wal-e Simple Continuous Archiving for Postgres WAL-E Disaster Recovery =======================.. contents:: Table of Contents Introduction ------------ WAL-E is a program designed to perform continuous archiving of PostgreSQL WAL files and manage the use of pg_start_backup and pg_stop_backup. To correspond on using WAL-E or to collaborate on its development, do not hesitate to send mail to the mailing list at _EMAIL_. Github issues are also currently being used to track known problems, so please feel free to submit those. Primary Commands and Concepts ----------------------------- WAL-E has four critical operators: * backup-fetch * backup-push * wal-fetch * wal-push Of these, the "push" operators send things to storage and "fetch" operators get things from storage. "wal" operators send/get write ahead log, and "backup" send/get a hot backup of the base database that WAL segments can be applied to. All of these operators work in a context of three important environment-variable based settings: * AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID or WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME * AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY or WABS_ACCESS_KEY * WALE_S3_PREFIX or WALE_WABS_PREFIX For Swift the following environment variables are needed: * SWIFT_AUTHURL * SWIFT_TENANT * SWIFT_USER * SWIFT_PASSWORD * WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX With the exception of AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY and WABS_ACCESS_KEY, all of these can be specified as arguments as well. The AWS_* variables are the standard access-control keying system provided by Amazon, where the WABS_* are the standard access credentials defined by Windows Azure. The WALE_S3_PREFIX, WALE_WABS_PREFIX and WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX (_PREFIX) variables can be thought of as a context whereby this program operates on a single database cluster at a time. Generally, for any one database the _PREFIX will be the same between all four operators. This context-driven approach attempts to help users avoid errors such as one database overwriting the WAL segments of another, as long as the _PREFIX is set uniquely for each database. Use whichever variable is appropriate for the store you are using... IMPORTANT:: Ensure that all servers have different _PREFIXes set. Reuse of a value between two servers will likely cause unrecoverable backups. Dependencies ------------ * python (>= 2.6) * lzop * psql (>= 8.4) * pv This software also has Python dependencies; installing with setup.py will attempt to resolve them: * gevent>=0.13.1 * boto>=2.6.0 * azure>=0.7.0 * python-swiftclient>=1.8.0 * python-keystoneclient>=0.4.2 * argparse, if not on Python 2.7 It is possible to use WAL-E without the dependencies of back-end storage one does not use installed: the imports for those are only performed if the storage configuration demands their use. Backend Blob Store ------------------ The storage backend is determined by the defined _PREFIX. Prefixes with the scheme ''s3'' will be directed towards S3, those with the scheme ''wabs'' will be directed towards Windows Azure Blob Service, and those with the scheme ''swift'' will be directed towards an OpenStack Swift installation. Example S3 Prefix: s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever Example WABS Prefix: wabs://some-container/directory/or/whatever Example OpenStack Swift Prefix: swift://some-container/directory/or/whatever Examples -------- Pushing a base backup to S3:: $ AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \ -k AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-push /var/lib/my/database Sending a WAL segment to WABS:: $ WABS_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \ -a WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME \ --wabs-prefix=wabs://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ wal-push /var/lib/my/database/pg_xlog/WAL_SEGMENT_LONG_HEX Push a base backup to Swift:: $ WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX="swift://my_container_name" \ SWIFT_AUTHURL="http://my_keystone_url/v2.0/" \ SWIFT_TENANT="my_tennant" \ SWIFT_USER="my_user" \ SWIFT_PASSWORD="my_password" wal-e \ backup-push /var/lib/my/database It is generally recommended that one use some sort of environment variable management with WAL-E: working with it this way is less verbose, less prone to error, and less likely to expose secret information in logs. At this time, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY and WABS_ACCESS_KEY are the only secret values, and recording it frequently in logs is not recommended. The tool has never and should never accept secret information in argv to avoid process table security problems. However, the user running PostgreSQL (typically 'postgres') must be able to run a program that can access this secret information, as part of its archive_command_... _archive_command: _URL_ envdir_, part of the daemontools_ package is one recommended approach to setting environment variables. One can prepare an envdir-compatible directory like so:: # Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information # S3 Setup $ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= $ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env $ echo "secret-key-content" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY $ echo "access-key" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID $ echo's3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever' > \ /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_S3_PREFIX $ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d # Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information # WABS Setup $ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= $ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env $ echo "secret-key-content" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCESS_KEY $ echo "access-key" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME $ echo 'wabs://some-container/directory/or/whatever' > \ /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_WABS_PREFIX $ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d After having done this preparation, it is possible to run WAL-E commands much more simply, with less risk of accidentally using incorrect values:: $ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e backup-push... $ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push... envdir is conveniently combined with the archive_command functionality used by PostgreSQL to enable continuous archiving. To enable continuous archiving, one needs to edit ''postgresql.conf'' and restart the server. The important settings to enable continuous archiving are related here:: wal_level = archive # hot_standby in 9.0 is also acceptable archive_mode = on archive_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push %p' archive_timeout = 60 Every segment archived will be noted in the PostgreSQL log... WARNING:: PostgreSQL users can check the pg_settings table and see the archive_command employed. Do not put secret information into postgresql.conf for that reason, and use envdir instead. A base backup (via ''backup-push'') can be uploaded at any time, but this must be done at least once in order to perform a restoration. It must be done again if any WAL segment was not correctly uploaded: point in time recovery will not be able to continue if there are any gaps in the WAL segments... _envdir: _URL_ _daemontools: _URL_ Pulling a base backup from S3:: $ sudo -u postgres bash -c \ "envdir /etc/wal-e.d/pull-env wal-e \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-fetch /var/lib/my/database LATEST" This command makes use of the "LATEST" pseudo-name for a backup, which queries S3 to find the latest complete backup. Otherwise, a real name can be used:: $ sudo -u postgres bash -c \ "envdir /etc/wal-e.d/pull-env wal-e \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-fetch \ /var/lib/my/database base_LONGWALNUMBER_POSITION_NUMBER" One can find the name of available backups via the experimental ''backup-list'' operator, or using one's remote data store browsing program of choice, by looking at the ''PREFIX/basebackups_NNN/...'' directory. It is also likely one will need to provide a ''recovery.conf'' file, as documented in the PostgreSQL manual, to recover the base backup, as WAL files will need to be downloaded to make the hot-backup taken with backup-push. The WAL-E's ''wal-fetch'' subcommand is designed to be useful for this very purpose, as it may be used in a ''recovery.conf'' file like this:: restore_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-fetch "%f" "%p"'.. WARNING:: If the archived database contains user defined tablespaces please review the ''backup-fetch'' section below before utilizing that command. Primary Commands ---------------- ''backup-push'', ''backup-fetch'', ''wal-push'', ''wal-fetch'' represent the primary functionality of WAL-E and must reside on the database machine. Unlike ''wal-push'' and ''wal-fetch'' commands, which function as described above, the''backup-push


text:
Google search algorithm helps track spread of cancer cells
"Each of the sites where a spreading, or 'metastatic,' tumor could show up are analogous to Web pages," said Paul Newton, a mathematician at the University of Southern California, who has been working with cancer specialists at the Scripps Research Institute.
Google ranks Web pages by the likelihood that an individual would end up visiting each one randomly. These predictions are based on the trends of millions of users across the Web. Google uses something called the "steady state distribution" to calculate the probability of someone visiting a page.
"You have millions of people wandering the Web, [and] Google would like to know what proportion are visiting any given Web page at a given time. It occurred to me that steady state distribution is equivalent to the metastatic tumor distribution that shows up in the autopsy datasets," Newton explained.
The dataset he's referring to contains information about autopsy patients from the 1920's to the 1940's, who died before chemotherapy was available. By focusing on this group of patients, the researchers could track the natural progression of cancer, specifically lung cancer, without different treatments interfering with the data.
Out of fifty metastasis sites described in the autopsy reports, the scientists found that twenty-seven contained cancer that appeared to have spread from the lungs. Furthermore, just like with an individual browsing the Web, cells that break off from the original lung tumor and
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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More info on Open Inventor
Open Inventor: Quiz

Question 1: Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented retained mode 3D graphics ________ designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL.
Application programming interfaceUnixLinuxJava (programming language)
Question 2: ________ (OGL) is a low level library that takes lists of simple polygons and renders them as quickly as possible.
OpenGLGTK+LinuxJava (programming language)
Question 3: The "world" to be drawn was placed in a ________ run by OI, with the system applying occlusion culling on objects in the graph automatically.
Binary space partitioningOpenGLTree (data structure)Scene graph
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text:
- 11 July 2014
- WORKING PAPER SERIES - No. 1689Details
- This paper takes a financial market perspective in examining the relationship between oil prices, the US dollar and asset prices, and it exploits the heteroskedasticity for the identification of causality in a multifactor model. It finds a bidirectional causality between the US dollar and oil prices since the early 2000s. Moreover, both oil prices and the US dollar are significantly affected by changes in equity market returns and risk. By contrast, oil prices did not react to changes in these financial assets before 2001. The paper provides evidence that this may be explained by the increased use of oil as a financial asset over the past decade, which intensified the link between oil and other assets. The model can account well for the strong and rising negative correlation between oil prices and the US dollar since the early 2000s, with risk shocks and the financialisation process of oil prices explaining most of the strengthening of this correlation.
- JEL Code
- F30 : International Economics→International Finance→General
G15 : Financial Economics→General Financial Markets→International Financial Markets

