Thomas Rousset & Raphaël Verona: Waska Tatay
HOTSHOE's Gregory Barker recently caught up with Thomas Rousset and his collaborator Raphaël Verona to talk about their series on the Witch Doctors of the Altiplano: Waska Tatay.
GB: Gregory Barker
T: Thomas Rousset
R: Raphaël Verona
GB: How did the two of you end up in Altiplano making photographs of witches?
R-T: The use of the word "witch" derives from the Spanish colonisation, and from the Catholic Church in which men communicate with the divine through intermediates: With God, through a Priest and the Church, and with the Devil through witches and witchcraft. However the Altiplanic belief system is much more complex, not conforming to such a black/white dichotomy. For them the mortal world is porous, the men approach deities, sometimes they are benevolent, sometimes evil, depending on the homage's that they have been given. Anyone can address Pachamama, achachilas, Tio de la mine (or Supay) etc. but this requires following certain rituals.
We went to Bolivia and more precisely in the occidentals regions of the Altiplano to achieve a photographic work staging these believes and representing the rituals.
GB: How did you make contact with the witches?
R–T: They are merchants and producers of "magical" ritual objects from la Zona Centro and Max Paredez to La Paz. We live in the same area as they do and so we see each other every day. Because we are considered "unholy" it makes it difficult to communicate with them. However, most of our models are friends or relatives whom practices the rituals mentioned above.
R: The woman that you are probably mentioning and that you see on several images is my mother in law. Dona Martha.
GB: You say you took part in the witch DR's rituals. What did these involve? Were you cured of any ailments?
R: We took part in different rituals of "retributions" or "offering to Pachamama" held by my parents in law Doña Martha and Don Jesús.
R–T: We could talk about the one that we documented. For the Aymara, it's through smoke that the mortal voice can access the spirits (achachilas) and to deities such as Pachamama: Mother earths which is not located in a specific pantheon but which is all around us.
We had prepared a Mesa dulce, made of colored sugar miniatures of different objects, each of them having different meaning related to prosperity and health, and the dry fetus of a dead lama. Presented to the Pachamama as wishes for ourselves (health and prosperity throughout our trip to Bolivia), we have left them burning.
GB: How did the witches respond to being photographer?
R–T: Most of the Bolivians are happy that their cultures are being shown to the world at large through photography. The ones we call 'witches' in the area of Santa Cruz – llampu where we lived in La Paz, ie. the merchants of rituals and magic objects have nothing against being photographed but ask for money in exchange …the image right.
GB: The photographs have a certain theatrical quality to them, which cause me not to trust the legitimacy of the photographs in a way that I might have otherwise. What was it that you were looking to create when you made these photographs, a document or a something closer to a fairy tale?
R-T: All our images are staged, some of them clearly demonstrating a theatrical dimension, in the lighting, the staging of characters, etc. Others suggest they were taken on the spot; as snapshot. We wanted, through the mixture of these two "languages", to create an ambiguity between fiction and reality, specific to a literary genre: " The magic realism", which by the way; was born on the South American continent.
GB: The project goes between portraits and environmental photos are these sights of spiritual significance?
R: Unlike Catholics, the Aymara, have no particular places of spiritual significance. The nature is their cathedral. It is easier to speak to Achachilas talking to them from the mountaintops, which corresponds to Hanan Pacha: "the upper world". Pachamama lives in everything: vegetable and mineral.
It's in the dark recesses, cavities and subterranean areas, such as famous mines of Oruro and Potosí, that we pay tribute to Tio (or Supay). The Amara, ancient peoples who preceded the Inca settlement, maintain a strong spiritual connection to the Gate of the Sun Tiwanaku. We didn't photograph it.
GB: The people's houses contain pop culture references, Hello Kitty, Stewie Griffin; the girl in the tree is on a mobile phone. Did you find that Witchcraft was something that people were involved with alongside their modern lives?
R-T: Of course, this is exactly what we wanted to show. The relationship with the sacred is very present in the daily life of the inhabitants of altiplanic regions. The worldview of the peoples of these regions is rich.
A: As we mentioned earlier, there is no Manichean good / bad and it really affects their way of thinking. There is a striking example: Tuesdays and Thursday evenings, my in-laws always burn coca leaves in the hearth, in order to invoke their Achachilas. According to there believes, those are the nights when the mortal world is particularly porous. Sometimes my father in law, invokes his own deceased father to remain to his sight, the benevolent Achachilas, like his father, accompany them through these special evenings and protect them from the other spirits who would want to harm them.
GB: The costumes are incredible; do the people make them themselves?
R-T: Yes, the craft has always been very active and has highly developed to keep pace with the growth of the "native" traditions in Bolivia in the twentieth and early twenty-first century.
There are several important craft centres: one in La Paz, which provides costumes for La Paz, Carnival, the Entrada Universitaria, Gran Poder, and Oruro, a city that lives throughout the year in the preparations for its Carnival, now recognized by UNESCO, as a cultural heritage.
GB: The series includes several portraits of people from a younger generation, are the Bolivian youth continuing their families traditions?
R-T: Yes indeed. We should mention that previous generations have experienced harsh dictatorships that oppressed the native and mestizo peoples of Bolivia, a majority in number in the overall population. In recent decades there has been an unprecedented growth practices and ancestral worship. This involves rituals mentioned above including the Andean world and dances.
The new generations are the main proponents of the culture: Bolivia unlike our countries of old Europe has a very high percentage of young people! In clubs, bars and discos, international "hits" come together with traditional rhythms. Traditional is not old fashioned since it is constantly renewed.
GB: In an age of modern medicine, why do the people that you photographed still turn to which craft instead of medical attention? Poverty? Tradition?
R -T: June 21, 2013 began the year 5521 of the Aymara calendar. Bolivia Altiplano's natural medicine is known for millions of years – Which I also had the opportunity to test during my several long stays. This knowledge of medicinal plants continues to grow through high-level research conducted in the country. It is a form of undeniable modernity! In this regard, many plants from Bolivia are used in the West by the pharmaceutical industry.
Western medicine based on antibiotics and homeopathy is also practiced, as well as surgery. These practices are becoming more accessible thanks to the growth of living standards of the people and the development of international health programs, especially through exchanges with Cuba, known as one of the best medicines in the world.
R: Finally the essence of the practice of some very high level Bolivian doctors, like my friend Jaime who also appears in some images, is the synthesis of Western medicine, surgery and knowledge related to natural medicines, without recourse to "witchcraft"!
See more of the series HERE
— Gregory Barker


Does Cocaine Make You Lose Weight?
Cocaine has long been associated with weight loss, even being labeled "the skinny drug." This loss of body fat is due to many factors, such as stimulant drugs and their relationship to satiation, as well as cocaine uniquely changing fat storage methods in the bodies of people who use it.
Does Cocaine Make You Lose Weight?
The effect cocaine has on body weight is very well known. In fact, cocaine is sometimes known as "the skinny drug," and one of the historical uses of cocaine was weight loss.
But using cocaine to lose weight is unhealthy and a sign of cocaine addiction. Additionally, the reasons it affects body weight are varied and have only recently become better understood.
Read on to understand how cocaine affects weight loss in ways similar to other stimulants, as well as the specific effects it has on the body.
Cocaine As An Appetite Suppressant
Cocaine addiction has many long-term and short-term effects on the body. This is due to a variety of factors, but one of the most important is its nature as a stimulant drug.
This drug stimulates nearly all areas of the body, including the central nervous system, into functioning faster than their normal rate.
As with other stimulant drugs, this increased energy often means that calories are burned faster than normal.
Stimulant medications also activate the hypothalamic and limbic regions of the brain, which are in charge of satiety and the sense of fullness. This makes people feel full for longer.
All of this combined often results in weight loss and a decrease in body fat, even to the point of malnourishment and starvation.
Cocaine's Effect On Fat Storage
Despite their weight loss, many people who use cocaine find their eating habits have changed. They have increased cravings for fatty foods and carbohydrates, even to the point of overeating.
The reason for this has recently been discovered. New research from the University of Cambridge suggests that cocaine may affect the body's ability to store fat in the first place.
According to the study, chronic cocaine abuse can directly change the body's metabolic processes, causing an imbalance between fat intake and storage.
This was discovered by looking at the amounts of leptin in the body, which is a protein associated with weight gain in people who do not use cocaine.
Despite their weight loss, amounts of leptin were somewhat high in people who experience cocaine drug use. This suggests cocaine changes the metabolism of people who use it.
Cocaine And Eating Disorders
Some people looking to lose weight may turn to cocaine use to accomplish this goal. This form of weight loss is not healthy and may be a sign of an eating disorder.
Disordered eating is a common co-occurring disorder with addiction, especially cocaine abuse.
Engaging in substance abuse to facilitate these behavioral health problems is more common among cocaine-dependent women than among cocaine-dependent men.
In fact, this side effect may be the reason some people start engaging with the drug in the first place. A desire to lose weight may begin drug use, and cocaine's effects sustain the addiction.
Cocaine Recovery And Weight Gain
As mentioned, research tells us that cocaine directly interferes with metabolic processes. Because of this, formal cocaine addiction treatment is often needed in order to restore healthy weight.
This treatment has a great track record for success. The detox process for recovering from cocaine drug abuse often includes side effects such as weight gain.
Many may find this uncomfortable. But your body returning to a healthy, well-functioning state is a good thing. Body fat is needed to protect your bones and organs and acts as energy storage.
Weight gain, despite the societal norms we are led to believe, is a normal and healthy part of addiction treatment.
Cocaine Abuse Treatment At Spring Hill Recovery Center
You can gain back healthy weight and experience relief from cocaine drug addiction. Call Spring Hill Recovery Center to receive the health care you need.
Whether you are calling on behalf of yourself or a loved one, our top-of-the-line treatment center in New England has everything you need to recover from cocaine addiction.
Reach out today to start the path toward a healthy, well-nourished, and sober life.
Written by Spring Hill Editorial Team
Published on: May 9, 2022
©2023 Spring Hill Recovery Center | All Rights Reserved
This page does not provide medical advice.
Article Sources


