Are Knees Over Toes Workouts Recommended? Here's What an Expert Sports PT Says
Are Knees Over Toes Workouts Recommended? Here's What an Expert Sports PT Says
Wondering if 'knees over toes workouts' can actually strengthen your knees? Skeptical about letting your knees travel past your toes during your fitness routine? This article dives straight into the heart of 'knees over toes workouts'—a concept popularized by Ben Patrick, also known as 'kneesovertoesguy', which challenges traditional exercise warnings. We'll uncover the science behind this approach, share foundational movements that promise to reduce pain and enhance mobility and offer practical steps to safely integrate these exercises into your regimen.
Key Takeaways
 - Knees over toes workouts, popularized by Ben Patrick, can strengthen knees and enhance mobility when done with proper form, such as ensuring adequate ankle dorsiflexion, progressing slowly, and reducing support over time.
 - The foundational exercises for the Knees Over Toes program include reverse sled pulls, tibialis raises, and heel-elevated squats, targeting knee strength, shin support, and full-range mobility for better joint health.
 - While knees-over-toes workouts offer numerous benefits for knee health and athletic performance, safety should be a priority. Individuals must progress gradually and listen to their bodies to prevent injury.
The Truth Behind Knees Over Toes
There is a wealth of information to unravel about knees over toes workouts. These exercises involve knee movement beyond the toes, aiming to improve knee health, reduce pain, and enhance mobility. But wait a minute, aren't we always told not to let our knees pass our toes when doing squats and lunges?
Here's the deal: embracing the knees over toes position, when completed correctly, can strengthen and fortify the knees, supporting everyday movements and athletic activities without being inherently harmful.
The inception of knees-over-toes workouts traces back to a dialogue with Ben Patrick, famously known as 'kneesovertoesguy.' He made a strong case for the workouts, emphasizing the importance of:
 - adequate ankle dorsiflexion before starting these exercises
 - steady progression in knees over toes exercises
 - slowing down the movements
 - enhancing the range
 - progressively reducing reliance on support
By following these guidelines, you can slowly bend your way to steady progress in your toes workout, focusing on knees over toes exercises.
The Philosophy of Knees Over Toes Workouts
Ben Patrick, the brains behind the knees over toes philosophy, defies traditional exercise norms, taking a holistic view of the body, which includes tendons, glutes, and abs, to boost athletic prowess and well-being. Patrick's methodology is designed to improve knee strength, relieve shin pain, integrate athletic abilities with conventional exercises, and ultimately optimize knee function and athletic performance.
A key component of the Knees Over Toes training is the emphasis on perfect exercise form and dedicating sufficient time to achieve optimal results in knee and joint health.
Foundational Movements for Knee Ability
Let's move on to the crux of the matter - the actual exercises. The Knees Over Toes program is designed around foundational movements such as backward walking, and tibialis raises as part of a comprehensive 12-week regimen.
We will examine three pivotal exercises in detail: reverse sled pulls, tibialis raises, and heels-elevated squats.
Reverse Sled Pulls for Resilience
First on the list is the Reverse Sled Pull. This powerful exercise:
 - Strengthens the patellar tendon
 - Improves blood flow to the knees
 - Targets knee strength
 - Enhances athletic performance
 - Increases mobility, which in turn mitigates the risk of ankle sprains.
Here's how to do it:
 1. Attach a harness to your Zero Sled, wear it around your torso, and perform a backward sled pull by walking backward, pulling the sled.
 2. Begin with slow, short steps, and gradually increase step length and speed.
 3. For effective training, the Reverse Sled Pull should be performed for five straight minutes, three times a week.
Tibialis Raises for Shin and Knee Support
Next up, we have the Tibialis Raises. This exercise targets the tibialis anterior muscle in your left leg, serving as a key decelerator in the body and being essential for knee health.
Performing a tibialis raise is pretty straightforward, and it's a great alternative to the traditional calf raise. Stand with your back against a wall, legs straight and extended, then lift your toes while keeping your heels grounded and aim to complete 25 reps. Beginners in the Knees Over Toes program are advised to do two sets of 25 tibialis raises, with assistance if necessary, until they can be executed without pain.
Tibialis raises also have a broader impact as they support lower back health, alleviate shin pain near the shin bone, and promote overall joint well-being.
Heels-Elevated Squats for Full Range Mobility
Lastly, we have the Heels-Elevated Squats. These exercises are beneficial for enhancing knee strength and joint health. Performing squats with the heels elevated contributes to increased mobility and decreases pressure on the knees. Additionally, transitioning from a seated position to these squats can further improve knee strength.
These types of squats target specific muscle groups and help in recuperation from lower body issues such as ankle sprains. They combine traditional weight exercise techniques, applying them in a way that supports overall athletic performance. With the Slant Board, you can do this kind of squats at home.
Integrating Strength and Flexibility into Your Routine
Having discussed some important exercises, we now explore how to incorporate strength and flexibility into your regimen. Incorporating compound exercises like squats and lunges, which target multiple muscle groups simultaneously, can lead to more efficient knee-strengthening workouts. Strengthening supporting muscles like the quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes is vital for knee stability and alignment, offering protection against injuries.
To improve flexibility, the program incorporates a series of stretches including hip flexion and:
 - calf stretches
 - hamstring stretches
 - outer glute stretches
 - groin stretches
 - inner hamstring stretches
Performing the tibialis raise while sitting and facing an anchor point with an Omniband around the foot can enhance ankle stability. By combining full-range leg exercises with other movements, you can increase ankle strength, mobility, and stability.
Progressive Training for Long-Term Knee Health
Let's now discuss progression. Gradually increasing the intensity of knee exercises by adding more weight, repetitions, or reducing rest time is essential for effective strength progression and knee resilience. The ATG split squat is a great example of an exercise that increases knee mobility and knee flexion by allowing an extended range of motion and can be modified for beginners by starting with the front leg on an elevated platform, gradually lowering the height with mastery.
Implementing techniques such as slow eccentric phases in slant board front squats can significantly strengthen the quadriceps and consequently promote better knee health. Beginners are encouraged to commit to a 12-week lower body focused program when starting knees over toes workouts to ensure the proper adaptation and minimization of injury risk.
Addressing Potential Risks: Safety First
Despite the significant benefits of knees over toes workouts, acknowledging potential risks and prioritizing safety is necessary. As the knees move over the toes during certain exercises, the knee torque around the joint increases. Front squats involve a greater knee-over-toes distance compared to low-bar back squats, leading to higher quadriceps torque and potential increased stress on the knee.
Undue stress from knees over toes movements can result in discomfort or injury if the knees are not properly conditioned, especially when these movements are performed under load. Limiting knees over toes movements or opting for less demanding exercises may be necessary when experiencing discomfort after high-stress activities. Beginners or individuals with knee pain should start with non-weighted exercises, such as bodyweight squats, to build tolerance before progressing.
Success Stories: Real Results from Knees Over Toes Workouts
As the saying goes, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. The KneesOverToesGuy methodology, also known as the toes guy approach, is endorsed by professional athletes, coaches, and notable figures, including Joe Rogan and the late Charles Poliquin, for its positive impact on knee strength, joint health, and athletic performance.
Individuals who followed the Knees Over Toes program for four months saw substantial improvements, especially in knees passing through a greater range of motion. Success stories and testimonials highlight enhanced athletic performance, joint health, and improved knee ability, as well as reducing knee pain. The incorporation of the knee ability zero program into their training regimen has been a game-changer for many.
Aspiring athletes and individuals focused on improving athletic performance, knee health, and joint strength have experienced benefits from the Knees Over Toes training.
Expert Tips for Maximizing Benefits
To maximize the benefits from knees over toes workouts, consider these expert suggestions. Utilizing equipment like the Omniband for the tibialis raise can enhance the effectiveness of the exercise. Increased resistance can be progressively introduced to knees over toes exercises to induce muscle growth and strength improvements.
Routine execution of the tibialis raise, with progressive overload, contributes to a stronger anterior kinetic chain supporting knee health. Monitoring the muscle pump achieved by repeating the tibialis raise with an Omniband highlights the quantifiable progress in knee strength and durability.
Summary
In a nutshell, knees over toes workouts offer a transformative approach to enhancing knee health, mobility, and athletic performance. They challenge conventional exercise norms, focusing on a holistic body approach that integrates strength and flexibility. While there are potential risks, these can be mitigated with


