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Reclaim Your Strength With Arm Exercises For Stroke Recovery
Saebo
Monday, October 12th, 2015
Reclaim Your Strength With Arm Exercises For Stroke Recovery
A stroke can often rob a patient of arm movement, making it difficult to perform simple tasks like moving the arm forward or grasping and releasing objects. Performing basic exercises at home, combined with continued healthcare and innovative Saebo products, empowers stroke survivors to restore normal function to their arms and improve their daily lives.
Simbarashe Shahwe, the Team Lead Physiotherapist at Boston Physiotherapy Ltd. , believes in the importance of exercise in stroke recovery. After seeing numerous patients who have struggled with arm control after a stroke, Shahwe has begun encouraging patients to focus on basic arm exercises for stroke recovery in order to build strength and renew the muscle-to-mind connections often lost after a stroke.
Arm Exercises for Stroke Recovery
Shahwe believes that exercise is important as you focus on recovery, and also understands that the outpatient therapy may not be sufficient exercise. It often requires supplementation with at-home exercises. The following recommended low-impact exercises are based on many of the same principles used in Saebo's arm solutions, like the Saebo Reach, and will help you stay focused on your recovery.
As with any new exercise routine, please talk to your doctor or another qualified healthcare professional before you begin. If you have any pain or discomfort, or a worsening of your symptoms, please stop the exercises immediately.

Basic Level Exercises
Strokes are a frightening, life-threatening medical condition, but once you begin recovering you will experience the impact on your quality of life caused by neurological damage. It's possible to retrain the brain to make up for this damage, but you must keep the affected muscle groups active. These basic level exercises are a starting point to add flexibility and mobility to your affected arm after a stroke.
innerarmstretch
Inner Arm Stretch
For this exercise, place your hands palms down on the table and rotate your wrist so your fingers point towards your body. Keeping your elbows straight, slowly move your body backwards until you feel a stretch on the inside of the arm. Lean on the table for support if you need to.
wristandhandstretch
Wrist and Hand Stretch
For this exercise, place your forearm on the table, with the hand over the edge of the table, palm down. First, drop the hand down, using your other hand to gently stretch the ligaments and muscles. Then, leaving your forearm on the table, lift the wrist up, down and sideways, gently stretching the extended wrist with the other hand.

Intermediate Level Exercise
Once you have gained basic flexibility in the wrist, hand, and inner arm, you are ready to work on a full range of motion for these joints. These intermediate-level exercises, which work well in conjunction with SaeboMAS and SaeboReach, can be the key to recovering the use of your arms. They help retrain the brain to make up for the neurological damage you have suffered.
elbowstretch
Elbow Stretch
The elbow stretch focuses on restoring a range of motion to the elbow. This exercise can be done while sitting or standing. Hold the arm at a comfortable position, then carefully bend and straighten the elbows as if you are doing a dumbbell curl.
crawlingstretch

Crawling Stretch
Take up a crawling position with your elbows straight. Gently lean your body backwards, keeping your arm position, until you feel a stretch on your inner arm. Hold the position and repeat.
wristmotion
Wrist Motion
When you are sitting or standing, extend the elbow and rotate your wrist through a full range of motion. Continue this exercise a few times to encourage greater motion in the wrist.

Advanced Level Exercise
Muscles damaged due to a stroke are often weakened, mainly due to inactivity. This is why at-home exercise is so important. Once you have regained range of motion in your arm and wrist, you are ready to begin strengthening the muscles with these advanced exercises.
elbowweightraining
Elbow Weight Training
In a standing or sitting position, hold a small weight in your hand. Gently bend and straighten the elbow. Repeat to your endurance point. Over time, increase repetitions as the elbow strengthens.
fingerwalk
Finger Walk
Stand facing a wall or a door. Place your fingers gently on the surface of the door or wall. Walk your fingers up the surface using a spider-like motion, then walk them back down.
seatedpushup
Seated Pushup
Finally, sit on the ground with your knees bent and your palms on the floor, keeping your fingers pointing forward. Push through your hands to cause your bottom to lift off the floor slightly. Repeat as you grow stronger.

The Importance of Arm Exercise for Full Stroke Recovery
Stroke is a common problem for people after the age of 65, and your risk increases after the age of 55. The CDC estimates that nearly 800,000 people in the United States will suffer from a stroke each year, causing one person to die every four minutes. Those who do survive may suffer a poor quality of life due to the effects of neurological damage. A stroke is a serious medical condition with far-reaching consequences.
Stroke survivors do not have to assume that the struggles they have are permanent. Quality of life can be preserved with a proactive approach to stroke recovery. These arm exercises for stroke recovery combined with Saebo products can be some of the most effective techniques to improve arm range of motion and strength. If you have lost mobility in your arms due to a stroke, you can take back control and put recovery in your own hands with the help of simple arm exercises.

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Whether you are a caregiver, occupational therapist or even a stroke survivor yourself, Saebo provides stroke survivors young or old access to transformative and life changing products. We pride ourselves on providing affordable, easily accessible, and cutting-edge solutions to people suffering from impaired mobility and function. We have several products to help with the stroke recovery and rehabilitation process. From the SaeboFlex, which allows clients to incorporate their hand functionally in therapy or at home, to the SaeboMAS, an unweighting device used to assist the arm during daily living tasks and exercise training, we are commitment to helping create innovative products for stroke recovery. Check out all of our product offerings or let us help you find which product is right for you.
All content provided on this blog is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or 911 immediately. Reliance on any information provided by the Saebo website is solely at your own risk.
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Is there a mathematical reason (or possibly a historical one) that the "elementary" functions are what they are? As I'm learning calculus, I seem to focus most of my attention on trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, and $n$th roots, and solving problems that have solutions which are elementary functions. I've been curious why these functions are called elementary, as opposed to some other functions that turn up rather naturally in mathematics. What is the reason that these functions take up most of our attention, and is there a reason that some additional functions are not included amongst the elementary functions? In other words, what property or properties do these functions possess that separates them from non-elementary functions (if there is one)?
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Those elementary functions are the familiar functions since from lower level maths. They are the most useful functions regarding mathematics and they play a very vital role in applications. That's makes them elementary. – Hassan Muhammad Mar 9 '12 at 5:22
Here is a reverse kind of question/discussion What is a special function – AD. Mar 9 '12 at 5:30
The polynomial, exponential, sine, and cosine functions are "elementary" because they are very useful and will more frequently arise naturally in an investigation (whether within math or in an application) than most other functions. So everyone needs to know them. But why are they so useful? I think fundamentally it's because they are solutions to some of the simplest differential equations you could write down. The polynomials are the functions whose nth derivative is constantly 0. The sine and cosine functions satisfy $y'' + y = 0$ and the exponential function satisfies $y' = y$. – Mike Benfield Apr 26 '12 at 13:06
_USER_: or if one wishes to be a bit more inclusive, the exponential function, the sine, the cosine, and their hyperbolic counterparts all satisfy the differential equation $y^{(iv)}=y$. – Guess who it is. Apr 26 '12 at 13:31
As far as I can see, there's no reason to have a fixed, unchanging notion of "elementary function." More useful are statements like: "The least set of entities that includes the entities [...] and is closed under the operations [...], also includes the entities [...] and is also closed under the operations [...]. Furthermore, all entities in this class can be uniquely expressed in the form [...]." Substitute the word "entities" for the word "functions" and you'll get lots of interesting notions of "class of elementary functions." – goblin Nov 4 '13 at 3:40
9 Answers 9
As Sivaram Ambikasaran mentioned the description on Wikipedia is fine.
I believe the class of elementary functions, $E$, is commonly thought of as a construction of the form
 1. All polynomials are in $E$
 2. The exponential and the logarithm function is in $E$
 3. The sine and cosine functions are in $E$.
 4. $E$ is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and composition (finitely many operations of these).
 5. $E$ is the smallest set with the properties 1-4.
This applies to both real or complex valued functions.
Edit 1:
Some examples of functions that are elementary
 - $f(x)=1-x^2$
 - $s(x) = \sqrt{x}$ (see addendum below)
 - $g(x)=\arctan x$ (see addendum below)
 - $U(x)=\sin\frac{1}{\log(1+x^2)}$
 - $A(x)=|x| = \sqrt{x^2}$
 - $_2F_1(1,1,2,x) = \log(1-x)$ (a Gauss Hypergeometric notation that ends up in a elementary function)
Some examples of functions that are not elementary
 - The Sine integral $\operatorname{si}(x)=\int_0^x\frac{\sin t}{t}dt$
 - The Error function $\operatorname{erf}(x)=\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_0^x e^{-t^2}dt$
 - The Cantor function
 - The characteristic function of an interval.
Edit 2:
The nomenclature elementary function is of course used since the functions that are elementary can be deduced using finitely many applications of elementary operations on basic "high school functions".
Edit 3:
Convinced by comments - removed closed under inversion in step 5. Added log in step 2.
Addendum (2013-02-28):
To see that the square root function $s(x)=\sqrt{x}$ is elementary using the above definition just note that $$ x\mapsto \frac{1}{2}\log x = \log x^{1/2}=\log\sqrt{x}$$ and hence $$s(x)=\sqrt{x}=\exp(\log\sqrt{x})$$ is elementary too. Perhaps $\arctan$ is a bit harder to deduce from the other steps in the construction of $E$, first note that \begin{eqnarray} \tan x=\frac{\sin x}{\cos x}= \frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{i(e^{ix}+e^{-ix})}= -i\frac{e^{2ix}-1}{e^{2ix}+1}=\\ -i\frac{e^{2ix}+1 -2}{e^{2ix}+1} = -i\frac{e^{2ix}+1 }{e^{2ix}+1}-i\frac{-2}{e^{2ix}+1}=\\-i +i\frac{2}{e^{2ix}+1} \end{eqnarray}
Hence if we solve for, $e^{2ix}$ in the above identity we get \begin{eqnarray} e^{2ix}=\frac{2}{1-i\tan x}-1= \frac{2-(1-i\tan x)}{1-i\tan x}= \frac{1+i\tan x}{1-i\tan x} \end{eqnarray} and taking the complex logarithm (more precisely the principal branch of the logarithm) we get $$x=\frac{1}{2i}\log\frac{1+i\tan x}{1-i\tan x}$$ That is $$t\mapsto \arctan t =\frac{1}{2i}\log\frac{1+it}{1-it}$$ belongs to $E$.
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_USER_ Could you please explain what you mean? What you look at is an equation - not a function. – AD. Mar 9 '12 at 9:28
This nice, concise definition of $E$ falls short of explaining why we consider its elements "elementary". Note that polynomials are merely finite applications of addition and multiplication; $n$-th roots undo "powers" (repeated multiplication). Exponentials are merely powers with a different focus (base held constant rather than exponent); logs undo those. Trigs get into the club via ties to the complex exponential. Perhaps what makes elementary functions "elementary", then, is that they're fundamentally "arithmetical". – Blue Mar 9 '12 at 11:19
I don't think you can include function inversion in your list. For one, the inverse of $x \mapsto xe^x$ is not usually considered elementary. For another, _USER_'s comment might be referring to the inverse of $x \mapsto b = \sin x - ax$. – Rahul Mar 9 '12 at 13:04
Correct. Do not include function inversion. Instead of writing down what you remember, why not cite a definitive reference? – GEdgar Mar 9 '12 at 15:58
A minor note: it would probably be good to explain how $\sqrt{x}$ is an elementary function under your definition, since that's a bit non-trivial (you have to go through exp and log to get it). – Steven Stadnicki Feb 28 '13 at 18:38
The original truly elementary functions are rational functions built up with the basic arithmetic operations.
Arctan and log are necessary and sufficient to integrate rational functions while sin/cos and exp are the solutions of the simplest differential equations and serve as a basis for the simplest interesting class of differential equations.
So, in a way, trigonometric functions, log and exp are the next thing found if one adds calculus to basic arithmetic.
But of course, it remains always slightly arbitrary since it is hard to justify the exclusion of elliptic functions, for example.
Yet, few people would argue that the elementary functions aren't simpler/satisfy simpler relations than elliptic functions in most respects.
share|improve this answer
"At one time... every young mathematician was familiar with $\mathrm{sn}\,u$, $\mathrm{cn}\,u$, and $\mathrm{dn}\,u$, and algebraic identities between these functions figured in every examination" - E.H. Neville – Guess who it is. Apr 26 '12 at 13:26
The good old times. – Phira Apr


