MatchingFieldsSelector struct {
 fields.Selector
}
MatchingFieldsSelector filters the list/delete operation on the given field selector (or index in the case of cached lists). A struct is used because fields.Selector is an interface, which cannot be aliased.
func (MatchingFieldsSelector) ApplyToDeleteAllOf Uses
func (m MatchingFieldsSelector) ApplyToDeleteAllOf(opts *DeleteAllOfOptions)
ApplyToDeleteAllOf applies this configuration to the given an List options.
func (MatchingFieldsSelector) ApplyToList Uses
func (m MatchingFieldsSelector) ApplyToList(opts *ListOptions)
ApplyToList applies this configuration to the given list options.
type MatchingLabels Uses
type MatchingLabels map[string]string
MatchingLabels filters the list/delete operation on the given set of labels.
func (MatchingLabels) ApplyToDeleteAllOf Uses
func (m MatchingLabels) ApplyToDeleteAllOf(opts *DeleteAllOfOptions)
ApplyToDeleteAllOf applies this configuration to the given an List options.
func (MatchingLabels) ApplyToList Uses
func (m MatchingLabels) ApplyToList(opts *ListOptions)
ApplyToList applies this configuration to the given list options.
type MatchingLabelsSelector Uses
type MatchingLabelsSelector struct {
 labels.Selector
}
MatchingLabelsSelector filters the list/delete operation on the given label selector (or index in the case of cached lists). A struct is used because labels.Selector is an interface, which cannot be aliased.
func (MatchingLabelsSelector) ApplyToDeleteAllOf Uses
func (m MatchingLabelsSelector) ApplyToDeleteAllOf(opts *DeleteAllOfOptions)
ApplyToDeleteAllOf applies this configuration to the given an List options.
func (MatchingLabelsSelector) ApplyToList Uses
func (m MatchingLabelsSelector) ApplyToList(opts *ListOptions)
ApplyToList applies this configuration to the given list options.
type MergeFromOption Uses
type MergeFromOption interface {
 // ApplyToMergeFrom applies this configuration to the given patch options.
 ApplyToMergeFrom(*MergeFromOptions)
}
MergeFromOption is some configuration that modifies options for a merge-from patch data.
type MergeFromOptions Uses
type MergeFromOptions struct {
 // OptimisticLock, when true, includes 'metadata.resourceVersion' into the final
 // patch data. If the 'resourceVersion' field doesn't match what's stored,
 // the operation results in a conflict and clients will need to try again.
 OptimisticLock bool
}
MergeFromOptions contains options to generate a merge-from patch data.
type MergeFromWithOptimisticLock Uses
type MergeFromWithOptimisticLock struct{}
MergeFromWithOptimisticLock can be used if clients want to make sure a patch is being applied to the latest resource version of an object.
The behavior is similar to what an Update would do, without the need to send the whole object. Usually this method is useful if you might have multiple clients acting on the same object and the same API version, but with different versions of the Go structs.
For example, an "older" copy of a Widget that has fields A and B, and a "newer" copy with A, B, and C. Sending an update using the older struct definition results in C being dropped, whereas using a patch does not.
func (MergeFromWithOptimisticLock) ApplyToMergeFrom Uses
func (m MergeFromWithOptimisticLock) ApplyToMergeFrom(in *MergeFromOptions)
ApplyToMergeFrom applies this configuration to the given patch options.
type ObjectKey Uses
type ObjectKey = types.NamespacedName
ObjectKey identifies a Kubernetes Object.
func ObjectKeyFromObject Uses
func ObjectKeyFromObject(obj runtime.Object) (ObjectKey, error)
ObjectKeyFromObject returns the ObjectKey given a runtime.Object
type Options Uses
type Options struct {
 // Scheme, if provided, will be used to map go structs to GroupVersionKinds
 Scheme *runtime.Scheme
 // Mapper, if provided, will be used to map GroupVersionKinds to Resources
 Mapper meta.RESTMapper
}
Options are creation options for a Client
type Patch Uses
type Patch interface {
 // Type is the PatchType of the patch.
 Type() types.PatchType
 // Data is the raw data representing the patch.
 Data(obj runtime.Object) ([]byte, error)
}
Patch is a patch that can be applied to a Kubernetes object.
func ConstantPatch Uses
func ConstantPatch(patchType types.PatchType, data []byte) Patch
ConstantPatch constructs a new Patch with the given PatchType and data.
Deprecated: use RawPatch instead
func MergeFrom Uses
func MergeFrom(obj runtime.Object) Patch
MergeFrom creates a Patch that patches using the merge-patch strategy with the given object as base.
func MergeFromWithOptions Uses
func MergeFromWithOptions(obj runtime.Object, opts ...MergeFromOption) Patch
MergeFromWithOptions creates a Patch that patches using the merge-patch strategy with the given object as base.
func RawPatch Uses
func RawPatch(patchType types.PatchType, data []byte) Patch
RawPatch constructs a new Patch with the given PatchType and data.
type PatchOption Uses
type PatchOption interface {
 // ApplyToPatch applies this configuration to the given patch options.
 ApplyToPatch(*PatchOptions)
}
PatchOption is some configuration that modifies options for a patch request.
type PatchOptions Uses
type PatchOptions struct {
 // When present, indicates that modifications should not be
 // persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will
 // result in an error response and no further processing of the
 // request. Valid values are:
 // - All: all dry run stages will be processed
 DryRun []string
 // Force is going to "force" Apply requests. It means user will
 // re-acquire conflicting fields owned by other people. Force
 // flag must be unset for non-apply patch requests.
 // +optional
 Force *bool
 // FieldManager is the name of the user or component submitting
 // this request. It must be set with server-side apply.
 FieldManager string
 // Raw represents raw PatchOptions, as passed to the API server.
 Raw *metav1.PatchOptions
}
PatchOptions contains options for patch requests.
func (*PatchOptions) ApplyOptions Uses
func (o *PatchOptions) ApplyOptions(opts []PatchOption) *PatchOptions
ApplyOptions applies the given patch options on these options, and then returns itself (for convenient chaining).
func (*PatchOptions) ApplyToPatch Uses
func (o *PatchOptions) ApplyToPatch(po *PatchOptions)
ApplyToPatch implements PatchOptions
func (*PatchOptions) AsPatchOptions Uses
func (o *PatchOptions) AsPatchOptions() *metav1.PatchOptions
AsPatchOptions returns these options as a metav1.PatchOptions. This may mutate the Raw field.
type Preconditions Uses
type Preconditions metav1.Preconditions
Preconditions must be fulfilled before an operation (update, delete, etc.) is carried out.
func (Preconditions) ApplyToDelete Uses
func (p Preconditions) ApplyToDelete(opts *DeleteOptions)
ApplyToDelete applies this configuration to the given delete options.
func (Preconditions) ApplyToDeleteAllOf Uses
func (p Preconditions) ApplyToDeleteAllOf(opts *DeleteAllOfOptions)
ApplyToDeleteAllOf applies this configuration to the given an List options.
type PropagationPolicy Uses
type PropagationPolicy metav1.DeletionPropagation
PropagationPolicy determined whether and how garbage collection will be performed. Either this field or OrphanDependents may be set, but not both. The default policy is decided by the existing finalizer set in the metadata.finalizers and the resource-specific default policy. Acceptable values are: 'Orphan' - orphan the dependents; 'Background' - allow the garbage collector to delete the dependents in the background; 'Foreground' - a cascading policy that deletes all dependents in the foreground.
func (PropagationPolicy) ApplyToDelete Uses
func (p PropagationPolicy) ApplyToDelete(opts *DeleteOptions)
ApplyToDelete applies


text:
Live Text Gets in the Way
Live Text is one of the coolest iPhone features Apple's recently introduced.
This feature lets you grab the text in any picture and use it as a normal text. You don't have to type a phone number ever again; you can just call from a picture.
However, if all you want is to look at your photos or take a picture, sometimes Live Text might get in the way. You can disable this feature if you want, so it doesn't bother you anymore.
- Open the Settings app.
- Scroll down and select General.
- Tap on Language & Region.
- Toggle Live Text off.
That'll get rid of Live Text in the Photos app. However, you'll still be able to use it in the Camera app. Don't worry; you can disable it too.
- Go to Settings.
- Scroll down and select Camera.
- Toggle Show Detected Text off.
And that's it! No more Live Text, and you can always repeat these steps whenever you need Live Text again.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: The word "savory" is often used to describe food that is salty or umami in flavor. However, there are a variety of synonyms that can be used to describe such cuisine. Some examples of similar words that can be used interchangeably with "savory" include flavorful, piquant, zesty, tasty, tangy, and well-seasoned. In addition, other words that can be used to describe savory foods include delicious, delectable, scrumptious, mouthwatering, and tempting. Whether you're describing a hearty stew or a perfectly roasted chicken, there are plenty of ways to express the delicious and satisfying flavors of savory cuisine.


