbc_sdk.base.AsyncQueryMixin, cbc_sdk.base.QueryBuilderSupportMixin
Query class for asynchronous Facet API calls.
These API calls return one result, and are not paginated or iterable.
Initialize the FacetQuery object.
add_criteria(key, newlist)
Add to the criteria on this query with a custom criteria key.
Parameters:
 - key (str) – The key for the criteria item to be set.
 - newlist (str or list[str]) – Value or list of values to be set for the criteria item.
Returns:
The ResultQuery with specified custom criteria.
Example
query = api.select(Event).add_criteria("event_type", ["filemod", "scriptload"]) query = api.select(Event).add_criteria("event_type", "filemod")
add_exclusions(key, newlist)
Add to the excluions on this query with a custom exclusion key.
Parameters:
 - key (str) – The key for the exclusion item to be set.
 - newlist (str or list[str]) – Value or list of values to be set for the exclusion item.
Returns:
The ResultQuery with specified custom exclusion.
Example
query = api.select(Event).add_


text:
Red Hot Poker (Kniphofia spp.) is generally not recommended for pots and planters because of its fast-growing nature and large mature size. However, there are a few dwarf varieties that may do well in containers for a time. If a non-dwarf variety is chosen for use in a pot, it will do best transplanted into a garden bed after a season or so. The vibrant flower spikes can add some height and texture to your planters, thriving in full sun and well-draining soil.
Planting Red Hot Poker in Pots
Red Hot Poker can be added to pots and containers in the spring once the threat of frost has passed. Needing full sun, Red Hot Poker will do best poolside, in a garden accent pot, or on an uncovered porch. Because these plants can spread a bit even within one summer, it is best to provide them with a large ceramic or non-porous pot with adequate drainage holes.
Best Soil For Red Hot Poker in Pots
Though they are drought tolerant in the ground, Red Hot Poker will do best in a pot with well-draining soil and mulch to assist in moisture retention. When a pot or container is in full sun, soil tends to dry out much quicker than that in the ground, so daily checks will be needed to assure the soil is not drying out entirely. Adding rocks to the bottom of any pot is not beneficial as it can impede drainage. Instead, stick to high-quality, well-draining potting soil. You will have to find the right balance for keeping soil moist without saturating the roots, which can lead to root rot.
Caring For Red Hot Poker in Planters
When placing Red Hot Poker in a mixed planter, it is best to choose other plant varieties with similar light and water needs. For this reason, you will want to avoid plants that need consistently damp soil, shade, or heavy fertilization. In addition, because Red Hot Poker is fast-growing, pair it with other plants that may need a little less space or that will not grow as aggressively.
Watering Red Hot Poker in Pots
Red Hot Poker is tolerant of dry periods. In order to ensure that you are getting as many blooms as possible, though, you will want to check your soil daily, only allowing the top few inches of soil to dry in between waterings. Consistent, deep watering (when water flows out the bottom of the pot) will help your Red Hot Poker to grow deep roots and continuously bloom. If you are in a region that gets regular rain during the summer, you may not have to water that frequently. In the hottest, driest parts of the year, however, water regularly.
Fertilizing Red Hot Poker in Pots
Potted plants tend to need more frequent fertilization than those in the ground because nutrients leach out of potting soil faster; there is not a whole garden bed full of naturally occurring nutrients, insects, and decaying organic matter contributing to potted soil. While Red Hot Poker will appreciate the occasional fertilization during its growing season, it is important to choose a fertilizer that encourages flower production.
Fertilizers that are high in nitrogen will increase leaf and root growth in Red Hot Poker, taking energy away from the coveted and continuous blooms. A slow-release fertilizer that supports blooms or a bloom boosting liquid fertilizer a few times through the growing season will support Red Hot Poker as it grows and blooms.
Winter Care For Red Hot Poker in Pots
Plants in pots, even cold-hardy perennials, are more likely to be damaged by extreme temperatures than those in the ground. Even in large planters, there is less soil to insulate the roots from both extreme heat and cold. If you are in a colder climate that experiences cold winters with temperatures below freezing, it is best to move your pots and planters into a basement or garage if possible.
This will further the life of your containers as well, as even high-quality ceramics can crack in extremely cold temperatures. Another option is transplanting Red Hot Poker into the ground in the early fall, giving the plant some time to adjust to the garden and protecting its roots in the winter.
Growing Red Hot Poker Indoors
Red Hot Poker is not a plant that can thrive indoors for long. However, if you are bringing it in for protection in the winter, there are two options. First, Red Hot Poker can be placed in a south-facing window where it can get at least 6 hours of direct sunlight. In the warmth of your home, the plant can stay alive through the winter, continuing to use the sun to make food for itself and grow a bit. You will have to continue to water regularly, allowing the top few inches to dry out in between watering.
The second option is to leave the plant outdoors long enough for it to go dormant and die back for the winter, but not so long that the roots experience a deep freeze. The container can then be moved into a garage, which will protect the pot from freezing and thawing cycles. When dormant, Red Hot Poker will not need to be watered.
Author Lynn Gusman - Published 9-21-2022


