API for PHP and Python
 |
API for .NET
The following applies to versions MikroBILL 2.0.6 and newer.
To create extensions in PHP you will need to include the apicore.php
file (you can find it in the Apache WEB documents folder in the kassa subfolder).
Full class descriptions available here.
Python version of the class here.
1. Example in PHP for connecting to the MikroBILL server.
You can copy the apicore.php file to another WEB server where there is no MikroBILL cash register, then when creating an instance of the MikroBILL_API class, you need to add 2 more arguments:
You can take the $CRYPTO_KEY_1 variable from the config.php file, which is located in the root of WEB server MikroBILL, and the variable $CRYPTO_KEY_2 from the MikroBILL database from the 'workparams' table.
Please note that the values of these variables are unique and will be changed if MikroBILL is reinstalled!
2. Command format.
Commands are called along their path. The path separator is the dot character. The path corresponds to the classes in their hierarchy, a description of the classes is available here.
As you can see, the command for receiving or searching for users is located directly in the API class, which means the call will look like this:
The result will be JSON like:
The return field contains an array of user IDs. Field code = 0 indicates no errors. Any other number signals a problem, then the return will contain a description.
To access user property, you must specify the user ID in the command path:
Result:
Another example. Let's set a new IP for the user. To do this, you must first obtain all user accounts:
The result will be an array of account GUIDs:
Now let's go to the required account to get the "IP" property.
Result:
To set the value, you need to add a second argument to the Process function:
If a function requires several input arguments, then they must be passed as an array.
We remind you that a description of the input arguments can be found in the class descriptions here.
If the operation was successful, you will receive a message like:
3. Batch Commands.
You can request several values in one command (starting from MikroBILL 2.0.9), for this you need to pass an array as the second argument to the Process function.
In the array, you need to list the arguments so that the initial path in the Process function + element name of the array forms a complete path.
The result will be JSON like:
In order to set several parameters at the same time, you need to add an associated value to each argument in the array.
The result will be JSON like:
It is also possible to read parameters and set them in one command.
The result will be JSON like:
You can use arrays with any nesting depth.
For example, here:
And here:
In both cases the path is called:


text:
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), a member of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, is mandated to conduct and support biomedical and behavioral research and research training in the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. The Institute also conducts and supports research and research training related to disease prevention and health promotion; addresses special biomedical and behavioral problems associated with people who have communication impairments or disorders; and supports efforts to create devices which substitute for lost and impaired sensory and communication function.
Differing from some other institutes, in 1999 the NIDCD discontinued the Multi-Purpose Research and Training Center funding mechanism (large center grants) for the entire institute focusing instead on single-project research awards (R01's).
|This United States government–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Effects of "Bath Salts" on the Brain are Comparable to Cocaine, Rodent Study Suggests
A new rodent study suggests that a key ingredient in "bath salts" called mephedrone has effects on the brain's reward circuits that are comparable to similar doses of cocaine. The study offers evidence that mephedrone has the potential for abuse and addiction, the researchers say.
Dr. C.J. Malanga of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine studied mice implanted with electrodes that stimulate the brain. They were trained to spin a wheel to receive a reward, which directly stimulated the brain pathways involved in reward perception, according to UPI. The mice were given various doses of either mephedrone or cocaine. Their wheel spinning was measured before, during and after they received the drugs.
The study found the effects of mephedrone on the reward circuits in the brain were similar to those of cocaine. "As expected our research shows that mephedrone likely has significant abuse liability," Dr. Malanga said in a news release.
The study appears in the journal Behavioural Brain Research.


text:
Report
I would like to insert a automatic number field in a report that is not bound to any table. I.E. if I wanted to insert the date or time, I would simply type" =Date() ". However I would like to have every report that I generate include a auto number/random number. Any Suggstions?
PS This is for a MS Access 2000 report page.
Is There A Way To Remove Digits And Digits Only?
Is there a way to remove digits and digits only?
Hello, I feel a little embarrassed. An acquaitance
asked me a question. Namely, he works for a REIT
company and he has to put together a project where
they must retrieve various documents from the
archives. By convention, the documents are stored
according to the name of the street the property is
on, not by the street address number, and prefixes
such as "North" or "South" are ignored in ordering the
He has an excel file with a list of all the
properties, but sadly, the properties are input with
the street number and directional prefixes (e.g.
"East" for "East Clinton" street) in the cell. So
sorting them in the Excel file would not at all
correspond with the order they would appear while
searching in the archives for them.
Is there a way to remove digits and digits only? I am
aware of Len and
http://office. microsoft. com/en-us/ excel/HA01154901 1033.aspx? pid=CL1005705510 33
I'm not sure if this is the right area or not, but how do I make it so that only numbers can be entered into a textbox, or If It dedects that non-digit charachters are entered, It changes the text.
i have an exercise on school which involve time (digital clock) recording i have made my vb and un the program but when i enter the hour, minute and second in the textbox the time in the label stop i don't know how to make it continue working... you help will be vey much apreciated, thanks!
How Many Digits
Is there a way you can tell how many digits are to the left of the deciaml point in a variable dimmed as single? And how can you tell if there are numbers to the left of the decimal point in a variable dimmed as a single?
Hello. i am Running VB 6.0. i am making a countdown clock for school and every time it gets one digit in seconds, like 19:09, it cuts off the 0 and says 19:9. How can i insure that the variable stays two digits?
Hey people do you know how i can get 4 digits to be displayed in a text box?
Sum Of Digits
From memory, so no warranty of any kind
Function SumOfDigits (ByVal Number As Integer) As Integer Dim r As Integer Do While Number > 0 r = r + Number Mod 10 Number = Number / 10 Loop SumOfDigits = rEnd Function
What's the easiest way to find the # of digits (or letters) in a string or in a int? Is there a built in function or do you have to do it manually?
Since I am new with vb i have a little question.
I'm calculating in a ppc program some numbers and i want that the result
only have 2 digits after the comma. Can anyone helpme?
SQL AND ADO SIG DIGITS
I am retrieving a value from the database that resides as "10.0" (a float value) When using Query Analyzer I am retrieving "10.0".
When I run a stored procedure and utilize the ADO object to display the value it shows a "10". "10" is not the same as "10.0" for my application.
Please let me know if there are any settings to ensure that the value is returned as inputted. The alternative I have is to store the values a varchar data.
Note: Implied decimal values will not work for this application. The significance of the data is not known prior to receiving it.
Getting Three Digits Off The Website
The use of my program requires it being added to the startup group. I may be a throwback for even considering these types of things, but because it's going to be permanently running in the background, I want to minimize the footprint in every way possible.
I do, however, want the program to be able to check what the latest version is on the website. All it needs is to pull down is three digits from the website, be it checking the filename of the latest version posted or reading a three character text file.
My question then is can I do this without adding a control? Is there some sort of API that could do this?
If the control is the only way to go, would INet be the best way (smallest footprint) to go about it?
Ok, i know the solution is probably really simple but i don't really know what to search for when looking for a solution.
I am renaming files using a number ordering system but i need the files to be numbered as follows:
If the length of digits is only 2 then:
01, 02, 03, 04, 05...10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
If the length of digits is only 3 then:
001, 002, 003...010, 011, 012, 013...100, 101, 102, 103
Obviously i can get the length of digits as Len($String) so that's fine. I just need to know how to insert the preceding zero's (this is so that Windows lists them in the correct order).
Thank you for any help.
Long To Digits?
is there a way that i can divide a long into its seperate digits and put them in an array? ie-


