The future of instrumentation – the software-designed revolution
December 9th, 2015, Published in Articles: EngineerIT
The role of software in test and measurement systems has changed dramatically over the past few decades. Today, software is the most critical core technology in modern, high performance measurement systems because it is the only thing that can abstract the fundamentally growing complexity of those systems.
However, simply running software on computer processors is not enough. The most challenging applications aren't possible without engineers that can use software to specify and design the behavior of their own instrumentation. This ability to create software-designed instruments is at the heart of a revolution that is taking place in RF instrumentation and, more broadly, in the general test & measurement industry.
In the beginning – automating measurements
The role of software in test and measurement systems has advanced steadily since the 1970s when IEEE-488, also known as GPIB, standardised the interface for programmable instrumentation. Up to that time, taking measurements was largely accomplished with benchtop instruments, a pencil and a notebook. There were a variety of different proprietary instrument controllers and interfaces available, but their capabilities were rudimentary and used more by advanced users.
The role of software in test and measurement took a huge leap forward in the 1980s with the introduction of the original IBM PC and the first National Instruments (NI) GPIB interface board. With the use of PC software, engineers could use general-purpose PCs to create automated test systems that reliably and repeatedly acquired measurements, analysed those measurements, and presented results that could be shared widely.
From instrument control to measurement platform
In the later 1980s and into the 90s, a new concept of "virtual instrumentation" began to take hold in the test and measurement world. This concept revolutionised the role of computers – and especially software – in test and measurement systems. Rather than viewing a PC as simply a computer for automating measurements with GPIB, virtual instrumentation used the computer itself as a measurement platform. Moore's Law ensured that the processing power of a PC quickly outstripped the technology used in stand-alone instruments. Further, computer memory, storage capacity, and graphics display capabilities far outpaced that of traditional instruments. Thus, a general-purpose PC quickly became a better computing platform than a traditional instrument.
Two critical elements were required to enable a virtual instrumentation system to meet, and ultimately exceed, the capabilities of traditional instruments – modular measurement hardware and software. On the hardware side, early computer plug-in boards offered fairly low-quality measurement capabilities compared to benchtop instruments, which relied on proprietary data converters. Demands of broad markets, such as consumer audio and wireless infrastructure, drove the development of off-the-shelf data converters that could perform high quality measurements when used on computer plug-in boards. Computer-based measurements took a big leap forward with the development of measurement-specific computing platforms, especially PXI (PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation), which was developed in the 1990s. PXI combines PCI computer technology with instrumentation-specific timing and synchronisation capabilities. Soon, PXI virtual instruments were solving some of the most challenging measurement challenges – including high-performance RF measurements.
Yet, it was software that really made virtual instrumentation possible. Not only was software required to acquire, analyze, and present measurements in a PC environment, but it had to do so in a sufficiently abstracted manner. In essence, abstraction software was required to enable engineers and scientists to efficiently solve their test and measurement challenges without having to be experts in computer science and architecture. First released in the mid-1980s, NI LabVIEW software set the standard for virtual instrumentation software and started the trend towards software playing a central role in modern test and measurement systems.
Enabling software-designed instrumentation with FPGAs
The next major step in measurement capabilities is being enabled with the inclusion of FPGA-based measurement hardware. Looking forward to the future, it's important to consider that "instruments" in the traditional sense are no longer single-function measurement devices – but have instead become measurement systems. In addition, engineers are looking to instruments not only to test devices but also to design and prototype much larger systems.
FPGA is a key technology that is bringing new levels of performance to next-generation instrumentation. FPGAs offer substantial processing power (Figure 1). With the inclusion of FPGAs, there is now a software-based capability to push measurement functions deep into the hardware itself.
Fig. 1: FPGA is growing at a rate that even exceeds CPU's.
Fig. 1: FPGA is growing at a rate that even exceeds CPU's.
Many of today's RF instruments already benefit from fixed-functionality FPGAs to execute tasks such as flatness correction, ADC linearisation, IQ calibration, and digital downconversion. Software-designed instruments, such as the NI PXIe-5644R vector signal transceiver (Fig.2), benefit from FPGA technology in an entirely new way because the FPGA is available to the user for customisation. For example, moving the instrument control and decision making from a PC to an FPGA can dramatically reduce measurement time in complex measurement systems. Also, this capability combined with advanced FPGA-based signal processing will enable instruments to function in a wider range of embedded applications as well.
Fig. 2: The new NI PXIe-5644R vector signal transceiver combines a vector signal analyzer, vector signal generator, high speed digital I/O and a user-definable FPGA in one 3-slot PXI module.
Fig. 2: The new NI PXIe-5644R vector signal transceiver combines a vector signal analyzer, vector signal generator, high speed digital I/O and a user-definable FPGA in one 3-slot PXI module.
System design software – the key to software-designed instrumentation
The right system design software tool is essential to pull together the computing and measurement technologies in today's modular hardware. From its beginning as instrument control software, LabVIEW has evolved to be a comprehensive system design platform that allows engineers to create complex, high performance measurement systems. Engineers can use a common set of tools and languages to target applications on both processors and FPGAs, alleviating the need to know different languages and tools. LabVIEW provides a higher-level abstraction to work at the system level while also enabling engineers to create lower-level optimisations to address very high performance or complex requirements.
Multi-mode RF device characterisation
Faced with testing a new 802.11ac product, Qualcomm Atheros had to test their device under more operating conditions than ever before, resulting in more than an order of magnitude increase in measurement complexity. Using the FPGA-based NI vector signal transceiver and LabVIEW, they were able to design a test system that synchronizes digital DUT control with RF measurements. The resulting test system reduces overall test time by more than order of magnitude and enables engineers to observe device behaviour in multiple operating modes.
As we observe in Fig. 3, the traditional test instrumentation (left) was used to obtain an iterative set of measurements. Because the measurement time was very high, the test engineers had to choose a subset of operating points to characterise, resulting in essentially a "guesstimate" over the device's operating characteristics.
However, by switching to an FPGA-based instrument approach, they improved measurement performance by 200 times, enabling the engineers to acquire all 300,000 operating modes in a single test sweep. The resulting characteristic curves, shown in the right figure of Fig. 3, showed much more detailed information about the device.
Fig. 3: With traditional instrumentation, approximately 40 points of meaningful WLAN transceiver data were collected per iteration. The speed increase of the NI PXI vector signal transceiver triggered full gain table sweeps to acquire all 300,000 points.
Fig. 3: With traditional instrumentation, approximately 40 points of meaningful WLAN transceiver data were collected per iteration. The speed increase of the NI PXI vector signal transceiver triggered full gain table sweeps to acquire all 300,000 points.
Instrumentation in embedded applications
A second class of applications for software-designed instrumentation is embedded communications and signal processing. While we have traditionally thought of instruments as measurement devices, modular, software-designed instrumentation allows engineers to use RF instrumentation in embedded applications as well. Today, growing numbers of engineers are using modular PXI instruments for embedded applications like spectrum monitoring, passive radar systems (like the one in Fig. 4), and even communications system prototyping and software defined radio. These applications require instrumentation to be increasingly smaller, modular, and have better access to deterministic signal processing targets. Communications system design software must be able to abstract increasingly complex systems, enabling engineers to implement existing and new communications algorithms and deploy those algorithms on processors and FPGAs.
Fig. 4: Complex systems such as this passive RADAR system are designed and deployed with NI LabVIEW software and NI PXI hardware embedded into the final system.
Fig. 4: Complex systems such as this passive radar system are designed and deployed with NI LabVIEW software and NI PXI hardware embedded into the final system.
Looking towards a future of converged RF design and test
Software-designed instrumentation blurs the line between design and test like never before. One of the more intriguing opportunities will be the ability to share IP between design and test – whether that IP runs on a processor or an embedded FPGA. Using system design software like LabVIEW, engineers will be able to use the same tools to create a new communication protocol, and move that protocol to FPGA-based hardware for prototyping. Today, this is very challenging because of the disparity between


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Perspective View of the City of Bristol, in the Counties of Somerset & Gloucester
Anonymous copper engraving from The Complete English Traveller; or, A New Survey and Description of England and Wales by Nathaniel Spencer, published 1771.
Image size: 6 1/8" x 10 7/8", plus title and margins.
Generally very good condition throughout, some age staining (and light offsetting of text) as expected. See image.
The view of the city, though not the figures in the foreground, clearly derives from the engraving 'The North West Prospect of the City of Bristol' by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, published 1734.
£40.00 unmounted, unframed

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Spring weather is here! And work continues at the Round Valley Reservoir…
As the winter shutdown now draws to a close, the public will notice a resurgence of construction activity around all three Round Valley dams:
At the South Dam (dam facing Molasses Hill Road) and the North Dam (dam facing Lebanon Borough), major earthwork work has resumed and will continue throughout the year. In the coming months, the contractor will continue installing the dam's new filter drainage system.
Major earthwork was completed at the Dike (dam crossed by CR629) in the fall of 2021. The contractor continues efforts to restore the site to its original condition. This includes the removal of temporary soil erosion protection measures, such as silt fences and sedimentation basins, and the establishment of grass for more permanent protection.
Equipment operators excavate soil material from the slope of the South Dam. The machine in the foreground is called an "articulated dump truck." It is so called because the cab and dump bed can pivot and move independently of one another. These machines are well equipped for rugged terrain and can climb steep slopes.
Grass planted last season begins to emerge on the slope of the Dike. Final restoration of this site is on-going.


BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 METHOD:PUBLISH BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART:20131108T000000Z DTEND:20131108T010000Z LOCATION:On Alabama Public Television Channel:Main TRANSP: OPAQUE SEQUENCE:0 UID: DTSTAMP:20150421T195117Z SUMMARY:NOVA Making Stuff Safer DESCRIPTION:Is it possible to engineer an absolutely safe world for ourselves? Host David Pogue explores the extent to which science and technology can protect us from monumental forces of nature such as earthquakes and epidemics. He challenges researchers to save us from dangers of our own making, such as traffic accidents and contact sports. Our increasing reliance on the internet makes us vulnerable to new risks: Pogue delves into cyber security, where computer experts work to shield us from attacks from hackers and terrorists. Risk is all around us - but we can be smart about it. PRIORITY:1 CLASS:PUBLIC BEGIN:VALARM TRIGGER:-PT10080M ACTION:DISPLAY DESCRIPTION:Reminder END:VALARM END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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Banded Coral Shrimp
The Banded Coral Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus is a decapod crustacean, resembling shrimp. It is classified in the infraorder Stenopodidea. More familiar names for this species include Banded Boxer Shrimp, Banded Prawn, Coral Banded Shrimp and Barber-pole Shrimp. This crustacean looks like a shrimp and even shares the common name shrimp, however, it is not truly shrimp.
The shrimp-like crustacean is less than an inch long with red bands wrapping his body, and long, white antennae upon his head. To defend itself from predators, its body is covered with short, sharp spines.
Decapods use their tail to move backwards very quickly to escape danger. Unlike true shrimp that dwell on muddy bottoms to feed, the banded coral shrimp are much cleaner and prefer to dwell in openings in the reef as well as sponges. The crustacean is a popular aquarium pet because of its cleaning reputation. It is capable of removing dead tissue, and algae and parasites from other comrade fish in the tank.
The banded coral shrimp are often found hanging upside down on rocks and shells in anchialine pools and on coral reefs.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Outdoor Studies Program
The Outdoor Studies Program has three divisions: the Outdoor Studies Minor, the Outdoor Program, and the Adirondack Semester. The Program aims to develop students' appreciation for nature and the human place in it. It provides experiential education through outdoor activities, and academic exploration of different concepts of nature and the human place in it.
Through the Outdoor Program, Outdoor Studies promotes experiences in the out-of-doors and the chance to acquire outdoor skills and knowledge. Through the Outdoor Studies Minor and the Adirondack Semester it fosters an experiential, emotional, and intellectual understanding of nature and human relations with nature. Students participating in the Adirondack Semester study environmental ethics and the natural and cultural history of the Adirondack region while living on a remote lake in the Adirondack Park.
Visit the websites for each of these programs:


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Water Current Turbines: A Fieldworker's Guide
This handbook describes the development and testing of the water current turbine as a simple and inexpensive means of lifting water for irrigation purposes. With detailed technical information on the technology, this manual also includes an economic assessment of its cost-effectiveness compared with other pumping technologies.
What people are saying - Write a review
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SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS by Peter Burgess
Checklist of Key Social Economic and Technical
1 other sections not shown
alternative pumping systems alternative pumping technologies alternative systems Appendix bearing belts calculated capital cost cent centrifugal pump coefficient of performance compared Darrieus rotor delivery pipe delivery system diesel pumps discharge curves dry season earth channels energy Estimated factors farmers ferrocement friction losses handpumps head loss hectare impeller increase ITDG Juba labour lift force load Low Cost m/sec machine manufacture Mark maximum method operating overall system efficiency payback period pipeline efficiency pll3 pontoon power output power vs discharge propeller rotor pump shaft recurrent costs reference required transmission ratio river bank river current speed river speed rotational speed rotor diameter rotor machine rotor shaft running Section shaft power shown in Figure social solar powered Southern Sudan static head swept area tested tip speed ratio trailing rotor turbine rotor unit water costs velocity water current speed water current turbines water output water pumping turbine Watts WCTs wind power


Lecture: Do Operation in Causal Networks

Assigned Reading
 - Read chapter 3 in the "Causal Inferences in Statistics book: A primer" book. Read►
 - Do operation Slides►
 - Backdoor Blocking Read►
Assignment
Include in the first page a summary page. In the summary page write statements comparing your work to answers given or videos. For example, "I got the same answers as the Teach One video for question 1." In one sentence, indicate if your peer-teacher has approved your submission.
Question 1: This problem is based on example 1.2.1 in the "Causal Inferences in Statistics: A Premier" book. The following Table gives the recovery rates of 700 patients who were prescribed a drug, half of whom took the medication.
 1. What is the probability of taking medications given that the person is female
 2. What is the probability of the remission of symptoms given that the person has taken their medications and the patient is female?
 3. Which variable is leading to a selection bias, if we had observational data on these three variables and wanted to measure impact of taking the medication?
 4. What is the impact of taking the medication?
Med gender and remission network
Number Recovering (Number Taking Medication)
 Med No Med
Men 81 (n=87) 234 (n=270)
Women 192 (n=263) 55 (n=80)
Total 273 (n=350) 289 (350)
Resources available for Question 1:
 - Answer to part d is on page 57 of the "Causal Inferences in Statistics: A premier" book. Read►
Question 2: Organize the data from the previous question into a Netica model, with tables completed. Show how a do operation can be calculated using the Netica software.
Resources for Question 2:
Question 3: Calculate the causal impact of fever on diagnosis of COVID, using do operation:
Resources for Question 3:
 - Removing selection bias in impact of fever Excel►
Question 4: The following data show the joint distribution of gender, medication taken, and response to the medication (similar to question 1). Keep mind that the conditional probability of taking the medication given the patient's gender is also called propensity score. Conditional probability of x given z is calculated as the joint probability of x and z divided by probability of z.
 1. Calculate the propensity of clinician prescribing the medication for each recommendation of AI system.
 2. Calculate the un-confounded impact of clinician's prescription patterns, using inverse propensity scores
 3. Calculate the impact of the AI system on remission of patients' symptoms. To do this, sum the product of probability of remission given AI advice times probability of AI's advice.
Joint Probability
X, Clinician's Prescription Y, Patient's Remission Z, Artificial Intelligence Advice Probability
Med A Yes Med A 0.116
Med A Yes Other Med 0.274
Med A No Med A 0.010
Med A No Other Med 0.101
Other Med Yes Med A 0.334
Other Med Yes Other Med 0.079
Other Med No Med A 0.051
Other Med No Other Med 0.036
Resources for Question 4:
 - Answer to part b is on page 72-75 in the book "Causal Inferences in Statistics: A premier" book. Read►
Question 5: An adjustment set is a set that allows you to calculate causal impact of exposure/treatment. There are several different ways of identifying an adjustment set. If all parents in the Markov Blanket of exposure are stratified, then the causal effect of exposure on outcome can be measured. This, however, may not be the minimal set. In this problem, you are asked to use a tool available online to identify the minimal adjustment set for the following graph:
Exposure mediator outcome and 2 covariate model
Resources available for answering Question 5
 - Tool for determining minimum adjustment set Web►
More
For additional information (not part of the required reading), please see the following links:
 1. Graphical models and measurement of counterfactuals Read►
This page is part of the course on Comparative Effectiveness by Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D. Course Home► Email►


Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale. Fundamentally consisting of image segmentation, attribution, and classification.
OBIA allows for hierarchical relationship framework development that give successive levels of image objects an association.
Work scheme:
 1. develop rule set;
 2. develop applications;
 3. combine, modify and calibrate rule sets;
 4. process data;
 5. execute and monitor analysis;
 6. review and edit results.
Image segmentation is a partitioning of an image into constituent parts using image attributes such as pixel intensity, spectral values, and/or textural properties. Image segmentation produces an image representation in terms of edges and regions of various shapes and interrelationships.
Segmentation algorithms are based on region growing/merging, simulated annealing, boundary detection, probability-based image segmentation, fractal net evolution approach (FNEA), and more.
In region growing/merging, neighboring pixels or small segments that have similar spectral properties are assumed to belong to the same larger segment and are therefore merged.
Multiresolution segmentation
Once created each image object can be identified and classified based on its attributes which the user can define.
For example:
 1. spatial extent;
 2. linearity;
 3. spectral reflectance;
 4. relationship with Image Object Primitives.
Membership function are used to determine if an object belongs to a class or not. These membership functions are based on fuzzy logic. Where an object can have a probability of belonging to a class – with the probability being in the range 0 to 1 – where 0 is absolutely DOES NOT belong to the class, and 1 is absolutely DOES belong to the class.
The result of classification is a vector or raster layer containing classes classified by user.


