Application Notes
Lock-in Amplifier (LIA) Frequency Sweep with LabVIEW — A programming tutorial with Moku:Lab & LabVIEW
In this application note, we will provide a step-by-step tutorial on how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence. Many electronic systems perform optimally at a specific operating frequency. To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of a lock-in measurement, it's important to find the transfer function of the system and to use the optimal modulation frequency. In this example, we will build a LabVIEW VI that scans the frequency of the local oscillator (LO) and plots the measured amplitude as a function of LO frequency. Then, we will use this VI to measure the transfer function of a bandpass filter.
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Frequency Sweep Lock-in Detection
A Lock-In Amplifier (LIA) is designed to extract extremely weak oscillating signals from a noisy background. The LIA takes the input signal and mixes it with a local oscillator (LO) of a certain frequency. Then, a narrow band lowpass filter is applied to attenuate the high frequency components. More details on the principle of the Lock-In Amplifier can be found in this video: This detection method allows us to measure signal response at any arbitrary frequency with narrow bandwidths. The center of the measured frequency is defined by the frequency of the LO. By sweeping the frequency of the LO, the transfer function of the system can be measured. We can use such a response plot to determine the resonance, optimal modulation frequency, and impedance of the system. It is an essential test to perform in order to get the maximum signal-to-noise ratio for a lock-in measurement. In this application note, we will demonstrate how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence to sweep the LO frequency and measure the response of a bandpass filter.
Figure 1: General flow of the automated test sequence.
System Setup
The installation file and instructions for Moku:Lab LabVIEW API are located here:
The complete LabVIEW.VI file is available for download here:
To control and operate Moku:Lab with LabVIEW, we need to connect Moku:Lab and the computer to the same network. In this example, we connected Moku:Lab and the computer wirelessly to the same Wi-Fi router.
To locate Moku:Lab on the network, the IP address is required. To find the IP address, connect an iPad to the same Wi-Fi network and launch Moku:Lab's iPad app. Then, with a long press on Moku:Lab's icon, the IP address will be displayed. Alternatively, if you have Python and PyMoku installed on your computer, you can find Moku:Lab's IP address with the command "moku list".
The LO is generated from Moku:Lab's output 2, passed through the bandpass filter device under test (DUT), and the return signal measured at Moku:Lab's input 1.
Figure 2: Moku:Lab and the computer were connected wirelessly to the same router. The DUT was inserted between Moku output 2 and input 1.
Building the LabVIEW VI
Connect to the Moku:Lab and deploy the default settings
To start building the LabVIEW VI, we first start up LabVIEW and drag the "setup moku" palette into our program:
Step 1: Drag "setup moku" palette into the VI
This palette takes two string inputs: Moku:Lab's IP address and the name of the instrument. We create a place holder on the user interface for the user to enter the IP address. The Lock-In Amplifier instrument is used throughout the entire program, so we set it as default instrument name. Next, we pass the http-reference, moku command feedback and error out output to the "execute cmd" palette.
Step 2: Connect the http reference and route the Moku command and error out to the "execute cmd" palette
The "execute cmd" palette uses the http-reference as a device handle and passes JSON formatted commands to Moku:Lab. The JSON command is typically generated by another VI. The "execute cmd" palette also takes the command feedback to pass it along to the program for logging, and the error out flag to ensure that every "execute cmd" palette is successfully executed. If the flag is raised, the program will be terminated. The "set default LIA" palette generates the JSON command to initialize the Lock-In Amplifier and set every parameter to the default values. This command is used to start the Lock-In Amplifier instrument on Moku:Lab.
Figure 3: Connect and initialize the LIA instrument.
Set up parameters for the lock-in detection
After the device is initialized, we use the same "execute cmd" palette structure to modify the settings for the Lock-In Amplifier (Step 3-9).
Step 3: Configure the two Moku:Lab outputs; one for the LIA to R (amplitude, main channel) and the second to LO (aux oscillator) for the frequency sweep.
Step 4 and 5: Set the two monitor points; one at the main and one at aux outputs. The main output monitor point is later used to acquire real-time data.
Step 6: Set the time base for the monitor points and real-time data acquisition.
Step 7: Set the gain for the main channel.
Step 8: Set the range for the R-Theta conversion. Details about the R-Theta conversion can be found in Moku:Lab's Lock-In Amplifier user manual.
Step 9: Configure the lowpass filter that is immediately after the mixer.
Figure 4: Palettes to set up the parameters for LIA.
For-loop for automated frequency sweep
A for-loop is used to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition. We create three customizable parameters for the loop: number of steps, frequency step, and initial frequency. At the start of each iteration, the program calculates the LO's frequency based on i×𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝+𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦. Then, this number is split into two, passed to the "set demod LIA" palette as the frequency input (step 11), as well as the x-axis location for the plot.
Figure 5: For Loop to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition.
To ensure that the LO is set and stable before the data acquisition, a flat sequence is used to separate the setup portion and data acquisition portion. After a 100 ms dwell period, the "get realtime data" command is sent to Moku:Lab. The "execute cmd" palette receives the raw data and passes to the "parse data" palette to convert the raw data into numeric arrays.
Figure 6: Data transfer, average, and display.
After the "parse data" palette, the data stream from the aux channel (ch2) is damped. A mean function is used to take the average of the main channel numeric array. The result is then plotted on the user interface.
Measure the Filter Transfer Function
To measure the transfer function of the DUT bandpass filter (mini-circuit BBP-21.4), we set the initial frequency at 15 MHz, and frequency step at 400 kHz with 40 steps.
Figure 7: Frequency sweep analysis with bandpass filter.
The LabVIEW VI automatically sweeps the frequency of the LO and plots the amplitude of the detected signal. The filter has its peak response at around 22 MHz.
To learn more about Moku:Lab LabVIEW API, please visit:
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text:
Date of Graduation
Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Constant Volume Sampling (CVS) systems are an approved method for emission testing as stated in CFR Title 40 Part 1065 Engine Emission Testing Program. For future near zero emission vehicles, the emission measurement equipment must verify the results with the same accuracy as the limits in the past. The most critical values are the limitations for THC, NOx and particulate matter.
The objective of this study was aimed at identifying challenges associated with measuring system-out emissions at proposed ultra-low NOx (ULNOx) levels - 0.02 (g/bhp-hr) and system robustness. The study compared a variety of existing instrument technologies for addressing the question of suitability of these instruments in satisfying the measurement accuracy standards at ULNOx levels. In addition to the conventional automotive grade instrument (MEXA-ONE) an MKS MultiGas 2030HS and two other standalone low ppm NOx instruments used in continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS), were also included (Brandgaus 7705 and Ecophysics CLD64). This study addressed linearity, drift, cycle-by-cycle performance, low concentration performance, and signal noise at various concentrations.
The study showed that the Ecophysics CLD64 outperformed the conventional MEXA-ONE during low concentration steady state ambient NOx conditions (<7 >ppb) while the Brandgaus 7705 and MKS MultiGas 2030HS reached their detection limits at 0.02 and 0.5 ppm respectively. The study also showed that NO2 has negative effects on CLD analyzers regardless of photomultiplier tubes or solid-state photodiode detector technology. In summary, the study compared such analyzers in various conditions and addressed their respective uses in future ULNOx environments.
Mejia, Diego Bernabe, "Comparative Assessment of Different Ultra-Low NOx Measurement Instruments for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines" (2020). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 7816.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Certainly, there are Spanish native speakers who can't roll the r, but this is not a common problem and rarely represents a difficulty to children.
According to logopedics (logopedia)--the study, and correction, of speech defects, especially in children--this is called "rotacismo" or "dislalia del fonema r".
Dislalia is classified as a speech disorder. It sounds very weird to native Spanish speakers and according to logopedists it can lead to low self-esteem, social isolation and even statter.
If you allow me to add a personal anecdote here, I've only heard a handful of native speakers having difficulties to roll the r in my whole life, and in this particular moment I can't even remember a person among friends, relatives, students, teachers, colleagues etc... who has this problem.
Please note that even if there are regions where the r is not rolled (some evidence here would be welcome) does not invalidate this truth: that not being able to roll the r in the same way as the rest of the population is a rare phenomenon and of course considered a speech impediment, which can most of the times be corrected by a logopedist.
Please also note that rolling the r is not exclusive to Spanish. Other languages, such as Russian, Polish and German as spoken in Bavaria, roll the r in (nearly) the same way. The same that we are discussing here applies to those languages.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there an easy way to create and Object and set properties in C# like you can in Javascript.
Example Javascript:
var obj = new Object;
obj.value = 123476;
obj.description = "this is my new object";
obj.mode = 1;
share|improve this question
Errm, do you mean creating an object in general or creating an actual System.Object and adding properties dynamically? – Yuck Jul 8 '11 at 14:29
add comment
4 Answers
up vote 12 down vote accepted
try c# anonymous classes
var obj = new {
 value = 123475,
 description = "this is my new object",
 mode = 1 };
there are lots of differences though...
_USER_ Kolupaev & _USER_ mentioned another approach with dynamic keyword
share|improve this answer
add comment
In case, it you want to create un-tyed object use ExpandoObject.
dynamic employee, manager;
employee = new ExpandoObject();
employee.Name = "John Smith";
employee.Age = 33;
manager = new ExpandoObject();
manager.Name = "Allison Brown";
manager.Age = 42;
manager.TeamSize = 10;
Your's other option is to use anonymous class, but this will work for you, only if you would use it in scope of method, since it can't be passed outside or as a parameter.
But, IMO, to take full advantage of C#, it's better to switch programming paradigm to strongly-typed, that is C# is designed for.
share|improve this answer
add comment
In C# you could do:
var obj = new SomeObject {
 value = 123476,
 description = "this is my new object",
 mode = 1
EDIT: Holding this here pending clarification from OP as I may have misunderstood his intentions.
share|improve this answer
add comment
The way to do this is you use C# 4.0 Dynamic types like Expando Object... see this topic:
How to create a class dynamically
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


Authentication of Documents
Requirements for Transportation of a Deceased Body
 1. Proof that the deceased person was a Kenyan e.g. Original Passport, Birth Certificate.
 2. Locally issued burial and/or transit permit.
 3. Certified copy of the Death Certificate.
 4. A letter from the local health authority certifying that the deceased did not die of contagious disease.
 5. A metal hermetically sealable casket is recommended.
 6. A letter from the Director of funeral home stating how the body was embalmed.
 7. Telephone number if available of Next of Kin or friends in Kenya.