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Fulton County, Kentucky
From Ancestry.com Wiki
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.|
Fulton is a county in Kentucky. It was formed in 1845 from the following county/ies: Hickman. Fulton began keeping birth records in 1852, marriage records in 1845, and death records in 1852. It began keeping land records in 1845, probate records in 1845, and court records in 1845. For more information, contact the county at P.O. Box 126, Hickman 42050-0126. On the attached map, Fulton is located at A4.
For information about the state of Kentucky see Kentucky Family History Research.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The first F-35A Lightning II for the Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) has been rolled out at Lockheed Martin in Fort Worth, Texas. This major F-35 program milestone strengthens national defense and global partnerships between the United States, Denmark and other F-35 partner and buying nations.
Like the F-16 before it, the F-35 is spearheading NATO's air power and ensuring strategic integration of allied combat airpower. The vital interoperability of the 5th Generation F-35 binds 13 allies and partners with the United States in air dominance and enabling critical joint capabilities. The F-35 will serve as a force multiplier for Denmark, allowing the Royal Danish Air Force to train and fight alongside NATO allies and create a strong deterrent.
Danish industry serves as a critical partner with the F-35 Lightning II program through high technology work, ensuring competitiveness and defense industry viability in Denmark. Two Danish companies, Terma A/S and Multicut A/S, are currently making parts such as pylons, advanced composites, software solutions, radar components and horizontal tail edges for every F-35 delivered.
Denmark's F-35 program of record calls for 27 F-35A aircraft, each of which will be built at Lockheed Martin in Fort Worth. The first aircraft will be delivered to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, later this month where Danish pilots and maintainers will begin training.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Sleeping Bags Market Outlook:
In the wind of adventure sports, the trend for outdoor activities is rising among the commonwealth in a dramatic fashion. While planning a vacation these days camping has started to pop out as the most preferred choice. With this growing trend of mountaineering and camping activities, the demand for outdoor sports equipment such as sleeping bags, tents, backpacks, safety equipment etc. is also increasing rapidly. Sleeping bags are mostly used for insulating our bodies against harsh climatic conditions which also serves the purpose of a quilt, covering or simply bedding. The demand for sleeping bags in the market is growing at a swift rate owing to the rise in outdoor activities such as hiking, hill walking, climbing, and camping. The hike in demand for sleeping bags is directly proportional to the rise in adventure enthusiast. Adventure activities not only brings you closer to nature but also serves as an economical and affordable vacation thereby leading more and more people to indulge in such activities leading to a rise in demand for products such as sleeping bags in the market. Sleeping bags have become an essential item while packing bags for going out for camping activities. The growth in e-commerce is making sleeping bags and its variants more accessible to the consumer and acts as a contributing factor in boosting the demand for sleeping bags in the market.
Rise in prevalence of outdoor activities coupled with increasing population of adventure enthusiasts is driving the Sleeping Bags Market:
Globally, the demand for sleeping bags is rising at a steady rate owing to an increase in the population of nature lovers as they are more inclined towards adventurous activities. The increasing rate of adoption of adventurous vacation spots of the millennial population owing to increasing awareness about the benefits of camping such as reduces stress and improved mental and emotional health has led to an increase in the demand for sleeping bags in the market. The availability of different variants of sleeping bags which are suitable for different purposes and different demography makes it a customer friendly product. The manufacturers of sleeping bags are coming up with new and innovative products for serving various types of consumer demand by introducing products which are suitable for all types of climatic conditions, durable and at the same time are pocket-friendly leading to a hike in demand for sleeping bags in the market. The emergence of social media as a key influencer on the interest of consumers also plays a major role in encouraging the growth of camping activities and eventually the growth in demand for sleeping bags in the market.
Sleeping Bags Market: Market participants:
The key market participants identified across the value chain of the Sleeping Bags market are Decathlon S.A, Recreational Equipment, Inc., Johnson Outdoors Inc., Western Mountaineering, V.F. Corporation, ENLIGHTENED EQUIPMENT, Oase Outdoors ApS, Feathered Friends, Katabatic Gear LLC, Jarden Corp., Patagonia International, Inc., Exxel Outdoors, LLC, and NEMO Equipment, Inc. are among others.
Opportunities for Sleeping Bags Market Participants:
The global sleeping bags market is anticipated to grow at a steady rate owing to the rising trend of adventure activities coupled with the growing interest of the millennial population in outdoor activities. The market is driven by the multifunctional nature of the sleeping bags such as providing safety, temperature insulation, comfort, ease of use, convenience factor, and portability making sleeping bags a must-have equipment in a mountaineer's bag. The growing awareness about the availability and accessibility of the sleeping bags also supplement the growth of the sleeping bags in the market. Sensing a lucrative growth in the sleeping bags market various new market entrants are expected to enter this niche market.
The Sleeping Bags market on the basis of region has been segmented as:
- North America
- Latin America
- CIS & Russia
- The Middle East & Africa
The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: regional markets, demographic, shape, size and sales channel
The study is a source of reliable data on:
- Sleeping Bags Market segments and sub-segments
- Sleeping Bags Market trends and dynamics
- Supply and demand
- Sleeping Bags Market size
- Current trends/opportunities/challenges
- Competitive landscape
- Technological breakthroughs
- Value chain and stakeholder analysis
The regional analysis covers:
- North America (U.S. and Canada)
- Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others)
- Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)
- Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia)
- Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand)
- Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)
The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industry's value chain.
A separate analysis of prevailing trends in the parent market, macro- and micro-economic indicators, and regulations and mandates is included under the purview of the study. By doing so, the report projects the attractiveness of each major segment over the forecast period.
Sleeping Bags Market: Market Segmentation
On the basis of Demography, the Sleeping Bags market has been segmented as:
On the basis of Insulation Type, the Sleeping Bags market has been segmented as:
On the basis of Size, the Sleeping Bags market has been segmented as:
On the basis of Shape, the Sleeping Bags market has been segmented as:
- Rectangular Shape
- Mummy Shape
On the basis of Sales Channel, the Sleeping Bags market has been segmented as:
- Multi Brand Stores
- Independent retailers
- Online Sales
- Company Website
- 3rd party Online Sales
- Specialty stores
Highlights of the report:
- A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market
- Important changes in Sleeping Bags market dynamics
- Sleeping Bags Market segmentation up to the second or third level
- Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume
- Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments
- Sleeping Bags Market shares and strategies of key players
- Emerging niche segments and regional Sleeping Bags markets
- An objective assessment of the trajectory of the Sleeping Bags market
- Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the Sleeping Bags market
Market Research Methodology - Perfected through Years of Diligence
A key factor for our unrivaled market research accuracy is our expert- and data-driven research methodologies. We combine an eclectic mix of experience, analytics, machine learning, and data science to develop research methodologies that result in a multi-dimensional, yet realistic analysis of a market.


bounds from statistics become either trivial or do not apply to non-smooth probability distributions, or when the variables take on discrete values. With neural networks, non-trivial behavior arises because of discontinuities (in the activation functions), leading to phase transitions (which arise in the thermodynamic limit).
The paper we wrote tries to explain the salient ideas to a computer science audience.
Vapnik himself realized that his theory was not really applicable to neural networks...way back in 1994
"The extension of [the VC dimension] to multilayer networks faces [many] difficulties..the existing learning algorithms can not be viewed as minimizing the empirical risk over the entire set of functions implementable by the network...[because] it is likely...the search will be confined to a subset of [these] functions...The capacity of this set can be much lower than the capacity of the whole set...[and] may change with the number of observations. This may require a theory that considers the notion of a non-constant capacity with an 'active' subset of functions"
Vapnik, Levin, and LeCun 1994
While not easy to treat with VC theory, this is not an issue for stat mech..and what they describe looks very much like Energy Landscape Theory of protein folding. (which will be the topic of a future paper)
 - $\begingroup$ This sounds interesting, but I'm not sure I follow your argument. Can you elaborate on the first sentence, i.e., on how the fundamental approach / statistical limit is unrealistic, in a self-contained way that doesn't require understanding statistical mechanics? What assumptions do VC bounds make, and why are they unrealistic? Perhaps you can edit your answer to include that information? $\endgroup$ – D.W. Nov 26 '17 at 18:40
 - $\begingroup$ I added a reference to the original work by Vapnik and LeCun (1994) that discusses the issue. $\endgroup$ – Charles Martin Nov 27 '17 at 19:47
 - $\begingroup$ And added some clarification. $\endgroup$ – Charles Martin Nov 27 '17 at 19:54
No one seems to have pointed out in the above answers, that the VC dimension formula quoted is only for a 1-layer neural network. My guess is that the VC dimension actually grows exponentially as the number of layers L increases. My reasoning is based on considering deep neural networks where the activation function is replaced by polynomial ones. Then the degree of the composed polynomials grows exponentially as the layers increase.
Your Answer


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Y = log x if y = 10, what is x?
confusing homework question
log x = y, y = 10--------log x = 10 means 10^10 = x10,000,000,000. ANSWER(log problems are always very confusing at first. Memorize the definition in your book or notes. Practice example problems over and over.)
Pay attention in class and stop trying to get people to do your homework for you.


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Alkali Monitoring of Industrial Process Gas by Surface Ionization─Calibration, Assessment, and Comparison to in Situ Laser Diagnostics
Journal article, 2021
In this work, we present rigorous calibration and assessment of a surface ionization detector (SID) for alkali monitoring in industrial process gases and compare it to an in situ laser diagnostic method called collinear photofragmentation and atomic absorption spectroscopy (CPFAAS). The side-by-side comparison of the time-resolved alkali concentration was performed in a technical-scale gas burner seeded with selected alkali salts, corresponding to alkali molar fractions of 10-100 ppm in the flue gas. The SID operates at room temperature and relies on extraction, dilution, and conditioning of the sample gas, whereas CPFAAS provides in situ molecular data. During KCl addition, the instruments were in good agreement: 80.1 ppm (SID) and 88.5 ppm (CPFAAS). In addition to the field measurements, internal validation of SID performance parameters (flow, electric field strength, and filament temperature) and external parameters (particle size and salt composition) was performed. The difference in sensitivity toward different alkali salts was found to be considerable, which limits the quantitative assessment for a sample gas of unknown composition. The results demonstrate the capability and limitations of the SID and show that a SID can satisfactory monitor KCl levels in a process gas over several days of continuous measurements. However, for heterogeneous fuels with deficient characterization of the gas composition, the obtained SID signal is difficult to interpret without supportive diagnostics. The generic ability of the SID to detect Na and K in both gas and particle phases makes it a valuable complement to alkali diagnostics, such as spectroscopic techniques.


Why Job Seekers Aren't Accepting Career Offers
Why Are Some Job Seekers Not Accepting Offers When Hiring Resumes in the United States?
According to recent research by Talroo, a number of forces influence these decisions, including concerns about childcare and home care, the desire for higher wages, and the effects of unemployment and incentive payments.
To attract workers, employers would benefit from focusing on higher wages and flexible working hours, the researchers found.
A recent infographic (below) explores these results from the study and explores what companies can do to attract applicants.
Take a look at the infographic:
Comments are closed.


A. To add additional email addresses to an Exchange organization, you need to change the recipient policy for the organization:
 1. Start Exchange System Manager (ESM--Start, Programs, Microsoft Exchange, System Manager).
 2. Expand Recipients and select Recipient Policies.
 3. Right-click Default Policy and select Properties.
 4. Select the "E-mail Addresses (Policy)" tab.
 5. Click New.
 6. From the address type list, select SMTP Address and click OK.
 7. Enter the new address in the format @<domain> (e.g., @widget.test). By default, "This Exchange Organization is responsible for all mail delivery to this address." is selected, which will make Exchange authoritative for that domain. If a mail is received for the new domain and no account is found, Exchange will send a Non Delivery Report (NDR) to the message originator; if you clear this box means, when a matching recipient can't be found, Exchange can forward the message to another system. Click OK
 8. If this new address should be the primary address, select the new address and click "Set as Primary" (note that Exchange must be authoritative for the primary address).


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Chewing: We don't think about it, we just do it. But biologists don't know a lot about how chewing behavior leaves telltale signs on the underlying bones. To find out, researchers at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo have been studying the jaw joints of carnivorans, the large mammalian order that includes dogs, cats and bears.
Last week, the scientists described results that they didn't expect to find. In the paper, published online on Aug. 24 in PLOS ONE, they reported that the jaw joint bone, the center around which chewing activity revolves (literally), appears to have evolved based more on an animal's size than what it eats.
While focused on carnivorans, the research may also provide some clues to how jaw joints function in general, including in humans and could improve the understanding of temporomandibular disorders (TMJ), which cause pain in the jaw joint and in the muscles that control the jaw.
"Even though it is clear that the carnivoran jaw joint is important for feeding, no one knew if jaw joint bone structure across species was related to the mechanical demands of feeding," explained M. Aleksander Wysocki, first author and a doctoral student in the new computational cell biology, anatomy and pathology graduate program in the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences in the Jacobs School.
Wysocki and co-author Jack Tseng, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences in the Jacobs School, took a multifaceted approach. They examined 40 different carnivoran species from bobcats to wolves, looking at the jaw joint bone called the mandibular condyle.
The jaw's pivot point
"The mandibular condyle is the pivot point of the jaw, it functions similarly to the way the bolt of a door hinge does," Wysocki said. "Studies have shown that this joint is loaded with force during chewing."
He noted that the team was especially interested in the intricate, spongey bone structures inside the jaw joint, also known as trabecular bone. "We thought that this part of the skull would be the best candidate for determining relationships between food type and anatomy."
For example, because hyenas crush bone while consuming their prey, it could be assumed that their jaw joints would need to be capable of exerting significant force. "On the other hand, an animal that eats plants wouldn't be expected to require that kind of jaw joint structure," he said. "But we found that diet has a weaker relationship with skull anatomy than we thought. Mostly it's the animals' size that determines jaw joint structure and mechanical properties."
The researchers took computed tomography (CT) scan data of skulls from 40 species at the American Museum of Natural History, then built 3D models of them, from which they extracted the internal bone structure. Using a 3D printer, the scientists then printed 3D cores, based on virtual "core samples" taken from the mandibular condyle of each jaw joint, which they then scaled and tested for strength.
"Using a compression gauge, we measured how rigid these jaw joint structures were and how much force they could withstand," Wysocki said.
No significant correlation
The testing revealed no significant correlations between the shape or mechanical performance of the jaw joint bone and the diets of particular carnivorans.
"The mandibular condyle absorbs compressive force during chewing so we hypothesized that this was a part of the skull that was likely to be influenced by what the animal eats," Wysocki said. "It turns out that body size is the key factor determining the complexity of jaw joint bone structure and strength."
He noted that some previous research has revealed that despite the wide variety of diets consumed by different carnivorans, the overall skull shape is considerably influenced by non-feeding variables.
"Still, given how critical the temporomandibular joint is in capturing prey and eating it, these results are very striking," he said. "For over a century, it has been assumed that skull shape is closely related to what an animal eats. And now we have found that jaw joint bone structure is related to carnivoran body size, not what the animal is eating."
Wysocki said that the reasons for this apparent disconnect may be that larger carnivorans don't need such powerful jaws because they are proportionately larger than their prey, or possibly because they share the work involved by hunting in groups. He also said that other factors such as developmental constraints of bone structure could play a role in producing the trends observed in the study.
"Our research shows that factors other than diet need to be considered when attempting to understand jaw joint function," Wysocki concluded. "It turns out that the functional anatomy of the jaw joint is much more complex than we thought."
For the record, the findings revealed that the species that demonstrated the greatest maximum compressive strength during chewing force simulations, was the wolverine (Gulo gulo), followed by the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), the malagasy civet (Fossa fossana), the honey badger (Mellivora capensis) and the kinkajou (Potos flavus).
source : sciencedaily.com

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Inactivating user accounts
If it is necessary, you can inactivate a user's account without removing it from the system in Cloudera Data Visualization (CDV).
You must have administrative privileges to perform this action.
The following steps demonstrate how to inactivate a CDV user account.
 1. Click the Gear icon on the main navigation bar to open the Administration menu.
 2. Click Users & Groups.
 The Manage Users & Groups interface appears, open on the Users tab.
 3. In the list of Users, click either the Username of the account you want to inactivate, or the Edit (Pencil) icon.
 4. In the Edit User modal window, select Inactive.
 5. Click SAVE.
After the operation succeeds, you can see the Users list on the screen. The inactiveated user is part of the list, and the status shown is set to inactive.


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US _PHONE_ B2
A method of measuring impedance of a pH electrode is provided. A test current is applied to the pH electrode for a time duration that is less than 50 percent of a time constant that is associated with electrical characteristics of the pH electrode. A voltage response of the pH electrode is measured when the test current is applied to the pH electrode. An impedance of the pH electrode is calculated as a function of the voltage response.
1. A method of measuring impedance of a pH electrode, the method comprising:
applying a test current to the pH electrode for a time duration that is less than 50 percent of a time constant that is associated with electrical characteristics of the pH electrode wherein applying a test current includes applying a first test current to the pH electrode for a first time duration and applying a second test current to the pH electrode for a second time duration the second test current being substantially equal to but opposite in polarity to the first test current;
measuring a voltage response comprising measuring a first voltage response when the first test current is applied to the pH electrode and measuring a second voltage response of the pH electrode while the second test current is applied to the pH electrode;
calculating an impedance of the pH electrode as a function of the voltage response;
determining whether the calculated impedance exceeds a maximum allowable impedance; and
selectively generating a fault signal based upon the step of determining whether the calculated impedance exceeds the maximum allowable impedance; and
calculating a source voltage of the pH electrode as an average of the first voltage response and the second voltage response, the source voltage being indicative of pH of a solution.
2. The method of
determining a time constant of the pH electrode as a function of an approximated circuit equivalent of the pH electrode, the approximated circuit equivalent being indicative of electrical characteristics of the pH electrode.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
applying the first test current to the pH electrode for a first time duration that is less than 25 percent of a time constant that is associated with electrical characteristics of the pH electrode; and
applying the second test current to the pH electrode for a second time duration that is less than 25 percent of a time constant that is associated with electrical characteristics of the pH electrode.
6. The method of
7. The method of
calculating an impedance of the pH electrode as a function of the first voltage response and the second voltage response.
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
The present application is based on and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/838,793, filed Aug. 18, 2006, and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/845,491, filed Sep. 18, 2006, the contents of which applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution and can be determined using a pH-selective electrode (for instance, pH glass electrode, hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode, ion sensitive field effect transistor). pH sensors measure ion content and are often utilized in industrial process control systems to measure the hydrogen (H+) or hydroxyl (OH−) ion content of a solution.
pH sensors commonly employ at least two electrodes, an ion-specific electrode (a pH electrode) and a reference electrode. In one example, a pH electrode utilizes a pH sensitive glass, in contact with a solution, which develops a potential (voltage) proportional to the pH of the solution. A reference electrode provides a known reference potential for the pH electrode. The difference in the potentials of the pH electrode and the reference electrodes provides a millivolt signal proportional to pH.
Over time, pH electrodes can experience aging which can result in changes to the electrical characteristics of the electrode. Electrode aging may be caused and/or accelerated by, for example, use in high temperatures, operation of the pH electrode in process media or solutions that have either high acidity or alkalinity, or incorrect handling of the pH electrode when not in use, e.g. incorrect cleaning and storage procedures. Electrode aging can cause an increase in impedance and response time, a declining slope, especially in the alkaline region, and/or a shift of the asymmetry potential, for example. Further, electrode aging can be indicative of changes in the chemical composition of the membrane glass, steady growth of the internal membrane gel layer, and/or chemically and mechanically induced degradation of the outer gel layer of the membrane during measurement and cleaning. As an electrode deteriorates, the ability of the sensor to accurately measure pH also deteriorates resulting in inaccurate and/or inconsistent pH level measurements.
A method is provided for measuring impedance of a pH electrode. The method includes applying a test current to the pH electrode for a time duration that is less than 50 percent of a time constant that is associated with electrical characteristics of the pH electrode, measuring a voltage response of the pH electrode when the test current is applied to the pH electrode, and calculating an impedance of the pH electrode as a function of the voltage response.
These and various other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following Detailed Description using the exemplary embodiment therein described. This Summary and Abstract are not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor are they intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the background.
The concepts described herein relate to measuring electrical characteristics of a sensor, which can be useful for diagnostic and maintenance purposes. For instance, in one embodiment a change in electrode impedance can be utilized to decide whether a sensor needs to be re-calibrated or replaced. It should be understood that while the concepts described herein are described with reference to a pH sensor, these concepts are applicable to other types of sensors, such as selective ion sensors, oxygen sensors, to name a few.
First, it may be useful to describe an exemplary environment and system for measuring pH of a solution. As illustrated in
Component 230 can include a display, for example an LCD, to provide a visual indication of the pH measurement. Further, component 230 can be configured to communicate with a control system, such as processing module 130 in
In some embodiments, measurement of pH is temperature dependent. A temperature element 240 can be provided to measure a temperature of the solution for which pH level is being determined. Processing component 230 can utilize the signal from temperature element 240 to compensate the pH measurement accordingly.
Over time, electrode deterioration can result in changes to the electrical characteristics of the electrode (i.e., impedance) which can affect sensor measurements. For instance, electrodes such as those of pH sensors immersed in solutions can become coated over time, which can cause an increase in electrode resistance. Electrodes can also become cracked or broken which can cause a sharp decrease in electrode resistance.
Calculating electrode impedance allows the integrity of the sensor and relative accuracy of the system to be determined. For instance, diagnostic tests performed on sensor 110 can be utilized to determine whether pH electrode 210 and/or reference electrode 220 has deteriorated such that replacement and/or re-calibration are required. Processing component 230 can be configured to perform diagnostic operations by applying a signal to the pH electrode 210 (or reference electrode 220) to identify electrical characteristics of the electrode. In other embodiments, an external diagnostic tool can be utilized.
The system can be configured to generate a fault signal if the impedance of a sensor electrode reaches a predetermined threshold level. For example, the fault signal can be indicative of the electrode impedance reaching a maximum or minimum allowable resistance. The fault signal can be utilized to indicate that replacement, maintenance, and/or re-calibration is necessary.
In conventional systems, to test an electrode a signal is applied to the electrode and a response of the electrode is measured. The diagnostic tests are performed by injecting a known current into the electrode and measuring a stable voltage level across the sensor. This voltage response can be utilized to determine resistive characteristics of the sensor. However, because of the electrical characteristics of the electrode, a sufficient DC measurement in these conventional systems requires a wait time of approximately 20-30 seconds. During this measurement period pH readings are not updated. This long update rate is not acceptable in many applications.
The concepts described herein for measuring impedance of a pH electrode are based on the appreciation that the pH electrode forms a constant phase element that can be approximated by an RC circuit having a long time constant. Further, these concepts are based on the recognition that the electrical characteristics of the pH electrode can be approximated with a simplified circuit equivalent and diagnostic measurements can be obtained from the pH electrode during a time duration (e.g., 1-2 seconds, for instance) that is significantly shorter than a time constant associated with the pH electrode.
Further, the sampled data can be utilized to determine a source voltage produced by the sensor. The source voltage is a signal representing a parameter or condition that the sensor is measuring. In one embodiment, the source voltage is indicative of the pH level of the solution being measured by the sensor.
Method 300 will now be described with respect to an exemplary pH electrode 400, illustrated in
As illustrated, gel layer 420 can be formed on both sides of glass membrane 410. Glass membrane 410 and gel layers 420 separate a sample solution 430, for which pH measurement is desired, and a reference solution 440 having a known pH level. During pH measurement, pH electrode 400 develops a potential proportional to the pH of solution 430. A reference electrode (not shown


Interacting with Emotional Clients: The Importance of Empathy in Private Investigation
By PInow Staff
PInow Facebook
Sometimes, the cases you take on as a private investigator are emotionally intense for those involved. It is likely that private investigators will often interact with distraught clients. While it is not one of the most glamorous parts of the job, how you interact with these distressed clients is an important part of your role as a private investigator. Below are a couple of reasons why treating your emotional clients with empathy is important and some tips to help you maintain compassion as you interact with your clients.
Why it's Important
The dictionary definition of empathy is "the ability to understand and share the feelings of another." While you may not have experienced what your client is going through, taking the time to understand their perspective is not only respectful as a human being but also an important part of running your business effectively. Clients are more likely to return in the future when they feel the investigator handled their case with the utmost care and integrity. They are also more likely to divulge sensitive information that helps the case if they feel you are trustworthy. Handling cases with empathy can also be good for you, as an investigator. You will be …read more
Source:: Private Invest


text:
3DShot for culture: how immersive technologies can benefit the cultural sector
In times of digital change, the use of 3D technologies has an increasing impact on every industry, including the cultural sector. Until recently, 3D technologies were inaccessible for most cultural institutions and individuals, since creating a 3D visualization of an object was a time-consuming and expensive process and required a professional 3D artist's expertise. The 3DShot mobile app is here to change that. Let's dive into details.


Definitions for bubbler
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word bubbler
Princeton's WordNet
 1. drinking fountain, water fountain, bubbler(noun)
 a public fountain to provide a jet of drinking water
 2. bubbler(noun)
 any of various devices in which air or some other gas is bubbled through a liquid
 1. bubbler(Noun)
 Something that emits bubbles.
 2. bubbler(Noun)
 A drinking fountain.
 3. bubbler(Noun)
 A device used for smoking marijuana, similar in appearance to a bowl (handheld pipe) but with a section that holds water, like a bong
 4. bubbler(Noun)
 One who cheats.
 All the Jews, jobbers, bubblers, subscribers, projectors, etc. uE000162072uE001 Alexander Pope.
 5. bubbler(Noun)
 A fish of the Ohio river; so called from the noise it makes.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Bubbler(verb)
 to cheat; to deceive
 2. Bubbler(noun)
 one who cheats
 3. Bubbler(noun)
 a fish of the Ohio river; -- so called from the noise it makes
 1. Bubbler
 A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain or bubbler, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature. Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores. Many jurisdictions require water fountains to be wheelchair accessible, and to include an additional unit of a lower height for children and short adults. The design that this replaced often had one spout atop a refrigeration unit. Bubbler is a trademarked name that refers to a drinking fountain.
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Read/Write streamline files
DIPY_ can read and write many different file formats. In this example we give a short introduction on how to use it for loading or saving streamlines. The new statefull tractogram class was made to reduce errors caused by spatial transformation and complex file format convention.
Read Frequently Asked Questions
import os
import nibabel as nib
import numpy as np
from import Space, StatefulTractogram
from import load_tractogram, save_tractogram
from import (create_nifti_header, get_reference_info,
from dipy.tracking.streamline import select_random_set_of_streamlines
from dipy.tracking.utils import density_map
from import (fetch_file_formats,
First fetch the dataset that contains 5 tractography file of 5 file formats:
 - cc_m_sub.trk
 - laf_m_sub.tck
 - lpt_m_sub.fib
 - raf_m_sub.vtk
 - rpt_m_sub.dpy
And their reference anatomy, common to all 5 files:
 - template0.nii.gz
bundles_filename, ref_anat_filename = get_file_formats()
for filename in bundles_filename:
reference_anatomy = nib.load(ref_anat_filename)
Load tractogram will support 5 file formats, functions like load_trk or load_tck will simply be restricted to one file format
TRK files contain their own header (when writen properly), so they technically do not need a reference. (See how below)
cc_trk = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[0],'same')
cc_sft = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[0], reference_anatomy)
laf_sft = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[1], reference_anatomy)
raf_sft = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[3], reference_anatomy)
These files contain invalid streamlines (negative values once in voxel space) This is not considered a valid tractography file, but it is possible to load it anyway.
lpt_sft = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[2], reference_anatomy,
rpt_sft = load_tractogram(bundles_filename[4], reference_anatomy,
The function load_tractogram requires a reference, any of the following inputs is considered valid (as long as they are in the same share space) - Nifti filename - Trk filename - nib.nifti1.Nifti1Image - nib.streamlines.trk.TrkFile - nib.nifti1.Nifti1Header - Trk header (dict) - Stateful Tractogram
The reason why this parameters is required is to guarantee all informations related to space attribute are always present.
affine, dimensions, voxel_sizes, voxel_order = get_reference_info(
If you have a Trk file that was generated using a particular anatomy, to be considered valid all fields must correspond between the headers. It can be easily verified using this function, which also accept the same variety of input as get_reference_info
print(is_header_compatible(reference_anatomy, bundles_filename[0]))
If a TRK was generated with a valid header, but the reference NIFTI was lost a header can be generated to then generate a fake NIFTI file.
If you wish to manually save Trk and Tck file using nibabel streamlines API for more freedom of action (not recommended for beginners) you can create a valid header using create_tractogram_header
nifti_header = create_nifti_header(affine, dimensions, voxel_sizes), affine, nifti_header),
 'fake.nii.gz'), os.path.basename(ref_anat_filename))
Once loaded, no matter the original file format, the stateful tractogram is self-contained and maintains a valid state. By requiring a reference the tractogram's spatial transformation can be easily manipulated.
Let's save all files as TRK to visualize in TrackVis for example. However, when loaded the lpt and rpt files contain invalid streamlines and for particular operations/tools/functions it is safer to remove them
save_tractogram(cc_sft, 'cc.trk')
save_tractogram(laf_sft, 'laf.trk')
save_tractogram(raf_sft, 'raf.trk')
save_tractogram(lpt_sft, 'lpt.trk')
save_tractogram(rpt_sft, 'rpt.trk')
Some functions in DIPY require streamlines to be in voxel space so computation can be perfomed on a grid (connectivity matrix, ROIs masking, density map). The stateful tractogram class provides safe functions for such manipulation. These functions can be called safely over and over, by knowing in which state the tractogram is operating, and compute only necessary transformations
No matter the state, functions such as save_tractogram or removing_invalid_coordinates can be called safely and the transformations are handled internally when needed.
Now lets move them all to voxel space, subsample them to 100 streamlines, compute a density map and save everything for visualisation in another software such as Trackvis or MI-Brain.
To access volume information in a grid, the corner of the voxel must be considered the origin in order to prevent negative values. Any operation doing interpolation or accessing a grid must use the function 'to_vox()' and 'to_corner()'
cc_streamlines_vox = select_random_set_of_streamlines(cc_sft.streamlines,
laf_streamlines_vox = select_random_set_of_streamlines(laf_sft.streamlines,
raf_streamlines_vox = select_random_set_of_streamlines(raf_sft.streamlines,
lpt_streamlines_vox = select_random_set_of_streamlines(lpt_sft.streamlines,
rpt_streamlines_vox = select_random_set_of_streamlines(rpt_sft.streamlines,
# Same dimensions for every stateful tractogram, can be re-use
affine, dimensions, voxel_sizes, voxel_order = cc_sft.space_attributes
cc_density = density_map(cc_streamlines_vox, np.eye(4), dimensions)
laf_density = density_map(laf_streamlines_vox, np.eye(4), dimensions)
raf_density = density_map(raf_streamlines_vox, np.eye(4), dimensions)
lpt_density = density_map(lpt_streamlines_vox, np.eye(4), dimensions)
rpt_density = density_map(rpt_streamlines_vox, np.eye(4), dimensions)
Replacing streamlines is possible, but if the state was modified between operations such as this one is not recommended: -> cc_sft.streamlines = cc_streamlines_vox
It is recommended to re-create a new StatefulTractogram object and explicitly specify in which space the streamlines are. Be careful to follow the order of operations.
If the tractogram was from a Trk file with metadata, this will be lost. If you wish to keep metadata while manipulating the number or the order look at the function StatefulTractogram.remove_invalid_streamlines() for more details
It is important to mention that once the object is created in a consistent state the save_tractogram function will save a valid file. And then the function load_tractogram will load them in a valid state.
cc_sft = StatefulTractogram(cc_streamlines_vox, reference_anatomy, Space.VOX)
laf_sft = StatefulTractogram(laf_streamlines_vox, reference_anatomy, Space.VOX)
raf_sft = StatefulTractogram(raf_streamlines_vox, reference_anatomy, Space.VOX)
lpt_sft = StatefulTractogram(lpt_streamlines_vox, reference_anatomy, Space.VOX)
rpt_sft = StatefulTractogram(rpt_streamlines_vox, reference_anatomy, Space.VOX)
print(len(cc_sft), len(laf_sft), len(raf_sft), len(lpt_sft), len(rpt_sft))
save_tractogram(cc_sft, 'cc_1000.trk')
save_tractogram(laf_sft, 'laf_1000.trk')
save_tractogram(raf_sft, 'raf_1000.trk')
save_tractogram(lpt_sft, 'lpt_1000.trk')
save_tractogram(rpt_sft, 'rpt_1000.trk'), affine, nifti_header),
 'cc_density.nii.gz'), affine, nifti_header),
 'laf_density.nii.gz'), affine, nifti_header),
 'raf_density.nii.gz'), affine, nifti_header),
 'lpt_density.nii.gz'), affine, nifti_header),
Example source code


%M:%S %Z (%:z)')" ; }
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Personalizing your connection to QA/Production environments with SecureCRT
January 6, 2014 Leave a comment
The trouble with production/QA environments is that you can rarely change them to fit you personal preferences, and usually you use a common user to access them.
If you are working on Windows and using SecureCRT to connect to Linux/Unix machines (and if not – ask yourself why …) you can personalize any connection to QA/Production environments by telling SecureCRT to perform automatic login activities – this without effecting how the machine behaves for other users.
By personalization I am referring to the definition of your personal aliases etc.
How to do it:
 1. Download this VBScript to your computer, and place it somewhere (e.g. C:\Utils\SecureCRT\Scripts)
 2. Find a connection you want to effect in SecureCRT and open it's properties
 3. Navigate to Connection -> Logon Actions
 4. Check the Logon script checkbox and type the path to the file defined at the beginning (e.g. C:\Utils\SecureCRT\Scripts\EnvironmentPersonalizer.vbs)
Every time you login – SecureCRT will run that script.
What the script does:
The way this scripts works is that it waits for something to happen on the screen and then sends commands.
Example:
objTab.Screen.WaitForString("$") // Wait for the prompt
objTab.Screen.Send "bash" & vbcr // Switch to a BASH shell
objTab.Screen.Send "clear" & vbcr // clear the screen
objTab.Screen.Send "alias ll='ls -lart'" & vbcr // Alias 'll' to be 'ls –lart'
You can find a few more utility scripts on my Github Repository – _URL_
Note: Take great care when effecting anything on production environments – don't do anything that will effect how the environment behaves for other people (like changing the .bash_profile for example)
Categories: Shell Scripting, Tools, UNIX Tags:
Chrome's Search Engines
June 10, 2013 Leave a comment
A good way to increase effectivity when browsing is to use Google Chrome's "Search Engines" functionality.
This gives you a way to quickly search within sites that have search options, or to navigate to to sites where you know their structure.
How to do it? three steps:
 1. Click on the 'Settings' button. Chrome_Search_Engine_1
 2. Choose 'Manage Search Engines' Chrome_Search_Engine_2
 3. Scroll down until you see editable text boxes and give 3 values for your search engine:Chrome_Search_Engine_3
Example from life: Let's say you work a lot on a Unix/Linux environment and need to man a lot of commands. You can view these man pages online with much better detail and examples on this site:
_URL_
Every page on this site has the following pattern: _URL_
All you need to do is define a new search engine like this:
 1. Name: UNIX Man Pages
 2. Alias: man
 3. URL: _URL_
That way when you type "man less" – you will see this: Chrome_Search_Engine_4
Pressing enter will lead you to the requested page:
Chrome_Search_Engine_5
Jar scanning utility – find a class within all jars (Unix/Linux)
March 28, 2013 Leave a comment
Every so often I need to figure out which jar(s) contain a certain class so I can figure out why an application acts the way it does – either since a class is missing in some environment or since the wrong class was loaded into the classpath.
When that happens, I use the following script. I saw it once in a company I worked at, and then again in another company.
I modified it slightly, but the credits do not go to me, they go to the anonymous person who wrote the initial code.
The script is available for download on GitHub.
Or you can simply copy it from here:
#!/bin/tcsh -f
if ( $#argv < 2 ) then
 printf "Scans all the JARs in the specified directory for classes matching the specified string\n"
 printf "Usage: $0 <dir> <class-name-pattern>\n"
 printf "Example: $0 . Exception\n"
 printf 'Example: '$0' $JAVA_HOME/lib "com\/sun\/.*action"\n'
 exit 1
endif
set DIR = "$1"
set CLASS = "$2"
foreach J ( 'find $DIR -name "*.jar"' )
 printf "."
 set res='jar tvf $J | grep "$CLASS" | sed 's/$/;/''
 set outputsize = 'echo $res|wc -c'
 if ( $outputsize > 1 ) then
 printf "\nMatch found in [$J]\n"
 printf "$res\n" | tr ';' '\n'
 endif
end
printf "\n"
Categories: Java, Shell Scripting, Tools, UNIX Tags: , , , ,
Calling a shell script from another shell script in the same directory
April 3, 2012 Leave a comment
Often when creating a shell script you need to invoke another shell script located in the same directory.
Since your script may be invoked from any place on the file-system, the reference to the other script must be absolute – not relative.
Here is how to do it:
...
SCRIPT_DIR='dirname $0'
. ${SCRIPT_DIR}/other_script.ksh
...
The call to dirname $0 returns the path to the currently running script ($0). The path is relative to the present working directory (PWD).
Categories: Shell Scripting, UNIX
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Threaded Rod 101: Dimensions
Welcome back to our Threaded 101 series! Be sure to read our previous articles on finishes, materials, and tensile strength to catch up. This article provides an overview of dimensions associated with threaded rods.
With so many different sizes and measurements, threaded rod dimensions can be complicated. The important dimensions for threaded products are diameter, thread pitch, and length (Figure 1). This is also the order typically used to specify a productdiameter, thread pitch, length.
Figure 1: Threaded Rod Dimensions
There are several different diameter measurements associated with threaded rods. First is the major diameter, which is the largest diameter of the screw thread, measured from thread crest to thread crest. Next is the minor diameter, which is the smallest diameter of the screw thread, measured from thread root to thread root. Minor diameter is sometimes referred to as root diameter. Lastly, pitch diameter is the simple effective diameter of screw thread, approximately halfway between the major and minor diameters. All diameters are measured in either inches or millimeters.
When specifying a threaded rod, the nominal major diameter should be used. This can be expressed as a fraction, decimal, or machine screw number.
Thread Count and Pitch
Thread count is measured in threads per inch (TPI). Typically, Inch-Standard fasteners use thread count while thread pitch is used for Metric fasteners. Thread pitch is the distance from a point on the screw thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis, typically measuring the distance between thread crests. Thread pitch is often measured in millimeters. TPI and thread pitch are determined by the thread series. The most common thread series are Unified Coarse (UNC), Unified Fine (UNF), Acme, 8-pitch (UN8), Metric coarse, and Metric fine.
When specifying a threaded rod, the TPI or thread pitch comes after the major diameter. Inch-Standard fasteners use TPI while Metric fasteners use thread pitch. A dash (-) commonly separates the TPI from the major diameter specified. An "x" commonly separates the thread pitch from the major diameter for Metric threads. Specifying the thread series is not uncommon, but it is not necessary since the TPI or thread pitch will indicate that information.
Class of Fit
Class of fit is a designation used to specify the amount of tolerance/allowance between mating threads. Essentially, it is a designation of how the internal and external threads fit together. For Unified thread series there are six main classes, three for external threads and three for internal threads. These are designated by the numbers 1, 2, and 3 followed by either "A" or "B". The "A" designation represents external threads while the "B" designation represents internal threads. Class 1A fits allow for the largest tolerances and are used in many commercial applications for easy assembly and disassembly. Class 2A fits are tighter than 1A fits and are used for some commercial and aerospace applications. Class 3A fits are the tightest and allow for the smallest tolerances. These are used in precision applications where a close fit is required.
For Metric thread series, there are many more classes. These have two sets of alphanumeric designations, one for the pitch diameter and one for the major diameter. They are usually shown in the following format: 6g6g. When the two tolerances are the same, the class of fit can be simplified to one alphanumeric pairing (in this case: 6g). The numbers represent the tolerance grade while the letters represent the tolerance position. Smaller numbers indicate a tighter fit while smaller letters (closer to the beginning of the alphabet) indicate more allowance. External threads are designated by lower-case letters. Internal threads are designated by upper-case letters. The most common class of fit for Metric thread series is 6g for external threads and 6H for internal threads.
When specifying a threaded rod, the class of fit comes after the TPI/thread pitch. A dash (-) commonly separates the TPI/thread pitch from the class of fit.
For the length, it is important to identify if the overall length of the product is being measured, or from first thread to first thread (see Figure 2 below). Overall length refers to the entire length of the product, from end to end. First thread to first thread refers to the measurement from the first complete thread on one end to the first complete thread on the other end. This measurement does not take into account the partial threads and chamfers on the ends of the rod.
Figure 2: Length: Overall vs 1st Thread to 1st Thread
When specifying a threaded rod, the length comes after the class of fit. The two are commonly separated by an "x" (read as "by"). Length should be in units of inches for Inch-Standard fasteners and millimeters for Metric fasteners.
Another area of measurement for double-ended and single-ended studs is the thread length, which refers to the threading on the end of the product. Thread lengths can be equal or unequal on the threaded product. For example, the product can be a 20" overall length double-ended stud, with a 2-inch thread on one end, and a 6-inch thread on the other end.
To review, when specifying a threaded rod, the nominal major diameter comes first. This is followed by a dash (or "x") and the TPI/thread pitch along with the thread series. Next is a dash and the class of fit. The length is the last necessary dimension, being separated from the class of fit by an "x".
Example of how to specify dimensions for fully threaded rods:
¼" – 20 UNC – 1A x 6"
M12 x 1.75 – 6g x 200mm
Now that you have a basic understanding of the dimensions associated with threaded rods, you can be confident that your order will fulfill the requirements of your application.


Presidents' Day Poem
What a great way to combine English language arts with your celebration of Presidents' Day! Youngsters are guided through the reading of a poem sung to the tune of "Itsy Bitsy Spider" on the jobs of the president of the United States, identifying sight words and underlining and discussing other key words along the way.
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CCSS: Adaptable
Instructional Ideas
 - As a follow-up to the activity, explain that adults choose someone to be president that they think will be a good leader, and for older learners, consider introducing the concept of voting
 - Practice the song a few times, and then sing the song together as a class one last time before the school day ends
 - Highlight some of the more well-known presidents for youngsters, such as the current president or George Washington
Classroom Considerations
 - More challenging activity ideas provided for older students
 - Nice printout of poem included
 - None


Gaia's Choice
200951 mins
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The total weight of living ants on the planet is equal to the global weight of humanity. But ants do not have the same brutal impact on the environment that we do. And when it comes to the survival of life on earth, simply in biological terms, the tiny ants are much more important than man. If ants disappeared from the face of the earth in one go, the result would be global chaos, which only a small percentage of existing species might survive. However, if humans suddenly disappeared, ecologically speaking, nothing would happen. A few species might miss us – rats, for instance – but one can imagine many other parts of the eco-sphere breathing sighs of relief. Are we the so-called most intelligent species on earth? Is it time to take action? When? How?
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ly or black bear"
 case Animal(_, "Banff") => "this might be a bear"
 case Animal(its_kind,its_location) => s"this is a/an $its_kind living in $its_location"
 //binds its_kind, its_location to the constructor values
val animal_1 = Animal("bear", "north pole")
val animal_2 = Animal("Marmot", "Banff")
val animal_3 = Animal("cat", "my house")
inspectAnimal.inspect(animal_1) // result: this is a polar bear
inspectAnimal.inspect(animal_2) // result: this might be a bear
inspectAnimal.inspect(animal_3) // result: this is a/an cat living in my house
To mach against the type. Example:
5- Abstract class
3- Tips with objects and classes
1- Overloading the methods (overloaded methods)
Instead of creating several methods with different names and doing the same task but receiving different number of arguments and/or different types of parameters, we can create methods with the same name but different parameter and let Scala decide on the proper version of the method. Overloading methods is applicable to classes and singleton objects. Example:
object doSomething{
 def sumNumbers(a:Int, b:Int): Unit = println(a + b)
 def sumNumbers(a:Double, b:Double): Unit = println(a + b)
 def sumNumbers(a:Int, b:Int, c:Int): Unit = println(a + b + c)
doSomething.sumNumbers(2,3) // 5
doSomething.sumNumbers(12.345,34.567) // 46.912
doSomething.sumNumbers(1,2,7) // 10
2- Auxiliary constructor
Other than the primary constructors of a class, auxiliary constructors can also be utilized. Auxiliary constructors overload the constructors. To do this, the following should be considered:
 - Auxiliary constructors are defined by def keyword.
 - Like Method Overloading, all auxiliary constructors should use the same name this.
 - each auxiliary constructor must have a different different parameters list.
 - each auxiliary constructor must first call a previously defined primary constructor(s) or/and an auxiliary constructor(s). This is performed by name this.
Nevertheless, constructor overloading can be implemented by setting default values for the primary constructors.
4- Traits (Subtyping)
Classes are abstraction over objects while traits are abstraction over classes; in other words, traits are template for classes. Traits allow us to define a super type for several classes which are the subtypes. This super type is is outside of the Any super type that all classes share. Classes under a trait can share the implementation of the same operation. A trait creates interface that any subtype, i.e. classes, must implement (comply with).
Compared with a class, a trait does not/cannot logically have a constructor. Classes (having constructors) can be created from a trait and objects from the classes. A trait can define abstract fields and methods that have names and type signature but no (concrete) implementation. An implementation is possible when defining an extending class under the trait. Implementing methods based on abstract methods in a trait is possible. Whatever abstract methods and fields are defined in a trait have to be then implemented in the extending class(es). Concrete (default) implementation of any method (or a field) in a trait is possible as well, however, it must be make sure that the method is valid in all the extending classes (subtypes). Otherwise, the method (or field) should be overridden in a subtype.
Abstract fields in a trait can be defined either using val or def. However, it is recommended to use def because def is a generalization of val in Scala. If an abstract field is defined by def, then val will be used for its implementation in the extending class.
Abstract methods (or fields) can have completely different implementations in different subtypes.
Example: Animals can be wild or pet. Instead of creating two separate non-connected (in terms of sharing fields and methods) classes, we create two extending classes under a trait.
trait Animal {
 def kind: String // can also be val kind: String
 def location: String
 def inspect: Unit = println(s"$kind lives in $location")
 def id: Unit
case class Wild (kind: String, location: String, idNumber: Int) extends Animal {
 def id: Unit = print(s"The wild animal id is: $idNumber")
case class Pet (kind: String, location: String, idNumber: Int) extends Animal{
 def id: Unit = print(s"The pet id is: $idNumber")
val bear_1 = Wild("bear", "north pole", _PHONE_)
val cat_1 = Pet ("Cat", "my house", 123456)
defined trait Animal
defined class Wild
defined class Pet
bear_1: Wild = Wild(bear,north pole,_PHONE_)
cat_1: Pet = Pet(Cat,my house,123456)
bear lives in north pole
The wild animal id is: _PHONE_
Cat lives in my house
The pet id is: 123456
Scala with IntelliJ IDEA
1- Defining a package object
 1. On the project side bar right click on Scala folder –> new –> package.
 2. name the package custom.methods.
 3. Right click on custom.methods –>new –> package object
The package object is now ready.
package custom
package object methods {
// define your custom classes, case classes, objects, methods here


text:
So you upgraded your Android phone or tablet to Android 4.1.2 or higher and now you get a "Please enable Google apps location access" error whenever accessing Google Maps or Google Now. What is this damn error and how do you get rid of it? This article spills the beans!
Prior to Android 4.1.2, to find your location in Google Maps all you had to do was enable GPS. Starting in Android 4.1.2, however, Google has made a change. You still need to enable GPS. However, in addition to enabling GPS, you need to explicitly give access to all Google apps to allow them to find your location. If you don't do this second step then you will get a "Please enable Google apps location access" error in Google Maps, Google Now, and any other Google app that tries to use your location.
Why did Google make this change? I'm not sure.
How to enable Google apps location access
As I just mentioned, before you can proceed further, you need to make sure you have GPS enabled. To enable GPS, go to 'System settings' -> 'Location access' -> flip 'Access to my location' to on -> check the box for 'GPS satellites'; you will also have to agree or disagree to send Google anonymous location data. Once you have GPS enabled, you need to do the following to give Google apps access to your location so you can start using Google Maps, Google Now, etc.:
- Go to 'System settings' -> 'Accounts' -> 'Google'
- Scroll to the bottom and tap on 'Location settings'
- Flip the switch for 'Let Google apps access your location' to 'On'
Once you do the above, you will no longer get the "Please enable Google apps location access" error in Google Maps, Google Now, or any other Google app.
If you ever want to revoke location access for Google apps, simply repeat the same process mentioned above except flip the switch for 'Let Google apps access your location' to 'Off'
Google definitely made this whole process a lot more confusing than it needs to be. However, it is a one-time thing — you set it once and you never have to worry about it again. Enjoy!


Manage Learn to apply best practices and optimize your operations.
Using Oracle Identity Manager (OIM) connectors and integration
Learn how to use the Oracle Identity Manager (OIM) integration platform, including the OIM connectors such as prebuilt connectors and generic technology connectors , and provisioning and reconciliation integrations.
Applied Oracle Security: Developing Secure Database and Middleware Environments Chapter 9: Oracle Identity Man...
ager
In this section, learn how to use the Oracle Identity Manager (OIM) integration platform, including the OIM connectors such as prebuilt connectors and generic technology connectors. Also, find out about the two types of system integrations supported by OIM, provisioning and reconciliation integrations.

Table of contents:
How to use Oracle Identity Manager for user provisioning
Understanding the Oracle user provisioning process
Using Oracle Identity Manager (OIM) connectors and integration
The Oracle Identity Manager (OIM) deployment model

User Provisioning Integrations
More on Oracle database security
Find out how to encrypt files on Oracle SecureFiles
Learn to configure Oracle fine-grained access control for network services
Watch this video discussing Oracle database security
One of the key strengths of OIM is the flexibility of its integration platform. However, highly flexible frameworks can often become complex and less usable. As a result, since version 9.1, OIM offers several interaction patterns that allow a user to choose the level of flexibility and sophistication of developing integrations with external systems. I have found that this approach is driven more or less by the 80/20 rule: approximately 80 percent of the use cases are satisfied by 20 percent of the integration types. Those 20 percent integration types are simplified into standard connectors and templates.
Every choice of integration between OIM and an external target systems falls into one of the following categories:
 - Prebuilt connectors A specific connector implementation for a specific system or application (such as Active Directory, PeopleSoft, SAP, DB2, Oracle Database, and so on).
 - Generic Technology Connector A connector for commonly-used formats and industry standards (such as flat files, Web Services, and Service Provisioning Markup Language).
Prebuilt Connectors
OIM provides a connector pack that bundles prebuilt and packaged connectors to most thirdparty systems of all types, including databases, enterprise resource planning (ERP) applications, operating systems, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) servers, and so on. Setting up these connectors in OIM is a fairly straightforward process:
1. Copy the connector files to the OIM server.
2. Import the connector's (XML-based) descriptor file into the OIM repository through the Deployment Manager section in the OIM web console.
3. Define the IT resources associated to this connector, Through this connector install process, OIM automatically creates the foundational elements of the new resource by creating the necessary resource, IT resource(s), and IT resource type objects associated to the connector. At this point, the environment is ready for basic requestdriven provisioning. (See "Discretionary Account Provisioning.")
Generic Technology Connector
One of the first additions Oracle made to the OIM product after its acquisition was the development of the Generic Technology Connector (GTC). Oracle realized that OIM had great capabilities for supporting high-end system integration challenges such as connecting to ERP systems and LDAP servers using prebuilt connectors or developing custom connectors on top of the OIM development framework. However, there was no easy way to perform quick and simple integrations from OIM to smaller scale and perhaps more departmental applications that were built using simpler database technologies such as Application Express or Microsoft Access. As enterprises are looking to automate provisioning to all types of applications (enterprise and departmental), Oracle needed a solution that targeted those applications and systems with a simpler approach to provisioning. This was the genesis of the GTC, introduced in OIM 9.1.
The GTC supports simple integrations to custom-built applications or other systems that rely on simpler data exchange formats such as comma-separated fields. It also supports many industry-standard protocols such as Service Provisioning Markup Language (SPML). The GTC is another example of a packaged integration used for a common set of applications that can read and exchange information in a standard format. While the GTC does not necessarily solve complex integration scenarios, it does provide a quick integration to medium- to low-complexity applications. Figure 9-10 illustrates the provisioning lifecycle of a GTC-based integration.

FIGURE 9-10 The GTC lifecyle
A GTC-based integration provides a set of packaged functionalities, known as "providers," to perform the different types of actions needed to execute an end-to-end user provisioning process. The process runs starting from identity data reconciliation from a source system to provisioning to a target application.
The GTC is a useful choice whenever you're dealing with applications that can support simpler or standard data exchange formats, such as comma-separated files or the SPML format. The typical cost to set up and maintain a GTC-based integration is much lower than that of other types of OIM integrations. Unlike the prebuilt connectors, the GTC code is shipped with the OIM server so there is no need to install additional software.
Reconciliation Integrations
Two types of system integrations are supported by OIM: provisioning and reconciliation. Provisioning automates account creation from the OIM server to an application or resource using the data from the OIM repository. Reconciliation automates the creation of an OIM identity record based on an external source of identities (that is, a source of truth). Most often, OIM reconciles from an external human resources application as an authoritative source of employee data and then provisions to business productivity applications, such as email, intranet portals, and other ERP systems.
Reconciliation is often driven by business events such as new hires, new customers, organizational changes, employee transfers, and so on. Since these business events are initiated in an ERP system, most often the Human Resources (HR) system, it makes sense to configure OIM to setup reconciliation with those systems so it can listen for relevant identity events. OIM uses two reconciliation styles: trusted source reconciliation and target resource reconciliation
Trusted Source Reconciliation
Trusted source reconciliation (TSR) is used for reconciling information from external authoritative sources (such as HR systems, CRM, and so on) that usually result in creating, modifying, or removing users in the OIM local repository. If the appropriate user groups and access policies are configured, the external reconciliation events can trigger provisioning processes that create or change account data in applications and resources where users are provisioned. For instance, a new employee record entered into the HR application could trigger a record creation in OIM (via reconciliation), which then can subsequently trigger provisioning events (via access policies) to create an e-mail account in the MS Exchange e-mail server.
TSR has two implementation forms:
 - Attribute based Each trusted source is responsible for reconciling one or more attributes of the user. For instance, the HR system can be the authoritative source that owns the first and last name attributes, whereas the enterprise LDAP server can be the authoritative source for the e-mail address attribute.
 - User-type based Each trusted source is responsible for reconciling a particular user type in OIM. For instance, the HR system can be the trusted source for employees, whereas the CRM system can be the trusted source for customer user types.
Target Resource Reconciliation
Target resource reconciliation (TRR) is used mainly for reconciling changes to already provisioned users. For instance, if someone changes the phone number of a user in Active Directory without going through the OIM management console, OIM can be configured to reconcile those changes using TRR.
TRR is a very powerful feature in OIM since it can not only choose simple attribute changes from external sources, but it can also be used to identify rogue accounts in external systems quickly. If someone tries to create a privileged account in an external resource (such as Active Directory), TRR can detect that potentially harmful account and take any step that you configure. For example, TRR can configure a policy of automatically disabling rogue accounts until an administrator explicitly re-authorizes the access.
TRR is also useful for reconciling list-of-value fields from target systems (such as LDAP groups, roles, and so on) into OIM so that you can map access policies to actual target system roles and groups.
Compliance Solutions
One of the main drivers of enterprise identity management is the notion of knowing and auditing who has access to what resources. In addition to standard access reporting requirements, compliance mandates often require periodic attestation of users' access to critical applications. Manual attestation of access is an expensive and risky process to enforce, so enterprises are looking to products like OIM to help provide attestation.
Attestation
Attestation requires that a defined approval workflow periodically re-authorizes access to sensitive information (typically financial data) that falls within a particular compliance mandate such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). The person with the authority to re-authorize, also known as the reviewer, can have a number of relationships with the user(s) being attested. The reviewer can range from user's direct supervisor, to an application administrator, to the chief operating officer (COO) of the organization. Basically, the reviewer must have the authority and knowledge to answer the question


text:
Umrah is a minor pilgrimage to the Holy city of Makkah. It has some rites that serve as its foundation; without them, Umrah cannot be done. Muslims from all over the world perform it frequently. By entering the state of Ihram, it will strictly permit you to follow certain rulings.
However, Umrah has different rules for men and women. When entering the state of Ihram, both men and women should be careful about its restrictions. One of the most asked questions is about using makeup during Umrah. Most females are confused about it. So, read this whole context "Can a female use makeup during Umrah?" to ensure that you obtain the right and correct response. It will facilitate you to learn the ruling during your pilgrimage.
Note: Ladies can now perform pilgrimage solo or in groups by reserving Umrah packages 2023 from a reputable company.
Using makeup during Umrah
The rules of Umrah depend on its four main rituals. Assuming the Ihram state is the first ritual. By maintaining this state you will carry out the remaining rituals (Sa'i, Tawaf, and Halq/Taqsir). To perform Umrah, you must adhere to the rules.
One of the important rules for ladies is wearing makeup. Ladies are not allowed to use and wear makeup during Umrah as well as in Hajj. Because these are the products which make the face decorative and enhance changes. No doubt, the makeup products are beauty care and decorative cosmetics. But ladies should avoid these products during Umrah, especially when they are in Masjid al-Haram.
Makeup products contain animal fats and unnatural, harsh chemicals. Perfume is the main part of these products. So, once ladies enter the state of Ihram, they cannot use scented products. During Umrah, your goal should be spiritual beauty, not physical. A pilgrimage needs purity of soul, and it will clear all the past sins.
Forbidden acts of Ihram
Once men and women entered Ihram, the following acts are not permitted to do:
- Using perfume or fragrance
- Wearing sewn/stitched clothes and shoes
- Killing insects
- Cutting nails and hair
- Intercourse or sexual activity
- Wearing makeup
- Covering face and head
What should ladies wear for Umrah?
Ladies are not advised to wear any particular dress for Umrah. They can dress whatever they want for the Ihram state, but the whole attire should be according to Islamic tradition. The perfect dress for ladies can be an abaya as it will cover the entire body of a woman. Most of the ladies wear black and white colour abayas during their pilgrimage.
Can ladies wear socks during Umrah?
It is permitted for a woman to cover her feet and can wear socks in the state of Ihram. A woman should not expose her feet in front of non-mahram men during Umrah or in any other circumstance. Socks do not need to be black during Umrah. The socks' colour can be any other than black, but the thing is that they should cover ankle bones.
Can a woman cover her face during Umrah?
It is not allowed for a woman to cover her face and hands while in Ihram. This is the sign of Ihram to uncover her face. She is incorrect if she hides her face. Same like that men are also not allowed to wear a cap on the head and stitched clothes.
In conclusion, it is not recommended for a woman to wear makeup during Umrah. The goal here is your spiritual, not physical beauty. Even, pilgrims cannot use scented perfume or anything that contains perfume. Once you have done your Umrah packages, you should be aware of these rules.


The iBobber is a smart fishing tool that uses sonar to catch the fishes. After combining 19th and 21st century technology, iBobber has introduced an interesting twist of sonar and app connectivity to fishing.
What we need to do to catch a fish is just attach the bobber to the fishing line and it will detect where the fishes in water are and how deep the water is. It will communicate this information via Bluetooth to a Smartphone, which will allow you to adjust the casting and the depth resulting in increasing the chances of getting a bite.
Obviously, the sonar would not reach the Mariana Trench but it can detect the depth up to 135 feet and has a sonar angle of 42-degrees, means the detection diameter gets wide toward the bottom of the well over 20 feet.
It can also detect the height of a fish based on the scale size.
It also has an additional feature for those who love fishing; the iBobber will inform you about the temperature and also includes a lunar calendar which will help you to know the ideal fishing timing and locations. The iBobber app for iOS and android are available for free on play store.
The iBobber will notify you when the fish is caught in the hook.
The iBobber costs for $100.
The iBobber consists:-
Smallest on market Longest battery life
LED Beacon Strike alarm
Strike alarm Waterbed mapping


[Synthesis, crystal structure and spectral properties study of a 3D netlike coordination polymer [Zn(HBIDC) x H2O]n].
The 3D netlike coordination polymer of Zn II with benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid (H3BIDC), [Zn(HBIDC) x H2O]n was synthesized by the hydrothermal method through self-assembling. The crystal structure of complex 1 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis and IR spectra, and we also studied the fluorescence properties of… CONTINUE READING


HttpPostedFileBase Class
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HttpPostedFileBase Class
Serves as the base class for classes that provide access to individual files that have been uploaded by a client.
Namespace: System.Web
Assembly: System.Web.Abstractions (in System.Web.Abstractions.dll)
[AspNetHostingPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Level = AspNetHostingPermissionLevel.Minimal)]
[AspNetHostingPermissionAttribute(SecurityAction.InheritanceDemand, Level = AspNetHostingPermissionLevel.Minimal)]
public abstract class HttpPostedFileBase
The HttpPostedFileBase class is an abstract class that contains the same members as the HttpPostedFile class. The HttpPostedFileBase class lets you create derived classes that are like the HttpPostedFile class, but that you can customize and that work outside the ASP.NET pipeline. When you perform unit testing, you typically use a derived class to implement members that have customized behavior that fulfills the scenario you are testing.
The HttpPostedFileWrapper class derives from the HttpPostedFileBase class. The HttpPostedFileWrapper class serves as a wrapper for the HttpPostedFile class. At run time, you typically use an instance of the HttpPostedFileWrapper class to call members of the HttpPostedFile object.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 3.5 SP1
Community Additions
© 2015 Microsoft


C++ Program To Find Factorial
This program is used to find factorial of n numbers.
Algorithm:
1.Start
2.Get the input from user for variable n (ie) an integer number
3.Initialize fact as 1
4.You will need a for loop to find factorial of given number
5.In for loop set i as 1 then compare if i is lesser than or equal to zero
6.If step-5 is true declare fact as fact * i and if step-5 is false stop the program
7.Increment i value by 1
8.Stop
Program:
# include <iostream.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
 clrscr();
 int n, fact = 1;
 cout << "Enter Value For N:";
 cin >> n;
 for (int i = 1; i <= n; i + +)
 {
 fact = fact * i;
 }
 cout << "The Factorial Of" << n << "Is:" << fact;
 getch ();
}
Manish Jain
Manish Jain is an indian blogger who loves to learn and find out interesting tweaks and tricks on pc and smartphones and share them with world .


text:
Does international patent collaboration have an effect on entrepreneurship?
Abstract.Entrepreneurship is one of the main pillars of growth in any economy. Achieving a high rate of entrepreneurship in a region has become the priority objective of governments and firms. However, in many cases, new firm creation is conditioned by relations or collaboration in innovation with agents from other countries. Previous literature has analyzed the mechanisms that foster entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to shed light on the influence of international patent collaboration (IPC) on entrepreneurial activity at country level taking into account the timing of this relationship. An empirical study is proposed to verify whether IPC leads to greater entrepreneurship and to analyze the gestation period between international patenting actions and firm creation. Using the Generalized Method of Moments, the two hypotheses proposed were tested in a data panel of 30 countries for the period 2005–2017. Results show the influence of IPC in promoting entrepreneurship in the same year, but especially in the following year. The study offers implications for entrepreneurs and public agents. IPC affects the integration and interaction of international agents in a country, favors the production of new knowledge, and increases positive externalities in a territory. All this facilitates the creation of new companies with a high innovative component.S