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Suppose $H$ is embedded in $G$ and $H'$ is isomorphic to $H$ and embedded in $G'$. Then we can simultaneously embed $H$, $H'$, $G$ and $G'$ into a single object (the amalgamated free product) such that $H$ and $H'$ become identifiable. This seems similar to the Isomorphism Extension Theorem for fields which is important for developing Galois Theory. What are the practical uses of the amalgamated free product?
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van Kampen's theorem says $\pi_1(A\cup B)$ is the free product of $\pi_1(A)$ and $\pi_1(B)$, amalgamated along $\pi_1(A\cap B)$. – user641 Mar 2 '11 at 19:43
A theorem of G. Baumslag says that the free product of two free groups, amalgamated along a cyclic subgroup, is residually finite. This for instance implies all surface groups are residually finite. – user641 Mar 2 '11 at 19:54
_USER_: With conditions on $A$, $B$, and $A \cap B$, of course. More generally it allows us to consider concretely what a "the most general group containing two subgroups intersecting in a particular way" looks like. The notion has a further extension in terms of a pushout, where the "intersection" need not be isomorphic in the two summands. – Zhen Lin Mar 2 '11 at 19:56
A theorem of J.R. Stallings says that a f.g. group with infinitely many ends is either (a special type of) an HNN extension or an amalgamated free product. – user641 Mar 2 '11 at 19:56
2 Answers 2
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As Steve points out, amalgamated free product are key to the Seifert van-Kampen's theorem.
Other uses:
 - HNN Extensions use amalgamated free products. HNN extensions are as follows: given a group $G$ and two subgroups $H$ and $K$ that are isomorphic as groups but not conjugate in $G$, one constructs and overgroup $\mathcal{G}$ of $G$ in which $H$ and $K$ are conjugate. Some consequences of HNN extensions: every countable group can be embedded in a 2-generated group; there exist infinite simple torsion-free groups; there are uncountably many isomorphism classes of finite generated groups; etc.
 - Embeddability of amalgams. Suppose that in your setting $G$ and $G'$ satisfy some further group-theoretic property (e.g., they are finite, torsion, nilpotent, $p$-groups, solvable, etc). Can you find a group $\mathcal{G}$ that contains both $G$ and $G'$ as subgroups, in which $G\cap G' = H=H'$ (or at least, $G\cap G'\supseteq H=H'$), and $\mathcal{G}$ satisfies the same group theoretic property as $G$ and $G'$? Here the answer depends on the group theoretic property; for example, if $G$ and $G'$ are $p$-groups, you may be unable to find a $p$-group into which you can embed them with the properties above. Finding conditions for embeddability is important in terms of separation properties of morphisms, and the concept of epimorphism in special categories of groups (especially varieties).
 - Completing "partial groups". Often one has a structure in which only some products are defined, and one wants to extend it to a group in which all products are defined so that you get a group. The amalgamated free product is the key to this.
 - They are the group-theoretic categorical pushout of an inclusion diagram. Important in dealing with some notions of category theory within groups.
Added. Let me add that I do not think your analogy to the Isomorphism Extension Theorem is very apt, at least not if by "Isomorphism Extension Theorem" you are thinking about the same theorem as I am. By the IET I understand the following theorem:
Theorem. If $F$ is a field, $E$ is an algebraic extension of $F$, and $f\colon F\rightarrow K$ is a field embedding, then $f$ extends to an embedding $\overline{f}\colon E\to \overline{K}$ of $E$ into the algebraic closure of $K$.
I think you are thinking about the identification between $H$ and $H'$ as playing the role of the map $f$ above; but in the IET you already have a fixed "overfield" into which $K$ is embedded in a particular way, and into which you map $E$. Moreover, the extension $\overline{f}\colon E\to \overline{K}$ may "overlap" with $K$ in more than $f(F)$; that is, $\overline{f}(E)\cap K$ may be strictly larger than $f(F)$.
It would be more analogous to this if what you had was a group $G$ with a subgroup $H$, an embedding of $H$ into $G'$, and a group $\overline{G'}$, independent of $G$, into which $G$ could then be embedded extending the the map $H\hookrightarrow G'$.
I think that if you want to find an analogous theorem in fields, it would be that given a field $F$ and two algebraic extensions $K$ and $L$, there exists an extension $M$ of $F$ into which you can embed $K$ and $L$ (in such a way that $K\cap L\supseteq F$), and which is "universal" in the sense that any field which contains an image of $L$ and of $K$ will contain an image of $M$ (this field, of course, is the compositum of $L$ and $K$ in the algebraic closure of $F$).
This makes a bit more sense in that both are instances of pushouts, even though in the field case you need not have a strong embedding (one in which the intersection of the two objects is exactly their "common" object, and not something larger).
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Another important use of amalgamated products arises from groups acting on trees. One easy way to interpret $G=\mbox{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ as an amalgam is to observe how it naturally acts on a tree embedded in the upper half plane $H$ (the tree being simply the boundary of the tessellation of $H$ by fundamental domains of the action of $G$).
See Serre's "Trees" ("Arbres, Amalgames, SL_2"), or these nice lecture notes.
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My idea would be to use a room, and create a self-protecting system to it. When visitors enter the room, they'd launch an airbag-like-balloon that would fill up, pushing the people away. This could be done maybe by using an industrial fan and a plastic bag or sails..
If it's not possible to use or to make a whole room, a smaller scale version of the smae idea would be to make a floor spot that when stepped on, would trigger an alarm, done with light and sound. Maybe using a simple pressure sensor..
I wan't to play with people's instincts and learned behavior. How do people behave and what is interaction anyway..

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


down, so acceleration must still be downward. (Or, one could argue that the block on the table still experiences only one horizontal force, that of tension, so its acceleration must be to the right; the blocks must move as a unit, so the hanging block has downward acceleration.) Once it's established that acceleration is still down, questions 2(b) and 2(c) follow as in 1(b) and 1(c).
By far the most common misconception here is that the net force must be in the direction of movement. A student will commonly get question one reasonably correct, but then say "the block is moving upward, so up forces must be bigger than down forces." This question is just one more salvo in my arsenal aimed at that piece of nonsense.
Another typical misconception is that in question 1, since the hanging block is falling near earth, its acceleration must be g. That's taken care of with a request to state the definition of free fall and a sheepish look from the student.
And, a common mistake is to justify (a) and (c) with circular reasoning: The acceleration is downward because the weight is greater than the tension; the tension is less than the weight because the acceleration is downward. This student doesn't earn full credit, but I'm not worried so much about his comprehension.
I discovered a new misconception today, though. One of my brighter students said acceleration was equal to g, and he stated the definition of free fall accurately. He asked, "since the surface is frictionless, the block on the table doesn't require any force to move. So why won't the rope will be slack, the tension zero, and gravity the only force on the hanging block?"
At first I was flummoxed. I set up two carts on my track, and showed him that the string was in fact not slack. But why on earth would he think that no friction leads to a slack rope?
In further conversation, I discovered that he was referring back to our class's multiple conversations about how no net force is necessary for motion at constant speed in a straight line. A mass on a frictionless track, once moving, keeps moving, even without any tension to pull it. My student wasn't processing that this block on this surface was accelerating, not moving at constant speed. Once I pointed out how the blocks must move together, and therefore accelerate together, he got it.
15 November 2011
How much is this post worth?
Woodberry Forest 21, EHS 12 in 2011. But this picture
is from 2010.
Students, and too often parents and colleagues, usually approach a high school course as a point-earning game. While points and grades must exist -- they *do* motivate, and besides, you're not gettin' very far with your boss if you tell him "I'm not giving grades this marking period, okay?" -- you can send a consistent message that you are an impartial arbiter in the game, not a teammate or an opponent.
Consider the most commonly asked question in class at my school this time of year. These are the High Holy Days at Woodberry Forest -- last Friday night was the bonfire*, and Saturday was The Game, a football match against our chief rival school. This week marks review for exams, which start on Thursday.
* Think the PAGAN ritual scene from the Dragnet movie, probably without the virgin sacrifice but with far more goat leggings
So, on the day before The Game, I passed out an exam information sheet containing basic form and content data. In every section, without fail, someone asked, "How much will the exam be worth?" To me, that's taking the point earning contest too far. I'm not going to allow you to make a strategic decision about whether or not to study based on my answer.
More to the point, what will the class response be to a dispassionate direct answer of "20% of the trimester, as stated in the syllabus?"
(1) Half the class will instantly get out a calculator in order to determine the minimum exam score that will allow them to pass, or to maintain the grade that won't provoke parental ire. Students who can't solve 3x = 5 for x will perform this calculation quickly and flawlessly.
(2) The follow up question will be on the order of, "but, if we do well on the exam, will you weight that more heavily in our final grade?" or, "Can we do extra credit?"
Why even engage in such gaming the system? Considering the background of the big football game, I looked sadly at each student who asked that question. I said, "Mr. Clark, when the football team gathers after practice today for one last conversation together before The Game, would you even consider asking 'Coach, how much is tomorrow's Game worth?' And how would Coach react if he knew that the reason you were asking was so you could weigh just how much effort to give?"
Point made. No follow-up questions about grades. And we moved on to discussing physics.
11 November 2011
Nacho, Nacho Day... and trimester exam review
This is just a repost that answers several frequently asked questions:
(1) How do you help your students review for a major cumulative exam?
(2) Why does your email say "Nacho Man?"
The point is, extra credit and food provide significant incentive to bring students into the classroom during what otherwise would be wasted independent study time. Once students are in the classroom working diligently on physics questions, learning is happening even if music, conversation, and nachos are happening simultaneously.
Check out this post.
Peter Chen, a student who is well-versed in video production, intends to create a "cooking show" style clip about Nacho Day in our physics department. I'll post the link in a month or so.
08 November 2011
No credit for ridiculous answers -- an impulse problem
I work very hard to differentiate my physics class from merely an applied mathematics class. We do quantitative demonstrations nearly daily, in which a mathematical prediction is checked via direct measurement. I frequently ask on homework problems, "Justify the physical reasonability of this answer." My class is incessantly discussing how to figure out whether or not answers make physical sense, regardless of whether arithmetic is done correctly or not.
I amended a problem the other night from (I think) the Serway & Vuille text. I gave them the graph to the right, and wrote:
1. A possible force vs. time curve for a ball struck by a bat is shown in the figure.
(a) Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball.
(b) This 0.25 kg ball was initially moving toward the bat at a speed of 20 m/s. Calculate the exit speed of the ball.
For part (a), most of the class figured out to take the area under the graph, which they better have -- that same day in class I had discussed how impulse can be found as the area under such a graph. Some students estimated an average force, which would be around 4000 or 5000 N, and multiplied by 1.5 ms. Fair enough.
Understandable mistake #1:A few made the error of multiplying the MAXIMUM force of about 8,000 N by the 1.5 ms time interval. I took off one point out of fifteen for that -- these students were at least approaching the problem with relevant physics. This mistake makes the impulse wrong by a factor of 2.
Understandable mistake #2: A few also failed to read the horizontal axis, and multiplied by a time interval of 1.5 s, not 1.5 ms. These students also were approaching the problem with correct physics, but made an arithmetic error. Granted, the answer for impulse was off by a factor of 1000, giving them 7500 Ns instead of 7.5 Ns. But I can't really expect anyone to have a serious physical understanding of orders of magnitude for impulse calculations, especially in the first two days of studying the topic. So I took off just one point.
On to part (b).
Understandable mistake #3: The most common error was to fail to account for the direction change of the momentum vector. The ball has a momentum of 5.0 Ns toward the bat before the collision. The ball's momentum changes by 7.5 Ns. But, that doesn't give the ball a final momentum of 12.5 Ns! Since the ball changed directions, the momentum must have first DECREASED by 5.0 Ns to zero, and then increased in the direction away from the bat by 2.5 Ns.
With the failure to account for the direction change of the ball, the exit speed works out to 50 m/s -- a lot, but still not unreasonable, as baseballs hit for home runs routinely exit the bat with speeds above 100 mph. The correct answer is 10 m/s, or about 22 mph -- not a very hard hit, but also not unreasonable. Anything related to a baseball in the tens of miles per hour


