text:
Silica (SiO2)-coated rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles were prepared using a water-in-oil microemulsion of polyoxyethylene (15) cetyl ether, cyclohexane and water. SiO2-coated Rh nanoparticles were obtained by hydrolyzing metal alkoxide (tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS) in the solution containing Rh complex nanoparticles followed by thermal and reduction treatments. In the SiO2-coated Rh nanoparticle, a Rh particle with an average diameter of 4.1 nm was located nearly at the center of each spherical SiO2 particle. The SiO2 layer was approximately 15 nm thick. Since the Rh particle was wholly surrounded by SiO2, the Rh particle of the SiO2-coated Rh nanoparticle exhibited an extremely high thermal stability. Furthermore, the porous structure of the SiO2 layer could be controlled by the hydrolysis conditions of TEOS.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Materials Science(all)
- Mechanics of Materials
- Mechanical Engineering


text:
Chris Hipkins keeps re-defining and lowering the standards of the Labour party with his Hipkins Standard. Today he has had a flick at PPP's and forgets his Labour party history, which is strange considering he worked in Clark's office.
This is highly amusing, as Labour passed the legislation allowing PPPs… and he should also talk to Annette king who was quite keen on PPPs as a concept:
The new Local Government Act of 2002 provided new possibilities for local authorities to work in partnership with other institutions, including central government, other councils, the private sector, and communities. The 2002 Act allowed the greater use of PPPs and required a PPP policy to be prepared and adopted as part of the long-term council community plan (now called long-term plan).
One year later, the Land Transport Management Act 2003 allowed public road controlling authorities to enter PPP-style concession agreements (see Figure 1) with third parties to build or operate roads. The term of the concession could not exceed 35 years and the responsible Minister had to approve any such agreement.
Hipkins' criticism of having someone actually overseeing the PPP is also in line with the Office of the Auditor General's recommendations:
Lessons learned so far from the process include:
- the need for clear project outcomes;
- the importance of PPP expertise in leading and managing the project;
- the need for senior managers to support and invest their time in the project; and
- the need for clear communication about the outcomes being sought.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The impacts of channelisation on the geomorphology and ecology of the Kuils River, Western Cape, South Africa
Fisher, Ruth-Mary Corne
MetadataShow full item record
Urbanisation and storm water input in the Kuils River catchment changed the flow of the river from ephemeral to perennial. This led to flooding problems in the Kuilsrivier central business district. The river was channelised in 2000 to increase the carrying capacity of the channel and thus to reduce the flood risk. This study aims to monitor the impacts of channelisation on the geomorphology and ecology of the Kuils River. This was done by selecting representative study sites upstream, within and downstream of the channelised reach. The geomorphological and ecological characteristics of the river were recorded in detail with changes tracked over a year period incorporating channelisation activities and winter floods.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Mold is a common problem in any environment that is perpetually damp, especially if there is a lack of sunlight in the area. Mold can strike anywhere for this reason. While it is not difficult to remove in small amounts, it is a real challenge to remove mould from paintings. Oil paintings require careful cleaning, but watercolours even more so, as exposure to moisture can cause their delicate colours to run. However, with proper care mould can be removed from watercolour paintings.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Soft-bristle brush
Brush at the mould with a soft-bristle brush. The light friction can be enough to remove some or all of the mildew without affecting the paint.
Place the painting in the sunlight during the day for several days. Direct sunlight kills mould and can remove it from paintings. Sunlight fades paint over time, but several day's worth of intermittent exposure will not cause any damage to a watercolour.
Wipe at the mould with a small piece of light-grit sandpaper to carefully remove the mould, if the other methods are not working. Be very careful when doing this because the sandpaper can potentially damage the paint if too much force is applied. Dust the painting afterward to remove any loose sand that has come off the sandpaper.
Tips and warnings
- Have any valuable or sentimental paintings professionally cleaned or restored to decrease the odds of damage.
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is also used during the rainy season to catch migratory juvenile fishes as they swim in water that flows. This is referred to as 'gala' in Hausa. The instrument of ara is said to be introduced to Kebbi fishermen by the Sorko and Zarma fishermen much later. According to Harris (1942: 28) the ara was not in use throughout Kebbi prior to colonial administration in the kebbi area. It gained wider acceptance not only in Kebbi, but also in most parts of Hausa land.
3.2.3 Mamari and Kamba. (Hooks & Line And Hook Sticks)
 Mamari is the Zarma word for hook.[1] Kamba[2] refers to a short stick that is used in arranging the line on which the hooks are tied. The hooks are arranged on the stick for easy spread in water, so much so that it is not intricately interwoven to warrant hardship in using the gear in the future. From enquiries made, it is understood that the word mamari is derived from Zarma language. The Hausa word for mamari is 'Ƙugiya'. In Argungu, the entire Kebbi, and most parts of Hausaland, especially Zamfara, the hook is called 'mamari' which was borrowed from the Zarma language.
 Kamba is derived from the Zarma word 'kambe' which stands for hand. To fully neologize the word into Hausa, it went through transformation where the last 'e' vowel was substituted with 'a' vowel. In Zarma, the phrase 'mamari kambe' is translated literally as a 'hand of mamari'.[3] It is figuratively coined because the length of the stick called 'kamba' is almost the length of a hand from the ankle to the fingers hence the reason for the phrase, 'mamari kambe'.
 This a part, the leadership structure of the artisanal fishing in Kebbi includes in its line of authority, the title of Kamba who is the head and leader of all the fishermen whose instrument or gear of operation is line and hook known in Hausa as 'Ƙugiya'. The title is a derivation from the name of the gear which emphatically is of Zarma origin. It suffices for one to assert that if Kebbi/Dosso alliance and relationship is not an intimate and strong one, this cultural and linguistic borrowing of terms in fishing as a local craft wouldn't have suffice up to the present.
3.3 Impacts on Water Rituals
 Fishing is an important craft that takes place only in areas with abundant surface water which could be rivers, lakes, streams, or ponds. It involves entry into the water with the intent to catch fish for food, for commercial purpose or for some parts of the fish to be used in preparing local concoctions for the cure of illnesses and for other traditional medical purposes.
 Water is known to be an abode to vicious and dangerous animals like the hippopotamus or reptiles like the crocodile. It is also a dwelling place for spirits that may be harmful to humans. It is in realization of these dangers that the artisanal fishermen engage in a number of water rituals so as to ward off evil and avoid danger of water accidents. The ritual may be 'ɗaurin ruwa' which is done to seek for protection and safety in fishing, from the beginning to the end of a fishing expedition. There is also the 'tsaraka' ritual purposely done to invoke good luck and enhance big catch during fishing. There is also the 'Ƙulle ruwa' ritual which is done with the intent to prevent or deny a rival from making catches during fishing. Though it is a pure display of voodoo and African medicine, it involves the invocation or recitation of some incantations in the form of abracadabra which is a mixture of words from different languages that are often without meaning. Greater number of these incantations invoked by the Kebbi and largely Hausa fishermen for the purpose of offering rituals of this nature are derived from the Zarma language. They may not be necessarily meaningful words in Zarma language but they rhyme with the words in Zarma. One example of the incantations will suffice here. It is recited when one intends to literarily lock the water i.e wards off evil spirits and harmful water animals. One will recite:
 Bismillahi langwarmai,
 Kwarma gwarmai,
 Mainan jaboga
 Barnan jaboga.
 Alako akwai ijikwai jaboga
 Ai sanka karai, ainan tinti da.
 Ai nan wai banda kulma da.[4]
 This is in fact not the only aspect of fishing in which the Zarma language has impact in the Sarkanci of Kebbi. Sarkanci as a craft that is dominated by the male folk, has its own form of oral literature in form of oral songs which are composed in praise of those who show high commitment and have excelled and are successful in it. The persons to whom the songs are sang resort to the chanting of personal epithets in which they praise themselves. This is known as kirari in Hausa. Most fishermen in the course of chanting their personal praises tend to employ the use of words that rhyme with the Zarma words just as cited above. A good example is the personal epithet of one Alu Danhoma of Bubuce village. It has code mixtures of Hausa and Zarma words as pointed out by Argungu (2007:153). It goes thus:
Bismillahi Rabbina na hwara
Islande biga ai Annabin Sulaima kwaiga
 Ai hwantimi ai dosine ai gisi
 Ai hwargo ai Harakwai maiga
 Gindi gura, kwamba gura sidisi gimbiya
 Sinisigi ɗigi kwanda harago kwanga
 Ni gimbiya ma minde
 Ni shalshabani shalshabani kanda ishirin
 Iskwai Dandi iskwai danga
 Ai Annabi lango-lango ko har abada
 Kuwara ta yi kwadarko
Kuwara ta yi kwadarko
Kwaɗɗo ya wuce shi giwayo tabki
 The question one is likely to ask is why a fisherman from the Hausa tribe should go to the extent of code mixing his own language with a language he does not even understand. This really point to the fact that at one time in history, there was a strong bond of relationship between the people of Kebbi and Dosso. The bond was so cordial and intimate to warrant a lot of borrowings and usages of some lexical items in the area of fishing. It is the Hausa that benefitted because the 'Sorko' has a superior civilization in the field of fishing as such, they seems to make impacts into the aspect of fishing in kebbi.
 3.4 Names of Water Spirits
 Prior to their contact with any civilization whether from the West or the East, the Hausa people to which the inhabitants of Kebbi belong have strong belief in the existence of the Spirits which cannot be seen with the naked eye. It is believed also that water bodies are one of the abode of these creatures. Hausa people believe in the spirits like 'Jittakuku', 'Zodo', 'Tamashaya', 'Hajiruwa' and hosts of others believed to inhabits the waters in which fishing is conducted. To these Spirits, some offerings and sacrifices were made in the olden days, in order to appease them. That was why before the emergence of Islamic revivalist movement of the revered Sheikh Usmanu bn Fodio, the Bori cult enjoys quite a large number of adherents not only in Kebbi but in almost every part of Hausa land.
 The relationship between Kebbi and Dosso paved the way for increase contact and mutual understanding between the political leadership and the subjects. This led to further understanding and acceptance of the Spirits that are believed to be Zarma. Gobir (2002:26) has advanced a list of Spirits which are believed to be Zarma and to which the Hausa fisherman also has conviction. They are Sulaimanu, Baba Dango, Harkwai, Markwai, Dango Musa and Garkame. Some of these Spirits termed as Zarma are believed to inhabit the fishing water as such are strongly revered and appeased by the fishermen. These Spirits are Harkwai and Markwai who are most often made mention of by the fishermen in their self epithets. An extract from the 'Kirari' epithet of Alu Danhoma Bubuce, cited in Argungu (2008:151) will be a testimony to this assertion. It reads:
 Na yi sallama gidanka Harakwai
 Ko da niy yi sallama kak karɓa
 Ka ba ni babban kina
 ko ko ka ni babban nagge
Ya ce ka ga saniya na baka.
4.0 Conclusion
 This paper has attempted an explicit description of how the alignment and cordial relationship between two neighbours from the divide of Nigeria and Niger became beneficial to the aspects of artisanal fishery particularly in Kebbi and in Hausa land generally. The relationship


