How Much Weight Can A Wheelchair Hold?
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Wheelchairs are designed to be lightweight and easy to use. They are also designed to hold up to 250 pounds or more.
Some considerations need to be taken into account before getting a wheelchair, such as the design, materials, and size/weight of the person who would be using the chair.
What Is the Max Weight Capacity Of A Wheelchair?
Wheelchairs come in many different weights and sizes, which can vary according to what they're being used for. Most wheelchairs can easily support a weight of 300 lbs.
The maximum allowed weight of a wheelchair varies by type. There are three different models of wheelchairs: basic, lightweight, and heavy-duty wheelchairs.
Basic wheelchairs, also called transport wheelchairs, are commonly used in hospitals and airports. These specialized wheelchairs can support weight limits of 180 – 250 lbs.
Lightweight wheelchairs are the standard everyday wheelchair that is great for indoor and outdoor use. They can support users weighing anything under 300lbs.
Heavy-duty wheelchairs or bariatric wheelchairs are wheelchairs that can accommodate users weighing over 400 lbs. These dedicated wheelchairs can support more than 700 lbs and are strong enough to accommodate users of all weights and sizes.
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Best Heavy-Duty Wheelchairs
Wheelchair tires are a necessity for those with mobility problems. The ideal tire will be durable enough to handle a person's weight and have a large, treaded surface to provide the best traction on uneven surfaces. If you're in the market for a set of wheelchair tires, here are some of the best ones:
Best Manual Heavy-Duty Wheelchair
ALCO 20″ Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair
$199.95 ($0.45 / oz)
The ALCO 20″ Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair is a manual wheelchair that comes with a chrome-plated steel frame. It has swing-away and detachable footrests, and it also comes with heel loops and calf straps for the user's comfort.
The chair's frame is made from a high-strength chrome steel material that is strong and durable enough to support busty users. It's also double cross-braced around the sides, which further improves the strength and durability of the chair. This wheelchair weighs about 42 pounds and measures 20 inches by 14 inches. The seat is 18 inches deep by 16 inches wide, while the seat height is 21 to 22 inches from the floor. It supports up to 250 pounds of weight.
The ALCO Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair is a dual axle reinforced chrome-plated steel wheelchair. The heavy-duty 500 lbs. weight capacity chrome wheelchair has been designed to be more durable than even your standard chrome wheelchairs.
This heavy-duty model provides users with maximum comfort since it features padded armrests, a dual axle position, and a detachable footrest. With these features, you can easily adjust the seat height to your desired level for maximum comfort.
Rating:
4.0
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02/19/2024 06:20 pm GMT
Best Durable and Adjustable
Invacare Tracer SX5 Wheelchair for Adults
$299.99
Experience customizable comfort and lasting performance with the Invacare Tracer SX5 Wheelchair for Adults. Featuring adjustable components and a strong, lightweight steel frame, the SX5 provides stable, tailored support for everyday use. Its low-maintenance design and easy-to-clean upholstery ensure that this chair remains a reliable mobility aid for years to come.
Rating:
4.1
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02/19/2024 06:01 pm GMT
Karman Healthcare VIP-515-TP-18 Foldable Tilt in Space Space Reclining Transport Wheelchair
$1,619.00
Elevate your comfort and mobility with the advanced Karman Healthcare VIP515 Tilt-in-Space Wheelchair. Experience the health benefits of the unique tilting mechanism while enjoying the easy transportability of its lightweight, foldable frame. Premium pressure management and hygiene-focused design make the VIP515 a choice for those seeking a top-tier mobility solution.
Rating:
4.4
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02/19/2024 06:33 pm GMT
Factors That Affect Weight Capacity of a Wheelchair
Wheelchairs are not built with the same weight capacity in mind. Various factors affect how much weight the wheelchair will hold. If you are interested in purchasing an even heavier wheelchair, you must know if your wheelchair can take on even more weight.
Many factors affect the weight capacity of a wheelchair, but here are some of the major ones we found.
1. User's Weight And Build
A person's height and weight are two significant factors that can affect the weight capacity of their wheelchair. People with a light build will be able to use a wheelchair with less resistance than people with a heavier build.
Adding weight to a wheelchair will increase its center of gravity and reduce its ability to drive on hard surfaces, especially on uneven ground: the lower the user's weight, the more accessible the wheelchair to control or maneuver.
If you are considering buying a bariatric wheelchair, the size and weight capacity limitations set by the manufacturer is a serious factor to consider before making your purchase.
2. Type Of Terrain The Wheelchair Will Be Used On (Indoors Or Outdoors)
When choosing a wheelchair, factors to consider include the terrain you plan to travel on, the manufacturer's recommendations, and any safety features built into the wheelchair.
If you use a chair to get around, it's essential to consider whether the chair will be used in an outdoor environment or indoors.
Outdoor wheelchairs are built to manage more weight in uneven terrains and rugged surfaces. They also have a more robust aluminum frame, making them more durable than transport and basic wheelchairs.
Most bariatric wheelchairs aren't made for outdoor use, so you should be extra careful when using them on outdoor terrains.
3. Wheelchair Build
The materials used to build a wheelchair will seriously impact how much weight the chair can support and how much it will cost to repair or replace if it fails.
The materials used to make the wheelchair doesn't just determine its weight capacity. The higher the quality of materials used in making a wheelchair, the more comfortable it will be and the longer it will last before needing to be replaced.
Thankfully, Bartriatic wheelchairs are made of reinforced aluminum and strong enough to support a weight of more than 700 lbs.
Wheelchairs are used for people who have a disability or a health condition that prevents them from standing up and walking. They are made with different materials to accommodate different needs, and they are designed to hold different weights.
The maximum weight any wheelchair can safely hold is written on the side by the chair manufacturer, but you must know what kind of chair you have before you start using it or loading it up with heavy items.
For example, there are lightweight wheelchairs made for children that may not handle the same load as an adult's wheelchair.
The weight capacity of different wheelchairs varies due to size, design, and materials.
Most wheelchairs are designed for people weighing less than 300 pounds. The average weight capacity is 250-300 pounds. Heavier-duty wheelchairs can support a weight of up to 400 pounds, while many lighter models can only handle up to 250 pounds.
Wheelchair weight capacity is a crucial factor when purchasing a wheelchair since it determines the size and type of chair someone needs.
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Wheelchaired is a proud member of the United Spinal Association and a disability blog dedicated to sharing guides and advice on issues concerning disability, mobility, accessible travel, and personal development.
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How scary might it look if you thought you had already turned off the electric stove, but it continuously made noise?
Of course, there is a reasonable cause why your electric stove behaves that way and keeps on clicking when off.
Can an Electric Oven Making Clicking Noises Indicate Danger?
Not at all. An oven or a furnace making a clicking noise is standard when you engage the oven igniter. Once it is engaged, you can hear around 3 to 5 clicks before the burner reaches the constant heating level.
Check oven fan motor is working. A conventional gas oven has an electric fan to assist in controlling the heat.
PRO TIP: Noisy electric stove igniters could be dirty. When cooking, dirt and grime can collect around the spark ignition switch and stay there for a while. When stuck for long, this mess will choke on the knob and prevent it from turning smoothly.
Before you proceed into the delusion that something weird is going on with your stove, it is better to keep calm and that this kind of situation is simple to solve.
Next Read: Why My Microwave Making Popping Noise?
Perhaps, before we can answer why electric stoves make noise, it is better to ask, "do electric stoves click"?
Reasons Behind Electric Stoves Making Noise When Off
To completely get enlightened on how an electric stove can make a noise is to get familiar with the parts.
Your electric stove mainly has the following parts:
- Burners or coils
- Burner cap
- Induction cooktop; gas cooktop for gas range
- Control panel: Manual control panel includes knobs, while the digital control panel depends on flat panels.
- Drip pan
- Control knobs
The most important part of an electric stove is the heating units or heating elements. The coil or burner, burner cover, and drip pan comprise the electric stove's heating element.
Conventional electric stoves and even a gas stoves have a manual control knob, a mechanical timer, and a burner grate. Digital electric stoves have a different design. And it also depends on the brand of electric stove you have at home.
For example, the Wolf igniter keeps clicking when off, which means something in the control knob prevents it from returning to its normal position. Make sure that there is nothing stuck into it, and check if the clicking sound continues.
Most of the clicking sound from an electric stove would come from control knobs but in other parts.
Let's find them.
- Food debris around manual igniters.
- Moisture buildup.
- Internal electrical malfunction on burners.
Common Electric Stove Noise and Troubleshooting:
Electric Stove Making a Buzzing Noise
Old electric stoves have conventional electric coils. These burner coils will produce will buzz, rattle, or vibrate when heating up due to the welding design on the heating element.
Electric Hob Making a Clicking Noise
The clicking or ticking noise on the hob is normal. But when it becomes a ticking noise, it could be that the hob design does not fit perfectly.
Next Read: Gas Oven Sounds Like a Blowtorch : [5 Easy Ways to Fix]
The ticking noise could also come from the initial coil heating as it revs up as the heat reacts to the metal material of the cooktop.
The coils of your electric stove are made of metal. So when the coils start to heat while cooking, it will produce a popping sound when something hits the coil. Since coils are scorching and cool down gradually, they will typically make noise when attracted to an opposite temperature. To solve?
Let it cool down before attempting to clean it.
Avoid spilling food debris on the coils, especially when hot.
It is normal to hear a humming noise from your electric stove when turning it on the first time. This humming sound or buzzing noise continues while the coils are burning.
If the humming sound increases and does not stop, there could be something wrong with the coil or its attachment to the hob.
The sparking noise coming from your electric stove could result from loose wiring or defective heating elements. Most of the parts in the heating element are metal, so any loose connection could initiate a spark anytime.
A broken spark plug or spark electrode can produce a spark in seconds. Do not splice on your own, as handling electrical matters is deadly. Call an experienced electrician or bring your electric stove for repair.
The ticking noise from your electric stove could come from the internal settings of the switch. This means that there is an electrical malfunction happening inside the wiring of the controller button.
Let your professional stove dealer or repairman check the electrical wiring of your stove and fix the issue. Don't attempt to do it by yourself.
PRO TIP: Is it dangerous when you hear a clicking noise? Sometimes it is. When the igniter is blocked, it is hazardous for the coil to heat without letup.
Signs You Need a New Electric Stove
When we encounter troubles with our home appliances, such as electric stoves, the first thing in mind is to call the repair guy.
Hoping that your appliance is under warranty, you get to enjoy a free service to fix your electric stove, especially when it is making weird noises.
An electric stove that is beyond repair means you have to say goodbye. Though it is not evident on your part because you are not an expert on electrical matters, here we give you hints that you should start thinking about buying a new electric stove and replacing the broken one.
- Broken plug and fuse box: If after trying to use other outlets but your stove doesn't on, there's something wrong with the electrical circuit breaker or power supply.
- Not heating/rapid heating: if you encounter any of these two electrical issues, have the knobs checked. If they are not the source of non-heating or overheating, it could be loose coils or coil failure. Coils are failing to glow red means you should replace them.
- Scorched countertops: When you notice that the countertop of your stove is turning yellow, it is having trouble controlling the heat. This indicates the cooling fan isn't working anymore or the seal is worn out, and the unit has to go.
How Long Does the Cooling fan on an Electric Cooktop Run?
The cooling fan in an electric stove serves as a supplement to quicken and balance the heat distribution in the cooking. This cooling fan takes a while to cool after cooking. It would take around an hour and a half or less for it to cool down completely.
The other essential purpose of the convection fan wall oven is to dissipate hot air faster. This is effective if you leave the convection oven door open. But if one oven fan blade is broken, it is not that efficient.
- Bad top burners: You can exchange bad burners for working burners. But if the burner still doesn't heat, it could be the socket of the switch.
How Long Does the Surface of an Electric Cooktop Stay Hot?
- The cooling down of your electric stove cooktop depends on how long you use the burners and how many burners you use simultaneously.
- If it takes ten minutes to heat them, it is longer to cool down unless you lower the heat instantly. You can use a cold cloth to wipe the surface if you feel the top has cooled down enough to touch.
- Most electric stoves have indicator lights saying that the burner is off.
Can Electric Stoves Explode?
An explosion will only happen for severe coil or heating element problems. The start of sparks often come from loose wiring connections and defective sockets.
Since the current is a powerful and dangerous energy, it can start a fire with a slight flicker. So, depending on the scenario, yes, electric stoves can explode.
For gas appliances, the spark module is faulty when you see a slight spark between the ignitor and the edge of the gas stove burner.
PRO TIP: Electric stoves last for around 10 to 15 years. An old age stove more than that needs replacing because even parts keep updating in time.
It is your daily life that is at stake here. Don't settle for old and failing electrical appliances such as your electric stove. Take note that cooking is not just an everyday activity, depending on how many times you cook and eat in a day. So it is only expected that your electric stove will burn out from its normal function.
Carelessness is also a factor in why your stove may not be functioning well and creates unusual noises when you cook and even when it is off.
Whatever the case could be, if it is out of the repairman's hands, it is time to shop for a new electric stove to save you money, time, and life. Even the skilled stove technician would recommend the same if he didn't figure out the real issue.
Enjoy your peace of mind while cooking, knowing that you saved a ton of money on needless repairs by purchasing a brand-new unit and protecting your home from fire.
If you wish to find similar articles that deal with sound and noise, you will be surprised that there's more to learn! So keep in the know all the time.
Robert is an electronic engineer with more than five years of experience with a solid affinity for helping people reduce noise. He writes about these silent home appliances and easy soundproofing measures to help everyone avoid the negative effect of extended exposure to high noise levels.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Objectives: To summarise the experience and evaluate the performance of the Ontario maternal serum screening (MSS) programme.
Setting: The Ontario MSS programme between October 1993 and September 2000.
Methods: This study used information collected in the Ontario MSS database, which contains data on each screened pregnancy. In the Ontario MSS programme, women are screened between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation. The risk cut-off for Down's syndrome was >or= 1 in 385 at term and women with a serum alpha-fetoprotein >or= 2.2 multiples of the unaffected population median were defined as screen-positive for open neural tube defects.
Results: Between 1 October 1993 and 30 September 2000, 428410 women residing in Ontario were screened for open neural tube defects, and 423895 women were screened for Down's syndrome and trisomy 18. Approximately 48% of all pregnant women in the province had MSS. The uptake rate of amniocentesis following a positive Down's syndrome screening was 67%. Of 717 cases of Down's syndrome ascertained in the screened population, 531 were detected by MSS, giving a term detection rate (DR) of 70.6%, with a false-positive rate (FPR) of 7.2%. For neural tube defects, the DR was 72.7%, with a FPR of 2.0%. The screen also detected 50% of cases of trisomy 18 at term, with a FPR of 0.2%. Coincidentally, 113 cases of chromosome aneuploidies other than Down's syndrome and trisomy 18 were detected.
Discussion: In the Ontario MSS programme, MSS performed as expected in the detection of Down's syndrome, open neural tube defects and trisomy 18. MSS is an effective and practical method for large-scale second trimester screening for Down's syndrome, open neural tube defects and trisomy 18, and the MSS database is an extremely useful tool in monitoring the performance of this screen.