text:
Comprehensive decision analytical modelling in economic evaluation: a Bayesian approach.
Decision analytical models are widely used in economic evaluation of health care interventions with the objective of generating valuable information to assist health policy decision-makers to allocate scarce health care resources efficiently. The whole decision modelling process can be summarised in four stages: (i) a systematic review of the relevant data (including meta-analyses), (ii) estimation of all inputs into the model (including effectiveness, transition probabilities and costs), (iii) sensitivity analysis for data and model specifications, and (iv) evaluation of the model. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the individual components of decision modelling, outlined above, may be addressed simultaneously in one coherent Bayesian model (sometimes known as a comprehensive decision analytical model) and evaluated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation implemented in the specialist software WinBUGS. To illustrate the method described, it is applied to two illustrative examples: (1) The prophylactic use of neurominidase inhibitors for the prevention of influenza. (2) The use of taxanes for the second-line treatment of advanced breast cancer. The advantages of integrating the four stages outlined into one comprehensive decision analytical model, compared to the conventional 'two-stage' approach, are discussed.
Cooper, NJ; Sutton, AJ; Abrams, KR; Turner, D; Wailoo, A
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Pubmed Central ID
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Changing the Drawing Settings
User Guide > Timing > Annotation Columns > Changing the Drawing Settings
Changing the Drawing Settings
You can change the pen size and colour when you draw in the annotation column.
To change the pen width:
1. In the Xsheet View menu, select Annotation > Pen Width > 1, 2, 3, 4 or Change Current.
If you selected the Change Current option, the Pen Width dialog box opens.
2. In the Pen Width field, type the amount of pixel you want the pen size to be.
To change the pen colour:
1. In the Xsheet View menu, select Annotation > Change Pen Colour.
The Select Colour dialog box opens.
2. Choose the new colour.
Related Topics
Annotation Columns
Adding an Annotation Column
Drawing and Typing in the Annotation Column
Importing an Annotation File


text:
June 20, 2010
June 20, 2010
June 23, 2010
15.1322.1 - 15.1322.11
Using Constructivist Teaching Strategies in Probability and Statistics
This paper discusses the early results of an NSF EEC project that focuses on the impact of using constructivist approaches to teaching probability and statistics for engineers. Twelve exercises were developed and used in a modified version of the course to promote student learning. For example, one exercise enables students to build upon previously acquired knowledge related to counting techniques and the concept of statistical independence and, through self-discovery, derive the probability mass function for the binomial distribution. Data were collected from both a control group and a treatment group. Preliminary results regarding the efficacy of such an approach are presented.
The need for a strong engineering workforce in the United States has been affirmed by several national studies including some sponsored by both the National Science Foundation and the National Academy of Engineering1-3. Existing research on learning and teaching offers pedagogical approaches that have proven to be effective in teaching mathematics instruction, namely Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and inquiry-oriented (IO) teaching and learning. However, while these pedagogical approaches have been applied in pure mathematics courses, there is limited evidence that the pedagogies have been employed in a more applied context like the engineering curriculum.
The RME and IO constructivist pedagogies are significantly different from traditional engineering instructional methods. Traditional engineering pedagogy dictates that instructors should present students with a series of known facts or procedures and then demonstrate their use to solve sample problems. Students are then given homework problems that require the repetitive use of the same facts or procedures. It is assumed that such repetition fosters student learning. However, what this method oftentimes creates are students who are capable of successfully solving problems without truly thinking or understanding. When assessment of student outcomes is measured by having students solve similar problems on an exam, it is entirely possible for students to perform well on such assessments without really having an understanding of the underlying concepts. Constructivist learning and teaching pedagogies are a response to this deficiency.
The objectives of this research are to: (1) develop educational materials based on the RME and IO constructivist learning pedagogies to more effectively teach probability and statistics in engineering; (2) evaluate the impact of the RME and IO learning environment on student learning outcomes; and (3) disseminate results on campus, in local K-12 education, and
Reeves, K., & Blank, B., & Hernandez-Gantes, V., & Dickerson, M. (2010, June), Using Constructivist Teaching Strategies In Probability And Statistics Paper presented at 2010 Annual Conference & Exposition, Louisville, Kentucky. 10.18260/1-2--16660
ASEE holds the copyright on this document. It may be read by the public free of charge. Authors may archive their work on personal websites or in institutional repositories with the following citation: © 2010 American Society for Engineering Education. Other scholars may excerpt or quote from these materials with the same citation. When excerpting or quoting from Conference Proceedings, authors should, in addition to noting the ASEE copyright, list all the original authors and their institutions and name the host city of the conference. - Last updated April 1, 2015


text:
The last of our three science workshops at Stoke-on-Trent's heritage museums was at Etruria, and involved a morning of bridge design followed by an introduction to rocketry after lunch.
Thinking about design features, and considering the development of both bridge and rocket technology, was followed by the opportunity for the children to design their own bridges in teams (with KNex) and rockets individually (using cardboard and plastic) and then testing them, which was the highlight. The bridges needed to allow a small, plastic ship to pass beneath, and a weight to rest on top and then at either end. 3 of 4 were successful designs. To test the rockets we went outside, and launched them using an air pump with great success.
We were then given a tour of the museum which was where, from its position beside the canals, the raw materials for The Potteries were ground under steam power. The steam engine and the huge gear system it drove were impressive. Since the engine only works on monthly steaming weekends, before we left the children were treated to a demonstration with a miniature steam engine, which fascinated them all.


text:
Background: On the basis of the Framingham risk algorithm, overestimation of clinical events has been reported in some European populations. Electron-beam computed tomography-derived quantification of coronary artery calcification (CAC) allows for non-invasive assessment of coronary atherosclerosis in the general population and may thus add important in vivo information on the path from risk factor exposure to formation of clinical events. The current study was undertaken to compare the relationship between risk factors and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis between non-Hispanic white cohorts in Germany and US-America, the hypothesis being that subclinical coronary atherosclerosis might be less prevalent in Europe at the same level of classical risk factor exposure. Methods: The Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study, conducted in the German Ruhr area and the Epidemiology of Coronary Calcification (ECAC) study, conducted in Olmsted County, Minnesota, both recruited large unselected cohorts, men and women aged 45-74 years, from the general population. All subjects with no history of coronary artery disease (CAD) or stroke were included (n = 3120 in HNR, n = 703 in ECAC). Coronary risk factors were assessed by personal and computer-assisted interviews and direct laboratory measurements. Cardiovascular medication use (antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and anti-diabetic) was noted. CAC scores were determined using the Agatston method in an identical fashion in both studies. Results: Adverse levels of risk factors were more prevalent, and the Framingham risk score was higher (10.6 ± 7.6 versus 9.3 ± 7.1, p < 0.001) in HNR than ECAC, respectively. There was no difference in body mass index (BMI). CAC scores were greater in HNR than in ECAC (mean values, 155.7 ± 423.0 versus 107.2 ± 280.0; median values, 11.9 versus 2.4; p < 0.001, respectively). When subjects were matched on CAD risk factors, presence and quantity of CAC were similar in the 2 cohorts. Risk factors significantly associated with CAC score in both studies included: age, male sex, current and former smoking, systolic blood pressure, and non-HDL-cholesterol. Inferences were similar after excluding subjects using lipidor blood pressure-lowering medications. Using the same risk factor variables for modelling, the predicted CAC scores were comparable in both cohorts. Conclusions: In the higher-risk German cohort, presence and quantity of CAC were greater than in the lower-risk US-American cohort. Risk factor associations with CAC were very similar in both unselected populations. We could not demonstrate a relative increase in subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in the US-American cohort. It appears possible to compare CAC as a measure of subclinical coronary artery disease in different populations on different continents, and accordingly, scanning guidelines might be translated across these populations.
|Original language||English (US)|
|State||Published - Nov 2007|
- Cardiovascular risk factors
- Coronary artery calcification
- Coronary artery disease
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine


text:
WAS to celebrate the World Sexual Health Day in September 4th 2013 and the World Congress of Sexual Health in Porto Alegre-Brazil September 21-24, 2013
In 2010, the World Association for Sexual Health (WAS) called all their organizations to celebrate, on each September 4th, World Sexual Health Day in an effort to promote a greater social awareness on sexual health across the globe.
The first World Sexual Health Day was celebrated with the slogan "Let's talk about it!" to start breaking fears and taboos surrounding sexuality. The topic of WSHD 2010 was addressed in different forums, many of which were intergenerational discussions.
World Sexual Health Day 2011 focused on youth sexual health with the slogan "Youth's sexual health: Shared rights and responsibilities". The topic of WSHD was a consequence of the creation of the WAS Youth Initiative and in the context of the International Year of Youth proclaimed by United Nations. Within WAS, the different members of the Advisory Committee and the Youth Initiative Committee celebrated the day by organizing a wide range of activities in their home countries, from Round Tables of Discussion to Conferences and Art Exhibitions.
The focus of World Sexual Health Day 2012 was diversity and minorities, with the slogan "In a diverse world, sexual health for all!" Around the world, activities to commemorate WSHD 2012 made visible the realities of population groups such as: elders, transgender people, people living with disabilities, immigrants.
This year's slogan for WSHD "To achieve sexual health, picture yourself owning your sexual rights" aims to constitute a reminder on the fundamental importance that sexual rights have in order to achieve sexual health. We invite everyone to imagine, to picture themselves owning their sexual rights!
Also the 21th World Congress of WAS will be celebrated this year. What follows is the letter of the President of WAS inviting to our most important meeting:
It is a great personal pleasure to invite you and to welcome you to Latin America and to Brazil where the World Association for Sexual Health will convene our 21st biannual congress.
Sexual Health is pivotal to the well being and safety of everyone on our planet and our congress will ensure that the diversity of positive and healthy sexual experience has prominent expression throughout. The theme has been selected by the local team and resonates as crucial for so many of us – sexual issues straight from the heart. What this may mean to you will probably be different to the next person to read this invitation letter but there will almost certainly be some common factor that bonds each of you by building bridges across the whole of the sexual health community. Whatever your discipline and your understanding of our 2013 theme, I am certain that there will be much in common with fellow delegates and that this congress will be a great opportunity to share our experiences with generosity and through collegial interaction. I hope that during these most difficult times around the globe that you will find the space and resources to be able to participate in one of the most important sexual health meetings in 2013.
Please join your colleagues in Porto Alegre and participate at the WAS congress in 2013.
President of the WAS
The World Association for Sexual Health (WAS)
Since 1978 WAS has been the pre-eminent global organization concerned with sexual health and rights. Our membership represents thousands of experienced & trainee sexologists from a variety of disciplines. With bi-annual Congresses held in different regions of the world, WAS has facilitated sexual health through education, health promotion and networking for three decades. In recent years, the WAS constituency has become involved in advocating for changes in public policy to recognize sexual health and rights as key ingredients in overall health and social justice. Financial support from individuals, foundations, corporations, and governments has sustained this work around the world.
WAS works to promote sexual health for all. Sexual health is a goal not only for clinicians. It is the common goal of many disciplines. Sexuality education is meant to facilitate sexually healthy lives for the learners. Interventions in clinical sexology have the goal of restoring sexual health. Sex research, although objectively driven, has as its justification the creation of evidence-based knowledge that supports others to attain and maintain sexual health.
The World Association for Sexual Health is a membership organization of individual supporting members and organizations. Among the organizations are regional, international, national, and academic bodies that work in sexology. Member benefits include a subscription to the International Journal of Sexual Health, and access to the members-only forum on this website. To begin the application process, click below.
- Sexual Rights