text:
Ever wonder how much daylight you can gain or lose just by getting in your car and driving either West or East?
Here's how to figure it out. The Earth's circumference is about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) at the equator. So if you start out at sunrise and drive 1,000 miles (1,600 km) Westward during the daylight hours, you'll get almost an extra hour of daylight. On the other hand, if you go East, you'll lose that much. 1,000 miles is pretty much the maximum you can go in about 12 hours, and that's going pretty fast (about 80 mph, or 130 kph).
But there's a trick to stealing extra daylight.
Get away from the equator. The higher (it's my northern hemisphere bias; sorry, Aussies!) your latitude is right now, the better you're going to do. There are two reasons:
- It's summer in the northern hemisphere, so you start with more daylight hours. This gives you more time to travel, and the farther you go, the more daylight you can steal.
- (And this is the big reason.) The distance to go around the Earth is much shorter.
Seriously. In math-ese, the latitudinal circumference of the Earth is the equatorial circumference times the cosine of your latitude. In a more reasonable format, here's a table for you:
|Latitude (°)||Circumference (mi)||Circumference (km)||Extra light per 1,000 mi|
|0°||25,000 mi||40,000 km||58 minutes|
|10°||24,600 mi||39,400 km||59 minutes|
|20°||23,500 mi||37,600 km||1 hour 1 minute|
|30°||21,700 mi||34,600 km||1 hour 6 minutes|
|40°||19,200 mi||30,600 km||1 hour 15 minutes|
|50°||16,100 mi||25,700 km||1 hour 29 minutes|
|60°||12,500 mi||20,000 km||1 hour 55 minutes|
|70°||8,600 mi||13,700 km||2 hours 47 minutes|
|80°||4,300 mi||6,900 km||5 hours 34 minutes|
I'm currently up at a latitude just north of 45° on a road trip, marveling at the fact that going East vs. going West gives me a difference of three hours of daylight. Imagine being up inside the Arctic Circle; it's actually possible to outrun the Sunset!
And now you, too, can lengthen or shorten your days — at will — just by getting in your car.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
As the summer sun beckons, so does the allure of water-based outdoor activities, and magnetic water balloons have emerged as a novel and exciting addition to the world of water play. These innovative balloons, unlike traditional ones, feature a magnetic component that adds a new layer of fun and interactivity to water balloon battles.
The magic lies in their ability to attract and repel, creating unpredictable trajectories and adding an element of surprise to each throw. Magnetic water balloons are crafted to enhance the joy of water play. For those eager to dive into the world of magnetic water balloons, Hiliop, _URL_ stands out as a go-to destination.
What are Magnetic and Reusable?
Magnetic reusable water balloons represent a revolutionary twist on the classic water balloon, infusing playtime with creativity and sustainability. Crafted from durable, eco-friendly materials, these balloons eliminate the need for single-use plastics, providing an environmentally conscious alternative.
Magnetic reusable water balloons, available at leading platforms like Hiliop, are crafted from high-quality, eco-friendly materials. The magnetic aspect comes from the design, which allows the balloons to easily attach, creating a secure and leak-proof seal.
This innovative feature eliminates the need for ties, making them convenient and user-friendly. The reusable aspect stems from the durable materials used in their construction. Unlike traditional water balloons that burst upon impact, these balloons withstand the force, ensuring they can be refilled and reused countless times.
Where to Get Magnetic Reusable Water Balloons?
Platforms like Hiliop have embraced the demand for sustainable and innovative water play solutions by offering magnetic reusable water balloons. Hiliop's selection includes a variety of vibrant colors and package options, catering to different preferences and group sizes.
Purchasing these water balloons from reputable platforms ensures quality and authenticity, providing customers with a reliable source for eco-friendly and entertaining water play. Embrace the future of water balloon fights with magnetic reusable water balloons, available at Hiliop and similar environmentally conscious retailers.
Key Features of Magnetic Reusable Water Balloons
Water balloon fights are a quintessential part of summer, offering a refreshing and exhilarating way to beat the heat. However, the joy of traditional water balloons often comes with environmental concerns, as they contribute to single-use plastic waste. In response to this, a revolutionary solution has emerged magnetic reusable water balloons.
Magnetic reusable water balloons are typically made from biodegradable and recyclable materials, addressing the environmental concerns associated with single-use plastics. This eco-conscious choice ensures that water play remains enjoyable without contributing to pollution.
Durable and Long-Lasting
Traditional water balloons are notorious for bursting prematurely, leading to a short-lived water balloon fight. Magnetic reusable water balloons, on the other hand, boast impressive durability. Their ability to withstand impacts ensures a longer-lasting and more enjoyable water play experience.
No Ties, No Hassle
Tying individual water balloons can be a tedious and time-consuming task, often leading to wasted water and frustration. Magnetic reusable water balloons eliminate this hassle. Their magnetic design allows for quick and easy attachment, streamlining the preparation process for water balloon fights.
Easy to Refill
The reusable nature of these water balloons means they can be easily refilled for continuous play. This feature not only contributes to sustainability but also adds convenience, as users can quickly replenish their ammunition during the heat of battle.
Safe for All Ages
Magnetic reusable water balloons are designed with safety in mind. The absence of small parts or potential choking hazards makes them suitable for water play enthusiasts of all ages. Parents can rest easy knowing that their children can enjoy a fun and safe water balloon fight.
Magnetic reusable water balloons represent a significant leap forward in reimagining the classic water balloon fight. Their combination of eco-friendly materials, durability, and user-friendly features make them a standout choice for those seeking a sustainable and enjoyable water play experience.


