text:
Editor's note: MainSail is CNN's monthly sailing show, exploring the sport of sailing, luxury travel and the latest in design and technology.
(CNN) -- One of the world's largest private superyachts is the latest to set sail on an expedition to uncover the secrets of a British battle cruiser lost during World War II.
Octopus -- a 414 foot megayacht -- was donated to the British Navy by Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft. Allen will fund the recovery and research expedition, sparing the British government any cost.
This week the recovery team will return to the wreck site with a two-fold mission: Retrieve the ship's bell and document the remains of the battle cruiser in the hopes of later determining what happened in the Hood's final moments.
David Mearns, director of Blue Water Recoveries, said the ship's bell was "lovingly looked after" by the crew. Its recovery is seen by those who lost loved ones as a way to commemorate those who died.
The HMS Hood was sunk during a battle in the North Atlantic with German battleship Bismarck in 1941. The Hood remains the largest Royal Navy vessel to have gone down, and resulted in the largest loss of life suffered by any single warship in British history.
The wreck of HMS Hood is designated under the Protection of the Military Remains Act, meaning the recovery team had to seek permission from the British Navy in order to retrieve the bell.
The mission was agreed to by the British Government, and the Ministry of Defence say the bell -- if recovered -- will form a tangible and fitting memorial to the ship and the 1,415 men who died when she sunk in the North Atlantic.
Mearns recalls the astonishment of the team when they located the ship's bell, on their first dive, in 2001.
"There was just a miscellaneous pile of twisted and torn metal... most of it was very angled steel but there was this curved shape," Mearns remembers. "We pushed in on the camera and, lo and behold, there was the bell sitting basically unattached, not connected to the ship [and] all by itself on its side."
The team, Mearns recalls, "were just stunned by it."
The 40,000 ton wreck is strewn over two and half kilometers of seabed, and uncovering the bell was a stroke of luck for the recovery team.
"It's a really iconic item and personal symbol of the ship, but we were there conducting this investigation on a 'don't touch' basis. It never occurred to us, even for a second, 'What if we recovered the bell? Should we attempt to?'" Mearns tells CNN.
By the time Mearns and his team had returned to land, news of the bell's discovery had broken. A public debate had erupted over the ethics of disturbing a wreck where so many lives had been lost.
Mearns gained the support of the HMS Hood Association -- whose members include veterans and relatives of those who died -- before seeking financial support to return and recover the bell.
The association's president, rear admiral Philip Wilcocks, said in statement on the mission: "There is no headstone among the flowers for those who perish at sea."
Wilcocks added, "future generations will be able to gaze upon [the Hood's] bell and remember with gratitude and thanks the heroism, courage and personal sacrifice of Hood's ship's company who died in the service of their country."
If recovered, the bell will go on display in 2014, at an exhibition at the Royal Navy Museum in the southern English port of Portsmouth -- where the Hood was based.
Mearns says: "It's been out there as a wish of the association to do this and I've just been looking for the right sponsor to do it in the right way and to get the permission to do it.
"I'd been working with Vulcan, Paul Allen's company, and it just so happened we could combine the availability of Octopus in the region at the right time, because you can only really work in this area two months of the year."
The Octopus, the world's 13th largest megayacht, is a "fantastically capable vessel," Mearns says.
Despite being classified as a yacht, the Octopus carries equipment including a deepwater diving ROV [remotely operated vehicle] and survey and navigation equipment. The Octopus, says Mearns, "is very qualified" for the job.
The British Royal Navy has asked the team to place an ensign on the site of the wreck, Mearns added.
The mission also hopes to shed light on the final moments of the battle cruiser, which broke in two during the attack. It was under sustained fire from the Bismarck, but its own ammunition also exploded. The cause of its sinking has never been clarified.
"I think we are going to make a real improvement in the imagery and information that we bring back from the wreck to allow naval architects to look at and come to some firm conclusions about the damage," Mearns added.
"This isn't just a trophy hunt to go get the bell."


text:
Carbon audit puts spotlight on business efficiency
By Seamus Murphy, Consultant, SAC Consulting
Carbon auditing is an increasingly important management tool for the farm business; for those that have carried out regular carbon audits over the past few years the benefits of doing so will be clear.
A carbon audit shows your business in a new light and can highlight areas where money and carbon can be saved that may not be obvious without it. There are plenty of these 'win-win' scenarios where changes can be made to increase profitability and reduce carbon emissions although they are just one of the reasons why a carbon audit is beneficial.
It is likely that in the future, carbon audits will be a requirement for farms, so carrying out one now and getting a good understanding of what's involved could put your farm ahead of the game. It is also very likely that any new payment scheme will determine a payment level off the back of where your farm currently is in terms of numerous different metrics, meaning that farm businesses that have taken positive action in terms of carbon emission reductions could receive a higher payment. This possibility makes carrying out a carbon footprint now and acting on it, a long-term investment in the business.
Another area where the carbon audit could be of great benefit in the future is when it comes to obtaining finance from banks. Financial institutions are looking more closely at the types of companies that they support in terms of environmental credentials. This is beginning to slowly makes tis way into agriculture and is a definite prospect for the future. Carbon audits can help you tell the right story and reap the benefit of the work you have done.
Carbon footprint is not going to go away, and whilst one carbon audit is good, the real benefit is found in annual audits which can tell a longer story of your farm's journey. The first step of any journey is to make a start.
This article from Farming for a Better Climate was first published in the Farming Scotland Magazine in November 2021.
Farming Scotland Magazine Articles
We have a regular column in the Farming Scotland magazine where we bring you relevant articles and advice from some of our leading experts. Topics cover everything from livestock, cropping, energy use, carbon management and lots more in between. Find more of our articles here.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
by Simon Peth, Harald Sterly and Patrick Sakapoldrak
This paper explores the mobilities and structural moorings of Thai labour migrants in Singapore from a translocal perspective. We argue that combining the mobilities paradigm with the concept of translocality offers a fruitful avenue of investigation not only of the production of translocal spaces, but also of their temporality and mutability. Through a multi-sited research approach we shed light on the genesis as well as the decay of translocal connections. This paper shows that translocal structures are important moorings of migration, and raises the question of what happens to translocal spaces when migration flows dissolve.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


rd-bomb(6) XScreenSaver manual rd-bomb(6)
rd-bomb - reaction/diffusion textures
rd-bomb [-display host:display.screen] [-foreground color] [-background color] [-window] [-root] [-install] [-visual visual] [-width n] [-height n] [-reaction n] [-diffusion n] [-size f] [-speed f] [-delay millisecs] [-fps]
The rd-bomb program draws reaction/diffusion textures. The code is derived from the 'd' mode of the "bomb" visual musical instrument (see _URL_ I got the equations from xmorphia (_URL_ which is based on a version of the Gray-Scott model taken from:
John E. Pearson "Complex Patterns in a Simple System"
Science, 261,189, 9 July 1993.
If the frame-rate is too low, consider decreasing the width and height of the tile, or decreasing the size of the active part of the screen.
If one of the reaction, diffusion, radius, and palette options is set to a negative value, then that option will be set to a random appropriate value.
Be sure to try "-speed 1 -size 0.1 -epoch 3000".
rd-bomb accepts the following options:
Draw on a newly-created window. This is the default.
Draw on the root window.
Install a private colormap for the window.
Specify which visual to use. Legal values are the name of a visual class, or the id number (decimal or hex) of a specific visual.
Specify the size of the tile, in pixels.
These are constants in the equations that effect its visual nature. Each may be one of 0, 1, or 2. Default is -1: these constants are chosen randomly.
Size of the seed.
What fraction of the window is actively drawn, a floating point number between 0 (exclusive) and 1 (inclusive). Default is 1.0.
When a fraction of the screen is active, the active area moves at this rate (a floating point number). Default is zero. Suggested value: 1.0.
How many milliseconds to delay between frames; default 1, or about 1/1000th of a second.
Display the current frame rate and CPU load.
to get the default host and display number.
to get the name of a resource file that overrides the global resources stored in the RESOURCE_MANAGER property.
X(1), xscreensaver(1), xlock(1)
Copyright © 1997 by Scott Draves.
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation.
Scott Draves <_EMAIL_>, 9/97
6.02 (11-Oct-2021) X Version 11


