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According to the Reactive Manifesto, a critical element in any Reactive system is that it is message-driven. But what does it mean to be message-driven?
Message-driven systems are those that communicate primarily through asynchronous and non-blocking messages. Messages enable us to build systems that are both resilient, and elastic, and therefore responsive under a variety of situations.
Message Driven Architecture
We have various ways of accomplishing synchronous and asynchronous messaging. But when we try to use synchronous messages to accomplish the task where an asynchronous message is required or vice-versa, things break down. Thus we need to make sure that we're using the right tool for the job.
Usage of Asynchronous Messaging
Asynchronous messaging is used when the messages can be sent without waiting for a response. It is used to avoid the situation where two parts of the system are waiting on each other, and consuming resources the entire time. Using asynchronous and non-blocking messages, resources like threads, memory, etc. can be freed immediately, and contention is reduced, which in turn improves scalability. It provides a higher rate of reliability because messages can be queued for delivery in case the receiver is off-line. It also allows us to have portions of the system go off-line for sometimes, and have the remainder of the system to continue to operate as normal.
Cost of Asynchronous Messaging
Asynchronous messages make transactions more difficult because transaction remains open potentially for a long period, which makes systems very slow and brittle. Using transactions that cross micro-service boundaries should be avoided because, some services may be unavailable, or multiple databases may be involved, and long-running transactions increase contention.
Usage of Synchronous Messaging
Asynchronous messages should be the backbone of Reactive Systems. To achieve this, synchronous messages can also be used but their requirements can often be relaxed. So rather than sending a message and waiting for a response, we might just send a message and have the receiver acknowledge that they received the message.
Cost of Synchronous Messaging
Technically it's often very convenient to build using fully synchronous messages. But there are costs associated with it. Those costs show up in the forms of inability to scale and reduced reliability.
So our goal should be to understand the difference between synchronous and asynchronous messaging and the consequences of choosing between the two.
Guaranteeing Delivery of Messages
As we build out our distributed systems, we are forced to confront the reality that delivering messages in a distributed system is complicated. We need to be careful to ensure guaranteed delivery of messages, that means, a message should be delivered to the correct recipient, the expected number of times. To provide these guarantees, we need new tools and techniques.
At Most Once Delivery
At Most Once delivery promises that no message will ever be delivered more than once. If a failure occurs, message delivery is never retried, which means that messages are never duplicated, but they could be lost. The advantage of this delivery technique is that it is very easy to implement, and does not require the storage of messages.
At Least Once Delivery
At Least Once delivery guarantees that all messages will eventually be delivered. When a failure occurs, there are two possibilities. One possibility is that the message may not have been delivered. The other possibility is that the message may have been delivered but not acknowledged. Failure always results in a retry, which means that messages may be delivered more than once, but they're never lost. This delivery technique requires the storage of messages at the sender's side.
Exactly Once Delivery
Exactly Once delivery is not easily achievable because, in the event of a network partition or a lost message, we can't guarantee whether our message is received. When a failure occurs, we have to resend the message to ensure guaranteed delivery, but this could create potential duplicates. Thus to simulate Exactly Once delivery, At Least Once delivery technique is used, and deduplication of messages is performed at the receiver's end. This delivery technique requires storage on both the sender and the receiver.
Implementation of Guaranteed Delivery Techniques
Akka uses At Most Once delivery by default. However, Akka persistence has an option for At Least Once delivery. Whereas Lagom supports both At Least Once delivery and At Most Once delivery through its message broker API.
To implement guaranteed delivery techniques, there are two distinct approaches. One approach is, each microservice can depend directly on other microservices, which means sending messages in a Point-to-Point fashion. The other approach is, each microservice can leverage Publish/Subscribe message broker to get messages from other services.
In a Point-to-Point setup, each service sends messages directly to other services, which means they are directly coupled to each other's API. The advantage of this approach is that services know about their dependencies, which allows an easy understanding of the flow of messages. This advantage also acts as a disadvantage, as services are highly coupled with each other.
In a Publish/Subscribe setup, we have a series of microservices and a central message bus or message broker. Services publish messages to the common message bus, and then other services subscribe to those messages. This means that the publishing service does not know about the subscribing service, and vice-versa. Thus the advantage of this approach is that dependencies are much more flexible, which makes this a very decoupled approach.
Akka actors are typically implemented with Point-to-Point messaging. Lagom also supports Point-to-Point communication between services. Internal to our microservice, we have the Publish/Subscribe mechanism, and to use that, we can use Akka Persistence.


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As a follow-up to a post about sugar, here's a quick reference guide about veganism and sugar…
Why is some sugar not vegan?
Some sugar is refined through a process that uses dead animal parts: bones (bone char). The dead animal parts aren't in the final sugar product, but using dead animals to make something makes that something nonvegan.
Why do some vegans eat sugar?
Many vegans try to avoid nonvegan sugar, but they will use vegan sugar.
Other vegans don't worry about sugar at all. They simply avoid eating the obvious animal products like meat, cow's milk, and eggs.
What is vegan sugar?
Vegan sugar is sugar that has not been made through the use of animal products.
Labels that indicate sugar is vegan:
- unrefined cane sugar
- evaporated cane juice
- beet sugar
- raw sugar
Why do some vegans avoid sugar?
Some vegans will omit sugar entirely because it's easier than reading labels.
Other vegans avoid sugar because a diet without sugar is healthier.
- agave nectar
- maple syrup
- rice syrup
- fruit juice

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Britain astonished the Italians yesterday by claiming to have invented lasagne.
Researchers cited The Forme of Cury, thought to be the world's oldest recipe book, which was commissioned by Richard II in 1390. Among the dishes it describes is loseyns (pronounced lasan), made from flat pasta and cheese sauce.
The medieval cook is advised to: "Take good broth and do in an erthen pot. Take flour of paynedemayn and make erof past with water and make erof thynne foyles as paper with a roller; drye it harde and see it in broth."
Then must he: "Take chese ruayn grated and lay it in dishes with powder douce and lay eron loseyns isode as hoole as you myght and above powdour and chese; and so twyse or thryse & serue it forth."
No mention is made of meat or tomatoes, the latter for the good reason that English cooks started using them only 200 years later.
The researchers found the recipe in the book in the British Museum while preparing for a medieval banquet and festival at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire.
Maurice Bacon, a spokesman for the event, said: "Very few people know lasagne was created in England. I defy anyone to disprove it because it appeared in the first cookery book ever written.
"When potatoes arrived in this country the use of these pasta noodles died out."
The Italian embassy in London said: "Whatever this old dish was called, it was not lasagne as we make it."
Antonio Carluccio, the chef and restaurant owner, said: "This sounds a bit far fetched to be called lasagne. But I wouldn't mind making it."


zero. For example, we can define the exponential of complex numbers by the series
\displaystyle\exp(z)=\sum\limits_{k=0}^\infty\frac{z^k}{k!}
Finally, this series will have the exponential property as above, so long as the ring is commutative (like it is for the complex numbers). In more general rings there's a generalized version of the exponential property, but I'll leave that until we eventually need to use it.
October 8, 2008 Posted by | Analysis, Calculus, Power Series | 3 Comments
The Taylor Series of the Exponential Function
Sorry for the lack of a post yesterday, but I was really tired after this weekend.
So what functions might we try finding a power series expansion for? Polynomials would be boring, because they already are power series that cut off after a finite number of terms. What other interesting functions do we have?
Well, one that's particularly nice is the exponential function \exp. We know that this function is its own derivative, and so it has infinitely many derivatives. In particular, \exp(0)=1, \exp'(0)=1, \exp''(0)=1, …, \exp^{(n)}(0)=1, and so on.
So we can construct the Taylor series at {0}. The coefficient formula tells us
\displaystyle a_k=\frac{\exp^{(k)}(0)}{k!}=\frac{1}{k!}
which gives us the series
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=0}^\infty\frac{x^k}{k!}
We use the ratio test to calculate the radius of convergence. We calculate
\displaystyle\limsup\limits_{k\rightarrow\infty}\left|\frac{\frac{x^{k+1}}{(k+1)!}}{\frac{x^k}{k!}}\right|=\limsup\limits_{k\rightarrow\infty}\left|\frac{x^{k+1}k!}{x^k(k+1)!}\right|=\limsup\limits_{k\rightarrow\infty}\left|\frac{x}{(k+1)}\right|=0
Thus the series converges absolutely no matter what value we pick for x. The radius of convergence is thus infinite, and the series converges everywhere.
But does this series converge back to the exponential function? Taylor's Theorem tells us that
\displaystyle\exp(x)=\left(\sum\limits_{k=0}^n\frac{x^k}{k!}\right)+R_n(x)
where there is some \xi_n between {0} and x so that R_n(x)=\frac{\exp(\xi_n)x^n}{(n+1)!}.
Now the derivative of \exp is \exp again, and \exp takes only positive values. And so we know that \exp is everywhere increasing. What does this mean? Well, if x\leq0 then \xi_n\leq0, and so \exp(\xi_n)\leq\exp(0)=1. On the other hand if x\geq0 then \xi_n\leq nx, and so \exp(\xi_n)\leq\exp(x). Either way, we have some uniform bound M on \exp(\xi_n) no matter what the \xi_n are.
So now we know R_n(x)\leq\frac{Mx^n}{(n+1)!}. And it's not too hard to see (though I can't seem to find it in my archives) that n! grows much faster than x^n for any fixed x. Basically, the idea is that each time you're multiplying by \frac{x}{n+1}, which eventually gets less than and stays less than one. The upshot is that the remainder term R_n(x) must converge to {0} for any fixed x, and so the series indeed converges to the function \exp(x).
October 7, 2008 Posted by | Analysis, Calculus, Power Series | 5 Comments
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Concrete structural elements are known to have good inherent fire performance. Concrete is non-flammable, non-combustible, and more robust in fire than other structural systems as it can absorb a greater amount of heat before reaching critical overload.
Concrete simply cannot be set on fire. As it does not burn, concrete does not emit any environmentally hazardous smoke, gases or toxic fumes. In addition, unlike some plastics and metals, concrete will not drip dangerous molten particles. Concrete also acts as an effective fire shield as its mass confers a high heat storage capacity while its porous structure provides a low rate of temperature rise.
The majority of concrete structures are not destroyed in a fire, and can therefore be repaired easily, minimising inconvenience and cost. Everyone from private owners and insurance companies, to local and national authorities, share the economic benefits of fire safety, and its contribution to the sustainable upkeep of critical infrastructure.
Concrete's superior fire performance also ensures that buildings remain stable during fire. This enables occupants to survive and escape, while also allowing emergency services to work safely.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
100 Skills Every Person Should Know
Learning new skills can be a chore or an enjoyable experience depending upon what type of skill you wish to acquire. However, if developing skills involve everyday tasks like changing ones car tire, how to keep yourself cool in a hot climate, finding potable water in a desert, or picking up a few essential first aid skills, they are not just enjoyable but a potential life saver as well.
The experts at Popular Mechanics magazine have selected 100 skills which they claim every man should know. The skills are divided into 11 sections namely -
- Handling Emergencies
- Home Skills
- Medical Myths
- Military Know-How
- Primitive Skills
- Surviving Extremes
- Life skills for kids (Which includes teaching how to knot a tie, riding a bicycle and so on).
- Technology Skills
- How to use the tools in workshop.
The instructions for each skill in the above eleven sections is accompanied by a concise description, a photo or/and a video where applicable.
So why not head over to the article and acquire a couple of new skills for yourself.