next up previous
Next: Signatures of sets Up: Open problems with signatures Previous: Signature of a derivative
Definite integrals
The notion of limiting sum cannot be expressed as a signature. There is no notion of approximation with signatures, arbitrarily close rational numbers can have arbitrarily different signatures. Consequently, under our present knowledge of signatures, it does not appear possible to compute signatures of definite integrals, definite sums, limits and similar operations. Additionally, integrals or summations with infinite limits are completely outside the reach of signatures for an even stronger reason.
Gaston Gonnet


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Agent-based tumour models to define adjuvant therapy approaches
Stomach cancer is a frequent form of cancer. Therapies, which affect motility parameters of cancer cells, have proven a diversity of efficiencies. In this project, we will investigate clinically relevant medications in their effectivity to control the motility of cancer cells. We will start from in vitro data of cell motility and understand these with the help of agent-based modelling frameworks. The validated mathematical model can then be used for simulations of larger cancer cell compounds with the aim to determine the impact of therapies targeting cell motility onto the organisation of tumours. The known correlation of cancer cell motility with the probability of metastasis may open new strategies of cancer therapy.
Keywords: Stomach cancer, cell migration, metastasis, cell interaction, motility coefficient


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I was thinking about the following problem:
Consider a sequence $a_n \to 0, a_n >0$ which is monotone, i. e. $a_n\ge a_{n+1}$.
Now suppose for every $C>0$ there is a subsequence $n(k)$ such that $a_{n(k)}>C\ f(n(k))$, where f is a function fulfilling $f(x)\to 0 \ (x\to\infty)(e.g. f(x)=x^{-1})$.
Can you conclude now $a_{n}>C'\ f(n)$ for all $n$?
I think so, because each subsequence $a_{n(1)-i},a_{n(2)-i},\ldots$ can not decay faster than $f$. Even when the difference $|n(k)-n(k-1)|$ is not bounded, you can choose subsequences
and so on. Again each of these subsequence can not decay faster than $f$.
Am I doing any mistake?
Thanks for your help!
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
Let $\{M_n:n\in\Bbb Z\}$ be a partition of $\Bbb N$ into infinite sets. For each $n\in\Bbb Z$ let $M_n=\{m(n,k):k\in\Bbb N\}$, where $m(n,0)Cf\big(m(n,k)\big)$ for each $C<2^{-n}$, but clearly
Thus, there is no $C>0$ such that $a_m>Cf(m)$ for all $m\in\Bbb N$.
share|improve this answer
Thank you Brian! But I think you misunderstood me. Because you chose a sequence $a_{m(n,k)}$ decaying faster than f(m(n,k)). That's why your inequality $a_{m(n,k)}> C f(m(n,k))$ is of course true for $C(n)<2^{-n}$ but i meant a $C>0$ not depending on $n$. – Lenava Aug 10 '12 at 8:15
_USER_: My $C$ doesn't actually depend on $n$. Given $C$, choose an appropriate $n$. However, I did overlook the fact that you were interested in arbitrarily large values of $C$, not just arbitrarily small ones, so my example handles only values of $C$ less than $1$. I've now corrected this. Given $C>0$, pick $n\in\Bbb Z$ so that $2^{-n}>C$, and consider the sequence $\langle a_{m(n,k)}:k\in\Bbb N\rangle$. – Brian M. Scott Aug 10 '12 at 8:25
Thank you Brian. I confused n with k. – Lenava Aug 20 '12 at 11:23
Your Answer


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For bold leadership in responding to the recent Ebola outbreak in Africa and for sustained and effective frontline responses to health emergencies.
The 2015 Lasker~Bloomberg Public Service Award honors Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) for bold leadership in responding to the recent Ebola outbreak in Africa and for sustained and effective frontline responses to health emergencies. Undeterred by grim and demanding circumstances, its employees and volunteers have worked steadily for decades to fulfill the organization's mission. Last year, it undertook a monumental task —f ighting a deadly infectious disease that spreads readily — a duty that rightly belongs to the international community, not an outfit that is funded primarily by individual donors.
Since 1971, MSF has provided medical assistance and humanitarian aid to the world's neediest citizens. The organization delivers drugs, healthcare, and other essential resources to people who suffer from crises of war, famine, natural disasters, and infectious disease. It reaches vast numbers of people in troubled areas, in part because it remains politically neutral.
Award presentation by Barbara Barrett
Acceptance remarks by Médecins Sans Frontières
Our work for Ebola patients in West Africa — recognized by this Lasker-Bloomberg Award — would not be possible without the selfless determination and dedication of our national staff from the affected countries.
Through countless acts of courage, more than 4000 men and women have cared for Ebola patients in West Africa. Alongside some 1300 international workers, they have fought day in and day out for 18 months, at great personal risk.
Fourteen of them tragically lost their lives. And it is in their cherished memory that I accept this award.
They and so many others needlessly perished. Our response, while generating many accolades, ultimately illustrates a broad failure.
Interview with Alfred Sommer and Darin Portnoy
Video Credit: Susan Hadary


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- Add a Content Editor Web Part to the Main Page of the site.
- Modify the Web Part and click on Source Editor.
- Paste in the following code while changing the URLs to match your target.
- I set the redirect time to 0, but you can set it higher if you like. 1 sec = 1000, 2 sec = 2000, etc.
- Save the code changes.
Redirecting you to the new location. If you are not redirected, click HERE.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Big Debate
The Big Debate
Debate: How can you break through the internal barriers derailing your transformation?
Two titans of industry will debate the effectiveness of proven tactics and tools to overcome internal barriers to ensure the success of large-scale transformation.
Why join this debate?
 1. Transform your transformation
 How do you reinvent a business while remaining a market leader? What role must the C-suite play? Explore how these deep challenges have been successfully addressed and overcome.
 2. See how to integrate disparate parts of your business
 How do you align everyone across the organisation and drive collaboration so that you're truly working as a single entity?
 3. Discover how different thinking leads to high growth
 A transformational culture can future-proof a company, and make it more innovative, productive and profitable. But how does a large organisation change its way of working? Explore the theory and practice with highly experienced speakers and attendees.
Adam Salzer OAM - Executive Chair, Whitewatertx & EMEA Advisory Board Chair, Teradata
Sir Richard Shirreff - Co-Founder and Managing Partner, Strategia Worldwide
Debate Chair:
Winfried Schultz - Vice President of EMEA Marketing, Teradata


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عنوان مقاله [English]
Dried granular material subjected to saturation under certain vertical stresses, results in collapse settlement, due to sliding in the grain contacts, particle rearrangement and breakage. In this research, the effects of saturation on shear strength parameters and the collapse behavior of clean gravels are investigated via a large scale direct shear test. For instance, first, all physical properties of the gravelly material were evaluated via some specific laboratory tests, including grading analysis, specific gravity of soil solids, unit weight of soils and Los Angeles abrasion tests. Maximum and minimum densities were determined in order to provide samples in a specific relative density. The materials, which were selected for collapse tests were classified as GP and SP, due to their potential for collapse during saturation. In order to compare the shear strength parameters in dry and wet states, large-scale direct shear test apparatus with a sample dimension of $30times 30times15cm$ was used, and strain control tests were done on the saturated and dried samples. Vertical stresses of 1, 3 and 5 $Kg/cm^2$ were applied to the samples and shearing continued until 4.5 cm shear displacement. Collapse tests were done by the direct shear apparatus on the initially dry samples, which were flooded during shearing at the specific strain or in the specific shear stress levels. Result of laboratory tests showed that in most samples, shear strength parameters decreased with inundating the material, whereas the parameters in collapse and saturated tests were close to each other. An important part of this paper is studying the effect of different parameters on the collapse phenomenon in gravelly material. Specific parameters were selected as vertical stress, soil density, coarseness or fineness of particles, initial water content, and shear displacement or shear stress level. Vertical stress and shear stress levels had a direct effect on the collapse settlement; in fact, an increase in vertical and shear stress levels results in more collapse settlement and more stress release during saturation. Another factor is sand content in the whole sample. It was shown that although sand particles were not prone to crack due to their small size, the collapse potential in the sand samples was much higher than gravelly material. In fact, particle rearrangement was the fundamental cause of collapse in sandy soils, while particle breakage in gravelly material is another reason for the collapse. Also, experimental results indicated that addition of moisture content, even in small amounts, would cause a high reduction in collapse settlement. Furthermore, the effect of soil density was studied in the collapse settlement and it was observed that collapse decreases with an increase in relative density. Thus, in order to decrease collapse settlement in the compacted material, soil mass must be well compacted and prepared in a wet state.