probMatrix)[0]):
 for j in range(np.shape(probMatrix)[1]):
 count = ((data[:,j] < ymax-step*i) & (data[:,j] >= ymax-step*(i+1))).sum()
 probMatrix[i,j] = count/N
 return probMatrix
probMatrix1 = getTimeVaryingProbs(data1, 100000, 366, 0, 15)
probMatrix2 = getTimeVaryingProbs(data2, 100000, 366, 0, 15)
After calling 'getTimeVaryingProbs.py' to generate 'probMatrix1' and 'probMatrix2', we can plot the time-varying PDF of each of these using 'imshow'. Since we want to compare the two side-by-side, we need to make sure they're normalized over the same range. We do this by finding the lowest and highest probabilities over the two matrices and normalizing our color map over that range:
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
# find the lowest and highest probability between two probability matrices
probMin = min(np.min(probMatrix1), np.min(probMatrix2))
probMax = max(np.max(probMatrix1), np.max(probMatrix2))
fig = plt.figure()
ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121)
sm = ax1.imshow(probMatrix1, cmap='RdYlBu', origin='upper', norm=mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=probMin, vmax=ProbMax))
ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122)
sm = ax2.imshow(probMatrix2, cmap='RdYlBu', origin='upper', norm=mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=probMin, vmax=ProbMax))
fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.8)
cbar_ax = fig.add_axes([0.85, 0.15, 0.05, 0.7])
cbar = fig.colorbar(sm, cax=cbar_ax)
cbar.ax.set_ylabel('Probability Density',fontsize=16)
fig.show()
In some cases, it may be helpful to plot a log transformation of the probability matrices, as was done in the above paper since streamflows are highly skewed.
Below is an example of how state-space PDFs can provide insights into system behavior, again using the Red River basin as an example. These plots show the probability of the water level in Hanoi (y axis in both figures) being at different levels when the total storage in the reservoirs upstream is at different levels (x axis in both figures). Red shades again represent high probabilities and blue shades represent low probabilities. The left plot shows these dynamics for a compromise policy optimized to one set of objectives, while the right plot shows them for a compromise policy optimized to a different set of objectives. The compromise policy on the left fills up the reservoirs without releasing much water downstream, resulting in a high probability streak along the bottom of the plot at low water levels. This will favor hydropower production. However, when the largest reservoirs fill up, they are forced to spill, resulting in a spike in the water level downstream. This occurs before the smaller reservoirs have filled up, and in wet years, results in overtopping before total system storage has been reached. Consequently, this policy does not make full use of the total system storage for flood protection. The compromise policy on the right, however, increases the system storage and water level simultaneously, releasing some of what initially comes in to leave empty capacity for future flood events. This strategy makes better use of the full system capacity, only resulting in overtopping when maximum system storage has been reached. The difference in the behavior of these two compromise solutions highlights the need to test rival framings of objective functions for multi-objective optimization, as some formulations may suffer unintended consequences like the formulation on the left.
To create this figure, we need two N x 365 matrices, one of the water level on each day (column) of N different annual simulations (rows) and another of the total system storage. Let's call these matrices 'h' and 's', respectively. We then need to use these matrices to populate a Y x X probability matrix, where Y is the number of bins along the y axis (water level, h) between ymin and ymax, and X the number of bins along the x axis (storage, s) between xmin and xmax. This probability matrix will represent a 2D histogram of how many data points lie in a combined water level and storage bin. We again just need to count how many data points occur in each bin, and then divide this count by the total number of simulated points (365N). This is shown using the function 'getJointProbs.py' below assuming we have two joint datasets, (h1,s1) and (h2,s2), that we want to plot.
def getJointProbs(h, s, Y, X, ymax, ymin, xmax, xmin):
 '''Finds the probability of being at a specific water level (h) and storage (s) jointly'''
 probMatrix = np.zeros([Y,X])
 yStep = (ymax-ymin)/np.shape(probMatrix)[0]
 xStep = (xmax-xmin)/np.shape(probMatrix)[1]
 for i in range(np.shape(s)[0]):
 for j in range(np.shape(s)[1]):
 # figure out which "box" the simulated s and h are in
 row = int(np.floor((ymax-h[i,j])/yStep))
 col = int(np.ceil((s[i,j]-xmin)/xStep))
 if row < np.shape(probMatrix)[0] and col < np.shape(probMatrix)[1]:
 probMatrix[row,col] = probMatrix[row,col] + 1

