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New Smyrna Beach
New Smyrna Beach occupies a notable place in history as the site of the largest single attempt at colonial settlement in what is now the United States. Dr. Andrew Turnbull, a Scottish physician and entrepreneur, obtained a grant of land from the British Crown. In 1768 he established a colony of 1,225 immigrants on the coastal plantations at New Smyrna, with a view toward the commercial production of such crops as corn, indigo, rice, hemp, and cotton. The land that the Turnbull colonists settled is located along the west bank of the Indian River, opposite one of coastal east Florida's relatively few inlets.
For some 10,000 years before the arrival of the Europeans, Native Americans inhabited the area, initially on a nomadic basis and later in more sedentary camps and villages. Until the early twentieth century, the coastline was strewn with mounds of ancient refuse that testified to the presence of the Indians. Most of the mounds were destroyed, the shell used for roads and building construction material. However, much evidence of prehistoric habitation remains hidden under ground and water within the corporate limits of New Smyrna Beach and beyond. Read Complete History


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The Prostate Tumor Volume & Density calculator measures prostate tumor volume and PSA density. This is an unprecedented time. It is the dedication of healthcare workers that will, Calculating Prostate Volume BPH Volume of an ellipsoid (like the prostate, hematoma, etc.): Volume (mL) = L x W x H x pi/6 Volume (mL) ≈ L x W x H x Prostate Volume = 2 x 4 x 8 x π/6 = cc Tumor Density = 6 / = ng/mL/cc. 5/13/ · To estimate the volume of your prostate simply fill in its length, width and height. The formula to estimate prostate volume is as follows: Prostate volume = Length x Width x Height x π/6 How to calculate PSA Density and its meaningAuthor: Łukasz Białek.
Calculare volum prostata
Prolate ellipse volume calculation is fast, precise and practical for clinical application. Subcategory of 'Diagnosis' designed to be very sensitive Rule Out. Enter your email address Calculare volum prostata we'll send you a link to reset your password. Additionally, hormone therapy and chemotherapy are used. This tool calculates prostate tumor volume. MSKCC does not assume any risk whatsoever for your use of the prediction tools or the information contained herein. PSA density. Calculation Calxulare for both formulas are presented in our online prostate Calculare volum prostata volume calculator.
This tool calculates prostate tumor volume.
Prostate Cancer Nomograms: Volume, Dimension & Density | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Skip to main content. For the 10 volumes, m = ml and s = ml. Because we are dealing with only one sample, df = n −1=9. We therefore need look only at the df =9 row in Table The prostate volume 59 ml yields t = (59−)/=, which places it standard deviations above the mean. 6/24/ · Know Your Prostate Size (Volume) Since everyone is different, it should be no surprise that every man's prostate is a different size. Here's why it can matter and how it can help to know: What IS surprising to me after over a decade as an advocate, and on a Helpline, is that most men don't know what size their prostate is, and most men are never even told.
Prostate Volume Calculator
In such a case, it is important to see a doctor, who will decide whether or not to perform the prostate biopsy. Sign In Required. Prostate Width W length. To Calculare volum prostata the density of PSA, you are going to need your PSA result and the volume of your prostate or its dimensions. Prostate length.
Vollmer is also affiliated with the pathology department at Duke University Medical Center. To view Dr. Vollmer's publications, visit PubMed. This is an unprecedented time. It is the dedication of healthcare workers that will lead us through this crisis. Thank you for everything you do.
Calc Function Calcs that help predict probability of a disease Diagnosis. Subcategory of 'Diagnosis' designed to be very sensitive Rule Out. Disease is diagnosed: prognosticate to guide treatment Prognosis.
Numerical inputs and outputs Formula. Med treatment and more Treatment. Suggested protocols Algorithm. Disease Select Specialty Select Chief Complaint Select And you've got your result! But what exactly does it tell you? Generally, a PSA Density result of 0. In such a situation, it is essential that you go to a urologist, who will decide whether or not a prostate biopsy needs to be performed. On the other hand, you need to remember that a result of less than 0. If you liked this calculator, check out our other health-related calculators such as the mean arterial pressure calculator or the macro calculator.
Embed Share via. Prostate volume. PSA density. Adrenal washout calculator. Albumin creatinine ratio. Bladder volume. Prostate cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia The prostate is an exocrine gland in the male reproductive system.
Its concentration is usually elevated in the case of prostate cancer, but it may also indicate prostatitis or BPH Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Generally, a PSA density of 0. In such a case, it is important to see a doctor, who will decide whether or not to perform the prostate biopsy. Please remember that this calculator is not a substitute for clinical judgment. In case of any concerns please consult your physician to address your specific health problem.
Length cm :
Prostate Tumor Volume & Density – MDCalc
A prostate tumour or prostate cancer is one of the most caused cancer among men. The increase of cells in the body crowding the normal cells are called as cancer or tumour. The prostate is a gland found only in the male. The prostate cancer volume calculator can find the prostate volume and tumour density. Enter orostata width, height, length of the prostate and the psa value in the prostate cancer volume calculator to find the prostate cancer density measurement. Note : This statistics calculator is presented for your own Calculare volum prostata use and Calculare volum prostata to be used as a guide only.
Medical and other decisions should NOT be based on the results of this calculator. Although this calculator has been tested, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of its calculations or results.
Prostate Volume Calculator
This PSA density calculator is an easy tool which enables you to evaluate your PSA density – an important indicator of prostate cancer in patients with a mildly elevated PSA. To determine the density of PSA, you are going to need your PSA result and the volume of your prostate or its dimensions. Do not hesitate to check out our other health calculators, including the body fat calculator and the lung cancer risk calculator. Calculare volum prostata prostate is an exocrine gland in Calculare volum prostata male reproductive system. Its function is to produce and secrete an alkaline fluid which is an essential Calculare volum prostata of semen. The prostate may be the source of several health-related problems, out of which the most important Calcklare are Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia BPH and Prostate Cancer.
In benign prostatic hyperplasiathe prostate often enlarges in a benign way to prosatta point where urination becomes difficult. Symptoms include needing to often urinate frequency or taking a while to get started hesitancy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How many RPMs does a CD spin at?
It depends. The old phonograph records spun at a constant speed (for example, 33 or 45 revolutions per minute).
That made it easy to make a turntable to handle them, but it meant that the music recorded near the outside of the record had better sound than the music recorded on the inner grooves.
A CD solves this by varying its speed as it plays, so that the speed of the bumps below the laser beam always stays constant.
That means that as the CD begins playing, the music on the inside groove (yes, the album starts on the inside and works its way toward the outside) sounds as good as the music near the outside.
On the inside grooves, a CD spins at a rate of 200 revolutions per minute and gets as fast as 500 rpm as the laser beam approaches the outside edge.
About Karen Hill
4 thoughts on "How many RPMs does a CD spin at?"
 1. No, Outside edge has farther to go, so must spin faster to cover that distance. Think of an 800m running Track, outside lane gets a head start.
 2. How could the outside spin faster than the inside..
 RPM = Revolutions per minutes..
 Yes the outside might travel faster but it does "EXACTLY" the same number of revolutions per minute otherwise it wouldnt be a solid disc.
 3. The device has variable speed. As the laser nears the outer portion of the cd the device increases rpm. The cd does not spin at two speeds simultaneously.
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thus $\zeta+E(-i\omega)-\e ^2\phi(\zeta)$ has exactly one root in the square. The same argument shows that $p+i\omega+E(p,\epsilon)$ has no root in any other region in its analyticity domain except in the square constructed in the beginning of the proof. \smallskip \end{proof} In the case there is meromorphic continuation of the resolvent and of the corresponding $S$--matrix in the interval $\Delta$, for a Schr\"odinger operator of the type $-\Delta+V$, the localized Green's function is given by an expression of the form $$\int_{\Delta}g_{\Delta}(k)\frac{e^{i\bf k\cdot x}}{k^2-E}f(k)dkd\Omega$$ \z where $f$ is analytic in a neighborhood of $\Delta$. With the choice that $g_\Delta$ behaves like $e^{-1/(k-k_i)}$ near the endpoints $k_i$ of the interval, direct calculation shows that the correction to the exponential behavior of type $e^{-i\omega_* t}$ of $a(t)$ is given by a remainder of the form $$R_1(t)\sim e^{-2\sqrt{t}}\left( e^{i\theta_1 t}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{c_{k;1}}{t^{k/4}}+e^{i\theta_2 t}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{c_{k;2}}{t^{k/4}}\right)$$ \z where the power series are gotten by Watson's Lemma from Laplace integrals of the form $\int_0^a e^{-pt}F_{1,2}(p)dp$ (incomplete Borel summation). For newer results and references in Borel summability see e.g. \cite{Duke}, \cite{CPAM}. \begin{Theorem} \label{T2} Under the additional assumptions of this section, the meromorphic continuation of $$\chi (H-z)^{-1}\chi,$$ \z exists for $z$ near $\lambda_0$, and has a unique simple pole at $\omega_*$. \end{Theorem} The examples covered by the above approach include those discussed in \cite{SW} as well as the many cases where analytic continuation has been established, see e.g. \cite{H-Sig}. Furthermore, following results of \cite{H-Sig} it follows that under favorable assumptions on $V(x)$, $-\Delta+V(x)$ has no zero energy bound states in three or more dimensions extending the results of \cite{SW}, where it was proved for 5 or more dimensions. It is worth mentioning that the possible presence of thresholds inside $\Delta$ makes it necessary to allow for $\eta<\infty$, and that in the case where there are finitely many thresholds inside $\Delta$ of known structure, sharper results may be obtained. Other applications of our methods involve numerical reconstruction of resonances from time dependent solutions data, in cases Borel summability is ensured. This and other implications will be discussed elsewhere. \begin{thebibliography}{99} \bibitem{G-Sig} C. G\'erard and I. M. Sigal {\em Space-time picture of semiclassical resonances}, Commun. Math. Phys. \textbf{145}, pp. 281--328 (1992) \bibitem{H-S} B. Helffer and J. Sj\"ostrand {\em R\'esonances en limite semi-classique}, Mem. Soc. Math. France (N. S) \#24-25 (1986) \bibitem{Bal} E. Balslev {\em Resonances with a Background Potential} in Lecture Notes in Physics {\bf 325}, Springer (1989) \bibitem{Sar} R. Philips and P. Sarnak {\em Perturbation theory for the Laplacian on Automorphic Functions}, Jour. Amer. Math. Soc. Vol.5 No.1, pp 1--32 (1992). \bibitem{Sim} B. Simon {\em Resonances and complex scaling: a rigorous overview}, Int. J. Quantum Chem. {\bf 14}, pp. 529--542 (1978) \bibitem{Or} A. Orth {\em Quantum mechanical resonance and limiting absorption: the many body problem}, Com. Math. Phys. \bibitem{Hn} W. Hunziker {\em Resonances, Metastable States and Exponential Decay Laws in Perturbation Theory}, Com. Math. Phys. {\bf 132}, pp. 177--188 (1990) \bibitem{CLR} O. Costin, J. L. Lebowitz, A. Rokhlenko, {\em Exact results for the ionization of a model quantum system} J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. {\bf 33} pp. 1--9 (2000)). \bibitem{T-Z} S. H. Tang and M. Zworski {\em Resonance Expansions of Scattered waves} (to appear in CPAM) \bibitem{Sk} E. Skibsted {\em Truncated Gamov functions, $\alpha$-decay and exponential law}, Comm. Math. Phys. {\bf 104} pp. 591--604 (1986) \bibitem{SW} A. Soffer and M. I. Weinstein {\em Time dependent resonance theory} GAFA, Geom. Funct. Anal.vol 8 1086--1128 (1998). \bibitem{M-S} M. Merkli, I. M. Sigal {\em A Time Dependent Theory of Quantum Resonances} Comm. Math. Phys {\bf 201} pp. 549--576 (1999). \bibitem{JSS} J. L. Journ\'e, A. Soffer and C. Sogge {\em $L^p\to L^{p'}$ Estimates for time dependent Schr\'odinger Equations} Bull. AMS {\bf 23} 2 (1990) \bibitem{[26]} A. Jensen , E. Mourre \& P. Perry, {\em Multiple commutator estimates and resolvent smoothness in quantum scattering theory}, Ann. Inst. Poincar\'e--Phys. Th\'eor. {\bf 41} (1984) 207--225 \bibitem{[45]} I. M. Sigal \& A. Soffer, {\em Local decay and velocity bounds for quantum propagation}, (1988) preprint, ftp:// _URL_ \bibitem{Hun} W. Hunziker, I. M. Sigal, A. Soffer {\em Minimal Escape Velocities} Comm. PDE {\bf 24} (11\& 12) pp. 2279--2295 (2000). {\bf 126}, pp. 559-573 (1990) \bibitem{AHS} S. Agmon, I. Herbst and E. Skibsted {\em Perturbation of embedded eigenvalues in the generalized $N$-body problem} Comm. Math. Phys. {\bf 122} pp. 411--438, (1989) \bibitem{A-C} J. Aguilar and J. M. Combes {\em A class of analytic perturbations for one body Schr\"odinger Hamiltonians} Comm. Math. Phys. \textbf{22} pp. 269--279, (1971) \bibitem{Duke} O. Costin {\em On Borel summation and Stokes phenomena for rank one nonlinear systems of ODE's} Duke Math. J. Vol. 93, No.2 pp. 289--344 (1998). \bibitem{CPAM} O. Costin, S. Tanveer {\em Existence and uniqueness for a class of nonlinear higher-order partial differential equations in the complex plane} CPAM Vol. LIII, 1092---1117 (2000)). \bibitem{H-Sig} P. Hislop and I. M Sigal {\em Introduction to Spectral Theory}, Applied Math. Sci


