text:
ADELPHI LABORATORY CENTER, Md. -- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory opened the Army Cyber-research Analytics Laboratory, or ACAL, on Monday. The facility is unlike any other lab, since it provides industrial and federally-funded partners -- including universities -- access to highly-sensitive live cyber-security data.
Joining ARL Director Dr. Philip Perconti at Monday's ribbon cutting were Lt. Gen. Paul M. Nakasone, commander of U.S. Army Cyber Command; Maj. Gen. Randy Taylor, commanding general of the Communications-Electronics Command; and Dr. Thomas Russell, deputy assistant secretary of the Army for research and technology.
The new research space was developed as a result of a "strong partnership" with Army Cyber Command and represents an extension of ongoing collaborative efforts with the Defense Department's science and technology community, Perconti said.
The ACAL currently houses three distributed computation clusters, the largest of which is configured with over two petabytes of raw storage, over 20 terabytes of RAM, over 1,500 CPU cores and 10- to 40-gigabyte networking. By comparison, a home computer has, on average, four to 16 gigabytes of RAM, and on the very robust end a 512-GB hard drive.
The ACAL relies on technologies most familiar to researchers, analytic developers and data scientists: Hadoop, Elasticsearch, R, Spark, Storm, Accumulo, Kafka, and many others. This degree of high-performance computing and analytic development technology will facilitate the rapid development and deployment of cutting-edge analytic capabilities to meet the warfighter's operational mission needs in the cyber realm, said Akhilomen O. Oniha, lead of the Technical Architecture Team, for this project at ARL.
Oniha said researchers can expect to be able to access the laboratory physically or remotely to assess emerging cyber threats such as hackings and communication jams, and quickly develop and deploy cyber analytic capabilities like active cyber defense and cyber maneuvers that limit lateral propagation of hostile malware to address them.
Lt. Gen. Nakasone said the opening of the ACAL is an indication of ARL's "long history as the leader in modern computing." He said the ACAL not only "represents a new capability, but a new direction in the way we develop and deploy capabilities to defend Army networks. (ACAL) provides a dynamic environment to host active cyber defense research -- our most pressing challenge in exercises and training.
"The ARL/Army Cyber partnership goes back to our birth in 2010," he continued. "We recognized the critical role that science and technology partnerships would play in our future. Army Cyber invested in ARL.
"ARL's expertise has been crucial to our efforts at Army Cyber Command and to build what we think is one of our most exciting developments, our big data platform," he said.
ARL has been formally identified in the Department of Defense Cybersecurity Services program as having multiple top Defensive Cybersecurity capabilities in the DOD. ARL's analysts have discovered and responded to over 19,000 confirmed cyber incidents and events since 2005, a record unmatched by any other Department of Defense laboratory.
Army senior officials rely on ARL to provide them with knowledge and understanding, based on fundamental and early applied research, to inform decisions on options for disruptive warfighting capabilities with reduced uncertainty and calculated risk.
Fundamental scientific investigations are, at times, integrated with real-world events, like continuous cybersecurity defense services and cyber survivability and vulnerability analysis of Army systems. The ACAL can be used to develop test plans and concept of operations for real-world use.
ARL's cyber security research is largely focused on challenges unique to Army ground operations. Soldiers operate in complex terrain wrought with rapidly changing connectivity that's restricted by spectrum and players -- allies and adversaries -- on the networks.
As war continues to shift further in the cyber domain, the ACAL will become a necessary ARL resource to perform foundational research to inform the Army operating concept for the multi-domain battle in the "deep future," officials said. ARL planners expect that as the ACAL matures, the laboratory will support rapid development and deployment requirements for the Army's Computer Network Defense, providing analytic capabilities across ARL, Army Cyber Command, Network Enterprise Technology Command and their partners.
The ACAL will also be used for personnel training, product integration, systems engineering, and integrated testing using real-world data.


text:
Simple Digital Library Index
Simple Digital Library Index (SDLI) is designed to make it quick and easy to assemble digital libraries for schools in a format that is accessible, fast and easy to add content in bulk, and can be easily replicated to make it accessible in multiple locations even if there are asynchronous or very slow connections. It provides a GUI for the library maker that makes it simple to build the library. Does not need server side components and generates a master index XML file.
- Generates a plain old HTML browsing interface - no MySQL, PHP, etc. required
- Generates an index of all the meta data and files in the library - you can download this and use it the same way as a repository
- Very simple to add content - just assemble folders of content and tag the files using their own format if required.
- Very easy to replicate - static HTML files are generated; therefor it can be easily copied to any medium, made accessible by being put into a webserver (e.g. Apache) directory
- Suitable for offline use or use on a school server that does not have an internet connection.
- Can be simply localized by using an XML dictionary file. Will look and see if this can be generated from po files etc. HTML pages will be automatically generated for each language as specified in the config file.
- Can be made full text searchable by feeding the index page to Nutch
This is under active development - the key things we're working on:
- Adding HTML 5 Manifests to each generated entry page so selecting it for offline use would download all required components
- Adding to the reader activity so that one can browse the index and then select downloads
- Add Ogg Video support
- Add ODF document support
- Add wizard for tagging HTML content / offline websites
 Getting Started
You can download the distribution _URL_ Make sure you have JRE installed and then just double click the Jar file (on windows) or cd to the directory and run java -jar SimpleLibraryIndexSystem.jar
Source available from: _URL_
 Website Downloads
Recommend to use Webdump / httrack to download the website - then make a dummy page with the meta data as per the sample files.
 File Formats
- Ogg Audio - will extract meta data (Title, Subject from Genre)
- PDF - Will extract title, subject, etc.
- HTML - Looks through dublin core meta data.
- Ogg Video - Work in progress
Adding File formats is easy - there's a Java interface that defines what needs done - see existing ones in dcxmlgenerators
 Sample of Dublin Core XML File used
 Library Base Folder Mathematics Physics Audio Folder of stuff en ps fa ERTV
- Run the index creator by going to the file with the jar and running java -jar SimpleLibraryIndexSystem.jar (where this is the name of the jar file)
- Open up the generated index.html in the browser
Greenstone seems to be the most famous; however this was quite complex / non standard to setup on Linux, required quite some effort to tag all the data into a collection, and finally the search system didn't include the text being searched for... This could have been quite nice for one big online collection; but for distributed collections it didn't seem quite what we were looking for. Nevertheless some very nice content is being made available this way.
Various systems have ways of making galleries etc. - but most require PHP, MySQL, or some server stack. We wanted something as simple as possible to replicate and copy by any means.
Moodle was more designed as a learning management system - not as a library...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The following calibration devices are available:
- Calibration swing arm
- White light source (mounted at calibration swing arm)
- Diode source (mounted at calibration swing arm)
The following options make sense for controlling the calibration devices:
- The intuitive location because the OSS TCS subsystem is responsible for swing arms in general.
- All instruments are able to use the calibration devices via TCS.
- The TCS software engineers are forced to write low-level device drivers
- The Arbitrator provides a central interface for accessing the calibration devices. It is possible to have a ICE interface to maximize accessibility.
- The Arbitrator coordinates the calibration devices.
- The arbitrator uses proven low-level device drivers.
- The Argos workstation with the Arbitrator needs to be powered up.
- It is mandatory that one Arbitrator runs for every telescope side.
Calibration Subsystem CAL
- The calibration subsystem CAL will have a similar state machine like the other subsystems like LAS and LGSW.
- The calibration subsystem can provide via an ICE interface access to the devices for other instruments.
- No Argos Arbitrator is mandatory.
- The other instruments must get to know the subsystem state machine.
- The Argos software engineers will spend a lot of time to write this subsystem.
- It is required that the Argos workstations are powered up.
Direct Access To The Devices
- No supervisor program is necessary, i.e. no programming work for Argos software engineers. Other instrument groups can find the manuals for writing low-level drivers on this wiki.
- Every instrument group is forced to develop low-level drivers by their own.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


UK Seas
Discover the wonderful sea creatures that inhabit the UK seas and shores
Know the name of the creature you are looking for?
UK seas is a guide to the fauna and flora found around UK coasts. While the majority of species are marine, some species are included that are regularly encountered on land by the coast, so you'll find descriptions of non-marine species such as reptiles, amphibians, insects and plants as well.
Cuttlefish
Sepia officinalis
Type
Molluscs
Description
Large eye, striped body shaped by the central "bone" and ten tentacles (the two longest ones are usually hidden).
Changes colour and pattern for camouflage better than any chameleon!
Location
In the shallows
Search by…
Habitat
Type


text: Actually published in 1908, Dowling asserted that he had transcribed this work from Akashic records, which gave a detailed account of the life of Jesus. The title was derived from an age determined by constellations, adding an astrological meaning with an appellation that indicated the Age of Aquarius. "The Aquarian Gospel" has been deemed an apocryphal work, despite the fact that it was written and published recently, noticeably later than most other works of the same nature. It does have in common with such writings an account of the entire life of Jesus in 182 chapters, beginning with the early life of his mother Mary and going through his death and Resurrection, concluding with Pentecost and the foundation of the Christian Church. Though controversial and considered to contain inaccuracies, Dowling's work does make claims of a comforting nature, such as the assertion that 'No soul is ever abandoned by God.' With that and other reassuring claims, "The Aquarian Gospel" has tentatively taken its place amid other works of religious literature.


