text:
June 10, 2010 A comparison of hockey leagues in Canada for 11-12 year old players finds that compared with leagues that do not allow body checking, those that do have an associated 3-fold increased risk of game-related injuries, including severe injuries and severe concussions, according to a study in the June 9 issue of JAMA.
"Ice hockey is a popular North American winter sport, with more than 550,000 registered youth players in Hockey Canada and more than 340,000 registered players in the USA Hockey Association in 2008-2009. Despite the advantages of sport participation, there is increasing concern regarding the frequency of ice hockey injuries in youth," the authors write. They add that recent attention has been focused on the increased frequency of concussive head injuries in youth hockey. It is the most common type of specific injury, accounting for more than 15 percent of all injuries in 9- to 16-year-old players, according to background information in the article.
Internationally, there are different regulations regarding the age at which body checking is introduced in ice hockey. In the United States, body checking is introduced in all leagues for the age group 11-12 years, but leagues not permitting body checking exist through all ages, up to the leagues for 15-16 year-olds. In Canada, the youngest age group in which body checking is permitted is Pee Wee (ages 11-12 years). In the province of Quebec, however, Bantam (ages 13-14 years) is the youngest age group in which body checking is permitted.
Carolyn A. Emery, Ph.D., B.Sc.P.T., of the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and colleagues examined whether the risk of concussion and injury differed for youth ice hockey players in a league that permits body checking vs. a league that does not. The study was conducted in Alberta and Quebec during the 2007-2008 Pee Wee ice hockey season and included players (n = 2,154) from teams in the top 60 percent of divisions of play. Among the outcomes measured was the rate for gameand practice-related injuries and concussions.
Seventy-four Pee Wee teams from Alberta (n = 1,108 players) and 76 Pee Wee teams from Quebec (n = 1,046 players) completed the study. There were a total of 241 injuries (78 concussions) reported in Alberta and 91 injuries (23 concussions) reported in Quebec. For game-related injuries, the Alberta vs. Quebec incidence rate ratio (comparison of the risk of injury in the two leagues) was 3.26 (n = 209 and n = 70 for Alberta and Quebec, respectively]) for all injuries; 3.88 (n = 73 and n = 20) for concussion; 3.30 (n = 51 and n = 16) for severe injury (time loss, greater than 7 days); and 3.61 (n = 14 and n = 4) for severe concussion (time loss, greater than 10 days).
"The estimated absolute risk reduction (injuries per 1,000 player-hours) that would be achieved if body checking were not permitted in Alberta was 2.84 for all game-related injuries, 0.72 for severe injuries, 1.08 for concussion, and 0.20 for severe concussion. There was no difference between provinces for practice-related injuries," the authors write.
"Among 11- to 12-year-old ice hockey players, playing in a league in which body checking is permitted compared with a league in which body checking is not permitted was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of all game-related injuries, concussion, severe injury, and severe concussion. These findings may have important implications for policy decisions related to body checking in youth ice hockey. The public health implications associated with injury in Pee Wee hockey in which body checking is permitted are significant."
"Future research should compare the injury and concussion risk in the next age group of play (Bantam, ages 13-14 years), in which players in one cohort will have 2 years of body checking experience prior to Bantam participation. This research can inform the development and rigorous evaluation of prevention strategies to reduce the risk of injury in this population of youth ice hockey participants," the authors conclude.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
- C. A. Emery, J. Kang, I. Shrier, C. Goulet, B. E. Hagel, B. W. Benson, A. Nettel-Aguirre, J. R. McAllister, G. M. Hamilton, W. H. Meeuwisse. Risk of Injury Associated With Body Checking Among Youth Ice Hockey Players. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2010; 303 (22): 2265 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.755
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


Why assertiveness matters in business
In tough times, organisations look for well-balanced assertive leaders. How do you measure up?
Assertiveness by itself will not get you a promotion, nor the respect of your peers and direct reports. But failing to stand your ground effectively, and - conversely – being too controlling and aggressive, can halt your advance up the corporate ladder. So why are organisations seeking out assertive leaders and where do you fit on the assertiveness barometer?
Assertiveness is a way of describing how people defend their interests. Assertive leaders can create a compelling vision, communicate strategy and clearly define objectives and service quality standards. They inspire their people, gather support, and create alignment within a team so that everyone moves in the same direction. They avoid the confusion and disorientation caused when team members are trying to second-guess what they're supposed to be doing and why.
To access all articles from Communication Director, please enter your login details or subscribe.


text:
Environmental factors affecting whole foods
Vegetables and other whole foods that environmental factors contribute after a food desert intervention to explore factors affecting. This whole foods market pestel/pestle analysis and case study enumerates the external factors in the company's remote or macro-environment and their impact. Whole foods analysis - download examination of environmental factors is central to and kinder to the environment whole foods market will not stop at. Of the few whole foods actually factors affecting dioxin conferred by a traditional diet compatible with the weston a price foundation's. For long-term success, whole foods market must address the external factors in its remote environment, industry environment, and operating environment. Whole foods market, inc is a fast growing natural and organic foods retailer we do know that we are not immune to the larger macro environment. From the many factors affecting the child's development environmental factors factor or are interest groups available that include the whole family. Whole foods company analysis any change in their strategy will not only affect whole foods but whole foods critical success factors brand recognition product.
Whole foods market's green mission report and global communities as well as the environment whole foods market operates with a. In our pest analysis example for the food industry we're political factors trends affect what we're seeing is a rise in organic and whole foods as. Identify eczema causes chemicals all around you can affect your eczema there are everyday materials in the environment that can cause you to have an allergic. Go green with eco-friendly initiatives, everyone wins we're passionate about alternative energy, earth-friendly product choices, recycling and more. Answer to whole food market economic factors whole foods market has the opportunity to grow based on the economic stability and rising employment rate in the. Whole foods boycott after wf this environment should be unacceptable for any not terribly sorry about that whole yahoo message board fiasco , by peter.
We do know there are factors at the root of autoimmune disease development and certain environmental factors," case says a diet rich in whole foods. Case analysis – whole foods as interact with others in a colorful environment identify critical success factors: the consumer continues to view whole foods.
Foods some even call this food environment foods, such as vegetables, fruits, and whole environmental and societal factors affect. Factors affecting food chinese new year — celebration with displays of special foods such as family entertaining in the home environment is becoming more. Research shows that a number of lifestyle and environmental factors 5 non-diet factors that can affect and load up on a variety of whole, plant-based foods.
Overall external factors with immediate effects on whole food market mission and external analysis of whole foods as well as promoting environment. Whole foods market is whole foods market: strength, weakness, threats i give informative information on a variety of topics and issues that affect.
Environmental factors affecting whole foods
Analyzing the external environment whole foods market, inc has done an exceptional job acknowledging the values, beliefs and lifestyles of society and.
Its external and internal environment these issues include the deterioration of the american whole foods market, inc, page 4 whole food's strategy. This chapter presents evidence on individual, household, and environmental factors environmental factors affecting foods, such as whole grains. Whole grains, and other healthy foods environment in recognition of the role of environmental factors in access to healthy foods can affect public. This is the detailed pest or pestle analysis of organic food industry which discusses the environmental factors whole foods market pestel/pestle analysis. Introduction to the microbiology of factors affecting growth of such as dried fruits, jams, and soft moist pet foods, depends on combinations of factors.
Understanding the factors affecting microbiological understanding the factors affecting microbiological quality of foods. Whole life performance assessment : critical success factors the relevant factors which affect the implementation factors affecting whole life performance. Why whole foods market may have a big in the whole foods market growth story of an increasingly competitive natural and organic environment. Whole foods has faced well-deserved criticism for its effects on the environment, and its employees whole foods is an when you take all these factors.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Effect of Dendrite Arm Spacing on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Cylinder Heads and Engine Blocks 2005-01-1683
In our previous work we studied the factors that affect dendrite arm spacing of cylinder heads in various aluminum alloys. The present paper will be focused on mechanical properties of cylinder heads and engine blocks of aluminum alloys with different dendrite arm spacing.
Before evaluating the DAS effect on mechanical properties, some factors have been taken into account such as the response of mechanical properties to aging of different production castings having different DAS, and the influence of dimension and weight of real products on the heat treatment and mechanical properties. Comparisons were done among various production castings with the same alloy composition (in particular the Fe content), the same modification grade and similar percentage and size of porosity Furthermore, specimens were cut from different castings with the same alloy, then the same heat treatment cycle was performed on dissected specimens instead of the whole cylinder head or engine block, in order to avoid the interference of dimension and weight of real castings.
The results on the production castings of A356 alloy with a T6 heat treatment condition show that the UTS and percent elongation were increased in a great extent with reducing in DAS, while the yield strength was found to remain unaffected by DAS. For different cylinder heads in 319 alloy without heat treatment and cooled naturally in air both UTS and YS were found to decrease with increasing DAS, but elongation and HB remained constant as DAS increased from 20 to 30 μm. In heat treatment conditions of cylinder heads and engine blocks in 319 alloy, castings with lower DAS have higher tensile properties in the range of aging temperature from 150°C to 230°C. The study on production castings with a peak-age T6 heat treatment shows that both ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were increased as DAS decreased.
Citation: Zhang, B., Garro, M., Leghissa, M., Giglio, A. et al., "Effect of Dendrite Arm Spacing on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy Cylinder Heads and Engine Blocks," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1683, 2005, _URL_ Download Citation


Scientific Analytical Calorimeter Solutions

Navigating the Flames: Choosing the Right CAL3K Calorimeter System for Your Research
In the intricate world of bomb calorimetry, choosing the right calorimeter model is crucial. The CAL3K range of calorimeter systems from DDS Calorimeters offers a spectrum of options, designed to meet the diverse needs of researchers across various fields. But with so many choices, navigating the landscape of calorimeters can feel overwhelming. This guide aims to equip you with the knowledge and insights necessary to select the perfect CAL3K system for your specific research requirements.

