text:
Morere Hot Springs: The History
Morere Hot Springs thermal area with its rainforest reserve is steeped in history from the time of the Maori through to the European colonising years and later as New Zealand embraced the motor car and began to explore and travel the land.
Enjoying the natural hot water pools at Morere has been a tradition since the 1890s.
In pre-European times the Rakai Paaka, a hapu (family-based sub group) of the Ngati Kahungunu tribe, used the hot springs at Morere to bath in. In the early colonial period around 1895 the Lands and Survey Department gazetted the Nuhaka Thermal Springs Reserve under the Land Act of 1892. Renamed the Morere Springs Scenic Reserve, it has been administered by the Department of Conservation since 1987. In the late 1880s most of the bush in the surrounding region area was felled and burnt to make way for pastoral farming but fortunately the settlers spared the few acres of bush around the hot springs. In the early 1890s the first totara-slab bath house was built by the main thermal outlet and in 1897 a hotel opened for business nearby. As the use of private motor cars became established from the 1950s onwards there emerged a policy to establish scenic reserves along New Zealand's new network of highways where motorists could stop to rest on long journeys. These reserves were most-often created at places of scenic or historic interest. Morere Springs Scenic Reserve, on State Highway 2 between Wairoa and Gisborne, is a well-known example.
The first hotel was followed by a larger two-storied hotel in 1913 which developed into a resort or spa. During the resort's heyday of the 1920s and 30s the hotel offered 50 beds. It became a popular tavern in the 1970s and was destroyed by fire in 1992. The first permanent caretaker of the hot springs was Ned Kennedy, appointed in 1923, who lived with his wife in a tent for two years until a cottage was built.
Prior to the 1930s, when hot water was piped down the Mangakawa Valley to a series of pools closer to the road, bath houses were built over the hot water outlets along the Mangakawa Stream. Known as Nos. 1, 2 and 3 bathhouses each one became hotter as bathers trekked up the valley. The highest, No.3, was destroyed by a landslide in 1962 and No.2 was replaced in 1982 by what are now called the Nikau Pools.
For many years the Morere Hot Springs Scenic Reserve was administered by the Tourism and Publicity Department before being taken over by the Lands and Survey Department in 1971 and subsequently by the Department of Conservation. Today the Department of Conservation administers the reserve while the hot springs are leased to a private concessionaire. The concessionaire also provides cottage, cabin and lodge accommodation.
DELIGHTFUL EAST COAST HOLIDAY RESORT
The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 14, Issue 7 (October 2, 1939)
By W. A. Froggatt
Nestling in a picturesque valley, on the East Coast highway between Napier and Gisborne, is the charming little hamlet of Morere Springs. It is surrounded by mountainous country which, in the immediate vicinity, is covered with some of the finest native bush in New Zealand. This scenic reserve with its hot mineral spas, is under Government control and is the Mecca of hundreds of people during holiday periods. Campers are catered for in a well-equipped camping ground situated on the bank of a small river flowing through the valley.
Entering the reserve through a modern arched gateway one is attracted by the beautifully-kept gardens and lawns that surround the full-sized open air mineral bath and caretaker's residence. Here, too, are to be found fish ponds, rockeries and rustic bridges. Dotted here and there are small archways and alcoves which have been constructed from the native manuka tree. About a hundred yards from the main entrance one enters the portals of Nature's own domain and follows a well-defined path which will ultimately lead one into the very heart of this scenic reserve. The path now follows the course of a mountain stream whose cool, clear waters, originating high up in the bush, flow over a rocky bed, through fern-lined banks, on its way to join a tributary of the Nuhaka river.
Continuing along the path one reaches No. 1 and No. 2 private bath-houses. These bath-houses are spaced at a distance of about 150 yards, and are used principally by invalids. Passing No. 2 bath-house a little more altitude is gained and, crossing the stream by a suspension bridge, one eventually reaches No. 3 bath-house, which, incidentally, is a public bath and about one-third the size of the usual swimming bath. This bath is the most popular during the winter months, as it is quite near the source of the mineral springs and, consequently, the waters are much warmer than those of the other baths. The predominating minerals in these spas include large quantities of calcium and sodium chloride. There is also sufficient free iodine to give them a pungent smell, and colour them a pale brown. In the stream below No. 3 bath-house are several deep pools which prove popular when the weather is warm. These pools are formed by small waterfalls as the stream finds its way to lower levels.
Leaving this bath the climb becomes slightly steeper; this, however, does not distract one's attention from the surrounding beauty. After about ten minutes' more climbing the end of the walk is reached. Here, one gazes into a deep, bush-lined chasm, over the brink of which plunges a small though picturesque waterfall. This is a beautiful sight and, as one rests awhile, it is with a feeling of satisfaction that there has been ample reward for the walk. It is not easy to leave this lovely scene and wend the way back to No. 3 bath-house, where one may bathe in the invigorating mineral waters before continuing explorations further. Leaving the bathhouse one turns off the path at a place marked with the sign, "To the Palm Grove." Actually this track leads through several palm groves and into the very heart of the bush. The track continues up hill and down dale for a couple of miles, eventually circling round to join up with the main path near the No.1 bath-house.
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Home | Hot Pools | Rainforest | Bush Walks | History | Accommodation | Activities | Contact


text:
Hello to all, my new article on SBI Bank PO Exams 2018 has been posted you can read all details at SBI PO Exams 2018: All you Need to know to get a clear idea on what is SBI Bank PO all about. Today I'm going to tell you a very interesting topic that is Time and Distance. Time and Distance is very important topic in Aptitude so learn all the concepts well and try to solve the questions that I will give you at the end of this article. So let us start with Time and Distance.
(i) Speed = Distance/Time, Time = Distance/speed, Distance = Speed * Time
(ii) x km/hr = (x * 5/18) m/sec
(iii) x m/sec = (x * 18/5) km/hr
(iv) If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b then the ratio of the time taken by them to cover the same distance is 1/a : 1/b or b:a
(v) Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then the average speed during the whole journey is (2xy/x+y) km/hr
1. A train travels 82.6 km/hr. How many metres will it travel in 15 minutes?
Solution: Distance travelled in 1 min. = (82.6/60) km
So the Distance travelled in 15 min. = (82.6/60 * 15) km = 20.65 km = 20.65 km = (20.65 * 1000) m
= 20650 m.
2. How many minutes does Aditya take to cover a distance of 400 m, if he runs at a speed of 20 km/hr?
Solution: Aditya's speed = 20 km/hr = (20 * 5/18) m/sec = 50/9 m/sec.
Therefore Time taken to cover 400 m = (400 * 9/50) sec = 72 sec
3. A cyclist covers a distance of 750 m in 2 min 30 sec. What is the speed in km/hr of the cyclist?
Solution: Speed = (750/150) m/sec = 5 m/sec = (5 * 18/5) km/hr = 18 km/hr.
1. A speed of 30.6 km/hr is same as (R.R.B, 2008)
a. 5.1 m/sec b. 8.5 m/sec c. 110.16 m/sec d. none of these
2. A man riding his bicycle covers 150 metres in 25 seconds. What is the speed in km/hr? (S.S.C, 2005)
a.20 b.21.6 c.23 d.25
3. A bus covers a distance of 2924 km in 43 hours. What is the speed of the bus? (Bank Recruitment, 2008)
a. 60 km/hr b. 68 km/hr c. 72 km/hr d. Cannot be determined e. none of these
I hope you would have liked this article on time and distance. The next article will be on mock test. So prepare well and come. Thank you. All the Best.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The cost of expiration dates
Most products have a "use-by" date. Even if a product can be safely used past this date, retailers have to remove it from their shelves. There is no flexibility either; not even FMCG products that are in high demand and consumed quickly can be shipped to retailers if they are within six months of their use-by date.
These extreme regulations work against modern sustainability practices and leave brands, suppliers, and distributors stuck with perfectly good products they can no longer sell. This is particularly true of items that have long shelf lives such as dry goods or personal care products. Imagine sitting on six months of inventory that is safe to use but cannot be sold. For a business, this is not only frustrating but costly. Meanwhile, local communities could benefit from receiving these items as donations, but don't because the infrastructure to facilitate this hasn't existed—until now.
Case in point: A new home for lip balm
A supplier of lip care products found themselves dealing with this issue a couple of times per year. Once their lip balms were within six months of the printed use-by date, retailers couldn't purchase them despite the fact they were usable for another six months.
Simply trashing them wasn't an option either. These products contain a chemical formulation, meaning they cannot be disposed of in a standard waste stream such as a landfill. Instead, a certified waste hauler would have to dispose of them following safe waste regulations for the disposal of the chemical compounds within. The entire process was expensive and wasteful; there had to be a better solution.
Data for good
Familiar with our expertise in waste diversion and donations, a compliance specialist from the company reached out to see if SmarterX could help divert thousands of non-saleable lip balms from waste. Through our partnership with Feeding America, we were able to connect the company with a local food bank that was happy to provide the unwanted lip balms to those in need. As a result, the company was able to help their local community instead of wasting perfectly good products. SmarterX facilitated a smarter solution that was less expensive for the company and better for the planet and the local community.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Latest News:
Beijing Sunny/Overcast 25 / 14 City Forecast
People's Daily Online>>Science
China installs large Antarctic survey telescope
(Beijing Daily)
15:05, April 09, 2012
Edited and Translated by Han Shasha, People's Daily Online
China's first Antarctic survey telescope was successfully installed at the Kunlun Antarctic Station during the 28th Antarctic Scientific Expedition.
The telescope, remotely controlled via satellite, can scan millions of stars in the Milky Way in an automatic and continuous manner. It can also search extra-solar planets.
Shang Chaohui, vice director of Chinese Center for Antarctic Astronomy (CCAA), said that China planned to install three Antarctic survey telescopes at the Kunlun Station. The first telescope was designed and built by Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology. And the transport control and data system were established by the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
As the largest optical telescope in Antarctic, its primary mirror is 68 centimeters in diametrical length with a 50-centimeter aperture reflector. It has all the features of the modern telescope such as pointing, tracking and focusing.
The first Antarctic survey telescope is equipped with world's largest charge-coupled device (CCD), which converts light into electronic signals to make a digital image. The CCD has a capacity of 100 megapixels. A single exposure can cover 4.3 square degrees of sky areas, which is equivalent to the size of 18 moons.
To make a real-time data processing and analysis, the telescope is also equipped with advanced computer system, which enables it to detect transient objects, supernova and other objects with gamma-ray bursts.
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The Zettelkasten method breaks down the thinking process into physical steps which can be acquired as habits.
Thinking – the ability to connect and understand things – becomes a physical routine.
These Here are the steps:
 1. Collecting and writing down ideas while I'm watching or reading something.
 2. Processing information by phrasing it in my own words, then adding the note to my Zettelkasten (one though thought is one card).
 3. Optional linking and connecting with existing notes in the Zettelkasten to create a network of information.
This routine is very similar to GTD, which is also the thinking process broken down to physical steps and habits.


