Inducing and observing the abstraction of a single hydrogen atom in bimolecular reactions with a scanning tunneling microscope
L. J. Lauhon, W. Ho*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
29 Scopus citations
Abstract
A variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was used to initiate and observe the abstraction of a single hydrogen atom in a simple bimolecular reaction. Dicarbon (CC) on the Cu(001) surface reacted separately with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water (H2O) to form CCH + SH and CCH + OH, respectively. At 9 K, hydrogen abstraction from H2O occurred spontaneously upon contact between CC and thermally diffusing H2O molecules. Hydrogen abstraction from H2S was effected at 9 K by inducing H2S diffusion via excitation with tunneling electrons. The thermal diffusion and reaction of H2S and CC were also observed at 45 K. By removing a single hydrogen atom from H2S and H2O using tunneling electrons, we established the identities of the sulfhydryl (SH) and hydroxyl (OH) reaction products. SH and OH did not react with CC under conditions that led to the reaction of the parent molecules. The bimolecular reactions H2O + O → 2OH and H2S + O → SH + OH did not occur thermally at 9 K but were induced by tunneling electrons.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)3987-3992
Number of pages6
JournalJournal of Physical Chemistry B
Volume105
Issue number18
DOIs
StatePublished - May 10 2001
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
 - Surfaces, Coatings and Films
 - Materials Chemistry
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Specify ciphers allowed for protocol version 2
Use this group policy to specify the ciphers allowed for SSH protocol version 2. If you enable this policy, you can add or delete ciphers to increase the speed of SSO.
Multiple ciphers must be separated by commas. If you want to add a cipher to the list, use the '+' character at the beginning of the name. If you enter the name only, you will replace the existing ciphers with the new cipher.
The order of the cipher list will determine the order that sshd uses the ciphers. For example, if you want to increase the speed of SSO, you can place the cipher, aes128-ctr, at the beginning of the list.
When this policy is disabled, the default cipher list, which is the most secure grouping, is used, but may cause delays in SSO.
To enable this group policy, you must be running Centrify OpenSSH 5.3.0 or later.
This group policy modifies the Ciphers setting in the following file: /etc/centrifydc/ssh/sshd_config


text:
In this Catch Word episode, Andrew and Suzanne discuss two idiomatic expressions that you can use to talk about being speedy: in a jiffy/in a jiff and in a flash. Join them to learn how to make your English sound like a native speaker's!
A jiffy is used not only in English idioms, but also as a unit of time! A jiffy is an actual measurement of time used in many fields such as computer science, physics, and even animation!
Expressions you'll learn in this episode:
- In a jiffy/in a jiff
- In a flash
- To take 10
- To be useless at [something]
- To piggyback off of [something]
Credit: Music: Something Elated by Broke For Free; Step On by Jahzzar; Lobby Time by Kevin (incompetech.com), licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0 License

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Union Minister for Road Transport & Highways and Shipping, Shri Nitin Gadkari holding a meeting on Yamuna related issues in New Delhi on 3rd December 2014. Also present in the meeting is the Hon'ble Lt. Governor of Delhi, Shri Najeeb Jung.
While the climate has been changing since the emergence of Planet Earth in the solar system, human activities in recent times have accelerated the pace of this change. It is now common knowledge that the concentration of carbon dioxide, a significant greenhouse gas (GHG), has consistently increased since the industrial revolution.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Wilderness Safety Education
ALL OF OUR PROGRAMS AND PRESENTATIONS ARE FREE OF CHARGE AS PART OF OUR COMMITMENT TO PUBLIC SAFETY AND EDUCATION.
Preventative Search and Rescue Presentations
Sierra Madre Search and Rescue's (SMSR's) Preventative-Search-and-Rescue (PSAR) program is dedicated to providing wilderness-safety education programs to the public. PSAR presentations, which are available on various wilderness safety topics for ages 3 years old to adults, are from one to two hours in length and provided free of charge. Please contact us at least a month in advance to make sure an instructor is available. Evenings and weekends are the best times to schedule presentations. To learn more about a specific presentation or for scheduling a presentation for your group please contact:Bruce Lamarche, Public Education Coordinator
_PHONE_ (answer machine)
- This Program teaches children what to do if they get lost in the wilderness.
Team member working with children at a safety fair.
- Mountain Survival - What to do before and during your trip, as well as what you bring with you, can have a big impact in determining whether your wilderness outing turns out to be a wonderful experience or a struggle for survival.
- Parental Instruction for Child Safety - Prevention is the key. This presentation will provide useful information for parents who plan to take their children into the wilderness.
- Topics of interest to Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Boy and Girls Club, other youth groups. - We can teach children 3 to 12 years old how to avoid getting lost and what to do if they should become lost. Handouts summarize the program and explain to adults what to do if the child becomes lost.
Team presentation at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Wilderness Safety for Parents and Adults.- Instruction for parents, camp counselors and other adults how to prepare children for outdoors activities. This includes safety tips for adults to consider when they are with children, fun activities for kids to keep them with the group and prevent them from wandering away, important facts on what to do should someone get lost, and ways to help searchers and dog handlers locate the lost person quickly.
Team Display at the Sierra Madre Public Library.
- Career Days - Teaches junior high and high school students the value of giving to their community by volunteering and explains the requirements, training, duties, and responsibilities of SAR team members.
- Safety Fairs - SMSR participates in safety fairs for children and adults.
- Wilderness Safety Programs for Adults - Instructors will talk with the contact person and create a wilderness safety presentation specially designed to meet the needs of the organization. Numerous topics are available, including Hypothermia and first aid, Winter Safety, Mountain Safety, and Wilderness Survival.
- Sierra Madre Search and Rescue - This is a presentation about SMSR, who we are, and what we do for the community. Some of the topics discussed are how to join the team, training, who is legally responsible for SAR missions, what resources are used during a mission, and who & when to call for help.
Last Updated ( Friday, 29 February 2008 )

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


This page in other versions: 9.3 / 9.4 / 9.5 / 9.6 / current (10) | Development versions: devel / 11 | Unsupported versions: 7.3 / 7.4 / 8.0 / 8.1 / 8.2 / 8.3 / 8.4 / 9.0 / 9.1 / 9.2
40.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
Normally, PL/Perl is installed as a "trusted" programming language named plperl. In this setup, certain Perl operations are disabled to preserve security. In general, the operations that are restricted are those that interact with the environment. This includes file handle operations, require, and use (for external modules). There is no way to access internals of the database server process or to gain OS-level access with the permissions of the server process, as a C function can do. Thus, any unprivileged database user can be permitted to use this language.
Here is an example of a function that will not work because file system operations are not allowed for security reasons:
CREATE FUNCTION badfunc() RETURNS integer AS $$
 my $tmpfile = "/tmp/badfile";
 open my $fh, '>', $tmpfile
 or elog(ERROR, qq{could not open the file "$tmpfile": $!});
 print $fh "Testing writing to a file\n";
 close $fh or elog(ERROR, qq{could not close the file "$tmpfile": $!});
 return 1;
$$ LANGUAGE plperl;
The creation of this function will fail as its use of a forbidden operation will be caught by the validator.
Sometimes it is desirable to write Perl functions that are not restricted. For example, one might want a Perl function that sends mail. To handle these cases, PL/Perl can also be installed as an "untrusted" language (usually called PL/PerlU). In this case the full Perl language is available. If the createlang program is used to install the language, the language name plperlu will select the untrusted PL/Perl variant.
The writer of a PL/PerlU function must take care that the function cannot be used to do anything unwanted, since it will be able to do anything that could be done by a user logged in as the database administrator. Note that the database system allows only database superusers to create functions in untrusted languages.
If the above function was created by a superuser using the language plperlu, execution would succeed.
Note: While PL/Perl functions run in a separate Perl interpreter for each SQL role, all PL/PerlU functions executed in a given session run in a single Perl interpreter (which is not any of the ones used for PL/Perl functions). This allows PL/PerlU functions to share data freely, but no communication can occur between PL/Perl and PL/PerlU functions.
Note: Perl cannot support multiple interpreters within one process unless it was built with the appropriate flags, namely either usemultiplicity or useithreads. (usemultiplicity is preferred unless you actually need to use threads. For more details, see the perlembed man page.) If PL/Perl is used with a copy of Perl that was not built this way, then it is only possible to have one Perl interpreter per session, and so any one session can only execute either PL/PerlU functions, or PL/Perl functions that are all called by the same SQL role.
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Copyright © _PHONE_ The PostgreSQL Global Development Group