text:
Read the Notes for the rules on how to play. A whole class game for revising defintions. This version reviews definitions for terms associated with number concepts such as denominator, multiple, etc. The words can be easily changed.
The Golden Rectangle is a plot created by starting with a rectangle, chopping off successive squares, and drawing quarter circles with a radius equal to the side of the square that was cut.
A versatile number line flash program for whole numbers and decimals. From Ambleside Primary.
A lovely hundred board from Ambleside Primary. Click on the [Ideas] tab to get some suggestions on how it might be used.
Here is another. You can drag the yellow bars to cover numbers:
Here is a 1 to 100 board that you can write on, using the mouse:
A series of flipchart pages to enhance learning about pi.

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Language: C++
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Differences in Execution Flow
Why would a program not yield any errors, and yet not run on one system, while resulting in a perfect run (unchanged) on another system? Specifically, a switch statement was completely ignored on my system, yet functioned accurately on my professor's.
Yes, it's possible to have the same program behave differently on different machines. There could be many reasons for this. For example, if the program is implicitly linked with certain runtime libraries (or DLL's) that are not identical on both machines, the same program can exhibit different behavior when it executes on different machines.
Likewise, certain applications access environment variables that might differ from one machine to another. An example of such a variable can be "IP_ADDRESS" or even USER. Since the values of these variables can be different on each machine, the result of a conditional statement that checks their values can also differ.
Finally, the code can be run by different users, who have different privileges. These privileges can affect the program's execution flow, too. Suppose the program tries to read a file. If a user with insufficient privileges attempts to execute the program from her account, the program will not be able to open the file, while a user with sufficient privileges can execute the program and have it open that file successfully.
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We all have attributes that define who we are and our ability to impact and crucial historical people appear to be no different, especially in the early republic and exploration phase. The advantage that history provides is it provides strong specific examples of people with beneficial traits, and it's fair to draw this conclusion since if a name has made it through time then something underlying either physical or mental must have separated and pushed them to either success and/or having a lasting impact.
Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and William Clark are just a few examples of prominent people who have left a lasting impression that display characteristics that I believe lead to their success and contributions to forming the United States into what we know today. The examples previously listed all shared two physical traits: white and male. This is no surprise that these were mutual features between successful people since this was a time where "it was easier for poor men to indirectly lash out than it was for women to assert equality" (Ripper, 2008).
Being a male and white, or a person who helped white men was essential for most to establish any ground and seniority. Having some sort of rank or following was another essential piece in being remembered, the army provided this opportunity for many men. Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and William Clark all served in the army.
A few attributes both physical and mental were required to serve and the obvious is being physically able.
An obese authority figure is/was not a common or a strong characteristic, a sense of power is hard to exude from someone weak and fragile both physically and mentally. So, the opposite could be said of the men such as those who served, and the army didn't just condition them physically and mentally that contributed to their success, but it provided these men with the opportunity to be liked and in the future reach seniority or other opportunities. A prevalent example of being liked due to having strong physical and mental characteristics and leading to success was William Clark.
We would not know Lewis and Clark without William displaying attributes that resulted in Lewis requesting him and displayed the crucial role that working social connections are in success. These beneficial attributes that contributed to Clark's opportunity and ultimate success were expressed by Lewis who described Clark as having the "strength of mind and spirit," and these qualities lead to his approval for the Corps of Discovery (Ripper, 2008). Many mental qualities must be present for someone to be followed and remembered. Being passionate about your beliefs and having the ability to express yourself with conviction was a quality that was imperative for people such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.
Even with polar views, both men could be described as passionate. This convincing passion leads to followers and this lead to a lasting political party impact that is remembered today. Hamilton's drive was displayed by his vigorous advocation for the Constitution along with his representation of his views in different essays (Ripper, 2008). Jefferson showed his passion through his confidence in himself and others who supported his beliefs (Ripper, 2008).
Overall, these men and other historical figures exude a plethora of attributes that contributed to their achievements such as being passionate, working their network and being physically strong and mentally capable. This being said what attributes repressed a specific individual or individuals ability to succeed in terms of both physical and mental traits?
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The Swedish Teacher
If you want the answers, you just have to ask!
Nog, väl and ju
Hej alla!
It took me a while but finally I will try to explain how to use small words with big meaning – nog, väl and ju. A reader brought up the subject with the following question:
" Hi,
Just had a lesson on how to use Nog, Väl and Ju, but my teacher was no very clear on what is the meaning of them. She said it was impossible to translate them directly to Swedish. Nevertheless, I believe there should be some kind of rule or at lest trend, rather than just doing it by "feeling" as my teacher said.
First of all nog, väl, and ju are all so called satsadverb (sentence adverbials). Those of you who have read previous posts about word order and adverbials, know that a satsadverbial is a word that changes or specifies the meaning of the whole clause or sentence. Examples of satsadverb that might be more familiar to you are inte (not), kanske (maybe) and bara (only).
"Nog" is a troublesome little word since it has several different meanings and can easily be misunderstood and misinterpreted, even by native speakers I dare to say. Myself I really had to think hard what nog really means in different examples. That might be an explanation to why teachers often say that it is a question of "feeling for it".
I would say that a translation of "nog" goes from the weaker förmodligenprobably to the stronger visserligen – to be sure, it is true:
förmodligenprobably weak
säkerligen – no doubt, doubtless
helt säkert – certainly
visserligen – to be sure, it is true strong
Here are a few examples of how "nog" can be used:
Det blir nog sent i kväll.
(It will probably be late tonight. I will probably come home late tonight.)
In this case "nog" has the weaker meaning as in "I'm not sure, but probably".
Det ska du nog inte räkna med.
(I wouldn't count on it.)
Here the speaker is not 100% sure, but pretty close. I would say that the "nog" in this sentence means that the speaker has some doubts, but is more sure than if using "probably".
Det ordnar sig nog.
(It will be alright, for sure.)
This should not be interpreted as "It will probably be alright", which would be a strange thing to say I guess, not that encouraging 😉 In this case "nog" means "I'm sure of it".
Väl is a sentence adverbial that makes the sentence end up somewhat in between a statement and a question. I've had many students during the years being very frustrated over this. They ask me: "Is it a question or not? I want to know!" And all I can answer is: "Well, it is sort of a question, but still not quite." :)
Stäng fönstret!
(Close the window!)
This is a command. You will go and close the window.
Du kan väl stänga fönstret.
(Why don't you close the window.)
This is a little softer, rather an expectation or a wish than a command.
Kan du stänga fönstret?
(Can you close the window?)
This is, as you can see, a plain question.
Here are a few more examples with "väl":
Det är väl inte hela världen.
(That's not the end of the world, is it?)
"Väl" here corresponds with the "is its?"
Nu ska det väl snart sluta regna.
(It should stop raining soon, shouldn't it?)
Det vore väl underbart om …
(Wouldn't it be wonderful if…)
One thing that can be tricky with "väl" is that it is used when the speaker want to request something or give you an order so to speak, but still want to be polite. So the order can be mistaken for a question. This way of using "väl" is common in a work situation or in school. At work for example, your boss might say :
Du kan väl skriva klart den där rapporten till på måndag morgon.
This is a polite way to say "Finish this report, I want it in Monday morning."
Your teacher might say:
Ni kan väl titta på den här artikeln till i morgon.
What the teacher really means is "Read this article for tomorrow."
The turn has come to "ju". As I explained in a previous post, "ju" expresses something like "as you know" or "I know that you know". Actually it is used a lot when the speaker thinks that the listener should know better. Some examples:
Va?! Köpte du en sprillans ny BMW? De kostar ju en hel förmögenhet.
(What?! Did you buy a brand new BMW? You know they cost a whole fortune.)
– Du tog väl med dig ett paraply?
(You brought an umbrella, didn't you?)
– Nej.
– Men, jag sa ju att det skulle bli regn.
(But I told you it was going to rain.)
– Vill du ha en cigarrett?
(Do you want a cigarette?)
Nej, jag har ju slutat röka.
(No, I told you I've quit smoking.)
Phew, this was a tough one! I hope a have clarified something for you. Please post questions if you have any!
Sara the Swedish Teacher
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2 responses to "Nog, väl and ju"
 1. Sean says:
 Wow, many thanks!! I've been learning basic Swedish for a while now but no one has been able to properly explain these to me… Fantastic.
 Report abuse »
 2. Dylan Hooper says:
 It looks to me from the above article on väl, that the word can be used as a more formal way of saying please.
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It is the most interesting novel--period--that I've read in years.
Comments (2) Permalink Most recent comment: Oct 14, 2008 9:53 AM
How did a Catholic boy write this?
Songs for the Butcher's Daughter: A Novel
by Peter Manseau
I am a secular Jew. Like myself, this novel is far more ethnic than religious. It's incredibly Jewish, but at the same time wonderfully inclusive. What I mean is, you do NOT have to be Jewish to read and enjoy this novel. In fact, it is a tale literally being told by an outsider.
Songs for the Butcher's Daughter is a story within a story. On the surface, it is the fictionalized autobiography of Itsik Malpesh, "the last Yiddish poet in America." Born in 1903 in the middle of a Russian pogrom, Malpesh leads a picaresque life that takes him from the town of his birth to Odessa, from Odessa to New York, and eventually to Baltimore, Maryland. It's a long, eventful, tragic, dramatic, funny, and occasionally joyful life. In the course of its telling, Malpesh documents anti-Semitism in the old world, the birth of Israel, the death of Yiddish, the American immigrant experience, and a saga of star-crossed love. But it's so much more. Itsik's is such a human story! It's beautiful and compelling and grabbed me right from the opening pages.
The story within this story comes in the form of copious "translator's notes." Itsik's memoir was written in his native tongue, Yiddish. His story is being filtered through an unlikely translator, a young, non-Jewish, college grad with an all-but-useless theology degree. The most marketable of his skills is his knowledge of the Hebrew alphabet. It's enough to get him a job in a warehouse of Yiddish literature run by a Jewish organization. Bored beyond belief, this nameless narrator teaches himself the language and embarks on his own journey which eventually leads to nonagenarian Itsik Malpesh.
Amazingly, Itsik's story and the narrator's story have strange little connections that reminded me of the subtle connections between the stories in David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas. However, these coincidental connections shouldn't have surprised, as the past never really seemed to stay the past in Itsik's long life. People came and went and reappeared when and where you least expected them. Or perhaps where you most expected them. Call backs and foreshadowing were used to good effect, and overall the writing of this debut was impressive. The story started to drag just a bit late in the novel, but the ending was so satisfying that it hardly seems worth mentioning. This is a truly auspicious debut, and I will be waiting with considerable interest to see what Peter Manseau writes next.
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Two stars for the novel, four stars for the recipes
Belle in the Big Apple: A Novel with Recipes
by Brooke Parkhurst
By the time I requested a review copy of this novel through the Amazon Vine program, I could already see the very mixed to negative reviews. But I thought to myself, "Perhaps they're not really chick-lit fans." And I must admit that I was very intrigued by the idea of a novel with recipes. Intrigued enough to want to check it out for myself.
Unfortunately, the only conclusion I can come to is that this is a very badly written debut novel. It's essentially a fish out of water story. Southern Belle comes to the Big Apple to make it big. While not the most original premise, it definitely could have worked. Belle gets a job with a conservative cable news network. As the author is a former employee of Fox News, she might have had some fun with that. Unfortunately, the writing was honestly just tedious. Ideas were poorly expressed.
Possibly my biggest problem was with the protagonist herself. Helen Feilding made me relate to a hard-drinking, chain-smoking Londoner. Jennifer Weiner made me relate to a zaftig, East Coast Jewess. There was absolutely nothing relatable in Belle. I felt absolutely no kinship with her, and really didn't like her very much. When the character is unlikeable, you don't really care if they ultimately succeed, so even the ending held little satisfaction.
What was the one great thing about this novel? The recipes! They really are great, and were intergrated into the text in fun ways. I can't wait to try a few out.
Comments (2) Permalink Most recent comment: Sep 22, 2008 10:17 AM PDT
A No-Spoiler Review
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
by Stieg Larsson
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a layered and nuanced mystery with so many different plot threads and intrigues that it's a shame to ruin any of the twists and turns. The novel opens with Swedish industrialist Henrik Vanger reluctantly opening a package on his 82nd birthday. It's another anonymously-posted pressed flower, the same gift he has received every year since his beloved grand-niece Harriet disappeared back in 1966. He believes that her murderer is tormenting him.
Elsewhere, financial journalist Mikael Blomkvist is being handed down his sentence in criminal court. He has been convicted of libeling the wealthy and powerful Hans-Erik Wennerstrom, and it seems they take libel rather seriously in Sweden. It carries a steep fine and jail time. His career in shambles, Mikael is offered an unusual freelance job. Henrik Vanger wants him to move out to the country, ostensibly to write a history of the Vanger family. In reality, Mikael is being hired to investigate Harriet's disappearance 36 years prior--one last time with fresh eyes. Vanger has been obsessively investigating the crime for decades and has never been able to move on with his life.
As much as he doesn't want the job, Mikael is coerced into accepting the proverbial offer he can't refuse. It's a fascinating writing project, an enormous paycheck when he most needs it, and one more thing...Vanger promises to give Mikael dirt on Wennerstrom that will stick when the end of his one-year contract is up.
Where, you may be asking, is this eponymous girl with the dragon tattoo? She is Lisbeth Salander, a 24-year-old private investigator who enters the story gradually. She is hired by Vanger's lawyer to investigate Mikael Blomkvist before the job offer is made. After that early introduction, we follow her exploits occasionally, and it is no surprise when she eventually gets dragged further into the heart of the story. Lisbeth is a very different sort of literary character. Warm and fuzzy she's not. In fact, there seems to be something... wrong with her. But we only get tantalizing bits of information about her background, and how she has come to be in the position that she's in. Nonetheless, Lisbeth, with her many gifts and many flaws is the perfect counterpoint to nice guy Mikael. (I literally lost count of how many times he proclaimed to someone, "I want to be your friend.")
This novel had a long dénouement, as there were so many different storylines to wrap up. Naturally, there was far more to the case of Harriet, the goings-on of the Vanger family, and even the libel case with Wennerstrom than immediately meet the eye. The novel is deftly plotted, and the conclusions are deeply satisfying, all the while paving the way for the two sequels Larsson wrote before his untimely death. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo has been a monster bestseller in Europe, and is likely to become one here as well. It has no literary pretensions, but it's a well-written, fast-paced story with richly imagined characters. If that's your cup of tea, by all means, dive right in.
Comment (1) Permalink Most recent comment: Sep 1, 2008 2:39 PM PDT
Send in the Nimitz!
Supreme Courtship
by Christopher Buckley
There are some authors who--even when they're not at their best--are so much better than almost anyone or anything else. Christopher Buckley is just such an author.
I don't think that Supreme Courtship is his strongest work. The satire isn't quite as clever and cutting as some of what he's done in the past. I'd call it "Buckley light." That said, you'd have to be made of stone not to get a giggle from this book. It's just silly and fun.
In the novel, the US is governed by a wildly unpopular president. (I'm not even going to say anything here.) Not only is he unpopular with the people, he's even more unpopular with his own congress. (He vetoes all of their pork barrel projects.) As revenge, the senate subcommittee eviscerates every Supreme Court nominee he sends their way, no matter how honorable and qualified. It's painful to watch. At his wits end, in an attempt to nominate an untouchable, he nominates Pepper Cartwright, America's favorite television judge. Hilarity ensues!
Not only is Buckley lampooning all three branches of the federal government, he takes pot shots at reality television, the uninformed populace, and possibly the writers of The West Wing. Again, this is a very light and fluffy book. If you're looking for in-depth insight into the workings of the Supreme Court, you're barking up


