Unsatisfied By My Specification Pattern
February 7th, 2010 by Xerxes Leave a reply »
This week, I hit an interesting problem which I don't feel like was solved in the best possible way. The problem was that we needed to filter a list of objects based on some known criteria. Testing the specification is pretty important as there are a series of and'ed negating conditions (eg: IF this AND NOT that AND NOT the other etc…), in total about 5 unique criteria for the one filter.
Ordinarily this kind of implementation would lend itself nicely to the Specification Pattern given that all information required to determine if the specification is satisfied exists on the object member being passed in at the time of evaluation. In my case, however, I had 3 conditions that the object being evaluated must not exist in 3 different lists. To give you an example the object under evaluation is a model, and this step of filtering is part of a much larger process involving running the model through a recursive algorithm. At each step of the algorithm, the model object could have
 - Run through the algorithm succesfully
 - Been aborted during execution of the algorithm
 - Still awaiting to be executed through the algorithm
These three states are tracked by keeping 3 lists – one for each criteria. The filter that I was working on had to filter based on whether the model under evaluation was NOT in those three lists. I realise the wordiness of me explaining this doesn't really clear the air, so lets look at some code (with relevant types changed).
This is my model:
 public class User
 {
 public bool Enabled { get; set; }
 public string Name { get; set; }
 public UserType TypeOfUser { get; set; }
 }
The code which uses my filter looks something like this. This guy will be called recursively based on the result that gets returned from here. In this case, i'm building the allValidUsersFilter.
public class ReplacementUserFinder
{
 ...ctor...fields...etc
 public User FindReplacementUser(User userToReplace, IList<User> allPossibleUsers, IList<User> usersStillToBeEvaluated, IList<User> usersAlreadyEvaluated, IList<User> usersAbortedDuringEvaluation)
 {
 var validUsers = _allValidUsersFilter.Filter(allPossibleUsers, usersStillToBeEvaluated, usersAlreadyEvaluated, usersAbortedDuringEvaluation);
 var replacementUser = _bestReplacementCandidateFinder.Find(validUsers, userToReplace);
 return replacementUser;
 }
}
and the interface for the AllValidUsersFilter – it's purpose is to filter the list of all users to a list of potential candidates given the list of all users:
 public IList<User> Filter(IList<User> allpossibleUsers, IList<User> usersStillToBeEvaluated, IList<User> usersAlreadyEvaluated, IList<User> usersAbortedDuringEvaluation)
 {
 return allpossibleUsers.Where(x =>
 _isUserEnabledSpecification.IsSatisfiedBy(x) &&
 _isOverseasUserSpecification.IsSatisfiedBy(x) &&
 !_isUserStillToBeEvaluatedSpecification.IsSatisfiedBy(x, usersStillToBeEvaluated) &&
 !_isUserAlreadyEvaluatedSpecification.IsSatisfiedBy(x, usersAlreadyEvaluated) &&
 !_isUserAbortedDuringEvaluationSpecification.IsSatisfiedBy(x, usersAbortedDuringEvaluation)
 ).ToList();
 }
The specification instances here are being ctor injected into my filter's instance so that I can use a behavioural style assertion to check that the specification is invoked correctly by the filter.
The IsUserEnabledSpecification, and IsOverseasUserSpecification just use the well-known ISpecification interface pattern, but in order to evaluate the the other three, I had to create an IListSpecification and it feels somehow unsatisfying because the only thing different between them is that I have to pass in the list to the IsSatisfiedBy methods.
I'm not happy with this result, and we went through several different options before settling on this one purely just so we could move forward, and come back to address this later.
Hoping someone out there might have some suggestions…After writing this post, i've come up with another idea which would probably be cleaner…need to try it out.
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1 comment
 1. Dave Newman says:
 DSL in IronRuby or boo. You know you want to.


Serviceline Industrial Sensors
Serviceline Explosion Protection
Safe Gluing and Opening
With the UGB ultrasonic sensor for splice monitoring
Vacuum packages are frequently used to store coffee. To increase the customers' benefit, the outer package of vacuum-packed coffee has a tear strip. The tear strip is glued onto the back of the printed paper by the coffee producer. This process must be monitored to ensure that all papers have a tear strip.
Depending on the coffee type, the color, thickness and texture of the packaging paper types may vary. The tear strip may be of different colors as well. Until now, sensors that were used to monitor splices had to be adjusted extensively after each paper change. In addition, the reliability of the monitoring process was unsatisfactory.
Fig. 1: UGB transmitter above the packaging paper
The UGB ultrasonic splice detection sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs is the solution! This ultrasonic sensor ignores the paper color and texture. With the electrical TEACH-IN input, it is easy to adjust to new paper types and, monitoring 100 packages per minute, the sensor enables very short processing times.
Fig. 2: UGB transmitter below the packaging paper
Here, the packaging paper passes over a 30 mm hole in the sheet metal. The ultrasonic transmitter sends its signals to the ultrasonic receiver through the hole and accurately detects the paper.
Customer benefits
The UGB ultrasonic sensor features high reliability, few adjustments during paper changes and low processing times. The MH-UDB1 assembly aid eliminates installation errors and ensures safe splice monitoring.
Now available: Technology Guide Ultrasonic Sensors


- It is illegal if any location initialized at the end of the true-branch is not initialized at the end of the false-branch, and vice versa.
The sense of the test can be inverted with not.
repeat
repeat {
 <block>
} until <src-memory-location>
Executes the block repeatedly until the src (observed at the end of the execution of the block) is non-zero. The block is always executed as least once.
 - It is illegal if any memory location is uninitialized at the exit of the loop when that memory location is initialized at the start of the loop.
To simulate a "while" loop, use an if internal to the block, like
repeat {
 cmp y, 25
 if z {
 }
} until z
"until" is optional, but if omitted, must be replaced with "forever":
repeat {
 cmp y, 25
 if z {
 }
} forever
The sense of the test can be inverted with not.
repeat {
 cmp y, 25
 if z {
 }
} until not z
for
for <dest-memory-location> (up|down) to <literal-byte> {
 <block>
}
Executes the block repeatedly, incrementing or decrementing the dest-memory-location at the end of the block, until the value of the dest-memory-location has gone past the literal-byte.
The block is always executed as least once.
 - It is illegal if any memory location is uninitialized at the exit of the loop when that memory location is initialized at the start of the loop.
Grammar
Program ::= {ConstDefn | TypeDefn} {Defn} {Routine}.
ConstDefn::= "const" Ident<new> Const.
TypeDefn::= "typedef" Type Ident<new>.
Defn ::= Type Ident<new> [Constraints] (":" Const | "@" LitWord).
Type ::= TypeTerm ["table" TypeSize].
TypeExpr::= "byte"
 | "word"
 | "buffer" TypeSize
 | "pointer"
 | "vector" TypeTerm
 | "routine" Constraints
 | "(" Type ")"
 .
TypeSize::= "[" LitWord "]".
Constrnt::= ["inputs" LocExprs] ["outputs" LocExprs] ["trashes" LocExprs].
Routine ::= "define" Ident<new> Type (Block | "@" LitWord).
 | "routine" Ident<new> Constraints (Block | "@" LitWord)
 .
LocExprs::= LocExpr {"," LocExpr}.
LocExpr ::= Register | Flag | Const | Ident.
Register::= "a" | "x" | "y".
Flag ::= "c" | "z" | "n" | "v".
Const ::= Literal | Ident<const>.
Literal ::= LitByte | LitWord | LitBit.
LitByte ::= "0" ... "255".
LitWord ::= ["word"] "0" ... "65535".
LitBit ::= "on" | "off".
Block ::= "{" {Instr} "}".
Instr ::= "ld" LocExpr "," LocExpr ["+" LocExpr]
 | "st" LocExpr "," LocExpr ["+" LocExpr]
 | "add" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "sub" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "cmp" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "and" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "or" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "xor" LocExpr "," LocExpr
 | "shl" LocExpr
 | "shr" LocExpr
 | "inc" LocExpr
 | "dec" LocExpr
 | "call" Ident<routine>
 | "goto" Ident<executable>
 | "copy" LocExpr "," LocExpr ["+" LocExpr]
 | "if" ["not"] LocExpr Block ["else" Block]
 | "repeat" Block ("until" ["not"] LocExpr | "forever")
 | "for" LocExpr ("up"|"down") "to" Const Block
 | "with" "interrupts" LitBit Block
 .


text:
Alzheimer's Disease Registry
The Alzheimer's Disease Registry is a comprehensive statewide registry of SC residents diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders (ADRD). As the nation's most comprehensive registry of its kind, the Alzheimer's Disease Registry has maintained a record of diagnosed cases of ADRD in the state since 1988. The Registry comprises multiple data sources, including inpatient hospitalizations, mental health records, Medicaid, emergency departments, memory clinics, chart abstracts, vital records, and long-term care evaluations. The Registry is maintained by the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina, in cooperation with the SC Department of Health and Human Services, the SC Department of Mental Health, the USC School of Medicine, and the SC Office of Budget and Control.
The goals of the Registry are to:
The Registry is an invaluable data source to those interested in aging research that involves:
South Carolina's elders and their loved ones ultimately benefit from the assistive services that evolve from the research that uses the Registry, including:
View the 2011 Annual Report (PDF Format) for the most recent full year of data available from all reporting sources.
Other states' Alzheimer's Disease registries include:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Barrage Viereth
Rejuvenation for 80-year-old infrastructure
At over 80 years old, the oldest barrage on the Main has long since reached its theoretical service life. In terms of maintenance, KREBS + KIEFER contributes a lot towards the planning of the building and structural engineering.
Among other things, the damaged weir rollers need to be replaced by segment weirs, which can better withstand today's constant fine adjustment. The engineers have developed all the necessary adjustments for this. Because the new gates introduce a modified load, the pillar foundations have to be renovated and a record of compliance with current standards needs to be maintained. Along with the weir gates, the worn-out weir supports had to be renewed.
The planning work also included the renewal of the pool base, retaining walls and culverts for provisional cable conduits. Because of the insular position of the weir between the lock and power plant, good site logistics is essential for the smooth progress of the renovation work. As such, a crane foundation was built into the embankment of the weir field as a preliminarily measure.
 - Planning of the property*
 - Planning of the supporting structure*
 - SiGeKo
 - * in a consortium with IRS