text:
It makes sense for Australia to be part of a large global effort to make it easier to
identify, assess and respond to invasive species, according to The Hon John Kerin
AM, a member of the Board of The Crawford Fund and Chair of the Interim
Advisory Committee to the Australian Weed Research Centre.
Mr Kerin will be chairing a Crawford Fund workshop on 11 March 2009 to help raise
awareness of, and encourage Australian support for, a project to build the world's
most comprehensive encyclopaedia of invasive species – the Invasive Species
Compendium (ISC). The workshop is also being supported by the Cooperative
Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity (CRCNPB).
Invasive species are the second greatest threat to global biodiversity next to habitat
destruction costing an estimated global US$1.5 trillion per year in environmental
and economic damage.
The Invasive Species Compendium is led by CABI (a not-for-profit, science-based
development and information organisation) and supported by an International
Development Consortium of public and private sector partners. It will be used as a
powerful knowledge resource base to address critical issues concerning the impact
of thousands of invasive species on the environment, biodiversity, agriculture,
forestry and fisheries. Currently however, there are no Australian institutions
participating in the project.
"Invasive plants and animals are major and growing threats to Australia
economically, environmentally and to our health and culture," said Mr Kerin, a
former Federal Minister for Primary Industries.
"The animal and plant worlds act as hosts for human diseases and many weed
species provide shelter for feral animals and dangerous insects. Invasive plants are
the main threat to 45% of threatened and endangered species and eco-systems in
NSW alone," he said.
"Over 28,000 foreign plants have been brought into Australia and over 6,000 are
now weed species."
"It makes sense for Australia to be part of global consortia and databases from both
national and development assistance points of view."
The ISC will cover recognition, biology, distribution, impact and management of
invasive species making it easier to identify, assess and respond to threats.
The workshop in Canberra on 11 March will review the global project, present the
benefits and commitments of participation and outline the opportunities for a
number of Australian institutions who may wish to become involved in its
development. A broad range of Australian research and development organisations
from both State and Federal government agencies will attend the workshop.
"At present, awareness of the ISC in Australia is fairly low. But the benefits of the Compendium to the country's research community cannot be underestimated." said Elizabeth Dodsworth, Global Director Knowledge Management, CABI.
"The ISC will bring the most extensive and authoritative compilation on thousands
of invasive species to the fingertips of the people who need it most and we are
thrilled to be able to discuss it at the Crawford Fund's workshop," she said.
CABI is an organisation already well-renowned for benefiting the research
community in Australia. It led the development of four compendia products: Crop
Protection, Forestry, Animal Health and Production, and Aquaculture. On
reviewing the benefits of these products in 2007, the Australian Centre for
International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) put their value in terms of time-saving
by Australian public-service staff at US$ 1.1 million per year
The ISC project is being managed in phases. Phase one was completed in 2008
with coverage of 1,000 species. Once launched in 2010, the Compendium will be
continually maintained, improved and updated to ensure that researchers have
access to the very latest and most accurate information.
For further information and to arrange interviews contact:
Cathy Reade, Public Awareness Coordinator, Crawford Fund 0413 575 934 or
Lynsey Sterrey, PR and Corporate Communications Manager, CABI on + (0) 1491 829361
Additional information on the ISC:
The ISC will cover recognition, biology, distribution, impact and management of invasive
species, on a global basis. Invasive species of all taxa will be covered, including plants,
fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, nematodes, molluscs and vertebrates. Their impact on
natural ecosystems and on biodiversity will be considered, and also on systems managed
for agriculture, forestry, aquaculture etc. Decision-support tools will be included, e.g. for
diagnosis and risk analysis. GIS will be used to display geographic distributions. Extensive
reference materials will be available, including illustrations, library documents, bibliographic
abstracts, case studies and statistical data.
Content is derived from thousands of expert contributors, from throughout the world. The
ISC's authority derives from their expertise, from verification through peer review, and from
quality control through rigorous editing.
Other content is derived from existing compilations of knowledge on invasive species, from
organizations such as ISSG, GISP and IABIN.
Content is presented dynamically through the Compendium technology - on an advanced
web-based platform combining databases, text, images, GIS, taxonomic relationships and
decision-support tools in an interactive framework. This is designed to respond intuitively to
linkages made by the user, both within the Compendium and in relationships with other
local or remote knowledge bases.
About CABI: CABI is a not-for-profit, science-based development and information organisation with nine centres worldwide. CABI's mission and direction is influenced by its 45 member countries that help guide the organisation's activities. These include projects and consultancy, information for development, scientific publishing and mycological services. For more information, visit _URL_.
About the Crawford Fund: The ATSE Crawford Fund was established in June 1987 by The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. It was named in honour of the late Sir John Crawford and commemorates his outstanding services to international agricultural research. The Fund depends on grants and donations from governments, private companies, corporations, charitable trusts and individual Australians. It also welcomes partnerships with agencies and organisations in Australia and overseas.
The Fund promotes and supports international R&D activities in which Australian research organisations and companies are active participants. It supports the work of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). For more information, visit _URL_


exceeded, limit logging of the event in question. Think of a time limit : You could limit how many times a certain rule may be matched in a certain time frame, for example to lessen the effects of DoS syn flood attacks. This is its main usage, but there are more usages, of course. The limit match may also be inverted by adding a ! flag in front of the limit match. It would then be expressed as -m limit ! --limit 5/s.This means that all packets will be matched after they have broken thelimit.
To further explain the limit match, it is basically a token bucket filter. Consider having a leaky bucket where the bucket leaks X packets per time-unit. X is defined depending on how many matching packets we get, so if we get 3 packets, the bucket leaks 3 packets per that time-unit. The --limit option tells us how many packets to refill the bucket with per time-unit, while the --limit-burst option tells us how big the bucket is in the first place. So, setting --limit 3/minute --limit-burst 5, and then receiving 5 matches will empty the bucket. After 20 seconds, the bucket is refilled with another token, and so on until the --limit-burst is reached again or until they get used.
Consider the example below for further explanation of how this may look.
 1. We set a rule with -m limit --limit 5/second --limit-burst 10. The limit-burst token bucket is set to 10 initially. Each packet that matches the rule uses a token.
 2. We get packet that matches, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10, all within a 1/1000 of a second.
 3. The token bucket is now empty. Once the token bucket is empty, the packets that qualify for the rule otherwise no longer match the rule and proceed to the next rule if any, or hit the chain policy.
 4. For each 1/5 s without a matching packet, the token count goes up by 1, upto a maximum of 10. 2 seconds after receiving the 10 packets, we will once again have 10 tokens left.
 5. And of course, the bucket will be emptied by 1 token for each packet it receives.
MAC match[edit]
The MAC (Ethernet Media Access Control) match can be used to match packets based on their MAC source address. As of writing this documentation, this match is a little bit limited, however, in the future this may be more evolved and may be more useful. This match can be used to match packets on the source MAC address only as previously said.
Do note that to use this module we explicitly load it with the -m mac option. The reason that I am saying this is that a lot of people wonder if it should not be -m mac-source, which it should not.
Mark match[edit]
The mark match extension is used to match packets based on the marks they have set. A mark is a special field, only maintained within the kernel, that is associated with the packets as they travel through the computer. Marks may be used by different kernel routines for such tasks as traffic shaping and filtering. As of today, there is only one way of setting a mark in Linux, namely the MARK target in iptables. This was previously done with the FWMARK target in ipchains, and this is why people still refer to FWMARK in advanced routing areas. The mark field is currently set to an unsigned integer, or _PHONE_ possible values on a 32 bit system. In other words, you are probably not going to run into this limit for quite some time.
Multiport match[edit]
The multiport match extension can be used to specify multiple destination ports and port ranges. Without the possibility this match gives, you would have to use multiple rules of the same type, just to match different ports.
You can not use both standard port matching and multiport matching at the same time, for example you can't write: --sport 1024:63353 -m multiport --dport 21,23,80. This will simply not work. What in fact happens, if you do, is that iptables honors the first element in the rule, and ignores the multiport instruction.
Owner match[edit]
The owner match extension is used to match packets based on the identity of the process that created them. The owner can be specified as the process ID either of the user who issued the command in question, that of the group, the process, the session, or that of the command itself. This extension was originally written as an example of what iptables could be used for. The owner match only works within the OUTPUT chain, for obvious reasons: It is pretty much impossible to find out any information about the identity of the instance that sent a packet from the other end, or where there is an intermediate hop to the real destination. Even within the OUTPUT chain it is not very reliable, since certain packets may not have an owner. Notorious packets of that sort are (among other things) the different ICMP responses. ICMP responses will never match.
State match[edit]
The state match extension is used in conjunction with the connection tracking code in the kernel. The state match accesses the connection tracking state of the packets from the conntracking machine. This allows us to know in what state the connection is, and works for pretty much all protocols, including stateless protocols such as ICMP and UDP. In all cases, there will be a default timeout for the connection and it will then be dropped from the connection tracking database. This match needs to be loaded explicitly by adding a -m state statement to the rule. You will then have access to one new match called state.
TOS match[edit]
The TOS match can be used to match packets based on their TOS field. TOS stands for Type Of Service, consists of 8 bits, and is located in the IP header. This match is loaded explicitly by adding -m tos to the rule. TOS is normally used to inform intermediate hosts of the precedence of the stream and its content (it doesn't really, but it informs of any specific requirements for the stream, such as it having to be sent as fast as possible, or it needing to be able to send as much payload as possible). How different routers and administrators deal with these values depends. Most do not care at all, while others try their best to do something good with the packets in question and the data they provide.
TTL match[edit]
The TTL match is used to match packets based on their TTL (Time To Live) field residing in the IP headers. The TTL field contains 8 bits of data and is decremented once every time it is processed by an intermediate host between the client and recipient host. If the TTL reaches 0, an ICMP type 11 code 0 (TTL equals 0 during transit) or code 1 (TTL equals 0 during reassembly) is transmitted to the party sending the packet and informing it of the problem. This match is only used to match packets based on their TTL, and not to change anything. The latter, incidentally, applies to all kinds of matches. To load this match, you need to add an -m ttl to the rule.
The target/jumps tells the rule what to do with a packet that is a perfect match with the match section of the rule. There are a couple of basic targets, the ACCEPT and DROP targets, which we will deal with first. However, before we do that, let us have a brief look at how a jump is done.
The jump specification is done in exactly the same way as in the target definition, except that it requires a chain within the same table to jump to. To jump to a specific chain, it is of course a prerequisite that that chain exists. As we have already explained, a user-defined chain is created with the -N command. For example, let's say we create a chain in the filter table called tcp_packets, like this: iptables -N tcp_packets
We could then add a jump target to it like this:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -j tcp_packets
We would then jump from the INPUT chain to the tcp_packets chain and start traversing that chain. When/If we reach the end of that chain, we get dropped back to the INPUT chain and the packet starts traversing from the rule one step below where it jumped to the other chain (tcp_packets in this case). If a packet is ACCEPTed within one of the sub chains, it will be ACCEPT'ed in the superset chain also and it will not traverse any of the superset chains any further. However, do note that the packet will traverse all other chains in the other tables in a normal fashion.
Targets on the other hand specify an action to take on the packet in question. We could for example, DROP or ACCEPT the packet depending on what we want to do. There are also a number of other actions we may want to take, which we will describe further on in this section. Jumping to targets may incur different results, as it were. Some targets will cause the packet to stop traversing that specific chain and superior chains as described above. Good examples of such rules are DROP and ACCEPT. Rules that are stopped, will not pass through any of the rules further on in the chain or in superior chains. Other targets, may take an action on the packet, after which the packet will continue passing through the rest of the rules. A good example of this would be the LOG,


