text:
A way to toughen up the latex particles used to make emulsion paints has been developed by UK chemists. The approach involves adding tiny slivers of clay armor to make the particles more hard wearing and fire resistant.
Until now, latex emulsion paints have been made by adding a soap-like surfactant molecule to allow the hydrophobic, or water-hating, polymer ingredients to mix with water. The surfactant stabilizes the paint mixture and allows decorators everywhere the chance to slap on a multitude of colors with a matt or satin finish to walls, ceilings, and other surfaces.
Now, chemist Stefan Bon and Patrick Colver of the University of Warwick have taken a different approach. They have found a simple way to individually coat the prospective paint's polymer particles with disks of Laponite clay just a few billionths of a meter in diameter. These nanodisks, just 1 nanometer thick and 25 nanometers in diameter, create an armored layer on the individual polymer latex particles in the paint. Because the Laponite clay has an ambivalent chemical nature, it can bond both to the hydrophobic particles but also sit comfortably in the "hydro", the water. So, not only does it provide particulate protection, it makes the surfactant additive redundant in emulsion paint.
The Lapointe clay disks can be applied using current industrial paint manufacturing equipment and treatment with ultrasound—sonication—say the researchers. Starting materials for the polymers are styrene, lauryl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, octyl acrylate, and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate.
The new clay armor is not only about improving home improvements. The team says the same technology can also be used to create highly sensitive materials for sensors. The researchers can take a closely packed sample of the armored polymers and heat it to burn away the polymer cores of the armored particles leaving just a network of nanoscopic interconnected hollow spheres. This gives a very large useful surface area in a very small space which is an ideal material to use in creating compact but highly sensitive sensors.
Bon, S., & Colver, P. (2007). Pickering Miniemulsion Polymerization Using Laponite Clay as a Stabilizer Langmuir, 23 (16), 8316-8322 DOI: 10.1021/la701150q


LAS Links Second Edition Scope and Sequence
LAS Links Second Edition specifies three criteria related to language in academic settings:
 1. Target content areas or strands of academic language:
 1. Foundational Skills
 2. Language Arts
 3. Social Studies
 4. History
 5. Mathematics
 6. Science
 7. Technical Subjects
 2. The linguistic complexity of receptive and expressive language (e.g., word/sound recognition, vocabulary, grammar, discourse features, etc.)
 3. The types of language function and tasks for communicative purposes in a school context (e.g., identifying, comprehending, describing, analyzing, etc.)


General
Material
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Lecture 3
Lecture 4
Lecture 5
Hint
This task is very similar to the task that the predicate element_of/2, which we saw in the lecture, is solving.
There are two cases which can be distinguished.
 1. The first element of the input list is a 0. In this case the list obviously contains 0 and element_of should succeed.
 2. The first element is not 0. In this case, the tail of the list should contain a 0. That is, element_of should be true of the tail.
Solution
Back to the exercise.


text:
More images of Guzmania
Guzmania is a genus of stemless evergreen perennial flowering plants in the Bromeliaceae family, native to the Southern US, Central America, the North and West regions of South America and the Caribbean. There are around 167 species in this genus, and they are characterised by their rosettes of tough, strap-shaped leaves and spikes of tubular flowers with showy bracts. Most cultivated forms are epiphytic and should be grown in bromeliad compost and misted using soft water. It is advised to mist daily, ideally in the early morning.
Common problems with Guzmania
How to propagate Guzmania
Remove offsets in spring.
Offsets or seeds in spring or summer.
Special features of Guzmania
Other uses of Guzmania
Grown for their overall appearance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
As drought conditions in much of Texas continue, a landmark decision by the Texas Supreme Court further defines private property owner's rights and limitations to groundwater underneath their land.
The court issued its decision on Edwards Aquifer Authority v. Day on February 24 after two years of deliberations, stating land ownership includes an interest in groundwater in place that cannot be taken for public use without adequate compensation.
The court wrote in its decision that a landowner does indeed have a constitutionally protected ownership interest in water underneath their land, similar to rights for oil, gas and minerals.
"Whether groundwater can be owned in place is an issue we have never decided," the court wrote. "But we held long ago that oil and gas are owned in place, and we find no reason to treat groundwater differently."
The lawsuit centered on challenges to the Edwards Aquifer Authority (EAA), which regulates groundwater production from the Edwards Aquifer, the main water source for central Texas. The EAA had argued that a landowner does not own the water underneath the land until the water is brought to the surface and possession is taken.
The court also determined the EAA has the power to regulate groundwater production, but it must consider factors other than just historical use.
Groundwater is a major source of water in Texas, providing about 60 percent of the 16.1 million acre-feet of water used in the state, according to the Texas Water Development Board.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


TORONTO -- Canada has vaccinated more than 754,000 people with their first dose, and more than 114,000 with their second dose. Here's what else you need to know to start your day.
1. Travel restrictions: At his briefing Tuesday, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau reiterated federal public health guidance to avoid all non-essential travel, both abroad and between provinces, and that an announcement on travel restrictions would come very soon
2. 'Fear and worry': The death of Yassin Dabeh, a former Syrian refugee who died from COVID-19, is a sign of the "human rights catastrophe" facing newcomers and migrants working on the front lines, advocates say.
3. ArriveCan data: A government app used to facilitate international arrivals into Canada may have had access to users' location data, despite its privacy policy explicitly saying otherwise, a U.K. virtual private network research firm report alleges.
4. PTSD treatment: With few psychologists trained to understand or treat racial trauma, a form of PTSD, some researchers are looking at alternative solutions like psychedelic drugs to help -- and the results have been significant and encouraging, they say.
5. 'This too shall pass': While the pandemic has changed many aspects of everyday life, some may be struggling to cope with those changes. One psychotherapist says recognizing discomfort early on can help people to adapt.
One more thing…
Howl at the moon: Sky watchers can expect to catch a glimpse of 2021's first full moon, known as the "Wolf Moon," as it lights up the nighttime from dusk till dawn beginning Thursday.
full moon


Hypotonic vs Isotonic vs Hypertonic: Which Performance Solution is Right for You?
Aqualyte Solution 25g
There are lots of different performance drinks on the market and they use different solutions for varying results. Here at Aussie Natural, we understand that you sometimes need a little more than just water to get your hydration levels up and we carry Aqualyte for quick hydration. Today, we're looking at the various sports drink solutions on the market so you know which one is right for you!
Most people have heard about isotonic drinks. They're designed both to deliver hydration and energy to the body and are often used during endurance sports. Isotonic drinks are around the same concentration as human blood. Isotonic drinks generally have around 6-8% carbohydrates and tend to be most useful during short, high intensity exercise. While isotonic drinks are low in sodium, a lot of isotonic drinks are high in sugar and can also upset the stomach in large quantities which can have a dehydrating effect.
While other performance solutions are focussed on hydration, hypertonic solutions have a focus on providing energy. Although they do offer hydration, this is secondary to energy delivery. Hypertonic drinks have a higher concentration than your blood and have plenty of carbohydrates to help fuel intensive activities. Because hypertonic drinks are more focussed on giving the body carbohydrates through salt and sugar, they don't offer the thirst quenching benefits of other solutions if you're dehydrated. Hypertonic solutions are often used as a recovery drink and it's important to remember that if you're using this option while exercising, you also need a drink which combats dehydration. Because their purpose is to delivery energy, they're also comparatively high in salt and sugar so should be used in moderation.
If you need quick hydration, hypotonic solutions are the way to go. These drinks are a lower concentration than your blood and deliver fast hydration for the body due to their ability to be absorbed quickly into the bloodstream. They're low in both sugar because their purpose is to quench thirst rather than provide energy. Hypotonic drinks help replace fluid lost through sweat and are great at preventing dehydration during exercise or when working outside. This performance solution is also gentle on the stomach so you're less likely to experience bloating which can occur when fluid isn't absorbed properly.
At Aussie Natural, we carry a range of Aqualyte supplements to help ensure you stay hydrated. Aqualyte is an electrolyte and hypotonic solution which helps your body replace fluids lost through sweat to prevent dehydration. Aqualyte is low in sugar, gluten free and is available in a range of delicious flavours. We offer tubs or sachets for the ultimate in convenience.
To find out more about Aqualyte solutions, contact Aussie Natural today on 1300 360 332.
Aussie Natural


Enrique MOLINS-BALLESTE
Ref 07005 - French Art Deco "Young Lady with Fawn" Sculpture by Enrique MOLINS-BALLESTE 1925
Enrique (Henri) Molins-Balleste was born in Barcelona, a Spanish artist who later moved to Paris.
It would appear that Molins and Balleste are one and the same artist and he would use either Molins or Balleste to sign his pieces. Some same figures are signed Molins whilst the other is signed Balleste. Often signed his name as BAL.
Famous for his theatrical and genre groups and figural lighting. Also made many sculptures using wood as the medium.


text:
BAZETTA - Locating and identifying various tree species and examining soil erosion were among the challenges local middle school students took part in as part of an annual outdoor environmental competition.
The Trumbull Soil and Water Conservation District hosted its 12th annual Junior Envirothon at Mosquito Lake State Park campgrounds, where sixthto eighth-graders spent several hours working on hands-on outdoor learning tasks at five stations.
Kelly Hardval, education coordinator with Trumbull Soil and Water Conservation District, said 10 teams were tested in categories of soils, forestry, aquatics, wildlife and this year's environmental topic - wetlands.
Hardval said teams met professionals from the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife, Forestry, Parks and Recreation and Soils as well as independent environmental educators.
''The day's activities combine hands-on learning with spending time in the outdoors. The result is an effective tool to help nurture environmentally aware students," she said.
This year included 55 participants from Champion, Mathews, Mineral Ridge, Bristol and Warren's McGuffey School.
"This is an outdoor academic competition where students working as teams cooperate and test their skills in learning about soils, water and wetlands,'' Hardval said.
Teachers and volunteers helped at the five ecostations set up in the park where there were specific questions and tasks the students needed to solve.
She said the TSCWD hopes the middle school level will help get more students at the high school level involved in an Envirothon that would include competing for scholarship money.
Bristol eighth-grader Lindsay Malcolm and the five members of her team said they have learned about the different types of trees and the wetlands found in the park.
For their activity, Malcolm said they had to find and name different trees.
''I was expecting a lot of hiking and using a lot of science,'' she said.
Tyler Dempsey of Bristol said he learned where to find things in different environments the park.
Champion seventh-grader Arianna Killing said their school has competed before at the Envirothon, but new teams and new schools were involved this year.
The Champion Middle School students selected to take part are involved in the school's science club and scored well on state science tests.
Bethany Delgarbino, a sixth-grade science teacher from Baker Elementary School, said the students from the Mathews school have taken part for many years and share their knowledge with the other students when they return to the school.