Repair and operation of the Toyota Corolla car - 7.2.3. Replacement of epiploons//Toyota Corolla of _PHONE_ /
Toyota Corolla
_PHONE_ of release
Repair and operation of the car
Toyota Corolla
+ 1. Maintenance instruction
+ 2. Maintenance
+ 3. Engines
+ 4. Cooling systems, heating
+ 5. Fuel, exhaust systems
+ 6. System of decrease in toxicity
- 7. Transmissions
 + 7.1. Mechanical transmission
 - 7.2. Automatic transmission
 7.2.1. Specifications
 7.2.2. Diagnostics
 7.2.3. Replacement of epiploons
 7.2.4. Rope of a butterfly valve
 7.2.5. The switching rope
 7.2.6. The switch blocking inclusion of a starter by the included transfer
 7.2.7. Fastening of a transmission
 7.2.8. Removal and installation of a transmission
+ 8. Coupling and half shafts
+ 9. Brake system
+ 10. Suspension bracket and steering
+ 11. Body
+ 12. Electric equipment
7.2.3. Replacement of epiploons
Oil leak often happens because of wear of epiploons of axes and / or wear of an epiploon and sealing rings of the drive of a speedometer. Replacement of these epiploons is rather simple as it can be carried out, without removing a transmission from the car.
Epiploons of half shafts
Epiploons of half shafts are located on each side transmissions where vents of the internal ends of half shafts enter vents of gear wheels of differential. If you suspect that the epiploon of a half shaft proceeds, lift the car and establish it on support. If the epiploon proceeds, you will see an oil strip sideways of a transmission, under an epiploon.
1. Remove a half shaft (cm. subsection 8.3).
2. By means of a screw-driver accurately get an epiploon from a transmission nest. Try not to damage a nest of installation of an epiploon, differently the new epiploon will proceed.
3. If the epiploon cannot be removed by means of a screw-driver, it is necessary to use the special tool for removal of epiploons (it is possible to get on a car market or in autoshop).
4. Using the tool for installation of epiploons or a piece of a pipe of big diameter as a mandrel, establish a new epiploon. Accurately establish it in a nest and check that it was densely and it is up to the end established.
5. On A132L transmission completely established epiploon has to be flush with a transmission case surface; on the A240L model completely established epiploon of the left half shaft has to be 5,16 mm lower than a case surface, and an epiploon of the right half shaft – on 3,175 mm.
6. Grease edges of a new epiploon with multi-purpose grease, and then establish a half shaft (cm. subsection 8.3). Try not to scratch edges of a new epiploon.
Sealing ring of the sensor of speed
The sensor of speed is located on a transmission case.
1. Examine area round the sensor on existence of potek of oil to define, whether the sealing ring proceeds.
2. Disconnect the socket of connection of the sensor of speed (it is specified by an arrow), turn off a bolt (it is specified by an arrow) and pull out the sensor from a transmission.
3. By means of a small screw-driver remove a sealing ring from the sensor and establish a new sealing ring. Try not to scratch a surface of the sensor or a flute of a sealing ring. Grease a new sealing ring with liquid of an automatic transmission for its protection at installation of the sensor.
4. Installation is carried out upside-down removals.


text:
The Emergence of Tissue Engineering as a Research Field
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Engineering and technology are not static bodies of knowledge and practice, but dynamic processes characterized by constant change. In supporting fundamental research in engineering, the National Science Foundation is necessarily planting the seeds of continued change, for the knowledge gained is itself the fuel for this ongoing transformation.
But new knowledge does not affect solely the particulars of specific technologies and branches of engineering. More fundamentally, it may transform our understanding of knowledge itself, of its organization and of the means of creating and utilizing it most effectively, pointing to new ways of thinking about engineering challenges and, ultimately to the emergence of new areas of research and practice that in time come to be recognized as distinct fields of activity. Thus, in fulfilling its mission to preserve and enhance the vitality of engineering in service of the nation, NSF must constantly be alert not only to opportunities for continuing advances within established lines of inquiry, but also to the possibility that entirely new directions for research may offer compelling benefits for engineering and for society - indeed, that they may be essential to continued progress.
In practice, to what extent has NSF served as a catalyst for the timely emergence of productive new domains of engineering research? What are the specific mechanisms by which it has done so?
They are difficult questions to answer, for the innovation system of which engineering research is a part - and in which NSF plays an important role - is actually a complex ecosystem characterized by noisy signals traversing tangled pathways of influence and feedback among the system components. Gathering the data that may enable one to make sense of the system is challenging, both because the system is only imperfectly "instrumented" with routine measures of its behavior, and because ad hoc observations are costly both to the system and to its observers. Finally, the complexity of the pathways of influence that govern the system can make attribution of causality problematic, and the idiosyncratic variety of the particulars in different domains of engineering and innovation make generalization perilous.
This report examines the emergence of the research field of tissue engineering (TE), focusing on developments in the United States. Its purpose is to document the evolution of tissue engineering into a distinct area recognized as such by scholars, to document NSF's involvement through its Directorate for Engineering, and to evaluate the significance of NSF's role in the broader context of the field's evolution.
As a topic of study, tissue engineering is interesting for several reasons. First is the field's inherent human interest. The ultimate goal of the field is to develop powerful new therapies - "biological substitutes" - for structural and functional disorders of human health that have proven difficult or impossible to address successfully with the existing tools of medicine. This goal is made all the more provocative by its science-fiction vision of man-made, living "replacement parts" for the human body, and more compelling by its framing in terms of the lives lost through the ultimately irremediable shortage of transplantable organs.
Of special interest to research managers is the unusual breadth and depth of TE's interdisciplinarity: the knowledge needed to meet the technical challenges posed by TE spans many subdisciplines not only of engineering, but also of science and of clinical medicine. To reach their ultimate goal - successful therapies - tissue engineers must integrate many very different kinds of knowledge and ways of thinking.
Finally, from the perspective of an evaluator, the study of an emerging, strongly interdisciplinary field - a complex, ill-defined, moving target - represents a challenge of the first order, demanding ingenuity and flexibility as much as narrowly-defined methodological rigor, in pursuit of the real prize: qualitative insight that is well-founded in empirical observation and credible in its logic.
Where does one begin such a study? In the contemporaneous historical analysis of an emerging, strongly cross-disciplinary field, it can be difficult to specify the object or scope of the inquiry precisely at the outset. Almost by definition, the conceptual frameworks that define the substantive extent of the field remain fluid, while the field's institutional infrastructure is typically both limited and not fully apparent to a superficial review. The investigation will often take on a "bootstrap" character, in which part of the task of the inquiry is to delimit its own scope through analysis of the evidence that is gathered.
Within a biomedical context, the term "tissue engineering" points naturally to a central concept that is simple, powerful and intuitive: the creation of living tissues for therapeutic purposes. It is not obvious, however, how far this concept should extend. What counts as a "tissue"? (For example, are encapsulated pancreatic cells that function autonomously a tissue? Is blood a tissue? Are unorganized stem cells a tissue?) Must the "engineering" be done in vitro, or is induction of tissue growth in situ in a living organism also "tissue engineering"? Must the engineered product be implanted, or is improvement of the function of extracorporeal devices through the introduction of living cells to be considered "tissue engineering"? Must the product be directly therapeutic, or is the use of complex, cell-based products in diagnostic applications also a type of "tissue engineering"? To what extent or under what circumstances should fundamental research on underlying concepts or enabling technologies be considered tissue engineering?
Thus, the present study began not with a precise definition of tissue engineering, but rather with a set of plausible entry points for inquiry: the names of a few key researchers widely considered synonymous with the field, a handful of review papers, a list of NSF awards in support of TE research and ancillary activities - and the term "tissue engineering" itself, which could be presented as a filter to search engines used to scan bibliographic and research funding databases as well as the Internet. Following a chain of referrals, citations and links from these initial sources, the investigation accumulated many alternative definitions for the term, as well as a growing list of suggestions by expert interviewees of domains of research activity that they believed could or should be considered part of the field.
A central and ongoing task of the study was to analyze the character and overall coherence of the scope of activity delineated in this way. Specific findings in this respect are presented in appropriate context in the later sections of this report. However, it is worth noting here that no simple boundary-setting rule could be identified that maps cleanly to the scope of activity of researchers who think of themselves, or who are thought of by others, as being tissue engineers. In the end, our own concept of tissue engineering remained a pragmatic and operational one. In particular, because part of the charge for this project was to understand the role of NSF in shaping the field, and because funding agencies act through support of people and their activities, final judgment of what to include in the story was shaped as much by the sociological structure of the field - the people and institutions involved - as by its intellectual or substantive structure.
To understand the emergence of a research field, one must understand also something of what came before. Thus, we begin in Chapter 2 by examining the roots of tissue engineering in existing areas of research. In Chapter 3, we discuss the emergence and evolution of a shared concept for this new enterprise, delineating what participants believed to be its essence, through an examination of the origin and varying meanings and usages of the term "tissue engineering". Chapters 4 and 5 address the reality of tissue engineering: Chapter 4 discusses its scope and substantive character and Chapter 5 describes the community of tissue engineers, outlining some of its general characteristics and introducing specific individuals and institutions that have played central roles in the emergence and growth of the field and the most important genealogic relationships among them. Chapter 6 provides an overview to activities and major contributions in the emerging years of the corporate sector. Chapter 7 completes the spectrum of participants in the field by reviewing other prominent institutions participating in the goal of tissue engineering. Finally, we end in Chapter 8 with a discussion of the role of the National Science Foundation and its Directorate for Engineering in the emergence of tissue engineering. Supporting material is presented in the appendices. Appendix 1 describes our approach to data collection for the study; Appendix 2 presents a roster of individuals currently active or who have previously played an important role in tissue engineering, with information about their training and (where applicable) current employment; Appendix 3 lists the personnel interviewed for this study; and Appendix 4 contains our interview protocols. Finally, Appendix 5 includes a separate analysis conducted by CHI research on bibliometrics and patents, key findings from which are also included in the main report. A separate wall chart graphically illustrates the genealogy of the field.
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The National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230, USA


