text:
Scientific name: Gasterosteus aculaeatus
A diminutive but aggressive predator, the three-spined stickleback hunts tadpoles and small fish. It is also known for fiercely protecting its nest of eggs until they hatch. Look for it in ponds, lakes and rivers.
Average Lifespan: 3-5 years


Federally Funding Incomplete Care
These days it seems like all I hear about are the twin crises of budget and healthcare, so I wasn't surprised when one of my very first assignments this summer at LSRJ was to research religious hospitals and their funding. What did surprise me, however, was what I learned about the disparate standards of care between secular and religious healthcare facilities.
One out of every six patients in the U.S. is cared for in a Catholic hospital. In fact, the Catholic healthcare system is the largest private non-profit provider of healthcare in the nation – 70% of religiously affiliated hospitals identify as Catholic. Because the Catholic healthcare system has significant medical responsibility for millions of Americans, the services they choose to provide or withhold can have a profound impact on the overall quality of care in the U.S. Additionally, religiously affiliated hospitals receive 50% of their funding from Medicare and Medicaid and also enjoy certain benefits like tax exempt status, low-cost financing through government bond programs, and in some areas, use of municipal buildings.
Because Catholic hospitals receive so much public funding and see so many patients, one might assume that the standard of care in a Catholic hospital is comparable to the standard of care in a secular hospital. Unfortunately, this assumption may not be true.
Some patients treated in Catholic hospitals – women in particular – may not be receiving reproductive healthcare considered basic and essential by secular medical facilities. That is because Catholic healthcare providers are governed by the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, with which all Catholic health care providers are obligated to comply (Directive 5).
Under the Directives, Catholic hospitals are prohibited from providing contraception (Directive 52), sterilization (Directive 53), most infertility treatments (Directives 40, 41, 42), condom distribution for AIDS prevention (Directive 52 prohibits all contraception, regardless of the reason), or abortion services (Directive 45). Directive 48 goes so far as to say no medical care that could be construed as abortion can be provided, even to a woman with an extra-uterine (ectopic) pregnancy.
It is also difficult to obtain emergency contraception in Catholic hospitals—even as treatment for rape or sexual assault. Despite the fact that it is expressly addressed in the Directives, the language of Directive 36 is unclear on when and under what circumstances EC can be provided:
Since emergency contraception is most effective in the first 72 hours, a healthcare provider's refusal to provide comprehensive treatment can further traumatize survivors of rape and sexual assault by forcing them to leave the hospital and attempt to obtain EC elsewhere.
Catholic hospitals do provide a tremendous amount of care in rural and impoverished communities – indeed, they are often the only hospital in such communities. The question remains, however, whether funding institutions that refuse to provide the full spectrum of reproductive healthcare is really the best use of our scarce federal Medicaid and Medicare dollars.
-Megan Mullett
2 thoughts on "Federally Funding Incomplete Care
 1. Ah….yes… you are correct. But please remember that every woman and person has a CHOICE which hospital that they decide to go to.
 2. Unfortunately, Tara, that isn't always true. While urban dwellers may have a choice of hospitals, many suburban and rural areas are served by only one hospital. Additionally, survivors of violent crime who are transported by emergency personal for medical evaluation are often not in a position to choose a hospital (if there is more than one in the vicinity).
 I feel like you may have missed the point of my post — even if every community had several hospitals to choose from, the fact remains that using federal tax dollars to fund facilities that do not provide the full spectrum of standard medical care is a questionable decision. Especially when those federal funds are creating two classes of people — those who can afford or have access to secular hospitals with comprehensive reproductive health care, and those who can't. Comprehensive reproductive health care is a basic human right that should be available to all Americans.
Comments are closed.


A comprehensive guide on the Bitumen Emulsifier Market and Covid-19 Impact
Photo Credit To ANGDAL Asphalt Solutions
A comprehensive guide on the Bitumen Emulsifier Market and Covid-19 Impact
A comprehensive guide on the Bitumen Emulsifier Market and Covid-19 Impact
Article by Chaitali Avadhani
The global bitumen emulsifier market has been tremendously affected during the Covid-19 outbreak. Various types of bitumen emulsifiers such as cationic, anionic, and rapid setting are prominently used in the road construction business. The post-Covid-19 world is considered to be promising for the bitumen emulsifier market.
Roads play a vital role in building economy, maintaining trade routes, enhancing tourism activities, and act as a bridge for connecting places. Therefore, the need to maintain them is necessary for any country to ensure that the connection doesn't break. An important component that aids in road construction and maintenance is the bitumen emulsifier.
What is Bitumen Emulsifier?
A perfect blend of water and fine droplets of bitumen forms the bitumen emulsifier. Bitumen is basically a petroleum product and therefore the chances of bitumen mixing with water drop significantly. The sticky nature of bitumen causes it to disintegrate into droplets and in order to overcome this issue, emulsifiers such as fatty quaternary ammonium compounds are utilized.
How has Covid-19 affected the Bitumen Emulsifier Market?
The coronavirus outbreak led to a lockdown across the entire globe and affected the economy drastically. Almost all the industries had to shut down to curb the spread of infection that had already taken a lot of lives. This pandemic resulted in the decline of various markets, including the bitumen emulsifier market that has a critical role in road construction and maintenance.
However, all is not lost, according to a report published by Research Dive, the bitumen emulsifier market is expected to grow and surpass the $154.3 million mark by 2026, with a healthy CAGR of 3.9%.
The report also mentions that the bitumen emulsifier market shall be back in its form by Q3/Q4 of 2022. Moreover, as several cities and nations have resumed activities, construction projects too have resumed. For instance, the Indian government has released all the pending dues regarding constructions.
Likely Scenario of Bitumen Emulsifier Market in Post Covid-19 Outbreak
Once the pandemic subsides, construction activities will resume with full throttle. Major hotspots for road constructions are India, the U.S.A, Mexico, and UK as their governments are investing in public infrastructure such as hospitals, railways, and highways. This factor will boost the importance of bitumen emulsifier market after Covid-19 pandemic. As the world population is considerably rising, the need for better roads will positively affect the market.
Urbanization, road repairs, and maintenance in developing and developed countries will propel the market growth. For instance, America consists for the largest road networks which are followed by India and China. The U.S.A road covers around 4.3 million kilometres of paved roads that recommend the use of bitumen emulsifier for constructions and repairs.
Apart from this, bitumen is also used for roof waterproofing that utilizes non-ionic bitumen emulsifiers. From the regional perspective, the Asia-Pacific region will have the biggest bitumen emulsifier market in the post pandemic scenario.
Why to Use Bitumen Emulsifiers?
Bitumen emulsifiers have their own set of benefits that make them unique. Some of the advantages of using bitumen emulsifiers are as follows:
 - These have anti-stripping properties
 - They can be used for oil stabilization in deserts
 - They are used in wet conditions such as rains or a snowy environment
 - They are eco-friendly in nature
 - The rapid setting type of bitumen emulsifier is used for road surfaces
 - The medium setting type of bitumen emulsifier is used for premixing of coarse aggregates with bitumen emulsion
 - The slow setting type of bitumen emulsion is used with fine aggregates as there is enough time for uniform mixing
 Types of Bitumen Emulsifiers
There are two types of bitumen emulsifiers which are as follows:
 1. Based on surface charge, it is further classified into:
 - Cationic bitumen emulsifier (electro-positively charged)
 - Anionic bitumen emulsifier (electro-negatively charged)
The choice of using bitumen emulsion depends on the mineral composition of aggregates that are used in construction activities. For example, an electro-positively charged emulsifier is used with silica aggregates whose surface is negatively charged. This assures stable binding with the bitumen.
 1. Based on setting time, where the speed of water evaporation and separation of water from bitumen is considered, it is divided into:
 - Rapid setting emulsion: Here, bitumen breaks quickly; therefore this type of emulsion has the ability to set after evaporation quickly.
 - Medium setting emulsion: This type of emulsion doesn't break spontaneously when applied on aggregates; however the breaking point commences when fine mineral particles are mixed with aggregate emulsion mixture.
 - Slow setting emulsion: These types of emulsions are relatively slow in setting and are considered as stable than the other two types.
Future Scope of the Bitumen Emulsifier Market
From the above stated facts and figures, the importance of bitumen emulsifier market in society is pretty much clear. The future goals, challenges, and functioning of this market substantially depends on how the key market players work and collaborate.
This market is likely to enhance rapidly in the post-Covid-19 period due to rise in public and private investments for building infrastructures. Moreover, various government projects for building a robust economy will also enhance the global bitumen emulsifier market after the Covid-19 pandemic. This market has a bright future in the upcoming years.
Chaitali Avadhani is currently working in the content writing industry and has a Master's degree in journalism and mass communications from Savitribai Phule Pune University. She is naturally attracted towards writing and is harbouring experiences in the same field. Apart from this, she is a certified mountaineer and has passed out from Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling. Outside the office she is actively engaged in fitness activities such as running, cycling, and trekking.
Related posts