 # calculate probability of being in each box
 probMatrix = probMatrix/(np.shape(s)[0]*np.shape(s)[1])
 return probMatrix
probMatrix1 = getJointProbs(h1, s1, 100, 100, 15, 0, 3.0E10, 0.5E10)
probMatrix2 = getJointProbs(h2, s2, 100, 100, 15, 0, 3.0E10, 0.5E10)
After calling 'getJointProbs.py' to generate 'probMatrix1' and 'probMatrix2', we can again plot the state space PDF of each of these using 'imshow' as illustrated in the second snippet of code above. Now go analyze how your reservoirs are probabilistically operating as a system!
Open Source Streamflow Generator Part II: Validation
This is the second part of a two-part blog post on an open source synthetic streamflow generator written by Matteo Giuliani, Jon Herman and me, which combines the methods of Kirsch et al. (2013) and Nowak et al. (2010) to generate correlated synthetic hydrologic variables at multiple sites. Part I showed how to use the MATLAB code in the subdirectory /stationary_generator to generate synthetic hydrology, while this post shows how to use the Python code in the subdirectory /validation to statistically validate the synthetic data.
The goal of any synthetic streamflow generator is to produce a time series of synthetic hydrologic variables that expand upon those in the historical record while reproducing their statistics. The /validation subdirectory of our repository provides Python plotting functions to visually and statistically compare the historical and synthetic hydrologic data. The function plotFDCrange.py plots the range of the flow duration (probability of exceedance) curves for each hydrologic variable across all historical and synthetic years. Lines 96-100 should be modified for your specific application. You may also have to modify line 60 to change the dimensions of the subplots in your figure. It's currently set to plot a 2 x 2 figure for the four LSRB hydrologic variables.
plotFDCrange.py provides a visual, not statistical, analysis of the generator's performance. An example plot from this function for the synthetic data generated for the Lower Susquehanna River Basin (LSRB) as described in Part I is shown below. These probability of exceedance curves were generated from 1000 years of synthetic hydrologic variables. Figure 1 indicates that the synthetic time series are


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The following presentations were used by Counselors in the classrooms:
|Click the department(s) below to find course offerings and descriptions, as well as course sequence recommendations and department contact information.|
- 9th grade students are visited in their Lit/Writing classes by a Counselor to develop a 4 year course plan for graduation and to distribute initial planning forms.
- 10th and 11th grade students are visited by a Counselor during their social studies class to deliver course options and planning forms.
- All students are given 2 weeks to plan courses before paperwork is due.
- Current 8th grade students and parents invited to course selection evenings.
- COURSE SELECTION Q & A SESSIONS FOR PARENTS AND STUDENTS OF CURRENT 9TH - 11TH GRADE:
- THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 27, TUESDAY, MARCH 4, AND THURSDAY MARCH 6 FROM 7:00 - 7:45 PM
- Course Verification due to main office; students and parents/guardians confirm courses being requested.
- Additional forms may be required: Math Override or Skip form, AP USH or AP LAC diagnostic results page(s), Lynbrook AP Contract, PE Athletics Form
End of April
- Last Chance forms distributed to students with 1 week to finalize requests; at this time, courses are not scheduled and NO request is guaranteed.


text:
Hippocampal volume loss in depression reflects glial loss
Depression has been associated with reduced volume of the hippocampus in magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans. A new study now clarifies the cellular basis of these volumetric changes, which have been unclear until now. Beginning in the 1980s, a series of studies in rodents suggested that an area of the hippocampus, a brain region implicated in mood and memory, was particularly vulnerable to stress. When analyzing the brain tissue in detail, they reported loss of nerve cells called neurons with stress.
View full story


text:
This diagram shows the effect of the 'collapse' value of the 'border-collapse' property.
The diagram shows three cells in the same row and the grid lines that separate them. The left and right content, padding, border, and margin areas of each cell are labeled by rotated text above each of the areas. Each (red, dotted) grid line bisects the border between two cells.
The table width is indicated below the cells as encompassing all the left and right content, padding, border, and margin areas of the cells, except for the cells that touch the sides of the table. In this case, only half the exterior border widths are counted in the table's width.
Return to image.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
opened between 1942 and 1944. Route 41 from 22nd Avenue through Kettleman City is essentially the same as it always been. Kettleman City was settled in 1929 near the site of a ferry after Tulare Lake had largely dried out. The big draw was the oil fields up in the Kettelman Hills. Despite the name Kettleman City isn't an incorporated place and is an infamous speed trap for Route 41. Originally Route 41 continued south on 25th Avenue here instead of directly straight towards I-5. There isn't much to see the way of the old alignment of Route 41 as the roadway on 25th was apparently upgraded during the construction of I-5. Later construction of the California Aqueduct led to the original alignment getting cut-off in the Kettelman Hills. Route 41 would have followed 25th Avenue along side the California Aqueduct. Beyond that looking east in the low lying farm land was all once Tulare Lake which was once the largest fresh water lake west of the Great Lakes. Apparently Tulare Lake was measured at 570 square miles in 1849 to a high or 690 square miles in 1879. Tulare Lake was fed by the Kings, Kaweah, Tule, and Kern River basins which were largely engineered for irrigation or flood control. A portion of modern Route 41 actually was within in the high crest of the lake. The last major flood of Tulare Lake was back in 1938 and it largely has remained farm land ever since. The last state highway map to show Tulare Lake was in 1922 where it can be seen directly south of Stratford. Modern Route 41 basically is a direct southwest shot through the Kettelman Hills whereas the original alignment crossed the location of the California Aquaduct and curved through the terrain. Most of the original alignment is inaccessible save for a small strip at the gate of the Aquaduct. Apparently the original alignment of Route 41 still appears as "Old State Highway" on modern maps and can be easily seen from Google. The original alignment appears to have always been dirt/gravel and was replaced in 1960. Even the new alignment Route 41 uses today through the Kettleman Hills doesn't appear to have been paved along with the Kettleman Plain until 1962. Directly south of the Kettelman Hills, Route 41 rejoined the more or less current alignment approaching Route 33. Looking north that the original alignment of Route 41 may be seen following the power lines to the Waste Management dump site. South from this point to Route 46 the alignment of Route 41 is largely the same as it always has been sans for one difference. For whatever reason in this valley the original alignment was replaced with a new road directly to east of the old one. The original Route 41 has been ground down by a grading machine in the somewhat recent past and has evidence of stray strips of asphalt. the old alignment actually crosses a gas station parking lot and even Route 33 before it merges back in with the modern highway.
(Source: AARoads Discussion, April 2017)
In Fresno in 1938, Route 41 entered from the South along Elm Avenue and C
Street to Fresno St., along Fresno St. to Broadway, and then N to Stanislaus
St, heading E to Blackstone Ave and then out of town to Yosemite.
(Source: 1938 Map posted on FB by Joel Windmiller)
In March 2018, the CTC approved $3,231,000 in SHOPP funding for Kings
06-Kin-41 8.1/R48.3 On Route 41 In and near Kettleman City and Lemoore, from
Route 33 to the Fresno County line at various locations. Outcome/Output: Improve safety by
constructing shoulder and centerline rumble strips to reduce the number and
severity of collisions.
(Source: CTC Agenda, March 2018 Agenda Item 2.5f)
Bernard Drive Roundabout - 06-Kin-41 16.6/16.9
In December 2019, the CTC had on its agenda the
following SHOPP amendment: 06-Kin-41 16.6/16.9 PPNO 7031. Proj ID _PHONE_.
EA 0X950. Route 41 Near Kettleman City, from 0.1 mile south to 0.2 mile north
of Bernard Drive. Construct roundabout. (Additional $1,700,000 from local
contribution). Total Cost: $14,400K. Begin Const: 3/29/2024.
(Source: December 2019 CTC Agenda, Agenda Item 2.1a.(1a) Item 22)
In December 2019, the CTC authorized the following
pre-construction allocation: 06-Kin-41 16.6/16.9. PPNO 7031 Proj ID _PHONE_
EA 0X950. Route 41 Near Kettleman City, from 0.1 mile south to 0.2 mile north
of Bernard Drive. Construct roundabout. (Additional $1,700,000 from local
contribution). (Concurrent amendment under SHOPP Amendment 18H-013; December
2019.) PA&ED $1,700,000
(Source: December 2019 CTC Agenda, Agenda Item 2.5b.(2a) #15)
In March 2016. it was reported that Kings County had a 20-year wish list
totaling approximately $1.2 billion to transition a number of highways to four
lanes: Route 43 from Selma to Corcoran; Route 41 from Kettleman City (~ KIN
17.905) to Lemoore (~ KIN R40.037) and Route 198 from Naval Air Station Lemoore
to I-5. However, Kings County is only expected to get $3.5 million from the
State Transportation Improvement Plan (STIP) designed for capacity increasing
projects in the 2013-2014 period.
(Source: Andy3175 @ AAroad, March 2016; Hartford Sentinal, 9/7/2013).
Kings River Bridge Replacement KIN 30/6/33.0
The following project was included in the final adopted 2018 SHOPP in March 2018: PPNO 6873. 06-Kings-41 30.6/33.0. Route 41 In and near Stratford, from 22nd Street to Laurel Avenue at the Kings River Bridge No. 45-0007. Replace 73 year old bridge due to extensive superstructure and substructure distress and susceptibility to liquefaction. Begin Con: 5/11/2022. Total Project Cost: $33,294.
In December 2019, the CTC had the following SHOPP
amendment on its agenda: 06-Kin-41 30.6/33.0 PPNO 6873 Proj ID _PHONE_ EA
0V110. In and near Stratford, from 22nd Street to Laurel Avenue at the Kings
River Bridge No. 45-0007. Replace 73 year old bridge due to extensive
superstructure and substructure distress and susceptibility to liquefaction.
$33,294K . Note: Decrease in
construction capital and construction support is due to a value analysis study
identifying an alternative detour that would avoid constructing and removing a
temporary detour. Increase in R/W capital is due to a change in structure
design impacting environmental mitigation and biological bank credits for
(Source: December 2019 CTC Agenda, Agenda Item 2.1a.(1d) Item 26)
In November 2010, the CTC approved for future consideration of funding a project in Kings County that will construct left turn lanes in both the northbound and southbound directions on Route 41 near the city of Lemoore (~ KIN R40.961). The project is programmed in the 2010 State Highway Operation and Protection Program. Construction is estimated to begin in Fiscal Year 2011-12. Total estimated project cost is $2,753,000 for capital and support. The project will require construction activities in the habitat of the Tipton kangaroo rat and the San Joaquin kit fox, both of which are state and federally listed threatened and endangered species. The project contains mitigation measures to reduce impacts to these species to a less than significant level.
In January 2012, the CTC approved $10.1 million for a project on Route 41 near Lemoore that will raise the roadway profile, widen shoulders and repave the 5.2 lane-miles worth of the roadway between Hanford-Armona Road and Grangeville Boulevard (~ KIN R42.142 to KIN R44.149). The project will improve ride quality and reduce the potential for flooding.
The 2018 STIP, approved at the CTC March 2018 meeting, appears to restore funding for PPNO 6705, 06-Fre-041 0.0/7.1, Near the city of Fresno, from the Kings County line to Elkhorn Avenue. Widen from 2-lane to 4-lane expressway. This project would eliminate the last two-lane segment of Route 41 between the City of Fresno and Route 198 in the City of Lemoore, a distance of over thirty miles. The project will also improve the regional movement of freight and goods, and local farmto market travel. The project would relieve congestion, separate oncoming traffic with a divided median, and breakup traffic queues by providing major passing opportunities. Route 41 is an Interregional High Emphasis Focus Route corridor essential to the economic development of the San Joaquin Valley. It is consistent with the Transportation Concept Report, the Interregional Transportation Strategic Plan, and the Fresno County Regional Transportation Plan. A four-lane expressway would increase caacity and bring the level of service (LOS) from "D" to "B" during the 20-year design period, which would improve traffic safety and maintain route consistency. Also, portions of the highway in the project limits lie within the 100-year flood-plain. This project will improve cross drainage in order to minimize flooding. The STIP appears to restore $2,

