Sample points on or in (sets of) spatial features. By default, returns a pre-specified number of points that is equal to size (if type = "random") or an approximation of size (for other sampling types).
st_sample(x, size, ..., type = "random", exact = TRUE)
Arguments
x
object of class sf or sfc
size
sample size(s) requested; either total size, or a numeric vector with sample sizes for each feature geometry. When sampling polygons, the returned sampling size may differ from the requested size, as the bounding box is sampled, and sampled points intersecting the polygon are returned.
...
ignored, or passed on to sample for multipoint sampling
type
character; indicates the spatial sampling type; one of regular, hexagonal and regular.
exact
logical; should the length of output be exactly the same as specified by size? TRUE by default. Only applies to polygons, and when type = "random".
Value
an sfc object containing the sampled POINT geometries
Details
The function is vectorised: it samples size points across all geometries in the object if size is a single number, or the specified number of points in each feature if size is a vector of integers equal in length to the geometry of x.
if x has dimension 2 (polygons) and geographical coordinates (long/lat), uniform random sampling on the sphere is applied, see e.g. _URL_
For regular or hexagonal sampling of polygons, the resulting size is only an approximation.
As parameter called offset can be passed to control ("fix") regular or hexagonal sampling: for polygons a length 2 numeric vector (by default: a random point from st_bbox(x)); for lines use a number like runif(1).
Examples
nc = st_read(system.file("shape/nc.shp", package="sf"))
#> Reading layer 'nc' from data source '/home/travis/build/r-spatial/sf/inst/shape/nc.shp' using driver 'ESRI Shapefile' #> Simple feature collection with 100 features and 14 fields #> geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON #> dimension: XY #> bbox: xmin: -84.32385 ymin: 33.88199 xmax: -75.45698 ymax: 36.58965 #> epsg (SRID): 4267 #> proj4string: +proj=longlat +datum=NAD27 +no_defs
p1 = st_sample(nc[1:3, ], 6)
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
p2 = st_sample(nc[1:3, ], 1:3)
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
#> although coordinates are longitude/latitude, st_intersects assumes that they are planar
plot(st_geometry(nc)[1:3])
plot(p1, add = TRUE)
plot(p2, add = TRUE, pch = 2)
x = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0),c(90,0),c(90,90),c(0,90),c(0,0)))), crs = st_crs(4326)) plot(x, axes = TRUE, graticule = TRUE)
if (sf_extSoftVersion()["proj.4"] >= "4.9.0") plot(p <- st_sample(x, 1000), add = TRUE) x2 = st_transform(st_segmentize(x, 1e4), st_crs("+proj=ortho +lat_0=30 +lon_0=45")) g = st_transform(st_graticule(), st_crs("+proj=ortho +lat_0=30 +lon_0=45")) plot(x2, graticule = g)
if (sf_extSoftVersion()["proj.4"] >= "4.9.0") { p2 = st_transform(p, st_crs("+proj=ortho +lat_0=30 +lon_0=45")) plot(p2, add = TRUE) } x = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0),c(90,0),c(90,10),c(0,90),c(0,0))))) # NOT long/lat: plot(x)
p_exact = st_sample(x, 1000, exact = TRUE) p_not_exact = st_sample(x, 1000, exact = FALSE) length(p_exact); length(p_not_exact)
#> [1] 1000
#> [1] 974
plot(st_sample(x, 1000), add = TRUE)
x = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(-180,-90),c(180,-90),c(180,90),c(-180,90),c(-180,-90)))), crs=st_crs(4326)) if (sf_extSoftVersion()["proj.4"] >= "4.9.0") { p = st_sample(x, 1000) st_sample(p, 3) } # hexagonal: sfc = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,0), c(1,1), c(0,0))))) plot(sfc)
h = st_sample(sfc, 100, type = "hexagonal") h1 = st_sample(sfc, 100, type = "hexagonal") plot(h, add = TRUE)
plot(h1, col = 'red', add = TRUE)
c(length(h), length(h1)) # approximate!
#> [1] 95 105
pt = st_multipoint(matrix(1:20,,2)) ls = st_sfc(st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0),c(0,1))), st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0),c(.1,0))), st_linestring(rbind(c(0,1),c(.1,1))), st_linestring(rbind(c(2,2),c(2,2.00001)))) st_sample(ls, 80)
#> Geometry set for 4 features (with 1 geometry empty) #> geometry type: MULTIPOINT #> dimension: XY #> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 0.09485929 ymax: 1 #> epsg (SRID): NA #> proj4string: NA
#> MULTIPOINT (0 0._PHONE_, 0 0._PHONE_, 0 0.74865...
#> MULTIPOINT (0.08146043 0, 0.02502268 0, 0.09485...
#> MULTIPOINT (0.07894482 1, 0.07237983 1, 0.02862...
#> MULTIPOINT EMPTY
plot(st_sample(ls, 80))


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I am working with a numerical application where some known techniques solve $\Delta u=\rho$ for $\rho(x,y)\geq0$ defined on a planar rectangle (given as the density of a large pointset). Since the application is related to transportation problems, I suspect that solving Monge-Ampere $\det(D^2 u)=\rho$ (with the same boundary conditions) may work better. Hence, the following questions.
 1. What are the most striking differences between the two PDEs? It would be useful to have examples of $\rho$ leading to very different solutions, and to identify general properties of individual solutions that differ between the two equations. For example, do solutions of Poisson's equation with nonzero $\rho$ minimize some useful functionals?
 2. Are the best numerical techniques for these equations essentially the same? The answers may differ if best is interpreted in terms of speed/convergence, robustness, ease of programming, support in Matlab, or availability of open-source solvers.
 3. Should I expect the (nonlinear) Monge-Ampere equation to be more difficult to solve (numerically) than the Poisson's equation with the same $\rho$ and the same boundary conditions? Is it possible/practical to solve Monge-Ampere by somehow solving/resolving Poisson's equation?
 4. What are good references on these topics?
Just in case, my $\rho$ can be heavily concentrated in small regions, often vanishes in other regions, and may experience sharp steps-like discontinuities. But this can be papered over by Gaussian smoothing (at some cost).
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Thinking aloud: for #1, we may want to consider two cases (1) $\rho$ with well-articulated saddle points and (2) $\rho$ without saddle points. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 9:56
Your reasons for wanting to consider the Monge-Ampere equation are rather vaguely stated, and your questions about the equation are quite broad. The differences are sufficiently big that you should not pursue this unless the application really does call for the Monge-Ampere equation, which is nonlinear, not necessarily elliptic, and therefore much more difficult to work with numerically. I also see that you are at Michigan, so I encourage you to consult colleagues in the math department and maybe even others in your own department about this. – Deane Yang Feb 6 '12 at 10:26
A basic difference is that the Laplacian is invariant under Euclidean motions, while the Hessian determinant is invariant under unimodular affine motions. – Dan Fox Feb 6 '12 at 14:40
Hmm... I am not sure how to exploit such invariance in my case, since the domain is bounded and $\rho$ seems unlikely to be invariant. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 23:22
Igor, my point was that the local geometry naturally associated to the two operators is different, so already in the case where the domain is the entire space and $\rho$ is a constant, or for the Dirichlet problem, the equations/solutions behave quite differently. The Monge-Ampere equation is more difficult than the Laplacian. As Deane Yang has pointed out above, the nonlinearity/linearity is one reason. The local geometry is another. On the other hand, by the arithmetic/geometric mean inequality there is some relation. In this regard see papers of Dean/Glowinski about the M-A case. – Dan Fox Feb 7 '12 at 8:22
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
I agree with Deane Yang's comment and will try to expand on it in this answer.
First, the standard formulation of the Monge-Ampere equation is $ \det(D^2u)=\rho $.
Second, the Monge-Ampere equation and the Poisson equation are completely different, and the numerical techniques for the two problems are very different. The Monge-Ampere equation is fully nonlinear and will in general be much more difficult to solve numerically.
Finally, a recent paper on numerical methods for Monge-Ampere is S.C. Brenner, T. Gudi, M. Neilan, and L.-Y. Sung, C0 penalty methods for the fully nonlinear Monge-Ampere equation, Mathematics of Computation, 80:_PHONE_, 2011. The references inside should give you a starting point for your questions.
share|cite|improve this answer
Omitting $det$ in the question was a typo (sorry!) - I fixed that. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 17:16
_USER_, _USER_ - I am looking at ''A gradient descent solution to the Monge-Kantorovich problem,'' Chartrand et al (Applied Math Sci 2009, 3(22))…. This should explain my interest in $\det(D^2u)=ρ$ (but not the use of $Δu=ρ$ by others). Sections 3 and 4 apparently imply a straightforward numerical solution technique for Monge-Ampere --- consider $f_2=const$ in Formulas 14 and 24. How do I reconcile this with "much more difficult to solve numerically"? Thx for your help. – Igor Markov Feb 6 '12 at 17:32
Igor, I confess to being a pure mathematician who knows very little about numerical solutions of PDE's. My answer was based on the general belief that linear PDE's are usually much easier to solve numerically than nonlinear ones. But the paper you found does appear to find a very nice unconstrained variational approach to solving certain types of elliptic Monge-Ampere equation. If that's exactly what you need, then that's great! – Deane Yang Feb 6 '12 at 17:36
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Cascara Sagrada A.K.A. Sacred Bark Herb
By | August 9th, 2015 | Modified - February 28th, 2019
Cascara Sagrada AKA Sacred Bark Herb
Cascara Sagrada AKA Sacred Bark Herb
Cascara sagrada is the commercial name for a tree whose botanical name is Rhamnus purshiana. Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn and its traditional or common names used by Native Americans include sacred bark, chittam bark bearberry persiana bark, and purschiana bark.
The sacred bark herb is made from the bark of the cascara sagrada tree or shrub, which is native to the pacific northwest of North America and includes areas south of British Columbia eastward to northwestern Montana and southward to central California.
Native Americans used the term sacred bark because of the wide range of cascara sagrada benefits.
Relieves Constipation
The bark of the cascara sagrada plant contains anthraquinone compounds that is used widely in many commercial products to relieve constipation and upset stomachs. Anthraquinones act as a laxative causing peristaltic action in the colon. Peristaltic action is the worm-like movement of muscles in the colon that moves waste through the colon.
A whole food plant-based diet maximizes peristaltic action because dietary fiber stimulates peristalsis, while the consumption of meat, dairy, and processed foods inhibit peristalsis.
Toning of the Intestinal Tract
Cascara sagrada bark herb and also high fiber plant-based foods stimulate peristalsis. This worm-like contraction helps to push waste out of diverticula that compromise the structure of the intestinal wall and intestinal function. Removal of waste from the intestines allow them to to heal and regain original tone and function.
Anti-Cancer
Scientific studies have shown that the anthraquinone aloe emodin which is present in cascara sagrada has anti-cancer properties. It presents activity against neuroectodermal tumors, which are tumors of the central or peripheral nervous system,[1] stomach cancer,[2] and lung cancer[3].
The anthraquinone emodin in sacred bark has been shown to have neuroprotective properties,[4] liver protective properties,[5] and chemo-preventive properties.[6][7][8]
Traditional Medicine
Cascara sagrada bark has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years to treat a variety of disorders including high blood pressure, congestion, gallstones, gas, hemorrhoids, liver disorders, and nervous disorders. One thing to remember about traditional medicine is its benefits are often dismissed until Western science validates them, which doesn't mean this benefits aren't real and only means western science hasn't caught up.
Removes Soft Tissue Calcification
My primary interest in cascara sagrada is Dr. Sebi's use of it is his lymphalin products. Dr. Sebi uses cascara sagrada, hydrangea root, red clover, mulato to break up calcification in soft tissue which provides safe haven for viruses and bacteria.
Breaking up the calcification in soft tissue removes the barrier and allows nutrients and phytonutrients kill pathogens and neutralize toxins so they can be removed from the body.
Usage
Short-term or periodic use is recommended because long-term may result in diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, and a dependence on the herb to stimulate peristaltic action. Pregnant women are cautioned against using the herb.
Learn more about cascara sagrada and other herbs used in Dr. Sebi's methodology and how to use them in my book Alkaline Herbal Medicine.
Learn About Foods That Support Health and Vitality on the Dr. Sebi Nutritional Guide »
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Alklaine Plant Based Diet
About Author:
Aqiyl Aniys is the author of the books Alkaline Herbal Medicine, Alkaline Plant Based Diet and the children's book, Faith and Justice eat an Alkaline Plant Based Diet." He received a certificate in plant-based nutrition from Cornell University, a BA in Organizational Behavior and Communications from NYU, worked as an elementary school teacher, and studied social work. He enjoys boxing, kick boxing, cycling, power walking, and basically anything challenging, and his alkaline plant-based diet supports all that he does. Learn more about transitioning to an alkaline vegan diet using the Dr. Sebi nutritional guide.
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text:
(10.) Butzer and Freeman write that under normal conditions the Nile inundation reaches bankfull stage
in the southern Nile by mid-August and in the northern Nile (where the Israelites lived) 4-6 weeks later, which puts its highest level around the beginning of October.
When the water level is even with the banks, the river is at bankfull stage
. And when the water level exceeds the banks or overflows, the river is at a flood stage.
As before, earlier and later measurements of the cross-section and the upstream and downstream cross-sectional profiles were used for reference to determine the bankfull stage
The particle sized based estimate of Manning's roughness value (n = 0.023) at bankfull stage
was consistent with a roughness value derived from measured flow velocities at bankfull stage
(n = 0.022).
corresponds to the discharge at which overbank flow is incipient.
Participants will learn about stream processes related to channel formation, field assessment, techniques to identify bankfull stage
, the Rosgen classification system for natural streams, channel evolution, and restoration options for impaired streams.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
It is the responsibility of owners to clean up after their dog if it leaves waste in public areas. Dog poo on roads, footpaths and parks is a common source of complaint to Council. Council's Rangers can fine owners who don't clean up after their dog. The Companion Animals Act dictates a $275 fine for failing to remove dog faeces.
When it rains, your dog's waste gets washed down the stormwater drains and into the nearest creek. It ends up in either Middle Harbour or the Lane Cove River. There is a high level of nutrients in dog droppings, and this contributes to toxic algal blooms and aquatic weeds in our waterways. These blooms and weeds harm the marine organisms that keep our creeks healthy. Plus, dog droppings contain bacteria that can be harmful to people. They can contain infectious roundworm eggs that can cause serious illnesses.
When walking your dog, carry bags to collect your dog's droppings and put them in the bin. Don't let your dog out unsupervised or let it poo on your neighbour's lawn. Take responsibility for your animal; it's something that comes along with pet ownership.
Plastic-Free Dog Waste Bags
Willoughby City Council has been providing dog tidy bags in many of our off-leash dog parks to encourage responsible dog ownership. Following a recent growth in understanding of the detrimental impacts of plastics on our environment, we have started trialling new plastic-free dog waste bags in all of our dispensers, which are made from corn and are 100% biodegradable and compostable. Unfortunately, as it still takes a long time for biodegradable bags to break down and if they end up in our waterways they still are a major threat to marine life, it is important to always dispose of the bags properly in a red bin. If you have tried the new bags, please provide us with feedback on 9777 1000 or at _EMAIL_.