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


[Guide] React Concept: The Event Loop
 - So I wanted to go through a concept that we have been doing with Device Event Triggers a bit. This concept is the "Event Loop." So to start lets consider a regular system without any Dash Apps. In this scenario you have a simple system which is generally made to respond to a user interacting with the system. When your users press a button, things will happen - simple right? Well that just isn't automation!
 URC then introduced the "Device Events" and "TCL Commands" features which allow modules to extend the functionality of the platform. This is when the first steps of Home Automation really started with URC. However, the system is still just standing idly by, waiting for something to occur. It isn't proactively monitoring the home and automatically responding to almost any piece of information available to us unless those events happen to have Device Events - and in those cases it can't always provide the type of functionality you might be looking for.
 upload-e86a8f2b-302f-4e03-9866-b1912c857827
 Introducing: Event Loops
 Now lets imagine an Automation System that can proactively monitor the home, react to almost any event, and be customized to your hearts content. An Event Loop is doing just that, and at the end of the day all it really is doing is looping macros at set intervals, checking our variables and/or interacting with installed modules and conducting some sort of functionality based upon what it finds.
 Event Loops are actually a fairly simple concept both in the idea behind it and how it's accomplished within our programming.
 Lets take a look at how these are done!
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 - Dash React always starts at the Automation Macros Section of Accelerator. This is where you are programming your reactions to variable events. Let's create a new Dash React Device Event
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 - For an Event Loop to occur we need to have a macro which is running at an interval. With Dash React we accomplish this with the "While Variable ..." Event. With this Event, you will be creating a macro that will run so-long as the parameters you have entered remain true. This gives us a lot of flexibility to create interesting ways for our system to react to events.
 Variable Name: When we create events, we are actually simultaneously creating Variables. When Dash React first starts up, it will read through every event you have programmed. It will create any Variables we have created events for and allow our TCL Commands to run their commands on them. We will go over best practices for variable naming & when to create different variables in other tutorials, for now we can just use something like SystemMonitor
 Remember: Creating Events is actually creating our variables!
 upload-9c7450ad-466d-4570-966e-7552cca98146
 Operator: The Operator Dropdown allows us to decide how we want React to match against the current value of the Variable. Each time the variable changes, React will trigger any events that currently match the event we have created. While the others provide some really cool functionality, for the purposes of this tutorial, we will just choose the simple "Equals" option. This means the value of the variable will have to be exactly what we type into the value field or else this Event Macro will never be fired.
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 Value: We now need to enter what we want the value to be for this event to fire. So-long as the value matches what we enter, in our case the macro will fire at the given interval (which we will configure next). Lets say that whenever the variable is equal to "Active" it will be firing our event.
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 Every (Seconds) Now we define at what interval we want our macro to fire. Obviously the faster we fire our Event Loop, the faster our system will respond to events. However, Event Loops should often be used for monitoring things at a higher-level. Depending on your needs, some go as low as every 1 minute for their Event Loops - but it is best to have your loops every 5-10 minutes to be safe. Lets do every 10 minutes (or 600 Seconds).
 Event Name: With React it is actually fairly important to be able to read your events and know immediately what every event is doing. This is important for quickly troubleshooting your events and maintaining the system as it grows. You are welcome to adopt your own methods for doing this, in our case we will name this event SystemMonitor While = Active > 10 Minutes - this should tell us right away when we can expect this event to fire (you will also notice that we prefix each event with a letter telling us what Module the event is for. A for Dash Access and R for Dash React).
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 - Alright, so we have our Device Event setup and ready to start looping just as soon as our "SystemMonitor" variable is set to "Active." Next we will go over how we will handle that! First, lets take a look at the final result of our Device Event!
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 Setting Our System Loop to Start
 We've created our reaction, but now we need to create the action which will make our Reaction Event. In this case, we want our Event to almost always be firing so we need to set our variable as soon as the system starts up. We have System Startup Events available to us within the "Dash Event Triggers" Dash App so we will use that to set our variables value.
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 If you aren't familiar with how this Event works, it will schedule a macro to occur about 5 minutes after the initial startup of the system. This time is used to allow all other Dash Apps & URC Hardware time to boot up and be ready to receive commands from our macro.
 Setting our Variables Value
 We can set and modify our variables values using URC's TCL Command features. With Dash React, we have many options to choose from. Start by opening the TCL Commands window and selecting Dash React from the dropdown menu.
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 We have a lot to choose from with Dash React, for this tutorial we will only worry about the simple "Set Variable (String)" option.
 upload-9ad4166c-f1d5-4ef5-817e-e62d3ceb0c8b
 Variable Name: For Variable name we need to use the exact name of the Variable we created while setting up our Device Event. Enter "SystemMonitor" as that is the Variable we created earlier.
 Value: What we enter here is what the variable is going to change to. We are going to enter "Active" as that is how we programmed our Device Event.
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 That's It! We now have an Event Loop and we can start programming some fun automation and make our systems smarter!
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text:
Living in an Alkaline Environment
A WebQuest Exploring the Life and Ecology of Mono Lake
Introduction Task Process Resources Evaluation Conclusion Teachers
To prepare pages for your Mono Lake Field Guide, you will:
- Choose two organisms living in and around Mono Lake from each category in the table below (i.e, two producers, two ciliates, two arthropods, and two birds).
- Research these organisms, using the provided resources.
- Write a brief description and obtain an image for each organism.
- Illustrate the transfer of energy in the Mono Lake ecosystem by constructing a food web that connects all (or most) of your organisms.
- Research the geography and ecology of the area where Mono Lake is located.
- Present your food web and information about Mono Lake in the form of field guide pages. Refer to the evaluation rubric for details about the format and the information to include.


text:
The term "inspiration porn", coined by Disability Activist Stella Young, or "feel-good" Disability moments has been floating around the internet and disability community for a while. It continues to be a reoccurring problem that spreads a narrative of worthiness and objectification.
Inspiration porn occurs when the story is based solely on the person being disabled and existing.
The question is, what is it about inspiration porn that we love so much causing us to like, share, and comment on?
What is it about a person overcoming some perceived obstacle and considering them worthy of the title "an inspiration"?
Why do we consider some people inspirational and others not?
When we start asking ourselves these questions, we start to peel back the reason we like inspiration porn or feel-good stories, and it isn't about the person being perceived to be inspirational.
Inspiration porn is designed to give non-disabled people feelings of gratitude about their own lives as they watch, read, or listen to stories about how endearing or helpful others are being to a person with disabilities. They may feel relief that their life is better because they don't have a disability, or it may motivate them, because if a person with disabilities can do it, they can too.
The content we are often exposed to gives the illusion that people with disabilities are innocent and upbeat while overcoming their obstacles and that all disabilities are evident, despite many disabilities that are not. This is problematic, because people with disabilities are often compared to each other about what makes a "good" disabled person. Consequently, if the disabled person doesn't perform the way non-disabled people expect them to, they are considered to be ungrateful for the support or help they are given.
Inspiration porn is harmful in the sense that it instills the notion that people with disabilities can overcome their disability, it pities the disability experience, and guilts non-disabled people to do better. It centres on the idea that people with disabilities are suffering and have hardships that are all consuming. Meanwhile, in most cases, this is not true, and the reality is that society is often what creates these challenges. It projects harmful stereotypes and often goes viral through social media exposing the feel-good story about how people engaged with the person with an evident disability.
When inspiration porn occurs, it's often made without the person's knowledge. There is no evident conversation that takes place with the person with disabilities, there is no privacy, no consent, and no feelings are considered in this exchange. The person with the disability does not benefit, but the person who is helping, supporting, and sharing does. The non-disabled person is considered compassionate, empathetic, a hero, role-model, or leader. This reduces people with disabilities down to objects or props, rather than human beings.
Inspiration or feel-good stories about disability does not change the narrative for people with disabilities' right to be parents, have relationships, sex, marriage, education, work, and autonomy. It does not dismantle physical, medical, informational, and attitudinal barriers, and it does not provide the person with a disability with accessibility or inclusion.
There are some people who argue that inspiration porn or feel-good stories provide awareness or the much-needed representation of disabled people in media. The problem is not the stories themselves but the reactions, how the person with a disability is portrayed, and – as mentioned before – if privacy and consent were respected. Furthermore, the focus is usually not on the person with the disability, but on the parent, partner, the person supporting or helping's experience with the person with a disability.
Now with this knowledge in mind, it is important to be self-reflective and avoid spreading more misinformation and inspiration porn. Consider these questions when you come across feel-good stories or stories with people with disabilities in them:
- Is the person with a disability telling their own story or is someone speaking for them?
- Is this video or photo shared with the person with a disability's consent and was their privacy respected?
- If someone is overcoming a disability, were the barriers and circumstances mentioned?
- Question whether the video, photo, story, article, podcast, etc. portrays people with disabilities as a burden, needing to be cured, are inspirational just for being disabled, or guilts non-disabled people into doing more or better.
- Consider the source of information and if people with disabilities consider it a reputable source.
*Please note: the picture above has descriptive alt text that we wrote, but is only usable for screen readers as it is a featured image.