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Skip to Main Content
We present a UML 1.5 profile named TURTLE (Timed UML and RT-LOTOS Environment) endowed with a formal semantics given in terms of RT-LOTOS. TURTLE relies on UML's extensibility mechanisms to enhance class and activity diagrams. Class diagrams are extended with specialized classes named Tclasses, which communicate and synchronize through gates. Also, associations between Tclasses are attributed by a composition operator (Parallel, Synchro, Invocation, Sequence, or Preemption) which provides them with a formal semantics. TURTLE extends UML activity diagrams with synchronization actions and temporal operators (deterministic delay, nondeterministic delay, time-limited offer, and time-capture). The real-time dimension of TURTLE has been further improved by the addition of two composition operators, periodic and suspend, as well as suspendable delay, latency, and time-limited offer operators at the activity diagram level. Core characteristics of TURLE are supported by TTool - the TURTLE toolkit - which includes a diagram editor, a RT-LOTOS code generator and a result analyzer. The toolkit reuses RTL, a RT-LOTOS validation tool offering debug-oriented simulation and exhaustive analysis. TTool hides RT-LOTOS to the end-user and allows him/her to directly check TURTLE modeling against logical errors and timing inconsistencies. Besides the foundations of the TURTLE profile, this paper also discusses its application in the context of space-based embedded software.


text:
The vast majority of managers and leaders
today recognise the importance training plays
in the success of building a robust and effective
Tasks and online quizzes are utilised to verify the delegates learning and retention, building to provide a powerful training record for each delegate. They provide comprehensive and in depth knowledge of proven skills and techniques to assist your teams sell more cars, services and parts, and more profitably. Courses start from just £299 per delegate and they are completed without your people leaving the dealership.


-1)*n1*n2 );
or even
C(i,j,:) = A(i + (j-1)*n1 + (B(i,j,:)-1)*n1*n2);
therefore we can compute indx as
indx = [];
for j=1:n2,
 for i=1:n1,
 indx = [ indx, reshape( i+(j-1)*n1+(B(i,j,:)-1)*n1*n2, 1, n3*N ) ];
 end,
end,
With some effort it should be possible to compute indx without loops: however I have no time to derive it now. By the way I fear that it would be neither elegant nor efficient, but who knows for sure!
$\endgroup$
0
0
$\begingroup$
I am assuming that you want to vectorize the operation for efficiency. While a vectorized assignment may be possible (I personally have tried several things and have failed up to this point) I am going to have to argue that you would be better off not using a vectorized matlab for this application.
The reason for my argument is that the clarity of your code will go out the window. Even with your single line assignment
C(m,l,:,k)=A(m,l,B(m,l,k,:))
takes a moment to wrap your head around, and the complex vector notation required to perform the three loops in a single line would completely obscure the assignment process to anyone else reading the code (this includes you a month from now).
If you must have the efficiency boost you would see from the vectorization, you could likely get better performance and more clarity by utilizing a short fortran or C function. The above loops could be implemented with minimal effort, and both languages would likely beat the vectorized matlab in performance while being called from within your matlab script.
I know this does not directly answer your question, but hopefully it helps in the case that no one here finds an acceptable vectorization for your loops.
$\endgroup$
2
 - $\begingroup$ In my opinion colon notation is idiomatic to matlab and should be allowed without concerns. mex integration may be a good choice but a pure matlab solution would be more portable. $\endgroup$ – Stefano M Jul 27 '12 at 12:12
 - $\begingroup$ I had forgotten about using mex, which would be greatly preferable over the C or fortran I mentioned. Perhaps I am simply not as familiar with the colon syntax of matlab (i learned matlab originally using only loops) but I find the loop notation significantly more readable for complex expressions. $\endgroup$ – Godric Seer Jul 27 '12 at 19:04
0
$\begingroup$
Thanks for all your response. I actually worked it out over the weekend but haven't had the chance to check this forum (To be frank, I'm quite surprised by how helpful the people are in this community. I actually just assumed that my questioned would be shrugged off given that no answers were given that night.) In any case, I used the following command, which I think is the same as the first answer, but I haven't had the chance to thoroughly go over the generously long response. Again, MANY thanks to the two responders for your time and insights. I'll read over your suggestions and incorporate them in my code.
A(repmat(reshape(1:n1*n2,n1,n2),[1,1,n3,N])+n1*n2*(B-1);
$\endgroup$
2
 - $\begingroup$ Your solution is a one-line version of my answer, with a few comments. 1) There is a missing closing parenthesis. 2) You do not swap k and l: may be your 3 nested loop example is wrong? 3) You call reshape while my solution uses colon notation and one more statement. I left the answer on more line for the sake of clarity: I tend to avoid one liners, because they tend to be not very easy to understand. $\endgroup$ – Stefano M Jul 31 '12 at 7:38
 - $\begingroup$ @palmmeasure and palmeasure are there two of you? or just a typo? It seems you are a little lazy as a typist ;-) $\endgroup$ – Stefano M Jul 31 '12 at 9:49
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text:
Evidence to date has shown a steady decline in childminder numbers in England and Wales over the last 20 years. The loss of childminders and the childcare and early years (CC&EY) places that they offer is in contrast to other parts of the sector and the expansion of CC&EY policy initiatives. The loss in childminders poses a threat to the statutory responsibility placed on Local Authorities to secure sufficient CC&EY services for children and their families, while leading to the demise of a unique CC&EY service. Funded by PACEY, researchers from Plymouth Institute of Education undertook an analysis of childminding provision in England and Wales. The research entailed:
- an analysis of existing literature and data on childminding
- a survey of childminders, local authorities and other relevant stakeholders exploring the perceived reasons for the decline in childminders
- a series of case studies of local authority areas to offer a detailed analysis of the core themes arising from the survey
1. In both England and Wales, there were criticisms that the registration process was time consuming and that paper work and regulatory burdens prevented childminding from being seen as a desirable profession. Childminders also reported that they felt inspection processes failed to recognise the uniqueness of a home-based pedagogy.
2. Both the survey data and case studies provide evidence for the view that childminding lacks professional status and that it is not a professional role that was understood by the wider CC&EY community. Specific problems that emerged across the data and participants included:
- Childminding being presented as a starter profession, rather than a career in its own right.
- Minimum qualification requirements not being in line with the rest of the CC&EY sector.
- A lack of national representation of what childminding entails.
3. Childminders felt isolated from the wider CC&EY sector, support networks and other childminders. Data from those providing support for childminders and the wider CC&EY community illustrated variable systems and models, but with no consistency of support. Both formal and informal professional development opportunities, which were once seen as a way of networking, were also identified as being in decline.
4. There is a commitment to, and pride in, the quality of childminding in England and Wales. 99% of respondents 'strongly agreed' or 'agreed' that childminders deliver high quality CC&EY provision.
The childminding profession has a number of unique characteristics, which do not always align with the wider CC&EY workforce. While there are strengths in aligning childminders to the wider workforce, childminders are often expected to fit into initiatives that focus on group-based care, such as registration and regulation requirements and the development of professional qualifications. The 'fitting in' fails to account for the distinctiveness of childminders and childminding amongst CC&EY services.