Modrý Kameň – castle
 Modrý Kameň was built before 1285, probably by the then-mentioned knight Petr Forró. After his death, the stronghold was taken over by the sons of Kazimir from the mighty Hunt-Poznanski family, but as early as 1290 the castle was recaptured by the siblings of Petr, the founders of the later mighty Balass family, who owned Modrý Kameň until the 19th century. A short break was only the period of reigns of Matthew III Csák, the magnate ruling in the early fourteenth century the areas of today's western Slovakia. However, after his death in 1321, the king returned Modrý Kameň to the rightful owners.
In the 1560s, the castle was rebuilt due to the Turkish threat. It didn't do much good, because in 1575, due to the flight of the crew, the castle was captured by the Ottoman army. They owned the castle until 1593, when they succumbed to the attacks of Mikuláš Pálffy and Krištof Tiefenbach. Before they retreated, however, they set fire and blew up the stronghold. In the years _PHONE_, the castle was rebuilt and enlarged by Sigismund Balassa. In the next war with Turkey in 1659, the castle was destroyed again.
In 1683, castle was conquered by the rebel armies of Imrich Tököly and was seriously damaged. The damage was not repaired by the owners and the upper, gothic part of the castle has been in ruins since then. In 1730 Gabriel Balassa built a baroque palace in the lower part of the castle, and in 1759 a chapel dedicated to Saint Anne. After the extinction of the Balassa family in 1899, the property was taken over by the Almášiov family. The last owner of the castle was duchess Almášiov, who in 1923 sold the entire estate to the Czechoslovak state.
 The oldest upper castle consisted of a perimeter of defensive walls of an oval shape and dimensions of approximately 46 x 32 meters, located on the top of a rocky hill. Residential and utility buildings were located along it. The gate was placed in a wall break on the south-east side, where the oldest residential building was also located, with at least one chamber was heated by a fireplace. The lower, outer defensive wall was an additional protection from the north and east. Descriptions of the castle from the first half of the 16th century, before the early modern transformations, also mention a stone tower, some wooden buildings over the basements, stone buildings, a chapel and a well.
 To the east of the castle's core was the outer bailey, transformed in the 16th century. It consisted of a vast courtyard surrounded by a wall of a rectangular shape and reinforced by two bastions. Entrance to its area was preceded by a wide ditch.
Current state
 Currently in the palace, whose walls coincide with the course of the walls of the lower castle, is a seat of a museum of toys. The preserved ruins of the upper castle are located on the other side of the palace's courtyard. The castle is open in May-October from 9.00-17.00, and in the remaining months from 8.00-15.00.
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Wasielewski A., Zamki i zamczyska Słowacji, Białystok 2008.


How do I add different options or variants of the same product to my Website Builder shopping cart?
Our Website Builder shopping cart makes it easy to sell different forms of the same product. For example, you can add different sizes and colors for a t-shirt. You can add this to your product from within our shopping cart editor in our variants section.
To add options and variants to your product:
 1. Sign in to your Dynadot account.
 4. Click on the "Shopping Cart" (the one that looks like a cart) on the left-hand tool bar.
 5. Select the "Inventory" tab and select the product you want to add a variant to or click on "Add Product" to add a new product.
 6. Under the variants section, you will see two options: Add Option and Add Variant.
 7. Before you can add a variant of your product, you must first add an option. In the example above, you would need to add color as your option.
 8. Click the "Add Option" button and enter the option you want to add and the default value.
 9. Once you click save, the option you added will show along the top row along with the product's SKU, Price, Stock, Weight, Dimensions, and whether it's hidden or visible.
 10. Once you've added your product options, click on "Add Variant".
 11. This will create another product row where you can adjust the options available. For example, the top row can represent a red t-shirt and the next row down can represent a white t-shirt.
 12. To adjust the options for your variant, click on the Edit button or to delete it, click the trash button.
 13. Click the "Save" button on the top left on the screen to finalize your changes.
To view your options on the product page:
 1. From within your Website Builder editor, go to your product page.
 2. Hover over your product and click "Open Product".
 3. You should now see your options on this page in a drop down menu.
What is the difference between a variant and an option in our Website Builder shopping cart editor?


text:
Root River Conservation Drainage Integrated Whole Farm Designs
This project aims to mitigate flow and nitrate impacts from agricultural drainage to the Root River through the installation of a suite of multi-purpose drainage management practices.
An existing partnership among agencies, land grant institutions, non-governmental organizations, engineers, landowners and farm managers presented a unique opportunity to demonstrate and expand innovative conservation practices within the headwaters of the Root River Watershed near Grand Meadow, MN. This proposal increases filtration basin storage capacity, treats subsurface flow with managed drainage, and a woodchip bioreactor, and treats surface runoff with rock trench side inlets. Project partners will conduct outreach and evaluate the applicability of these practices throughout the area.
This project will install an infiltration basin with a woodchip bioreactor, side -inlet controls, and drainage water management control structure to mitigate the impacts of agricultural drainage from a 388 acre watershed.
This project resulted in the installation of an infiltration basin with a woodchip bioreactor, side-inlet controls, and drainage water management control structure to mitigate the impacts of agricultural drainage from a 388 acre watershed.


