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The Caribbean region is a treasure trove of vibrant cultures and rich heritage, and one of the most remarkable ways this diversity is expressed is through the clothing worn by its people. Caribbean visual clothing is a captivating fusion of colors, patterns, and styles that reflects the region's history, traditions, and artistic flair. This article explores the fascinating world of Caribbean visual clothing, delving into its origins, significance, and its growing popularity both within and beyond the Caribbean shores.
The Roots of Caribbean Visual Clothing
Caribbean visual clothing draws inspiration from a multitude of sources, including African, Indigenous, European, and Asian influences. The region's history of colonization, slave trade, and cultural exchanges have shaped its unique sartorial expressions. African textiles, traditional Indigenous garments, European fashion trends, and Asian fabrics have all contributed to the tapestry of Caribbean visual clothing.
Bursting with Colors and Patterns
Caribbean visual clothing is a captivating display of vibrant colors and intricate patterns that mesmerizes onlookers with its distinctive allure. It is a celebration of the region's rich cultural heritage, blending influences from diverse backgrounds into a harmonious symphony of style. Let's explore the fascinating world of Caribbean visual clothing and discover the stories told through its burst of colors and patterns.
A Kaleidoscope of Colors
Caribbean visual clothing is renowned for its bold and vivacious color palette. From sunny yellows that radiate warmth to deep blues reminiscent of the surrounding oceans, from fiery reds that evoke passion to lush greens mirroring the lush landscapes, each color holds significance and carries a unique message. These vibrant hues reflect the vibrancy of the Caribbean spirit and capture the essence of the region's natural beauty.
Intricate Patterns and Motifs
The patterns and motifs adorning Caribbean visual clothing are a testament to the region's rich cultural tapestry. Each design carries a story, a history, or a symbolic representation.Traditional African influences are often seen in geometric patterns, whereas Indigenous motifs pay homage to ancestral connections with nature. Additionally, European influences add a touch of elegance and sophistication, while Asian inspirations bring a sense of exoticism. The combination of these influences creates an enchanting tapestry of patterns that captivates the eyes and sparks the imagination.
Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Every color and pattern in Caribbean visual clothing holds a deeper meaning, representing aspects of Caribbean culture, spirituality, and identity. For example, the color yellow can symbolize sunshine, happiness, and prosperity, while blue may represent the vastness of the Caribbean Sea and the connection to water. Intricate patterns, such as the iconic madras or the symbolic V-shaped "Vanda" motif, often convey messages of unity, protection, or cultural heritage. These symbols and meanings are woven into the fabric, infusing each garment with a rich cultural narrative.
Fusion of Tradition and Modernity
Caribbean visual clothing effortlessly blends tradition with contemporary aesthetics. By paying homage to time-honored textile techniques and designs, while incorporating modern interpretations and innovative approaches, it caters to the ever-changing fashion trends. This fusion enables Caribbean visual clothing to stay current in the dynamic world of fashion, appealing to both traditionalists in search of cultural authenticity and fashion-forward individuals who desire distinctive and expressive styles.
Also, read more.
Embracing Diversity and Identity
Caribbean visual clothing serves as a powerful vehicle for individual and collective expression. It embraces diversity and celebrates the multitude of identities within the Caribbean region and beyond. It allows wearers to showcase their cultural heritage, express their personal style, and connect with their roots. Through the colors and patterns they choose to wear, individuals can convey a sense of belonging, pride, and cultural identity.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
Caribbean visual clothing carries profound cultural significance and symbolism. It serves as a powerful mode of self-expression, a celebration of identity, and a means to connect with ancestral roots. Each color, pattern, and motif often holds a specific meaning, representing various aspects of Caribbean heritage, spirituality, and social status.
Fashion Statements and Global Influence
In recent years, Caribbean visual clothing has gained significant recognition and influence in the global fashion scene. Designers and fashion enthusiasts worldwide have embraced the vibrant aesthetics and unique craftsmanship of Caribbean garments. Runways, fashion shows, and social media platforms have become platforms to showcase Caribbean-inspired designs, elevating the region's cultural heritage onto an international stage. This growing appreciation has created opportunities for Caribbean designers and artisans to share their craft and contribute to the global fashion conversation.
Preserving Traditions and Empowering Communities
Caribbean visual clothing not only preserves the region's traditional textile techniques but also plays a vital role in supporting local communities. Artisans and craftspeople who create these garments often belong to marginalized communities, and their skills and craftsmanship have been passed down through generations. By promoting and purchasing Caribbean visual clothing, individuals can contribute to the economic empowerment and cultural preservation of these communities, ensuring their traditions continue to thrive.
Caribbean visual clothing is more than just fabric and fashion; rather, it is a testament to the region's rich cultural tapestry. Its vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and deep-rooted symbolism captivate the senses and tell stories of resilience, creativity, and diversity. As the world becomes increasingly connected, embracing Caribbean visual clothing allows us to celebrate the unique heritage and artistry of the Caribbean and foster a greater appreciation for the rich tapestry of cultures that shape our global society.


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Motion to oppose changes to the uni 4 bus route.
Proposed by Jessica Wing (_EMAIL_), seconded by Sophie Buck (_EMAIL_)
- That the Universal bus service (formerly known as the 'Uni 4') is the only public transport link between Homerton, the Education Faculty, and the Sidgwick and West Cambridge sites, as well as the hill colleges;
- That students attending Homerton and the Education Faculty make up over 10% of the student body;
- That following the changes approved at the University Planning and Resource Committee (March 2016), as of November 2016 the bus route will no longer service Hills Road, and instead run along the guided busway;
- That the cited reason for this change is an estimated profit of £63,000 p/a; 5. That disabled students in particular will be adversely affected by this route change, which will result in an inequality of access to academic study.
- That neither Homerton nor the Education Faculty were consulted about the decision.
- That disabled students are entitled to equal access to education and social events;
- That the changes to the Universal bus route will create a significant barrier to accessing education and social events for the University's disabled students.
- To oppose the changes to the Universal bus route;
- To support and publicise the petition to oppose and reverse the decision.
Motion for CUSU to limit its promotion of external events to those that have step-free access.
- That CUSU is dedicated to providing events and opportunities for the entirety of the Cambridge student body;
- That the city of Cambridge is notoriously inaccessible to wheelchair users;
- That the ability to book many of the city's accessible rooms and buildings is limited by the availability of funds, and that businesses are far more likely than student societies and groups to have access to these resources;
- That in the majority of cases, events run by external organisations that CUSU advertises are talks and presentations.
- That external organisations advertising presentations, talks, and other similar events should do more to make their events accessible to all members of the student body;
- That CUSU should not endorse businesses that do not at the very least hold events with step-free access.
- To cease promoting and advertising businesses and other external organisations which fail to provide step-free access to their events;
- To more widely publicise this requirement through relevant channels.
Motion to encourage the use of access statements.
MICHAELMAS III (9TH NOVEMBER 2015)
Proposed by Robert Corbyn-Smith (CUSU DSC Disabled Students' Officer), seconded by Richard Birkett (CUSU DSC Computing Officer)
- That without access information, disabled students cannot make informed decisions about the events they attend;
- That a comprehensive access statement includes but is not limited to:
- Describing access into, around and out of the venue or event. For example: whether there is wheelchair access, step-free access or stepped access; whether there are automatic doors; the wayfinding and signage available;
- Describing the facilities the venue or event has. For example: whether there is an accessible or partially accessible toilet; whether there is an induction loop; the seating available;
- Providing a named contact for all access enquiries.
- That access statements are not, currently, widely used across the University;
- That event providers may not be aware of how to provide access information or what information to include in an access statement;
- That a short grace period will allow CUSU to develop and improve existing resources for event providers.
- That providing comprehensive and accurate access information is the first step in making all events accessible to as many students as possible;
- That CUSU needs to do more to ensure disabled students are welcome at and encouraged to participate in events across the University, not just specific disabled students events;
- That not providing access information when advertising events unfairly disadvantages disabled students, regardless of how accessible the event is.
- To work with the Disabled Students' Campaign [DSC] to improve and publicise the access statement generator on the DSC website, and, following an open consultation of disabled students, establish guidelines on what an access statement should minimally contain by the end of Michaelmas 2015;
- From the beginning of Lent term 2016, to include a comprehensive access statement with all CUSU organised events;
- From the beginning of Lent term 2016, to refuse to advertise any event without a suitable accompanying access statement;
- To mandate the CUSU Coordinator, working in conjunction with the DSC, to create a training session on the subject of hosting accessible events, to be delivered at the beginning of Lent term 2016 and open to all students of the University (but targeted specifically towards JCR/MCR/AC Officers and Society Committee Officers).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The 3,400-acre Sonora Research Station is located on the Edwards Plateau in West Texas in a semiarid region of shallow, rocky soils. Once covered by grasslands, lack of fire and overgrazing have contributed to the significant expansion of woody species, resulting in dominance of juniper species and diminished herbaceous understory. Due to woody brush encroachment, goats instead of cattle are the dominant grazing species. In 1916, seeing a need for research to address devastating livestock diseases, equal contributions from area ranchers and the Texas Legislature purchased the 3,400-acres of land now known as the Sonora Experiment Research Station. Since then this research station has made significant returns on the initial investment to the livestock industry and to rangeland conservation. The Sonora Station is managed by Texas A&M AgriLife Research and serves as a valuable research site focused on prescribed burning and goat grazing, as well as outreach, education, and hunting opportunities.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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An historic bridge in Fulton County has been granted the distinction of being put on the National Register of Historic Places.
The Arkansas State Highway 289 Bridge over English Creek that is between Mammoth Spring and Saddle is now on the country's official list of historically significant properties, Arkansas Historic Preservation Program (AHPP) Director Frances McSwain announced Feb. 4.
The Pratt thru-truss bridge is an iron monster that takes a person's breath away as they approach it, but it is also architecturally beautiful with its serene, rural backdrop.
The bridge was built in 1929 by the Virginia Bridge and Iron Company to safely transport tourists across the creek as they went to see the large spring at Mammoth Spring.
The Pratt thru-truss bridge was designed in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt, according to the National Register of Historic Places registration form. Early truss bridges were made with wood, but this bridge is made from concrete and steel to carry heavy loads. The total structure length of the bridge is 153.8 feet with a Pratt thru-truss span of 122 feet.
"The Pratt thru-truss was a popular choice for bridges on Arkansas roads and highways throughout the early 20 century," according to the National Register nomination. "Since the bridge opened to traffic in 1929, it has remained in continuous use, and today, remains a vital transportation link in this rural part of Fulton County. It is also an excellent example of a Pratt thru-truss produced by the Virginia Bridge and Iron Company."
Other Arkansas properties that are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places include:
* The Mike Meyer Disfarmer Gravesite at Heber Springs in Cleburne County.
* The Earl Building at Morrilton in Conway County.
* Ridgeway Hotel Historic District at Monticello in Drew County.
* Southwestern Proving Ground Building No. 4 and No. 129 near Hope in Hempstead County.
* Ephesus Cemetery near Emmett in Nevada County.
* Little Rock to Cantonment Gibson Road -- Fourth Street Segment at Atkins in Pope County.
* Block 35 Cobblestone Alley and West Seventh Street Historic District at Little Rock in Pulaski County.
* Illinois River Bridge at Phillips Ford near Savoy in Washington County.
* Camden to Washington Road, Rosston Segment near Rosston in Nevada County.
* Dardnelle Historic District at Dardnelle in Yell County.
For more information on the National Register of Historic Places program, write to the AHPP at 1500 Tower Building, 323 Center St., Little Rock, AR 72201, call the agency at _PHONE_, send an e-mail to _EMAIL_ or go to the AHPP Web site at _URL_.


Straddle Injury/Genital Trauma
What Is a Straddle Injury or Genital Trauma?
A straddle injury/genital trauma occurs when a female hits the vulva or perineum (external female genitalia) on an object and the force generated by the weight of her body causes an injury. This can occur during a fall or accident.
The vulva includes the labia minora, labia majora and clitoris. The perineum is this space between the vaginal opening and the anus.
Most straddle injuries cause trauma to the vulva and perineum. Rarely are the hymen or vagina injured.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Straddle Injury?
Girls who have sustained a straddle injury typically report pain and may have bleeding, bruising or swelling. Young girls with a straddle injury or trauma to the genitalia may have pain with urination or difficulty urinating.
How Are Straddle Injuries Treated?
Treatment depends on the extent of the injury. It is important to get a good exam of the vulva, perineum and vagina. In most cases, this can be done while the patient is awake. However, there are some cases in which the patient may need to be sedated to do a thorough exam to determine the extent of the injury.
Many times a straddle injury does not require any surgical repair. The provider may recommend the following for aftercare/comfort:
 - Tub soaks in a bath of warm water
 - Over-the-counter pain medication
 - Ice packs
 - Estrogen cream applied to the vulva to help the skin heal
If there are cuts/injuries that need repaired, this can be done under sedation. The stitches will dissolve on their own.
The vulva and perineum typically heal very well and straddle injuries will likely have no long-term consequences.


text: Tsunami induced by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake reached coastal areas of Tokai area, where is far more than 500km from the epicenter. Toward a future disaster prevention plan against tsunami hazard, it is significant to consider the impact of the tsunami on Tokai area. This paper investigated tsunami characteristics in Tokai coastal area from the observed tsunami data and the numerical results with a 2-D depth-integrated tsunami flow model. Through the observed data, the tsunamis reaching Tokai coastal area were found to have maximum heights in the range of 0.4 m to 1.8 m. The numerical results revealed that tsunami heights were amplified by the local coastal topography in some regions. It was also confirmed that strong flow with about 2 m/s occurred due to tsunami backwash in Gokasho bay where fishery damages were caused.


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When you want to make the most of your computer, you might think that buying a new computer is the best remedy, but this is not always the case. Instead, you need to look into software that will help you make the most of your system, no matter how sluggish it is now. Sometimes you just need to have a little help when you are on your computer, and sometimes that means you need to think outside of the box. With OpenBox applications, you can begin to create a computer that doesn't make you want to throw it out the window.
What is OpenBox?
OpenBox is a window manager, specifically designed for the X11 windowing system. What the heck does that mean? What this means is that this software works to help you manage the windows you have open on your desktop. When you have many windows on your desktop, your computer will run harder than it normally does. In order to speed up the functionality of the windows so that each of the programs can work at their maximum capability and efficiency. Written in C++, the OpenBox system is able to run without any dependency on libraries outside of X11.
The Benefits of OpenBox
When you utilize the OpenBox system, you will be able to create a computer expreince that actually listens to what you 'tell' it. For example, when you are running more than one window and then you need to open another, this function will happen quickly, without reducing the functionality of the other windows. This is rarely the case with more computer systems. Most of the time, the first window will work well, but when other windows are opened, slowly the windows began to slow down and some might even crash in the process.
OpenBox wants to be able to help users:
- Have the access they need – When a user is able to access the programs they need when they need them, the user will be able to do what they want, when they want to do it.
- Enjoy a simple system – OpenBox is designed to be simple enough for anyone to use, computer geek and non-computer geek alike.
- Make the most of their computer – If you think you need a new computer, it might be better to look into OpenBox to see if you just need a better windows manager.
- Improve their work efficiency – Those who are able to use as many windows as they like can work more efficiently.
When you create a better running system, you control your computer. Your computer doesn't have to control you anymore.
With OpenBox, you might just feel like your computer is on your side again. These systems are especially important when your work requires that you perform multiple tasks at the same time. And with the OpenBox system, you can create a better performance for everyone who uses the computer – well, anyone that you actually let touch your computer.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Student Spotlight: Yun Liu
Yun Liu
November 16, 2020
Yun Liu is a master of public health student from China. After attending China Agricultural University and Rutgers University, she came to Cornell to study health equity and address the needs of all populations.
What is your area of research and why is it important?
My research interests focus on the macro factors that impact public health, such as people's social living situations and environmental factors. For example, how can we improve the health outcome of a patient with diabetes by ensuring his/her/their access to healthy foods or how can we reduce the child asthma rate in areas with poor air quality? I think the health status of the population of a society essentially reflects the overall health of the society in terms of its pattern of economic development, resource distribution, etc. Studying the upstream social determinants of health is important because those factors influence population health fundamentally and implicitly.
What are the larger implications of this research?
I view my research as an attempt of "sewing up" the gaps between fast social development and humans' health needs by identifying, uplifting, and addressing the health needs of all populations, particularly those of vulnerable populations. The larger implication, and goal of my research, is to improve health equity and to achieve it in the long term.
What inspired you to choose this field of study?
I come from a small town in the north of China where I witnessed many coal workers, including my grandfather, suffer from lung disease. When I studied in Beijing, I also met kids of immigrant workers who were not supplied with nutrient-rich foods to ensure their learning and physical activities. Those experiences motivated me to focus my study on achieving health equity within a population. To me, protecting the health—a basic human right—of every individual is protecting the potentials of the entire human race, which serves as the rich soil for the progress of human civilization.
How has the pandemic influenced the focus of your studies?
The pandemic disproportionally affected vulnerable populations with less access to medical resources and social protection, and it aggravated food insecurity by disrupting the whole food supply chain and people's connection with food assistance programs. This motivated me to research how to address health equity by integrating social needs into primary care settings.
How has the pandemic changed your involvement at Cornell? What are you doing to impact the campus and community as a public health student?
I am working at the observation station of the surveillance testing site to help people with their COVID-19 tests.
What kind of impact would you like your research to make on the world?
I hope my research and my future work would help to reduce health disparities and promote health equity in the world.
I like reading literature and philosophy and like to write sometimes. I think literature is the most vivid sketch of human history, often narrating from the point of view of a single individual while reflecting on how the society was at that time through the vicissitudes of the individual's life. Philosophy creates a space between the real world and my inner world, in which I could think, and reframe the world I see.
Why did you choose Cornell to pursue your degree?
I was motivated to pursue my graduate degree in Cornell primarily for two reasons. One reason was that one of the key leaders of China's new cultural movement (1919), Hu Shih, studied and graduated from Cornell. As a young woman who was enlightened by the liberal social views cultivated by this movement, I treasure the learning experience at Cornell as a dialogue with those pioneers throughout history and time. Another reason was that I love nature, and I cannot find another place like Ithaca that shows the beauty and diversity of natural environments in such a humble while fascinating way.


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ORGANISATION: Fondation pour l'Aide à la Recherche sur la Sclérose En Plaques
About the resource
Family members and friends of people with MS may have to assume a lot of responsibilities to care for their loved one. This booklet explains the role of a caregiver, describing how some may experience this and the possible impact being a caregiver may have on an individual. It aims to help caregivers understand their situation and find ways to manage burnout.
Published: 2016
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1 December 2005 Fifty Years of American White Pelican Breeding at Stum Lake, British Columbia
Author Affiliations +
Abstract
The only breeding colony of the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in British Columbia is located at Stum Lake. The species in British Columbia. is designated "Endangered" and it is also included on the provincial "Red List." As such, the Stum Lake colony has been monitored regularly since 1994, and older records of nest counts and pre-fledgling numbers date back as far as 1953. A marking program for pre-fledging American White Pelicans was conducted from 1968 to 1993. During recent surveys, censuses of nest depressions were obtained late in the breeding season; pre-fledged young were also enumerated. Based on nest counts, numbers at Stum Lake declined in the 1960s and remained more or less stationary throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the number of nesting pairs increased dramatically; and in the past decade, numbers of breeding birds at Stum Lake has stabilized at the highest since monitoring began (1953). The mean number of pre-fledged young also shows an increasing trend from 1963 through 2002. The mean productivity at the breeding colony, however, was highest in the decade showing the largest growth, from 1983 to 1992; but it decreased in the past decade as total numbers of breeding birds continued to increase. The mean productivity of the breeding colony since monitoring began has been 0.62 ± 0.37 young nest-1, with annual rates varying from nil to 1.48 young nest per nest. Four breeding failures have been documented since 1960. The majority of the returns from the marking program were from west of the Continental Divide in British Columbia, Washington, California, Oregon, Idaho and Mexico.
Katharine VanSpall, Julie Steciw, and James A. Young "Fifty Years of American White Pelican Breeding at Stum Lake, British Columbia," Waterbirds 28(sp1), (1 December 2005). _URL_
Published: 1 December 2005
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% Encoding: UTF-8 @COMMENT{BibTeX export based on data in FAU CRIS: _URL_ @COMMENT{For any questions please write to _EMAIL_} @article{faucris.117559464, abstract = {We study a curve of Gibbsian families of complex 3 × 3-matrices and point out new features, absent in commutative finite-dimensional algebras: a discontinuous maximum-entropy inference, a discontinuous entropy distance, and non-exposed faces of the mean value set. We analyze these problems from various aspects including convex geometry, topology, and information geometry. This research is motivated by a theory of infomax principles, where we contribute by computing first order optimality conditions of the entropy distance.}, author = {Knauf, Andreas and Weis, Stephan}, doi = {10.1063/_PHONE_}, faupublication = {yes}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Physics}, pages = {102206, 25}, peerreviewed = {Yes}, title = {{Entropy} distance: {New} quantum phenomena}, volume = {53}, year = {2012} }


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What Are the Different Types of Computer Security Cables?
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Different types of computer security cables are typically categorized either by the way in which they can be connected to a computer system or by the type of lock used on them. Cables for desktop computers and similar components might simply fit through loops and other areas on the components to keep them secure. Some cables, however, can be directly connected to a computer, either through a particular slot on the computer or through a laptop connection. Many computer security cables also come with locks as part of the cable, and these can include both keyed locks and combination locks.
Computer security cables are lengths of cable, usually steel cables that cannot easily be cut, which are used to fasten computer components and devices to a larger object such as a desk or cart. Cables for use with desktop computers can often be run through clips connected to the computer and to the desk to ensure a strong hold. These clips may be fastened onto computer devices using powerful adhesive that forms a nearly permanent bond, while metal fasteners can be physically installed onto a desk or cart. Such computer security cables usually end in loops to make fastening them to such systems easier.
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There are also computer security cables designed to connect directly to different pieces of hardware and computer equipment through an electronic connector. Some cables, for example, can be used to lock a monitor directly to a computer system through the use of a monitor cable that includes a lock while allowing a signal to be transmitted to a monitor. Laptops are also commonly connected to a cart or desk through these types of computer security cables. Many laptops are designed with a security slot that is part of the body of the laptop, and cables can be connected directly to these slots for a more secure connection.
Computer security cables can also be categorized based on the types of locks used on them, regardless of how they can connect to different pieces of equipment. Keyed locks are quite common, and these cables usually come with two keys that can be kept by maintenance or security professionals at a business. These are usually small cylinder locks and keys, though some cables with loops may work with standard padlocks. There are also some computer security cables that have a built-in combination lock that can be used, which prevents the lock from being disengaged without the right combination of numbers selected.
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By Karoun Chahinian
Ryerson's interior design program is teaching students more than design. Through specialized courses and competitions, the skills taught in class are put towards creating a more sustainable and accessible world.
"Design activism," a concept introduced into the program by associate professor Lorella Di Cintio, is the act of using interior design to create positive social change. Di Cintio started working at Ryerson in 2001 and began informally implementing it into her teachings through lesson themes and assignments, but it officially became part of the curriculum in 2007.
Currently, students from first to fourth year are working on final projects which reflect the themes of activism, for example, the criteria of using sustainable materials.
"It's co-mingling aesthetics with ethics," said Di Cintio. "You take the beauty of [design] and look at it ethically to figure out how you can talk about equity, diversity and inclusion through that work. It's very much what Ryerson is about."
Through design activism, students are given the opportunity to contribute to society through different projects centred around various social issues. For example, in the first year Design Dynamics Studio II course, students are taught about sustainability, food security and design solutions. This is most illustrated in their final utensil project which asks for students to design wooden utensils with the goal of them being accessible for everyone. Some pieces are also auctioned off and the proceeds go towards The Stop Community Food Centre.
Kelly Warlcroft designed a tea cup and said she is enjoying the project's element of activism.
"The whole intention of the project is to create a utensil that is universal and can be used by anyone and everyone," said Warlcroft. "Some people are focusing more on people with disabilities or people that struggle with hand motor skills, so they make utensils dedicated to helping those individuals."
The first-year students are currently working on their utensils and will be presenting them at their annual showcase on April 21 to 28. Past projects have also been showcased at the annual Interior Design Show, which takes place in January.
Along with the utensil project, Di Cintio also organizes field trips, both local and international, centred around design activism. As part of the fourth-year interior design course IRN 700, 12 students went on a self-funded field research trip to Guatemala in fall 2015 for 10 days. The students conducted a design workshop with school children there, and designed products that would help them, like classroom furniture. McKayla Durant said the trip shifted her view of interior design and opened her eyes to the possibilities she had in the field.
"That was an amazing trip, I've never been exposed to a developing country and as a designer it was amazing to see how many ways I could use my skills to make their way of life better," said Durant.
Over 10 days, the students were asked to create design solutions for their classroom or landscaping. While a few of Durant's classmates created designs for chairs or desks, she created a vertical garden.
"They talked a lot about wanting a garden, but they weren't allowed to plant anything or change anything because they didn't actually own the land, so I came up with the idea of a vertical garden," she said. "It's basically planters that are above ground. They have this really great connection with their food and they have such an integral cultural idea of food, so I really wanted to run with that and create a design to help them."
Students have also gone on trips to Mexico, and New York — where they built furniture out of sustainable cardboard for people with disabilities — and Ottawa Valley to visit the Algonquins of the Pikwàkanagàn First Nation.
The 2008 trip to the reserve came in the midst of Stephen Harper's formal apology to residential school survivors.
"We went there because there was funding available for First Nations reserves to start telling their story and their version of history," she said.
Di Cintio was approached to design them a transportable stage for those story-telling opportunities.
On a local level, many students and faculty members also partake in The Stop's Night Market, which is a cultural fundraiser with all-you-can-eat food, music and art. All the proceeds go towards The Stop Community Food Centre. This year, it is taking place on June 16 and 17 on Sterling road, and design students and professors will design and construct food carts for the participating chefs. Some first-year students will also submit their utensils to be sold at the market, but the focus is on the carts which need to be made with sustainable materials. Durant has participated in this fundraiser and design competition all four years of her Ryerson career.
"Basically we are taking any type of materials we can scavenge and create a cart out of it," she said. "We have these boards with holes in them, and we're basically creating this cart that's see-through but with walls. But the whole concept really is to try and be sustainable."
Along with Durant, professor Ruth Spitzer is also designing a cart for this year's fundraiser and this partnership between the school of interior design and the night market began in 2013.
"I think Ryerson's really leading in these discussions about activism and social change, which is really amazing," said Di Cintio.


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The model ExpansionTank describes the storage of fluid in liquid phase in a closed volume filled with gas.
Pressure and enthalpy are selected as state variables.
The assumptions for this model are:
- The gas is considered ideal and using Boyle's law: p_gas*V_gas = Const = pstart*V_gas
- The gas is considered at the same temperature of the fluid
- The model is based on dynamic mass and energy balances of the fluid
- The static pressure head due to the liquid level is taken into account
- Thermal energy transfer due to external air convection through the tank surface (lateral+top+bottom) is ensured by the TankWall connector. The actual heat flow is computed by the thermal energy model
- Minimum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0
- Maximum liquid level with respect to tank height= 0.5
The model is characterized by one flow connector.
The thermal energy transfer through the Tank surface is computed by the ConvectiveHeatTransfer model which is inerithed in the ExpansionTank model
In the General tab the following options are availabe:
- Medium: the user has the possibility to easly switch Medium.
- HeatTransfer: selection between the different heat transfer models available in ThermoCycle


text:
Enter the thermal voltage, the depletion layer capacitance, and the gate-oxide capacitance into the Subthreshold Swing Calculator. The calculator will evaluate the Subthreshold Swing.
- Parallel Wire Capacitance Calculator
- Coax Cable Calculator (Impedance-Inductance-Capacitance)
- Velocity Factor Calculator
Subthreshold Swing Formula
The following formula is used to calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox)
- Ss is the Subthreshold Swing ( )
- kt/q is the thermal voltage
- Cd is the depletion layer capacitance
- Cox is the gate-oxide capacitance
How to Calculate Subthreshold Swing?
The following steps outline how to calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
- First, determine the thermal voltage.
- Next, determine the depletion layer capacitance.
- Next, determine the gate-oxide capacitance.
- Next, gather the formula from above = Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox).
- Finally, calculate the Subthreshold Swing.
- After inserting the variables and calculating the result, check your answer with the calculator above.
Use the following variables as an example problem to test your knowledge.
thermal voltage = 30
depletion layer capacitance = 14
gate-oxide capacitance = 30
Ss = ln(10) * kt/q * (1 + Cd/Cox) =?


text:
Buddhism is widely perceived to be, and Buddhist sources themselves promote the tradition as, a philosophy of liberation. Yet, as perhaps everywhere, Buddhist societies, both ancient and modern, not only evidence, but indeed seem to promote, social inequalities. The project â€˜Buddhism and Social Justiceâ€™ explores the inner tensions in Buddhist cultures between inherited core values and social realities, with specific foci on questions of labor (e.g., slavery and forced labor, serfdom) and social status (e.g., caste and discrimination).
The project consists of five studies: a core investigation of slavery and caste in India and studies on slavery in Korea, burakumin (â€˜outcastesâ€™) in Japan, â€˜serfdomâ€™ and monastic economy in Tibet, and ethnicity and Buddhism in Sri Lanka. These are approached through text-historical, historical and a socio-anthropological methods. The synergy between the projects lies in the question of how Buddhist ways of thinking and acting inform and structure historically Buddhist Asian societies, and how, correspondingly, Buddhist ideologies and dogmas were transformed in historical contexts. This study seeks therefore to uncover the links between the ancient and the modern and the theoretical and the real-world, thereby leading both to a deeper appreciation of how religious systems function in societies in general, and to a more nuanced appreciation of the dynamics of historically Buddhist societies in general, particularly with respect to questions of social justice. As such, the work is situated not only within the realms of Buddhist studies and Asian history, but also at the juncture of religious studies, political science and anthropology, as it engages issues of church and society, slavery studies, and the study of race, ethnicity and caste.
- Post-doc: Slavery in Korean Buddhism. Vacancy number: 10 – 048.
- Ph.D. 1: Burakumin (â€˜outcastesâ€™) in Japanese Buddhism. Vacancy number: 10 – 048a.
- Ph.D. 2: â€˜Serfdomâ€™ and Tibetan Monastic Economy. Vacancy number: 10 – 048b.
- Ph.D. 3: Ethnicity and Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Vacancy number: 10 – 048c.
See the full project description at _URL_
Post-Doctoral Fellowship applicants should have a demonstrably excellent academic track record in Buddhist studies and hold a Ph.D. in Buddhist studies or a related field, or its equivalent. They should have an excellent command of English and be prepared to present their research results in English. Applicants will teach a small number of courses on topics within their area of specialization and assist in guiding the Ph.D. students.
Conditions of employment
The position of the Postdoctoral fellow is temporary, maximum three years with a full-time appointment (38 hours per week).
The position of Ph.D.-fellow (â€˜promovendusâ€™) is temporary, maximum four years with a full-time appointment, and with an initial 18-month trial period.
For more information about the two positions contact Prof. dr. J.A Silk (tel. +31 – 71-_PHONE_; e-mail _EMAIL_. Also, see the full project description at _URL_
Post-doc candidates send your application (in English), including:
- a cover letter stating your motivation for this position,
- a curriculum vitae,
- copies of your academic transcripts,
- a printed copy of your PhD thesis and other relevant publications, and
- three references.
Send applications indicating the application number to the following address before April 23, 2010: _EMAIL_.


text:
Why celebrate Archeology? For the sheer fun of it!
If you want to learn about archeology, give an excavation a try, or just connect with others who share an interest in the past, a great way to start is by participating in National Archeology Day. Activities may include hands-on work at an excavation or in a lab, museum programs, ranger-led tours of archeological sites in parks, and much more.
Your state may also celebrate its own archeology day, week, or month. Go to the Society for American Archaeology's state archaeology month resource page to find contact information and web links for programs across the nation.
You can also visit lots of archeological sites and museums all year round. Explore Visit Archeology for some ideas for your trip.
To learn more online before you go:
To learn how archeologists bring these celebrations to you, try our technical briefs on state archeology weeks:


Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Koleksiyonu _URL_ 2021-03-03T06:48:30Z Removal of Formaldehyde and Btex in Indoor Aır Usıng Actıvated Carbon Produced From Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) Shell Işınkaralar, Kaan _URL_ 2021-01-07T12:30:37Z 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z Removal of Formaldehyde and Btex in Indoor Aır Usıng Actıvated Carbon Produced From Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) Shell Işınkaralar, Kaan Activated carbon can be used in the adsorption of volatile organic compounds in abundant quantity in indoor air. This study aims to produce a material to be used for cleaning the indoor air.using activated carbon transformed from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) shell, which is a kind of organic lignocellulosic waste and easily found in nature. The scope of the research consists of activated carbon production, characterization processes, hydrogen storage capacity measurements, formaldehyde and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene, o-xylene) adsorption experiments and cost-benefit analysis. Activated carbon was produced by chemical activation method using carbonization process at different temperatures (400, 500, 550, 600, 700, 800 and 900°C) and at different concentrations (1 M, 3 M and 5 M) of ZnCl2 in order to determine the most efficient production conditions of activated carbon. As a result of the characterization tests, optimum conditions were determined as the carbonization process at 600°C and the use of ZnCl2 at 3 M concentration. The characteristic properties of activated carbon were revealed by conducting BET, SEM/EDX, XRD, FTIR-ATR, DTA/TG analyzes of the activated carbon samples and measuring the hydrogen storage capacity. Hydrogen storage capacities were tested using ZnCl2 at 25°C and -196°C. The highest capacity was found in the use of 3 M ZnCl2 and at -196°C temperature. Accordingly, capacity was measured as 3.18 wt% under 43907.27 mbar pressure. A batch reactor with a volume of 0.002 m3 was produced by using glass material for adsorption experiments. In the experiments, commercial activated carbon removal efficiencies purchased from the market were compared with the efficiency of activated carbon produced within the scope of the thesis. Considering the limit values for formaldehyde and BTEX gases values with low concentrations for formaldehyde of 170±14.92, 260±23.76, 720±47, 1040±68.47, 1220±72.14, 1900±83.37, 3290±95.44 and 7650±111.18 μg/m3. Highly concentrated formaldehyde values were studied as 30,000±207,44, 50,000±338,61, 60,000±376,89 and 110,000±497,21 μg/m3. Initial concentrations were determined as 2.4±0.45, 5.5±1.09, 54±10.73 and 322±47.80 μg/m3 for benzene, 3.7±0.58, 9±2.62, 86±15.83 and 414±47.26 μg/m3 for toluene, 9±0.66, 9.2±1.59, 90±15.55 and 430±46.64 μg/m3 for ethylbenzene, 3.4±0.72, 8.5±1.32, 83±12.95 and 397±82.10 μg/m3 for m, p-xylene, 5.2±0.82, 10±2.49, 100±24.38 and 483±102.67 μg/m3 for o-xylene, 18.5±1.89, 42±4.97, 412±48.74 and 2045±203.37 μg/m3 for BTEX. Isotherm parameters for commercial activated carbon and activated carbon produced within the scope of the thesis are presented by comparing. The data were applied to Dubinin-Radushkevich, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and it was observed that the isotherms favorable to the equilibrium data. It was determined that the findings are more suitable for the Freundlich isotherm among these isotherms. The best performing values in terms of efficiency were found at low concentrations. In the formaldehyde removal test conducted at a concentration of 170±14.92 μg/m3, the efficiency of commercial activated carbon was 47.83%, while the efficiency of the produced activated carbon reached 73.37%, and the highest concentration value was 110,000±497.21 µg/m3. While the values were 26.39% for commercial activated carbon, it was 32.89% for activated carbon produced within the scope of the thesis. Commercial activated carbon was 65.23%, while the activated carbon produced was 73.86% at benzene removal experiment. Commercial activated carbon was 43.44%, while the activated carbon produced was 63.31% at toluene removal experiment. Commercial activated carbon was 50.08%, while the activated carbon produced was 65.96% at ethylbenzene removal experiment. Commercial activated carbon was 42.04%, while the activated carbon produced was 60.28% at m, p-xylene removal experiment. Commercial activated carbon was 78.99%, while the activated carbon produced was 88.07% at o-xylene removal experiment. Commercial activated carbon was 52.43%, while the activated carbon produced was 71.7% at BTEX removal experiment. The efficiency values obtained with the activated carbon produced within the scope of the thesis were found to be higher than commercial activated carbon for formaldehyde and BTEX concentrations. It was determined that horse chestnut shell is a raw material with a high potential due to its pore structure, high surface area and adsorption capacity in activated carbon production. It was found efficient for the removal of formaldehyde and BTEX from indoor air using decorative products containing activated carbon. 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z Sepıolıte Embedded Nanocomposıte Cartrıdges For Heavy Metal Removal From Water Çağtay, Çiçek _URL_ 2020-12-14T11:15:47Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Sepıolıte Embedded Nanocomposıte Cartrıdges For Heavy Metal Removal From Water Çağtay, Çiçek A natural clay mineral, sepiolite (Mg4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O), with a unit cell formula has fibrous structure, which has inside channels and sepiolite's high surface area lets inorganic and organic ions penetration into the clay structure. These properties make to be candidate for removing cationic molecules, heavy metals, organic compounds and even pesticides in industrial field. Polymer-based cryogels are known to be frequently used in purification and removal processes. In recent years, the use of sepiolite group of cryogels with composite materials and cryogels in water treatment systems has attracted attention. In this thesis, heavy metal (As, Pb, Cr, Cd etc.) removals from water environment with sepiolite embedded cryogels was investigated. The surface morphology and porosity of sepiolite embedded nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), computed microtomography (mCT), puffing studies, flow and surface area evaluations. Binding tests will be performed by investigation of impact of initial concentration of a certified material. The impact of nanocrystallized sepiolite mineral on the amount of adsorbed metal from certified heavy metal solutions was determined using ICP-MS. Cryogels without sepiolite added were prepared as controls. This study demonstrates that the presence of ii sepiolite increases the heavy metal adsorption. The sepiolite embedded nanocomposites were applied to a continuous treatment system for heavy metal removal from water solutions. Accordingly, %90 of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Co, Zn and Cd) were adsorbed onto sepiolite embedded nanocomposite cryogels with maximum adsorption capacity. The adsorption time of sepiolite embedded nanocomposite cryogels was obtained as 30 minutes. Furthermore, the binding isotherms were evaluated by Langmuir and Freundlich models for heavy metals as Mn, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Sb and Co. It was calculated that Langmuir isotherm was well fitted with adsorption via monolayer. In addition, the binding mechanism of sepiolite embedded nanocomposite cryogels was defined by pseudo second order kinetics. It was concluded that adsorption mechanism of heavy metals onto sepiolite embedded nanocomposite cryogels can be explained by chemically controlled. 2020-01-01T00:00:00


Predicting future coexistence in a North American ant community
Global climate change will remodel ecological communities worldwide. However, as a consequence of biotic interactions, communities may respond to climate change in idiosyncratic ways. This makes predictive models that incorporate biotic interactions necessary. We show how such models can be constructed based on empirical studies in combination with predictions or assumptions regarding the abiotic consequences of climate change. Specifically, we consider a well-studied ant community in North America. First, we use historical data to parameterize a basic model for species coexistence. Using this model, we determine the importance of various factors, including thermal niches, food discovery rates, and food removal rates, to historical species coexistence. We then extend the model to predict how the community will restructure in response to several climate-related changes, such as increased temperature, shifts in species phenology, and altered resource availability. Interestingly, our mechanistic model suggests that increased temperature and shifts in species phenology can have contrasting effects. Nevertheless, for almost all scenarios considered, we find that the most subordinate ant species suffers most as a result of climate change. More generally, our analysis shows that community composition can respond to climate warming in nonintuitive ways. For example, in the context of a community, it is not necessarily the most heatsensitive species that are most at risk. Our results demonstrate how models that account for niche partitioning and interspecific trade-offs among species can be used to predict the likely idiosyncratic responses of local communities to climate change.


= reverse value, splitting on dots by default
 If transformers or delimiters are provided, the replacement value for
 a macro letter is split into parts separated by one or more of the
 specified delimiter characters. After performing any reversal
 operation and/or removal of left-hand parts, the parts are rejoined
 using "." and not the original splitting characters.
 By default, strings are split on "." (dots). Note that no special
 treatment is given to leading, trailing, or consecutive delimiters in
 input strings, and so the list of parts might contain empty strings.
 Some older implementations of SPF prohibit trailing dots in domain
 names, so trailing dots SHOULD NOT be published, although they MUST
 be accepted by implementations conforming to this document. Macros
 can specify delimiter characters that are used instead of ".".
 The "r" transformer indicates a reversal operation: if the client IP
 address were 192.0.2.1, the macro %{i} would expand to "192.0.2.1"
 and the macro %{ir} would expand to "1.2.0.192".
 The DIGIT transformer indicates the number of right-hand parts to
 use, after optional reversal. If a DIGIT is specified, the value
 MUST be nonzero. If no DIGITs are specified, or if the value
 specifies more parts than are available, all the available parts are
Top Up ToC Page 31
 used. If the DIGIT was 5, and only 3 parts were available, the macro
 interpreter would pretend the DIGIT was 3. Implementations MUST
 support at least a value of 127, as that is the maximum number of
 labels in a domain name (less the zero-length label at the end).
 The "s" macro expands to the <sender> argument. It is an email
 address with a local-part, an "@" character, and a domain. The "l"
 macro expands to just the local-part. The "o" macro expands to just
 the domain part. Note that these values remain the same during
 recursive and chained evaluations due to "include" and/or "redirect".
 Note also that if the original <sender> had no local-part, the
 local-part was set to "postmaster" in initial processing (see
 Section 4.3).
 For IPv4 addresses, both the "i" and "c" macros expand to the
 standard dotted-quad format.
 For IPv6 addresses, the "i" macro expands to a dot-format address; it
 is intended for use in %{ir}. The "c" macro can expand to any of the
 hexadecimal colon-format addresses specified in Section 2.2 of
 [RFC4291]. It is intended for humans to read.
 The "p" macro expands to the validated domain name of <ip>. The
 procedure for finding the validated domain name is defined in
 Section 5.5. If the <domain> is present in the list of validated
 domains, it SHOULD be used. Otherwise, if a subdomain of the
 <domain> is present, it SHOULD be used. Otherwise, any name from the
 list can be used. If there are no validated domain names or if a DNS
 error occurs, the string "unknown" is used.
 This macro SHOULD NOT be published (see Section 5.5 for the
 discussion).
 The "h" macro expands to the parameter that was provided to the SMTP
 server via the HELO or EHLO SMTP verb. For sessions where that verb
 was provided more than once, the most recent instance is used.
 The "r" macro expands to the name of the receiving MTA. This SHOULD
 be a fully qualified domain name, but if one does not exist (as when
 the checking is done by a Mail User Agent (MUA)) or if policy
 restrictions dictate otherwise, the word "unknown" SHOULD be
 substituted. The domain name can be different from the name found in
 the MX record that the client MTA used to locate the receiving MTA.
Top Up ToC Page 32
 The "t" macro expands to the decimal representation of the
 approximate number of seconds since the Epoch (Midnight, January 1,
 1970, UTC) at the time of the evaluation. This is the same value as
 the value that is returned by the Portable Operating System Interface
 (POSIX) time() function in most standards-compliant libraries.
 When the result of macro expansion is used in a domain name query, if
 the expanded domain name exceeds 253 characters (the maximum length
 of a domain name in this format), the left side is truncated to fit,
 by removing successive domain labels (and their following dots) until
 the total length does not exceed 253 characters.
 Uppercase macros expand exactly as their lowercase equivalents, and
 are then URL escaped. URL escaping MUST be performed for characters
 not in the "unreserved" set, which is defined in [RFC3986].
 Care has to be taken by the sending ADMD so that macro expansion for
 legitimate email does not exceed the 63-character limit on DNS
 labels. The local-part of email addresses, in particular, can have
 more than 63 characters between dots.
 To minimize DNS lookup resource requirements, it is better if sending
 ADMDs avoid using the "s", "l", "o", or "h" macros in conjunction
 with any mechanism directive. Although these macros are powerful and
 allow per-user records to be published, they severely limit the
 ability of implementations to cache results of check_host() and they
 reduce the effectiveness of DNS caches.
 If no directive processed during the evaluation of check_host()
 contains an "s", "l", "o", or "h" macro, then the results of the
 evaluation can be cached on the basis of <domain> and <ip> alone for
 as long as the DNS record involved with the shortest Time to Live
 (TTL) has not expired.
7.4. Expansion Examples
 The <sender> is _EMAIL_. The IPv4 SMTP client
 IP is 192.0.2.3. The IPv6 SMTP client IP is 2001:db8::cb01. The PTR
 domain name of the client IP is mx.example.org.
Top Up ToC Page 33
 macro expansion
 ------- ----------------------------
 %{s} _EMAIL_
 %{o} email.example.com
 %{d} email.example.com
 %{d4} email.example.com
 %{d3} email.example.com
 %{d2} example.com
 %{d1} com
 %{dr} com.example.email
 %{d2r} example.email
 %{l} strong-bad
 %{l-} strong.bad
 %{lr} strong-bad
 %{lr-} bad.strong
 %{l1r-} strong
 macro-string expansion
 --------------------------------------------------------------------
 %{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2} 3.2.0.192.in-addr._spf.example.com
 %{lr-}.lp._spf.%{d2} bad.strong.lp._spf.example.com
 %{lr-}.lp.%{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2}
 bad.strong.lp.3.2.0.192.in-addr._spf.example.com
 %{ir}.%{v}.%{l1r-}.lp._spf.%{d2}
 3.2.0.192.in-addr.strong.lp._spf.example.com
 %{d2}.trusted-domains.example.net
 example.com.trusted-domains.example.net
 IPv6:
 %{ir}.%{v}._spf.%{d2} 1.0.b.c.0.0.0.0.
 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6._spf.example.com
(page 33 continued on part 3)
Next RFC Part


text:
Art by Alex Grey
Just 10 Minutes of staring into someone's eyes will let you experience reality in a completely different way. Are you ready to try…?
10 Minutes of Staring into Someone's Eyes Can Induce Altered State of Consciousness
Was it ever so easy to induce an altered state of consciousness? Normally you would have to take psychedelic drugs or meditate for weeks or longer to experience an altered state of consciousness. Now we can do it by simply looking each other in the eyes for about 10 minutes…
It was the Italian Giovanni Caputo from the university of Urbino who came to this conclusion after having 20 volunteers divided into pairs and having them stare into each others eyes in a room filled with soft light at a distance of 1 meter apart. The room was dimly lit to reduce to volunteers' colour perception. But there was enough light to distinguish the facial features.
Caputo prepared a control group as well, also comprised of 20 volunteers, and with similar conditions: same light intensity, also in pairs, but the difference was that they had to stare into a blank wall.
A noteworthy comment is that the volunteers were not informed about the objective of the experiment. It was only mentioned they had to go into a meditative state.
After the ten minutes the volunteers were asked certain questions, mostly about if they experienced any dissociative symptoms during the experiment and another one was about the perception of their partners face. With dissociative is meant any condition that involves disruptions of perception, awareness or identity. Meaning anything that makes you experience reality in a altered way.
Many remarkable experiences were reported such as reduced color intensity, altered time perception and higher sensitivity to sounds. Moreover, 90% of participants claimed their partner's face appeared deformed – 75% had hallucinations of monsters, 50% saw their own facial features and 15% saw a relative in their partner's face.
The results of this experiment were similar to one Caputo did back in 2010, in that particular experiment volunteers were asked to stare at their reflection in the mirror for 10 minutes. Some results started happening within 1 minute: some saw their parents' faces, others – archetypal faces, such as an old woman or an ancestor's portrait. Some even reported they had seen animals and monstrous creatures in their faces. Caputo then described this kind of hallucinations as the "strange-face illusion".
So why does staring into someone's eyes cause such seemingly random hallucinations? According to Caputo, an altered state of consciousness occurs due to sensory deprivation. He suggests that the brain enters a dissociative state because of the lack of sensory stimulation and when it snaps back to reality, the person's subconscious thoughts are projected onto the face of their partner, causing these "strange-face apparitions."
Such a fascinating phenomenon, this proves once again how infinitely diverse and unfathomable our brain really is. There are still so many mysteries around it that need an explanation. Will we ever get those?


text:
The role of sub-surface fissures on the establishment of an invasive woody shrub (Prosopis glandulosa) in grasslands.
JURENA, P.N.* and S.ARCHER
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2126 1
We tested the hypothesis that establishment of woody plants in grasslands underlain by indurated limestone would be facilitated by 'fissures' which give tree/shrub tap roots preferential access to deep stores of water and nutrients. Survival and growth of Prosopis glandulosa seedlings was monitored along ten 5 m transects perpendicular to known fissures. Soil depth along the transects ranged from 0 to 20 cm and decreased with increasing distance from the fissure. Contrary to expectations, no seedlings emerged from seeds planted directly over the fissure. Survival of Prosopis seedlings emerging 5 m from the fissure was 2x greater than that of seedlings emerging 1 m from the fissure. Survival trajectories for all seedlings were similar and reached zero within seven months of the initial planting. Seedlings farthest from the fissure were taller (3.60.8 cm vs. 3.00.2 cm) and had a greater number of leaves (4.02.0 vs. 0 leave/seedling) than those nearest the fissure. Greater production of grasses on vs. away (42.07.0 g/m2 vs. <5.0 g/m2) from fissures appeared to negate advantages that fissures might otherwise provide for shrub seedling establishment. Supporting experiments have shown that the development of disturbance 'gaps' in the graminoid root layer might be required for shrub seedlings to exploit favorable microsites.
Keywords: fissure, shrub seedling, _Prosopis glandulosa_
This abstract is being presented at: 10:30 AM in session:
RESTORATION ECOLOGY AND INVASIONS


text:
Amazingly, if we were actually able to convert matter perfectly to energy with 1 kg of matter being completely annihilated, the energy produced from just that small amount of matter is about 42.95 mega tons of TNT. So an adult male weighing in at around 200 pounds has somewhere in the vicinity of 4000 megatons of TNT potential in their matter if completely annihilated.
This is about 80 times more energy than was produced by the largest ever detonated nuclear bomb, the Tzar Bomba, which itself produced a blast about 1,400 times more powerful than the combined explosions of the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
To further illustrate, 1 megaton of TNT, when converted to kilowatt hours, makes enough electricity to power an average American home for about 100,000 years. It is also enough to power the entire United States for a little over 3 days. So 1 kg of some matter being completely annihilated would be able to power the entire United States for about four months. One average adult male then, when completely annihilated, would produce enough energy to power the U.S. for about 30 years. Energy crisis solved.
On a completely baffling scale, a typical supernova explosion will give off about 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 megatons of TNT. *cowers in the corner*


text:
Use clay and wire to make a Brown Bear.
To get polymer clay tips & techniques, click here.
Roll and shape all the clay parts as shown on page 4 of this PDF.
Cut the end off a toothpick and use it to fasten the head to the body.
Press the arms, legs, and tail into place.
Use small pieces of wire to attach the ears to the head, as shown at right.
Press the small teardrop-shaped cheeks onto the face and add the black ball for a nose.
Use a toothpick to create holes for the eyes and to shape the ears.


text:
Laboratory consolidated undrained triaxial (CU) tests were carried out to study the strength behavior of silty soil reinforced with randomly plastic waste bottle chips. Specimens mixed with plastic waste chips in triaxial compression tests with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25% by dry weight of soil and tree different length including 4, 8, and 12 mm. In all of the samples, the width and thickness of plastic chips were kept constant. According to the results, the amount and size of plastic waste bottle chips played an important role in the increasing of the strength parameters of reinforced silt compared to the pure soil. Because of good results, the suggested method of soil improvement can be used in many engineering problems such as increasing the bearing capacity and settlement reduction in foundations.
The performance of jet grout columns was affected by many controlled and uncontrolled parameters. The leading parameters for the controlled ones can be listed as injection pressure, rod pulling speed, rod rotation speed, number of nozzles, nozzle diameter and Water/Cement ratio. And the uncontrolled parameters are soil type, soil structure, soil layering condition, underground water level, the changes in strength parameters and the rheologic properties of cement in time. In this study, the performance of jet grout columns and the effects of pulling speed and rotation speed were investigated experimentally. For this purpose, a laboratory type jet grouting system was designed for the experiments. Through this system, jet grout columns were produced in three different conditions. The results of the study showed that the grout pressure and the lifting speed significantly affect the performance of the jet grouting columns.
Soil improvement using vibro stone column techniques consists of two main parts: (1) the installed load bearing columns of well-compacted, coarse-grained material and (2) the improvements to the surrounding soil due to vibro compaction. Extensive research work has been carried out over the last 20 years to understand the improvement in the composite foundation performance due to the second part mentioned above. Nevertheless, few of these studies have tried to quantify some of the key design parameters, namely the changes in the stiffness and stress state of the treated soil, or have consider these parameters in the design and calculation process. Consequently, empirical and conservative design methods are still being used by ground improvement companies with a significant variety of results in engineering practice. Two-dimensional finite element study to develop an axisymmetric model of a single stone column reinforced foundation was performed using PLAXIS 2D AE to quantify the effect of the vibro installation of this column in soft saturated clay. Settlement and bearing performance were studied as an essential part of the design and calculation of the stone column foundation. Particular attention was paid to the large deformation in the soft clay around the installed column caused by the lateral expansion. So updated mesh advanced option was taken in the analysis. In this analysis, different degrees of stone column lateral expansions were simulated and numerically analyzed, and then the changes in the stress state, stiffness, settlement performance and bearing capacity were quantified. It was found that application of radial expansion will produce a horizontal stress in the soft clay mass that gradually decrease as the distance from the stone column axis increases. The excess pore pressure due to the undrained conditions starts to dissipate immediately after finishing the column installation, allowing the horizontal stress to relax. Changes in the coefficient of the lateral earth pressure K ٭, which is very important in representing the stress state, and the new stiffness distribution in the reinforced clay mass, were estimated. More encouraging results showed that increasing the expansion during column installation has a noticeable effect on improving the bearing capacity and reducing the settlement of reinforced ground, So, a design method should include this significant effect of the applied lateral displacement during the stone column instillation in simulation and numerical analysis design.
Fertilization plays an important role in crop growth and soil improvement. This study was conducted to determine the best fertilization system for wheat production. Experiments were arranged in a complete block design with three replications in two years. Main plots consisted of six methods of fertilization including (N1): farmyard manure; (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): farmyard manure + compost; (N5): farmyard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers and (N6): control were arranged in sub plots. The addition of compost or farm yard manure significantly increased the soil microbial biomass carbon in comparison to the chemical fertilizer. The dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activities in the N3 treatment were significantly lower than in the farm yard manure and compost treatments.


text:
This paper deals with the design and development of a control strategy for improving the power quality in the grid. The proposed control algorithm aims at eliminating the harmonics, compensation of the reactive power and power factor correction thereby enhancing the performance of system. The overall system is designed, developed, operated in MATLAB-SIMULINK and system performance is validated by simulation results.
cited By 0
S. Sindhu, Dananjayan, D., and Dr. Sindhu M. R., "Simplified control algorithm for power quality improvement in industrial applications", International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, vol. 8, pp. 2021-2028, 2015.


text:
The Archaeological Society of Delaware (ASD) is a Non-Profit 501c3 Organization, founded in 1933 by avocational and professional archaeologists to study and appreciate the archaeological heritage of Delaware and the surrounding region.
Our mission is to:
- Educate our members and the public about archaeology.
- Support professional archaeological investigations in Delaware and the surrounding region.
- Report on activity within Delaware and the surrounding region.
- Promote interest and participation in archaeology and related activities.


text: What kind of business is show business? This module explores the relationship between theatre and capitalism. It examines key economic problems as they arise in the theatre (e.g. "star" performers, box office, theatre as entertainment, theatre as a "creative industry," theatre and real estate). It also considers how performance offers a distinctive lens through which to think about broader practices and relations (e.g. neoliberalism, globalisation, urban development) that have become central to our everyday lives.


Monday, May 7, 2012
Vray 2.0 Materials Guide
1Diffuse
2Reflection
3Refraction
4Translucency
5BRDF
6Options
7Maps
8Reflect/Refract interpolation
9About MintViz

A more in depth look at each setting within a Vray material for version Vray 2.0.
Diffuse
Diffuse
This is the actual colour of the surface, reflection and refraction colours can affect the visual appearance of this colour. It is important to understand that no material in the real world is pure white RGB (25,255,255) nor pure black RGB (0,0,0). When creating a white or black material, set the colour values to an off white RGB (245,245,245) / black RGB (2,2,2). If you render an object that is pure white or pure black you will notice that there is no contrast. The light rays are bouncing all over the place, and not being absorbed.
Roughness
Can be used to simulate dust on a surface by controlling the way the surface reflects direct light.
Reflection
Reflect
Like diffuse it uses a colour value to determine the reflection strength. White RGB (255,255,255) is fully reflective and black RGB (0,0,0) is not reflective at all. By using colour instead of grey scale you will get coloured reflections. You would commonly use a grey scale value to determine the reflection strength and there is no right or wrong value so you will have to take your best judgement. However the following can be used as a guide.
By default the reflection colour acts as a filter for the diffuse colour and the stronger the reflection colour the dimmer the diffuse colour.
Metals
- Pure aluminium polished, 80 - 87 %
- Pure aluminium matte, 80 - 87 %
- Polished aluminium, 65 - 75 %
- Matte aluminium, 55 - 75 %
- Aluminium painting, 55 - 65 %
- Chrome polished, 60 - 70 %
- Steel, 25 - 30 %
- High polished copper, 60 - 70 %
- High polished brass, 70 - 75 %
Composites
- Light oak (Polished), 25 - 35 %
- Dark oak (Polished), 10 - 15 %
- Wood chipboard, 25 - 40 %
- White paper, 70 - 80 %
Ceramics
- Granite, 20 - 25 %
- Lime stone, 35 - 55 %
- Polished marble (Depending on colour), 30 - 70 %
- Light stucco, 40 - 45 %
- Dark stucco (Rough), 15 - 25 %
- Concrete (Rough), 20 - 30 %
- Bricks new, 10 - 15 %
- White tiles, 75 - 80 %
- Glass, 5 - 10 %
Finishes
- White enamel, 65 - 75 %
- White lacquer, 80 - 85 %
- Silver mirror, 80 - 88 %
- High polished mirror, 92 - 95 %
Diffuse colour also affects the reflection intensity. White reflects the entire visible colour spectrum whereas black absorbs all colour.
- White, 75 - 85 %
- Light grey, 40 - 60 %
- Middle grey, 25 - 35 %
- Dark grey, 10 - 15 %
- Light blue, 40 - 50 %
- Dark blue, 15 - 20 %
- Light green, 45 - 55 %
- Dark green, 15 - 20 %
- Light yellow, 60 - 70 %
- Brown, 20 - 30 %
- Light red, 45 - 55 %
- Dark red, 15 - 20 %
- Black, 2 - 5 %
Fresnel reflections
Most materials except metals have a Fresnel reflection, making the reflection strong at glancing angles but weak at more front on angles. A good example of this would be to look at an old CRT monitor, where the viewing panel is glass. If you position yourself to the side of the monitor and look into the glass you will clearly see a reflection of the environment, but if you position yourself directly in front you will notice that the reflection is reduced. Fresnel is a good approximation and is as close to physically correct materials as you can get whilst keeping the rendering times low.
The Fresnel Effect was first documented by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (_PHONE_). Fresnel studied the behaviour of light and how it was transmitted and spread by different objects.
IOR stands for index of refraction and is used to measure how light refracts through a surface relative to the viewing angle (Yourself), confusing at first but read on. Place a stick in a pool of water, notice how the stick bends below the water surface? As light passes through the water surface it changes speed and bends.
IOR can also be used to measure reflection and how light reflects off a surface relative to the viewing angle (Yourself) and although calculated in a slightly different way they are usually directly proportional. Therefore the same IOR value is a good approximation for both reflection and refraction. This is why by default it is locked to the refraction IOR. A formula known as Snell's law is used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence (Viewing angle) and refraction which gives you the IOR.
You can find many IOR tables on the internet and they all give different values for real world materials. The truth is there is no actual value, it depends purely on the material and its characteristics such as dirt, scratches rust and so on. But if you need a value then below is a good starting point for the most common materials.
- Water 1.333
- Glass 1.5 - 1.6
- Diamonds 2.13
- Compound materials such as wood, stone, concrete etc. 3 - 4
- Plastics 5 – 8
If an IOR of 1 is used, then light reflects/passes off/through the surface without changing direction, meaning it has the same density as air. Materials such as glass allow light to pass through, but also reflect. The ratio between reflection and refraction is dependent on the viewing angle. Geometry must have a thickness to refract properly. If you have window glass that has no thickness use an IOR of 1.0.
You can control the Fresnel reflection using a falloff map. However this method is known for rendering slower than the built in Fresnel control.
A falloff map will create a transition between the front and side colours (By default front is black, sides are white). It will use the falloff type to determine the type of reflection. With Fresnel selected, the black colour will be positioned front on angles and it will transition to white as it becomes more of a glancing angle. You can change that falloff by adjusting the IOR value, or by adjusting the output curve, or both.
Highlight glossiness
In the real world highlights are reflections of light sources and the surrounding objects. In computer graphics there are two different methods to calculate the same effect. The first is to make no distinction between lights and objects. The second is to treat lights separate from objects. One may be desired over the other for a particular scene.
By default highlight glossiness is locked to the reflective glossiness because in the real world they are the same thing. Highlight glossiness is better known as specular. It takes the reflection of a direct light and adds it to the surface of the material, since direct light is usually round the specular highlight is therefore round.
The 3ds Max Scanline renderer calculates reflection this way, and although unrealistic it is still favoured by some for artistic reasons. In reality reflections come from the area of the light source such as a bulb, therefore it would not be round and it would have certain characteristics. If the highlight glossiness is unlocked you can control its shape separate from the reflection glossiness. This has become part of the method for achieving car paint materials.
Reflection glossiness
A value of 1.0 means the reflection is mirror, lower values mean the reflection is more blurred. The more blurred the reflection the longer it takes to calculate.
Subdivs
This controls the quality of the reflection glossiness. The higher the reflective glossiness, the lower subdivisions you can have. If the subdivisions are too low the result will be very noisy.
Use interpolation
You can cache glossy reflections to speed up rendering. Since light cache for glossy rays has been introduced, this method is somewhat redundant as the results were never that good.
Dim distance
You can set the maximum distance a reflection ray will travel. As an example, if set to 100mm, anything outside the 100mm radius will not be reflected.
Dim fall off
A fall off radius for the dim distance.
Max depth
Controls the amount of times a light ray can reflect. A max depth of 1 means only 1 reflection on the surface and a max depth of 2 means that a reflection of a reflection can occur on the surface. Higher values increase render times.
Exit colour
When the max depth has been reached it will use the exit colour. You may reduce the max depth to keep render times low and instead rely on the exit colour. In most cases you would set the exit colour the same as the diffuse colour such as for a green glass bottle.
Refraction
Refract
A colour value is used to determine the refraction strength. White RGB (255,255,255) is fully refractive and black RGB (0,0,0) is not refractive at all. By using colour instead of grey scale you will get coloured refractions. You would commonly use a grey scale value to determine the refraction strength and there is no right or wrong value so you will have to take your best judgement. However the following can be used as a guide.
By default the reflection colour acts as a filter for the diffuse colour and the stronger the reflection colour the dimmer the diffuse colour. For tinted glass


text:
If you've recently returned from holiday and suffered a flight delay of 3 hours or more, then you may be entitled to claim compensation from the airline under EU regulations. However, there are restrictions and exclusions.
What the law says about flight delay compensation
The right to compensation for delayed or cancelled flights was established to protect the rights of passengers and falls under European regulation EU 261/2004. The initial regulation applied to passengers who were either denied boarding or had their flights cancelled. In October 2012, however, a clarification to EU 261 allowed for passengers to also claim compensation for delays of three hours or longer.
Who can claim compensation, and who can't?
You will have a valid flight delay compensation claim if you can answer affirmatively to each of the following:
- Did your flight depart within the last 6 years?
- Did your flight take off or land in the EU, or was the flight with an EU airline?
- Were you delayed for more than 3 hours?
- Was the delay the airline's fault and not due to 'extraordinary circumstances'
[The term 'extraordinary circumstances' is a grey legal area; and some airlines have tried to take advantage of the ambiguity of the terminology. However, the law is clear.]
What events are classed as 'extraordinary circumstances?
- Acts of terrorism or sabotage
- Industrial action (strikes unrelated to airline such as baggage handlers, or air traffic control)
- Political or civil unrest
- Security risks
- Extreme weather conditions
- Hidden manufacturing defects
It should be noted that technical defects do not come under 'extraordinary circumstances' despite what many airlines have tried to claim. Guidelines published on the European Commission website may back up the airlines' claims but these are not legally binding.
What are not extraordinary circumstances?
- Airline staff late for duty or flights understaffed.
- Bad weather that affected a previous flight meaning the next aircraft was delayed.
- Denied boarding due to the flight being overbooked.
- Technical problems with the aircraft (except hidden manufacturing defects or problems caused by sabotage).
- Any other situation outside of the 'extraordinary circumstances' listed above.
How much compensation can you claim?
The amount of compensation you can claim is set out in the Regulation and the figures relate to the distance of travel and the length of the delay, rather than the cost of the ticket. This ensures that passengers are compensated for inconvenience and not reimbursed for costs paid.
Flight Delay Compensation Amounts
Flight Distance – Length of Delay – Compensation Amount
Up to 1,500km – 3 hours or more – £180
1,500 km – 3,500 km – 3 hours or more – £280
Over 3,500km – Between 2 EU member states/ 3 hours or more – £280
Over 3,500 km – 3 to 4 hours – £210
Over 3,500 km – More than 4 hours – £420
Further obligations from the airlines for passengers delayed for less than 3 hours
If passengers have been delayed by more than 2 hours then an airline has certain obligations under EU 261 while you're at the airport. They must give each passenger the following:
- Free meals and refreshments
- Two phone calls or emails
- Free hotel accommodation and transport to the hotel if the delay is overnight
If the airline refuses any of the above then you should purchase what you need and keep all your receipts as you will be able to claim it back later. All expenses should be reasonable so you are unlikely to be reimbursed for alcoholic beverages for example.
How far back can you claim compensation?
You can claim for any flight up to 6 years ago. Some airlines will say it's only 2 years but this is not correct.
If your holiday flights have been delayed and you would like further information on whether or not you may qualify for compensation, then contact Harold Stock & Co solicitors on 01457 835597 or email _EMAIL_


text:
Commonly confused words in English
Posted by The ginger Team | November 2nd 2011
English can be a very confusing language if you're not born into it, and there are many confusing words in English. We gathered a few of the most commonly confused words amongst Ginger users, hoping it will help you remember
witch which is which!
What makes a word confusing?
There can be many reasons to confuse words in English: the main source of confusion is homophones – words that sound the same but have a different spelling and meaning. English is full of such words. Another reason could be dyslexia – if you're having a hard time differentiating between words that sound differently but have similar sounds in them, there is a possibility you may have a learning disorder. Other than that, there are just some plain confusing English words! They usually have similar sounds, although they are not pronounced exactly the same, but differ in meaning.
The most commonly confused words
- Advice – a recommendation. Advise – to make that recommendation.
- Affect – to make a change. Effect –a result.
- Breath – a noun, the air that is being inhaled or exhaled. Breathe – the verb of inhaling and exhaling.
- Lie – referring to a person or an animal about to rest. Lay ¬– to put down an object.
- Passed – past tense of the verb to pass, have moved. Past – something that has already happened (opposite of future.)
Have more confusing words in English? Let us know on our facebook page!


text:
A Block is the fundamental part of the flow based programming philosophy of barfi. It can be considered as the building block that is used to build the data flow program. A Block has inputs, outputs and performs some computation. Any number of inputs and outputs can be added. Inputs and outputs are considered to be the interface to the Block, a connection. The inputs and outputs make up the connections to the other Blocks in the visual interface (the editor). The computation that each Block is to perform is to be specified when building the Block. When bluiding a Block, you only build a fundamental base Block. It is then considered that multiples/copies of these base Block are used to build the data flow.
Add picture of the block and the schema.
As a comparison to the common Node based programming, a Node is generally considered to perform a single specific computation. With barfi, a Block is considered to perform any type of computation, simple or complex.
Building a Block#
A Block here is a Python class object. That is built using the Block class in barfi.
from barfi import Block
Create your fundamental Block by giving it a name as:
my_block = Block(name='My Block')
Add an input interface to your Block,
This creates an input interface with name
Input 2, and so. But if would like to add an input interface with a given name, use:
And, similarly you can add an output as:
my_block.add_output() # Creates an output with name: 'Output 1' my_block.add_output(name='my output') # Creates an output with name:'my output'
Adding a compute function to the Block
The idea of building a flow based program is to perform repeated computations using Blocks, and to customize the flow/program with the addition and/or removal of Blocks. Connections between the Blocks direct to how the program is executed and how data flows.
To add the computation function (ex.
my_block_func) to your Block, make use of:
To execute this, you need to define your compute function (
my_block_func). You need to pass in the argument
self, as this function will be added as a method of your Block class. You can access/get the input interface values using
self.get_interface(name='my input') with the name of the input. You can set the output interface values using
self.set_interface(name='my output', value= my_output_value) with the
name of the output interface and the
value to be set.
def my_block_func(self): # get the value of the input interface in_1 = self.get_interface(name='input_1') out_1 = (in_1/2) #... perform come computation # get the value of the output interface self.set_interface(name='output_1', value=out_1)


text:
Brevard College Campus, Brevard, NC
After World War II, Gaines became college architect for the small Methodist college, which (as an undated but probably ca. _PHONE_ clipping from an Asheville newspaper reported) had begun a proposed expansion of the college. Anticipating funding from the Methodist College Advance campaign, the school planned to construct an infirmary, science building, auditorium, two boys' dorms, and a central heating plant as well as to remodel present buildings. Gaines was to take charge of drafting the plans. An undated birdseye view of the campus signed by Gaines shows a formal arrangement of about a dozen buildings, most of them in red brick with classical detailing. Among the first built were the Mary Frances Stamey Memorial Infirmary (1947, Pack Memorial Library Architectural Collection, SA0653) and the Addison Jones Library (_PHONE_), featured in the Greensboro Daily News of Aug. 22, 1947. Work continued for several years. Further research is needed to determine the status and current names of these and others of the campus buildings Gaines designed.


text:
In this paper, published in The Cryosphere, we used Raman spectroscopy to trace carbonaceous material from the shoreline to the furthest reaches of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.
Raman spectroscopy uses laser light to determine the molecular structure of a wide range of materials. During my PhD, I showed that Raman could be used to probe individual particles of organic carbon to show whether they were disordered, like coal, or crystalline sheets of graphite. This collection of carbon particles, known as carbonaceous materials, are particularly hardwearing and resistant to breaking down during erosion and transport. During my post-doctoral research, I then used a range of organic geochemistry techniques to investigate the transition from terrestrial to marine carbon across the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, showing that coastal erosion and river erosion were both supplying organic matter to the ocean.
This study uses the Raman technique on those same Arctic Shelf sediments to look at the sources and distribution of carbonaceous material on the shelf. The samples used in our paper were collected from close to the mouths of some major rivers, from areas experiencing rapid coastal erosion, and from hundreds of kilometres offshore.
The hardest work, collecting over 1400 Raman spectra, was carried out by two undergraduate students, Melissa Maher and Jerome Blewett, who are co-authors on the paper. The collected spectra were then analysed using an automated peak fitting script, and grouped according to the shape of the fitted peaks. This provides an unbiased method for determining whether a carbon particle is highly graphitised, mildly graphitised, disordered, or somewhere in between. For each of the sites on the shelf we collected spectra from up to 30 particles, and looked at how many fitted into each group. Statistics were then used to spot patterns across the shelf.
Our first finding is that the relative proportion of "disordered" and "intermediate" carbon particles varies, and that there are patches with more of one or the other group. At the coastline these patches align with two of the major rivers (Kolyma and Indigirka) and areas of rapid coastal erosion. Surprisingly, the patches can then be traced all the way across the shelf. We would have expected the currents in the ocean to have mixed the particles together further offshore, and in the biomarker studies we've done before we did not spot this kind of pattern. This means that Raman is a great way to trace the different sediment and carbon sources on the shelf.
Our second finding is that the amount of "highly graphitised" carbon particles is highest in the furthest offshore samples. These very crystalline flakes of graphite are behaving differently to all the other carbon particle groups. It's not clear exactly why this is, but one option is that everything else is breaking down and degrading before getting that far offshore. Or, the graphite particles could be so light that they sink very slowly, floating out to the shelf edge much easier than the other types.
This problem has implications for the global carbon cycle. These carbon particles have been released from permafrost on land and transported for hundreds of kilometres offshore, a trip that has taken thousands of years. If all of the carbonaceous material can survive the journey, it means that this fraction of the organic matter is not at risk of being degraded and released to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases. Burying it in the ocean provides protection from degradation for thousands or millions of years. Future studies should look at just how well the carbon particles can survive erosion and burial.
In summary, carbonaceous material is resilient to degradation and can be used to trace sediment sources across the Arctic shelf.
The Cryosphere, 12, 3293-3309, 2018


R/Converting Geographic Coordinates to Kilometers
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This is a little piece of code I always have to go look for in my computer for converting geographic coordinates to kilometers. It takes a vector of longitudes (Long) and latitudes (Lat) and returns a projection of those points (x.km and y.km) around their mean in kilometers.
 x0 <- mean(range(Long))
 y0 <- mean(range(Lat))
 rx <- 6371 * acos(sin(y0*pi/180)^2 + cos(y0*pi/180)^2 * cos((x0+.5)*pi/180 - (x0-.5)*pi/180))
 ry <- 6371 * acos(sin((y0-.5)*pi/180) * sin((y0+.5)*pi/180) + cos((y0-.5)*pi/180) * cos((y0+.5)*pi/180))
 x.km <-(Long-x0)*rx
 y.km <-(Lat-y0)*ry
Note that there are, probably, a dozen little functions that do this in different geographic packages on-line. This does a good enough job. The 6371 is the'mean' radius of the earth, which ranges from 6357 at the poles to 6378 at the equator. You could presumably make things more accurate by modeling the radius as a function of latitude, but are unlikely to improve your precision by more than (6378 - 6357)/6378 = 0.3%.
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The Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide Radical Cation with Hydrogen and Its Relevance in Solar Geoengineering Models
In recent years solar geoengineering has been proposed as a promising strategy to contrast global warming induced by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. These technologies design to inject in the stratosphere massive amounts of molecular species, which can act as precursors for aerosol formation able to partially reflect sunlight. SO2 is one of these species. Since in the atmosphere several natural ionization sources, such as cosmic rays and corona discharge, are active, we have considered that SO2+ ions can be formed in the stratosphere in a significant amount after being injected by balloons or aircrafts. The SO2+ chemistry could play a role in the dynamics of aerosol formation as a cooling agent. We have studied theoretically and experimentally the reaction of SO2+, produced by tunable synchrotron radiation, with H2 leading to HSO2+ and H, the latter being involved in the ozone depletion by producing O2 and OH. This is an ionic possible alternative to OH formation during the nighttime, when the common sunlight process of OH generation cannot occur. In order to explain the experimental reactivity we propose a new non-thermal version of the Variational Transition State Theory. We provide analytic expressions for the temperature dependent rate coefficients, which should be tested in atmospheric kinetic models to fully explore the stratospheric solar geoengineering strategies.


Calc printing sheet in 000's? Or Millions without "M"
Sheets with large numbers.
Seems cristal ball is broken. Please can you detail a bit, and share a sample file for test.
$#.##,"M";
There are some hints here concerning how to ask questions in a way allowing helpers to help without wasting a lot of time.
There is no way in Calc to display the "M" order of magnitude as an M. If you want to get shorter output with good resolution, use the Scientific format, probably in the Engineering variant.
Thankyou very much!
Instead commas use the thounsand separator.
Thanks, great help!
If the answer solves your question please tick the :heavy_check_mark:.
LibreOffice only fully supports as group separators (GS) the comma in locales where the decimal separator is the point and the point in the reverse case. These are exactly the GS explicitly deprecated by ISO 31-0. The standard suggests to use a "small space".
In LibO There is also limited support for some unicode space characters like the ordinary space (U+0020 ; not recommended here) and the NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE (U+202F; recommendable). The limitation lies in additional U+202F.