The Healthy CXO.
How IIFL CEO Sumit Bali reboots his mind
Aug 10 2019 • Written by Smriti Mishra
~ Smriti Jha
The chief executive officer, executive director of India Infoline Finance Limited (IIFL), and a veteran of more than 20 half marathons, Sumit Bali is an active and one among the fittest CEO list.
Sumit believes that the dedication for running, fitness, sport or such work out activity is a solid indicator of the effort that an individual is likely to put in at work. The passion for running led him to destress at the workplace and keep a balance between work and life. Running keeps him fit; It has a positive influence on the work, he has mentioned repeatedly with the media interactions.
Preparation for running is like a Litmus test
Sumit used to actively participate in sports activities from college days. As a student of Delhi University, he has represented in various events of middleand long-distance competition. A good memory of finishing a half marathon in a rather quick time of 76 minutes is remaining fresh.
He remembers how his mind trains himself to get ready for preparation and training. Sumit believes that if someone sets reasonable objectives for running, one should work diligently to achieve the goal. As per Sumit, It also shows a fair bit of the person's character.
The way you plan, train and overcome challenges in running or any sports is akin to a litmus test. Your preparation and dedication for the activity of choice speak volumes of how you are likely to function in office, says Sumit.
How does workout activity add significant role at work?
For Sumit, balancing training and work calls for discipline and dedication at work. Also, it brings a feeling of being productive throughout the day.
About healthy diet
Sumit Bali is not known for late-night parties. He tries his best to munch on healthy food, especially while planning meals around running. He manages to catch good sleep to smoothen the next day.
The running inspiration leader requests people to spend at least 30 minutes a day, five days a week, on fitness. "It will make them more disciplined and keep them healthy ~ Sumit Bali.
How Sumit trains himself?
Sumit prefers to train five days a week. He runs for 5 to 7 km in the evening, mostly after wrapping the work.
And once a week, he manages to run in the morning. The early morning time allows him to cover the long distance for running.
How he gets the team inspired and motivated?
Sumit believes that to see a senior official balancing work and personal life inspires the team at as well. He motivates the team to come out of the comfort zone and be active. Sumit and team are taking leads and enrolling for various running and sports activities.
Running brings him solution and ideas
Running is the way Sumit gets to freshen the mind and adds vigor to tackle the work stress. The business leader gets the solutions to work-related problems while out on a run.
This is the time to reboot his brain and come up with new and innovative ideas.


text:
Inner and Outer Corners
The next thing we need to take note of it the idea of an "inner corner" and an "outer corner" of a Ferrers diagram, and thus of a partition.
An inner corner of a Ferrers diagram is a cell that, if it's removed, the rest of the diagram is still the Ferrers diagram of a partition. It must be the rightmost cell in its row, and the bottommost cell in its column. Similarly, an outer corner is one that, if it's added to the diagram, the result is still the Ferrers diagram of a partition. This is a little more subtle: it must be just to the right of the end of a row, and just below the bottom of a column.
As an example, consider the partition, with Ferrers diagram
We highlight the inner corners by shrinking them, and mark the outer corners with circles:
That is, there are three ways we could remove a cell and still have the Ferrers diagram of a partition:
And there are four ways that we could add a cell and still have the Ferrers diagram of a partition:
If the first partition is, we write a generic partition that comes from removing a single inner corner by. Similarly, we write a generic partition that comes from adding a single outer corner by. In our case, if, then the three possible partitions are,, and, while the four possible partitions are,,, and.
Now, as a quick use of this concept, think about how to fill a Ferrers diagram to make a standard Young tableau. It should be clear that since is the largest entry in the tableau, it must be in the rightmost cell of its row and the bottommost cell of its column in order for the tableau to be standard. Thus must occur in an inner corner. This means that we can describe any standard tableau by picking which inner corner contains, removing that corner, and filling the rest with a standard tableau with entries. Thus, the number of standard -tableaux is the sum of all the standard -tableaux:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Measure surface roughness optically
Surface topography and its structural details like surface roughness is traditionally inspected using tactile stylus-based profilometers (stylus instruments) by guiding a probe tip over a workpiece surface and detecting each vertical deflection by the surface texture. With this method, the information about the surface topography including surface details like roughness is obtained along a 2D profile. It is questionable to which extent profile-based information could describe surface characteristics and provide function-oriented information.
Optical vs tactile surface roughness and texture measurement
If the surface has randomly distributed features, the result for the roughness parameter is strongly influenced by the measuring position. In many cases, profile-based surface description is insufficient to provide information about functional behavior of the surface. Profile based surface characterization allows only limited information about the cause of poor functionality and so includes limited information for quality control purposes.
Areal 3D surface roughness measurement data
Three-dimensional, areal topography measurement is not subjected to those limitations. Not only does it provide an image of the surface that makes it easier to understand, but areal measurements also enable a function- and structure-oriented evaluation. Furthermore, 2D profiles can easily be extracted from the areal measurement data which can again be evaluated according to the common rules of profile-based roughness evaluation. In contrast to a tactile roughness measurement, optical 3D roughness measurement is non-contact and non-reactive thus avoiding any damage or influence on sensitive surfaces by the measurement procedure.
Areal surface roughness measurement data provides an easy and complete view of an entire surface. In contrast, a profile measurement contains only a limited section of the entire surface and is less intuitive.
ISO for profile and areal surface evaluation
The measurement chains for the areal or profile-based surface evaluation are described in ISO 25178 or ISO 4287, they differ from each other with some details.


Depollution: extracting gold naturally with plants
Afroculture.net
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Depollution: extracting gold naturally with plants
Faced with the dangerousness of gold mining methods by mercury, cyanide or other heavy metals for miners and populations. The mining industry must be active and put in place cleaner solutions with greener methods for the environment.
We are aware that gold is a sector that earns a lot of money. But it is their duty to take care of the planet and protect the people and our environment. Many researchers are working on more environmentally friendly alternative solutions to extract gold from the soil.
What are the different alternative solutions proposed?
Agromine and phitoextraction.
Agromine is emerging. It is the ability of certain plants to accumulate in their tissues high concentrations of minerals without becoming intoxicated. They are "hyperaccumulators". This feature allows them to be used to decontaminate mining sites and quarries, to extract heavy metals or to practice a new form of agriculture on soils rich in metals.
.Some scientists propose to do phytomining. It is a technique for extraction of phytoextraction of gold through plants. They noticed that some natural plants use their roots to extract heavy metals from the soil or air. Metals such as zinc, nickel, cadmium or gold are found in their roots and leaves. For a long time, scientists have studied these hyperaccumulative plants to fight against pollution.
Chris Anderson, an environmental geochemist and expert in gold phytomining at Massey University in New Zealand, has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain mustard plants to suck gold from the soil.
 - 1 / mustard
Comment fonctionne la technologie ?
For Anderson, you need to find a fast-growing plant with lots of above-ground masses of greenery, like mustard, sunflower, or tobacco. Then you have to plant them in the ground where there is gold. When the plant transpires, it takes water from the soil's gold, which accumulates in its biomass, settles on the tiny pores of these leaves. Then, we harvest the plants. Anderson says that getting gold from plants is the easiest part. Gold in plants is gold nanoparticles, which can be of great potential for the chemical industry because it is used as catalysts for chemical reactions.
The use of phytomining, gold can never take the place of artisanal mining.
He explains: "The value of it is in the rehabilitation of polluted mine sites," he added.
"If we can generate revenue by reframing gold, while soil remediation, then that's a good result," said Anderson, who is currently working with researchers from Indonesia to develop a system. sustainable for artisanal small-scale gold miners.
 - 2/ Eucalyptus
Australian scientists have gold particles in eucalyptus wood. The researchers undertook a study to unravel the mystery of this tree. They carefully studied the leaves, twigs and bark of eucalyptus. It is a tree up to 10 meters high, lying to the south and west of Australia. Through their study, the researchers knew that there were ancient explorations in these places. X-ray analysis reveals the presence of gold particles of about 8 microns (millionths of a meter) in eucalyptus cells. The experiments revealed that these particles were absorbed by the tree roots before being transported to the leaves where the concentrations are higher. Research reveals that eucalyptus is able to fetch gold at depths of over 35 meters.
"We were amazed at the ability of eucalyptus to move gold on a road that is the equivalent of a ten-storey building," says Melvyn Lintern, a geochemist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia quoted by LiveScience.
But, the amount of gold present in the eucalyptus is extremely small. It would take 500 eucalyptus, growing above a gold deposit, to harvest a lot of gold.
The scientist explains that eucalyptus could serve as a benchmark. They could be used to identify the locations where the gold deposits are located, the depths by the miners. Melvyn Lintern explains that this would be a way to avoid wasting time, money and human resources chasing the precious metal over large areas. For more than 10 years, discoveries of new gold deposits have dropped by 45%.