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Correspondence -- _PHONE_
Subject Source: Art & Architecture Thesaurus
Found in 122 Collections and/or Records:
A. Edward Newton Letters
Abstract Fifteen letters written by author, businessman and book collector A. Edward Newton. Two are to Mr. and Mrs. Ellis Ames Ballard and thirteen are to Mrs. James W. Thorne.
Agnes Lee-Edgar Lee Masters Papers
Abstract 35 letters from Edgar Lee Masters to Agnes Lee (Mrs. Otto Freer), one typed poem and one galley sheet.
Alfred E. Hamill Letters to Kenneth Meyer Setton
Abstract Five letters to Kenneth Setton concerning his studies of Athens in the 12th century, and other matters of mutual interest.
Alice French papers
Abstract Correspondence, diaries, literary manuscripts, clippings and other miscellaneous material relating to Alice French, author of short stories, novels and essays, who wrote under the pseudonym Octave Thanet.
Alice Pacholik - Heulwen Thomas Letters
Abstract Letters of Welsh pen-pal and friend, Heulwen Morgan Thomas, to Alice Kipnowski Pacholik, of Chicago, which began in 1938 when Heulwen was 15 and continued until 2011, a year prior to Heulwen's death.
Allen Family Papers
Abstract Courtship letters of lawyer and Wisconsin statesman Gideon W. Allen and his future wife Annie Cox during the years of _PHONE_ in which they discuss current their political and religious beliefs, Allen's travels throughout Wisconsin while looking for work, and Cox's life as a woman in Madison, Wisconsin. Also an unfinished biography of renowned botanist Ruth F. Allen by Mabel Nebel, incoming correspondence of Ruth F. Allen, and other family correspondence, photographs, and personal materials...
Alma Schmidt Petersen Papers
Abstract Letters of Alma Schmidt Petersen of Chicago to her parents (Emma Seipp Schmidt and Dr. Otto L. Schmidt) while on tours of European, Canadian and American spas and vacation sites, and at Mt. Vernon Seminary, _PHONE_. Also letters from various Seipp family members in Germany in 1914, and from a German soldier-admirer, _PHONE_. Topics include attitudes toward the impending war in Europe, the treatment of chronic illness, and the school and vacation experiences of a well-off young woman.
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1911 - 1930
Ann Barzel papers
Abstract Correspondence, works, photographs, and personal and biographical material by Chicago dance critic and historian Ann Barzel.
Anne Siewers Coyne papers
Abstract Papers (correspondence, photographs, poems, clippings, programs, and other materials) of Anne Siewers Coyne, who began working at 14 at Ralph G. Newman's Abraham Lincoln Book Shop. There she met, became friends with, and corresponded with Nelson Algren. In 1957 and 1958 she initiated Loyola University Chicago's David B. Steinman Visiting Poets series, corresponding with poets such as Gwendolyn Brooks, Marianne Moore, and Dame Edith Sitwell. The papers also include materials related to her other...
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1948 - 1969
Arthur Davison Ficke Papers
Abstract Mostly correspondence to poet Arthur D. Ficke from Newberry Library trustee and lifelong friend Chalkley J. Hambleton, plus several letters written by Hambleton. Also, a few works of Ficke's and pieces of memorabilia, an obituary clipping, a photograph of Ficke and photos of two portraits of Ficke by Bror J.O. Nordfeldt.
Arthur Meeker, Jr. Papers
Abstract Correspondence, personal materials, works, and photographs of Chicago author Arthur Meeker, Jr.
Dates: approximately _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1920 - 1945
Ashton Stevens Papers
Abstract The papers of San Francisco and Chicago journalist and drama critic Ashton Stevens contain correspondence with family, friends, and colleagues from the entertainment world; works including newspaper clippings, playscripts, articles, and interviews; personal materials including biographical information, memorabilia, and materials pertaining to the banjo; photographs of actors, actresses, family, friends and colleagues; artworks and audio recordings; and a small number of artifacts.
Dates: approximately _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1920 - 1940
Bernard J. Brommel-Eugene V. Debs papers
Abstract Research material and works of Eugene V. Debs biographer Bernard J. Brommel, including correspondence, notes, photocopies, photographs, pamphlets, newsclippings, and memorabilia. Also letters and personal materials of Grace Laird, a teacher with whom Brommel retained a long time correspondence.
Blatchford family papers - Additions
Identifier: Midwest-MS-Blatchford 2
Abstract Chicago lead manufacturer, co-executor of Walter L. Newberry's will, and first president of the Newberry Library Board of Trustees, _PHONE_. Papers include letters, notes, documents, photographs, scrapbooks and clippings relating to his family, his business ventures, his work at the Newberry, and his involvement with Chicago social, charitable and educational organizations.
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1870 - 1914
Brown family papers
Identifier: Midwest-MS-Brown Family
Abstract Correspondence, writings, newspaper clippings, numerous group and portrait photographs, a scrapbook, travel and souvenir items and snapshots, relating to sisters Grace and Genevieve Brown, musicians who were members of three American all-girl bands between 1923 and 1932. A large part of the collection consists of photographs of the bands and the performers: Harry Waiman and the Debutantes, the Parisian Red Heads and the Ingenues, as well as numerous small travel photographs Also a small...
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1923 - 1932
Burt family papers
Abstract Letters, photographs, diaries, writings, and scrapbooks centering around Edith Fleming Burt, building engineer Henry Jackson Burt, and their daughter, singer Helen Burt Potteiger.
C. Frederick Kittle collection of Doyleana
Abstract Correspondence, photographs, and artwork of and relating to Arthur Conan Doyle and his family, forming a small part of the C. Frederick Kittle Collection of Doyleana, most of which is individually cataloged. Includes 140 letters, notes and cards written by Arthur Conan Doyle, 12 letters to him, and 57 other letters, some by Doyle family members and others retained by C. Frederick Kittle (mostly regarding his collecting of Doyle materials). Also artwork by Doyle's father, grandfather and uncle,...
Carroll Binder papers
Abstract Correspondence, writing, personal and family materials, and photographs of newspaper editor and foreign correspondent Carroll Binder.
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within _PHONE_
Charles H. Dennis papers
Abstract Correspondence and miscellaneous items relating to Charles H. Dennis, managing editor of the Chicago Daily News.
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1885 - 1929
Chauncey McCormick papers
Abstract Letters, clippings, photographs, and mementos of Chicago businessman and philanthropist Chauncey McCormick. He was the nephew of Cyrus McCormick, founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company which became part of International Harvester Company, and was president of the Art Institute of Chicago from _PHONE_. Correspondence concerns business, civic, philanthropic, religious, and political activities. Also contains speeches and writings, including those for the Art Institute, child...
Clay Judson Papers
Abstract Correspondence, writings, photographs and memorabilia of Chicago lawyer Clay Judson.
Clay Judson Papers - Additions
Abstract Correspondence, photographs, and memorabilia of Chicago lawyer and civic leader, Clay Judson, including correspondence, mostly with family members; travel narratives of camping trips taken by Judson and his friends, chiefly in Wisconsin and Minnesota; materials relating to Judson's experiences with the A.E.F. in World War I; and photographs of Judson and his family members, among which is an album of snapshots made while his father was stationed in Panama during the construction of the Gatun...
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within 1905 - 1926
Cole family papers
Abstract New England and Chicago Protestant missionary family. Includes letters and family documents from John A. Cole, a civil engineer, active in the U.S. Christian Commission during the Civil War. After the war he worked with and educated freedmen, women, and children in Washington D.C. through the Lincoln Industrial Mission and the recently established Howard University. He met his wife, Julia A. Cole (née Alvord) through his work with the Lincoln Industrial Mission and Howard University, who worked...
Dates: _PHONE_; Majority of material found within _PHONE_
Count Harry Kessler letters
Abstract Designer, publisher and patron of fine press printing. His first book was the Notizen über Mexico (1898). After founding the Cranach Press at Weimar in 1913, he commissioned type designs from Edward Johnston and a book version of Gordon Craig's staging of Hamlet with designs by Craig. Incoming correspondence, largely in English, with a small number of drafts or carbon copies of outgoing letters. Included are letters from Sidney Cockerell, Edward Gordon Craig, Eric Gill, Edward Johnston,...
Dankmar Adler Papers
Abstract Correspondence, autobiography, writings, articles, genealogy, books, clippings, photographs, and pictures relating to Dankmar Adler, Chicago architect, acoustician, and partner of Louis Sullivan in the Adler and Sullivan architectural firm. Also other family and research materials accumulated by Joan W. Saltzstein, Adler's granddaughter, for her study of Adler and his numerous architectural projects, including the Auditorium Theater, Stock Exchange Building, Garrick Theater Building, and the...