Shawn M Moore > Term-TtyRec-Plus-0.09 > Term::TtyRec::Plus
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Module Version: 0.09 Source
Term::TtyRec::Plus - read a ttyrec
Term::TtyRec::Plus is a module that lets you read ttyrec files. The related module, Term::TtyRec is designed more for simple interactions. Term::TtyRec::Plus gives you more information and, using a callback, lets you munge the data block and timestamp. It will do all the subtle work of making sure timing is kept consistent, and of rebuilding each frame header.
 use Term::TtyRec::Plus;
 # complete (but simple) ttyrec playback script
 foreach my $file (_USER_) {
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new(infile => $file, time_threshold => 10);
 while (my $frame_ref = $ttyrec->next_frame()) {
 select undef, undef, undef, $frame_ref->{diff};
 print $frame_ref->{data};
Creates and returns a new Term::TtyRec::Plus object.
 my $ttyrec = Term::TtyRec::Plus->new();
Here are the parameters that Term::TtyRec::Plus->new() recognizes.
The input filename. A value of "-", which is the default, or undef, means STDIN.
The input filehandle. By default this is undef; if you have already opened the ttyrec then you can pass its filehandle to the constructor. If both filehandle and infile are defined, filehandle is used.
Perform bzip2 decompression. By default this is undef, which signals that bzip2 decompression should occur if and only if the filename is available and it ends in ".bz2". Otherwise, you can force or forbid decompression by setting bzip2 to a true or false value, respectively. After the call to new, this field will be set to either 1 if decompression is enabled or 0 if it is not.
The maximum difference between two frames, in seconds. If undef, which is the default, there is no enforced maximum. The second most common value would be 10, which some ttyrec utilities (such as timettyrec) use.
A callback, run for each frame before returning the frame to the user of Term::TtyRec::Plus. This callback receives three arguments: the frame text, the timestamp, and the timestamp of the previous frame. All three arguments are passed as scalar references. The previous frame's timestamp is undef for the first frame. The return value is not currently looked at. If you modify the timestamp, the module will make sure that change is noted and respected in further frame timestamps. Modifications to the previous frame's timestamp are currently ignored.
 sub halve_frame_time_and_stumblify {
 my ($data_ref, $time_ref, $prev_ref) = _USER_;
 $$time_ref = $$prev_ref + ($$time_ref - $$prev_ref) / 2
 if defined $$prev_ref;
 $$data_ref =~ s/Eidolos/Stumbly/g;
In addition to passing arguments, you can modify Term::TtyRec::Plus's initial state, if you want to. This could be useful if you are chaining multiple ttyrecs together; you could pass a different initial frame. Support for such chaining might be added in a future version.
The initial frame number. Default 0.
The previous frame's timestamp. Default undef.
The accumulated difference of all frames seen so far; see the section on diffed_timestamp in next_frame()'s return value. Default 0.
The time passed since the first frame. Default 0.
next_frame() reads and processes the next frame in the ttyrec. It accepts no arguments. On EOF, it will return undef. On malformed ttyrec input, it will die. If it cannot reconstruct the header of a frame (which might happen if the callback sets the timestamp to -1, for example), it will die. Otherwise, a hash reference is returned with the following fields set.
The frame data, filtered through the callback. The original data block is not made available.
The frame timestamp, straight out of the file.
The frame timestamp, with the accumulated difference of all of the previous frames applied to it. This is so consistent results are given. For example, if your callback adds three seconds to frame 5's timestamp, then frame 6's diffed timestamp will take into account those three seconds, so frame 6 happens three seconds later as well. So the net effect is frame 5 is extended by three seconds, and no other frames' relatives times are affected.
The diffed timestamp, filtered through the callback.
The previous frame's timestamp (after diffing and filtering; the originals are not made available).
The difference between the current frame's timestamp and the previous frame's timestamp. Yes, it is equivalent to timestamp - prev_timestamp, but it is provided for convenience. On the first frame it will be 0 (not undef).
The 12-byte frame header, straight from the file.
The 12-byte frame header, reconstructed from data and timestamp (so, after filtering, etc.).
The frame number, using 1-based indexing.
The time between the first frame's timestamp and the current frame's timestamp.
Returns the next frame that meets the specified criteria. grep() accepts arguments that are subroutines, regex, or strings; anything else is a fatal error. If you pass multiple arguments to grep(), each one must be true. The subroutines receive the frame reference that is returned by next_frame(). You can modify the frame, but do so cautiously.
 my $next_jump_frame_ref = $t->grep("Where do you want to jump?", sub { $_[0]{data}!~ /Message History/});
Rewinds the ttyrec to the first frame and resets state variables to their initial values. Note that if filehandle is not seekable (such as STDIN on some systems, or if bzip2 decompression is used), rewind() will die.
Returns the infile passed to the constructor. If a filehandle was passed, this will be undef.
Returns the filehandle passed to the constructor, or if infile was used, a handle to infile.
Returns 1 if bzip2 decompression has taken place, 0 if it has not.
Returns the time threshold passed to the constructor. By default it is undef.
Returns the frame filter callback passed to the constructor. By default it is sub { _USER_ }.
Returns the frame number of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the timestamp of the most recently returned frame.
Returns the time so far since the first frame.
Returns the total time difference between timestamps and filtered timestamps. accum_diff is added to each frame's timestamp before they are passed to the frame_filter callback.
Shawn M Moore,
Copyright 2006-2009 Shawn M Moore, all rights reserved.
syntax highlighting:


text:
Yellow-throated Euphonia (Euphonia hirundinacea) - Wiki
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[Photo] Yellow-throated Euphonia (Euphonia hirundinacea). Photo: Chan Robbins. Source: USGS (_URL_
The Yellow-throated Euphonia (Euphonia hirundinacea) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
|The text in this page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article shown in above URL. It is used under the GNU Free Documentation License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL.|


text:
Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber based multifunctional optical system for trapping, position sensing, and detection of fluorescent particles
Shinoj, Vengalathunadakal Kuttinarayanan
Murukeshan, Vadakke Matham
Date of Issue2012
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
We demonstrate a novel multifunctional optical system that is capable of trapping, imaging, position sensing, and fluorescence detection of micrometer-sized fluorescent test particles using hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). This multifunctional optical system for trapping, position sensing, and fluorescent detection is designed such that a near-IR laser light is used to create an optical trap across a liquid-filled HC-PCF, and a 473 nm laser is employed as a source for fluorescence excitation. This proposed system and the obtained results are expected to significantly enable an efficient integrated trapping platform employing HC-PCF for diagnostic biomedical applications.
© 2012 Optical Society of America. This paper was published in Optics Letters and is made available as an electronic reprint (preprint) with permission of Optical Society of America. The paper can be found at the following official DOI: [_URL_ One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.


text:
A 38.0 g arrow is shot horizontally with a speed of 31.8 m/s when
it hits a target with a mass of 0.440-kg. The arrow passes
completely through the target and exits with a speed of 16.1
(a) If the target is at rest when hit, what is its speed after the
i got 1.35 for a
(b) How much energy is lost as heat in this scenario?


next up previous
Next: Pre-Planned Set Plays Up: Flexible Team Structure Previous: Dynamic Switching of Formations
Flexible Positions
In our multiagent approach, the player positions itself flexibly such that it anticipates that it will be useful to the team, either offensively or defensively.
Two ways in which agents can use the position flexibility is to react to the ball's position and to mark opponents. When reacting to the ball's position, the agent moves to a location within its range that minimizes its distance to the ball. When marking opponents, agents move next to a given opponent rather than staying at the default position home. The opponent to mark can be chosen by the player (e.g., the closest opponent), or by the unit captain which can ensure that all opponents are marked, following a preset algorithm as part of the locker-room agreement.
Homogeneous agents can play different positions. But such a capability raises the challenging issue of when the players should change positions. The locker-room agreement provides procedures to the team that allow for coordinated role changing. In our case, the locker-room agreement designates an order of precedence switching among positions within each unit. By switching positions within a formation, the overall joint performance of the team is improved. Position-switching saves player energy and allows them to respond more quickly to the ball.
Peter Stone
Sun Dec 7 06:54:15 EST 1997