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The mixing behavior around a SMX-type static mixer segment has been investigated experimentally by using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) simultaneously. The newly conceived experimental rig allows quantifying mixing, by measuring velocity fields and concentration fields for different Reynolds numbers along vertical and horizontal sections directly behind the mixer. A spectral analysis of the simultaneous PIV and PLIF measurements has been carried out, in order to determine the characteristic frequencies induced by the mixer and relationships between velocity and concentration. Furthermore, the mixing efficiency has been quantified by considering the segregation index. In order to quantify micro-mixing a chemical reaction, involving a fluorescent tracer, has been chosen and imaged simultaneously with the macro-mixing, characterized by another tracer. Theoretical micro-mixing models have been tested by considering their accuracy in reproducing experimental data and first comparisons between experimental and numerical velocity fields are presented. The experimental data is documented in a data base, freely accessible through Internet, to allow a quantitative validation of numerical codes.
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- Experimental Investigation of a Static Mixer for Validation of Numerical Simulations
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg


:
f x = sec x f x = sec x
Again, the function is not defined for all real number "x". Let us recall that :
sec x = 1 cos x sec x = 1 cos x
This is a rational polynomial form, which is defined for cos x 0 cos x 0 . Now, cos(x) evaluates to zero for values of "x", which appears at a certain interval given by the condition,
cos x = 0 ; x = 2 n + 1 π 2 , where n Z cos x = 0 ; x = 2 n + 1 π 2 , where n Z
The function cos(x) is zero for x = ± π 2, ± 3 π 2, ± 5 π 2, x = ± π 2, ± 3 π 2, ± 5 π 2, etc. In other words, the cosine function is zero for all odd multiples of " π / 2 π / 2 ". It means that secant function is not defined for odd multiples of " π / 2 π / 2 ". These values of "x", for which cosine is zero, need to be excluded from real number set "R".
The values of secant function are bounded by certain intervals. We have seen that values of cosine function is between "-1" and "1", including end points. Just like the case of cosecant function, the range of secant function is :
| sec x | 1 | sec x | 1
or
( - , - 1 ] ( 1, ] ( - , - 1 ] ( 1, ]
Hence, domain and range of secant function are :
Domain = R { x : x = 2 n + 1 π / 2 , n Z } Domain = R { x : x = 2 n + 1 π / 2 , n Z }
Range = ( - , - 1 ] ( 1, ] Range = ( - , - 1 ] ( 1, ]
The plot of secant(x) .vs. x is shown here.
Figure 10: Graph of secant function
Secant function
 Secant function (tf10.gif)
The period of secx is 2π. Important to note here is that function is not defined even within a periodic segment. Since sec(-x) = secx, we conclude that secant function is even function in each of periodic segment. Multiplication of secant function by a constant A changes the range plot lies on or beyond -A or A. The range is modified as :
Range = ( - , - A ] ( A, ] Range = ( - , - A ] ( A, ]
Multiplying argument x like sec(kx), however, changes the points where function is not defined. It is now given by :
x = 2 n + 1 π / 2k , n Z x = 2 n + 1 π / 2k , n Z
Therefore, domain is now modified as :
Domain = R { x : x = 2 n + 1 π / 2k , n Z } Domain = R { x : x = 2 n + 1 π / 2k , n Z }
Cotangent function
For a real number "x", there is a cotangent function defined as :
f x = cot x f x = cot x
The function is not defined for all real number "x". Let us recall that :
cot x = cos x sin x cot x = cos x sin x
This is a rational polynomial form, which is defined for sin x 0 sin x 0 . Now, sin(x) evaluates to values of "x", which appears at a certain interval given by the condition,
sin x = 0 ; x = n π , where n Z sin x = 0 ; x = n π , where n Z
This means that sin(x) is zero for x = 0, ± π , ± 2 π , ± 3 π , x = 0, ± π , ± 2 π , ± 3 π , etc. In other words, the sine function is zero for all integral multiples of " π π ". It means that cotangent function is not defined for integral multiples of " π π ". Values of "x", for which sine is zero, need to be excluded from real number set "R". On the other hand, the values of cotangent function are extended along the real number line on either side of zero. The range of the function, therefore, is "R". Hence, domain and range of cotangent function are :
Domain = R { x : x = n π , n Z } Domain = R { x : x = n π , n Z }
Range = R Range = R
The plot of cot(x) .vs. x is shown here.
Figure 11: Graph of cotangent function
Cotangent function
 Cotangent function (tf11.gif)
The period of cotx is π. Since cot(-x) = -cotx, we conclude that cotangennt function is odd function in each of periodic segment. Multiplication of cotangennt function by a constant A does not change the range plot extends either side of x-axis. Multiplying argument x like cot(kx), however, changes the points where function is not defined. It is now given by :
x = n π k , n Z x = n π k , n Z
Therefore, domain is now modified as :
Domain = R { x : x = n π k , n Z } Domain = R { x : x = n π k , n Z }
Examples
Example 3
Problem : Find range of the function :
f x = 1 2 sin 2 x f x = 1 2 sin 2 x
Solution : The denominator of given function is non-negative as value of sin2x can not exceed 1. We know range of sin2x. We shall build up expression from this basic trigonometric function to determine range of the given function. Here,
- 1 sin 2 x 1 - 1 sin 2 x 1
Multiplying with -1 to change sign of sine function, we have (note the change in inequality sign) :
1 - sin 2 x - 1 1 - sin 2 x - 1 2 + 1 2 - sin 2 x 2 - 1 2 + 1 2 - sin 2 x 2 - 1 3 2 - sin 2 x 1 3 2 - sin 2 x 1
We need to take reciprocal of each term in the equality to obtain required function form (note the change in inequality sign),
1 3 1 2 sin 2 x 1 1 3 1 2 sin 2 x 1 1 3 f x 1 1 3 f x 1 Range = 1 3, 1 Range = 1 3, 1
This is a unique method to determine range by building up a function from a basic function along with change in the interval of values. We need to be careful that such building up of function does not introduce condition in which function becomes indeterminate. Further, we can find range conventionally by solving function for x in terms of y. We have not considered this method here as solution for x involves inverse trigonometric function. We shall, however, revisit this problem subsequent to the study of inverse trigonometric function.
Example 4
Problem : Find range of function :
f x = 2 sin π 2 4 x 2 f x = 2 sin π 2 4 x 2
Solution : Before we attempt to find range, we need to find domain of the function so that we can determine interval of function values. We know that expression within square root is non-negative. Also, expression is a quadratic function. Analyzing this quadratic function, domain of quadratic function is found as [-π/2, π/2]. Coefficient of squared term is negative. Hence, its graph opens down and maximum value of quadratic function is :
y max = D 4 a = 0 - 4 X - 1 X π 2 4 X - 1 = π 2 y max = D 4 a = 0 - 4 X - 1 X π 2 4 X - 1 = π 2
Since expression is non-negative within square root, minimum value of function is 0 (see figure). Now, sine function is an increasing function in [0, π/2] as is evident from its graph. Thus sine function assumes values in the interval [sin0, sin π/2] i.e. [0,1]. Sine function, however, has a coefficient of 2 . As such, range of given function is [0,2].
Exercise
Exercise 1
Problem : Find the domain of the function given by :
f x = cos sin x f x = cos sin x
Solution
Solution : The argument (input) to cosine function is sine function. The expression within square root is non-negative. It means that :
cos sin x 0 cos sin x 0
We know that cosine function is positive in first and fourth quadrants. It means that the argument of the cosine function should be between -π/2 and π/2. Therefore, we need to see whether the value of "sinx" falls within this interval or not? The value of sine function, on the other hand, lies in the interval [-1,1]. This is indeed (as shown in the figure below) within the required interval for cosine function to be non-negative as 1 < π/2 and -1 > -π/2.
Figure 12: The range of sine function falls within domain of cosine function
Domain of cosine function
 Domain of cosine function (t2.gif)