Monthly weather forecast and climate
Lynchburg, VA
Clear shot of the cloudy orange sky gracing the dusk in Lynchburg city, Virginia, a perfect blend of the vegetation and modern buildings
Clear shot of the cloudy orange sky gracing the dusk in Lynchburg city, Virginia, a perfect blend of the vegetation and modern buildings
What is the coldest month in Lynchburg?
With an average high-temperature of 45.3°F (7.4°C) and an average low-temperature of 24.8°F (-4°C), January is the coldest month in Lynchburg, Virginia.
How much does it rain in Lynchburg?
Throughout the year, in Lynchburg, Virginia, there are 115.9 rainfall days, and 41.6" (1055.8mm) of precipitation is accumulated.
When does it snow in Lynchburg?
Months with snowfall in Lynchburg are January through April, November and December.
How much does it snow in Lynchburg?
In Lynchburg, during the entire year, snow falls for 6.5 days, and aggregates up to 12.9" (327.6mm) of snow.
When does it snow the most in Lynchburg?
The month with the most snowfall in Lynchburg, Virginia, is January when snow falls for 2 days and typically aggregates up to 4.5" (114.3mm) of snow.
What is the driest month in Lynchburg?
February is the month with the least rainfall. Rain falls for 9.4 days and accumulates 2.9" (74.4mm) of precipitation.
What is the warmest month in Lynchburg?
With an average high-temperature of 86.5°F (30.3°C) and an average low-temperature of 64°F (17.8°C), July is the warmest month.
What is the rainiest month in Lynchburg?
July is the month with the most rainfall in Lynchburg. Rain falls for 11.7 days and accumulates 4.4" (110.7mm) of precipitation.
Average temperature - Lynchburg, VA
Average rainfall - Lynchburg, VA
Average rainfall days - Lynchburg, VA
The month with the highest number of rainy days is May (12.3 days).
The month with the lowest number of rainy days is October (7.1 days).
Average snowfall - Lynchburg, VA
Average snowfall days - Lynchburg, VA
Months with the highest number of snowfall days are January and February (2 days).
Months with the lowest number of snowfall days are May, June, July, August, September and October (0 days).
Average daylight / Average sunshine - Lynchburg, VA
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text:
In an industry where cost effectiveness and productivity are imperative for success, the award winning OptiSystem can minimize time requirements and decrease cost related to the design of optical systems, links, and components.
OptiSystem is an innovative, rapidly evolving, and powerful software design tool that enables users to plan, test, and simulate almost every type of optical link in the transmission layer of a broad spectrum of optical networks from LAN, SAN, MAN to ultra-long-haul. It offers transmission layer optical communication system design and planning from component to system level, and visually presents analysis and scenarios.
- Provides global insight into system performance
- Assesses parameter sensitivities aiding design tolerance specifications
- Visually presents design options and scenarios to prospective customers
- Delivers straightforward access to extensive sets of system characterization data
- Provides automatic parameter sweep and optimization
- Integrates with the family of Optiwave products
Created to address the needs of research scientists, optical telecom engineers, system integrators, students and a wide variety of other users, OptiSystem satisfies the demand of the evolving photonics market for a powerful yet easy to use optical system design tool.
OptiSystem enables users to plan, test, and simulate (in both the time and frequency domain):
- Optical network designs including OTDM, SONET/ SDH rings, CWDM, DWDM, PON, Cable, OCDMA
- Single-mode/multi-mode transmission
- Free space optics (FSO), Radio over fiber (ROF), OFDM (direct, coherent)
- Amplifiers and lasers (EDFA, SOA, Raman, Hybrid, GFF optimization, Fiber Lasers)
- Signal processing (Electrical, Digital, All-Optical)
- Transmitter and receiver (direct/coherent) sub system design
- Modulation formats (RZ, NRZ, CSRZ, DB, DPSK, QPSK, DP-QPSK, PM-QPSK, QAM-16, QAM-64)
- System performance analysis (Eye Diagram/ Q-factor/BER, Signal power/OSNR, Polarization states, Constellation diagrams, Linear and non-linear penalties)
" As optical systems become more and more complex,
scientists and engineers must increasingly adopt
advanced software simulation techniques for vital
assistance with design issues. OptiSystem's power
& flflexibility facilitates effificient & effective photonic
Dr. Govind p. Agrawal,
Institute of Optics, University of Rochester and author
of Fiber-Optics Communications Systems
The OptiSystem Component Library includes hundreds of components that enable you to enter parameters that can be measured from real
devices. It integrates with test and measurement equipment from different vendors. Users can incorporate new components based on
subsystems and user-defined libraries, or utilize co-simulation with a third party tool such as MATLAB or SPICE.
Integration with Optiwave Software Tools
OptiSystem allows you to employ specific Optiwave software tools for integrated and fiber optics at the component and circuit level: OptiSPICE, OptiBPM, OptiGrating, and OptiFiber.
Mixed signal representation
OptiSystem handles mixed signal formats for optical and electrical signals in the Component Library. OptiSystem calculates the signals using the appropriate algorithms related to the required simulation accuracy and efficiency.
Quality and performance algorithms
In order to predict the system performance, OptiSystem calculates parameters such as BER and Q-Factor using numerical analysis or semi-analytical techniques for systems limited by inter-symbol interference and noise.
Advanced visualization tools
Advanced visualization tools produce OSA Spectra, signal chirp, eye diagrams, polarization state, constellation diagrams and much more. Also included are WDM analysis tools listing signal power, gain, noise figure, and OSNR per channel.
You can select component ports to save the data and attach monitors after the simulation ends. This allows you to process data after the simulation without recalculating. You can attach an arbitrary number of visualizers to the monitor at the same port.
Hierarchical simulation with subsystems
To make a simulation tool flexible and efficient, it is essential to provide models at different abstraction levels, including the system, subsystem, and component levels. OptiSystem features a truly hierarchical definition of components and systems, allowing the simulation to be as detailed as the desired accuracy dictates.
Powerful Script language
You can enter arithmetical expressions for parameters and create global parameters that can be shared between components and subsystems using standard VB Script language. The script language can also manipulate and control OptiSystem, including calculations, layout creation and post-processing.
State-of-the-art calculation data-flow
The Calculation Scheduler controls the simulation by determining the order of execution of component modules according to the selected data flow model. The main data flow model that addresses the simulation of the transmission layer is the Component Iteration Data Flow (CIDF). The CIDF domain uses run-time scheduling, supporting conditions, data-dependent iteration, and true recursion. OptiSystem Optical Communication System and Amplifier Design Software
A fully customizable report page allows you to display any set of parameters and results available in the design. The produced reports are organized into resizable and moveable spreadsheets, text, 2D and 3D graphs. It also includes HTML export and templates with pre-formatted report layouts.
Bill of materials
OptiSystem provides a cost analysis table of the system being designed, arranged by system, layout or component. Cost data can be exported to other applications or spreadsheets.
You can create many designs using the same project file, which allows you to create and modify your designs quickly and efficiently. Each OptiSystem project file can contain many design versions. Design versions are calculated and modified independently, but calculation results can be combined across different versions, allowing for comparison of the designs.
OptiSystem provides the most comprehensive optical communication and photonics design suite for optical design engineers. Its key features include:
OptiSystem's Transmitters library contains an extensive selection of optical sources (Fabry-Perot, DFB, VCSEL), electrical and optical signal pulse
generators, optical modulators (EA, MZ), electrical modulators and coders (QAM, PAM, FSK, OFDM) and multi-mode signal generators (Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite-Gaussian).
Designers can choose between advanced physical-based or measurement-based (empirical) models for modeling the static and dynamic behavior of semiconductor lasers. Our physical-based models include 1D and 2D multi-mode laser rate equations, providing designers with the ability to switch between bulk laser rate models and the transmission line matrix method (TLMM).
The Receivers library contains all the building blocks needed to accurately model optical communication receiver sub-systems. Components include regenerators (clock/data recovery, 3R), electronic equalizers, threshold detectors, decision circuits for PSK/QAM modulation, PIN and APD photo-detectors, demodulators (OFDM, frequency, phase amplitude), decoders (PAM, QAM, PSK, etc.), and digital signal processing (DSP) tool sets for single and dual polarization coherent PSK and QAM systems.
Advanced, highly parameterized, optical fiber models can be used to characterize single mode and multi-mode signal propagation; including linear (dispersion), stochastic (PMD), and non-linear impairments (FWM, self-phase modulation, and cross-phase modulation). Using OptiSystem's Bidirectional optical fiber component, it is possible to model and measure Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman scattering effects.
A comprehensive suite of steady state and dynamic optical amplifier models is provided, including advanced doped fiber models (Er, Er multi-mode, Er-Yb, Yb, Yb multi-mode, Tm, Pr) for detailed physical fiber amplifier design; EDFA and EDFA black box (gain spectrum, noise figure measurements) for WDM network systems design; dynamic and average power Raman models; and 1D/2D semiconductor optical amplifier models (lumped rate equation, travelling wave, TLMM). Electrical domain amplifiers are also provided for receiver design (transimpedance, automatic gain control and limiting amplifier applications).
Network design tools
Network design tools include ideal and non-ideal models for optical switches, multiplexers, de-multiplexers, array waveguides (AWGs), fiber connectors, and PMD emulators.
A variety of electrical and optical filters are provided for sub-system and system design simulation including standard filter functions (Bessel, Gaussian, RC, Raised Cosine, etc.), digital IIR/FIR filters, periodic filters, reflective/FBG filters, measured filters, S-parameters filter, and acousto-optic.
An extensive selection of optical and electrical passive components can be used to build a variety of component and sub-system designs. Optical devices include attenuators, couplers, splitters and combiners, polarization controllers, reflectors, taps, isolators, and circulators. Electrical devices include 180 and 90 degree hybrid couplers, DC blockers, power splitters and combiners, and RF transmission lines.
Models are also provided to allow designers to use measured data to characterize device transfer functions, including small signal scattering (S) matrices and the Jones matrix.
Signal processing tools are provided for manipulating optical, electrical and binary signals. Functions and operations include bias generators, gain, signal addition and subtraction, normalizers, electrical differentiators and integrators, down-samplers, serial-parallel and parallel-serial converters, electrical flip flops, and electrical/binary logic operators.
Spatial and free space optics design tools
OptiSystem has specialized components that can model free space optical channels (antenna characteristics, atmospheric propagation) and the spatial analysis of multi-mode signal coupling between devices (multi