text:
veterinary attention if necessary
|Inadequate nutrition, illness, stress, parasites
|Ensure a balanced diet, offer a variety of prey items, seek veterinary attention if necessary
It's important to remember that sudden changes in diet or environment can also impact a smooth green snake's eating habits. If you notice any concerning changes in your snake's feeding patterns, it's best to seek advice from a reptile veterinarian or experienced snake breeder.
Offering Enrichment and Variety in the Diet
While the smooth green snake diet primarily consists of insects and small invertebrates, it is important to offer variety and enrichment to their meals. This can help prevent boredom and promote natural behaviors.
One way to provide enrichment is by offering live prey that simulates the snake's natural hunting instincts. This can include crickets, mealworms, and waxworms. However, it is important to supervise the feeding to ensure the snake is not injured by the prey.
Another way to offer variety is by introducing new prey items into their diet. This can include different types of insects or even small fish or tadpoles for adult snakes. It is important to research the nutritional content and suitability of new prey items before introducing them into the snake's diet.
It is also important to vary the feeding methods to provide stimulation. This can include using feeding tongs or hiding the prey in different locations within the snake's enclosure. These methods can encourage the snake to forage and mimic natural hunting behaviors.
However, when introducing new prey items or feeding methods, it is important to do so gradually. Abrupt changes can cause stress and digestive issues for the snake.
Additional Considerations for Smooth Green Snake Care
Keeping a smooth green snake healthy and happy requires more than just proper nutrition. Here are some additional considerations to keep in mind:
- Water intake: Smooth green snakes require access to clean, fresh water at all times. Make sure to provide a shallow water dish that is easy for them to access.
- Temperature requirements: These snakes are cold-blooded, so they rely on their environment to regulate their body temperature. Provide a basking spot with a heat source and a cooler area for them to retreat to as needed.
- Potential health issues: While a balanced diet is key to preventing health problems, there are some issues that may arise related to diet. For example, if a smooth green snake is not receiving enough calcium, they may develop weak bones or other problems.
By taking these additional factors into consideration, you can help ensure your smooth green snake thrives in captivity.
In conclusion, ensuring proper nutrition is crucial to maintaining the health and well-being of smooth green snakes. As discussed in this article, understanding their natural habitat and dietary needs is key to providing a balanced and varied diet. It is important to maintain appropriate feeding frequency and portion sizes, while also supplementing their diet with calcium to promote strong bone health.
Avoiding common feeding mistakes and troubleshooting any feeding problems that may arise are also essential to keeping your snake healthy. Offering enrichment and variety in their diet can help to stimulate natural feeding behaviors and promote behavioral health.
Overall, a well-informed and attentive approach to feeding smooth green snakes is critical to their overall care and longevity. By adhering to the guidelines and recommendations provided in this article, you can ensure that your smooth green snake receives the proper nutrition and care it needs to thrive.
Q: What is the diet of a smooth green snake?
A: The diet of a smooth green snake primarily consists of insects, spiders, and small invertebrates.
Q: What are the dietary needs of smooth green snakes?
A: Smooth green snakes have specific dietary needs and require a balanced diet that provides essential nutrients for their overall health and well-being.
Q: How often should I feed my smooth green snake?
A: The feeding frequency of a smooth green snake depends on its age, size, and activity level. It is important to provide appropriate portion sizes and avoid overfeeding.
Q: Should I supplement my smooth green snake's diet with calcium?
A: Yes, calcium supplementation is important for smooth green snakes as it promotes proper bone health. It is recommended to provide calcium in the diet to ensure adequate intake.
Q: What are some common mistakes to avoid when feeding smooth green snakes?
A: Common mistakes include overfeeding, improper prey selection, and other pitfalls. It is important to be mindful of these factors to maintain a healthy diet for your snake.
Q: What are some feeding challenges that may arise when transitioning a smooth green snake to captivity?
A: Transitioning to captivity can pose feeding challenges. It is essential to provide tips and strategies to encourage successful feeding in a new environment.
Q: What should I do if my smooth green snake refuses to eat or experiences weight loss?
A: If your smooth green snake refuses to eat or experiences weight loss, it is important to identify the underlying issue. Troubleshooting tips and solutions can help address these feeding problems.
Q: How can I offer enrichment and variety in my smooth green snake's diet?
A: Offering enrichment and variety in your snake's diet is essential for their overall well-being. Suggestions for introducing different prey items and incorporating behavioral stimulation can enhance their feeding experience.
Q: What are some additional considerations for the care of smooth green snakes?
A: Additional considerations include water intake, temperature requirements, and potential health issues related to diet. These factors should be taken into account to ensure optimal care for your snake.Featured image: Flickr user atrahamrepol, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
yes the transmission will need programming up to match the engine ECU and car body controller
but it shouldn't prevent it from starting
I'd suggest to do some basic tests
1st check for spark by removing one of the spark plugs and plug it back into its lead and rest iton the metal of the engine ( DO NOT hold it on place by hand) then have your assistant turn the engine over whilst you watch the plug. It should give a fatblue spark at regular intervals.
If not then check that there's power to the coil pack (at the other end of the plug lead) using ameter. If there's 12V at the pack but no spark then check the ECU power supply(fuse and relay) and also the connections to the crankshaft speed sensor.
If there is a spark and its still not starting then its likely that the ECU isn't opening the fuel injectors, if the injectors are working you can hear them click - its difficult to hear them with background noise so use a long screwdriver like a stethoscope, placing the handle end in your ear and the metal tip against the body of the injector whilst your assistant turns the engine over.
If you can't hear anything check the ECU power is presentby measuring voltage at the fusebox and on its relay socket if OK then check the connections to the crank speed sensor and consider replacing this sensor if the wiring / connections look OK
If the car will start using a squirt of quick/ easi start into the intake then this confirms the problem is lack of fuel


text:
(HealthDay News) – During the transition to adolescence, children with type 1 diabetes monitor their blood glucose less frequently, resulting in significant increases in HbA1c levels.
To determine whether adherence and glycemic control change during the transition to adolescence, Joseph R. Rausch, PhD, of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and colleagues conducted a two-year longitudinal study involving 225 children aged 9–11 years with type 1 diabetes.
The researchers found that, over the duration of this two-year study, blood glucose monitoring frequency (BGMF) significantly decreased, from 4.9 to 4.5 checks per day, which correlated with a significant increase in HbA1c, from 8.2–8.6%. The researchers calculated that just one less check of blood glucose per day resulted in an increase in HbA1c of 1.26%.
"The magnitude of the effect of declining treatment adherence (BGMF) on glycemic control in young adolescents may be even greater than declines observed among older adolescents. BGMF offers a powerful tool for targeted management of glycemic control for type 1 diabetes during the critical transition to adolescence," the authors write.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
container storage yards were built. The Port also acquired two super post-panamax gantry cranes, which are among the largest in the world. Coupled with the Deep Dredge Project, Port Miami will be capable of handling the largest containerships in the world.
An aerial view of PortMiami. (Photo: PortMiami)
As of 2018, PortMiami accounts for approximately 334,500 direct, indirect, induced and related jobs and has an annual economic impact of $43 billion to the state of Florida.
The total value of the economic impact created by cargo containers moving through PortMiami is estimated at $35 billion to Florida. This economic impact includes increased value added during the production of export cargo, as well as transportation, warehousing and retail distribution activities for import cargo. This import and export activity generates state income equaling $10 billion, and state and local taxes of about $2 billion annually.
As of December 31, 2016, the port generated $5.8 billion of direct business revenue; $34 billion of output supported by related port users; and $41.4 billion of total economic activity (which is 4.4% of Florida's GDP).
In addition (again, as of 12/31/16), port activities generated $288.3 million of direct, induced and indirect state and local taxes and $1.2 billion of state and local taxes from related exporters and importers supported by port activity.
The local and regional economic impacts of marine cargo and cruise-related business activities at PortMiami are huge. Work over more than 100 years has turned a port that was not viable into one of the busiest ports in the world. Because of the pandemic, the cruise industry had a horrible 2020. But it will rebound, which will put that part of PortMiami back in business.


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Excel 2007 conditional formatting
 Asked By: Alison Date: Nov 23 Category: MS Office Views: 1546

i have a table with 4 columns of numbers, and want the lowest number in the column that is greater than zero highlighted. the table has a lot of zeroes that need to be ignored.
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1 Answer Found

Answer #1 Answered By: Harish Gupta Answered On: Nov 02
Hi,
Here is how you how you can do it,
Let us assume that the 4 column of numbers are in Column A:D,
In Cell A2, Below is the formula you can write in conditional formatting
=SMALL($A2:$D2,COUNTIF($A2:$D2,"0")+1)=A2
Once done, You can use format painter and roll the rule to all the cells.
Hope this helps,
Regards,
Harish Gupta

