text:
|Guidelines for small-scale fruit and vegetable processors. (FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin - 127) (1997)|
|Part 2 - Processing for sale|
|2.6. Contracts with suppliers and retailers|
Many small scale processors buy fruits and vegetables daily from their nearest public market. Although this is simple and straightforward, it creates a number of problems for a business: for example, the processors have little control over the price charged by traders each day and because of the large seasonal price fluctuations that characterise these raw materials, this makes financial planning and control over cashflow more difficult (Section 2.3.4). The processor is also unable to schedule the raw materials in the quantities required and it is common for production to fail to meet a target because there are simply not enough fruits and vegetables for sale on a particular day. Additionally, the processor has no control over the way fruits and vegetables are handled during harvest and transport to the markets and therefore no influence over the quality of the raw materials that are available (see also Section 2.7.2).
To address these problems, a processor can arrange contracts with either traders or farmers, in an attempt to have greater control over the amount of raw materials available for processing each day and their quality and price. This is not a common arrangement at present in most developing countries, possibly because commercial food processing is a relatively recent activity and there is no history of collaboration and formal contracts. However, where this has been done, there are benefits to both processor and suppliers, provided that the arrangements are made honourably and there is mutual trust. The benefits to farmers are a guaranteed price for their crop, based on a sliding scale of quality and a guaranteed market when it is harvested.
However, the traders who tour an area to buy crops provide a number of benefits to farmers that processors should not ignore when arranging contracts: for example the traders frequently buy the whole crop, regardless of quality and either sort it themselves for different markets or sell it on to wholesalers who do the sorting. From the farmers perspective, they receive payment at the farm, without having to worry about marketing their crop or disposal of substandard items. Although farmers have a guaranteed market by selling to traders, they have virtually no control over the prices offered and can be exploited, particularly at the peak of a growing season when there is an over-supply of a particular crop.
Traders also provide a number of other services that farmers may find difficult to obtain elsewhere: traders may be the only realistic source of farming tools and other inputs such as seeds; they are also a source of immediate informal credit, which farmers may require to buy inputs or for other needs such as funerals and weddings. Although the interest payments on such loans may be much higher than those charged on commercial loans, farmers often have no access to banks or other lenders and in practice have no choice. In many countries, large numbers of farmers are permanently indebted to traders for their lifetimes and are only released from the debt by sale of land.
When processors begin to negotiate contracts with farmers, they should therefore be aware that farmers may be unwilling to break the existing arrangements with traders, either because of genuine fears that they will lose the services provided or because they are indebted to traders and have no ability to make other arrangements. The local power of traders should not be under-estimated and may range from a refusal to offer further loans to farmers, a threat not to buy the crop again if sales are made directly to processors, a demand that farmers repay loans immediately and in extreme cases, physical violence.
Despite the problems described above, there are possibilities for processors to agree contracts to supply fruits and vegetables of a specified variety and quality with individual farmers or with groups of farmers who may be working cooperatively.
Typically a specification would include the variety to be grown, the degree of maturity at harvest, freedom from infection etc. The price paid for the crop is agreed in advance and may be set between the mid-season lowest point and the preand post-season high points. Alternatively a sliding scale of prices is agreed, based on one or more easily measurable characteristics such as minimum size or agreed colour range, with an independent person being present to confirm the agreement in case of later disputes. The agreement may also specify the minimum or maximum amount that will be bought. In a formal contract, these agreement are written down and signed by both parties, although such formal contracts are rare in most developing countries.
Processors should also consider the other forms of assistance that could be offered to farmers. For example, in some other larger scale processing such as tea and coffee production, processors offer training and an extension service to address problems with the crop as they arise throughout the growing season. Although this may be beyond the resources of small scale processors, more limited types of assistance may include purchasing tools, fertilizer or other requirements in bulk with the savings being passed on to farmers. Alternatively, part-payment for the crop can be made in advance so that farmers can buy inputs without the need for credit and the consequent indebtedness.
The advantages to the processor are greater control over the quality of raw materials and the varieties that are planted, some control over the amounts supplied and an advance indication of likely raw material costs which assists in both financial control and production planning (Sections 2.3.4 and 2.7.1). The advantage to the farmer is the security of having a guaranteed market for the crop at a known price, together with any other incentives that may be offered by processors.
However, this type of arrangement can only operate successfully when both processors and farmers honour their side of the agreement. In the authors experience, there have been a number of occasions when these forms of agreement have been tried, but have failed because one party breaks their part of the contract. Typically, this can be farmers who sell part of their crop to traders at each end of the season, when the price is higher than that offered by the processor. The expected volume of crop is not then available to the processor and planned production capacity cannot be achieved, seriously damaging both sales and cashflow. Alternatively, the processor delays payment to farmers, resulting in the need for them to take another loan and greater indebtedness. The processor may also fail to buy the agreed amount of crop and farmers are left to find alternative markets without the option of supplying traders who may refuse to buy it or may offer an insignificant price.
A slightly different approach is that in which a processor takes a greater degree of control over production of the crop and specifies the types of fruit or vegetable to be grown, supplies seeds and other inputs, even including labour. In effect farmers are paid by the processor for the use of their land. Although this involves greater organisational complexity and higher operating costs for the processor, the benefits of an assured supply of raw materials having the correct qualities for processing may outweigh the disadvantages, particularly in situations where the demand for a crop outstrips the supply.
A further development of the approach is for the processor to rent or buy land and set up a separate operation to supply the processing unit. This often happens in reverse when an existing farmer diversifies into processing but retains the farm. In either case the processor hires the labour and supplies all inputs needed to operate the farm. The bulk of the produce supplies the processing unit with any excess being sold in local markets or to traders.


text:
(28) * << * >> * Russian * English * Content * All Issues
Simulating the process of dielectric substrate surface cleaning in high-voltage gas discharge plasma
N.L. Kazanskiy1,2 V.A. Kolpakov1,2 S.V. Krichevsky1,2
1Image Processing Systems Institute of RAS
2Samara State Aerospace University named after academician S.P. Korolev
PDF, 121 kB
The mechanism of cleaning the surface of dielectric substrates in a low-temperature high-voltage gas discharge plasma was investigated theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the main factors affecting the surface cleanliness are the exposure time, discharge current, accelerating voltage. A universal dependence was obtained that relates the amount of change in the concentration of contaminants on the surface with the rate of removal of contaminants and the duration of exposure. Good agreement between the experimental data and this dependence is shown. It was determined that the minimum surface concentration of contaminations is achieved when the duration of exposure is at least 10 seconds, the discharge current is at least 10 mA, the accelerating voltage is 2-3 kV. A real example of etching of silicon dioxide grooves in low-temperature high-voltage gas discharge plasma in a mixture of freon - 14 (CF4) and oxygen (O2) shows the effect of the substrate surface purity on the geometric parameters of the formed diffractive microrelief. According to the research results, a technique has been developed for cleaning the surface of dielectric substrates in high-voltage gas discharge plasma, characterized by low cost and energy consumption, which allows cleaning the surface to a level of 10-9 g/cm2.
high-voltage gas, discharge plasma, discharge current, accelerating voltage, plasma in a mixture of freon.
Kazanskiy NL, Kolpakov VA, Krichevsky SV. Simulating the process of dielectric substrate surface cleaning in high-voltage gas discharge plasma. Computer Optics 2005; 28: 80-86.
- Duval P. High-vacuum production in microelectronics industry. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier; 1988.
- Kolpakov AI, Kolpakov VA, Krichevsky SV. Ion-plasma cleaning of low-power relay contacts [In Russian]. Electronics Industry 1996; 5: 41-44.
- Kolpakov VA. Modeling the high-voltage gas-discharge-plasma etching of SiO2. Russian Microelectronics 2002; 31(6): 366-374.
- Kazanskiy NL, Kolpakov VA, Kolpakov AI. Anisotropic etching of SIO2 in high-voltage gas-discharge plasmas. Russian Microelectronics 2004; 33(3): 169-182. DOI: 10.1023/B:RUMI._PHONE_.29416.eb.
- Piganov MN, Kolpakov AI, Krichevsky SV. A device for rapid assessment of surface cleanliness of substrates by the tribometry method. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Technical Conference "Advance Technologies in Information Media" (Vladimir) 1995: 155-157.
- Kolpakov VA, Kolpakov AI, Krichevsky SV. A device for the express-control of the surface finish of dielectric substrates [In Russian]. Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta 1995; 5: 199-200.
- Poltavtzev YG, Knyazev AS. Techniques of surface processing in microelectronics [In Russian]. Kiev: "Tekhnika" Publisher; 1990.
- Ivanovsky GF, Petrov VI. Ion-plasma processing of materials [In Russian]. Moscow: "Radio i Svyaz" Publisher; 1986.
- Brodie I, Muray JJ. The physics of microfabrication. New York, London: Plenum Press; 1982.
- Anisimov YN, Galibey VI, Ivanchenko PA, Kirichenko IN, Oleschuk VI, Epimakhov YuK. Polymerization processes and physicochemical research methods [In Russian]. Kiev: "Vysshaya Shkola" Publisher; 1987.
- Kireev VY, Nazarov DA, Kuznetsov VI. Ion-stimulated etching [In Russian]. Elektrnnaya Obrabotka Materialov 1986; 6: 40-43.
- Kireev VY, Kremerov MA. Electron-stimulated etching [In Russian]. Electronic Engineering. Series 3. Microelectronics 1985; 151: 3-12.
© 2009, IPSI RAS
151, Molodogvardeiskaya str., Samara, 443001, Russia; E-mail: _EMAIL_ ; Tel: +7 (846) 242-41-24 (Executive secretary), +7 (846) 332-56-22 (Issuing editor), Fax: +7 (846) 332-56-20

