text:
Mexican culture is widely established in America's restaurants. Some 11% of restaurants in the United States serve Mexican food, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of data from SafeGraph, which curates information about millions of places of interest around the globe, and the user review site Yelp.
Although especially common in California and Texas, Mexican restaurants are found in a large majority of counties in the U.S. Some 37.2 million people in the U.S. trace their ancestry to Mexico, making Mexican Americans by far the largest Hispanic origin group in the nation.
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to examine the geographic distribution and characteristics of Mexican restaurants in the United States, including Puerto Rico. We focused on Mexican restaurants because Mexican Americans are the nation's largest Hispanic origin group – and because Mexican food is so widespread in the U.S. Throughout this analysis, we use phrases such as "Mexican restaurants" and "restaurants that serve Mexican food" interchangeably.
To conduct this analysis, we purchased restaurant data from SafeGraph, which curates information about millions of places of interest around the globe. "Restaurants" are places defined by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) as "Restaurants and Other Eating Places" (NAICS code 7225). When we collected this data on March 23, 2023, SafeGraph had records for 788,018 operational restaurants nationwide.
We used SafeGraph's category tags to build an initial list of Hispanic or Latino restaurants in America. This list includes restaurants tagged with the following categories: Argentine, Brazilian, Cuban, Mexican, Peruvian, Portuguese and Spanish, along with catchall categories for "Caribbean food" and "Latin American food."
As part of this analysis, we also matched the restaurants in the SafeGraph data with data from the review site Yelp, using the official Yelp API. We matched the Yelp restaurant identifiers (restaurant name and address) to the corresponding restaurants in the SafeGraph dataset using Python's FastLink package, an implementation of the Fellegi-Sunter probabilistic record linkage model. This matching supplemented the SafeGraph data with more detailed food origin and dish categories, as well as restaurant details such as average price range.
Of the 101,009 restaurants with some sort of Hispanic or Latino food category tag in the SafeGraph data, we were able to find matching entries for 92,718 restaurants (92%) on Yelp. After examining a selection of unmatched restaurants, we found two main reasons why. In some cases, the business did not have any reviews on Yelp (the Yelp API does not return information for businesses with no user-contributed enhancements). In other cases, these restaurants had closed between the time we purchased the SafeGraph data in March 2023 and when we conducted the Yelp matching in September 2023.
After matching the original SafeGraph records with the Yelp data, the final combined dataset included restaurants serving the following types of Hispanic or Latino food: Argentine, Brazilian, Colombian, Cuban, Dominican, Haitian, Honduran, Mexican, Nicaraguan, Peruvian, Portuguese, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran, Spanish, Trinidadian and Venezuelan, as well as categories for "Caribbean food" and "Latin American food." Our analysis of restaurants other than Mexican is limited due to the small number tagged this way.
The data also included tags for specific types of food such as "Tex-Mex," "tacos" and "empanadas." Restaurants with "Tex-Mex" and "tacos" tags are included in the "Mexican food" category, while those tagged with "empanadas" are included in the "Latin American food" category, unless the restaurant is already tagged with a more specific category.
Individual restaurants can be tagged with multiple categories. For instance, a restaurant may include tags for "Mexican food" and "Salvadoran food." These restaurants are counted under all categories listed in the dataset.
County-level population estimates for the U.S. come from table B01003 of the American Community Survey's 5-year 2019 estimates, which include counties and county equivalents (such as Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska).
Which states and counties have the most Mexican restaurants?
This analysis finds that 85% of U.S. counties have at least one Mexican restaurant. In turn, the counties that don't have Mexican restaurants tend to have small populations. The 15% of counties without any Mexican restaurants have about 4 million people living in them. That is just 1% of the total U.S. population.
Mexican restaurants are most common in California and Texas. These two states, which are home to a majority of the Mexican American population, have around 40% of all Mexican restaurants in the country: 22% are in California, while 17% are in Texas.
In California, Los Angeles County alone is home to 30% of the state's Mexican restaurants. In Texas, 17% of the state's Mexican restaurants are in Harris County, which includes Houston; 9% each are located in Bexar County, which includes San Antonio, and in Dallas County.
Florida, New York and Illinois also contain large numbers of Mexican restaurants. Each state has 4% of the nationwide total of these restaurants. All told, 51% of all Mexican restaurants in the U.S. are in California, Texas, Florida, New York or Illinois.
Where do Mexican restaurants make up the largest share of eateries?
In addition to examining which parts of the country have the most Mexican restaurants, we also looked at where they make up the largest share of restaurants.
By this metric, Mexican restaurants make up an especially large share of all restaurants in Southwestern states that border Mexico. They account for 22% of all restaurants in New Mexico, 20% in Texas, 18% in Arizona and 17% in California.
At the county level, there are 10 where Mexican restaurants account for more than 33% of all restaurants. Eight of these 10 counties are in Texas, and most are along the U.S.-Mexico border. (This analysis excludes counties that have fewer than 15 restaurants of any type.)
What are some common features of Mexican restaurants?
This analysis finds that 22% of Mexican restaurants nationwide are "fast food" restaurants, 12% specialize in serving tacos, 8% are classified as food trucks or carts, and 6% offer "Tex-Mex" food.
Mexican restaurants also tend to be modestly priced. Among restaurants with pricing data, 61% of Mexican restaurants are rated as one "dollar sign" on Yelp's four-point pricing scale. Less than 1% of all Mexican restaurants nationwide – just 251 in total – have a rating of three or four dollar signs on the Yelp scale. Around a quarter of these more expensive Mexican restaurants are in Los Angeles County; Cook County, where Chicago is located; and New York County, home of Manhattan.
How common are other types of Latino or Hispanic restaurants in the U.S.?
Mexican Americans are the largest Hispanic group in the U.S., but 40% of the nation's Latinos claim another Hispanic origin. Yet our analysis finds that only 2% of U.S. restaurants serve Hispanic or Latino cuisine other than Mexican.
The most common types of non-Mexican Hispanic restaurants include Caribbean, Cuban, "Latin American," Peruvian, Salvadoran and Spanish restaurants. But none makes up more than 1% of restaurants nationwide. (There are other types of Hispanic restaurants in addition to these, but they each make up 0.1% or less of restaurants nationwide and are not included in this analysis.)
Put differently, Mexican restaurants account for the vast majority of Hispanic or Latino restaurants of any kind. And although many non-Mexican restaurants also offer Mexican food, the reverse is less often true. For example, 38% of Salvadoran and 25% of Honduran restaurants in the U.S. also serve Mexican food. But just 3% of Mexican restaurants also serve other kinds of Hispanic or Latino food.
Hispanic or Latino restaurants that are not Mexican are also much less geographically widespread than Mexican restaurants. Fully 85% of U.S. counties have at least one Mexican restaurant, but 29% have some type of Latino or Hispanic restaurant that is not primarily Mexican.
These Latino or Hispanic restaurants make up a relatively large share of restaurants in places like Florida – especially in and around Miami-Dade County – or in New York and New Jersey near New York City. But even in these areas, Mexican restaurants make up for a comparable – and sometimes larger – share of all restaurants than those serving other Hispanic or Latino food.


Two-dimensional optical spatial differentiation and high-contrast imaging
October 03, 2020
Over the past decades, image processing has evolved into a significant technique for science and engineering societies. One such is edge detection, which is a process that attempts to capture the significant features of objects in the image. There are two basic approaches for edge detection achievement. One of them is digital computation, the other one is analog computation. Compared with digital computation, the analog computation can deal with real time and continuous image processing with power-saving advantages. Therefore, researchers develop various methods for analog edge detection.
Especially, as the metamaterial and metasurface development, engineered nanophotonic materials have been widely studied for optical analog image processing. Recently, several theoretical works propose the approach to perform mathematical operations with complex material and fabrication process. Furthermore, spatial differentiation has been extended to experimental demonstration using various approaches, including surface plasmonics, photonic crystals, the photonic spin Hall effect and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurface. However, all of these current methods are subject to their own limitations, and experimental demonstration of a highly efficient, compact, two-dimensional (2D) spatial differentiation device working for broadband frequencies is still missing.
In response to this challenge, recently, inspired by the radial phase gradient of Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurface, for the first time, the optical research team led by Professor Hailu Luo from the Hunan University and Professor Zhaowei Liu from University of California, San Diego proposed a new design to impart 2D spatial differentiation on the impinging wavefront, based on the dielectric metasurface in transmission mode, providing the advantages of high efficiency, broadband and high-contrast. The dielectric metasurface based on geometric phase without any resonance structure ensures the operation at broadband working wavelength (whole visible range), enabling differentiation of color images. The high transmission mode of the compact metasurface sample make it easier to be aligned or integrated with the rest of the optical system, which is important for imaging-processing applications.
As schematically shown in Fig. 1, the designed system has the ability to filter the edge information of one object. Figure 2 demonstrate edge detection experiment of the intensity object. The first row is the original image of object. The edge detection image of the object is demonstrated in the second row. As seen, the proposed method can work as a 2D differentiator efficiently, with the 2D edge detection covering all the visible frequencies. As shown in Fig. 3, different imaging techniques are used to evaluate the proposed edge detection approach for the intensity object. Compared with dark field and phase contrast technique, the proposed method exhibits clear and strong signals at the cell edges indicating exceptionally high sensitivity and precision to detect the transparent biological specimens. The exploration of the highly efficient metasurface performing a basic optical differentiation operation opens new opportunities in applications of fast, compactible and power-efficient ultrathin devices for data processing and biological imaging.
-end-
See the article:
Junxiao Zhou, Haoliang Qian, Junxiang Zhao, Min Tang, Qianyi Wu, Ming Lei, Hailu Luo, Shuangchun Wen, Shaochen Chen, and Zhaowei Liu
Two-dimensional optical spatial differentiation and high-contrast imaging
Natl Sci Rev 2020; _URL_
Science China Press
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text:
Using Audio Ducking to Balance Voice-overs and Background Music in PowerDirector 16
Audio Ducking is a powerful new feature in PowerDirector 16. Audio Ducking can automatically optimize the audio mix in videos that contain dialogue or narration by fading backing music tracks so that speech can be clearly heard.
Step 1: Import your Video and Background Music
Drag and drop your video and background music onto the timeline. They should appear on two different tracks.
Step 2: Using the Audio Ducking Tool
Select the video or audio clip on the timeline that you want to have a lower volume and click on Tools > Audio Ducking. In this case we have selected the background music track.
In the Audio Ducking window, you can customize the following controls:
- Sensitivity: sets the level of dialogue/narration detection in other clips.
- Ducking level: sets how much you want to reduce the volume in the selected clip.
- Fade-out duration: sets the duration for lowering the volume in the selected clip.
- Fade-in duration: sets the duration for restoring the audio level once the dialogue/narration in the other clip ends.
Select the Apply to all clips on the same track option if you want the audio ducking applied to all the clips in your video project timeline. Once finished click OK to apply.
On your timeline you should now be able to see that the audio levels of the background music track are lower when there is narration on the main video clip.
PowerDirector 18 Essential
Free Software With 30-Day Premium Features

