Grade 4: How did the First Nations display compassion for the European Settlers? (part 1)
This lesson can be integrated into a unit on understanding and showing compassion. Students will explore the ways in which the Aboriginal peoples showed compassion towards the early European explorers.
It is expected that student will:
 - Students will identify effects of early contact between Aboriginal societies and European explorers and settlers
 - Students will analyze factors that influenced early European exploration of North America
 - Describe Aboriginal peoples' relationship with the land and natural resources
 - Grade 4 Socials Studies textbookOur Beginnings Outlooks 4
Step 1: Have the students work in small groups to brainstorm the idea of compassion. What is it? How are they compassionate to others? How are other compassionate to them? How would life be different if people did not display this very important characteristic?
Step 2: As a class, read "A Second Voyage" pg. 141 in Our Beginnings, the Grade 4 Social Studies textbook aloud. Have a class discussion about scurvy and the role the First Nations and how their knowledge of their land and resources helped the survival of many European explorers and settlers.
Look for evidence of:
 - Student willingness to openly participate in group and class discussions
 - Student's ability to understand and identify positive impacts the First Nations had on European explorers and settlers.
 - Student's ability to display knowledge of Aboriginal people's relationship with the land and resources.
 - Create a Venn diagram that displays compassion and caring shown by the First Nations and European Settlers. The middle of the diagram will illustrate common acts of compassion between both parties.


Whether male or female, athletes want to know what nutrition habits can help them perform at their peak. Carl will discuss some of the latest findings regarding nutrition tips in the first hour.
Towards the end of the previous decade it was determined that the Medical College of Georgia (MCG) had to make some major changes if they would survive, much less thrive. They needed a leader who would help put together a plan to keep MCG alive and moving forward into the future. The man chosen? Don Snell. Listen as he shares with Carl the changes that have been made since he assumed the leadership of MCG and how they've impacted the institution and surrounding cities.


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A white paper produced by the European Commission in Brussels suggests radical changes to the way value added tax is applied to purchases which, if agreed, could see the cost of food shopping increase by up to 20 percent.
In December 2011, the European Commission (EC) released a consultation document in the form of a white paper suggesting a new system for value added tax (VAT – technically a sales tax) across European Union member states. The press release accompanying the publication of that white paper suggests that :
Broadening tax bases and limiting the use of reduced rates could generate new revenue for Member States without the need for rate increases. The standard VAT rate could even be reduced in some Member States, without any impact on revenue, if exemptions and reductions were removed.
Currently in the UK unprocessed food stuffs such as raw meat, vegetables, flour, nuts (in their shells), pulses and some bakery products such as cake and certain breads, including McVitie's Jaffa Cakes which were the subject of a landmark VAT ruling in 1991, are zero-rated. Processed foods such as ready-made meals, snack-type foods such as potato crisps and roasted peanuts, ice cream and hot take-away meals are subject to the standard rate of VAT which is currently 20 percent.
But, all that could change if Brussels gets its way. Currently, only the Republic of Ireland, Malta and the UK offer a zero-rate on certain foodstuffs – all other member states charge at least some VAT – the next lowest being Italy at 3 percent and the highest is Denmark with a VAT rate of 25 percent on all foodstuffs.
The UK's food inflation rate is already one of the highest within the EU and families are finding budgets are being stretched more and more in these uncertain economic times. If this new directive to scrap the zero-rate VAT on raw foodstuffs is implemented within the UK, food poverty within the country is likely to increase in direct proportion.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Traverse City, Mich.'s Bay Area Transportation Authority added five propane fueled vehicles to its fleet. BATA's new propane powered buses have multiple benefits that will help make its vehicle fleet more environmentally friendly and save on fuel and maintenance costs in the long run, according to the agency.
"We are excited to add these new propane powered buses to our fleet to reduce BATA's carbon footprint and help us provide safe, cost effective, reliable, and green transportation to the people of Grand Traverse and Leelanau Counties," said BATA Executive Director Kelly Dunham.
Propane provides a 24% reduction in greenhouse gas, a 20% reduction in nitrogen oxide, and a 60% reduction in carbon monoxide when compared to gasoline emissions, according to Roush CleanTech, the provider of the buses. Propane is also a domestic and abundant fuel source, reducing foreign oil dependency. Pricing can be locked in to better manage costs and budget fuel expenses more accurately, and propane provides less wear and tear on engines and transmissions when compared to gas and diesel buses, according to the company.
A drawback to using propane fuel is that it offers lower fuel efficiency — 2 to 4 mpg less compared to gasoline and diesel engines — but the maintenance savings and fuel cost savings will offset the loss in miles per gallon, according to BATA.
"Between rebates and lower maintenance costs we expect to see an overall cost savings of about 54%," said Kurt Braun, BATA facilities and fleet maintenance manager. "Propane fuel buses are a tested and proven technology and a number of transit agencies in Michigan and around the country have added propane vehicles to their fleets and we plan to add more propane vehicles in the near future."
All five buses are already on the road and will be used across all of BATA's routes and services. Each bus will be designated with a special "Propane Powered" decal. They have been outfitted with LED lighting, back-up sensors, bike racks, and BATA's on-board technologies such as electronic fareboxes and mobile data terminals that improve the rider and driver experience.
Funding for these buses was provided as part of BATA's fiscal year 2016 funding from the Michigan Department of Transportation. They were produced by Roush CleanTech.
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Melons are the vegetable garden's crown jewels – and Amy Goldman's lifelong love and calling. Her new book, The Melon, will entice and educate, whether you are a passionate gardener, a locavore, or simply delight in the inherent beauty and evanescence of the fruits of the vine.
Created over the course of nine years, The Melon is both an information-packed resource and a visual delight. This definitive compendium on melon and watermelon reflects recent research findings and Goldman's growth as a gardener since the publication in 2002 of her award-winning book, Melons for the Passionate Grower.
Amy Goldman is a gardener, author, artist, philanthropist, and well-known advocate for seed saving, plant breeding, and heirloom fruits and vegetables. Her mission is to celebrate and catalogue the magnificent diversity of standard, open-pollinated varieties, and to promote their conservation.


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for New Puerto Rican Parrot Aviary
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
The endangered Puerto Rican Parrot will soon have a new facility to aid in its recovery. Today, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and its partners, will break ground and begin construction of a new aviary.
About one acre at the Caribbean National Forest (commonly known as El Yunque) will be used to relocate operations from an old military installation to a state-of-the-art facility at a cost of roughly $2.5 million. The facility will have a nursery, hospital, hurricane room, kitchen and outdoor cages. Congress appropriated $1.7 million to build the aviary. Additional funds will come from private donations and other partners. As part of their continued partnership with the Service, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Parrot International and other organizations are working to raise the necessary funds.
The Service is working closely with the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and the U.S. Forest Service to bolster the conservation and recovery of Puerto Rico 's only native parrot species.
Bright green feathers, with a red forehead, white rings around its eyes and wings that flash blue-turquoise in flight, the Puerto Rican Parrot is the only native parrot in the United States. It is the most endangered parrot and one of the ten most endangered birds in the world. Currently, there are less than 200 parrots alive.
A captive breeding program set up more than three decades ago has helped lift the Puerto Rican parrot population from a low point in 1975, when only 13 wild birds were recorded. Thirty five parrots raised in captivity have been released into the wild.
Today, 158 captive parrots live in one of two aviaries, one managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service in El Yunque and the other managed by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources is located in Rio Abajo, Utuado Puerto Rico.
The Service aviary supports the only existing wild population of parrots through fostering, emergency care of sick and injured wild nestlings, and boosting the wild population through captive releases. However the management needs of the species have outgrown the management options available at the present location. Frequent landslides isolate the facilities, power failures are frequent, space is limited, and the environment is extremely humid affecting both the parrots and our dedicated staff.
The Forest Service prepared an Environmental Assessment and multiple surveys of the construction site. No threatened or endangered plant species were found in the area. The Forest Service did find two endemic tree species of special concern known as Tortugo prieto (Ravenia urbanii) and the Puerto Rican rain tree. These trees were relocated to the Forest Service Nursery or other nearby locations.
The site is potential habitat for endangered or threatened animals: the Puerto Rican Boa (Epicrates inornatus), the Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter venator), Puerto Rican Brad-winged hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) and Chupacallos tree (plendedron macranthum). During construction contractors will ensure that if any of these species or new species are discovered the project will be held up for the safe removal of the species.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages the 95-million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System that encompasses 544 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. It also operates 70 national fish hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices, and 81 ecological services field stations. The agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the Endangered Species Act, manages migratory bird populations, restores national significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. It also oversees the Federal Aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies.
More information and photos go to _URL_
can view our releases or subscribe to receive them -- via e-mail --
at the Service's Southeast Regional home page at _URL_.
Our national home page is at: _URL_ GA 30345


