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Western Kentucky University
Chinese Flagship Program 中文领航
Photograph: Allie Surina
Student Profile--Allie Surina
1. What is your degree and major?
Bachelor of Arts: Mathematics/Economics double major
2. Why did you choose to study Chinese?
I chose to learn Chinese so that I can work directly with Chinese researchers to study economic development in China's urban centers.
3. What specifically led you to choose the Flagship Program?
I chose the Flagship Program because the instruction pace and content are suited for people who need to use the language in the working world, rather than for people who want to learn about the culture as an end goal. Additionally, the program coordinators are embedding my language learning within my personal career framework so that every Flagship-related opportunity moves me closer to my larger goals.
4. What are the most rewarding things about flagship?
The most rewarding things about Flagship are marking progress through each language level, and building a core group of friendships through the intensive classroom atmosphere.
5. How has your Flagship Program set you apart from other students? What advantages has the program given you?
When professors and other students hear about the goals and details of the Flagship Program, they usually are surprised that such a forward-thinking program exists, and that there are students willing to sign up for the challenge. I have earned a lot of respect from professors who think that Chinese is mostly "unlearnable" for Americans. Through the Flagship Program I have traveled to China twice and am able to network with Chinese people in my own community at home. Between some cultures there are old walls that are difficult to cross. With China and the United States, the culture, history and language of China is that wall. Learning Chinese has given me an opportunity to understand and learn from a culture that was previously a mystery to myself, and my community.
6. How has The Language Flagship helped you to discover your role in the world?
Representing the Language Flagship has given me an opportunity to serve as a culture-translator between the United States and China. I find that people at my school and in my community often ask me questions about the future of China and how things are on the ground there. I enjoy helping people to understand the Chinese point of view in the context of American culture, and I now hope to serve the United States government in some capacity with my research.
7. What are your career goals?
I plan to go to graduate school to study development, governance and public choice. I hope to be a professor in a research university with strong ties to Asian economic development, and would like to work in conjunction with agencies such as the World Bank or the Brookings Institution.
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 Last Modified 9/24/14


BigWind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer
Does BigWind really care about YOUR safety? What about the safety of the farmer or kids on snowmobiles?
Last month, Ohio infuriated wind proponents by passing Senate bill 310, a bill that delays the states renewable electricity standard for two years and eliminates the requirement that half of the renewables mandate be met with in-state resources.
Wind developers and Ohios media cried foul over due process claiming the legislature gave no warning of the setback rule change or opportunity for testimony. They insisted the provision was anti-wind driven by coal and oil interests intent on destroying the economics of large-scale wind and called on the governor to veto the change.
Industry Setback Recommendations
However, according to Iberdrola's Emergency Plan written for Groton Wind employees and released this year, "shedding ice may be thrown a significant distance as a result of the rotor spinning or wind blowing the ice fragments."
GE Wind states that rotating turbine blades may propel ice fragments up to several hundred meters if conditions are right depending on turbine dimensions, rotational speed and many other potential factors….
One operator of a wind installation admitted large turbines will throw a four hundred pound chunk of ice one thousand feet.
In the last 5-6 years, communities have adopted setbacks at or greater than the distance codified under Ohio law. More modern ordinances include two setback protections. The first protects property owners from ice/debris flying off the turbines. This ranges from 1300 feet to 1 mile or more away. The second setback distance is implied based on noise limits that cannot be exceeded either at the property line or the wall of an occupied building. If the noise standards are correctly applied, turbines may be erected 1.25-1.5 (or more) miles from the property line/building.
According to Mr. Palmer, the goal of public safety risk assessment is to ensure that we do not impose risks on unsuspecting members of the public. We agree!
via WindAction | Wind Setbacks: Safety First unless youre a wind developer.


text:
Kew Field - the start of Kew Gardens
Kew Field - the origins of the estate at Kew - was once a single
large strip-farmed field that began to change gradually, from around
1600 into the more regular enclosed fields shown on the 1730s map
of the St André estate. Prior to this, between 1500 and 1550,
the house of Kew Park had been built into Kew Field's northeast
corner and its estate extended from there.
The Kew Park estate changed hands several times through the 16th
century, settling with Sir Richard Bennett in the first half of
the 17th century. His daughter, Dorothy Bennett, inherited the estate.
She married Sir Henry Capel, and it was the Capel family who developed
the first famous gardens in Kew Park.
The Capels lived at Kew Park (later calling it the White House)
during the latter half of the 17th century. The 1730 map shows the
house and gardens occupying a small area south of the Dutch House.
The design was of small walled gardens and formal courtyards flanking
the house, with the land outside used for agriculture. The map also
shows that the Capel estate (by now named St André due to
Elizabeth Capel's remarriage) extended south for about two
thirds of the length of today's gardens.
Records of the time declare that Sir Henry Capel and "the
whole Capel family were famously devoted to gardening... it was
close to an obsession". The gardens were widely admired,
especially for their greenhouses, trees and exotic plants.
The diarist and author John Evelyn (_PHONE_) was also a keen
botanist and landscape designer. A regular visitor to Kew Park,
he noted in 1678, "Hence I went to my worthy friend Sir
Henry Capel... his garden certainly has the choicest fruit of any
plantation in England, as he is the most industrious and understanding
in it". In 1683 he commented on the "cupola
made with pole work between two elms at the end of a walk, which
being covered by plashing the trees to them... very pretty".
In 1688 Evelyn recorded that Capel's "orangerie
and myretum are most beautiful and perfectly well kept. He is contriving
very high palisadoes of reedes to shade his oranges during the summer
and painting those reedes in oil".
Back to: 16th
& 17th Centuries: Royal Influences

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Why can PwC charge such superhuman fees? It's all in the power of bargaining
The liquidation of Carillion continues to feature prominently in the news.
Last week, the story was the fees being charged by PwC, the accountancy firm tasked with salvaging money from the wreckage.
It emerged that PwC's fees, which take priority in terms of being paid over the various creditors and pensioners, amounted to £20.4m for the first eight weeks' work. The special manager with overall responsibility has a rate of £865 an hour.
The fees were described in parliament as "superhuman".
We might reasonably ask how these rates are determined. Why are they not half their actual value? The remuneration would still be very substantial. Equally, why are they not double?
The answer from a basic economics textbook would be that it is a matter of supply and demand. The wage – if such a proletarian term is acceptable in these elevated circles – is set at a level which ensures that there are just enough bean counters to carry out the amount of work which exists.
But it is hard to sustain this argument. The Big Four accountancy firms in the UK take on around 5,000 graduates every year. They receive almost 100,000 applications. There is a long process of whittling down. Eventually, nearly 10,000 get to the final stage, an interview with a partner.
Clearly, many graduates have very strong qualifications. But the wage rate is not bid down by this over-supply.
The argument about how prices, in this case the hourly PwC rate, are set goes back a long way in economic theory.
In the decades just before the First World War, two highly accomplished mathematicians who occupied the top chairs in economics, Alfred Marshall at Cambridge and Francis Edgeworth at Oxford, wrangled over the issue.
Appropriately enough in the week following Cambridge's triumph in both the men's and women's boat races, Marshall was the victor at the time. But, to employ another sporting analogy very much in the news, there was a certain amount of ball tampering along the way.
Edgeworth thought that, in most situations, there was an inherent indeterminacy about the price which emerged. He wrote: "it may be said that in pure economics there is only one theorem, but that it is a very difficult one: the theory of bargain".
Marshall simplified matters dramatically. He assumed that there are so many economic agents in a market that no single one of them can influence the price. This enabled him to draw, in his own best-selling textbook, the supply and demand curve diagrams familiar to generations of students.
But it was a simplification too far. If no one can influence the price, how is it set?
A lot of modern economic theory is about developing Edgeworth's view that economics is essentially about bargaining. It makes it much more difficult, but more realistic.
There is no inherent economic justification for the hourly rates which the Big Four accountants charge. They have simply got the best of the bargaining process. Companies need to wake up and start to insist on lower fees.
Paul Ormerod
As published in City AM Wednesday 28th March 2018
Image: PWC by Bjørn Erik Pedersen is licensed under CC by ShareAlike 3.0
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text:
creased sharpness and comparatively less cargo capacity these vessels would not be commercially practicable.
And this would probably have been the case if the discovery of gold in California and the consequent high prices had not made the question of speed of greater importance.
The first vessel built in this part of the country on these ideas was the Game Cock, built by Samuel Hall at East Boston in 1850, and the same year James O. Curtis of Medford built the Shooting Star, 900 tons, for Reed and Wade of Boston.
She was one of twenty-six ships which made the passage twice from Boston or New York to San Francisco in less than 110 days average time (105 days from Boston and 115 days from New York, average 110 days).
The other Medford ships in this list are the Herald of the Morning, 99 days and 106 days (average 102, days) the Don Quixote, 106 days and 108 days (average 107 days), and the Ringleader, 107 days and 110 days (average 108 1/2 days). Although there was but one Medfor

