text:
sleep - suspend execution for an interval
The sleep utility will suspend execution for at least the integral number of seconds specified by the time operand.
The following operands are supported:
- A non-negative decimal integer specifying the number of seconds for which to suspend execution.
The following environment variables affect the execution of sleep:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, singleas opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
If the sleep utility receives a SIGALRM signal, one of the following actions will be taken:
- Terminate normally with a zero exit status.
- Effectively ignore the signal.
- Provide the default behaviour for signals described in the ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section of Utility Description Defaults
. This could include terminating with a non-zero exit status.
The sleep utility will take the standard action for all other signals.
Used only for diagnostic messages.
The following exit values are returned:
- The execution was successfully suspended for at least time seconds, or a SIGALRM signal was received (see the ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section).
- An error occurred.
The sleep utility can be used to execute a command after a certain amount of time, as in:
(sleep 105; command) &
or to execute a command every so often, as in:
while true do command sleep 37 done
wait, the XSH specification description of alarm(), sleep().


text:
在对新疆农业用水现状分析的基础上,通过构建基尼系数法分析新疆灌溉用水效率,表明农 业灌溉用水配置较公平,但农业灌溉用水效率较低,提高农业灌溉用水效率可以提高节水能力。通 过区域间灌溉用水效率提升潜力分析表明,新疆各地州之间的节水潜力差异极大,且新疆农业灌溉 用水效率具有较大的提升潜力。
Based on the analysis of the current situation of agricultural water use in Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region, the utilization efficiency of irrigation water is analyzed by establishing the Gini coefficient method. It is indicated that the distribution of agricultural irrigation water is rational, but its utilization efficiency is low. The improvement of utilization efficiencyof agricultural irrigation water can promote water-saving capacity. The analysis of improvement potential of utilization efficiency of irrigation water in different regions shows that the differences of water-saving potential in various regions in XinjiangUygurAutonomous Region are significant, and the utilization efficiency of agricultural irrigation water has great improvement potential.
关全力,余国新,刘维忠.新疆农业灌溉用水效率提升潜力分析[J].水利经济,2015,33(2):24-27.(Improvement potential of utilization efficiency ofagricultural irrigation water in Xinjiang UygurAutonomous Region[J]. Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2015,33(2):24-27.(in Chinese))复制

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


The unzip5 function takes a list of five-tuples and returns five Bitstreams, analogous to unzip.
unzip6 :: Bitstream α => [(Bool, Bool, Bool, Bool, Bool, Bool)] -> (α, α, α, α, α, α)Source
The unzip6 function takes a list of six-tuples and returns six Bitstreams, analogous to unzip.
I/O with Bitstreams
Standard input and output
getContents :: Bitstream (Bitstream d) => IO (Bitstream d)Source
O(n) getContents is equivalent to hGetContents stdin. Will read lazily.
putBits :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => Bitstream d -> IO ()Source
O(n) Write a Bitstream to stdout, equivalent to hPut stdout.
interact :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => (Bitstream d -> Bitstream d) -> IO ()Source
The interact function takes a function of type Bitstream d -> Bitstream d as its argument. The entire input from the stdin is lazily passed to this function as its argument, and the resulting Bitstream is output on the stdout.
Files
readFile :: Bitstream (Bitstream d) => FilePath -> IO (Bitstream d)Source
O(n) Read an entire file lazily into a Bitstream.
writeFile :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => FilePath -> Bitstream d -> IO ()Source
O(n) Write a Bitstream to a file.
appendFile :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => FilePath -> Bitstream d -> IO ()Source
O(n) Append a Bitstream to a file.
I/O with Handles
hGetContents :: Bitstream (Bitstream d) => Handle -> IO (Bitstream d)Source
O(n) Read entire handle contents lazily into a Bitstream. Chunks are read on demand, using the default chunk size.
Once EOF is encountered, the Handle is closed.
hGet :: Bitstream (Bitstream d) => Handle -> Int -> IO (Bitstream d)Source
hGet h n reads a Bitstream directly from the specified Handle h. First argument h is the Handle to read from, and the second n is the number of octets to read, not bits. It returns the octets read, up to n, or null if EOF has been reached.
If the handle is a pipe or socket, and the writing end is closed, hGet will behave as if EOF was reached.
hGetNonBlocking :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => Handle -> Int -> IO (Bitstream d)Source
O(n) hGetNonBlocking is similar to hGet, except that it will never block waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data is available.
hPut :: (Bitstream (Bitstream d), Bitstream (Packet d)) => Handle -> Bitstream d -> IO ()Source
O(n) Write a Bitstream to the given Handle.


Globalizing labor and the world economy: the role of human capital
TitleGlobalizing labor and the world economy: the role of human capital
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2018
AuthorsDelogu, M, Docquier, F, Machado, J
JournalJournal of Economic Growth
We develop a dynamic model of the world economy that jointly endogenizes individual decisions about fertility, education and migration. We then use it to compare the shortand long-term effects of immigration restrictions on the world distribution of income. Our calibration strategy replicates the economic and demographic characteristics of the world, and allows us to proxy bilateral migration costs and visa costs for two classes of workers and for each pair of countries. In our benchmark simulations, the world average level of income per worker increases by 12% in the short term and by approximately 52% after one century. These results are highly robust to our identifying strategy and technological assumptions. Sizable differences are obtained when our baseline (pre-liberalization) trajectory involves a rapid income convergence between countries or when we adjust visa costs for a possible upward bias. Our quantitative analysis reveals that the effects of liberalizing migration on human capital accumulation and income are gradual and cumulative. Whatever is the size of the short-term gain, the long-run impact is 4 to 5 times greater (except under a rapid convergence in income).
KeywordsFertility, growth, human capital, Inequality, liberalization, migration, Migration policy


3-5 October 2015
Fairmont Queen Elizabeth
US/Eastern timezone
dnstap-whoami: one-legged exfiltration of resolver queries
4 Oct 2015, 17:00
St-Francois (Fairmont Queen Elizabeth)
Fairmont Queen Elizabeth
900 René-Lévesque Blvd W Montreal, QC H3B 4A5 Canada
Lightning Presentations Public Workshop: Resolvers Track
Robert Edmonds (Farsight Security, Inc.)
A few existing "whoami" or "dnsecho" authoritative DNS services allow for limited extraction of information about the resolver to the original client that would normally be hidden. For example, querying an anycasted resolver like with the command "dig @ whoami.akamai.net" will return an address record revealing a unicast initiator address used by the anycast service. This is "one-legged", because the original client only has visibility into the stub/recursive "leg" of the DNS interaction. The DNS-OARC porttest tool is another example of a "one-legged" service. Similarly, many DNS research projects use special purpose zones with instrumented nameservers which capture incoming query packets for analysis. For example, scans for open recursive DNS servers typically control both the stub/recursive "leg" and the recursive/authoritative "leg" and are thus "two-legged". This requires a more heavyweight investment but results in a richer set of data. This talk will demonstrate an enhanced "whoami" authoritative DNS server that can exfiltrate more detailed information about the recursive/authoritative interaction to the original client, including the complete resolver query packet sent to the authoritative server, using the dnstap format to compactly tunnel structured information which can be decoded by the original client.
Primary author
Robert Edmonds (Farsight Security, Inc.)
Presentation Materials


text:
Final dimensions and diameter of tunnel: at least 3 m
The starting elevation of the tunnel corresponding to hydraulic profile of the main transmission line: 620 m above the sea level
The end elevation of the tunnel corresponding to the hydraulic profile of the main transmission line: 608 m above sea level
Hydraulic slope of the tunnel route: 0.2
The total length of the access road to the tunnel entrance: approximately 1120 m
The length of the pipeline to the proposed tunnel entrance point: about 346 m
The approximate length of the tunnel: about 5632 m
The length of pipeline from the tunnel to the water treatment plant: about 5743 m. Of this, about 1170 m is the length of the access road to the entrance to the tunnel.
The required road width for connecting paths to the starting point of the inlet trench and from the end of outlet trench Abbas Abad forest road is 5 m.