Understanding Your Needs: A Crucial First Step:
Before embarking on your search, it's essential to clearly define your holistic calorimeter needs and requirements. Consider the following:
Throughput: How many samples will you be analyzing per day or week or month? This will determine the ideal speed and automation level of your system. Calculate a daily sample rate. Included the possibility of repeat samples, warm up samples and check samples.
Budget: What is your budget for the calorimeter system? CAL3K offers options to cater to diverse financial considerations. Remember that most of our calorimeter systems can be upgraded with extra vessels to handle more throughput, so don't let this be your limiting factor.
Demand: How urgent is the result from the Calorimeter? This differs between a production environment, a research facility and a university laboratory. Consider if a duplicate or repeat sample needs to be run to verify the answer.

Exploring the CAL3K Range:
A Symphony of Features:
All CAL3K systems run a dry static jacket bomb vessel, which make the system naturally faster, more responsive and accurate than the water jacket systems. We pride ourselves in a small desktop footprint with no undercounter space requirements. DDS is very conscious of the environment and the impact we have, hence our calorimeter systems are totally waterless and boast an ability to run off a 20W solar panel.
Choosing the right CAL3K calorimeter system is an investment in your research success. By carefully considering your needs, exploring the available options, and prioritizing the features that matter most, you can unlock the full potential of your research and contribute to ground breaking discoveries.
DDS have been manufacturing, training and supporting calorimeter customers for over 40 years, so contact DDS Calorimeters today for an obligation free quote from their expert team. Let them guide you through the CAL3K range and help you choose the perfect system to fuel the fire of your research endeavours.
CAL3K-calorimeter-systems-range
Search DDS Calorimeters to find what you're looking for...
DDS CALORIMETERS MENU


text:
Durham University Parent-Infant Sleep Lab, with support from La Leche League, NCT, and UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative, has launched a new website – Infant Sleep Information Source, or ISIS.
The website has been designed to provide parents and health professionals with clear, evidence-based information on 'normal' sleep, defining normal as "what is biologically expected for humans". It is hoped that this will help both parents who want to make informed choices about how their baby sleeps, and health professionals whose role is to support parents.
The website project is funded by a grant from the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) 'Follow-on Fund' to facilitate and support the translation of research conducted by UK and overseas researchers on issues regarding infant sleep (e.g. development, environments, safety) into an online informational resource.
The site contains information on:
- Why babies sleep the way they do
- Sleep development
- Sleep training
- Different sleeping environments
- Coping at night
- Research evidence
Click here to visit the website.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Table of Contents
Search
 1. Preface
 2. Welcome to Informatica Process Developer
 3. Using Guide Developer for the First Time
 4. Getting Started with Informatica Process Developer
 5. About Interfaces Service References and Local WSDL
 6. Planning Your BPEL Process
 7. Participants
 8. Implementing a BPMN Task or Event in BPEL
 9. Implementing a BPMN Gateway or Control Flow
 10. Using Variables
 11. Attachments
 12. Using Links
 13. Data Manipulation
 14. Compensation
 15. Correlation
 16. What is Correlation
 17. What is a Correlation Set
 18. Creating Message Properties and Property Aliases
 19. Adding a Correlation Set
 20. Deleting a Correlation Set
 21. Adding Correlations to an Activity
 22. Rules for Declaring and Using Correlation Sets
 23. Correlation Sets and Engine-Managed Correlation
 24. Event Handling
 25. Fault Handling
 26. Simulating and Debugging
 27. Deploying Your Processes
 28. BPEL Unit Testing
 29. Creating POJO and XQuery Custom Functions
 30. Custom Service Interactions
 31. Process Exception Management
 32. Creating Reports for Process Server and Central
 33. Business Event Processing
 34. Process Central Forms and Configuration
 35. Building a Process with a System Service
 36. Human Tasks
 37. BPEL Faults and Reports
2. Designer
2. Designer
Adding Variable Properties and Property Aliases
Adding Variable Properties and Property Aliases
Select properties defined in a WSDL to use in a correlation set.
Properties are useful on non-message variables as a way to isolate a process's logic from the details of a particular variable's definition. Using properties, a process can isolate its variable initialization logic in one place and then set and get properties on that variable in order to manipulate it. If the variable's definition is later changed, the rest of the process definition that manipulates that variable can remain unchanged.
A variable can have several properties, each defined as a
property alias
.
Properties
A property can be one of the following:
 - Schema type like an xsd:int or an xsd:string
 - Element
For example, a property might be a purchase order number or a customer Id. A property exists within a WSDL message transmitted during a Web service interaction or in any process variable. A single variable can contain multiple properties and a single property might exist in several variables.
Property Aliases
For each pairing of a variable and a property there exists a property alias that identifies how to extract the value of a property from the given variable, whether the variable part is a simple type, schema element, or complex type. If the part is an element or a complex type, an XPath (or other language) query is required to identify the location of the property within the element or type.
For details, see the following topics:
 - WSDL Syntax and Example for Property Names and Aliases
 - Creating a Property Definition
 - Creating a Property Alias
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text:
OpenCL™ Developer Guide for Intel® Processor Graphics
2019 Update 4
For all memory address spaces, to optimize performance, a kernel must access data in at least 32-bit quantities, from addresses that are aligned to 32-bit boundaries. A 32-bit quantity can consist of any type, for example:
These data types can be accessed with identical memory performance. If possible, access up to four 32-bit quantities (
, etc) at a time to improve performance. Accessing more than four 32-bit quantities at a time may reduce performance.


(Washington, D.C.) –Today's sentencing of veteran activist Zhu Yufu to seven years for writing a poem deemed to "incite subversion of state power" is further evidence of the Chinese government's continuing repression of anyone it perceives as directly or indirectly criticizing it policies, Amnesty International said.
For many years the Chinese government has stamped on dissent, and today's decision should be seen in the context of a growing demand in the country for more freedom.
Amnesty International condemns this direct and unjustified assault on Zhu Yufu's basic human right to freedom of expression.
"We believe this is a sign that the Chinese leadership is afraid," said Sarah Schafer, Amnesty International's China researcher. "Why else would they sentence someone to seven years in prison for writing a poem? The Chinese government has seen the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa. It has seen the people coming out in the tens of thousands to protest a repressive regime in Russia. And it has seen the Chinese people themselves grow stronger in their demands for more freedoms and a say over their country's future. And now the leaders at the very top have clearly given out orders that any hint of dissent must be crushed."


Commit ee526336 authored by Alexandre Leray's avatar Alexandre Leray
Browse files
Initial commit
Imported jquery.timeline.js from active archive repository
parents
*.pyc
# db files, sqlite & RDF hashes
*.db
*~
.svn
*.swp
*.orig
Provides $.timeline
$.timeline organizes (HTML) elements by time. Elements are attached to a
timeline with a start time and (optionally) an end time. A Timeline has a
notion of a currentTime, and manages hiding / showing (via a callback) elements
accordingly. Timelines follow the element's "timeupdate" events. A Timeline
may also be passive and require an external element to "drive" it via calls to
setCurrentTime.
The Active Archives Video Wiki inverts the paradigm of uploading resources into
a centralized server and instead allows resources to remain "active", in-place
and online. Caching and proxy functionality allow (light-weight) copies of
resources to be manipulated and preserved even as the original sources change
or become (temporarily) unavailable.
Strategically, the project aims to clarify some of the "cloudy" aspects of Web
2.0 regarding issues of licensing, sharing, ownership, access, and longevity of
online material. Designed to break open the "black box" of online video, users
are encouraged to write with video, creating new compositions made from
collages of disparate (online) elements.
For more information about the project, see <_URL_
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>jQuery timeline</title>
<script src="_URL_
<script src="_URL_
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
(function ($) {
/**
* @fileoverview
* @author Michael Murtaugh <_EMAIL_> and the Active Archive contributors
* @license GNU AGPL
* @requires jquery.datetimecode.js
Timeline organizes (HTML) elements by time.
Elements are attached to a timeline with a start time and (optionally) an end time.
A Timeline has a notion of a currentTime, and manages hiding / showing (via a callback) elements accordingly.
Timelines follow the element's "timeupdate" events.
A Timeline may also be passive and require an external element to "drive" it via calls to setCurrentTime.
*/
var aTimeline = function (options) {
/*
* aTimeline
* private closure-class used by the plugin
*/
var that = {},
cc_item_uid = 0,
minTime,
maxTime,
currentTime = 0.0,
titlesByStart = [],
titlesByEnd = [],
lastTime,
startIndex = -1,
endIndex = -1,
toShow = {},
toHide = {},
activeItems = {},
settings = {};
$.extend(settings, options);
// element wrapper
function timeline_item (elt, start, end, show, hide) {
var that = {};
cc_item_uid += 1;
that.id = "T" + cc_item_uid;
that.start = start;
that.end = end;
that.elt = elt;
if (show) { that.show = show; }
if (hide) { that.hide = hide; }
return that;
};
function addTitle (newtitle) {
var placed = false;
// addTitleByStart
/* maintain min/maxTime */
if ((minTime === undefined) || (newtitle.start < minTime)) { minTime = newtitle.start; }
if ((maxTime === undefined) || (newtitle.start > maxTime)) { maxTime = newtitle.start; }
if ((maxTime === undefined) || (newtitle.end && (newtitle.end > maxTime))) { maxTime = newtitle.end; }
/* insert annotation in the correct (sorted) location */
for (var i=0; i<titlesByStart.length; i++) {
if (titlesByStart[i].start > newtitle.start) {
// insert before this index
titlesByStart.splice(i, 0, newtitle);
placed = true;
break;
}
}
// otherwise simply append
if (! placed) { titlesByStart.push(newtitle); }
// addTitleByEnd
/* insert annotation in the correct (sorted) location */
placed = false;
for (i=0; i<titlesByEnd.length; i++) {
if ((titlesByEnd[i].end > newtitle.end) || ((titlesByEnd[i].end === undefined) && (newtitle.end !== undefined))) {
// insert before this index
titlesByEnd.splice(i, 0, newtitle);
placed = true;
return;
}
}
// otherwise simply append
if (!placed) { titlesByEnd.push(newtitle); }
}
function markToShow (t) {
if (toHide[t.id]) {
delete toHide[t.id];
} else {
toShow[t.id] = t;
}
}
function markToHide (t) {
if (toShow[t.id]) {
delete toShow[t.id];
} else {
toHide[t.id] = t;
}
}
function show (item) {
if (item.show) {
item.show(item.elt);
} else if (settings.show) {
settings.show(item.elt);
}
}
function hide (item) {
if (item.hide) {
item.hide(item.elt);
} else if (settings.hide) {
settings.hide(item.elt);
}
}
function updateForTime (time, controller) {
if (titlesByStart.length === 0) { return; }
var n;
/* check against lastTime to optimize search */
// valid range for i: -1 (pre first title)
// to titles.length-1 (last title), can't be bigger, as this isn't defined (when would it go last -> post-last)
// console.log("updateForTime", time, lastTime);
if (time < lastTime) {
// SLIDE BACKWARD
//
n = titlesByStart.length;
// [start: 50, start: 70]
// [end: 55, end: 75]
// time = 80
// startIndex = 1 (at end)
// process ends first! (as shows of same element will override!! when going backwards, dus)
while (endIndex >= 0 && time < titlesByEnd[endIndex].end) {
markToShow(titlesByEnd[endIndex]);
endIndex--;
}
while (startIndex >= 0 && time < titlesByStart[startIndex].start) {
markToHide(titlesByStart[startIndex]);
startIndex--;
}
} else {
// SLIDE FORWARD
//
// process starts first! (as hides of same element will override!!)
n = titlesByStart.length;
while ((startIndex+1) < n && time >= titlesByStart[startIndex+1].start) {
startIndex++;
if (startIndex < n) { markToShow(titlesByStart[startIndex]); }
}
n = titlesByEnd.length;
while ((endIndex+1) < n && time >= titlesByEnd[endIndex+1].end) {
endIndex++;
if (endIndex < n) { markToHide(titlesByEnd[endIndex]); }
}
}
// if (this.startIndex != si) this.setStartIndex(si);
// COPY lastTime (if Date)
if (time instanceof Date) {
lastTime = new Date();
lastTime.setTime(time.getTime());
} else {
lastTime = time;
}
// perform show/hides
var clearFlag = false;
var tid;
for (tid in toShow) {
if (toShow.hasOwnProperty(tid)) { // JSLint (not strictly necessary)
show(toShow[tid]);
activeItems[tid] = toShow[tid];
clearFlag = true;
}
}
if (clearFlag) { toShow = {}; }
clearFlag = false;
for (tid in toHide) {
if (toHide.