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Animal Communication: Telepathic Talk
Recorded class; course Fantastic Beasts; Taught by Prof. Mary Helen Schmidt
Telepathy, the communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses has been practiced amongst various species for centuries. Class content will includes differentiating your feelings from the animal's feelings. Relationships with your animals and how to improve them; your beliefs, and what can be released that interferes with your communication. Meditations, practical applications and grounding exercises, relaxation and calm give birth to clear passageways of interacting with your animals.


text:
wchar_t* wcstok (wchar_t* wcs, const wchar_t* delimiters);
Split wide string into tokens
A sequence of calls to this function split wcs into tokens, which are sequences of contiguous wide characters separated by any of the wide characters that are part of delimiters.
On a first call, the function expects a C wide string as argument for wcs, whose first character is used as the starting location to scan for tokens. In subsequent calls, the function expects a null pointer and uses the position right after the end of last token as the new starting location for scanning.
This is the wide character equivalent of strtok (), and operates in the same way (see strtok for more details).
- C wide string to truncate.
Notice that the contents of this string are modified and broken into smaller strings (tokens).
Alternativelly, a null pointer may be specified, in which case the function continues scanning where a previous successful call to the function ended.
- C wide string containing the delimiter wide characters.
These may vary from one call to another.
A pointer to the last token found in the wide string.
A null pointer is returned if there are no tokens left to retrieve.
/* wcstok example */
int main ()
wchar_t wcs = L"- This, a sample string.";
wchar_t * pwc;
wprintf (L"Splitting wide string \"%ls\" into tokens:\n",wcs);
pwc = wcstok (wcs,L",.-");
while (pwc!= NULL)
pwc = wcstok (NULL,L",.-");
Splitting wide string "- This, a sample string." into tokens:
- Split string into tokens (function
- Get span until character in wide string (function
- Locate characters in wide string (function

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
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Please enter between 0 and 2000 characters.
Please, only british academic english.
The importance of colour. Red, blue, white, black and green - these are colours. What do they mean? Animals can differentiate only some colours. For example, dogs see the world only in two colours. Nevertheless, we can say that (I would say in such a way) teenagers see the world in two colours too. But it is enough for animals since they have more developed sense organs. Birds see what color berries are and differentiate between edible and inedible ones. All poisonous plants have bright colors. This warns animals and people that it is dangerous to eat these plants. Colour helps some animals to hide from danger. For example, chameleon change its colour so that predators can't see them.
Please enter between 25 and 8000 characters.


Logic will get you from A to B.
Imagination will take you everywhere
Albert Einstein
As a logical connection between two Technical Pavillions a simple, yet elegant poedestrian bridge has been created. Joyfully a line jumps from one building to the other, hugging the bridge. As a contrast to the sharp angles a blue line elegantly folds itsself around the bridge. Symbolic for the three schools that are located in the two buildings, six small neon markings have been applied that from three plus subols from a certain viewing angle.
Both seen from the inside and the outside the blue line and the bridge engage in an exciting play connecting the two buildings. In the evening the neon is lit and the marking become visible.


next up previous print clean
Next: Fluid injection test, long Up: STRESS-STRAIN FOR DOUBLE POROSITY Previous: Drained test, long time
Undrained test, long time
The long duration undrained test for a double porosity system should also produce the same physical results as a single porosity system (assuming only that it makes sense at some appropriate larger scale to view the medium as homogeneous). The basic equations are
p_f^(1) &=& p_f^(2) = p_f, && ^(1) + ^(2) = 0, assuming the total mass of fluid is confined. Then, it follows that
e = - a_11p_c - (a_12+a_13)p_f, 0 = -(a_21+a_31)p_c - (a_22+a_23+a_32+a_33)p_f, showing that the overall pore-pressure buildup coefficient is given by
B . p_fp_c|_= 0 Similarly, the undrained bulk modulus is found to be given by
1K_u -. ep_c|_= 0 = a_11 + (a_12+a_13)B.
next up previous print clean
Next: Fluid injection test, long Up: STRESS-STRAIN FOR DOUBLE POROSITY Previous: Drained test, long time
Stanford Exploration Project
8/21/1998