text:
- Krantz (Solanum tuberosum)
ORIGIN: Released jointly by the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1985. Krantz was selected
simultaneously in seedling populations by both the Texas and Minnesota
breeding programs from a cross between MN366.65-3 and C6743-5. It
was tested as MNTX5-8-1RU and MN9648.
CHARACTERISTICS: Krantz combines yield and specific gravity equal
or exceeding that of Norgold Russet with exceptional boiling and
baking qualities. Krantz processes well for fresh or frozen french
fries. Total glycoalkaloid content is low (2.5 mg/100g fresh weight).
Plants are medium-late maturity, tall, vigorous and
upright. Stems are medium thick with a reddish tinge at the nodes.
Wings are straight, single, but not prominent. Leaves are flat, medium
sized, smooth and glossy, having decurrent (extending downward),
irregular terminal leaflets and 3-5 pairs of asymmetrical, flat primary
leaflets. Secondary leaflets are small, between primary leaflets.
The inflorescence is on a long peduncle, with reddish buds, large
white corollas and green anthers. Tubers are oblong to slightly blocky,
russet-skinned, with shallow eyes, white flesh and short dormancy.
Tuber bulking occurs early.
STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES: Krantz
is well-adapted to growing areas with irrigated, sandy solid, but
susceptibility to growth cracking has been found in heavier soils
and in areas with non-irrigated sandy soils. Tuber netting is very
light in some soils or under certain growing conditions. Krantz has
high resistance to common scab and hollow heart, with very high field
resistance to late blight, and moderate resistance to Verticillium.
It is susceptible to early blight and potato viruses S and Y. Emergence
and early plant growth can be slow and irregular.


text:
It was the five o'clock shadow that helped give her away – the portrait was not, as it seemed, a rather grand if slightly butch 18th-century lady with a fancy feathered hat but was in fact the Chevalier d'Eon: diplomat, soldier, spy, transvestite.
The National Portrait Gallery has announced the acquisition of its first painted portrait of a man in woman's clothing; a cross-dresser who enjoyed considerable fame in both high society and popular culture.
Charles Geneviève Louis Auguste André Timothée d'Éon de Beaumont, to give her full name, is one of the most important transvestites in history. She was "a fascinating and inspirational figure", said Lucy Peltz, the gallery's curator of 18th-century portraits.
"We are absolutely delighted to be able to acquire this portrait. D'Eon is a particularly fascinating and important figure from 18th-century British history."
The painting was discovered by the London dealer Philip Mould at a provincial sale outside New York last year. It was being mistakenly sold as a portrait of an unknown woman by Gilbert Stuart, most famous for painting George Washington on the dollar bill.
"Even in its dirty state it was quite clear that this woman had stubble," said Mould, who bought it, brought it to the UK and began further research and restoration.
"Cleaning is always a revelation and on this occasion it revealed that not only was it in lovely condition but, more pertinently, the Gilbert Stuart signature cleaned off revealing the name Thomas Stewart, a theatrical painter working in London in the 1780s and 1790s."
Everything then began to click into place. "What is so unusual about this portrait is that it is so brazenly demonstrative in a period when you don't normally get that type of alternative persona expressed in portraiture," said Mould. There is no attempt to soften his physiognomy – basically, he was a bloke in a dress with a hat."
The discovery was tremendously exciting, said Mould. "We are the main dealers in British portraiture, doing it for something like 30 years and I must have sold two or three thousand British portraits to museums and institutions – but never have I come across something quite so idiosyncratic. I've never had anything which is so off-beam."
Even without the cross dressing D'Eon is a seriously interesting person. Before living publicly as a woman he was a famous French soldier and diplomat who had a key role in negotiating the Peace of Paris in 1763, ending the seven years war between France and Britain.
After 13 years living in London he was not inclined to return to Paris, resorting to blackmailing the French crown with a threat to sell secrets after he was officially recalled.
"He had information about French plans to invade England, despite the peace that was being negotiated," said Peltz. That led the king, then Louis XVI, making the highly unusual edict that D'Eon could remain only if he lived his life as a woman which, at the time, would have been an enormous disempowerment.
"It was very much due to D'Eon's own encouragement, putting forward the idea over some period.
"As far as we can tell D'Eon was Britain's first openly transvestite male who was able to live out the life that his gender orientation demanded of him – and he was able to get away with it, feted as a particularly brave and courageous woman."
London society, not particularly known for its liberal tolerance, accepted D'Eon as a woman and she became well known for fencing demonstrations in theatres – dressed as a woman, of course.
D'Eon was not the most feminine of transvestites. Aside from the stubble, she hitched her skirt when she went up stairs and was rather course and boorish. None of that stopped pioneering feminist writers including Mary Robinson and Mary Wollstonecraft hailing D'Eon as a shining example of female fortitude, someone women should look at and aspire to.
The painting is known to be a copy of one exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1791 by Jean Laurent Mosnier, which is in an aristocratic collection. The Stewart portrait was probably commissioned by the libertine Francis Rawdon Hastings, second Earl of Moira and first Marquess of Hastings.
Interest in D'Eon has seldom waned with biographies every 20 years or so between the 1830s and 1950s. The Beaumont Society, which gives advice to the transgendered community, was named after D'Eon.
We will never know, of course, if D'Eon was transgender or transvestite but Peltz said she was clearly extremely courageous.
"The painting sheds fascinating light on gender in history and one of the reasons the gallery was so keen to acquire the portrait is that D'Eon is such a fantastically inspirational figure and one of the very few historical figures that the gallery can represent that is a positive role model for modern LGBT audiences."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Covering the keyboard while learning to keyboard is a popular strategy for teaching touch typing. Interestingly, there hasn't been much research on the effects of using keyboard covers when students are learning to keyboard. Overall, the research says that students who can't see their keyboards while they use keyboarding software to learn to keyboard will learn significantly faster than those who did not use covers.
Can Learning to Touch Type be Facilitated by Covering the Keys on a Computer?
by Leigh E. Zeitz, Ph.D.
University of Northern Iowa
May 25, 2008
Learning to key without looking at the keyboard is a difficult thing to do. This is especially difficult if your learners have taught themselves to type and developed "bad habits." On of the most prominent "bad habits" that novice keyboarders learn is looking at the keyboard while typing. In response to this need, vendors have developed keyboard covers (or skins) which hide the letters on the keys from students. But does this work?
The $64 question is "Will it help my students learn to touch type faster if we install keyboard covers?"
Let's see what the research says:
Steven Reagan (2000) studied multiple factors when middle school students used software programs to learn touch typing skills. He compared two typing programs: one that was drill and practice (KeyWords Elementary) and a gaming drill and practice program (Type to Learn 3). Half of the students in each of these groups used covers on their keyboards and half of them did not. The results showed that the middle school students who used KeyWords Elementary and had covers on their keyboards did not experience a significant different in improvement over those who could see the letters on their keys.
Conversely, students who had covered keyboards while using Type to Learn achieved a significant increase in their keyboarding skills. Interestingly enough, the Type to Learn users without the covers achieved an average speed that was lower than either of the KeyWords Elementary users. The researcher observed that the game players were highly motivated to do well on the game so those without covers would look at the keyboard instead of using the more efficient touch-typing methods.
Lois Nichols (2004) did some research with 3rd and 4th graders (n=84). The students were randomly assigned to use either covered or uncovered keyboards. They received instruction 30 minutes/day for 4 weeks (10 hours) using Sunburst's Type To Learn 3. The software is developed to enable the students to progress independently through the program. Type to Learn 3 provides an on-screen keyboard with superimposed hands showing the students which keys to press.
It turned out that the students who had the covers on their keyboards finished the 4 weeks typing significantly faster than students who were able to watch the keys. There was no significant difference in their levels of accuracy.
Leonard West (1967) explored the effects of depriving visual feedback when typists typed on a typewriter. Unlike the other two studies which reviewed the effects of using covers on students' abilities to learn to keyboard faster, West did not study typing speed improvement. He asked people who could already type (9 – 118 wpm) and then measured the difference between their speed and accuracy rates with and without being able to view the keyboard. Not surprisingly, the less experienced typists experienced a high increase in errors and decrease in speed while the accomplished typists had a small increase in errors and slight decrease in speed. While this research is interesting, it doesn't hold much relevancy for optimizing keyboarding instruction programs.
These studies that researched the effects of using covers when teaching keyboarding found that those students who couldn't see their keyboards while they use keyboarding software learned to keyboard significantly faster than those who did not use covers. This indicates that covers can be helpful when learning to keyboard. It would be useful to engage in additional research at elementary, middle and secondary levels. The effects of using a gaming context could be further studied by using the Reagan study design with other software packages.
Nichols, L. (2004) Learning to keyboard: Does the use of keyboard covers make a difference? Information Technology in Childhood Annual. 175-185.
Reagan, S. (2000) Increasing touch-keyboarding skills in the middle school student: "Keywords" vs. "type to learn." hand covers vs. no hand covers. Masters thesis.
West., L. (1967) Vision and kinesthesis in the acquisition of typewriting skills. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(2). 161-166.
Contact Dr. Leigh Zeitz at _EMAIL_
Visit Keyboarding Research and Resources website: _URL_