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8. International Health Regulations and Epidemic Control
- Alert function requires countries that discover an outbreak to immediately notify other countries
- Alert function is non-rivalrous (info used by one country does not prevent another using it)
- Alert function is non-excludable (once information disseminated it is impossible to prevent countries using it)
Just as for national infection control, there are two primary parts to the process: the alert function and the control measures.
The alert function builds on the principle that when a country discovers an outbreak that may spread to other countries, it immediately notifies these other countries. In this sense, the alert function is a non-rivalrous and non-excludable global public good. Other countries are forewarned and can take action to protect their citizens. Tourists can be warned not to travel to the affected area, and arrivals of people or goods from that area can be checked for disease - or even refused. In this example it is the information itself that should be an intermediate good, but it is easy to see that unless the process is totally transparent, some countries could be excluded from information, and it would thus become a 'club good' among countries with sensitive international intelligence systems.
Also, just as in the example of the 'cordon sanitaire', 'global' may not include the affected country. In most instances this country has little to gain from an alert, and more often than not it will suffer - at least in the short run. Tourists will stop coming, its citizens will be subjected to check-ups or quarantine when travelling abroad, and its exports may be stopped.


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The War Memorial Chapel
The chapel was originally built as a barn around 1806 when Lord Midleton of Peperharow bought this estate.
You can still see where the great doors were on either side of the building; one side is now the organ loft but the curved beam that once was over the doors on the other side is clearly visible. These doors allowed air flow through so that men threshing grain in the main part of the barn could have the chaff blown away and so they would only be left with the ears of wheat which could then be swept up and put into sacks.
When Sir Edgar Horne took over Hall Place in 1894 he used the barn as his garage. In 1940 Aldro relocated to its present site and the barn was still used as a garage until 1949 when it was turned into "The War Memorial Chapel". Bishop Reindorp (Bishop of Guildford) took the service when it was dedicated to the fifty-seven Aldro boys who gave their lives in both World War I and World War II.
Frederick Earnest Hill (FEH) who was the Headmaster at Aldro between 1923 and 1952, bequeathed an organ which still remains in the chapel and dates from 1785 and many of the pews in the Chapel were given by Old Aldronians.
The War Memorial Chapel is where the Aldro community gathers together for a daily act of worship, providing the school with a meeting place and a start to the working day. Our simple act of worship always includes a hymn, reading and prayer, as well as a homily, offering a thought for the day applicable to the whole community.
As a school we are very proud of our strong choral tradition and our chapel choir adds a different spiritual dimension to our worship. As well as singing in chapel the Choir frequently perform outside of school singing Evensong at local churches. We welcome visiting preachers to our services who are often drawn from many senior public schools. All our pupils take an active part in all our services.


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Now i came to know why my precise loops alwayz showed a random behaviour.
Actually i used to call timeGetTime() to do timing control.
But it seems because of the granularity of the system timer can be as high as 10-15
milliseconds, meaning that timeGetTime() is only accurate to 10-15 milliseconds.
There are multiple approaches which we can use for time control, some of them are :
It stands for "Read Time Stamp Counter." This assembly instruction returns
an unsigned 64-bit integer reading on the processor's internal high-precision
In order to get the frequency of the timer (how much the timer return
value will increment in 1 second), you can read the registry for the machine's
bool GetPentiumClockEstimateFromRegistry(unsigned __int64 *frequency)
*frequency = 0;
rc = RegOpenKeyEx(
if (rc == ERROR_SUCCESS)
cbBuffer = sizeof (DWORD);
rc = RegQueryValueEx
if (rc == ERROR_SUCCESS)
*frequency = freq_mhz*1024*1024;
return (*frequency > 0);
double GetPentiumTimeAsDouble(unsigned __int64 frequency)
// returns < 0 on failure; otherwise, returns current cpu time, in seconds.
// warning: watch out for wraparound!
// get high-precision time:
unsigned __int64 high_perf_time;
unsigned __int64 *dest = &high_perf_time;
_emit 0xf // these two bytes form the 'rdtsc' asm instruction,
_emit 0x31 // available on Pentium I and later.
mov esi, dest
mov [esi ], eax // lower 32 bits of tsc
mov [esi+4], edx // upper 32 bits of tsc
__int64 time_s = (__int64)(high_perf_time / frequency);
__int64 time_fract = (__int64)(high_perf_time % frequency);
double ret = (time_s % (60*60*24*7)) + (double)time_fract/(double)((__int64)frequency);
QueryPerformanceFrequency & QueryPerformanceCounter:
QueryPerformanceFrequency returns the amount that the counter will increment over 1 second; QueryPerformanceCounter
returns a LARGE_INTEGER (a 64-bit *signed* integer) that is the current value of the counter.
This approach is accurate upto 10 micro seconds.
If we call timeBeginPeriod(1) at the beginning of our program (and timeEndPeriod(1) at the end), timeGetTime() will usually become
accurate to 1-2 milliseconds.
Sleep() sleeps for goes hand-in-hand with the granularity of timeGetTime(), so after calling timeBeginPeriod(1) once, Sleep(1)
will actually sleep for 1-2 milliseconds, Sleep(2) for 2-3, and so on (instead of sleeping in increments as high as 10-15 ms).
For simple timing, both timeGetTime and QueryPerformanceCounter work well, and QueryPerformanceCounter is obviously more accurate.
Part of this post is coming Ryan M. Geiss's post.


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Due to its selective and sensitive response to nitrogen and/or phosphorous containing compounds, the system is commonly used to detect pesticides, herbicides, and drugs of abuse.
When this detector was invented by Karmen and Giuffrida in 1964 it was known as the alkali flame ionization detector (AFID) because it consisted of an FID to which was added a bead of an alkali metal salt. As it has continued to evolve, its name has also changed and it has been known as a thermionic ionization detector (TID), a flame thermionic detector (FTD), a thermionic specific detector (TSD), etc. It is most commonly known today as an NPD detector as it responds well to both nitrogen and phosphorous organic compounds.
The NPD shows selectively higher sensitivity when an alkali metal salt is present in the vicinity of the flame. In its present configuration, a bead of rubidium or cesium salt is electrically heated in the region where the flame ionization occurs. While the mechanism is not well understood, the detector does show enhanced detectivity for phosphorous-, nitrogen- and some halogen-containing organic substances.


