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ICD-10-CM Code P23.1
Congenital pneumonia due to Chlamydia
Billable Code
Newborn Only
Newborn Only
Code is only used for patients less than 1 year old.
| ICD-10 from 2011 - 2016
P23.1 is a billable ICD code used to specify a diagnosis of congenital pneumonia due to Chlamydia. A 'billable code' is detailed enough to be used to specify a medical diagnosis.
The ICD code P23 is used to code Bronchopneumonia
Specialty: Infectious Disease, Pulmonology
Source: Wikipedia
MS-DRG Mapping
Related Concepts SNOMET-CT
 - Neonatal chlamydial pneumonia (disorder)
ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index References for 'P23.1 - Congenital pneumonia due to Chlamydia'
The ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index links the below-listed medical terms to the ICD code P23.1. Click on any term below to browse the alphabetical index.
Congenital pneumonia (approximate match)
This is the official approximate match mapping between ICD9 and ICD10, as provided by the General Equivalency mapping crosswalk. This means that while there is no exact mapping between this ICD10 code P23.1 and a single ICD9 code, 770.0 is an approximate match for comparison and conversion purposes.
Parent Code: P23 - Congenital pneumonia
** This Document Provided By ICD.Codes **
Source: _URL_


text:
- Shellac (Bull's Eye Orange works best)
- Xerox or Laser Print
- Oil based Lithography Inks
- Roller or Brayer
- Gum Arabic
- One empty bowl
- One bowl with clear water and a tsp. of gum arabic
This process uses your Xerox or laser print as a printing plate. You usually get only one or two quality prints out of each Copy. It is a good idea to have MANY copies with you when you begin printing. Your Copy must be toner based (heat set) and not inkjet or any other water-based type.
Prepare your ink and roll out on slab. A small amount of setswell or varnish may be needed to loosen the ink. Keep the ink on the slab lean to help avoid scumming of your plate.
- Shellac the back of the Xerox or Laser Print. This can be done ahead of time.
- Spread a thin layer of gum arabic onto the glass slab to hold the copy in place.
- Place the Copy face up on the slab.
- Spread a thin layer of gum over the face of the copy.
- With fresh water on sponge wipe excess gum from Copy.
- Roll up the Copy with ink as if a lithographic stone or plate.
- Wipe the Copy with the damp sponge.
- Ink again.
- Repeat until inked to your liking.
- Place your good paper on clean plate and place inked Copy face down onto paper.
- Cover with newsprint and then with blanket(s).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
We feel more rapport with animals every day?we now know that mice construct road signs so they can find their way around and birds can be duped by "advertising."
Pavel Stopka and David Macdonald wondered how wood mice find their way through fields. They discovered the mice move objects around to mark sites that contain food or a quick route home to their burrow. As the mice explore, they rear up on their back legs to look for one of their signposts.
Researchers already knew that mice piled up leaves and twigs, but thought they were hiding their nest holes. But when some escaped from a box they were being kept in, Stopka says, "One dug a hole through the side, and the last one out marked it with a leaf. We repaired the hole?but when we put them back in they still ran towards the leaf."
Store managers know that if they place an eye-catching sign near an item they want to sell, more people will buy it. The positioning of items in stores is considered to be a science. Researchers wanted to find out if birds could be influenced the same way, so they studied the behavior of hummingbirds.
Scientists created a fake flower bed on a plastic sheet that had small feeding holes filled with different concentrations of sugar water. Normally, the birds would head for the holes with the greatest concentration of sugar, but putting an attractive item next to a hole with less sugar made them go there instead. Dr. Melissa Bateson says, "This research shows that birds, like humans, are actually more irrational than we previously thought."
Don't be a bird brain?find out what's really going on in the world.
To learn more,click here and here.
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Leon Scott Kannedy is the main character in this game, we can play with third person shoter. If you ever play RE2, then there we will find Leon S. Kannedy for the first time. Leon S. Kannedy is the US Govermnet assigned by the American president to rescue the child of the kidnapped president in the Spanish area (I think of it because I am listening from his language) in the village of Puebos.
Well, in this game we will experience a great adventure, starting from the beginning meet with the parasite infected population, met with various kinds of monsters and strange creatures, met a Spanish scientist, met a mysterious red woman who is not is Ada Wong (we can also see in RE2), managed to save Asley Graham (son of the president), then Asley was kidnapped again, then successfully rescued by Leon, then kidnapped again, and then rescued again.
Please note that in Resident Evil 4, we will see the difference from the previous RE series. In RE 4 enemies we will encounter are not people infected with viruses like the previous RE series, but are caused by a parasite called Las Plagas, and people infected with parasites and parasitic eggs have ruptured called Las Ganados. The difference is that people who are exposed to parasites basically still have little consciousness. They do daily activities, talking, running, and others. In contrast to people infected with a virus that can only go to and fro and just menggiggit people.
Well in the ending game we can see the story how people - people can be infected by parasites. So here's the story, originally Puebos village is a quiet village where the inhabitants live harmoniously. Quiet and peaceful village. Then came a cult leader (Los Illumiados) called Saddler. He provoked the hugs to follow him and then he injected the parasites to the entire population. It was then that the village of Puebos began to change. Their consciousness begins to disappear and eventually they are dominated by parasites. Puebos village was so terrible.
In the chaos Leon will come later to find the daughter of the kidnapped US president. It turns out that Asley (daughter of the American president) was kidnapped by Jack Krauser who was ruled by Saddler in order to take over America, because after Saddler controlled America he would easily rule the world.


Secondhand Copy - Condition great
Laylora, the Paradise Planet. A world of breath-taking beauty, where peace-loving aboriginals live in harmony with their environment. Or do they? The Doctor and Rose arrive to find that the once-perfect eco-system is showing signs of failing. The paradise planet has become a death trap as terrifying creatures from ancient legends appear and stalk the land. Is there a connection between the human explorers who have crash-landed and the savage monsters? What secret lies at the heart of the natives ancient ceremonies? And what price might one human have to pay to save the only home he has ever known? When a planet itself becomes sick, can there be a cure? The Doctor and Rose find themselves in a race against time to find out. Featuring the Tenth Doctor and Rose as played by David Tennant and Billie Piper in the hit science fiction series from BBC Television.
Publisher: Ebury Publishing
ISBN: 9780563486527
Number of pages: 256
Weight: 296 g
Dimensions: 186 x 115 x 28 mm
The Price of Paradise by Colin Brake
SKU: 9780563486527


text:
- Journal Article
Rights / licenseCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
We propose and validate a novel experimental technique to measure two-point statistics of turbulent flows. It consists of spreading rigid fibers in the flow and tracking their position and orientation in time and is therefore named "fiber tracking velocimetry." By choosing different fiber lengths, i.e., within the inertial or dissipative range of scales, the statistics of turbulence fluctuations at the selected length scale can be probed accurately by simply measuring the fiber velocity at its two ends and projecting it along the transverse-to-fiber direction. By means of fully resolved direct numerical simulations and experiments, we show that these fiber-based transverse velocity increments are statistically equivalent to the (unperturbed) flow transverse velocity increments. Moreover, we show that the turbulent energy-dissipation rate can be accurately measured exploiting sufficiently short fibers. The technique is tested against standard particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) of flow tracers with excellent agreement. Our technique overcomes the well-known problem of PTV to probe two-point statistics reliably because of the fast relative diffusion in turbulence that prevents the mutual distance between particles to remain constant at the length scale of interest. This problem, making it difficult to obtain converged statistics for a fixed separation distance, is even more dramatic for natural flows in open domains. A prominent example is oceanic currents, where drifters (i.e., the tracer-particle counterpart used in field measurements) disperse quickly, but at the same time their number has to be limited to save costs. Inspired by our laboratory experiments, we propose pairs of connected drifters as a viable option to solve the issue. Show more
Journal / seriesPhysical Review X
Pages / Article No.
PublisherAmerican Physical Society
MoreShow all metadata

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Definitions for edomˈi dəm
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
an ancient country between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba, bordering ancient Palestine.
Category: Geography (places), Ancient History
The name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible.
The nation that purportedly traced their ancestry to Esau.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
or Idumæa, a mountainous but not unfertile country, comprising the S. of Judæa and part of the N. of Arabia Petræa, 100 m. long by 20 m. broad, peopled originally by the descendants of Esau, who were ruled by "dukes," and were bitterly hostile to the Jews.


