to protect native third-party listener applications using the SSO infrastructure. With the help of the Oracle SSO Plug-In, users can be authenticated to different third-party listener applications using only one SSO password. You can integrate these SSO-protected third-party listener applications with SSO-enabled Oracle HTTP Server applications or legacy Oracle SSO enabled applications as long as they are all protected on the same SSO server.
Oracle SSO Plug-In is a simple version of mod_osso, and only implements some of its basic functionality. Features such as dynamic authentication, global logout, idle timeout, global timeout, and basic authentication for legacy application are not implemented in the current Oracle SSO Plug-In release.
Figure A-2 illustrates the process when a user requests a URL protected by the Oracle SSO Plug-In.
Figure A-2 Oracle SSO Plug-In
Description of Figure A-2 follows
Description of "Figure A-2 Oracle SSO Plug-In"
 1. The user requests a URL through a Web browser.
 2. The Web server looks for an Oracle SSO Plug-In cookie for the user. If the cookie exists, the Web server extracts the user's information and uses it to log the user in to the requested application.
 3. If the cookie does not exist, the Oracle SSO Plug-In redirects the user to the single sign-on server.
 4. The single sign-on server looks for its own cookie in the browser. If a cookie exists, then the single sign-on server authenticates using the cookie. If authentication is successful, then the single sign-on server creates a cookie in the browser as a reminder that the user has been authenticated. If it finds none, it tries to authenticate the user with a user name and password.
 5. The single sign-on server returns the user's encrypted information to the Oracle SSO Plug-In.
 6. Oracle SSO Plug-In creates its own cookie for the user in the browser and redirects the user to the requested URL.
 During the same session, if the user again seeks access to the same or to a different application, the user is not prompted for a user name and password. The application uses an HTTP header to obtain this information from the Oracle SSO Plug-In session cookie.
A.2.2 Installing Oracle SSO Plug-In
Oracle SSO Plug-In for Microsoft IIS is available on the Oracle Fusion Middleware Web Tier and Utilities CD from Microsoft Windows, which is included in your Oracle Fusion Middleware CD Pack.
Install Oracle SSO Plug-In on a system that has an Oracle Fusion Middleware installation. This installation is required only for the network and security dependent libraries and the single sign-on registration tool. It is not required to be running.
Place the configuration file and shared library in directories that are accessible to the third-party listener. For security reasons, ensure that all the configuration files and plug-in libraries are given minimum privileges.
Table A-2 contains information about the shared libraries for Oracle SSO Plug-In.
Table A-2 Oracle SSO Plug-In Shared Libraries
Listener Location and Description
Microsoft IIS
Location:
 - \Disk1\plugins\iis\oracle_osso.dll
To install the plug-in for the listener, copy oracle_osso.dll to a directory the listener can access.
A.2.3 Registering with the Oracle Single Sign-On Server
The single sign-on registration process enables the single sign-on server and the listener to share information such as server location, protocol version, and common encryption key, before they communicate. After the registration process, this information is stored on the single sign-on server side as a single sign-on partner application entry. On the listener side, a single sign-on file called osso_conf is created. The osso_conf file is obfuscated for security purposes. Copy the file to an appropriate location so the listener can access it.
A.2.4 Configuring the Oracle SSO Plug-In
To configure Oracle SSO Plug-In, you must create a configuration file such as the osso_plugin.conf file. This file must reside in a directory that is readable by the third-party listener. You define all the plug-in functionality within the file. It can also be referred as the osso property file. The file contains the following:
 - Plug-in directives such as LoginServerFile and IpCheck
 - A set of rules that match resources to be protected.
A.2.4.1 Oracle SSO Plug-In Directives
Table A-3 lists the configuration directives for the Oracle SSO Plug-In.
Table A-3 Oracle SSO Plug-In Configuration Directives
Directive Function
LoginServerFile
Specifies the location of the single sign-on server configuration file such as the osso.conf file that is attained from the SSO registration process.
This is a global parameter and should not be used on a per-resource basis. You must provide one and only one single sign-on server configuration file.
 - Value: The full path of your Single Sign-On Server configuration file
 - Default: None
 - Example: LoginServerFile=c:\OSSO\config\osso.conf
IpCheck
Specifies whether the Oraclr SSO plug-in should check the IP address of each request when it examines the cookie. Setting it to true prevents cookies from being accessed by another person.
 - Values: true | false
 - Default: false
 - Example: IpCheck=true
Note: Set it to false if you have a proxy server or firewall between your third-party listener and your client browsers.
A.2.4.2 Rules to Protect Resources
To ensure resource protection via the Oracle SSO Plug-In, a set of rules must be defined. The rules are defined according to the following format:
<OSSO url-matching-rule>
 SSO_configuration_directives
</OSSO>
Use the following rules to define the url-matching-rule:
Rule Name Description
Exact Match This option identifies an exact file as a protected resource, for example: /examples/hello.html
Context Match This option identifies a directory as a protected resource, for example: /examples/*
Extension Match This option identifies files with a certain extension in a particular directory as a protected resource, for example: /examples/*.jsp
When multiple rules apply to the same URL, the following precedence applies:
 1. Exact matches
 2. Longest context match plus suffix match
 3. Longest context match
Some examples of the precedence are:
 - /foo/bar/index.html would take precedence over /foo/bar/*
 - /foo/bar/*.jsp would take precedence over /foo/bar/*
 - /foo/bar/* would take precedence over /foo/*
Example A-2 shows a simple file with the commands for resource protection. In the example, the IpCheck directive is set to false for the /private/hello.html file, but it is set to true for /private2/*.jsp. This setting ensures the cookies used with requests to the /private2/*.jsp files are not accessed by another user.
Example A-2 Simple Single Sign-on Configuration File, osso_plugin.conf
LoginServerFile=c:\OSSO\conf\osso.conf
<OSSO /private/hello.html>
 IpCheck=false
</OSSO>
<OSSO /private1/*>
</OSSO>
<OSSO /private2/*.jsp>
 IpCheck=true
</OSSO>
A.2.5 Configuring Microsoft IIS 6.0 Listener to Use Oracle Single Sign-On
This section provides instructions on configuring the Microsoft IIS 6.0 Listener to use Oracle SSO Plug-In. The plug-in consists of a single .dll file, oracle_osso.dll. To install the plug-in, copy the .dll to the host on which Microsoft IIS 6.0 resides and perform the following steps:
 1. Use the Microsoft Windows Registry Editor to create new registry entries.
 1. From the Start menu, Select Run, and the type regedit in the dialog box, and click OK. The Registry Editor window opens
 2. Expand the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE folder by clicking the plus sign (+) preceding its name In the Registry Editor window.
 3. Expand the SOFTWARE folder by clicking the plus sign (+) preceding its name, and then Click the ORACLE folder.
 4. From the Edit menu, select New > Key. A new folder is added under the ORACLE folder with the name New Key #1.
 5. Enter IIS OSSO Adapter for the key name.
 6. From the Edit menu, select New > String Value. A new value is added in the right window pane with the name New Value #1. Enter cfg_file for the value name.
 7. From the Edit menu, select Modify. The Edit String dialog box appears.
 8. In the Value data field, enter the full path of the OSSO plug-in configuration file you created (e.g., c:\osso\osso_plugin.conf).
 Note:
 This is the plug-in configuration file and not the encrypted osso.conf file generated by