10 Reasons You Should Honor National Law Enforcement Day
National Law Enforcement Day falls annually on January 9. On this day, all across the United States, people celebrate the work that police officers have accomplished in their communities and within our nation. So here are some reasons why we should celebrate National Law Enforcement Day.
1. Law enforcement workers put their lives at risk to make our communities safer
Police officers constantly patrol our streets, day and night, to make sure that our communities are safe and protected. That way, we can live our lives without worrying.
2. These officials are mentors
Police officers are mentors to many different people. Moreover, they are the ones that could change someone's life just by their acts of kindness.
3. Law enforcement officers go through a lot of stress
Believe it or not, police officers go through a lot of stress. They have to make sure our communities are safe and free, and it isn't an easy job to do at times.
4. Officers have big hearts
People in law enforcement have the biggest hearts that you will ever see. Mostly, however, they want to give you a helping hand if they can at any given moment.
5. Law enforcement officials have given us the best television entertainment
If it weren't for the officers of the law, we wouldn't have certain TV shows that we love today, such as Cops and Live PD which are the craziest shows imaginable and full of action.
6. They make a ton of sacrifices
Law officials sacrifice a lot to make sure that the job of protecting us as a nation gets done. Even if it means missing out on time with their own families.
7. Law enforcement officers are some of the strongest people
Police officers are some of the strongest people around. They have seen a lot of things in their lifetime and therefore should be respected and honored.
8. Officers' lives matter just as much as our own
Law officials' lives matter just like everyone else's. They put their lives on the line to protect us and our needs. But most of all, behind that uniform, they're humans just like us.
9. Law enforcement officials are the biggest animal lovers
It's no secret that police officers are some of the biggest animal lovers. They are always cuddling with their animals on the job therefore, they should be honored and celebrated for that very reason.
10. Law enforcement officials are the coolest group of friends you could ever have
I have a ton of friends in law enforcement, and they're the coolest friends you could ever ask for. Moreover, they'll always have your back. And that's what great friends should do.
Ultimately, there are many reasons why you should celebrate this national holiday. We should all honor them for their hard work and sacrifices. Comment down below: what are some other reasons you're celebrating this special day?
Photo by Matteo Modica on Unsplash
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The question asks how to convert local coordinates into geocentric coordinates. As an example,
What would be the geocentric coordinates of a point displaced 250 meters west and 250 meters south of -108.619987 degrees longitude, 36.234600 degrees latitude (at sea level)?
(For the reason why only six decimal places are used here, please see _URL_
This encompasses two geometrical questions:
What are the geocentric coordinates corresponding to a given location given in terms of latitude and longitude (at a nominal height of zero)?
What rotation will bring the local frame (in which x points east, y points north, and z points up) into the geocentric frame (in which x points towards the Prime Meridian at the Equator, z points at the North Pole, and x-y-z form a positively oriented orthogonal coordinate system)?
Let's solve these geometrically. Because the math for the first one has been done elsewhere on this site, the new part is the second.
To begin with, consider the geocentric frame at the North Pole:
In this and subsequent images, the blue arrow represents the local "x" direction, the red arrow the local "y" direction, and the green arrow the local "z" direction. At the outset, the three local directions correspond with the geocentric axes as shown.
(Sharp-eyed readers will notice the relatively extreme eccentricity of this representation of the ellipsoid, especially in the third and fourth images: the Earth looks somewhat "squashed." This is by design: the software that made these images uses the equations worked out below. Exaggerating the eccentricity emphasizes potentially small errors that can creep into ellipsoidal calculations, making them easier to spot and rectify.)
For reasons that will soon be clear, first rotate the local frame 90 degrees counterclockwise around its z-axis:
Next, rotate this frame around the geocentric y-axis to bring it to the desired latitude. (For this illustration we're headed toward Indonesia, in the southern hemisphere.)
(Notice how the red arrow (local y) is pointing due north and the blue arrow (local x) is pointing due east: it was to establish this x=east, y=north correspondence that the first rotation was done.)
Finally, rotate this frame once more around the geocentric z-axis to bring it to the desired longitude.
These three rotations provide the Euler angles in the Z-Y'-Z'' convention. The amounts of rotation were:
First, 90 degrees around the z axis from x towards y.
Second, 90 - 'latitude' degrees around the y axis from z towards x.
Third, 'longitude' degrees around the z axis from x towards y.
(It should now be evident that these transformations were worked out in reverse: starting with a local east-north-up frame at a given point, a rotation around the earth's axis (geocentric z) can take us to the Prime Meridian, and thence a rotation around the geocentric y axis can take us to the North Pole, where we discover a simple 90 degree rotation around the pole will align the local frame with the geocentric one. The key idea is to use rotations around the geocentric axes to line up the frames: although there are many ways to accomplish this, they will all produce the same answer.)
It remains to convert the geometry into arithmetic. The 3 x 3 matrix representing a rotation of t from axis i towards axis j will have values of cos(t) in its (i,i) and (j,j) positions, sin(t) in the (j,i) position, -sin(t) in the (i,j) position, a 1 in the other diagonal position, and zeros elsewhere. Successive rotations are computed by multiplying the matrices (from right to left). Writing f for the longitude and q for the latitude, the resulting rotation matrix is
-sin(f), -cos(f) sin(q), cos(f) cos(q)
cos(f), -sin(f) sin(q), sin(f) cos(q)
0, cos(q), sin(q)
For the values of f and q in the question, the matrix is
0.94765709 0._PHONE_ -0._PHONE_
-0._PHONE_ 0.56015335 -0.76438353
0 0.80660351 0.59109287
The first column is a unit-length vector giving the local x (east) direction in terms of the geocentric coordinates (as a check, notice it has no third component: x is entirely east-west). The second column is a unit vector giving the local y (north) direction and the third column is the local outward unit normal, or "up" direction.
As far as the origin of the local system goes, we can work it out from properties of the Earth's ellipsoid. The WGS 84 ellipsoid, for instance, has a major axis of a = _PHONE_ meters (that's the equatorial radius) and a minor axis of b = _PHONE_.3142 meters (that's the polar radius). (The ratio of these axes equals 0.996647189335, which is less than 1 by the "flattening," equal to 1 / 298.257223563.) Consequently, the geocentric coordinates of the origin are given by
a cos(q') cos(f)
a cos(q') sin(f)
where q' = Atan(b/a tan(q)) converts the geodetic latitude q to the angle between the origin and the equator. In the example, these coordinates (in meters) are
Finally, to find the geocentric coordinates of a local displacement from this origin, we form the linear combination in terms of the geocentric frame. E.g., a displacement of 250 meters west is -250 in the local x direction, equivalent to a geocentric displacement of
-250 * (0.94765709, -0._PHONE_, 0) = (-236.9, 79.8, 0)
and a displacement of 250 meters south is -250 in the local y direction, equivalent to a geocentric displacement of
-250 * (0._PHONE_, 0.56015335, 0.80660351) = (-47.2, -140.0, -201.7).
Applying these two displacements to the geocentric origin (by adding them component-by-component) yields geocentric coordinates of
(-_PHONE_.2, -_PHONE_.7, _PHONE_.6).
As the question notes, all this can be compactly represented as a four by four transformation matrix: its upper left three by three block is the rotation matrix, the first three entries in its rightmost column are the geocentric coordinates for the given longitude and latitude, and its bottom row is (0,0,0,1). Local coordinates (x',y',z') are converted to geocentric coordinates by left-multiplying the column vector (x',y',z',1)' by this matrix.
Incidentally, the earth's surface is usually not at sea level at land locations like this one. No problem: the surface elevation at the origin represents a displacement in the local z direction. Simply add that multiple of the local z vector to obtain the final value. In the example, the surface elevation at the origin is approximately 2000 meters. The corresponding geocentric displacement therefore equals
2000 * (-0._PHONE_, -0.76438353, 0.59109287) = (-515.081, -1528.77, 1182.19)
Adding this to the previous result gives
(-_PHONE_.3, -_PHONE_.5, _PHONE_.7)
Because non-sea-level contributions are considerable, elevation cannot be ignored when computing geocentric coordinates.


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Part 2: Oxygen Issues With Energy-Efficient Boilers
Oxygen Issues With Energy-Efficient Boilers
By Ryan T. Evans, P.E. - June 2012 - Energy Efficiency
Another method for increasing efficiency is to apply low-oxygen carbon monoxide technology. Oxygen is required for combustion, but excess oxygen lowers the flame temperature by as much as 500-1,000 degrees in the furnace.
Lower combustion temperatures mean a smaller temperature difference across the heat exchanger, and a smaller temperature difference means less heat transfer. The result is lower efficiency and more fuel waste.
Ideally, oxygen in exhaust gases should be controlled to 3 percent or less across the burner's firing range. When technicians set up a boiler during commissioning, they set the oxygen to 3 percent at high fire, but most burners cannot maintain a stable flame at low-fire conditions with increased excess air. Several burner manufacturers have developed technologies that allow operation at or below 3 percent oxygen across the firing range. A burner retrofit to a high-efficiency burner can result in gas savings up to 20 percent annually.
Besides lowering the flame temperature, higher excess air increases the velocity of the products of combustion, meaning they have less time to transfer their heat before they move through the stack. Low-oxygen technology exists that can result in 3 percent or less oxygen across the entire range of firing rates, which can help efficiency in two ways. It keeps flame temperatures high, and it allows the products of combustion more time to give up their heat to the steam.
Consider the stack losses of a traditional high-pressure steam system with a swirl-type burner and stack temperatures of 350 degrees. It operates at 8 percent oxygen with stack losses of 20.8 percent. By operating at 3 percent oxygen, stack losses drop to 17.9 percent. This results in slowing down the products of combustion, which leads to a typical 30-40 degree temperature drop in the stack. By decreasing the stack temperature from 350 degrees to 310 degrees, the stack loss drops another percent to 16.9 percent — savings of almost 4 percent.


Hands-On Experience
Experiential learning is all about learning through hands-on experience, whether it be debating in a small group at a professor's home, gaining work skills through an internship, conducting research to help solve problems in inner-city Rochester, or studying different cultures in Japan or England.
You'll do all of this within the context of a Christian environment where it's safe to struggle with questions because your friends and professors are there to support you.
Opportunities for Experiential Learning at Roberts
Study Abroad
Cultural Enrichment Guest Series
Mission Trips


text:
Who Can Apply:
- Richard "88 Fingers" Turner, Jr. is a beloved husband and talented pianist.
- Known for his dexterity and musical talent, Richard has inspired the next generation of aspiring African American musicians. In order to truly thrive in the industry, it's critical for musicians to have a strong educational foundation, which can often be inaccessible due to the high cost of college.
- This scholarship seeks to honor Richard Turner, Jr. by supporting African American musicians in their pursuit of education.
- Any African American two or four-year undergraduate student who is pursuing a music degree and career may apply for this scholarship.
Submission: To apply, submit a 2-3 minute video of yourself performing.
Deadline: August 1, 2023
Learn More: _URL_