authorea Authorea 10.22541/au.168669548.81231808/v1 Double-Input Triple-Output Non-Isolated DC-DC Converter Based on Coupled-Inductor with High Stepped-Up Output Voltages Saadatizadeh Zahra
University of Tabriz Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
0000-0003-_PHONE_ Babaei Ebrahim
University of Tabriz Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Hosseini seyyed hossein
University of Tabriz Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
13 6 2023 This preprint is available at _URL_ This paper introduces a new non-isolated double-input triple-output (DITO) high voltage gain DC-DC converter with a wide range of applications, including hybrid voltage source systems, solar home appliances, dc bus power distribution systems, and electrical vehicles (EV). The proposed DITO converter interfaces two hybrid voltage sources to supply three different output loads with varying voltage and power levels. Compared to conventional converters of the same type, the proposed DITO converter offers several advantages, including operation for all duty cycles, integration of hybrid energy sources to transfer power to multiple loads, high voltage conversion ratio for all three output ports, a higher ratio of total voltage gain to total components number, common grounded input and output DC ports, simultaneous DC voltage regulation of three output ports by tuning separate controlling parameters of duty cycles, an additional turn ratio of coupled inductors to increase the voltage gain of output ports, and medium voltage stress on switches. The proposed DITO converter utilizes a new single-switch single-coupled-inductor DC-DC structure, which is analyzed and verified through a prototype implementation for 25V and 30V input voltages and 210V, 330V, and 400V output voltages with a total power of 480W. The experimental results confirm the simulation results and theoretical analysis. coupled inductor dc-dc non-isolated converter double-input triple-output (dito) converter high voltage gain hybrid voltage sources simultaneous output voltages regulation


text:
Çoban, Serap (2008): The Relationships among Mortality Rates, Income and Educational Inequality in Terms of Economic Growth: A Comparison between Turkey and the Euro Area.
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This study focuses on the relationships among mortality rates, income and educational inequality in terms of economic growth to investigate similarities and differences between the Euro Area and Turkey. For this purpose, income gini as an indicator of income inequality and education gini as an indicator of education inequality are used in the analyses. The relations among the variables are examined with panel data analysis for the Euro Area and with time series analysis for Turkey by using these coefficients and mortality rates for the period of 1980 and 2006. The results show that access to education is more important than the others for Turkey and the Euro Area. There is also a considerable relation between education inequality and mortality rates of infant and adult.
|Item Type:||MPRA Paper|
|Original Title:||The Relationships among Mortality Rates, Income and Educational Inequality in Terms of Economic Growth: A Comparison between Turkey and the Euro Area|
|English Title:||The Relationships among Mortality Rates, Income and Educational Inequality in Terms of Economic Growth: A Comparison between Turkey and the Euro Area|
|Keywords:||Educational Gini, Income Gini, Mortality Rates, Economic Growth, Panel Data Analysis, Euro Area, Turkey|
|Subjects:||I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I3 - Welfare and Poverty > I30 - General
I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I2 - Education and Research Insititutions > I20 - General
I - Health, Education, and Welfare > I1 - Health > I10 - General
|Depositing User:||Serap ÇOBAN|
|Date Deposited:||10. Feb 2009 09:07|
|Last Modified:||21. Feb 2013 20:49|
BARRO J. and J.W. LEE (2000), "International Data on Educational Attainment Updates and Implications", NBER Working Papers, WP No. 7911.
DALY, M., G. DUNCAN, G.A. KAPLAN, J.W. LYNCH (1998), "Macro-to-Micro Linkages in the Inequality-Mortality Relationship", Milbank Quarterly, 76 (3), 315-339.
DEATON, A. (2001), "Health, Inequality and Economic Development", NBER Working Papers, WP No. 8318.
ERDEM, Ekrem ve Serap ÇOBAN (2005), "Türkiye'de İller Bazında Eğitim Eşitsizliğinin Ölçülmesi Ve Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Farklılıklarıyla İlişkisi: Eğitimin Gini Katsayıları", TÜİK, 14. İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu (5-6 Mayıs) 2005 Bildiriler Kitabı, s. 189-205.
FISCELLA, K. and P. FRANKS (1997), "Poverty or Income Inequality as Predictor of Mortality: Longitudinal Cohort Study", British Medical Journal, 314, _PHONE_.
GALEA, S. and J. AHERN (2005), "Distribution of Education and Population Health: An Ecological Analysis of New York City Neighborhoods", American Journal of Public Health, 95 (12), 2198-2205.
HNP, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics of World Bank, _URL_ (Accessed 20.02.2008).
KAPLAN, G. A., E.R. PAMUK, J. W. LYNCH; R. D. COHEN and J. L. BALFOUR (1996) "Inequality in Income and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways", British Medical Journal, 312, _PHONE_.
KAWACHI, I. and B.P. KENNEDY (1999), "Income Inequality and Health: Pathways and Mechanisms", Health Services Research, 34 (1), 215-227.
KAWACHI, I. and B.P. KENNEDY, et al. (1997), "Social Capital, Income Inequality and Mortality", American Journal of Public Health, 87 (9), _PHONE_.
LAPORTE, A. and B.S. FERGUSON (2003), "Income Inequality and Mortality: Time Series Evidence from Canada", Health Policy, 66, 107-117.
LYNCH, J.W., G.A. KAPLAN, E.R. PAMUK, R.D.COHEN, et al. (1998), "Income Inequality and Mortality in Metropolitan Areas of the United States", American Journal of Public Health, 88, _PHONE_.
MULLER, A. (2002), "Education, Income Inequality, and Mortality: A Multiple Regression Analysis", British Medical Journal, Vol. 324, 23-25.
NAS, National Accounts Statistics, OECDStat Beta Version, _URL_ (Accessed 20.02.2008).
REHME, G. (2007), "Education, Economic Growth and Measured Income Inequality", Economica, 74, 493-514.
THOMAS, V., WANG, Y. and FAN X. (2000), Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No: 2525, World Bank.
UNS, United Nations Statistics Division National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, _URL_ (Accessed 25.02.2008)
WIID, UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database V2.0b, May 2007, _URL_ (Accessed 18.02.2008).
WILKINSON, R.G. (1996), Unhealthy Societies, The Afflictions of Inequality, Routledge, London.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


_USER_{AAMM-8-306, author = {}, title = {Rectangular Lattice Boltzmann Equation for Gaseous Microscale Flow}, journal = {Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics}, year = {2018}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {306--330}, abstract = {
The lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) is considered as a promising approach for simulating flows of liquid and gas. Most of LBE studies have been devoted to regular square LBE and few works have focused on the rectangular LBE in the simulation of gaseous microscale flows. In fact, the rectangular LBE, as an alternative and efficient method, has some advantages over the square LBE in simulating flows with certain computational domains of large aspect ratio (e.g., long micro channels). Therefore, in this paper we expand the application scopes of the rectangular LBE to gaseous microscale flow. The kinetic boundary conditions for the rectangular LBE with a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision operator, i.e., the combined bounce-back/specular-reflection (CBBSR) boundary condition and the discrete Maxwell's diffuse-reflection (DMDR) boundary condition, are studied in detail. We observe some discrete effects in both the CBBSR and DMDR boundary conditions for the rectangular LBE and present a reasonable approach to overcome these discrete effects in the two boundary conditions. It is found that the DMDR boundary condition for the square MRT-LBE can not realize the real fully diffusive boundary condition, while the DMDR boundary condition for the rectangular MRT-LBE with the grid aspect ratio a≠1 can do it well. Some numerical tests are implemented to validate the presented theoretical analysis. In addition, the computational efficiency and relative difference between the rectangular LBE and the square LBE are analyzed in detail. The rectangular LBE is found to be an efficient method for simulating the gaseous microscale flows in domains with large aspect ratios.
}, issn = {2075-1354}, doi = {_URL_ url = {_URL_ }


text:
New plan for growing public transport needs
Monday, 20 February 2012 8:30 a.m.
The Bay of Plenty Regional Council has adopted a new Regional Public Transport Plan for a growing demand in the region.
The Strategy, Policy and Planning Committee heard that Bay of Plenty urban bus services had grown in recent years, with patronage in Rotorua and Tauranga growing by 16 percent annually between 2004 and 2011. On-going improvements would be required to maintain growth, increase the number of people using public transport and achieve economic development goals.
Several issues had affected public transport, including withdrawal of funding for school bus services creating peak time congestion, levels of available funding which risked diminishing the value of previous investment, planning for access and mobility needs of small and isolated communities, combined with volatile fuel prices and an ageing population which would increase demand for accessible travel, Regional Transport Committee Chairman Doug Owens said.
"The Bay has two quite different requirements for public transport. On the one hand, in Tauranga and Rotorua there is a high demand for public transport from workers and students. On the other hand, our rural areas are at an increasing risk of living in isolation. The new Public Transport Plan aims to address these two issues in quite different ways," Councillor Owens said.
The Regional Council is responsible for planning, managing and providing financial assistance for public transport services in the region. The Regional Public Transport Plan specifies how it will give effect to public transport components of the Regional Land Transport Strategy and contribute to achieving an affordable, integrated, safe, responsive and sustainable land transport system in an efficient and effective manner.
It enables the Regional Council to contract public transport services, impose controls on commercial services and provide financial assistance to operators or users of a taxi or shuttle services.
It replaces the Council's 2006 public transport plan, identifying targeted services, including Total Mobility services, and describes the levels of service for public transport that people can expect in different parts of the region, identifying priorities for future investment in public transport and what funding is required.
It includes initiatives to improve efficiency, increase frequency and expand coverage in Tauranga and Rotorua, implementation of real-time information, integrated ticketing and bus priority measures as well as considering more flexible demand-responsive services outside the main urban networks.
The review, begun in 2010, has included consultation with community groups and stakeholders from the transport sector, research and analysis of the commercial transport sector, national and international approaches to fare structures and service frequency triggers. The Council has also worked with nearby regional councils and local councils, and heard 36 public submissions.
The submissions indicated a level of satisfaction and support for the direction of the Plan, with minor details to be highlighted or changed.
For further media information please contact Garry Maloney, Transport Policy Manager on 0800 884 880 or Linda Thompson, Senior Communications Advisor, on direct dial 0800 884 881 ext 8149 or (021) 923 339.


text:
The term bracelet is derived from the Latin word "bracchiale" which means "of the arm." The start of the arm decoration such as bracelet began in old Egypt. Originally bracelets were made with different materials like wood, bone, plants and leafs.
In India bangles are a very important part of the traditional jewelry.
Explore bangles and bracelets made of silver, copper, brass and various natural stones which have importance in healing your mind body and soul.
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Science Friday
Today I did 3 experiments. #1 was making 'Surprise Soaps'. Here's how to make it:
1. Grate 1 cup of Ivory® soap into a bowl.
2. Add 1/4 cup of warm water and food coloring (if you want).
3. Knead it until it's like dough.
4. Mold it into any shape you like.
5. Stuff a water-proof small (not small enough to fit down the drain) surprise inside and close the hole.
6. Let it dry overnight and then you are ready to wash!
#2 was 'BIG Soap'. Here's how to make it:
1. microwave 1 chunk


