Wednesday, February 24, 2010
Sunday, February 7, 2010
Freedivers Go Deep!!!
Free divingImage by annamatic3000 via Flickr
Even as a small boy paddling around the swimming pool, Doug Sitter never had a problem putting his face in the water. In fact, he didn't mind putting his whole body under the water – sometimes a long way under it.
Doug, now 33, is a "freediver," a small but growing group of enthusiasts who train their bodies to dive deep without scuba equipment. Those at the top of the sport can descend more than 300 feet using just the air they inhale into their lungs before descending.
"I started out as a young boy, diving for the rings at the bottom of the pool," says Doug, who quickly found he needed more water than that to satisfy his urge to go deep.
In his early childhood, his family lived in Deep River, Ontario. The Ottawa River was nearby and he was soon diving there "to see how deep I could go." Doug would go on to become Dive Master and a certified NLS lifeguard.
His water world expanded when he developed an interest in scuba diving from his fourth grade teacher. On returning from a dive trip to the Bahamas, the teacher told students of the underwater experiences there. Doug took up scuba, became certified, took more advanced courses such as enriched air nitrox and became a Dive Master. All this while still a teenager.
But he was also comfortable being underwater without scuba gear. By then, his family had moved to Exeter, Ontario, which brought Doug in contact with a sport that would lead to freediving. Just to the south of Exeter, in the city of London, Ontario, there was an underwater hockey league that interested him. The sport was a natural fit for Doug. At the bottom of the pool, players battled for control of a lead-filled puck using only speed fins, mask, snorkel and a short stick.
"It was all about speed and stick movements," Doug recalls.
By 2002, Doug learned from fellow underwater hockey players that Florida-based Performance Freediving was offering a program in Toronto. Doug and three other graduates of this course immediately started a club known as Freedive Toronto
In 2007 through his contacts with other Canadian Free divers he helped form AIDA Canada, which would become the Canadian affiliate of the international governing body of the sport, known as AIDA International
Association Internationale Pour Le Dveloppement De L'apne) Doug is the current president of Free Dive Toronto and vice-president of AIDA Canada.
AIDA Canada looks after education and how to develop both recreational and competitive free divers. This includes setting the standards for who represents Canada at the world championships.
Doug competed for Team Canada in the 2006 world freediving championships in Hurghada, Egypt that saw the Canadians place eighth out of 25 countries.
But for Doug Sitter, exploring the underwater world and experiencing nature up close was always the central interest of his water sports. To him, training the recreational diver in a sport that can be enjoyed by people of a wide range of ages is every bit as important as training the elite divers for international competition.
"It's a beautiful way to see the world," he says. "I can swim along a coast and not have the drag of scuba equipment. The air bubbles (from scuba gear) tend to scare fish. But the fish will sometimes come over to you if you just stay calm and quiet. I can swim along the surface and if there's something below that interests me I can go down and check it out. It's more like a scenic hike."
Doug says a freediver can see a lot in just 15 metres of water, which is easily attainable for even most recreational free divers.
Scuba gear isn't something you're likely to carry on a hike in to a remote area that you may want to dive. Instead, scuba has its place in pursuits such as exploring ship wrecks and caves.
Doug says the recreational side of freediving suffers from negative press of rare accidents caused by individuals who haven't been properly trained and may not even know what freediving is or what risks are involved. It is important if people are interested in getting involved they should find an AIDA affiliate club in their area and start making inquiries,he adds.
Freediving goes back centuries to ancient Egypt and China. People have always used their ability to extend the depths of their dives to collect food, shells and other objects on the ocean floor. The sport is beginning to grow in Canada and currently it has clubs in this country's three largest cities – Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.
As in golf, the competitive freedivers can serve as a measuring stick for those who just participate for the exercise and fun. To that end, there three main categories of competition: dynamic, static and constant ballast.
Dynamic is the distance a person can swim in the pool underwater, with or without fins. In men's competition, the world record is:
Men: 250 metres with fins and 213 m without.
Women: 214 metres with fins and 160 without
Static is how long a swimmer can hold his or her breath under water. The current world record is:
Men: 11 minutes, 35 seconds.
Women: 8 minutes, 23 seconds.
Constant ballast is the depth a competitor can reach, with or without fins. The current world records are:
Men: 122 metres with fins and 88 metres without.
Women: 101 metres with fins and 60 metres without
The idea is to test freedivers for time, depth and distance.
Equalizing pressure in the ears is a focus in depth training. Techniques include: Valsalva (holding your nose and blowing out to clear your ears); and Frenzel (holding air in your mouth and using the tongue to piston the air into the ears).
Staying relaxed is crucial. Panicking quickly uses up the finite supply of air the diver takes into his or her lungs. And obviously, a mental breakdown deep in the water is something to avoid.
Training also includes a video analysis of a student's kicks. Efficient kicking is central to performance. Usually, much larger fins are used, sometimes one very large fin that is propelled by both feet. "Long-blade fins are super effective and powerful," says Doug, but he cautions that you need training and conditioning to use them. Those who haven't yet developed that strength are better to start with shorter fin blades because the long ones will quickly tire them out.
Doug was on the Canadian safety team at the world individual depth competition for freediving in Long Island, Bahamas Nov. 24 to Dec. 5. That is a favourite site for freedivers because it is the home to Dean's Blue Hole, the deepest blue hole in the world, extending 300 metres below the ocean floor. Canada's team did well in the event. William Winram, who is from British Columbia but is now living in Switzerland, reached a depth of 86 metres in the "constant weight, no fins" men's event. (Constant weight means the competitor must return to the surface with any weight he wore on the way down. This is opposed to variable weight, where the diver can discard the weight before returning to the surface.) Winram's dive won him the silver medal and was just two metres short of the world record. That record was shattered by the gold medal winner, who descended 90 metres. In the women's constant weight, no fins class, Jana Strain of Calgary (now living in California) finished fourth and set a Canadian record with a dive of 54 metres.
The event was injury free. To protect competitors, safety team members go down 30 metres, stay there for a full minute, and still have enough left to assist a free diver in trouble up to the surface. The divers will have gone as deep as 120 metres without air, so if they're going to have trouble it's most likely to be in the last 25 to 30 metres on the way back up. Fitting safety team members with scuba gear is not an option because it's crucial to get a freediver in trouble to the surface as quickly as possible. A scuba diver would have to surface slowly to avoid problems with decompression. A freediverusually does not have to worry about the bends because he or she is not breathing compressed air.
The common characteristic of all the top performers in the sport is that they are "very relaxed people." That is why you will often see professional people doing the best in the sport because they are accustomed to dealing with the mental side.
Freediving is not a sport solely for the young. In fact, many of the top competitive divers are in their 30s and 40s. But that's nothing. Tom Elliott, who runs an underwater rugby program in Brantford, can hold his breath for 5:47. He is 73.
Kathy Dowsett
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WASHINGTON — The Armenian National Institute (ANI) launched a new 24-panel digital exhibit displaying the role of the YMCA and American relief work during the first republic of Armenia (_PHONE_). The exhibit focuses on John Elder and James O. Arroll who arrived in Yerevan, Armenia in January 1918 to open a YMCA center. As with digital exhibits previously released by ANI, American Relief in the First Republic of Armenia _PHONE_, subtitled "John Elder and James Arroll in Yerevan, Gyumri, Sevan & Etchmiadzin," is freely downloadable from the ANI website (_URL_).
Neither Elder nor Arroll had anticipated being stranded as the only Americans left in the country's capital city with all communication to the outside world cut off when the frontline faltered. World War I was still raging at the time and Allied forces were in retreat on the Caucasian front. The November 11, 1918 Armistice that ended the global conflict was many months away, crucial months during which the very existence of the Armenian people hung in the balance.
By the time they left Yerevan in August 1919, John Elder and James O. Arroll had become responsible for the entire operation set up by US-based charities that had earlier sent emergency aid and volunteer workers to Armenia. As John Elder wrote on January 16, 1919: "One year in Yerevan and what a year it has been. Had anyone told me a year ago that in addition to running a YMCA, I would be in charge of factories employing 7,500 people, orphanages with 350 children and a 120 bed hospital, I would have thought them crazy."
ANI Chairman Van Z. Krikorian said: "The stellar example of American humanitarianism by Elder and Arroll continues to be emulated to this day. They were pathfinding pioneers who traveled all the way to Armenia during a very difficult time. All the relief workers who went to Armenia after the 1988 earthquake, and the Peace Corps volunteers who continue every year to extend their helping hand are following John Elder's and James O. Arroll's superb example. Armenians and Americans alike are proud to share this chapter of remarkable service to those in need."
The exhibit reconstructs the story of the near superhuman efforts undertaken by John Elder and James O. Arroll to rescue Armenians from the many perils they faced during the _PHONE_ independent Republic of Armenia. The exhibit relies upon John Elder's own words from his published journal, along with original records that he personally saved from the time of his service, and the photographs that he made and captioned.
Elder and Arroll arrived as two enthusiastic young men dedicated to the purpose of sustaining morale among soldiers enduring long campaigns and treacherous conditions as the Great War kept grinding on, year after year, without end. They departed as two celebrated heroes who stood by the Armenian people at the fateful hour. John Elder wrote on May 26, 1918, as Ottoman Turkish forces advanced to the outskirts of Yerevan: "You never can tell what may happen. Just as the end seems at hand the pendulum swings the other way…After a two-day battle at Sardarabad, the Turks have been completely routed." With the decisive battle won, two days later, on May 28, 1918, Armenia declared independence.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Nonlinear Complex Resistivity
complex resistivity (NLCR) is a geophysical method of stimulating materials
with an electrical current sine wave of variable frequency and measuring
the voltage response. The ratio of the amplitudes of the voltage
to the current normalized by the geometry of the electrodes is the magnitude
of the resistivity. The shift in time between the stimulus current
and response voltage is a phase shift. Deconvolved response by stimulus
and summed root mean square harmonics are the total harmonic distortion.
Deviation of the real and imaginary parts of the complex resistivity transfer
function versus frequency from the Hilbert transform expectation are Hilbert
Distortions. Both distortions are measures of nonlinearity.
complex resistivity measurements as a function of frequency from 0.001
Hz to 1,000 Hz are useful in a variety of applications where remote measurements
of active chemical processes are important. As all chemical reactions
involve electron charge movement, NLCR can measure or observe nearly all
chemical processes (some are too fast or too slow). NLCR is used
in the laboratory, in boreholes, between boreholes or between holes and
the surface, from the surface and inside tunnels. It requires contact
with the ground to inject a current and has not been successfully employed
from airborne platforms. It has applications to the study of corroding
metals, ore exploration and delineation, clay-organic reactions for petroleum
exploration, environmental characterization and monitoring, ground water,
archaeology, and agriculture.
Copyright 1999 by Gary R. Olhoeft.
All Rights Reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Allen, Q. (2013). "They think minority means lesser than": Black middle-class sons and fathers resisting microaggressions in the school. Urban Education, 48(2), 171-197.
The current literature on Black middle-class men is sparse, leaving little to be known about the raced, classed, and gendered experiences for many Black middle-class male students and their families. Employing qualitative methodology, this study uses critical race theory (CRT) to examine the educational experiences of Black middle-class high school male students through the counterstories of Black students and their fathers. This study highlights various microaggression events experienced by the male students as well as the forms of cultural wealth drawn upon by the fathers to divert the potential negative outcomes of school racism.
Full article can be found here:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Bd. V. Pârvan, Nr. 4, 300223 Timişoara, România
Departamentul de Matematica, Universitatea de Vest din Timişoara
Symmetries of the Maxwell–Bloch Equations with the Rotating Wave Approximation
2014, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 548-555
In this paper a symplectic realization for the Maxwell–Bloch equations with the rotating wave approximation is given, which also leads to a Lagrangian formulation. We show how Lie point symmetries generate a third constant of motion for the dynamical system considered.