text:
An aspect of this that isn't covered by the other answers is the following: you say "we are assuming that an externally applied force is pulling the wall out. It's not the gas that is pushing the wall out." But imagine for a moment that the wall is not moving. The gas is pushing on the wall, so in order for it to remain stationary there must be another force pushing in the other direction.
Now, if we suddenly removed this pushing force and started pulling on the wall, it would move very rapidly, because our pull would be added to the gas's push. If we want the wall to move slowly then we shouldn't stop the force that's pushing the wall inwards, but just reduce it very slightly, and allow the gas to do the work of pushing the wall outwards.
So if the wall is moving slowly then it really is the gas that's doing the work of moving it, and not a pulling force from somewhere else. That's why energy can be lost from the gas in this situation without violating the conservation of energy.
Update to address a comment
Russ comments comments that if the wall wasn't moving then no work would be done. The question, then, is what makes the case of a moving wall different?
The short answer is that work $=$ force $\times$ distance, so if the wall does not move then distance $=0$ and so no work is done, whereas if it does move then the distance is greater than $0$ and so the work is positive.
However, that might not be very enlightening, so let's do a little thought experiment. Let's replace the wall with a piston. We won't assume this piston has an infinite mass. Let's say that the piston is rigid (held together by electromagnetic forces, as Russ says). We'll say that it's not moving right now and is held in place just by being a very tight fit to its mantle. ("Mantle" being the technical term for the cylindrical sleeve that a piston fits into.) Outside of the piston is a vacuum, just so that there's nothing else pushing on it.
This is the same situation as the box - the piston is held in place by its rigidity and its connection to the sides - it's just that making it into a piston makes the next bit easier to explain.
Now let's imagine that the gas starts to push the piston outwards very slowly. In this case the pushing force of the gas is almost, but not completely, balanced by the friction of the piston against the mantle walls. We know there must be friction because if there wasn't then the gas would push the piston out very rapidly.
Now, since there is friction there must be heat generated as the piston rubs against the mantle. Heat is a form of energy, so the question to ask yourself is, where is that energy coming from? There's nothing touching the piston other than the mantle and the gas, so the only place it really can come from is the kinetic energy of the gas molecules. The total amount of heat produced is equal to the force the gas exerts on the piston, multiplied by the distance it moves.
If you understand this example it might help you to see why the case where you remove a sequence of stationary walls is different. In this case there is nothing moving against a frictional force, so there's no heat being generated, and there's nowhere else that the molecules' kinetic energy can go. This is why the energy of a gas does not change when it expands into a vacuum but does change when it pushes against a moving wall.
Finally, it's worth commenting on the difference in approach between this answer and the other ones. In the other answers, the wall was assumed to move slowly not because there was an opposing force but because the wall was infinitely heavy. If there is no opposing force and the wall is not very heavy then the pressure of the gas will accelerate it until it is not travelling slowly any more. The "heavy wall" approach allows you to do the kinematic calculations to see how the energy is lost from individual particles, whereas the "opposing force" picture allows you to see what's happening to the energy on a more macroscopic level. But the same amount of energy will be lost from the gas in either case (the gas can't "know" whether there's a heavy wall or an opposing force), and understanding both cases helps you to get a more complete picture of what's going on.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry ("Ministry") published the Communiqué No. 2019/48 on Professionals That Must Be Employed at Food and Feed Premises ("Communiqué") in the Official Gazette on December 6, 2019. The Communiqué sets forth the relevant food and feed premises, as well as the professions of the personnel that the premises must employ depending on the type and nature of the commercial activity carried out.
Pursuant to Article 22 of the Law No. 5996 on Veterinary Services, Plant Health, Food and Feed ("Law"), depending on the type and nature of the commercial activity, certain food and feed premises must employ at least one personnel holding a degree relevant to the activities of the premises. The Law authorizes the Ministry to amend the food and feed premises and personnel professions list based on scientific facts and current conditions.
Accordingly, the Communiqué updates the list of relevant food and feed premises, and expanded the scope of the personnel list. Food technologists and bioengineers are added to the list of personnel that certain food and feed premises must employ.
The food and food premises and personnel list is available here (in Turkish).
The Ministry continues to take active steps to ensure food and feed safety. In this respect, all food and feed premises should regularly follow the Ministry's announcements, carefully review the food and feed premises and personnel lists under the Communiqué and evaluate their business activities accordingly to ensure compliance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Moving Forward To Modernize Environmental Approvals
McGuinty Government Seeks Public Input On Proposed Direction
Ontario wants to make it easier for businesses to apply for and obtain environmental approvals while increasing protection of the environment.
Public comment is being invited on a proposed model until April 16, 2010.
The new model would be introduced over the next two years and focus resources on activities that pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment. Anticipated changes outlined in this Environmental Registry posting include:
- improving and simplifying the application process
- introducing a new, public electronic environmental registry to enhance transparency
- focusing on businesses or facilities with poor compliance records
- improving standards of environmental protection and compliance.
Known as a risk-based approach, the proposal recognizes that not all requests require the same level of review. The province is looking at an approach that streamlines approvals for low-risk activities and focuses resources and efforts on activities that pose the greatest risk to public health and the environment.
Modernizing approvals is a key part of the government's Open for Business initiative which aims to create faster, smarter government-to-business services while protecting the public interest.
- The proposed risk-based approach is consistent with practices in other jurisdictions, including California and Oklahoma.
- A round table of experts from environmental groups and the business community will also provide advice on matters related to developing and implementing the new process.
- Ontario receives more than 6,000 requests for Certificates of Approval each year. These certificates ensure that facilities in the province comply with environmental laws.
- As of September 2009, Ontario eliminated a backlog of approximately 1,700 applications for Certificates of Approval.
"This is the first step in building a modern approval system for the 21st century. We need to continue enhancing Ontario's environmental protection while improving service delivery to business. We look forward to working with stakeholders and the public to develop an approvals system that achieves that balance."
"Pollution Probe recognizes the need to streamline approvals for industrial activities. A relative risk approach could help align the process with changing market needs, while maintaining environmental protection. This is a considerable challenge, and Pollution Probe looks forward to being engaged in this process."
"We are pleased that the Ontario government has heard our call to action and has committed to developing modern environmental approvals that are more effective for business, while continuing to protect the environment."


text:
URBAN PLANNING IN LIBYA – EVOLUTION, LEVELS, PROBLEMS
AbstractUrban planning in Libya in general effectively contributed to preparation of comprehensive and the public plans for all Libyan cities. especially after the issuance of Law No. (5) of 1969, concerning the planning of cities and villages, three key schemes have been developed in three stages starting from the first phase for years 1968 to 1988, and the second stage years from 1988 to 2000, and the third stage years 2000 to 2025. Goal of such schemes is to make a balance between the natural increase of population and urban mass, in order to achieve urban development and environment and preserve of the environment and urban environment from degradation and the spread of degraded areas in Libyan cities. But a number of problems disrupted the planning, and have had effects on the urban development in Libya.


JavaEar 专注于收集分享传播有价值的技术资料
5个回答
 最佳答案
 1. 参考答案2
 2. I had the same issue, and I fixed it. Please follow the steps below, and you can create your war file.
 1. Right-click on folder project.
 2. Click on properties.
 3. Go to project facets.
 4. Activate, if necessary.
 5. Scroll down to Configuration and mark Dynamic Web Module.
 This works for me.
 3. 参考答案3
 4. In my case error went off when the war file name matched the project name of the eclipse. Its easy to choose one from the drop down box.
 enter image description here
 5. 参考答案4
 6. I am not sure about the exact cause. But this gets resolved most of the times if you give the exporting project war file name just same as the project name in the IDE
 7. 参考答案5
 8. In Eclipse STS
 1. Right-click on folder project.
 2. Click on properties.
 3. Go to project facets.
 4. Choose your Java 1.8
 5. Scroll down to Configuration and mark Dynamic Web Module.
 After that, it works fine.


text:
Heart of Atlantis
The Heart of Atlantis is a crystalline artifact that featured in Atlantis: The Lost Empire.
The Heart of Atlantis was an ancient artifact located on Earth in the centre of the ancient Human city of Atlantis where it served as a potent power source for the advanced race. Though it appeared as a great diamond or power source, it was in actuality the life force for the Atlantean people and the reason their civilization survived the great catacylsm. The crystal had a deep connection to the Atlantean people as it was considered a deity and that it was a part of the people of Atlantis. In times of danger, the crystal chose a host which it embued with its powers in order to protect itself - this host had to be of royal blood. It was sentient and was partially alive as it was powered by the collective emotions of all the Atlanteans that died. In return for this, it provided power and longevity to the Atlantean people as well as protection. As the crystal grew, it developed a consciousness of its own.
During the ancient times when Atlantis lived on the surface of the world, its King grew arrogant after seeing the crystals power. He used it as a weapon of war in order to conquer all and expand the borders of his empire. But its power was too great and resulted in the sinking of the continent and the city but despite thsi the city survived by the will of the Heart which had bonded with to a host who was the queen of Atlantis. Since that time, it was sealed away in a large cavern beneath the throne room of the King where it floated high in the air, glowing with blue energy as large stony masks that represented the previous Kings of Atlantis floated around it.
After the great cataclysm that sunk the city, the Heart remained hidden by the King of Atlantis who sheltered his daughter, Kida, from its power as he feared losing it as he lost his wife long ago. However, when Human explorers from the surface arrived with some wanting the great power of the Heart which was located in the throne room of the King. In order to protect it and her people, Kida herself merged with it and became a host to its powers with the danger of her being lost to it if she remained bonded. Using the power of the crystal, they were able to save the city and restore her civilization.
In the aftermath, the inhabitants of Atlantis began rebuilding their civilization where they used a fraction of the crystal's power. Kida would later use the Atlantean spear Gungnir to empower the Heart further when she decided to bring Atlantis back to the surface. This amplified power to the Heart of Atlantis saw the guardians project a shield around the city where it was brought above the ocean where its people joined the rest of mankind.
- Atlantis: The Lost Empire:
- Atlantis: Milo's Return:


text:
With this exercise guide, students will learn to understand how the refractive index changes in accordance with the water content of different honeys, by measuring on different types of honey.
PDF in Danish here.
Estimated experiment time ~ 60 min.
- Like any other cuvette, the NanoCuvette is sensitive to fingerprints, grease, dust and any other contaminants. Therefore, clean laboratory gloves should be used to handle the cuvettes. The lid should be used as much as possible and the cuvettes should be cleaned before each measurement.
- It is important that the samples be at room temperature when analyzed with NanoCuvette™One. Note: Samples at other temperatures can give unexpected results.
- For best performance, place the nanosensor directly against the light beam. A basic knowledge of the instrument is therefore recommended.
- In this experimental description, seven different types of honey have been used. They vary in color, viscosity, sugar content, water content and other physical parameters. A picture of the honey used is shown in Figure 1.
- When cleaning the NanoCuvette™ One, be sure to dry it well before inserting the new sample. This is to prevent remaining water droplets from diluting the sample more than it already is. To dry the NanoCuvette ™, we suggest using compressed air.
- See the document Cleaning manual on the website for the best possible cleaning procedure.
Note that the data presented is for guidance only. These may vary slightly depending on the type of honey, the instrument used, the room temperature and the sample.
Figure 1 7 different honeys used.
Answers to data analysis questions
- How does the refractive index change with different types of honey?
- The refractive index for honey is close between samples regardless of color. All are over 1.4900.
- How does the absorbance change with different types of honey?
- Figure for calibration curve for absorbance is missing here (find and insert).
Use the following Wedmore equation to calculate the water content of the samples. The value is calculated as a percentage (%). W is the water content and RI is the refractive index obtained.
w (%) = -0.2681 - log(RI - 1)/0.002243.
 Giulio Sesta, Lorenzo Lusco. Refractometric determination of water content in royal jelly. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2008, 39 (2), pp.225-232. <hal-00892298>.
- The water content of the honey samples changes according to origin, production and physical conditions. However, the European regulation requires that the water content of honey be below 20%. You should expect a value in the range of 15-19%.
- Does the calculated water content match your expectations? Justify your answer.
- See the above answer.
- Prove (graphically) the linear relationship between the refractive index and the water content. Explain this relationship in words.
- As already shown in the experiment on "Dilution Series", the refractive index decreases as the water content increases (dilution of the sample). This can be clearly seen by plotting the water content above the refractive index.
- Is the water content color dependent? Justify your answer.
- The water content is not color dependent and this can be seen by analyzing the data.
- Is the refractive index color dependent? Justify your answer.
- As a water content, refractive index is not color dependent.
- Based on the above questions, describe how NanoCuvette ™ One can be used by the industry to spot honey scams.
- NanoCuvette ™ One can be used to measure refractive index and thus the water content of honey samples. Any sample with a water content of more than 20% can be considered diluted and may indicate fraud.
- Explain how this experiment can be used for quality control of honey.
- Honey samples can be tested by measuring absorbance and refractive index to ensure that they meet the requirements of the European Regulation. If a sample exceeds 20% water content, it must be discarded.
Sample name, honey number Refractive index Water content (%) Temperature (C) honey 1 1.4960 16.2 22.8 honey 2 1.4920 17.8 22.8 honey 3 1.4931 17.4 22.9 honey 4 1.4934 17.4 22.9 honey 5 1.4916 18.2 22.8 honey 6 1.4960 16.2 22.6 honey 7 1.4946 17.0 22.4
Table 1 Refractive index and water content at specified temperature, honey samples.
Figure 2 Correlation between water content and refractive index for honey samples. Expected results.


Module
std/collections/mod.ts>minBy
Deno standard library
Go to Latest
function minBy
import { minBy } from "_URL_
Returns the first element that is the smallest value of the given function or undefined if there are no elements
Examples
Example 1
import { minBy } from "_URL_
import { assertEquals } from "_URL_
const people = [
 { name: "Anna", age: 34 },
 { name: "Kim", age: 42 },
 { name: "John", age: 23 },
];
const personWithMinAge = minBy(people, (i) => i.age);
assertEquals(personWithMinAge, { name: "John", age: 23 });
Parameters
array: readonly T[]
selector: (el: T) => number
Returns
T | undefined
Parameters
array: readonly T[]
selector: (el: T) => string
Returns
T | undefined
Parameters
array: readonly T[]
selector: (el: T) => bigint
Returns
T | undefined
Parameters
array: readonly T[]
selector: (el: T) => Date
Returns
T | undefined


PDA
View Full Version : gluLookAt, glTranslates and glRotates
09-11-2000, 07:13 PM
hi everyone...
when glanced over almost of the terrain programs, i found that the developers prefer to use glRotates and glTranslates instead of gluLookAt to determine the 'camera' position.
i wonder why those two functions used, because in as far as i concerned, both funcs (gltranslates and glrotates) are for objects.
can anyone explain...?
thanks for anybody who are helping me...
rgdrs,
Ms Zack
Bob
09-12-2000, 03:12 AM
There are no such things as objects in OpenGL. Have you ever told OpenGL that you are drawing a certain object?
No? That's what I thought. You only draw primitives (points, line and triangles) that happens to form something our brain interpret as an object. Thats all.
There are only the whole scene, with a set of primitives forming different objects all over the place.
First you use glRotate and glTranslate to traslate all 'objects' (the whole scene), in other words, placing the viewpoint. Then you use glRotate and glTranslate to translate each 'object' to its place, and when you are done drawing, you restore the old matrix (using glPushMatrix and glPopMatrix is proper places).


text: Interfacing molecular photoswitches with liquid crystal polymers enables the amplification of their nanoscale motion into macroscopic shape transformations. Typically, the mechanism responsible for actuation involves light-induced molecular disorder. Here, we demonstrate that bistable hydrazones can drive (chiral) shape transformations in liquid crystal polymer networks, with photogenerated polymer shapes displaying a long-term stability that mirrors that of the switches. The mechanism involves a photoinduced buildup of tension in the polymer, with a negligible influence on the liquid crystalline order. Hydrazone-doped liquid crystal systems thus diversify the toolbox available to the field of light-adaptive molecular actuators and hold promise in terms of soft robotics.


text:
Significance and Use
Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in groundwater systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in groundwater models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in groundwater models.
1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated groundwater flow model simulations.
1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D5447.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Model to a Site-Specific Problem
aquifers; boundary condition; groundwater model: Aquifers; Boundary conditions; Ground-water model; Stress-dependency; Water table;
ICS Number Code 07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology); 13.060.10 (Water of natural resources)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
[Back to Top]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Negative Temperature Programming using Microwave Gas Chromatography
MetadataShow full item record
The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between the infrared radiation and radio frequency region and corresponds to wavelengths of 1 cm to 1 m (frequencies of 30 GHz to 300 MHz respectively). Gaisford and Walters developed the microwave GC oven in 2000, which operated at 919 MHz. The microwave GC oven has been engineered to generate a uniform microwave field around an open tubular capillary column with elimination of cold spots which are common in a domestic microwave oven. Only the column is heated in a microwave GC oven. In microwave GC, ramp rates in excess of 6 degree/sec, isotherms as high as 450 degree, and 1 min cool-down times from 300 to 50 degree can be achieved. In conventional GC, only positive temperature programming is used because the oven cools down slowly due to the great thermal mass of the oven. Short cool-down time in microwave-heating GC makes it possible to employ negative temperature programming for the separation of compounds during the process. The theory and feasibility of negative temperature programming in microwave GC were investigated in this research. Negative temperature programming was employed to analyze and quantitate four different critical pairs of non-volatile and volatile compounds. The influence of cooling rate, holding time, and reheating rate in negative temperature programs for enhanced resolution were investigated. The results obtained from negative temperature programming were compared to those from positive temperature programming. Negative temperature programming afforded greater resolution of critical pairs of analytes.
- Masters Theses


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NMTBRESTORE structure
Allows applications to extract the information that was placed in NMTBSAVE when the toolbar state was saved. This structure is passed to applications when they receive a TBN_RESTORE notification code.
Syntax
typedef struct tagNMTBRESTORE {
 NMHDR nmhdr;
 DWORD *pData;
 DWORD *pCurrent;
 UINT cbData;
 int iItem;
 int cButtons;
 int cbBytesPerRecord;
 TBBUTTON tbButton;
} NMTBRESTORE, *LPNMTBRESTORE;
Members
nmhdr
Type: NMHDR
NMHDR structure that contains additional information about the notification.
pData
Type: DWORD*
Pointer to the data stream with the stored save information. It contains Shell-defined blocks of information for each button, alternating with application-defined blocks. Applications may also place a block of global data at the start of pData. The format and length of the application-defined blocks are determined by the application.
pCurrent
Type: DWORD*
Pointer to the current block of application-defined data. After extracting the data, the application must advance pCurrent to the end of the block, so it is pointing to the next block of Shell-defined data.
cbData
Type: UINT
Size of pData.
iItem
Type: int
Value of -1 indicates that the restore is starting, and pCurrent will point to the start of the data stream. Otherwise, it is the zero-based button index, and pCurrent will point to the current button's data.
cButtons
Type: int
Estimate of the number of buttons. Because the estimate is based on the size of the data stream, it might be incorrect. The client should update it as appropriate.
cbBytesPerRecord
Type: int
Number of bytes needed to hold the data for each button. When the restore starts, cbBytesPerRecord will be set to the size of the Shell-defined data structure. You need to increment it by the size of the structure that holds the application-defined data.
tbButton
Type: TBBUTTON
TBBUTTON structure that contains information about the button currently being restored. Applications must modify this structure as necessary before returning.
Requirements
Minimum supported client
Windows Vista [desktop apps only]
Minimum supported server
Windows Server 2003 [desktop apps only]
Header
Commctrl.h

Community Additions
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Show:
© 2015 Microsoft


text:
Tuesday, May 3, 2011 - 21:30 in Earth & Climate
Rock climbers are having a negative impact on rare cliff-dwelling plants, ecologists have found. In areas popular with climbers, conservation management plans should be drawn up so that some cliffs are protected from climbers, experts urge.
- Climbers leave rare plants' genetic variation on the rocksTue, 3 May 2011, 22:32:08 EDT
- How high can a climber go?Fri, 8 Jan 2010, 10:58:15 EST
- Mountaineers measure lowest human blood oxygen levels on recordWed, 7 Jan 2009, 17:36:38 EST
- Taking dex can improve high altitude exercise capacity in certain climbersTue, 11 Aug 2009, 12:50:25 EDT
- When cancer cells can't let goMon, 13 Apr 2009, 8:56:50 EDT