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Illustration for article titled How to Find a Stud Without a Stud Finder
We've all been there at some point: anxiously trying to find a wall stud while you're in the process of hanging a picture, shelf or TV mount. Most stud finders are inconsistent at best, and I've found the more I learn about how houses are built, the easier it is to find a stud through logic instead of equipment. In lieu of buying yet another tool, here are a few tips for finding a stud without any fancy equipment.
1. Understand wall construction
Photo: Construction Projects ( (Flickr)
Every house is different, but there are a few things you can count on. More modern stick-framed houses (anything built after 1920 or so) is likely built with 2×4 or 2×6 studs. Here are some things you should know about how walls are framed.
 - Studs are generally spaced between 16″- 24″ on center (which means from the middle of one stud, to the middle of one next to it.) 16″ is the most common dimension though.
 - You will also find studs on either side of a window or door, but their placement is determined by the floor plans so they won't typically have the 16″ spacing
 - Most electrical boxes (switches or outlets) are attached to a stud on one side.
 - The actual dimensions of a 2×4 lumber vary based on the date the house (or the particular wall of the house in question) was built. For example, between _PHONE_ rough cut 2×4's were most common and were actually 2″ by 4″, for the most part. Houses built between _PHONE_ might have 2x4s that are 1-⅝" by 3-⅝", more modern 2x4s are actually 1-½ by 3-½ (all of which matters if you're trying to measure from the center of one stud to the next.)
 - Trim (crown molding, baseboard, and shoe molding) is generally nailed to a stud.
2. Look at the trim
Since the baseboard should be attached to the studs, look to see if you can spot where it might have been nailed. These holes—dimples—are generally filled with caulk and painted, but you may be able to spot one to identify the location of a stud. If you find one, try measuring in 16″ increments to locate the additional studs.
3. Use the switch
Photo: Rebecca Landis ( (Flickr)
If you don't have any luck checking out the trim, look for switches or outlets, knowing that at least one side of an electrical box will be mounted on a stud. Personally I'm not great at doing the "knock test" on the wall, but I can usually detect from tapping which side of the outlet is attached to the stud. Then you can measure about 3/4″ away from the outlet on the stud side and use that as the starting point to determine the 16″ intervals.
4. Measure from the corner
Photo: garann ( (Flickr)
With studs generally 16″ on center, you can also do calculations from a corner of the room. This method can be a little iffy, because all rooms aren't built in numbers divisible by 16″ so you are likely to have a stud that is less than 16″ from one corner. Try the "knock test" near the corner to see if you can determine where the shorter stud-spacing might have been added. This only really works if you're measuring a corner off the exterior of the house, but there may be a situation where this helps (and it's certainly better than blindly drilling a dozen holes in your wall, hoping to hit a stud.)
Also, one of the very best ideas I had when building the addition on my last house was to take pictures of every wall in every room after they were framed in but before we hung the drywall. Those reference photos came in handy more times than I can count after the drywall was up.
This story was originally published on 9/18/14 and was updated on 6/6/19.
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There's an interesting piece in New Scientist today about how non-governmental organization Medecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is exploring the potential of using satellite images to estimate population counts for international medical and disaster relief efforts.
Currently, non-governmental organizations delivering humanitarian aid to war-torn areas, locations gripped by famine or regions battling epidemics rely on the "quadrat" approach to estimate population size. Using this method, a sample of individual households are surveyed and the data are used in calculating town or refugee camp populations. The process requires an ample number of samplers and careful post-survey analysis, which tends to make it slow.
So MSF partnered with London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine researcher Chris Grundy and colleagues to develop a way to use satellite images to speed up the population count process and tested it for a project in Am Timan in Chad. Andy Coghlan writes:
Preliminary results presented last week in London at the annual research meeting of MSF revealed that the satellite method matched the quadrat method for accuracy. Also, it took about half the time to deliver an answer, although Grundy says that with refinement it has the potential to be much faster.
Surveyors … still had to visit households in Am Timan to estimate how many people typically lived in each kind of building, but they could then make a city-wide estimate by counting the total number of each type of dwelling in the satellite image, either through a computer automated analysis or by manual counting.
The quadrat method, which required sampling visits to 1160 dwellings, gave a population of 49,722. The satellite technique, which required sampling visits to only 348 dwellings, gave estimates of 46,625 for the manual and 45,400 for the automated method.
"These results are very good, and there's no doubt they'd be good enough for what MSF wants to do," says Grundy. But the team hopes to make it faster still, potentially eliminating the need to sample dwellings first.
Researchers are continuing to test the satellite method at 11 global refugee camps.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Possible causes for breading failure in common terns
Context of the study
Since 1997 the Dutch Coastal and Marine institute (RIKZ) monitors the breading birds of the Delta area. One of these breading birds is the common tern. In 1994 the colony in Terneuzen was struck by serious signs of illness, while the other colonies in the delta area remained healthy. The number of breading couples decreased strongly, and the breading outcome was terrible: eggs didn't hatch, young birds were diseased and suffered mass casualties. In 1999 the signs of illness vanished and the number of breading couples increased again. However, after 2000, the eggs started to show anomalies (small cracks or bulges), which indicated that the population still hadn't recovered.
Content of the study
This study investigated possible causes (both ecological as chemical) for the problems in the common tern colony of Terneuzen.
Main results of the study
The study eliminated 2 of 3 hypothetic causes: namely infection by viruses or bacteria and suffocation by certain plants. This leaves chemicals as the only potential cause. Three groups of chemicals have been encountered in higher concentrations in the Terneuzen colony than in other colonies: organotin compounds, PBDEs and "unidentified substances". However further research is necessary to determine which of these 3 groups of substances caused the problems of the common tern colony.
- van den Heuvel-Greve, M.J.; Hoekstein, M.S.J.; Lefèvre, F.O.B.; Meininger, P.J.; Vethaak, A.D. (2003). Mogelijke oorzaken van slecht broedsucces in de visdiefkolonie bij Terneuzen; Stand van zaken en aanbevelingen. Rapport RIKZ, 2003.037: Middelburg, the Netherlands. 38 pp.
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.


text:
An archaeological expedition to unearth clues about Nate
Harrison, a Palomar Mountain homesteader who is generally
considered the county's first permanent black resident, has
answered some questions about his life —— and possibly raised new
Last summer, San Diego State University students dug up more
than 6,100 artifacts at the old homestead site on Nate Harrison
Grade, a rocky, treacherous road named for the former slave who
fled Kentucky in the mid-1800s to find freedom in California.
Professor Seth Mallios, who led a dozen summer-school students
on the dig for three weeks, will present the findings in a lecture
at 11 a.m. Saturday at the San Diego Archaeological Center in
Escondido, 16666 San Pasqual Valley Road.
Artifacts from the dig, now stored at SDSU, have been catalogued
and researched nonstop since the dig ended in June 2004.
When Nate Harrison fell ill and left Palomar Mountain in 1920,
he left behind a legacy riddled with questions.
"He's a legend for the county —— and I mean that in the good
ways and the bad ways," Mallios said.
Mallios said Harrison was a remarkable man who made friends in
many communities —— the neighboring Pauma American Indians, the
white frontiersmen and other black settlers. But many of the
stories that follow Harrison are too fantastic, Mallios said.
"I feel like maybe it was he who chopped down his father's
cherry tree and could not tell a lie," Mallios said. Some tales
tell of Harrison killing a mountain lion or mixing lizards into his
That's why Mallios set out to conduct the first-ever dig on
Harrison's former homestead —— about 15 acres in size, according to
an 1896 survey map. Mallios said the property's current owners,
Jamey and Hannah Kirby, were happy to host an excavation. They
built a shower and latrine for the students to use while they
camped on the side of the mountain.
One thing the diggers discovered is that Harrison had a
fascination with keeping time, Mallios said. They found three clock
gears, a clock back and a fob and chain for a pocket watch.
Harrison is often seen with a pocket watch in old photographs.
Why would an isolated man on a mountain care about time?
Mallios said the fascination was nationwide. By the late 1800s,
railroads had revolutionized transportation in the United States ——
and Americans saw the standardization of time zones.
For graduate student Sarah Stroud, the timepieces were very
exciting finds. The students found the wooden mouthpiece for a
tobacco pipe, too, which also appears in those old photographs.
"These are all very personal possessions that he would have
used, treasured," Stroud said.
The students also found remains of Harrison's house, including
parts of stone footings and a wooden shake-shingle roof.
Stroud said her favorite find is a piece of pencil lead. She
immediately wondered if it belonged to Harrison, which could be a
clue to his literacy.
For a black man who already defied the odds —— finding freedom
and integrating into a new community —— the ability to write would
be a major feat.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Stowe Elementary School in Duluth, MN, has approximately 375 students in preschool through the fifth grade. The school is two blocks from a highway, which creates a barrier for children who want to bicycle or walk to school but must cross the highway. Additionally, many of the neighborhoods surrounding the school lack sidewalks, so some children who walk to school must walk on dirt paths that run next to the streets.
In 2008, Stowe Elementary received $171,360 in Safe Routes to School funding from the Minnesota Department of Transportation to make infrastructure improvements around the school and to encourage pedestrian safety among the students.
Most of the funding will be used to implement the infrastructure projects. The first project will narrow the two outside lanes of the highway for two blocks in an effort to slow the traffic along the road. The funds also will be used to construct sidewalks and concrete curb extensions and to purchase LED streetlights, school crossing signs and flashers. Using grant funds, the school also will implement an age-appropriate safety education curriculum and begin Walking School Bus activities. In March 2008, the school organized a Walking School Bus program for one week, in which parents led four walking school buses. About 40 students participated in the Walking School Bus, and the school saw an increase in the number of children who walked and bicycled to school.
Stowe Elementary plans to start the infrastructure projects in summer 2008 and for the projects to be completed within two years.


text:
OUR LOCAL INITIATIVE
Healthy Babies Are Worth the Wait (HBWW) ® is a project of the March of Dimes focused on decreasing the rate of preterm births in communities with a disproportionately high number of babies being born prior to 37 weeks of pregnancy.
The Broward Healthy Start Coalition received HBWW funding from the March of Dimes in 2020 to work within a Collective Impact framework to decrease the rates of preterm births in cities and zip codes in Broward County with elevated preterm birth rates. The project conducts a root cause analysis through the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data specific to prematurity and maternal health in the priority populations
Our efforts and strategies are developed and implemented with a racial equity lens by an advisory board comprised of key stakeholders in the community and a Project Navigator who leads the activities. With the knowledge that no two communities are exactly alike, the project strives to learn about the issues affecting individual communities through canvassing efforts and conversations with community members. Embracing what we learn from communities, we in turn use that information to educate those most impacted by adverse birth outcomes through public events while bringing awareness of preterm birth rates to community leaders, health care providers, and other key stakeholders.


text:
Trafalgar Square in London
About Trafalgar Square in London
Trafalgar Square is a famous public square in the West End of London, England. It is located in the City of Westminster.
The square was originally named after the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in 1805. The name was later applied to the area that surrounds the square and it has been used as a meeting place and social space since then.
Today, Trafalgar Square is one of London's most iconic landmarks and attracts millions of visitors every year. It is surrounded by a number of restaurants and bars, as well as cafes and hotels.
To reveal more facts, we try to answer certain questions you may have about this historic destination.


SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
BSDCAT(1) - man page online | user commands
Expand files to standard output.
Chapter
March 1, 2014
BSDCAT(1) BSD General Commands Manual BSDCAT(1)
NAME
bsdcat — expand files to standard output
SYNOPSIS
bsdcat [options] [files]
DESCRIPTION
bsdcat expands files to standard output.
OPTIONS
bsdcat typically takes a filename as an argument or reads standard input when used in a pipe. In both cases decompressed data it written to standard output.
EXAMPLES
To decompress a file: bsdcat example.txt.gz > example.txt To decompress standard input in a pipe: cat example.txt.gz | bsdcat > example.txt Both examples achieve the same results - a decompressed file by redirecting output.
SEE ALSO
uncompress(1), zcat(1), bzcat(1), xzcat(1), libarchive-formats(5),
BSD March 1, 2014 BSD
This manual Reference Other manuals
bsdcat(1) referred by
refer to bzip2(1) | libarchive-formats(5) | uncompress(1posix) | xz(1) | zcat(1)


text:
Australian farmers produced the identical quantity of fruit and greens final 12 months as they did in 2019 regardless of worldwide borders being closed and the horticulture business pleading for extra employees, a research has discovered.
- New analysis has discovered Australian horticulture farm manufacturing remained unchanged, regardless of worldwide border closures
- Unions say farmers have overstated want for worldwide employees
- Agriculture Minister says knowledge reveals how resilient farmers are however new agriculture visa is required
Analysis launched right now discovered the variety of employees employed on fruit and vegetable farms dropped by eight per cent final 12 months, however output remained comparatively unchanged.
The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Useful resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) discovered the variety of employees dropped by 11,000 in 2020-21 in comparison with the 12 months earlier than.
"Regardless of this, total horticulture output ranges are estimated to have remained comparatively regular, partly attributable to an enchancment in seasonal circumstances," ABARES government director Jared Greenville mentioned.
"Output has additionally been maintained by way of a spread of variations that many horticulture producers made in response to the decreased availability of abroad employees."
The analysis, based mostly on farmers surveys, discovered that horticulture farms employed round 135,000 employees throughout 2020-21, together with household, everlasting and contract staff.
ABARES additionally discovered that retail costs for fruit and greens had remained comparatively secure, rising by simply 5 per cent on the try, regardless of distinctive rising circumstances which might usually drive oversupply and decreased retail costs.
In September final 12 months, an industry commissioned report prompt the farm sector can be 26,000 employees quick for the summer time harvest as a result of Australia had closed its borders, in response to COVID-19.
Farmers overstated scarcity, unions say
The Australian Employees' Union mentioned the ABARES findings confirmed business had overstated the employee scarcity.
"This knowledge proves what our union has been saying for years: the significance of short-term migrant employees has been massively overstated by the farming foyer," AWU nationwide secretary Daniel Walton mentioned.
"COVID pressured farms to get smarter and make use of extra Australians and – lo and behold – not solely did the sky not fall in, productiveness truly elevated.
"The federal government ought to take the trace and inform farmers to attempt tougher to make use of Australians on Australian circumstances or increase using established Pacific visas, earlier than throwing open the floodgates with the brand new anything-goes agriculture visa."
Minister: Australia wants Ag Visa
Agriculture Minister David Littleproud mentioned the ABARES report "spoke volumes in regards to the resilience and initiative of the horticulture business", which maintained output regardless of the challenges of COVID-19.
Mr Littleproud mentioned Australia nonetheless wanted a brand new visa to recruit abroad employees for farms.
"In accordance with ABARES, greater than 50 per cent of horticulture farms had difficulties accessing employees over 2020-21. Farmers have been intelligent and resourceful but it surely can't go on perpetually," Mr Littleproud mentioned.
"Left unaddressed, we run the danger of shortages of meals merchandise on our cabinets and that may imply value will increase on the checkout".
Prime Minister Scott Morrison dedicated to ascertain a brand new agriculture visa, in return for the Nationals help for a free commerce settlement with the UK, which eliminated the requirement for British backpackers to work on Australian farms.
Regardless of present bilateral negotiations with 4 nations — Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and Cambodia – Australia is to this point but to persuade one other nation to enroll to the Agriculture Visa.
Scarcity may have been worse, farmers say
The Nationwide Farmers' Federation Horticulture council mentioned the ABARES report confirmed a missed alternative for the business to capitalise on optimistic seasonal circumstances.
"Had the business been in a position to supply the workforce it wanted, and even had pre-pandemic employee numbers, it's probably we might have seen vital progress within the horticulture sector," a spokesperson mentioned.
"Sadly as a result of we weren't in a position to entry the workforce the business wanted to capitalise on the excessive yields, it resulted in lots of crops not being picked."
The Horticulture Council mentioned final 12 months's modelling prompt business might be quick as much as 26,000 employees was based mostly on the worst case situation, however the authorities had restarted the Seasonal Employee Program (SWP), which introduced greater than 11,000 employees from the Pacific into Australia through the pandemic.
"ABARES indicated the sector was quick about 11,000 employees in the long run, and that's largely because of the restart of the SWP in addition to the assorted incentive based mostly programmes to draw Australians onto farms," the Horticultural Council mentioned in a assertion.
ABARES mentioned that in 2020-21 the variety of backpackers employed on farms declined by 26 per cent, and the variety of employees employed on employee schemes from the Pacific fell by 9 per cent.


f 1 mapping nodes to nodes, then a function f 2 mapping arcs to arcs is trivial because there is at most one arc between any pair of endpoints. THEOREM ON SIMPLE GRAPH ISOMORPHISM Two simple graphs (N 1, A 1, g 1 ) and (N 2, A 2, g 2 ) are isomorphic if there is a bijection f: N 1 N 2 such that for any nodes n i and n j of N 1, n i and n j are adjacent if and only if f (n i ) and f (n j ) are adjacent. (The function f is called an isomorphism from graph 1 to graph 2.)
16 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations15 Proving That Graphs Are Not Isomorphic To prove that two graphs are not isomorphic, we must prove that the necessary bijection(s) do(es) not exist. Certain conditions under which it is clear that two graphs are not isomorphic are: 1. One graph has more nodes than the other. 2. One graph has more arcs than the other. 3. One graph has parallel arcs and the other does not. 4. One graph has a loop and the other does not. 5. One graph has a node of degree k and the other does not. 6. One graph is connected and the other is not. 7. One graph has a cycle and the other does not.
17 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations16 Planar Graphs A planar graph is one that can be represented (on a sheet of paper, that is, in the plane) so that its arcs intersect only at nodes. Designers of integrated circuits want all components in one layer of a chip to form a planar graph so that no connections cross. A simple, connected, planar graph (when drawn in its planar representation, with no arcs crossing) divides the plane into a number of regions, including totally enclosed regions and one infinite exterior region. Leonhard Euler observed a relationship between the number n of nodes, the number a of arcs, and the number r of regions in such a graph. This relationship is known as Eulers formula: n a + r = 2.
18 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations17 Planar Graphs THEOREM ON THE NUMBER OF NODES AND ARCS For a simple, connected, planar graph with n nodes and a arcs: 1. If the planar representation divides the plane into r regions, then n a + r = If n 3, then a 3n If n 3 and there are no cycles of length 3, then a 2n – 4. We can use this theorem to prove that certain graphs are not planar.
19 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations18 Homeomorphic Graphs DEFINITION: HOMEOMORPHIC GRAPHS Two graphs are homeomorphic if both can be obtained from the same graph by a sequence of elementary subdivisions in which a single arc x–y is replaced by two new arcs xv–vy connecting to a new node v. The graphs in parts (b) and (c) of the figure below are homeomorphic because each can be obtained from part (a) by a sequence of elementary subdivisions. (However, neither can be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary subdivisions.)
20 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations19 Nonplanar Graphs A graph that is planar cannot be turned into a nonplanar graph by elementary subdivisions. A graph that is nonplanar cannot be turned into a planar graph by elementary subdivisions. Homeomorphic graphs are either both planar or both nonplanar. KURATOWSKI THEOREM A graph is nonplanar if and only if it contains a subgraph that is homeomorphic to K 5 or K 3,3. If a graph has a subgraph homeomorphic to the nonplanar graphs K 5 or K 3,3, then the subgraphand hence the entire graphis nonplanar.
21 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations20 Adjacency Matrices The usual computer representations of a graph involve one of two data structures, either an adjacency matrix or an adjacency list. Suppose a graph has n nodes numbered n 1, n 2,..., n n. This numbering imposes an arbitrary ordering on the set of nodes; recall that a set is an unordered collection. Having ordered the nodes, we can form an n x n matrix where entry i,j is the number of arcs between nodes n i and n j. This matrix is called the adjacency matrix A of the graph with respect to this ordering. Thus, a ij = p where there are p arcs between n i and n j. For example, the following graph has a corresponding adjacency matrix.
22 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations21 Adjacency Lists Many graphs, far from being complete graphs, have relatively few arcs. Such graphs have sparse adjacency matrices; that is, the adjacency matrices contain many zeros. Yet if the graph has n nodes, it still requires n 2 data items to represent the adjacency matrix, even if many of these items are zero. Any algorithm or procedure in which every arc in the graph must be examined requires looking at all n 2 items in the matrix. A graph with relatively few arcs can be represented more efficiently by storing only the nonzero entries of the adjacency matrix. An adjacency list consists of a list for each node of all the nodes adjacent to it. Pointers are used to get us from one item in the list to the next. Such an arrangement is called a linked list. There is an array of n pointers, one for each node, to get each list started.
23 Section 5.1Graphs and Their Representations22 Adjacency Lists: Example The adjacency list for the graph of the figure on the left contains a four-element array of pointers, one for each node. The pointer for each node points to an adjacent node, which points to another adjacent node, and so forth. In the figure, the dot indicates a null pointer, meaning that there is nothing more to be pointed to or that the end of the list has been reached.
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Calypso Orchids
The calypso orchid (calypso bulbosa), also known as the fairy slipper, is a species of orchid that is widely distributed throughout the circumpolar region, inhabiting Europe, Asia and North America. Despite its wide range, it can be very elusive and easily overlooked, as it is typically low to the ground (10-14 cm). They are very susceptible to disturbances in their environment and are therefore listed as endangered or threatened in some states as well as Scandinavia. If you walk slowly and look closely, you can find calypso orchids along some of the trails here at the the Eagle River Nature Center, just be sure to watch your step!