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download Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll install, register, regsvr32 for windows 8.1,10,7,xp, vista,32-bit
Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data dll is file extension dll (dynamic link library).
System Of Exploitation
: 32bit / x86.
What is Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file?
Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll A file whose name ends with ".DLL" and is a library that contains code and data that can be used by more than one program at the same time "Definition of Microsoft".
And This file is necessary for running programs, games and many applications. On Windows systems.
What causes Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll errors?
Causes of problems and errors: the dll file is corrupted or Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll was not found in the operating system or is a missing or Not installed on Windows correctly or The version is outdated, So we see different error messages from Windows system.
how to fix Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll errors in windows xp 7, 8.1,10,vista 32-bit?
For fix the DLL errors, and solve problems, We will explain many ways, Please follow up:
Download Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file "Download link in last post"
The file extension is Zip.
Unpack the file : To open The compressed file, Use the free program "7-zip"
To resolve the problems, follow these steps:
how to install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file? copy to the program path "method 01"
 1. Copy the Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file
 2. paste In the following path
C:\Program Files (x86)\xxxx
Or
C:\Program Files\xxxx
NOTE: xxxx Is the damaged program folder.
OTHER WAY:
 1. Copy the DLL file Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
 2. Go to the desktop
 3. Select the program shortcut (The damaged program)
 4. Right click -- Select Properties
 5. From the window, choose Open File Location
 6. The program folder opens
 7. Paste the Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file
how to install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file? for fix missing
install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file to the program path
how to fix Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll is missing? Install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll in the system folders "method 02"
 1. After downloading the file in Zip format
 2. Extract the compressed file Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.zip
 3. Copy and paste in the following path
 - For Windows 95/98/me
C:\WINDOWS\system
 - For Windows nt/2000
C:\WINNT\system32
 - for Windows XP / VISTA / WINDOWS 7/WINDOWS 8/WINDOWS 10
C:\WINDOWS\system32
 - For Windows 64-BIT
C:\WINDOWS\syswow64 And C:\WINDOWS\system32
Note: Make a backup copy of the original file.
 - Then restart the computer. After rebooting the computer will find that the problem is over.
fix missing and install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll in the system folders C:\WINDOWS\system32 for windows 32bit
paste Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll in windows 32bit, 64bit for fix missing
install Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll in the system folders C:\WINDOWS\syswow64 for windows 64bit
paste Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll in windows 64bit for fix missing
register Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file manually in windows 7,8,8.1, windows 10,xp,vista "Method 03"
how to register dll files in Windows systems 10, 7,8, 8.1 and windows xp,vista 32bit?
After copying and pasting the DLL file into the system folders, See "Method 2"
We will Register the DLL file manually by following these steps:
 1. Click on the Windows Start menu
 2. select Run
 3. Then write cmd and press ok.
 4. You'll see a screen DOS ( black screen ) Put the following command:
regsvr32 Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
 - And then press Enter on your keyboard.
 - The following success message appears: RegSvr32 " DllRegisterServer in Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll succeded ".
register Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll by command: regsvr32 Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
register Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file manually
how to reinstall Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll? Reinstall the damaged program. "Method 04"
We will delete the program or game that caused the DLL file problem.
Then we'll re-install the program or the game again
 1. Go to Control panel
 2. Click on the option Programs or Programs and Features
 3. A window appears where the programs installed on your Windows System
 4. Select the program causing the DLL problems
 5. Click on the right mouse button and choose uninstall
 6. Agreed to delete the program. And wait for the end of the deletion
 7. Restart the computer
 8. Reinstall the program again
how to restore Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll? "Method 05"
In this way we will recover Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
This is done by using deleted file recovery programs
We are in explanation we used glary undelete free version
 1. Open the deleted File recovery program
 2. Choose the path where Windows is installed (Usually C:\)
 3. Click on a search word in the program
 4. Wait for the program to finish the search
 5. Choose file type to filter the results
 6. Choose Application Extension
 7. You will see the DLL files that you deleted from your system
 8. Select Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll and press Restore
Note: This method may not succeed in retrieving the DLL file.
The reasons for this are:
 1. The program does not find the DLL file
 2. The DLL file is corrupt after the restore operation
 3. The risk of retrieving viruses
how to restore Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll?
restore Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file
repair Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll error by updating the system and scanning "Method 06"
Unregister dll file on systems windows 7,10,8.1,xp,vista
FIRSTLY: for unregister dll file Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll :
 1. Click on Windows Start menu
 2. select Run
 3. write cmd
 4. press ok.
 5. Put the following command:
regsvr32 -u Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
 - press Enter on your keyboard.
Unregister Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll by command: regsvr32 -u Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
Unregister Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file
Update your operation system windows
SECOND: for update your system
 1. Open Control panel
 2. select Windows update
 3. Click on check for update
 4. wait for the Updates to be checked and installed.
Note: There is a problem with the update, Install net framework and directX
Correcting system errors
THIRD: We will correct Windows system errors.
 1. open Command Prompt "cmd"
 2. put the following Command:
Sfc /Scannow
 - Press Enter from the keyboard.
 - Wait until the end of the scan.
repair Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll by Resolve window system errors
repair Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll file
- video explains: steps to register dll files.
dll errors message in windows 10 8 7 xp vista for Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll
 - the program can't start because Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll is missing from your computer. try reinstalling the program to fix this problem.
 - The code execution cannot proceed because Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll was not found. Reinstalling the application may fix this problem.
 - RegSvr32 - The module "Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll" faild to load. Make sure the binary is stored at the specified path or debug it to check for problems with the binary or dependent.DLL files - The specified module could not be found.
 - this application faild to start because Keysystems.Core.Testing.Data.dll was not found


text:
Muhlenberg Elementary Center – Addition and Renovation
Location: Laureldale, Berks County, Pennsylvania
Muhlenberg Greene Architects provided the planning and design services for the Muhlenberg School District's Elementary Center building. The facility was developed as a centralized replacement for the undersized and outdated Primary and Intermediate School facilities that were located on the District Campus. The design of the new facility, planned to accommodate 1350 students in grades K-5, evolved as an Addition and Renovation to the existing Primary School Building.
The new Elementary Center, which incorporates the two-story classroom wing of the existing Primary School, was designed around a central courtyard that established a strong interior focal point for the students; and allowed the addition to be constructed while the existing facility remained in service. The angular geometry of the resulting central core provided a natural visual break that greatly reduced the perceived size of the building, resulting in a smaller scale presence on the site.


Galileo Research Fact Sheet #96: Is muscle activity during Galileo Training related to different postures?
This study investigates the immediate effects of Galileo Training using different postures (hip tilted anterior/neutral/posterior) on the activation (EMG) of different muscle groups (from calf to neck).
The measurement was done by EMG signals where the frequency range of 50 to 300Hz was analyzed. The individuals stood in almost upright position with slightly flexed knees and EMG signals where recoded over a period of 10 seconds.
The results showed a significant increase of muscle activation at all postures. Nevertheless, the effects strongly depend on the used posture and frequency with increases of up to 2250% (a 100% value was defined as EMG activation at identical posture but without vibration).
This study proves what everyone can feel while on the Galileo when tilting the hip. However, it most probably even underestimates the increases due to Galileo Training since Ritzmann (_TAG_) showed that frequencies up to 30% and increasing amplitudes (pos. 3) can increase EMG even more. Furthermore Ritzmann also showed that the elimination of the training frequency (in this case 10 and 20Hz) is not advisable since every movement of the platform causes a stretch-reflex and therefore a significant signal component at the training frequency. Therefore, it can be expected that using higher frequencies, amplitudes and changing the posture even more to focus the Galileo effects on specific muscle groups as well as optimizing the analysis algorithms would most likely increase the measured muscle activation even more.
Common - Muscle Activation (EMG)
Product groups: Galileo used devices, Galileo® Training Devices


text:
Many pages are now also accessible as spoken audio.
|0 to 9||0 to 90% in audio position|
- improve text-quality used for speech:
- remove textual fluff (footnotes, references, tables, images, etc)
- correct phonetics for some misspoken common words.
- research UX improvements:
- more accurate text-audio alignment
- word-level click navigation within the page (currently only as a separate text window)
- auto-scroll when audio plays (as an user option) with sentence and word-level highlighting


text:
as long as a Single-Figure unit has at least 1 Hit Point remaining, it remains alive and can fight just as effectively as when the unit is fully-healed. In other words, Damage itself has no noticeable effect on the unit's performance.
For example, a Sky Drake has a powerful and dangerous attack regardless of how injured it is -- so long as it is still alive. Obviously, it is much easier to kill a Sky Drake when it only has a few Hit Points left; but until it is killed, its offensive abilities are not affected by any amount of Damage from which it is currently suffering.
Only the "front" figure in a Multi-Figure unit suffers Damage. However, once that figure suffers a sufficient amount of Damage - enough to reduce its Health to 0 - that figure is killed off. When this happens, the next figure in the unit (if any remain at all) steps up to take any subsequent damage. The unit itself is only destroyed once all figures are killed in this way, but each lost figure reduces the unit's combat performance as well, as explained in the article on Multi-Figure Units.
Multiple-Figure Units Edit
- Main article: Multi-Figure Unit
Physical Damage, and the attacks that deliver it, behaves very differently when it is either inflicted by or upon a Multi-Figure unit than it does when inflicted by or upon a Single-Figure unit. The process becomes very complex in these cases, and is explained here in some detail. For a full explanation, it is best to read the article on Multi-Figure Units.
Multiple Figures Attacking Edit
When a Multi-Figure Unit makes an attack delivering any kind of Physical Damage, it will actually deliver one attack per each of its live figures. This is contrary to the game's manual and Strategy Guide, which erroneously explain that Multi-Figure units deliver only a single attack whose strength is based on the number of live figures.
In other words, each of the figures in the attacking unit makes a separate attack on the target. The strength of each of these "sub-attacks" is equal to the unit's Melee Attack strength, Ranged Missile Attack strength, or whatever other factor is appropriate (see table above).
- For example, imagine a unit with 4 Melee Attack Strength and 3 live Figures remaining. When making a Melee Attack, this unit will actually deliver 3 separate Physical Damage sub-attacks (one per figure). Each of these "sub-attacks" delivers 4 Physical Damage points (given the unit's Melee strength of 4).
This is one of the primary reasons why a Multi-Figure unit's combat performance relies so heavily on the maximum number of figures it can contain, and the number it has left at any given time. It also explains why Multi-Figure units can seem to punch well above their weight, though that is a topic to discuss separately (see Multi-Figure Unit for more details).
Again, since each of these sub-attacks is a separate attack of its own, each delivers Physical Damage as per the entire process described above in this article, from start to finish - including all To Hit and Defense rolls as appropriate, as well as applying Damage to the target - before moving on to process the next sub-attack. Thus, while the attacker's potential Damage output is greater, the defender's ability to protect itself is also greater, since it gets to defend separately against each and every attacking figure.
Multiple Figures Defending Edit
As explained earlier in this article, Multi-Figure units also behave differently when suffering Damage, and as explained in this section here, they Defend differently as well.
Each Multi-Figure unit has one figure designated as the "lead" figure. This is the only figure in the unit that will Defend itself, and the only figure that will suffer Damage. To hurt the other figures in the unit, it is first necessary to kill the "lead" figure.
When this figure is killed, something very important happens: the next figure in the defending unit steps up to take its place. Any unblocked incoming Damage in excess of what it took to kill the first "lead" figure is now redirected towards the new "lead" figure, and can potentially kill it too. If sufficient Damage has yet to be inflicted, it can potentially kill all of these figures one after the other.
However, each time a new "lead" figure steps up, it will make a completely new set of Defense rolls, just like the first lead figure did before it died! Therefore, each time a new figure steps up, the remaining incoming Damage can be reduced further and further. Each new "lead" figure's Defense rolls does not diminish - it is exactly as potent as the rolls made by the original lead figure.
The result in the game is that the more figures there are in a unit, the harder it is to kill in one attack. Killing the first "lead" figure is usually easy, but the remaining damage will likely be reduced more and more as it keeps killing figures.
- A High Men Cavalry unit - with all 4 of its figures present - is being attacked by some enemy unit. Each figure in this unit has 3 Hit Points. The unit's Defense score is 2, and it has a mundane To Block score of 30%.
- The attacker makes 7 successful To Hit rolls, scoring a total of 7 hits. Potentially, this should cause 7 to the target, killing two of the Cavalrymen and injuring another ( 7 / 3 = 2 dead figures and change). Of course, given what's explained above, that is actually very unlikely to happen, as we'll see in a moment.
- Once we're done with the hit rolls, the "lead" figure in the High Men Cavalry unit makes his Defense rolls. Since this cavalry unit has a Defense score of 2, the cavalryman may make 2 separate rolls. Each roll has a 30% chance to avert one hit, as per the unit's 30% To Block.
- The rolls are made, but the cavalryman succeeds with only one. This means that the number of inflicted hits is only reduced to 7-1 = 6. This is still enough to kill two cavalrymen, but we're not there just yet.
- First, we inflict as much damage as possible on the lead cavalryman. Since the he only has 3 Hit Points, 3 points of Damage are inflicted on him - just enough to kill this cavalryman on the spot.
- The next cavalryman then steps up to the "lead" position, ready to absorb the remaining 3 that's still pending. However instead of just taking the damage, this cavalryman gets to make another set of 2 Defense rolls! Lets imagine that he rolls well, blocking 2 of the remaining damage points, leaving him to suffer only 3 - 2 = 1 point of Damage. He suffers this damage, which isn't enough to kill him, and with no Damage left to be processed, the attack concludes.
- In total the unit made 4 Defense rolls. 2 were made by the first cavalryman, who failed to protect himself and died valiantly. The second cavalryman then got a fresh chance, making an additional 2 defense rolls and saving himself. Had this cavalryman also been killed, the next one in line would also have been able to make 2 defense rolls, and so would the very last figure if it came to that.
- This method of defense is so effective, that it would require an attack of strength 40 or higher to have any real chance of destroying the entire High Men Cavalry unit in one go! Thus, while seemingly a little fragile and defenseless, even High Men Cavalry display quite some resilience, and will rarely be killed in an instant - at least where Physical Damage attacks are involved.
As mentioned earlier, Physical Damage may be delivered by all sorts of different attacks. Generally speaking, Physical Damage behaves the same regardless of which Attack Type delivered it, at least in terms of the process of applying Damage to the target.
However, different methods of delivering Physical Damage will trigger different immunities possessed by the target (if any). For the most part, if Physical Damage triggers one of the target's immunities, the target's Defense score is temporarily boosted to 50 for purposes of blocking this Physical Damage. In other words, the target will make 50 Defense rolls, which can easily avert all Damage from any but the strongest Physical Damage attacks.
In most cases, the factor that determines whether one or more of target's immunities are triggered is either the delivery method of Physical Damage or its source. In others, specific sub-types of Physical Damage from the same type of attack will cause different types of immunities to trigger.
Weapon Immunity Edit
- Main article: Weapon Immunity
Weapon Immunity is the weakest type of immunity that works against Physical Damage. It is also triggered only in very specific circumstances.
When triggered, Weapon Immunity sets the target's Defense score to 10 while processing the Physical Damage component of the attack. Thus, the target makes 10 Defense Rolls instead of however many it normally would.
Missile Immunity Edit
- Main article: Missile Immunity
Missile Immunity works only when a target is struck by a Ranged Missile Attack, and will temporarily raise the target's Defense score to 50 for the purposes of blocking the Physical Damage component of that attack. This includes the Slingers' Ranged Attacks which are missile attacks.
Magic Immunity Edit
- Main article: Magic Immunity
The resulting effect of triggering a target's Magic Immunity differs based entirely on the method of delivery of this damage:
- When Magic Immunity is triggered by a spell, it basically negates the spell's effect