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Evaluation Of Two Phase Flow Characteristics In A Pipeline Homogenous Model ApproachJournal: International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research (Vol.5, No. 7)
Publication Date: 2016-07-15
Authors : Okoye Obuora A.;
Page : 319-326
Keywords : Pipeline; Two-phase flow; Homogenous model; Pressure drop; Laminar; Turbulent;
The motion of a multi-fluid flow is of interest in the oil and gas industry. The flow characteristics aid or impede production rate. This study analyses two phase fluid flow characteristics consisting of crude oil and natural gas in straight pipes of the same internal diameter using homogenous model. Flow values were obtained from a Niger Delta flow station and predetermined experimental flow equations were used to determine the pressure drop in order to comprehend the flow characteristics in the pipeline. An average total pressure loss 268710PT of 0.075 MPa was obtained in the laminar flow category at 0.006228 MPam and an average total pressure 268710PT of 27.896 MPa in turbulent flow category at 2.325 MPam in a pipe length of 12 metres. Graphs were plotted to show the influence of the calculated flow parameters on the fluid flow. The graphs aided in depicting the flow regimes in the pipeline. These are universally dominant parameters in the oil and gas industry as they significantly impact on the transportation of crude oil from oil wells or reservoirs to the process plants. These results may be used as a baseline and guide to compare realistic measurements in similar flows.
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Last modified: 2017-06-11 22:50:52

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Each extra jump has a certain type, dictated by the accessory or mount. Jumps of the same type will not stack with each other but will stack with other types, allowing for more than two consecutive jumps. For example, equipping a Cloud in a Bottle and a Tsunami in a Bottle will grant two additional jumps, while combining a Cloud in a Bottle with a Cloud in a Balloon will only grants one extra jump. Each type displays a unique particle effect when used, which always occur in the same order: Summoned mount's jump first, followed by Sandstorm, Blizzard, Fart, Tsunami, and Cloud.
An extra jump uses the same jump speed as the base jump but with different a different jump duration. For example, with default jump speed, a sustained jump from a Sandstorm in a Bottle lasts 3 times longer than a base jump, reaching a maximum height of 21.18 tiles, which is an increase of 238% compared to the base jump reach of 6.27 tiles.
Accessories[edit | edit source]
Extra jumps are granted by the five types of bottle accessories and their upgrades, listed in the following table. As described above, while it is possible to stack multiple jumps of different types (i.e. different rows), it is not possible to stack multiple jumps of the same type (i.e. within the same row).
|Cloud||75%||11.46 tiles (+82.78%)|
|19.97 tiles (+218.5%)|
|Blizzard||150%||14.7 tiles (+134.45%)|
|25.69 tiles (+309.73%)|
|Sandstorm||300%||21.18 tiles (+237.8%)|
|37.15 tiles (+492.5%)|
|Fart||200%||16.86 tiles (+168.9%)|
|29.51 tiles (+370.65%)|
|Tsunami||125%||13.62 tiles (+117.22%)|
|23.79 tiles (+279.43%)|
Mounts[edit | edit source]
There are four mounts that allow an additional jump mid-air.
Notes[edit | edit source]
- Jumping underwater with Flippers will count as an extra jump, preventing that jump from being used after breaching the water's surface.
Tips[edit | edit source]
- Extra jumps can be used shortly before hitting the ground to reset fall damage.
- The maximum total jump reach from a sextuple jump (obtainable e.g. by equipping a Bundle of Balloons, a Fart in a Balloon, and a Sharkron Balloon) is 92.35 tiles (+1372.89%). This can be further increased by equipping some of the boosting accessories: With the Soaring Insignia, a Frog Leg, the Amphibian Boots, and the Moon Lord Legs, the maximum total jump reach from a sextuple jump would be 301.1 tiles (+4702.23%).
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- In relation to jump duration of the first jump.
- Assuming gravity is default, no other boosts are in effect, only the jump type from the respective row is used, and the second jump is activated immediately after the first one is completed. The increase in percent is referring to the increase from base jump reach (6.27 tiles).
- In relation to jump duration of the first jump with the mount.