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Intelligence-led and outcome-oriented practice lies at the heart of community safety partnerships (CSPs) being the most effective possible vehicle for tackling crime and re-offending at the local level in England and Wales. To achieve this, efficient and effective information sharing between relevant partners is essential.
Information sharing involves the transfer of information from one agency to another. This can be information that is transferred via electronic means, in paper records, or verbally between CSP partner agencies. This can include the sharing of both personalised and depersonalised information as well as non-personal information.
Information sharing in many CSPs in England and Wales has made significant strides since the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Some guidance has helped CSPs along the way, but many CSPs continue to struggle and come up against barriers that constrain them in making better use of the rich sources of information that can be shared between partner agencies.
This guidance, published in March 2010, is aimed at community safety practitioners and their managers. It is designed to be comprehensive in helping CSPs improve their information sharing so that they can use data in order to be confident and well informed in the decisions that they make to improve community safety at the local level. The guidance identifies what data should be shared, provides clarity on legislation, and offers advice on the processes that can be put in place to help facilitate information sharing. The guidance addresses information sharing between local CSP partners, rather than between central government and regional government agencies.
The guide draws from practice and experience across England and Wales. Importantly, the guide gets into the detail of information sharing by:
- identifying the data (right down to the data fields) that partner agencies and local neighbourhood practitioners should share
- describing the key principles to follow when sharing information
- providing clarity on legislation so that practitioners can be confident in what can and what cannot be shared
- explaining the processes to apply in order for data to be fit for purpose for local-level intelligence-led service delivery
- suggesting a framework that can be used to help improve upon existing arrangements for information sharing.
The appendix describes the technical process of depersonalising geographic data, and explains the roles that analysts and non-analysts should play in a CSP to help facilitate information sharing and the associated development of intelligence products. The appendix also contains a glossary of words and terms used in this guidance and practice advice, and a list of abbreviations useful for community safety practitioners.
Benefits of information sharing
Effective information sharing is fundamental to supporting the development of CSP intelligence and providing an evidence base on which these partnerships can make decisions. This decision making should then help direct appropriate responses to:
- prevent and reduce crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour (ASB)
- apprehend and prosecute offenders; reduce re-offending
- address issues associated with the misuse of drugs and alcohol
- enhance public reassurance and confidence in the services that are in place to improve community safety.
To tackle these issues associated with community safety requires a response that involves more than one agency. Each of these agencies collects information that relates to certain community safety problems, so in order for these problems to be understood it requires each agency to share this information. If a certain problem is only considered from the view of a single agency then key aspects of the problem can be missed, the problem can be poorly understood or even misunderstood, resulting in decisions being made on little substance, and ineffective responses being deployed.
Information sharing therefore supports three important aspects of CSP working:
- understanding the problem - tackling the issues associated with crime, disorder, ASB, the misuse of drugs and alcohol, reducing re-offending and public reassurance requires the nature of each problem to be well understood. To understand the problem requires information to be brought together from a range of agencies. This entails exploring patterns relating to the problem, and then deciding on tactical, investigative or strategic responses (for example, to inform Integrated Offender Management arrangements - IOM), actions for managing the most harmful and problematic individuals (for example, Prolific and other Priority Offenders - PPOs), and for supporting those that are most vulnerable to victimisation.
- multi-agency in content, multi-agency in outlook - considering the problem using information from a range of agencies rather from just one agency leads more naturally to a multi-agency response. If the problem is only considered from the view of a single agency then the natural reaction is often for that agency to be considered as the only one that is in a position to tackle the problem. The inclusion of information from a range of agencies helps them to identify the role that they can play in responding to the problem and delivering a more joined-up approach to addressing it.
- supports partnership working - if the problem is considered using a range of agency information then this tends to overcome the reliance on one agency as the single source of information and sole purveyor of a solution to the problem. Relying on just one agency to provide information and respond to the problem with little input from other agencies can undermine the CSP and the spirit of partnership working. Information sharing helps to foster and improve inter-agency relationships.
Benefits of information sharing - a practical example
Consider the example of developing a multi-agency response to reduce the re-offending of prolific and other priority offenders (PPOs).
A number of agencies collect information relating to these individuals:
- the police collect information on the offences that PPOs are known to have committed
- probation may have carried out a recent OASys assessment on each PPO
- the drug and alcohol action team may have the PPOs registered with them and hold data relating to their drug misuse.
To understand the issues associated with prolific offenders requires these data to be drawn together. They can be used to help identify issues that relate to individuals as well as highlighting patterns that can be seen across all PPOs. These could be issues associated with drug misuse, unsuitable housing, and lack of employment skills that are common to many prolific offenders, and the partnership will need to decide upon the most appropriate multi-agency response. If issues associated with prolific offenders were only considered by using data from one agency then certain aspects of the problem could be missed, which in turn could impact upon key decisions about the suitability and timeliness of interventions to address an individual's offending behaviour.
Ultimately, the personal safety of millions of people rests on the decisions taken by statutory agencies on the ground. All partners engaged in work related to community safety and wellbeing have a responsibility to share information where they think that action may need to be taken - if a housing officer, for example, notices something untoward on a visit, suitable and clear processes should be in place to ensure that, where appropriate, the information is shared with the relevant partner agency. Failure to do so may compromise both the safety of the individual and the professional reputation of the agencies in the partnership.
The guidance document and appendices are available to download below.
Date: Mon Aug 02 14:32:27 BST 2010

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- v. To put off; postpone.
- v. To postpone the induction of (one eligible for the military draft).
- v. To procrastinate.
- v. To submit to the opinion, wishes, or decision of another through respect or in recognition of his or her authority, knowledge, or judgment. See Synonyms at yield.
- v. To commit or entrust to another.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To offer; render; assign: as, to defer the command of an army.
- To refer; leave to another's judgment and determination
- To yield to another's opinion; submit in opinion: with to.
- To delay; put off; postpone to a future time: as, to defer the execution of a design.
- To cause to wait; remand; put off: applied to persons.
- To wait; delay; procrastinate.
- v. To delay, or postpone, especially to postpone induction into military service.
- v. law To submit to the opinion or desire of another in respect to their judgment or authority.
GNU Webster's 1913
- v. To put off; to postpone to a future time; to delay the execution of; to delay; to withhold.
- v. To put off; to delay to act; to wait.
- v. obsolete To render or offer.
- v. To lay before; to submit in a respectful manner; to refer; -- with
- v. To yield deference to the wishes of another; to submit to the opinion of another, or to authority; -- with
- v. yield to another's wish or opinion
- v. hold back to a later time
- Middle English differren, to postpone, differ; see differ.Middle English deferen, from Old French deferer, from Latin dēferre, to carry away, refer to : dē-, de- + ferre, to carry; see bher-1 in Indo-European roots. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
"To defer from the steven King inflection it should be referenced as a Viral of vampires."
"Captain Sears did defer, that is he seldom opposed."
"Now you may wonder why it's called defer and lazyload and I talked about not loading at all."
"One alternative: defer social security -- it also increases 8% for every year you defer, which is higher than most investments pay."
"Although he said he wanted to come back for a final year in 2010, Bowden chose to call it a career after reviewing the parameters the school sought to have him work within next year -- namely defer much of his responsibility to coach-in-waiting Jimbo Fisher."
"Although he said he wanted to come back for a final year in 2010, Bowden chose to call it a career after reviewing the parameters the school sought to have him work within next year - namely defer much of his responsibility to coach-in-waiting Jimbo Fisher."
"At this week's Homeland Security hearing, when FBI Director Mueller was questioned about it by Senator Carl Levin (D-Mich), Mueller said he would "defer" to the Justice Department on the issue."
"It's not just the fact that Cheney never served in the military; it's that all the archtects of the Iraq War – Bush, Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, Cheney, Rove, and many of their most vocal supporters like Limbaugh – all found ways to "defer" from serving."
"April 30th is effectively the end for Shuttle and just this week, CxP began looking at plans to mostly "defer" the Lunar capabilities on Orion, effectively killing the original purpose of the program."
"Recognizing that the U.S. has one of the highest corporate tax rates in the world, the government should not eliminate the current provision that allows companies to "defer" paying a U.S. tax on foreign income until it is brought back into this country."
These user-created lists contain the word 'defer'.
Budgetese - not a sexy topic but a very comprehensive list of words and collocations used in EU circles. Budgeting experts please comment and expand.
heading, across-the-board..., emergency reserve, frontload, mopping-up, performance reserve, positive margin, negative margin, public finances, structural operat..., administrative ex..., management of EU... and 657 more...
A complete Barron's Wordlist for GRE preparation. Your online flashcard replacement.
additionality, audit trail, accounting standards, auditing standards, general audit obj..., a posteriori audit, a priori audit, above board, acceptable error..., access rights, accountability, accountable entities and 1283 more...
Protagonists and relevant words in the Book of Creation (Source: King James Bible)
List of most of the words I've learned
Words That Make Sense in Reverse Too! Bad news for a dyslexic, 'cause s/he's got no clue if s/he read the word correctly or not, as opposed to a palindrome (i.e., no mistake possible, cf. "Dyslexic...
Another kind of bear list: words bearing the -fer suffix ("that which carries"), the -ferous suffix ("bearing," "producing," or "yielding").
Also see (if you like) Carry Me Home Again.
favorite words. some are made up injokes between me and my husband or family.
Looking for tweets for defer.