The Apprentice Formare Project is an iniciative of Iochpe Foundation, a non-governmental organization which is focused on making changes through education. The activities are developed in association with mid-size and large size companies that offer vocational studies. The students are young people that live under vulnerable social conditions.
The main goal is to turn the company into a school - which means learning while practicing, facing the daily challenges and exploring the knowledge of each company.And who could be better educators than the company's employees? The collaborators work willingly, sharing their expertise and promoting a mutual professional qualification process. The volunteers training and the didactic material are both provided by Iochpe Foundation.
Formare Project strenghtens a new and promising education approach: not only preparing professionals to the labour market, but also individuals that can handle obstacles and competition at work. In 2009, SYL becomes a part of this history. Our first group of students had math, computer science, metrology, technical design and many other classes.
Beyond the education, the company also offers transportation, food, groceries and medical assistance and dental care. Currently, we have 16 students at our company. Since our first group, many of them were hired after the graduation.
 +55 (15) 3235-4900


Words that describe, words that evaluate
Are your words objective and unbiased, or do they judge?
The beauty of well-chosen words is that they convey rich information. We use oral or written language to tell stories, to paint pictures, to help others know, see, hear, taste, smell, and feel the things that we have known, seen, heard, tasted, smelled, and felt.
We do all this through the power of descriptive words. Through description, we can tell readers or listeners about a massive, moss-covered oak stump, on which sat a tiny Yorkshire terrier puppy staring up at us with its head cocked to one side.
But some words go beyond description; they don't just tell objectively about how things are. Some words are evaluative, and they include judgments about the goodness or badness of something. Through evaluative words, the the puppy becomes adorable.
In this case, the attribute of being adorable is subjective. A different person might say that the puppy looks like something from a mawkish greeting card.
With descriptive words, a car can be expensive. Through evaluative words, it becomes over-priced.
A manager can be energetic, or overbearing.
Writers use both descriptive and evaluative words. Good writers understand the difference, and weigh their words based on this: "Do I want to describe, or evaluate?"
This entry was posted in Word Choice. Bookmark the permalink.
One Response to Words that describe, words that evaluate
 1. Lars Walker says:
 There's a classic game of triads (I don't know what it's actually called):
 I am principled. You are narrowminded. He is a bigot.
 I am a bon vivant. You overdo it sometimes. He is a drunk.
 I am easygoing. You cut some corners. He is lazy.
 I am spontaneous. You're unreliable. He is nuts.
 For a woman: I am friendly. You are easy. She's a slut.
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The Coming of the King (15+)
Selkie's Gift Trilogy - Book 3
By Mara Li
De komst van de koning.jpg
Mara Li (1987) gets her inspiration from mythology and folk tales all over the world. Her first novel, The Voice of the Sea (first vol. in trilogy) was nominated for the prestigious Harland Award for Best Dutch Fantasy novel in 2015
What if King Arthur had lived in a Dystopian Future?
A unique YA trilogy with a blend of mythology and dystopia
Follow the story of young King Arthur through the eyes of his sister Nimue, and let yourself be taken to a post-apocalyptic Europe full of magic and mythology.
Arthur and Nimue live with their grandmother and only know about their mother through stories. This changes when Nimue finds an old diary in the attic that used to belong to Rona, their mother. When their village is destroyed by a storm and their grandmother passes away, the two siblings set out to find their mother with the diary as a guideline. Where has Rona disappeared to?
During their trek through a grim and disease-infected Europe, Nimue is plagues by visions of a specter shrouded in mist, watching their every step. Why is he following them - and what is the connection between Arthur and the Spirit World.
'This is a wonderfully conceived dystopian novel with a believable cause and well thought-out repercussions.' - Eric Klein - sci-fi author
Additional Information :
Published 2018 (Dutch/Dutch Venture Publishing) - ISBN: 9781386758082
- 300 pages (120.000 wrds) - Paperback
World Rights Available (Excl. Dutch)


text:
Design and Optimization of a Self-powered Thermoelectric Car Seat Cooler
It is well known that the seats in a parked vehicle become very hot and uncomfortable on warm days. A new self-powered thermoelectric car seat cooler is presented to solve this problem. This study details the design and optimization of such a device. The design relates to the high level layout of the major components and their relation to each other in typical operation. Optimization is achieved through the use of the ideal thermoelectric equations to determine the best compromise between power generation and cooling performance. This design is novel in that the same thermoelectric device is utilized for both power generation and for cooling. The first step is to construct a conceptual layout of the self-powered seat cooler. Using the ideal thermoelectric equations, an analytical model of the system is developed. The model is validated against experimental data and shows good correlation. Through a non-dimensional approach, the geometric sizing of the various components is optimized. With the optimal design found, the performance is evaluated using both the ideal equations and though use of the simulation software ANSYS. The final design consists of a flat absorber plate embedded into the car seat with a thermoelectric attached to the back. A finned heat sink is used to cool the thermoelectric. The device is shown to generate enough power to provide a reasonable temperature drop in the seat.


Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change
Armenia Reforms Disability Rules
Radical change will encourage disabled people to work if they can, but some experts fear new system could prove as unfair as its predecessor.
Armenia is about to introduce major changes to the way disabled benefits are assessed, so that people will be categorised according to their ability to work.
Experts point to a shortage of workplaces with proper accessibility in Armenia, and warn that the new classification system might be just as open to corrupt practices as the current one.
Until now, the health authorities have put disabled people in one of three categories, ranked by severity of impairment. Category one is the most serious, category three the least; and this determines the level of disability benefits that the state pays out to each.
The employment register currently shows 170,000 registered disabled people in Armenia, of whom 90,000 are considered to be able to work to some extent.
The authorities plan to replace the current system with one based on models used in Lithuania and the Czech Republic. It will take two years to launch, during which time the method for assessing disability will be refined.
Jemma Baghdasaryan, deputy minister for labour and welfare, explained that anyone classed as able to work would be provided with a job, and would then lose disability benefits.
"People will be deemed to be disabled if they have lost a certain percentage of their ability to work," she explained. "For children, the criteria applied will be 'activeness' and 'engagement'."
Marianna Chalikyan, spokeswoman for the disabled rights group Unison, doubts that the conditions exist to make the change so quickly.
"Under the new system, they will assess individuals' state of health and circumstances, and then assign them a level of employability. [Most workplaces] are totally unprepared for this," she said. "If you look at the state of the country as a whole, it is not ready to provide work, so an employer who wants to take on a disabled person will have problems."
Anna Khachatryan, a lawyer with Unison, expressed concern at the way the criteria had been drawn up for the new classifications. She said concepts like "ability to move around" and "ability to work" were defined in very broad terms, so someone might be assessed as fit for work if even they had only limited mobility.
The current system, where people come before a medical commission to be placed in one of the three categories, is widely accepted as being open to abuse.
Last September, the government sacked the head of the labour ministry's medical examinations agency after hearing the results of an investigation which found that 65,000 people paid bribes every year to be classified as disabled. Investigators found that the bribes ranged from 15,000 to 150,000 drams, or 37 to 370 US dollars.
Karen Hovhannisyan notes that the reverse is common, too – people who are undeniably disabled but find their status is downgraded or annulled altogether when they appear before a medical commission.
Marat Atovmyan, a lawyer who heads the Anti-Corruption Centre in Yerevan, cited the high-profile case of Armenui Arakelyan, a disabled woman called before an army conscription commission in 2011 after her son asked to defer his military service on the grounds that he was a carer.
At the hearing, three doctors downgraded Arakelyan's disability category, and that of her husband as well, so that their son could no longer claim the right to a deferment. The Anti-Corruption Centre stepped in and helped her reclaim her original disability status.
Atovmyan and others argue that the new system of categorisation is liable to be just as arbitrary.
"The structure needs to be made more transparent so as to reduce the risk of corruption," he said. "Professional doctors often can't tell from a diagnosis which category a patient should be assigned to. It's natural that lawyers and judges find it hard to discern what is illegal, since there are no clear categories."
Under the new system, Hovhannisyan predicts, "the number of appeals will rise".
Gayane Mirzoyan is a freelance reporter and a media expert with the Journalists for the Future group in Armenia.
More IWPR's Global Voices
"They Won't Break Me," Says Jailed Azerbaijani Journalist
As Khadija Ismayil is given a seven-and-a-half year jail term, she tells judges that witnesses were pressured and testimony based on coercion and forgery.
Tajik Families in Shock as Sons Die for Islamic State
Water Deal to Help Georgian, Ossetian Farmers


text:
The Together Trust offers a range of educational services for young people and adults with multiple and complex learning disabilities including autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and complex emotional difficulties.
All services are accessible to young people across the UK.
Inscape House School
Inscape House School is a non-maintained day special school in Cheadle, Cheshire. We take referrals from all over the UK. Our school can meet the needs of children and young people aged 5 to 19 years with autism spectrum conditions and related social communication difficulties. Inscape is operated by the charity the Together Trust.
Young people within the autism spectrum share a pattern of differences affecting social understanding and social skills, communication and social imagination. We believe that each young person has individual strengths which can be harnessed to support their learning.
We believe that the following, makes all the difference?
- Skills and strategies.
- Personalised approaches.
- Shared Understanding.
- 'Power with' approaches.
- Independent and valued citizen.
This response starts with attempting to see the world from their perspective and from there, teaching them skills and strategies to cope with the demands of everyday life.
Skills: Things the person has learned to do independently in any aspect of their lives.
Strategies: Things that help the person to learn and maintain skills.
Crucially, strategies need to be 'owned' by the person with autism and should reduce dependency on staff 'telling' them what to do.
In doing this, we work in close collaboration with families, appreciating that parents and siblings have a unique understanding of the young person with autism.
Some students may contribute using signs and symbols or photographs and video, others may play an active role in their annual reviews. We also have a very active student council with representatives from every class.


text:
Feb. 15, 2013
Display of old books and maps show the inaccurate roots of old stereotypes.Wanda Laukkanen | Writer
Stereotypical views of Africa and its inhabitants as mysterious, dangerous and conquerable are currently on display at the Pacific University Library in Forest Grove as part of Black History Month.
Titled The Dark Continent: Western Images and Maps of Africa, the display is on the main floor of the library and is open to the public.
Books in the exhibit date from 1542 to 1909 and display images — shocking to those of us in the 21st century — that portray Africans, in the words of the books, as "devilish, bloodthirsty natives" who are considered "idolaters or pagans and show little signs of intelligence."
"I hope it might prompt people to think about how their ideas of Africa and Africans are connected to very old stereotypes that we may not even be consciously aware of," said Eva Guggemos, university archivist.
Included in the exhibit is an original 1542 map of Africa. Though the coastlines are fairly accurate, the interior is not. The map draws from noted ancient Greek-Roman mapmaker and geographer Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia Universalis, noted Guggemos. The mapmaker showed "Man-eaters" and "Cave-Dwellers" living in central Africa, leaving everything south of the Sahara blank.
A later map from 1802 in the exhibit shows that knowledge of Sub-Saharan Africa was not much better by then — as a note explains: "Westerners were scarcely more familiar with the center of the content than Ptolemy had been in 150 A.D."
Famous explorer Henry M. Stanley also has a part in the exhibit. His two-volume book of 1890, "In Darkest Africa: or, the quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria"is displayed with two maps that were originally hidden in the back of the books. Both maps have been mounted and displayed with the other items.
All of the display is of items from the library. Guggemos said she is happy to answer questions or give a mini-tour of the display. She can be reached at the University Archives, _EMAIL_.