Term:image backup
An image backup is a complete copy of a hard disk or other media. The copy is complete in that it can be restored to an empty hard drive – for example, a replacement hard drive – the result being a hard drive containing everything from the original.
There are, of course, nuances to and even disagreement on the term's meaning.
An image of a hard disk most commonly refers to a copy of all files, folders, and overhead information stored on the disk, including the information required to boot.
Another less common definition is that an image is a copy of every sector on the disk, including those not used, and their physical layout. This is more commonly referred to as a "clone". See What's the Difference Between a Clone and an Image? for a more exhaustive comparison and detailed definition.
The term image can be applied to either a partition or an entire hard disk. While making image backups of specific partitions can have value, only an image backup of the entire hard disk can be used to restore to a replacement hard disk.
« Back to Glossary Index


text:
I am working on a MapInfo plugin to convert MapInfo files to GeoJSON files.
I am having trouble matching up the object types of the two formats. Each GeoJSON object type is described in the documentation. The MapInfo object types are a bit more ambiguous. The best I can find is in the MapBasic reference file which says, for example:
- OBJ_INFO_TYPE value: OBJ_TYPE_REGION
- ID: 7
- Object type: Region Object
This is obvious enough but what exactly is a region? Is it analogous to a Polygon? Or is it any closed object?
Can anyone point me towards a decent definition of each object type?
I sent a message to the MapInfo support people who pointed me towards a section in the MapInfo User Guide headed "Map Objects as Part of Layers" which spells things out perfectly. I still can't find this page in the guide that I have (version 10.5) so I'll paste the relevant section below for anyone else in my position.
Quote starts here:
MapInfo Professional are made up of layers of map objects. There are five basic types of objects:
- Regions: closed objects that cover a given area. These include polygons, ellipses, and rectangles. For example, country boundaries, postal code boundaries, sales territories.
- Point objects: represent single locations of data. For example, customer locations, restaurants, parking meters. Points can also be combined into multipoint objects.
- Line objects: open objects that cover a given distance. These include lines, polylines, and arcs. Examples are streets, rivers, power lines.
- Text objects: text that describes a map or another object, such as labels and titles.
- Collection objects: combination of region, line, and multipoint objects.
You can have each type of object in a separate layer (most common), or you can combine objects in the same layer.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


9/11 In Plane Sight – The Pentagon Part
Created on Sunday, 13 June 2010 09:46
Why were America and the world never shown the video and photographs of the Pentagon, BEFORE the outer wall collapsed?
Many people do not realize that the outer wall did not collapse until almost 30 minutes after the alleged impact. Given that the outer wall of the Pentagon had not yet collapsed and the only hole is approximately 16 ft. in diameter – how does a jetliner over 44 feet tall and 125 ft. wide, fit into that hole as shown in the crystal-clear and close-up photographic evidence from the Pentagon?
Furthermore, can physics explain why there is no damage to the Pentagon's upper floors where the tail section would have hit? In the aftermath, it was reported by media sources that a giant 100 ft. crater was plowed into the front lawn of the Pentagon as the result of the powerful airliner crash. Why does photographic evidence overwhelmingly show that this was absolutely not the case? Why no crater? Why no skid marks? Why no burn marks? Why was the entire world deliberately misled?
Examine the video and photographic evidence for yourself.
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Roche Abbey
To see Roche Abbey in Superzoom click the link below
Unusual in that the site was gifted to the Cistercian order by two benefactors, Roche was one of the first abbey churches to be built completely in the new Perpendicular Gothic style, and was said to be astonishingly beautiful.
Founded in 1147 building in stone probably began around 30 years later from the adjacent magnesium limestone which was of very fine quality. Indeed Roche stone was so highly prized it was used in the construction of Winsdsor Casle.
Situated over Maltby Beck between the former great forests of Sherwood and Barnsdale the monastry was close to the castles of Tickhill and Conisbrough in what is now South Yorkshire. There is a legend that Robin Hood came to Roche for mass, and indeed the abbey is central to the area recorded in the very early ballards.
The house was originally colonised by monks from Newminster Abbey in Northumberland, which itself was the daughter house of Fountains Abbey, near Ripon, so Roche was itself affiliated to Fountains. The abbey never developed extensive holdings but still played a role in important national affairs.
Surrendered in 1538 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries it was pilaged and ransacked by the local population before it could be dismantled by the King's commissionaries.


text:
Genes that are active are located mainly in the central region of the nucleus, while inactive genes are at the periphery. But scientists have had no way to track chromosome movement inside the nucleus or to determine whether the location of the chromosomes was the result of random diffusion or if they are moved around by molecular motors.
In a study published in the April 17 issue of Current Biology, UIC and UIUC researchers show that chromosomes in the cell nucleus are capable of directed, long-range movement that depends on actin and myosin, the major molecular motor complex in the cytoplasm.
Developing a system for observing nuclear motion was difficult because chromosome movement is extremely light-sensitive. One exposure to light, and the chromosome would not move, even though the cell appeared undamaged. After extensive experimentation, researchers at UIUC developed a method that allowed them to take pictures without killing the movement.
Using this system, UIUC graduate student Chien-Hui Chuang studied a chromosome that is normally found in an inactive state near the nuclear periphery and moves to the interior of the nucleus when it receives an activating signal.
"The movement following activation was radically different from the rapid, but short-range, diffuse movement previously observed in these nuclei," said Dr. Andrew Belmont, professor of cell and developmental biology at UIUC, principle investigator and co-author of the study. It was clear that this was directed movement that required a motor, Belmont said, because the chromosome was moving in a nearly straight line perpend
Source:University of Illinois at Chicago


text:
Adding decorative wood pieces to a plain mirror is an inexpensive way to add color to a room or continue a decorating theme in a room. Decorative wood pieces can be found in all shapes and patterns at hobby and craft stores that can be finished to match the exact colors of a room. The decorative pieces are especially suited to updating or continuing a decorating theme in a child's room or bathroom. Gluing wood pieces to a mirror is an easy process that takes minimal preparation and supplies.
Things You'll Need
Wipe the mirror with microfiber cloth to remove dirt and dust.
Video of the Day
Dampen a rag with rubbing alcohol and clean the mirror where the wood will be attached. The rubbing alcohol will remove any greasy residue on the mirror that might affect adhesion.
Apply a thin line of adhesive that is good for both glass and wood up and down the back of the wood piece in a zigzag fashion. Do not place the adhesive line right next to the edge of the wood piece, or it may squeeze out onto the mirror.
Press the wood in place on the mirror. Hold the wood piece in place long enough for the glue to set, or you can tape the wood in place while it dries. Refer to the glue manufacturer's instructions for the drying time, but realize that humidity can increase the amount of time it takes glue to dry. An average amount of time for glue to set is usually two to five minutes.
Use a blow dryer to speed up the drying process of the adhesive.


text:
LOS ANGELES — Robert DeHaven, a World War II fighter ace who downed 14 enemy planes in the Pacific and later became a test pilot and executive with Hughes Aircraft, died July 10 at a hospital near his home in the suburban San Fernando Valley, northwest of downtown, after a long illness. He was 86.
Mr. DeHaven, who was born Jan. 13, 1922, in San Diego, attended Washington and Lee University in Virginia until he joined the Army Air Corps in early 1942.
In 1943 he was assigned to the 49th Fighter Group of the 7th Fighter Squadron at Dobodura, New Guinea. According to the Seattle-based American Fighter Aces Association, on Dec. 10, 1943, Mr. DeHaven shot down 10 Japanese aircraft in offensives over Markham Valley, Hollandia and Buna, Lae, and Biak islands and became an ace, the term used in military aviation circles to designate a pilot who destroys or disables several enemy planes during combat.
During seven days beginning in late October 1944, Mr. DeHaven downed four enemy planes in the Philippines, bringing his total to 14.
He received several medals, including the Silver Star with one oak leaf cluster, which was awarded after he saved a fellow pilot whose plane was surrounded by Japanese fighters.
After the war, Mr. DeHaven was spotted by a talent agent and signed a contract with Columbia Pictures. He made minor appearances in three movies before giving up on acting. He met Howard Hughes, who offered Mr. DeHaven a job as his personal pilot and as a test pilot for his aircraft company. Mr. DeHaven later rose to director of the flight test division. He retired in the 1980s.


Torr to Pounds Per Square Inch Conversion
Enter the pressure in torr below to get the value converted to pounds per square inch.
SWAP UNITS
Results in Pounds Per Square Inch:
Loading content.
1 Torr = 0.019337 psi
How to Convert Torr to Pounds Per Square Inch
Calculators can be used to convert measurements from one unit to another
To convert a torr measurement to a pound per square inch measurement, multiply the pressure by the conversion ratio. One torr is equal to 0.019337 pounds per square inch, so use this simple formula to convert:
pounds per square inch = torr × 0.019337
The pressure in pounds per square inch is equal to the torr multiplied by 0.019337.
For example, here's how to convert 5 torr to pounds per square inch using the formula above.
5 Torr = (5 × 0.019337) = 0.096684 psi
Torr and pounds per square inch are both units used to measure pressure. Keep reading to learn more about each unit of measure.
Torr
The torr is a measure of pressure equal to 1/760 of an atmosphere. Torr is based on an absolute scale of pressure, which is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure plus the gauge pressure.
The torr is a non-SI metric unit for pressure. Torr can be abbreviated as Torr; for example, 1 torr can be written as 1 Torr.
Pounds Per Square Inch
One pound per square inch is the pressure of equal to one pound-force per square inch.
The pound per square inch is a US customary and imperial unit of pressure. A pound per square inch is sometimes also referred to as a pound-force per square inch. Pounds per square inch can be abbreviated as psi; for example, 1 pound per square inch can be written as 1 psi.
PSI can be expressed using the formula:
1 psi = 1 lbfin2
Pressure in pounds per square inch are equal to the pound-force divided by the area in square inches.
Torr to Pound Per Square Inch Conversion Table
Torr measurements converted to pounds per square inch
Torr Pounds Per Square Inch
1 Torr 0.019337 psi
2 Torr 0.038674 psi
3 Torr 0.05801 psi
4 Torr 0.077347 psi
5 Torr 0.096684 psi
6 Torr 0.116021 psi
7 Torr 0.135358 psi
8 Torr 0.154694 psi
9 Torr 0.174031 psi
10 Torr 0.193368 psi
11 Torr 0.212705 psi
12 Torr 0.232042 psi
13 Torr 0.251378 psi
14 Torr 0.270715 psi
15 Torr 0.290052 psi
16 Torr 0.309389 psi
17 Torr 0.328726 psi
18 Torr 0.348062 psi
19 Torr 0.367399 psi
20 Torr 0.386736 psi
21 Torr 0.406073 psi
22 Torr 0.425409 psi
23 Torr 0.444746 psi
24 Torr 0.464083 psi
25 Torr 0.48342 psi
26 Torr 0.502757 psi
27 Torr 0.522093 psi
28 Torr 0.54143 psi
29 Torr 0.560767 psi
30 Torr 0.580104 psi
31 Torr 0.599441 psi
32 Torr 0.618777 psi
33 Torr 0.638114 psi
34 Torr 0.657451 psi
35 Torr 0.676788 psi
36 Torr 0.696125 psi
37 Torr 0.715461 psi
38 Torr 0.734798 psi
39 Torr 0.754135 psi
40 Torr 0.773472 psi


