text:
Summary: International Journal of Forecasting 27 (2011) 870886
Combination of long term and short term forecasts, with
application to tourism demand forecasting
Robert R. Andrawisa, Amir F. Atiyaa,, Hisham El-Shishinyb
a Department of Computer Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
b IBM Center for Advanced Studies in Cairo, IBM Cairo Technology Development Center, Giza, Egypt
Available online 15 September 2010
Forecast combination is a well-established and well-tested approach for improving the forecasting accuracy. One beneficial
strategy is to use constituent forecasts that have diverse information. In this paper we consider the idea of diversity being
accomplished by using different time aggregations. For example, we could create a yearly time series from a monthly time series
and produce forecasts for both, then combine the forecasts. These forecasts would each be tracking the dynamics of different
time scales, and would therefore add diverse types of information. A comparison of several forecast combination methods,
performed in the context of this setup, shows that this is indeed a beneficial strategy and generally provides a forecasting
performance that is better than the performances of the individual forecasts that are combined.
As a case study, we consider the problem of forecasting monthly tourism numbers for inbound tourism to Egypt. Specifically,
we consider 33 individual source countries, as well as the aggregate. The novel combination strategy also produces a generally
improved forecasting accuracy.
c 2010 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


text:
In 2018, Mayflower Primary School became the designated school for students with hearing loss. The school adopts a co-teaching model where a mainstream teacher and a specialised teacher jointly plan, coordinate, and deliver instruction to a diverse group of students. The co-teaching model promotes the inclusion of students with hearing loss to access the national curriculum within a regular education classroom.
At Mayflower Primary, Singapore Sign Language is used to support instruction for pupils with hearing loss. This will come via specialised teachers from the Singapore Association for the Deaf, who will co-teach the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science. An Educational Interpreter will support in the teaching of non-examinable subjects such as physical education, art and music.
For enrolment and registration enquiries, kindly contact the Deaf Education Department under the Singapore Association for the Deaf at _EMAIL_.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The effect of air moving through a roof cavity between vents.
The effect of air moving between vents in a roof cavity.
Placement of vent openings so that air flows in one vent, over insulated space, and out the other. In attics, a combination of eaves and ridge or high gable vents is best for cross-ventilation, because this takes advantage of natural convection.
The effect that is provided when air moves through a roof cavity between the vents.
Air that enters on one side of a room and leaves on a different side of the same room.
Use of windows or vents on opposite sides of an area to circulate air.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Jeffery Lagarias, in his recent article Euler's constant: Euler's work and modern developments in the AMS Bulletin, mentions that Euler obtained $\zeta(3)={{2\pi^3 b(3/2)}\over 3}$ for some "Bernoulli function" $b(z)$ in Section 2.4 ("Zeta values") of his article.
Lagarias also mentions that Euler similarly obtained a value for $\zeta(5)$ in terms of $b(5/2)$.
Is there any modern article explaining this "Bernoulli function $b(z)$?
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2 Answers 2
I found something on Wikipedia: _URL_ It is written that $$ b\left( s \right) = 2e^{\frac{\pi }{2}is} \int_0^{ + \infty } {\frac{{st^s }}{{1 - e^{2\pi t} }}\frac{{dt}}{t}} $$ and $b\left( {2n} \right) = B_{2n}$ for any $n>0$, where $B_k$ is the $k$th Bernoulli number. Also $$ \zeta \left( 3 \right) = \frac{{2\pi ^3 b\left( 3 \right)}}{{3i}},\quad \zeta \left( 5 \right) = \frac{{2i\pi ^5 b\left( 5 \right)}}{{15}}. $$
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Maybe this paper will be helpful: _URL_ (Donal F. Connon, A generalisation of the Bernoulli numbers from the discrete to the continuous).
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Calculated Fields
Calculated Fields are used for two purposes:
 - to calculate new sensor readings from other readings that are in the sensor database.
 - to add sensor readings gathered from the Internet. The current implementation allows for acquisition of temperature and wind speed data from Internet weather services.
A Calculated Field uses the same editing form in BMON as a standard Sensor does. So, to add a Calculated Field, you follow the normal procedure for adding a Sensor, as described in Add Buildings and Sensors. The important configuration differences relative to a standard sensor are:
 - For a Calculated Field, you need to create your own Sensor ID for the calculated field. The Sensor ID must be unique across the entire BMON set of Sensors. The Sensor ID needs to be 30 characters or less, using numbers and letters but no spaces.
 - In the Sensor editing form, you need to make sure that the Calculated Field box is checked.
The BMON system processes Calculated Fields every one-half hour. If the calculated fields involve sensors that report more frequently than every half hour, multiple calculated sensor readings will be generated at each half-hour processing interval to match up with the frequency of the source sensors.
Mathematical Calculated Fields
It is possible to create a calculated field by doing mathematical operations on one or more other sensor fields (a limit of five sensor fields can be involved in the calculation). For example, if you want to plot and analyze the difference in temperature between two sensors, you can create a new calculated "sensor" that is the difference in value between two other sensors. Below is a screen shot of how you would configure that calculated field.
_images/genericCalc_01.png
This new calculated field has the Sensor ID of hp_temp_diff, and the values in that field are calculated as the difference between sensors with the IDs of hp_outlet_temp and hp_inlet_temp.
Not only are these calculated fields useful for plotting and analysis, they also extend the capabilities of the Alerting system, as described in Sensor Alerts. Complex alerts can be created by configuring a calculated field involving multiple sensors. Then, an Alert condition can be added to that calculated field. Thus, the Alert will depend on the state of multiple sensors, since multiple sensors feed the calculated field.
These calculated fields involving general mathematical expressions must have genericCalc entered in the "Transform or Calculated Field Function Name" box. This is the name of the function that allows for general calculations to be done using one or more existing sensor fields.
Remaining configuration of the calculated field occurs in the "Function Parameters in YAML form" input box. Each one of the possible function parameters is described below.
A (required: a Sensor ID)
The value of this parameter is the Sensor ID of the sensor that will be used as the A variable in the mathematical expression. At least one sensor needs to be involved in the calculation of the new field, so that is why the A parameter is required.
B, C, D, E (optional: a Sensor ID for each parameter used)
Four additional sensors can be involved in the calculation. Use any of the parameter names of B through E to give the Sensor IDs of those additional sensors involved in the calculated field.
expression (required: a math or boolean expression, described below)
Use this parameter to write out the math expression for the calculated field. You can use any of the sensor variables A through E that were included as parameters, and the values from these sensors will be used in the calculation. The expression must be a valid Python expression, and any of the functions in the Python math library can be included; see the math library documentation.
Here are some valid expressions:
An example of an expression using function from the Python math library, using three sensors as inputs (A, B and E):
expression: 3.4 * A * sin(B) + sqrt(E)
An example of a Boolean expression. A True value from this expression is represented as a sensor value of 1.0 and a False value is represented as 0.0. An important note, when testing for equality with a Python expression, you must use a double equal sign (==) and not a single equal sign. The expression below will result in a calculated field value of 1.0 if Sensor A has a value equal to 1.0 and Sensor B has a value greater than 34.3; otherwise, the calculated value will be 0.0:
expression: (A == 1.0) and (B > 34.3)
averaging_hours (optional: a number of hours, fractional hours allowed; default is no averaging)
If you include this parameter, it will cause sensor values to be averaged over the requested time interval before being used in the expression. So, if averaging_hours is 0.5, any sensor values will be averaged over half-hour intervals before they are used in the calculation.
rolling_average (optional: the value True or False, default is False)
When this parameter is False, the default, each averaging interval for the sensor values is distinct and does not overlap with other intervals. For example, if averaging_hours is set to 4.0, sensors will be averaged over 6 different periods across the day: Midnight to 4 am, 4 am - 8 am, etc. And, 6 calculated values will be produced corresponding to each one of those intervals. However, if rolling_average is set to True, a new calculated value will be computed for each and every timestamp that is present for sensor A. For example, if sensor A has a reading at 10:30 am, the averaging_hours is set to 2.0, and rolling_average is True, all sensors involved in the calculation will be averaged over the period of 8:30 am - 10:30 am (the 2 hours preceding sensor A's timestamp), and a new calculated value will be created for that time interval. If another sensor A reading is present for 10:40 am, and new calculated value will be computed for the 8:40 am - 10:40 am period. So, there will be overlap in the time periods used for computing the new calculated field values, and many calculated readings will be generated even if averaging_hours is set to a large value.
time_label (optional: the value left, right, or center, default is center)
If time averaging is being used in the calculations (i.e. the parameter averaging_hours has a value), then this time_label parameter determines where the timestamp for the new calculated reading will be placed. The default is center, which places the timestamp at the center of the time interval encompassing the averaged readings. For example, if the averaging period is Midnight to 4 am and center placement is being used, the timestamp for the calculated reading will be at 2 am. If left is specified, the timestamp is at the earliest edge of the interval, Midnight in this example. If right is specified, the timestamp will be at the latest edge of the interval, 4 am in this example. This parameter is also relevant rolling averages are being computed.
Note
If time averaging is not being used in the calculation, here is the procedure for determining the values and timestamps used in the calculated field. First, timestamps for the calculated field are aligned with the timestamps for Sensor A; i.e there will be a reading generated for every timestamp present for Sensor A. Next, other sensor timestamps may not perfectly align with those from Sensor A; for those other sensors, their values are linearly interpolated to match up with Sensor A timestamps before being used in the calculation.
Acquiring Weather Data from the Internet
BMON can currently access outdoor dry-bulb temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity data from the National Weather Service and dry-bulb temperature and wind speed from the Weather Underground service. Here is an example of the needed configuration for the National Weather Service:
_images/calc_ex1.png
In the first box, a Sensor ID has been created, in this example: elmendorf_temp. Title and Unit entries are filled out as they are for standard sensors. The Calculated Field box must be checked. For gathering outdoor dry-bulb temperature, the Transform or Calculated Field Function Name must contain the value getInternetTemp (correct capitalization is critical and must be as shown). Finally, the Function Parameters in YAML form box must have an entry of stnCode: plus a 4 character National Weather Service station code, in this example (there must be a space after the colon):
stnCode: PAED
The only changes necessary to acquire a wind speed value in miles per hour is to enter getInternetWindSpeed into the Transform or Calculated Field Function Name box, change the Unit to velocity: mph, and enter an appropriate Sensor ID and Title. Acquiring relative humidity data in % RH requires entering getInternetRH into theTransform or Calculated Field Function Name box, and making appropriate unit and title changes elsewhere.
The MesonetAPI service includes a larger set of weather stations. To gather temperature or wind data from this service, you must first acquire a Mesonet API Token and enter that key into the BMON Settings File as the BMSAPP_MESONET_API_TOKEN setting (restarting the Django web application after changing a setting is necessary).
There is currently no charge for limited use of the API up to 5,000 requests and 5 million service units per month. Beyond that there is charge of 5 cents per thousand requests, and 15 cents per million Service Units. If either your Requests or Service Units exceed the free tier levels, you