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Maudslay's screw-cutting lathe, c 1800.
Image number: _PHONE_
Model of the original screw-cutting lathe by Henry Maudslay (_PHONE_). Before Maudslay's invention, screws were crudely made by hand. In this machine the combination of Maudslay's slide rest wih a power-driven screw feed was the prototype of the modern screw-cutting lathe. The model is arranged to be driven by hand power. The workpiece on which the screw is to be cut is carried between centres, with the lead screw mounted in the lathe bed. A wide saddle carries the tool holder, being connected to the lead screw by a split nut. The depth of cut was controlled by a hand wheel with a graduated edge, and a set of change wheels to allow the production of a wide range of different threads.
- Image number:
- Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
- Date taken:
- 20 October 2003 13:57
- Image rights:
- Science Museum


text:
Search articles from 1992 to the present.
Cleaning and Disinfecting Plant Containers
This article was published originally on 3/16/1994As warmer weather approaches many of us are digging out previously used plant containers for use again this gardening season. Whether the pot is clay or plastic, mineral deposits and other debris can accumulate that may harbor disease organisms and cause problems for your plants. It is important to clean and disinfect old pots each time you use them. Mineral salts can be both unsightly and damaging to plants. The salts leach through clay pots forming a white film on the outside of the pot creating an unsightly container by some gardeners standards. Salts can also accumulate around the rims of both clay and plastic containers. Salt deposits on container rims can dehydrate plant stems resting there.
To disinfect pots, soak them in a solution containing one part household bleach to 9 parts water for a minimum of 10 minutes. Then put pots in a dish detergent and water solution. To clean clay pots use steel wool or a wire-bristle brush to remove mineral deposits and other debris. If mineral deposits remain, use a knife to scrape them off. Rinse pots thoroughly and soak them in a bucket of clean water until you are ready to use them. Dry clay pots can wick moisture away from the potting medium dehydrating newly potted plants. Plastic pots are easier to clean requiring only a scouring pad. Mineral salts remaining can be scraped away with a knife. Smooth any rough edges with steel wool. Rinse the pot and it is ready for reuse.
Proper cleaning and disinfecting of pots requires just a minimum amount of effort, yet can mean the difference between the success or failure of containerized plants. Take those extra few minutes to assure success.
Year of Publication:
IC-467(4) -- March 16, 1994


Pronunciation of Shoe
English Meaning
 2. A horseshoe.
 3. A part or device that is located at the base of something or that functions as a protective covering, as:
 4. A strip of metal fitted onto the bottom of a sled runner.
 5. The base for the supports of the superstructure of a bridge.
 6. The ferrule on the end of a cane.
 7. The casing of a pneumatic tire.
 8. A device that retards or stops the motion of an object, as the part of a brake that presses against the wheel or drum.
 9. The sliding contact plate on an electric train or streetcar that conducts electricity from the third rail.
 10. A chute, as for conveying grain from a hopper.
 11. Games A case from which playing cards are dealt one at a time.
 12. Informal Position; status: You would understand my decision if you put yourself in my shoes.
 13. Informal Plight: I wouldn't want to be in her shoes.
 14. To furnish or fit with a shoe or shoes.
 15. To cover with a wooden or metal guard to protect against wear.
 16. the shoe is on the other foot Informal The circumstances have been reversed; an unequal relationship has been inverted.
 17. wait for the other shoe to drop Slang To defer action or decision until another matter is finished or resolved.
Malayalam Meaning
 Transliteration ON/OFF | Not Correct/Proper?
ലാടം തറയ്ക്കുക - Laadam Tharaykkuka | Ladam Tharaykkuka ;ലാടം - Laadam | Ladam ;പാദരക്ഷ - Paadharaksha | Padharaksha ;നടുക്കുന്ന - Nadukkunna ;ചെരിപ്പുകൊണ്ടടിക്കുക - Cherippukondadikkuka ;ചെരുപ്പ് - Cheruppu ;
ചെരിപ്പിടുക - Cherippiduka ;പാപ്പാസ് - Paappaasu | Pappasu ;തൊടുതോല് - Thoduthol ;പാദുകം - Paadhukam | Padhukam ;ചുറ്റിടുക - Chuttiduka ;ചെരിപ്പ് - Cherippu ;ലാടം തറയ്‌ക്കുക - Laadam Tharaykkuka | Ladam Tharaykkuka ;ഷൂലാടംചെരിപ്പിടുക - Shoolaadamcherippiduka | Shooladamcherippiduka ;ഷൂ (ചെരുപ്പ്) - Shoo (cheruppu) ;ഷൂ - Shoo ;ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്ന - Njettikkunna ;
Found Wrong Meaning for Shoe?
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text:
Celtic robes were worn by followers of the goddess religions in ancient Wales and the British Isles. Druid priests still wear the long, hooded white robes that designate their order to Stonehenge Summer Solstice celebrations. Celtic robes that echo ancient times are simple to make.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- White hooded robe (plain)
- Contrasting trim
- 9 foot cording
- Green fabric paint or embroidery thread
Select a white robe, or one in a natural, organic shade. Ancient Celtic robes reflect personal qualities and are central to Druid identity. Consider the weight and texture of the fabric as well as how it fits---Druid priests considered the robes to be their skin.
Add fabric trim that contrasts with the robe or is associated with your favourite god or goddess. Sew the trim from the front bottom edge of the robe, up along the lapel, around the neck and down the opposite lapel to the bottom of the robe.
For a man, embroider or draw a green pentacle on the right sleeve or cuff. Pentacles display the degree of your Druid knowledge and become increasingly ornate with advanced knowledge.
Add a cord in a colour that matches or contrasts with the robe. In ancient times, Druid priests used a rolled cord, called Gwyddon Cord, to measure temples. This cord, used as a belt, is 9 feet long and has 5 knots. Each end is knotted, with a knot precisely in the middle and a knot exactly between each end and the middle knot.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for


Monitor Unit Calculation Practice Problem
A patient is being treated with radiation therapy using a SSD of 98 cm and a rectangular field size of 13.4 cm by 16.8 cm at the surface. The SAD for this machine is 100 cm. The medical linear accelerator is calibrated to deliver 1 cGy/MU at a depth t0 = dmax = 1.5 cm, using a setup SSD of 100 cm and a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm. What is the number of monitor units (MU) required to deliver an absorbed dose of 200 cGy to a depth of 18.6 cm, on the central axis of the beam?
**Use the data provided below for square field sizes. (You will not need all the data provided, and some data may need to be derived using the F factor or the TMR/PDD conversion equation.)
Field Size (cm) S_c S_p PDD(d = 18.6 \: cm, SSD = 100 \: cm)
13.4 1.014 1.007 43.9
14.9 1.020 1.010 44.5
15.2 1.021 1.010 44.6
17.7 1.031 1.015 45.6
MU


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George Noble Stearns (September 29, 1812 – July 19, 1882) was a tool designer and founded the George N. Stearns Company, a hardware business, in 1860 in Syracuse, New York.
After he became seriously ill in 1877, his son, Edward C. Stearns and daughter, Avis Stearns Van Wagenen took control of the firm and renamed it to E. C. Stearns & Company.
George N. Stearns, a wagon maker, invented several tools and patented many of his innovations including a boring and mortising machine and auger.
He was "one of the most skillful and ingenious of mechanics" and invented the first boring and mortising machine ever used in the manufacture of wagon wheels. Additionally, he invented a number of smaller labor saving devices and was the first to invent adjustable hollow augers and saw vises.
About 1860, he began manufacturing his patented devices under his own name and he established himself in a "small but complete works." During 1864, he incorporated as George N. Stearns Company and relocated to a small building the firm erected at 116 Cedar Street in Syracuse. The company was principally involved in the production of hollow augers.
Two of his children, Avis Stearns Van Wagenen (then Mrs. Avis Mead), along with her brother, Edward C. Stearns, assumed the duties of the company in 1877 and a new co-partnership was formed after George N. Stearns experienced health problems. In 1877, the company name was changed to E. C. Stearns & Company.
He was born on September 29, 1812 in Lanesboro, Massachusetts and was the son of Samuel Stearns and Elizabeth Smith. He was the grandson of Lieutenant Ebenezer Stearns who served in the Revolutionary War with the Green Mountain Boys of Vermont and received his commission in recognition of his bravery in the Battle of Bennington.
Stearns married Delilah Amanda Taylor on January 3, 1839. She was the daughter of George Taylor and Jane Rite of Millville, Pennsylvania and was born on February 22, 1816. The couple moved to Syracuse, New York in June 1839 where he remained until his death.
He was a member of the Republican party and was an abolitionist, taking an active part in the celebrated Jerry Rescue case in Syracuse, although he always refused to serve in any public office.
According to his daughter, Avis Stearns Van Wagenen, Stearns had seven children and was "a good citizen, a loyal friend, an honest man, a lover of music and liberal in thought."
He died on July 19, 1882.