 - 3/ the mural Alyssum
The mural Alyssum is a plant of the family Brassicaceae. It is a hyperaccumulator plant of nickel up to 100 kg of nickel per hectare. If we can recover nickel with this plant, we can also extract gold.
 - 4/ Cornstarch
 Des chercheurs de la Northwester University ont découvert, par un simple hasard, que l'amidon de maïs est tout aussi efficace que le cyanure ou le mercure, pour l'extraction de l'or.
By a lucky coincidence, a post-doctoral researcher Zhichang Liu wanted to mix two aqueous solutions. Zhichang had mixed a corn starch derivative with dissolved gold salt. Specifically, the first test tube contained a kind of sugar "alpha-cyclodextrin", which resulted from the degradation of starch with a bacterium, with another test tube filled with gold. Surprise, tiny needles have formed. Zhichang was saddened because he hoped to see tiny cubic structures that could store gases or other molecules.
At first, I was disappointed that my experience did not produce cubes, but when I saw the needles, I wanted to learn more about their composition," says researcher Zhichang Liu in a statement released by his university. . This study was published in the journal Nature Communications.
"Zhichang has come up with the magic formula to insulate gold from anything else in an environmentally friendly way," said Fraser Stoddart, who oversaw the research.
Passing from sadness to joy, researcher Zhichang Liu had just found the miracle and ecological formula for extracting gold. These needles are an assembly of 4000 nano son of gold ions, trapped by atoms, water and cyclodextrin.
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Molecular communication
Molecular communications systems use the presence or absence of a selected type of molecule to digitally encode messages[1]. The molecules are delivered into communications media such as air and water for transmission. The technique also is not subject to the requirement of using antennas that are sized to a specific ratio of the wavelength of the signal. Molecular communication signals can be made biocompatible and require very little energy[2][3].
Nature
Molecular signaling is used by plants and animals, such as the pheromones that insects use for long-range signaling.[2][4]
Alcohol
Researchers demonstrated the use of evaporated alcohol molecules to carry messages across several meters of open space and successfully decoded the message on the other side. The presence of molecules encoded to digital 1 and their absence encoded to 0. The hardware cost around $100.[2]
Chemical systems
There is wireless network that uses chemical system as physical media for data transmission, instead of environment. The signals representing electronic message transmitted through the wireless communication channel of this wireless computer network are changings of the chemical system's chemical composition.[5]
References
 1. T. Nakano, A. Eckford, and T. Haraguchi (2013). Molecular Communication. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-_PHONE_.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 2. "Text message using vodka: Molecular communication can aid communication underground, underwater or Inside the Body". Phys.org. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
 3. Farsad, N.; Guo, W.; Eckford, A. W. (2013). Willson, Richard C (ed.). "Tabletop Molecular Communication: Text Messages through Chemical Signals". PLoS ONE. 8 (12): e82935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_. PMC _PHONE_. PMID 24367571.
 4. Habibi, Iman; Emamian, Effat S.; Abdi, Ali (2014-10-07). "Advanced Fault Diagnosis Methods in Molecular Networks". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e108830. doi:10.1371/journal.pone._PHONE_. ISSN _PHONE_. PMC _PHONE_. PMID 25290670.
 5. "NEW WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA TRANSMISSION IN CHEMICAL SYSTEMS". _URL_.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.


West Bloomfield Township Public Library
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Friends in Our World - Jewish Friends (Kids)
Fiction books featuring Jewish characters, history and culture.
A seder for Grover by Joni Kibort Sussman
Grover attends a traditional Passover seder with his friends Avigail, Big Bird, Cookie Monster, and Moishe.
My first Jewish baby book : almost everything you need to know about being Jewish from afikomen to zayde by Julie Merberg
Introduce little ones to the delicious foods, meaningful rituals, lively holidays, and expressive language of their people. Clever illustrations and simple rhyming text provide a fun first taste of Jewish culture -- Back cover
Barnyard Purim by Kelly Terwilliger
Farmer Max's animals decide to put on a Purim play, directed by Chicken
A tale of two Seders by Mindy Avra Portnoy
After her parents' divorce, a young girl experiences a variety of Passover seders. Includes recipes and facts about Passover
Grover goes to Israel by Joni Kibort Sussman
"Grover leaves Sesame Street for a sightseeing adventure in Israel"--
Letters from Cuba by Ruth Behar
In 1938, eleven-year-old Esther joins her father in tropical, multicultural Cuba, where they toil together to rescue the rest of their Jewish family from persecution in Poland. Includes notes about the author's grandmother, on whom the story is based.
The length of a string by Elissa Brent Weissman
Saving Hanno by Miriam Halahmy
Nine-year-old Rudi and his beloved daschhund, Hanno, face peril as they are being sent from Nazi Germany to England on the special trains called Kindertransports during World War II. Includes historical note.
Searching for Lottie by Susan L Ross
"More than six decades after the end of World War II, twelve-year-old Charlie, a budding musician, searches for clues about her violin-prodigy namesake's fate"--
A place at the table by Saadia Faruqi
Sixth-graders Sara, a Pakistani American, and Elizabeth, a Jewish girl, connect in an after school cooking club and bond over food and their mothers' struggles to become United States citizens.
It rained warm bread : Moishe Moskowitz's Story of Hope by Gloria Moskowitz-Sweet
A fictionalized account of the experiences of a Polish Jew, Moishe, who with his parents, brother, and sister, struggles to survive the Nazi invasion and Holocaust.
Catherine's war by Julia Billet
As France buckles under the Nazi regime, budding photographer Rachel Cohen must change her name, go into hiding, and bear witness to the atrocities of World War II.
A ceiling made of eggshells by Gail Carson Levine
From age seven, Loma relishes traveling with her beloved grandfather across fifteenth-century Spain, working to keep the Jews safe, but soon realizes she must also make sacrifices to help her people. Includes historical notes, recipe, glossary, and a linkto a bibliography.
I Survived the Nazi Invasion, 1944 by Lauren Tarshis
In a Polish ghetto, Max Rosen and his sister, Zena, struggle to live after their father is taken away by Nazis. With barely enough food to survive, the siblings make a daring escape from Nazi soldiers into the nearby forest. Max and Zena are brought to a safe camp by Jewish resistance fighters. But soon, bombs are falling all around them. Can Max and Zena survive the fallout of the Nazi invasion?
A moon for Moe and Mo by Jane Breskin Zalben
Moses Feldman and Mohammed Hassan both live on Flatbush Avenue, but when they meet at the grocery store they quickly become best friends, sharing a picnic while their families prepare for the holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Ramadan.
Honey cake by Joan Betty Stuchner
Lucky broken girl by Ruth Behar
Queen of the Hanukkah dosas by Pamela Ehrenberg
A boy is worried that his little sister's climbing will spoil the first night of Hanukkah, when his family combines his father's Jewish traditions with his mother's East Indian cooking.
Number the stars by Lois Lowry
How I became a spy : a mystery of WWII London by Deborah Hopkinson
In World War II London, a young spy named Bertie, his strong-willed American friend Eleanor, a Jewish refugee named David, and a dog called Little Roo try to prevent a double agent from giving secrets to the Nazis.
Broken strings by Eric Walters
In 2002, Shirli Berman loses her beloved grandmother and lands a part in her junior high production of "Fiddler on the Roof," but when she is doing research in her attic and finds a violin, her Zayde gets incredibly angry.
Yellow star by Jennifer Rozines Roy
From 1939, when Syvia is four and a half years old, to 1945 when she has just turned ten, a Jewish girl and her family struggle to survive in Poland's Lodz ghetto during the Nazi occupation
The hero two doors down : based on the true story of friendship between a boy and a baseball legend by Sharon Robinson
Eight-year-old Steve Satlow is thrilled when Jackie Robinson moves into his Jewish neighborhood in Brooklyn in 1948, although many of his neighbors are not, and when Steve actually meets his hero he is even more excited--and worried that a misunderstanding over a Christmas tree could damage his new friendship.
The truth about my bat mitzvah by Nora Raleigh Baskin
After her beloved grandmother, Nana, dies, non-religious twelve-year-old Caroline becomes curious about her mother's Jewish ancestry
Hidden : a child's story of the Holocaust by Loïc Dauvillier
White bird : A Wonder Story by R Palacio
Tells the story of Julian's Grandmère's childhood as she, a Jewish girl, was hidden by a family in a Nazi-occupied French village during World War II and how the boy she once shunned became her savior and best friend.
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text:
A modern dictionary of Catholic terms, both common and obscure. Find accurate definitions of words and phrases.
Educational institutions since the eighth century, open to lay persons in general as well as those interested in becoming priests. They were managed by a headmaster and were similar to the episcopal schools of a few centuries before, where the bishops were the sole teachers. Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz int he mid-eighth century, is said to have been the founder of this type of school, a system later followed by the public schools of Western Europe until the eighteenth century. The cathedral schools flourished in France, Germany, and England. The curriculum of the lower schools was usually reading, writing, psalmody, and Christian doctrine; curriculum of the higher schools was grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music, with Scripture and theology as possible additional units. They were the forerunners of the medieval universities.
All items in this dictionary are from Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.