_USER_{van Rooy_2019, title={A modal analysis of modal subordination}, volume={8}, url={_URL_ DOI={10.18148/sub/2004.v8i0.759}, abstractNote={In this paper I will give a modal two-dimensional analysis of presupposition and modal subordination. I will think of presupposition as a non-veridical propositional attitude. This allows me to evaluate what is presupposed and what is asserted at different dimensions without getting into the binding problem. What is presupposed will be represented by an accessibility relation between possible worlds. The major part of the paper consists of a proposal to account for the dependence of the interpretation of modal expressions, i.e. modal subordination, in terms of an accessibility relation as well. Moreover, I show how such an analysis can be extended from the propositional to the predicate logical level.


PyCharm 2016.3 Help
Viewing Images
PyCharm suggests several ways to view images, embedded in the HTML files. You can use navigation to source, open an image in an external graphical editor, or preview images on-the-fly. The viewing modes are configurable in the Images dialog.
To view an image in PyCharm
 1. In the Project tool window, select the desired image file.
 2. On the context menu of the file, choose Jump to Source, or press F4.
To view an image in an external editor
 1. In the Project tool window, select an image file.
 2. On the context menu of the file, choose Open in external editor, or press Ctrl+Alt+F4.
To preview an image, place the caret at a reference to an image in the editor, and do one of the following
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Last modified: 23 December 2016


text:
A great way to augment exercise is to use Manual Resistance immediately after exiting a training device. This approach to strengthening can further target the muscles involved in the movement. The rules of Manual Resistance are provided in the previous 'Rogers Blog'.
Example: The Pendulum Squat Pro followed by Manual Outer Thigh.
Begin this routine by doing a set on the Pendulum Squat Pro. The weight you select can be part of your normal fitness routine. If you are doing multiple sets follow the final set of that movement with a manual exercise that further targets the previously trained area.
Manual Outer Thigh following the Squat Pro


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Center Independent Research & Development: GSFC IRAD
Architecture for Navigation and Communication Receivers (ANCR)
Completed Technology Project
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Project Description
Field Programmable Gate Array
With the decreased size and power of electronics, efforts are being made to merge the core spacecraft electronics into a single processing platform to reduce size, weight, and power (SWaP). There is a particular desire to integrate spacecraft communication and navigation systems in order to improve the performance of both receivers, support autonomous on-board navigation, and enhance user operations. The goal of this project is to develop a multipurpose, flexible, scalable receiver architecture for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) that can acquire and track communication and navigation signals.
Due to the growing availability of highly capable, radiation tolerant Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), modern satellite hardware platforms are starting to incorporate them into their designs. Hardware developers are taking advantage of the high number of logic resources within these chips to implement and integrate a lot of the software and signal processing functions required by missions.
This project proposes to develop a generalized FPGA-based receiver architecture for receiving spacecraft communication and navigation signals.

The key benefits of this novel architecture are that it would:
 - simplify the integration of the communication and navigation functions of a spacecraft,
 - reduce receiver development time for new types of signals or hardware plaforms, and
 - address the on-board navigation and communication needs for a wide variety of mission types from CubeSats to large "flagship" science missions.
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標題: Parallel particle simulation of the near-continuum hypersonic flows over compression ramps
作者: Wu, JS
Tseng, KC
Department of Mechanical Engineering
公開日期: 1-Jan-2003
摘要: This paper describes the analysis of the near-continuum hypersonic flow over a compression ramp using the two-dimensional parallel direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Unstructured and triangular solution-based adaptive mesh depending on the local mean free path is used to improve the resolution of solution for the flow field with highly varying properties. In addition, a freestream parameter is defined to help reduced the cell numbers in the freestream area, resulting in appreciable decrease of the computational time (20-30%) without sacrificing the accuracy of the solution. The two-step multilevel graph partition technique is used for physical domain decomposition, employing estimated particle number distribution in each cell as the graph vertex weight. 32 IBM-SP2 processors are used throughout the study unless otherwise specified. The Effect of the outflow vacuum boundary condition, compression ramp angle, freestream condition, and length of the ramp to the flow field are investigated. Computational results are compared with previous numerical results whenever available.
URI: _URL_
ISSN: 0098-2202
DOI: 10.1115/_PHONE_
Volume: 125
Issue: 1
起始頁: 181
結束頁: 188
Appears in Collections:Articles
Files in This Item:
 1. 000180789800021.pdf


E) - a nonlinear function of combined human infectivity E. E is determined by a worm mating factor ϕ k which is equal to the product of the estimated number of mated worm couples in the k-th stratum, (see equation (14) of Additional file 2), and worm fecundity (Eq. (1)), namely
$$ E={\displaystyle {\sum}_{k=1}^n{\rho}_k}{\phi}_k\;{h}_k={\displaystyle {\sum}_{k=1}^n{E}_k\;{h}_k} $$
(2)
Variable E represents the expected "egg release per host" for a given SWB community. Unlike random diagnostic tests, environmental egg-release E is viewed as deterministic process accumulating the random contributions of multiple human hosts within each community.
2. Egg-test and worm burden diagnostics for SWB
Egg count and hematuria diagnostics prove less reliable as population prevalence of infection decreases and average intensity of infection declines [2831]. Therefore, to model the process of infection, we must account for the uncertainties of these standard diagnostics (as used in most present-day control programs) in assessing true treatment impact. Two types of diagnostic measures were simulated in our analysis: p E - infection prevalence based on egg-tests (real or simulated) and p W - positive (detectable) worm burden prevalence (as could be determined by highly sensitive circulating antigen tests [27]).
Both types of outcome are derived using a SWB formulation including a worm fecundity function (1) and aggregated NB egg-production by mated worms in order to account for egg-worm variations. The worm prevalence can be expressed through SWB variables {h k (t)} as
$$ {p}_W(t)=1-{h}_0(t) $$
(3)
Such a definition assumes that only infective strata (h k ≥ 1) are detectable by the molecular test (we recall that h 0 is technically not an "infection-free" stratum but rather a "non-infective" one that is free of mated couples). If it happens that a particular molecular test has higher sensitivity (e.g., one or 2 worms can be detected), definition (3) could be adjusted accordingly, e.g. p W (t) = 1 − α h 0(t), where 0 < α ≤ 1 is the detectable fraction of Δw = 10 worms.
A key link between our model and projected MDA program egg-count outcomes is the simulated egg-test results whose values (egg-count distribution) depend on (i) the screened population sample drawn from the total population of interest (whether community or a population subgroup, typically these are sentinel school age children), (ii) the infectious status of the group/community given by its SWB distribution {h k (λ)}, (iii) the estimated egg-release per mated worm (or host) in different strata, as determined by fecundity function ρ k of (1). There are two random steps in this procedure (i) random population sampling for screening and (ii) random egg-release by mated worms. The latter is assumed to be NB with mean = ρ k (fecundity), and aggregation parameter r (details are provided in Additional file 2).
We make iterative use of the simulated egg-test results in the Bayesian Monte Carlo calibration procedure adopted here (see Additional file 3). They are also used to estimate the expected infection prevalence and intensity in simulated MDA control studies, specifically for a given SWB population {h k (t)} with fecundity ρ k (1), mating factor ϕ k (equation (14) of Additional file 2), and aggregation parameter r. The expected (mean) egg-test prevalence is given by
$$ {p}_E(t)=1-{\displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^n{\left(\frac{r}{r+{\rho}_k}\right)}^{\phi_k\kern0.1em r}{h}_k(t)} $$
(4)
(see [12] and Additional files 1 and 2).
For mixed SWB population systems with demographic fractions H 1 + H 2 + … = 1 (e.g., child-adult, high-low risk), diagnostic prevalences p = p E or p W are given by
$$ p={H}_1{p}_1+{H}_2{p}_2+\dots $$
(5)
where p i is the prevalence (3) or (4) of the i-th group.
3. Model calibration and Data Sources
The coupled (human-snail) SWB model employed in our current projections was calibrated using a detailed Kenyan dataset [8, 21, 23, 24, 32] which covers a broad range of host demographics, incidence, prevalence, and water use, as well as information about local snail abundance and geographic distribution. We employed a Bayesian calibration methodology that aims to estimate likelihood weights for different parameter choices by measuring the proximity of simulated egg-test to the real test data for a given community (see Additional file 3). The former (simulated test) depends on model parameters (λ, ρ 0, k 0, r), and we assign each choice of a combined parameter set selection its specific likelihood weight. The outcome of such calibration is creation of a posterior ensemble (distribution) of the most likely parameter values, specific for each community.
While the ten Kenyan villages differed in terms of infection intensity and prevalence, we found that age-specific biological parameters maintained stable values regardless of location and transmission intensity. Building on this observation, we have ventured to apply Kenyan biological parameters (for selected demographic groups) to recent data from MDA-treated Mozambique populations, adjusting for local starting prevalence. We hypothesized that these biological features were a roughly constant feature of the parasite species, and could be considered comparable across endemic locations. Specifically, we chose to estimate our model's biological parameters for 3 demographic groups (constituted from Kenyan data) that were consistent with the SCORE project's age-group monitoring system in its operational research trials (younger children (0-8 yr), school age children (SAC, 9–12 yr sentinel age group), and adults (13+ yr)) and derived a posterior ensemble of biological parameters (ρ 0, k 0, r) for each monitored age group. The calibration results for these Kenya data are shown in Fig. 3 and Table 3. As expected, maximal fecundity, ρ 0, decreased with human host's age [33], while worm crowding threshold, k 0, and aggregation, r, estimates stayed nearly constant across different human age groups. In calibrating our model system, we found remarkably consistent values for the three specific biological parameters, per age group, across the spectrum of low-risk to high-risk Kenyan villages. Because data from the Mozambique sites were more sparse in terms of individual age level infection and risk for reinfection, we have used these calibrated Kenyan parameter values for the simulation of Mozambique community outcomes.
Fig. 3
figure3
Distributed parasite biological parameters. Model parameters (ρ 0, k 0, r) estimated for 3 demographic groups (younger children, (child, 0-8 years old); mid-school age children (SAC, 9–12 years old), and adults (13+ years old) based on calibration using field data collected in the Msambweni sub-county area of coastal Kenya [32]. The individual parameters modeled are labeled at the top of each panel
Table 3 Calibrated Schistosoma biological parameters estimated for three demographic groups using the Kenyan dataset
The next calibration step for coupled human-snail systems involves transmission inputs: FOI λ and coefficients A (snail-to-human) and B (human-to-snail). To estimate equilibrium FOI λ for a particular choice of biological parameters (ρ 0, k 0, r), we use Eq. (4) for a stationary SWB distribution {h k *(λ)}
$$ {p}_E=1-\sum_{k=0}^n{\left(\frac{r}{r+{\rho}_k}\right)}^{\phi_k\kern0.1em r}{h_k}^{\ast}\left(\lambda \right)=F\left(\lambda; {\rho}_0,{k}_0,r\right) $$
(6)
The right-hand side of Eq. (6) is a function of λ and the biological triplet (ρ 0, k 0, r), as illustrated in Fig. 2 for typical values of child/adult parameters (ρ 0, k 0, r). Solving this equation for a given observed prevalence, p E , we get equilibrium FOI, λ, and then transmission coefficients A and B can be estimated from the available human/snail demographic and infection data (see Additional file 3). In our analysis, we did not track change in transmission potential or FOI during MDA