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Managing the amount of memory used by PaperCut NG/MF
Note: This article is also useful if you're wanting to limit the amount of memory that PaperCut uses - for example if you're running PaperCut on a physical host with tens of GB of memory. Check out the 'You may also specify the precise amount of physical RAM to use' section below.
By default, the PaperCut NG and PaperCut MF Application Server is restricted to a maximum RAM allocation of up to one quarter (¼) of system memory. This ensures that the application does not consume too many resources, and "plays nicely" with other applications that may be run on the same system.
If the server is dedicated to running our software, then you may choose to increase the amount of memory made available to the Application Server component of the solution. This can improve application performance, particularly on sites with many users or with large printing volumes. Increased RAM allocation can help the solution by allowing it to perform optimizations, such as disk and data caching. Being database driven applications, PaperCut NG and PaperCut MF can benefit greatly from such enhancement.
A popular option with our customers is to allow the application to use up to ½ of the machine's memory, and then provision the system with at least 4 GB of total memory. This can strike a good balance between giving the application enough resources to process and analyze jobs, as well as letting the machine handle the operating system level tasks required for a print server. Since server loads and performance vary greatly, we highly recommend testing the configuration and increasing allocated memory (and CPU cores) if you are seeing performance issues that you suspect are due to low resources.
Please Note: Somewhat counterintuitively, more is not always better; allocating the host of the Application Server an excessive amount of total system memory can in some cases have a deleterious effect on performance. PaperCut NG and PaperCut MF are Java applications, and hence subject to Java "garbage collection" activities, which maintain proper memory allocation. When a great deal of memory is available to the Application Server, full garbage collections will happen less frequently, but take longer to complete. The application must pause temporarily whilst these operations complete, so if the amount of memory available is imbalanced by a comparatively small amount of CPU resources, this may be observed as periodic spikes in highly unresponsive behavior. If unsure of the appropriateness of your resourcing, our Server Sizing Guide can be invaluable to check with.
Increasing Maximum Memory (Windows/Linux/iPrint)
To increase the amount of memory available to PaperCut NG or PaperCut MF:
1. Locate the text file called service.conf in the following directory:
[app-path]\server\custom\
Please Note: If you're running a version of PaperCut NG or PaperCut MF prior to 17.3, you will instead need to create the service.conf file in the directory noted above.
2. Open the file in a text editor and add the following line to allow the application to employ up to one third of total physical RAM:
wrapper.java.additional.6=-XX:MaxRAMFraction=3
To employ up to one half of total physical RAM, use the line:
wrapper.java.additional.6=-XX:MaxRAMFraction=2
You may also specify the precise amount of physical RAM to use. For example, to allow use of up to 768 MB, the following line can be added:
wrapper.java.additional.6=-Xmx768m
3. Save and close the text file.
4. Restart the PaperCut Application Server service. On Windows, this can be done via Control Panel->Administration Tools->Services by locating the PaperCut Application Server in the list of system services, right-clicking, and selecting to Restart it.
5. After the service is restarted, the Application Server log file ([app-path]\server\logs\server.log) will show the new "max memory" setting.
Increasing Maximum Memory (macOS)
Please Note: This method only works on version 9.6 and higher of PaperCut NG and PaperCut MF.
To increase amount of memory available to PaperCut NG or PaperCut MF on macOS:
1. Locate the text file called launch-app-server.conf in the following directory:
[app-path]\server\custom\
Please Note: If you're running a version of PaperCut NG or PaperCut MF prior to 17.3, you will instead need to create the launch-app-server.conf file in the directory noted about. Be sure to change the file permissions to make the file readable to all users, or at minimum, the papercut host user account.
2. You will need to specify the amount of system memory available to the Application Server. Open the file in a text editor and add the following line to allow the application to employ up to, for example, 256 MB of physical RAM:
PC_CUSTOM_SERVER_ARG=-Xmx256m
For up to 512 MB of physical RAM, you would instead use the line:
PC_CUSTOM_SERVER_ARG=-Xmx512m
3. Save and close the text file.
4. Restart the PaperCut Application Server service by running the stop-server.command script and then the start-server.command script, both located in the following directory:
[app-path]/server/bin/mac/
5. After the service is restarted, the Application Server log file ([app-path]\server\logs\server.log) will show the new "max memory" setting.
Running out of Memory or High CPU Usage
If PaperCut NG or PaperCut MF run out of memory, an OutOfMemoryError will be displayed to the user and/or logged to the service.log file. You may also see GC overhead limit exceeded error, which is again an indication of running out of memory.
Another indication of running out of memory is very high CPU usage for extended periods of time, by the pc-app process/service, as the service tries to rearrange RAM for various tasks.
If this occurs then this is an indication that the server requires more memory, and there are two possible solutions:
 - Allocate more RAM to the server.
 - Increase the maximum amount of memory available to the Application Server, as described above. This should typically only be done if there are no other applications deployed to the same server, or if recommended by the Support Team.
See also
Categories: How-to Articles, Administration
Keywords: memory usage, memory fraction, high cpu utilisation, increase memory pool
Comments


Tutorials/Redstone computers
Από Minecraft Wiki
Μετάβαση σε: πλοήγηση, αναζήτηση
This article is a stub.
Please help us by expanding it.
This article examines the design and implementation of computing systems within Minecraft.
Computers facilitate the implementation of ideas which are communicated from humans through programming.
All computer systems have accessible memory and at least one processing unit. During operation, processing units execute instructions stored in the computer's memory.
Most computers are made of redstone, torches, and repeaters leading into sticky pistons or redstone lamps. They are controlled using a series of buttons, levers, pressure plates, etc.
Implementations[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Computers can be used in many ways from creating a smart house or using it to run a whole city. It could also be used in mini games for example it can store info about who has the high score and calculate if it is possible to beat this score. The uses are almost infinite. Please note that redstone computers are extremely slow, even the fastest ones taking seconds to complete one calculation. This means that redstone computers have no practical purpose as their speed is way too slow.
Planning a Redstone computer[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
When designing a computer ( Redstone or otherwise ) key design decisions that will affect the organization, size and performance of your prospective computer should be made concretely prior to the construction of specific components.
Some things to consider:
 - Execution model ( The computer's organization of memory relating to program storage and execution )
 - Word-size ( The size of the information blocks which your computer will operate on )
 - Instruction Set ( That set of operations which your computer will execute )
 - Memory Size ( The amount of data able to be stored in memory )
Having a selection decided upon will provide strong guidance during the design of various components in your computer.
Execution Model[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
The technique of storing blocks of instructions called programs within memory is what allows computers to perform such a variety of tasks.
The apparatus employed by a computer for storing and retrieving these programs is the computer's Execution Model.
Two of the world's most successful Execution Models, Harvard and von Neumann, run on nearly 100% of the computers available today.
Harvard[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
The Harvard architecture physically separates the apparatus for retrieving the instructions which makeup an active program from that of the data access apparatus which the program accesses during execution.
Programs written for computers employing a Harvard architecture may perform up-to 100% faster for tasks which access the main memory bus. Note however that certain memory circuitry is necessarily larger for those who select a Harvard architecture.
von Neumann[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
The von Neumann architecture uses a two-step process to execute instructions. First, memory containing the next instruction is loaded, then the new instruction just loaded is allowed to access this same memory as it executes; using a single memory for both program and data facilitates Meta-Programming technology like compilers and Self modifying Code.
The von Neumann architecture was the first proposed model of computation and almost all real-world computers are von Neumann in nature.
Word sizes[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Word-size is a primary factor in a computer's physical size.
In Minecraft, machines from 1-bit all the way up-to 32-bits have been successfully constructed.
Common word-size combinations :
Data Instruction
4 8
8 8
8 16
16 16
Data-Word[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
The amount of information a computer can manipulate at any particular time is representative of the computer's Data Word-size.
In Digital Binary, the computer's Data-Word size ( measured in bits ) is equal to the width of or number of channels in the computers main bus.
Data-Words commonly represent integers, or whole numbers encoded as patterns of binary digits.
The maximum sized number representable by a Binary encoded integer is given by 2 ^ Data-Word width in bits - 1.
Some common Integer data sizes are:
Max Representable Number Number of Bits Required
1 ( 2 ^ 1 - 1 ) 1
7 ( 2 ^ 3 - 1 ) 3
15 ( 2 ^ 4 - 1 ) 4
255 ( 2 ^ 8 - 1 ) 8
65535 ( 2 ^ 16 - 1 ) 16
_PHONE_ ( 2 ^ 32 - 1 ) 32
Data-Word size also governs the maximum size of numbers which can be processed by a computer's ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit).
Instruction-Word[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
The amount of data a computer needs in order to complete one single instruction is representative of a computers Instruction Word-size.
The Instruction-Word size of a computer is generally a multiple of its Data-Word size, This helps minimize memory misalignment while retrieving instructions during program execution.
Designing a Computer[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Instruction-Set-Architecture[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
States[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Memory is a set number of bits. In Minecraft, memory usually holds 8 or 16 bits, though 32 bit memory computers have been successfully built before. Each bit is in one of two possible states: on or off. Memory is a series of these ons and offs, which can be used to perform certain tasks.
Symbols[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Real world computers use binary, which is a series of 1s and 0s. "1" means "on" and "0" means "off". In Minecraft, the best representation is redstone dust: having a signal means "1" and no signal means "0". However, depending on how far away the redstone is from the memory storage, it is possible for "0" to be anything from signal strength 0 all the way to 14. You can also design things to make "1" equal anything from signal strength 1 to 15.
Numbers[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Our normal decimal system is a number system in base 10. Binary, the number system within computers, is in base 2. To compare, take a look at 2-digit number. In decimal, the left digit is the 10s digit. In binary, it is the 2s digit. For example in decimal, "10" is read as "ten". In binary, "10" is read as "two". There are two commonly-used methods of converting from decimal to binary:
Highest Bit First: This method requires a bit of intuition. Lets use 42 as an example. We first start by looking for the largest exponential of 2 (e.g. 32 [2^5] or 65536 [2^16]). In this case, its 32. We then subtract that number from the number in question. 42-32=10. Also, the very first bit from the left is a "1". We then step down to the next exponential of 2 and see if it is less than or equal to our current number. For this example, the next one is 16. 16 is not less than 10, so the next bit is "0". We keep doing this until the number reaches 0. Whenever the 2 exponential is less than or equal to the number, subtract them and the next bit is "1". If not, the next bit is "0". To continue our example: 8<10-->10-8=2-->"1" 4>2-->"0" 2=2-->2-2=0-->"1" 1>0-->"0" So our final binary representation of 42 is "101010". Fancy.
Lowest Bit First: This method requires no memorization of 2 exponentials. Instead, it repeatedly divides the number by 2, using the quotient as the next number, and the remainder as the binary bit. Keep in mind, though, that this method writes the binary number from right to left, as opposed to the previous method which wrote it from left to right. Let's reuse our example, 42. 42/2=21 r 0 (right most bit is 0) 21/2=10 r 1 (next bit to the left is 1) 10/2=5 r 0 (next bit to the left is 0) 5/2=2 r 1 (next bit to the left is 1) 2/2=1 r 0 (next bit to the left is 0) 1/2=0 r 1 (next bit to the left is 1)
Quotient is 0, so we stop. This gives us our binary number as "101010". Same as the previous method.
Transitions[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Words[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Instructions[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κ


