text:
The Role of Recognition
Recognition has been a fundamental part of Scouting from its beginning. Done well, it is a powerful tool that can help leaders set goals, define accomplishments, encourage skill development, celebrate commitment and achievement, and inspire others to strive for similar success.
Effective recognition is essential to effective unit service:
- It provides clear definition of success: the attitude, skills, training and behaviors needed to perform effectively
- It helps identify and recruit volunteers to serve as commissioners
- It helps retain commissioners
For commissioners, effective recognition supports recruiting and developing a team that helps unit leaders start, build, and grow strong, sustainable units that will ensure every member of the BSA has a great Scouting experience.
While there are many definitions of "commission," they share common threads: a "Commission" is an authorization to act; an act of entrusting or giving authority; an appointment or assignment to a task or function.
In Scouting, only professional staff members and commissioners are eligible to be commissioned. Just as the wreath of service is a unique design element of their badges of office, commissioning is a unique opportunity for individuals in those positions to publicly commit to providing service in Scouting and to celebrate their commitment.
Commissioners are recruited and commit to serve one year at a time; a commissioning ceremony is a great opportunity to publicly formalize and celebrate their commitment.
For commissioners who are renewing their commitment to serve, a review of achievements over the past year and plans for the year to come (Assess – Plan – Act) provide great preparation for a commissioning ceremony.
Commissioning ceremonies – and preparation for them – help recognize and celebrate success and retain commissioners.
Everything needed to conduct commissioning ceremonies is just a click away: _URL_
Commissioner recognition and this awards and recognition website have three objectives:
- Establish recognition opportunities for all commissioners.
- Establish consistent requirements that incorporate the contemporary tools and techniques commissioners use.
- Provide easy access to information, including opportunities, requirements, progress records, certificates, and available recognition items.
There are three categories of commissioner awards and recognition:
- Recognition of an individual's commitment to serve.
- Recognition of an individual's development.
- Recognition of an individual's impact.
There are also three classifications of commissioner awards and recognition:
- Recognition from an individual's selection to serve.
- Recognition from an individual's application for an award.
- Recognition from an individual's nomination for an award.
Requirements and Progress Records
Requirements and progress records (or nomination forms) have been consolidated into a single pdf form that can be downloaded and saved to a local device. The forms can be completed by simply positioning the cursor in the first (or next desired) field and entering the applicable information. Applicants can track their progress and when all requirements are completed the progress record can be emailed (or printed and delivered) for review, approval and processing. Those wishing to nominate an individual for an award can follow a similar process.
Recognition certificates are also available as pdf forms. They can be completed online (or downloaded to a local device) and printed. Paper stock selection determines the final product. Using standard printer paper provides a good result; using higher quality stock (e.g., "resume' paper") provides a higher quality certificate suitable for framing. Download Commissioner Training Certificates


American West Module 3: Conflicts and Conquest, 1876-95
In this module you will revise;
 1. Changes in farming, the cattle industry and settlement (The impact of new technology and farming methods, changes in farming including; the winter of 1886-87 and the end of the open range, Continued growth of settlement; the Exoduster movement and Kansas (1879), the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1893)
 2. Conflict and tension (How effective were the solutions to problems of law and order; Sheriffs and marshals, Significance of Billy the Kid, OK Corral (1881), Wyatt Earp, the Johnson County War of 1892, conflicts at; The Battle of Little Big Horn (1876) and Wounded Knee Massacre (1890))
 3. The Plains Indians; the destruction of their way of life (The hunting and extermination of the buffalo, reservations, changing government attitudes towards the Natives, including the Dawes Act (1887) and the closure of the Indian Frontier)


text:
The latest update to the Paint app, now available to Windows Insider users, brings exciting new features: layer management and the introduction of transparency. These new features transform the experience of using the app, making it even more versatile and powerful.
Paint: advanced layer management
With this new version (11.2308.18.0 or later) intended for Canary and Dev channels, digital art enthusiasts can explore new dimensions in creation. The ability to add, delete and manage layers directly on the canvas offers unprecedented creative freedom. Each element, be it a shape, text or image detail, can be placed in a specific layer, allowing the artist to overlay them as desired.
To access this function, simply click on the "Layers" button on the toolbar. From here, a side panel opens, allowing you to manage and change the order of the various layers. By changing the order, you can observe how the final image changes, resulting in ever new and original compositions.
Upgrade to Windows 11 Professional
These new features come after the announcement of the arrival of artificial intelligence on Paint. Click here if you wish to find out the rest of Paint's new features on Windows 11.
Transparency on Paint: a touch of magic
In addition to layer management, the update introduces support for transparency. This means that it is now possible to work with transparent PNGs, offering additional creative possibilities. When working on a layer, a checkerboard pattern on the canvas will indicate the areas of the image that have been made transparent. And that's not all: by removing content from a layer, it will be possible to reveal what is hidden in the layers below.
The real game changer? The combination of transparency, layer management and Paint's other powerful tools. This synergy allows for stunning digital artwork, and, using the new background removal feature, artists can bring layered, eye-catching compositions to life in just a few clicks.
The world of digital art is constantly evolving, and the Paint app update is proof of that. With advanced layer management and support for transparency, creative possibilities are expanded like never before. Windows Insider users now have an even more powerful tool in their hands to express all their creativity. All that remains is to experiment and let your imagination run wild!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


to the folder that you extracted earlier. You'll find a "drivers" folder inside.
 8. 8
 Select the "drivers" folder and click "OK." Confirm that you want to proceed if you're warned about unknown software.
Part 5
Programming the Robot
 1. 1
 Start the Arduino IDE by double-clicking the arduino.exe file in the IDE folder. You'll be greeted with a blank project.
 2. 2
 Paste the following code to make your robot go straight. The code below will make your Arduino continuously move forward.
 #include <Servo.h> // this adds the "Servo" library to the program

 // the following creates two servo objects
 Servo leftMotor;
 Servo rightMotor;

 void setup()
 {
 leftMotor.attach(12); // if you accidentally switched up the pin numbers for your servos, you can swap the numbers here
 rightMotor.attach(13);
 }

 void loop()
 {
 leftMotor.write(180); // with continuous rotation, 180 tells the servo to move at full speed "forward."
 rightMotor.write(0); // if both of these are at 180, the robot will go in a circle because the servos are flipped. "0" tells it to move full speed "backwards."
 }

 3. 3
 Build and upload the program. Click the right arrow button in the upper-left corner to build and upload the program to the connected Arduino.
 - You may want to lift the robot off of the surface, as it will just continue to move forward once the program is uploaded.
 4. 4
 Add the kill switch functionality. Add the following code to the "void loop()" section of your code to enable the kill switch, above the "write()" functions.
 if(digitalRead(2) == HIGH) // this registers when the button is pressed on pin 2 of the Arduino
 {
 while(1)
 {
 leftMotor.write(90); // "90" is neutral position for the servos, which tells them to stop turning
 rightMotor.write(90);
 }
 }

 5. 5
 Upload and test your code. With the kill switch code added, you can upload and test the robot. It should continue to drive forward until you press the switch, at which point it will stop moving. The full code should look like this:
 #include <Servo.h>

 // the following creates two servo objects
 Servo leftMotor;
 Servo rightMotor;

 void setup()
 {
 leftMotor.attach(12);
 rightMotor.attach(13);
 }

 void loop()
 {
 if(digitalRead(2) == HIGH)
 {
 while(1)
 {
 leftMotor.write(90);
 rightMotor.write(90);
 }
 }

 leftMotor.write(180);
 rightMotor.write(0);
 }

Community Q&A
Search
Add New Question
 - How much time will it take to build a robot?
 wikiHow Contributor
 This depends on the complexity of the robot. You could build a simple robot in as little as a day. A more complex robot could take several several months.
 - Where can I get the materials I need?
 wikiHow Contributor
 You could get some of your materials from Amazon or elsewhere online.
 - What is the device called that you need to move robotic hands, arms and legs?
 wikiHow Contributor
 Servos (servomotors) are usually used to move robotic arms. Regular servos have a limited circulation.
 - Why do I need to download the Arduino software?
 wikiHow Contributor
 Arduino code is very simplified and based off of C++. Other micro controllers are also available that use other software.
 - What is the meaning of arduino?
 wikiHow Contributor
 Arduino is like the operating systems for your phones, but it is the OS for robots. There are many such programmes, like C++ or Java, etc.
 - What kinds of things can I use a homemade robot for?
 wikiHow Contributor
 You could in theory use it for anything from serving the dinner table to doing the dishes or sweeping, depending on the strength of your programming skills.
 - Does it go left and right?
 wikiHow Contributor
 By rotating only the left motor it will turn right, and by rotating only the right motor it will turn right.
 - Is this a simple robot?
 wikiHow Contributor
 Yes, probably the simplest. The main necessary parts that you need to build the basic robot are listed at the top of the page. The only hard part is the wiring, really.
 - Will the robot avoid obstacles?
 Sabith1
 If the robot is programmed to do so, then it will do so. For this, you have to learn programming very well.
 - Can a 10 year old build this?
 wikiHow Contributor
 Anyone should be able to build this if they follow the directions. That said, a kid should ask a parent for help.
Show more answers
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 Example
 The following code will use the sensor attached to the robot to make it turn to the left whenever it encounters an obstacle. See the comments in the code for details about what each part does. The code below is the entire program.
 #include <Servo.h>

 Servo leftMotor;
 Servo rightMotor;

 const int serialPeriod = 250; // this limits output to the console to once every 1/4 second
 unsigned long timeSerialDelay = 0;

 const int loopPeriod = 20; // this sets how often the sensor takes a reading to 20ms, which is a frequency of 50Hz
 unsigned long timeLoopDelay = 0;