Keyword completion customization
This document describes the syntax used to customize keyword automatic completion.
Four strings are used to define the completion of a keyword. The rules are the same for all of them:
 - These strings will be inserted right after the keyword. The key that triggers the automatic completion will not be taken into account, i.e. no space or "new line" character will be inserted even though you press Space or Return. The strings should therefore begin with a space or a "new line" character (see below for "newline").
 - Two reserved words will allow you to position the cursor and to indent the text properly. Insert the word $cursor$ in the string where you want the cursor to be moved once the completion is finished. Insert the word $indent$ where you want to copy as many blank spaces as there were on the line where the keyword was typed.
 - Three special characters are available:
 - %N represents the new line character.
 - %T represents the tabulation
 - %B represents the back space
Examples :
1) You want the lines of code :
if next_line_of_code
to become:
if <cursor here> then <one more tabulation> end next_line_of_code
as you press Space just after typing if.
To make this happen, you should define the "Customized auto complete (Space after keyword was typed)" string for if as :
$cursor$ then%N$indent$%T%N$indent$end
First, EiffelStudio editor has to insert a blank space after if. The string begins therefore by a blank space.
Then, $cursor$ tells EiffelStudio to move the cursor to this position after the completion.
then is inserted after the cursor position.
%N indicates that you want to insert a new line after then.
$indent$%T means that this line is filled with as many blank spaces as there are before if plus a tabulation.
Another line is inserted with %N.
Then $indent$end means that end will be inserted in this new line with the same indentation as if.
2) You want the lines of code :
end next_line_of_code
to become:
end next_line_of_code
as you press Return just after typing end.
To make this happen, you should define the "Customized auto complete (Return after keyword was typed)" string for end as :
%B%B%B%Bend%N$indent$%B$cursor$
The four %B will remove end plus one character before end (the tabulation character).
end will be inserted at this new position.
%N indicates that you want to insert a new line.
$indent$%B$cursor$ means that the cursor will be moved to the end of the line where one less blank space than before the original end will have been inserted.
Note: EiffelStudio editor can insert spaces instead of tabulation when you use special character %T. This is set in another section of the preferences .
See Also:
Keywords automatic completion preferences
Default values for keyword completion preferences
cached: 01/16/2022 4:50:47.000 PM


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8 min read
Your Guide to Heat Activated Adhesives
By Sue Chambers on Mar 26, 2020 9:30:00 AM
A heat activated adhesive is a type of adheive, usually applied to a tape backing, that will not bond at normal temperatures. Instead, it becomes sticky in certain temperatures, wherein the adhesive chemicals are activated and can form a bond.
These tapes are extremely versatile and can be used for bonding in a huge variety of projects. Join us, today, as we dive deep into heat activated adhesive, its uses, benefits, alternatives, and how it all works.
What Is Heat Activated Adhesive?
Let's start today's article off with a basic explanation of heat activated adhesives. As the name implies, this is a non-sticky adhesive that, usually, will not bond or adhere at normal temperatures. As part of its design, this adhesive only begins to bond when heated to a very specific temperature.
Heat activated adhesive films offer a lot of versatility in their design and application. They are industrial in scope and have actually grown extensively in popularity over the last few decades.
When activated from a heat source, your adhesive goes through two stages:
 - Phase one occurs takes place within seconds of the heat activation process. Bonding occurs between the two objects and the adhesive tape itself begins to cool after being heated.
 - The second phase of the process is carried out over the next few minutes. Once the adhesive has had chance to cool down, the chemicals on the tape start crystallizing. This increases the strength of the material bond significantly.
One of the big draws to heat activated adhesives is that it is completely dry before being heated. There is no tackiness, and it will not stick to itself, making it incredibly easy to work into various cracks and crevices without major hassle. The tape itself feels like paper and only becomes sticky under heated conditions.
Adhesive films use thin layers of specifically designed bonding agents attached to some sort of backing material to get the job done. This gives you, the user, a product that is equal parts easy to use and extremely versatile. Backings can be coated with the adhesive on one or both sides. They may also be treated with different concentrations of the same adhesive. This makes them more or less appropriate for different tasks.
Moreover, these backings may actually be created from a range of materials. Depending on your needs and supplier, you might find any of the following as your heat activated adhesive backing:
 - cloth
 - foam
 - foil
 - paper
 - plastic well as a host of others. The aim, with these, is to provide enough room to use heat adhesives in a range of environments. You'll find tapes cut and wound into rolls, for easy use and storage.
Heat-activated adhesives are available in configurations for any job you can imagine. Suitable for materials from plastic to metal and wood, there's very little you can't actually join with a good heat activated adhesive.
More Characteristics
Heat activated film brings a range of useful traits to the table, including some of the following:
 - resistance to aging and weathering
 - improved shock resistance
 - extreme flexibility
 - available in a range of thicknesses and designs
 - incredibly high bonding strength
 - improved resistance to chemicals
 - extremely stable in high temperatures
 - elasticity under various conditions
 - the availability of electrically conductive variants
As a leading adhesive across various industries, heat activated films deserve their reputation. The adhesive itself is designed for temperatures from 40 to 140 degrees, C. Depending on where you go, adhesives are also made in a variety of grades. Looking for an improved flammability rating? Expecting more from your web grade? There's something out there for you.
Different Types Of Adhesive Tape
Of course, heat activated tape isn't the only variety out there. Let's take a closer look at the three main types of adhesive tape, in general, so we can compare their benefits:
Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Film
Otherwise known as "PSA", pressure-sensitive adhesives use chemicals that activate under pressure. This is what many of us think of when we think of traditional adhesive tape. A film that consists of pressure sensitive adhesive applied to some sort of substrate, typically on one side. The other side of the tape's backing usually features a release liner that makes manual pressure applications easier.
You'll PSAs sticky at room temperature, making them quick to prepare and to apply. They can be used to bond various materials, from paper and plastic to metal and concrete in some cases. They work better in temperatures from 59 to 95ºF. At a lower temperature, you may run into wetting or adhesion issues with the actual substrate itself. Alternatively, if used in extremely high temperatures, the tape itself may stretch or warp, presenting problems during the final application.
In terms of bonding pressure, expect around 30 psi from this adhesive, depending on the specific application you are using it for.
Heat Activated Adhesive Film
With so many options of tape available, heated, pressure sensitive, and not, it should be noted that heat activated pressure sensitive adhesive exists. For the purposes of simplicity, however, we'll just be looking at heated options, today.
Heat activated films are a different animal to pressure sensitive tape. Unlike the latter, heat activated adhesive are completely dry until activated by the titular heat. That means they are not tacky, will not stick to the user or themselves, and can be applied in whatever configuration they need to be.
For proper adhesion, the film has to be kept at a high temperature, typically anywhere above 180º F, for a very specific period of time. This is useful because it is so specific, meaning there is zero change of accidentally activating the tape before you are ready to use it.
While the tape is cooling after being heated, the adhesive's microstructure begins to crystallize, boosting its overall bond strength significantly. This strength is important to the overall utility of these tapes. With thermally activated adhesives, they are particularly aggressive, and their adhesion allows for difficult surfaces to be joined with minimal issues. These can include notoriously tricky substrates, such as rubber and other polymer based materials.
As a last note, heat activated adhesives are also very customizable and can be combined with various backing materials to achieve different results.
Moisture Activated Adhesive Film
Where pressure sensitive tape requires the application of pressure, and heat is require for heat activated adhesive films, moisture is activated in wet conditions. Here, the adhesive compound becomes sticky when wet with water or any other approved liquid solution.
This is less of an industrial option than the other adhesives on this list, and is generally much less expensive. Users will find this adhesive film backed with kraft paper, and it is generally used for more lightweight projects.
What Are Some Of The Other Benefits Of Heat Activated Adhesive?
Heat activated adhesive tapes are mostly popular for their relatively high bonding strength. This is a strong bond with an even application and, as we've described, is often used for binding tricky substrates that other chemicals just don't work on.
Improved chemical resistance is another big factor. The crosslinking reaction that occurs while the thermoset adhesives are curing makes for a far more robust bonding structure that you just don't find elsewhere. Pressure sensitive and moisture films have their place, but they can't compete when it comes to bonding strength.
Not only is it stronger than alternative adhesives, but it also works on surfaces those films just aren't compatible with. Adhesion on these surfaces simply isn't an option, usually, but the added bonding strength and maneuverability of heat films give them a decisive edge. Look to heat activation for work with the following materials:
 - Aluminum foil
 - Polyurethane
 - PVC
 - Rubber
As a result of this compatibility, thermally activated adhesives are also used in a wider variety of industries. Laminating, forming and thermoplastic welding all have their uses for this tape, among many others. One industry that has seen a lot of play in this regard is the textile industry, where heat-activated adhesives combine extremely well with various fabrics. This, in turn, means it can be used to make various high-performance composites, giving designers the tools they need to build anything they want.
More practically, these same textile designers were able to incorporate this film into their waterproof garments. Sealing their garments quicker and more easily than ever before, heat activated adhesive films found a place in this community early on. Add to that the fact that it is washing machine durable, and it's a no brainer why this would be popular in textile work.
Of course, the benefits of this kind of adhesive go much further than that. It starts with versatility, with the tape itself designed for rigid or flexible applications. This is why it's seen so much success in different industries, as the applications are far-ranging and varied.
It's also excellent for induction curing and sealing. This makes it appropriate in high-pressure applications, shoring up leaks and curing surfaces quickly and easily.
Applications For This Adhesive
Using a combination of specifically designed tapes and heat activated adhesives, it's possible to achieve a variety of great results. These tapes can be used to bond to weather strip seals, with their high durability


