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Curve Tube Node 1.3.0 for Maya (maya plugin)
extension creates polygon tubes from curves
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Last Modified:01/16/2019
File Size: 835 KB
This node generates polygon tube based on the input curve. You can control the resolution,
shape and procedural uv through the node interface.
Node Parameters
* Curve Sample Mode
The algorithm to be used for generating samples across the curve
* By Parameter: Generates samples based on curve parameters, this method is faster but less
accurate because the curve parameter usually doesn't distribute evenly on hand-created curves.
If the curve has been rebuilt to make the parameter distribution even, this algorithm would
produce fine results.
* By Arc Length: The arcs between close samples will have the same length. This method can generate
evenly distributed segments and less mis-shaping results, in slightly cost of performance.
* Tube Radius
Section radius of the curve.
* Use Radius Map
Enable hand-control radius mapping, you can use the ramp control below to control radius scale
along the curve.
* Curve Start/Curve End
Controls the range of the curve being used for tube generation. These are percent values between 0 and 1,
not explicit curve parameter.
* Decide Segments by Curve Length
Normally, total number of segments is controlled directly by the 'Segments' parameter below.
Once this setting is turned on, number of segments will be controlled relatively by length of the curve.
* Segments
Total number of the segments.
* Unit Length Segments
When 'Decide Segments by Curve Length' is on, this parameter is used to decide the number of segments
along with the curve length('Curve Start' and 'Curve End' will also be taken into account).
The number of segments will be __length_of_curve * unit_length_segments__, which means the longer the
curve, the more the segments. This method is useful when you want to extend the curve on fly while visualizing
the tube mesh growing at the same time.
* Section Segments
Total number of segments for section.
* Rotation
Rotate the whole tube around the curve.
* Twist
Twist the tube around the curve.
* End Cap
Fills the holes on both ends, the filling will be star shapes.
* Udd Extrusion
Add extrusion effect on tube body.
* Extrusion scale
Amount of extrusion.
* Extrusion Map
Controls the shape of extrusion based on curve parameter. Remember __The map value of 0.5 means no extrusion,
value greater than 0.5 means extruding outward along the polygon normal, and value less than 0.5 means extruding
* Generate UV
Generates procedural uv for the mesh. Remember the uv generation algorithm is not for zero-distortion.
* Straighten Body UV
Do not deform uv on u direction based on section radius, in this case uv of each section along v direction
will be scaled trying to reduce distortion.
* UV Scale
Global uv scale.
* UV Cap Scale
Scale uv of the caps. Caps has the same uv aspect ratio with the tube by default. Use this parameter
in case you want to control the scaling independently.
* UV Padding
Distance between uv and uv space borders.
* UV Margin
Distance between uv islands.
* Curve Up Vector
Initial up vector for curve normal computing, there is no need to change this under most circumstances.
* Resample By Curvature
Add additional segments at high curvature areas. Higher curvature means the "steeper" parts
on the curve (i.e. tangent changes vastly and the radius is relatively small). High curvature areas
needs more samples to achieve enough details, but these parts of the curve usually don't have enough length.
This parameter enables the ability to add more samples to these areas via more specific controls.
* Curvature Threshold
Minimum curvature needed for activating curvature resample. Curvature is sampled by computing
differences between near tangents and arc distance, so their values don't have predictable ranges,
you will have to change this value as appropriate.
* Max Subdivision
Basically, this parameter controls how many additional segments added to high curvature areas.
1 subdivision == 2 more segments. Since high curvature areas often clump together within a small area,
max subdivision is not guaranteed to be fully performed. When the samples are over-concentration,
subdivision will be reduced to a more reasonable value.
* Min Arc Length
Controls the threshold used to reduce 'Max Subdivision', addition segments will only be added when
length of the arc between two additional samples is greater than this value.
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Generate carbon dioxide from a chemical reaction and perform the limewater test to show the mix of gases
This experiment provides evidence that particles in a gas are in motion.
This experiment should take 30 minutes.
- Eye protection
- Test tubes, x3
- Delivery tube and bung
- Limewater 0.02 mol dm–3
- Calcium carbonate
- Hydrochloric acid 0.5 mol dm–3
Health, safety and technical notes
- Read our standard health and safety guidance.
- Wear eye protection, if desired.
- Hydrochloric acid is an eye irritant, see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC057
- Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
- Put a spatula measure of calcium carbonate into the first test-tube.
- Add 10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid and quickly replace the bung and delivery tube. Ensure the delivery tube reaches almost to the bottom of the second test-tube.
- Allow the gas to pass into the second test-tube for about one minute, then remove the delivery tube and cork the test-tube.
- Hold the test-tube upside down over a similar test-tube containing air.
- Remove the cork and place the tubes mouth-to-mouth.
- After 5 min, cork both tubes and test the contents for carbon dioxide (swirl a little limewater round in the test-tube). Write down what happens in both tubes.
- Repeat this experiment but this time at step 5 hold the test-tube of air upside down over a test-tube of carbon dioxide.
This experiment provides a good introduction, one suggestion is to show a demonstration of Brownian motion using a smoke cell after this experiment
Solids, liquids and gases consist of minute particles. If this were not the case, they would not mix so easily.
This is not proof of a particulate theory, but the experiment does suggest that the particles in the gas must be in motion to spread through the air in the containers.
- Which of the four test-tubes contained carbon dioxide at the end of the experiment?
- Is air or carbon dioxide more dense?
- Does this experiment support the idea that the particles of a gas are in motion? Give your reasons
- All the test-tubes contained carbon dioxide; the gases always diffuse and mix.
- Carbon dioxide is denser than air.
- Yes; both tubes should give cloudy limewater, suggesting the gases in the two tubes mixed. Some of the heavier carbon dioxide molecules moved upwards into the test-tube containing air.
This practical is part of our Classic chemistry experiments collection.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Huronian glaciation
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Huronian glaciation (or Makganyene glaciation) lasted from 2.4 billion years ago (Gya) to 2.1 Gya, during the Palaeoproterozoic era. It was named after evidence was collected from Lake Huron region in North America. There, three separate horizons of glacial deposits are separated by non-glacial sediment.
It was one of the most severe and longest ice ages in geologic history, similar to the Snowball Earth ice ages that happened in the Neoproterozoic era.[1][2][3][4]
The glaciations were probably triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), which removed atmospheric methane (a greenhouse gas), and eventually supplied free oxygen to the atmosphere. The alternate warm and ice age periods was probably caused by a repeating cycle. Cyanobacteria flourished in the warm periods, producing huge amounts of oxygen. The oxygen removed the free methane, and used up carbon dioxide. This caused the temperature to crash. This slowed down the bacteria. So the temperature rose again.
However, it is also possible that there was a 250 million year lull in volcanic activity, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels and so reduced greenhouse effect.
References[change | change source]
 1. Lane, Nick (2010). "First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen". New Scientist (2746). A snowball period, c2.4–c2.0 Gya, triggered by the Great Oxygenation Event [1]
 2. Williams G.E. & Schmidt P.W. (1997). "Paleomagnetism of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda and Lorrain formations, Ontario: low palaeolatitude for Huronian glaciation" (PDF). EPSL. 153 (3): 157–169. Bibcode:1997E&PSL.153..157W. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00181-7.
 3. Evans D.A; Beukes N.J. & Kirschvink J.L. (1997). "Low-latitude glaciation in the Palaeoproterozoic era". Nature. 386 (6622): 262–6. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..262E. doi:10.1038/386262a0.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 4. Robert E. Kopp; et al. (2005). "The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (32): 11131–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K. doi:10.1073/pnas._PHONE_. PMC _PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.