WEBfactory 2010
User Manager
Creating a User Manager Visualization and deploy it to IIS
Creating a User Manager Visualization using SmartEditor/Blend
The objective of this tutorial is to create a User Manager visualization using SmartEditor (See WEBfactorySmartEditor User Interface) and build it. Expression Blend or Visual Studio can be used too for achieving the same result.
The visualization will contain three WEBfactory controls:
 - a Login control (for authentication)
 - a Language selector control (for selecting the display language)
 - a User manager control (See WEBfactory User Manager for more details about User Manager)
The first step in developing a visualization is creating the project (SmartEditor/Expression Blend):
 1. in WEBfactory Smart Editor create a new project and name it DemoVisualization
 Creating a new project in SmartEditor
 2. In Expression Blend, it is necessary to create a new WEBfactory Silverlight Application + Website. Reference all the WEBfactory libraries after creating the project (right-click on References, select Add Reference and navigate to the Silverlight/Standard folder in the WEBfactory installation directory; select all the dll files and add them as references).
 Creating a visualization in Expression Blend
 3. Once the project is created, select the Page and resize it to 1024x576. This way the controls will have enough space to display properly, without being too clustered.
 4. To resize the Page in SmartEditor, go in the Property Inspector, in the Appearance category and select the desired size from the drop-down menu.
 Resize a page in SmartEditor
 5. to resize the page in Expression Blend, select the User Control from the Objects and Timeline panel, and set the desired size from the Layout category in the Properties panel.
 Resize a page in Expression Blend
 6. Next, drag the following controls on the page and arrange them to fit properly
 7. in SmartEditor, drag the controls from the Toolbox
 - User Login Dialog (from Security category);
 - Language Selector (from Language category);
 - WFUserManager (from User Management category).
 8. In Expression Blend, use the Assets button to search for the controls
 - WFUserLogin1
 - WFLanguage
 - WFUserManager
 Adding controls in Expression Blend
 The resulting layout should look like this:
 The layout of the visualization
 9. Build the project by clicking the Run button in the Ribbon (or F5) in SmartEditor, or Project > Build Project (F6) in Expression Blend.
 10. In the web browser, select the desired language and log in to gain access to the User Manager.
If the visualization is not deployed to IIS and set up, the "Error while loading the records!" error will pop up while loading the User Manager.
To use the User Manager visualization properly, it is necessary to deploy it in IIS.
Creating a User Manager Visualization using Visual Studio
This tutorial will describe the steps needed to use the User Manager control in a Visual Studio project. The process of developing a Visual Studio visualization project containing the User Manager control are:
Creating and setting up the Visual Studio project
 1. Create a new Silverlight Application project in Visual Studio and name it UserManagerVS.
 Creating a the new project in Visual Studio
 The WEBfactory Silverlight libraries need to be referenced in the project.
 2. Right click on References under the UserManagerVS project in the Solution Explorer and select add reference.
 Referencing the WEBfactory Silverlight libraries
 3. In the Add Reference window select the Browse tab and navigate to C:/Program Files/WEBfactory 2010 /Silverlight/Standard (or C:/Program Files (x86)/WEBfactory 2010 /Silverlight/Standard if using a 64 bit system).
 Select all the dll files in the Standard folder and click Ok to confirm. The process might take up to few minutes.
 We also need to reference some dll files to the web application part of the project. This dll files are necessary only for User Manager, because the User Manager needs to use the RIA services in order to work.
 4. Right-click on the References under the UserManagerVS.Web and select Add Reference.... The dll files we need to reference are located in the installation folder of WEBfactory 2010 \Studio\UserManager\bin\. Navigate to this location and reference the dll files from that folder.
 References needed for the UserManagerVS.Web application
 After the referencing is done, head into the MainPage.xaml (it should be opened by default). The page size is too small to be used with the User Manager control. The next step is expanding the MainPage surface.
 5. In MainPage XAML code, change the d:DesignHeight and d:DesignWidth values to 600 and 1000 (the default values are 400 and 600). The results can be instantly seen in the Design view of the MainPage.
 Now the project is prepared, so we will head on to the next step.
Placing the User Manager and User Login controls in XAML
In the XAML view of the MainPage, we need to insert the control. The code source will be taken from the libraries we referenced earlier.
 1. First, we need to declare the necessary namespaces in the XAML code. Add the following lines in the XAML code of the MainPage, inside the UserControl tag:
 This namespaces will add the WFUserManagement and WFGeneral assemblies to the project.
 The actual User Manager control needs to be added in the XAML Grid. In order to do so, we need to expand the Grid to the dimensions of the layout.
 2. Add the following properties to the Grid:
 - Width="1000"
 - Height="600"
 3. Inside the Grid tags, place the User Manager control:

 The result can be instantly seen in the design view.
 Notice the Margin properties we defined from the start inside the User Manager control. This margins are needed to define the placement and make room for another necessary control: the User Login control.
 The User Manager cannot work without logging in.
 4. Next, add the User Login control:

 By default, the User Manager language is German. In order to change the language to English, we will need a third control, the Language Selector control. This is an optional step.
 In order to add the Language Selector control, insert the following code after the User Login control:

 The XAML code should look like this:
 The complete XAML code
 All the positioning options (margins, alignments) or size options can be modified based on the developers needs. The values in this tutorial are example values.
 Before building the application, we will need to edit the Web.config file of our UserManagerVS.Web application.
 Earlier we had referenced dll files required by the UserManagerVS.Web application. Now we need to enable the services referenced.
 The web configuration for the web application
 The Web.config contents
 We need to add the code necessary to enable the RIA services:
 - inside the tag, before tag:
 - inside the tags:
 - after the tags:

 The Web.config file will have the following contents:
 New Web.config contents
 5. Press F6 to build the application or F5 to start the debugging and see the result in the browser (a username and password must be provided to log in to User Manager).
 The resulting visualization containing the User Manager control, User Login control and the Language Selector control
 If the Language Selector was inserted, it will appear nest to the User Login button.
Deploying the User Manager Visualization in ISS
In order to have access to the visualization using a web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera), the visualization must be deployed in IIS.
 1. Once the User Manager visualization is build, we need to make the IIS deployment. In order to do that, we need to copy the built project in the wwwroot folder of IIS.
 2. Navigate to C:\Users\UserName\Documents\WEBfactory 2010 Projects and copy the folder DemoVisualization.Web to C:\inetpub\wwwroot.
 The Expression Blend project is located in C:\Users\UserName\Documents\Expression\Blend 4\Projects\ProjectName and it is called ProjectNameSite.
 The Visual Studio project is located in C:\Users\UserName\Documents\Visual Studio 2010\Projects\ProjectName.
 The wwwroot folder
 3. After the project is copied to the wwwroot folder, delete the following files/folders:
 - For projects - delete the Build folder inside the ProjectName.Web project folder.
 - For Visual Studio


text:
From Ohio History Central
It remains unclear, but some historians claim that Canton, Ohio, residents Frank and Robert Menches invented the hamburger. In 1885, these two brothers were selling pork sandwiches at the Erie Agricultural Fair in Hamburg, New York. Supposedly, the brothers ran out of pork and could not find a butcher willing to slaughter a pig. The two men proceeded to purchase five pounds of beef, ground the beef up, and then mixed several items, including coffee and brown sugar, into the meat. The Menches brothers supposedly named their sandwich after the town where they first served the product. Demand purportedly was so high that the two men continued to travel from fair to fair, selling their hamburgers.
In 1991, descendants of the Menches brothers discovered a copy of the original recipe. They began selling the original hamburgers at fairs, just like their ancestors had done. Today, they also sell the hamburgers, known as Menches Gourmet Burgers, in grocery stores. The company is located in Green, Ohio. They also have sold the hamburgers on QVC, a television shopping channel.


text:
Online customer service hotline
SINOCERA PIEZOTRONICS, INC
The company produces various types of sensors, signal conditioners, dynamic and static signal acquisition and analysis systems, modal analysis and vibration shock excitation and test instruments.
YE6256A Circular Tube Crankle Teaching Experiment Sets
YE6256A is a teaching experimental device developed by our company to cooperate with the mechanics experiments of colleges and universities. Used in combination with the program-controlled static strain gauge YE2538A or YE2533, it can complete the experiment of measuring the principal stress, bending moment and torque of various points during the bending and torsion of the circular tube The weight is directly loaded to ensure the accuracy of the loading force value. The test is stable, accurate, easy to operate, safe and reliable, suitable for one or two people.
Dimensions: 330mm long x 384mm wide x 227mm high
It can be used to determine the principal stress and principal direction of a thin-walled cylinder under a combination of torsional deformation and compare it with theoretical values; determine the bending moment and torque of a thin-walled cylinder under a combination of torsional deformation and compare it with theoretical values; learn Principles of layout, analysis of strain components and methods of bridge formation.
Corresponding parameter set not found, please add it in property template of background


text:
(Leaves; seed pods; flower. Photos E. Cousins)
Running Postman is a common, sun-loving ground cover around Cape Jervis. They like sandy soil, and are drought tolerant plants, so look for them off Flinders Drive, towards the Ferry Terminal. The wiry stems spread along the ground for up to 1.5 metres. Leaves occur in threes, and have wavy edges. The lovely red flowers occur singly or in pairs, in spring. Note the yellow spot at the centre. The seed pods are like long pea pods, but are dark red. They can be up to 5 cm long.
Follow link to download the flyer PLANT OF THE MONTH february_kennedia