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This study addresses the application of MR (magnetorheological) isolators to vibration isolation of precision payloads for aerial vehicles. To this end, a precision payload in an aerial vehicle is modeled as a six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) lumped parameter model of a sensor assembly. An MR isolator is modeled as a 3-DOF passive spring-damping element and a 3-DOF semi-active yield force due to the yield stress of an MR fluid. Three MR isolators are configured with equal installation angles between the precision payload and the base structure in the aerial vehicle. The governing equations of motion for the MR vibration isolation system of the precision payload for the aerial vehicle are derived and then key parameters of the MR isolators, such as stiffness, damping, and isolator orientation, are determined via a global optimization method. The simulated response of the passive MR vibration isolation system with no magnetic field control input and constant magnetic field control input are presented and analyzed under different excitation conditions. To improve the passive MR vibration isolation performance, a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control algorithm is designed. Finally, simulated responses of the semi-active MR vibration isolation performance using LQG control are evaluated and compared with those of passive (zero or constant field) MR vibration isolation systems.
- Design Engineering Division and Computers and Information in Engineering Division
Vibration Isolation of Precision Payloads for Aerial Vehicles Using Magnetorheological Isolators
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Choi, Y, Brigley, M, & Wereley, NM. "Vibration Isolation of Precision Payloads for Aerial Vehicles Using Magnetorheological Isolators." Proceedings of the ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Volume 1: 20th Biennial Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Parts A, B, and C. Long Beach, California, USA. September 24–28, 2005. pp. 2365-2373. ASME. _URL_
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Date of Award
Degree Type
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Political Sciences
First Advisor
Prof. ZHANG Baohui
Second Advisor
Prof. CHUNG Chien Peng
The dissertation addresses the core IR problem of revisionism and relates it to both the declining superpower and the rising great power, both the United States and China. The dissertation also offers a novel conceptualization of international order in terms of which revisionism is understood. The theoretical innovation of the dissertation modifies established structural realist theories and shifts the explanatory focus from security to status. Since status, defined as social position, is composed of both power and prestige, both change in the balance of power and the balance of prestige explain revisionism, which then cause dissatisfaction in the form of status anxiety in the dominant state. This leads the dominant power to revise the international order to maintain its leading status. It then attempts to block the ascendance of the rising challenger, which frustrates the status aspirations of the rising power who responds by carving out an alternative international order that can satisfy its desire for status. The theory explains when and why revisionism relates to both the status-maintenance strategy of the declining dominant power and the status-enhancement strategy of the rising great power. The declining superpower revises to maintain, whereas the rising great power revises to enhance. The dissertation applies this insight to the positional competition for leadership in the Asia-Pacific and the struggle between alternative regional orders. The US pivot to Asia under the Obama administration exemplifies the revisionist status-maintenance strategy. China, after Xi Jinping's assumption of power, then begins to carve out an alternative regional order. On the US side, the dissertation scrutinizes the cases of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and America's Principled Security Network. On the Chinese side, the dissertation scrutinizes the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and China's project for an Asian Security Order.
Recommended Citation
Åberg, J. H. S. (2017). Status, revisionism, and great power strategy: US-China positional competition and the struggle for leadership in Asia-Pacific (Doctor's thesis, Lingnan University, Hong Kong). Retrieved from


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Imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value: literature it gave the scholar certain powers of expression, the power of speech,. This webpage is for dr wheeler's literature students, and it offers introductory survey information concerning the literature of the english expression,. Literary terms & devices the basic items that make up a work of literature: the expression of sequential or related thoughts using the same syntactical.
Download and read love in literature studies in symbolic expression love in literature studies in symbolic expression many people are trying to. Page 1: definition, characteristics, and causes of written expression difficulties what is writing writing is a form of communication that allows students to put. Synonyms for expression at thesauruscom with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions find descriptive alternatives for expression. Heejung kim is currently an associate professor at the department of psychology, ucsb she received her first ba in french literature from ewha womans' university.
This handout gives a rundown of some important terms and concepts used when talking and writing about literature. Course syllabus for engl203: cultural and literary expression in the 18 th and 19 th they helped to create literature as a new discipline distinct from yet. Literature definition is - literary culture writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest.Expressionism is an early 20th century style of music and literature that is charged with an the'self expression' in the art of vincent van gogh and. Definition and a list of examples of colloquialism colloquialism refers to the usage of informal or everyday language in literature. Literature at the turn of the century lawrence's last major novel and an expression of his belief in the possibility of personal fulfillment through sexual. The literature reflected what was happening in america on the social and political arena in the sixties authors wrote about gender, race, homosexuality, feminism and. Glossary of literary terms jump to written, or literary expression a handbook to literature. The price is the lowest for any condition, which may be new or used other conditions may also be available rental copies must be returned at the end of the. Les différentes formes d'expression théâtrale, qui peuvent être rapprochés de la notion aristotélicienne de mimèse, le fait de montrer des choses.
Looking for examples of euphemism here are many different examples, showing a wide variety of euphemisms. A number of expressionists shared the "belief that literature was capable of effecting profound the significance of german expression is in its ephemeral. Bionovus life sciences web page for requesting/downloading catalogues and other literature from oxford expression technologies. Expressionism: expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects.
Microsoft expression web 4 step by step [chris leeds] on amazoncom free shipping on qualifying offers the smart way to learn microsoft® expression® web 4. Definition of expression - the action of making known one's thoughts or feelings, a look on someone's face that conveys a particular emotion, a word or phras. The universality of facial expressions of emotion with the ability to replay and freeze-frame on the expression to as discussed in the literature on.
All literature resources proteins the national center for biotechnology information advances science and health by providing access to genes & expression. Art is nothing but the expression of our expressionism emerged simultaneously in various cities across germany as a response to a widespread anxiety about. This is the double pulse of the expression of erotic love in literature, but that tradition in love-literature which sets a transcendent value on love,. Useful phrases the lists below 412 literature review/summary of previous research we shall write the above expression as in this way we obtain.Download
2018. Education database.


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Milan Average Weather & Yearly Climate
Average weather in Milan provides about 19 celsius but it does vary during the year with averages differing
Our weather figures highlight July is the hottest period and January is the coldest period of the year. Temperatures differ by 24.You should expect average daily temperatures to typically be around 20 from Spring, 30 in Summer, 19 throughout Autumn and 8 in the Winter period.
What are the Weather Insights, Yearly Temperature, Climate in Milan?
We have collected historical weather facts and data to help you determine when the best time to visit Milan
- Typical Average Daily Temperature: 19
- Typical Hottest Month: July
- Typical Coldest Month: January
- Average Spring Temperature: 20
- Average Summer Temperature: 30
- Average Autumn Temperature: 19
- Average Winter Temperature: 8


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<asp:Label runat="server" ID="lblTab3" Text="Tab3"></asp:Label>

<asp:ContentPlaceHolder ID="ContentPlaceHolder" runat="server">
</asp:ContentPlaceHolder>

 </form>

The content pages designer is same but on Page_Load the following 2 lines are to be written
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;
namespace Sample
{
 public partial class WebForm2 : System.Web.UI.Page
 {
 protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 {
 HtmlAnchor Tabid = (HtmlAnchor)(this.Master).FindControl("first");
 Tabid.Attributes["class"] = "current";
 }
 }
}
0
Put the Tab container in the master Page and in child pages have the individual tab activated of the master page, this should be easy.
-mark this as an answer if it solves your problem.
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.


text:
ISO 11365:2017 is applicable to the use of triaryl phosphate esters as fire-resistant fluids for turbine control and other hydraulic systems in power generation. These fluids fall under category HFDR of ISO 6743‑4.
ISO 11365:2017 is intended to:
- assist the power equipment operator to maintain the fluid in a condition that will ensure the safe and reliable operation of the turbine while maximizing fluid life;
- recommend procedures for examining consignments of new fluid and monitoring the fluid in use;
- provide information on the safe handling, storage and disposal of the fluid;
- offer background information on the causes of fluid degradation.


text:
Unformatted text preview: 7.5 8.0 8.5 Strongly acid Medium acid Slightly acid Very slightly acid Very slightly alkaline Slightly alkaline Medium alkaline Strongly alkaline B. Exponents and Logarithms Since calculation of pH involved the use of logarithms the following is a refresher on exponents and logarithms: y * y * y = y 3 ; A A 1 = A A 1 = A 1 A 1 = 2 A 1 0.1 = 10 1 = 10-1 ; 0.01 = 100 1 = 2 10 1 = 10-2 (10 N )* (10 M ) = 10 N+M In general, we can always write any number X as another number A raised to a power y, where y need not and usually is not an integral (whole steps). That is, X = A y . The exponent y is called the logarithm of X to the base A and is written as follows: log A x = y...
View Full Document
- Spring '08
- pH, Logarithm, alkaline alkaline alkaline