text:
Species of Thailand
Binomial name: Pteruthius flaviscapis (Coenraad Jacob Temminck, 1835)
The Pied Shrike-babbler (Pteruthius flaviscapis) is a bird species traditionally considered an aberrant Old World babbler and placed in the family Timaliidae. But as it seems, it belongs to an Asian offshoot of the American vireos and may well belong in the Vireonidae. Indeed, since long it was noted that their habits resemble those of vireos, but this was believed to be the result of convergent evolution.
It is endemic to Java. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the White-browed Shrike-babbler.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0. Please see license details for photos in photo by-lines.
Videos of Pied shrike-babbler
- Pteruthius flaviscapis
Pied shrike-babbler is found in following locations in Thailand
Please note that this non-official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. This list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo/videos published on various websites or our own findings. We appreciate your contributions with photo proof.
NR:Not Recognised (IUCN3.1)
No photo for this species yet
Range map of Pteruthius flaviscapis in Thailand
Important note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. Please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings/knowledge.


python client to client message code example
Example 1: send message from server to client python
import socket
import sys
HOST = ''
PORT = 9000
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
print 'Socket created'
try:
 s.bind((HOST, PORT))
except socket.error , msg:
 print 'Bind failed. Error Code : ' + str(msg[0]) + ' Message ' + msg[1]
 sys.exit()
print 'Socket bind complete'
s.listen(10)
print 'Socket now listening'
conn, addr = s.accept()
print 'Connecting from: ' + addr[0] + ':' + str(addr[1])
while 1:
 message=raw_input(">")
 s.sendto(message, (addr[0], addr[1]))
 print(s.recv(1024))
Example 2: send message from server to client python
# text_send_server.py
import socket
import select
import time
HOST = 'localhost'
PORT = 65439
ACK_TEXT = 'text_received'
def main():
 # instantiate a socket object
 sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 print('socket instantiated')
 # bind the socket
 sock.bind((HOST, PORT))
 print('socket binded')
 # start the socket listening
 sock.listen()
 print('socket now listening')
 # accept the socket response from the client, and get the connection object
 conn, addr = sock.accept() # Note: execution waits here until the client calls sock.connect()
 print('socket accepted, got connection object')
 myCounter = 0
 while True:
 message = 'message ' + str(myCounter)
 print('sending: ' + message)
 sendTextViaSocket(message, conn)
 myCounter += 1
 time.sleep(1)
 # end while
# end function
def sendTextViaSocket(message, sock):
 # encode the text message
 encodedMessage = bytes(message, 'utf-8')
 # send the data via the socket to the server
 sock.sendall(encodedMessage)
 # receive acknowledgment from the server
 encodedAckText = sock.recv(1024)
 ackText = encodedAckText.decode('utf-8')
 # log if acknowledgment was successful
 if ackText == ACK_TEXT:
 print('server acknowledged reception of text')
 else:
 print('error: server has sent back ' + ackText)
 # end if
# end function
if __name__ == '__main__':
 main()


text:
Authors: Peter Alden & Peter Friederici
Softcover: 447 pages
Filled with concise descriptions and stunning photographs, the National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southwestern States belongs in the home of every resident of the Southwest and in the suitcase or backpack of every visitor. This compact volume contains:
An easy-to-use field guide for identifying 1,000 of the state's wildflowers, trees, mushrooms, mosses, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, butterflies, mammals, and much more.
A complete overview of the southwestern region's natural history, covering geology, wildlife habitats, ecology, fossils, rocks and minerals, clouds and weather patterns, and the night sky.
An extensive sampling of the area's best parks, preserves, mountains, forests, and wildlife sanctuaries, with detailed descriptions and visitor information for 50 sites and notes on dozens of others.
The guide is packed with visual information -- the 1,500 full-color images include more than 1,300 photographs, 9 maps, and 16 night-sky charts, as well as more than 100 drawings explaining everything from geological processes to the basic features of different plants and animals.
For everyone who lives or spends time in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, or Utah, there can be no finer guide to the area's natural surroundings than the National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southwestern States.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Music Lessons for Kids, Teens, & Adults
Yamaha Music School in Spanish Fork is a world-class music school offering private and group lessons for all ages and levels of experience. Our professional local musicians teach using the proven Yamaha curriculum to build a strong, long-lasting musical foundation to build your technique, passion, and talent.
Learn piano, guitar, bass, ukulele, drums & more
Group & private lessons
Classical, rock, blues, jazz & more
Learn at your own pace
Certified local teachers
Call today for 50% OFF your first month of music classes.
About The Space
Yamaha Music School of Spanish Fork offers large, open classrooms with state-of-the-art learning technology to enhance your music lessons. We also offer practice rooms that inspire focus and creativity, as well as a beautiful recital space to share your gifts and progress.
You will work one-on-one or in groups with experienced local music teacher using world-class Yamaha curriculum to give you the techniques and understanding to play the music you love.
Ask about our free weekly Open Learning Hour and Friday Night Jam Sessions for all ages and any instruments!


text:
Does a poercelain tea kettle need to toveled with bracha? What about its cover?
The kettle and its cover should be toiveled, but not with a berachah.
Porcelain might have the halachah of cheres, clay, whereby it is exempt from tevilah. However, because of the method of porcelain production today, most poskim are stringent and obligate tevilah (seeing the porcelain utensil as being possibly similar to glass), but without a berachah.


Skip to definition.
Noun: optic disc
 1. The point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light
 - blind spot, optic disk
Derived forms: optic discs
Type of: point
Part of: retina
Encyclopedia: Optic disc


text:
Bridge health monitoring is a method of evaluating the ability of a bridge to perform its required task (also called fitness for purpose) by monitoring the response of the bridge to the traffic loads it has to withstand.
This research project, carried out in 1998–1999, is part of stage 2 of the short-term health monitoring and 'fitness for purpose' assessment of 10 bridges on New Zealand highways, in order to develop and evaluate the methodology. The Otauru Bridge, on State Highway 57, crosses the Otauru Stream between Levin and Palmerston North, Manawatū Region, North Island, and is essentially a large reinforced concrete culvert. It was selected as one of these 10 because it has a large crack at midspan, and the structure was visibly deflecting under traffic. The fitness for purpose evaluation indicates that intervention is required.
Keywords: bridges, bridge dynamics, bridge health, bridge loads, heavy vehicles, loading, monitoring, New Zealand, performance, roads, superstructure, traffic


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Thank you to everyone who made our State Finals tournament a success!
State Finals 2017 Scores
Good luck at World Finals!
What is Odyssey of the Mind?
Odyssey of the Mind is an international creative problem-solving program for K-12 and college students. Pennsylvania has a long, successful history with the program since 1979. Odyssey of the Mind provides students the opportunity to learn to express themselves creatively, while developing life-long problem-solving skills. Students learn the value of brainstorming and teamwork, as they grow their self-confidence and appreciation for the ideas and strengths of others while in an encouraging team-focused atmosphere. Their unforgettable experiences as an Odyssey team build their skills to succeed in their personal lives and future careers.