cards, one that's a "vanilla" creature and one that's a spell that creates an effectively-the-same "vanilla" token creature. For example, these two cards from Future Sight are pretty close. Pretend Pact of the Titan was a 4 ManaRed Mana sorcery without all that worrisome "losing the game" business:
So what are the differences between these types of cards?
 - Name: We tend to name creature cards pretty differently from cards that create token creatures. Even if they end up with very similar results (a critter on the table), we like you to be able to tell from the name whether you're holding a sorcery—which generates a token and then goes to the graveyard, which can be countered by Envelop, etc.—or a creature—which itself becomes the permanent on the battlefield, which can be Despised out of your hand, etc. Sorceries are actions and rituals, whereas creatures are living things. Some token-creating spells sound creaturish ("Goblin Scouts," for example, or "Lab Rats"), but we try to keep them sounding more like actions or events ("Growth Spasm," "Rally the Horde").
 - Art: The art of a spell that creates a token creature is often bound to look pretty similar to the art of a creature card. It's just gonna show that creature—hard to get away from that. Pact of the Titan, though, shows that there are other alternatives. You can focus more on the act of summoning, showing the moment right before your new critter arrives, rather than some moment after.
 - Mechanics: You mentioned, Joe, that there is a design question whether to make a creature-creating card into a spell or a creature, and that's very true. You might want your card to be returnable by Gravedigger to enable certain combos, for example, or you might want to enable people to Reverberate the spell to make more tokens, or whatnot. But I should point out that there are two very basic reasons why such cards tend to end up as either spells or creatures. If it's trying to make more than one creature that all show up on the battlefield at once, then it's often a spell (e.g. Dragon Fodder, Rite of Replication). On the other hand, if something needs to happen after the creature shows up, then it's often implemented as a creature (e.g. Siege-Gang Commander, which has an ability to utilize those loyal Goblin token troops).
But your question is about the in-world flavor of those differences. Honestly, a TV show that showed a mage summoning a red 4/4 Giant would probably show exactly the same special effect sequence, whether it was trying to represent a sorcery card or a creature card. In the game there's an often-significant game-play difference in the feel of a token card—it seems more likely to "evaporate" when it dies or gets bounced or whatever. So although token creatures truly are creatures in the in-world sense, perhaps they have a less-stable connection to the world into which they are summoned, so they're more apt to dissolve into the æther whence they came. If the token-generating spell had any other flavor details about it that would make it different from your basic creature summons, then that could also affect the feel of the spellcasting act. I mean, a spell called Wurmcalling is more than just "I cast Craw Wurm." It's got more of a ritual sound to it, and art that shows off the relationship of summoner and summoned. Plus the buyback mechanic gives it this sense of an unending druidic chant that occasionally rips larger and larger Wurms out of the æther. It's those subtle flavor differences in those token-creating sorceries and instants that I think reflects how differently they appear in the Multiverse.
 - Planeswalker Points
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 - Gatherer: The Magic Card Database
 - Forums: Connect with the Magic Community
 - Magic Locator


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Career Coverage: The Shift Towards A Family Focus
In part one we looked at career coverage for employees who were in the first decade of their careers. In this issue, we'll take a look at employees who now perhaps have a shift in their focus towards more family obligations.
Voluntary insurance policies are optional benefits that employers may choose to offer to employees, who usually pay the premiums.
Voluntary insurance helps ensure people who are sick or hurt have the funds they need to pay health-related costs their primary insurance might not cover, such as deductibles, copayments and prescriptions. Plus it helps pay the regular bills such as rent, utilities, car payments and groceries that continue to roll in even if a person is too ill or injured to work.
There are several types of voluntary insurance. While every employee has different needs, the following lists will give you a general idea of the types of insurance that could benefit people at different stages of their careers. Use this information to help you decide the types of coverage that would work best for your employee population.
Prime time to evaluate insurance needs
A decade or two into their careers, employees are often family-focused. They may be married, raising children and also keeping a close watch on aging parents or grandparents. They're likely to be more aware of potentially hereditary health issues in their families. Retirement is still a long way off, but they should be planning for it.
They think applying for benefits during open enrollment is mundane — 90 percent of employees say they choose the same benefits year over year.3 But major life changes such as marriage, divorce, birth, relocation and home ownership should inspire them to evaluate their changing financial needs.
Here are the types of voluntary insurance policies to consider making available if you have employees who are in the middle of their careers:
In part three, we'll look at the types of voluntary insurance coverage to consider offering to employees in the final decades of their careers.
If you have any questions about any of the information provided here, or would like to know how to implement a new or even review an existing benefits strategy, please contact me at _PHONE_ or visit my website and leave your contact details and we'll be in touch shortly.


legally binding
Common legal phrase indicating that an agreement has been consciously made, and certain actions are now either required or prohibited. For example, a lease for an apartment is legally binding, because upon signing the document, the lessor and the lessee are agreeing to a number of conditions. The lessor typically agrees to provide the apartment in a certain condition for a certain length of time, and the lessee typically agrees to pay an agreed upon rent and refrain from certain destructive behaviors. The other requirement for an agreement or contract to be considered legally binding is consideration - both parties must knowingly understand what they are agreeing to. If a person is forced, tricked, or coerced into entering into an agreement, it typically is not considered legally binding.
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Noel Ornament Assembly
For stitch instructions, see printable PDF above.
1. Referring to Noel Appliqué Placement Diagram, position white print C appliqué atop green print B circle; fuse in place to make appliqué foundation. Hoop appliqué foundation according to Basic Assembly, Step 1.
2. Arrange red wool D heart and letters and green wool E leaves on right side of hooped B circle. Pin or glue-baste in place. Add batting A circle according to Basic Assembly, Step 3.
3. Whipstitch around red wool shapes with one strand of red floss.
4. Stitch through center of each leaf with two strands of green floss and a running stitch. Pull up slightly to gather.
5. Blanket-stitch around white print scalloped edge with two strands of red floss to make ornament top.
6. Remove ornament top from hoop, paint outer hoop dark green, and let dry. Re-hoop, being sure screw is centered at top of ornament. Complete ornament according to Basic Assembly, steps 6–9. Tie green wool 3⁄8x6" strip to screw mechanism.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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B3Bands - The Best Workout for Fat Loss
HGH + After Burn = Weight Loss
- Dr. Chris F. from Tyler Texas
- Lisa W. from Denver Colorado
- Kathy and Ronnie D. Fort Worth Texas
- Keith F. from North Carolina
- Jeannine G. from Preston Idaho
- Estes and Kathy L. from Houston TX
After Burn - The Permanent Weight Loss Solution
Once you understand 'After Burn' you will never struggle with weight loss again.
After Burn = Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption which refers to the Increased Quantity of Calories Burned After Exercise.
Many people understand this as Increased Metabolism which means you burn more calories at rest.
How would you like to burn up to 1000 more Calories at Rest?
When you do short bouts of High Intensity Exercise you Burn more Calories (up to 1000) for the next 24 hours after exercise and you Lose Weight Fast!
How to Get After Burn = Moderate and High Intensity Intervals for 45 minutes
The Problem is 99% of the Population cannot and will not do this type of Exercise
- Too much time involved
- No access to a Gym
- Hurts too much
- Physical limitations
- To old to do High Intensity Exercise
- Not motivated to work that hard
- Sore the next day
The Solution is now everyone can do 10-20 minutes of Light Exercise and get the same 'After Burn' Results with B3 Bands.
What does Harvard Medial School & British Journal of Sports Medicine say:
'A review of 36 studies that compared interval training with moderate-intensity exercise in different groups of people, including those who were overweight or previously inactive. While people lost weight and body fat from both types of exercise, those who did interval training lost nearly 29% more fat than those who did moderate exercise'
'Compared with doing moderate exercise, pushing your muscles and heart to work extra hard for short time periods seems to help you burn calories at a higher rate after you stop exercising, Dr. Wiviott explains. Exercise experts call this phenomenon excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (also known as "After Burn")'
We Guarantee you will Experience Results with a 30 Day Money Back Guarantee
B3Bands and Light Exercise = After Burn
The B3 Bands use Blood Flow Restriction training, or BFR
Muscles Fatigue Like you are Doing High Intensity Exercise
- With B3 Bands on, the muscles have less Oxygen to work with
- While you are doing light exercise, like walking or light weight lifting, you will feel the 'Burn' fast
- Because the B3 Bands are on, even though you are doing light exercise in a only a few minutes, your fatigue levels go deeper than most people have ever experienced
- Your Fatigue level is like you are doing Super High Intensity exercise
- A signal is sent to your brain which results in a surging Growth Hormone Release shortly after the BFR exercise
- This is where a BIG AFTER BURN kicks in, due to increased Growth Hormone
- With more Growth Hormone and After Burn of more calories, you Lose Weight Fast
- As long as you can find 10 minutes a day to light exercise 3-4 days per week, this lost weight NEVER COMES BACK
- Plus Growth Hormone has tremendous Healing and Anti-Aging Benefits on the Body
Only B3 Bands will allow you to create High Intensity Exercise Results in your Body, in minutes a day doing safe Light Exercise!
Products for Faster Weight Loss
- Low calorie chocolate meal shake
- Provides Plant Based protein (Vegan)
- Enriched with DHA, Flax Seed, Coconut Oil, Fiber and antioxidants
- Perfect for all members of the family, even kids
- Refreshing Blueberry Pomegranate flavor
- Reduces food cravings
- Provides energy
- Helps eliminate snacking between meals
Why These Products Work
- Reduce daily caloric intake
- Satisfies hunger and fills you up
- Provides excellent nutrition
- Provides energy throughout the day
Weekly 4 Day Exercise Program
Day 1 & 3 - Cardio and Core
- Light cardio: Walking or Treadmill for 8-10 minutes
- Rest 2 minutes
- Plank position (Elbows and Toes) as long as you can
Day 2 - Upper Body
- Upper Body basic exercises with light tubing or light dumbbells, 15-20 minutes
Day 4 - Lower Body
- Lower Body basic exercises with light tubing or light dumbbells, 15-20 minutes
Why These Exercises Work
- It only takes less than 20 minutes a day, 4 days per week
- You can do these from home, work, travel, anywhere
- It does not hurt during exercise or aggravate your body
- You are not sore the next day