June 3, 2023
How to find the constellations of Leo and Virgo in the night sky
How to find the constellations of Leo and Virgo in the night sky
How to find the constellations of Leo and Virgo in the night skyHow to find the constellations of Leo and Virgo in the night sky
New Scientist Default Image
bjdlzx/Getty Images
EARTH, the moon and the other planets in our solar system orbit the sun in roughly the same plane in space. This is because the solar system was made from a spinning cloud of dust that flattened into a disc shape because of its rotational movement. When the planets and moons formed, they remained in this plane, and our flat solar system was born.
What this means for stargazing is that the planets, sun and moon all trace a similar path across the sky. The imaginary line that the sun traces over the course of a year is called the …


text:
ICH bin ICH – Online game
design, animation, programming of Html5 backgrounds, scenes and games
In „ICH bin ICH" children tell their stories. In the game they can customize their name. They have to think and choose themselves. The kids can discover and participate. They can use it to design birthday or name cards individually.
- By order B+M Entertainment for Kinderkanal von ARD und ZDF
- HTML5 Animation


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Handmade Puppet Craft
Make your own "Ugly Doll" out of a single mitten or glove.
- Master puppeteer:Your kid.
- A single mitten or glove that's missing its mate
- Permanent markers
- Pipe cleaners
- Buttons and googly eyes
- Fabric and yarn scraps
- Fabric glue
- A hot-glue gun and glue sticks:Kids and hot glue don't mix, so make sure you do all the gluing.
- Stuffing material:Pick up some fiberfill or just raid the medicine cabinet for cotton balls.
- Plastic sewing needle
- Chopstick or knitting needle
- Send your kid on a mission in the coat closet to find an old, mateless glove or mitten. Light-colored fabrics work best.
- Then lay out the markers, buttons, googly eyes, yarn and fabric scraps and invite your kid to decorate the mitten like a monster. He can use yarn for hair, buttons for eyes or a nose, the fabric scraps for tentacles or pipe cleaners as antennae. Let his imagination go to work, while you get to work hot-gluing everything into place.
- Next, help him fill the glove or mitten with stuffing. If he's using cotton balls, have him fluff them out before stuffing. To get the fill into glove fingers or a mitten thumb, push it up with chopstick or knitting needle.
- Then show your kid how to thread a plastic needle and help him sew the bottom of the monster shut using a simple in-and-out stitch. And presto! He's got himself a scary, strange-looking new pal. Uglydoll's got nothin' on this guy!
- Not the sewing type? Have your kid seal the bottom of the mitten monster with a rubber band or use a little hot glue to seal it shut.


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Title of article :
Morphometric Plasticity of Nitric Oxide Containing Neurons in the Barrel Cortex of De-whiskered Rats
آفرينش خاكي، محمد رضا نويسنده , , بهزادي ، ژيلا نويسنده ,
Issue Information :
فصلنامه با شماره پیاپی 0 سال 2015
Background: The rodent somatosensory barrel cortex is an ideal model to examine the effect of experience-dependent plasticity on developing brain circuitry. Sensory deprivation such as whisker deprivation may affect neuroanatomical aspects of the brain during developmental processes. The present study designed to investigate the possible effects of whisker deprivation on the morphometric characteristics of NADPH-d positive neurons in the barrel field cortex of adolescent rats.
Materials and Methods: Pups were divided into the intact (n=4) and whisker-deprived groups (n=4). In whisker-deprived group, the total whiskers of subjects were trimmed every other day from postnatal day (PND) 0 to PND 60. NADPH-d histochemistry reaction was processed to quantitatively analyze the feature of NADPH-d containing neurons of barrel cortex.
Results: Our results showed that the number of NADPH-d positive neurons remained unchanged in whisker-deprived group compared to controls. The mean soma diameter, dendritic length and the number of 3rd order processes were significantly decreased in the whisker-deprived rats (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our results indicate that postnatal whisker deprivation possibly alter NADPH-d/NOS neuronal features in the barrel cortex. The functional implications of these data may relate the plasticity of synaptic receptive field and developmental brain circuits
Journal title :
Novelty in Biomedicine


5. X Window
Welcome! This is where you will find the most useful tools for Tamil. Even for basic users, it is now possible to have close to a total Tamil-localized office suite. Tamil GUI is achieved in KDE or GNOME environment with localization settings (more about this later in this document), and Tamil character input is achieved using keymanager programs. But first you need to get some fonts to do all this.
5.1. Installing fonts
Linux, by default, uses "pcf" fonts and one can also use "bsd" fonts; these are bitmapped fonts that display under X and can be printed. But, as is common with all bitmapped fonts, these are not always WYSIWYG in print. For high-quality printing you need "Type-I" fonts (Adobe), with Ghostscript you need PS fonts and for "afm" fonts (American Font metrics) are used. But most of the Tamil fonts that are freely available are TrueType (ttf). We will see next how to get all these fonts working.
5.2. Bitmapped fonts
A bitmapped font is a matrix of dots; because of this, these fonts are device-independent. A 75 dpi font, which is good enough for displaying, is still a 75 dpi font in your 1200 dpi printer. So usually bitmapped fonts are created for a specific purpose, such as for displaying on a monitor or for printing. Linux usually uses bdf or pcf font for console or X display. Fonts like those created by dvips or dvi are printer-related bitmapped fonts. These fonts occupy large sizes, but programs circumvent this by dynamically creating them as and when they are needed, and at a specific resolution.
You can get bitmapped Tamil fonts for various applications from:
When an application makes a font request to the X Server, XFree86 looks for fonts in specific directories. This means that when you add fonts to your system and you want them to be recognized by X Server, you need to tell X about the location of these fonts. Simply add a directory to your font path with the commands:
 xset fp+
where the family directory is the name of the directory where you have fonts. Once you have done this you have to ask the server to get this registered for the session, with the command
xset fp rehash
Since you will want these commands to run automatically, you should put them in your.xinitrc file ( or possibly your.Xclients or.xsession file -- this depends on how you start X. Another way to have the commands set automatically is edit XF86Config. For example, to add /usr/share/fonts/myfonts to the font path when X is started, edit XF86Config like this:
 Section "Files"
 FontPath /usr/share/fonts/myfonts
The advantage of editing XF86Config is that the resulting changes are system wide.
5.3. TrueType fonts
You may get TrueType fonts for TSCII, TAB and TSCII1.7 encoding from the download section of _URL_ Alternate sources for these fonts are
TSCII - _URL_
TAB - _URL_ and _URL_
TSCII-1.7 (experimental) - _URL_
Installing these fonts are either too easy or too difficult. Too easy if you have one of the latest distributions, like RedHat7.x or Mandrake7.x. This is because RedHat (and Mandrake, maybe SuSE) come with xfs pre-packaged. It is also easy to find xfs for Debian, but as far as I know, Debian does not come with xfs packaged.
Debian users are now redirected to this mini-howto on TrueType fonts in Debian - _URL_
There is also another utility, xfstt, which is easier to install and use, but xfs is becoming popular as it can handle Adobe Type1 in addition to TrueType fonts.
If you do not have either of these, consider getting either xfs (not to be confused with Silicon Graphics (SGI) sponsored XFS journaling file system) from _URL_.
or xfstt from _URL_ You may also get xfstt binaries from _URL_ or reading an article about xfstt in the Linux Gazette at
5.3.1. Installing TrueType Fonts
You need to run these commands as root. If you are currently logged in as a normal user, you can use su to do this now.
You should now have xfs availability, otherwise use the steps in the previous section to obtain it.
In some distributions like Mandrake, installing TrueType fonts is a cakewalk. Just go to DrakConf and use the font install utility - follow a few easy steps there and you'll have them all.
Put your TrueType fonts in whatever directory you want. For example, /usr/share/tamiltt.
From within the directory containing your new fonts, type:
ttmkfdir -m 50 -o fonts.scale
This makes a file that will contain the necessary information about the fonts for the xfs server. The option -m 50 specifies the magnification for the fonts; I have seen some Tamil fonts working well only with -m 100.
Then type:
Now you can add the new directory to your xfs search path. Red Hat (and Red Hat-like) distributions come with a neat utility to do this called chkfontpath. Run chkfontpath like this:
chkfontpath --add /usr/share/tamiltt
This will add the new font directory to your font path.
(Other users, who have an xfs font server, without ttf support, can do this by editing their xfs configuration file.
If xfs is already installed on your system, you should see which port it is running on. You can do this with the following command:
ps ax grep xfs
Then check your XFree86 font path with this command:
xset -q
If your font path includes something like "unix:/port number," where port number is the port on which the server is running, then you already have xfs set up properly. Otherwise, you should add it to your XFree86 font path with these commands:
xset fp+
xset fp rehash
The port number is a numerical value, something like 7100.
You can add the fontpath permanently by editing your.xinitrc. To add it system-wide, edit your XF86Config file (either under /etc/X11/XF86Config, /etc/X11/XF86Config-4, /etc/XF86Config, or /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config), by adding the following line to the Files section:
FontPath "unix/:port number"
Here is an example of how it should look:
 Section Files
 FontPath "unix/:-1"
If xfs is already properly installed, then you can restart it like this as root:
service xfs restart
After restarting xfs, it is a good idea to restart your X session.
As most of the users in Tamil will be doing this, let me summarize the essential steps.
 1. Become root.
 2. Download and copy some ttf fonts into a directory (say /usr/share/fonts/tamiltt ).
 3. Go to that directory and do a ttmkfdir -m 50 -o fonts.scale (use the -m 100 option if your fonts do not budge).
 4. Do a mkfontdir. (Notice that you need to specify the directory either absolutely or with a dot).
 5. Do a chkfontpath --add /usr/share/fonts/tamiltt. (Remember this command is available only in Red Hat-like distributions. If you can run this successfully, skip the remaining steps and restart the X server).
 6. Do ps ax | grep xfs and get the xfs port known.
 7. Check your font path: xset -q
 If your font path includes something like "unix:/port number", (something like "unix: 7100"), add this to your xfont path:
 xset fp+ unix: port number
 xset fp rehash
 8. It is a good idea to restart the X Server.
 9. If everything works fine, update your.xinitrc file, wherever it is.
 10. Have fun!
5.4. Other Font Servers
There is another project, X-TrueType Server, worth looking into, at _URL_
Another interesting project with broader scope is FreeType; check _URL_.
I personally feel xfs is a great utility; it can handle Type1 fonts (very useful if you use programs like GIMP). Besides, a stand alone xfs server is not attached to X server. This means that you can deliver these fonts for remote X displays. I use this feature extensively with VNC Server running in my host and VNC Viewer running locally in Windows. It's something of a luxury having a Tamil Linux desktop while working for my employer.