of the Navigation example app on GitHub.
You can set a LanguageCode to localize the notification text and a UnitSystem to decide on metric or imperial length units. Make sure to call this before a route is set, as otherwise default settings (en-US, metric) will be used:
private func setupVoiceGuidance() {
 let ttsLanguageCode = getLanguageCodeForDevice(supportedVoiceSkins: VisualNavigator.availableLanguagesForManeuverNotifications())
 visualNavigator.maneuverNotificationOptions = ManeuverNotificationOptions(language: ttsLanguageCode,
 unitSystem: UnitSystem.metric)
 // Set language to our TextToSpeech engine.
 let locale = LanguageCodeConverter.getLocale(languageCode: ttsLanguageCode)
 if voiceAssistant.setLanguage(locale: locale) {
 print("TextToSpeech engine uses this language: \(locale)")
 } else {
 print("TextToSpeech engine does not support this language: \(locale)")
 }
}
For this example, we take the device's preferred language settings. One possible way to get these is shown below:
private func getLanguageCodeForDevice(supportedVoiceSkins: [heresdk.LanguageCode]) -> LanguageCode {
 // 1. Determine if preferred device language is supported by our TextToSpeech engine.
 let identifierForCurrenDevice = Locale.preferredLanguages.first!
 var localeForCurrenDevice = Locale(identifier: identifierForCurrenDevice)
 if !voiceAssistant.isLanguageAvailable(identifier: identifierForCurrenDevice) {
 print("TextToSpeech engine does not support: \(identifierForCurrenDevice), falling back to en-US.")
 localeForCurrenDevice = Locale(identifier: "en-US")
 }
 // 2. Determine supported voice skins from HERE SDK.
 var languageCodeForCurrenDevice = LanguageCodeConverter.getLanguageCode(locale: localeForCurrenDevice)
 if !supportedVoiceSkins.contains(languageCodeForCurrenDevice) {
 print("No voice skins available for \(languageCodeForCurrenDevice), falling back to enUs.")
 languageCodeForCurrenDevice = LanguageCode.enUs
 }
 return languageCodeForCurrenDevice
}
Note that the HERE SDK supports 37 languages. You can query the languages from the VisualNavigator with VisualNavigator.availableLanguagesForManeuverNotifications(). All languages within the HERE SDK are specified as LanguageCode enum. To convert this to a Locale instance, you can use a LanguageCodeConverter. This is an open source utility class you find as part of the Navigation example app on GitHub.
Each of the supported languages to generate maneuver notifications is stored as a voice skin inside the HERE SDK framework. Unzip the framework and look for the folder voice_assets. You can manually remove assets you are not interested in to decrease the size of the HERE SDK package.
However, in order to feed the maneuver notification into a TTS engine, you also need to ensure that your preferred language is supported by the TTS engine. Usually each device comes with some preinstalled languages, but not all languages may be present initially.
Supported Languages for Voice Guidance
Below you can find a list of all supported voice languages together with the name of the related voice skin that is stored inside the HERE SDK framework:
 - Arabic (Saudi Arabia): ar-SA_tarik_compact
 - Czech: cs-CZ_iveta_compact
 - Danish: da-DK_magnus_compact
 - German: de-DE_anna_compact
 - Greek: el-GR_nikos_compact
 - English (British): en-GB_serena_compact
 - English (United States): en-US_tom_compact
 - Spanish (Spain): es-ES_jorge_compact
 - Spanish (Mexico): es-MX_angelica_compact
 - Farsi (Iran): fa-IR_anonymous_compact
 - Finnish: fi-FI_onni_compact
 - French (Canada): fr-CA_chantal_compact
 - French: fr-FR_audrey_compact
 - Hebrew: he-IL_carmit_compact
 - Hindi: hi-IN_lekha_compact
 - Croatian: hr-HR_anonymous_compact
 - Hungarian: hu-HU_mariska_compact
 - Indonesian: (Bahasa) id-ID_damayanti_compact
 - Italian: it-IT_alice_compact
 - Japanese: ja-JP_sakura_compact
 - Korean: ko-KR_sora_compact
 - Norwegian: (Bokmål) nb-NO_henrik_compact
 - Dutch: nl-NL_claire_compact
 - Portuguese (Brazil): pt-BR_luciana_compact
 - Polish: pt-PT_joana_compact
 - Romanian: ro-RO_ioana_compact
 - Russian: ru-RU_katya_compact
 - Slovak: sk-SK_laura_compact
 - Swedish: sv-SE_alva_compact
 - Thai: th-TH_kanya_compact
 - Turkish: tr-TR_cem_compact
 - Ukrainian: uk-UA_anonymous_compact
 - Chinese (Simplified China): zh-CN_tian-tian_compact
 - Chinese (Traditional Hong Kong): zh-HK_sin-ji_compact
 - Chinese (Traditional Taiwan): zh-TW_mei-jia_compact
Stop Navigation
While turn-by-turn navigation automatically starts when a route is set and the LocationPrivider is started, stopping navigation depends on the possible scenario:
Either, you want to stop navigation and switch to tracking mode (see below) to receive map-matched locations while still following a path - or you want to stop navigation without going back to tracking mode. For the first case, you only need to set the current route to nil. This will only stop propagating all turn-by-turn navigation related events, but keep the ones alive to receive map-matched location updates and, for example, speed warning information. Note that propagation of turn-by-turn navigation events is automatically stopped when reaching the desired destination. Once you set a route again, all turn-by-turn navigation related events will be propagated again.
If you want to stop navigation without going back to tracking mode - for example, to get only un-map-matched location updates directly from a location provider - it is good practice to stop getting all events from the VisualNavigator. For this you should set all delegates individually to nil.
You can reuse your location provider implementation to consume location updates in your app. With HERE positioning you can set multiple LocationUpdateDelegate instances.
Tracking
While you can use the VisualNavigator class to start and stop turn-by-turn navigation, it is also possible to switch to a tracking mode that does not require a route to follow. This mode is also often referred to as the driver's assistance mode. It is available for car and truck transport modes.
To enable tracking, all you need is to call:
visualNavigator.route = nil
locationProvider.enableDevicePositioning()
Here we enable getting real GPS locations, but you could also play back locations from any route using the LocationSimulator (as shown above).
Of course, it is possible to initialize the VisualNavigator without setting a route instance - if you are only interested in tracking mode you don't need to set the route explicitly to nil. Note that in tracking mode you only get events for the NavigableLocationDelegate. All other delegates will simply not deliver events when a route is not set. This enables you to keep your delegates alive and to switch between free tracking and turn-by-turn-navigation on the fly.
Tracking can be useful, when drivers already know the directions to take, but would like to get additional information such as the current street name or any speed limits along the trip.
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BootPicker 2.1.2
Choose Mac OS X, Windows, or Linux each time Mac boots.
This resource is being watched by 42 members.
 1. Amkay
 BootPicker runs whenever LoginWindow is present. Based upon your configuration, it presents an option to the end user to choose an operating system. Upon choosing that OS, the machine either continues to Mac OS X or reboots to the specified OS. The next time the computer is rebooted, it automatically returns to Mac OS X and the boot picker.
 1. dklsajd;adas.jpg


text:
Managed Service for PostgreSQL lets you use network and local storage for database clusters. Network storage is based on network blocks, which are virtual disks in the Yandex.Cloud infrastructure. Local storage is organized on disks that are physically located in the database host servers.
When creating a cluster, you can choose between the following storage types:
- Standard network storage (
network-hdd): The cheapest option for servers with relaxed read/write performance requirements.
- Fast network storage (
network-ssd): A middle-ground solution. It's slower than local storage, but unlike local disks, it ensures data integrity if Yandex.Cloud hardware goes down.
- Fast local storage (
local-ssd): The fastest disks. The size of the local storage can only be incremented by 100 GB.
Local storage features
Local storage doesn't provide fault tolerance for data storage and affects the overall pricing for the cluster:
- Local storage doesn't provide fault tolerance for a single-host cluster: if a local disk fails, the data is permanently lost. Therefore, when creating a new Managed Service for PostgreSQL cluster using local storage, a 3-host fail-safe configuration is automatically set up.
- You are charged for a cluster with local storage even if it's stopped. Read more in the pricing policy.