text:
People who eat fruit before doing their grocery shopping are significantly more likely to make healthier purchasing choices, a new study reveals.
Research carried out by a team from Cornell University shows that eating a small snack prior to food shopping can result in an individual being encouraged to purchase around 25 per cent more fruit and veg than if they had gone to the supermarket on an empty stomach.
This conclusion was reached following three studies, with the first involving 120 shoppers being given either an apple sample, a piece of cookie or nothing at all at the start of their grocery shop.
Following analysis of their purchases, it was found that those who ate fruit before shopping bought an average of 28 per cent more fruit and veg, while customers who had the cookie sample purchased around 25 per cent more than those who had no snack at all. While fruit had the best effect on consumers, it is apparent that any small snack can influence purchasing choices.
Co-author of the studies Aner Tal concluded: 'What this teaches us, is that having a small healthy snack before shopping can put us in a healthier mindset and steer us towards making better food choices.'
The second study saw 56 participants given either a cookie or apple sample before being presented with pairs of food items to purchase. Again, those who had eaten fruit prior to making purchasing choices were significantly more likely to opt for healthier pairs than those who had the biscuit.
Finally, the third part of the research involved 59 individuals being divided into three groups and given different chocolate milk that was labelled as either 'healthy and wholesome' or 'rich and indulgent', with the final group receiving no milk at all.
The participants were then monitored while shopping, with the analysis showing that those who drank the supposedly healthier milk were more likely to make more nutritious choices when shopping.
Combined, the results of the three studies indicate that eating a healthy snack, or thinking they've consumed something nutritious is enough to trigger healthier purchases among grocery shoppers.


text:
Mike Kaspar web site
Fort Craig was one of the largest forts constructed in the west, and was critical to both the Indian Campains and the
Civil War.Established in 1854, the primary function of the fort was to control Apache and Navajo raiding, and to protect the
central portion of the Camino Real, a trail which stretched from northern Mexico to San Juan Pueblo, 30 miles north of Santa
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Fort Craig remained a Union Army Post, manned by regular army troops.In 1862, after
capuring several military installations in southern New Mexico, Confederate troops under the command of General Henery Hopkins
Sibley marched up the Rio Grande to Fort Craig.The battle for Fort Craig happend on Febuary 21,1862, Sibley's troops fought Union Troops led by Colonel R.S.
Canby.The battle of Valverde took place upstream from Fort Craig at Valverde Crossing.General Sibley had won
a Confederate victory, although Union troops succeeded in holding the Fort and detroying half of the confederate supply wagons.What
remained of the Confederate supplies were lost at the battle of Glorieta, east of Santa Fe on March 28,1862, forcing the Confederates
to retreat back to Texas.


text:
Methods for Change team profile: Laura PottingerBackResources
29th September 2020
In this second Methods for Change team profile, we meet Laura Pottinger who is one of the main researchers on the project team. The first piece introduced Amy Barron and the next will focus on Ulrike Ehgartner.
Laura explains her motivation for joining the Methods for Change project, the value of social science methodologies and how this project will seek to make a difference in terms of how these methodologies can add value to non-academic sectors.
Interview, Methods for Change, Project Output and The University of Manchester
What's your background and what was your motivation for getting involved in the Methods for Change project?
I'm a human geographer, interested in exploring everyday forms of social and environmental activism using ethnographic and participatory methodologies. Before undertaking my doctoral research, I worked with a youth leadership organisation in Manchester. This galvanised my interest in developing methods that could simultaneously be used to understand the role of young people and other stakeholders in instigating change in their own communities, and to support them in their aims. Some of the most interesting work I've been involved in occupies a space between academic research and the work of activist groups or charities aiming to transform society. There is great potential for social scientists to work towards shared goals in collaboration with organisations, and Methods for Change offers an exciting opportunity to explore these connections and relationships further.
What do you think social science methodologies can bring to non-academic sectors?
Social science methodologies are incredibly diverse and can be adapted to a vast array of different settings and research problems. They are particularly useful for understanding complex systems, and for uncovering what makes things meaningful to people. Social science methods can also provide the tools to look beyond linear, simplistic or surface explanations for problems and phenomena, to understand lived experience in rich detail. In my own work, I've seen how social science methods can be used as a vehicle for creating change throughout the entire process of research. Participatory methods, for example, can involve researchers working alongside participants to design methodologies, collect and analyse data, and share findings, providing opportunities for individual and collective transformation and growth at each stage of the research.
Why are they not currently having the impact that they should?
There is a need to raise awareness of the value of our methodologies and to communicate them more effectively and accessibly. To do this, we need to think creatively about developing opportunities for businesses, charities, or public sector organisations to find out about the range of approaches that exist, and to visualise how they can be applied in practice. As academics, there is more that we can do to actively understand the requirements of non-academic partners, and to think about how our methods can be adapted to ensure they are relevant and user-friendly.
We also need to make a case for social science methods – particularly those that are creative, innovative and experimental – as robust, effective ways for creating knowledge. They are equally valid tools for understanding complex topics as more tradition methods, such as surveys or interviews, and in many cases will yield much richer data. However, because social science research deals with complexity, it can be messy! One of our challenges as researchers on this project is how we communicate research methods and approaches that are difficult to delineate neatly.
How will the Methods for Change initiative make a difference in this area?
Our project is designed to address these issues by identifying, distilling, and showcasing innovative and cutting-edge methodologies. Working with over 30 social scientists from across the Aspect network and their non-academic partners, we are producing accessible 'how to' guides aimed at industry, business, charity and public sectors. These guides will outline the fundamentals of each method, with examples for their application in a range of different contexts. Some early method examples include photogo-alongs, creative and interactive interviewing, discourse analysis, object oriented participatory ethnography, and mobile methods, to name a few.
We are also experimenting with creative approaches for communicating these ideas. Contributors are collaborating with designers, artists, and filmmakers, to produce a series of creative works, including comics, posters, short films, animations and podcasts. Shared widely, these outputs will highlight the value of social science methods and the types of societal change they can leverage. In November, along with our academic contributors, the Methods for Change team will host a series of free online workshops as part of the ESRC Festival of Social Science 2020. Focusing on visual, participatory and policy-led methods, these sessions will explore how social science research methods can be used to transform institutions, communities and society, and we will share early outputs and findings from the project.
What types of research methods do you use in your own work?
In my own work, I've used what I have termed a 'gentle methodology', inspired by feminist, participatory and ethnographic approaches, to explore practices of consumption and cultivation, sharing economies, and young people's politics. Drawing together a suite of different methods, this approach recognises the research process as a reciprocal endeavour. It tends to be slowly paced, and is concerned with sensory, material and embodied ways of understanding the world. My PhD research looked at community seed saving in the UK, following seeds and plants as they were cultivated, swapped and shared amongst allotment holders and gardeners. Methodologically, this involved 'going along' with everyday gardening activities including walking, weeding, and eating together in gardens, taking part in organised seed swap events and networks, and saving seeds on my own allotment. Recent projects have involved experimental youth-led participatory workshops and writing sessions as methods for researching young people's involvement in political processes such as Manchester's devolution, resulting in a co-produced academic article and toolkit.
How will being part of the Aspect network support the work you're planning to undertake?
In my research, using 'gentle methods' helps shed light on the passions and motivations of participants, capturing a level of detail that other approaches may miss. This has also enabled me as a researcher to contribute, in modest yet meaningful ways, to the goals and priorities of the organisations that I work with. I am keen to explore how this type of approach could be applied more widely and to understand the challenges of adapting methods for different sectors, which ultimately could lead to more impactful research in the future. The connections that Methods for Change is already developing between like-minded academics across the Aspect network provides an excellent platform for this.
Image credit: Markus Spiske via Upsplash


text:
SMBs Accelerate Videoconferencing and Telepresence Spending
Videoconferencing and telepresence are pushing beyond the enterprise and filtering down into the small and midsize business markets. For example, Infonetics predicts enterprises will spend $5 billion on videoconferencing and telepresence systems by 2015, and Frost & Sullivan forecasts the web conferencing and collaboration market will reach $4.12 billion by 2014. But videoconferencing software provider Nefsis says increased spending by SMBs will play a major role in all that growth. The big question: Can MSPs generate recurring monthly revenues from video?
Nefsis says videoconferencing is moving beyond a boardroom tool and becoming a means for a distributed enterprise (which includes many SMBs) to seamlessly link remote employees and partners. Most important to this evolving video conferencing model is a true cloud infrastructure consisting of a distributed network of servers that reacts in real-time to conference events and network conditions, powering automated load-balancing, fail-over, and high scalability.
Fortunately for MSPs, few SMBs can realistically build or manage such an infrastructure. Using cloud technology, MSPs can provide SMBs with both the videoconferencing capabilities and affordable cost they need.
Nefsis advises that other important features of a videoconferencing system for SMBs include some form of variable bitrate encoding or scalable video for ensuring smooth operation via existing networks and variable network conditions prevalent in desktop and on-the-fly video conferencing, as well as seamlessly integrated collaboration tools. In addition, MSPs should include built-in network diagnostics, Quality of Service (QoS) compatibility, firewall and proxy traversal, and industry standard SSL/TLS security for all web, VoIP and video data to ensure video conferencing runs well over existing customer networks and the networks of those they wish to conference with.
Look to the Deeper Message
As is always the case when a software vendor presents statistics, MSPs need to closely examine the underlying intent. Not so coincidentally, Nefsis says its videoconferencing software includes all of these and other important features, and also says its product mix is now 90% cloud-based SaaS solutions.
While this does not mean the videoconferencing information Nefsis presents lacks validity, it does mean MSPs need to sift through the grains of the sales pitch to find the gold. In addition, MSPs need to see the deeper message here. Namely, it's not just that SMBs are embracing videoconferencing, or cloud computing, or mobile devices, or whatever other latest and greatest technology is coming down the pike. More significantly, MSPs need to understand SMBs are increasingly using leading edge systems once reserved for the "big boys."
MSPs serving SMB clients need not jump on the videoconferencing bandwagon to be successful, but they do need to keep an awareness of how the needs and wants of the SMB marketplace are changing.