 // this assigns the TRIG and ECHO functions to the pins on the Arduino. Make adjustments to the numbers here if you connected differently
 const int ultrasonic2TrigPin = 8;
 const int ultrasonic2EchoPin = 9;

 int ultrasonic2Distance;
 int ultrasonic2Duration;

 // this defines the two possible states for the robot: driving forward or turning left
 #define DRIVE_FORWARD 0
 #define TURN_LEFT 1

 int state = DRIVE_FORWARD; // 0 = drive forward (DEFAULT), 1 = turn left

 void setup()
 {
 Serial.begin(9600);

 // these sensor pin configurations
 pinMode(ultrasonic2TrigPin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(ultrasonic2EchoPin, INPUT);

 // this assigns the motors to the Arduino pins
 leftMotor.attach(12);
 rightMotor.attach(13);
 }

 void loop()
 {
 if(digitalRead(2) == HIGH) // this detects the kill switch
 {
 while(1)
 {
 leftMotor.write(90);
 rightMotor.write(90);
 }
 }

 debugOutput(); // this prints debugging messages to the serial console

 if(millis() - timeLoopDelay >= loopPeriod)
 {
 readUltrasonicSensors(); // this instructs the sensor to read and store the measured distances

 stateMachine();

 timeLoopDelay = millis();
 }
 }

 void stateMachine()
 {
 if(state == DRIVE_FORWARD) // if no obstacles detected
 {
 if(ultrasonic2Distance > 6 || ultrasonic2Distance < 0) // if there's nothing in front of the robot. ultrasonicDistance will be negative for some ultrasonics if there is no obstacle
 {
 // drive forward
 rightMotor.write(180);
 leftMotor.write(0);
 }
 else // if there's an object in front of us
 {
 state = TURN_LEFT;
 }
 }
 else if(state == TURN_LEFT) // if an obstacle is detected, turn left
 {
 unsigned long timeToTurnLeft = 500; // it takes around .5 seconds to turn 90 degrees. You may need to adjust this if your wheels are a different size than the example

 unsigned long turnStartTime = millis(); // save the time that we started turning

 while((millis()-turnStartTime) < timeToTurnLeft) // stay in this loop until timeToTurnLeft has elapsed
 {
 // turn left, remember that when both are set to "180" it will turn.
 rightMotor.write(180);
 leftMotor.write(180);
 }

 state = DRIVE_FORWARD;
 }
 }

 void readUltrasonicSensors()
 {
 // this is for ultrasonic 2. You may need to change these commands if you use a different sensor.
 digitalWrite(ultrasonic2TrigPin, HIGH);
 delayMicroseconds(10); // keeps the trig pin high for at least 10 microseconds
 digitalWrite(ultrasonic2TrigPin, LOW);

 ultrasonic2Duration = pulseIn(ultrasonic2EchoPin, HIGH);
 ultrasonic2Distance = (ultrasonic2Duration/2)/29;
 }

 // the following is for debugging errors in the console.
 void debugOutput()
 {
 if((millis


Calculate bits and bytes
Discussion in 'Questions (Windows Mobile)' started by schimanski, Aug 29, 2008.
 1. schimanski
 schimanski Well-Known Member Licensed User
 Hello!
 I need to decode a UKSP-String (Ultra Short (kurz) String Police) for my application. The UKSP-String is a String with crlf+18 Bytes+crlf. Each Byte will save informations. For example: the first Byte is caluculated with:
 Byte1=CHR(128+(County*8)+(bit.AND(District,28))/4))
 County and District are decimal values. Now my question: Is there a way to decode the Byte1 in the Country and District? My first problem is to reverse the bitwise operation "bit.AND(District,28)".
 Thanks for answer...
 schimanski

 2. agraham
 agraham Expert Licensed User
 I think this does it. What is happening is that the 128 is packing to make the code printable, or at least non-zero. County is multiplied by 8 which effectively left shifts it three binary places leaving the values 0 to 7 free for the District. The District number is ANDed with binary 11100 (28) then divided by 4 which effectively right shifts the result to the the bottom three bit positions left clear by moving County left. As a result the decoded County can have any value but the decoded District can only have one of the eight values 0,4,8,12,16,20,24,28 or 0 to 7 if you don't undo the original divide by 4.
 Code:
 Sub Globals

 Dim County

 Dim District
 End Sub
 Sub App_Start
 Decode(
 128 + 3 * 8 + 12 /4)
 msg =
 "County - " & County & CRLF
 msg = msg &
 "District - " & District

 Msgbox(msg)
 End Sub
 Sub Decode(code)
 code = code -
 128
 District =
 4 * (code Mod 8' bottom three bits
 County = Int(Code / 8)
 End Sub

 Last edited: Aug 29, 2008
 3. schimanski
 schimanski Well-Known Member Licensed User
 Many thanks
 Thanks agraham for the fast answer!
 I think, that I begin to understand it.
 I will try now something with your code...
 :sign0060:

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text:
Google essentially analyzes source code and not screen appearance. There is a small part of the algorithm that does simulate the screen appearance of a page - done so that the content area and its links get the most importance, and things like footer links are given less pop. Screen simulation is also part of Google's check for possible spam factors, such as hidden text.
So the answer is essentially no. Text justification is not a ranking factor.
Now if the page layout gives the visitor a bad time, then that dissatisfaction make create a domino effect: fewer natural links, no social media attention, things like that. So indirectly, the way text is justified may affect ranking, but that's IN-directly.
You want to make sure that the page is highly readable. Justified text on screen tends to be harder to read, because a browser does not currently have elaborate kerning functions the way that printed documents do.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Sulfonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene cation exchange resin waste was carbonized at various temperatures (300-500℃) and the products were characterized by TGA and FT-IR. The cation exchange resin carbonized at 300℃ or CCR300 was used to extract cations such as Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The cation exchange resin carbonized at 500℃ was surface-modified by cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, namely CTAB-CCR500 and used to extract chromate ions. The concentrations of heavy metal ions were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). For batch extraction, the optimal contact time for the cations and chromate ions were 30 and 90 min, respectively. The optimum pH for the adsorption of cations and chromate were 2 and 3, respectively. The maximum sorption capacities of CCR300 for Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) were found to be 34.7, 28.9, 31.9, 39.4 and 89.6 mg g-1, respectively, while the maximum capacity of CTAB-CCR500 for chromate was 4.3 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics for metal ions followed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics model, respectively. In case of column extraction, the extraction percentage of heavy metal ions decreased with increasing the solution flow rate. The highest percentage of extraction was nearly 80% for cations and 50% for chromate. The proposed method could be applied to remove Ni(II) present in wastewater from a nickel alloy industry. It was found the removal efficiency by batch method (~99% extraction) was greater than that obtained by column method (~70% extraction).


text:
News & Blog
RESOLVE to Observe National Infertility Awareness Week®
National Public Education Initiative Takes Place April 19-25, 2020
(April 6, 2020, McLean, VA) – RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association will recognize National Infertility Awareness Week®, April 19 through April 25, 2020. The movement brings together millions of Americans who want to remove the stigmas and barriers that stand in the way of building families. RESOLVE will rally the infertility community to raise awareness about the significant lack of access to family building options and emotional support for millions of women and men struggling to build a family.
RESOLVE is committed to hosting the 2020 National Infertility Awareness Week. With so many live events cancelled because of COVID-19, people with infertility and those struggling to build a family need support more than ever," said Barbara Collura, RESOLVE's President/CEO. "Let's use NIAW to raise our voices, talk about the issues facing this community and make sure we continue to support those most in need.
Throughout NIAW, members of the infertility community will take to the internet to share their stories and lead the conversation about challenges to family building and methods of resolution. Through national media, social media, and fundraising, the infertility community will take action to increase awareness of infertility in order to remove stigmas and improve access to family building options.
RESOLVE's National Infertility Awareness Week 2020 is supported by its NIAW Partners: EMD Serono, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, First Response, Guerbet, Merck, and ORM Fertility.
NIAW became a federally recognized health observance by the Department of Health and Human Services in 2010. RESOLVE can provide experts for interviews on all aspects of infertility, as well as personal patient stories from women and men living with infertility. Find out more about NIAW at infertilityawareness.org.
About RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association: Established in 1974, RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association is a non-profit organization with the only established, nationwide network mandated to promote reproductive health and to ensure equal access to all family building options for men and women experiencing infertility or other reproductive disorders. One in eight U.S. couples of childbearing age has trouble conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term. RESOLVE addresses this public health issue by providing community to these women and men, connecting them with others who can help, empowering them to find resolution and giving voice to their demands for access to all family building options. For more information, visit _URL_.