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Historic England has awarded a grant of £400,000 towards the repair of Grade I listed Becket's Chapel in Wymondham.
The chapel, dedicated to St Thomas à Becket, is thought to have been founded in the late 12th century by the son of William d'Aubigny, founder of Wymondham Abbey. The current building dates to 1300 to 1350, when the chapel was rebuilt. It is a rare survival of an independent medieval chapel.
In 1559, the chapel was converted to a school. For some time in the 17th century, a lock-up for unconvicted prisoners was attached to the building and remained in place until at least 1848. In 1873, the building was restored and used as a public hall, before becoming a school once more. More recently it was used as the Wymondham branch library and then the town's arts centre.
Becket's Chapel was added to Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register in 2018. Urgent repairs are needed to the roof, gutters, drainage and masonry. The restoration of the structure and fabric of the building is essential to ensure its survival.
Trudi Hughes, Heritage at Risk Surveyor at Historic England, said: "I'm delighted that, working with Norfolk Historic Buildings Trust and funding partners, we've found a way to save and repair this remarkable medieval chapel using traditional repairs and techniques combined with measures to reduce dampness and improve its carbon footprint.
"This striking building has such a story to tell, having had a fascinating and varied history. It's wonderful that this gem of a building will once again be at the heart of its local community and attracting visitors to this historic market town hopefully for many years to come."
The building will be purchased by Norfolk Historic Buildings Trust (NHBT). Entirely self-financing and largely run by volunteers, the trust conserves and promotes Norfolk's built heritage. It plans to repair and improve the chapel to become a local community hub, run by Wymondham Arts Forum, and to promote Wymondham as a heritage destination for visitors.
Historic England previously contributed grant funding of £51,000 for project development work on the chapel, partnering development grants of £45,000 from the Architectural Heritage Fund.
Funding for the project has also been pledged by the Architectural Heritage Fund, Norwich Freemans Charity, The Pilgrim Trust, The Headley Trust and Geoffrey Watling Charity.
Judith Harwood, Chair of Norfolk Historic Buildings Trust, said: "We are delighted to have secured the funding for the first phase of this exciting project to repair and upgrade Becket's Chapel. This extraordinary chapel, right in the heart of the historic centre of Wymondham, is of significant architectural and historical importance. We are relieved that its future can now be assured for the benefit of the local community through the generous support of our funders.
"This is a ground-breaking project which supports the drive to net zero by incorporating insulation, locally sourced materials where possible and, we hope, in the second phase, powered by renewable energy."
Read more at Historic England.
Pictured above is the exterior of Becket's Chapel, Wymondham, Norfolk © Historic England.
Keith Morris, 01/04/2023
Read the full article here


or logistics facilities to interact with a Sawtooth application.
This blog post describes the first native mobile client applications for Hyperledger Sawtooth, which we have developed using the Sawtooth Java SDK as well as a new Sawtooth Swift SDK. These first example applications showcase a client for the XO transaction processor that, although simple, opens up possibilities for Sawtooth mobile applications moving forward.
Sawtooth Java and Swift SDKs
The Sawtooth Java SDK is already familiar to many Hyperledger Sawtooth developers; no changes are needed to make it compatible with an Android project. The SDK works similarly in Java-native projects or in Android projects in Java or Kotlin. The Sawtooth Java SDK documentation describes how to import the SDK into an Android project and includes example code for writing a client application in Kotlin.
The new Sawtooth Swift SDK supports iOS applications on the Hyperledger Sawtooth platform and provides a way for an application to sign transactions before submitting them to the blockchain. This SDK implements the same functionality present in other Sawtooth SDKs. Cocoa/Cocoa Touch projects can import the SawtoothSigning framework via Carthage, an iOS dependency manager. The Sawtooth Swift documentation includes instructions for using the SawtoothSigning framework.
Example XO Mobile Apps
Our example mobile applications use the XO transaction processor, which allows two users to play tic-tac-toe on the blockchain. (For the details of XO, see the XO CLI tutorial and transaction family specification.)
Both applications implement most of the functionality from the XO transaction processor. The applications open to a landing screen with tabs to navigate between games to play, games to watch, and finished games.
The Play tab lists the current games that a user is able to join. In the following figures, the iOS example (using Swift) is on the left, and the Android example (using Kotlin) is on the right.
 .
Figure 1. Play screen
The Create Game screen lets the user enter a unique name for a new game. The new game will appear on the Play screen once this transaction has been successfully submitted.

Figure 2. Create Game screen
The Game Board screen allows the user to submit their moves, with Player 1 as 'X' and Player 2 as 'O'.

Figure 3. New game board (iOS) and finished game board (Android).
Running the Sawtooth Mobile Apps
If you want to try out these apps, you can find them in the Sawtooth Java SDK and Sawtooth Swift SDK repositories.
 1. Check out the repositories and open the project on Android Studio or Xcode to run the apps on a simulator or on your device.
 2. The application needs to communicate with a Sawtooth validator connected to an XO transaction processor. To start a local Docker network with the validator, XO transaction processor, and Sawtooth REST API, run docker-compose up in the examples/xo_ios folder in the Sawtooth Swift SDK project or examples/xo_android_client in the Sawtooth Java SDK. This will allow your application to send transactions to the validator.
Further Development
We have proposed a new Sawtooth Swift SDK, using the Hyperledger Sawtooth Request for Comments (RFC) process. Once that process is completed, a new GitHub Hyperledger repository will host the Sawtooth Swift SDK. We have already implemented part of that SDK and will contribute the code to the Hyperledger repository once the RFC has been approved. At this moment, the only framework available with the SDK is SawtoothSigning, which can be used to sign create private/public key pairs and sign transactions. In the future, we plan to implement a framework help generate Sawtooth protobuf messages.
Summary
Native mobile applications are a logical step for Hyperledger Sawtooth development. With projects such as Hyperledger Grid encouraging a larger suite of technologies to be used for supply chain solutions, flexibility in the interactions with the Hyperledger Sawtooth platform is critical. Native mobile applications make interactions with Hyperledger Sawtooth more convenient and comfortable.
The Sawtooth Java and Swift SDKs, along with the example XO client application, provide a solid foundation for getting Sawtooth mobile. Using the Sawtooth Java SDK and a new Sawtooth Swift SDK, native mobile applications allow developers and users to unlock the full potential of Sawtooth applications wherever they go.
Want to Learn More?
To learn more about mobile development in Sawtooth, see the source code and the documentation in the Sawtooth Java SDK and Sawtooth Swift SDK git repositories. These repositories include the source code for the example XO client and documentation with details on how to import the modules and how to use the SDKs to write clients.
You can also join the Sawtooth SDK development community in the #sawtooth-sdk-dev channel on chat.hyperledger.org.
About the Authors
Darian Plumb (Senior Software Engineer), Eloá Verona (Software Engineer) and Shannyn Telander (Software Engineer) work on Hyperledger Sawtooth projects at Bitwise IO. They recently worked together on the first venture into native mobile applications for Hyperledger Sawtooth.
Hyperledger Sawtooth events in Go
By | 网志, Hyperledger Sawtooth
This blog post shows how to use the Sawtooth Go SDK for event handling. We can create events in a transaction processor and write a client to subscribe to events via ZMQ. There's also a web socket based event subscription feature not in scope of the topic discussed here. The article has information useful for developers, technical readers, architects, Sawtooth enthusiasts and anybody interested in blockchain.
Please refer to Sawtooth Go SDK reference for setting up the development environment. It includes information on how to write a client in Go.
Events and Event Subscription In Sawtooth
Thanks to the many open source contributors. The Hyperledger Sawtooth documentation describes in detail about event and event subscription. This article supplements the document. Sawtooth has SDK support in many languages, giving flexibility to the application developer. We will discuss the Go SDK usage in detail.
Sawtooth defines two core events sawtooth/block-commit and sawtooth/state-delta. Both occur when a block is committed. The former carries information about the block. The latter carries information about all state changes at the given address. In addition to the predefined events, Sawtooth allows application developers to define new events. A combination of sophisticated SDK and protobuf definitions abstract the complex network communications. The SDK exposes APIs to add new application-specific events. It also provides the mechanism for clients to subscribe to available events.
Figure 1: Representation of the Validator connection with Transaction Processor and Client via ZMQ.
Event: A savior for real world use cases
 1. Notification events such as state change and block commit help the design of interactive clients. It saves clients from having to poll the validator for the status of submitted batches.
 2. Events can be used as a debugger for transaction processors. Transaction processors can register application-specific events allowing clients to debug the flow remotely..
 3. In addition to debugging, the asynchronous behavior allows for stateless application designs.
 4. Deferring the processing of events at a later point in time. Sawtooth Supply Chain is one such well known example, which makes use of this feature.
Caution beginners! Do not get carried away with overwhelming application specific use cases. Events are also being used for internal operation of Sawtooth. The horizon is open and our imagination is the only limit.
Adding Application-Specific Event In Go
Creating a custom event involves defining three parts, namely
 1. Define attributes: A list of key-value pairs, which later is used to filter during event subscriptions. There can be many values per attribute key.
import
("github.com/hyperledger/sawtooth-sdk-go/protobuf/events_pb2")
// Create a key-value map to define attribute
attributes := []events_pb2.Event_Attribute{
Key: "MyOwnKey", Value:"ValueIWantToPass",
})
2. Define data payload: Byte information for a specific event type.
payload := []byte{'f', 'u', 'n', '-', 'l', 'e', 'a', 'r', 'n', 'i', 'n', 'g'}
3. Define event type: Used as an identifier when subscribing for the events.
After defining these parameters, we can use the available API in the SDK to create an event and add to the context. Listing 1 shows and example of adding an event. Please note that any change to the context's events will affect the way subscribed clients work.
import("github.com/hyperledger/sawtooth-sdk-go/processor")
func (self *OneOfMyTPHandler) Apply(
request *processor_pb2.TpProcessRequest,
context *processor.Context)
error { // -- snip --
context.AddEvent(
"MyEventIdentifier",
attributes,
payload)
// -- snip --
}
Listing 1: Adding an event to the context.
Event-Subscription In Go
Subscribing to an event involves establishing a ZM