text:
Stile Understanding Texts Book 10
The Stile Tray (sold seperately) is the key to the self-checking activities of the Key Stage 2 programme. Pupils answer the questions by simply placing each of the twelve numbered tiles on the appropriate square on the base of the tray. When all the tiles have been placed, they close the tray, turn it over, and reopen it to reveal a geometric pattern. If the answers?are all correct, the pattern will match the one printed at the top of the exercise. There are many different accompanying workbooks for use with the Stile Tray, covering Literacy, Maths and Dyslexia. A collection of 96 funny, factual and fictional exercises. This book offers a systematic approach to the teaching of key aspects of Literacy for children aged 7-11. The materials are also suitable for the practice and reinforcement of key skills with older children with additional and special educational needs. Concentrating on understanding and interpreting texts these passages and questions will reinforce and develop key comprehension skills. Children can access text in a meaningful and appropriate way, developing both their independence and their confidence.
- 16-pages (246 x 168mm)
- Teacher's notes.
Book content is the same as in our Stile Literacy programme.
Starter Stile Tray sold separately: ACMT00705


text:
Siebel Business Process Designer Administration Guide > For Developers: Understanding How Workflow Processes Are Designed > Building Long-Running Workflow Processes >
Assigning Subprocesses to End Users to Create Collaborative Long-Running Workflows
Using the subprocess step, you can configure workflows that assign interactive subprocess workflows to end users to create collaborative workflow processes. An example of a collaborative workflow is one that includes a requirement for approvals; the route the workflow takes as tasks is a route across multiple users.
Use the Step Recipient field on a subprocess step to create collaborative workflows. Assignment occurs based on the login name, not on the Position or User ID. This login name may be a literal value, it may be held in a process property or a buscomp field, or it may be the result of an expression.
NOTE: The Process Designer cannot validate the data supplied to make sure that it represents a valid login name at design time.
To assign subprocesses to end users
- Create a subprocess step.
- Right-click the subprocess step and choose Show Recipients.
- In the WF Step Recipients applet, set the Recipient Name field to the login name of the assignee (the end user who will be assigned the subprocess).


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Intro
Gallery
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Components
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API Reference
Onboarding
Hosting
Tutorial
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Intro
This tutorial will walk you through building an AI chat app with Reflex. This app is fairly complex, but don't worry - we'll break it down into small steps.
You can find the full source code for this app here.
In this tutorial you'll learn how to:
 1. Install reflex and set up your development environment.
 2. Create components to define and style your UI.
 3. Use state to add interactivity to your app.
 4. Deploy your app to share with others.
← How Reflex WorksSetup →
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text:
Architecture of MLRISC
The core components of MLRISC allow the client to quickly construct
an backend for various architectures. These components include:
- The MLTREE language,
which is a RTL-like intermediate language
that is used by the client
to communicate to the MLRISC system. A client is
responsible for writing the module that generates MLTREE from
the source program representation.
- Instruction selection modules,
which generates target machine
instructions from MLTREE.
- The Register Allocator,
which performs register allocation.
- Assemblers, which emits assembly code.
For systems that require direct machine code generation, the following
modules are included:
In addition, MLRISC has been enhanced to support various types of
machine level optimizations. These include:
- Core optimizations, which includes
various types of control flow transformation,
and architectural specific peephole optimizations.
- SSA based scalar optimizations
- ILP optimizations for superscalars
- ILP optimizations for VLIW/EPIC architectures
- GC safety analysis
Basic concepts in MLRISC are:
- Instructions --
the instruction set of the target architecture.
- Cells -- which describes registers,
memory and other mutable resources in the machine.
- Regions -- a client defined
abstract type used to represent aliasing information available from
- Constants -- a client defined
place holder used to represent constants whose values are unknown
in the front-end.
- Pseudo Ops -- a client defined
- Annotations -- this is
a generic mechinism for propagating information in the MLRISC sstem.
The client may attach arbitrary annotation of various granularity
to MLRISC's program representation,
which can then be propagated to later phases.
These can be information related to profiling frequency, dependence,
comments, and/or types.
The same mechanism is also used to propagate
analysis information one optimization phase to
- Instruction Streams -- an abstraction
for describing a stream of instructions. Instruction streams are
used to connect modules such as instruction selection, assembler,
machine code emitter, and
control flow graph builder.
- Regmap -- a mapping between registers
names. MLRISC register allocators represent the result of register
allocation as a regmap.
- Labels -- a type representing
- Label Expressions -- a type representing
involving symbolic labels.
How Things Are Fit Together
MLRISC uses two different program representations, clusters and MLRISC IR.
Conversion modules between the two representations are provided.
In general MLRISC optimization phases are transformations applied on one
of these representations. Optimizations may be chained together to form
a compiler backend. For example, a minimal backend consists of
- the instruction selection module, which translates
MLTree into target instructions,
- the flowgraph builder, which conversts a stream of target instructions
into a cluster,
- the register allocator, which performs register allocation, and
- the assembly code emitter, which generates assembly output
Last modified: Thu Jan 9 19:38:15 EST 2003 by leunga@slinky


text:
Keywords: EKC, environmental Kuznets curve, integrated assessment, social preferences, climate change assessment, climate change modelling, CO2 emissions, carbon emissions, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, GHG emissions
Social preferences and Environmental Kuznets Curve in climate change integrated assessment modelling
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis implies that a bell shaped relationship between income and pollution would induce policy makers to pursue economic growth in order to improve environment. In this paper we will use the popular integrated assessment model DICE for climate change in order to consider a more generalised version of the social planner utility function and we will investigate the relationship between income and pollution for different values of the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption (α). Results do not provide evidence in favour of the Environmental Kuznets Curve existence for CO2 emissions in the optimal path but EKC decomposition factors are affected by variations of the α parameter.


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The following essentially implies the equivalence of Anantharaman-Delaroche's compact approximation property (page 337 of _URL_ and the Haagerup approximation property.
Let $M$ be a type $II_{1}$ factor with trace $\tau$. Let $\Omega$ denote the standard unit cyclic trace vector in $L^{2}(M)$ (associated to the element $1\in M$). If $\phi:M \rightarrow M$ is a normal completely positive map, we naturally associate an operator $T_{\phi}\in B(L^{2}(M))$ extending $T_{\phi}(x\Omega)=\phi(x)\Omega$.
If the map $x\mapsto \phi(x) \Omega$ is a compact linear map from $M$ with the operator norm into $L^{2}(M)$, is the operator $T_{\phi}$ compact?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
(I removed my first answer as it contained an egregious mistake, pointed out by Yemon; here's a second attempt)
I think that $T_\phi$ may fail to be compact.
Fix a sequence of projections $\{p_k\}$ in $M$, pairwise orthogonal, with $\tau(p_k)=2^{-k}$ ($\tau$ the trace in $M$) and sum 1. Now define \[ \phi:M\to M,\ \ \ \mbox{ given by } \phi(x)=\sum_k 2^k\tau(xp_k)p_k. \] (the series converges strongly because all of its terms are positive and any partial sum is bounded by $\|x\|$). This map is ucp (it is an infinite sum of cp), and since it commutes with $\tau$, it is normal. Let us also define the maps \[ \phi_n=\sum_{k=1}^n 2^k\tau(xp_k)p_k. \] The maps $x\mapsto \phi_n(x)\Omega$ are all finite-rank.
If $\|x\|\leq1$, we have, using that the set $\{p_k\}$ is orthogonal in $L^2(M)$, \[ \left\|\phi(x)-\phi_n(x)\right\|_2^2=\left\|\sum_{k>n}2^k\tau(xp_k)p_k\right\|_2^2 =\sum_{k>n}|\tau(xp_k)|^2\leq\sum_{k>n}\tau(p_k)^2\leq\frac1{3\times 4^n} \] This shows that $\|\phi-\phi_n\|<4^{-n}$ in $B(L^2(M))$: so the map $x\mapsto \phi(x)\Omega$ is compact.
Now consider the orthonormal set $\{2^kp_k\}$ in the unit ball of $L^2(M)$. Since $\phi(p_k)=p_k$, we get that $T_\phi(2^kp_k)=2^kp_k$; so the range of $T_\phi$ contains an orthonormal set: $T_\phi$ is not compact.
share|improve this answer
I don't think that the unit ball of L^\infty[0,1] is pre-compact as a subset of L^2[0,1] -- consider the sequence $e_n(t) =\exp(2\pi int)$. (This was pointed out to me, after a talk I gave, when I was momentarily hung up on an example of a non-compact map from $L^\infty[0,1]$ to $L^2[0,1]$. The map is completely continuous and weakly compact, though.) – Yemon Choi Oct 9 '10 at 5:00
Yeah, I could have thought of that example. Thanks, Yemon! – Martin Argerami Oct 9 '10 at 5:20
Excellent! Thank you! – Jon Bannon Oct 10 '10 at 0:32
You are welcome! – Martin Argerami Oct 10 '10 at 4:45
Your Answer


text:
What are tracking IDs, and how does the new site help Associates use them?With tracking IDs, Associates can analyze the performance of various Web sites or merchandising strategies while accumulating earnings under a single Associates ID. For example, Associate storeid-20 might use the tracking ID storeid-1-20 to track referrals from one section of his Web site, and storeid-2-20 to track referrals from another section. Each ID would generate earnings for his Associates account storeid-20. He can view earnings for all tracking IDs taken together, or generate reports for each tracking ID individually. If you would like to create tracking IDs for your Associates account, please visit your account and click on "Manage your Tracking ID" link.
We've added several features to the site to help Associates who use tracking IDs analyze their performance and build custom links. You'll:
- Get results faster. The Tracking ID Summary Report now includes data for only those tracking IDs that have activity in the requested time period, making it easier to read and faster to load.
- Analyze performance more easily. Reports data for Associates accounts now include the tracking ID for each transaction. Get all the data you need in a single download instead of generating a report for each tracking ID.
- Save time while building links. You can change the tracking ID to be used in the resulting code at any time while you're building links. This increases your flexibility and eliminates the need for you to repeat steps.


