Do Spiders Have Teeth? (Solved!)
Does your spider have teeth? The short answer is no, they don't, and that applies to any species of spider out there.
Spiders do not have teeth. They have fangs which act like pincers. They use these fangs to clamp down on prey, and some spiders use them to inject venom. These fangs are curved, and they are hollow.
So, in short, they don't have teeth. But then how do they manage to eat? We all know how important our teeth are to us, so how would a spider cope without them? Well, read on in order to find out a whole lot more about this rather interesting topic.
You see, we are guilty of thinking about teeth in a specific way. That's our problem, as the spider doesn't care about the fact that it's toothless.
Brown hairy tarantula
Spiders Do Not Have Teeth, They Have Fangs
Spiders do not have teeth in the sense that we tend to think. However, they can still crush down on their prey in order to help themselves to get some food.
What your spider does have are fangs, and some people will refer to them as teeth, but that's more a case of trying to give your spider some humanized touches that makes it easier for us to understand more about them.
These fangs are very powerful for their size. They are also called 'chelicere', and they can come in two different forms.
These forms will vary depending on the actual species of spider, but the most important thing for the spider is that they do generally perform the same actions.
First, they can be shaped like fangs, well sort of, and they can come down and clamp onto prey. The other form is more like a pair of pincers, with some spiders using them to grab their prey before they then go ahead and inject them with some kind of venom.
Oh, you may also see these fangs, or pincers, being referred to as jaws in some literature. No matter which term is being used, they all refer to the exact same thing, so don't worry about that.
More recently, we have discovered that their fangs are also curved. This makes it easier for them to hold their prey long enough for the venom to be injected.
It seems that their fangs are a well-honed killing tool. This curving of the fangs forms part of the way in which spiders have evolved. Their fangs are the perfect tool for catching prey, and they will find it impossible to then escape.
Saying your spider has fangs does add to the scary thoughts that people tend to have about these creatures. They sound horrific, but there's something about them that will make them even scarier than you ever thought possible.
A Spider's Fangs are Hollow
You should also know that these fangs are hollow inside, which is amazing when you then realize that there is so much power behind them.
However, there's a good reason as to why this is the case. After all, nature wouldn't give the spider hollow fangs unless there was some specific use in store.
They are hollow because they are connected to their venom glands.
The venom has to come from somewhere and to then be injected into prey, and this is how your spider is going to achieve that. When your spider grabs onto its prey with the fangs, it then sends venom down from the venom glands, through the teeth, and injects it into the prey. [Source]
It's a highly effective killing tool, and it's one that has allowed them to survive for millions of years.
The fangs are still made from protein, and our teeth also contain a lot of protein in the form of collagen, and even though they are hollow, they are still exceptionally strong.
Also, the length of the fangs will vary depending on the species of spider. However, they will always be in line with the overall size of the spider, so don't expect to see anything that is bizarre or strange when it comes to the dimensions.
As an example of size. If a spider is, for example, 25 mm in length, then their fangs will also tend to be in the region of 2 mm. That's not a set rule, but it does give some indication of how the length of their fangs are related to the length of their entire body.
Close up of tarantula face
But How Do Spiders Chew?
This is a common question that people ask when they discover that a spider doesn't have teeth, but don't worry as your spider has it all thought out. They have never had teeth, so evolution has taught them how to deal with that in order to still be able to ingest food.
Remember the venom that we mentioned earlier that comes through the fangs? Well, that's the key in all of this.
The venom not only kills the prey, but it also contains chemicals and enzymes that do something else.
Basically, it starts to liquidize the food, and that's going to make it easier for your spider to devour it.
What that means is that your spider can then go and suck up their food rather than chew on it. They then allow their digestive system to do the rest and break down the food.
Basically, they end up with some sort of liquidized mince, and even though that sounds disgusting, it's something your spider is going to love. [Source]
So, as you can see, they don't need teeth for that purpose. They have something even better, and it's far more efficient than spending all that energy on chewing away at something.
Remember, your spider has been eating like this since they were created, so it's a finely tuned approach.
But Won't Spiders' Jaws Do Some Chewing?
Some people also wonder if the jaws of your spider will do some chewing, and to a certain extent they do, but you must remember that they are external and not internal like teeth.
For some species of spider, their jaws help to mush things up, but it's after the venom has killed the prey and started to dissolve it.
Also, some spiders will basically vomit some of their digestive juices over their prey to aid the process even more. It really is a pretty horrible process when you think about it.
Their jaws will then help break things down into smaller mushy pieces. It does then make it easier for them to get what they need out of the prey, as you need to consider the size of the mouth of the spider and the size of some of their prey that you see caught in a web.
It wouldn't make sense for them to go ahead and consume the entire thing.
How Do Spiders Suck The Food In?
We use our teeth to also move food around our mouth, which then makes it easier for us to swallow stuff. So, as spiders do not have teeth, how do they manage to get the food into their mouth?
The sucking motion basically comes from their stomach.
They effectively power up their stomach to create a sensation that is almost like a vacuum cleaner which then pulls the food into their mouth and down into their stomach.
It's an approach that works exceptionally well.
But What About Bite Marks From Spiders On Humans?
Let's quickly address the issue of bite marks appearing on us humans from a spider. People then make the mistake of thinking that some teeth were involved, and that's simply because of how we link teeth to bites.
Of course, as we have already seen, that's not going to be possible from your spider, as they don't have them.
Instead, if you did see a bite from a spider, then what you have are two puncture wounds caused by the fangs.
That's why it's always going to be two marks.
However, keep in mind that their fangs are generally not powerful enough to puncture our skin. Even the spider knows that type of information, and they will then seek to avoid those kinds of confrontations unless they feel that there's no other option left.
Losing Their Fangs Is Not Good For spiders
If we lose some of our teeth, then it's not the end of the world. However, the same cannot be said for your spider if they somehow end up losing their fangs.
Not only will they be unable to clamp down on any prey, but they will also lose access to their venom, so they would find it impossible to kill their prey in the first place.
Thankfully for the spider, it would be very rare for them to lose their fangs. It seems that evolution has helped with this to make sure that your spider can indeed survive, or they would starve to death in next to no time.
But then, nature also understands that things can happen when a spider could lose its fangs, so some species have a rather neat trick.
You may be aware that a crocodile will grow back its teeth throughout its life. Well, some spiders are capable of doing that with their fangs. However, it must be under certain circumstances before that even becomes possible for them.
How A Spider Can Regrow Their Fangs
This isn't something that a spider can do throughout its life. Instead, it's only at specific times.
The spider doesn't have a skeleton like we do. They have an exoskeleton, and they must molt in order to grow. A spider will do this on several occasions before they enter adulthood, and this is where timing is important.
If a young spider loses its fangs before it enters adulthood, it can then grow them back.
It's all to do with this final molt, so as long as it happens before that, then the spider could survive by the simple fact that their body is going to replace the


text:
The Endowed Progress Effect
How Artificial Advancement Increases Effort
Download a pdf version of this paper.
- Joseph C. Nunes
- Journal of Consumer Research
2006, 32 (4), 504-12
- This research documents a phenomenon we call the endowed progress effect whereby people provided with artificial advancement towards a goal exhibit greater persistence towards reaching the goal. By converting a task requiring eight steps into a task requiring 10 steps, but with two steps already complete, the task is reframed as one that has been undertaken and incomplete rather than not yet begun. This increases the likelihood of task completion and decreases completion time. The effect appears to depend on perceptions of task completion rather than a desire to avoid wasting the endowed progress. Moderators include the reason, if any, offered for the endowment, and the currency in which progress is recorded.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Wednesday, May 16, 2012
DataPower: Flushing Stylesheet Cache.
Summary: Why aren't my changes to the stylesheets being picked up by DataPower? Learn about the stylesheet cache in DataPower and what you should do to refresh the cache.
DataPower appliances maintain a cache of the stylesheets that are being used on the appliance for performance reasons. "Although the cache is configurable, disabling the cache might degrade performance. DataPower caches compiled stylesheets and if the cache is disabled the stylesheets will have to be compiled every time they are used." - [1]
Ever get into a situation where you have made a change on an imported/included stylesheet on DataPower and when the stylesheet was run, you did not see the changes you made being reflected in the results?
The reason is that DataPower fetches all the content from top level stylesheet with any imported and included stylesheets and after compilation stores it in the cache as one single compiled stylesheet. If you make changes to one of the imported/included stylesheets, DataPower does not detect the change and the recompilation and refreshing the same in the cache is not triggered.
In such scenarios, for the changes to be reflected, you could do two things
 1. You could flush the stylesheet cache. One way of doing this would be to use the WebGUI administrative interface. In the GUI select objects/XML Processing/XML Manager. Select the respective xml manager and to the top right corner you should see option called "Flush Stylesheet Cache".
 2. DataPower: Flush Stylesheet Cache
 3. You could introduce an empty line in the top level xslt and save it. This will trigger recompilation of that top level stylesheet effectively recompiling the imported/included stylesheets also.
 "At compile time all imported and included stylesheets are fetched and the complete compiled top level stylesheet is then cached. You can't see the imports and includes but they are all there under the top stylesheet." – [2]
"Disabling the cache can be performance concern and might not be your goal. When style sheets are not cached, an XSLT compilation is run on every single transaction.
If you need to disable stylesheet caching, create a separate XML Manager for the particular service wherestylesheet caching is not required.
Do not disable stylesheet caching for a widely used XML Manager. For example, do not disable caching on the default XML Manager." – [1]