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


dcsimg
February 13, 2016
Hot Topics:
"Beaming" Using The Palm OS Exchange Manager
 - October 8, 2003
 - By Alex Gusev
 - Send Email »
 - More Articles »
As a final part of our "inter-application communication triptych," let us discuss one more way of how to do it. As you may guess, I mean here the Exchange Manager API. This kind of communication differs from those ones we've spoke about in previous articles. When you hear 'beaming', yes—that's it. But, as you may discover, a request for exchange data is just one of the launch codes your application may receive (e.g. sysAppLaunchCmdExgReceiveData), so it may be useful to export data to other apps at the same device. So, let's go ahead and take a look at practical cases.
Case 1: Standard Beaming of a Whole Database or Specific Records
The Palm OS's user interface doesn't allow beaming of an abitrary database, only prc-files, i.e. applications. So, it'd be nice for your program to offer such functionality. Fortunately, it becomes a pretty simple task with Exchange Manager. The normal working flow is as follows:
 1. Define a variable of type ExgSocketType and initialize it to zeroes.
 2. Assign appropriate values to description, target, and optionally to the type and name fields.
 3. ExgSocketType is declared in ExgMgr.h as
 typedef struct ExgSocketType {
 UInt16 libraryRef; // identifies the Exg library
 // in use
 UInt32 socketRef; // used by Exg library to
 // identify this connection
 UInt32 target; // Creator ID of application
 // this is sent to
 UInt32 count; // # of objects in this
 // connection (usually 1)
 UInt32 length; // # total byte count for all
 // objects being sent (optional)
 UInt32 time; // last modified time of object
 // (optional)
 UInt32 appData; // application specific info
 UInt32 goToCreator; // creator ID of app to launch
 // with goto after receive
 ExgGoToType goToParams; // If launchCreator then this
 // contains goto find info
 UInt16 localMode:1; // Exchange with local machine
 // only mode
 UInt16 packetMode:1; // Use connectionless packet
 // mode (Ultra)
 UInt16 noGoTo:1; // Do not go to app (local mode
 // only)
 UInt16 noStatus:1; // Do not display status dialogs
 UInt16 preview:1; // Preview in progress: don't
 // throw away data as it's read
 UInt16 reserved:11; // reserved system flags
 Char *description; // text description of object
 // (for user)
 Char *type; // Mime type of object (optional)
 Char *name; // name of object, generally a
 // file name (optional)
 } ExgSocketType;
 typedef ExgSocketType *ExgSocketPtr;

 4. Note that the localMode field controls the operation mode, so you may want to set a 1 there to work locally.
 5. To establish a connection, call ExgPut.
 6. To send the whole database, call ExgDBWrite. An alternative way is to call ExgSend in a loop to send all desired data. Actually, these are the same methods because ExgDBWrite requires a callback function as a parameter, which uses ExgSend internally.
 7. After all jobs are finished, call ExgDisconnect to close the connection.
The following code chunk illustrates all that was said above:
void BeamWholeDB()
{
 ExgSocketType exgSocket;
 UInt16 cardNo;
 LocalID dbID;
 DmSearchStateType searchState;
 Err err;
 Char *appName = "TestDB";
 err = DmGetNextDatabaseByTypeCreator(true, &searchState,
 'data', 'test', true,
 &cardNo, &dbID);
 if (!err)
 {
 MemSet(&exgSocket,sizeof(exgSocket),0);
 exgSocket.description = appName;
 exgSocket.name = "TestDB.pdb";
 err = ExgPut(&exgSocket);
 if (err == 0)
 {
 ExgDBWrite(WriteProc, &exgSocket, appName, dbID,
 cardNo);
 ExgDisconnect(&exgSocket,err);
 }
 }
}
As you can see, it's really not a big deal. Sure, we've left a lot of details behind the scene, such as sending multiple objects (refer to the count member of ExgSocketType), which application should be launched (if any) after receiving data, and so forth. Like any other Palm OS API, Exchange Manager API is rich, so you're welcome to investigate it more closely.
Okay, coming back to sending individual records, you may guess now that it differs from the previous example only in using ExgSend function in some loop instead of ExgDBWrite. Therefore, we'll consider the receiving part of flow; i.e. what the application should do when it is going to get some data via Exchange library.
A sequence of steps follows:
 1. First, you should handle the sysAppLaunchCmdExgReceiveData launch code in PilotMain.
 2. Call ExgAccept to accept the incoming request.
 3. Call ExgReceive in a loop until it returns zero.
 4. And finally, call ExgDisconnect to close the connection.
So, as we've just said:
// in PilotMain
DmOpenRef g_dbP; // our database
...
if (cmd == sysAppLaunchCmdExgReceiveData)
{
 DmOpenRef dbP;
 if ((launchFlags & sysAppLaunchFlagSubCall) ==
 sysAppLaunchFlagSubCall)
 {
 dbP = g_dbP;
 FrmSaveAllForms();
 err = ReceiveData(dbP,(ExgSocketPtr)cmdBPB);
 }
 else
 {
 dbP = DmOpenDataByTypeCreator('data','test',
 dmModeReadWrite);
 if (dbP)
 {
 err = ReceiveData(dbP,(ExgSocketPtr)cmdBPB);
 DmClosedatabase(dbP);
 }
 }
}
...
Err ReceiveData(DmOpenRef dbP, ExgSocketPtr sockP)
{
 Err err = 0;
 UInt16 wIndex = -1;

 err = ExgAccept(sockP);
 if ( err == errNone )
 {
 char buffer[1024];
 ULong lBytesRecv = 0;

 while ((lBytesRecv = ExgReceive(sockP,buffer,
 sizeof(buffer)))
 {
 // process data
 ...
 }

 err = ExgDisconnect(sockP,err);
 }
}
Now, a few words about the name member the of ExgSocketType structure. Starting from Palm OS 4.0, this field may contain a URL to identify the exchange library to connect with. Using a local exchange library may become handy if you want to debug your application locally or to send/request data to/from another application at the same device. On Palm OS 4.0 and later, if the URL starts from the '?' character, the user may be prompted to choose which exchange library to use if more than one library is registered for the selected scheme.
Case 2: Exchanging Data with the Local PIM
There are at least several situations when you might want to use Local Exchange Manager. A good example is exporting data to some built-in application (e.g. to MemoPad as the simpliest case). Even if the user has decided to use some third-party program instead of a standard one, you'll be sure that this program will correctly receive exported data. A small example looks like this:
void SendToLocalMemopad()
{
 ExgSocketType exgSocket;
 Err err = 0;
 Char *textBuf = "test";
 UInt32 size = StrLen(textBuf) + 1;
 MemSet(&exgSocket,sizeof(exgSocket),0);
 exgSocket.description = "Test message";
 exgSocket.name = "?_local:Sample.txt";
 exgSocket.type = ".txt";
 err = ExgPut(&exgSocket);
 if (err == 0)
 {
 ExgSend(&exgSocket,textBuf,size,&err);
 ExgDisconnect(


Determining Residency for Canadian Taxation Purposes
Categories: Blog, Tax
For the purposes of determining tax liability, taxpayers are categorized into two groups: residents (of Canada) and non-residents (of Canada). Generally, taxpayers who are Canadian residents are subject to tax on all worldwide income; however, taxpayers who are not Canadian residents are generally only subject to tax on income tied to Canadian sources.1 Therefore a taxpayer's residency status can have significant tax implications.
Quite a few people assume that taxation in Canada is based on citizenship or immigration status. This is a common misunderstanding. The test is whether or not you are a resident of Canada. A person can be a resident of Canada even if they are not a Canadian citizen or a landed immigrant. On the other hand, a person who is a Canadian citizen may not be a Canadian resident for income tax purposes.
It can be confusing. Sometimes it is best to start by thinking about where you live rather than what your citizenship or immigration status is.
Residency is determined annually. If it is determined that a taxpayer was a resident at any time during the year, that taxpayer is considered to be a resident for the whole year. There is an exception for a "part-time resident" under section 114 of the Income Tax Act of Canada (ITA). Under this provision, if a taxpayer enters or leaves Canada permanently, the taxation year will be split and the taxpayer will be categorized as a "part-time resident." Part-time residents are subject to special rules for calculating income, including income-splitting; however, this will only arise in the year that the taxpayer enters or leaves Canada permanently.
The term "resident" is not specifically defined in the ITA. As a result, it is necessary to review Court decisions (case law) to provide guidance on the meaning of resident and in what circumstances a person will be considered to be a resident and in what circumstances they will not be a resident.
The Canada Revenue Agency ("CRA") publishes regular information sheets, called "folios", setting out the CRA's interpretation. The folios can be very helpful in attempting to predict how the CRA will categorize a taxpayer (i.e. resident or non-resident); unfortunately, the folios are not legally binding (unlike the case law). For example, refer to folio S5-F1-C1.
The CRA may also ask a person to complete a questionnaire (NR 73: Determination of residency status (leaving Canada) and NR 74: Determination of residency status (entering Canada)) and may make a determination of your residency status. But it is important to recognize that this is a determination by the CRA and a person is entitled to disagree with the CRA and have the question determined by the Court.
There are special rules for determining the residency of corporations and trusts, but that is beyond the scope of this article. Here, we will confine our discussion to residency of taxpayers who are individuals.
The ITA provides for residency of individuals into the following types:
1. Ordinarily Resident. An individual is ordinarily resident if he or she meets the ordinary, dictionary definition of "resident". In determining residence, the Courts consider residential "ties" to Canada, including visits or stays in Canada, assets in Canada, and social connections to Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada held that an individual "is 'ordinarily resident' in the place where in the settled routine of his life he regularly, normally or customarily lives."2
2. Deemed Resident. A non-resident can be "deemed" to be a resident in certain circumstances. Under section 250(1) of the ITA, an individual may be considered a deemed resident if he or she stayed in Canada for a total of 183 days or more throughout a taxation year (it need not be consecutive). Section 250(1) also sets out other circumstances where an individual may be considered a deemed resident, including people who serve in the Canadian Forces, an ambassador or high commissioner of Canada or others listed in s.250 (1) of the ITA.
3. By international tax treaty. Because a person can have a home in more than one country it is possible to be a resident of two (or more) countries at the same time. A person can be a dual resident. This may require the person to file tax returns in two countries and possibly report their worldwide income in both countries. To avoid this problem, Canada has entered into numerous tax treaties with other countries to avoid double taxation. These treaties contain "tie breaker" rules to resolve the question of residency when a person is resident in both countries. The rules ensure that the person is only a resident of one of the countries.
Residency status in tax law is not straight-forward, and in some cases it can be counter-intuitive. While the CRA can make a finding of residency status for a taxpayer, it is possible for the CRA to make an incorrect determination. The CRA's determinations are not always final and can be disputed. Ultimately, it is the Courts that have the final say in determining residency status.
If you currently live and/or work outside of Canada for all or part of the year, are planning a change that may affect your residency status, or have been assessed by the CRA based on a residency finding that you feel may be incorrect, you should seriously consider contacting me to discuss the tax implications of your situation and your options.
1For more information on the tax and reporting obligations of residents and non-residents, see my article in last month's issue of Legal Alert titled Foreign Income and Assets: Tax Implications under the Canadian Income Tax Act.
2Thomson v Minister of National Revenue, [1946] SCR 209, 1946 CarswellNat 76, at para 71.
*Providing services through a law corporation