text:
Boreth Ly Assistant Professor of Art History, University of California, Santa Cruz.
The ancient city of Pagan (or Bagan) was capital of the Pagan Kingdom, and its plains were the site of building over 10,000 Buddhist temples, stupas and monasteries from the 11th to 13th centuries, during a period when several forms of Buddhism coexisted. Over 2200 temples survive and are a top site for visitors. Professor Ly introduces their architectural innovations, exceptional masonry, and sculpture.
Other lectures in this series:
SAM member series: $43


text:
Why did Gandhi win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Gandhi was nominated for the Noble Peace Prize several times; but never won.
No. Gandhiji never won the Nobel Peace Prize. Mohandas Gandhi (_PHONE_) became the symbol of non-violence for the 20th century. Many say that the Indian national leader should have been the very man to be selected for the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated several times, but was never awarded the prize. See the link below to the Nobel Committee's website.


text:
A social interactive installation about creating fishes
Fishmaking is an interactive installation made for Acquario di Genova. People can create their own fish, by using a mobile application or the touchscreen installed in the aquarium. They can choose colours, patterns and several features, like the shape of fins, head and body. Then they can set the fish free in the virtual fishtanks and see how its characteristic make it more or less fit to live in a certain part of the ocean.
More than 150.000 fishes have been created in the first 3 months of activity.
Fishmaking as been designed while working at ETT.


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Pediatric Disclosure Materials: Booklet 1—How to Keep Healthy
How to Keep Healthy is the first in a series of four booklets designed to help adults facilitate health-related discussions with children and adolescents. It was written to be used with children from 2 to 6 years of age, an age when children may ask many questions about why they go to the clinic or why they have to take medicines.
The booklets are available for download in color and in black-and-white. Accompanying cue cards offer guidance for health care providers to use in introducing these booklets to caregivers.
The other booklets in this series include:


Edit Article
Countries across the world craft objects, jewelry, furniture and more based on their own customs, culture and history. If you are interested in buying crafts from a country different from your own, then you have a number of options in your town and across the world. You may also choose to buy crafts from third world countries in order to support fair trade. Buying fair trade crafts helps to prevent low wages and unfair working conditions. There are some guidelines you should follow to ensure you are buying from a country that is benefiting from your purchase. You may need to do a little Internet research to ensure you are buying the crafts you prefer. Read on to find out how to buy crafts from third world countries.
 1. 1
 Research fair trade organizations. There are a number of non-profit companies that choose to keep consumers up to date about fair trade options. These include fairtraderesource.org, chfinternational.org, and fair trade organizations of specific countries, such as fta.org.au.
 2. 2
 Decide if you want to buy crafts from a specific country. For example, you may admire the bamboo furniture from Malaysia or carvings from Africa. Search for a non-profit organization that tells you where to find shops that sell that country's goods.
 - For example, there is a Bangladesh cooperative that represents 60,000 artisans.
 3. 3
 Go to eBay or Overstock. Both of these websites have acquired companies that previously sought to promote fair trade crafts. Ebay acquired World of Good, and you can buy handcrafted gifts from third world countries at worldofgood.ebay.com.
 - Overstock.com provides a fair trade site, called _URL_-Fair-Trade. You can find anything from jewelry to furniture and more.
 4. 4
 Search for local stores that specialize in fair trade crafts. Most mid to large-sized cities have a few fair trade stores. You can often find the stories behind the manufacturers of the crafts.
 - Ask the store how they acquired the crafts. The best way to tell if you are buying from a certified fair trade, third world craft carrier is to ask how the crafts were acquired.
 5. 5
 Visit world craft museums, such as The Museum of Craft and Folk Art or the Museum of Craft and Design in San Francisco. These museums fill their gift shops with crafts that are well-crafted and distinctive. Check the museum websites for crafts that can be bought online.
 6. 6
 Visit summer markets in your town. People who have emigrated from other countries often stock booths filled with their home country's crafts. Peruvian alpaca crafts are common at summer craft markets.
 7. 7
 Visit a third world country and buy the crafts straight from the source. While this is the most expensive option, it is the best way to ensure you are buying straight from a craftsman. Research craft workshops where you can visit and buy directly after viewing the creation of the crafts.
 - For example, in St. Kitts there is a batik factory where the batiks are made and then sold. In Peru, you can visit an alpaca farm where yarn is created, died, woven and sold.
Things You'll Need
 - Summer markets
 - Internet research
 - Fair trade shops
 - Trip abroad
Article Info
Categories: Travel
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NASA picture of Amanu Atoll
Amanu is located in French Polynesia
Location Pacific Ocean
Coordinates 17°48′22″S 140°45′39″W / 17.80611°S 140.76083°W / -17.80611; -140.76083Coordinates: 17°48′22″S 140°45′39″W / 17.80611°S 140.76083°W / -17.80611; -140.76083
Archipelago Tuamotus
Area 240 km2 (93 sq mi) (lagoon)
9.6 km² (above water)
Length 32 km (19.9 mi)
Width 10 km (6 mi)
Overseas collectivity French Polynesia
Administrative subdivision Tuamotus
Commune Hao
Largest city Ikitake
Population 192[1] (as of 2012)
Amanu, Timanu, or Karere, is an atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago. Amanu lies at right angles to neighbouring Hao Atoll; this orientation is quite rare for the Tuamotu atolls.
It is situated 900 km east of Tahiti and 15 km north of Hao. The atoll is 32 km long (northeast to southwest) and 10 km wide, but only 9.6 km² of its land is above water, the rest forming the central lagoon. The surface area of Amanu's wide lagoon is 240 km². There are two navigable passes to enter it.
Amanu has 195 inhabitants. The main village is Ikitake.
The first recorded European who arrived to Amanu Atoll was Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernández de Quirós who navigated for Spain, on 12 February 1606, while sailing across the Pacific Ocean in search of Terra Australis.[2] However, several 16th century Spanish cannons were found on Amanu in 1929, indicating that an earlier Spanish expedition had visited Tuamotu. Some historians believe the cannons belonged to the caravel San Lesmes, which was split off from the Loaísa expedition which sailed the Pacific Ocean in 1526.[3][4]
It was later visited by Spanish explorer Domingo de Boenechea in 1774, that charted them as Las Ánimas (The Souls in Spanish).[5]
Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen visited Amanu in 1820 on ships Vostok and Mirni. He named this atoll "Moller".[6]
Administratively Amanu forms a commune in French Polynesia which includes the atolls of Rekareka (uninhabited) and Tauere. The Amanu commune is associated with the Hao commune.
 1. ^ "Population". Institut de la statistique de la Polynésie française. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
 2. ^ Sharp, Andrew The discovery of the Pacific Islands, Oxford, 1960, p.65
 3. ^ Langdon, Robert. The lost caravel re-explored. Canberra: Brolga Press ISBN 0-_PHONE_-1-6
 4. ^ Scowen, Greg. The Spanish Helmet. Whare Rama Books ISBN 978-1-4635-5848-2
 5. ^ Rienzi, M.L. Historia de la Oceanía, o quinta parte del mundo Barcelona, _PHONE_, vol IV, p.232
 6. ^ Bellingshausen
External links[edit]


text:
Battery swapping may seem like a common sense idea, but the technology in batteries isn't there that we can have a small enough batter package that can be robust enough to be swapped.
If your text-to-speech program can read the text, your text-to-text program can copy the text to somewhere else.
Ah yes! What if someone connected a voice recognition program to that!
If this is a service economy, why is the service so bad?