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A conference with participants in different locations linked by telecommunication devices.
More example sentences
- Developers are spread out over various geographical locations and weekly teleconferences are set up to discuss ongoing development issues.
- Teleconferences and satellite teleconferences are effective methods of teaching bioterrorism preparedness to large numbers of physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals.
- Customers can increase or decrease bandwidth more quickly and request additional bandwidth for specific situations such as teleconferences.
- More example sentences
- These include traditional email, web-based conferencing, and teleconferencing using a standard land-line phone link.
- All of the hotel's function rooms have inter-linking built-in audio systems, video and computer projection equipment, ISDN teleconferencing and more.
- They are able to attend daily planning meetings by teleconferencing from their home institutions in several states and in Europe.
Definition of teleconference in:
- The US English dictionary

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Infantile refsum disease
Definition
Infantile refsum disease (IRD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of cellular peroxisomes and by the accumulation of various unmetabolized substances in the blood and bodily tissues. The disorder arises in infancy and results in visual and hearing impairments, decreased muscle tone, poor growth, mental retardation, decreased coordination, liver damage, and abnormal development of facial structures. There is no cure for the disorder, and treatment is limited to the relief of symptoms.
Description
Living bodies are built up of millions of individual cells specifically adapted to carry out particular functions. Within cells are even smaller structures, called organelles, which perform different jobs and enable the cell to serve its ultimate purpose. One type of organelle is the peroxisome, whose function is to break down waste materials or to process materials that, if allowed to accumulate, would prove toxic to the cells.
Peroxisomes break down various materials through the use of enzymes (proteins that assist in biochemical reactions), and 80 different peroxisomal enzymes have been identified. These enzymes are made by the cell and transported into the peroxisome by a complex process, requiring at least 15 other proteins. In some cases, an absence or deficiency of these proteins results in a failure to transport enzymes into peroxisomes, leaving the cell unable to metabolize various substances. These substances build up in the blood stream and deposit in various tissues, causing damage.
Infantile refsum disease (IRD) results from an abnormality in the transport of enzymes into the peroxisome, manifesting as absent or reduced functioning peroxisomes. As a consequence of peroxisome deficiency, various substances accumulate in the bloodstream, including phytanic acid, pipecolic acid, hydroxycholestanoic acids, glyoxylate, and substances called very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA). Mutations in at least two different genes that encode proteins that participate in the transport of enzymes to the peroxisome have been identified in IRD.
IRD is thought to be the mildest form of leukodystrophy, a group of genetic disorders including Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, that damage the fatty sheaths surrounding nerves. In the past, IRD was thought to be a variant of adult refsum disease (also called classical refsum disease) because both disorders demonstrate high levels of phytanic acid due to a peroxisomal abnormality. However, later studies demonstrated that the peroxisomal abnormality in IRD is global, affecting many different enzymes, as opposed to the abnormality in adult refsum disease, where only one specific peroxisomal enzyme is abnormal. Indeed, people with IRD show the accumulation of many substances in their bloodstream in addition to phytanic acid and experience different and more severe symptoms than those experienced by people with adult refsum disease. Currently, the two diseases are regarded as separate and distinct entities with different genetic, biochemical, and clinical profiles.
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Perl version
 - TUX
Perl 5 version 24.0 documentation
Recently read
Pod::Usage - print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
 1. use Pod::Usage
 2. my $message_text = "This text precedes the usage message.";
 3. my $exit_status = 2; ## The exit status to use
 4. my $verbose_level = 0; ## The verbose level to use
 5. my $filehandle = \*STDERR; ## The filehandle to write to
 6. pod2usage($message_text);
 7. pod2usage($exit_status);
 8. pod2usage( { -message => $message_text,
 9. -exitval => $exit_status,
 10. -verbose => $verbose_level,
 11. -output => $filehandle } );
 12. pod2usage( -msg => $message_text,
 13. -exitval => $exit_status,
 14. -verbose => $verbose_level,
 15. -output => $filehandle );
 16. pod2usage( -verbose => 2,
 17. -noperldoc => 1 );
 18. pod2usage( -verbose => 2,
 19. -perlcmd => $path_to_perl,
 20. -perldoc => $path_to_perldoc,
 21. -perldocopt => $perldoc_options );
pod2usage should be given either a single argument, or a list of arguments corresponding to an associative array (a "hash"). When a single argument is given, it should correspond to exactly one of the following:
 - A string containing the text of a message to print before printing the usage message
 - A numeric value corresponding to the desired exit status
 - A reference to a hash
If more than one argument is given then the entire argument list is assumed to be a hash. If a hash is supplied (either as a reference or as a list) it should contain one or more elements with the following keys:
 - -message string
 - -msg string
 The text of a message to print immediately prior to printing the program's usage message.
 - -exitval value
 The desired exit status to pass to the exit() function. This should be an integer, or else the string "NOEXIT" to indicate that control should simply be returned without terminating the invoking process.
 - -verbose value
 The desired level of "verboseness" to use when printing the usage message. If the value is 0, then only the "SYNOPSIS" section of the pod documentation is printed. If the value is 1, then the "SYNOPSIS" section, along with any section entitled "OPTIONS", "ARGUMENTS", or "OPTIONS AND ARGUMENTS" is printed. If the corresponding value is 2 or more then the entire manpage is printed, using perldoc if available; otherwise Pod::Text is used for the formatting. For better readability, the all-capital headings are downcased, e.g. SYNOPSIS => Synopsis.
 The special verbosity level 99 requires to also specify the -sections parameter; then these sections are extracted and printed.
 - -sections spec
 There are two ways to specify the selection. Either a string (scalar) representing a selection regexp for sections to be printed when -verbose is set to 99, e.g.
 With the above regexp all content following (and including) any of the given =head1 headings will be shown. It is possible to restrict the output to particular subsections only, e.g.:
 1. "DESCRIPTION/Algorithm"
 This will output only the =head2 Algorithm heading and content within the =head1 DESCRIPTION section. The regexp binding is stronger than the section separator, such that e.g.:
 will print any =head2 Caveats section (only) within any of the three =head1 sections.
 Alternatively, an array reference of section specifications can be used:
 1. pod2usage(-verbose => 99, -sections => [
 2. qw(DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION/Introduction) ] );
 This will print only the content of =head1 DESCRIPTION and the =head2 Introduction sections, but no other =head2, and no other =head1 either.
 - -output handle
 A reference to a filehandle, or the pathname of a file to which the usage message should be written. The default is \*STDERR unless the exit value is less than 2 (in which case the default is \*STDOUT ).
 - -input handle
 A reference to a filehandle, or the pathname of a file from which the invoking script's pod documentation should be read. It defaults to the file indicated by $0 ($PROGRAM_NAME for users of
 If you are calling pod2usage() from a module and want to display that module's POD, you can use this:
 1. use Pod::Find qw(pod_where);
 2. pod2usage( -input => pod_where({-inc => 1}, __PACKAGE__) );
 - -pathlist string
 A list of directory paths. If the input file does not exist, then it will be searched for in the given directory list (in the order the directories appear in the list). It defaults to the list of directories implied by $ENV{PATH}. The list may be specified either by a reference to an array, or by a string of directory paths which use the same path separator as $ENV{PATH} on your system (e.g., : for Unix, ; for MSWin32 and DOS).
 - -noperldoc
 By default, Pod::Usage will call perldoc when -verbose >= 2 is specified. This does not work well e.g. if the script was packed with PAR. The -noperldoc option suppresses the external call to perldoc and uses the simple text formatter (Pod::Text) to output the POD.
 - -perlcmd
 By default, Pod::Usage will call perldoc when -verbose >= 2 is specified. In case of special or unusual Perl installations, the -perlcmd option may be used to supply the path to a perl executable which should run perldoc.
 - -perldoc path-to-perldoc
 By default, Pod::Usage will call perldoc when -verbose >= 2 is specified. In case perldoc is not installed where the perl interpreter thinks it is (see Config), the -perldoc option may be used to supply the correct path to perldoc.
 - -perldocopt string
 By default, Pod::Usage will call perldoc when -verbose >= 2 is specified. The -perldocopt option may be used to supply options to perldoc. The string may contain several, space-separated options.
Formatting base class
The default text formatter is Pod::Text. The base class for Pod::Usage can be defined by pre-setting $Pod::Usage::Formatter before loading Pod::Usage, e.g.:
 1. BEGIN { $Pod::Usage::Formatter = 'Pod::Text::Termcap'; }
 2. use Pod::Usage qw(pod2usage);
Pod::Usage uses Pod::Simple's _handle_element_end() method to implement the section selection, and in case of verbosity < 2 it down-cases the all-caps headings to first capital letter and rest lowercase, and adds a colon/newline at the end of the headings, for better readability. Same for verbosity = 99.
Pass-through options
The following options are passed through to the underlying text formatter. See the manual pages of these modules for more information.
 1. alt code indent loose margin quotes sentence stderr utf8 width
pod2usage will print a usage message for the invoking script (using its embedded pod documentation) and then exit the script with the desired exit status. The usage message printed may have any one of three levels of "verboseness": If the verbose level is 0, then only a synopsis is printed. If the verbose level is 1, then the synopsis is printed along with a description (if present) of the command line options and arguments. If the verbose level is 2, then the entire manual page is printed.
Unless they are explicitly specified, the default values for the exit status, verbose level, and output stream to use are determined as follows:
 - If neither the exit status nor the verbose level is specified, then the default is to use an exit status of 2 with a verbose level of 0.
 - If an exit status is specified but the verbose level is not, then the verbose level will default to 1 if the exit status is less than 2 and will default to 0 otherwise.
 - If an exit status is not specified but verbose level is given, then the exit status will default to 2 if the verbose level is 0 and will default to 1 otherwise.
 - If the exit status used is less than 2, then output is printed on STDOUT. Otherwise output is printed on STDERR.
Although the above may seem a bit confusing at first, it generally does "the right thing" in most situations. This determination of the default values to use is based upon the following typical Unix conventions:
 - An exit status of 0 implies "success". For example, diff(1) exits with a


text:
Coconut waste can be processed into briquettes that can be reused as an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly. Brickets are blocks of material that can be used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Kelambir Village, Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang Regency is one of the villages that has the most coconut plantations and most of the people use coconut plants that grow around it. Kelambir village is known as one of the coconut producing areas, but it has not been used optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to increase understanding and awareness about processing coconut shell brickets through public education in order to increase the value of waste and increase people's income. This training includes the stages of burning, milling/kneading, molding and drying to make charcoal brickets from coconut shells.
Copyrights © 2022


text:
Hydrofluoric acid is extremely corrosive. Acute exposures are especially hazardous and can result in severe burns or respiratory damage. U. S. manufacturers use hydrofluoric acid to produce fluorocarbons, aluminum and other chemical products. Metal pickling and etching applications are the primary end-uses for hydrofluoric acid in Massachusetts. Hydrofluoric acid use is on the decline in Massachusetts. However, produced as an unintended byproduct, coal-fired power plants are a potential source of public exposure to hydrofluroic acid.
Massachusetts. facilities reported using 640,000 pounds of hydrofluoric acid in 1996. Hydrofluoric acid use in Massachusetts declined slightly, by 5%, between 1990 and 1996.