text:
Free Search (10891 images)
SMART-1 impact – the big picture
Rating: 0.00/5 (0 votes cast)
- Title SMART-1 impact – the big picture
- Released 07/09/2006 10:27 am
- Copyright Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope / 2006
This wide-angle animation is built with images taken by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on the Mauna Kea volcano at Hawaii on 3 September 2006, and shows the flash generated by the SMART-1 impact on the Moon.
The observations were made with the WIRCam wide-field infrared camera, featuring a 10-second exposure time. As the impact was on the South-East of the Moon, the South-East area of the Moon was placed on the North-West corner of the North-West detector. Only a tiny fraction of the whole field really used to look at the impact.
As the telescope tracks the Moon, it is possible to see the stars moving from one exposure to the next, and then disappearing behind the Earthshine-lit Moon crescent. The extreme upper right is saturated by the Sun as the telescope started looking at the illuminated part of the Moon.
In the centre area, ugly reflections coming from the bright Moon through various optics on the way down to the camera are seen. The WIRCam camera was definitely not designed to have such a big and bright light source close by!
It is also possible to see the impact flash popping up on one of the frames in the upper right area. All the images shown here have been extracted form the large images used for this wide-angle animation. Courtesy of CFHT.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What's the Difference Between Active Dry Yeast and Instant Yeast?
What's the Difference Between Active Dry Yeast and Instant Yeast?
Emma Christensen
Oct 16, 2015
(Image credit: Kelli Foster)
Is it just me or do all these kinds of yeast sound suspiciously similar? I've been baking and buying yeast for years, and sometimes the yeast choices in the baking aisle still get me confused!
Here's the thing: Yes, there is a difference between all these varieties. And yes, which one you use does make a difference in your recipe.
The Difference Between Active Dry Yeast & Instant Yeast
The difference between these types of dry yeast is simple: active dry yeast has a larger granule and needs to be dissolved in water before using, while instant yeast has a more fine texture and can be mixed right into dry ingredients.
(Image credit: Kelli Foster)
More About Active Dry Yeast
This is probably what comes to mind when you think of yeast. It's a type of dry yeast that's granular, with a consistency similar to cornmeal. It's a living organism that's dormant until proofed, or dissolved in a small amount of lukewarm warm water (about 110°F). It's then added to the rest of the ingredients, where it will cause dough to rise.
Active dry yeast is typically sold in individual packets (pictured here) or small jars.
(Image credit: Kelli Foster)
More About Instant Yeast
Instant yeast is another type of dry yeast that was introduced after active dry yeast in the 1970s. It is made using a similar process as active dry yeast, although is dried more quickly. As you can see, this yeast is also milled into finer particles. Because of this, it dissolves faster and activates quickly. But unlike active dry yeast, instant yeast doesn't have to be proofed first; it can be mixed straight into the dry ingredients with the same result.
This yeast also gives you two separate rises and it can be used interchangeably with active dry yeast.
More About Rapid-Rise Yeast
Instant yeast may also be marketed and sold as rapidor quick-rise yeast. This yeast has also been milled into smaller particles so it doesn't need to be dissolved into water. In addition, enzymes and other additives are included to make the dough rise faster. With this yeast, you can skip the first rise of the dough and shape the loaves right after kneading.
(Image credit: Kelli Foster)
Which Type Should I Use?
This part is really up to you. While each type of yeast reacts differently and produces baked goods with slight variations, there's no one right answer.
I recommend picking one kind of yeast, becoming familiar with it, and using it in everything unless the recipe gives a specific reason to do otherwise.
This past has been updated — first published June 2008.
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a topic using the search bar at the top of any page.
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Seen by is a post metric that counts the number of people who've viewed a post. When you hover over the Seen by count, a list of the people who've viewed the post appears.
For Closed and Secret groups, the list of people will be limited to group members. The Seen by count will not exceed the group members count unless members are leaving the group after viewing a post.
For Open groups, the list of individuals can include anyone from within your organization and the Seen by count can exceed the group members count.
Note: To view the Seen by count on a post, you will need to view the post within a group. The metric won't be displayed if you view the post in News Feed (but viewing the post in News Feed will still contribute to the Seen By count). Unlike video views, the Seen by count is unique to each location the content is shared - Seen by counts how many times that specific post has been seen, not how many times the content has been seen across all the places it has been shared.
Workplace Live videos
While a Workplace Live broadcast is in progress, the number of live viewers can be seen in the top left of the video frame. This number will increase and decrease as people start or stop watching your broadcast.
How does Workplace determine which nearby places to recommend when I check in on desktop and mobile?
Workplace doesn't track your location on an ongoing basis. Location services are only used by Workplace for the Check in feature.
WebWhen you choose to Check in at a location from the web, you'll see a list of suggested places. The list of suggested places is produced based on your IP address.
iOS or Android
When you choose to Check in at a location from your iOS or Android device, you'll be asked if you want to enable location services.
If you choose Turn on Location, you'll be asked to give the Workplace app permission to access location services in your iOS or Android phone settings.
When location services are enabled, Workplace will use the location services information to provide locally relevant suggestions to you for the Check in feature.
Note: Location services can be disabled for Workplace at any time from your iOS or Android phone settings. If you don't give location services permissions for the Check in feature, the list of suggested places is produced based on your IP address.
You can celebrate team success by creating a special achievement post. Achievement posts are visually distinct from other post types and can feature either an animation, custom image or video.
To create an achievement post:
- Select the group you'd like to create the achievement post in.
- Click on the composer and select Achievement at the top.
- Select one of our animations, upload your own photo or video, or choose not to include any imagery at all.
- Add a Title to your post.
- Say something about the achievement you're celebrating, or leave this field blank.
- Click Post.
To edit or publish your draft posts when you're logged into Workplace from your computer:
- Go to the group you created your draft post in and click See drafts.
- Click the post you'd like to edit or publish.
- To edit the draft post, click Edit below the post. To publish the draft post, click Post Now below the draft post.
Learn how to save posts as a draft.
Drafts can only be saved in groups. You can not save posts as drafts when you are posting to your own profile.
To find your draft posts from your computer:
- Go to the group you created your draft post in.
- The number of drafts you've created will appear below the post editor. To access the posts click See drafts.
Learn how to save posts as a draft.
Note: You can only access your draft posts from the groups you created the posts in.
To create a poll:
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- Click Add to Your Post.
- Click Poll and enter your question.
- Click Option 1, Option 2 or Add option.
- You can allow anyone to add options to the poll. If you'd like to disable that option, click the Poll Options drop-down menu and uncheck the box near Allow anyone to add options. You can also prevent people from adding multiple options by unchecking the box near Allow people to choose multiple options.
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Any member of a group can create a Q&A post. All other members of the group can ask questions and vote on questions.
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Group members that host Q&As can sort the questions by Most Voted, Answered Questions First, or in Chronological Order.
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You can create a Live Q&A when you go live with Live Producer. Click the toggle next to Host a Q&A.
The audience can vote on questions, meaning that the host can view questions with most voted showing on top.The host can mark a question as Answering now, which will disable voting for this question and pin it on top. When the host marks a question as Answered, it will be grayed out, with disabled voting and an added timestamp of when the host started answering the question.
After Live, the audience can sort questions by Most voted and Answered.The audience can click on a time stamp in Answered questions to jump to the exact moment in the video when the host started answering the question.


text:
The testing of modern shiny or reflective surfaces has been one of the biggest challenges in the field of automated component testing. Until just a few years ago, there was no proper technology for the camera-aided testing of reflective, mirroring surfaces. Such camera testing technology is now available, and MPH Test Automation has already used it many times for surface inspection and component testing – for metal, electroplated parts, plastics, semiconductors, glass, and more. The principle is always the same, with damage in the µm or mm range. This technology can even be used for 100% testing of the surfaces of safety-relevant components. We will be happy to tell you more about how this works on request.
Perfectly polished surfaces without scratches – this is the requirement always placed upon tested parts. MPH Test Automation now uses standardised test technology modules for these tests. The test cell loading method is based on a carrier system that conveys several trays to the machine and places them beneath the camera test technology components. Multiple components can generally be transported in these trays, and a complete shift can be completed without interruption. OK parts continue along the process, whereas defective parts are ejected. Loading and unloading take place using SCARA robotics or with the robotics technology of the customer's choice. Whether you prefer Stäubli, Mitsubishi, or Fanuc robotics, we are happy to go with your requirements. The same applies to the control technology.
MPH Test Automation's technology is also geared up for special cleanroom applications. For example, in the case of wafers requiring gluing, we measure the height of the applied adhesive in a cleanroom by means of a profile scan. In the case of ceramic substrates, we measure the values of the printed resistors in cleanroom conditions. Here, we do not have any standard robots; instead, special robots from Genmark or ISEL are integrated into our systems. It is important that none of the moving parts creates any particles here. We have lots of experience in building automation solutions that meet cleanroom criteria. After all, ultra-precise production processes in cleanroom environments are increasingly controlled using fully automated machines. We deliver solutions for the following:


Wednesday, July 11, 2007
Are your bugs sexy?
Do parasites alter sexual behaviour?
While some parasites clearly manipulate the behaviour of their host to enhance their ability to spread to new hosts (think of alteration of limbic function by rabies leading to biting behaviour or reduced fear from predators in many instances), do they ever alter sexual behaviour?
There is evidence that many organisms discriminate against mates that are parasitized. It has even been proposed that positive selection for bright colours, large appendages, elaborate feathers/fur/etc is a surrogate for selecting mates who can support such useless extravagances... and are therefore free of parasites.
Rats have been shown to be able to identify parasitized individuals by smelling their urine, and avoid mating with them as a result. Female rats appear to prefer the scent of males that are free of lice over lice-infested males.
So do parasites ever lead to increased mating success? Snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) exposed to to Schistosoma mansoni respond by increasing their reproductive output. This is an adaptive response that enhances reproduction before the parasite causes host castration. Makes you wonder how they know?!
Milk-weed leaf beetles (Labidomera clivicollis) also increase their reproductive effort in response to parasitism by a sexually transmitted mite Chrysomelobia labidomera. This is where things get interesting. When a parasite is sexually transmitted, making it's host more promiscuous and/or more sexually attractive would be a great strategy.
Just imagine how rabies might effect its host if it were sexually transmitted...
Anonymous Coward said...
Makes you wonder: are STDs the cause or the consequence of risky sexual behaviour?
Anonymous said...
I find frothing at the mouth rather fetching.


text:
- Coccinia grandis is a perennial herbaceous vine. Also known as baby watermelon, it can grow up to 9 ft. (2.7 m) in length. In one day, it can grow up to 4 in. (10.2 cm).
- The stems are mostly glabrous and produced annually from a tuberous rootstock. The tendrils are simple and axillary. The alternate leaves are simple with the blade broadly ovate, 5-lobed, 2-3.5 in. (5-9 cm) x 1.6-3.5 in. (4-9 cm). Foliar surfaces are glabrous or scaly.
- The five petaled white flowers are about 1.2-1.8 in. (3-4.5 cm) long. They bloom from August-September.
- The fruit are smooth, bright red and ovoid to ellipsoid berries about 1-2.4 in. (2.5-6 cm) long.
- Ecological Threat
- Coccinia grandis vines grow over and smother vegetation, and cover fences and power lines. Infestations of Coccinia grandis threatens both natural and managed areas. It is difficult to control because plants regrow from deep roots, even after treatment with herbicide. It is native to Africa and Asia.
- Global Invasive Species Database. 2011. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
- Natural Resources Conservation Service
- Flora of China, _URL_
- USDA NRCS PLANTS
- USDA ARS GRIN

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
MODELING NONLINEAR GRANGER CAUSALITY AND CO-INTEGRATION BETWEEN GOLD PRICE RETURNS AND CRUDE OIL PRICE RETURNS
Nawaz Ahmad (),
Syed Rafi and
Muhammad Tariq ()
Additional contact information
Nawaz Ahmad: Assistant Professor at Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
Muhammad Tariq: Lecturer at Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan,
IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 2018, vol. 14, issue 2, 14-9
To model the nonlinear analysis of commodities, Gold market and crude oil market have importance to test their lead and lag price mechanism between the two. For this purpose, the log transformation has been done to calculate easier multiplicative effects. However, to record the dynamic effects of long run cointegreation model applied and tested to find the significance of the problem statement issues. Furthermore, granger causality approach also uses to examine the fundamental linkages between Gold Prices and Crude Oil prices. Meanwhile, the study of Gold markets and oil markets gained popularity among development economists during in last some decades. And try to find out stochastic relationship between the two nonlinear markets. The academic practitioners paved their efforts to run casual time series models in order to find out the robust results which help the economists and financial experts to drive the industry indicator in positive way. This study confirmed that there is cointegration between the two important indicators of large market commodities i.e Gold and crude oil and also casual interactions. Pairwise Granger Causality Tests concluded that Gold Prices return has Granger Cause on Oil Prices return in the long run and if the Î²eta change in the prices of gold may effect on the prices of crude oil in the long run.
Keywords: Crude Oil Prices; Gold Oil Prices; Cointegration; Nonlinear modeling; log returns (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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text: Simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide complementary structural and functional information. Recent developments in continuous infusion functional PET (fPET) have shown promising results to track dynamic changes in brain metabolism. Although fPET provides opportunities to investigate functional metabolism in the brain, the temporal resolution still remains a major challenge compared to functional MRI (fMRI). In this work, we use anatomical MRI information modeled as a Bowsher prior to improve the sensitivity of fPET at higher temporal resolution. We validate our MRI-assisted fPET analysis framework using both in-silico and in-vivo experiments.


Publication
ACM SIGPLAN Notices
Paper
The effect of certain modular design principles on testability
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Abstract
This paper is a nonprogrammers view of design principles which are considered essential to testability of complex structures. The principles are related to the programming problem. The basic problems in verifying the function of any complex structure derive from: inadequate specification of function, the very large number of possible structures (most of which are "mistakes") and the very large number of possible outputs for specified and unspecified inputs. Present trends in programming techniques are towards various forms of controlled modularity. If modularity is controlled so that the function of a module is independent of the source of its input, the destination of its output, and the past history of use of the module, the difficulty of testing the modules and structures assembled from the modules is greatly reduced. Multilevel modularity also powerfully reduces the complexity of modules and structures. Controlled modularity requires that the separation of certain variables be rigorously maintained. Controlled branching also reduces complexity and testing requirements. These are examined with mathematical examples and it is concluded that if the proper principles of controlled modularity are observed, it should be technically feasible to design software to achieve specified function and that under certain conditions it should be economically feasible to test software so designed to practical levels of accuracy and reliability. © 1975, ACM. All rights reserved.
Date
01 Jun 1975
Publication
ACM SIGPLAN Notices
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text:
The ElecTest can be used to help select manufacturing or processing maintenance candidates who have knowledge in the following areas:
- Basic AC/DC theory, and electrical maintenance
- Schematics, print reading and control circuits
- Digital and analog electronics
- Power supplies
- Motors, regulators, electronic equipment and power distribution
- Power distribution, construction and installation
- Computers and PLC and test instruments
- Mechanical, hand and power tools
The knowledge areas measured by this test are presented in the manual. The test contains 60 items in a multiple-choice format. Electrical Maintenance applicant norms are provided.
© Owned and published by General Dynamics IT.