Each 3DMark benchmark is rendered at a fixed resolution regardless of hardware. This is the rendering resolution. The rendered frames are then scaled to fit your system's Windows desktop resolution. This scaling has a negligible effect on the benchmark in most cases, and scores are comparable regardless of the desktop resolution you use.
Benchmark rendering resolution and Windows desktop display resolution are independent. You don't need to have a 4K monitor to run a 4K benchmark like Time Spy Extreme or Fire Strike Ultra. The benchmark will render at 4K then scale the frames to your PC's desktop display resolution.
Impact on CPU-limited systems
When a benchmark is limited by the CPU, or when the frame rate is very high, image scaling may have a small impact on the benchmark score. Both scenarios can be avoided, however, by choosing the right benchmark for your system.
Impact of 4K and other ultra-high resolutions
If you have a 4K desktop resolution but your GPU is not very powerful, the image scaling may require a considerable amount of GPU resources and video memory. Running with integrated graphics or a low-end discrete GPU at 4K desktop resolution or higher is not recommended. Your score may be degraded by the performance penalty of image scaling.
As a workaround, you can override the output resolution with the Scaled Resolution setting on the Options screen. For most benchmarks, choosing 1920 × 1080 (1080p) for the output resolution will be fine.
Scaling options
The Scaling Mode setting on the Options screen lets you choose between Centered and Stretched Scaling.
Centered scaling preserves the original aspect ratio. It adds a letterbox effect if your desktop resolution does not have a 16:9 aspect ratio.
Stretched scaling will stretch the image to fill the display without preserving the original aspect ratio. You could use stretched scaling to fill a triple-monitor setup, for example. Stretched scaling does not change the workload. The benchmark still renders to the internal rendering resolution, it is just scaled differently to your display.
How to change a benchmark's rendering resolution
In 3DMark Advanced Edition and 3DMark Professional Edition, you can use custom benchmark settings to change the internal rendering resolution. Please remember that custom runs do not produce an overall score and the sub-scores cannot be compared with scores obtained with default settings.
How to change a benchmark's scaled resolution
You can use the Scaled Resolution setting on the Options screen to set the scaling resolution to something other than your current desktop display resolution. This option does not affect your score.
Optimal settings for overclockers
If you're aiming for the highest possible score in a benchmark—for an overclocking contest, for example—matching your desktop resolution to the benchmark's internal rendering resolution may provide a very slight performance gain.


text:
The strong scent of nail polish remover, with its harsh acetone odor, makes many people wonder: Is inhaling the fumes from this common beauty product damaging my brain cells?
If you're short on time, here's a quick answer to your question: While occasional, minor inhalation may be fine, intentionally breathing in large amounts of nail polish remover fumes over time can potentially cause harm to the brain by destroying neuron cells and reducing cognitive function.
But small, incidental exposure through normal use is unlikely to kill significant brain cells.
In this approximately 3000-word article, we'll provide an in-depth look at whether exposure to nail polish remover can kill brain cells. We'll examine the chemical components of nail polish remover, analyze research on acetone and other solvents' effects on the brain, explore conditions like sudden sniffing death syndrome, differentiate potential damage between incidental and repeated deliberate inhalation, compare its effects to other inhaled chemicals like glue or gasoline fumes, look at other health consequences such as organ damage, and provide recommendations for safer use.
The Chemical Components of Nail Polish Remover
Acetone is the primary solvent used in most nail polish removers. It is an effective solvent that breaks down the nail polish and removes it from the nail plate. However, acetone is also a harsh chemical that can dry out the skin and nails with repeated exposure.
This amazing solvent makes removing nail polish easy, but it should be used moderately.
Some nail polish removers also contain acrylic monomers like ethyl methacrylate. These chemicals help moisturize and condition the nails and skin after exposure to drying solvents like acetone. Using removers with acrylic monomers may help prevent cracked and peeling nails over time.
Kudos to chemistry for creating formulas that remove nail polish efficiently while caring for our nails!
Many nail polish removers contain added fragrances to mask the strong odor of chemicals like acetone. Common fragrance ingredients include floral essential oils, fruit extracts, and synthetic musk. Smelling fruity nail polish remover likely won't kill brain cells, but some sensitive individuals may experience headaches or allergic reactions to the fragrance components.
Seek fragrance-free options if you experience negative reactions.
How the Inhalation of Nail Polish Remover Affects the Brain
Destruction of brain cells and tissue
Inhaling nail polish remover fumes can be extremely damaging to the brain due to the chemicals present. The main concerning ingredient is toluene, which can cause brain cell death and irreversible brain damage with repeated exposure.
According to research from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, toluene destroys brain tissue in regions like the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem.
Specifically, toluene affects glial cells in the brain, which help provide nutrients and oxygen to neurons. When these cells are damaged, neurons start to die off. Over time, widespread death of brain cells occurs, leading to decreased brain size and impaired functioning.
Impaired cognitive function and memory loss
In addition to structural brain damage, inhaling solvents like nail polish remover causes issues with thinking, information processing and memory retrieval. According to the Recovery Village, cognitive deficits from toluene abuse include:
- Difficulty with learning and concentration
- Impaired speech and language capabilities
- Inability to solve complex problems
- Loss of memory and amnesia
- Permanent IQ loss
These effects occur because solvents like toluene alter neurotransmitter levels and interfere with signaling between brain cells. Cognitive impairment from nail polish remover sniffing can range from mild to disabling, depending on the duration and intensity of abuse.
Risk of sudden sniffing death syndrome
The most serious risk from inhaling volatile solvents like nail polish remover is sudden death. This is known as "sudden sniffing death syndrome" and it is estimated to cause around 100-200 deaths per year in the U.S. alone, as cited by the Recovery Village.
The mechanism behind sudden sniffing death is erratic heart rhythms from solvent abuse. Specifically, chemicals like toluene sensitize the heart to adrenaline. This can trigger arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and death, even after just one session of solvent huffing.
Deaths typically occur from ventricular fibrillation or asystole, where the heart stops beating completely. Many cases happen without warning, giving no chance for life-saving intervention. Overall, the risk of sudden death further highlights the dangers of recreational inhalant use.
The Extent of Damage Depends on Exposure Level
Brief exposure from normal usage is likely harmless
Inhaling small amounts of nail polish remover during routine manicures or pedicures is unlikely to cause brain damage, according to experts. Nail polish remover contains chemicals like acetone, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate which can be hazardous in large doses.
However, the brief exposures from nail salon visits or painting your own nails at home provide only minor inhalation.
A CDC report on acetone exposure stated that acute toxicity from inhalation requires exceedingly high levels rarely encountered outside industrial accidents. The minor exposures from using nail polish remover as directed for its intended purpose is generally considered safe.
Research on industrial workers regularly exposed to acetone also showed no lasting effects on brain health. For most people using nail polish remover in ventilated rooms for manicures, potential harm seems minimal.
Repeated deliberate inhalation poses high risks
Inhaling concentrated fumes from nail polish remover or other household chemicals to get high can severely impact the brain and body, however.
Intentionally breathing in nail polish remover vapors directly from a bottle or soaked rag can result in extremely high chemical levels in the bloodstream. This floods the brain with toxins, potentially killing brain cells and connections.
According to neurologists, permanent brain damage from inhalant abuse can include:
- Impaired cognition, memory loss, lower IQ
- Speech and hearing problems
- Loss of coordination, motor control issues
- Personality changes, depression, aggression
Additionally, high concentrations of inhalants may cause heart failure or lethal heart rhythm problems in the moment. Sudden sniffing death from using household chemicals to get high is tragically common among teens.
|Number of annual ER visits from inhalant abuse (U.S.):
|Percentage resulting in death:
|Up to 5%
While regulated nail salon exposure seems relatively low-risk, no level of recreational inhalant abuse should be considered safe. The brain damage, organ failure, and sudden death risks are far too severe. Parents should safeguard chemicals and talk about these dangers with teens.
Comparison to Other Inhaled Substances and Risks
Stronger effects than glue or markers
Inhaling nail polish remover fumes can have stronger mind-altering effects compared to sniffing other common household products like glue or permanent markers. This is because the main ingredient in nail polish remover, acetone, is a harsh solvent that quickly enters the bloodstream when inhaled.
Acetone vapors act as a depressant on the central nervous system, producing effects like dizziness, lack of coordination, and slurred speech within seconds of inhalation.
In contrast, glue and markers contain less potent solvents like toluene, xylene, and n-hexane. While they can also cause intoxication when inhaled in excess, their effects tend to be milder compared to acetone.
According to studies, the intoxicating effects of nail polish remover can be detected after just 2-3 breaths, whereas a higher volume of glue or marker fumes is required to produce similar effects.
Less dangerous than gasoline or paint thinner fumes
Though nail polish remover can get you high fast, inhaling its vapors is less likely to be fatal compared to sniffing other heavy-duty solvents like gasoline or paint thinner.
Gasoline is made up of highly volatile hydrocarbons and can quickly cause oxygen deprivation when inhaled intentionally. Just a few breaths of concentrated gasoline vapors can cause sudden sniffing death due to heart failure.
Paint thinner contains solvents like toluene, xylene, and methanol which are also extremely toxic when inhaled directly.
In comparison, the acetone in nail polish remover is less lethal in low doses. However, long-term abuse of nail polish remover can still lead to lasting neurological damage. According to the NIH, chronic inhalant abuse kills around 100 people each year in the U.S.
So while less immediately dangerous than gasoline or paint thinner fumes, nail polish remover should still always be used cautiously as directed.
Other Health Risks of Nail Polish Remover Inhalation
Inhaling nail polish remover fumes can lead to irritation and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (source). Some common GI problems include:
- Nausea and vomiting – The chemicals in nail polish remover can stimulate the vomiting center in the brain.
- Abdominal pain and diarrhea – Inflammation of the stomach and intestines can cause cramping, pain, and diarrhea.
- Decreased appetite – Severe exposures can cause a loss of appetite due to GI irritation.
These GI effects may be temporary or long-lasting depending on the extent of exposure. According to one study, around 18% of people hospitalized for nail polish remover poisoning had lasting GI problems (source).
Liver and kidney damage
The ingredients in nail polish remover like acetone and ethyl acetate can also be toxic to the liver and kidneys with repeated high exposures (source). This can lead to:
- Abnormal liver enzyme tests indicating liver injury
- Decreased kidney function and even kidney failure in severe cases
According to a case series, the rates of liver and kidney complications among those hospitalized for nail polish remover poisoning were as shown (source). The good news is most cases resolved with treatment and without permanent damage.
Recommendations for Safe Use of