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Using tshark I tried to generate a dat file. The following is the command that I used to generate the fields using tshark:
$ C:\Program Files (x86)\Wireshark>tshark.exe -r "C:\swp-final-" -T
 fields -e frame.number -e frame.time -e eth.src -e eth.dst -e ip.src -e ip.ds
t -e ip.proto -E header=y -E separator=, -E quote=d -E occurrence=f > C:\thirty.
Tshark generates the output file in this format.
409 Jul 14, 2012 17:50:19.435836000 00:04:23:b7:3e:a3 00:04:23:b7:1a:0b 6
410 Jul 14, 2012 17:50:19.436084000 00:04:23:b7:3e:a3 00:04:23:b7:1a:0b 6
411 Jul 14, 2012 17:50:19.436110000 00:04:23:b7:1a:0b 00:04:23:b7:3e:a3 6
 1. I want to plot a graph for the numbers packets per second. How do I calculate the number of packets using the above mentioned data for specific flow?
 2. How do generate a log for the specific flows matching ip.dst== from the large pcap file?
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1 Answer 1
you can start with time 0(time of first packet)
count the number of packets until time increase by one second
repeat the above step for each second and you will get no. of packets per second
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A quantum Monte Carlo algorithm realizing an intrinsic relaxation
Tota Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Ito
研究成果: Article査読
12 被引用数 (Scopus)
抄録
We propose a new quantum Monte Carlo algorithm that realizes a relaxation intrinsic to an original quantum system. The Monte Carlo dynamics satisfies the dynamic scaling relation τ ∼ ξz and is independent of the Trotter number. The finiteness of the Trotter number appears as the finite-size effect. An infinite Trotter number version of the algorithm, which enables us to observe a true relaxation of the original system, is also formulated. The strategy of the algorithm is a compromise between a conventional worldline local flip and a modern cluster loop flip. It is a local flip in the real-space direction and is a cluster flip in the Trotter direction. The new algorithm is tested using the transverse-field Ising model in two dimensions. An accurate phase diagram is obtained.
本文言語English
ページ（範囲）2405-2408
ページ数4
ジャーナルjournal of the physical society of japan
72
10
DOI
出版ステータスPublished - 2003 10
外部発表はい
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - 物理学および天文学（全般）
フィンガープリント
「A quantum Monte Carlo algorithm realizing an intrinsic relaxation」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
引用スタイル


text:
Discussion Thread topic: How does a Biological disability impact the psychological realms of an individual? Give one specific example.
Biology, just like the environment, has a significant impact on the psychological wellbeing of humans. Genetics, the brain, medical issues, and health habits can all contribute to mental problems. Genetic predisposition is known to cause mental health disorders in populations. For example, the DISC1 gene has often been associated with schizophrenia. It does not mean that everyone with this gene will have to develop schizophrenia. However, they are more likely to develop the condition when triggered by environmental factors such as alcohol and stressful environment.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
From a 5k race for wounded warriors to dueling Declaration readings to hotdogs and fireworks, New Bern was a busy place on July Fourth, the 237th anniversary of the United States.
Early risers and running fans started the day with the New Bern Run For The Warriors 5k. Race director Mona Sims said that the organization raised about $30,000 for wounded veteran programs.
River Bend held its annual Fourth of July parade at 10:30 a.m. and featured a long line of classic and antique cars. The brief but popular parade was attended by about 120 residents and guests.
Tryon Palace Historic Sites and Gardens opened its grounds free to the public. In addition to strolls through carefully cultivated gardens, tourists were able to visit with a number of costumed interpreters who spoke of the year 1783 — shortly before the Peace of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, when King George III officially granted nationhood to the United States.
A number of colonial games, including bowls and hoops, were offered to tourists, while the day culminated with the 11 a.m. reading of the Declaration of Independence.
Usually the Palace uses William Hooper, a Declaration signer from the Wilmington area, who died in Hillsborough in 1790. For its 1783 interpretation however, the Palace chose to have another sign, John Penn, greeted by North Carolina governor Alexander Martin. Following introductions at 11 a.m., Penn read the nation's founding declaration before some 200 viewers, eliciting both cheers and boos from them. His reading was followed by a performance of the Palace's Fife and Drum Corps.
The Poppes provided period music throughout the day.
The city of New Bern officially began its own celebration at 3 p.m. when inflatables and facing painting opened for children at Lawson's Creek Park. A misting tent was also provided as relief against the heat while food venders sold wares.
A concert by the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing band was scheduled to run from 6:30 to 9 p.m. along with fireworks after dark.


text:
Dividing Pounds and Ounces
How to divide pounds and ounces
- Convert pounds and ounces to ounces by multiplying pounds by 16 and adding the number of ounces
- Perform the required division to determine the number of ounces.
- Convert the ounces to pounds and ounces by dividing by 16.
- The quotient is the number of pounds and the remainder is the number of ounces.
Example: Divide 10 pounds 0 ounces by 4
- Convert 10 pounds to ounces by multiplying 10 by 16:
16 * 10 = 160 ounces
- Add the number of extra ounces:
160 + 0 = 160 ounces
- Perform the required division:
160 ÷ 4 = 40 ounces
- Convert to pounds and ounces by dividing by 16:
40 ÷ 16 = 2 R 8
- The quotient (2) is the number of pounds and the remainder (8) is the number of ounces.
- Answer: 2 pounds 8 ounces