Especificação de Broombridge v0.2Broombridge Specification v0.2
As palavras-chave "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHOULD", "SHOULD", "SHOULD", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY" e "OPTIONAL" neste documento devem ser interpretadas como descrito no RFC 2119.The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
Qualquer barra lateral com os títulos "NOTA", "INFORMAÇÃO" ou "AVISO" é informativa.Any sidebar with the headings "NOTE," "INFORMATION," or "WARNING" is informative.
IntroduçãoIntroduction
Esta secção é informativa.This section is informative.
Os documentos de Broombridge destinam-se a comunicar casos de problemas de simulação na química quântica para processamento utilizando simulação quântica e cabos de ferramentas de programação.Broombridge documents are intended to communicate instances of simulation problems in quantum chemistry for processing using quantum simulation and programming toolchains.
SerializaçãoSerialization
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
Um documento de Broombridge DEVE ser serializado como um documento YAML 1.2 que representa um objeto JSON, conforme descrito na secção RFC 4627 2.2.A Broombridge document MUST be serialized as a YAML 1.2 document representing a JSON object as described in RFC 4627 section 2.2. O objeto serializado para YAML MUST tem um "$schema" imóvel cujo valor é "_URL_ , e DEVE ser válido de acordo com as especificações do projecto-06 do JSON Schema [1, 2].The object serialized to YAML MUST have a property "$schema" whose value is "_URL_ and MUST be valid according to the JSON Schema draft-06 specifications [1, 2].
Para o restante desta especificação, "o objeto Broombridge" refere-se ao objeto JSON desseserializado a partir de um documento YAML de Broombridge.For the remainder of this specification, "the Broombridge object" will refer to the JSON object deserialized from a Broombridge YAML document.
Salvo indicação em contrário, os objetos NÃO DEVEM ter propriedades adicionais para além das especificadas explicitamente neste documento.Unless otherwise explicitly noted, objects MUST NOT have additional properties beyond those specified explicitly in this document.
Definições AdicionaisAdditional Definitions
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
Objetos de quantidadeQuantity Objects
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
Um objeto de quantidade é um objeto JSON, e DEVE ter uma propriedade cujo valor é um dos units valores permitidos listados na Tabela 1.A quantity object is a JSON object, and MUST have a property units whose value is one of the allowed values listed in Table 1.
Um objeto de quantidade é um objeto de quantidade simples se tiver uma única propriedade value além da sua units propriedade.A quantity object is a simple quantity object if it has a single property value in addition to its units property. O valor do value imóvel DEVE ser um número.The value of the value property MUST be a number.
Um objeto de quantidade é um objeto de quantidade limitado se tiver as propriedades e lower upper além da sua units propriedade.A quantity object is a bounded quantity object if it has the properties lower and upper in addition to its units property. Os valores do lower e propriedades DEVEM ser upper números.The values of the lower and upper properties MUST be numbers. Um objeto de quantidade limitado pode ter uma propriedade value cujo valor é um número.A bounded quantity object MAY have a property value whose value is a number.
Um objeto de quantidade é um objeto de quantidade de matriz escassa se tiver a propriedade e uma propriedade format values além da sua units propriedade.A quantity object is a sparse array quantity object if it has the property format and a property values in addition to its units property. O valor de format MUST é a sparse corda.The value of format MUST be the string sparse. O valor do values imóvel DEVE ser um conjunto.The value of the values property MUST be an array. Cada elemento de values MUST é uma matriz que representa os índices e o valor da quantidade de matriz escassa.Each element of values MUST be an array representing the indices and value of the sparse array quantity.
Os índices para cada elemento de um objeto de quantidade de matriz escassa DEVEM ser únicos em todo o objeto de quantidade de matriz escassa.The indices for each element of a sparse array quantity object MUST be unique across the entire sparse array quantity object. Se um índice estiver presente com um valor de 0 , um parser MUST tratar o objeto de quantidade de matriz escassa de forma idêntica a um objeto de quantidade de matriz escasso no qual esse índice não esteja presente.If an index is present with a value of 0, a parser MUST treat the sparse array quantity object identically to a sparse array quantity object in which that index is not present at all.
Um objeto de quantidade DEVE serA quantity object MUST either be
 - um simples objeto de quantidade,a simple quantity object,
 - um objeto de quantidade limitado, oua bounded quantity object, or
 - um objeto de quantidade de matriz escassa.a sparse array quantity object.
ExemplosExamples
Esta secção é informativa.This section is informative.
Uma quantidade simples representando $_PHONE_ , \mathrm{Ha}$:A simple quantity representing $_PHONE_,\mathrm{Ha}$:
coulomb_repulsion:
 value: _PHONE_
 units: hartree
Uma quantidade limitada que representa uma distribuição uniforme durante o intervalo $[-7, -6] , \mathrm{Ha}$:A bounded quantity representing a uniform distribution over the interval $[-7, -6],\mathrm{Ha}$:
fci_energy:
 upper: -6
 lower: -7
 units: hartree
Segue-se uma quantidade de matriz escassa com um elemento [1, 2] igual e um elemento igual hello [3, 4] world a:The following is a sparse array quantity with an element [1, 2] equal to hello and an element [3, 4] equal to world:
sparse_example:
 format: sparse
 units: hartree
 values:
 - [1, 2, "hello"]
 - [3, 4, "world"]
Secção de FormatoFormat Section
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
O objeto Broombridge DEVE ter uma propriedade format cujo valor é um objeto JSON com uma propriedade chamada version .The Broombridge object MUST have a property format whose value is a JSON object with one property called version. O version imóvel DEVE ter o "0.2" valor.The version property MUST have the value "0.2".
ExemploExample
Esta secção é informativa.This section is informative.
format: # required
 version: "0.2" # must match exactly
Secção de Descrição de ProblemasProblem Description Section
Esta secção é normativa.This section is normative.
O objeto Broombridge DEVE ter uma propriedade problem_description cujo valor é uma matriz JSON.The Broombridge object MUST have a property problem_description whose value is a JSON array. Cada item no valor da problem_description propriedade DEVE ser um objeto JSON descrevendo um conjunto de integrais, conforme descrito no restante desta secção.Each item in the value of the problem_description property MUST be a JSON object


Get Started with the PAN-OS XML API
To use the PAN-OS XML API, first use your admin credentials to get an API key through the
keygen
command type. You can then use the API key to test a simple call.
This guide exercises API requests using cURL commands. However, you can use other API tools such as Postman and RESTClient to make API requests. By default, PAN-OS uses a self-signed certificate, so you will need to use -k parameter with cURL requests. Alternatively, you must replace the self-signed certificate with one from a known certificate authority. If you have an internal certificate authority, generate your own certificate and install it on the firewall.
Recommended For You


Paleo vs. Plant-based | A Debate Between Loren Cordain and T. Colin Campbell
3 min read
cordain vs. campbell Nutrition science is frustrating! A large part of this frustration is because:
 - the experts come with bias
 - the media pares down the argument into sound bites
Case in point, this Larry King Live debate between Paleo and Vegan in 2013: there's a lot of what they believe, but little scientific justification for why or how they came to their conclusions. As someone trying to learn, who am I to believe?
That's why I'm excited to share this academic debate between the two leading experts in the field: Loren Cordain and T. Colin Campbell. You can download it here: The Protein Debate with Loren Cordain and T. Colin Campbell [PDF Download]
I can't say that it's free from expert bias, but with that said, it's refreshing to read something that goes deeper into the science. You can take a look and decide for yourself.
The paper is over 30 pages long, and a bit dense, so I decided I'd highlight the main talking points below. I also included the takeaways in my latest talk Food is Confusing. Enjoy!
PS. Thanks to John Durant for sharing this with me.
Paleo vs. The China Study
What Cordain and Campbell both agree on:
 - Learning about nutrition is confusion. Being confused about nutrition is a real matter both inside and outside of the field.
 - Cow's milk (casein) and other milk products are bad for you [30]
What Cordain and Campbell disagree on:
1. The philosophy of nutrition:
 - Cordain looks to evolution as a lens for understanding nutrition
 - Campbell looks to nutrition science, and his 20 years of research on The China Study (epidemiological studies)
2. The recommended daily amount of protein
 - Cordain believes a "high protein diet" of 20-40% protein should be the norm. He cites research showing that a lean animal protein diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and obesity.
 - Campbell recommends a diet of 10% protein from calories, "mostly all from whole food plants". He cites research showing that a whole food plant based diet reduces risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes.
3. On using epidemiological studies to prove
 - Cordain thinks they're bullshit. See page [9] for more details.
 - Campbell thinks that they are a valid method of doing science.
4. Loren Cordain disagrees with T. Colin Campbell's because Campbell is generalizing his "10% protein conclusion": Cordain writes, "The milk of protein (casein) when consumed at more than 10% of energy promotes liver cancer in rodents exposed to high concentrations of aflatoxin. However, this experiment can be generalized to other animal proteins, such as those founds in lean meats." [24]
5. T. Colin Campbell disagree's with Loren Cordain's evolutionary philosophy on nutrition: Campbell writes, "Our dietary evolutionary history, while interesting, absolutely does not yield critical clues for optimal nutritional practices." Campbell clarifies by adding, "Human evolution required that our ancestors make dietary choices that maximized gene proliferation. And that is absolutely the ONLY thing that such practices yielded."
Notable Quotes From The Debate
It's tricky to rely on food science because the information is always changing, updating, and being debated. Instead, we need a universal paradigm to guide us (such as like in the study of the universe we have the "Big Bang", something that most all scientists can agree on). [4, Cordain]
The first vitamin was "discovered" in 1912 and the last vitamin (b12) was identified in 1948. [4, Cordain]
The study of human nutrition remains an immature science because it lacks a universally acknowledged unifying paradigm. [4, Cordain]
Since the evolutionary split between hominins and pongids (apes) approximately 7 million years ago, the available evidence shows that all species of hominins ate an omnivorous diet composed of minimally processed, wild-plant, and animal foods. [7, Cordain]
No single procedure alone can establish cause and effect, nor can any single study prove causality. Observational epidemiological studies can only show relationships among variables and are notorious for showing conflicting results. [9, Cordain]
The evolutionary evidence indicates that so called "high protein diets" (20%-30% of total energy) and "very high protein diets" (30% – 40% total energy) actually represent the norm which conditioned the present human genome over more than 2 million years of evolutionary experience. […] Hence the current U.S. consumption of protein (15% total energy) may not optimally promote health and well being. There is now a large body of experimental evidence increasingly demonstrating that a higher intake of lean animal protein reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, and osteoporosis while not impairing kidney function. [12, Cordain]
Main point: I believe that total dietary protein should be 10% of calories, with virtually all of it being in the form of plant-based protein. [20, Campbell]
If we are to buy into Colin's…10% of energy (argument), then the system that shaped our present genome necessarily had to be conditioned over eons by a low protein intake. [22, Cordain]
There is no credible fossil, archeological, anthropological, anatomical, ethnographic or biochemical evidence to show that members of our genus (Homo) routinely consumed low protein diets. [22, Cordain]
The problem with this oversimplification [regarding zero nitrogen intake as optimal, when our daily intake = outake, and that negative balance causes ill health and disease] provides no information about optimal protein requirements. [23, Cordain]
The only logical conclusion that can be reached from his series of experiments is that only the milk protein, casein, when consumed at more than 10% of energy, promotes liver cancer in rodents exposed to high concentrations of aflatoxin. His experiments cannot be generalized to other animal proteins, such as those found in lean meats. [23, Cordain]
Finally, if vegetarian diets are "as near to an ideal diet as one can get" why then do meta-analyses of all cause mortality (including cancers) in vegetarians show them to be no better off than the general public [24, Cordain]
My critique of Professor Loren Cordian's proposition almost entirely depends on my philosophy of nutrition. It is clearly different from that of Cordain's understanding of this discipline. He mocks the science of nutrition as if it has little or nothing to offer. [27, Campbell]
Cordain laments nutrition researches as not being schooled in evolutionary theory. I shall turn for advice to two professionals who were so trained. (Dr. Alan Goldhamer, and Dr. Doug Lisle). "There is an important misconception among those who attempt to use evolutionary theory to guide their thinking in questions about human nutrition: that the diet consumed in human evolutionary history is the diet that optimally serves human health. This is a serious error, and that makes major mistakes quiet possible, even likely." [Campbell]
7 Replies to "Paleo vs. Plant-based | A Debate Between Loren Cordain…"
 1. Excellent post, thanks for it. This debate fascinates me immensely and it is really hard to overcome my own beliefs to accept what science has to say, also because science is inconclusive as we can see.
 Cordain has many seemly valid points, but one thing that I must agree with Campbell is that evolutionary theory cannot be taken as the sole basis for determining our nutrition. If we should all mimic what our ancestors did to survive, we would probably not be living in the set up we are and not even be typing on a computer or mobile…
 1. You misunderstood we have to mimic but we don't. Point is that we as a specie need some nutrients as daily basis, other not so often and then some others that we should never eat… Problem is that in this time, we're having on a daily basis the thing that we should never eat, those that were supposed to be eating often are now side dish for daily basis and remember those nutrients that we needed? they're just gone! We just don't have a place for them in our daily diet so… How long do you think we could get that way?
 2. Campbells research using aflaxtoxin and casein is solid evidence that whole food plant based diet prolong life and reduced risk of degenerative diseases. Anyone disputing this science is border line Neanderthal. Pun intended.
 1. Casein? More that half the population has some bad issues with it! Some people are ok with vegetable more because they have problems digesting meat than what they really benefit from eating vegetables… They just have a digestive problem (hormonal must of it) and we should aim to that instead of giving them some other stuff forever… Iron form vegetable is not the same as the one on meat and beta carotene from plants is not like retinol found on meat… If human were forced to eat only vegetables, we could't be having this conversation.
 3. No matter what side we lean on, this is