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Most children in the Unites States go to elementary school, middle school, high school, and then college. Very few people skip high school and go directly to college. This is due to the progressive nature of the educational curriculum building upon itself and helping the students mature their understanding and thinking as they advance through the grades. I have recently run across multiple instances where organizations sought to skip steps in adopting an RPA program. This is akin to skipping grades or even an entire school system hoping to succeed without a prior foundation of success having been achieved first. When available tech capabilities and methodologies are not developed in a logical sequence, it typically leads to a lack of vision and poorly conceived objectives as well as minimal buy in from executives and staff.
When designing an RPA program, I recommend the following as the four key areas worth giving extra attention to in order to succeed.
I have seen organizations implement processes in the order of ideas being conceived. After implementing the solution and putting it in production, they then go back to evaluate the process to ensure it is benefitting the organization. This approach will lead to failure and dissatisfaction.
To achieve success, a focus on the business outcomes to be achieved by automating that process is critical. Some business outcomes include improving revenue, decreasing costs and enhancing operations, improving employee experience and morale, improving quality and risk management/compliance, or leveraging new innovations and technologies. An analysis of the business objectives to be achieved, implementation complexity, and return on investment should all be considered before prioritizing and automating a process.
Once multiple processes have been identified and metrics have been compiled to compare the processes, they should then be prioritized. This will lead to implementing the most beneficial processes that would ultimately demonstrate the value that RPA/Intelligent Automation can bring to an organization.
When building a house, a logical step-by-step approach must be taken to be successful. For example, these are the general steps:
- Plumbing and electrical
- Insulation and Drywall
- Trim, Flooring, and Countertops
- Fixtures, mirrors
- Exterior Landscaping
If these are not done in a systematic order, the house will not be constructed properly. It would be either unsafe to live in or cause work to be done twice to repair issues. For example, if after installing the drywall you realized you forgot to put in the complete plumbing and electrical systems, you would be forced to cut open the freshly finished drywall. This would leave with massive repair patches to the drywall or entire sheets of drywall needing to be replaced and reinstalled. Similar to constructing a home, each organization needs to ensure that their Intelligent Automation efforts are organized. A centralized body should govern the program and strategically expand the capabilities throughout the organization. If this is not done, governance will become a nightmare, adoption will be minimized, and the objectives sought will not be fully recognized.
For more thoughts on how to Establish a Successful RPA Program, please see the following blog entry.
Many believe they need to hire several developers to build bots and the RPA program will begin to be successful and grow. Unfortunately, it is not that easy.
There are several activities and capabilities that need to be developed. Just a few of these include:
- Setting up the infrastructure, application access, and security to support the automation
- Identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing processes
- Documenting and designing processes
- Developing the processes
- Testing the processes
- Providing training on how to use the processes in production
- Maintaining processes in production
To have a successful and growing RPA program, the capabilities to enable the program to succeed must be developed. Roles and responsibilities should be identified. Then, sufficient investment in the resources intended to support the program should be evaluated and given based upon the expected program goals.
Governance & Standards
RPA governance consists of the standards that coordinate and control your RPA resources and program activities. RPA governance is essential to supporting the growth and stability of an organization's RPA program. However, it can hinder progress and diminish the potential business impact if it is not implemented correctly.
To be successful, RPA leadership should establish:
- Clear program strategy
- Healthy policies, standards, and controls
- Organized Operating Model to support the program
- Clear approach to identify, evaluate, and prioritize processes
- Universal RPA development standards
- Approach for process management
- Standards around infrastructure, security, licensing, and release management
- Methodology for successful change management
A key consideration is that an organization's RPA activities and goals will mature over time. For this reason, governance of the program will need to be flexible enough to set the standards necessary to reduce risk while still supporting the growth and innovation of the program.
Governance should empower your teams to be successful. It should be in place to allow teams to have guidance, reduce risk, and enable your organization to achieve their business objectives. It should not be a complex approval process that limits ideas and progress. Thoughtfully designed governance will be the cornerstone to ensure a successful RPA program.
For additional insight on RPA Governance Success Factors, please see our blog entry on this topic here.
RPA is becoming an essential capability for the continued success of corporations. When properly organized and managed, it can enable organizations to achieve their business objectives and outperform their competition. In order to be successful, organizations should place extra attention on process prioritization, methodical expansion, capability development, and governance and standards. If not, the RPA program will likely not achieve its objectives and will not be successful in the eyes of executive leadership.


What is Career Direct®?
Career Direct is a comprehensive career assessment system that combines biblical principles with cutting-edge career guidance technology and statistics. With more than 20 years of development, Career Direct has undergone rigorous testing and validation.
What makes Career Direct unique?
Career Direct is one of the few assessment tools to approach career guidance from a biblical perspective. Unlike other career guidance assessments that explore one or two facets of a person's identity, Career Direct examines four essential components of career selection: personality, interests, skills, and values. As a result, Career Direct is one of the most comprehensive guidance systems on the market today.
Fast Facts


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The sacrum is a large bone located between the hip bones, at the base of the spine. The bottom part of the bone is located on top of the coccyx, or tailbone, and the top touches the lower part of the spine. The posterior Sacroiliac ligament is located behind the pelvis and connects the sacrum with the ilium, which is the upper part of the pelvis. The ligament consists of connective tissue and the upper part moves across the ilium and back of the sacrum bone. The lower part of the ligament connects the back of the ilium to sacrum. The anterior ligament consists of thin bands of connective tissue that attach to the front of the region. The anterior Sacroiliac ligament connects the front of the ilium to the front of the sacrum and the preauricular sulcus. The preauricular sulcus is a grooved area on the hip bone that exists in both men and women. The ligaments connect the bone, creating joints in the pelvic area.
Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team
In Depth: Sacroiliac ligament


O god whose only begotten son prayer
O god whose only begotten son prayer
What is the prayer after the Hail Holy Queen?
And may the souls of the faithful departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace. Amen. Hail, Holy Queen: Hail, holy Queen, Mother of mercy, our life, our sweetness, and our hope. To thee we cry, poor banished children of Eve; to thee we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping in this valley of tears.
What is Fatima prayer in rosary?
What is the last prayer of the rosary?
Let Us Pray: O God, Whose only-begotten Son, by His life, death and resurrection, has purchased for us the rewards of eternal life, grant, we beseech You, that meditating upon these Mysteries of the Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, we may imitate what they contain, and obtain what they promise, through the same
What is today's mystery of the rosary?
Days of praying
Day of praying Standard / Traditional With the Luminous Mysteries
Monday The Joyful Mysteries The Joyful Mysteries
Tuesday The Sorrowful Mysteries The Sorrowful Mysteries
Wednesday The Glorious Mysteries The Glorious Mysteries
Thursday The Joyful Mysteries The Luminous Mysteries
What is the O My Jesus prayer?
Why do we say Hail Holy Queen?
The Hail, Holy Queen (Salve Regina) is a Catholic prayer to Mary, mother of Jesus. The origin of this prayer is unclear, but it was set in its current form at the Abbey of Cluny in the 12th century, and has been widely used in Catholic liturgy since that time. It is commonly said after the completion of the rosary.
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What are the 3 miracles of Fatima?
The three secrets of Fatima are: A vision of the souls in Hell. Prediction of the end of WWI and a prediction of the beginning of WWII as well as a request to consecrate Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. A vision of the Pope, along with other bishops, priests, religious and lay people, being killed by soldiers.
What Mary said at Fatima?
On Sept. 13, 30,000 people were present when dos Santos said the Virgin Mary told her, "In October I will perform a miracle so that all may believe." On that day, Oct. 13, 1917, the crowd of believers had swelled to 70,000.
How do I pray to Lady Fatima?
Theological Prayer My God, I believe, I adore, I hope and I love You! I ask pardon of You for those who do not believe, do not adore, do not hope and do not love You. Meu Deus! Eu creio, adoro, espero e amo-Vos.
Why do Catholics worship Mary?
Can you pray the rosary lying down?
It doesn't matter that you are praying the Rosary while lying on bed. It is clear that, ideally, it is to pray the Holy Rosary concentrated and in a suitable place that invites PRAYER. It is a beautiful way to have Jesus and Mary as last thoughts in your mind before you sleep.
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What is the prayer before the rosary?
Prayer before the Rosary I ask it for the greater glory of God, for your own honor, and for the good of souls, especially for my own. Amen. Prayer to be said at the end of each mystery. *May the grace of this mystery come down into my soul.
Why do we say 10 Hail Marys in the rosary?
A: The ten Hail Marys are part of the evolution of the rosary. It was custom in the monastic tradition of the Middle Ages to say frequently the Psalter, i.e. 150 psalms of the Old Testament. Over time fifteen mysteries (events of Jesus' life) were retained and combined with the Hail Marys for each one of the mysteries.
What is the first mystery of the rosary?
What is the first luminous mystery of the rosary?
The Baptism of the Lord in the Jordan reveals Jesus as "Son of the Father," he is one of the Trinity. God the Father himself sheds light on the true origin of Jesus. He is the one who sends him. In turn, Jesus submits himself to the religious ritual of conversion (baptism).
Michelle Raymond
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text: Peter Allan Rice was born in Toronto, but spent most of his childhood years living in rural locations within or around the great Canadian Shield. The early influence of playing and exploring among the rocks, water, and trees were to have a strong influence on his art in later years. Peter's love for artistic interpretation led him to obtain a degree in Visual Arts at Guelph University in 1977. Here, he was able to study and experiment with all varieties of artistic expression in his search for his ideal medium. That search ended with stained glass. Peter began to create his own unique images of the pines and waterways that had been a big part of his life while growing up. Peter's earlier pieces were created on a two-dimensional plane depicting sweeping skies, and wind blown pines. His desire to grow and explore the sculptural possibilities of stained glass, resulted in Peter's angling of sections of glass to create three-dimensional effects. He began to place glass pine trees apart from the flat background, so they became a silhouetted image. Peter's strong desire to create a technique he could truly call his own, led him to the development of his present technique. Peter takes great care in his selection of glass and gives his attention to the smallest detail. As the changing light passes through his glass sculptures, the beauty of a misty Muskoka morning, the pristine freshness of snow covered pines, or an Algonquin landscape ablaze in autumn's glory, can be fully enjoyed and appreciated time and again.