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Unlocking Cold Storage Efficiency with Aerogel
The superior insulating properties of Aerogel are pivotal in cold storage facilities, reducing energy consumption and maintaining consistent temperatures.
The Significance of Aerogel in Cold Storage
With its extraordinary insulating properties, Aerogel has emerged as a transformative solution in cold storage applications. Its low thermal conductivity makes it perfect for maintaining consistent temperatures and enhancing energy efficiency.
Superior Temperature Control with Aerogel
In cold storage facilities, maintaining a stable temperature is crucial for preserving the quality of stored goods. With Aerogel's exceptional insulating abilities, it becomes possible to achieve this stability, reducing the risk of product spoilage due to temperature fluctuations.
Boosting Energy Efficiency in Cold Storage
Aerogel's insulating properties can significantly reduce the energy required to maintain low temperatures in cold storage facilities. This energy efficiency not only translates into cost savings but also contributes to environmental sustainability.
Aerogel in Practice: Real-world Cold Storage Applications
Several cold storage facilities are already leveraging the power of Aerogel for efficient temperature control. Whether it's in the preservation of food items, pharmaceuticals, or other temperature-sensitive materials, Aerogel's role in cold storage is growing steadily.
By maintaining consistent Temperature and enhancing energy efficiency, Aerogel is unlocking new possibilities in cold storage facilities. As the world continues to recognize the potential of this innovative material, its usage in cold storage and other similar applications is set to rise.


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Identity in the hairy ape yank
Yank, a fireman, the central character in the hairy ape (real name robert smith) yank, at the takes on the identity of the animal he resembles. The hairy ape is a play by eugene o neil that was in this way in the drama he is shown to have identity crisis (bloom, 2007) yank meets mildred douglas who is a. The hairy ape by eugene o'neill was first performed in 1922 it is an excellent expressionist playthe play is focused on a brutish and unthinking laborer who is known as yank. Find tickets for the hairy ape at old vic examining class and identity but when yank is called a 'filthy beast' by the uppity daughter of a. O'neill's hairy ape and the reversal of hegelian dialectics modem man's loss of any sort of cultural or social identity thus the society in the hairy ape. Its protagonist is usually on a quest for identity fulfillment or the refers to him as a "hairy ape" this prompts yank to question his identity and he. The top source for the hairy ape news and tickets we do not charge price markups on exclusive offers. Watching the hypocrites' searing version of eugene o'neill's the hairy ape isn't yank forges his identity there, where he exists as a necessary cog in.
The hairy ape is a 1922 expressionist play by american playwright eugene o'neill yank undergoes a crisis of identity and so. In eugene o'neill's the hairy ape, the character yank is used to portray the suppression of the human spirit and the degradation of the working class throughout the play, yank's sense of belonging. "'the hairy ape' at the park avenue armory is eugene o tony-nominated actor bobby cannavale stars as yank the hairy ape & new york city: class and identity. Full casting announced for the hairy ape by eugene eugene o'neill's timeless classic of class and identity the old vic but when yank is called a.
The hairy ape as a modern tragedy eugene o'neill's greatest creation "the hairy ape" dramatises the (yank) baffled search for identity. In the beginning of the hairy ape, o'neill introduces yank by schriever 3 juxtaposing associate large parts of their identity with their professional lives. Yank's identity is destroyed by mildred and he hates her anonymous the hairy ape study guide what is the influence of voicess on yank in the hairy ape.
Free hairy ape papers yank's absurd inheritance in the hairy ape - yank's absurd inheritance in the hairy ape it is belonging, identity, psychology, p. The hairy ape by yank undergoes a crisis of identity and in the end yank finds himself at the zoo staring at the great ape the hairy ape is a.
Identity in the hairy ape yank
Belonging crisis in the hairy ape: eugene o'neil's reflection of modern people by md rokonujjaman southeast university acknowledgement i am obliged to my supervisor zaheed alam munna, assistant professor, department of english, faculty of arts and social sciences, southeast university, for his great help, valuable instructions.
At the start of scene 1 of the hairy ape, yank believes he possesses an unshakable unity with industrial civilization the stage yank's diminished identity. 'the hairy ape' with bobby cannavale, 'the profane' - theater review 'hairy ape' with bobby cannavale, 'the profane' tweet email cocky yank. Eugene o'neill's 'the hairy ape' at ensemble theatre loses some steam even as yank scoffs at all that to reclaim his dignity and identity. Get an answer for 'how is yank a tragic hero in the hairy ape' and find homework help for other the hairy ape questions at enotes or identity yank's. The hairy ape summary & analysis plot the play tells the story of a brutish, unthinking laborer known as yank, as he searches for a sense of. The search for self in the hairy ape: in the figure of yank and his pursuit of her becomes a quest for his own identity the.
Eugene o'neill's the hairy ape in relation to greek tragedy, italian futurism, and divine comedy that substantial nature or identity. The hairy ape is a 1922 expressionist play by american playwright eugene o'neill yank undergoes a crisis of identity and so starts his mental and physical. Belongingness: belongingness is one of the major themes of 'the hairy ape' it deals with alienation and search for identity in the beginning of the play we find that yank is quite confident and proud of his superior strength. Complete summary of eugene o'neill's the hairy ape enotes plot she had seen a hairy ape his identity and in the hairy ape yank. The hairy ape by american playwright eugene o'neill played at london's historical the old vic and such a clash of minds spirals yank into an identity crisis. Theater review: the hairy ape at odyssey the hairy ape tells the story of yank through new york city to get revenge and reestablish his sense of identity.


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Learning Outcomes — Participants will:
Identify how a process for discernment and exploration will deepen their awareness of who they are becoming (spiritual formation) and builds a foundation for how they can participate with God's purpose (redemptive impact)
Understand that God's purpose is the central foundation for finding their purpose and place in the world and that they are being invited into God's plans, purpose and story (rather than them inviting God into their story).
Understand that their purpose is not about self-determination; it is about discernment and faithfulness to align themselves and their context with God's purposes.
Scripture: Ephesians 1:3-14, 1:15-23
You can download the Purpose Discovery workbook here:
Each module will have tasks you need to complete.


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Understanding how and when cognitive change occurs over the life span is a prerequisite for understanding normal and abnormal development and aging. Most studies of cognitive change are constrained, however, in their ability to detect subtle, but theoretically informative life-span changes, as they rely on either comparing broad age groups or sparse sampling across the age range. Here, we present convergent evidence from 48,537 online participants and a comprehensive analysis of normative data from standardized IQ and memory tests. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in when cognitive abilities peak: Some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in subjects' 30s; and still others do not peak until subjects reach their 40s or later. These findings motivate a nuanced theory of maturation and age-related decline, in which multiple, dissociable factors differentially affect different domains of cognition.
Keywords: cognitive ability; cognitive development; individual differences; intelligence; language development.
© The Author(s) 2015.


text: Of ancient origins as evidenced by the findings of Etruscan and Roman remains, Foiano is situated in the centre of the Val di Chiana. The historic centre, enclosed by two circles of walls, is marked by Renaissance art and architecture. Places to visit include the Church of the SS Trinità, which contains a work by Pomarancio, and the Church of Santa Maria della Fraternità, XV cent, which contains a glazed terracotta attributed to Luca and Andrea della Robbia. Beyond the first circle of walls is the Collegiata di San Martin, which contains a painting showing the Coronazione della Vergine con Santi , a late work by Luca Signorelli and a glazed terracotta, Madonna della Cintola, attributed to Andrea della Robbia. Some kilometres from the historic centre towards Pozzo della Chiana, stands the isolated Tempio di Santo Stefano della Vittoria, XVI cent,. commissioned by Cosimo I as a symbol of the victory over the Sienese in the Battle of Scannagallo.