Quick Link to HTC Service
Using your phone as a wireless router
Using your phone as a wireless router
Share your data connection with other devices by turning your phone into a wireless router.
Make sure your phone's data connection is turned on before you use it as a wireless router.
 2. Tap Portable Wi-Fi hotspot settings.
 Note: The password is the key other people need to enter on their device so they can connect and use your phone as a wireless router.
 5. Select the Portable Wi-Fi hotspot check box to turn on your phone's wireless router.
Your phone is ready to be used as a wireless router when you see on the status bar.
Related topics
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text:
23 Jun Conducting Clinical Studies in Romania and Bulgaria
Conducting clinical Studies in Romania and Bulgaria
Why Romania and Bulgaria?
Population (potential patient pool)
According to Eurostat there are 20,1 million inhabitants in Romania and 7.28 million inhabitants in Bulgaria, Taken together, 5.3% of total EU population, Romania being ranked the 7th largest country within the EU in terms of number of inhabitants
Both Romania and Bulgaria have adopted and fully implemented the EU Clinical Trials Directives. It takes 2 months to obtain regulatory and EC approval in these two countries, the regulatory environment being one of the principal reasons behind the important figures of completed and active studies in both countries in 2015 (figure1).
There is an abundance of high quality investigational sites in Romania and Bulgaria because of the high number of teaching hospitals, university clinics and postgraduate medical schools. There are 17 medical university schools in Romania and 5 medical schools in Bulgaria, while the number of university clinics stands at 39 units in Romania and 15 in Bulgaria, with similar infrastructure and diagnostic capabilities compared to western standards. More practitioners are employed by teaching hospitals and university clinics compared to Western Europe. GCP guidelines are fully implemented, and GCP training of the investigators is compulsorily required by the regulatory authorities. The overall quality of work delivered by investigational sites is very high and comparable to Western Europe and the US.
High recruitment rate:
Recruitment performance is consistently high throughout the region and this is maintained by many factors:
- A large heterogeneous patient population
- A wide availability of naive patients
- Shortage of available therapy
- The insufficient availability of preventive medicine
- Patient willingness to participate in clinical trials sponsored by Western companies
- Availability of multi-specialty medical institutions with highly educated medical personnel. Investigators are motivated to take part in clinical trials and perform well, as they largely acknowledge that co-operating with Western companies in scientific research is a sign of academic distinction, merit, and prestige,
Logistics and communication:
Our synergic operations covering Romania and Bulgaria facilitates your access to highly specialised & fully trained ICH-GCP investigators that have a vast experience in running clinical trials.The site staff (English-speaking investigators in a dense network of healthcare facilities) makes a great deal of efforts to ensure the studies are run according to the protocol and in line with local and international regulations. The guidance provided by CRO's and sponsors is largely accepted and there is a refreshing willingness to learn and improve practice.
Both the monitoring and investigator fees of a clinical trial in Romania and Bulgaria are significantly lower than those in Western Europe (Figure 2).
The monitoring costs are probably 50 – 70 % higher in Western Europe, while the investigator & hospital fees levels have remained relatively lower compared to Western demands. Moreover, additional accountable costs, such as travel, accommodation and postage are also considerably lower.


Making a basic theme
The first step of making a theme is creating a design. The second step is slicing this into basic HTML - CSS. This tutorial doesn't give information about these steps but assumes you did them both. The slice of day 02:
Day 02 theme
The easiest way to start making a theme is copying the triton theme folder located in fork_folder/frontend/themes. We have to rename the copied theme folder to the name you want to see in the backend, which is in this example "daytwo". This will make sure we're able to install the theme in the backend. See Theme contents.
info.xml
The next thing you should do is open up your info.xml file. It's located directly in the theme folder and contains some basic information about the theme, your templates and your positions. You should change the content of the name tag, the description tag, and the author tag. If you want to use special characters in the description, don't forget to add CDATA tags (""). These tags make sure the text data won't be parsed by the XML parser (more info about CDATA). If you want to give the tumbnail file another name, you can also change the thumbnail tag.
Every theme contains templates which contain positions. Every theme needs at least a Default.html.twig template. Most themes also contain a home.html.twig and can contain as much templates as you want to. In day two we need two templates: home.html.twig: a two column layout for the home and blog page and Default.html.twig: a three column layout for the other pages. These layouts contain positions. The footer and header template don't need to be included in the info.xml since they'll be loaded from the home and default templates.
A position is a place where a user can put modules, widgets or editor content. The Home.html.twig has two positions, since there are two columns to be filled. We call them main and right. The Default.html.twig contains three positions: left, main and right. Try to use names that describe the position like top, left, right, main,... When you change a fork theme, it tries to reallocate all the blocks to positions with the same name, for example: Fork will try to put the blog index in the main position of the blog page.
In the picture you see the main templates: home and in it header. The footer isn't visible but is also included in the home template. The grey parts are the positions.
Structure
Templates also contain a format tag. They are a visual representation of the template, to be used in the pages-module. You can see this representation when you edit or create a page in the cms backend.
To add a row, you'll need square brackets: [ ]. The positions are added with the position name. All rows and positions are separated by comma's. If you want to add an empty place, you can add a slash: /. In our example, these formats are really basic. Just one row with two (home) and three (default) columns. The home format looks like: [left,main,main,right] and the default format looks like [main,main,right]. In this example, main is used two times side by side. In the pages-module, the width of the main block will be two times the width of the right (and left) block.
The xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<theme>
 <name>daytwo</name>
 <version>1.0.0</version>
 <requirements>
 <minimum_version>3.0.0</minimum_version>
 </requirements>
 <thumbnail>thumbnail.png</thumbnail>
 <description>
 <![CDATA[
 DAY 02 is a grid-based sci-fi/space theme for Fork CMS.
 It includes styles for: main navigation, slideshow, blog (category, archives, comments, comment form, widgets), contact form and search.
 ]]>
 </description>
 <authors>
 <author>
 <name>Wouter Sioen</name>
 <url>_URL_</url>
 </author>
 </authors>
 <metanavigation supported="false" />
 <templates>
 <template label="Default" path="Core/Layout/Templates/default.html.twig">
 <positions>
 <position name="main" />
 <position name="left" />
 <position name="right" />
 </positions>
 <format>
 [left,main,main,right]
 </format>
 </template>
 <template label="Home" path="Core/Layout/Templates/home.html.twig">
 <positions>
 <position name="main" />
 <position name="right" />
 </positions>
 <format>
 [main,main,right]
 </format>
 </template>
 </templates>
</theme>
It's also worth mentioning it's possible to put a default widget or module in a position. In the next example, we have a top position containing the search form widget. This isn't necessary in the daytwo info.xml.
<position name="top" >
 <defaults>
 <widget module="search" action="form" />
 </defaults>
</position>
If the info.xml isn't a valid XML file, your theme won't work and won't show up in the themes install page! If you haven't installed your theme yet, now is the right time, even though the frontend will contain some strange stuff caused by non-existing positions.
The templates
The next step is updating the copied templates (theme_folder/Core/Layout/Templates) to make sure they contain the right positions. You can delete the positions that don't exist, add new positions or change the names of the positions in the file to the names of the positions in your info.xml. You'll probably need to remove and add some html tags to make sure the structure of your template is the same as the structure of your sliced html without the content. For the day two example, some divs where added (divs with id mainColumn, column, class sidebar,..) and a lot of overhead was removed.
Positions
For adding positions you need to use for tags. This example shows the position Main with a lot of comments to explain how it works. Comments are put in between the {* and *} tags. Multiline comments are allowed.
{% for main in positions.main %}
 {% if main.isEditor %}
 <article class="article content">
 {{ main.html|raw }}
 </article>
 {% elseif main.html %}
 {{ main.html|raw }}
 {% endif %}
{% endfor %}
More info about template syntax can be found in the twig documentation.
Modifiers
A lot of variables can use modifiers. They modify a variable and are used with the syntax {$variable|modifier}. Some modifiers also need extra parameters. For a list of all modifiers check the cheat sheet. The modifier you'll need most in the main templates is the ucfirst modifier. This modifier makes sure a label or string starts with a capital letter.
When this is done, you shouldn't see loops and if tags appearing in the frontend anymore. If they still appear, there's probably a position in your template with a wrong name. Don't forget to create all needed templates and to edit or create footer.html.twig and header.html.twig if you use them.
More variables
Note: Don't forget to add the {{ siteHTMLHead|raw }}, {{ siteHTMLStartOfBody|raw }} and {{ siteHTMLEndOfBody|raw }}.
They make you able to add extra scripts with the backend. In the settings tab you'll have the textboxes '
script(s)' and 'End of script(s)'. Scripts like google analytics can be pasted there. These script(s) will be added where the siteHTMLHeader/siteHTMLStartOfBody/siteHTMLEndOfBody tag is placed, so place it right before the start/end of the and tag.
 {# Site wide HTML in the head tag #}
 {{ siteHTMLHead|raw }}
</head>
<body>
 {# Site wide HTML just after the body tag #}
 {{ siteHTMLStartOfBody|raw }}
...
 {# Site wide HTML just before closing body tag #}
 {{ siteHTMLEndOfBody|raw }}
</body>
Another thing you should include in the head is the {{ meta|raw }} and {{ metaCustom|raw }} tags. They load the overal meta tags and the page specific meta tags. The links to the favicon and apple touch icon are placed in the head too.
{