Why coding?
Ben Barnes
Ben has a background in fiction, studying writing and cultural studies at UTS, before doing an exchange in Mexico, and completing an honours degree in Mexican literature. Coding through game design began as an excercise in producing visual narratives. having completed multiple TAFE qualifications in these subjects, Ben now works part time as a software developer, and maintains a keen interest in AI, machine learning and natural language processing.


Recipe 10.20 Reading and Writing JAR or Zip Archives
Problem
You need to create and/or extract from a JAR archive or a file in the well-known Zip Archive format, as established by PkZip and used by Unix zip/unzip and WinZip.
Solution
You could use the jar program in the Java Development Kit since its file format is identical to the zip format with the addition of the META-INF directory to contain additional structural information. But since this is a book about programming, you are probably more interested in the ZipFile and ZipEntry classes and the stream classes that they provide access to.
Discussion
The class java.util.zip.ZipFile is not an I/O class per se, but a utility class that allows you to read or write the contents of a JAR or zip-format file.[5] When constructed, it creates a series of ZipEntry objects, one to represent each entry in the archive. In other words, the ZipFile represents the entire archive, and the ZipEntry represents one entry, or one file that has been stored (and compressed) in the archive. The ZipEntry has methods like getName( ), which returns the name that the file had before it was put into the archive, and getInputStream( ) , which gives you an InputStream that will transparently uncompress the archive entry by filtering it as you read it. To create a ZipFile object, you need either the name of the archive file or a File object representing it:
[5] There is no support for adding files to an existing archive, so make sure you put all the files in at once or be prepared to recreate the archive from scratch.
ZipFile zippy = new ZipFile(fileName);
If you want to see whether a given file is present in the archive, you can call the getEntry( ) method with a filename. More commonly, you'll want to process all the entries; for this, use the ZipFile object to get a list of the entries in the archive, in the form of an Enumeration (see Recipe 7.4):
Enumeration all = zippy.entries( ); while (all.hasMoreElements( )) { ZipEntry entry = (ZipEntry)all.nextElement( );
We can then process each entry as we wish. A simple listing program could be:
if (entry.isDirectory( )) println("Directory: " + e.getName( )); else println("File: " + e.getName( ));
A fancier version would extract the files. The program in Example 10-8 does both: it lists by default, but with the -x (extract) switch, it actually extracts the files from the archive.
Example 10-8. UnZip.java
import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import java.util.zip.*; /** * UnZip -- print or unzip a JAR or PKZIP file using java.util.zip. * Final command-line version: extracts files. */ public class UnZip { /** Constants for mode listing or mode extracting. */ public static final int LIST = 0, EXTRACT = 1; /** Whether we are extracting or just printing TOC */ protected int mode = LIST; /** The ZipFile that is used to read an archive */ protected ZipFile zippy; /** The buffer for reading/writing the ZipFile data */ protected byte[] b; /** Simple main program, construct an UnZipper, process each * .ZIP file from argv[] through that object. */ public static void main(String[] argv) { UnZip u = new UnZip( ); for (int i=0; i<argv.length; i++) { if ("-x".equals(argv[i])) { u.setMode(EXTRACT); continue; } String candidate = argv[i]; // System.err.println("Trying path " + candidate); if (candidate.endsWith(".zip") || candidate.endsWith(".jar")) u.unZip(candidate); else System.err.println("Not a zip file? " + candidate); } System.err.println("All done!"); } /** Construct an UnZip object. Just allocate the buffer */ UnZip( ) { b = new byte[8092]; } /** Set the Mode (list, extract). */ protected void setMode(int m) { if (m == LIST || m == EXTRACT) mode = m; } /** For a given Zip file, process each entry. */ public void unZip(String fileName) { try { zippy = new ZipFile(fileName); Enumeration all = zippy.entries( ); while (all.hasMoreElements( )) { getFile((ZipEntry)all.nextElement( )); } } catch (IOException err) { System.err.println("IO Error: " + err); return; } } /** Process one file from the zip, given its name. * Either print the name, or create the file on disk. */ protected void getFile(ZipEntry e) throws IOException { String zipName = e.getName( ); if (mode == EXTRACT) { // double-check that the file is in the zip // if a directory, mkdir it (remember to // create intervening subdirectories if needed!) if (zipName.endsWith("/")) { new File(zipName).mkdirs( ); return; } // Else must be a file; open the file for output System.err.println("Creating " + zipName); FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(zipName); InputStream is = zippy.getInputStream(e); int n = 0; while ((n = is.read(b)) >0) os.write(b, 0, n); is.close( ); os.close( ); } else // Not extracting, just list if (e.isDirectory( )) { System.out.println("Directory " + zipName); } else { System.out.println("File " + zipName); } } }
See Also
JDK 1.5 introduces a new format, called Pack200, that is specified as the JSR 200 Network File Transfer Format. See _URL_ for details. The new class javax.pack.Pack200 converts between JAR and Pack200 formats.
Java Cookbook
Java Cookbook, Second Edition
ISBN: _PHONE_
EAN: _PHONE_
Year: 2003
Pages: 409
Authors: Ian F Darwin
flylib.com © 2008-2017.
If you may any questions please contact us: _EMAIL_


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 Build a Recursive Component for Nested Comments in Vue.js and Nuxt
 John LindquistJohn Lindquist
 vueVue.js
 Comments can have sub-comments which can have even more deeply nested comments. This lesson walks you through the process of loading data recursively by creating a Comment component which can load itself.
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 Transcript
 Transcript
 I created a comments page. When you click on any of the comments, it will load the page as an item and display the comments for that item. This will work on anything you click, or if you want to read through one of the ask questions, everything should work as expected.
 Rather than live code, I'm going to walk you through this, since I'm reusing so many of the things we've already used. For example, a next link to item plus item.ID is the same as the user page we just set up. We created underscore ID, again the same as the user page.
 In this item page, you can see that we are loading the item data from the routeparams ID, again just like the user page. Where this gets interesting is in the use of the comments. Everything up here is just displaying item information, item time, item buy, item URL, everything we've already looked at with just some different CSS classes.
 This comment component, when we look at it, because we're passing in this ID from the item.kids, it checks to see if there are any replies to that comment. It needs recursion in there. In the comment component, which is created here inside the components folder, you'll actually see this component reference itself.
 I'm inside the comment component and I'm using a comment component inside of itself. That sets up the recursion for us. You can do this by setting a name on your component and just referring to it by that name. You can see that each time we are using a margin left class, so you can see it indent, indent, indent every time we use that comment, and it recurses into it.
 To help you understand what's going on, I left what you'll see on here as kids. This kids is an array of the replies or the sub-comments, whatever you want to call them. That's item.kids. The behavior here is that, once this item loads, you'll see this is a component, so use beforemount. Async data is not available in components. You have to use before mount.
 We'll go ahead and fetch that item. Once it has mounted, we'll see if that has kids. If it does, we'll use the exact same process we use to load all the items, where we mapped to a bunch of promises. We await a promise. All of all the promises get the responses and map to the response.data. Then, just assign that to kids.
 If you look at all these IDs, you can see that the replies, here's the first one, 401. The one that ends in 378 should be mixed. There's 378. You'll see that 401 had a kid of 440. There's 440. I just let that kids array display to help you navigate through the recursion of these comments. Everything else in here should be fairly familiar.
 These classes are like border bottom, margin bottom four, margin bottom one just to keep things separated a bit. The item has an ID and buy. These items, instead of titles, they have text for the comments. Those are HTML, so we use the HTML directive to display them. Other than that, it's the same workflow where the comments link to an item page.
 That item page is in underscore ID, so we can load that ID. Once that ID is loaded, we'll have data to populate the comments, so item.kids comes off that item. That comment component loads the item and checks to see if it has any kids. If it has kids, it just tosses those kids back into a comment, which is recursed inside of itself.


text:
New Campus 0.6-m Telescope
On February 22, 2020 a new 0.61-m telescope was installed in the campus observatory on the top of the Eyring Science Center. This is a new state-of-the-art PlaneWave CDK24 telescope. It is currently in the process of being commissioned to make it a fully robotic system. This telescope will support undergraduate student research, the observational astronomy class (Phscs 329), and potentially the descriptive astronomy class (Phscs 127). Early test targets will include transiting planet candidates from the NASA TESS satellite and pulsating variable stars.