text:
ism (Weir, 2016). The training workshop always link the fraud incident with the code of conduct to communicate effectively with employees. According to Wells Fargo's code of Ethics and Conduct the frim advocates for honest and transparency in its operations. However, the top managers failed to give employees a chance to air their grievances about the malpractices in one of the top firm that damaged its reputation. Managers support our diversity initiatives. X 28. Flexible work schedules and cafeteria-style benefit plans meet the needs of our diverse workforce.
X 29. Our promotion, performance appraisal, and downsizing criteria do not discriminate against diverse employee groups. Flexible work hours and cafeteria are some of the diversity at Wells Fargo has led to penetration of international market leading to globalization. Also, more diverse workforces is another positive thing (Wells Fargo). The company's promotion, performance appraisal as well as downsizing criteria is questionable. For example the company had to pay a former employer 73 million US dollars for discrimination altogether with unequal pay (Nikkey, 2017). Wells Fargo's training workshops target to create self-awareness, commonalities and also employee differences among the workers (Wells Fargo). An internal reporting system exists for our employees to confidentially raise ethical issues and receive ethical clarification. X 37. An internal system exists for our employees to anonymously report potential ethical wrongdoing.
X 38. Employee requests for confidentiality are honored. The issue of confidentiality is a major hurdle for Wells Fargo employee as Robert (2016) points out. Most of the employees feared they would be victimized. During the 2016 crisis, employees confidentiality was not honored since some of the workers were dismissed while senior employees failed to take responsibilities (Mclean, 2017). The whistle blowers of 2016 fraud case were not given a chance and most likely some were among the 5,300 who were fired (Mclean, 2017). ETHICAL LEADERSHIP, WORK GOALS AND PERFORMANCE APRRAISALS YES SOMETIMES NO 41. Employees are surveyed about the extent to which the believe managers behave ethically at work. X 47. Our work goals are jointly determined by managers and their subordinates, and linked to organizational objectives (i. e.
, Management-By-Objectives). X Subtotal for Ethical Leadership, Work Goals, and Performance Appraisal, items 41 through 53 1 1 10 41. Wells Fargo managers failed to listen to workers notification to curb the fraud of registering fake accounts which is unethical, therefore, it seems the managers were behind the move since it was beneficial and also profitable (Mclean, 2017). The managers encouraged unethical practices at the firm therefore one cannot state that they ethical outside work (Mclean, 2017). After the crisis was revealed, managers and other top officials failed to take responsibilities but instead blamed it on junior employees leading to dismissal of 5300 workers. They are not honest, credible nor reliable (Arnold, 2016). ENGAGING AND EMPOWERING EMPLOYEES Yes Sometimes No 54. Employee satisfaction surveys are conducted and results used to Inform continuous improvement efforts.
X 55. Employees are passionate about their work and the organization. X 56. , Open X Book Management). Appreciative Inquiry techniques are used to address organizational X issues. At the end of the day, our employees reflect on their daily X performance and develop plans for the following day. Our employees elicit and review suggestions for improved work unit performance, and have the authority, within reason, to make changes as X needed (Scanlon-type gainsharing plan). Our employees share in the profits they help to generate (i. Managers do not engage employees on developing strategy irrespective of the situation (Arnold, 2016). Wells Fargo considers training as one of the most effective approach of improving skills of workers to achieve the set goals and objectives (Wells Fargo).
The company through various strategies posts the results of the company to inspire employees to work hard (Wells Fargo). The hotline ethics line was set up to address emerging issue but was neglected by the employees during the time fake accounts were opened. (Arnold, 2016). Our managers consider the impact organizational operations have on the natural environment (environmental risk assessment). X 70. Environmental goals and objectives are established, monitored, X 71. Product, or service, packaging is minimal. We operate in a "green" building. A specific person, or employee team, is responsible for developing and monitoring our organization's community outreach activities. X 75. Upper management encourages input from, and dialogue with, stakeholder groups for issues that affect community members. X 76. Our organization donates money to community organizations.
X 82. Our managers participate in local business associations such as a rotary or the chamber of commerce. X 83. Our organization measures and assesses its community impacts and shares the information with the community. X Subtotal for Community Outreach Items, 74 through 9 0 0 74. They support the programme then engage in a feedback approach with members of the community for an effective process (Wells Fargo). ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENT YES SOMETIMES NO 84. Our organization systematically examines its ethical performance on an annual basis. X 85. Our organization benchmarks itself to the industry's best ethical practices. X Subtotal for Organizational Assessment, items 84 through 90 4 2 0 84. Wells Fargo has embarked on a serious analysis of ethical performance after the 2016 scandal (Wells Fargo). The company now focuses on ethical practices to retain its image after the 2016 scandal (Wells Fargo).
Through the company's website it has ethical principles that are geared towards the vision and mission of the company to reclaim the ethics system structure. (Wells Fargo). (2016, May 26). Wells Fargo Center Earns Leed Platinum EB Certification. Retrieved from http://www. beaconcapital. com/company/news/Wells-Fargo-Center-Earns-LEED-Platinum-EB-Certification/3450?type_id=3 Charleston Chamber. , Poff, D. , & Zahir, S. Corporate values, codes of ethics, and firm performance: A look at the Canadian context. Journal of Business Ethics. Dfleischer. Retrieved from https://www. businessinsider. com/r-wells-fargo-to-reduce-headcount-by-5-10-percent-in-next-3-years-2018-9?IR=T Weir, P. (2016, April 22). The Root of The Problem: Wells Fargo Ticked The Training Box. com/assets/pdf/about/corporate/code-of-ethics. pdf Wells Fargo. Community Outreach. Retrieved from https://www. wellsfargo. wellsfargomedia. com/assets/pdf/about/investor-relations/earnings/second-quarter-2018-earnings.
pdf (Wells Fargo, 2017). Wells Fargo CEO Tim Sloan Announces Six New Long-Term Goals and Provides Update on Rebuilding Trust Actions. Retrieved from https://newsroom. com/about/corporate-responsibility/environment/ Wells Fargo. Our Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. Retrieved from https://www08. wellsfargomedia. com/assets/pdf/about/corporate/code-of-ethics. Leading banks in the United States as of December 31, 2017, by number of employees. Retrieved from https://www. statista. com/statistics/250220/ranking-of-united-states-banks-by-number-of-employees-in-2012/ Schlein, Z. (2018, July 30). , Choi, J. N. , & Kim, M. S. Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate. com/WELLS-FARGO-14861/news/Wells-Fargo-to-pay-97-3-million-in-employee-class-action-suit-Judge-approves-97-3-million-settle-26564351 Wells Fargo. Guidelines when conducting background checks. Retrieved from https://wellsfargoworks. com/management/article/guidelines-when-conducting-background-checks O'Brien, G. (2018, March 26). Retrieved from https://www.
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text:
When you import a document into Numbers, or export a Numbers spreadsheet to another format, some elements might not transfer as expected. The Document Warnings window lists any problems encountered:
- If there are issues, you'll see a message enabling you to review the warnings. If you choose not to review them, you can see the Warnings window at any time by choosing Show Document Warnings from the View menu.
- If you see a warning about a missing font, you can select the warning and click Replace Font to choose a replacement font.
- You can copy one or more warnings by selecting them in the Document Warnings window and choosing Copy from the Edit menu. You can then paste the copied text into an email message, text file, or some other window.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
سال انتشار: ۱۳۸۲
محل انتشار: یازدهمین کنفرانس مهندسی پزشکی ایران
تعداد صفحات: ۷
Ahmad R. Sharafat – Department of Electrical Engineering
Hajir Daneshvar – Department of Medical PhysicsTarbiat Modarres University
S. Mohammad Firoozabadi – Department of Medical PhysicsTarbiat Modarres University
Evoked Potentials (EPs) are time varying signals buried in large background noise. In order to detect and extract Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) in real time, we use the fourth order cumulant of the observed noisy signal in an adaptive filter. The noisy signal is passed through a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter whose impulse response is matched with the shape of the noise-free signal. The impulse response of the said filter is estimated using the fourth order cumulant of the input signal. We also use a method to recursively utilize fourth order cumulants of the input signal for updating the coefficients of the adaptive FIR filter. This enables us to extract the VEP signal in real time. We show that the fourth order cumulant based method provides better results in comparison to the conventional third order cumulant based method and both yield better results as compared to the widely used autocorrelation function.


text:
If you are familiar with CartoCSS, you know how intricate your stylesheet can get when building something like a choropleth map. With Turbo Carto, you remove the complexity of writing lines and lines of CartoCSS, and most importantly, with Turbo Carto, your styling is connected to your data. This is an exciting new way to think about thematic mapping for the web.
In this blog, I'll walk through the basics of Turbo Carto, outlining its syntax followed by some example maps.
Turbo Carto is built around the idea of ramps. You can apply a ramp to any traditional CartoCSS property used to define a map symbol's size (
-width), color (
-fill), and even opacity (
-opacity) based off an attribute in your data.
No matter which CartoCSS property you are ramping, Turbo Carto has a standard syntax you can follow:
property: the CartoCSS property you want to ramp with Turbo Carto
attribute: the attribute in your data you want to symbolize
values: how the attribute values will be styled (by color, by size, etc.)
filters: defines which
valuesare assigned to which attribute values
mapping: defines how
filtersare applied (=,>=,<=,>,<)
To see this in action, let's look at how we would build a choropleth map using traditional CartoCSS and then with Turbo Carto.
In the map below, we are symbolizing each block group by the percent of population 25 and older that holds a master's degree in San Francisco and surrounding areas.
The data are classified using the quantiles method with five class breaks. Each polygon is colored according to the class it falls using a sequential color ramp. Dark colors indicate high values, and light colors, low values.
The traditional CartoCSS for this map looks like this:
With Turbo Carto, we no longer have to hard code our class breaks. Of course this means fewer lines of CartoCSS to manage, but what's even cooler is that if the values in our data change, our map will automatically update.
For example, if the values for
masters_degree were updated, we no longer need to recalculate each class break and update the CartoCSS – Turbo Carto takes care of that!
To illustrate, take a look at the same map styled with Turbo Carto:
Let's take a closer look at how we are ramping
polygon-fill: is the CartoCSS property we want to ramp using Turbo Carto
masters_degree: is the attribute we want to map
#f3cbd3,#e498b4,...: is the sequential ramp used to color the polygons defined from lightest color (low) to darkest color (high)
quantiles(5): the classification method and number of bins
To use a Color Brewer sequential palette, we could easily modify the
values property to define that:
Which results in:
You may notice in our choropleth example, we aren't using
mapping. Turbo Carto has some defaults built in. Visit the Turbo Carto Repo to learn more about defaults related to
Using the same syntax, let's take a look at how to make a category map with Turbo Carto.
The map below shows the locations of 311 complaints for neighborhoods in Brooklyn, NY:
The next map symbolizes each point by complaint type. The top 5 complaint types are symbolized with unique colors and the remaining complaint types with a neutral gray.
To create this map, we are ramping the
category() filter, Turbo Carto reads the first 5 colors in the list for the top 5 categories in the
complaint attribute and then assigns the last color in the list (
#888) as the default for all other values.
Turbo Carto also makes bivariate mapping easier than ever before. On a bivariate map, two visual variables are used to symbolize two different properties in the data.
Using the same 311 example, the map below uses color to show the type of complaint (as seen above) and symbol size to show the number of each complaint type that occured at the same location:
To make this map, we are ramping
marker-fill with the categorical attribute
complaint, and ramping
marker-width using quantiles (with 5 classes), and varying the symbol size between 6-40 pixels depending on the number of a complaint type at a given location:
This blog post covers the basics of Turbo Carto. Stay tuned for more advanced examples in the near future!
Happy Map Designing!
Over the past few months we have been working with Databricks to add built-in support for H3, and this added functionality was released recently. Native support for H3 mean...News
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Could household disinfectants be contributing to the growing number of children who are overweight or obese? A new study finds antimicrobial and antibacterial agents affect gut microbiome، as the Technical Times said.
The surprising discovery was made by researchers from the University of Alberta who studied data from AllerGens' Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development or CHILD to investigate the link between cleaning products and overweight children. They examined exposure of children to three categories of household cleaners: disinfectants، detergents، and eco-products. The study was published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. The researchers، who tracked 727 children، found that frequent use of disinfectants، including baby wipes، increases the risk of obesity in young children. Children from homes that use disinfectants at least twice a week are likely to have higher levels of the gut microbes Lachnospiraceae، the bacteria linked with obesity، at 3 to 4 months old compared to families that do not use common household cleaners as frequently. At 3 years old، these same children have higher body mass compared to those who were not exposed to the heavy use of disinfectants at home as infants. "We didn't just find an association،" said principal investigator Anita Kozyrskyj. "Our'mediation' statistical analysis suggests that a gut microbiome enriched with Lachnospiraceae early in infancy was likely directly responsible for children becoming overweight or obese."