text:
Definition of Lycopodium selago
1. Noun. Of northern Europe and America; resembling a miniature fir.
Generic synonyms: Club Moss, Club-moss, Lycopod
Lycopodium Selago Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Lycopodium Selago Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Lycopodium Selago
Literary usage of Lycopodium selago
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Rhodora by New England Botanical Club (1905)
"A CONNECTICUT STATION FOR Lycopodium selago.—In the Gray Herbarium I find a small but well fruited and unmistakable specimen of Lycopodium selago, L.,..."
2. The British Ferns: Or, Coloured Figures and Descriptions, with the Needful...by William Jackson Hooker by William Jackson Hooker (1861)
"LYCOPODIUM Selago; stems four to six inches high, rooting at the base, rigid,... LYCOPODIUM Selago. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1665. Sw. Syn. Fil. p. 176. Willd...."
3. Organography of Plants, Especially of the Archegoniata and Spermaphyta by Karl Goebel, Isaac Bayley Balfour (1905)
"This takes place npt infrequently in Lycopodium selago.... They have, like the prothallus of Lycopodium selago, paraphyses, and produce remarkable gemmae..."
4. An Analysis of the British Ferns and Their Allies by George William Francis (1851)
"Lycopodium selago of other botanists. FIG.—EB 233.—Flo. Dan. Wi.—Dill. Mws. t. 56, f. 1. DBS.—Root tufted, fibrous. Stems 2 to 6 inches high, growing quite..."
Other Resources Relating to: Lycopodium selago

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Endoscopic management of lateral sphenoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks: Identifying a radiographic parameter for surgical planning
Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2020 Jun 8;5(3):375-380. doi: 10.1002/lio2.412. eCollection 2020 Jun.
Abstract
Objective: Repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the lateral recess of the sphenoid (LRS) sinus can be challenging to accomplish via an endoscopic transphenoidal approach. The endoscopic transpterygoid approach can improve surgical access to the lateral recess but requires more extensive surgical dissection. We review our experience with LRS CSF leak repair via both techniques to determine whether preoperative radiologic data can help predict the most appropriate surgical approach.
Methods: Electronic medical records of patients with LRS CSF leaks were retrospectively reviewed at a single tertiary referral center. Radiographic measurements from preoperative computed tomography images were reviewed.
Results: Twenty-two LRS CSF leaks were identified. The transphenoidal and transpterygoid approach were used in 6 (27.3%) and 16 (72.7%) cases, respectively.The mean vidian canal to foramen rotundum angle of the repairs accessed transphenoidally as compared to the transptyergoid approach were not significantly different (41.93° ±10.91, 40.72° ±19.49, respectively; P = .63). However, the mean volume of the LRS accessed by the transpterygoid approach was significantly greater compared to those accessed through the transphenoidal approach (0.97 cm3 ± 0.48, 0.39 cm3 ± 0.40, respectively; P = .04). A LRS volume of 0.400 cm3 or greater predicted the use of the transpterygoid approach with 93.3% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that LRS CSF leaks that necessitated repair by the transpterygoid approach, rather than transphenoidal approach, were in the context of significantly larger lateral recess. Assessment of the LRS volume is a quantifiable parameter to aid in preoperative surgical planning.
Level of evidence: Level 4.
Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid leak; lateral recess of sphenoid; sphenoid cerebrospinal fluid leak; transpterygoid approach.


text:
The First Lady of Parachuting
by Elizabeth Whitley Roberson
Reprinted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Fall 2003.
Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, NC Museum of History
Her birth name was Georgia Ann Thompson. She was born in 1893 on a farm in Granville County, the youngest of the seven daughters of George and Emma Ross Thompson. Because she weighed only three pounds at birth, her family called her Tiny, a name she carried the rest of her life, because even when fully grown, she stood just a few inches over four feet tall and weighed a mere eighty pounds!
Tiny's family had a difficult time making a living on the farm, and when Tiny was about six years old, her father moved the family to Henderson, where he found work in a local cotton mill. At the time it was not uncommon for women to marry young. Tiny married in 1905, and the next year she gave birth to a daughter. Because of the added expense of caring for a baby, Tiny had to stop going to school and find a job to help support herself and her child. Her husband had abandoned them.
The only job available for her at the time was in the mill where her father worked. Her job involved working twelveand fourteen-hour shifts, earning forty cents a day. After working those long hours, she had to go home to care for her infant daughter. Gradually, the strain of work and worry about providing for her family took its toll on the frail girl, and she could only hope for some relief and dream of a better life. Unknown to her, that relief would soon come, the day the Jones Carnival arrived in nearby Raleigh.
Tiny had heard her coworkers talking about the State Fair coming to Raleigh and about all the exciting things to see there. She found someone to take her to Raleigh when the fair arrived in 1907, and there she saw the act "The Broadwicks and Their Famous French Aeronauts," which was part of the Jones Carnival. The act was used to draw crowds into the midway and involved the ascent of a hot-air balloon. The performers went up in the balloon's basket, then climbed over the side and floated back down to earth. Tiny said about her first reaction to seeing this act, "When I saw that balloon go up, I knew that's all I ever wanted to do!" After the show was over, she talked to Charles Broadwick, the owner, and asked if she could travel with the group and become a part of the act. Broadwick could see that Tiny, with her beauty and her diminutive size, would be a great drawing card for his show, and he agreed to hire her.
Tiny joined the carinval and left her daughter with Tiny's mother, agreeing to send part of her salary home to support the child. This began a career that led her all over the United States, making her the sweetheart of carnival crowds.
Tiny first jumped in 1908 at the North Carolina State Fair. When asked what her feelings were when she parachuted off the balloon, she said, "I tell you, honey, it was the most wonderful sensation in the world!" She said that from up in the air she could appreciate the beauty of the earth from a new perspective and felt that she was in the presence of God.
Broadwick capitalized on Tiny's diminutive size, her long brown curls, and her youth by dressing her like a doll and billing her as the Doll Girl. She was outfitted in ruffled bloomers, with pink bows on her arms, ribbons in her long curls, and a little bonnet on her head, all of which made her look like a small child. In later years, Tiny confessed that she was really a tomboy and hated having to dress up like that.
After Tiny joined the group, Broadwick got permission from her father to adopt her legally as his daughter, giving her the name Tiny Broadwick. According to family members, Tiny's father did not object to the adoption, since the social practices of the time dictated that it was improper for a young girl to travel around the country alone with an older man.
Broadwick began teaching Tiny the craft of parachuting. Her performances drew large crowds, and she became the star attraction of the show. Newspaper accounts described her as the most daring female aeronaut (balloonist) ever seen and marveled at the dangerous maneuvers she performed with apparently little or no fear.
The Broadwicks traveled all over the country with their balloon act, but by 1912 that type of performance had become outdated. By chance a new challenge confronted them. They went to Los Angeles, California, to participate in an air meet, and there Tiny met a famous pilot named Glenn L. Martin. He had seen her jump from a balloon but wanted her to parachute from his airplane instead. He could see her potential for attracting crowds to watch his airplane act. When he asked Tiny if she would parachute from his plane, without hesitation she said yes. This event marked a whole new chapter in Tiny's career and ultimately gave her a place in history.
She used a parachute developed by Charles Broadwick. It was made of silk and, when packed, looked like a knapsack attached to a snug-fitting canvas jacket with harness straps. A string was fastened to the fuselage (body) of the plane and woven through the parachute's canvas covering, so that when the wearer jumped from the plane, the cover would be ripped off, leaving the parachute free to fill with air. Tiny was suspended from a trap seat just behind the wing and outside the cockpit, with the parachute on a shelf above her. Martin took the plane up to two thousand feet, and then Tiny released a lever alongside the seat, allowing it to drop out from under her.
After her first jump from Martin's plane, Tiny was in great demand all over the country. In 1914 she was called upon to demonstrate to government officials the effectiveness of parachutes as an avenue of escape for pilots. Many pilots had perished because they had no way to get out of a falling plane. Tiny made four jumps that day, three of which were successful.
On the fourth jump her parachute's line became entangled in the tail assembly of the plane. The force of the wind flipped her small body back and forth, and she could not get back into the plane. She didn't panic, however. Instead, she cut off all but a short length of the line and then pulled it by hand, freeing the lines that opened the parachute. This development was later called a rip cord. By her quick thinking, Tiny became the first person ever to make a planned free-fall descent. Her accident meant that a person leaving a plane would no longer need a line attached to the aircraft to open his or her chute. Tiny demonstrated that day that a pilot could safely bail out of an airplane. The parachute became known as the life preserver of the air.
After more than one thousand jumps, Tiny made her last one in 1922. Her ankles had begun to bother her when she landed. She was very reluctant to give up parachuting because, she said, "I breathe so much better up there, and it's so peaceful being that near to God." She spent her last years in California but was buried in Henderson, North Carolina, after she died in 1978 at the age of eighty-five.
In her way, Tiny Broadwick helped give confidence to the thousands of flyers who came after her; they knew that there was a way to escape a failing aircraft. She contributed to the flight history that helped make America the nation that gave wings to the world. Tiny was truly a pioneer and will always be remembered as the First Lady of Parachuting.
At the time of this article's publication, Elizabeth Whitley Roberson taught at Williamston Middle School in Williamston. She is a former Tar Heel Junior Historian Association adviser and has written the books Weep Not for Me, Dear Mother; In Care of Yellow River, a companion book to Weep Not; and Tiny Broadwick: The First Lady of Parachuting.
"Tiny Broadwick with parachute." Photo courtesy of the NC State Archives. Call no. N.69.8.42. Online at: _URL_
"Tiny Broadwick with Glenn Martin." Photo courtesy of the NC State Archives. Call no. N.61.2.36. Online at: _URL_
References and additional resources:
NC Digital Collections resources.
Resources in libraries [via WorldCat]
"Tiny Broadwick." 2003. Aviation Pioneers. NC State Archives. _URL_
1 January 2003 | Roberson, Elizabeth Whitley