text:
Impl for StoredProcedure call. Method executeQuery() is used when the stored procedure returns ResultSet and method execute() is used when the stored procedure does not have any return ResultSet.
Parameters hold both IN and OUT parameters.
PagerImpl Holds ReadCommandImpl, page size and current page index. Implements next(), previous(), getPage(index) methods. In each based on current page index and page size, the ReadCommandImpl is executed with start and end boundaries set.
ChangeFactory This class is used during DAS.applyChanges(). With changed DataObject and ChangeSummary, required type of ChangeOperation instance is created (like DeleteOperation, UpdateOperation). This instance of ChangeOperation holds appropriate CommandImpl, which in itself holds the Parameters. Thus for a given DAS Config and Connection, ChangeFactory is used to propagate DataObject changes to Database via CommandImpl.
ChangeSummarizer Main function of this class is load Changes based on root DataObject of applyChanges() Command MappingWrapper is used to sort the ChangeOperations in Changes.
Changes Contains DeleteList, InsertList, Update List pertaining to one applyChanges() command.
DeleteList Maintains ordered/unordered list of DeleteOperations. If DAS Config defines any Relationships, MappingWrapper aids in forming Delete Order for all the Tables undergoing DeleteOperation, based on Parent-Child relationships. If Delete Order is available, DeleteList forms a List following appropriate Referential Integrity. Otherwise no order is maintained.
InsertList Maintains ordered/unordered list of CreateOperations. If DAS Config defines any Relationships, MappingWrapper aids in forming Insert Order for all the Tables undergoing InsertOperation, based on Parent-Child relationships. If Insert Order is available, InsertList forms a List following appropriate Referential Integrity. Otherwise no order is maintained.
UpdateList As UpdateOperation happens on single Table, there is no reason for sorting based on any Referntial Relationships. So, this class is just a wrapper on ArrayList.
BaseGenerator Parent class for Delete/Update/InsertGenerator. If in DAS Config, any Table Column specifies a ColumnConverter class, BaseGenerator, returns a new instance of this class.
DeleteGenerator Extends BaseGenerator. Based on Table and DAS Config, DELETE statement is generated with Primary Keys in WHERE clause. Using this, DeleteCommandImpl is instantiated. For Parameters in DeleteCommandImpl ColumnConverter is considered if present.
InsertGenerator Same as DeleteGenerator. Here Database Key value generation is also considered.
UpdateGenerator Extends BaseGenerator. In UPDATE statement WHERE clause Primary Keys are considered as well as Default OCC policy is considered. Also check is implemented for any violation for Foreign Key relationships. Parameters in UpdateCommandImpl consider ColumnConvert as appropriate. OCC attributes in DAS Config for , viz. managed and collision are considered in SET and WHERE clause formation respectively.
ChangeOperation Abstract parent class for Create/Delete/UpdateOperation. It contains WriteCommand, DatabaseObject and any generated ID.
DeleteOperation Extends ChangeOperation. Uses SDO's ChangeSummary based OldValues as in the DataGraph, deleted objects have lost their settings.
CreateOperation Extends ChangeOperation, makes use of Generated ID.
UpdateOperation Extends ChangeOperation and makes use of generated ID.
DatabaseObject Wraps DataObject. If a field is FK, it will return value from parent. It also sets the Database generated value in primary key property of DataObject.
RowObjects Holds a Map of TableName->DataObject. It uses relationship information to associate these DataObjects to form DataGraph.
GraphBuilderMetadata Class that form Metadata for forming DataObjects based on MetaData available in JDBC ResultSet. It uses DAS Config, ResultSet and ResultSetShape to form a Collection of ResultMetaData. It is used in ResultSetProcessor and thus further in RowObjects.
ResultSetProcessor This class is used to transform data in ResultSet into set of inter-related DataObjects. It contains TableRegistry, GraphBuilderMetadata and DataObjectMaker. Using GrapbBuilderMetadata and the JDBC ResultSet, it forms
ResultSetRow, then form RowObjects and connects related DataObjects using Relationship information from RowObjects to form the completed DataGraph.
DataObjectMaker Forms DataObject based on TableData. It is used in ResultSetProcessor for this.
TableRegistry Base Interface for Single/MultiTableRegistry.
SingleTableRegistry No functionality.
MultiTableRegistry Implements TableRegistry. Used when converting JDBC ResultSet of SQL SELECT into DataObjects.
DefaultConverter Implements Converter. In case of Blob database column type, returns byte for the column value when mapping from database data to property value.
ResultMetaData Holds complete ResultSet related metadata of the Query resultResultSet, ColumnConverters, MappingWrapper, SDO Type Names, SDO Property Names, ResultSetShape for the ResultSet, Map containing Table Type
> Column Property (equivalent to Database Table>Column). It provides various get methods on these members.
ResultSetRow A ResultSetRow is used to transform a single row of ResultSet into a set of DataObjects. It uses TableData as a intermediate place to keep Database Data for a Row, which is later used to form DataObject. It holds a List of all Table Data for the current row. This class is used in ResultSetProcessor.
TableData Holds single JDBC row for a Table and its Columns - tableName, list of PKs, Map of ColumnName->Data, if table has PK. Is used by DataObjectMaker to form DataObject based on Table Row.
ResultSetTypeMap Provides mapping from sql.Types to SDO Type. Used in ResultSetShape to populate SDO Type for all columns present in ResultSet.
FactoryRegistry Maintains registry of ChangeFactory. There is one FactoryRegistry for on DAS Config and Connection. It maintains a Map with entries of each SDO Type against ChangeFactory for current DAS Config+Connection.
ParameterImpl Holds values required for representing SQL statement/StoredProcedure parameter like name, index, value, SDO Type and columnConverter. Can have direction IN/OUT/IN-OUT. IN is default. OUT/IN-OUT is only in case of Stored Procedure.
ManagedParameterImpl Extends ParameterImpl. Expected to be integer or BigDecimal type, else exception is thrown. setValue() returns oldValue+1.
CollisionParameter Extends ParameterImpl. Design restricts setting value in CollisionParameter only once.
Parameters Maintains lists of parameters (used in SQL statements), IN/OUT parameters (used in stored procedures).
ResultSetShape This is an alternative to use ResultSetMetaData of the Query result. It can be used when some platforms like Oracle do not fully support MetaData. For a given SQL Query, this holds schemaName, tableName, columnName, SDO Column Type for each column in ResultSet. It has 2 constructors, one uses JDBC's ResultSetMetaData to form ResultSetShape and another uses DAS Config supplied ResultDescriptor to form ResultSetShape.
Statement Holds SQL String, JDBC connection, JDBC PreparedStatement and also state information whether the current statement is used by Pager.
SDODataTypeHelper Provides mapping between SDO's Type and JDBC's sql.Types.
SDODataTypes Uses SDO's TypeHelper to get SDO Type for given string.
QualifiedColumn Maintains schemaName, tableName and columnName for a Table's Column.
RelationshipWrapper Wrapper for DAS Config's . Only one method to return Collection of all FKColumns in a Relationship.
TableWrapper Wrapper on DAS Config's . Provides various get methods to get values of different elements and attributes within .
ConfigUtil Uses SDO's XMLHelper to load DAS Config Data Model in memory.
DataObjectUtil Provides utility methods for SDO DataObject like copying one DataObject into another, restoring Old Values of a DataObject using its SDO's ChangeSummary.
Complete DAS Configuration follows.
Convention Child Element
 Not used
 Needs a valid value when creating static DataObjects.
 when true, multiple database schema under same database are supported
complete URL of data source
if true, DAS manages database transaction
complete qualified class name
 authentic database user
 password for the user
 database table column name (no meaning when Command kind is procedure)
IN/OUT (OUT makes sense when Command kind is "procedure")
used in set/getParameter() on Command based on direction (used when Command kind is procedure).
-> Used as alternative to database result set metadata.
 database table column name
 database table name
 used when databaseSchemaNameSupported=true
SDO mapped data type
 =true allows for 1:n relationship. If it is false, it's 1:1 relationship.
 In case of 1:1 relationship, if keyRestricted is not specified, the
link (relationship) between the parent and child rows can be broken, by setting the
parentKeyTable's row to null/deleting the row. Also, a different parent row can
be associated to the child row, which has one pre-existing parent row association.
If keyRestricted=true, this kind on change in existing relationship is not allowed,
user will get exception 'Can not modify a one to one relationship that is key
database table column name
database table column name
Database table name
Data Object type name
 used when databaseSchemaNameSupported=true
 INSERT statement in PreparedStement format
space separated column names used in explicit INSERT
 UPDATE statement in PreparedStement format
 space separated column names used in explicit UPDATE
 DELETE statement in PreparedStement format
 space separated column names used in explicit DELETE
 database table column name


F_BUFFERTUBE
IMPORTANT:
 - ObjectID fields are automatically created (by Esri) when you create the schema.
 - GlobalID fields are required by Fiber Manager and are created with Esri's Add Global ID tool (Manage > Add Global IDs).
 - Tables must be versioned for an SDE database. See Esri's documentation for more information about versioning tables.
 - Tables must also be converted to ArcFM Objects.
 - In ArcGIS applications, there are four numeric data types: Short Integer, Long Integer, Float, and Double. The choices reflect a balance between minimizing storage space while still allowing enough range and precision for the field to be useful. For example, because lengths typically have decimals, these fields are assigned either Float or Double.
 In the table below, any field set to integer does need to be either a Short or Long Integer, as these fields cannot contain decimals. So, the decision comes down to the minimum and maximum values you need for the field:
 - Short Integer Storable Range: -32,768 to 32,767
 - Long Integer Storable Range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
 So, as an example, would you ever have more than 32,767 patch panels on a single rack? No. So, the RackPosition field could be a Short Integer. Conversely, foot or meter stamps along a cable could easily exceed 32,767. So, CableMarking fields should be a Long Integer. Our integer recommendations err on the side of more range and usefulness, but your company could decide to change a Long Integer to a Short Integer (or a Double down to a Float) if you knew the maximum values would never exceed the types' upper threshold.
Alias: Buffer Tube
TIP: You can change the length of Text fields to a number that is appropriate for your organization.
Field
Data Type
Default Value
Domain
Length/Precision
BufferTubeColor
Alias: Color
Text

Fiber Colors
50
BufferTubeName
Alias: Name
Text

Fiber Color Names
50
BufferTubeNumber
Alias: Number
Short Integer

FiberChildClassModelName
Alias: Fiber Child Class Model Name
Text
FiberStrand

50
FiberParent
Alias: Fiber Parent
Guid

FiberParentClassModelName
Alias: Fiber Parent Class Model Name
Text

50
ThisFiberClassModelName
Alias: This Fiber Class Model Name
Text
BufferTube

50
Field Display
Primary Display Field: Choose this field in the ArcFM Properties Manager. The chosen field is displayed when using ArcFM tools such as the ArcFM Locator and ArcFM Attribute Editor. Your company can choose the most useful field to display for the end users. If the chosen field is null for the selected or identified features, the display field defaults to the ObjectID.
Display Name Object: Buffer Tube Namer, which is an out-of-the-box naming function that combines the Tube Number and Tube Color. If selected, it does not incorporate what is chosen in the Primary Display Field. If left null, the application will use what is in the Primary Display Field.
Model Names
BUFFERTUBE, FIBEROBJECT
Field Model Names
BufferTubeColor: BUFFERTUBECOLOR, FIBERCOLOREDFIELD
BufferTubeName: BUFFERTUBENAME, BUFFERTUBECOLORNAME, FIBERCOLORNAMEFIELD
BufferTubeNumber: BUFFERTUBENUMBER
GlobalID: GLOBALID
FiberChildClassModelName: FIBERCHILDCLASSMODELNAME
FiberParent: FIBERPARENT
FiberParentClassModelName: FIBERPARENTCLASSMODELNAME
ThisFiberClassModelName: THISFIBERCLASSMODELNAME
Object AutoUpdaters
On Feature Delete: ArcFM Fiber Object Deleted
Field Autoupdaters
ChangeDate — On Feature Update: ArcFM Current Date
ChangeUser — On Feature Update: ArcFM Login User Name
CreationDate — On Feature Create: ArcFM Current Date
CreationUser — On Feature Create: ArcFM Login User Name
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text:
A flower shop received a shipment of 14 cartons of flowers. Each carton contains 20 boxes. Each box has 30 packages. Each package contains 2 flowers. How many flowers were in the shipment?
solution (labeled): ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Write a story that could be solve using the equation below.
6 X 8 = 48


text:
Many land care challenges at the Arboretum, such as invasive species and stormwater, are not isolated – they are part of broader issues that affect communities near and far. These projects draw on Arboretum practices and research to inform, engage, and empower people to take action in their own communities.
Water Action to Encourage Responsibility (WATER Project)
In the WATER (Water Action to Encourage Responsibility) Project, the Arboretum and community partners work together to minimize harmful effects of stormwater that flows from urban land into lakes and rivers. The multi-year project has been supported by grants.
Learn about the WATER (Water Action to Encourage Responsibility) project»
Jumping Worm Community Research Study and Outreach
This research study, called "Building and sharing collective knowledge about the impacts of an invasive species new to Wisconsin," crowdsourced information and experience about jumping worms. This study was designed to learn more about the impact of jumping worms on native and ornamental plants that are commonly used in home landscapes. It gathered input through an online survey that was open to anyone. The project was funded by a Baldwin Wisconsin Idea Seed Project Grant.