text:
|Student interns can learn fish identification during fish processing events
|Students involved in video experiments on burrowing crayfish behavior
Frequently Asked Questions
The crustacean collection represents over 37,000 specimens, while the fish collection
represents 17 Million specimens primarily from Indiana, the Midwest, and Southeastern United
States. The fish collection includes the second largest collection of larval and juvenile
stages of freshwater fishes in North America. Current projects include the completion of
the Fishes of Indiana and beginning the formation of the Crayfishes of Indiana. These
projects would require the incumbent to assist in the development of tables, figures, and
literature citations. Information will be included in the Surveys electronic database.
The Survey is a small group of research scientists, so the ability to follow directions
and work with minimal supervision is a must. The Survey is an affiliate of the Indiana
Academy of Science and is committed to the study of the flora and fauna of Indiana.
The Aquatic Research Center of the Indiana Biological Survey is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit institution interested in the aquatic fauna and flora of Indiana. One of the principal missions of the Center is the training of students. Thus, the Center is committed to training, mentoring, and publishing with student interns and volunteers. Since the Survey is a small group of research scientists, the ability to follow directions and work with minimal supervision is a must. The Survey is an affiliate of the Indiana Academy of Science. There are many opportunities for current students, as well as graduated students.
Frequently Asked Questions
Back to top
- So what can I expect to get involved in with the Center?
- Past students have been involved in field research and worked in all 92 Indiana counties;
- Past students have worked outside Indiana with other researchers from other organizations;
- Students have conducted research projects with senior scientists and conducted their own original research;
- Students have published peer-reviewed journal articles;
- Students have assisted in the curation of the specimen collection;
- Students have worked on the collection database;
- Students have been involved in the fish processing events (THE Marathon of fish processing!);
- Students learn basic systematics, taxonomy, and scientific nomenclature;
- Students work in the library cataloguing articles and performing searches.
- What if I need to do an internship for my University degree? Can the Survey help me?
- Yes, the Center has sponsored over 40 students from a variety of college campuses. You do not have to be a student at Indiana Unversity to work with the Center; however, many of our students come from the Bloomington campus. Generally, these positions are known as internships and the Center will involve you in current research projects. The student agrees to 300 hours of service and in return the Center will provide a stipend, training, publication opportunities, and expense reimbursement for project related costs. Please contact the Center for a list of current projects and research opportunities since these opportunities change frequently.
- I qualified for Work Study can the Center hire me?
- The Center has funds set aside each year to hire undergraduate and graduate students. These students are paid directly by their University. These students are involved in the curation of the specimen collections and work directly with the Curators and Collection Manager in maintaining the specimens and in adding new material to the collection. Check with your University to determine the amount of funding support you are eligible for, then contact the Center with this information to see if there are opportunities. Opportunities change each semester so if you are unable to join us – continue to check back!
- What if I have already graduated?
- Students can take advantage of the student mentorship program. This program enables students to get valuable experience in aquatic studies so that they can improve their resume. The process includes mentorship by one of the senior staff members at the Center. The incumbent selects an area of research and then designs their project from the bottom up! Study design, sampling protocols, field collection of information, data analysis, manuscript preparation, and publication are all part of the experience. At the conclusion of the process, the student will have attained valuable experience that will benefit them in achieving their future professional goals.
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SCI REFERENCE
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Quantum Mechanics
Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics , electrical engineering , bioinformatics , and computer science involving the quantification of information .
Information theory
Information theory
Cybernetics
Cybernetics Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary [ 1 ] approach for exploring regulatory systems , their structures , constraints, and possibilities. Cybernetics is relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems .
Decision theory in economics , psychology , philosophy , mathematics , and statistics is concerned with identifying the values , uncertainties and other issues relevant in a given decision , its rationality , and the resulting optimal decision . Decision theory Decision theory


text:
cycle slip. Various techniques have been introduced by researchers to address the problem of cycle-slip detection and correction. Different measurements and their combinations are used including carrier phase minus code (using L1 or L2 measurements), carrier phase on L1 minus carrier phase on L2, Doppler (on L1 or L2), and time-differenced phases (using L1 or L2). In GPS/INS integration systems, the INS is used to predict the required variable to test for a cycle slip, which is usually the true receiver-to-satellite range in double-difference (DD) mode, differencing measurements between a reference receiver and the roving receiver and between satellites. In this article, we introduce a tightly coupled GPS/RISS approach for cycle-slip detection and correction, principally for land vehicle navigation using a relative-positioning technique.
Principle of the Algorithm. The proposed algorithm compares DD L1 carrier-phase measurements with estimated values derived from the output of the GPS/RISS system. In the case of a cycle slip, the measurements are corrected with the calculated difference. A general overview of the system is given in FIGURE 4.
The number of slipped cycles is given by
is the DD carrier-phase measurement (in cycles)
is DD estimated carrier phase value (in cycles).
is compared to a pre-defined threshold μ. If the threshold is exceeded, it indicates that there is a cycle slip in the DD carrier-phase measurements.
The estimated carrier-phase term in Equation (2) is obtained as follows:
λ is the wavelength of the signal carrier (in meters)
are the estimated ranges from the rover to satellites i and j respectively (in meters)
are known ranges from the base to satellites i and j respectively (in meters).
What we need to get from the integrated GPS/RISS system is the estimated range vector from the receiver to each available satellite ( ). Knowing our best position estimate, we can calculate ranges from the receiver to all available satellites through:
is the calculated range from the receiver to the mth satellite
xKF is the receiver position obtained from GPS/RISS Kalman filter solution
xm is the position of the mth satellite
M is the number of available satellites.
Then, the estimated DD carrier-phase term in Equation (3) can be calculated and the following test quantity in Equation (2) can be applied:
If a cycle slip occurred in the ith DD carrier-phase set, the corresponding set is instantly corrected for that slip by:
where s is the DD carrier-phase-set number in which the cycle slip has occurred.
The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on the data collected from several real land-vehicle trajectories. A high-end tactical grade IMU was integrated with a survey-grade GPS receiver to provide the reference solution. This IMU uses three ring-laser gyroscopes and three accelerometers mounted orthogonally to measure angular rate and linear acceleration. The GPS receiver and the IMU were integrated in a commercial package. For the GPS/RISS solution, the same GPS receiver and a MEMS-grade IMU were used. This IMU is a six-degree of freedom inertial system, but data from only the vertical gyroscope, the forward accelerometer, and the transversal accelerometer was used. TABLE 1 gives the main characteristics of both IMUs. The odometer data was collected using a commercial data logger through an On-Board Diagnostics version II (OBD-II) interface. Another GPS receiver of the same type was used for the base station measurements. The GPS data was logged at 1 Hz.
Several road trajectories were driven using the above-described configuration. We have selected one of the trajectories, which covers several real-life scenarios encountered in a typical road journey, to show the performance of the proposed algorithm. The test was carried out in the city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The starting and end point of the trajectory was near a well-surveyed point at Fort Henry National Historic Site where the base station receiver was located. The length of the trajectory was about 30 minutes, and the total distance traveled was about 33 kilometers with a maximum baseline length of about 15 kilometers. The trajectory incorporated a portion of Highway 401 with a maximum speed limit of 100 kilometers per hour and suburban areas with a maximum speed limit of 80 kilometers per hour. It also included different scenarios including sharp turns, high speeds, and slopes.
FIGURE 5 shows measured carrier phases at the rover for the different satellites. Some satellites show very poor presence whereas some others are consistently available. Satellites elevation angles can be seen in FIGURE 6.
We start by showing some results of carrier-phase estimation errors. Processing is done on what is considered to be a cycle-slip-free portion of the data set for some persistent satellites (usually with moderate to high elevation angles). Then we show results for the cycle-slip-detection process by artificially introducing cycle slips in different scenarios. In the ensuing discussion (including tables and figures), we show results indicating satellite numbers without any mention of reference satellites, which should be implicit as we are dealing with DD data.
FIGURE 7 shows DD carrier-phase estimation errors whereas FIGURE 8 shows DD measured carrier phases versus DD estimated carrier phases for sample satellite PRN 22.
As can be seen in TABLE 2, the root-mean-square (RMS) error varies from 0.93 to 3.58 cycles with standard deviations from 0.85 to 2.47 cycles. Estimated phases are approximately identical to the measured ones. Nevertheless, most of the DD carrier-phase estimates have bias and general drift trends, which need some elaboration. In fact, the bias error can be the result of more than one cause. The low-cost inertial sensors always have bias in their characteristics, which plays a major role in this. The drift is further affecting relatively lower elevation angle satellites which can also be attributed to more than one reason. Indeed, one reason for choosing this specific trajectory, which was conducted in 2011, was to test the algorithm with severe ionospheric conditions as the year 2011 was close to a solar maximum: a period of peak solar activity in the approximately 11-year sunspot cycle.
Moreover, the time of the test was in the afternoon, which has the maximum ionospheric effects during the day. Thus, most part of the drift trend must be coming from ionospheric effects as the rover is moving away from the base receiver during this portion of the trajectory. Furthermore, satellite geometry could contribute to this error component. Most of the sudden jumps coincide with, or follow, sharp vehicle turns and rapid tilts. Table 2 shows the averaged RMS and standard deviation (std) DD carrier-phase estimation error for the sample satellite-pairs. We introduced cycle slips at different rates or intensities and different sizes to simulate real-life scenarios. Fortunately, cycle slips are usually big as mentioned earlier and this was corroborated by our observations from real trajectory data. Therefore, it is more important to detect and correct for bigger slips in general.
Introducing and Detecting Cycle Slips. To test the robustness of the algorithm, we started with an adequate cycle slip size. Cycle slips of size 10–1000 cycles were introduced with different intensities. These intensities are categorized as few (1 slip per 100 epochs), moderate (10 slips per 100 epochs), and severe (100 slips per 100 epochs). This was applied for all DD carrier-phase measurement sets simultaneously. The threshold was set to 1.9267 (average of RMS error for all satellite-pairs) cycles. Four metrics were used to describe the results. Mean square error (MSE); accuracy, the detected cycle slip size with respect to the introduced size; True detection (TD) ratio; and Mis-detection (MD) ratio. Due to space constraints and the similarity between results for different satellites, we only show results for the reference satellite with PRN 22. FIGURES 9–12 show introduced versus calculated cycle slips along with the corresponding detection error for sample satellites in the different scenarios. TABLES 3–5 summarize these results.
All introduced cycle slips were successfully detected in all of the few, moderate, and severe cases with very high accuracy. A slight change in the accuracy (increasing with higher intensity) among the different scenarios shows that detection accuracy is not affected by cycle-slip intensity. Higher mis-detection ratios for smaller cycle-slip intensity comes from bigger error margins than the threshold for several satellite pairs. However, this is not affecting the overall accuracy strongly as all mis-detected slips are of comparably very small sizes. MD ratio is zero in the intensive cycle-slip case as all epochs contain slips is an indicator of performance compromise with slip intensity.
It is less likely to have very small cycle slips (such as 1 to 2 cycles) in the data and usually it will be hidden with the higher noise levels in kinematic navigation with low-cost equipment. However, we wanted to show the accuracy of detection in this case. We chose the moderate cycle slip intensity for this test. TABLE 6 summarizes results for all satellites.
We get a moderate detection ratio and modest accuracy as the slips are of sizes close to the threshold. The MSE values are not far away from the case of big cycle slips but with higher mis-detection ratio.
The performance of the proposed algorithm was examined on several real-life land vehicle trajectories, which included various driving scenarios including high and slow speeds, sudden accelerations, sharp turns and steep slopes. The road testing was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in different scenarios such as intensive and variable-sized cycle slips.
Results of testing the proposed method showed competitive detection rates and accuracies comparable to existing algorithms that use full MEMS IMUs. Thus with a lower cost GPS/RISS integrated system, we were able to obtain a