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'Spray-on' memory could enable bendable digital storage
Researchers have brought us closer to a future of low-cost, flexible electronics by creating a new "spray-on" digital memory device using only an aerosol jet printer and nanoparticle inks.
The device, which is analogous to a 4-bit flash drive, is the first fully-printed digital memory that would be suitable for practical use in simple electronics such as environmental sensors or RFID tags. And because it is jet-printed at relatively low temperatures, it could be used to build programmable electronic devices on bendable materials like paper, plastic or fabric. An article about the research is published in the Journal of Electronic Materials (News Item Duke University, 3 April 2017).
Click here for the news item.
Click here for a summary of the published article.
This news item is also included in our monthly overview, the NVC Members-only Update. If you have any questions, please contact us: _EMAIL_, +31-(0)182-512411.


text:
Ricor's Yoav Zur holding a K508 cryocooler, the same one used in the Curiosity's CheMin instrument shown on his computer screen.
Seven years ago, a buyer from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California – which manages US space agency assignments — called Yoav Zur to inquire about a miniature cryogenic cooler made by Ricor Cryogenic and Vacuum Systems at Kibbutz Ein Harod Ihud in northern Israel.
Zur, the marketing manager for the company, was told that the cryogenic cooler was needed for a future Mars mission to keep the CheMin chemical mineral detector, critical to the analysis of the soil on the Red Planet, chilled to minus 173 degrees Celsius.
- Email this article to friends or colleagues
- Share this article on Facebook or Twitter
- Write about and link to this article on your blog
- Local relevancy? Send this article to your local press
It was not the first time Ricor cryocoolers had been purchased for space missions, so Zur facilitated the order without asking too many questions.
"We knew the K508 [cryocooler] would be part of a CheMin system in a space laboratory, but we didn't know the mission name or the vehicle," he says.
However, he was pretty sure the small Israeli-made cooler was among the instruments aboard the Curiosity rover on NASA's Mars Science Laboratory, which lifted off from Florida on November 26, 2011.
On August 6, 2012, after Curiosity touched down on Mars, the 170 workers at Ricor broke out in cheers.
"When we heard Curiosity had successfully landed, I called my contact at JPL and he confirmed they really used our cooler," Zur tells ISRAEL21c.
The Curiosity rover will be on Mars for two years with a full agenda of scientific experiments to complete in addition to the soil analysis performed by CheMin.
Cooler in space
Model K508, like Ricor's other cryocoolers manufactured since 1977, is normally purchased to maintain frigid temperatures on infrared detectors used in thermal imaging, Zur explains. "It's primarily a military product tested for very harsh conditions such as extreme temperature, radiation and vibration."
In business since 1967, Ricor has long done business with NASA and other space agencies. An Israeli cryocooler has not made it to Mars before, but one was aboard the MESSENGER discovery mission that orbited Mercury from March 2011 to March 2012.
This mission employed the most sensitive detector available — a high-purity germanium semiconductor crystal — to help measure the planet's surface gamma rays from long distances. The crystal must operate at cryogenic temperatures, so the detector had to be protected from the heat as it moved through one of the solar system's hottest environments. This was accomplished by suspending it on thin Kevlar strings inside a high-tech thermos bottle cooled to a frosty -183° C by the Ricor cryocooler.
Ricor was already quite familiar with the needs of the US space program.
"Way back in 1994, our first model, K506, was launched in the Clementine program," says Zur. This NASA mission was intended to test sensors and spacecraft components under extended exposure to the space environment.
"In 2001, we launched several cryocoolers in the European Space Agency's Rosetta [comet chaser], and later sold our products to the Brazilian Space Agency for a program having to do with weather control," Zur adds.
Ricor is not the only company that makes cryocoolers. However, Zur explains, "Ours are the smallest with the highest cooling power for the lowest price in the world. For NASA, the price was not the issue, but JPL chose our products for their performance and weight."


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Bessie Coleman (_PHONE_)
Bessie Coleman, or "Brave Bessie," was the first licensed African-American pilot. Coleman attended college in Oklahoma, but had to quit because of financial difficulties. She moved to Chicago and worked as a manicurist and successfully operated a chili parlor. However, Coleman's dream was to learn to fly. When no American school would accept African Americans, she traveled to France to attend Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, where she became the first licensed black pilot in the world. Flying army surplus aircraft left over from WWI, she earned her nickname "Brave Bessie" by performing daredevil stunts. While doing air shows she gave lectures urging young black students to become pilots. Coleman once refused to perform in Waxahachie, Texas, until black students were allowed to use the same entrance as white students. Coleman died in 1924 in an accident. She is buried in Lincoln Cemetery in Chicago.
- This article is excerpted from the NWHM Winter 2004 Newsletter
- PHOTO: Early Aviators