but we require a number which is multiple of 2 and greater than 2N. So to be on safe side we usually take 4*N nodes in segtree.
1 Like
Oh yes! I got confused. Thanks
yeah, Persistent Segment Tree can solve such problems but do you think its as easy to explain and understand as this?
1 Like
maybe. After all, the only important things -after understand segment tree in its pointer implementation- are:
-In each update, at most logN node change
-In each update, create a new version of all nodes changed


text: Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) has recently been used for assessing the cerebral oxygen metabolism. However, a systematic investigation on the most suitable imaging parameters and reconstruction algorithms for determining the venous susceptibility values is missing. Therefore, we investigated both, the impact of flow compensation and accelerated acquisition as well as different reconstruction methods on measured venous susceptibility. Our results suggest that the choice of reconstruction technique can significantly influence the venous susceptibility values while the investigated imaging parameters did not considerably affect its accuracy. Thus, the applied QSM reconstruction technique has to be considered carefully when quantifying the venous oxygenation.


Custom Objects within an Array explanation
This topic contains 2 replies, has 3 voices, and was last updated by Rob Simmers 8 months ago.
 - Author
 Posts
 - #64653
 Brian Clanton
 Participant
 I read this article in Powershell online magazine and I am having a hard time getting my mind wrapped around it as to what it means.
 It gives the following example code:
 $groups = 'Group1', 'Group2'
 $users = 'User1', 'User2'

 $objectCollection=@()

 $object = New-Object PSObject
 Add-Member -InputObject $object -MemberType NoteProperty -Name Group -Value ""
 Add-Member -InputObject $object -MemberType NoteProperty -Name User -Value ""

 $groups | ForEach-Object {
 $groupCurrent = $_

 $users | ForEach-Object {
 $userCurrent = $_
 $object.Group = $groupCurrent
 $object.User = $userCurrent

 $objectCollection += $object
 }
 }

 $objectCollection

 It shows the output as this:
 Group User
 ----- ----
 Group2 User2
 Group2 User2
 Group2 User2
 Group2 User2

 It then explains why we are getting this output. The is the paragraph I am having a problem understanding as well as the link to the article.
 We assign the information to the object and add it to the collection, but we still use the same object. When we added it to the collection we added just a 'reference' to the object, not the object itself. What we ended up with was just four 'shortcuts' to the same object.

 From

 I don't understand they mean by 'reference to the object and not the object itself. When you are using the using the statement,
 $object.Group = $groupCurrent and $object.User = $userCurrent, are you not adding those values to that object? I don't understand what they mean by 'reference'.
 - #64771
 Don Jones
 Keymaster
 This gets into some fairly esoteric programming concepts, specifically, ByValue and ByReference.
 When you assign something ByValue, you're passing the _contents of whatever it is_. So if I have $a=4, and I set $b=$a ByValue, I can then set $a=5 but $b will still be 4.
 Conversely, setting something ByReference just passes a _reference_ to, basically, the same memory location. So if $a=4 and I set $b=$a, changing $a=5 will also set $b to 5, because $a and $b are really both pointers to the same memory location.
 Add-Member works that way with its -InputObject parameter. It doesn't create a new object having whatever properties you added; it adds the property to the original copy, so whatever variable was referencing that copy ($object in this case) will now reference the updated object.
 - #64803
 Rob Simmers
 Participant
 As a side note, that is an old example of creating an object in Powershell and the results that you posted are incorrect (not the intention of the code or example, I'm guessing). This should be much easier to implement and read:
 $groups = 'Group1', 'Group2'
 $users = 'User1', 'User2'

 #Collect all results from the for loops and place them in $objectCollection
 $objectCollection = foreach ($group in $groups) {

 foreach ($user in $users) {
 New-Object -TypeName PSObject -Property @{
 Group = $group
 User = $user
 }
 }
 }

 $objectCollection

 Output:
 User Group
 ---- -----
 User1 Group1
 User2 Group1
 User1 Group2
 User2 Group2

You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


text:
Schools and children from across Wimborne Academy Trust have been making daily visits to Wimborne Minster's Easter Experience week.
The youngsters from Allenbourne Middle, St Michael's Middle, St John's First and Witchampton First schools have learned the true story of Easter thanks to the event held at the town's well-known church.
CEO of Wimborne Academy Trust, Liz West, said: "This is one of the highlights of our year and we are very grateful to Wimborne Minster for inviting our children to this very special event.
"It is an incredibly moving experience for our children to be taken through the last few days of Jesus's life and understand why we celebrate Easter every year."
Organised by St John's Church, St Michael's Church and Wimborne Minster, the Easter Experience is a one hour session based around the story of Easter.
In the church are six story-telling stations, decorated to symbolise the Easter story, including Palm Sunday, the Last Supper, Jesus washing the Disciples' feet, Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane and the Crucifixion.
Throughout the week church volunteers led groups of more than 400 students to each station and told them what happened at each of those momentous events in history.
The children also engaged in interactive activities, including re-creating the Last Supper.
Allenbourne Middle School teacher, Richard Wright, accompanied the children on the visit and said: "Having the Easter story re-told in such a special place as Wimborne Minster really made this a memorable occasion.
"The children were completely enraptured with the Easter story and it was a very thought provoking experience for them."
Wimborne Minster Church Warden, Deirdre Ashton, added: "It was a real joy to welcome the children. They behaved impeccably, showing interest and respect towards their surroundings.
"Most impressively, they participated and responded with imagination and sensitivity."
Wimborne Academy Trust was formed in 2015 and comprises Allenbourn Middle School, St Michael's Middle School, St John's First School, Hayeswood First School, Merley First School, Colehill First School and Witchampton First School.
All of its schools are rated Good or Outstanding.
Note to editors: For more information please contact Rachel Read, account director at Deep South Media, on 01202 534487.


text:
The red-handed tamarin's body measures 20.5–28 centimeters (8.1–11 in); including the tail they measure 31–44 centimeters (12–17 in). They weigh 400–550 grams (0.88–1.2 lb). Their life expectancy is approximately 10 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity. The tamarin's diet consists of fruit, flowers, insects, frogs, spiders, lizards, and nectar. Their natural predators are small cats, birds of prey, and snakes. (information from Wikipedia)
These tamarins were spotted at Dallas World Aquarium, and the final shot shows the huge palm tree they were in. It's at least 30 feet tall! You can see the tamarins on the upper-right frond.


text:
Canadian gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. In _PHONE_ Canada's Gerard Bull led development of the Martlet system for gun-launched access to space. The program was cancelled before the objective of gun launch to orbit was attained.
Even after the rocket established its primacy as a method of accessing space, Gerald Bull of the Canadian Armament and Research Development Establishment began a life-long struggle to use guns for cheap access to space.
In the 1950's Bull pioneered the use of gun-fired models as an economical approach to study supersonic aerodynamics. The model was fitted with a wooden shell, or sabot, that matched the diameter of the gun barrel. After leaving the barrel the sabot would fall away and the model would continue, with high-speed cameras recording its behaviour in flight.
By 1961 Bull had expanded his concept and obtained a $10 million joint contract from the US and Canadian Defence Departments for a High Altitude Research Program (HARP). This was to prove the feasibility of using large guns for launch of scientific and military payloads on sub-orbital and orbital trajectories.
For long range shots a range was established at Barbados, where the payloads could be sent eastward over the Atlantic. A surplus 125 tonne US Navy 16 inch gun was used as the launcher. The standard 20 m barrel was extended to 36 m, and converted to a smooth-bore. In 1962 - 1967 Bull launched over 200 atmospheric probes to altitudes of up to 180 km.
By this time relations between Canada and the United States were strained because of the Viet Nam war. Canada terminated the project.
Success Rate: 100.00%. Launch data is: incomplete.
Status: Retired 1966.
More... - Chronology...
First Launch: 1963.01.01.
Last Launch: 1966.11.20.
Number: 37.
Gun-launched Artillery dominated military ballistics from the earliest use of gunpowder. In 1865 Jules Verne could only realistically consider a cannon for a moon launch in his influential novel. Even after the rocket established its primacy as a method of accessing space, Canadian Gerald Bull began a life-long struggle to use guns for cheap access to space. His successes could not generate funding to continue. Others since then have pursued the technology, convinced it was the only way for low-cost delivery of payloads to orbit. More...
Martlet In _PHONE_ Canada's Gerard Bull led development of the Martlet system for gun-launched access to space. The program was cancelled before the objective of gun launch to orbit was attained. More...
Associated Manufacturers and Agencies
Bull Canadian manufacturer of rockets, spacecraft, and rocket engines. Bull, Canada. More...
McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page (launch records), Harvard University, 1997-present. Web Address when accessed: here.
Goebel, Greg, Space Guns, Web Address when accessed: here.
1967 June 30 -
. Launch Vehicle
- HARP project closed down -.
Nation: Canada. The cancellation came only a few months before an orbital 2G-1 could be flown. Martlet 2's were used to conduct extensive research at altitudes of up to 180 km with some 200 flights being conducted between 1963 and 1967. The very low cost per flight, about $3,000, made it ideal for a wide variety of applications.. Typical mission payloads included chemical ejection to produce an observable atmospheric trail and assorted sensors with multi-channel telemetry.
1968 October 11 -
15:17 GMT -.
: Wallops Island
. Launch Complex
: Wallops Island LA2
. Launch Vehicle
. LV Configuration
: EXAMETNET W 104.
- Chute -.
Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi).
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Noppanit
08 Dec 2010
Ruby: Find unscrambled words from a list of scrambled words
Suppose you have a list of words, and you have another list of unscrambled words. How would you find unscrambled words in the list of words. For example, you have a list of words:
 1. testtest
 2. apple
 3. college
 4. abcdefg
 5. school
 … and a lot more, says 1000 words
And a list of unscrambled words
 1. hoolsc
 2. bgfedcba
 3. ppale
How would you know that the exact word of the list of unscrambled words? How would you know that "hoolsc" is "school".
Here is what I do, I use Ruby to create a hash and find the frequency of each character of each word. And compare the two hashs to see if they contain the same amount of characters. This might not be the most efficient way to do that, but it certainly the easiest way to do.
For instance, "school" would have { "s" => 1, "c" => 1, "h" => 1, "o" => 2, "l" => 1} and "hoolsc" would be {"h" => 1, "o" => 2, "l" => 1, "s" => 1, "c" => 1}. They are different in the position of key, but they have the same number of keys and each key-value pair is equal to the element in the other hash.
Here is the code I created
The words.txt is the list of scrambled words
and the wordlist.txt is the list of unscrambled words
scrambled_words = File.new("words.txt","r")
while (scrambled_word = scrambled_words.gets )
 scrambled_word = "#{scrambled_word}"
 scrambled_word_array = scrambled_word.split(//)