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By Colleen Fisher Tully
- whole cooked lobster, cooled
- kitchen shears
- bamboo skewers
- lobster-shell cracker or nutcracker
1. The Tail
Bend lobster tail back slightly and twist to remove—it should come apart easily. Starting at open end, using kitchen shears, cut shell down middle of tail's underside, as shown. Open up shell like a book; remove meat in one piece. If there is green pasty stuff (the liver and pancreas, called tomalley), wipe it away with a paper towel and discard. The same goes for any tiny eggs.
Editor's Note: Some Canadians love tomalley! Just remember, Health Canada advises children avoid it and adults to restrict their consumption to no more than the amount found in one lobster.
2. The Claws, Part A
Twist two front legs off body of lobster. If they don't twist off easily, use kitchen shears to snip through any cartilage. Bend small pincer back and forth until it breaks off, as shown. Carefully pull shell away from meat to keep claw intact. If meat breaks apart, use bamboo skewer to pull meat out of pincer.
3. The Claws, Part B
Using lobster shell cracker, break into large claw shell at base, as shown. Using fingers or skewer, pull out claw meat. If needed, use kitchen shears to cut into shell further, opening it like a book and lifting out meat. Make sure all hard cartilage has detached from claw meat before setting aside. Don't forget the knuckle! Break this leg section into pieces and push out meat with skewer.
4. Reserve Shells
Now you have the secret ingredient to the most amazing soups, stocks and flavoured butters: lobster shells. If you can't use them right away, toss them in a freezer-safe bag or container and store them in the freezer.
Editor's Note: The skinny leg pieces have very small bits of meat you can extract with a skewer, or many cooks leave them intact to help flavour the next recipe.
Here's how to make Lobster Butter.
From lobster rolls to risottos to decadent eggs Benedict, there's no end to enjoying succulent Canadian lobster meat. Try it in this seafaring chef's signature dish: Oleg's Seafood Chowder.


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Bhagwan Swaminarayan believed in responding to the social needs of the then current climate. Developing individuals and families was vital to maintaining the social structure of India in the 18th century. Thus, He concentrated on the spiritual and social development of each individual, while maintaining the primacy of the family as a basic social unit. Those development measures remain relevant today.
Life is a continuous source of change. People mature and develop through different stages in life. It is the direction of this constant change that determines the decline or prosperity of a community and a generation. Developing individuals is the foundation for strengthening our communities. The BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha stays with people through life's changes by helping them develop their academic and professional careers and their social and familial lives. BAPS fosters a community where children are nurtured through academic programs, character building initiatives, and wellness programs. Individuals are given a platform to practice and perfect their talents. With the skills developed through these initiatives, BAPS encourages people to contribute to their community. At the center of these initiatives is the mandir, an epicenter for overall development.


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Anticipatory Anxiety Automatic Thought Record Worksheet
Worksheet updated on May 11th, 2018
Anticipatory anxiety is a struggle for many people. Often we see things like catastrophizing when people experience anxiety about upcoming events. When it comes to anticipatory anxiety the thought of the worst case scenario is enough to have a patient be overcome with worry, which will sometimes affect performance and their mental and emotional health. That's why it is important for a patient who has a tendency to catastrophize or experience anticipatory anxiety to be able to rationalize their expectations with the evidence they know to be true.
About This Worksheet
This ATR walks patients through their worries and brings to light their active catastrophizing tendencies. This worksheet serves as great practice for breaking down cognitive distortions, anxiety reactions, and triggers. It also helps the patient see and understand how their anxiety affects how they make expectations about the future.
It first asks the patient to identify the worry, rate the worry on a scale to one to 10, and identify what triggered the worry. It then has the patient list the evidence to support and not support the expectation for the most adverse outcome. Finally, after working through the worry with a logical break down of what the patient already knows, the patient is asked for the most likely outcome and asked to re-score their anxiety.


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- Being a highly effective people manager and team builder, achieving stretch targets in an environment of change.