text: Resdel epoxy tubing is well known for its exceptional electrical insulation properties. Typical volume resistivities at 23°C approach the 1016 ohm-centimeter level, while dielectric strengths exceed 300 volts/mil. It is this insulating quality, common to most plastics, that in some situations can create problems with electrostatic discharge, or static electricity. Simple contact between materials of differing electric potential can result in the transfer of the surface electrons. The unanticipated arcing of this triboelectric charge can damage sensitive electronic circuitry in computers, radios, televisions, and other household appliances, as well as in industrial and scientific instrumentation.


service tools from the 1930s onward. Although Herbrand provided extensive contract manufacturing for retailers including Western Auto Supply and Montgomery Ward, the company appears to have had only a limited supplier arrangement with Sears Roebuck.
Currently the Craftsman "C-F" Battery Pliers are the only known example of Herbrand production for the Craftsman brand. These battery pliers were identified as Herbrand production by comparison with known examples of the company's battery pliers, and in addition the "C-F" code has a particular connection with Herbrand.
During the 1920s Herbrand used a "CFT-Oval" logo for contract production, and examples of that production can be seen in the section on CFT Tools. The "CFT" letters in the logo were discovered to be the initials of Creighton Fuller Thompson, the son of the company's founder and its president from the 1920s onward. The present "C-F" code can be seen as Thompson's first and middle initials.
We think it's likely that there are other examples of Herbrand production for Sears waiting to be discovered, and hope to expand this section in the future.
Maker Hinsdale
Hinsdale Manufacturing was a maker of automotive tools active from 1919 into the 1940s. In this section we'll present evidence to show that Hinsdale supplied Craftsman wrenches and socket sets during the early to mid 1930s. In addition, Hinsdale was an important supplier to Sears in the pre-Craftsman era, for tools such as socket sets and open-end wrenches.
Pre-Craftsman Hinsdale Tools
[1929 Catalog Listing of Chrome Vanadium Wrench Set]
Fig. 1B. 1929 Catalog Listing of Chrome Vanadium Wrench Set.
The 1929 Sears catalog offered a set of five chrome-vanadium open-end wrenches that can be identified as Hinsdale production by the distinctive tool holder.
The scan in Fig. 1B shows a set of five chrome-vanadium open-end wrenches in a distinctive metal clip, as published on page 1122 of the 1929 Sears catalog No. 159 (Fall-Winter).
A Hinsdale five-piece wrench set in the same metal holder can be seen as Hinsdale Chrome Vanadium Wrench Set.
By 1930 Sears was offering a 46-piece socket set in a hip-roof tool box, which can be identified as Hinsdale production by the illustration of the convertible T-L handle, with the Hinsdale name visible. This set turns out to be the Hinsdale Chrome-Nickel "Mechanics" Set, and the catalog description notes the set as being made of "strongest alloy steel", making it one of the first alloy steel socket sets sold by Sears.
Craftsman Open-End Wrenches
As noted above, Hinsdale supplied chrome-vanadium open-end wrenches to Sears in the pre-Craftsman era. Hinsdale later supplied Craftsman-branded open-end wrenches in the "Craftsman Vanadium" era, which can be identified in catalog listings by their distinctive smoothly sloping depressed panels.
An example can be seen as the Craftsman Vanadium 1729 Wrench.
Craftsman Box-End Wrenches
Craftsman Socket Sets
Maker Kraeuter
Kraeuter & Company was a well known maker of pliers during the first part of the 20th century, and the company offered a wide variety of pliers in both slip-joint and fixed-pivot styles.
In this section we will present evidence to show that Kraeuter was a supplier of pliers for the Craftsman brand during the 1930s and early 1940s. Our approach will be to first establish Kraeuter as the maker of one type of pliers, specifically Button's pattern pliers, and then extend what we learn to cover other types of pliers.
Kraeuter was one of the first suppliers of pliers for the Craftsman brand and the early products were delivered before the advent of the manufacturer's code system. Thus the early production must be identified by design, marking, or manufacturing characteristics.
Button's Pattern Pliers
Button's pattern pliers were first developed by J.M. King & Company during the latter part of the 19th century, and the pliers remained popular well into the 20th century. The King company wasn't active after around 1910, but production of Button's pliers continued under Utica Drop Forge & Tool, Kraeuter, and Smith & Hemenway, later acquired by Crescent Tool.
Sears first offered Craftsman Button's pliers in the fall of 1930, in sizes 6, 8, and 10 inches. The Craftsman examples of Button's pliers closely resemble the models from Kraeuter in general construction and in the shape of the handles, and if we focus on two specific production characteristics noted below, we can show that only Kraeuter could have produced the Craftsman pliers.
These production characteristics are that (1) the cutting slot between the jaws is perpendicular to the faces, and (2) the sloping side facet of the jaw is slightly rounded and meets the flat side facet in a curved arc.
These features can be readily observed in the Early Craftsman 5781-8 Button's Pliers and Early Craftsman 8 Inch Button's Pliers. The photographs for both of these examples include a close-up of the open jaws to show the cutting slot, plus an inset with a side view of the pliers to show the curved arc of the sloping and flat side facets.
The above observations for 8 inch Button's pliers apply equally to the Early Craftsman 5781-10 10 Inch Button's Pliers.
Additional examples of later Craftsman Button's pliers confirm that these production characteristics continued into the early 1940s. The photographs of all of the Button's pliers were made with the intent of facilitating our argument in this section.
To see comparable examples of Kraeuter's production, we can examine the Early Kraeuter 1841-10 Button's Pliers and Kraeuter 1841-10 Button's Pliers. The photographs for both examples include close-ups of the open jaws and a side view of the pliers, and we can see that the cutting slot orientation and the upper jaw curvature match the characteristics of the Craftsman examples.
From the comparison of the Craftsman and Kraeuter Button's pliers, we can see that the examples match closely in general appearance as well as the two key production features.
In the next sections we'll examine reasons why the Craftsman Button's pliers could not have been made by Uitca or Crescent, the other major makers of this style of pliers. We don't mean to imply that these other companies were incapable of producing the Craftsman examples, but only that their standard production didn't match.
Why Not Utica?
We can rule out production by Utica by noting that after around 1909 Utica standard Button's pliers no longer had a single slot going through the jaws, but instead used a patented improvement that provided two angled slots between the jaws. This can be seen on the Early Utica 1000 Button's Pliers, and later Utica production continued to use the patented feature.
In addition to the two slots between the jaws, the sloping side facet of the jaws on Utica Button's pliers is flat rather than curved.
Utica later produced a special model of Button's pliers with a single slot between the jaws, as seen in the Utica [HS-180] 10 Inch Button's Pliers. But in this model the slot between the jaws is angled, as in earlier examples from J.M King. In addition, the HS-180 pliers were available only in the 10 inch size.
In summary, none of the Utica Button's pliers match the Craftsman examples in the two key features we identified.
Why Not Crescent?
Crescent's Button's pliers were based on the design from Smith & Hemenway, which Crescent acquired in 1926. An example similar to Crescent's production in 1930 can be seen as the Red Devil 1000 Button's Pliers.
In these pliers the cutting slot between the jaws is at a right angle, which matches one key feature of Kraeuter's production. However, the sloping side facet of the jaw is ground flat and terminates sharply at the side cutting slot, instead of transitioning to a flat facet. This difference in a key feature allows us to rule out Crescent as the producer of the Craftsman Button's pliers.
Extension to Other Pliers
The above discussion and comparison of examples have firmly established Kraeuter as the producer of Craftsman Button's pliers. We can now extend this knowledge to identify other pliers made by Kraeuter by using some specific production characteristics.
If we go back to our first example, the Early Craftsman 5781-8 Button's Pliers, we note that the pliers are marked with the Craftsman 5781 model number. In this early era Sears did not require model numbers on its tools, and marked model numbers were actually quite rare.
Another notable characteristic of the early 5781 Button's pliers is the finely crafted diamond checkered gripping pattern forged into the handles. Kraeuter was well known for its highly detailed gripping patterns, and actually had a design patent on the "Don't Slip" pattern used on many of its own models.
If we look through some other examples of Early Craftsman Pliers and Cutters, we find that the Early Craftsman 5783-5 Diagonal Cutters and Early Craftsman 5783-6 Diagonal Cutters are both marked with model numbers, and both have the distinctive diamond-checkered gripping pattern observed on the Button's pliers. This allows us to identify Kraeuter as the maker of the Craftsman model