Products
Pig Iron Manufacturing Process
Some experimental work performed by the writer in 1911 under a Carnegie Research Scholarship of the Iron and Steel Institute of Great Britain, and the work of others, serve to show the metallurgical possibilities of the electric furnace for the production of pig steel from ore, and whether the process satisfies the five stated requirements.
Influence of the Binder on the Mechanical Properties of .
1.2. Binders used in the production of conventional iron ore pellets Bentonite is currently the binder used for pelletizing iron ore, since the clays have the ability to absorb water through their structural layers and form gels. The lime is an important binder in pelletizing contributing to the improvement of the quality of green pellets.
what are the disadvantages of mining iron ore
An apparatus for smelting reduction of iron ore.iron-making method, to overcome some disadvantages in that the blast furnace. Reduction Kinetics of iron ore pellets and the effect of . Upgrading naturally found iron ores is accomplished by grinding the ore into.Disadvantages of Pellets: High cost of production due to grinding and firing.
Potash Processing: Pelletizing vs. Compaction Granulation
Advantages and Disadvantages to Pelletizing Potash. There are many advantages to pelletizing potash. This non-pressure agglomeration technique creates pellets that are less dense, which allows the pellets to break down quickly. Since most potash is processed for use in fertilizers, the ability to break down and provide nutrients faster is an .
Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in the .
Iron metabolism. Iron is a trace element that is required for numerous cellular metabolic functions. As iron is toxic when present in abundance, tight regulation is required to avoid iron deficiency or iron overload [Anderson et al. 2009; Byrnes et al. 2002].The adult body contains 3–4 g of iron.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of iron and .
Apr 17, 2018 · Advantages: 1. Fe is the most versatile structural metal. Because it is allotropic (there are several different phases that it can have), there are no fewer than 6 crystallographic structures that it can have, depending on what it is alloyed with,.
processing iron ore disadvantages - MC Machinery
Disadvantages Of Magnetite Ore Processing. Magnetite Ore Processing - Edmonton Public School. Iron Ore Processing Plant - Xinhai 【Process Introduction】 There are a lot of iron ore in nature, which containes highly quantities of hematite or magnetite.The mainly iron ore beneficiation method.
advantages of using pellets in steel making industry
using pellets / sinters, due to heating at above 1373K during hardening of pellets or sintering, alkali vapors comes out during making fluxed sinter or pellets. Because of several advantages to use of sinter and pellets in the Blast Furnace, use of lump ore is being drastically decreased from to. Inquiry
Use of Iron Ore Pellets in Blast Furnace Burden – IspatGuru
BF burden, blast furnace, Hot metal, Iron ore, iron ore pellets, sinter, Use of Iron Ore Pellets in Blast Furnace Burden Pelletizing is a process that involves mixing very finely ground particles of iron ore fines of size less than 200 mesh with additives like bentonite and then shaping them into oval/spherical lumps of 8-20 mm in diameter by a .
Pig Iron Manufacturing Process
Cost of Production of Pig Iron. Cost of production of pig steel from ore in the electric furnace is, of course, the main stumbling block to the success of such a process. As yet not enough practical work has been done to give conclusive figures.
The advantages and disadvantages of green sand casting process
The advantages and disadvantages of green sand casting process. Let me briefly introduce the advantages and disadvantages of green sand casting process in China dandong foundry, and hope it could be helpful for casting buyers to learn more about its characters.
iron ore mining disadvantages
Iron ore advantages and disadvantages okdgroup. Iron ore advantages and disadvantages Products. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any sizereduction requirements including, Iron ore advantages and disadvantages, quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of minerals.
Iron Ore Pelletizing Process: An Overview | IntechOpen
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries. However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed. The fines resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking. This chapter shows the status of the pelletizing process .
list the advantages and disadvantages of mining iron ore
The ore dressing flowsheet in Bong Mining Co.Liberia is presented.Raw iron.Advantages and disadvantages of grate-kiln process for pellet-making is . The use of microorganisms and plants in metal extracting ore concentrates and poor quality ores have been .Compared to the biomining, this technology is .The advantages and disadvantages of these .
Iron: Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions
Jan 15, 2019 · Iron is one of the most vital minerals. While all human cells contain iron, it is mostly found in red blood cells. The health benefits of managing iron levels include eliminating fatigue and many of its sources. Iron also plays a vital role in immune system function, treating anemia, boosting hemoglobin, and much more.
The FINEX Process of Iron Making - Features, Merits and .
The FINEX is the latest addition and an optimized fine-ore smelting reduction (SR) iron making process based on the direct use of the coal and iron ore fines. FINEX Process is a fluidized bed based process using ore fines instead using iron ore lumps and pellets. This is a process with great potential with regard to productivity and the low .
Pellet Manufacturing Process From Forest and Biomass Waste
Jan 31, 2015 · This short video explains the pellet manufacturing process and why utilizing forest and biomass waste for fuel pellets is a sustainable solution for co-firing in coal power plants.
Advantages of the Continuous Casting Process | Benefits of .
With the purpose of streamlining the production of metal slabs and bars, the continuous casting process made the casting of metals like brass, steel, aluminum, and copper much more efficient. With the nickname "strand casting", continuous casting is a simple four step process capable of improving productivity at any casting company.
Pelletization Vs. Compaction Granulation
0
processing iron ore disadvantages
The FINEX Process of Iron Making Industry Guru. FINEX Process is a fluidized bed based process using ore fines instead using iron ore lumps and pellets. This is a process with great potential with regard to productivity and the low cost production of hot metal. In 1992, POSCO and VAI, Austria signed an agreement to work together for a joint .
Advantages And Disadvantages Grinding Ball Mills
Advantages And Disadvantages Grinding Ball Mills. . the production process of copper ore mainly include: crushing, grinding, ore dressing. in the crushing process, three crushing circuits are suitable for high hardness iron ore broken, which can complete the ore crushing and partial dissociation work so as to improve the efficiency of the .
Limestone Production Process Disadvantages
dolomite production process – 15 Jul 2013 . magnesium production process from dolomite – Gold Ore. . advantages of dolomite processThe SBM Mining Machine is . Read more iron processing the ore disadvantages and advantages
Advantages & Disadvantages of Metal Spinning - Middleton Metal
Metal spinning is considered as one of the most conservative metal forming process with materials. The disadvantages of metal spinning. Strength Although metal spun products are considered strong, in some case when they're compared to other types of metal processing, they can be referred to as a weaker material. Snarl
Iron processing | Britannica
Iron processing, use of a smelting process to turn the ore into a form from which products can be fashioned. Included in this article also is a discussion of the mining of iron and of its preparation for smelting. Iron (Fe) is a relatively dense metal with a silvery white appearance and distinctive
Iron Ore and Pellets
Vale is the world's biggest producer of iron ore and pellets, raw materials essential to the manufacture of steel. Iron ore is found in nature in the form of rocks, mixed with other elements. . Thus, the production of pellets is fundamental to the steel production process. .
Pelletizing - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Jan 01, 2012 · Pelletizing. Pelletizing is the agglomeration process applied to iron ore concentrates which were very finely ground to liberate the silica and other gangue components from the ore matrix and remove them through a mineral beneficiation technique.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of high silica .
What are the advantages and disadvantages of high silica in iron ore? . and alumina in iron ore depends on the process and ore size. . and how much percentage it should be for efficient iron .
Introduction to Iron ore Pellets and Pelletizing processes .
Advantages of pellets. The various advantages of iron ore pellets are given below. Iron ore pellet is a kind of agglomerated fines which has better tumbling index when compared with the iron ore and it can be used as a substitute for the iron ore lumps both in the BF and for DRI production.
iron ore mix advantage disadvantage
advantages and disadvantage


text:
When you want to attach a file to a CA Service Catalog request, that filename could exist of diacritic character(s).
To allow diacritic character(s) in a file name, please follow the steps below:
1. Locate the file %USMHOME%/view/conf/ESAPI.properties
2. Open this file in a text editor
3. Search for 'Validator.FileName'. Typically this property is at the bottom of the file.
4. Replace the regular expression as
Some other details/example taken from my local server:
5. Save the file and restart Catalog service. Check the new behavior.


How to Use This Playbook
In most cases, a playbook is a spiral-bound notebook that outlines a strategy for a sport or a game. Whether it is a football game, a video game, or even a board game, playbooks are all around us, and when written properly provide immediate and easily understood direction. Playbooks can also provide general information; then, it is up to the users of the playbook to tailor it to their individual needs.
Playbooks contain pictures, diagrams, quick reference, definitions, and often step-by-step illustrations to explain certain parts. You can use playbooks to either help you understand the entire game or you can pick and choose and focus on one element. The bottom line is that any playbook should be easy to read and to the...
Get The Kanban Playbook now with O'Reilly online learning.


text:
The inner test...to see within and find only bad
What is normal guilt?
It is appropriate for a human to feel a measure of guilt for wrongdoing. This is proof of a functioning conscience. The person is able to understand and appreciate his accountability for his actions. The happiness for doing something good and the guilt for doing something wrong are both moral indicators, which are a part of the makeup of humans. It is a dangerous thing to be unable to feel any remorse or guilt. The guilt that is in proportion to the wrongfulness of an act is normal. Bipolar disorder distorts perceptions. It plays cruelly with the feelings of those ailing from this disease. It measures out to the sufferer what is unjust. That is the reason why, it is so common to see inordinate or unwarranted guilt feelings in bipolar disorder.
What is guilt in bipolar disorder?
- It doesn't need a basis in reality. Once triggered it can continue to gain mass and momentum.
- Flawed perceptions and faulty neuro-chemistry make it nearly impossible to be objective.
- Guilt feelings in bipolar disorder are allayed, as the patient starts responding well to medication. The other part is definitely about cognitive training (learning to correct faulty thinking), and support from caregivers.
This post is an elaboration of the previous post, The role of expectations in unjustified guilt feelings.


text:
In a previous post, I wrote about Texas smart meter company TransData's patent infringement suit against CoServ, a Texas utility.
TransData recently extended its patent enforcement activity from Texas in an easterly direction through the southeastern United States, filing complaints against utilities in Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi.
The targets are the Alabama Power Company (TransData-AlabamaPower_Complaint), the Georgia Power Company (TransData-GeorgiaPower_Complaint), and the Mississippi Power Company (TransData-MissPower_Complaint).
Each complaint asserts U.S. Patents Nos. 6,181,294 ('294 Patent), 6,462,713 ('713 Patent) and 6,903,699 ('699 Patent), which relate to antenna and wireless communication devices for use with electric meters.
The '294, '713 and '699 Patents are related patents which trace back to an original 1998 filing date. They describe early solutions for wireless transmission of electrical consumption data.
In particular, the patents are directed to electric meters (100) and an antenna (170, 270) for use with the electric meters. The antenna includes antenna elements (172, 174, 272, 274) located within a dielectric housing (120, 220) and a balance circuit (176, 276).
The balance circuit (176, 276) mechanically supports the antenna elements (172, 174, 272, 274) so the antenna elements can cooperate and act as a dipole.
According to the patents' specification:
The present invention . . . introduces the broad concept of outfitting an electric meter with an internal, wireless communications antenna, allowing the electric meter circuitry within the meter to communicate via a data network wirelessly couplable thereto.
According to the complaints, the devices that infringe or may infringe the asserted patents are Sensus iCon electric meters, Elster Alpha A3 and REX electric meters, and meters with SmartSynch wireless modules.
With these three new complaints, there are now at least six pending TransData infringement suits involving the same patents. In addition to the CoServ case, the new complaints list two other cases in the Eastern District of Texas against CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric and Tri-County Electric Cooperative.
Eric Lane is a patent attorney at Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scripps in San Diego and the author of Green Patent Blog. Mr. Lane can be reached at _EMAIL_.
MUST-SEE 4-minute youtube video on Smart meters:
these meters should be called murder meters.im so sick since installation there are no words.im in beaverton,oregon.these meters are killing me and my son.please see smartmeterdangers.org
Comments are closed.