 scrambled_word_hash = Hash.new()
 for word in scrambled_word_array
 if( word != "\r" && word != "\n")
 scrambled_word_hash[word] += 1
 end
 end
 word_list = File.new("wordlist.txt","r")
 while (words = word_list.gets)
 unscrambled_word = "#{words}"
 unscrambled_word_array = unscrambled_word.split(//)
 unscrambled_word_hash = Hash.new()

 for word1 in unscrambled_word_array
 if( word1 != "\r" && word1 != "\n")
 unscrambled_word_hash[word1] += 1
 end
 end
 if scrambled_word_hash == unscrambled_word_hash
 print "#{words},"
 end
 end
 word_list.close
end
scrambled_words.close
You can get wordlist.txt from _URL_ as well. It's really fun.
Til next time,
noppanit at 00:00
scribble


Logicport overview
As promised earlier, the Near Future Laboratory has published an overview of the Logicport Logic Analyzer. They're using the Playstation 2 analysis as an example. The Logicport uses "interpreters" to define protocols. It has I2C/TWI, SPI, RS232, and CAN 2.0A/2.0B, but you can build your own interpreter based on these. You can specify bit order and the format you want the data in. Slave interpreters can be used for specific tasks: with the PS2 they were used to just show the fifth byte, which is the actual button press.
"Triggers" are used to signal specific activity. On the PS2, one was attached to the falling signal on the slave select line. This event means the master is about to start sending data.
The final area worth exploring is "measurements". These can be frequency or arbitrary time intervals between events. The Logicport has multiple ground connections to eliminate noise from the signal and you'll have to play with sample rate and logic level to get things running smooth. It's nice to see how-tos written from the perspective of someone just getting started with the tool.
4 thoughts on "Logicport overview
 1. Using this would have been a lot easier than turning PICs into SPI-to-serial converters, which is what we did to research our ps2 interface guide: _URL_
 For people looking to emulate a PS2 controller, we recorded the first 600 or so bytes of handshaking between a PS2 and various controllers (dual shock, guitar hero, Chinese knock off–worked about the same as the official DS). The recordings are available in a spreadsheet at the bottom of the guide, as well as a circuit diagram and source code. It's surprising how much handshaking goes on considering that only a few commands are necessary to setup a controller to use all the analog values (including button pressures) and vibration motors.
 2. OK, seriously — can we stop with the all-lower-case stuff? I had to parse the phrase "It has I2C/TWI, SPI, RS232, and CAN 2.0A/2.0B" about 10 times before I realized that "can" was an acronym.
 At the very least, can somebody point me in the direction of a guide on user styles to let me turn off the lower-casing renderer?
 3. _USER_:
 I don't know much about creating user stylesheets, but the actual CSS contents you want are "* {text-transform:none}".
 I'm working on a greasemonkey script to do it for you. It works in the Firebug console but for some reason Greasemonkey isn't running it.
 If the Hackaday leadership is reading… seriously, this is ridiculous. Why would you want to make your blog hard to read, particularly in such an acronym-heavy area as this?
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text:
ENVIROX™ Fuel Borne Catalyst
- Envirox™ saves fuel
- Envirox™ catalytically removes engine deposits
- Envirox™ reduces harmful exhaust emissions
Envirox™ Fuel Borne Catalyst is a scientifically and commercially proven diesel fuel combustion catalyst which reduces fuel consumption, green house gas emissions (CO2) and other harmful exhaust emissions.
These benefits are achieved by using a patented catalyst technology based on cerium oxide, a well-known industrial catalyst, which is already used within the automotive sector in gasoline engine three-way catalytic converters.
ENVIROX™ is delivered into the combustion chamber pre-mixed with the fuel and delivers benefits in the following ways:
- Envirox™ changes the way fuel burns so that it delivers more useful work with every piston stroke, translating into improved fuel economy
- Envirox™ helps burn away waste desposite from the inside of your engine, a cleaner engine is a more fuel efficient engine
- Envirox™ delivers environmental benefits by reducing waste products released by automotives, including CO2, unburned hydrocarbon and particulates
No engine modifications are required to use the product, it has no negative impact on lubricant performance, and the dose rate of the additive is extremely low at just 5-10 parts per million of cerium oxide in the fuel.
The product has been tested extensively, both in large scale field trials and in accredited laboratory engine tests. Up to 11% fuel economy benefits have been demonstrated in independently assessed field trials under commercial operating conditions.
ENVIROX™ Fuel Borne Catalyst has been formulated so that it readily blends with diesel fuel, ideally ENVIROX™ is blended into bulk fuel storage for ease of use.
The material is classified as non-hazardous for road transport and requires the same handling precautions as standard diesel fuel.