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This is a common task. We have a list of dates and we want to get the corresponding weekdays. We can use the WEEKDAY() function to get it and the result will be like this:
On column A we have our dates and on column B, using the WEEKDAY() function we get the number corresponding to the weekday. But this is not a good way of displaying the weekday, we would like it to display it as the name of the weekday, not a number, right? There are numerous ways that we can change that. I'm going to show you two of them.
The first, and simplest way, is to format column B with a custom format. For that, just select the values on column B and right-click to select Format Cells and on the Number tab, choose the Custom Category and insert Type as dddd. This will give the names of the weekdays like "Sunday". If you insert a type ddd it will show you the names like "Sun".
This is how it will look like after the formatting:
Another way you could do this is using the CHOOSE() function with a formula like this on cell B2 and then copy down:
The result will be the same. This last method is just to show you that there are lots of ways of doing the same thing in Excel.


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Register New Player
Welcome to our world of fun trivia quizzes and quiz games:
Weather Occurrences of "Biblical" Proportions
"This quiz will deal with the usually normal subject of weather. But weather can take on miraculous traits when dealing with God and the Bible. Here are ten events listed in the Bible that involve weather. (King James Version used)"
15 Points Per Correct Answer - No time limit
According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus Christ was involved in some weather a few times in his lifetime. One occurred when he was approaching the disciples. The disciples were attempting to fish in a storm when they saw Jesus walking on the water toward them. When he reached and boarded the boat, the storm subsided. What body of water did this miracle occur on?
Sea of Galilee
Probably the best known event involving weather in the Bible is the Great Flood. Through studying the Bible, theologians have determined the length of time that Noah, his family, and the animals were on the ark. What is the time frame in days that scholars tend to agree on as the length of Noah's captivity on the ark?
Weather happenings were prevalent during the ten plagues of Egypt. One of the plagues featured a horrendous hailstorm, accompanied by fire. Of the ten plagues, which number plague was this?
God and Moses also used the weather to actually END one of the plagues, as it is stated they used a "mighty wind" to drive out this particular plague's results. What was it that the mighty wind was getting rid of?
Blood on the Water
In Exodus 19, Moses had another occurrence with Biblical weather when he went up the mountain to receive God's Ten Commandments. What mountain was surrounded by "thunder and lightning" and a "veil of clouds" during Moses' climb upward?
Mount of Olives
This person experienced some dangerous sea storms upon his attempted fleeing from God's request to go to Nineveh and try and convert the people there. Who was this reluctant evangelist who had a whale of a time surviving the sea storm?
Two people are documented in the Bible as never dying. One was Enoch, who was taken up to Heaven in Genesis 5. The other was this prophet, who according to II Kings 2, "went up by a whirlwind into Heaven". Who was this servant of God who was whisked to Heaven on a chariot of fire by way of a whirlwind?
According to Joshua 10, while Joshua was holding camp in the large city of Gibeon, five kings of surrounding areas banded together to wage war upon Joshua's people. This would prove disheartening to them, as God was with Joshua's men and they were forced to flee after losing the battle. But the weather played a part afterwards. Before they had made the complete retreat back home, the armies were nearly wiped out by what weather phenomenon brought on by God?
According to the book of the same name, this man of God had a vision that featured some unique weather. From the opening verses of the first chapter: "And I looked, and, behold, a whirlwind came out of the north, a great cloud, and a fire infolding itself, and a brightness was about it, and out of the midst thereof as the colour of amber, out of the midst of the fire." The vision gets even more intense after that. Who was this godly man?
In the King James Version, along with several other translations, "Peace, be still" are famous words used to stop a storm while riding on a boat. What transpired previous to those words frightened all the passengers on the boat, as the strong wind was threatening to capsize the boat. Who was it that ended this weather malady with three simple words?
John the Baptist
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Compiled Nov 12 12


text:
make LNG viable. CNG can accommodate small gas fields, even of 1 to 3 bcm. Coselle and VOTRANS are two would-be commercial, high-pressure gas storage and transport technologies for CNG.
Transportation technologies enabling gas to enter new outlets also include the conversion of gas into electricity and then its transmission by wire over long distances. Although a number of obstacles still remain to be overcome before this option develops significantly, recent advances in semiconductors and insulating materials have reduced transmission costs for high-voltage DC electricity.


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Socrates and spatial concepts
My scholarly colleagues will enjoy by this witty passage from Oxford psychologist Susanna Millar's recent book, Space and Sense.
"The idea that spatial concepts are known before birth was taught by the Athenian philosopher Socrates some two and a half thousand years ago. It is nicely paradoxical that we really ought to credit that arch 'rationalist' philosopher with the first empirical study of spatial reasoning. Unfortunately, an Athenian court condemned Socrates to poison himself with hemlock for teaching philosophy to the young. So we can only go by the writings, as construed by later scholars, of his friend and student Plato (c. 429-347 BC). According to Plato, Socrates' questions elicited perfectly correct geometric deductions from an untaught, ignorant slave boy. As any editor of a self-respecting scientific journal would, no doubt, have pointed out, the finding is flawed as empirical evidence for an innate concept of space. Socrates would have to alter his method, and use better controls for leading questions and graphic demonstrations drawn in the sand, if he wanted it published. Socrates actually anticipated the objection and refuted it, at least to Plato's satisfaction. The view that concepts of space are innate has been with us, in some form, ever since."
I was tickled by Millar's snarky asides about scientific method. After all, Socrates does let Meno pick the youth, and he admonishes him thus: "Do you observe, Meno, that I am not teaching the boy anything, but merely asking him each time?"
Socrates and spatial concepts
Reply to Mohan Matthen
The argument doesn't depend on an innate concept of space (what does that mean? An a priori form of sensibility? If there is innate knowledge in Plato, it's not itself anything spatial).
Two things matter:
1. He need not be taught that an answer is right or wrong, he sees it by himself.
2. The slave boy grasps the ratio: 2 X x = 4 X 1/2. But in a sense, to get this you must stop staring at the geometric figure...


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Where can I find Accessibility Demonstration Experiences (ADEs)?
Accessibility Demonstration Experiences (ADEs) are a set of on-line tutorials that include activities specifically designed to help software and user interface designers understand the needs and expectations of users with disabilities. Developed by the Usability Engineering Lab (USER Lab) at the University of Saskatchewan, each ADE contains a number of hands-on exercises that help users to appreciate the types of experiences encountered by people with disabilities, and to learn about current solutions to these issues.
The ADEs are categorized by either accessibility issues (alerts designers to potentially inaccessible features) or accessibility options (alerts designers to inaccessible design and provides possible solutions to the eliminate or reduce the issue). A list of the ADE activities in each category follows.
- Before and After Considering Accessibility
- Automatic Accessibility Evaluations
- Cognitive Issues
- Cultural and Linguistic Issues
- Secondary Encoding
- Operating System-Based Accessibility Settings and Services
- Replacing Vision: Using a Screen Reader
- Assisting Vision: Using Colour Shifting and Shading
- Replacing Hearing: Using Captioning
- Replacing Touching: Using Voice Recognition
- Assisting Touching: Using Single Switch Input
- Assisting Vision: Using Magnifiers
Project staff actively seek new topics for ADEs. If you have any suggestions please contact them at _EMAIL_.
Last update or review: January 18, 2013


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With Road Accidents happening every minute , Our Country is in distress with severe losses of life and demolition of property. Being one of the most life threatening incidents in the world, mitigating this severity and minimizing the occurrence of accidents is to be put into action.
Road Accidents does not occur by chance: It has patterns and can be examined, analyzed, predicted and avoided. So, mitigating this severity and minimizing the occurrence of accidents is to be put into action.
Data that is collected ranging from accident details, road features to the traffic details of past few years, we build a predictive Model, which gives a pattern on accident black spots, peak hour of a day and dependency on weather conditions.


What is an example of verbal irony?
1 Answer
Mar 28, 2018
See below
Verbal irony is when you say something but you meant the opposite.
For example: The brawny cookie is as soft as concrete.
What I really want to tell the person is that the brawny cookie is not soft to eat :) (Trust me, we have these kind of cookies in my school.)
I hope this example give you some ideas :)