text:
Building construction is one of the fastest growing industries in India and it puts a huge burden on its limited natural resources. There is a foraging for innovative materials that could fill up the void of natural resources. Bio-brick or agro-waste based brick is one such material that has the potential to be a sustainable and cost-effective solution. It acts as a good heat and sound insulator and at the same time has an overall negative carbon footprint. Additionally, it also acts as a deterrent to stubble burning, prevalent in northern India which causes severe air pollution. Due to its low density, it reduces dead load in high rise structures, thereby making RCC construction more economical.
Architects Priyabrata Rautray, who is also a PhD scholar in IIT Hyderabad's Design Department, and Avik Roy, an Assistant Professor at the KIIT School of Architecture, Bhubaneshwar, have come up with a unique solution with the use of bio-bricks. They have developed bio-bricks for construction from agricultural waste products. This innovation addresses both waste management and development of eco-friendly, sustainable building materials. Guidance for the project came from Prof Deepak John Mathew, Head, Design Department, IIT Hyderabad and Dr Boris Eisenbart from Swinburne University of Technology, Australia.
How are these bio-bricks made?
The process of making biobricks starts with careful selection of the dry agro-waste like paddy straws, wheat straws, sugarcane bagasse and cotton plant. The team decided to use dry sugarcane bagasse for the first sample. The bagasse is first chopped to the desired size. A lime-based slurry is prepared, and the chopped agro-waste is added to the slurry and mixed thoroughly by hand or mechanical mixer, to create a homogenous mixture. This mixture is poured into moulds and rammed with a wooden block to make a compact brick. These moulds are left to dry for a day or two, after which their sides are removed, and the brick is allowed to dry for fifteen to twenty days. It takes approximately a month for these bio-bricks to attain its working strength by air drying.
IIT Hyderabad Bio-brick specifications
A prototype of the guard cabin was designed and executed in the space allocated by the IIT Hyderabad. It is a part of the BUILD (Bold Unique Idea Lead Development) project to demonstrate the strength and versatility of the material.
This material has good thermal and sound insulation; it is breathable and helps maintain a comfortable living condition during harsh summer or cold winters. During initial research, it was evident that vast quantities of agro-waste are generated in India, and the demand for raw material for the regular bricks is growing exponentially, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil and more air pollution. A prototype of the guard cabin was designed and executed in the space allocated by the IIT Hyderabad. It is a part of the BUILD (Bold Unique Idea Lead Development) project to demonstrate the strength and versatility of the material. This sample building is made up of Bio-Brick material with support from the metal framework.
The roof structure is made of Biobricks material over PVC sheets to reduce the heat gain. Both inside and outside the wall is cement plastered to protect the Bio-Bricks from rain. In April 2021 Priyabrata Rautray, PhD Scholar under his supervisor Prof Deepak John Mathew at the Department of Design and his team were awarded Indian Patent for the Bio-Brick material and its manufacturing technology.
To make a single block, 900 grams of sugar bagasse is used, but if this waste were to be burnt, it would release 639 grams of carbon dioxide, they claim. Moreover, the lime content in each brick allows it to absorb 322.2 grams of CO2 from the air during the curing process.
Highlights of the Bio-bricks
- Developed to counter the air pollution caused by stubble burning.
- This material exhibits excellent thermal insulation and fire-retardant properties.
- When used in roofing and wall panelling, it can effectively reduce heat gain by 5 – 6 degrees.
- Bio-Bricks are found to be 1/8 and 1/10 of weight for similar volume compared to burnt clay bricks and concrete blocks, respectively.
- Compared to burnt clay bricks, Bio-Bricks will cost about Rs.2 – Rs.3 when mass-produced.
The product took six years in the making for this Master of Product Design gradute, bio-bricks were crafted as a plausible solution to both those problems. Made out of agri-waste and sun dried to reduce pollution that arises from burning bricks, these bio-bricks are one-tenth the weight of a concrete block and one-third the price of red bricks.
Image Source – IIT Hyderabad


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For this major exhibition, Foundling Fellow Cornelia Parker has invited over sixty outstanding artists from a range of creative disciplines to respond to the theme of 'found', reflecting on the Museum's heritage.
Combining new and existing work with found objects kept for their significance, the exhibition unfolds throughout the Museum, interacting with historic works in the Collection and with each other. Parker's inspiration has in part been taken from the Museum's eighteenth-century tokens – small objects left by mothers with their babies as a means of identification should they ever return to claim their child.
Artists participating in FOUND include: Ron Arad, Phyllida Barlow, Jarvis Cocker, Richard Deacon, Tacita Dean, Jeremy Deller, Brian Eno, Antony Gormley, Mona Hatoum, Thomas Heatherwick, Christian Marclay, Mike Nelson, David Shrigley, Wolfgang Tillmans, Edmund de Waal, Mark Wallinger, Marina Warner, Rachel Whiteread and Jeanette Winterson.
More than twenty Royal Academicians have contributed to the show, echoing the role that the Foundling Hospital played in the development of the Royal Academy. Founded in 1739 to care for babies at risk of abandonment, the Foundling Hospital was supported by the leading artists of the day, many of whom donated work, thanks to the revolutionary involvement of the artist William Hogarth and the composer George Frideric Handel. The Royal Academy's origins can be traced back to the collective mobilisation of artists and the promotion of British art that took place at the Hospital during the eighteenth century.