text:
Winter is coming: What the National Weather Service predicts for Vermont
It's officially November, and Vermont is officially on the precipice of its winter months.
So, what will winter be like in Vermont this year?
Meteorologists with the National Weather Service in Burlington expect Vermont's winter will be warmer than usual because of a pattern emerging for the second winter in a row: La Niña.
"It's a pattern of sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific," Meteorologist Robert Haynes said Monday. "Despite the fact that it is 1,000 or more miles away, it has an impact on the patterns that we experience during the winter months."
Part of the state could also see slightly more precipitation than normal.
How could La Niña impact Vermont's winter?
Winters impacted by La Niña tend to feature warmer winters in the eastern U.S. Temperatures between December and February tend to be on average 1 degree above normal, Haynes said.
"That's not always the case," Haynes said. "It's a probability that we will favor an above normal winter. There's still the chance that you could always have a cold snap here or there."
More:New to Vermont winters? Here's how to stay smiling until mud season (even if you don't ski)
La Niña years also commonly feature a delayed winter season — including delayed snow, Haynes said.
Haynes said these predictions are based on 90-day averages of weather patterns in years impacted by La Niña. Day-to-day cold temperatures or large snow dumps are possible, but these weather events are harder to predict so far out.
Western Vermont could see wetter winter conditions
Current predictions show that western Vermont could see a slightly wetter winter. It remains unclear whether eastern Vermont's winter will be wetter, drier, or normal, Haynes said.
Haynes said the National Weather Service believes that the winter will go a long way toward addressing drought conditions that persisted in Vermont through much of the year.
"We do still have some abnormal dryness — I know it's kind of hard to imagine considering all the precipitation we've had from July through now," Haynes said. "But, there's still some parts of northern Vermont that are in drought, and winter is our opportunity usually to kind of bust those drought conditions."
Dreaming of ski season?:How is the labor shortage affecting Vermont ski areas? Here's what we learned.
Contact Elizabeth Murray at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_. Follow her on Twitter at @LizMurrayBFP.


Q: In the status 'With DE for Assignment,' what does 'DE' stand for?
Detailed Question -
The status has changed to 'With DE for Assignment' four days after submission.
1 Answer to this question
Manuscript statuses vary from journal to journal. Without knowing the exact journal you have submitted to, it would not be possible to say exactly what the status means. However, based on the journal, 'DE' can stand for either 'Deputy Editor' or 'Department Editor.'
The Deputy Editor typically performs the initial check on a manuscript – for aspects such as adherence to guidelines, quality of writing, and match with the journal's focus. Once these seem fine, they send or assign the manuscript to the Associate Editor (AE) for identifying relevant peer reviewers.
The Department Editor handles a certain section of a large journal, a smaller area of interest within the larger area of interest for the journal. (Sometimes, this role is also known as a Subject Editor.) If this is the case, the Department Editor will most likely perform a basic review of the paper for the novelty and quality of the research and then identify relevant peer reviewers. In some cases, the Department Editor may work with the AE for identifying reviewers.
As it has been only four days since submission, and again, without knowing the exact journal, it seems likely that the manuscript is with the Deputy Editor for assigning to an AE. You should know the next status in a few days. All the best!
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text:
Create a MicrosoftÂ® ExcelÂ® spreadsheet with the two variables from your learning team's dataset.
Analyze the data with MicrosoftÂ® ExcelÂ® or other statistical tool(s), including:
- Descriptive stats for each numeric variable
- Histogram for each numeric variable
- Bar chart for each attribute (non numeric) variable
- Scatter plot if the data contains two numeric variables
Determine the appropriate descriptive statistics.
- For normally distributed data use the mean and standard deviation.
- For significantly skewed data use the median and interquartile range.
Use the Individual Methodology Findings Template to complete the descriptive statistics.
Use the Descriptive Statistics and Interpretation Example to develop an interpretation of the descriptive statistics.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit both the spreadsheet and the completed Individual Methodology Findings Template to the Assignment Files tab.


text:
Alternative transportation greenways system plan essay
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Answers » Categories » Language & Reference
What does the emoticon :0 mean in text?
What does the emoticon :0 mean in a text message? What's the meaning of ":0" when texting? Let me know what the abbreviation :0 stands for in online chat messaging slang or on Facebook and Twitter?
August 21, 2011
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:0 means "Surprised, shocked".
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text:
An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the Spanish Tolomeo family come from? What is the Spanish Tolomeo family crest and coat of arms? When did the Tolomeo family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Tolomeo family history?
Spelling variations of this family name include: Toliba, Toledo, Tolomella, Tolomeo, Toli, Tolido and many more.
First found in Castile, in north central Spain.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Tolomeo research. Another 434 words(31 lines of text) covering the years 1514, 1515, 1553, 1584, and 1587 are included under the topic Early Tolomeo History in all our PDF Extended History products.
Another 32 words(2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Tolomeo Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were: Diego De Toledo who immigrated to Venezuela in 1534.
The Tolomeo Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Tolomeo Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 23 September 2010 at 15:37.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


in one or more of the squares adjacent to the square the soldier is in, the soldier should move into any one of the squares containing a Bala
 2. If there are no Bala ants in any of the adjacent squares, the soldier should move

 1. Attack Mode
 1. A soldier is in attack mode when it is in a square that contains one or more Bala ants. Attack mode takes precedence over scout
 2. While in attack mode, a soldier should attack any Bala ants
 3. If there are multiple Bala ants present, only one of them should be
 4. During an attack, there is a 50% chance the soldier kills the enemy ant; otherwise, the soldier misses and the enemy
H. Bala ants
Bala ants are enemies of the colony. They should enter only at the periphery of the colony (i.e., they should not simply pop up in the middle of the colony). Once in the colony they may move around freely. Assume they never leave the colony once they enter it. The specific requirements for the Bala ant are:

 1. Each turn there is a 3% chance one Bala ant will appear in one of the squares at the boundary of the colony. You may choose to have Bala ants always enter at the same square (e.g., upper left corner), or you may have them enter randomly at any of the 106 squares on the edge of the
 2. Once a Bala appears, it should remain in the environment until it is killed, or dies of old
 3. Bala ants should always move
 4. Bala ants may move into squares that have not yet been revealed by scout
 5. If a Bala ant is in a square containing one or more friendly ants (scout, forager, soldier, queen), the Bala should attack one of those ants. The ant that is attacked can be selected at random, or you can pick which ant gets
 6. During an attack, there is a 50% chance a Bala kills the ant it attacks; otherwise, the Bala misses and the ant that is attacked survives.