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The general carbohydrate balance calculated has been found to correlate well with tree sensitivity to natural drop and with sensitivity to chemical thinners.
Cool sunny periods of good carbohydrate supply lead to reduced natural drop and less response to thinners. Cloudy hot periods result in carbohydrate deficits and lead to stronger natural drop and stronger response to thinners.
The Cornell apple carbohydrate thinning model was developed Alan Lakso and adapted for practical use by Terence Robinson (both pomologists at Cornell University). Using fundamental tree physiology (beginning at bud break), the model estimates over a season the carbohydrate production by an apple tree (with a set description) and the total demands for growth for both the crop and tree growth. It calculates a balance of supply to demand each day of the season using the weather data entered from a chosen weather station.
It should be noted that the model does not attempt to model any specific variety or training system. The general carbohydrate balance it calculates has been found to correlate well with tree sensitivity to natural drop and with sensitivity to chemical thinners. Cool sunny periods of good carbohydrate supply lead to reduced natural drop and less response to thinners. Cloudy hot periods result in carbohydrate deficits and lead to stronger natural drop and stronger response to thinners. The four-day running average is used since studies and observations have shown that the apple tree does not respond to just one or two days of good or bad weather, but has a capacity to respond more slowly to changes in weather.
The thinning recommendations given for each date are based on the forecasted carbohydrate balance over the next 4 days in the future. Thus if a spray is applied today, the weather over the next 4 days is taken into account when giving a thinning recommendation. The thinning recommendations are based on the best research available and are given as a guide to help define the proper rate of hormone type thinning chemicals (NAA, BA and Carbaryl) when sprayed with a given carbohydrate status. However, since they are based on forecasted weather and biological systems that we don't completely understand they are inherently imprecise, and therefore Cornell scientists advise growers that use of the carbohydrate model recommendations is at their own risk. Cornell University is not responsible for the actual outcome of thinning sprays, which are influenced by many additional variables including individual spraying methods.
Table 1. Decision rules for using the output of the carbohydrate model to adjust chemical thinning rate.
|4-day Av. Carb. Balance||Thinning Recommendation|
|> 0g/day||Increase Chemical Thinner Rate by 30%|
|0g/day to -20g/day||Apply Standard Chemical Thinner Rate|
|-20g/day to -40g/day||Decrease Chemical Thinner Rate by 15%|
|-40g/day to -60 g/day||Decrease Chemical Thinner Rate by 30%|
|-60g/day to -80 g/day||Decrease Chemical Thinner Rate by 50%|
|< than -80g/day||Do not thin (many fruits will fall off naturally)|
As we have stated at various meetings the results are an estimation and do not represent any specific tree variety or system. You can use the results as an indication of how you might want to consider altering your normal thinning program based upon the carbon balance.
We encourage you to follow our postings and those on the Network for Environment and Weather Applications (NEWA) site and make observations on how your thinning applications perform. By providing feedback to us we can further refine the process and hopefully provide you with better insight on your chemical thinning applications.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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To meaningfully support the global climate agenda, the real estate and construction sector must develop a more systematic, coherent and aligned approach to data management, according to new RICS report presented at the 23rd Conference of the Parties (COP 23) in Bonn, Germany, November 9-17, 2017.
This is one of the key findings of a new RICS report called "Global Trends in Data Capture and Management in Real Estate and Construction," presented as part of the COP 23 Building Action Symposium on November 9 aimed at identifying key actions that could help achieve low-carbon, energy efficient buildings and a construction sector that will represent a tangible contribution to implementing the Paris Climate Agreement.
RICS is convinced that better whole life-cycle data capture, management and reporting enables government decision-makers, among others, to:
- Assess and develop more effective sustainability policies and incentive schemes,
- Stimulate more large-scale investment and financing of energy efficiency,
- Kick-start innovation, and
- Enable sector participants to build holistic strategies targeted at reducing carbon emissions during planning, construction and real estate use.
The report draws on the views and insights of building sector leaders – including representatives working in public policy, finance and investment – who are part of the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (Global ABC). The Global ABC, of which RICS is a founding member, was established at COP21 in 2015 to develop a more coordinated, sector-by-sector approach to tackling climate change.
"Within the Global ABC, RICS is part of a dedicated working group on measurement, data and accountability. Following an extensive global survey of our stakeholders, the report pulls together how collecting, managing and sharing data across the sector can support larger climate goals. Better data means more market transparency, more informed decision-making, reduced investment risk and the ability to track and measure the all-important targets set out in the Paris Agreement."
While the report lists an encouraging number of good practice examples and public and private initiatives, the overriding message of the survey is that the fragmentation and silo-thinking that the sector is known for, also translates into the way it handles its data.
Given the emphasis on driving investment into more energy efficiency measures in the built environment, the RICS report aims to help all stakeholders understand how better data management can protect their investments and assets through supporting the global climate agenda.
In the European Union, buildings account for 40 percent of EU energy use, and it is estimated that the EU needs to invest around €100 billion annually in building renovations to meet its energy and climate goals. The EU has increased the amount of public funds available for energy efficiency, but the European Commission has indicated that there is a need to boost private energy investments.
According to a recent report on the state of play of valuing energy efficiency, authored by RICS as part of the Energy Efficient Mortgages Action Plan Initiative (EeMAP), adequate data capture and information management will be required to unlock financing of energy efficiency resulting in a lower risk to lenders.
Zsolt Toth, RICS spokesperson explained at COP 23 the importance of data in underwriting energy efficiency investments and, ultimately, creating demand, saying: "Mortgage lenders have a clear interest in the state of the EU building stock. Investments in building performance improvements can help to free-up disposable income for borrowers through lower utility bills and can protect against long term value erosion. As a result, they can reduce credit risk, so they are a win-win for lenders, investors, consumers and climate.
However, a crucial prerequisite for the evaluator to better quantify a potential value increase is the availability and accessibility of data on both building physical and performance characteristics. Feedback from evaluators indicates that as yet, consistent collection and management of data and information is not standard market practice in the EU."


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Broken trust, with self and others, takes us into layers of unconscious contracts that keep us suspended out of our own lives. How do we restore trust and self-connection, as well as fully entering the present moment, with the help of relational neuroscience, the healing of trauma, and constellation work?
Constellations are a way of unwinding and unraveling the frozen strands of trauma and buried nervous-system vows from our essential beings, so that we can flourish, live, and contribute our gifts with ease.
This 5-day immersion week will cover the following topics:
- Use constellations to support healing from violations
- take away an understanding of special circumstances for healing violation in constellations.
Recordings will be available for 3 years. Please download and save all videos you would like to keep by September 1, 2024
To learn more about downloading, please visit the FAQ
Please click the lesson to view the recordings


it's advisable to disable Dynamic Memory if you intend to use Nested Virtualization. (More details here.) Note that it used to be a strict prerequisite for Nested Virtualization in some preview builds, but not anymore.
However, you are not going to use Nested Virtualization. So, this recommendation does not apply. If you believe you need Nested Virtualization please see above.
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2.6. I need to disable DMA protection
This is yet another known requirement related to Nested Virtualization. It applies to scenarios where all of the following is true.
As a reminder, there may be various reasons to run VSM inside a VM. Credential Guard is one of them. However, if you only need VSM (and any features that depend on it, such as Credential Guard), you do not have to enable Nested Virtualization . Hence, this limitation does not apply to you.
Fine, but when is it actually needed?
The most common scenario where all of the above conditions are valid is running so-called "Guarded Host" inside a VM, e.g. for a Shielded VMs lab. Shielded VMs technology (or, more precisely, virtual TPM functionality) relies on VSM on the host (and such host is called Guarded Host.) If your host is actually a VM itself, you end up in this scenario.
Another less common use case where the same set of conditions applies is scenario known as "Repair Garage" used in some Shielded VMs implementations. It is different from the abovementioned lab scenario in the sense that the only Shielded VM is the "Garage" itself. It runs under a hypervisor which runs directly on bare metal. As such, we can call it "Level 1" or "Parent" VM. The "Child" or "Level 2" VMs are not necessarily shielded. However, since this scenario still involves nested virtualization, it falls into the same bucket from prerequisites standpoint.
In either case, VSM of "Parent" VM cannot benefit from DMA protection. The reason is that Hyper-V does not provide a virtual device with IOMMU functionality (an equivalent of "Intel Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O" or VT-d.)
So, if you configure Virtual Secure Mode for such scenarios, you should not set it to require DMA protection. In other words, the value of "RequirePlatformSecurityFeatures" parameter should be 1 instead of 3.
If you are curious what are the meanings of different numerical values of "RequirePlatformSecurityFeatures", they seem to match those of "RequiredSecurityProperties" property of "Win32_DeviceGuard" WMI class. However, the only officially documented values are 1 and 3.
Anyhow, unless you intend to run "child" virtual machines (shielded or otherwise) inside your "parent" virtual machine, you do not need the nested virtualization feature. Consequently, the DMA Protection limitation does not apply to your scenario. You can safely expect that DMA Protection is available, and hence require it. That is, set "RequirePlatformSecurityFeatures" to 3.
However, if you indeed aim to use Nested Virtualization, and hence relax the DMA Protection requirement, please be aware that you are trading off a valuable security feature—so you have to understand your scenario and implications well.
Consequences
Strictly speaking, DMA protection functionality (IOMMU) does not make sense for a virtualized environment anyhow—because there's no DMA hardware in a virtual machine. (Unless you specifically enable Guest RDMA .) If the "parent" VM is shielded (e.g. in a "Repair Garage" scenario), it provides sufficient protection from the host-based attacks, even in the absence of DMA protection in the guest.
(The physical machine of course still needs this important functionality. Please see below for details on Shielded VMs threats and countermeasures.)
In a typical lab scenario, however, the "parent" virtual machine is typically not shielded, while the "child" VMs might be. (Because, if you already can run a Shielded VM as your "Level 1" VM—that is, under a hypervisor running on bare metal—you probably do not need to do that in a lab anymore.) In this configuration, the "child" VM's secrets are expected to be secured by the VSM running in the host—which in our case is "parent" VM. However, as the latter is not shielded, these secrets are still vulnerable to host-based attacks. Hence, this is a perfectly valid lab scenario, but it does not provide any real protection. It cannot be used for vulnerability assessment, penetration testing or actual production deployment.
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2.7. I need to enable virtual TPM
Well this assumption is not as false as previous ones. However, it is still false. In fact, you do not need a TPM to run Credential Guard. This is true for both physical (bare metal) and virtual machines. So, a TPM is not strictly a requirement.
However, TPM is highly recommended. As documentation says, "A TPM provides protection for VBS encryption keys that are stored in the firmware. This helps protect against attacks involving a physically present user with BIOS access."
Please note the emphasis I added to previous paragraph. This is very important for the following discussion.
Virtual TPM and VM identity
Virtual TPM (vTPM) is somewhat an unusual virtual device. While most of VM devices can be added or removed, a virtual TPM can only be enabled or disabled. Similarly to a physical TPM, soldered on the motherboard, you cannot truly remove it, or replace with an instance of another device. Even if you disable vTPM, and then enable it back, it's still the original instance of the device with the previously existing contents. Normally it does not matter, but please keep this in mind in case of any troubleshooting or security compromise.
You can clear or re-initialize a virtual TPM similarly to a physical TPM. However, if for some reason you need to actually replace it, you will need to create another VM configuration from scratch. That would affect other identities of the VM. Some of them are more or less easy to change (to mimic those of original VM)—for instance, SMBIOS GUID, Serial Number or MAC addresses of the vmNICs. However, some other identities are very hard (if ever possible) to modify—such as PNP IDs of virtual devices.
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2.8. I need Shielded Virtual Machine
To put it simply, you don't. There are no technical requirement to have any of Shielded VMs features if you want to run Credential Guard or any other feature powered by Virtual Secure Mode (e.g. HVCI.)
Devil in details
However, let's talk about threat modeling a little. As explained above, having a TPM is strongly advised. Without a TPM, your machine (or anything protected by VSM inside a machine) is vulnerable for attacks by anyone with physical access. For a physical, bare-metal machine, that's anyone hanging out nearby your computer. Plain and simple. But for a virtual machine, the list goes on and on. Virtualization is a blessing for IT because it provides unprecedented abstraction and flexibility. But the direct consequence of this abstraction is the need to rethink the concept of "physical access".
At very least, that includes anyone hanging out nearby your virtualization host. However, an equivalent of physical access includes anyone (no matter how remote they are) with administrative privileges on the virtualization host (e.g. your virtualization administrator). But protecting the host itself is not enough. Because the list also includes anyone with access to virtual machine files in one way or another. For some environments that might include the storage (SAN) administrator, backup operator, antivirus administrator, whoever manages the patching infrastructure, network administrator, datacenter technicians—or even the hardware vendor who is authorized to come in and swap bad parts in servers.
(From the standpoint of a Shielded VMs implementation we call all these parties collectively "Fabric Administrators"—however, this might be confusing, especially considering what a "Fabric" means in other contexts. We intentionally unify them under a generic term because they are all equally untrusted from the perspective of a VM owner—the party we call "a Tenant").
What I'm trying to say here, the concept of "physical access" is very different comparing with that with a physical computer. For a virtual machine, "physical access" is… well, virtual.
And so what?
So, looking at the above recommendation again, we should add a TPM to mitigate the physical presence attack vector. Is that it? Well, yes, if we were talking about a physical machine. But with a virtual machine, that list of people who have an equivalent of "physical access" might be endless.
For this very reason, simply adding a virtual TPM does not add anything to our threat model. Now instead of protecting the VM disk files, we need to protect much smaller resource or configuration files (where the contents of virtual TPM lives.) Even though virtual TPM contents is always encrypted at rest, the encryption key has to be stored somewhere. And by default there's nowhere else to