Keeping fit and active is one of the best defences against Covid-19, both physically and mentally. Claremont Road Runners are happy to encourage socially distanced training sessions for those interested.
We are guided on what is permissible and how to train by England Athletics ( and Rise (
We suggest that when current guidance permits you use email, Facebook etc to arrange to meet with others and run together. So far, during the Covid epidemic, socially distant training sessions have permitted limited numbers to run together (first six individuals, then later just two individuals).
Guidance for running with others during the Covid pandemic
 1. Maintain social distance and remain at least 2 metres from others.
 2. If you are feeling at all unwell then please do not run.
 3. Consider if your health, or someone you live with, places you in a more vulnerable category with respect to Covid. Decide whether it is appropriate for you to take part in group sessions. Government advice is available online.
 4. It is everyone's responsibility to obey social distancing rules. If you feel others are not sticking to the rules, then say something.
 5. There will be no toilet or changing facilities at sessions, so arrive ready to run.
 6. Consider how if you suffer an injury, you will you get home or first aid? You may want to carry cash, a card or first aid kit
 7. If you have not trained for some time, then take it easy to begin with. Injuries are much more common if you have had a period of less stressful training.
 8. If you test positive for Covid-19 after running with others, then please inform the club secretary (, who will let those you have run with know. As we run in a covid-safe environment, contact with others should be minimal, and the risk of infection should be small.
Running Risk Assessment
Hazard Risk Precaution Revised risk
The coronavirus is transmitted by infected persons exhaling droplets containing viral particles. High Assume everyone you meet is infectious. Stay alert and maintain social distancing. Low
The virus can stay alive on various surfaces for several days. High Do not touch anything unnecessarily. Do not touch any your face without removing your gloves or washing your hands first. Low
Exercising near an infected person for an extended period greatly increases the risk of inhaling the virus. High Do not run directly behind another runner. If you have to run in line, allow at least 4 metres from the runner in front. This can be reduced if you run diagonally behind them. Where space allows, run alongside each other rather than in line Low
Although a runner is moving too quickly to have a significant risk of being infected by pedestrians etc that they pass, runners can leave a cloud of infected aerosol vapour behind that could infect others High Maintain a safe distance of at least 2 metres from other road/footpath users. Give warning of approach so that others can take avoiding action if they wish Low


How Do Palm Trees Survive Hurricanes?
Hurricane footage often shows palm trees weathering the wrath; here's how they stand their ground.
palm trees in a hurricane
behindlens / Getty Images
When hurricane footage floods the airwaves it's always intense; the lashing winds and flying waves, torrents of rain and water taking over the streets. But this always makes me wonder: Pieces of houses and big trees are tossed around like toys during extreme weather, but palm trees seem able to stand their ground. Given their location they are obviously well suited to stand up to angry storms, but how?
Trees are masters of engineering – Mother Nature really has a handle on things, and this is especially true with the tall slender members of the botanical family Arecaceae. Plant ecologist Dan Metcalfe explains that palm trees have three distinctive features that help them survive the punishing conditions of hurricanes and cyclones, and even tsunamis.
Rambling Roots
First of all, most palm trees have a large number of short roots spread across the upper levels of the soil, which work to secure a large amount of soil around the root ball. As long as the soil is relatively dry to start off with, this works to create a super large, heavy anchor. As opposed to having just a few very strong roots, this wider network creates a bottom-heavy base that helps keep the tree in place.
A Wiry Trunk
The trunk of a pine or oak tree grows in a radial pattern; the annual rings effectively make a series of hollow cylinders inside each other, says Metcalfe. Meanwhile, the stem of a palm tree is made of many small bundles of woody material, which Metcalfe likens to the bundles of wires inside a telephone cable. He notes:
Palm trees do get snapped in extreme conditions, but they are much tougher in this regard than other trees.
Clever Leaves
While most trees rely on their beautiful canopy of branches, twigs, and leaves to spread out and grab as much sunlight as possible, the canopy can also grab a lot of wind and water. In a bad storm, the canopy can act as a sail and pull the poor thing over; branches can easily be shorn off, as well as the detachment of the whole canopy.
Meanwhile, think of a palm tree. They have no wide-spreading branches, rather huge leaves with a central, flexible spine – like enormous feathers, notes Metcalfe. In nice weather, the fronds spread out and make a fine canopy, but in instances of strong wind and water... what do the fronds do? They fold up. With less resistance against the elements, they are much more likely to make it through intact. Of course some leaves may suffer and palm detritus is part and parcel of storm clean-up, but as Metcalfe notes of lost leaves, "they are much 'cheaper' for the palm to replace than a whole canopy of branches would be."
So there you have it. If you're like me and feel twinges of empathy when seeing palms battling the harshest of elements, you can at least take solace in knowing that they are likely up to the task.


6.111 Labkit
 FPGA Labkit
for 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems
6.111 homeLabkit home → VGA Video Output
VGA Video Output
by Nathan Ickes
VGA is a high-resolution video standard used mostly for computer monitors, where ability to transmit a sharp, detailed image is essential. VGA uses separate wires to transmit the three color component signals and vertical and horizontal synchronization signals.
VGA Signals
Like any video format, VGA video is a stream of frames: each frame is made up of a series of horizontal lines, and each line is made up of a series of pixels. The lines in each frame are transmitted in order from top to bottom (VGA is not interlaced), and the pixels in each line are transmitted from left to right. Separate horizontal and vertical synchronization signals are used to define the ends of each line and frame. A composite synchronization signal (actually an XOR of the horizontal and vertical signals) is also encoded on the green color channel.
The ADV7125 video DAC reads an 8-bit value for each of the red, green, and blue channels on each cycle of the pixel clock. There is a two-cycle pipeline delay between when the digital codes are read by the DAC and when the corresponding analog voltages appear on the DAC outputs. The RGB input signals can be overridden by the sync and blank signals: The active low blank signal forces all three DAC outputs to their black level, while the active low sync signal forces the green DAC to a special sync level below the normal black level.
Each line of video begins with an active video region, in which RGB values are output for each pixel in the line. The active region is followed by a blanking region, in which black pixels are transmitted. In the middle of the blanking interval, a horizontal sync pulse is transmitted. The blanking interval before the sync pulse is known as the "front porch", and the blanking interval after the sync pulse is known as the "back porch". Note that the dedicated horizontal sync signal output from the FPGA directly to the VGA connector must be delayed by two clock cycles relative to the composite sync signal passed to the DAC chip, to account for the pipeline delay of the DAC.
Frames are constructed from lines in much the same way as lines are constructed from pixels. The beginning of a frame contains all of the lines that will actually be displayed on the screen, followed by a number of black lines that make up the front porch. Next comes a vertical sync pulse that lasts for several lines, and then more black lines to make up a back porch. Note that the composite sync signal embedded in the green channel appears inverted during the vertical sync pulse: remember that the composite sync is an XOR of the horizontal and vertical sync signals.
VGA Timings
The following table lists timing values for several popular resolutions.
Format Pixel Clock
Horizontal (in Pixels) Vertical (in Lines)
640x480, 60Hz 25.175 640169648 48011231
640x480, 72Hz 31.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
640x480, 75Hz 31.500 640169648 48011232
640x480, 85Hz 36.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 56Hz 38.100 80032128128 _PHONE_
800x600, 60Hz 40.000 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 72Hz 50.000 _PHONE_ 60037623
800x600, 75Hz 49.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
800x600, 85Hz 56.250 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 60Hz 65.000 102424136160 _PHONE_
1024x768, 70Hz 75.000 102424136144 _PHONE_
1024x768, 75Hz 78.750 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
1024x768, 85Hz 94.500 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
Source: Rick Ballantyne, Xilinx Inc.
As with RS-232, the standard for VGA video is that there are lots of standards. Every manufacturer seems to list different timings in the manuals for their monitors. Fortunately, the exact values given in the table above are not particularly critical. On a CRT monitor, the lengths of the front and back porches control the position of the image on the display. If the image appears offset to the right or left, or up or down, try adjusting the front and back porch values for the corresponding direction (or use the image position adjustments on the monitor, which accomplish the same thing). LCD monitors will generally center the active video region automatically.
Generating the Pixel Clock
The pixel clock frequency can be synthesized from the 27MHz oscillator built into the labkits by using one of the twelve Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) built into the labkit FPGA. DCMs have numerous uses, one of which is generating a clock signal whose frequency is some multiple of the frequency of a reference clock.
DCMs cannot be inferred by behavioral Verilog: they must be explicitly instantiated. The following Verilog code illustrates how to instantiate a DCM in order to generate a pixel clock.
 DCM pixel_clock_dcm (.CLKIN(clock_27mhz),
The reference clock (clock_27mhz in the above example) must be supplied to CLKIN input of the DCM. CLKFX is the frequency-multiplied output clock. The above code fragment leaves many of the DCMs inputs and outputs unconnected: the unconnected ports can safely be ignored in this application.
The operation of a DCM is determined by a number of constraints, which can be entered as special comments in the Verilog code. For our simple frequency synthesis application, only two constraints are essential.
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_DIVIDE of pixel_clock_dcm is 9
 // synthesis attribute CLKFX_MULTIPLY of pixel_clock_dcm is 26
The CLKFX_MULTIPLY and CLKFX_DIVIDE constraints determine the frequency of the output clock. In the example above, the 27MHz input clock frequency is multiplied by 26 and then divided by 9, resulting in an output frequency of 27*26/9 = 78MHz. CLKFX_MULTIPLY must be between 2 and 32 (inclusive), and CLKFX_DIVIDE must be between 1 and 32.
This has been a very minimal description of how to use a DCM: for a complete explanation of the features and capabilities of DCMs, see the Libraries Guide volume of the Xilinx documentation.
More Information
MIT 6.111 Introduction to Digital Systems, Updated April 12, 2007