Skip to content
Deep Earth Energy Production releases FEED report and feasibility study
Deep Earth Energy Production Corp. has successfully completed the front-end engineering and design (FEED) with a corresponding feasibility study and report on its first geothermal power facility in southeast Saskatchewan.
Deep Earth pic
File photo by Brian Zinchuk
A Canadian first, the facility's nominal output is expected to be 32 megawatts (MW) and will produce up to 33.4 MW net power during the winter and a minimum of 20 MW net power during summer, due to seasonal variability in the output of the air cooled binary power plant (lower ambient air temperatures result in higher geothermal power production).
Future construction phases have the capacity to increase power outputs to 160 MW during the winter. Engineering services were provided by Enerpro Engineering Inc. GeothermEx (a
Schlumberger Company) is completing a full review of the FEED and Feasibility study.
Total capital costs for the first facility came within the target range and are estimated at approximately C$8 million per MW. The report details the capital costs and project schedule, highlighting a startup date of Jan. 1, 2024. Costs are expected to be driven down further based on: operational learnings and economies of scale in drilling, manufacturing and construction. Compared to wind or solar, geothermal capital costs are higher, but the non-intermittent (24/7 baseload) characteristic of geothermal creates attractive revenues, offsetting the higher upfront costs.
This facility will eliminate approximately 155,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide (tCO2) from the atmosphere each year, the equivalent to removing 34,000 cars off the road every year. For every one MW of clean geothermal energy produced, approximately 1,200 homes can be removed from non-renewable power generation sources.
Geothermal projects are not exposed to rising non-renewable fuel costs and carbon pricing. Using a carbon tax rate of C$65 per tonne of CO2 for 2023 and beyond for the DEEP geothermal project, DEEP says the taxpayers of Saskatchewan will be paying C$10 million less in carbon tax per year (155,000 tCO2/year x CAN$65/tCO2).
This is a big win for Saskatchewan.
The DEEP geothermal power facility will generate power from hot (120-125 C) water produced from open hole "barefoot" horizontal wells drilled into the Deadwood Formation (the deepest sedimentary unit in the Williston Basin). The ORC technology converts heat from these fluids by passing the geothermal fluid through a heat exchanger to transfer its heat to the organic working fluid, which vaporizes and expands through a turbine, generating power.
The working fluid is condensed and reused continuously in a closed loop. After passing through the heat exchanger, the geothermal fluids are re-injected back into the reservoir in locations that are suitably distant from the production wells to sweep more heat from the reservoir over time.
The well field will be completed with 10 horizontal production wells and 8 horizontal injection wells drilled to a vertical depth of approximately 3,500 metres. Each well will have a horizontal length of 3,000-4,000 metres, resulting in a total well bore length of approximately 7,000 metres.
The well pairs will be separated by 750 metres. Each production well will be installed with a down-hole electric submersible pump (ESP). This arrangement is designed to meet the specified target flow rate, minimize capital costs, maintain reservoir pressure and enable heat sweeps.
This globally unique "ribcage" geothermal well field arrangement has been adapted from conventional oilfield design and completion practices and is being advanced by local, world-class oilfield expertise.
This is helping to redeploy a highly skilled workforce into a new clean energy sector for Canada.
Approximately 250,000 person hours of work will be required for the drilling and completions alone, with an additional 130,000 person hours being added during project construction. Essentially, thousands of new jobs will be created by this project in southeast Saskatchewan and across the Canadian prairies. DEEP's geothermal project design could prove to be transformative in deep sedimentary basins around the world, providing a compelling example of how oil and gas technology and people can support the development of clean baseload power.
"We are taking the "best of both industries" by merging highly skilled oil and gas expertise with specialized geothermal reservoir and power generation expertise," said Kirsten Marcia, DEEP president and CEO.
To further reduce GHG emissions, DEEP will use the stranded flare/vent gas that is associated with local oil and gas infrastructure to supply the necessary power for ORC facility loads, mostly pumping power. At nearby oilwells, flare gas is burned as a waste product because the cost to collect it is not economically viable. This waste gas produces GHG emissions into the atmosphere.
Utilizing this otherwise wasted flare gas to power the pumping requirements, and using modern carbon capturing and sequestering technology can power DEEPs pumps and capture an additional 60,000 tonnes of CO2 annually that would otherwise be flared and wasted.
This will also provide the oil producers in the area that are supplying the flare/vent gas real relief from rising carbon taxes, making their operations more environmentally and economically sustainable.
DEEP has a signed memorandum of understanding with a midstream company in the area to secure a long-term feedstock supply of flare/vent gas to power the facility's parasitic power requirements.
DEEP is also considering CO2 sequestration opportunities for other producers and CO2 emitters in the area by using its previously drilled test wells and transferring the carbon credits to those producers to aid in methane and CO2 reduction from oilfield operations. This will provide additional reductions of CO2 emissions in Saskatchewan and provide stability to the royalty generating producers.
In addition to power generation, there are many strategic direct use geothermal heating opportunities currently being explored. Major greenhouse developments can support research into diverse high-value crops to increase farm profitability and also supply locally grown produce. As Canada looks to close offshore open-net salmon farms in British Columbia, there are new opportunities for aquaculture operations and infrastructure in Saskatchewan using geothermal heating.
There is also capacity for a specialized manufacturing, storage and distribution hub. These would all provide major long-term local employment opportunities and address national food or supply chain security concerns. Heat would be sold to these end users with no carbon tax and no commodity price risk.
DEEP's vision to build 100-160 MW of geothermal power and direct heating infrastructure will be what it projects to be a new, green C$1 billion industry for southeast Saskatchewan.


text:
January 19th, 2013
Where do mushrooms come from and what are they doing in the garden? Ashley McKenzie from the Texas Wild Mushrooming Group notes their beneficial relationship with plants and how to keep it going. On tour, even winter is bountiful in Lynne and Jim Weber's native habitat garden. Daphne Richards explains why to prune trees in winter. Her pick of the week is evergreen mountain pea, a lush groundcover for shade and sun. Trisha Shirey shows how to cage tomatoes and build trellises for vining vegetables and fruits.
Tips of the Week
Drink coffee? Check out the Ground to Ground initiative that connects area coffee shops with gardeners who want coffee grounds and food waste and are willing to make a commitment to regular pick-ups. For more info on this great partnership, visit the Compost Coalition.
Start a compost pile!
Prune woody shrubs that are dormant. Avoid pruning evergreen shrubs like cenizo for a few more weeks.
Plant trees, shrubs, and roses.
Clean up old leaves around fruit trees and vegetable gardens.
Plant bare root fruit trees, berries, grapes and roses.
Plant asparagus crowns. Prune back growth if it hasn't frozen back.
Get seedling potatoes
- More Tips
Question of the Week
Why do we prune trees in Winter?
The Weber Native Habitat Garden


Microgrids – Stand-Alone / Off-grid / Edge-of-Grid
When large-scale power generation is not readily available, local generation can be installed and made reliable by supplementing battery storage (which can handle day-to-day variations in renewable supply and power demand by the microgrid) with a large amount of energy stored as hydrogen.
The hydrogen allows long-term power, for example when there are long periods of low supply (or high demand) that would exhaust the batteries. This can be on timescales from hours to seasons according to the local conditions. A microgrid works best when it has several complementary generation (eg wind + solar and perhaps hydroelectric) and storage (eg batteries + hydrogen fuel).
It is ideal to be able to both generate hydrogen (when there is excess power supply but the batteries are full) and utilize hydrogen (for continued reliable power when power supply is insufficient and the batteries are getting low). Hydrolite Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells are two low cost solutions that can make a microgrid reliable and affordable.


Getting Started
Getting started with the OpenNETCF.ORM library is pretty simple. Your basic steps will be:
 - Create some classes that define your entities (see "Defining Discoverable Entities" below)
 - Create a Store using whatever implementation you like (again, see below)
 - Add the classes to the store, either namually or through auto-discovery (you guessed it, see bwlow)
 - Tell the Store to create the underlying storage medium - for example the SDF file.
You do not need to create the database file - in fact I'd discourage it, because then you have to ensure that your class definitions match what you did in your database. It far simpler to just let the ORM generate the file and schema for you.
Defining your Data
The OpenNETCF.ORM library eliminates the need to write all of the code to generate your backing store (database, tables, etc). Instead, it "intuits" entities and relations by discovering classes decorated with the EntityAttribute and then can auto-generate the store for you.
Data Access (CRUD)
OpenNETCF.ORM provides the normal CRUD facilities of any reasonable data store.
Last edited Feb 18, 2013 at 3:42 PM by ctacke, version 7
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Sample Windows System Administrator Job Description
Windows System Administrator Job Description
A window system administrators job is providing the framework for the smooth running of IT operations in every organization. The window system administrator job involves the most basic backgrounds for the smooth running and efficient IT operations in an organization.
Other duties of the windows administrator may include some ordinary tasks, but each one is essential for the successful running of IT operations, to prevent problems and to improve system performance. It is the job of the Windows' administrator to keep the company's network safe and running efficiently.
The Windows' administrator are usually the ones contacted when users have problems with the network. The system administrator will then gather the necessary information to identify and correct the problem. They fix both the hardware and software and also work alongside other IT professionals to access more information and function effectively.
System administrators oversee the installation, upgrading, and maintenance of both the software and hardware devices of an organization or client.
System administrator usually needs to be updated on the new development in the technology industry because they are responsible for so many aspects of a company's information, communication, and technical system.
The duties of the Windows' system administrator includes.
 - They are in charge of monitoring all system alerts, and they help in resolving complex issues and defects in the computer system both in the hardware and software.
 - They make sure that the organization servers and database are working efficiently, and they also provide support for the everyday operations of the organization.
 - The Windows' administrator analyzes system for failure, defects and they upgrade the systems and aid to restore files with the help of operating system.
 - They monitor efficiently the upgrade of the organization's computer programming system. They also provide updates on application of various window patches and security controls.
 - Install and configure company business on the windows program for easy accessibility and commercial purposes. Coordinate with management and evaluate conduct capacity for system
 - Collaborating with other IT experts from other departments to create the networking computer system of the organization. They install both the hardware and the software computer system for the organization's communication.
 - Perform research on system technology and update the software and hardware of the computer operating system of the organization.
READ Personal Assistant Job Description Sample
Skills for Windows system administrator
 - Technical skills: the Windows' system administrator must have in-depth technical skills in providing the necessary computer services. They must have deep knowledge of both computer software and hardware.
 - Customer service skills: they have to be able to offer customers with efficient services based on their unique demands.
 - Ability to work with deadline: The system administrator should be able to quickly and correctly diagnose the problem. They must figure out what is wrong and how best it can be fixed in small amount of time.
A window system administrator must be up to date with the latest technology in the business, and they update the computer operating system of the organization or client to match the latest technology for speed, convenience, and efficiency.