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Hostile Takeovers : The Power of the Prey
Takeovers are used as a mean for companies to grow and gain entry to new markets. Hos-tile takeovers, apart from the friendly takeovers, is when an acquirer tries to takeover a corporation against the will of management, shareholders and board of directors of the target company. All listed companies run the risk of being a target for a hostile takeover, and to-day many companies are trying to involve actions protecting them from possible threats. Lacking protection can evolve into a costly defense program with actions with fictitious names such as White knight, Pac-man and Poison pills. The purpose with this thesis is to describe and analyze hostile takeovers and hostile takeover attempts in Sweden, and the defense tactics involved in the process.In this thesis a deductive approach will be used, where theories are used as guidance when searching for explanations. On the basis of the defense tactics described in the theory empirical data has been gathered with the purpose of seeing if the expectations reflect reality, and conclusions about their efficiency. The thesis has used a quantitative research method where the focus is on what, where and when. The aim of the thesis is to classify targeted features and count them, with the intent to construct statistical models with an underlying purpose of explaining what is observed.The most frequently used defense tactic used by the target company in a hostile takeover in the Swedish market is to attack the logic of the bid. Around 56 percent of the targets in a hostile takeover or a hostile takeover attempt have used this defense tactic to avoid a hos-tile takeover. The aim with an implemented defense tactic is to avoid a hostile bid or making it impossible for the hostile bidder to proceed with the bid and close the deal. The White knight and White squire defense tactic is the most successful defense tactic when it comes to not finalizing the hostile bid, in 90 percent of the cases the deal is not closed if the target chooses to use a White knight as a defense tactic. A secondary objective with a defense tactic is to force the hostile bidder to increase the bid and pay more for the target company. In the Swedish market, the use of Corporate restructuring as a defense tactic has made the hostile bidder to increase the bid in 67 percent of the cases and the use of Positive public information has forced the hostile bidder to increase the bid in more than half of the cases.The question why these defense tactics are the most frequently used strategies, is explained by two variables. The first one is the cost and simplicity variable, where Attack the logic of the bid and Public information ends up. These defense tactics are cost efficient and can be seen as natural step for the target company when deciding not to approve of the offer made by the acquirer. The second variable is the proven efficiency, where the target knows if implementing this defense tactic the risk of being acquired by the hostile bidder is relatively low, a good example of this is the White knight defense.
School:Högskolan i Jönköping
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:hostile takeover defense tactics acquisition
Date of Publication:06/24/2008


text: Motivated by potential financial savings, four-day school weeks have proliferated across the United States in recent years, reaching public schools in 25 states as of 2018. The consequences of the four-day school week for students, schools, and communities are largely unknown. This paper uses district-level panel data from Oklahoma and a difference-in-differences research design to examine the causal effect of the four-day schedule on school district finance and academic achievement. Results indicate that four-day weeks decrease districts' federal and state revenues and their non-instructional and support services expenditures. Decreases are concentrated specifically in food services and transportation expenditures and amount to approximately 1.36% of the average four-day district's budget. I find no detectable effect of the four-day week on academic achievement.


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The kits on this page are intended to kickstart research or product development where the scientist, engineer, developer or biologist can take any antibody that they have designed or identified and without the use of reagent bind them to the pre-activated biosensor. Upon binding of the antibody to the biosensors the sensors will now be specific to their antigen.
This activated sensor kit is intended to allow developers to immobilize their antibodies onto the electrodes in order to develop their own biosensors. The developer/biologist can immobilise their antibodies onto the electrode surface without additional coupling reagents.
The use of the Aliksir kit is a 4-step process as described below.


real estate
Restrictive covenants protect land value
Steve McLindenq_v2.gifDear Steve,
We are looking at a parcel of raw land. Do restrictive covenants on a property increase or decrease its value? We are told the land can't be subdivided into less than three-acre plots, and its uses must be either agricultural or single-family dwellings.
-- Sherie
a_v2.gifDear Sherie,
Restrictive covenants generally protect property values because they promote more tasteful construction and orderly land use. Such covenants are typically put in place by a developer, lot owner or homeowners association and usually stipulate the minimum size of a residence and number of lots that can be built there.
Covenants often spell out such concerns as how far a home can be set back from a street, where easements for power lines or roads can be located and what buildings can be constructed on the property. They also can impose limits on tree cutting and fences, among many other things.
Covenants aside, make sure you know the inherent limitations in buying raw land. If you plan to eventually build a home there, you may be expected to foot the bill for bringing power, gas, water and cable television to the land, assuming those services are not already there. Plus, you may have to build and maintain a road or gravel path to access your plot.
You can imagine how expensive this work can be. Some counties and cities require multiple permits for even minor aspects of construction, which can also run up the cost of construction as can unstable soil on your property. All of this will affect your investment, whether you build your own house or break up the land for resale to a potential homeowner.
Also, just how rural is this plot? Can you get a cell-phone signal out there? It would be prudent to check with some of the locals on winter road conditions, snow plowing and any issues they have with utility availability and cell-service consistency.
Make sure the land in question has been surveyed by an engineer or registered surveyor to avoid future lot-line disputes. To be safe, buy title insurance before you close on the parcel. You may discover there's a cattle easement on it.
If you do build your own house there, do a Web search first to see if there is a home-building consultant in your area who can walk you through some of the preliminary steps of building on raw land.
Investment-wise, restrictive covenants seldom decrease a land's value unless they are so restrictive that they chase away would-be buyers of good credit and character. The three-acre minimum the covenant is imposing is not uncharacteristic with a country plot. Your main concern should be with the protections you'll need when you're out there in the "raw."
Good luck.
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Business or Brand(Revisd)
Business or Brand
There are some differences between growing a brand and growing a business. If They of course work together, but growing each is a slightly different experience.
A brand can typically exist independently of the businesses that operate under its umbrella. A brand is a broader expression of your business, it's the image or identity behind your business, your ventures, your community. Let's take a closer look at the difference between growing a brand and growing a business.
Sales-focused or community-focused
The goal of your business is likely to generate income, while the broader goal of building a brand should be to grow a community. That community can of course lend to sales - that's how brand and business go hand-in-hand, and why both are so important. However, to grow a brand, you're not focused on the number of products you sell or the number of leads you generate - you're more focused on engagement, reach, and recognition.
While building a business involves expanding products or offerings, building a brand typically means focusing on a single idea or focus that you want your brand to embody. Your brand creates a reputation for you and any businesses that operate under that brand. It's what helps people identify and relate to your business.
Which one is larger?
Because building a brand goes beyond generating income or offering new products, it focuses more on public perception and sentiment. It is not about what you sell, it is about how you make your people feel. For example, bringing in Coca-Cola again, the sugary, carbonated beverage brings thoughts of unexpected moments of happiness, not because of the product itself, necessarily, but because of the branding around the product.
Many of us have likely seen the Coca-Cola commercials showing joyful people sharing a cola, promoting the "share a Coke" campaign. It becomes more than a beverage this way; instead, it's a community for those who love the brand and its products. This is a clear example of how product, business, and brand, work together to create community and sales. It's these kinds of campaigns and connections that stand out in people's minds and create a memorable view of your brand and how your company functions within that brand. It brings your products and offerings together with the connection you need to have with your customers in order to keep them interested in those products and offerings.
Brand can not be taken away
Your business might fail, but a brand doesn't work that way. A brand only fails if you fail to find the right community and continue growing it. If it doesn't work, you can likely just try shifting the direction of your brand or changing the focus. It can't ever be taken away from you or stolen, because it's an expression of your values, views, and goals rather than a physical offering of services or products.
Your business may end for one reason or another, but your brand can easily live beyond that. Brand is the face and voice of any companies that exist as part of it. So in that sense, a brand is more of an idea than a tangible item or entity, and no one can take an idea from you! And in that way, growing a brand becomes just as important in any business venture as growing the company or business itself.
Equally important
As an entrepreneur, it's equally important to grow brand and business. Your business allows you to solve the needs within the community your brand creates, and your brand allows you to reach more people whose needs your business can help to solve. Growing both of them simultaneously helps you to reach your business goals. Sure, these concepts can operate independently, but the most successful companies have dedicated communities and recognition around their brand - so take the time to establish and build your brand with your business. Please don't hesitate in case of any requests to contact Amir Khademi
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text:
in-Situ Individual Particle Sizer (iSIPS) apparatus
Aerosols are well known to have significant negative impacts on human health. For space instrumentation, they can also be detrimental to the proper operation and integrity of mechanical device dynamics. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of aerosols and particulate materials in suspension is important for space missions, both inside spacecraft and lander habitation areas and airlocks, and outside for Lunar or Martian missions. To address this important problem, an innovative in-situ particle in suspension monitoring approach is presented. This approach allows for characterization of particle size distribution and concentration based on the Mie theory through forward scattering of light by particulates. It does not require air to be sampled through pumping or ventilators and thus provides a very convenient way to address characterization of particles in suspension in vacuum or low-pressure environments like the Lunar or Martian surface. Supplemental characterization modalities of particle shape and indicators on composition can be implemented. The latter provides clues on the presence of carbonaceous particles that can be a trigger to assess early detection of fire or slow combustion. First results from a bench top prototype show a size detection limit of 0.3 �m and sizing accuracy of better than 20% on actual size for sebacate oil spherical particles. These also show the relative independence of the particle sizing accuracy with respect to its composition for carbonaceous material particles, while information can be extracted to discriminate sebacate oil particulates from carbonaceous ones. Possibilities to implement fluorescence and polarisation measurements for enhanced information to monitor specific particulate composition and shapes, using easy to integrate supplemental components, is also presented.
Ovidiu Pancrati, INO, CA
Denis Panneton, INO, CA
Jean-Francois Cormier, INO, CA
Sebastien Roy, INO, CA
Simon Turbide, INO, CA
Nafiseh Sang-Nourpour, University Alberta/INO, CA
Jason Olfert, Aerosol Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, CA
ICES510: Planetary and Spacecraft Dust Properties and Mitigation Technologies
The 51st International Conference on Environmental Systems was held in Saint Paul, Minnesota, US, on 10 July 2022 through 14 July 2022.