text:
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)|
A batsman is out bowled if his wicket is put down by a ball delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant as to whether the ball has touched the bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing so. Such rules mean that bowleds are the most obvious of dismissals: almost never requiring an appeal to the umpire; a bowled batsman will usually acknowledge the dismissal voluntarily.
If the delivered ball deflects off the bat, and bowls the batsman, then the informal term is known as played on, knocked on or dragged on. If the wicket is put down without the batsman making any sort of contact with the ball, then it is known as clean bowled with variations being 'bowled through the gate', where the ball travels between the bat and pad, or 'bowled around the legs', where the ball goes behind (to the legside of) the batsman and hits the stumps.
A batsman is out bowled even if he could be given out by another method of dismissal instead. For instance, suppose a ball that pitches in line with the stumps, hits the player on the pads in line with the stumps and would, if it had not hit the pads, have struck the stumps. The player could be out leg before wicket. However, if the ball ricochets off the pads onto the stumps, the batsman would be given out bowled instead.
Being out bowled is the second most common method of dismissal after caught. The bowler is credited to have dismissed the batsman if a batsman is given out bowled.


text:
Cornwall woke up to some interesting scenes this morning, a weird burning smell has been reported on the coast and apparently the sky was also looking rather green and yellow.
You guessed it, Hurricane Ophelia is to blame, and these strange symptoms have also been spotted across the Tamar.
UK South West Storm Chasers blame the phenomenon on 'atmospheric changes' but a more detailed answer involves air molecules, say our colleagues at Devon Live.
Some experts think that before a thunderstorm, golden-reddish light from a sun low in the sky - and a natural bluing effect in the air - combine to create a green sky.
A different theory by meteorological experts holds that storm clouds themselves may help make the colour of the sky bluish-green.
Storm clouds — which are filled with water — could be illuminated by the golden light of a low sun to create the color green.
A yellow warning for very high winds remains in place for Devon and Cornwall this morning as the remnants of Hurricane Ophelia head to our shores.
Unusually warm conditions are in place across the Westcountry as conditions from the tropics head in our direction. The Met Office says winds could gust up to 85mph in some parts of Ireland, where warnings have been upgraded to the highest level and troops have been placed on standby to deal with the effects of the storm.
In Devon winds are not expected to extreme, although lighter than those across the Irish Sea. Nonetheless roads and rail might well be affected by Ophelia. The RNLI is concerned that storm watchers, drawn to the coastline, could put themselves in danger.
The highest winds are expected to take place between 3pm and 10pm today.
Dr Dave Reynolds from The Weather Channel said the orange/yellow glow which could be spotted in the sky today was the made possible as four conditions came together.
Strong winds were strong over Spain and Portugal on Sunday resulted in dust from the Iberian Peninsula being raised and then blown to the UK on a strong south to south-westerly flow.
He added: "This is a result of Ophelia to the west of Portugal (on Sunday) and high pressure over the western Mediterranean, although it doesn't necessarily need a hurricane to do this (a regular, north Atlantic low would be just as good - so long as all the other conditions are met).
"Furthermore, and importantly, the cold front of Ophelia moved across southern Britain this morning and was very weak - this meant there was not much rain to wash the dust out.
"The winds are still southerly, despite the cold front coming through. Usually winds would veer and fresher (=clearer) Atlantic air would come in behind a cold front - but this won't happen until later today. As fresher air moves in later today, expect the colouration to gradually fade.
"On top of this, much of the cloud at the moment is at mid-levels. The lower levels and upper levels are fairly clear, which allows more sunlight to penetrate the cloud deck and, combined with the fairly high cloud base (3,600 ft at Birmingham Airport at the time of writing), allows conditions to be bright at surface."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Cordelia Head of J&L Orchids will be discussing several different genera of miniature and micro-miniature orchids. Topics will include basic functions of orchids, troubleshooting, how roots and leaves indicate their needs, and how to adapt to growing them in a home environment.
Cordelia Head is one of three previous owners of J&L Orchids and is proud to be associated with the new owners, the Carreno family. She has been growing orchids for 40 years and is very involved in orchid judging, conservation, the American Orchid Society and World Orchid Conference. She has discovered a number of new orchid species, many named for her, in her world travels.


text:
Today was our last day to get everything organised ahead of the participants arriving, most interestingly it was our chance to look at the Mitrovica Museum collection and working with the museum staff to select objects for the participants. The collection is varied and a fascinating view of the archaeological and historical background of the area.
The objects that we have selected are a great mix of material types from different time periods, this will allow participants to think about and work on objects that have different documentation and conservation issues. It was important to choose objects that showed both simple and complex conservation issues so that we can suit all the participants' needs and experiences.
Looking forward to getting started and both teaching and learning from the participants.


Object Reference : Object View and Procedure Reference : Spool

Spool

addfolder
append
clearhist
clearremarks
comment
copy
display
displayname
extract
flatten
graphmode
hide
horizindent
insert
label
leftmargin
move
name
olepush
options
print
remove
save
setattr
setfont
setzoom
show
spool
tablemode
title
topmargin
vertindent
vertspacing
width
Spool object. Container for output objects.
Spool Declaration
spool create spool object.
To declare a spool object, use the keyword spool, followed by the object name:
spool myspool
In addition, you may create a new spool by redirecting print jobs to the spool
output(s) mynewspool
tab1.print
Spool Views
display display the contents of the spool.
Spool Procs
addfolder adds an object folder to a spool.
append append objects to a spool.
clearhist clear the contents of the history attribute.
clearremarks clear the contents of the remarks attribute.
comment assign a comment to an object in a spool.
copy creates a copy of the spool.
displayname assign a display name to an object in a spool.
extract extract a copy of an object in a spool.
flatten remove tree hierarchy from the spool or specified embedded spool.
graphmode set the display mode for graphs in the spool.
hide hides objects of specified type.
horizindent sets the horizontal indentation for the spool.
insert insert objects into a spool.
label label information for the spool object.
leftmargin sets the left margin of the spool or a specified embedded spool.
move move an object in the spool.
name rename an object in a spool.
olepush push updates to OLE linked objects in open applications.
options set display options for a spool.
print print an object in a spool.
remove remove objects from a spool.
save save spool object to disk as an a tab-delimited ASCII text, CSV, RTF or LaTeX file.
setattr set the value of an object attribute.
setfont set the font for title and comments.
setzoom set the zoom level of the spool default display view.
show displays objects of specified type.
tablemode set the display mode for tables and text objects in the spool.
title assign or change the title of a spool.
topmargin sets the top margin of the spool or a specified embedded spool.
vertindent sets the vertical indentation for the spool.
vertspacing sets the amount of vertical spacing between objects in the spool.
width change or reset the width of an object in the spool.
Spool Data Members
String Values
@attr("arg") string containing the value of the arg attribute, where the argument is specified as a quoted string.
@description string containing the Spool's description (if available).
@detailedtype string with the object type: "SPOOL".
@displayname string containing the Spool's display name. If the Spool has no display name set, the name is returned.
@name string containing the Spool's name.
@objname(i) string containing name of the i-th object in the spool.
@objtype(i) string containing type of the i-th object in the spool ("graph", "table", "text", "spool").
@remarks string containing the Spool's remarks (if available).
@type string with the object type: "SPOOL".
@updatetime string representation of the time and date at which the Spool was last updated.
Scalar Values
@count number of base objects in the spool.
@totalcount number of objects in a flattened version of the spool.
Spool Examples
spool myspool
myspool.append ser1.line
myspool.insert(offset=first) ser2.line
myspool.displayname untitled01 "Unemployment Rate"
myspool.options displaynames


text:
This presentation overviews the different meanings of caching and highlights the techniques and tricks available to improve the performance of the Symfony2 web application. It also covers the importance of keeping an eye on what's happening within the wider system.
The presentation begins with a description of the caching mechanisms that are currently included within the Symfony2.2 standard edition – such as the app/cache folder, the cache of doctrine and twig, proposed solutions for the HTTP caching, file system, query, assets(ic)s, php, and sessions. The first part of the presentation concludes with a section on 'tricks' and the best practices used to optimise web applications.
The second part of the presentation focuses on data analysis, how to track and measure applications and why the use of software metrics that push information are essential.
Delegates will be shown practical examples of how Terravision uses Statsd, Sentry versus Graylog for the error behavior analysis of users, applications, operating systems and web servers.
The final part of the presentation concludes with methodologies of advanced scalability, events, messages and queues.


text:
Volume 8 (1996) Issue 1 Pages 1-4
In this study, forty-one hemodialysis outpatients performed a daily walking exercise. For this exercise, patients were instructed to walk beyond a daily target number of steps for three consecutive weeks. The target number of steps was defined as 120% of the average number of steps per day prior to the exercise. The effects of this exercise were examined by comparing the six-minute walking distance (6MD), and physiological cost index (PCI) before and after performing the exercise. The results were as follows: the target numberof steps during the exercise period was achieved by 19 of 41 patients; 6MD of target achieving patients was significantly increased by this exercise; the difference in PCI before and after this exercise was not statistically significant. This study suggests that the present exercise triggered an increase in the number of steps per day and improved the actual walking performance as measured by 6MD.