Naming ceremony and baby welcoming options
There are a variety of ways of celebrating the gift of a new life, either in a place of worship or at home, conducted by a priest or by a member of the family…
Since the beginning of time, every culture has seen birth as a miraculous event that is part of the wonder and mystery of creation. For the parents and those close to them, there is a need to celebrate this remarkable event. In addition, there is the important business of bestowing a name, which is seen by many to have a sacred and magical significance.
Apart from the celebratory and religious aspect of a naming ceremony, there are also other implications. There is a declaration of intent where parents and godparents pledge themselves to bring up the child in a godly and upright way. The appointing of godparents or 'god friends' is a way of providing the child with well-wishers who will take a keen interest in his or her development. By formally announcing the name to the gathering, the child is welcomed as a member of the community.
Marking the birth with a special event and preserving mementos that surround the occasion provides the child with a sense of identity and a feeling of love, which will be treasured throughout life.
Here are some options for a birth celebration to help you find the one that is right for you:
Traditional christening or formal religious ritual
Several religions have formally prescribed rituals to do with naming, purification and blessing. A Christian baptism or christening is a wonderful way to mark a child's birth and with many churches having it as part of the main Sunday worship, there's a sense of a communal celebration. However, a baptism requires a commitment involving bringing up the child in the faith and attending church regularly. Most vicars and Catholic priests will need to see whether you are sincerely committed before agreeing to conduct the ceremony. Certain Christian denominations only believe in adult baptism as then the individual is fully conscious of its meaning. Also, it is worth noting that once a child has been christened in the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church or a Methodist chapel and is issued a Baptismal Certificate, the given names cannot be changed afterwards.
Thanksgiving service
This is designed for parents who see this as a preliminary to baptism; those parents who do not wish their children to be baptised immediately, or others who do not want to baptise their child into the Church, but recognise that the birth is something for which they wish to offer thanks to God. It is perfect for people who do not attend Church regularly themselves, but still believe in God. The ceremony gives thanks for the new baby's arrival and asks for God's blessings for the life ahead. This is becoming an increasingly popular form of marking the baby's birth without the formality of an official baptism.
Civil naming ceremony
There are companies that provide a service, which includes writing a script and the visit of a trained celebrant for the event. It allows for a non-religious, yet structured ceremony and is flexible to include requests. Certificates are issued at the end of the ceremony as a memento of the event. Fees vary according to what is asked for, the location and the day of the week the event is held.
Humanist naming ceremony
The British Humanist Association can put together a personal and unique welcoming ceremony that is tailored to the requirements of the family concerned. It can be held outdoors or indoors and can include poetry, music and readings. The parents state their love and commitment to their child. Instead of godparents, the child has 'guide parents', or 'special friends' who can join in the ceremony and state that they will be there for the child as he or she grows up. The occasion can be marked with the planting of a tree and a book for everyone present to write a message for the child to read in later years.
Create your own ceremony
A personal and deeply meaningful ceremony can be put together, combining both naming ceremony and welcoming celebrations. Parents can take elements from various religions and cultures that have a particular resonance for them and write their own words and choose the music. It can be held in a hired venue or the home and be conducted by a celebrant, a friend, relative or a parent. Ideas that could be included are planting a tree, a white 'christening' outfit, and incorporating items such as flower petals, candles and incense.
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(ETDEWEB)
 Arrachea, L.; Aligia, A.A.; Gagliano, E. [Centro Atomico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, 8400 Bariloche (Argentina)
 1996-06-01
 We solve exactly a generalized Hubbard ring with twisted boundary conditions. The magnitude of the nearest-neighbor hopping depends on the occupations of the sites involved and the term which modifies the number of doubly occupied sites {ital t}{sub {ital AB}}=0. Although {eta}-pairing state with off-diagonal long-range order are part of the degenerate ground state, the behavior of the energy as a function of the twist rules out superconductivity in this limit. A small {ital t}{sub {ital AB}} breaks the degeneracy and for moderate repulsive {ital U} introduce superconducting correlations which lead to {open_quote}{open_quote}anomalous{close_quote}{close_quote} flux quantization. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
 9. Study of the anomalous presence of iron in olive trees leaves by energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence; Estudo da presenca anomala de ferro em folhas de oliveiras por fluorescencia de raios-X por dispersao em energia
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Aragao, P.H.A. [Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR (Brazil). Dept. de Fisica; Cesareo, R. [Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Sardegna (Italy). Ist. di Matematica e Fisica; Melo, M.A.C. de; Paesano Junior, A. [Universidade Estadual de Maringa, PR (Brazil). Dept. de Fisica; Prota, U.; Fiori, M. [Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Sardegna (Italy). Faculta di Agraria; Marceddu, S. [Universita degli Studi di Sassari, Sardegna (Italy). Centro de Microscopia Eletronica
 2000-07-01
 In this work, we made use of the technique of X-ray fluorescence for dispersion in energy, to study a phytopathology denominated 'sooty mould' on leaves of Olive trees of Mediterranean area. The Olive trees are quite common and of great economical value in that area,especially in the island of Sardegna in Italy, where this work was developed, for treating one of the income main sources of the local economy. We observed a correlation between the elements Fe and Ca among infected leaves of Olive trees and not infected that is: leaves infected by the sooty mould present a large concentration of Fe and a low concentration of Ca when compared to the leaves not infected by the sooty mould. The oxidation state of Fe was determined by Moessbauer spectroscopy that revealed that this was Fe{sup 3+}. (author)
 10. When health policy and empirical evidence collide: the case of cigarette package warning labels and economic consumer surplus.
 Science.gov (United States)
 Song, Anna V; Brown, Paul; Glantz, Stanton A
 2014-02-01
 In its graphic warning label regulations on cigarette packages, the Food and Drug Administration severely discounts the benefits of reduced smoking because of the lost "pleasure" smokers experience when they stop smoking; this is quantified as lost "consumer surplus." Consumer surplus is grounded in rational choice theory. However, empirical evidence from psychological cognitive science and behavioral economics demonstrates that the assumptions of rational choice are inconsistent with complex multidimensional decisions, particularly smoking. Rational choice does not account for the roles of emotions, misperceptions, optimistic bias, regret, and cognitive inefficiency that are germane to smoking, particularly because most smokers begin smoking in their youth. Continued application of a consumer surplus discount will undermine sensible policies to reduce tobacco use and other policies to promote public health.
 11. When Health Policy and Empirical Evidence Collide: The Case of Cigarette Package Warning Labels and Economic Consumer Surplus
 Science.gov (United States)
 Song, Anna V.; Brown, Paul
 2014-01-01
 In its graphic warning label regulations on cigarette packages, the Food and Drug Administration severely discounts the benefits of reduced smoking because of the lost "pleasure" smokers experience when they stop smoking; this is quantified as lost "consumer surplus." Consumer surplus is grounded in rational choice theory. However, empirical evidence from psychological cognitive science and behavioral economics demonstrates that the assumptions of rational choice are inconsistent with complex multidimensional decisions, particularly smoking. Rational choice does not account for the roles of emotions, misperceptions, optimistic bias, regret, and cognitive inefficiency that are germane to smoking, particularly because most smokers begin smoking in their youth. Continued application of a consumer surplus discount will undermine sensible policies to reduce tobacco use and other policies to promote public health. PMID:24328661
 12. Effect of Different Levels of Surplus Date on Performance, Egg Quality and Blood Parameters in Laying Hens
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 S.J Hosseini Vashan
 2011-12-01
 Full Text Available One hundred forty-four 26-wk-old white Hy-Line layers (W-36 were fed commercial diets containing 0, 1.5, 3 and 5% surplus date for three period of 28 days each to study the effects of dietary surplus date on hen performance (egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio 'FCR' and body weight gain and egg quality parameters (Haugh unit score, yolk colour index, yolk index, egg shape, shell weight, shell thickness and density. The yolk of eggs extracted and cholesterol content were determined on one egg of each replicate hens in each period. Blood samples were collected in non-heparin zed tubes from six hens in each treatment through brachial vein at the end of experiment. Serum was separated after 8-10 hrs and was stored at – 20 oC for subsequent analysis. Hen performance (egg production, egg mass, feed intake, FCR and weight gain and egg quality parameters (Haugh unit score, yolk colour index, yolk index, egg shape, shell weight, shell thickness and density were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05; However in all traits, the control group had numerically lower value, except egg weight that was significantly increased with supplementation of surplus date in diet. The dietary surplus date did not significantly affect egg cholesterol, ND and IBD titre, but the serum cholesterol was significantly reduced in hens fed diets contained 5% surplus date. This study suggested that the surplus date may be used up to 5% in the diet of laying hens to reduce blood cholesterol without any significant adverse effect on performance.
 13. ttH anomalous coupling in double Higgs production
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Nishiwaki, Kenji; Niyogi, Saurabh; Shivaji, Ambresh [Regional Centre for Accelerator-based Particle Physics, Harish-Chandra Research Institute,Chhatnag Road, Junsi, Allahabad-211019 (India)
 2014-04-02
 We study the effects of top-Higgs anomalous coupling in the production of a pair of Higgs boson via gluon fusion at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The introduction of anomalous ttH coupling can alter the hadronic double Higgs boson cross section and can lead to characteristic changes in certain kinematic distributions. We perform a global analysis based on available LHC data on the Higgs to constrain the parameters of ttH anomalous coupling. Possible overlap of the predictions due to anomalous ttH coupling with those due to anomalous trilinear Higgs coupling is also studied. We briefly discuss the effect of the anomalous ttH coupling on the HZ production via gluon fusion which is one of the main backgrounds in the HH→γγbb-macron channel.
 14. Contemporary Use of Anomalous Diffraction in Biomolecular Structure Analysis
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Liu Q.; Hendrickson, W.
 2017-01-01
 The normal elastic X-ray scattering that depends only on electron density can be modulated by an ?anomalous? component due to resonance between X-rays and electronic orbitals. Anomalous scattering thereby precisely identifies atomic species, since orbitals distinguish atomic elements, which enables the multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD and SAD) methods. SAD now predominates in de novo structure determination of biological macromolecules, and we focus here on the prevailing SAD method. We describe the anomalous phasing theory and the periodic table of phasing elements that are available for SAD experiments, differentiating between those readily accessible for at-resonance experiments and those that can be effective away from an edge. We describe procedures for present-day SAD phasing experiments and we discuss optimization of anomalous signals for challenging applications. We also describe methods for using anomalous signals as molecular markers for tracing and element


Rodeta" (banding wheel)
Sexual division of labour
Gender and space
A banding wheel is a work tool made for use in the workroom of a factory or a ceramics workshop during the process of decorating ceramic objects.
It is a necessary implement to divide up the decoration of the piece over its entire surface using fine and thick lines, between which the artist would create decoration that was either similar to or differentiated from the other decorative elements framed within them. Applying these lines also enclosed the decoration as a whole, both to complete the ornamentation along the edge of the mouth of the piece and to enclose it at the base.


text:
- This week's traffic impacts.
- Phase 3 construction began June 30, 2010 and paints the steel beams above the roadway.
- Crews completed Phase 2 of the project in December 2010. This phase cleaned and painted the piers in the Columbia River and bridge towers on the Washington side.
This project will clean and paint the steel framework of the SR 433 Lewis and Clark Bridge. The fresh coat of paint will help prevent future corrosion to the steel, preserve the bridge's structural integrity, and prolong the life of the bridge.
The Lewis and Clark Bridge is being painted in three phases:
Phase 1 cleaned and painted the Oregon approach of the bridge structure, and was completed in February 2008.
Phase 2 cleaned and painted the piers in the Columbia River, and the bridge towers on the Washington side. This phase began April 7, 2009, and was completed in December 2010.
Phase 3 paints the superstructure of the bridge above the roadway. This phase began June 30, 2010, and is expected to be complete by fall, 2013.
Why is WSDOT
painting the Lewis and Clark Bridge?
Originally built in 1929, the 82-year-old, one-mile long Lewis and Clark Bridge is a historic landmark and vital transportation connection for Washington and Oregon. The bridge carries an average of 21,000 vehicles per day, 13 percent of which are trucks.
The Lewis and Clark Bridge was last painted in 1984. Since then, the protective coating on the bridge has deteriorated, exposing the steel to the weather and elements, which has resulted in rust and corrosion. Painting this historic bridge will preserve and restore the bridge's structural integrity and protect the steel from future corrosion.
As stipulated in Washington and Oregon's Border Bridges Agreement, construction and maintenance costs for the Lewis and Clark Bridge are shared equally by the two states. WSDOT is the lead agency for this project and manages its delivery with funding and design coordination from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT).
The End Result
The steel framework of the bridge will be cleaned and repainted with a protective coating. The project will restore and revitalize this historic landmark and transportation connection, and prolong the life of the bridge.
- Preservation: This project helps prevent future corrosion, and preserves the bridge's structural integrity.
- Economic: This project preserves a vital bi-state transportation connection, allowing it to continue handling commuter and heavy freight traffic for years to come.
What is the project timeline?
February 23, 2009: Phase 2 construction contract awarded to Certified Coatings Company, Inc. of Concord, Calif. with a winning bid of $5.1 million.
April 7, 2009: Phase 2 construction began.
December 2, 2010: Phase 2 construction completed.
April 30, 2010: Phase 3 construction contract awarded to Odyssey/Geronimo JV of Houston, Penn. with a winning bid of $33.7 million.
June 30, 2010: Phase 3 construction began.
Fall 2013: Phase 3 construction anticipated to be complete.
Why didn't WSDOT paint the bridge while the deck was being replaced in 2002-2004?
During the deck replacement project, the contractor applied the first primer coat of paint to all the steel beams located under the deck. However, it was impossible to paint the entire bridge at the same time deck panels were being replaced because of the short, 8-hour work window available to the contractor each night.
Project signage will reflect the cost of construction engineering, project bid award and sales tax.
- Pre-existing funds: $6.7 million
- Total estimated cost of Phase 2: $6.7 million
- Pre-existing funds: $27.7 million
- 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA): $12.3 million
- Total estimated cost of Phase 3: $40 million
The total cost of this project is split evenly between WSDOT and ODOT as are all bridge projects on the Columbia River between the two states.
How can I get more information?
Area Engineer Lori Figone
WSDOT Kelso Area Engineering Office
2400 Talley Way
Kelso, WA 98626
Phone: _PHONE_, or toll free _PHONE_
PO Box 1709
Vancouver, WA 98668-1709
Or you can use the online feedback form.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Semi-transparent particles
Particles can be made semi-transparent by setting their Transparency particle property. A Transparency value of 0.0 lets a particle appear fully opaque, while any value in the range 0.0-1.0 renders the particle translucent.
The easiest way to set the Transparency property is the Compute property modifier. Simply enter the desired transparency value into the expression field and the Compute property modifier will assign that value to all particles.
Sometimes you want to make only a subset of the particles semi-transparent. For this, first select the particles, then apply the Compute property modifier. Activate its Compute only for selected particles option to restrict the assignment of the Transparency value to the currently selected particles only. Unselected particles will keep their transparency values (0 by default).
For demonstration purposes, in the example shown on the right, the Compute property modifier was used to set the Transparency property according to a simple math formula: ReducedPosition.X. Thus, instead of assigning a uniform transparency value to all particles, each particle's value is computed individually from its X position divided by the simulation cell size, which varies between 0 to 1 from one side of the simulation box to the other.