Since the first user of DRDS, I have always had to answer the question: How do I select the partition key for my table?
From the perspective of "high throughput" and "high concurrency" business systems, it is very reasonable to require that tables and SQL have partition keys with business characteristics. All of them are pushed down to the storage layer to avoid cross machine queries and transactions, which can ensure the best performance. This is the ceiling of performance.
The problem is that although the upper limit is very high (even the peak of Taobao's business at 11:00 on the Double Ninth Day can be very smooth)
1. The cost of this transformation is very high. In many cases, the partition key is difficult to select. For example, the order table of many e-commerce systems has two query dimensions: seller and buyer. Which is the partition key
2. Not all business systems (or not all tables and SQL) are worth the cost of transformation. Only the core logic in the core system needs such a detailed transformation
3. If the split key is selected incorrectly, the lower limit will be extremely low. For databases, it is equally important to provide a higher upper limit and a lower limit.
Naturally, we want to know what kind of technology can make you "forget" the partition key.
Database Age (2019~)
The Road to Transparent Distribution
One of the key differences between middleware and database is whether it is necessary to enforce the concept of partition key.
Partition key and global index
The broad concept of "partition key" is not unique to distributed databases.
In a stand-alone database, such as MySQL, data is stored as B trees. If a table has only a primary key, it has only one B tree, for example:
CREATE TABLE t1(
id INT,
name CHAR(32),
addr TEXT,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
The unique B tree of this table is sorted by primary key (id). If our query criteria include an equivalent condition with an ID, such as where id=14, we can quickly locate the record corresponding to this ID in the tree; On the contrary, full table scanning is required.
The key used for sorting in the B-tree can be located to a leaf node through binary search; The partition key can be located to a partition through hash or range binary search. It can be seen that they are all designed to locate data quickly.
If we want to query the above table with where name='Megan ', we do not need to set name as the primary key in MySQL. A more natural way is to create a secondary index on name:
CREATE INDEX idx ON t1(name)
Each secondary index is an independent B Tree in MySQL. The key used for sorting is the column of the secondary index.
That is to say, there are two B Trees in the current table t1, one primary key and one idx. They are:
id->name,addr
name->id
When you use where name='Megan 'to query, you will first access the B tree of idx, locate the leaf node according to name='Megan', obtain the value of the id, and then use the value of the id to the B tree of the primary key to find the complete record.
In fact, the secondary index gains the query performance by redundant data, using space and increasing the cost of writing.
At the same time, the maintenance cost of secondary indexes is not very high. Generally, you can create several secondary indexes on a table with confidence.
Similarly, in a distributed database, the only way to "forget" the partition key is to use a distributed secondary index, also known as the Global Index. And this global index needs to be efficient, cheap, and highly compatible with traditional secondary indexes.
The global secondary index is also a kind of data redundancy. For example, when executing an SQL:
INSERT INTO t1 (id,name,addr) VALUES (1,"meng","hz");
If there is a seller in the orders table_ The global secondary index, ID, can be simply understood as:_ ID The insert is executed in two global indexes, and two records are written:
INSERT INTO t1 (id,name,addr) VALUES (1,"meng","hz");
INSERT INTO idx (id,name) VALUES (1,"meng");
The partition key of t1 primary key index is id, and the partition key of idx is name.
At the same time, since the approximate rate of the two records will not be on the same DN, in order to ensure the consistency of the two records, we need to encapsulate the two writes into a distributed transaction (this is similar to that in a stand-alone database, where the secondary index is written through a stand-alone transaction).
When all our DML operations maintain the global index through distributed transactions, the secondary index and the primary key index can remain consistent.
Does global indexing sound simple? In fact, it is not.
Global Index and Distributed Transaction
The index must be strong and consistent, for example:
- Failed to write the index table, but failed to write the primary table, resulting in data shortage in the index table
- Read the index table and the main table at the same time. The records you see should be the same. You cannot read the results submitted while not submitted
...
The consistency requirements for indexes here are actually the requirements for distributed transactions.
Due to the introduction of global indexes, 100% of transactions will be distributed transactions. The requirements for distributed transactions are completely different from those for "distributed databases that strongly depend on partition key types". The requirements become higher:
1. At least the isolation level above SNAPSHOT ISOLATION must be achieved. Otherwise, the behavior will be very different from that of the stand-alone MySQL, and there will be a very large data consistency risk. At present, the common solutions are HLC, TrueTime, TSO and GTM. If a database does not use these technologies, you need to carefully identify them.
2. 100% distributed transactions have higher performance requirements than 10% distributed transactions in TPCC model. HLC, TSO, and TrueTime schemes can achieve relatively large transaction capacity. GTM is relatively heavier, and its upper limit is far lower than that of TSO in the same single point scheme (although TSO is a single point, it can do a lot with Grouping optimization).
3. Even if TSO/HLC and other schemes are used, optimization should also be in place, such as typical 1PC, Async Commit and other optimizations. Otherwise, the response time increased by index maintenance will be difficult to accept.
Compatibility with stand-alone indexes
In addition, in stand-alone databases, indexes have some very natural behaviors that need to be compatible.
For example:
- Indexes can be created directly through DDL statements, rather than requiring various peripheral tools.
- Prefix query. In a stand-alone database, the index can well support prefix query. How should the global index solve this problem?
- Hot issues (Big Key issues). In a stand-alone database, if an index is not highly selective (for example, an index is created on gender), there will be no serious problems except a slight waste of resources; However, for distributed databases, the index with low selectivity will become a hotspot, causing some hot nodes in the whole cluster to become the bottleneck of the whole system. Global indexes need to have corresponding methods to solve such problems.
The creation speed of the index, the performance of the index back to the table, the functional limitations of the index, clustered indexes, and the storage cost of the index also greatly affect the use experience of the global index. In view of the space, we will not continue to expand.
Number of indexes
These requirements for global indexes are essentially derived from the number of global indexes.
For a database with good transparency, all indexes will be global indexes, and the number of global indexes will be very large (just like the number of secondary indexes of one table and one database in a stand-alone database). The requirements will be higher only when the quantity is more.
However, even if there is a global index, you will find that the usage of these incomplete distributed databases is still strongly dependent on the partition key.
They will make the creation of global indexes an optional and special matter. In this way, businesses will become very cautious when using global indexes. Naturally, the number of global indexes will become very limited.
When the number of global indexes and usage scenarios are strictly limited, the disadvantages of the above will become less important.
Index selection oriented query optimizer
We know that the core working mechanism of the database optimizer is:
1. Enumerate possible execution plans
2. Find the lowest cost of these execution plans
For example, three tables are involved in an SQL statement. When only the left deep tree is considered:
- When there is no global index, it can be simply understood that the execution plan space is mainly reflected in the JOIN order of the three tables, and its space size is about 3x2x1=6. The space for execution plans is relatively small, and it will be much easier for the optimizer to judge the cost of these six execution plans. (Of course, the optimizer still has a lot of work to do, such as partition pruning, and so on. I won't say much about whether these optimizations have


text:
DEVIATION:- Deviation is an unexpected event that occurs during the on-going operation / Activity / Documentation / Entries at any stage of Receipt, Storage and Manufacturing, Analysis and Distribution of Drug Products / Intermediates / Raw Materials / Packing materials. Deviations are to be reported as and when they occur and to be investigated for impact assessment.
Critical Deviation:- Deviation that could have significant impact on the product quality or GMP system. Examples of critical deviations are given below but not limited to:
- Cross contamination or product mix up in a product.
- Failure to process step during manufacturing.
- Use of obsolete batch document / test method.
- Filter integrity failure.
Major Deviations:- Deviation that could have a moderate to considerable impact on the product quality or GMP system. Examples of major deviations are given below but not limited to:
- Machine breakdown during processing.
- Mix ups of cartons of same product with different strength.
Minor Deviations:- Deviation unlikely to have a detectable impact on product quality or GMP system. Examples of minor deviations are given below but not limited to:
- Minor errors in batch records or document that not affecting the integrity of data.
- Spillage of material during dispensing.
- Failure to meet environmental condition during batch processing.
Deviations may be classified into following two categories:
- Planned Deviation
- Un-planned Deviation
Unplanned Deviation:- An accidental or unanticipated non-conformance or deviation observed or noticed during or after the execution of an activity. An unplanned deviation can be a critical or major or minor in nature. For example: deviation in failure of procedure, utility, material, equipment or any system is occurred. We can consider it as any change from the previous or our written procedure.
Planned Deviation:– Any deliberate or intentional non-conformance or deviation Planned prior to the execution of an activity, which is to be undertaken following documented, justifiable and approved rationale. No critical or major deviation, which has potential to alter the quality of the product, shall be planned. For example: – Calibration or validation is not carried out as per schedule due to delay for various reasons.
- All deviation shall be documented, investigated, tracked and trended. All deviation shall be reported as when they occur.
- The person who observes the deviation shall inform the immediate supervisor or concern department head/designee and to Quality Assurance.
- As per the severity of deviation and stage of process, the process may be stopped for initial assessment.
- QA shall issue the "Deviation Control Form "on the request of initiator (Concerned department) by assigning deviation number The initiator shall fill the details (like Product / Material / Equipment / Document / Other If any and Batch No. / A.R.No. If applicable) in deviation control form.
- Initiator shall do the initial assessment and shall take suitable immediate action according to the nature of deviation and inform to department head and concern QA person.
- Initial impact assessment shall be done by the observing department head / designee and designated person QA. Recommendation for continuation of process / discontinue the process shall be given by head of department and Head QA or designee.
- Based on nature of deviation, initial assessment and immediate action taken, Head of initiating department shall approve the deviation for further evaluation of QA.
- After approval of deviation from head of initiating department deviation form shall be forwarded to QA for evaluation.
- During evaluation, designated QA person shall verify whether the deviation is quality relevance or not and whether deviation is a repeat occurrence or not.
- If it is quality relevance, impact shall be assessed on other areas/departments.
- And if it is a repeat occurrence, impact assessment shall extend to verify the effectiveness of previous CAPA taken.
- After evaluation categorizes deviation into critical, major or minor based on the evaluation of impacted areas and product quality impact.
- If deviation is categorized as Critical or Major, Cross Functional Team comprising of technical experts from different department (as per the nature of deviation) shall be form to investigate the root cause of deviation.
- If deviation is minor, investigation shall be carried out jointly by designated QA person along with a person from department where deviation happened.
- Failure Investigation and Root Cause identifications shall be carried out by the investigation team using investigational methodologies.
- Upon identification of root cause of failure, the probable root cause of failure shall be documented.
- Corrective actions and preventive actions shall be recommended to prevent the reoccurrence of the same.
- The deviation including investigation report (wherever applicable) shall be closed within 30 working days of the initiation date. The initiation date is the date of observation of deviation.
- If deviation is not closed within specified timeline, initiator shall raise "Period Extension Request". Initiating department Head shall review the extension request and write justification for delay with impact assessment. QA shall assess the impact of delay in action completion and approve / reject the Period extension request. Deviations shall be closed only when all relevant actions in the CAPA log are completed.
- Continuous trending of deviations shall be carried out on monthly basis QA shall carry out trend analysis for all the deviation in the whole year at the beginning of the next year by using monthly trend data. A copy of trend analysis shall be forwarded to Head CQA.
- The record retention for all closed deviation and investigation reports shall be not less than 7 years or as otherwise agreed with concerned regulatory body.
- All deviation and investigation reports shall be kept in custody of QA and QA shall maintain the Deviation register.
FIND MORE AT…