text:
I'm studying and need help with a Social Science question to help me learn.
Task: （You can refer to the ppt of my class 4 weeks ago and this work sample provided by the teacher to complete）
Select a program/policy/intervention and develop and submit a program evaluation logic model for it.
Present the model in class, in individual student presentations. 2-3 mintues.
Each student will introduce a program that is of interest to them and present a program theory
logic model that outlines the intent behind the program. The logic models will describe
the program in terms of assumptions, inputs, activties, outputs and proposed outcomes and
A maximum of 3 powerpoint slides are permitted. At least one of these will include the logic
The following should be consulted:
W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (2004). Logic model development guide.
There is potential to link this assignment to the Program Evaluation Plan (Assessment 3)
so spend some time finding a suitable program to evaluate. Make it a program that you have a
personal or professional interest in and you will be able to develop a logic model and PE plan


text: BACKGROUND Surgical treatment for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) usually involves anatomic repair, although atrial repair is used in cases with special coronary artery patterns. METHODS Records of all 239 patients surviving at least 30 days after atrial correction of TGA between 1962 and 1987 at the University Hospital in Zurich were reviewed. The mean length of follow-up time was 13.7 years (median 14.9 years; range from 0.05 to 30.1 years). The average age at surgery was 45.7 months (range from 7 days to 24.4 years). One hundred twenty-one patients had a simple TGA, whereas the remaining 118 had a complex TGA. RESULTS The surviving patients were in NYHA class I at time of follow-up. The most common reasons for death were systemic right ventricular dysfunction and sudden rhythm disturbances. There was a major risk for late cardiac event in patients over 3 years old at operation (p = 0.02) and also in patients with complex TGA (p = 0.03). However, date of surgery, previous surgery, or the postoperative requirement for a pacemaker did not greatly affect late cardiac mortality. CONCLUSIONS Although the procedure of choice for TGA is the arterial switch operation, the promising findings of the current long-term study, which reports the longest follow-up to date, indicate that the atrial switch operation is a good alternative procedure for the rare cases where the use of arterial switch procedures is limited.


When I heard about the opportunity to spend the night in the National Aquarium working to solve sustainable fisheries challenges I jumped at the chance.
The inaugural Fishackathon was held across the country at 5 different venues with all teams working problems posed by fish sustainability experts from around the world.
Our team decided to work on a problem posed by USAID and ECOFISH for sustainable fisheries in the Philippines:
Our field enumerators need to be able to collect more accurate data more quickly and more efficiently to be able to monitor more gear landings and cover more ground.
Currently the enumerators (data collectors) travel between landing sites recording catch data on paper, asking fishermen to estimate where various catches were made.
Since we were told the US State Department is planning on providing mobile devices to data collectors in the region we created an Android app to enable them to more easily record data in the field.
Built with PhoneGap and deployed as a native app, the collector can be used with or without an internet connection. Recording data in a digital form means it can be relayed to a central service more easily. The form itself is designed to speed up the data entry process and enhance data with more accurate location data and optional photos of the catch (to identify fish and fear type).
We had a lot of fun creating the app and although we didn't move on to the final stages of the competition we were glad to have contributed something to managing sustainable fisheries. Learn more about what we made on Github.


text:
Wheat Important for Garden Winterizing
- Published on Monday, 15 October 2012 14:51
Russell County Extension Agent John Stannard explains what steps you need to take to make sure you winterize your garden correctly.
"Clean off the old vines - especially tomato vines - till that ground up, spread wheat seed on it, rake the wheat seed in, and then water it if you can or wait for rain," Stannard said. "Then in the spring, you mow it when it gets about four inches tall, till it, and plant your garden."
Stannard says the wheat helps hold moisture, warmth and nutrients in your garden's soil during the winter.
For more information, contact Stannard at the Russell County Extension Office.Read More Local News


text:
|Fountain, Duchamp, 1917|
Tate Modern's collection & image
A new study by Dutch scientists explores this emotional connection to viewing art versus everyday life, and the finding correlates with Kant's theory. Quoted from the lead researcher Noah van Dongen (Erasmus University, Rotterdam):
"This work suggests that when we expect to be dealing with an artwork, our brain responds differently than when we expect to be dealing with reality. When we think we are not dealing with reality, our emotional response appears to be subdued on a neural level. This may be because of a tendency to 'distance' ourselves from the image, to be able to appreciate or scrutinize its shapes, colours, and composition instead of just its content. We know that our brains may have evolved with 'hard-wired' mechanisms that allow us to adjust our response to objects depending on the situation. What this work indicates, is that Kant's two century old theory of aesthetics*, where he proposed that we need to emotionally distance ourselves from the artwork in order to be able to properly appreciate it, might have a neurological basis and that art could [be] useful in our quest to understand our brain, emotions, and maybe our cognition."Yay, art could be useful!
(laughing out loud to myself)
Here's the link to the article I read on Science Daily's site:


Your Job Performance Appraisal
Making it a Career Boosting Experience
( 0 )
42 pages
This book is an invaluable aid, giving you confidence on how to handle daily matters and your career progression a positive boost.
Dit is een Business eBook
Lees dit boek via onze eReader, geen advertenties in het boek
Recente eBooks
Over de auteur
PATRICK FORSYTH runs Touchstone Training & Consultancy, an independent firm based in the U.K. specialising in marketing consultancy, research and training on marketing issues, sales and communication and management skills.
He is a consultant of many y
Want to give your career a boost? Can your job performance appraisal help? It surely will not if you do not know what you want to achieve from it. You cannot just wing it and it is simply too important to be left to chance. Appraisals represent a unique opportunity to check progress and, more importantly, to look to the future. Being prepared is the first step to making these meetings go well.
This quick and easy guide provides proven, down to earth advice on:
- Preparing for the meeting
- Knowing what to say, how to say it and what questions to ask
- Reacting to what you are told
- What follow up action to take.
This book is an invaluable aid: it can give your confidence, how you handle matters on the day and your career progression a positive boost.
Patrick Forsyth is a consultant, trainer and writer. He is the author of many successful business and career books (including in this series Your boss – sorted! and How to get a pay rise). He runs Touchstone Training & Consultancy.
 1. Introduction: a career boosting opportunity
 2. What's the appraisal process all about?
 1. Why job appraisal?
 2. Assessing your position
 3. Considerations about rewards
 4. The link to employment legislation
 5. Additional factors
 3. The job/career opportunity
 1. Projecting the right image
 2. Consider your specific work plans
 3. Consider success criteria
 4. Development needs
 5. The link to career development
 6. Overall rewards
 4. Preparing for your appraisal meeting
 1. Information: the foundation of success
 2. Collecting the right information
 3. Take the initiative
 4. Coping with systems
 5. Scales of measurement
 6. Think ahead
 5. Your manner and conduct in the appraisal meeting
 1. First impressions last
 2. Listening
 3. The question of questions
 4. Your commentary
 5. The right reaction to criticism
 6. Targeted results
 7. Ratings
 8. Search for opportunities
 9. Action plans
 10. Keep calm
 11. Concluding the meeting
 6. After the meeting
 1. The appraisal cycle
 2. Completing the system element
 3. Link to your work system
 7. Summary: the future
it is a great book and must have.


Wiring
Connecting the AW9523 breakout to your Feather or Arduino is easy:
 - If you are running a Feather (3.3V), connect Feather 3V to board VIN
 - If you are running a 5V Arduino (Uno, etc.), connect Arduino 5V to board VIN
 - Connect Feather or Arduino GND to board GND
 - Connect Feather or Arduino SCL to board SCL
 - Connect Feather or Arduino SDA to board SDA
The final results should resemble the illustration above, showing an Adafruit Metro development board.
Installation
You can install the Adafruit AS9523 Library for Arduino using the Library Manager in the Arduino IDE:
Click the Manage Libraries ... menu item, search for Adafruit AW9523, and select the Adafruit AW9523 library:
Then follow the same process for the Adafruit BusIO library.
Load Example
There are three different examples for the Adafruit AW9523 in Arduino.
Blink
This example, unsurprisingly, blinks a single GPIO output pin. It's a good demo for setting a pin to be an output and changing the state
In this example, connect an LED + resistor to the expander pin labeled 0
Connect the anode (positive) leg of the LED to the 0 pad, then the cathode (negative) leg of the LED to a ~ 1K ohm resistor and the other end of the resistor to ground.
#include <Adafruit_AW9523.h>
Adafruit_AW9523 aw;
uint8_t LedPin = 0; // 0 thru 15
void setup() {
 Serial.begin(115200);
 while (!Serial) delay(1); // wait for serial port to open

 Serial.println("Adafruit AW9523 GPIO Expander test!");
 if (! aw.begin(0x58)) {
 Serial.println("AW9523 not found? Check wiring!");
 while (1) delay(10); // halt forever
 }
 Serial.println("AW9523 found!");
 aw.pinMode(LedPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
 aw.digitalWrite(LedPin, HIGH);
 delay(100);
 aw.digitalWrite(LedPin, LOW);
 delay(100);
}
The LED connected to pin 0 will blink every 100 milliseconds!
Button Input and LED Output
This example shows how you can create an input on the expander. Note that this expander does not support internal pull resistors
Keep the LED wired up on pin 0, with a resistor to ground, this is the output
Connect a tactile switch with one side connected to pin 1 of the expander. Add a ~10K pull-up resistor on the expander pin 1 to Vin. Connect the other side of the button to ground. This makes it so the button pin is HIGH by default, and when you press the button, the pin goes LOW
Open up File -> Examples -> Adafruit AW9523 -> ledbutton_demo and upload to your Arduino wired up to the breakout.
#include <Adafruit_AW9523.h>
Adafruit_AW9523 aw;
uint8_t LedPin = 0;
uint8_t ButtonPin = 1;
void setup() {
 Serial.begin(115200);
 while (!Serial) delay(1); // wait for serial port to open