1. Code
 2. Localization
How to Program With Yii2: Localization With I18n
How to Program With Yii2: Integrating User Registration
How to Program With Yii2: User Access Controls
Final product image
What You'll Be Creating
In this Programming With Yii2 series, I'm guiding readers in use of the newly upgraded Yii2 Framework for PHP. In part one, we set up Yii2 locally, built a Hello World application, set up a remote server and used Github to deploy our code. In part two, we learned about Yii's implementation of its Model View Controller architecture and how to build web pages and forms that collect and validate data. In part three, we used Yii's database and active record capabilities to automate code generation for a basic web application. And, in part four, we learned how to integrate user registration.
In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to make use of Yii's built-in I18n internationalization support to make your application ready for translation into a number of languages.
What's I18n?
According to Wikipedia, I18n is a numeronym for Internationalization:
With I18n, all of the text strings displayed to the user from the application are replaced by function calls which can dynamically load translated strings for any language the user selects.
The Goals of Internationalization
When building a web application, it's useful to think globally from the beginning. Does your app need to work in other languages for users from different countries? If so, then implementing I18n from the beginning will save you a lot of time and headaches later.
In our case, the Yii Framework provides built-in support for I18n so it's relatively easy to build support in for I18n as you go along.
How I18n Works
I18n operates by replacing all references to text displayed to the user with function calls that provide translation when needed.
For example, here's what the attribute field names in the Status model look like before I18n:
Providing translated versions of the code would become very complicated. Non-technical translators would have to translate code in place, likely breaking syntax.
Here's what the same code looks like with I18n:
Yii:t() is a function call that checks what language is currently selected and displays the appropriate translated string. The 'app' parameter refers to a section of our application. Translations can be optionally organized according to various categories. But where do these translated strings appear?
The default language, in this case English, is written into the code, as shown above. Language resource files are lists of arrays of strings whose key is the default language text, e.g. 'Message' or 'Permissions'—and each file provides translated text values for their appropriate language.
Here's an example of our completed Spanish translation file, language code "es". The Yii:t() function uses this file to find the appropriate translation to display:
While this looks time-consuming, Yii provides scripts to automate the generation and organization of these file templates.
By separating the text from the code, we make it easier for non-technical multi-lingual experts to translate our applications for us—without breaking the code.
I18n also offers specialized functions for translating time, currency, plurals et al. I won't go into the detail of these in this tutorial.
Configuring I18n Support
Unfortunately, the Yii2 documentation for I18n is not yet very descriptive, and it was difficult to find working, step by step examples. Luckily for you, I'm going to walk you through what I've learned from scouring the docs and the web. I found The Code Ninja's I18n example and the Yii2 Definitive Guide on I18n helpful, and Yii contributor Alexander Makarov offered me some assistance as well.
Generating the I18n Configuration File
We're using the Yii2 basic application template for our demonstration application. This places our codebase below the /hello root directory. Yii's configuration files in /hello/config/* are loaded whenever page requests are made. We'll use Yii's I18n message scripts to build out a configuration file for I18n in the common/config path.
From our codebase root, we'll run the Yii message/config script:
This generates the following file template which we can customize:
I'm customizing the file as follows. I move messagePath up to the top and customize sourcePath and messagePath. I am also specifying the languages I want my application to support besides English—in this case Spanish (es), German (de), Italian (it) and Japanese (ja). Here's a list of all the I18n language codes.
In the next step, we'll run Yii's extract script which will scan all the code in the sourcePath tree to generate default string files for all the labels used in our code. I'm customizing sourcePath to scan the entire code tree. I'm customizing messagePath to generate the resulting files in common/messages.
You'll see Yii scanning all of your code files:
When it completes, you'll see something like this in your codebase:
Yii2 Localization with I18n Directory Paths
Activating I18n and Selecting a Language
In the common configuration file, /hello/config/web.php, we're going to tell Yii about our new language support. I'll make Spanish my default language:
But there's still more to do. We have to make our code I18n aware.
Using Yii's Gii Code Generator With I18n
In part three of this series, we used Yii's database and active record capabilities to automate code generation. But we did not activate I18n, so all of our code had text strings embedded. Let's redo this.
We return to Gii, likely http://localhost:8888/hello/gii in your browser, and re-run the model and controller generators with I18n activated.
Here's an example of generating the Meeting model code with I18n activated. Notice that we specify "app" for our Message Category. We're placing all of our text strings in one app category file.
Yii2 Gii Code Generator Status Model for I18n
Let's do the same for the CRUD generation for controllers and views:
Yii2 Gii Code Generator for Status CRUD With I18n
If you browse the generated code in models, controllers and views you'll see the text strings replaced with the Yii:t('app',...) function:
Making Static Views I18n Ready
Because we generate a number of views in our application by hand or in HTML, we need to manually convert these to use I18n. For example, our navigation bar in /views/layouts/main.php and our home page in /views/site/index.php both need to be edited by hand.
Here's the navigation bar before I18n:
Here's the navigation bar after I18n:
Here's a fragment of the home page content from index.php after I18n—much of the HTML has been replaced by PHP calls to Yii::t():
Translating Your Message Files
Take a look at our Spanish message file, /common/messages/es/frontend.php. It's a long list of empty array values:
For the purposes of filling in our Spanish language translations for this tutorial, I'll use Google Translate. Tricky, huh?
Yii2 I18n Using Google Translator to Fill Message Files
Then, we'll do some cut and paste with those translations back into the message file.
When we visit the Application home page, you'll see the Spanish version—nice, huh?
Yii2 I18n Our App Home Page in Spanish
Here's the Create Status form:
Yii2 I18n Create a Status Update in Spanish Form
If I want to switch back to English, I just change the configuration file, /config/web.php, back to English:
You'll also notice as you proceed that replacing strings in JavaScript has its own complexities. I haven't explored it myself, but the Yii 1.x JsTrans extension may provide a useful guideline for supporting this.
Going Further With I18n
Ultimately, we may want to translate our application into a number of languages. I've written a new tutorial called Using the Google Translate API to Localize Your I18n App (Tuts+) which automatically translates your application into a variety of languages. If it's not published yet, it will be published soon (check my instructor page). Of course, this just provides base translations. You may want to hire professional translators to tune the files afterwards.
Some applications allow users to select their native language so that when they log in, the user interface automatically translates for them. In Yii, setting the $app->language variable does this:
Other applications, like below, leverage the URL path to switch languages. The user just clicks the language prefix they want, e.g. "FR", and the app is automatically translated:
JScrambler Dynamic Language Paths
Note: Read my recent introduction to JScrambler to find out more—it's a pretty useful service.
Yii's URL Manager can provide this type of functionality as well. I will probably implement these features in a future tutorial in this Yii2 series when I focus on Routing.
What's Next?
I hope you're excited about the power of I18n and the benefits of using the Yii Framework over vanilla PHP. Watch for upcoming tutorials in our Programming With Yii2 series.
Related Links
Looking for something to help kick start your next project?


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Tutorial − News section error
#1
[eluser]Unknown[/eluser]
I,m going through the News section tutorial and I am getting an error following the instructions. Does anyone know why this is?
Open up the application/models directory and create a new file called news_model.php and add the following code. Make sure you've configured your database properly as described here.
Code:
<?php
class News_model extends CI_Model {
public function __construct()
{
 $this->load->database();
}
}
Now that the database and a model have been set up, you'll need a method to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter — Active Record — is used. This makes it possible to write your 'queries' once and make them work on all supported database systems. Add the following code to your model.
Code:
public function get_news($slug = FALSE)
{
if ($slug === FALSE)
{
 $query = $this->db->get('news');
 return $query->result_array();
}
$query = $this->db->get_where('news', array('slug' => $slug));
return $query->row_array();
}
Adding the second block of code to news_model.php produces a syntax error on line
Code:
public function get_news($slug = FALSE)
Theme © iAndrew 2016 - Forum software by © MyBB


text:
The sum of free chlorine
and combined chlorine.
Total chlorine is the sum of free chlorine and combined chlorine. Addition of chlorine is one method water treatment facilities use to disinfect and maintain water free of bacteria and harmful organisms. The presence of residual chlorine in drinking water indicates that: (1) a sufficient amount of chlorine was added initially to the water to inactivate the bacteria and some viruses that cause diarrheal disease; and (2) the water is protected from recontamination during storage.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


xwd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the X Window System, the program xwd (X Window dump) captures the content of a screen or of a window and optionally saves it into a file.[1]
xwd runs in one of two ways: if a user specifies the whole screen or the name or identifier of a window as an argument, the program captures the content of the window; otherwise, it changes the shape of the cursor and waits for the user to click in a window, whose content is then captured.
Operation[edit]
At the X Window core protocol level, xwd uses the fact that any X client can request the content of an arbitrary window, including ones it did not create, using the GetImage request (this is done by the XGetImage function in the Xlib library). The content of the whole screen is obtained by requesting the content of the root window.
The file generated by xwd can then be read by various other X utilities such as xwud, sxwd, xv, and the GIMP, or converted to other formats; the netpbm suite allows the construction of a useful pipeline:
$ xwd | xwdtopnm | pnmtopng > Screenshot.png
The dumps are larger in size than files in most image file formats – not only compressed formats such as PNG, but also uncompressed bitmap formats like BMP.
X Window Dump
Filename extension
.xwd
Developed byX Window System
Initial releaseX10 / 1985; 39 years ago (1985)
Latest release
X11
September 1987; 36 years ago (1987-09)
Type of formatImage file formats
Standardxwdfile.h[2]
Open format?MIT license
Image format[edit]
Various image viewers and tools support the X11 .xwd format, among others the GIMP, ImageMagick, Netpbm, and XnView. In version 2.1.4 FFmpeg supported pixel formats bgra, rgba, argb, abgr, rgb24, bgr24, rgb565be, rgb565le, bgr565be, bgr565le, rgb555be, rgb555le, bgr555be, bgr555le, rgb8, bgr8, rgb4_byte, bgr4_byte, pal8, gray, and monow. In these abbreviations 555 means 32768=32×32×32 colors, 565 means 65536 colors (6 bits for green), rgba is red-green-blue-alpha, 4 or 8 stands for 16 or 256 colors, le or be is the endianness, pal is an input palette, etc. as listed by ffmpeg –pix_fmts.[3]
Details of the .xwd format in xwdfile.h depend on the platform, therefore it is unsuited for cross-platform applications and has no MIME image type.[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
 1. ^ Tyler, Chris (2008). X Power Tools. O'Reilly Series. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 107. ISBN 9780596101954. Retrieved 2014-01-23. The X window dump (xwd) tool takes a snapshot of the current screen, a manually selected window or a window designated by its numeric ID, and outputs the image to standard output or to a file.
 2. ^ a b James D. Murray; William vanRyper (April 1996). Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats, Second Edition. O'Reilly. ISBN 1-56592-161-5. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
 3. ^ "Image Formats". FFmpeg General Documentation. 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
External links[edit]


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Over the years I've heard of many musicians who are afraid of checking their instruments when flying. Musicians are afraid of rough treatment by airport baggage handlers, and rightly so. But many people also fear that the environmental conditions in the aircraft's baggage compartment can damage their instruments. I asked some airline captains about the conditions inside aircraft that instruments with be subjected to. Their answers are very reassuring!
Posts tagged as "pressure"
A recent forum post asked the following question: My guitar goes out of tune when I put on a capo. Is this normal? What can I do about it? Is this problem worse on the lower frets? Does string diameter matter? The answer to all these questions is "yes". Let's look at why.