Dispatch table in javascript
Serhii Shramko
Serhii Shramko /
3 min read--- views
❌ Problem
In my opinion, one of the most important tasks when writing code is to make it as simple and understandable as possible. There are even principles in programming aimed at this - KISS.
You can often see such code with a lot of if, and switch statements in tutorials or answers on StackOverflow:
function handleUserMove(direction) {
 if (direction === 'north') {
 movePlayerTo("north");
 } else if (direction === 'east') {
 movePlayerTo("east");
 } else if (direction === 'south') {
 movePlayerTo("south");
 } else if (direction === 'west') {
 movePlayerTo("west");
 } else {
 console.error("Unknown direction");
 }
}
If we had more conditionals who know how long this if/else statement could get 🤯, and it's not very dynamic.
We can use a switch statement:
function handleUserMove(direction) {
 switch (direction) {
 case "north":
 movePlayerTo("north");
 break;
 case "east":
 movePlayerTo("east");
 break;
 case "south":
 movePlayerTo("south");
 break;
 case "west":
 movePlayerTo("west");
 break;
 default:
 console.error("Unknown direction");
 }
}
Although there is a little more code, switch itself describes the dispatching process more explicitly, but we write a lot of static (control) code, and we must not forget about break. Too complicated for such a simple task.
✅ Solution
So what can we do to simplify it?
const userInputToDirection = {
 north: movePlayer("north"),
 east: movePlayer("east"),
 south: movePlayer("south"),
 west: movePlayer("west")
}
function handleUserMove(direction) {
 userInputToDirection[direction]();
}
This option is better than the previous two for several reasons:
 - It is shorter
 - It is more flexible. Conditional constructs are static code that cannot be changed without rewriting the program itself.
 - With the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) , we have separated the execution function of our handleUserMove business logic from the direction determination logic.
Conditional constructs are static code that cannot be changed without rewriting the program itself. But data is a completely different matter. With this approach, it is easy to add new behavior without changing the application code handleUserMove itself.
Real example
For example, in Next.js applications, you can configure next.config.js and the code there looks like this:
const nextConfig = {
 /* Next.js config options here */
}
let resultConfig;
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
 resultConfig = withBundleAnalyzer(nextConfig);
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
 resultConfig = withSentryConfig(nextConfig);
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'test') {
 resultConfig = nextConfig;
}
module.exports = resultConfig;
With new knowledge, we can rewrite it like this:
const nextConfigByEnv = {
 development: withBundleAnalyzer(nextConfig),
 production: withSentryConfig(nextConfig),
 test: nextConfig,
};
module.exports = nextConfigByEnv[process.env.NODE_ENV];
Will it look and read much better?
Share it:


text:
What you needCopper Jewelry wire
Approx 30 old buttons
Start by taking your length of wire around 1 yard and creating a knot or bend at one end (so your buttons don't slip off) then begin threading your buttons onto the wire by taking the wire through the button holes as if it was a needle and thread.
Keep doing this – adding each button as you go. Position the buttons flat by pushing and shaping the wire so that the buttons each sit flat.
Keep doing this until you reach your desired length. You can add a small jewelry clasp or simply create a necklace that will slip over the head by twisting the two ends of wire together.
This method is great for kids!


text:
3. Color - color diagram
From data in Tables 3 and 4, after the IRAS fluxes are transformed into magnitudes without color corrections according to Cheeseman et al. (1989), different infrared color-color diagrams can be plotted: () - () in Fig. 1; () - () in Fig. 2; () - () in Fig. 3 and () - () in Fig. 4. In those figures, the open and filled circles indicate S stars with and without Tc, respectively, and the straight line corresponds to the blackbody distribution.
It is obvious from Fig. 1 that although samples with Tc distribute in a rather wider area than the ones without Tc, both species are basically located in almost the same region. These distributions imply that, statistically, both categories of S stars have almost the same colors and temperatures in the near infrared, and they can not be clearly distinguished on the basis of their near infrared color.
It is shown from () - () diagram in Fig. 2 that a rather clear segregation between Tc-rich and Tc-deficient S stars is visible by different but not by except for a peculiar Tc-deficient star DY Gem (it will be discussed in more detail later). This implies that the color is a good probe for distinguishing these two kinds of S stars, and Tc-rich S stars really exhibit on infrared excess in the 12 µm and 25 µm bands. They have cooler temperature and hence are probably more evolved. On the other hand, Tc-deficient stars have no or little excess in the 12 µm and 25 µm bands which indicates a photospheric origin of the mid-infrared flux. It is also noted that a few Tc-rich S stars including NQ Pup, Ori, Cyg and HR Peg populate the same region as Tc-deficient S stars as Jorissen et al. (1993) already pointed out. In addition, it is seen from Table 4 or Fig. 2 that Tc-deficient S stars with good quality 60 µm flux are not numerous (only 7, out of 20 in Table 4). Therefore, other colors not involving 60 µm flux must be used to show their infrared property.
In order to include more samples than that in Fig. 2, the () - () diagram is plotted in Fig. 3 from which it is obviously seen that except for DY Gem and V Cnc (they will be discussed later), Tc-deficient S stars are concentrated on a very small region of and, and very close to the blackbody line, whereas almost all Tc-rich S stars are out of this region, far away from the blackbody line, and spread over a much wider area that corresponds to a much larger infrared excess either in or in colors, hence with much lower temperature and much higher mass loss. Only four stars: Ori, NQ Pup, HD 170970 and V679 Oph are located in the Tc-deficient sample region. This suggests that both and are good probes to distinguish Tc-deficient S stars from Tc-rich ones.
The () - () diagram is also plotted for the two kinds of S stars in Fig. 4. Again except for DY Gem and V Cnc, most Tc-deficient S stars can be separated from Tc-rich ones with color, but not with color. It should be noted that the () color has been used in Figs. 3 and 4, although the observational results in K and 25 µm were not obtained at the same epoch. From the previous observations in K (Gezari et al. 1993) it is found that, on the average, the difference between the previous data and the new ones is 0.22. This has no serious influence on the result shown in Fig. 3. However, the similar comparison is not possible for samples in Fig. 4 for lack of earlier data.
The conclusion that can be drawn out from the analysis of infrared color-color diagrams mentioned above is that the more sensitive colors for segregating Tc-rich and Tc-deficient S stars are and, hence the more appropriate color-color diagram for distinguishing them is the () - () diagram. Chen et al. (1995) gave more than 700 IRAS associations of S stars in their Table 1, but more than 2/3 of the samples have no good 60 µm flux. If one wants to extract candidates of Tc-deficient S stars according to their infrared colors, only color is not enough. Fortunately, if K magnitudes have been measured, by using the () - () diagram the candidates of Tc-deficient S stars can be well selected despite the absence of 60 µm flux for almost all samples.
© European Southern Observatory (ESO) 1998
Online publication: April 20, 1998


text:
Comparing and Contrastion Ancient Egyptian and the USA Social Classes
Contrasting Ancient Egypt and the USA Social Classes
How social classes are different in ancient Egypt and the USA...
- In the United States, there is social mobility, meaning people can move up in social classes, and down. In ancient Egypt, if your mother was a slave, you would most likely be a slave.
- In the United States, what social class you are in mostly depends on how much money you have. In ancient Egypt, it depended on your heritage.
Comparing Ancient Egyptian and the USA Social Classes
How social classes are simular in ancient Egypt and the USA...
- The most powerful people are at the top of the social pyramid/ladder.
- If you are at the bottom of the social pyramid/ladder, you probably don't have lots of money, or power.
Ancient Egyptian Social Pyramid
USA Social Ladder


text: Passenger boarding stairs, sometimes referred to as 'air-stairs', 'boarding ramps', 'stair car' or 'aircraft steps', provide a mobile means to traverse between aircraft doors and the ground. Because larger aircraft have door sills 5 to 20 feet high, stairs facilitate safe boarding and deplaning. While smaller units are generally moved by being towed or pushed, larger units are self-powered. Most models have adjustable height to accommodate various aircraft. Optional features may include canopy, heat, supplementary lighting and red carpet.