text:
Normal atmospheric conditions on left. Oxygen rich flask on right.
When thinking about the steel wool lab it is important to think very logically and trust your observations.
If your lab technique was good, and you didn't knock off too many crumbs from the steel wool ball, your experiment should have gained mass. How is this possible? Remember chemically combustion is combining with oxygen (O2 molecules). So instead of simply having iron atoms, we know have iron oxide molecules. Oxygen has mass, so if we didn't lose any iron, the experiment has to gain mass.
Fe + O2 ==> ___________? + energy release (That gives off the glow. Fire is not an element!)
Under atmospheric conditions where oxygen is present in excess, the stable form of iron is Fe3+ ion.
So the reaction becomes:
Fe + O2 ==> Fe+3O-2 + energy
Now just finish the criss-cross for the proper compound formula and then balance the equation. Remember no subscript on the iron, and oxygen is a diatomic molecule. You can do it on your own!


text:
Pint Size Heroes
Little heroes who make a big difference!
The Pint Size Hero program is a community service project developed by the American Red Cross to introduce children to the importance of donating blood. Through the program, blood drives are held at elementary schools or middle schools and young students are engaged in the whole process. The program encourages students to volunteer at the blood drive and invite parents, guardians and other adults to give blood on their behalf.
A 10 to 20 minute educational segment is presented at the school by an American Red Cross representative. Students are taught using age-appropriate curriculum. Supplemental materials can be provided for enthusiastic teachers who may wish to discuss the blood drive further. Students are encouraged to take home a letter describing the program and to invite parents, guardians or other adults to donate blood at their school's blood drive.
The Pint Size Hero program teaches students:
- Facts about blood and how it is used as medicine
- Who gives blood
- Who needs blood
- The function of American Red Cross Blood Services
For more information about the Pint Size Hero program:
- To view the program flier CLICK HERE
- Contact program coordinator Nancy Firth at _EMAIL_.


1.1.3.12 Lab – Diagram a Real-World Process (Answers)
1.1.3.12 Lab – Diagram a Real-World Process (Instructor Version)
Objectives
In this activity, you will diagram observable processes from real-world examples that include feedback mechanisms.
Background/Scenario
Today, the IoE brings people, process, data, and things together by combining M2M, M2P, and P2P connections. Information extracted from these networked connections creates new capabilities, richer experiences, and economic opportunity.
In this activity, you will create a process diagram for a smart home. You will diagram subsystems, such as lighting, a home irrigation system, and a smart milk jug. These subsystems will include feedback mechanisms and the following three connection types: M2M, M2P, and P2P. You can use any of the diagramming programs (Gliffy, Draw.io, or others) that you have explored in previous activities.
Scenario One: Lighting
In this smart home, the lights turn on automatically when the family is home in the evening. As the family
members move around the house, the lights adjust according to the pre-programmed level for certain activities. For example, on a typical evening on a Saturday, the family has dinner and a movie at home. After everyone has finished the meal, the dining room light turns off five minutes after everyone has left the room. The family usually watches a movie in the media room after dinner. While the TV is on, the lights in the room automatically adjust to a level suitable for viewing a movie.
The IoT connections evident in this scenario are:
1. M2M: The lights dim automatically when the TV is on.
2. M2P: The TV was turned on.
3. P2P: The family is enjoying a movie together.
Scenario Two: Home Irrigation System
a. Create a scenario using a smart home irrigation system. The system can detect moisture levels in the soil and use weather prediction to adjust the watering schedule.
b. Use a diagramming program to create a process diagram.
c. Describe the IoT connection types.
Scenario Three: Smart Milk Jug
a. A smart milk jug detects the pH level and remaining quantity of the milk in the jug. The milk jug can alert the user when the milk is spoiled by measuring the pH level of the milk. An application can wirelessly connect to the milk jug and inform the user of the quality and quantity of the remaining milk. The application can also provide recipes for both fresh and spoiled milk. The application may also order the milk from a grocery delivery service.
b. Use a diagramming program to create a process diagram.
c. Describe the IoT connection types.

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Berger Water Based Primer is formulated to resist alkali and moisture present in the new plaster surfaces. It forms a tough and flexible film which prevents passage of moisture from the substrate through the paint film. Before the application of Berger Water Based Primer, it is essential that the surface to be painted should be dry and free from grease and dust.
Berger Water Based Primer has been designed for use on cement render concrete, lime plaster, asbestos cement sheets and all other surfaces which require sealing against moisture or alkaline substrate. It can be applied on interior and exterior surfaces.
Before application of Berger Water Based Primer, it is essential that the surface to be painted should be dry and free from grease and dust.
Berger Water Based Primer can be applied by thinning (1:1) with water by volume for brush application (depend on surface absorbency). For better results apply two coats of Berger Water Based Primer.
For previously painted old surfaces, remove all defective or poorly adhering material by rubbing with a suitable abrasive paper or stiff brush.
To smoothen the surface, Berger Wall Putty can be applied after the application of Berger Water Based Primer.
Berger Water Based Primer dries within an hour and can be recoated after 2-3 hours.
Berger Water Based Primer covers 16-18 meter square per litre per coat (depends upon the absorbency of the surface).
Berger Water Based Primer is available in 3.64 and 14.56 Litre pack size.
The container should be protected from extreme hot and cold temperature. It should be properly closed and kept in an upright position after use. In case of contact with eyes rinse with water and seek medical advice.


text:
How Do I Change a Tire
Sooner or later, it happens to the best of us, we get a flat tire. Most of us have a roadside assistance membership of some kind but it is always good to know how to do this.
Follow these simple steps to fix the problem and be on your way in no time...
- Find a safe spot to pull over. If you're on the highway, getting off is the safest bet, even if you have to drive on a blown tire. Otherwise, pull as far onto the shoulder as possible.
- Don't park in the middle of a curve, where approaching cars can't see you.
- Choose a flat spot, jacking up your car on a hill can be a disaster.
- If you have a manual transmission, leave your car in gear.
- Be sure to set your parking brake!
- Turn on your hazard lights.
- Get the jack, wrench, and spare tire from the trunk of the car and bring them over to the tire that is flat. Use other tools or supplies if needed.
Loosen the Lug Nuts:
- Use the wrench to loosen the lug nuts.
- You may need to remove the hubcap. Don't remove the lug nuts at this point; simply loosen them by turning the wrench to the left (counter-clockwise).
- If the lug nuts are really tight, try placing the wrench on the nut and standing on the wrench arm to use your full weight on it.
- You can also try hitting the wrench arm with a rock.
Attach the Spare Tire:
- Place the spare on the car.
- Line up the lug nut posts with the holes in the spare, and push the spare all the way onto the wheelbase until it can't go any farther.
- Put on the lug nuts.
- Don't put them on tightly, just make sure they're on enough for the spare to stay on the car for a moment.
- Lower the car back to the ground.
- Use the jack to bring the car back down to ground level.
- Remove the jack from underneath the car.
On the Ground:
- Make sure the lug nuts are tightened.
- With the car back on the ground, you can now tighten the lug nuts.
- Rather than tightening them one by one in order, start with one lug nut, tighten it about 50%, move to the opposite nut (across the circle) and tighten that one about the same amount.
- Keep tightening opposite lug nuts gradually in turn until each lug nut is as tight as it can be.
- Put your flat tire and tools back in your trunk.
- Make sure you don't leave anything on the side of the road.
If you are lucky a tire isn't completely destroyed when it goes flat. If the flat is caused by a nail or other sharp object, and you can't or don't want to change your tire you may be able to give yourself a few kilometers of leeway by using a flat-fix type spray. Simply follow the manufacturer's directions. In ideal situations, the spray foam will allow you to at least find a close off-ramp and pull into a service station or a rest stop before you have to change your tire. If your tires appear worn or you have had a flat tire and need it fixed or replaced, contact our service department for a fast and cost efficient solution.


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Rabbi Yehuda Loewe, best known as the Maharal of Prague, was one of the greatest Torah giants in the last 500 years. He lived in the 16th century, during a time of great tension for European Jews, when every Pesach season was colored by fears of persecution, beatings, arrests, and worse.
There is a tradition which has not been established, that in the face of these threats, Maharal created a Golem, a humanoid figure formed from mud and brought to life by secret prayers and Kabbalistic sayings. Given the name Yossele, the Golem's purpose was to protect the Prague ghetto from attacks by angry anti-Semites who plotted wicked schemes against the Jews living there.
According to the story, the Jews were saved from many dangers through the might and feats of Yossele. The local people were inspired and reminded of Hashem's constant care and protection.
Generations have been thrilled and entertained by the exploits, adventures and foibles of "Yossele Golem." This book, translated from the Hebrew, presents these exciting stories and their message to a new era of readers.