text:
The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze resources and capabilities that distinguish between traditional, slow born‐global and rapid born‐global micro‐firms.
The study uses multiple case study methodology. Three case studies are presented to compare the internationalization pathways of three French micro‐firms.
The paper emphasizes the importance of leveraging between internal and external resources for rapid internationalization of micro‐firms. The rapid internationalization is driving and facilitated by managerial abilities, innovation and network. The study shows that analysis of micro‐firms in terms of resources and capabilities enhances the understanding of internationalization.
Because it is limited to three case studies, the generalization of findings to a broad sample of French micro‐firms will be needed.
The research suggests that two‐level analysis (i.e. individual level and micro‐firm level) should be considered when examining rapid internationalization. Micro‐firm top managers need to be aware of the importance of developing internal resources to facilitate incorporation of new external resources. Their experience and expertise in addition to the micro‐firm's innovation capacity or reputation can be used to expand rapidly abroad.
The distinction between traditional, slow born‐global and rapid born‐global French micro‐firms in terms of resources and capabilities makes this study original.
Hermel, P. and Khayat, I. (2011), "The role of resources: micro‐firms internationalization in the French context", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 298-310. _URL_
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limited

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Riverside County Waste Management Department will host a free backyard composting workshop in Jurupa Valley on Saturday, July 28.
People attending this workshop will learn how to recycle organic resources such as yard trimmings, fruit and vegetable waste into a dark, crumbly, sweet-smelling soil conditioner. Compost can be used to enrich the soil in gardens, lawns and house plants.
The free backyard composting workshop begins at 10 a.m. at the Louis Robidoux Library, 5840 Mission Blvd.
Composting is nature's way of recycling. It's a way to divert waste from landfills and turn it into a beneficial soil amendment. In composting, organic material is mixed together in a pile or bin, where literally millions of tiny microbes digest the material and turn it into a nutrient-rich soil amendment.
The Riverside County Waste Management Department provides this free workshop in an effort to divert waste and help preserve valuable landfill space in the county sanitary landfill. Low-cost compost bins, subsidized by the department, will also be available for purchase by Riverside County residents.
For more information, contact Riverside County Waste Management Department at _PHONE_ or visit _URL_


text:
Course Code: TRAV 224
Academic Year: 2020-2021
This course examines the development and marketing of specialty tourism products, often referred to as niche tourism products. These are tourism experiences and products that appeal to a small but often dedicated market. The growth and development of niche tourism is examined in the context of evolving tourist motivations, behaviours, and experiences. Students research, identify and assess the niche markets, key destinations, and leading tour companies that specialize in this market segment. Using both Canadian and International case studies, students explore the benefits, motivators, product design, marketing, and sales of various niche products and experiences. Students participate in experiential learning through an adventure/eco field trip in Ontario, coupled with a special guest speaker committed to adventure tourism.


Re: Grice and conditionals (long, no Greek)
From: Jonathan Robie (
Date: Mon Sep 21 1998 - 12:38:39 EDT
At 12:07 AM 9/21/98 EDT, wrote:
>Thank you Jonathan for the nice summary of Grice's book. I apologize for the
>question up is that all the other EI MH clauses in the NT are conditional.
>have to work with the logical tranformation of If not B, then not A in
order to
>understand most of them because they have negatives in the protasis and the
In formal logic, the following are all equivalent:
 if A then B
 if not B then not A
 not B or not A
 A or not B
There may be others. At any rate, "if not B then not A" is one of the
standard transformations. However, I'm a little bit worried about using the
"if not B, then not A" transform as a general device for understanding "if
A then B" sentences that contain negations. In order to make that work
properly, I agree with Grice that you have to bring in a number of
propositions that are implied but not stated, and that some of these things
may be implied by the context in which the statement is made. The result is
that you need many more propositions, not just A and B, if you want to use
formal means to understand conditionals. If Grice is correct - and he is at
least brilliant, whether or not he's correct, and in spite of his
impenetrable writing style - then bringing in all of these propositions
would give you a framework in which formal logic could be used effectively
to understand such statements.
My formal logic is *extremely* rusty, but let me try to use some examples
to illustrate what I mean:
Statement: If he does not come on time then we will wait for him.
A = he does not come on time
B = we will wait for him
If not B then not A = if we will not wait for him then he will come on time.
I'm skeptical that the propositional value of the original statement and
the transformation are the same in this case. Grice says that the reason
for this is that there must be some reason the person is telling us this,
which implies a number of propositions that are implied, but not stated,
1. There is a likelihood that he will not arrive on time
2. We need a plan for dealing with the contingency that he arrives late
(perhaps we were all planning to go somewhere together, and he wanted us to
give him a ride)
3. His tardiness is beyond our control, or if it is within our control,
there is some reason that we prefer not to negotiate with him in order to
get him to come on time, or perhaps there has been negotiation and it was
agreed that we would wait if he comes late
If we do not take these into account, then our formal analysis of the
statement will not be adequate. (If our formal analysis *is* adequate, then
we took it into account (grin!)) In this particular case, I think the
proper analysis requires an understanding that the statement is really
intended to be limited to a plan for handling the contingency that he is
late, and is not intended to be applied if he arrives on time. The "if not
B then not A" transformation took the statement out of context and
broadened its scope. Within the right scope, incidentally, the
transformation might make sense - e.g. perhaps we are formulating a policy
of leaving on time even if some people are not yet there, and we expect
that the result of this policy will be that people arrive on time.
You say that the "if not B then not A" is a good general tool for
understanding conditionals with negatives in both the protasis and the
apodosis. Consider this statement, which is similar to the first, but has
negatives in both the protasis and the apodosis:
Statement: If he does not come on time then we will not leave before he
A: he does not come on time
B: we will not leave before he arrives
if not B then not A = if we leave before he arrives he will come on time
Again, the result of the transformation is a little surprising, and seems
to have a different propositional value than the original statement.
I think that Grice is pretty important for understanding conditionals in
human language. He's also very hard going. I'm not sure who else is
important to read (perhaps Wittgenstein? but I'm not sure which works), but
perhaps some of the linguists on the list will know. At any rate, I think
that there's a fair amount of literature on the treatment of human language
conditionals, written largely by philosophers and linguists, and I know
that I haven't read much of it except for Grice and a little Wittgenstein.
>only correct if the unnegated protasis is true according to the author and is
>clause is preeminently true, not exclusively true, so the rendering of
>"except" or "but" changes the meaning of the passage.
This is too brief for me to agree or disagree with. I'll give you my
off-the-cuff responses to each of these verses, and perhaps you can tell me
how *you* analyze them.
EI MH occurs twice in Matt 11:27 - nobody knows the son EI MH the father,
and nobody knows the father EI MH the son, and those to whom the son
chooses to reveal him. At least some translations (the first few I looked
at) translate this with "except" or "but". Why do you think this changes
the meaning?
In Matt 13:57, Jesus says that a prophet is not without honor EI MH in a
home game. Now I assume your point is that this statement, taken as literal
truth, is false if a prophet is also dishonored outside of his home town.
Your solution is probably to interpret EI MH as something other than
"except". My solution (off the top of my head) is to bring in the larger
context in which the statement was made, and probably to treat this as a
hyperbolic statement - and I do think that Jesus uses hyperbole on other
occasions as well. Of course, hyperbole and other figures of speech are
pretty rough on formal logical analysis, but I'm sure that someone
somewhere has written on this in a useful way.
In John 3:13, the statement is that nobody has ascended into heaven EI MH
him who descended from heaven, the Son of Man. I assume your point is that
there are a couple of people in the Old Testament who ascended into heaven.
In this case, I think you need to look at the scope of the statement -
Jesus is saying that there is only one person who can tell Nicodemus about
heavenly things, the one person who has been to heaven and has descended
from heaven. Now if you want to be strictly literal, yes, there are a
couple of prophets sitting in heaven who have ascended into heaven, but
they aren't on earth anymore, and are not available to explain things to
Nicodemus. If you want to be that literal, Jesus has not yet ascended into
heaven at that point either. (I think there are a lot of uses of "everyone"
and "nobody" in the NT that only make sense with the right scoping.)
Jonathan Robie
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text:
It is hardly to believe that Russia has its own Indian tribes but that fact is true. There is a population of about 1500 people who are originally Indians who live in Kamchatka peninsula. They are some kind of mix between Indians and Eskimos. They are called Itelmens. Some scientific studies have revealed that Itelmens are related to a Tlingit tribe in Alaska and they also have some common customs and tradition.
Itelmens are not only indigenous tribe which lives in Russia but they are considered as most authentic one. Their community of about 1500 people is better educated than the other indigenous communities but their life still remains pretty primitive. Here you are watching a photos of an exhibition in a Moscow based photo centers which was made in order to improve the knowledge about existence of Indian culture on Russian soil.