use.
xx
Some things to note:
 - A block will be allocated regardless of the free bytes left in each block i.e. space within a block is lost if the data is smaller than the block size.
 - Using a smaller block size may offer better/smaller file size at the expense of more seeks if the data is larger than the space for each block.
 - Since the header is 15 bytes and the maximum key size is 255 then you cannot go below 270 bytes unless you are limiting the key length and your data is short.
 - You can call CompactStorageHF() anytime to reclaim storage space and reduce the storage file size. After compaction the original files are saved to the old folder.
Usage
You can get to the new features via the following interface:
 var kv = rdb.GetKVHF();
The above interface has the following methods:
public interface IKeyStoreHF
{ object GetObjectHF(string key); bool SetObjectHF(string key, object obj); bool DeleteKeyHF(string key); int CountHF(); bool ContainsHF(string key); string[] GetKeysHF(); void CompactStorageHF();
}
The above interface is pretty self explanatory.
Advanced topics
On all writes a special file is created by the name of temp.$ which signifies a data changed operation so in the event of a system failure RaptorDB will know to rebuild indexes.
You can trigger a rebuild process by adding the above file to the view folder or the DataHF folder for the new key/value store.
On a different note
Continuing the testing on other platforms, below is an animated GIF of RaptorDB working as is on an Ubuntu virtual machine which I previously installed mono-complete on:
xx
Appendix v3.2.5 - New String Indexes
One long time nagging problem was the storage cost of string indexes, since strings are variable in size, when you come to index them you are left no choice but to take the largest length possible and allocate storage for it regardless of it's actual size since you had to contend with variable length of index pages, which can get very messy.
So in this version and on the back of the new recycle-able storage file format MGIndex type indexes will store the actual strings in an external MGHF file and store the reference in the IDX file which means huge storage size reduction for these types of indexes.
You can control the creation of this new file with the Global.EnableOptimizedStringIndex flag which is true by default, note :
 - Previous style indexes still work and are backward compatible.
 - New indexes will be built on View rebuilds when required and the above flag allows it.
Appendix v3.2.14 - HFKV Increment() Decrement()
Continuing my real world usage of RaptorDB I have added atomic Increment/Decrement of int,decimal values to the high frequency key value store and RaptorDB ensures that updates will be atomic and consistent which can be used for :
 - Counters
 - Inventory values
Also fulltext search edge cases should be finally covered so you can do :
 - address = "-oak -*l" = not oak and not ending in l ( not hill, laurel etc.)
Appendix v3.2.15 - Fulltext Search Changes
From this version on the way full text search is handled is changed so using + now means OR (this is a breaking change and hopefully makes more sense).
So :
"15 franklin" = 15 and franklin "15 franklins" = 15 and franklins -> which will show no results since fanklins does not exist "15 +franklin" = 15 or franklin
Appendix v3.3.0 - Web Studio
xx
A longtime coming, but finally RaptorDB has a web interface. The wait was mainly for me to "get" javascript and web development which is still ongoing. Parts of this update are from the REST api article (_URL_ which has been integrated into the main code base and will live on here.
Currently this web interface is readonly and does non-destructive operations and defaults to local machine only access for security reasons, his might change in the future when I get the access control to work.
This UI uses plain javascript and was written from scratch with no dependancies, even the '$' operation was written by me as a standin.
The javascript requires modern browsers and will work with IE10+ (IE8, IE9 were to much trouble and not worth the effort given I wrote everything from scatch).
The javascript gurus amoung you will probably complain about the code.
How to enable Web Studio
By default the web Studio UI is disabled and you can control it with the following config parameters:
"EnableWebStudio" : true,
"WebStudioPort" : 91,
For security reasons the web UI is local host only by default, you can enbale connection from any address by setting :
"LocalOnlyWebStudio" : false
What you can do
Most of the main features of RaptorDB are available through the Web UI like :
 - Queries
 - View Schema
 - Document view and history
 - System Information and logs
 - High frequency key/value browse
Queries
You can get at your data with the query tab which supports paging, filtering, sorting and exporting to excel.
To filter a query you can click on the column name which will add it to your filter text box and add the filter you want, like :
 Address = "hill" and serial < 100 or Address = "hill -oak" and serial < 100
You can click on the column name for sorting the columns data. If you click on the link under the 'docid' column then you will see the underlying document which is associated with the row.
Document view and history
You can view the actual document json and see any revisions which were made under the "Documents" menu. Full text searching of the original json documents is also supported.
xx
xx
System Information
Under the system information menu you can see the last 100 log items along with debug information from the server and the current configuration parameters.
Under this tab you can also backup the current data and optimize the high frequency data store.
xx
High frequency key store
Under this menu you can browse the high frequency key/value store and see the json representation of what you stored for each key.
xx
Getting started
Concepts
RaptorDB is a json based key value store with map functions which map documents to views for querying. So at its core you save a document entity with Save() and Fetch() the same.
A key value store is very useful, but for most applications you need to query and aggregate parts of documents, so you need to define views to extract information from those documents. Extracting information like this is done for performance reasons.
You can only have 1 instance of RaptorDB accessing the data folder (while files are opened in shared mode so you can take hot backups, two instances cannot share the same files and folders).
While the noSql movement advocates "schema-less" designs, this does not mean the absence of a schema, but less dependency on a schema or schema isolation i.e. the ability to change things without breaking other parts, because to do anything with performance you will need to know your data types and structures otherwise queries would be a limited full text search (limited in the way that text data loses type information).
Installing
You can use RaptorDB in your projects by installing via nuget and searching for RaptorDB_doc or by manually adding 2 DLL references :
 - RaptorDB.dll : the main server code
 - RaptorDB.Common.dll : common library for both embedded and client/server
Your first Project
The complete source code : Cannot resolve file macro, invalid file name or id.
For demonstration purposes we will create a console application project (you can create any kind of app with Visual Studio). Our first project will use RaptorDB in embedded mode, meaning that the database will share the memory of the console process.
Since RaptorDB needs to keep a lot of state then we should create a global variable for it so we can access it from throughout our code and have 1 instance:
class Program
{ static RaptorDB.RaptorDB rdb; static void Main(string[] args) { rdb = RaptorDB.RaptorDB.Open("data"); RaptorDB.Global.RequirePrimaryView = false; DoWork(); Console.WriteLine("press any key..."); Console.ReadKey(); Console.WriteLine("\r\nShutting down..."); rdb.Shutdown(); }
...
Note that we are explicitly shutting down so RaptorDB can cleanly save data to disk (if you don't do this you might notice RaptorDB rebuilding the views as it didn't shutdown cleanly).
For the purpose of our first example we will disable the need to have primary views defined for our documents and essentially use RaptorDB as a key value store.
Now lets save some data:
static void DoWork()
{ Console.Write("Inserting 100,000 documents..."); int count = 100000; for (int i = 0; i < count


text:
The Town of Watson Lake owes its existence to two major factors: the construction of a military airport in 1941 and the construction of the Alaska Highway in 1942.
In 1939 the Government of Canada committed to building a chain of airfields across the Northwest under the Northwest Staging Route Program. The airfield at Watson Lake was a link in this chain. The site for the airport was surveyed, funds were made available towards the end of 1940 and construction began in 1941.
When the United States entered the Second World War, there was a threat of a Japanese invasion of Alaska. The necessity of a military overland supply rout linking the State of Alaska to the lower 48 states became an immediate wartime measure.
During the course of planning, it was decided that the highway would be modified in order to service the airfield sites selected under the Northwest Staging Route Program. The road alignment was purposely engineered to meander and avoid long, straight stretches which would jeopardize large supply convoys from strafing air attacks. In recent years, highway improvements have all but eliminated these winding sections of road, and now the Alaska Highway is maintained to a very high standard. The road surface is mainly pavement or Bitminous treated surface. Gravel surfaces now occur only in construction zones.
The original highway from Dawson Creek, B.C. to Fairbanks, AK was little more than a pioneer trail wandering through 2,450 kilometers (1,522 miles) of mountains, muskeg and permafrost. The new highway was built in a short 8 months and 12 days by the United States Army Corps Engineers.
The Robert Campbell Highway was started during the post world War 11 era as the service road to mining developments in the east-central Yukon and completed in 1968.
The original Watson Lake town site was at the Airport but moved to the "Wye" as it was now the regional link between the Alaska and Robert Campbell Highways.The community of Watson Lake began as an accommodations and supply center for the construction of the highway. In that same year, a roadway was built between Watson Lake and Lower Post, the northern most community in B.C.
Today, the Town of Watson Lake is the key transportation, communication and distribution center for mining and logging activities in the southern Yukon, Northern B.C. and a portion of the N.W.T. It also serves as a major service area for tourism and is the site of the Regional Territorial Government administration services.


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联系方式
 - 通信地址：天津市西青区宾水西道391号天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院
 - 邮编:300384
 - 电话:022-60214185
 - 传真:
 - Email:_EMAIL_
当前位置：> 首页 > 论文著作 > 正文
Temperature-Dependent Polymorphic Crystalline Structure and Melting Behavior of Poly(butylene adipate) Investigated by Time-Resolved FTIR spectrosopy
作者：Yang Jinjun, Li Zhenguo, Pan Pengju, Zhu Bo, Dong Tungalag, Inoue Yoshio
关键字：In-situ FTIR, Polymorphism, Phase transition, PBA
论文来源：期刊
具体来源：Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics
发表时间：2019年
The polymorphic crystalline structure and melting behavior of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) samples melt-crystallized at different crystallization temperatures were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystalline structure and melting behavior of PBA were found to be greatly dependent on the crystallization temperature. By comparison of the FTIR spectra and the corresponding second derivatives between the a- and b-crystal of PBA, the spectral differences were identified for the IR bands appeared at 1485, 1271, 1183, and 930 cm1 and the possible reasons were presented. Especially, the 930 cm1 band was found to be a characteristic band for the b-crystal. Combining the DSC data with the analysis of normalized intensity changes of several main IR bands during the melting process, the melting behaviors of the a- and b-crystal were clarified in detail. It is demonstrated by the in situ IR measurement that the b-crystalline phase would transform into the a-crystalline phase during the melting process, and the solid–solid phase transition from the b- to a-crystal was well elucidated by comparing the intensity changes of the 1170 and 930 cm1 bands. The dependence of the b- to a-crystal phase transition on the heating rate was revealed by monitoring the intensity ratio of the 909 and 930 cm1 band. It was suggested that at the heating rate of 0.5 or 1 C/min, the percent amount of the transformed a-crystal from the b-crystal was much higher than that at the higher heating rate. The b-crystal transforms into the a-crystal incompletely at the higher heating rate because of the less time available for the phase transition. In addition, the b- to a-crystal phase transition was further confirmed by the IR band shifts during the melting process.


Call for 'direct physio access'
By Prof Karen Middleton
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
image copyrightScience Photo Library
Accessing a physiotherapist on the NHS usually involves seeing a GP and getting a referral.
But, in this week's Scrubbing Up, Prof Karen Middleton, chief executive of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, says it would make much more sense - for both patients and the health service - if patients could have direct access to an NHS physio.
If you ring your local surgery, you can probably get an appointment with the GP or a nurse.
But if you have a common problem such as back or neck pain, should you also be able to see a physiotherapist?
We think so - as do increasing numbers of GPs, who are bringing in physiotherapists to work alongside them in their practices.
These aren't physios the GP refers to - the physio is a patient's first point of contact who they see instead of the GP.
Up to 30% of a GP's caseload can be musculoskeletal (MSK) problems, and physios are the experts in these conditions - so it makes complete sense for them to see those patients.
For patients, the benefits are numerous - it speeds up access to the expertise they need, it reduces the number of appointments they must attend and for some, it even spares them having to undergo surgery later on if a problem is dealt with sooner.
Minor to chronic
At present, the most common route into NHS physiotherapy in England is via a GP referral.
(In Scotland, you can go direct to an NHS physio in all areas, and this is also available to patients in two-thirds of Wales - England lags far behind. It's also the way into private treatment.)
This means waiting for a GP appointment, then waiting for a physio assessment, then, if needed, waiting for a follow-up.
The longer someone waits for treatment, they greater the likelihood is that their relatively minor condition becomes chronic.
So why not see the physio in the first instance?
A physio can assess and diagnose a patient at that first appointment so that their rehabilitation begins immediately.
In many cases, they will just need advice on what to do and the problem will go away.
This then frees up places on the waiting list for people who genuinely need further treatment.
That makes it a better system for patients. But it's a preferable one for GPs as well.
Red flags
image copyrightScience Photo Library
Reducing this part of their workload frees them up to concentrate on more serious cases that require a medical diagnosis and with the pressures faced by GPs so well-known, it's understandable why this is an approach that's gaining traction with them.
You'd also need to be living on Mars - or perhaps just outside the UK - to not know of the urgent and enormous problems the NHS faces financially.
The health service has been tasked with finding savings of £22bn by 2020, a vast sum that is placing a huge strain on the ability to continue delivering quality services.
Our modelling shows that if even a fifth of the patients seeing their GP for an MSK problem saw a physio instead, it would save at least £525m a year for the NHS.
That's a conservative estimate, by the way, as it looks only at the savings from that initial appointment.
Additional savings would come from reduced follow-up appointments, fewer tests such as X-rays and scans and lower numbers of referrals on to secondary care in hospitals.
For us, the frustrating thing is that opposition to this approach is often based on two myths.
The first, that patients are not safe being seen by a physio without a doctor assessing them first.
This is complete nonsense - unless you believe that every private patient, every patient in Scotland and those in two-thirds of Wales - where you go direct to a physio -are at risk.
Physios are trained to identify what we call red flags - evidence of serious illness - and would always send those patients on to the most appropriate medical professional.
Research has shown virtually no red flags are missed by physios - so patients can be assured that there is no truth whatsoever in this myth.
Secondly, it's claimed that every Tom, Dick and Harry will flood waiting rooms when they discover how easy it is to get physio.
Again - complete bunkum.
For a start, Tom, Dick and Harry have better things to do than see a physio about a minor twinge they got lifting the shopping out of the car.
This is also backed up by the evidence, which shows no increase in demand over time in services where patients can go direct to the physio.
And actually, overall numbers could drop if patients are seen sooner, and therefore more effectively, so they need fewer appointments.
So it's clear that a solution exists that yields benefits for patients, GPs and the NHS as a whole.
It's right before our eyes - and the important thing now is that it is implemented.
Related Topics
Related Internet Links
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.