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podman-cp(1) General Commands Manual podman-cp(1)
NAME
podman-cp - Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
SYNOPSIS
podman cp [options] [container:]src_path [container:]dest_path
podman container cp [options] [container:]src_path [container:]dest_path
DESCRIPTION
podman cp allows copying the contents of src_path to the dest_path. Files can be copied from a container to the local machine and vice versa or between two containers. If - is specified for either the SRC_PATH or DEST_PATH, one can also stream a tar archive from STDIN or to STDOUT.
The containers can be either running or stopped and the src_path or dest_path can be a file or directory.
*IMPORTANT: The podman cp command assumes container paths are relative to the container's root directory (/), which means supplying the initial forward slash is optional and therefore sees compassionate_darwin:/tmp/foo/myfile.txt and compassionate_darwin:tmp/foo/myfile.txt as identical.*
Local machine paths can be an absolute or relative value. The command interprets a local machine's relative paths as relative to the current working directory where podman cp is run.
Assuming a path separator of /, a first argument of src_path and second argument of dest_path, the behavior is as follows:
src_path specifies a file:
- dest_path does not exist
- the file is saved to a file created at dest_path (note that parent directory must exist).
- dest_path exists and is a file
- the destination is overwritten with the source file's contents.
- dest_path exists and is a directory
- the file is copied into this directory using the base name from src_path.
src_path specifies a directory:
- dest_path does not exist
- dest_path is created as a directory and the contents of the source directory are copied into this directory.
- dest_path exists and is a file
- Error condition: cannot copy a directory to a file.
- dest_path exists and is a directory
- src_path ends with /
- the source directory is copied into this directory.
- src_path ends with /. (i.e., slash followed by dot)
- the content of the source directory is copied into this directory.
The command requires src_path and dest_path to exist according to the above rules.
If src_path is local and is a symbolic link, the symbolic target, is copied by default.
A colon ( : ) is used as a delimiter between a container and its path, it can also be used when specifying paths to a src_path or dest_path on a local machine, for example, file:name.txt.
*IMPORTANT: while using a colon ( : ) in a local machine path, one must be explicit with a relative or absolute path, for example: /path/to/file:name.txt or ./file:name.txt*
Using - as the src_path streams the contents of STDIN as a tar archive. The command extracts the content of the tar to the DEST_PATH in the container. In this case, dest_path must specify a directory. Using - as the dest_path streams the contents of the resource (can be a directory) as a tar archive to STDOUT.
Note that podman cp ignores permission errors when copying from a running rootless container. The TTY devices inside a rootless container are owned by the host's root user and hence cannot be read inside the container's user namespace.
Further note that podman cp does not support globbing (e.g., cp dir/*.txt). If you want to copy multiple files from the host to the container you may use xargs(1) or find(1) (or similar tools for chaining commands) in conjunction with podman cp. If you want to copy multiple files from the container to the host, you may use podman mount CONTAINER and operate on the returned mount point instead (see ALTERNATIVES below).
OPTIONS
--archive, -a
Archive mode (copy all uid/gid information). When set to true, files copied to a container will have changed ownership to the primary UID/GID of the container. When set to false, maintain uid/gid from archive sources instead of changing them to the primary uid/gid of the destination container. The default is true.
--overwrite
Allow directories to be overwritten with non-directories and vice versa. By default, podman cp errors out when attempting to overwrite, for instance, a regular file with a directory. Use this option, if you want to allow this behavior.
ALTERNATIVES
Podman has much stronger capabilities than just podman cp to achieve copying files between the host and containers.
Using standard podman-mount(1) and podman-unmount(1) takes advantage of the entire linux tool chain, rather than just cp.
copying contents out of a container or into a container, can be achieved with a few simple commands. For example:
To copy the /etc/foobar directory out of a container and onto /tmp on the host, the following commands can be executed:
mnt=$(podman mount CONTAINERID)
cp -R ${mnt}/etc/foobar /tmp
podman umount CONTAINERID
To untar a tar ball into a container, following commands can be executed:
mnt=$(podman mount CONTAINERID)
tar xf content.tgz -C ${mnt}
podman umount CONTAINERID
To install a package into a container that does not have dnf installed, following commands can be executed:
mnt=$(podman mount CONTAINERID)
dnf install --installroot=${mnt} httpd
chroot ${mnt} rm -rf /var/log/dnf /var/cache/dnf
podman umount CONTAINERID
By using podman mount and podman unmount, one can use all of the standard linux tools for moving files into and out of containers, not just the cp command.
EXAMPLES
Copy a file from host to a container.
podman cp /myapp/app.conf containerID:/myapp/app.conf
Copy a file from a container to a directory on another container.
podman cp containerID1:/myfile.txt containerID2:/tmp
Copy a directory on a container to a directory on the host.
podman cp containerID:/myapp/ /myapp/
Copy the contents of a directory on a container to a directory on the host.
podman cp containerID:/home/myuser/. /home/myuser/
Copy a directory on a container into a directory on another.
podman cp containerA:/myapp containerB:/yourapp
Stream a tar archive from STDIN to a container.
podman cp - containerID:/myfiles.tar.gz < myfiles.tar.gz
SEE ALSO
podman(1), podman-mount(1), podman-unmount(1)


ref and ηhigh are the apparent viscosity values at the end of the reference interval (shear rate = 0.01 s−1) and high-shear (shear rate = 1000 s−1) intervals during the thixotropic behavior test (Figure 2b). η30, η60, η120, and η180 indicate the apparent viscosity during the regeneration interval (shear rate = 0.01 s−1) at 30, 60, 120 and 180 s, respectively. Values in square brackets indicate percentage values. τmax and γmax, refer to the maximum shear stress and shear strain of the linear viscoelastic region observed in the amplitude sweep profiles (Figure 2c).
SampleτB (Pa)ηB (Pa.s)ηref (Pa.s)ηhigh (Pa.s)η30 (Pa.s)η60 (Pa.s)η120 (Pa.s)η180 (Pa.s)τmax (Pa)γmax (%)
Clay–CNT5.87 ± 0._PHONE_ ± 0._PHONE_ ± _PHONE_ ± 0._PHONE_ ± 24601 ± 5405 ± 7297 ± 52.0 ± 0.54.0 ± 1.1
Clay–CNT–Chitosan0.017 ± 0.0010.00429 ± 0.000010.265 ± 0.0080.0040 ± 0.00020.596 ± 0.0060.53 ± 0.030.384 ± 0.0080.23 ± 0.03(1.3 ± 0.5) × 10−30.10 ± 0.02
Chitosan1.19 ± 0.140.458 ± 0.00215.4 ± 0.10.24 ± 0.111.1 ± 0.110.7 ± 0.110.0 ± 0.110.1 ± 0.2n.a.n.a.
Table 2. Summary of Young's/storage modulus (Modulus), tensile strength (TS), strain at break (γ), electrical conductivity (σ), ratio of resistance after (RA) and before (RB) exposure to humid atmosphere for the different materials prepared by combining sample 1 with sample 2. For example, a combination of clay-SWNT and chitosan indicates a clay–SWNT–chitosan material. Differences between the sample materials are indicated by numbers, e.g., clay1 is montmorillonite clay, while clay2 is a model clay consisting of ZrP platelets. FMWMT1–2, chitosan1–2 and CB indicate different types of chitosan, different types of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black, respectively, see tabulated references for complete details. Storage modulus values indicated by * (errors not stated in source).
Table 2. Summary of Young's/storage modulus (Modulus), tensile strength (TS), strain at break (γ), electrical conductivity (σ), ratio of resistance after (RA) and before (RB) exposure to humid atmosphere for the different materials prepared by combining sample 1 with sample 2. For example, a combination of clay-SWNT and chitosan indicates a clay–SWNT–chitosan material. Differences between the sample materials are indicated by numbers, e.g., clay1 is montmorillonite clay, while clay2 is a model clay consisting of ZrP platelets. FMWMT1–2, chitosan1–2 and CB indicate different types of chitosan, different types of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black, respectively, see tabulated references for complete details. Storage modulus values indicated by * (errors not stated in source).
Sample 1Sample 2Modulus (GPa)TS (MPa)γ (%)σ (mS/cm)RA/RBSource
Chitosan-1.2 ± 0.239 ± 510 ± 20-This work-film
Clay–SWNT----140 ± 403.7 ± 1.2This work-film
Clay–SWNTChitosan1.4 ± 0.225 ± 65.8 ± 1.30.80 ± 0.200.10 ± 0.05This work-film
Clay–SWNTChitosan2.3 ± 0.223 ± 41.2 ± 0.20.10 ± 0.010.23 ± 0.02This work-fiber
Chitosan1-1.40 ± 0.0543 ± 212 ± 3--7-film
Chitosan1–Clay1FMWNT13.14 ± 0.03114 ± 57 ± 2--7-film
Chitosan2-3.771 *----9-film
Chitosan2–Clay1FMWNT25.889 *----9-film
Epoxy1-3.06 *--0-8-film
Clay1–SWNTEpoxy13.73 *--2-8-film
Clay1–CBEpoxy14.31 *--0.016 ± 0.002-12-film
Latex-2.3 *--0-11-film
Latex–CBClay12.54 *--8.6-11-film
Epoxy2-3.04 ± 0.0475 ± 43.7 ± 0.1--10-film
Clay2-FMWNT2Epoxy24.27 ± 0.07116 ± 64.3 ± 0.4--10-film
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the University of Wollongong (URC Grant) and Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (M. in het Panhuis). We wish to thank J. Lamont and K. Chapman (Nowra Chemical Manufacturers Pty. Ltd.) for use of equipment, and S. Ralph, A. Granero, L. Sweetman, and J. Boge (all University of Wollongong) for assistance with fiber spinning and electron microscopy.
References
 1. Bergaya, F.; Theng, B.K.G.; Lagaly, G. Handbook of Clay Science; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
 2. Martin, C.; Pignon, F.; Piau, J.M.; Magnin, A.; Lindner, P.; Cabane, B. Dissociation of thixotropic clay gels. Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, 021401:1–021401:11. [Google Scholar]
 3. Kelessidis, V.C.; Christidis, G.; Makri, P.; Hadjistamou, V.; Tsamantaki, C.; Mihalakis, A.; Papanicolaou, C.; Foscolos, A. Gelation of water-bentonite suspensions at high temperatures and rheological control with lignite addition. Appl. Clay Sci. 2007, 36, 221–231. [Google Scholar]
 4. Jung, H.; Kim, H.-M.; Choy, Y.B.; Hwang, S.-J.; Choy, J.-H. Itraconazole–laponite: Kinetics and mechanism of drug release. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008, 40, 99–107. [Google Scholar]
 5. Lin, F.H.; Lee, Y.H.; Jian, C.H.; Wong, J.-M.; Shieh, M.-J.; Wang, C.-Y. A study of purified montmorillonite intercalated with 5-fluorouracil as drug carrier. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 1981–1987. [Google Scholar]
 6. In het Panhuis, M. Carbon nanotubes: Enhancing the polymer building blocks for intelligent materials. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 3598–3605. [Google Scholar]
 7. Tang, C.; Xiang, L.; Su, J.; Wang, K.; Yang, C.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, Q. Largely improved tensile properties of chitosan film via unique synergistic reinforcing effect of carbon nanotube and clay. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 3876–3881. [Google Scholar]
 8. Liu, L.; Grunlan, J.C. Clay assisted dispersion of carbon nanotubes in conductive epoxy nanocomposites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2343–2348. [Google Scholar]
 9. Tang, C.; Chen, N.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, K.; Fu, Q.; Zhang, X. Preparation and properties of chitosan nanocomposites with nanofillers of different dimensions. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009, 94, 124–131. [Google Scholar]
 10. Sun, D.; Chu, C.C.; Sue, H.J. Simple approach for preparation of epoxy hybrid nanocomposites based on