Colouring Culture began in 2016, as the rise of adult colouring books launched into the marketplace. Chaz Fliy, the founder of Colouring Culture, is a designer and wellbeing coach, and realised that there were no inspiring products available that catered for his interests. Chaz began thinking and soon began creating a series of detailed illustration concepts based on a community he knew well - The Sikhs. As the concept illustrations came to life, he began adding to the collection weekly until he had created 20 original and detailed colouring-worthy art pieces. During the process of creating the illustrations, he explored how a mindfulness adult colouring book could help others, those less fortunate and communities struggling with mental health issues. Chaz recalled a visit to Uganda which he embarked on in 2014, where he was fortunate to spend some time teaching at an orphanage school. The memories of the experiences were both joyous and eye-opening, to note that many children in lesser developed countries did not own their own school books, pencils or art supplies. This memory got Chaz thinking and Colouring Culture was formed. This was an initiative to help the mental wellbeing of adults in ethnic and cultured communities. With every one book sold, Colouring Culture provides a free book to an underfunded school or child in communities it supports.
During April 2020, there was an event that would change the course of history as we knew it. Covid-19 created a time of uncertainty, heightening physical illness and the rise of mental health conditions. Chaz took the opportunity to revisit the colouring book project and had time to reflect on an even bigger vision for the project. A book series would be created to help individuals connect to a topic they were interested in, and connect to their own culture. It would also support artists who were struggling to receive work or commissions during and after the global pandemic. Chaz made a decision to make the project a collective one. He contacted talented artists, writers and strategy advisors within the Sikh community to help create a project on a larger scale, and it was launched on Kickstarter as a crowdfunding campaign!
The book was successfully funded by supportive backers and, after several months, we were able to release our first in the series of art therapy colouring-in books, starting with The Sikhs. We hope that you will enjoy the journey.
With EVERY Colouring Book sold,
we will give ONE absolutely FREE
to an underprivileged school.


What is a penalty shot in hockey?
If you are at a hockey game and you want to hear the crowd go crazy in anticipation, cross your fingers that you get to see a penalty shot. The penalty shot is a unique, one-of-a-kind play in ice hockey. Let's look at this exciting play!
What is a penalty shot in hockey? A penalty shot is when a player gets to take the puck in from centre ice and have an unimpeded shot attempt at the goalie. A penalty shot happens during regulation and overtime of the game (versus a shootout at the end of overtime) and comes as a result of certain types of penalties.
Embed from Getty ImagesOpens in a new tab.
Penalty shot vs shootout: what's the difference?
Although the penalty shot and the shootout are the same play — a player who gets to go in from centre ice with the puck, uncontested with no other players around, and take an opportunity to score on the goal — they have very different functions.
So, what are the differences?
Penalty shot:
A penalty shot happens during the regulation and overtime periods of game and is the result of an infraction towards the penalized team that has taken away a scoring chance. If the player scores, it is counted as a goal on the scoreboard, in the players stats and against the goalies stats.
The shootout is used to decide which team will win the game if the game is still tied at the end of regulation and overtime. Each team gets to select three players to take a shootout shot. The team with the highest cumulative total goals of the three players will win the game. If the game is still tied after the three shooters, each team will select one shooter apiece until one of them scores and the other does not.
The goals that the shooters score do not count towards their personal stats, and the saves and goals against do not count towards the goalies. The team winning the overall shootout gets a goal on the scoreboard but, again, no player is awarded a goal in their personal stats.
When is a penalty shot awarded?
 - A player on a breakaway who is fouled from behind
 - The net is dislodged intentionally by the goalie or player while a player is on a breakaway or when there is not enough time to serve the penalty in regulation or overtime
 - If a player in his defensive zone (other than the goalie) places his hand on the puck or picks up the puck while the puck is in the goalie crease (doing this outside of the crease results in only a minor penalty awarded)
 - If, while a player is on a breakaway, an opposing player leaves his bench to try and stop that player
 - If an object (stick, glove etc.) is thrown by a player or a spectator at a player on a breakaway
 - If a player throws a stick or other object at a player in the defensive zone and it takes away a scoring chance
Who takes the penalty shot?
 - The penalty shot will be generally taken by the player who possessed the puck and had been impeded by the penalized team
 - The only exception to this is when the puck has been illegally grabbed while in the goal crease, or if the officials cannot accurately determine who the offended player was. In these cases, the coach shall designate a player of his choice to take the penalty shot.
The procedure after a penalty shot is awarded:
 - The player designated to take the penalty shot will be announced (the crowd goes crazy – in cheers or boos)
 - The referee places the puck at centre ice
 - The referee blows the whistle at which point the player will skate in on the goalie
 - The puck must be kept in forward motion towards the net at all times; once the shot goes in for a goal or is stopped by the goalie, the play will be considered complete.
 - Players are not allowed to score on their rebounds and the play does not continue like soccer.
Embed from Getty ImagesOpens in a new tab.
The don'ts of the penalty shot
A player is not allowed to do just anything on the penalty shot. Here is a list of things that are not allowed and will result in the penalty shot coming to an automatic end:
 - There will be no rebound shots from the goalie
 - The play does not continue on (as it does in football), a faceoff will take place after the penalty shot
 - No spin-o-rama where a player does a complete 360 degree turn is not allowed
 - The player is not allowed to stop completely (slow down – yes) and then continue moving forward
 - A player cannot play a puck that goes off the goalpost, the penalty shot has ended
What percentage of penalty shots in hockey are made? NHL penalty shot stats:
On average, one out of every three shots — 33.52% of penalty shots — result in a goal. Below is a chart that lists the last ten NHL seasons with the number of penalty shot attempts, how many scored and the success rate:
Where is the faceoff after a penalty shot?
 - After a goal, the faceoff will be at centre ice
 - After a missed penalty shot attempt, the faceoff will be at the faceoff circle in the zone of the goalie who made the save
Related Questions
Do Penalty shots count as goals in the NHL?
Can a team switch goalies for a penalty shot?
Yes, a team can switch goalies for the penalty shot. However, this is not advisable, as the goalie on the bench is coming in 'cold' and would not stand a better shot at stopping the shooter (no matter how much more skilled they are). As well, the goalie switched in must stay in net until the next stoppage of play after the penalty shot.
These are shootout goals and not penalty shot goals, but they are too good not to show. Pavel Datsyuk was simply the best at this. Watch in amazement!
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Recent Content


1524 (the element or value).
 1525 The key can be of any type for which the equality operator is defined,
 1526 such as integers,
 1527 floating point and complex numbers,
 1528 strings, pointers, interfaces (as long as the dynamic type
 1529 supports equality), structs and arrays.
 1530 Slices cannot be used as map keys,
 1531 because equality is not defined on them.
 1532 Like slices, maps hold references to an underlying data structure.
 1533 If you pass a map to a function
 1534 that changes the contents of the map, the changes will be visible
 1535 in the caller.
 1536

 1537

 1538 Maps can be constructed using the usual composite literal syntax
 1539 with colon-separated key-value pairs,
 1540 so it's easy to build them during initialization.
 1541

 1542

 1543 var timeZone = map[string]int{
 1544 "UTC": 0*60*60,
 1545 "EST": -5*60*60,
 1546 "CST": -6*60*60,
 1547 "MST": -7*60*60,
 1548 "PST": -8*60*60,
 1549 }
 1550

 1551

 1552 Assigning and fetching map values looks syntactically just like
 1553 doing the same for arrays and slices except that the index doesn't
 1554 need to be an integer.
 1555

 1556

 1557 offset := timeZone["EST"]
 1558

 1559

 1560 An attempt to fetch a map value with a key that
 1561 is not present in the map will return the zero value for the type
 1562 of the entries
 1563 in the map. For instance, if the map contains integers, looking
 1564 up a non-existent key will return 0.
 1565 A set can be implemented as a map with value type bool.
 1566 Set the map entry to true to put the value in the set, and then
 1567 test it by simple indexing.
 1568

 1569

 1570 attended := map[string]bool{
 1571 "Ann": true,
 1572 "Joe": true,
 1573 ...
 1574 }
 1575
 1576 if attended[person] { // will be false if person is not in the map
 1577 fmt.Println(person, "was at the meeting")
 1578 }
 1579

 1580

 1581 Sometimes you need to distinguish a missing entry from
 1582 a zero value. Is there an entry for "UTC"
 1583 or is that 0 because it's not in the map at all?
 1584 You can discriminate with a form of multiple assignment.
 1585

 1586

 1587 var seconds int
 1588 var ok bool
 1589 seconds, ok = timeZone[tz]
 1590

 1591

 1592 For obvious reasons this is called the “comma ok” idiom.
 1593 In this example, if tz is present, seconds
 1594 will be set appropriately and ok will be true; if not,
 1595 seconds will be set to zero and ok will
 1596 be false.
 1597 Here's a function that puts it together with a nice error report:
 1598

 1599

 1600 func offset(tz string) int {
 1601 if seconds, ok := timeZone[tz]; ok {
 1602 return seconds
 1603 }
 1604 log.Println("unknown time zone:", tz)
 1605 return 0
 1606 }
 1607

 1608

 1609 To test for presence in the map without worrying about the actual value,
 1610 you can use the blank identifier (_)
 1611 in place of the usual variable for the value.
 1612

 1613

 1614 _, present := timeZone[tz]
 1615

 1616

 1617 To delete a map entry, use the delete
 1618 built-in function, whose arguments are the map and the key to be deleted.
 1619 It's safe to do this even if the key is already absent
 1620 from the map.
 1621

 1622

 1623 delete(timeZone, "PDT") // Now on Standard Time
 1624

 1625
 1626
Printing

 1627
 1628

 1629 Formatted printing in Go uses a style similar to C's printf
 1630 family but is richer and more general. The functions live in the fmt
 1631 package and have capitalized names: fmt.Printf, fmt.Fprintf,
 1632 fmt.Sprintf and so on. The string functions (Sprintf etc.)
 1633 return a string rather than filling in a provided buffer.
 1634

 1635

 1636 You don't need to provide a format string. For each of Printf,
 1637 Fprintf and Sprintf there is another pair
 1638 of functions, for instance Print and Println.
 1639 These functions do not take a format string but instead generate a default
 1640 format for each argument. The Println versions also insert a blank
 1641 between arguments and append a newline to the output while
 1642 the Print versions add blanks only if the operand on neither side is a string.
 1643 In this example each line produces the same output.
 1644