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Playing too many computer games and watching too much tv until the small hours is resulting in Britains' teenagers not getting enough sleep. Experts recommend they should be getting at least 8 or 9 hours sleep a night. However according to the results of a survey by The Sleep Council, which were published this week, many youngsters are surviving on 4 hours sleep a night or less. Lack of quality sleep is now a major problem for many teenagers as they stay up late into the night surfing, watching tv and playing computer games. Lack of sleep leaves the youngsters exhausted and unable to function properly in the classroom. In addition, leading experts have also linked lack of sleep to youngsters becoming obese as they crave more sweet and sugary foods to keep them alert. It's a very worrying trend and one that unfortunately seems to becoming commonplace in today's Britain.
The Queen has been named as one of the most powerful women in the world in a list compiled by Forbes Magazine. Her Majesty who was at number 23 on the list is one of only three British women to be featured. The other two women named were Clara Furse, Chief Executive of the London Stock Exchange and Zaha Hadid, an Iraqi born architect.
British chef Jamie Oliver is encouraging people to grow their own vegetables, particularly if they have young families. Jamie believes that if children can see where vegetables come from, they are more likely to want to eat them. Jamie argues that vegetables can be grown in window boxes or buckets, no matter whatever size of garden you have.
There are also plans for Jamie to star in his own comedy cartoon show aimed at children. The cartoon series has been created by the makers of Wallace and Gromit and will follow the comic exploits of a 10 year old Jamie as he follows his quest to become a great chef. The show is aimed at seven to eleven year olds and it is hoped it will inspire them to think positively about good food.
It's funny how people use the expression, "Pink for a girl and blue for a boy". However according to researchers at Newcastle University, it seems there may be a good reason for our colour choices. Two hundred men and women in their twenties were asked to choose their favourite from a group of colours on a computer screen. Apparently the majority of men chose blue and women chose pink. I was quite interested to hear this as pink is actually my favourite colour.
The researchers believe that the reason why a lot of men and women choose these colours goes back to caveman days, when the men were the hunters. Apparently the men would look up at the sky before they went off hunting and if they saw a blue sky, it made them happy as it signalled good weather. Whilst the men were out hunting, the women would gather ripe reddish pink fruits. So it seems as we have evolved over the years there has always been a connection between pink and blue. So now we know.
Harry Potter author JK Rowling has been spotted in an Edinburgh cafe writing drafts of crime novels. It was in one of the same cafes where she used to pen the boy wizard's adventures. After publishing, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", the final book in the Harry Potter saga, JK Rowling stated that she wanted to create something completely different and that the idea of wandering off to a cafe with a notebook and seeing where it took her would be bliss. After the phenomenal success of the Harry Potter books, it will be interesting to see what JK Rowling has in store for us next.
Meanwhile crime novelist Agatha Christie's hometown of Torquay is getting ready to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the publication of her famous book Death on the Nile next month. Agatha Christie was born in Torquay in 1890 and spent most of her life there. The town is planning to host a ball and special shows as part of the celebrations.
As Britain celebrates the last Bank holiday weekend of the year, union leaders are calling for an extra three Bank holidays to be brought in. Britain together with the Netherlands currently has eight Bank holidays a year, the least Bank holidays of any country in Europe. The European average is 10.8 days. Additionally many employees are forced to rely on the generosity of their employers to be able to take public holidays as time off. There is currently no statutory right for Bank holidays to be taken as time off or for employees to be paid for them.
In addition, it was discovered that many employers are flouting the law and not allowing their staff to take the statutory four weeks' paid leave per year. Britons already work much longer hours than their European neighbours, putting their health at risk. It seems that too many employers are putting profits before the wellbeing of their staff. No wonder Britain has a much lower productivity rate than its European neighbours.
It seems Britain's heavy rains and washed out Summer have a lot to answer for. According to recent figures, the bad weather has resulted in a boom in online shopping with July's sale figures alone topping £4billion. As more and more people chose to stay at home and indoors, Britons went shopping online rather than going out and hitting the high street. Popular items bought over the net included electrical goods such as mp3 players, digital cameras and laptops. Sales of clothing, shoes and related accessories were also popular. Unfortunately this has resulted in a lot of lost business for retailers and shopkeepers. I was out shopping the other day and noticed many items, particularly clothing, drastically reduced in price in a lot of the places I went into. Now I know why. It must be very difficult for retail businesses to keep going nowadays as the internet is a tempting alternative for many customers.
In addition massive numbers of Britons are leaving the U.K. to start a new life abroad, with Australia being the favourite destination. Apparently the main reasons for them leaving are Britain's bad weather, rising crime, the economy and immigration, as Britain struggles to cope with the record numbers of foreign immigrants that arrive here every day.
As some of you know, I enjoy writing and am currently working on my first book. I find writing very therapeutic and relaxing, especially after a stressful day at work. I originally started the blog as a good way to practise my writing skills. I also thought it would be good for people to hear about news and life in England firsthand from somebody who lives there.
The best thing about blogging at Diary from England is the number of great cyberfriends I have made, both from England, the U.S. and all over the world. I love it when people leave nice comments or e-mail me to say how much they enjoy Diary from England. It makes it all worthwhile. I have met some really nice people since I started blogging. I always like to try to support everyone by visiting friends' blogs as often as I can, although I don't always manage this due to lack of time! One of the best things I ever did was becoming a member of Blog Village. I saw the Blog Village banner on a couple of blogs when I was surfing around and went across to find out more. I love the community atmosphere at Blog Village and have made a lot of friends over there.
Another thing I love about blogging is the carnivals. I've definitely been hit by the carnival bug and am looking forward to hosting my own England Goes Gonzo Carnival here on Monday 1st October. You can find further details of this carnival by following the link below:-
It was announced this week that comic strip versions of Shakespeare plays are to be published for use in schools as Britain's secondary school children find the original versions boring and difficult to understand. It is thought that youngsters will find the comic strip versions (written using simple English words and expressions) easier to understand and it will inspire them to take an interest in the Bard's works. Surely part of the fun of learning Shakespeare is reading the plays in Shakespearean English and learning what all the terms mean. I enjoyed studying Shakepeare's plays at school. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare containing all his plays still takes pride of place on my bookshelf. Much of the beauty of the Bard's work lies in the language more than the actual plot. Many of Shakespeare's plays contain finely crafted passages. These will now be reduced to quick, snappy phrases. Reading comic strip versions of the plays which are illustrated by artists who worked on Spiderman cartoons, just won't be the same.
The first play to get the "comic strip" treatment is Henry V. Shakepeare's unforgettable line from the play which rallies the troops, "Once more into the breach dear friends", will be replaced with, "Take a deep breath and fight. Get a fierce look in your eyes!" Eventually all Shakespeare's plays will be available in the comic strip versions. There are also plans to produce comic strip versions of some classic novels like Great Expectations and Jane Eyre as well. It's enough to send Shakespeare spinning in his grave!
Many experts have cited global warming as one of the main causes of some of the heavy rain and flooding we have experienced this year in England. However according to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), it is also responsible for a decline in the number of certain birds visiting Britain in the Wintertime. Apparently the warmer Winters now mean that many birds no longer need to migrate to the U.K. from places like Greenland and Siberia.
I have a bird table on my back garden containing water, bags of nuts and other little treats for any feathered visitors. In years gone by, the table used to attract loads of birds of all shapes and sizes and I enjoyed watching them through the window. I wondered where all the birds had gone as hardly any have been there at all this year. Now I know. Global warming it seems is having an effect on Britain's bird population too.
Alnwick Castle in Northumberland has topped a list


Are There Kangaroos In Africa?
Did you know that kangaroos can leap about 30 feet in a single bound? Or that kangaroos can travel more than 30 miles per hour? Did you also know that kangaroos live in groups of about 50 or so other kangaroos – and that these groups are called "mobs"?
Kangaroos are one of a kind animals! Here we take a look at some more interesting facts about kangaroos, like where they live, what they eat, and how they raise their babies!
Are there kangaroos in Africa? Kangaroos are not found naturally in Africa. In fact, most kangaroos are found in the wild in Australia! But within Australia, there are different regions where the kangaroos live. Certain kangaroos prefer certain locations. For example, the gray kangaroo lives in forests in Australia, the antilopine kangaroo and tree kangaroos live in eucalyptus woodlands in Northern Australia, and the musky rat kangaroo lives in the rainforests of northeastern Queensland.
Kangaroo at Lucky Bay in the Cape Range National Park near Esperance, Western Australia
Kangaroo at Lucky Bay in the Cape Range National Park near Esperance, Western Australia
Think you know animals? Take our: Can You Recognize These Animals? – Photo Quiz
Table of Contents
Can kangaroos be found living in the wild in any place besides Australia?
There are a few other countries in the world where kangaroos live. While the vast majority of kangaroos live in Australia, there are some kangaroos that live in Papua New Guinea and New Zealand, which are both two countries located close to Australia. Oddly enough, there have been some reports decades ago of kangaroos in North America! Kangaroos were spotted in Nebraska, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Minnesota. These were known as "errant kangaroos." These kangaroos were spotted at the turn of the 19th century, but these "phantom kangaroo" sightings have appeared all over the US in the years since.
>>> Giraffe Quiz – Tall And Proud
Did kangaroos ever live in Africa?
Kangaroos were never native animals to Africa. Instead, southern Africa has their own "answer to the kangaroo." Springhares resemble a small kangaroo because they have large back legs and short forearms and they also hop around like a kangaroo. But these animals are actually not even related to kangaroos. Springhares have confused scientists for years- they appear to be a mix between a kangaroo and a rabbit, but they do not fit in with either group.
What do kangaroos eat?
Kangaroos are herbivores. This means that they eat a diet of plants, as opposed to eating other animals. Kangaroos like to eat grass, flowers, leaves, ferns, and moss.
READ NEXT: The Best Gifts For Animal Lovers
Do kangaroos really have a pouch?
Kangaroos do have pouches! When a mother kangaroo is pregnant, she is only pregnant for about three to five weeks. At this time, she may carry one to four babies. These babies are known as "joeys". After the joey is born – and at birth, joeys can be as small as a grain of rice! – the baby will be guided to its mother's pouch where it will gestate for some more time. The joey may gestate for up to a year and a half inside the pouch!
Inside the pouch, joeys will nurse and go to the bathroom. The mother will have to clean up this mess by sticking her snout in the pouch and using her tongue to clean out the contents!
Australian kangaroo with a joey in its pouch at sunset
Australian kangaroo with a joey in its pouch at sunset
Kangaroos are part of a group of animals called "marsupials". Marsupials are animals that have a pouch that they use to keep their young safe. Other marsupials in the animal kingdoms include wallabies, Tasmanian devils, koalas, opossums, and wombats. In total, there are 292 different species of marsupials! Most marsupials live in Australia, like the kangaroo, but some, such as opossums, like in North and South America.
READ ALSO: Are Giraffes Friendly?
Do male kangaroos have pouches?
Male kangaroos do not have pouches. Only female kangaroos have them because they are the ones who carry joeys. Male kangaroos also cannot produce milk, so they really have no need for a pouch.
How big are kangaroos?
Kangaroos are actually the largest marsupials! The biggest member of the kangaroo family is the red kangaroo. The red kangaroo is usually about three to five feet tall. And their tail can add up to three and a half feet to their body length! Additionally, red kangaroos can weigh up to 200 pounds when fully grown.
Grey kangaroo with young joey
Grey kangaroo with young joey
READ NEXT: Do Baby Elephants Have Tusks?
How long do kangaroos live?
There are about 50 different species of kangaroos, and they all have a different lifespan. With that being said, on average, kangaroos live to be between ten and twenty years old.