The Winsted, Connecticut reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004
(provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from
Winsted, Connecticut
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Winsted is a town located in Litchfield County, Connecticut. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 7,321.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 12.5 km² (4.8 mi²). 12.1 km² (4.7 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.31% water.
As of the census of 2000, there are 7,321 people, 3,072 households, and 1,889 families residing in the town. The population density is 604.0/km² (1,563.6/mi²). There are 3,370 housing units at an average density of 278.0/km² (719.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 93.28% White, 1.53% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.12% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.20% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. 4.02% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 3,072 households out of which 27.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% are married couples living together, 12.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% are non-families. 31.3% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.36 and the average family size is 2.98.
In the town the population is spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 86.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $40,202, and the median income for a family is $51,044. Males have a median income of $37,837 versus $25,990 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,804. 7.3% of the population and 4.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.2% are under the age of 18 and 7.9% are 65 or older.


Precalculus (6th Edition) Blitzer
Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-13446-914-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-13446-914-0
Chapter 9 - Section 9.2 - The Hyperbola - Exercise Set - Page 982: 40
asymptotes: $y=\pm\frac{1}{3}(x+3)+4$ foci: $(-3\pm\sqrt {10},4)$
Work Step by Step
Step 1. Rewriting the equation as $\frac{(x+3)^2}{9}-\frac{(y-4)^2}{1}=1$, we have $a=3, b=1, c=\sqrt {a^2+b^2}=\sqrt {10}$ centered at $(-3,4)$ with a horizontal transverse axis. Step 2. We can find the vertices as $(-6,4),(0,4)$ and asymptotes as $y-4=\pm\frac{b}{a}(x+3)$ or $y=\pm\frac{1}{3}(x+3)+4$ Step 3. We can graph the equation as shown in the figure with foci at $(-3\pm\sqrt {10},4)$
Update this answer!
Update this answer


How to Organize Email Inboxes for Lawyers Without Assistants - Technologist
Technologist - The FindLaw Legal Technology Blog
How to Organize Email Inboxes for Lawyers Without Assistants
Assistants and paralegals can make life as a lawyer much easier. And sometimes they can also help make you rich. But for the little things, like organizing your email inbox, assistants can prove invaluable.
Unfortunately, not every firm or solo practitioner can afford one. Sometimes you have to do everything on your own. As a result, organization can occasionally fall to the wayside. And email inboxes are usually the first casualty.
If this sounds like you, try taking the following steps to free yourself from the nightmare of a cluttered inbox.
Step 1: Purge Your Email Inbox
One thing that inboxes in disarray usually all have in common is an obscene amount of unread emails. The first step is to go through and sort the keepers from the ones destined for your recycling bin. It's not a quick job, but it's a necessary one. Set aside a few hours or a weekend (if it's really bad) and go through everything.
Step 2: Ponder and Create Folder Categories
You can't leave all your emails just in your inbox. All email systems, whether free or paid, have folder options. Think about all the areas of law and work that you do and create files that reflect them. It can be a daunting task, but one suggestion is to make it an ongoing project.
You can create a new folder for each new case. You can then add subfolders within each case folder for party information, discovery, responses, case facts, and so forth. Think about what folders would best fit your practice and add them to your inbox.
Step 3: Implement a Priority System
Having tons of folders mean nothing if you can't tell what you should be doing next. Implementing a priority system can solve this problem. Many email clients, like Outlook, allow you to mark emails and set due date alarms.
But if the notion of constant warnings popping up on your screen is too much, try using folders instead. A good rule is to not make more than three of these "priority" folders. Have one for emails that need to be address by the end of the day, one for end of the week, and one for long-term deadlines. And when you're done with an email, delete it or file it.
Step 4: Follow Through
Now that you've cleaned out everything and set up your new filing system, the most important last step is keeping it all together. It's easy to fall back into old habits. Don't start jamming everything into one folder or neglect your filing duties. Yes, you're a lawyer, but you also need to keep your email inbox organized. So set aside at least 10 or 20 minutes at the beginning or end of your day to file.
Related Resources:


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What is the datatype SQL_VARIANT3
April 16, 2020 by Kenneth Fisher
The SQL_VARIANT data type is an interesting beast. It is a data type that can store most types of data. So a date, decimal, int, varchar etc. can be stored in this single data type. This sounds great right? Well there are a few issues here.
What data type is being stored?
First of all, because you can have so many different types of data, you don't necessarily know what type data you have in there. Fortunately there is an easy solution. You can use the function sql_variant_property. Like the other properties functions there are variety of properties you can look at but the one we need here is BaseType. Interestingly enough you can also use sql_variant_property to get information on most variables. (Not table variables for example.)
DECLARE @MyVariant sql_variant = 4; SELECT sql_variant_property(@MyVariant ,'basetype'); -- int DECLARE @MyInt INT = 4; SELECT sql_variant_property(@MyInt,'basetype'); -- int
While you can still implicitly convert other data types into sql_variant
-- This works because while @MyVariant is a varchar initially the -- int value of @MyInt gets implicitly converted to sql_variant -- and overwrites not just the value but the current base type -- of @MyVariant. DECLARE @MyVariant sql_variant = 'test'; DECLARE @MyInt int = 4; SET @MyVariant = @MyInt;
you can't convert it the other way around.
-- And this fails because even though the base type of both -- variables is varchar the actual data type of @MyVariant -- is sql_variant which won't implicitly convert to any -- other data type. DECLARE @MyVariant sql_variant = 'test'; DECLARE @MyInt int = 4; SET @MyInt = @MyVariant;
That means that if you are being at all careful then you need to explicitly convert your sql_variant variable, field, etc into whatever data type you are expecting. Which also means that (since you are being careful) you need to make use of try_convert or try_cast as well.
I should also point out that this can have some other interesting effects. For example the PRINT command expects a string (char, nchar, varchar, and nvarchar) so fails when it tries to implicitly convert the sql_variant.
DECLARE @MyVariant sql_variant = 'test'; PRINT @MyVariant;
Msg 257, Level 16, State 3, Line 2
Implicit conversion from data type sql_variant to nvarchar is not allowed. Use the CONVERT function to run this query.
And some things we don't really expect to be implicit conversions really are.
DECLARE @MyVariant sql_variant = '01/01/2020 12:31 AM'; SELECT sql_variant_property (@MyVariant, 'basetype'); -- varchar
Regardless, like I said, sql_variant is a fun thing to play with, and even has it's place in your code. It's not going to be all that common though and when you use it you need to take the above into account.
[…] Kenneth Fisher explains what the SQL_VARIANT data type is used for: […]
One of my favorite T-shirts reads "on a scale from 1 to 10, what color is your favorite letter of the alphabet?" The reason I like it is that It demonstrates what's wrong with things like the SQL variant data type; it's not really a data type.
We designed SQL to be a strongly typed language, so that would follow the laws of logic and not be as ridiculous as that T-shirt. Essentially, it violates the Law of Identity (to be is to be something in particular, to be nothing in particular or anything in general, is to be nothing at all).
Picking the correct data type or something is really important. Brent Ozar has a wonderful principle that you should store data the way it is used and use it the way it is stored.. But when you have no idea what the datatype is so you don't know if it's appropriate for the data element, you can have a valid data model. Is that column really a date? Is it a name on a nominal scale? Is it a numeric value on an absolute, ordinal, interval, or ratio scale? The answer is it everything in general and nothing in particular.
[…] (in this case CONVID-19) currently stored for this session. Be warned, SESSION_CONTEXT returns a sql_variant. Basically, like I said above, it's a variable scoped for the session (i.e. it will last as […]