Descent (mathematics)
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In mathematics, the idea of descent extends the intuitive idea of 'gluing' in topology. Since the topologists' glue is actually the use of equivalence relations on topological spaces, the theory starts with some ideas on identification.
Descent of vector bundles[edit]
The case of the construction of vector bundles from data on a disjoint union of topological spaces is a straightforward place to start.
Suppose X is a topological space covered by open sets Xi. Let Y be the disjoint union of the Xi, so that there is a natural mapping
p: Y \rightarrow X.
We think of Y as 'above' X, with the Xi projection 'down' onto X. With this language, descent implies a vector bundle on Y (so, a bundle given on each Xi), and our concern is to 'glue' those bundles Vi, to make a single bundle V on X. What we mean is that V should, when restricted to Xi, give back Vi, up to a bundle isomorphism.
The data needed is then this: on each overlap
X_{ij},
intersection of Xi and Xj, we'll require mappings
f_{ij}: V_i \rightarrow V_j
to use to identify Vi and Vj there, fiber by fiber. Further the fij must satisfy conditions based on the reflexive, symmetric and transitive properties of an equivalence relation (gluing conditions). For example the composition
f_{jk} \circ f_{ij} = f_{ik}
for transitivity (and choosing apt notation). The fii should be identity maps and hence symmetry becomes f_{ij}=f^{-1}_{ji} (so that it is fiberwise an isomorphism).
These are indeed standard conditions in fiber bundle theory (see transition map). One important application to note is change of fiber: if the fij are all you need to make a bundle, then there are many ways to make an associated bundle. That is, we can take essentially same fij, acting on various fibers.
Another major point is the relation with the chain rule: the discussion of the way there of constructing tensor fields can be summed up as 'once you learn to descend the tangent bundle, for which transitivity is the Jacobian chain rule, the rest is just 'naturality of tensor constructions'.
To move closer towards the abstract theory we need to interpret the disjoint union of the
X_{ij}
now as
Y \times_X Y,
the fiber product (here an equalizer) of two copies of the projection p. The bundles on the Xij that we must control are actually V′ and V", the pullbacks to the fiber of V via the two different projection maps to X.
Therefore by going to a more abstract level one can eliminate the combinatorial side (that is, leave out the indices) and get something that makes sense for p not of the special form of covering with which we began. This then allows a category theory approach: what remains to do is to re-express the gluing conditions.
History[edit]
The ideas were developed in the period 1955–1965 (which was roughly the time at which the requirements of algebraic topology were met but those of algebraic geometry were not). From the point of view of abstract category theory the work of comonads of Beck was a summation of those ideas; see Beck's monadicity theorem.
The difficulties of algebraic geometry with passage to the quotient are acute. The urgency (to put it that way) of the problem for the geometers accounts for the title of the 1959 Grothendieck seminar TDTE on theorems of descent and techniques of existence (see FGA) connecting the descent question with the representable functor question in algebraic geometry in general, and the moduli problem in particular.
Fully faithful descent[edit]
Let p:X' \to X. Each sheaf F on X gives rise to a descent data:
(F' = p^* F, \alpha: p_0^* F' \simeq p_1^* F'), \, p_i: X'' = X' \times_X X' \to X
where \alpha satisfies the cocycle condition:
p_{02}^* \alpha = p_{12}^* \alpha \circ p_{01}^* \alpha, \, p_{ij}: X'' \times_{X'} X'' \times_{X'} X'' \to X'' \times_{X'} X''.
The fully faithful descent says: F \mapsto (F', \alpha) is fully faithful. The descent theory tells conditions for which there is a fully faithful descent.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
 - SGA 1, Ch VIII – this is the main reference
 - Siegfried Bosch, Werner Lütkebohmert, Michel Raynaud (1990). Néron Models. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und Ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge 21. Springer-Verlag. ISBN _PHONE_. A chapter on the descent theory is more accessible than SGA.
Further reading[edit]
Other possible sources include:


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R&S Production Services Inc. assembled a core global team and tasked us with creating and developing this attraction under a seemingly impossible time frame.
Project Director / Art Director / Show Designer: John Matthews
Project Creative producer / Show designer: Michael McHugh
Owner of the Virtual Production Studio
Project Producer: Renee Palmer
The Kahramaa Awareness Park:
Project Goal: Rapidly develop designs and concepts in a virtual environment to speed up the design and creative work flow for a fast paced real world entertainment development project under construction. Create a work environment to bring the attraction to life as quickly as possible with a global team. It was a small budget so not every area received equal finish treatment in the virtual world.
The R&S Project was divided into five elements:
1. The Canopy : The load /unload and queue area of an educational traditional dark ride in a science museum. We wanted a visual statement that would begin the ride and show by engulfing the guests in a magical special experience. The inspiration for this large sculptural element was to try and capture the essence of water as it flows across the earth and finds its way back to the sea. We explored color rhythms and dynamic shape relationships, as well as, fabrication possibilities to make sure we were staying in the prescribed budget.
2. The Ride & Show: The client will be teaching about water and energy conservation and development of natural resources through exhibits, films and a dark ride show. The ride system takes the guests on a whimsical yet educational journey illustrating " The Life Cycle of Water " featuring some of the museums characters and educational curriculum.
3. The 3D/360 degree dome theater: The design exercise here focused on the facility and was guided in a total re-design by the lead designer/art director John Matthews from his Shanghai and Los Angeles offices. The film production is being produced by R&S production Services Inc. and supervised and directed by Daniel Flannery.
4. Ride on-screen production: All the show elements in the ride are driven by both theatrical sets and on screen animated presentations of the show material. The entire attraction was created scripted and developed by the team and then developed in world giving us a wonderful preview of the guest experience.
5. Show-set and special effects design & production: All the show sets were constructed in the virtual world allowing us to see quickly what would work in the space. A series of show scene and set images were generated and included in the show set and special effects bid and production packages.
The level of detail and finished quality of the virtual model was set at medium in most cases because of schedule.
John Matthews : Project Director, on site in Doha, Qatar taking care of business.
The following group of pictures is a brief overview of the evolution of our design efforts.
We created many studies for the "Canopy" and the Dome as well as studies for all the ride and show scenes. These images are a small selection of progress shots for some of the design thoughts. All available tools were used from pencil to Maya , 3D studio max, AutoCad and Google Sketch-up. Many different file formats were imported into the world as required.
This site created and maintained by: Michael McHugh copyright Michael McHugh & R&S Production Services INC.


The quickest wins of process improvement
by Jun 8, 2021Process Improvement
Nothing replaces a robust process review and improvement process but unfortunately, we don't always have the capacity or the buy-in. The best way to build up momentum for a comprehensive process review is by quickly demonstrating value. Formal process improvement frameworks often incorporate quick wins into their early stages. Sometimes even these quick wins aren't quick enough. With that in mind, we've developed a plan for a 15-minute session to help your team achieve more and get the ball rolling on BPI.
The 15-minute, extra quick, quick-wins session
1. Identify the attendees to contribute to the quick-wins session.
2. Communicate with transparency, explaining the session to attendees and describe which process(es) are in scope.
3. Ask the attendees to create a record of issues in the week ahead of the session.
A Record of Issues
Whenever a team member encounters an undocumented problem or area of improvement, create a new sticky note with the name of the process is and the root cause of what went wrong. Particularly look for tasks that were more difficult, cost more or took more time than they could have.
The session:
4. During the session, add all sticky notes to a white board or poster board. Classify each issue by process and remove any duplicates. Briefly introduce each issue to the group.
5. Ask the attendees to spend five minutes silently writing solutions and sticking them next to their respective issues.
6. Once the time is up, take a photo of the board as it is.
7. Ask the group the following questions, moving solutions aside as they're excluded.
a "Are there any solutions on the board that are not within our power to implement?" b "Are there any solutions on the board that are risky?" c "Are there any solutions on the board that are not low cost?"
8. Assign remaining solutions to individuals to serve as the "change owners"
Follow up:
9. Follow up a week later with each change owner to document and support the changes.
10. Use documented outcomes to build a case for BPI.
11. Keep the list of issues, processes and suggested solutions for the initial stages of a process review.
Small wins build momentum
The key to getting a process improvement initiative off the ground is demonstrating value to stakeholders almost immediately. Importantly, process improvement can lose momentum almost instantaneously. If businesses are to succeed in moving forward, it's vital to celebrate every win, no matter how big or small, and one should never underestimate the power of positive reinforcement.
You will find more content like this in our process improvement guide, Creating a Culture of Process Improvement.
Take your processes to new heights with our process playbooks. Discover the building blocks of process improvement.
Get your business Flowing


text:
Most of the victims are adult men, and when archaeologists find a mass execution of men they usually assume they are looking at war captives. There is not much evidence, though, that the Lambayeque people were warriors. Their sites are undefended, their art does not feature warfare, and weapons are not prominent in their tombs. This has led to some strange speculations about where these victims came from, like this one from Haagen Klaus of the University of Utah:
All the dead in the newfound pit were likely willing participants from local communities engaged in a ritual that celebrated death so that "new life could emerge in the world," Klaus said in an email to National Geographic News.
I think it is more likely that there was some warfare in the Sicán world, however little their culture emphasized it, and that these men were the victims of it. Since the site is in many ways unique (so far) it is very hard to know.