Develop and test the ActiveX client Chapter 21: Creating Web Applications
Chapter 20: Creating ActiveX Clients
Deploy the ActiveX client
You can deploy the ActiveX client on any number of machines. To install the ActiveX client on a client machine:
 1. Install the EAServer client runtime files, including the C++ and ActiveX client options, by following the instructions in the EAServer Installation Guide for Windows.
 2. For an ActiveX proxy automation server client, if you do not plan to specify the machine name and IIOP port number of the machine on which the server resides directly in the Connection Host property, you must define (in the System Properties from the Control Panel) a user environment variable for each server that the ActiveX client will invoke components on. By default, the client installer creates an environment variable JS_JAGUAR and sets its value to localhost:9000. The syntax for environment variable is:
 JS_JaguarServerName

 where:
 JaguarServerName is the host name used in the ActiveX client code.
 The syntax for the value of the environment value is:
 machine_name:iiop_port#

 where:
 machine_name is the name of the machine that the server resides on.
 iiop_port# is the IIOP port number for the server.
 For the default server, jaguar, on a machine, puddle, with the default IIOP port number, 9000, you specify this user environment variable:
 JS_JAGUAR

 where the value for this environment variable is puddle:9000.
 3. For an ActiveX proxy automation server client, set the JAG_LOGFILE environment variable, which specifies the log file in which initialization errors are recorded. Error messages that occur during the initialization stage are logged into a client log file. If the environment variable is not set, then the error messages in the startup phase will not be seen by the client application. For example:set JAG_LOGFILE=%JAGUAR%\bin\client.logIf the ActiveX proxy is running on the server, then the messages will be logged to the server log file.
 4. Copy the component and package type libraries and registry files from your development machine to the client machine. The directory in which you place the files does not matter because registering the registry files specifies the type libraries location to the machine. The type library file name is the package or component name with a .tlb extension. The registry file name is the package or component name with a .reg extension.
 5. Use the jagreg utility to register the APAS, component type libraries, and registry files. jagreg will also create a new file that reflects the type library and APAS DLL locations that you specify on the command line. You can use the new registry file to reregister the APAS if you change the location of the APAS DLL or type library files.
Running jagreg
To run jagreg, open an MS-DOS Command Prompt window and enter:
jagreg /d jagproxy_dir /f registry_file [/t tlb_dir] [/o output] [/nr]
or
jagreg /t tlb_dir /f registry_file [/d jagproxy_dir] [/o output] [/nr]
where:
jagproxy_dir is the directory in which the APAS DLL resides. By default, the APAS installer places jagproxy.dll in the APAS dll subdirectory. Specify this parameter if jagproxy.dll is in a location different from when you generated the registry file. If you are not sure what location is stored in a registry file, specify the current location of jagproxy.dll when you run jagreg.
tlb_dir is the directory where the type library files reside.
output is an optional path to the directory in which updated registry file(s) are written. If you don't specify an output directory, the new registry file replaces the previous file; the previous file is saved with a .KEEP extension.
/nr is the option that prevents the new registry files from being registered. Use this option to update the .reg files without immediately applying them to the Windows Registry.
registry_file is the name of the registry file that you want to change. Use wildcards to specify multiple files, for example *.reg.
The following example updates all .reg files in the current directory, changing the type library location to d:\jag_axp and the APAS DLL location to d:\jag_axp\dll. .reg files in the current directory are updated and previous versions are saved with a .KEEP extension:
jagreg /t %JAGUAR%\dll /f *.reg /d %JAGUAR%\dll
NoteIf jagreg does not run, make sure the JAGUAR environment variable is set to the location of your EAServer installation and the PATH environment variable contains the location of the Windows regedit.exe tool as well as the EAServer bin and dll subdirectories.
You can use a hyphen (-) or forward slash (/) to delimit jagreg options. For example, both -t and /t are valid.
jagreg creates a new registry file from the existing registry file and:
In the registry file, the InProcServer entry under the CLSID key contains the absolute path to the jagproxy.dll. The DIR entry under the TypeLib key contains the absolute path to the type libraries directory.
If you move the APAS or type libraries, you must run jagreg again with the new settings.
You can run jagreg from a batch file to automate deployment of ActiveX clients. If running jagreg from a batch file, you can check for success by checking the JAGREG_STATUS environment variable. A value of 0 indicates success, and a value of 1 indicates failure.
Normally, jagreg runs silently. You can activate status tracing by setting the JAGREG_TRACE environment variable to "true" before running jagreg. With tracing enabled, jagreg prints status information to the screen as it runs.
Copyright © 2005. Sybase Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 21: Creating Web Applications


text:
The EUROS Workpackage Extended weather forecasts in a nutshell
Global weather forecasts are produced on different temporal scales. Global weather forecasts from a few hours up to a few days ahead are called short-range to medium-range forecasts. Extended (long-range) forecast are typically made for 1-45 days ahead and can be used to forecast week-to-week changes in weather. Seasonal forecast produce forecast of weather regimes up to a few months ahead and typically have a spatial resolution of a few tens of kilometers.
Forecasts on the medium-range are available are produced twice daily and include a deterministic forecast and a probabilistic forecast. A deterministic forecasts is obtained by launching a single runs of a weather forecasting model that is run on a high spatial resolution, Probabilistic forecasts are usually done using an Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). In an EPS a number of separate weather forecasts is produced by launching an ensemble of weather forecasting models with a relative low resolution, which differ from each other with respect to the applied initial conditions and the applied model physics. As all weather forecasts within an EPS are all plausible weather forecasts, the forecasts by the ensemble members can be viewed to describe for a certain time and location, the probability density function (pdf) of a weather variable. Both extended and seasonal forecasts are usually produced in the form of an EPS.
To assess the forecastability of relevant wind and wave characteristics on the southern North Sea, we have validated medium-ranged forecasts (up to 10 days ahead) by the European Centre of Medium-Ranged Weather Forecasts against observations taken at the IJmuiden observational tower and observations of wind and waves taken at a number of oil drilling platform in the southern North Sea. Validation is done for both the deterministic high-resolution forecasts and the EPS forecast. It appears that the up to few days ahead, the deterministic forecast outperforms the EPS forecasts, while for longer time horizons the EPS forecasts perform better.


text:
Troilus and Criseyde is a work of magnificent scope and intimidating breadth. A strategy that I have found effective for addressing the potentially overwhelming pedagogical task of teaching this masterpiece is to ask students to analyze the relationships between genre and character. Through this process, I encourage students to engage in vectored analysis, which I describe as the examination of a text from at least two converging yet separate perspectives. Encouraging students to examine literature from complementary and vectoring perspectives enables them to make the cognitive leap from a static analysis of one issue to a more vibrant exploration of textual interplay. Vectored analysis provides a pedagogical foundation for students of all abilities to approach multigeneric texts and to reach deeper insights about them. In this essay, I demonstrate this approach with Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde, but it could be readily reformulated for a range of multigeneric texts.
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Research Article| April 01 2008
Tison Pugh; Vectoring Genre and Character: A Pedagogical Model for Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and Other Multigeneric Texts. Pedagogy 1 April 2008; 8 (2): 348–361. doi: _URL_
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Archive for 2021
[Commlist] CFP - Making Monsters: The Production of Terror
Thu Jan 14 15:10:12 GMT 2021
Please find below the call for Papers for the University of East Anglia's Making Monsters as part of the Film Television and Media Departments Media Journeys series of symposiums.
*Media Journeys 2021*
*Making Monsters: The Production of Terror*
*DATE: 7th June 2021*
Monsters stalk through modern media. They are heard howling from radio, film and television. They are even spinning their tales on every corner of the World Wide Web. Whether adapting illusory techniques from stage, like Pepper's Ghost, or creating new and experimental forms of monstrosity that range from classic film monsters to urban legends like the Slender Man, our media worlds are crawling with monsters. This symposium will explore the audio and visual processes, techniques and materials used to create these monsters.
Making monsters often requires skilled and thoughtful approaches to adaptation, making the monster in media texts a locus for debates around creativity, invention and innovation in technology and media culture. These monsters are always constructed, but their construction varies wildly from the use of in-camera effects and sound effects, to make-up effects, to animatronics and puppetry through to animation and post-production CG work.
However, the often villainous presence of monsters in across media types and genres has pushed them into liminal spaces, which means that their significance and centrality to issues of media production and innovation have been under-interrogated in academic scholarship to date. This is particularly the case within current debates about special effects and animated media. Therefore, this symposium takes the production of monsters as its focus as a means to explore and reconsider the wider implications of monsters in media, seeking to reimagine monsters as a crucial nexus point in creativity.
We seek papers of 10-15 minutes on topics including:
 * Make-up effects and monsters**
 * Animatronic and puppet creatures**
 * Computer-generated monsters**
 * Suitmation**
 * Animated monsters**
 * Audio monsters from radio to sound effects**
 * Monstrous transformations**
 * Costuming and making over actors into monsters**
 * Stuntwork and monsters**
 * Monstrous performances**
 * Social media and urban legends**
 * Adaptation of monster effects across media platforms**
 * Monster "makers": creature designers, make-up artists, special
 effects artists**
 * Monsters and otherness: gender, sexuality and race in monster design**
Proposals of 300 words to be sent to:*(ueamakingmonsters /at/*by*Date 1^st Match 2021*. Please provide your talk title, content summary, name and affiliation, and contact details.
To subscribe or unsubscribe, please visit
Before sending a posting request, please always read the guidelines at
To contact the mailing list manager:
Email: (nico.carpentier /at/


text: The American Board of Family Practice (ABFP) In-training Examination (ITE) is the most frequently used method of evaluation among accredited family practice programs. Despite its common use, there are still misunderstandings regarding the proper interpretation of the ABFP ITE results. The ABFP ITE is a norm-referenced test that allows for comparison of a resident's performance relative to other residents in the same year of training; it does not measure absolute performance. There is a paucity of evidence supporting the validity of the ABFP ITE. The eight specialty areas and clinical set problems lack sufficient reliability to be interpreted per individual resident. The composite score of the ABFP ITE has sufficient reliability to be used as part of a formal and comprehensive evaluation system. Group comparisons using the 10 ABFP ITE measures are appropriate.