GWAS and the parthenocarpic banana
Anne Vézina Tuesday, 31 May 2016
A proof-of-concept study shows that genome-wide associations are feasible in banana.
Sometimes it looks as if the biology of the banana — the fact that cultivated bananas are largely sterile and that most of them are triploid (that is they have three copies of each gene-bearing chromosome) — has been designed to make the life of breeders and researchers more difficult than it already is. The genomic revolution, including the sequencing of the banana genome, has helped remove obstacles that stand in the way of a better understanding of its genetics. But the banana can still be a challenge, as Bioversity International scientist Julie Sardos was well aware when she set out to do a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the world's most popular fruit.
GWAS is generally applied to randomly-breeding populations of diploid organisms (whose chromosomes come in pairs). The conventional wisdom is that it wouldn't work in a vegetatively-reproducing crop with such a complex domestication history as the banana. It is true for triploid bananas. But since the objective of a GWAS is to identify genes associated with a trait, not being able to do a GWAS on triploid bananas is not an impediment as long as the trait in question is present in diploid bananas. All Sardos and her colleagues had to show is that a GWAS could be done in diploid bananas. They decided to look for the genes associated with seedlessness since diploid bananas can either be seeded (the sexually-reproducing wild types) or seedless (the asexually-reproducing cultivated types). The approach they used is published in PLOS ONE.
Minimizing confounding factors
Parthenocarpic banana
Parthenocarpic banana
The researchers further limited their analysis to diploid bananas whose genetic background was Musa acuminata1. Musa acuminata is the wild species whose genetic signature is found in nearly all cultivated bananas. Since it possesses the capacity to set fruit in the absence of pollination (parthenocarpy), fruits that are edible by virtue of having less seeds and more pulp occasionally crop up. But parthenocarpy alone cannot explain seedlessness since parthenocarpic plants are still fertile and as such will produce seeded fruits when pollinated. It follows that sterility also played a role in the domestication of the seedless banana.
In banana, sterility is due to a combination of structural and genetic factors, says Sardos. The structural factors are linked to matings between distant relatives. In the bananas that only have acuminata in their pedigree, the matings that sealed their fate as vegetatively-reproducing plants took place between different subspecies. Inheriting mismatched chromosomes made it difficult for the progeny to produce fertile ovules and pollen. But scientists also believe that farmers preferentially propagating seedless fruits might have selected for genes that contribute to sterility.
To search for genes associated with seedlessness, the researchers needed plant material from both seeded and seedless bananas. They used genebank accessions from the global banana collection managed by Bioversity and hosted by the Belgian university KU Leuven at the International Transit Centre2. To avoid duplicates and genetically similar cultivars, a first selection of 224 diploid accessions was screened with 498 DArT markers. The final sample had 105 accessions: 25 wild Musa acuminata, 2 seeded improved hybrids and 77 diploid cultivars.
The 105 accessions were sent to Cornell University in the US for genotyping-by-sequencing. The procedure generated millions of reads (short DNA sequences) that Cornell bioinformaticians mapped onto the reference genome sequence to identify a first batch of 129,658 SNP markers. Bioversity bioinformaticians reduced the number of markers to 5,544 by keeping only the most reliable ones.
The next step was to check the genetic structure of the sample, which by then had been reduced to 104 accessions. Since the algorithm driving the GWAS assumes that the sample is from a randomly-breeding population, having accessions that are closely-related to each other would generate false associations unless the bias is corrected for. Four such clusters were identified (each colour in the figure below corresponds to a genetic cluster). The Q value represents the relative importance of the genetic clusters in an accession.
Genetic Structure GWAS Resized
Genetic structure of the 104 accessions analysed in the GWAS. Each bar corresponds to an accession and each colour to a genetic cluster. The Q value represents the relative importance of the genetic clusters in an accession. An accession is considered as unadmixed when the Q value of a genetic cluster is 80% or more.
The majority of the accessions (59) were hybrids (admixtures of clusters). The information is not available for all the accessions, but Sardos wouldn't be surprised if the admixed accessions came from insular Southeast Asia, a region where people travelling between islands introduced bananas whose genetic background would have been different from the one of the native bananas.
Unadmixed accessions were found for only three of the four genetic clusters. The set from Papua New Guinea is interesting for being the only set of unadmixed accessions to have cultivars, in addition to wild bananas (even though Guyod is a cultivar from the Philippines, previous genetic analyses had shown that its genetic background can be traced to Musa acuminata ssp. banksii, the subspecies represented by the 6 wild accessions from Papua New Guinea included in the sample). These cultivars' homogenous genetic structure bolsters the case for the existence of genes associated with sterility since structural factors don't seem to have played a role in their case. The set of 33 unadmixed accessions was subsequently used to double-check the results of the GWAS.
The home stretch
When everything was in place to carry out the GWAS, Sardos scored the 27 accessions that had seeds as 1 and the 77 seedless ones as 0. She then used statistical tools to look for associations between the accessions' score and the SNP markers. The results pointed to 21 markers being statistically associated with the seedless trait. By looking where the 21 markers were positioned on the reference genome sequence, Bioversity bioinformaticians identified 13 genomic regions of interest, 6 of which also turned up when the GWAS was performed on the set of 33 unadmixed accessions from Papua New Guinea. Their exploration of the genes in these regions led to the identification of 11 candidate genes
Sardos stresses that more work is needed to confirm whether these genes are linked to either parthenocarpy or sterility. In the meantime, the researchers are already making plans to explore the genetics of drought tolerance and disease resistance, traits that are important to banana farmers, and by extension to breeders.
The data and results have been uploaded in databases that are accessible from the MGIS page on the GWAS study, whereas the 105 accessions are available from the ITC.
1 Cultivated bananas that are the result of an hybridization between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana were excluded from the GWAS.
2 At the ITC, an accession is a set of tissue-culture plantlets derived from a plant representing an edible or wild banana. Each accession has a unique identification number.


Passive Way of Measuring QOL/Well-Being Levels Using Smartphone Log
Wenhao Yao, Kohei Kaminishi, Naoki Yamamoto, Takashi Hamatani, Yuki Yamada, Takahiro Kawada, Satoshi Hiyama, Tsukasa Okimura, Yuri Terasawa, Takaki Maeda, Masaru Mimura, Jun Ota
研究成果: Article査読
1 被引用数 (Scopus)
抄録
Research on mental health states involves paying increasing attention to changes in daily life. Researchers have attempted to understand such daily changes by relying on self-reporting through frequent assessment using devices (smartphones); however, they are mostly focused on a single aspect of mental health. Assessing the mental health of a person from various perspectives may help in the primary prevention of mental illness and the comprehensive measurement of mental health. In this study, we used users' smartphone logs to build a model to estimate whether the scores on three types of questionnaires related to quality of life and well-being would increase compared to the previous week (fluctuation model) and whether they would be higher compared to the average for that user (interval model). Sixteen participants completed three questionnaires once per week, and their smartphone logs were recorded over the same period. Based on the results, estimation models were built, and the F-score ranged from 0.739 to 0.818. We also analyzed the features that the estimation model emphasized. Information related to "physical activity," such as acceleration and tilt of the smartphone, and "environment," such as atmospheric pressure and illumination, were given more weight in the estimation than information related to "cyber activity," such as usage of smartphone applications. In particular, in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), 9 out of 10 top features in the fluctuation model and 7 out of 10 top features in the interval model were related to activities in the physical world, suggesting that short-term mood may be particularly heavily influenced by subjective activities in the human physical world.
本文言語English
論文番号780566
ジャーナルFrontiers in Digital Health
4
DOI
出版ステータスPublished - 2022 3月 10
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - 健康情報学
 - 生体医工学
 - 医学（その他）
 - コンピュータ サイエンスの応用
フィンガープリント
「Passive Way of Measuring QOL/Well-Being Levels Using Smartphone Log」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
引用スタイル


text:
- Health Care, Drugs & Insurance
Benefits of ACRP Certification
The Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP) offers a number of benefits for obtaining membership and certification.
- Globally accepted and recognized certification
- Shows competency in job specific skills
- Demonstrates understanding of industry
- Demonstrates understanding of GCP, FDA, ICH
- Exhibits professionalism
The mission of ACRP is "To provide global leadership to promote integrity and excellence for the clinical research profession."
You do not have to become certified to become a member, although you may find the benefits of certification are worth the additional costs.
ACRP is recognized by thousands of clinical research professionals across the globe. The certification demonstrates your ability to be competent in job skills specific to clinical research.
As the demand for clinical research professionals increases so does the demand for trained professionals who can demonstrate their competencies. The ACRP certification process ensures that research associates, study coordinators, investigators, and physician investigators have a thorough understanding of Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.
Recognition as a Professional
With a passing score on the exam you will have earned the title of a Certified Clinical Research Associate (CCRA), Certified Clinical Research Coordinator (CCRC), or Certified Physician Investigator (CPI), or Certified Trial Investigator (CCTI) . The most common testing is for the research associate (CRA) and the study coordinator (CRC).
Continuing Education Required
The certification is based on a combination of education, experience and testing. Having certification requires more than just applying and taking the test. You need to earn continuing education credits to maintain your certification.
Talk to the professionals you've worked with. Consider if the additional cost of the application fee, testing, and maintenance of the contact hours is worth the benefits described above. Another option would be to consider SOCRA certification, which is also targeted for research professionals.
- ACRP = Associate of Clinical Research Professionals, Inc.
- CCRC = Certified Clinical Research Coordinator
- CCRA = Certified Clinical Research Associate
- CPI = Certified Physician Investigator
- CTI – Certified Trial Investigator
My Other Hubs
- How to Write an SOP for Clinical Research
_URL_ There are a number of reasons why writing and developing standard operating procedures (SOPs) for clinical research is important. First you need to make sure you comply...
- How to Choose Between ACRP and SOCRA Certification
ACRP vs. SOCRA Clinical research professionals will recognize both non-profit organizations actively recruiting members: ACRP and SOCRA. The Association of Clinical Research Professionals, Inc. (ACRP) is...
- How to Advance as a Clinical Research Professional
It is never too late to consider a different career path in the clinical research industry. The multitude of choices is based on a persons experience level and education. The room for advancement and earnings potential is high in this field. Read mo