text: Interdependence means a dependence between autonomous elements through the formation of a combined overall organization. The essence of interdependence involves autonomy, differentiation, and emergency. Two or more autonomous elements interacting, differentiating their states with respect to each other, to create some combined organization that is greater than any of the parts, through the process of emergence. Interdependence is one of the central concepts within systems theory in that most definitions for a system involve the idea of interdependency between a set of parts. Indeed the idea of interdependency is often the central concept that is used to define a system, in that without interdependency between parts there is no system just a set of independent elements.


text:
Presented in Association with the Western New Mexico University Department
of Natural Sciences
Simmondsiaceae (Jojoba Family)
The Simmondsiaceae are represented by a single genus and species, Simmondsia chinensis, commonly known as Jojoba. Simmondsia chinensis is usually thought of as a Sonoran Desert species, and is at its most extreme eastern distribution in southwest New Mexico. It does not reach into the Gila National Forest, being found about 50 miles southwest of its border.


text: Changes in phospholipid and eicosanoid profiles of Atlantic salmon muscle after feeding diets with different levels of microbial oil, fish oil and canola oil were investigated using electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS-MS in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A total of 43 PL species with various fatty acyl chain combinations was identified in the four dietary groups of salmons. The group fed with microbial oil, which contains a high level of DHA, showed an increased level of DHA in the structure of PC (phosphatidylcholine) and PS (phosphatidylserine) in muscle tissue compared to salmon fed with fish oil and the mixture of fish oil and canola oil. This indicates that DHA present in the diets (High and low microbial oil) was efficiently converted/synthesized into phospholipids, followed by accumulation in salmon muscle tissue. In addition, two eicosanoids, prostaglandin E2 and F3α, were also identified for the first time in salmon muscle tissue and their quantitative changes upon feeding four different diets will be discussed in detail. This study suggests that the shotgun lipidomic approach along with neutral loss and precursor ion scanning modes is a useful means for the lipidomic analysis of fish tissues.