BC_0510.exe Malware Analysis and Hydrologic Impact Assessment
Uncovering the Veil: Delving into BC_0510.exe Malware and Its Ripple Effect on Hydrologic Systems
What is bc_0510.exe?
bc_0510. exe is a potentially harmful file that is associated with malware. It is important to understand the nature of this file and its potential impact. This malware analysis and hydrologic impact assessment article provides valuable information on bc_0510.
exe, including its characteristics and possible consequences. It is crucial to exercise caution when encountering this file and take appropriate measures to protect your system.
Is bc_0510.exe safe to use?
The safety of using bc_0510. exe depends on its source and intended purpose. If you obtained the file from a reputable and trusted source, such as the manufacturer or an authorized distributor, it is likely safe to use. However, if you downloaded it from an unknown or suspicious website, there may be a risk of malware or other security threats.
It is always recommended to scan any downloaded files with a reliable antivirus program before executing them. Additionally, conducting a malware analysis on bc_0510. exe can provide further insights into its potential risks and impact. If you are unsure about the safety of using this file, it is best to consult with a professional or contact the manufacturer for clarification.
Common errors associated with bc_0510.exe
 - Incorrect file association: Users may encounter errors if the operating system fails to associate the bc_0510.exe file with the appropriate program.
 - Missing or corrupted file: If the bc_0510.exe file is missing or becomes corrupted, it can lead to various issues and error messages.
 - Compatibility issues:
 Some systems or applications may not be compatible with the bc_0510.exe file, resulting in errors or unexpected behavior.
 - False positive detections: Antivirus software or security tools might mistakenly identify the bc_0510.exe file as malware or a threat, causing unnecessary alerts or quarantine.
 - System resource conflicts:
 The bc_0510.exe file may conflict with other software or system resources, leading to errors, crashes, or performance problems.
 - Malware infection: If the bc_0510.exe file is associated with malware, it can cause severe damage to the system, compromising data and security.
 - Outdated or incompatible software:
 Using outdated or incompatible software versions with bc_0510.exe can result in errors or instability.
 - Incorrect file permissions:
 Insufficient or improper file permissions for bc_0510.exe may prevent its proper execution, resulting in errors.
 - Registry issues: Problems within the system's registry, such as invalid entries or corruption related to bc_0510.exe, can lead to errors and system instability.
 bd5ewor3.exe Errors Repair Guide
How to repair or remove bc_0510.exe if needed
To repair or remove the bc_0510.exe malware, follow these steps:
1. Start by scanning your computer with a reliable antivirus program to identify and quarantine the bc_0510.exe file.
2. If the antivirus software is unable to remove the malware, try using an anti-malware tool specifically designed to detect and remove stubborn threats.
3. If manual removal is necessary, first ensure that you have a backup of your important files and documents.
4. Open the Task Manager by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Esc and look for any suspicious processes related to bc_0510.exe. End these processes.
5. Next, search for the bc_0510.exe file on your computer and delete it. You may need to enable hidden files and folders to locate it.
6. After deleting the file, empty your recycle bin to permanently remove it from your system.
7. Finally, restart your computer and run another scan to ensure that the malware has been completely removed.
Remember to regularly update your antivirus software and practice safe browsing habits to prevent future malware infections.
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@article {Pugh:1992-01-01T00:00:00:0007-4977:89, author = "Pugh, P. R.", title = " Desmophyes Haematogaster, a New Species of Prayine Siphonophore (Calycophorae, Prayidae)", journal = "Bulletin of Marine Science", volume = "50", number = "1", year = "1992-01-01T00:00:00", abstract = "A new species of prayine siphonophore, belonging to the genus Desmophyes, is described from a single specimen collected by the submersible DSRV Johnson-Sea-Link II.", pages = "89-96", url = "_URL_ }


text:
How to administer a survey at MIT
Often, MIT IR is approached by a student group or an office on campus who would like to administer a survey. The following is intended to assist those wishing to implement a survey efficiently and productively use their time and resources.
When designing or planning a survey, the most important step is to clearly define the question to be answered by the survey results. A survey is most effective if its purpose can be clearly and succinctly stated. Surveys with vague or overly-broad motivations can become too lengthy or difficult to analyze. Also, a survey may not be the best way to answer your question; focus groups are an example of another research method that may be useful in certain contexts.
Once a target question or topic has been identified, we suggest reviewing existing information to see if it is possible to answer your question using data that has already been collected by another office or by the answers to questions on existing surveys. At this point in the process, we encourage you to contact our office for a consultation. We are happy to discuss how the data we have collected may be able to answer your question or to give you feedback on your survey. Also, if you do find that your question could be answered by an analysis of existing survey data (a particular question broken out by gender, for example), we welcome specific requests for data.
In general, the following list provides a rough guide of the survey process:
1. Authoring survey and creating the population profile
2. Designing incentives (optional)
3. Launching survey
4. Sending out invitations and reminders
5. Collecting the data
If your question cannot be answered by existing sources of data, there are multiple options for using a survey to answer your question. We encourage you to come to us for advice on which option best suits your needs.
Administer the survey yourself. Commercial tools, (e.g., SurveyMonkey) can allow you to create and host a survey yourself.
Have IR administer and host the survey for you. Subject to our availability and existing survey schedule, we may be able to assist you with the design of a survey and then host and administer it for you. This service may be subject to a fee.
Include your questions on a survey already scheduled for administration. In the past, constituencies on campus have appended a limited number of targeted questions to surveys administered to various MIT populations by IR. In these circumstances, IR maintains editorial rights and the right to refuse questions.
Regardless of which option you choose, we are always happy to help you form your survey questions.
Depending upon the population and the topic of your survey, we suggest considering the following issues:
Before administering a survey to a population, and therefore emailing a large segment of that population, it is important to notify and get permission from the senior officer responsible for that population.
For Undergraduate students, that would be the Dean for Undergraduate Education, the Dean for Student Life, or the Chancellor
For Graduate students, the Dean for Graduate Education or the Chancellor
For Post-Docs, the Vice President for Research
For Faculty, the Chair of the Faculty or the Provost
For Staff, the Vice President for Human Resources, the Executive Vice President and Treasurer, or the Vice President for Institute Affairs
Anonymity and Confidentiality
There are different types of surveys: polls that ask for respondents to give input for the planning of an event, a data collection asking respondents to provide information to update their records, or engagement surveys that seek to gauge respondents' attitudes toward a set of topics. Depending upon the type of survey and the subject matter, it is important to determine whether the survey should be anonymous, confidential, or neither.
Anonymous: It is difficult to guarantee anonymity. Many survey platforms log IP addresses, and many individuals can be uniquely identified by a combination of demographic data points that are commonly asked on surveys.. For example, if the combination of age, gender, ethnicity and major would allow the surveyor to know the identity of a specific individual, then the survey does not meet the standard of being anonymous. A downside to an anonymous survey is that it is difficult to restrict the responses to be one per individual. However, for sensitive subject matters, anonymity may yield more honest responses.
Confidential: In MIT Institutional Research, we most often conduct surveys that are confidential but not anonymous. We tend to authenticate our surveys (i.e. we know who is answering using unique links) and maintain some basic identifying information along with the responses. This allows us to analyze responses along a variety of demographic factors, but also gives us the responsibility of guarding sensitive information.
If the administrator of a survey promises or implies that the responses will be treated as confidential that means that the results are confidential to the research team; i.e., the results should never be reported at a level of granularity that would allow someone outside the research team to infer the identity of an individual. In no cases should individual survey responses be shared with a supervisor, an advisor, or anyone who is not part of the research team. Whenever possible identifiers should be separated from the dataset.
There will be cases where the research team includes people in authority or people who have a relationship with individuals being surveyed, such as the personnel administrator for a department or a housemaster. In these cases, it must be made very clear to those invited to take the survey who will have access to the individual responses
Occasionally, existing datasets will be requested for uses beyond the original intent of a survey. For example, a senior officer may want to have additional analysis done on a particular topic or an academic researcher may want to use data collected in a survey for their research. In these cases, the analyst will be bound by the same confidentiality requirements as the original team.
Depending upon the population and needs of your survey, it may be desirable to offer incentives to survey respondents. Two guidelines to consider are that the incentives must be positive (i.e. no negative consequences for non-respondents) and should be relevant to the topic of the survey (e.g., if you are conducting a transportation survey with the purpose of encouraging public transit, free parking passes would not be an appropriate incentive).
Research with Human Subjects
If you or anyone working with the data will be analyzing data that identifies individual respondents, either by name, email address, MIT ID number, or other unique personal information, then those staff members working with the data will need to complete COUHES (Council on the Use of Human Experimental Subjects) training prior to handing sensitive data. This training can be done from any computer with MIT certificates enabled from the URL: _URL_
If the data are to be gathered and used as part of an academic research project, the project will need to be formally cleared with COUHES to ensure that it meets their requirements. If the data are to be used for administrative purposes, it may be exempt from a formal review by COUHES, but the survey must be voluntary and the results kept confidential. Please consult with IR if you have any questions about COUHES requirements.
Testing the survey
It is useful to convene a small group from the population(s) you intend to survey to have them test the survey and survey questions. This can help gauge how the questions you have written will be perceived and answered, and whether the survey is too long or complicated.
Sample vs. Census
When planning a survey, it is important to decide if you will need to administer the survey to an entire population (all MIT seniors, for example), i.e. a census, or to a sample of the population (200 randomly-chosen MIT seniors). This choice can largely be informed by how you want to analyze the results. If you are interested in broad measures, such as overall satisfaction, a sample may suffice. If, however, you want to answer questions about students in Math versus students in Chemistry, you may need a larger sample or a census in order to net enough respondents for your analysis.
Small cell size
It is important to make sure that you do not report results for very small groups of people. For example, if your intended report would break out responses by department, but only 4 people responded from one department, then reporting those responses could jeopardize the privacy of those respondents' answers. IR only reports summary results and uses the standard practice of only reporting cell sizes of 5 or greater.
Representative sample size
While a sample needs to be large enough to protect the privacy of the respondents (see above), it should also be large enough for your results to be considered representative. If you are interested in the responses of women in Math, and you only receive 5 responses from women in Math, (out of 20 women in Math, for example) you could not report with confidence that their summary responses as representative of all women in Math. To calculate the minimum sample size to be considered representative within a given margin of error, visit: _URL_
Keep it simple
The simpler and shorter a survey, the more likely respondents are to answer all questions and answer them honestly. Longer, more complex surveys can annoy respondents and cause them to abandon the survey part-way or begin to pick arbitrary answers to speed to the end. Also, only ask questions that you need and intend to report.
Once you have finished gathering your data, please consider archiving the survey instrument, administration details, and record-level responses with IR. IR maintains a secure server for MIT data and repots, and will be glad to archive data collected at MIT. This can be especially helpful, for example, when a student groups changes leadership. If that student group administers a survey and does not archive the data, the results can be lost instead of used to inform future decision making.
Reporting and Analyzing Results
After you have collected the responses to your survey, it will be necessary