text:
COLUMBIA, S.C. — It's been nearly six years since the Thousand Year Flood that devastated the Midlands.
Back in October of 2015, Hurricane Joaquin brought more than 20 inches of rain to the Capital City and its surrounding communities.
The Congaree River reached its highest flood level since 1936.
The Thousand Year Flood event ended up claiming the lives of 19 people, with nine of them being in Richland County.
One of the area's most impacted from the flood includes the Columbia Canal, Columbia main source of drinking water.
Since it was destroyed, the canal by South Carolina State Museum and EdVenture has remained dry.
Clint Shealy, the assistant city manager with Columbia Water, says the floods impacted the Columbia Canal in a great way.
"The inflow into our canal both at our headgate structure and overland flow from the city into the canal itself, created more flow than the outlet structure could handle," explained Shealy.
There was overtopping of the earth and embankments that's from the late 1800's. According to the assistant city manager, those type of embankments are not designed to overflow. With the erosion of embankment, that section of the canal was washed out.
"That water supply started leaving very quickly and we had to implement some emergency management measures to bolster our water supply and be able to continue supplying water to our citizens," said Shealy.
There's been several hurdles Columbia Water has faced in order to fix the canal. One has been the repairing something of this magnitude as a civil works project.
"Whenever a disaster occurs like that, the first thing you've got to do is demonstrate the damage and it's really obvious to the naked eye we've got a breach in our canal but there were also some damages upstream that needed to be considered," explained Shealy.
Columbia Water has been negotiating with FEMA about the costs of repairing the canal.
"It's been quite some time. We all had hoped we would be repaired by now but we do have a very robust interim operating strategy working for us and feel good about where we are and where we're headed in terms of our agreement with FEMA," said Shealy.
Initially, Columbia Water thought FEMA's offer was low and would not be able to repair the canal to the same condition it was prior to the flood.
After getting a third party involved to look into the project, they settled on receiving $42 million to repair the embankment and the breach. This settlement was made about two years ago.
Since then, they've been trying to design the project. They also had to look at environmental, social and historic impacts.
Columbia Water had a virtual public meeting last Thursday to discuss the canal recovery.
"We got feedback from the community about some of the historical assets that are there," said Shealy. "There is ruins from an 1891 hydroelectric generating station and also an 1896 hydroelectric generating station. So we want to be respectful of the history that was there as we look to build back a stronger canal segment there."
Columbia Water has been looking at ways to get funding for the project to build the canal in a better way.
12 of the headgates at the entrance of the canal will need to be replaced. Columbia Water has secured Community Development Block Grant Funding of about $8 million to cover the costs. They hope to bid out that part of the project late this year or early next year.
"That will give us better control of what's coming into our canal's system for hydroelectric power generation at some point in the future, but also for our water supply," explained Shealy.
The third piece of the project is putting a direct intake on the Broad River. It's expected to cost $45 million to $46 million. This part of the project is under design now. It's right across from the Columbia Canal at the water treatment plant.
"At some point in the future, if something unforeseen happens to our canal's system, we'll be able to withdraw water, much as we did on a temporary basis in October of 2015, but this will be a permanent intake, permanent piping, deliver river water directly to our treatment facility so if God forbit something else did happen to the canal or the embankment, our customers would never know the difference," said Shealy.
In total for all the repairs, it's going to cost $96 million. Columbia Water has applied for the alternate intake and the building resiliency infrastructure grant through FEMA. The organization feels good about receiving $32.5 million to $33 million with the grant.
"That means the vast majority of $95 million to $100 million worth of improvements won't be born by our rate payers," explained Shealy. "We'll have to pay 25 percent of the alternate intake if we get the grant funding."
They hope to get the Columbia Canal fixed and back up and running in the next to three to four years.
Shealy went onto say, "We're ready, so ready to be stronger than we work in October of 2015."


text:
SummaryIn 2003, Los Angeles County required the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency paramedics to use an established tool (known as the Broselow® tape) to measure the weight of children aged 12 years and younger to determine correct drug dosing for resuscitation. Although the tape is a well-known tool for determining pediatric medication doses, it is not commonly used by paramedics in out-of-hospital emergency situations. After the change, paramedics who used the tape delivered correct epinephrine (adrenaline) doses to children experiencing cardiac arrest 57 percent of the time, more than twice the previous rate of 28-percent accuracy.Moderate: The evidence consists of preand post-implementation comparisons of dosing accuracy, which shows a clear link between the program and improved results. The retrospective nature of the review limited the analysis to data that had actually been recorded; these data did not document the degree of communication between paramedics and hospital ED personnel.
Developing OrganizationsHarbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine; Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute; Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency
Date First Implemented2003
Age > Child (6-12 years); Vulnerable Populations > Children; Age > Infant (1-23 months); Newborn (0-1 month); Preschooler (2-5 years)
Problem AddressedIncorrect recording or estimates of a child's weight frequently leads to incorrect medication dosing, one of the most frequently reported errors in pediatric emergency departments (ED)1 and in medical emergency situations outside hospitals.2 In Los Angeles County in 2003, the medication dosing error rate exceeded 70 percent.2
- Drug dosing critical in pediatric emergency cases: Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the most frequently used resuscitation medication in infants and children experiencing cardiac arrest or anaphylaxis (a severe, whole-body allergic reaction). Although there is little variation in epinephrine doses administered to adults in cardiac arrest, the appropriate pediatric dosage is based almost entirely on weight. If too little is administered, the drug is ineffective and the resuscitation effort fails, if too much is administered, there is a risk of intracranial hemorrhage and hypertension.3
- Lack of experience among paramedics: Because paramedics infrequently care for critically ill children, they lack experience in determining a child's weight and his or her appropriate dosage, which is compounded by the high-stress nature of emergency situations such as cardiac arrest. In one study, only 7 percent of all paramedic calls involved patients aged 14 years or younger.4
- Proven tool to help, but rarely used by paramedics: Since the 1980s, the Broselow® tape has been used to help clinicians rapidly estimate body weight and correct drug doses in children, but it is rarely used by emergency medical services providers nationwide. However, when paramedics estimated pediatric weights using the tool in a classroom setting, they were able to determine epinephrine doses accurately 95 percent of the time.2
Description of the Innovative ActivityIn 2003, Los Angeles County required the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency paramedics to use the Broselow® tape on children up to age 12 to determine correct drug dosing in pediatric resuscitation. Although the tape is a well-known tool for determining pediatric medication doses, it is not commonly used by paramedics in out-of-hospital emergency situations. Key elements of the program are described below:
- Training: Paramedics and hospital ED personnel are trained to use the tape and to communicate about dosing decisions during pediatric resuscitations. (See the Planning and Development section for more information about training.)
- Communication and coordination: The paramedic in the field uses the tape to measure the child and determine which "color zone" applies. The paramedic then routinely confers with hospital ED personnel by radio.
- Dosing decisions: The ED determines the correct epinephrine dose; each color zone corresponds to a color-coded drug-dosing and resuscitation equipment chart. References at each color bar on the tape indicate what emergency resuscitation equipment size to use, and references at each weight zone on the tape show correct, precalculated medication dosages. Designated resuscitation equipment and medications are often contained in corresponding, color-coded containers in each ambulance.
- Review: Emergency medical services and hospital officials regularly review dosages and use of the tape after pediatric medical emergencies to assess performance and improve delivery of care in the field.
References/Related ArticlesKaji A, Gausche-Hill M, Conrad H, et al. Emergency medical services system changes reduce pediatric epinephrine dosing errors in the prehospital setting. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):_PHONE_. [PubMed] Available at: _URL_
Frush K, Hohenhaus S. Study packet for the correct use of the Broselow® Pediatric Emergency Tape: enhancing pediatric patient safety, Duke University Medical Center. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration Maternal Child Health Bureau Grant # 5 H70 MC 00002-01-03. Available at: _URL_ (If you don't have the software to open this PDF, download free Adobe Acrobat Reader® software.)
Hashikawa A, Juhn Y, Homme J, et al. Does length-based resuscitation tape accurately place pediatric patients into appropriate color-coded zones? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23(12): 856-61. [PubMed] Available at: _URL_
Contact the InnovatorAmy H. Kaji, MD, PhD, MPH
Department of Emergency Medicine
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
1000 W Carson St. Box 21
Torrance, CA 90509
Innovator DisclosuresDr. Kaji has not indicated whether she has financial interests or business/professional affiliations relevant to the work described in this profile; however, information on funders is available in the Funding Sources section.
ResultsMandated use of the tool increased dosing accuracy significantly.
Moderate: The evidence consists of preand post-implementation comparisons of dosing accuracy, which shows a clear link between the program and improved results. The retrospective nature of the review limited the analysis to data that had actually been recorded; these data did not document the degree of communication between paramedics and hospital ED personnel.
- Dosing accuracy more than doubles: Before mandating use of the tape, only 28 percent of children (29 of 104 cases) who experienced cardiopulmonary arrest received the correct first dose of epinephrine from Los Angeles Emergency Medical Services Agency paramedics. After the mandate went into place, 57 percent (21 of 37 children) received the appropriate dose. Similar results are seen when comparing the frequency of dosing within 20 percent of the correct level. Before the mandate, 44 percent (46 of 104) of children received a dose that was within 20 percent of the correct dose. After the mandate, the corresponding figure was 65 percent (24 of 37 children).
- Accuracy expected to improve for use of other drugs and equipment in pediatric emergencies: Although no hard data are available, mandated use of the tape should also lead to improvements in dosing of other emergency drugs administered to children, including antiseizure and sedation medication. The mandate should also improve selection of appropriately sized resuscitation equipment for children, such as tubes and ventilators.
Context of the InnovationLos Angeles County officials were concerned about the low accuracy of dosing by paramedics during high-stress pediatric resuscitation efforts and hoped that tools that reduce reliance on memory and error-prone calculations would have the potential to decrease medication errors and increase survival.
In the past, Los Angeles County paramedics had received some training in use of the Broselow® tape and were encouraged to use it for children up to age 12 years, but in practice relatively few paramedics used the tool. Nor did paramedics have the tools to accurately determine a child's weight even when they consulted with hospital personnel before administering epinephrine in the field.
To address this issue, Los Angeles County adopted a tool in 2001 for drug dosing in pediatric resuscitations called LA Kids. This program was aimed at simplifying and standardizing prehospital pediatric drug administration through use of the Broselow® tape. By 2003, all emergency medical services paramedics had received training, after which time use of the tape was made mandatory.
Los Angeles County officials decided to track the accuracy of epinephrine dosing by paramedics before and after the mandate and enlisted research assistance from the Department of Emergency Medicine at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, and the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics of the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles. Approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and from the Western Regional Institutional Review Board, which reviews research protocols for the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency.
If the study showed improvement in the accuracy of epinephrine dosing, officials hoped use of the tape