Ohio Court Upholds Jury Verdict against Adverse Possession Claim
Friday, August 30th, 2013
Peggy Kirk Hall, Asst. Professor, OSUE Agricultural & Resource Law Program
A recent decision by the Ohio Court of Appeals addressed two important legal standards: the proof necessary to claim title to another's land by adverse possession and conditions allowing a trial court to set aside a jury's verdict.
The case, Kiesel v. Hovis, centers on a land dispute between two adjacent farms in Sandusky County, Ohio. A recent land survey established a new legal description and a boundary line between the farms; the survey placed the boundary line 126 feet east of a ditch that the Kiesels had previously considered the boundary. Since the new boundary reduced their parcel by seven acres, the Kiesels filed a lawsuit, claiming title to the seven acres of land by adverse possession.
Adverse possession is an old law; its historical purpose was to encourage settlement of the frontier by rewarding "squatters" who put land into productive use. Today, adverse possession is a controversial law used to try to resolve misunderstandings about boundaries established long ago. A party claiming land by adverse possession must prove that he or his predecessors had exclusive, continuous possession of the disputed land for at least 21 years and that the possession was open, notorious and adverse to the legal title holder. If the party proves each element of adverse possession, the court will order a new deed that changes title to the property.
Offering Evidence to Prove Adverse Possession
Landowners often ask what type of evidence will prove the elements of adverse possession. In this case, the Kiesels offered proof through the testimony of several witnesses. Two farmers testified that they had farmed the disputed land for the Kiesels' predecessor from 1975 to 1993, although one farmer stated that he didn't believe all of the land had belonged to the predecessor. The Kiesels also testified, stating that they had owned the land since 1993, had farmed up to the ditch for ten years, had placed the land into the Conservation Enhancement Reserve program in 2003 and still received annual payments from the government for the land.
Hovis, the neighboring landowner and defendant in the case, offered witnesses to dispute the Kiesels' claims. The surveyor for Hovis testified that the new boundary line was consistent with old legal descriptions for other parcels and with old tax maps. The surveyor also stated that early maps did not show the ditch; a ditch did not appear on any government map until 1959. Hovis called a witness from the county auditor's office, who testified that the new survey line was consistent with old tax maps and that the auditor's office had ordered the new survey because the old legal description was ambiguous. Hovis also testified that his father had owned the land since 1966, that he and his father had paid taxes for the disputed strip since that time, and that his father and the owner previous to Kiesels were friends but that he didn't know whether they had an agreement about the use of the land in question. In reference to whether he had given the Kiesels permission to use the land, Hovis testified that he had never said anything but had consented to the use by his inaction, as it was difficult to get his equipment across the ditch to access the land.
Who Gets the Land?
As is often the situation in adverse possession cases, the jury sided with the legal title holder. A unanimous verdict by the jury rejected the Kiesels' claim of adverse possession and ruled in favor of Hovis.
A Court's Power to Set Aside a Jury Verdict
After the jury verdict, the Kiesels asked the court for a "judgment notwithstanding the verdict." This motion argues that the court should set aside a jury verdict because reasonable minds could have come to only one conclusion based on the evidence submitted, and that conclusion was opposite the jury's decision. The trial court agreed and granted the Kiesels' motion to replace the jury's verdict, commenting that the jury had "lost its way." Hovis immediately appealed the court's decision to the court of appeals, arguing that sufficient evidence existed to refute the claim of adverse possession, the trial court had used the wrong standard for determining whether to set aside the jury's decision, and the trial court had invaded the "province of the jury."
The Review by the Court of Appeals
The Sixth District Court of Appeals reinstated the jury's verdict. The trial court's conclusion that the jury had "lost its way" was "patently the wrong standard to use," the court of appeals stated. Instead, the trial court should have determined whether reasonable minds could have disagreed on the decision. Examining all of the witness testimony, the appeals court concluded that the testimony was not conclusive either way; reasonable minds could have examined the evidence and reached different conclusions about whether the Kiesels had proven adverse possession. For this reason, the trial court erred by setting aside the jury's verdict.
Lessons Learned
The case reminds us once again of the difficulty of proving adverse possession. Imagine the jury's challenge: whether to take land from one landowner and give it to another. The difficulty of this task is likely one reason that adverse possession claims are hard to win; another could be that "permission" for the use by the title owner is a defense to the claim that the use was "adverse" or against the wishes of the owner. While the Kiesels and predecessors had clearly used the land in dispute for more than 21 years, they weren't able to convince the jury that their use was adverse. Hovis, on the other hand, apparently established enough evidence to suggest that both he and his predecessor had allowed the use of the land since it was on the other side of the ditch and not easily accessible, thereby giving permission for the use. The law of adverse possession does not allow a party to claim the land of one who has given permission or "acquiesced" in the use of his or her land by another, even if the other party mistakenly believes he or she owns the land.
This case also reminds us about the role of juries and judges in our legal system. While a trial court judge can disagree with a jury, the judge does not have automatic authority to deprive the jury of its decision. Only if there's no uncertainty about the interpretation of evidence--no room for reasonable minds to disagree about what the evidence proves--can a court step in and replace a jury's verdict. This is an important principle of our legal process, intended to balance power between the people and the courts.
Time will tell whether the Kiesels invoke another significant component of our legal process--the right to request a review of the appellate court's decision by the Ohio Supreme Court. The appellate court's decision in Kiesel v. Hovis is here.
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6.71. Cleaning Up
From now on, when reentering the chroot environment after exiting, use the following modified chroot command:
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \
 HOME=/root TERM="$TERM" PS1='\u:\w\$ ' \
 PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin \
 /bin/bash --login
The reason for this is that the programs in /tools are no longer needed. Since they are no longer needed you can delete the /tools directory if so desired.
[Note]
Note
Removing /tools will also remove the temporary copies of Tcl, Expect, and DejaGNU which were used for running the toolchain tests. If you need these programs later on, they will need to be recompiled and re-installed. The BLFS book has instructions for this (see _URL_
If the virtual kernel file systems have been unmounted, either manually or through a reboot, ensure that the virtual kernel file systems are mounted when reentering the chroot. This process was explained in Section 6.2.2, "Mounting and Populating /dev" and Section 6.2.3, "Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems".


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We present temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra from MA1-xFAxPbI3 for x = 0.02, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.6 over the temperature range of ~12-300 K. These results show remarkable changes across the structural phase transitions together with presence of multiple peaks, prominently in the low temperature regime, that can be associated with different crystallographic phases apparently coexisting at low temperatures. We propose that the persistent dominant presence of the PL signal associated with the high temperature tetragonal/cubic phase in each case even at the lowest temperature can only originate from a structural relaxation at the surface of the grains of the low temperature phase, making the surface electronic structure close to that of the high temperature phases. Since the bandgap is smaller for the surface related phase, the photoexcited energy is significantly transferred to the surface region before deexcitation, giving rise to the dominance of this PL feature. Our results show that with an increasing FA content, this transfer of energy becomes more efficient with a complete suppression of the PL features of the low temperature bulk phase, while the x-ray diffraction shows a phase pure low temperature phase alone. Additionally, we show that the lowest energy PL feature that appears only at a critical low temperature is not associated with any crystallographic transition, but correlates well with the plastic crystal-like transition arising from the three-fold rotations of the MA unit around its C-N axis as determined by prior quasi-elastic neutron scattering studies. This suggests that the MA rotations suppress the formation of self-trapped excitonic features via electron-phonon interactions, while the feature begins to appear with increasing intensity as the MA rotations are frozen with a decreasing temperature below a certain temperature. This interpretation allows us to estimate the polaronic contribution to the stability of the self-trapped exciton in these systems to be around ~35 ± 3 meV. Interestingly, the PL spectrum progressively shows a suppression of contributions from the low temperature phases and the self-trapped exciton with an increasing FA content, leading to a single peak PL feature at all temperatures for the highest FA content sample investigated in this work.
Structure-dependent Photoluminescence from MA1-xFAxPbI3 with Evidence of Defect-suppression on FA-substitution
27 July 2022, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.