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
130 Neuro-oncology Tumor Conference " "Diagnosis, Management & Treatment of Malignant Tumors of the Central Nervous System" "(011422)
Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this series is designed to assist participants in distinguishing the importance of treatment regimens by reviewing translational research as it relates to the ongoing treatment of benign and malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS).
UT Southwestern Physicians, Residents, Fellows, Community Physicians, and Nurses.
At the conclusion of this activity, participants should be able to:
1. Associate how ongoing review of translational research is related to current treatment of benign and malignant tumors of the CNS.
2. Describe the different treatment options for patient who cannot tolerate first line treatment of chemotherapy and radiation.
3. Recognize the importance of expediting the treatment program for recently diagnosed malignant tumors.
- 1.00 AMA
- 1.00 Attendance


Debugging NServiceBus in Visual Studio Code
Component: NServiceBus
This article describes how to configure Visual Studio Code (or "VS Code") to build an NServiceBus solution with multiple projects and debug multiple endpoints simultaneously.
NServiceBus versions 7 and above are designed to run on .NET Core, which means instead of using the full Visual Studio IDE, users can also use the cross-platform (and free) VS Code application to build systems with NServiceBus.
While Visual Studio contains specific support for .NET projects, VS Code is a more lightweight editor for any language, so some configuration is necessary for VS Code to know how to build and debug .NET projects. Because NServiceBus projects typically involve running multiple startup projects to test multiple endpoints simultaneously, a little extra configuration is needed.
Prerequisities
Configuration files
The build and debug system in VS Code is controlled by two files located in a .vscode directory at the project root:
 - .vscode/
 - launch.json
 - tasks.json
The launch.json file describes different projects within the solution and how to launch each one.
The tasks.json file describes actions to take, the most common of which is to build the code. These tasks can be configured to run before launching a configuration in launch.json.
Both of these files can be generated from within VS Code, but the default values will need some tweaks for NServiceBus solutions.
tasks.json
To create the initial file:
 1. Attempt to start debugging.
 2. Click Configure Task in the error dialog that appears.
 3. Select Create tasks.json from template.
 4. Select .NET Core.
The file created by VS Code may work as-is if the project contains only one solution file in the project's root directory.
The following tasks.json describes how to build the solution using dotnet build, only revealing the terminal if a problem is detected:
{
 "version": "2.0.0",
 "tasks": [
 {
 "label": "build",
 "command": "dotnet build ${workspaceFolder}/path/to/SolutionName.sln",
 "type": "shell",
 "group": "build",
 "presentation": {
 "reveal": "silent"
 }
 "problemMatcher": "$msCompile"
 }
 ]
}
For an NServiceBus solution, use the content above, and adjust the path of the sln file.
For more information on tasks.json, see Visual Studio Code: Integrate with External Tools via Tasks.
launch.json
To create the initial file:
 1. In the Debug toolbar, click the No Configurations dropdown.
 2. Select Add Configuration.
 3. Select .NET Core.
The high-level structure of the launch.json file contains a collection of individual project objects in configurations and an optional compounds collection that lists multiple configurations that should be launched at the same time.
{
 "version": "0.2.0",
 "configurations: [
 ],
 "compounds": [
 ]
}
Console application
Here is an example configuration for an NServiceBus endpoint hosted as a console application:
{
 "name": "Sales",
 "type": "coreclr",
 "request": "launch",
 "preLaunchTask": "build",
 "program": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/Sales/bin/Debug/netcoreapp2.1/Sales.dll",
 "args": [],
 "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/Sales",
 "stopAtEntry": false,
 "console": "externalTerminal"
}
Most of the values can be considered boilerplate, except for the program and cwd values, which should be adjusted for each project:
 - name: Provides a name that appears for the project in VS Code's Debug dropdown.
 - type: The value coreclr identifies the plugin that should handle debugging responsibilities.
 - request: The value launch means a new process will be started, rather than attaching to an existing process.
 - preLaunchTask: Indicates a task label from the tasks.json file. In this case, it ensures the solution is compiled before trying to launch it.
 - program: Identifies the DLL to use as the entry point.
 - args: Specifies any command-line arguments that are needed.
 - cwd: Specifies the current working directory for the launched dotnet process.
 - stopAtEntry: If set to true, the debugger will break at the entry point even when a breakpoint has not been set.
 - console: Set to externalTerminal to use external console windows rather than VS Code's built-in terminal. This is useful when running multiple NServiceBus endpoints.
Web application
For web application projects that need to launch a browser window, the configuration is a little more involved:
{
 "name": "EShop.UI",
 "type": "coreclr",
 "request": "launch",
 "preLaunchTask": "build",
 "program": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/Website/bin/Debug/netcoreapp2.1/Website.dll",
 "args": [],
 "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/Website",
 "stopAtEntry": false,
 "internalConsoleOptions": "openOnSessionStart",
 "launchBrowser": {
 "enabled": true,
 "args": "${auto-detect-url}",
 "windows": {
 "command": "cmd.exe",
 "args": "/C start ${auto-detect-url}"
 },
 "osx": {
 "command": "open"
 },
 "linux": {
 "command": "xdg-open"
 }
 },
 "env": {
 "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
 },
 "sourceFileMap": {
 "/Views": "${workspaceFolder}/path/to/Website/Views"
 }
}
Like the console example, most of the values are boilerplate, except for the program, cwd, and sourceFileMap values, which should be adjusted for each project:
 - internalConsoleOptions: Most solutions will only contain a single website project. If so, VS Code's integrated console can be used, as in this example. The internalConsoleOptions values then control whether the drawer for the internal console will become visible when debugging begins. The values neverOpen or openOnFirstSessionStart can also be used. In addition, it's possible to use the console property to launch an external console.
 - launchBrowser: Contains instructions for launching a browser window on a platform-specific basis.
 - env: Additional environment variables to pass to the application, including the common ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT variable that affects how an ASP.NET Core web application will read configuration values.
 - sourceFileMap: Additional source file mappings passed to the debugger, useful in this case to let the debugger know the path to MVC views.
Attaching to a process
It's also possible to start a process from a terminal and then attach the debugger to the process with this configuration:
{
 "name": ".NET Core Attach",
 "type": "coreclr",
 "request": "attach",
 "processId": "${command:pickProcess}"
}
Compounds
Running multiple NServiceBus endpoints together requires the compounds element, which identifies a name to appear in VS Code's Debug menu and a list of configuration names specified elsewhere in the file:
"compounds": [
 {
 "name": "Debug All",
 "configurations": [
 "Sales",
 "Billing",
 "Website"
 ]
 }
]
Complete example
This example shows an entire launch.json file with Sales and Billing endpoints plus a Website project, all in a directory named src beneath the project root:
{
 "version": "0.2.0",
 "configurations": [
 {
 "name": "Billing",
 "type": "coreclr",
 "request": "launch",
 "preLaunchTask": "build",
 "program": "${workspaceFolder}/src/Billing/bin/Debug/netcoreapp2.1/Billing.dll",
 "args": [],
 "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/src/Billing",
 "stopAtEntry": true,
 "console": "externalTerminal"
 },
 {
 "name": "Sales",
 "type": "coreclr",
 "request": "launch",
 "preLaunchTask": "build",
 "program": "${workspaceFolder}/src/Sales/bin/


>certain values will always be simple arrays.
In case you're wondering, "displaced" means an array slice (as in Perl or Python), and the other two concepts refer to various ways an array can be (or appear to be) extensible. Is it safe for UNIQ! to assume it is receiving a simple array? Yes; its input comes from STRING-LEFT-TRIM. Although STRING-LEFT-TRIM is allowed to return its input when there are no changes to be made, we know that it will always make a change because we always remove at least the first character of S2, and thus its return value will always be simple. So let's add a function declaration for UNIQ!:
(declaim (ftype (function (simple-array) string) uniq!))
This tells the compiler that UNIQ!'s single argument is a SIMPLE-ARRAY and that it returns a STRING. The reason we say it returns a STRING (instead of a "simple" sequence type) is that UNIQ! uses NSUBSEQ, which does return an array slice. Unfortunately, we still get compiler warnings after making this change (albeit fewer):
 (cur-elt (elt seq cur) (elt seq cur))
; note: unable to
; optimize
; due to type uncertainty:
; The first argument is a (SIMPLE-ARRAY * (*)), not a SIMPLE-STRING.
...blah blah blah...

This is telling us that it could generate better code if it knew the sequence was a string. <a href="_URL_ is a generic accessor that works on any sequence type; presumably if the compiler knows the sequence type is a string it can take advantage of the fact that each element is the same size. Anyway, this is easy to fix. SOUNDEX only deals in strings, so we can safely change the declaration from SIMPLE-ARRAY to SIMPLE-STRING. Sure enough, this makes the compiler warnings disappear.