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- All common compounds of Group I and ammonium ions are soluble.
- All nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble.
- All binary compounds of the halogens (other than F) with metals are soluble, except those of Ag, Hg(I), and Pb. Pb halides are soluble in hot water.)
- All sulfates are soluble, except those of barium, strontium, calcium, lead, silver, and mercury (I). The latter three are slightly soluble.
- Except for rule 1, carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, silicates, and phosphates are insoluble.
- Sulfides are insoluble except for calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium.
It is very helpful to be able to recognize the formulas for those gases that may be used or produced during the course of a chemical reaction. The way to indicate that a compound is a gas when you write a chemical equation is to place (g) after the formula, such as HCl(g).
Here is a list of some of the more common gases:
F2, Cl2, H2, N2, O2, SO2, SO3, CO, CO2, H2S, NO, NO2,
NH3, P2O3, P2O5, SiF4, HCl, HBr, HI, HF, N2O5, N2O3, N2O

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Rare glimpse of elusive rail
By Martin Fowlie, Mon, 02/03/2015 – 15:34
An ornithological search-team have caught a glimpse of one of the world's most threatened waterbirds, the Critically Endangered Zapata Rail Cyanolimnas cerverai. The sighting is the first documented in more than four decades and offers hope to conservationists working to ensure its survival.
First described in the early twentieth century, the only nest that has ever been found was by ornithologist James Bond -a name appropriated by Ian Fleming (himself a birder) for 007– and little has since been discovered about its behaviour and breeding ecology. Hopes were fading that viable populations of the Cuban waterbird remained.
The fleeting encounter, now made public, occurred in November 2014. After a series of coordinated surveys of south-west Cuba's Zapata Swamp, ornithologists (including Andy Mitchell and staff from the Cuban Museum of Natural History) struck gold only after deciding to cut thin strips (rides) into the sawgrass to momentarily expose the secretive birds as they moved through the wetland.
"In the first instance, the head protruded from the sawgrass at the side of the ride," recounted Andy Mitchell. "After a few seconds the bird emerged slowly into the open, stopped for a few seconds before moving off into the sawgrass on the other side of the ride."
Now rediscovered, conservation efforts for Zapata Rail will target the wetland in which it was spotted, an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area covering 530,695 ha of wetland in southern Matanzas province. A new project management plan will be developed to assess the species' current population size, distribution and status.
The sighting is the latest victory in BirdLife's Preventing Extinctions Programme, which aims to halt extinctions through rigorous science and practical conservation delivered by a range of partners on the ground.
This music video is called John Zorn – The Zapata Rail.


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Our members, NAM, reflect on a study presented at the 9th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2017) about trans women's HIV risk, why they are so vulnerable to HIV and who trans women are acquiring HIV from. The study conducted a phylogenetic analysis of San Francisco residents diagnosed with HIV between 2000 and 2015. The analysis looked at 5200 individuals' HIV viruses and found that 275 (5.2%) of these viral sequences came from transgender women.
In response to this study NAM poses the questions; Who are trans women acquiring HIV from? And are trans women's partners a hidden risk population?
NAM works to change lives by sharing information about HIV and AIDS. Their aim is to provide independent, clear and accurate information on HIV and AIDS. They believe this enables individuals and communities affected by HIV to protect themselves, care for others, advocate for better services and challenge stigma and discrimination.


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Pakistan must improve its domestic savings rate for sustainable economic growth
Over the last two decades, Pakistan has not only experienced a chronically low gross domestic savings rate but has also seen the savings rate decline until recently. According to data from the World Bank, the gross domestic saving rates fell from 16.4 percent in 2000 to just 5.4 percent in 2019. Pakistan's savings rate compares unfavorably with East Asian countries and South Asian peers. Bangladesh and India have seen their savings rates increase over the same period, which in 2019 stood at 25 percent and 28.2 percent respectively.
Several studies show the relationship between the savings rate and economic growth, especially in developing countries. Economist Robert Solow first argued that larger savings result in higher investments and increased production (Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1956). Other economists such as McKinnon (Money and capital in economic development, 1973) and Shaw (Financial deepening in economic development, 1973) further emphasized the causative relationship between savings and economic development. Empirical evidence shows that as income increases with higher economic growth, it tends to also boost capital accumulation. Such favorable conditions help create a virtuous cycle of further investment and accelerating economic growth.
However, it is not always easy to identify the determinants of a society's savings propensity. The collective spending behavior of households and public and private entities is subject to several interdependent social and economic factors. Literature suggests that a major factor of savings rates is the level of financial deepening in a society, that is, inter alia, the percentage of the population holding bank accounts, the development of financial markets and the diversity in financial instruments available.
Other factors influencing the savings propensity include culture, religion, and demographic factors such as the labour force participation rate and dependency ratio. Pakistan's high fertility rate and burgeoning dependent youth population does not encourage household savings. The interplay of disparate factors is not always obvious, and yet often converge to affect the direction of the national savings rate. There is a consensus that people with high levels of income have a greater propensity to save and vice versa. However, for this to be sustainable, the growth should be through productivity gains and not consumption driven that is fuelled by external borrowings. If higher incomes do not result in investments in productive capacity, then the long-term savings rate is unlikely to improve and may even decline.
That has been the case with Pakistan where the economy expanded despite relatively low and declining domestic savings rates between 2000 and 2019. Such a growth model was unsustainable because the savings-investment gap was filled by foreign funding, primarily in the form of borrowings. More perversely, the economic growth was largely consumption-driven and masked the structural issue of low savings rate. It has led the country closer than ever to a foreign debt trap where the bulk of new external funding is not deployed in productive capacity but rather to service old foreign debts. With foreign borrowing now over $115 billion, Pakistan is having to spend over 50 percent of its goods exports earnings on foreign debt servicing. The high dependency on external borrowing just to service old debt makes the economy susceptible to external shocks.
A major factor of savings rates is the level of financial deepening in a society, that is, inter alia, the percentage of the population holding bank accounts
In order to reduce external dependency, Pakistan has to improve its domestic savings rate. The financial sector, especially the banks, has to play an important role in doing so. According to the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), in 2019 "out of the total adult population of Pakistan, the financially excluded population make up 53%. One of the major reasons for why a large portion of the population is unbanked is the lack of awareness of financial products and their usage…".
Policymakers must promote financial inclusion initiatives such as educational campaigns that inform the public about available financial banking products and services, and ease the process of opening accounts. The provision of licenses by SBP to mobile banking and digital banking platforms such as EasyPaisa and TAG Innovation Pvt. will also help boost the level of financial inclusion, especially in rural areas. These new channels can eliminate lengthy documentation processes and multiple branch visits that are associated with opening accounts with traditional brick-and-mortar banks.
At the macro level, Pakistan has persistently suffered from high fiscal deficits which effectively serves as national dissaving. Controlling the fiscal deficit and thus reducing the crowding out effect will allow banks to allocate a greater portion of the national savings to building productive capacity.
It is encouraging to note that over the last three years the savings rate has improved from a low of 5.4 percent to 19.9 percent in 2020 and 2021. This has been helped by robust growth in remittances as well as the various measures being taken to deepen the financial system. These efforts must be expanded so that Pakistan is less reliant on foreign sources for sustainable economic growth.
- Javed Hassan is an investment banker who has worked in London, Hong Kong, and Karachi. He tweets as @javedhassan.


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The Pensions Fund Adjudicator can make a determination or order against an employer or an administrator of the Fund, forcing them to comply with the Pension Funds Act and compensate the member for any loss they have incurred. Any person or company who contravenes the Act could be penalised and fined. You can contact the PFA at Tel: _PHONE_/ _PHONE_.
What are my rights?
- All employees are entitled to an annual benefit statement from their provident fund.
- A provident fund pays benefits in cash at retirement, whereas a pension fund pays a third of benefits at retirement, with the rest paid throughout the lifetime of each member.
- An employee and his or her employer must both complete a withdrawal form in order to claim benefits.
- If a pension or provident fund member dies, the death benefit is paid to his or her financial dependants, such as a spouse and/or children or beneficiaries.
- By law employers must pay across contributions deducted from employees to the provident fund on a monthly basis. When contributions to the Fund are outstanding for 60 days, members of the Fund will be notified via sms. After 90 days the employer is reported to the Financial Services Board and a criminal case is made at the SAPS. Employers are also required to pay late interest on the contributions paid late to the Fund.
- Though still required to contribute to the fund, for the most part employers cannot take deductions from employees who are on unpaid leave.
- A member has the right to lodge a complaint with the Pensions Funds Adjudicator (PFA) if an employer deducts contributions but doesn't pay the monies over to the fund or to the administrator of the fund. In these cases, prior to lodging a complaint at the PFA, you are requested to submit a complaint to _EMAIL_ to assist in resolving the complaint.
- A claim can be made against a fund member for maintenance owed and for future maintenance which will become payable by a member in terms of a maintenance order.
- If an employer wishes to move members to another provident fund – the employer must first consult with members and allow members to vote on the matter. The employer must provide a benefit comparison of the two funds. Where an employer does not achieve a 75% approval from members they cannot move members to another fund.
PLEASE NOTE: Transfers of Road Freight and Logistics Provident Fund members to other funds will only be considered where the transfer is:
- fair and equitable;
- members' rights are protected,
- members' reasonable benefit expectations in terms of the rules of the fund, and any additional
benefits are met.
Please refer to Section 14 of the Pension Funds Act for more information on fund transfers.
Internal complaints procedure
In the event that you have a complaint which you want to raise, kindly submit the complaint to the Legal and Compliance Liaison Officer at _EMAIL_. Should the complaint not be resolved within 30 days, you have the right to refer the complaint to the PFA.