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A once-in-a-lifetime journey is awaiting you! Kids Create the Change is "the book that needed to be written for children." It's an incredible journey of self-exploration that your child will share with you, their trusted Travel Partner. Strap on those seat belts...just kidding. Sink into a comfy cushion on the couch and take the journey inward, and then bring what you learn outward and become positive forces of change in the world. Through this empowering, inspiring, and transformational adventure, you will strengthen your parent-child relationship as you both explore the depths of yourselves, read and reflect on mind-opening concepts, and try new activities that inspire positive change. You can expect to deeply connect with one another, share truly meaningful and priceless conversations, and journey to undiscovered places within yourselves. Any great trip ends with a souvenir, right? Well, this one is no different and offers a meaningful souvenir that you will always have within yourselves no matter where life takes you.
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 - 30 engaging activities for inspiring real and positive change
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best growth mindset book for kids
How is it possible to be rich without having a lot of money? Could we already have an unbelievable tool within ourselves to help us reflect on our experiences? Is it really possible to replace negative thoughts with positive thoughts? What does it mean to have an inner compass, and how can we use it to guide us? Could we truly be enough despite our shortcomings and weaknesses?
Some of life's big questions are addressed in Kids Create the Change in a relatable way that children can understand. Written in an affirming and non-judging tone, our growth mindset book brings your child to the heart of important matters that can enrich their minds with wisdom far beyond their years. Each chapter has been designed to help your child develop higher integrity, increase self-esteem, and heighten emotional intelligence. Essential values become rooted in our readers as they are provided with a secure foundation that allows them to thrive with resilience and strength.
60 Empowering and Engaging Activities
best growth mindset book for kids
How can a bowl of water and rocks inspire kids to be more intentional with their words and actions? Can a tube of toothpaste really empower children not to gossip? What can an apple and a fork teach about imperfections? Is there a lesson on self-control in a stick of gum? Could a paper cloud and mirror actually motivate kids to be more mindful?
Our engaging activities are all about teaching inspiring messages in a way that your child is actively involved throughout the process. Kids Create the Change includes 60 activities that coincide with each of the rich chapters.
30 of the activities help your child to become the best version of themselves. This means they can better recognize restricting beliefs and release them, raise the bar to live with more integrity, replace insecurities with confidence, and free themselves to live authentically. 30 more activities inspire your child to create real and positive change in the world. Children will be empowered to become more selfless, open their minds to differing concepts, develop deeper empathy, and enrich their emotional intelligence.
30 Diverse and Beautifully Illustrated Characters
best growth mindset book for kids
Does looking different than someone else actually mean we are different from them? Is one person in the world more important than another? If you don't see the beauty in someone else, does it mean it's not there? How is being different special and beautiful? Can we accept ourselves and others for how we look and who we are at this very moment?
When we have a sense of sight, we aren't blinded to seeing differences in ourselves and others. Our sense of sight allows us to observe both similarities and differences. With intention, we are able to positively shape our children's perceptions to be more inclusive and accepting. We've cast a diverse set of characters in terms of cultures, abilities, and disabilities. Kids Create the Change offers your child a safe space with you to share in conversations and questions as they are exposed to a wide variety of illustrations of kids that may or may not look like them. Your child's mind and heart will be opened through the process of exploring the illustrations and being briefly introduced to each character. Trust me, you are both going to fall in love with these illustrations.
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Several leading mathematicians (e.g. Yuri Manin) have written or said publicly that there is a known outline of a likely natural proof of the Riemann hypothesis using absolute algebraic geometry over the field of one element; some like Mochizuki and Durov are thinking of a possible application of $\mathbf{F}_1$-geometry to an even stronger abc conjecture. It seems that this is one of the driving forces for studying algebraic geometry over $\mathbf{F}_1$ and that the main obstacle to materializing this proof is that the geometry over $\mathbf{F}_1$ (cf. MO what is the field with one element, applications of algebaric geometry over a field with one element) is still not satisfactorily developed. Even a longer-term attacker of the Riemann hypothesis from outside the algebraic geometry community, Alain Connes, has concentrated recently in his collaboration with Katia Consani on the development of a version of geometry over $\mathbf{F}_1$.
Could somebody outline for us the ideas in the folklore sketch of the proof of the Riemann hypothesis via absolute geometry? Is the proof analogous to the Deligne's proof (article) of the Riemann-Weil conjecture (see wikipedia and MathOverflow question equivalent-statements-of-riemann-hypothesis-in-the-weil-conjectures)?
Grothendieck was not happy with Deligne's proof, since he expected that the proof would/should be based on substantial progress on motives and the standard conjectures on algebraic cycles. Is there any envisioned progress in the motivic picture based on $\mathbf{F}_1$-geometry, or even envisioned extensions of the motivic picture?
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Community wiki? – Boris Bukh Jul 3 '11 at 13:07
Just two comments. First, I am not sure that the abc-conjecture is in any way stronger than the Riemann Hypothesis. Second, I am skeptical about all algebraic or algebro-geometric attempts for the RH. People working in these fields often don't realize that automorphic L-functions conjecturally satisfy the RH (and have an Euler product, functional equation etc.), but most of them don't seem to be connected to any algebraic or algebro-geometric object, e.g. their coefficients look transcendental. In fact automorphicity seems to be the "reason" for RH, but we don't know how. – GH from MO Jul 3 '11 at 16:03
I don't see any reason why this should be community wiki. – Cam McLeman Jul 3 '11 at 16:10
_USER_: I understand and I admire the successes of algebraic geometry, I just wanted to share some thoughts. BTW most automorphic L-functions (100% when you count in some density sense) have no clear connection to algebra or geometry. I don't know of any algebro-geometric framework that would be able or would only attempt to talk about the L-function of a full level Maass form, say. – GH from MO Jul 3 '11 at 17:20
_USER_: Are you who I think you are? Someone with initials GH made a similar comment to me a few years ago and it is an insightful comment. Anyway, hi! – Felipe Voloch Jul 3 '11 at 18:35
2 Answers 2
Warning: I am not an expert here but I'll give this a shot.
In the analogy between number fields and function field, Riemann's zeta funnction is the $\zeta$ function for $\mathrm{Spec} \ \mathbb{Z}$. Note that $\mathrm{Spec} \ \mathbb{Z}$ is one dimensional. So proving the Riemann hypothesis should be like proving the Weil conjectures for a curve, which was done by Weil. Deligne's achievement was to prove the Weil conjectures for higher dimensional varieties which, according to this analogy, should be less relevant.
I wrote a blog post about one of the standard ways to prove the Riemann hypothesis for a curve $X$ (over $\mathbb{F}_p$). Note that a central role is played by the surface $X \times X$. I believe the $\mathbb{F}_1$ approach is to invent some object which can be called $(\mathrm{Spec} \ \mathbb{Z}) \times_{\mathbb{F}_1} (\mathrm{Spec} \ \mathbb{Z})$.
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David, that is already very helpful, but let me hear others' more detailed suggestions. One should also make sure that the usual Riemann hypothesis really reduces to that one (what will much depend on formalism) which you heuristically suggested. I know that otherwise nice algebraic $\mathbf{F}_1$-formalism of Durov suffers from the pathology that $Spec(\mathbf{Z})\times_{\mathbf{F}_1}Spec(\mathbf{Z})$ is not what one expects, but again $Spec(\mathbf{Z})$. – Zoran Skoda Jul 3 '11 at 16:24
Quiaochu: there are several candidates for $\mathbf{F}_1$ and even $\mathbf{F}_{1^n}$ and for the corresponding wider framework accomodating them. Sphere spectrum is likely a base of again different (higher) geometry. But see some thoughts on a relation: mathoverflow.net/questions/1628/kf-1-sphere-spectrum – Zoran Skoda Jul 3 '11 at 16:26
I definitely want to hear others suggestions as well. I don't know how one is supposed to complete the proof from here -- in particular, what object is supposed to play the role of the graph of Frobenius? – David Speyer Jul 3 '11 at 18:14
David is correct, as far as I know. There is no outline of a proof, just wishful thinking. In particular, the last comment about Frobenius is spot on. I just wanted to add that we may not need the full $Spec \mathbb{Z} \times_{\mathbb{F}_1 Spec \mathbb{Z}$ but maybe just a neighbourhood of the diagonal, as there are proofs of RH for function fields that only use a derivation and don't require higher dimensional objects. – Felipe Voloch Jul 3 '11 at 18:29
Durov told me, that his approach yields that $Spec(Z)\times_{F_1}Spec(Z)=Spec Z$, which is certainly not very interesting. – Mikhail Bondarko Jul 3 '11 at 21:23
Last fall, there was a conference in Nagoya about precisely this question (oddly enough, funded by a "Riemann Hypothesis" DARPA grant). Since I was attending a different conference at the same university at the same time, I didn't get to see all of the talks. However, Kedlaya's overview talk, which is listed among others on the schedule page, is rather informative.
Essentially, one hopes to get the completed $L$-function of an $\mathbb{F}_1$-scheme $X$ by cohomological means, by choosing a holomorphic family of operators (analogous to $1-q^{-s}\text{Frob}_q$ in the function field setting), and taking the determinant of the action on the cohomology of $X$ (which is expected to be infinite dimensional). This is basically a generalization of the Grothendieck-Lefschetz trace formula to a cohomology theory that is not yet known. There is some algebraic evidence that some form of the de Rham-Witt complex with a suitable alteration at infinity is such a cohomology theory, but I don't know what the appropriate family of operators ought to be. I am told that there are promising hints coming from the world of dynamical systems and foliated spaces, and this is where non-commutative geometry seems to enter the picture.
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Angela Wanhalla
Lecture theatre
Angela WanhallaDr Angela Wanhalla
Raised in a house full of books and aware of her whakapapa, lecturer Angela Wanhalla knew she'd follow a history path.
"Dad was always interested in history and I knew where I came from, so history became part of the trajectory."
Of Ngāi Tahu descent (Taumutu and Otakou), Angela grew up in the small Canterbury town of Rolleston.
While the subject history was dead certain, Angela took time to fine-tune her specific fields of interest. For her first degree - a BA(Hons) from the University Canterbury - she took papers in Māori history, education, sociology and anthropology, before choosing feminist history for her honours project and MA.
Today, Angela specialises in the histories of cultural encounter in New Zealand's colonial past, with a focus on the history of interracial relationships and intermarriage in New Zealand. She's writing a book based on her PhD, which explored the history of interracial marriage between 1830 and 1940 in a community based at the Taieri Native Reserve.
With postdoctoral studies under her belt (she researched intermarriage in the Canadian prairies at the University of Saskatchewan), Angela's teaching focus at Otago is comparative indigenous histories. This includes teaching papers that introduce students to New Zealand history from a comparative perspective, and take a biographical approach to Māori history.
Dry facts it's not - history is about people's interaction with the world around them, she says.
"It's about reviving and reconstructing communities and looking at personal experiences."