text:
Did you know there are mummies in Korea? I didn't, until I found this article from 2007 on National Geographic. (Apparently, archaeologists didn't, either, until the bodies started showing up, as old cemeteries were moved to make way for new houses in the recent construction boom.)
This person lived about 500 years ago and was found in South Korea. According to National Geographic, the mummification is perhaps the result of a burial practice that evolved in 14th-century Korea:
"The people believed the body should dissolve in a natural manner, without external factors such as worms," said Mark Spigelman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, who is known for his pioneering studies of ancient diseases found on mummified bodies around the world.
"This is why they developed a special burial custom."
The method involves laying a body on ice for 3 to 30 days during mourning, placing the corpse inside an inner and an outer pine coffin surrounded by the deceased's clothes, and covering the coffin in a lime soil mixture.
"In some cases, this inadvertently resulted in extremely good natural mummification," Spigelman added. "They didn't expect mummification and, in fact, that's the one thing they wouldn't want."
This method—unlike the artificial (and brittle-making) mummification processes used in ancient Egypt—resulted in mummies that are relatively pliable, with better preserved DNA. Researchers were even able to take samples from one mummy of the virus that causes hepatitis B, which could pave the way for research that might help modern-day sufferers of the disease.
A more recent discovery—featured in the Daily Mail—is this lady, who is also believed to be about 500 years old:
She was found in Osan, in South Korea's Gyeonggi Province, with her purse.


best way = probably the only way: start at the first row, record the value, see if the value in the second row is higher, then the 3rd, and repeat until you get to the end of the column. When the value you're looking at exceeds the value stored, update the value stored and where you found the new value.


text:
by Torreele E, Bourdin Trunz B, Tweats D, Kaiser M, Brun R, Mazué G, Bray M A, Pécoul B. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, December 2010, 4(12). e923.
Summary: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a fatal parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes. Current treatment options for HAT are scarce, toxic, no longer effective, or very difficult to administer, in particular for the advanced, fatal stage of the disease (stage 2, chronic HAT). Here it is shown that fexinidazole, a 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazole rediscovered by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) after extensive compound mining efforts, could be a short-course, safe and effective oral treatment for both acute and chronic HAT and that could be implemented at the primary health care level.


OutputStream.writeAllFinish
Finishes an asynchronous stream write operation started with OutputStream.writeAllAsync.
As a special exception to the normal conventions for functions that use GError, if this function returns FALSE (and sets error) then bytes_written will be set to the number of bytes that were successfully written before the error was encountered. This functionality is only available from C. If you need it from another language then you must write your own loop around OutputStream.writeAsync.
class OutputStream
bool
writeAllFinish
Parameters
result AsyncResultIF
bytesWritten size_t
location to store the number of bytes that was written to the stream
Return Value
Type: bool
TRUE on success, FALSE if there was an error
Throws
GException on failure.
Meta
Since
2.44


text:
Wild horses released in Western Iberia rewilding area
31 July 2012 | News story
A herd of 24 Retuerta horses, coming from the Doñana biological station in southern Spain, were released in the Campanarios de Azaba reserve on July 27. The release was possible thanks to the Rewilding Europe initiative and the collaboration between the Nature and Man Foundation (FNYH) and the Doñana Biological Station.
The Nature and Man Foundation released twenty-four Retuerta horses in the Campanarios de Azaba reserve, in the province of Salamanca, Spain. The creation of this new population of Retuertas will help to guarantee the survival of this rare breed in Doñana and will strengthen the process of natural grazing by large herbivores in the Campanarios de Azaba reserve, part of one of the current five rewilding areas of Rewilding Europe.
Natural grazing by wild herbivores (such as wild horses, wild cattle, bison and many other species) disappeared from large parts of Europe when humans occupied these areas. Wild horses and cattle were domesticated and used for agriculture. With the large scale land abandonment now happening in many parts of Europe, livestock is also disappearing, leading to the simplification of ecosystems and reducing the dehesas that compose the natural Mediterranean mosaic landscapes.
Rewilding Europe contributes to the increase of biodiversity in Western Iberia, by reintroducing natural grazing as a key ecological process. In order to reach its goals in Western Iberia, the initiative has started to work in two pilot areas: Campanarios de Azaba biological reserve (Spain) and Faia Brava reserve (Portugal). The reintroduction of wild living herbivores will not only support the recovery of natural spaces and increase biodiversity; it will also provide new opportunities for local communities, landowners and stakeholders in the area.
After rigorous comparative genetic analysis with other ancient races like Asturcón, Losino or Potoca, a study published in 2006 has discovered that Retuertas are one of the oldest horse breeds in Europe.
The new Retuerta population in Campanarios will be treated as wild living animals, and live in social groups, grazing the reserve which is currently 500 hectares.
"The release of the 24 Retuerta horses is an important step in the rewilding of Western Iberia", says Frans Schepers, Managing Director of Rewilding Europe. "I hope the herds will adapt soon to this new area and will grow in numbers. I also hope the local stakeholders and landowners in the area will see the benefits of the rewilding initiative in the area, and will support or join our work. Together with the planned reintroduction of other species, Western Iberia will become one of the leading examples of rewilding in Europe".
"Rewilding Europe offers a new opportunity to manage Western Iberia," Carlos Sanchez Martinez, director of FNYH and President of the Spanish IUCN National Committee said at the release. "Wild herbivores help prevent forest fires and keep landscapes open, which is a key to greater biodiversity. Retuerta horses are invaluable. It is both a privilege and a huge responsibility for FNYH to be custodians of the second population of this breed of horses."
Rewilding Europe and Campanarios de Azaba
Rewilding Europe is an initiative by WWF Netherlands, ARK Nature, Conservation Capital and Wild Wonders of Europe, with the ambition of making Europe a wilder place, with much more space for wilderness, wildlife and natural processes. Rewilding Europe aims to rewild one million hectares of land by 2020. Rewilding Europe is currently working in five rewilding areas, Western Iberia is one of them.
The key area in Western Iberia is the Campanarios de Azaba biological reserve, located in Espeja's municipality in the region of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pasture lands with different oak habitats (Quercus ilex, Quercus pyrenaica) characterize the area and several distinguished species can be found here, for example the Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus) and the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra).
Carlota Pérez, FNYH Press Officer
Telf: +34 942 559119


text:
Emily Porter NUI Galway – Rising Star in EECS 2016
Position: Postdoctoral Researcher
Current Institution: National University of Ireland – Galway
Confounders in Dielectric Properties of Biological Tissues and the Impact on Electromagnetic Medical Applications
The dielectric properties of biological tissues are of fundamental importance to understanding and quantifying the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the human body. These quantities determine the transmission, reflection, and absorption of electromagnetic fields within the body. Accurate knowledge of the dielectric properties of human tissues are vital for many applications. In particular, they are used to evaluate the safety of wireless electronic devices and communications, and in the design and development of electromagnetic medical imaging and therapeutic devices. The dielectric properties often play a role in determining the operating requirements of such devices, including the minimum input (transmitted) power and the functional frequency range. Historically, studies reported in the literature have aimed to establish a database of dielectric properties for many human tissues; however, rather than solidifying existing data, such studies have often produced conflicting results, a fact which is likely attributable to the considerable differences in measurement approaches and techniques used at all stages of dielectric property studies. Dielectric measurements are typically performed by placing an open-ended coaxial probe in contact with the tissue sample, and recording the reflection coefficient with a vector network analyser. While uncertainties occur due to the measurement equipment (e.g. drift, random noise, cable movements), the uncertainties attributed to clinical factors are orders of magnitude higher. Clinical factors result from measurements on tissues in an uncontrolled environment; examples of causes for clinical uncertainties include the quality and pressure of the probe-sample contact, the sample temperature, the ambient humidity, and poor quantification of the types of tissues that are present in heterogeneous samples. This work presents an exhaustive investigation of two key clinical factors, the probe sensing depth and the process of attribution of measured dielectric properties to samples with heterogeneous tissue contents. The findings demonstrate that significant error can be introduced to the dielectric properties of tissues when using common assumptions relating to these two key clinical factors. A framework is presented for quantifying these factors, enabling future dielectric property studies to obtain results that are meaningful, repeatable, and traceable.
Emily Porter is a Postdoctoral Researcher and Adjunct Lecturer in the Lambe Medical Device Group at the Translational Research Facility (University Hospital Galway), National University of Ireland-Galway (NUIG). Her research is focused on novel medical applications of electromagnetics. In particular, her interests include bladder and kidney monitoring using electrical impedance tomography, microwave radar for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, anatomically and electrically realistic phantoms, and standardized dielectric measurements of biological tissues. Such electromagnetic medical devices have significant potential to enhance health diagnosis strategies and treatment outcomes, through non-invasive techniques with minimal side-effects. Dr. Porter is an active member in a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, named "TD1301: Accelerating the Technological, Clinical and
Commercialisation Progress in the Area of Medical Microwave Imaging," which consists of over
160 members in 26 countries.
Emily Porter studied at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, where she received her M. Eng. in 2010 and her Ph.D. in Applied Electromagnetics in 2015. During her time at McGill University, she also worked as an editor and proofreader for technical publications. Her Ph.D. research focused on the design and implementation of a microwave breast health monitoring device, which is currently undergoing early clinical studies at the McGill University Health Centre's Breast Clinic at the Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal). Initial results of the study have been published in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering and IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. Dr. Porter is the recipient of several prestigious national and international awards, including the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Doctoral Research Award, the Irish Research Council (IRC) "New Foundations" Grant, the Royal Irish Academy (RIA) Charlemont Grant, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship, Le Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT) Fellowship (Research Fund of Quebec: Nature and Technologies), and the D.W. Ambridge
Dr. Porter is the recipient of several prestigious national and international awards, including the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Doctoral Research Award, the Irish Research Council (IRC) "New Foundations" Grant, the Royal Irish Academy (RIA) Charlemont Grant, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Postdoctoral Fellowship, Le Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FRQNT) Fellowship (Research Fund of Quebec: Nature and Technologies), and the D.W. Ambridge Prize, awarded by McGill University for the most outstanding graduating doctoral student in Natural Sciences or Engineering.