I. Passage of Time in the Simulation

Time plays an important role in controlling what happens in the simulation. Each "day" in the simulation is divided into 10 "turns". Certain things happen at regular time intervals in the simulation:

 1. The queen produces a new ant on the first turn of every
 2. The pheromone level in each square should decrease by half (rounded down) each day (10 turns), but should never go below zero.
 3. Every turn, each ant in the simulation should get a chance to perform an action, as defined above, depending on the ant
J. Death
Ants may die in one of several ways:

 1. They may be killed by an
 2. They may die of old age (they will die the day after they have reached their maximum allotted lifespan).
 3. Starvation (only applies to the queen).

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text:
We wanted to share the important words that some of our allies in the charitable sector have passed along. It is crucial that we ALL raise our voices to demand an increase in our income assistance system. This is a really crucial piece that proves our government wants to walk the talk of poverty reduction, and of ensuring that our system is working to support and lift up poor, low-income and disabled communities.
Be like UGM and write a letter to support the call to raise welfare and disability rates this Budget in 2019. Write to let the government know you care, and you are watching, and their decision matters!


text:
The Tennessee State Library and Archives has launched an awesome new project:
The first of its kind in the nation, the Tennessee Civil War Geographic Information System (GIS) Survey shows hundreds of locations where Civil War battles, engagements, skirmishes and other military actions took place. The interactive GIS application for the Civil War in Tennessee is now available at:
The web site allows modern aerial photography, street maps and land use maps to be overlaid onto sites where Civil War actions occurred in Tennessee. It also links narrative information about these events from the Tennessee Civil War Sourcebook. Complete accounts of all the state units that served in the war are searchable by county along with 1860 United States Census data.
This is one of the most comprehensive and useful online historical tools I've ever seen. You can select any engagement and get its location on a modern-day aerial, street, or terrain map, along with primary source material; instantly access unit histories relevant to each county; see the locations of historic markers across the state; and more.
I clicked on my home county and found OR reports for actions in my hometown, along with descriptions of all the units that included local boys. Pretty cool! Go check it out.


TY - THES A1 - Heinbockel, Raffaela Esther T1 - Gravity and magnetic investigations along the Peruvian continental margin Y1 - 2002 PB - Univ. Hamburg N2 - This work presents the first three-dimensional gravity and magnetic investigation along the convergent Peruvian margin. Three-dimensional magnetic modelling is still a relatively untried and challenging technique. The gravity and magnetic models image nearly the whole margin which has been only partly resolved with geophysical methods up to now. The gravity and magnetic models are constructed for three areas between 7.25ʿS and 16.75ʿS and are based on the available wide-angle seismic velocity models (Hampel et al., 2002a; Broser et al., 2002). The continental margin is characterised by positive free-air anomalies of varying amplitudes, indicating that the margin has been shaped by the subduction of different features on the Nazca Plate... UR - _URL_ ER -


text:
App DescriptionSpeak it - for Wiki gives you access to the Wikipedia knowledge base in an easy way. Just type in your question in the text bar on top, or press the logo button to speak out your question.
You can ask questions like 'When was the battle of Waterloo', 'Who were the Doors', 'Define democracy', 'Paris', etc. The answer to your question will then be presented and spoken out. If available, a relevant image will be shown as well.
You navigate to previous questions and answers by 'swiping' the answer screen to the left and right.
Speak it - for Wiki uses the Wikipedia database directly and will therefore always be up to date with the latest facts and figures.
October 16, 2012 Initial Release


The DJI Ryze Tello Toy Drone EDU is an impressive little drone for kids and adults that's a blast to fly and helps users learn about drones with coding education.
 - Precise hovering
 - Multiple flight modes
 - Program a swarm of drones
 - Mission Pads offer multiple fun uses
 - Learn coding with Swift, Scratch or Python
 - Control Tello Edu with the app on your iPhone or iPad
 - 5MP photos and 720p video with Electronic Image Stabilisation
 - Unlock more programming possibilities with the upgraded SDK 2.0
Drone Swarm
You can program multiples Tello EDUs simultaneously through one device. Use code to control a swarm of Tello EDUs, have them fly over Mission Pads, and perform flips and other acrobatic movements. Improve your programming skills while pushing the limits of your creativity!
Advanced Programming
Mission Pads are a fantastic asset for increased programming precision. They serve not only as guiding points, but as trigger mechanisms. Program with the specific information within each Mission Pad to expand your options and push the limits of Tello EDU. You can write code that will enable your aircraft to recognize each Missions Pad's unique ID, as well as perform aerial acrobatics. Control a swarm of Tello EDUs, and bring your imagination to life.
Discover More with AI
Access video stream data with Tello EDU, creating more possibilities for image processing and AI development. The new SDK 2.0 allows you to develop Tello EDU further, realizing more AI functions such as object recognition*, tracking, 3D reconstruction through programming, computer vision, and deep learning technologies.
Programming Simplified
Tello EDU supports block programming. Simply drag coding blocks on the screen to program Tello EDU and enable certain movements. Additionally, the Tello Space Travel tutorial teaches you how to use the Swift programming language to code on your iPad while following a fun storyline. This space adventure is available via the Swift Playgrounds app. Team up with Tello EDU to explore the universe!
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Filing for estate tax returns in Lombard could present challenges you might not be readily prepared to tackle. Instead of frustratingly trying to solve unnecessary problems, you need to let an attorney help. Competent attorneys could file the paperwork you need and guide you through estate management processes.
Estate Tax Returns in Lombard Explained
An estate tax return is the IRS Form 706, and then there is a corresponding form for the estate. Essentially, it is a tax return that describes the gross estate, then there would be certain deductions that are allowed, and then it would wind up with the net taxable estate. If there is not a taxable estate, then it describes essentially what taxes are owed, and whether it is to the estate or the IRS.
Estate tax returns are generally due nine months after the date of death. There is a process whereby a six-month extension can be obtained, but the general deadline is nine months after the date of death.
Assets Included in an Estate Tax Return
The assets included in Lombard estate tax returns are basically every single thing that a person owned when they died. This also includes proceeds that are commonly thought of as non-probate assets, so grant, or trust assets, life insurance, retirement accounts, beneficiary accounts, payable on death accounts, and everything that was in the decedent's name when they died. That also includes the value of land, the value of small businesses, the value of partnerships, stocks, bonds, cash, and all over assets of the decedent.
What some people do not realize is again, it takes into account non-probate assets. Even though they might have a large life insurance policy that is payable directly to a beneficiary, the value of those policies are still going to count for the estate tax return purposes.
How Assets are Valued
Usually, the value of the assets is as of the date of death. People could apply for an alternative tax evaluation, but most of the time, the evaluation date is as of the date of death. In the case of land, people may need to attach appraisals to their estate tax return. In the case of businesses, those businesses need to be evaluated, and then the professional valuation also attached to the estate tax return. The executor of the estate also has the ability to make an election to use an alternate valuation date, which is basically the value of the assets six months after the decedent's death. There could be different advantages or disadvantages with respect to making that alternate valuation date, so it is important to consult with a lawyer and an accountant as to what the benefits or the cons might be into making that election.
Additional Documents Needed
The documents that need to be submitted with an estate tax return in Lombard include valuation documents as to businesses and land and a 1099 with respect to the value of income and other accounts. Another aspect of estate tax returns is certain deductions, and those deductions include things like attorney's fees. Attorney fee bills and similar documents should be submitted along with an estate tax return.
Tax Returns Personal Representatives May Need to File
Personal representatives are responsible for the final year tax return of the decedent's life. If a decedent passed away in 2019, then the executor or administrator would need to file their final personal income tax return for 2019. It basically covers any income that they have made between the first of the year and their date of death, and then the personal representative is also required to file estate tax returns for the estate itself.
The estate is a separate entity than the person who passed away. If they are doing that personal income tax return, they would basically be filing the return on behalf of the individual, they would be using their Social Security Number, and they would be signing it as representative of the estate. After the date of death, the estate becomes essentially a separate entity, so there is a separate tax identification or EIN that is obtained for the estate that is in the name of the estate. After the date of death going forward, if there is a need, then the estate tax return is filed by the personal representative.
Generally, if there is income to an estate of $600 or less, then there is no requirement to file a tax return on behalf of the estate. If income is greater than $600, then there needs to be a return filed on behalf of the estate, and that is Form 1041, and the representative needs to do that basically every year that the estate is open. If it takes four years for the estate to close, and if it meets the other requirements, like the $600 mark, then the estate return needs to be filed those for four different years.
That is different than an estate tax return, Form 706, which is about all the assets that a decedent had while they were alive. The tax return for the estate, Form 1041, is for the income that accrues to the estate while it is still open. This is entirely separate EIN and tax identification number.
Let an Attorney Help With Estate Tax Returns
Navigating the legal waters of trusts and estates law is something not everyone is familiar with. To better your odds for success, you need to consider working with an attorney familiar with estate tax returns in Lombard. Reach out to a competent attorney today.