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His Eminence (HE), Antonio Cardinal Cañizares Llovera (born 10 October 1945) is a Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Today, December 9, 2008, Cañizares was appointed as Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments by His Holiness (HH), Pope Benedict XVI. HE, Cañizares is sometimes known by his nickname of "Little Ratzinger," referring to the similar beliefs and opinions between him and HH, Pope Benedict XVI, born Joseph Ratzinger, who himself is aware of and "very amused by this expression."
HE served as Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain from 2002 until 2008 when HE was appointed by HH, Pope Benedict XVI as Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. HE was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006.
HE, Antonio Cañizares Llovera was born in Utiel, and studied at the minor and major seminaries in Valencia and at the Pontifical University of Salamanca, from where HE obtained a doctorate in theology, specializing in catechesis. HE was ordained to the priesthood by HE, Archbishop José García Lahiguera on 21 June 1970, and then served as vice-pastor and delegate for catechesis in the Archdiocese of Valencia.
Following HE's transfer to the Archdiocese of Madrid, HE taught catechetical theology at the University of Salamanca and fundamental theology at the Conciliar Seminary of Madrid. HE later became the director and a professor of the Institute of Religious Science and Catechesis "San Dámaso" in Madrid, and sat on several commissions and secretariats of the Spanish Episcopal Conference as well. From 1985 to 1992, HE served as director of the Secretariat of the Episcopal Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith. HE also founded and was the first president of Asociación Española de Catequistas, and was Director of the review Teología y Catequésis.
On 6 March 1992, HE was appointed as Bishop of Ávila by Pope John Paul II. HE received his episcopal consecration on the following 25 April from Archbishop Mario Tagliaferri, with Cardinals Ángel Suquía Goicoechea and Marcelo González Martín serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Ávila. Cañizares later became a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the Roman Curia on 10 November 1996, and was named Archbishop of Granada on 10 December of that same year. In addition to HE's duties in Granada, was Apostolic Administrator of Cartagena from January to October 1998, and made President of the Episcopal Commission of Education and Catechesis in 1999.
HE was promoted to Archbishop of Toledo, and thus Primate of the Spanish Church, on 24 October 2002. He was elected Vice-President of the Spanish Episcopal Conference as well. HH, Pope Benedict XVI created HE Cardinal Priest of S. Pancrazio in the consistory of 24 March 2006. The Spanish primate was awarded a doctorate honoris causa from the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera on that same date.
HE has been a member of Real Academia de la Historia de España since November 2007. HE will be eligible to participate in any future papal conclaves until HE reaches the age of eighty on 10 October 2025.


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- Grade Level:
- Fourth Grade
- Social Studies, Writing
- 30-45 minutes
- Group Size:
- Up to 36
- National/State Standards:
- Social Studies: 1, 1a,1b,3a, 5
OverviewThis lesson engages students to determine important locations and creatively develop their own names for places around the school.
Enduring Understanding: There is a history to how locations got their names.
Essential Question: What events or people can influence the naming of a location?
The students will learn to:
1) Understand how pioneers generated place names
2) use creative skills to generate their own place names
3) determine important features of localized geographic area
"A trail led from Natchez northward and eastward through forests of oak and hickory and pine, through can thickets and swamps, to Nashville on the Cumberland, 500 miles away. The trail had many names. The southern part followed Indian paths to the farm villages of the Choctaws. English men of the 1770's therefore spoke of the Path to the Choctaw Nation. The northern part was known by the people of Nashville as the Chickasaw Trace in the 1780's.
"As the flow of through traffic between Nashville and Natchez increased, men began to speak of 'the Natchez Road' or 'the Nashville Road,' naming it for the distant point to which they were headed.
"Frontiersmen who first explored the valleys that drained into the Ohio River left faint paths for others to follow. Such paths were called traces. Many of them became famous: Boone's Trace, Berry's Trace and others. In time, the people of the Cumberland Valley began to speak of the Natchez Trace. Oddly enough, they called it the Natchez Road" When it was merely a 'path that serpentine those boundless forests'. Not until after it had in face become a road did they call it the Natchez Trace." (Phelps and Ross 1952)
Where did people get ideas for names?
Place names can be descriptive like French Camp.
Place names can be historic like Yackanookany.
Place names can be aesthetic like Emerald Mound.
Place names can be about a person Colbert Ferry.
Place names can be about an event Pigeon Roost.
1.) Name It worksheet
2.) Name It worksheet example
Teachers: Give examples of place names along the Natchez Trace Parkway descriptive such as Shady Grove, Colbert Ferry, Cypress Swamp, and Dancing Rabbit Creek. Ask the students how they thought each place got its name. Ask the students to say place names that they know. Write them on the board as students name them. Discuss how those places may have gotten their names.
Student Task: This activity will generate more commitment if students are able to move about to investigate, either as a class, small groups or as individuals. Students will choose fifteen locations and list them on the worksheet. (Option: Student will draw a map, or be provided with an unlabeled map of the classroom or school) Students will make up unique and descriptive names for each location. For example, the doorway to the cafeteria could be "Food Pass", or the nurse's office could be "Healing Station."
1.) Students will determine what they think are important features of the classroom, school or school yard.
2.) Students will make up creative names for those important places.
3.) Hand out the Name It work sheet. Explain to the students that they will be making up names for fifteen locations in the classroom (or elsewhere).
4.) On the worksheet, they will write a short description of the location and then (at their seats or for homework) they will invent a name for the location.
5.) If students are going outside the classroom, be sure they understand their boundaries.
Teacher Closure: Review the activity and follow up with discussion of place names along the Natchez Trace Parkway.
AssessmentParticipation in the activity and quality of worksheet responses.
Park ConnectionsTeaches students the importance of how locations may have gotten their names and brings them into the history of the Natchez Trace.
1.) On a field trip to the Natchez Trace Parkway have the students observe place names along the roads.
2.) Provide the students a list of names of people and places on the Natchez Trace. Have them choose a person and write a report about that person and how they were associated with the Old Natchez Trace. Alternatively, if the student knows a family member or friend who has a name associated with the Natchez Trace, have them investigate that family's role on the Old Natchez Trace.
a. Students write a creative paragraph about one or more of the place names they created. For example, the nurse's office could be accompanied by a story about a student who got sick and went to the nurse's office. Students should be encouraged to use descriptive words.
b. Students write a creative paragraph about one or more the place names on the Natchez Trace. Students should be encouraged to use descriptive words


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"The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) is a code system intended to include all units of measures being contemporarily used in international science, engineering, and business. The purpose is to facilitate unambiguous electronic communication of quantities together with their units. The focus is on electronic communication, as opposed to communication between humans. A typical application of The Unified Code for Units of Measure are electronic data interchange (EDI) protocols, but there is nothing that prevents it from being used in other types of machine communication."
The National Library of Medicine provides several resources for working with UCUM:
- Online validation & conversion of UCUM units. Users can enter UCUM expressions on the page and validate them or convert them to other expressions.
- Batch validation of UCUM units. Users can submit a CSV (a spreadsheet format) file with a column of UCUM unit expressions, and the validator will return another CSV file with the addition of a column that reports on the validity of each unit expression.
- Examples of commonly used UCUM codes. This document is based on real-world usage of UCUM in data from Intermountain Healthcare.
- Validation and Conversion: A web service for validating and convertng UCUM units, and also for obtaining base unit information.
- Autocompletion and searching: A web service for searching the UCUM unit data. Includes synonomy.
- ucum-lhc: A library providing APIs for validating and converting UCUM units as a downloadable package. Includes a suggestion feature for incorrectly typed units.


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Flat 59 Rs
For Every Order
For Free Return
It is a 2 channel PWM/Pulse generator with variable Frequency: 1hz to 150Khz and Duty cycle 1% to 100% alterations. The frequency and duty cycle can be controlled using switches provided on board. It can also be controlled using serial communication protocol. This module provides an easy solution for driving stepper motors using variable frequency pulse input and DC motor with variable PWM duty cycle.
It is compatible with RMCS-1110, RMCS-1101, RMCS-1102, RMCS-1106 and RMCS-2301 motor drivers requiring pulse input. Also compatible with RMCS-2302, RKI-1341, RKI-1340 and all the motor drivers requiring PWM input with variable duty cycle for speed control.
Two independent PWM cycle with variable Frequency and Duty cycle.
Wide frequency range 1Hz ~ 150Khz
Parameters configurable via Serial protocol
Dimensions: 41 * 28mm Thickness: 1.6mm
Operating voltage: 5 - 30V support micro USB 5.0V power supply
Frequency range: 1Hz ~ 150KHz
Frequency accuracy: the accuracy in each range is about 2% ;
Signal load capacity: the output current can be 8 - 30ma
Output amplitude: default 5V V-pp
Ambient temperature: -30 ~ +70 ℃


The load capacity of EMBs with a restricted air gap is usually small in comparison with that of traditional ball bearings. One possible way to overcome this limitation is to increase the operation field strength of EMBs; however, this approach unavoidably involves nonlinear characteristics of EMBs. This paper investigates the nonlinear behavior of two commonly used types of EMBs by using the finite element method, in which the nonlinear relation of the B-H curve, the flux leakage, and the fringing effect are taken into account. The behavior of the EMBs under different bias currents and gap lengths is investigated, as are the effects of geometric parameters on the bearing characteristics. The results of the paper provide a useful guide for designing EMBs when using their nonlinear characteristics.
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home | quality defined
Defining quality health care
The now accepted definition of quality focuses on you. The Maine Quality Forum and The Maine Quality Forum Advisory Council have adopted and are committed to the following definition of high quality health care promoted by the Institute of Medicine:
Safe – avoiding injuries to patients from the care that is intended to help them.·
Effective – providing services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refraining from providing services to those not likely to benefit (avoiding under use and overuse, respectively).·
Patient-centered – providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.·
Timely – reducing waits and sometimes harmful delays for both those who receive and those who give care.·
Efficient – avoiding waste, including waste of equipment, supplies, ideas, and energy.·
Equitable – providing care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographic location, and socioeconomic status."
Types of quality
To achieve a clearer understanding of quality health care, it is helpful to understand characteristics of quality within the categories of service quality and clinical quality.
Service quality is the term to describe the characteristics of care such as waiting times, ease of physical access, pleasant staff and clean comfortable surroundings. Service quality also includes such things as cleanliness of your hospital room and respectfulness of the person who draws your blood.
Clinical quality is the term used to describe such things as prescribing the correct medications, performing surgery as safely and appropriately as possible and involving the patient fully in their own care. It includes attributes such as the accuracy of a laboratory test, operating on the correct leg and providing enough information so that you understand your health risks or medical condition.