The remaining changes made were generally of the same nature as the above so are not covered here in detail, but you can see them in the following complete code listing that highlights all the CPU-related changes:
(declaim (optimize (speed 3) (debug 0) (safety 0)))

(defparameter *ascii-table* (let ((table (make-array '(256) :element-type 'character)))
 (loop
 for i below 256
 do (setf (aref table i) (code-char i)))
 table))

(defun make-tr-fn (from-table to-table)
 (declare (simple-string from-table to-table)
 (simple-array *ascii-table*))
 (let ((table (the (simple-array character) (copy-seq *ascii-table*))))
 (loop
 for from-char across from-table
 and to-char across to-table
 do (setf (aref table (char-code from-char)) to-char))
 (lambda (string)
 (declare ((simple-array character) string))
 (map-into string
 #'(lambda (c) (aref table (char-code c)))
 string))))

(defparameter *soundex-tr-fn* (make-tr-fn "AEHIOUWYBFPVCGJKQSXZDTLMNR" "00000000111122222222334556"))

(declaim (ftype (function (simple-string) simple-string) soundex-tr))
(defun soundex-tr (string)
 (funcall (the function *soundex-tr-fn*) string))

(deftype index () '(integer 0 ,array-dimension-limit))

;; From _URL_ />(defun nsubseq (sequence start &optional (end nil))
 "
RETURN: When the SEQUENCE is a vector, the SEQUENCE itself, or a displaced
 array to the SEQUENCE.
 When the SEQUENCE is a list, it may destroy the list and reuse the
 cons cells to make the subsequence.
"
 (if (vectorp sequence)
 (locally
 (declare (index start)
 ((or null index) end))
 (if (and (zerop start) (or (null end) (= end (length sequence))))
 sequence
 (make-array (- (if end
 (min end (length sequence))
 (length sequence))
 start)
 :element-type (array-element-type sequence)
 :displaced-to sequence
 :displaced-index-offset start)))
 (let ((result (nthcdr start sequence)))
 (when end
 (setf (cdr (nthcdr (- end start -1) sequence)) nil))
 result)))

(declaim (ftype (function (simple-string) string) uniq!))
(<span class="key


text:
Coccizuril – Tornel – 100 tablets
COCCIZURIL¨ is indicated for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis produced by parasitic protozoa of the Eimeria genus such as: E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. mibati and E. necatrix. COCCIZURIL¨ is active against all intracellular stages of coccidia, which are of great economic importance because the affected birds have a high rate of morbidity and mortality, since it is not a disease that attacks individually, but rather the whole flock. COCCIZURIL¨ acts in the gametogony phase of coccidia, avoiding the formation of oocysts, therefore it is recommended to give two simultaneous treatments. The treated animals do not present collateral effects; it can be administered with other antiparasitic drugs, with vaccines, or with food.
USE IN: Birds
DOSAGE: Birds 7 to 10 mg / kg of P.V. for two days. Poultry 100 to 750 g of body weight 1/4 tablet (can be dissolved in water). Birds of 750 to 1,500 g of body weight direct tablet to the beak. Birds of 1,500 to 3,000 g of body weight one tablet direct to the beak. In all cases, repeat the dose after 24 hours.
Administration way: Oral.
WARNINGS: Do not consume the meat of treated animals until 21 days after the last treatment. It should not be administered to laying hens.
Distributed for Mexico


analytic spectrum
The concept of analytic spectrum is a realization of the concept of spectrum (geometry) in the context of non-archimedean analytic geometry. Given an affinoid algebra AA over a non-archimedean field, then the concept of spectrum of a commutative ring whose points are prime ideals/maximal ideals does not produce a sensible space that admits analytic geometry. Rather, instead of regarding points of the spectrum as ring homomorphisms to AA \to \mathbb{R}, the analytic spectrum instead takes points to be multiplicative seminorms ||:A 0{\vert -\vert} \colon A \to \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0} bounded by the norm on the given field.
If Spec an(A)Spec_{an}(A) is the set of all such multiplicative seminorms, then for xSpec an(A)x \in Spec_{an}(A) a point one writes the corresponding seminorm as || x{\vert - \vert}_x and thinks of it as being the norm on the function algebra on Spec(A)Spec(A) which is given by "evaluating functions at xx and then applying the field norm to that".
One turns this Spec an(A)Spec_{an}(A) into a topological space in the usual way by choosing the weakest topology such that under this assignment the original elements of AA become continuous function on Spec an(A)Spec_{an}(A).
Globalizing this analytic spectrum construction leads to the concept of Berkovich analytic space.
For AA a normed ring, its analytic spectrum or Berkovich spectrum Spec anASpec_an A is the set of all non-zero multiplicative seminorms on AA, regarded as a topological space when equipped with the weakest topology such that all functions
Spec anA + Spec_{an} A \to \mathbb{R}_+
of the form
x|x(a)| x \mapsto {\vert x(a)\vert}
for aAa \in A are continuous.
If AA is equipped with the structure of a Banach ring, one takes the bounded multiplicative seminorms.
So a point in the analytic spectrum of AA corresponds to a non-zero function
:A {\Vert -\Vert} : A \to \mathbb{R}
to the real numbers, such that for all x,yAx, y \in A
 1. x0{\Vert x \Vert} \geq 0;
 2. xy=xy{\Vert x y \Vert} = {\Vert x \Vert} {\Vert y \Vert};
 3. x+yx+y{\Vert x + y \Vert} \leq {\Vert x \Vert} + {\Vert y \Vert}
and boundedness means that there exists C>0C \gt 0 such that for all xAx \in A
xC|x| A. {\Vert x\Vert} \leq C {\vert x \vert}_A \,.
(e.g. Berkovich 09, def. 1.2.3)
Affine line
For kk a field and k[T]k[T] the polynomial ring over kk in one generator,
𝔸 k:=Spec ank[T] \mathbb{A}_k := Spec_{an} k[T]
is the analytic affine line over kk.
If k=k = \mathbb{C}, then 𝔸 k=\mathbb{A}_k = \mathbb{C} is the ordinary complex plane.
The notion originates in
 - Vladimir Berkovich, Spectral theory and analytic geometry over non-Archimedean fields, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 33, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, (1990) 169 pp.
Expositions and Lecture notes
Introductory exposition of the Berkovich analytic spectrum includes
 - Sarah Brodsky, Non-archimedean geometry, brief lecture notes, 2012 (pdf)
 - Scott Carnahan, Berkovich spaces I (web)
 - Jérôme Poineau, Global analytic geometry, pages 20-23 in EMS newsletter September 2007 (pdf)
 - Frédéric Paugam, section 2.1.4 of Global analytic geometry and the functional equation (2010) (pdf)
 - Vladimir Berkovich, section 1 of Non-archimedean analytic spaces, lectures at the Advanced School on pp-adic Analysis and Applications, ICTP, Trieste, 31 August - 11 September 2009 (pdf)
Last revised on May 6, 2016 at 06:28:55. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.


text:
Mechanical Structures for Farm Irrigationby Allan S. Humpherys,
Serial Information: Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 1969, Vol. 95, Issue 4, Pg. 463-480
Document Type: Journal Paper
Mechanical, automatic irrigation structures that can save both water and labor are being developed for surface irrigation systems. These include both timer-controlled and automatic water-pressure-controlled structures and are being tested in various types of irrigation systems. A specially designed mechanical timer is used to control semiautomatic irrigation checks and gates. Generalized design information is presented for a timer-controlled check dam for both lined and unlined ditches. A pressure gate which opens and closes automatically when water in the channel approaches a certain depth is also described. Other structures include a drop gate, metal apron gate and water level control checks. Certain operational problems such as rodent and weed control require greater emphasis with automatic irrigation than with conventional systems.
Subject Headings: Irrigation | Agriculture | Irrigation systems | Gates (hydraulic) | Surface irrigation | Water conservation | Automation | Smart buildings | Labor
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search


text: Garments made from tanned animal hides afforded Northern Athapaskans protection against a harsh northern environment, but the striking features of this clothing are also a distinctive part of the traditional culture of the Indigenous peoples of North America's western subarctic. Beautifully decorated with quillwork, fringes, and pigments, they provide a means of artistic expression signifying ethnic identity and conveying information about the physical, social, and spiritual well-being of the wearer. Women's Work, Women's Art, the culmination of over forty years of research, is the first comprehensive study of this little-known aspect of Athapaskan culture. Encompassing all Northern Athapaskan groups, it chronicles a period that saw significant change in Aboriginal culture and the persistence of ancient traditions among the women who made and adorned this clothing. Individual chapters address the various roles and functions of clothing in Athapaskan societies, the technology of clothing production and design, and characteristic regional styles. Bringing together information from the writings of traders, explorers, missionaries, Athapaskan oral traditions, and community interviews with a wealth of visual materials - from rare early sketches to twentieth century photographs - Women's Work, Women's Art is an engaging and definitive study of Athapaskan clothing and culture.


text:
Sir Edmund ANDERSON, Knight
Born: 1540, Flixborough / Broughton, Lincolnshire, England
Died: 1 Aug 1605
Buried: All Saints Church, Eyeworth, Bedfordshire, England
Father: Edward ANDERSON
Married: Magdalen SMYTHE ABT 1566, Eyworth, Bedford, England
1. Catherine ANDERSON (b. ABT 1568 - bur. 26 Feb 1638/39) (m. William Booth)
2. Margaret ANDERSON (b. ABT 1570 - d. 3 Aug 1630) (m.1 Thomas Monson - m.2 Adam Felton)
3. Griseld ANDERSON (m. John Sheffield of Mulgrave)
4. Elizabeth ANDERSON (m. Sir Hatton Fermor of Easton Neston)
5. Edward ANDERSON
6. Francis Anderson of Eyworth (Sir) (d. 22 Dec 1616) (m.1 Judith Soame - m.2 Audrey Butler)
7. William ANDERSON of Lea (m. Joan Essex)
An English jurist, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas _PHONE_. He was a bitter opponent of the Puritans.
In the south wall of the chancel of the church of All Saints there is a richly ornamented monument, to Sir Edmund Anderson kt. Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (ob. 1 Aug 1605) and Magdalen Smythe, his wife, consisting of a fine altar tomb-of marble upon which are two recumbent effigies, one representing Sir Edmund in his judicial robes with collar of SS. and the other his wife in the nearest dress of the period: the canopy is semi-circular, the projecting portion being upheld by two pillars 7ft. in height: the whole is surmounted by the armorial bearings of the family: there are also two other monuments of lesser dimensions tp members of this family. Anderson's wife sisters married Sir John Fortescue and George Rotheram, knight for Bedfordshire in five Parliaments.
|to Bios Page|


text:
We have constructed an achromatic half-wave plate (AHWP) suitable for the millimeter wavelength band. The AHWP was made from a stack of three sapphire a-cut birefringent plates with the optical axes of the middle plate rotated by 50.5 deg with respect to the aligned axes of the other plates. The measured modulation efficiency of the AHWP at 110 GHz was 96±1.5%. In contrast, the modulation efficiency of a single sapphire plate of the same thickness was 43±4%. Both results are in close agreement with theoretical predictions. The modulation efficiency of the AHWP was constant as a function of incidence angles between 0 and 15 deg. We discuss design parameters of an AHWP in the context of astrophysical broadband polarimetry at the millimeter wavelength band.
© 2005 Optical Society of America
(_PHONE_) Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology : Polarimetry
(_PHONE_) Optical devices : Polarization-selective devices
(_PHONE_) Physical optics : Polarization
(_PHONE_) Other areas of optics : Astronomical optics
Shaul Hanany, Johannes Hubmayr, Bradley R. Johnson, Tomotake Matsumura, Paul Oxley, and Matthew Thibodeau, "Millimeter-wave achromatic half-wave plate," Appl. Opt. 44, 4666-4670 (2005)