text:
Learn more about Pediatric Nephrology Specialists and how to choose the right one for you
A pediatric nephrologist specializes in the health needs of infants, children and adolescents with kidney diseases and disorders. Pediatric nephrologists diagnose and treat problems with children's kidneys, such as kidney stones and kidney failure. They also help manage conditions related to kidney disease, such as diabetes and high blood pressure.
A pediatric nephrologist typically:
- Evaluates a patient's medical history and kidney function
- Diagnoses and treats acute and chronic diseases and conditions that affect children's kidneys including diabetes, childhood nephrotic syndrome, kidney failure, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hereditary kidney disease, and kidney stones
- Analyzes the results of kidney disease screenings including urine tests, blood tests, and biopsies
- Orders and interprets laboratory and imaging tests and prescribes medications
- Evaluates whether a child with kidney disease needs dialysis or a kidney transplant
- Orders and performs kidney dialysis procedures
- Provides care before and after kidney transplants and other kidney surgeries
- Creates lifestyle plans for helping patients maintain their kidney function including dietary and medication changes
- Collaborates with other healthcare providers, such as pediatric surgeons, pediatric urologists, nutritionists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and social workers, who help patients and their families manage their kidney conditions
A pediatric nephrologist may also be known by the following names: children's kidney doctor, pediatric renal specialist, children's renal specialist, pediatric kidney specialist, or children's kidney specialist.
There are 17 specialists practicing Pediatric Nephrology in Cleveland, OH with an overall average rating of 5.0 stars. There are 4 hospitals near Cleveland, OH with affiliated Pediatric Nephrology specialists, including Cleveland Clinic, Rainbow Babies And Childrens Hospital and University Hospitals MacDonald Women's Hospital.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can I make a same-day appointment with a Pediatric Nephrology Specialist in Cleveland, OH?
How can I find a Cleveland, OH Pediatric Nephrology Specialist who takes my insurance?
How can I find a female Pediatric Nephrology Specialist in Cleveland, OH?
How can I book an appointment online with a Pediatric Nephrology Specialist in Cleveland, OH?
How can I find a Cleveland, OH Pediatric Nephrology Specialist who sees patients after hours?
How can I find a top-rated Pediatric Nephrology Specialist in Cleveland, OH?


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Cerithidea decollata: a snail that can foresee the future?
Vannini, M.; Lori, E.; Coffa, C.; Fratini, S. (2008). Cerithidea decollata: a snail that can foresee the future? Anim. Behav. 76: 983-992. _URL_.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.016
In: Animal Behaviour. Academic Press: London,. ISSN 0003-3472, more
Peer reviewed article
Available in Authors
Keywords
Author keywords
 intertidal animal behaviour, mangrove ecology, snail, tidal biological clock, vertical migration
Authors Top
 - Vannini, M., more
 - Lori, E.
 - Coffa, C.
 - Fratini, S.
Abstract
 Individuals of Cerithidea decollata periodically migrate along mangrove trees, resting on the trunks during high water, and foraging on the surrounding muddy platform during low water. Groups, ranging from tens to hundreds of snails, aggregate on the trunks well before the incoming tide (1-2 h) at a level that will not be reached by the high tide, that is, from a few centimetres (around neap tides) to over 1 m (around spring tides) above the ground. We addressed two questions: (1) how can snails determine when to stop climbing and (2) how do snails determine the length of the path necessary to stop at that level. We used plastic pipes, 2 m long and 20 cm in diameter, along which snails crawled just as on their own trees. Experiments in which the pipes were lowered, raised or tilted indicated that snails were able to perform both tasks. Overloading the snails with lead weights showed that the estimate of the required travelling distance was probably related to the energy used to cover that distance. However, it was not possible to de. ne how snails were able to establish the distance they needed to travel to avoid the incoming tide, although we were able to exclude any role of for visual cues or chemical marks present on substratum.
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Home / Browse / Category / Land and Resources / Cherokee Boundary Line
The Old Cherokee Boundary Line served as the eastern border of the first land set aside for Native Americans in Arkansas. The Treaty of the Cherokee Agency of 1817 created the definition for the line as beginning at the confluence of Point Remove Creek and the Arkansas River near present-day Morrilton (Conway County). The line was then to be marked in a northeasterly direction to Shields Ferry on the White River. General William Rector, along with commissioners appointed by the Cherokee, conducted the original survey and filed a report with the Government Land Office in 1819. Rector reported a distance of seventy-one miles and fifty-five chains.
Rector's survey and report were intended to satisfy both some Cherokee residents and some residents of Arkansas Territory who did not accept the language of the treaty and sought adjustments to the line. In 1819, a second treaty was intended to meet concerns of both parties. A part of the problem involved the removal of white settlers from the described Cherokee lands.
The term "Old Cherokee Boundary Line" reflects the eastern line that remains in the U.S. Geological Quadrangle maps and other prominent maps. The counties and their approximate miles of boundary line are: Conway (twenty), Faulkner (six), Van Buren (nine), Cleburne (thirty-one), and Independence (five). The line lies diagonally across Greers Ferry Lake in Cleburne County. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers developed a campground and park on the northeastern portion of the lake to commemorate the significance of the boundary line and the lake. It also developed and operates a large RV park on the Arkansas River that recognizes the beginning point near Point Remove Creek.
While the surveys for sections and townships were completed after the Cherokee had given up their land in Arkansas in 1828, the boundary was a prominent marker and was frequently used in early land descriptions. The marker has shown continued and even increased significance over the years. Surveyors in the counties that the boundary line impacts have long encountered language about the line in legal descriptions and have worked to resolve disputes that relate to the "exact" location of the line. These incidences have increased as the area experienced the Fayetteville Shale natural gas development beginning in 2004. The boundary line aligns, in part, with this important economic development. Thus, a new generation of surveyors was required to cope with the peculiarities associated with the Old Cherokee Boundary Line.
While the Treaty of 1817 gave specific points of origin and termination, those persons involved in marking the boundary line faced obstacles associated with uncharted wilderness terrains. Surveying techniques of the time were rudimentary and certainly inadequate by modern standards. They predated full understanding of the concept of magnetic variation (declination). These included the effects caused by local soils that contain notable amounts of iron and other magnetic compounds. It is now recognized that even the original surveyors' metal surveying equipment may have had significantly impacted the magnetic behavior of their compass readings as reported by General Rector.
Numerous mile markers and other monuments have been placed along the line. Over the years, many of these markers have been identified by surveyors and recognized by historical groups. Representative of the confusion that has surrounded this important boundary, the Arkansas History Commission, during the state's centennial celebration in 1936, placed a monument on Cherokee Street in Morrilton that, in an elaborate inscription, erroneously states that the line runs "in a Northwesterly direction."
For additional information:Bolton, S. Charles. Arkansas, 1800–1860: Remote and Restless. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.
Shinn, Josiah H. Pioneers and Makers of Arkansas. Chicago: Genealogical and Historical Publishing Company, 1908.
"Treaty with the Cherokee: July 8, 1817." _URL_ (accessed December 8, 2010).
Larry TaylorSpringfield, Arkansas
Last Updated 1/21/2011
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Last Updated: Wednesday October 07 2009 12:36 GMT
Worries over blue asthma inhalers
As many as 100,000 children in the UK who are living with asthma might not be getting as much help as they thought from their inhalers.
Scientists have found the medicine inside certain inhalers isn't very effective for some children.
That's because they have something in their bodies which means the drugs in "blue" inhalers don't work as well.
The inhalers do still make it easier to live with having asthma, but not as much as they do with other children.
The researchers looked at 1,000 children with asthma and found that those who carried two certain genes were more likely to suffer an attack if they needed their inhalers every day.
Using an inhaler still made it more comfortable for them, but not as much as for children without the genes.
Keep using inhalers
The people behind the study reckon the results are really important, but say kids with asthma should not change the way they use their inhalers until more research is done.
If you are worried about your asthma medicine then chat to your parents or a teacher about what you should do.