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Recursive, Lexicographic, and Heap's algorithms [1]. The Lexicographic algorithm [3] is perfectly suited for the IEnumerable interface, since it uses the same GetNext() style and requires very little adaptation. Both Recursive and Heap's algorithms are more efficient at generating permutations of integers, but need to be adapted for an IEnumerable interface by either converting to an iterative algorithm or using C# continuation.
The first attempt was to take the more efficient heap based algorithms and un-roll them into iterative algorithms, and then to make them conform to the one result per call behavior of the IEnumerable interface. Both heap algorithms stored quite a bit of state information and did not un-roll easily. Once done, they each went from about twice as fast as lexicographic to about twice as slow.
The second attempt was to use the continuation feature added to C# in .NET 2.0. This feature provides the yield return syntax for quickly creating enumerators. It is also capable, with a bit of extra work, to handle recursive enumerators. The good news is that this mechanism works, but the performance was even worse than un-rolling the recursive algorithm by a factor of 4.
The lexicographic algorithm was therefore chosen as the best algorithm for this implementation.
Comparison Efficiency
The next issue revolved around performance of comparisons. All algorithms tested had to be changed to accommodate non-integer data. The lexicographic algorithm needs to compare objects to determine their sort order to be able to create a unique lexicographic order. The standard way of resolving this involves the IComparable or IComparer interfaces to determine the order. As this is a generic collection, it is relatively straightforward to adapt the integer comparison to an IComparer provided comparison. Unfortunately, this comparison is called a lot and any inefficiency is magnified. Since this is a generic type comparison, the CLR does not optimize this nearly as efficiently as a value type.
The other problem with the use of a direct comparison on objects to permute is that the permutations will always be Repetitive instead of Non-Repetitive. That is, you cannot create a Non-Repetitive permutation of {A A B}. Together with the above performance issues, another solution was required.
The final solution was to have a parallel array of integers on which the comparisons are performed. Both arrays will have items swapped in parallel, creating the correct output. The performance improves to within a few percent of the integer only solution that the algorithm started with. And the repetitive and non-repetitive set solutions are done by having different integer assignments in the parallel array. For repetitive, the assignment for {A A B} is {1 2 3}, and for non-repetitive, the assignment is {1 1 2}. The IComparer is used to sort the list, and then once more to check for neighboring duplicates if and only if the repetitive mode is chosen, but is not used during the GetNext() call.
Combinations and Variations Efficiency
Most of the research around algorithms appear to have been focused on permutations, with less work being done on combinations and variations. As such, the combination and variation implementations use internal permutations to calculate their sets. For example, the Combinations class uses a Permutations<bool> class to indicate the positions to be included. The permutations of this underlying class indicate the subset to be selected by the combinations. Variations also use a similar mechanism, except for variations with repetition.
Therefore, the work on making permutations work efficiently is inherited by combinations and variations. Additional performance improvements in the combinations and variations implementations were not sought.
Counting
First, these classes are not designed to efficiently calculate tables of Binomial Coefficients. However, they do need to provide the Count of the collection that they are currently enumerating. As discussed above, these values can get really big, and can easily overflow 64 bit integers. But, the divisors in the count formulas bring the values back down to a manageable level. So, to properly count these collections, some type of large-integer calculations need to be performed.
The outputs of these counts are obviously always integers, so the prime factors of the denominators of the formulas will always be found in the prime factors of the numerators. Rather than performing large integer computations, a list of numerator prime factors and a list of denominator prime factors are calculated. Then, the list of denominators is removed from the list of numerators, and the product of the remaining numerators is returned. No attempt was made to compare the efficiency of this process, see paragraph above.
If you troll the code, you will find a SmallPrimeUtility class that is used for the above algorithm. I make no warranty of the suitability of this class for anything else, it is a down and dirty class with no elegance to it at all. It is the Hyundai Excel of classes, it gets you where you're going, but not much else.
Want to See Some Real Performance
The classes created here are designed to exhaustively enumerate massive numbers of collections. For all but the most trivial sets, the amount of time required to enumerate exceeds all available computing capacity. So, there are times when it is necessary to brute force your way through a problem, but the fact that you can't for large N is what makes Computer Science fun. For small problems, this set of classes is suitable; for larger problems, this set can assist in quickly validating other more interesting algorithms. For large problems, you need a keen mind and not a dumb computer.
For more complex problems related to permutations or combinations, the total solution space, S, grows far too quickly for it to be feasible to evaluate every option. These classes are designed to enumerate every permutation in S; however, many problems present a smaller feasible search space, F. [5]. For example, in the following numeric substitution problem:
 F O U R
+ F I V E
---------
 N I N E
There are 8 variables {F O U R I V E N} to be chosen from 10 digits {0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}. This implies that there are variations of 10 choose 8 possibilities in the solution space S, which is 10! / 2! = 1,814,800 variations for the solution space S. However, several observations can be made; for example, the fourth column provides us with R + E = E, which implies R = 0. This has simplified the problem to 7 unknown variables to be chosen from 9 digits, or 9! / 2! = 181,480 variations. Further, the first column implies that F <= 4, as we can't allow an overflow on this column. This removes 5/9th of the remaining variations that need to be tested, leaving 80,640 variations to test. Additional simplifications exist, and will reduce the space even further.
The point being that the more we know about the specifics of a problem, the more we are likely to be able to reduce the size of the feasible search space, the more likely we can solve the problem in a reasonable amount of time.
Sample
The FOUR + FIVE problem above is just one of a nearly inexhaustible supply of numeric substitution letter problems. This can be used to show that THREE + SEVEN = EIGHT, and even that WRONG + WRONG = RIGHT. Using the attached sample, you can enter the operands and the sum, and have the program search for any and all solutions. The program uses the Variations class to exhaustively search every possible variation, and checks if the variation satisfies the equation.
Combinatorics Sample Program Screenshot
User Interface
To compute a problem, simply enter the operands, e.g., "FOUR" and "FIVE", into the operands fields, and the sum, e.g. "NINE", into the sum field. The Problem frame will automatically update to present the summation problem. Please ensure that there are no more than 10 distinct characters entered, as no validation is done on this input. Entering more than 10 will ensure that no solution will be found. There are many more ways to ensure that no solution exists such as A + BC = DEFGH. The interface will happily accept these inputs and then return that no solutions were found.
Once the problem is entered, clicking Solve will enumerate all possible variations of the digits 1 through 10 for each character in the input. The status bar will display the total number of Variations that will be checked; this will vary based on the number of unique characters in the inputs. This will vary from a low of 90 variations to solve A + A = B, to a high of 3,628,800 when 10 characters are used such as in ABCDE + ABCDE = FGHIJ. The progress bar will indicate the overall progress, which should only take a few seconds for any of these problems. The Solution(s) frame will show the total number found and the most recently found solution, as the program progresses.
After all solutions have been found, select the drop down list in the Solution(s) frame to move through all of the solutions that were found.
Code
The Facet.Combinatorics namespace is contained in the sample's Combinatorics sub-directory. It contains all of the code required to support Permutations, Combinations, and Variations. It has no dependencies aside from the standard .NET 2.0 System references.