Supernatural Superheroes by Heather Trim
Supernatural Superheroes is booklet for kids and teens to learn practical information about God, His angels and how some became demons. Heather Trim does a superb job at bringing the truth about who the devil is and and the role he and demons play in the world today through demonization.
She presents Jesus' Escape Plan of deliverance and how to heal the wounded soul on a level young people can understand.
Topics this 60-page booklet FOR KIDS includes:
1. Who, What, Where Is God?
2. Introducing Angels
3. Introducing Evil
4. Effects of Evil
5. The Escape Plan
6. Prophetic Deliverance
7. Supernatural Healing Plan
8. Supernatural Superheroes
*Includes a list of Resources for Teens [and preteens] to learn about God and pursue healing. Resources are also listed on the Supernatural Superheroes homepage.)
**Currently the prerequisite reading for children attending the Family Deliverance Retreats through Bear Creek Ranch.
This 60-page booklet is available at the Bear Creek Ranch bookstore.
Supernatural Children Series:
Book 1: Are My Children Demonized?
Book 2: Supernatural Superheroes


text:
Hundreds of sustainable and profitable agribusiness opportunities available in Nigeria – IITA DDG
CGIAR-IITA Deputy Director General, Partnerships for Delivery, Kenton Dashiell, has encouraged Nigerians to take up sustainable and profitable opportunities in the country's agriculture sector. He made this appeal during his keynote address at the National Conference on Agricultural Innovations for Food Security in the Post COVID-19 Era.
In his presentation, Dashiell highlighted multiple technologies and solutions that could help sustainably achieve food security. He emphasized that farmers and other actors in the different agricultural value chains must use proven technologies appropriately and precisely to succeed. Adhering to excellent farm practices and standards will guarantee high levels of productivity, including increased crop yields.


text:
Home Market Effect Hypothesis in a Multi-Country World
AbstractThe home market effect (HME) is commonly defined as a more than proportional positive causation from demand to supply. Recent theoretical literature, however, shows that the traditional definition highlighted within two-country framework does not always survive in higher dimensional settings. This is because 'third' country effects (i.e. adjustments in foreign expenditures) may reverse the positive impact that an increase in domestic demand has on its production. As such, empirical implementations of the HME hypothesis are problematic. In this paper, we try to fill this gap by proposing a revised version of the HME test, robust to an arbitrary number of countries. Using Behrens et al. (2004), which extends Krugman (1980) model to a multi-country setting, we derive a theory-founded empirical specification that accounts for a complete geographical structure of demand and proximity incentives offered to firms when choosing location sites to set up production facilities. We estimate the evolution of production structure in the EU countries for 24 manufacturing sectors over _PHONE_. We find support for the presence of the HME in a number of industries. The results also emphasize the importance of countries access to foreign markets.
Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies in its series IHEID Working Papers with number 16-2007.
Date of creation: Feb 2007
Date of revision: Feb 2007
New trade theory; multi-country models; economic geography; home market effect; market potential; market access;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- F12 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation
- F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade
- F17 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
- R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
- R12 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade (economic geography)
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For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Johannes Eugster).
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text: Batching is an essential technique to improve computation efficiency in deep learning frameworks. While batch processing for models with static feed-forward computation graphs is straightforward to implement, batching for dynamic computation graphs such as syntax trees or social network graphs is challenging due to variable computation graph structure across samples. Through simulation and analysis of a Tree-LSTM model, we show the key trade-off between graph analysis time and batching effectiveness in dynamic batching. Based on this finding, we propose a dynamic batching method as an extension to MXNet Gluon's just-in-time compilation (JIT) framework. We show empirically that our method yields up to 6.25 times speed-up on a common dynamic workload, a tree-LSTM model for the semantic relatedness task.


text:
We are excited to announce the addition of two products to the BigYield product lineup. The two products are BioEnhance and HyperBio. Both can be applied to corn and soybeans and have various benefits and great ROI's. If you have any questions about either of these products, contact your BigYield sales representative. Stay tuned for more information about these products.
HyperBio is a liquid fertilizer product that can be used for row crops, fruit and vegetable crops, ornamentals, and hydroponic production. The product is obtained naturally by a fermentation process of select vegetables and can help plants overcome negative abiotic stress during the growing season. HyperBio supplies nitrogen and polysaccharides to provide energy, vigor, and nutrients for better plant growth.
HyperBio can be applied as a foliar application. We recommend applying at a rate of 27.4 fluid ounces per acre. The product is available in 2.5-gallon jugs, 5-gallon cases, and 275-gallon totes.
Be sure to check out our Eye Opener program to get a look at what HyperBio can do on your farm!
BioEnhance is a fertilizer from sugar beet protein hydrolysate. It is formulated with prebiotic molecules that enhance the growth of beneficial microorganisms. BioEnhance also helps transform the soil's organic matter, improving aeration and fertility. This improvement in soil structure leads to better root development and increases nutrient uptake.
BioEnhance can be applied as a soil treatment or foliar application. Apply BioEnhance at a rate of 0.1 gallons per acre. It is recommended to apply when the plants are young to allow for adequate application to both the plant and the soil.
BioEnhance is currently available in 275-gallon totes.


text:
CAQUETIA KRAUSI Cichlid 1"-3"
(i) Your live fish may not match the image shown due to natural variations in each species. Each companion animal is different in shape, color, and personality.
WATER: Fresh Water
Caquetaia spectabilis is a species of fish endemic to the basins of the Amazon River, Madeira River, and Uatumã River, as well as the Araguari and the Branco Rivers. The species is an ambush predator that lives among the vegetation on the banks of its habitat rivers.


text:
UN/ISDR Calls for Increased Education on Disasters and Climate Change
19 December 2011: In acknowledgement of the impacts of Typhoon Sendong, which recently hit the south of the Philippines, Margareta Wahlström, UN Secretary-General's Special Representative on Disaster Risk Reduction and Chief of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR), offered her sympathy to the people affected, and stressed there are lessons to be learned from the tropical storm.
In her message, Wahlström underscored the need for increased education on disasters and climate change, so that people understand the risk they expose themselves to when they refuse to heed evacuation warnings. Underscoring the need to improve the effectiveness of early warning systems, Wahlström noted that storm was identified two days before flash floods swept through Cagayan de Oro City and Illigan City.
Philippines Senator, Loren Legarda, and UN/ISDR Disaster Risk Reduction Champion for Asia, also called on local governments throughout the Philippines to "invest in flood infrastructure." [UN/ISDR Press Release][UN Press Release]


Fighting for space
This graphic visualization posted by the Daily Dish depicts the amount of street space taken up by different modes of transportation–bicycle, car, and bus–per person. As this demonstrates, cars are not only a crime against the environment but one could argue, also against the availability of the urban public space, which is so crucial to the vibrancy of cities.
[photo credit and link to entire post on the Daily Dish]