text:
Transfer Callers from your Cell Phone or Landline with Virtual PBX
What it Does
Call Transfer Take Back allows you to put a caller back into the Diamond Voice IVR system and send the call to another extension.
Why it Makes Your Callers Happier!
After a call is routed to you, the caller may need to talk with someone else at your office. Instead of making them hang up and call back, you can route them yourself. Now you have the ability to Transfer Calls just like a PBX from your cell phone, home or small office telephone.
This saves time and adds convenience for your customers.
How it Works
When a call is transferred to you through the Diamond Voice IVR, you can press a button on your phone, like "0" or "9", to route the caller to a different menu or extension mailbox. The button and the destination box are pre-programmed for you.
So, for example, you can tell the caller: "I'm going to put you back in to the auto attendant. Press 3 to reach accounting." When you press "0", your phone hangs up and the caller is back in the automated IVR menu where they can choose another destination. Or "0" can send them directly to an extension such as another colleague or department.
Transfer Take Back is flexible to meet your specific requirements. The Transfer Button is defaulted to "0" but can be set to a different digit if needed. The Transfer Destination can be any mailbox or menu connected to your Virtual Office service configuration.
To give your caller choices, the destination can be your Main Menu.
To always send the call to your assistant, the destination can be the assistant's extension.
If the caller needs to make a payment, the destination can be Pay By Phone.
If the caller needs to leave a message, the destination could be your mailbox.
If you want the caller to take a survey, the destination could be a Question and Answer mailbox.
Examples of Transfer Take Back
- Keep mobile employees connected to the main office and each other.
- Extend PBX functionality to home-based contractors.
- Route callers to a Customer Satisfaction survey at the end of the call.
- Place customers in an Automated Payment system.
- Send call center callers to secondary support level.
What it Costs
Transfer Take Back is a free feature with any Diamond Voice Virtual Office or Voicemail service. Just contact the Diamond Voice Support department or your Account rep to activate!
Questions? Contact a friendly support specialist today! 888-293-1550Contact Us Today!


text:
The 55 storytelling cards of the SAGA deck, painted by Ely Raman, depict characters, scenes, and objects from a land that never was and always is. Each card is a springboard into a familiar myth or fairy tale, or into a story that has never been told before.
The SAGA cards rekindle the delight of spontaneity, surprise, and memories of childhood dreams. The images invite us to travel, with or without a child, into the world of story, fantasy, dreams and magic.
See the Order Page for cost and availability.
Articles and further information about this deck:
- A Grammar Lesson with OH Cards A 6th grade grammar teacher uses SAGA and original OH for a grammar lesson.
- Cards of Association for Creative Writing Using OH cards for losening creativity and for general problem-solving.
- Richard Martin | OH Cards as Teaching Tools Using OH cards to teach storytelling and English as a second language.
- Child Therapy and Mental Health The use of various OH genre cards in therapy practice with children.
- Storytellers Using OH Cards Links to some of the storytellers around the world who use OH cards.


SMF
Réduction des homéomorphismes symplectiques
Reduction of symplectic homeomorphisms
Vincent HUMILIÈRE, Rémi LECLERCQ, Sobhan SEYFADDINI
Réduction des homéomorphismes symplectiques
 - Consulter un extrait
 -

 - Année : 2016
 - Fascicule : 3
 - Tome : 49
 - Format : Électronique
 - Langue de l'ouvrage :
 Anglais
 - Class. Math. : 53D40; 37J05.
 - Pages : 633-668
 - DOI : 10.24033/asens.2292
Nous avons démontré dans [?], qu'un homéomorphisme symplectique qui laisse invariante une sous-variété coïsotrope $C$, préserve également son feuilletage caractéristique. Il induit donc un homéomorphisme sur la réduction symplectique de $C$. Dans cet article, nous démontrons que l'homéomorphisme ainsi obtenu exhibe certaines propriétés symplectiques. En particulier, dans le cas où la variété symplectique ambiante est un tore et la sous-variété coïsotrope est un sous-tore standard, nous démontrons que l'homéomorphisme réduit préserve les invariants spectraux et donc aussi la capacité spectrale. Pour démontrer notre résultat principal, nous construisons, à l'aide de l'homologie de Floer lagrangienne, une nouvelle famille d'invariants spectraux qui satisfont un nouveau type d'inégalité triangulaire.
In [?], we proved that symplectic homeomorphisms preserving a coisotropic submanifold $C$, preserve its characteristic foliation as well. As a consequence, such symplectic homeomorphisms descend to the reduction of the coisotropic $C$. In this article we show that these reduced homeomorphisms continue to exhibit certain symplectic properties. In particular, in the speciﬁc setting where the symplectic manifold is a torus and the coisotropic is a standard subtorus, we prove that the reduced homeomorphism preserves spectral invariants and hence the spectral capacity. To prove our main result, we use Lagrangian Floer theory to construct a new of spectral invariants which satisfy a non-standard triangle inequality.
Variétés symplectiques, réduction symplectique, topologie symplectique $C^0$, invariants spectraux.
Symplectic manifolds, symplectic reduction, $C^0$–symplectic topology, spectral invariants.


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c# - nhibernate webApp serializing fluently configurated object
问题描述:
Since I am begginer with nhibernate I'm going to risk to ask a repeated question.
Can someone show me on practical example serialization fluently created configuration object with one mapped entity to be simple as it can. I do not ask for mapping of entity itself, neither actual example of an entity, just nhib.configuration and serialization on disk having web app. usage in mind.
Please ask if you need more information.
Thanks
网友答案:
Sample code which demonstrates how to serialize/deserialize.
essentially it is
using(var file = File.Open(SerializedConfiguration, FileMode.Create))
{
 var bf = new BinaryFormatter();
 bf.Serialize(file, configuration);
}
Note: all own implementations of interfaces like IUserType, IConnectionProvider, ... have to be serializable.
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There are a number of reasons why some countries publish more than others but it is no real surprise that the USA produces the most scientific papers. Over the period _PHONE_ there were 2.9 million scientific papers published in the USA according to Essential Science Indicators at Thomson Reuters (see infographic) (_URL_ This is considerably more than the next two countries in the top 20 list, Japan and Germany, who each produced a respectable 0.8 million scientific papers.
It is also worth mentioning the three countries that just missed the top 20 list:, Scotland, Denmark and Israel. These small countries have managed to punch above their weight, producing 0.1 million science papers each over the ten year period.
To investigate the reasons behind these figures it would be necessary to compare a number of different factors between the top 20 countries including science funding, population size, GDP, education levels, facilities and language advantages.
Perhaps more interesting are the doughnut and bar charts on the infographic showing the number of citations for each country and the number of citations per paper. This indicates that the work has contributed to subsequent research and can be considered as a mark of quality. Again, the USA has the most citations but Switzerland has more citations per paper produced.
Thomson Reuters also listed some 'rising star' countries that had the highest percentage increase in citations for the first three quarters of 2011. These are represented by the flags at the bottom of the map.
In honour of Open Access Week last week, we decided to produce an additional infographic. The open access movement has grown considerably over the last decade and they now represent 20% of all scientific journals. If this trend continues perhaps we will see a higher number of publications from less well funded countries?


text:
You can create a copper effect using shades and tints of Hue 25.
The gradients on the left represent a range of copper colors from very pale, mint new copper, to dull old copper on the right. Creating these two gradients creates a range of copper
colors from which we can select using the Color Picker (the eye dropper) in the Color Editor to create copper colored fills.
Colors from the two gradients were used to create this shiny copper pipe. If you want to recreate this image, use the Color Picker (the eye dropper) in the Color Editor
(Ctrl e) to sample the various colors.
Placing the darkest and lightest of the copper colors very close together on the side of the pipe gives the impression the pipe is very shiny.
Using darker colors and a gentler gradient of three colors creates the appearance of older copper that has gotten dull with age.
As copper is exposed to the elements it sometimes acquires a mottled green patina (this look is often accomplished by placing certain acids on the copper to
turn the copper green). Here's how we can recreate this verdigris green look in Xara.
Create a Fractal Cloud fill using two shades of blue green: RGB
40, 160, 115 and RGB 0, 204, 153.
Adjust the Fractal fill control handles (the arrows) so the shapes are small and pretty evenly divided between the two colors.


(coord[0]) + ',' + str(coord[1]) + ']\n \
 \t}\n \
 count = count + 1
 f.write(',{\n \
 \t"geometry": {\n \
 \t}\n \
 count = count + 1
# closing bracket
# close the file
# open a JavaScript file to store coordinates in lat,long
# change the path to suit your setup
f2 = open("C:/blog/leaflet/heat_points.js", "w")
# create a variable
f2.write('var heat_points = [')
count = 1
# write data to js file
for coord in coordinates:
 if count == 1:
 f2.write('[' + str(coord[1]) + ',' + str(coord[0]) + ']')
 count = count + 1
 f2.write(',[' + str(coord[1]) + ',' + str(coord[0]) + ']')
 count = count + 1
# closing bracket
# close file
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Two basic components are required for generating a geometric fractal: an initiator and a generator. Multiple traversal strategies for both initiator and generator segments are proposed. It is shown how to generate many fractal images by changing the traversal strategies for the given initiator and/or generator. These fractals are referred to as traversed geometric fractals. A notation for representing and identifying segments of the initiator and the generator is presented. This notation is essential in producing traversed geometric fractals and deriving their properties. The generators are classified into various categories useful in analyzing the generated fractals' visual features.
Uday G. Gujar, Sthephen Y.M. Choi, Virendra C. Bhavsar, Prem K. Kalra, "Traversed Geometric Fractals", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 13, no., pp. 61-67, September/October 1993, doi:10.1109/38.232099
88 ms
(Ver 3.3 (_PHONE_))