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Module Version: 0.066 Source
NAME ^
JE::Code - ECMAScript parser and code executor for JE
SYNOPSIS ^
 use JE;
 $j = new JE;
 $code = $j->compile('1+1'); # returns a JE::Code object
 $code->execute;
METHODS ^
$code->execute($this, $scope, $code_type);
The execute method of a parse tree executes it. All the arguments are optional.
The first argument will be the 'this' value of the execution context. The global object will be used if it is omitted or undef.
The second argument is the scope chain. A scope chain containing just the global object will be used if it is omitted or undef.
The third arg indicates the type of code. 0 or undef indicates global code. 1 means eval code (code called by JavaScript's eval function, which has nothing to do with JE's eval method, which runs global code). Variables created with var and function declarations inside eval code can be deleted, whereas such variables in global or function code cannot. A value of 2 means function code, which requires an explicit return statement for a value to be returned.
If an error occurs, undef will be returned and $@ will contain the error message. If no error occurs, $@ will be a null string.
$code->set_global( $thing )
You can transfer a JE::Code object to another JavaScript environment by setting the global object this way. You can also set it to undef, if, for instance, you want to serialise the compiled code without serialising the entire JS environment. If you do that, you'll need to set the global object again before you can use the code object.
FUNCTIONS ^
JE::Code::add_line_number($message, $code_object, $position)
WARNING: The parameter list is still subject to change.
This routine append a string such as 'at file, line 76.' to the error message passed to it, unless it ends with a line break already.
$code_object is a code object as returned by JE's or JE::Parser's parse method. If it is omitted, the current value of $JE::Code::code will be used (this is set while JS code is running). If $JE::Code::code turns out to be undefined, then $message will be returned unchanged (this is subject to change; later I might make it use Carp to add a Perl file and line number).
$position is the position within the source code, which will be used to determine the line number. If this is omitted, $JE::Code::pos will be used.
EXPORTS ^
add_line_number can optionally be exported.
SEE ALSO ^
JE
syntax highlighting:


Writing data from a matrix to a SAS data set
15
In a previous post, I showed how to read data from a SAS data set into SAS/IML matrices or vectors. This article shows the converse: how to use the CREATE, APPEND, and CLOSE statements to create a SAS data set from data stored in a matrix or in vectors.
Creating a SAS Data Set from SAS/IML Vectors
You can use the CREATE and APPEND statements to write a SAS data set from SAS/IML vectors. The following statements create three different SAS/IML vectors. The data in those vectors are then written to a data set called MyData in the Work library:
proc iml;
/** create SAS data set from vectors **/
y = {1,0,3,2,0,3}; /** 6 x 1 vector **/
z = {8,7,6,5,6}; /** 5 x 1 vector **/
c = {A A A B B B}; /** 1 x 6 character vector **/

create MyData var {y z c}; /** create data set **/
append; /** write data in vectors **/
close MyData; /** close the data set **/
The CREATE statement opens Work.MyData for writing. The program creates the numerical vectors y and z, and the character vector c. The APPEND statement writes the values of the vectors listed on the VAR clause of the CREATE statement. The numeric vectors create numeric variables; the character vector creates a character variable, which in this case has length 1. The names of the variables in the data set are y, z, and c, which are the same names as the SAS/IML vectors.
The CLOSE statement closes the data set. It is a good programming practice to close data sets when you are finished writing the data.
Notice that it does not matter if a vector is a row vector or a column vector: each element of a vector is written to an observation in the data set. If the vectors do not contain the same number of elements, then the variables that result from the shorter vectors are padded with missing values. For example, the last observation for the z variable contains a missing value, as shown by the following call to PROC PRINT:
proc print data=MyData; run;
Creating a SAS Data Set from a SAS/IML Matrix
Use the FROM clause on the CREATE and APPEND statements to create a data set from a matrix. You can specify names for the data set variables by using the COLNAME= option to the FROM clause, as shown in the following example:
proc iml;
/** create SAS data set from a matrix **/
x = {1 2 3,
 4 5 6,
 7 8 9,
 3 2 1 }; /** 4 x 3 matrix **/
create MyData2 from x[colname={"q" "r" "s"}];
append from x;
close MyData2;
For this example, the names of the variables in the data set are q, r, and s. If you do not explicitly specify names for the data set variables, the variables are named COL1, COL2, and so forth.
proc print data=MyData2; run;
For more details on reading and writing data in the SAS/IML language, see Chapter 3 of Statistical Programming with SAS/IML Software.
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About Author
Rick Wicklin
Distinguished Researcher in Computational Statistics
Rick Wicklin, PhD, is a distinguished researcher in computational statistics at SAS and is a principal developer of PROC IML and SAS/IML Studio. His areas of expertise include computational statistics, simulation, statistical graphics, and modern methods in statistical data analysis. Rick is author of the books Statistical Programming with SAS/IML Software and Simulating Data with SAS.
15 Comments
 1. Hi Rick,
 Would you be able to give us an example of how you would use the create and append if a do loop
 where the data set name is different for each.
 For example:
 proc iml;
 /** create SAS data set from a matrix **/
 Do i = 1 to 5;
 x = {1 2 3, 4 5 6, 7 8 9, 3 2 1 }; /** 4 x 3 matrix **/
 p = x*i;
 create MyData_&i from x[colname={"q" "r" "s"}];
 append from p;
 close MyData_&i;
 So the resulting data sets would be:
 MyData_1
 MyData_2
 MyData_3
 MyData_4
 MyData_5
 Thanks,
 Scott
 2. Worked like a charm. Thanks Rick. Here's what I did in case others need it.
 Proc iml;
 PCOR = {1.00 0.40 0.40,
 0.40 1.00 0.40,
 0.40 0.40 1.00};
 dsNames = {A B C}; /* specify names of data sets */
 do i = 1 to ncol(dsNames);
 pvar = diag(vecdiag(pcor))*i;
 create(dsNames[i]) from pvar; /* create work.A, then work.B, and so on */
 append from pvar;
 close (dsNames[i]);
 end;
 3. Colwel
 I run above program but there are some errors pls guide me
 571 Proc iml;
 NOTE: IML Ready
 572 PCOR = {1.00 0.40 0.40,
 573 0.40 1.00 0.40,
 574 0.40 0.40 1.00};
 575 dsNames={A B C};
 575! /* specify names of data sets */
 576 do i = 1 to 5;
 577 pvar = diag(vecdiag(pcor))*i;
 578 create (dsNames[i]) from pvar;
 -
 22
 76
 ERROR 22-322: Expecting a name.
 ERROR 76-322: Syntax error, statement will be ignored.
 579 append from pvar;
 580 close (dsNames[i]);
 -
 22
 200
 ERROR 22-322: Syntax error, expecting one of the following: a name, ;.
 ERROR 200-322: The symbol is not recognized and will be ignored.
 581 end;
 - thanks for replying
 But my problem is related to earlier discussion on this page and I am running following program as mentioned by colwel
 But facing some error and not getting out put
 my sas version is 9.02
 kindly guide me
 thanks
 - I am using SAS 9.3 but still following program is not running
 Proc iml;
 PCOR = {1.00 0.40 0.40,
 0.40 1.00 0.40,
 0.40 0.40 1.00};
 dsNames = {A B C}; /* specify names of data sets */
 do i = 1 to ncol(dsNames);
 pvar = diag(vecdiag(pcor))*i;
 create(dsNames[i]) from pvar; /* create work.A, then work.B, and so on */
 append from pvar;
 close (dsNames[i]);
 end;
 Error:
 5078 create(dsNames[i]) from pvar;
 -
 22
 76
 ERROR 22-322: Expecting a name.
 4. Pingback: Generate uniform data in a simplex - The DO Loop
 5. Does IML allow for matrices to have different counts by row? That is, something like this:
 X = {1 2 3,
 2 4,
 3 4 5};
 Thanks in advance.
 Dave
 - Rick Wicklin
 No. SAS/IML follows the rules of linear algebra, which requires a rectangular array of numbers. You can use a zero cell or a missing value to indicate which column is omitted for the 2nd row of your example.
 6. Pingback: Write to a SAS data set from inside a SAS/IML loop - The DO Loop
Leave A Reply
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text:
Step 4: Make The Insulating Spacers
The Three conductive sheets are held apart by insulating spacers. Pushing between the spacers creates a conductive path. The insulating spacers are the white dots that are made by screeding Oogoo in the holes in the stencils. The stencils are made by drilling 1/4" holes in 1/16" plastic sheet. The holes are drilled 1" apart with the holes in the second stencil drilled in between the holes in the first.
Screed the Spacers
Step 4 pic shows a small mix of Oogoo (2 silicone caulk to 1 corn starch by volume) being screeded on one layer of Oogoo II.


text:
Smiley Energy Balls :
Select the Smiley balls by clicking and dragging your mouse. Make an energy ball to appear by turning all of the sphere area into pink. Longer the link, higher will be your score. Make the energy ball to reach the end, in the sphere's path. Longer links can be formed with the help of special balls. Instructions:
Use mouse to interact.