color coded
Definition of color coded
 1. each marked by a particular color The trails on the mountain are all color coded.
Word by Word Definitions
 : the aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be described in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation (see saturation 4) for objects and hue, brightness, and saturation for light sources
 : a specific combination of hue, saturation, and lightness or brightness
 1. : to give color to
 : to change the color of (as by dyeing, staining, or painting)
 : to change as if by dyeing or painting: such as
codeplay coded
 1. : a systematic statement of a body of law
 : one given statutory force
 : a system of principles or rules
 1. : to put in or into the form or symbols of a code
 : to specify the genetic code
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up color coded? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


New Mars Forums
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#1 2020-05-22 16:43:59
From: UK
Registered: 2008-03-24
Posts: 6,517
Plant discovered on Mars? (Is the question mark even necessary?)
I normally reference Joe White's videos on the Real Mars thread, which is something of a ghetto for discussion of possible life on Mars (present or past). However I think this video really deserve a separate thread (even though I have already mentioned it on the Real Mars thread):
Looks like Joe might have discovered a genuine plant on Mars - analogous to a type of cactus, possibly.
It's particularly interesting because we have not just something that could be a plant (growing up directly out of the soil, thin and perpendicular fashion, like many cacti on Earth) but there are four other crucial pieces of evidence:
1. Close to the plant we see what looks like an exposed root system.
2. The root system is by an area of damp sand.
3. The damp sand is just where you would expect melted frost water to drip down from the higher level sedimentary rock layer.
4. One of the roots is embedded in the damp sand, suggesting it is drawing out water (and, presumably, nutrients).
So this is not just a video of something that looks like a plant. It is a video that can go a long way to explaining how a plant might survive on Mars:
There could be extensive plant root systems spread over a wide area where statistically it is likely that melt water will be formed (from frost on exposed flat sedimentary rock layers). When areas of damp sand occur (probably in the summer period, maybe over say 100 sols out of the Mars year), the root system draws up water. The water entering the plant system is then able to germinate seeds (or trigger some similar process) so that a cactus-like plant shoots up from beneath the surface sand. Presumably this plant has some vital reproductive system e.g. the production of tiny seeds that can be blown on the winds of Mars. The "knobbly" parts of the plant in the video might well be seed pods that burst open when conditions are right e.g. when the wind blows relatively strongly. Seeds that land by chance in areas of damp sand may then be able to start forming new root systems and so the process continues.
This is absolutely fascinating. The fact that NASA can publish such an image and make no comment about its extraordinary content is perhaps an apt comment on the dilapidated state of the organisation.
#2 2020-05-22 17:50:35
Registered: 2011-12-29
Posts: 3,710
Re: Plant discovered on Mars? (Is the question mark even necessary?)
I will be very surprised, if you get much support in your assertions. However, conditionally, I feel I do have limited support to offer.
A life form would need an energy source, water, and nutrients at the minimum, I presume.
While light is a possibility, for Mars, it is complicated with U.V. Over billions of years of adaptation could plants tolerate U.V? Well, maybe to a degree. I have read that plants capturing visible light is like them catching bullets. U.V. would be even harder.
So, I am inclined to think that fungi would be the most reasonable life form that Mars and the Earth could have supported, before a Oxygen atmosphere on either planet.
With a CO2 dominated atmosphere each planet could support such life through photolysis.
I will try to offer some supporting links for that proposal of possibility. … e-to-land/ … n-air.html
"This new understanding about how life can still exist in physically extreme and nutrient-starved environments like Antarctica opens up the possibility of atmospheric gases supporting life on other planets," study leader Belinda Ferrari, a microbiologist at the University of New South Wales in Australia, said in a statement.
Life on the outer limit
The researchers collected soil microbes from two regions in eastern Antarctica, both of which are ice-free and devoid of vegetation. The soil is also very low in vital nutrients like carbon and nitrogen. The first sample area was a spot called Robinson Ridge in Wilkes Land. The second was a desolate stretch called Adams Flat in Princess Elizabeth Land.
The team was able to scan the genomes of 23 separate microbes, including two bacterial groups never before described by science, dubbed WPS-2 and AD3. The most dominant microbes, the scientists found, were also those with the genes that leant them air-scrubbing abilities. [Extreme Life on Earth: 8 Bizarre Species]
"They can get most of the energy and carbon they need by scavenging trace atmospheric gases, including hydrogen and carbon monoxide," Ferrari said. They can also pull carbon dioxide from the air, the researchers reported.
Slow living
This method of feeding on air may be prevalent throughout Antarctica, the researchers wrote, though they said more sampling is needed to find out whether that's the case. Microbes in other nutrient-poor spots, like the Atacama Desert in South America — the driest desert in the world — could use atmospheric gases to survive, too, the researchers wrote.
Bacteria have been known to survive on carbon monoxide and hydrogen alone, Don Cowan and Thulani Makhalanyane of the University of Pretoria, South Africa, wrote in a News and Views article accompanying Ferrari's paper. Usually, microbes live like this in oxygen-free environments like the sediments in the deep sea, but some bacteria, like Geobacter sulfurreducens, are known to pull carbon monoxide from the air as their energy source, added Cowan and Makhalanyane, who weren't involved in the original study.
The Antarctic bacteria spend most of the year dormant, Cowan and Makhalanyane noted, actively eating, growing and reproducing for likely only a few hundred hours annually. That means life moves at a slow pace for these organisms, the authors wrote. But the find is still exciting, Cowan and Makhalanyane added, especially for astrobiologists.
"It adds another dimension to our understanding of the survival and energy-sufficiency mechanisms of organisms living in places at the limits of where life is thought to be possible," the authors wrote.
Original article on Live Science.
So, my thinking about early life on the Earth and maybe Mars land is that the shoreline of oceans might have had a lot of organic matter for fungi to feed on, and eventually they might have adapted to feed on CO, and maybe Hydrogen and trace Oxygen.
Complex Fungi could perhaps live mostly underground, and as today, perhaps have protected Mushrooms, as reproductive organs.
It can be understood that in Antarctica, some Lichen can grow at subzero temperatures, and also absorb water from the atmosphere. It would not be necessary for a "Plant" on Mars to have roots. But some parts of a fungi could be like roots and extract nutrients from the regolith.
However, I have reasoned how tolerably "Fresh" water could emerge from a freeze/thaw cycle as in the Arctic ice pack.
I feel that I will not go much further, other than to mention that if there was Fungi on Mars, it would have had billions of years to adapt, if adaptation were at all possible.
I will also say that I have been informed long ago that the British are notorious pranksters.
Last edited by Void (2020-05-22 18:29:47)
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The definition of affiant is a legal term used to identify someone who makes a sworn statement called an affidavit.(noun)
An example of an affiant is a person who gives testimony to the police and then swears to it and usually signs it.
See affiant in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < prp. of OFr afier: see affiance
See affiant in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: From affy, to make affidavit
Origin:, from Middle English affien, to trust
Origin:, from Old French affier, to promise; see affiance.
Learn more about affiant


text:
This website is a collection of resources for students of landmark Delaware cases and statutory developments since 1967. The site includes the following materials:
- Video recordings and transcripts of interviews of lawyers and judges who participated in the cases.
- Narrative documentary videos describing the cases, using excerpts from the interviews and from case materials.
- For each of the cases, texts of court opinions, selected briefs, and other documents generated in the case.
- Amendments to the Delaware General Corporation Law since 1967, with annual commentaries on the amendments, and the history of the 1967 revision of the statute.
- Other relevant resources, including a selection of client memos from Martin Lipton of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz commenting on developments in Delaware corporate law.