Sunday, April 5, 2009
SQL 2008 : Evaluate and apply policies to a server group
1. Create and test a policy on one server as described in the preceding topics.
2. In Object Explorer, expand Management, expand Policy Management, expand Policies, right-click the policy that you want to use, and then click Export Policy.
3. In the Export Policy dialog box, navigate to an appropriate location for the file, and then click Save.
4. In the Registered Servers window, expand Central Management Servers, expand the Central Management Server that controls your group, right-click your group, and then click Evaluate Policies.
5. In the Evaluate Policies dialog box, next to the Source box, click the ellipsis.
6. In the Select Source dialog box, next to the Files box, click the ellipsis.
7. Navigate to the location of your exported policy file, click the file, and then click Open.
8. In the Select Source dialog box, click OK.
9. In the Evaluate Policies dialog box, click Evaluate.
10. If any servers are not compliant and you want to enforce the policy, in the Target details list, select the server check boxes for the noncompliant server, and then click Apply.
11. In the Policy Evaluation Warning message box, click Yes. 12. In the Evaluate Policies dialog box, click Close.
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text:
|Friday, February 21|
|PS2 Poster Session II & Refreshments||
Fri, Feb 21, 4:45 PM - 6:15 PM
Mixed Effects Model for Comparing Treatments That Alter Length of Life in the C. elegans Model (302800)Robbie Beyl, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
*Jeffrey H. Burton, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
William D. Johnson, Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Keywords: Mixed effects model, group-level data, C. elegans, survival
In some laboratory experiments, researchers can only measure survival on group-level data. One such study concerns survival of C. elegans (roundworms) following treatment with the insecticide imidacloprid. Groups of worms were randomized to wells (replicates) containing one of three doses of insecticide, and counts of living worms within each well were recorded at multiple time points. Due to worm reproduction, counts of living worms increased within some wells from one observation to the next. Since it is not possible to track individual worms, one cannot measure individual survival times. Thus, traditional survival analysis is not appropriate for these data. Instead, a generalized linear mixed model assuming a Poisson distributed response (counts) may be used. Here, a Poisson model is used to obtain estimates of least squares means of counts of living worms at each time. From the means, proportions are calculated, used to estimate survival probabilities for each dose, and compared between doses at the final time point. The purpose is to show that this method is a viable alternative to traditional survival analysis when data are available only on the group level.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 10-Feb-2011
[ | E-mail Share Share ]
Contact: Elisabeth Lyons
Cell Press
Squid pheromone sparks extreme aggression on contact
The researchers believe that the findings represent the first detailed evidence of an aggression-inducing contact pheromone in any aquatic animal
When male squid come into contact with a chemical found on the outside of eggs laid by females, they instantly go from swimming along calmly and minding their own business to a state of extreme aggression, according to a new report published online on February 10 in Current Biology, a Cell Press publication. After just a touch of an egg, males will often fight vigorously with other males in an attempt to gain preferred access to mates, even when females aren't around.
"The identification of this pheromone as a key component of this signaling system is highly unusual because the male squids need only to contact these protein molecules to initiate the complex cascade of behaviors that we term aggressive fighting," said Roger Hanlon of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
That's particularly notable because aggression is generally thought to be a rather complex process, involving some combination of neural, hormonal, physiological, and psychological stimuli. "Here we find what appears to be a strong and seemingly direct stimulus from certain protein molecules," Hanlon says.
Squid are highly advanced marine invertebrates with a complex mating system rivaling that of vertebrates. The loliginid squid that were the focus of the current study live for about a year, with most mating and egg laying occurring in the spring, when the squids migrate from deeper offshore waters to shallower waters along the coast from North Carolina to southern Maine. Females typically mate multiple times, and males compete fiercely for the opportunity to mate. When males see eggs on the seafloor, they will typically approach and, upon touching them, immediately escalate into intense physical fighting with any nearby males.
Hanlon and his colleagues have now traced that reaction to a single protein pheromone that is produced in the female reproductive tract and embedded in the outer surface of the egg capsules. In controlled behavioral experiments, the researchers found that males would react aggressively just as they do upon touching an egg after being presented with the purified form of the protein, known as Loligo β-microseminoprotein.
The laboratory experiments show that whichever male touches the eggs first becomes aggressive faster than those that reach the eggs later. That earlier aggression leads those males to achieve greater dominance. They also win most (but not all) of the matings and most (but not all) of the fertilizations, Hanlon says.
Interestingly, the microseminoprotein under study belongs to a family of proteins found in vertebrates including humans, Hanlon says. The proteins are generally found in reproductive glands and are at high levels in human and mouse seminal fluid.
"The functions of microseminoproteins in vertebrates have not been determined, but our findings in squids may inspire other researchers to consider similar functions in higher vertebrates," he says.


text:
Researchers at Korea University's KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology have developed prototype multifunctional e-glasses equipped with flexible electrodes near the ears and eyes.
Those electrodes monitor electrical activity in the brain and track eye movements, and transmit that information wirelessly for processing.
Meanwhile, an ultraviolet (UV) light sensor on the side of one arm quantifies the intensity of incoming UV rays, and can activate a gel within the lenses to temporarily darken the eyewear into sunglasses.
An accelerometer also tracks the wearer's posture and gait and detects falls, with potential applications in virtual reality and accident-alert systems for seniors.
From New Atlas
View Full Article
Abstracts Copyright © 2020 SmithBucklin, Washington, DC, USA
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text:
With the Super Bowl this weekend, I thought it was a good time to examine a little bit of the science behind what makes a Super Bowl quarterback so impressive.
This also fits with what we have learned in class over the last week, since much of the article deals with Neuroscience psychology. I found an interesting article about the brain of NFL caliber quarterbacks in a recent article posted on Psychology Today.
Here is the link: _URL_
One part of the article I found especially interesting was the portion about the extra oxygen and glucose in the neurons in the brain. This allows both quarterbacks brains to function at a higher level and create new synapses. It was fascinating to me that through experience, both Eli Manning and Tom Brady (the two quarterbacks in this years Super Bowl) have an ability to make themselves function at a high level.
They seem to be able to control their bodies enough so that they are able to perform their best in times of need, which is absolutely incredible. This ability seems to be helped when Manning and Brady think about game-scenarios. This allows the synapses to strengthen and help ensure the brain will "fire" when the game is on the line.
After reading this article, I wonder how long it took each quarterback to develop this ability. I also wonder if other athletes in other sports have a similar ability or whether or not athletes can be trained to develop this ability from a young age.


<- ->
Region: East Iceland
Coordinates: 64.696888° N 14._PHONE_° W
Mt Bulandstindur is one of the most beautifully shaped mountains of the country and the symbol of the Djupivogur County between the two bays, Berufiord and Hamarsfiord. It is a pyramid shaped stack of basaltic strata, reaching 1069 m above sea level. The Castle of the Gods (Godaborg) is a 700 m high mountain ridge to the east of Mt Bulandstindur. Immediately after the acceptance of Christianity in the year 1000, the chieftains, who were also pagan priests, demolished the statues of the gods in their temples. The chieftain of this area had them taken up to this ridge and thrown over the edge. This mountain is counted among the few power centres of the country. The Buland Valley is to the south of Mt Bulandstindur and rising above its end is the highest elevation of the area, Mt Hrossatindur (1156m).
The abandoned farm Bulandsnes was a manor, the seat of County Sheriffs and medical practitioners. Buland is rather a large headland east of village Djupivogur. It consists mainly of barren and glacier eroded cliffs with bogs and swamps between them and many coves, which are gradually being filled with sand and silt. The cove Breidivogur on the southern side is the beach of Djupivogur and the outermost one is called Brandsvogur, named after the reverend and missionary Thangbrandur. In 1952, about 5 ha of land were fenced of for forestation purposes.
Nowhere else in the country are greater clusters of basaltic dykes than in this area and many of them are like pieces of art. The filling of sub terrain fissures during the active period of the Alftafiord central volcano a few million years ago, created them. Then the ice age set in and its glaciation carved at least 1,200 m from the surface and brought them into plain sight.
The Buland Islets are just south of the Buland Peninsula. Many of them are now landlocked because of the constant transport of sand and silt by the rivers. In earlier times, they were renowned for their bird breeding colonies and belonged to the farms Bulandsnes and Berufjordur.


text:
6.4 Forecasting by analogy
A useful judgmental approach which is often implemented in practice is forecasting by analogy. A common example is the pricing of a house through an appraisal process. An appraiser estimates the market value of a house by comparing it to similar properties that have sold in the area. The degree of similarity depends on the attributes considered. With house appraisals, attributes such as land size, dwelling size, numbers of bedrooms and bathrooms, and garage space are usually considered.
Even thinking and discussing analogous products or situations can generate useful (and sometimes crucial) information. We illustrate this point with the following example.8
Example: Designing a high school curriculum
A small group of academics and teachers were assigned the task of developing a curriculum for teaching judgement and decision making under uncertainty for high schools in Israel. Each group member was asked to forecast how long it would take for the curriculum to be completed. Responses ranged between 18 and 30 months. One of the group members who was an expert in curriculum design was asked to consider analogous curricula developments around the world. He concluded that 40% of analogous groups he considered never completed the task. The rest took between 7 to 10 years. The Israel project was completed in 8 years.
Obviously, forecasting by analogy comes with challenges. We should aspire to base forecasts on multiple analogies rather than a single analogy, which may create biases. However, these may be challenging to identify. Similarly, we should aspire to consider multiple attributes. Identifying or even comparing these may not always be straightforward. As always, we suggest performing these comparisons and the forecasting process using a systematic approach. Developing a detailed scoring mechanism to rank attributes and record the process of ranking will always be useful.
A structured analogy
Alternatively, a structured approach comprising a panel of experts can be implemented, as was proposed by Green & Armstrong (2007). The concept is similar to that of a Delphi; however, the forecasting task is completed by considering analogies. First, a facilitator is appointed. Then the structured approach involves the following steps.
- A panel of experts who are likely to have experience with analogous situations is assembled.
- Tasks/challenges are set and distributed to the experts.
- Experts identify and describe as many analogies as they can, and generate forecasts based on each analogy.
- Experts list similarities and differences of each analogy to the target situation, then rate the similarity of each analogy to the target situation on a scale.
- Forecasts are derived by the facilitator using a set rule. This can be a weighted average, where the weights can be guided by the ranking scores of each analogy by the experts.
As with the Delphi approach, anonymity of the experts may be an advantage in not suppressing creativity, but could hinder collaboration. Green and Armstrong found no gain in collaboration between the experts in their results. A key finding was that experts with multiple analogies (more than two), and who had direct experience with the analogies, generated the most accurate forecasts.
Green, K. C., & Armstrong, J. S. (2007). Structured analogies for forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 23(3), 365–376. _URL_