text:
The X-ray La 1, 2 emission spectra and LIII absorption spectra in Cu, Cu2O, CuCl, Cu2S, CuO, CuCl2, CuS, CuF2 and Cu(en)2Cl2 are investigated. It is shown that the emission spectra of divalent copper compounds are considerably distorted due to a sharp absorption peak near the LIII edge. The nature of this peak is discussed and a relation is made with satellite peaks in X-ray photoelectron spectra.
|Number of pages||8|
|Publication status||Published - 1973|


text:
Our objective was to summarise systematically all research evidence related to how patients value outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
We conducted a systematic review (systematic review registration number CRD42015015206) by searching PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL, and included reports that assessed the relative importance of outcomes from COPD patients' perspective. Two authors independently determined the eligibility of studies, abstracted the eligible studies and assessed risk of bias. We narratively summarised eligible studies, meta-analysed utilities for individual outcomes and assessed the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach.
We included 217 quantitative studies. Investigators most commonly used utility measurements of outcomes (n=136), discrete choice exercises (n=13), probability trade-off (n=4) and forced choice techniques (n=46). Patients rated adverse events as important but on average, less so than symptom relief. Exacerbation and hospitalisation due to exacerbation are the outcomes that COPD patients rate as most important. This systematic review provides a comprehensive registry of related studies.


Welcome to the United Nations
Science, technology, innovation and capacity-building
In a major expansion of the Monterrey Consensus, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda stresses the importance of science, technology and innovation (STI) for economic growth and sustainable development and highlights the need for capacity building. The Addis Agenda notes with concern the uneven innovative capacity, connectivity and access to technology that exists within and between countries. Thus, commitments in this area aim to address these inequities, incentivize research and innovation for sustainable development and promote greater access to technologies through domestic policy and international cooperation (see Addis Ababa Action Area monitoring by topic below).
Addis Ababa Action Agenda monitoring by topic


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Emil Filla
 (1882 - 1953)
Emil Filla was active/lived in Czech Republic, France. Emil Filla is known for cubist still life painting and sculpture.
Emil Filla
Biography from the Archives of askART
Emil Filla (_PHONE_)
To Filla, however, Munch's painting was also important and, a few years later, the influence of El Greco became apparent in his work. In 1909, Emil Filla joined the venerable secessionist artists association SVU Mánes but left it in 1911 to join forces with fourteen other young avant-garde artists to found Skupina, which became the center of Czech Cubism until 1914.
Emil Filla, working as an art agent at that time, kept abreast of trends in Paris and Germany, procuring for himself and friends reproductions of paintings by Picasso, Braque and "Negro sculpture". The sculptures he did in this phase, such as Relief of a Head and Head of a Man (1913-14: both in the Prague National Gallery) are, with the works of Gutfreund, among the earliest Cubist sculptures and can be classified as an independent reaction to Picasso's Fernande (1909).
In 1914 Emil Filla was in Paris with Gutfreund and met both Braque und Picasso. He married Hana Krejcová and moved with her to Amsterdam, where he joined the anti-Habsburg resistance group Mafia. He entertained a close dialogue with the Dutch abstractionists but by 1920 Filla had returned to Prague. There he participated in almost all nation-wide exhibitions with works dealing with the human figure.
He developed what he called the "Animal of the Steppe's Style" in reaction to fascism. Inspired by Scythian reliefs and executed in various techniques, this style highlights combats between man and animals or animals fighting other animals.
Filla was interned during the war years 1939-45 in the concentration camps at Dachau and Buchenwald, where he wrote the book On Freedom.
In 1945 the Mánes devoted their first post-war exhibition to Filla's work. That year he was appointed professor at the Prague Applied Arts Academy and the government made it possible for him to show his collection of Buddhist, Czech, African and Italian art permanently at Peruc Castle.
After the communist take-over, he spent the last years of his life in retirement, painting landscapes.
Sources include:
art directory
Biography from the Archives of askART
Emil Filla (_PHONE_)
Czech painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and writer on art, born at Chropyne in Moravia. He studied at the Prague Academy, 1903-06…. Between 1907-14 he spent much of his time in France, Germany and Italy, and during this period he turned from his early Expressionist manner to cubism, becoming the pioneer and one of the most distinguished of the style in Czechoslovakia in both painting and sculpture. He spent the first world war in the Netherlands and returned to Prague in 1920. His most characteristic paintings of this time were still-lifes, but in the late 1930s he turned to themes of violence, presaging the horrors of the Second World War (during which he was imprisoned in the concentration camp at Buchenwald). After the war he taught at the School of Industrial Art in Prague. His post-war work was more naturalistic in style and included some large landscapes.
To the rebellious children of the old Austro-Hungarian monarchy, particularly to the territorial enclave of gothic-baroque Prague, in which national traditions of German, Austrian and Jewish influences merged, cubism must have appeared to be an example of the most extreme intellectual freedom, verging on debauchery, as a door blown open by a fresh blast of wind to mental independence from the heavy burden of overwhelming history, conservatism and socio-political etiquette.
Czech cubism, which was locally dominant in its vehement beginnings before the First World War, is more of a topic of relations and situations than a question of form. The Prague artists understood it as a Weltanschauung [philosophy of life, world outlook], as existential power of motivation which not only influenced fine arts but also art and design, art and craft, literature, film, music and theatre. The comment about this made by the observer Miroslav Lamac is unforgettable: "Prague was, in this respect, a true cubist centre, where cubist houses and cubist flats with cubist fittings were built. Their inhabitants could drink cubist cups of coffee, put their flowers in cubist vases, see what time it was from cubist clocks and light with cubist lamps." This unusual, all-embracing dissemination of the style in bohemia was caused by the urge to achieve liberation in a socio-political sense; Cubism transpired as an attainment of true modern attitude, as a symbol for culturally oriented, independent, worldly-wise impetus, far from the inferiority complexes of the province.
"Emil Filla (_PHONE_) TCU Art in Europe, Web, March 2016
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About Emil Filla
Born: 1882 - Chropyne, Moravia
Died: 1953 - Prague, Czech Republic
Known for: cubist still life painting and sculpture