.
DATE_ON_OR_BEFORE Enum Requires a date that is on or before the given value.
NUMBER_BETWEEN Enum Requires a number that is between the given values.
NUMBER_EQUAL_TO Enum Requires a number that is equal to the given value.
NUMBER_GREATER_THAN Enum Require a number that is greater than the given value.
NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO Enum Requires a number that is greater than or equal to the given value.
NUMBER_LESS_THAN Enum Requires a number that is less than the given value.
NUMBER_LESS_THAN_OR_EQUAL_TO Enum Requires a number that is less than or equal to the given value.
NUMBER_NOT_BETWEEN Enum Requires a number that is not between the given values.
NUMBER_NOT_EQUAL_TO Enum Requires a number that is not equal to the given value.
TEXT_CONTAINS Enum Requires that the input contains the given value.
TEXT_DOES_NOT_CONTAIN Enum Requires that the input does not contain the given value.
TEXT_EQUAL_TO Enum Requires that the input is equal to the given value.
TEXT_IS_VALID_EMAIL Enum Requires that the input is in the form of an email address.
TEXT_IS_VALID_URL Enum Requires that the input is in the form of a URL.
VALUE_IN_LIST Enum Requires that the input is equal to one of the given values.
VALUE_IN_RANGE Enum Requires that the input is equal to a value in the given range.
CUSTOM_FORMULA Enum Requires that the input makes the given formula evaluate to true.
CHECKBOX Enum Requires that the input is a custom value or a boolean; rendered as a checkbox.
DeveloperMetadata
メソッド
Method Return type Brief description
getId() Integer Returns the unique ID associated with this developer metadata.
getKey() String Returns the key associated with this developer metadata.
getLocation() DeveloperMetadataLocation Returns the location of this developer metadata.
getValue() String Returns the value associated with this developer metadata, or null if this metadata has no value.
getVisibility() DeveloperMetadataVisibility Returns the visibility of this developer metadata.
moveToColumn(column) DeveloperMetadata Moves this developer metadata to the specified column.
moveToRow(row) DeveloperMetadata Moves this developer metadata to the specified row.
moveToSheet(sheet) DeveloperMetadata Moves this developer metadata to the specified sheet.
moveToSpreadsheet() DeveloperMetadata Moves this developer metadata to the top-level spreadsheet.
remove() void Deletes this metadata.
setKey(key) DeveloperMetadata Sets the key of this developer metadata to the specified value.
setValue(value) DeveloperMetadata Sets the value associated with this developer metadata to the specified value.
setVisibility(visibility) DeveloperMetadata Sets the visibility of this developer metadata to the specified visibility.
DeveloperMetadataFinder
メソッド
Method Return type Brief description
find() DeveloperMetadata[] Executes this search and returns the matching metadata.
onIntersectingLocations() DeveloperMetadataFinder Configures the search to consider intersecting locations that have metadata.
withId(id) DeveloperMetadataFinder Limits this search to consider only metadata that match the specified ID.
withKey(key) DeveloperMetadataFinder Limits this search to consider only metadata that match the specified key.
withLocationType(locationType) DeveloperMetadataFinder Limits this search to consider only metadata that match the specified location type.
withValue(value) DeveloperMetadataFinder Limits this search to consider only metadata that match the specified value.
withVisibility(visibility) DeveloperMetadataFinder Limits this search to consider only metadata that match the specified visibility.
DeveloperMetadataLocation
メソッド
Method Return type Brief description
getColumn() Range Returns the Range for the column location of this metadata, or null if the location type is not DeveloperMetadataLocationType.COLUMN.
getLocationType() DeveloperMetadataLocationType Gets the type of location.
getRow() Range Rangeこのメタデータの行の場所のを返しますnull場所のタイプがでない場合DeveloperMetadataLocationType.ROW
getSheet() Sheet Sheetこのメタデータの場所を返しますnull場所のタイプがでない場合DeveloperMetadataLocationType.SHEET
getSpreadsheet() Spreadsheet Spreadsheetこのメタデータの場所を返しますnull場所のタイプがでない場合DeveloperMetadataLocationType.SPREADSHEET
DeveloperMetadataLocationType
プロパティ
物件 タイプ 説明
SPREADSHEET Enum トップレベルのスプレッドシートに関連付けられた開発者メタデータの場所の種類
SHEET Enum シート全体に関連付けられた開発者メタデータの場所の種類
ROW Enum 行に関連付けられた開発者メタデータの場所の種類
COLUMN Enum 列に関連付けられた開発者メタデータの場所の種類
DeveloperMetadataVisibility
プロパティ
物件 タイプ 説明
DOCUMENT Enum ドキュメントに表示されるメタデータは、ドキュメントにアクセスできる開発者プロジェクトからアクセスできます
PROJECT Enum プロジェクトに表示されるメタデータは、メタデータを作成した開発者プロジェクトのみが表示およびアクセスできます
Dimension
プロパティ
物件 タイプ 説明
COLUMNS Enum 列（垂直）ディメンション
ROWS Enum 行（水平）ディメンション
Direction
プロパティ
物件 タイプ 説明
UP Enum 行インデックスの減少方向
DOWN Enum 行インデックスの増加の方向
PREVIOUS Enum 列インデックスを減らす方向
NEXT Enum 列インデックスの増加の方向
EmbeddedAreaChartBuilder
メソッド
メソッド 戻りタイプ 簡単な説明
addRange(range) EmbeddedChartBuilder このビルダーが変更するグラフに範囲を追加します
asAreaChart() EmbeddedAreaChartBuilder チャートタイプをAreaChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedAreaChartBuilder
asBarChart() EmbeddedBarChartBuilder チャートタイプをBarChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedBarChartBuilder
asColumnChart() EmbeddedColumnChartBuilder チャートタイプをColumnChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedColumnChartBuilder
asComboChart() EmbeddedComboChartBuilder チャートタイプをComboChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedComboChartBuilder
asHistogramChart() EmbeddedHistogramChartBuilder チャートタイプをHistogramChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedHistogramChartBuilder
asLineChart() EmbeddedLineChartBuilder チャートタイプをLineChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedLineChartBuilder
asPieChart() EmbeddedPieChartBuilder チャートタイプをPieChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedPieChartBuilder
asScatterChart() EmbeddedScatterChartBuilder チャートタイプをScatterChartに設定し、を返しますEmbeddedScatterChartBuilder
asTableChart() EmbeddedTableChartBuilder Sets the chart type to TableChart and returns an EmbeddedTableChartBuilder.
build() EmbeddedChart Builds the chart to reflect all changes made to it.
clearRanges() EmbeddedChartBuilder Removes all ranges from the chart this builder modifies.
getChartType() ChartType Returns the current chart type.
getContainer() ContainerInfo Return the chart ContainerInfo, which encapsulates where the chart appears on the sheet.
getRanges() Range[] Returns a copy of the list of ranges currently providing data for this chart.
removeRange(range) EmbeddedChartBuilder Removes the specified range from the chart this builder modifies.
reverseCategories() EmbeddedAreaChartBuilder Reverses the drawing of series in the domain axis.
setBack


text:
The Colibri Premium Butane is the purest butane on the market. Our butane meets the stringent requirements of high-performance jet-flame lighters, a technology that Colibri pioneered over 35 years ago.
Are there different grades of butane?
So, what exactly is the difference between n-butane and regular butane? Butanes are extremely flammable, colorless, and easily liquefied gases at their most basic level, but when it comes to quality, we need to dig a little further. When you look at the contents of a normal can of butane, it usually reads either butane or N-butane. When it comes to ultimate purity, the gap is enormous. Butane is actually a mixture of gases with varying degrees of purity ranging from less than 1% to 99.999 percent, with iso-butane being used instead of the more pure N-butane. The fillers in these iso-butane mixes are frequently added to reduce the cost of production for the companies who make them. If you buy a low-quality butane combination, it will not only clog your lighters and torches, but it will also harm the environment. Don't settle for low-quality butane; only use the best to ensure that every light performs to its full potential every time.
What does 11x mean on butane?
The vendor on Amazon describes the 11x as "11 times refined," therefore I'm guessing the 7x is "7 times refined." However, I have not yet experimented with butane.
Is 5X or 11X butane better?
Butane is a form of petroleum-derived natural gas. Natural gas is quite dirty and unrefined when it is extracted. Furthermore, it is commonly dissolved in oil, which must be removed from the natural gas. In the same way, water vapor must be removed from the gas.
Methane, propane, and butane are the three types of liquids found in natural gas. Natural gas must go through a series of boiling and heating steps to eliminate these chemicals. When each chemical reaches its boiling point, then it's separated from the gas. Fractional distillation is the name for this method.
Butane isn't completely pure even after it's been extracted. It must first go through a thorough purification and filtration process. Most commercial applications necessitate a gas purity of 97 to 99.5 percent. This is performed by refining the butane that has been extracted a number of times. Refining aids in the reduction of impurities in gas and the improvement of its quality. More significantly, refined gasoline reduces clogging, malfunctions, and misfiring of the burner valves.
In short, 11X gas has undergone 11 refinements, whereas 5X butane has undergone 5 refinements.
There are some distinctions between these fuels in this regard.
5X fuel is one of the most popular butane fuels due to its high purity level. It is mostly used to replace low-quality gas. 11X gasoline, on the other hand, is a typical lighter refill. It's inexpensive, highly combustible, and suitable for a wide range of uses. It can be used in both industrial and domestic settings.
What does 5X mean on butane?
Butane is one of the most abundant power sources known to man because it is a natural gas derivative. Natural gas is being extracted in higher amounts than ever before thanks to innovations in drilling technology, particularly hydraulic fracturing in shale deposits. This has resulted in an energy boom in North America, as well as increasing refined butane production. If you're like most people, your knowledge with butane is confined to disposable cigarette lighters and portable camping stoves. However, the gas is also used to power torch lighters, which are essential tools for plumbers, builders, and jewelry makers.
Power butane is one of the most popular butanes on the market, especially in the 5x, 7x, and 9x butane refill canisters. For example, the term "power 5x butane" refers to the refinement process and denotes the gas's high purity level. Because of its high quality, Power brand butane is frequently substituted with lower-grade gas, which has been known to choke lighters and torches.
What is the purest butane?
People are creatures who stick to their routines. It can be challenging to step outside of our comfort zones or make different decisions. Taking a chance on something new, whether it's a product or an event, can pay off big time. The following are the top two reasons to try Puretane butane.
Although certain products are better made in other countries (automobiles being at the center of this discussion), there are some items that are simply better made in the United States. Consider the difference between fresh fruits, veggies, and meats from a farmer's market and frozen meals made up of who knows what. American products are assured not to be created in sweatshops, to be free of abusive labor practices, to meet higher purity and sanitation requirements, and to follow all US environmental regulations.
When it comes to butane, it's all about purity. Unlike other butane brands that claim to have almost no impurities, Puretane claims to be impurity-free. While other brands purchase cans and valves that are mass-produced in Asia, Puretane manufactures its own bottle parts, allowing it to avoid any mysterious compounds that may be present in other butanes. Puretane is a firm believer in knowing exactly what you're putting into your body at all times. Less pure butane has been known to block lighters, alter the flavor of your cigarette, cigar, or pipe, and cause inconsistent flames.
What is triple filtered butane?
Lotus Triple Refined Butane is a premium grade butane gas made specifically for use in torch style lighters. Lotus is 99.9999 percent clean, thus the triple refining procedure won't clog your lighter jets with dirt and filth like other brands.
How many types of butane are there?
Butane, or C4H10, is an alkane natural gas derivative that comes in two structural isomers: n-butane and isobutane, or a mixture of the two. N-butane, like Puretane butane, is a highly refined butane that is what most people think of when they hear the word butane.
How many times should butane be refined?
The performance of your lighter starts with good butane. There are numerous brands available, but it is critical to select one that has been properly refined, preferably five times or more. Ultra-refined butane is made by companies like Xikar and ST Dupont. The less contaminants in the fuel, the less probable it is to block the jets or corrode any internal components in your lighter. With a highly purified premium butane, your lighter will not only perform better, but it will also last much longer.