Birds of Paradise Agra Design Carpet
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Agra is one of the cities in India that served as a production center for carpets after the establishment and consolidation of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. Persian weavers were brought in to combine their weaving skills and Persian patterns with those of Indian patterns and the tastes of India's royal leaders. Demand for these rugs grew outside of India, particularly due to the high density of knotting, and not just the design elements. In the late 19th and early 20th century, under the era of British colonialism and subsequent influence, colors and patterns changed. Some of the most expensive and exclusive carpets from this era were made by prisoners in the city jails.
Design: Birds of Paradise Agra Design Carpet
Style: Antique Agra Wool Carpet
Origin: India
Material: 100% Wool
Colors: Raspberry Red, Chartreuse Green, Blue
Size: 9' X 11'9"
Rug Number:


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make home improvements.
- Lower interest rates: Because engineers are considered to be highly skilled professionals with stable incomes, they are often offered lower interest rates on home loans.
- Higher loan amounts: Engineers typically earn higher salaries than people in many other professions, which means they may be able to borrow more money for a home purchase or refinance.
- Easier income verification: Engineers typically have a steady income, making it easier for them to prove their financial stability and secure a mortgage.
- Specialized knowledge: Engineers have a deep understanding of how buildings and homes are constructed, which can be useful when assessing the condition and value of a property.
- Flexibility: Many lenders offer engineer home loans with flexible repayment terms and other features that can be tailored to the borrower's needs.
- Limited availability: Engineer home loans may not be available from all lenders, which can make it more difficult to find a loan that meets your needs.
- Higher down payment requirements: Some lenders may require engineers to make a larger down payment than other borrowers, which can be a challenge for those who are just starting out or who have other financial obligations.
- Specialized requirements: Some engineer home loans may come with specific requirements that must be met, such as having a certain level of education or work experience in the engineering field.
- Potential for overborrowing: Engineers may be tempted to borrow more than they can afford, especially if they are offered higher loan amounts and lower interest rates.
- Limited benefits for non-engineers: If you are not an engineer, you may not be eligible for many of the benefits that come with engineer home loans


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Benefits of Wood Material in Sustainable Home Design
April 24, 2023
Sustainable homes are the main focus in this modern era. Many people are turning to eco-friendly home designs to reduce the negative impact on nature. One of the most popular materials in sustainable home design is wood. Wood has many benefits that make it an ideal choice in building a sustainable home.
Characteristics of Wood in Sustainable Home Design
1. Friendly environment
Wood is a renewable resource. Trees used in timber production can be replanted and it takes a relatively short time to grow back. Processing wood results in the production of lower carbon emissions compared to other building materials such as metal or concrete. By using wood as the main material in sustainable home design, we can reduce the negative impact on the environment.
2. Energy efficiency
Wood has good insulating abilities, which means that a house made of wood can maintain a comfortable temperature inside. Wood has natural properties that are able to absorb and radiate heat well. This means a house made of wood will be more energy efficient, with lower needs for heating or air conditioning.
3. Strong and stable
In house construction, wood can be used in a variety of structures, such as beams, walls, floors, and roofs. Wood also has flexible properties that allow adaptation to climate change and earthquakes. By using wood in sustainable home design, we can build strong and durable homes.
4. Good air circulation
Wood has a natural ability to regulate indoor humidity. Wood naturally absorbs and releases moisture, which helps maintain indoor air quality. In a house made of wood, the air will stay fresh and healthy. In addition, wood also does not contain harmful chemicals as can be found in some other building materials. This makes wood a good choice for sustainable homes, especially for those concerned about health and indoor air quality.
The Benefits of Wood Materials in Sustainable Home Design
Some of the advantages of wood as part of the structure and design of the house include:
- Easy to work on because it can be made or shaped as desired, and easy to nail, bolted orglued on.
- The process and duration of the work are faster because many local craftsmen are skilled at it.
- Easy to get, because it is a natural resource that is still widely available and can be recycled again by reforestation.
- More economical because the price is relatively cheap compared to other building materials.
- The strength of wood is quite high with a light weight, even solid wood will be durable and long lasting.
- Resistance to electricity and chemicals is quite good.
- Wood is a natural thermal insulator which is very effective in isolating cold and heat, and is also a good absorber of noise.
- Certain types of wood have a beautiful texture and wood grain so they have more value to be used as decorative elements.
- It is safer and more flexible in the event of an earthquake so that houses made of wood will remain in their original condition, not easily cracked and not easily shifted.
Find various kinds of wooden house designs only at PT Kayu Lapis Indonesia. Let's create a residence that suits your taste and that of your family!


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Diagonalization matrix and its application in distribution theory
MetadataShow full item record
Some matrix representations of diverse diagonal arrays are studied in this work; the results allow new definitions of classes of elliptical distributions indexed by kernels mixing Hadamard and usual products. A number of applications are derived in the setting of prior densities from the Bayesian multivariate regression model and families of non-elliptical distributions, such as the matrix multivariate generalized Birnbaum–Saunders density. The philosophy of the research about matrix representations of quadratic and inverse quadratic forms can be extended as a methodology for exploring possible new applications in non-standard distributions, matrix transformations and inference.
- Indexados Scopus