that you want to remove, click on the 'Trashcan' icon in the footer right of your iPhone or upper-left of your iPad.
 7. Once finished, now you have to verify that you want to delete the pictures or not.
Steps to Recover and Erase Photos Permanently
Once you remove your media files, users may observe that they are still taking up some space on their device. It happens because Apple automatically places some deleted photos in the 'Recently Deleted Items' folder only for those time you want to recover them from the trash folder. For this, follow the steps mentioned below and follow it in the same way as illustrated. Here how to do it:
 1. Click on the 'Photos' icon appears in the iPhone or iPad screen to open it.
 2. Click on the 'Albums' icon located in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
 3. Then, press the 'Recently Deleted' folder option.
 4. After that, hit the 'Choose' in the top-right side of the screen.
 5. Click on 'Recover All' or 'Delete All' option.
Once you pressed the Delete 'All' tab, all photos selected on your iPhone and iPad will permanently be erased from your devices. In case, if you pressed 'Recover All' tab, all photos you selected will be recovered and added to your Photo album folder.
Richard Turner is a creative person who has been writing blogs and articles about cyber security. He writes about the latest updates regarding _URL_ and how it can improve the work experience of users. His articles have been published in many popular e-magazines, blogs and websites.
The post Guide to Delete Unwanted Photos on An iPhone or iPad appeared first on _URL_.
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How to Locate Lost Apple Airpods _URL_ _URL_ Tue, 21 May 2019 14:00:36 +0000 _URL_ The wireless Airpods offered by Apple are being used and loved by millions because they are powerful and innovative. It is easy to carry them around but the chances to lose them is higher as well. However, Apple has made things easier for the ones who lost their products. Through Find My iPhone, Apple has Read more about How to Locate Lost Apple Airpods[…]
The post How to Locate Lost Apple Airpods appeared first on _URL_.
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The wireless Airpods offered by Apple are being used and loved by millions because they are powerful and innovative. It is easy to carry them around but the chances to lose them is higher as well. However, Apple has made things easier for the ones who lost their products. Through Find My iPhone, Apple has already allowed Apple users to find their iPhone. The same type of service "Find My AirPods" is available for AirPods users to get back their AirPods too. You can easily set up this tool and find the lost Apple AirPods.
For using Find My AirPods, you need to have these things:
* An iOS device operating on iOS 10.3 or higher versions.
* An iCloud account, which must be active.
* Your AirPods needs to be paired with the iOS device that you are using.
* Find My iPhone needs to be enabled before losing your AirPods.
Setting up Find My AirPods
If you have earlier set up Find My iPhone, you must be aware that it is necessary to have an iCloud account. If you've additionally set up your AirPods with your iOS device, you know that through iCloud other device are paired. When it involves finding lost AirPods, it's particularly helpful. It is because you don't need to set up Find My AirPods on its own. As long as you've got an active iCloud account on the iPhone or iPad that you used to set up, and have enabled Find My iPhone on the same, your AirPods are automatically connected to Find My AirPods. Pretty straightforward, right?
How to Access Find My AirPods
You can find your lost AirPods via Find My AirPods by using two things. Either, through an iOS device having Find My iPhone app installed on it or through a PC web browser by logging in to your iCloud account. If you have any one of them, follow the below-given steps for finding you AirPods:
1. Launch the Find My iPhone app in your iOS device or go to iCloud.com in your PC.
2. If you are on PC, sign in with the same account that you accessed to set up the lost AirPods. iOS device users skip directly to the fourth step.
3. Choose the Find iPhone icon on your PC.
4. Once you have done it, Find My iPhone/AirPods will launch and try to find your AirPods. Tap on the All Device section and then choose AirPods. Those who are on an iOS device, tap on the AirPods.
5. You will get to see the AirPods on the map if they will be found. The device that you are using for finding will be seen as a blue dot on the map. When it comes to your Airpods, they will appear as any one of these two colored dots:
* Gray: It means that the AirPods cannot be located due to various reasons. You can check all the reasons at the end of this article.
* Green: It means your AirPods are connected with an iOS device and are online, and you can play anything to find them.
6. If you see the green dot, choose the dot and then hit the "i" icon available in the pop-up.
7. From the pop up that is available on the top section of the screen, click on Play Sound to play something on your AirPods.
8. You will get a few options while playing the sound in your AirPods. First will be Stop Playing option, which will pause the audio. Second, Mute Left option that is going to stop the audio playing on the left AirPod. The third will be a Mute Right option that will prevent the sound that will be playing on the right AirPod.
9. In this way, you can find the lost AirPods easily. If you didn't view the green dot earlier and see a gray dot, it is a problem.
The reasons behind the fact that you are not able to find AirPods are no Find My iPhone, no battery, or out of range. If you didn't set up Find My iPhone/AirPods before you lost the earbuds, you can't find them. The low battery won't let you see them as well. Last but not least, if your AirPods are out of range, they will not be shown to you!
Richard Turner is a creative person who has been writing blogs and articles about cyber security. He writes about the latest updates regarding _URL_ and how it can improve the work experience of users. His articles have been published in many popular e-magazines, blogs and websites.
The post How to Locate Lost Apple Airpods appeared first on _URL_.
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Sunday, March 16, 2008
Phrases To Impress
Yes thanks for the comment, Ninja, that repetition can drive you crazy. In fact, since I have been learning cantonese, I have found myself, at times, speaking cantonese (subconsciously) to myself and even talking to people in cantonese who are not chinese and do not understand any Cantonese!!! I have also found my normal everyday English suffering due to the different grammatical structures. Maybe these are the signs of my impending insanity - all caused, as you say, by constant repetition!
My summary of the whole situation is this: "Cantonese is freakin damn difficult! It is POOP CAY! All I can say is take your time! Try learning a few words each conversation you have. Furthermore, try learning some phrases that will quickly impress even though you have minimal knowledge of useful words. This later advice is for the person who just wants to impress others without the pain of having to learn alot of cantonese. I can only try to relate to such a person!!!! (please note the sarcasm of the previous statement!)
Ok now for some of these canto phrases:
1. Hou sum jok lui peck = good heart gets struck by lightning
(means something like: "There is no point doin good deeds, they're never appreciated anyway!" or "Do a good deed and get slapped in the face for it!")
2. Leng doh bao keng = so pretty the mirror shatters
Leng doh lau howl sou = so pretty i'm drooling
Leng doh pung pang seng = so pretty (bang bang) - I think the pung pang is a gunshot sound?
*basically all these phrases mean the same thing 'your so pretty!'
3. Bowl dinn waa chook = simmering telephone porridge
(porridge takes a long time to cook and hence I think this saying means "you are talking forever on the phone")
4. Hou loi mow kin = long time no see (lit.)
5. Whats wrong? = Mei si a?
6. Whats up? = Dim a?
7. Say something! = Gong ye la (it follows mei si a really well)
8. Don't worry = M gan yiew (to be used in normal situations - lit means 'not important')
9. Don't worry = Fong sum (lit. means let go of heart burden - prob use this one when more emotions are involved to reassure someone)
10. Forget about it = Shun a
11. Excuse me = M hou yee see a (lit. means 'has no meaning')
12. Have no time = Mow si garn
13. Whatever! = See Darn a! (shrug your shoulders for full effect!)
14. You're Crazy! = Nei chee sinn
15. Silly Girl/Boy! = Sorr Lui/Chay
Monday, February 18, 2008
Working like a Dog
Hello pung yaus, this lesson is for all of you out there who is working for the man! (or woman)
Gee lately I've been flat out at work - my day comprises of keeping other people happy (doctors, nurses, relatives, patients, relatives etc. How did our lives become this? We used to be nomadic barbarians who hunted and gathered, living our lives in freedom. But now we've evolved into some office sitting, coffee sipping, computer typing, telephone answering, photocopying, paperworking people!!
There is one good thing about this daily repetitious working lifestyle - "repetition" will make it easier for us to learn the cantonese words that describe our jobs! Sorry thats the only positive thing I can think of with respect to the repetitive nature of our occupations - unless your saving the world (e.g. you're working towards a cure for cancer and you've almost got it).
So here are today's words:
Working like a dog = jou do ho si ge jek gou a!!!
Boss, what are you talking about? = lau ban / lau xay, nei gong mut ye a?
I don't like Mondays = bai yut (then shake head and sigh) - all about attitude here :)
I looooooooove Fridays = bai m a!!! (YAY! and have a huge grin :)
I want to go home = ngo seung faan 'ook kei' (home)
I feel sick = ngo yau beng (I am sick)
I need a beer = ngo seung yum b chau
I need alcohol = ngo seung yum chau (hong chau = red wine, baak jau = white wine)
I NEEEED a coffee = ngo SUI YIEW yum ka fe a!
Hospital = yi yuen
Crazy Patient = beng yun
Crazy Relatives (of patients) = beng yun ge 'ook kei yun' (family)
Physiotherapist = mut li che liu si
Nurse = woo si
Pharmacist = yerk si
Computer = diin noow
Telephone = diin wa
Receptionist = bei shoo
I hope I win the lottery = ngo hei mong ngo wooi jong 'look hap choi' (lottery) la!
See you tomorrow = teng yut kin
Bye Bye = 'joi kin' or 'bai bai'
Saturday, February 16, 2008
Nice stuff to say to the ladies
Thanks Tuey for your inquiry of how to say biattttchh!! Well normally i'm not one to swear but when learning a new language I think it essential to know a few back up words - cos ppl gonna swear at you behind your back and at least you can know that and say "nei hay ba po" which means "you are a bitch".
Nah seriously today's lesson is about compliments and non-compliments (i.e. put downs). I think theses are essential for getting along with people and thats what i'm about - but its also good to have a few negative compliments for those people who deserve it.
So here's a few random phrases for you to ponder:
hou leng = good looking (you can extend the houuuuuuuuuuuuuu to add more emphasis)
m cho = not bad
mow cho = your right
hou hern = smell good
hou sik = delicious
waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa = woooooh mamaaaaaaa
leng lui = pretty girl
ngo hou pung yau = my good friend
lui pung yau = my girlfriend
ngo tai tai = my wife
nei chee sinn = you're crazy
gee see = selfish
ba po = (dont say this!)
xxxxxx = learn it yourself
Chaps concentrate on the positives and all will go well with you!
Choi Kin Leng Lui, Leng Chays
Friday, February 15, 2008
Beef Noodle Soup - Pho
Leng lui, leng chays - dim a?
Before we get started on new words, I just want to respond to the comment that "conversation is the best way to learn cantonese (thanks Ninja ba po!)"
I totally agree but add that repetition is important so as you are practicing the language you will need to write down the words you learn - and what better way than via alphabetical pinyin - if anyone can think of a better way of recording new words then I am definitely open to suggestions!
Now onto today's topic: eating pho (beef noodle soup) - one of my favourite past times! So what words would I need to know when eating out somewhere in Hong Kong?
1. Ngo siew yiew yum kafe m goi? I need a coffee please
2. Yut gor pho m goi? One bowl of pho please
3. Li gor hou sik! This is delicious
4. Ngo bow! I am full
5. Ngo yi ga hoi sum! I am happy (content) now!
Other useful words:
ping go jup = apple juice
chang jup = orange juice
cha = tea
b chau = beer
chau = wine
kafe = coffee
Choi kin my pung yaus (friends)!
Leng Chay, Leng Lui
Hello my name is Phil and this is my blog about the journey of learning Cantonese from scratch.
Firstly let me introduce myself - I am Australian and English is my first language. My motivation to learn Cantonese is so that I can speak to my sister and her family in Hong Kong. As a English speaker, I have to say that learning Cantonese is difficult. What has helped me the most is writing down Cantonese words in a form of "pinyin" alphabetical language - and although there seems to be no official pinyin for Cantonese, I believe it is good practice to write down what you hear and the only way I can do that is via a made-up pinyin. Anyway - you choose for yourself whether such a technique will help you.
The first words I have learned in Cantonese is Leng Chay and Leng Lui which means 'handsome' and 'beautiful' respectively. These words are very common greetings in Hong Kong and can be used in as alternatives to normal address like Mr, Mrs, Ms etc. For example, "leng chay, can i have a glass of sou (water) m goi (please)".


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, or theBecause of the loss of face, she completely severed communications with me, even though she was supposedBut we have to learn diplomacy to show there is no loss of face in having basic skills improved, and 1) Face to Face Communication Creates More Motivation.Face to face communication is particularly suitable for discussion as there is immediate feedback from the listener.Free Communication Skills Resources.
Definition of face-to-face - English Dictionary.B1 directly, meeting someone in the same place: Weve spoken on the phone but never face-to-face. She came face-to-face with her attacker in the courtroom.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Clean Election generally refers to elections that are free of electoral fraud or deception. More specifically, clean election describes a system of taxpayer financing of political campaigns. Candidates who qualify by collecting a prescribed number of signatures and $5 contributions from registered voters in their electoral district can agree to not raise or spend any private money during the primary and general elections. Instead, a set amount of funding for the candidate's campaign is provided from the state budget. If the candidate is outspent by an opponent running a privately funded campaign, the state will provide more funding to the "clean" candidate in order to match the amount spent by the opponent, up to some multiple of the original funding.
Clean elections have been implemented in Maine and Arizona on a statewide level, as well as in Portland, Oregon on the municipal level, and elsewhere. Proponents of clean elections, including those involved in Clean Elections Rhode Island, believe that Clean Elections result in increased voter turnout, political transparency, and diversity of candidates, including fuller representation of women and minorities.