text:
This report, commissioned by the Stanford Planning Office, documents the original interior paint colors used in the Museum.
Included in the report are photographs and colored sketches.
The Stanford Museum was built in memory of Leland Stanford Jr., son of Leland and Jane Stanford. It was one of the first structures
in the United States to be built completely of reinforced concrete, engineered by Ernest Ransome. Construction was begun in
1891; the Museum opened its doors in 1894.
All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the
Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. Consent
is given on behalf of Special Collections as the owner of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission
from the copyright owner. Such permission must be obtained from the copyright owner, heir(s) or assigns. See: _URL_


text:
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Frequently Asked Questions
Disclosure of Payments by Resource Extraction Issuers
May 30, 2013
In these Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), the Division of Corporation Finance is providing guidance on various aspects of Exchange Act Section 13(q), Rule 13q-1 and Item 2.01 of Form SD, which require disclosure of certain payments made by resource extraction issuers to foreign governments or the U.S. federal government for the purpose of the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals. For more information, please refer to Release No. 34-67717 (August 22, 2012). These FAQs are not rules, regulations or statements of the Commission. Further, the Commission has neither approved nor disapproved these FAQs.
An Exchange Act reporting issuer is a holding company and does not directly engage in any of the activities comprising commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals. Is it nevertheless required to provide the disclosure required by Section 13(q) and the related rules if either a subsidiary or another entity over which it has control engages in those activities and makes payments to governments to further those activities?
Yes. Section 13(q) and the rules issued thereunder require a resource extraction issuer to disclose payments made to governments by the issuer, a subsidiary of the issuer or an entity under the control of the issuer. A reporting issuer that is not engaged in commercial development activities itself but whose subsidiary or entity under its control engages in those activities would be considered a resource extraction issuer and would be subject to the disclosure requirement.
Is a company that provides services associated with the exploration, extraction, processing and export of a resource considered a "resource extraction issuer"?
No. A company providing only services associated with exploration, extraction, processing and export generally would not be considered to be a resource extraction issuer. We recognize that many companies are involved in activities related to the commercial development of resources, but these companies may not be conducting activities that are considered to be one of the activities covered by Section 13(q) and the rules issued thereunder. For example, we do not believe companies that provide hardware and logistics to help companies explore for or extract resources would be considered to be exploring for or extracting the resources even though their services are being used to explore or extract. Similarly, we do not believe a company engaged by an operator to provide hydraulic fracturing services or drilling services for the operator, thus enabling the operator to extract resources, would be considered to be a resource extraction issuer. We believe this view is consistent with the approach of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) that only companies directly engaged in the extraction or production of oil, natural gas or minerals must disclose payments to governments. We note that where a service provider makes a payment that falls within the definition of "payment" to a government on behalf of a resource extraction issuer, the resource extraction issuer must disclose such payments.
What is considered to be a "mineral" for purposes of Section 13(q), Rule 13q-1 and Item 2.01 of Form SD?
For purposes of those provisions, disclosure would be required with respect to any material commonly understood to be a mineral, which would include any material for which disclosure would be required under Industry Guide 7, "Description of Property by Issuers Engaged or to be Engaged in Significant Mining Operations," notwithstanding any test of materiality used for purposes of Guide 7.
If an issuer that does not have an ownership interest in a resource transports the resource from Country A into Country B, is the issuer considered to be "exporting," thereby making the issuer a "resource extraction issuer"?
It depends on the circumstances. The definition of "commercial development" in Rule 13q-1 includes "export," but does not include transportation activities. Transportation activities generally would not be included within the definition of "commercial development" unless the activities are directly related to the export of the resource. Generally, we would view the movement of a resource across an international border from host Country A to Country B by a company with an ownership interest in the resource as export. We generally would not view transportation activities by an issuer that does not have an ownership interest in the resource as directly related to the export of the resource, and therefore, the issuer would not be considered to be a "resource extraction issuer."
If a resource extraction issuer uses a majority-owned government transportation service to supply people or materials to an extractive job site, would the payments be covered?
No. We would view these as payments made in connection with an activity that is ancillary or preparatory to the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals.
Are penalties and/or fines related to resource extraction paid to government agencies reportable as fees?
No. Section 13(q) and Item 2.01 of Form SD require the disclosure of certain payments made to further the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals. Section 13(q) defines a "payment" to include, among others, fees and other material benefits that the Commission determines, consistent with the EITI guidelines, are part of the commonly recognized revenue stream for the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals. Penalties and fines are not within the type of fees specifically mentioned in the EITI guidelines, and the Commission did not determine that penalties or fines are part of the commonly recognized revenue stream for the commercial development of oil, natural gas or minerals.
Would a resource extraction issuer be permitted to provide the payment information on an accrual basis?
No. The rules contemplate the payment information to be presented on an unaudited, cash basis for the year in which the payments are made.
A resource extraction issuer has many sources of income in a particular country and pays corporate level income tax on the consolidated amount. Does the issuer have to segregate income from resource extraction activities and disclose taxes paid only on that income for purposes of Rule 13q-1 and Form SD?
No. A resource extraction issuer is required to disclose payments made to governments to further its commercial development activities and is not required to disclose other payments made to those governments. In this regard, a resource extraction issuer may elect to segregate income from exploration, extraction, processing and export from income earned on other business activities in a particular country and disclose income taxes paid solely on the income generated by the commercial development activities. A resource extraction issuer that does not segregate the income information may disclose that the information includes payments made for purposes other than commercial development activities.
Does the failure to timely file a Form SD regarding payments by resource extraction issuers cause an issuer to lose eligibility to use Form S-3?
No. In determining eligibility for use of Form S-3, the requirement that the registrant has filed in a timely manner all reports and materials required to be filed during the prior twelve calendar months refers only to Exchange Act Section 13(a) or 15(d) reports and Exchange Act Section 14(a) and 14(c) materials. See Compliance and Disclosure Interpretation Question 115.04 under Securities Act Forms. Form SD regarding payments by resource extraction issuers is required to be filed under Exchange Act Section 13(q). Therefore, the filing of Form SD regarding payments by resource extraction issuers does not impact an issuer's Form S-3 eligibility.


Plain Apache vs. Moodle
Below are two input/output (IO) graphs created by a Wireshark packet trace. The first is a file downloaded from a web server program called Moodle, which is the software our "Scholar" site runs and serves out class information. The second is a packet trace of a download from a ProgramArcadeGames.com, which only runs through Apache. The websites are on different machines, but in the same room.
moodle_trace
apache_trace
I created the graphs as part of my notes for CIS 340 Networking. I was surprised at the difference between the downloads.
3/25/2014: Followup
In class, we were guessing the difference had to do with server load, encryption, or the overhead of the Moodle software. We didn't have an easy way to find out for certain.
Thankfully, one of our networking engineers was willing to work with me and try and figure out what the difference was. Demonstrating the transient nature of these types of problems, I wasn't able to recreate the slow throughput at all.
Below is a capture with the plain web server.
encrypted_trace
Below is the same web server, but encrypted.
moodle_trace
Below is the same encrypted web server, but using Moodle.
plain_trace
In each case, the traces look about the same. This means that encryption and the Moodle software by themselves will not cause this slow down.
Perhaps back when the original tests were done trace the server had a high CPU or I/O load. Unfortunately there isn't any way to know for certain without being able to reproduce the results.
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text:
Optimise your hospital locations
Does your hospital have several locations? Then there's a good chance that you can use location optimisation to save on costs and increase quality. Here are seven tips for achieving this.
1. Define location profiles
Having a clear profile for each location creates the right expectations externally and ensures efficient organisation internally. Differentiate on the basis of complexity and volume, or opt for specific profiling based on a number of specialisms or disease profiles/syndromes. Make real choices instead of compromises that lead to ambiguity or unclear profiles.
2. Deduplicate availability features
Often, availability features such as the emergency department or intensive care units are ripe for deduplication because they are moderately to poorly occupied over multiple locations. Concentration leads to better occupancy, which is both cheaper and safer! The same applies to evening and weekend closing.
3. Consider relocation or closure
Fewer square metres means fewer costs. Especially if major maintenance or renovation is on the cards, full closure, possibly followed by relocation to smaller premises, can be an attractive option. This enables healthcare to be set up in a patient-friendly and efficient manner. Another option is to put part of the property to different use.
4. Create broad support
The support of all interested parties is essential to successful location optimisation. Therefore, actively involve medical staff, patients, healthcare support staff and local parties in the process by having them participate in project teams. Listen carefully to wishes and objections. Form a steering group that also includes medical representation.
5. Recognise emotion, objectify impact
Location optimisation is sometimes viewed in a rather black and white way, particularly when relocation or partial/full closure is on the cards. Recognise negative emotions (fear), while at the same time objectifying the potential impact. Being transparent about the advantages and disadvantages of various scenarios can help, especially if you support this with figures.
6. Use scenarios to aid decision-making
Base decision-making on substantiated, calculated scenarios. By examining alternative solutions side by side, alongside the facts of the current situation, you will be able to arrive at broadly supported choices. This prevents any discord due to an inaccurate view of the actual situation, the organisational impact, and the associated financial picture.
7. Communicate early and frequently
Sometimes you have to state the obvious: communicate, communicate, communicate. Communicating about the process that is to be followed, even if there isn't much substantive to report yet, can help prevent unrest. Transparency ultimately always has a positive effect. Through transparency and personal contact, you can transform reluctant sceptics into constructive participants. This applies to healthcare professionals, health insurers and municipalities.
Would you like to find out what location optimisation could do for your hospital?
This blog post appeared in Skipr no. 6 – 2018.


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Bow To Your API Sensei!
Winner of the award for best use of Japanese martial arts in a technical branding campaign, SmartBear Software is stressing the importance of API testing with the launch of its "tool-agnostic" API Testing Dojo for API developers to gather information about all things API, understand the domain, learn best practices, and hone skills.
"The need for higher interconnectivity between apps is at an all-time high, and continues to grow at a rapid pace along with the use of APIs," said Matti Hjelm, product owner of SoapUI at SmartBear.
The API Testing Dojo is organized into three sections — World of API Testing, Best Practices, and Testing Katas, and covers everything from basic concepts like why test in the first place, to more advanced topics like how the DevOps trend affects quality and the QA professional, as well as the state of API security.
Numerous resources are available at the site, including recommended software tools, blogs, conference and event listings, technical articles, and more.
SmartBear is the owner of the SoapUI API testing tool. This open source tool allows testers to create and execute automated functional, compliant APIs, and load tests. For the API Testing Dojo, click here.
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Radii of the three tangent circles of equal radius which are inscribed within a circle of given radius
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Given here is a circle of a given radius. Inside it, three tangent circles of equal radius are inscribed. The task is to find the radii of these tangent circles.
Examples:
Input: R = 4
Output: 1.858
Input: R = 11
Output: 5.1095
Approach
Let the radii of the tangent circles be r, and the radius of the circumscribing circle
is R.x is the smaller distance from the circumference of the tangent circle and the center of the circumscribing circle.
From the diagram, it is very clear,
2r + x = R
 - now in triangle OBC
 cos 30 = r/(r+x)
 rcos30 + xcos30 = r
 x = r(1-cos30)/cos30
 - also, x = R-2r
 - So,
 R-2r = r(1-cos30)/cos30
 R-2r = 0.133r/0.867
 R-2r = 0.153r
 R = 2.153r
 so, r = 0.4645R
Radii of three tangent circles = 0.4645*radius of the circumscribed circle
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
C++
// C++ program to find the radii
// of the three tangent circles
// of equal radius when the radius
// of the circumscribed circle is given

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void threetangcircle(int R)
{
 cout << "The radii of the tangent circles is "
 << 0.4645 * R << endl;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
 int R = 4;
 threetangcircle(R);
 return 0;
}
Java
// Java program to find the radii
// of the three tangent circles
// of equal radius when the radius
// of the circumscribed circle is given
import java.io.*;

class GFG {

 static void threetangcircle(int R)
 {
 System.out.print(
 "The radii of the tangent circles is "
 + 0.4645 * R);
 }

 // Driver code
 public static void main(String[] args)
 {
 int R = 4;
 threetangcircle(R);
 }
}

// This code is contributed by anuj_67..
Python3
# Python3 program to find the radii
# of the three tangent circles
# of equal radius when the radius
# of the circumscribed circle is given

def threetangcircle(R):
 print("The radii of the tangent",
 "circles is ", end="")
 print(0.4645 * R)

# Driver code
R = 4
threetangcircle(R)

# This code is contributed
# by Princi Singh
C#
// C# program to find the radii
// of the three tangent circles
// of equal radius when the radius
// of the circumscribed circle is given
using System;

class GFG {

 static void threetangcircle(int R)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(
 "The radii of the tangent circles is "
 + 0.4645 * R);
 }

 // Driver code
 public static void Main()
 {
 int R = 4;
 threetangcircle(R);
 }
}

// This code is contributed by anuj_67..
Javascript
<script>
// javascript program to find the radii
// of the three tangent circles
// of equal radius when the radius
// of the circumscribed circle is given

function threetangcircle(R)
{
 document.write("The radii of the tangent circles is "
 + 0.4645 * R);
}

// Driver code
var R = 4;
threetangcircle(R);

// This code contributed by shikhasingrajput
</script>
PHP
<?php
// PHP program to find the radii
// of the three tangent circles
// of equal radius when the radius
// of the circumscribed circle is given

function threetangcircle($R)
{
 echo "The radii of the tangent circles is ",
 ( 0.4645 * $R );
}

// Driver code
$R = 4;
threetangcircle($R);

// This code is contributed by ihritik
?>
Output
The radii of the tangent circles is 1.858
Time Complexity: O(1)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)
Last Updated : 11 Sep, 2023
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text:
Recently our very own USA Community Evangelist _USER_ got to chat with Dani Kennis and get the inside scoop on how she adapted Kahoot! to her special education classroom, and why it's become a mainstay of her lesson plan.
Dani's classroom is unique in that many of her students are on the Autism spectrum or have behavioral disabilities, and every student has an individualized education plan.
A snapshot into a good day with her students is one where everyone is excited, happy, engaged, and connected to each other with group learning. Some days, though, can be particularly hard for them, and motivation is just a little harder to muster up in class.


text:
Journal of Biochemistry Research
J Biochem Res
Published/Hosted by Peak Journals.
Journal of Biochemistry Research (JBR) is an open access journal that publishes (Monthly) well developed innovative articles, in English, and encourages emerging researchers globally to share their professional and academic knowledge in areas of Biochemistry, Animal Biochemistry, Plant Biochemistry, Molecular and cell Biology, Metabolism, Genetics, Enzymology, Biotechnology, Bioluminescence, Molecular chemistry, Enzymatic Chemistry, Genetic engineering, Pharmaceuticals, Endocrinology, Hematology, Nutrition and Photosynthesis and biochemical processes, including the structure, function and dynamics of metabolic pathways, Supramolecular complexes, enzymes, proteins, food and chemical toxicology, nucleic acids and small molecular components of organelles, cells and tissues. All articles published in JBR are peer-reviewed.
- Further information
- Category Link


/Prelude-v16.0.0/Integer/negative
Copy path to clipboard
Examples
negative +1 ≡ False
negative +0 ≡ False
negative -1 ≡ True
Source
{-
Returns 'True' for any 'Integer' less than '+0'.
'negative' is more efficient than './lessThan +0' or './lessThanEqual -1'.
-}
let positive =
./positive sha256:7bdbf50fcdb83d01f74c7e2a92bf5c9104eff5d8c5b4587e9337f0caefcfdbe3
? ./positive
let negative
: Integer → Bool
= λ(n : Integer) → positive (Integer/negate n)
let example0 = assert : negative +1 ≡ False
let example1 = assert : negative +0 ≡ False
let example2 = assert : negative -1 ≡ True
in negative


green_grrl (green_grrl) wrote in fandom_grammar,
Answer: Abbreviated titles
When is it appropriate to abbreviate titles (Mr., Dr.) and when should they be written out in full?
First, please note that a title directly precedes the person's name. Other uses are merely descriptive nouns and should always be written out.
Incorrect: Somebody ran for a Dr.
Correct: Somebody ran for a doctor.
Correct: Somebody ran for Dr. Fraiser.
Incorrect: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, Mr.
Correct: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, mister.
Correct: She had the kind of glare that said butt out, Mr. Bregman.
Let's look at the rules for titles, with some more examples from Stargate SG-1. There are different rules for when to abbreviate the various categories of what we call titles:
 - Social titles: Mr., Mrs., Ms., Dr.
 - Civil and military titles: President, Senator, General, Colonel, etc.
 - Honorifics, or titles with "the": the Honorable, the Reverend
The Chicago Manual of Style is a standard American style guide for formal writing, such as papers and books. According to Chicago, when a civil or military title comes before a full name, it is usually abbreviated. An honorific may be as well.
Jack quickly scanned Kinsey's invitation list:
Rev. Samuel Stevens
Sen. Harry Clarkson
Sen. Alan Graysmith
Rep. Martha Hanley
Hon. David Thornton
When only a last name is given, a civil or military title should be spelled out. When used with "the," "Honorable" and "Reverend" should always be spelled out.
All Jack knew of the Right Reverend Samuel Stevens was that he was popular in conservative circles. His inclusion in a list of Senator Kinsey's band of corrupt insiders was going to need looking into.
Chicago also says that the following social titles are always abbreviated: Mr., Mrs., Messrs., Ms., M., MM. Mme, Mlle, Dr.
Another source of rules on titles comes from formal invitation etiquette, which says that when addressing invitations, all titles other than Mr., Mrs., or Ms. should be spelled out.
General Hammond passed out oversized envelopes of thick white linen paper to each addressee. Colonel Jack O'Neill, Doctor Daniel Jackson, Captain Samantha Carter, Mr. Teal'c. When Doctor Jackson turned over his envelope and saw Catherine Langford and Ernest Littlefield's names on the reverse, General Hammond couldn't help but smile along with him.
What about the second "Doctor Jackson" in the example above? Chicago says that "Dr." is always abbreviated, and this second use was in the narrative, not the invitation address. So why did I spell it out here? In short, fiction writing, narrative and dialogue, does not always adhere to the rules for non-fiction. The main aim of the writer is to pull the reader into the story. Ideals to strive for include:
 - Avoid making the reader trip over your writing. The more your writing meets the reader's expectations, the more easily the reader will get into your story and flow along with it.
 - Write dialogue that allows the reader "hear" your characters speak. By spelling out as much as possible, you signal to the reader exactly what the character is saying.
 - Write narrative appropriate to your point of view (POV). The tighter your narrative is to a particular character's POV, the closer your narrative style should be to dialogue.
In dialogue, if you spell out everything, you give your reader the characters' exact words.
Lieutenant Grogan led the British representative to the IOA into the conference room and introduced him to the base commander: "General George Hammond, sir."
Grogan is pronouncing "jen-er-al" George Hammond, not "jen" George Hammond, and the reader won't have to think twice about it with the title spelled out. This can also give you room to provide more "flavor" for your characters' speech.
"Leftenant Carl Grogan," Chapman mused to the general. "Good man. So far I'm impressed by your people."
An American reader might not remember to mentally read "Lt." with Chapman's British pronunciation. Spelling the title out phonetically (it's properly spelled lieutenant in American and British English despite pronunciation) reminds the reader of his accent.
However, keep in mind reader expectations.
General Hammond gestured to the chairs at the conference table. "I hope you had a good trip, Mister Chapman."
General Hammond gestured to the chairs at the conference table. "I hope you had a good trip, Mr. Chapman."
Because of convention, and the Chicago and invitation rules above, it is very rare to see "Mister" spelled out in written English. It's even more rare to see "Missus"—and "Ms." doesn't actually expand at all. Seeing "Mister Chapman" written out is likely to interrupt the reader's flow by being unusual, while "Mr. Chapman" is likely to be read and mentally translated to the sound "mis-ter" automatically. The reader expects the abbreviation.
When writing your story from a particular character's point of view, your narrative is meant to reflect that character's thoughts, which are somewhat like mental speech.
Jack was starting to realize how important Prof. David Jordan had been in Daniel's life.
Jack was starting to realize how important Professor David Jordan had been in Daniel's life.
Jack is not going to think of the man as "Prof." He would hear the man's full title in his mind, so the spelled out version in the narrative lets the reader more accurately "hear" Jack's thoughts.
If the POV of your story is more objective, or if you are quoting a section of written text—such as the invitation list, above, or a newspaper article—then you may want to revert to Chicago rules.
The title "Doctor" falls between Chicago and invitation rules. The abbreviation "Dr." is common enough—more common than "Capt." or "Prof."—that a reader will probably have no problem mentally translating it quickly. However the reader also is used to seeing the word "doctor" spelled out; it's not an unusual word that would trip up a reader. My personal preference is to spell it out in dialogue to maintain the sound of the character's speech. Whether I spell it out in the narrative depends upon the POV.
Spelling out all titles other than Mr., Mrs., or Ms. in dialogue and narrative is only a recommendation, but it has a logic that works for fiction writers. The only real rule is that once you've decided how you want to deal with titles, keep your style consistent throughout your story.
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Home temperature is important to all. No one at any age enjoys an indoor environment that's chronically uncomfortable. However, controlling temperatures inside the house becomes even more relevant as years pass. That's why it's important to identify the most appropriate temperature for senior residents over the age of 65. Significant medical research has identified the effects of home temperatures on seniors, as well as the most preferable temperature range for that age group. Major conclusions from these studies include:
- Persons in the senior age range experience a measurable reduction in strength of major muscle groups when exposed to a cold environment. This can occur after just 45 minutes in a room that is cooler than appropriate for their age.
- The resultant loss of strength, agility, and balance due to exposure to low temperatures can make moving about more difficult and may increase the risk of falls that cause injury.
- A colder indoor environment may also exacerbate respiratory conditions and complicate recovery from even simple common colds.
- Some seniors may be less able to perceive that indoor temperatures are too chilly. Therefore, they are less likely to set the thermostat temperature higher and/or put on additional clothing to stay warmer.
Based on research, the following conclusions can be drawn about ideal indoor home temperature for seniors:
- In all cases, indoor temperatures where seniors reside should be kept above 65 degrees.
- The general range for senior safety and comfort extends from 65 degrees up to 78 degrees. Within that range, the ideal temperature for a specific individual is generally a matter of personal preference.
- In addition to keeping indoor temperatures in the recommended range, weatherizing the house, including air sealing the structure to prevent chilly drafts and ensuring that attic insulation meets current standards, also helps to maintain indoor safety and comfort for seniors.
For all your heating and cooling needs, contact the professionals at Jackson & Sons.


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One aspect of Japanese culture that many feel is under assault is the nuclear family. Japanese divorce rates were fairly low until recently, but there is still a huge stigma surrounding divorcees that parallels American attitudes of the past. Japan in 1970 saw 95,000 divorces, in 1996 206,955 with the rate levelling off in 2000 to around 250,000 divorces a year. This works out to about 25%, about half the rate of present day America. Some feel that with the increasing divorce rate in Japan that the nuclear family concept is breaking down. This is especially true of the retiree divorces whose rate is skyrocketing as Japanese wives wait for their husbands to retire and then divorce them to avoid having to spend all day with a man they barely know and who used to spend 18hrs a day at work. But what are traditional Japanese attitudes towards marriage?
In his book, Divorce in Japan, Harold Feuss describes how high divorce rates are nothing new and for hundreds of years the divorce rate was on par with present rates in America. It wasn't until Japan started to adopt western values and laws that things began to change. Until the civil code and new laws on family registration was introduced in 1898 marriages involved a "spouse testing period". There was no stigma attached to multiple marriages and divorces. Once the code was enacted it became much harder to get a divorce. From 1898 to 1960s the divorce rate declined until Japan gained a reputation as a country with super low divorce rates. Fuess cites the family registration code, the rise of Industrialization, urbanization, and modernization of Japan as why the divorce rate lowered. As the Japanese moved to the cities they, "valued economic and social stability in marriage above romance and affection."
Some critics point to the American meddling in Japanese family law after the war as the reason divorce rates have risen but Fuess disagrees, arguing that divorce procedures "have shown a conspicuous continuity over the past few centuries in the marginal role played by courts in divorce." The Japanese have always had a "mutual consent divorce" system. 90% of divorces never see the inside of a court and are just registered at city hall.
So while pundits point at the American system as the problem, there is no problem as Japan is just returning to the traditional values of trial marriages it enjoyed for hundreds of years before Japan began to experiment with Western style values.
If you like this then, you should check out more from the "Myths of Japan" series:
|Drugs in Japan Myth||Japan's Gay culture||Numerology||The American Occupation of Okinawa||Myths of Japan|


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For orders to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand or Japan visit your local Pearson website
Oliver Cromwell is one of the most puzzling and controversial figures in English history. In this excellent introduction, Barry Coward uses Cromwell's own words and actions to analyse the life of Oliver Cromwell as a political figure and look at the historical problems associated with his exercise of power.
Abbreviations and Acknowledgements
1. The Unknown Cromwell
2. Cromwell and the Civil War, 1642-46
3. The Search for Settlement, 1646-49
4. Cromwell and the Rump, 1649-53
5. Cromwell and the Godly Reformation, 1653-54
6. Parliament and Personal Rule, September 1654- September 1656
7. The Continuing Quest for Settlement and Reformation, September 1656 – September 1658
List of Dates
- Invaluable exploration of one of the most overpowering yet elusive characters in British history
- Offers an essential introduction to Cromwell's political career and provides a convincing analysis of his rise from obscurity to power
- Reveals Cromwell's contradictory character and examines his political aims and ambitions.


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The electric grid system is the basis for functioning of the Unified electric power system of Russia and technologically isolated electric power systems. One of the most serious problems in the electric power industry is the aging of the fixed assets of already built and operating power grid facilities. The second problem is to clarify the seismic hazard of the territories of the Russian Federation in the direction of its growth. As a result, the number of power grid facilities fall into the zones of increased seismic hazard. In the zone of 7 points or more, approximately 30 % of the entire length of electric networks and transformer capacities are located. Information is provided about the characteristics of seismic load and how the objects respond to an earthquake. The experience of earthquakes testifies to the high vulnerability of the overhead power lines, cable power lines, substations, power transformers, relay protection equipment and automation under intense seismic loads. Information is provided about massive damage to the power grid during earthquakes in the territory of Russia, Armenia, and other countries of the world. Frequently occurring short circuits during earthquakes in electrical networks, at transformer substations, in electrical equipment elements of power grid facilities lead to fires. It is determined that power grid facilities have less seismic resistance than electric power generation facilities, than buildings and structures where electrical equipment is located. The problem of insufficiency of the current regulatory framework for ensuring seismic resistance of electric power facilities was also identified. Possible measures to prevent accident rate and increase the resistance, reliability, and seismic stability of power grid facilities in case of earthquakes are considered. The development of normative regulation will allow to take measures to ensure the seismic stability of power grid facilities in operation, and to ensure that control and supervision activities are carried out at a higher level.
2. Kaliberda I.V. Assessment of the parameters of external effects of natural and technogenic origin. Safety of nuclear facilities. Moscow: Logos, 2002. 543 p. (In Russ.).
3. Dyakov A.F. Ensuring seismic safety of power facilities: research, developments, implementation. Moscow: NTF «Energoprogress», 2002. 167 p. (In Russ.).
4. Klyachko M.A. Earthquake, and we. Saint-Petersburg: RIF «Integraf», 1999. 236 p. (In Russ.).
5. Izmit earthquake in Turkey. Available at: _URL_ (accessed: April 1, 2020). (In Russ.).
6. Ananev A.N., Kaznovskiy S.P., Kaznovskiy P.S., Lebedev V.I., Chechenov Kh.D. Seismic safety of nuclear power plants. Moscow: MGTU im. Baumana «Zolotaya kollektsiya», 2011. 230 p. (In Russ.).
7. So that the networks are firmly «on their feet». Elektroenergiya. Peredacha i raspredelenie = Electric power. Transmission and distribution. 2016. № 4 (37). pp. 54–57. (In Russ.).
8. Belyaev V.S., Demishin S.V., Khakunov V.Kh. Seismic resistance of the equipment on a single support partially buried in the ground. Seysmostoykoe stroitelstvo. Bezopasnost sooruzheniy = Earthquake Engineering. Constructions Safety. 2015. № 5. pp. 36–43. (In Russ.).
9. Shishenin V., Bakin V., Pavlov V. External mechanical impact. Methods for confirming the resistance of electrical equipment. Available at: _URL_ (accessed: April 1, 2020). (In Russ.).
10. Kaliberda I.V. Safety of transformers and transformer substations. Energonadzor i energobezopasnost = Energonadzor and power safety. 2010. № 4. pp. 45–62. (In Russ.).
11. Nefedov S.S., Rodin P.A. Analysis of the earthquake kinematics at the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant. Seysmostoykoe stroitelstvo. Bezopasnost sooruzheniy = Earthquake Engineering. Constructions Safety. 2015. № 2. pp. 53–59. (In Russ.).
12. Kaliberda I.V. Ensuring Seismic Resistance of Power Engineering Facilities. Bezopasnost truda v promyshlennosti = Occupational Safety in Industry. 2011. № 5. pp. 26–35. (In Russ.).
13. On the approval of the Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks of the Russian Federation (as amended on February 13, 2019): order of Minenergo of Russia dated June 19, 2003 № 229. Available at: _URL_ (accessed: April 1, 2020). (In Russ.).
14. Electrical Installation Code (PUE). Chapter 3.2. Relay protection (Sixth edition). Available at: _URL_ (accessed: April 1, 2020). (In Russ.).
15. On the approval of the Methodological Recommendations for the implementation of a risk-based approach when conducting scheduled inspections of a legal entity activities and (or) an individual entrepreneur of the subject of an electric power industry operating power grid facilities: Rostechnadzor Order № 291 dated July 23, 2019. Available at:_URL_ (accessed: April 1, 2020). (In Russ.).


text:
the contents of the page and could be decoded and exposed to an unwanted source. If you must store sensitive information in view state, you can request that the page encrypt view state data. To encrypt the data, set the page's ViewStateEncryptionMode property to true.
It is recommended that you avoid storing sensitive information in the Cache object when client impersonation is enabled and the results from the data source are retrieved based on the client identity. If caching is enabled, cached data for a single user can be viewed by all users and sensitive information could be exposed to an unwanted source. Client impersonation is enabled when the impersonate attribute of the identity configuration element is set to true and anonymous identification is disabled for the application at the Web server.


text:
Iron Salts (Ferric and Ferrous)
Iron Salt Applications
Iron salts are a proven technology for long-duration hydrogen sulfide control in collection system gravity and forcemains, solids processing units, solids transfer lines and anaerobic digesters. They have been used for over 30 years in hydrogen sulfide control applications and are a well understood technology.
Depending on the wastewater plant unit process configuration, iron salts may also provide improvements in clarification, phosphate removal, struvite control, solids dewatering and anaerobic digester performance. Iron salt performance is not impacted by oxygen uptake rates but they do remove dissolved oxygen from the water.
Iron Salt Properties and Dosing
Iron salts are supplied as liquid solutions containing 5-13% ferrous or ferric iron as either a chloride or sulfate salt. They are supplied in containers of 55 or 300 gallons, or in bulk shipments of 4,000 - 20,000 gallons.
Iron salts bind with hydrogen sulfide according to the following equations:
3 H2S + 2 FeCl3 → S + 2 FeS + 6 HCl
Theoretical dose ratios of ferrous iron to H2S are 1.75 lbs Fe2+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 2 to 6 depending on the application. Theoretical dose ratios of ferric iron to H2S are 1.2 lbs Fe3+:lb H2S with practical dose rates anywhere from 1.5 to 4 depending on the application.
Iron Salt Pricing and Sources
Iron salt pricing is highly regional and dependent on the local sources and demand for the product. Iron salts for sulfide control are mostly obtained from spent pickle liquor from the steel industry. More recently, newer sources have been manufactured from scrap materials and acid in order to meet regional demand.
Iron Salt Drawbacks
Some drawbacks of iron salt use are as follows:
- Removes dissolved oxygen from the water
- Precipitate settles out in low-velocity sewers (< 2 fps)
- Iron films form on pipe walls and instrument sensors
- Ineffective for (non-sulfide) organic odors
- Hard to achieve low sulfide limits (pH dependent)
- Does not destroy sulfide (H2S may volatilize if the pH is lowered)
- Product purity may impact biosolids re-use (heavy metal contamination)
- Messy to handle
- CERCLA rating may restrict dosing sites (persistent environmental hazard)
- High dosages may cause solids carry-over from clarifiers
- Solids production (> 3 lbs/lb - Sulfide) increases processing and disposal costs
Back to top
Get More Information
Contact US Peroxide for more information on our products and services:


text:
Images Paint for OneNote crop
Because in OneNote, there is no direct function, with the help of which you crop images, you need to to Paint draw:
- Open Paint.
- Insert your image by Drag & Drop or via "file" and "Open".
- At the top, click "Select" and you cut, holding down the right mouse button to your desired area.
- Click with the right mouse button on the selected area and select "cut".
- You delete the entire image ("Select All" and then [Del]) and then paste with "Paste" the cut-out neckline. Save the image and paste it in OneNote.
OneNote has notes of additional functions. You can, for example, a check-list in OneNote, create.


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Home > Business > Human Resources > People > Professions > President and Vice President Compared
Difference Between President and Vice President
President vs Vice President
Though there are Presidents and Vice Presidents in most democratic countries that are political offices held for the governance of a country, we are concerned with the titles of President and Vice President in the corporate world where these are titles held by officers in the management. Not many people are aware of the differences in the roles and responsibilities of Presidents and Vice Presidents that will be discussed in this article.
Time shave changed and so have organizational structures with specialization being the buzzword. Thus, we have CEO, COO, and of course the Presidents and the Vice Presidents. Who is more important in an organization, a CEO or a President and whose opinions matter more for the shareholders, President's or the Vice President's. All this is clear once a person understands the functions and responsibilities of President and Vice President.
Vice President is a title that is used commonly in large organizations. There may be many vice Presidents in a company with each Vice President specialize in a certain department implying a VP having specific set of skills. So we have VP finance, and we also have VP personnel. But irrespective of the number of vice presidents, there is a single person with the title of President. He is the most influential person in the organization and is equivalent to Chief Executive Officer or Managing Director.
In a company where there are many VP's, there is a convention to rank them according to their seniority. Thus, we have the Senior Executive VP who is the senior most VP, and he is the person next in command to the President. Thereafter, we have Executive VP, Senior VP and then just VP's of various departments. All VP's are under the control of the President, but in the absence of the President, it is the Senior Executive VP who performs the functions of the President. However, in the case of a successor being searched for the President, it is the board of directors that decide and not necessarily the senior most VP who becomes the President.
What is the difference between President and Vice President?
- President and Vice President are titles of key officers in an organization with President being the most powerful officer. He is considered to be equivalent to the CEO or the Managing Director of a company.
- There may be just one vice president in a small company but in the majority of instances, there are many VP's in a large organization, each having a specific set of skills reflected by their title. Thuis we have VP (finance), VP (personnel), and so on.
- Vice Presidents are under the control of the President.
Related posts:
 1. Difference Between President and Prime Minister
 2. Difference Between Governor and President
 3. Difference Between Chairman and President
 4. Difference Between CEO and President
 5. Difference Between Interim and Acting
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