we can reconstruct some appropriate climate by interpolating. Atlantis, on the other hand, is the middle of the ocean, and so there is no information on what the climate might have been before became submerged (assuming it ever existed…). Note that nn_interpol = TRUE is the default for this function.
Sometimes, we want to get a time series of climatic reconstructions, thus allowing us to see how climate changed over time:
locations_ts <- location_series(
 x = locations,
 bio_variables = c("bio01", "bio12"),
 dataset = "Example"
)
The resulting dataframe can be subsetted to get the time series for each location (the small Example dataset only contains 5 time slices):
subset(locations_ts, name == "Iho Eleru")
#> name longitude latitude time_bp bio01 bio12
#> 1 Iho Eleru 5 7 -20000 22.55133 1577.238
#> 1.1 Iho Eleru 5 7 -15000 23.27008 1850.715
#> 1.2 Iho Eleru 5 7 -10000 25.34670 2204.595
#> 1.3 Iho Eleru 5 7 -5000 25.65009 2109.735
#> 1.4 Iho Eleru 5 7 0 26.77033 1840.845
Also note that for some locations, climate can be available only for certain time steps, depending on sea level and ice sheet extent. This is the case for Oronsay:
subset(locations_ts, name == "Oronsay")
#> name longitude latitude time_bp bio01 bio12
#> 4 Oronsay -6 56 -20000 NA NA
#> 4.1 Oronsay -6 56 -15000 NA NA
#> 4.2 Oronsay -6 56 -10000 6._PHONE_.824
#> 4.3 Oronsay -6 56 -5000 8._PHONE_.253
#> 4.4 Oronsay -6 56 0 8._PHONE_.490
We can quickly plot bio01 through time for the locations:
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data = locations_ts, aes(x = time_bp, y = bio01, group = name)) +
 geom_line(aes(col = name)) +
 geom_point(aes(col = name))
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values ('geom_line()').
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values ('geom_point()').
As expected, we don't have data for Atlantis (as it is always underwater), but we also fail to retrieve data for Chalki. This is because location_series does not interpolate from nearest neighbours by default (so, it differs from location_slice in behaviour). The rationale for this behaviour is that we are interested in whether some locations might end up underwater, and so we do not want to grab climate estimates if they have been submerged. However, in some cases (as for Chalki) it might be necessary to allow for interpolation.
Pretty labels for environmental variables can be generated with var_labels:
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data = locations_ts, aes(x = time_bp, y = bio01, group = name)) +
 geom_line(aes(col = name)) +
 geom_point(aes(col = name)) +
 labs(
 y = var_labels("bio01", dataset = "Example", abbreviated = TRUE),
 x = "time BP (yr)"
 )
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values ('geom_line()').
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values ('geom_point()').
Note that these climatic reconstructions were extracted from the Example dataset, which is very coarse, so they should not be used to base any real inference about their environmental conditions. But note also that higher resolution is not always better. It is important to consider the appropriate spatial scale that is relevant to the question at hand. Sometimes, it might be necessary to downscale the simulations (see section at the end of this vignette), or in other cases we might want to get estimates to cover an area around the specific location (e.g. if we are comparing to proxies that capture the climatology of a broad area, such as certain sediment cores that capture pollen from the broader region). location_slice and location_series can provide mean estimates for areas around the location coordinates by setting the buffer parameter (see the help pages of those functions for details).
Get climate for a region
Instead of focussing on specific locations, we might want to look at a whole region. For a given time step, we can extract a slice of climate with
climate_20k <- region_slice(
 time_bp = -20000,
 bio_variables = c("bio01", "bio10", "bio12"),
 dataset = "Example"
)
This returns a raster (technically a SpatRaster object as defined in the terra library, meaning that we can perform all standard terra raster operations on this object). To interact with SpatRaster objects, you will need to have the library terra loaded (otherwise you might get errors as the correct method is not found, e.g. when plotting). pastclim automatically loads terra, so you should be able to work with terra objects without any problem:
climate_20k
#> class : SpatRaster
#> dimensions : 150, 360, 3 (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution : 1, 1 (x, y)
#> extent : -180, 180, -60, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84
#> sources : example_climate_v1.3.0.nc:BIO1
#> example_climate_v1.3.0.nc:BIO10
#> example_climate_v1.3.0.nc:BIO12
#> varnames : bio01 (annual mean temperature)
#> bio10 (mean temperature of warmest quarter)
#> bio12 (annual precipitation)
#> names : bio01, bio10, bio12
#> unit : degrees Celsius, degrees Celsius, mm per year
#> time (years): -18050
and plot these three variables (the layers of the raster):
terra::plot(climate_20k)
We can add more informative labels with var_labels:
terra::plot(climate_20k,
 main = var_labels(climate_20k, dataset = "Example", abbreviated = TRUE)
)
It is possible to also load a time series of rasters with the function region_series. In this case, the function returns a SpatRasterDataset, with each variable as a sub-dataset:
climate_region <- region_series(
 time_bp = list(min = -15000, max = 0),
 bio_variables = c("bio01", "bio10", "bio12"),
 dataset = "Example"
)
climate_region
#> class : SpatRasterDataset
#> subdatasets : 3
#> dimensions : 150, 360 (nrow, ncol)
#> nlyr : 4, 4, 4
#> resolution : 1, 1 (x, y)
#> extent : -180, 180, -60, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84
#> source(s) : example_climate_v1.3.0.nc
#> names : bio01, bio10, bio12
Each of these sub-dataset is a SpatRaster, with time steps as layers:
climate_region$bio01
#> class : SpatRaster
#> dimensions : 150, 360, 4 (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
#> resolution : 1, 1 (x, y)
#> extent : -180, 180, -60, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
#> coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84
#> source : example_climate_v1.3.0.nc:BIO1
#> varname : bio01 (annual mean temperature)
#> names : bio01_-15000, bio01_-10000, bio01_-5000, bio01_0
#> unit : degrees Celsius, degrees Celsius, degrees Celsius, degrees Celsius
#> time (years): -13050 to 1950
Note that terra stores dates in years as AD, not BP. You can inspect the times in years BP with:
time_bp(climate_region)
#> [1] -15000 -10000 -5000 0
We can then plot the time series of a given variable (we relabel the plots to use years bp):
terra::plot(climate_region$bio01, main = time_bp(climate_


L5r: Legend of the Five Rings
Hida Hiroto
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Please note: This article is about the bushi. For other uses of the term, please see Hiroto (disambiguation).
Hida Hiroto
Born: 1155
Died: Unknown
Parents: Un-named Hida father,
un-named Ide mother
Siblings: Three un-named siblings
Spouse: Un-named Scorpion Clan
Children: half-a-dozen sons and daughters
Hida Hiroto was a bushi of the Crab Clan.
Family Edit
Hiroto was born in the year 1155 to a Hida father and an Ide mother, the eldest of four siblings. He was a sociable child with a knack for making friends. [1]
Station Edit
Warrior Edit
Hiroto followed in his father's footsteps, a warrior in the Kaiu Wall. In 1171, only a year past his gempukku, the Destroyer War began. He first fought the desperate Shadowlands creatures pushed forward by the advancing Destroyer legions. Hiroto survived when the Kaiu Wall collapsed and retreating to join the siege of Shiro Kuni. When the castle also was overrun, Hiroto had escaped to secure the many secret scrolls of the Kuni family when they were evacuated to the Crane lands. He joined the armies of the Empire and fought the Destroyers near Ryoko Owari, where the entity called the God Beast of Kali-Ma was slain and Hiroto lose his arm. [2]
Courtier Edit
Hiroto retired from active duty, took a wife from the Scorpion Clan, their new allies to contain the threat of the Second Festering Pit, and acted as a liaison between the Scorpion and the Crab at the newly-built Scorpion Wall. Hiroto's efforts made him a universally-recognized figure in the courts. He bore half-a-dozen sons and daughters. [3]
See also Edit
 1. Imperial Archives, p. 90
 2. Imperial Archives, pp. 90, 91
 3. Imperial Archives, p. 91
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text: Tsong kha pa (14th century) is arguably the most important and influential philosopher in Tibetan history. An Ocean of Reasoning is the most extensive and perhaps the deepest extant commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika (Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way), and it can be argued that it is impossible to discuss Nagarjuna's work in an informed way without consulting it. It discusses alternative readings of the text and prior commentaries and provides a detailed exegesis, constituting a systematic presentation of Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy. Despite its central importance, however, of Tsong kha pa's three most important texts, only An Ocean of Reasoning remains untranslated, perhaps because it is both philosophically and linguistically challenging, demanding a rare combination of abilities on the part of a translator. Jay Garfield and Ngawang Samten bring the requisite skills to this difficult task, combining between them expertise in Western and Indian philosophy, and fluency in Tibetan, Sanskrit, and English. The resulting translation of this important text will not only be a landmark contribution to the scholarship of Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, but will serve as a valuable companion volume to Jay Garfield's highly successful translation of The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way.


text:
Carboni, Gianluca (2011) Evaluation of conservation tillage and rotation with legumes as adaptation and mitigation strategies of climate change on durum wheat in Sardinia. Doctoral Thesis.
This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between conservation tillage and rotation with legumes on durum wheat phenology and production, in climate change conditions. The CSM-CERES-Wheat model (DSSAT beta 4.5), in combination with a stochastic Weather Generator (WG), were used to assess climate change impacts and suggest adaptation strategies to cope with climate change. Twenty-seven climate change scenarios (GCMs-based), obtained with the pattern scaling technique considering three values of climate sensitivity and four emission scenarios, for the periods 2025, 2050 and 2075, were used. The direct and indirect effects of projected changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, on the alternative cropping systems, were evaluated. The results on yield, for present climate conditions, showed a substantial indifference between tillage practices, whereas the crop rotation with legumes favoured quantity and quality of grain yield. This behaviour has been observed also in simulations carried out using future climate change scenarios, that, however, showed a high variability depending on the wide range of climate scenarios used mainly in the more distant future periods. The uncertainties linked to climate sensitivity, emission scenarios and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are among the main causes of this wide variability. The application of conservation tillage might be recommended in this region because permits a more environmentally and economically sustainable management.
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Alison Laing: Senior Experimental Scientist
Alison is a Climatologist and Cropping Systems Modeller with CSIRO Agriculture and Food in Australia. She has extensive international experience working with smallholder farmers in developing countries across South and Southeast Asia examining options to sustainably improve cropping system performance.
Currently Alison is working on projects in north eastern India and northern Bangladesh, in particular to identify dry season cropping options which are effective in the long term to maintain or improve productivity while improving water use efficiency and reducing exposure to climate-related crop losses.
Alison has an extensive shoe and scarf collections with contributions from all continents except Antarctica.
Follow Alison's research on ResearchGate.
Contact Alison: _EMAIL_


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Experience with Sand-Tightened Coastal Structures
COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER VICKSBURG MS
Pagination or Media Count:
To evaluate the effectiveness of various sand-sealing methods used on permeable coastal structures, as evidenced by site-specific performance and other available information. Rubble-mound coastal structures contain voids between individual armor units. dissipation, These voids result in maximum wave energy sediment. but also may result in the passage of water and The volume of sediment passing through breakwaters, jetties, and groins can be substantial, and result in increased channel shoaling, higher maintenance dredging costs, and significant loss of beach material.
- Geology, Geochemistry and Mineralogy