text: K-Vest is the industry leading motion capture system, allowing to capture 6 Degrees of freedom (turn, bend, side bend, sway, thrust, and lift) currently used by Andrew Stephens and Sara Stephens. This system allows us to measure the body's rotation and linear movements. K-VEST's 6D technology platform consistently and accurately analyzes the motion of a golfer's swing in 6 degrees of freedom. Unlike anything on the market today, K-VEST 6D captures swing efficiency, via the kinematic sequence graph, and also allows users to measure key rotational and linear biomechanical information. Not only can the K-Vest identify faulty motor patterns, but in a matter of seconds my students can use Dynamic Visual Training to see, feel, and hear the correct movements of the body. Feeling a swing change has never been more simple. K-Vest will allow us to correct inefficient movements in your swing and maximize your potential as a golfer and an athlete.


Connecting to ODBC databases from Python with pyodbc
The section below provides a Python code sample that shows you how to connect to a database using the functions of the pyodbc module and Devart ODBC driver that implements the ODBC standard in data mapping. This code also works, with slight modifications, for accessing data in cloud applications from Python, such as Mailchimp, Salesforce, Dynamics 365, BigCommerce, or QuickBooks.
Need to connect Python to an ODBC database such as Oracle, MySQL, or SQL Server? You can do it with an open-source Python module pyodbc, Devart ODBC driver, and a few lines of code. The pyodbc module implements the Python DB API 2.0 specification, which was designed to provide a consistent interface to various databases and help developers write apps that can work with different databases without significant code changes. Python applications use an ODBC driver manager and ODBC driver to connect to the database server.
To connect to a database and retrieve data using the Python progamming language, you only need a few functions:
 - connect() function to create a connection to the database;
 - cursor() function to create a cursor from the connection;
 - execute() function to execute a select statement;
 - fetchone() function to retrieve rows from the query.
Steps to connect to ODBC database in Python
with pyodbc module
Install the driver and configure an ODBC data source in the driver settings
01.Import the pyodbc module and create a connection to the database.
import pyodbc
cnxn = pyodbc.connect('DRIVER={Devart ODBC Driver for SQLite};Direct=True;Database=mydatabase')
Start SQL Server Management Studio and create a linked server
02.Execute an INSERT statement to test the connection to the database.
cursor = cnxn.cursor()
cursor.execute("INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR) VALUES (535, 'Scott', 'Manager', 545)")
Run a query against the data storage
03.Retrieve a result set from a query, iterate over it and print out all records.
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM EMP")
row = cursor.fetchone()
while row:
 print (row)
 row = cursor.fetchone()
Key Features
Direct mode
Native connection to traditional databases and cloud-based services from Python using an ODBC driver. No need to use client software to fetch your sales figures table or a list of the best sales managers from popular data stores such as Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, as well as cloud services such as Salesforce or Zoho CRM.
SQL data type mapping
Full support and mapping of data source-specific SQL data types to the standard ODBC data types. Access diverse data stores from Python through a unified interface with exceptional speed. You can create custom mappings between the data source fields and ODBC data types.
Secure connection
Devart ODBC drivers use SSL / SSH and HTTPS tunneling to protect user data as it flows between a remote server on the Internet and and the machine where your Python code is executed. Tunneling allows you to send communications securely between machines.
ANSI SQL-92 standard support for cloud services
Devart ODBC drivers address one of the major challenges of retrieving data from email marketing, CRM, accounting and other cloud applications using Python: their lack of adequate API support for SQL-92 standard SQL commands. Our drivers are designed to get the most out of cloud service APIs.
Why pick our ODBC drivers for your Python application?
Fully Unicode-compliant ODBC drivers
Fully Unicode-compliant ODBC drivers
Unicode is the universal standard for encoding characters in most languages. Our ODBC drivers provide a Unicode-compliant way to work with strings and characters in databases: they are capable of mapping Unicode function calls and string data types to ANSI encoding.
All major versions of data stores are supported
All major versions of data stores are supported
Our ODBC drivers can be used to interact and perform SQL CRUD operations on popular traditional databases and cloud services from Python, such as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, Salesforce, or Mailchimp.
Regular feature update rollouts and timely bug fixes
Regular feature updates and timely bug fixes
We frequently release new versions of ODBC drivers with new capabilities or enhancements for already existing features. Changes and new features are added to the roadmap based on customer feedback. Bug fixes and minor improvements are released as nightly builds to resolve issues in a timely fashion.
Strict compliance with Microsoft ODBC 3.51 Specification
Strict compliance with Microsoft ODBC 3.51 Specification
Our ODBC drivers provide full support for the standard Open Database Connectivity API functions and data types. ODBC interface allows Python to connect to ODBC databases using the SQL language. Additionally, we have designed Advanced Connection String parameters that implement different types of behavior.
Exceptional SQL query performance and bulk updates
Exceptional SQL query performance and bulk updates
Our ODBC drivers allow you to perform bulk record update with Python in a single update statement while maintaining decent update speed. When you need to update a table with a million of records, you can use a single update operation which significantly reduces execution time compared to row-by-row operations.
Team of expert support engineers and community of developers
Team of expert support engineers and community of developers
Contact our friendly knowledgeable support team for assistance if have any questions about using our ODBC drivers with Python, or join our forum to discuss anything related to the database application development with other professional developers.
Connect Python app to your data source with our ODBC drivers
Our drivers provide Direct access to your databases and clouds from Python, which eliminates the use of database client libraries, simplifies the deployment process, and extends your application capabilities.
Choose Devart ODBC driver for your data source
You can try out any of these for free


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This question already has an answer here:
I get really confused about this and am looking for some kind of trick.
It seems sometimes "se" means to do something to oneself and sometimes not.
"Juan se ducha" (Juan showers himself)
Other times "se" doesn't mean to do something to oneself.
"se venden oro y plata" (I know this means gold and silver are sold here but it really meansgold and silver sell themselves)
How I distinguish? How do I know when it's being used reflexively and when it's not?
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by AlexBcn, Emilio Gort, Joze May 20 at 20:25
2 Answers 2
In the first case: subject (Juan) conveys the action (duchar), and the result of such action falls to Juan himself (hence the'se').
In the second one: an action is performed (vender) but there is no agent mentioned, and following the verb, there is a passive subject (two objects in which the action is placed, oro y plata).
First sentence is in active voice with a verb used in a'reflexive form' (forma refleja o pronominal), because action falls on same subject (a defined one) performing it. Verbs in these cases are preceded with a personal pronoun: me (if subject is first-person singular), te (2nd-person singular), se (3rd-person, both singular and plural), nos (1st-person plural), os (2nd-person plural)
[no pronominal]
duchar (to shower)
Pedro ducha a su perro (Pedro showers his dog)
Yo me ducho (I shower myself)
Me ducho (same as above, me indicates that I perform the action, thus, Yo may be omitted)
Juan se ducha (Juan showers himself)
Se ducha (Someone known showers himself/herself/itself). It is not a good idea to omit the subject if he/she/it is known, unless he/she/it is very obvious in the conversation (i.e. as a short answer to the question ¿Qué hace Juan? - What does Juan do?
Ellos se duchan (They shower themselves)
Se duchan (A group of known entities shower themselves). Same case as'se ducha', but duchan indicates a plural.
In the second sentence, to say in Spanish 'Gold and silver are sold' (a passive voice sentence), you could say it like:
'Oro y plata son vendidos' (voz pasiva analítica o perifrástica) [not used, however gramatically correct]
But if the subject is a 'thing' (or 'things', like your case), or an unknown/undefined entity/entities, you will prefer:
Se venden oro y plata (voz pasiva sintética o refleja)
Another examples of voz pasiva refleja:
Se buscan actores para la película (Actors are wanted for the movie)
Se necesita carpintero ([A] carpenter is needed)
Furthermore, in Spanish, there are impersonal sentences (oraciones impersonales), which I think they are worth to mention briefly here, whose construction is very similar to pasiva refleja sentences, except their verb is always expressed in 3rd-person singular, even if the subject is in plural:
Se entrevistó a los candidatos para el puesto (Candidates were interviewed for the position)
In all these cases, the word'se' is merely an auxiliary word, it only shows passivity.
In short, if you can tell in a sentence who (or what) is performing the action, and that action falls on himself/herself/itself/themselves,'se' is depicting a reflexive form, and the sentence is in active voice.
If you cannot tell who is performing the action (Who is selling gold and silver? Who interviewed the candidates? Who wants actors?), then'se' is an auxiliary word indicating that your sentence is in passive voice.
I hope it helps.
share|improve this answer
Thanks. This helps but still seems to be a big hurdle for me. I am sure with "speaking" it will become more clear. – GinaV May 20 at 7:25
What a common question.
For instance, Aquí se celebra Navidad en Pascua
Here, they celebrate Christmas on Easter
When we are giving instructions we tend to say things like
You mix the milk in with the eggs
Se mezcla el leche con los huevos
You soak the bread in the mixture
Se moja el pan en la mezcla
You cook the bread
Se cocina el pan
¿Cómo se dice'something' en español?
It translates semantically as
How do you say'something' in Spanish?
but literally as :
How is'something' said in Spanish?
Cómo dice...
This translates to something indicative
How does he/she/it say...?
Where there is a pronounced subject in the sentence.
What is the difference in meaning between: se celebra & celebra?
share|improve this answer