 1645

 1646 fmt.Printf("Hello %d\n", 23)
 1647 fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, "Hello ", 23, "\n")
 1648 fmt.Println("Hello", 23)
 1649 fmt.Println(fmt.Sprint("Hello ", 23))
 1650

 1651

 1652 The formatted print functions fmt.Fprint
 1653 and friends take as a first argument any object
 1654 that implements the io.Writer interface; the variables os.Stdout
 1655 and os.Stderr are familiar instances.
 1656

 1657

 1658 Here things start to diverge from C. First, the numeric formats such as %d
 1659 do not take flags for signedness or size; instead, the printing routines use the
 1660 type of the argument to decide these properties.
 1661

 1662

 1663 var x uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
 1664 fmt.Printf("%d %x; %d %x\n", x, x, int64(x), int64(x))
 1665

 1666

 1667 prints
 1668

 1669

 1670 18446744073709551615 ffffffffffffffff; -1 -1
 1671

 1672

 1673 If you just want the default conversion, such as decimal for integers, you can use
 1674 the catchall format %v (for “value”); the result is exactly
 1675 what Print and Println would produce.
 1676 Moreover, that format can print any value, even arrays, slices, structs, and
 1677 maps. Here is a print statement for the time zone map defined in the previous section.
 1678

 1679

 1680 fmt.Printf("%v\n", timeZone) // or just fmt.Println(timeZone)
 1681

 1682

 1683 which gives output:
 1684

 1685

 1686 map[CST:-21600 EST:-18000 MST:-25200 PST:-28800 UTC:0]
 1687

 1688

 1689 For maps, Printf


Kinect - The Sensor
The sensor itself matches the style and appearance of - you guessed it - the new Xbox 360 S. That means its every surface is glossy black plastic which looks nice, but immediately shows fingerprints, dust, and scratches. If you're OCD like me and don't happen to live in a clean room, this is a constant but minor annoyance. Oh well, at least it matches the console.
The Kinect is noticeably bottom-heavy, with a center of gravity closer to the bottom and somewhere in the base most likely. This makes sense since the horizontal arm housing the optical system and microphone array pivots vertically - the base is a stage of sorts which lets the top arm sweep through around 30 degrees to adapt itself to placement on top of a TV or below on a table, basically to suit your entertainment setup.
There's a three-axis MEMS accelerometer onboard ostensibly for determining the tilt of the sensor relative to the base of the device - if you put Kinect on top of a TV for example, there's no assurance that the surface the Kinect is resting on is normal to the ground.
Down on the bottom you'll notice an obvious grating, under which hides a four-microphone array for some beamforming goodness. The result is that the Kinect can sense which direction sounds are coming from, for isolating a single speaker rather than an omnidirectional or even stereo microphone. That's critically important for also picking out voice commands while there's music and game noise blaring in the same room.
The most prominent physical feature on the Kinect, however, is its relatively sophisticated optical system. From left to right is an IR laser projector (more on this in a second), RGB camera, and IR camera. Between the RGB camera and IR laser is simply a green LED for status - it plays no role in the actual optical system. Also on the bottom of the sensor is a nondescript class-1 laser product notice - yes, the Kinect indeed uses an IR laser, but it's completely eye safe at class-1.
There's also a requisite laser warning buried in one of the three booklets that ship inside the Kinect sensor box, but you'll notice that Microsoft has been careful to avoid drawing attention to the fact that there's a laser in Kinect - people have a strange aversion to looking at or into perfectly eye-safe lasers. There's no marked wavelength that I could find, but the Kinect's IR projector is visible to my naked eye and exhibits trademark laser speckle - my guesses are that the laser is between 750 and 900 nm, with 808 and 880 nm being common commercial "IR" laser diode wavelengths.
From the Xbox's perspective, there are two separate video streams which come from the Kinect - one 640x480 (VGA) 30FPS stream from the RGB color camera, and one 640x480 11-bit 30FPS image stream which is the output 3D depth image after processing. Kinect implements a subset of Prime Sense's natural interaction reference design, which originally specified a much higher resolution color sensor and 60FPS depth image. Other subtle differences are that Prime Sense specifies two audio streams, whereas Kinect uses an obvious four, but such tweaks are ultimately the result of Microsoft having to maintain a delicate balance between optical performance and staying within a reasonable price point.
Original Prime Sense reference design specification
How Kinect senses depth is half of the magic behind how it works - the other half is software. There's actually not a lot behind how Kinect creates that 11-bit depth image once you understand how it works. Kinect uses a structured light IR projector and sensor system - something widely used in both industrial manufacturing and inspection. The principle of structured light sensing is that given a specific angle between emitter and sensor, depth can be recovered from simple triangulation. Expand this to a predictable structure, and the corresponding image shift directly relates to depth.
Example structured-light system optical system, from Spacecraft hazard avoidance utilizing structured light
In Kinect, that system is comprised of an IR laser (which I've already touched on), a carefully engineered diffraction grating (in this case, the diffraction grating is actually a computer-generated hologram - CGH - with a specific periodic structure), and a relatively standard CMOS detector with a band-pass filter centered at the IR laser wavelength. Inspecting the sensor with the naked eye, you can easily see the characteristic rainbow-effect from the CGH atop the IR projector, and that shiny layer on the IR-sensitive CMOS is likely a band-pass filter.
That carefully-engineered CGH produces a specific periodic structure of IR light when the laser shines through it. There's a computationally-derived periodic structure of undoubtedly square cells inside which diffract light into a periodic structure. The first day I had Kinect, I immediately set out to find what that pattern was, and it's simple to measure. Although the laser itself is intense enough to see with the naked eye at the source, the projected pattern thankfully isn't, but the solution is trivial. Stick a lambertian reflector (read: piece of paper) in front of Kinect, and you can see the pattern with any IR-sensitive device. Though my DSLR has a low-pass IR cut filter like most cameras (since IR is generally undesirable in visible imaging systems), the most immediate device I found which was sensitive enough to photograph the pattern was a smartphone camera - an iPhone 4. The image is obviously false-color - this radiation is actually in the far red/near IR part of the spectrum. That pattern is below:
You can immediately notice some things - first, there are 9 clearly visible repeating blocks with a specific semi-random pattern of points inside. This structure is repeated across the blocks, and it's obvious this pattern arises from a holographic structure from the bright 0-order point at the center of each block. Note also how the structure is also engineered to be spherical, which gives it that curvy edge shape - the paper is actually being held perpendicular to the projector. This projection grid defines the field of view of the Kinect sensor, and the distance between points inside the grid likewise defines the spatial resolution of the depth sensor. I'm only holding the paper about a foot away from the projector. Close up inside one of those cells you can see the structure which consists of many small points:
The projected image doesn't change in time - it's fixed this way. The IR CMOS sensor images this pattern projected onto the room and scene, and given the camera's displacement a few inches from the projector, from the displacements in the semi-random projected pattern is able to back out the corresponding depth image. That compuation is done onboard the Kinect itself, and it's entirely possible (read: likely) that the IR sensor inside the Kinect is higher than the 640x480 resolution of the resulting image.
When iFixit tore apart the Kinect, it was immediately apparent that Microsoft had devoted a lot of engineering into the sensor's cooling solution, which at first thought seems strange - why do two cameras and a bunch of microphones need fans? Cue RROD jokes. Further, in the disassembly photos, I noticed a peltier cooler on the back of the IR laser diode.
The peltier cooler is what's being pried off - Courtesy iFixit
The reason for the cooler should now be obvious - diffraction gratings are extremely wavelength-dependent, and the Kinect functions or doesn't based on its ability to properly detect the projected IR image. The result is that the IR diode likely needs to be kept inside a window of under 10 degrees C of some temperature so the laser's peak output is at or very close to the wavelength the CGH was designed to work at. The other consideration is that the top of most TVs where you could conceivably place a Kinect can be notably warm. Kinect's somewhat overengineered thermal design now makes sense - the peltier cooler likely gets hot on the back side which connects to the metal base plate, the front which touches the diode laser gets cool, and the fan sweeps air through the whole box when required. RROD jokes aside, making sure that the system is carefully thermally regulated is an important part of the optical design.
I decided I was going to see if I could make the Kinect fans turn on, or the device overheat. I left the Kinect sensor turned on for 48+ hours atop my rather-warm LCD TV, and later an even hotter plasma TV and could never once feel it get noticeably warm, or even detect airflow through the Kinect. It's possible that the fans were spinning, but if that's the case I couldn't detect it.
Introduction and Hardware Environmental Constraints of using Kinect
View All Comments
 - brundleflyguy - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 Yeah, I know. :)
 My current set up is:
 - JonathanYoung - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - brshoemak - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - GTVic - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - melgross - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - Portablenuke - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - trip1ex - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 I think the reviewer was a little too generous.
 Take Kinect Adventures.
 - DanaG - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - DanaG - Friday, December 10, 2010 - link
 - clasam - Saturday, December 11, 2010 - link
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grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
groupByKey:
Syntax:
sparkContext.textFile(hdfs://)
 .flatMap(line => line.split( ) )
 .map(word => (word,1))
 .groupByKey()
 .map((x,y) => (x,sum(y)))