text:
Re-heat is best before use.
- It is best to drink before each meal. For people with gastro-intestional concerns, have the brew after each meal.
- If you dislike the bitter taste of the brew, add pure honey or glucose. (Avoid the use of refined sugar.)
- You can also mix reishi pieces with brandy or Chinese wine. Store for 3 - 4 months before use.
- Used reishi pieces can be used as fertilizers for house plants.
- Raw reishi should be stored in a dry place, but never in the refrigerator.
2. Reishi Soup Recipe
10 grams of sliced reishi pieces ;
6 whole frozen or fresh quails ;
70 grams of dry scallops ;
100 grams of lean pork ;
1.5 litre of hot water ;
salt and pepper ;
A. Soak the sliced reishi pieces in 1.5 litre of water for 4 hours.
B. Remove the quails from boiling water after 5 seconds and put in Chinese steam pot. Pour in the 1.5 litre of water together with the reishi pieces. Add dry scallops, pork lean meat and add adash of cooking wine.
C. Steam boil for 3 hours.
D. Before use, season the soup with salt and pepper to your preference.
Note: You can put in dried long-gang meat or dry red dates to sweeten the soup. You can also substitute 2 frozen whole pigeons, a whole chicken or half a turtle instead of the 6 quails for the above recipe.
3. A Word From the Editor
Reishi is best used as a preventative measure for health.
In addition to a daily consumption of Reishi, we would like to remind our readers that you should pay special attention to the following:
- Refrain from using refined sugar. Substitute with pure honey, glucose or fruit sugar instead.
- Avoid processed foods - canned food, instant noodles, soda pop etc.
- Eat all types of natural foods to maintain your nutritional balance.
- Include all types of vegetables in your diet, especially those with stalks and roots.
- Drink more water to provide excretion ease. This will enhance your metabolism functions and rid your body of poisonous toxins.
- Exercise will definitely help but not rigorous exercise that you cannot handle.
- Avoid stress. Be mentally relaxed and keep an open mind on all matters.
At the present, the recommended daily usage of reishi tea is the boiling of 3 - 5 gm of the dried reishi. One can increase to 10 or 20 gm per day since there is no harm in abundant intake of reishi as it is the 'king herb' and an 'adaptogen'.
There are also reishi essence products by hot-waterextraction method in the market place for sale that comes in tablets, pill or granular form. My final advise is to buy the products from reliable manufacturers.
Best of health to you all.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
last updated: 11/09/09


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
arval (plural arvals)
- (funeral feast): This noun is frequently used attributively, as in Arval Supper, arval-bread, and so on.
- Connected with or relating to funeral celebrations.
- ^ "arveøl" in Ordbog over det danske Sprog: "eng. dial. (laant fra nord.) arvall, arvel", English dial. (borrowed from Old Norse) arvall, arvel

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Francisa Chapman and Aida Sanchez are offering free Spanish classes to 20 people with the funniest translation stories. (Contributed)
Vernonites asked to share funniest Spanish translation stories
Mexicans living in town holding a contest to offer free Spanish classes
Anyone who has tried their tongue at a foreign language likely has a funny story about getting lost in translation.
Now, a group living in the Okanagan want to hear about it.
Mexicanos en el Okanagan is looking for 20 enthusiastic neighbours living in Vernon and Coldstream, who would like to learn essential Spanish travel phrases for free.
Potential students would have to share their funniest story related to a language barrier when they visited a Spanish-speaking country. They will have a week to post their story at the Facebook group IloveSpanish Vernon: and the teachers will select the funniest story.
There will be two 20-minute classes per week, for a total of eight classes, starting the second week of July until the end of July. The students who attend all of their classes will receive a symbolic graduation certificate which will be given during a graduation event where they will practice speaking Spanish with Spanish speaking members of our community, enjoy delicious Mexican tacos, pastries and live Mexican music.
Aida Sanchez and Fanny Chapman, administrators of Mexicanos en el Okanagan Facebook page, say it is important is to practice and learn Spanish for our neighbours who own property and/or travel a lot to Spanish-speaking countries.
"It is a cheerful way to getting calmly back to normal gathering with our neighbours, as well as, promoting diversity and inclusion in our neighbourhoods. It is a lovely combo!"
It is also a chance to make those Mexicans living or working in the Okanagan feel welcome, and at home.
"The City of Vernon is receiving more Spanish speakers every year and there are more coming because they are attracted to the beauty and warm weather of the Okanagan, Okanagan College and the Rural and Northern Immigration Pilot," Chapman said. "Let's make them feel welcome and share their language with our neighbours."
One neighbour says "hi" or "hola" every time she meets an agricultural worker because she understands the struggle to be in a different country with a different language. The agricultural workers, even if they are here temporarily, like it when local people greet them. They want to feel part of our community too.
The IloveSpanish Vernon project wants to address the language barriers and be the bridge between two different worlds which can help each other as neighbours and find more things in common.
The IloveSpanish Vernon project is in thanks to the Neighbourhood Small Grants Program, funded by the Community Foundation North Okanagan and the Vancouver Foundation. Special thanks to the regional advisory committee and Kim English, regional coordinator, for their support.
Mexicanos en el Okanagan is the Mexican community and the first media in Spanish in the Okanagan. It is a Facebook group which has almost 2,000 followers from the Okanagan, Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Montreal, and Mexico. The purpose of the group is to create a virtual safe space where people can feel confident because they can read news, get the essential and trustful information that they need in their own language, provided by people who understand their needs and have the same cultural background.
Like us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter.


The Clouds: Experiments in Perception, photographs by Stephan Sagmiller
In a project that questions the definition of nature, Stephan Sagmiller juxtaposes photographs of painted skies from dioramas at the Natural History Museum with actual skies photographed throughout the United States.
Sagmiller says, "It is not possible to entirely untangle the concept of nature from landscape photography, the history of painting, or the romantic ideals often embedded in these forms of representation. However, even a small rupture opens up the possibility for reflection and questioning: What is nature? What do we know about nature? How do we know what we know?"
Book design by Meg Birnbaum
Photographs by Stephan Sagmiller
Forward by Paula Tognarelli
Look Inside!
Untitled Document


Generate External Tables from an Excel Spreadsheet Using Jakarta POI
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An interesting article on OTN by Casimir Santeros, bringing the worlds of Java and Oracle together. The assignment: loading data from multi-sheet Excel documents into Oracle database tables. Technologies used: Apache POI to programmatically access the Excel sheet, JDBC, External Tables as the easiest means for loading textual data into the Oracle database. Generate External Tables from an Excel Spreadsheet Using Jakarta POI
A brief code excerpt, demonstrating some of the use of POI :
The POI-specific calls required for processing are as follows:
In the execute() method, the following two lines access the spreadsheet from the file system and create a new workbook object that allows you to manipulate the spreadsheet.
POIFSFileSystem fs = new POIFSFileSystem(new FileInputStream(spreadsheet));
HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs);
have access to the HSSFWorkbook object, you can process it by iterating through all of the sheets, rows, and columns. The processWorkbook() method iterates through each of the sheets in the workbook, creates ExternalTable objects using the sheet name, processes each sheet, and extracts the relevant data for populating the ExternalTable objects.
private void processWorkbook(HSSFWorkbook wb) {
for (int i = 0; i < wb.getNumberOfSheets(); i++) { HSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(i); ExternalTable table = new ExternalTable(wb.getSheetName(i)); processSheet(sheet, table); System.out.println("...Table "+ table.getName()+ " processed." ); } }
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About Author
Lucas Jellema, active in IT (and with Oracle) since 1994. Oracle ACE Director for Fusion Middleware. Consultant, trainer and instructor on diverse areas including Oracle Database (SQL & PL/SQL), Service Oriented Architecture, BPM, ADF, JavaScript, Java in various shapes and forms and many other things. Author of the Oracle Press books: Oracle SOA Suite 11g Handbook and Oracle SOA Suite 12c Handbook. Frequent presenter on conferences such as JavaOne and Oracle OpenWorld. Presenter for Oracle University Celebrity specials.
3 Comments
 1. Mrudula Gutta on
 Zeger,
 I really need your help. Can you please email me at _EMAIL_. I have several
 questions on POI. I am planning to implement this. Can you please give me your email address
 so that I can communicate with you. Any help on this is really appreciated.
 2. Lucas Jellema on
 Zeger: you should stop by and do a little presentation for us during one of the KC sessions! How are you doing anyway? Groetjes,
 Lucas
 3. Zeger Hendrikse on
 Recently I used POI to import event data from an Excel sheet in a calendar portlet: indeed, it boasts an easy API and it works like a charm!