No26 [Language] Omoshiroi yo NIHONGO! | ZOOM JAPAN
No26 [Language] Omoshiroi yo NIHONGO!
The Japanese like to shorten words and sentences so much that in many cases all that is left at the end are a few letters or fragments of words.
Japanese word / phrase of the month
Konkatsu (婚活) and Shuukatsu (就活)
First, lets take a look at 婚活 "konkatsu". This is the shortened form of the Japanese words 結婚活動 "kekkon katsudou", "kekkon" meaning marriage and "katsudou" meaning activities. The simplest translation for "konkatsu" would probably be "marriage partner hunting", but this most likely wouldn't do its justice. Unless explained in detail, the nuance would not be the same. A person who is "doing konkatsu" is actively living in a way to attract/search for a partner to marry. The word 活 "katsu" can mean "living one's life", so the concept is not simply searching for a marriage partner, but also includes changing ones lifestyle and habits to be a more appealing marriage prospect oneself. Konkatsu is usually a noun but it can be a verb if you put the word する "suru" after it. Example: 彼女は結婚がしたくて、最近「婚活」に一生懸命だよ。 (Kanojo wa kekkon ga shitakute, saikin konkatsu ni isshoukenmei da yo.) She really wants to marry so lately she puts all of her effort into partner hunting. "This month's other phrase; 就活 "shuukatsu" comes from the words 就職活動 "shuushoku katsudou". "Shuushoku" means employment and "katsudou" is the same as in the first phrase, so 就活 "shuukatsu" as a noun would be job hunting, and can also take "suru" to become a verb. Before a student is about to graduate from university, he or she starts "shuukatsu" right away and puts a lot of effort into being successful in it.
(Kare wa daigaku wo sotsugyoushitanode, ima shuukatsu wo shiteiru yo.)
He graduated from university so he is searching for a job now.


text:
UtilityThe main use for Saux are for containing and summoning Macha, however they can also be used to store some amount of magical energy, though not very reliable as a type of batteries. Most people in the world use them as servants and household aids. Most Sent however are used in the military die to their naturally affinity to magic and independent thinking.
ManufacturingMost of the time, Saux are made with a type of stone that is naturraly magically charged. It was found that this stone holds magic fairly well, but often there were a lot of spirits round the stone as well. Once it's excavated, it is brought to magicians that specialize in enchantment to refine the magic of the stone. Then it is worked on by local artisans, and then finally brought to magicians that specialize in necromancy to create the Macha.
- Access & Availability
- They aren't cheap, but they are fairly common everywhere as the technology has become fairly universal. Proficient magicians may even buy empty Saux and preform the ritual themselves to save some money. Of course sent are a good deal more expensive and rarer than demisent.
- While these types of artifacts existed before they were officially called Saux, they were only fairly recently researched and manufactured in the year 554 SRH.
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text:
Use the remaining Fluff to top the pie with toasted Coconut once the pis has set up. I was wondering if someone with whom this succeeded could tell me what the fat content was of their coconut milk. Archived from the original on 30 July Since I discovered using coconut milk as a dairy alternative, I always keep at least two cans in my cabinent. There are many misconceptions about what panic attacks look and feel like. My birthday is coming up in September.
How to Make Coconut Whipped Cream
Woman Smiling and Holding a Supplement I managed to find several research studies on Garcinia Cambogia, in both animals and humans. According to some studies in rats, it can inhibit a fat producing enzyme called Citrate Lyase, making it more difficult for the body to produce fat out of carbohydrates (1). Other rat studies show increased levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This could theoretically lead to reduced appetite and cravings (2).
There are actually a whole bunch of studies in rats showing that Garcinia Cambogia consistently leads to significant weight loss (3, 4, 5, 6).


text:
An Ecological Investigation (Sustainability Now)
Praise For Sustainability Sutra: An Ecological Investigation (Sustainability Now)…
SelectBooks, 9781590793879, 304pp.
Publication Date: March 7, 2017
About the Author
Roy Morrison is a writer and energy consultant with over 30 years of diverse experience. He has extensive experience in energy efficiency work, performing energy audits and technical assistance analysis for business, institutional, and government clients. He was the author of the first law in the nation for municipal aggregation for retail electric competition. He also founded the New Hampshire Consumers Utility Cooperative that was the first seller of competitive electricity in New Hampshire. He was a founding staff member of the University of New Hampshire Energy Office.
He is currently working on building solar farms in several states with a focus on using roof tops and marginal and contaminated land to be restored for productive energy use. He pursues a variety of sustainability initiatives, including zero carbon planning and greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation planning for New England towns and cities.
He delivered a plenary address at the 2013 World Social Forum in Hangzhou which issued the Hangzhou declaration calling for global development of an ecological civilization. Chinese colleagues report he was the first globally to discuss an ecological civilization in his book Ecological Investigations. He recently edited Xinhua's 2014 China Ecological Report, and written an Op-Ed for the Beijing's People's Daily assessing China's ecological progress.
He was Founding Director of the Office for Sustainability at Southern New Hampshire University. He has worked on the development of renewable energy hedges; Advanced Energy Performance Contracting for market based mass retrofits of efficiency and renewables; and Super Grid development. He was an organizer and safe energy activist with the Clamshell Alliance in the 1970s and 1980s, co-founder of the American Peace Test, and staff for the Nuclear Freeze Campaign in the 1980s. He helped organize and participated in many large and small non-violent direct actions and risked arrest many times in support of safe energy and nuclear disarmament, and in opposition to nuclear power and nuclear weapons testing.
He is the author of numerous books including Mondragon: A Cooperative Social System; Ecological Democracy, Ecological Investigations; Ecological Civilization 2140; and the poetry book The Loggers of Warner.


text:
Don't cry for Tyrannosaurus rex and its teensy-weensy arms. It was in good company in the dinosaur kingdom with a recently discovered new species found in Madagascar. After a nearly 10-year dino drought on the island, two researchers uncovered the Dahalokely tokana, a creature with big back legs and itsy-bitsy front arms.
The critter was about as tall as a human male, but had a length of 9 to 14 feet. What helped the researchers peg it as a new species were some unique characteristics of the vertebrae, including the shape of cavities on the side. For dinosaur species, that's a lot like finding a fingerprint.
Besides being a new species, Dahalokely is also helping to fill in some puzzling gaps in the fossil record for Madagascar. "We had always suspected that abelisauroids were in Madagascar 90 million years ago, because they were also found in younger rocks on the island. Dahalokely nicely confirms this hypothesis," said project leader Andrew Farke, curator of paleontology at the Alf Museum.… Read more


text:
If you are new to caring bearded dragons, irregular pooping schedules will most likely worry you especially if you don't know what is going on.
Differing pooping schedule and pooping rates can be normal to some extent. But for some instances though, changes in pooping frequency may indicate potential problems.
So, how often do bearded dragons poop?
The answer to this question may significantly vary depending on the bearded dragon's age, diet, and size. Younger bearded dragons tend to poop more frequently than adults. However, the bearded dragons in general, poop 1-7 times a week.
It is also important to note that apart from age, diet, and size, health problems could also potentially affect the pooping frequency of your bearded dragon.
Sickness will only negatively affect the pooping frequency but also the color and texture of the poop. If you notice these changes in your bearded dragon's poop, you better investigate what is going on.
Table of Contents
Comparison between Juvenile and Adult Bearded Dragon Bowel Movements
As mentioned, juvenile bearded dragons tend to poop more frequently than adults. Juveniles poop at least once to thrice a day in their healthy state.
This frequency happens in normal health conditions. But if your bearded dragon is suffering from health issues, these numbers may vary.
Adult bearded dragons, on the other hand, may poop once to seven times a week. They are far less frequent compared to their younger counterparts.
The pooping frequency difference between the young and adult bearded dragons is due to the amount of food they are eating.
The reason why juvenile bearded dragons tend to poop more frequently is that they eat more than their adult counterparts. This is because more food is required for its speedy growth.
Younger bearded dragons do not just eat random food. But they like foods that are rich in protein. This is the main reason why a juvenile bearded dragon eats more bugs than vegetables to get their protein needs. The more bugs they eat, the more frequently they will likely to poop.
Nonetheless, you should ensure that your bearded dragon gets a proper and balanced diet. They also need green leafy vegetables.
Related Article: What Can I Feed My Bearded Dragon to Make Him Poop? Best Care Tips
In some cases though, juvenile bearded dragons may poop more than 1-3 times a day. There are many factors that could affect the pooping frequency. Genetics and health issues are some of them.
As the bearded dragons grow older, they will eat less and therefore poops less. The amount of protein they consume will also decrease. This is because they have achieved their growth plateau. So they don't need as much protein as they used to.
In normal situations, adult bearded dragons poop once a day to once a week. These numbers though can vary depending on many factors.
While less frequent pooping schedule in adult bearded dragons is normal, far less frequent pooping schedule may be a sign of potential problems that you need to attend to immediately.
What I mean by this is that, if your bearded dragon won't poop for more than a week or so, something wrong is going on. Constipation can be one of the issues. But certainly, there are other more serious physical problems.
Bearded Dragons' Bowel Movements Potential Problems
Like humans, bearded dragons can also suffer from many bowel movement problems. The common issues are constipation and diarrhea.
But unlike humans, lizards cannot tell you what's going on. They won't tell you what is painful in their body. Your only way to notice their health problems is by paying attention to their bowel movements.
One of the common reasons for constipation and diarrhea is stress. And some of the most common stressors are extreme temperatures (low or high), changes in set up, low humidity, not enough space to roam around, etc.
If you made changes to their tank, or you moved to a new house, this could potentially cause stress to your bearded dragon. You'll notice afterward that your bearded dragons won't eat as they used to.
This is a normal reaction though. As your bearded dragons get used to the changes, they will recover and their diet will go back to normal.
Less amount of food could also cause stress to your lizards. It is important for them to have a balanced diet between greens, bugs, and worms. Be aware too that these foods have a certain effect on their bowel movements. Foods should be balanced.
If your bearded dragon is suffering from constipation, there are some basic steps to help your lizard get back to normal pooping.
Quick Note: If your bearded dragon won't poop for weeks, please consult a vet. Something must be wrong. Don't wait any longer because your bearded dragon may have suffered from a more serious problem.
Steps to Help Your Bearded Dragons Recover from Constipation
1. Give them enough water
This sounds basic, but most of the time we tend to forget it. I am guilty of this sometimes. It is important to remember that water is essential for regular and healthy bowel movements. So give them enough water to drink for the entire day.
When giving water, do not just put it in the bowl. Bearded dragons don't drink much in stagnant water. They like running water to drink from. A fountain is great for your lizards.
2. Set the tank properly
Stress can also be the result of inadequate habitat which in turn causes constipation in your bearded dragons. So give your lizard livable environment.
3. Give them appropriate diet
Giving your bearded dragons more greens and calcium will help them poop. Greens will speed up the bowel movements of your bearded dragons.
4. Give them a few drops of olive oil
Another quick way to stop constipation is to give your bearded dragons a few drops of olive oil. I want to emphasize here that there should be no other types of oil to use. Just olive oil. Some people recommend vegetable oil. However, I don't use it for my bearded dragons.
5. Give them a warm bath
Bathing, especially in warm water, could also help your bearded dragon poop. Water will trigger pooping.
What Does Bearded Dragon's Color Mean?
You probably notice that your bearded dragons' poops have varying colors. Each color may indicate the health of your lizards.
The following are the common poop colors and their implications:
- Brown or white usually suggests that your bearded dragon is in normal health condition. The color like this is the result of the combination of urate and poop.
- Green means that your bearded dragons have eaten more vegetables.
- Red could mean a normal health condition if only occasionally. However, if this is frequent, it may be a sign of impaction or constipation.
- Black can be a sign of more serious health issues. In some instances, it may be the result of internal bleeding. I suggest that you consult a vet to correctly diagnose the problem.
- Yellow may suggest that your bearded dragons are consuming a lot of calcium-rich foods. You can fix this by simply reducing the amount of calcium in their diet.
- Brown with white spots or lines usually the outcome of the combination of urate and poop. Sometimes it could also result from having parasite, especially tapeworm. If there's no tapeworm, then it is probably normal.
Related Article: Bearded Dragon Turning White: The Real Causes
If you have an adult bearded dragon, you normally see green poops in them. This is because most adult bearded dragons tend to eat more green leafy vegetables. So this is normal unless you see unusual consistencies in their poops.
It is important to remember that food is the most determinant of the poop color. So before you get panic, check the diet of your bearded dragon first. This should help you determine what is causing the changes in the poop color.


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Form report
Utilizing form reports effectively
Utilizing form reports effectively
Optimize Yeeflow form reports with sorting, filtering, and search for efficient data handling and user insights.
Updated over a week ago
Yeeflow form reports are a powerful tool for displaying and managing data from approval forms. With the ability to filter, sort, and color-code data, as well as control the visibility of fields, these reports offer great flexibility for data viewing and manipulation. This guide will help you understand how to effectively use the form report.
Configuring Display Fields
As an administrator, you can decide which fields to show or hide, as well as their order in the current data view. Follow these steps to do so:
 1. Open the form report.
 2. Click on the 'Display Fields' button present in the current data view to open a pop-up window listing all available fields.
 3. In this window, toggle on each field you want to display in the data list view as a column, and toggle off each field you wish to hide.
 4. To change the order of the displayed fields, simply click and hold on the icon at the end of each field. Drag the field up or down in the list to adjust its order.
 5. Once you are satisfied with your selections and the field order, close the pop-up window. Your changes will be saved and applied to the data view immediately.
Color Coding Rows
To enhance readability and quickly identify certain records, administrators can color-code rows based on specific conditions:
 1. Navigate to the form report and click on the 'Color' button within the current data list.
 2. This will open a pop-up window. Click the "+ Add color" button in the bottom-left to add a new color definition section.
 3. Select your desired color, then click "+ Add condition" to set the corresponding condition.
 4. If you want to add more color definitions, simply click "+ Add color" again at the bottom of the window and repeat the process.
 5. Click "Apply" in the bottom-right of the window to save and apply the settings.
Filtering Data
Users can tailor the data presented in a form report using the data filter window. Follow these steps:
 1. Open the form report and click the "Filter" button to bring up the data filters window.
 2. Click the "Add Condition" button to create a new filter condition.
 3. From the first column, select the data field you want to filter by from the dropdown list.
 4. In the second column, choose the condition such as "equals to", "greater than", "In", etc.
 5. In the third column, set the value for the condition.
 6. You can set multiple conditions, with AND or OR operators to combine these conditions. You can also use the Condition group to add multiple groups of conditions for more advanced filtering.
 7. Click the "OK" button to close the Data filters window, and apply the filters to the data.
Note:
The data filter comes with six default fields (Request title, Id, Created By, Modified By, Created Time, and Modified Time). If you need to filter data based on other fields, the form report administrator will need to add these fields to the data view's User Filters setting.
Learn more about: Customizing the fields for data filter and search in form reports
Sorting Data
The form report also allows users to sort data. To do this:
 1. Access the form report.
 2. Click the 'Sort' button to open the sorting settings window.
 3. Click the "Pick another filed" button from the bottom-left. Select the field you want to sort by and choose the sorting method, either 'Ascending' or 'Descending'.
 4. Click 'Apply' button to see the data arranged according to your chosen order.
Search data with keywords
Searching through form report data is an essential feature to quickly locate specific entries or data points, and Yeeflow offers a convenient and efficient search function for this purpose. Whether you want to search all fields or focus on a specific field, you can do so with just a few clicks. Here's how:
 1. Find the search box: On your form report page, look for the search box located at the top-right corner of the current data view.
 2. Enter your keyword: Type your keyword or phrase into the search box. The system will instantly start to filter the data view based on your input, showing you any matching records. By default, the search will include all fields in the current data view.
 3. Specify a field (optional): If you want to narrow down your search to a specific field, click the dropdown list next to the search box. This will open a dropdown menu listing all the fields included in the current data view. Choose the field you want to search within, then type your keyword or phrase into the search box.
 The search function will now only return matches from that specific field.
Using the search function in Yeeflow Form Reports allows users to quickly find relevant information without having to scroll or manually filter through large volumes of data. Remember, the search results depend on the selected field in the dropdown list next to the search box. If 'All Fields' is selected, the system will search all available fields for the entered keyword. The ability to specify a field provides more focused and efficient search results when needed.
By effectively leveraging these functionalities, both administrators and users can interact with data in a much more efficient and tailored manner, suiting their individual needs and preferences.
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text:
Effective Internet Enrollment Strategies For Small Holistic Schools
MA in Intercultural Service, Leadership, and Management
This paper studies the Internet marketing experiences of two small holistic schools: the Institute for Integrative Nutrition and the Golden Gate School of Feng Shui. Through in-depth interviews, internal documents, and website review and analysis, this paper examines how these two schools are using Internet marketing to increase their student enrollment.
This paper also studies the leading strategies of the Internet marketing field, as well as the successful techniques utilized by a larger school, the University of Phoenix Online. Throughout this paper, common problems and obstacles are laid out for review and analyzed for the purpose of making recommendations for improvement.
The culmination of this paper is a set of Internet marketing "best practice" recommendations for small holistic schools. In summary, these are: focus first on quickly and effectively handling incoming leads; assess how to best utilize the Internet by considering several factors, including enrollment needs, advertising budget and familiarity with Internet technologies; begin with simple, low cost strategies like pay-per-click advertising and e-mail list exchange; move on to more advanced, costlier strategies as well as outsourcing or having at least one staff member dedicated to Internet marketing and advertising. This paper concludes that for small holistic schools, where budgets and staff resources are typically constrained, effective Internet marketing strategies for increasing enrollment are difficult, but critical for continued growth and success.
This paper provides practical and usable information, forming a "road map" for small schools that want to grow enrollment through Internet Marketing.
Advertising and Promotion Management | Other Educational Administration and Supervision
Patmor, Nathan, "Effective Internet Enrollment Strategies For Small Holistic Schools" (2006). Capstone Collection. 1561.


text:
Eagle Creek Dry Storage Basin
The Eagle Creek Flood Basin is a flood-risk reduction project designed to have storage capacity for excess flows from the 1% Annual Chance Exceedance (ACE) (100-year) storm event on Eagle Creek and to safely pass flood events of greater magnitude. The basin will remain dry during normal flows (up to approximately 650 cubic feet per second along Eagle Creek) and will begin to store flood waters during larger rain events. The purpose of the project is to reduce the peak flow rate in Eagle Creek and the Blanchard River during these large storm events, thereby reducing the downstream water surface elevations and associated flood risk. The primary project goals include the following:
A secondary project goal is to improve water quality by creating wetlands, native habitats, and riparian corridors within the inundation area. A tertiary goal is to provide passive recreation opportunities on the project site.
The project site is located in Eagle Township in Hancock County, Ohio, approximately four miles south of the City of Findlay downtown area.
The primary flood risk reduction element for the project is an earthen embankment dam forming an in-line, dry-storage basin. Other primary components consist of a principal spillway, an auxiliary spillway, exterior drainage features, and interior drainage improvements and land use design. The dam alignment and proposed dry basin footprint is bound by Township Road 76 to the west and US-68to the east. To the north, the basin is formed by an embankment parallel to and approximately 4,000 feet to the north of Township Road 49. The impoundment is bound by high ground to the south, approximately 1,750 feet north of County Road 45. The impoundment area of the basin within the dam alignment will be approximately 765 acres.
The Eagle Creek Flood Basin project is being funded by Grants through Ohio State Capital Budget. Grants of $60 million have been received to date. The estimated annual maintenance cost is approximately $100,000 to $150,000.
To date, the project has progressed through Final Design. Property acquisition is ongoing, and stakeholders are in the process of obtaining necessary easements and permits before moving to the construction phase. The project will require a construction permit through the ODNR Division of Water Resources Dam Safety Program. Construction is expected to begin in early 2024 and the construction duration is estimated to be approximately 18 to 24 months.
Model results show that the Eagle Creek Flood Basin project results in a peak flow reduction of about 2,550 cfs (16% decrease) on the Blanchard River during the 1% ACE event which translates to about 2.2 feet of lowering of the base flood elevations near the confluence with Eagle Creek.
The reduction in water surface elevations along Eagle Creek and the Blanchard River is estimated to remove approximately 1,830 parcels and 1,400 acres from the regulatory floodplain.


text:
Temperatures will rise! This week the weather will be like?
The General Directorate of Meteorology (MGM) has published a weather forecast report for March 20-26. In the report, he evaluated that the cold weather that has been going on for days will lose its effect, the air temperatures will return to normal levels throughout the country, and it will increase in the western regions. Here is the expected weather forecast in Istanbul, Ankara and other cities…
Rainy and cold weather has been effective throughout the country for days. Floods occurred as a result of heavy rains in many regions, especially in the earthquake zone. As a result of the flood, 18 people died.
The cold weather is expected to lose its effect in the coming days and return to seasonal normals.
AIR TEMPERATURES ARE RISING
According to the 7-day weather forecast report published by the General Directorate of Meteorology (March 20-26), it is estimated that the air temperatures will increase throughout our country starting from the beginning of the week, starting from the western parts. As of Tuesday, it is generally around the seasonal normals in the western parts and above the normal in some places.
While the rainy weather is expected to lose its effect in the Western regions, it is expected to continue its effect in the Eastern Black Sea and Eastern Anatolia.


text:
are autopoietic. Societal Autopoiesis is an extension of the biological term, making reference to the process by which a society maintains its capacity to perpetuate and adapt while experiencing relative continuity of shared identity.
Used as part of propaganda or advertising campaigns, these are brief, highly-reductive, and definitive-sounding phrases that stop further questioning of ideas. Often used in contexts in which social approval requires unreflective use of the cliché, which can result in confusion at the individual and collective level. Examples include all advertising jingles and catchphrases, and certain political slogans.
A proposition or a state of affairs is impossible to be verified, or proven to be true. A further distinction is that a state of affairs can be unverifiable at this time, for example, due to constraints in our technical capacity, or a state of affairs can be unverifiable in principle, which means that there is no possible way to verify the claim.
Thank you for being part of the Consilience Project Community.


Personalized whole‐body models integrate metabolism, physiology, and the gut microbiome
msb198982 abs 0001 mImage from: Mol Syst Biol (2020)16:e8982
Comprehensive molecular‐level models of human metabolism have been generated on a cellular level. However, models of whole‐body metabolism have not been established as they require new methodological approaches to integrate molecular and physiological data. We developed a new metabolic network reconstruction approach that used organ‐specific information from literature and omics data to generate two sex‐specific whole‐body metabolic (WBM ) reconstructions. These reconstructions capture the metabolism of 26 organs and six blood cell types. Each WBM reconstruction represents whole‐body organ‐resolved metabolism with over 80,000 biochemical reactions in an anatomically and physiologically consistent manner. We parameterized the WBM reconstructions with physiological, dietary, and metabolomic data. The resulting WBM models could recapitulate known inter‐organ metabolic cycles and energy use. We also illustrate that the WBM models can predict known biomarkers of inherited metabolic diseases in different biofluids. Predictions of basal metabolic rates, by WBM models personalized with physiological data, outperformed current phenomenological models. Finally, integrating microbiome data allowed the exploration of host–microbiome co‐metabolism. Overall, the WBM reconstructions, and their derived computational models, represent an important step toward virtual physiological humans.
News Source:
Journal Reference:
Ines Thiele, Swagatika Sahoo, Almut Heinken, Johannes Hertel, Laurent Heirendt, Maike K Aurich, Ronan MT Fleming
Mol Syst Biol. (2020) 16: e8982
At your Agenda:
8th World Congress on Targeting Microbiota
October 22-23, 2020 - UNESCO, Paris, France


text:
this information, I'm not sure if the program will accept reference changes at all
You can edit references in the reference area (which is pink by default). You can safely delete reference fields, but you need to decide if that change should be local (for that element only) or global (for all elements using this reference). You will not be able to delete _TAG_ or _TAG_ fields because they are added automatically to references (not being a part of reference). You can freely change the text of references. Illegal changes are all changes that do not comply with the reference format, e.g. lines that do not start with reference field tags, or lines that start with unknown reference field tags (e.g. _TAG_). If you are unsure how this process works, import a single article from Wikipedia to a newly created collection, create some extracts and play with editing to see how references are processed.
Should items be
converted to plain text in the end?
(marjur, Oct 29, 2009, 20:51:00)
Once fully processed, do you recommend changing ready items from HTML into plain text?
Plain text takes much less space. Your collections will be faster to back up. All you need to make sure is that HTML does not contain information that may be needed to effectively remember the item (e.g. is the context fully retained once references are removed)? In the long run, simple plain text items might do their work better by depriving you of additional cues as to the correct answer. However, you will always get the best answer to your question by simply experimenting on your material. Leave some of your items as HTML and convert some to plain text. After some time you will probably have your own conclusions and preferences.
You can make cloze
deletion keyword styles invisible
(jm lopez, Wednesday, November 24, 2010 9:33 PM)
Is there any way to turn off marking words in the clozed deletion? In 2001, I found the following FAQ: Currently you cannot customize cloze deletion behavior. In the future, cloze formats are likely to be customizable. That was 9 years ago, and I could not read any documentation that made the statement clearer.
You can turn off cloze deletion styles using stylesheets. Note, however, that those markings are vital for efficient processing of topic extracts. If you turn off the markings, you will effectively disable incremental reading. If you would like to turn off the markings only in generated cloze deletions, you can use a separate template for generated cloze deletitions that would use styles with invisible cloze styles. In the future, SuperMemo will remove cloze keyword marking from cloze deletions, while leaving them in the processed topic. This will allow of applying incremental reading without generating "unclean" looking clozes
A-Factors can be
(Henrik, Thursday, May 26, 2011 22:16)
What is your recommended strategy for assigning A-Factors?
Now that you have a priority queue, A-Factors are best left unattended. In items, A-Factors play an important role in the learning algorithm and cannot be changed. However, in topics, the main function of A-Factors is to determine the speed at which the material is getting diluted in incremental reading. For most important articles, you will probably set the next interval manually and thus ignore the A-Factor altogether. For the remaining articles, speed of dilution is of less concern. The sequence of learning is determined by topic priority. Low-priority topics with high A-factors will simply be slightly less likely to be subject to review than topics with lower A-Factors
Is it possible to read PDF articles
(Karolina, Poland, Nov 21, 2011, 13:57:39)
Is it possible to read PDF articles incrementally?
You cannot import PDF to HTML components, unless you convert them to HTML (or plain text) first. Alternatively, you can copy and paste from Acrobat to SuperMemo, however, Acrobat will not let you do multipage selections that would paste fast and nicely. Some PDF documents do not even allow of selecting texts. If you want to work incrementally, you can use an alternative strategy:
Cloze deletions work on topics (not on items)
(Benoit, France, Sat, 25 Feb 2012 15:05:28 +0100 (CET))
I have a problem with clozed questions. I click on Add New, then I select a word, click on the "T" or "Alt+Z". But it doesn't work. Logically, the word selected after having pressed "Alt+Z" should be missing in the question and present in the answer. But in the answer I can only see "_TAG_" or "_TAG_" and the word selected is still in the question.
Add New should be used for adding items, while cloze deletion works on topics. You have two choices:
After you execute Cloze deletion, you will not see the cloze (because its appearance is obvious from the shape of the topic). Instead, to save time, you will remain in your topic ready for generating more cloze deletions.
Conglomerating information in spaced repetition results in slower learning
(L.S., Nov 09, 2012, 11:04:45)
I tend to disagree with some of your "20 rules claims". For example,
Q: What was decided at the Council of Trent, beginning in 1545, and how long did the Council go on? A: The basic beliefs of the Catholic Church; 18 years.
Mixing two questions in one is more efficient and also links related pieces of information together that should be linked together. It is more effortful to remember the answers, I agree, and that is a concern. Occasionally I'll rewrite or simplify a question, or break it into two, if it becomes too difficult.
E.g., asking what the Council of Trent was and how long it went on makes sense because they are both very basic questions about the Council of Trent. If I were to separate them, the neurons wouldn't fire together. It would take a little extra effort to discover that the thing that formed the basic beliefs of the Catholic Church lasted for 18 years. Since he'll be learning both facts at about the same time, why not learn them together?
In the same way, contrary to your advice (sorry!), I do still have full sentence and even two-sentence questions--only occasionally. But the point is that sometimes, the thing that needs to be committed to memory is a narrative, a whole sequence of events and not just particular items from the sequence. Maybe I am wrong, but I think a narrative is best remembered by practicing the narrative.
Two separate memories should be separated in SuperMemo due to the fact that they nearly always will require different timing of repetitions. If you can always activate the same mental pathway in thinking about the Council of Trent ("neurons firing together" in the same pattern), your particular item has a good chance of surviving long in the process without a memory lapse. However, once you build a large database of similar items, and you review your sizeable material under the pressure of time, your review will always tend to strip redundant pieces of information. Overtime, your nice item will be reduced to the bare bones of information that will often fail its primary test: applicability in real life. It may happen, that despite zero memory lapses, in 2-3 years, someone will ask you about a Council of Trent in a new context and you will be amazed that you won't be able to reasonably answer the question despite having all the necessary pieces of information included in your item. Two memories of different difficulty might be compared to two different planes of different flying characteristics. The difficult piece (e.g. 18 year duration of the Council) might be compared to a slow flying plane. The easy piece (here the reference to the Catholic Church) might be compared to a modern jet. Review of the conglomerated item might be compared to flying both planes at the same speed. In an extreme case, this might be impossible. The compromise speed might be too high for a slow plane, which might disintegrate beyond a certain speed limit, while the faster plane cannot slow down enough without stalling. In our memory, forgetting is equivalent to forgetting, while stalling is caused by the spacing effect. By doing complex and repeatable reasoning at each repetition, you might act as if handling both planes using remote control. However, this is always difficult and requires lots of focus and deliberation at repetitions. Your brain has natural defenses against such "enforced repetitive reasoning". It is designed to be "intellectually lazy" and thus energetically efficient. Practice shows that incremental reading produces many more items. However, those items are usually much easier to remember. In the end, you spend less time on reviewing 5-10 items than you would spend on an item that would conglomerate information and suffered repeated memory lapses or very short intervals.
In the course of the evolution, the brain developed strategies for abstracting away from the details and retaining only the most essential, useful and frequently used information. Those strategies are great for survival, but aren't as good in reaching our educational goals. Council of Trent is a typical example of knowledge we wish to have, but that is pretty expensive. This is because, for most people, it does not get reinforced in run-of-the-mill conversations, TV shows, daily applicability, or at water cooler at work. The situation might differ if you, in particular, read a lot on the subject matter. This might help the memory establish itself in an efficient manner. Incremental reading makes it possible to root such difficult