Hints Development
 Students of technical courses need to take notes from various sources in the form of bits and sometimes in the form of an outline. These bits and outline have to be elaborated in the form of sentence blocks for their use and record. The exercise on 'hints development' prepares the students to develop their skill in elaborating gists or points into sentences and passages.
Guidelines for Developing the hints:
1. Read the given hints carefully in order to understand the main theme.
2. Follow the outline given. Do not omit any point and keep to the order in which the points are given in the outline.
3. Carefully connect all the points given in the outline and develop the story in a coherent way.
4. Make proper use of connectives for continuity between sentences.
5. Use your imaginative skill to develop the hints.
6. Your language must be simple and direct and verbs must be used in the proper tense forms.
7. Never forget to supply a suitable title to your answer.
 Lifefull of challenges - man accept realities - he to know - weaknesses and strongholds - ignorance of one's weaknesses take him nowhere - knowing and acknowledging this before making use of strongholds or virtues he must get rid of weaknesses - otherwise his voyage be stumbled - he plug the holes lest he be drowned.
 Life is full of challenges. Man has to acept realities in his life. He must know his weaknesses and strongholds for his progress. Ignorance of one's weaknesses takes him nowhere. It will hinder his progress in life. He must be knowing and acknowlwdging this before he goes to make use of his strongholds or virtues for his well-being.
 Man must get rid of his weaknesses otherwise his voyage of life would be stumbled. He is likely to overestimate himself and underestimate others. He must plug the holes lest he would be drowned. If he is to make progress really he must know himself fully.
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Optimize All Curve Points
- Easily edit curves by optimizing the number of curve points on segments. Use this function when there are unnecessarily many curve points.
- Select the Edit Curve Point tool from the 2D toolbar to see all curve points on Patterns.
- Right-click on the 2D window and select Optimize All Curve Points from the pop-up menu. Surplus curve points will be deleted and only the necessary curve points needed to maintain the shape of the curves will be remained.


To study the behavior of noble gas atoms (He, Ne and Ar) in bulk tungsten, new DFT-based potentials for W–He, W–Ne and W–Ar interactions were developed by fitting the results obtained from density functional theory calculations.
The new potentials adopt the embedded atom method (EAM) formalism, and the "s-band model" is used to describe the many-body interactions between each of the noble gas atoms and its neighboring W atoms. These potentials reproduce the formation energies of point defects and the migration barriers of single noble gas atoms.
The simulations using these potentials successfully predict that the tetrahedral interstitial site is more stable than the octahedral interstitial site for X (= He, Ne or Ar) interstitials. Based on these new potentials, the binding interactions of a single X atom with the Xn and Xn–Vacancy clusters and the diffusion properties of Xn clusters in bulk W were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
The present results indicate that the binding energies obtained using the new potentials are good in agreement with the results of DFT calculations. The migration energies of the clusters increase with both the increase in the atomic radius of noble gases and the increase in the size of the clusters.
This article originally appeared in Journal of Nuclear Materials 467, Part 1, 2015, Pages 398–405.
DOWNLOAD FULL TEXT PDF OF ARTICLE


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Health Vulnerability and Climate Adaptation Assessments: Costa Rica Consultation
July 20-23, 2010
Health Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change Assessments (V&A), are a core activity in the protection of populations from the impacts of climate change.
V&A assessments are important as they can provide national level evidence of the linkages between climate and health; improve understanding of local and specific health risks and vulnerabilities, provide the opportunity for capacity building, and serve as a baseline analysis to monitor how health risks may be influenced by a changing climate over time.
The generation of such evidence and understanding is a critical step for countries to identify the needs of the health sector, identify appropriate protective measures to be implemented, and justify receiving support to help protect health from climate change.
Member States of WHO requested the development of tools for V&A Assessments through a World Health Assembly Resolution in 2008, and a new WHO workplan on climate change and health in 2009. Building on previous work by the WHO European Regional Office, in 2009 WHO/PAHO prepared a new guidance document which was pilot tested in studies across all WHO Regions.
The 2010 Costa Rica Consultation brought together 15 countries to share their pilot study experiences, and to provide their perspective and contribution to revise the guidance document. The updated V&A Assessment Guidance will be published later in 2010.
Below are the presentations and assessment summaries.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Lab 3-roll mill is widely used for printing inks, pigment, plastics and chocolate' grinding test.
Especially for high viscosity, plaster products grinding.
1. The three rollers will squeeze materials by different speed so as to get good result.
2. All the gears are dipped inside lubricant which will prolong the machine life to maximum limit.
4. Reduce noise and energy consumption.
3. The three roller's diamter is 65mm.
4. Three roller's running speed is different.
5. Accessory: With scraping knife for discharging materials.


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2019 VLGAA Conference: Audit Considerations for Personally Identifiable Information and Cybersecurity
May 20, 2019
In 1988, the Virginia Local Government Auditors Association (VLGAA) started as a small group of local Virginia government auditors that shared methods and common experiences during audits. Over the years, this small group has developed into a formal organization with over 100 members statewide. The 2019 VLGAA Spring Conference continued to deliver this message, by enlisting the help of speakers from a variety of backgrounds. These included SC&H Group, the City of Chesapeake Audit Services Department, Guidehouse, and the City of Virginia Beach.
The range of topics included a summary of changes to the Yellow Book Government Auditing Standards, Performing a Value Added IT audit, and Energy Audits. In addition, SC&H had the opportunity to present on auditing considerations for Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and Cybersecurity. For additional information regarding these topics, refer to our previous blog posts Managing the Protection of Personally Identifiable Information and Don't Let the Next Cyberattack Be Yours.
Topics of Interest
Government Auditing Standards – Yellow Book Changes
Presented by Jay Poole, City Auditor, City of Chesapeake
- New Format and Organization: The Government Accountability Office (GAO) reorganized and realigned the Yellow Book chapters to better differentiate requirements from application guidance. This allows audit practitioners to more clearly understand Yellow Book aspects that they must comply with versus those they should consider as guidance. Required components are now clearly distinguished by a "black box" around the associated language.
- Ethics, Independence, and Professional Judgement: These topics, contained within Chapter 3, have been updated to clarify the independence expectations of internal auditors. These requirements focus on:
- Independence of Mind (Yellow Book 3.21.a), which allows the auditor to conduct an engagement without compromising their professional judgement
- Independence of Appearance (Yellow Book 3.21.b), which allows a reasonable third party to assume that the integrity, objectivity, or professional skepticism of an audit organization/team has not been compromised
- Reevaluation of threats to independence whenever the audit organization becomes aware of new information or changes in facts and circumstances (Yellow Book 3.28)
- Fieldwork Standards for Performance Audits: Chapter 8 of Yellow Book includes the updated requirement 8.04 with states that "Auditors must plan the audit to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level." Section 8.16 defines audit risk as "the possibility that the auditors' findings, conclusions, recommendations, or assurance may be improper or incomplete as a result of factors such as evidence that is not sufficient or appropriate, an inadequate audit process, or intentional omissions or misleading information because of misrepresentation or fraud." Achieving this requirement is best accomplished through diligent, well documented planning procedures conducted by a competent auditing team in accordance with Yellow Book guidance. Documentation is key to supporting that appropriate procedures were taken to reduce audit risk in a performance audit.
Basics to Performing Value-added Information Technology (IT) Audits
Presented by Edwin Caron, Management Consultant, Guidehouse
- Defining a "Value-Added" IT Audit: This portion of the presentation defined what is considered "value-added". In summary "value-added" is subjective, per organization, based on perspective of what the organization is seeking in an IT Audit. The way auditors add value to organizations is through an independent and objective analysis of control activities. The goal of the analysis is improve the control and governance processes to achieve the organizational strategies and objectives.To add value, the auditor should implement a risk-based approach. This risk-based approach will help the auditor to focus on specific areas of concern or considered at-risk. This will reduce the unnecessary review of areas that may not pose a significant threat to the organization. Development of a risk-based approach is based on a formal risk assessment methodology that helps determine why a specific process area should be audited. Specifically for IT Audits some key items to determine during the IT risk assessment phase is:
- Frequent system issues?
- How sensitive is the data within the system?
- What are some of the common or inherited controls associated with the process?
- Defining IT Audit Universe: Based on the risk assessment, a determination of what should be audited is developed. The audit plan, contains an inventory of specific audit areas in one centralized location. The audit plan may include focus areas such as:
- IT Governance: Policies and procedures, IT strategic plan
- Operations: Data centers, configuration of IT devices, system backups
- Third Party Service Providers: Cloud service providers, consultants, telecommunications
- Applications: Business software, micro-systems (ex. excel and personal databases)
- Mobile: Cell phones, tablets
- Security: Security awareness, physical and logical security
- Risk Management: Mitigation measures, risk assessment
- Data: Quality, classification, database administration, data protection
In summary, to add value to IT audits a "risk based" approach should be taken that helps determines the priorities of audit areas. These audit areas are linked to critical risks that is associated with specific business objectives and processes that helps prioritize the risks.
Overall the 2019 VLGAA Conference included information sessions that provided valuable auditing strategies and updates on authoritative guidance. Each of these sessions reminded the attendees the importance of protecting Virginia's data and services and SC&H was proud to contribute as a presenter.