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POTIPHAR () or POTI-PHERAH ():
Name of an Egyptian officer. The form "Potiphar" is probably an abbreviation of "Potiphera"; the two are treated as identical in the Septuagint, and are rendered Πετρεφῆς or Πετεφῆς. "Poti-phera" is the Hebrew rendering of the Egyptian "P'-di-p'-R'" = "He whom Ra [i.e., the sun-god] gave." This name has not been found in Egyptian inscriptions; but names of similar form occur as early as the twenty-second dynasty.
Potiphar was the Egyptian officer to whom Joseph was sold (Gen. xxxvii. 36, xxxix. 1). He is described as a "saris" of Pharaoh, and as "captain of the guard" (Hebr. ). The term "saris" is commonly used in the Old Testament of eunuchs; but occasionally it seems to stand in a more general sense for "court official," and sometimes it designates a military officer (II Kings xxv. 19; comp. ib. xviii. 17; Jer. xxxix. 3, 13). The second title, "captain of the guard," is literally "chief of the slaughterers," and is interpreted by some to mean "chief of the cooks" (comp. I Sam. ix. 23, 24, where = "cook"). The former is much the more probable meaning here, and is supported by the closely corresponding title ( ) of one of the high military officers of Nebuchadnezzar (II Kings xxv. 8, 10; comp. Dan. ii. 14). Nothing, however, of this office is definitely known from Egyptian sources.
Poti-pherah was a priest of On (Heliopolis), whose daughter Asenath became the wife of Joseph (Gen. xli. 45, 50; xlvi. 20). See also Joseph.


It then generates a table showing how often the characters a through z are found in the text selection.
(publish :path "/charcount"
 :content-type "text/html"
 :function
 #'(lambda (req ent)
 (let* ((body (get-request-body req))
 (text (if* body
 then (cdr (assoc "quotation"
 (form-urlencoded-to-query body)
 :test #'equal)))))
 (with-http-response (req ent)
 (with-http-body (req ent)
 (if* text
 then ; got the quotation, analyze it
 (html
 (:html
 (:head (:title "Character Counts")
 (:body
 (:table
 (do ((i #.(char-code #\a) (1+ i)))
 ((> i #.(char-code #\z)))
 (html (:tr
 (:td (:princ (code-char i)))
 (:td (:princ
 (count (code-char i)
 text)))))))))))
 else ; ask for quotation
 (html
 (:html
 (:head (:title "quote character counter")
 (:body
 ((:form :action "charcount"
 :method "POST")
 "Enter your favorite quote "
 :br
 ((:textarea
 :name "quotation"
 :rows 30
 :cols 50))
 :br
 ((:input :type "submit"
 :name "submit"
 :value "count it")))))))))))))
In this example we ask for the body of the request and then the value of the field named "quotation". If that isn't found then we assume that we are being called to display the form. We could have checked the value of (request-method req) which will be :get when we should put up the form and :post when we should analyze data from the form.
Form data encoded as a multipart body
The final method of sending form data is as a multipart message. This occurs when you specify a :method of "POST" and an :enctype of "multipart/form-data". The handler for this must detect when it is being called from a :post request and must call a sequence of functions to retrieve each item from the message body. First it calls get-multipart-header to get the next header (or nil if there are no more headers). The header data is an assoc list where the values have different formats as described in the AllegroServe manual. After reading the header the handler must call get-multipart-sequence to read successive chunks of data associated with this header.
An example demonstrating this is too large to include here but can be found in the AllegroServe examples.cl file (search in that file for "getfile-got")
Authorizing a request
You don't necessarily want to allow everyone to access every page you publish. We will describe common ways to check whether someone has permission to access a page. There are two ways to do the authorization checks. You can write the tests yourself in the entity function, or you can create an authorizer object and attach it to the entity. Below we'll show you how to write the code to do the checks manually. The AllegroServe manual describes the authorizer objects.
Password
One way to control access to a page is to request that the person at the browser enter a name and password. You can create a form and have the user enter the information and then click on a button to submit it. Another way is to return a 401 (response unauthorized) code to the request made to access your page. When given that response, the web browser will pop up a window requesting a name and password, and after that's entered, the browser resends the request but includes the name and password in the header.
The method you choose for asking for the name and password may depend on how secure you want the response to be. Using a form the name and password are sent to the web server without any encoding at all (other than the simple urlencoding which only affects unusual characters). If your form uses the "GET" method then the name and password appear in the url which makes them very easy to spot, so you at least want to use the "POST" method if you use a form. If on the other hand you use the 401 response code, then the name and password are sent in a more encrypted form (using an encoding called base64) however anyone sufficiently motivated can decrypt this without a lot of trouble. AllegroServe does not yet support md5 authentication which is the most secure way to do authentication in the HTTP/1.1 protocol.
One advantage of using the 401 response to cause the user to enter a name and password is that most web browsers will continue to send the entered name and password along with future requests to the server until the web browser is restarted. Thus you can simultaneously unlock a whole group of pages. If you choose to handle the authentication in a form you may want to use a cookie to make a record that this web browser is now qualified to access a certain group of pages. Cookies aren't hard to store, but some users turn off cookie saving thus you will make your site inaccessible to these people. Another authorization mechanism is to insert hidden fields in forms with values that tell the server that this access is authorized for a certain amount of time.
This is an example of using the 401 response to do user authorization.
(publish :path "/secret"
 :content-type "text/html"
 :function
 #'(lambda (req ent)
 (multiple-value-bind (name password) (get-basic-authorization req)
 (if* (and (equal name "foo") (equal password "bar"))
 then (with-http-response (req ent)
 (with-http-body (req ent)
 (html (:head (:title "Secret page"))
 (:body "You made it to the secret page"))))
 else ; cause browser to ask name and password
 (with-http-response (req ent :response
 *response-unauthorized*)
 (set-basic-authorization req "secretserver")
 (with-http-body (req ent)))))))
Source address
You can determine the address from which a request was made and restrict access based on that address. If the request came through a proxy server then you are really determining the address of the proxy server. The following code only serves the 'secret' page if the request came from a browser running on the same machine as the server, and which is made over the loopback network on the machine. The loopback network is a network that exists entirely inside the operating system of the machine. The convention is that a loopback network address has 127 in the most significant byte, and that is what we test for in the following example:
(publish :path "/local-secret"
 :content-type "text/html"
 :function
 #'(lambda (req ent)
 (let ((net-address (ash (socket:remote-host
 (request-socket req))
 -24)))
 (if* (equal net-address 127)
 then (with-http-response (req ent)
 (with-http-body (req ent)
 (html (:head (:title "Secret page"))
 (:body (:b "Congratulations. ")
 "You are on the local network"))))
 else
 (with-http-response (req ent)
 (with-http-body (req ent)
 (html
 (:html (:head (:title "Unauthorized"))
 (:body
 "You cannot access this page "
 "from your location")))))))))
To see how this example works differently depending on whether the access is through the loopback network or the regular network, try accessing it via http://localhost:8000/local-secret and _URL_ (where we are assuming that you are running on test-franz.com).
Multiple servers
AllegroServe can run multiple independent web servers. Each web server listens for requests on a different port. Because each web server can appear to be serving pages for different hosts (using the virtual host facility already described in the discussion of the publish functions), it is usually not necessary to use the multiple server facility we describe here.
All of the information about a web server, including the entities it serves, are stored in a wserver object. The current wserver object is stored in the variable *wserver*. The publish functions use the value of *wserver* as the default server into which they publish entities.
Debugging a computed response handler
We will describe this in detail when the tutorial is updated. For now read the documentation on net.aserve::debug-on in the AllegroServe manual.
You can't perform that action at this time.


Alafia
Watershed Hydrology
The Alafia Watershed (HUC 03100204) covers approximately 472 square miles in west-central Florida. It is primarily a flat, low-lying area with a mixture of forest, pasture, and urban land use. The hydrology of the watershed is influenced by the Gulf of Mexico, with tidal influence extending up to the mouth of the Alafia River. The watershed is not known for significant snowpack, and surface water is the primary source of water for the area. The largest reservoir in the watershed is the C.W. Bill Young Regional Reservoir, which provides drinking water for the surrounding communities. Interesting climatic facts include the occasional occurrence of tropical storms and hurricanes during the summer and fall months. Trends in the watershed include increasing land use changes, urbanization, and population growth, which may have an impact on water quality and quantity in the future.
Surface Flows
Alafia Watershed
Snowpack Depths
Alafia Watershed
Dams & Reservoirs
Alafia Watershed
Groundwater Levels
Alafia Watershed
Alafia Rivers
Rivers of the Watershed


text:
Hear Ebony Birchall explore the theme of 'How do you work out what is 'good' when politics are at play'?'
PEACEtalks goes zoom reflecting on ways to think about and define the centres and peripheries of Christianity, who or what controls, shapes and influences the markers of belonging and right belief, who or what is mainstream or marginal.
This summer, something profound, with the potential to reshape our common life and our future occurred. Explore the landscape—theological, political, cultural—left behind by the flames. Led by Rev Dr Jason John
Rev Katherine Rainger shares an invitation to "come and hear" and reflect on what it means to welcome Jesus while also being attentive to the experiences of Palestinian Christians in the land of his birth
Hear from an exciting panel of speakers about what it's like to be LGBTIQA+, have a disability, be multicultural, and Aboriginal, in God's Family and in our churches


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 - Threading behavior and configuration in SI
 My original posting from Friday seems to have vanished, so here it goes again.
 I am trying to find out how to configure the maximum number of threads for the Spring Integration (SI) message-bus.
 Specifically, what is the default number of pooled threads used by the message bus and how do I configure the max number of threads spawned by SI?
 One of our teammates has the following question:
 If you put a hundred messages on a queue (via an SI channel) does SI spawn a hundred threads to process them or do they handle them sequentially or does it create a number of threads up to the default setting and process that way?
 - #2
 You can define a TaskExecutor bean and give it as a reference to the element. If you reuse the same taskExecutor everywhere controlling the number of total threads is trivial.
 To answer you team mate's question: I don't know the exact default from the top of my head. But if you want to can create a TaskExecutor that does it the exact way you like.
 What would be the way you expect SI to behave by default?


text:
How to see/ understand the difference between male and female fruit trees?
How to see/understand the difference between male and female fruit trees? Is there a list of trees that need both to pollinate? How do I see the difference in real life? I am looking forward to hearing from you,
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
Not all fruit tree have male and female. Most have perfect flowers, which means the male and female parts are contained in one flower.
On the fruit plants that have male and female, typically you can find the immature fruit either inside the flower or right below the flower on the female. It will look like a tiny, green version of the mature fruit, typically.