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From: Monica Howie
Subject: [teacherartexchange] tie-dye tissue paper
Does anyone have advice on creating a tie-dye effect using wetted
1. My young students really enjoyed that aspect of "bleeding" tissue
2. We did not use that technique in isolation...felt that it was more
effective if some of the tissue stayed on the paper for texture and
3. Not all tissue brands "bleed"
4. Tissue also bleeds on to the artists' hands and is nearly impossible
5. Ditto for art furniture.
6. We used white glue and water mixed, applied with stiff bristle


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WinFACT offers various methods for the design of closed loop systems:
The module RESY allows the analysis, design and simulation of linear standard control loops in time domain as well as frequency domain. Controller and plant can be built-up stepwise from linear standard elements. For time domain as well as for frequency domain characteristic values can be determined to get an idea of the dynamic behaviour of the system. The frequency response can be represented as a Bode plot or a Nyquist plot. The following graphic is a typical screenshot during working with RESY.
The module SUSY serves for the analysis and synthesis of single-input single-output systems in the state space-representation. SUSY can display the time responses of the individual state variables for the analysis, draw trajectories and trajectory fields of state variables and calculate the eigenvalues of the system.For the synthesis two methods are at disposal:
After the synthesis of the state controller time responses, trajectories and eigenvalues of the closed loop can be displayed, if necessary the controller can be optimized or SUSY can generate a document file corresponding to the display. The following graphic is a typical screenshot during working with SUSY.
|WinFACT 2016-demo version, as at April 4th, 2017|
|WinFACT 2016-Product overview (German)|


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Lincoln Monks Liberty, Lincolnshire Genealogy
Guide to Lincoln Monks Liberty, Lincolnshire ancestry, family history, and genealogy: parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.
|Lincoln Monks Liberty, Lincolnshire|
|Poor Law Union||Lincoln|
|Parish registers: For records see surrounding parishes|
|Bishop's Transcripts: For records see surrounding parishes|
|Rural Deanery||Not Applicable|
|Probate Court||Search the courts of the surrounding parishes|
|Location of Archive|
|Lincolnshire Record Office|
This is one of seven extra parochial places in the city of Lincoln.
A priory of Benedictine monks, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, and a cell to the abbey at York, founded prior to the reign of Henry II., and of which the remains, now called Monks' house, about half a mile to the east of the city, consist of the walls of several apartments and a small chapel; a house of Franciscan friars, of uncertain date; and houses of Carmelite and Augustine friars, the former founded in 1269, and the latter in 1291.
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
This is one of seven extra parochial places in the city of Lincoln. Link to FamilySearch CatalogueLincoln Monks Liberty
Census records from 1841 to 1911 are available online. For access, see England Census Records and Indexes Online. Census records from 1841 to 1891 are also available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library.
Poor Law Unions
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Lincolnshire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
- Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 87-95.


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In the case of multi-nation transport connectivity, clarity is required on governance, responsibilities between the political executive, the national legislature, permanent officials and any expert independent infrastructure commissions.
There is potential here to co-ordinate action between the National Infrastructure Commission, the outputs of the Infrastructure Commission for Scotland, the National Infrastructure Commission for Wales, and any potential Commission arising in Northern Ireland, to jointly develop a credible needs assessment grounded in the current and future performance of the assets and networks making up the transport infrastructure system.
To support this response, polling was conducted on behalf of ICE by YouGov in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to better understand how the public perceive transport connectivity between UK nations and to understand motivations for future travel patterns at a multi-nation level.
The evidence shows that most respondents do not find it difficult to travel between their nation of residence and other nations of the UK, however, improvements could be made in the transport system that would encourage more frequent travel.
ICE response to the Union Connectivity Review
Content type: Policy
Last updated: December 2021


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The Bailey Library does more than disseminate information…it also disseminates seeds for free!
Since 2015, the Seed Library has offered a vast selection of seeds for you to plant.
It is funded by the WCC Sustainability Council to encourage students, staff, and the community to live more sustainably by growing their own organic food to consume. You will discover a trove of flowers (some are edible), fruit, vegetables, and herbs. Have you ever tasted a purple tomato or a red carrot, cooked with chervil, or smelled a Zinnia?
Come into the Seed Library to explore your options of what to grow in your garden.
Borrow the seeds, cultivate, harvest, and enjoy your bounty. All activities are great for personal and planetary health. Also, the seeds do not need to be returned and you can save them for the next year.
You will find the Seed Library collection of heirloom seeds in the old-fashioned card catalog near the Research Help Desk. For more information look here in the Seed Library Research Guide.
When you are in the Library, check out the display of books on improving your soil, growing your garden, and cooking with your very fresh ingredients.


text:
As climate change and its effects take hold on agricultural systems, knowledge of engineering hydrology is required to come up with effective solutions. Following is a brief overview of how agricultural engineers use engineering hydrology concepts and hydrological data in Kenya.
Engineering hydrology is one of the most important sets of theoretical information that agricultural engineers have to stay conversant with when coming up with interventions to address climate change. Hydrological data describes the relationship between soil and water systems during design, and is important for, among others, design of small dams, water pans, rain water harvesting structures and irrigation. In the design of small dams and water pans, hydrological information is necessary in determining the peak flow rate for spillway design and the sedimentation load in silt trap design. When designing water harvesting structures, hydrological data is used to determine the precipitation, which forms the basis for sizing the structures. In irrigation design, hydrological data such as the base flow rate of the water sources is required to determine the area of irrigation. Agricultural Engineers in Kenya refer to a set of reference documents when analyzing hydrological data during design.


text:
A patch is a piece of software designed to fix problems.
Hot patching is a mechanism of applying the patch to an application without requiring to shutdown or restart the system or the program concerned. This addresses the problems related to unavailability of service provided by the system or the program.
We came across a situation where a DLL is loaded by one of the critical processes in a system and that process demands high availability. The DLL has exported functions that are supposed to perform the core operations within the process. We identified a critical flaw in one of the exported functions from the DLL. One constraint we had while trying to fix the problem was to avoid any down time of this critical process.
We solved this problem by using the hot patch mechanism. We used an external process to inject a DLL [Hot patch]. This DLL has the corrected version of the defective function and also a hook to
GetProcAddress function. As we know, calling
GetProcAddress returns the address of the exported function from the specified DLL. By hooking into the
GetProcAddress API, we monitored the requests to the exported function. When we find that the request was made for the flawed function, we just returned the address of the updated function which was part of the injected DLL.
By intercepting the calls of
GetProcAddress API, we redirected the requests from the flawed function to the corrected function.
We could resolve this problem by using the concepts like DLL injection and API hooking.
Hot Patch Structure
This hot patching structure has the following binaries:
- Hot Patch DLL: This DLL has only exported functions that are updated and will be used as replacement for the flawed functions. This also has the hooking logic to hook to
GetProcAddress API exported by Kernel32.DLL.
- Updater.exe: This process injects the hot patched DLL into the target process.
How to Inject DLL into a Remote Process
One method of injecting a DLL into a remote process requires a thread in the remote process to call
LoadLibray of the desired DLL. Since we can't control the threads in a process other that our own, the solution would be to create a new thread in the target process. This enables us to have full control over the code that this thread is going to execute.
We can create a thread in a remote process using the following Windows API:
HANDLE hProcess, PSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES psa,
PDWORD pdwThreadId );
After creating a new thread in the target process, we need to make sure that there is a call to
LoadLibrary API that will load the DLL into the target process.
Following is the complete set of steps for injecting a DLL into the target process:
VirtualAllocEx API to allocate memory equal to the size of DLL full file path in the remote process:
VirtualAllocEx(hProcess, NULL, dwSizeOfFilePath, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
WriteProcessMemory to copy the DLL's full file path in the allocated space [Step 1]:
(void*)szDLLFilePath, dwSizeOfFilePath,NULL);
CreateRemoteThread API to create thread in the remote process passing in the address of
LoadLibary API and also the memory location of the DLL's full file path.
hProcess, NULL,
(LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE) ::GetProcAddress(hKernel32,"LoadLibraryA"),
pDLLFilePath, 0,
VirtualFreeEx function to free the memory allocated in step 1:
::VirtualFreeEx( hProcess, pDLLFilePath, dwSize, MEM_RELEASE );
How to Perform API Hooking using Import Section
Using module's import section to perform hooking is quiet robust and easy to implement. To hook to a particular function, all we need to do is change the address of the flawed function in the module's import section.
We are trying to Hook to the
GetProcAddress API exported by Kernel32.dll.
Following is the complete set of steps for API hooking:
- Locate the Module's import section by calling
- Loop through import section for the DLL which contains API that we want to hook. In this case, we would be searching for Kernel32.dll.
- Once the DLL module is located, get the address to the array of
IMAGE_THUNK_DATA structure that contains the information about the imported symbols:
pThunk = (PIMAGE_THUNK_DATA)((PBYTE)hModule + pImportDesc->FirstThunk);
- Once the address of the exported is located, use the following APIs to update the address to the new function that needs to be hooked:
WriteProcessMemory(GetCurrentProcess(), ppfn, &pNewFunction,
sizeof(pNewFunction), NULL);
VirtualProtect(ppfn, sizeof(pNewFunction), dwOldProtect,&dwOldProtect);
When Are We Going to Perform this Hooking
Immediately after injecting the DLL into the remote process,
LoadLibary calls the
DLLMain of the injected DLL with
DllMain( HMODULE hModule, DWORD ul_reason_for_call, LPVOID lpReserved)
switch( ul_reason_for_call )
case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH:
HookTheAPI(); break;
Implementing Our Own GetProcAddress
MyGetProcAddress will intercept all the calls made to
GetProcAddress APIs to monitor if there is any request for the faulting function and if so, return the address of the corrected function.
FARPROC WINAPI MyGetProcAddress(HMODULE hmod, PCSTR pszProcName)
pOldFunAdd = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("MySubsystem.dll"), "Foo");
pNewFunAdd = GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("MySubsystem.HP.dll"), ""Foo");
pRetFunAdd = GetProcAddress(hmod, pszProcName);
if((NULL!= pOldFunAdd) && (NULL!= pNewFunAdd))
// if the request is of that Faulting Function
if(pOldFunAdd == pRetFunAdd )
pRetFunAdd = pNewFunAdd; // Return address of
// corrected function
return pRetFunAdd ;
The attached binaries demo the hot patching implemented using the DLL Injection and Function Hooking. To keep the thing simple and for easy understanding, I am demonstrating with a very basic functionality. Please ignore the code optimizations for now:
- MySubsystem.DLL: This DLL exports following functions
RandomNumber: Returns a random number
SleepTime: Specifies the time to sleep before making the other call to
- MyProcess.exe: This process loads the MySubsystem.DLL and displays the
RandomNumbers in console after sleeping for the specified amount of time as returned by MySubsystem.DLL.
- Change Request: Displays the random numbers which are even. Odd number should not be displayed on the console. This has to be accomplished without restarting the process MyProcess.exe.
- MySubsystem.HP.DLL: This is a HOT Patch DLL that contains the corrected
MyRandomNumber as per the request. This also has the implementation for Hooking and Hooked function
- Updater.exe: This process injects the MySubsystem.HP.DLL into MyProcess.exe
Run MyProcess.exe to see that
RandomNumbers which are both even and odd are getting displayed. Run the updater.exe and you will see only even numbers getting displayed. All the odd numbers are skipped.
One limitation for this approach is that the functions that are exported can be hot patched.
- 6th October, 2010: Initial version