text:
, Rosdiana (1997) A Morphological study of Malang reversion usage. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this repository.
Malang Walikan is a kind of language that uses reversed words in which Malang people use in their daily-conversation, especially in informal talks. Usually it is the younger generations who use such language more often than the older ones. There are three reasons why the writer is interested in analyzing Malang reversion. The first reason is because she has many friends who live in Malang and use the reversion everyday. The second is she is curious about the usage of Malang reversion. She becomes more interested in such reversion after she read a thesis of Malang reversion done by former student of IKIP Malang in 1976. This study tries to find out the various types of Malang Walikan. Another important focus of this study is to determine the source languages of Malang Walikan. This study is also a kind of further study of similar research conducted by Melik Sumanandar. The reason is to find out the proves of the writer's disagreement to Sumanandar's findings. After a thorough analysis, it is revealed that Malang Walikan can be divided into three types of words; Systematic reversion, Fluctuated reversion, and Slang. There is a particular formula to form systematic reversion, while the other two types could not be found any formula. The formula is: p l + P 2 +..... + p x becomes Px +P(x-1)+......+P1 The words of Systematic and Fluctuated reversions are derived from Indonesian and Javanese since the people of Malang are influenced by the usage of both languages. Thus, the domination of Indonesian words can be seen obviously in both types of reversion.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Bachelor)|
|Date Deposited:||23 Mar 2011 18:48|
|Last Modified:||31 Mar 2011 21:41|
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 return data_get
if hasattr(sip, "getapi") and sip.getapi("QVariant") > 1:
 def api_qvariant(func):
 return func
class ExampleTableModel(QAbstractItemModel):
 Attribute, ClassVar, ClassVars, Meta = range(4)
 def __init__(self, examples, dist, *args):
 QAbstractItemModel.__init__(self, *args)
 self.examples = examples
 self.domain = examples.domain
 self.dist = dist
 self.attributes = list(examples.domain.attributes)
 self.class_var = self.examples.domain.class_var
 self.class_vars = list(self.examples.domain.class_vars)
 # (meta_id, attribute) list
 self.metas = self.examples.domain.getmetas().items()
 # Attributes/features for all table columns
 self.all_attrs = (self.attributes +
 ([self.class_var] if self.class_var else []) +
 self.class_vars +
 [attr for _, attr in self.metas])
 # Table roles for all table columns
 self.table_roles = \
 (([ExampleTableModel.Attribute] * len(self.attributes)) +
 ([ExampleTableModel.ClassVar] if self.class_var else []) +
 ([ExampleTableModel.ClassVars] * len(self.class_vars)) +
 ([ExampleTableModel.Meta] * len(self.metas)))
 # True if an feature at column i is continuous
 self._continuous_mask = [isinstance(attr, Orange.feature.Continuous)
 for attr in self.all_attrs]
 self._meta_mask = [role == ExampleTableModel.Meta
 for role in self.table_roles]
 self.cls_color = QColor(160, 160, 160)
 self.meta_color = QColor(220, 220, 200)
 role_to_color = {ExampleTableModel.Attribute: None,
 ExampleTableModel.ClassVar: self.cls_color,
 ExampleTableModel.ClassVars: self.cls_color,
 ExampleTableModel.Meta: self.meta_color}
 self.background_colors = map(role_to_color.get, self.table_roles)
 # all attribute labels (annotation) keys
 self.attr_labels = sorted(
 reduce(set.union,
 [attr.attributes for attr in self.all_attrs],
 set())
 )
 # text for all header items (no attr labels by default)
 self.header_labels = [header_text(feature)
 for feature in self.all_attrs]
 self.sorted_map = range(len(self.examples))
 self._show_attr_labels = False
 self._other_data = {}
 def get_show_attr_labels(self):
 return self._show_attr_labels
 def set_show_attr_labels(self, val):
 if self._show_attr_labels != val:
 self.emit(SIGNAL("layoutAboutToBeChanged()"))
 self._show_attr_labels = val
 if val:
 labels = self.attr_labels
 else:
 labels = None
 self.header_labels = [header_text(feature, labels)
 for feature in self.all_attrs]
 self.emit(SIGNAL("headerDataChanged(Qt::Orientation, int, int)"),
 Qt.Horizontal,
 0,
 len(self.all_attrs) - 1)
 self.emit(SIGNAL("layoutChanged()"))
 self.emit(SIGNAL("dataChanged(QModelIndex, QModelIndex)"),
 self.index(0, 0),
 self.index(len(self.examples) - 1,
 len(self.all_attrs) - 1)
 )
 show_attr_labels = pyqtProperty("bool",
 fget=get_show_attr_labels,
 fset=set_show_attr_labels)
 @api_qvariant
 def data(self, index, role,
 # For optimizing out LOAD_GLOBAL byte code instructions in
 # the item role tests (goes from 14 us to 9 us average).
 _str=str,
 _Qt_DisplayRole=Qt.DisplayRole,
 _Qt_BackgroundRole=Qt.BackgroundRole,
 _OWGUI_TableBarItem_BarRole=OWGUI.TableBarItem.BarRole,
 _OWGUI_TableValueRole=OWGUI.TableValueRole,
 _OWGUI_TableClassValueRole=OWGUI.TableClassValueRole,
 _OWGUI_TableVariable=OWGUI.TableVariable,
 # Some cached local precomputed values.
 # All of the above roles we respond to
 _recognizedRoles=set([Qt.DisplayRole,
 Qt.BackgroundRole,
 OWGUI.TableBarItem.BarRole,
 OWGUI.TableValueRole,
 OWGUI.TableClassValueRole,
 OWGUI.TableVariable]),
 ):
 """
 Return the data for 'role' for an value at 'index'.
 """
 if role not in _recognizedRoles:
 return self._other_data.get((index.row(), index.column(), role),
 None)
 row, col = self.sorted_map[index.row()], index.column()
 example, attr = self.examples[row], self.all_attrs[col]
 val = example[attr]
 if role == _Qt_DisplayRole:
 return _str(val)
 elif role == _Qt_BackgroundRole:
 return self.background_colors[col]
 elif role == _OWGUI_TableBarItem_BarRole and \
 self._continuous_mask[col] and not val.isSpecial() and \
 col < len(self.dist):
 dist = self.dist[col]
 return (float(val) - dist.min) / (dist.max - dist.min or 1)
 elif role == _OWGUI_TableValueRole:
 # The actual value instance (should it be EditRole?)
 return val
 elif role == _OWGUI_TableClassValueRole and self.class_var is not None:
 # The class value for the row's example
 return example.get_class()
 elif role == _OWGUI_TableVariable:
 # The variable descriptor for column
 return attr
 return None
 def setData(self, index, variant, role):
 self._other_data[index.row(), index.column(), role] = variant
 self.emit(SIGNAL("dataChanged(QModelIndex, QModelIndex)"), index, index)

 def index(self, row, col, parent=QModelIndex()):
 return self.createIndex(row, col, 0)

 def parent(self, index):
 return QModelIndex()

 def rowCount(self, parent=QModelIndex()):
 if parent.isValid():
 return 0
 else:
 return len(self.examples)
 def columnCount(self, parent=QModelIndex()):
 if parent.isValid():
 return 0
 else:
 return len(self.all_attrs)
 @api_qvariant
 def headerData(self, section, orientation, role):
 if orientation == Qt.Horizontal:
 attr = self.all_attrs[section]
 if role == Qt.DisplayRole:
 return self.header_labels[section]
 if role == Qt.ToolTipRole:
 return header_tooltip(attr, self.attr_labels)
 else:
 if role == Qt.DisplayRole:
 return QVariant(section + 1)
 return QVariant()
 def sort(self, column, order=Qt.AscendingOrder):
 self.emit(SIGNAL("layoutAboutToBeChanged()"))
 attr = self.all_attrs[column]
 values = [(ex[attr], i) for i, ex in enumerate(self.examples)]
 values = sorted(values, reverse=order != Qt.AscendingOrder)
 self.sorted_map = [v[1] for v in values]
 self.emit(SIGNAL("layoutChanged()"))
 self.emit(SIGNAL("dataChanged(QModel


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What do "parergonal" and "parergon" mean in the following sentence? Can anybody suggest some synonym?
Thus, the figurative signification of structure does not escape but instead confirms the parergonal and supplemental status of ornament. If structure in its metaphorical sense is the fully conceived structured idea of the building, then ornament becomes the parergon that reifies the underlying essential idea, the recessive unseen structure. (Source: "Structure/ornament and the Modern Figuration of Architecture" by Anne-Marie Sankovitch)
I checked them out in American Heritage Online English dictionary and Wikipedia, but I wasn't able to figure it out, and I'm struggling because I'm actually not able to understand what Anne-Marie Sankovitch said.
share|improve this question
closed as general reference by Marthaª, MετάEd, TimLymington, tchrist, Mahnax Aug 27 '12 at 17:18
Did you try "define: parergon" using Google, a method that was suggested to you in the answer to a different question of yours? Also, Wikipedia is not a dictionary, so if you are looking for definitions, it is not a good source. You might try Wiktionary instead. Also, since you are reading academic articles, you should probably consult a more sophisticated dictionary. – KitFox Aug 27 '12 at 17:02
Also, "parergon" is defined earlier in that very article. – KitFox Aug 27 '12 at 17:06
1 Answer 1
From the OED's entry for parergon:
parergon /pəˈrɝːgɒn/.
Pl. parerga (in 7 erron. parergas).
Etymology: L. parergon an extra ornament in art, a. Gr. πάρεργον by-work, subordinate or secondary business, etc., sb. use of neuter of πάρεργος beside or in addition to the main work, f. παρά beside + ἕργον work.
 1. In Painting: Something subordinate or accessory to the main subject; hence, generally and fig., ornamental accessory or addition, grace, embellishment.? Obs.
 2. By-work, subordinate or secondary work or business; work apart from one's main business or ordinary employment. Also a work, composition, etc., that is secondary to or a derivative of a larger or greater work; an opusculum.
 3. † A supplemental work. (As title of a book.)
Note that senses 1 and 3 are both considered obsolete.
I suggest you gain access to an unabridged dictionary. You aren't going to be happy with all the words that these so-called "learners" dictionaries leave out, like oh maybe... opusculum.
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text:
available on all Android devices. The feature is usually found in Wi-Fi settings.
2. Disable Mobile Data on your Android device. On some devices, you can disable mobile data through the pull-down menu. On other devices it is necessary to go into Settings. On some devices you may need to enter Airplane Mode, then re-enable Wi-Fi.
After modifying the above Wi-Fi and Mobile Data settings, please try pairing again.
Once the pairing has been completed, you may re-enable both "Smart network switch"/"Auto network switch", and mobile data.
Yes, this is normal and safe. Due to the use of infrared for the night vision feature, the camera may feel slightly warmer than it does during normal daytime operation.
The LED indicates one of the following statuses for your camera:
LED is solid / not blinking:
- If the LED is solid and not blinking, your camera is successfully connected to the Wi-Fi® network.
Slow blinking / flashing:
- Your camera is in setup mode. You can add the camera to your account in this mode. Once out of the box and connected to power, your camera will enter setup mode. To return your camera to setup mode at any time, press and hold the PAIR button on the bottom of the camera for several seconds until you hear a beep.
Your camera is either connecting to the router or has lost a previously established link to the router. Please ensure that your camera is within range of the router's Wi-Fi® signal.
LED is off and not blinking:
- Your camera likely has no power. Check to make sure your camera is connected to a powered outlet, not controlled by a wall switch.
- Your camera may have the LED disabled through the app. Check the camera settings to re-enabled the LED.
The blue LED also blinks:
- When you use the camera in combination with a handheld and the handheld is plugged in.
- When you are actively viewing from the app, the blue led will blink, but as soon as you exit the app, it will stop.
- This is different when you have background monitoring activated. In that case the blue LED continues to blink (and is alternated with the red LED).
- When viewing the camera when using the web app, the blue LED will also blink.
For both PC and Mac®, here are the following browsers supported:
Internet Explorer® version 10 or 11
Firefox® version (latest released version)
Chrome™ version (latest released version)
Safari® version (latest released version)
The zoom function comes as a digital pinch to zoom functionality and works the same way you'd enlarge a picture on your mobile device. In the Camera List, tap on the camera to bring up the live feed. Once you view the camera, use a digital pinch to zoom in and out.
If you are continuing to have issues with your live feed on the hellosecurity-DIY app when connected to your home Wi-Fi network, there are additional steps you can take to help improve the camera's live feed. .
If your Wi-Fi network has both 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies available: Set your Android or iOS device to use the 5GHz Wi-Fi option. Wi-Fi networks using 5GHz have more channels and bandwidth available, which may improve performance in areas where there is excessive Wi-Fi traffic or routers.
If you are trying to add a camera that has previously been added to your account or another account, you will first need to reset the camera. This can be done by pressing and holding the PAIR button on the side or bottom of the camera until the camera beeps. Try to pair again after the reset.
Make sure the Wi-Fi on your Android or iOS device is enabled prior to adding the camera.
Try to disable Mobile Data on your Android or iOS device, then try to pair again.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
28 Mosques In India That Exhibit The Medieval Architecture
India is a land of natural beauty and man-made magnificence. While natural wonders offer striking sights to travelers, monumental beauties and structural grandeur of temples, monuments, palaces, churches, forts, and mosques in India amuse people from all over the world.
These imposing structures showcase fine design patterns, stunning architecture, and excellent miniature work. These elements glorify the interiors and exteriors of Indian mosques, most of which belong to the medieval period and certainly are a treat to the eyes.
Let's glance at some of the fascinating and outstanding mosques in India that boast of immensely mesmerizing structure and decor.
Islamic architecture since the historic period has been known for its intricate art and designs. Some of the best work of their quintessential designs can be seen in the famous mosques across India. These places are highly revered and people from far and wide come to get a glimpse of these marvels…