text:
High-speed winds during a thunderstorm may cause trees around an electric grid to crash into the distribution system feeders causing an outage in that area. Currently, most utility companies diminish such accidents by scheduling regular tree-trimming operations. This effort is costly and is based on a rotational approach to different service areas, which may take months and sometimes years before all trees are trimmed.
Texas A&M University researchers have developed an intelligent model that can predict a potential vulnerability to utility assets and present a map of where and when a possible outage may occur. The predictive feature allows the trees in the most critical areas with the highest risk to be trimmed first.
Dr. Mladen Kezunovic, Regents Professor and holder of the Eugene E. Webb professorship in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, along with graduate students Tatjana Dokic and Po-Chen Chen, have developed the framework for a model that can predict weather hazards, vulnerability of electric grids and the economic impact of the potential damage.
By analyzing the impact of a potential vulnerability and weather impacts on power system outages, the researchers can predict where and when outages can occur. Predicting an optimal tree trimming schedule that would minimize the risk of vegetation-related outages is only one of the applications.
"The utility grids and related assets are mostly located outdoors and are exposed to all kinds of weather hazards. Dealing with aging infrastructure assets adds another layer of complexity that utility companies face," said Kezunovic. "Any kind of environmental data that has some relevance to the power system can be fed into this prediction framework."
Data such as a utility company's operational records, weather forecasts, altitude and vegetation around the power systems can be used to customize the applications of the model.
The model is flexible and can process a variety of data despite differing formats and data sources. The researchers say processing such data is a demanding task they have been able to solve. Every source of data and its presentation is different and multifaceted. Based on the goals, they select a large amount of input data from several sources and perform a risk analysis.
Such comprehensive data analytics makes the power system and its operations more reliable.
"The first and foremost goal of utility companies is to assure uninterrupted service," said Chen. "By improving reliability, we can predict outages. If we can prevent outages with historical and close-to-real-time data, we can save millions of dollars since the outages may be mitigated."
The researchers describe their methodology for the framework as a three-part process. First, they investigate the probability of a potential hazard, such as severe weather. Next, they assess the vulnerability of the utility assets by taking the weather probability and predicting its impact on the assets. The last and most significant step is evaluating the impact of certain events and the calculation of costs of reliability indices and maintenance, replacement and repair.
The model analyzed historical and close-to-real-time weather data and successfully predicted future vulnerabilities enabling utility companies to have efficient mitigation measures, such as inspection, repair and maintenance processes.
"Overall the risk analysis helps predict the probability of events happening in the near future and then adds the financial impact allowing development of an optimal action plan for the utility operators to execute," said Chen.
"When outages happen, utility companies lose millions of dollars in just repairs," said Dokic. "The past has shown how certain outages have cost precious lives too."
The researchers used CenterPoint Energy's utility data in their framework and have presented a proof of concept to the company. Their next step is implementation of the model on CenterPoint's database and environment.
View all SMART GRID Bulletins click here


text:
Traffic is the bane of modern driving. No matter how hard we try, or how many lights and systems we put in place, we are very likely to get stuck in a traffic jam. Honda has come to our rescue with the announcement of a system that can detect possible traffic congestions and take steps to correct the problem.
The system is not a workaround on detecting potential traffic and suggesting another route; it in fact checks if the driver's driving pattern could lead to a traffic jam and alerts the driver of the mistake. Developed together with the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo, the system keeps check on the driver's acceleration and deceleration patterns to provide information through a color coded display.
Recent tests showed the system managed to increase the average speed of the vehicle by 23%, while fuel efficiency of trailing vehicles increased by 8%. Honda will soon put the system into road tests in Indonesia and Italy, and make it commercially available soon afterwards.


text:
Temperatures of about 20 000°K with ion densities ranging from 1017 to 1018 cm−3 have been produced in helium by means of explosive‐driven shocks. Helium was used because of its relatively simple structure, but this choice eliminated usual shock methods because of the high sound speed and high ionization potential. Shock waves having sufficient strength and planarity were obtained by reflecting against a glass plate initially strong shock waves produced by high explosives. Equilibrium calculations based on smear camera velocities of accurately plane shocks were used to determine the state of the gas behind the reflected shock wave.
The light emitted consisted of a continuum on which were superimposed shifted and broadened lines of the normal helium spectrum and forbidden lines as well. Time‐resolved spectrograms showed evidence of a measurable relaxation time at the shock front but no evidence of significant radiative cooling of the gas behind the shock.
Under the conditions of these experiments, it was demonstrated that a quantitative prediction of the behavior of the helium states with principal quantum numbers 2, 3, and 4 requires consideration of the effects of electrons as well as ions.


Watch video
Video tutorial
OptionT
OptionT, also known as the Option monad transformer, allows computation inside the context when Option is nested in a different monad.
One issue we face with monads is that they don't compose. This can cause your code to get really hairy when trying to combine structures like ObservableK and Option. But there's a simple solution, and we're going to explain how you can use Monad Transformers to alleviate this problem.
For our purposes here, we're going to utilize a monad that serves as a container that may hold a value, and where a computation can be performed.
Both ObservableK<A> and Option<A> would be examples of datatypes that provide instances for the Monad typeclasses.
Because monads don't compose, we may end up with nested structures such as ObservableK<Option<ObservableK<Option<A>>> when using ObservableK and Option together. Using Monad Transformers can help us to reduce this boilerplate.
In the most basic of scenarios, we'll only be dealing with one monad at a time, making our lives nice and easy. However, it's not uncommon to get into scenarios where some function calls will return ObservableK<A>, and others will return Option<A>.
So let's test this out with an example:
import arrow.*
import arrow.core.*
data class Country(val code: Option<String>)
data class Address(val id: Int, val country: Option<Country>)
data class Person(val name: String, val address: Option<Address>)
fun getCountryCode(maybePerson : Option<Person>): Option<String> =
 maybePerson.flatMap { person ->
 person.address.flatMap { address ->
 address.country.flatMap { country ->
 country.code
 }
 }
 }
Nested flatMap calls flatten the Option, but the resulting function starts looking like a pyramid and can easily lead to callback hell.
We can further simplify this case by using Arrow fx facilities that enables monad comprehensions for all datatypes for which a monad instance is available.
import arrow.typeclasses.*
import arrow.mtl.extensions.*
import arrow.core.extensions.fx
fun getCountryCode(maybePerson : Option<Person>): Option<String> =
 Option.fx {
 val (person) = maybePerson
 val (address) = person.address
 val (country) = address.country
 val (code) = country.code
 code
 }
Alright, a piece of cake right? That's because we were dealing with a simple type Option. But here's where things can get more complicated. Let's introduce another monad in the middle of the computation. For example, what happens when we need to load a person by id, then their address and country to obtain the country code from a remote service?
Consider this simple database representation:
val personDB: Map<Int, Person> = mapOf(
 1 to Person(
 name = "Alfredo Lambda",
 address = Some(
 Address(
 id = 1,
 country = Some(
 Country(
 code = Some("ES")
 )
 )
 )
 )
 )
)
val addressDB: Map<Int, Address> = mapOf(
 1 to Address(
 id = 1,
 country = Some(
 Country(
 code = Some("ES")
 )
 )
 )
)
Now we've got two new functions in the mix that are going to call a remote service, and they return a ObservableK. This is common in most APIs that handle loading asynchronously.
import arrow.fx.rx2.*
import arrow.fx.rx2.extensions.*
fun findPerson(personId : Int) : ObservableK<Option<Person>> =
 ObservableK.just(Option.fromNullable(personDB.get(personId))) //mock impl for simplicity
fun findCountry(addressId : Int) : ObservableK<Option<Country>> =
 ObservableK.just(
 Option.fromNullable(addressDB.get(addressId)).flatMap { it.country }
 ) //mock impl for simplicity
A naive implementation attempt to get to a country.code from a person.id might look something like this.
fun getCountryCode(personId: Int) =
 findPerson(personId).map { maybePerson ->
 maybePerson.map { person ->
 person.address.map { address ->
 findCountry(address.id).map { maybeCountry ->
 maybeCountry.map { country ->
 country.code
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
val lifted = { personId: Int -> getCountryCode(personId) }
lifted
// (kotlin.Int) -> arrow.fx.rx2.ObservableK<arrow.core.Option<arrow.core.Option<arrow.fx.rx2.ObservableK<arrow.core.Option<arrow.core.Option<kotlin.String>>>>>>
This isn't actually what we want, since the inferred return type is ObservableK<Option<Option<ObservableK<Option<Option<String>>>>>>. We can't use flatMap in this case because the nested expression does not match the return type of the expression they're contained within. This is because we're not flatMapping properly over the nested types.
Still not ideal. The levels of nesting are pyramidal with flatMap and map, and are as deep as the number of operations that you have to perform.
Let's look at how a similar implementation would look using monad comprehensions without transformers:
import arrow.fx.rx2.extensions.fx
fun getCountryCode(personId: Int): ObservableK<Option<String>> =
 ObservableK.fx {
 val maybePerson = findPerson(personId).bind()
 val person = maybePerson.fold(
 { ObservableK.raiseError<Person>(NoSuchElementException("...")) },
 { ObservableK.just(it) }
 ).bind()
 val address = person.address.fold(
 { ObservableK.raiseError<Address>(NoSuchElementException("...")) },
 { ObservableK.just(it) }
 ).bind()
 val maybeCountry = findCountry(address.id).bind()
 val country = maybeCountry.fold(
 { ObservableK.raiseError<Country>(NoSuchElementException("...")) },
 { ObservableK.just(it) }
 ).bind()
 country.code
 }
While we've got the logic working now, we're in a situation where we're forced to deal with the None cases. We also have a ton of boilerplate type conversion with fold. The type conversion is necessary because, in a monad comprehension, you can only use a type of Monad. If we start with ObservableK, we have to stay in it's monadic context by lifting anything we compute sequentially to a ObservableK, whether or not it's async.
This is a commonly encountered problem, especially in the context of async services. So how can we reconcile the fact that we're mixing Option and ObservableK?
Monad Transformers to the Rescue!
Monad Transformers enable you to combine two monads into a super monad. In this case, we're going to use OptionT from Arrow to express the effect of potential absence inside our async computations.
OptionT has the form of OptionT<F, A>.
This means that, for any monad F surrounding an Option<A>, we can obtain an OptionT<F, A>. So our specialization OptionT<ForObservableK, A> is the OptionT transformer around values that are of ObservableK<Option<A>>.
We can now lift any value to a OptionT<F, A>, which looks like this:
import arrow.mtl.*
import arrow.fx.rx2.extensions.observablek.applicative.*
val optTVal = OptionT.just<ForObservableK, Int>(ObservableK.applicative(), 1)
optTVal
// OptionT(value=ObservableK(observable=io.reactivex.internal.operators.observable.ObservableJust@5e8747dd))
or
val optTVal = OptionT.fromOption<ForObservableK, Int>(ObservableK.applicative(), Some(1))
optTVal
// OptionT(value=ObservableK(observable=io.reactivex.internal.operators.observable.ObservableJust@752e446e))
And back to the ObservableK<Option<A>> running the transformer
optTVal.value(