text:
What is melee?
Melee refers to one of two attack types. Melee is the attack type that a close range combatant uses to physically strike a target unit. Generally this ranges from an attack range of 128, with the exception of a few heroes. Most melee heroes tend to be strength or agility orientated.
What is ranged?
Ranged is referencing the second of the attack types. Ranged attacks are conjured items or energy that is slung at a range to inflict damage to the target. Ranged attacks can very greatly in the overall length of attack. Ranged heroes are commonly intelligence or agility based.
I bet you're wondering why I listed this basic information. Well why isn't this relevant? Knowing the difference between these mechanics can make or break a game. I often see a very irrelevant section in guides consisting of pros and cons, I find this to just be a filler to make the guides longer. Within these guides lye a very common misconception, example:
A guide is generally written by a mediocre DoTA player who wants to share his personal play style with his peer players. The same mediocre player will look at other's guides to see their personal options and then take these guides to heart. The problem with this, is that with most opinions comes falsities. Often a hero will be criticized based on role or attack type:
"A support? No that's lame, where's viper?"
"Dude, we already have 3 carries! We need a support."
"No, I got it, Dazzle doesn't do any damage anyways."
This. DoTA2 matchmaking at it's finest. A misinformed player is not necessarily an ignorant player, just a misguided player. Often times a player provides themselves the notion that because a hero can attack you from a further range, that you automatically will be zoned from the lane. If this is the case then why are Nightstalker and Tiny so well at dominating mid lane? To answer this we have to look at the statistics and truths provided below.
Here is a list of SOME of the items that differentiate between melee and ranged heroes. Some have a quite small margin of difference, and some have a quite big impact on the play style of certain heroes.
Quelling Blade, bonus damage versus creeps: 32%
Vanguard, damage block: 40
Poor Man's Shield, damage block: 20
Skull Basher, bash proc chance: 25%
Manta Style, illusions deal 33% damage and take 350% damage. Cooldown: 35 seconds.
Vladimir's Offering, bonuses: lifesteal 16% and 15% bonus damage. Armor 5, mana regeneration 0.8.
Venom Orb, movement slow: 12%
Quelling Blade, bonus damage versus creeps: 12%
Vanguard, damage block: 20
Poor Man's Shield, damage block: 10
Skull Basher, bash proc chance: 10%
Manta Style, illusions deal 28% damage and take 400% damage. Cooldown: 50 seconds.
Vladimir's Offering, bonuses: Armor 5, mana regeneration 0.8.
Venom Orb, movement slow: 4%
There are certain attack modifications and auras that only affect heroes of a certain attack type. Most of these modifications have quite the impact on a hero. I've provided a list of SOME of these mechanics.
Denied Creep Experience: 36
Vladimir's Offering Melee Damage Bonus
Vladimir's Offering Lifesteal
Skeleton King's Lifesteal
Denied Creep Experience: 18
Drow Ranger's Ranged Damage Bonus
Ranged Units, Chance to miss uphill: 25%
Skadi, Buffplacer (Can stack with Lifesteal orbs)
Orb walking is a vital skill that allows ranged units to generate some severe harass. This mechanic is exploited by using the current spell system to work in your favor. Usually I'd write this section myself, but due to incompetence, I have brought in two sources to properly display this advanced technique:
" One of the strongest mechanics of some ranged carries is their ability to orb walk. An orb is a unique attack modifier that changes how your auto attacks will affect the enemy or yourself, such as lifesteal (Morbid Mask, Satanic), armor reduction (Deso), and movement slow (Orb of Venom, Skadi). Some ranged heroes, like Viper, Huskar, and Drow, have skills that are orbs you can toggle on and off to give unique orbs. The strength of these orbs is that they cost low mana and they count as spells. The reason why it is important that these orbs are spells is that they do not draw aggro from creeps when in lane. In a typical situation, if you right click to attack an enemy hero in the early game, the enemy creeps will re-aggro themselves to you instead of your allied creeps. When you cast a spell on an enemy, the aggro does not change. This is the real power behind orb walking; you can get free harass on the enemies in your lane while while not taking the counter attack from the enemy creeps.
Let's use Clinkz as an example. Clinkz's W, Searing Arrows, is an orb effect. To orb walk, simply press the W key on your keyboard, then left click on the enemy to cast it. This will allow for long range harass with no creep revenge. " - Awes0meo
" Typically when you right-click on an enemy hero, the nearby creeps will agro you, and attack you. When you cast spells on enemy heroes this is not the case. Orb-Walking involves using abilities that have Unique Attack Modifiers. Select the ability once and click on an enemy hero, this is now considered casting an ability so nearby enemy creeps will not attack you. You can repeat this as many times as necessary. On the contrary, however, if you enable auto-cast for the Unique Attack Modifier and right-click on a hero creeps will attack you. " - _URL_
I believe that within DoTA, every basic mechanic is balanced; and punishes the player appropriately. If you are being voided from your lane by Sniper, that's all on you. I'm not saying that DoTA is completely balanced, obviously values change and updates happen often, but what I am saying is that; if you're losing its not the game, its you.
If you have learned anything from this guide, or even if you just enjoyed the little rant, please give this a thumbs up so others may read this and also agree or disagree on this.
These guides are somewhat time consuming to produce, and most of them do lack some at the moment, but for the most part I believe they provide enough information to play properly with the given information. Even though the guide is still UNFINISHED, I still need feedback on how to better it. The opinions and such are always up for change, and your opinion is wanted as long as it's not something that smashes the entire guide because you don't like a little detail. Please keep in mind: if you have the time to read this guide and vote on it then you should have a sufficient amount of time to comment what pleased or displeased you.
Please take the time to provide feedback.
What can I change? What areas need improvement? Is the guide visually unappealing?


%0 Conference Proceedings %B 17th Wildland Shrub Symposium %D 2012 %T Terpene profile of one-seed juniper saplings explains differential herbivory by small ruminants %A Utsumi, Santiago A. %A Andres F. Cibils %A R.E. Estell %X A study was conducted in central New Mexico to examine the relationship between terpene profile and one-seed juniper sapling herbivory by sheep and goats. Fifteen does (47.9 ± 1.1 kg) and four ewes (69.2 ± 0.9 kg) were allotted to 16 paddocks (20 x 30m) for 6 days in summer 2006 and spring 2007. Leaves and twigs from 311 browsed saplings (small [< 0.5 m], medium [0.5-1.0 m] or tall [>1.0 m] saplings that received low [< 33%], moderate [33-66%] or heavy [> 66%] herbivory) were collected the same day they were browsed and stored for chemical analysis. The terpene profile contained a total of 66 compounds that included a diverse set of hydrocarbon and oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes and a few diterpenes. Total terpene concentration was higher (P < 0.001) in spring (20.6 ± 0.5 mg/g; mean ± SE) than summer (16.7 ± 0.3 mg/g), lower (P < 0.001) in small saplings (16.5 ± 0.6 mg/g) compared to medium (19.8 ± 0.4 mg/g) and tall (19.5 ± 0.4 mg/g) saplings and lower (P < 0.001) in heavily defoliated saplings (16.1 ± 0.4 mg/g) vs. moderately (18.7 ± 0.5 mg/g) or lightly (21.2 ± 0.6 mg/g) browsed counterparts. A subset of 14 compounds ([E]-ß-farnesene, cis-sabinene hydrate, bornyl acetate, '-eudesmol, germacrene A, cis-piperitol, cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, trans-piperitol acetate + terpin-4-ol acetate, [Z]-ß-ocimene, terpin-4-ol, camphene hydrate, a-humelene, 8-a-11-elemodiol, ß-elemene), most of which occurred at relatively low concentrations, explained 45% of sapling discrimination (P < 0.001) into high, moderate and low herbivory categories. Results support the hypothesis that one-seed juniper terpene chemistry is related to the extent of sapling herbivory by small ruminants, sapling size, and season. %B 17th Wildland Shrub Symposium %I Wildland Shrub Symposium %C Las Cruces, NM %V p. 30 %8 05/2012 %G eng


text:
by Marko Susimetsä, reviewed on
From the creators of System Shock II
Irrational Games, developers of the hugely popular System Shock II, are coming back with a game that has been popularly called the most expected game of 2007, especially for PC: BioShock. The game will be published by 2K Games for Xbox360 and Windows systems later this year (though not exclusively for Vista, as was feared at some point). Both versions of the game are going to be identical and add-ons for both will be downloadable later on. But before going ahead of ourselves, let's look at what the game is going to be all about, shall we?
There have been many attempts to create a Utopian society on Earth by various strong-willed enthusiasts. Thus far, all of them have failed for one reason or another? usually having to do with the differing aims of the people who try to establish them, or merely their inability to make their Utopia work with the surrounding non-Utopian society. History books are full of interesting accounts of why and how they all failed.
But there is one utopia out there that is not mentioned in any history book and its failure is the greatest story of them all. This utopia is called Rapture and it was founded by Andrew Ryan in 1946 in a city built on the bottom of the ocean, far from any external forces that might cause its downfall. Andrew Ryan gathered the best and brightest people to inhabit his hidden city and closed off practically all contact from the outside world. His version of Utopia was to be the ultimate capitalist and individualist paradise (deviating a bit from the usual socialistic real-world Utopias). Unfortunately, there was one outside influence that Ryan didn't count on.
Ruptures in Rapture
To the general populace, stem cells are best known from the branch of research that might have saved the Superman but was banned in the US. But in BioShock, stem cells manage to wreak havoc in the Utopia of Rapture when two scientists find a new species of sea slug that produces pure stem cells. These stem cells, affectionately named Adam, end up changing the whole Utopian society by providing a way to enhance one's body, improve physical and mental abilities, cure diseases and heal injuries. In short order, Adam became the main currency of the society and was so sought after that a war broke out between Andrew Ryan and one of the scientists, Tanenbaum, who had made the initial discovery. The war and the environmental disaster that it brought on, forced the inhabitants to use the stem cells to modify and improve their bodies in order to survive. When the war finally ended, all natural sources of Adam were spent and the whole biosphere fell in disrepair to the point of almost failing.
Enter the player
The player has avoided the fate of the inhabitants of Rapture as he was living outside of the underwater city while all the turmoil took place. I'm pretty sure that he would have preferred it to stay that way but an unfortunate plane-crash put him in the vicinity of a lighthouse. Rather surprisingly, the lighthouse was standing in the middle of an ocean. Being the sole survivor of the crash, the player finds safety at the floating lighthouse, but instead of staying around and waiting for the rescuers, he commits the stupidest trick in the book and starts exploring the place. He eventually finds a bathysphere that descends him to the bottom of the ocean and into the city of Rapture.
When the player enters the underwater city, he encounters a self-sufficient system that has little to do with human societies. The city is populated with four major factions: aggressors, gatherers, protectors and -perhaps less scary but still dangeroussecurity bots. Aggressors are the remnants of Andrew Ryan's army and even if they were once human, they are now anything but? genetically enhanced and violent. The aggressors roam the city with the sole purpose of taking Adam away from anyone they can find. The Gatherers, also called Little Sisters, were created by Tanenbaum. They roam around the city harvesting Adam from dead bodies with special tools. They actually eat the Adam that they can find and their bodies reprocess it back into a usable form, called Eve. The Protectors are the Gatherer's only protection from the Aggressors and they follow the little ones anywhere they go, keeping them safe.
The imagery of the creatures roaming the corridors of Rapture reminds one of Silent Hill, which was populated with creatures that aimed to disgust and disturb more than horrify. Clearly, the first lesson to be learned is that using stem cells to heal one's injuries can lead to nothing but disfiguration and inhumanity. Thus, it comes as a complete surprise that the player will actually want to join this society and start playing with this Adam stuff as well? using it as a currency and improving his own body. Thus far, no one has explained this discrepancy to my satisfaction, but I'm sure it will come.