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ite Church, 64.5 percent (58 percent in 1989). However, only six percent of the married couples were still members of different denominations at the time of the survey, indicating that sometime subsequent to the wedding, in most cases, one spouse joined the other's church. In 1989 this increased to nine percent. The rate of intermarriage between Mennonites of any branch and non-Mennonites was not determined in either survey.
Reflecting chronological trends, younger persons had higher rates of intermarriage than older members. Slightly higher intermarriage rates were observed among urban than rural residents, among women than men, and among lay people than ministers. Farmers had lower rates of intermarriage than other occupational groups.
Substantially higher intermarriage rates were found among those who do not attend church regularly, and among those who are nonresident members of their local congregations. Those of mixed marriage background scored somewhat lower on scales measuring doctrinal orthodoxy, adherence to Anabaptist principles, religious practices, and moral attitudes. Thus intermarriage appears to be associated with weaker support of church doctrines and practices.
Driedger, Vogt, and Reimer (1983) investigated intermarriage among Mennonites in Canada, defining intermarriage more broadly as the marriage of a Mennonite (of any branch) to a non-Mennonite. Among 13 religious groups reported in the 1981 Canadian census, only Jews had lower rates of intermarriage than Mennonites. The rate of endogamy (Mennonites marrying Mennonites) declined from 93 percent in 1921 to 61 percent in 1981. The reported rate may be too low, however, since the census definition of Mennonite includes some persons who are not actually members of a Mennonite church.
Several surveys by Driedger and his associates support several generalizations. (1) In general, the more conservative the Mennonite body, the lower the rate of intermarriage. Hutterites have virtually none. (2) Intermarriage rates were considerably lower in rural than in urban areas. (3) The younger generation is much more accepting of intermarriage than older generations. (4) Whereas Mennonite intermarriage in Manitoba was almost nonexistent prior to the 1950s, by the 1970s one-fourth married outsiders. (5) Although in the past intermarried couples often left the Mennonite church, intermarriage is increasingly a form of recruitment and possible revitalization.
Although there may be some positive aspects associated with the marriage of Mennonites to those of other backgrounds, in terms of recruitment and stimulation, most of the indicators are negative. In the larger society, higher divorce rates are associated with mixed marriage. There is some evidence that this is true among Mennonites, but the question needs further investigation. in general, the empirical evidence assembled thus far tends to support the traditional view that endogamy is best. -- JHK
Driedger, Leo and Jacob Peters. "Ethnic Identity: a Comparison of Mennonite and Other Students." Mennonite Quarterly Review 47 (1973): 225-44.
Driedger, Leo, Roy Vogt and Mavis Reimer. "Mennonite Intermarriage: National, Regional and Intergenerational Trends." Mennonite Quarterly Review 41 (1983): 132-144.
Hege, Christian. Die Taufer in der Kurpfalz. Karlsruhe, 1908.
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon., 4 v. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, _PHONE_: III, 139 f.
Hostetler, John A. The Sociology of Mennonite Evangelism. Scottdale, PA, 1954: 195-197.
Hunzinger, A. Das Religions-, Kirchenund Schulwesen der Mennoniten oder Taufgesinnten. Speyer, 1830.
Kauffman, J. Howard and Leland Harder, eds. Anabaptists Four Centuries Later: a Profile of Five Mennonite and Brethren in Christ Denominations. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1975: 172-177.
Kauffman, J. Howard and Leo Driedger. The Mennonite Mosaic: Identity and Modernization. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1991: 110-111.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, and Waterloo, Ontario, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 720-721, 5, pp. 444-445. All rights reserved. For information on ordering the encyclopedia visit the Herald Press website.
©_PHONE_ by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
MLA style: Neff, Christian and J. Howard Kauffman. "Intermarriage." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1989. Web. 19 June 2013. _URL_
APA style: Neff, Christian and J. Howard Kauffman. (1989). Intermarriage. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 June 2013, from _URL_


text: Now that your team of explorers feels comfortable with cities and maps, and knows the rules of safe travel, let them tour the country... without you. In the meantime, grab some iced tea, put your feet up, and enjoy their trip as they send you postcards from every state. This is what young Emily does in Wish You Were Here: Emily's Guide to the 50 States. Kathleen Krull's witty text and illustrations by award-winning Amy Schwartz celebrate the fascinating idiosyncrasies of each state in our nation. Schwartz's illustrations accurately accent Emily's observations. In a tone that a teen would respect and a little one could understand, Emily and her grandmother wind their way around the country and entice readers with their findings: "Pennsylvania is the world's mushroom capital, the place where crayons come from, and the state where I learned why the Fourth of July is so important." Emily's frequent allusions to relevant literature and a thorough index of resources offer curious readers a way to pursue their interests as well as valuable information for reports in school. Reviewed by Anna Claire Straughan.


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Deflection of electron beam in oscilloscope
 1. Aug 19, 2012 #1
 Calculate the deflection of an electron beam as it passes between the plates of a CRT tube.
 In the picture, the parallel plates create an electric field, with the positive plate on top and the negative plate on bottom, causing the electron's path to be deflected upwards as it travels to the right.
 2. Relevant equations
 Kinetic energy of electrons: K = 3.2 x 10^-16 J
 Electric field between plates: E = 1.2 x 10^4 N/C
 Distance along plates = 15mm
 3. The attempt at a solution
 I know the equation F=Eq is involved. I've been told that the force is centripetal, so that the equation for centripetal force is also involved, but im not entirely convinced. This is because centripetal force is always perpendicular to the velocity, but in this example that can't be the case.
 So im stuck and need help.
 [edit] and the answer is 0.34mm
 Last edited: Aug 19, 2012
 2. jcsd
 3. Aug 19, 2012 #2
 User Avatar
 Homework Helper
 Gold Member
 A constant force F=qE acts on the electron in the vertical direction while its initial velocity is horizontal. The problem is analogous with projectile motion, the trajectory is parabolic. You can decompose the motion into horizontal and vertical direction.
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We'll admit that we're a little late discovering Sign Libra, but this new track from her forthcoming album Sea To Sea is an absolute beauty.
Accompanied by an equally colourful visual, 'Sea of Islands' is an vibrant, fun and quite frankly unquie exploration into sound which embodies the intricacy and singularity of Sign Libra's music.
The nine song album explores the "philosophical and mythological nature" of the "seas" of the moon's surface, known collectively as lunar maria. Each track is devoted to a different "liquid expanse."
Part of the proceeds from the album will go to Music Fund, a humanitarian organisation that helps young people in conflict zones and developing countries practice music in suitable conditions.
Sea to Sea follows her 2018 ballet composition, Closer to the Equator, released via Sounds of the Dawn / Antinote.
Watch the video and check out the tracklisting below.
1. Sea of Fecundity
2. Sea of Islands
3. Sea of Waves
4. Sea of Serenity
5. Sea of Vapours
6. Sea of Nectar
7. Sea of Cleverness
8. Sea of Tranquility
9. Sea of Knowledge


Semicircular potential well
Semicircular potential well
In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from 0 to pi where it cannot escape, because the potential from pi to 2 pi is infinite. Instead there is total reflection, meaning the particle bounces back and forth between 0 to pi. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a semicircle (technically, whose configuration space is the circle S^1) is
-frac{hbar^2}{2m}nabla^2 psi = Epsi quad (1)
Wave function
Using cylindrical coordinates on the 1 dimensional semicircle, the wave function depends only on the angular coordinate, and so
nabla^2 = frac{1}{s^2} frac{partial^2}{partial phi^2} quad (2)
Substituting the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates, the wave function is therefore expressed as
-frac{hbar^2}{2m s^2} frac{d^2psi}{dphi^2} = Epsi quad (3)
The moment of inertia for a semicircle, best expressed in cylindrical coordinates, is I stackrel{mathrm{def}}{=} iiint_V r^2,rho(r,phi,z),r dr,dphi,dz!. Solving the integral, one finds that the moment of inertia of a semicircle is I=m s^2, exactly the same for a hoop of the same radius. The wave function can now be expressed as -frac{hbar^2}{2I} psi = Epsi, which is easily solvable.
Since the particle cannot escape the region from 0 to pi, the general solution to this differential equation is
psi (phi) = A cos(m phi) + B sin (m phi) quad (4)
Defining m=sqrt {frac{2 I E}{hbar^2}}, we can calculate the energy as E= frac{m^2 hbar ^2}{2I}. We then apply the boundary conditions, where psi and frac{dpsi}{dphi} are continuous and the wave function is normalizable:
int_{0}^{pi} left| psi (phi ) right|^2, dphi = 1 quad (5).
Like the infinite square well, the first boundary condition demands that the wave function equals 0 at both phi = 0 and phi = pi. Basically
psi (0) = psi (pi) = 0 quad (6).
Since the wave function psi(0) = 0, the coefficient A must equal 0 because cos (0) = 1. The wave function also equals 0 at phi= pi so we must apply this boundary condition. Discarding the trivial solution where B=0, the wave function psi (pi) = 0 = B sin (m pi) only when m is an integer since sin (n pi) = 0. This boundary condition quantizes the energy where the energy equals E= frac{m^2 hbar ^2}{2I} where m is any integer. The condition m=0 is ruled out because psi = 0 everywhere, meaning that the particle is not in the potential at all. Negative integers are also ruled out.
We then normalize the wave function, yielding a result where B= sqrt{frac{2}{pi}}. The normalized wave function is
psi (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} sin (m phi) quad (7).
The ground state energy of the system is E= frac{hbar ^2}{2I}. Like the particle in a box, there exists nodes in the excited states of the system where both psi (phi) and psi (phi) ^2 are both 0, which means that the probability of finding the particle at these nodes are 0.
Since the wave function is only dependent on the azimuthal angle phi, the measurable quantities of the system are the angular position and angular momentum, expressed with the operators phi and L_z respectively.
Using cylindrical coordinates, the operators phi and L_z are expressed as phi and -i hbar frac{d}{dphi} respectively, where these observables play a role similar to position and momentum for the particle in a box. The commutation and uncertainty relations for angular position and angular momentum are given as follows:
[phi, L_z] = i hbar psi(phi) quad (8)
(Delta phi) (Delta L_z) geq frac{hbar}{2} where Delta_{psi} phi = sqrt{langle {phi}^2rangle_psi - langle {phi}rangle_psi ^2} and Delta_{psi} L_z = sqrt{langle {L_z}^2rangle_psi - langle {L_z}rangle_psi ^2} quad (9)
Boundary conditions
As with all quantum mechanics problems, if the boundary conditions are changed so does the wave function. If a particle is confined to the motion of an entire ring ranging from 0 to 2 pi, the particle is subject only to a periodic boundary condition (see particle in a ring). If a particle is confined to the motion of frac{- pi}{2} to frac{pi}{2}, the issue of even and odd parity becomes important.
The wave equation for such a potential is given as:
psi_o (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} cos (m phi) quad (10)
psi_e (phi) = sqrt{frac{2}{pi}} sin (m phi) quad (11)
where psi_o (phi) and psi_e (phi) are for odd and even m respectively.
Similarly, if the semicircular potential well is a finite well, the solution will resemble that of the finite potential well where the angular operators phi and L_z replace the linear operators x and p.
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text:
Using Design As Provocation in Technology
1 Jan 2012
Author: Caroline Sinders
Caroline Sinders uses design as a lens to see and explore the world around her – it's a framework for interrogation, as she look at technology's impacts in society, be it online harassment or artificial intelligence. This has been her focus for the past few years, which has resulted in numerous talks, workshops, and collaborations in how design mitigate or amplify harassment, the problems can design can cause through dark patterns, and how design can be used to illustrate (or obfuscate) AI, data and privacy in products. Design isn't just a skill but a practice, a language in and of itself. To start solving problems around harassment but also creating spaces for human connection, design needs to be at the equal forefront of this conversation. Design is what is distilling policy and code into a digestible and interactable interface for users. Design is critical to understanding tech's impacts on society. Especially when it comes to harassment or understanding technology's impacts in society, design is important.
- Dark Patterns and Design Policy: an article on why we need design policy for Data & Society's online blog, Points.
- A paper co-written with Sebastian Rieger of Stiftung Neue Verantwortung on dark patterns and German policy
- A provocation on 'data ingredients' or how labels could help make AI more understandablePrivacy by Design, Harvard's Shorenstein Center
- An essay commissioned for the Barbican Centre on on architecture and rethinking architecture for social networks
- Her column on Responsible Technology for Glitch's Magazine Glimmer.