mu D^\mu \eta} D\bar\eta D\eta \,
The determinant is independent of f, so the path-integral over f can give the Feynman propagator (or a covariant propagator) by choosing the measure for f as in the abelian case. The full gauge fixed action is then the Yang Mills action in Feynman gauge with an additional ghost action:
 S= \int Tr \partial_\mu A_\nu \partial^\mu A^\nu + f^i_{jk} \partial^\nu A_i^\mu A^j_\mu A^k_\nu + f^i_{jr} f^r_{kl} A_i A_j A^k A^l + Tr \partial_\mu \bar\eta \partial^\mu \eta + \bar\eta A_j \eta \,
The diagrams are derived from this action. The propagator for the spin-1 fields has the usual Feynman form. There are vertices of degree 3 with momentum factors whose couplings are the structure constants, and vertices of degree 4 whose couplings are products of structure constants. There are additional ghost loops, which cancel out timelike and logitudinal states in A loops.
In the Abelian case, the determinant for covariant gauges does not depend on A, so the ghosts do not contribute to the connected diagrams.
Particle-path representation [edit]
Feynman diagrams were originally discovered by Feynman, by trial and error, as a way to represent the contribution to the S-matrix from different classes of particle trajectories.
Schwinger representation [edit]
The Euclidean scalar propagator has a suggestive representation:
 {1\over p^2+m^2} = \int_0^\infty e^{-\tau(p^2 + m^2)} d\tau
The meaning of this identity (which is an elementary integration) is made clearer by Fourier transforming to real space.
 \Delta(x) = \int_0^\infty d\tau e^{-m^2\tau} {1\over ({4\pi\tau})^{d/2}}e^{-x^2\over 4\tau}
The contribution at any one value of \tau to the propagator is a Gaussian of width \scriptstyle \sqrt{\tau}. The total propagation function from 0 to x is a weighted sum over all proper times \tau of a normalized Gaussian, the probability of ending up at x after a random walk of time \tau.
The path-integral representation for the propagator is then:
 \Delta(x) = \int_0^\infty d\tau \int DX e^{- \int_0^{\tau} (\dot{x}^2/2 + m^2) d\tau'}
which is a path-integral rewrite of the Schwinger representation.
The Schwinger representation is both useful for making manifest the particle aspect of the propagator, and for symmetrizing denominators of loop diagrams.
Combining denominators [edit]
The Schwinger representation has an immediate practical application to loop diagrams. For example, For the diagram in the phi-4 theory formed by joining two x's together in two half-lines, and making the remaining lines external, the integral over the internal propagators in the loop is:
 \int_k {1\over (k^2 + m^2)} {1\over ((k+p)^2 + m^2)} \,.
Here one line carries momentum k and the other k+p. The asymmetry can be fixed by putting everything in the Schwinger representation.
 \int_{t,t'} e^{-t(k^2+m^2) - t'((k+p)^2 +m^2) } dt dt'\,.
Now the exponent mostly depends on t+t',
 \int_{t,t'} e^{-(t+t')(k^2+m^2) - t' 2p\cdot k -t' p^2}\,,
except for the asymmetrical little bit. Defining the variable u=(t+t') and \scriptstyle v= t'/u, the variable u goes from 0 to infinity, while \scriptstyle v goes from 0 to 1. The variable u is the total proper time for the loop, while \scriptstyle v parametrizes the fraction of the proper time on the top of the loop vs. the bottom.
The Jacobian for this transformation of variables is easy to work out from the identities:
 d(uv)= dt'\;\;\;du = dt+dt'\,,
and "wedging" gives
 u du \wedge dv = dt \wedge dt'\,.
This allows the u integral to be evaluated explicitly:
 \int_{u,v} u e^{-u ( k^2+m^2 + v 2p\cdot k + v p^2)} = \int {1\over (k^2 + m^2 + v 2p\cdot k - v p^2)^2} dv
leaving only the \,v-integral. This method, invented by Schwinger but usually attributed to Feynman, is called combining denominator. Abstractly, it is the elementary identity:
 {1\over AB}= \int_0^1 {1\over( vA+ (1-v)B)^2} dv
But this form does not provide the physical motivation for introducing \,v\,v is the proportion of proper time on one of the legs of the loop.
Once the denominators are combined, a shift in k to k'=k+vp symmetrizes everything:
 \int_0^1 \int{1\over (k^2 + m^2 + v 2p \cdot k + v p^2)^2} dk dv = \int_0^1 \int {1\over (k'^2 + m^2 + v(1-v)p^2)^2} dk' dv
This form shows that the moment that p2 is more negative than 4 times the mass of the particle in the loop, which happens in a physical region of Lorentz space, the integral has a cut. This is exactly when the external momentum can create physical particles.
When the loop has more vertices, there are more denominators to combine:
 \int dk {1\over (k^2 + m^2)} {1\over ((k+p_1)^2 + m^2)} ... {1\over ((k+p_n)^2 + m^2)}
The general rule follows from the Schwinger prescription for n+1 denominators:
 {1\over D_0 D_1 ... D_n} = \int_0^\infty ...\int_0^\infty e^{-u_0 D_0 ... -u_n D_n} du_0 ... du_n \,.
The integral over the Schwinger parameters \scriptstyle u_i can be split up as before into an integral over the total proper time \scriptstyle u = u_0 + u_1 ... + u_n and an integral over the fraction of the proper time in all but the first segment of the loop \scriptstyle v_i = u_i/u for \scriptstyle i\in \{ 1,2,...,n\}. The v's are positive and add up to less than 1, so that the v integral is over an n dimensional simplex.
The Jacobian for the coordinate transformation can be worked out as before:
 du = du_0 + du_1 ... + du_n \,
 d(uv_i) = d u_i \,.
"Wedging" all these equation together, one obtains
 u^n du \wedge dv_1 \wedge dv_2 ... \wedge dv_n = du_0 \wedge du_1 ... \wedge du_n \,.
This gives the integral:
 \int_0^\infty \int_{\mathrm{simplex}} u^n e^{-u(v_0 D_0 + v_1 D_1 + v_2 D_2 ... + v_n D_n)} dv_1 ...dv_n du\,,
where the simplex is the region defined by the conditions \scriptstyle v_i>0 and \scriptstyle \sum_{i=1}^n v_i < 1 as well as \scriptstyle v_0 = 1-\sum_{i=1}^n v_i. Performing the u integral gives the general prescription for combining denomi


Comparing chemical restraint and anesthetic protocols used for blood donations in cats: One teaching hospital's experience
Years of experience with The Ohio State University blood bank led these authors to a consensus about which intramuscular or inhalant drug protocol works best for feline blood collection in their donor program.
The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital has had an organized blood bank for small-animal transfusion medicine for more than 20 years. We currently process one to two units of feline blood a week and store both packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma.
Before 1998, cats were housed at the hospital to be on-demand donors of whole fresh blood. Because of the nature of on-demand donation, cats were not typically fasted at the time of blood collection, and the choice of chemical restraint (sedatives and anesthetics) was based primarily on time, expense, and ease of administration. During those years, intramuscular injections of ketamine hydrochloride were used with minimal complications. However, several aspects of chemical restraint with ketamine as a sole restraint agent were undesirable, such as the pain associated with administration, the extended recovery periods, and the worsening fractiousness of the cats with each subsequent donation. From 1998 to 2003, we evaluated several chemical restraint protocols for blood donor cats to improve the quality and efficiency of the blood bank, as well as the donors' quality of life.
We investigated the use of various chemical restraint protocols to facilitate quicker recovery times with minimal adverse effects, since the donors now have a scheduled time for donation, are appropriately fasted, and are to be sent home with the owners as soon as they recover. In this article, we review the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of chemical restraint used by The Ohio State University Transfusion Medicine Service. We evaluated ketamine, midazolam hydrochloride and ketamine, medetomidine hydrochloride and atipamezole hydrochloride, acepromazine maleate and butorphanol tartrate, and sevoflurane. We chose not to evaluate propofol, another commonly used induction agent in private practice, because it has a short duration of action, it is best administered by intravenous catheter, it can induce apnea, and it has a high cost per average dose.
TABLE 1: Criteria for Evaluating Chemical Restraint Protocols for Feline Blood Collection
The subjective criteria used by the Transfusion Medicine Service staff to evaluate these restraint protocols are listed in Table 1. Table 2 presents additional information on the chemical restraint protocols we evaluated. A blood collection was considered successful if a minimum of 50 ml blood was collected.
TABLE 2: Comparison of Chemical Restraint Protocols for Collecting Blood for Transfusion in Cats
Blood donors were neutered males and spayed females between 2 and 7 years old. Twenty to 30 cats were enrolled in the donation program at any given time. The cats weighed at least 8 lb (3.6 kg) and had negative test results for feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and heartworm infections. Most had type-A blood, though a limited number of type-B cats were also used in the program. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profile results and thyroid hormone concentrations for all donors were within reference ranges for our laboratory.
For each collection, the cat was sedated or anesthetized, the hair over the jugular vein was clipped, and the site was scrubbed with chlorhexidine and cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. Each cat was placed on a circulating warm-water blanket, and ophthalmic lubricant was administered. A 20-ga butterfly catheter was placed in the jugular vein, and the blood was collected into a 60-ml syringe containing 8 ml acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution. The blood was then transferred to a blood collection bag and separated into plasma and packed red blood cells. On rare occasions, the blood was used as whole fresh blood. Lactated Ringer's solution (50 ml) was administered subcutaneously to each donor immediately after donation. The cats' heart and respiratory rates and capillary refill times were monitored during donation and recovery.