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The Computers in Chemistry Topical Group seeks to advance the efficacy of computers in chemistry. This topical group is a diverse group of scientists with interests in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, data science, drug development and computational chemistry and biophysics. Our purpose is to bring together diverse institutions and communities, industrial and academic researchers to share exciting new findings and trends.
Inquiries should be addressed to the topical group Co-Chairs:
- Dr. Yolanda Small
- Dr. Marta Kowalchyk
- Dr. Yufeng Wei


text:
Main Article Content
An earth dwelling uses a conventional construction method developed throughout the world thousands of years ago. In many parts of rural China, peasants still live in this type of house, using earth as an alternative construction material. Their dwellings have shown the well-suited combination of mankind settlement and local environment. Chinese earth construction was transferred to other regions by overseas migrations and used in many countries including Thailand. With the raising of environmental issues, modern society has rediscovered earth as a sustainable material. This article categorizes and characterizes earth construction techniques which today still are utilized in China. The author believes that the adaptation of earth to hot and humid climates like Thailand could be successful as long as local conditions, materials, and construction skills are used efficiently. However, research and demonstration projects for innovative are also essential.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


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Application research of convolution neural network in image classification of icing monitoring in power grid
Abstract
With the development of society, electricity has become an indispensable material, and the reliability of power grid has become more and more important. The ice-covered power grid will lead to accidents such as broken poles and other accidents, which seriously threaten the reliability of the power grid and safe operation. Therefore, a simple and efficient detection method of ice-covered power grid is urgently needed. To solve this problem, based on the good performance of convolution neural network, this paper applies it to the detection of power network icing. A classification method of power network icing detection image based on convolution neural network is proposed, which can effectively classify and recognize power network icing image. In addition, in view of the shortcomings of convolution neural network algorithm, this paper proposes a hybrid classification model combining convolution neural network and support vector machine. Firstly, the convolution neural network is used to extract features, and then the support vector machine is used to replace the softmax layer of the convolution neural network to realize the classification of ice-covered detection images. The simulation results show that it is feasible to use convolution neural network to classify the detection images of ice-covered power grid. Compared with convolution neural network, the hybrid classification model of convolution neural network and support vector machine proposed in this paper has better image classification effect, and further improves the classification performance of detection image of ice-covered power grid, and ensures the reliability and safe operation of power grid.
Introduction
Every year around the Spring Festival, large-scale icing of transmission lines will occur in southern China. In the case of continuous low temperature in winter, heating and power consumption will continue to increase. The icing of transmission lines will easily lead to regional power outages, which will cause serious consequences for people's production and life. The research of icing line includes three parts: mechanism, detection technology, and deicing technology. Perfect detection technology can promote mechanism research and provide support for mechanism research, deicing technology design, and transmission line laying. The icing of transmission lines is objectively caused by weather reasons and cannot be fundamentally eliminated. However, through the perfect detection technology, the icing condition of the line can be mastered, and the development trend of ice coating can be predicted, so that appropriate deicing measures can be taken to achieve the purpose of avoiding disasters. In recent years, line icing has been increasing year by year. It is of great significance and guidance to explore a more perfect icing detection system for the safe operation of transmission lines and the improvement of the reliability of the entire power system.
The hazards of icing on transmission lines are mainly in two aspects:
(1) Destroy the tower. The icing of the line exceeds the carrying capacity of the tower, which will break the tower machinery.
(2) Line trip. When the icing on the lower and middle wires suddenly falls off, the upper wires will be contacted during the bouncing process, which will cause the inter-phase short circuit, jump off the switch and interrupt the power supply.
It can be seen that icing on line will cause mechanical and electrical failure. The most destructive force is that the thickness of icing exceeds the carrying capacity of the line, resulting in mechanical failure of the line, and then leads to electrical failure.
The research on power grid icing has wide application value:
(1) Ensuring grid security
The research on power grid icing can effectively monitor and protect transmission lines and ensure the safety of transmission lines. The system can be used to detect the icing of transmission lines in the deep forest which cannot be reached by walking. It is convenient, efficient, and accurate. It is of great significance to ensure the safe operation of power grid and equipment to detect and ask questions in time and deal with the icing according to the test results.
(2) Improving automation, information, and intelligence of power system
The background icing detection and management software designed can realize the visualization of icing information. The image processing software and the icing thickness algorithm can finally get the icing thickness. When the line icing thickness reaches a certain level, relevant personnel can take corresponding deicing measures based on the data obtained, which can improve the degree of automation, informatization, and intelligence of power system.
(3) Wide scope of application
The research results can be applied to a wide range of areas, such as the aging of insulators and the damage of transmission lines, in addition to the ice detection of transmission lines in winter, and other aspects of line inspection in other seasons. It also extends to other places where video surveillance is needed and manpower is difficult or inaccessible. Therefore, this project has broad prospects for popularization and application, and can bring huge economic and social benefits.
At present, the research on transmission line icing at home and abroad mainly includes the following aspects: [1,2,3,4,5,6]:
(1) Causes of transmission line icing accidents: the impact of icing on the mechanical and electrical properties of transmission lines leads to frequent icing accidents throughout the country, which has seriously threatened the safe operation of power systems and caused significant economic losses and social impact. The mechanical faults caused by severe icing of transmission lines include wire break, tower inverted rod, tower head broken, insulator string overturn, collision, burst, etc. The electrical accidents are mainly caused by the arcs of the wires caused by the icing, the decrease of the distance between the conductors to the ground or between them, and the flashover, burning of the conductors, and so on. The causes of these accidents can be roughly divided into the following categories: (1) transmission line overload caused by severe icing; (2) uneven icing or different periods cause poor tension; (3) transmission line asymmetrical icing causes conductor galloping; (4) insulator string flashover [7].
(2) Nature and classification of transmission line icing: line icing is classified according to its formation or hazards. There are usually several types of icing, such as rain cliff, mixed cliff (hard fog cliff), fog cliff (soft fog cliff), dry snow, wet snow, and white frost. According to the mechanism of ice formation, the growth process of ice cover can be divided into dry growth and wet growth. This classification is helpful to analyze the formation mechanism of conductor icing and the heat balance and heat transfer during the formation process [8, 9].
(3) Study on the mechanism and model of ice formation on transmission lines: on the basis of long-term observation and study on the characteristics and causes of icing accidents on transmission lines, the physical process of icing formation and the meteorological conditions affecting the icing of transmission lines, including topography, geographical conditions, altitude, wire suspension height, wire diameter, etc. As far as possible, the electric field intensity and other factors can accurately grasp and analyze the mechanism and law of ice coating on transmission lines. The thermodynamic mechanism and model of conductor icing and the hydrodynamic mechanism and model of conductor icing are studied, respectively. This has important guiding significance to prevent the occurrence of ice disaster accident [10, 11].
(4) Anti icing and deicing technologies for transmission lines: by studying the formation mechanism of icing and the characteristics of transmission line icing, various anti-icing and deicing technologies are studied at home and abroad. Because the formation of icing is closely related to the environment of transmission lines, it is necessary to avoid the transmission lines passing through the heavily icing areas in the design of transmission lines, so as to reduce the risk of icing disasters. In addition, the amount of ice can be reduced by coating hydrophobic substances on the wires; the heat generated by the wires can also be used to melt the ice and snow on the wires; mechanical external force or natural conditions such as wind, gravity of the earth can be used to make the ice fall off the wires. These measures can reduce the probability of icing disaster on transmission lines [12, 13].
In order to achieve real-time monitoring of transmission line icing conditions, both at home and abroad on ice monitoring conducted a lot of research. Through the ice monitoring device installed in the icing monitoring points to achieve real-time monitoring of icing, the monitoring center personnel or expert judgment and warning system, the guidance of the relevant departments of power system on line deicing measure is adopted in time. According to the principle of icing monitoring, the existing online monitoring methods for transmission line icing can be divided into the following categories: (1) measuring the quality of the conductor in the vertical gear by installing a tension sensor, calculating the wind resistance coefficient and the inclination component of the m insulator string with the data of wind speed, wind direction, and the inclination angle of the insulator string, and finally obtaining the icing quality and converting it into the icing thickness; (2) the parameters such as inclination angle and sag of conductors are collected and analyzed with the state equation of transmission lines, line parameters, and meteorological environment parameters. The loads, important parameters, and average ice thickness of conductors after icing are calculated [14]; (3) the stress of one or more points on the transmission line is measured by optical fiber sensor, and the icing mass of the transmission line is calculated and converted to the ice equivalent thickness [15]; (4) by installing video cameras on poles and towers, real-time images/videos of transmission lines are acquired, and transmitted