numbered! We have scant records of those clocks of his which are not signed on the dial, probably for the simple reason that they would often go unrecognised as being by him. Only a keen student of clocks or maybe a restorer would be likely to see such a hidden signature. Clock number 248 pictured here is just such a one, having his signature concealed but yet numbered behind the movement backplate. Yet we also have examples of clocks made before he began numbering, yet these are signed. So how do we explain that?
hood of the unnumbered William Barnard clock
3. Pillars attached to the hood door and side windows are a feature of his earlier cases.
Click for closer view.
I can only think that if he sold clocks in a local prohibited market town, he would leave them unsigned, and these are likely to be amongst his earliest clocks. But if he took an order in the market for a clock to be delivered to the client's home later, then he would in all likelihood sign it on the dial. In this event we would see an occasional early one with a dial signature dating from the same period as some without a visible signature.
We cannot yet calculate when he started his numbering system, but I feel sure than once he did begin it he would have carried on the same numbering series. In the series of numbers listed above, those marked with an asterisk had the number hidden on the back of the movement. This implies that he later adopted the idea of displaying the number on the dial. He often set the serial number within the seconds circle, where it barely shows. I have spoken to owners who have had a Barnard clock for years and never before noticed that it had a serial number. But, setting the topic of signatures and numbers apart, William Barnard was an excellent and prolific clockmaker, whose work is a delight to see. His father's £10 premium was well spent!
Footnote. This article was published in a fuller version in Clocks Magazine.
Copyright © 2013 Brian Loomes
more articles by Brian Loomes on collecting antique clocks
finding a clock by a particular maker
Full price list of clocks sent on request


text:
Phytochrome-interacting factors directly suppress expression to enhance shade-avoidance syndrome in
© Yusuke Murata/DigitalVision/Getty
Plants suffering in the shadow of obtrusive neighbours fight for their share of light thanks to fast acting proteins, but there's a cost.
Densely packed plants compete for light and respond rapidly to shade by growing taller, tilting their leaves and flowering early. However, this survival system, known as 'shade-avoidance syndrome' (SAS), can weaken plants, reducing their ability to reproduce and withstand pests. How SAS is triggered is not fully understood.
Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana, or 'thale cress', to overexpress proteins called 'phytochrome-interacting factors' (PIFs) that respond to changing light levels. Under normal and high levels of light, the modified plants showed multiple characteristics of SAS. The team found that an increase in PIFs in response to shade prevents the activity of several MIR156 genes, which changes how the plants grow.
Controlling shade-avoidance syndrome in food plants could help farmers meet the demand to grow more crops on less land.
- Nature Communications 8, 348 (2017). doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00404-y
|Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), CAAS, China||0.93|
|Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), China||0.07|


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Unity 4.x Game AI Programming
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Aung Sithu Kyaw, Clifford Peters, Thet Naing Swe
Use your basic knowledge of Unity3D to add effective artificial intelligence to your games. This tutorial will take you through all the essentials, from flocking to pathfinding, from navigation graphs to behavior trees.
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Book Details
ISBN 139781849693400
Paperback232 pages
About This Book
 - A practical guide with step-by-step instructions and example projects to learn Unity3D scripting
 - Learn pathfinding using A* algorithms as well as Unity3D pro features and navigation graphs
 - Implement finite state machines (FSMs), path following, and steering algorithms
Who This Book Is For
Are you are a programmer with basic knowledge of Unity3D who would like to add AI features to your game? Are you looking for a reference on implementing AI in Unity3D with simple to follow instructions, and lots of sample code and projects? Then this book is for you. You should have some background in C# language as this book will use C# for scripting. However if you know any other language you should be able to follow this book fairly easily.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI in games
AI techniques
Summary
Chapter 2: Finite State Machines
The player's tank
The bullet class
Setting up waypoints
The abstract FSM class
The enemy tank AI
Using an FSM framework
Summary
Chapter 3: Random and Probability
Random
Definition of probability
Character personalities
FSM with probability
Dynamic AI
Demo slot machine
Summary
Chapter 4: Implementing Sensors
Basic sensory systems
Scene setup
Player tank and aspect
AI character
Testing
Summary
Chapter 5: Flocking
Flocking from Unity's Island Demo
Alternative implementation
Summary
Chapter 6: Path Following and Steering Behaviors
Following a path
Avoiding obstacles
Summary
Chapter 7: A* Pathfinding
A* algorithm revisit
Implementation
Scene setup
Testing
Summary
Chapter 8: Navigation Mesh
Introduction
Setting up the map
Scene with slope
NavMeshLayers
Off Mesh Links
Summary
Chapter 9: Behavior Trees
Behave plugin
Workflow
Action
Interfacing with the script
Decorator
Behave debugger
Sequence
Exploring Behave results
Selector
Priority selector
Parallel
Reference
The Robots versus Aliens project
Summary
Chapter 10: Putting It All Together
Scene setup
Vehicles
Weapons
Summary
What You Will Learn
 - Building finite state machines (FSMs)
 - Implementing a sensory system
 - Applying flocking behavior for a crowd
 - Executing your own A* pathfinding algorithm in Unity3D
 - Applying random and probability techniques in a betting game
 - Using the Unity3D pro feature, navigation graphs, for path finding
 - Learning about behavior trees and the Behave plugin
 - Implementing a racing game AI through the final chapter project
In Detail
This book fills the gap between artificial intelligence (AI) books designed to learn underlying AI algorithms and general Unity3D books written to cover basic scene setup and scripting in Unity3D. Game AI Scripting in Unity3D covers implementing AI techniques such as flocking, pathfinding, path following, and behavior trees in Unity3D with example projects.
Game AI Scripting in Unity3D will show you how to apply AI techniques to your Unity3D projects using C# as the scripting language. Unlike other AI books and Unity3D books, this book tries to focus more on the application of AI techniques in the Unity3D engine, with sample projects that demonstrate finite state machines (FSMs), pathfinding, steering, navigation graphs, and behavior trees techniques.
This book shows how to implement various AI techniques in Unity3D by implementing the algorithm from scratch using C#, applying Unity3D built-in features, or using available scripts and plugins from the Unity Asset Store. For example, we'll be implementing our own A* algorithm to do pathfinding but will also explore the Unity3D navigation graphs feature. Then we'll use the Behave plugin to construct behavior trees for intelligent AI character behaviors.
Game AI Scripting in Unity3d covers other AI techniques such as flocking behavior, building a sensory system for taking inputs from the environment and other AI agents, and so on. In the final chapter this book will show you how to build a racing game AI project using Unity3D and applying the techniques described in earlier chapters.
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Can You Freeze Lentil Soup?
Lentil soup is a simple and nutritious meal - great for vegetarians and vegans and the perfect option for a healthy side dish, starter, or lunchtime meal.
It also freezes extremely well, so if you make big batches of soup and usually store them in the fridge, why not freeze them instead and extend their shelf life?
This way you can conveniently have a quick and easy meal in the freezer at all times, and you can extend the shelf life of this protein-packed soup, meaning you reduce your food waste, which is always important.
It could also save you time and money if you buy your ingredients in bulk and then cook and freeze a huge supply of lentil soup for future meals.
How to freeze lentil soup
Method 1
The following instructions will work well for both leftover store-bought soup and homemade versions, just ensure that you allow the soup to cool off fully before freezing it.
 1. Once the soup is cooled, you should freeze it in the fridge for at least 30 minutes.
 2. Then transfer the chilled soup from the fridge into resealable freezer bags or small containers. It's worth bearing in mind how many people each bag or container is for, or you can put a single portion in each one for ultimate ease when defrosting and reheating.
 3. When storing in containers, ensure you only fill them halfway, or if storing in bags, squeeze out all of the air before resealing them.
 4. Then label your containers or freezer bags and store them flat in the freezer.
Method 2
Another option is to freeze your soup in the form of ice cubes. For this, you will need several ice trays and a large freezer bag.
 1. Allow the soup to cool completely, and then ladle it into several ice cube trays until all the slots are filled.
 2. Then transfer to the freezer and allow the cubes to freeze for about two hours, or until firmly frozen.
 3. Remove the ice trays and take out each cube one at a time, placing all of the cubes in a large, resealable freezer bag.
 4. Be sure to squeeze out as much air as possible when sealing the bag, then write the date on it and store flat in the freezer.
How to defrost lentil soup
 1. Remove your soup from the freezer and transfer the container or bag to the fridge.
 2. Leave the soup to thaw overnight.
 3. When you're ready to heat the soup, you can transfer the thawed contents into a saucepan and simmer on low heat until piping hot - this usually takes a few minutes.
 4. If you want to thin your soup out, you can add a little water or broth while heating.
 5. Do not reheat the defrosted soup!
Factors to consider before freezing lentil soup
Allow the soup to cool before freezing
This is really important.
Putting warm food in the freezer causes a shift in the overall freezer temperature, which increases the risk of spoilage. Not only could the soup turn bad, but this could be the case for all of your stored frozen food.
It is also likely to decrease the shelf life of your frozen soup and will be easier to spoil when you reheat it.
If you're particularly short on time, you can always put the pot in ice water and stir the soup every few minutes to speed up the cooling process. This is much safer than risking putting the lukewarm soup in the freezer.
Don't overfill the container
All liquids expand when put in the freezer, so it's essential you leave some headroom when prepping your soup for freezing.
If you fill the container to the brim, you risk it bursting, but on the other hand, if you underfill the container you risk freezer burn, which could alter the taste of your defrosted soup.
Ultimately, you want to leave about an inch of space from the top of the container when filling it with soup. This gives it the best of both worlds - enough room to expand while ensuring minimal air exposure.
Don't overcook your soup
If you're cooking your soup with the intention of freezing the entire batch, it's best to undercook your lentil soup, as you know you'll be freezing it and reheating it again later on. This way, you'll lower the risk of the soup becoming excessively mushy when you reheat it.
If you are planning on eating half of your batch now and half later, you can always split it in two.
For example, when the lentils are slightly undercooked you can put half of the batch to one side so it can cool, while you prepare the rest of the soup.
This way, once the undercooked half has cooled you can freeze it straight away, which should allow you to achieve fresher results and a better consistency once you come to thawing and reheating the soup at a later date.
Shelf life
If frozen correctly, your lentil soup can be frozen for up to 6 months. However, consume the soup at your earliest convenience, as the longer it's kept in the freezer, the more you risk changes to the flavor and texture.
Lentil type
You should also be aware that different types of lentils will freeze and thaw differently.
Green lentils freeze and thaw relatively well, but brown lentils hold more water so they're likely to thin out the texture of your soup when you defrost and reheat it.
Lentil soup is a hearty, wholesome dish and is packed full of protein and flavor, making it perfect for warming you up on those chilly winter nights.
Generally, lentil soup freezes well and can be kept for up to six months, but it's important you get the prep and defrosting process right to ensure you maintain the texture of your soup.
The most important factor to remember is to always let the soup cool completely before freezing it.
Freezing soup is a great way to ensure you have a big batch on hand in the freezer at all times.