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The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003
 1. Ralph J Delfino (rdelfino{at}uci.edu)
 1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
 1. Sean Brummel (sbrummel{at}uci.edu)
 1. Dept of Statistics, School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, United States
 1. Jun Wu (junwu{at}uci.edu)
 1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
 1. Hal Stern (sternh{at}uci.edu)
 1. Dept of Statistics, School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, United States
 1. Bart Ostro (bostro{at}oehha.ca.gov)
 1. Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, United States
 1. Michael Lipsett (mlipsett{at}dhs.ca.gov)
 1. Exposure Assessment Section, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, CA Dept of Health Services, United States
 1. Arthur Winer (amwiner{at}ucla.edu)
 1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of CA, Los Angeles, United States
 1. Donald H Street (orpollen1{at}aol.com)
 1. Independent consultant, Salem, OR, United States
 1. Lixia Zhang (lzhang{at}dhs.ca.gov)
 1. Exposure Assessment Section, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, CA Dept of Health Services, United States
 1. Thomas Tjoa (ttjoa{at}uci.edu)
 1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
 1. Daniel L Gillen (dgillen{at}uci.edu)
 1. Dept of Statistics, School of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, United States
 Abstract
 Objective: There is limited information on the public health impact of wildfires, expected to grow given the influence of global warming. We evaluated the relationship of cardiorespiratory hospital admissions (N=40,856) to wildfire-related particulate matter (PM2.5) during catastrophic wildfires that struck southern California in October 2003.
 Methods: Zip-code level PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using spatial interpolations from measured PM2.5, light extinction, meteorological conditions, and smoke information from MODIS satellite images at 250m resolution. We used generalized estimating equations for Poisson data to assess the relationship between daily admissions and PM2.5, adjusted for weather, fungal spores (associated with asthma), weekend, zip code-level population and sociodemographics.
 Results: Associations of two-day average PM2.5with respiratory admissions were stronger during as compared with before or after the fire. Average increases of 70 μg/m3 PM2.5 during heavy smoke conditions compared with PM2.5 in the pre-wildfire period were associated with 34% increases in asthma admissions. The strongest wildfire-related PM2.5 associations were for people ages 65-99 years (10.1% increase per 10 μg/m3 PM2.5, 95% CI: 3.0, 17.8%) and ages 0-4 years (8.3%, 95% CI: 2.2, 14.9%) followed by ages 20-64 years (4.1%, 95% CI: -0.5, 9.0%). There were no PM2.5-asthma associations in children ages 5-18 years, although their admission rates significantly increased after the fire. Per 10 μg/m3 wildfire-related PM2.5, acute bronchitis admissions across all ages increased by 9.6% (95% CI: 1.8, 17.9), COPD admissions for ages 20-64 years increased by 6.9% (95% CI: 0.9, 13.1), and pneumonia admissions for ages 5-18 years increased by 6.4% (95% CI: -1.0, 14.2). Acute bronchitis and pneumonia admissions also increased after the fire. There was limited evidence of a small impact of wildfire-related PM2.5 on cardiovascular admissions.
 Conclusions: Wildfire-related PM2.5 led to increased respiratory hospital admissions, especially asthma, suggesting that better preventive measures are required to reduce morbidity among vulnerable populations.
 Statistics from Altmetric.com
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In fiscal year 2018, Georgia taxpayers and others who made at least $10 million saw their audit rate fall to 6.66%. In fiscal year 2017, the audit rate for those making at least $10 million that year was 14.52%. Audit rates also dropped for those who made between $1 million and less than $10 million in fiscal year 2018. This cut in audit rates for higher earners comes after the tax code overhaul in 2017.
It is unlikely that an individual in Georgia or anywhere else will have his or her tax return selected for audit. Overall, just 0.6% of returns will face further scrutiny after they are sent to the IRS. The odds of an audit are influenced by how much money a person makes. Those who make $10 million or more have an audit rate of 14.4%, but money is not the only factor in determining whether a return will be reviewed.
Taxpayers in Georgia may fear an IRS audit as one of their worst nightmares. These detailed overviews of tax filings may leave even honest taxpayers worried. That's why filers should be aware that the agency announced that it may be changing its methods to determine which returns to audit. In testimony before Congress, the IRS Commissioner said that the agency would work to increase its focus on wealthier taxpayers. This came in response to questions from members of Congress about why people with low incomes were disproportionately targeted for audits, particularly applicants for the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Georgia residents might be happy to know that their chances of being audited are fairly low. While it is still important to turn one's taxes in on time, an individual has a 1 in 160 chance of being audited. In 2010, about 1 in 90 people were audited. A tighter budget led to a smaller IRS, which means fewer audits.
Some Georgia taxpayers may be concerned about getting audited by the Internal Revenue Service. Much of the concern could be due to the significant amount of misinformation that circulates about tax audits.
Criminal tax cases are relatively rare in Georgia. Tax professionals and attorneys will say that one common way to bring on a criminal case related to taxes is to be evasive or obstructive during dealings with the Internal Revenue Service. It's something to keep in mind during an audit, the behavior of the person being audited could turn the case into a criminal one. When an auditor comes across suspicious behavior during an audit, he or she can alert the Criminal Investigation Division of the IRS.
Georgia residents and others are advised to keep a physical and digital copy of a tax return for as long as they live. This can be helpful in the event that the IRS claims a person hasn't filed a return in a given year or filed a fraudulent return. Furthermore, the government generally has no deadline to come after a taxpayer who understates his or her income on a tax return.
Most people living in Georgia take care to submit accurate tax returns. However, some tax documents end up being flagged by the IRS's algorithms, subjecting filers to an audit. Interestingly, there is some evidence that it is not the wealthy who are the most likely to be audited, but those who claim lower incomes and might be eligible for the earned income tax credit.
When Georgia residents file their taxes, they may be concerned about the threat of an audit by the Internal Revenue Service. The thought of an auditor going through receipts, paperwork and pay stubs can be enough to make any taxpayer nervous. However, statistics show that tax audits are less likely than they have been in years. The budget of the IRS has been cut repeatedly since 2011; at that time, it had a budget of $12.1 billion annually. In 2017, that figure was down to $11.2 billion. During the intervening years, the agency lost one-third of its personnel dedicated to enforcement.
If a person is audited by the IRS, he or she has rights that the agency must respect. For instance, Georgia residents have the right to have questions answered promptly and to expect employees to act professionally at all times. If a taxpayer does not receive good service, he or she may ask to speak with a supervisor about his or her experience.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Projects per year
Hardware-in-the-loop transmission testing requires precise speed and torque tracking of the actuators that emulate the engine and vehicle dynamics. System-inversion-based feedforward controllers offer a solution, but they do not work for non-minimum-phase systems. Preview filters can provide stable approximate inversion of non-minimum-phase systems, but they require future values, which are not available in hardware-in-the-loop tests. This article develops a simple but effective controller to enable preview filters to provide causal inversion within the frequency range of interest. Causality is achieved by adding manual delays to the measured response signal either in a closed-loop or open-loop configuration, followed by system identification in the frequency domain. The proposed controller was initially validated experimentally for precise speed and torque tracking of uncoupled actuators. Then additional compensators were designed to deal with two dynamometers, which are coupled through a transmission system. The effectiveness of the proposed coupled controllers is demonstrated experimentally by using the dual actuator hardware-in-the-loop transmission test facility and commercially supplied models for the engine, driver and vehicle.
|Number of pages||10|
|Journal||Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering|
|Publication status||Published - Mar 2013|
1/03/06 → 28/02/09
Project: Research council
Sahinkaya, M. N., Wang, P., & Akehurst, S. (2013). Causal inversion of non-minimum-phase systems for hardware-in-the-loop transmission testing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, 227(3), 298-307. _URL_


text:
The City of Springfield has contracted the Ozarks Environmental and Water Resources Institute at Missouri State University to measure stream flow and sample water quality parameters in the Jordan Creek Underground to determine potential inputs from leaking sewer lines and other shallow groundwater sources. Exfiltration losses from leaking sanitary sewer systems can cause pollution problems in receiving streams and water quality surveys have been used to locate wastewater exfiltration from sanitary sewers into local streams (Dove et al., 2013, Owen et al. 2017, Owen et al. 2018). Jordan Creek is located in central Springfield, Missouri and flows through an underground box culvert that was built in 1928 within the old industrial area of downtown Springfield. The purpose of this study is to quantify variations in water quality at base flow along a 4,400 ft reach of the Jordan Creek that includes the portion that flows through the underground box culvert between Grant Ave. and Sherman Parkway in downtown Springfield.
Owen, Marc R.; LeTarte, Sarah; and Pavlowsky, Robert T., "Flow and Water Quality Assessment of the Jordan Creek Underground, Springfield, Missouri" (2019). OEWRI Technical Reports. 43.


text:
- 1. Two-way H-bridge motor drive, can drive two DC motors or one 4-wire two-phase stepper motor at the same time
- 2. Module supply voltage 2V-10V
- 3. Signal input voltage is 1.8-7V
- 4. Single working current 2.5A, low standby current (less than 0.1uA)
- 5. Built-in anti-common state conduction circuit, when the input terminal is suspended, the motor will not malfunction
- 6. Built-in overheat protection circuit (TSD) with hysteresis effect, no need to worry about motor stall
- 7. Product size: 31 x 32 x 5mm (length, width and height), small size, suitable for assembly and vehicle
- 8. Mounting hole diameter: 2 mm.
- 9. Weight: 11g
- 1. The inverted positive and negative power will cause damage to the circuit.
- 2 The output is cut to ground or short-circuit output, and the motor position, the chip protects the heat, but at the voltage close to or greater than 10 V and the maximum current is greater than 2.5A the situation can also cause burned chip
- T here may be 0- 2 Cm error due to M Annual measurement Thank you for your understanding!
- 1 x Stepper Motor Driver MX1919 2.5A Controller Board Dual Channel H-Bridge