groupByKey can cause out of disk problems as data is sent over the network and collected on the reduced workers.
reduceByKey:
Syntax:
sparkContext.textFile(hdfs://)
 .flatMap(line => line.split( ))
 .map(word => (word,1))
 .reduceByKey((x,y)=> (x+y))
Data are combined at each partition, with only one output for one key at each partition to send over the network. reduceByKey required combining all your values into another value with the exact same type.
aggregateByKey:
same as reduceByKey, which takes an initial value.
3 parameters as input
 1. initial value
 2. Combiner logic
 3. sequence op logic
Example:
val keysWithValuesList = Array(foo=A, foo=A, foo=A, foo=A, foo=B, bar=C, bar=D, bar=D)
 val data = sc.parallelize(keysWithValuesList)
 //Create key value pairs
 val kv = data.map(_.split(=)).map(v => (v(0), v(1))).cache()
 val initialCount = 0;
 val addToCounts = (n: Int, v: String) => n + 1
 val sumPartitionCounts = (p1: Int, p2: Int) => p1 + p2
 val countByKey = kv.aggregateByKey(initialCount)(addToCounts, sumPartitionCounts)
ouput:
Aggregate By Key sum Results
bar -> 3
foo -> 5
combineByKey:
3 parameters as input
 1. Initial value: unlike aggregateByKey, need not pass constant always, we can pass a function that will return a new value.
 2. merging function
 3. combine function
Example:
val result = rdd.combineByKey(
 (v) => (v,1),
 ( (acc:(Int,Int),v) => acc._1 +v , acc._2 +1 ) ,
 ( acc1:(Int,Int),acc2:(Int,Int) => (acc1._1+acc2._1) , (acc1._2+acc2._2))
 ).map( { case (k,v) => (k,v._1/v._2.toDouble) })
 result.collect.foreach(println)
reduceByKey,aggregateByKey,combineByKey preferred over groupByKey
Reference:
Avoid groupByKey
 - groupByKey() is just to group your dataset based on a key. It will result in data shuffling when RDD is not already partitioned.
 - reduceByKey() is something like grouping + aggregation. We can say reduceByKey() equivalent to dataset.group(…).reduce(…). It will shuffle less data unlike groupByKey().
 - aggregateByKey() is logically same as reduceByKey() but it lets you return result in different type. In another words, it lets you have an input as type x and aggregate result as type y. For example (1,2),(1,4) as input and (1,six) as output. It also takes zero-value that will be applied at the beginning of each key.
Note: One similarity is they all are wide operations.
grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
While both reducebykey and groupbykey will produce the same answer, the
reduceByKey example works much better on a large dataset. Thats
because Spark knows it can combine output with a common key on each
partition before shuffling the data.
On the other hand, when calling groupByKey – all the key-value pairs
are shuffled around. This is a lot of unnessary data to being
transferred over the network.
for more detailed check this below link
_URL_
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University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Microsoft Research Cambridge, public talks > Discursis: A Computational Methodology for the Analysis of Communication Data
Discursis: A Computational Methodology for the Analysis of Communication Data
Discursis is a new communication analytic technology that allows an analyst to visually examine and assess text based communication data. Discursis can be used to analyse conversations, web forums, social media, training scenarios, and many other individual and multi-party communication situations. Discursis automatically processes transcribed text to build a statistically grounded language model, and uses this language model to highlight participant interactions around specific topics over the time-course of the communication. Discursis can assist analysts in understanding the structure, information content, and inter-speaker relationships that are present within input data. In addition to rich descriptive visual outputs, Discursis also provides quantitative measures of key metrics, such as topic introduction; topic consistency; and topic novelty. In this talk I will showcase recent findings from the application of Discursis to a variety of datasets, including doctor/patient consultations, television broadcast interviews, audience panel discussion programs, and conversations with persons with language impairments.
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text:
How to Breed Rare Hoola: A Comprehensive Guide
Welcome otw.cam! We're excited to share with you the secrets of breeding rare hoola. Get ready to dive into the fascinating world of hoola breeding and unlock the beauty of these elusive creatures.
🌟 Are you ready to embark on an extraordinary journey? 🌟
🚀 Let's explore the magical realm of rare hoola breeding and discover the wonders that await! 🌈
Greetings, otw.cam! Breeding rare hoola is an art that requires dedication, patience, and a deep understanding of these enchanting creatures. In this article, we will provide you with a step-by-step guide on how to breed these elusive beings successfully.
👋 Hello, otw.cam! Are you ready to delve into the world of rare hoola breeding? Let's get started on this thrilling adventure together! 🌟
Before we begin, it's essential to understand the basics of hoola breeding. Hoolas are magical creatures known for their vibrant colors and graceful movements. Breeding rare hoola requires careful consideration of various factors, including their habitat, diet, and mating rituals.
Now, let's dive deeper into the strengths and weaknesses of breeding rare hoola, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of these magnificent creatures.
Strengths of Breeding Rare Hoola
1⃣ Unique Beauty: Rare hoolas possess mesmerizing colors and patterns, making them a visual spectacle. Their stunning appearance is sure to captivate any onlooker.
2⃣ Rarity: As the name suggests, rare hoolas are incredibly coveted due to their scarcity. Breeding them successfully allows you to be part of an exclusive club of hoola enthusiasts.
3⃣ Value: Rare hoolas are highly sought after by collectors and breeders alike. Their value can skyrocket, offering a potentially lucrative investment opportunity.
4⃣ Prestige: Owning a rare hoola brings prestige and admiration from fellow hoola enthusiasts. It's a symbol of expertise and dedication in the breeding community.
5⃣ Personal Satisfaction: Breeding rare hoolas can be a deeply fulfilling experience. Witnessing the growth and development of these magnificent creatures is an unparalleled joy.
6⃣ Contribution to Conservation: By successfully breeding rare hoolas, you play a vital role in preserving their species and ensuring their survival for future generations.
7⃣ Educational Value: Breeding rare hoolas offers an opportunity to learn more about their biology, behavior, and habitat. It's a journey of continuous discovery and growth.
Weaknesses of Breeding Rare Hoola
1⃣ Difficulty: Breeding rare hoolas can be a challenging task due to their specific breeding requirements. It demands extensive knowledge, experience, and attention to detail.
2⃣ Time-Consuming: Breeding rare hoolas requires patience as it can take a considerable amount of time for successful breeding to occur. It may test your perseverance.
3⃣ Financial Investment: Setting up an ideal breeding environment for rare hoolas can be costly. It involves expenses related to equipment, food, and maintenance.
4⃣ Uncertainty: Despite your best efforts, breeding rare hoolas is not always guaranteed to be successful. Factors such as genetics and environmental conditions can influence outcomes.
5⃣ Limited Market: While rare hoolas are highly valued, the market for them may be niche, making it challenging to find suitable buyers or trade partners.
6⃣ Emotional Attachment: As a breeder, it can be difficult to part ways with the hoolas you've nurtured and cared for. Saying goodbye to them can be an emotional experience.
7⃣ Ethical Responsibility: Breeding rare hoolas comes with a responsibility to ensure their well-being and proper care. It requires a commitment to their health and happiness.
Table: Complete Information on Breeding Rare Hoola
|Habitat||Provide a spacious and well-maintained environment with suitable temperature, lighting, and hiding spots.|
|Diet||Offer a balanced diet consisting of high-quality food, live prey, and essential supplements to meet their nutritional needs.|
|Mating Rituals||Understand the unique courtship behaviors and reproductive cycles of rare hoolas to enhance breeding success.|
|Genetic Compatibility||Ensure that potential breeding pairs have compatible genetics to avoid potential health issues in offspring.|
|Egg Incubation||Provide a suitable incubation environment with optimal temperature and humidity levels to ensure successful hatching.|
|Care for Hatchlings||Offer proper care, nutrition, and a nurturing environment for the young hoolas to thrive and grow.|
|Documentation||Maintain detailed records of breeding attempts, outcomes, and any notable observations to track progress and improve future breeding endeavors.|
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can rare hoolas be bred in captivity?
Yes, rare hoolas can be successfully bred in captivity with the right conditions and care.
2. What is the ideal temperature for breeding rare hoolas?
The ideal temperature for breeding rare hoolas ranges between 75°F and 85°F (24°C and 29°C).
3. How long does it take for rare hoolas to hatch?
The incubation period for rare hoola eggs is typically around 60 to 70 days.
4. Are rare hoolas aggressive towards their offspring?
No, rare hoolas are generally attentive and protective parents, exhibiting little to no aggression towards their offspring.
5. Can rare hoolas breed with other hoola species?
No, rare hoolas can only breed within their own species to maintain their distinct genetic characteristics.
6. Do rare hoolas require special lighting in their habitat?
Yes, rare hoolas benefit from UVB lighting to facilitate vitamin D synthesis and promote overall health.
7. How can I identify the gender of a rare hoola?
Gaining expertise in identifying gender-specific traits and behaviors is crucial for determining the gender of rare hoolas.
8. Can rare hoolas be bred year-round?
While rare hoolas can breed throughout the year, certain seasons or environmental cues may enhance breeding success.
9. Are there any specific precautions to take during hoola breeding?
Avoid introducing potential diseases or parasites by quarantining new hoolas before introducing them to your breeding population.
10. What should I do if my rare hoolas refuse to mate?
Ensure that all breeding requirements are met, consult with experienced breeders, and consider introducing new hoolas for increased genetic diversity.
11. Can rare hoolas breed multiple times in a year?
Yes, rare hoolas can breed multiple times within a year, but it's crucial to provide sufficient recovery time between breeding attempts.
12. How can I prevent inbreeding in my rare hoola population?
Maintain detailed records of genetic lineage, carefully plan breeding pairs, and introduce new bloodlines when necessary to avoid inbreeding.
13. Where can I find reputable breeders of rare hoolas?
Research online forums, reptile expos, and local breeders' associations to find reputable sources for acquiring rare hoolas.
🎉 Congratulations, otw.cam! You've now unlocked the secrets of breeding rare hoolas. It's time to put your newfound knowledge into action and witness the magic unfold. 🌟
In this article, we've explored the strengths and weaknesses of breeding rare hoola, provided a detailed breeding guide, and answered frequently asked questions. Remember, breeding these magnificent creatures requires dedication, patience, and a commitment to their well-being.
Now, it's your turn to embark on this remarkable journey and contribute to the preservation of these captivating creatures. Enjoy the wonders of rare hoola breeding and may your endeavors be filled with success and joy!
Closing Words and Disclaimer
💡 Breeding rare hoolas is a fascinating endeavor that requires expertise and responsible care. Always ensure that you are well-informed and prepared before embarking on this journey. Seek guidance from experienced breeders, consult reputable sources, and prioritize the welfare of these beautiful creatures.
📝 The information provided in this article is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered as professional breeding advice. Breeding rare hoolas involves inherent risks and requires adherence to ethical standards and legal regulations.
🌍 Remember to respect nature and support conservation efforts to protect the habitats of these incredible creatures. Let's work together to create a sustainable future for rare hoolas and their ecosystems. 🌿


The Tenth Parallel
The Tenth Parallel
It seems like anti-Islam sentiment is at an all-time high since the attacks on the World Trade Center. We can disagree on whether a mosque should be built five feet or five miles from the site of the attacks, but it's plain that inter-relgion relations are a hot topic.
One recent book that provides insight and clarity on the issue is Eliza Griswold's The Tenth Parallel, the title of which refers to a line of latitude that is a front line between Christians and Muslims--a place where those populations come into contact with eachother daily.