text:
Still time to get to European design and verification conference
Next week's DVCon Europe, to be held in Munich on 14 and 15 October, is nearly upon us. We've already had a look at some of the program: here are links to more details.
Day one (Tuesday 14 October) hosts 14 tutorials or meetings on the following topics:
- European SystemC user group meeting
- Advanced Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)
- An Introduction to using Event-B for cyber-physical system specification and design
- Enabling energy aware system level design with UPF-based system-level power models
- Virtual prototyping using SystemC TLM-2.0
- Requirements-driven verification methodology for standards compliance
- Easier UVM – making verification methodology more productive
- The How To's of metric driven verification to maximize verification productivity
- Creating portable tests with a graph-based test specification
- Attack your SoC power challenges with virtual prototyping
- Algorithm verification with open source and SystemVerilog
- Revolutionary debug techniques to improve verification productivity
- Architecting your UVM testbench for simulation/ acceleration reuse to enable block to system verification productivity
- Extending proven digital verification techniques for mixed-signal SoCs with VCS AMS
Day two (Wednesday 15 October) starts with a keynote from Bernd Adler, wireless CTO and division vice president of Intel Mobile Communications, entitled "Tomorrow's Smart Mobile Systems – by the Power of Ten."
The technical program that follows covers presentations and a poster session in the following areas:
- Analog/mixed-signal design and verification
- Advanced verification
- IP reuse & design automation
- System level design & verification
- Low power methodologies
- Verification management
DVCon Europe also hosts an exhibition, and plenty of opportunities to network with fellow engineers, EDA tool company representatives, training institutes and service providers.
Registration is still open here.
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Making sure your emails sent with AdRoll are compliant with anti-spam laws
As a critical part of maintaining trust in the AdRoll Email platform, we take anti-spam requirements seriously. We group anti-spam requirements into two categories: Regulatory and Industry.
Regulatory Requirements
Different anti-spam laws are put in place to prohibit sending fraudulent or deceptive emails. Other laws focus even more strongly on requiring opt-in before sending email marketing. Depending on the region your subscriber resides, a company can receive fines for sending the emails in breach of the applicable anti-spam laws, so work with your legal team to know what laws apply to protect your company's bottom line.
It's either required or best practice to do the following:
 - Provide details about your organization. It is important that people know who exactly is collecting and using their information. This includes the name of your organization and contact details.
 - Be transparent about the purpose of your email messages. This can include letting the people know whether emails are transactional or promotional in nature and avoiding misleading subject lines.
 - Use the appropriate opt-in mechanism for your subscribers.
 - Especially with CAN-SPAM, provide your physical business mailing address.
AdRoll Email provides tools that you may use to assist you to comply with different regulatory requirements, although since they vary for different regions, work with your legal team to know what rules apply. Here are a few features that may help customers with compliance with anti-spam regulations:
Industry Expectations
Legal requirements aside, mailbox providers are able to set their own policies on what sort of email they will accept, often just to keep their mailbox users happy. Large mailbox providers, like Gmail or Outlook, develop sophisticated internal anti-spam systems to measure how happy their users are with receiving emails, using spam complaint metrics and hundreds of others signals, and assign what is generally considered a "Reputation" score for each email sender that attempts to engage their users.
Similar to a credit score, but for email, a Reputation is calculated by mailbox providers primarily using Engagement metrics. A Reputation score can tells mailbox providers, on the spot, what to do with email they just received, such as whether to Inbox, Junk, or Bounce the email. A reputation Constantly adjusted due to current subscriber engagement actions (it can update hourly).
In order to meet mailbox provider expectations, focus on engaging your subscribers with content they value, and remove subscribers when they become clearly disinterested.
AdRoll Email may from time to time, take additional steps to maintain industry trust in our email platform, including (on very rare occasions) pausing email capabilities for accounts that cause such things like blacklisting, or other risky indicators as measured by AdRoll's support team. AdRoll may also pause email capabilities for accounts based on our content policy. [Prohibited Content and Practices: Illegal Products or Services; Prohibited Content and Practices: Inappropriate Content].
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The Nori Carbon Removal Marketplace
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1. Farmers Remove Carbon
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Coat changes from birth to the second winter coat in a long haired variety of Fallow deer are described and compared with normal deer. The long haired deer are characterised by a dense, curly crown and long tufts of hair growing from the ears. The long haired coat always contained a high proportion of growing hairs in contrast to the normal coat in which there were discrete generations of growing hairs. The difference between the long haired and normal deer was most marked in the first winter when the hairs of the long coat were longer and finer than normal and tended to be easily wetted in contrast to the normal coarse winter coat.


only the first and last can be unbounded. The sequence can be empty if the range is empty (e.g. a range expression like 1 && 2).
Other checks are trivial to implement using this view. For example:
 isNoVersion vr | [] <- asVersionIntervals vr = True
 | otherwise = False
 isSpecificVersion vr
 | [(LowerBound v InclusiveBound
 ,UpperBound v' InclusiveBound)] <- asVersionIntervals vr
 , v == v' = Just v
 | otherwise = Nothing
data Bound Source
Instances
VersionIntervals abstract type
The VersionIntervals type and the accompanying functions are exposed primarily for completeness and testing purposes. In practice asVersionIntervals is the main function to use to view a VersionRange as a bunch of VersionIntervals.
data VersionIntervals Source
A complementary representation of a VersionRange. Instead of a boolean version predicate it uses an increasing sequence of non-overlapping, non-empty intervals.
The key point is that this representation gives a canonical representation for the semantics of VersionRanges. This makes it easier to check things like whether a version range is empty, covers all versions, or requires a certain minimum or maximum version. It also makes it easy to check equality or containment. It also makes it easier to identify 'simple' version predicates for translation into foreign packaging systems that do not support complex version range expressions.
toVersionIntervals :: VersionRange -> VersionIntervalsSource
Convert a VersionRange to a sequence of version intervals.
fromVersionIntervals :: VersionIntervals -> VersionRangeSource
Convert a VersionIntervals value back into a VersionRange expression representing the version intervals.
withinIntervals :: Version -> VersionIntervals -> BoolSource
Test if a version falls within the version intervals.
It exists mostly for completeness and testing. It satisfies the following properties:
 withinIntervals v (toVersionIntervals vr) = withinRange v vr
 withinIntervals v ivs = withinRange v (fromVersionIntervals ivs)
versionIntervals :: VersionIntervals -> [VersionInterval]Source
Inspect the list of version intervals.
mkVersionIntervals :: [VersionInterval] -> Maybe VersionIntervalsSource
Directly construct a VersionIntervals from a list of intervals.
Each interval must be non-empty. The sequence must be in increasing order and no invervals may overlap or touch. If any of these conditions are not satisfied the function returns Nothing.


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Working in partnership with Parents and Carers
All Scout groups have a duty to make reasonable adjustments to support the participation of young people with additional needs. Developing a positive relationship and working in partnership with parents or carers, is key to supporting the successful inclusion of young people with additional needs in Scouting.
Where a young person with additional needs or disabilities is joining Scouting, we advise an initial meeting with the parent or carer. This will enable you to identify the young person's individual needs and plan any support needed to enable them to access Scouting.
Ideally, this conversation would take place face to face. The conversation should involve the leader, parent or carer and, if appropriate, the young person themselves. It may be helpful to involve someone in a local inclusion role or who has particular expertise in this area. Ensure that the meeting feels like a conversation, not an interview; it is just the starting point of an ongoing relationship.
It is important to be positive but realistic, and to establish expectations by helping parents or carers understand our policy and approach, and the context of Scouting. Introducing the parent or carer to the Programme and offering a sense of what a typical section meeting looks like will help the parent or carer anticipate the aspects of Scouting that their child may particularly enjoy or find beneficial, and any aspects they may need some additional support with.
Be honest about your level of knowledge and skills, and explain you are keen to learn from them. Ask about how the young person is supported at home and at school, and discuss any strategies or approaches that could be used in Scouting. Explain to the parent or carer how you plan to store and share information, and ensure that they agree to this.
Further guidance, along with suggested topics and questions, are available within our parent or carer conversation framework and the parent or carer questionnaire.
Prior to the meeting, it may be useful to gain some background knowledge of the type of additional need the young person has.. Remember that each young person will be different, so avoid making any assumptions, and take the lead from the parent or carer in the language they use to describe their child's additional needs.