mis and is therefore most useful at determining the composition of this layer. However, compared to the lower epidermis and dermis, water content in the stratum corneum is relatively low. Light emitted in the about 1350 to about 1550 nm region has intermediate absorbance between the shorter and longer wavelength regions described above, and is therefore expected to have an intermediate penetration depth. Thus, variations in the intensity ratio between the water absorption band between about 1350 to about 1550 and the water absorption band between about 2000 nm and about 2300 nm can be used to determine the composition and/or thickness of the skin at the measurement site. For example, the stratum corneum is relatively thin at the forehead and cheek, but relatively thick at the finger pad and palm. A spectrum taken at the forehead or cheek will indicate a strong water absorption band in the 1350 to 1550 nm spectral region (relatively high water content in the epidermis and dermis), while a spectrum taken at the finger or palm will indicate a weak water absorption band in the 2000 nm to 2300 nm spectral region (penetration limited to the stratum corneum). Through such an analysis, different spectra may be correlated to specific locations on the body.
In another example, a particularly sensitive method of determining skin thickness may take advantage of the distinctive absorption peaks of lipids. A layer of subcutaneous fat is located just below the dermis, and the relative absorbance by lipids in this layer is indicative of the relative penetration of light into this layer. Distinctive fat absorption bands are located in the vicinity of about 930 nm, about 1210 nm, about 1720 nm, and about 2300 nm wavelengths. For example, for detection of dermal thickness in a patient, a source-detector spacing in the range of about 1 mm to about 5 mm and spectral measurement in the about 1700 nm to about 1800 nm range may be selected.
Further improvement in depth resolution may also be achieved by performing reflectance measurements at more than one source-detector spacing. For example, by comparing absorbance spectra measured at source-detector spacings in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 0.5 mm with spacings in the range of about 1 mm to about 5 mm, the composition of the epidermis and dermis may be respectively determined. Further improvement in the determination of multi-layer tissue composition may be achieved through the combination of both multiple source-detector spacings and multiple spectral regions. For example, a 0.1 mm source-detector separation as described above would be best suited to spectral measurements in the range of about 1800 nm to about 2500 nm, where tissue absorbance is high.
It should be appreciated that exemplary steps of the present technique are typically implemented in a sensor and a patient monitoring system. In accordance with some aspects of the present technique, reusable medical sensors and patient monitors are provided and configured to determine patient-specific physiological parameters.
Fiber Optic Sensor and Calibration of a Monitor Based on Skin Location
Referring now to FIG. 1, a system 10 depicting a fiber optic sensor 12 used in conjunction with a monitor 14 is shown. In the depicted embodiment, a sensor cable 16 connects the sensor 12 to the monitor 14 through a connector 17. The sensor cable 16 is typically used to transmit light, control and/or timing signals from the monitor 14 to the sensor 12 and/or to transmit acquired data from the sensor 12 to the monitor 14. The sensor 12 and/or the sensor cable 16 may include or incorporate one or more integrated circuit devices or electrical devices, such as a memory, processor chip, or resistor that may facilitate or enhance communication between the sensor 12 and the monitor 14.
The sensor cable 16 may contain multiple optic fibers 18 and a central detector fiber 20 as shown in the cross-section of sensor cable 16 taken along line 2-2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The monitor 14 may contain one or more emitters that emit light through the optic fibers 18. In the exemplary system shown, the emitters used are multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) or any other kind of emitter that emits light in the desirable wavelengths. Alternatively, the emitter may be a source capable of emitting across a broad range of wavelengths, such as a tunable laser. Each optic fiber 18 may connect to one LED, and a filter may be interposed between each LED and optic fiber 18. Regulation of the desired wavelength of light transmitted to the sensor and into the patient's tissue may be accomplished through the selection of LEDs as well as the filters between the LEDs and the optic fibers 18.
The fiber optic sensor 12 may be placed on a single location on a patient's body and the monitor 14 or the sensor 12 may correlate the spectrum to different locations on the body by analyzing different spectral regions. Specifically, the sensor 12 may be placed on a patient's finger, and a blood oxygen saturation measurement may be taken using the red and infrared spectral regions typical of pulse oximetry. In alternative applications, the sensor 12 may be placed on multiple locations of a patient's body to test for other conditions, such as tissue hydration, for example.
As discussed above, the spectral absorption regions vary according to different blood or tissue constituents and depth of penetration of light in those regions. For example, the relative water absorption bands of different spectral regions may be used to determine epidermal and dermal composition and/or thickness, and therefore sensor location. Accordingly, in addition to the red and infrared spectral regions, the system 10 and fiber optic sensor 12 may be configured to transmit light in the following regions: from about 1050 nm to about 1350 nm; from about 1550 nm to about 1850 nm, and/or from about 2000 nm to about 2300 nm. Variations in the water and fat absorption bands in these spectral regions can be analyzed to determine skin thickness and, therefore, sensor location. A thicker epidermis may indicate a sensor location of a finger, whereas a thinner epidermis may indicate a sensor location of a forehead. Calibration information for the monitor 14, such as calibration coefficients, is selected based on the determination of the sensor location. Calibration coefficients may be stored in a memory on the sensor 12, or they may be stored in the monitor 14 and selected based on information sent from the sensor 12 to the monitor 14. Calibration coefficients may be stored for any number of sensor locations, e.g., the forehead, the finger, the cheek, etc.
Once the monitor is calibrated according to the specific sensor location, the blood oxygen saturation may be determined. The calibration of the monitor 14 for the specific sensor location increases the accuracy and specificity of the monitor's blood oxygen saturation determination.
Fiber Optic Sensor and Calibration of a Monitor Based on Skin Thickness
Accuracy of the system 10 and fiber optic sensor 12 described above may be increased by calibration of the monitor 14 coupled to the sensor 12 according to a determination of skin thickness. In this embodiment, the system 10 and fiber optic sensor 12 operate according to the techniques described above, and may provide additional wavelengths in the following regions: from about 1050 nm to about 1350 nm; from about 1550 nm to about 1850 nm, and from about 2000 nm to about 2300 nm. Methods and algorithms for determining fluid parameters are disclosed in U.S. Pub. No. 2004-_PHONE_, and methods and algorithms for estimating tissue hydration from spectral absorption bandwidth measurements are disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 11/528,154, both of which have been incorporated herein by reference. Using the relative water absorption bands in these spectral regions, the thickness of the skin may be determined. Instead of correlating the thickness of the skin to a sensor location, however, calibration information may be chosen based on the skin thickness without regard to sensor location. For example, calibration coefficients, either stored in the sensor 12 in a memory or stored in the monitor 14, may be selected along a variable calibration curve, depending on the thickness of the skin, as opposed to discrete locations such as a finger, forehead, etc.
Once the monitor is calibrated according to the specific skin thickness at the sensor site, the blood oxygen saturation may be determined. The calibration of the monitor for the specific skin thickness at the sensor location increases the accuracy and specificity of the monitor's blood oxygen saturation determination.
Fiber Optic Sensor and Calibration of a Monitor Based on Skin Color
Again referring to the exemplary system 10 and fiber optic sensor 12 of FIG. 1, in some embodiments the calibration information used by the monitor may be chosen based on a determination of skin color of the patient at the sensor site, e.g. skin pigmentation. Some wavelengths of light emitted by the optic fibers 18 may be affected by the amount and type of melanin or carotene in the skin. In situations of low blood oxygen saturation, for example, skin color has a relatively larger effect on the accuracy of the blood oxygen saturation determination as compared to patients with normal levels of blood oxygen saturation.
In this embodiment the system 10 and the fiber optic sensor 12 operate according to the techniques described above, and may provide additional wavelengths in the following region: from about 400 nm to about 800 nm. Absorption bands in this spectral region may indicate higher concentrations of melanin (darker skin) or lower concentrations of melanin (lighter skin). Calibration coefficients may be selected based on this determination, and the selection may depend on the on the complexity of the spectral analysis. For example, the selection of calibration coefficients may be based


Destructuring array of tuples to tuple of arrays.
Author spalato
5 Stars
Updated Last
1 Year Ago
Started In
March 2018
Build Status
Destructuring arrays of tuples in Julia.
Using julia's 'dot-call' syntax on functions with multiple return arguments results in an array of tuples. Sometimes, you want the tuple of arrays instead, preserving array shape. This can be achieved using destruct, which converts an array of tuple to a tuple of arrays.
Works with any tuples (ie: with elements of different types).
This single function doesn't really require it's package, maybe you can find it a better home.
julia> using Destruct; using BenchmarkTools
julia> f(a, b) = a+1im*b, a*b, convert(Int, round(a-b)); # some transform returing multiple values
julia> v = f.(rand(3,1), rand(1,4));
julia> typeof(v)
julia> x, y, z = destruct(v);
julia> z
3×4 Array{Int64,2}:
 0 0 0 0
 1 0 1 1
 1 0 1 1
julia> v = f.(rand(500,1,1), rand(1,500,500));
julia> _USER_ destruct($v); # using BenchmarkTools
 1.396 s (7 allocations: 3.73 GiB)
Getting this out of the way:
julia> x, y, z = f.(rand(100,1,1), rand(1,100,100)) |> destruct;
A common way to unpack Arrays of tuples uses the broadcast dot-call:
unpack_broadcast(w::Array{<:Tuple}) = Tuple((v->v[i]).(w) for i=1:length(w[1]))
However, this approach suffers from two problems: it doesn't access the elements in the order they are stored in memory and has huge memory consumption for Tuples with varying types (Tuples instead of NTuples).
This "broadcast unpack" takes between 1.5x and 2x longer than destruct supplied here for arrays of NTuples. The performance gain is much larger for tuples of heterogenous types: in the 10x to 75x range, using 1/10th of the memory.
See timing scripts: timing.jl and comparative_timing.jl.
How does it work?
The destruct function uses macros from Base.Cartesian to allocate destination arrays and iterate over all the things. The alternative implementations using broadcast dot-call is available as Destruct.unpack_broadcast.
Required Packages
Used By Packages
No packages found.


PTA stands for parent-teacher association. Based at a local school, each PTA chapter is affiliated with the National PTA and, often, a state PTA. Members pay dues, some of which go to the national and state-level organizations. In return, individual school units receive resource materials, training, and other services. A PTA is a type of parent organization.


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文件: NACE CORROSION, New Design/Material Solution for Isolating Pipelines with Chemical and Permeation Issues
You can now download GPT's highly acclaimed paper "New Design/Material Solution for Isolating Pipelines with Chemical and Permeation Issues". The paper was presented at NACE CORROSION 2018, in Phoenix and authored by Nick Bander, Engineering Manager & Tim Hurley, Senior Product Manager.
Here is an abstract of the a paper:-
Glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) gaskets were a significant improvement over prior isolation technologies, such as phenolic gaskets, which were in use since the early 1900's. GRE has now been used to isolate pipelines in a broad range of industries for close to 50 years. Advances in oil and gas extraction, changes in oil chemistry and changes in installation practices have exposed some potential weaknesses in common gaskets utilizing GRE as the primary form of isolation. The typical GRE gasket uses media permeating through the gasket to energize the seal. This "leak to seal" design is an indicator that GRE may not be the best choice as a gasketing material as media stream materials have become increasingly incompatible with the epoxy resin. Due to the continued efforts to design GRE gaskets with reduced permeation paths, it is believed that GRE's permeability is a well known issue, but GRE has other weaknesses that open this product up to potential failure in a pipeline. The GRE can be prone to delamination at high pressures due to the material's laminate construction, the operating temperature range of GRE is not as high as many oil and gas operators would desire and finally, the thickness and thickness tolerance of GRE can cause installation challenges and potential failure by media leakage.