text:
MARQUETTE — There are many ways to get a message to someone. On Wednesday, students and others worked on creative ways to communicate.
The Northern Michigan School of Art and Design hosted Patagonia graphic designer Geoffrey Holstad for a workshop called "Cutting Through the Static." The workshop gave leaders of local nonprofits a chance to share ideas on how to make the city of Marquette more sustainable.
"It would be really cool if he was able to work with a group of students, and we connected them with some of our local non–profit environmental organizations and do an actual workshop where they work through some of those ideas on how to create effective messaging in a world that is so oversaturated with a lot of information."
Students broke into groups to brainstorm ideas, coming together collaboratively to expose problems and come up with solutions. Thursday, Holstad will host a presentation. The event is free and open to the public.


text:
(PhysOrg.com) -- 'Fossil viruses' preserved inside the DNA of mammals and insects suggest that all viruses, including relatives of HIV and Ebola, could potentially be stowaways transmitted from generation to generation for millions of years, according to new research.
A team from Oxford University and the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center built on earlier work at Oxford that discovered the fossilised remains of an ancient HIV-like virus in the genomes of animals including sloths, lemurs and rabbits.
The teams new research, reported in this weeks PLoS Genetics, shows that many more different types of viruses are endogenous capable of being transmitted from generation to generation with fossil viruses turning up in the genomes of creatures as different as mosquitoes, wallabies, and humans.
Many of these viruses, such as the ancestors of Ebola, are far more ancient and spread across many more animal groups than anyone ever suspected, said Dr Aris Katzourakis of Oxford Universitys Department of Zoology, an author of the report. Weve demonstrated that viruses have been integrating within animal genomes for at least 100 million years.
Weve also shown that, in some cases, viral genes have been domesticated by their hosts, and put to use by the hosts for their own purposes, demonstrating that captured viral sequences may have played a larger than expected role in animal evolution.
Understanding the historical conflict between viruses and animal immune systems could lead to new approaches to combating existing viruses such as HIV and Ebola. It could also help scientists to decide which viruses that cross species are likely to cause dangerous pandemics in the future.
These viruses represent the tip of the iceberg of endogenous viral diversity, said Dr Katzourakis. We have discovered a large and diverse set of virus sequences preserved in animal genomes, which together include representatives of all known viral groups. This demonstrates a potential for endogenisation for any virus, and illustrates that viral fossil records may be uncovered for many elusive viral groups.
Explore further: New formula invented for microscope viewing, substitutes for federally controlled drug


text:
made from strong sheets of fire retardant paper, softblocks are flexible building blocks. Equipped with magnetic end panels, elements link together to form a folding wall, entire environments or long, winding space partitions and product displays. The modular system is intended to provide sustainable means of reshaping space for diverse use, a system that can change, grow and move with your changing needs.
design by Stephanie Forsythe + Todd MacAllendocumentation
the honeycomb geometry and soft material allows softblock to flex and curve, creating straight partitions or snaking structures. The blocks flat-pack for portability and storage, expanding up to 15′ (4.5m) or any length between.
the final layer of paper softblock is a magnetic panel that folds vertically on itself to provide stability, connects multiple blocks and walls to one another, or anchors the elements to ferrous surfaces, including the steel strip accessory.
the paper is a careful blend of new and recycled fibres that bond to form a sturdy matrix. It is then coated with a non-toxic fire retardant and structured in layers to create softblock.
the internal honeycomb and pleated structure break up reflected sound and provide acoustic absorption to enhance clarity of speech.
CAD drawings available upon request
for more information or to discuss a purchase


text:
AZT-mediated protein modifications.
(A) Equal amounts of mitochondrial proteins (50 µg/lane) from the different groups were used to evaluate protein oxidation (upper panel) using Oxyblot analysis or negative control (lower panel). (B) Densities of mitochondrial oxidized proteins were normalized with that of the controls set at 1. (C) Equal amounts of mitochondrial proteins were used to evaluate protein nitration as reflected by 3-NT bands (upper panel) and ATP synthase loading control (lower panel) from different groups. (D) The densities of mitochondrial 3-NT bands were normalized to that of ATP synthase and plotted as the value of controls being 1. (E) Total liver homogenates (50 µg/lane) were used to evaluate the levels of AGE (upper panel) and p38 (lower panel) as a loading control. (F) The densities of AGE bands were normalized to that of p38 and plotted as the value of controls being 1. *Significantly different from the control group. Data indicate mean±SE, p<0.05. All experiments have been conducted three times.


text:
|Abstract: ||Article Source: _URL_
Introduction: Athletes have started taking Viagra to gain a competitive edge. Viagra's use might be expanding into the athletic world for its alleged boost to one's physical capability. This paper will discuss Viagra's impact on society, its users, athletic organisations, and whether its purported performance enhancement uses are valid and safe.
Pharmacology: Viagra works by relaxing smooth muscle cells through the inhibition of PDE5, thus, increasing the bioavailability of cGMP.
Results: Subjects had a higher VO2 max and recovered faster from pulmonary hypertension when given Viagra. Other results are mixed and not well established.
Barriers: Allowing Viagra into the athletic community may cause concern from sports organisations but will conversely and unequally burden those who require Viagra for healthy sexual function.
Conclusion: These findings do not directly correlate to an improvement in athletic performance. Furthermore, taking Viagra may pose as a risk to one's health. Viagra should only be taken upon consultation with a health care professional.|


action integral is:
 S = \int {1\over 2} \partial_\mu \phi \partial^\mu \phi d^dx \,.
The probability amplitude for a process is:
 \int_A^B e^{iS} D\phi\,,
where A and B are space-like hypersurfaces that define the boundary conditions. The collection of all the \,\phi(A) on the starting hypersurface give the initial value of the field, analogous to the starting position for a point particle, and the field values \,\phi(B) at each point of the final hypersurface defines the final field value, which is allowed to vary, giving a different amplitude to end up at different values. This is the field-to-field transition amplitude.
The path integral gives the expectation value of operators between the initial and final state:
 \int_A^B e^{iS} \phi(x_1) ... \phi(x_n) D\phi = \langle A| \phi(x_1) ... \phi(x_n) |B \rangle\,,
and in the limit that A and B recede to the infinite past and the infinite future, the only contribution that matters is from the ground state (this is only rigorously true if the path-integral is defined slightly rotated into imaginary time). The path integral should be thought of as analogous to a probability distribution, and it is convenient to define it so that multiplying by a constant doesn't change anything:
 {\int e^{iS} \phi(x_1) ... \phi(x_n) D\phi \over \int e^{iS} D\phi } = \langle 0 | \phi(x_1) .... \phi(x_n) |0\rangle \,.
The normalization factor on the bottom is called the partition function for the field, and it coincides with the statistical mechanical partition function at zero temperature when rotated into imaginary time.
The initial-to-final amplitudes are ill-defined if one thinks of the continuum limit right from the beginning, because the fluctuations in the field can become unbounded. So the path-integral should be thought of as on a discrete square lattice, with lattice spacing a and the limit a\rightarrow 0 should be taken carefully. If the final results do not depend on the shape of the lattice or the value of a, then the continuum limit exists.
On a lattice ... [edit]
On a lattice, (i), the field can be expanded in Fourier modes:
\phi(x) = \int {dk\over (2\pi)^d} \phi(k) e^{ik\cdot x} = \int_k \phi(k) e^{ikx}\,.
Here the integration domain is over k restricted to a cube of side length 2\pi/a, so that large values of k are not allowed. It is important to note that the k-measure contains the factors of 2\pi from Fourier transforms, this is the best standard convention for k-integrals in QFT. The lattice means that fluctuations at large k are not allowed to contribute right away, they only start to contribute in the limit a\rightarrow 0. Sometimes, instead of a lattice, the field modes are just cut off at high values of k instead.
It is also convenient from time to time to consider the space-time volume to be finite, so that the k modes are also a lattice. This is not strictly as necessary as the space-lattice limit, because interactions in k are not localized, but it is convenient for keeping track of the factors in front of the k-integrals and the momentum-conserving delta functions that will arise.
On a lattice, (ii), the action needs to be discretized:
 S= \sum_{<x,y>} {1\over 2} (\phi(x) - \phi(y) )^2\,,
where <x,y> is a pair of nearest lattice neighbors x and y. The discretization should be thought of as defining what the derivative \partial_\mu \phi means.
In terms of the lattice Fourier modes, the action can be written:
S= \int_k ( (1-\cos(k_1)) +(1-\cos(k_2)) + ... + (1-\cos(k_d)) )\phi^*_k \phi^k\,.
For k near zero this is:
S = \int_k {1\over 2} k^2 |\phi(k)|^2\,.
Now we have the continuum Fourier transform of the original action. In finite volume, the quantity d^dk is not infinitesimal, but becomes the volume of a box made by neighboring Fourier modes, or (2\pi/V)^d.
The field \,\phi is real-valued, so the Fourier transform obeys:
 \phi(k)^* = \phi(-k)\,.
In terms of real and imaginary parts, the real part of \,\phi(k) is an even function of k, while the imaginary part is odd. The Fourier transform avoids double-counting, so that it can be written:
 S = \int_k {1\over 2} k^2 \phi(k) \phi(-k)
over an integration domain that integrates over each pair (k,−k) exactly once.
For a complex scalar field with action
 S = \int {1\over 2} \partial_\mu\phi^* \partial^\mu\phi d^dx
the Fourier transform is unconstrained:
 S = \int_k {1\over 2} k^2 |\phi(k)|^2
and the integral is over all k.
Integrating over all different values of \,\phi(x) is equivalent to integrating over all Fourier modes, because taking a Fourier transform is a unitary linear transformation of field coordinates. When you change coordinates in a multidimensional integral by a linear transformation, the value of the new integral is given by the determinant of the transformation matrix. If
 y_i = A_{ij} x_j\,,
then
\det(A) \int dx_1 dx_2 ... dx_n = \int dy_1 dy_2 ... dy_n\,.
If A is a rotation, then
A^T A = I
\,
so that \det A = \pm 1, and the sign depends on whether the rotation includes a reflection or not.
The matrix that changes coordinates from \,\phi(x) to \,\phi(k) can be read off from the definition of a Fourier transform.
 A_{kx} = e^{ikx} \,
and the Fourier inversion theorem tells you the inverse:
 A^{-1}_{kx} = e^{-ikx} \,
which is the complex conjugate-transpose, up to factors of 2\pi. On a finite volume lattice, the determinant is nonzero and independent of the field values.
 \det A = 1 \,
and the path integral is a separate factor at each value of k.
 \int
\exp \biggl({i \over 2} \sum_k k^2 \phi^*(k) \phi(k) \biggr) D\phi = \prod_k \int_{\phi_k} e^{{i\over 2} k^2 |\phi_k|^2 d^dk} \,
The factor \scriptstyle d^dk is the infinitesimal volume of a discrete cell in k-space, in a square lattice box \scriptstyle d^dk = {1/L}^d, where L is the side-length of the box. Each separate factor is an oscillatory Gaussian, and the width of the Gaussian diverges as the volume goes to infinity.
In imaginary time, the Euclidean action becomes positive definite, and can be interpreted as a probability distribution. The probability of a field having values \phi_k is
 e^{\int_k - {1\over 2} k^2 \phi^*_k \phi_k} = \prod_k e^{- k^2 |\phi_k|^2 d^dk}
The expectation value of the field is the statistical expectation value of the field when chosen according to the probability distribution:
\langle \phi(x_1) ... \phi(x_n) \rangle = { \int e^{-S} \phi(x_1) ... \phi(x_n) D\phi \over \int e^{-S} D\phi}
Since the probability of \,\phi_k is a product, the value of \,\phi(k) at each separate value of k is independently Gaussian distributed. The variance of the Gaussian is 1/ (k^2 d^dk), which is formally infinite, but that just means that the fluctuations are