text:
Engineering Graphics: Tools for the Mind is made up of eight sections. Each section starts with an explanation of the topic and is followed by hand sketching exercises for the student to complete. All 76 sketching exercises found in the textbook are printed on perforated paper making it easy for students to turn in for review.
The textbook covers the following topics:
16 separate audio/video lectures address the above topics and show students how to solve select problems contained in the book. To see a sample Audio/Video file from this DVD click below. The size of this file is 182MB and may take several minutes to download.
Engineering Graphics Digital Reference Book:
Technical Graphics, a 522 page engineering graphics textbook, is included in digital form to give your students reference material for a wide range of engineering graphics topics.
Technical Graphics Table of Contents
To see additional information for Technical Graphics, including a complete table of contents and a sample chapter, click here.
Engineering Graphics: Tools for the Mind
A Comprehensive Set of Engineering Graphics Tools
By Bryan Graham
Published April 1, 2007
|No reviews found|


text:
Crews move young bull trout trapped in pools by dewatering upriver where water remains year round.
Fish out of Water
Scientists think that Kachess River always dewatered to some extent. The timing of Kachess bull trout traveling up to spawn is much later than their relatives in Box Canyon and Gold Creek. However, the extent of dewatering is likely much worse today than it was in the past due to the combination of human impacts and climate change. This means less habitat for young rearing bull trout, who spend 3 to 4 years growing larger before moving to lakes. The process of dewatering takes place rapidly and young bull trout are not strong swimmers. As a result, they become trapped in pools and sections of stream that go dry and they die.
Solving the Kachess Rubik's Cube
We can't solve the problem of dewatering entirely since it is tied to the dam. However, we can find ways to retain and create better habitat for bull trout and other species. The first step is gathering information about the upper Kachess watershed. There is a world of possibilities to help bull trout including:
- Placing wood in strategic locations to create refuge during high flows so young fish aren't pushed down river into the stretch that dewaters.
- Constructing log jams that provide pools with cover that can last throughout the summer for those that are pushed downstream
- Identifying the previous locations of tributaries before they were cut off by the road and reconnect them.
- Identifying relic channels that are lower than the current flood plain and directing flow there
We want to know the most effective ways of restoring the river, and that is where data comes in. Gathering data from gravel counts, ground surveys, LiDAR, flow and groundwater measurements, etc. will direct us where we need to go. For example, LiDAR data will provide us with insights into human impacts over the past 100 years, which we can then correct.
The confluence of Mineral Creek (left) and Kachess River (right). Interesting fact: Mineral Creek contributes significantly more water than Kachess, but is much less utilized by bull trout when spawning.
Kugel, Scott, "ABANDONED MINE LAND IMPACTS ON TRIBUTARIES IN THE UPPER YAKIMA RIVER WATERSHED, EASTERN CASCADES, WASHINGTON" (2018). All Master's Theses. 939.


text:
Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: December 16, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412972048 | Print ISBN: 9780761929574 | Online ISBN: 9781412972048| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Matthew J. Powers
Objectivity is a central yet contested tenet of modern journalism. At its core, it seeks to define the role that journalists should play in selecting, gathering and relaying news to the general public. While frequently viewed as a technique for reporting only the "facts" of a story, objectivity is more importantly understood as an idea whose meanings have changed over time. To question, criticize, and renegotiate objectivity is to rethink what is wanted and needed from journalism, and the society it covers. While the exact meaning of objectivity is always in dispute, there is an identifiable history of its nature and practice in American journalism. Historians cite the beginnings of the penny press (low-cost, tabloid-style papers) in the 1830s as its earliest formation. Prior to the 1830s, most American newspapers were partisan. Financed primarily by political parties, these papers also made use of paid subscriptions for revenue; in turn, the...


text:
Gold Medal in the sub-category Â« Photo Essay Â»
Changing Landscape is a photographic research about landscape transfromations and urbanization along the Red Sea coast of Egypt. With this project I question how natural and manmade environments are commonly represented and how they interact with each other in a country where architecture -and built environment- have always been an ideological vehicle; a kind of sacred geometry whose forms symbolize the relationship between heaven and earth, the elements communicate with solar systems and create a correspondence with the stars and the planets, connecting the humans to a higher and divine nature. Changing Landscape moves its first steps in the field of cultural landscapes, seeking connections between the built space and the space where the roots, myth and archetype dwell, creating a dimension where one may nourish the other. Using the border line of Red Sea as a metaphor for constant change I travelled from Suez to the sudanes border in order to document this new urbanization and seeking moment of grace in the rush of contemporary world.
BACK TO GALLERY


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 rule extraction approach
 Research on Fault Diagnosis Rule Extraction Approach Based on Genetic Algorithm
 基于遗传算法的故障诊断规则提取方法的研究
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Abstract This paper discusses and compares the features of fuzzy inference systems and Artificial Neural Networks(ANN), and presents a fuzzy inference model based on neural networks. In this model, neural network, with their superb learning capabilities,extract fuzzy rules from samples. So, the fuzzy system presented here can formulate fuzzy rules adaptively according to various samples. The model's framework, ANN's architecture,and fuzzy inference methods are introduced in this paper.
通过分析模糊理论与人工神经网络在知识处理方面的特点，将人工神经网络技术结合到模糊推理系统中，以模糊推理为核心，采用人工神经网络技术提取模糊规则，形成一类具有学习功能的模糊智能系统。本文介绍了该模型的基本思想，规则提取方法及模糊推理方法。
In this paper, the rule extraction of neural networks is disscussed, which is an effective method to avoid the shortcoming of being "black boxes". Techniques based on decompositional and input output mapping approaches are studied and their fundamental concepts and evaluates their performances are generalized. Based on similar weight approach, the CSW approach is proposed to efficiently solve the rule extraction from continuous\|input neural networks. CSW is applied in IRIS Flower Classification Problem,and...
In this paper, the rule extraction of neural networks is disscussed, which is an effective method to avoid the shortcoming of being "black boxes". Techniques based on decompositional and input output mapping approaches are studied and their fundamental concepts and evaluates their performances are generalized. Based on similar weight approach, the CSW approach is proposed to efficiently solve the rule extraction from continuous\|input neural networks. CSW is applied in IRIS Flower Classification Problem,and experiment results show that rules extracted by our method are accurate and comprehensible.
文中论述了作为解决神经网络"黑箱问题"有效手段的规则提取方法，分析了基于结构分解和输入输出映射的神经网络规则提取的各种算法，概括了它们的基本思想并分析了它们的优劣，在相似权值法的基础上提出 Ｃ Ｓ Ｗ 算法，有效解决了连续值输入网络的规则提取问题．将 Ｃ Ｓ Ｗ 算法应用于 Ｉ Ｒ Ｉ Ｓ分类问题取得了良好的效果
A new method for extracting the rules of the fuzzy associative memory (FAM) system is presented. Based on different prior knowledge, the problem of generating the control rules can be transformed into the problems of clustering the planes and partitioning the feature space, both of which have mature solution algorithms. Finally the effectiveness of the method is checked with an example of the truck backer upper control system.
基于模糊联想记忆（ＦＡＭ）系统的特点，阐述了一种ＦＡＭ系统规则提取的方法．在已知控制系统输入特征空间的划分时，规则的提取可以转化为聚类平面的问题；当可以确定输出变量的语言值的个数时，首先利用数据各维直方图抽取平衡点处的规则，然后通过聚类平面将其余规则的提取转化为分类器特征空间的划分问题，用树型分类器确定输入特征空间的划分．倒车系统ＦＡＭ控制器的设计证明了该方法的有效性．

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numerable inhumans slain in Guts' journey,[80] and is capable of dealing extensive damage to astral and physical beings alike.
Berserker Armor
Main article: Berserker Armor
Given to him by Flora,[109] the Berserker Armor acts as the Black Swordsman's last resort against overwhelmingly powerful enemies. The armor's primary function is to allow Guts to override the physiological mechanisms that prevent the human body from using enough force to damage itself. Functionally, this enhances his already prodigious physical capabilities to an unarguably superhuman level. While utilizing the armor, Guts becomes capable of annihilating swarms of mammoth monsters and even decisively defeating apostles in their released forms.
Cannon Arm
Guts' cannon arm has saved him a number of times in his journey.
Main article: Cannon Arm
The cannon in Guts' mechanical arm is one of Rickert's inventions, given to him for his hunt on demonkind.[110] It has been of invaluable use to the swordsman, having saved him from peril many times in his journey. The cannon has a highly effective blast radius, capable of tearing into even the most sizable of monsters and apostles. When unable to use his right arm, Guts instead uses his teeth to pull the cannon's ignition cord, often fooling enemies into believing he has been outdone before blasting into them. He has also used the velocity produced by the cannon's recoil to blast into one target and perform a reversing slash into another with the Dragon Slayer, effectively eliminating two enemies in a single motion.[111][68]
Repeater Crossbow
This is another weapon Guts receives before setting out on his war against demonkind. He uses the crossbow by attaching it to his mechanical arm and filling its magazine full of bolts, releasing a volley of bolts upon turning its crank. The repeater crossbow is wielded extensively up until Guts' acquisition of the Berserker Armor, at which point its use is seemingly deferred. However, he does still make use of it against human or humanoid foes on occasion.[112]
Throwing Knives
Main article: Throwing Knife
Having been taught the basics of knife throwing by Judeau,[110] Guts has acquired remarkable accuracy and precision with them over the years. Their effectiveness is dependent upon vital points being hit, being of minimal effect against larger foes; against smaller targets, they are quite lethal. More often than not the knives are used to target the eyes of his larger targets.
Miniature Bombs
Main article: Miniature Bomb
These are a later addition to Guts' arsenal. These small, mine-shaped bombs are remarkably powerful for their size, but within a very contained radius, usually only killing targets if vital areas are hit. As such, they are typically used only to slow down or distract larger enemies. Guts has given a number of these bombs to Isidro.[113]
Creation and Conception
Guts' prototype design.
In Berserk: The Prototype, Guts originally wore an eyepatch over his right eye and bore noticeably longer sideburns. Personality-wise, the prototype Guts was more brash, cocky and whimsical in nature. Additionally, the crossbow he utilized didn't attach to his prosthetic arm and his Dragon Slayer also possessed a slightly different design.
Guts possessed long hair and a katana in place of his Dragon Slayer in one of his earliest designs. According to Miura, it took him a while to conceive Guts as the swordsman appears today, but upon coming up with the character's current overall aesthetic, he knew he had hit the nail on the head.[114]
 - The Berserk Official Guidebook states that circa the Fantasia Arc, Guts is 24 years old, 204 cm, and 115 kg. (NOTE: The Berserk Official Guidebook is highly questionable in its veracity.)
 - Guts suffers from haphephobia for much of his teenage years, having developed the phobia after being raped by Donovan. During this time, only Casca's touch manages to escape his immediate ire.[41]
 - Guts bears no reverence or respect for a "God". On the contrary, he would like nothing more than for the entity to "leave [him] the hell alone".[70]
 - Guts still carries the Count's beherit. It has not been confirmed to be his, however; both Flora[105] and Gedfring[95] have suggested that he may merely be its means of arriving to its predestined owner.
 - Guts has proven successful in gambling and won against several opponents ten times in a row at Chō-Han Bakuchi during his time in the Band of the Falcon.[115]
 - Though Femto claims Guts' existence is beneath the God Hand's notice, Slan is particularly interested in the swordsman,[79] and has expressed wanting him to become a member of their rank.[106]
 1. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 1, "Black Swordsman"
 2. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 9, "Skull Knight"
 3. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 28, "Proclaimed Omen"
 4. ^ a b c d Berserk, Volume 13, "Escape"
 5. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 9, "Fighter"
 6. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 7, "Returning Alive"
 7. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 37, "Siren"
 8. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 33, "Bubbles of Futility"
 9. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 8, "Snowy Evening..."
 10. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 8, "Morning of Departure (3)"
 11. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 12, "Separation"
 12. ^ Berserk, Volume 17, "Feeble Flame"
 13. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 23, "Reunion in the Wilderness"
 14. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 23, "Winter Journey (2)"
 15. ^ Berserk, Volume 9, "Comrades in Arms"
 16. ^ Berserk, Volume 33, "Howl from the Darkness"
 17. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 17, "To the Holy Ground (1)"
 18. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 26, "Companions"
 19. ^ Berserk, Volume 38, "Landing"
 20. ^ Berserk, Volume 39, "Corridor of Dreams"
 21. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 13, "Vow of Retaliation"
 22. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 18, "Spirit Road (2)"
 23. ^ a b c d Berserk, Volume 3, "Golden Age (1)"
 24. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 4, "Golden Age (2)"
 25. ^ a b c d Berserk, Volume 4, "Golden Age (3)"
 26. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 37, "Spring Flower of Days Long Passed (3)"
 27. ^ Berserk, Volume 4, "Golden Age (4)"
 28. ^ Berserk, Volume 4, "Golden Age (6)"
 29. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 5, "Nosferatu Zodd (2)"
 30. ^ a b Berserk, Volume 5, "Nosferatu Zodd (4)"
 31. ^ Berserk, Volume 6, "Assassin (3)"
 32. ^ Berserk, Volume 6, "Precious Thing"
 33. ^ Berserk, Volume 6, "Casca (1)"
 34. ^ Berserk, Volume 7, "Casca (3)"
 35. ^ Berserk, Volume 7, "Bonfire of Dreams"
 36. ^ Berserk, Volume 7, "Battle to Capture Doldrey (2)"
 37. ^ Berserk, Volume 8, "Battle to Capture Doldrey (5)"
 38. ^ Berserk, Volume 8, "Battle to Capture Doldrey (6)"
 39. ^ Berserk, Volume 8, "Moment of Glory"
 40. ^ Berserk, Volume 8, "Tombstone of Flames (2)"
 41. ^ a b c Berserk, Volume 10, "Sparks from a Sword Tip"
 42. ^ Berserk, Volume 9, "Tournament"
 43. ^ Berserk, Volume 9, "Confession"
 44. ^ Berserk, Volume 10, "Infiltration of Wyndham (2)"
 45. ^ Berserk, Volume 10, "Reunion in the Abyss"
 46. ^ Berserk, Volume 10, "Flower of the Royal Palace of Stone"
 47. ^ Berserk, Volume 11, "Immortal One, Again"
 48. ^ Berserk, Volume 12, "Warriors of Twilight"
 49. ^ Berserk, Volume 12, "Eclipse"
 50. ^ Berserk, Volume 12