text:
The 3rd stage in the finger training is the Wood liniment and is also cold. Training at this stage is turned towards the internal methods with tensing the fingers, hands, and arms which derived for the controlled exertion with the Taoist breathing techniques. These liniments are associated with extending ones energy not only into the ground but also sending it through the tips of the fingers at any time it should be necessary to do so. These liniments are strictly applied at the onset of training and the energy derived from these bordering on what Taoist call "Mysterious Chi".
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Meet 'URL': the newest canine police recruit who sniffs out storage devices
A 16-month old black labrador retriever who was rescued from the pound as a puppy is the latest police dog to start a highly specialized new job: sniffing out hidden electronic devices during police searches.
His name: URL.
Given that URL was trained by the same trainer as Bear – another black lab who played a key role in the arrest of Subway pitchman Jared Fogle on charges of child abuse imagery – he's been dubbed Utah's first "porn dog."
Bear, like URL, was rescued from a shelter.
The dogs' trainer, Todd Jordan, spent six months training URL on a food-reward system: URL gets a handful of food when he discovers a hidden device at a command of "Seek!"
URL is now working for the Weber County Sheriff's Office, which said that he's one of only nine certified electronic detection canines (ED K-9s) in the country, and the only one in the western states of the US.
Two years ago, Rhode Island became the second state in the US to take on the services of an ED K-9. That yellow lab's name was Thoreau.
These dogs obviously can't detect what content is on the electronic storage devices, but they're blood hounds when it comes to discerning certain substances.
Of course, in the case of ED K-9s, it's not blood they're searching for: it's the materials used in the storage devices, such as cellphones, SIM cards, SD cards, external hard drives, thumb drives, iPads or other tablets.
"[URL's] highly sensitive nose has been trained to detect the unique chemical compounds found in the certain electronic components," the sheriff's office said. "Whether it's child porn, terrorism intelligence, narcotics or financial crimes information, URL has the ability to find evidence hidden on basically any electronic memory device."
That can include, for example, a thumb drive encased in a tin hidden deep in a metal cabinet, or a hard drive sealed inside a plastic bag on the upper shelf of a desk.
When people don't want their electronic storage devices found, those are the places they'll try to hide them. Police say that people also tuck devices behind ceiling tins or stuff them into radios.
Police might miss those spots, but a dog's sharp nose will uncover such hidden devices.
The sheriff's office said that URL will help out investigators as they search for hidden memory storage devices, as well as in corrections facilities to seek for contraband such as mobile phones.


text:
- conceit •
Pronunciation: kên-seet • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. (Mass noun) Extreme egotism, excessive and vain pride in oneself. 2. (Count noun) A fanciful or outlandish notion or idea. 3. In literature, an unusually creative twist, a bit of unexpected imagery or metaphor.
Notes: Centuries ago today's good word had the same meanings as concept and conception; all three were derived from the verb conceive. However, as meanings changed over the years, English assigned different meanings to these three nouns despite their common origin. In the sense of "egotism", conceit is a mass noun that has no plural. In the sense of "fanciful notion", it can be pluralized, as a novel that relies on its conceits more than its plot.
In Play: Let's focus on the second meaning of today's Good Word since it tends to be overlooked: "Inga Smorgasbord based all her candlelight dinners on the conceit that food was enjoyed more at a table inundated in redolent flowers." In his poem, "The Flea", John Donne uses a flea as a conceit for a metaphorical marriage with the object of his affection when the flea sucks and mingles blood from the both of them. The conceit is deepened when he suggests that killing the flea would now be suicide. This is not an ordinary metaphor but a highly creative, unexpected, and fanciful one.
Word History: Even in Middle English, today's Good Word meant "mind, concept". It was then conceite, an Anglo-Norman reduction of Late Latin conceptus, the past participle of concipere "to grasp, conceive". This verb was made up of the intensive prefix com- + capere "to take", the source of English words like capture, captive, and captivate. The root of capere came from Proto-Indo-European kap- "grab, grasp", which reached Old Germanic as habai- "get, have" and continued to German as haben and to English as have, both with the same meanings.


Connecticut Emergency Alert & Notification System
Most Trumbull residents know they can call 911 to get assistance in the event of a police, fire or medical emergency. With the Connecticut Emergency Alerting and Notification System (or CT Alert ENS), Trumbull's emergency services personnel can also notify residents and businesses about a potential emergency circumstance.
The CT Alert ENS allows the Town of Trumbull to rapidly notify specific geographical areas or the entire town with minimal impact on emergency services personnel.
By default, the CT Alert ENS database includes all listed and unlisted wired, land-line phone numbers. Residents and businesses can sign up to receive alerts on additional devices including Moble Phones, Voice Over IP landlines, email, Text Messaging and/or Instant Messaging, and Fax.
You are responsible for any costs associated with your receipt of text, phone, or other messages received through any emergency notification system.
How It Works
In the event of an emergency, Trumbull Emergency Services personnel can identify the affected geographic area of Trumbull and record a message that describes the situation and recommends the protective actions residents and local businesses should take. The CT Alert ENS will automatically send recorded messages to all contact devices (listed and unlisted wired, land-line phones, cell phones, etc.) within the geographic area. If phone lines are busy, the system will attempt to redial those numbers a predetermined number of times to make contact. If an answering machine picks up the call, the emergency message will be left on the machine.
System Features
The CT Alert ENS's features make it an excellent tool for sharing information and alerting residents in the case of an emergency situation.
 - It can provide an initial warning as well as specific instructions to protect at-risk citizens. Both factors are necessary for an effective warning.
 - The CT Alert ENS can target specific geographic locations, warning only those people who are directly at risk.
 - The system uses existing devices (home phones, cell phones, PDAs, etc.) to alert citizens; there is no need for people to buy a specialized warning device.
 - The system can deliver text messages to TTY/TDD devices. This feature has the potential to greatly enhance our ability to warn and protect citizens who are deaf or hard of hearing.
 - Residents and businesses can add contact devices to the database. This can be used to add work telephone numbers, cell phones, email addresses, etc. to the system.
Some of the many uses of the system include:
 - Crime prevention
 - Emergency evacuations
 - Hazardous material leaks
 - Homeland Security
 - Missing person alerts
 - Natural disaster alerts
 - Neighborhood emergency incidents
 - Search and rescue operations
 - Severe weather
 - Special community notifications
 - Wanted person alerts
The CT Alert ENS technology provides Trumbull's emergency services personnel with a state-of-the-art, public safety communication solution to better serve those who live and work in Trumbull.
The CT Alert ENS system is an excellent enhancement to the Town's system of sharing information with our citizens, but it does not replace Trumbull's other notification systems such as the Town of Trumbull's website, Trumbull Community Television(Charter Spectrum channel 194 and Frontier Vantage channel 6019), the local radio (WICC) and local newspapers (Trumbull Times and Connecticut Post).
Call Screening Features
CT Alert ENS will not work with phone lines having call screening features. For example, if your phone line requires an individual to identify himself or herself through a recorded message before the call is excepted, the CT Alert ENS will not work. The system is designed to play the recorded message upon voice activation, such as a person saying "hello" or an answering machine recording.
The incorporation of the CT Alert ENS represents the Town of Trumbull's continuing commitment to providing our citizens with the most advanced technologies available to ensure that our local public safety is as effective as possible.


#73 Ignacio Nicknamed Nacho
Written by Food Non-Fiction October 20, 2020
This is the incredible true story behind the cheesy, crunchy dish that everyone loves - Nachos! This story of nachos was uncovered by children's book author, Sandra Nickel, who wrote the illustrated children's book titled "Nacho's Nachos The Story Behind the World's Favorite Snack".
Sandra found descendants of three key people involved in the creation of nachos and heard the nachos origin story directly from them. She corresponded with 1) Luis Ignacio Anaya (the grandson of the person who invented nachos), 2) Patricia Finan de los Santos (the granddaughter of the customer that nachos were first created for), and Rodolfo de los Santos Jr. (the son of the person who owned the restaurant where nachos were invented).
The story of nachos goes like this…In 1940, four women from Eagle Pass, Texas went to Piedras Negras, Coahuila to eat at the Victory Club. At least one of these women, Mamie Finan was a regular there. They asked Ignacio Anaya for a new snack. Always wanting to keep guests happy, Ignacio agreed even though he had no idea what to make. When he spotted a bowl of totopos (fried pieces of corn tortilla) he had the idea to add cheese and jalapeno strips on them. He popped this into the oven to melt the cheese. Years later when he reflected back on his inspiration for the dish he noted that his foster mother had often made him quesadillas.
Upon trying the delicious new snack that Ignacio brought out, Mamie asked him what the snack was called. Ignacio simply named the snack after himself, replying that it was called "Nacho's Special". As it turns out, "Nacho" is a common nickname for the name "Ignacio"!
While there is some confusion around whether Ignacio originally named the dish in English (Nacho's Special) or in Spanish (Nachos Especiales), Sandra has found evidence that points to the dish originally being named in English. This makes sense because the dish was made for an Mamie Finan who was an American. In an old ad written by Nacho himself, the ad referred to nachos as "Nacho's Special".
The Victory Club where nachos were born was closed down in 1961, and Nacho went on to open his own restaurant. His former employer, Rodolfo de los Santos, gave him kitchen equipment to thank him for his time at the Victory Club. Nacho passed away on November 9, 1974 at the age of 79. He is remembered as a generous family man.
Special Thanks to Our Interviewee:
Sandra Nickel - author of Nacho's Nachos The Story Behind the World's Favorite Snack