text:
🧮 Fuel Economy
Miles per Gallon to Kilometer per Liter
The fuel economy conversion of 50 miles per gallon is ~21.258503401361 kilometer per liter.
|Miles per Gallon||Kilometer per Liter|
Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio from effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


config>
</Configuration>
After making and saving the changes to the SiteRemoteServer.config file you need to restart the SiteRemote Server service in the Microsoft Management Console for Windows Services (services.msc).
Now its time to create and place the .csv file with your LDAP user list at the location you specified in the SiteRemote configuration file. Note that the file only needs to contain the LDAP users you actually want to use with SiteRemote and not all LDAP users in your domain. Each line of the .csv file represents one LDAP user. The syntax is as follows:
[<oldusername>],<username>,<team>,<role(s)>,[<group(s)>]
oldusername is optional and required if you want to rename a user and keep this user's assignments within a SiteRemote team. This can be useful due to a name change because of marriage for example. oldusername then specifies the existing name of the user and username would contain the new one. Providing a name in this field is optional, if you don't provide a name you still need to write the comma to separate this field from the next. Note that user names must be unique, each user name can only be used once.
username specifies the name of the user. This field is required. Note that user names must be unique, each user name can only be used once.
team specifies the SiteRemote team name you want to assign the user to. This field is required.
role(s) (optional since SiteRemote Server 5.2 or higher) specifies the role or roles that you want to assign to the user. The role names of the default roles are language specific and depend on the language that was assigned at the time the team was created. For example the default roles for English are Administrator, User and Guest, in German they are Administrator, Benutzer and Gast. Other roles can be created and individually named in a SiteRemote team under Administration -> User Roles. If you want to assign more than one role you need to use quotation marks and separate each role by a comma.
group(s) is optional and only available with SiteRemote Server 5.2 or higher. You can assign LDAP users to groups you have created. If you want to assign more than one group you need to use quotation marks and separate each group by a comma. Note that each user will be automatically assigned to the Everyone group of a SiteRemote team.
Generally quotation marks are recommended to be used for each field. Here is an example of how the file can look like:
,"LDAPuser1","team1","Administrator"
,"LDAPuser2","team1","Guest"
,"LDAPuser3","team2","Administrator"
,"LDAPuser4","team2","User,Team2Role1,Team2Role2"
"LDAPuser5","LDAPuser7","team2","Guest"
,"LDAPuser6","team3","Administrator","Admin Group"
Note that the empty lines between the teams are not required, yet they can be used to better visualize assignments for different teams.
Each time you edit and save the .csv file or overwrite the existing file with a new one, the changes are applied.
To remove a user, simply delete the line from the .csv file and save it. The following would remove LDAPuser4 from team2:
,"LDAPuser1","team1","Administrator"
,"LDAPuser2","team1","Guest"
,"LDAPuser3","team2","Administrator"
,"LDAPuser7","team2","Guest"
,"LDAPuser6","team3","Administrator","Admin Group"
To remove all LDAP users from a team, just remove them all from the file. Placing an empty file will remove all LDAP users from all teams. The next example will remove all LDAP users from team2:
,"LDAPuser1","team1","Administrator"
,"LDAPuser2","team1","Guest"
,"LDAPuser6","team3","Administrator","Admin Group"
In case you want to assign a group but no role, the line would look like this:
,"LDAPuser6","team3",,"Admin Group"
Status messages regarding the processing of the file can be found in the SiteRemote server log file. The file SiteRemote.log can be found under ..\PROVISIO\SiteRemote\Log.
For full functionality the LDAP user authentication requires SiteKiosk Android 2.2 or higher or SiteKiosk Windows 8.9 or higher. Older versions cannot be registered with the SiteRemote server using an LDAP user.
In case you are using the TerminalCommander tool please make sure you are using the version that comes with SiteRemote Server 5.1 or higher.
Please note that the AutoRegister tool does not support LDAP users due to technical limitations.
How to Delete HTML5 Web Storage Content
HTML5 Web Storage is intended to store content locally on a PC for longer periods, e.g. for working offline. The web page/web app that stores the content is responsible for deleting it as well, therefore SiteKiosk does not delete Web Storage content by design.
In case you come across a project, where you can't influence the behaviour of a web page that uses Web Storage but need to delete the content nonetheless, you may use the scripting options of SiteKiosk to handle that situation.
The following script makes use of the OnReset and OnScreenSaverBegin events of the SiteKiosk Object Model to trigger deleting the Web Storage content. OnReset fires when a person hits the logout button of SiteKiosk or when a Pay session runs out. OnScreenSaverBegin fires once the screensaver starts. Note that deleting the Web Storage requires a restart of SiteKiosk to also clear the Web Storage content from the currently running instance of the browser. This means that the screensaver will only run for the time we define as the wait time for the content deletion to happen, if we use the OnScreenSaverBegin event. Please consider this fact for your project.
Next we need to wait a few seconds to let SiteKiosk run through the default processes that happen if any of the above events occur. To make SiteKiosk wait, we use the AddDelayedEvent method.
The next step is to actually delete the Web Storage content. For that we use the FileSystemObject of Windows Scripting. Be aware that the location of the folder (C:\Users\[User Name]\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\DOMStore) that needs to be deleted is user sensitive. Make sure to use the path that is appropriate for the user you run SiteKiosk under. In most cases SiteKiosk will run under the restricted SiteKiosk Windows user, therefore the script we are building uses the path suitable for this environment: C:\Users\SiteKiosk\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\DOMStore.
The final step is to make a restart of SiteKiosk. Without the restart the current browser instance will still use a cached version of the Web Storage content.
The script looks like this:
//Initializing the events we want to use to delete Web Storage
SiteKiosk.OnReset = WaitBeforeDelete;
SiteKiosk.ScreenSaver.OnScreenSaverBegin = WaitBeforeDelete; //Note that using the screensaver event will basically stop the screensaver from running longer than the wait time defined below, because of the required SiteKiosk restart.
function WaitBeforeDelete()
{
 //Give SiteKiosk some time to run through its default session end/screensaver activation methods
 evtid = SiteKiosk.Scheduler.AddDelayedEvent(5000, DeleteWebStorage);
}
function DeleteWebStorage(eventID)
{
 try
 {
 //Deleting the folder with the help of the FileSystemObject
 var fso = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject");
 fso.DeleteFolder("C:\\Users\\SiteKiosk\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Internet Explorer\\DOMStore", true);
 SiteKiosk.Logfile.Notification("Deleting the Web Storage content was successful");
 //Required restart to clear the Web Storage from the temporary cache of the current browser instance
 SiteKiosk.Restart();
 }
 catch (e)
 {
 //Create a SiteKiosk logfile entry in case something goes wrong
 SiteKiosk.Logfile.Notification("There was an error deleting the Web Storage content: " + e.description);
 }
}
Save the script under any name as a


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Paper parachute investigation - Investigating the relationships between the sizes of the cones, the time taken to fall to the ground and ultimately the speed at which each cone falls.
Extracts from this document...
Introduction
Paper Parachute – 26/04/2007
Paper Parachute
Method
I will make several differently sized paper cones and time how long each cone takes to fall to the ground from the same height (2.72m). I can then investigate the relationships between the sizes of the cones, the time taken to fall to the ground and ultimately the speed at which each cone falls.
For this experiment, I will need:
 - Different sized circles,
 - Scissors,
 - Protractor,
 - Stopwatch,
 - Ruler,
 - Sellotape.
Before I start I must consider the most important factors in this experiment. The size of the cones; the change in size will create a change in air resistance and therefore affect the velocity. The amount of Sellotape we use will affect the weight of the cone and affect the results; therefore we must use proportionally the same amount of Sellotape for each parachute. The angle at which the cone is created will remain the same (60 degrees) throughout the experiment, as the angle will determine whether the cone is wide or narrow.
I will repeat the experiment 3 times and take an average to produce more accurate results. I will record the time the
...read more.
Middle
1.44
1.51
2
1.63
1.66
1.85
1.64
3
1.75
1.81
1.84
1.68
4
1.6
1.78
1.68
1.69
6
1.72
1.97
1.84
1.84
8
1.9
1.65
1.85
1.8
10
2.09
2.03
1.9
2.01
Conclusion
I have found that, in general, the larger the parachute, the more time it took to reach the ground. This means that it's velocity was lower so I used the equation: Velocity = to work out the average velocity at which the
parachutes were travelling. Also, using my graph, I could work out the percentage difference from one cone to the next.
Cone size (cm)
Velocity (m/s)
1
1.8
2
1.65
3
1.62
4
1.61
6
1.48
8
1.51
10
1.35
image00.png
We can tell from both the chart and the graph that there were anomalies in this experiment.
...read more.
Conclusion
Terminal velocity is the speed at which the force accelerating an object through a particular medium is balanced by the drag slowing it down. This terminal velocity depends on the nature of the medium, and the shape and size of the falling object.
Less compact shapes will fall slowly because air resistance slows them down. With more compact shapes, the drag force is much less in relation to its weight, so it is slowed down much less. A falling object will eventually reach a speed where the drag force exactly equals the objects weight. At this point, the object stops accelerating, and it is said to have reacted its terminal velocity.
The force of gravity acts between any two masses, making them attract to one another. Everything on Earth is pulled down to the Earth's surface by gravity; and this force gives objects their weight. Like other forces, gravity is measured in Newtons. The gravitational force exerted by the Earth is about 9.81 Newtons on every kilogram of matter on its surface.
...read more.
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)' = f ' ( f " - l(x)) f ' ( f " - 2(x)) ... f'(x) (3.13)
900 Thiran e t al.
and
If'(x)lp = 12xlp= [xlp (3.14)
one easily concludes that when [alp~ 1, there are two possibilities for a
given cycle: either it wanders through some x with [x[p< 1 and is attrac-
tive, or it does not cross such an x and is then indifferent, meaning that
[fn(x)--fflp= Ix--~lp (3,15)
O n the other hand, when [alp > 1, only repelling cycles are possible, since
one necessarily has values of x with Ixl p = la[ ~/2> 1.
F r o m the previous remarks, one derives an easy procedure for finding
all attractive cycles ( r e m e m b e r lal p ~< 1 ): start from xm = 0 m o d p and com-
pute its orbit fk(xin ) m o d u l o p as well. We k n o w after at most p steps
whether the orbit passes through x = 0 m o d p again or not, i,e., if there is
an attractive cycle or not.
As an example, let us take p = 5. If lal5 = 1, the first digit of a must be
1, 2, 3, or 4, or, in other words, a = 1, 2, 3, or 4 rood p. We successively
compute the orbits m o d p:
Fora=l modp:
xin = 0 ~ f ( 0 ) = 1 ~ f 2 ( 0 ) = 2 ~ f 3 ( 0 ) = 0
Hence, there is an attractive cycle of order 3.
F o r a = 2 m o d p:
Xin = 0 --* f(O) = 2 --+f2(O) = 1 ~ f3(O) = 3 --+ f 4 ( O ) = 1
which shows an indifferent cycle of order 2.
Similarly, in a simplified notation, for a = 3 m o d p:
Xin -~- 0 ~ 3~ 2~ 2 (indifferent fixed point)
F o r a -- 4 m o d p:
Xin m_ 0 ~ 4 ~ 0 (attractive cycle of order 2)
On the other hand, if [ a [ 5 < l , a = 0 ( m o d p ) and X i n = 0 - " t 0 , which
indicates an attractive fixed point.
In general, one finds, of course, following Eq. (3.11), that there is
always a fixed point at 8 9 1/2] -~a when [ a ] p < l and, in this
case, there is obviously no other attractive cycle.
W h a t the example also shows is that there are only two subregions of
values of a, with ]a[5 = 1, for which an attractive cycle is possible. F o r
p-Adic Dynamics 901
arbitrary p, there will be (p - 1)/2 such subregions. Indeed, for the orbit to
pass through x = 0 (mod p) again, there must clearly be a solution to
f(x) = x z + a = 0 (mod p). Thus, an attractive cycle is possible only if - a is
a square in Qp and this is the case for precisely half the mod p values of a
with [a[p-- 1.
As a last remark, let us point out that an important feature of the
p-adic quadratic map, in contradistinction with the real case, is the absence
of bifurcations: there is no value of a for which an attractive fixed
point splits into an attractive cycle of order 2. This is an unavoidable
consequence of the disconnected nature of Qp.
4. I N D I F F E R E N T FIXED P O I N T S A N D T O P O L O G I C A L
CONJUGACY
In this section we analyze in some detail the quadratic map near an
indifferent fixed point. At the price of some extra algebra, a similar analysis
could be made near indifferent periodic points.
Assume thus that one computes the orbit of a point x near an
indifferent fixed point to a given accuracy, say modulo p~+ l,
X - = - X o - k X l p q - "" +x,,p", O<~xi<~p--1 (4.1)
p-adically, this is quite meaningful, since the map involves only p-adic
integers and since terms of norm p-(n+l) can never add up to give a
contribution of norm p - n
To the approximation defined by Eq. (4.1), x can only take a finite
number of values (precisely pn + 1) and its orbit, i.e., {x, f(x), f2(x),... } will
inevitably start repeating itself, after at most pn +1 terms. Iterations perfor-
med on a few examples suggest that these orbits are approximately
periodic, with periods growing regularly with the accuracy of the com-
putation, and that the orbit of any point covers densely some subinterval of
7/p. These are precisely the required conditions for having a "quasiperiodic"
behavior. We will first show that the possible approximate periods are r. p~
(2~>0), where r is the smallest divisor of p - 1 for which [ f ' ( x ) ] r = 1
(mod p).
To prove this statement, assume that
f(x) = x + a(x) p~ (4.2)
with
]f'(X)]p=l, f'(x) r 1 (mod p), ]a(X)]p=l, ct>~l
902 Thiran et al.
Then
f 2 ( x ) ~- f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) a(x) p" + ...
~- x + a(x) p~ + f ' ( x ) ~r(x) p~ + ... (4.3)
Iterating this computation, one finds
f m ( x ) " ~ X-b [1 + f ' ( x ) + "" -'kf ' m - l ( x ) ] O'(X) p~ + "o"
1-f'(x)"
x -t a(x) p~ + ... (4.4)
1-f'(x)
Now, if r is the smallest divisor of p - 1 such that f ' ( x ) r = 1 (mod p), then
fr(x)~x + #(x) p~+l + ... (4.5)
with I~(x)[ p ~ 1 and the first approximate period is thus r. Define
h(x) = fr(x) (4.6)
Clearly,
h'(x)=f'(f r l(x))...f'(x)
[ f ' ( x ) ] r= 1 (modp) (4.7)
Repeating for h(x) the calculation done above for f ( x ) gives
h"(x)~-x+[l+h'(x)+...+h'' ~ ( x ) ] p ( x ) p ~ + l + ...
~x+m#(x) p~+l+,..., I/~(x)lp ~< 1 (4.8)
A more accurate approximate periodicity occurs for m = p ~" and this
completes the proof of the statement.
However, this does not prove that the mapping is truly quasiperiodic:
the chosen point x could be an element of a higher-order cycle, namely, it
might happen that Eq. (4.8) reads
hm(x) = X exactly [ # ( x ) = 0] for some large m
In the remainder of this section, we will show how topological
conjugacy ~1) can be used to solve the problem. Rather than argue in full
generality, we will show that in a suitable range of the parameter a and the
point x, the quadratic map is equivalent to a linear map (actually the
"derivative" map) and that this map is quasiperiodic. The conjugacy
relating these two maps is of course nonlinear.
p-Adic Dynamics 903
Let ~ be the exact indifferent fixed point of the quadratic map
[Eq. (3.2)]. Thus, f ( ~ ) = ~ and [f'(~)lp = 1. We consider a set of points
close to ~7, i.e.,
x=~+6 with 16[p~l/p (4.9)
On this set, f ( x ) is linearly conjugate to g(6),
g(6) = 2ff6 + 3 2 (4.10)
Indeed, with
T(6)= Yc+ 6 (4.11)
T-afT= g (4.12)
Our next task is to show that under certain conditions,


How to Use the Red Letter Tribe
Introduction: How to Use the Red Letter Tribe
About: my name is Adam!
So, you want to become a regular poster on State Radio's message board, do you?
It's not as easy as you may think. if you make a mistake, you could be shot down, and banished from the boards. but don't be intimidated. Most people on the tribe are kind, lovely State Radio fans, such as yourself.
Just follow these steps, and maybe one day you will be as cool as Shannon or Red.
Step 1: Creating a Username
When you come up with a username, there are a couple of things you might want to consider
1. Something creative
2. Something that is nice and easy to pronounce
3. Or just ignore the previous two, and tell everyone your name.
Step 2: Posting - Replying to a Topic
To reply to a topic, simply press the "Post Reply" button.
Now that you have done that, it is time to post your reply.
Just remember these three simple rules:
1. Keep it intelligent (this means good grammar and spelling)
2. ALWAYS stay on topic
3. Never double post (see step 4)
Step 3: Posting - Starting a New Topic
When you are ready to start a topic, choose wisely, cause' them RLT folk don't take kindly to "dumb" threads.
Here are some questions to ask yourself before posting:
1. Am I posting in the right thread? (Is it SR related, Non-SR related, about a show, or does it belong in the activism forum?)
2. Is it necessary? (does it serve any purpose whatsoever?)
3. Has this already been posted? use the search feature.
Step 4: Editing a Post
So you messed up on a post? Edit it!
Also, as mentioned in step 2, DO NOT double post! Just Edit your last one.
Here is how.
Use the Edit Button.
Step 5: Quoting
There are two ways to quote: a quote from another RLT'er, or a quote from another person/source.
To quote an RLT'er hit the "cloud button" above their post.
To quote someone else, click the quote button on the "Post Reply" page and type or copy the quote.
Step 6: Sending a Private Message
If you would like to privately contact another member you can send them a private message.
to do that click on the private message icon above one of their posts.
Step 7: Entering a URL
Putting a URL in your post can be tricky, but here's how.
1. click on "URL"
2 Enter the page you are linking to into the box.
3. Enter the URL text
Step 8: Linking to a Picture
one of the most confusing things for people is linking to a picture, here is the patented 4 step process:
1. Find the picture
2. Right/Control click, and select "view image"
3. Copy URL
4. Create a link to the page from 2 (see step 7)
Step 9: HOORAY!
Now You are Ready to be an RLT pro!
Good Luck, have fun, and Wage Peace!
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 12 years ago on Introduction
 Bahaaa. "I can tell that this guy's in the military, and he enjoys camping." well done, sir.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I cook things, such as scallop and salmon, I found that the food may be more tender if I wait till the water boils (at 100 C) and immediately turn the fire lower so that the water is not bubbling in the cook pot and maintain the fire at this level. But I noticed that at this point, there is more steam coming out of the water surface and the steam is far more visible than before.
I think I even test to see if there are in fact more steam by putting the my palm about 12 inches above the cook pot, and verified that in fact, when the fire is at high, there is less steam, but at low, there is more steam. Is there a physics principle that can explain this?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
I must admit that I have never noticed this, and indeed it runs somewhat contrary to what I would expect.
It's a suggestion rather than an answer, but when the heat is high there will be a strong updraught of hot air so is it possible that the steam is being carried away from the pan before it has a chance to condense to water droplets? Indeed if the air flow is fast enough the steam might never condense because it would be diluted into the surrounding air before droplet nucleation happened.
By contrast at very low heat the air flow around the pan is slow so the water vapour has plenty of time to condense and form visible droplets.
share|improve this answer
I tried the experiment with a pot and 5mm of water and with a pan and 5mm of water. When it is just water steam at boiling is proportional to the fire as more bubbles form at the bottom of the pan and turn to steam.
So it must be the combined effect of food and water.
I suspect:
The surface of the scallops or salmon, if the heat is high, dries up fast and no longer evaporates, while it obstructs/absorbs the steam coming from the bottom where food touches it. In other words the food is seared immediately and less evaporative surface is exposed to air when heat is high.
When heat is low the fish does not dry up and gives off steam too, plus the fractal effect of the increased surface area, since no food is flat, must contribute to more steam at low fire.
A third effect might come from the bubble formation in the exposed surface of the liquid, since it will no longer be pure water. It might be that bubbles can be bigger and gather more steam before they burst, in the exposed to air part of the liquid, while for high heat they have too much energy and burst before accumulating steam. Again a food effect.
I will verify this supposition next time I braise salmon with teriyaki sauce.
share|improve this answer
Once an experimental physicist, always an experimental physicist – twistor59 Dec 31 '12 at 7:54
_USER_ right :). You have to start young. – anna v Dec 31 '12 at 7:54
+1 :-) I'm currently staying at my mother's house and she disapproves of me using her kitchenware for Physics experiments. In any case, my mother tells me you should always put a lid on the pan when simmering! – John Rennie Dec 31 '12 at 8:05
by the way, I suspect that even just water will have the same effect, as I remember just boiling some water in the cook pot and turn down the fire to lower level and keep it there, and steam came out a lot more than if fire was at high level – 太極者無極而生 Jan 3 '13 at 14:49
We know that we see steam visually observe steam when water vapor condenses into water. Otherwise water vapor is transparent.My suspicion is that in the case when the fire is lower then the bubbling threshold, water vapour condenses into stream more easily. – Prathyush Jan 28 '13 at 6:08
I have been boiling water in our house for humidity at times during the cold weather. I noticed this phenomenon, but never with any food involved. I suspect it has more to do with the rapidity of which the matter is getting excited gives it less time to make the physical change. When the application of heat/energy is decreased, the fervent movement of the matter involved slows and the process of transformation is easier...the principle of dispersion lends to the water then spreading its energy to the surrounding environment in an accelerated manner vs the matter in question dealing with taking on the energy.
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protected by Qmechanic Jan 28 '13 at 5:28
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text:
If a peer object has auto-initialization enabled, the BIG-IP system will
automatically create outbound connections to the active pool members in the specified pool using
the configuration of the specified transport-config. For auto-initialization to attempt to create
a connection, the peer must be included in a route that is attached to a router instance. For
each router instance that the peer is contained in, a connection will be initiated. The
auto-initialization logic will verify at a configurable interval if the a connection exists
between the BIG-IP and the pool members of the pool. If a connection does not exist, it will
attempt to reestablish one.
The first auto-intialization attempt will occur at least one auto-initialization-interval delay
from when the object is loaded or changed in the TMM.
If the router instance is not included in any virtual servers, connection auto-initialization
will not start. Once the router instance has been included in an enabled virtual server,
auto-initialization will begin and will remain running for those peers used by routes attached to
the router instance even if the router instance is removed from the virtual server.
If a peer with auto-initialization enabled, is used in multiple router instances, a separate
connection will be established for each router instance.
The auto-initialization logic will only attempt to create connections to enabled pool members.
If the pool member is marked down by an external monitor it will be ignored unless an inband
monitor is also attached.
If mirroring is enabled on the router instance, the active device will initialize outgoing
connections. The new outgoing connections will be mirrored to the standby device.


text:
Christopher Street-Sheridan Square
The Greenwich Village Murals, 1994
Ceramic mosaic on platform walls
Depicting vignettes of community history, The Greenwich Village Murals consist of children's composite drawings inspired and guided by an artist concerned with "identity" and its portrayal. Lee Brozgol first intended to devote each of the four panels to one famous person. "But the village is so rich in amazing characters who shaped America that picking only twelve was impossible," he says. With students from Greenwich Village's P.S. 41, he found space for some forty people arranged in four groupings: Founders, Providers, Bohemians, and Rebels - bending time to group them together. Deborah Lewis, a teacher at P.S. 41, helped Brozgol select nine fifth and sixth graders for the project. The resulting presentation recognizes the many individuals who gave the neighborhood its reputation as a cauldron of artistic and political activity.
- Google Translate


Home / Adobe InDesign / Adobe InDesign: Removing Unwanted Spaces, Fast!
Adobe InDesign: Removing Unwanted Spaces, Fast!
By Barb Binder, Adobe Certified Instructor on InDesign
Updated April 22, 2016
Too many extra spaces in your InDesign documents? No problem. You can quickly and (painlessly) remove extra spaces by running one or more Find/Change queries. The three I am going to show you are using GREP, which uses patterns instead of actual character strings to locate and fix issues in InDesign documents.
 1. Place all your files into the InDesign document. (I place stories on the Pasteboard when I'm not ready to place them on the actual pages.)
 2. Choose Type > Show Hidden Characters so that you can see the non-printing characters.
 Adobe InDesign: Example of extra spacing.
 3. Chose Edit > Find/Change.
 4. Drop down the Query list on the top line and run each of these queries with the Search parameter set to Document (to search all the stories in the InDesign document):
 1. Multiple Space to Single Space. Instead of running a series of searches to weed out all extra spaces, just pick this one preset. The Find What line looks a little scary, so just don't look too closely. If you simply can't look away, understand that it's a string of GREP characters that looks for two or more spaces (i.e., em spaces, en spaces, flush spaces, hairspaces, etc.) and replaces all of those with one spacebar space. Hit Change All and poof! All extra spaces are gone.
 Adobe InDesign CC: Removing Extra Spaces
 2. Multiple Returns to Single Return. Another preset, this one pulls out all two or more hard returns and replaces with one.
 Adobe InDesign CC: Removing Extra Spaces
 3. Remove Trailing Whitespace. Trailing whitespace refers to one or more spaces, tabs or extra returns at the end of a paragraph, between the final punctuation and the hard return(s). When it's just a single space, most of the time they don't cause any problems, but sometimes they won't fit on the same line as the punctuation and they force a new line or even a new page. For long documents, this can be a real nightmare. This query also picks up the double returns and even multiple spaces (but only when the spaces are at the end of a paragraph) so I tend to run this one first.
 Adobe InDesign CC: Removing Extra Spaces
 Adobe InDesign: Extra spacing removed.
For more information and a list of GREP characters, see InDesign Help / Find/Change.
Leave a Reply to Donetta Cancel reply
42 thoughts on "Adobe InDesign: Removing Unwanted Spaces, Fast!
 1. Hello,
 To complete this interesting post, we can remove unwanted spaces between double characteres as parenthesis, braces, brackets, etc. with a lookbehind and a lookahead :
 In this example, the lookbehind (?<=) looks, in a character class [ ], for an open parenthesis or an open bracket or an open brace followed by one or more spaces. The lookahead (?=) looks for closes characteres preceded by one or more spaces.
 2. Hi Mrolfer: the GREP strings in all three examples are shown as screen shots under the instructions. If you can't see them for some reason, you can access all three by opening up the Find/change dialog box in InDesign CS3 or CS4. ~Barb
 3. WOW, what a relief to find such a piece of information while you ere desperately looking for it!
 Thanks Barb
 4. Is it possible to find all "tabs" and replace with no space? Actually more specifically, I have two tabs in each line of text. The first tab I would like to replace with no space. The second tab I would like to replace with one space.
 I really appreciate anyone's incredible knowledge if you have a solution for this as my document has 10751 tabs. 😮
 1. Hi Donetta:
 How about searching for two consecutive tabs, and replacing with a single space? Here's how to set it up in InDesign:
 Find what: ^t^t
 Change to: (press the spacebar once)
 5. Love this really, really helpful thanks so much!
 I have a question though. Almost ever time I receive a manuscript from a client, they seem to have manually indented their paragraphs by adding a couple of spaces at the beginning of each one. Is there any quick and simple way to remove these? That way I can use paragraph styles for proper and consistent indentation.
 1. Excellent point, Antony. InDesign has a query for removing trailing whitespace, but not leading whitespace.
 There are several ways to do this. Here are two easy ones:
 After you run the "Multiple Space to Single Space" query, create one additional text query:
 Find what: ^p(press the spacebar once)
 Change to: ^p
 This will find the one remaining space at the beginning of a paragraph, and will replace it with a hard return.
 Or, you can just create a GREP query:
 Find what: $s+
 Change to: r
 In either case, save the query as "Remove Leading Whitespace" so that you can just run it in the future.
 6. I have been in despair with customer's word documents. Instructions on hard returns and soft returns met with blank incomprehension and still I receive files that almost bring me to tears. Line after line of deleting spaces – on and on.
 Your grep instruction has been such a godsend to me, I don't know how I found myself on your site, but if you ever brought out a grep app I would pay good money for it. Thank you so much. I can now say "bring it on…bring on your awful word docs"
 BTW have you got any instructions for removing the spaces in lines, when the customer doesn't know how to tab, so does space-space-space-space?
 1. Hi Elizabeth:
 If the typists are randomly adding the extra spaces mid-paragraph, use the Multiple Space to Single Space GREP query. If they are using spaces between columns that should be tabbed, then search for multiple spaces, and replace with a tab. Cycle back and replace multiple tabs with a single tab. But that's going to require that you look at each table closely as you update, as the chances for problems are much greater than within paragraphs. Here's a spot where I'd step in and try to help them prepare the tables correctly before turning them over to me. Good luck!
 1. Hello,
 I have one problem in indesign paragraph related. When i add new formatting like bold/color in some words, it add leading some blank characters. so extra spaces add in new bold/ color words. How can i remove it.
 Thanks in advance.
 7. thanks SO much. your directions were clear and easy to follow AND you saved me a TON of time!
 8. I have been formatting a 400+ page book that I have written and I am sending it to the printer next week. I have struggled with a number of these issues as I originally wrote the book in Word. I ran the Remove Trailing Whitespace GREP and after I did it, InDesign would no longer output to PDF. It turns out that something corrupted one of my tables when I ran the GREP and clicked change all. I began to output the document several pages at a time and located two offending pages. I was able to rebuild the tables and everything is great now.
 I just did the Remove Leading Whitespace and Parenthetical White Space and did the changes manually and it worked awesome!
 I finished writing the book in April and it has taken me until November to get it all edited and formatted and create the images and cover. I never dreamed that this part of the process would be so time intensive!!!
 I am a dentist and a part time writer and I have come to realize that you professional folks are worth your weight in gold!
 Thanks so much for taking the time to share these tidbits, they are a Godsend!!
 9. I design books and often the authors put a tab at the beginning of their paragraphs. I need to removed them using GREP but don't remember how. Can you help?
 1. You don't need GREP for that. Just do a regular text Find/Change:
 Find: ^p^t
 Change: ^p
 This tells InDesign to search for any tab character following a ¶, remove the tab and leave the ¶.
 1. Hi Cade:
 Choose Edit > Find/Change
 Choose the GREP tab at the top of the dialog box
 Find: ^\s
 Change: [leave blank]
 10. Thanks, been thinking I needed to create a GREP for this but clearly this was there the whole time. Saves from doing the old-fashioned find and replace.
 11. Life saver, I tell my copy guy not to double space anymore your not using a typewriter. But old habits are hard to break. Thank you so much this is so awesome.


text:
Tips for Salad-Bowl Bluegills
Fishing weedbeds is a challenge to any angler – using different fishing strategies for various aquatic plants can your increase your success bluegill fishing
Most bluegill anglers don't like fishing weedbeds. Weeds snag hooks, clog propellers and make casting and navigation difficult.
As a result, most fishermen avoid weedbeds if possible, focusing their attention on cover that's less bothersome. If they fish vegetation, they merely peck around the edges.
If you're a true bluegill fan, you need to understand that weedbeds are your friend. The fish-attracting qualities of a good "salad bowl" outweigh any inconvenience cause by weed-fouled hooks and props.
Many species of aquatic plants attract bluegills. Learning to identify each one is interesting but not mandatory. Yet you should know some common varieties, how and where they grow, and the difficulties, or opportunities, each presents for bluegill anglers. Because different types of aquatic plants call for different fishing strategies, the best way to approach the task is by discussing each separately. We'll focus on two of the most common: elodea and water lilies.
Elodea is a submergent plant, one that grows entirely beneath the water's surface. In many areas, it's called waterweed. A popular aquarium plant, it usually grows in quiet water in lakes and slow-moving streams.
Elodea is recognized by the small, narrow leaves growing along the entire length of the long, branched stems. These leaves are grouped in bunches near the tips. The plants grow in huge beds, creating tall walls of extremely dense cover. Muddy-water plants may grow completely from surface to bottom. In clear waters, the plants' tops may be several feet beneath the water's surface.
Elodea grows best in "hard" alkaline water and is one of the most common aquatic plants in large rock-bottomed lakes. In many such lakes, it's the only green vegetation, so it attracts dense concentrations of bluegills.
You'll find most fish near outside borders of elodea beds. The plants grow in close-knit beds, and fish find it difficult to swim in the interior. For these reasons, it's important to find the weedbed perimeter before fishing. If you cast too far, you'll get snagged. Cast short, and you're in fishless water.
To catch more bluegills, cast so your bait or lure falls right beside the outside weed line. To accomplish this, you'll probably need to scout from a boat before fishing, wearing polarized sunglasses to cut glare and help determine the breadth of each weedbed.
Ultralight spinning tackle is ideal for fishing elodea. Spool with 2 to 6-pound line, and rig with a no-bobber, egg-sinker rig. Thread a 1/16 to 1/8-ounce egg sinker on your line, and below it, tie a small barrel swivel. To the swivel's lower eye, tie a 2-foot leader of 2 to 4-pound line, tipped with a size 6 or 8 Carlisle hook. Add a cricket, redworm, mealworm, waxworm or other live bait, then cast the rig to the weed line and let it sink to the bottom. When a bluegill takes the bait, the line moves freely through the sinker with no resistance to alert fish.
When your quarry seems fussy, dispense with the sinker. An unweighted cricket or worm sinks very slowly, creating an irresistible enticement. Watch your line constantly, looking for a tightening, slackening or side-to-side movement that indicates a taker. If bluegills start striking the bait before it reaches bottom, add a small slip cork beneath a bobber stop to suspend the bait in the band of water where fish are holding.
Other submergent plants common in bluegill waters include coontail, water milfoil, pondweed, eelgrass and hydrilla. All attract 'gills, and all are fished the same way you fish elodea.
Water lilies are found in swamps, lakes, ponds and slow-moving streams throughout North America. They're known by many common names, including spatterdock and yonkapin. To most fishermen, they're simply lily pads, a reference to the large leaves that float on the water's surface.
Beds of lily pads come in all sizes. Some cover only a small area, some spread out over hundreds of acres, and others fall between these extremes. If you find a small bed you can fish slowly and thoroughly in a matter of minutes, do so. Don't waste time fishing every little hole in a broad expanse of look-alike pads. Odds are better if you fish only the key areas bluegills prefer.
Focus your attention on parcels of cover and structure that interrupt the continuity of the vegetation. This may be an isolated log or treetop surrounded by pads, a point of pads along an otherwise straight edge or an inundated creek channel or other drop-off that creates an open cut through the weedbed.
Little stands of lily pads separate from the contour of the bed look like they wouldn't attract many fish, but these spots seem to attract more than the usual quota of big bluegills. By moving quickly from one little island to the next and fishing each thoroughly, it's possible to pick up a fast limit of hand-sized bream.
Be especially watchful for reefs of pads in deeper water. Because the water beneath is likely to be cooler and darker than water beneath shallow pads, heavier concentrations of bream are likely to be there. Changes in contour (points, pockets or indentations) along the perimeter of the pads also should be investigated.
Pay special attention to isolated openings out in the pads. Bluegills love these cool, food-rich pockets, and fish found within the interior confines of a lily-pad bed are far more likely to strike than those on an edge pounded by anglers. To avoid spooking fish, carry a stout push pole, and pole your way through the pads to these openings. This is quieter than using a paddle or trolling motor.
A 10 to 14-foot long cane pole or jigging pole is tops for fishing lily pads because it allows reaching honey holes from a distance with fewer hang-ups. Attach a small bobber and a single split shot above your baited hook, and probe every key area, changing the bobber's position occasionally to determine the depth fish are feeding.
If fish seem unusually finicky, dispense with the bobber and sinker. Flip your bait atop a pad, then slowly pull it off the edge and let it flutter enticingly through the water. A 1/64 to 1/32-ounce tube jig, hopped through openings in the pads, can be dynamite on big boat-shy bream.
Crickets, worms and grass shrimp are excellent enticements for lily-pad 'gills, but if you want to try something different, take a peak under the pads. Small aquatic invertebrates such as dragonfly and mayfly nymphs often cling to the underside of the leaves. Collect a few, place them in a container with water and fish them on a fine-wire Carlisle hook. Because they're a regular part of the diet for local fish, they may outproduce conventional baits.
You don't have to know the name of every species of plant in a lake to enjoy salad-bowl bluegill action. Concentrate instead on the general type of plant and the best tactics for fishing it. When fishing floating plants like water lilies, use the tactics discussed for water lilies. Submerged plants like water milfoil and coontail can be fished the same way you'd fish elodea.
Blindly working acres of weed mats can be an exercise in frustration. If you approach a weedbed with a well-prepared game plan, you can fill your plate with fat bluegills other anglers pass by.


text:
The Urban Escape by Sebastian Conrad
Garden Award: Bronze
Designer: Sebastian Conrad
Sponsor: RHS Green Living Spaces, Dining Table supplied by Perch & Parrow
The Urban Escape is a contemporary sustainable green living space created as a space of rejuvenation and of creative stimulation for an artist, by an artist.
Fluidity between living inside and outside inspired the initial nature of the design. The idea was to use it as a raw canvas: An extension of living and self-expression: Art and Design going hand in hand to create a personal individual space.
About the Designer
Growing up in Germany with a loving family that lives close to nature and also having graduated in the German equivalent of A-levels with Art as a major, Sebastian's desire to study nature and its diversity through Horticulture arose.
Before that Sebastian's early fascination for spaces emerged through his childhood imaginations and daydreams that he crafted whilst enjoying the outdoors. Creating a stage-design for a theatre in Germany during an internship later on further empowered his fascination.
The connection to the stage and it's space continued in his experiences in various opera productions of his local theatre whilst being immersed in his artistic education.
With an eye for colour and textures gained through the context of "Art and Theatre" he studied the combinations of nature and florals whilst working part-time in a bespoke artisan flower shop during his education in Germany.
Sebastian was keen to come to the UK to be able to learn from the culture of gardening and cultivation of nature and its space; a rather spontaneous decision that he is glad to have made.
The opportunity to dress the "RHS Malvern Spring Festival" Kitchen Theatre and the Cookery Theatre during the Malvern Autumn Show in 2017 fuelled his passion and encouraged his pursuit to apply for the new RHS Category "Green Living Spaces".
Sebastian is currently studying in his second year of the BsC Horticulture course with major in Garden Design in the Midlands.


text:
When it comes to choosing where to live in the UK, it can be difficult to decide on the best place. There are so many cities and regions to choose from, each with their own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. To make the decision easier, it's important to consider a range of factors, such as cost of living, quality of life, transport links, education systems, and other amenities. This article will explore these factors in detail, ranking the best places to live in the UK according to various criteria.
Ranking the Best Cities to Live in the UK
To determine which cities offer the best living conditions in the UK, a variety of factors were taken into consideration. These included cost of living, quality of life, access to amenities, safety and security concerns, education systems, and transport links. Each factor was given a score out of 10, and the cities were then ranked according to their total scores.
Exploring the Pros and Cons of Different Regions
When evaluating the best places to live in the UK, it's important to look at the benefits and drawbacks of each area. For instance, London is one of the most popular cities in the country, but it is also one of the most expensive. On the other hand, some smaller cities may offer lower costs of living, but they may lack in amenities or job opportunities. Each area must be assessed on its own merits before making a decision.
Investigating Cost of Living in Various Areas
Cost of living is an important consideration when choosing a place to live in the UK. The cost of housing is one of the biggest expenses, and this varies significantly between different cities. For example, London has some of the highest property prices in the country, while other cities such as Manchester and Birmingham have more affordable housing markets. It's also important to consider other costs such as groceries, utilities, and entertainment.
Examining Quality of Life in Different Places
The quality of life in an area should also be taken into account when deciding where to live in the UK. Access to amenities such as parks, restaurants, and shops is important, as is the availability of healthcare, leisure activities, and cultural attractions. Additionally, safety and security concerns should be considered, as some areas may have higher crime rates than others.
Comparing Education Systems Across the Country
The quality of education is another key factor when choosing where to live in the UK. Different cities offer different types of schools, ranging from private schools to state-funded academies. It's important to research the options available and compare them to ensure that the best educational opportunities are available for children.
Evaluating Transport Links and Connectivity Options
Finally, transport links and connectivity options should be considered when deciding where to live in the UK. Cities like London offer excellent public transportation, while smaller towns may not have as good of a network. It's also important to consider how easy it is to access major cities and other parts of the country, as this can affect job prospects and travel opportunities.
Choosing the best place to live in the UK is a personal decision, and there is no single answer that applies to everyone. However, by considering factors such as cost of living, quality of life, transport links, education systems, and other amenities, it is possible to narrow down the list of potential locations and make an informed choice. Ultimately, the best place to live in the UK will depend on individual circumstances and preferences.


text:
The Cybele convex mirror is made with smoky quartz points and gold and bronze Venetian glass rods. I added small tiger eye beads to finish off the inner ring of the frame.
This mirror is about 15 inches in diameter. It was sent to the Home showroom in Denver. For more information call _PHONE_
Jewelry for walls.
Cybele, sometimes referred to as Kybele, was introduced by some the first inhabitants of Phrygia, an ancient country in Asia Minor, known later as Anatolia. Much later, after the empiric rise of Rome, Cybele, referred to as the Magna Mater or "Great Mother" became an important symbol of the empire.
Loved throughout the Hellenistic period of ancient Greece, by people of various backgrounds, Cybele came to be known as the mother of all gods and eventually of all life. Cybele controlled every aspect of life on Earth, from plants to animals to men. All fertility was her under control and people in Anatolia, who had a profound respect for nature, believed Cybele also had the power to spare mankind from the sometime destructive cycles of nature. For the people of that time, Cybele came to be regarded as a protectress of civilization itself and she was highly respected.
Cybele comes with considerable baggage. I'm talking hermaphrodites, castration, eunuchs, drunken/drug fueled rites and incest! For more go to _URL_


Financed from the European Economic
Area Financial Mechanism
The research leading to these results has received funding from the EEA Financial Mechanism 2014-2021 (number 2019/35/J/HS6/03166). The project budget was 1 492 406 €.
How does multisensory virtual experience impact environmental behaviour?
The project aims to understand how multisensory virtual experience impacts real environmental behaviours. It uses mixed and virtual reality, various measurements of behavioural change, real time pollution data visualisation, and economics to reach that goal.
Air pollution is a serious threat to public health. The main source of the problem are cars and heating habits. Using coal and trash for heating, as well as wood in a fireplace for pleasure, leads to exceeding quickly the daily norms of air pollution. Even though the harmfulness of air pollution and its relationships with our daily behaviour is commonly known, the problem persists. But what if we could see, touch, and hear pollution? Would that encourage us to change our behaviour and improve our health? Our team, using virtual reality and cooperating with local communities, will investigate how multisensory experience of air pollution influences the air quality in Poland and Norway.
The goal of the project
The project aims to understand how multisensory virtual experience impacts real environmental behaviours. Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that can reflect the real world, but it can also enrich it with elements exceeding reality. We can experience VR through both head mounted displays and ordinary smartphones. The latter also allow to experience virtual environments in the form of augmented reality, where virtual elements are overlaid on the real world. For now, virtual environments provide mainly visual and auditory experience. Nevertheless, new multisensory solutions and products are being developed and implemented. Air pollution can be detected by our bodies only when it reached dangerously high level. But polluted air is dangerous for us much before we can smell and see it. The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of multisensory air pollution experience on actual human behaviour. In our analyses, we will take into consideration also economic and socio-cultural factors to understand better what influences the air quality in small Polish and Norwegian towns.
Description of research
VAPE is a transdisciplinary project in which we link a multisensory experience in VR, real-time air pollution measurement, economic and psychological analysis, and civil engagement. We plan to build a network of low-cost air quality sensors in selected cities in Poland and Norway. We will use the data recorded by us to build a multi-sensory virtual experience. We will observe how this VR experience will affect attitudes and readiness for pro-ecological behaviour among the residents of selected towns. Moreover, we will involve local community and artists in creating these experiences. In laboratory experiments, we will test how multisensory virtual experience of air pollution affects us on a neuronal, physiological, and behavioural level to further increase the effectiveness of our field operations. Finally, we will use the economic theory of decision making and experimental economics to see how we can scale up the solution.
Substantial results expected
We expect that the basic benefit of the project will be a change in behavior and increased social engagement in solving the problem of clean air. The scientific benefit lies mostly in the understanding of the mechanism behind this change, in particular the usefulness of multisensory VR and participatory activities. We hope to develop a solution that can be transferred to the scale of the country, Europe and the world.
One of the major atmospheric pollutants is particulate matter (PM), which is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It is associated with lung cancer, premature mortality, cardiopulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular diseases and therefore routinely monitored to reduce the harm it causes. The monitoring is done using research grade instrumentation at a very high cost. Those high investment costs of running and maintaining monitoring sites hinder the ability to increase spatial coverage and maintain quality of air pollution data. As a potential alternative method for PM concentration measurement, low-cost PM sensors have been studied extensively in recent years.
Within the laboratory studies, we will mainly measure behavioural and psychophysiological reactions in immersive virtual environments. Thanks to precise measurement of e.g. eye tracking, heartbeat, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with high realism and control of virtual environments, we are able to perform tests that are impossible to perform using traditional testing methods.
The collected data will serve two main purposes. Firstly, they will help to better understand the perception of air pollution when it becomes accesible to various senses in a new way: by virtual touch, artistic visual and audio stimulation, new kinds of scents. Secondly, we will examine what kind of messages help to influence pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour in order to make clean air action more effective.
As part of the longitudinal studies (otherwise referred to as longitudinal), we will investigate the expected changes in attitudes and environmental behaviour in Polish Myszków and Norwegian Halden over a period of three years. The data will be collected twice a year – in spring and autumn. The questionnaire can be completed online or on paper and then sent by post.
Residents and residents of Myszków are invited to volunteer by completing the [Application Form].
An important part of the project are the participatory workshops, thanks to which the inhabitants and residents of selected towns will actively contribute to our project. The participatory design of an effective VR environment is an important part of the planned field activities, both on an individual and group level. In particular, based on the well-established Living Lab approach, we plan to involve part of the local community of Myszków and Halden to directly participate in the process of co-creating content and application forms for the reproduction of multisensory virtual environments.
What is the value of clean air? Air quality is a public experience good. Good air quality is a classic example of a public good – nobody can be excluded from its consumption. On the other hand, it is an experience good, people cannot say the value until the experience clean and polluted air. Sensitivity to air quality increases after feeling its sudden, unexpected change. Until then people tend to under-estimate their own valuation of this good. At the same time, lack of reliable monitoring and publicly available environmental information leads to biased beliefs about the level of pollution, and consequently unnecessary exposition to the unhealthy pollutants. The problem of pollution exposure disproportionately touches the poorest communities, leading to environmental inequality. In this complex system of connections between the environmental, social and economic conditions, there are no easy solutions.
In this project, we want to value the results, costs and benefits, of improved monitoring and access to information about air quality. Understanding the value and effects of providing such information is crucial for the optimal level of government investment in information gathering and reporting.