text:
Shared Content for Data Engineering 10.2
- All Products
UpdateServiceProcessOptions <-DomainName|-dn> domain_name <-ServiceName|-sn> service_name <-UserName|-un> user_name <-Password|-pd> password [<-SecurityDomain|-sdn> security_domain] [<-ResilienceTimeout|-re> timeout_period_in_seconds] <-NodeName|-nn> node_name <-Options|-o> options
Required. Name of the Informatica domain. You can set the domain name with the -dn option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN. If you set a domain name with both methods, the -dn option takes precedence.
Required. Name of the Content Management Service.
Required if the domain uses Native or LDAP authentication. User name to connect to the domain. You can set the user name with the -un option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN_USER. If you set a user name with both methods, the -un option takes precedence.
Optional if the domain uses Kerberos authentication. To run the command with single sign-on, do not set the user name. If you set the user name, the command runs without single sign-on.
Required if you specify the user name. Password for the user name. The password is case sensitive. You can set a password with the -pd option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_DOMAIN_PASSWORD. If you set a password with both methods, the password set with the -pd option takes precedence.
Required if the domain uses LDAP authentication. Optional if the domain uses native authentication or Kerberos authentication. Name of the security domain to which the domain user belongs. You can set a security domain with the -sdn option or the environment variable INFA_DEFAULT_SECURITY_DOMAIN. If you set a security domain name with both methods, the -sdn option takes precedence. The security domain name is case sensitive.
If the domain uses native or LDAP authentication, the default is Native. If the domain uses Kerberos authentication, the default is the LDAP security domain created during installation. The name of the security domain is the same as the user realm specified during installation.
Optional. Amount of time in seconds that infacmd attempts to establish or re-establish a connection to the domain. You can set the resilience timeout period with the -re option or the environment variable INFA_CLIENT_RESILIENCE_TIMEOUT. If you set the resilience timeout period with both methods, the -re option takes precedence.
Required. Name of the node where the service process runs.
Required. Enter each option and value to update. Separate each option by a space. To view application options, run the infacmd cms ListServiceProcessOptions command.


text:
Synchronous Channels using MVars
An MVar in Haskell is a shared variable that is either full, or empty. Trying to write to a full one, or read from an empty one, will cause you to block. It can be used as a one-place buffered asynchronous channel. Consider if you didn't want choice, or conjunction or any of the fancy features of CHP, but you do want to build a synchronous channel using MVars. How would you do it?
MVars — The Obvious Way
There is a very straightforward way to turn asynchronous channels into synchronous channels: you form a pair of channels, and use one for the writer to send the reader the data, and the other for the reader to send the writer an acknowledgement:
data SimpleChannel a = SimpleChannel (MVar a) (MVar ()) newSimpleChannel :: IO (SimpleChannel a) newSimpleChannel = liftM2 SimpleChannel newEmptyMVar newEmptyMVar writeSimpleChannel :: SimpleChannel a -> a -> IO () writeSimpleChannel (SimpleChannel msg ack) x = putMVar msg x >> takeMVar ack readSimpleChannel :: SimpleChannel a -> IO a readSimpleChannel (SimpleChannel msg ack) = takeMVar msg <* putMVar ack ()
Let's assume that context-switching is the major cost in these algorithms, and examine how many times a process must block in the above algorithm. We know that this must be at least one; whoever arrives first will have to block to wait for the second participant.
We'll start with what happens if the writer arrives first. The writer arrives, puts the value into the data MVar, then blocks waiting for the ack. The reader arrives, takes the data and sends the ack, at which point the writer wakes up. So in this case: one block.
If the reader arrives first, it will block waiting for the data MVar. The writer will arrive, put the value into the data MVar, then block waiting for the ack. The reader will wake up, take the data and send the ack; then the writer will wake up. So here we had two blocks. The writer blocking is unnecessary; if the reader was already there waiting, there is no need for the writer to wait for an ack, it could just deposit the value and go — if it knew the reader was there.
MVars — The Faster Way
There are several ways to remove that second block. One way is to have an MVar as a sort of status MVar. When the reader or writer arrives, they try to put into this MVar. If they succeed, they are first and they wait on a second MVar. If they fail, they are second and act accordingly, emptying the status variable and waking up the first party:
data FastChannel a = FastChannel (MVar (Maybe a)) (MVar ()) (MVar a) newFastChannel :: IO (FastChannel a) newFastChannel = liftM3 FastChannel newEmptyMVar newEmptyMVar newEmptyMVar writeFastChannel :: FastChannel a -> a -> IO () writeFastChannel (FastChannel sts ack msg) x = do first <- tryPutMVar sts (Just x) if first then takeMVar ack -- will block else takeMVar sts >> putMVar msg x readFastChannel :: FastChannel a -> IO a readFastChannel (FastChannel sts ack msg) = do first <- tryPutMVar sts Nothing if first then takeMVar msg -- will block else (fromJust <$> takeMVar sts) <* putMVar ack ()
This version is, in my benchmarks, twice as fast as the first version, which suggests that context-switching really is the expensive part of these algorithms. In fact, I started out with the first version in thi spost, but CHP's more featured and complex algorithms were coming out faster because I only ever block once. It was only when I improved the MVar version to the second one above that the results were as I expected.


text:
pg_dumpall is a utility for writing out ("dumping") all PostgreSQL databases of a cluster into one script file. The script file contains SQL commands that can be used as input to psql to restore the databases. It does this by calling pg_dump for each database in a cluster. pg_dumpall also dumps global objects that are common to all databases. (pg_dump does not save these objects.) This currently includes information about database users and groups, tablespaces, and properties such as access permissions that apply to databases as a whole.
Since pg_dumpall reads tables from all databases you will most likely have to connect as a database superuser in order to produce a complete dump. Also you will need superuser privileges to execute the saved script in order to be allowed to add users and groups, and to create databases.
The SQL script will be written to the standard output. Use the [-f|file] option or shell operators to redirect it into a file.
pg_dumpall needs to connect several times to the PostgreSQL server (once per database). If you use password authentication it will ask for a password each time. It is convenient to have a ~/.pgpass file in such cases. See Section 31.15 for more information.
The following command-line options control the content and format of the output.
Dump only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
Include SQL commands to clean (drop) databases before recreating them. DROP commands for roles and tablespaces are added as well.
Send output to the specified file. If this is omitted, the standard output is used.
Dump only global objects (roles and tablespaces), no databases.
A deprecated option that is now ignored.
Dump object identifiers (OIDs) as part of the data for every table. Use this option if your application references the OID columns in some way (e.g., in a foreign key constraint). Otherwise, this option should not be used.
Do not output commands to set ownership of objects to match the original database. By default, pg_dumpall issues ALTER OWNER or SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION statements to set ownership of created schema elements. These statements will fail when the script is run unless it is started by a superuser (or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script). To make a script that can be restored by any user, but will give that user ownership of all the objects, specify -O.
Dump only roles, no databases or tablespaces.
Dump only the object definitions (schema), not data.
Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers. This is only relevant if --disable-triggers is used. (Usually, it's better to leave this out, and instead start the resulting script as superuser.)
Dump only tablespaces, no databases or roles.
Specifies verbose mode. This will cause pg_dumpall to output start/stop times to the dump file, and progress messages to standard error. It will also enable verbose output in pg_dump.
Print the pg_dumpall version and exit.
Prevent dumping of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
This option is for use by in-place upgrade utilities. Its use for other purposes is not recommended or supported. The behavior of the option may change in future releases without notice.
Dump data as INSERT commands with explicit column names (INSERT INTO table (column,...) VALUES...). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases.
This option disables the use of dollar quoting for function bodies, and forces them to be quoted using SQL standard string syntax.
This option is only relevant when creating a data-only dump. It instructs pg_dumpall to include commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while the data is reloaded. Use this if you have referential integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data reload.
Presently, the commands emitted for --disable-triggers must be done as superuser. So, you should also specify a superuser name with -S, or preferably be careful to start the resulting script as a superuser.
Dump data as INSERT commands (rather than COPY). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases. Note that the restore might fail altogether if you have rearranged column order. The --column-inserts option is safer, though even slower.
Do not wait forever to acquire shared table locks at the beginning of the dump. Instead, fail if unable to lock a table within the specified timeout. The timeout may be specified in any of the formats accepted by SET statement_timeout. Allowed values vary depending on the server version you are dumping from, but an integer number of milliseconds is accepted by all versions since 7.3. This option is ignored when dumping from a pre-7.3 server.
Do not dump security labels.
Do not output commands to create tablespaces nor select tablespaces for objects. With this option, all objects will be created in whichever tablespace is the default during restore.
Do not dump the contents of unlogged tables. This option has no effect on whether or not the table definitions (schema) are dumped; it only suppresses dumping the table data.
Force quoting of all identifiers. This may be useful when dumping a database for migration to a future version that may have introduced additional keywords.
Output SQL-standard SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of ALTER OWNER commands to determine object ownership. This makes the dump more standards compatible, but depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore properly.
Show help about pg_dumpall command line arguments, and exit.
The following command-line options control the database connection parameters.
Specifies the host name of the machine on which the database server is running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken from the PGHOST environment variable, if set, else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
Specifies the name of the database to connect to to dump global objects and discover what other databases should be dumped. If not specified, the postgres database will be used, and if that does not exist, template1 will be used.
Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections. Defaults to the PGPORT environment variable, if set, or a compiled-in default.
User name to connect as.
Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as a.pgpass file, the connection attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password.
Force pg_dumpall to prompt for a password before connecting to a database.
This option is never essential, since pg_dumpall will automatically prompt for a password if the server demands password authentication. However, pg_dumpall will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. In some cases it is worth typing -W to avoid the extra connection attempt.
Note that the password prompt will occur again for each database to be dumped. Usually, it's better to set up a ~/.pgpass file than to rely on manual password entry.
Specifies a role name to be used to create the dump. This option causes pg_dumpall to issue a SET ROLE rolename command after connecting to the database. It is useful when the authenticated user (specified by -U) lacks privileges needed by pg_dumpall, but can switch to a role with the required rights. Some installations have a policy against logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows dumps to be made without violating the policy.
Default connection parameters
This utility, like most other PostgreSQL utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by libpq (see Section 31.14).
Since pg_dumpall calls pg_dump internally, some diagnostic messages will refer to pg_dump.
Once restored, it is wise to run ANALYZE on each database so the optimizer has useful statistics. You can also run vacuumdb -a -z to analyze all databases.
pg_dumpall requires all needed tablespace directories to exist before the restore; otherwise, database creation will fail for databases in non-default locations.
To dump all databases:
$ pg_dumpall > db.out
To reload database(s) from this file, you can use:
$ psql -f db.out postgres
(It is not important to which database you connect here since the script file created by pg_dumpall will contain the appropriate commands to create and connect to the saved databases.)
Check pg_dump for details on possible error conditions.
Please use this form to add your own comments regarding your experience with particular features of PostgreSQL, clarifications of the documentation, or hints for other users. Please note, this is not a support forum, and your IP address will be logged. If you have a question or need help, please see the faq, try a mailing list, or join us on IRC. Note that submissions containing URLs or other keywords commonly found in'spam' comments may be silently discarded. Please contact the webmaster if you think this is happening to you in error.
Proceed to the comment form.