University School of Medicine. He is also the co-director of the Gastrointestinal Oncology Program at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Dr. Kern has over 20,000 citations of his work among scientific publications, the majority concerning his pioneering studies of pancreatic cancer. His publications and citations place him among the top one percent of scientists in productivity and acclaim.
Dr. Kern's laboratory is currently developing drug screening systems to identify promising therapies for the common adult-onset cancers based on our understanding of BRCA2 and other disrupted DNA-repair features in cancer cells. His discoveries are now the basis of a number of U.S. patents and novel and ongoing therapeutic trials for pancreatic cancer at Johns Hopkins and other centers.
Scott Kern graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor where he participated in an accelerated six-year program that combined undergraduate and medical studies. He did initial research training and his residency at Michigan and became board certified in anatomic and clinical pathology, and completed his fellowship in pathology and molecular genetics of gastrointestinal cancer at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins.


Commander
0th
Percentile
R Commander
Start the R Commander GUI (graphical user interface)
Keywords
misc
Usage
Commander()
Details
Getting Started
For more detailed information about getting started, see Help -> Introduction to the R Commander from the R Commander menus or Fox (2017).
The default R Commander interface consists of (from top to bottom) a menu bar, a toolbar, a code window with script and R Markdown tabs, an output window, and a messages window.
Commands to read, write, transform, and analyze data are entered using the menus in the menu bar at the top of the Commander window. Most menu items lead to dialog boxes requesting further specification. I suggest that you explore the menus to see what is available.
Below the menu bar is a toolbar with (from left to right) an information field displaying the name of the active data set; buttons for editing and displaying the active data set; and an information field showing the active statistical model. There is also a Submit button for re-executing commands in the Script tab. The information fields for the active data set and active model are actually buttons that can be used to select the active data set and model from among, respectively, data frames or suitable model objects in memory.
Almost all commands require an active data set. When the Commander starts, there is no active data set, as indicated in the data set information field. A data set becomes the active data set when it is read into memory from an R package or imported from a text file, SPSS data set, Minitab data set, STATA data set, SAS XPORT data set; or an Excel spreadsheet. In addition, the active data set can be selected from among R data frames resident in memory. You can therefore switch among data sets during a session.
By default, commands are logged to the Script tab (the initially empty text window immediately below the toolbar), and commands and output appear in the Output window (the initially empty text window below the Script tab). Commands that don't require direct user interaction (such as interactive identification of points on a graph) are also used to create an R Markdown document in the tab of the same name. When the R Markdown tab is in front, pressing the "Generate HTML report" button compiles the document to create an html page with input and output, which opens in a web browser. To alter these and other defaults, see the information below on configuration. Note, for example, that the knitr package can be used to create a LaTeX document to be compiled to a PDF report, as an alternative to --- or in addition to --- an R Markdown document (see the use.knitr option below).
Some Rcmdr dialogs (those in the Statistics -> Fit models menu) produce linear, generalized linear, or other models. When a model is fit, it becomes the active model, as indicated in the information field in the R Commander toolbar. Items in the Models menu apply to the active model. Initially, there is no active model. If there are several models in memory, you can select the active model from among them.
If command logging in turned on, R commands that are generated from the menus and dialog boxes are entered into the Script and R Markdown tabs in the Commander. You can edit these commands in the normal manner and can also type new commands. You can also type explanatory text in the R Markdown tab. Individual commands in the Script tab can be continued over more than one line, but the several lines of a multi-line command must be submitted simultaneously. (It is not necessary, as in earlier versions of the R Commander, to begin continuation lines with white space.) The contents of the Script and R Markdown tabs can be saved during or at the end of the session, and a saved script or R Markdown document can be loaded into the respective tabs. The contents of the Output window can also be edited or saved to a text file. Finally, editing operations also work in the Messages window.
To re-execute a command or set of commands in the Script tab, select the lines to be executed using the mouse and press the Submit button at the right of the toolbar (or Control-R, for "run", or Control-Tab). If no text is selected, the Submit button (or Control-R or Control-Tab) submits the line containing the text-insertion cursor. Note that an error will be generated if the submitted command or commands are incomplete.
Pressing Control-F brings up a find-text dialog box (which can also be accessed via Edit -> Find) to search for text in the Script tab, R Markdown tab, knitr tab, Output window, or Messages window. Edit functions such as search are performed in the Script tab unless you first click in another tab or window to make it active.
Pressing Control-S will save the Script tab, R Markdown tab, knitr tab, or Output window.
Pressing Control-A selects all of the text in the Script tab, R Markdown tab, knitr tab, Output window, or Messages window.
In addition, the following Control-key combinations work in these tabs and windows: Control-X, cut; Control-C, copy; Control-V, insert; Control-Z or Alt-Backspace, undo; and Control-W, redo.
Under Mac OS X, the command key may be used in place of the Control key, though the latter works as well.
Right-clicking the mouse (clicking button 3 on a three-button mouse, or Control-left-clicking) in the tabs or windows brings up a "context" menu with the Edit-menu items, plus (in the Script, R Markdown, and knitr tabs) a Submit item.
You can open a larger editor window with the document in the Markdown or knitr tab by making the corresponding selection from the Edit menu, the right-click context menu when the cursor is in the tab, or by pressing Control-E when the cursor is in the tab.
When you execute commands from the Commander window, you must ensure that the sequence of commands is logical. For example, it makes no sense to fit a statistical model to a data set that has not been read into memory.
Pressing a letter key (e.g., "a") in a list box will scroll the list box to bring the next entry starting with that letter to the top of the box.
You can cancel an R Commander dialog box by pressing the Esc key.
Most R Commander dialogs remember their state when this is appropriate, and can be restored to pristine state by pressing the Reset button.
Some R Commander dialogs have an Apply button that will execute the command generated by the dialog and then re-open the dialog in its previous state.
Exit from the Commander via the File -> Exit menu or by closing the Commander window.
Customization and Configuration
The preferred way of customizing the R Commander is to write a plug-in package: see help("Plugins").
Alternatively, configuration files reside in the etc subdirectory of the package, or in the locations given by the etc and etcMenus options (see below).
The Rcmdr menus can be customized by editing the file Rcmdr-menus.txt.
You can add R code to the package, e.g., for creating additional dialogs, by placing files with file type .R in the etc directory, also editing Rcmdr-menus.txt to provide additional menus, sub-menus, or menu-items. Alternatively, you can edit the source package and recompile it.
To reiterate, however, the preferred procedure is to write an R Commander plug-in package.
A number of functions are provided to assist in writing dialogs, and Rcmdr state information is stored in a separate environment. See help("Rcmdr.Utilities") and the manual supplied in the doc directory of the Rcmdr package for more information.
In addition, several features are controlled by run-time options, set via the options("Rcmdr") command. These options should be set before the package is loaded. If the options are unset, which is the usual situation, defaults are used. Specify options as a list of name=value pairs. You can set none, one, several, or all options. The available options are as follows:
ask.to.exit
if TRUE (the default), then the user is asked whether he or she wants to exit the Rcmdr; if this option is set to FALSE, then the subsequent option is also set to FALSE.
ask.on.exit
if TRUE (the default), then the user is asked whether to save the script file, R Markdown file, and output file when the Rcmdr exits.
attach.data.set
if TRUE (the default is FALSE), the active data set is attached to the search path.
check.packages
if TRUE (the default), on start-up, the presence of all of the Rcmdr recommended packages will be checked, and if any are absent, the Rcmdr will offer to install them.
command.text.color
Color for commands in the output window; the default is "red".
console.output
If TRUE, output is directed to the R Console, and the R Commander output window is not displayed. The default is FALSE, unless the R Commander is running under RStudio, in which case