text:
If an applicant has a university entrance qualification (e.g. advanced school-leaving certificate, master craftsman's certificate) combined with artistic talent, he or she is eligible to apply to study on the art degree programmes at the Kunsthochschule. Evidence of artistic talent must be provided in an art entrance examination. Applicants without a university entrance qualification may also apply and will be admitted, providing they show evidence of outstanding artistic talent in the art entrance examination.
Apart from the above-mentioned requirements, we welcome applicants who have already been able to acquire diverse life experience in the context of a work placement, a study programme, a professional training scheme or a stay abroad prior to studying art.
Applicants can commence their studies as of the winter semester or as of the summer semester. The entrance examination is the first occasion on which applicants bring and present their portfolio. Registration for the entrance examination must be received by 30 April or 1 December, respectively, of the year in question (date of the postmark).
Ideally, you will have compiled your portfolio so as to provide information about your personality, development and knowledge. You are, in principle, free to decide on the format and working method.
Your personal presentation within the entrance examination can consist of a selection of two-dimensional and three-dimensional works, sketches, drawings, watercolours, photographs, drafts, a performance or similar. In compiling your works, you should, however, bear in mind that preliminary drafts, sketches and preparatory drawings for a work often permit more conclusions about your ways of thinking and approaches than an image of the finished work is able to convey.
In addition to creative and compositional questions, we are interested in your artistic concepts and your personal motivation, as well as your engagement with contemporary developments and trends in present-day art. Your presentation should include around 15 to 20 works. We do not recommend portfolio courses.
It is now possible to apply for the degree programme in Visual Arts not only for the beginning of the programme in the winter semester, but also for the summer semester.
Registration for the entrance examination for the degree programme in Visual Arts must be received by 1 December (date of the postmark).


text:
Defines the abstract methods that should be implemented by child classes.
QuickForm renderers implement the Visitor design pattern. That means that each form element has an accept() method that is called with a renderer instance as a parameter. This method does the following:
If the element contains other elements (HTML_QuickForm_group and HTML_QuickForm itself) then it iterates over them calling each element's accept() method and calls the methods for rendering the container itself (e.g. startForm() and finishForm()).
If the element is simple, then it calls the renderer's method for rendering itself (e.g. renderHeader()).
It may seem that renderer object has to have a renderConcreteElement() method for each HTML_QuickForm_concreteElement it may visit, but fortunately most of the elements have fairly similar rendering needs, so instead of separate renderTextarea() and renderCheckbox() we have a generic renderElement() method.
The renderer should take care of "accumulating" the information passed to its methods and of generating some type of output based on it. How this is implemented internally depends on the renderer type.
The first thing you have to decide upon is how your renderer will accumulate the information. You'll probably have to create some data structures to keep it (unless you are going to pass the information to e.g. a template object at once).
Then you have to make concrete implementations for all the abstract methods defined in HTML_QuickForm_Renderer. One notable exception is renderHtml() method that is implemented only in the Default renderer and will probably stay this way.
You'll probably also want to add some public methods for customizing the output and getting the results of the renderer's work. But this depends on the type of the renderer very much.
If you want to contribute the renderer you made to QuickForm, consider the following
Your code should be useful to other people (e.g. renderer for some obscure private template engine is a bad contribution).
Your renderer should have non-trivial usage examples.
And last but not least, you code will have to conform to PEAR coding standards.
Tip: If you have examples for additional uses of an existing renderer, that will be a welcome contribution, too.


text:
The long awaited reporting section is now being worked on. This is going to be massive and we hope to improve it with future updates. The idea is to keep it simple for now, but still providing massive calculating power to number-crunch all your financial data.
The design incorporates a Financials summary:
- Payments: including the number of payment entries and total payment earnings. Note: payments are basically manual payment entries.
- Invoices: including the number of invoice entries, the number of outstanding invoices and their total, the number of paid invoices and their total, and the grand total of all invoice earnings for both outstanding and paid.
- We have included a filter that allows you to show a custom or predefined date range.
- Earnings show the grand total of all payments and invoice earnings.
We have included a Student financials table that provides more details on a per-student-basis. This can be handy to see all of your students financial records in one place. This includes: the student name, payment earnings, the last payment, invoice earnings, outstanding payments, last invoice and a grand total of payments and invoice earnings. Again this is filterable via a custom or predefined date range.


text:
Grab a rubber band and stretch your curiosity to discover exothermic and endothermic reactions
Simple household objects are involved in this practical, which shows off a simple principle in a clear and effective way.
This experiment should take 30 minutes.
- Eye protection
- Rubber band, 0.5 cm wide (one for each participant)
- Hair dryer
- Weight >1 kg
Health, safety and technical notes
- Read our standard health and safety guidance.
- Always wear eye protection.
- Ensure rubber bands are sterile and clean.
- Ask participant to stand back so that broken rubber bands do not drop weights onto feet.
- Hairdryers should not be brought from home, ensure all electricals used have an up-to-date pat test.
- Take the rubber band. Quickly stretch it and press it against your lips. Note any temperature change compared with the unstretched band.
- Now carry out the reverse process. First stretch the rubber band and hold it in this position for a few seconds. Then quickly release the tension and press the rubber band against your lips.
- Compare this temperature change with the first situation.
- Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Make sure that if the rubber band breaks, the weight cannot drop on feet.
- Predict what happens if this rubber band is heated with a hair dryer.
- Write down your prediction.
- Measure the length of the stretched rubber band.
- Now heat the rubber band using the hair dryer and observe the result.
- Measure the new length.
- The depth of treatment depends on the ability of the students.
- Students should recognise the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions.
- A rubber band width of 1–1.5 cm and a 2 kg mass works well.
- A ruler standing beside the apparatus is effective as students can see the contraction as it occurs.
- Another alternative is to use a clampstand and adjust the height of the weight until it just touches the bench.
By placing the rubber band against their lips, students may detect the slight warming that occurs when the rubber band is stretched (exothermic process) and the slight cooling effect that occurs when the rubber band contracts (endothermic process).
The equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS (where ΔG means change in Gibb's free energy, ΔH is enthalpy change, ΔS is entropy change and T is the absolute temperature) can be rearranged to give TΔS = ΔH - ΔG. The stretching process (exothermic) means that ΔH is negative, and since stretching is nonspontaneous (that is, ΔG is positive and -ΔG is negative), TΔS must be negative.
Since T, the absolute temperature, is always positive, we conclude that ΔS due to stretching must be negative.
This tells us that rubber under its natural state is more disordered than when it is under tension.
When the tension is removed, the stretched rubber band spontaneously snaps back to its original shape; that is, ΔG is negative and -ΔG is positive.
The cooling effect means that it is an endothermic process (ΔH > 0), so that TΔS is positive. Thus, the entropy of the rubber band increases when it goes from the stretched state to the natural state.
- Based on your initial testing (by placing the rubber band against your lips) decide which process is exothermic (heat given out): stretching or contracting of the rubber band?
- The chemist Le Chatelier made the statement, '… an increase in temperature tends to favour the endothermic process'. Explain in your own words how this statement and how your answer to question 1 can account for your observations when heating the rubber band.
- Draw a number of lines to represent chains of rubber molecules, showing how they might be arranged in the unstretched and stretched forms.
- They should observe that the rubber band contracts when heated, which may well be the opposite of what they have predicted. The most simplistic answer may be that since the endothermic process is favoured when heating occurs, this is a contraction in the case of the rubber polymer since this is the endothermic process.
Rubber band experimentstudent sheetPDF, Size 0.14 mb
Rubber band experimentteacher notesPDF, Size 0.18 mb
This practical is part of our Classic chemistry experiments collection.
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text:
STRAWSCRAPER – an urban power plant
STRAWSCRAPER is an extension of Söder Torn on Södermalm in Stockholm. With its new energy producing shell covered in straws the building can now recover wind energy and thus works as an urban powerplant. What was originally planned to become a building of 40 flights became 26. Söder Torn was finalized in 1997, however, the architect Henning Larsen had already left the contract after having lost influence over the design of the tower.
Belatchew Arkitekter wants to give Söder Torn its original proportions and at the same time explore new techniques that could create the urban wind farm of the future. By using piezoelectric technology a large number of thin straws can produce electricity merely through small movements generated by the wind. The result is a new kind of wind power plant that opens up possibilities of how buildings can produce energy. With the help of this technique, surfaces on both old and new buildings can be transformed into energy producing entities. Furthermore, an additional aspect is revealed when the constant movement of the straws creates an undulating landscape on the facades. What is usually considered to be the most static of all things, the building, suddenly comes alive and the construction gives the impression of a body that is breathing. The straws swaying in the wind gives the building a constantly changing facade further reinforced at nighttime with lighting in changing colors.
The straws of the facade consist of a composite material with piezoelectric properties that can turn motion into electrical energy. Piezoelectricity is created when the deformation of certain crystals is transformed into electricity. The technique has advantages when compared to traditional wind turbines since it is quiet and does not disturb wildlife. It is operable at low wind velocity since only a light breeze is sufficient for the straws to start swaying and generate energy. The existing premise on top of the building is replaced with a public floor with room for a restaurant. The new extension creates, apart from the energy producing shell, room for the citizens with the possibility to reach a lookout platform at the very top of the tower. Here you will be able to enjoy an unmatched view of Stockholm.