Asked by: Kiowa Eyre
healthy living weight loss
How long is grapefruit good in the refrigerator?
Last Updated: 13th April, 2020
Storing a grapefruit:
Store it at room temperature if you plan to eatthefruit soon, because citrus fruits are always juicierwhenslightly warm. If planning to store grapefruit for alongerperiod, place the fruit in a plastic bag and store inyourfridge crisper. Stored this way, grapefruitswilllast up to 6 weeks.
Click to see full answer.
Besides, can Grapefruit go bad in the fridge?
Grapefruit will generally keep well atroomtemperature for about one week; longer storage at roomtemperaturecan cause the grapefruit to shrivel andlose flavor.Properly stored, grapefruit will usually keepwell for about3 to 4 weeks in the fridge.
One may also ask, what happens if you eat old grapefruit? Grapefruits Are The "Brain Food" WeAllDeserve, But They Do Spoil Quickly. Here's What To LookOutFor. If you can get past its bitter taste, youwillreap the many benefits, which include a high dose of vitaminC,better hydration (grapefruit is 92 percent water),andlowered blood pressure.
Keeping this in consideration, how do you tell if a grapefruit is spoiled?
Some common traits of bad grapefruit are asofttexture and some discoloration of the skin. The soft spotthenbecomes moist and can develops mold, usually white in coloratfirst, and the grapefruit should thenbetossed.
How long can you leave grapefruit on the tree?
The grapefruit takes 6 months to a year toripen,and can last on the tree a long timebeforebeing harvested without affecting the fruitquality.
Related Question Answers
Kwaku Baldovin
Why grapefruit is bad for you?
Grapefruit is a tropical citrus fruit knownforits sweet and somewhat sour taste. It's rich innutrients,antioxidants and fiber, making it one of the healthiestcitrusfruits you can eat. Research shows that it may havesomepowerful health benefits, including weight loss and a reducedriskof heart disease.
Jiajie Chicot
Does grapefruit juice go bad?
Grapefruit juice that has beencontinuouslyrefrigerated will keep for about 7 to 10 days afteropening. Thebest way is to smell and look at the grapefruitjuice: ifthe grapefruit juice develops an off odor,flavor orappearance, or if mold appears, it shouldbediscarded.
Badri Lanzi
Can Grapefruit kill you?
How Grapefruit Can Kill You. If youlovegrapefruit and are on certain medications, thinktwice!Anthony shows us how it could kill you. Today,Anthonyexplains why medications with very specific uses cancauseserious complications and more importantly,death.
Farah Espartal
Is it OK to eat a grapefruit everyday?
While the pith of grapefruit can have more ofabitter taste than say, oranges, it's worth eating alongwiththe fruit (if you can). Fiber is a good thing, and canhelplower blood sugar, cholesterol, and possibly even coloncancerrisk.
Aynoa Mahonin
Can you freeze grapefruit slices?
You can even store grapefruit inthefreezer. Peel them and freeze them whole, or cut themapartand freeze the sections. Freeze grapefruitsectionsin a single layer on parchment paper. When it isfrozen,transfer the sections into Ziploc freezer bags, labeledanddated.
Ursicina Frontela
What color should grapefruit be?
Grapefruit should be harvested when at leasthalfof the peel has started to turn yellow or pink.Maturegrapefruit may still be green in color, but abetterbet is to wait until the fruit turns hue. Remember, thelonger thefruit stays on the tree, the sweeter it becomes; sobepatient.
Syuzanna Arrimar
How do you store grapefruit and oranges?
If you plan to keep your grapefruit forupto 3-4 weeks, be sure to store them in alow-humiditycrisper drawer. Similar to oranges,grapefruit shouldbe placed into a mesh or otherwisewell-ventilated storagebag.
Houssame Uribaster
How can I buy grapefruit?
It should feel plump and heavy, as if it's about toburstwith sweet grapefruit juice. In general, ripe citruswillhave smooth, thin skin. Give the grapefruit a nicesqueeze tosee if it's firm. Firm all the way around is agoodsign.
Abdelhanin Verbeet
Do oranges go bad in the fridge?
As the Florida Department of Citrus pointsout,oranges don't ripen any further once they've been pickedandthe refrigerator is the best place for maximimizingtheirshelf life. At room temperature, oranges usually keepfor upto one week — in your fridge, they'll generallystayfresh for three to four weeks.
Macario Weissleder
Can old fruit make you sick?
Most of us don't intentionally eat moldy produce, butitcan happen without realizing. Most people won'tgetsick from eating moldy foods. Of course, some people aremoresensitive than others. If you develop symptoms orifyou became ill, for most people, any illness atallwould be temporary.
Janet Boyd
Can old grapes make you sick?
Grapes. However, as grapes are highinfructose, a natural sugar that can cause gas, andalsocontain a lot of tannins that can lead to stomachupset,grapes might be giving you nausea anddiarrhoea. Ifthis is the case, try swapping grapes for otherfruits richin resveratrol such as blueberries.
Karamo Borstell
Does one moldy orange ruin the rest?
Eating this mold could make you ill. If it'sasmall soft or moldy spot, just cut it away and enjoytherest. If a large portion of the fruit is toosoft,mold has invaded all the way through and you're betteroffskipping it. With tomatoes, if you see brown spots on theoutsideor brown seeds inside, throw it away.
Marquita Abdulrahmanov
How do you store grapefruit at home?
Storing whole grapefruit: Storewholegrapefruit at room temperature up to a week, or for 2to 3weeks in the refrigerator. Tip: You'll find grapefruitto bejuicier and sweeter if you return it to room temperaturerightbefore serving.
Zhilin Jorajuria
What happens if you eat spoiled fruit?
"If you do eat a food past theexpirationdate [and the food] is spoiled, you coulddevelopsymptoms of food poisoning," said registered dietitiannutritionistSummer Yule, MS. The symptoms of foodborne illness canincludefever, chills, stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea,andvomiting.
Rodayna Oroz
Columba Yasser
Can a bad orange make you sick?
When oranges are beginning to spoil, theywillbecome soft at first, and then develop a white mold. Themoldwill quickly spread and turn green. Oranges shouldbediscarded as soon as they start to become soft. Any sour, rottenorfermented smells indicate spoilage, and the orangeshouldnot be consumed.
Nellie Sanchez Pastor
Do clementines go bad?
Clementines will generally keep well atroomtemperature for about one week; longer storage at roomtemperaturecan cause the clementines to shrivel and loseflavor.Properly stored, clementines will usually keep wellforabout 1 to 2 weeks in the fridge.
Adalberto Scharfchen
Which is the healthiest fruit?
Here are the 20 healthiest fruits on earth.
 1. Grapefruit. Share on Pinterest.
 2. Pineapple. Among the tropical fruits, pineapple is anutritionsuperstar.
 3. Avocado. Avocado is different from most other fruits.
 4. Blueberries. Blueberries have powerful health benefits.
 5. Apples.
 6. Pomegranate.
 7. Mango.
 8. Strawberries.
Rahhal Mend
Is grapefruit good for your skin?
The antioxidant vitamin C can help to fightskindamage caused by the sun and pollution, reduce wrinkles,andimprove overall skin texture when eaten in food orappliedto the skin. Regular hydration and vitamin A arealsocrucial for healthy-looking skin. Grapefruitprovidesboth of these.


text:
POPE-RACISM (UPDATED) Aug-18-2008 (410 words) With photos. xxxi
Pope urges church to help overcome racism in modern society
By John Thavis
Catholic News Service
VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Pope Benedict XVI warned that racism is alive in modern society, and he urged the church to help overcome all forms of racial intolerance.
He said racism today is often tied to economic and social problems. Although such problems may be real, they can never justify racial discrimination, he said Aug. 17.
While the pontiff did not mention specific countries, his words had an immediate echo in Italy, where a series of government actions against illegal immigrants have prompted strong debate inside and outside the church.
The pope, addressing pilgrims at his summer residence in Castel Gandolfo outside Rome, began his remarks by quoting the prophet Isaiah about the "foreigners" who will be included in the Lord's universal house of prayer.
Likewise, the pope said, the church today is made up of people of every race and culture, and part of its mission is to help forge bonds of communion between races.
That task includes "helping civil society to overcome any possible temptation to racism, intolerance and exclusion," he said.
"One of humanity's great achievements is, in fact, overcoming racism," he said.
The pope said various countries had "new, worrisome signs of racism, often tied to social and economic problems," but such problems could "never justify racial contempt and discrimination."
The pope asked for prayers so that mutual acceptance may grow in the world.
In Italy, some Catholics have criticized the government's new crackdown on illegal immigration and other security measures, saying they are racially discriminatory.
Some of the strongest criticism came after the government, led by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, announced plans to fingerprint every Gypsy who lives in Italy. The Catholic magazine Famiglia Cristiana, Italy's top-selling newsweekly, said the plan was evidence of a "creeping racism."
In mid-August, Famiglia Cristiana stepped up its criticism of the Berlusconi government, saying in effect that officials were provoking a "war among the poor" instead of dealing with Italy's real criminal problems. The comments prompted an outcry.
On Aug. 14, the Vatican spokesman, Jesuit Father Federico Lombardi, said that while Famiglia Cristiana was an important Catholic magazine its views represented its own editorial line and not necessarily that of the Vatican or the Italian bishops.
Members of the political parties that form the governing coalition said the spokesman's statement represented a clear distancing of the Vatican from the magazine's criticism.
Copyright (c) 2008 Catholic News Service/USCCB. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or otherwise distributed.
CNS · 3211 Fourth St NE · Washington DC 20017 · _PHONE_


text: In this paper, we analyze a game called the lowest unique bid auction (LUBA). It is known that there is no closed form solution for the symmetric mixed strategy equilibria in LUBA. We propose two alternative approaches. We use weak dominance to identify upper bounds for players' bids. Under symmetry, we provide a method to compute a mixed strategy equilibrium by utilizing the recursive structure of the winning chances of the bids under one assumption.