text:
An Oneota ceramic vessel, ca. _PHONE_
Oneota Ceramic Vessel
Excavated by museum archaeologists near La Crosse in 1989, this Oneota ceramic vessel is typical of pottery styles used over 500 years ago. Oneota Tradition peoples inhabited much of the Midwest during the centuries just before the arrival of European explorers. They usually settled in small farming villages beside lakes and rivers where they planted gardens and harvested fish from nearby waters.
Early Native Peoples|
|Creator: ||Historical Society Museum
|Pub Data: ||Historical Society Museum. (Museum object #1995.218.39)
|Citation: ||Oneota Ceramic Vessel. Historical Society Museum.
Online facsimile at:
Visited on: 5/23/2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Importance of Balancing Membrane and Electrode Water in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Document Type
Article
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) offer several potential advantages over proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), most notably to overcome the cost barrier that has slowed the growth and large scale implementation of fuel cells for transportation. However, limitations in performance have held back AEMFCs, specifically in the areas of stability, carbonation, and maximum achievable current and power densities. In order for AEMFCs to contend with PEMFCs for market viability, it is necessary to realize a competitive cell performance. This work demonstrates a new benchmark for a H2/O2 AEMFC with a peak power density of 1.4 W cm−2 at 60 °C. This was accomplished by taking a more precise look at balancing necessary membrane hydration while preventing electrode flooding, which somewhat surprisingly can occur both at the anode and the cathode. Specifically, radiation-grafted ETFE-based anion exchange membranes and anion exchange ionomerpowder, functionalized with benchmark benzyltrimethylammonium groups, were utilized to examine the effects of the following parameters on AEMFC performance: feed gas flow rate, the use of hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic gas diffusion layers, and gas feed dew points.
Rights
© Journal of Power Sources, 2018, Elsevier
Omasta, T., Wang, L., Peng, X., Lewis, C., Varcoe, J., & Mustain, W. (2018). Importance of balancing membrane and electrode water in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal Of Power Sources, 375, 205-213.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.006
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Protect Your Space with Cigarette Smoke Detectors by Verkada
Guarding Against Cigarette Smoke
In today's ever-evolving world, ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals is of utmost importance. Monarch understands the importance of addressing specific safety concerns, such as the detection of cigarette smoke. That's why we offer advanced air quality sensors.
While smoke detectors have long been a staple in buildings, the challenges posed by traditional detectors in detecting cigarette smoke necessitate specialized solutions. By understanding the benefits that advanced detectors offer, businesses can make informed decisions to ensure the utmost safety.
Among the array of options available, we will introduce the SV20 air quality series by Verkada, a cutting-edge solution that combines advanced technology with unparalleled performance. Create a safer environment with Verkada's air quality sensors for smoke detection. Learn more by connecting with our security experts here at Monarch today!
Explore the Benefits of Cigarette Smoke Detectors
Using cigarette smoke detectors offers a range of valuable benefits for businesses and indoor environments. Consider the following:
- Early Detection: Cigarette smoke detectors provide early detection of smoke, allowing for immediate action to mitigate potential fire hazards and protect individuals.
- Enhanced Safety: By promptly detecting cigarette smoke, these detectors enhance the safety of indoor environments by minimizing the risks associated with smoking. These risks include fire outbreaks, secondhand smoke exposure, and related health hazards.
- Compliance with Regulations: Cigarette smoke detectors help businesses comply with regulations that require monitoring and detection of smoking activities in specific environments.
- Prevention of Unauthorized Smoking: These detectors act as a deterrent, discouraging unauthorized smoking in areas where it is prohibited. Hence, they help maintain a smoke-free environment.
- Rapid Response and Alerting: When cigarette smoke is detected, these detectors trigger immediate alerts, notifying designated personnel or authorities. In turn, this enables a quick response.
By leveraging the benefits of cigarette smoke detectors, businesses can ensure a safer and healthier indoor environment, mitigate risks, comply with regulations, and protect their assets and occupants effectively.
Key Features of Cigarette Smoke Detectors
When selecting cigarette smoke detectors for your business' facilities, look for the following qualities to enhance detection and monitoring capabilities while minimizing ownership costs:
Multiple Built-In Sensors: Look for devices that have multiple sensors onboard as this is the most cost-effective option. The most advanced environmental sensors are capable of detecting smoke, vapor, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) all in one piece of hardware.
Cloud-Based Platform Integration: Detection is only the first step. You must also consider how you'll manage, monitor, and respond to smoking/vaping incidents. To make this process easier on you or your security personnel, look for a sensor that can be directly integrated into your existing security architecture and remote management system.
Tamper-Proof: Tampering is a regular challenge for building, facility, and security workers. Look for sensors that detect tampering and deliver discreet alerts to the appropriate incident response team. This prevents replacement costs and other costs associated with unit loss.
Notifications and User Preferences: Look for sensors that can be maintained and configured remotely rather than those that require time-consuming, on-device configuration for notifications and alerts. User settings should be fully adjustable.
Adjustable Sensitivity Levels: The ability to adjust the sensitivity levels of the detector allows for customization based on the specific environment, ensuring optimal detection performance without unnecessary false alarms.
Standards For Privacy: Because smoke and vape sensors are frequently installed in toilets, break rooms, and other private or semi-private places, each device should be built to respect and maintain privacy. That essentially implies no audio or video recording in sensitive areas.
Applications of Cigarette Smoke Detectors
Cigarette smoke detectors have diverse applications across various environments, providing effective monitoring and detection solutions. Here are the key applications of cigarette smoke detectors:
- Indoor Public Spaces: Cigarette smoke detectors are essential in public spaces, such as airports, train stations, shopping malls, and entertainment venues.
- Healthcare Facilities: In hospitals, clinics, and healthcare facilities, cigarette smoke detectors help maintain a smoke-free environment. This ensures the safety and well-being of patients, staff, and visitors.
- Educational Institutions: Schools and universities benefit from cigarette smoke detectors to enforce no-smoking policies, protect students from secondhand smoke exposure, and prevent fire incidents.
- Hospitality Industry: Hotels, restaurants, and hospitality establishments rely on cigarette smoke detectors to ensure compliance with smoking regulations, maintain a clean and pleasant atmosphere, and safeguard guests and staff.
Introducing the SV20 Air Quality Sensor Series
The SV20 Series by Verkada offers businesses and organizations a range of air quality monitoring solutions. With three models to choose from, the SV21, SV23, and SV25, businesses can select the ideal solution for their air quality needs, such as cigarette smoke detection. The SV21 is perfect for meeting rooms, classrooms, and server rooms, while the SV23 is best suited for offices and for detecting vape usage. The SV25 is designed for health monitoring, specialty monitoring, and green buildings.
Moreover, the SV21 is a powerful sensor accurately measures temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide. For even more comprehensive monitoring, the SV23 adds AQI, TVOC, motion, vaping/smoking, noise, and PM 2.4. Finally, the SV25 includes the measures of the SV21 and SV23 plus light, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and barometric pressure readings.
With the SV20 Series Air Quality Sensors, organizations can monitor and manage indoor environmental conditions with ease.
* Only the SV23 and SV25 Air Quality Sensors detect smoke. Unless you need speciality and health monitoring, we suggest the SV23 for smoke monitoring.
Frequently Asked Questions — Cigarette Smoke Detectors
How does Verkada's air quality cigarette smoke detector work?
Cigarette smoke detectors are advanced devices designed to detect and monitor smoking activity in indoor spaces. These sensors utilize cutting-edge technology to analyze the air quality and identify the presence of harmful particles or chemicals released during smoking.
Equipped with sensitive detectors, they can detect vape/smoke aerosols, measure air quality indicators, such as particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and provide real-time data on vaping occurrences
Why is it important to have a cigarette smoke detector?
Cigarette smoke detectors are crucial for several reasons. First, they help protect against the health risks associated with cigarette smoke exposure, especially in enclosed spaces.
Second, they provide early detection of potential fire hazards, allowing swift action to prevent accidents and minimize damage. Lastly, cigarette smoke detectors contribute to maintaining compliance with fire safety regulations and creating a safer environment for occupants.
Where can I use cigarette smoke detectors?
Cigarette smoke detectors can be used in various settings, including residential buildings, hotels, restaurants, healthcare facilities, offices, and public spaces.
Any indoor environment where cigarette smoke is a concern can benefit from the installation of these detectors to ensure the safety and well-being of occupants.
Are Verkada's cigarette smoke detectors easy to install and maintain?
Yes, Verkada's cigarette smoke detectors are designed for ease of installation and maintenance. They often come with user-friendly installation instructions and can be easily mounted on walls or ceilings.
An Overview of the Command Interface
With Verkada's Air Quality Sensors and Command platform, Monarch offers a comprehensive solution for monitoring and managing indoor air quality.
- Verkada's Cloud-first System: Monitor environmental conditions across all indoor spaces using a single, cloud-based platform accessible from anywhere.
- Intelligent Alerts: Stay informed with customizable alerts and set up custom events for streamlined monitoring and investigations.
- Remote Access and Management: Easily manage sites and receive real-time alerts for offline sensors, device tampering, and motion from any device.
- Effortless Archiving: Access sensor data from any device, and Command licenses include unlimited cloud archiving and 365-day backup for sensor data.
Sensor Data Visualization
Verkada's Air Quality cigarette smoke detectors provide rich data visualization capabilities, allowing you to make sense of your environmental data. Here's what you can expect:
- Visualize and Aggregate Data: View data across multiple environments, locations, data types, or time periods for a comprehensive understanding of air quality.
- Real-time Alerts: Subscribe to real-time alerts triggered by sensor devices and integrate them with third-party systems
- Intuitive Dashboards: Customize visualizations in Command to display data dynamically on third-party devices, ensuring easy deployment and access.
- API Integration for Data Analysis: Extract sensor data and run further analysis, creating custom graphs and sharing valuable insights.
Audio Recording Feature
Verkada Air Quality Vape Sensors, including the SV23, come equipped with powerful audio recording capabilities. Here are the highlights:
- Comprehensive Audio Monitoring: Capture up to 365 days of audio recording to add context and verification to noise and motion alerts.
- Privacy-respecting Deployment: Admins have full control over audio recording, enabling it on a per-device basis while respecting individuals' privacy.
- Seamless Integration: Pair audio recording with other sensor readings and Verkada cameras to get a complete visual and audio perspective of the environment. This can help you understand the context behind vaping events.
Connect with Monarch's security experts to learn more about Verkada's Air Quality Sensors and how they can help you maintain a safe and healthy indoor environment.
Clean Air, Healthy Environment: Experience Verkada's Air Quality Series – Cigarette Smoke Detectors
With the ability to detect and monitor cigarette smoke in various settings, these detectors offer valuable benefits for businesses and instituions. Cigarette smoke detectors play a pivotal role in fire prevention, air quality management, and regulatory compliance. With their applications spanning across industries, these