text:
Large areas of Histosols are found in the circumpolar region of the northern hemisphere, as well as in Southeast Asia.
Histosols are formed in 'organic material' with physical, chemical and mechanical properties that differ strongly from those of mineral soil materials. Organic soil material accumaulates in conditions where plant matter is produced by a climax vegetation and where decomposition is slow.
Soils having a histic or folic horizon (wet or dry organic horizons, respectively)
- either 10 cm or more thick if overlying a lithic or paralithic contact, or
- 40 cm or more thick and starting within 30 cm from the soil surface.
Histosols do not have an andic or vitric horizon that starts within 30 cm from the soil surface.
|Highland peat in western Ireland (Ombri-Sapric Histosol)||Strongly decomposed peat under cultivated grassland, the Netherlands


text: The potential of Salmonella contamination in hatching cabinets to 1) generate seeder chicks and 2) interfere with the efficacy of competitive exclusion (CE) treatments was investigated in six experiments. Hatchery-generated seeder: chicks were produced by hatching in the same hatcher with inoculated eggs (immersed in a 1.0 x 10(5) cfu/mL suspension of Salmonella typhimurium or inoculated with 10(5) to 10(6) cells on the air cell membrane). Salmonella spread through the hatching cabinet to chicks hatching from uninoculated eggs in adjacent trays. In two experiments, Salmonella was isolated from 31 and 100% of the chick rinses after the birds were held in groups for 3 d in isolation units. When these hatchery-generated seeder chicks were stocked in floor pens at a 1:10 ratio with uncontaminated contact chicks, the pen environment became contaminated to the extent that greater than 50% of the contact chicks became contaminated. In two experiments with only one to three inoculated eggs per 200 egg hatching cabinet, 98% of uninoculated chicks were intestinally colonized with Salmonella after the birds were held 1 wk in isolation cabinets. This hatchery-acquired Salmonella substantially reduced the effectiveness of subsequent CE treatments to prevent Salmonella colonization of the young chicks. These studies demonstrate that control of Salmonella in hatching cabinets is critically important for control of Salmonella in broilers.


Degrees and Certifications:
Elementary Education and Learning Disabilities both from USC Upstate
Ms. Stephanie Peavy
Position: Math
Current Team: 6-3
Why Do You Love Teaching? I have known since 2nd grade that I wanted to be a teacher. I truly believe it is my life calling and it brings me so much joy educating children.
What Are Your Goals As A Teacher This Year? My goal is to continue fostering a classroom environment that makes students want to attendthrough building relationships with them and allowing them to build relationships with each other, our classroom will continue to grow as a welcoming and warm classroom.


text:
Definition of Coffins
1. Noun. (plural of coffin) ¹
2. Verb. (third-person singular of coffin) ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Coffins
1. coffin [v] - See also: coffin
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Coffins Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Coffins
Literary usage of Coffins
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Nippur Or Explorations A. Adventures on the Euphrates: Narrative of the by John Punnett Peters (1897)
"coffins AND BURIAL CUSTOMS. Greek Influence—Clay coffins—The Slipper Shape—Burial in Jars—Tub and Bowl coffins—Double Urns—Arabian Graves—Dates of Burials—..."
2. The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht by Arthur C. Mace, Herbert Eustis Winlock (1916)
"Just as a mummy with a mask might have an actual bead collar sewn on its breast, the coffins had one inlaid or painted there; and as the mummy might wear a..."
3. London by Charles Knight (1843)
"if he suspects it was coffins, he replies, " I cannot say, because the window was blocked up and the door fastened, and I could not see...."
4. Naukratis by William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1888)
"(26) From the third material that was used for coffins, wood,... The coffins themselves were probably of the same shape as one in the Bulak Museum,..."
5. Old Church Lore by William Andrews (1891)
"Concerning coffins. [JHE use of the coffin may be traced back to a remote... Marble and stone were largely used by the Romans, but many lead coffins have..."
6. The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for by Edmund Burke, Benjamin Franklin Collection (Library of Congress), John Davis Batchelder Collection (Library of Congress) (1793)
"Of Hie coffins anciently ufed, and tie method of embalming... people have their coffins. If the relations cannot afford them,..."
7. Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom by Royal Society of Literature (Great Britain) (1874)
"Ten of the coffins were left in Egypt, but the mummies, with other coffins, the best of the find, were presented by Ismail Pasha, the Viceroy, to the Prince..."


text:
Kullakar Rice is rich in antioxidant and has higher zinc content when compared to white rice. Kullakar regenerate cells and energizes the body.
Alternative Names: Kullakar Rice |Red Rice | Red Idly Rice | Unpolished Rice
- Packed with vitamins and minerals.
- Regulates blood pressure
- Helps control Blood sugar levels when consumed on regular basis.
- Energizes brain, nerves and body.
- Kullakar Rice helps in weight loss as it contains complex carbohydrates, which takes times to digest
- Increases bone strength
- Helps relieve constipation.
- Some of the common recepies made of Kullakar Rice:
- Kullakar Idly / Dosa
- Kullakar Puttu
- Kullakar Salad
- Kullakar Sweet Pongal


text:
Important relics such as the institution's entire Egyptology collection were wiped out.
But all may not be lost thanks to a brand-new crowdsourcing initiative that is trying to save images of artifacts lost in the flames.
Museum workers managed to save some artifacts and other items survived because they were on loan to other institutions. But most of the 20 million objects are unfortunately gone forever.
Constructing a Digital Archive
However, these precious relics from previous centuries still exist in the photos and videos taken by visitors to the museum and so Wikipedia is encouraging them to upload their images to its Wikimedia Commons repository.
This effort is being bolstered by students at the Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro who have launched their own crowdsourcing project to digitally preserve some of the museum's many treasures.
Among the valuable pieces that are thought to have been destroyed was a 12,000-year-old skull called Luzia that was thought to be one of the oldest fossils found in the Americas.
One of the few items to have been confirmed to have survived is the Bendegó meteorite, the largest iron meteorite to be found in Brazil. It was originally discovered in 1784 by a boy who was looking for a lost cow.


text:
Family Science Investigation - Algae to Ethanol
Alternative fuel sources are a popular area of discussion in the science and engineering communities. Never before has so much money and research been devoted to the development of alternative fuel sources. This class is designed to teach students about the benefits of alternative fuel sources, specifically the area of biofuels. The Algae to Ethanol class offered by the Natural World Investigate Lab will teach students everything they need to know about the processes of growing algae, harvesting it, and extracting ethanol. We will cover the development of algae ethanol from photosynthesis to alcoholic fermentation and give students hands-on experience using density measurement sticks, fractional distillation systems, spectrometers and pipettes.
Family Science Investigations programs offer families an opportunity to participate together in monthly science classes related to Museum research, including topics in ecology, paleontology, geology and biology. These classes are especially useful for homeschoolers looking for additional reinforcement to curriculum goals, or any family group that simply enjoys learning together!
Program Instructor: Bob Alderink and Colin Brammer, Coordinators for Natural World investigate Lab.
For more information contact Debbie Huston, scheduling coordinator, at _PHONE_.


Sign up ×
1) First of all, I have to construct the semi direct product "from H to Q", it is written has $H \lambda Q$ in my notes. I have $H = C_{17}, Q = C_2$.
So I did $Aut(C_{17}) = C_{16}$ and then you can see that 2 divides 16 and so you want to work out how many elements of order 2 there are in $C_{16}$. Doing $\varphi{16} = 2$ and so I have just 2 elements of order 2 in $C_{16}$ and so there are just 2 semi direct products. How do I know what these semi-direct products are? Am I right in assuming that one is the trivial semi direct product, i.e the direct product?
2) Another question, I have to say how many semi direct products there are from H to Q (same notation as before. I have
$H = C_{42}, Q = C_{3}$
So I then get $Aut(H) = C_6 \times C_2$. So from here, I can see that 3 doesn't divide 2 but divides 6 so I just look at that. I want the number of elements of order 3 in $C_6$. I get there are 3 elements of order 3. Assuming $C_6 = \{a,..., a^6\}$ then the elements of order 3 are $a^2, a^4$ and $a^6$. So from here I get there are three semi direct products for this question. My question is this though, lets assume I had something like $Aut(H) = C_6 \times C_3$, then how would I work this question out? As 3 divides 3 from the other $C_3$ so I can't just ignore it like in the question I had to do. What would I do here? I'm assuming I would have to work out the number of semi direct products in this, and then how would I combine the two?
EDIT: Oh hang on, I need to be able to work out the number of elements in a given order to be able to answer my second question don't I? Dang. Still can't do that :(
share|cite|improve this question
Is $\,\phi 16=2\,$ meant to be "the Euler function of 16 is two"? Because it is completely wrong: a cyclic group of finite order $\,n\,$ has exactly one (cyclic, of course) subgroup of any order $\,d\,$ dividing $\,n\,$, and thus a cyclic group of even order has one unique subgroup of order two and thus one unique element of order two...od you meant something else? – DonAntonio Jan 6 '13 at 21:56
Perhaps he means that there are two elements satisfying $x^2=1$, which do indeed give rise to the two semidirect products, one of which is a direct product? – Derek Holt Jan 6 '13 at 22:00
_USER_ Yeah it was, but I've kind of rushed it when I was typing and mixed everything up in my head, sorry. What I wrote on my paper was this: 2 divides 16 and so we want number of elements of order 2 in $C_{16}$. I.e $ord(a^k) = 2 = \frac{16}{(k, 16)}$. Re arranging this gives us $(k, 16) = 8$ and so we get two elements of order 2 in this semi direct product. The elements or order two that I get (just to show you I understand what I've done) are, if $C_{16} = \{a, a^2,..., a^{16} \}$, then the two elemnts are $a^8$ and $a^{16}$. I think thats correct. – Kaish Jan 6 '13 at 22:03
No _USER_, it still isn't correct: $\,a^8\,$ is the only element of order two, whereas $\,a^{16}=1\,$ has order 1. Of course, and as Derek commented, you seem to be interested in elements which fulfil $\,x^2=1\,$. – DonAntonio Jan 6 '13 at 22:08
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You seem to be seeking semidirect products $\,C_{17}\rtimes C_2\,$, for which we must know the possible homomorphisms $\,C_2\to\operatorname{Aut}(C_{17})\cong C_{16}\,$. Since $\,C_{16}\,$ has one single element of order $\,2\,$ there is one unique non-trivial homomorphism as above, which gives the non-abelian group of order $\,34\,$, determined by the action $\,c\cdot a=:a^c=a^{-1}\,\,,\,\,C_2=\langle c\rangle\,\,,\,\,C_{17}=\langle a\rangle \,$. Thus, we can say that
$$C_{17}\rtimes C_2=\left\{(c^i,a^j)\in C_{17}\times C_2\;\;;\;\;0\leq i\leq 16\,\,,\,0\leq j\leq 1\right\}$$
under the operation
The other homomorphism is the trivial one, which gives us the direct product $\,C_{17}\times C_2\cong C_{34}=$the cyclic group of order $\,34\,$
As for your second question: $\,\operatorname{Aut}(C_{42})\cong C_2\times C_6,\,$ so how many homomorphisms $\,C_3\to C_2\times C_6\,$ can you find?...
share|cite|improve this answer
How do you get this non abelian group? Where does the $a^c = a6{-1}$ comes from? Also, how do you know under what operation this comes? For your question, like I said, there would be 3 semi direct products. $C_6$ has two elements of order 3, $a^2, a^4$ and one element of order 1, $a^6$. The element of order 1 gives the direct product. The other two semi direct products would be commuting ones as they have the same order. I don't know what they would be though. I don't know the method to show this. – Kaish Jan 6 '13 at 22:30
That was supposed to say, where does the $a^c = a^{-1}$ come from – Kaish Jan 6 '13 at 22:36
It is known that any non-trivial homom. as described in the answer gives a non-abelian semidirect product, but you can prove it directly...An even-order automorphism group of a cyclic group has only one automorphism of order two: the involution (or inversion) automorphism, taking any element to its inverse...I don't understand your question "how do you know under what operation this comes"...The continuation is fine, but the two non-trivial semidirect products are isomorphic, so you get only one (up to isomorphism) non-abelian group in this way, AND the abelian one from the trivial hom. – DonAntonio Jan 6 '13 at 22:39
That operation question was just, you wrote you get that semi direct product (SDP) under that operation. What does that basically mean? So with the other bit, there are two semi direct products, but one of them is non abelian, the other one is and the trivial homomorphism? Sorry, that bit didn't make much sense to me. Also, are they isomorphic as they both have the same order? – Kaish Jan 6 '13 at 22:46
_USER_, I can't make a complete exposition about semidirect products here. There are excellent books that deal with it, look it up. Just for a taste: $$(c^i,a^j)(c^k,a^r):=(c^{i+(-1)^jk},a^{j+r})$$ since the action is inversion: $$(c^k)^{a^j}=c^{(-1)^jk}$$ as $\,(c^j)^a=c^{-j}\,\,,\,(c^j)^{a^2=1}=c^j\,$ – DonAntonio Jan 6 '13 at 22:54
About your first question, you want to construct $$G=N\rtimes H$$ wherein $N=\Bbb Z_{17}=\langle n\rangle, H=\Bbb Z_{2}=\langle h\rangle$. You started correctly because we need some homomorphisms which can construct the proper relations for $G$'s. So you took $$\phi:H\to Aut(N)$$ You noted that correctly that $|Aut(N)|=16$ but we should be careful that any generators of $N$ would be mapped to


text:
Big Potential for Horticulture in the Heart of WalesPosted: November 14, 2015
Calon Cymru — the Heart of Wales — suffers from a lack of economic activity and from an exodus of young people and an inflow of retired folk. Calon Cymru Network, a community interest company set up to foster low-impact development in the region, sees horticulture — producing fruit and vegetables — as an essential part of regeneration. Wales produces hardly any fruit or vegetables, but could do so in the corridor of the Heart of Wales railway. There is big potential, as AMBER WHEELER suggests below.
Present population of the corridor is 35,000, with potential to double in 10 years to 70,000.
35,000 people's fruit and vegetable needs (at 5 a day excluding potatoes), and including 35% food waste from farm to fork (a typical level, which should be much lower) = 0.2 tonnes/per person/per year = 7,000 tonnes per year, rising to 14,000 tonnes in 10 years time for a population twice as large.
Achievable yields in Wales = at least 10 tonnes/hectare average for mixed fruit and vegetable cropping.
10 tonnes per hectare/per year from 700 hectares could yield 7,000 tonnes, and from 1,400 hectares, 14,000 tonnes.
Calon Cymru Network is concerned with a 130 km length of the corridor, 4 km wide, containing about 36,400 hectares of undeveloped rural land of all types.
To be able to grow 100% of the corridor's current fruit and veg needs would require 2% of the rural land, rising to 4% if the population doubled. Hardly any land is used for these purposes at present.
Obviously this is a simplification, but the Heart of Wales corridor could support a larger population and produce much more of those people's food needs.
And this is one of Calon Cymru Network's ambitions.


SQL statements is NOT safe. Always use prepared statements. They are cleaner to use (code easier to read) and not prone to SQL injections.
Escaping strings to include in SQL statements doesn't work very well in some locales hence it is not safe.
up
4
codeFiend <aeontech at gmail dot com>
14 years ago
Note that single-quotes around the parameter markers _will_ prevent your statement from being prepared correctly.
Ex:
<?php
$stmt
= $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO City (District) VALUES ('?')");
echo
$stmt->param_count." parameters\n";
?>
will print 0 and fail with "Number of variables doesn't match number of parameters in prepared statement" warning when you try to bind the variables to it.
But
<?php
$stmt
= $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO City (District) VALUES (?)");
echo
$stmt->param_count." parameters\n";
?>
will print 1 and function correctly.
Very annoying, took me an hour to figure this out.
up
0
Bernie van't Hof
8 years ago
Prepared statements are confusing in the beginning ..
mysqli->prepare() returns a so-called statement object which is used for subsequent operations eg execute, bind_param, store_result, bind_result, fetch, etc.
The statement object has private properties which update as each statement operation is carried out. I found these useful for understanding what is going on when writing a prepared statement function:
affected_rows
insert_id
num_rows
param_count
field_count
errno
error
sqlstate
id
But it took a little time to get my head around accessing them:
<?php
$stmt
= $mysqli->prepare($query);
// .. $stmt-> operations ..
var_dump($stmt); // shows null values
var_dump($stmt->errno); // note literal, displays value
// .. $stmt-> operations ..
// to keep a copy ..
// get_object_properties() won't work
// clone() won't work
$properties = array();
foreach (
$stmt as $name => $priv){

$properties[$name] = $stmt->$name; // works
 // $properties[$name] = $priv; // won't work, foreach can't access private properties
}
$stmt->close();
// var_dump($stmt->errno) // won't work, $stmt is closed
?>
up
0
rafael at stiod dot com
11 years ago
All data must be fetched before a new statement prepare
up
-1
@runspired
7 years ago
I don't think this is a bug, just an unexpected behavior. While building an API I discovered that passing INT 0 instead of STRING '0' into a prepared statement caused my script to run out of memory and produce a 500error on the webpage.
A simplified example of this issue is below: ($_DB is a global reference to a mysqli connection)
<?php
function getItem( $ID ) {

$_STATEMENT = $_DB->prepare("SELECT item_user, item_name, item_description FROM item WHERE item_id = ?;");

$_STATEMENT->bind_param( 'i' , $ID );

$_STATEMENT->execute();

$_STATEMENT->store_result();

$_STATEMENT->bind_result( $user , $name , $description);

$result = $_STATEMENT->fetch();

$_STATEMENT->free_result();

$_STATEMENT->close();
 return
$result;
}
getItem(0); //fails!
getItem('0'); //works!
?>
The best I can guess is that an INT 0 gets translated as BOOLEAN , and if this is indeed the case it should be documented above, but all efforts to get error information (via the php script) have failed.
up
-2
Zeebuck
9 years ago
I think that the purpose that it was originally built for, and the purpose that people use it for today, have diverged. But why dwell on the original purpose? Obviously more code has been put into prepared statements today to allow it to be used to prevent sql injections, so it is now part of the design purpose today, as well as performance on repeatable statements.
up
-2
sdepouw at NOSPAM dot com
11 years ago
I don't know how obvious this was for anyone else, but if you attempt to prepare a query for a table that doesn't exist in the database the connection currently points to (or if your query is invalid in some other way, I suppose), an object will not be returned. I only noticed this after doing some digging when I kept getting a fatal error saying that my statement variable was not an set to an instance of an object (it was probably null).
Replace NOSPAM with nimblepros to e-mail me.
up
-4
prwexler at earthlink dot net
9 years ago
Actually, the purpose of a prepare statement is to separate user input from SQL commands. This increases security by preventing a user from executing his own SQL code and damaging the integrity of a database.
up
-5
Ulf Wostner
14 years ago
Here is an example using bind_param and bind_result, showing iteration over a list of cities.
Note that there's some bug-potential in cases where the query returns NULL for some parameter value,
but the bind_result variables still might be bound. So, we use a conditional to spray the spot first.
$mysqli->select_db("world");
$template = "SELECT District, CountryCode FROM City WHERE Name=?";
printf("Prepare statement from template: %s\n", $template);
$cities = array('San Francisco', 'Lisbon', 'Lisboa', 'Marrakech', 'Madrid');
printf("Cities: %s\n", join(':', $cities));
if ($stmt = $mysqli->prepare($template)) {
 foreach($cities as $city) {
 // bind the string $city to the '?'
 $stmt->bind_param("s", $city);
 $stmt->execute();
 // bind result variables
 $stmt->bind_result($d,$cc);
 // 'Lisbon' is not found in the world.City table, but 'Lisboa' is.
 // Using a conditional we avoid putting Lisbon in California.
 if($stmt->fetch()) {
 printf("%s is in %s, %s\n", $city, $d, $cc);
 }
 }
 $stmt->close();
}
With the conditional statement we get the desired result:
Prepare statement from template: SELECT District,CountryCode FROM City WHERE Name=?
Cities: San Francisco:Lisbon:Lisboa:Marrakech:Madrid
San Francisco is in California, USA
Lisboa is in Lisboa, PRT
Marrakech is in Marrakech-Tensift-Al, MAR
Madrid is in Madrid, ESP
But, without the conditional statement we would put Lisbon in California:
San Francisco is in California, USA
Lisbon is in California, USA
Lisboa is in Lisboa, PRT
Marrakech is in Marrakech-Tensift-Al, MAR
Madrid is in Madrid, ESP
up
-4
marmstro at gmail dot com
6 years ago
If your IDE isn't recognizing $stmt as an object of type mysqli_stmt when you use the traditional perpare:
$stmt = mysqli_prepare($link, $query);
The following works and is IDE friendly:
$stmt = new mysqli_stmt($link, $query);
up
-7
nom0ny at yahoo dot com
13 years ago
It must be noted in the Description whether developers should call mysqli_stmt_close prior to executing mysqli_prepare again on the same statement variable.
Example, Script A calls mysqli_stmt_close twice:
<?php
/* Script A -- We are already connected to the database */
$stmt = mysqli_prepare($link, "INSERT INTO table VALUES (?, ?, 100)"); /* Query 1 */
mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "si", $string, $integer);
mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt);
mysqli_stmt_close($stmt); // CLOSE $stmt
$stmt = mysqli_prepare($link, "INSERT INTO table VALUES ('PHP', ?, ?)"); /* Query 2


An Advanced Swing
An Advanced Swing | The Physics of Flying Trapeze This investigation is a replacement for the original 'advanced swing' page which contained some over-simplification. If you have any comments, please contact us using the link above.
Up to this point, we have modelled our flyer swinging on his trapeze as a ball on a string. While this has allowed an understanding of some aspects of trapeze, there are several shortcomings with this approach.
Ball and string model
With the ball and string model, the only way to swing higher is to start higher. However, once we allow the flyer to move his body, this is no longer the case.
In this article we will show how a flyer can increase the height of his swing by moving his body. Our new model is therefore 'ball on a variable length string'. This is still a simplification compared with real life, but it captures the interesting physics which will allow us to gather some more interesting insights into the swing.
If you watch high level trapeze artists swinging, you will notice that while each has his or her own style. However there are basic movements common to all, which can summed up as:
"Long on the way down, short on the way up"
Let's look at what this means and why it causes the swing to increase in height. We will then consider a flyer swinging and show how this principle can be put into action.
First of all, let's define what we mean by the words 'long' and'short'. When we modelled the flyer as a ball on a string, we showed that it was the length of the string that defined the period of the swing. When we consider a flyer hanging from a trapeze bar, the same is still true, however as before we should note that it is not the length of the trapeze cables that represent the length of the pendulum, but rather the distance from the pivot (the attachment point at the top) down to the flyer's centre of mass (generally around the hips). A long pendulum results from moving the flyer's centre of mass away from the pivot (straightening his body). A short pendulum results from the flyer bringing his centre of mass up towards the pivot, and there are a number of ways to achieve this.
Shorten the pendulum
Why does this help?
In our simple model, once a flyer is swinging the energy in the system (flyer, bar, cables and pivot) is fixed. It just moves from one from to another, oscillating between kinetic energy and potential energy as the flyer swings back and forth. In order to increase the height of the swing, the flyer must put more energy into the system. This is because we know that at the extreme end of his swing, where he is stationary, all the energy is in the form of gravitational potential energy (with zero kinetic energy).
PE = m x g x h
(m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height with respect to the bottom of the swing)
Therefore if h is to be increased, then the energy in the system needs to be increased (as m and g are both fixed). This energy need to come from the chemical energy stored within the flyer (from his food). In order to add this energy into the swing, he needs to do work during the swing (in this context work is technical term which means moving against a force):
Work Done = force x distance moved
Let's now look at how the flyer can do work on the swing by shortening the pendulum on the way up and thereby gain height.
'Short on the way up'
From the flyer's perspective, he experiences both a centrifugal force pulling his body away from the pivot and a gravitational force pulling his body downwards. Any work that he can do against these two forces will add energy to the swing. If he wants to move his centre of mass up towards the pivot he must pull up in the opposite direction to the centrifugal force and against a component of the gravitational force (in other words he has to do work = expend some energy). Initially, we will imagine the flyer simply bending his arms and pulling himself up towards the bar.
We will look at each force separately, but of course the flyer only feels one combined force.
Pull against the centrifugal force
Centrifugal Force
Moving his centre of mass towards the pivot shortens the pendulum and reduces the moment of inertia of the pendulum (I). We know that in the absence of external forces angular momentum is conserved (if we look over a short enough time on the swing this applies here because the force the flyer exerts is along the cables and perpendicular to the direction of movement).
Angular Momentum (L) = I x ω
Therefore if I decreases, the angular velocity (ω) must increase to keep the angular momentum the same. So the flyer accelerates and so swings faster.
Since the kinetic energy of the system is given by:
KE = I x ω² = L x ω
Therefore if omega increases with constant angular momementum, then the kinetic energy increases. The flyer has used the chemical energy inside his body and added some of it into the swing. As we saw above, this means the swing will be higher once all this kinetic energy has been converted back to potential energy at the end of the swing.
The more energy the flyer can add into the swing, the more height he will gain. As we can see in the equation above, the kinetic energy depends on the moment of inertia and the angular velocity. Since the angular momentum is constant if we look over a short enough time, we can therefore say that the amount of extra energy the flyer can add depends on the amount by which he can change the angular velocity (which we know he can do by pulling himself in towards the pivot and reducing his moment of inertia). So, to increase the height by a lot, he needs to shorten his pendulum as much as he can, and do this at a time when he is moving the fastest (ie at the bottom of the swing).
Gravitational Force
As the flyer pulls up towards the pivot, he is also lifting his body. However unlike the centrifugal force which pulls along the line of the cables, gravity always acts downwards.
The force due to gravity is given by:
Force = m x g
However, only a component of this force acts along the line of the cables:
Force (parallel to cables) = m x g x cosθ
The potential energy the flyer gains by shortening by a distance d is given by:
PE = m x g x cosθ x d
(force x distance moved)
Pulling against gravity lifts the flyer and adds to his potential energy. As we showed above, this means he will be higher at the end of the swing.
We also note that cosθ is greatest when θ=0, ie. at the bottom of the swing. So the best time to pull against gravity to gain the most energy is at the bottom.
Putting this into practice
We've seen that both forces are greatest at the bottom of the swing, so this is the best time to shorten the pendulum and add the most energy. However, pulling up to the bar at the bottom is very hard, and so the flyer makes a compromise and swings his body up to the bar, shortening his pendulum, as he is approximately halfway up to the peak. This makes up the first part of the force-out.
Force-out - showing how pendulum is shortened
This explains why'short on the way up' is a good way to increase swing height, and how the flyer achieves it by doing work against the centripetal and gravitational forces to add kinetic energy into the system (which is converted to potential energy at the ends of the swing).
'Long on the way down'
Once the flyer has shortened his pendulum on the first swing, one strategy would be to continue to shorten it on the second and third swings etc. However, there is obviously a limit to the extent to which the swing can be shortened, given that the flyer needs to remain hanging under the bar in order to perform his trick. What he really needs to do is find a way to lengthen his swing again (without undoing the work he has just done to shorten it), so that he can the shorten it again on the next swing to gain yet more height. This is exactly what he does.
At the peak of the swing, the angular velocity of the flyer (ω) is zero. Therefore he has zero angular momentum, and so zero kinetic energy. All the energy in the system is stored as potential energy.
Remember that:
KE = I x ω²
So we can conclude that while ω is zero, he can change his moment of inertia as much as he likes without changing his kinetic energy. In other words he is free to lengthen his body without losing any kinetic energy.
What about potential energy? Potential energy is given by:
PE = m x g x h
Therefore provided the flyer keeps his body at the same height above the ground, he will not lose any potential energy. At the peak of the swing, the fly cables are rarely horizontal, therefore if the flyer just straighens his arms to lengthen the swing he will inevitably move downwards (reducing h) and decrease his potential energy.
The flyer needs to lengthen his swing away from the pivot in a horizontal direction, hence the force-out.
Force-out - showing how pendulum is lengthened
The flyer then swings down from the peak with a long swing, and gets ready to shorten as he swings up to the next peak.
As an aside, even if the flyer doesn't force-out horizontally and just straightens his arms, it is still possible to keep some of the extra energy. The energy


text:
Featuring Dr. Dyanne K. Martin, Assistant Professor, Department of English and Education, Wheaton College, Wheaton, U.S.; and Aaron Fruh, President, Israel Team Advocates, Florida, U.S.
The course will introduce participants to the seventeen-hundred-year-old root system of Christian Antisemitism. We will examine the tenants of Replacement Theology (also known as Supersessionism) and how it led to Christian persecution of the Jews throughout the ages leading up to the Holocaust. We will show that the longest-lasting hatred of the Jews has been Christian Antisemitism. We will discuss the resurgence of Replacement Theology in the last twenty-five years and its implications for the future of Christianity. We will discuss the tenants of the new Christian Zionism and how a post- Supercessionist theology is challenging Christian Antisemitism within the academy and in church pulpits. This course will also provide instruction in the nuances of antisemitism found in the contemporary Christian academy. We will examine the intersections and signifiers of race, religion, and nationhood as we consider the steps necessary for a redirection of the Christian academy to its Jewish roots.
SESSION 4: Toward a Redemptive Reconciliation: On the Possibilities of an Authentic Christianity Honoring the Jewish Womb of the Christian Faith
This session will address a growing trend within the Christian Academy to challenge the ancient teaching of Replacement Theology and its implications for the future of Jewish and Christian relations. We will also discuss the nature of an authentic, informed Christianity—one that recognizes its indebtedness to Judaism and builds bridges to Jews and the Jewish community.