text:
- Town Departments
- Find information about animal adoptions, rabies vaccinations and more.
- Animal Control
- Find information about building inspections, commercial and residential codes and more.
- Building Inspections
- Find information about Town codes and common violations.
- Code Enforcement
- Find information on parks, recreation activities, recycling and trash services.
- Community Service
- Find court schedules, policies, procedures and payment information.
- Find information on planning and zoning ordinances, new developments, and more.
- Development Services
- Visit the Sunnyvale Economic Development website.
- Economic Development
- Find information about the Town's annual budget and other financial information.
- Find information about fire, emergency and rescue services in Sunnyvale.
- Find current employment opportunities and information about working for the Town of Sunnyvale.
- Human Resources
- Find information about the Sunnyvale's public library.
- Find information from the Dallas Sheriff's Department on public safety in Sunnyvale.
- Public Safety
- Find information on establishing water service, utility billing, payments and more.
- Public Works
- Find information about property taxes and payments.
- Tax Assessor
- Find contact information, mission, goals and objectives of the Town's executive officer.
- Town Manager
- Find official Town documents, such as Council agendas and minutes, elections, and taxes.
- Town Secretary


text: An experimental study was conducted to compare performance and efficiency between fluidic oscillators and steady jets with respect to numerous well established flow control coefficients (e.g., momentum, mass flow, energy, etc.) in support of the development of active flow control technology. Different actuation modules were tested on an existing model of the NASA hump geometry. Time-averaged pressure measurements were conducted with high spatial resolution along both the chord and span of the model. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry is performed downstream of the actuation location to investigate the performance differences in more detail. Fluidic oscillators are superior to steady jets with respect to any flow control coefficient at a given spacing. This superiority is due to the existence of more coherent streamwise vortices for fluidic oscillators in comparison to steady jets.


LinuxQuestions.org
LinuxQuestions.org (/questions/)
- Linux - Software (_URL_
- - HOW TO: Get KWeather Panel Applet Working (_URL_
RavenLX 05-18-2006 09:03 PM
HOW TO: Get KWeather Panel Applet Working

Kweather does not work well in KDE 3.4.2. In fact, the Display area's Location drop down will always say "Unknown Station" and the icon will be a question mark. Even if you ad several stations and select one it will still do this. This is a work-around.
 1. Find your station ID. This is usually a K followed by the first three letters of your city or some other code. You can find a list of codes here:
 _URL_
 Note that this is a big site so you'll want to use your browser's search feature. The 4-letter code you need will be in the column just to the left of your city name. The column to the right of the city column is the state, so be sure you have the right one.
 2. Open your text editor and type in (or cut and paste) the following:
 Code:
 [General Options]
 log_file_name=
 logging=false
 report_location=
 reportview_size=450,325
 smallview_mode=2
 3. Edit the report_location line by adding your 4-letter station code after the equal sign.
 4. Save this file as:
 $HOME/.kde/share/config/weather_panelappletrc
 5. Add the weather applet to your panel. It should now work, and show an icon along with the current temperature.
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 11:20 PM.


text:
Dan Congreve, Rowland Fellow at the Rowland Institute at Harvard, has been named one of the Moore Inventor Fellows. Launched in 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Moore's Law, the revolutionary prediction that anticipated the exponential growth of computing power, the program embraces the spirit of Gordon Moore's passion for science and penchant for inventing.
"The Moore Inventor Fellowship recognizes the quality of the individual, as well as the quality of the idea," said Harvey V. Fineberg, president of the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, which awards the fellowships. "The ultimate goal is to convert the ideas into inventions that can change the world."
Congreve proposes to use upconversion to build a new approach to 3D printing. This process, which converts lower-energy light to higher-energy light, allows the printing of entire 3D volumes at once, allowing for rapid printing of microscale structures and enabling innovation across a number of challenging problems.
"These young women and men are at early stages of their careers, when they most need funding for their ideas, but when it is most difficult to obtain," explained Robert Kirshner, the foundation's chief program officer for Science. "We want to capture opportunities that would otherwise be missed. We expect Moore Inventor Fellowships will give creative people the time and resources to develop their ideas and help open the path for invention inside academic institutions."
Other Moore Inventor 2019 Fellows are: Erin Fischell, assistant scientist, applied ocean physics and engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Ksenia Krasileva, assistant professor, plant and microbial biology, University of California, Berkeley; Chang Liu, assistant professor, biomedical engineering, University of California, Irvine; and Maiken Mikkelsen, associate professor, electrical and computer engineering, and physics, Duke University.
This year, the foundation received more than 200 nominations, from which five fellows were selected. Each fellow receives a total of $825,000 over three years to drive their invention forward, including $50,000 per year from their home institution as a commitment to these outstanding individuals.
More information is available at _URL_


text:
Today Novozymes, the world leader in bioinnovation, announced an exploratory research agreement with Sea6 Energy, an India-based company, to jointly develop a process for the production of biofuels from seaweed. The research alliance will use enzymes to convert seaweed-based carbohydrates to sugar, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol for fuel, fine chemicals, proteins for food, and fertilizers for plants.
Novozymes will research, develop, and manufacture enzymes for the conversion process, while Sea6 Energy contributes its offshore seaweed cultivation technology.
Seaweed is a natural complement to our efforts to convert other types of biomass to fuel ethanol," says Per Falholt, Executive Vice President and CSO of Novozymes. "More than half of the dry mass in seaweed is sugar, and the potential is therefore significant."Harvesting the ocean for sustainable biofuels and food proteins
Seaweed, technically known as macroalgae, is one of the world's fastest growing plants. It does not require irrigation or fertilizers, or take up arable land. Seaweed cultivation is an ancient practice traditionally carried out using long ropes and bamboo rafts. Seaweed can be produced at many locations in the world, but the warm sea conditions, abundant sunlight, and the possibility for several harvest cycles through the year make the waters around India particularly suitable.
Sea6 Energy has already developed ocean-farming structures that are robust and versatile compared to traditional methods of seaweed cultivation. These structures could be used to create large-scale seaweed farms in offshore locations. In addition, Sea6 Energy is also pioneering approaches to fermenting the sugars derived from seaweed to produce fuel in a manner that requires minimal use of fresh water resources.
"We are excited about our partnership with Novozymes and look forward to developing an efficient enzymatic process to convert seaweed to sugar," says Shrikumar Suryanarayan, Chairman of Sea6 Energy. "Combined with Sea6 Energy's offshore seaweed cultivation expertise, these conversion technologies will offer a scalable and sustainable alternative to expensive and polluting fossil fuels, while providing employment to coastal communities and energy security for our country."
Sea6 Energy is currently trialing its cultivation technology in partnership with a few fishing communities around the coastal areas of South India. Novozymes' Indian arm will work closely with Sea6 Energy to develop the conversion technology. About Sea6 Energy


Difference Between Liberal and Libertarian
Liberal vs Libertarian
If one looks at the political spectrum in US on a continuum from left to right, he comes across many political ideologies with communism at the far left and fascism at the extreme right. Liberal and libertarian are political ideologies that are similar to each other and lie somewhere in the middle of this political continuum. Because of these similarities, there are many who treat these ideologies as synonymous and interchangeable. However, despite similarities and overlap, there are differences that cannot be overlooked and will be highlighted in this article.
Liberals are people who believe that people should be as free as possible with as little government intervention as possible. They are opposite to conservatives who believe the status quo and stick to old traditions and policies. Liberals are advocates of changes in policies that are meant for the betterment of people. At one point of time, liberals stood for personal liberty more than anything else. Liberalism in politics means standing for the rights and freedom of the individual. Liberals are believed to be standing to the left of the centrist position. If you are a liberal, you can be criticized for being socialistic in leanings.
Libertarian is a political ideology that believes in Live and let live. These people want very little intervention from the state in the affairs of the citizens; so much so that, at times, they are referred to as supporters of anarchism. The word is derived from liberty, and a libertarian is an individual who believes in liberty. Personal freedom is what libertarians believe in though they also believe in social responsibility. A libertarian is dead against any governmental interference in personal or business decisions of citizens. This in turns translates into smaller governments, taxes, and bureaucracy while at the same time signifying greater personal freedom.
What is the difference Between Liberal and Libertarian?
- During 1800's liberals and libertarians stood for same ideals and values. Over time, however, differences between the two ideologies have cropped up.
- Both stand for personal freedom but liberals want to secure this freedom through government while libertarians want this freedom without any government intervention.
- Marxism led liberals to believe that social justice could be achieved with the help of government and they got seduced forgetting all about personal freedom.
- Today liberals are seen justifying bigger governments, higher taxes, and stringent regulation.
- On the other hand, libertarians are even today distrustful of government and want minimal intervention from it to ensure personal freedom.
- Libertarians want private initiative to solve social problems.
 - David Morris
 This is bogus and contrived comparison. You cannot state that liberalism stands for freedom and minimal government and then champion central government solutions.
 - gadfly85
 "Marxism led liberals to believe that social justice could be achieved with the help of government and they got seduced forgetting all about personal freedom." Biased much?
 - _URL_ RDSouth
 Modern liberalism, often called "social liberalism" can still be said to be aiming at optimal levels of freedom. The government is not the only possible oppressor of liberty: powerful private associations and business concerns can be just as much a threat. If practiced carefully, government can be used to control private rule without taking more liberty than is gained. For political reasons, true liberals (as defined in the Oxford Manifesto) have had to ally with some with more relish for regulation than for the liberty to be guaranteed by it, and this has tainted the good name of liberalism.
 - jtom
 Either this is sadly out of date, needs to discuss the changing definitions of liberalism and conservativism, or is just plain ignorant.
 Liberalism is now synonymous with big government making all the decisions for the people.. Libertarianism believes that the individual should make his/her own decisions.
 This country was founded by libertarians. It is their values and traditions that conservatives seek to protect, plus traditional social values.
 The divide between conservatives and libertarians comes from the social issues. Many conservatives want to protect traditional social values (who can be married, no polygamy, no abortion, no recreational drugs, etc), while a libertarian would not want government involved in those issues. The overlap between the two is the desire for limited government for everything else.