Promising Practices
At NCTL, we continuously seek out and study schools that have achieved impressive results by expanding their school day and/or school year to support student learning. Successful expanded learning time schools redesign, strengthen and expand the school day/year by adding at least 300 hours above the standard 6.5-hour 180-day school schedule. High-quality expanded-time schools leverage the redesigned schedule to incorporate seven essential elements into the school day, including focused school-wide goals, rigorous academics, differentiated student supports, frequent data cycles, engaging enrichment classes, targeted teacher development, and enhanced school culture.
Full Report


The development of the temporal and nasal visual fields during infancy.
Abstract
We used static perimetry to measure the development of the monocular visual field during infancy. Infants from birth to 6 months of age, and adults, were shown a 3 or 6 degrees flashing light at various locations between 15 and 120 degrees in the temporal and nasal visual fields. We assumed that subjects could see a light if they moved their eyes toward it… (More)
Topics
Cite this paper
@article{Lewis1992TheDO, title={The development of the temporal and nasal visual fields during infancy.}, author={T. L. Lewis and Douglas M Maurer}, journal={Vision research}, year={1992}, volume={32 5}, pages={903-11} }


Photo by: Eneas De Troya
An archived version of the article will be available soon.
Thank you for your patience.
In 1997 the creation of a virtual underground was somehow a bizarre idea that the author attempted to realize. First, the representation of metaphors of a metro in a multimedia format opened ideas of what could be possible to achieve on the Internet, e.g. how sound fragments uploaded by different people could run on the same navigational interface and what this mixture is telling us about our urban culture. How does it sound?
Listening was the practice selected to perceive the whole of space and time relationships within a journey, and how these resonate with each individual. First in London, and later interconnecting the experience with Mexico and Paris, the author followed a mixed ethnographic method with commuters in each city, involving them in reflective and performative listening practices.
Sounding Underground is the resulting interface that links the three cities' metros, along with their cultures, evoking social, symbolic and political perceptions for each listener. The process followed by participants, and the interaction with the environment by users on the Internet, have opened paths for the acknowledgment and transformation of this experience, as each underground sonic journey becomes potentially a metaphor of a commuter's life.


text:
Three Phase Servo Voltage Stabilizer For CNC Machine is consist of voltage regulation coil, power compensation coil, control circuit and sevo motor. When input voltage fluctuation happens, the control circuit will send signal to the sevo motor, and the sevo motor will be running and drive the carbon brush to move on the voltage regulation coil, in this way, it can adjust the ratio of winding, consequently, it makes the output voltage in a stable level and protects the CNC machine.
|Input Voltage||Three phase voltage ±20%~±45%|
|Output Voltage||Three phase voltage|
|Accuracy of Output Voltage||1%-5% (it can be customized)|
|Waveform Distortion||No waveform distortion|
|Protection||Protection against overload, over voltage, over current, phase failure and phase sequence protection|
|Electric Strength||Testing under 2,000V 50/60Hz voltage for 1 min without breakdown or flash over.|
|Overload Capability||Working normally for 1 minute under 2 times of rated current.|


text:
Why is there a BearSmart Program in Grande Prairie?
Grande Prairie is growing as a city and more and more people are moving into what used to be undeveloped wildlife habitat. Department staff, in cooperation with Solicitor General Fish and Wildlife Enforcement Branch, determined that it would be timely to complete a bear hazard assessment.
Grande Prairie Bear Hazard Assessment
A bear hazard assessment is an analysis of the causes and locations of human-bear conflicts in a community.
Based on the results of the hazard assessment, the Grande Prairie and area Fish and Wildlife office has initiated a local BearSmart program.
To read the bear hazard assessment, see:
In June of 2011, an assessment was completed with the goals of:
- Identifying sources of human-bear conflict in and around the greater Grande Prairie area
- Providing an overview of what specifically attracts bears that are contributing to human-bear conflicts
- Providing recommendations for steps to become BearSmart and improving knowledge about bears in the area.
The assessment identified a few key hotspots of bear-human interactions as follows:
- The area south of Grande Prairie - notably in the subdivisions and smaller communities near the Wapiti River - had higher levels of black bear encounters largely due to garbage attracting bears into communities
- The area around Sturgeon Lake had higher levels of black bear encounters largely due to garbage attracting bears into communities
- The area near Goodfare and Rio Grande had higher levels of grizzly bear encounters largely due to agricultural attractants such as deadstock piles.
How can residents help make Grande Prairie a BearSmart community?
As a resident and community member living in one of the many communities in or surrounding Grande Prairie, there are several things that you can do to help ensure that your property and your community are BearSmart.
- Learn about the easy steps you can take to prevent problems with bears.
- Go to your local library and borrow a copy of the videos:
- Living Safe in Bear Country
- Staying Safe in Bear Country
- Working Safe in Bear Country
Copies of these DVDs have been donated to the following libraries through the BearSmart program:
- Grande Prairie
- La Glace
- Spirit River
DVD videos are also available for loan at the Grande Prairie, Spirit River and Valleyview Fish and Wildlife offices.
Use a Bear-Resistant Bin for Garbage
Through a partnership with the Peace Parkland Naturalists, Bearsaver brand bear-resistant garbage bins are available for a reduced cost to residents living in subdivisions around Grande Prairie and other rural residents living in the Peace Country.
For more information, or to purchase a bin, contact:
- Grande Prairie Fish and Wildlife office
Tel: _PHONE_
Ensuring that your community is BearSmart is the responsibility of everyone. Remind your neighbours to be BearSmart and keep their yard clean of smelly attractants.
What is a smelly attractant? Find out:
Contact the Grande Prairie Fish and Wildlife office at _PHONE_:
- If you are interested in starting a more focused, citizen-led BearSmart program in your community
- If you have more complex issues that you would like to discuss in person with a Fish and Wildlife staff person
Resources may be available to assist in things such as fixing leaking grain bins or providing electric fence barriers around other attractants such as bee yards.
Updated: Oct 20, 2016


text:
- About Coverfox
Calculating health insurance premium can be tricky. Many buyers simply chose to go with the amount their insurance agent asks them to pay. However, thanks to this digital era, online tools have made it quick and easy to calculate health insurance premiums. A health insurance premium calculator is an online tool which helps you to determine the insurance premium and it also provides detailed information about the health plan in just a few clicks
A health insurance policy helps you to protect your savings from the medical expenses that may arise in the future. It helps you to be financially prepared in case of planned and unplanned hospitalisation. Health insurance empowers you to use cashless and reimbursement facility for all eligible healthcare expenditures when they occur. This financial security at the time of medical emergency is the result of planned investment in a comprehensive health insurance policy.
Now the question is, how can you measure your health insurance requirements? The answer is by using a health insurance premium calculator. It helps you to arrive at the premium amount that will be best suited for your health insurance requirements.
Below listed are the key benefits of using a health insurance premium calculator:
Insurance companies have specific guidelines related to health insurance, and they do follow them each time they issue an insurance policy to a customer. Below is the list of a few factors that are commonly accepted and followed by most insurers.
Marketing and administrative expenses of an insurance company are quite large in number and are included in the premiums paid by the policyholders. These expenses are consisting of designing cost of the insurance policy followed by brokerage, marketing, commission, brochure, advertisements and operational expenses.
Generally, insurance companies invest their capital fund in various public sector investment instruments. These companies usually avoid investing in private sector investment options due to high level of risk. These investments are made under the guidelines of IRDA of India. The financial standing of the insurer is subject to the returns earned from such investments.
Insurance companies offer different types of health insurance plans such as individual health insurance policy, group insurance, family floater plans, etc. These companies get their health plans underwritten in such a way that there is a balance between all of these plans at the same time. They also analyse the possible risks from multiple angles and take into account a wide range of factors that could affect the claims. Based on that, different health plans get their specific criteria and terms, such as how much coverage to offer under a particular insurance plan and when to deny the coverage to the insured.
This is the time when an insurance company suffers a case of any eventuality to a policyholder. The morbidity expense differs for various age groups and is generally high for older policyholders. For instance,
Insurance companies may or may not conduct a medical test before allotting a policy. However, insurance providers do take into account customer's health, his/her family's medical history, lifestyle habits such as smoking and drinking, and age at the time of availing the health insurance policy. All this information helps them to determine the amount of premium that an individual is required to pay. Generally, people with a medical history or those who smoke or drink regularly are charged a higher premium.
In this digital age, most of the health insurance companies have made the premium calculation process digital. Error-free calculation of insurance premium has become a matter of a few seconds in just a few clicks. All you need to do is enter the basic information such as age, gender, number of people to be covered, residential location, etc. to calculate the health insurance premium.
Now you can see various health insurance plans with their premiums and corresponding features in a few seconds. You can also choose two or more insurance companies and their policies and select the one that meets your health insurance requirements.
Recommended Link: How to Plan in Advance for Paying your Health Insurance Premium
Related Health Articles:


8 Daniel Kaplan, Quiver varieties and symplectic resolutions of singularities (Wednesday, July 20)
Three main sections:
Let \(C_2\curvearrowright{\mathbb{C}}^2\) by negation, then \(C^2\curvearrowright{\mathbb{C}}[{\mathbb{C}}^2] = {\mathbb{C}}[x, y]\) by \(f(x, y) \mapsto f(-x, -y)\). The invariants are \(R\mathrel{\vcenter{:}}={\mathbb{C}}[x, y]^{C_2} = {\mathbb{C}}[x^2, y^2, xy] = {\mathbb{C}}[y,v,w]/\left\langle{uv-w^2}\right\rangle\) which is a type \(A_1\) singularity at the origin. Take a blowup \(\operatorname{Bl}_0(X) \to X \mathrel{\vcenter{:}}=\operatorname{Spec}R\).
Let's do the same thing but differently: consider the nilpotent cone \({\mathrm{Nil}}({\mathfrak{sl}}_2) = \left\{{m = { \begin{bmatrix} {a} & {b} \\ {c} & {d} \end{bmatrix} } {~\mathrel{\Big\vert}~}{\mathrm{tr}}(m) = \operatorname{det}(m) = 0}\right\} = \left\{{{ \begin{bmatrix} {a} & {b} \\ {c} & {d} \end{bmatrix} } {~\mathrel{\Big\vert}~}a^2-bc=0}\right\}\), which is the same equation as before. Take pairs \((m, \ell\in \ker m)\), then the projection map \((m, \ell) \mapsto m\) is the cotangent bundle \({\mathbf{T}} {}^{ \vee }{\mathbb{P}}^1\to {\mathrm{Nil}}({\mathfrak{sl}}_2)\). Now perhaps it's clear how to generalize, e.g. by taking other lie algebras.
8.1 Quivers
A quiver is the data \(Q = (Q_0, Q_1, s,t: Q_1\to Q_0)\) where \(Q_0\) is a vertex set and \(Q_1\) is an arrow set, and everything is over a field \(k={\mathbb{C}}\) in our case. Fix \(d\in {\mathbb{N}}^{Q_0}\), a tuple \(d = (d_i)_{i\in Q_0}\), then \begin{align*} {\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d) = \bigoplus _{q\in Q_1} \mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}_{{\mathsf{{\mathbb{C}}}{\hbox{-}}\mathsf{Mod}}}({\mathbb{C}}^{d_{s(q)} }, {\mathbb{C}}^{d_{t(q)} }) .\end{align*} There is an action \(G_d \mathrel{\vcenter{:}}=\prod_{i\in Q_0} \operatorname{GL}_{d_i}({\mathbb{C}})\) by conjugation, which we sometimes quotient by.
The \(G_d\) orbits are too big! Let \(A,B,C\) be matrices and consider the quiver \({\mathbb{C}}^2 \xrightarrow{A} {\mathbb{C}}^2{\circlearrowleft}_{B} \xrightarrow{C} {\mathbb{C}}\). It's hard to find \(G_d{\hbox{-}}\)invariant functions, and in fact \({\mathbb{C}}[{\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d)]^{G_d} = {\mathbb{C}}[\left\{{ {\mathrm{tr}}(\alpha), \alpha \text{ a cycle} }\right\} ]\). Note that \(B\) is a cycle in this case.
There is a process of doubling a quiver: add inverse arrows, and duplicate every loop:
Note \begin{align*} {\mathsf{Rep}}(\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5muQ\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu, d) \to {\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d) \oplus {\mathsf{Rep}}(Q^*, d) = {\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d) \oplus {\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d) {}^{ \vee }\to {\mathbf{T}} {}^{ \vee }{\mathsf{Rep}}(Q, d) ,\end{align*} which yields a cotangent bundle and puts us in the realm of symplectic geometry. The moment map is \begin{align*} \mu_d: {\mathsf{Rep}}(\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5muQ\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu, d) \to {\mathfrak{g}}_d {}^{ \vee }&\leftarrow{\mathfrak{g}}_d \\ {\mathrm{tr}}(X({-})) &\mapsfrom X .\end{align*} Write \(\nu = \sum_{q\in Q_1} [q, q^*]\) where the commutator is \(aa^* - a^*a\), then \(p\in \mu_d^{-1}(0)\) if \(p\) is a module for the path algebra \({\mathbb{C}}\mkern 1.5mu\overline{\mkern-1.5mu{\mathbb{Q}}\mkern-1.5mu}\mkern 1.5mu/\left\langle{\nu}\right\rangle = \Pi(Q)\).
Let \(\theta \in {\mathbb{Z}}^{Q_0} = \mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}_{{\mathsf{Alg}}{\mathsf{Grp}}}(\prod \operatorname{GL}_{d_i} ({\mathbb{C}}), {\mathbb{C}^{\times}})\) where \(\theta \cdot \dim(\rho) = 0\). Say \(\rho' \subseteq \rho\) is destabilizing if \(\dim(\rho') \cdot \theta> 0\), and \(\rho\) is \(\theta{\hbox{-}}\)semistable if it does not contain any destabilizing \(\rho'\). One can then define \begin{align*} {\mathcal{M}}(Q, d, \theta) = \mathop{\mathrm{Proj}}\bigoplus {\mathbb{C}}[ \mu_d^{-1}(0) ]^{k\theta ?} .\end{align*} This is an important object: the extra \(\theta\) parameter can be sent to zero, and generically will yield a smooth space.
8.2 Local to global obstructions
There is a decomposition into symmetric spaces: \begin{align*} {\mathcal{M}}(Q, d, \theta) = \prod_{i = 1}^k \operatorname{Sym}^{n_i} {


text:
gives a considerable higher effective contribution of PD. This even though the amount of PD centers generated in fiber 2 is less than in fiber 1 as they both works at equal population inversion levels. Based on this observation – which is found to hold true for all previously realized MOPA fiber designs – the new RMO fiber core design is proposed and tested in fiber 3. This RMO fiber design (fiber 3) show less than 7% slope efficiency degradation when the equilibrium state (saturated PD) is reached after 1500 hours operation. The saturation is to be observed in the final 500 hours operation with no change in output power. The pump power was maintained constant during all 2000 hours operation. This is to the best of our knowledge the first time PD is observed to saturate for a 350 W output power fiber laser based on Yb, Al co-doped silica.
4. Discussion of the RMO fiber design
The RMO design appears to present by concept a contradiction to the general belief that the effect of PD scales with population inversion. The small signal gain of active fiber material is known to scale directly with the signal to active material overlap. A decrease in signal overlap will force the fiber material to operate with proportional higher population inversion to produce equal output as found in Table 1 for fiber 1and 2 versus 3 for 350 W output power in pristine systems. This should result in increased PD for reduced signal to active material overlap – which it does. However, the effective PD scales with population inversion as well as power intensity of pump and signal. For high power systems it has been suggested that PD saturates dependent on the system output power . Absorption of the color centers is here given by Eq. (1):Eq. (1) isolated this again point in the opposite direction of the RMO design in that placing the active material in areas with low effective power intensity will drive the color centers more out of saturation, which should lead to higher effective absorption. However, the lifetime of the color center is in the model predicted to follow an exponential function of phonon density as given by Eq. (2):Eq. (3):
The postulate of the PD model [5,8] is that color centers reside on non-binding oxygen atoms found on cluster surfaces of Yb, Al complexes included in the silica network. Color centers are created by the action of two pump photons in collaboration with phonons produced by excited Yb. An unstable color center comprises a complex of three oxygen atoms where an electron is transferred between to neighbor oxygen atoms. The complex –O: O – O+ holds an electron trap on –O and a color center on the O – O+ complex. The lifetime of the color center is determined by the relaxation time for the O(1D) – O(3P) forbidden transition that assisted by a coulomb field gives away a continuum of states up to ≈2 eV. The relaxation time is determined by the local phonon density on the cluster surface because the transition from the O(1D) excited state to the O(3P) ground state requires impulse change to become allowed. In this process the hole of the color center either remains where it is or shifts back to the neighbor oxygen. Steady state is reached with a given number of color centers once the creation rate for electron traps and color centers matches the bleaching rate by the phonons produced in the color center.
For low power intensity the phonon density on cluster surfaces is dominated by excited Yb ions relaxing part of their energy to phonons hereby influencing the lifetime of color centers. For high intensity the phonon production of color centers by far dominates the local phonon density and hereby the lifetime of excited color centers. The model works with two cluster types: 1) with one Yb atom and 2) with several Yb atoms. The distribution of Yb among these types of clusters is highly influenced by the addition of aluminum as is the average cluster size.
It could be speculated that the RMO design gives away fewer co-operative emitted photons which could be an alternative explanation for the reduced PD . This effect is, however, not included in the model predictions of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 and is considered to play a minor role for PD for output signals in the near infrared at wavelengths < 1150 nm.
To convert the achieved results in this work to real system applications the "fiber slope efficiency" has to be corrected for diode laser to pump fiber coupling efficiency, pump fiber combiner coupling efficiency and splice loss to yield the optical "system slope efficiency". This gives with present available diodes and (61:1) combiners a pristine "system slope efficiency" of ≈65% for the RMO fiber system (fiber 3) that is expected to saturate at ≈58% after 1500 hours operation. Often numbers exceeding 80% is quoted for the slope efficiency of ytterbium co-doped fibers. This holds also true for "deposited pump" to output power slope efficiency of a pristine RMO fiber system. The deposited pump is coupled in pump subtracted residual pump at the output. This is, however, misleading as the residual pump usually is of no practical use as also is the case for lost pump power and signal power in various connections.
In this work it is shown that PD of ytterbium co-doped silica glass material in cw fiber lasers can be alleviated by fiber design. By reducing the signal mode to active material overlap the parasitic losses by PD can be reduced at limited expense for the saturated gain of cw fiber laser and amplifiers.
For the first time saturated PD operation is observed after 1500 hours operation with less than 7% slope efficiency degradation from nominal 350 W output power in Yb, Al co-doped material operated under constant pump power in a reduced mode overlap (RMO) fiber design. Beyond 1500 hours (up to 2000 hours) operation no further degradation is observed.
The obtained result with the RMO design is surprising in that by reducing the signal to active material overlap the population inversion for the device under operation is increased proportional with the decrease, which is expected to give raise to increased PD.
The benefit of the RMO design is to be explained in that the generated power of the saturated fiber laser is primarily carried in the passive core while the active part amplifies the tails of the field. The effect of PD from the generated signal field is reduced with the signal overlap. This leads to a reduced phonon production by color centers. The lifetime of the color center excited state is modeled as an exponential function of the local phonon density which gives a considerable increase in excited state lifetime through reduced phonon density. As there is a limited number of color centers in the material a longer excited state lifetime is found to lead to a reduced effective absorption by the color centers as they saturates with beneficial effect on PD.
References and links
1. A. Tünnermann, T. Schreiber, F. Röser, A. Liem, S. Höfer, H. Zellmer, S. Nolte, and J. Limpert, "The renaissance and bright future of fibre lasers," J. Phys. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38(9), S681–693 (2005). [CrossRef]
2. D. Gapontsev, "6 kW CW single mode ytterbium fiber laser in all-fiber format", Conf. on Solid State and Diode Laser Tech. Review, Directed Energy professional society, Albuquerque, New Mexico (2008)
4. J. Koponen, M. Söderlund, H. J. Hoffman, D. Kliner, and J. Koplow, "Photodarkening Measurements in large mode area Fibers", Proc. SPIE, Vol. 6453, 645350 (2007)
5. K. E. Mattsson and J. Broeng, "Photo darkening of ytterbium cw fiber lasers," Proc. SPIE 7195, 71950V (2009). [CrossRef]
6. Y. W. Lee, S. Sinha, M. J. F. Digonnet, R. L. Byer, and S. Jiang, "Measurement of high photodarkening resistance in heavily Yb3+-doped phosphate fibres," Electron. Lett. 44(1), 14–16 (2008). [CrossRef]
7. W. J. Wadsworth, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, "Large mode area photonic crystal fibre laser", Proc. of CLEO, CWC1 (2001)
8. K. E. Mattsson, S. N. Knudsen, B. Cadier, and T. Robin, "Photo darkening in ytterbium co-doped silica material", Proc. SPIE, Vol. 6873, 68731C (2008)
9. S. Yoo, C. Basu, A. J. Boyland, C. Sones, J. Nilsson, J. K. Sahu, and D. Payne, "Photodarkening in Yb-doped aluminosilicate fibers induced by 488 nm irradiation," Opt. Lett. 32(12), 1626–1628 (2007). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. I. A. Bufetov, S. L. Semenov, A. F. Kosolapov, M. A. Mel'kumov, V. V.