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Investment Casting Waxes: Different Wax Types
Manufacturers use a range of techniques to create complex parts and components. One of the oldest methods that is still used today is investment casting. This process involves creating the item out of wax and then building a ceramic shell around it. Once the shell is complete, the wax is melted out (called dewaxing) before the molten metal is poured into the ceramic shell. Once the metal solidifies, the ceramic shell is removed as the part is now created.
There are numerous waxes that can be selected. The type of wax used will be based on several factors including flow properties, whether the wax will be reclaimed and recycled, dimensional consistency, surface finish and the requirements of the application. Several waxes that you will often hear about are filled pattern wax, non-filled pattern wax, runner wax, water-soluble wax and sticky wax.
Filled Pattern Waxes
Filled pattern waxes are a type of investment casting wax that has fillers added. These fillers can provide certain properties to the casting to ensure strength, dimensional stability, lower thermal expansion and minimal shrinkage. The types of fillers that are found in filled pattern waxes will vary based on the supplier, yet some common fillers may include bisphenol-A (BPA), organic fillers, terephthalic acid, and cross-linked polystyrene.
Both small and large wax pattern productions can use filled pattern waxes. Two major advantages to these waxes are that they have low thermal expansion and minimal shrinkage. They don't require wax chills to be placed into the cavity of the patterns to prevent shrinkage as the wax solidifies.
This wax is often used when you are looking for more dimensional control of the created part or component and when using a wide range of injection temperatures. Due to the filler added, some wax may remain in the ceramic shell after the dewaxing process as it takes longer for the wax to be burnt out. Filler pattern waxes can be difficult to reclaim and recycle depending on the density of the filler material.
Non-filled Pattern Waxes
Non-filled, or unfilled, pattern wax blends contain less filler materials. This type of wax offers consistent mechanical performance and thermal performance. They are typically used for small and medium wax patterns when there are complex geometries and very defined patterns. Non-filled waxes have exceptional flow properties.
A main advantage to non-filled waxes is that they provide a high surface quality. So the ceramic mold will have fewer cracks and defects. It also completely dewaxes from the ceramic shell as it can be reclaimed and recycled.
Care must be taken when using non-filled waxes in investment casting processes. Due to a slower solidification, the surface of the pattern can sink. There may also be unwanted shrinkage along cross sections of the pattern depending on the wax temperature. Depending on the part configuration, the use of wax chills may be necessary with non-filled pattern waxes to avoid material shrinkage.
Runner wax blends are used by investment casting companies when desiring exceptional mechanical strength and lower viscosity. This type of wax has a lower melting point than pattern waxes. So it will drain completely out of the ceramic mold during the dewaxing process without the need to use higher temperatures.
Advantages to runner wax is that it has good soldering strength and minimum thermal expansion. The workers can handle the wax without worrying about the part breaking in the ceramic mold. The wax pattern will need to be immersed in water and stored there until it completely solidifies.
Some parts and components will require complex and intricate internal designs. So the wax pattern must have intricate cores placed inside. To create these cores, a water-soluble wax is used. Once the core is completed, it is placed into the wax pattern die and then the pattern wax is injected into the die. When the wax pattern is cooled, the water-soluble cores are dissolved inside by placing the pattern into a water and acid bath.
Sticky waxes are commonly used during mounting and finishing processes. These waxes help bond different pattern waxes together or when constructing a sprue assembly. The wax helps to create a strong adhesion with the parts so that they will stand up to being handled by workers when creating the ceramic shell.
Impro's Investment Casting Services
At Impro, we offer investment casting for a wide range of applications including automotive, medical, aerospace, and industrial equipment. When you are looking for an economical manufacturing process that is trusted, reliable and repeatable, investment casting can provide superior results. Contact us today for more information.


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Moment distribution method
The moment distribution method (not to be confused with moment redistribution) is a structural analysis method for statically indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal. The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects. From the 1930s until computers began to be widely used in the design and analysis of structures, the moment distribution method was the most widely practiced method.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Implementation
- 3 Example
- 4 See also
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 External links
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration.
The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of structural analysis.
In order to apply the moment distribution method to analyse a structure, the following things must be considered.
Fixed end moments
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends by external loads when the joints are fixed.
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of elasticity (E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member. What is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural stiffness of all members.
When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the unbalanced moment, resisting forces develop at each member framed together at the joint. Although the total resistance is equal to the unbalanced moment, the magnitudes of resisting forces developed at each member differ by the members' flexural stiffness. Distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of the unbalanced moments carried by each of the members. In mathematical terms, distribution factor of member framed at joint is given as:
where n is the number of members framed at the joint.
When a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to counterbalance the unbalanced moment which is initially the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing moment is then carried over to the member's other end. The ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the fixed-end moment of the initial end is the carryover factor.
Determination of carryover factors
Let one end (end A) of a fixed beam be released and applied a moment while the other end (end B) remains fixed. This will cause end A to rotate through an angle. Once the magnitude of developed at end B is found, the carryover factor of this member is given as the ratio of over :
In case of a beam of length L with constant cross-section whose flexural rigidity is,
therefore the carryover factor
Once a sign convention has been chosen, it has to be maintained for the whole structure. The traditional engineer's sign convention is not used in the calculations of the moment distribution method although the results can be expressed in the conventional way. In the BMD case, the left side moment is clockwise direction and other is anticlockwise direction so the bending is positive and is called sagging.
Framed structures with or without sidesway can be analysed using the moment distribution method.
The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.
- Members AB, BC, CD have the same span.
- Flexural rigidities are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.
- Concentrated load of magnitude acts at a distance from the support A.
- Uniform load of intensity acts on BC.
- Member CD is loaded at its midspan with a concentrated load of magnitude.
In the following calculations, counterclockwise moments are positive.
Fixed end moments
Flexural stiffness and distribution factors
The flexural stiffness of members AB, BC and CD are, and, respectively. Therefore, expressing the results in repeating decimal notation:
The distribution factors of joints A and D are and.
The carryover factors are, except for the carryover factor from D (fixed support) to C which is zero.
Numbersare balanced moments; arrows ( ) represent the carry-over of moment from one end to the other end of a member.* Step 1: As joint A is released, balancing moment of magnitude equal to the fixed end moment develops and is carried-over from joint A to joint B.* Step 2: The unbalanced moment at joint B now is the summation of the fixed end moments, and the carry-over moment from joint A. This unbalanced moment is distributed to members BA and BC in accordance with the distribution factors and. Step 2 ends with carry-over of balanced moment to joint C. Joint A is a roller support which has no rotational restraint, so moment carryover from joint B to joint A is zero.* Step 3: The unbalanced moment at joint C now is the summation of the fixed end moments, and the carryover moment from joint B. As in the previous step, this unbalanced moment is distributed to each member and then carried over to joint D and back to joint B. Joint D is a fixed support and carried-over moments to this joint will not be distributed nor be carried over to joint C.* Step 4: Joint B still has balanced moment which was carried over from joint C in step 3. Joint B is released once again to induce moment distribution and to achieve equilibrium.* Steps 5 - 10: Joints are released and fixed again until every joint has unbalanced moments of size zero or neglectably small in required precision. Arithmetically summing all moments in each respective columns gives the final moment values.
- Moments at joints determined by the moment distribution method
- The conventional engineer's sign convention is used here, i.e. positive moments cause elongation at the bottom part of a beam member.
For comparison purposes, the following are the results generated using a matrix method. Note that in the analysis above, the iterative process was carried to >0.01 precision. The fact that the matrix analysis results and the moment distribution analysis results match to 0.001 precision is mere coincidence.
- Moments at joints determined by the matrix method
The complete shear and bending moment diagrams are as shown. Note that the moment distribution method only determines the moments at the joints. Developing complete bending moment diagrams require additional calculations using the determined joint moments and internal section equilibrium.
- SFD and BMD
Result via displacements method
As the Hardy Cross method provides only approximate results, with a margin of error inversely proportionate to the number of iterations, it is important to have an idea of how accurate this method might be. With this in mind, here is the result obtained by using an exact method: the displacement method
For this, the displacements method equation assumes the following form:
For the structure described in this example, the stiffness matrix is as follows:
The equivalent nodal force vector:
Replacing the values presented above in the equation and solving it for leads to the following result:
Hence, the moments evaluated in node B are as follows:
The moments evaluated in node C are as follows:
- Cross, Hardy (1930). "Analysis of Continuous Frames by Distributing Fixed-End Moments". Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). pp. 919–928.
- Błaszkowiak, Stanisław; Zbigniew Kączkowski (1966). Iterative Methods in Structural Analysis. Pergamon Press, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
- Norris, Charles Head; John Benson Wilbur; Senol Utku (1976). Elementary Structural Analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 327–345. ISBN 0-07-047256-4.
- McCormac, Jack C.; James K. Nelson, Jr. (1997). Structural Analysis: A Classical and Matrix Approach (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 488–538. ISBN 0-673-99753-7. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- Yang, Chang-hyeon (2001-01-10). Structural Analysis (in Korean) (4th ed.). Seoul: Cheong Moon Gak Publishers. pp. 391–422. ISBN 89-7088-709-1.
- Volokh, K.Y. (2002). On foundations of the Hardy Cross method. International Journal of Solids and Structures,Volume 39, Issue 16, August 2002, Pages 4197-4200. doi:10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00345-1.