What is RDD lineage graph? How is it useful in achieving Fault Tolerance?
Ans. The RDD Lineage Graph or RDD operator graph could be a graph of the entire parent RDDs of an RDD. It's engineered as a result of materializing transformations to the RDD and then creating a logical execution set up.
The RDDs in Apache Spark rely on one or a lot of alternative RDDs. The illustration of dependencies in between RDDs is understood because of the lineage graph. Lineage graph info is employed to cypher every RDD on demand, so whenever a district of persistent RDD is lost, {the data | the info | the info} that's lost will recover using the lineage graph information.
For details on RDD DAG refer to Directed Acyclic Graph
14) Explain the various Transformation on Apache Spark RDD like distinct(), union(), intersection(), and subtract().
Ans. distnct() transformation – If one wants only unique elements in a RDD, in that case, one can use d1.distnct() where d1 is RDD
val d1 = sc.parallelize(List("c","c","p","m","t"))
val result = d1.distnct()
 - union() transformation – Its simplest set operation. rdd1.union(rdd2) which outputs RDD which contains the data from both sources. If the duplicates are present in the input RDD, an output of union() transformation will contain duplicate also which can fix using distinct().
val u2 = sc.parallelize(List("c","m","k"))
val result = u1.union(u2)
 - intersection() transformation – It returns the elements which are present in both the RDDs and remove all the duplicate including duplicated in single RDD
val is2 = sc.parallelize(List("c","m","k"))
val result = is1.union(is2)
Output :
 - subtract() transformation – Subtract(anotherrdd), returns an RDD that has an only value present in the first RDD and not in second RDD.
val s2 = sc.parallelize(List("c","m","k"))
val result = s1.subtract(s2)
For more transformation in Apache Spark refer to Transformation and Action
15) What is the FlatMap Transformation in Apache Spark RDD?
Ans. FlatMap is a transformation operation in Apache Spark to create an RDD from existing RDD. It takes one element from an RDD and can produce 0, 1 or many outputs based on business logic. It is similar to Map operation, but Map produces one to one output. If we perform Map operation on an RDD of length N, output RDD will also be of length N. But for FlatMap operation output RDD can be of different length based on business logic
X——A x———–a
Y——B y———–b,c
Z——C z———–d,e,f
Map Operation FlatMap Operation
We can also say as flatMap transforms an RDD of length N into a collection of N collection, then flattens into a single RDD of results.
If we observe the below example data1 RDD which is the output of Map operation has same no of element as of data RDD,
But data2 RDD does not have the same number of elements. We can also observe here as data2 RDD is a flattened output of data1 RDD
pranshu@pranshu-virtual-machine:~$ cat pk.txt
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20
scala> val data = sc.textFile("/home/pranshu/pk.txt")
17/05/17 07:08:20 WARN SizeEstimator: Failed to check whether UseCompressedOops is set; assuming yes
data: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = /home/pranshu/pk.txt MapPartitionsRDD[1] at textFile at :24
scala> data.collect
res0: Array[String] = Array(1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9, 10 11 12, 13 14 15 16 17, 18 19 20)
scala> val data1 = data.map(line => line.split(" "))
data1: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[Array[String]] = MapPartitionsRDD[2] at map at :26
scala> val data2 = data.flatMap(line => line.split(" "))
data2: org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD[String] = MapPartitionsRDD[3] at flatMap at :26
scala> data1.collect
res1: Array[Array[String]] = Array(Array(1, 2, 3, 4), Array(5, 6, 7, 8, 9), Array(10, 11, 12), Array(13, 14, 15, 16, 17), Array(18, 19, 20))
scala> data2.collect
For more details, refer: Map Vs Flatmap Operations
16) Explain first() operation in Apache Spark RDD.
Ans. It is an action and returns the first element of the RDD.
Example :
val rdd1 = sc.textFile("/home/hdadmin/wc-data.txt")
Output :
Long: 20
String: DataFlair is the leading technology training provider
4. Apache Spark Interview Questions For Intermediate
17) Describe join() operation. How is outer join supported?
Ans. join() is transformation and is in package org.apache.spark.rdd.pairRDDFunction
def join[W](other: RDD[(K, W)]): RDD[(K, (V, W))]Permalink
Return an RDD containing all pairs of elements with matching keys in this and other.
Each pair of elements will returns as a (k, (v1, v2)) tuple, where (k, v1) is in this and (k, v2) is in other. Performs a hash join across the cluster.
It is joining two datasets. When called on datasets of type (K, V) and (K, W), returns a dataset of (K, (V, W)) pairs with all pairs of elements for each key. Outer joins are supported through leftOuterJoin, rightOuterJoin, and fullOuterJoin.
Example 1:
val rdd1 = sc.parallelize(Seq(("m",55),("m",56),("e",57),("e",58),("s",59),("s",54)))
val rdd2 = sc.parallelize(Seq(("m",60),("m",65),("s",61),("s",62),("h",63),("h",64)))
val joinrdd = rdd1.join(rdd2)
Array[(String, (Int, Int))] = Array((m,(55,60)), (m,(55,65)), (m,(56,60)), (m,(56,65)), (s,(59,61)), (s,(59,62)), (s,(54,61)), (s,(54,62)))
Example 2:
val myrdd1 = sc.parallelize(Seq((1,2),(3,4),(3,6)))
val myrdd2 = sc.parallelize(Seq((3,9)))
val myjoinedrdd = myrdd1.join(myrdd2)
Array[(Int, (Int, Int))] = Array((3,(4,9)), (3,(6,9)))
18) Describe coalesce() operation. When can you coalesce to a larger number of partitions? Explain.
Ans. It is a transformation and it's in a package org.apache.spark.rdd.ShuffledRDD
def coalesce(numPartitions: Int, shuffle: Boolean = false, partitionCoalescer: Option[PartitionCoalescer] = Option.empty)(implicit ord: Ordering[(K, C)] = null): RDD[(K, C)]
Return a new RDD that is reduced into numPartitions partitions.
This results in a narrow dependency, e.g. if you go from 1000 partitions to 100 partitions, there will not be a shuffle, instead, each of the 100 new partitions will claim 10 of the current partitions.
However, if you're doing a drastic coalesce, e.g. to numPartitions = 1, this may result in your computation taking place on fewer nodes than you like (e.g. one node in the case of numPartitions = 1). To avoid this, you can pass shuffle = true. This will add a shuffle step but means the current upstream partitions will execut in parallel (per whatever the current partitioning is).
Note: With shuffle = true, you can actually coalesce to a larger number of partitions. This is useful if you have a small number of partitions, say 100, potentially with a few partitions being abnormally large. Calling coalesce(1000, shuffle = true) will result in 1000 partitions with the data distributed using a hash partitioner.
Coalesce() operation changes a number of the partition where data is stored. It combines original partitions to a new number of partitions, so it reduces the number of partitions. Coalesce() operation is an optimized version of repartition that allows data movement, but only if you are decreasing the number of RDD partitions. It runs operations more efficiently after filtering large datasets.
Example :
val myrdd