DEV Community
Soak Testing Introduction
testingnews1 profile image TestingNews ・5 min read
Soak Testing
If you plan to achieve or look to maintain the maximum performance of your systems during operating hours, you may need a few performance tests verifying your system's stability and load during the final phase of the development cycle. This kind of tests is called soak tests, which help you discover immediate performance-related problems—such as memory leaks or resources leaks—before the release of the product on a particular platform.
What is Soak Testing?
Soak testing (otherwise known as endurance testing, capacity testing, or longevity testing) involves testing the system to detect the performance-related issues such as stability and response time by requesting the designed load on a system. The system is then evaluated to see whether it could perform well under a significant load for an extended period, thereby measuring its reaction and analyzing its behavior under sustained use. Soak testing is a type of load testing.
There is a myriad of soak testing tools these days, such as LoadStorm, LoadRunner, LoadUI, OpenSTA, Apache JMeter, Appvance, and WebLoad.
Besides, there are some supporting tools that make sure your system works properly under normal conditions, such as Katalon Studio, Selenium, Robot framework.
Examples of Soak Testing
Ideally, a soak test should run as long as possible, though it will depend on the system for you to determine the duration of your test. Below are some examples when soak testings can be considered:
 - When a bank announces that it will be closing, its system is expected to handle a large number of transactions during the closing days of the bank. This event is rare and unexpected, but your system has to handle this unlikely situation anyway.
 - A system needs to withstand the period of no on-call staff. Usually, this will happen when the staff doesn't work on the weekend, so the soak test would prove the system's ability to function for a period longer than a weekends-worth of non-stop operation.
 - Your system is required to process 1000 transactions in 1 hour. You may need to test not only this capability but also go beyond this requirement: testing 1000 transactions in half an hour or 2000 in 1 hour.
Several Considerations for Soak Testing
 - A soak test duration is often decided by the system's availability.
 - Every application must run without interruption.
 - Each system normally has a frequent maintenance window time; such period will be the key factor in deciding the scope of a soak test.
Why Should You Perform a Soak Test?
Soak testing is mainly used to identify and optimize potential problems, such as memory leaks, resource leaks, or degradation that could happen over time, to avoid impaired performance or system errors. While stress tests will help the development team to test the system to its limits, soak testing takes the system to its limits over a sustained period of use. In other words, soak testing allows the team to mimic the real world usage, in which the users will constantly need access to the system.
Advantages that Soak Testing Brings
 - It guarantees the application's fitness.
 - It detects bugs that could not be found by other performance tests.
 - It spots the deterioration in performance, which could happen under high continuous load, and helps to fix those issues so that the application will be more robust.
 - It shows how sustainably the system runs over time.
 - The test result could be used to validate or improve customers' infrastructure demands.
Challenges of Soak Testing?
 - The test is a time-consuming process, and it would be inconvenient to be conducted on a project with very strict time constraints.
 - You need to use an automation tool together with technical expertise since soak tests run over an extended period of time and consume a lot of data.
 - It is often difficult to determine how much test is worth applying.
 - If the test environment is not correctly detached from the live production environment, the errors found by the soak test could negatively impact the whole working system, causing data loss or data corruption permanently.
When to do Soak Testing?
Before a system is released on a particular platform to clients, it must successfully undergo a series of load tests at higher or similar traffic levels. Then you execute the soak test. Soak testing will help you to see how the system runs for a continuous availability period. If there are any issues like memory leaks or memory corruption during the test, it should be reported immediately.
Since the process could take time as long as a day, soak testing should be done over the weekends, although it also depends entirely on the test situation's restrictions.
Soak testing is now one of the most vital requirements that any team must strictly comply with for a successful deployment.
Soak Testing Strategies
Before performing a soak test, you need to take a bird-eye view of the system and determine:
 - Testing Environment:
 Figure out which hardware, software, database, and operating system to perform the soak test.
 - Test Scenarios:
 Since soak testing is an extensive process, it is important to design, review, and finalize the test scenarios before performing any tests. Here, the development team also needs to determine how heavy the load that will be put on the system.
Test Estimation:
The duration of the soak test is essential depending on the scope of the system. It also depends on the involvement of the development team and clients, actual production use, and more.
 - Risk Analysis: Consider some questions, such as: How the soak test remains consistent over use? Are there any bugs that have yet to be detected? Are there any external interferences that will cause the systems to go down?
What are the Common Issues that Soak Testing Detects?
 - Memory allocation (memory leaks which finally lead to a memory crisis or rounding failures that only display over time).
 - Database resource usage (errors when closing the database cursors under certain conditions that would eventually cause the entire system to come to a standstill).
 - It can also bring about a deterioration in performance, that is, to make sure that the response time after an extended period is as good as it is when the test starts.
 - Errors when closing connections between tiers of a multilayer system under certain circumstances that could block some or all of its modules.
 - The gradual deterioration in the response time of some tasks as internal data-structures are less organized over an extended test period.
Before doing any soak testing, it is important to ensure that your system works properly under normal conditions. Katalon Studio provides a simple solution for the software testing system, helping the development cycle run smoothly and guaranteeing a successful deployment.
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text:
Incorporating Biodiversity & Human Values into Planning
The 'Green Infrastructure' concept can be defined as 'an interconnected network of green space that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human populations'. Like our grey infrastructure of roads and rail, our green infrastructure seeks to create a network of human and biodiversity value.
The promotion and development of the Green Infrastructure approach can assist in halting the loss of biodiversity and decline in ecosystem services while enhancing the human environment including our opportunities for recreation. Perhaps it is the case that biodiversity continues to decline because its value is not reflected in decision making by business and government. Green Infrastructure seeks to address this problem by providing a location-related evidence base which highlights the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services to the economy and society.
Valuing Green Infrastructure
Green Infrastructure planning allows for the integration of the value of biodiversity into business decisions in sectors such as agriculture and water supply, and also local and central Government decisions. Ecosystem services supplied by Green Infrastructure include:
- provisioning, such as the production of food and water,
- regulating, such as the control of climate and disease,
- supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination, and
- cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. (Comhar SDC).
Working with clients and partners across disciplines, Compass have been involved in a number of Green Infrastructure projects, with our staff providing policy and strategic guidance, as well as data collation, analysis and scenario testing services.
The diagram below shows a typical Green Infrastructure project implementation workflow.
For more on our latest Green Infrastructure work please view the Comhar Sustainable Development Council report: "Creating Green Infrastructure for Ireland: Enhancing natural capital for human wellbeing" – available by clicking here.


text:
Water Engineering and Development Centre
This book has been written specifically for practitioners involved in the operation, maintenance and management of piped water distribution systems in urban areas of developing countries. These practitioners include engineers, planners, managers, and water professionals involved in the monitoring, control and rehabilitation of water distribution networks.
The book explains in detail how to evaluate the risk of deterioration of the water distribution network of a water supply system. It begins with the conceptualization of risk evaluation and its three different components (hazard, vulnerability and risk). The book further elaborates on each of these three components, explains the methodologies used to estimate the components, and presents the background to the mathematical models. Finally, the book explains how these components are integrated to form a GIS-based decision support system for risk evaluation. The book is designed to help practitioners understand the concept of risk evaluation and supports the manual of the IRA-WDS software, a GIS-based decision support system for risk evaluation.
The IRA-WDS software is developed for the evaluation of risk to piped water distribution systems in urban areas of developing countries. The user of this software needs to know about the consideration of different factors, data type and requirement, which may vary from one region to another. The user can understand the concept of evaluation from this book and decide upon the importance of the different factors involved and associated data collection.
It should be noted that combining this book with Water Safety Plans Book 1 provides the decision-maker with a valuable tool to assess the overall risk of contaminant intrusion into a water supply system. It is also important to consider this book in relation to Water Safety Plans Book 2, as it is imperative that the institutions and authorities responsible for water management have the capacity to use and implement IRA-WDS, and also to recognize the importance of developing an integrated approach to water management.
The WEDC Water Safety Plans series comprises:


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An efficient in vitro regeneration system from different wild apple (Malus sieversii) explants
Abstract
Background
Wild apple, Malus sieversii, is an endangered species and a valuable genetic resource that requires a variety of conservation techniques. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different concentrations of hormones on wild apple regeneration from leaf and stem explants to establish an optimal regeneration system.
Results
Leaves and stems derived from seedlings were cultured on several media supplemented with various concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) or 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in different combinations with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The results showed that the most efficient shoot formation media (35% and 90%) were MS medium containing 4.0 mg L−1 TDZ and 1.0 mg L−1 NAA for leaf explants and MS medium containing 1.0 mg L−1 BA without NAA for stem explant. MS medium supplemented with 0.4 mg L−1 BA and 0.1 mg L−1 NAA (for shoot multiplication) and 1/2 MS + 0.1 mg L−1 NAA + 1.5% sucrose (for rooting) were effective media. Shoot regeneration from leaf explants was the most effective when the explants were placed abaxial side down onto the medium and were subjected to a pre-treatment of 3 weeks in darkness.
Conclusions
An optimized regeneration system for M. sieversii that allowed regeneration within 2–3 months developed. The protocol developed herein can be used in large-scale clonal propagation for the conservation of wild apple, M. sieversii.
Background
The forests of the Tianshan Mountains have a rich diversity of fruit trees. The Chinese part of Tianshan Mountains is estimated to be 38% wild fruit forest, whereas the Central Asian portion is estimated to be 62% wild fruit forest. These forests play an important ecological role in regulating climate, conserving water resources and preserving. Wild apple, Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem., is native to the mountains of Central Asia and is widely distributed in the wild fruit forests of Tianshan Mountains. Wild apple forests are estimated to account for 92% of the fruit forests of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains, whereas wild apple forests make up approximately 78% of the wild apple forests in the Central Asian Tianshan Mountains [1].
Evolutionarily, the wild apple population has evolved cold-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties with diverse fruit coloration, shapes, and flavours [1]. Due to its abiotic stress tolerance, M. sieversii has been given wide attention in horticulture and is mainly used as rootstock in Northwest China and other provinces [2]. Several genetic studies have shown that the wild apple M. sieversii is the distant ancestor species of all cultivated domesticated apple species [3,4,5].
Unfortunately, in the last two decades, wild apple trees in Tianshan forests have been heavily damaged because of biotic stresses that have resulted in whole forest mortality. There are a number of reasons for wild apple mortality: the invasive insect Agrilus mali, fungal pathogens and human interference [6,7,8,9]. This tree has been listed as an endangered second-class protected plant in China. Therefore, this precious germplasm urgently needs effective protection [10], and it is necessary to create new stress-resistant germplasms. Therefore, the ex and in situ conservation of wild apple populations is globally important [11].
Currently there is the need to prevent the spread of invasive insects and generate apple trees that resistant to multiple stresses; however, traditional pruning and the use of pesticides are not effective for tree conservation. Alternatively, effective biotechnological methods, mainly in vitro clonal propagation methods, can be applied. These methods have been widely used in apple and pear horticulture. Additionally, these methods can be used for the propagation of stress-tolerant somaclonal lines. Several in vitro micropropagation protocols have been established for apple by several research groups [12,13,14,15,16]. There has been research on micropropagation or tissue culture methods for M. sieversii. The current study was focused on the establishment of an efficient in vitro micropropagation protocol for M. sieversii using a shoot regeneration system. The effects of the regeneration medium, explant type, leaf side orientation, and dark treatment on regeneration efficiency were studied. Different media for multiplication, shoot proliferation and rooting were also evaluated.
Results
Influence of different auxin and cytokinin concentrations on callus initiation in different explants
Leaf and stem explants from 30-day-old in vitro propagated shoots were used for callus induction. Both explants initiated callus formation on shoot induction medium (SIM) media containing various concentrations of cytokinin and auxin. To identify the most efficient medium composition for plant regeneration from leaf and stem explants, different hormone ratios of concentrations were examined with an orthogonal method (Table 1). Overall, explants can produce calli on SIM media depending on hormone concentrations and combinations (Additional file 1).
Table 1 Callus induction media used for rapid shoot induction in wild apple
Leaf explants dead on media supplemented with either BA or TDZ without NAA, and explant death ranged from 0.35 to 1 per explant (Fig. 1a). On these SIM, calli were not efficiently induced (15% induction), and callus diameter did not increase. Only 5% of explants produced calli on SIM supplemented with either TDZ or BA after 30 days of culture, and duration of this treatment was negatively correlated with the number of dead explants (Fig. 1a). A high concentration of BA (5 mg L−1, SIM 21) led to explant death. Most of the leaf explants showed callus formation after seven days, producing milky yellow-greenish callus from the edges of the explants on media containing both auxin and cytokinin. Callus formation was initiated continuously along the leaf vein over time and reached 100% after 15 days of post-culture on SIM supplemented with both cytokinin and auxin at different concentrations (Fig. 1a). Therefore, the addition of auxin was a pivotal regulator in the formation of calli from leaf explants. The callus diameter varied from 0.8 to 1.3 cm for both cytokinin and auxin (BA + NAA and TDZ + NAA), with an average of 11 cm (Fig. 1a).
Fig. 1
figure 1
Effect of various SIMs on callus induction from leaf and stem explants. Calluses induced from leaf explants a and stem explants b after 4 weeks of cultivation. The values shown are the mean (± SE) of 20 explants. Different letters indicate significant differences among temperatures for each day as determined by Duncan's multiple range test followed by one-way ANOVA at the p < 0.05 significance level. For the SIM number, see Table 1
Most of the calli induced from leaf explants were milky yellow, compact or friable (Fig. 2) during the initial incubation in the dark. After transferring calluses to a normal photoperiod (16 h day and 8 h night), the calli started growing larger in volume and becoming greener in colour. The type of cytokinin and the NAA concentration affected the characteristics of the callus. The callus was compact, and its coloration varied from light green to green in TDZ-supplemented media. With the addition of NAA at concentration of 0.5–1.5 mg L−1, the calli became white and filamentous. Unlike the TDZ-supplemented media, the BA-supplemented media produced tumour-like protrusions on the surface of the callus. At an NAA concentration of 1–2 mg L−1, the calli became white filamentous. In low concentration of NAA, cali were vitrified. After one or two months of culture, the calli demonstrated some nodular spots on the surface of the callus, and some of the calli were green with white filamentous covering (Fig. 2a–f). In some SIM, a yellowish green callus formed at the edge of compact green compact calli (Fig. 2b) to form an embryonic callus.
Fig. 2
figure 2
Colours and textures of calluses on SIM supplemented with various combinations of BA and TDZ. a–f Calluses obtained from 3-day-old leaf explants and g–l from stem explants. a, g Greenish-yellow, compact; b yellowish-green, friable; c, i brown, friable; d creamy white, friable; e white, short filamentous, compact; f, l green, compact; h creamy yellow, friable; j red, friable; k white, long filamentous, compact
In contrast to leaf explants, stem explants showed good callus induction and a low death rate on SIM supplemented only with BA. Stem explants dead on TDZ-supplemented SIM, with death rate of 0.35 to 0.95 per explant, which was comparable to that of leaf explants on the same medium. However, compared to that of leaf explants, a 50 to 100


Total Costs with Shipping for OpenCart (v. 1.5*-3.*)
Using the payment matrix, the module allows you to determine the total cost of the goods, including additional charges
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Tags: Total, costs with shipping, costs with delivery, shipping costs, delivery costs, Opencart
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 The Total Costs with Shipping module helps to display the valid price of the goods to buyers from different countries using clear parameters.
 Increase customer loyalty and reduce purchase rejection using the Total Costs with Shipping module.
 Since the total cost of the product is calculated dynamically based on price adjustments, area-specific shipping costs and other criteria available to the buyer.
 How it works?
 The module provides an understandable system of rules with many options. That's, you can quickly and easily customize methods of shipping and payment to suit your business needs.
 Add a method, assign cost values, and enable.
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 All settings are saved in the database to a backup file. You can also manually restore a backup of the settings or save the backup file after editing the settings.
 The following types of rules are available for choose:
- Adjustments: fee adjustments, minimum / maximum fees, rounding fees, application of tax classes, determination of total cost.
- Location criteria: country, geographic area, zone.
- Order criteria: currency, language, store, customer group.
 For the created rules, you can define the sort order relative to each other. This sets the priorities for the rules.
- Improve customer satisfaction.
- Let the customer choose the shipping method himself.
- Add unlimited quantity of payments using the admin panel.
- Create rules of payments adjustment.
- Set payment options based on customer location criterion.
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- Download and install the plugin;
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- Create payment rules based on the customer location criteria;
- Set the final cost of the order depending on the currency, language, store, customer group;
- Test the created rules for correct display during ordering on the website;
- Save changes and increase customer confidence.
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text:
- deer (n.)
- Old English deor "animal, beast," from Proto-Germanic *deuzam, the general Germanic word for "animal" (as opposed to man), but often restricted to "wild animal" (cf. Old Frisian diar, Dutch dier, Old Norse dyr, Old High German tior, German Tier "animal," Gothic dius "wild animal," also cf. reindeer), from PIE *dheusom "creature that breathes," from root *dheu- (1) "cloud, breath" (cf. Lithuanian dusti "gasp," dvesti "gasp, perish;" Old Church Slavonic dychati "breathe").
For prehistoric sense development, cf. Latin animal from anima "breath"). Sense specialization to a specific animal began in Old English (usual Old English for what we now call a deer was heorot; see hart), common by 15c., now complete. Probably via hunting, deer being the favorite animal of the chase (cf. Sanskrit mrga- "wild animal," used especially for "deer"). Deer-lick is first attested 1778, in an American context.


text:
How to Remove Write Protection From Pendrive in Windows?
Today RFD is going to Provide a Solution For "The Disk is write Protected. Remove the Write-Protection or use another Disk" Error.
1. Editing the Registries to Remove write protection from USB drive Follow the steps one after another to more write protection from the Pen drive.
1. Press CTRL + R to open the RUN box.
2. Type REGEDIT and hit enter.
3. Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE > SYSTEM > CurrentControlSet > Control > StorageDevicePoliciesand hit enter.
4. Give a double click on the WRITE PROTECT and a box will open in that enter the Value as 0 and press OK button.
5. Now restart your PC and again connect your USB pen drive to your computer and verify. That's it hopefully it will work.
Note: – In case you can't find the "StorageDevicesPolicies" in the Registry settings follow the steps below
1. Open your Notepad and copy the below code to it
CurrentControlSet\Control\ StorageDevicePolicies" /t Reg_dword/v WriteProtect /f /d 1
2. Now save this as add.bat (it should be with.bat extension or else it won't work) and run it.
3. Now continue the above process and it will work fine.
2. Formatting the Pen drive before OS boots to Remove Write protection Follow the below steps carefully to remove write protection from the USB storage drives
1. Shut down your PC/LAPTOP
2. Connect your USB drive to your PC/LAPTOP and turn it ON. While the system is booting press F8 continuously and advanced booting option screen will open.
3. In that select Safe mode with command prompt.
4. After the files loads, in the command prompt navigate to the drive of your pen drive.At first it will look something like this C:\windows\system32>now let your drive letter is"H". Then you have to type C:\windows\system32>H:and hit enter.
5. Now type H:\>format H:
it will again ask you for confirmation of Yes or No (Y/N). Type Y and hit Enter. By doing this your pen drive will get completely formatted, which will remove the write protection from it.
3. Using Command prompt to remove Write protection from Sandiskpen-drive Follow the below mentioned steps to remove write protection from the PEN DRIVES
1. Press CTRL + R and open the RUN box.
2. Type CMD to open the command prompt window
3. In the command prompt type DISKPART and hit enter
4. A new command window will open, in that again type LIST DISK and hit Enter
5. Now again type "Attributes disk clear read-only" and hit enter You can even try this method to format your Pen drive completely and remove write protection from it.
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Astrophysics (Index)About
Lambda Boötis star
(λ Boo)
(peculiar star with metallicity only with lighter elements)
A Lambda Boötis star (λ Boo) is a chemically peculiar star, apparently a Population I star, generally A-type. with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen metallicity much like the Sun, but with much less iron and heavier elements. Lambda Boötis (λ Boötis) is the prototype. On the order of 50-100 are known, and not explained: theories include attributes of the star-forming region, or accretion of less-iron-rich gas after formation.
(star type,metallicity,iron)
Further reading:
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
Referenced by pages:
chemically peculiar star (CP star)
Index