text:
is increasing research evidence that organizational performance is
affected by governance practices and key factors in the organizational
context, culture and dynamics. Boards in the private, public and voluntary
sectors are devoting increased attention to ensuring that their approach
to governance adds value to the organization and improves its overall
whether this is in search of private profits or
Synergy Associates uses the following definition of governance as a starting point for its work with boards:
"Governance is the:
- dynamic interaction between persons, structures, processes and traditions
- that support the exercise of legitimate authority in
- providing sound leadership, direction, oversight and control of an organization
- to ensure that its purpose is achieved and that
- there is proper accounting for the
- (ethical) conduct of its affairs
- (efficient) use of its resources and
- results of its activities."
Synergy Associates offers Boards of Directors of Non-Profit organizations, Crown Agencies and private businesses the opportunity of a facilitated 'introspective review' of their governance structures and practices. Reviews of the performance of boards, committees, board and committee chairs, directors and CEOs in the nonprofit, public and private sectors, are customized to their current mandates.
The reviews consist of three basic components that may be used individually or in combination:
- Online administration of one of the following:
- Governance Self-Assessment Checklist
- Board Effectiveness Quick Check
- Board and Organizational Culture Assessment
- 'Key Documents Review'
- 'Key Informant Interviews'
The online surveys may be supplemented with additional items related to past performance on critical aspects of the board's mandate (e.g. strategic planning or risk management) or other major initiatives for which the board has responsibility within the context of its governance mandate
A. ONLINE SURVEYS
- 'Governance Self-Assessment Checklist'
The 'GSAC' or 'Checklist' was developed to assist Boards and Chief Executive Officers/Directors General in examining key aspects of governance within their own organizations. These include such dimensions as Board Structure, Board Responsibilities, Board Development and Management, Decision-making Processes and Organizational Culture. A 'Checklist' review would require board members and senior staff to complete the Checklist (approximately 35 minutes).
- The Board Effectiveness Quick Check is a 16-item instrument that measures board effectiveness. It has been validated by published research (Non-Profit Management and Leadership journal, Spring 2005) to correlate very strongly with the larger 146-item 'Governance Self-Evaluation Checklist', with independent judgments of board effectiveness and with overall organizational performance. It tests the following items using a six-point rating scale:
- Board orientation
- Board direction for planning/priorities
- CEO evaluation
- Financial stability
- Clarity of board/CEO roles
- Efficient resource utilization
- Board credibility
- Board commitment to mission and values
- Board compliance with policies/roles
- Level of conflict
- Board/CEO relationships
- Crisis/risk management capability
- Meeting management
- Decision-making processes
- Balance between stability and innovation
- Accountability practices
- Board and Organizational Culture Assessment
This 32-item checklist evaluates board and organizational culture on seven dimensions using a six-point rating scale:
- Role Clarity and Compliance
- Motivation and Commitment to Quality
- Communications and Decision-Making
- Learning Environment
- Trust and Teamwork
- Personal Satisfaction
- Director's Duties
Individual items in this instrument have been validated by published research to correlate with high-performance organizations based on research by the Gallup organization, the Hauser Institute at Harvard University and research on the Governance Self-Assessment Checklist. However, the instrument as a whole has not been research-validated.
B. Key Documents Review
consists of a review of 'Key Documents' such as Bylaws, Governance
Policies, Strategic or Business plans, and financial and operational
audits. We recommend that this be combined with either or both a 'Checklist'
review and/or 'Interviews' since organizations seldom work in practice
exactly as they appear on paper.
with a representative sample of board members, senior staff, workforce
representatives and other key stakeholders or shareholders. Informants
will be identified in consultation with the Board or Governance Committee Chair and Chief Executive Officer/Executive Director.
A more comprehensive governance audit provides an additional review of governance processes assessed against governance best practices. This includes a review of documented governance policies, informal practices, minutes of recent board meetings, strategic plans, board work plans, annual reports, financial statements and website content.
A 'Full Governance Review' will examine the importance of factors such as the relationship between the process for selecting your Board and its responsibility to account to its stakeholders. It will consider such factors as Governance Structure; Board Responsibilities; Financial Circumstances; Governance and Management Practices; Organizational Size and Developmental Stage; Clarity of Roles and Objectives; Adequacy of Information, Performance Monitoring and Accountability Systems; Transparency and Effectiveness of Decision-Making Processes; Leadership Capacity; Organizational Effectiveness; and, Adaptability and Flexibility.
The principles used for reference are those commonly accepted by organizations such as the OECD, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Agency, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Canadian Comprehensive Audit Foundation. These are:
- Ethical Conduct
- Responsible Stewardship
- Participation or Engagement of Stake/Shareholders
AND FOLLOW-UP CONSULTATIONS
are then analyzed and consolidated into an interpretative report with
recommendations. This highlights areas that respondents and our own
analysis have identified as particular strengths
that require attention. A more comprehensive review process will,
of course, result in a more comprehensive report. A draft of the report
is offered to the Board Chair and CEO/DG prior to final editing to
ensure that it is validated by their own perceptions. Follow-up consultation
is available to assist in interpretation and implementation strategy.
board members and senior management reflect upon their knowledge
of important aspects of their organization's structures and practices
as well as their own 'value added' contributions.
is a non-threatening, 'asset-based' self-reflective process that
will generate creative and constructive approaches to your enterprise.
will aid your board in identifying strengths and weaknesses in important
dimensions of governance and organizational stewardship and in establishing
priorities for aspects that may require attention.
will gain confidence in those things that work well in your organization
and know which may need a bit of your attention now and in the longer
process will stimulate and focus thoughtful discussion amongst board
members and their CEO/DG.
is very much a self-evaluation process in which your organization
will be given an opportunity to see its own reflection in a 'Governance
will be negotiated with each organization on an individual basis and
will be sensitive to the resources of the organization as well as
to its size, complexity and a number of other factors.
Governance Review' is normally advised. However, partial reviews using
only one or two of the techniques may satisfy your immediate needs.
The cost will depend on the volume of material that must be reviewed,
the number of interviewees, travel time and other expenses.


A computed column can be described as an expression that is evaluated in a table in the form of a column value. The computed column can have either a physical or logical representation. This means, if a computed column is created or altered to apply the persisted attribute, the actual computed value from the expression will be stored in the table physically. If the persisted attribute is not set, the column is evaluated upon request, and is logical. It is important to note that when persisted is utilized, a computed column is evaluated at any time the columns that are part of the expression being used are updated in any way.
Cardinality is an interesting topic when computed columns are used. In many cases, tuning steps are taken by using computed columns when arithmetic operations are used in queries such as
SELECT Col1 FROM tbl WHERE Col2 + Col3 = 1
The above query can be tuned in many cases by altering the table to add a computed column that already performs the expression Col2 + Col3. Once this is done, statistics can be or are, created on the columns and the estimation of 30% selectivity is not performed. SQL Server 2005 and on uses an estimated 30% selectivity sample or estimation in the case of the query shown above in order to generate the plan. This can be a performance bottleneck in large tables.
Once the computed column is created and persisted, the query could be altered to look like the following
SELECT Col1 FROM tbl WHERE ColComputed = 1
Indexing on ColComputed is typically performed at this point to fulfill the objective of an optimal execution plan.
Taking a deeper look
As we've discussed, using computed columns can be a good tuning method in some cases. Computed columns and cardinality or estimation of rows is also directly affected by how the computed column is created.
To look at the cardinality a little closer, take the following query that was written to read the Credit database from SQLSkills.
select corp_name +'' + city from corporation where
corp_name +'' + city = 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc. '
A query written this way is not as uncommon as you may think. I've seen many instances in both client and mobile applications where string values like the above 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc.', are sent to the database engine to prevent multiple calls and trim the packet that is needed to be sent. This type of query requires some work on the tuner's part to find an optimal plan.
Looking at the plan as it is written above, we can see there is areas that can be improved. One of those areas is the estimation versus the actual rows that are generated.
In a lot of cases, the major difference between estimated and actual rows can mean outdated or stale statistics. However, in this particular case, the statistics were created at the time this query was executed, given the auto create statistics setting on the database. The root cause of this difference in estimated versus actual rows is due to the use of corp_name + ' ' + city. There are 500 rows in the corporation table so the 106 estimated rows is generated from the estimated 30% selectivity that is performed.
We can look at this in another table with more rows, member.
select member_no from member where lastname + ',' + firstname = 'INFANTE,WLTANAWOIKGLQR'
The member table has 10,000 rows and the estimated rows generated from the above query are 1000. As we've seen, the 30% is an estimated number that can be thought of as, up to 30% on a high range. In this case, only 10% was generated.
Computed Column
Fixing the above plan when performance problems are seen from the query being executed several times can be done by utilizing computed columns. This method is the same concept that was mentioned earlier when a calculation is performed on two or more columns in order to retrieve data matching the expressions final value. There is really one gotcha that should be taken into account when creating a computed column: whether it should be persisted or not. Let's look at a non-persisted computed column first.
Alter the corporation table to add a computed column on the expression corp_name + ' ' + city.
ALTER TABLE corporation
ADD [corp_city_computed] AS (([corp_name]+' ')+[city])
Execute the query below and review the results in Plan Explorer.
select corp_name +'' + city from corporation where
[corp_city_computed] = 'Corp. Boston Key StonesInc. '
We've actually introduced more problems with the computed problem as seen above. Now the compute scalar operations are required, and notice the estimated versus actual rows are now showing 500. 500 is the total number of rows in the corporation table. The reason for this is the failure to use persisted on the computed column. Recall, without a persisted computed column, the expression is evaluated every time the systems needs to read the data. So, in order to fulfill the query, the entire nonclustered index is scanned and the computed column is evaluated. Although we've corrected the fact that the estimated and actual rows (cardinality) are now the same, we've introduced something that can be, in some cases, even more of a performance problem.
Add Persisted
In order to fully take advantage of the objective of using computed columns to enhance the performance of the query, the persisted attribute needs to be set. To do this, run the following ALTER statement on corporation.
ALTER TABLE corporation
DROP COLUMN [corp_city_computed]
ALTER TABLE corporation
The ALTER statements above will drop the computed column and add it back on the corporation table while using the persisted setting. This will force the data to be evaluated and stored in the table. Be careful at this point. Creating a computed column with persisted on a large table will take time. The ALTER statement will execute for a variable amount of time based on the expression and the rows that must be evaluated at the time the ALTER statement is performed. During this time, locks will be taken on the table and blocking will, more than likely, occur.
Executing the same query to select on the corporation table results in the following plan.
Given the computed column and persisted nature, the estimated versus actual rows now show a value of 1 for each.
Utilizing computed columns can be extremely effective for tuning certain queries to resolve cardinality issues. While this can be effective, having the persisted setting on or off is vital to the overall effectiveness of the computed column. When creating computed columns, persisted or not, take care in the time it may take to ALTER the table based on the number of rows, data types utilized for the columns in the expression for the computed column and overall, time that may be used with high level locks that can cause severe blocking.
To read more on the selectivity estimate, "Statistics on Computed Columns" by Benjamin Nevarez.