text: Chittorgarh is very well known and famous for its natural production of custard apple. These custard apple are also called sita fal because sita (Wife of Lord Ram) had eaten these fruits. In the season of winter chittorgarh fort becomes the custard apple field. Here custard apple trees are automatically grown. These fruits are then sold to local peoples and also exported. Both indians and foreigners enjoy eating this fruit. Chittorgarh must be developed as largest custard apple hub in the world and fruit could be exported also.


text:
This town's name comes from the church founded by the Celtic monk followers of St Machutius. The latin name for this building being Ecclesia Machuti, it was mangled into the current Lesmahagow over many years. David I established a Tironensian Priory here in 1144, this was sacked in the reign of Edward III by John of Eltham. During this raid a number of items were stolen including a Missal (a collection of texts for church services). This was returned to the National Library in 1950. It is now among their most prized possessions. The remains of the Priory can be seen adjacent to the Abbeygreen Church (1803), they comprise of part of the cloisters, the refectory, and the lay brothers' quarters. Until the Reformation, the Priory provided sanctuary (useful for Scots during times of English incursion), and accommodation for pensioners. In the square adjacent to Abbeygreen Church is the Commercial Hotel, which was built in 1633; it served as a coaching inn during the following two centuries. Nearby the village is Craighhead Mill, thought to have been founded by the monks of Lesmahagow Priory, the current mill is only 300 years old.
The village today is the product of the 19th Century boom in coal mining, with the attendant miner's housing.


Frost wolf
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Frost wolf
Frost wolves are a species of wolves found on both Azeroth[1] and Outland.[2]
Warlords of DraenorEdit
Only the hardiest can survive the unforgiving climate of Frostfire Ridge. Numbering among the natives are the sturdy frostwolves. The Frostwolf orc clan has taken these beasts as their symbol and namesake, and the orcs and their wolf companions fight and hunt together as an extended pack family.
Explorers in Frostfire Ridge should be wary of the frostwolf's undomesticated cousin, the dangerous garn. These enormous beasts, twice the mass of an Azerothian bear, are identified by their massive jaws and jet-black fur. Even the Frostwolf orcs fear the unruly and wild garn.
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text:
Collision Tomography: Physical Properties of Possible Progenitors of the Andromeda Stellar Stream
Miki, Yohei, Mori, Masao, & Rich, R. Michael
To unveil a progenitor of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream, we investigate the interaction between an accreting satellite galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy using an N-body simulation. We perform a comprehensive exploration of the properties of the progenitor dwarf galaxy, using 247 models of varying mass, mass distribution, and size. We show that the binding energy of the progenitor is the crucial parameter in reproducing the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream and the shell-like structures surrounding the Andromeda Galaxy. As a result of the simulations, the progenitor must satisfy a simple scaling relation between the core radius, the total mass and the tidal radius. Using this relation, we successfully constrain the physical properties of the progenitors to have masses ranging from 5× \10\$^8$\M\$_☉ $ to 5× \10\$^9$\M\$_☉ $ and central surface densities around \10\$^3$ \M\$_☉ $ \\pc\\$^-2$. A detailed comparison between our result and the nearby observed galaxies indicates that possible progenitors of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream include a dwarf elliptical galaxy, a dwarf irregular galaxy, and a small spiral galaxy.


ROLLING 30 DAY AVERAGE SHEET SUMMARY
Hello,
I'm looking to build a formula in the Sheet Summary that will provide a rolling 30 day average from the PROD values. (attached is a data subset) Feels like this should be fairly basic, but am struggling to find the solution. Anyone's help would be appreciated.
Answers
 - Genevieve P.
 Genevieve P. Employee Admin
 Hi @Steve Erdahl
 Try this:
 =AVG(COLLECT(Prod:Prod, Date:Date, >=TODAY(-30), Date:Date, <=TODAY()))
 This will take the average of the first range (Prod:Prod), but only if the other column meets the criteria specified, which is why I used the COLLECT function.
 The other criteria is that the Date is either greater-than-or-equal-to (>=) 30 days ago (Today(-30)), OR that the Date is equal to today, or less (Today()).
 Let me know if it works for you!
 Cheers,
 Genevieve
 - HI Genevieve,
 Thank you so much for helping. Your assessment is exactly what I'm looking to do.
 When I input your equation, i get a "#DIVIDE BY ZERO" result. Any thoughts as to why?
 Appreciate the support!
 - Genevieve P.
 Genevieve P. Employee Admin
 Hi @Steve Erdahl
 I just realized you have commas in with the data you would like to AVG. This indicates that the numbers are actually listed as text, not as numerical data that is able to be averaged. How is that information being input? Is this from a formula or a manual entry?
 If it's a formula, you could build in a VALUE function to ensure it's outputting a number instead of text... or what might be easiest is creating a helper column that simply has the formula:
 =VALUE(PROD@row)
 This will then create numbers and you can use this helper column as the first range in your AVG formula.
 Cheers,
 Genevieve
 - I have the "Thousands format" turned on to this column which adds the comma - visual preference. I tried the calc without the commas, but still get the #DIVIDE BY ZERO result.
 - L_123
 L_123 ✭✭✭✭✭✭
 =averageif(date:date,>=today(-30),prod:prod) is a simpler way to do this.
 Check the dates. Depending on how you input them it might be 1920 instead of 2020 for the year.
 - Is it an issue that I have each date represented twice, once for a day shift and another for a night shift?
 - @Steve Erdahl my best guess on this is that your PROD column has text values and not numerical values, going back to what @Genevieve P mentioned.
 The reason this is likely, is that using the AVG function against text values will always return a #DIVIDE BY ZERO result. Creating a helper column and using =VALUE(PROD@row), then calculating using that helper column's data instead of your PROD column should do the trick!
 Thanks,
 Alex
 - Can this solution be used with avgif formula and rolling by quarter? Or would I just do =today (-90)?
 - Genevieve P.
 Genevieve P. Employee Admin
 Hi @Jermain Johnson
 You would want to use AVG(COLLECT instead of AVGIF since AVGIF can only identify one criteria, but in AVG(COLLECT you can specify a range, or two criteria.
 Yes, you can use =TODAY(-90) for a rolling quarter!
 Did you manage to get this to work?
 - Matt N
 Matt N
 edited 03/18/24
 Hi @Genevieve P.
 Is there a way to only pull positive numbers from the data set for the average?
 thanks
 - Genevieve P.
 Genevieve P. Employee Admin
 Hi @Matt N
 Yes! In the COLLECT function you can reference a range and then identify the criteria as being "greater than 0". For example:
 =AVG(COLLECT({Range to Average}, {Range to Average}, > 0))
 Cheers,
 Genevieve
 - @Genevieve P.
 I have tried to place both the greater than zero AND rolling 90-day conditions in the formula and I get the #INVALID OPERATON result. Is there an order it has to come in? For example, do I need to set the greater than 0 condition first then the date condition or vice-versa or does it not matter?
 - Genevieve P.
 Genevieve P. Employee Admin
 Hi @Matt N
 The location of the {range} and "criteria" pair can be anywhere in the COLLECT function after the first range has been listed:
 =AVG(COLLECT(range to avg, range1, criteria1, range2, criteria2))
 In your test, it looks like you may have listed the [range] twice (before and after the criteria) instead of just once (before the criteria).
 It happens to be the same column you want to AVG, so we'll keep the listing there at the front as the first one. Then you can go ahead to list your criteria pairs, does that make sense?
 =AVG(COLLECT(Buffer Column, Buffer Column, greater than 0, Date, date criteria, Date, date criteria))
 The bolded sections can be rearranged, as long as the pairs are together. So this still works:
 =AVG(COLLECT(Buffer Column, Date, date criteria, Date, date criteria, Buffer Column, greater than 0))
 Try:
 =AVG(COLLECT([BUFFER OWREN VERONAL *17894 Usage (w)]:[BUFFER OWREN VERONAL *17894 Usage (w)], [BUFFER OWREN VERONAL *17894 Usage (w)]:[BUFFER OWREN VERONAL *17894 Usage (w)], > 0, DATE:DATE, >=TODAY(-90), DATE:DATE, <=TODAY()))
 Cheers,
 Genevieve
 - @Genevieve P.
 That Worked! You're the best! Thanks!
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How Can I Become An Apprentice?
There are 6 basic steps you must complete to get into the apprenticeship program.
 1. Attend an Informational Session: Informational Sessions are held each month from September through January. Wages, school hours, school location, dues, benefits, types of work performed, and cost to the apprentice will be discussed along with answering any questions that may arise.NOTE: Please see the calendar or review the upcoming events list for Informational Session dates. Informational Session dates will be posted at the end of August 2016.
 2. Complete the checklist of required documents needed to apply: this checklist is handed out at the end of the Informational Session.
 3. Once your checklist is completed you may call the JATC office for an appointment to fill out an application.
 4. You are now qualified to take our aptitude test. You will be scheduled to take the test late winter/early spring.
 5. If you score a 4 or better on the 1-9 scale on the aptitude test you will qualify for an oral interview: you will be scheduled to interview early in the spring.
 6. You will be ranked on the average of the 8 scores from the interview panel and possibly accepted into the program.
Some of the basic requirements for becoming an apprentice are:
1. Minimum age 18
2. High School Education or GED
3. One Year of High School Algebra
4. Qualifying Score on an Aptitude Test
5. Drug Free
6. Drivers License
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text:
The Environment type exposes the following members.
Terminates all processes.
Finalizes the MPI environment. Users must call this routine to shut down MPI.
|Equals||(Inherited from Object.)|
Verifies that the MPI environment has been finalized by calling Dispose().(Overrides Object..::.Finalize()()().)
|GetHashCode||(Inherited from Object.)|
|GetType||(Inherited from Object.)|
|MemberwiseClone||(Inherited from Object.)|
|ToString||(Inherited from Object.)|
Translates an MPI error code into an appropriate exception, then throws that exception.
Determine whether the MPI environment has been finalized.
Returns the rank of the "host" process, if any.
Determine whether the MPI environment has been initialized.
Returns the rank of the process (or processes) that can perform I/O via the normal language facilities. If no such rank exists, the result will be null; if every process can perform I/O, this will return the value anySource.
Returns the maximum allowed tag value for use with MPI's point-to-point operations.
Returns the name of the currently executing processor. This name does not have any specific form, but typically identifies the computere on which the process is executing.
The level of threading support provided by the MPI library.
Returns the time, in seconds, since some arbitrary time in the past. This value is typically used for timing parallel applications.
Returns the resolution of Time, in seconds.