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This article describes how to demote a "production/retail fused" iPhone by applying the "checkm8" exploit in order to activate the JTAG interface. Then, the Bonobo JTAG cable is setup, allowing us to have a look live into the boot code execution.
The Bonobo JTAG/SWD Debug Cable shopping page
Video "Debugging an iPhone with Bonobo JTAG cable + OpenOCD + GDB demoted by checkm8", showing what is described in this article
 Video "IDA Pro debug + OpenOCD attached to an iPhone with a Bonobo Cable", going a step further by live debugging the boot room code via the JTAG cable
 Bonobo cable documentation
 Bonobo OpenOCD target configuration files
 Deep dive into the iOS boot process – "*OS Internals" Volume II by Jonathan Levin
 Deep dive into JTAG, by Senrio
Deep dive into iPhone kernel debugging
 DFU Mode
 ARM Debug Interface Architecture Specification v5 / Serial Wire Debug (SWD)
 OpenOCD RESET commands
Phase 1 – Demoting
In order to activate the iPhone JTAG interface, we need to demote the "production fused" device.
Extract from the book "*OS Internals", Volume II, by Jonathan Levin :
"The SecureROM is responsible for loading the CPDM values during early startup and enforcing security. Code execution at the SecureROM level allows demotion, which enables overriding the CPFM bits from the fused value. Although the fuses are immutable, they are loaded into a memory mapped register, whose value can be changed. Overriding the CPFM is thus simply a matter of writing to that memory mapped address. Note, that the demotion does not actually change the state of the fuses, and therefore is only temporary, persisting until the next reboot."
Thanks to the checkm8 exploit, we are now able to intervene on the CPFM register at the moment we need. Note that checkm8 has limitations when it comes to supported iPhone models .
Some notes, before getting started:
- We are going to use the tool iPwnDFU, which requires Python 2 to run. Forks porting it to Python 3 are around though. Alternatively, pyenv is a nice tool helping to keeping a clean environment.
- Applying checkm8 does not work in a VM. The below procedure has been tested on a bare-metal UBUNTU 18 64-bit installation. Once the iPhone is "pwned" (sic), it can be connected to a VM for the rest of the process, including using iPwnDFU again to demote the device.
- iPwnDFU does not require the Bonobo cable. The classic Lightning connector is fine.
Step 1) Monitoring
In preparation, we open a terminal window and start "dmesg –follow". This displays and follows the kernel messages ring-buffer, allowing us to see what is going on in terms of devices detached from and attached to the system. This window should remain open all the time.
Step 2) DFU
Prior to running the tool, the iPhone must be put in DFU (Device Firmware Update) mode (see and ). The button sequence that needs to be performed depends on the iPhone model and can be found via your favourite search engine.
The dmesg kernel log output will show messages similar to the ones below when connecting a device in DFU mode to the machine or mode-switching the currently attached device:
$ dmesg --follow [15241.484880] usb 1-2: new high-speed USB device number 26 using ehci-pci [15241.648194] usb 1-2: New USB device found, idVendor=05ac, idProduct=1227, bcdDevice= 0.00 [15241.648196] usb 1-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=2, Product=3, SerialNumber=4 [15241.648197] usb 1-2: Product: Apple Mobile Device (DFU Mode) [15241.648197] usb 1-2: Manufacturer: Apple Inc. [15241.648198] usb 1-2: SerialNumber: CPID:8010 CPRV:11 CPFM:03 SCEP:01 BDID:0C ECID:000AAAAAAAA00000 IBFL:3C SRTG:[iBoot-2618.104.22.168.33]
The vendor ID 0x05AC is Apple and the product ID is 0x1227 for any device in DFU Mode. The Chip ID (CPID) represents the internal SoC (System on Chip) number, in this case 8010 associated to the branding "A10 Fusion" and used in the iPhone 7. A Chip Fuse Mode (CPFM) of 03 indicates that the bits "secure mode" and "production modes" are set .
Step 3) iPwnDFU
NOTE: It is also now possible to use the _URL_ jailbeak application to demote the device. Installation on Linux is done by adding the APT source and the tool can be invoked at the command line: sudo checkra1n –help. Be however very careful from where you download, as many scam sites are up already.
To start, we install iPwnDFU , then we apply the exploit and demote the device.
Note: I has issues with conflicting versions of libusb when doing this on MacOS with homebrew, pyenv and a lot of other tools installed. Finally, I decided to switch to a clean Ubuntu installation.
# Pre-requisite is Python 2, see above # Dependencies $ sudo apt install -y git libusb-1.0 $ mkdir -p ~/tools $ cd ~/tools # Original tool from the original author : $ git clone _URL_ # Alternative version, that fixes the "The device has no langid" error # and includes @a1exdandy patch to add support for t7000/s8000/s8003 (iPhone 6s) # git clone _URL_
The exploit (in this version) is not 100% reliable (timing), so it might be needed to execute multiple times.
$ cd ~/tools/ipwndfu $ sudo python ./ipwndfu -p
Kernel log output:
[ 1157.772991] usb 2-5: New USB device found, idVendor=05ac, idProduct=1227 [ 1157.772997] usb 2-5: New USB device strings: Mfr=2, Product=3, SerialNumber=4 [ 1157.773002] usb 2-5: Product: Apple Mobile Device (DFU Mode) [ 1157.773006] usb 2-5: Manufacturer: Apple Inc. [ 1157.773010] usb 2-5: SerialNumber: CPID:8000 CPRV:20 CPFM:03 SCEP:01 BDID:04 ECID:000AAAAAAAA00000 IBFL:1C SRTG:[iBoot-222.214.171.124.3] [ 1158.092128] usb 2-5: reset high-speed USB device number 8 using ehci-pci [ 1158.248274] usb 2-5: device firmware changed [ 1158.256071] usb 2-5: USB disconnect, device number 8 [ 1158.384165] usb 2-5: new high-speed USB device number 9 using ehci-pci [ 1158.540869] usb 2-5: New USB device found, idVendor=05ac, idProduct=1227 [ 1158.540873] usb 2-5: New USB device strings: Mfr=2, Product=3, SerialNumber=6 [ 1158.540875] usb 2-5: Product: Apple Mobile Device (DFU Mode) [ 1158.540877] usb 2-5: Manufacturer: Apple Inc. [ 1158.540879] usb 2-5: SerialNumber: CPID:8000 CPRV:20 CPFM:03 SCEP:01 BDID:04 ECID:000AAAAAAAA00000 IBFL:1C SRTG:[iBoot-2126.96.36.199.3] PWND:[checkm8]
The log file shows that "PWND:[checkm8]" has been added to the device serial identification string, confirming the exploit being applied.
Once the previous step is successfully completed, we demote the device by patching the CPFM flags in memory. This will not be visible in the kernel messages log and it will not change the CPFM value reported by the phone as part of the serial number string.
$ cd ~/tools/ipwndfu $ sudo python ./ipwndfu --demote Demotion register: 0x287 Attempting to demote device. Demotion register: 0x286 Success!
While plugged in, the state of the phone can always be checked by consulting the kernel message log:
$ dmesg | grep -e Apple -e iBoot
USB related low-


I'm an Underworked Planner and I'm Losing Heart
The last two posts discussed strategies for overworked planners. But that's not the case for everyone. What if a planner is underworked and losing inspiration?
First, let's consider why this might happen.
 - You are faster at tasks than the average planner.
 - The organization has a temporary logjam of expertise in your area. Assignments are spread around or go to those with the longest tenure.
 - Managers can't reassign work because of rigid or obsolete job descriptions, or competition between departments.
 - The work is there, but approvals, agreements, grants, or contracts are gummed up, preventing you from starting or causing a mid-course pause until decisions are worked out.
 - Your supervisor doesn't trust you to complete important tasks and steers assignments away from you.
A sign of underwork is your relationship to time: rather than seeking to slow down the clock so you can get more done by the end of the day, the underworked planner wants it to speed up so the day is over sooner.
A natural human reaction to underwork is to keep it quiet. Planners develop coping strategies and may disguise their underwork, such as participating in unnecessary or lengthy meetings. But over time, underwork can erode motivation and self-confidence. It can lead to an unprofessional attitude and poor performance. Later on, when a planner reflects back on their career, "avoided overwork" is not the best legacy.
The planner should seek to understand the reasons for underwork, such as distinguishing between temporary underwork and underwork as a long-term condition. If your supervisor doesn't trust you with certain assignments, for example, it is best to know that and take appropriate action. It could also mean you are about to be laid off or fired.
Here are some strategies for responding to underwork:
Ask your supervisor for formal and informal feedback on your performance.
If there are issues regarding reliability, skill, attention to detail, or getting along with others, take steps to address them.
Ask your supervisor for new assignments.
There is a natural reluctance to do this since underwork could quickly turn into overwork, but you shouldn't be underutilized at work over the long term. If you ask for new assignments your supervisor will take note of the initiative.
Ask your supervisor if you can be temporarily shared.
Can you work with other departments in your organization, or in consulting, shared with other offices?
Propose initiatives and special projects that add value to the work you do.
For example, a planner who writes staff reports could develop a flowchart of approval processes and facilitate work process improvements as part of an inter-departmental working group.
Propose new initiatives that reasonably relate to your work scope.
If you are in local government, listen to what council members and the city manager are dealing with and think of how you could help respond to problems or take advantage of opportunities. For example, you could apply for a grant that would fund technical studies that the city needs, such as preparing a climate action plan. If you are a consultant, you could offer to research a new business line or territory.
Use your lack of stress at work to carve out time to volunteer outside of work.
If underwork is combined with boring work, find an outlet outside work that is fulfilling.
Look for a new job in an organization that will take full advantage of your talents.
There isn't a necessarily a sweet spot between too much and not enough work — the inspiring planners I meet usually have too much on their plate. Some of them may dream of a few days of underwork, but in the long-term, fully engaging your talents is the most satisfying path.
Top image: Getty Images photo.
About the Author
Richard Willson, FAICP
October 16, 2018
By Richard Willson, FAICP


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The Welios Science Center is located in the Wels' Volksgarten park, where it bridges the gap between the historic city center and the expo center.
The Welios Science Center is located in the Wels' Volksgarten park, where it bridges the gap between the historic city center and the expo center. Conceived as a giant X, the project offers flexible exhibition spaces and a deep cleft in the center draws natural light inside. The exterior is clad in a shimmering white metal screen that is inlaid with zigzagging LED lights. These low-energy lights are computer-programmed to change colors, creating a dynamic facade. The science center opens directly into a public garden and the fairgrounds, which serve as an extension of the center for outdoor festivals and exhibits.
Students, children and adults can wander around the museum while engaging with the exhibits to learn about renewable energy and energy efficiency. They can also learn important lessons from the building itself, which was built to minimize energy use and generate some of its own power from the sun. Geothermal ground source heat pumps along with radiant floor heating provide low-energy climate control. High-performance insulation and an automatic control monitoring system further reduce energy use inside the building. The metal shade screen on the building's facade allows some light to filter into the interior, but minimizes solar heat gain while serving as a rain screen and encouraging natural ventilation around the building.
Waterless urinals and toilets flushed with non-potable water minimize water usage. Meanwhile a 20 kW photovoltaic system is installed in the facade, in photovoltaic glass, and on the roof. This system supplies 15,000 kWh of electricity per year, which is enough to power three single-family homes. Hot water is produced by a 20 m² solar thermal plant, and a large evacuated tube solar collector provides solar district heating.
+ Welios Science Center
+ Archinauten / Dworschak + Mühlbachler Zt-Gmbh Architekten
Images ©Dietmar Tolerian and Welios


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Projects per year
To mitigate the inter-symbol interference (ISI), multiple access interference (MAI) and the effect of different Doppler shifts within a data package incurred in variably mobile asynchronous underwater multiuser communications (VMAUMC), a Kalman filter-based chip differential blind adaptive multiuser detection (D-KF-BAMUD) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The Kalman filter-based blind adaptive multiuser detection (KF-BAMUD) algorithm has been adopted to combat ISI and MAI in the scenario of static users, and underwater and under-ice multiuser communication experiments have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the KF-BAMUD algorithm. To tackle the more challenging VMAUMC, a differential modulation and demodulation technique operating at the chip level is proposed to reduce the impact of Doppler shift residues after the Doppler compensation with an average Doppler frequency offset within each data package. The technique is combined with KF-BAMUD algorithm, leading to D-KF-BAMUD algorithm, which is able to effectively handle ISI, MAI and the effect of Doppler shift residues simultaneously in VMAUMC. This paper reports our experiments on VMAUMC carried out in Songhua River in April 2016 (7 users, data rate 7.87bit/s, up to 2m/s variably relative velocity in each data package, and horizontal distance 200m shallow-water channel between transducer and hydrophone), and the encouraging experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system and the D-KF-BAMUD algorithm.
FingerprintDive into the research topics of 'Kalman Filter-Based Chip Differential Blind Adaptive Multiuser Detection for Variably Mobile Asynchronous Underwater Multiuser Communications'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
- 1 Finished
Increasing the Range & Rate of Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems Using Multi Hop Relay - DP110100736
Nordholm, S., Rong, Y., Huang, D. & Duncan, A.
1/01/11 → 30/06/14


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I was given 77-86F as a general range for acceptable temperatures for growing. Also, as I continue to do research on different strains, some do mention that they like warmer temperatures without stating a range. Is 80-85 a good range for growing, or is it too hot?
Also, there should be a difference in temp of the over all tent and the canopy level due to the light. So what do these ranges refer too? Clearly the canopy will be hotter as it'll be the closest to the light.