 Serial.println("Adafruit AW9523 Button + LED test!");
 if (! aw.begin(0x58)) {
 Serial.println("AW9523 not found? Check wiring!");
 while (1) delay(10); // halt forever
 }
 Serial.println("AW9523 found!");
 aw.pinMode(LedPin, OUTPUT);
 aw.pinMode(ButtonPin, INPUT);
 aw.enableInterrupt(ButtonPin, true);
}
void loop() {
 aw.digitalWrite(LedPin, aw.digitalRead(ButtonPin));
 delay(10);
}
This line in the main loop does all the work:
aw.digitalWrite(LedPin, aw.digitalRead(ButtonPin));
We read the button pin, and whatever the logic value is, sets that to the LED output. So when the button is not pressed, the LED is on (HIGH). When the button is pressed, the LED is off (LOW)
You can also see we enable the interrupt pin to listen to the button, you can use the INT pin to then monitor for 'changes' without performing an I2C read of the expander
Constant current LED fade demo
This example shows how to set up a pin to use it as a constant-current driver for an LED. This is great for flicker-free LED driving, and consistent brightness no matter what the voltage is
In this example, connect an LED to the expander pin labeled 0
Connect the cathode (negative) leg of the LED to the 0 pad, then the anode (positive) to power
Note that you do not need a resistor with the LED because we are limited the current internally. However, there's no harm if the LED has a resistor.
Constant current mode is open drain sink ONLY. That means you must connect LED negative sides to the pin and the positive sides to power - this is opposite from how we normally drive LEDs from a GPIO pin
#include <Adafruit_AW9523.h>
Adafruit_AW9523 aw;
uint8_t LedPin = 0; // 0 thru 15
void setup() {
 Serial.begin(115200);
 while (!Serial) delay(1); // wait for serial port to open

 Serial.println("Adafruit AW9523 Constant Current LED test!");
 if (! aw.begin(0x58)) {
 Serial.println("AW9523 not found? Check wiring!");
 while (1) delay(10); // halt forever
 }
 Serial.println("AW9523 found!");
 aw.pinMode(LedPin, AW9523_LED_MODE); // set to constant current drive!
}
uint8_t x = 0;
void loop() {
 // Loop from 0 to 255 and then wrap around to 0 again
 aw.analogWrite(LedPin, x++);
 delay(10);
}
Open up File -> Examples -> Adafruit AW9523 -> constcurrent_demo and upload to your Arduino wired up to the breakout.
The aw.analogWrite(LedPin, x++); line will cause the LED on pin 0 to fade up from 0 (no current) to 255 (max current) Then once at maximum 255, the x variable will wrap around and start again from 0 so you'll see it 'pulse'
This guide was first published on Feb 10, 2021. It was last updated on Mar 27, 2021.
This page (Arduino) was last updated on Mar 05, 2023.
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text:
In a city of tweeting food trucks and Michelin-star restaurants, it was only a matter of time before San Francisco's fusion-food culture found a way into a chemistry class.
After all, chemistry is what we taste when we bite into a chocolate-drizzled double scoop of destabilized fat globules and Fragaria ananassa. We just call it a strawberry ice cream sundae.
Tami Spector, professor of chemistry, introduced the class, called Molecular Gastronomy, in spring 2011. It focuses on the physical and chemical processes of food and drink preparation.
The idea of the course is to introduce non-science students, many of whom find memorizing chemical formulas and reactions mind-numbing, to the intricacies of molecular chemistry using an accessible and interactive approach. Michelle Cancellier '12, an English major, said the class helped her and other humanities majors understand the abstract concepts that underlie chemistry—such as polymers, ionic charge, and chemical bonds—which can make the subject so challenging.
Spector incorporates common foods into the science lessons, including an in-class experiment that separates caffeine from tea to illustrate solubility and extraction. Another lesson has students whip up a batch of mayonnaise to learn about emulsions. Working with a palette of flavors from sweet to savory, students have isolated clove oil, created ice cream, pickled vegetables, and baked soufflés.
And they walk away from the course with a scientifically educated palate.


What is the X in X-mas?
heat of fusion
noun, Physics.
the heat absorbed by a unit mass of a given solid at its melting point that completely converts the solid to a liquid at the same temperature: equal to the heat of solidification.
Compare latent heat. Unabridged
Cite This Source
heat-fusion in Science
heat of fusion
The amount of heat required to convert a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature. Liquids release the same amount of heat when they solidify. See also heat of vaporization.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Cite This Source
Word of the Day
Difficulty index for heat of fusion
Few English speakers likely know this word
Word Value for heat
Scrabble Words With Friends
Quotes with heat-fusion


text: Advocate a Trauma-Informed Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Please take action urging Congress to provide robust emergency funding for trauma-informed supports and approaches, such as social-emotional learning (SEL), during COVID-19 relief negotiations. Trauma-informed supports and SEL are critically needed as young people begin the school year and face racial injustice, the pandemic, the economic downturn, and natural disasters. Now more than ever we need to support young people's well-being, resilience during trauma, and academic engagement. Congress is back from an August recess and is negotiating a COVID-19 relief funding package. Your lawmakers need to hear from you! Follow the link to urge Congress to prioritize funding for trauma-informed supports and SEL. Consider adding your own reasons why advancing this funding matters to you and your community. If you'd like to engage in more trauma-informed advocacy efforts, consider joining the National Trauma Campaign.


text:
why dna absorbs best at 260nm?
What have you found so far in your searching? What do you find when you use that phrase in a Google search?biologyquestions said:why dna absorbs best at 260nm?
DNA absorption at 260 nm is measured because nucleic acids, including DNA, have a strong absorbance peak at this wavelength due to the electronic properties of their nucleobase structures. This peak is primarily due to the absorption by the aromatic rings found in the nucleotide bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, making it an ideal wavelength for quantifying DNA concentration in a solution.
The absorbance of UV light at 260 nm by DNA is directly proportional to the concentration of DNA in a solution according to Beer-Lambert Law. This law states that the absorbance (A) is equal to the molar absorptivity (ε) times the path length (l) times the concentration (c). Therefore, by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm, the concentration of DNA can be calculated if the path length and molar absorptivity are known.
The A260/A280 ratio is used to assess the purity of DNA samples. Pure DNA typically has an A260/A280 ratio of about 1.8. Ratios lower than this suggest the presence of protein contamination, as proteins absorb strongly at 280 nm. A higher ratio might indicate contamination with RNA or other substances that also absorb at 260 nm. This ratio is a quick and convenient quality control measure for evaluating DNA preparations.
Yes, UV absorption at 260 nm can be used to distinguish between ssDNA and dsDNA because ssDNA absorbs more UV light at 260 nm than dsDNA. This difference is due to the more exposed nucleotide bases in ssDNA compared to dsDNA, where bases are paired and stacked within the double helix. The increased absorbance is typically around 37% higher for ssDNA, allowing quantitative assessments of nucleic acid structure in addition to concentration.
When measuring DNA absorption at 260 nm, it is crucial to ensure that the sample is free from contaminants that could affect the absorbance reading, such as proteins, phenol, or other organic compounds. The cuvette or plate should be clean and free from scratches and fingerprints. It is also important to use an appropriate blank solution that matches the sample buffer composition to calibrate the spectrophotometer correctly. Additionally, care must be taken to avoid DNA degradation by physical or chemical means, which could alter absorbance characteristics.