Double-Ridged Horn Antenna
Application ID: 41701
A double-ridged horn antenna is popularly used in anechoic chambers to characterize an antenna under test (AUT), from S-band to Ku-band, due to its reliable performance in a wideband frequency range. This tutorial models a double-ridged horn antenna and computes the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), far-field radiation pattern, and antenna directivity.
A lumped port is assigned on the boundary between the inner and outer conducting surface at the end of the coaxial connector. The outermost layer of the air domain is configured to be a perfectly matched layer (PML), which simulates the absorption of all outgoing radiation from the antenna as would occur in a real anechoic chamber. The mesh is dynamically controlled by the Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain interface based on each simulation frequency.


text:
Linear and nonlinear susceptibilities from diffusion quantum Monte Carlo: Application to periodic hydrogen chains
We calculate the linear and nonlinear susceptibilities of periodic longitudinal chains of hydrogen dimers with different bond-length alternations using a diffusion quantum Monte Carlo approach. These quantities are derived from the changes in electronic polarization as a function of applied finite electric field-an approach we recently introduced and made possible by the use of a Berry-phase, many-body electric-enthalpy functional. Calculated susceptibilities and hypersusceptibilities are found to be in excellent agreement with the best estimates available from quantum chemistry-usually extrapolations to the infinite-chain limit of calculations for chains of finite length. It is found that while exchange effects dominate the proper description of the susceptibilities, second hypersusceptibilities are greatly affected by electronic correlations. We also assess how different approximations to the nodal surface of the many-body wave function affect the accuracy of the calculated susceptibilities.
Keywords: Berry phase ; bond lengths ; electric moments ; electron correlations ; exchange interactions (electron) ; hydrogen neutral molecules ; molecular ; moments ; Monte Carlo methods ; optical susceptibility ; polarisability ; wave functions ; 2nd hyperpolarizability ; molecular chains ; wave-functions ; polarization ; localization ; systems ; solids
Record created on 2012-06-29, modified on 2016-08-09


that needs-based loco-regional health workforce planning can be achieved successfully through participatory processes with stakeholders. Stronger health systems and workforce training solutions were delivered by facilitating linkages and planning processes based on community need involving healthcare professionals across all disciplines and sectors. By focusing upon extending competencies and skills sets, local health professionals form a stable and sustainable local workforce. Concrete examples of initiatives generated from this process include developing a chronic disease inter-professional teaching clinic in a rural town and renal dialysis being delivered locally to an Aboriginal community. The growing trend of policy makers decentralising health funding, planning and accountability and rising health system costs increase the future utility of this approach. This type of planning can also assist the new PHNs to commission health services
 3. Regional health workforce planning through action research: lessons for commissioning health services from a case study in Far North Queensland.
 PubMed
 Panzera, Annette June; Murray, Richard; Stewart, Ruth; Mills, Jane; Beaton, Neil; Larkins, Sarah
 2016-01-01
 Creating a stable and sustainable health workforce in regional, rural and remote Australia has long been a challenge to health workforce planners, policy makers and researchers alike. Traditional health workforce planning is often reactive and assumes continuation of current patterns of healthcare utilisation. This demonstration project in Far North Queensland exemplifies how participatory regional health workforce planning processes can accurately model current and projected local workforce requirements. The recent establishment of Primary Health Networks (PHNs) with the intent to commission health services tailored to individual healthcare needs underlines the relevance of such an approach. This study used action research methodology informed by World Health Organization (WHO) systems thinking. Four cyclical stages of health workforce planning were followed: needs assessment; health service model redesign; skills-set assessment and workforce redesign; and development of a workforce and training plan. This study demonstrated that needs-based loco-regional health workforce planning can be achieved successfully through participatory processes with stakeholders. Stronger health systems and workforce training solutions were delivered by facilitating linkages and planning processes based on community need involving healthcare professionals across all disciplines and sectors. By focusing upon extending competencies and skills sets, local health professionals form a stable and sustainable local workforce. Concrete examples of initiatives generated from this process include developing a chronic disease inter-professional teaching clinic in a rural town and renal dialysis being delivered locally to an Aboriginal community. The growing trend of policy makers decentralising health funding, planning and accountability and rising health system costs increase the future utility of this approach. This type of planning can also assist the new PHNs to commission health services
 4. Queensland Seasons
 Atmospheric Science Data Center
 2016-05-27
 ... in Queensland, Australia, are illustrated by these six image panels acquired by MISR on June 7 (left) and September 27 (right), 2003, during ... structure, terrain and soil type, and by the different solar illumination conditions on the two dates. In the near-infrared band ...
 5. Long-term frequent prescribed fire decreases surface soil carbon and nitrogen pools in a wet sclerophyll forest of Southeast Queensland, Australia.
 PubMed
 Muqaddas, Bushra; Zhou, Xiaoqi; Lewis, Tom; Wild, Clyde; Chen, Chengrong
 2015-12-01
 Prescribed fire is one of the most widely-used management tools for reducing fuel loads in managed forests. However the long-term effects of repeated prescribed fires on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate how different fire frequency regimes influence C and N pools in the surface soils (0-10 cm). A prescribed fire field experiment in a wet sclerophyll forest established in 1972 in southeast Queensland was used in this study. The fire frequency regimes included long unburnt (NB), burnt every 2 years (2yrB) and burnt every 4 years (4yrB), with four replications. Compared with the NB treatment, the 2yrB treatment lowered soil total C by 44%, total N by 54%, HCl hydrolysable C and N by 48% and 59%, KMnO4 oxidizable C by 81%, microbial biomass C and N by 42% and 33%, cumulative CO2-C by 28%, NaOCl-non-oxidizable C and N by 41% and 51%, and charcoal-C by 17%, respectively. The 4yrB and NB treatments showed no significant differences for these soil C and N pools. All soil labile, biologically active and recalcitrant and total C and N pools were correlated positively with each other and with soil moisture content, but negatively correlated with soil pH. The C:N ratios of different C and N pools were greater in the burned treatments than in the NB treatments. This study has highlighted that the prescribed burning at four year interval is a more sustainable management practice for this subtropical forest ecosystem.
 6. 1988 Wet deposition temporal and spatial patterns in North America
 SciTech Connect
 Simpson, J.C.; Olsen, A.R.; Bittner, E.A.
 1992-03-01
 The focus of this report is on North American wet deposition temporal patterns from 1979 to 1988 and spatial patterns for 1988. It is the third in a series of reports that investigate the patterns of annual precipitation-weighted average concentration and annual deposition for nine ion species: hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Mosaic maps, based on surface estimation using kriging, display concentration and deposition spatial patterns of pH, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and calcium ion species for 1988 annual, winter, and summer periods. Temporal pattern analyses use a subset of 35 sites over a 10-year (1979--1988) period and an expanded subset of 137 sites, with greater spatial coverage, over a 7-year (1982--1988) period. The 10-year period represents the longest period with wet deposition monitoring data available that has a sufficient number of sites with data of known quality to allow a descriptive summary of annual temporal patterns. Sen's median trend estimate and Kendall's seasonal tau (KST) test are calculated for each ion species concentration and deposition at each site in both subsets.
 7. 1988 Wet deposition temporal and spatial patterns in North America
 SciTech Connect
 Simpson, J.C.; Olsen, A.R.; Bittner, E.A.
 1992-03-01
 The focus of this report is on North American wet deposition temporal patterns from 1979 to 1988 and spatial patterns for 1988. It is the third in a series of reports that investigate the patterns of annual precipitation-weighted average concentration and annual deposition for nine ion species: hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Mosaic maps, based on surface estimation using kriging, display concentration and deposition spatial patterns of pH, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and calcium ion species for 1988 annual, winter, and summer periods. Temporal pattern analyses use a subset of 35 sites over a 10-year (1979--1988) period and an expanded subset of 137 sites, with greater spatial coverage, over a 7-year (1982--1988) period. The 10-year period represents the longest period with wet deposition monitoring data available that has a sufficient number of sites with data of known quality to allow a descriptive summary of annual temporal patterns. Sen's median trend estimate and Kendall's seasonal tau (KST) test are calculated for each ion species concentration and deposition at each site in both subsets.
 8. 1987 wet deposition temporal and spatial patterns in North America
 SciTech Connect
 Simpson, J.C.; Olsen, A.R.
 1990-03-01
 The focus of this report is on North American wet deposition temporal patterns from 1979 to 1987 and spatial patterns for 1987. The report investigates the patterns of annual precipitation-weighted average concentration and annual deposition for nine ion species: hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Data are from the Acid Deposition System (ADS) for the statistical reporting of North American deposition data which includes the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN), the MAP3S precipitation chemistry network, the Utility Acid Precipitation Study Program (UAPSP), the Canadian Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN), and the daily and 4-weekly Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS-D and APIOS-C). Mosaic maps, based on surface estimation using kriging, display concentration and deposition spatial patterns of pH, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and calcium ion species for 1987 annual, winter, and summer periods. The temporal pattern analyses use a subset of 39 sites over a 9-year (1979--1987) period and an expanded subset of 140 sites with greater spatial coverage over a 6-year (1982--1987) period. 68 refs., 15 figs., 15 tabs.
 9. Canopy position affects the relationships between leaf respiration and associated traits in a tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland.
 PubMed
 Weerasinghe, Lasantha K; Creek, Danielle; Crous, Kristine Y; Xiang, Shuang; Liddell, Michael J; Turnbull, Matthew H; Atkin, Owen K
 2014-06-01
 We explored the impact of canopy position on leaf respiration (R) and associated traits in tree and shrub species growing in a lowland tropical rainforest in Far North Queensland, Australia. The range of traits quantified included: leaf R in darkness (RD) and in the light (RL; estimated using the Kok method); the temperature (T)-


International Transport Forum Discussion Papers
English, French
Budgeting and Reporting for Public-Private Partnerships
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can appeal to governments because they offer a new way of providing public services that is possibly more efficient than traditional public finance. But they can also appeal to governments because they allow new investments to be undertaken without any immediate increase in reported government spending or debt. This second motive for using PPPs rests largely on an illusion, because in the absence of efficiency gains (which are probably small relative to the total cost of the project), PPPs and publicly financed projects have a similar long-run effect on public finances. In some PPPs, the government defers payment, but ultimately must still pay the full cost of the project. In others, it concedes the right to collect user fees, and thus loses revenue it would have collected if the project had been financed traditionally.
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text: The point is that the quaternions are an extemsion of the complex numbers - they are a larger set of numbers - just as the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers. Within the set of real numbers -1 has no square root at all. Within the complex numbers -1 has two square roots. And within the quaternions -1 actually has infinitely many square roots. Hope that helps.