text:
SOCIAL JUSTICE IN MULTIETHNIC SOCIETIES
The concept of social justice encompasses a wide range of social issues and goes far beyond the aspect of economic redistribution. Thus, social justice includes poverty prevention, equitable education, labour market access, social inclusion and non-discrimination, intergenerational justice, and health.
In the context of multiethnic societies, debates around the concept of social justice necessarily include reflections on structural inequalities, equality of opportunities, racism, and non-discrimination. The work developed on the theme of social justice in multiethnic societies within the ECMI Equality and Inclusion cluster follows on Nancy Fraser's approach, which contends that an adequate theory of justice must be three-dimensional, and include redistribution, recognition, and representation.
Marginality on the Margins of Europe – The Impact of COVID-19 on Roma Communities in Non-EU Countries in Eastern Europe (2020-2021)
The primary aim of this project was to map the overall impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on Roma communities in non-EU countries in Eastern Europe. Given the multiple vulnerabilities of Roma communities on account of their poverty, social exclusion, and pervasive racism targeting them, the project was driven by two main research questions:
1) To what extent are the Roma communities more vulnerable to COVID-19 because of poverty and poor living conditions, and what could be done to mitigate such vulnerabilities?
Reports outlining the situation of Roma communities in Eastern Europe emphasise the generally extremely poor living conditions and lack of access to basic services of this ethnic group, often including reduced access to healthcare, lack of health insurance, and a higher prevalence of pre-existing health conditions compared to the general population. Starting from this premise, the project assessed the impact of the measures put in place to contain the pandemic by focusing on several areas of interest: (a) how the pandemic impacted on their ability to access healthcare services; (b) how Roma communities coped with lockdown situations given their housing situation; (c) how social distancing and lockdown measures have impacted on the ability of Roma children to access education; (d) how these measures impacted on the ability of Roma people to earn a living. In addition, the project will focus on (e) the impact of the pandemic on Roma women, which are particularly at risk of poverty and domestic abuse in these circumstances.
2) Have there been instances of racist incidents and hate speech targeting Roma communities in the context of the ongoing pandemic, including from the authorities responsible for enforcing the social distancing measures? What has been the response of local and national authorities to such incidents?
Even before the breakout of the pandemic there was ample evidence of online hate speech against Roma communities in all countries covered by this study. In addition, racially motivated incidents and cases of police brutality were also frequently reported by civil society organisations. With the start of the pandemic, an increase in hate speech and racist incidents became apparent, whereby people belonging to the Roma community were blamed for not complying with social distancing measures, and therefore for being the main ethnic group responsible for spreading the virus. Cases of disproportionate use of force by the police and of its sealing off entire Roma communities were also reported by the media. The project therefore enquired into instances of hate speech, racist incidents and police brutality directed against the Roma communities in the context of the pandemic. An additional line of enquiry looked into whether the countries covered by this research have put in place measures for aiding such vulnerable groups, and if so what kinds of needs these policies are designed to meet.
The project was funded by the University of Leicester's QR Global Challenges Research Fund (Research England) and developed in partnership with the European Centre for Minority Issues. Data for the project will be collected from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Ukraine.
Andreea Cârstocea (ECMI Senior researcher), and Raul Cârstocea (Lecturer, Maynooth University, Ireland) coordinated all research activities related to the project, with the support of Craig Willis (ECMI Researcher). The data collection was carried out with the support of the following:
- Ram Hadroj, Vish këpucët e mia – Walk in my shoes (Albania)
- Indira Bajramović and Amra Čaškić, Bolja Budućnost Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Ion Duminică, Asociaţia Porojan (Moldova)
- Samir Jaha and Miloš Knežević, NVO Mladi Romi (Montenegro)
- Suad Skenderi, Romalitico Roma Policy Analyses (North Macedonia)
- Jasmina Miković and Milijana Trifkovic, Child Rights Centre (Serbia)
- Nataliia Mekahal, Olha Sribniak, Mykhailo Drapak, ECMI Ukraine Programme (Ukraine)
Relevant ECMI Publications
Andreea Cârstocea, Raul Cârstocea, Craig Willis (2020), The Impact of COVID-19 on Roma Communities in Non-EU Countries in Eastern Europe. ECMI Minorities Blog.
Craig Willis (2020), Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Roma Communities in Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine, ECMI Research Paper #122.
Andreea Cârstocea, Raul Cârstocea (2017), The Roma in Moldova, ECMI Report #65.
Andreea Cârstocea (2013), Accountability and political representation of national minorities: a forgotten link? Evidence from Romania, ECMI Research Paper #65.


======================================
03: How do I connect to the Discriminator Output?
HOOKUP PROCEDURE
================
If you need the raw NFM Discriminator baseband audio signal
for external purposes, the best way to access it is via a
jack installed in a convenient, unobtrusive location on the
scanner. Use Figure 1 as a general guide.
1A BASE SCANNERS: Install an RCA or other jack in a desired
 place on the scanner's external case, typically the rear
 panel.
1B HANDHELD SCANNERS: If you can find the space, use a
 standard monaural 1/8" phone jack or a 3/32" mini phone
 jack. Some scanners are so cramped inside that even
 these won't fit. In that case a strip of 3 pinline
 sockets can be melted into the plastic case and wires
 soldered to the inside protrusions.
 The middle pinline socket is not connected to anything;
 it's just there as strength and support for the pinline
 plug you make, with the shield ground soldered to one
 end and the audio- center soldered to the other end:
 GND---o o o---NFM DSCR (audio)
 "Break-apart" pinline plugs/sockets are available from
 Mouser, DigiKey, and Hosfelt.
 Digi-Key: p/n A208-ND _PHONE_
 Hosfelt: p/n 21-274 _PHONE_
 Mouser: p/n _PHONE_/5530 _PHONE_
 These little puppies are good for a lot of hacker needs,
 so get a supply!
2. Connect the shell or outer frame part of the jack to
 scanner chassis ground. (Use one end socket for pinline
 connections)
3. Connect the (+) leg of a 10-uF tantalum capacitor (Radio
 Shack #_PHONE_) to the Discriminator output Pin. (Capacitor
 should be tantalum, but can vary in value from 2.2-uF to
 10-uF at a voltage rating of 16-35 vdc.)
4. Connect the center conductor of a shielded coax (RG-174,
 etc) or shielded mic cable to the (-) leg of the
 capacitor. NOTE: if the distance from the NFM tap to the
 jack is less than 3", then a single unshielded hookup
 wire will do fine.
5. Connect the shield of the cable at this end to a nearby
 PCB ground trace or spot.
6. Connect the center conductor of the other end of this
 cable (or single hookup wire) to the center or hot lug
 of the jack.
7. Connect the shield of the cable at that end to the
 ground lug of the jack.
8. Fabricate or buy a shielded patch cable with one end to
 mate with the new jack on the rear of the scanner at
 that end....and the other end to mate with whatever jack
 is on the tape recorder, processor, decoder, or whatever
 device is to be connected at the other end.
Now you are ready to connect a data decoder interface to the
baseband audio output jack. See Figure 1 above.
=================================================================
04: How do I build or acquire a simple decoder interface circuit?
If you want to decode trunk control, MDT, some pager, fax and/or
other digital signals, you will need to build or buy a simple
2-Level FSK Interface to go between the NFM Discriminator/
Baseband Audio of the scanner and a standard PC serial port.
See Question #5 for a more sophisticated 4-Level FSK Interface.
 If you are not capable of building your own, or if you
 don't have the time to mess with it, I can supply either
 a Kit of all essential parts and detailed instructions,
 and you build it yourself, OR I can supply an assembled/
 tested Decoder Interface, built inside a DB-25 shell and
 connector with a 3 ft shielded cable terminated with an
 RCA plug. See Question #9 for details.
The DB-25 shell connects directly to a DB-25 comport on the
PC, or, if your comports are DB-9's, you can get a
DB25-to-DB9 adapter for it. You should, however, be able to
make your own following the below instructions.
This is a tried and true Data Interface circuit that's good
for everything we've tried, including a wide variety of
scanners. External power is not required. This circuit
draws its power from the comport. It is similar to the
"Hamcom" and "data slicer" interfaces, but is optimized for
more scanners and more applications.
2-LEVEL DATA DECODER INTERFACE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Copyright (c) 1998 Bill Cheek <Revised 12/04/98>
 Note 4 COM2
 Computer
 Serial Port
Scanner |<------circuit----------------->| DB25 DB9
 ==== ===
Note o----o--|<--------o----->20 DTR 4
 5 Note 1 | | 1N4148 |
NFM 10-uF |\ | o--|<--------|--o--> 4 RTS 7
 >-----+|[------o----|2 \ | | | |
DSCR | | \ o--+|[-->>> | | Note 9
 100k | |LM 7 \ 10-uF | |
 >--o--/\/\/----o |741 6 >----------o---|--|--> 5 CTS 8
GND | | / | | |
 o--/\/\/--o------|3 4/ Note 2 | | |
 | 3.3k | | / | | | |
 | Note 8 | |/ | Note 3 | | |
 | o-----------|----/\/\/----o | |
 | | 100k | |
 | | | |
 o---------------------|-----------------|--|--> 7 Gnd 5
 | | | |
 | o-------->|-------o | o-<2 TxD 3
 | 10-uF | 1N4148 | |
 o-------------+|[-----o-------->|----------o |
 | |
 | Circuit |
 o--->>>Ground o--------------------------o
 | |
 - -|- - - - - - - - -|- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 | o-------------o
 | |
 | | Optional for TrunkFollower
 | | Control of a second scanner
 ^ ^ (See Note 10 and Q&A #8)
 Gnd RxD
 COM3
 or other
 port for Trunk
 Follower control
 LEGEND:
 |
 --o-- = soldered connection/junction
 --o = turn of the trace in the drawing
 |
 --|-- = crossover (no connection)
 +|[ = capacitor, polarized (note the +)
 >| = diode (anode->|-cathode)
 |< = diode (cathode-|<-anode)
 -/\/\/- = resistor
 -->>> = ground
 NOTES:
 1. Use tantalum capacitors, +|[ polarity as shown
 2. Radio Shack's LM-741 op-amp works fine. Others might not!
 3. Use 1/4 or 1/8 watt resistors to conserve space
 4. Build circuit on a trimmed and fitted piece of perf
 board inside a DB-25 shell for max efficiency and space
 savings. DB-25 connects to PC's comport and a shielded
 cable from the scanner goes to the input; shield is
 ground and center is audio.
 Hi-res laser printed Instruction Sets available with precise
 schematics, drawings, perfboard layout, graphics, wiring,
 and solder points. Inquire: _EMAIL_ or see:
ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/bcheek/decode.htm
 5. Many handheld scanners have no