system with different solar radiation intensity. That velocity of the air in the system increases as we can see from the figure when solar radiation varies from 400 to 1000 W/m2 and the maximum velocity lies at chimney inlet. For the solar radiation intensity of 400,600 and 800W/m2, the maximum velocity inside the chimney is 13.2, 14.1 and 15.7m/s respectively.
 Fig. 5 Velocity distribution of SCPP with a) I=400 W/m2 and b) I=600W/m2 c) I=800W/m2 d) I=1000 W/m2 solar radiation intensity
 The maximum chimney inlet velocity without turbine is around 16.5 m/s as solar radiation intensity is 1000W/m2. So we can say that solar radiation plays a great role for the velocity of the flowing fluid by increasing the temperature under the collector which by turn increases the density difference by creating buoyancy force so that pressure difference is generated.
 Fig.6 Comparison of the Surface temperature profile of Soil and Gravel as thermal storage layer under the collector with radiation intensity 800 W/m2.
 The energy transfer mechanism inside the heat storage layer is highly influenced by the conductivity and capacity of flowing fluid on the heat storage layer. For the distribution of temperature inside the gravel is significantly affected by the mechanisms of radiation and convection; so there is a notable difference between Soil and Gravel as simulated above.
A Numerical computation has been performed on the commercially available finite volume code, Ansys Fluent. The effects of thermal storage have been incorporated in the model. The computed performance of SCPP with Soil, Water, and Gravel as a thermal storage show that the water as a thermal storage reduces the fluctuation of the power over a period of 24 hrs. For same radiation intensity, the surface temperature of gravel is found higher which generates the higher velocity of air inside the chimney which generates more output power. Thus, the use of thermal storage enhances the performance of SCPP and avails power for 24 hrs.
 1. Haaf W, Friedrich K,Mayr G Schlaich J. Solar chimneys part I: Principle and construction of pilot plant in Manzanares. Int J suastain Energy 2(1), 3-20 (1983)
 2. Haaf W. Solar chimneys Part II: Ppreliminary tset result from the Manzanares pilot plant. Int J sol Energy 2(2), 141-61(1984)
 3. Bernardes M. Dos S, Vob A, Weinrebe G. Thermal and technical analyses of solar chimneys. Sol Energy 75(6),511-24(2003)
 4. Pretorius J, Kroger D. Critical evaluation of solar chimney power plant performance. Sol Energy 80(5), 535-44 (2006)
 5. Bernardes M, Dos S, Backstrom T, Kroger D. Analsis of some available transfer coefficient applicable to solar chimney power plant collectors. Sol Energy 83, 264-75(2009)
 6. Zhou X, Wang F, Ochieng R. A review of solar chimney power technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(8), 2315-38 (2010)
 7. 7. Koonsrisuk A, Chitsomboon T. Mathematical modeling of solar chimney power plants. Energy (51), 314-22 (2013)
 8. 8. Guo P, Li J, Wang Y. Annual performance analysis of solar chimney power plant in sinkiang, China. Energy Convers Manag (87), 392-9(2014)
 9. Pastohr H, Kornadt O, Gurlebeck K. Numerical and analytical calculation of the temperature and flow field in the upwind power plant, Int. J. Energy Res. 28(2004) 495-510
 10. Xinping Z, Jiakuan Y, Bo X, Guoxiang H, Fang X, Analysis of chimney height for solar chimney power plant Applied Thermal Engineering 29 (2009) 178185
 11. Schlaich J, Bergermann R, Schiel W, Weinrebe G. Design of commercial solar updraft tower system utilization of solar induced convective flows for power generation. J Sol Energy T ASME
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text:
Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity and its Convalescence with Dietary Rehabilitation in Undernourished Rural West Bengal Population LC29-LC32
Dr. Analava Mitra,
School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India.
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome involving diabetes is acquiring the eminence of prospective epidemic in India with dramatic rise in rural population prevalence where majority are undernourished and creates significant healthcare burden.
Aim: To investigate the prevalence of the insulin resistance amongst the undernourished rural population, involving children, adolescents and adult volunteers of the West Bengal and the effect of nutritional supplementation in the parameters echoing insulin sensitivity.
Materials and Methods: A prospective interventional study was carried out on 120 volunteers in three age groups; Group 1 (5-12 years), Group 2 (13-18 years) and Group 3 (19-40 years), each with 40 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, under informed consent over six months. Baseline data regarding demography, family history including parental history of diabetes, medical history, physical, activity, anthropometrical status and blood parameters echoing insulin sensitivity were obtained from volunteers. Intervention included daily nutritional supplementation with eggs and banana. After six months of food supplementation, parameters reflecting insulin sensitivity were assessed.
Results: Initial low figures of fasting insulin and blood sugar levels improvised with the nutritional supplementation alongside the absence of wasting in Group 1. HOMA-IR and IRI values of the Group 2 improved from the initial figures (3.19, 2.87) to (2.204, 1.99) and that of Group 3 from (5.0, 4.52) to (4.08, 3.67) respectively over six months (p<.05). Average Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) enhanced from 85.5±9.6 mg/dl to 78.4±7.3 mg/dl and from 90.1±10.2 mg/dl to 84.8±8.4 mg/dl in Group 2 and 3 respectively by the end of the supplementation study (p<.05).
Conclusion: Six months study revealed the existence of insulin resistance and malnourishment in the selected rural population in three groups. Decrement in HOMA-IR, IRI, FBS and serum insulin alongside the improvement in the body mass, in comparison to that of initial values is evocative of restoration of insulin sensitivity with nutrition supplementation.


where APG is the pressure drop across the packed bed (kPa) and z is the height of the tower. The validity of the correlation was explored by Li [15], and it has excellent agreement with the experimental data. The pumping power required for the diffusion tower liquid is calculated as, E, = "m P = LA gH (4.4) Thus the total pumping power is calculated as, E,,,a1 = E, + EG (4.5) The energy consumption rate per unit of fresh water production is defined as, Ef, =totax (4.6) m,, The fresh water production rate and energy consumption rate are two important parameters that characterize the performance of the DDD process. The fresh water production rate characterizes the quantity of fresh water produced at a given set of operating conditions while the energy consumption rate denotes how much energy is consumed per unit of fresh water produced. The two values are important in finding the optimal operating conditions. An ideal DDD process would have a high fresh water production rate and a low energy consumption rate. Heated Air/Heated Water Results and Discussion Using the analysis described above and the theory discussed in Chapter 3, a parametric analysis is performed to determine the effects of certain operating variables on the performance of the heated air/heated water process. In performing the analysis, the air inlet temperature, water inlet temperature, specific packing area, diameter of the packing material, and inlet humidity ratio were all held constant at 600 C, 600 C, 267


We have examined T cell recognition of a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), pre-S(2)-region synthetic peptide, p120-145, in terms of fine specificity, H-2-linked genetic influences, comparison to antibody binding, and relevance to T cell recognition of the native protein. We showed that the immune response to the synthetic peptide is regulated by H-2-linked genes, but that the pattern of H-2 restriction differed from that observed for the native anti-pre-S(2) response. Dominant and nonoverlapping T cell and B cell recognition sites were identified on the synthetic peptide p120-145. T cell recognition is focussed on the NH2-terminal sequence, and antibody (B cell) recognition is focussed on the COOH-terminal sequence. The fine specificity of T cell recognition of p120-145 was defined by a single, subtype-dependent amino acid substitution. With respect to the immunogenicity of p120-145, the synthetic peptide containing both T and B cell determinants is highly immunogenic in responder strains, whereas separate T or B cell peptide determinants are minimally immunogenic. Furthermore, the synthetic T cell recognition site can prime T cell help for antibody production to the synthetic B cell site, which is crossreactive with the native pre-S(2) region of HBsAg/p33 particles. This system provides evidence that totally synthetic T cell and B cell recognition sites can be combined to yield a functional immunogen.
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-2\sqrt{5}} = \frac{3}{3-2\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{3+2\sqrt{5}}{3+2\sqrt{5}} = \frac{3(3+2\sqrt{5})}{{3}^2 - (2\sqrt{5})^2} = \frac{ 3 (3 + 2\sqrt{5} ) }{ 9 - 20 } = - \frac{ 9+6 \sqrt{5} }{11}
\frac{3}{3+2\sqrt{5}} = \frac{3}{3+2\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{3-2\sqrt{5}}{3-2\sqrt{5}} = \frac{3(3-2\sqrt{5})}{{3}^2 - (2\sqrt{5})^2} = \frac{ 3 (3 - 2\sqrt{5} ) }{ 9 - 20 } = - \frac{ 9-6 \sqrt{5} }{11}
Even if this process results in the numerator being irrational, like in the examples above, the process may still facilitate subsequent manipulations by reducing the number of irrationals one has to work with in the denominator.
Typographical variations[edit]
In computer displays and typography, simple fractions are sometimes printed as a single character, e.g. ½ (one half). See the article on Number Forms for information on doing this in Unicode.
Scientific publishing distinguishes four ways to set fractions, together with guidelines on use:[10]
 - special fractions: fractions that are presented as a single character with a slanted bar, with roughly the same height and width as other characters in the text. Generally used for simple fractions, such as: ½, ⅓, ⅔, ¼, and ¾. Since the numerals are smaller, legibility can be an issue, especially for small-sized fonts. These are not used in modern mathematical notation, but in other contexts.
 - case fractions: similar to special fractions, these are rendered as a single typographical character, but with a horizontal bar, thus making them upright. An example would be \tfrac{1}{2}, but rendered with the same height as other characters. Some sources include all rendering of fractions as case fractions if they take only one typographical space, regardless of the direction of the bar.[11]
 - shilling fractions: 1/2, so called because this notation was used for pre-decimal British currency (£sd), as in 2/6 for a half crown, meaning two shillings and six pence. While the notation "two shillings and six pence" did not represent a fraction, the forward slash is now used in fractions, especially for fractions inline with prose (rather than displayed), to avoid uneven lines. It is also used for fractions within fractions (complex fractions) or within exponents to increase legibility. Fractions written this way, also known as piece fractions,[12] are written all on one typographical line, but take 3 or more typographical spaces.
 - built-up fractions: \frac{1}{2}. This notation uses two or more lines of ordinary text, and results in a variation in spacing between lines when included within other text. While large and legible, these can be disruptive, particularly for simple fractions or within complex fractions.
The earliest fractions were reciprocals of integers: ancient symbols representing one part of two, one part of three, one part of four, and so on.[13] The Egyptians used Egyptian fractions ca. 1000 BC. About 4,000 years ago Egyptians divided with fractions using slightly different methods. They used least common multiples with unit fractions. Their methods gave the same answer as modern methods.[14] The Egyptians also had a different notation for dyadic fractions in the Akhmim Wooden Tablet and several Rhind Mathematical Papyrus problems.
The Greeks used unit fractions and later continued fractions and followers of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras, ca. 530 BC, discovered that the square root of two cannot be expressed as a fraction. In 150 BC Jain mathematicians in India wrote the "Sthananga Sutra", which contains work on the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, operations with fractions.
The method of putting one number below the other and computing fractions first appeared in Aryabhatta's work around AD 499.[citation needed] In Sanskrit literature, fractions, or rational numbers were always expressed by an integer followed by a fraction. When the integer is written on a line, the fraction is placed below it and is itself written on two lines, the numerator called amsa part on the first line, the denominator called cheda "divisor" on the second below. If the fraction is written without any particular additional sign, one understands that it is added to the integer above it. If it is marked by a small circle or a cross (the shape of the "plus" sign in the West) placed on its right, one understands that it is subtracted from the integer. For example (to be read vertically), Bhaskara I writes[15]
६ १ २
१ १ १
४ ५ ९
That is,
6 1 2
1 1 1
4 5 9
to denote 6+1/4, 1+1/5, and 2–1/9.
Al-Hassār, a Muslim mathematician from Fez, Morocco specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence during the 12th century, first mentions the use of a fractional bar, where numerators and denominators are separated by a horizontal bar. In his discussion he writes, "... for example, if you are told to write three-fifths and a third of a fifth, write thus, \frac{3 \quad 1}{5 \quad 3}."[16] This same fractional notation appears soon after in the work of Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13th century.[17]
In discussing the origins of decimal fractions, Dirk Jan Struik states:[18]
"The introduction of decimal fractions as a common computational practice can be dated back to the Flemish pamphlet De Thiende, published at Leyden in 1585, together with a French translation, La Disme, by the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin (1548–1620), then settled in the Northern Netherlands. It is true that decimal fractions were used by the Chinese many centuries before Stevin and that the Persian astronomer Al-Kāshī used both decimal and sexagesimal fractions with great ease in his Key to arithmetic (Samarkand, early fifteenth century)."[19]
While the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al-Kāshī claimed to have discovered decimal fractions himself in the 15th century, J. Lennart Berggren notes that he was mistaken, as decimal fractions were first used five centuries before him by the Baghdadi mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi as early as the 10th century.[20][21]
In formal education[edit]
Pedagogical tools[edit]
In primary schools, fractions have been demonstrated through Cuisenaire rods, Fraction Bars, fraction strips, fraction circles, paper (for folding or cutting), pattern blocks, pie-shaped pieces, plastic rectangles, grid paper, dot paper, geoboards, counters and computer software.
Documents for teachers[edit]
Several states in the United States have adopted learning trajectories from the Common Core State Standards Initiative's guidelines for mathematics education. Aside from sequencing the learning of fractions and operations with fractions, the document provides the following definition of a fraction: "A number expressible in the form \tfrac{a}{b} where a is a whole number and b is a positive whole number. (The word fraction in the standards always refers to a non-negative number.)"[22] The document itself also refers to negative fractions.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ H. Wu, The Mis-Education of Mathematics Teachers, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Volume 58, Issue 03 (March 2011), page 374
 2. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Common Fraction", MathWorld.
 3. ^ World Wide Words: Vulgar fractions
 4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Improper Fraction", MathWorld.
 5. ^ Math Forum – Ask Dr. Math:Can Negative Fractions Also Be Proper or Improper?
 6. ^ New England Compact Math Resources
 7. ^ a b Trotter, James (1853). A complete system of arithmetic. p. 65.
 8. ^ a b Barlow, Peter (1814). A new mathematical and philosophical dictionary.
 9. ^ "Fraction – Encyclopedia of Mathematics". 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
 10. ^ Galen, Leslie Blackwell (March 2004), "Putting Fractions in Their Place", American Mathematical Monthly 111 (3)
 11. ^ "built fraction". glossary. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
 12. ^ "piece fraction". glossary. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
 13. ^ Eves, Howard ; with cultural