Facing the 21st Century with an Aging Hydro System
by Carl F. Dye, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, United States,
S. E. Gaines, Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Energy in the 90's
Abstract:
The Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA) has implemented a comprehensive study of their hydroelectric plants in order to extend their service life for the next 50 years into the 21st century. The scope of this study was to assess present conditions of equipment, review prior assesments, consider possible system modifications, recommend modifications, provide a cost estimate and implement a schedule, and develop a final report. The project's goals were to maintain flood control and navigation channels and provide cheap hydroelectric power generation. From this study several potential benefits are hoped to be realized. The power plant managers will have a comprehensive listing of equipment and system assessment, funding to conduct special studies, and be able to focus corporate needs on the hydroelectric system. The power system will benefit by providing an engineering analysis at existing and potential problems. This article also gives general advice on the management of a study of this scope.
Subject Headings: Construction management | Structural reliability | Dam safety | Hydro power | Rehabilitation | Federal government | Tennessee | United States | North America
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article

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text:
Soil Respiratory Activity and Organic Matter Depletion in an Arid Nevada Soil1
- S. D. Lyda and
- G. D. Robinson2
Incorporation of mature crop residues of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), oat (Avena sativa), and sudan (Sorghum vulgare) into a fine sandy loam soil in southern Nevada stimulated the soil respiratory activity. A close correlation was observed between respiration rate and organic matter content; both decreased steadily over a 6-month test period.
Four mature crop residues (alfalfa, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), oat, and sudan) were added to the same soil type in laboratory tests at 1, 2, 3, and 4% (weight/weight). Respiratory activity of these soils was followed for 10 weeks at 2-week intervals. A maximum activity was noted at the first 2-week period for the 2, 3, and 4% additions of all four residues.
The respiration rate was proportional to the residue concentration but the increments were not additive. A linear relationship was noted when the reciprocal of the rate was plotted against the reciprocal of the residue concentration, similar to that of a first-order reaction during the period of maximum activity. It was suggested that a given soil could become saturated with organic matter and reach a maximum respiratory activity; other factors would become rate limiting.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright ©.


text:
message like this, try changing the words in your grammars/key phrases by splitting up the words or using to similar words, e.g. changing "natlink" to "nat link".
I hope to eventually have words and phoneme strings dynamically added to the current dictionary and language model using the Pocket Sphinx ps_add_word function (from Python of course).
Spoken Language Support¶
There are a only handful of languages with models and dictionaries available from source forge, although it is possible to build your own language model using lmtool or pronunciation dictionary using lextool. There is also a CMU Sphinx tutorial on building language models.
If the language you want to use requires non-ascii characters (e.g. a Cyrillic language), you will need to use Python version 3.4 or higher because of Unicode issues.
Dragonfly Lists and DictLists¶
DictLists function as normal, private
rules for the Pocket Sphinx engine. On updating a dragonfly list or
dictionary, the grammar they are part of will be reloaded. This is because
there is unfortunately no JSGF equivalent for lists.
This isn't a limitation of CMU Pocket Sphinx; text-to-speech is not a project goal for them, although as the natlink and WSR engines both support text-to-speech, there might as well be some suggestions if this functionality is desired, perhaps utilised by a custom dragonfly action.


text:
Headphone jacks and plugs serve as indispensable connectors in the world of audio technology, enabling a myriad of devices to communicate and create an audible experience. They come in a variety of types and sizes, each designed for a specific purpose or use.
Difference BW Headphone Jacks and Plugs
While headphone jacks and plugs are integral parts of audio connectivity, they are not the same and play different roles. Here are the major differences:
- Role: The primary difference between a headphone jack and a plug lies in their respective roles in audio connectivity. A headphone jack is a female connector that is typically built into audio devices such as smartphones, computers, audio receivers, and music players. On the other hand, a headphone plug is the male connector found at the end of the cable of your headphones or audio devices, designed to be inserted into a jack.
- Location: A plug is typically attached to an audio cable (like the one on your headphones), while a jack is a built-in component of audio equipment.
- Function: The function of a headphone plug is to transmit audio signals it receives from the audio device to the headphones. Conversely, the headphone jack's purpose is to receive the audio signal from the plug and send it to the device's internal audio processing system.
- Design: A headphone plug is designed to be robust and durable because it is handled frequently. It is also made to be easily inserted and removed from the jack without causing damage. In contrast, a headphone jack is designed to securely hold the plug and maintain a consistent, high-quality electrical connection for the audio signal.
- Maintenance: Plugs can be replaced if they get damaged since they're attached to the detachable audio cables. On the contrary, jacks, being built into the device, would generally require professional service or replacement of the entire device if they become faulty.
In summary, while these components work together in the process of audio signal transmission, they serve different functions. The plug serves as the transmitter of the audio signal, and the jack acts as the receiver.
Also Read:- How to Make Headphones Louder
Understanding Headphone Plugs and Jacks
Before diving into the different types and sizes of headphone jacks and plugs, it's crucial to understand what these components are and their roles. A headphone plug is the male connector attached to the end of a headphone cable, while the headphone jack is the female connector typically found on audio devices such as smartphones, laptops, and music players. The plug is inserted into the jack, establishing an electrical connection that transmits audio signals.
Headphone Plugs and Jacks: Types and Sizes
1. 2.5mm Jack (TS, TRS, TRRS)
The 2.5mm jack, also known as the sub-miniature jack, is the smallest standard size for audio connectors. They can be found in three types – TS (Tip-Sleeve), TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve), and TRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve), each carrying varying degrees of audio channels and functionalities. The TS carries mono sound (single channel), while the TRS carries stereo sound (two channels), and the TRRS can transmit stereo sound along with a composite video signal, often used in older mobile phones and two-way radios.
2. 3.5mm Jack (TS, TRS, TRRS)
The 3.5mm jack, also known as the miniature jack, is by far the most common audio connector. It's typically found in headphones, smartphones, laptops, and other portable audio devices. Like the 2.5mm jack, it also comes in TS, TRS, and TRRS formats, carrying mono, stereo, and stereo + microphone capabilities, respectively. The 3.5mm TRRS jack has become the standard for smartphones and tablets for providing a combination of audio and microphone functionality.
3. 6.35mm Jack (TS, TRS)
Also known as the 1/4-inch or quarter-inch jack, the 6.35mm jack is often found in professional audio equipment, including electric guitars, high-end headphones, and sound mixing consoles. It typically comes in TS and TRS formats, allowing mono and stereo audio transmissions.
Uses of Different Headphone Plugs and Jacks
1. Use in Personal Devices
The 3.5mm jack has been the standard for personal audio devices, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops, providing a balance between size and audio quality. However, in recent years, some manufacturers have started to remove headphone jacks from their devices in favor of wireless connections or USB-C audio.
2. Use in Professional Equipment
For professional audio equipment, the 6.35mm plug and jack are often used due to their superior signal strength and durability. They're widely used in music production and live sound reinforcement.
3. Use in Specialized Communication Devices
The 2.5mm jack, due to its smaller size, is often used in specialized communication devices such as two-way radios and older mobile phones. However, its usage has been largely superseded by the more versatile 3.5mm jack.
The Future of Headphone Jacks and Plugs
With the rising trend of wireless audio technology and digital audio transfer through USB-C or Lightning ports, the traditional headphone jack faces a future of uncertainty. However, for professional applications and audio purists who prefer a wired connection for its quality and reliability, headphone jacks and plugs will likely continue to hold their ground.
Frequently Asked Questions about Headphone Jacks and Plugs
1. What is the difference between TS, TRS, and TRRS in headphone jacks and plugs?
TS (Tip-Sleeve), TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve), and TRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve) are types of connectors for headphone jacks and plugs. TS connectors are mono and carry a single audio signal, TRS connectors are stereo and carry two audio signals, while TRRS connectors carry two audio signals and one additional signal, often used for a microphone or video.
2. Why do some devices use 6.35mm jacks instead of the smaller 3.5mm jacks?
The 6.35mm jack, also known as the quarter-inch jack, is often used in professional audio equipment because of its superior signal strength and durability. It's more robust and less prone to damage, which makes it suitable for high-end headphones, musical instruments, and audio mixing consoles.
3. Are the sounds quality different between the 2.5mm, 3.5mm, and 6.35mm headphone jacks?
While there may be minor differences in signal strength, the sound quality largely depends on the quality of the audio source and the headphones or speakers themselves. That said, professional audio equipment often uses 6.35mm jacks for their superior signal strength and reliability.
4. Why are some companies removing the 3.5mm headphone jack from their devices?
The removal of the 3.5mm headphone jack in some devices, particularly smartphones, is mainly due to the push towards wireless technology and to save space. Wireless headphones and earbuds have gained popularity, and without the need for a physical connection, the headphone jack can be seen as taking up valuable space that could be used for other components.
5. Is it possible to convert a 3.5mm plug to a 6.35mm jack, or vice versa?
Yes, there are adapters available that can convert a 3.5mm plug to fit a 6.35mm jack and vice versa. These are handy tools for using headphones or other audio equipment with different sized audio ports.
Understanding headphone jacks and plugs' types, sizes, and uses is crucial for both audio enthusiasts and general consumers. They provide the physical link that brings audio devices together, making the sounds we enjoy possible. Whether the trend towards wireless and digital audio will eventually phase out these connectors remains to be seen, but for now, they remain an integral part of audio technology.