text:
Science, Technology, Engineering & Math | News
Robot Set Helps Teach Math and Science
- By Dian Schaffhauser
Can robots teach math? That's what RobotsLab is promoting with the release of its latest robotics product, the Box, a kit of hardware and curriculum intended to teach Algebra 1 and 2, physics, geometry, trigonometry, and pre-calculus for grades seven through 12. The Box comes in two versions, one for $3,500, which includes four robots, a tablet computer that acts as the control station, accessories, and 50 lessons and quizzes. A "Deluxe" Box, which is $3,999, includes access to additional lessons throughout the year and an extended warranty.
Each lesson is an app on the tablet that controls the robots in the package. Every module comes with an instructional video, a touch-based lesson, a quiz, and additional teaching materials. For example, a robotic ball is used in lessons on quadratic equations, statistics, and probability; a robotic arm helps teach geometry lessons on triangles and angles as well as trig lessons on arc, length, sine, and cosine; and a "quadcopter" provides physics lessons in gravity, acceleration, and frame of reference.
| || |
RobotsLab's Box kits enable teachers to use robots to illustrate math concepts.
According to one lesson, the robots are used to "expose scientific principles providing a bridge between the abstract topics and the real world." In order to solve quizzes, the students have to work through equations, come to an understanding of physical forces, and perform scientific investigation.
The content has been vetted by a panel of teachers who reviewed, experienced, and tested the courses before the Box was launched. "You can open the Box, turn-on the preloaded tablet, and within minutes explain quadratic equations with a Quadcopter," said reviewer Peter Stone, a professor at the University of Texas, Austin."You don't need to be experienced with robotics or have a degree in computer science--just an enthusiasm for your subject area."
According to the company, the lessons align with Common Core State Standards as well as the standards mandated by the Texas Education Agency.
Dian Schaffhauser is a writer who covers technology and business for a number of publications. Contact her at _EMAIL_.


text: Through photographs, maps, and the writings of highly respected authors such as David Fromkin, Zahi Hawass, Sandra Mackey, and Milton Viorst, Cradle & Crucible details the historical, political, cultural, and religious forces that have shaped the region and unravels for readers the enigma that is the Middle East. Beginning with the prehistoric civilizations of the fertile crescent and continuing through the conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries, the first section of the book distills the Middle East's sweeping, often turbulent history. From the Hittites to Alexander the Great, from the Romans to the Crusaders, from the Ottomans to the Imperialists, the Middle East's rich tapestry of influences and identities is described with new critical insights. The book's second section is devoted to the Middle East's three great faiths, examining in depth the impact of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian beliefs on history and daily life in the Middle East. Filled with photographs and maps that contribute to a visual understanding of the subject, Cradle & Crucible is a timely guide to this complex, enormously important area of the world.


text:
A sea of tulips is blooming at Sherwood High School. Now the agriculture students who planted the bulbs are eager to make a sale.
Last November, the Intro to Agriculture class taught by Liberty Seal planted 2,700 tulip bulbs at Sherwood High School's greenhouse. Barb Iverson and Karen Bever of Wooden Shoe Tulip Farm in Woodburn were on hand to supervise as 35 students prepared soil and pots for tulips with names like Maja and Purple Dream.
The tulip project is the brainchild of Seal, who teaches agriculture science in the school's Career and Technical Education Department. Seal called the tulip project significant because it is the first group of Sherwood students to plant perennials with industry guidance. It is also the high school's first planting project started solely by Intro to Agriculture students.
Each student in Seal's class is a member of the Sherwood chapter of Future Farmers of America (FFA). Describing it as an intracurricular program, Seal said the students can apply the agriculture and leadership lessons learned in classes to their own FFA projects called Supervised Agricultural Experiences.
Read more at hereisoregon.com


text:
Steve Chien, Russell Knight, Andre Stechert, Rob Sherwood, and Gregg Rabideau
The majority of planning and scheduling research has focused on batch-oriented models of planning. This paper discusses the use of iterative repair techniques to support a continuous planning process as is appropriate for autonomous spacecraft control. This allows the plan to incorporate execution feedback - such as early or late completion of activities, and over-use or under-use of resources. In this approach, iterative repair supports continuous modification and updating of a current working plan in light of changing operating context..