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- Can someone read your text messages from another phone?
- Can someone read my text messages from their iPhone?
- How can you tell if someone is reading your text messages?
- Is someone spying on my phone?
- Can I track my wife's phone without her knowing?
- How can I track my husbands cell phone without him knowing and for free?
- How can I see my boyfriends text messages without him knowing for free?
- How do you tell if your phone is being monitored?
- Why am I getting my wifes text messages on my iPhone?
- How do I stop someone from getting my text messages?
- Can someone access my text messages?
- How can I read someones text messages without them knowing?
Can someone read your text messages from another phone?
No one is allowed to trace, track or monitor someone else's text messages.
One of the hacking spyware built and used for the text messages spying purposes mentioned above is mSpy.
Using cell phone tracking apps is the most well-known method of hacking someone's smartphone.
Can someone read my text messages from their iPhone?
Yes. If he has an iPad, Mac, or iPhone hooked up to the same iCloud account as you use on your iPhone, then all of the texts you receive will notify him too, and he can see your sent texts and send some of his own too.
How can you tell if someone is reading your text messages?
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How to see if someone has read your text message on iphone
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Is someone spying on my phone?
If you are the owner of an Android device, you can check whether there is spy software installed on your phone by looking at your phone's files. Go to Settings. Find "Additional settings."
Can I track my wife's phone without her knowing?
You can send your spouse an email with an image in it – once he or she clicks on it, the app is installed without their knowledge. This app can monitor their texts, emails, calls, and location as well. mSpy is the preferred tracker when it comes to Android phones and tablets.
How can I track my husbands cell phone without him knowing and for free?
mSpy can help you track your husband's cell phone. You can also monitor all calls dialed and received, contacts, calendar, text messages (SMS) and other important data to tell if your husband is cheating. With the help of mSpy you can track and locate your husband's cell phone without hime knowing.
How can I see my boyfriends text messages without him knowing for free?
The quickest, most hassle-free way to read your boyfriend's text messages without touching his phone is via Spyic for iOS. The app allows you to remotely read your boyfriend's texts without physically accessing the iPhone or even going near it.
How do you tell if your phone is being monitored?
Here are 10 ways to tell whether or not your phone is being monitored.
- Abnormally High Data Usage.
- Cell Phone Shows Signs of Activity in Standby Mode.
- Unexpected Reboot.
- Odd Sounds During Calls.
- Unexpected Text Messages.
- Deteriorating Battery Life.
- Increasing Battery Temperature in Idle Mode.
- Increased Shut Down Duration.
Why am I getting my wifes text messages on my iPhone?
If you're getting messages meant to go to another device or person in your family, it might be because your Apple ID is tied to their particular devices. To see which accounts are associated with your Apple ID, go to Settings>iCloud>select your account at the top>Devices. Head to Settings>Messages>Send & Receive.
How do I stop someone from getting my text messages?
To do this, open the conversation thread from them in the Messages app. Tap the three dots in the upper right corner, then choose "People and Options." Tap on "Block ." A popup window will ask you to confirm you want to block the number, noting that you will no longer receive calls or texts from this person.
Can someone access my text messages?
Reading Text Messages Secretly
You can read text messages on any phone, be it Android or iOS, without the knowledge of the target user. All you need is a phone spy service for it. Such services are not rare nowadays. There are so many apps that advertise phone spying solutions with top-notch services.
How can I read someones text messages without them knowing?
So you can read text messages from another phone without them knowing. While for Android phone you require a one-time app installation, the app always runs in stealth mode. Once the app is installed, the app icon vanishes from the menu list.


Start a conversation
SQL Query Tool
SQL Query Workbench
A new reporting tool has been added to the system after release 1.00.17.052
It allows users to write SQL queries and return results from the database. These results can then be exported to MS excel for further analysis or manipulation.

How it Works
The SQL workbench can be found in the [Admin] section of the system.
Upon first selecting the workbench, for security, users will be prompted for the 'ADM' user password (unless they are already logged in as the ADM User). Having entered the password correctly the user will be allowed to continue to use this workbench whilst they remain in the option. Navigating away and then returning to the workbench will require the password to be re-entered.
Having opened the workbench users can choose a Table using the drop-down and then choose columns to display using the Column: drop-down.
If known, users can write an SQL query directly into the SQL: box or use the drop-down boxes to choose the relevant item(s) and then press the [SQL] button to insert the chosen item into the SQL query.
Once run the results of the query will be displayed on-screen in the chosen format (Grid/JSON) and can be exported to MS Excel using the Excel icon in the toolbar. Columns relating to Unique_IDs for records, such as Candidates, Vacancies, Sites or Companies will be indicated with the Navigator (>) and clicking on the field will drill-in and open the relevant record in the database.

Table: This drop-down allows users to select the data table they wish to report from. Having selected a table pressing the [SQL] button to the right will insert the chosen field into the SQL query box, using the syntax Select * FROM xxxxxxxx (where xxxxxxxx is the name of the chosen table.)
Column: This drop-down allows users to select fields from the selected table. Then can be inserted into the SQL query box by pressing the [SQL] button to the right. Repeated pressing of the button will insert sequential fields into the SQL query one-after-another.
[Sql] The small SQL button next to each of the above drop-downs inserts the chosen item (Table or Column) into the SQL Query box.
[Paste] This small button allows users to copy the chosen item (Table/Column) into the windows pasting buffer which can then be pasted put into 3rd-party applications.
Name: This is used to specify the name for your query. Once a name has been specified it is possible to save the query for future use with the SAVE icon at the top of the screen.
SQL: This is where you should write your SQL query. The query can contain all of the usual SQL syntax such as WHERE, SELECT, ORDER BY, LIKE.
NB: It is not possible to use the SQL query tool to create, add, modify or amend records within the database - it is a "Read only" tool.
[Run] This button (bottom left) will run the query. It is also possible to run the query using the Play (>) button in the toolbar.
[ ]Max This tick box will display all records on screen without applying the normal (1000 record) display limit.
( ) Grid This will display the results of the SQL Query in a grid (i.e. on-screen) which can then be exported to MS Excel.
( ) JSON This will display the results of the SQL query in JSON (a standard data format used by many web based systems )

Toolbar Icons
The icons in the toolbar are mainly used for query management and will display their function with a hover-tip when the mouse pointer is left over the icon. In order (from left to right) the icons are:-
ADD Add/Start a New Query
OPEN Open a saved query (A list of queries will be displayed and can be chosen)
SAVE Save the Current query using the name entered in the NAME: field on-screen.
(Note > If you change the name of the query and press SAVE it will be re-saved with the new name, and does NOT create a new query)
DELETE This will delete the current query from the saved query list.
PLAY This will RUN the currently open query.
EXCEL This will export the current on-screen query information into MS Excel (Users will be prompted for the Excel export password)
HELP The usual Influence help, with access to the support pages and Mikogo Screen sharing tool.
Example showing the OPEN box with a choice of saved queries.
Creating Groups from Query
From release version 1.00.18.186 or later, it is possible to create a GROUP based upon the results of an SQL Query. (See below)
NB: In order for this to work the output from the Query must contain the unique ID of the main object as the first column of the query results. For example, if you have written a query to extract a list of candidates based upon certain criteria then the output, then the first column of the output must be Candidate Unique ID in order to allow you to create a GROUP of candidates.
You can find out more about GROUPS from HERE.
EXAMPLES
Below are some examples of SQL queries to give users an idea of what is possible. When reporting from two (or more) tables, the format is;
Select Field1, Field2, Field3, Field4, from Table1,Table2,
where table1.field_X=table2.field_Y and field_z
Example1:
This will display a list of companies and the "Terms" Value, sorted into order of Terms Value
SELECT COMP_UNIQ_ID, COMP_AC_NAME, COMP_TERMS_TYPE, COMP_TERMS_VAL, COMP_AC_NAME
FROM COMPTAB0001
WHERE COMP_AC_NAME LIKE'BIG%' ORDER BY COMP_TERMS_VAL
Example2:
This will display a list of Match record ID's and links to the Candidate, then shows their name.
SELECT MATSTAB0001.MATS_UNIQ_ID, MATSTAB0001.MATS_SITE_UNIQ, MATSTAB0001.MATS_CAND_UNIQ, CANDTAB0001.CAND_UNIQ_ID, CAND_FORENAME, CAND_SURNAME
FROM MATSTAB0001, CANDTAB0001
WHERE MATSTAB0001.MATS_CAND_UNIQ=CANDTAB0001.CAND_UNIQ_ID

Example3:
This will display a list of Candidates and their name/address where their 'Geographic restriction' is set to 'London'
SELECT CAND_FORENAME, CAND_SURNAME, CAND_UNIQ_ID, CAND_EMAIL, CAND_GEOG_REST, CAND_ADDR_HSE_NO, CAND_ADDR_LINE_1, CAND_ADDR_LINE_2, CAND_ADDR_LINE_3, CAND_ADDR_LINE_4, CAND_ADDR_LINE_5, CAND_POSTCODE FROM CANDTAB0001
WHERE CAND_GEOG_REST ='London'
Example4:
This will display a list of Compliance codes which are currently in use. It shows the use of the DISTINCT qualifier and also joining two tables. The REQINFO0001 table is linked to the REQDEF0001 table using the 'Requirement code' field from each table
SELECT DISTINCT RQIN_REQ_CODE, RQDF_DESC
FROM REQINFO0001, REQDEF0001
where RQDF_REQ_CODE = RQIN_REQ_CODE
Example5:
This will display a count of the number of candidates for each Enquiry source. Notice the use of the as 'Qty' to label this column in the output.
SELECT CAND_ENQ_SRC , COUNT(CAND_UNIQ_ID) as'Qty'
FROM CANDTAB0001
GROUP BY CAND_ENQ_SRC
Example6:
This will display count of the number of candidates for each Enquiry source, and lookup the Description of the Enq. Source from the CODX table.
SELECT CAND_ENQ_SRC, CODX_DESC , COUNT(CAND_UNIQ_ID)as'Qty' FROM CODXTAB0001, ENIDTAB0001
Where CODX_TAB_NO='913' and CODXTAB0001.CODX_CODE=ENIDTAB0001.CAND_ENQ_SRC
GROUP BY CAND_ENQ_SRC
Troubleshooting/Errors
If things don't work as expected or you have problems, we have listed some common issue below:
a) In incorrectly written Query using SUM can cause the system to crash. (After version 1.00.20.160 the system will display an error message as below)
Set_and_non-set_Mixture
This query will not work as you need to use GROUP BY when using SUM:
SELECT SUM(TIME_INV_AMT) FROM TIMESHT0001 <<<< This will not work
What you want is a query more like this:
SELECT TIME_TS_NO, SUM(TIME_INV_AMT) as'InvAmount' FROM TIMESHT0001
GROUP BY TIME_TS_NO
Choose files or drag and drop files
Helpful?
Yes
No
 1. Graeme Orchard
 2. Posted