In a previous post we learned how to use data in CSV and DSV format. Recently we can also include tab separated values (TSV) in a Asciidoctor table. We must set the table attribute format to the value tsv. The data can be inside the document, but also defined in an external file which we add with the include macro.
In the following example markup we have a table with inline tab separated values. A second table includes an external file with tab delimited values:
= Tables
Using the 'format' attribute value 'tsv' we can
use tab-delimited data for table data.
== TSV table
[format=tsv, options="header"]
|===
Writing tools Awesomeness
Asciidoctor Oh yeah!
MS Word No!
|===
== Table with external data
// We have an external file with
// tab-delimited values.
[%header,format=tsv]
|===
Unresolved directive in - include::tools.tsv[]
|===
When we convert our Asciidoctor markup to HTML we get the following result:
tsv tables
Written with Asciidoctor 1.5.6.1.
shadow-left


text:
The origin of the name Miriam is Hebrew
This is how Miriam is written in Hebrew:
מִרְיָם = Miryam
The biblical meaning of the name Miriam is rebellion.
Miriam was the elder sister of Moses and Aaron
The name Miriam appears in the bible in the following verses:
Exodus 15:20 KJV
And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.
Exodus 15:21 KJV
And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea.
Numbers 12:1 KJV
And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman.
Numbers 12:4 KJV
And the LORD spake suddenly unto Moses, and unto Aaron, and unto Miriam, Come out ye three unto the tabernacle of the congregation. And they three came out.
Numbers 12:5 KJV
And the LORD came down in the pillar of the cloud, and stood in the door of the tabernacle, and called Aaron and Miriam: and they both came forth.
Numbers 12:10 KJV
And the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold, Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam, and, behold, she was leprous.
Numbers 12:15 KJV
And Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again.
Numbers 20:1 KJV
Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there.
Numbers 26:59 KJV
And the name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt: and she bare unto Amram Aaron and Moses, and Miriam their sister.
Deuteronomy 24:9 KJV
Remember what the LORD thy God did unto Miriam by the way, after that ye were come forth out of Egypt.
1 Chronicles 4:17 KJV
And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa.
Micah 6:4 KJV
For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee out of the house of servants; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.


text:
Your teacher is pointing out that most physical systems obey a time-reversal symmetry. That is, take a process (such as light or sound emission), run the clock backwards, and indeed you'll find that the inverse process happens. So if you set up the system to run in reverse, in this narrow definition the system can act as both an emitter and absorber. Now, there are some situations where time-reversal symmetry is broken, such as with many magnetic systems. Look up optical isolators, which use magnetism to allow light to propagate only one way through them (not backwards). Put an optical isolator in front of your LED, and the total system will emit light, but not absorb it (the light could be reflected instead).
As Samuel Weir mentioned in the comments, there is also a complication when you include thermodynamic processes. These include resistors heating up when you run a current through (perhaps causing an incandescent bulb to emit). While each microscopic interaction therein might technically observe time-reversal symmetry, you would never be able to set up the experiment to "run time in reverse". This is because entropy tends to increase with time. If your emitter device starts with a low-entropy state (e.g. a cold resistor carrying a client) and evolves to a high-entropy state (e.g. a hot resistor with a current), you generally won't be able to undo this with an inverse process. This is why you can't take any old resistor, cool it down, and get a voltage drop.
Another example of entropy getting in the way of perfect reciprocity is the LED. An LED will emit light with a color corresponding to its band gap. However, it can absorb light with colors equal to and bluer (that is higher-energy photons) than the band gap. So a red LED can absorb blue light but it won't emit blue light. That's not to say that it could never emit blue light (the absorption is time-reversal symmetric after all), just that it is exceedingly unlikely to happen because thermodynamically the electrons don't like to stay in the blue states for very long, and they will quickly move down to the red states, losing the excess energy to heat.


By NYMetroParents Staff
10-Point Checklist to Prepare for Your Daughter's First Period
September 30, 2013 | Special Needs
Plus, scroll down for additional resources to help her (and you!) through the first period and beyond.
teenage girl
Planning Checklist
1. Do I know how my daughter learns best? Are written words, demonstrations, or talking better?
2. Do visual supports help her to better follow along and attend when she is learning something new?
3. What are my daughter's interests? How can I increase her interest and engagement in this topic?
4. What are my daughter's sensory sensitivities?
5. Does she have gross or fine motor difficulties that I should consider?
6. What are the problem-solving and social skills required for self-care during menstruation?
7. What steps will she be required to complete for self-care during menstruation?
8. Do I know what the procedure at school will be when she gets her period?
9. Does my daughter understand the concepts of pain and discomfort? How will she communicate around this? Is there a plan in place should she experience painful menstrual symptoms?
10. Have I made an appointment with my daughter's doctor (e.g. pediatrician) or have I met with a doctor recently and talked about puberty and related medical care yet?
Expert advice: Read more tips from Dr. Marisuela Huerta, a licensed clinical psychologist at the Center for Autism and the Developing Brain, about helping your daughter cope with menstruation and develop healthy habits from the beginning.
Recommended resources to help parents and girls with special needs deal with getting their first period:
1. The Healthy Bodies Toolkit for Girls is a treasure trove of free downloads from Vanderbilt Kennedy Center that includes the publication Healthy Bodies: A Parent's Guide on Puberty for Girls with Disabilities, as well as an appendix featuring a social story that teaches about periods. (FREE!)
2. Special Girls' Business is a great step-by-step guide through the process of managing periods. ($32, includes free shipping)
3. The Care and Keeping of You: The Body Book for Younger Girls, Vol. 1 and 2, published by American Girl, is a good choice for readers. ($12.99)
4. The Circles Curriculum contains tools on social boundaries for schools and therapists. (Individual programs start at $399)


Out of the box, FluentValidation provides translations for the default validation messages in several languages. By default, the language specified in the.NET's framework's Current UI Culture will be used (CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture) when translating messages.
You can also use the WithMessage and WithLocalizedMessage methods to specify a localized error message for a single validation rule.
If you are using Visual Studio's built in support for resx files and their strongly-typed wrappers, then you can localize a message by calling the overload of WithMessage that accepts a lambda expression:
RuleFor(x => x.Surname).NotNull().WithMessage(x => MyLocalizedMessages.SurnameRequired);
You could also use the same approach if you need to obtain the localized message from another source (such as a database) by obtaining the string from within the lambda.
The above 2 examples assume you're using a strongly-typed wrapper around a resource file, where each static property on the class corresponds to a key within the resourece file. This is the "old" way of working with resources prior to ASP.NET Core, but is not relevant if you're using ASP.NET Core's IStringLocalizer.
If you are using IStringLocalizer to handle localization then all you need to do is inject your localizer into your validator, and use it within a WithMessage callback, for example:
public class PersonValidator : AbstractValidator {
 public PersonValidator(IStringLocalizer localizer) {
 RuleFor(x => x.Surname).NotNull().WithMessage(x => localizer["Surname is required"]);
Default Messages
If you want to replace all (or some) of FluentValidation's default messages then you can do this by implementing a custom version of the ILanguageManager interface.
For example, the default message for the NotNull validator is '{PropertyName}' must not be empty.. If you wanted to replace this message for all uses of the NotNull validator in your application, you could write a custom Language Manager:
public class CustomLanguageManager : FluentValidation.Resources.LanguageManager {
 public CustomLanguageManager() {
 AddTranslation("en", "NotNullValidator", "'{PropertyName}' is required.");
Here we have a custom class that inherits from the base LanguageManager. In its constructor we call the AddTranslation method passing in the language we're using, the name of the validator we want to override, and the new message.
Once this is done, we can replace the default LanguageManager by setting the LanaguageManager property in the static ValidatorOptions class during your application's startup routine:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager = new CustomLanguageManager();
This is a simple example that only replaces one validator's message in English only, but could be extended to replace the messages for all languages. Instead of inheriting from the default LanguageManager, you could also implement the ILanguageManager interface directly if you want to load the messages from a completely different location other than the FluentValidation default (for example, if you wanted to store FluentValidation's default messages in a database).
Of course, if all you want to do is replace this message for a single use of a validator, then you could just use WithMessage("'{PropertyName}' is required");
Contributing Languages
If you'd like to contribute a translation of FluentValidation's default messages, then I'd be very grateful! Please open a pull request that adds a language file to the project and I'll happily merge it in. The current language files are located in the GitHub repository.
The default English messages are stored here
Disabling Localization
You can completely disable FluentValidation's support for localization, which will force the default English messages to be used, regardless of the thread's CurrentUICulture. This can be done in your application's startup routine by calling into the static ValidatorOptions class:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager.Enabled = false;
You can could also force the default messages to always be displayed in a specific language:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager.Culture = new CultureInfo("fr");