text:
- A very brief history of London stock
- London stock in Rotherhithe
- After London stock
|Figure 1. Rotherhithe watch-house, 1824,
St Marychurch Street
|Figure 2. London stock, Mills and Knight, Rotherhithe
A history of London stock
|Figure 3. The distribution of London clay,
used to make yellow London stock.
|Figure 4. William Gaitskell House,
Paradise Street, Rotherhithe
Rotherhithe's London clay, being covered in several metres of Thames alluvium, was probably seated too far down for it to be cost-effective to dig down to it, and during the Georgian period her bricks were probably brought by river from elsewhere to be erected on the site. Later on, during the mid to late 1800s, it is entirely possible that it was extracted, along with other less useful sediments, during the excavation of the numerous enclosed docks that defined 19th Century Rotherhithe.
|Figure 5. A small sample of brick bonds used in English buildings.
From Wikipedia, where a much larger selection can
be found: _URL_
|Figure 6. London stock showing many small cavities caused
by the burning of the inclusions in the brick mixture.
This contrasts with the much better quality
black decorative brick. Brandram's Wharf.
|Figure 7. London stock and polychrome brick decoration,
After the 1840s, even though London stock was still the cheapest brick type in London, it became fashionable to add courses of red stock to improve the appearance of a building and provide it with some decorative flourishes. Red stock could be imported from outside London, from Sussex, Kent and Berkshire (made from a sandy loam they were called "rubbers" and "cutters"), but it was also made from clay found within London overlying the clays used for yellows and greys. The lack of lime meant that the red oxide was not suppressed and these clays produced red brick. Because they were specially used for decorative effects they tended to be fired in a fixed kiln so that the quality was much better than standard stock. We have some examples of these, too, in Rotherhithe, including Columbia Wharf, the Dock Offices, Brandram's Wharf and the Thames Tunnel Mill. At the other end of the scale second hand stock bricks were used for fill, where they could not be seen, or to build houses for the poor.
|Figure 8. Charles Hay and Son Barge Builders
After the 1840s on-site brick manufacture was actively discouraged, as it was both disruptive and unattractive.
London stock in Rotherhithe
23 Paradise Street, formerly the old police station and now labelled William Gaitskell House, was built in 1814. (figure 4) With its symmetrical Georgian proportions, it is very typical of many contemporary and earlier London buildings, and similar to some along Jamaica Road, but it stands out in Rotherhithe peninsula as one of the few classic late Georgian buildings to survive. The quality of the brick is actually not much better than many of the commercial buildings, but the multicoloured stock bricks, including London stock, were laid with considerable care, in Flemish bond, with thick mortar helping to create even rows. The ground floor semi-circular and first and second floor flat segmental arches are made of a much higher quality brick, reflecting their more important structural role. This is a really lovely building and it is a considerable relief that it survived when so many others did not.
|Figure 9. Mills and Knight Ltd, Nelson Dock
|Figure 10. Brandram's Wharf
|Figure 11. St Peter and the
Perhaps the most elaborately decorated of all of Rotherhithe's stock-built entities is the Dock Office complex, which were built in 1893 to serve the Surrey Commercial Docks (figure 14). Probably the most important building in the day to day operation of the docks, it was located at their main entrance, by Canada Dock (now Canada Water). The main structure is built of London stock, but it is liberally accessorized with red brick details and other architectural embellishments.
|Figure 12. Decorative and London stock brick at the
Thames Tunnel Mill, showing the
unmistakeble signs of air pollution
After London stock
As well as the growing fashion for variation in brick work, both colours and textures, a trend that wa significantly facilitated by the expansion of the rail networks, the development of ever more sophisticated machines for taking over tasks that had formerly been done manually changed the way in which brick was produced.
From the 1890s fletton bricks began to take over in popularity, and these are what you see on most modern residential and commercial buildings today. Made of Oxford clay, fletton bricks, named after Fletton in Cambridgeshire, are also known as London bricks, named after the London Brick Company. They were particularly popular in the 1960s and early 70s. Hanson PLC, the company that now owns the form er London Brick Company works, estimates that over 5 million homes have been made out of fletton brick in Britain. It's not overwhelmingly attractive stuff, when compared with London stock and some of the lovely older bricks, but it was relatively inexpensive.
|Figure 13. Carpark wall at the Hilton, made with
old London stock, clearly showing some of
the holes left by the burning of matter included
in the clay during firing, and modern mortar.
There is also a very good market in second hand London stock, from buildings that have been taken down, which are purchased to repair or extend existing buildings or to build new buildings in areas where the old brick dominates. Some of the walls on the Rotherhithe Street side of the Hilton, erected in the 1990s, are made with old stock brick using modern mortar (figure 13).
This post covers buildings that were built between 1814 and 1903, a span of nearly 100 years. London stock was used for nearly a century before this and is still in use today. It is one of the brick types that defines London's appearance. Not confined to any one form of building type, it was used for residential, ecclesiastical, municipal and commercial projects, and has proved to be very resilient to both weathering and pollution. London stock is as fundamental to our city as our rain, and a lot more attractive!
|Figure 14. The dock offices


text:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of an Algerian apricot germplasm. This Algerian apricot was characterized by a green-yellow skin, a red ground color, and a light orange flesh color in general. Besides, highly positive and negative significant correlations were revealed between the studied characters. Whereby, the principal component analysis explained 81% of the variability. Fruit, stone and leaves dimensions were the main features that explained evidentially the majority of variability. Moreover, the cluster analysis divided the accessions into two major groups. Thus, Algerian accessions selected in this study may have the potential to be used in apricot breeding programs in the future.
Boutiti, Kaouther; Bellil, Ines; and Khelifi, Douadi
"Characterization of Algerian apricots (Prunus armeniaca) using morphological and pomological markers,"
Karbala International Journal of Modern Science: Vol. 8
, Article 6.
Available at: _URL_
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.


text:
National Walking Day inspires people to get and about
By Mary Dennehy
THOSE living across South Dublin are encouraged to participate in National Walking Day this Sunday, September 27, by visting one of the local Coillte forests.
An initiative of Get Ireland Walking, National Walking Day aims to inspire people to get out and about in their local area, and enjoy the physical and mental wellbeing benefits of walking.
Coillte has forests opened including the Hellfire Club, Massey's Estate and Cruagh Wood
Coillte, which has nine recreation forests open to the public, is supporting the annual event and encouraging members of the public to get active and stay local.
Across South Dublin, forests include the Hellfire Club, Massey's Estate, Cruagh Wood, Tibradden Wood, Kilmashogue, Ticknock, Carrickgollogan, Barnaslingan Wood and Slievethoul (or Saggart Hill) and Lugg.
Charlie Burke, Recreation Officer with Coillte and co-ordinator of Coillte's Woodlands for Health campaign said: "Coillte is proud to be Ireland's leading provider of outdoor recreation activities, with more than 3,000 kilometers of trails, 260 recreation sites and 12 forest parks across the country.
"We know about the importance of walking in nature to members of the public and the benefits for both physical and mental health.
"Our forests offer a space where people can walk safely while maintaining social distancing and abiding by COVID19 guidelines.
"Coillte wants to encourage local residents in County Dublin to take some time out of their day and enjoy their local landscape by participating in National Walking Day on 27 of September and visiting one of your local Coillte forests like Ticknock or the Hellfire Club."
Coillte's Woodlands for Health campaign encourages people to engage with nature through outdoor activities to promote better mental and physical health.
According to Coillte, research shows that walking in natural environments such as forests and woodlands can help to reduce stress and improve wellbeing.
National Walking Day is supported by Sport Ireland and takes place as part of European Week of Sport.
Members of the public are encouraged to walk any route in their local area, whether that be a forest, park or local neighbourhood loop.
Share a photo or video of your walk on social media and tag @GetIreWalking on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, using the hashtags #BeActive #NationalWalkingDay #WalkYourTown #WalkYourArea and #HiddenGems.
Remember to adhere to Covid-19 guidelines while out walking, and, if driving to a forest location, park your car in a safe and designated area.
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