text:
Recent research has revealed that self-referential processing enhances perceptual judgments — the so-called self-prioritization effect. The extent and origin of this effect remains unknown, however. Noting the multifaceted nature of the self, here we hypothesized that temporal influences on self-construal (i.e., past/future-self continuity) may serve as an important determinant of stimulus prioritization. Specifically, as representations of the self increase in abstraction as a function of temporal distance (i.e., distance from now), self-prioritization may only emerge when stimuli are associated with the current self. The results of three experiments supported this prediction. Self-relevance only enhanced performance in a standard perceptual-matching task when stimuli (i.e., geometric shapes) were connected with the current self; representations of the self in the future (Expts. 1 & 2) and past (Expt. 3) failed to facilitate decision making. To identify the processes underlying task performance, data were interrogated using a hierarchical drift diffusion model (HDDM) approach. Results of these analyses revealed that self-prioritization was underpinned by a stimulus bias (i.e., rate of information uptake). Collectively, these findings elucidate when and how self-relevance influences decisional processing.
Bibliographical noteOpen Access via Springer Compact Agreement
- social cognition
- temporal construal
- drift diffusion model


text:
Main Article Content
The paper considers a periodic differential inclusion with an asymptotically stable set. The uniform character of convergence of solutions to an asymptotically stable set is established. An exponential estimate is obtained for solutions of a periodic differential inclusion homogeneous in state vector. Examples of control systems leading to consideration of periodic differential inclusions are given. These results can find applications in the stability analysis of control systems with periodic parameters, in particular, servomechanisms whose elements operate on AC, control systems with pulse amplitude modulation, and systems used to solve problems related to investigating vibrations of milling machines.


text:
piSignage has multiple audio capabilities and is used in number of different applications.
- Audio source - Audio files of format MP3 or AAC, MP4 video can be uploaded. Audio streams such as Shoutcast, Internet Radio can be added as Streaming link. For more details refer to support article.
- Background Music - Audio file or stream can be selected to play in background by selecting "play in background" checkbox next to the music asset. The background music can be for slideshow of images or as a audio for the video files which are muted.
- Lounge Music - While piSignage is used for signage applications, lounge music can be provided from the 3.5mm aux port. This is done by adding mp3 files to a playlist and set the type of playlist as audio playlist. The audio playlist is then added to the Group and scheduled as needed.
- Selection of Audio from other zone videos - By selecting mute option for the main zone video, other zone audio or background music can be played. The order of audio selection is Main > Side > Bottom > Background Audio
- Volume can be selected under Group settings in terms of percentage of full volume.
- Same Audio is played on both HDMI and aux ports unless Lounge music option is selected.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Familiar, as by study or experience: conversant with medieval history.
- adj. Able to converse knowledgeably: "By... using a library of your personal design, you will find yourself more knowledgeable and, eventually, more conversant, on topics of interest to you" ( Tom Kelley).
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Having frequent or customary intercourse; intimately associating; familiar by companionship; acquainted: followed by with, formerly also by among.
- Acquainted by familiar use or study; having a thorough or intimate knowledge or proficiency: followed generally by with, formerly and still occasionally by in.
- Having concern or connection; concerned, occupied, or engaged: followed by with or about.
- Synonyms Versed (in), skilled (in), proficient (in).
- adj. closely familiar; current; having frequent interaction
- adj. familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed
- n. One who converses with another.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Having frequent or customary intercourse; familiary associated; intimately acquainted.
- adj. Familiar or acquainted by use or study; well-informed; versed; -- generally used with
with, sometimes with in.
- adj. Concerned; occupied.
- n. rare One who converses with another; a convenser.
- adj. (usually followed by 'with') well informed about or knowing thoroughly
- Middle English conversaunt, associated with, from Old French conversant, present participle of converser, to associate with, from Latin conversārī; see converse1. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"Athens on the 27th day of the 7th month, in the year accounted 1657, being the first day of the week, the day of Greek solemn worship, and to have been "conversant" with Carlo Dessio and Gumeno Stephaci, "called Greek doctors."
"The judge said that he knew the legislation had been changed to meet some of the concerns but that he was not "conversant" with the latest figures regarding prisoners detained beyond their minimum sentence."
"India (59 per cent), Australia (58 per cent) and New Zealand (58 per cent) are home to the most "conversant" consumers in the region."
"There, individuals who are accustomed to, say, the metric system must also be conversant with the imperial system now embattled even in the kingdom of its formerly eponymous empire, Britain pretty much solely for the purpose of taking the American test."
"The Mondale model helps assure that the constitutional successor is fully conversant with the issues our government faces."
"So I'm not only conversant but experienced in what it takes to create theater, including theater featuring women and girls."
"Although he has lectured on architecture at Harvard and Rice, he is also fully conversant with pop culture."
"Fuller was in demand as a "conversationalist" and for a while earned her living appearing at women-only seminars in Boston, where she would opine on literature, history, philosophy and other subjects on which the ladies' Harvard-educated husbands, fathers and brothers were already conversant."
"Mr. Perry, aiming to reintroduce himself to voters before the Jan. 3 Iowa caucuses, is casting himself as a political outsider equally conversant in job creation and scripture—with a heavy emphasis, at times, on the latter."
"Winston Churchill was thoroughly conversant with the Bible."
These user-created lists contain the word 'conversant'.
A complete Barron's Wordlist for GRE preparation. Your online flashcard replacement.
A list of words that are odd or words that I have looked up.
words I read but don't know
Looking for tweets for conversant.


text:
Low insertion loss, high isolation RF MEM switches have been thought of as one of the most attractive devices for space-based reconfigurable antenna and integrated circuit applications. Many RF MEMS switch topologies have been reported and they all show superior RF characteristics compared to semiconductor-based counterparts. At the University of Illinois, we developed state-of-the-art broadband low-voltage RF MEM switches using cantilever and hinged topologies. We demonstrated promising sub-10 volts operation for both switch topologies. The switches have an insertion loss of less than 0.1 dB, and an isolation of better than 25 dB over the frequency range from 0.25 to 40 GHz. The RF Model of the MEM switch was also established. The low voltage RF MEM switches will provide a solution for low voltage and highly linear switching methods for the next generation of broadband RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave circuits.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||15|
|Journal||Active and Passive Electronic Components|
|State||Published - 2002|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