text:
Table of Contents
The purpose of packetforge-ng is to create encrypted packets that can subsequently be used for injection. You may create various types of packets such as arp requests, UDP, ICMP and custom packets. The most common use is to create ARP requests for subsequent injection.
To create an encrypted packet, you must have a PRGA (pseudo random genration algorithm) file. This is used to encrypt the packet you create. This is typically obtained from aireplay-ng chopchop or fragmentation attacks.
Usage: packetforge-ng <mode> <options>
- -p <fctrl> : set frame control word (hex)
- -a <bssid> : set Access Point MAC address
- -c <dmac> : set Destination MAC address
- -h <smac> : set Source MAC address
- -j : set FromDS bit
- -o : clear ToDS bit
- -e : disables WEP encryption
- -k <ip[:port]> : set Destination IP [Port]
- -l <ip[:port]> : set Source IP [Port] (Dash lowercase letter L)
- -t ttl : set Time To Live
- -w <file> : write packet to this pcap file
- -r <file> : read packet from this raw file
- -y <file> : read PRGA from this file
-arp : forge an ARP packet (-0)
-udp : forge an UDP packet (-1)
-icmp : forge an ICMP packet (-2)
-null : build a null packet (-3)
-custom : build a custom packet (-9)
Generating an arp request packet
Here is an example of how to generate an arp request packet.
First, obtain a xor file (PRGA) with either the aireplay-ng chopchop or fragmentation method.
Then use the following command:
packetforge-ng -0 -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:0F:B5:AB:CB:9D -k 192.168.1.100 -l 192.168.1.1 -y fragment-0124-161129.xor -w arp-request
- -0 indicates you want a arp request packet generated
- -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 is the Access Point MAC address
- -h 00:0F:B5:AB:CB:9D is the source MAC address you wish to use
- -k 192.168.1.100 is the destination IP. IE In an arp it is the "Who has this IP"
- -l 192.168.1.1 is the source IP. IE In an arp it is the "Tell this IP"
- -y fragment-0124-161129.xor
- -w arp-packet
Assuming you are experimenting with your own access point, arp request packet generated above can be decrypted with your own key. So to see that packet we just created can be decrypted:
Enter "airdecap-ng -w <access point encryption key> arp-request"
The results look like this:
Total number of packets read 1 Total number of WEP data packets 1 Total number of WPA data packets 0 Number of plaintext data packets 0 Number of decrypted WEP packets 1 Number of decrypted WPA packets 0
To view the packet that was just decrypted, enter "tcpdump -n -vvv -e -s0 -r arp-request-dec"
The results look like this:
reading from file arp-request-dec, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet) 18:09:27.743303 00:0f:b5:ab:cb:9d > Broadcast, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: arp who-has 192.168.1.100 tell 192.168.1.1
Which is exactly what we expected. Now you can inject this arp request packet as follows "aireplay-ng -2 -r arp-request ath0".
The program will respond as follows:
Size: 68, FromDS: 0, ToDS: 1 (WEP) BSSID = 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 Dest. MAC = FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Source MAC = 00:0F:B5:AB:CB:9D 0x0000: 0841 0201 0014 6c7e 4080 000f b5ab cb9d .A....l~@....... 0x0010: ffff ffff ffff 8001 6c48 0000 0999 881a ........lH...... 0x0020: 49fc 21ff 781a dc42 2f96 8fcc 9430 144d I.!.x..B/....0.M 0x0030: 3ab2 cff5 d4d1 6743 8056 24ec 9192 c1e1 :.....gC.V$..... 0x0040: d64f b709 .O.. Use this packet ? y Saving chosen packet in replay_src-0124-163529.cap You should also start airodump-ng to capture replies. End of file.
By entering "y" above, the packet you created with packetforge-ng is then injected.
Generating a null packet
This option allows you to generate LLC null packets. These are the smallest possible packets and contain no data. The switch "-s" is used to manually set the size of the packet. This a simple way to generate small packets for injection.
Remember that the size value (-s) defines the absolute size of an unencrypted packet, so you need to add 8 bytes to get its final length after encrypting it (4 bytes for iv+idx and 4 bytes for icv). This value also includes the 802.11 header with a length of 24bytes.
The command is:
packetforge-ng --null -s 42 -a BSSID -h SMAC -w short-packet.cap -y fragment.xor
- –null means generate a LLC null packet (requires double dash).
- -s 42 specifies the packet length to be generated.
- -a BSSID is the MAC address of the access point.
- -h SMAC is the source MAC address of the packet to be generated.
- -w short-packet.cap is the name of the output file.
- -y fragment.xor is the name of the file containing the PRGA.
Generating a custom packet
If you want to generate a customer packet, first create a packet with the tool of your choice. This could be a specialized tool, a hex editor or even from a previous capture. Then save it as a pcap file. Following this, run the command:
packetforge-ng -9 -r input.cap -y keystream.xor -w output.cap
- -9 means generate a custom packet.
- -r input.cap is the input file.
- -y keystream.xor is the file containing the PRGA.
- -w output.cap is the output file.
When it runs, packetforge-ng will ask you which packet to use and then output the file.
Most access points really don't care what IPs are used for the arp request. So as a result you can use 255.255.255.255 for source and destination IPs.
So the packetforge-ng command becomes:
packetforge-ng -0 -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:0F:B5:AB:CB:9D -k 255.255.255.255 -l 255.255.255.255 -y fragment-0124-161129.xor -w arp-request
Including both -j and -o flags
A common mistake people make is to include either or both -j and -o flags and create invalid packets. These flags adjust the FromDS and ToDS flages in the packet generated. Unless you are doing something special and really know what you are doing, don't use them. In general, they are not needed.
Error message "Mode already specified"
This is commonly caused by using the number one (-1) instead of dash lowercase L (-l) in the command.
packetforge-ng -0 -a 00:14:6C:7E:40:80 -h 00:09:5B:EC:EE:F2 -k 255.255.255.255 -1 255.255.255.255 -y 00:14:6C:7E:40:80-03-00-14-6C-7E-40-80.xor -w arp-request
Mode already specified. "packetforge-ng --help" for help.
This because -1 (number one) was used instead of the correct -l (the letter ell). So simply use "-l".


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MARINA MASSARO
Halloysite Nanotubes: Smart Nanomaterials in Catalysis
Abstract
The use of clay minerals as catalyst is renowned since ancient times. Among the different clays used for catalytic purposes, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) represent valuable resources for industrial applications. This special tubular clay possesses high stability and biocompatibility, resistance against organic solvents, and most importantly be available in large amounts at a low cost. Therefore, HNTs can be efficiently used as catalysts themselves or supports for metal nanoparticles in several catalytic processes. This review reports a comprehensive overview of the relevant advances in the use of halloysite in catalysis, focusing the attention on the last five years.


text:
European Painting before 1900, Johnson Collection
Allegory of Sight (Venus and Cupid in a Picture Gallery)Made in Southern Netherlands (modern Belgium), Europe
Jan Brueghel the Younger, Flemish (active Antwerp), 1601 - 1678
Oil on copper
Cat. 656John G. Johnson Collection, 1917
LabelJan Brueghel the Younger, the oldest son of Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625), worked in a similar painting style to his father and followed his father's practice, which included depicting art galleries of both existing and imaginary collections. This allegory of sight, likely one in a series of the five senses, shows how art collections were assembled to reflect both the wealth and the learning of their owners. Venus examines herself in a mirror, surrounded by a lavish array of the man-made and natural objects that filled princely studios.
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


Finite difference method example
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text:
- Historic Sites
Lexington's Carnegie Library
Lexington's library has a long, distinguished history. Established in 1795, it is now the oldest institution of its kind in Kentucky and possibly the oldest in the west. The library was started with 400 books, which were added to the collection that already existed at the Transylvania Seminary. The library was based on subscription wherein people paid for the use of the library holdings. In 1898, Lexington was deemed a second-class city by the Kentucky Legislature and this classification enabled the city to acquire and conduct a free library. The Carnegie Library, also known as the Lexington Public Library, was built in 1906 as a gift to the city of Lexington from the Andrew Carnegie Foundation. To receive its donation, the Carnegie Foundation required the city to provide a site for the library and to appropriate funds for the library's upkeep. The new building was constructed of Bedford limestone and was built for a sum of $75,000. Thereafter, the contents of the library were moved to their new home, a beautiful Neo-Classical building at the southern end of Gratz Park. During the late 1980s the Lexington Public Library built a new, larger central branch on East Main Street to accommodate its growing collection. The Carnegie Library is now the home of the Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. This organization provides many free, public programs to help spread literacy and to promote reading among children.