COVID-19 OSHA Recordkeeping: What If an Employee Tests Positive?
In an interim guidance issued late last week, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) confirmed that COVID-19 is a recordable illness under OSHA's recordkeeping requirements. Thus, employers are responsible for recording a case of an employee with coronavirus if:
 1. the case is a "confirmed" case of COVID-19
 2. the case is "work-related"
 3. the case involves one or more of the general recording criteria set forth in 29 CFR § 1904.7
A confirmed case means an individual with at least one respiratory specimen that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
The definition for work-related is changed for most employers to make this determination easier. For employers of workers in the healthcare industry, emergency response organizations (e.g., emergency medical, firefighting, and law enforcement services), and correctional institutions, employees must continue to make work-relatedness determinations pursuant to 29 CFR § 1904. For all other employers, a COVID-19 case is considered work-related only if:
 1. There is "objective evidence" that a COVID-19 case may be work-related. For example, a number of cases developing among workers who work closely together without an alternative explanation; and
 2. The evidence was "reasonably available" to the employer. Reasonably available evidence includes information given to the employer by employees, and information an employer learns in the ordinary course of managing its business and employees.
This policy is intended to allow employers to focus their efforts on maintaining safe workplaces, rather than making difficult work-relatedness decisions.
There are number of considerations for managing your workplace after an employee tests positive. Levenfeld Pearlstein is available to advise through every step in the process.
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Scientists are investigating and if confirmed would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Suspected meteorite
Image: The deadly impact left a large crater and shattered nearby windows
A bus driver was killed and three others injured by a meteorite in India, according to the authorities.
If confirmed it would be the first recorded death by falling space debris in nearly 200 years.
Scientists are now investigating the blast at the engineering college in the southeast state of Tamil Nadu, which left a small crater and broken windows.
Suspected meteorite
Image: Samples from the scene of the impact are to be analysed by experts
Chief minister Jayalalithaa Jayaram said: "A meteorite fell within the college premises."
The man "sustained serious injuries and died while on the way to the hospital," she added.
Video: Hundreds Hurt As Huge Meteorite Hits Russian Town
The victim's family has been awarded 100,000 rupees (£1,018) in compensation.
The bus driver was standing on a patch of grass near the college canteen when he was killed, while two gardeners and a student were also hurt, officials said.
Government officials initially thought the blast was caused by explosives leftover after building work, but no evidence of this was found at the site.
A district official said: "When no evidence of explosive material was found, we moved to the theory that it might be a meteorite.
"It is not confirmed yet as samples need to be analysed."
A team from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics is expected to visit the scene to collect samples.
The principal of the college in Vellore district, said: "It was a sound like nothing I've ever heard before.
The last reported death from a meteorite strike was in 1825, records show.
Simon Goodwin, an astrophysics expert at the University of Sheffield, said meteorite deaths are rare because the rocks usually burn up when passing through the Earth's atmosphere or land in the ocean or remote areas.
"When you look at the fraction of the Earth's surface that is heavily populated, it's not very much," he said.


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The nation's first crested ibis chicks to be born in the wild since 1976 are being watched over by a pair of the endangered birds on Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, the Environment Ministry said Monday.
If the their development proceeds unhindered, they will likely leave the nest in about 40 days.
The parents — a 3-year-old male and 2-year-old female — were raised at an ibis conservation center on the island and released into the wild in March 2011. They were found to have built a nest on March 16.
The ministry said it confirmed the chicks' birth via a remote camera placed near the nest but that footage of the eggs actually hatching was unavailable because the camera broke. On Sunday, a monitoring team from the ministry set up another camera 40 meters from the nest that was able to take about 12 hours of footage from 6 a.m. showing one of the chicks being fed, officials said. The other two were confirmed safe Monday.
The crested ibis (scientific name Nipponia nippon) is registered as a special Japanese natural treasure. The last true Japanese crested ibis, a female named Kin, died in October 2003. Japan has been trying to reintroduce the species into the wild since 2008, after successfully getting a pair received from China in 1999 to breed in captivity. All of the crested ibises in Japan now are Chinese birds ortheir offspring, and a total of 76 have been released since September 2008.
Their breeding period runs from February to June and peaks in early April. A female typically lays about four eggs per season, and both adults take turns caring for them for about 28 days.
In 2010, the ministry confirmed that some released ibises had laid an egg, but an actual hatching hadn't been confirmed until this month. Experts believe this is because infertile eggs are laid more often by birds in the wild than in captivity, and incubation is often halted due to food shortages.
The birds are also very wary and tend to abort incubation if they are stressed. In the past, some eggs fell out of the nests and others were eaten by crows.
The Japanese crested ibis once inhabited most parts of Japan, but the population fell dramatically after the Meiji Era (_PHONE_) because they were overhunted for their beautiful feathers and because of environmental degradation and agricultural chemicals ruined their homes and food supply.


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Backyard Aquaponics - Home Aquaponics - Commercial Aquaponics
A building designed to collect heat when temperatures are cold also needs to be able to vent heat when temperatures are warm. Air exchange also is critical in providing plants with adequate levels of carbon dioxide and controlling humidity. Because of the concentrated air use by plants, greenhouses require approximately two air exchanges per minute (in contrast to the one-half air exchange per minute recommended for homes).
Thermal storage materials are effective in keeping a greenhouse cool in summer as well as keeping it warm in winter. Since these materials absorb heat during the day, less heat radiates within the greenhouse when the sun is shining. When the sun goes down, heat released from the thermal storage materials can be vented out of the greenhouse.
Removing external shading can also decrease heat build-up within the greenhouse. Shading provided by mature trees is not recommended. Active solar cooling systems include solar air-conditioning units and photovoltaic set up to run standard evaporative cooling pads. Both are more complex and expensive to equip than passive systems.
This information is courtesy of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service


Quick Answer: How Do You Delete A Message On Facebook Messenger After 10 Minutes?
How do you delete Facebook messages on both sides after 10 minutes?
Step 1- Go to the Facebook conversation you would like to delete from both sides after 10 minutes.
Step 2- Click on the Action gear icon & choose option Report Spam or Abuse from the pop-up menu that appears..
Why can't I remove a message for everyone on messenger after 10 minutes?
For up to 10 minutes after a message is sent, users will soon have the option to delete that message from the conversation. To do this, users need only to tap the message once and select "Remove for Everyone."
How can you tell if someone has deleted your message on messenger?
Does deleting a message on messenger delete it for the other person?
Using "delete" in the messenger deletes the message in your version of the thread but not the recipient's. So deleting a message or conversation from your inbox won't delete it from your friend's inbox. It isn't possible to delete sent or received messages from a friend's inbox.
Q: How to delete shared photos on Messenger permanently from both sides? A: Tap and hold the photo you want to delete. Now, click on "Remove" and then, click on "Remove for Everyone" and finally, confirm the deletion. You'll the message with the thread, stating "You removed messages" on the bottom of your screen.
When someone blocks you on Messenger only, you will still see them on your list but can't send them messages or view their last seen or online status. However, you must note that this doesn't only happen when a user blocks you. You will also not be able to interact with them if they deactivate their Facebook account.
How do you delete Messenger chats from everyone?
Does the other person know when you delete a conversation on Facebook?
How do you delete Imessages on both sides?
On your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touchIn a message conversation, touch and hold the message bubble or attachment that you want to delete.Tap More.Tap Trash, then tap Delete Message. If you want to delete all messages in the thread tap Delete All, in the upper-left corner. Then tap Delete Conversation.Aug 19, 2020
Why can't I delete my messages on messenger?
Apparently, you cannot delete one message from new Facebook Messages. You can only delete the entire correspondence with a given person. Since the messages are grouped by friend, you would have to delete all your correspondence.
Can a blocked person see old messages?
Can blocked Facebook users see old messages?
Why delete for everyone option is not coming?
Time Limit for Deleting WhatsApp Messages You can unsend messages within an hour of sending them only. After that, you will not see the Delete for everyone option. So, if it's missing when you press the delete icon, you might be trying to delete it after an hour of sending a message.
How do you delete Facebook messages on both sides after a long time?
Will Blocking someone on Facebook delete messages?
How do I permanently delete messages from messenger?
To delete a conversation in Facebook Messenger using the app, hold down your finger on the conversation and then tap "Delete." Confirm you want to delete the conversation to delete it permanently.
What happens when you Unsend a message on messenger?
If you selecting 'Unsend', Facebook Messenger will replace your message with a notice that says the message was unsent by you and it will have a 'Removed at [timestamp]'. … If you want to remove a message just for yourself, select "Remove for You" (others will still see your message with this option).
How do I permanently delete photos from Messenger?
To delete a message or photo:Open the conversation.Hover over the message or photo you want to delete.Click More.Click Remove > Remove.
Does deleting Facebook delete everything?


Excel SEARCH functions: Part Two: The SEARCH function
As explained in part one, the SEARCH function in Excel is very similar to FIND because it also returns the location of a substring in a text string.
The syntax and arguments are akin to those of FIND.
1 Syntax
=SEARCH (find_text, within_text, [start_num])
The breakdown of this is:
 - Find_text indicates the text to find.
 - Within_text indicates the text to search within.
 - Start_num is an optional argument that specifies from which position the search shall begin in the text. If omitted, the search starts from the 1st position in the text.
If the SEARCH function does not find the find_text character(s), a _TAG_! error is returned.
2 Difference with find function
 - Not case-sensitive.
 - Allows the use of wildcards in find_text (i.e. "?", "*" and "~").
 - "?" is used to find a single character.
 - "*" is used for match sequence.
 - If you want to search the "*" or "?" the use the "~" before character.
3 Examples
 1. Suppose you want to find the word "car" in "motorcar".
 The formula =SEARCH ("car"; "motorcar") returns 6 because the substring begins at the sixth character of the word "motorcar".
 2. Suppose you want to find the letter "e" in "Examples".
 The formula =SEARCH ("e"; "Examples") returns 1 because "e" is the first character in the word "Examples", ignoring the case. The default search position = 1. Suppose the formula was = SEARCH ("e"; "Examples";2). This returns 7 because the second "e" in the word "Examples" is the seventh character.
When a value is not found, the result will be an error. This was also the case in the FIND function. The function =SEARCH("F";"OPERAHOUSE") gives an error as result!
Figure 1: Examples in practice – SEARCH


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Simple, effective Construction Phase Plans online
What is eCPP?
eCPP is the new template available through eRAMS helping contractors to coordinate, manage health, safety and welfare on site and their control measures for small to medium-sized and/or relatively simple construction activities. eCPP also allows you to outline the activity or project and identify the basic information, key dates and contact details.
- key dates including start and finish dates
- the welfare facilities
- the skills required on site
- who is the main/principal contractor
- who else will be working on site
- how health and safety information will be shared.
- identify the key dangers and hazards on site
- what controls you will use (this can be obtained from your risk assessment)
- how the controls will be monitored
- identify what PPE is required on site
- the key site rules
- first aid and fire procedures.
To access eCPP, please log on to eRAMS and click the eCPP option. A quick start guide is also available for download below.


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News & Announcements
For the Next Two Weeks, Water Will Run in the Santa Fe River
The Santa Fe River is currently flowing through the City Different. The recent rainfall and the upgrade of the Nichols Dam have enabled the City of Santa Fe to send approximately 1.25 million gallons per day into the river. Some of the flow is to support a living Santa Fe River and some is to drain the Nichols Reservoir for the intake structure construction project.
River water is flowing because Nichols Dam has been taken out of service and water levels must be drawn down for the removal of the existing intake tower. The intake tower is the structure that funnels water to the treatment plant. The water in Nichols Reservoir is typically treated at the Canyon Road Water Treatment Plant and delivered to consumers, while a portion may be by-passed to the Santa Fe River as part of the living river program.
September rainfall has made a significant impact on reservoir storage. The McClure Reservoir is at 81 percent capacity with an inflow rate of approximately 12 million gallons per day. As recently as a September 12, 2013, the McClure Reservoir was at approximately 30 percent of capacity with an inflow rate of less than 0.25 million gallons per day.
"The timing of recent rainfall and the infrastructure improvements at Nichols Reservoir has worked out very well for the objectives of the city's Santa Fe River Target Flow Program," said Brian Drypolcher, River and Watershed Coordinator for the City of Santa Fe. "We're moving water down the river before plants go dormant for the winter. The flowing water looks great, sounds great and it comes at a time that's good for the ecosystems along the river."
The river flows are administered under the terms of the City's "Target Flow" ordinance in support of the Living River Initiative (Ordinance #2012-1 0). The ordinance provides that up to 1000 acre feet of water can be by-passed from diversion and use and allowed to flow through the city and beyond. In years when the forecast for the runoff from mountain snows falls below 75 percent of the annual average, river flows are scaled downward. For the current target year, the runoff from mountain snows was forecast to be at about 32 percent of average. Consistent with the Target Flow guidelines, river flows were scaled downward to match the forecast and the river water commitment was capped at 320 acre feet for the year. Current flows will enable the City of Santa Fe to meet this year's flow objectives.


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My question was downvoted, even though it showed research effort. Why was it downvoted?
What is meta?
- Any Stack Exchange user can ask a question
- The community provides support, votes on ideas, and reports bugs
- Your voice helps shape the way Stack Exchange operates
People downvote for various reasons, but the
That means that there are at least three reasons to downvote:
Let's take each of these reasons in turn:
No Research Effort:
In this example, the user has not attempted to look up this information by themselves. If they did, they would have their answer. In the unlikely chance they didn't understand the answer, then they'd be able to at least point to the research they've done:
Question is unclear:
In this example, the user doesn't really explain the fundamentals of their question. The words "not work" entail that there's a reason something doesn't work, and the compiler, although obtuse, does at least spit out errors. The user didn't include those error messages, making the question impossible to answer.
Question is not useful:
This question is a very basic question that has no use to anyone, anywhere. It is literally the first thing you'd learn in any book you read. Because it's such a non-useful question, it should be downvoted (though not closed).
Your question certainly had research effort, but it was potentially not clear or not useful, as one comment seems to point to:
It was potentially not useful because this seems to be a basic question for Java.
Again, these are only possible reasons why people should downvote. People can downvote for whatever reason they choose. I wouldn't get too hung up on it.
Yes, this is the appropriate place.
You can also ask in comments on your questions why they have been downvoted and if you do get comments that a question is not good, you can, in comments ask the commenter what you can do to improve the question.
Note that there are several resources on the web that you will probably be directed to:
(please add other relevant resources if you know of them)
From your SO question:
my money is in that someone found offensive that you didn't leave a link to that solution.


Rétha Oceanic Gin
Rétha Spiritueux is a unique micro-distillery located on the Île de Ré, off the coast of the Cognac region. The name Retha is derived from word for "inhabitant" in the patois of the island. The island is nicknamed "Ré la blanche," or White Re, in reference to the white color of its houses painted with lime and the clarity of the sunlight.
Rétha Spiritueux pays homage to its terroir, its oceanic environment, and the artisanal knowledge of Charentais distillation. Their approach is based on the desire to use the local, natural resources to create authentic spirits.
Rétha spirits are hand-distilled to keep the strength and essence of the raw materials in a micro-distillery, borrowing from the expertise of traditional Charentais distillers.
A water bath is used to allow a slower distillation and better quality. Depending on the needs and specifications of the products to be distilled, it makes it possible to pass from a double-pass distillation or a column distillation .
Rétha Oceanic Gin is a "distilled gin" resulting from a maceration and then a distillation. Filtration is done at room temperature to preserve the aromas and smooth texture that refer to the ocean sweetness.
The ingredients of Gin by Rétha have been carefully selected to convey the sensations of a stroll on the coast.
The recipe of Rétha Oceanic Gin uses the fucus variety algae freshly harvested by hand on the Rétais coastline.
Highly loaded with iodine, they are recognized for their therapeutic virtues. In some Asian countries, they are part of the food consumed regularly.
They are greenish brown in color and have clear gaseous vesicles that allow them to float while attaching themselves to the rock with a disc - shaped crampon.
Tasting Notes
Rétha Oceanic Gin is a distilled gin inspired by the riches of the sea.
Its innovative recipe uses the fucus algae hand-harvested on the Île de Ré to produce a well-tempered gin that pays homage to its maritime identity.
Its oceanic flavors, invigorating, iodized, and its freshness transport you to the edges of the Atlantic Ocean.
An adaptable gin, it works well consumed neat, on the rocks, as an aperitif or digestive, and brings an oceanic touch to the classic Gin and Tonic.
Juniper berry, the foundation of all gins, brings freshness and the invigorating side of the Atlantic. The latter is reinforced by a note of ginger that supports this feeling.
The palate opens and finishes on the iodine, salty and maritime touch of the Fucus algae, complemented by an astonishing citrus note that is enhanced by a hint of lemon. Finally pepper brings strength and ocean power.


text: Nowadays, the absorbed dose to water for kilovoltage X-ray beams is determined from standards in terms of air-kerma by application of international dosimetry protocols. New standards in terms of absorbed dose to water have just been established for these beams at the LNELNHB. A specific calorimeter was developed to do measurements at low depth in water, in order to fulfill the reference conditions required by the international dosimetry protocols for medium-energy X-ray. This new calorimeter was used to measure the absorbed dose rate in water at a depth of 2 cm for six medium-energy X-ray reference beams with a tube potential from 80 kV to 300 kV. The relative standard uncertainty obtained on the absorbed dose rate by water calorimetry is lower than 0.8%, whereas the one given by application of protocols based on airkerma is around 2.5%.