Reasons Must Be able to Withstand Emotions
Reasons Must Be able to Withstand Emotions
Reasons Must Be able to Withstand Emotions – Maybe you have read similar or similar articles, but this article is different because we have taken it from reliable sources, here are the reasons you should be able to hold your emotions.
Everyone does have a different level of patience. Do you have a high enough level of patience? If not, this should be practiced immediately. Remember that many things are annoying enough in this world that you need to be patient.
If you still don't know the importance of practicing patience, try reading the following explanations so that there is an inner desire to change. Listen carefully, yes!
1. Remember that life is really hard
Everyone must have the same perspective regarding the hardships of living in this world. Life is tough, your job as a human being is to train your adaptability. One of the things that must be trained is the ability to remain patient.
If you can be patient in facing various kinds of obstacles, believe that everything will work out fine. That's because you can accept whatever happens gracefully.
2. Sometimes whatever you expect is not what you expected
You must have a lot of dreams to fulfill, right? This is certainly a challenge for you to fight for it. Besides that, you also have to be able to prepare yourself to be patient when your expectations don't match your expectations.
Therefore it can be concluded that you need to practice patience. The more often you are patient, then anything that is burdensome is definitely not too heart-consuming.
3. You will meet people who have different thoughts
Don't you realize that everyone has a different perspective in seeing a phenomenon? When differences arise, sometimes you will tend to feel hurt because you do not agree with his words and actions.
But remember that it is irreversible and absolute. All you can do is be patient in dealing with all these differences.
Also Read:The Influence of the Environment on Child Development
4. Remember that patience is the key to success
Previously we mentioned that everyone must expect a success. If you want to achieve this, sometimes you need extra patience. This patience will help you to smooth the path of struggle.
Train the strength of your heart from now on so that later you can survive despite the many ordeals that come without stopping.
5. With the habit of being patient, you will be a wise person
Everyone is required to be wise in dealing with everything. This wisdom will certainly appear within you if you are used to being patient. You will definitely be a legowo person in the face of various obstacles.
You will also understand the fact that the reality of life is really bitter. With patience, you will be able to accept whatever it is without complaining.


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Tailored aviation training for personnel who perform roles on board aircraft but who are not trained as aircrew such as Air Observers, Air Attack Supervisors, Electricity linesmen, Wildlifesurveyors, RSPCA officers, DPI, and other such roles. These roles come under the CASA definition of Task Specialist.
A task specialist is anyone who performs a role on board an aircraft that is related to the mission but who is not aircrew or flight crew. The above examples are task specialists.
IPAS uses a combination of Crew Resource Management/Human Factors theory and over two decades of military and civilian aviation experience to deliver a tailored theory/practical course where the client's internal processes are used.
Approved helicopter providers are engaged to supply aircraft to assist with the airborne component of the course.
Training includes those requirements to qualify* in the following Units of Competency:
PUAFIR0 17- Work Safely Around Aircraft
AVIF0035 - Manage Human Factors in Aviation Operations
AVIF0040 - Employ Fatigue Risk Management Practices in the Aviation Workplace
*Individuals then collect their evidence from the course and contact IPAS' training partner RHO Aviation Training Services and can apply for RPL.
Mission crew training includes Working Safely Around Aircraft.
Creating and running a mission crew course includes many moving parts. Organising an aircraft, a navigation route, coordinating with Air Traffic Control, arranging landings sites, arranging classrooms, catering, risk management, pilot briefings, theory, safety... the list goes on. Have a look at this 4-minute video to get an idea of what it entails.
As part of a Mission Crew course, working safely around aircraft techniques, as per the unit of competency, are taught along with mission command techniques. This video shows what trainees do on the airborne assessment. Note how the experience of the trainees varies from some to none! Mission crew courses provide the confidence to be a useful member of the aviation team.
Efficiency and safety are the key words in any IPAS course. Saving time and saving people from injury equates to saving money and saving reputations. In this video we show some simple safety tips that make working with aircraft easier, safer and more efficient.


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Are you looking for details regarding High-Speed Instruments Pricing?
Numerous industries and procedures require instrumentation to track the performance of the processes and the outcome of the procedures they produce. Process instruments are used in all process industries to execute measurements, tracking, diagnostics, as well as diagnostics on several different kinds of output. Some process instruments are automated and some are manually controlled. The assortment of process tools available is amazing and may even be customized with specifications. In the following guide, I'll introduce the fundamental kinds of process instruments utilized in most procedures. These are:
Electric Measurement Instruments. Electrical measurements are employed in the electric industry to diagnose problems as they occur. There are lots of forms of electrical measurement instruments, including resistivity, capacitance, resistance, ohm's law, electrical discharge dimension, and electric failure tests. Resistance and capacitance are typically used for heavy industrial applications whereas electric discharge measurement and ohm's law are employed in significantly less heavy industrial uses.
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Quantify Dimensions. Gauge dimensions are utilized to set the proper value for an item or material during the production process or when it's being rectified following the process is complete. There are two types of gauge measurements – mechanical and electrical. Mechanical instruments are used throughout the entire procedure while electrical devices are used at points in the production procedure.
Ultrasonic Process Dimensions. Ultrasonic measuring methods are used to measure various procedures, materials, and configurations. The most common use for all these systems is in the aerospace and defense industry. These systems measure parameters such as temperature, chamber pressure, airflow, humidity, and other physical parameters. A few of the parameters that can be measured through ultrasonic process instruments include dimensional stability, tensile strength, creep resistance, and frequency.
Laser Process Measurements Sensors. Most Process measurement sensors are made from silicon semiconductor devices which use a scanning probe to create a reading on a material's surface. These devices are sensitive to light, which passes through the sample or object. These measurements sensors have lots of applications, including measuring the hardness of a material, examining the surface topography of a substance, or measuring the electrical conductivity of a material.
When looking for the very best expert details about High-Speed Instruments – – you will certainly find lots of pointers and beneficial info right here.
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- High-Speed Instruments Pricing
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Ultrasonic Nails and Boots. Ultrasonic materials measuring tools are used in the production plant as well as in labs. These instruments use sound waves to produce a reading out of a material's surface. Some of these tools include ultrasonic tumblers, meter readers, and meteripers. Many businesses also utilize ultrasonic drilling machines and probe set ups to increase productivity and save time during the production process.
Thermal Mapping. A process measurement entails carrying an external temperature and ascertaining its outside composition. This procedure measures the shift in temperature of a substance as a result of heating or cooling. A number of thermometers are employed within the discipline of materials assessment involving gas permeability, which can be an indirect procedure measurement. A widely used thermometer is the Teflon thermometer, that is intended to offer high accuracy and reliability.
Aromatic Techniques. The use of various aromatic compounds known as aromatics are used in the inspection process. This includes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases. The aromatics' potency is dependent on how naturally occurring the substance is and also on how it responds when it comes to contact with light. Some of these tools include rotary evaporators, absorbent dishes, absorbent strips and refractory materials.
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Mass Spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is used in the analysis of various types of materials. This procedure measures the focus or the level of a material by means of various spectrometers like the spectroscope. These tools are generally employed for the quality management and industrial production of food, pharmaceuticals, drugs and other chemicals.
Ion Scattering. Ion scattering has become the process measurement of various elements that have a positive cost. The particles of the element scatter off from a specific area whenever they come in contact with an opposite electrode. This type of measurement has applications in several areas like the material identification, detection and mobility measurement of heavy ions. Various kinds of electrodes can be used for this function, which include that the cobalt magnets, aluminium oxide electrodes, lead electrodes and the silicon electrodes.
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The procedure instruments can be found in many shapes and sizes. They're used in the laboratories and industrial plants to get a wide array of purpose. Some of these instruments include the probe, scanner, spectroscopy camera, analyzer, gas analyzer, injector complex, injector manifold, electrode coupler, gas detectors, injector burners, electric conductors, connectors and wafers. All these process tools have some common characteristics that make them very popular. A number of the most commonly used Kinds of the process measurement instruments include:


eventually to have needed such intensive help. However, before definitive statements can be made in support of either TC or Oral approach for more carefully designed research must be carried out. For that it would be necessary to have an adequate number of deaf children who are tutored through ISS-TC approach for a sufficient period of time.
It goes without saying that the teachers who wish to use TC approach, should be thoroughly trained in using techniques of implementing the signing system and the special language curriculum. As per Nicolas Griffey, the use of manual communication in conjunction with speech is a highly skilled and most specialized form of education. And if teaching methodology using manual and oral mode of communication is to be used to its full potential, it will be essential that these be used by properly prepared teachers. Only then the teachers would be able to plan, develop and implement activities that will increase the quality and effectiveness of education for the deaf students who are generally considered academically at risk and who require more effectual educational support.
The main purpose of this course is to prepare teachers skilled in use of ISS-TC who may in turn develop model classes for demonstration and observation and be able to train more teachers in use of ISS-TC approach. When ISS-TC is used for a sufficiently long period with at least a few groups of deaf children only then one can think of carrying out a study on effectiveness of the approach in the Indian setting.
Last Updated on Wednesday, 15 February 2012 14:08
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Effects of sodium, magnesium and calcium salts on seed germination and radicle survival of a halophyte,
Kalidium caspicum (Chenopodiaceae)
Kazuo Tobe, Xiaoming Li and Kenji Omasa
Australian Journal of Botany
50(2) 163 - 169
Published: 18 April 2002
AbstractKalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb. is a common species of highly saline habitats of north-western China, which in previous germination research has been shown to be rather sensitive to NaCl toxicity. To investigate the effects of different salts on the seed germination and radicle survival of this halophytic shrub, seeds were incubated in various salt (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, or MgSO4 with or without CaCl2) or polyethylene glycol-6000 solutions. The germination percentage and the percentage of emerging radicles surviving to a length of at least 4 mm were examined. The survival of K. caspicum radicles depended mainly on the cation composition of the media: both Na+ and Mg2+ had toxic effects on the radicles, while Ca2+ alleviated the toxicity of these cations. Mg2+ was more toxic than Na+ and a higher concentration of Ca2+ was needed to alleviate its toxicity. It was suggested that the establishment of seedlings of K. caspicum in the field is facilitated by the marked alleviation of salt toxicity by Ca2+ and that the proportion of soluble Na, Mg and Ca ions in the soil determines the distribution of K. caspicum in the field.
© CSIRO 2002