I have a (real) array of data and am trying to analyze its frequency components. I've been using NumPy's FFT routines, but I realized there is something I don't quite understand: why does the output give me an imaginary part?
Of course I know that in general the Fourier transform is complex-valued, but it seems to me that the DFT is sampling frequencies that are integer multiples of the timestep of my original data trace. Shouldn't I then be getting results that lie only on the real axis?
What am I missing here?
 - 6
 $\begingroup$ It's still about the basic Fourier transform. If all of your sinusoidal components were cosine, not sine, (which means that $x[N-n]=x[n]$), then all of your frequency components would be purely real, whether they are exactly an integer FFT bin location or not. if all of the sinusoidal components were sine, not cosine, (which means that $x[N-n]=-x[n]$) then every frequency component in the FFT would be purely imaginary. if the phase was somewhere between a cosine and a sine, then you will have non-zero real and imaginary parts. $\endgroup$ – robert bristow-johnson Jun 11 '19 at 20:40
 - $\begingroup$ Thanks for the reply. I'm trying to analyze correlation/anti-correlation (in the frequency domain) of two different sets of data, so I am taking the Fourier transform of the cross-correlation function to try to get at cross-spectra, but I want to preserve potential anti-correlation so I don't want to simply take the magnitude of the FT. Are you suggesting there is a way I can modify the numpy function to get purely real frequency components? My data is very much non-periodic, so maybe what I'm trying to do is not even possible? $\endgroup$ – Dario Rosenstock Jun 11 '19 at 20:48
 - $\begingroup$ as rbj said, if your signal (in this case, the crosscorrelation) isn't even-symmetrical, then you get a complex spectrum; just looking at the real part of that is simply dropping half of the information. So, to answer your question: No, the result should not only lie on the real axis. $\endgroup$ – Marcus Müller Jun 11 '19 at 22:26
 - $\begingroup$ This article should give you an intuitive understanding of what a bin value means for a pure real tone in a DFT: dsprelated.com/showarticle/768.php If you "get it", and "it" follows directly from the definition, then you will understand why the imaginary part is intrinsic. Note, this is not a common understanding, but it is a good one. $\endgroup$ – Cedron Dawg Jun 11 '19 at 22:30
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_-johnson but look at this: fft(cos(2*pi*[0:3]/20)) ans = 3.3479 (0.1910 - 0.3633i) 0.2702 (0.1910 + 0.3633i) So non integer DFT bin of cos yields complex result... $\endgroup$ – Fat32 Jun 12 '19 at 8:52
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text:
Definition of unsterile in English:
Not sterile or sterilized: unsterile needles
More example sentences
- He believes that AIDS may have its origin in unsterile hypodermic needles and antibiotics.
- Panicky use of unsterile needles may transmit HIV, hepatitis C, or other infections.
- I always have been taught that the back of the gown is considered unsterile and that personnel in sterile attire should not have their back to sterile supplies or fields.
Definition of unsterile in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Darcis chocolate makers
 - Darcis chocolate makers
 - Darcis chocolate makers - Museum
 - Darcis chocolate makers - Museum
 - Darcis chocolate makers
 - Darcis chocolate makers - Museum
Darcis chocolate makersDarcis chocolate makers - MuseumDarcis chocolate makers - MuseumDarcis chocolate makersDarcis chocolate makers - Museum
A tasty museum route
Having been awarded several times and globally renowned in the chocolate sector, Jean-Philippe Darcis will open the door of his chocolatiers to you, which includes a museum in the heart of Verviers.
Learn about the history of chocolate through several eras and decorations!
Discover the origins of chocolate by strolling through a Mayan temple, before taking a trip aboard the Caravelle de Cortez across the oceans towards Europe.
This initiatory journey continues in a bourgeois lounge during the French Revolution, before ending in the atmosphere of the first chocolate shops of the early 20th century.
To complete this discovery, do not miss the continuation of the route which will trace the actions of the chocolatier and evoke the benefits of chocolate.
Finally, you can watch the artisans hard at work, so that the production of chocolate no longer holds any secrets for you.
Mandatory fields are indicated with an asterisk*
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text: Between 2012 and 2017, more than twenty municipalities passed ordinances providing for extended labor protections for their residents like paid sick leave and higher minimum wages. Often these municipalities and their governing bodies have been more liberal and racially diverse than their respective legislatures. In some of the states where municipalities have succeeded in passing this legislation, the state legislature has very quickly preempted those measures with a state law dictating that no city can set a minimum wage higher than the federal standard of $7.25 an hour. These state laws banning cities from raising the working wage constitute intrastate minimum wage preemption. The lawmakers preempting these local reform efforts proffer to justifications for the bills rooted in economics and federalism. However, these preemptive measures raise consequential questions related to the due process of lawmaking and equal protection jurisprudence more generally. This Note applies an intersectional analysis to the ongoing conservative strategy of intrastate minimum wage preemption6 to reveal one example of how such preemptive measures limit progressive change, and especially burden Black women and women of color. Ultimately, this Note identifies two significant phenomena—or "intersections"— that, together, amount to what this Note will call Intersectionality Squared.


text:
Now Featured in the Patheos Book Club
A Life of Faith
By Ronald Ragotzy
About the Book
This manuscript is a compelling study of the life of faith based upon the stories in Genesis 1–11. The author masterfully describes how each story is actually a metaphor in the life of faith and how each subsequent metaphor builds upon the one that precedes it. Although the topic could be scholarly and quite dense, the author speaks in a warm, conversational manner yet with authority and thus inspires trust and confidence in the reader. The author does a remarkable job in guiding the reader through his analysis step-by-step, making it easy to understand and follow. Very well done, this manuscript offers an intriguing and quite thought-provoking perspective on Genesis 1–11 as the metaphorical basis for the life of faith.
Raising Abel assumes that the Bible would not bother with telling us about a cunning serpent, a murderous brother or a resinous gopher tree, if they didn't have something to do with the deeper topic of faith. After all, isn't the Bible 'the authority' on faith? Raising Abel explores the most familiar chapters of Genesis, not as a collection of stories about the beginning of time, but as our first and best guide to the subject of faith. The author of Raising Abel, as a physician, explains faith within the framework of wellness, dividing the Genesis stories into four parts that answer these questions.
- What does healthy faith look like? (Genesis 1-2)
- What can cause this healthy state to become 'diseased'? (Genesis 3-5)
- What medicine is needed to restore us to a healthy faith? (Genesis 6-9:17)
- What must we do to maintain this healthy faith? (Genesis 9:18-11)
Raising Abel reassures us that, '…there is something greater than a perfectly good world; it is an imperfect world plus faith.' In a perfect world there would be no need of faith. If you are ready to experience faith in a whole new 'light,' keep reading!
About the Author
A practicing physician for 29 years, Ronald Ragotzy has the highest regard for science but a greater passion for the sacred. He spends his weeks working within the evidence-based world of medicine. In his free time, he visits and kayaks with family and friends or travels to see his only son, Declan, at Carroll University. Dr. Ragotzy lives in a Janesville, WI, 1920's, Tudor-style stucco cottage with a city park in his front yard and a forest preserve in his back yard.
11/16/2014 5:00:00 AM


text:
The present perfect forms has gone to and has been to are commonly used to refer to movement. There are slight differences in these two forms when speaking in relation to the present moment. Notice the differences in the examples below.
Has gone to vs. Has been to
... has/have gone to... refers to someone who has gone to a place but has not yet returned.
He's gone to the bank. He should be back soon.
Where has Tom gone?
... has/have been to... refers to a place which someone has visited sometime in his life. In other words, "has been to" refers to an experience.
He's been to London many times.
I've been to Disneyland twice.
Do you understand the rules? Test your knowledge with this has gone vs. has been quiz.
Learn more about the present perfect tense.


text:
National Stormwater Calculator
EPA's National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) is a desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States (including Puerto Rico). Estimates are based on local soil conditions, land cover, and historic rainfall records.
It is designed to be used by anyone interested in reducing runoff from a property, including
- site developers,
- landscape architects,
- urban planners, and
The Calculator accesses several national databases that provide soil, topography, rainfall, and evaporation information for the chosen site.


text:
Currently, the NN logs its edits to each of its edits directories in sequence. This can produce the following bad sequence:
- NN accumulates 100 edits (tx 1-100) in the buffer. Writes and syncs to local drive, then crashes
- Failover occurs. SBN takes over at txid=1, since txid 1 never got writen.
- First NN restarts. It reads up to txid 100 from its local directories. It is now "ahead" of the active NN with inconsistent state.
The solution is to write to the shared edits dir, and sync that, before writing to any local drives.