this driver, a Raspberry Pi with Domoticz and a Z-Wave stick has been used to gather all room temperatures from Z-Wave sensors and send them to the respective Tasmota room thermostats.
Customization of the controller for best results~
The thermostat controller includes a default parameter set that targets a typical floor heating application for mid-sized rooms (< 20m2) with one heating circuit. The controller is however highly configurable via MQTT. The following sections will guide the user to adapt the main parameters to improve the performance of the thermostat controller via customization.
Enable the thermostat driver~
The thermostat driver is by default disabled. To enable it the following command can be used:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/THERMOSTATMODESET 1
Set the controller in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit~
The default temperature format is degrees Celsius. The format can be easily switched to degrees Fahrenheit via MQTT command, see below:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPFORMATSET 1
Set the control strategy~
The control strategy by default is a Hybrid one. The hybrid control strategy mixes a so called "Ramp-Up" strategy (invention during the development of this driver, initially as a LUA script and ported to Tasmota later) and a PI one. The "Ramp-Up" strategy is typically used to reach as fast as possible the setpoint for big deltas between desired temperature and setpoint, the PI on the other hand for most part of the normal thermostat operation.
The control strategy can be however modified, if the Hybrid one is not desired, the PI or "Ramp-Up" mode, can be forced. For that purpose the following command can be used:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/CONTROLLERMODESET 1
The value 1 forces the PI operation and the value 2 the "Ramp-Up" one.
PI controller main parameters~
Cycle time~
Depending on the heating system, the cycle time (PMW period) can be adapted. Very slow systems (high time constants) such as heating floor systems might need higher values (default value is 30 minutes), faster systems might need smaller cycle times. Below the command to adapt the cycle time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEPICYCLESET 30
Proportional Band~
Depending on the dimensioning of your heating system, the proportional band of the controller might be increased (if it takes too long to reach setpoint) or reduced (very high overshoot). The default proportional gain is 4, which means that the duty cycle due to the proportional part of the PI controller will be 100% for temperature deltas between setpoint and room temperature equal or bigger than 4°C. Below the command to adapt the proportional band can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/PROPBANDSET 1
Note
With the command above, the PI controller will output a proportional time equivalent to 100% of the duty cycle for delta temperatures between setpoint and room temp. above 1°C (e.g., for big rooms with weak dimensioned heating circuit).
Reset Time~
The reset time is the time the PI controller takes to overcome steady-state errors. The default value for the reset time is 12000 seconds. This value can be for instance increased in case a stronger integral reaction of the controller is desired. Below the command to adapt the proportional band can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERESETSET 1800
Temperature for the anti-windup reset~
To avoid the accumulated error and therefore integral component of the PI controller to grow too much and produce a high overshoot, a temperature delta can be defined within the integrator will work. Outside this range the accumulated error and integral part will be set to 0. The default value for the integrator to work is 0.8°C. Below the command to adapt the anti-windup temperature can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPANTIWINDUPRESETSET 0.8
Temperature hysteresis~
A temperature hysteresis can be set to avoid any PI controller actions within a certain value around the setpoint. The default value for the hysteresis is 0.1°C. In well configured controller this value should be as low as possible to avoid unwanted temperature oscillations which reduce efficiency and therefore increase costs. Below the command to adapt the anti-windup temperature can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPHYSTSET 0.1
Maximum action of the controller~
The maximum On time (Duty Cycle) in minutes within a cycle can be set by this parameter. The default value is 20 minutes. This represents for the default cycle time of 30 minutes 2 thirds of the complete cycle. In case the controller takes too long to reach the setpoint, this value can be increased to values closer to the cycle time. Below the command to adapt the maximum action time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEMAXACTIONSET 20
Minimum action of the controller~
The minimum On time (Duty Cycle) in minutes within a cycle can be set by this parameter. The default value is 4 minutes. Below the command to adapt the minimum action time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEMINACTIONSET 4
It is very important to adapt this value to your heating system to obtain accurate temperature control
If the value is very low, in case of floor heating systems for instance, the heating actuators might not have enough time to open the valves and the temperature will drop (depending on the actuator open/close time could take from 1 to 3 minutes) if it is too high, there will be unwanted oscillations around the setpoint. One way to configure this value in heating mode is to manually tune it in worst case conditions (highest typically desired room temperature and lower winter temperature outside) checking that the proportional action generated by the controller is sufficient to raise slightly the temperature. If the temperature still goes down after the pulse plus delay time of the system and rises just once the accumulated error triggers integral actions then the value set is too low.
Ramp-Up controller main parameters~
Temperature delta to get into "Ramp-Up" mode~
When the controller is configured in Hybrid mode (default), the control strategy will be a mix between "Ramp-Up" (for big deltas between room temperature and setpoint) and PI (around the setpoint). The following parameter can be set to define the delta temperature (between measured and setpoint) above which the "Ramp-Up" controller will be active:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPRUPDELTINSET 0.3
The default value is 0.4°C.
Time passed after latest setpoint change to get into "Ramp-Up" mode~
When the controller is configured in Hybrid mode (default), the activation of the "Ramp-Up" mode will not just depend on the defined temperature delta between measured and setpoint, but as well on the time in minutes passed since the last setpoint change occurred. This strategy matches the purpose of the "Ramp-Up" controller, which was developed to reach the desired temperature as fast as possible in very specific scenarios, e.g., after a night keeping the room temperature low. In hybrid mode, the controller active most part of the time should be the PI one. The following parameter can be used to define the time to allow switching to "Ramp-Up" in minutes.
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEALLOWRAMPUPSET 300
The default value is 300 minutes.
Cycle time~
Depending on the heating system, the cycle time (PMW period) can be adapted. Very slow systems (high time constants) such as heating floor systems might need higher values (default value is 30 minutes), faster systems might need smaller cycle times. The following parameter can be used to define the cycle time in minutes:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERAMPUPCYCLESET 45
Maximum Ramp-Up time~
The maximum time the ramp-up phase of the controller shall be active can be configured (default value is 960 minutes). The following parameter can be used to define the ramp-up time in minutes:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERAMPUPMAXSET 180
Thermostat persistent storage for configuration~
The thermostat driver stores all configured parameters over MQTT exclusively in RAM, it does not use flash due to the amount of the parameters. This means that at every restart the default parameters will be set again. To avoid this behavior rules can be set-up to reconfigure desired parameters at every restart. See below an example:
ON Power1#boot DO Backlog sensorinputset 1;controllermodeset 2;thermostatmodeset 1;temptargetset %mem1% ENDON
ON mqtt#connected DO Publish2 stat/TestTopic/targetTempValue {"Temp":%mem1%} ENDON
ON mem1#state DO Backlog temptargetset %value%;Publish2 stat/TestTopic/targetTempValue {"Temp":%mem1%} ENDON
Detecting an opened window by temperature drop~
When opening windows, temperature will drop significantly faster than is normal. During that period, heating is usually not desired. Following rules will detect a .3C drop in 1min and send the thermostat


handler.
Session timeout
Sessions will be automatically timed out if they are not accessed for a time greater than the timeout period. When a session is timed out, it is removed from the store.
Sessions are automatically marked as accessed when a request arrives and the session is looked up and and when the response is complete and the session is stored back in the store.
You can also use setAccessed to manually mark a session as accessed.
The session timeout can be configured when creating the session handler. Default timeout is 30 minutes.
Authentication / authorisation
Vert.x comes with some out-of-the-box handlers for handling both authentication and authorisation.
Creating an auth handler
To create an auth handler you need an instance of AuthProvider. Auth provider is used for authentication and authorisation of users. Vert.x provides several auth provider instances out of the box in the vertx-auth project. For full information on auth providers and how to use and configure them please consult the auth documentation.
Here's a simple example of creating a basic auth handler given an auth provider.
router.route().handler(CookieHandler.create());
router.route().handler(SessionHandler.create(LocalSessionStore.create(vertx)));
AuthHandler basicAuthHandler = BasicAuthHandler.create(authProvider);
Handling auth in your application
Let's say you want all requests to paths that start with /private/ to be subject to auth. To do that you make sure your auth handler is before your application handlers on those paths:
router.route().handler(CookieHandler.create());
router.route().handler(SessionHandler.create(LocalSessionStore.create(vertx)));
router.route().handler(UserSessionHandler.create(authProvider));
AuthHandler basicAuthHandler = BasicAuthHandler.create(authProvider);
// All requests to paths starting with '/private/' will be protected
router.route("/private/*").handler(basicAuthHandler);
router.route("/someotherpath").handler(routingContext -> {
 // This will be public access - no login required
});
router.route("/private/somepath").handler(routingContext -> {
 // This will require a login
 // This will have the value true
 boolean isAuthenticated = routingContext.user() != null;
});
If the auth handler has successfully authenticated and authorised the user it will inject a User object into the RoutingContext so it's available in your handlers with: user.
If you want your User object to be stored in the session so it's available between requests so you don't have to authenticate on each request, then you should make sure you have a session handler and a user session handler on matching routes before the auth handler.
Once you have your user object you can also programmatically use the methods on it to authorise the user.
If you want to cause the user to be logged out you can call clearUser on the routing context.
HTTP Basic Authentication
HTTP Basic Authentication is a simple means of authentication that can be appropriate for simple applications.
With basic auth, credentials are sent unencrypted across the wire in HTTP headers so it's essential that you serve your application using HTTPS not HTTP.
With basic auth, if a user requests a resource that requires authorisation, the basic auth handler will send back a 401 response with the header WWW-Authenticate set. This prompts the browser to show a log-in dialogue and prompt the user to enter their username and password.
The request is made to the resource again, this time with the Authorization header set, containing the username and password encoded in Base64.
When the basic auth handler receives this information, it calls the configured AuthProvider with the username and password to authenticate the user. If the authentication is successful the handler attempts to authorise the user. If that is successful then the routing of the request is allowed to continue to the application handlers, otherwise a 403 response is returned to signify that access is denied.
The auth handler can be set-up with a set of authorities that are required for access to the resources to be granted.
Redirect auth handler
With redirect auth handling the user is redirected to towards a login page in the case they are trying to access a protected resource and they are not logged in.
The user then fills in the login form and submits it. This is handled by the server which authenticates the user and, if authenticated redirects the user back to the original resource.
To use redirect auth you configure an instance of RedirectAuthHandler instead of a basic auth handler.
You will also need to setup handlers to serve your actual login page, and a handler to handle the actual login itself. To handle the login we provide a prebuilt handler FormLoginHandler for the purpose.
Here's an example of a simple app, using a redirect auth handler on the default redirect url /loginpage.
router.route().handler(CookieHandler.create());
router.route().handler(SessionHandler.create(LocalSessionStore.create(vertx)));
router.route().handler(UserSessionHandler.create(authProvider));
AuthHandler redirectAuthHandler = RedirectAuthHandler.create(authProvider);
// All requests to paths starting with '/private/' will be protected
router.route("/private/*").handler(redirectAuthHandler);
// Handle the actual login
router.route("/login").handler(FormLoginHandler.create(authProvider));
// Set a static server to serve static resources, e.g. the login page
router.route().handler(StaticHandler.create());
router.route("/someotherpath").handler(routingContext -> {
 // This will be public access - no login required
});
router.route("/private/somepath").handler(routingContext -> {
 // This will require a login
 // This will have the value true
 boolean isAuthenticated = routingContext.user() != null;
});
JWT authorisation
With JWT authorisation resources can be protected by means of permissions and users without enough rights are denied access.
To use this handler there are 2 steps involved:
 - Setup an handler to issue tokens (or rely on a 3rd party)
 - Setup the handler to filter the requests
Please note that these 2 handlers should be only available on HTTPS, not doing so allows sniffing the tokens in transit which leads to session hijacking attacks.
Here's an example on how to issue tokens:
Router router = Router.router(vertx);
JsonObject authConfig = new JsonObject().put("keyStore", new JsonObject()
 .put("type", "jceks")
 .put("path", "keystore.jceks")
 .put("password", "secret"));
JWTAuth authProvider = JWTAuth.create(vertx, authConfig);
router.route("/login").handler(ctx -> {
 // this is an example, authentication should be done with another provider...
 if ("paulo".equals(ctx.request().getParam("username")) && "secret".equals(ctx.request().getParam("password"))) {
 ctx.response().end(authProvider.generateToken(new JsonObject().put("sub", "paulo"), new JWTOptions()));
 } else {
 ctx.fail(401);
 }
});
Now that your client has a token all it is required is that for all consequent request the HTTP header Authorization is filled with: Bearer <token> e.g.:
Router router = Router.router(vertx);
JsonObject authConfig = new JsonObject().put("keyStore", new JsonObject()
 .put("type", "jceks")
 .put("path", "keystore.jceks")
 .put("password", "secret"));
JWTAuth authProvider = JWTAuth.create(vertx, au


text:
Industries likely to see post-pandemic profits
COVID-19 brought the world to a standstill and, as a result, many businesses have struggled to stay afloat. However, some industries have actually seen profits increase and are likely to continue to enjoy similar levels of prosperity post-pandemic, while other industries that have suffered are set to flourish once the crisis is over.
As much of the world tentatively emerges from the grip of the pandemic, read on to discover the sectors that are going to boom, or continue to boom, as life returns to something approaching normal. All dollar amounts in US dollars.