text:
Restatement of the research objective
The research focuses on drawing a comparative analysis between Australian and the international students' drinking habits. Overall, the data shows that overseas and Australian student's consumption of alcohol is quite different. As this research shows, on average both international male and female students consume alcohol at least once a month. On the other hand, the Australian students drink alcohol mainly two days a week. In addition, beer is the conceivably the most common drink among the international students while brand choice is evidently differentiated among the Australian students. The majority of Australian female students consume bottled wine while their colleague males predominantly drink beer irrespective of their alcoholic strengths.
From the data obtained in this study, the first finding is that that alcohol is definitely the highest indulgence drug among both Australian and the international students. Beers and spirits account for the highest proportion of alcohol used by the international students while higher incidences of bottled spirit use and beer drinking is reported among Australian female and male students respectively. Most male international students drink at least twice a week while international female students only drink occasionally. Conversely, a greater proportion of the Australian students drink mainly two days a week. One probable reason for higher incidences of alcohol use among male than female students is the contemporary youth mentality that associates drug use with masculinity. Moreover, the society assigns females the role of caregivers hence they embrace sobriety early enough in their life.
The second finding of this research is that taste of drink highly influences the brand relished by the international students than it is the case with Australian students. While both the male and female the international students exhibit an almost equal liking for beer, the Australian male students are common drinkers of wine while females relish bottled wine. Therefore, it.means that beer has the most favorable taste than all the other drinks that the international students choose from. On the other hand, there is a marked difference between the drinking of alcohol among international and the Australian students. The probability that psychological attunement of the females towards details such as taste and brands is higher than that of the males. Therefore, males would only consider a few factors before settling on a brand of choice as opposed to the females.
While disposable income among the Australian students is the most important determinant of their respective drinking habits, taste is the most significant determinant of the brand choices among the international students. Due to the differential prices of various types of wine, its use among the Australian students is the most segmented with lower income students less predisposed to drinking cask wine than the medium to high income ones. Price only has an overreaching influence on the brand choices of the international female students. The most plausible reason for the influence of pricing in the Australian students' choice of alcohol brand is their limited income. However, overseas students mainly come from affluent backgrounds thus are able tis sustain their alcoholic lifestyles devoid of price limitations.
This research determines that a larger proportion of female international student drinkers consume alcohol at least once a week, at least once a month and less than once a month as compared with their male counterparts whose drinking habit is not dependent on time factors. The international male students drink alcohol at least twice a week is higher than female. These findings indicate the high levels of caution that female international students employ to prevent binge drinking or becoming alcohol addicts. Drinking of beer among the Australian male drinkers is differentiated into cohorts with decipherable differences in brand choices between baby boomers, generation X and generation Y. While age is not a determinant in the international student's brand choices, it is significant among Australian drinkers with baby boomers males drinking more spirits that beer. Among the international male and female students, beer is universally extensively drunk than any other brand irrespective if the drinker's age. The choice to drink only occasionally reflects the resilience of both the international and Australian female students to the effects of group pressure compared to their male counterparts. In addition, the higher rates of drinking among both overseas and Australian male students can be attributed to the fact that males are more susceptible to group influence, especially with respect to drug use than the females are.
Limitations and recommendation of the study
The research does not provide personalized information that influence differential alcohol use among the international male and female students respectively as it does for the Australian. Factors such as societal expectations and resistance to peer pressure among female students would be rather compelling assertions of the research. Therefore, future research should focus on the social factors that influence the differentiated drinking trends between Australian and overseas students.


text:
The lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae), is a springtail that is found in both the northern and southern hemispheres but is restricted to areas that have a Mediterranean-type climate. It is thought to have been introduced to Australia from Europe and has since become a significant agricultural pest of crops and pastures across the southern states. It is not related to the fleas which attack animals and humans.
The adult lucerne flea is approximately 3 mm long with light green-yellow colouring and an irregular pattern of darker patches over the body. Lucerne fleas are wingless, have globular abdomens and can jump large distances relative to their size. Their mottled colouration, small size and elusive habits can often make detection difficult.
Eggs, which are laid in batches, are covered in a soil layer making them almost impossible to detect in the field. The eggs are yellow-cream and about 0.3 mm in diameter. The newly hatched nymphs are approximately 0.75 mm long and are pale yellow in colour. Young nymphs resemble adults except they are much smaller in size and will moult several times before reaching maturity.
Lucerne fleas have a characteristic ability to 'spring' off vegetation when disturbed. This is due to a stiff appendage folded under their abdomen called a furcula, which is unfolded with such speed and force that it launches the lucerne flea into the air.
|Figure 2: The known distribution of lucerne flea in Australia|
Genetic analysis of populations suggests lucerne fleas have only limited movement between regions. It is likely that both adults and eggs are spread to new areas through the transport of hay and soil. Movement may also occur during summer from over-summering eggs being transported by wind.
While regional movement of lucerne flea is limited, anecdotal evidence suggests that the incidence of lucerne flea is increasing, even in areas of continuous cropping. The increased adoption of minimum and no-tillage may be contributing to the pest's increased survival and range expansion.
The lucerne flea has a similar seasonal biology to other important pests of establishing crops, such as the redlegged earth mite. Lucerne fleas generally hatch from over-summering eggs in March-April following soaking autumn rains. They reproduce sexually and, depending on favourable temperatures and moisture availability, may go through as many as three to five generations between autumn and spring. Each generation takes three to five weeks, with each female capable of laying up to three batches of eggs during this time.
Winter eggs are laid in moist crevices on the soil surface in batches of about 20-60, usually under vegetation and debris. Females then excrete a fluid substance containing ingested soil and glandular secretions over the eggs. This acts to both camouflage and protect the eggs.
At the onset of warmer and drier conditions, over-summering eggs are produced which are protected from desiccation by a clay cement layer excreted by females. Consequently, lucerne fleas are more common on heavier loam/clay soils and are rarely found on sandy soils. The protective coating also prevents eggs from hatching when rain is insufficient for lucerne flea development or for the establishment of host plants.
Behaviour and damage
|Figure 3: Lucerne fleas attacking clover. Photo: A. Weeks (CESAR).|
Both nymphs and lucerne flea adults are pests of broad-leaved plants such as clovers, lucerne and capeweed, and can also cause considerable damage to canola, field peas, lupins and faba beans. Although grasses and cereals are non-preferred hosts, lucerne flea can also cause damage to ryegrass, wheat and barley crops. In pastures, lucerne fleas have a preference for subterranean clover and lucerne.
Lucerne fleas move up plants from ground level, eating tissue from the underside of foliage. They consume the succulent green cells of leaves through a rasping process, avoiding the more fibrous veins and leaving behind a layer of leaf membrane. This makes the characteristic small, clean holes in leaves which can appear as numerous small 'windows'. In severe infestations this damage can stunt or kill plant seedlings.
|Figure 4: Typical lucerne flea feeding damage to clover|
Monitoring is the key to reducing the impact of lucerne flea. Crops and pastures grown in areas where lucerne flea has previously been a problem should be regularly monitored for damage from autumn through to spring. Susceptible crops and pastures should also be carefully inspected for the presence of lucerne fleas and evidence of damage.
It is important to frequently inspect winter crops, particularly canola and pulses, in the first three to five weeks after sowing. Crops are most susceptible to damage immediately following seedling emergence. Pastures should be monitored at least fortnightly from autumn to spring, with weekly monitoring preferred where there have been problems in previous years.
Lucerne fleas are often concentrated in localised patches or 'hot spots' so it is important to have a good spread of monitoring sites within each paddock. Examine foliage for characteristic lucerne flea damage and check the soil surface where insects may be sheltering.
Some sprays require application at a particular growth stage, so it is also important to note the growth stage of the population. Spraying immature lucerne fleas before they have a chance to reproduce can effectively reduce the size of subsequent generations.
Lucerne fleas compete for food and resources with other agricultural pests such as redlegged earth mites and blue oat mites. This means control strategies that only target one species may not reduce the overall pest pressure because other pests can fill the gap. It is therefore important to assess the complex of pests before deciding on the most appropriate control strategy.
Lucerne fleas are commonly controlled post-emergence, usually after damage is first detected. Control is generally achieved with an organophosphate insecticide (eg. omethoate). In areas where damage is likely, a border spray may be sufficient to stop invasion from neighbouring pastures or crops. In many cases, spot spraying, rather than blanket spraying, may be all that is required.
If the damage warrants control, treat the infested area with a registered chemical approximately three weeks after lucerne fleas have been observed on a newly emerged crop. This will allow for the further hatch of over-summering eggs but will be before the lucerne fleas reach maturity and begin to lay winter eggs.
In pastures, a follow-up spray may be needed roughly four weeks after the first spray to control subsequent hatches, and to kill new insects before they lay more eggs. Grazing the pasture before spraying will help open up the canopy to ensure adequate spray coverage. The second spray is unlikely to be needed if few lucerne fleas are observed at that time.
Crops are most likely to suffer damage where they follow a weedy crop or a pasture in which lucerne flea has not been controlled. As such, lucerne flea control in the season prior to the sowing of susceptible crops is recommended.
Caution is advised when selecting an insecticide. Several chemicals registered for redlegged earth mites (i.e. synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin) are known to be ineffective against lucerne flea. When both lucerne fleas and redlegged earth mites are present, it is recommended that control strategies consider both pests, and a product registered for both is used at the highest directed rate between the two to ensure effective control.
Information on the registration status, rates of application and warnings related to withholding periods, OH&S, residues and off-target effects should be obtained before making decisions on which insecticide to use. This information is available from the DPI Chemical Standards Branch, chemical resellers, APVMA and the pesticide manufacturer. Always consult the label and MSDS before using any insecticide.
Biological and cultural control
Several predatory mites, various ground beetles and spiders prey upon lucerne fleas. Snout mites (which have orange bodies and legs) are particularly effective predators of this pest. The pasture snout mite (Bdellodes lapidaria) and the spiny snout mite (Neomulgus capillatus), have been the main focus of biological control efforts against lucerne flea.
The pasture snout mite was originally found in Western Australia but has since been distributed to eastern Australia and there are some examples of this mite successfully reducing lucerne flea numbers. Although rarer, the spiny snout mite can also drastically reduce lucerne flea populations, particularly in autumn.
|Figure 5: Predatory adult snout mite. Photo: A. Weeks (CESAR).|
Appropriate grazing management can reduce lucerne flea populations to below damaging thresholds. This may be because shorter pasture lowers the relative humidity, which increases insect mortality and limits food resources.
Broad-leaved weeds can provide alternative food sources, particularly for juvenile stages. Clean fallowing and the control of weeds within crops and around pasture perimeters, especially of capeweed, can therefore help reduce lucerne flea numbers.
Other cultural techniques such as cultivation, trap and border crops, and mixed cropping can help reduce overall infestation levels to below economically damaging levels, particularly when employed in conjunction with other measures. Grasses are less favourable to the lucerne flea and as such can be useful for crop borders and pastures.
In pastures, avoid clover varieties that are more susceptible to lucerne flea damage and avoid planting susceptible crops such as canola and lucerne into paddocks with a history of lucerne flea damage.