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Put 1 cup of grated coconut in a mixing bowl
Add 2 cups self-raising flour
Add a pinch of salt
Mix this together well
Using you hands, keep mixing as you add the water or milk a couple of tablespoonsful at a time.
Keep mixing and adding water until you get a ball of dough that easily comes away from the sides of the bowl.
Dust the surface on which you are going to roll out your dough with flour
Roll out the whole ball of dough till it is about 1 centimeter thick
Using an egg ring, or cookie cutter, or glass press down firmly into the dough to cut out circles
Heat a skillet or frying pan without oil till it feels hot when you hold your hand over it.
Place the circles of dough on the skillet or frypan. Don't crowd them, give them room to breath and expand
Let the roti circles puff up slightly and brown on one side. This may take a minute or two. The roti should be able to be easily moved around the skillet with a spatula or spoon.
Now turn them over and brown them on the other side for a couple of minutes also. They won't brown evenly, but in patches. See the picture for what you are aiming for. It doesn't matter if some parts are darker than the others. You can flip them over once to check how they are going.
As each batch is made, put them on a plate or in a dish
Serve them warm


Auditing Your Utility Provider Could Net Big Savings For Commercial Facilities
Auditing Your Utility Provider Could Net Big Savings For Commercial Facilities
By Scott Lawrence
When it comes to water and sewer expenses, the authorities billing you for utilities could be making mistakes that you and your staff are unable to spot. In fact, what you may not see could, over a period of years, be costing your organization significant savings.
At my firm, as we review our clients' utility bills, we often see overcharges on water, sewer, and stormwater costs. Many times, it is less a case of intentional behavior on the part of the vendor and more a case of simple mistakes that can easily be overlooked. Below are just a few real-life examples that any facility executive should take care to avoid.utility audits
Out Of Sight, Out Of Mind
 - A city codes accounts based on the water meter size. Both water and sewer are supposed to share the same code. In the case of one large apartment complex, the city coded the sewer at a higher rate. These codes do not show up on the bill, so the error went undetected.
 - In select cities, a legal charge is included on every water account that is intended to help maintain cleanliness in the streets. What isn't commonly known is that if a business performs a similar function at its property, the city will exempt the cleanliness charge. Sometimes companies end up paying double for doing their part.
 - One major city allows exemptions for sewer charges for the volume of metered water that does not enter the sewer. However, the city required the paperwork be submitted annually. In this particular instance, the city mailed the expiration notice to the billing address, but accounts payable failed to pass the notice along to the person responsible for re-filing the paperwork. The exemptions lapsed for several years.
 - One major shopping mall retail store agreed to allow the property manager to build a parking structure over a section of the parcel owned by the store. The contract decreed that the property manager would be responsible for any utilities charged to the area of the parcel the parking lot covered. However, no one tracked the changes or the charges, and the store continued to pay the mall's share of utilities.
 - Certain cities deliver water to businesses just beyond its city limits, within the bounds of the surrounding counties. These businesses are considered to be in the unincorporated area of the county and pay a higher "outside rate" for water. One municipality expanded its town limits to include the unincorporated area where a catering company was located, making it eligible for a lower rate. However, it was not automatically accounted for in the city's billing system. For years, the business continued to pay based on the higher rate for unincorporated areas.
 - A university carried hundreds of water meters, but was paying for sewer charges on water that fed irrigation only. Water used for general business needs typically ends up going down the sewer and gets treated, and businesses pay sewer charges for that treatment. However, water used in irrigation does not enter the sewer system and does not get treated, thus exempting it from sewer charges. In this case, there was nothing on the bills indicating they should have been exempted.
Explained Away
 - One big box retailer significantly expanded the square footage of its operation at the same time the landlord built out the number of retail units of the shopping mall. The city changed the water metering due to the massive construction. Once the dust settled, the retailer's water and sewer bills increased significantly, which was attributed to its own growth. What they didn't know is that the builders had tied all the spaces in the mall to the retailer's water system. The retailer was paying to provide water and sewer to the entire mall!
 - One town's billing representative, who was not properly trained, incorrectly set up new accounts. When challenged by their customer, the representative defended the policy, claiming it was how things had always been done. Only after an auditor convinced the rep to check with their boss was the error reversed, as it had to be for every similar account that same individual had set up since they were hired.
Simple Errors? Or Oversights Now Accepted?
 - A national retailer shut down its satellite location for one of its large regional stores, and a transfer of account responsibility notice was sent to the water department. However, it was never sent to the sewer authority, which is a separate entity. Sewer and stormwater continued to be billed as it had been before and accounts payable inadvertently assigned the charges to its main regional store. Unfortunately, it took years for the error to be discovered. The refund came only after getting several parties to participate, including the sewer authority, the new occupant of the satellite location and its landlord.
 - The bill payment vendor for a national retailer began looking into a new charge that had shown up on a city water account. Satisfied with the explanation from the biller that this was due to a rate increase, they noted the conversation and let the charge stand. Every month, when the charge would show up, the vendor would check the notes from their prior call and pay the bill shows presented. A third party auditor analyzing the bills later determined it was a longstanding mistake and was able to get the city to reverse its error and obtain a refund.
There are many costs associated with operating a facility, regardless of its size. The coding and billing structures are often complicated, making it easy for mistakes to go unnoticed. The chances are high that you may be paying too much for your organization's recurring expenses. The first, and most important, step is to recognize there are third-party experts who can help you shed light on those dark areas of billing that may be going unnoticed.utility audit
Lawrence is a utility auditor working on behalf of SIB Fixed Cost Reduction, which finds savings for companies on their fixed monthly expenses and only bills on the savings they find.
How closely do you track your utility bills? Have you ordered a utility audit, and what were the results? Please share your thoughts and experiences in the Comments section below.
Suggested Links:


text:
- I can't get into Colleague.
- I can't find the url to get into Colleague.
- How do I print screen?
- Where are the keyboard shortcuts?
- How do I exit Colleague?
- Why isn't my document printing to PDF?
There are a number of reasons you might not be able log into Colleague.
1) You need to have a Lewis & Clark account in order to use Colleague. If you are not sure if you have an account, check IS Accounts. Enter your login without "@lclark.edu".
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General
General
When setting up mesh interfaces, what are the different zones created by Fluent ?
 - FAQFAQ
 Participant
 When creating a mesh interface between 2 zones, Fluent will look at what are the overlapping and non-overlapping sections between the different sides of the interface. If the interface connects different fluid zones, the following boundary zones will be created : -Interface Interior Zone : this corresponds to the overlapping section through which will go the fluid flow -Boundary Zone 1 and Boundary Zone 2 : those correspond to the non-overlapping sections for each of the connected zones If the interface connects different solid zones (Coupled Wall), the following boundary zones will be created : -Interface Wall Zone 1 and Interface Wall Zone 2 : this corresponds to the overlapping section, through which will occur the heat transfer, split into a wall and a wall shadow, for each of the connected zones. -Boundary Zone 1 and Boundary Zone 2 : those correspond to the non-overlapping sections for each of the connected zones For additional information, the interface creation procedure for non-conformal meshes is fully described in the section "Non-Conformal Meshes" of Fluent User Guide.