It's the 15th anniversary of Google Maps Platform! Check out the latest news and announcements.
Place Photos
You can use the Places SDK for iOS to request place photos to display in your application. Photos returned by the photos service come from a variety of sources, including business owners and user-contributed photos. To retrieve photos for a place, you must take the following steps:
 1. Call [GMSPlacesClient fetchPlaceFromPlaceId], passing a string with a place ID and a callback. This will call the callback with a GMSPlacePhotoMetadataList object.
 2. On the GMSPlacePhotoMetadataList object access the results property and select the photos to load from the array.
 3. For each GMSPlacePhotoMetadata to load from this list call [GMSPlacesClient loadPlacePhoto:callback:] or [GMSPlacesClient loadPlacePhoto:constrainedToSize:scale:callback:]. These will call the callback with a usable UIImage. Photos can have a maximum width or height of 1600 pixels.
Sample code
The following example method takes a place ID and gets the first photo in the returned list. You can use this method as a template for the method you will create in your own app.
Swift
// Specify the place data types to return (in this case, just photos).
let fields: GMSPlaceField = GMSPlaceField(rawValue: UInt(GMSPlaceField.photos.rawValue))!
placesClient?.fetchPlace(fromPlaceID: "INSERT_PLACE_ID_HERE",
 placeFields: fields,
 sessionToken: nil, callback: {
 (place: GMSPlace?, error: Error?) in
 if let error = error {
 print("An error occurred: \(error.localizedDescription)")
 return
 }
 if let place = place {
 // Get the metadata for the first photo in the place photo metadata list.
 let photoMetadata: GMSPlacePhotoMetadata = place.photos![0]
 // Call loadPlacePhoto to display the bitmap and attribution.
 self.placesClient?.loadPlacePhoto(photoMetadata, callback: { (photo, error) -> Void in
 if let error = error {
 // TODO: Handle the error.
 print("Error loading photo metadata: \(error.localizedDescription)")
 return
 } else {
 // Display the first image and its attributions.
 self.imageView?.image = photo;
 self.lblText?.attributedText = photoMetadata.attributions;
 }
 })
 }
})
Objective-C
// Specify the place data types to return (in this case, just photos).
GMSPlaceField fields = (GMSPlaceFieldPhotos);
NSString *placeId = @"INSERT_PLACE_ID_HERE";
[_placesClient fetchPlaceFromPlaceID:placeId placeFields:fields sessionToken:nil callback:^(GMSPlace * _Nullable place, NSError * _Nullable error) {
 if (error != nil) {
 NSLog(@"An error occurred %@", [error localizedDescription]);
 return;
 }
 if (place != nil) {
 GMSPlacePhotoMetadata *photoMetadata = [place photos][0];
 [self->_placesClient loadPlacePhoto:photoMetadata callback:^(UIImage * _Nullable photo, NSError * _Nullable error) {
 if (error != nil) {
 NSLog(@"Error loading photo metadata: %@", [error localizedDescription]);
 return;
 } else {
 // Display the first image and its attributions.
 self->imageView.image = photo;
 self->lblText.attributedText = photoMetadata.attributions;
 }
 }];
 }
}];
Caching
Photos loaded using [GMSPlacesClient loadPlacePhoto:callback:] or [GMSPlacesClient loadPlacePhoto:constrainedToSize:scale:callback:] are cached both on disk and in-memory by the Foundation URL loading system in the shared NSURLCache.
To configure the caching behavior you can change the shared URL cache using [NSURLCache setSharedURLCache:] in your application delegate's application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: method.
If you do not want your application to share a NSURLCache with the Places SDK for iOS you can create a new NSURLCache and use this exclusively within your app without setting it as the shared cache.
Attributions
In most cases, place photos can be used without attribution, or will have the required attribution included as part of the image. However, if the returned GMSPlacePhotoMetadata instance includes an attribution, you must include the additional attribution in your application wherever you display the image. Note that links in the attribution must be tappable. See the documentation on attributions.
Usage limits
Retrieving an image costs one unit of quota; there are no usage limits for retrieving photo metadata. Read more about usage and billing.


text:
The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity
A Sociohistorical Approach to Religious Transformation
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While historians of Christianity have generally acknowledged some degree of Germanic influence in the development of early medieval Christianity, Russell goes further, arguing for a fundamental Germanic reinterpretation of Christianity. This first full-scale treatment of the subject follows a truly interdisciplinary approach, applying to the early medieval period a sociohistorical method similar to that which has already proven fruitful in explicating the history of Early Christianity and Late Antiquity. The encounter of the Germanic peoples with Christianity is studied from within the larger context of the encounter of a predominantly "world-accepting" Indo-European folk-religiosity with predominantly "world-rejecting" religious movements. While the first part of the book develops a general model of religious transformation for such encounters, the second part applies this model to the Germano-Christian scenario. Russell shows how a Christian missionary policy of temporary accommodation inadvertently contributed to a reciprocal Germanization of Christianity.
- Oxford University Press, June 1996
Oxford University Press
- Download options:
- EPUB 2 (Adobe DRM)
You can read this item using any of the following Kobo apps and devices:


text:
Here Is How You Can Send WhatsApp Message Without Typing It
All things seem to be possible in the world of geeks. Did you also realize that you can actually send instant messages using the famous messaging app, WhatsApp without having to genuinely type them? sounds inconceivable, isn't that so? WhatsApp has such a large number of cool features that the vast majority of its 2billion clients probably won't think about. On the off chance that you are one of those individuals who detest typing and incline toward conveying utilizing video calls, voice calls, and voice notes, there is additionally another way that permits you to communicate easily. The component is called Dictation, and lets you speak messages into your mobile's microphone – then translates it into text. Unbelievable right?
Step by step instructions on how to use WhatsApp Dictation
So as to utilize WhatsApp Dictation, you fundamentally open a chat, hit the text bar, and afterwards tap the keyboard microphone symbol. This will initiate the microphone and will start dictating all that you state. The microphone will proceed to listen, and WhatsApp will keep on dictating as you're talking. It will deactivate following a couple of moments of quietness. Once WhatsApp has recorded all that you've stated, you send your message in an ordinary way.
There are two or three different things to note when you use WhatsApp Dictation. To begin with, you can use punctuation marks by saying them out. For instance saying: 'comma' or 'question mark soon after saying something. Besides, it is suggested that you speak clearly to give WhatsApp the opportunity with regards to dictating your message effectively. Doing as such in a calm situation will likewise help in this regard.
On the other hand, you can likewise watch the video underneath on the best way to send a WhatsApp message without typing it.


text:
SEAM (Simple Extensible Abstract Machine) is a
virtual machine architecture and library. SEAM is designed to be
languageand platform-independent, to be simple
and based on few principled services.
- Uniform data representation and memory management.
All datastructures used to represent computations, including code and
threads, reside in an abstract store, which represents
an abstract graph of data nodes.
Language specific datastructures are modelled on top of the
language-independent store structures. The store manages the allocation
of nodes and their efficient layout in memory.
- Platform-independent external representation.
Store values are converted to a portable representation during
export (pickling), and converted back during
import (unpickling). A language-independent
transfer language is defined
to describe values independent from platform.
Unpickling operates with respect to runtime-pluggable
language-dependent transformation. For example, language specific code
can be instantiated either to byte code or to native code.
- Abstract execution model.
Computations are defined by a generic evaluator interface.
SEAM supports arbitrarily many codes and
evaluators to be used at the same time and interact freely. In particular,
common virtual machine services like foreign
function interfaces are easily expressible.
SEAM is used successfully to implement the new virtual machine underlying
the Alice Programming System.
- 2004/10/04: preliminary "SEAM" home page online
- 2002/03/20: first version of "SEAM" VM is working
The SEAM Project is partially funded by the DFG (SFB
378, Project MI
6 - NEP).
Wed Mar 21 12:05:26 2007


, Volume 15, Issue 4, pp 309-321
Regional differences in shape and load in normal and diseased hearts studied by three dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging
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Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to characterize regional geometry in relation to load in two groups of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and right ventricular pressure overload (RVPO) in relation to a group of subjects with normal left ventricular (LV) function. Background: Both these diseases are associated with marked changes in LV shape and function, which have not been studied with detailed three dimensional tools. Methods: Three dimensional (3D) tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to characterize the 3D geometry and regional stresses of the left ventricles in patients with HCM and RVPO. Curvatures, stresses, wall thickness, and endocardial motion were calculated from surface and volume elements. Results: Hearts with RVPO exhibited more circumferential and meridional flattening of the septum than normal and HCM hearts. The stress indices were lowest in the HCM hearts, compared to normal and RVPO hearts, due to the larger thicknesses. There was a more significant difference between lateral wall motion and other regional wall motions in the HCM and RVPO hearts as compared to normal hearts. Conclusions: It is suggested that curvature and stress mapping by 3D tagged MRI can be used as an important clinical tool for characterizing and distinguishing between healthy and diseased hearts. The results provided here validated previous knowledge on HCM and RVPO known from planary imaging methods.