text:
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
A carpenter is a person who creates wooden structures or otherwise shapes wood for specific purposes. A carpenter's apprentice is a person who learns the skills necessary to work in the trade by job shadowing a more experienced carpenter. The carpenter's apprentice may act as an assistant to the carpenter as well during day-to-day operations, learning new skills while providing a useful service to the carpenter or the business. No specific level of education is necessary in order to become an apprentice, though a high school diploma is usually preferred.
Once a candidate has completed high school, he or she can apply for a carpenter's apprentice position through a local woodworker's union or at a private company. In order to improve one's chances of obtaining the position, a potential woodworker can take training courses from a local community college, or take shop classes while still in high school. More experience will increase the candidate's chances of being chosen for a carpenter's apprentice position. Some unions or companies may require specific training courses or other qualifications before the candidate can be accepted to an apprenticeship, so it is wise to do some research into specific qualifications.
The various tasks a carpenter's apprentice will complete can differ by company or carpenter. Some carpenters focus exclusively on a certain type of carpentry — framing houses or building furniture, for example — while others take on broader tasks in all types of carpentry. If an apprentice has taken a position that will prepare him or her for a certain type of carpentry, the tasks likely to be presented to the apprentice will relate directly to that type of carpentry. Most apprentices, regardless of specific discipline, will learn how to use all relevant tools, take accurate measurements, and possibly even learn how to use computer numeric control (CNC) machines. Design programs may also be used in the woodworking process.
A carpenter's apprentice will take part in an apprenticeship for up to five years; over the course of this training, the apprentice is likely to take on more and more tasks of greater complexity. More skill will be required as time goes on, and the apprentice may be responsible for working with wood on his or her own, without the direct guidance of the more experienced carpenter. While he or she participates in the apprenticeship program, the apprentice may also earn specific certifications as they pertain to legal operation as a carpenter.


text:
Date of Award
Master of Science
U. P. Solies
Stephen Corda, Richard Ranaudo
Homebuilt aircraft have a high accident rate during the flight test period, particularly during their first and second flights. For the 2002-2004 period, over 1.0% of homebuilt aircraft were involved in an accident on their first flight, and 3.3% were involved in accidents in the first 40 hours of operation. Untrained, low time in aircraft type amateur flight test participants, unorthodox flight test procedures, and lack of clear guidance as to who should and how to conduct safe and effective flight test lead to unsafe conditions and the accident statistics support this hypothesis. In the accidents analyzed, lack of experience was specifically cited by the NTSB as a causal factor in 15.6% of the accidents. Poor decision-making was also a common thread, with 15.6% involving faulty decision-making by the pilot-builder. Shappell and Wiegmann's Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) is applied to interpret the statistics and the model is applied to the current state of homebuilt flight test in comparison to professional flight test. Detailed comparison is made between amateur and professional flight test practices and case studies are provided to support the analysis. The author proposes that ideally, flight test is left to trained professionals. The training, experience, and support structure of professional testers and their organizations can effectively mitigate the lack of time in type and training characteristic of the typical homebuilt flight tester. Accepting that this is not always practical in the homebuilt flight test world, it is recommended that professional practices be applied to amateur flight testing. Furthermore, it is suggested that the guidance available to amateur flight testers be improved and that regulations require that the homebuilder meet with an FAA-designated engineering representative regarding the conduct of flight test.
Garr, Justin Samuel, "Reduction of Human Factors-Related Accidents During the Flight Test of Homebuilt Aircraft Through the Application of Professional Flight Test Practices. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2007.


The original story of love between a Metis woman, Jane Howse, and Sam Livingston, a flamboyant Irishman, first published as Tell Me, Grandmother in 1985 by McClelland and Stewart, has been updated with new information, a new cover, and approximately additional pictures, both archival and modern.
Why The Ring?
Sam and Jane's romance is symbolized by the ring given to Jane as a token of Sam's undying love. Unusually wrought and engraved with the words IN MEMORY OF, it remains today as a legacy to the many descendants of this remarkable couple.
The ring- p. 137
The Ring appeals to adults and children alike, to people of all ages who are fascinated or curious about their past. It reveals how life can often turn full circle in mysterious ways.
Such is the magic of books that miracles happen. In The Ring you will read how the publication of Tell Me, Grandmother in 1985 changed the life of one of Sam and Jane's descendants and made a huge impact on his family.


Beaumont Hospital
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Family Risk Assessment Clinic
Dr Azlena Ali Beegan, Clinical Lecturer; Belinda Foat, CNS Breast Care; Dr Reem Salman, Consultant Breast Surgeon; Susan Geraghty, CNS Breast Care; Paula Fitzgerald, Surgical Secretary; Sarah Killeen, Surgical Secretary
What is familial breast cancer?
Familial breast cancer is cancer that occurs more frequently within a family than would be expected in the general population. We can't always say what causes breast cancer, but the increased risk of breast cancer for those with a family history of the disease might be caused by inherited factors (genes) or a combination of inherited, lifestyle and environmental factors.
What is the family history clinic?
Our Family history clinic is run by a family history specialist (Doctor) and breast care nurses. Beaumont family history service provides care to asymptomatic individuals and families at higher risk of developing breast cancer including those known to carry one of the breast cancer genes (BRCA1, BRCA2). The care of women through family history clinic is based on international research/ evidence. The idea is to ensure that all patients attending receive the same standard of care based on their risk profile. At the family history clinic patients are given the opportunity to discuss their family history of breast cancer which forms the basis of a risk assessment. Using a specialist computer programme patients are divided into low, medium and high risk groups. There are different recommendations for each group. Each attendee is informed about what the risk might mean for them and support is offered to them in determining the best way to manage that risk, by screening, risk-reducing drugs, risk-reducing surgery, breast awareness and life style changes.
How do I get referred to the clinic?
Referrals into Beaumont Hospitals family risk clinic must be from a GP or hospital consultant. On receiving the referral letter, a standardised questionnaire will be sent to the patient which they complete at home. Once the patient returns the questionnaire by post, they will be offered an appointment to attend our family risk clinic.
The following people should attend the family history clinic?
1. A breast cancer gene has been identified in a family (e.g BRCA1, BRCA2)
2. One 1st degree relative (a very close relative - mother, father, sister, brother, child) aged under 40 at diagnosis with breast cancer.
3. Two relatives affected by breast cancer on the same side of the family aged under 50, one a first degree relative.
4. Three 1st or 2nd degree relatives (close relatives, such as grandparents, uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews) on the same side of the family diagnosed before the age of 60.
5. One relative with breast cancer and one relative with ovarian cancer on the same side of the family.
6. Affected relative with bilateral breast cancer.
7. A male relative with breast cancer
Family Risk Assessment Guidelines


Check if a number can be written as sum of three consecutive integers in C++
C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming
In this section we will see, whether a number can be represented as tree consecutive numbers or not. Suppose a number is 27. This can be represented as 8 + 9 + 10.
This can be solved in two different approach. The first approach is Naïve approach. In that approach, we have to check i + (i + 1) + (i + 2) is same as number or not. Another efficient approach is by checking whether the number is divisible by 3 or not. Suppose a number x can be represented by three consecutive 1s, then x = (y - 1) + y + (y + 1) = 3y. So the number must be divisible by 3.
 Live Demo
_TAG_
using namespace std;
bool hasThreeNums(int n) {
 if(n % 3 == 0){
 return true;
 return false;
int main() {
 int num = 27;
 cout << "Can be represented";
 cout << "Cannot be presented";
Can be represented
Published on 27-Sep-2019 12:26:51


Learn the Basics
site map
Technical illustration showing a user entry in Oracle Internet Directory
How is information about each entry stored in Oracle Internet Directory?
In an LDAP directory, entry attributes contain specific pieces of information about the entry. Attributes for an employee can include, for example, name, employee ID, phone number and e-mail address.


text:
Field of Work
Prof. David Remy's research aims at the design, simulation, and control of legged robots, active prostheses, and other rehabilitation robots. Inspired by nature, he designs and controls robots whose motion emerges in great part passively from their mechanical dynamics, and is merely initiated and shaped through active actuator inputs. Among the beneficial properties of such systems are the avoidance of negative actuator work to improve efficiency, the increase of peak output power to improve speed, and a passive adaptation to their surroundings to improve agility and robustness. Additionally, this concept enable us to build the systems very lightweight, thereby improving mobility and allowing the robots to work safely side by side with human beings. In the long term, his research will allow the development of systems that reach and even exceed the agility of humans and animals. It will enable us to build autonomous robots that can run as fast as a cheetah and as enduring as a husky, while mastering the same terrain as a mountain goat. And it will provide us with novel designs for prosthetics, orthotics, and active exoskeletons that help restoring the locomotion skills of the disabled and can be used as training and rehabilitation devices for the injured.
Since 2018, David Remy, born 1979 in Rosenheim, Germany, is a Full Professor at the Institute for Nonlinear Mechanicas at the University of Stuttgart. His research is focused on robotics and locomotion. He holds a diploma in Engineering Cybernetics from the University of Stuttgart and a Master's of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He conducted his doctoral research at ETH Zurich on the optimal exploitation of natural dynamics in legged locomotion. Most recently he was an Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. After a total of 13 years abroad, he came back to Germany with support from the German Scholars Organization and the Carl Zeiss Foundation.
Prof. Remy is a recipient of the ETH Medal and of the NSF CAREER Award.