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Introduction: The Case for Speechwriting
In this chapter, we introduce the practice of speechwriting by basing it on the classical foundation of the art of rhetoric. We acknowledge our indebtedness to Greek and Roman developments of rhetorical theories as foundational to the practice of speechwriting. We detail the depth and spread of the utility of speechwriting from ancient time to contemporary experiences. The chapter highlights the usefulness of speechwriting in the political and business arenas as primary areas where speechwriters can be found. The chapter also pays special attention to the anomaly between the technological advances that have come along to assist the practice of speaking in public and the high degree to which the art of public speaking has not changed much since antiquity.


Ramesh T A
Rookie - 294 Points (28th August 1950 / Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India)
Who has really the boon of freedom in the world?
Plants, animals, men or birds want freedom forever;
Peace and happiness everybody loves to enjoy here.
The joy everyone enjoys is not ready to sacrifice ever;
The strongest dominates to maintain its freedom ever.
Survival depends upon the favourable situation only;
Life goes on for all living beings big or small somehow.
Living on land, swimming on sea and flying in air there's
Survival of many beings in the world striving for satiation.
Land survivors cannot live in the sea and fly in the air;
Survivors of both on land and sea cannot fly in the sky;
Living on land man can survive on sea but not in the sky;
Of all the creatures only sea gulls and albatross survive
On land, sea and sky as they only have boon of freedom!
Submitted: Wednesday, March 10, 2010
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 - Rookie - 31 Points Leonard Dabydeen (3/10/2010 10:31:00 AM)
 This prosaic read certainly invites discussion, Ramesh. If we were to juxtapose creatures for survival in the triangle of land, sea and sky - are we to feel satiated that only the'strong' shall survive? Or is it that'survival depends upon the favourable'? If'sea gulls and albatross survive/On land, sea and sky as they only have boon of freedom! ', what makes other 'creatures' less favourable to obtain this position?
 A thoughful write, indeed. Thanx for sharing.
 Leonard (Report) Reply
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Over six out of ten churches in Britain have grounds they say could be used better as gardens and there's a new desire to use all this outside space better. An award-winning Chelsea Flower Show garden is just one of several new initiatives in our cemeteries.
Over 65 per cent of churches in this country have grounds that could be used for gardening. One in four of churches surveyed recently said they were keen to use their outdoor space better but needed advice about what to do.
A national campaign is now set to offer help and support to clear overgrown, untidy churchyards, invest in wildlife surveys, establish more welcoming gardening themes to encourage visitors into burial grounds and involve schools and communities in 'gardens within the churchyard' projects.
It all means that churchyards throughout the country are set to be a focal point for communities to put more emphasis on gardening and the preservation of wildlife in these pieces of land.
Churchyards are important for their habitats and as refuges for wildlife and plant life. Most churches have some green space. And in some urban areas they are the only green 'breathing' space available for both wildlife and people.
One estimate suggests estimate that 10,000 of 16,000 churches have churchyards. That's the area of a small national park. It's a precious resource which can make a huge difference to the biodiversity of the UK.
Sarah Eberle's Psalm 23 Garden for Bible Society at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show which won a gold medal will also become part of the campaign to see more done in churchyards.
"I am absolutely over the moon," said Sarah. "I really love the garden. Setting out to create tranquillity in a show site in the middle of London where you can actually impart that sort of emotional response to a garden is always the biggest challenge."
The award-winning garden is set to spearhead a campaign to see the creation of community gardens around the country, as we emerge from the pandemic.
The Bible Society has now published an easy-to-use guide on how to create such a community garden and puts emphasis on churchyard land.
The first Psalm 23-inspired community garden was created during lockdown in Tadley in Hampshire.
The desire to improve the look of church cemeteries is an ongoing theme which has moved in recent years from just tidying projects to schemes to use the gardening space better with creating planting – and the encouragement of wildlife.
Caring for God's Acre is a conservation charity which provides advice and support to community groups and individuals to help with the management and interpretation of churchyards, cemeteries and burial grounds, including green burial grounds.
It says: "Cemeteries grounds are not nature reserves but places of burial and remembrance, and management decisions need to consider the views and expectations of the local community.
"People want to be able to use the site, visit graves, read memorial inscriptions and feel that the management and use is appropriate and respectful. Most churchyards and an increasing number of cemeteries are managed by volunteers, be it the local congregation or a Friends group and Caring for God's Acre supports encourages and inform these volunteers."
A national scheme to create community gardens using the world's most famous Bible verses has enlisted the help of an award-winning Berkshire church that prides itself on its idyllic outside space.
St James' Church in Finchampstead, near Reading, won The Church Times' Green Church Award for its churchyard in 2017. The church's rector, Canon Julie Ramsbottom, says:
"I think churches should think hard about maximising the use of their surroundings. It's so important as a message to both the church and community, that the church doesn't just take place inside the building. Church is more outside than inside."
Julie and churchwarden, Ed Sampson, feature in a video shot by the Bible Society to promote community gardens. At the centre of the Bible Society's campaign was the development of The Psalm 23 Garden at Chelsea Flower Show, bringing the famous text of 'The Lord is my shepherd' to life.
"I want to engage people's emotions,' says Sarah about The Psalm 23 Garden. 'It will stop people in their tracks and make them look. The psalm is quite clear in its description of landscape," she adds.
According to Christian Research, 65 per cent of churches have grounds that could be used for gardening. One in four of churches surveyed said that they were keen to use their outdoor space, but needed advice about what to do.
"Anyone who gardens knows that it increases your sense of wellbeing," says Hazel Southam, spokeswoman for Bible Society. "But gardening together on a shared project is particularly special.
A recent survey based on visitors to churchyards established how important wildlife was to them. A total of 95 per cent of respondents confirmed they noticed the wildlife in their churchyards, with wildflowers being the wildlife which most caught people's eye, followed by birds, butterflies and trees.
The most popular reason given for visiting a churchyard is for religious reasons. A third of visitors stated they visited churchyards to 'a peaceful moment 'and 'to enjoy nature', one in eight visited churchyards to see the grave of a loved one and ten per cent for contemplation or prayer.
Find out what wildlife lives in your churchyard
More communities are being urged to take a first step to research wildlife in their local churchyard and consider what more can be done to develop areas as a garden. If any churchyard's natural heritage is under threat, then you might consider getting a professional survey done. But if you just want to understand your area better, then try these basic steps:
- Choose a day between March and September when plants are in flower and habitats are at their most active
- Start with a sketch map of the churchyard and mark it with basic features like buildings, paths, walls, in-use burial areas and compost heaps
- Record the trees, their type, circumference, estimated height and spread of their branches
- Outline the broad areas of habitat (e.g. areas of scrub, regularly cut grassland, shady areas and biodiverse areas)
- Take photographs and record where the photograph was taken, the direction and the date
- Record the birds, animals and insects you can see and where you saw them
The Beautiful Burial Ground Project is putting burial grounds across England and Wales on the map by revealing their hidden heritage and importance to biodiversity. Funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund it supports people to learn about, research and survey the species in, and history of, their local burial grounds. Started in May 2018 it is currently running through to December 2022. One of its functions is to raise the importance of gardening, plants and flowers in cemeteries.
It also encouraging people to send in a list of species they see cemeteries – so far it has received over 75,000 records.
Why see cemeteries as spaces for nature?
- They've been there a long time. Most churchyards and cemeteries date from well before the widespread losses to our natural heritage occurred, and so are arks for species and habitats going back through the centuries. Some burial sites may have been founded on older pre-Christian sacred sites whilst many younger burial grounds such as the Victorian cemeteries have been in existence for over 100 years.
- The management of burial grounds hasn't changed over time. Apart from grave digging, burial grounds are undisturbed, timeless sanctuaries where plant and animal populations have increased.
- They occur in every town, city and rural parish. Once you start to view burial grounds as wildlife havens it's exciting to think how many there are and how they link with other green spaces and corridors. The exact number of burial grounds is not known but is in the order of 20,000.
- They are accessible. Not only are they widespread, but they also have full public access, insurance and some facilities. This makes them great for visits, events, volunteering and as places for learning, usually within walking distance.
The role of graveside gardening
Graveyards and cemeteries are spaces for burial and mourning, but they can also be spaces for life, community, and healing. This is where grave gardening comes into play, which is the art of creating a garden at the location of your loved one's grave.
In Victorian times, garden style, or rural style, cemeteries became popular as both a way to deal with overcrowded cemeteries, and as a way to create natural spaces within urban centers to attract visitors. Before public parks existed in urban areas, these early cemeteries acted as both burial grounds and relaxing destinations where people would take picnics around the gravestones, and were designed with landscapes full of trees, shrubbery, and flowers growing amongst the tombstones.
If you want to start your own garden at a loved one's grave, check the cemetery's policies or by-laws. These policies will vary wildly, so it is important to know before you start what you can and cannot plant at a gravesite. When choosing what to plant, remember to choose plants that are not invasive, and can survive in the conditions found at the gravesite.
Two churchyards of great beauty
St Mary the Virgin, Throwleigh, Okehampton
Set in a Dartmoor village the churchyard has areas of wildflowers, ox eye daises, yellow rattle, betony, mallow, some orchids and devils bit scabious in the late summer. Butterflies include marbled white, small pearl bordered fritillary and the day flying Chimney Sweeper moth, indicator of old pasture. It won the Council for the Preservation of Rural England's 'Best churchyard in Devon' competition. It was also designated a 'County Wildlife Site' in 2020, the first so far in Devon.
St Mary the Virgin, Throwleigh, Okehampton EX20 2HU
St Just