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Project: Triple Creek Farm
Architect: Don McDonald, AIA
In the middle of 200 acres of pastureland outside Fredericksburg, Texas, architect Don McDonald, AIA, saw a building he wasn't sure what to do with. It was a two-story limestone house with a cistern dating back to the mid-19th century, the last vestige of a homestead in the middle of a remote frontier where skirmishes with the natives had been facts of life. But by the turn of the 21st century, when a family approached McDonald's San Antonio firm about creating a weekend home, the structure hadn't been a residence for nearly a century. And after spending its previous 60 years as a hay barn surrounded by plowed fields of grain, it had severely deteriorated. "Before we got to know the building," McDonald says, "it was debatable whether it was worthy of a serious restoration."
Then, while cleaning a century's worth of dust and soot off one of the doors, McDonald and his team uncovered its beautiful faux graining. Then they revealed the classical proportioning expertly rendered on the millwork. Finally, they tore a shed off of the home's original façade and found the original plaster, scored like stone and painted in pale pink colors that echoed a palette permeating the home—and erasing the idea that this was just another primitive country cottage. "It was only when we started unveiling it that we realized we had this gem of a house buried underneath," McDonald says.
Today, surrounded by cedar and elm on a low-rise valley hillside near the trio of streams that lend its name, Triple Creek Farm's nine modern structures are rooted in a regional agrarian architectural response to The Cottage, as McDonald's team calls it—a core structure built in the 1850s with an 1860s addition. That's around when highly educated Germans fled religious and political persecution in their homeland to form agrarian communities in Texas based on philosophical ideas, and upon close inspection at Triple Creek Farm, McDonald discovered that The Cottage evinced the same refined sensibilities that had been in vogue in Europe in the mid-19th century and that the immigrants imported.
"If you go back to what [architect Karl Friedrich] Schinkel was doing in Germany at the time, with very sophisticated neoclassical paint palettes, cobalt blues and greens, all of that was transferred here, and it was not transferred in a naïve way," McDonald says. "As a counterpoint to the pale pink plaster, the delicately milled door panels were painted a robust yellow and outlined with a lime green, all set within a pale grey frame, which really blew us away."
That degree of refinement compelled McDonald and his team to spend a full year studying the region's architectural dialect and those neoclassical traditions before starting the project in earnest. To get their bearings, they regularly consulted with the late Gene George, a preservation expert at University of Texas San Antonio. In working on such a small scale—the cottage is 900 square feet on each of its two floors, plus a 12-by-12 wood-clad structure housing baths and laundry that was added by McDonald, and a large, open front porch—the restoration became "more like preserving a piece of furniture than preserving a house," McDonald says. "We simply protected and preserved everything as we found it as opposed to trying to replace it: pegs that were added awkwardly, or steel straps that were binding pieces of wood together that had been added over the years."
Ultimately, rather than building a 5,000-square-foot single-family home alongside the restored cottage as first proposed, McDonald says his firm decided to build a "sympathetic" series of smaller buildings—a barn, studio, storage building, exercise and guest room, garage, utility building, and three individual "sister houses" for the family's three daughters—that played off the cottage and remained faithful to similar landscapes and the agrarian context of the region. "I don't think the owners were expecting us to come back with a whole series of different structures, but once we discovered how important the original Cottage was, it forced us to move in that direction," McDonald says.
Even now, the small, stoic cottage takes the spotlight. A front porch overlooks the original approach, fieldstone walls, and pedestrian gate, which wind to a façade painted in pale pink, green, yellow, and cobalt blue. Behind a pair of perfectly proportioned front doors, the first floor comprises two rooms—living and dining—with massive, whitewashed plaster walls juxtaposed against confederate grey, mortise and tenon windows; some 150 years after their construction (and a few broken panes notwithstanding), the windows opened and closed like new, letting in and shutting out the prevailing southeast breezes. Similarly, leading to the second floor within the 1860 kitchen addition, the delicate appearance of the stairway belies a hardy mortise and tenon construction that meant every balustrade post and stair tread was pinned together like a single piece of furniture and provided inspiration for a half-dozen new staircases placed around Triple Creek Farm's new buildings.
With so many details sustained for so many decades, the restoration of The Cottage meant keeping as much of the original structure intact as possible and steering clear of added closets, walls, and other features. McDonald's firm salvaged and reused the original faux-grained doors and—with the exception of sanding away peeling sections and matching the colors—preserved and sealed the original paints and whitewash. While they updated the home with electricity and strategically placed monopoint light fixtures, they kept the old turn-of-the-20th-century wiring intact and positioned all technology, including electric, audio, video, and air conditioning beneath the original long leaf pine floors rather than within the walls. McDonald's team also outfitted the roof with Wallaba shingles, resembling the hand-split cypress shingles from the time of The Cottage's construction. "Throughout the whole project, we were very respectful of keeping the story of the evolution of building fabric intact," he says.
Structurally, the old stone structure had performed remarkably well, considering there was no foundation and the rubble stonewalls only penetrated the expansive clay soil 20 inches. The masonry structure was reinforced in the traditional fashion with iron tie rods penetrating the walls and spanning the ridge of the roof structure.
And after the restoration of The Cottage, the scale of the other nine buildings (and the pocket gardens nestled in between) drew on the same neoclassical cues filtered through a modern-day lens. "Some people look and think those response buildings are too contemporary, others think they're too traditional," McDonald says. "I like that ambiguity, because what we're trying to do is a 21st-century response to the architectural ideas of that era, as opposed to a museum or a recreation…It's more about the way they saw beauty, or what was poetic or meaningful to them, and how they expressed that through architecture, as opposed to just an archaic idea that we were trying to replicate."
Despite all that the restoration of The Cottage at Triple Creek Farm has revealed, an enduring mystery remains: no one knows precisely who first built the home with such lasting expertise. Who would have ventured across an ocean, broken away from the nearest German enclave, traveled deep into the hostile Texas frontier, and brought to life such refined neoclassical details?
The lack of an answer only enriches the backstory of Triple Creek Farm. "That's what makes it even more intriguing," McDonald says. "...It's a rare gem that we came across: a time capsule of European culture dropped very intensely into the middle of Texas."


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Win some, lose some
EU pig prices came under pressure as the summer progressed, due to increased supplies on the EU market and, in many countries, the warm weather arrived a bit late to give the usual seasonal 'barbecue boost' to sales of pig meat. Despite disappointing prices, abundant grain supplies continued to exert downward pressure on production costs and helped many producers remain in profit. In Denmark, high levels of weaner exports continued to put pressure on availability of pigs for domestic slaughter.
Although pig prices in most EU countries remained relatively stable during the first half of 2014, the market came under increasing pressure during the summer months. But 'win some, lose some' was the experience of many pig farmers, as declining feed prices led to lower costs of production.
Trading difficulties with Russia affected EU pig meat exports from January, following the outbreak of African Swine Fever within EU borders, but latterly affected other meats, dairy products and produce, which all contributed to market uncertainty.
Although EU pig meat exports to a number of the key markets in SE Asia improved during 2014, especially Japan and China, this is proving insufficient to offset the better than expected EU pig supplies and depressed demand in the early part of the summer. These factors led the Danish Agriculture & Food Council to revise down its price forecasts for the remainder of 2014.
Producers in the UK have faced the additional burden of a stronger £, which has contributed to additional downward pressure on prices.
On the positive side, most EU producers, depending on their buying position in recent months, will have enjoyed the benefits of weakening grain prices. Recent data, published by AHDB/BPEX, showed that the average pig DAPP price, despite the downward movement in recent months, remained comfortably above the average 'cost of production'.
The July pig census in Denmark revealed a small increase in the breeding herd.
However weaner exports from Denmark have continued at high levels for much of this year. According to Statistics Denmark data for the first half of 2014, exports broke through the 5 million barrier. There was a modest increase in exports to the main market in Germany but the Polish market took increasing quantities, following the reduction in sow numbers over the last couple of years.
The high level of weaner exports continued to have a knock-on effect on the availability of pigs for domestic slaughter. In the first seven months of the year, slaughterings fell to 10.8 million head from 11 million in the same period in 2013.
As reported in The PigSite, Danish Crown announced further incentives to its producer members to invest in much needed new capacity for finishing pigs, to help stem the increasing flow of exports.
The new initiative means that Danish Crown's producers, who start up new finisher units, will receive a guaranteed contribution margin per finisher – to an agreed formula based on a calculation by the Danish Pig Research centre. The scheme also includes subsidies for new build units at higher levels than those previously agreed.
"With these measures we want to send out a signal that we believe in the future of finisher production in Denmark," says Asger Krogsgaard, Vice-Chairman of Danish Crown.
"We're putting a safety net under our producers who invest in new units and new jobs, and are offering a firm guarantee of minimum earnings, which they can take along to their banks. It can mean the difference between a yes and a no."
Danish Crown has limited the subsidy to 500,000 finishers. If the scheme proves successful, it will be extended.
"This contribution margin guarantee will not make it more profitable to be a finisher producer in Denmark, but it will hopefully create an opening for finisher producers, who wish to expand but who lack the financial backing and security. If growth and jobs in meat production in Denmark really start to take off, our politicians must deliver better conditions similar to those enjoyed by our competitors in Germany, Sweden and Poland. Until this happens, Danish Crown will do what we can to reverse the trend," says Asger Krogsgaard.
Despite the reduction in slaughterings, the overall level of pig and pig meat exports from Denmark rose in the first half of the year – from 938,000 to 960,000 tonnes. There was a small reduction in shipments to the UK market, but sales to most other key markets increased.
Analysts at Rabobank still predict robust demand on global markets into 2015, as continuing outbreaks of pig diseases, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (PEDv) will affect availability of pigs in countries where these occur.