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Questions: Is it possible to see farts?
Short answer: Yes.
Long answer: A few years ago, a viral video purported to show farts captured on infrared security cameras in China. This turned out to be a hoax. But do farts leave a visible trace?
Farts are made up of many gasses, most of which are simply the constituents of air that has been swallowed and expelled. Since the air contains water vapor, this will be expelled along with the rest, and it is of course possible to see water vapor on cold days. The cloud that appears when people exhale is a result of water molecules leaving the warm environment of the body and condensing upon entry into the cold air.
If water vapor is present in farts, then they should similarly be visible on cold days. Whether this is empirically observed is difficult to say, as we were unable to find any relevant scientific literature, and the internet is uncharacteristically silent on the topic. The few videos that purport to capture farts on cold days all struck as suspect.
Before we set out to answer the question definitively, we turned to our database of farts to find out whether farts actually contain water vapor. The figure below depicts the concentration of fart smell (VOCs) at different depths relative to an example fart.
Longtime readers of this blog will recall that our experimental protocol required subjects to remain seated upon the collection device for a period of time after the release of each fart, in order to ensure proper measurement of the relevant variables. Thus in the example we see that the smell near the top of the tube (1.0", blue line) declines steadily over time. At the same time, the VOC concentration increases near the bottom of the collection tube (7.0", yellow line). This is due to the velocity of the fart and the fact that hydrogen sulfide is denser than air.
In contrast, the humidity within the tube increases over time:
In particular, the humidity accumulates steadily near the top of the tube, while there is relatively little change close to the bottom. This is consistent with the fact that water vapor rises, as it is less dense than air.
These large increases in humidity indicate that farts contain a substantial amount of water vapor, which should in principle be visible when the air is cold enough. To be more precise about this, we need to determine the temperature at which condensation occurs – this is when the air can no longer hold the water vapor present in farts, or equivalently when the relative humidity reaches 100%. The temperature required for a given concentration of water to reach 100% relative humidity is called the dew point.
A handy way to calculate the dew point is with the simple approximation:
Here T is the ambient temperature, and RH is relative humidity. If we take the values of T and RH during the 10-second period following an average fart, we obtain the following estimates of the dew point at different distances from the subject:
These results suggest that a fart should be visible at a distance of a few inches from the source, when the temperature is about 8 deg. Celsius (about 46 deg. Fahrenheit), which is in fact similar to the conditions under which exhaled breath becomes visible. Nevertheless, our attempts to detect farts by eye have thus far been unsuccessful, even when the air temperature is cold. In this regard, visible farts are like the Higgs boson, predicted by theory but experimentally elusive. To be continued.


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The sign of the world Lithuanian song festival is a tree of life
The tree consists of the following three parts or levels: A sentence is a trunk with branchesand the of the tree. Tree roots are the past, the rudiment which delivered it, a seed that sprouted it.
The strong trunk and lush crown means present, fortitude, prosperity, life. It's a persistence and straight way to endeavour goals. The top of the tree symbolizes the hope which is shining like the Sun and the tree climbs to it with all its force. The land feeds the tree roots and gives the life. This land is Lithuania. The bird on the top of the tree means the song of free Lithuanian spirit burst through all trivial works and troubles then it converges into the one holy song – Song festival.


The difference between epistemic and metaphysical necessity
Philosophers have observed that metaphysical necessity appears to be a true or real or genuine form of necessity while epistemic necessity does not. Similarly, natural necessity appears genuine while deontic necessity does not. But what is it for a form of necessity to be genuine? I defend an account of genuine necessity in explanatory terms. The genuine forms of necessity, I argue, are those that provide what I call necessitarian explanation. I discuss the relationship of necessitarian explanation to ground.
 1. 1.
 Some philosophers have preferred to say that epistemic and metaphysical necessity differ in their reality (Edgington 2004, p. 2) or objectivity (Williamson 2016) rather than their genuineness.
 2. 2.
 Many philosophers hold that every a priori proposition is metaphysically necessary. Since metaphysical necessity is genuine, must these philosophers take epistemic necessity, in the sense of a priority, to be genuine as well? No. A form of necessity may fail to be genuine even if every proposition with that form of necessity also possesses a distinct form of necessity that is genuine. The account developed below explains how such a situation is possible.
 3. 3.
 Might we instead take a form of necessity to be genuine just in case it is both mind-independent and sufficient for truth? Since deontic necessity is not sufficient for truth, this proposal correctly counts it as nongenuine. But the proposal mishandles the historical form of necessity (discussed further below). A four-dimensionalist in the mold of Sider (2001), for instance, might understand the claim that a given proposition p is historically necessary as nothing more than the claim that p follows, in a certain sense, from the true propositions about our own time and the times that precede it (cf. Lewis 1986, p. 7). Historical necessity, on this view, will be both mind-independent and sufficient for truth. Yet the four-dimensionalist sees time as akin to space and will no more admit a genuine form of necessity connected to times earlier than our own than she will admit one connected to points of space to her left.
 4. 4.
 Epistemic necessity need not be taken to be relative to a person. It might instead be taken to be relative to something else, such as a group or body of knowledge. See the papers in Egan and Weatherson (2011) for discussion.
 5. 5.
 Again one might think to accommodate the deontic case by taking a form of necessity to be genuine just in case it is both nonrelative and sufficient for truth. But one might agree with Quine (1943, p. 121) that 'among the various possible senses of the vague adverb "necessarily", we can single out one—the sense of analytic necessity—according to the following criterion: the result of applying "necessarily" to a statement is true if, and only if, the original statement is analytic.' And one might have a purely epistemic conception of analyticity on which a statement is analytic just in case 'grasp of its meaning alone suffices for justified belief in its truth' (Boghossian 1996, p. 363). Analytic necessity, so understood, is both nonrelative and sufficient for truth. Yet it is no more genuine than epistemic necessity.
 6. 6.
 Accounts of fundamentality have been developed by Fine (2001), Schaffer (2009), Jenkins (2011), Sider (2011), Wilson (2014) and Raven (2016).
 7. 7.
 Thus Barnes and Cameron (2011, p. 2) take the open future theorist to hold that 'there are multiple genuinely possible ways our history could go'.
 8. 8.
 Although Lange himself does not think historical necessity is genuine (p. 211), I take it that any reasonable account of genuineness should at least be compatible with the doctrine of the open future.
 9. 9.
 Kment (2014) develops an account of genuine (or in his terms, 'ontic') necessity that requires genuine forms of necessity to be stable in something very much like Lange's sense (p. 24; see also Kment 2015, p. 524). The doctrine of the open future poses a difficulty for Kment's account as well.
 10. 10.
 I am grateful to an anonymous referee for calling my attention to the deflationary view.
 11. 11.
 For discussion of ground see Fine (2001), Schaffer (2009) and Rosen (2010), among others. I take no position on what Raven (2015) calls the unionist/separatist debate.
 12. 12.
 Pace Schaffer (2012).
 13. 13.
 Fine (2012) argues that this condition is too strong. His logic of ground contains a disjunction elimination rule that supports only a weaker condition on the grounds of disjunctions. Our argument can be modified to accommodate Fine's view.
 14. 14.
 Pace Leuenberger (2014) and Skiles (2015).
 15. 15.
 Related notions of explanatory constraint have recently been discussed by Lange (2016) and (in unpublished work) by Michael Bertrand.
 16. 16.
 The explanatory account also correctly classifies as nongenuine the epistemic conception of analytic necessity mentioned in n. 5. It is no part of why bachelors are unmarried, after all, that some epistemic condition holds. This form of necessity (if indeed it is a form of necessity) is nonexplanatory and thus nongenuine.
 17. 17.
 I am grateful to Jennifer Wang for discussion on this point.
 18. 18.
 Cf. Fine (2002, p. 279): 'I conclude that there are three distinct sources of necessity—the identity of things, the natural order, and the normative order—and that each gives rise to its own peculiar form of necessity.'
 19. 19.
 I will not here address the proposal that natural-necessitarian explanation is a form of causal explanation understood in some other way, as, for instance, in Skow (2014).
 20. 20.
 Cf. Bernstein (2016, p. 24): 'It is a substantive metaphysical question whether causes always precede their effects.'
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1. ASEAN Declaration on The Strengthening of Adaptation to Drought
 2. ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)
 3. ASEAN Declaration on One ASEAN One Response: ASEAN Responding as One to Disasters in the Region and Outside the Region:
 4. ASEAN Declaration on 'Culture of Prevention' for a Peaceful, Inclusive, Resilient, Healthy and Harmonious Society


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DoctrineModule provides a bridge between Laminas and Doctrine 2. It gives you access to features that can be used across Doctrine 2 ORM as well as Doctrine 2 ODM. It provides an abstraction layer on top of Doctrine\Common which allows the end user to build functionality being completely unaware if he's currently working with Doctrine ORM or Doctrine MongoDB ODM.
You can find more details about the features offered by DoctrineModule:
- Authentication documentation: this explains how you can use the DoctrineModule authentication adapter and authentication storage adapter to provide a simple way to authenticate users using Doctrine.
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- CLI documentation: learn how to use the Doctrine 2 command line tool, and how to add your own command.
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