Bitswap retrieval
How to configure and use Bitswap retrievals in Boost
booster-bitswap is a binary that runs alongside the boostd process, to serve retrievals over the Bitswap protocol. This feature of boost provides a number of tools for managing a production grade Bitswap retrieval service for a Storage Provider's content.
There is currently no payment method in booster-bitswap. This endpoint is intended to serve free content.
Why enable retrievals via Bitswap?
Bitswap retrieval introduces interoperability between IPFS and Filecoin, as it enables clients to retrieve Filecoin data over IPFS. This expands the reach of the Filecoin network considerably, increasing the value proposition for users to store data on the Filecoin network. This benefits the whole community, including SPs. Users will be able to access data directly via IPFS, as well as benefit from retrieval markets (e.g. Saturn) and compute over data projects (e.g. Bacalhau).
booster-bitswap modes
There are two primary "modes" for exposing booster-bitswap to the internet.
 1. In private mode the booster-bitswap peer ID is not publicly accessible to the internet. Instead, public Bitswap traffic goes to boostd itself, which then acts as a reverse proxy, forwarding that traffic on to booster-bitswap. This is similar to the way one might configure Nginx as a reverse proxy for an otherwise private web server. private mode is simpler to setup but may produce greater load on boostd as a protocol proxy.
 2. In public mode the public internet firewall must be configured to forward traffic directly to the booster-bitswap instance. boostd is configured to announce the public address of booster-bitswap to the network indexer (the network indexer is the service that clients can query to discover where to retrieve content). This mode offers greater flexibility and performance. You can even setup booster-bitswap to run over a separate internet connection from boostd. However, it might require additional configuration and changes to your overall network infrastructure.
Demo configuration
You can configure booster-bitswap in the demo mode and familiarise yourself with the configuration. Once you are confident and familiar with the options, please go ahead and configure booster-bitswap for production use.
The booster-bitswap binary is built and installed with boostd binary. If you are planning to run booster-bitswap on a different node, you can build and install the new binary. Otherwise, skip to step 3.
1. Clone the Boost repo and checkout the same release as your boostd version
git clone _URL_
cd boost
git checkout <release>
2. Build and install the booster-bitswap binary:
make build
sudo make build
3. Initialize booster-bitswap:
booster-bitswap init
4. Record the peer ID output by booster-bitswap init -- we will need this peer id later
5. Run booster-bitswap
booster-bitswap run --api-lid="ws://<boostd-data IP>:8044"
6. By default, booster-bitswap runs on port 8888. You can use --port to override this behaviour
7. Fetching over bitswap by running
booster-bitswap fetch /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/8888/p2p/{peerID} {rootCID} outfile.car
Where peerID is the peer id recorded when you ran booster-bitswap init and rootCID is the CID of a data CID known to be stored on your SP.
Setup booster-bitswap to serve retrievals
As described above, booster-bitswap can be configured to serve the retrievals in 2 modes. We recommend using public mode to avoid greater load on boostd as a protocol proxy.
Private Mode
The booster-bitswap binary is built and installed with boostd binary. If you are planning to run booster-bitswap on a different node, you can build and install the new binary. Otherwise, skip to step 3.
1. Clone the Boost repo and checkout the same release as your boostd version
git clone _URL_
cd boost
git checkout <release>
2. Build and install the booster-bitswap binary:
make build
sudo make build
3. Initialize booster-bitswap:
booster-bitswap init
4. Record the peer ID output by booster-bitswap init -- we will need this peer id later
5. Stop boostd and edit ~/.boost/config.toml to set the peer ID for bitswap
[Dealmaking]
 BitswapPeerID ="{peer id for booster bitswap you recorded earlier}"
6. Start boostd service again
7. Collect the token information for lotus-miner and lotus daemon API
export 'lotus auth api-info --perm=admin'
export 'lotus-miner auth api-info --perm=admin'
8. Run booster-bitswap
booster-bitswap run --api-lid="ws://<boostd-data IP>:8044" --proxy={boostd multiaddress} --api-fullnode=$FULLNODE_API_INFO --api-storage=$MINER_API_INFO
You can get a boostd multiaddress by running boostd net listen and using any of the returned addresses
9. By default, booster-bitswap runs on port 8888. You can use --port to override this behaviour
10. Try to fetch a payload CID over bitswap to verify your configuration
Public mode
The booster-bitswap binary is built and installed with boostd binary. If you are planning to run booster-bitswap on a different node, you can build and install the new binary. Otherwise, skip to step 3.
1. Clone the Boost repo and checkout the same release as your boostd version
git clone _URL_
cd boost
git checkout <release>
2. Build and install the booster-bitswap binary:
make build
sudo make build
3. Initialize booster-bitswap:
booster-bitswap init
4. Record the peer ID output by booster-bitswap init -- we will need this peer id later
5. Stop boostd and edit ~/.boost/config.toml to set the peer ID for bitswap
[DealMaking]
 BitswapPeerID ="{peer id for bosoter bitswap you recorded earlier}"
 BitswapPublicAddresses = ["/ip4/{booster-bitswap public IP}/tcp/{booster-bitswap public port}"]
 BitswapPrivKeyFile = "{path to libp2p private key file for booster bitswap}"
The libp2p private key file for booster-bitswap can generally be found at <booster-bitswap repo path>/libp2p.key
The reason boost needs to know the public multiaddresses and libp2p private key for booster-bitswap is so it can properly announce these records to the network indexer.
6. Start boostd service again
7. Collect the token information for lotus-miner and lotus daemon API
export 'lotus auth api-info --perm=admin'
export 'lotus-miner auth api-info --perm=admin'
8. Run booster-bitswap
booster-bitswap run --api-lid="ws://<boostd-data IP>:8044" --api-fullnode=$FULLNODE_API_INFO --api-storage=$MINER_API_INFO
9. By default, booster-bitswap runs on port 8888. You can use --port to override this behaviour
10. Try to fetch a payload CID over bitswap to verify your configuration
booster-bitswap configuration
booster-bitswap provides a number of performance and safety tools for managing a production grade bitswap server without overloading your infrastructure.
Bitswap server performance
Depending on your hardware you may wish to increase or decrease the default parameters for the bitswap server internals. In the following example we are increasing the worker count for various components up to 600. This will utilize more CPU and I/O, but improve the performance of retrievals. See the command line help docs for details on each parameter.
booster-bitswap run --api-lid="ws://<boostd-data IP>:8044" \
 --engine-blockstore-worker-count=600 \
 --engine-task-worker-count=600 \
 --max-outstanding-bytes-per-peer=33554432 \
 --target-message-size=_PHONE_ \
 --task-worker-count=600
BadBits filtering
Booster-bitswap is automatically setup to deny all requests for CIDs that are on the BadBits Denylist. The default badbits list can be override or addition badbits list can be provided to the booster-bits


Question: Why Did Swaziland Become ESwatini?
How Old Is Swaziland?
110 000 yearsArchaeologists have found human remains in eastern Swaziland that have been dated to be 110 000 years old, but these were not the ancestors of the Swazi.
The Swazi fled from their original home to the Pongola River valley in KwaZulu Natal in the nineteenth century as a result of internal pressure..
Why did Swaziland want independence?
In 1879, the same year as the Zulu war, Mbandzeni aided the British who were now controlling the Transvaal to defeat Sekhukhune and to dismantle his kingdom. In return for his assistance, Swaziland's independence was to be guaranteed perpetually and Swaziland would be protected from Boer and Zulu encroachment.
Why is Swaziland not part of South Africa?
Why are the independent countries Swaziland and Lesotho not part of the Republic of South Africa? … It was intended to be included in the Union of South Africa in 1910, but this was so opposed by the Basuto people, and it remained a protectorate, along with Bechuanaland (now Botswana) and Swaziland.
What is Swaziland known for?
The country is known for its game reserves, the Mlawula Nature Reserve and the Hlane Royal National Park with diverse wildlife including lions, hippos and elephants. Swaziland has a population of 1.4 million people (est. 2015), national capitals are Mbabane, and Lobamba.
Is Swaziland the poorest country?
Swaziland has a poverty rate of 69.2 percent. Swaziland also has an AIDS prevalence rate of 25.9 percent, which is the highest in the world. This country also has an extremely low life expectancy, 48 years.
What did Swaziland used to be called?
Kingdom of EswatiniAfter the Second Boer War, the kingdom, under the name of Swaziland, was a British protectorate from 1903 until it regained its independence on 6 September 1968. In April 2018, the official name was changed from Kingdom of Swaziland to Kingdom of Eswatini, mirroring the name commonly used in Swazi.