text:
Compatibility issues have been a major concern since Vista's launch in early 2007. But XP isn't innocent in all this. It, too, has it's own fair share of conflicts and, equally, tricks to get around them.
1. XP is not without its compatibility issues when using older programs. Getting them to run smoothly in XP requires a different approach (which can also be used in Vista). Locate the problem program, right-click its icon and select Properties from the menu that's displayed.
2. In the dialog box that appears, click the Compatibility tab. This menu displays options that can affect how older programs run. The most important of these is the drop-down box under Compatibility mode. Tick the box next to 'Run this program in compatibility mode for', then select an operating system.
3. In other cases, as with Vista, it may be that display settings are preventing programs running properly. In most cases, the issue can be resolved by selecting the option to 'Disable visual themes'. For an older program it may still be possible to get things working by selecting 256 colours or VGA resolution (640x480).
4. XP, like Vista, also has a Program Compatibility wizard. Go to Start, Programs, Accessories and select Program Compatibility wizard if it's listed there. If it isn't, access the wizard via Start, Help and Support. Once started, follow the steps we listed for making programs work under Vista.


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Laser Operation: Temperature Control and Mount Selection
Photonics Handbook
The best choices will help you manage the heat generated by laser operation and ensure a robust laser system.
Paul Corr and Patrick Klima, Arroyo Instruments LLC
As you operate your laser, only a portion of the electrical power sourced from your laser driver converts to light energy. The remainder turns to heat, and the buildup of that thermal energy presents a number of issues for the laser system as a whole, and for your laser in particular.
Within your laser setup, the temperature control system is responsible for managing the heat generated by the operation of the laser. In addition to your temperature controller, careful selection of the application-appropriate laser mount will be critical to a robust laser system.
Ultimately, the most pressing issue regarding temperature control is that a change in temperature affects laser light quality, particularly wavelength. If left unchecked, excessive heat may also damage the laser's light-emitting facets, degrading the quality and quantity of the light produced.
The two basic strategies for dissipating the heat produced by a laser are known as passive cooling and active cooling. In addition, this article will cover unconventional thermal management approaches for high-power applications and for applications that require a heated laser mount.
Anatomy and heat flow of a passively cooled laser mount.
Figure 1.
Anatomy and heat flow of a passively cooled laser mount.
Passive cooling
A passive heat sink conducts heat away from the laser and dissipates it into the ambient air (Figure 1). Because this type of laser mount is simply a large thermal heat sink, it is unavoidable that the mount temperature, and that of the laser, will increase. A passively cooled laser mount is designed so that this temperature increase occurs in an incremental and predictable manner.
The thermal performance of such a mount is rated as thermal resistance, in units of °C/W. This rating represents the amount of temperature increase, in degrees Celsius, the laser mount will exhibit at thermal equilibrium for every watt of waste heat generated by the laser.
A fan will improve the thermal performance of a passively cooled laser mount. Typically, the manufacturer will provide ratings for the laser mount with and without an auxiliary fan. Even with a fan, the performance and power range of a passive heat sink are limited to low- and medium-power applications, or applications where higher operating temperatures are acceptable.
Active cooling
Active cooling is a more comprehensive, and also a more complex, approach to thermal management. A device called a Peltier cooler, built into the laser mount or directly into the laser package, operates to cool the laser (Figure 2).
Temperature control loop response in an actively cooled laser mount.
Figure 2. Temperature control loop response in an actively cooled laser mount.
A Peltier device, also known as a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), is a small, flat, thermally conductive ceramic that uses the electrical power supplied by the temperature controller to cool one of its surfaces while heating the opposing surface. The laser mount is responsible for acting as a heat sink to one side of the Peltier device. The other side of the Peltier device is applied to an aluminum or copper cold plate, which makes contact with the laser package case.
To complete the control loop, a temperature sensor provides a feedback signal to the temperature controller, which regulates the power provided to the Peltier device. In many cases, the laser mount will also be equipped with a fan to maximize thermal performance.
The thermal performance of an actively cooled laser mount is referred to as thermal capacity and is rated in watts. This rating represents the amount of thermal power the laser mount can absorb while maintaining a stable temperature. This rating typically applies when the cold plate temperature of the mount matches the ambient temperature. For mount temperatures away from ambient, the manufacturer can typically provide a thermal performance curve as a function of plate temperature.
Notably, a laser mount equipped with a Peltier device will be capable of heating as well as cooling. This allows faster stabilization and response times. In addition, if you are characterizing the performance of an LED or laser device, this capability also allows you to stabilize the system above and below ambient temperature. Since output wavelength is correlated to laser temperature, this also provides a convenient way to precisely control the optical performance of the laser.
Functional considerations for mount selection
Aside from the basic question of sufficient thermal capacity, there are three areas of function that affect the utility of a laser mount. These are the thermal conductivity, the flexibility of the wiring harness, and the mechanical mounting of the laser.
The thermal conductivity of the laser mount, and of the cold plate in particular, is an important design aspect. While aluminum is sufficient for some applications, the preferable material for a cold plate is copper. The thermal properties of copper are superior to those of other materials and will provide a more uniform temperature across the cold plate.
For optimal versatility, consider the flexibility of the wiring harness built into the mount and, by extension, into the laser driver and the temperature controller. Ideally, the manufacturer should provide standard prefabricated cables from the instrumentation to the laser mount. From the laser mount to the laser, connections should be easy to establish and easy to change, using a screw terminal or some other simple means. Soldered connections, or connectors that require significant setup time, are less preferable.
The same principle applies to the mechanical connection between the laser and the mount. That this connection should provide a good thermal interface goes without saying. In addition, it should provide easy disconnections and a measure of versatility for a variety of laser packages. Some manufacturers will offer customizable cold plates, allowing you to specify the mounting hole pattern you require.
High-power systems
Beyond laser mounts with an integrated fan and a Peltier cooler, managing higher thermal output levels becomes more challenging. If an air-cooled mount proves insufficient, then the next option is a water-cooled mount (Figure 3). Water offers a substantial increase in thermal capacity at the cost of complexity and responsiveness.
Layout for a water-cooled, high-power laser mount.
Figure 3. Layout for a water-cooled, high-power laser mount.
While a water-cooled plate is effective at transferring large amounts of heat, several drawbacks exist. First, your temperature set point must fall between the boiling and freezing points of water. Second, a water system requires a chiller, a pump, a customized laser mount and plumbing, which will add setup time and cost. Third, some water systems may have an error range of several tenths of a degree and do not react quickly to changes in temperature. This may be unsuitable for high-precision applications.
To improve the precision of a water system, a hybrid system combining a TEC with a water-cooled laser mount works well. This system relies on the TEC for fine temperature control, and uses the water cooling system to move heat away quickly. This approach is common in high-power laser applications that require good temperature stability.
High-temperature systems
As mentioned earlier in the article, if you are characterizing the performance of a device across a temperature range, or working with applications that require higher temperatures, such as LEDs, the heating capability of a Peltier device may prove useful. Higher mount temperatures require a different type of temperature sensor and a TEC suitable for high-temperature operation, so discuss your application with the laser mount manufacturer. Some laser mounts also incorporate resistive heaters, although this arrangement is obviously only suitable for heat-only applications. In this circumstance, the rest of the thermal management system can remain the same, provided that the temperature controller has the capability to power resistive heaters.
Final words
Selecting the right mount for your laser system will save time and effort while improving overall performance. Beyond the decision to use passive or active cooling, pay special attention to the additional features of the laser mount. Easy mounting, flexible electrical connections and good materials selection are important factors to consider. In the end, the best course may be to call the manufacturer directly and ask questions regarding its mount performance for your particular application.
GLOSSARY
heat sink
A series of flanges or other conducting surfaces, usually metal, attached to an electronic device to transmit and dissipate heat that might damage internal circuitry.
laserstemperature controlmountsElectrical powerlaser driverheat sinkthermal performance of optical mountsArroyo Instrumentsactive cooling
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text:
Abingdon Pillars of Theology is a series for the college and seminary classroom designed to help students grasp the basic and necessary facts, influence, and significance of major theologians. Written by noted scholars, these books will outline the context, methodology, organizing principles, primary contributions, and key writings of people who have shaped theology as we know it today.
Dr. Donald Shriver tells us that H. Richard Niebuhr wrote about God in a serious yet joyous exploration. This book summarizes Niebuhr's faith journey as seen through the lens of his major works. While Neibuhr did mean to move his readers to think, struggle, argue, and even pray, he expected nothing less from himself. It is the hope of the author that by reading this book, readers will be better prepared to travel a path of their own.