candela (millicandela) to lumen conversion wizard
This calculator allows you to do an approximate conversion between millicandelas (or candelas) and lumens for an LED where you know the beam angle. The reason it's approximate is because the specs don't usually include information about how the luminous intensity (in candelas) was measured. This calculator is perhaps most useful in comparing the light output of LEDs with different beam angles.
To briefly explain the math the wizard does, it simply applies the conversion 1 candela = 1 lumen/steradian. To do this, it converts the beam angle you supply into a solid angle in units of steradians.
The likely thing for a manufacturer to do is to list their luminous intensity spec in the most favorable way possible. So it can be the case that this wizard provides inaccurate values--this happens because the assumption in the wizard is that the luminous intensity value you supply represents an average value across the beam angle you supply. It's too tempting for the suppliers to list a maximum value instead, since there is not a standard for measuring this. Beware especially of wide-angle LEDs, which will probably be distorted the most by this calculation.
luminous intensity (millicandelas) Help
beam angle (degrees) Help
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text:
Article 9.23 - Off-Site Land Clearing & inert debris (LCID) & Construction & Demolition (C&D) Landfills
Off-Site LCID and C&D Landfills are permitted in the SP District subject to a Special Use Permit, according to the procedures of Section 11.4.10. The Town Board shall issue a Special Use Permit for the subject facility in the SP District if, but not unless, the evidence presented at the Special Use Permit hearing establishes the conditions below.
- That the site will operate in compliance with the rules according to NCDENR for C&D and LCID landfills, as amended.
- That the comprehensive site plan addresses each of the environmental and development standards below:
a )A landfill which would be larger than 10 acres shall be accessed from a major or minor thoroughfare or from a street built to Industrial Collector Street standards that connects directly to a major or minor thoroughfare. Landfills 10 acres or less must directly connect to a major or minor thoroughfare, or to an Industrial Collector Street or Industrial Local Street where available. However, if such thoroughfares or streets are not reasonable available, the Board may nevertheless issue a special use permit upon finding that the use for which the permit is granted would not likely cause any injurious effect on the property adjacent to the access.
b) That the proposed or existing use will be in compliance with the rules and regulations as established by the Traffic Impact Analysis (TIA) Article 14.
c) Neither clearing, grading, land disturbing activities nor any portion of a C&D or LCID landfill may be located within 100 feet of any exterior property line. Further, the buffer requirements for the site are required per the state permitting criteria. The requirements stated below take precedence over any and all modification made by the state unless the state standards become more restrictive.
- 500-foot buffer from existing residential water supply wells to fill area.
- 200-foot buffer from adjacent property to fill area.
- No fill in designated wetlands or the FEMA and/or Community Special Flood Hazard Areas.
- 50-foot buffer from delineated streams.
- 50-foot buffer from road right-of-way to fill area (non-state requirement).
d) Driveway access to the facility must be paved for a distance of at least 100' from the public street.
e) Vehicular and pedestrian access to the site must be controlled; the site must be closed and secured during hours when filling activities are not under way. A non-climbable fence, at least 6' high, shall be installed around the landfill and all of its operations as a safety device. These fences must be constructed of wire mesh with openings not to exceed 2 inches by 4 inches or equivalent and must be placed on the interior side of screening/buffering devices.
f) All driveways which serve the site must be wide enough to accommodate two-way traffic for a distance of at least 100' from the public street so that no traffic waiting to enter the site will be backed up on any public right-of-way.
3. That the landfill operator will be responsible for removal of any and all debris, dirt, or other materials which fall from trucks entering or leaving the landfill from all adjoining streets on at least a weekly basis. Failure to comply constitutes a violation of this ordinance and may constitute grounds for revocation of the operating permit.
4. That the use of the site for any purpose shall be limited to the hours of 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. Monday through Saturday, if the site adjoins or is across the street from property located in a residential district.
5. That a timetable has been submitted with the application indicating the development phases and the projected life expectancy of the landfill.
6. That a reclamation plan is provided that shows how the site will be reclaimed upon the closing of the landfill. The reclamation plan shall state the proposed method of conservatorship and perpetual maintenance or use. It shall demonstrate that the site, when closed, will pose no threat to public safety; that the finished contours and groundcover will reestablish a compatible appearance with surrounding lands and buildings; and that the method of maintenance or use will cause no future environmental degradation.
7. An existing LCID landfill shall not be required to be brought into compliance with the provisions of this ordinance provided:
a) The landfill has been continuously operating since 1990 and was not within the zoning jurisdiction of the Town of Huntersville in 1991;
b) The landfill has a valid LCID or demolition landfill permit and/or obtains any renewals of the LCID or demolition landfill permit required by the State of North Carolina and/or Mecklenburg County;
c) The landfill has a closure plan approved by the State of North Carolina and/or Mecklenburg County; and
d) In no event shall the landfill operate under a demolition landfill permit later than December 4, 2016 and further provided that on the earlier of the final date permitted for operation of the landfill or the date the landfill permanently ceases operation, the owner and/or operator of the landfill shall immediately commence and continuously pursue to completion closure of the landfill according to the provisions of the then current closure plan approved by the State of North Carolina and/or Mecklenburg County. Failure to complete closure according to such approved plan shall be a violation of this ordinance enforceable by all remedies and penalties available to the Town.
e) In no event shall a landfill operate under an LCID landfill permit later than March 3, 2028 and further provided that on the earlier of the final date permitted for operation of the landfill or the date the landfill permanently ceases operation, the owner and/or operator of the landfill shall immediately commence and continuously pursue to completion closure plan approved by the State of North Carolina and/or Mecklenburg County. Failure to complete closure according to such approved plan shall be a violation of this ordinance enforceable by all remedies and penalties available to the Town. Recycling from an LCID landfill shall be considered an LCID activity and shall not be considered an expansion for purposes of determining nonconformance.
f) A landfill operating under an LCID landfill permit as described in e) shall meet the following requirements to the extent reasonably practicable without violating County, State, or Federal regulations:
(1) In the event that, after September 5, 2017, a driveway is permitted to replace an existing permitted driveway for the facility, the new driveway shall be paved for a distance of 100 feet from the public right of way, or, if the Planning Director determines that 100 feet or pavement is not reasonable due to topographic conditions, for such lesser distance as is determined by the Planning Director;
(2) Landscaping along street frontages to the extent commercially reasonable; and
(3) The landfill operator will be responsible for removal of any and all debris, dirt, or other materials which fall from trucks entering or leaving the landfill from all adjoining streets on at least a weekly basis, or more as needed.
8. Any existing C&D landfill shall be permitted to continue operation in the zone in which it is located provided the landfill has an unexpired special use permit. Any expansion beyond the property boundary of an existing C&D landfill as approved on November 11, 2005 must be located in the SP district with a special use permit in accordance with the provisions of this Section.


[Solved] Android "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" Error Message
[Solved] Android "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" Error Message
Solve "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" Error message
Solve "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" Error message
Development of the Android applications has become one of the most common activities in today's time. Android Studio is software that lets you develop your Android application without any hassle. The applications on the Android Studio are developed with the help of JAVA language. Hence, the computer also requires JDK. JDK can be downloaded from Oracle.com and installed easily. However, there are times when problems arise during this process and an error message saying "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" appears on the screen. Here is all you need to know about the reasons and the solutions for this error.
The Reasons for"Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" Error message
Downloading and operating a complicated software on your computer is not an easy task, and there are times when numerous problems arise while installing them. Same is the case with the Android Studio application. Multiple reasons can cause the "Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" error to appear on your page.
 - You have saved the JDK file in a folder you are unable to find, and your computer is unable to detect.
 - You are following the wrong path for the installation or selection of the required JDK directory.
 - There are two versions of JDK for different kinds of processors including the 32 bit and the 64-bit In many cases, the wrong version is downloaded, and this causes this error message.
How to Solve This Error
The ", Please Choose a Valid JDK Directory" error can be easily solved by some simple steps. The reason most people are unable to resolve it is that of the presence of numerous files with the similar names on the computer. However here are some of the most effective solutions to your problem:
 - The first solution to the problem can be done in the following steps:
 1. Open the terminal and enter echo $JAVA_HOME
 2. Now, copy the path that is shown on the terminal by clicking on Ctrl + Shift + C.
 3. Paste the copied path in the Project Structure column of the Android Studio.
 4. The software will start analyzing and recognizing the settings. Once it has recognized it, the update will start.
 5. No wrong JDK message appears.
 - There is a possibility that you might have installed the JDK file in some other folder. Look for it on your computer and select it to solve this error.
 - The next method to get rid of the error message is by:
 1. Installing the JDK again and updating the JAVA_HOME environmental variable.
 2. Go to My Computers. Click on the Properties option and then click on Advance.
 3. Download the JDK again and install it by following the steps shown on the screen.
 4. The last step is to update the JAVA_HOME environmental variable with JDK bin path.
 5. Now try the process again, and you will not be shown the error message.
 - Make sure you have downloaded the right kind of JDK from the 32 bit and 64-bit versions on your computer.
Make sure that you try out all the steps given above to solve your issue. If you still have a problem and are unable to rectify it, give the helpline number of the Android studio a call, and they will give you the full assistance.
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text:
Mälardalen University (MDH) is a young and modern university focusing on applied research and education in close cooperation with industry. MDH participates in the SafeCOP project through the research direction Embedded Systems (ES) at the School of Innovation, Design and Engineering (IDT). ES is the leading research profile at MDH, and the leading group in Sweden in Embedded Systems related research.
The research at ES is organized in 10 mutually supportive and cooperating groups and focus on themes such as:
- Industrial software engineering including technology and processes for complex products
- Embedded Systems Software Engineering
- Design methodologies for real-time dependable systems
- Static analysis of software
- Design methods, architectures and communication for embedded systems
ES hosts several large strategic initiatives in close collaboration with Swedish industry, such as the DPAC research profile, the national research programs as SYNOPSIS and FIC, the industrial graduate school ITS EASY. The SafeCOP related research at MDH will involve multiple research groups and will target to extend the state-of-the art in:
- System-of-systems safety certification
- Predictable wireless networking
MDH envision the emergence of a viable, holistic and industrial strength approach to facilitate efficient safety certification of embedded systems-of-systems developed from certified components.
- Hans Hansson
- Sasikumar Punnekkat
- Elisabeth Uhlemann
- Mats Björkman


text:
Lay off and short time working
Lay off is a temporary measure where an employee is required not to do any work by their employer in any given week and does not receive any salary for that period. This is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to redundancies; however, this is not correct and lay-off is different to redundancy.
Lay-off may be very useful to achieve short or medium-term cost savings in response to a temporary reduction in demand for products or services. Whether the employer has the right to implement lay-offs and how swiftly they can expect to be able to do so will depend on whether the relevant contracts of employment have specific provisions which deal with lay-off.
Short time working is where an employer temporarily reduces an employee's working hours, with a corresponding reduction in their pay to less than 50% of their usual salary. This could be through reducing the number of working days, reducing the length of working days or a combination of both.
Short time working provides the employer with the ability to reduce staffing costs whilst providing flexibility in deciding the form of working pattern. As with lay-off, whether the employer has the right to unilaterally impose short-time working and how swiftly they can expect to practically implement this will depend on whether the relevant contracts of employment contain a short time working clause.
Where there is a contractual right to lay off or impose short time working: There is no strict process which has to be followed. We would advise transparent communication and confirmation in writing.
Where there is no contractual right: Imposing these options without a contractual right to do so will be a fundamental breach of the employee's contract of employment. In these circumstances the employee's options are: accept the situation and keep working; claim for lost pay; resign and claim constructive dismissal. The best approach for employers in these circumstances is to instead seek to agree lay-off or short-time working arrangements with employees.
Selecting employees for lay-off or short time working: There is no prescribed method for selecting which employees are to be laid-off or placed on short-time working, provided that the employee cannot argue that the method of selection is discriminatory in some way. We would advise selection based on objective business reasons.
Entitlement to pay during lay-off or short time working: Employees must be paid for the time they work. Additionally, while on lay off or short time working, an employee is entitled to receive statutory guarantee pay for the first 5 workless days in any 3-month period. The maximum statutory guarantee pay in any 3-month period is £150 (i.e. £30 for each workless day up to a maximum of 5).
Entitlement to statutory redundancy pay: Once employees have been on lay-off or on short-time working for 4 consecutive weeks or for a combined total of 6 weeks during any 13-week period, they may seek to claim a statutory redundancy payment (provided that they have two years' service). There is a prescriptive process for this – please seek advice.