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The San Francisco Bay Bridge Construction
Have you ever been worried while traveling over a bridge that it might collapse?
The San Francisco Bay Bridge did just that in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake! A section of the upper deck collapsed down onto the lower deck. Since then, engineers have been designing and building a new bridge that is more seismically safe:
Can you design a seismically safe bridge?
- Using the Bridge to Classroom's bridge simulator (_URL_ build a model of your own that you think could withstand an earthquake.
- Begin by looking at the various types of bridges (beam girder, steel arch, etc.). For each type of bridge, draw a sketch and describe its characteristics.
- Decide which type of bridge you want for each segment of the bridge. Drag them into place.
- For each of the safety features, draw a sketch and describe their characteristics.
- Add safety features as necessary to your bridge.
- Now, test your bridge! Select different fault lines and magnitudes. Record the results of your tests.
- Go back and redesign to build a more seismically safe structure!
- Now that you are familiar with the critical factors when designing a seismically safe structure and with the various bridge designs, create your own bridge! Using only toothpicks and glue, can you create a bridge that can withstand the most amount of shaking and support the most amount of weight? _URL_
Danny Forster. Build it Bigger. _URL_
Bill Willis. Worsley School. _URL_


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The first work devoted exclusively to Acadians in Nova Scotia, this book presents a thorough study of Acadian history from the earliest days of French settlement to present-day Acadian communities. Authors Sally Ross and Alphonse Deveau draw on original seventeenth-century texts, as well as up-to-date sources. They examine the history of the Expulsion–the Grand Dérangement–that began in 1755, and trace the return of the Acadians and their resettlement in seven areas of the province. The authors highlight the distinct features that have developed within these different regions of Nova Scotia and discuss the choices and challenges faced by Acadians today: the linguistic assimilation and preservation of a distinct culture against pressures from the mainstream culture.
Acadians of Nova Scotia won the 1993 Dartmouth Book Award for non-fiction and the 1993 Evelyn Richardson Memorial Literary Prize for non-fiction.


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Mar. 23, 1998 Engineers at the University of Toronto have developed a software program that could save the transportation, mining and manufacturing industries millions of dollars.
The software, known as EXAKT, indicates the optimal time to renew, repair or replace equipment, says Professor Andrew Jardine of the department of mechanical and industrial engineering, one of the project's two principal researchers. The program, using mathematical models and equations, focuses on the equipment's current performance data as well as economic factors such as the initial cost of the equipment and estimated resale value of machine parts.
"This new software allows maintenance managers, for the first time, to combine risk assessment and economic considerations in terms of decision-making for industrial equipment," Jardine says. "The cost of replacing an item after it has failed completely will obviously be greater than replacing it under preventive conditions. It's not just a matter of running equipment into the ground."
Currently, managers considering parts replacement rely on one of two approaches -- the age-based technique that calculates equipment longevity based on the age of the equipment or the condition-based approach that relies on other measures such as the level of mineral-to-oil ratios in equipment.
Research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Materials and Manufacturing Ontario, a provincial centre of excellence, and the Condition-Based Maintenance Consortium, an international partnership that includes various industries in Canada, the United States and Hong Kong.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University Of Toronto.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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Rape Convictions in Oklahoma City are serious and happen more than people realize. Recently, Oklahoma City is making top lists for violent cities. In fact, you have a 1 in 22 chance of becoming a crime victim in Oklahoma City. This is 36% higher than the average for the rest of the state. Further, in 2017, over 400 reported rape crimes occurred in the city. This number does not include unreported rapes. The following article will explain more about the crime and the ramifications of Rape Convictions in Oklahoma City.
Oklahoma Rape Law
Oklahoma's legal definition of rape is under Title 21 §1111. There are three main elements in this crime. Therefore, each element must be met for the State to bring charges against you and get a conviction. These are:
- Penetration: This is sexual penetration of the victim's body. It can occur through use of the offender's body or through use of an inanimate object.
- Non-consent: The element of non-consent is the most difficult to prove. This is due to the vagueness of some types of consent. For example, many times affirmative consent is not an express "yes" to the sexual activity. This leaves room for misunderstanding and misinterpretation between the offender and the victim parties.
- Force: Force in many ways coincides with penetration. In most jurisdictions, as long as penetration occurs then the force elements is also met.
Rape Convictions and the Punishments
Rape, like other violent crimes, follows a gradient of penalties depending on the violence of the particular situation. As a result, first degree rape charges have the most severe sentences. These are a minimum of five years in prison and registration on the Sex Offender Registry. If the rape is extremely violent, an offender could even face lifetime imprisonment. However, second degree convictions have a prison sentence ranging from a minimum of 1 year imprisonment to a possible 15 years.
FOR MORE INFO ON ASSAULT AND BATTERY CRIMES SEE OUR ARTICLE.
OKC Defense Attorneys
Rape is a serious charge that you should hire an attorney to defend against. We understand the gravity of the situation and what it means for you and your future. Call us today. Your first consultation is free.


Archive for June, 2012
June 25, 2012
I've pretty much wrung-out the possibilities of propagating by grafting, and wanted to delve into some other hard-to-propagate fruits, and so I've ventured into the rarefied air of plant tissue culture. Tissue Culture is growing embryonic plants from parts of the tree you wouldn't always think of for starting plants, like slices of the leaf. The sterile growing medium this cherry is in consists of tapioca starch, coconut milk, table sugar, minerals, vitamins, growth hormones, and a preservative. This clump will multiply and be divided into more jars, and continue to multiply until its time to change the hormone so it will grow roots. Photosynthesis is not necessary, as it bypasses the usual method of making food, where chlorophyll takes sunlight and water to make glucose. The plant takes up sugar directly from the medium and actually grows better in the dark. Gardening in a baby food jar with no bugs, no disease, no sunlight, and the end result is clean, vigorous plants; there's a lot to like about this.


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Poverty 'affects 20% of children'
One in five British children live below the poverty line, research has revealed.
The Campaign to End Child Poverty published figures today showing that 20.2% of British children are classified as below the poverty line before housing costs.
In eight areas of large cities, over four out of every 10 children lived in poverty in 2012, the research showed.
But that is a decrease on the 19 parliamentary constituencies that had 40% of children living in poverty in 2011.
The poorest constituency for children was Manchester Central, with nearly half (47%) of children living in poverty.
Over four in 10 children were living in poverty in Belfast West (43%), Glasgow North East (43%), Ladywood, Birmingham (42%), Liverpool Riverside (42%), and Middlesbrough (40%).
In London, 40% of children were living in poverty in Tower Hamlets, 42% of children were below the poverty line in the constituency of Bethnal Green and Bow while 41% were living in poverty in Poplar and Limehouse.
The situation has broadly improved since 2011, except in some areas of the North East of England.
In Newcastle, 38% of children were poor in 2012, compared with 29% in 2011, while in Middlesbrough the figure rose to 40% from 38% in the previous year.
Child poverty was the lowest in Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg's Sheffield Hallam constituency (below 5%). It was also under 10% in Prime Minister David Cameron's Witney constituency, the report said.


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NASA Open API - APOD
NASA Open API - APOD project is a progressive web app designed to provide users with the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) using data from NASA's Open API. This app is built using Blazor and utilizes Azure Functions for seamless integration. It is hosted as a static web app on Microsoft Azure, ensuring efficient and reliable performance.
- Frontend: Blazor
- Backend: Azure Functions
- Hosting: Azure Static Web Apps and GitHub
- Progressive web app (PWA) for easy accessibility on various devices.
- Fetches the Astronomy Picture of the Day from NASA's Open API.
- Utilizes Blazor for a responsive and interactive user interface.
- Integrates Azure Functions to enhance the functionality.
- Hosted on Microsoft Azure as a static web app, ensuring accessibility and reliability.
The APOD project provides users with a convenient way to access NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day, an educational and visually captivating resource. By using Blazor, Azure Functions, and Azure Static Web Apps, the project ensures a smooth and responsive user experience.
The project contributes to science education by making valuable astronomical content easily accessible to the public. It also demonstrates the capabilities of progressive web apps and cloud services for hosting and delivering data.
The project's codebase is available on GitHub: NASA Open API - APOD Repository.
You can explore the live site to view the Astronomy Picture of the Day here: NASA APOD Live Site.