UNDERSTANDING CAR STEREO POWER RATINGS: WHAT DOES '50W X 4' MEAN?
In OUR BLOG 0 comment
Car Stereo Power Ratings: A Brief Overview
 - When you're shopping for a new car stereo, you might come across specifications like '50W x 4'. This rating is crucial for understanding the power output capability of the car stereo system. Let's dive into what these numbers signify and how they impact your audio experience.
Unpacking '50W x 4'
 - This specification indicates the maximum power output per channel that the stereo can deliver. In '50W x 4', '50W' refers to 50 watts, and 'x 4' signifies four separate channels. Essentially, this means each of the four speakers connected to the stereo can receive up to 50 watts of power.
Why Power Rating Matters
 - The power rating of a car stereo influences the overall sound quality and loudness the system can provide. A higher wattage per channel generally means that the stereo can produce clearer sound at higher volumes without distortion. However, it's essential to match your stereo's power output with the power handling capacity of your speakers to avoid potential damage.
RMS vs. Peak Power
 - While exploring power ratings, you'll encounter terms like RMS (Root Mean Square) and Peak Power. RMS refers to the continuous power a stereo can handle, whereas Peak Power indicates the maximum power output in short bursts. '50W x 4' often pertains to Peak Power, but it's vital to consider the RMS rating for a more accurate representation of everyday use.
Considerations When Upgrading Your Car Stereo
 - If you're considering upgrading your car stereo to a model boasting '50W x 4', ensure your speakers can handle the power. Moreover, consider the types of music you enjoy and how you like to listen to them. For instance, genres that benefit from a strong bass response might require a different setup compared to those emphasizing vocals or high tones.
Conclusion
 - Understanding the '50W x 4' rating and how it relates to car stereo systems helps you make informed decisions when upgrading your audio setup. This knowledge ensures you select a stereo that not only matches your speakers but also enhances your overall listening experience.
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Journal Article
Long range electrostatic forces in ionic liquids
MPS-Authors
/persons/resource/persons125445
Valtiner, Markus
Interaction Forces and Functional Materials, Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max Planck Society;
Institute for physical chemistry II, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipzigerstraße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany ;
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Citation
Gebbie, M. A., Smith, A. M., Dobbs, H. A., Lee, A. A., Warr, G. G., Banquy, X., et al. (2017). Long range electrostatic forces in ionic liquids. Chemical Communications, 53(7), _PHONE_. doi:10.1039/c6cc08820a.
Cite as: _URL_
Abstract
Ionic liquids are pure salts that are liquid under ambient conditions. As liquids composed solely of ions, the scientific consensus has been that ionic liquids have exceedingly high ionic strengths and thus very short Debye screening lengths. However, several recent experiments from laboratories around the world have reported data for the approach of two surfaces separated by ionic liquids which revealed remarkable long range forces that appear to be electrostatic in origin. Evidence has accumulated demonstrating long range surface forces for several different combinations of ionic liquids and electrically charged surfaces, as well as for concentrated mixtures of inorganic salts in solvent. The original interpretation of these forces, that ionic liquids could be envisioned as "dilute electrolytes,'' was controversial, and the origin of long range forces in ionic liquids remains the subject of discussion. Here we seek to collate and examine the evidence for long range surface forces in ionic liquids, identify key outstanding questions, and explore possible mechanisms underlying the origin of these long range forces. Long range surface forces in ionic liquids and other highly concentrated electrolytes hold diverse implications from designing ionic liquids for energy storage applications to rationalizing electrostatic correlations in biological self-assembly.


text:
Age of majority
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
The age of majority is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualized in law. It is the chronological moment when children legally assume majority control over their persons and their actions and decisions, thereby terminating the legal control and legal responsibilities of their parents over and for them.
In practical terms, there are certain specific actions which a person who attains the age of majority is permitted to take, which they could not do before. These may include entering into a binding contract, voting, buying and/or consuming alcoholic beverages, driving motor vehicles on public roads, and marrying without obtaining consent of others. The ages at which these various rights or powers may be exercised vary as between the various rights and as between different jurisdictions. For example, the ages at which a person may obtain a license to drive a car or consume alcoholic beverages vary considerably between and also within jurisdictions.


Introduction
PyNN (pronounced 'pine') is a simulator-independent language for building neuronal network models.
In other words, you can write the code for a model once, using the PyNN API and the Python programming language, and then run it without modification on any simulator that PyNN supports (currently NEURON, NEST and Brian) as well as on certain neuromorphic hardware systems.
The PyNN API aims to support modelling at a high-level of abstraction (populations of neurons, layers, columns and the connections between them) while still allowing access to the details of individual neurons and synapses when required. PyNN provides a library of standard neuron, synapse and synaptic plasticity models, which have been verified to work the same on the different supported simulators. PyNN also provides a set of commonly-used connectivity algorithms (e.g. all-to-all, random, distance-dependent, small-world) but makes it easy to provide your own connectivity in a simulator-independent way, either using the Connection Set Algebra (Djurfeldt, 2012) or by writing your own Python code.
Even if you don't wish to run simulations on multiple simulators, you may benefit from writing your simulation code using PyNN's powerful, high-level interface. In this case, you can use any neuron or synapse model supported by your simulator, and are not restricted to the standard models. PyNN transparently supports distributed simulations (using MPI) where the underlying simulator does.
It is straightforward to port an existing model from a Python-supporting simulator to PyNN, since this can be done incrementally, replacing one piece of simulator-specific code at a time with the PyNN equivalent, and testing that the model behaviour is unchanged at each step.
Download the current stable release of the library (0.8.1) or get the development version from the Git repository .
Licence
The code is released under the CeCILL licence. (This is equivalent to and compatible with the GPL).
Citing PyNN
If you publish work using or mentioning PyNN, we would appreciate it if you would cite the following paper:
Davison AP, Brüderle D, Eppler JM, Kremkow J, Muller E, Pecevski DA, Perrinet L and Yger P (2009) PyNN: a common interface for neuronal network simulators. Front. Neuroinform. 2:11 doi:10.3389/neuro.11._PHONE_.
Questions/Bugs/Enhancements
If you find a bug in PyNN, or wish to request a new feature, please go the PyNN issue tracker, click on "New Issue", and fill in the form.
If you have questions or comments about PyNN, please post a message on the NeuralEnsemble Google group.


HandlerPoint QML Type
An event point. More...
Import Statement: import QtQuick 2.15
Properties
Detailed Description
A QML representation of a QQuickEventPoint.
It's possible to make bindings to properties of a handler's current point or centroid. For example:
import QtQuick 2.12
Item {
 width: 640
 height: 480
 DragHandler {
 id: handler
 target: null
 }
 Text {
 color: handler.active ? "darkgreen" : "black"
 text: handler.centroid.position.x.toFixed(1) + "," + handler.centroid.position.y.toFixed(1)
 x: handler.centroid.position.x - width / 2
 y: handler.centroid.position.y - height
 }
}
The point is kept up-to-date when the DragHandler is actively responding to an EventPoint; but after the point is released, or when the current point is being handled by a different handler, position.x and position.y are 0.
Note: This is practically identical to QtQuick::EventPoint; however an EventPoint is a long-lived QObject which is invalidated between gestures and reused for subsequent event deliveries. Continuous bindings to its properties are not possible, and an individual handler cannot rely on it outside the period when that point is part of an active gesture which that handler is handling. HandlerPoint is a Q_GADGET that the handler owns. This allows you to make lifetime bindings to its properties.
See also SinglePointHandler::point and MultiPointHandler::centroid.
Property Documentation
[read-only] ellipseDiameters : size
This property holds the diameters of the contact patch, if the event comes from a touchpoint and the device provides this information.
A touchpoint is modeled as an elliptical area where the finger is pressed against the touchscreen. (In fact, it could also be modeled as a bitmap; but in that case we expect an elliptical bounding estimate to be fitted to the contact patch before the event is sent.) The harder the user presses, the larger the contact patch; so, these diameters provide an alternate way of detecting pressure, in case the device does not include a separate pressure sensor. The ellipse is centered on scenePosition (position in the PointerHandler's Item's local coordinates). The rotation property provides the rotation of the ellipse, if known. It is expected that if the rotation is zero, the height is the larger dimension (the major axis), because of the usual hand position, reaching upward or outward across the surface.
If the contact patch is unknown, or the device is not a touchscreen, these values will be zero.
See also QtQuick::EventTouchPoint::ellipseDiameters, QtQuick::TouchPoint::ellipseDiameters, and QTouchEvent::TouchPoint::ellipseDiameters.
[read-only] id : int
The ID number of the point
During a touch gesture, from the time that the first finger is pressed until the last finger is released, each touchpoint will have a unique ID number. Likewise, if input from multiple devices occurs (for example simultaneous mouse and touch presses), all the current event points from all the devices will have unique IDs.
Note: Do not assume that id numbers start at zero or that they are sequential. Such an assumption is often false due to the way the underlying drivers work.
See also QTouchEvent::TouchPoint::id.
[read-only] modifiers : enumeration
Which modifier keys are currently pressed
This property holds the keyboard modifiers that were pressed at the time the event occurred.
[read-only] position : QPointF
The position within the parent Item
This is the position of the event point relative to the bounds of the parent.
[read-only] pressPosition : QPointF
The pressed position within the parent Item
This is the position at which this point was pressed, relative to the bounds of the parent.
[read-only] pressedButtons : enumeration
Which mouse or stylus buttons are currently pressed
See also MouseArea::pressedButtons.
[read-only] pressure : qreal
This property tells how hard the user is pressing the stylus on a graphics tablet or the finger against a touchscreen, in the range from 0 (no measurable pressure) to 1.0 (maximum pressure which the device can measure).
It is valid only with certain tablets and touchscreens that can measure pressure. Otherwise, it will be zero.
[read-only] rotation : qreal
This property holds the rotation angle of the stylus on a graphics tablet or the contact patch of a touchpoint on a touchscreen.
It is valid only with certain tablet stylus devices and touchscreens that can measure the rotation angle. Otherwise, it will be zero.
[read-only] sceneGrabPosition : QPointF
The grabbed position within the scene
If this point has been grabbed by a Pointer Handler or an Item, it means that object has taken sole responsibility for handling the movement and the release if this point. In that case, this is the position at which the grab occurred, in the coordinate system of the scene graph.
[read-only] scenePosition : QPointF
The position within the scene
This is the position of the event point relative to the bounds of the Qt Quick scene (typically the whole window).
[read-only] scenePressPosition : QPointF
The pressed position within the scene
This is the position at which this point was pressed, in the coordinate system of the scene graph.
[read-only] uniqueId : PointingDeviceUniqueId
The unique ID of the point, if any
This is normally empty, because touchscreens cannot uniquely identify fingers.
On some types of touchscreens, especially those using TUIO drivers, it's possible to use recognizable physical tokens (fiducial objects) in addition to fingers. So if this point is a touch point, and uniqueId is set, it is the identifier for such an object.
On a graphics tablet, each type of stylus or other tool often has a unique ID or serial number, which can be useful to respond in different ways to different tools.
Interpreting the contents of this ID requires knowledge of the hardware and drivers in use.
See also QTabletEvent::uniqueId, QtQuick::TouchPoint::uniqueId, and QtQuick::EventTouchPoint::uniqueId.
[read-only] velocity : QVector2D
A vector representing the average speed and direction of movement
This is a velocity vector pointing in the direction of movement, in logical pixels per second. It has x and y components, at least one of which will be nonzero when this point is in motion. It holds the average recent velocity: how fast and in which direction the event point has been moving recently.
See also QtQuick::EventPoint::velocity, QtQuick::TouchPoint::velocity, and QTouchEvent::TouchPoint::velocity.
© 2024 The Qt Company Ltd. Documentation contributions included herein are the copyrights of their respective owners. The documentation provided herein is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software Foundation. Qt and respective logos are trademarks of The Qt Company Ltd. in Finland and/or other countries worldwide. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.