text:
|A resident tries to get water from a well. Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc has approved in principle a German-funded project to strengthen underground water protection in Việt Nam. — VNA/VNS Photo Minh Sơn
HÀ NỘI — Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc has approved in principle a German-funded project to strengthen underground water protection in Việt Nam.
The project, which will use non-refundable Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the German government, aims to ensure efficient and sustainable exploitation and utilization of underground water resources in the context of climate change as well as prevention of water level decline, saline intrusion and land subsidence caused by underground water exploitation in the coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta.
It also aims to enhance water resource management as well as updating, supplementing and setting up a database on groundwater in areas under the project.
Besides, the project will focus on raising public awareness and strengthening co-ordination between professional agencies, administrators and water users in the protection of groundwater resources and improving the capacity to investigate, assess and protect the management of water resources.
To be implemented from 2018 to 2020 nationwide, the project will have total investment of VNĐ56.4 billion (US$2.45 million), of which VNĐ53.3 billion will come from non-refundable ODA from the German Government, while the remainder will be funded by the Việt Nam's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. — VNS


text:
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by leukocytes and the secretory cells of the HPA axis. Remarkably, glucocorticoids (GC) induce leukocyte MIF secretion, while MIF renders leukocytes insensitive to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. In light of reported associations between dysphoric states, increased inflammatory activity, and reduced GC sensitivity, the current study investigated the association between MIF, loneliness and depressive symptoms. The study further investigated the relation between plasma MIF and markers of HPA function, i.e., diurnal cortisol and the cortisol response to acute stress. Healthy university undergraduates (N= 126; 64 women) were invited to participate if their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory or UCLA loneliness scale were in the upper or lower quintile of their peer group. Plasma MIF and salivary cortisol were measured in response to a public speaking task. Ambulatory diurnal cortisol was assessed for 5 consecutive days. MIF levels were 40% higher in the high-depressive symptoms group compared to the low depressive symptoms group. Elevated MIF was also associated with a smaller cortisol response to acute stress and lower diurnal morning cortisol values. The observed association between HPA function and MIF remained robust after adjustment for depressive symptoms, and demographic, anthropomorphic, and behavioural factors. High levels of depressive symptoms were likewise associated with lower morning cortisol, but this association became non-significant after adjustment for MIF. MIF may be an important neuro-immune mediator linking depressive symptoms with inflammation and HPA dysregulation.
- Acute stress
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Endocrine and Autonomic Systems
- Behavioral Neuroscience


Non-zero torsion and late cosmology
Miguel Cruz, Fernando Izaurieta, Samuel Lepe
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
9 Scopus citations
Abstract
In this work, we study some thermodynamical aspects associated with torsion in a flat FLRW spacetime cosmic evolution. By implementing two Ansatze for the torsion term, we find that the model admits a phantom regime or a quintessence behavior. This scheme differs from the Λ CDM model at the thermodynamical level. The resulting cosmic expansion is not adiabatic, the fulfillment of the second law of thermodynamics requires a positive torsion term, and the temperature of the cosmic fluid is always positive. The entropy of the torsion phantom scenario is negative, but introducing chemical potential solves this issue. For a Dirac-Milne type Universe, the torsion leads to a growing behavior for the temperature of the fluid but has no incidence on the rate of expansion.
Original languageEnglish
Article number559
JournalEuropean Physical Journal C
Volume80
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 Jun 2020
Externally publishedYes
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1
I need a python script that seeks to cycle through a number of viewpoints, deriving an AGL raster in each case (using arcpy.Viewshed_3d) and progressively summing the AGL rasters into a single cumulative raster. I have written a Python script to do this but am hitting a problem with the chunk of code that iteratively combines the individual AGL rasters into a single output.
The script takes as input a vector viewpoint layer and a DEM and it seems to work insofar as it loops as it should and generates a final output. However comparison with a manual 'testbed' dataset generated for a small sample of points reveals that the resultant values do not match. Trials with single points worked fine (i.e. for a single point the resultant AGL layer generated by the script was identical to one manually generated) but in the case of two points the output seemed to be the sum of the 2nd AGL raster twice (rather than AGL1 + AGL2). I created a debug version of the code using elif for a small number of points (and saving the temporary raster each time with a unique filename) and it worked fine - the AGL layers generated at each iteration matched the manual versions as did the final AGL output. However, this is not really practical for 100K+ viewpoints.
The faulty chunk of Code is given below:
# set up cursor to step through viewpoint file one at a time
searcher = arcpy.da.SearchCursor(inputVector, ["OID@"])
try:
 for row in searcher:
 # create layer
 arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(inputVector, "viewLayer")
 # set query
 query = ' "OBJECTID" = ' + str(row[0])
 #select point
 arcpy.SelectLayerByAttribute_management("viewLayer", "NEW_SELECTION", query)
 # set viewshed parameters
 inRaster = inputDem
 outViewshed = "outView"
 outagl = "hiding"
 # calculate viewshed
 arcpy.Viewshed_3d(inRaster, "viewLayer", outViewshed, 1, "CURVED_EARTH", 0.13, "outAgl")
 # convert nodata values to zero in agl output to allow union of inputs when adding rasters
 hide1 = Raster("outAgl")
 hidecon = Con(IsNull(hide1), 0, hide1)
 arcpy.AddMessage(query) #debug line
 #create/update summed agl raster
 if row[0] == 1:
 arcpy.AddMessage("first time through loop") #debug line
 tempraster = hidecon #create the raster that will be used to sum
 else:
 arcpy.AddMessage("looping") # debug line
 tempraster = tempraster + hidecon #add latest AGL to the summed raster
 # save the final output summed raster
 tempraster.save(outputAgl)
 #clean up any non-temporary working rasters
 arcpy.Delete_management("outAgl")
 arcpy.Delete_management("outView")
 #clean up cursor
 del searcher
Apologies - I am a very amateur python coder.
UPDATE: Below is a debug version (once again - apologies for untidy code) that replaced the loop with else and elif and saved the intermediate AGL outputs. This worked insofar as the final AGL (outputAGL) was exactly what I was after and matched the test dataset (but it is not a practical solution given the number of AGLs I need to sum (1000+)
# import system., OS and arcpy modules
import sys, os, arcpy
# import geoprocessing environments
from arcpy import env
# import Spatial Analyst and Data Access modules
from arcpy.sa import *
from arcpy.da import *
#check out 3D analyst extension
arcpy.CheckOutExtension("3D")
# enable file overwrite & ensure output extent is max. of inputs
arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = True
arcpy.env.extent = "MAXOF"
# get input files and output filename
inputVector = arcpy.GetParameterAsText(0)
inputDem = arcpy.GetParameterAsText(1)
outputAgl = arcpy.GetParameterAsText(2)
# set up cursor to step through viewpoint file one at a time
searcher = arcpy.da.SearchCursor(inputVector, ["OID@"])
try:
 for row in searcher:
 # create layer
 arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(inputVector, "viewLayer")
 # set query
 query = ' "OID" = ' + str(row[0])
 #select point
 arcpy.SelectLayerByAttribute_management("viewLayer", "NEW_SELECTION", query)
 # set viewshed parameters
 inRaster = inputDem
 outViewshed = "outView"
 outagl = "hiding"
 # calculate viewshed
 arcpy.Viewshed_3d(inRaster, "viewLayer", outViewshed, 1, "CURVED_EARTH", 0.13, "outAgl")
 # convert nodata values to zero in agl output to allow union of inputs when adding rasters
 hide1 = Raster("outAgl")
 hidecon = Con(IsNull(hide1), 0, hide1)
 # debug line
 arcpy.AddMessage(query)
 #create/update summed agl raster
 if row[0] == 1:
 # debug line
 arcpy.AddMessage("first time through loop")
 tempraster = hidecon
 tempraster.save("D:/python_2016/loop1")
 # debug chunk
 elif row[0] == 2:
 arcpy.AddMessage("second time..")
 # tempHelp = tempraster
 tempraster = tempraster + hidecon
 tempraster.save("D:/python_2016/loop2")
 elif row[0] == 3:
 arcpy.AddMessage("third time...")
 tempraster = tempraster + hidecon
 tempraster.save("D:/python_2016/loop3")
 elif row[0] == 4:
 arcpy.AddMessage("fourth time...")
 tempraster = tempraster + hidecon
 tempraster.save("D:\python_2016\loop4")
 # debug chunk end
 else:
 # debug line
 arcpy.AddMessage("looping")
 tempHelp = tempraster
 tempraster = tempHelp + hidecon
 ## saver = "delete_me"
 ## tempraster.save(saver)
 # save the final output summed raster
 tempraster.save(outputAgl)
 #clean up any non-temporary working rasters
 arcpy.Delete_management("outAgl")
 arcpy.Delete_management("outView")
 ## arcpy.Delete_management(saver)
 #clean up cursor
 del searcher
except:
#issue error message
arcpy.AddMessage("The Script crashed and burned sadly")
# report any errior message generated
arcpy.AddMessage(arcpy.GetMessages())
1
Finally resolved the problem this morning by adding tempraster.save() to persist the accumulating raster between loop iterations.
 #create/update summed agl raster
 if row[0] == 1:
 tempraster = hidecon #create the raster that will be used to sum
 tempraster.save()
 else:
 tempraster = tempraster + hidecon #add latest AGL to the summed raster
 tempraster.save()
 # save the final output summed raster
 tempraster.save(outputAgl)
The resulting code worked like a dream. Many thanks to Felix for helping me to focus in on exactly where the problem was - your help was very much appreciated, Mark
0
Hard to tell what is wrong, because a code is a bit untidy. So I modified it slightly:
try: arcpy
except: import arcpy
import traceback, os, sys
from arcpy import env
env.overwriteOutput = True
from arcpy.sa import *
inputVector=r'D:\Scratch\Walkover.gdb\rpoints'
inRaster = r'D:\Aerials\Backups\arc2mdem'
outAgl="outAgl"
outViewshed="outViewshed"
outagl = "hiding"
try:
 def showPyMessage():
 arcpy.AddMessage(str(time.ctime()) + " -