Manually combine levels of categorical data.
rbin_factor_combine(data, var, new_var, new_name)
Arguments
data
A data.frame or tibble.
var
An object of class factor.
new_var
A character vector; it should include the names of the levels to be combined.
new_name
Name of the combined level.
Value
A tibble.
Examples
upper <- c("secondary", "tertiary") out <- rbin_factor_combine(mbank, education, upper, "upper") table(out$education)
#> #> upper unknown primary #> 3651 179 691
out <- rbin_factor_combine(mbank, education, c("secondary", "tertiary"), "upper") table(out$education)
#> #> upper unknown primary #> 3651 179 691


text:
|Anton Joseph Cermak|
|44th Mayor of Chicago|
|Preceded by||William Hale Thompson|
|Succeeded by||Frank J. Corr|
May 9, 1873|
Kladno, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
|Died||March 6, 1933
Miami, Florida, United States
|Spouse(s)||Mary Horejs Cermak|
Anton "Tony" Joseph Cermak (Czech: Antonín Josef Čermák, pronounced [ˈantɔɲiːn ˈjɔzɛf ˈtʃɛrmaːk]; May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician of Czech origin who served as the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1931 until his assassination in 1933.
Early life and career
Born in Kladno, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic), Cermak emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1874. He began his political career as a precinct captain and in 1902 was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Seven years later, he would take his place as alderman of the 12th Ward. Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931. In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote.
Campaign for Mayor
||This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2011)|
His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.
The many ethnic groups such as Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, and African Americans that began to settle in Chicago in the early 1900s were mostly detached from the political system, due in part to lack of organization which led to underrepresentation in the City Council. As an immigrant himself, Cermak recognized Chicago's relatively new immigrants as a significant population of disenfranchised voters and a large power base for Cermak and his local Democratic organization.
Before Cermak, the Democratic party in Cook County was run by Irish Americans. As Cermak climbed the local political ladder, the resentment of the Party leadership grew. When the bosses rejected his bid to become the mayoral candidate, Cermak swore revenge. He formed his political army from the non-Irish elements, and even persuaded black politician William L. Dawson to switch from the Republican to the Democratic Party. Dawson later became U.S. Representative (from the 1st District) and soon the most powerful black politician in Illinois.
Cermak's political and organizational skills helped create one of the most powerful political organizations of his day. With support from Franklin D. Roosevelt on the national level, Cermak gradually wooed members of Chicago's growing black community into the Democratic fold. Walter Wright, the superintendent of parks and aviation for the city of Chicago also aided Cermak in stepping into office.
When Cermak challenged the incumbent "Big Bill" Thompson in the 1931 mayor's race, Thompson, representative of Chicago's existing power structure, responded with ethnic slurs:
- I won't take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack or whatever his name is.
- Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart at?
- Can you picture a World's Fair mayor?
- With a name like that?
Cermak's reply, "He doesn't like my name... it's true I didn't come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could." It was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate and Thompson's slur largely backfired.
The flamboyant Thompson's reputation as a buffoon and the voters' disgust with the corruption of his machine and his inability or unwillingness to clean up organized crime in Chicago were cited as major factors in Cermak capturing 58% of the vote in the mayoral election on April 6, 1931. Cermak's victory finished Thompson as a political power and largely ended the Republican Party's power in Chicago; indeed, all of the mayors of Chicago since 1931 have been members of the Democratic Party.
For nearly his entire administration, Cermak had to deal with a major tax revolt. From 1931 to 1933, the Association of Real Estate Taxpayers mounted a "tax strike." At its height, ARET, which was headed by John M. Pratt and James E. Bistor, had over thirty thousand members. Much to Cermak's dismay, it successfully slowed down the collection of real estate taxes through litigation and promoting refusal to pay. In the meantime, the city found it difficult to pay teachers and maintain services.
While shaking hands with President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt at Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida, on February 15, 1933, Cermak was shot in the lung and seriously wounded when Giuseppe Zangara, who at the time was believed to have been engaged in an attempt to assassinate Roosevelt, hit Cermak instead. At the critical moment, Lilian Cross, a doctor's wife, hit Zangara's arm with her purse and spoiled his aim. In addition to Cermak, Zangara hit four other people, one of whom, a woman, also died of her injuries. Zangara told the police that he hated rich and powerful people, but not Roosevelt personally.
Later, rumors circulated that Cermak, not Roosevelt, had been the intended target, as his promise to clean up Chicago's rampant lawlessness posed a threat to Al Capone and the Chicago organized crime syndicate. According to Roosevelt biographer Jean Edward Smith, there is no proof for this theory. One of the first people to suggest the organized crime theory was reporter Walter Winchell, who happened to be in Miami the evening of the shooting.
Long-time Chicago newsman Len O'Connor offers a different view of the events surrounding Cermak's death. He has written that aldermen "Paddy" Bauler and Charlie Weber informed him that relations between Cermak and FDR were strained because Cermak fought FDR's nomination at the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the legend that his last words were "I'm glad it was me instead of you" was, according to O'Connor, totally fabricated by Weber and Bauler.
Author Ronald Humble offers his view as to why Cermak was killed. In his book Frank Nitti: The True Story of Chicago's Notorious Enforcer, Humble contends that Cermak was as corrupt as Thompson and that the Chicago Outfit hired Zangara to kill Cermak in retaliation for Cermak's attempt to murder Frank Nitti.
Cermak died on March 6, partly because of his wounds. On March 30, however, his personal physician, Dr. Karl A. Meyer, said that Cermak's primary cause of death was ulcerative colitis, commenting, "The mayor would have recovered from the bullet wound had it not been for the complication of colitis. The autopsy disclosed the wound had healed.. the other complications were not directly due to the bullet wound."
He was interred in a mausoleum at Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago. The mayor's death was followed by a struggle for succession to his party chairmanship and to the mayor's office.
A plaque honoring Cermak still lies at the site of the assassination in Miami's Bayfront Park. It is inscribed with Cermak's alleged words to FDR after he was shot, "I'm glad it was me instead of you."
Following Cermak's death, 22nd Street, a major east-west artery that traversed Chicago's West Side and the close-in suburbs of Cicero and Berwyn, areas with a significant Czech population, was renamed Cermak Road. Zangara was electrocuted in Florida's electric chair on March 20, 1933, for he could not be charged with murder until Cermak died.
Cermak's son-in-law, Otto Kerner Jr., served as the 33rd Governor of Illinois and a federal circuit judge. His grandson, Frank J. Jirka, Jr., was with him in Miami when he was assassinated and later became a highly decorated UDT naval officer from wounds suffered at Iwo Jima, after WWII a physician, and in 1983 president of the American Medical Association.
In popular culture
A hastily produced movie about Cermak, The Man Who Dared, was released within months of his death. Further, there was a made for TV movie, The Gun of Zangara, about Cermak's assassination. It was originally a two-part episode of The Untouchables, where it had the title "The Unhired Assassin."
In Philip K. Dick's Man in the High Castle, FDR is killed by not having a Zippo lighter in his pocket, leading into a series of events, including increased American isolationism, that ended in the victory of the Axis Powers in World War II, and subsequent occupation of the United States.
See also
- Hirsch, Arnold R. "Democratic Party." Encyclopedia of Chicago.
- Wendt, Lloyd (1979). Chicago Tribune. Chicago: