text:
Behavior SpecialistSpecial Education - $750 Signing Bonus
The Foundation Schools is a special education day school which delivers innovative school programs and support services for children and adolescents with emotional disabilities, autism spectrum disorders and other learning challenges. For over 40 years, The Foundation Schools' mix of academic support and therapeutic services has given our students a chance to reach their full potential. The Foundation Schools is currently approved by the State of Maryland and the District of Columbia to provide services to students who have not been successful in their home school's environment. The Foundation Schools has schools in Gaithersburg, Rockville, Landover, and Largo, Maryland that serve over 200 students in grades K-12.
Our Core Values' provide a strong foundation for our programs, are integrated into our positive behavior intervention system, drive our actions and guide our staff and students daily to TWIRL (Teamwork, Work Ethic, Integrity, Respect, and Leadership). We offer a supportive working environment with small class sizes and excellent resources.
The Foundation Schools offers a comprehensive benefit package including tuition assistance and a generous retirement package. Visit our website at _URL_ for more information.
Education, Experience and Certification Requirements
- H.S. degree or equivalent required, Bachelor's Degree is preferred.
- Two or more years' experience in special education, a psychiatric setting or other similar setting for children and adolescents is required
- Training in TACT 2, Life Space Crisis Intervention, or similar crisis intervention program is preferred
- Bilingual (Spanish/English) abilities are a plus
Behavior Specialists utilize effective and appropriate behavior interventions with students and provide a behavioral continuum for responses to inappropriate student behavior. Behavior Specialists provide support to students to encourage the use of appropriate behaviors that will allow the students to fully participate in the classroom and program. Behavior Specialists are an integral part of training staff in behavior management and crisis intervention. Behavior Specialists provide assistance and supervision on staffs' use of protocols and procedures when physically restraining or secluding students. Behavior Specialists monitor students' arrival and dismissal, and maintain a presence in the school hallways and classrooms throughout the day. They actively engage with students and staff to identify potential conflicts or students who are in need of additional support.
ESSENTIAL JOB FUNCTIONS
- Actively manage the hallways during arrival, transition, and dismissal and ensure staff are at assigned posts
- Maintain required electronic and paper documentation regarding intensive behavior interventions, including but not limited to, mediations, bus incidents, critical incidents, bullying reports, and behavior intervention referrals
- Actively engage with students and staff to identify potential conflicts or students who are in need of additional support; facilitate or participate in mediations, reentry meetings, and parent meetings
- Monitor and provide support, both inside and outside of the classrooms, for students who have been identified as needing additional behavior interventions
- Provide situational training and guidance to staff on correct utilization of verbal and physical behavior interventions to help increase their behavior intervention skill levels
- Consistently and appropriately utilize and model TACT 2 verbal de-escalation and approved physical restraint techniques, Life Space Crisis Intervention (if trained), and behavior management strategies; provide staff training on behavior management procedures and program processes
- Provide direction to staff during crisis and non-crisis situations to assist staff with improving behavior management skills and decision making skills; manage the need for additional staff in crisis situations and direct staff back to other duties when appropriate; facilitates debriefing sessions with staff to review incidents and identify staff member responsible for completing required documentation
- Reinforce the expectations for learning and standards for classroom participation and behavior; effectively manage student behavior through implementation of positive behavior management systems, school rules, policies and procedures, and model appropriate behavior for students during the school day; assist students with using strategies to decrease and avoid inappropriate behaviors
- Proactively provide supervision of students to ensure the safety and security of the school program at all times
- Maintain student confidentiality in accordance with The Foundation Schools Confidentiality and Conflict of Interest Statement and student record confidentiality procedures
- Demonstrate an understanding of how our students' disabilities impact their behavior and ability to learn; display knowledge of students' diagnoses and adapt intervention strategies accordingly to meet the requirements of the students' IEPs and BIPs
- Proactively identify behaviors among all students that could lead to a crisis, an unsafe situation or disrupt the learning environment; use effective behavior management techniques to address these behaviors in order to limit the severity and length of disruptions
- Demonstrate appropriate use of verbal de-escalation skills to manage student behaviors; utilize the behavior continuum in order to use or consider the use of the least restrictive
- behavioral interventions necessary; use effective, appropriate, and approved strategies during a crisis including the participation in seclusions, therapeutic holds, escorts, and student restraints when necessary; consistently, and appropriately utilize and model TACT 2 techniques or classroom behavior management strategies
- Work with teachers, therapists, school leaders, and other team members to determine the student and/or classroom needs, and adjust interventions and practices to best meet those needs; work with team to develop interventions and/or incentive plans when appropriate
- Actively participate in committees, meetings, supervision, and professional development activities
- Consistently model and implement the organization's core values to drive actions and to guide our students to incorporate Teamwork, Work Ethic, Integrity, Respect, and Leadership into positive behaviors while at school
- Comply with all of The Foundation Schools' policies, rules, protocols, and procedures


This feature requires 1.0.22 of the Meeting Room 365 app (or later) to function.
We now allow all devices to adjust their brightness on a schedule, letting you configure a brightness level change (from 0, or dark, to 1, or full brightness) at any hour you choose.
This can be set in the Hardware tab of your display, under Brightness Schedule.
However, this might be a bit complicated, since you will be creating a schedule object that contains a list of hours, and the brightness setting you wish to apply.
This can also be set in the advanced configuration editor, or via CSV. The key for this feature is brightnessSchedule and the value is an object containing the hours and brightness levels (the display will set the brightness at least once to the specified value during the hour mentioned.
For the most common use-case, you can copy the following template:
{ "7": 1.0, "19": 0.1 }
In this example, the display would go full brightness at 7am, and back to 10% brightness at 7pm. You can adjust the 7 and 19 to any hour you like.
Note, when setting up this feature, you will only see brightness changes during the hours specified (if you set this example up at 1pm, you won't see a change until 7pm).
Setting a key in the advanced configuration editor
Visit the Advanced Configuration Editor from your display
Insert or Append a new key called brightnessSchedule
Set the value (right side) to { "7": 1.0, "19": 0.1 }
Advanced Configuration Example: Setting up a new key -> value pair
That's it! Feel free to reach out if you'd like to have us enable this for you.
Was this article helpful?
Thank you!


Damage Threshold is a combat statistic in Fallout, Fallout 2, Fallout: New Vegas and Fallout Tactics. It was removed in Fallout 3, leaving Damage Resistance as the only armor statistic. However, it was restored in Fallout: New Vegas, before being removed yet again in Fallout 4.
Fallout, Fallout 2, Fallout Tactics
Fallout: New Vegas
See also: Combat damage
Imagine that there is an amount of damage that armor directly subtracts from damage… a "threshold" of damage, if you will. While a small percentage of damage may get through even the thickest armor, damage threshold can effectively neutralize a lot of small arms.J.E. Sawyer
Fallout: New Vegas mostly moves away from the exclusive use of Damage Resistance (DR) in Fallout 3, towards Damage Threshold (DT). Like in previous games, DT can function as an outright subtraction: if a shot is fired with a damage value of 40 against a DT of 10, then 10 damage will be ignored.
However, the sequence of calculations differs compared to previous games. DR is applied first. The value after this adjustment depends on any DR a player character has, which is capped to a DR of 85 (85%); however, DR above 80 does nothing, so the theoretical cap is 80.
DT applies after that, with a limit: the final damage taken cannot be lower than 20% of the base attack; if lower, it is overwritten to 20% instead.[1] For example, with 80 DR, DT will not do anything; however, with 70 DR against an attack of 10 damage, a DT of 1 will reduce the damage taken from 3 to 2, and DT above that will not help. Provided that a character's DR is 79 or less, any amount of DT is theoretically useful. Applying the previous example to an incoming attack of 100 damage, 70 DR and 1 DT would reduce damage instead from 30 to 29 - a much less significant reduction than 3 to 2.
So, to evaluate the earlier example, if an attack of 40 damage hits a character with 85 DR and 10 DT, the damage is first reduced to 6 (40 × 0.15 = 6), and then reduced by 10. The final result (-4) is less than 20% of the base attack (40 × 0.20 = 8), so the damage taken is raised to 8 instead.
Damage which is reduced to below the 20% minimum value is indicated with a shield icon next to the health bar (either the player character's, or the non-player character's). When all of an enemy's DT (if it is not 0 to begin with) is overcome with armor piercing attacks, then a broken shield icon will appear in its place instead. The shield icon is shown during V.A.T.S. and on the health bars once damage has been inflicted upon a target and will remain for 3 seconds afterwards.
The default value for DT is set at 0; this is then modified mainly by the DT value of armor and clothing worn. Other attributes can affect the DT value of a character, both permanently or temporarily. Perks and consumables can increase the player character's DT, while the Kamikaze trait reduces it. When attacking, the use of ammunition can modify the target's DT either way, with hollow point generally increasing their DT, and armor piercing decreasing it.
Difficulty and critical damage impact
As with the player character's damage, the difficulty multiplier of incoming damage is applied after the damage resistance and damage threshold calculations. For example, a regular deathclaw does 125 damage and Very Hard difficulty's inbound damage multiplier is ×2. If the player character has no DT and DR, the damage dealt is 250. If the player character has 40 DT and no DR, the damage becomes (125 – 40) × 2 = 170.
Unlike the difficulty multiplier, the critical damage is applied before the damage threshold calculations as it counts as the base damage. The deathclaw mentioned above deals an additional 125 damage when it crits, leading to an attack power of 250 on Normal difficulty. With 40 DT, the player character suffers from 210 damage instead, leading to 420 damage on Very Hard difficulty.
While unimportant in such a case, it becomes vital when the enemy has a low attack power, which is reset to 20% of the base damage due to the cap mentioned in the previous section. For example, a young deathclaw does 40 damage and if the Courier's DT is 40, the attack will deal 8 (40 × 0.2) damage on Normal difficulty. However, when a young deathclaw crits, it deals an additional 40 damage resulting in 80 total damage. With the player character's DT applied, the final damage becomes 40, surpassing the 20% cap and dealing the raw damage. On Very Hard difficulty, it leads to 16 (non-crit) and 80 (crit) damage, respectively.
Comparison between Damage Threshold and Damage Resistance. Implications
DR factor becomes much more important in extreme cases. Vanilla deathclaw (like any other enemy) will completely ignore the DT factor if the Courier has 80%+ DR (Med-X + Slasher + Battle Brew combo gives 85%) and deal 50 damage on very hard difficulty in any case, against any DT index, as the damage cannot be lower than 20% of its basic attack ((125 × 0.2 = 25) × 2 (very hard difficulty multiplier) = 50); its critical damage will be capped at 100 instead (compare to 500 raw crit damage against the Courier with no protection and 420 damage against the courier with 40 DT). The armor indicator will appear upon the hit as well, confirming the deathclaw is dealing it's minimum possible damage.
It means that when the Courier has to deal with high damaging opponents (like said deathclaws), the most reliable method is to increase DR to its maximum wearing no armor at all for faster movement – or the armor with the best possible buffs[2]. If the player has no Battle Brew (→ 50% DR), then, against the said deathclaw, 37.5 DT is needed to cap creature's damage to its minimum (125 × 0.5 = 62.5; 62.5 – 37.5 = 25).
As a more extreme example, take Legendary bloatfly from Old World Blues add-on. Its plasma damage is set to 300 (equal to that of deathclaw alpha male), becoming plain 600 on very hard difficulty. However, with 80%+ DR it's attack power is capped at 60 at normal and 120 at very hard difficulty, making it possible to survive several blasts for a high-level Courier. With 50 DT and no DR, surviving its attacks dealing 500 damage on very hard difficulty ((300 – 50) × 2) is possible only on a very high level. With 50% DR and 50 DT, the damage becomes 200 ((300 × 0,5 – 50) × 2) on very hard difficulty.
Interestingly, although no DT and DR of 50% makes very hard difficulty experience equal to no armor experience on normal difficulty, the DT factor alters the picture. If the normal difficulty deathclaw hits the player with no DR and DT of 40, it deals 85 (125 – 40) damage; however, the very high difficulty deathclaw hitting the Courier with 50% DR and 40 DT results in 50 damage instead (125 × 0,5 – 40 = 22,5; → override to 125 × 0,2 = 25; 25 × 2 = 50 (very hard multiplier applied)).
To sum up, high DT is enough against lowbut fast-damaging opponents (e. g., any fast-firing humanoids) unless they don't get critical hits; however, enemies with powerful attacks (mainly deathclaws and humanoids with explosives or single-action high-end weapon) should be countered with maximum DR instead.
 - Despite DT being the determining factor for armor in Fallout: New Vegas, when repairing armor, merchants will list DR instead. All armors when viewed from the repair screen have a DR of 0. This is fixed in patch 1.1.1.
 - In Fallout: New Vegas, the only articles of clothing that provide DR are the rebreather, which is acquired during the quest Volare!, the Vault 11 jumpsuit and the Scientist outfit.
 1. _URL_
 2. It is important to note that, due to a bug, any armor worn with high DR will receive immense amount of damage when hit and degrade extremely quick. This makes no-armor choice much more preferable.


text:
Hello good people of the world! Today's post is a short one on what are the basic components of a test form. In Validation, you're going to record a lot of data, and you want this data to be well organized and easily understood. Here are the basic components I think every test form should have:
- Numbering! Each step should have a unique number so that it is easily identifiable and easy to reference elsewhere.
- A Title! What is this test all about? A short description should be provide.
- Purpose! What is the purpose of the test? Make it clear.
- Verification Steps! Clearly define what steps need to be performed.
- Expected Results! Clearly define what the expected results are. Does every step need an expected result? Every step can have one, so include it.
- Actual Results! This is where the actual data is collected. The actual results can be recorded exactly as the expected results are stated to avoid any confusion.
- Pass/Fail! Did the step pass or fail? This will quickly tell you. Also a good place to reference any comments.
- Initials/Date! In order for the data to be attributable, initial/date uniquely identifying the test executer must be included for each step.
What basic components do you include on your test forms? Comment below.
Like this MWV (Mike Williamson Validation) blog post? Be sure to like, share, and subscribe!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This month two Victoria University experts are visiting Taupo to speak about supervolcanoes and the discovery of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii preserved by a volcanic eruption.
The lectures will be presented at the Great Lake Centre, Story Place, Taupo on Wednesday 30 May from 5.30-8.30pm.
Professor Colin Wilson, from Victorias School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, studies the volcanoes that produce the biggest eruptions: supervolcanoes.
The most recent eruption from a supervolcano was in New Zealandat Taupo, about 27,000 years ago. It ejected 530 cubic kilometres of molten rock and caused several hundred square kilometres of land to collapse, forming the hole in which Lake Taupo now sits.
In comparison, the biggest volcanic eruption in recorded historythe 1815 eruption at Tambora in Indonesiaejected only 50 cubic kilometres of molten rock, yet the explosion was heard 2,000 kilometres away, and the eruption and its effects killed at least 71,000 people.
Humanity has never experienced anything on the scale of a supervolcano, says Professor Wilson, one of the worlds leading volcanologists.
Ive been close enough to erupting volcanoes to take photos of the eruption but with supervolcanoes were talking about eruptions where if you can see it, youre going to be killed by it.
His talkYou and your local supervolcano: when, what, how and, possibly,
why it eruptsis followed by Associate Professor of Classics Dr Matthew Trundles lecture on the discovery and excavation of the Roman city, Pompeii, which was buried by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Pompeii is a window into the Roman world, yielding fascinating insights for historians, says Dr Trundle, who worked on archaeological sites on the Greek mainland before coming to New Zealand.
As well as being a history of Pompeii, the lecture is a history of archaeology. In many respects, the site over the years has reflected the times, from gentlemen looting ancient artworks during the age of the Grand Tour, to Mussolinis Roman revival through to the systematic analysis we see today.
Dr Trundle says that only two-thirds of Pompeii has been cleared so there is plenty of potential for future discoveries.
Although were more careful excavating than in the past, which is consequently slower, scientific analysis has helped immensely with dating and excavating objects, says Dr Trundle.
In 50 years time, who knows how much more well have found.
The public lectures are part of a series in regional centres by Victoria University of Wellington.
What: Free public lectures by Professor Colin Wilson and Dr Matthew Trundle.
When: Wednesday 30 May, 5.30-8.30pm. There will be refreshments between the lectures.
Where: Great Lake Centre, Story Place, Taupo
RSVP: If youd like to attend, email _EMAIL_ with Taupo Lecture in the subject line, or phone 04 _PHONE_ by Monday 28 May.
Provided by Victoria University
This Phys.org Science News Wire page contains a press release issued by an organization mentioned above and is provided to you "as is" with little or no review from Phys.Org staff.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Pular para o conteúdo principal
FV Decipher Support
Todos os tópicos, recursos necessários para FV Decipher.
Base de Conhecimento da FocusVision
Setting Up Automation with Cronwrap
 Requires Decipher Cloud
1. Overview
The Decipher software allows scheduling automated jobs using a tool called cronwrap. User scripts are created in the shell environment and are scheduled to run periodically.
2. Create Your Script
Your shell script can be written in Bash, Python or any other Unix programming language. It is recommended to use Bash or Python.
It is recommended you run store these script files in your project directory or in your /home/user folder. In the example below, the bash script file is located in the /home/user/myscript.sh.
Please see here for various example scripts written by Decipher.
3. Scheduling/Testing Your Script With Cronwrap
3.1 Create A Config File (.conf):
Navigate to folder: /home/hermes/v2/data/cronwrap.d
You will create your config file here. Copy the template config file below and name it myscript.conf (or whatever you like).
#Group name
[my_automations]
 comments = "My Automation Project"
 #Job Name
 [[my-job-1]]
 name = "My Job Name"
 command = "bash /home/user/myscript.sh"
 maxtime = 1200
 fail_only_recipients = "_EMAIL_ _EMAIL_"
 all_recipients = "_EMAIL_ _EMAIL_"
 error_list =
 success_list =
Note that indenting the file is optional but recommended. To add more jobs, simply add another job with the relevant variables. e.g. my-job-2
Below are the definitions for each of the variables described in the .conf file.
Variable Description
name Name of job
command Script or command you need to run
maxtime If the job doesn't finish on given maxtime (seconds), the process will get killed
fail_only_recipients Recipients who will get an email ONLY if job fails
all_recipients Recipients who will get an email all the time
error_list Job will fail if these strings are matched in stdout. They can be regular expressions.
success_list Job will fail if these strings are NOT found in stdout. They can be regular expressions.
Note: If you are creating a conf file on the v2 server, navigate to folder: /home/jaminb/v2/data/cronwrap.d instead.
3.2 Scheduling The Job To Run
In the shell, type the below command:
crontab -e
The server may prompt you for a text editor to use as your default. nano or vim are recommended. To change this, you can run select-editor in the terminal to re-select your editor.
Once inside crontab, you will supply the config group/task to run and the time to run it. Please be sure to include lines 1-2 at the top of your crontab. This will setup the environment variables required.
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/home/hermes/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin
HERMES2_HOME=/home/hermes/v2
0 6 * * 1-5 /home/hermes/bin/cronwrap --group=my_automations --task-name=my-job-1
Note: If you are using this on the v2 server, change 'home/hermes/bin' to 'home/jaminb/bin' in the code block above.
In the above example (line 3), the script will run at 6am local server time on Monday-Friday only. To get the local server time, type date in the command line and press enter.
The first 5 positions represent minute, hour, day, month, day_of_week respectively.
 - minute — any integer from 0 to 59
 - hour — any integer from 0 to 23
 - day — any integer from 1 to 31 (must be a valid day if a month is specified)
 - month — any integer from 1 to 12 (or the short name of the month such as jan or feb)
 - day_of_week — any integer from 0 to 6, where 0 represents Sunday
Here are some more examples.
Example Syntax
Run once a year at midnight of Janurary 1 0 0 1 1 *
Run once a month at midnight of the first day of the month 0 0 1 * *
Run once a week at midnight on Sunday morning 0 0 * * 0
Run once a day at midnight 0 0 * * *
Run once an hour at the beginning of the hour 0 * * * *
For further assistance, you can access the crontab generator page.
3.3 Testing Your Script
To test your automation, duplicate your crontab -e entry above (line 3 in this example) and change the the time to run 5 minutes from your current time.
Example, let's say it was 8:15am local server time. You would duplicate your entry and adjust the following to run at 8:20am local server time:
#Original group/task
0 6 * * 1-5 /home/hermes/bin/cronwrap --group=my_automations --task-name=my-job-1
#My test run, Duplicated and adjusted time to 8:20am.
20 8 * * * /home/hermes/bin/cronwrap --group=my_automations --task-name=my-job-1
Wait until 8:20am local server time and ensure the job ran successfully. Once deemed successful, you can delete the duplicate entry by going back into crontab.
4. Reviewing Automation Report Page
You can use the format of the link below to review automation jobs for your server. This report will show you the status of each cron run and show all automations scheduled on your server.
_URL_
*where <your-server> is your cloud server sub-domain.
For example, if your portal login page is this URL: _URL_
You would use this link format to access the automation report:
_URL_
* where <client> is the client's name.
5. Script/Automation Examples
The following scripts are examples written by our training staff. These scripts are samples to help you start writing your own custom scripts. Please update relevant areas of the script, such as survey path, email addresses, path to script, etc.
5.1 Generating latest excel data file and emailing to a list of users
Click here to download the files. Files included are listed below:
 - example-excel-data-file-email.conf
 - crontab -e.txt
 - example-excel-data-file-email.sh
5.2 Using the Decipher REST API to generate a list of active users
Click here to download the files. Files included are listed below:
 - example-api-user-list-python.conf
 - crontab -e.txt
 - example-api-user-list-python.sh
 - example-api-user-list-python.py (this file is executed in example-api-user-list-python.sh script file)
5.3 Using the Decipher REST API to get a weekly CSV file + Datamap and uploading to an SFTP.
Click here to download the files. Files included are listed below:
 - example-api-csv-data-sftp.conf
 - crontab -e.txt
 - example-api-csv-data-sftp.sh
Note: This script requires you to know how to setup an SSH private/public key using ssh-keygen. For a tutorial on how this is done, visit this page.


More like this: drinking, legends and the body.
Mary McCormack Bowles
The Well of the Dead, Culloden Moor - the body of Alexander MacGillivray of Dunmaglass the leader of Clan Chattan was found here. Alexander MacGillivray led his men on such a ferocious charge that he broke through the first line of defence of Cumberland's army before being killed. Legend has it that Highlanders are still seen drinking from the well...
Related Pins:
Stones at Culloden marking the site of the burial of various clans. These types of markers are scattered all over the moor. Legend has it, the heather will no longer grow where the graves are located... nor do birds sing over the moor.
St. James well drinking cup in Donohill, Tipperary County. Well water is believed to be most potent on the eve of a Saint's feast day
Jerusalem pub, Nottingham, England
Legend says that the pub was named the Last Drop because this was where those condemned to die by hanging would have their last drink! The menu is not very extensive, but come here for some Scottish cuisine like neeps and tatties or classic fish and chips and you won't be disappointed.
The oldest relic of the Armstrong clan. It stands 8 ft high and is carved from stone. It was erected (1320) in the memory of Alexander Armstrong, 2nd Laird Mangerton who was killed at Hermitage Castle by the wicked William de Soulis. Legends say this is the place where Armstrong's clansmen rested with his body overnight before taking him to Ettleton Cemetery (Ettleton Kirkyard) for burial - resting place for several other Armstrongs. Ettleton is a village near Castleton, Scottish Borders.
Sláinte is commonly used as a drinking toast in Ireland, literally translating as "health".
The Nine Ladies of Stanton Moor, Derbyshire, England. Neolithic stone circle, (each about 3 ft. high, circle is 33 ft. in diameter), c. 2000-1000 BC; according to legend, the nine standing stones are witches caught dancing on the Sabbath to the sounds of the Devil's fiddle playing. Photograph copyright 1996.... chinese johnny
in denmark, 1950, two brothers were digging peat to be used as fuel when they came across what is now known as the tollund man. he still had hair, skin, and a five o'clock shadow, so they assumed it was a recent murder victim and called the police. upon arrival, they noticed rope around his neck: this wasn't a recent murder victim. in fact, the body was from 300-400 BC, and was shockingly well preserved by the peat.
Scotland is home to the oldest tree in Europe (pictured), a twisted yew which has stood in Fortingall for 3,000 years. According to local legend, Pontius Pilate was born in its shade and played there as a child
Russian women and children recently liberated from a German concentration camp lay flowers at the bodies of 4 dead American soldiers. Russian eye witnesses reported the Americans were slain by German officers after they surrendered. Hilden, Germany 1945.


text:
The grass is greener near greenspaces
A recent UGA study revealed that environmental protection equals additional property tax revenue-good news for local governments looking to preserve greenspace.
The study, conducted by UGA's Institute of Ecology, looked at a variety of greenspace types, including bike and pedestrian trails, parks, tree-protected neighborhoods and lands adjacent to streams protected by Part V of the Georgia Planning Act. It found that, in general, property values rise as a result of proximity to protected greenspace.
The areas studied included Sandy Creek Park in Athens-Clarke County, the Silver Comet Trail in Cobb County and properties impacted by either Fulton County's tree protection ordinance or Habersham County's riparian (stream) buffer law. Houses within 1,500 feet of wildlife habitats were found to generate from $70 to as much as $1,566 more per year in tax revenue than similar homes not adjoining such areas.
Such income could offset the loss in local revenue normally associated with protected areas, said the study's author, Nanette Nelson, because such lands are often tax exempt or taxed at a lower rate. With this kind of information, local governments that rely on property tax revenue might think twice before developing "unused" land, especially since residential developments, on average, do not generate as much in revenue as they require in services, added Nelson, an economist and policy analyst at the Institute.
"Governments also don't consider the indirect revenue that protected areas can generate," said Nelson, citing recreational, restaurant and other consumer businesses that prosper near protected greenspaces. "It would be useful to see if that income differs significantly from nonprotected areas."


text:
March 12, 2022
Adult/Geriatric Drug Therapy 2020 | Updates on Medications in Palliative Care
Adult/Geriatric Drug Therapy 2020
Updates on Medications in Palliative Care
Darrell Owens, DNP, ANP, GNP, ACHPN
Section Head Palliative and Supportive Care, UW Medical Center – Northwest; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine and Nursing, UW
Advanced practice nurse practitioners, especially adult, geriatric and family nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurses, pharmacists and other interested healthcare professionals.
Objectives for Learning Outcomes
At the conclusion of this activity, participants will be better able to:
- Name the three most common symptoms in the palliative care population.
- Identify three commonly used medications and their indications and SE in palliative care.
- Identify three common misconceptions about sx management in palliative care.


text:
Lessons from Mr. Larson: An Inductive Model of Teaching for Orchestrating Discourse
Mary Truxaw, Thomas DeFranco
November 2007, Volume 101, Issue 4, Page 268
One teacher's orchestration of classroom discourse led to the development of an inductive model of teaching. In particular, this teacher's strategic use of verbal assessment helped students generate mathematical understanding. An example of the model is discussed. Sample classroom discussions are provided that revolve around summing reciprocals of the factors of 28.
Skill and Fluency
Sequences / Series


text:
Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION OF KOSUN Slurry Separation Plants, Mud separation units
Environmental slurry separation plants developed by KOSUN is the most advanced technological products in the world, which can be widely used in urban rail transit construction, water conservancy and hydropower construction and municipal engineering. In the next 20 years, the construction of domestic infrastructure will be the key fieleds invested by the State. KOSUN slurry separation plants can meet the environ mental requirements on urban construction and processing. The market demand of environ mental slurry separation plants will be increasing.
Ⅱ.APPLICATION OF KD Slurry Separation Plants, Mud separation units
（1）Slurry balanced shield mud treatment;
（2）Bored pile foundation construction mud treatment (generated by rotary drilling rig, positive and reverse circulation drill and percussion drill during drilling and pore forming);
（3）Underground diaphragm wall construction mud treatment (generated by diaphragm wall and double wheels trench cutter during trenching);
（4）Trenchless construction mud treatment (generated by horizontal directional drilling and slurry pipe jacking).
Ⅲ.STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF KD Slurry Separation Plants, Mud separation units
KD series slurry separation plants mainly consists of scalping shaker module, desanding module and desilting module. As a pre-screener, the scalping shaker can remove coarse particles from mud. The desanding module is equipped with desander (primary cyclones) and fine-mesh shaker and mainly removes granulated sand. The desilting module is equipped with desilter (secondary cyclones) and can conduct a fine separation selectively according to the field needs of customers. Mud closed-loop circulating purification mode and lower water content in slags help reduce the environmental pollution. Wear parts of the system are of anti-corrosion and wear-resistance, long service life and low failure rate, and the system can be suitable for various severe working conditions.
Ⅳ.OVERALL ADVANTAGES OF KD SERIES Slurry Separation Plants, Mud separation units
(1) Simple and useful treatment process, as well as convenient installation, operation and maintenance;
(2) Modular and integrated design, transportation and installation subject to standard container size, foldable operating platform, compact structure, small footprint and flexible field use;
(3) Adjustable G-force of shale shaker, screen panel angle and mesh size, strong overall system adaptability and easier treatment of materials from various formations;
(4) Meet separation requirements on various materials and customize process as per the cut point of D 50 ; meet the requirements on different handling capacities, 100~3000m³/h;
(5) Meet various power specifications as per construction needs, and even generator set can be used for operation;
(6) The whole system is skid-mounted integrated system and can be also changed into vehicle-mounted mobile treatment units.
Ⅴ.KOSUN Slurry Separation Plants, Mud separation units SITE CASES
Solids Particles Treated By Slurry Separation System


Game mechanicsNewbie guideIn developmentDDO StoreSocial Media
ChallengesClassesCollectablesCraftingEnhancementsEpic DestiniesFavorFeats
From DDO wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Skill concentration.png Concentration (Constitution)
Allows you a chance to continue casting a spell after being damaged or otherwise interrupted. When you take damage you roll a D20 + your Concentration score against a difficulty class of 10 + one tenth of the damage received + the level of the spell you are trying to cast. This check occurs when either casting from spellpoints or using a scroll.
The Quicken metamagic eliminates the check when casting a spell from spellpoints while it is active, however, as scrolls cannot be quickened and Quicken costs spellpoints, the skill is still useful even with the Quicken metamagic.
Even if you succeed on the Concentration check, your spell can still be interrupted, for example if you are tripped or held.
This skill is also important for monks as their ability to retain Ki is tied to Concentration.


text:
Write a Super Short Story to win an iPod!
before a vowel, dec-, word-forming element meaning "ten," from Latinized comb. form of Greek deka "ten" (see ten). In the metric system, "multiplied by ten;" while decimeans "divided by ten."
decaor decor dekaor dek-pref. Ten: decane.


text:
Endoscopic system for sexing day-old chicks
Sexing day-old chicks is very important for poultry production. Females are used exclusively for commercial layers, whereas males are preferable in commercial broilers due to their fast growth.
Several methods of chick sexing have been developed, the most popular method being vent sexing, which is performed just by looking for the presence or absence of a rudimentary male sex organ. Although this method is fast and accurate, it requires the observer to be well trained and to have a great deal of practice.
Another method is feather sexing, which uses sex-linked feather characteristics genes. Although this method is easy in practice, it can be applied only to a limited number of chicken breeds and cross breeds.
High accuracy with endoscope sexing
Molecular sexing techniques, which are accurate, but difficult to apply to large number of chicks, are available as well. A modified endoscope system for small animals, based on the 'Chick tester'; a monitor probe to be inserted into the intestine of a chick, used in the 1960-70s, was developed to determine the sex of day-old chicks quickly and accurately.
The probe of the endoscope was inserted from the cloaca into the intestine of a chick, and the presence of testes or ovary was observed through the wall of the intestine. Tests were performed in White leghorn and Rhode Island red chicks using this new system. The accuracy of sexing was 91.1% in White leghorn chicks and 88.3% in Rhode island red chicks, overall accuracy of sexing was 90.2% Data were confirmed by observing gonads after laparotomy or appearances at 80 d of age. Accuracy of sexing male chicks (95.0%) was higher than that of female chicks (86.0%). It is expected that the accuracy would be improved by continuous training in the handling of the endoscope.
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New functionality of psikit #Chemoinformatics #RDKit #Psi4
Happy new year! 'Akemashite Omedetou Gozaimasu' in Japanese!
I and @kzfm_ -san are developing a library which uses a rdkit & psi4 named psikit. You can find brief introduction the concept following URL.
_URL_
Today I added new function that can calculate RESP charge of give molecule. RESP charge means 'Restraints for Deriving
Atomic Charges'. Details can read from this link.
OK, I would like to show how to call new function. It is easy to use but it needs long time for large molecule. I used acetic acid as example. To calculate RESP Charge, user need to run optimization.
############################################
# This code came from RESP branch, not master branch.
############################################
from psikit import Psikit
smi = 'CC(=O)O'
# load smiles and perform optimzation
pk = Psikit()
pk.read_from_smiles(smi)
%time pk.optimize()
>Optimizer: Optimization complete!
>CPU times: user 21.6 s, sys: 920 ms, total: 22.5 s
>Wall time: 6.23 s
>-227.82082530474275
Now I can get HOMO, LUMO and RESP Charge. RESP charges are set as atomic properties of pk.mol object. Let's check before calculation and after calculation.
# Get Atoms from pk.mol object and check atom properties
atoms = pk.mol.GetAtoms()
print(list(atoms[0].GetPropNames()))
> []
# run the calculation
charges = pk.resp_charge
atoms = pk.mol.GetAtoms()
print(list(atoms[0].GetPropNames()))
> ['EP_C', 'RESP_C'] # EP_C means electro static potential, RESP_C means RESP charge.
Finally draw molecule with RESP charges.
from rdkit.Chem.Draw import MolDrawOptions
from rdkit.Chem.Draw import rdMolDraw2D
from IPython.display import SVG
view = rdMolDraw2D.MolDraw2DSVG(600,800)
op = view.drawOptions()
for idx, atom in enumerate(pk.mol.GetAtoms()):
 num = float(atom.GetProp('RESP_C'))
 op.atomLabels[idx] = "{}({:,.2f})".format(atom.GetSymbol(), num)
AllChem.Compute2DCoords(pk.mol)
view.DrawMolecule(pk.mol)
view.FinishDrawing()
svg = view.GetDrawingText().replace('svg:', '')
SVG(svg)
acetic acid with RESP charge 6-31G** basis
The results indicates Oxygen atom has the most negative charge and alpha carbon shows more negative than carbonyl carbon.
The library is now under development. We would like to release the package near the feature.
All code of the post can get from the URL below.
_URL_
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text:
Objectives Accurate and stable extrinsic parameter calibrations are the basis of fusing perception and positioning of cameras and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). To address the problems of the Dhall calibration method in constraint accuracy, stability, and convergence, this paper proposed a LiDAR and camera calibration method with joint point-line-plane constraints.
Methods First, line-line and plane-plane constraints were added, and the Kabsch method was used to obtain a closed-form solution, which reduced the influence of noise in the single corner constraint and improved the accuracy and stability of the calibration results. Then, multi-frame point clouds were superimposed to fit lines, and the fitting corners were averaged, which further reduced the influence of the point cloud noise, thus improving the convergence speed and stability of the calibration method.
Results Experimental results show that the proposed method can converge within 20 frames, and the reprojection error of the corner points was less than 2 cm.
Conclusions The proposed method has faster convergence speed and higher accuracy than the original method.


announcement***Please note - due to strict working conditions, parcels are currently leaving within 3-5 business days - ALSO our lines have a technical fault this week and they will be back up and running soon***
RETURN TO Bushcraft Articles and Guides
Wild Cooking | Bannock Bread Recipe
Wild Cooking | Bannock Bread Recipe
Coming from the Gaelic bannach, bonnach or bhannag (meaning 'morsel'), Bannock Bread is a simple flatbread that originated in Scotland. There are many opinions on where the word bannock came from however the actual translation means "to panic".
Bannock is not to be confused with Australian Damper though. Bannock refers to any large round article baked or cooked from grain. Damper on the other hand is traditionally baked or cooked from wheat flour and water.
Bannock was taken to North America by the Scottish explorers and traders. This inevitably lead to the indigenous people of the Northern Great Plains adopting bannock into their own cuisine.
There are now an infinite number of variations available on this simple recipe of what is essentially flour and water. Bannock is a great source of carbohydrates, and can compliment stews, meats and many other dishes.
Bannock can be made entirely from foraged natural resources in the wilderness, but only if you are lucky enough to be in a suitable location with the right seeds and roots avaialble.
Seasonal fruits, nuts and maple, birch and also sycamore sap can be used instead of water (or as well as) for binding the ingredients.
Bannock is easy to prepare and so many ingredients can work with it, making it a fun, simple and nourishing food source.
Below is a basic recipe that we have used for years. From this basic recipe you can add whatever you like. Great additions are seasonal fruits or nuts and if you want to pack some tasty additions; dried fruits, chocolate and honey are always a great start!
Bannock Recipe:
 - 3 mugs of flour (any type)
 - 2 mugs of milk powder
 - 1 tsp of baking powder
 - 1 tsp sugar
 - Enough water to make a nice thick dough
 - Anything else you want to add
Once you have a thick dough, you can either break it into patties or fill the bottom of your pot. Put the pot on some good embers and make sure you keep turning the bannock whilst cooking.
Times will vary enormously depending on how hot your fire is and how close your pot is to it. Keep checking for a golden brown colours and a hollow sound when you tap them.
A variation of this recipe (although some would argue is damper), is to twist the dough around a green stick (maybe an inch thick) and cook above the embers or near a fire until golden brown. When it's cooked, allow it to cool. Then remove the stick and you can fill the whole with jam, or a sausage like a hot dog!
There are plenty of variations on basic bannock bread. We would love for you to share your own personal variations on this bushcraft classic!
One controversial suggestion for damper bread - liberally coat the outside with warmed butter blended with Marmite! If it's kept warm, it'll go on with a pastry brush.
Ivan Roulson 19-05-2020 at 22:15
(* Not displayed on site)


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Extending Eclipse monitoring, profiling, and testing functions
Previous Page Home Next Page
Log Analysis APIs
The log analysis service provides a set of APIs to analyze a list of common base events against a list of symptom catalogs. The following workflow shows the steps to analyze a list of common base events.
 1. Create an analysis facade.
 2. Register a list of symptom catalogs.
 3. Create a context object that will contain information needed by the analysis operation.
 4. Create list of rules for the analysis operation.
 5. Select an analysis operation from a list of registered analysis operations.
 6. Analyze the log agent against the list of rules.
 7. Check the context status to determine if the analysis operation was successful.
The following code snippet illustrates this workflow and demonstrates how to analyze a list of common base events against a set of symptom catalogs.
1
IAnalysisFacade analysisFacade = AnalysisFacadeFactoryWrapper.instance();
2
String[] sympDbs = new String[1];
sympDbs[0] = "file://D:/myWorkSpace/sdb/test.symptom";
analysisFacade.registerSymptomDatabases(sympDbs);
3
ICorrelationOperationContext context = analysisFacade.createOperationContext();
4
List rules = analysisFacade.createRulesList(context);
5
List operations = analysisFacade.getRegisteredAnalysisOperations(context);
IBaseAnalysisOperation xpathOperation = (IBaseAnalysisOperation)operations.get(0);
6
context.setProperty(XPathCorrelationEngine.STATELOCATION, "D:\\myWorkSpace\\temp");
List result = new ArrayList();
analysisFacade.analyzeLog(xpathOperation, getEvents(), rules, result, context);
7
if (context.getStatus().isOK())
 System.out.println("Analysis successful!");
1. Create an analysis facade
IAnalysisFacade provides all the necessary APIs to perform an analysis operation. The following factory method should be used to create the IAnalysisFacade instance.
AnalysisFacadeFactoryWrapper.instance()
2. Register a list of symptom catalogs
Before analyze a log a set of symptom catalogs must be registered with the facade. The registered catalogs will be used to construct a list of symptom rules that will be used to analyze the list of common base event. The following IAnalysisFacade API takes in a list of paths that specifies the location of the symptom catalogs.
public void registerSymptomDatabases(String[] symptomdbPath)
The IAnalysisFacade also provides APIs to de-register the symptom catalog.
3. Create a context object that will contain information needed by the analysis operation
Each analysis operation may require specific configuration information to complete the operation. Specific configuration information is passed to the analysis operation via the context object. One should consult the java doc for each analysis operation to determine the configuration information needed.
4. Create list of rules for the analysis operation
Once the list of symptom catalogs are registered the rules used for analysis can be created. The following IAnalysisFacade API should be used to create the rule list.
public List createRulesList(IOperationContext context)
5. Select an analysis operation from a list of registered analysis operations
A list of analysis operations can be registered with the service. The following extension point can be used to register analysis operations.
 - org.eclipse.hyades.analysis.engine.logAnalyzer
There is a corresponding ICorrelationFacade APIs to get a list of registered analysis operations from the above extension point.
public List getRegisteredAnalysisOperations(IOperationContext context)
A particular analysis operation should be selected from the returned lists.
6. Analyze the log agent against the list of rules
The next step is to analyze the list of common base events using the following API.
public void analyzeLog(IBaseAnalysisOperation operation, List events, List rules, List result, ICorrelationOperationContext context)
This API. takes in the selected analysis operation, the list of common base event to analyze, the list of symptom rules and a context object that contains configuration information needed by the analysis operation. Note in the above example it sets a temporary directory to store the transient data of the analysis operation. In this case the XPath analysis engine requires a cache directory to save temporary data.
7. Check the context status to determine if the analysis operation was successful
Once the analysis has completed status information should be checked to make sure the analysis operation was successful. The status information is stored in a org.eclipse.tptp.platform.provisional.correlation.common.IOperationStatus instance which can be extracted from the context object.
Related concepts
Determining problems in distributed applications using the Log and Trace Analyzer
Log file correlation

 Published under the terms of the Eclipse Public License Version 1.0 ("EPL") Design by Interspire


text:
Failure and maintenance of ebike controller
Failure and maintenance of ebike controller
Factors affecting the reliability of the ebike controller:
1. The failure of the ebike controller, in terms of manifestations, has the following types:
（1）The power device is damaged;
（2）The internal power supply of the controller is damaged;
（3）The controller works intermittently;
（4）The control signal is lost due to the wear of the connecting wire and the bad or falling off of the connector.
2. The causes of the above failure forms are analyzed as follows:
A. The damage of power devices generally has the following possibilities: motor damage; poor quality of the power device itself or insufficient selection level; device installation or vibration looseness; motor overload; power device drive circuit damage Or caused by unreasonable parameter design.
B. The internal power supply of the ebike controller is damaged. Generally, there are the following possibilities: the internal circuit of the controller is short-circuited; the peripheral control components are short-circuited; the external leads are short-circuited.
C. The ebike controller works intermittently. Generally, there are the following possibilities: the device itself is parameter drifting under high temperature or low temperature environment; the large power consumption of the overall design of the controller causes the local temperature of some devices to be too high and the device itself enters the protection Status; poor contact.
D. The connection line is worn and the contact plug-in is in poor contact or falls off. Generally, there are the following possibilities:
The wire selection is unreasonable; the protection of the wire is not complete; the selection of the connector is not good; the crimping of the wire harness and the connector is not strong.
Controller failure and maintenance:
By measuring the power supply voltage or signal voltage of the connecting parts or leads of the ebike controller, the fault of the controller can be analyzed and judged. The following is the inspection and troubleshooting methods for common faults of the controller.
1. There is no output from the brush ebike controller
Check the high and low potential of the output signal of the brake first. If the signal of the brake has a potential change exceeding 4V when the brake is squeezed, the fault of the brake can be eliminated. After that, perform circuit analysis according to the function table of the commonly used chip pins of the brush controller, and the measured voltage values of the main control chip and the logic chip, and check whether the value of the peripheral components (resistance, capacitance, diode) of each chip is consistent with the surface of the component The identities are the same, and it is detected that the peripheral device or the integrated circuit is malfunctioning. We can eliminate the fault by replacing the device of the same model.
2. The brushless controller has no output
The faults of the brushless ebike controller power supply and the brake handle can be eliminated by referring to the troubleshooting methods of the brushless controller.
The running fault is generally caused by the breakdown of the MOS tube. If the MOS tube is damaged, the fault can be eliminated by replacing the same type of device.
4. The power supply of the brushed controller component is abnormal
The internal power supply of the ebike controller generally adopts three-terminal voltage stabilized integrated electrical appliances, generally 7805, 7806, 7812, 7815 voltage stabilized integrated circuits, and their output voltages are 5V, 6V, 12V, 15V, and generally brushed controllers can pass Replace the three-terminal voltage regulator integrated circuit to eliminate the fault.
5. The brushless controller has no output at all
Refer to the main phase check measurement diagram of the brushless ebike controller to check whether the voltage corresponds to the rotation angle of the handle. If there is no corresponding relationship, it means that the PWM circuit or MOS transistor drive circuit in the controller is faulty. Refer to the main phase check diagram of the brushless controller, and measure whether the voltage of the input and output pins of the chip corresponds to the rotation angle of the handle, and you can determine which chips are faulty. Replace the chip of the same model to eliminate the fault. The following table shows the commonly used chip pin functions of brushless controllers.
6. Replacement method and precautions of circuit components
In the case of detecting damage to the integrated circuit and MOS tube, it is necessary to replace the integrated circuit and MOS tube. Here are some common operating methods.
1. Disassemble the integrated circuit
When disassembling, heat the printed circuit board with an alcohol lamp flame outer flame to weld the circuit pin pads. Move the printed circuit board quickly and evenly until the solder on all pads melts. Use tweezers to remove the integrated circuit from the printed circuit board. When soldering, clean the solder in the solder hole, insert the integrated circuit, and quickly solder the pins with a well-grounded electric soldering iron. Note that the speed should be fast, so as not to cause excessive local temperature due to the long soldering time, and damage the circuit or the pad.
2. Disassemble the power device
When disassembling, cut off the MOS tube or the three-terminal voltage regulator pins, and then solder their pins separately, so as to avoid damaging the printed circuit board pads when disassembling large-pin components.
3. Welding integrated circuits and power devices The trick to welding is whether it can be welded well at one time.
Because the soldering iron has a certain amount of heat, if the soldering iron stays at the soldering place for a long time, it is likely that the heat from the soldering iron will be transferred to the non-soldering parts, and the high-precision parts will be damaged. This is what is particularly noteworthy when welding electric components in electric vehicles, so as to avoid damaging the circuits inside the components. To solder integrated circuits and power devices, first remove excess solder to make the solder clean and make the pad holes clearly visible. Then use an electric soldering iron less than or equal to 30W to solder the integrated circuits and power devices to the corresponding positions.
If you are interested in our electric bicycles, you can log on our official website to know more about details. If you have any query please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to your arrival. _URL_
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual / ... / Collation Coercibility in Expressions
Pre-General Availability Draft: 2018-02-22
10.8.4 Collation Coercibility in Expressions
In the great majority of statements, it is obvious what collation MySQL uses to resolve a comparison operation. For example, in the following cases, it should be clear that the collation is the collation of column x:
SELECT x FROM T ORDER BY x;
SELECT x FROM T WHERE x = x;
SELECT DISTINCT x FROM T;
However, with multiple operands, there can be ambiguity. For example:
SELECT x FROM T WHERE x = 'Y';
Should the comparison use the collation of the column x, or of the string literal 'Y'? Both x and 'Y' have collations, so which collation takes precedence?
A mix of collations may also occur in contexts other than comparison. For example, a multiple-argument concatenation operation such as CONCAT(x,'Y') combines its arguments to produce a single string. What collation should the result have?
To resolve questions like these, MySQL checks whether the collation of one item can be coerced to the collation of the other. MySQL assigns coercibility values as follows:
 - An explicit COLLATE clause has a coercibility of 0 (not coercible at all).
 - The concatenation of two strings with different collations has a coercibility of 1.
 - The collation of a column or a stored routine parameter or local variable has a coercibility of 2.
 - A system constant (the string returned by functions such as USER() or VERSION()) has a coercibility of 3.
 - The collation of a literal has a coercibility of 4.
 - The collation of a numeric or temporal value has a coercibility of 5.
 - NULL or an expression that is derived from NULL has a coercibility of 6.
MySQL uses coercibility values with the following rules to resolve ambiguities:
 - Use the collation with the lowest coercibility value.
 - If both sides have the same coercibility, then:
 - If both sides are Unicode, or both sides are not Unicode, it is an error.
 - If one of the sides has a Unicode character set, and another side has a non-Unicode character set, the side with Unicode character set wins, and automatic character set conversion is applied to the non-Unicode side. For example, the following statement does not return an error:
 SELECT CONCAT(utf8_column, latin1_column) FROM t1;
 It returns a result that has a character set of utf8 and the same collation as utf8_column. Values of latin1_column are automatically converted to utf8 before concatenating.
 - For an operation with operands from the same character set but that mix a _bin collation and a _ci or _cs collation, the _bin collation is used. This is similar to how operations that mix nonbinary and binary strings evaluate the operands as binary strings, except that it is for collations rather than data types.
Although automatic conversion is not in the SQL standard, the standard does say that every character set is (in terms of supported characters) a subset of Unicode. Because it is a well-known principle that what applies to a superset can apply to a subset, we believe that a collation for Unicode can apply for comparisons with non-Unicode strings.
The following table illustrates some applications of the preceding rules.
ComparisonCollation Used
column1 = 'A'Use collation of column1
column1 = 'A' COLLATE xUse collation of 'A' COLLATE x
column1 COLLATE x = 'A' COLLATE yError
To determine the coercibility of a string expression, use the COERCIBILITY() function (see Section 12.14, "Information Functions"):
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY('A' COLLATE latin1_swedish_ci);
 -> 0
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY(VERSION());
 -> 3
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY('A');
 -> 4
mysql> SELECT COERCIBILITY(1000);
 -> 5
For implicit conversion of a numeric or temporal value to a string, such as occurs for the argument 1 in the expression CONCAT(1, 'abc'), the result is a character (nonbinary) string that has a character set and collation determined by the character_set_connection and collation_connection system variables. See Section 12.2, "Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation".
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Validate Method
Applies to TestComplete 15.65, last modified on July 17, 2024
This method is obsolete. See the Remarks section below.
Description
Generates the OnValidate event for the testObjectObj object. You can use this event to check whether some object properties are valid.
Declaration
TestObj.Validate(Params)
TestObj A variable, parameter or expression that specifies a reference to one of the objects listed in the Applies To section
Params [in] Optional Variant Default value:
Result None
Applies To
All processes, windows, controls and onscreen objects.
View Mode
To view this method in the Object Browser panel and in other panels and dialogs, activate the Advanced view mode.
Parameters
The method has the following parameter:
Params
Parameter(s) that will be passed to the OnValidate event handler. This can be either a single object or value, or an array of values.
Result Value
None.
Remarks
This method is obsolete. It is supported for backward compatibility only. To validate object properties, use property checkpoints.
Example
JavaScript, JScript
var P = new Array(3);
P[0] = 1;
P[1] = "String";
P[2] = false;
Obj.Validate(P);
// Obj is the object to be validated. It can be any tested object (window, process, etc).
Python
P = []
P.append(1)
P.append("String")
P.append(False)
Obj.Validate(P)
# Obj is the object to be validated. It can be any tested object (window, process, etc).
VBScript
Dim P(2)
P(0) = 1
P(1) = "String"
P(2) = False
Obj.Validate P
' Obj is the object to be validated. It can be any tested object (window, process, etc).
DelphiScript
P := CreateVariantArray(0, 2);
P[0] := 1;
P[1] := 'String';
P[2] := false;
Obj.Validate(P);
// Obj is the object to be validated. It can be any tested object (window, process, etc).
C++Script, C#Script
var P = new Array(3);
P[0] = 1;
P[1] = "String";
P[2] = false;
Obj["Validate"](P);
// Obj is the object to be validated. It can be any tested object (window, process, etc).
See Also
About Property Checkpoints
About Object Checkpoints
OnValidate Event
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text:
This optical brainteaser presents a unique and fun challenge that can be used to teach the basic dimensions of color: hue, value and saturation. The 64 colors on the cube are combinations of cyan, magenta and yellow. Each cube is made up of 0%, 33%, 67% or 100% of the three colors. As you arrange the 64 smaller cubes to build the large cube, your challenge is to find the one truly harmonious solution to this puzzle. Instructions, color poster and color guide included. For ages 10 to 110! This is a great combination of art and science!
Made in Canada.


Versions Compared
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WSO2 Analytics extensions cater usecase specific logics that Platform has the capability of receiving/sending events from event sources/sinks via various transport protocols. An analytics extensions cater the requirement of connecting various event sources/sinks that are not out of the box available in Siddhi. For example if you want to do natural language processing that analyse or derives meaning from some English language input, you can use the nlp extension with Siddhi.WSO2 Analytics Platform.
Input event adapters are used to receive events from event sources. For example if you want to use rabbitmq server as event source, you can use rabbitmq event input adapter to receive events.


text:
Online Grower Safety Training Resources
Over the last several years there have been an increased number of Anhydrous Ammonia releases and hospitalizations due to inhalation or skin exposure.
The Illinois Fertilizer and Chemical Association (IFCA), in cooperation with Illinois Farm Bureau, Illinois Corn Growers Association, and Illinois Department of Agriculture have developed a new online Anhydrous Ammonia Safety Awareness training program specifically designed for farmers. Funded by a grant from the Illinois Nutrient Research & Education Council (NREC), the online program consists of five training modules including: Properties and Characteristics of NH3, Proper Personal Protective Equipment, Transportation to and From the Field, Safe Hook-Up in the Field, and Emergency/First Aid Procedures.
There is no cost to use the safety awareness training program which is specifically designed for on-farm employees and family members who work around, transport, or apply anhydrous ammonia. The safety awareness program can be accessed 24/7 by clicking the link below.


text:
The "march" of the flower girls is one of the most widespread traditions in weddings around the world. While many of us enjoy watching the young girls walk down the aisle spreading flower petals, the majority of us don't take the time to actually think about where this tradition came from. The history of flower girls is a rather long history as it actually dates back to ancient Rome.
During the times of the ancient Romans, the bride was preceded down the aisle by young girls carrying baskets filled with herbs and wheat. These items may seem unusual to us, but was a significant symbol of prosperity and blessings to the ancient Romans. Since those days long ago, the history of flower girls has evolved and remained a dominant wedding tradition throughout the centuries.
You may be interested in learning a little more about the history of flower girls. During the Medieval Era, flower girls were armed with garlic in hopes of discouraging the evil spirits from getting too close. As time passed, and the Elizabethan Era emerged, flower bearers dropped flower petals on the roadway from the bride's home to the church during the wedding procession, with the flower girl carrying the bride's cup fully decorated with colorful ribbons.
After the Elizabethan Era, the history of flower girls becomes more similar to how things are done today. Young flower girls wore dresses of white material that were accented with a colored sash, much like the flower girls of today. Since that time, the most dramatic change we've seen in flower girls are the styles of dresses they wear as the dresses generally represent the popular styles of the times.


text:
LabVIEW-Based Automatic Control Systems Laboratory Using Local and Remote Experimentation Approaches
A one unit, three-hour automatic control systems laboratory course was modified to incorporate LabVIEW-based student-developed controls projects. After learning LabVIEW during the first three weeks of the course, each student was required to develop and perform three PC-based data acquisition and control experiments. The final experiment involved the development of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) wind velocity control system for a small subsonic wind tunnel. In addition to the course, students and researchers can access the wind tunnel speed control system via the Internet to investigate the effects of different gain settings on the PID wind tunnel control system.


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I have a point shapefile with thousand of points. It has an ID code field that supposed to be unique. Every now and then the data entry clerk wrongly type the id creating duplicates.Right now I'm manually scrolling the field to find the duplicate.Is there a sane way to do this using the Search Query Builder? Thanks for any help.
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If you need to enforce uniqueness I would recommend using a database e.g. Postgres/PostGIS, Spatailite – Nathan W Jun 20 '12 at 10:26
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
If the IDs are consecutive, I would add a new temporary column with unique values like _USER_.shp suggested and then use the query builder to search for ID!= uniqueID.
That would return the duplicates directly. After fixing the original IDs, remove the extra column or repeat the whole process as needed — it is not clear what kind of pattern your IDs must match. If they just need to be unique, note the last value first and you can then edit the bad IDs in one iteration, just bumping the number as you go.
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Use Group Stats plugin and set the ID as a field classification. You can see how many times each value has been entered in 'count' column.
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A quick (although inelegant) way to do this is to go into Layer properties, select Style - Categorized using the column that you're interested in. Apply this, then right click on the layer in the layers window and check the Show Feature Count checkbox. Then expand the layer in the layers window and you can immediately see how many times each value has been entered.
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Also you can use the split by attribute and end up with a seperate table for each value.
I like Rayo's suggestion though. except statist doesn't quite work like I thought it did.
It does give a count of unique values but doesn't help with what those values are.
Another software might add a count field and allow you to export it to csv or other spreadsheet format.
My suggestion for the split layer by attribute is in the vector management tools
management too
split your data on any 1 field an dyou will have your counts.
way more inelegant than ship.ship's solution
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Please consider upvoting the answers you like! – whuber Jun 20 '12 at 18:58
self upvote is not allowed! – Brad Nesom Nov 20 '12 at 16:35
Yeah I banged my head against the wall for similar problem.
Here is my script for removing features with same ID's. It takes first feature with more than one index attribute and writes it to new feature class.
_TAG_ of inputs and outputs
# Written by: Gregor Skrt
##[Example scripts]=group
##unique_field=field input
##output=output vector
_TAG_ body
from qgis.core import *
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from processing.core.VectorWriter import VectorWriter
# "input" contains the location of the selected layer.
# We get the actual object, so we can get its bounds
layer = processing.getobject(input)
provider = layer.dataProvider()
fields = provider.fields()
writer = VectorWriter(output, None, fields, provider.geometryType(), layer.crs() )
inFeat = QgsFeature()
outFeat = QgsFeature()
inGeom = QgsGeometry()
nElement = 0
values = {}
value_field_index = layer.fieldNameIndex(unique_field)
feats = processing.getfeatures(layer)
nFeat = len(feats)
for inFeat in feats:
 progress.setPercentage(int((100 * nElement)/nFeat))
 nElement += 1
 inGeom = inFeat.geometry()
 attrs = inFeat.attributes()
 value = attrs[value_field_index]
 if value not in values:
 _TAG_ ne vem ce bo drzalo???
del writer
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Your Answer


Am I a tobacco retailer?
A tobacco retailer means any person who sells, offers for sale, or does or offers to exchange for any form of consideration, tobacco, tobacco products, or tobacco paraphernalia. "Tobacco retailing" shall mean the doing of any of these things. This definition is without regard to the quantity sold, offered for sale, exchanged, or offered for exchange.
Show All Answers
1. How does a Tobacco Retailer License (TRL) work?
2. Am I a tobacco retailer?
3. What are tobacco products?
4. What is tobacco paraphernalia?
5. What is a significant tobacco retailer?
6. What is the minimum sale age for tobacco products?
7. I already have a state tobacco license issued by the California State Board of Equalization. Why do I need a tobacco license from the City?
8. What does the City's tobacco license require?
9. How much is the license?
10. How long is the license effective?
11. When must I re-apply for a license?
12. Is my Tobacco Retail License transferable if I sell my business or pass it down to a family member?
13. Can I sell tobacco from a mobile location such as a truck or car?
14. Will there be inspections?
15. What will happen if I am cited for a license violation during an inspection?
16. What if I no longer want to sell tobacco products?


text:
. Limit exposure time and rinse thoroughly.
- Avoid abrasive pads, scouring powders, bleaches, vinegar, and citrus or acidic cleaners which can damage quartz.
- Blot up spills immediately before they absorb and cause stains. Quartz is less prone to staining when wiped promptly.
- Deep clean quartz every few weeks with a specially formulated quartz cleaner and non-abrasive scrubbing.
- Reseal quartz every 1-2 years to enhance water beading and stain resistance. Use a sealant made for engineered stone.
- Inspect for etching or damage every 6 months. Refinishing may be needed in high use areas.
- Heat resistance is excellent but still use trivets. Sudden temperature changes from very hot items can damage quartz.
With proper care, cleaning, and maintenance, quartz countertops will stay looking like new for many years. Following these best practices will help prevent damage and keep the surface pristine.
Quartz offers durability and low maintenance but still requires regular cleaning and care. Lysol all purpose cleaner can safely sanitize quartz surfaces when used properly at the right dilution. Limiting exposure time, rinsing thoroughly, and avoiding abrasives allows Lysol to disinfect without damaging the quartz. Combining gentle cleaning with prompt spill wipe ups and occasional resealing keeps quartz counters spotless. With the right practices, quartz countertops will stay looking flawless for the lifetime of the kitchen or bath.


John Franke jmfranke at cox.net
Sun Jul 1 10:29:41 PDT 2007
The area of a grid square is not uniform, it depends on your latitude. The
"height" of a square formed by latitude and longitude lines is simply the
difference in latitude, in degrees times 60 nautical miles. However the
length of a segment of a latitude line between to longitudes in nautical
miles is approximately the difference in longitudes times 60 times the
cosine of the latitude. Only at the equator, latitude equals zero degrees,
is length of a degree of latitude and a degree of longitude equal. The area
of grid squares decreases as you move north or south away from the equator.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Frank A Cahoy"
To:
Sent: Sunday, July 01, 2007 12:07 PM
Subject: [amsat-bb] Grid Square..Physical Size??
> Hello All,
> Can anyone reading this provide us with those actual numbers?
> Thank you in advance...
> 73 Frank, K0BLT
> _______________________________________________
More information about the AMSAT-BB mailing list


Project Info
Team Members
1 member with an unpublished profile.
Project Description
Solve water issues in drought areas by providing water supply solutions using rainfall data,terrain data and ground water solutions
Data Story
Solve water issues of drought areas by identifying the optimized cost effective water solutions by using AI algorithm to deploy water conservation solution for the drought areas
Team DataSets
This team does not currently have any datasets.
Challenge Entries
Innovative ways to be efficient with water
Innovative ideas about water efficiency. Climate change means that we will have more unpredictable weather. Some of Australia is in drought and some areas have plenty of water. That changes each year. Water efficiency was a focus around the millennium drought. We want new, innovative and untapped ideas on ways to be efficient with water use. These ideas could include how we use water, how we can save water, how we waste water, how everyone can make a difference in using water wisely, water rules and ideas on saving water for the future.
Go to Challenge | 26 teams have entered this challenge.


text:
Hear It Now, an American radio program on CBS, began in December 1950, ending in June 1951. It was hosted by
Edward R. Murrow and produced by Murrow and Fred W. Friendly. It ran for one hour on Fridays at 9 pm Eastern Time. Edward R. Murrow KBE
(born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an American broadcast journalist. He was generally referred to as Ed Murrow.
He first came to prominence with a series of radio broadcasts for the news division of the Columbia Broadcasting System during World War II,
which were followed by millions of listeners in the United States. During the war he assembled a team of foreign correspondents who came to
be known as the Murrow Boys. A pioneer of television news broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of reports that helped lead to the censure
of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Fellow journalists Eric Sevareid, Ed Bliss, Bill Downs, Dan Rather, and Alexander Kendrick consider Murrow one
of journalism's greatest figures, noting his honesty and integrity in delivering the news.


text:
LAHORE: Power Intake System of Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project (NJHP) at dam site has been completed with the operationalization of the third de-sander in order to meet water requirement for generating power from all units of the project.
The de-sanders have been constructed with project's dam to divert water from reservoir to the water way system comprising 52-kilometer long tunnel system to generate electricity at the power house .
At present, three units of Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project have been generating power, therefore, impounding level in the reservoir has also been enhanced to meet the increased water demands of all units in operation, said a spokesman of WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) here on Wednesday.
He mentioned that NJHP had three main components - dam and de-sander, water way system and power house . The dam and three de-sanders had been constructed across Neelum River at Nauseri in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, he said and added that concrete and rock filled dam was 60 meter high and 261 meter long.
Maximum water storage capacity of the reservoir, he continued, was 10 million cubic meter, while maximum operation level of the reservoir was 1015 meter above mean sea level.
At present, water level in the reservoir was 1006.5 meter above mean sea level as per the demand of power house . As many as 70 cubic meter per second water out flow was required to generate power from each unit installed at the power house , he concluded.


EU extends sanctions against Russia
EU extends sanctions against Russia
The European Union (EU) has decided to extend the sanctions against Russia for one year due to the illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol.
The European Council announced that the restrictive measures implemented by the EU due to Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol have been extended until 23 June 2022.
According to the decision, the activities of EU citizens and companies in the Crimea and Sevastopol regions are limited with the extended sanctions.
Import of products from Crimea and Sevastopol to EU countries is not allowed.
EU citizens or companies cannot invest and provide financial services in Crimea and Sevastopol.
Some products and technologies to be used in the transportation, telecommunications and energy sectors cannot be exported to these regions.
In particular, the provision of technology and technical support for oil, natural gas and mineral exploration, extraction and production is prevented.
Russia illegally annexed the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in March 2014. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia and the events in eastern Ukraine, the EU, the USA and some countries began to impose sanctions on Russia.
Leave a Reply


text:
Fully updated and carefully revised, this new 2nd edition of History by Numbers stands alone as the only textbook on quantitative methods suitable for students of history. Even the numerically challenged will find inspiration.
Taking a problem-solving approach and using authentic historical data, it describes each method in turn, including its origin, purpose, usefulness and associated pitfalls. The problems are developed gradually and with narrative skill, allowing readers to experience the moment of discovery for each of the interpretative outcomes.
Quantitative methods are essential for the modern historian, and this lively and accessible text will prove an invaluable guide for anyone entering the discipline.
Pat Hudson is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Cardiff, UK.
Mina Ishizu has recently held research fellowship posts in history at Manchester University and at the London School of Economics, UK.


Creating and managing indexes on read replicas
This page describes how to add and drop indexes on Cloud SQL read replicas. While a replica is normally read-only, there might be times you want to create secondary indexes on tables for reporting purposes. Cloud SQL offers a set of stored procedures for managing these indexes.
Terminology
 - Clustered index. The main index on a MySQL table that physically orders the rows on disk. When you define a primary key on a table, MySQL uses it as the clustered index. There can only be one clustered index on a table.
 - Secondary index. An additional index on a MySQL table that optimizes query performance.
Stored procedures for indexes
Cloud SQL includes two stored procedures in the mysql schema that you can use to add and drop secondary indexes on a MySQL read replica. Note that while these procedures can run on a primary source instance, they are designed for read replicas.
mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica
Adds a secondary index on the database. This stored procedure is a wrapper for the CREATE INDEX DDL statement.
Parameters:
 - idxType - Type of index to create. For example, pass UNIQUE to create a unique index.
 - idxName - Name of the index.
 - tableName - Name of the table in the format of schema.name.
 - idxDefinition - Definition of the index. Do not include outer parentheses.
 - idxOption - Any additional options to pass on index creation. For example, in MySQL 8.0, an option could pass INVISIBLE for an invisible index.
Syntax:
mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica(idxType, idxName, tableName, idxDefinition, idxOption)

mysql.dropSecondaryIdxOnReplica
Drops a secondary index on the database. This stored procedure is a wrapper for the DROP INDEX DDL statement.
Parameters:
 - idxName - Name of the index.
 - tableName - Name of the table in the format of schema.name.
 - idxOption - Any additional options to pass when dropping an index. For example, an algorithm option like INPLACE.
Syntax:
mysql.dropSecondaryIdxOnReplica(idxName, tableName, idxOption)

For the idxType and idxOption parameters, consult the documentation for the major version of MySQL running on the Cloud SQL instance.
Examples
Correct Usage
Here are some example invocations of the procedures. Suppose we have a table with the following definition.
CREATE TABLE sampletest.t1(
 id int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 first_name varchar(64) NOT NULL,
 last_name varchar(64) NOT NULL,
 license_id int NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (id),
 KEY idx_fname (first_name)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
If you wanted to create a regular index named t1_fname_lname on the first_name and last_name columns, you would execute the following:
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica('', 't1_fname_lname', 'sampletest.t1', 'first_name, last_name', '')
If you also wanted to create a unique index named t1_license_id on the license_id column with the comment "unique license id," you would execute the following:
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica('unique', 't1_license_id', 'sampletest.t1', 'license_id', 'comment \"unique license id\"')
If you then wanted to drop the t1_fname_lname index, you would execute the following:
call mysql.dropSecondaryIdxOnReplica('t1_fname_lname', 'sampletest.t1', '')
Incorrect Usage
The following attempt to create an index on the first_name and last_name columns fails due to the outer parentheses in the idxDefinition parameter.
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica('', 't1_extra_parenthesis', 'sampletest.t1', '(first_name, last_name)', '')
You can only add indexes on customer created tables. The following attempt to create an index on the host column of the mysql.servers table fails.
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica('', 'idx_invalid', 'mysql.servers', 'host', '')
You can only use the dropSecondaryIdxOnReplica procedure to drop indexes previously created using the addSecondaryIdxOnReplica procedure. For example, the following call to drop the existing idx_fname index fails.
call mysql.dropSecondaryIdxOnReplica('idx_fname', 'sampletest.t1', '')
SQL injection in these procedure calls will fail. For example, the following SQL injection with a comment sequence will fail.
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica(\"user 'a'@'%' --\", 'idx_fname', 'sampletest.t1', 'first_name', '')
Similarly, this SQL injection attempt with a delimiter fails.
call mysql.addSecondaryIdxOnReplica('', 'idx_fname', 'sampletest.t1', 'first_name', ';flush status')
Recreation of read replicas
Occasionally, when there's an issue, Cloud SQL recreates a read replica from the primary source in order to quickly recover the instance. Indexes created on the read replica prior to a recreate operation are not persisted. It is the responsibility of the customer to recreate these indexes using the stored procedures on the read replica.
What's next


5 Couple Activities *Scientifically* Proven To Improve Relationship!
Last Updated: | By: Relationships
When you wan to have a fun night or spend time with your partner, you might check google for helping you but you never go and look for a scientific journal. Google always has answer for all your questions but there are times when those answers do not give the desired results.
You want to spend time with your partner to be closer to them and get the roots of your relationship stronger but if the activities that you do are not that effective then the results might not be desired ones.
So here is a list of activities that you can do together that are also scientifically proven to improve your relationship.
1. Play 20 Questions
This game is the most famous and cliche but it is also the most effective one. It brings people closer when they talk about life, feelings, etc.
2. Workout Together
When you exercise, your body releases endorphin, which would help you feel positively towards each other and also the increased heart rate would make your excitement level rise.
3. Reading Together
Research shows that people grow closer by revealing and sharing new thoughts, ideas and fantasies with each other, [and]reading a book and then discussing it is a fun way for couples to grow closer. It makes you more attractive in the eyes of the partner.
4. Doing Household Work Together
Yes the task is tedious but when you do it with your partner, you work in a sync which improves the relation. Washing the dirty dishes is what you do daily but what can be done is investing a whole day to clean and remodel your home.
5. Do Daring Adventures Together
Yes, this makes the couple grow closer. Because you feel nervous and get the support from your partner, and enjoying the thrill together brings you closer.
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Suppose I write a class, but don't define a __hash__ for it. Then __hash__(self) defaults to id(self) (self's memory address), according to the documentation.
However I don't see in the documentation, how this value is being used.
So if my __hash__ was simply return 1, which would cause the hash of all instances of my class to be the same, they all get bucketed into the same underlying hash bucket (which I assume is implemented in C). However, this does not mean that the return value of __hash__ is being used as the key to bin elements in this underlying hash table.
So really, my question is: what happens to the value returned by __hash__? is it used as the key directly, or is its hash (or the result of some other computation performed on it) used as the key to the hash table?
In case it matters, I'm on python2.7
EDIT: To clarify, I'm not asking about how hash collisions are handled. In python, this seems to be done with linear chaining. Instead, I'm asking how the return value of __hash__ translates into the memory address (?) of the corresponding bucket.
share|improve this question
1
possible duplicate of Python. Identity in sets of objects. And hashing – BrenBarn Jan 24 '13 at 3:00

@BrenBarn: this is not a duplicate of that question. That question asks how hashing works and why equivalent objects are not duplicated in a set. My question is how does the output of __hash__ translate into the memory location of the bucket in which that object is stored – inspectorG4dget Jan 24 '13 at 3:16
2
I don't think that's defined by the language, as most aspects of Python aren't defined at that level of granularity. The behavior is defined, as described in the post I linked to (and others mentioned there). – BrenBarn Jan 24 '13 at 3:21
1
Also, I don't quite get what you mean by "the underlying hash table". What underlying hash table, underlying what? __hash__ is only used when hashing objects (e.g., for use in a dictionary or set). If you never use your object in a way that requires it to be hashed, it doesn't matter what its __hash__ does. – BrenBarn Jan 24 '13 at 3:21

@BrenBarn: underlying hash bucket (which I assume is implemented in C i.e. underlying a Python dictionary is a hash table (which has buckets), implemented in C. – inspectorG4dget Jan 24 '13 at 3:26
3 Answers 3
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Since Python's hash tables have a size that is a power-of-two, the lower bits of the hash value determine the location in the hash table (or at least the location of the initial probe).
The sequence of probes into a table size of n is given by:
def gen_probes(hashvalue, n):
 'Same sequence of probes used in the current dictionary design'
 mask = n - 1
 PERTURB_SHIFT = 5
 if hashvalue < 0:
 hashvalue = -hashvalue
 i = hashvalue & mask
 yield i
 perturb = hashvalue
 while True:
 i = (5 * i + perturb + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
 yield i & mask
 perturb >>= PERTURB_SHIFT
For example, the dictionary:
d = {'timmy': 'red', 'barry': 'green', 'guido': 'blue'}
is stored as an array of size 8 with each entry in the form (hash, key, value):
entries = [['--', '--', '--'],
 [-8522787127447073495, 'barry', 'green'],
 ['--', '--', '--'],
 ['--', '--', '--'],
 ['--', '--', '--'],
 [-9092791511155847987, 'timmy', 'red'],
 ['--', '--', '--'],
 [-6480567542315338377, 'guido', 'blue']]
The C source code for key insertion in Python's dictionaries can be found here: _URL_
share|improve this answer
When an object is stored in a dictionary, the __hash__ is used to determine the original bin that the object is placed in. However, that doesn't mean one object will get confused with another in the dictionary- they still check for object equality. It just means that the dictionary will be a bit slower in hashing that type of object than others.
share|improve this answer

the __hash__ is used to determine the original bin <- but how? I know there's a strict one-to-one correspondence between __hash__'s return value and the bucket (which is basically a memory location) that the object is put into (which seems to use linear chaining to handle collisions). But how does the int returned by __hash__ translate into that memory address? – inspectorG4dget Jan 24 '13 at 3:10
1
@inspectorG4dget: "I know there's a strict one to one"- no, not quite. Different objects can map to the same bin- when that happens, the Python dictionary handles the collision. This is a great summary of the Python dictionary implementation. – David Robinson Jan 24 '13 at 3:20

Honest question, if this is true, why does {True: 'a', 1: 'b'} evaluate to {True: 'b'}? (True and 1 both hash to 1.) – Brian Marshall Jan 24 '13 at 3:32

@BrianMarshall: Nice find! Looks like it's because True == 1- which means the hash table is testing equality rather than identity. Two objects can return the same hash value but still not == each other. (A demonstration: class Obj2(object): pass; Obj2.__hash__ = lambda s: 1; print hash(Obj2()) == hash(Obj2()); print Obj2() == Obj2(). The lambda bit is just to allow me to define it all in one line with semicolons). – David Robinson Jan 24 '13 at 3:48
Of course logically (from the view of code that uses the hash table) the object itself is the key. If you search for key "foo" in the hash table, no matter what other objects in the hash table have the same hash value as "foo", the corresponding value will only be returned if one of the key-value pairs stored in the hash table has key equal to "foo".
I don't know exactly what Python does, but a hash table implementation has to account for hash collisions. If the hash table array has N slots, then if you insert N + 1 values (and the table is not resized first), there must be a collision. Also, as in the case you mentioned where __hash__ always returns 1, or just as a quirk of the hash function implementation, it is possible to have two objects with exactly the same hash code.
There are two major strategies used to deal with hash collisions in a hash table for a single machine in memory (different techniques used for distributed hash tables, etc.):
 1. Each slot in the array is a list (typically a linked list), and all values that hash to k modulo N are placed into the list at slot k. So if hash values collide, that isn't a problem because both objects with the same hash value end up in the same list.
 2. Some kind of probing scheme. Basically, if the object you're inserting has hash value equal to k modulo N, you look at slot k. If it's full, you apply some formula to the current location (maybe just add 1), and look at the next slot. You follow a regular pattern to choose the next slot, given the original hash value and the number of probes so far, and keep probing until you find an open slot. This is less used, since if you aren't careful about your implementation you can run into clustering problems i.e. have to probe many many times before finding the object.
Wikipedia talks a lot more about hash table implementations here.
share|improve this answer

I have a working understanding of hashing algorithms. Please see my edit for clarification of the question – inspectorG4dget Jan 24 '13 at 3:20
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