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Cameron et al., 2006: Reflecting about friendships between refugees and ingroup members improved sense of connection and positive attitudes towards refugees among White English children
White 5-11 year-old children in England were read three stories over two sessions, which represented close friendships between ingroup members and refugees. The stories emphasized the individual characteristics of refugees (decategorization intervention), the common ingroup identity of refugees as a member of the school community (common ingroup identity intervention) or both the common ingroup identity and the unique subgroup identity of refugees (dual identity intervention). One to two weeks later, children in all three intervention conditions, as compared to a no-treatment control condition, reported a greater sense of connection to refugees and more positive attitudes toward refugees, with the dual identity intervention the most effective. However, there was no effect on children's interest in interacting with refugees.


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4 -People :
1 – Research Unit of fish Nutrition:
a) Search of feed sources and determination of their nutritive values for utilization in fish diets.
b) Determination of fish nutrition requirements;
c) Study of nutrients roles in growing and rearing of fish
d) Yield increase of feed with utilization from feed additives.
2 – Research unit of fish culture and propagation:
Propagation methods and percent increasing of fertilization and larvae
b) Selection of better spawner fish.
c) To get have best culture methods and evaluation of various ways for production increasing in surface unit.
d) Effects of management on fish production.
3 – Research unit of hydrology and hydrobiology:
a) Search of water sources in province
b) Determination of water sources potential for fish culture and fish suitable species.
c) Fish biology
d) Study of aquatic organisms and water environment and interaction between them


text: Our sand calculator will help you estimate how many Cubic Yards of Sand you need for your desired coverage area. Sand Calculator How much sand do I need? The sand calculator offers 4 "Box" area fields and 2 "Circular" area fields for you to calculate multiple areas simultaneously (back yard, front yard, driveway, garden, etc.). Rectangular, Square and Box Areas Enter the width and length of of up to four areas measured in feet and the materials coverage depth for each area in inches Area 2 Square FeetArea 3 Square FeetArea 4 Square FeetArea 1 cubic yardsArea 2 cubic yardsArea 3 cubic yardsArea 4 cubic yards Circular Areas Enter the distance across each circular area measured in feet and the materials coverage depth for each area in inches Circle 1 Square feetCircle 2 Square FeetCircle 1 cubic yardsCircle 2 cubic yardsTotal coverage area in square feet Estimated Cubic Yards RequiredTotal cubic yards of all areas and depths Enter Your Email Address for a Copy of the Calculations NameThis field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms.


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One method for verification of correctness is to compare algorithm implementations to STL sort for assurance of equivalent results, but that assumes STL sort is correct. To not rely on correctness of STL sort requires implementing a correctness test for sorting algorithms. Correctness requires that array[i] ≤ array[i+1] for all elements of the array, which is simple to check. Of course, comparison to results from STL sort would be a useful redundant verification. These two tests were used for all implemented routines, including Intel's IPP library routines. Boundary cases of the input arrays of size 0 and 1 were also tested.
The performance comparison setup was as follows:
- Visual Studio 2008, optimization project setting is set to optimize neither speed or size, and inline any suitable function.
- Intel Core 2 Duo CPU E8400 at 3 GHz (64 Kbytes L1 and 6 Mbytes L2 cache).
- 14-stage pipeline with 1,333 MHz front-side bus.
- 2 GB of system memory (dual-channel 64-bits per channel, 800 MHz DDR2).
- motherboard is DQ35JOE.
Random numbers were generated by using the following method for each element in the array:
// each call to rand() produces 15-bit random number. unsigned long tmp = ((unsigned long)rand()) << 30 | ((unsigned long)rand())<< 15 | ((unsigned long)rand());
The arrays were all checked for percentage of unique values, which were all above 95% for arrays filled with 32-bit unsigned values. The range of min and max were also checked for each array, which were between 0 and near the max value for 32-bit unsigned numbers.
Performance was measured by always processing 100 million elements. When 10 element arrays were being measured, then 10 million of them were allocated. When 100 element arrays were being measured, then 1 million of them were allocated, and so on. A different random-number generator seed was used for each array, but the same seeds were used across all algorithms. Time-stamp was taken before sorting the 10 million arrays and also after. The average value across all arrays is the value reported.


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What Kansa Metal Utensils Are Made Of: Its Composition Explained
Have you ever wondered why the traditional Indian kitchens were incomplete without Kansa metal utensils? Have you ever questioned their significance, or what makes them so unique and special? Well, we have got all your answers covered in this blog post! Today, we will be unveiling the secret behind Kansa metal utensils by exploring the components that make Bronze vessels stand out.
The Composition of Kansa Metal Utensils
Bronze metal is an alloy made of Copper and Tin. The proportions of copper and tin can vary, but most commonly, bronze utensils contain about 78% Copper and 22% Tin. Bronze is a harder metal than pure copper, and it is also more resistant to corrosion.
The addition of tin to copper imparts several desirable qualities to bronze utensils. Tin enhances the hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance of the alloy. It also gives bronze a distinctive golden-brown color. Kansawala's bronze utensils like Kansa Thali Dinner set, Kansa Nasta Plate, Kansa Serving Bowl, or Kansa Glass are all made up of high-quality pure Bronze alloy. Read our blog "The Art of Handcrafting Pure Kansa Utensils at Kansawala" to know more about the process.
Benefits of Copper Metal In Kansa Kitchen Utensils
Copper is an essential element in the production of Kansa metal utensils. Copper is well known for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity properties. Copper is also non-reactive, meaning it will not interact with food or affect its flavor. Its benefits are:
- Durability: Copper enhances the structural integrity of the alloy, making it resilient and capable of withstanding daily use in the kitchen.
- Thermal Conductivity: Copper is an excellent conductor of heat. It allows for efficient heat transfer and distribution throughout the utensil, ensuring the food remains hot for longer durations.
- Corrosion Resistance: Copper possesses inherent corrosion resistance properties. When used in bronze utensils, it helps protect the alloy from rust or corrosion, ensuring the longevity of the utensils.
- Antimicrobial Properties: Copper exhibits natural antimicrobial properties, capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This property contributes to maintaining a hygienic environment during food preparation.
Benefits of Tin Metal in Kansa Kitchen Utensils -
- Protection against Copper Toxicity: Copper, on its own, can sometimes leach into food in excessive amounts, which may not be desirable. The presence of tin in Kansa utensils acts as a protective layer, preventing excessive copper from coming into contact with the food being served.
- Enhanced Strength: Tin improves the durability and strength of Kansa utensils. It helps in reducing the brittleness of copper and provides added resilience to the utensils, making them less prone to cracking, chipping, or denting during regular use.
- Non-Reactivity: Tin is non-reactive, which means it does not interact with acidic or alkaline foods. This property ensures that Kansa utensils do not affect the taste or quality of the food being stored in them. It preserves the natural flavors and nutrients of the food.
- Aesthetic Appeal: Tin imparts a silver-like appearance to Kansa utensils, giving them an attractive and distinctive look. The combination of copper and tin creates a beautiful contrast, making Kansa utensils visually appealing for serving food.
Why Kansawala's Bronze Utensils are the Best to Buy
Kansawala has been a leading manufacturer of Kansa kitchen utensils in India for 7 decades. Several reasons make our Bronze kitchen utensils the best in the market. Let's discuss these reasons:
- Handmade Excellence: We take pride in the artistry and skill of our craftsmen. Each utensil like Kansa Dinner Plate, Kansa Bowl, Kansa Cutlery set, Kansa Glass, etc is meticulously handcrafted with attention to detail, ensuring superior quality and a touch of individuality that sets them apart from mass-produced alternatives.
- Legacy of Trust: With a heritage spanning over seven decades, Kansawala has built a reputation as a trustworthy brand. Our commitment to delivering top-notch bronze utensils has earned us the trust and loyalty of customers.
- Premium Tin Quality: For every product, from Kansa Dinner Set to Kansa Ice Cream Bowl, we go the extra mile to source the best quality Tin metal. The use of high-grade tin enhances the durability, non-reactivity, and aesthetic appeal of the utensils, ensuring a superior serving and dining experience.
- Customer Satisfaction: Kansawala Team is dedicated to customer satisfaction. We strive to provide exceptional service, prompt delivery, and a hassle-free buying experience. Our commitment to excellence has garnered a loyal customer base and positive customer reviews.
Apart from the above reasons, all Kansawala's kitchen utensils are tested & certified by NABL, ensuring the highest standards of quality, safety, and performance. Also, read "Why Choose Kansawala For High-Quality Kansa Kitchen Utensils?" to understand why we are the best choice!
Take Home A Gift of Health – Kansa Utensils
Kansa metal utensils are a great addition to every kitchen, offering an eco-friendly and sustainable option that is also incredibly durable. Not only does the combination of copper and tin create a beautiful finish for your utensils but it also offers numerous health benefits due to the antimicrobial properties of these metals. So if you're looking for a unique way to add style to your dining routine, why not opt for Kansa metal utensils? Visit Kansawala online shop and explore our exquisite gallery of amazing Kansa utensils!