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Pasteurization of products with low water activity
Destruction of micro-organisms in dry products with low water activities is a lot harder than in liquid media. Several reasons are postulated by scientists. The most relevant are:
- When only a small amount of water is available (low water activity), vibration of water molecules is limited. Therefore only a small amount of proteins are destroyed (denaturated) when heated.
- Micro-organisms in dry products have adapted themselves to stresses such as thermal, hydric and ionic, applied during the pasteurization treatment. This means they are more resistent and harder to destroy.
For the pasteurization of dry products this means that pasteurizing with dry air (or oil) requires a longer time rate than for wet products.
An example of the increased heat resistance of Salmonella in low water activity environments is shown in research from Chiewchan et al. from 2007:
Influence of water activity of tryptic soy broth on inactivation of S. krefeld at 60°C.
How to pasteurize dry products
One of the more conventional approaches is to wet products with a direct application of steam, pasteurize, and then dry it. This approach, adequate for a number of products doesn't work for processors who require a fresh, raw, original product.
This is why Log5 developed a system that lets you fully control the atmosphere, moisture and temperature of the pasteurizing environment. By regulating the atmosphere, the amount of water absorbed by the product is controlled, ensuring the quality of your end product and pasteurizing treatment are optimized.
Basics of Aw controlled pasteurization
The most important factors in keeping the quality of your treated product at its highest level:
Keeping the moisture content during processing at a defined level, prevents overheating and condensation of moisture on a cold surface. By preheating the product with a dryer air we are able to treat products which are sensitive to quality changes due to moisture uptake, and still achieve 5 Log kill rates.


Explore BrainMass
Explore BrainMass
 conditional probability and joint probability
 2. For the following table, what is the value of :
 a) P(A1)
 b) P(B1│A2)
 c) P(B2 and A3). Compute this as P(B2)*P(A3│ B2). In what row and column will you find this answer? Rows are B1 & B2: columns are A1, A2 & A3.
 Second Event
 First Event
 A1 A2 A3 Total
 B1 2 1 3 6
 B2 1 2 1 4
 Total 3 3 4 10
 © BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 1, 2020, 10:12 pm ad1c9bdddf
 Solution Summary
 Conditional probability and joint probability are caculated using the data from the table.


Tugela Cache
From Meta, a Wikimedia project coordination wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
As large MediaWiki deployments may gain performance using Memcached, at some level cost of RAM to store all objects becomes too high. In order to balance resource usage and make more use of our Apache server disks, Tugela, the distributed cached on-disk hash database, has arrived.
Sources can be found at Mediawiki CVS repository as a module tugelacache.
Tugela Cache is derived from Memcached. Much of the code remains the same, but notably, these changes:
 - Internal slab allocator replaced by BerkeleyDB B-Tree database.
 - Expiry policy management moved to external program tugela-expire
 - Much statistics code made obsolete.
Make sure you've got libevent (a memcached dependency as well) installed, and try running make. In case of failure, take a look at DBLIB variable in Makefile and tune it to your system (RedHat-like systems may have just 'db').
command line parameters are quite same as memcached's and can be found with -h switch. Though, two things, that differ are:
-m mbytes - specifies not total store size,
 but in-memory cache, used by BerkeleyDB
-f file - specifies a database file
-s secs - force database sync this often
The cache expiration program does not have any network interface yet, but its output can be sent with external commands like telnet or netcat to listening socket of cache daemon. Telnet might need some more tricks, like:
(tugela-expire;sleep 1) | telnet localhost 11211
Available parameters are:
-f file - database file
-o days - purge all entries older than specified days
-p prefix - touch only keys, starting with prefix
Database management[edit]
As on-disk file is a regular BerkeleyDB database, standard suite programs may be used for data management, statistics and analysis:
 - db_stat
 - db_verify
 - db_dump
 - db_restore
Questions & Answers[edit]
Q: Currently isn't there a MySQL cluster backing the existing memcached system. It seems like in both the cases of hitting the mysql cluster or the Tugela-file-store you'd be pretty much doing a search on a b[+*]-tree index.
A: We still can allow losing data on Tugelas, which means that every node can have different portion. There's no replication so it's much more lightweight protocol. MySQL query cache can't be efficient at our rates of updates and use of transactions.
Q: Another option for having a file-backed Memcached is to simply set the Memcached server processes to a size *larger* than physical ram. The OS will swap out the infrequently used pages. How does this approach compare to BDB?
A: bad bad bad approach. swap overhead is too high compared to how it can be handled by proper library. the issue with memcached is that is not designed to be swapped out, it's memory access patterns are quite different from BDB access patterns. [This doesn't seem true. A few memcached articles suggest 2G caches on 1G machines; and hash-lookups are actually quite friendly data access for swapping (O(1) lookups that directly find the disk block to be swapped in). In contrast, walking a B-tree (like BDB) requires O(log(n)) pages to be swapped in; so the current memcached's slab+hash is probably more swap-friendly than BDB.]
Q: What about using an approach like Varnish where it "allocate[s] some virtual memory, it tells the operating system to back this memory with space from a disk file."?
A: mmap is actually used by BDB, but as files can grow beyond 32-bit limits, it becomes slightly problematic. It doesn't usually add too much performance, and having own LRU policies often works well too. At least it works for BDB. -- domas
Q: Above, you state that much of the statistics code that came in Memcached is made obsolete. Which statistics are obsolete and, more importantly, which statistics are still applicable?
A: there're no slabs in Tugela - so anything relating item counts in slabs doesn't work. General statistics might still work though, but we don't have anything about data itself. -- domas
Q: Does placing Tugelas DB file in a Linux tmpfs partition improve, damage or make no difference in cache performance? (added on 20071120)
A: This will not make any difference to performance (I am assuming that you want to put the DB on the /dev/shm partition). Linux tries to keep the tmpfs partition in memory when possible, but it will be spun out to swap if memory is needed for other uses. Linux will cache data in the file cache if you put the DB file on a normal partition. Either way, data will be in memory when there is memory available and be removed from memory when memory is needed for other things. My recommendation would be to put the DB on a normal partition and avoid using the machine for other things so that Linux can maximize the use of memory for file caching. Another thing to note is that the /dev/shm partition is size constrained and needs to be smaller that the swap space configured on the machine.
Q: Does the -m switch affect the maximum size of the DB file? (added on 20071120)
A: It affects just memory cache. File can grow forever. -- domas
Q: Are you OK? Hey, guys, check if he has a MedAlert bracelet.
A: We are. We are not using Tugela though, so it is in abandon-ware state, where other people pick it up and improve (like memcachedb folks). Or just people find it useful and use it as is. Generally, the most of magic happens in BDB, and it is in active development. -- domas
Q: Is this project still alive? MediaWiki shows 2 years old code. (added on 20071207)
A: You can still access source. Wikipedia itself due to extreme performance requirements is using memory-only stores. -- domas
Q: What version of memcached has been forked, is the code base synchronized? The current memcached release is 1.2.4 (20071205). (added on 20071207)
A: It is not. It was one-time fork. 1.2 was major rewriting of storage code (different slabs allocator), and it doesn't affect Tugela - as it has its own storage backend. Here again, I left it at current state (and it kind of works, probably). -- domas
All questions can be directed to Domas Mituzas or standard developer contact methods.