V Gold 2 (VG2), V Gold 5 (VG5)
VG2 and VG5 stainless steel is recommended for thin blades. The main three reasons being:
1. VG2 and VG5 are made with refined low impurity raw material, they make a significant improvement in their mechanical properties (flexural strength ・ yield point ・ elongation ・ reduction of area ・ impact strength）, and achieve both positive grindability and satisfactory hot forging easier.
2. Both grades have excellent qualities and structure required from stainless cutlery steel.
In addition to this the increased levels of C (chromium) and C(carbon) are higher than the more than common stainless steel grades. The eutectic carbide crystallization is suppressed, to make the hardness as high as possible with well-balanced element ratios, and a uniform structure of refined carbides.
3. Refinement during material processing.
Even though carefully selected steel ingots for the raw material with low impurities and segregation, it is impossible to eliminate them completely. Accordingly, the materials are refined at the hot rolling to diffuse segregation, and refine coarse grain structures. Heat treatment is used at various stages throughout the manufacturing process so that the steel has the optimum grain structure.
For the above reasons, VG2 and VG5 provide the most suitable hardenability, toughness, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and the other conditions.
Because VG5 has slightly higher Carbon, Molybdenum and Vanadium compared to VG2, please use VG2 for soft cutting, and VG5 is for a harder cutting application.
C Cr Mo V Hardness
VG2 0.60-0.70 13.00-15.00 0.10-0.20 HRC58≦
VG5 0.70-0.80 13.00-15.00 0.20-0.40 0.10-0.20 HRC59≦
Back to Original Blade Steel


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-DuplicateItems.ps1 -Identity migtester1 -Type Calendar -Impersonation -DeleteMode MoveToDeletedItems -Mode Full -Verbose
Alternative, you can use an e-mail address and specify credentials. This allows the script to run against mailboxes in Office 365, for example:
Remove-DuplicateItems.ps1 -Identity _EMAIL_ -Type Mail -DeleteMode MoveToDeletedItems -Mode Full -Credentials (Get-Credential) -Retain Oldest
A more complex example using IncludeFolders, ExcludeFolders and PriorityFolders:
$Credentials= Get-Credential.\Remove-DuplicateItems.ps1 -Mailbox _EMAIL_ -Server outlook.office365.com -Credentials $Credentials -IncludeFolders '_TAG_#\*','\Projects\*' -ExcludeFolders 'Keep Out' -PriorityFolders '*Important*' -CleanupMode Mailbox
This will remove duplicate items from the specified mailbox in Office365, using the following options:
- Fixed Server FQDN – bypassing AutoDiscover.
- Limits operation against the Well-Known Inbox folder, top Projects folder, and all of their subfolders.
- Excluding any folder named Keep Out.
- Duplicates are checked over the whole mailbox.
- Priority is given to folders containing the word Important, causing items in
those folders to be kept over items in other folders when duplicates are found.
In case you want to process multiple mailboxes, you can use a CSV file which needs to contain the Identity field. An example of how the CSV could look:
Identity francis philip
The cmdlet could then be something like:
Import-CSV users.csv1 | Remove-DuplicateItems.ps1..
The script is available on GitHub here.
Feedback is welcomed through the comments. If you got scripting suggestions or questions, do not hesitate using the contact form.


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Beginning in February in Haralson County, more than a dozen concerts and singings will help celebrate the music indigenous to the west Georgia area. "New Harmonies" is part of Museum on Main Street, a collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution and state humanities councils nationwide. Support for Museum on Main Street has been provided by the U. S. Congress.
The actual exhibit will be on display at the Warren P. Sewell Library in Bremen Feb. 9 through March 23.
The highlight and focus of the exhibit will be on Georgia's unique musical traditions and how roots music has touched and shaped many Georgia communities. According to Dr. Keith Hebert, a University of West Georgia history professor, co-director of the university's Center of Public History, and coordinator the Bremen leg of the tour, roots music is "the baseline for the development of American music. All music that has developed in America originated from the roots music examined in (the New Harmonies) exhibit."
The different types of music that are part of the exhibit are numerous and varied: Native American, sacred, string bands, bluegrass, country, Southern rock, traveling shows, the blues, folk, work and protest, and the "new traditions" music introduced by Georgia's immigrant population.
"New Harmonies" strives to preserve and explore these roots, and Ann McCleary plays a big role in their effort. McCleary is the state scholar for the program, a UWG history professor and co-director of the university's Center of Public History.
"Every state is required to engage a scholar to help generate the regional humanities content for the exhibit," McCleary said. "Through the Center for Public History, we have helped work with all of the communities to develop program and exhibit ideas and to assist with marketing. We researched and wrote the 'Georgia Harmonies' catalog, a 24-page publication about Georgia roots music. And we created much of the content for the website. Over the past year, graduate research assistant Sarah Foreman and I have been traveling to all of the communities across the state to provide additional guidance and support."
From the research and work done by scholars like McCleary and Hebert, as well as staff from the Smithsonian and the Georgia Humanities Council, the "New Harmonies" exhibit was created. Of the 30 Georgia communities who applied to host the exhibit, only 12 were chosen through a competitive selection process. The city of Bremen was among those 12.
The city plans to be an accommodating host, as multiple concerts and music events will be hosted at Mill Town Music Hall, schools, and surrounding churches in the area from Feb. 1 through March 24 – many with free admission.
Bremen itself has a unique musical history and tradition that made it an ideal stop for the "New Harmonies" tour. Notably, Bremen is the home of Hugh McGraw, an influential figure in the world of sacred harp music. Each year, the region hosts several Sacred Harp singings, including one every November at the Holly Springs Primitive Baptist Church in Bremen.
"We are delighted to welcome the world, so to speak, to Bremen," said Bremen Mayor Sharon Sewell. "This is a tremendous opportunity to showcase our music heritage in partnership with the great Smithsonian. It is also a great opportunity for our people to reconnect with our history and reclaim it, as well as exhibit the current music abilities that are core to the west Georgia area. As we display our music, we also have the opportunity to share our town with hundreds of visitors to the west Georgia area. We are most honored to have been chosen to be the site for this event."
"New Harmonies: Celebrating American Roots Music" has been made possible in the west Georgia area by the Georgia Humanities Council in partnership with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, the Center for Public History at the University of West Georgia, and the Georgia Department of Economic Development.
Katie Allen Ross, contributing reporter for West Georgia Living magazine, contributed to the article.


Are you nervous about proposing a contract to your client? Among the many importance and values of having one are as follows: a contract provides a well-written detailed agreement of each party's responsibilities. It binds both parties to their duty as stated on the agreement as well as agreed schedule or time frame. It ensures secured payment for virtual assistant services rendered. During recourse moments when relationships between client and VA falter, you can use the said agreement to demand payment.
A virtual assistant agreement is a document between two parties, the virtual assistant and the client for a contractual working relationship. Virtual assistants can help with almost anything an in-person assistant can. Information such as required hours, can be included if applicable. In an arrangement like this, standard contractual clauses are also included, like choice of law and place.
In this document, basic identifying info regarding the parties will be entered, like names and address details. Then, details about the actual work and the virtual assistance services, like what the projects are, deadlines, milestones, fees info, etc., will be included. After this document is filled out, it must be printed in order that both parties can sign it. Then, a best practice is for both parties to keep a copy.
By setting out a clear agreement between you and the client, both parties know exactly where they stand, what's expected, who has the rights to what, when payment must be made, how to terminate the agreement, and so on.


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The Homestead Act of 1892 This Essay The Homestead Act of 1892 and other 61,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on. The Homestead Strike. The Homestead Strike has revealed the steel magnate's different beliefs on the labor rights. The biggest conflict has been underway, the. Read this essay on Homestead. Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays * Why did the Homestead strike turn Violent. Homestead Strike of 1892 Essays: Over 180,000 Homestead Strike of 1892 Essays, Homestead Strike of 1892 Term. Order plagiarism free custom written essay. The Homestead Strike was a very violent, but important event to the people of the American Business Industry. The violent act of a desperate businessman, in attempt. Homestead Strike essay, buy custom Homestead Strike essay paper cheap, Homestead Strike essay paper sample, Homestead Strike essay sample service.
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Student Activity Seven: Guided Reading #2: Comparing the Homestead Strike of 1892 with the Great Strike of 1877. Find out more about the history of Haymarket Square Riot, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com. Free homestead strike 1892 papers Should Workers Be Allowed To Strike? - Argumentative Essay - It is difficult to see how anyone could deny that all workers. The Strike at Homestead. A description of the mill-dominated town of Homestead in 1892 A photographic essay of The Pennsylvania Militia at the strike. Homestead strike apush About job performance how to upload my resume on jobstreet blank resume for job application homestead strike apush writing apa style. Essay Front Page Template Ap English Rhetorical Analysis Essay Help Literature Review On Cocoa Production In Nigeria Pope. essay on homestead strike. mass. Essays written about Homestead Strike including papers about United States and Trade union. Homestead Strike, also called Homestead riot, violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred on July 6, 1892, in.
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The Homestead Strike, also known as the Homestead Steel Strike or Homestead Massacre, was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892. Essay On Homestead Strike. How To Write A One Paragraph Essay. Excel Homework Schedule Template. Hamburg Essay. Ap Language Argument Essay Examples. Home Stead Strike Essays:. For example in the homestead strike Do you need an essay? Here are the options you can choose from. Homestead lockout and strike of 1892 Rotten tomatoes catwoman 100 greatest discoveries chemistry essay maker free homestead lockout and strike of 1892. Essay Front Page Template Ap English Rhetorical Analysis Essay Help Literature Review On Cocoa Production In Nigeria Pope. essay on homestead strike. mass. Homestead Lockout and Strike On the night of July 6, 1892, an event would take place that would change American history forever. Andrew Carnegie and Henry.