text:
Hey everyone, welcome to my recipe page, looking for the perfect Chicken Stroganoff recipe? look no further! We provide you only the perfect Chicken Stroganoff recipe here. We also have wide variety of recipes to try.
Before you jump to Chicken Stroganoff recipe, you may want to read this short interesting healthy tips about Learn How to Elevate Your Mood with Food.
Mostly, people have been trained to think that "comfort" foods are terrible for the body and must be avoided. However, if your comfort food is candy or junk food this might be true. Otherwise, comfort foods could be very healthy and good for you. There are several foods that, when you eat them, can better your mood. If you are feeling a little bit down and you're needing an emotional pick me up, try a number of these.
Green tea is really excellent for your mood. You were sure it had to be in here somewhere, right? Green tea is high in a specific amino acid called L-theanine. Research has discovered that this amino acid induces the production of brain waves. This helps raise your mental acuity while having a relaxing effect on the rest of your body. You probably already knew it is not difficult to become healthy when you drink green tea. Now you know that it helps you to elevate your moods too!
Now you realize that junk food isn't necessarily what you have to eat when you are wanting to help your moods get better. Try these tips instead!
We hope you got insight from reading it, now let's go back to chicken stroganoff recipe. You can cook chicken stroganoff using 16 ingredients and 10 steps. Here is how you do it.
The ingredients needed to prepare Chicken Stroganoff:
- Use of chicken.
- Prepare 2 lb of Chicken breast (I used bone in with skin, but you can use skinless, boneless chicken also).
- Get 1 can of Chicken broth.
- Take 1 of as needed Water.
- You need 1 tsp of Each: basil, oregano, thyme, garlic powder, salt, pepper.
- Use of mushroom gravy.
- Prepare 4 tbsp of Butter.
- Get 8 oz of Mushrooms, sliced.
- You need 3 tbsp of Flour.
- Use 1 tsp of Onion powder.
- Use 1 tsp of Pepper.
- Prepare 1 tbsp of Parsley or chives.
- Prepare 1 cup of Milk.
- You need 1 of as needed Chicken broth, from the boiled chicken pot (1-2 cups).
- Use 1 can of Cream of mushroom soup, small can.
- Use 1 cup of Sour cream.
Instructions to make Chicken Stroganoff:
- In a tall sauce pot, combine chicken broth, spices, chicken, and enough water to just cover chicken pieces..
- Bring chicken to a boil, then reduce to medium low heat, cover and cook. 30 minutes for bone in chicken. 15 minutes for boneless..
- Remove chicken from broth. Let chicken cool. Return broth to stove and let boil over medium high heat to reduce liquid and concentrate flavors. Meanwhile, make the stroganoff gravy..
- For the gravy:.
- Melt butter in a large skillet..
- Add sliced mushrooms and spices. Stir and cook a few minutes..
- Add flour. Stir and cook a few minutes..
- Now add in the milk, whisking until smooth. Then add mushroom soup, and chicken broth (half cup at a time) continue whisking and adding chicken broth as needed for a nice gravy consistency to your liking..
- Reduce gravy to a simmer. Dice or shred cooked chicken meat and add to the gravy. Add sour cream. Heat until chicken is warmed through..
- Great served over: rice, egg noodles, mashed potatoes, or buttermilk biscuits (the American bread kind)..
Lightly bash the chicken thighs flat and cut across the grain into thin strips. Heat the remaining butter and oil in a second pan and cook the chicken in batches over medium heat until lightly golden. Chicken & mushroom stroganoff With quick red onion pickle "Chicken and mushroom is a classic combo that's always a winner in my house, whether it's in a lasagna, pot pie or served in this creamy and comforting stroganoff. Served with quick pickled red onions to cut through it with lovely zing, this is a tasty midweek dinner. In a large bowl, mix the chicken cubes with the salt, garlic, the paprika and the flour until all the chicken is coated.
If you find this Chicken Stroganoff recipe useful please share it to your good friends or family, thank you and good luck.


text:
present work has therefore been broadened to include aspects of ionospheric radio propagation which were Cited by: If we assume that the transverse radio waves propagate parallel to Bo, the Equation of Motion for electrons trapped in this ionospheric plasma is given by.
m d 2 x/dt 2 - e/c Bo X dx/dt = -e E e-iwt, where the influence of the B field of the transverse wave has been neglected compared to the static induction Bo and the electron charge is given.


text:
Definitions of fake:
- noun: something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be
- noun: (football) a deceptive move made by a football player
- noun: a person who makes deceitful pretenses
- verb: make a copy of with the intent to deceive
Example: "He faked the signature"
- verb: fake or falsify
- verb: talk through one's hat
Example: "The politician was not well prepared for the debate and faked it"
- adjective: not genuine or real; being an imitation of the genuine article
Example: "It isn't fake anything"
- adjective: fraudulent; having a misleading appearance
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #64216)
Search for fake at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
"Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android!
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


text: Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve is a nature park and UNESCO World Heritage Site (inscribed in 1983) located on the island of Praslin, Seychelles. It consists of a well-preserved palm forest made up of the endemic Coco de Mer species, as well as five other endemic species of palm. These palms have the largest seeds of any plant in the world. The trees' leaves grow up to 6 metres wide and 14 metres long. Also unique to the park is its wildlife, which includes endemic birds, mammals, crustaceans, snails, and reptiles.


2014
HOW TO: Enable Numeric Signal Strength On iOS 8
numeric-signal-iOS-7-1-FSMdotCOM
Look up at the top left corner of your iPhone… You see those little dots? As you should be aware by now, these dots are Apple's way of representing something as complicated as a reception meter in a way a layman should understand. While this representation works for most users, it's terribly inaccurate, and frankly doesn't present much information.
What you may not be aware of however is that starting with iOS 4.1 Apple included a hidden app called "test app" that, when opened, enables a cool db meter where your traditional signal dots would be.
Jump over the break to learn how to enable numeric signal strength on your iPhone…
NOTE: even if the title says 'iOS 8', you can follow the same tutorial with ANY iPhone running iOS 4.1+
1. Open the Phone.app and tap on Keypad
2. Type *3001#12345#* and then tap on Call
numeric-signal-iOS-8-1-FSMdotCOM
3. As soon as you tap the Call button, the Field Test app will open. You'll notice that instead of the standard reception dots in the upper left-hand corner of your screen, you've got a negative number indicating the decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm).

The problem is that, as soon as you tap that Home button to exit the Field Test app, your signal will be back to being displayed via the standard reception dots. So let's see how to make the numeric display 'stick'.
4. While in Test Field app, hold down the Sleep/Turn Off button until the Slide to power off screen comes up. Now, instead of turning the phone off, release the Sleep/Turn Off button and hold the Home button for a couple of seconds until it will return you to the Home Screen.
5. That's it, now your signal will be displayed numerically. You can tap on it to switch between the numeric and dots display.
How to read the numeric display:
There's a whole lot to say here, but let's keep it simple:
 - -50dBm: perfect reception
 - anything greater than -100dBm: decent reception
 - anything less than -110dBm: you pretty much have an expensive iPod Touch
For more info, check out this wikipedia page
FSM tries its best not to track you or allow third party services to track you. You may notice we don't use ads or social share buttons.
We don't ask for your email or any other personal info. Hell, we don't even have Google Analytics on the site. FSM tries to provide you with valuable info in a way that respects your privacy.
If you would like to support FSM consider donating with Bitcoin: 1Hfuq77gKKFJeNcq4EP4dQK3yDRWrFEwJR


text:
Electrical Engineering XYZ MCQs
Relaxation Voltage controlled oscillators are used to generate:
- Triangular wave
- Sawtooth wave
- Both 1 and 2
- Sinusoidal wave
Correct answer: 3. Both 1 and 2
- Triangular wave: A relaxation oscillator is capable of generating a triangular wave. In a relaxation oscillator, the capacitor charges up to a certain voltage level and then discharges rapidly through a resistor, causing the voltage to drop. This cycle repeats, resulting in a triangular waveform.
- Sawtooth wave: Similarly, a relaxation oscillator can also generate a sawtooth wave. This is achieved by charging the capacitor linearly (instead of exponentially, as in the case of generating a triangular wave) and then discharging it rapidly. The linear charging results in a linear increase in voltage, leading to a sawtooth waveform when the capacitor discharges.
- Sinusoidal wave: While relaxation oscillators primarily produce triangular and sawtooth waves, they can be used as part of a circuit to generate a sinusoidal wave. However, it typically requires additional circuitry such as filters and nonlinear elements to shape the waveform into a sinusoidal shape.
So, the correct answer is "Both 1 and 2". While relaxation oscillators directly generate triangular and sawtooth waves, with additional circuitry and adjustments, they can also contribute to generating sinusoidal waves indirectly.