text:
Objectives: Motor vehicle-pedestrian crash is a significant public health concern. The urban campus of Georgia State University poses unique challenges due to a large number of students and university employees. The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to examine the correlation between specific features of the built environment on and around the University campus and pedestrian crashes; and (2) to identify crash clusters in the study area using network-based geospatial techniques.
Methods: We obtained pedestrian crash data (n=119) from 2003 to 2007 from Georgia Department of Transportation and evaluated environmental features pertaining to the road infrastructure, pedestrian infrastructure and streetscape for each road segment and intersection. Prevalence rate of each feature with pedestrian crashes present was calculated. We used network-based Kernel Density Estimation to identify the high density road segments and intersections, then used network-based K-function to examine the clustering of pedestrian crashes.
Results: Over 50% of the crosswalk signs, pedestrian signals, public transit, and location branding signs (more than three) at intersections involved pedestrian crashes. More than half of wider streets (greater than 29 feet), two-way streets, and streets in good condition had pedestrian crashes present. Crashes occurred more frequently in road segments with strong street compactness and mixed land use present and were significantly (p<0.05) clustered in these high-density zones.
Conclusions: Findings can be used to understand the correlation between built environment and pedestrian safety, to prioritize the high-density zones for intervention efforts, and to formulate research hypotheses for investigating pedestrian crashes. [West J Emerg Med. 2010; 11(3): 295-302.]


text:
A study conducted French scientist, Dr Philippe Walter and his team, published in ACS Nano Letters, found that hair could synthesize gold nanoparticles into the hair cuticle.
It is understood that 40,000-60,000 gold nanoparticles could fit across the width of a human hair.
The original aim of the study was to look at the structure of keratin within hair, and how keratin breaks down, with gold nanoparticles used as a tracking substance within the subject.
The team soaked white hairs in a solution of a gold compound, and the hairs turned pale yellow and then darkened to a deep brown.
Using an electron microscope, the scientists confirmed that the particles were forming inside the hairs' central core cortex, and that colour remained even after repeated washings.
Walter noted that after the hair was exposed to the gold, it was synthesized into the hair, which is a normal process for a hair dye. However, in this instance the gold nanoparticles remained, suggesting there could be implications for permanent hair colouring products.
The stumbling blocks at this stage would be that the dye changed colour once in the hair, and a lot of testing would have to be done to ensure product safety.
However, this first synthesis of nanoparticles into human hair could open the door to further development in hair care and other applications.
Let's get into detail…
The synthesis and detailed characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) inside human hair was achieved by treatment of hair with HAuCl4 in alkaline medium.
The AuNPs, which show a strong red fluorescence under blue light, are generated inside the fibre and are arranged in the cortex in a remarkably regular pattern of whorls based on concentric circles, like a fingerprint.
It opens an area of genuine nanocomposites with novel properties due to AuNPs inside the hair shaft.


text:
Because of its current listing as CITES 1, avian experts prefer for blue-streaked lories to be placed into well-managed breeding programs to ensure the continued survival of the species. Owners of this species as pets note that they are loving companions and make excellent, quiet pets. People who have owned this species note that blue-streaked lories are loving and affectionate and very playful. They often "dance" by fluffing up their feathers and hopping.
Because blue-streaked lories are active birds, they need as large a cage as possible with plenty of toys to keep them occupied. Part of their diet should consist of good-quality nectar. Blue-streaked lories have a tendency to squirt waste matter and, because their diets contain nectar, the fairly liquid-like waste can make the surrounding area near the pet bird cage dirty. Easy-to-wipe surfaces near the cage, or an aviary where waste can be easily washed off, are good housing options.


text:
A tethered balloon on R/V Mirai is an observing system to measure atmospheric profiles of concentrations and size distributions of aerosols (including black carbon).
The data is used for understanding the chemical transport processes and validating a chemical transport model. This type of measurements will be also scheduled on the MOSAiC drift, contributing to systematic understanding of carbon cycles and cloud microphysics over the Arctic region.
Jun Inoue (NIPR / PI of Theme 1)
Observation using a tethered balloon


An sa1 file extension is associated with the Panasonic AAC data file format.
There is one other file type using
the SA1 file extension!
empty icon.sa1 - Nintendo Game Boy emulator saved state
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SA1 file extension - Panasonic AAC data
What is sa1 file? How to open sa1 files?
File type specification:
Audio and sound file type icon Audio and sound file type
The sa1 file extension is related to Panasonic AAC audio format wrapped in SD audio encryption layer.
The SA1 format is used to integrate digital rights management into audio on Panasonic devices.
This sa1 file type entry was marked as obsolete and no longer supported file format.
This type of file is no longer actively used and is most likely obsolete. This is typically the case for system files in old operating systems, file types from long discontinued software, or previous versions of certain file types (like documents, projects etc.) that were replaced in higher versions of their original programs.
Updated: October 1, 2018
Help how to open:
This file type is not meant to be opened directly, there is no software that could open and work with it directly, or there is no information available in public sources about opening this file type. This is usually the case of some internal data files, caches, temporary files etc.
How to convert:
As far as we know, this .sa1 file type can't be converted to any other file format. This is usually the case of system, configuration, temporary, or data files containing data exclusive to only one software and used for its own purposes. Also some proprietary or closed file formats cannot be converted to more common file types in order to protect the intellectual property of the developer, which is for example the case of some DRM-protected multimedia files.
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text:
A sleeping woman's internal thoughts extrude through the surface of her skin in the form of words and numbers
By Di Mainstone, Hollie Miller, Heiko Prigge, Judy Jacob, Adam Stark, Liisa Pesonen
As seen at the Cannes Film Festival's Short Film Corner 2014
Words & Numbers visualises a woman's internal thoughts as they burst through the surface of her skin in the form of words and numbers. As she sleeps her tear ducts weep numbers. These abstract equations spell out a story, whilst playfully growing and moulding themselves around her body until sinking back into her skin.
The sleeping woman's dreams and anxieties revolve around a mysterious man with elegant eyes. The sleeper appears to count details, days and memories of this man. These thoughts form complex equations to which there is no answer. Time passes and her recollections become confused as numbers mix with words and time appears to fluctuate. We wonder if this man is a figment of her imagination or someone she has yet to meet…
Di Mainstone began by writing the story of the dreaming girl. Di and Hollie Miller then mapped out detailed thumbnails, visualising the story, and cut out all of the fonts in foam. Hollie and Di tested where these words and numbers could be placed on the body and how they might travel across the skin. They then transformed Di's living room in to a studio and worked with photographer Heiko Prigge to create a stop frame animation. Di manipulated the small words step by step on Hollie's body and also built larger structures that Hollie disassembled and manipulated with her movement. Design assistant Liisa animated various elements of the story and Judy Jacobs edited the film.
Words & Numbers is an experiment of how Di's body-centric sculptures can inspire or trigger sound via movement. Di and Hollie imagined that each letter had a particular sonic personality. These ideas were passed onto sound artist Adam Stark who created a mesmerising score that brought the piece to life.
Cannes Film Festival 2014
We are thrilled to announce that Words & Numbers has just been featured at the Cannes Film Festival as part of Short Film Corner 2014.


text:
Post-disruption runaway electron (RE) beams in tokamaks with large current can cause deep melting of the vessel and are one of the major concerns for ITER operations. Consequently, a considerable effort is provided by the scientific community in order to test RE mitigation strategies. We present an overview of the results obtained at FTU and TCV controlling the current and position of RE beams to improve safety and repeatability of mitigation studies such as massive gas (MGI) and shattered pellet injections (SPI). We show that the proposed RE beam controller (REB-C) implemented at FTU and TCV is effective and that current reduction of the beam can be performed via the central solenoid reducing the energy of REs, providing an alternative/parallel mitigation strategy to MGI/SPI. Experimental results show that, meanwhile deuterium pellets injected on a fully formed RE beam are ablated but do not improve RE energy dissipation rate, heavy metals injected by a laser blow off system on low-density flat-top discharges with a high level of RE seeding seem to induce disruptions expelling REs. Instabilities during the RE beam plateau phase have shown to enhance losses of REs, expelled from the beam core. Then, with the aim of triggering instabilities to increase RE losses, an oscillating loop voltage has been tested on RE beam plateau phase at TCV revealing, for the first time, what seems to be a full conversion from runaway to ohmic current. We finally report progresses in the design of control strategies at JET in view of the incoming SPI mitigation experiments.
- magnetic confinement
- plasma control system