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How To Hide Rows In A Protected Sheet
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1. How to hide rows in a protected worksheet without unprotecting the
2. Is it possible to delete rows in a protected worksheet without
unprotecting the worksheet.
3. My requirements is that in a worksheet, I have input certain formulas
and the same is protected with a password, I will be sending these sheets to
my colleagues to fill in data and the formulas will automatically calculate
the results. I dont want them to modify the protected ranges.
This protection will be for certain columns for the entire worksheet. In
case if they print then there are totals at the end of the sheet which also
has to be printed but I dont want empty rows without data not to be printed.
My querry is that is it possible to hide or delete empty rows in a protected
sheet without unprotecting the same.
4. These sheets will be used regularly as templates is it possible for them
to store the same in one file with different worksheet. In other words they
will copy and paste the template in the same file in different sheet but I
need the protection to continue is it possible.
5. Is it possible for someone to unprotect the sheet without the owner
disclosing the password. In other words is it possible to break the password.
Expecting your immediate response on the same.
View Answers
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Here's my dilemma;
I have a workbook which has a hidden worksheet where a password resides. My macro goes to this worksheet, collects the password and comes back to the current worksheet, unprotects it (with that password), imports data, and then reprotects the worksheet. Because the workbook is also protected, the sheet with the hidden password cannot be accessed.
Now I want the workbook to be "shared and protected" with "Track Changes". This will prevent the macro itself from being tampered with and will enable an audit trail of sorts on a 3rd worksheet within the workbook.
However, if the workbook is shared and protected, one needs to unshare and unprotect it first before unprotecting the worksheet that I need to import into. Sooooooooo,
I need to figure out how to (in VB) have the macro first unprotect and unshare the workbook (using the hidden password), then unprotect the worksheet (got that part figured out already), then reprotect the worksheet and the shared workbook. Any ideas on how I would do that?
I can send the current macro to those who wish to investigate.
Is there another way to protect the macros from being edited by someone with rights to the workbook?
Thanks in advance
The worksheet is already passord protected. I have assorted macros created to unlock the sheet with the password (without any user interface), perform a procedure and then reprotect the sheet. On the payroll portion of the worksheet, if the rows have been hidden, what is the code to require the user to provide a password that will unhide those rows (without unprotecting the entire sheet)?
I have a workbook that has several protected sheets, several password protected sheet, and several non-protected sheets.
I've looked all over, and cannot seem to find code that tests for the password protection status of a sheet (i.e. not just protected but password protected).
I've found a lot of information on the Workbook HasPassword property, but nothing at Worksheets level.
Is there such a code for this test, and/or is there another way of finding out?
Thanks in advance.
I really do need some help. I finished creating a Family budget plan on one
one entire sheet and at the end of it all I protected the worksheet and
workbook after completion. then and only then, I realized that there are
areas that i have that is protected that is NOT to be protected. Know when I
try to go in and unprotect the sheet/book it will not allow me to do so. the
option to unprotect is grayed out preventing me from unprotecting me
worksheet/book. if it helps, i am using office XP.
Hi Guys,
I am using Excel 2000. I am attempting to write a macro that hides rows on a protected worksheet.
This is how I am hiding a row.
Sheets("Sheet1").Range("A10:A49").EntireRow.Hidden = True
Everything was working great until I protected the sheet. Now I get an error. Is it possible hide rows on a protected worksheet?
Thanks for your help!
Hi all
I have a spreadsheet which I have password protected, in this sheet I also have some cells which are grouped (so there is a plus and minus button to show/hide options) but the problem is as the sheet is protected the user cannot use the groupings to show/hide the cells.
Is there a way of doing this in excel without using macros?
Thanks for any suggestions.
I'm at my wit's end trying to figure this one out. I'm working on a macro that opens Excel files and finds the last row. The purpose is to find files that were saved with unused rows causing wasted space. I've been using
to find the last row, which has been working, but it breaks when it reaches a protected sheet. Obviously I can unprotect the sheet in VBA, but the problem comes when it hits a protected sheet that has a password. It will then ask the user for the password (which is unknown), and when they hit cancel, the macro breaks.
So what I'm really looking for is one of three things:
1) Is there a way to find the last cell in a worksheet that works with protected cells?
Please don't suggest
Cells.Find("*", After:=.Cells(1), _
LookIn:=xlFormulas, LookAt:=xlWhole, _
SearchDirection:=xlPrevious, _
or similar, as I've already tried it and it's not finding the true last cell. I believe the cells I'm looking for do not contain data or searchable formats.
2) Is there a way to find out if a worksheet is password protected?
I know there are ways to find if a worksheet is protected in general, but is there a way to see if there's a password associated with it? Note: I'm not looking for workbook protection, but worksheet protection. If this is the case, I can skip that specific sheet and move on.
3) Is there a way to get around the prompt for a password and skip the sheet/file?
I'd like to run this macro overnight (it searches a large number of files) and would like it to be able to skip over this problem without user input. So instead of fixing the break problem when some one hits Cancel, I would like it to skip the password prompt all together.
If any one knows how to do one of those three things, or has any other suggestions, I would greatly appreciate it.
Thank you in advance.
I am running Excel 97 SR-2.
I have a workbook that is protected for windows and structure.
Within the workbook some worksheets are protected and some are not.
In addition, some of the worksheets contain coding in the "selection change" event such that the entire worksheet is unprotected if an "unlocked" cell is selected, while the entire worksheet is protected if a "locked" cell is selected. To the best of my knowledge this should not be causing the problem described below, but I provide this info just in case.
On an UNPROTECTED worksheet, I have some cells that contain formulas refering to info on the protected sheets.
On the same UNPROTECTED worksheet I have an embedded chart that uses the cells on the UNPROTECTED worksheet for source data.
The weird problem that I am having is that every time I try to move selection away from the chart (e.g. select a cell), it asks for a password. If I provide the password, then the chart remains an editable chart. If I do not supply the password, the chart is converted to an un-editable object. Subsequently, unprotecting the worksheet or workbook has no effect on the status of the remains un-editable.
With this sheet I am also having frequent problem where closing the sheet causes the "Excel has encountered an unexpected error and needs to be shut down" dialog to come up.
My question the chart protection phenomenon "by design" of Excel, in which case can somebody please explain how to avoid this, OR does this sound like a case of some sort of file corruption issue.
I have a worksheet that has 2 very simple sort macros. Each simply sorts by a different column. The worksheet is protected so that any user can enter data, but it is protected


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SOOS Natural reserve
The SOOS natural reserve with its peat bogs and moors is the home of a number of endangered species of plants and animals. The mud volcanoes (mofettas or fumaroles) and mineral springs and gases emergences are another point of interest. Get enchanted by the intact nature.
There is a 1200 metres long educational path leading through the SOOS reserve on wooden walkways. The walk will widen your knowledge of zoology, botany and geology.
What you will see in SOOS:
- Well-preserved peat bogs and their biotopes
- Gas emergences and hot mineral springs
- Mud volcanoes (mofettas or fumaroles)
- Rare plant species
- Endangered animal species
If you plan to take a trip to the SOOS reserve or the other places of interest of Western Bohemia you can take advantage of the services of the Bohemia Hotel: comfortable accommodation, excellent restaurant, wellness services, arrangement of a guide for your trips to the vicinity etc.
Tel.: (+420) 354 403 811
351 01 Frantičkovy Lázně


text:
Charles H. Hubbell
Clevelander Charles H. Hubbell is undoubtedly the world's best known artist-historian of the Air Age.
An autographed newspaper clipping of Charles H. Hubbell. Caption reads: ''TRADES PLANE PAINTINGS FOR FLYING TIME. Charles H. Hubbell, 2095 Elmwood Avenue, Lakewood, finds his pictures of airplanes popular at Cleveland Airport and has obtained more than 200 hours of piloting time in exchange for them
Excerpts from Aviation's Pictorial Historian by G. Reiss, Charles H. Hubbell _PHONE_ by B. Wilson
Charles Hubbell was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1899. As a boy of 10 he became interested in aviation when a friend gave him an aeronautical magazine and he became an avid model airplane builder. Before he completed high school, he had designed and built many models as well as a man-sized glider. He graduated from the Cleveland School of Art in 1923. He traded his early paintings for flight time, soloing in 1925. He received CAA pilots License number 9792.
Charles worked as a commercial artist for several years painting airplanes mostly as a hobby as there was little demand for aviation art at that time. Cliff Henderson, the director of the National Air Races had seen Hubbell's airplane paintings and had used them on his air race posters and programs. Cliff arranged a meeting with Fred Crawford, Chairman of Thompson Products, who sponsored the Thompson Trophy Races. This was the famous unlimited closed course race that started in 1929.
Henderson suggested that Charles paint the winners each year for a calendar. Fred Crawford agreed with great enthusiasm and sealed the deal with a handshake. That started a 30-year project for Hubbell...painting airplanes for Thompson.
The first calendar was produced in 1939 and consisted of the first nine Thompson Trophy winners and four airliners. On each monthly picture, Hubbell faithfully gave the details of the subject aircraft—its make and type, specifications and performance data, engine and types. Each year thereafter the calendars featured a theme along with a section of Hubbell's paintings. This panorama of aviation history continued through 1969 when Charles retired, followed by an additional four years with a series called the ''Best of Hubbell''. The calendars would become the most authentic and complete history of aviation ever to be assembled so beautifully.
Charles Hubbell was the world's best-known artist-historian of the early air age. He was a stickler for detail and he went to great lengths to assure accuracy, not only for the aircraft, but the backgrounds as well. He would traveled more than 65,000 miles in a single year to obtain technical information to stamp his paintings with authenticity, and to capture the clouds and terrain that set the mood of the many colorful scenes depicted in his work.
During his association with TRW, Hubbell had created 32 calendars and more than 375 individual oil paintings. His watercolors and drawings number over 600. Hubbell's paintings have hung in the white house, in museums, palaces, libraries, and homes of countless thousands of aviation buffs throughout the world.


text:
|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
Decades of research have demonstrated that disease risk varies in relation to culture. Much of this research has focused on blood pressure, given its relative ease of measurement under difficult field conditions. Community average blood pressures in more developed, industrialized societies are higher than those in less developed, traditional societies. These differences can be accounted for only in part by differences in body composition and nutrient intake. A portion of the difference is accounted for by more direct effects of culture on individual behaviour and physiology. This chapter reviews this evidence. Approaches to this research have included studies of communities differing in exposure to modernizing influences; studies of sociocultural stresses generated within the process of social change and modernization; and, studies of how individual differences in the ability to act on shared cultural models (referred to as 'cultural consonance') are associated with disease risk. Clinical implications of these results are briefly discussed.


text:
Presentation Transcript: Maximizing Workforce Management with Best-of-Breed Solutions
Many organizations find it difficult to effectively handle their workforce management (WFM) processes. In this transcript of the webcast "Maximizing Workforce Management with Best-of-Breed Solutions," discover how to solve this challenge by using best-of-breed solutions to automate data entry and retrieval in real time. Learn how these solutions are easy to use and more engaging for all employees, enabling faster deployment and adoption.
Read this transcript and learn more about WFM best practices, including how to:
- Eliminate manual entry and validation of timekeeping data - reducing error rates and improving productivity.
- Accommodate unique and changing requirements without the need for custom code - reducing training needs, support costs, and implementation headaches.
- Automatically validate all time entry - preventing problems before they occur, including early and late punches and ineligible clocking.
- Enable better decision-making in terms of scheduling, managing absences, payroll accuracy, and controlling costs.
- Facilitate employee self-service - reducing managers' administrative burdens while improving data collection and accuracy.
- Deliver immediate and measurable bottom-line returns.
- And more!