Excerpt from the book SAP HANA Cloud Integration by @johnbilay, @peter.gutsche, and @volker.stiehl. Used with permission of SAP PRESS. All rights reserved.

Summary: This blog gives an overview of how the Apache Camel Framework is used for processing messages in SAP HCI.
From a modeling perspective, the message processing flow in SAP HCI is based on BPMN. But how is the integration flow interpreted and executed during runtime? For this purpose, SAP HCI relies on an open source integration framework called Apache Camel (or Camel for short). To understand the inner workings of SAP HCI, you should be familiar with the inner workings of Camel. That's why you find additional names for message processing in the following figure, because, in Camel, the respective terms for the handling of messages are route or processor chain.
So, what exactly is Camel? It is a message routing and mediation engine. Interestingly enough, Camel is payload-agnostic. This means you can feed the engine with any data format and Camel forwards it to the respective receivers depending on the modeled route. As long as there is no need to access the message's content (such as for routing purposes), Camel can handle any message format. However, some basic structure must also be available in Camel, as depicted below.
Camel messages consist of headers, a body containing the raw data (the payload), and (optional) attachments. Messages are uniquely identified by an identifier of the type java.lang.String (not shown in the figure above). The headers are additional values associated with the message, such as sender identifier, hints about content encoding and authentication information. This information is added as headers in the form of name-value pairs. The name is a unique, case-insensitive string, whereas the value is of the type java.lang.Object. This is quite interesting, as almost anything can be added as an object to the header. The same is applicable for the body, which is also of the type java.lang.Object. Attachments are typically used for web-service and email components and can transport additional data as separated items, if necessary.
During message processing, Camel requires a dedicated container for the message. The container is called an exchange, and it holds additional data besides the message. The exchange is passed along, step-by-step, in the processor chain, and every step has access to all the information the exchange carries. It can be seen as a global storage for the route as long as the message is being processed. The structure of the exchange is as follows:
Let's briefly go over the parts that make up an exchange:
 - Exchange ID: A unique ID that identifies the exchange.
 - MEP (abbreviation for message exchange pattern): This field can contain two possible values: InOnly and InOut.
 - InOnly: The route handles a one-way message, where the sender does not wait for a reply from the receiver. Hence, the exchange carries an in message only. A scenario where a message travels in one direction only, and where no response message is expected during the communication, is also known as asynchronous message handling.
 - InOut: The route handles a request-response message. The sender expects a reply from the route, which will be stored as an out-message in the exchange. This behavior is also known as synchronous message handling.
 - Exception: In case of an error during message processing, the reason for the error is stored in the Exception field of the exchange.
 - Properties: A form of temporary storage where process steps can store data in addition to the header area in the message. Properties can contain global-level information. Developers can store and retrieve properties at any point during the lifetime of an exchange.
A big difference regarding message handling within SAP HCI, as compared to SAP PI, is the flexible pipeline concept that stands behind Camel. In SAP PI, you basically have three fundamental steps:
1. Receiver determination
2. Interface determination
3. Mapping
In addition, the sequence of these three steps is fixed. It is not possible to have, for example, a mapping step before an interface determination step. The result is a rather static message-processing environment. With SAP HCI, this changes significantly. You have many more steps at your disposal, and you can use them in (almost) any sequence that your scenario requires.
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Tiguan Takes on the B Cycle for Improved Fuel Efficiency
If you're a powertrain engineer (or someone who has a particular interest in efficient engines), you undoubtedly know about the Atkinson cycle. After all, that was developed back in 1882.
And then there's the Miller cycle, which was patented by Ralph Miller in 1957.
But there's a cycle that is being used by the Volkswagen Group—first Audi, in a longitudinal application for the current generation A4, now VW for the all-new Tiguan SUV in a transverse setting—that's comparatively fresh and efficient.
It's called the "B cycle," named after VW Group's Dr. Ralf Budack, who is with the Advance Development Charge Cycle/Thermodynamics group.
This system in the 2018 Tiguan application, explains Marcel Zirwes, manager, Powertrain Product Management, Volkswagen of America, is based on the company's EA888 four-cylinder engine architecture, which debuted in the 2009 VW CC. But the engine is been modified, so that this third-generation version, a 2.0-liter engine, is designated with "EA888 Generation 3B," with the "B" standing for Dr. Budack.
In the Budack cycle, the intake valves are closed much earlier than is ordinarily the case, thereby resulting in a case where the cylinder is not filled 100 percent. But this is highly compressed—11.7:1—thanks, in part, to a modified piston crown, so that there is improved mixing of the fuel and the air in the cylinder. Then there is a longer expansion phase (which led to a redesign of the intake ports, valves, and combustion chamber, as well as the pistons).
The objective is to gain greater efficiency and power for the turbocharged engine. The engine is rated at 184 hp and 221 lb-ft of torque.
While the EPA estimates are not, at the time of this writing, available, Zirwes says that the engine will provide "1.8-liter power with 1.4- to 1.5-liter efficiency."
Wait a minute, you might think. This is a 2.0-liter engine and he says that it provides the power of a 1.8-liter engine?
That's right. But Zirwes goes on to explain that the objective was to create an engine that has better fuel efficiency but still high levels of torque, which is the kind of thing that people are looking for in crossover vehicles like the Tiguan. Zirwes says that there is a reduction of friction on the order of 8 percent in the engine, which can be thought of in the context of improved fuel efficiency.
However, there are situations where there is not just regular street driving, which is where the B cycle is most effective, but a need for more performance. So the engine also features a variable valve timing system on the intake camshaft so that when there is greater load, there is 30 degrees more camshaft angle than is the case when in the fuel optimization mode (170 degrees vs. 140 degrees).
According to Zirwes, the approach they're now taking at VW in terms of powertrains is what they're calling a "rightsizing" strategy versus the "downsizing" that has long held sway in the industry. The company is using turbochargers, which has been part of the commonly used phrase: "downsized, turbocharged engines." But, he says, this combo has "reached the optimized level," explaining, "A further tradeoff without cycle optimization would be less power at one point or more 'peaky' power where you have more turbo-lag if you reduce the displacement more and more. The Volkswagen philosophy is to optimize the current engine with further fuel reduction technology like this B cycle."
Given that the Tiguan is a reasonable large (though compact) crossover, measuring 185.2 inches long, 72.4 inches wide and 65.3 inches high, given that it is available with an all-wheel-drive system and a third row, there is a non-trivial amount of mass to be moved. So with the "rightsizing" strategy, it isn't just about reducing the size of the engine in order to achieve better fuel efficiency, because with that comes less power, which would not necessarily be appealing in situations like merging onto a freeway.
That's one of the key reasons why the B cycle is being put in play. And when asked why not simply take the 1.8-liter engine that's available (for now) in the Passat, Jetta, Beetle and Golf vehicles and apply Budack's approach to it, Zirwes says that there would comparatively small savings in fuel, but a concomitant reduction in power. Which wouldn't necessarily be a good thing for the Tiguan.—GSV
Mercedes has been putting diesels in vehicles since 1926. It has been offering them in the U.S. since 1949. And 2013 is seeing a range of offerings, including in its popular GLK SUV.
Hyundai's product onslaught continues with a new compact that's bigger, more stylish and more efficient than its predecessor. And its development cycle is faster than the competition.
The Mazda CX-5 first appeared on the scene in 2012, and for 2017, the vehicle has undergone some major transformations, to enhance what was already a notable small crossover.