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Discipline is a vital element of a student's development and should be regarded as one of life's most important factors. Discipline is essential to learning and following the rules. Discipline is as important as education when it comes to a student's overall development, thus pupils must practice it both in and out of the classroom.
The capacity to execute something or finish a job in a prescribed time is one definition of student discipline. Discipline helps pupils attain their objectives by maintaining steadiness. Moreover, it draws all the positive things in a student's life, and they attain greatness in every element through discipline
Table of Contents
Major Positive Effects of Self-discipline on Academic Success
Very often, appropriate people, opportunities, and circumstances gravitate around successful students, allowing them to thrive in every facet of their lives. Self-discipline is meant to help them concentrate on their studies. Results, output, and improved time management are all byproducts of the disciplined lifestyle of Dubai international private school students. Parents have a responsibility to instill in their children an understanding of the value of self-control in the classroom.
- Efficient Time Management
If pupils were more disciplined, they would be better able to organize their time. Disciplined students never waste time and always get their work done on time. Students who are not prepared waste their time on unimportant tasks because they lack organizational skills.
Additionally, the students will complete their assignments on time and continue to be invested in their studies. They'll have more time on their hands to focus on what matters to them. Students who can manage their time well will be able to fully use their potential. Skills in time management are highly sought after by employers.
- Encourages Indian high school Dubai students to be active and healthy
Disciplined students tend to see the world more positively, which is crucial in many ways. Discipline helps students develop resilience and initiative. The impact of these elements on students is a heightened interest in and participation in extracurricular activities. Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and enough rest may all help students maintain a healthy lifestyle.
- Helps kids maintain focus
When students are disciplined, they are more likely to be focused and motivated in their academic pursuits and other areas of life. Students with focused ambitions are more likely to succeed. Students who lack self-control have a harder time focusing on their studies.
Taking notes on all of the study goals you want to accomplish in your life is a fantastic way to stay inspired. You would be more likely to remain motivated and achieve your goals in life if you do this. Concentrating on one aspect for a set length of time helps you to research more effectively, learn more quickly, and generate more innovative ideas.
Dubai International private school advises students to assess how much progress can be made toward the objective with the time and resources available before deciding what to do next. You'll be more successful if you focus on just one item at a time, and this is why focusing on the goal is so important. Nothing else matters, so you tune out the world and give your whole attention to the task at hand.
Additional Possible impact of Discipline on a Student's Development
- Facilitates the process of education
It's crucial to put in the time and effort required to pursue higher education. Students with self-discipline are more likely to pay attention in class and learn the material covered by the curriculum when they are subjected to rules and regulations. If pupils can maintain consistent routines of discipline, they will be able to complete their work on time.
Discipline has a positive impact on academic performance because it creates a calm environment in which students can allocate their time effectively, encourages them to stick to a regular schedule, shapes their personalities and boosts their spirits, and allows teachers to serve as positive role models.
- Helps students do better in Indian high school Dubai
Student's academic progress is bolstered when they can retain self-control in the classroom. Disciplined students not only improve their academics but also acquire new abilities. Students who can retain self-control will ultimately find success in life.
- Helps one to control oneself
Disciplined students are more likely to be able to manage their impulses. Students should keep their cool in conversations with adults. Therefore, if individuals do not practice self-discipline, they will experience an unpleasant loss of control. Students should think before they speak to build rapport with others.
- Decreases stress levels
Dubai international private school students find it much easier to keep on top of their studies and other responsibilities when they practice self-discipline. The pupils become careless and put off their work till the last minute if they are not held accountable for their actions. This is the most important factor contributing to a student's stress, and it may be overcome by maintaining self-control.
- Creating a model for society to follow
Students who manage to keep their cool in class end up becoming role models for their peers. When other students see positive results in the academic performance or personal growth of those who follow a strict code of conduct, only then do they adopt that norm for themselves.
Discipline is essential in any endeavor and practicing it is crucial for Indian high school Dubai students who are investing time and energy into learning in order to have a brighter future.
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PIM Data Synchronization: Why is it so hard?
This article was originally published by LWN.net. Here is a slightly updated version with information about the sync UI and a longer section on data modeling and handling.
Recently, a SyncEvolution user described SyncML and some of its challenges in a LWN.net article. In this article, the author of that software adds more information for developers who want to synchronize data. Particular attention is given to Personal Information Management (PIM) data (such as contacts, events, tasks, notes) and how SyncEvolution and the underlying Synthesis SyncML Engine deal with the problems inherent in synchronizing that kind of data. It is worth pointing out that SyncML as protocol is data format agnostic and not limited to PIM. PIM is just the most common usage today - and particularly difficult. Synthesis just made their core technology available under the LGPL v2.1 and 3.0. SyncEvolution 0.9 beta 1 is the first open source program using this libsynthesis. Together, these two projects are the core building blocks for data synchronization in the Moblin project.
PIM Synchronization: Challenges
Whenever your author hears the song 1974 song "Rikki don't lose that number", he wonders whether the advice to "send it off in a letter to yourself" is still valid today, or whether we can trust our software to keep important phone numbers safe and sound. Why is synchronization software for PIM data still not 100% reliable?
Database replication is a well understood problem. But PIM data is special in many ways. First, there is no globally unique identifier (GUID) for items. When comparing two databases for the first time, there is often no additional meta information, beyond the data itself. Without a GUID in the item data, it is hard to determine whether two items from different databases refer to the same entity. In particular, because the content and/or representation of the same logical entity is often different in different databases (second problem).
For PIM data, the storage and exchange formats are typically vCard 2.1/3.0, vCalendar 1.0 and iCalendar 2.0. At first glance it seems that items in these formats have a GUID. But the UID property in a vCard is not mandatory, neither in version 2.1 nor 3.0 of the standard. Even if it is used by a particular software, it is not guaranteed to be globally unique and therefore cannot be relied upon when comparing two different databases. Same problem exists with vCalendar 1.0, which is still the most common format used by consumer devices for events and tasks. Only iCalendar 2.0 specifies a mandatory, global UID property because it is required for exchanging meeting invitations.
Without a GUID, one has to compare the content of items to identify matching items. But the PIM data formats allow many different, often more or less complete implementations and representations of the same information. One side of an implementation might support just the bare minimum of information for a contact (for example, name and phone number), while the other side may support everything defined in the standard (photo, arbitrary number of email addresses, and phone numbers), plus non-standard extensions (spouse, instant messaging handles). A simple byte comparison, without any understanding of the semantic of the data, is, therefore, not good enough.
After identifying matching items, there is a third problem: if the items differ in some properties, which item is more up-to-date? There are REV and LAST-MODIFIED properties, but again support for them is not guaranteed. Worse, both items might been created or updated independently, so that each has valid information the other does not have (new phone number added on my cell phone, address changed on my desktop, based on an email with that information).
Fourth, it is necessary to support these data formats to be interoperable with existing devices. One cannot simply choose a custom data format that avoids the previous three issues. Neither is it possible to make assumptions about the implementation of a peer and what it may or may not support.
Fifth, not knowing enough about a peer is particularly problematic when receiving an item back from a peer. If a property is missing, that was sent to the peer earlier, does that mean that the user has removed this piece of information or that the peer was unable to store it? In the former case, the property must also be removed locally. In the latter, it needs to be preserved while updating the other properties. Only allowing one-way synchronization avoids this problem, but is also considerably less useful.
The SyncML protocol (aka Open Mobile Alliance Data Synchronization, OMA-DS) itself is fairly simple, at least up to and including version 1.2.1, the latest version supported by Synthesis and most other implementations. SyncML defines a general message format with encodings, both as XML and as more compact WAP Binary XML (WBXML). Exchanging these messages over HTTP (as POST and reply) and Bluetooth is also standardized. A typical session requires three message exchanges. When sending many small data items (~2KB) with WBXML as encoding, the measured data overhead for the SyncML protocol was 8%, 2.5 times less than XML.
During a sync session, a client talks to a server. The protocol is intentionally not symmetric. A client is fairly simple to implement and usually only talks to one server. The server implements all of the advanced logic, like tracking the state of multiple clients, matching items, and merging data.
A client has to keep track of local changes (added/removed/updated) between sync sessions, using its own locally unique identifier (LUID) to refer to items. It has to be able to export, import, update, and delete items. The server has to maintain a mapping between GUIDs and the corresponding LUIDs that are used by each client.
At the start of a sync session, client and server authenticate each other and negotiate which databases they want to synchronize (identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)) and which data formats are acceptable (MIME types). In theory, this information could be used to configure clients automatically. In practice, it is often necessary to configure manually because the information is only sent for URIs that are listed explicitly, leading to a chicken-and-egg problem.
The information about supported data types can be detailed enough to describe which properties of the different PIM formats are supported by a client or server. The Synthesis engine generates this information for its peer automatically from the configuration (more on that below) and uses the information received from its peer to merge updates intelligently. Other servers check this information only to determine whether specific properties, like PHOTO, are supported and then they hard-code the rest of the data handling.
As part of getting client and server ready for a synchronization, both agree on the sync modes for active databases. The standard specifies one-way and two-way synchronization, both incrementally (the only changes sent are those made since the last synchronization) and complete (all currently existing items have to be sent). For the initial session or after a failure, this "slow" mode is used to get client and server in sync (again), that is,the client sends all of its items, then the server compares those items against its own data and sends back changes to the client. As explained above, this matching is problematic, therefore the standard also supports complete sync modes, where one side is told to wipe out all data before receiving items ("refresh from client" and "refresh from server").
A session concludes when both sides have sent their changes and some meta information (for example, new LUIDs assigned by the client). The standard defines a mechanism for suspending a session earlier than that and resuming it later. The same resume mechanism can also be used to recover from an unexpected loss of connection. This is an optional feature of the standard, supported by the Synthesis implementation but not all servers. Without this feature, a slow sync is necessary to keep client and server reliably in sync.
Synthesis SyncML Engine + SyncEvolution
Both the Synthesis SyncML Engine and SyncEvolution are implemented in C++. Synthesis paid particular attention to portability of their code to platforms with less capable compilers. Therefore, the choice of C++ features used is intentionally limited (no hard dependency on exception support, moderate use of templates, and the standard template library). SyncEvolution is less restricted and uses both exceptions for error reporting and the "resource acquisition is initialization" (RAII) design pattern to track resources, plus Boost templates (but no Boost libraries at this point).
SyncEvolution and Synthesis Component Overview
The diagram shows how the two projects interact and fit into the Moblin infrastructure. Solid boxes represent executables and dotted boxes represent libraries. The GUI communicates with the core engine via D-Bus. Long term this will allow the engine to run completely independently from a particular front-end. The command line tool currently still calls libsyncevolution directly and thus does not depend on D-Bus. When D-Bus is available, it should instead act like another front-end for the D-Bus server. The engine itself is compiled into a library with two stable, plain C APIs:
 - an API for a SyncML client user interface, like SyncEvolution
 - a database API for plug-ins, which connect the engine with local data
The BSD-licensed SDK provides a glue mechanism that can be linked statically to access these APIs in C++, without tying clients closely to the implementation. Bindings for Java are available from Synthesis under a commercial license. The official documentation for this is the Synthesis "SDK and Plug-in Interface" reference manual, which is included in the


How to Generate a Random Number in PHP
php
To generate a random number in PHP, we use the mt_rand function.
The general form to generate a random number is:
$random_number= mt_rand(minimum_number_range, maximum_number_range);
where
minimum_number_range is the minimum number value that the mt_rand function can generate
maximum_number_range is the maximum number value that the mt_rand function can generate
The $random_number variable stores the random number which you generate from the mt_rand() function.
For example, if you want to generate a random number from 50 to 70, the minimum number range would be 50 and the maximum number range would be 70, because you want to generate a random number between 50 and 70.
Example
To generate and display a number from 1 to 100, the code to do this is:
$random_number= mt_rand(1, 100);
echo $random_number;
Actual PHP Output
Refresh this page to see a new generated random number:
93
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The Personal Financial Management is software that enables customers to manage their finances. This blog explores smart spending analytics in PFM and how revolutions in the field of data have enabled customers to manage their spending using such tools.
An overview of change in PFM
We live in a world which is drowning in data. And making sense of this data gives power as it gives insights into hitherto unknown answers. However, is this data powerful enough to enable a rebirth of PFM tools? PFM tools are not new and have been around for about three decades. When the idea of PFM first came up, it received a lot of attention but early PFM tools did not gain widespread adoption due to their complicated and fussy features. The share of PFM users was only till recently, around 10 –12 percent. The answer to the question is a yes. Revolutions in data have enabled the resurrection of PFM into a completely different form.
A new way of money management
In the coming years, millennials are going to inherit the largest share of personal wealth and their annual spending would be unprecedented (about 1.3 trillion dollars). Nevertheless, according to statistics, only 53 percent of them would budget their future expenses and of those who do, 36 percent would use manual tools like spreadsheets. This involves a lot of manual effort which could be easily solved using PFM tools. Recent advances in data analytics are a perfect solution to these challenges.
PFM 2.0
Advances in AI and ML have enabled a new form of PFM. The ideal PFM software should be able to recognize patterns in spending habits of the customers and give timely insights wherever needed. Frankly, which millennial would want to look at charts and graphs and figure out how much and where to spend? New versions of PFM would give alerts to the customer whenever they have spent too much like on eating out, taking Uber too much, etc. This is certainly possible and is being implemented in the new PFM tools and also bank apps which have integrated PFM into their products. The ideal PFM software would also identify periods of excess spending like Christmas, New Year etc.
Alerts when needed
Barclays, in spite of being one of the oldest banks around, integrated PFM with advanced analytics which can define long term spending and saving goals such as buying a house or a car, etc. The smart spending feature of PFM should be able to give alerts when appropriate and turn off entire spending categories for budget conscious customer such as gambling or online shopping. This could even be helpful for customers battling serious debt or financial control issues. This system of smart PFM could certainly bring about a change in the smart spending analytics in PFM and be a game-changer in the industry. Banks like Bank of Georgia and Barclays are examples of real-world instances of smart spending analytics in PFM.
Aashish Batchali
Aashish's love for writing led him to Content Marketing. His interests are mathematics, physics, programming and Artificial Intelligence. He loves reading books and his favorite genre is technology non-fiction.
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text:
There are no state laws requiring employers to have a clinic at the worksite or to keep a doctor or nurse on call to treat workplace injuries. However, the Tennessee Occupational Safety and Health Act, which is virtually identical to the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), requires every private and public sector employer (except federal facilities) to ensure the ready availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation and that when an infirmary, clinic, or hospital is not within close proximity to the workplace, there is at least one person who is adequately trained to render first aid. Employers are responsible for making decisions about the details of emergency medical care in their workplaces, depending upon the size, the kinds of hazards present, the history of accidents, and the costs of various options (TN Code Sec. 50-3-101et seq.).
Tennessee follows the federal OSH Act requirements for medical treatment in the workplace. There is additional information and a description of the basic elements of an effective medical treatment program..


Saving the mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci): Assessment of the genetic status of captive bongos as a source for genetic reinforcement of wild populations.
 - Andrew Kitchener National Museums Scotland
 - Paul O'Donoghue
 - Emily O'Donoghue
 - Yoshan Moodley
Abstract
The genetic diversity of mountain bongos from the European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) was assessed in this study. There are less than 140 wild individuals of this rareand critically endangered African antelope, which has eroded genetic diversity, with only two haplotypes detected with mitochondrial DNA markers in wild populations. Genetic diversity of ten captive individuals was measured by sequencing a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region and the resulting sequences were compared to published data from this subspecies and used to establish levels of haplotype-sharing between wild and captive populations. Our data show that captive, mountain bongo populations harbour a rare haplotype found in less than 5% of individuals in some wild populations and absent in others. The findings suggest that captive individuals harbour valuable genetic diversity, making them potentially valuable candidates for a reintroduction programme to help reinforce the gene pools of wild populations. We further propose a two-way approach that also involves introducing wild individuals into captive populations, with the goal of maintaining the genetic health of both in-situ and ex-situ populations.
Published
2017-07-31
How to Cite
KITCHENER, Andrew et al. Saving the mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci): Assessment of the genetic status of captive bongos as a source for genetic reinforcement of wild populations.. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 3, p. 123-130, july 2017. ISSN 2214-7594. Available at: <_URL_ Date accessed: 16 jan. 2018. doi: _URL_
Section
Evidence Based Practice


text:
GLIF: Cunning Responds To PSFK Future Of Health Report
GLIF is a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) designed to assist community health workers with medical decisions.
GLIF: Clinical Decision Support System
GLIF is a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) designed to assist community health workers with medical decisions. It would function similarly to the SMS question-answering service ChaCha. By capturing data exhaust, it may also help epidemiologists identify and contain outbreaks in the developing world.
In order to circumvent language barriers and illiteracy, GLIF uses a system of pictorial and numeric communication. Basic information about patient and symptoms ("male / age 3 / yes fever / 72 w / yes nailbed pallor / question treat for malaria / question which medication / question what dosage / question how long") is converted into hexadecimal sequence by a community health worker using a pictographic key, then automatically decoded on the receiving end. The receiver is presented with the question and a list of suggested responses. Suggestions take into consideration such factors as the location of the sender. A response is chosen, sequenced, sent, and again decoded by the community health worker using the pictographic key.
The pictographic key includes a diagram of a human body, as well as pictograms of the most common symptoms, treatments, units of measurement, and medications. The key is designed to be easily transferable and reproducible. For example, it may be painted in freehand onto a wall of a building and still remain usable.
GLIF is not designed to replace the community health worker at the point of care, but rather to supplement her first hand observation and knowledge with the power of the Internet.
A secondary benefit of GLIF is that time and location-based data collection may be used to indentify and contain disease outbreaks and to better allocate medical resources. See Google Flu for example.
PSFK's Future of Health Report shines a light on innovation occurring within the health and wellness space around the world. This document brings together both literal and lateral inspiration to provide a framework within which businesses can begin to contemplate the issues facing UNICEF and community health workers. These issues include limited resources, technological constraints, lack of health education, and limited access to timely and relevant health and wellness information.
In an effort to start this exciting conversation, PSFK challenged advertising and design agencies from around the world to react to the Future of Health report. They were tasked with developing concepts in the form of products, services or communications that addressed one or more of the needs set forth by UNICEF. The end result of this initial phase of ideation is more than 40 innovative concepts.