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Magnetic Dress Up Puzzle | Occupation
Kids cartoon magnetic dress up educational toy, help kids learn six occupations, understand its correlation, develop hand and eye coordination, fine motor, counting, and sorting skills.
Drawing design, the front side with the iron sheet, small wooden block with the back of magnetic patch design, easy to operate, storage box adopts pine wood material without paint, solid, eco-friendly and healthy.
- Classification: Magnetic
- Consists of 6 different sets of occupational uniforms and outfits
- Material: Wood with Magnet
- Package Size: 15 x 12.5 x 5 cm
- Suitable Age: 3 Years Above


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When it comes to operating, installing, maintaining, repairing or simply understanding your assets, there are a wide array of methods to communicate this information. The Content Manager App enables a range of multimedia content, including text and pictures, PDF's, videos and CAD files, to be organised and made readily available for viewing. This content can be linked to other parts of VPVision so users can easily navigate between, for example, a service event to the servicing instructions or video demonstration. Content is viewable on mobile and tablet, so is easily accessed in the field.
- Admins can add, remove and edit content using a powerful interface.
- Add photos, videos, text, CAD files and PDF's.
- Organise content in to categories.
- Search for content by tags or key-words.
- Users can rate content and leave feedback to identify improvement areas.
- Users can bookmark content for regular viewing or to come back to.
- Content is compatible with PC, tablet or phone – for out of office viewing.
- Link specific training pages to other relevant areas of VPVision for easy navigation.
Get in Touch
Unit 7 Greenford Park, Ockham Drive, Greenford London UB6 0FD
+44 (0)208 8130 850


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William Randolph Hearst
THE MAN WHO BUILT THE NATION'S LARGEST NEWSPAPER CHAIN
Who is William Randolph Hearst?
He was born in April 29th, 1863. He is american newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain. He is a very influential person in the journalism industry. He received top notch education because his father was a multimillionaire. He was once expelled from Harvard.
Hearst was given full control of the San Francisco Examiner that was passed down from his father. Shortly after that, William moved to New York City and acquired the New York Journal and got into a rivalry with another famous publisher named Joseph Pulitzer. Joseph Pulitzer used to be Hearst's mentor. Later on, William Hearst created the Yellow Journalism. This became to be one of the largest chains.
At his peak, Hearst had around 30 different papers in major cities. After creating a large base, he decided to expand the business by working with magazines. One of the ways that Hearst's Paper became so popular is because he would take stories and dramatize them in such a way that people would go back to his paper for the scoop.
Spanish War and William Randolph Hearst
William's papers exaggerated the talk about the U.S.'s ships sinking in Havana Harbor on February 15th, 1898. At that time, that was a huge milestone for Yellow Journalism on the newspaper industry.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
deoxyribonucleic acid see DNA.
depart to leave; go away. [4 definitions]
departmentalize to separate into departments.
department store a large retail store organized into departments, each of which orders, displays, and sells certain types of merchandise.
departure the act or an occasion of leaving or going away. [2 definitions]
depend to trust or rely (usu. fol. by on or upon). [2 definitions]
dependable deserving of trust or confidence; reliable.
dependence the condition of being dependent on another for help or support. [5 definitions]
dependency the condition of being dependent. [2 definitions]
dependent relying on another for help or support. [4 definitions]
dependent clause a clause that is syntactically not a complete sentence and is used only with an independent clause where it has the function of a noun, adjective, or adverb, such as "when he arrived" in "He seemed tired when he arrived"; subordinate clause; relative clause.
dependent colony colony in which a majority native population is ruled by a small number of representatives from the controlling nation.
depersonalize to cause to lose individual identity or characteristics. [2 definitions]
depict to portray or represent, as in a painting, sculpture, or written work.
depilatory able or designed to remove hair. [2 definitions]


How to calculate drug dosages & solutions for nursing school
Calculating drug dosages and solutions for nursing school may seem like a daunting task, mostly because many nursing students report a discomfort with math. But learning how to calculate drug dosages is a moderately easy process if you learn a few simple formulas and practice working with math. There are three basic methods to calculate drug dosages and a simple formula to use to calculate intravenous flow rate. Resources are available in print and online to help nursing students practice calculating drug dosages. (See References.)
Use the basic formula method of calculating drug dosages. Divide dose ordered by the dose listed on the container label (or the dose on hand). Multiply the result by the form and amount of the drug to get the amount to give.
Use the ratio and proportion method of calculating doses -- the formula H:V::D:X is the easiest way to remember this method. The left-hand ratio represents known quantities (dose listed on the container label or dose on hand, and the form and amount of the drug) while the right-hand ratio represents one known quantity (dose ordered) and one unknown quantity (amount to give). Multiply dose ordered (D) times form and amount (V) and divide the result by the dose on the container (H). The result is the amount to give.
Use the fractional equation method of calculating drug doses. Multiply dose ordered by the form and amount of the drug; divide this result by the dose listed on the container label. The result is the amount to give.
Calculate intravenous flow rate by multiplying the amount of fluid by the drops per millilitre in the IV set and then divide that result by the number of hours to administer multiplied by the number of minutes per hour (60).
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Gδ set A countable intersection of open sets. See Fσ set.
Gauss equations A system of partial differential equations arising in the theory of surfaces. If M is a surface in R3 with local coordinates (u1, u2), its geometric invariants can be described by its first fundamental form gij (u
1, u2), and second fundamental form Lij (u
1, u2). The Christoffel symbols kij are determined by the first fundamental form. In order for functions gij and Lij, i, j = 1, 2 to be the first and second fundamental forms of a surface, certain integrability conditions (arising from equality of mixed partial derivatives) must be satisfied. One set of conditions, the Gauss equations, relate the determinant of the second fundamental form to an expression involving only the first fundamental form (and its first and second partial derivatives). See also Christoffel symbols, first fundamental form.


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample 389 - Some countries have introduced a law to limit working hours for employees
IELTS Writing Task 2/ IELTS Essay:
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Some countries have introduced a law to limit working hours for employees. Why is this law introduced? Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?
You should write at least 250 words.
Sample Answer:
There has been a drastic increase in working hours in some developing countries. Employees have been pushed to work harder and longer without any additional incentives than their wages. Therefore, many countries have passed new laws to control and legitimate duty hours. This will send a good message to workers and will lift their morale and dedication towards work.
There have been numerous examples, where companies are making their employees work longer than normal duty hours. The primary advantage of this is to increase their production by spending the same expenditure. However, this has led to severe problems. Employees are feeling immense pressure from their employers to meet targets and deadlines. This is one of the pivotal reasons that employees are more susceptible to illness. Therefore, some legislation required in working hours.
Newly introduces rules have substantial impacts on workers performance and health. They have become more responsible and productive. The quality of the work has also increased after applying these rules. In addition to this, people health conditions have significantly improved. Now they have more time to spend with their family that helped them tremendously mitigate their stress and tensions. Additional time also provides opportunities to make themselves social with their peer group.
To sum up, I would like to say that excessive works from workers have detrimental effects on their physical and psychological health. Limiting work hours will bring several changes in their lifestyle that would lead them towards better and successful life. However, in many countries employees are obliged to follow longer hours, as there is no law to protect them.
[Written by - Fahad Sultan ]
Sonam Gyamtsho
This essay topic was given in IELTS on 3/6/2017, though I didn't come through before. But when I went through it, It was ok with the similar information.
Thanks for letting others know that. This is why an IELTS test takers should review some of the essays from this website before taking the exam. Essay topics often repeat.
Marina Atef
This same topic came to my IELTS exam today (3/6/2017) in Egypt.
Nirav Soni
Today in my IELTS exam I was asked to write about this topic. Thank you, IELTS Mentor. Exam date is - 03-06-2017.


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Distance from Arzano to Villaricca
Distance between Arzano and Villaricca is 7 kilometers (5 miles).
Driving distance from Arzano to Villaricca is 10 kilometers (6 miles).
Distance Map Between Arzano and Villaricca
Arzano, Napoli, Italy ↔ Villaricca, Napoli, Italy = 5 miles = 7 km.
How far is it between Arzano and Villaricca
Arzano is located in Italy with (40.9135,14.2674) coordinates and Villaricca is located in Italy with (40.9187,14.1811) coordinates. The calculated flying distance from Arzano to Villaricca is equal to 5 miles which is equal to 7 km.
If you want to go by car, the driving distance between Arzano and Villaricca is 10.06 km. If you ride your car with an average speed of 112 kilometers/hour (70 miles/h), travel time will be 00 hours 05 minutes. Please check the avg. speed travel time table on the right for various options.
Difference between fly and go by a car is 3 km.
|City/Place||Latitude and Longitude||GPS Coordinates|
|Arzano||40.9135, 14.2674||40° 54' 48.7080'' N
14° 16' 2.6760'' E
|Villaricca||40.9187, 14.1811||40° 55' 7.1760'' N
14° 10' 51.9240'' E
Estimated Travel Time Between Arzano and Villaricca
|Average Speed||Travel Time|
|30 mph (48 km/h)||00 hours 12 minutes|
|40 mph (64 km/h)||00 hours 09 minutes|
|50 mph (80 km/h)||00 hours 07 minutes|
|60 mph (97 km/h)||00 hours 06 minutes|
|70 mph (112 km/h)||00 hours 05 minutes|
|75 mph (120 km/h)||00 hours 05 minutes|
Related Distances from Arzano
|Arzano to Marcianise||23 km|
|Arzano to Giugliano In Campania||13 km|
|Arzano to Mugnano Di Napoli||8 km|
|Arzano to Castel Volturno||40 km|
|Arzano to Brusciano||19 km|
Related Distances to Villaricca
|Agropoli to Villaricca||126 km|
|San Giuseppe Vesuviano to Villaricca||49 km|
|Battipaglia to Villaricca||94 km|
|Scafati to Villaricca||44 km|
|Ercolano to Villaricca||27 km|