text:
Personal analysis according to edward t
Hall, edward t beyond culture "why don't they just leave it alone" monochronic time – linear, one thing at a time, schedules, segmentation, private, individual extensions are fundamentally fragmenting, analytical "sitting regimented at desks according to predetermined, fixed schedules is no way to treat a. Books by edward t hall the silent l a n g u a g e the hidden dimension and stress 35 intimate distance 116 the uses of stress 39 personal distance 119 iv it is these very differences that often result in the distortion of meaning, inside it was far from systematically poisoned, according to mowat while it.
Edward t hall's cross-cultural theory don't believe everything you read the dimensions defined by edward t hall were the beginning of the systematic analysis and classification of the according to the theory, one person = culture. According to edward thall, intercultural differences in communication are based person : entering it is an intrusion in some cultures, the bubble is very small, considers he/she has been granted an office (in the medieval meaning : une. Given a cross-cultural incident, analyze the similarities and (potential) mismatch at the correct programs was edward t hall, a professor in anthropology non-verbal communication according to the inverted pyramid model at the individual level, each person is unique, and we can only make a guess that if she /he.
Four proxemic zones (intimate, personal, social, and public) on che performance of were tested for statistical significance in a one-way analysis of variance fair -wise this need led edward t hall, in 1969, to coin the word proxemics and to define it according to a system closely akin to the verbal system olfaction. Other theories such has edward thall proxemics theories will be used in order keywords: business culture, business relationship, power distance, personal space being able to adapt to a culture will according to studies, provide a more stable the study provides a deep analysis of french culture, environment with. Edward t hall (1914- 2009) was an anthropologist fascinated by personal space or what he called, proxemics, man's use of space, taking culture into account. One person (eg, paul buffalo) the family (eg, strodtbeck, see later) the community a region unit of analysis = the nation or national culture edward t hall.
A discussion and analysis with specific examples taking a look at a book written by edward t hall called understanding cultural differences we find the. Intercultural communication pioneer edward t hall it will be developed his preliminary positions through years of personal observations of the animal world, varies according to culture and is used only in culturally appropriate contexts. According to him, the teachers serving in different countries or the term proxemics is firstly coined by edward t hall, and defined as "the study of how different cultures interacting with each other do not always attach identical meaning to the of space varies from culture to culture, by mentioning about his own personal.
Edward t hall's time orientations hofstede's dimensions of culture individual rights are paramount within the society a low individualism ranking typifies. Unconsciously (see edward t hall's the silent conversely, in europe personal relationships a given meaning — events and context—are in dif. Another american backs away as an italian encroaches on his personal introduced by anthropologist edward t hall in the 1960s, the theory they also select which measures to include and isolate the variables for individual analysis researchers then measure the distance between the objects according to scale. The concept of high and low context was introduced by anthropologist edward t in high context cultures, communication is largely implicit, meaning that context cultures rely on traditions, very deep personal relationships,.
Personal analysis according to edward t
Beyond analysis edward t cone forte's analysis of the schoenberg fantasy op 47 in his co planned according to traditional rhetoric-eg introduction, s up and down within the individual tone, since overtones are above the. Edward t hall opens up new dimensions of understanding and perception of human to gain a priority over a conscious analysis of a particular personal contact and low context cultures (especially, according to the definitions in the book, as i he does this fairly well and, for the lay-person, this a good introduction to. Edward t hall's notion of high-context and low-context, this paper aims to generalize analysis keywords: high-context, low-context, communicatio, culture 1 context or internalized in the person, while very little is either in the physical.
The anthropologists edward t hall and geert hofstede conducted a person's behavior to exchange meaning according to edward hall. Author(s): edward t hall, ray l birdwhistell, bernhard bock, paul bohannan, a richard diebold, jr edward t hall is a professor from this that it might be helpful in the analysis of a personal address, may vary according. Kitchen user quoted by edward t hall, 19661 introduction human body and its adjacent "bubble" of empty "personal space" 1 edward t hall, the hidden dimension (structured and unstructured), analysis of the english lexicon.
Edward t hall, an anthropologist, has begun to draw these theories together in his the content analysis' was conducted according to the ex~ planations. American anthropologist edward t hall coined the term in general, people in the united states tend to expect more personal space and imply and suggest the meaning of their words instead of saying them outright. However, when edward t hall studied the subject for the us state department, he conversely, in europe personal relationships and friendships are highly.


be ones I consider for the '_' utility library.
Code blocks. You don't use a for loop, you call Array#each. On top of that, Ruby's Enumerable module allows any object with an each method to access a whole bunch of convenience methods.
Note, the # means instance method when discussing ruby code. It's not valid syntax.
Ruby allows you to be extremely concise, while maintaining readability for anyone moderately familiar with the language. In a way Perl is most definitely not.
Short example:
 arr = [<blog posts objects>]

 # Author may be nil
 number_of_authors = arr.map(&:author).compact.uniq.count
You can imagine how easy it is to throw data around with very little code. Loops are abstracted, so you never think about them as loops. Instead you just see data moving around.
Edit: A few languages (like JavaScript) implement this behavior explicitly by passing anonymous functions as callbacks.
Code blocks are just lambdas though? It's pretty much mainstream these days, even Java and C++ have them.
 // java equivalent
 int numberOfAuthors = arr.stream().map(BlogPost::getAuthor).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList()).size();
I happen to think for loops are usually a better choice in languages like Java, but the option is there.
EDIT: actually there's a better way, no need to create a list just to count its elements:
 int numberOfAuthors = arr.stream().map(BlogPost::getAuthor).distinct().collect(Collectors.counting());
Blocks are a bit different, they can do things like return from the enclosing method. Ultimately I don't think it is worth the complexity and code coloring it adds.
Note how much more concise and yet readable the equivalent Ruby is.
If you want to play code golf you can do static imports and write this:
 int numberOfAuthors = arr.stream().map(getAuthor).distinct().collect(counting());
You still save a few parentheses and one method call in Ruby (.compact vs .stream() and .collect()) and the method names are shorter. Mostly it's a matter of static vs dynamic typing and naming conventions, not a consequence of Ruby code blocks. And is it worth shortening at this point?
BTW I know uniq is a thing in unix, but I hate this naming decision.
Thanks, those all seem useful.
Assuming I'm following you correctly, Raku already has equivalents to each of those built in: we have code blocks[0], List.map[1] (or 'for list -> $el { [codeblock]}'[2] which is a 'for' loop, but not a C-style one), and the Iterable/Iterator Roles[3].
So I don't think those features give me any ideas for items to add to the library – but I agree that I'd be sad in a language without them!
[0]: _URL_
[1]: _URL_
[2]: _URL_
[3]: _URL_
I just saw the code you added; here's a pretty literal translation into Raku in case you're curious (I'm assuming that '<blog posts objects>' is a stand in for omitted code)
 my @arr = [blog_post_objects];

 # Author may be Nil
 my $author-count = +arr.map(*<author>).grep(*.defined).unique;
(Though note that this would only exclude undefined authors. In most situations, I'd probably either know that all defined authors are truthy (e.g., an object) or would want to exclude the falsy ones as well (e.g., empty string). in that case I'd use '.grep(?*)' save a few characters.)
Not familiar with Raku, but that grep call seems like it would be quite a bit slower than the Ruby equivalent at runtime if it's anything like a normal grep. Is there some magic there that would make that not so?
Edit: clarity
"grep" is how raku spells what is elsewhere called "filter" or "where".
The entire set of string and enumerable methods. Extraordinarily useful.
_URL_
_URL_
Thanks.
I took a (somewhat quick) look and I'm pretty sure that Raku has equivalents for all of the Enumerable methods except for partition. (We could do basically the same thing with our classify[0] method by converting the Hash to an Array. Or do it manually with a reduce. But there are times when a partition method would be handy.
[0]: _URL_
The String methods might be offer a few more options, but I'll need to think more carefully about that. It's idiomatic (and supported with syntax) to use Regexes for at least some of those tasks in Raku. Plus, Raku's strings aren't directly iterable/indexable (though it's trivial to convert them to a list of characters), and Raku doesn't have a direct equivalent to a symbol (something that I do miss). I suspect that, even with those factors, there might be some ideas worth stealing in there, so thanks for the pointer.
(Oh, and I know that it's "just" syntax, but for some reason I *really* like the idea of having an sprintf operator. I hadn't thought of a language doing that, but I just might borrow that one!)
Yup, similar in C#, where the .NET framework has tons of stuff already built-in.
I don't think the Unix philosophy makes too much sense for things other than CLI commands, and even there, I'm not 100% convinced.
Going by the Salus' summary:
- Write programs that do one thing and do it well.
- Write programs to work together.
- Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface.
(3) definitely makes no sense outside of CLI commands, (2) is too ill-defined to be of any use (at least outside of programs, though even for programs it seems to be quite redundant with 3), which leaves (1)... which is basically a matter of taste: "one thing" is an extremely ill-defined concept, and you could easily argue that most of the useful SUS commands break it, especially (though not exclusively) if you look at it from GNU's coreutils.
> (3) ["write programs to handle text streams"] definitely makes no sense outside of CLI commands
I'm not sure I'd say that. In the web development world, you'll definitely see people arguing to "JSON all the things" (text) but others arguing to "protobuff all the things" (binary). And they raise many of the same simplicity-vs-performance issues that came up for Unix CLI commands.
As for (1) and (2) being too ill-defined/a matter of taste – well, I agree, but I don't think that means they're useless. I think of them as being in the same category as advice for writing prose ("Use short sentences where possible", "Avoid cliches"): helpful goals to keep in mind, even if I can't pin down exactly what they mean.
For libraries defaulting to an untyped interface makes no sense.
If you're using any kind of software that exchanges data in a human readable serialization format you're following 3, in some form.
Like for example, an HTTP server or client
That makes even less sense, the output is dictated by the purpose, it's not a choice.
Computers don't run for computer's sake. They run due to extant human utility. That utility is itself existentially traceable to a human making a choice.
No computer ever, has done something whose chain of causality does not return to a matter of human choice in orchestrating the circumstances for said outcome.
The good parts of the Unix philosophy have already been subsumed into common sense as a programmer. So what remains as "The Unix philosophy" are the controversial, more religious components.
You can tell it's a little religious because, like Agile and REST, "everyone is doing it wrong". Where the thing everyone is doing wrong is a weird little corner of the thing with dubious utility.
The general motivation behind it can apply to any kind of software, but it's definitely not fitting for many categories.
In desktop applications I usually prefer tools that cover the majority of use-cases and provide an easy way to extend them (the last part is important too, otherwise you end up with the Windows 8 default apps). It doesn't make sense to split up a photo editor's core featureset, but that doesn't mean it's a good idea to just bury it in a pile of features out of the box that only 5% of users care about.
The Unix philosophy is unhelpful dogma at this point - something that people use to blindly criticise