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The bottom of the lowest log, is just above the normal flow height, so it isn't restricting any water flow in normal times. When we have periods of heavy rain and the water level in the water coarse rises it is held by these small dams to create small natural reservoirs to slow the flow of water down stream, potentially reducing the risk of flooding downstream.
As the waterflow reduces the dams release their captured water and gradually the flow of water in the stream returns to normal. The timber will also help to capture debris and silt higher up the water catchment, cleaning the water before it reaches some of the larger streams, in our case the Carrant Brook.
Our trial is over above Beckford Court Farm and so it should directly reduce the amount of water heading towards Beckford. In time, and if successful we will be rolling more of these out across the Estate, so if you see piles of logs in our streams don't worry they are meant to be there.


Heinrich, Hoeven Introduce National Bison Legacy Act
WASHINGTON, D.C. U.S. Sen. Martin Heinrich, D-N.M. and John Hoeven, R-N.D. have announced that they are introducing bipartisan legislation, the National Bison Legacy Act, to make the American bison the national mammal of the United States.
The bill also recognizes the historical, cultural, and economic significance of the bison, the largest land mammal in America.
"The bison has been an important part of our culture for many generations, especially in New Mexico, across the West, and in Indian Country," said Sen. Heinrich. "Bison represent resiliency and are an enduring symbol of American strength and history. Recognizing the bison as our national mammal will properly celebrate how this iconic species has shaped our country's natural heritage."
"The bison is one of the most powerful and inspiring symbols of America and it is only fitting that it serve as our national mammal," Sen. Hoeven said. "The National Bison Legacy Act recognizes the cultural and economic importance of the bison in North Dakota and across our nation. The noble creatures truly reflect the frontier spirit and rugged strength of our nation."
More than 40 million bison once roamed across most of North America. However, by the late 1800s, fewer than one thousand bison remained.
In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt and the American Bison Society led an effort to save bison from extinction by establishing a captive breeding program at the Bronx Zoo. Within a few years, the program, and others like it, were already successfully establishing bison back into its native habitat.


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The hydrologically diverse Trinity River is born in the mountainous, snow-capped Trinity "Alps" region where flows rush through canyons amid steep hillslopes. The river continues downstream to mid-elevations, picks up Coffee Creek, and flows into Trinity Lake and Dam.
The Streamflow Forecast Rodeo is a competition hosted through a partnership between the Bureau of Reclamation and the Centre for Energy Advancement through Technological Innovation (CEATI)'s Hydropower Operations and Planning Interest Group. The Rodeo website summarizes: "[This] challenge seeks to improve the skill of short-term streamflow forecasts (10 days) via a year-long competition." Check out the map below to see the 19 hard-to-forecast sites selected for the competition.
Each month we'll shine a spotlight on a different site, review HydroForecast's overall performance, and take a look at interesting events.
The hydrologically diverse Trinity River is born in the mountainous, snow-capped Trinity "Alps" region where flows rush through canyons amid steep hillslopes. The river continues downstream to mid-elevations, picks up Coffee Creek, and flows into Trinity Lake and Dam. The lower subwatersheds below the dam are distinct from the headwaters and are characterized by wide, agricultural valleys rich in minerals. The Trinity is the largest tributary into the Klamath River system, though before it reaches the confluence a significant volume is diverted via the Central Valley Project that transfers significant volume into the Sacramento River.
The forecast point for the Rodeo competition is in the upper Trinity River before it meets Coffee Creek, marked by the USGS _PHONE_ streamflow gauge (see the maps below). This part of the Trinity River forms the main stem into Trinity Lake, and is the second greatest flow contributor to the Central Valley Project.
For a wonderful full history, visit the Trinity River's community website and follow along their timeline.
HydroForecast provides state-of-the-art, accurate streamflow forecasts using a hybrid approach that combines physical science with artificial intelligence. HydroForecast offers a range of advantages over existing forecasting techniques, and we've joined the CEATI competition in order to exhibit, live, these strengths. Under the hood, every forecast is created by an ensemble of neural networks that are provided different members of meteorological forecast ensembles. HydroForecast is rapid to deploy in a new basin and resilient to basin and climatic changes.
Like the Rouge River basin that we highlighted last month, the spring snowmelt season is the most active and most important for establishing the baselines for the many uses of the Trinity river system. This period of the live competition is just beginning, so we've evaluated our model based on previous years to understand its performance. To do this, we produce reforecasts and then quantify the model's performance against observations that it has not used or seen.
The hydrographs below highlight the active 2019 spring melt period from March through June 30th, showing the 24-hr (top) and 48-hr (bottom) ahead mean predictions (green), 50% and 90% confidence intervals, and observations (black).
While the full CEATI competition continues to run until October 2021, the statistics from a one year reforecast validation period suggest that the model understands hydrologic behavior in the upper Trinity basin. Note that perfect scores for NSE and KGE are equal to one, while an ideal bias score is zero. As a comparison point, the long-term median (i.e. climatology) had much lower predictive skill with NSE = 0.43 and KGE = 0.26.
Over the life of the CEATI competition thus far [10/1/2020 to 4/27/2021], in three of the four metrics tracked by the competition, HydroForecast is in first place in NSE, normalized root mean squared error, and Correlation Coefficient metrics over the 1-3, 4-10 and 1-10 day lead-time windows. Since the competition began, HydroForecast's 1-10 day lead time NSE is 0.90 and the Correlation Coefficient is 0.95.
In California, droughts are a part of the hydrologic story. The record setting 2012 - 2016 drought cost California over a billion dollars in economic loss from agriculture and dairy production, and created prime conditions for wildfires and landslides. Read how scientists tied this drought's intensity to human-induced global warming. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that this was not a fluke: climate change is intensifying the magnitudes and durations of droughts. This has especially pronounced consequences for the California economy, which is so tightly linked to access to water (e.g. agriculture, hydropower, ecological preservation, tourism, dairy and even cannabis production).
As we write this blog during the spring season, the big worry is not whether there will be a drought in 2021 but rather the extent of its severity. As of April 26, the California Department of Water Resources reported that Trinity Lake's water level is only at 66% of its average for this time of year. The 2021 Water Supply Outlook estimates that streamflow in the Trinity River from April - July will be 53-55% of the 30-year average. Below is the hydrograph for the spring season so far. Note the magnitude differences between this season and the 2019 season referenced earlier. At this time in 2019, flows had reached 5,000 cfs and were hovering around a 1,000 cfs baseline. In 2021 to date, the flows have yet to exceed 750 cfs. Some rivers are expected to be so dry and warm that the state will truck millions of young salmon to the Pacific Ocean to save them.
HydroForecast tracks snowpack and the timing of melt by capturing dynamic land surface conditions through its satellite and meteorological inputs. The two satellite images below from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) depict the transformation of the basin from a wintery, snow-covered scene to well-vegetated forest cover. With these near daily NDVI images, the model learns how snowmelt and green up patterns track with patterns in streamflow.
The time series below show three important inputs into HydroForecast over part of this year's thaw period: air temperature from two sources, NDVI, and Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI). The model receives this data and learns how each of these inputs influence and are influenced by the presence of one another, e.g. the relationship between vegetation cover and snow cover.
From these inputs, we note several key patterns: 1) as air temperatures begin to steadily fluctuate above freezing, the NDSI (snow cover) decreases and NDVI (vegetation) increases; 2) snow cover decreases rapidly once temperatures sustain above freezing - and vegetation growth lags this melting. As vegetation growth ramps up and precipitation falls as rain, the model learns to infiltrate and produce runoff during the spring season.
An interesting question this data can help answer is whether we can detect differences in spring patterns between a dry year and a wet year. We explored this by checking out these same three inputs (temperature, NDVI, NDSI) over the 2019 spring season - a year where snowpack was ~135% of average. Below are the same model inputs over the 2019 spring period. We notice two key points:
Spring is underway and we are excited about HydroForecast's performance as snow melts in the upper Trinity basin. Top of mind for us is how HydroForecast can help reduce the devastation of drought by predicting the likelihood of low snowpack and drier conditions earlier and more accurately than existing models. This enables the state to have more time and better information for planning as they enact policies and measures to protect freshwater.


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Tong Sun is Professor of Sensor Engineering and Director of Research Centre of Photonics and Instrumentation at City University of London in the UK. Key areas of her research, as reflected in her ~300 peer-reviewed international journal and conference publications, include innovative designs of a range of optical fibre sensors for physical, chemical and biological measurements, addressing challenges arising from the built environment, energy sector and transportation. Her breadth of research includes the development of a suite of optical fibre sensors and sensor networks for i) structural condition monitoring, ranging from concrete bridges, limestone buildings, through marine propellers, to railway current-collecting pantograph and electric motors for more-electric-aircraft; ii) environmental monitoring, from a sewer system, through automotive emission, soil contamination to nuclear waste condition monitoring; iii) enhanced safety and security through detection of drug/explosives,'smell of fear' and early fires.