WavebreakMediaMicro - Fotolia
Manage Learn to apply best practices and optimize your operations.
Create Vagrant boxes with Packer for rapid IT environment builds
Vagrant boxes enable IT admins to test infrastructure updates in production-identical QA environments. Follow this Vagrant tutorial to build a machine and export it to a Vagrant box.
While Vagrant and Packer are two HashiCorp tools designed for different needs, they can also work together nicely, especially in DevOps environments.
Packer creates a single, coded configuration of a machine build that runs on various platforms, such as a server on AWS or on Microsoft Azure.
Vagrant manages virtualized environments, mainly with testing rather than production systems. Vagrant boxes are useful as replicas of production systems for testing and prototyping purposes. In DevOps environments, application updates come rapidly from developers, an approach that requires an easily created and managed test environment for configuration changes before they hit live servers.
The creation of Vagrant boxes is where Packer and Vagrant intersect, by way of a post-processor task. The post-processor task in Packer exports a built machine to various platforms. In this tutorial, after Packer builds the machine, the post-processor task exports it to automatically create Vagrant boxes.
Start with Vagrant base boxes
A common reason DevOps engineers pick up Packer and Vagrant is ultimately to create a Vagrant base box, which contains the minimum setup for Vagrant to operate. Additional configuration instructions for an image, such as the shell scripts it must run and networking connections, are added via the Vagrantfile.
Base boxes typically include an installed package manager, as well as remote management connections, Secure Shell (SSH) for Linux or Windows Remote Management (WinRM). They might also contain a configuration management tool, such as Chef or Puppet.
Create a Packer build
To start this Packer and Vagrant tutorial, build a Windows 10 system in Packer. This example Packer build is a descendant of Stefan Scherer's Windows 10 template on GitHub. These steps take ISO for Windows 10 build 1803, install the OS in Oracle VM VirtualBox, run a few PowerShell scripts and then export the build to a Vagrant box.
{
 "builders": ['
 {
 "boot_command": "",
 "boot_wait": "6m",
 "communicator": "winrm",
 "disk_size": "{{user 'disk_size'}}",
 "floppy_files": [
 "{{user 'autounattend'}}",
 "./scripts/Install-Software.ps1"
 ],
 "guest_additions_mode": "disable",
 "guest_os_type": "Windows10_64",
 "headless": "{{user 'headless'}}",
 "iso_checksum": "{{user 'iso_checksum'}}",
 "shutdown_command": "shutdown /s /t 10 /f /d p:4:1 /c \"Packer Shutdown\"",
 "iso_checksum_type": "{{user 'iso_checksum_type'}}",
 "iso_url": "{{user 'iso_url'}}",
 "type": "virtualbox-iso",
 "vboxmanage": [
 [
 "modifyvm",
 "{{.Name}}",
 "--memory",
 "6096"
 ],
 [
 "modifyvm",
 "{{.Name}}",
 "--cpus",
 "4"
 ]
 ],
 "vm_name": "windows_10",
 "winrm_password": "vagrant",
 "winrm_timeout": "{{user 'winrm_timeout'}}",
 "winrm_username": "vagrant"
 }
 ],
 "variables": {
 "autounattend": "./answer_files/10/Autounattend.xml",
 "disk_size": "61440",
 "disk_type_id": "1",
 "headless": "false",
 "iso_url": "./iso/SW_DVD9_Win_Pro_Ent_Edu_N_10_1803_64BIT_English_-4_MLF_X21-87129.ISO",
 "iso_checksum_type": "sha256",
 "iso_checksum": "F38B0AEAE0756E01DCD9B1600DE62416E04AA963C72CEA30929141F54F1235B3",
 "restart_timeout": "5m",
 "vhv_enable": "false",
 "winrm_timeout": "6h"
 },
 "post-processors": [
 {
 "keep_input_artifact": false,
 "output": "windows_10_{{.Provider}}.box",
 "type": "vagrant",
 "vagrantfile_template": "vagrantfile-windows_10.template"
 }
 ]
}
There are a few things to point out in this Packer build. First, VirtualBox is the only provider on which the build will run. Packer can run builds in parallel. It is set to run headless, meaning the VM has no GUI by default. Many DevOps teams avoid GUIs on VMs, preferring automated steps in the DevOps pipeline over administrators doing tasks manually. Because the tutorial builds a Windows 10 box, WinRM is included to connect to the box instead of SSH. Lastly, a few variables, such as the ISO and ISO hash, are included and hardcoded for simplicity.
Set up the Vagrant post-processor
Next, let's explore the Vagrant post-processor in Packer.
There are several options to create a Vagrant box, in terms of parameters. For example, a DevOps engineer might add a Vagrantfile template that specifies the networking, port mapping and hardware to use, which get implemented during the initial provisioning of a Vagrant box on a client. In addition, users can configure a compression level and paths to files to include in the Vagrant box.
In the Vagrant post-processor in the Packer template below, we configure the type as Vagrant, as well as the template file and the output path of the box, which is prefixed with windows_10 and the Packer provider VirtualBox.
 "post-processors": [
 {
 "output": "windows_10_{{.Provider}}.box",
 "type": "vagrant",
 "vagrantfile_template": "vagrantfile-windows_10.template"
 }
 ]
Build the Vagrant box
Now, start the build process in Packer to create a Vagrant box.
Run the command packer build. There is no need for variables, since they are hardcoded in this template. The only other necessary parameter in packer build is the path to the JSON template file. With Scherer's GitHub repository for the Windows 10 Vagrant box cloned locally to the C:\Scripts\packer\test directory (see below), all of the required files are included in C:\Scripts\packer\test> packer build .\windows_10.json.
Since VirtualBox is the only provider in Packer for this tutorial, the output indicates that:
VirtualBox ISO
The Vagrant box post-processing task shuts down the Packer VM, removes the floppy drives and port mapping, and then creates the Vagrant Open Virtualization Format file, which contains metadata on the Vagrant box. Finally, multiple files are compressed in a Vagrant box file. The box contains the VM disk file (hard disk), JSON information (metadata) and the Vagrantfile template file (instructions to provision the Vagrant VM).
Boot up the Vagrant box
Now that Packer created the Vagrant box, add that box to a Vagrant client, and use it in a project.
First, use the local box file created from Packer to add the box:
C:\Scripts\packer\test\ > vagrant box add .\windows_10_virtualbox.box --name=windows_10
Next, create a new directory, and initialize the Vagrant box with the vagrant init command:
C:\Scripts\packer\test\> mkdir vagranttest
C:\Scripts\packer\test\> cd .\vagranttest\
C:\Scripts\packer\test\vagrantest> vagrant init window_10
Because this step builds a base box, the Vagrantfile created in the root directory is somewhat blank. This file contains the box name windows_10 used to load it via the vagrant up command:
C:\Scripts\packer\test\vagrantest> cat .\Vagrantfile | Select-String 'config.vm.box ='
 config.vm.box = "windows_10"
Finally, use vagrant up to boot up the


text:
First - sorry for how dark it is! Considering the Vyle naga are a blind species dwelling underground, I felt a darker image was more fitting than the clear, bright one I did my work on. They don't really have lights down there, you know. 100% pitch black.
Mkay, so this took me a long time. It could have taken longer if i'd decided to hand-draw individual scales, but considering this isn't all that important I decided to spare my hand 8+ hours of cramping with those dang scales.
A mother naga has taken her three children to the cave pools to teach them to fish. How does a blind naga fish, you ask? Very patiently and by feeling the water's vibrations with the tip of her tail. It's tough to learn, but once you get the hang of it it's easy.
But of course, there's a problem. Her children aren't all that interested in learning today! One found a rat (much tastier for them than fish are), the youngest is too busy climbing on her, and the other is kinda scared of the water. What if he fell in?!
Their colorations are fun to figure out. Crosses even in the same breeding pair can make all sorts of differently colored kids, though it tends to follow that blues-whites-grays-blacks-browns-tans sort of scheme for this species.


Factors that influence quality of charcoal briquettes
2020-10-21 17:18:00
Summary ：According to our experience, there are three factors that do influence the quality of the finished charcoal briquettes.
Nowadays, people have realized that environment protection is very important for human beings. Thus, more and more investors who tend to join the charcoal business are willing to purchase high-efficiency and eco-friendly charcoal briquette making machines. As a kind of renewable energy, charcoal fuel has become more and more popular in recent years. Investing charcoal business can help the investors gain much profit, as long as you can provide high-quality charcoal briquettes to the market. What factors can influence charcoal briquettes' quality?
charcoal briquettes
According to our experience, there are three factors that do influence the quality of the finished charcoal briquettes. In the following content, E.P will introduce you the three factors one by one.
First of all, the quality has something to do with types of the raw materials. On principle, we suggest you use all kinds of wood dust, bamboo dust, coconut shells as raw materials. With these materials, you can make good charcoal briquettes whose calorific value is up to 7500kal/kg. Meanwhile, such charcoal briquettes' ash content is pretty low, about 4%, which is good.
 In the second place, it's about the moisture content of the raw material. Generally, it requests that the moisture content of the wood dust should be among 12%-18% to be formed into biomass briquettes. For wet material, drying machines would help to reduce water content.
Thirdly, it's related to the different carbonizing methods.
1) Self-build kiln carbonizing method: In this method, it takes 5 to 7 days to carbonize the biomass briquettes. Besides, a lot of smoke is generated during the carbonizing process.
2) Batch-type carbonation furnace: It is energy-saving equipment. The gases generated in the carbonizing chamber will be purified and then be used as fuel to heat the carbonation stove, so this carbonizing method is eco-friendlier and efficient.
In order to make superior charcoal briquettes, E.P suggests you should use a batch-type carbonation furnace.
Batch-type carbonation furnace
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Shenglongjinzhonghuan Building, Zhongyuan District Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China.