text:
- Marginal cost pricingsearch for term
'Marginal cost pricing' expresses the theory that the net benefits of an economic activity are maximised when prices are equal to the marginal cost of production. This is because prices measure consumers' marginal willingness to pay, and therefore the value, of a commodity or service. The marginal cost is the quantity of resources, which must be employed to produce a single extra unit of the commodity. When price equals marginal cost, it indicates that the cost of the marginal unit of production is just equal to, and therefore justified by, the value of the extra consumption. In the case of water resources, the 'cost of production' should be interpreted to include the impact on the environment. Damage to the environment can lower welfare directly (e.g. through reduced amenity), or indirectly, through the need to spend more on water treatment. Also, any current use must reduce the amount of water available for use in future periods. This would apply to any store of water, such as an aquifer or lake, being used in excess of its recharge rate. Continued exploitation must at some time lead to exhaustion. Hence, current use of the resource has an opportunity cost which is the cost of use foregone in the future. Various formulae exist on which marginal cost pricing policies can be based, which take into account the indivisibilities, which are a feature of water resources, investment.
Further information: Pricing of Water Services. OECD, 1987.
- Meteringsearch for term
Systems of metering for calculating water consumption, and thereby charges owed by the customer per unit of water consumed, are needed in cases where charges or tariffs for water are not set at a flat rate per user. However, it is important to recognise that metering is expensive to install and operate efficiently, and that users are likely to reduce their usage, so that it may not be economic – however apparently desirable – to install a metering system. Any decision to install metering will have to take many factors into account: the value and scarcity/abundance of water; the cost of installing meters, maintaining their security, staffing their inspection, billing customers, etc.; possible customer reactions; the desirability and practicalities of introducing a two-tier payment system, whereby above a certain level, price per unit increases, thus helping reduce waste and increase revenues. Most OECD countries, and a growing number of other countries, use metering for urban domestic water consumption. (See also Tariff structures.)
- Monitoring Indicatorssearch for term
Monitoring is the systematic and continuous observation of actual events, and their comparison with the planned situation or outcome. Monitoring is necessary both to check the actual project performance on an ongoing basis, and to measure whether it has achieved the objectives it was designed for. In order for monitoring to be undertaken, indicators are needed about which data can be collected on a regular basis. The selection of useful indicators is critical to the quality of data collected. (See also Chapter 13, Monitoring Indicators.)


text:
Since "Thanatopsis" is a poem about death, it's probably not that surprising that images of graves and tombs and coffins are all over the place. One of the major ideas that holds this poem together is the contrast between the freedom and the open space of nature and the confinement of the grave. When the speaker mentions the grave in this poem, he's usually talking about a scary, dark, unhappy place. By the end, though, he helps us to see why it might not be so bad after all.
- Line 12: Here the grave is referred to as "the narrow house." We think that's a metaphor for a coffin. Plus it's a great way of communicating what's scary about death. Doesn't it make you feel a little claustrophobic just reading about it? If we're going to feel uplifted at the end of the poem, we have to go through the scary stuff first.
- Line 45: This might be the central metaphor of the whole poem. The idea is that the whole world, the globe itself, is "the great tomb of man." It's sort of gross, in a way, to think about the whole world being stuffed with millions or billions of dead bodies. Bryant finds a way of making it sound sort of noble and solemn and beautiful, though. In a way, the fact that there are so many bodies in there makes the earth into a sacred place.


text:
Fear for no peers!
Free English Dictionary
Definition of Gain
- [n.] - A square or beveled notch cut out of a girder, binding joist, or other timber which supports a floor beam, so as to receive the end of the floor beam.
- [a.] - Convenient; suitable; direct; near; handy; dexterous; easy; profitable; cheap; respectable.
- [v. t.] - That which is gained, obtained, or acquired, as increase, profit, advantage, or benefit; -- opposed to loss.
- [v. t.] - The obtaining or amassing of profit or valuable possessions; acquisition; accumulation.
- [n.] - To get, as profit or advantage; to obtain or acquire by effort or labor; as, to gain a good living.
- [n.] - To come off winner or victor in; to be successful in; to obtain by competition; as, to gain a battle; to gain a case at law; to gain a prize.
- [n.] - To draw into any interest or party; to win to one's side; to conciliate.
- [n.] - To reach; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain; to gain a good harbor.
- [n.] - To get, incur, or receive, as loss, harm, or damage.
- [v. i.] - To have or receive advantage or profit; to acquire gain; to grow rich; to advance in interest, health, or happiness; to make progress; as, the sick man gains daily.


Advantages and Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation
HideShow resource information
Advantage: Time Saving
Delegated legislation saves Parliament time. Parliament does not have enough time to pass all the new detailed and local laws required each year. There is often only enough time in the parliamentary session to pass all Government laws introduced. There is very little time left for other types of bills, and making over 3000 statutory instruments as well as local by-laws and emergency provisions each year would be impossible.
Delegated legislationcan be passed quickly to deal with situations when they arise, and in emergencies. If it was necessary to follow the parliament procedure, it would take too long before the law was introduced. This would be wholly innapropriate and ineffective in emergency situations.
1 of 9
Disadvantage: Partly undemocratic
The process of making delegated legislation is to some degree undemocratic. Delegated legislation is not debated by Parliament, except in the case of statutory instruments subject to the affirmative resolution procedure. Statutory instruments are drafted by unelected, permanently employed civil servants, and are often only rubber-stamped by the appropriate minister. As discussed above, the Queen and Privy Council are not elected, yet they approve Orders in Council.
2 of 9
Advantage: Produced with specialist knowledge
People with specialist knowledge are involved in the preparation of delegated legislation. Parliament does not necessarily possess this specialist knowledge. For example, local councils have greater knowledge in the local area. Bristol City Council has severalby-laws relating to the Clifton and Durdham Downs. These by-laws regulate behaviour on the Downs, and amongst other things, prohibit vehicles and grazing. Government ministers and their civil service departments have considerable technical knowledge within their particular area of responsibility. For example, the Cableway Installation Regulations 2004, made by the Transport Minister in order to comply with a European Directive, required detailed technical knowledge of cablecars, drag ligts and ski lifts etc
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Disadvantage: Lack of publicity
Delegate legislation is insufficiently publicised. Because delegated legislation is not debated by Parliament, there is not the same opportunity to press to raise public awareness of it as there is with an Act of Parliament. This, added to the fact that there is no general effective way to publicise delegated legislation, means that an enormous volume of law is passed without the public being aware of it. Much remains unpublicised after coming into force.
4 of 9
Advantage: Parliamentary Control
There is some control over delegated legislation. In Parliament, statutory instruments are subject to affirmative or negative resolutions or are scrutinised by the Scrutiny Committee. By-laws must be approved by the relevant minister, and a judge can declare void any delegated legislation that has gone beyond its powers. This range of control should ensure that all delegated legislation conforms to the requirements of the parent Act and therefore the will of Parliament.
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Disadvantage: No effective control
There is a lack of proper control. Many of the parliamentary and judicial controls are limited in effect. For example, not all statutory instruments are subject to the affirmative or negative resolution, and those subject to the latter may be overlooked. Judicial controls are dependant on a person challenging the validity of the law, which rarely occurs due to limited knowledge, finance and time. Consequently, some delegated legislation that is ultra vires is never challanged, and so remains in force.
6 of 9
Advantage: Democratic
Delegated legislation is, to an extent, democratic. Government ministers, who are responsible for issuing statutory instruments and who also approve by-laws, are elected. Local councillors, responsible for making by-laws, are also elected. Orders in Council are drfted by the Government, although they are approved by the Queen and Privy Council, neither of which is an elected body.
7 of 9
Disadvantage: Contradicts the separation of powers
Some delegated legislation offends the doctrine of separation of powers. Under this doctrine there are three branches of power: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. No one should be a member of more than one of the three branches of power, and the three branches should operate separately from each other. They should not perform each other's duties.
The executive is the Government and is responsible for formulating policy. In theory, Government ministers should not also be making law. The legislature is the Houses of Parliament and is responsible for making law.
The judiciary should ensure the law passed by Parliament is applied. According to this theory, they should not be declaring whether the law is valid or not.
8 of 9
Disadvantage: Risk of sub-delegation
There is a risk of sub-delegatioin where the person or body that has been given the power to make law may pass this power down to another. For example, statutory instruments are supposed to be made by Government ministers. In reality, they often merely rubber-stap laws actually made by their civil servants.
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Making words out of numbers
Dim a As String = "conan"
Dim b As String = "the"
Dim c As String = "barbarian"
Dim d As Long = 0
Dim f As Long = 0
Dim g As Long = 0
Dim h As Long = 0
Dim i As String = ""
Dim j As Long = 0
Dim k As Long = 100000
Dim n As Long = 100000000
Dim l As Integer = 89
Dim m As Integer = 6301
Dim o As Long = 155755927
Dim x As Integer
For x = 0 To a.Length - 1
 d = d + Asc(a.Substring(x, 1))
Next
For x = 0 To b.Length - 1
 f = f + Asc(b.Substring(x, 1))
Next
For x = 0 To c.Length - 1
 g = g + Asc(c.Substring(x, 1))
Next
h = Math.Floor(((g * f) + (f * d + k)) + n * d ^ 2)
For x = 0 To h.ToString.Length - 1 Step 1
 i = String.Concat(i, h.ToString.Substring(x, 1))
Next
i = i + ((l * m) * o)
When this code completes, the value of "i" represents a word.
What's the word?
And the answer is?
Who's beaten this one?
Pseudo
 Pass
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