text:
Thanks to Wikipedia for this:
Rower woman (in Swedish called Roddarmadam, literally: "Rower Madam") was a female profession in Stockholm, Sweden, from the 1400's to the early 1900's.
It consisted of women who ran a form of early water taxi; rowing people between the islands of Stockholm, to and from the islands of the Stockholm archipelago, as well as to and from places around Lake Mälaren on the other side of Stockholm.
Right up to the mid-1800's, the streets of Stockholm paved with rough cobblestones full of potholes. Therefore, the city's waterways was a much easier way to get around on from island to island
In 1638, the rower women formed a special group within the Swedish ferrymen guild. They handled most of the traffic over the waters of the capital, working in teams of two, taking passengers between its islands, into Lake Mälaren, and to and from islands in the Stockholm archipelago. They could be either married or unmarried, and they inherited their boats from mother to daughter, or bought them from retired colleagues.
They were businesswomen famed for their blunt manner and coarse language. So much so, that in 1759, a law was introduced which specified that they must be sober and maintain a civil language. They were very visible because of their large "weather hoods", a special hat very suited when rowing in bad weather.
In the 1690s, a visiting Italian was impressed by the strength and great speed of the rower women in Stockholm. In 1763, Carl Michael Bellman attracted attention when he came to conflict with one of the rower women and managed to win the argument. During his visit to Sweden in 1787, Francisco de Miranda described the rower women as: "Good women who row like devils!"
During the 19th century, the rower women found increasing competition. Following Fabriks och Handtwerksordning in 1846, which abolished all guild privileges and allowed anyone to start business in any sector of society, a private company acquired a license in 1848 for ferry traffic in Stockholm with boats propelled by hand-operated paddle wheels instead of oars, worked by employed women from Dalarna, who were dressed in their local folk costumes and taught to be nice and courteous to their customers. A few years later steam boats started to take over the business from both types of boats and women.
In 1856, there were 96 rowing boats run by women, with the capacity of transporting 20-25 people in each boat. In 1875, when the rower woman profession was formally abolished (although they were allowed to continue their trade), there were five rowing boat stations in Stockholm, with a total of 23 rowing boats run by women. The number continued to diminish thereafter, and nobody knows exactly when the last rower woman retired herself. However, according to the Stockholm history author Per Anders Fogelström, the activity may very well have continued up to World War I.


Foreign Currency Translation, A Need-to-Know in International Accounting
Published by Alex on
It is a frequent practice for most organizations or entities to engage in transactions that use and involve foreign money. While generally a wise business move, operating this way sometimes presents complications, as the methods of handling foreign and local currencies may vary. Specifically, the issue lies in consolidating the organization's financial statements.
With foreign currency regularly flowing through a company's system, accurate conversion is the biggest concern, as using the wrong exchange rates could lead to discrepancies in accounting. A scenario of this, for example, is using different exchange rates for the same set of data. Should a similar instance happen repeatedly, the result would be a large buildup of inaccurate numbers on file. Eventually, this leads to bigger problems, especially when filing for more official purposes, such as for annual taxes or when appealing to potential investors.
This is the exact reason why international companies must make themselves familiar with the fundamental concepts in international accounting. In this particular case, the applicable process is foreign currency translation. Find out more about this basic international accounting method below.
What is Foreign Currency Translation?
Foreign currency translation is, quite literally, the method of translating foreign money into the currency of the primary economic environment. This is one of the basic tenets of international accounting; any entity dealing with foreign currency must convert said money in a way that is suitable to their existing financial accounts. Failure to properly translate the amounts involved could possibly lead to bigger accounting problems in the future.
In this case, "foreign" refers to any countries, territories, and businesses that are outside of the organization's main area of operation. This includes business deals done with foreign companies or business conducted by an overseas branch of the parent company. Additionally, having an international business means that while a branch may record their finances in the functional currency of their location, the main branch still must translate those figures for accounting.
As a side note, although some words in currency translation accounting seem daunting and technical, it is very easy to understand. To help you out, here are a few basic words to add to your accounting vocabulary:
 - Parent Company
This is the "original" or main company that subsequently launched branches or subsidiaries. Parent companies are the ones to mitigate the issues for foreign currency translation. They translate currency data from their branches and subsidiaries to combine the organization's overall financial statement.
 - Functional Currency
Functional currency is the main currency used by a business for most of its transactions. For example, a British company with subsidiaries in the United States would have the US dollar as its functional currency for the said subsidiary. This is despite the parent company's financial statement being recorded in British pounds.
 - Reporting Currency
Following functional currencies, a reporting currency is that which entities use to report their financial statement. Once the functional currency is established, this data must be consolidated for translation into the company's reporting currency. The transition between this and functional currency is where some adjustments happen according to exchange rates and other factors.
 - Constant Currency
Since the translation of currency is affected by multiple external variables (e.g., exchange rates), fluctuating numbers cannot be helped. Organizations try to circumvent the impact on their financial performance by publishing both the outright financial report (which reflects fluctuations), and the data without these fluctuations. This information is vital for potential and existing investors because it is a more accurate representation of the company's performance, and thus a better judge for its future.
 - TranslationRisk
Speaking of external variables and fluctuations, translation risk is the risk that comes with transacting in foreign currencies. Companies face a problem when the exchange rates fluctuate before they are able to fully consolidate their financial statements. Even accounting for company assets is tricky since their value is also dependent on different factors, including the flow of exchange rates.
Typically, it is the big corporations that are most affected by translation risks. Nevertheless, this risk applies to small businesses that deal in foreign currencies as well. This means that the income they gained from foreign transactions must also be accordingly translated and included in the financial reports.
Foreign Currency Translation Process
The procedure for foreign currency translation is relatively simple and can be done in three moves:
 1. Identify the functional currency of the foreign party. This applies to all sources, whether it's from a subsidiary, branch, or individual client based overseas. For example, if a client from Canada pays an Australian business in Canadian dollars, the functional currency is CA dollar and not AU dollar.
 2. Translate the foreign functional currency into the parent/main branch's functional currency. This step is where a foreign subsidiary's functional currency turns into the company's reporting currency. It is important to align and use a uniform currency for financial statements to avoid discrepancies in accounting.
 3. Consolidate and record all data to find profit gained and lost in the currency translation process. Translation risk comes to play because of the volatile exchange rates. This is also where companies make use of constant currencies to avoid rate fluctuations from affecting their financial performance on paper.
Foreign Currency Translation Methods
To mitigate currency translation risks and effects, companies make use of different foreign currency translation methods. Rather than solely relying on current exchange rates, some organizations may opt to use another rate, depending on different factors.
 - Current Rate Method
This is a straightforward way of converting foreign business assets and liabilities. It simply goes off of the current exchange rate, exposing finances more to fluctuating exchange rates. Because of the risks present, the effect of this currency translation method is often detailed on a separate account, apart from the rest of the company's consolidated income report.
 - Temporal Rate Method
The temporal rate method can also be called the "historical method" because it is used based on varying time factors. Typically, this means applying exchange rates according to either of two time-based events. One is the date of transaction; the other is the date of the company's most recent assessment of the asset's fair market value.
 - Monetary-Nonmonetary Translation Method
Monetary-nonmonetary translation entails combining the two other foreign currency translation methods. This technique is most useful for entities with regular and heavily ingrained foreign transactions. It is particularly beneficial for parent companies with active branches and subsidiaries abroad.
This method separates an organization's monetary assets from the nonmonetary. The money is then translated using the current rate method, basing on the present exchange rate. All nonmonetary items (e.g., equipment, inventories, properties) are then converted through the temporal rate method.
What is Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment?
Also known as cumulative translation adjustment (CTA), foreign currency translation adjustment pertains to the combination of all the fluctuations from exchange rates. This accounts for the gains and losses inflicted by the fluctuating exchange rate and thereby helps in showing a company's true financial abilities. Along with the organization's foreign profits, assets and services acquired internationally are also subject to translation, and consequently, exposed to the risks of exchange rate variations.
In compliance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), CTAs must enable investors to discern the difference in the company's actual financial performance without the impact of gains and losses caused by foreign currency translation. Currency translation accounting can be a complicated and grueling task. Because of this, it is recommended to have a licensed accountant go over the necessary financial statements.
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Pollicization surgery is performed when your child has no thumb or when the thumb hypoplasia is more severe. The operation involves creating a functional thumb by transferring another finger (usually the index) to the thumb position.
 - This may seem drastic because an index finger is being sacrificed. However, since thumb function is crucial to overall hand function, having a three-fingered hand with a thumb will enable your child to have considerably better hand function than a four-fingered hand with no thumb.
 - Surgeons and parents sometimes find that a hand with one thumb and three fingers can actually be quite acceptable in appearance. This operation has an excellent track record and its results are reliable. In cases where the index finger is normal and functional, a very good thumb results.
 - The decision to undergo this procedure depends heavily on the condition of your child's index finger. If the index finger cannot move independently or has other problems, your child's doctor may not recommend pollicization.
If the thumb is completely missing, index pollicization surgery moves the index finger into the thumb position. The index finger is separated at the growth plate, a section of the finger is removed from the hand, and the remaining finger is relocated to where it can serve as a thumb.