JsonBuffer is the entry point for using the library: it handles the memory management and calls the parser.
It implements a speed efficient memory pool and comes in two flavors:
 1. DynamicJsonBuffer which is allocated on the heap and grows automatically
 2. StaticJsonBuffer which is (most likely) allocated on the stack and has a fixed size.
JsonBuffer is optimized of fast allocation, but doesn't allow to free the allocated memory block. To free a JsonBuffer, you must discard the entire object.
Member functions
See also
Keep learning
Mastering ArduinoJson
The book Mastering ArduinoJson is the best material to learn how to use ArduinoJson.
Chapter 5 explains how ArduinoJson works from the inside. It explains why the class JsonBuffer is crucial for the performance of the library. It dissects StaticJsonBuffer and DynamicJsonBuffer, shows the differences between the two, and tells how to choose between them.
Chapter 6 is a troubleshooting guide that helps you get out of every difficult situation.


text:
VAT avoidance - groups of companies statement of practice on the new Schedule 9A VATA 1994: conditions for the issue of a direction under the new Schedule 9A: relevant event
A relevant event is defined (Schedule 9A, paragraph 1(2)) as occurring when a company joins or leaves a VAT group registration, or when it enters into any transaction. The word "transaction" is capable of being given a very wide meaning when considered in isolation, but the key to understanding how Customs will interpret this in the context of the provisions is that a relevant event occurs when a taxpayer enters into a transaction. Generally Customs will take this to mean when the taxpayer enters into a contract or other disposition, such as a gift.
Take a lease of a building. Each payment of rent could be regarded as a transaction in itself. However, the mere payment of rent would not be regarded as covered by the term "enters into any transaction" as used in the legislation.
Customs will regard the entering into of the lease by the landlord or tenant as a relevant event, which would (if the other conditions are met), potentially bring a company within the scope of the provisions. Other examples falling within the scope of the provisions are an agreement for a lease, an assignment, variation or surrender. The performance of obligations under the lease, (e.g. the carrying out of repairs or the payment of rent), would not normally be caught unless, exceptionally, such obligation constituted the entering into of a separate contract.


text:
gives an image in which each pixel represents a sum of all pixels below and to the left of that pixel in image.
- ImageAccumulate[image] pads the image with one row of zeros at the bottom and one column of zeros on the left of the image after accumulating the pixels and returns an image whose dimensions are 1+ImageDimensions[image].
- ImageAccumulate operates separately on each channel in an image.
- ImageAccumulate gives an image of a real type.
- ImageAccumulate[image,Method->"CompensatedSummation"] uses compensated summation to reduce numerical error in the result.
- ImageAccumulate also works with Image3D objects.
Introduced in 2012
(9.0)| Updated in 2014


text:
Temperatures are expected to be lower than normal on 30 October and tomorrow (31 October), with some inland and mountainous areas going down to zero in the morning.
The Meteorological Administration estimates today and tomorrow (31 October) that temperatures will drop due to radiative cooling during the night, and temperatures will rise due to sunlight during the day, resulting in day and night temperature differences being very high, around 15 degrees centigrade, mainly inland.
"Cold winds will work their way from the northwest area to the south until Tuesday. The temperature will drop significantly more than average," said the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA).
"There were areas that dropped below zero, which is the lowest temperature this autumn. The first ice and frost were also spotted."
Temperatures plummeted to -8C on Deogyu-bong Peak of Deogyusan Mountain in Muju-gun, North Jeolla Province; – 7.6C at Gimhwa village close to the inter-Korean border in Cheorwon-gun; -7.6 in Gangwon Province and -5.9C at Misan village in Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi Province.
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text:
Drones come in many shapes and sizes, but now they can also be 3d printed! To make these drones, the [Decode] group used a selective laser sintering process which is pretty interesting in itself. Once the printing process is done, these little planes are built with only five structural and aerodynamic components. Because of their simplicity, these drones can reportedly be assembled and ready to fly with no tools in only ten minutes!
This design was done by the [Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council] at the University of Southampton in the UK by a group of students. Besides this particular plane, they concentrate their efforts on building autonomous drones under 20 Kilograms. Using a 3D sintering process with this design allowed them to make this plane how they wanted, regardless of the ease of machining the parts.


Blind men and an elephant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Blind men touching parts of an elephant
The Blind men and an elephant is an idiom.
The story of the blind men and an elephant comes from India. It is about a range of truths and mistakes. It is also about the need for communication and the need for respect for different perspectives.
The idiom shows the effects of observation and bias.[1] Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.
Story[change | change source]
A group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part. For example, one touches only the side and another touches only the tusk.
The blind men discover that they disagree when each describes what he has learned from touching the elephant.
Poem[change | change source]
A famous version of story is a poem -- "The Blind Men and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887).
And so these men of Hindustan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right
And all were in the wrong.
The poem begins:
It was six men of Indostan
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind[2]
They conclude that the elephant is like a wall, snake, spear, tree, fan or rope, depending upon where they touch. None of blind men's description is correct for the whole elephant.[3]
Related pages[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
 1. Gong, Wenxiang. (1998). Communication and Culture: China and the World Entering the 21st Century, p. 51.
 2. Saxe, John Godfrey. (1872). "The Blind Men and the Elephant," The poems of John Godfrey Saxe, p. 260.
 3. Peng, T.C. and Juliana Yuan. (1995). "Chinese Idioms and Cultural Values," Chinese American Forum, Vols. 11-13, p. 32.
Other websites[change | change source]


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Four textbooks compiled by Northwest University won the Prize of Excellent Textbooks of Shaanxi Universities
Recently, the result of the 2015 Excellent Textbooks of Shaanxi universities was published and four Textbooks Compiled by Northwest University were selected. Among the four books, Crystal optical and Petrology and Data structure-Described by the C Programming Language won the first prize, and the other two named Modern advertising and Ecological Planning-Theory, Method and Application won second prize. Textbook is the important carrier of teaching content and teaching method, and it is also the guarantee to deepen reform of education and teaching and innovative talents training. Textbook construction is always highly valued in Northwest University with preferential policy in teaching project construction and teaching results evaluation. Incentive mechanism is established to fully arouse the initiative of teachers to compile textbooks. Up to now, 57 textbooks compiled by Northwest University were selected into national planning project of textbooks construction, and 24 textbooks won the Prize of Excellent Textbooks of Shaanxi Universities, what's more, many textbooks were published by high level presses such as Higher Education Press and Science Press. To lay a solid foundation of talent training and improve the quality of teaching, Northwest University will expand textbook construction, support teachers to continuously renew the teaching contents, promote the combination of textbooks construction, specialty construction, reform of teaching methods, supplementary teaching resources construction and practical teaching system.


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Portuguese prove SKA green energy system
SmartGlow, led by engineering specialists dstgroup, was awarded €1.9m by the Portuguese Innovation Agency to prove feasibility of delivering green solar energy to off-grid sites.
Its aim was to develop a renewable, scalable, and reliable electric power supply system with a reduced operating cost and reduced carbon footprint.
To develop and test their system, SmartGlow took the demanding requirements for power quality and energy autonomy of SKA equipment as their benchmark.
Working in close partnership with SKAO engineers, SmartGlow created a standalone off-grid power system supplying a small SKA-Low prototype station of up to 32 antennas located in Portugal.
The pilot scheme comprised a photovoltaic production unit and next generation power converters offering reduced electromagnetic emissions.
The scheme has aided proof-of-concept for both SKA-Low and SKA-Mid power stations. A prototype of the latter will be constructed in South Africa to build on the findings of SmartGlow's ground-breaking work.
SKA-Mid's prototype station will be the most electromagnetic-quiet power station on Earth, packed with a host of world-first scientific breakthroughs.
Through their collaboration with the SKAO, SmartGlow was able to fine-tune a complex green energy solution, furthering Portuguese industrial expertise and providing an eco-friendly platform that can be adopted by other Big Science projects.
Sustainability and minimising the environmental impact of the SKA telescopes has been at the core of our thinking. It was great to see SmartGlow demonstrate the feasibility of providing our telescopes with affordable and renewable energy.


Whether you are writing a novel, managing a project, or researching a legal case, Aeon Timeline 2 has the tools to help you map the past and plan the future.
A timeline is composed of a series of events: an occurrence that happens at a particular time for a given duration. Depending on your project needs, these events may represent plot points in a novel, planned future tasks in a project, or known events in a legal case or historical research.
Events are displayed graphically on the timeline with a title, date, and duration, but you can associate a lot of additional meta-data with an event, including colors, tags (keywords), notes, completion status, and other user-definable fields.
Entities and Relationships
Aeon Timeline is not just about events. You can add other items to your timeline such as people, places, projects, resources, and story arcs – known collectively as Entities – and create relationships between events and those entities to mark which characters were present at an event, or which employees are responsible for a task.
If you give an entity a date of birth, Aeon Timeline will calculate that entity's age for each event they are associated with, allowing you to quickly see someone's age at important events in their life.
Group by Type
As your timeline grows in size and complexity, it can be useful to separate events into groups rather than show them interspersed throughout other events. In Aeon Timeline 2, you can select which entity type to group by (e.g. Person, Project, Arc, Location). Events may appear in multiple groups if they have relationships with several different entities.
This allows you to see tasks divided by project or employee, or divide events in a fiction novel by arc, character, or place, making it easy to focus on events associated with an individual entity.
If an entity is configured with a birth date, their age will be shown along the top of the group.
Dependencies allow you to calculate the date of an event based on an offset from the start or end of another event (e.g. Event B = end of Event A + 10 days). This ties the two events together in time so that when you move one event, the other will automatically follow. An event can have multiple dependencies, in which case its start date will be set to the latest calculated date.
Dependencies allow you to ensure pre-requisites are met in a project (i.e. a task that cannot start until an earlier one has completed), or tie together events in a fiction story that require a fixed offset (e.g. a birth must occur 9 months after conception).
Link to Images/Research
Aeon Timeline allows you to link your events with images and external documents and websites, allowing you to link your chronological view with your research and supporting documentation.
Linked images can be shown directly on the timeline, and clicking on linked files will open them in their appropriate application (or directly within Aeon Timeline via Quicklook on the Mac).