Home > Search converters: gko to gbp
Conversion of gko file format to gbp file format beta
Search for gko to gbp converter or software able to handle these file types.
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Convert Gerber keep out layer to Gerber Bottom Paste Mask output format.
We have found one software suitable in our database for this conversion.
The GKO to GBP conversion information below is generated through automated cross-matching of software entries in our database. It has not been manually checked for accuracy, including whether the suggested conversions are feasible. Although the software listed typically supports these conversions, there may be inaccuracies.
If you discover any errors, incorrect listings, or conversions that are not possible, please let us know in the discussion section below. Please include all relevant details so we can address the issue promptly.
General information about how to convert GKO to GBP file.
File conversion typically involves several steps. First, analyze the .gko file to determine its format, file format version, and compatibility with the desired .gbp output format. Then, the necessary software converter or tool is used to convert the file. This may involve encoding, decoding, or restructuring the data. Sometimes, you need to convert the file into an intermediate or exchange file format and then transform it into the desired output file format.
Automated conversions can sometimes result in inaccuracies due to software limitations and the complexity of file formats. These inaccuracies can include formatting errors, missing data, or incorrect file structure interpretations. It's important to carefully review the converted files and validate the results to ensure their accuracy before relying on them.
To convert a specific file type, follow these common steps:
 1. Identify the file format you want to convert from and the desired output format.
 2. Research or try the suggested software below or find a converter that supports the conversion you need
 (in this case, gko to gbp file).
 3. Download and install the chosen software or converter on your device.
 You can also search convert gko to gbp online to find some conversion service. However, results may vary and be careful, you are sending your data to an unknown source.
 Software or online services may be free to use or require a commercial licence. Trial versions are usually available for a limited time without limitations.
 4. Open the software and locate the option to import or open the file you want to convert. Usually, File ► Open or File ► Import.
 5. Select the .gko file and choose the output format to convert it to .gbp.
 6. Adjust any specific settings or preferences for the conversion, if available.
 7. Start the conversion process and wait for the software to complete the task.
 8. Once the conversion is finished, locate the converted file in the software's output folder or designated location.
 9. Double-check the converted file to ensure its accuracy and compatibility with your requirements.
 10. If any issues or inaccuracies are found, refer to the discussion section below to report the problem. You can also seek assistance from the software provider or the community.
Microsoft Windows software Microsoft Windows icon - convert gko to gbp on Windows
Altium Designer icon Altium Designer
A PCB and FPGA design software
File extension
Convert
Open
Save
Edit
Create
Import
Export
Extract
Convert from gko file
NoYesYesgko editorYesNoNoNo
to gbp file
NoYesNoNoNoNoYesNo
The table with program actions contains information about what each program is capable of doing with their files. This may be a good pointer for further searches for certain file conversions and help you find the converter you are looking for if our search result is insufficient for you. However, it is far from perfect and may sometimes show results which are not really usable because of the nature of the software handles the files. So a conversion that appears as possible, just because of matched actions, may in fact not be possible.

Additional links: Open gko file, Open gbp file
GKO
Files with gko extension are commonly found as one of the PCB Gerber formats. Used for design and manufacturing of printed circuit boards.
GBP
Files with gbp extension can be also found as one of the gerber formats. These formats are used for design and manufacture printed circuit boards (PCB).

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Kalamazoo Chinese Academy (KCA) is a 501c(3) non-profit educational organization dedicated to providing Chinese language and cultural experiences to youth from all cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds in the greater Kalamazoo area.
The curriculum has been well-designed for students to develop both their oral and written communication skills in the Chinese language. In addition to language instruction, our school offers many opportunities to participate in Chinese cultural programs. This includes cultural classes in our school and participation in various festivals in our community.
To provide Chinese language and cultural experiences to K-12 students from all cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds in the greater Kalamazoo community.
To bridge the culture gap and enhance the community's understanding of Chinese culture. To prepare students for meaningful and successful participation in the global environment.
In addition to offering heritage and non-heritage Chinese language classes for various proficiency levels, KCA also offers cultural enrichment programs and activities that are engaging, entertaining, enlightening, and educational. Chinese dance classes are offered for multiple age groups with or without prior dance experience. Classes include Chinese folk, ballet, and creative movements, and are a beautiful fusion of various dance styles and techniques. The Chinese YoYo Club, also known as diabolo, provides an opportunity for youth to come together to play this ancient spinning game that provides endless levels of skill development, challenge, and entertainment. Students gather to learn challenging new tricks while perfecting dazzling routines, with more experienced students helping novice students learn how to spin, toss, and perform various other tricks.
KCA supports local businesses and nonprofits by collaborating with local organizations and participating in local events, such as the China Festival hosted by WMU, Chinese New Year Gala hosted by the Chinese Association of Greater Kalamazoo (CAGK), Art Hop hosted by the Arts Council of Greater Kalamazoo, the building of a Chinese language book section at Portage District Library, etc. At some of these events, KCA dance students and YoYo club members get the opportunity to perform and show off their talents, serve as cultural ambassadors, and celebrate their rising confidence and pride as Chinese Americans and/or as performers.
As the world grows more diverse each day, it becomes more and more important for our youth to develop an appreciation toward other languages and cultures and to be globally competent. KCA provides youth access to a unique opportunity to develop global competence that would otherwise not be available in the greater Kalamazoo community. Non-heritage youth have the opportunity to learn another language at a younger age, when language acquisition is often faster and easier. Additionally, KCA creates an environment where heritage youth can appreciate, embrace, and celebrate their Chinese heritage and develop their identity as Asian Americans. Together, students and families from both heritage and non-heritage backgrounds come together to build community and work together to achieve common goals. When our youth are globally aware and feel a sense of belonging and a connection to their community, they are more likely to participate in and contribute to their community, and the civic engagement of our new generation is critical to our democracy.
The idea of starting a Chinese language school to teach the young Chinese children came to my mind in the late spring of 1972 when my daughter, who was a second-grader then, began to speak to me in English after school. The concept became stronger when I saw more young Chinese children losing their Mandarin-speaking ability as they started elementary school. I eventually started the first class of the Kalamazoo Chinese School in 1972 on a Sunday afternoon in the basement of my house. There were eight students, ages 5 through 8. The goals for the students of the school were:
I am very happy to see that the Chinese school has continued to grow and serve families after 48 years. It is meaningful to help our children to become aware of their Chinese heritage background, and also to help non-Chinese families understand Chinese culture.


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Four-Stitch Reticulated Patterns
Summary Unlabeled motifs for stranded knitting. Patterns designed for a variety of gauge and foot sizes. Methods include 2 Circulars and 4 and 5 DPNs.
Motif Information 13 possible stitch patterns are given in chart form (only one is named, the rest are numbered). As indicated by the name of this section (pages 78-82), all have 4 stitch repeats. The length (row count) of the pattern varies.
- Patterns 1-3 ~ 12 rows.
- Pattern 4 ~ 14 rows.
- Patterns 5 and 6 ~ 8 rows.
- Patterns 7-10 ~ 6 rows.
- Patterns 11-12 ~ 4 rows.
- Lice Pattern ~ 2 rows.
The lice pattern is typically used on the soles. The featured sock pictures show (in the order they are displayed):
- Pattern 9 on leg and instep
- Pattern 2 on leg and instep


Interesting Facts about Detergents
In the modern household context, detergents represent a useful cleaning substance that is used in cleaning laundry, dishes and other home surfaces. However, during its long history, detergents were usually referred specifically for laundry, and they gained their powder and liquid form only after the rise of technology and chemistry of early 20th century. Before those inventions, cleaning of clothes was conducted either with pure water or with the help of many types of soaps. Starting with the ancient civilization in Babylon over 4800 years ago, soap spread across the then known world and became very popular in Egypt and Ancient Rome (ancient Greeks however preferred to clean themselves in clean water, soak in oils, and then scraped that oil with a metal instrument). After the fall of Roman Empire in 5th century AD, Europe lived through a 1000 year long period in which personal hygiene and cleaning of clothes was almost totally abandoned. This led to the wide occurrences of diseases and plagues, which was only stopped with the arrival of renaissance and technological progress of late 16th and 17th century.
Industrial manufacture of detergents started after the First World War. Countries of Germany and US were leaders in innovation and implementation of new types of industrial detergents. After 1950s and 60s, when automated washing machines became widely available, worldwide industry of detergents suddenly expanded and became extremely profitable and successful. As each decade went on new products and techniques of washing emerged, creating the modern environment where detergent became integral part of maintaining our hygiene.
Here are some of the most important facts surrounding long and interesting life of detergents:
 - Detergents works as an emulsifier, it bridges the water and oil particles that enable the dirt to become captured in oil, and thus extracted from clothes.
 - First synthetic detergents were experimentally produced in mid-19th century France.
 - Organized industrial production of industrial detergent started during WW1 in Germany, after the war prevented the production of traditional soaps.
 - Perfection of detergent production process started during 1930s with the discovery of fatty alcohols.
 - One of the most famous brands of detergents "Tide" was created in Procter & Gamble facilities during 1920s, but entered mass production in 1943. It was regarded as one of the best detergents that can clean even heavily soiled clothes.
 - Widespread use of detergents happened during 1950s and 1960s.
 - First washing machine in USA was produced during 1940s.
 - Semi-automatic machine with frontal door was invented in 1954.
 - 1963 saw the first appearance of fully automatic washing machine that used spinning drum.
 - Wash dryer was introduced in 1965.
 - By 1953, sales of detergent in United States surpassed those of soap.
 - Liquid hand soaps were created during 1970s.
 - Famous modern brand Colgate-Palmolive was formed in 1953 after merging of two old companies created by WilliamColgate in 1806 and Caleb Johnson in 1864.
 - Detergent industry had a big impact on environment between 1940s and 1970s. Modern day manufactures optimized their production to be more environment friendly, reduce pollution, and provide biodegradability in all detergents.