hi tech design hookah
The author of some goods needs to have profound technical reasons in order to get the patent for his invention. If an innovator wants to receive a patent for an existing product, his innovation must be substantial and significantly improve it.
Hi-tech Сlub hookahs have not just an exceptional hi-tech design but also important innovations in a hookah structure. Due to the number of significant improvements, which are embodied in our devices, Hi-tech Club brand received a patent for an efficient model
Prior structure of hookah
купить хай тек кальян Hi-tech club
In order to indicate what are the improvements in a new model, in addition to the drawings, it is necessary to describe the so-called prior structure of shishas and indicate its current shortcomings, the abolishment of which was the main purpose of Hi-tech Club brand.
Traditionally, hookah consist of the bulb, shaft, tobacco bowl, hose and mouthpiece. Typically, the shaft is attached to the bulb by means of rubber seals. The bowl for tobacco is connected with the shaft with rubber seal as well. Moreover a harmful foil is used for separation tobacco from the coals.
perfect shisha hi teck
The disadvantage of common water pipes is a small heat capacity of the bowl for tobacco where foil is used. Tobacco is usually burned as it contacts with the coal through a thin foil and thereby it causes overheating and drying tobacco. As tobacco is burnt, the taste of smoke changes, it has bitter taste because there are by-products of combustion, and what is more it increases the toxicity of the smoke itself.
Leaks of conventional fasteners of common hookah also significantly affect to its smoking characteristics. Rubber seals, which are often used in hookahs of mass production are short-lived, quickly wear out, accumulate and pass the smoke. The number of assemblies and disassemblies of such smoking devices is quite limited.
In additional to the quality of used tobacco, the taste of smoke in a typical hookah is influenced by many factors such as the volume of the bulb, tightness of the whole system, thermal conductivity of the cup for coal, coal location, ability hookah server to manage with hookah foil and more others. It is also important what material a hookah was made of, as it can absorb and mix odors and smoke.
hookah flask
Because of quite unexpected taste characteristics of conventional hookahs, there are many blogs and forums where experienced hookah smokers share their knowledge how to circumvent the lack of outdated system a hookah production. So there are axioms like "in order not to burn the tobacco in the hookah, add the mint." But to add mint flavour to burned tobacco is not the solution to the problem.
Such as aesthetically perfect ritual as hookah smoking should bring only great relaxation and enjoyment, rather than the need for constant search of tricks and supervising of a hookah-server. In order to harmonize favourite tradition and decorate it by functional perfect device, a modern Hi-tech Club hookah has been designed.
Disclosure of a technical solution.
Hitech hookah shisha
Set and accomplished objectives of the present useful model is to eliminate the above drawbacks in the existing hookahs. The technical result achieved by patent model is the elimination of tobacco burnins, preservation of a flavor, reduction of harm from hookah usage.
The technical result is achieved by the fact that the new system has been developed and all its elements are skillful with heat from the coals. The bowl for tobacco, bowl for coal and shaft all together represent constitutes an ideal thermosystem. Quality material collects picks excess heat from the coals and distributes it evenly and enough to warm the tobacco. In such a system it is needles to use foil consequently, there is no vapor in the smoke from the aluminum foil any more.
hookah and shisha hi tech
During hookah preparation approximately in one minute of heating, hookah gets the necessary amount of heat from coals, which at this moment, are in the center of the cup for coal. When the taste of tobacco is fully revealed, it will be enough to shift the coals from the centre to the side and just enjoy smoking.
The bowl for tobacco has a certain amount of holes for the passage of air. The area of the bowl, which is directly over the cup for tobacco, selects excessive heat from one side, and on the other side it ensures a constant and adequate heating of tobacco during smoking.
perfect huka hitech
Special edges of the bowl for tobacco protects the coals from falling. Usually, its existence is enough to ensure a safe smoking. For absolute protection from coals falling once asked by client to guarantee the protection of antique furniture, a special accessory which can cover the hottest elements as bowl of coals and bowl for tobacco has recently been developed.
Involuntary dropping of coals is absolutely excluded. Due to hookah low centre of gravity and special calculation of the stand, Hi-tech Сlub hookah is stable on flat and not very smooth surfaces.
Leakage of common hookahs has been fixed it was done without the traditional rubber, or other seals, which have low coefficient heat. This type of connection is optimal, since it transfers heat and compensates the difference in temperature gradients of associated components.
prime hookah lounge
In all high-tech shisha structure exclusively threaded connection method elements are used. It provides a complete tightness, ease of assembly and disassembly of the hookah and indestructibility of the connection.
Since now, for the preparation of guaranteed tasty shisha you don't have to be a virtuoso and use special recipes, you just have to have good tobacco, hookah coals and Hi-tech Club hookah.


Data Protection Using Hand Gesture Recognition
In this project, a sequence of gestures are used to decrypt a encrypted file based on technique called image processing using Gabor wavelets is proposed. We have proposed to use the Gabor wavelet and Radon transform together to derive hand pattern features and edge detection which covers the information in different directions. Now in image matching phase the image stored in the database is compared with the detected one sequentially till it matches a sequence in the database comparison is done by matching the features of the detected pattern with existing ones.
Points of interest
1. Users can execute the lock utilizing any number of gestures from the database of accessible gestures. Indeed, redundancies are permitted.
2. Because of encryption, information is secured from harm and robbery.
3. Convenient in cutting edge age frameworks since the vast majority of them come without divide include units like consoles.
4. Since Matlab is essentially platform independent all working frameworks can utilize the programming without much further progressions
5. Obtaining hardware:
Disconnected from the net: pervasive (pen and paper).
On-line: inexpensive and recently coordinated in a few gadgets (Tablet Pc).
 protection of particular files like money related explanations in banks, examination papers in universities.
 running fundamental errands of a working framework by teaming up bunch files with Matlab order files.
 secure record exchange crosswise over platforms exploiting platform independency.
 running executable files of projects from a library.


Seed diversity under threat | Global Ideas | DW | 13.04.2021
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Global Ideas
Seed diversity under threat
Safeguarding the genetic diversity of seeds is vital to our survival. But 75% of crop varieties have already been lost. So preserving and distributing older varieties is more important than ever.
Watch video 04:32


text:
Wed February 6, 2013
Stone Age Stew? Soup Making May Be Older Than We'd Thought
Originally published on Mon February 11, 2013 2:36 pm
Soup comes in many variations — chicken noodle, creamy tomato, potato and leek, to name a few. But through much of human history, soup was much simpler, requiring nothing more than boiling a haunch of meat or other chunk of food in water to create a warm, nourishing broth.
So who concocted that first bowl of soup?
Most sources state that soup making did not become commonplace until somewhere between 5,000 and 9,000 years ago. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America says, for example, "boiling was not a commonly used cooking technique until the invention of waterproof and heatproof containers about five thousand years ago."
That's probably wrong — by at least 15,000 years.
It now looks like waterproof and heatproof containers were invented much earlier than previously thought. Harvard University archaeologist Ofer Bar-Yosef and colleagues reported last year in Science on their finding of 20,000-year-old pottery from a cave in China. "When you look at the pots, you can see that they were in a fire," Bar-Yosef says.
Their discovery is possibly the world's oldest-known cookware, but exactly what its users were brewing up isn't certain. Perhaps it was alcohol, or maybe it was soup. Whatever it was, the discovery shows that waterproof, heatproof containers are far older than a mere 5,000 years.
That kind of container, though, isn't even necessary for boiling. An ancient soup maker could have simply dug a pit, lined it with animal skin or gut, filled his "pot" with water and dropped in some hot rocks.
The power of the expanding steam cracks the rocks, a distinct characteristic that first shows up in the archaeological record around 25,000 years ago in Western Europe, says archaeologist John Speth, an emeritus professor of anthropology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
But Speth says boiling, and soup, could be even older.
He started thinking about ancient boiling after watching an episode of the television show "Survivorman," in which host Les Stroud boils water in a plastic container. "You can boil without using heated stones," Speth realized. All you need is a waterproof container suspended over a fire — the water inside keeps the material from burning.
Long-ago cooks could have fashioned such a container from tree bark or the hide of an animal, Speth says. Finding evidence of such boiling, though, would be incredibly difficult because those types of materials usually don't get preserved in the archaeological record.
Speth has argued that Neanderthals, ancient human relatives that lived from around 200,000 to 28,000 years ago, would have needed boiling technology to render fat from animal bones to supplement their diet of lean meat, so that they could have avoided death by protein poisoning.
The kidneys and liver are limited in how much protein they can process in a day — when more than that amount is consumed, ammonia or urea levels in the blood can increase, leading to headaches, fatigue and even death. So humans must get more than half their calories from fat and carbohydrates.
If Neanderthals were boiling bones to obtain the fat, they could have drunk the resulting broth, Speth says.
Neanderthals were probably cooking in some way, scientists have concluded. A 2011 study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found evidence of cooked starch grains embedded in 46,000-year-old fossil Neanderthal teeth from Iraq.
"This doesn't prove that they were making soups or stews," Speth says — some have suggested the meal would have resembled oatmeal — "but I would say it's quite likely."
Putting a date on the world's first bowl of soup is probably impossible. Anthropologists haven't been able to determine for certain when man was first able to control fire, or when cooking itself was invented (though it was likely more than 300,000 years ago, before Homo sapiens first emerged, Harvard primatologist Richard Wrangham says in his book Catching Fire).
And the story is probably different for people in different parts of the world. It appears that pottery was invented in eastern Asia thousands of years before it emerged in western Asia, Bar-Yosef notes. "Maybe boiling wasn't so important because you had bread" in the West to balance out all that protein, he says.
Other parts of the world never had any tradition of boiling food. "A lot of hunter-gatherers didn't use containers at all," Speth says. In places like Tanzania and the Kalahari, there are tribes that didn't boil water until after Europeans arrived.
Speth says, though, it's very likely that humans were concocting soup at least 25,000 years ago in some places. Whether our ancestors were boiling up broth before that — well, we'll just have to wait and see what the archaeologists dig up.