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vibrancy of the base color while adding depth and contrast to it.
- Play with textures: Incorporating different textures like fabric, wood, metal, or stone can amplify visual interest by creating dimension while still maintaining the unity of the hue palette.
- Add pops of accent colors/prints/accessories: Adding accents in contrasting hues can give liveliness and individuality to space while keeping the overall monochromatic look intact. Avoid overdoing it!
It's essential to remember that even though there is just one color being used primarily; there are variations in saturation and brightness that need consideration when selecting complementary items.
Creating a monochromatic color scheme allows plenty of room for creativity while providing an opportunity for cohesive and refined designs. Be mindful when choosing your undertones and keep an open mind about which patterns go well with brick red.
Don't miss out on redefining your space with this versatile hue – start with incorporating it into your next project as the main color. Get ready to feel the texture, because adding depth to a brick red room or outfit has never been smoother.
Adding Depth with Textured Materials
One way to enhance the visual appeal of brick red in any room or outfit is by incorporating textured materials. Textures can add depth and dimension, making a design more interesting and dynamic. By leveraging the properties of different materials, one can create subtle variations in color and feel that complement the brick red.
When it comes to choosing textured materials, there are several options to consider. One could opt for natural fibers like wool, linen, or cotton that come with a unique weave pattern offering varying degrees of roughness or smoothness. Wooden accents also work well to add depth as they provide visual grounding while adding warmth and coziness to a space without overshadowing the brick red.
Using tiles with different textures on floors or walls offers an exciting way to incorporate varied textures into an interior's design while creating a colorful contrast with the brick red. Textured metal accents or matte-finished materials like concrete can create a modern yet elegant look that complements the deep richness of brick red.
Incorporating textured fabric like shag rugs, cushions, or upholstery can offer tactile comfort while drawing attention to the material's specific texture. As such, you can use this technique to create patterns without contrasting too much with the bold color of brick red.
By using these simple techniques and deciding on textured materials crucially; one can enhance the beauty of any room in their house complemented by a rich brick-red tone. Designing a cohesive space is like a puzzle, and these tips will help you put all the pieces together with ease.
Tips for Creating a Cohesive Design
To ensure a cohesive color scheme, there are several design tips that can be followed. These tips aim to bring together various elements harmoniously, creating an aesthetically pleasing overall look.
- Use varying textures and patterns to add depth and interest to the design.
- Consider the proportion of each color used and strive for balance across the space or outfit.
- Avoid overuse of brick red, instead using it as a base and incorporating complementary or contrasting colors alongside it.
- Create a focal point in the room or outfit by emphasizing one key element through color selection.
Design tips are just a starting point, however. Other elements such as lighting, furniture placement, and accessories also play a crucial role in achieving a cohesive design. Taking these factors into account will further enhance the final outcome.
When creating a color scheme with brick red as the main focus, consider using muted shades or grays to complement rather than overpower. By doing this, the rich tones of brick red can shine without appearing too domineering.
Once upon a time, I designed an outfit centered around brick red for a fashion show. To ensure cohesion in the design while highlighting the beauty of brick red, I utilized contrasting hues like turquoise and pale pink alongside it. The result was an eye-catching combination that brought out subtle shades in brick red's tone while still providing balance across the ensemble.
FAQs about What Colors Go With Brick Red
What colors go with brick red?
There are a variety of colors that pair well with brick red. Some great options include beige, cream, navy blue, forest green, dusty rose, and shades of grey. Neutral colors like white, black and brown also work well.
Can I use metallic colors with brick red?
Metallic colors, such as gold and silver, can add a touch of glamor to the deep red tone of brick, but they should be used sparingly. Consider using small metallic accents in the room, such as picture frames or light fixtures.
What accent colors work best with brick red?
Accent colors that pair well with brick red include yellow, orange and shades of pink. These colors add a bright pop to the room and complement the warm, earthy tone of the brick.
Can I use patterns with brick red?
Yes, patterns like stripes, polka dots and herringbone can work well with brick red as long as they don't clash with other elements in the room. Use patterned accents like pillows, rugs or curtains to add variety to the space.
What is a good color scheme for a room with brick red walls?
A monochromatic color scheme can work well with brick red walls. Shades of cream, ivory, beige and other neutral colors provide a calming, sophisticated look in the room. Alternatively, a complementary color scheme with blues and greens can provide an energetic, vibrant look.
How can I use artwork to enhance a room with brick red walls?
Artwork that includes shades of blue, green, or yellow can provide a nice focal point to the room. If the artwork includes other colors, look for elements in the piece that coordinate with other design elements in the room.


phrases, sayings, proverbs and idioms at
Home button Home | Search the website Search | Phrase Dictionary | Pull yourself up by your bootstraps
The meaning and origin of the expression: Pull yourself up by your bootstraps
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Pull yourself up by your bootstraps
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What's the meaning of the phrase 'Pull yourself up by your bootstraps'?
To 'pull yourself up by your bootstraps' is to improve your situation by your own unaided efforts.
What's the origin of the phrase 'Pull yourself up by your bootstraps'?
Pull yourself up by your bootstrapsThe origin of this descriptive phrase isn't known. It refers of course to boots and the straps that some boots have attatched to help the wearer pull them on and to the imagined feat of a lifting oneself off the ground by pulling on one's bootstraps. This impossible task is supposed to exemplify the achievement in getting out of a difficult situation by one's own efforts.
Some early computers used a process called bootstrapping which alludes to this phrase. This involved loading a small amount of code which was then used to progressively load more complex code until the machine was ready for use. This led to the use of the term 'booting' to mean starting up a computer. An early citation of this in print comes from the Proceedings of the institute of radio engineers (IRE), 1953:
A technique sometimes called the 'bootstrap technique'…Pushing the load button... causes one full word to be loaded into a memory address previously set up... on the operator's panel, after which the program control is directed to that memory address and the computer starts automatically.
An electrical engineer correspondent of mine says that bootstrap was used with the same meaning as above to early radio circuits, before the computer era, but I have no documentary evidence to support that assertion.


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|Home | Headlines | New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening|
New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening- 11/27/2012
Materials scientists from The University of Queensland (UQ) are set to revolutionise the fresh fruit industry with a new technology that converts gases into a powder form.
Professor Bhesh Bhandari and PhD student Mr Binh Ho, from UQ's School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, have developed a technology that will dramatically improve the safety, efficiency and effort involved in controlled ripening of fruit.
Compressed ethylene gasis used extensively to control ripen fruit such as bananas, mangoes, avocadoes, citrus and tomatoes that are picked at "commercial maturity," which is a hard green, but mature stage, before ripening has started.
Professor Bhandari said the compressed ethylene gas, which is stored in cylinders, was highly volatile and explosive accidents have occurred in the past. Read more about ths new technology here.


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¨ is injective if and only if different inputs give different outputs.
¨ is injective if and only if "different elements of A go to different elements of B."
¨ It is the whole function that is or is not injective.
¨ The articles about most of the example functions state whether they are injective or not. Checking each of these functions to see why it is or is not injective is an excellent way to get a feel for the concept of injectivity.
¨ The doubling function is injective on the real numbers and in fact on the complex numbers. Doubling different numbers gives different numbers.
¨ The squaring function is not injective, because for example. Squaring different numbers might give you the same number.
¨ The cubing function on the reals is injective. It is not injective on the complex numbers, because for example
¨ See Wikipedia for more examples and more discussion.
No information loss
An injective function loses no information. If you have an output from the function, you know it came from exactly one input.
¨ If you got 8 when you cubed a real number, the real number had to be 2. The cubing function is injective on the reals. But if you got 8 when you cubed a complex number, the complex number could be any of three numbers (see above); the cubing function is not injective on the complex numbers.
¨ If you got 4 when you squared something, the something could have been either 2 or 2: You lost some information about the input, namely its sign in this case. The squaring function is not injective.
¨ If you get as an output from the sine blur function, it could have come from any one of an infinite number of inputs. The sin blur function is ridiculously noninjective.
Embeds as a substructure
Some functions preserve some structure. For example, multiplying integers by 2 preserves addition. In other words, if you let be defined by, then (write it out, don't just believe me!). This makes it a group homomorphism. Because multiplying by 2 is injective, this says that the substructure of the group of integers with addition as operation that consists of the even integers is a copy of the group of integers itself.
Horizontal line crosses the graph only once at most
Let be a real continuous function. Then F is injective if no horizontal line cuts it twice. This is a useful way of thinking about injective continuous functions, but it doesn't work with arbitrary functions.
a) This is a plot of part of (which is injective) with some horizontal lines
b) On the other hand, is not injective. Note that some horizontal lines cut it more than once, but others cut it only once.
c) Horizontal lines don't have to cut a function at all. This is part of. Horizontal lines below zero don't cut its graph because 0 is its minimum. There are horizontal lines that cut it twice, so it is not injective.
A function is surjective if and only if
¨ is surjective if and only if the image of F is the same as the codomain B.
¨ is surjective if and only if "every element of B comes from an element of A."
¨ Let be the squaring function, so for every real number x. Then F is not surjective, since for any negative number b, there is no real number a such that F(a) = b. (You can't solve, for example).
¨ But if you define (where denotes the set of nonnegative reals) by, then G is surjective. As you can see, whether a function is surjective or not depends on the codomain you specify for it. Note that "G is surjective" says exactly that every nonnegative real number has a square root.
Another way of saying that is surjective is to say, "F is surjective onto B", or simply, "F is onto B". Saying it this way does not depend on whether you use the loose or strict definition for functions.
A function is surjective if every horizontal line crosses its graph (one or more times). Check out the graphs (a) through (c) above: and are surjective onto, but is not surjective onto. H is surjective onto the set of nonnegative real numbers.