text:
Agricultural Terracing at Nakauvadra, Viti Levu: A Late Prehistoric Irrigated Agrosystem in Fiji
Department or Administrative Unit
Agricultural intensification on Pacific Islands often resulted in dramatic and durable modifications to the environment. Irrigated terrace agrosystems for the cultivation of wetland taro (Colocasia esculenta) reshaped hillsides and stream valleys in many areas of Fiji. The functional morphology and design of several now abandoned terrace systems were examined on the northern flanks of the Nakauvadra Mountains in northeast Viti Levu, an area that manifests the largest expanse of terracing in the archipelago. Garden types comprise regularly tiered surfaces with earthen bunds constructed as contours on open slopes, along with rock-faced plots alongside streams and below springs in wooded ravines. Radiocarbon dates from garden soil and an associated settlement site indicate probable use and occupation during the Late Prehistoric period of the early nineteenth century. Although probably not involved in the large-scale wars of political confederation, the taro growers of Nakauvadra implemented fail-safe subsistence strategies that were combined with the need for concealment and defensibility. Archaeological and oral-historical evidence suggests an intense but short-lived period of food production placed out of harm's way. European contact and subsequent colonization introduced numerous factors that rendered this agricultural infrastructure obsolete.
Kuhlken, R.T. & Crosby, A. (1999). Agricultural Terracing at Nakauvadra, Viti Levu: A Late Prehistoric Irrigated Agrosystem in Fiji. Asian Perspectives 38(1), 62-89.
© 1999 by University of Hawai'i Press


text:
Examples of Materials
In order to incorporate the VSI methodology into regular lecture courses, we first have to capture good content. We professional record skilled professors in the content area. We help infuse the lecture with break points so that students are afforded the opportunity to process the materials. Next, we develop materials that enhance the lecture providing preview, process, and review activities.
College Algebra Example
Other VSI Materials and Information
- VSI Information Sheet (pdf)
- Facilitator Training Guide Sample (pdf)
- In-Class VSI Sessions and Testimonies (Youtube)
Some Reviews of VSI Materials
John Beem, Professor of Mathematics (now retired) University of Missouri - Columbia Summer 1999
The College Algebra 110 Video-based Supplemental Instruction course is definitely very good. In particular, the video tapes are excellent and the written materials keyed to the video tapes are certainly well done. Richard Delaware is an outstanding lecturer and is exceptionally well-organized. The choice of material is quite good and represents somewhat more material than one might ordinarily find in a 3 unit college algebra course. For one thing, Unit 0 is mainly topics covered in intermediate algebra and usually covered very quickly and lightly in a college algebra course as compared to the coverage in these materials. Also, the tapes and materials cover more in the way of proofs than is usually covered in a college algebra course. I would judge that the amount of material in this taped version of Math 110 to be equivalent to at least 3 units and probably a bit more. I would judge that the overall level of the later units is somewhat above the level ordinarily expected in a college algebra course. Based on the tapes, I would rate this as a very good college algebra course with a substantial 3 units of college algebra level content.
There are several specific things that I like about this course which should be mentioned. The first point that I would like to make is that the graphing calculator is used in appropriate places and in appropriate ways. It is not a crutch, but rather an instrument to enhance the learning process. In particular, some of the limitations of graphing calculators are made clear a number of times. At several places, some ways of getting around certain limitations of graphing calculators are carefully spelled out.
A second point that I would like to make is the use of the "stop tape" feature. This is clearly a good idea. In particular, at a number of places the students are given a problem and then they are to work on the problem during a stop tape segment. After the stop tape segment, one way of doing the problem is then shown on the tape. This cannot help but get the students involved and more interested.
A third point that I would like to make is that the historical references made during the tape are quite informative and I am sure that many students will be "turned on" by the knowledge that mathematics has a history and was done by people. Too often mathematics, especially college algebra, is presented as though it is material that fell out of the sky.
I have attached an Appendix A which has some specific comments on the video tapes and an Appendix B which has some specific comments on the Facilitator's Manual. I have included some suggestions in these appendices and I have written in some comments on the original materials sent to me. I wish to make clear that all of my suggestions are of a rather minor nature. In fact, these materials are already so good that they can certainly be used as is with no changes. Nevertheless, I have tried to make some constructive suggestions which may be of some use.
[The next two paragraphs of specific suggestions, and the two Appendices are omitted.]
In summary, let me state that I feel this is an excellent course and I am impressed with the work that has gone into its creation.
Joe Yanik, Professor of Mathematics, & Betsy Yanik, Professor of Mathematics Emporia State University (Emporia, KS) Summer 1999
Summary (Betsy Yanik)
After viewing approximately half of the tapes on the VSI in College Algebra with Richard Delaware series, I would like to make a few general comments about them. I think each tape showed that a great deal of thought and preparation had gone on before filming. The placement of the material on the writing tablet, the associated discussion, and the examples chosen to make particular points were thoroughly thought through. Richard Delaware has a strong voice with enough variation and tonal accents to make his discussions easy to listen to for students (versus a monotone type voice). He is careful in his use of mathematical language, and he usually makes an important comment at just those places where students have difficulties or are likely to miss important conceptual ideas. His writing is very clear and easy to read. His sketches of graphs are well done, and he has tried whenever possible to introduce visuals into the lectures. I also thought his numerous historical references were very interesting. Richard pays attention to details and rarely misspeaks -- quite an accomplishment when one realizes this project involves 40 some hours of tape.
I think this material will be a valuable resource for those who, for whatever reason, can not participate in a traditional classroom course. I still think a classroom experience is preferable because of the direct interactions with students and the spontaneity of dealing with questions. However, this project has been very well done, and a student who is self disciplined and dedicated will find this to be an excellent means of learning the material in College Algebra.
I am quite impressed with how well this has been done. Because by the nature of reviewing the material on individual tapes, I think it is often the corrections and suggestions for improvement that form the bulk of the report. Therefore, I think it is important to stress in this overall summary the very favorable impression I had of this work.
[Detailed comments are omitted here.]
General Impressions (Joe Yanik)
These tapes serve as a very thorough and well-thought out coverage of the topics of college algebra. Dr. Delaware has obviously made a considerable effort to anticipate the common types of student errors and to address these in advance. This seems to me to be a necessary part of any videotaped lecture series where the instructor does not have the advantage of student interaction. In addition Dr. Delaware is more careful than most college algebra textbooks to be mathematically correct (without being too technical). Watching this gave me a real sense of the advantage of having a qualified mathematician teaching college algebra.
His cheerful demeanor and sense of humor should help him to bridge the gap created by the medium. I think that students will relate well to some of his common expressions such as calling a fact "handy" or saying that some result or simplification "makes us happy". It is easy to see how he has earned a reputation as an effective teacher. It is difficult to imagine that it could have been done much more effectively.
[Other detailed comments are omitted here.]


text:
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text:
This fun Peppa Pig activity book series are perfect for young readers who are learning from home and are beginning to write, this book will help children to practise pen control and the correct formation of letters, including help for left-handers.
Each page has shiny, wipe-clean pages and a special pen to make practising as easy as A, B, C!
Each page provides practice of themed words that children will come across, both at school and in the Peppa world, to help support school and home learning.
Help your child to trace over the words/numbers/times or write them out, then wipe the pages clean using the special eraser on top of the pen and practise again!
This book is perfect for helping to support children as they learn to spell simple English words or numbers at home.
- Paperback | 16 pages
- 215 x 297 x 11mm