text:
Word for... (Common Synonyms) sorted by Category
This list of synonyms has been arranged by categories (see also the following pages):
within the categories the sorting is alphabetical. It contains examples for the most common 100 words or so of synonyms;
however, the intention is not to replace a thesaurus. For the selection of the words (for example:
(look, see, glance, watch, view, event, situation,
reality, possibility, chance,
the top 50 lists of the most "common words in English" (provided by the makers of the Oxford English Dictionary) were a preferred inspiration - mostly verbs and adjectives, only rarely nouns and adverbs.
Also, these are not exact synonyms, consider them as grouped in semantic fields - the reason being to provide a help for inspiration with these 50 examples of synonyms.
Different words which have the same meaning (or similar meaning) are called synonyms. Words which have an opposite meaning are called antonyms. Words that are synonyms are referred to as being synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy.
English Synonyms for: Look
Synonyms for Event, Situation, Reality, Chance...
|setting||standing||state||state of affairs||status|
Popular Synonyms Lists (also Antonyms)
Often we are looking for another word, to express something we have in mind. Existing online dictionaries can be used; however most of them are either slow, packed with advertisement, or not very helpful concerning their result lists. Here are sites which I tested, and found acceptable:
For further resources related to learning and teaching English, see also here
Homonyms » a few hundred - on 1 page
A list of words, that are pronounced the same, but are spelled differently, and that have different meanings. Example sentences are provided for each homonym.
The intriguing part about homonyms is that they are the raw material for puns, a truly sublime form of humor.


Southern Ocean Change from Isotope: Summer Salinity Evolution
Projets soutenus ↦ Southern Ocean Change from Isotope: Summer Salinity Evolution
Southern Ocean Change from Isotope: Summer Salinity Evolution
The rotations of the French icebreaker Astrolabe which supplies the French Antarctic base Dumont d'Urville four times a year, offer a unique scientific opportunity for studying the long-term changes of the Southern Ocean. As part of the SURVOSTRAL program led by Rosemary Morrow (LEGOS, Toulouse), salinity measurements made on board this ship over the past twenty five years have already highlighted significant salinity variability near the continent. But today it is impossible to quantitavely interpret these variations in salinity in terms of changes in precipitation, the sea ice cycle, variations in ocean circulation, or even the melting of the polar ice cap adding fresh water on the ocean surface. In this project we propose to measure continuously, in conjunction with SURVOSTRAL measurements, stable water isotopes of the ocean surface, along the path of the Astrolabe. In February 2020, we carried out a very convincing feasibility study on board the R3 rotation. We wish, as part of this project, to initiate a first rotation with a system now stable and operational. As with the February 2020 feasibility study, it will involve installing a laser spectrometer coupled to a Continuous Water Sampler module. LOCEAN will provide the instrument, and will provide technical expertise for the installation, the collection of measurements, and the scientific analysis of measurements. The major goal of the project is to document the freshwater cycle of the Southern Ocean and its changes, leveraging on the observational effort of temperature and salinity implemented in recent decades.


text:
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man is a book written by British geologist, Charles Lyell in 1863. The first three editions appeared in February, April, and November 1863, respectively. A much-revised fourth edition appeared in 1873. Antiquity of Man, as it was known to contemporary readers, dealt with three scientific issues that had become prominent in the preceding decade: the age of the human race, the existence of ice ages, and Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Lyell used the book to reverse or modify his own long-held positions on all three issues. The book drew sharp criticism from two of Lyell's younger colleagues – paleontologist Hugh Falconer and archaeologist John Lubbock – who felt that Lyell had used their work too freely and acknowledged it too sparingly. It sold well, however, and (along with Lubbock's 1865 book Prehistoric Times) helped to establish the new science of prehistoric archaeology in Great Britain.
|Media type||Print (Hardcover & Paperback) & E-book|
|Pages||c.300 pp (May change depending on the publisher and the size of the text)|
|Text||Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man at Wikisource|
Lyell had been consistently skeptical of evidence for high human antiquity since the early 1830s, and distanced himself from the theory of ice ages after a brief flirtation with it in the early 1840s. He had attacked the evolutionary ideas of Lamarck in detail in his book Principles of Geology. New developments in all three areas forced him to reconsider these positions in the late 1850s and early 1860s, and became the subject matter for Antiquity of Man.
The section about man summed up the evidence for human antiquity that had been brought to light by British geologists in 1858-59, and integrated it with archaeological evidence from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age.
The section about glaciation integrated continental ice ages into the larger picture of the Quaternary Period that Lyell had built up in his earlier works.
The section about evolution recapitulated Darwin's arguments and endorsed them, though not enthusiastically. It acknowledged that human bodies might have evolved, but left open the possibility of divine intervention in the origins of human intellect and moral sense.
Hugh Falconer, a key player in the establishment of human antiquity, charged that Lyell – a minor player in the process – had misleadingly cast himself in the lead while ignoring the contributions of others. He raised his charges in the pages of the weekly journal The Athenaeum, and pressed them with a vehemence that some of his colleagues found distasteful.
John Lubbock, a young but rising scientific star and a member of Darwin's inner circle, charged that Lyell had incorporated large amounts of material that Lubbock had published in articles and was then reworking into a book of his own. His criticism was largely private, but well known in the scientific circles in which both moved.
Lyell gradually changed the text of Antiquity of Man to blunt some of their criticisms, but throughout the process held that he had been wrongly accused.
Antiquity of Man had its greatest impact in the years immediately after its publication. Lyell's presentation and endorsement of the new evidence for human antiquity firmly established the theory as scientific orthodoxy. His integration of both ice ages and a very old human race into the (geologically) recent history of the Earth was novel for its time, as was his presentation of archaeological data that from continental Europe. Until the early 1860s, "archaeology" had been synonymous, in England, with the study of antiquity and the Middle Ages through artifacts. Antiquity of Man expanded it to include the study of prehistory.
The book's three-part structure meant, however, that it was quickly supplanted by more detailed works that followed in its wake. Lubbock's Prehistoric Times (1865), Darwin's The Descent of Man (1871), James Archibald Geike's The Great Ice Age (1874) and William Boyd Dawkins' Early Man in Britain (1880) became the standard works on the fields to which Lyell had introduced a generation of mid-Victorian readers.
- A. Bowdoin Van Riper, Men Among the Mammoths (Chicago, 1993).
The full text of Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man at Wikisource
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