So the thing is that I found the next sentence:
I understand the whole sentence and all, but that 「目を合わせて逸らさない」is troubling me.
I asked what it meant, and it was something like "To make eye contact and not look away", but then, does the tense of the last verb not affect the former one?
Maybe is it some kind of expression?
 - Can you elaborate on what is troubling you about the tenses? It's not clear at the moment. – user3856370 Mar 20 at 10:56
If you're asking if the negative form of the verb 逸らす would also affect 合わせる, it would not. "To make eye contact and not look away" is correct. If you want both to be negative, you would have to say "合わせないで逸らさない" (although, it makes no sense in this context).
Your Answer


text:
Trees Forever is accepting community applications through Sept. 25 for grants to plant trees. Through the Recover, Replant, Restore program, grants of $500 to $3,000 are available to help Illinois communities diversify their forests or recover from natural or man-made disasters, especially the emerald ash borer.
Projects may include planting trees along streets, trails and community entryways and at schools, public buildings and parks. The projects can help communities prepare for disasters with more diverse disease- and storm-resistant shade trees.
Recover, Replant, Restore grants are available through a partnership among Trees Forever, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service.
Application details are available at _URL_-Replant-Restore.


Error handling in Fulcro: 3 approaches
I present three ways of detecting, handling, and showing server-side errors: globally and at the component level.
By default, Fulcro considers only non-200 HTTP status as an error. It is up to you to tell it what is an error and how to handle it.
This is somewhat controversial - as Programming with Pure Optimism in the Fulcro Developers Guide explains:
A server should not throw an exception and trigger a need for error handling unless there is a real, non-recoverable situation.
And, as Tony explained elsewhere (paraphrasing):
Make sure resolvers never throw, and have them return errors as first-class data. Only (detectable) security hacks and (unexpected) bugs should be hard-core errors. Intentional behavior of your server should always return a sensical value for a query, which may in fact simply be something like: "form save failed". In that case components can query for problems with a real query prop, and each resolver can populate that key with an error if it has one. So, if you want to do component-level error handling, just adopt that philosophy and make remote-error? assume that something serious went wrong and the user probably should call support, reload the page, and perhaps even log back in. (You can for example define your own defresolver macro that automatically adds error handling.)
In my case, I have an internal application and I encounter mostly bugs and downstream service issues so this approach is a better fit for me than if I had a public-facing application.
Approach 1: Global error detection and display
Configure Pathom
Make sure to include the p/error-handler-plugin in your Pathom parser. Thus the result of any call might include the map ::p/errors with a path and error details.
Detect errors
Even if pathom returns any ::p/errors, it will not be visible to your code unless you ask for it. You can leverage the :global-eql-transform to ask for it in every query - see how RAD does it.
Set the :remote-error? on your app to a function that returns true if there are errors:
(defonce app
 (app/fulcro-app
 {:remote-error?
 (fn remote-error? [{:keys [body] :as result}]
 (or
 (app/default-remote-error? result) ; if status <> 200
 (map? (:_URL_ body))))
 ;; ...
 }))
When :remote-error? returns true, Fulcro's :global-error-action will be called. We can use it to store the error into the state:
(defn global-error-action
 "Run when app's :remote-error? returns true"
 [{:keys [app state], {:keys [body error-text]} :result :as env}]
 (let [pathom-errs (:_URL_ body)
 msg (cond
 (seq error-text)
 error-text
 pathom-errs
 (->> pathom-errs
 (map (fn [[query {{:keys [message data]} :_URL_ :as val}]]
 (str query
 " failed with "
 (or (and message (str message (when (seq data) (str ", extra data: " data))))
 val))))
 (str/join " | "))
 :else
 (str body))]
 ;; Store the error into the state for display:
 (swap! state assoc :ui/global-error msg)))
;; ...
(defonce app
 (app/fulcro-app
 {:remote-error? ...
 :global-error-action global-error-action
 ;; ...
 }))
Display an error
Let's add an error display component right under the root. I haven't found a simple way to hide it, e.g. on the next successful load/mutation, so it has to be dismissed manually by the user.
(ns example.ui
 (:require
 #?@(:cljs [["semantic-ui-react" :refer [Message]]])
 ;;...
 ))
(def ui-message #?(:cljs (interop/react-factory Message)))
(defsc GlobalErrorDisplay [this {:ui/keys [global-error] :as props}]
 {:query [[:ui/global-error '_]]
 :ident (fn [] [:component/id :GlobalErrorDisplay])
 :initial-state {}}
 (when global-error
 (ui-message
 {:content (str "Noe gikk galt: " global-error)
 :error true
 ;; Trigger a mutations that removes :ui/global-error
 :onDismiss #(comp/transact!! this [(mutations/reset-global-error)])})))
(def ui-global-error-display (comp/factory GlobalErrorDisplay))
(defsc Root [_ {::app/keys [active-remotes] :root/keys [root-router global-error]}]
 {:query [{:root/global-error (comp/get-query GlobalErrorDisplay)} #_...]
 :initial-state {:root/global-error {}}}
 (dom/div
 (div :.ui.container.segment
 (ui-global-error-display global-error)
 (dom/p "Body of the application..."))))
Approach 2: Component-level error handling (not tested)
Here we want to display an error in place of the component querying for the data that failed, so that the error is displayed close to the place where it matters.
Configure Pathom to expose errors next to the failed property
Instead of having a single, top-level ::p/errors, we want this to be included next to the property that failed. So if we query somewhere for :person/credit and it fails, we want to get back {… :person/credit :p/reader-error, ::p/errors {…}}. Components can thus query and access this.
We need to add the _URL_ to our Pathom parser configuration _after the p/error-handler-plugin:
(def parser
 (p/parser
 {#_...
 ::p/plugins [#_...
 p/error-handler-plugin
 (p/post-process-parser-plugin p/raise-errors)]}))
Beware that if you have any of these plugins (p/post-process-parser-plugin p/elide-not-found), (p/post-process-parser-plugin elide-reader-errors), they must run only after raise-errors.
Drop/modify the error detection
We don't have the top-level ::p/errors anymore. Each component queries and displays its errors so we don't need the global-error-action. If you want it anyway, for example to still display a top-level warning that there were any error, you need to modify :remote-error?, for example using something like this (not tested):
(->> body (tree-seq coll? #(cond-> % (map? %) vals)) (some ::p/errors))
Make each component query for its errors
Even though the ::p/errors data is in the response, no component will be able to see it unless it includes it in its query. It doesn't need to be sent to the server; actually you want to exclude it from sending because it would just turn into ::pc/not-found, which would break raise-errors (unless preceded by the (p/post-process-parser-plugin p/elide-not-found) plugin). Use the :global-eql-transform to omit them.
The only option I see here is to create and use a customized version of Fulcro's defsc (and perhaps RAD's defsc-report, defsc-form), that adds ::p/errors to the query.
Wrap components to display the error instead, if present
We can use the Fulcro app's :render-middleware to wrap each component with error handling:
;; In :require - ["semantic-ui-react" :refer [Message]]
(def ui-message #?(:cljs (interop/react-factory Message)))
(defonce app
 (app/fulcro-app
 {:render-middleware
 (fn [this render]
 (if-let [errs (::p/errors (comp/props this))]
 (ui-message {:content (str (comp/component-name this)
 " failed to render due to: " errs)
 :error true})
 (render this)))
 ;; ...
 }))
However, since we already have to create our own


Stability and superconductivity properties of metal substituted aluminum diborides (M0.5Al0.5B2)
AYDIN S. , Simsek M.
COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE, cilt.154, ss.234-242, 2018 (SCI İndekslerine Giren Dergi) identifier identifier
 - Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
 - Cilt numarası: 154
 - Basım Tarihi: 2018
 - Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.08.005
 - Dergi Adı: COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
 - Sayfa Sayıları: ss.234-242
Özet
The stability table and superconducting properties such as screened Coulomb potential, electron-phonon coupling and critical temperature of planar boron sheet included ternary crystalline compounds of MgB2-type M0.5Al0.5B2 (M = Li, Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Hf, Ta, W, Re, and Os) have been investigated by first-principles density functional theory calculations with spin-orbit coupling. It is shown that the M = Li, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Hf, Ta, and W-substituted compounds are thermodynamically stable at the ambient conditions. Among them, Nb0.5Al0.5B2 has the lowest cohesive energy while Ti0.5Al0.5B2 has the lowest formation enthalpy. Except for Be0.5Al0.5B2 , all compounds are mechanically stable, and fourteen of them are dynamically stable also. So, a dozen of M0.5Al0.5B2 (M = Li, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Hf, and Ta) compounds are satisfying all three stability conditions. The calculated electronic properties show that all structures have metallic character and interestingly the radii of the substituted atoms correlate with surface area of regular B6 hexagons and volumes of metal-boron pyramids. All of them are hard materials, and V0.5Al0.5B2 has the highest semi-empirical microhardness (27 GPa). According to the precise phonon dispersion and electronphonon coupling calculations, T-c's of the stable compounds are lower than that of MgB2 (39 K), and Tc0.5Al0.5B2 has higher T-c (similar to 7 K) than the others.