text:
Washington | Scientists have developed a super-sensitive artificial nose, customised specifically to detect pollutants before they could irreversibly damage Disney artwork on an international tour. Many pollutants that are problematic for human beings are also problematic for works of art, said Kenneth Suslick from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
For example, pollutants can spur oxidative damage and acid degradation that, in prints or canvases, lead to colour changes or decomposition. Works of art are susceptible to damage at far lower pollutant levels than what is considered acceptable for humans. To protect valuable works of art from these effects, conservators enclose vulnerable pieces in sealed display cases.
Even then some artists' materials may exhale reactive compounds that accumulate in the cases and damage the art. To counter the accumulation of pollutants, conservators often hide sorbent materials inside display cases that scrub potentially damaging compounds from the enclosed environment. But it is difficult to know precisely when to replace the sorbents.
Suslick had already invented an optoelectronic nose – an array of dyes that change colour when exposed to various compounds. But it is used largely for biomedical purposes, and it can not sniff out the low concentrations of pollutants that damage works of art.
To redesign the nose with the aim of protecting artwork, he approached scientists at the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), a private non-profit institution in Los Angeles. At the time, GCI was involved in a research project with the Walt Disney Animation Research Library to investigate the impact of storage environment on their animation cels, which are transparent sheets that artists drew or painted on before computer animation was developed. Such research ultimately could help extend the life of this important collection.
The new sensors would monitor levels of acetic acid and other compounds that emanate from these sheets. Before the exhibit, Drawn from Life: The Art of Disney Animation Studios, hit the road on tour, Suslick recommended placing the sensors in discrete places to monitor the pollution levels both inside and outside of the sealed and framed artworks. If the sensors indicated pollution levels inside the sealed frames were rising, conservators travelling with the Disney exhibit would know to replace the sorbents. An initial analysis of sensor data showed that the sorbents were effective.
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Beware the fury of a patient man
This page is about the saying "Beware the fury of a patient man".
Possible interpretation: The implication is that the anger of people who are normally slow to anger is, when it eventually comes, terrible.
Note: beware (verb) = be careful about; be cautious; be aware of the dangers | fury (noun) = violent anger | patient (adj.) = able to wait without getting angry | Compare: "Patience provoked turns to fury."
Origin: Quotation from Publilius Syrus, a Latin writer of maxims in the 1st century BC. In the 17th century, British poet and dramatist John Dryden used it in "Absalom and Achitophel", generally considered to be the greatest political poem in the English language:
Must I at length the Sword of Justice draw?
Oh curst Effects of necessary Law!
How ill my Fear they by my Mercy scan,
Beware the Fury of a Patient Man.
Quick Quiz:
The saying "Beware the fury of a patient man" warns us
a. not to be impatient
b. not to push impatient people too far
c. not to push patient people too far
Saying of the Day
This entry is in the following categories:
Contributor: Josef Essberger


text:
"Everyone will be issued a written card that they can put in their wallet that will tell them what they had and when their next dose is due," Moore said. "Let's do the simple, easy thing first. Everyone's going to get that."
Vaccination clinics will also be reporting to their state immunization registries what vaccine was given, so that, for example, an entity could run a query if it didn't know where a patient got a first dose.
Moore said many places are planning to ask patients to voluntarily provide a cell phone number, so they can get a text message telling them when and where their next dose is scheduled to be administered.


- This question is specifically about stationary or vehicle mounted crossbows, not man-portable ones
 - The projectile size would measure about 1.8 - 2 meters in length, so the crossbow would have corresponding proportions
 - The materials would be wood and metal/metal compounds, no plastics
 - The goal is to have a siege engine capable of cocking itslef, like a recoil operated firearm would
The easiest concept I have in my head for this would be as follows:
 1. There's a carriage riding on two rails that carries the projectile
 2. The carriage has two holes on the sides
 3. A wire is threaded through these holes
 4. At the front of the crossbow two springs are placed around the wire
 5. When the carriage gets released and propells the projectile it hits the springs and gets pushed back into it's resting position
Recoil operated crossbow (simple sketch of it)
 1. Could the cocking springs provide enough energy to push against the limbs and get the carriage back into it's resting position?
 2. Are there any pitfalls with a system like this?
 3. Is there a more efficient way to build a recoil operated crossbow?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Even if you neglect any losses, the potential energy stored in the limbs under tension is just exactly enough to "bounce back" from the spring and reload itself, but then there is nothing left to accelerate the projectile $\endgroup$ – OpticalResonator Apr 14 '20 at 20:15
To make my comment into an actual answer, this design is not feasible because the energy balance doesn't add up. All the energy that you have available is stored in the limbs being pulled back. Now you need to do three things with it:
 1. Accelerate the projectile
 2. Reload the crossbow
 3. Overcome friction in the system
The problem is, that the energy required for reloading is exactly the same as you started out with, but you still want to accelerate your projectile, so both together doesn't work. Not to mention friction losses of the sliding action and in the springs, so even without projectile it would probably not work.
The reason automatic firearms can do this, is that they tap the high pressure gas in the barrel, basically using some of the chemical energy in the gunpowder.
 - $\begingroup$ So if I understand this correctly, the stiffness of the springs doesn't matter. This contraption would use part of it's initial energy on propelling the projectile (to a high enough velocity) and part of it on trying to reload, but ultimately fail at both. $\endgroup$ – JED Apr 14 '20 at 20:45
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, basically that, whether it fails at shooting the projectile of course depends on how far you want to shoot. The stiffness of the springs only influences how much energy per length is stored, you cannot create more than you put in. This crossbow design is kinda just another attempt at a perpetuum mobile. $\endgroup$ – OpticalResonator Apr 14 '20 at 20:48
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ I realized that I was trying to add more energy to the system from nowhere when I read your answer. I thought about the recocking, but not the fact that propelling the bolt actually requires more energy than just releasing the limb without any load. Thanks for the answer. $\endgroup$ – JED Apr 14 '20 at 20:53
 - $\begingroup$ Glad I could help :) it's a creative design nonetheless $\endgroup$ – OpticalResonator Apr 14 '20 at 20:54
Your Answer


Environmental Science and Climate Change
Cindy Hauser, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Davidson College
We are an integrated component of the environment and critical study of environmental issues requires an inherently interdisciplinary approach. Fellows in this seminar will have the opportunity to explore environmental issues from the perspective that is most meaningful to them and their students while providing fundamental knowledge regarding the scientific concepts, principles, processes, and methodologies that are required to understand how ecosystems work. We will apply this knowledge to environmental challenges of interest to the Fellows, such as climate change, to understand the scientific basis, estimate the risks associated and evaluate alternative solutions for resolving and/or preventing them.
Participating Fellows


text: This is a great activity that goes with the new book in the Sir Cumference series. The book is titled Sir Cumference and the Viking's Map. It is a story that correlates with coordinate graphing. The activity I made to go along with the book is a "map" graph and a set of ten sentences that have students mark an X at each of the stops (coordinate points). This is a great way to tie reading into your math lesson or math into a reading lesson.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Preparation for Holy Communion
All people are invited to the Lord's Table to partake in the Sacrament of Holy Communion. Traditionally, students who are in fourth grade, with their parents, are invited to attend class in the spring in preparation to receive this meal.
Students and their parents declare their intention to the community during worship and then attend 4 classes and an overnight lock-in. Classes for preparation for Holy Communion are held on Sunday mornings during our education hour. Each student learns next to his or her parent about the history, the means, and the liturgical service of this life-giving meal.
As the parent is the chief teacher of faith for a child, there are occasions when a child younger than 4th grade may begin to receive communion. Should you feel that your child is ready for these classes, please contact Pastor Jack to schedule a meeting.


I've been struggling with a certain combinatorics problem for weeks now. Unfortunately, I don't have a proper background in enumerative combinatorics, haven't learned that class yet. I've tried searching around the internet, but either I missed an answer or I couldn't find it.
My question is as follows:
a) Given a set X of n elements, count all possible unique combinations of length m that feature every element from X at least once. m>=n (Repetition is obviously allowed and needed when m>n)
So, if X is for example [1,2,3] and m is 5, I need to obtain the count of all distinguishable configurations of length 5 (order of the configuration matters) that feature 1,2 and 3 at least once.
For example:
11223,12312,32112 are all good.
b) Expanding on a, but with added restrictions. Some elements of X are given restrictions that they can't occur in some places of configurations. Count of configurations is needed.
For example, if X is [1,2,3,4,5], n=5, m=7 and the restriction is that 1 and 2 can't appear on the first position, and 4 can't appear on the third, some of the valid combinations would
_PHONE_,_PHONE_, etc. are valid combinations
Count is needed, same as in a.
I tried solving the b case immediately with something like this:
[3,4,5] -> numbers that can appear in the first position
[1,2,3,4,5] -> numbers that can appear in 2nd, 4rd,5th,6th, 7th position
[1,2,3,5] -> numbers that can appear in 3rd position
But I get stuck. I'm assuming that some form of inclusion-exclusion needs to be done here, but I am unable to figure out how. If anyone could give me some pointers, I would be very grateful.
 - $\begingroup$ The first problem is the well-known problem of counting surjections. $\endgroup$ – Ira Gessel Feb 11 '17 at 20:03
This question is better suited for math.stackexchange.
For a) count all combinations using at most all of X elements. Then subtract off all combinations using all but one of the X elements. You can develop a recursive relation on the number of elements from the set which will lead to the right inclusion-exclusion formula.
For b) there are two approaches, and I am too ignorant to provide all the details. The first is a case analysis. You say first that all of the elements appear in the unconstrained part. Then you count those combinations easily. Then you say all but one of the elements appear in the unconstrained part. Now you break into cases depending on where the last element is allowed to appear. Continue this development by restricting the number of elements appearing in the unconstrained part. Add up the totals.
The second way is to encode using generating functions. I do not know the details, but they look something like this. Represent each position by a polynomial. Multiply the polynomials together. Look at the coefficients of the monomials of interest. For example, your encoding may involve looking at the coefficients associated with x^{12345}, with x^{23154}, and maybe 118 other powers. Add those up.
Gerhard "Not A Student Of Combinatorics" Paseman, 2017.02.11.
 - $\begingroup$ I think I figured the generating function approach. Finally progress. Thank you very much! $\endgroup$ – plagueis Feb 12 '17 at 3:44
Your Answer


text:
Consider the following data concerning the solubility of two gaseous compounds, ammonia and hydrogen chloride, at various temperatures.
Molar Solubility of Gaseous Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride as a Function of Temperature
|0||52.9 M||22.5 M|
|20||14.8 M||12.3 M|
|60||3.5 M||15.3 M|
The molar solubility of ammonia gas is significantly greater than that of hydrogen chloride at 0ºC, but its solubility drops off dramatically with increasing temperature.
By comparison, raising the temperature causes the molar solubility of hydrogen chloride to decrease at first, but as the temperature gets even higher, the molar solubility of $HCl$ begins to increase.
Which of the following is the BEST explanation for the fact that hydrogen chloride's molar solubility remains high, and even increases between 20ºC and 60ºC, while the molar solubility of ammonia drops steadily?


text:
Apologies to the world's farmers, but for many Americans the worst result of the widespread drought that shriveled crops this summer may be yet to come: a worldwide bacon shortage.
Great Britain's National Pig Association says a world shortage of pork and bacon next year is unavoidable. Because corn and soybean crops everywhere were devastated by the summer's droughts, there's less pig feed to go around, and it costs more. The result: shrinking pig herds, pricier pork, and millions of disappointed bacon lovers.
The trade group says the pig population could fall 10 percent by the end of next year, which could double the price of European pork. Already herds have shrunk across Europe.
In the U.S., farmers are rapidly selling off pigs they can no longer afford to feed, resulting in a record 580.0 million pounds of pork in U.S. warehouses, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Los Angeles Times.
The harsh summer already resulted in food prices increasing 10 percent from June to July, with major crops such as corn, wheat, and soybean rising by 17 percent or more, according to the World Bank.
Seth Cline is a reporter with U.S. News and World Report. Contact him at _EMAIL_ or follow him on Twitter.


Granuloma annulare definition - MedicineNet - Health and Medical Information Produced by Doctors
Definition of Granuloma annulare
Granuloma annulare: The definition of granuloma annulare in one of the standard print medical dictionaries begins: "a benign, usually self-limited granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, chiefly involving the dermis." Translation: This condition usually clears up by itself (it is "usually self-limited); it is not malignant (it is "benign"); we don't have a clue as to what causes it (it is "of unknown etiology"); it affects the layer (the "dermis") of the skin just below the outside layer (the epidermis).
A granuloma is a localized nodular inflammation which has a typical pattern when the involved tissue examined under a microscope. Annulare comes from the Latin word "anulus" meaning ring. Granuloma annulare is thus a ring-like granuloma in the skin.
Granuloma annulare tends to occur in children, predominantly girls.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012
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A set or class is "larger" than another set or class if the first set is of "higher power" than the second set, that is, if there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the entire second set and a subset of the first, but no such correspondence between the entire first set and a subset of the second.
What follows is a representation of Georg Cantor's proof, as filtered through the axiom system of Paul Bernays. Please notice that the entire proof derives from more mundane axioms of set theory without requiring more controversial ones like the Axiom of Choice.
If you don't understand the notation follow this link.
Given a set a, consider a one-to-one correspondence F between a and a class C of subsets of a. We must prove there is a subset of a which cannot belong to C, meaning there is no possible one-to-one correspondence (or even a merely surjective mapping) between a and the class of all subsets of a (which we'll call Π(a)).
This subset, call it t, is a ∩ {x|x ∉ F(x)}.
 - t ⊆ a. The intersection of a with anything is always a subset of a.
 - By our definition of t, c ∈ t <-> c ∈ a & c ∉ F(c)
 - which means (c ∈ a & t = F(c)) -> (c ∈ t <-> c ∉ t)
 - so, c ∈ t -> t!= F(c) This is what we wanted to prove. t is not in C = Δ2F because it cannot be the image in F for any subset of a!
Because of you can never have a one-to-one correspondence between a and Π(a), you can always construct a class of subsets of a which has higher power than a.
When you accept the potency axiom, the class Π(a) is represented by the set π(a), and so you must conclude that there exist sets (such as π(a)) which are of higher power than a.
The famous diagonal argument of Cantor demonstrates a special (perhaps "clearer"?) case of the proof, one which specifically denies the existence of a one-to-one corespondence between the integers and the reals. t is the generalization of the number created by taking a "diagonal" through the digit representations of the real numbers in the attempted one-to-one correspondence.
Another rendition of Georg Cantor's proof with more modern notations.
Proof by contradiction


text:
Handbook of Research on Ergonomics and Product Design
Título de la revista
Castillo-Martínez, Juan A
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
IGI Global Publishing
Product design is an important field where ergonomics and human factors should be applied. To achieve this goal, effective strategies for process improvement must be researched and implemented. Theories, Methods, and Applications in Ergonomics and Product Design is a critical scholarly resource that provides new theories, methodologies, and applications of ergonomics and product design and redesign. Featuring a broad range of topics such as additive manufacturing, product analysis, and sustainable packing development, this book is geared towards academicians, practitioners, and researchers seeking current research on new theories, methods, and applications related to ergonomics and product design.
Product, Ergonomics, Human factors, Theories, Methods


Abstract
Erosion can cause clear, measurable change to the environment over time so it is important to know how fast areas are eroding, and where. This study looked at Rathburn Run in Wooster Memorial Park near Wooster, Ohio, to find the rate of erosion for Rathburn Run and to hypothesize why Rathburn Run is eroding at its current rate. Erosion pins were placed at six points along the river and monitored over the course of 10 months. Historical imagery at a site was compared to current images to find the amount of erosion into the banks over time. A Schmidt Hammer Rebound test was conducted at each odd numbered site, and joints were measured at three areas in Wooster Memorial Park to better understand the layout of the gorge. Samples were taken from each site and classified after Lazar et. al.'s 2015 classification method and run through an XRD to find the components of each rock. The samples were also used for a modified Jar Slake test. Three of the erosion pins were lost over the course of the year, and approximately .4cm to 2.5cm of bedrock was eroded at sites 1, 3, and 5. Between 2000 and 2017 the bank eroded away at a rate of approximately 14cm per year. The main minerals in the bedrock throughout the river were Quartz, Illite, and Kaolinite. The bedrock in the middle of Wooster Memorial Park was stronger than the bedrock at the upstream and downstream sites. The weakest bedrock was at the upstream sites, but the rate of erosion into bedrock is similar to the rate of erosion into bedrock at the downstream sites. There are also slightly higher rates of discharge at the upstream sites in comparison to the downstream sites. The reason that the erosion into bedrock is similar despite the differences between the upstream and downstream sites is likely because the bank is being eroded at a fast rate.
Advisor
Judge, Shelley
Department
Geology
Disciplines
Geomorphology
Keywords
Spangler Gorge, Wooster Memorial Park, Erosion
Publication Date
2017
Degree Granted
Bachelor of Arts
Document Type
Senior Independent Study Thesis
Share
COinS

© Copyright 2017 Sharron Osterman


text:
From left to right : Diane Gosselin, President and CEO of CQDM, Rémi Quirion, Quebec's Chief Scientist, Samuel David, President of the Canadian Association for Neuroscience and Inez Jabalpurwala, President and CEO of Brain Canada
CQDM and Brain Canada launched a new funding program that will provide at least $10 million to support the development of innovative tools, technologies and platforms to accelerate the discovery of new, safe and effective drugs for disorders of the brain and nervous system. This exciting initiative was announced today at the annual meeting of the Canadian Association for Neuroscience in the presence of Rémi Quirion, Quebec's Chief Scientist, Diane Gosselin, President and CEO of CQDM and Inez Jabalpurwala, President and CEO of Brain Canada.
The partnership program named "Focus on Brain" intends to bridge the gap in neuroscience by supporting innovative translational research with tangible results that impact the drug discovery process, with the ultimate goal to prevent, treat or cure neurological or mental health disorders for the benefit of patients and their families. The program aims to foster multidisciplinary research collaborations linking Quebec and other Canadian researchers, as well as the academic and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This program also hopes to develop strong collaborations between academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry through CQDM's unique mentorship program which brings industrial expertise and support to the projects and helps better align the research with the needs of the industry.
"We are delighted to partner with Brain Canada to launch our second pan-Canadian funding initiative to engage the best researchers throughout Canada in translational research, this time in the field of neuroscience," said Diane Gosselin. "The drug discovery process in neuroscience is paved with major hurdles. Brain Canada's footprint in brain research, as well as its strong presence in Canada, are crucial elements to the success of this new funding initiative. I am also very pleased to mention the intention of the Ontario Brain Institute (OBI) to join us in this novel funding initiative in the very near future."
"We are delighted to partner with CQDM on this major funding program which will leverage our respective expertise and networks. Through this program, Brain Canada will have an opportunity to work more closely with the pharmaceutical industry as well as to foster collaborations with academia and SMEs in translational research. Our joint investment in Canada's world-class brain research will contribute to accelerating the search for better outcomes for the 1 in 3 Canadians impacted by brain disorders," said Inez Jabalpurwala.
"There are significant unmet medical needs throughout the world with regards to brain disorders and the challenges are great. Neuroscience research in Quebec and Canada is strong. I very much welcome this new funding initiative between CQDM and Brain Canada which will link Quebec's expertise in neuroscience to other initiatives in Canada for the development of novel biopharmaceuticals to treat brain disorders, thereby bringing better cures to patients. This program will also allow Quebec and Canadian researchers to engage further in international initiatives related to drug discovery and drug development in the field of neuroscience", said Rémi Quirion.
Request for applications
The program is now open to applications. Applicants have until August 20 th, 2014 to submit their Letters of Intent. For more information on the program, please visit CQDM's and Brain Canada's websites at: _URL_ and _URL_.
CQDM is a pharma-based consortium active in pre-competitive research whose mission is to fund the development of innovative tools and technologies to accelerate drug discovery. Unique in the world, CQDM's business model is based on a collaborative approach where all stakeholders share the costs of biopharmaceutical research and benefit from its results. CQDM also provides a meeting ground where academia, governments, and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries converge to address numerous complex medical challenges. CQDM receives financial support from Pfizer Canada, AstraZeneca, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly Canada, Novartis Pharma Canada, as well as from Quebec's ministry of Economy, Innovation and Exportations (MEIE) and the Federal government's Business-Led Networks of Centres of Excellence program (BL-NCE). For more information, visit us at _URL_.
About Brain Canada
Brain Canada is a national non-profit organization headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, that enables and supports excellent, innovative, paradigm-changing brain research in Canada. For more than one decade, Brain Canada has made the case for the brain as a single, complex system with commonalities across the range of neurological disorders, mental illnesses and addictions, brain and spinal cord injuries. Looking at the brain as one system has underscored the need for increased collaboration across disciplines and institutions, and a smarter way to invest in brain research that is focused on outcomes that will benefit patients and families.
Brain Canada's vision is to understand the brain, in health and illness, to improve lives and achieve societal impact. Brain Canada is achieving its vision by:
- Increasing the scale and scope of funding to accelerate the pace of Canadian brain research;
- Creating a collective commitment to brain research across the public, private and voluntary sectors;
- Delivering transformative, original and outstanding research programs.
The Canada Brain Research Fund
The Canada Brain Research Fund is a public-private partnership designed to encourage Canadians to increase their support of brain research, and maximize the impact and efficiency of those investments. Brain Canada has committed to raising $100 million from private and non-governmental sources, which will be matched by government on a 1:1 basis. The Fund was announced in federal budget 2011, which proposed to "allocate up to $100 million to establish the Canada Brain Research Fund, which will support the very best Canadian neuroscience, fostering collaborative research and accelerating the pace of discovery, in order to improve the health and quality of life of Canadians who suffer from brain disorders."
For more information, visit us at _URL_.


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Unleashing the Power of BizTalk Multipart Messages in BizTalk Server 2006/2006 R2/2009/2010
By , 22 Oct 2010
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Introduction
During all these years of interaction with several BizTalk developers, I have noticed that very few have the knowledge of BizTalk Multipart messages and how to correctly use them. In this article, I shall attempt to explain how and when to use Multipart Messages in BizTalk.
Environment
The concepts and code in this article apply to BizTalk Server 2006/2006 R2/2009/2010.
What is a BizTalk Multipart Message?
In BizTalk Server, a multipart message is one which has one or more parts, where each part can be either a XML Schema Definition (XSD) schemas or a .NET class.
When a multipart message is created in BizTalk, the first part would be the body part of the message. This means that the property 'Message Body Part' shall be 'true' for the first part. For all the subsequent parts in a multipart message, the property 'Message Body Part' shall be 'false'. Note that, the order of creation of a multipart message parts is vital, since it avoids compilation errors.
Multipart_Structure.JPG
Every BizTalk multipart message must have at most one message body part set to 'true', in order for it to be valid. In order words, there can be only one part, whose message body part is 'true'.
What are the Steps Required to Create a BizTalk Multipart Message within an Orchestration?
Step 1: In the Orchestration View window, expand the Types node and right-click 'Multi-part Message Types' and then click New Multi-part Message Type.
Multipart_Message.JPG
Step 2: Select 'MultipartType_1' and then 'MessagePart_1', rename accordingly. Notice that for the part 'MessagePart_1', the property 'Message Body Part' shall be 'true' since it's the first part.
Message_properties.JPG
Step 3: Select the 'Type' property for the part 'MessagePart_1' and associate it with a type which would be a schema.
What is the Message Type for a BizTalk Multipart Message?
The message type for a BizTalk message is identified with the BTS.MessageType property. For a multipart message, it would be the message part with the property 'Message Body Part' = 'true'.
What Happens when a BizTalk Orchestration Receives More Parts in a Multipart Message, Than Was Declared Originally?
If a BizTalk orchestration receives a multipart message which contains additional number of parts than what has been declared, then the orchestration engine maps the proper part types, for the parts that match the number of parts in the declared message type and then constructs XmlDocument parts for the remaining parts.
What are the Steps to Capture these Additional Parts?
Step 1: Declare two variables 'xLangMessage' and 'xLangPart' which are of type Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes.XLANGMessage and Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes.XLANGPart respectively. Note that you might have to reference the DLL 'Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes'.
Step 2: Assign the multipart message to the variable 'xLangMessage', declared in Step 1.
Step 3: Loop through the multipart message to retrieve one part at a time. Don't forget to increment the loop counter.
XLangPart.JPG
Loop condition:
count < xLangMessage.Count
Extraction:
xLangPart = xLangMessage[count];
count = count + 1;
Is There a Way to Add Additional BizTalk Multipart Message Parts at Runtime within an Orchestration?
Yes, within an Orchestration, BizTalk Server provides the ability to add parts to a multipart message.
Step 1: Create a variable, name it as 'msgPart' of type Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes.XLANGMessage, you would need to reference the DLL 'Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes'.
Step 2: Place an expression shape and add the following line:
//Microsoft.XLANGs.BaseTypes.XLANGMessage.AddPart
//(System.Object objectName, String.String partName);
msgPart.AddPart(objectName, partName);
where objectName would be xmlDocument instance and partName is the name of the Multipart message part.
When Do You Want to use a BizTalk Multi-part Message?
Scenario 1: Using a Multi-Part Message Type to wrap the underlying schema.
A BizTalk message is always tied to a schema. Provide a level of indirection by creating a multipart message and then associating the schema as one of its parts. Set the messageType for the message to this newly created Multipart message.
Note that changing a schema associated with a message, when not using multipart messages will require disconnecting all the Ports, Send, and Receive shapes within the Orchestration Designer, hence using multipart messages will avoid this step.
For more information, visit the link '8 Tips And Tricks For Better BizTalk Programming' in the references section in this article.
Scenario 2: Receiving a SOAP envelope (with a SOAP header and SOAP body) within an Orchestration, building a multipart message and sending it to the MessageBox. A PO envelope multipart message consumer orchestration consumes this message from the MessageBox.
Multipart_example.jpg
The idea is to create a multipart message using the SOAP envelope. The PO envelope multipart message would hold the header and the body as two separate parts.
Have a look at the orchestration below:
Multipart_odx.JPG
Extract the SOAP headers using this line of code below:
soapHeader = POIn(WCF.InboundHeaders);
Creating the PO Envelope multipart message:
POEnv.Header_RoutingInfo = PORoutingInfo;
POEnv.Body_PO = POIn;
scenario2.JPG
Setting the SOAP headers for outbound messages.
xmlDocument = PORoutingInfo;
POOut(WCF.OutboundCustomHeaders) = "<headers>" + xmlDocument.OuterXml + "</headers>";
What is the Argument Around WCF Not Supporting BizTalk Multi-part Messages?
Consider a SOAP request arriving at a receive location in BizTalk server. This SOAP request consists of a SOAP header and a SOAP body. The SOAP header would contain a custom context defined by your application. The SOAP body would typically be the schema that was exposed by the orchestration. This ability of the SOAP adapter to split a SOAP request into a BizTalk Multipart message and then send it to Message Box is very useful feature and saves a lot of development effort.
The WCF adapter on the other hand does NOT really care about SOAP envelopes at all. If you have noticed correctly, the "BizTalk WCF Service Publishing Wizard" does NOT even support the addition of custom headers when you would like to expose an Orchestration as a web service.
There is a way to add custom headers to a WSDL generated by WCF adapter. This is beyond the scope of this article. For additional information, refer to the excellent post by Yossi Dahan in the references section.
Some Common Pitfalls
 1. Avoid defining an orchestration parameter as XLANGMessage or XLANGPart, use a variable instead.
 2. Avoid naming a BizTalk orchestration variable as a 'body', it does NOT compile as 'body' is a reserved word.
Common Compilation Errors While Using Multipart Messages
Error: Multi-part message has body part 'xxx', expected body part 'yyy'.
Why Does This Happen?
When a multipart message is first created in BizTalk Orchestration View, the first part created would automatically become the message body part, which means the part's property 'Message Body Part' shall be 'true'. Consider the case where you would change this property 'Message Body Part' to 'false' and associate a different schema to it and then create another message body part, with the property 'Message Body Part' set to true. Note that BizTalk remembers the order in which the parts which were created, where the first part would always have to be a message body part.
What is the Resolution?
When a BizTalk Multipart message is first created, associate the schema for the message body part first (which forms the MessageType for the multipart message). If they are created in the wrong order, then delete the multi-part message and recreate it again. Problem solved.
References - Don't Miss These Great Posts
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
About the Author
Naveen


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The Chandrasekhar H-function plays an important role in a wide class of problems of analytical radiative transfer theory. The H-function is the solution of well-known integral equations, both non-linear and linear. The physics of a particular problem under consideration determines the form of the so-called characteristic and dispersion functions, Ψ(μ) and T(μ), respectively. They appear in H-equations and determine their solutions. We show that Ψ(μ) and T(μ) can be restructured in such a way that the solutions of H-equations transforms from H(μ) to Hn(μ),n=2,3,4,… provided Ψ(μ) and T(μ) are replaced with Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ). The structure of the non-linear and linear H-equations does not change under this transformation. The basis of this restructuring is a recursion relation that gives Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ) in terms of Ψ(μ) and T(μ).
|Журнал||Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer|
|Состояние||Опубликовано - мая 2020|
Предметные области Scopus
- Атомная и молекулярная физика и оптика


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Ventilators are crucial medical devices in treating COVID-19 patients. Here are some of the key challenges engineers face in their design.
Ventilators are the last line of defense against the coronavirus. They keep patients alive by delivering oxygen—often pure oxygen—when their lungs fill with fluid. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 40 percent to 70 percent of COVID-19 critical care patients in China received ventilation.
Hospitals around the world are facing shortages shortages of ventilators to treat COVID-19 patients. As manufacturers rise to the challenge, and shift their production lines to manufacturer ventilator, here are some of the key challenges engineers face when designing these vital machines.
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The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio is a measure of how much of a signal is reflected and is a key metric for how effective a waveguide is doing its job. Ideally there would not be any signal reflected, but that is never the case. Discontinuities are the enemy of VSWR. Any mismatch between mating flanges breaks up the perfectly smooth surface. This results in a portion of the signal "bouncing back" on the protruding metal. Additionally, each bend or twist in a waveguide run will slightly increase reflection.
VSWR can be tuned to exhibit less reflection over a specific frequency. This is done by a specialized RF technician who introduces very slight deformations to the outside of a waveguide. This results in little "bumps" on the inside of the waveguide which distort the signal to cancel out the imperfections. This is similar to pressing a fret on a guitar to change the pitch.


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Abu Dhabi: After coming across historical writings on how Emiratis used to treat cataracts with a medicinal plant, a New York University Abu Dhabi graduate delved further into the subject as part of her graduate research programme, examining the plant and its potential use for modern day medicine. "When I set out on my research project, I wanted to narrow it down to useful medicinal plants that have not been studied much, and it was during that time that I came across some writings about Emiratis who were using one such medicinal plant when it came to treating cataracts," said Yumi Gambrill, an American graduate who majored in chemistry as part of the class of 2018.
"My goal was to take a scientific look at this plant — Cleome rupicola — and to study its compounds to try and get a scientific answer to its medical benefits. Until now, there hasn't been a lot of research on this plant despite the fact that it has been referenced as one that was used to treat cataract by Emiratis in the past," she added.
To get samples of the plant for laboratory tests, Gambrill went to Masafi.
"It was really nice to be able to go out and see these different parts of the UAE in a way I hadn't before. It was a very different environment to what I was used to in Abu Dhabi.
"The area where we found the samples from was also really interesting — there was flowing water, different kinds of plants and animals, and so there was a lot of biodiversity in an area that many would not usually associate it with," she added.
Once she got her samples, Gambrill took them to the lab for further studies which, she said, pointed to some positive signs.
"When I analysed the plant I found there was a strong activity of antioxidants, which, given the hypothesis that antioxidant activity helps prevent cataracts, made that a very encouraging finding."
Gambrill said the next few months were spent trying to get a purified compound extraction from the plant in a way that could be used, and added that she managed to get a purified compound of less than a milligram.
"This compound serves as the first step in the development of an anti-cataract drug, and verifies the modern relevance of a historically significant medicinal plant."
Gambrill says a lot more research is still required, and that she would be making all of her findings available for any future researchers who wish to further develop the study.
"The work and research is getting ready to be published in a scientific journal. There is a long way to go but the initial work has started and I think there is a big potential in this area for doing something that helps treat cataracts.
"There is a huge push at the moment towards medicinal treatment for cataracts as they are most prevalent in developing nations, and a lot of people in those places don't have access to surgeons or the finances to cover their treatment," she added.


Definitions for natronobacterium
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word natronobacterium
Freebase
 1. Natronobacterium
 In taxonomy, Natronobacterium is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. A member of the domain Archaea, it is both an extreme halophile and alkaliphile, thriving at an optimum saline concentration of 20% and optimum pH of 10.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
 1. Natronobacterium
 A genus of rod-shaped, extremely halophilic HALOBACTERIACEAE which grows in alkaline conditions. They are strictly aerobic and some strains are motile. Natronobacterium is found in soda lakes, alkaline salterns, and soda soils.
Numerology
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of natronobacterium in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of natronobacterium in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
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In this and next posts we explore kanji whose shapes appear totally unrelated and yet if we look at their ancient writings they did share the same shape, or at least closely related. The shapes shown on the right side were taken from the various kanji. They meant "a vessel; a boat; bowl; cylindrical shape." I find it very interesting to know that the English word "vessel" also means (1) a ship or a large boat, (2) a hollow container especially one used to hold liquid, such as bowl or cask and (3) by extension, a duct or canal holding or conveying blood or other fluid.
In this post we are going to look at kanji that came from these shapes as (a) "a boat" to transport on the water in the kanji 舟船舷舶 and as (b) "a shallow bowl; shallow vessel; tray" to transport by hand in the kanji 般搬盤服. In the next post we explore examples used as (c) "a sail" to transport things on the water in the kanji 凡帆汎 and as (d) "a tube-like shape; cylindrical" in the kanji 同洞胴銅. Let us begin.
(a) as "a boat" to transport on the water
The kanji 舟 "boat"
For the kanji 舟 in (a) and (b) in oracle bone style, in brown, and (c) and (d) in bronze ware style, in green, it was the shape of "a boat." A simple boat such as a canoe was made by hollowing out a log. A boat could also be made with panels of wooden board. (e) in seal style, in red, became the kanji 舟. The kanji 舟 means "boat."
The kun-yomi /hu'ne/ means "boat." /-Bune/ is in 小舟 ("small boat" /kobune/), 丸木舟 ("dugout canoe" /marukibu'ne/) and 渡し舟 ("ferry" /watashibu'ne/). The on-yomi /shuu/ is rarely used other than in a name.
The kanji 船 "ship; vessel"
For the kanji 船the bronze ware style and seal style writings had "a boat" on the left side. The right side 㕣 was used phonetically for /en/ to mean "along." A vessel that travelled along the flow of water meant "ship." The kanji 船 means "ship." [Composition of the kanji 船: 舟 and 㕣]
The kun-yomi /hu'ne/ means "ship; vessel." /Huna-/ is in 船旅 ("voyage; a sea trip" /hunatabi/), 船酔い ("seasickness" /hunayoi/) and 船乗り ("sailor" /huna'nori/). The on-yomi /sen/ is in 乗船する ("to go aboard; embark" /joosen-suru/), 貨物船 ("cargo boat; freight" /kamotsusen/), 客船 ("passenger ship" /kyakusen/), 宇宙船 ("spacecraft" /uchuusen/), 連絡船 ("ferry boat" /renrakusen/) and 船頭 ("boatman" /sendo'o/).
The kanji 舷 "side of a ship; the gunwale"
The Qin-Han era seal sample, in blue, comprised 舟 "boat" and 玄 "thin things like threads" used phonetically for /gen/. Together they meant "the sides of a boat." The kanji 舷 means "side of a boat; the gunwale; the railing of a boad," a very specialized kanji in my view. [Composition of the kanji 舷: 舟 and 玄]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /gen/ is in 右舷 ("starboard" /ugen/) and 左舷 ("port side" /sagen/).
The kanji 舶 "a large ship"
There is no ancient writing for the kanji 舶. The kanji 舶 comprises 舟 "boat" and 白 used phoneticallly for /haku/ to mean "large" (some views that it is from 伯). Together they meant "a large ship that sailed in ocean." The kanji 舶 means "a large ship." [Composition of the kanji 舶: 舟 and 白]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /haku/ is in 船舶 ("ship; marine vessel" /se'npaku/) and 舶来品 ("imported goods; foreign article" /hakuraihin/).
(b) as "a shallow vessel; a tray" to transport by hand
The kanji 般 "general"
The left side of (a) and (b) in oracle bone style and (c) in bronze ware style and (d) in Old style, in purple, and (e) in seal style was "a tray." The right side was "a hand holding a weapon or tool," which eventually becomes 殳, a bushu hokozukuri/rumata. Together they originally meant "a hand carrying somethings in a shallow bowl," but the shape was borrowed to mean "general." A new kanji was created for the original meaning of "to carry" by adding another hand, the kanji 搬, our next kanji. The kanji 般 means "general." [Composition of the kanji 般: 舟 and 殳]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /han/ is in 諸般の ("all sorts of; various"/sho'han-no/) and 般若経 ("the Wisdom Sutras; Prajnaparamita Sutra" /hannyakyoo/). /-Pan/ is in 一般 ("general" /ippan/), 全般的な ("comprehensive; all-embracing" /zenpanteki-na/), 一般化する ("to become universal; generalize" /ippanka-suru/), 一般人 ("people at large; private citizen" /ippa'njin/) and 一般教養課程 ("general culture course" /ippankyo'oyoo/).
The kanji 搬 "to carry; transport"
There is no ancient writing. The kanji 搬 comprises 扌, a bushu tehen, "an act one does using a hand," and 般 used phonetically for /han/. This kanji was created to assume one of the original meaning that the kanji 般had. The kanji 搬 means "to carry; transport." [Composition of the kanji 搬: 扌, 舟 and 殳]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /han/ is in 搬入する ("to carry something in" /hannyuu-suru/). /-Pan/ is in 運搬する ("to transport; carry" /unpan-suru/).
The kanji 盤 "a tray; a raised flat bowl"
For the kanji 盤 (a) in oracle bone style had "a hand holding a tool" (殳) and "a tray" (舟) (together 般, originally meant "to carry") and "a shallow bowl" (皿). In bronze ware style, (b), (c) and (d) had the same three components. Together they meant "a shallow flat bowl one carries something" or "a tray." (e) in Large seal style, (f) in Old style and (g) in seal style all had 般 at the top. The kanji 盤 means "a tray; a raised flat bowl." [Composition of the kanji 盤: 舟, 殳and 皿]
There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /ban/ is in 大盤振る舞い ("lavish feast" /ooban-bu'rumai/), 円盤 ("disk" /enban/), 基盤 ("basis; foundation" /kiban/),文字盤 ("clock dial" /mojiban/) and 地盤 ("ground; subsoil" /jiban/). A Japanese abacus also uses this kanji as in 算盤 /soroban/.
The next two kanji 朕 and 服, what we have been looking at as the shape 舟 in kanji appear as 月.
The kanji 朕 "I (imperial We)"
For the kanji 朕 (a) and (b) in oracle bone style and (c) and (d) in bronze ware style all comprised "a shallow bowl or a tray" (月 or 舟) for transporting things and "two hands holding up an (important) object." Together they meant "to carry something in a tray and present reverentially with both hands." It was used by an emperor as a first-person pronoun "imperial We." In seal style, (e), what was presented became the shape 火 (with no relevance to "fire"). In kanji 朕 the elements on the right side coalesced and became 关. The kanji 朕 means "I (imperial We)." [Composition