FRBCS.eng: FRBCS: prediction phase
Description
This function is the internal function of the fuzzy rule-based classification systems (FRBCS) to compute the predicted values.
Usage
1
FRBCS.eng(object, newdata)
Arguments
object
the frbs-object.
newdata
a matrix (m \times n) of data for the prediction process, where m is the number of instances and n is the number of input variables.
Value
A matrix of predicted values.
Questions? Problems? Suggestions? or email at _EMAIL_.
All documentation is copyright its authors; we didn't write any of that.


+ 1}}} \right. \kern-0pt} {P_{\text{s}} \times \left( {\lambda -t} \right) + 1}}} \right)} \right],$$
(1)
where P was the accumulative hydrogen or methane production (ml); P s was the hydrogen or methane production potential (mL); R m was the maximum hydrogen and methane production rate (mL/day); e is the exp(1) = 2.71828; λ was the lag time (day); and t was the incubation time (day).
During HTL, the yields of gases (Y gases, %), solid phase (Y solid, %), and the aqueous phase (Y aqueous, %) were calculated using Eqs. 23, and 4, respectively.
$$Y_{\text{gases}} = \frac{{\varSigma X_{\text{a}} \times V/22.4 \times M_{\text{a}} /1000}}{{M_{\text{cornstalk}} }} \times 100{\% }$$
(2)
$$Y_{\text{solid}} = \frac{{M_{\text{solid}} }}{{M_{\text{cornstalk}} }} \times 100{\% }$$
(3)
$$Y_{\text{aqueous}} = 100{\% }-{\text{Y}}_{\text{gases}} - {\text{Y}}_{\text{solid}},$$
(4)
where X a (%) and M a (g/mol) are the volume concentration and molar mass of the gases (hydrogen, methane, or carbon dioxide), respectively. V is the total volume of the produced gas. M cornstalk (kg) and M solid (kg) are the dry mass of cornstalk and the solid phase after HTL, respectively.
The energy yield of hydrogen (E H2, MJ/kg cornstalk) was calculated as
$$E_{\text{H2}} = Y_{\text{H2}} /22.4 \times {\text{HV}}_{\text{H2}},$$
(5)
where Y H2 is the total hydrogen yield in HTL and fermentation (L/kg cornstalk), and HVH2 is the heating value of hydrogen (0.242 MJ/mol) [24].
The energy yield of methane (E CH4, MJ/kg cornstalk) was calculated as
$$E_{\text{CH4}} = Y_{\text{CH4}} /22.4 \times {\text{HV}}_{\text{CH4}},$$
(6)
where Y CH4 is the methane yield in HTL and fermentation (L/kg cornstalk), and HVCH4 is the heating value of methane (0.801 MJ/mol) [24].
The energy yield of the solid phase after HTL (E solid, MJ/kg cornstalk) was calculated as
$$E_{\text{solid}} = Y_{\text{solid}} \times HV_{\text{solid}},$$
(7)
where HVsolid is the heating value of solid phase (MJ/kg).
The energy recovery (R energy, %) was proposed to represent the ratio of produced energy to chemical energy of the feedstock. The produced energy included energy from the solid phase after HTL (E solid), biohydrogen (E H2), and biomethane (E CH4). The energy recovery can be calculated as
$$R_{\text{energy}} = \frac{{E_{\text{solid}} + E_{\text{H2}} + E_{\text{CH4}} }}{{{\text{HV}}_{\text{cornstalk}} }} \times 100{\% },$$
(8)
where HVcorstalk is the heating value of cornstalk (MJ/kg).
The heating values of the solid (HVsolid, MJ/kg) and corn straw (HVcornstalk, MJ/kg) were calculated according to the Dulong formula [55]:
$${\text{HV}} = 0.3383C + 1.422(H-O/8),$$
(9)
where C, H, and O are the mass percentages of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, respectively.
The carbon recovery (R carbon, %) was proposed to represent the ratio of carbon in the energy products (biomethane and solid phase) to the carbon in the feedstock. The carbon recovery can be calculated as
$$R_{\text{carbon}} = \frac{{Y_{\text{solid}} \times C_{\text{solid}} + Y_{\text{CH4}} /22.4 \times 44/1000 \times C_{\text{CH4}} }}{{C_{\text{cornstalk}} }} \times 100{\% },$$
(10)
where C cornstalk, C solid, and C CH4 are the carbon content (%) in the cornstalk, solid phase, and biomethane, respectively.
Analytical methods
Gas volume was monitored using gas meters at room temperature (25 ± 3 °C) and corrected under standard condition (273.15 K, 101.325 kPa). The gas content, including hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide, was determined by a gas chromatography (GC1490, Agilent Technologies, USA) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and a stainless steel column packed with TDX-01. Nitrogen was used as the carrying gas at a flowrate of 50 mL/min. The temperature of the injector, column, and detector was 150, 120, and 150 °C, respectively. The acids, furfural, and 5-HMF were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (10A, Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with an ultraviolet detector and a synergi 4u Hydro-RP (Phenomenex) column. 5 mmol/L H2SO4 was used as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 1 mL/min, and the oven temperature was 40° C. Reducing sugars were determined by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method as previously described [23]. Element components of the cornstalk and solid residues were analyzed using a CHN analyzer (CE-440 Elemental Analyzer, Exeter Analytical, Inc. USA). The microbial morphology was observed by SEM (Quanta 200, FEI, USA) as previously described [56]. The phylogenetic diversity of the microbial consortium was analyzed via Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Primers 515F (5′-barcode-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGG-3′) and 907R (5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3′) for bacteria were used [54]. Primers Arch344F (5′-ACGGGGYGCAGCAGGCGCGA-3′) and Arch915R (5′-GTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT-3′) for archaea were used [57]. The PCR process was conducted as previously described [54]. Amplicons were extracted from 2% agarose gels, purified using the AxyPrep DNA gel extraction kit (Axygen Biosciences, USA), and quantified using QuantiFluor ST (Promega, USA). The purified amplicons were pooled in equimolar and paired-end sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. The raw reads were deposited into the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database. The raw fastq files were demultiplexed and quality-filtered using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME). The phylogenetic affiliation of each 16S rRNA gene sequence was analyzed by a RDP Classifier (_URL_ against the silva (SSU115) 16S rRNA database using a confidence threshold of 70%.
Abbreviations
HTL:
hydrothermal liquefaction
OLR:
organic loading rate
UASB:
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
PBR:
packed bed reactor
CSTR:
continuous stirred anaerobic reactors
AF:
anaerobic filter
5-HMF:
5-hydroxymethyl furfural
SEM:
scanning electron microscopy
TN:
total nitrogen
VFAs:
volatile fatty acids
COD:
chemical oxygen demand
HPR:
hydrogen production rate (L/L/day)
MPR:
methane production rate (L/L/day)
HRT:
hydraulic retention time
UASB-H:
upflow anaerobic


Spider in a hand and a scared woman in the background
Credit: iStock/Dejan Markovic
People who research insects for a living are just like us — totally creeped out by spiders. This is the finding of a paper that earned retired UC Riverside spider expert Richard Vetter a 2020 Ig Nobel Award.
Spider expert Rick Vetter — with a spider on him
Rick Vetter, retired entomology research associate and spider expert. His research interests include the psychological effects that spiders have on the humans they terrorize.
Credit: UC Riverside
Many know of the prestigious Nobel Prize, awarded to scientists for making substantial contributions to society. Lesser known is the humorous Ig Nobel Prize, typically presented at Harvard University in parody of the Nobel.
Since 1991, the Ig Nobel has been awarded for scientific or medical research that "first makes you laugh, then makes you think."
This categorization certainly fits Vetter's winning article, "Arachnophobic entomologists: when two more legs makes a big difference." Originally published in American Entomologist in 2013, the work describes a psychological survey of his fellow insect scientists.
Inspiration for the study came from multiple experiences Vetter had with other entomologists who expressed varying levels of revulsion toward spiders, which he found curious. He recalls one such interaction with a graduate student from Missouri as being particularly memorable.
"I was on campus doing a study that involved boxes containing live spiders. I opened one of them and it was like a cartoon," Vetter said. "Even though I was a good 6 feet away from her, she took off and I saw a cloud of dust, like she vaporized. And she wasn't the only one. I kept running into people like this."
Amongst the findings of the study were specific traits that entomologists particularly disliked about spiders, despite other insects having similar traits. These included the way spiders move, their speed, unexpected appearances, ability to bite and many legs.
One respondent who works with maggots explained the seeming paradox of her profession and her arachnophobia saying, "maggots don't sneak up on you and jump in your hair," and that she would, "rather scoop up a handful of maggots with an ungloved hand," than touch a spider.
The paradox of insect scientists disliking spiders is further explained by the age at which arachnophobia often takes hold. "It usually sets in between the ages of 4 and 10," Vetter explained, "long before people usually decide they're going to become entomologists."
Vetter says he is "extremely ecstatic" to have been awarded the Ig Nobel for this work and said, "it is a true honor, and something to add to my resume." He also notes that now, UCR has winners of two Nobel prizes as well as one Ig Nobel.
Ig Nobel mascot a statue falling over
"The Stinker," official mascot of the Ig Nobel prizes.
Credit: Improbable Research
The awards are organized via the Annals of Improbable Research, a magazine devoted to scientific humor that spoofs traditional academic journals.
This year the ceremony was hosted entirely online. In keeping with tradition, genuine Nobel laureates presented the prizes. One of the laureate presenters, Andre Geim, was awarded an Ig Nobel 10 years before he received a Nobel.
Given the satiric nature of the prize, emcee and Ig Nobel founder Marc Abrahams closed the ceremony as he always does, with the words: "If you didn't win a prize — and especially if you did — better luck next year!"


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8, November 2022
Culture Forager Vol.III
Welcome to Culture Forager Vol. III. This is where we share with you the cultural stuff that's on our radar right now. From music for plants to a festival dedicated to mountains, we've dug out some gems this month. Scroll through our five foraged findings for inspiration abound.
Beatrix Potter is best known for her children's story books, illustrated with inimitable pictures of clothed animals. But the inspiration for whimsical characters like Peter Rabbit and Mrs Tiggy-Winkle came from Potter's intense fascination with and study of Nature. Discover the author's life as a scientist, sheep farmer, mycologist and more at Beatrix Potter: Drawn to Nature. V&A South Kensington, London, until 8th January 2023.
If you love houseplants as much as we do, hopefully you water them regularly – but have you ever played them music? First released in 1976 (when Faith In Nature was just two years old!), Mother Earth's Plantasia, by Mort Garson, is described as 'warm earth music for plants and the people who love them'. The record, often called simply 'Plantasia', was composed on a Moog synthesiser. Plantasia was re-released in 2019 to a cult following and is available to stream and on vinyl.
Whether or not you're convinced by the idea of playing music to plants, no one can deny the good plants bring to humans. They give us food, air, medicine, meaning, comfort and endless other benefits. All this is explored in a beautiful new book by Simon Barnes: The History of the World in 100 Plants. This richly-illustrated treat of a hardback highlights the most important plants on our planet and how we simply couldn't live without them.
Festivals held in the great outdoors are few and far between at this time of year, but there is a festival of the outdoors. Kendal Mountain Festival's vision is "to inspire more people to explore, respect and represent mountains, wilderness and their cultures". Sounds good to us. Visitors can expect over 150 guest speakers, world film premieres and book launches, all on the theme of adventure in Nature. Thursday 17th – Sunday 20th November 2022, Kendal.
Not strictly a podcast, but a mix worth listening to: Caught by the River recently released their seventh 'Spoken Word & Nature Disco'. Combining spoken word pieces by eminent poets and artists with Nature-themed music from the likes of Group Listening and Tara Clerkin Trio, it's the perfect way to connect with earth through your earphones. Mixed by Jeff Barrett with the Dubwood Allstars, the mix is available through Caught by the River or Mixcloud.
Enjoy this round-up? Check out Culture Forager Vol.II.


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Posted on Monday, February 10th, 2014 by Will Hagle
Seattle's Space Needle has an interactive website that allows you to scroll up the structure while learning more about the city.
Seattle is having a successful year. The city's hometown rapper Macklemore swept the rap awards at the Grammys (causing a bit of controversy in the process), and then the Seahawks took home the Lombardi trophy at the NFL Super Bowl. To honor Seattle's recent success, check out the site dedicated to the structure that gained them notoriety in the first place — the Space Needle. The Space Needle was built in 1962 and quickly became an integral symbol of Seattle's skyline. The structure now also has an interactive online component that lets you explore the 605-foot structure from the comfort of your own home — no matter where you are in the world.
As you scroll your way up the Space Needle, a variety of interactive materials will appear on the screen. You can click on things to learn more about the history of the Space Needle, as well as other facts about Seattle. The site explains, for instance, that it has rained over 162 feet (49.3 meters) in the city since the Space Needle was constructed. Despite the massive amounts of rain that Seattle gets, the city is well known for its vibrant culture of music, nature-exploration, and coffee. The Space Needle site has facts about all of those things and more. As you get a virtual view of the city, you can click on buildings or other things in sight to learn more about them. If you're ever in the Seattle area, a visit to the Space Needle is worth it. If you can't make it there, try checking out the digital equivalent instead.


RRSP Calculator to Calculate RRSP Deductions and Earnings
 - 3 min read
RRSP Calculators are an easy method to calculate the amount of money an individual will have by retirement. There are many different calculators on the Internet to determine how much an individual should save to make a certain amount after retirement. Almost every major bank and financial institution has a RRSP calculator on their website. These calculators can be invaluable tools in determining the RRSP contribution limits, tax breaks, the end result of how much the RRSP will be earning and how much it will provide during retirement.
The RRSP contribution limits are still in place; thus the tax breaks are limited. The RRSP contribution calculator will determine the individual's tax savings. This depends on the province, the income of the individual, the RRSP contribution amount and if there is any RRSP over contribution. The calculator will then determine the approximate tax savingsbased solely on the RRSP contribution and income of the individual.
This can give an individual an approximate idea of how much of a tax saving they will receive after filing their taxes, or how much the individual should contribute to offset any money owing to the government.
View RRSP Calculator.
RRSP Retirement Calculator
The RRSP retirement calculator can be used to determine the effects of RRSP contributions on retirement income. The individual can also calculate the amount needed for retirement and how much is needed to be saved until that time.
It takes into account the contribution rate of the individual with options from weekly contributions to yearly contributions. The interest rate and inflation rate will be taken into account when determining the amount needed for retirement.
The calculator will take into account the years left until planned retirement and the years after retirement that the money will have to last. This calculator can be found on the websites of many major financial institutions or investment companies.
View RRSP Calculator.
These calculators can be used to calculate how much money needs to be saved to accomplish the life goals of the individual. There are many ways to use the calculators and each different calculator will take different variables into account.
Check the inflation and interest rates of different institutions as they may be different. The most effective method of using the calculators is to determine the amount of money that is needed upon retirement and work backwards to determine the amount that should be contributed during the working career of the individual.
When working backwards, if an amount is set and contributions are steady, the calculator will perform as expected. The final factor to consider: as yearly earnings change, adjustments can be made. Hopefully increased.
Any unused space in the RRSP contribution limit can be carried over into subsequent years.
View RRSP Calculator.
Christopher - BSc, MBA
With over two decades of combined Big 5 Banking and Agency experience, Christopher launched Underbanked® to cut through the noise and complexity of financial information. Christopher has an MBA degree from McMaster University and BSc. from Western University in Canada.