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Nov. 20, 2012 Do birds change their tune in response to urban noise? It depends on the bird species, according to Dr. Alejandro Ariel Ríos-Chelén from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and colleagues. Their work shows that while some birds do adapt their songs in noisy conditions by means of frequency changes, others like the vermilion flycatchers adapt their song by means of changes in song lengths.
The work is published online in Springer's journal, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.
Birds use their songs during social interactions to attract females and repel intruders. Factors affecting acoustic communication, such as urban noise, may therefore impair breeding success. Research to date has shown that several songbird (or oscine) species like robins, nightingales and blackbirds, adapt their song in response to noise. This is done in order to improve acoustic communication in noisy conditions. However, little work has been done on the more tropical sister group of the oscines, the sub-oscines, which includes the vermilion flycatcher.
Rios-Chelén and team investigated whether male vermilion flycatchers adapted their song under noisy conditions in the same way as their less tropical sister group. They recorded the songs of 29 territorial vermilion flycatcher males in different parks and urban areas of Mexico City. They registered noise levels at different moments of both the pre-dawn and dawn chorus, measured song length, and counted the total number of elements in the birds' song to assess song versatility.
They found that males occupying territories with relatively high noise levels produced longer songs, whereas males in quieter places sang both long and short songs. Males also showed song plasticity as they sang less versatile songs later in the morning when noise level was higher, but time of day seemed to play a more important role in driving this shift than did noise levels.
The authors conclude, "While these results show that time of day has an effect on individual song versatility, we cannot discard an influence of noise... this study supports the idea that sub-oscine adaptation to noise is different in degree and mode to that taking place among oscines, suggesting heterogeneity in the capacity of bird species to colonize and survive in the urban environment."
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- Alejandro Ariel Ríos-Chelén, Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero, Diego Gil, Constantino Macías Garcia. Dealing with urban noise: vermilion flycatchers sing longer songs in noisier territories. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s00265-_PHONE_-0
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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SINGAPORE: Two people died of dengue infection in Singapore from April to June this year, marking the first deaths from local dengue infection in 2023, the National Environment Agency (NEA) said in its second-quarter update on Tuesday (Jul 25).
According to NEA data as of December 2022, there were a total of 19 deaths from dengue infection in Singapore last year.
The number of dengue cases and clusters have decreased as compared to the first quarter of 2023.
There were 1,989 cases of infection reported from April to June this year, a decrease of 15.7 per cent from the previous quarter of January to March.
NEA also identified 213 clusters from April to June, 170 of which were closed in the same period.
The number of identified clusters fell by about 34 per cent, as compared to the previous quarter, it added.
But during the same period, the number of mosquito breeding habitats detected went up by about 15 per cent compared to the previous quarter, totalling about 5,300.
NEA said the top five breeding habitats in homes for the second quarter of 2023 include domestic containers such as pails, flower pot plates and trays, ornamental containers like vases, canvas or plastic sheets and refuse bins placed outside landed houses.
It added the top five breeding habitats in public areas include covered parameter drains, discarded receptacles, gully traps, scupper drains at housing estates and covered parking drains.


How does the RNA m6A methylation affect the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma? | Ubigene
How does the RNA m6A methylation affect the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma?
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How does the RNA m6A methylation affect the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma?
Background
Glioblastoma (GB) is widely acknowledged as the most common malignant primary tumors in the central nervous system. Due to its invasive growth pattern and extreme advanced malignance, glioblastoma cannot be separated from normal brain tissue nearby easily and completely, which always results in its recurrence in a short time. Therefore, it's urgent and necessary that further investigation on the molecular mechanism of invasive growth in glioblastoma should be addressed. Recently, an increasing amount of studies figured out that regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition(EMT) associated proteins, such as CDH1, CDH2 and MMPs, or the process of vasculogenic mimicry (VM), could modulate the migration and invasion ability of the glioblastoma, affecting the tumor progression. Many researchers believe that more thorough studies about the EMT and VM process in glioblastoma may shed light on a novel treatment for glioblastoma.
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, has been regarded to be the most abundant in eukaryotic mRNAs and identified to act an essential part in the mammalian cells. The process of m6A modification is flexibly and dynamically manipulated by three categories of proteins, "writers"(methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), METTL14 and Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP)), "erasers"(fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5))and "readers"(YT521-B homology (YTH) domain-containing family proteins (YTHDF1/2/3), YTH domain-containing proteins (YTHDC1/2)). There is considerable evidence suggesting that the level of m6A in glioblastoma could influence the proliferation, radio resistance and invasion of the tumor. Nevertheless, only limited attention has been paid to the function of RNA m6A modification during the progression of EMT and VM in glioblastoma.
In order to study the function of RNA m6A modification during the progression of EMT and VM in glioblastoma, the researchers Min Tao et al. from Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital republished an article named "Decreased RNA m6A methylation enhances the process of the epithelial mesenchymal transition and vasculogenic mimicry in glioblastoma" in American Journal of Cancer Research. This article reported that they performed CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, apoptosis assay, wound healing assay, invasion assay and other experiments with METTL3 knockdown cell model and ALKBH5 overexpression cell model to evaluate the effect of RNA m6A modification in the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma. Then the orthotopic mouse model of U87-GFP-Luc/U87-ALKBH5-Luc cells cells were established to explore the impacts of ALKBH5 on glioblastoma in vivo. The results uncovered that RNA m6A methylation suppresses the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma, providing a new perspective to seek for a potential therapeutic target for GB.
In this study, the ALKBH5 overexpression cell line is sourced from Ubigene, which helps researchers study the effect of RNA m6A modification in glioblastoma at the cellular level in the background of ALKBH5 stable expression, and lays a solid foundation for its validation process. For stable cell line generation service (using lentivirus method), Ubigene not only uses the mature third-generation lentivirus packaging system, but also has our exclusive MOI database of various cell lines based on thousands of successful cases, covering more than 200 types of cell lines. So we are confident to provide what you need. And Ubigene also provides the single-cell clone isolation service. Click here for more stable cell line generation service detail>>
ALKBH5 enhanced GB cell proliferation and influenced cell cycle in vitro
In this study, the researchers demonstrated that the m6A levels of RNAs were reduced in GB cells and glioma tissues. Patients with high mRNA expression of ALKBH5 acquired relatively shorter median overall survival (OS) time, while patients with relatively high expression of MEETL3 prolonged their disease free survival. The function of ALKBH5 in GB was also studied in depth, the CCK-8 assay demonstrated that upregulation of ALKBH5 could enhance the cell viability in vitro (Figure 1A). In the same way, the EdU assay illustrated as well that compared with control, overexpressing ALKBH5 apparently increased the ability of cell proliferation(Figure 1B, 1C). In addition, they measured apoptotic rates and cell cycle distributions by the FCM analysis. They found that U87-MG ALKBH5-overexpressing cells could accelerate cell cycle S phase and G2/M phase, with approximately 6% reduction of S phase and G2/M phase compared with U87-MG control cells (Figure 1F, 1G). These results indicated that ALKBH5 could influence cell cycle in U87-MG cells to enhance GB cell proliferation instead of altering apoptosis.
Figure 1. ALKBH5 enhanced GB cell proliferation and influenced cell cycle in vitro.
m6A levels of RNAs regulated EMT and VM process in GB cells
To explore functions of RNA m6A methylation during the EMT progression in U87-MG cells, the wound healing assay and the transwell assay were performed and the researchers noticed that overexpression of ALKBH5 or knockdown of METTL3 could both promote the migration and invasion abilities of U87-MG cells (Figure 2B-E). And Phalloidin staining showed that overexpression of ALKBH5 could lead to a more scattered pattern of cytoskeleton through the rearrangement of F-actin, a main protein of microfiber, which denoted a more active migrating form (Figure 2F). The protein expressions of FN1, MMP2 and CDH2 were all upregulated, while the protein level of CDH1 was downregulated in ALKBH5 overexpressing or METTL3 knockdown U87-MG cells (Figure 2G, H). These data indicated that RNA m6A methylation could make a critical difference to the EMT process of glioblastoma cells.
Figure 2. m6A levels of RNAs regulated EMT process in GB cells.
Moreover, to evaluate the impact of the level of RNA m6A methylation on the VM of U87-MG cells, three-dimensional culture was performed. Overexpression of ALKBH5 enhanced VM formation capabilities of U87-MG cells (Figure 3A). Similarly, the ability of VM formation could also be up-regulated by knockdown of METTL3 in U87-MG cells (Figure 3B).
Figure 3. m6A levels of RNAs regulated VM process in GB cells.
In all, they supply evidences to clarify that decreased RNA m6A methylation could enhance the process of EMT and VM in glioblastoma. Upregulation of ALKBH5 or downregulation of METTL3 strengthens the invasive properties of glioblastoma via regulating the expressions of CDH1, CDH2, MMP2 and FN1. This study highlights the different roles of RNA m6A modification in different types of cancers, further providing new insights into treatments for GB.
Gene overexpression or knockdown cell line model is the common cell line model to study the expression regulation effect of the downstream genes of the target gene. Ubigene provides stable overexpression/knockdown cell line service, and virus packaging service (lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV). Stable cell line can assist with the study of phenotypic experiments, and also avoid large errors in the data of repeated experiments and boost the smooth process of the experiment. Ubigene specializes in cell line engineering, and we have successfully modified more than 200 cell lines, and Ubigene has been cited in many publications. And we are now providing a time-limited promotional price for stable cell line generation service, as low as $1780, and we also provide single-cell clone isolation service. For more information, please contact us!
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WASHINGTON (AP) - After more than a century, the Census Bureau is dropping its use of the word "Negro" to describe black Americans in surveys.
Instead of the term that came into use during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation, census forms will use the more modern labels "black" or "African-American."
Nicholas Jones is chief of the Census Bureau's racial statistics branch. He tells The Associated Press that the change will take effect next year, when the bureau distributes its annual American Community Survey to more than 3.5 million U.S. households.
According to Jones, months of public feedback and census research concluded that few black Americans still identify with being Negro, and many view the term as offensive and outdated.
The term Negro was first used in the census in 1900.