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SIMATIC S7-1500: Rapid Traverse/Creep Speed Positioning (2SpeedPositioning)
An axis can be positioned in many different ways. In this context, especially TIA Portal with the S7-1200 and S7-1500 controller families provides support in the form of technology objects. Very high positioning accuracy of the axis can be achieved. However, this is also reflected in the hardware used to control these axes.
If an axis is to be positioned with relatively little hardware or with lower, controlled accuracy, this can be achieved with the aid of position monitoring and a simple contactor circuit. To this end, the positioning axis can be moved at two different speeds and simply switched off at the desired target position at the appropriate time using a contactor. With this method, called rapid traverse/creep speed positioning, relatively high positioning accuracy of the axis can be achieved.
Controlled positioning in rapid traverse/creep speed mode first moves the positioning axis towards the target position at a high speed (rapid traverse). At a defined position, the speed is switched to a lower speed (creep speed) at which the axis can then be moved to the target position.
To implement the two speed levels of rapid traverse/creep speed positioning, for example, pole-changing motors with a simple contactor circuit or simple frequency converters that allow speed selection through digital inputs can be used. The axis position can be detected with incremental or absolute encoders.
Documentation and Sample Project
Documentation (2,4 MB)
Library for TIA Portal V14 (980,8 KB)
Library for TIA Portal V15 (1,2 MB)
Sample project for TIA Portal V14 (1,2 MB)
Sample project for TIA Portal V15 (2,3 MB)
Code correction of actual value calculation
- You have a technical question / problem: Ask the Technical Support
- You want to discuss in our forum and exchange experiences with other users
- You want to create CAx data for one or more products
- You would like to send us feedback on this Entry


In a terminal clause, the value is the text following the operator:

A value can be on the following types:
 - A single "Value".
 - Multiple Values, specified within square brackets [A,B..N].
 - A sub-select, specified within curly braces { A=B AND C=D.. }.
Individual values can be enclosed within single or double quotes, or if they are a single word or number, then you can leave the quotes off altogether.
In addition, wherever a quoted/unquoted value may appear, you can also use a function, functions can be identified by the fact that they end with a set of Parentheses () containing 0 or more values (arguments).
An example of function is this common query:
EntityType = ScriptAssignment AND AssignedTo = CurrentUser()
In this case "CurrentUser" is a function within TQL that returns the currently logged in user. See here for a list of all functions.
Single quoted value:
Name ~ 'login bug'
Double quoted value:
Name ~ "login bug"
Unquoted value:
Name ~ bug
Exact match:
Name ~ "'login bug'"
List of unquoted values:
Priority IN [High,Medium,Low]
List of mixed values:
Status IN [Open, Closed, 'Re Opened']
List of mixed values including function call:
Editor IN [UserA, 'Joe Blogs', ProjectManager('Project X')]


text:
Agrofavela is a project that cultivates selfsustainable ecosystems in the slum community of Vidigal focused on organic agriculture, nutritional education, and health. This initiative will help boost the local economy with green jobs, disrupt current pesticide filled food supply chains and improve the quality of life of local residents. Brazil today is one of the most voracious consumers of pesticides and is the largest user in the developing world, This puts low income families at a significant risk of being exposed to dangerous chemicals that cause severe disease and lower immunity
HOW IT WORKS
- Provide vulnerable favela residents recovering from the COVID-19 crisis with access to high quality, organic fruits and vegetables.
- Educate favela residents about health, nutrition, gastronomy, agriculture, and waste management.
- Generate revenue for local organic farmers in the periphery of the city
- Form new urban agricultural hubs in favela communities to create jobs, increase supply of available organic goods, and promote sustainability.
Module 1- From survival to sustainability
- Environmental Conservation
- Why eat organic?
- Reuse and Recycling
- Garbage: What is it, how to separate and how to reuse it?
Module 2- What is "to be healthy"?
- What is diet?
- Healthy eating
- What can't be missing on the plate?
Module 3- Sharing spaceRelationship with microorganisms: benefits and harms
- Food hygiene
- Why does food spoil?
- Intestinal microbiota, the bacteria that save our lives.
- Live foods


New Light Shed on French Wartime Honour for British Chemist
14 March 2008
For two centuries, mystery has surrounded pioneering British scientist Humphry Davy's perilous wartime journey to France to collect a medal awarded by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Now the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) has uncovered a letter shedding new light on Napoleon's decision to honour the chemist, despite being locked in combat with Britain at the time. The RSC is appealing for help in discovering what happened to Davy's medal, which is missing.
It reported the impossibility of getting through the British naval blockade to inform Davy that Napoleon wanted to give him an award for services to science. The official wrote that the Emperor's award was intended to "promote and share scientific knowledge" but the hostilities meant delivering the notification letter would have to be postponed.
Davy, who was born in Penzance, Cornwall, in 1778, eventually received word of the honour and travelled to Paris to collect his medal five years later.
In 1813, when the Napoleonic Wars were still under way, he undertook a dangerous voyage across the Channel accompanied by his wife Jane and his scientific assistant, Michael Faraday. It is presumed that the trio were arrested after stepping off a ship carrying prisoners-of-war from Plymouth to Morlaix in Brittany, according to the RSC.
They were only released when word was received approving their trip to Paris, where they met Napoleon's wife Marie Louise but not the Emperor himself.
Davy spent a total of two years travelling in Europe, in the course of which he identified iodine as an element for the first time.
The current French Ambassador to Britain was said to be "amazed" on being told about the discovery of the Delambre letter in a Paris archive and of Davy's journey to receive the medal.
RSC chief executive Dr Richard Pike said it was an "adventure story from which a mystery still hangs".
"The enlightened and advanced attitude of the French science community at that time, and the vision shown by Napoleon, is very special and should be acknowledged now, even if the thanks come 200 years after the event," he said.
"The generosity displayed by France during a bitter and protracted war is an example of the principle of international access to scientific progress.
"Two centuries to the day, science continues to cross borders to spread knowledge and learning.
"It would be wonderful if we were able to find evidence of how and when Davy finally heard of the French tribute and, of course, discovery of the Napoleon medal would add dramatically to the British scientific heritage.
"The letter and medal are missing pieces of a very intriguing puzzle."
Davy, who was knighted in 1812 and made a baronet in 1818, pioneered electrochemistry but is perhaps best known for inventing the Davy safety lamp for miners.
Letter to Humphry Davy
Contact and Further Information
Press Office
Tel: +44 (0)1223 432294
Fax: +44 (0)1223 426594


salsa recipe
Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary…
Lettuce photoDo your kids know where healthy food comes from? (Hopefully they realize it's not from a convenience store or the drive-up window of a fast food restaurant!)
One of the best ways for children to learn about where the good food on your family table originates–and one of the best ways for them to learn to love it–is to grow it themselves.
Think about it: How much more likely is your daughter to eat a salad she makes herself–from ingredients she grew herself–than a salad plopped down in front of her at the table with the words, "Eat it. It's good for you"? ("I don't eat anything green," I once heard a child pronounce.)
Read more


Searching a patient by microchip number
 In OpenVPMS microchips are stored as an identities.

Searching for an identiity
To find a patient with a certain microchip number you need to search for a patient with that identity. To do this go to the patient information screen and press select to find a new patient. The following dialogue will be presented:

Make sure that the Search identities and all patients boxes (so you don't just search in the current client) are ticked. Then enter the microchip number in the search box and press find.
It's important to note that this will only search identities, not the patient names as well.
To search for a partial number
Use a % as appropriate. For example:
 - %982 will search for a microchip ending in 982
 - 982% will search for a microchip starting with 982
 - %982% will search for a number containing 982
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