ouroboros-consensus-0.1.0.1: Consensus layer for the Ouroboros blockchain protocol
Safe Haskell None
Language Haskell2010
Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Synopsis
Block contents
class ( forall a. Show ( NestedCtxt_ blk f a), SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f)) => HasNestedContent f blk where Source #
Nested content inside a block
Consider a simplified version of the hard fork combinator, defining
type HardFork a b = Either a b
Then encoding Hardfork ByronBlock ShelleyBlock is easy, in the same way that we encode any Either . The header of such a block will have type
HardFork (Header ByronBlock) (Header ShelleyBlock)
and encoding those (for example, to send them across the network) is similarly trivial. But now suppose we want to read a header from disk. We do not store headers directly, but instead store the blocks. The DB will know the offset and length (both in bytes) of the header inside the block, but how do we decode such a header? If it's a Byron block, we should use the decoder for Header ByronBlock , and similarly for Shelley, but how should we express this more generally?
Here is where HasNestedContent comes in. Continuing the example, we can unnest a Header (HardFork ByronBlock ShelleyBlock) into a pair of values, where the first value (a NestedCtxt ) tells us what type of block we have, and the second value gives us the actual header. So, if the first value says "this is a Byron block", the second value is a Header ByronBlock , and vice versa. In other words, this is a dependent pair.
This then solves the serialisation problem: we expect a dependent decoder which, given a NestedCtxt identifying the block type, decodes the raw bytes from the block into the type indicated by that NestedCtxt .
TODO: We could perhaps define this independent of blocks in DepPair .
Minimal complete definition
Nothing
data family NestedCtxt_ blk :: ( Type -> Type ) -> Type -> Type Source #
Context identifying what kind of block we have
In almost all places we will use NestedCtxt rather than NestedCtxt_ .
Instances
Instances details
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ m f) => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
CanHardFork xs => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) Header ) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
Show ( NestedCtxt_ m f x) => Show ( NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
All SingleEraBlock xs => Show ( NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) Header a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
data NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) a b Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
data NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) a b where
newtype NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
newtype NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x where
Flip type arguments
newtype NestedCtxt f blk a Source #
Version of NestedCtxt_ with the type arguments swapped
NestedCtxt must be indexed on blk : it is the block that determines this type. However, we often want to partially apply the second argument (the functor), leaving the block type not yet defined.
Constructors
NestedCtxt
Instances
Instances details
Isomorphic ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Unary
SerialiseHFC xs => DecodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => DecodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) m => EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( DualBlock m a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) m => EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( DualBlock m a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => Eq ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
HasNestedContent f blk => Show ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
( HasNestedContent f blk, forall a. Show (g a)) => Show ( GenDepPair g ( NestedCtxt f blk)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
( Typeable f, Typeable blk) => NoThunks ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
We can write a manual instance using the following quantified constraint:
forall a. NoThunks (f blk a)
However, this constraint would have to be propagated all the way up, which is rather verbose and annoying (standalone deriving has to be used), hence we use InspectHeap for convenience.
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
TrivialDependency ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => TrivialDependency ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Associated Types
type TrivialIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Show ( NestedCtxt_ blk f a) => Show ( NestedCtxt f blk a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
type TrivialIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Existentials
Convenience re-exports
data SomeSecond (f :: Type -> Type -> Type ) a where Source #
Hide the second type argument of some functor
SomeSecond f a is isomorphic to Some (f a) , but is more convenient in partial applications.
Constructors
SomeSecond :: !(f a b) -> SomeSecond f a
Instances
Instances details
Isomorphic ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Unary
Inject ( SomeSecond BlockQuery ) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Nary
SerialiseHFC xs => SerialiseNodeToClient ( HardForkBlock xs) ( SomeSecond BlockQuery ( HardForkBlock xs)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseNodeToClient
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => Eq ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
SameDepIndex (


text:
Purification requires the separation of compounds and distillation is a common purification process based on the difference in boiling points between individual components in a mixture. Simply put things that boil at a lower temperature are boiled off while higher boiling point compounds remain behind. As heat and/or vacuum are applied the compounds which have the lowest boiling points are vaporized and flow to the condenser where they are condensed back into a liquid and collected. As the temperature is raised the next set of compounds with a higher boiling point distill after and are condensed, collected in a new receiver flask and so on until the target compound is distilled or is left behind in the boiling flask.
When distilling cannabis extracts the order of compounds are as follows:
(temperatures assume ~100 millitorr and are only a rough estimate)
- Solvents <50°C
- Water 50-70°C
- Terpenes 130-170°C
- Flavonoids 170-200°C
- Cannabinoids 200-240°C
When a sample needs to be separated from its components, we might simply assume that the distillation process would provide the individual components in pure form. No distillation can produce this magic. Components in a sample will exert a vapor pressure at temperatures well below their boiling point. A boiling point is merely the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere surrounding the liquid. It is not an absolute figure and should be considered a range that is maximum at this temperature.
The greater the difference in boiling points between the components in a sample the greater the separation or purification from the resulting distillation. If the difference in boiling points is small then much of the unwanted components will be co-distilled along with the target fraction and must be distilled multiple times to achieve the desired purity. The task of separation usually dictates the type of apparatus required.


text:
The Invention of the Eyewitness: Witnessing and Testimony in Early Modern France
In an examination of eyewitness travel writing in thirteenth- through sixteenth-century France, Andrea Frisch studies the figure of the witness at a historical juncture and in a cultural context in which that figure is generally thought to have begun to assume a recognizably modern form and function.
Whereas most accounts of early modern travel literature tend to read modern presuppositions about witnessing and testimony back into the material, Frisch approaches the early modern witness in terms of the cultural legacy of the Middle Ages. Through primary readings in law and theology, Frisch documents the tension between the ethical witness (the characteristic witness of premodernity) and the epistemic witness (the modern witness) and explores the impact of that tension on the figure of the witness in pre- and early modern French-language travel literature.
Results 1-3 of 86
Witnessing and Testimony in Early Modern France Andrea Frisch ... The
emphasis on first - person experience as the " essence " of testimony is reiterated
throughout this essay and in a recent reading of Paul Celan ' s " Aschenglorie , "
The testimonial performance of the folklaw witness ( the dueler , certainly , but
also the compurgator ) cannot be cited without destroying its status as testimony .
Moreover , as I discuss at more length in chapter five , early written records of ...
phrase that he will reiterate in both Demeure and the essay on Celan , he
maintains that " there is no testimony that does not at least structurally imply in
itself the possibility of fiction , simulacra , dissimulation , lie , and perjury – that is
to say ...


text:
Indexed on: 10 Apr '13Published on: 10 Apr '13Published in: Genetics and molecular biology
Seeds are the most important plant storage organ and play a central role in the life cycle of plants. Since little is known about the protein composition of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds, in this work we used proteomic methods to obtain a reference map of rice seed proteins and identify important molecules. Overall, 480 reproducible protein spots were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis on pH 4-7 gels and 302 proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and database searches. Together, these proteins represented 252 gene products and were classified into 12 functional categories, most of which were involved in metabolic pathways. Database searches combined with hydropathy plots and gene ontology analysis showed that most rice seed proteins were hydrophilic and were related to binding, catalytic, cellular or metabolic processes. These results expand our knowledge of the rice proteome and improve our understanding of the cellular biology of rice seeds.