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Paid revision courses: time for a boycott
- By: Grant S Nolan
They message me more than my girlfriend does, I see their shiny leaflets plastered on the student union's walls, and one plucky company representative even had the audacity to give a quick sales pitch after a lecture. Exam season is looming, and paid revision courses are everywhere.
Medical schools have been around for centuries, educating bright eyed students. They teach us everything from approaching an unconscious patient in the street, to explaining the stomach ache one gets after being kicked in the balls.* Medical societies often provide revision events and proactive students have long formed their own revision groups; testing each other and working together through indecipherable lecture notes. So what gap are these revision courses plugging?
That question becomes even more relevant when you consider the staggering cost of these courses. With recent tuition fee changes to £9000 a year, medicine can already be unaffordable for those without substantial


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A Loculoascomycete fungus belonging to the genus Leptosphaerulina was found to survive as symptomless endophyte in the leaflets and rachis of peanut plant (TMV 7). Based on morphological and colony characteristics, it is identified as Leptosphaerulina crassiasca, a fungus that causes the pepper spot and leaf scorch diseases in peanut. Although several common endophytic fungi were recovered from the leaves of peanut, L. crassiasca showed a high relative density of infection. Owing to its endophytic nature, its pathogenicity could not be proved by infection studies. However, its identification as L. crassiasca suggests that this pathogen survives as symptomless endophyte in its host. There are limited studies on fungal endophytes of cultivated crops and hence, the present observation underlines the need to know more about the biology of endophytic fungi of crop plants.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology


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We have studied the electron emission characteristics of Mo field emitter arrays (FEA's) using a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film deposited by a layer-by-layer technique using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The turn-on voltage was lowered from 55 to 30 V by a 20-nm thick hydrogen-free DLC coating and maximum emission current was increased from 166 to 831 juA. Also the gate voltage required to get the anode current of 0.1 (juA/emitter) decreases from 77 to 48 V. Furthermore the emission current from DLC coated Mo FEA's is more stable than that of noncoated Mo FEA's.
- Emission current
- Emission stability
- Hydrogenfree dlc
- Mo fea's pecvd
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


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Design of an FD-SOI read / control circuit dedicated to the field of quantum computing under Cryogenic conditions
28 nm FD-SOI, Control Qubit, Quantum Computing, Low Noise Amplifier, Cryogenic CMOS
Quantum computing is a very active branch of R&D activity which shows encouraging results in terms of both physical integration and algorithmic solutions. In particular, silicon spin qubits as well as transmon qubits are candidates already available in laboratories and their measurements confirm what is expected. Moreover, in the processing chain under cryogenic conditions, the measurement of the quantum state and its control are critical points. Conventionally, there is a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a signal generator centered on the read / control frequency of the qubit considered. Thus, the central difficulty is to be able to have an LNA operating at low noise cryogenic temperature without the latter disturbing the integrated system and this in a technology compatible with the specifications. This is the central subject of this thesis. This LNA device associated with measurement / control electronics, all in the cryogenic stage, will go beyond the state of the art in the field of quantum feedback.


which is accepted to be problematic or undesirable. These will often be issues reported in Phabricator, but needn't necessarily.
 - New features is, unsurprisingly, to note the addition of new functionality.
There may be additional sections for specific components (e.g. the Action API) or for miscellaneous changes that don't fall into one of the above categories.
In all cases, if your change is in response to one or more issues reported in Phabricator, include the task ID(s) at the start of the entry. Add new entries in chronological order at the end of the section.
System messages[edit | edit source]
When creating a new system message, use hyphens (-) where possible instead of CamelCase or snake_case. So for example, some-new-message is a good name, while someNewMessage and some_new_message are not.
If the message is going to be used as a label which can have a colon (:) after it, don't hardcode the colon; instead, put the colon inside the message text. Some languages (such as French which require a space before) need to handle colons in a different way, which is impossible if the colon is hardcoded. The same holds for several other types of interpunctuation.
Try to use message keys "whole" in code, rather than building them on the fly; as this makes it easier to search for them in the codebase. For instance, the following shows how a search for templatesused-section will not find this use of the message key if they are not used as a whole.
// No:
return wfMessage( 'templatesused-' . ( $section ? 'section' : 'page' ) );

// Yes:
$msgKey = $section ? 'templatesused-section' : 'templatesused-page';
return wfMessage( $msgKey );
If you feel that you have to build messages on the fly, put a comment with all possible whole messages nearby:
// Messages that can be used here:
// * myextension-connection-success
// * myextension-connection-warning
// * myextension-connection-error
$text = wfMessage( 'myextension-connection-' . $status )->parse();
See Localisation for more conventions about creating, using, documenting and maintaining message keys.
Preferred spelling[edit | edit source]
It is just as important to have consistent spelling in the UI and codebase as it is to have consistent UI. By long standing history, 'American English' is the preferred spelling for English language messages, comments, and documentation.
Abbreviations in message keys[edit | edit source]
ph
placeholder (text in input fields)
tip
tooltip text
tog-xx
toggle options in user preferences
Punctuation[edit | edit source]
Non-title error messages are considered as sentences and should have punctuation.
ResourceLoader[edit | edit source]
Module names should match the main definition of the scripts they load. For example a module defining the mw.util object is named "mediawiki.util" and the module for the mw.Title object constructor is named "mediawiki.Title".
Core modules[edit | edit source]
If you need some additional functionality of a core module (or you need a function that does something similar but a different), actually improve the core module. Don't just copy+paste and modify the code in another place.
Refactoring[edit | edit source]
Refactor code as changes are made: don't let the code keep getting worse with each change.
However, use separate commits if the refactoring is large. See also Architecture guidelines (draft).
Notes[edit | edit source]
 1. mailarchive:wikitech-l/2011-August/054839.html
External links[edit | edit source]
Coding conventions
General All languages · Security for developers · Pre-commit checklist · Performance guidelines (draft) · Style guide · Accessibility guide for developers (draft)
PHP Code conventions · PHPUnit test conventions · Security checklist for developers
JavaScript Code conventions · Learning JavaScript
CSS Code conventions
Database Code conventions
Python Code conventions
Ruby Code conventions
Selenium/Cucumber Code conventions


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European vehicles are known for their advanced technology and performance. Still, they also require specialized maintenance to ensure that their electrical systems, including the battery, perform optimally.
Choose the Right Battery
European vehicles often require specific types of batteries designed to meet their unique electrical demands. Choose a battery recommended by the vehicle's manufacturer and meet the necessary specifications, such as voltage and amperage, to ensure optimal performance.
Regular maintenance is essential for keeping your battery in good working condition. This includes checking the battery's charge level, cleaning the terminals, and ensuring the battery is securely fastened in the vehicle. Regular maintenance can also help identify potential issues before they become significant problems.
Avoid Short Trips
Short trips can be demanding on your battery because they don't allow it to recharge fully. This can cause the battery to become depleted over time, reducing its overall lifespan. Therefore, it's important to take longer trips when possible and to use a battery maintainer or charger to keep your battery charged during periods of disuse.
Avoid Extreme Temperatures
Extreme temperatures can also impact your battery's performance and lifespan. European vehicles often use high-performance batteries designed to handle a wide range of temperatures, but protecting your battery from extreme temperatures is still essential. This includes parking your vehicle in a shaded area or garage during hot weather and using a battery blanket or heater during cold weather.
In conclusion, European vehicles require specialized battery maintenance to ensure optimal performance and longevity. By choosing the correct battery, performing regular maintenance, avoiding short trips, protecting your battery from extreme temperatures, and seeking professional maintenance when necessary, you can help ensure that your European vehicle's battery and electrical system continue functioning properly.


Product Labels In Relation To Imported And Exported Goods
By Ian Renton | Labelling Laws, Product Labels | 5 Jun 2014 |
Product Labels In Relation To Imported And Exported Goods
Ian Renton | 05/06/2014 | Labelling Laws,Product Labels
import export The Commerce (Trade Descriptions) Act of 1905 is over 100 years old but is still used to determine the legality of all imported products that come into Australia. This Act, despite containing 17 parts, simply requires that all goods coming into Australia are labelled correctly. In fact, it is imperative that the trade description applied to your goods via your product label or any other covering such as a bottle, box, glass, vessel, capsule, case, frame or wrapper of any sort is accurate. Your trade description would include the following:
 1. Quantity of your goods
 2. Quality, class and purity of your goods
 3. Size or weight of your products
 4. Nature of your goods
 5. Country where the goods were made
 6. Name of the manufacturer or producer
 7. How the goods were manufactured, produced or packed
 8. The ingredients or materials consisting in the goods
 9. The existence of any patent or copyright over the goods.
Of course, your product labels should be kept simple and be graphically appealing to the consumer at the same time. There is a conflict when it comes to designing product labels in terms of the need to sell versus the need to be compliant. In this conflict, it is always best to err on the side of compliance. If your packaging is non-compliant then you simply will not have a product to sell. Much of the information required by Australian law in relation to providing a trade description on your products that is accurate and cannot be interpreted as being misleading is something that you would want to be doing anyway. Rather than fear the law, it is best to work within its guidelines as these laws will provide valuable information to your consumer and at the same time assist you in selling your products in Australian markets. A false trade description not only applies to information that is false but it also applies to information that is omitted. Also, the same laws apply to exporters. If you are involved in importing and exporting, then it is worthwhile familiarising yourself with the Australian government requirements of the trade description of your goods. Here is the relevant link for the accurate definition of a trade description and its components. _URL_ The above information is just a very brief summary of your requirements as an importer or exporter of goods coming into and going out of Australia. If you are a major importer or exporter, then you should definitely seek legal advice in terms of your product labels on your goods and the packaging of these goods. However, my reading of the law is that compliance is really not that difficult as the government's laws on trade descriptions seem very logical to me. Importing and exporting is vital for our global economy and I feel confident that Australia has laws that are strict enough to protect Australian consumers and also international consumers of our products. In fact, it is the strictness of our laws that makes Australia a comfortable place to live for consumers. Similarly, Australian exporters enjoy a strong international reputation that is partly due to the enforcement of the Commerce (Trade Descriptions) Act of 1905.
ABN: 36 637 427 019
+61 2 9160 4511 / PRIVACY POLICY


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A framework for developing word fragment completion tasksHuman Resource Management Review (2013)
To broaden our understanding of the person-based phenomena that impact organizational behavior, researchers are increasingly making use of implicit measures. Explicit measures tap affect, attitudes, and self-concepts that are accessible to introspective awareness, which are sometimes unreliable or distorted by response biases. In contrast, implicit measures assess mental content and processes that operate outside awareness. Unfortunately, the ad hoc manner in which implicit measures are sometimes developed is problematic. As a way of improving research on implicit content and processes, we present a detailed and practical framework for developing one type of implicit measure: word fragment completion tasks. Such tasks have been successfully used to measure a variety of individual difference variables in previous organizational research. Our framework draws on previous research and well understood psychometric principles to describe a process for creating reliable and valid word fragment completion tasks.
- Indirect measurement,
- Word fragment completion,
Publication DateSeptember, 2013
Citation InformationJoel Koopman, Michael D. Howe, Russell E. Johnson, James A. Tan, et al.. "A framework for developing word fragment completion tasks" Human Resource Management Review Vol. 23 Iss. 3 (2013) p. 242 - 253
Available at: _URL_