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(1912–1994). Black Londoner whose life as a working-class seamstress was documented in Aunt Esther's Story (1991), published by Hammersmith and Fulham's Ethnic Communities Oral History Project, and co-authored with Stephen Bourne. Aunt Esther's Story provides a first-hand account of Bruce's life as a black Briton in the pre-Empire Windrush years. Her father, Joseph (1880–1941), arrived in London from British Guiana (now Guyana) in the early 1900s and settled in a tight-knit working-class community in Fulham. He worked as a builder's labourer. When Bruce was a young child, Joseph instilled in his daughter a sense of pride in being black. After leaving school, she worked as a seamstress, and in the 1930s she made dresses for the popular African-American stage star Elisabeth Welch. She also befriended another black citizen of Fulham: the Jamaican nationalist Marcus Garvey. She told Bourne, 'he was a nice chap who wasn't treated with respect like I was. He was middle-class and the costers wouldn't speak to him. He told me the English are no good but I said there are some good people in this world.' She also remembered the community spirit that existed during the Blitz they arrived in Britain on 'a ship and a prayer' from British Guiana in 1959. Friendly and outgoing, Bruce integrated easily into the multicultural Britain of the post-war years. The success of Aunt Esther's Story gave her a sense of pride and achievement towards the end of her life.
From The Oxford Companion to Black British History in Oxford Reference.
Subjects: British History.


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Active Ingredient: Pyrethrins
Natural pyrethrum insecticide labeled for a wide range or ornamental and edible crops in greenhouses and outdoor crops. Labeled pests include: aphids, beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers and many others. Test small numbers of plants before large scale use.
Foliar spray rates: 1-2 tsp per gal or 16-32 oz per 100 gal.
MOA = 3A
REI = 12


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Other Rain Water Harvesting Structures.
A school water tank guttering water from a roof catchment.
A school water tank(Roof Catchment) as a source of water to the students.
A tank for a rock catchment and pipe guttering water from the top surface rock.
Rock Catchment showing the piping and the tanks.
Other than sand dams, ASDF also helps communities construct other water harvesting structures. Communities have the option to request for school water tanks and/or rock catchments to increase their water harvesting and storage capacity.
School water tanks are usually constructed at schools where most of the Self Help Group members are parents. Once a community requests assistance for a school water tank and it gets approved, they embark on the process of collecting local materials. The construction of a school tank makes learning more convenient and life in school bearable. Students are no longer forced to carry water jerry-cans to school on a daily basis to serve the school water needs. Drinking water becomes readily available and pupils and students are no longer prone to waterborne diseases as the water they drink is not contaminated. So far, sixty nine (69) 90M3 tanks have been constructed in school serving 20,700 pupils and students.
Rock catchments are a relatively new technology. A concrete wall is constructed on the sloppy side of a slanting rock outcrop, serving as a gutter. This wall is called a weir and it directs run off from the rock outcrop to a catchment tank. At the base of the rock, a number of tanks are constructed. It is these that hold water the water that serves the communities in the dry season. Depending on the size of the rock, many tanks can be constructed. So far, ASDF has constructed eight (8) rock catchments with a total of twenty one (21) 104M3 tanks. Cumulatively, these tanks hold 2,184,000 litres of water or 2,184M3!
Rock catchments serve a wider range of people than all the other water catchment structures because they are centrally located and are easily accessible. They are not limited to the rivers. Water from these is also clean. It is never saline and tastes like mineral water!


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In this free art lesson, you'll learn how to draw a cute Black Cat in a jack-o'-lantern for Halloween.
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To draw this Black Kitty in a Pumpkin step by step, follow along with the video tutorial below and pause the video after each step to draw at your own pace. You may find it easier to follow the step-by-step drawings below the video. The new lines in each step are shown in red, so you'll know exactly what to draw next. You may want to open the video in a new tab and use both drawing methods. Take your time and draw at your own pace.
Written step-by-step video tutorial:
For the first few steps, don't press down too hard with your pencil. Use light, smooth strokes to begin.
Step 1: Draw two curved lines next to each other for the black cat's eyes. Sketch lightly at first so that it's easy to erase if you make a mistake. Pay attention to the placement of the eyes. Don't draw them too far apart. When you get the shapes right, darken the lines and make them thick for eyelashes. The longer you make these curved lines, that bigger this Halloween cat's eyes will be.
Step 2: Under each curved line, draw an oval for the cat's irises. Make the ovals the same size and position them near the middle of each eye.
Step 3: Inside each iris, on the top, left side, draw a small circle for highlight/glare. In the middle of each iris, draw a big dot for the black cat's pupils. As you shade the pupils, don't overlap the small glare circles. Draw another small circle on the lower, right side of each iris for more highlights.
Step 4: Between the cat's eyes, draw a tiny triangle for the nose. Under the nose, draw a curved line for the mouth. The mouth should be similar to a number 3 on its side.
Step 5: Below the cat's face, draw a long, curved, horizontal line for the bottom part of the head. The tips of the line should extend farther outward than the eyes.


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Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of purified proteins from black cumin seeds.Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Apr 01; 126:454-465.IJ
The main purpose of this work was to investigate some physiochemical and antioxidant properties of purified proteins of 18 kDa from black cumin seeds. The structural properties of purified proteins were characterized using Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis. The Tunisian purified protein exhibited a α-helix structure and the Turkish purified protein adopted a β-sheet conformation. The thermal properties were also evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Tunisian purified protein presented two endothermic peaks, the first one was at 76.71 °C and the second one was at 131.32 °C. However, only one endothermic peak was found for the Turkish purified protein at 157.63 °C. Both Tunisian and Turkish purified proteins were very stable towards heat-induced denaturation. In addition, the effect of pH, salt (NaCl and Na2SO4) and temperature on functional properties was investigated. The Tunisian black cumin seeds pure protein exhibited better antioxidant activity than that of the Turkish one at all tested concentrations (0.2 to 1 mg/mL) and temperatures (50 °C, 75 °C and 100 °C), as well as after gastrointestinal digestion simulation.


Reducing combustion noise by flow control
The problem
Dryer oven burner
Typical A-weighted noise levels generated by a dryer oven, used in malting grain, reached up to 95 dB. A low-frequency 'boom' at a tone of 82 Hz dominated. As the boom occurred only at low firing, it was diagnosed as flame instability that developed into an oscillation at a resonant frequency of the combustion tube. The precise cause of the instability was determined to be an excessively weak ratio of fuel to air at low firing.
The solution
To overcome this problem, a motor-controlled valve, previously used for controlling weld fume extraction, was adapted and fitted to the combustion fan intake. Triggered by a micro-switch, the valve was used to reduce the air flow at low loads and so improve the combustion characteristics.
The cost
£100 per unit. (1995)
The result
An overall noise reduction of about 8 dB with the low-frequency tone being reduced by 21 dB. The bought-in units had no effect on operations, could be retrofitted and satisfied hygiene requirements.
Consultants were Industrial Noise and Vibration Centre.
Updated 2010-04-02


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Temperature and configurational effects on the Young's modulus of poly (methyl methacrylate): a molecular dynamics study comparing the DREIDING, AMBER and OPLS force fields
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
Colleges, School and Institutes
The effects of the configuration and temperature on the Young's modulus of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. For the DREIDING force field under ambient temperatures, increasing the number of monomers significantly increases the modulus of isotactic and syndiotactic PMMA while the isotactic form has a greater modulus. The effects of temperature on the modulus of isotactic PMMA have been simulated using the DREIDING, AMBER, and OPLS force fields. All these force fields predict the effects of temperature on the modulus from 200 to 350 K that are in close agreement with experimental values, while at higher temperatures the moduli are greater than those measured. The glass transition temperature determined by the force fields, based on the variation of the modulus with temperature, is greater than the experimental values, but when obtained from a plot of the volume as a function of the temperature, there is closer agreement. The Young's moduli calculated in this study are in closer agreement to the experimental data than those reported by previous simulations.
|Number of pages||7|
|Early online date||23 Mar 2018|
|Publication status||Published - 13 Jun 2018|


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The "Empty" category may be used for a packaging which previously contained Class 7 (radioactive) material and has been emptied of its contents as far as practical. However, internal radioactive contamination remains, possibly due to leakage of radioactive material from the inner container. It is not uncommon that suppliers of radioactive materials wish to receive the package back, so that it may be reused. These are some important questions that must be answered before returning packages that were used to ship radioactive material:
- How much internal contamination is allowed?
- Do I need to include a shipping paper?
- How do I label and mark my package?
- What are the allowable radiation levels on the outside of the package?
- Do I need special training in order to ship "Empty" packages?
This course is intended for workers who require initial training on the shipment of "Empty" packages containing radioactive contamination and have completed training on fundamentals of radiation and radioactivity. This course has been designed to assure that students receive training in general awareness and familiarization of DOT's HAZMAT regulations, function specific training concerning the preparation for shipment and movement of packages previously containing radioactive material which now have internal contamination, general safety training, and security awareness training. This course is intended to provide training to help meet training requirements specified in Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 172, Subpart H of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and regulations of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Agreement States, and other agencies.