Synthica Energy St. Bernard (SESB)
 - Status: EPA Permit to Install Issued 6/29/2021: Read More
 - Located at 5410 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH in the heart of "Ivorydale"
 - Serving the Greater Cincinnati region
 - Approx. 190,000 tons per year of food-derived feedstock
 - Approx. 250,000 MMBtu of RNG/year
 - Groundbreaking Scheduled Q4 2021
 - Commercial Operation in Q4 2022
Why St. Bernard?
Going back to early days of Ivorydale, St. Bernard has a storied past of being a manufacturing hub. Synthica Energy St. Bernard will complement this history and provide a greener future for handling the necessary process of production wastes. Renewable Natural Gas is created by breaking down organic feedstocks from sources such as industrial food production and food scraps. All of these sources can be found in the St. Bernard area. We can essentially take the waste from the manufacturing plants, which would typically be sent to the landfill or less sustainable disposal sites, and turn it into renewable natural gas pumped into the utility pipeline for use.
What are the benefits to the project? / Why is important?
Companies looking to relocate are seeking out these greener solutions and will be attracted to the St. Bernard area, bringing additional jobs and tax revenue for the village. Once in place, this facility will divert 190,000 tons per year of waste from local landfills. Companies will have less distance to truck, lowering costs and cutting down on diesel emissions.
 - Jobs: It is more and more common that companies are requiring/requesting options for organic disposal before they locate new manufacturing facilities. For example, large breweries and distilleries are commonly wanting to site near AD facilities due to their byproduct streams. Even in recent years, several large food producers have passed on the Cincinnati region as a site for operations due to lack of this critical infrastructure.
 - Incentive for Expansion: Currently, because manufacturers in the region face extremely limited and expensive options for byproduct disposal, it places a limit on their capacity of what they can produce. With the added reliability and proximity of our digester, as well as the cost savings, they can look into expansion and growth of their facilities. This will lead to more jobs, less incentive to locate elsewhere, and a boost to the local economy.
 - Lack of Any Local Digester Infrastructure: Currently there are no anaerobic digestion facilities within 50 miles of Cincinnati. This causes our region to be at a disadvantage when compared to other regions of the state such as Cleveland, Dayton, or Columbus, because it means operating a food manufacturing plant in our region is more expensive than other regions. In the near future, in the same way companies expect to have reliable electric and gas infrastructure when they site a location, they will expect to have easy outlets for organic waste disposal.
 - Emissions Reductions: Fewer trucks driving longer distances to haul away wastes means that overall truck emissions in the Miami Valley area / Millcreek region will be reduced.
Please contact us at or _PHONE_.


Revised Romanization of Korean
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The Revised Romanization of Korean (국어의 로마자 표기법; lit. Roman letter notation of national language) is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea proclaimed by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, replacing the older McCune–Reischauer system. The new system eliminates diacritics in favour of digraphs and adheres more closely to Korean phonology than to a suggestive rendition of Korean phonetics for non-native speakers.
The Revised Romanization limits itself to only the ISO basic Latin alphabet (apart from limited, often optional use of the hyphen). It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on July 7, 2000, by South Korea's Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8. The proclamation cites the following reasons for the new system:[1]
 - It promotes consistent romanization by native Korean speakers by better transcribing important language characteristics.
 - It reduces the confusion caused by frequent omission of apostrophes and diacritics.
Revised Romanization of Korean
Revised Romanization gugeoui romaja pyogibeop
McCune–Reischauer kugŏŭi romaja p'yogipŏp
Notable features of the Revised Romanization system are as follows:
 - 어 and 으 are written as digraphs with two vowel letters: eo and eu, respectively (replacing the ŏ and ŭ of the McCune–Reischauer system).
 - However, ㅝ is written as wo and ㅢ is written as ui.
 - Unlike McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, ㅊ) have no apostrophe: k, t, p, ch. Their unaspirated counterparts (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅈ) are written with letters that are voiced in English: g, d, b, j. However, all consonants that are pronounced as unreleased stops (which basically means all except ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅇ that are not followed by a vowel or semivowel) are written as k, t, p, with no regard to their morphophonemic value: 벽 → byeok, 밖 → bak, 부엌 → bueok (But: 벽에 → byeoge, 밖에 → bakke, 부엌에 → bueoke)
 - ㅅ is always written as s before vowels and semivowels; there is no sh except when transliterating.
 - ㄹ is r before a vowel or a semivowel, and l everywhere else: 리을 → rieul, 철원 → Cheorwon, 울릉도 → Ulleungdo, 발해 → Balhae. Just like in McCune-Reischauer, ㄴ is written l whenever pronounced as a lateral rather than as a nasal consonant: 전라북도 → Jeollabuk-do
In addition, it contains special provisions for regular phonological rules that makes exceptions to transliteration (see Korean phonology).
Other rules and recommendations include the following:
 - A hyphen may optionally disambiguate syllables: 가을 → ga-eul (fall; autumn) versus 개울 → gae-ul (stream). However, few official publications make use of this provision, since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare.
 - A hyphen must be used in linguistic transliterations, where it denotes syllable-initial ㅇ (except at the beginning of a word): 없었습니다 → eops-eoss-seumnida, 외국어 → oegug-eo, 애오개 → Ae-ogae
 - It is permitted to hyphenate syllables in the given name, following common practice. Certain phonological changes, ordinarily indicated in other contexts, are ignored in names, to better disambiguate between names: 강홍립 → Gang Hongrip or Gang Hong-rip, 한복남 → Han Boknam or Han Bok-nam
 - Administrative units (such as the do) are hyphenated from the placename proper: 강원도 → Gangwon-do
 - One may omit terms "such as 시, 군, 읍": 평창군 → Pyeongchang-gun or Pyeongchang, 평창읍 → Pyeongchang-eup or Pyeongchang.
 - However, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated: 설악산 → Seoraksan, 해인사 → Haeinsa
 - Capitalize proper nouns.
Similarly to several European languages that have undergone spelling simplifications (such as Portuguese, German or Swedish), the Revised Romanization is not expected to be adopted as the official romanization of Korean family names. For example, the common family name Lee (이) would be "I" in both the Revised Romanization and McCune-Reischauer. Given names and commercial names are encouraged to change, but it is not required. All Korean textbooks were required to comply with the new system by February 28, 2002. English-language newspapers in South Korea initially resisted the new system, citing its flaws, though all later gave in to government pressure. The Korea Times was the last major English-language newspaper to do so—it switched in May 2006 to the Revised Romanization.
North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of Romanization, which was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000.
Transcription rules[edit]
Vowel letters[edit]
Consonant letters[edit]
ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㄹ are usually transcribed as g, d, b, and r when appearing before a vowel, and as k, t, p, and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word.[2]
Special provisions[edit]
The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the ending consonant of a character and the initial consonant of the next, for example HangukHangug-eo. The significant changes are highlighted:
next initial →
Phonetic changes between syllables in given names are not transcribed: 정석민 → Jeong Seokmin or Jeong Seok-min, 최빛나 → Choe Bitna or Choe Bit-na.
Phonological changes are reflected where ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ are adjacent to ㅎ: 좋고 → joko, 놓다 → nota, 잡혀 → japyeo, 낳지 → nachi. However, aspirated sounds are not reflected in case of nouns where ㅎ follows ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅂ: 묵호 → Mukho, 집현전 → Jiphyeonjeon.[2]
Despite governmental promotion, the revised system met with considerable opposition among foreign residents in South Korea, many of whom felt the revised system contained serious flaws and felt that the government failed to consult with them beforehand, despite their being the primary users of Romanized Korean inside South Korea.[citation needed]
Critics of the Revised Romanization System say that the one-to-one correspondence of Korean characters to Roman letters (e.g., usually representing ㄱ as g) that is the hallmark of the new system is overly simplistic and fails to represent sound changes that occur naturally when the position of a consonant changes[citation needed] (e.g., at the beginning of a word, ㄱ is pronounced closer to an unaspirated k, rather than as a straight g). A frequent complaint of many foreign residents and visitors to South Korea is that both Romanization systems hinder accurate and comprehensible rendering of Korean pronunciation.
Critics also complain that digraphs such as eo and eu, denoting sounds that differ from conventional European use, confuse those unfamiliar with the language. In English, for instance, eo as found in geography, Leonardo, or neon represents a sequence of two vowels, not the Korean monophthong. Defenders of the system cite English words such as surgeon as evidence of the appropriateness of the combination, even though the sound is not an exact match (the e has the role of softening the g to a j-sound, and is not actually part of the vowel). Other supporters point out that it is a system intended to transliterate into the Latin script, not English. However, other languages with a large inventory of distinct vowel phonemes similar to Korean (such as Turkish, Hungarian, or Swedish) resort to diacritics, with the exception of English, with its irregular orthography. German, for example, usually writes ae, oe, and ue as ä, ö, and ü, with the umlaut originating as a tiny "e" written above the vowel, and only uses digraphs when umlauts are unavailable, or in certain names (such as Goethe). Also, a digraph, namely eu, is used to represent a very short vowel that is often used as an epenthetic vowel for borrowings from English and other languages, leading to situations where the cluster str-, for example, ends up being written as seuteur-.
The digraph eo appears to derive from the conventional romanization of Seoul. Seoul is the old French romanization in which the two syllables of the name, se [ə] and oul [u], are the French equivalents of the Korean. The revised romanization


Cheirolepidiaceae is a family of extinct coniferous plants.
This family of conifers, superficially similar to Cupressaceae, was a significant part of the flora of the Mesozoic, around 252 to 66 million years ago (Axsmith et al., 2004). They are united by the possession of a distinctive pollen type assigned to the form genus Classopollis. The name Frenelopsidaceae (as a separate family) or "frenelopsids" has been used for a group of Cheirolepidiaceae with jointed stems, thick internode cuticles, sheathing leaf bases and reduced free leaf tips.
Some species are thought to have been the first plants to be insect pollinated as they occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies.[1]
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