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VisualParsic4: A C++ Library for Rapid HTML Generation
VisualParsic4 is a C++ library that allows you to create dynamic HTML pages without using any GUI toolkit. It uses simple content templates that define what and where the content should be inserted in the page using placeholders. You can also use VisualParsic4 to draw lines and shapes on SVG files.
In this article, we will show you how to install and use VisualParsic4 on Windows, and how to create a simple web page with it.
To install VisualParsic4, you need to download the ZIP file from this link and extract it to a folder of your choice. Then, run the visualparsic4_install.bat script to install the library and its dependencies. You will also need a C++ compiler, such as Visual Studio or MinGW.
To use VisualParsic4, you need to include the visualparsic4.h header file in your C++ source code. Then, you can create a VisualParsic4 object and call its init method with the following parameters:
The HTML element where you want to insert the content (such as a div or a span)
The path to the SVG file where you want to draw (optional)
The options for the content generation (such as color, font size, etc.)
For example, the following code creates a VisualParsic4 object and initializes it with a div element with id \"line1\" and an SVG file named \"file.svg\":
Then, you can use the VisualParsic4 object to generate content using placeholders. A placeholder is a string that starts with \"$\" and ends with \"$\". For example, \"$name$\" is a placeholder for the name of the user. You can define your own placeholders and assign them values using the set method of the VisualParsic4 object. For example, the following code sets the value of the \"$name$\" placeholder to \"John\":
vp.set (\"$name$\", \"John\");
You can also use predefined placeholders that are automatically filled by VisualParsic4. For example, \"$date$\" is a placeholder for the current date, and \"$time$\" is a placeholder for the current time. You can see the full list of predefined placeholders in the Visual Parsic 4 GitHub project.
To insert content into the HTML element, you need to use the insert method of the VisualParsic4 object. This method takes a string as an argument, which can contain plain text or placeholders. For example, the following code inserts a greeting message into the div element:
vp.insert (\"Hello, $name$. Today is $date$ and the time is $time$.\");
To draw lines and shapes on the SVG file, you need to use the draw methods of the VisualParsic4 object. These methods take two or more Kubeobjects as arguments, which are objects that represent points or vectors in 3D space. For example, the following code creates two Kubeobjects named line1 and line2, and draws a line between them:
var line1 = new Kubeobject (0, 0, 0);
var line2 = new Kubeobject (100, 100, 0);
vp.drawLine (line1, line2);
You can see more examples of drawing methods in the Visual Parsic 4 GitHub project.


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Signal Temporal Logic (STL) [Maler2004] is gaining momentum as a requirement specification language for complex systems and, in particular, Cyber-Physical Systems [bartocci2018specification]. STL has been applied in several flavours, from Runtime-monitoring [bartocci2018specification] to control synthesis [HaghighiMBB19] and falsification problems [FainekosH019], and recently also within learning algorithms, trying to find a maximally discriminating formula between sets of trajectories [bombara_decision_2016, BBS14, NenziSBB18]. In these applications, a central role is played by the real-valued quantitative semantics [donze2013efficient], measuring robustness of satisfaction.
Most of the applications of STL have been applied to deterministic (hybrid) systems, with less emphasis on non-deterministic or stochastic ones [BartocciBNS15]
. Another area in which formal methods are providing interesting tools is in logic-based distances between models, like bisimulation metrics for Markov models[BacciBLM16], which are typically based on a branching logic. In fact, extending these ideas to linear time logic is hard [jan2016linear], and typically requires statistical approximations. Finally, another relevant problem is how to measure the distance between two logic formulae, thus giving a metric structure to the formula space, a task relevant for learning which received little attention for STL, with the notable exception of [madsen2018metrics].
In this work, we tackle the metric, learning, and model distance problems from a different perspective than the classical one, which is based on some form of comparison of the languages of formulae. The starting point is to consider an STL formula as a function mapping a real-valued trajectory (signal) into a number or into another trajectory. As signals are functions, STL formulae should be properly considered as functionals, in the sense of Functional Analysis (FA) [brezis2010functional]. This point of view gives us a large bag of FA tools to manipulate formulae. What we explore here is the definition of a suitable inner product in the form of a kernel [shawe2004kernel] between STL formulae, capable of capturing the notion of semantic similarity of two formulae. This will endow the space of formulae with the structure of a Hilbert space, defining a metric from the inner product. Moreover, having a kernel opens the use of kernel-based machine learning techniques [rasmussen:williams:2006].
A crucial aspect is that kernels for functionals are typically defined by integrating over the support space, with respect to a given measure. However, in trajectory space, there is no canonical measure (unless one discretizes time and maps signals to
), which introduces a degree of freedom on which measure to use. We decide to work with probability measures on trajectories, i.e. stochastic processes, and we build one that favours "simple" trajectories, with a small total variation. This encodes the idea that two formulae differing on simple signals should have a larger distance than two formulae differing only on complex trajectories. As we will see in the experiments, this choice allows the effective use of this kernel to perform regression on the formula space for approximating the satisfaction probability and the expected robustness of several stochastic processes, different than the one used to build the kernel.
Signal Temporal Logic.
(STL) [Maler2004] is a linear time temporal logic suitable to monitor properties of continuous trajectories. A trajectory is a function with a time domain in and the state space. We define the trajectory space as the set of all possible continuous functions over . The syntax of STL is:
where is the Boolean true constant, is an atomic predicate, negation and conjunction are the standard Boolean connectives and is the until operator, with and . As customary, we can derive the disjunction operator and the future eventually and always operators from the until temporal modality. The logic has two semantics: a Boolean semantics, , with the meaning that the trajectory satisfies the formula and a quantitative semantics, , that can be used to measure the quantitative level of satisfaction of a formula for a given trajectory. The function is also called the robustness function. The robustness is compatible with the Boolean semantics since it satisfies the soundness property: if then ; if then . Furthermore it satisfies also the correctness property, which shows that measures how robust is the satisfaction of a trajectory with respect to perturbations. We refer the reader to [donze2013efficient] for more details.
Given a stochastic process , where is a trajectory space and is a probability measure on a -algebra of , we define the expected robustness as . The qualitative counterpart of the expected robustness is the satisfaction probability , i.e. the probability that a trajectory generated by the stochastic process satisfies the formula at the time : where if and otherwise. The satisfaction probability is the probability that a trajectory generated by the stochastic process satisfies the formula at the time .
A kernel , , defines an integral linear operator on functions , which intuitively can be thought of as a scalar product on a possibly infinite feature space : , with
being the eigenfunctions of the linear operator, spanning a Hilbert space, see[rasmussen:williams:2006]. Knowledge of the kernel allows us to perform approximation and learning tasks over without explicitly constructing it.
One application is kernel regression, with the goal of estimating the function, from a finite amount of observations , where each observation has an associated response , and is the training set. There exist several methods that address this problem exploiting the kernel function has a similarity measure between a generic and the observations of the training set. In the experiments, we compare different regression models used to compute the expected robustness and the probability satisfaction.
3 A kernel for Signal Temporal Logic
If we endow an arbitrary space with a kernel function, we can apply different kinds of regression methods. Even for a non-metric space such as the STL formulae one, with a kernel we could perform operations that are very expensive, such as the estimation of the satisfaction probability and the expected robustness for a stochastic model of any formula , without running additional simulations. The idea behind our definition is to exploit the robustness to project an STL formula to a Hilbert space, and then to compute the scalar product in that space. In fact, the more similar the two projections will be, and the higher the scalar product will result. In addition, the function that we will define will be a kernel by construction.
3.1 STL kernel
Let us fix a formula in the STL formulae space. Consider the robustness , is a bounded interval, and is the trajectory space of continuous functions. We observe that there is a map defined by . With we denote the set of the continuous functions on the topological space . It can be proved that and hence we can use the dot product in as a kernel for . Formally,
Given the STL formulae space , the trajectory space , a bounded interval , let defined by , then:
For proving the theorem, we need to recall the definition of and its inner product.
Given a measure space , we call Lebesgue space the space defined by
where is a norm defined by
We define the function as
It can be easily proved that is a inner product.
Furthermore, we have the following result.
Proposition 1 ([kothe1983topological]).
with the inner product is a Hilbert space.
Proof Theorem 1.
In order to satisfy (1) we can make the hypothesis that is a bounded (in the norm) subset of , with a bounded interval, which means that exists such that for all . Moreover, the measure on is a distribution, and so it is a finite measure. Hence
for each and is the maximum absolute value of an atomic proposition of . This implies . ∎
We can now use the dot product in as a kernel for . In such a way, we will obtain a kernel that returns a high positive value for formulae that agree on high-probability trajectories and high negative values for formulae that, on average, disagree.
Fixing a probability measure on , we can then define the STL-kernel as:
Since the function satisfies the finitely positive semi-definite property, we can be proved that is a kernel itself.
Kernel matrices are positive semi-definite.
Let us consider the general case, that is for . Let us consider
which implies that is positive semi-definite. ∎
Theorem 2 (Characterization of kernels).
A function which is either continuous or has a finite domain, can be written as
where is a feature map into a Hilbert space , if and only if it satisfies the finitely positive semi-definite property.
Firstly, let us observe that if , then it satisfies the finitely positive semi-definite property for the Proposition 2. The difficult part to prove is the other implication.
Let us suppose that satisfies the finitely positive semi-definite property. We will construct the Hilbert space as a function space. We recall that
is a Hilbert space if it is a vector space with an inner product that induces a norm that makes the space complete.
Let us consider the function space
The sum in this space is defined as
which is clearly a close operation. The multiplication by a scalar is a close operation too


Skip to definition.
Verb: neglect ni'glekt
 1. Leave undone or leave out
 "How could I neglect that typo?";
 - pretermit, omit, drop, miss, leave out, overlook, overleap
 2. Not do something; leave something undone
 "She neglected to notice that her child was no longer in his crib";
 - fail
 3. Fail to attend to
 "he neglects his children"
 4. Give little or no attention to
 "neglect the errors";
 - ignore, disregard, tune out
Noun: neglect ni'glekt
 1. Lack of attention and due care
 - disregard
 2. The state of something that has been unused and neglected
 "the house was in a terrible state of neglect";
 - disuse
 3. Wilful lack of care and attention
 - disregard
 4. The trait of neglecting responsibilities and lacking concern
 - negligence, neglectfulness
 - negligence, carelessness, nonperformance
Derived forms: neglects, neglecting, neglected
Type of: carelessness, declination, decline, inattention, mistreatment, nonaccomplishment, nonachievement, sloppiness
Antonym: attend to
Encyclopedia: Neglect


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Frequency Controlled Copper Plating
Original Publication Date: 1987-Jan-01
Included in the Prior Art Database: 2005-Feb-02
Electroplating systems that are current limited have plating rates that vary in relation to the distance from the electrodes. This presents a problem in those applications where sufficient plating is critical and the areas to be plated are remote, e.g., plating of high aspect ratio holes in printed circuit boards. The application of a frequency controlled rate to achieve more uniform plating is described in the following procedure.