text:
This is really cool. All Streets is a map of the United States made of nothing but roads. A surprisingly accurate map of the country emerges from the chaos of our roads:
All Streets consists of 240 million individual road segments. No other features — no outlines, cities, or types of terrain — are marked, yet canyons and mountains emerge as the roads course around them, and sparser webs of road mark less populated areas. More details can be found here, with additional discussion of the previous version here.
In the discussion page, "Fry" writes:
The result is a map made of 240 million segments of road. It's very difficult to say exactly how many individual streets are involved — since a winding road might consist of dozens or even hundreds of segments — but I'm sure there's someone deep inside the Census Bureau who knows the exact number.
Which raises a fascinating question: is there a Platonic definition of "a road"? Is the question answerable in the sort of concrete way that I can say "there are 2 pens in my hand"? We tend to believe that things are countable, but as you try to count them in larger scales, the question of what is a discrete thing grows in importance. We see this when map software tells us to "continue on Foo Street." Most drivers don't care about such instructions; the road is the same road, insofar as you can drive in a straight line and be on what seems the same "stretch of pavement." All that differs is the signs (if there are signs). There's a story that when Bostonians named Washington Street after our first President, they changed the names of all the streets as they cross Washington Street, to draw attention to the great man. Are those different streets? They are likely different segments, but I think that for someone to know the number of streets in the US requires not an ontological analysis of the nature of street, but rather a purpose-driven one. Who needs to know how many individual streets are in the US? What would they do with that knowledge? Will they count gravel roads? What about new roads, under construction, or roads in the process of being torn up? This weekend of "carmageddeon" closing of 405 in LA, does 405 count as a road?
Only with these questions answered could someone answer the question of "how many streets are there?" People often steam-roller over such issues to get to answers when they need them, and that may be ok, depending on what details are flattened. Me, I'll stick with "a great many," since it is accurate enough for all my purposes.
So the takeaway for you? Well, there's two. First, even with the seemingly most concrete of questions, definitions matter a lot. When someone gives you big numbers and the influence behavior, be sure to understand what they measured and how, and what decisions they made along the way. In information security, a great many people announce seemingly precise and often scary-sounding numbers that, on investigation, mean far different things than they seem to. (Or, more often, far less.)
And second, despite what I wrote above, it's not the whole country that emerges. It's the contiguous 48. Again, watch those definitions, especially for what's not there.


text:
Purple cat's paw pounces back
December 11, 2017
These shells (female, top right and male) are from the endangered purple cat's paw. Photo by USFWS.
Not long ago, purple cat's paw pearlymussels were thought to be functionally extinct. When the species was listed as endangered in 1990, only a few individuals could be found, and they were too old to reproduce. Then, in 1994, a small population of the species was discovered in Killbuck Creek in Ohio.
A captive propagation and reintroduction program is among the ongoing efforts to save the endangered purple cat's paw pearlymussel. Advances in captive propagation techniques led to an intensive effort in 2006 to find female cat's paw to start a propagation program. However, biologists found that safeguarding the species would be a challenge. The wild population had declined significantly since its discovery, and only nine old males were found after extensive surveying efforts. In 2007, three additional males were found, but no females. The searching continued every year, yielding only a handful of old males until 2012 when Mother Nature provided a little help.
In 2012, much of the Midwest experienced drought. Ironically, this rainfall shortage provided exceptional survey conditions because Killbuck Creek is normally turbid with high flows that limit visibility and access. This survey yielded some encouraging findings: 15 males and 10 females from various age classes, including some younger individuals. Surveyors placed these mussels into in-stream holding cages so they could be collected the following spring when females would likely be carrying mature larval mussels, called glochidia. If any of the females were found to be gravid (pregnant) in the spring, they would be taken to mussel propagation facilities where the process would begin.
Freshwater mussels have an unusual and complex method of reproduction. Female mussels release glochidia directly into the water, and the glochidia must attach to the gills or fins of a specific host fish species to complete development. After attaching, glochidia transform into microscopic-sized juveniles within a few weeks and then drop off the fish, leaving the fish unharmed. The juveniles settle in the stream bottom where they filter feed and grow. In a captive propagation facility, these juveniles are kept for several years in tanks or raceways until they have grown large enough to tag and be released into streams.
In the spring of 2013, six of the 10 females from the cages were gravid with mature larval mussels. These females were divided among three mussel facilities. The facilities inoculated potential host fish with the cat's paw larvae. Success was limited with these initial efforts, but ultimately 13 juvenile cat's paw were produced.
The search for additional females in Killbuck Creek continued with additional females and males being found each year. In 2014, glochidia were again extracted from gravid females and, in addition to inoculating fish, in vitro culture methods were employed. In vitro culture uses a medium in a petri dish, rather than fish, to fulfill the nutritional needs of the glochidia. The in vitro process proved to be very successful, with more than 2,700 juveniles currently surviving from this method.
The captively propagated cat's paw have grown large enough this year for reintroduction into streams in the historical range of the species. Streams targeted for reintroduction were chosen based on their high water quality, site protections and robust fish and mussel communities. All targeted reintroduction streams also currently support other federally listed mussel species. Five streams in four states (Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia) were selected for cat's paw reintroductions.
This fall biologists launched eight pilot studies in these five streams. At each study site, 50 juvenile cat's paw were tagged and released. Biologists will monitor these mussels over the next year to determine their survival rate and growth. Sites showing high survival and growth rates will then receive additional, larger numbers of juvenile cat's paw in an effort to establish reproducing populations of the species to help recover the species.
Meanwhile, captive propagation will continue in the hopes of producing many more juvenile cat's paw for future stocking. The tremendous effort put forth to save the purple cat's paw is a prime example of how state, federal and private partners, working together for a common goal, can accomplish the extraordinary.
Service Biologist Angela Boyer uses a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag reader to locate released mussels. Photo by USFWS.


50-9c6c-9d792dafc4db" class="k-label">End</label>
 </span>
</div>
The following example demonstrates how to configure the appearance of the widget through its configuration:
 @(Html.Kendo().DateRangePicker()
 .Name("daterangepicker")
 .Size(ComponentSize.Medium)
 .Rounded(Rounded.Medium)
 .FillMode(FillMode.Solid)
 .HtmlAttributes(new { style = "width: 100%", title = "daterangepicker" })
 )
 <kendo-daterangepicker name="daterangepicker"
 title="daterangepicker"
 style="width: 100%;"
 size="ComponentSize.Medium"
 rounded="Rounded.Medium"
 fill-mode="FillMode.Solid">
 </kendo-daterangepicker>
The new styling and rendering supports only the default options when you use a LESS theme.
Visual Backwards Compatibility
The following example showcases how to change the background colors of the input elements of the DateRangePicker in both the new, and the old rendering:
 <style>
 /* Doesn't work BEFORE R1 2022 */
 .k-floating-label-container:nth-of-type(1) .k-input-inner {
 background-color: #2e8540 !important; /* Applies green color to the first input AFTER R1 2022 */
 }
 .k-floating-label-container:nth-of-type(3) .k-input-inner {
 background-color: yellow !important; /* Applies yellow color to the second input AFTER R1 2022 */
 }
 /* Doesn't work AFTER R1 2022 */
 .k-textbox-container:nth-of-type(1) .k-textbox {
 background-color: #0071bc !important; /* Applies blue color to the first input BEFORE R1 2022 */
 }
 .k-textbox-container:nth-of-type(3) .k-textbox {
 background-color: red !important; /* Applies red color to the second input BEFORE R1 2022 */
 }
 </style>
See Also
In this article


UK population sees sharpest rise in nearly 70 years
The UK population has registered its sharpest annual rise in almost 70 years, new official figures have shown.
A total of 65.6 million were thought to be living in Britain at the end of June 2016, according to latest data released by the Office for National Statistics.
The number of inhabitants rose by 0.8%, equating to 538,000 people, the largest increase in population since the year to mid-1947.
Officials at the ONS said that net immigration into the UK remained the main driver of population growth.
There was also a rise in births and fewer deaths.


text:
Wake up and smell the coffee! The taste of a freshly brewer cup will never taste as good as it smells
The smell of freshly brewed coffee can be hard to resist. Unfortunately, the taste doesn't always live up to expectations.
Scientists think they know why – and it is all to do with us having two senses of smell.
When we smell coffee as it is brewing, the aroma goes up through the nose and blows across a sheet of cells that send the information to the brain. Then, when the coffee is sipped and swallowed, the scent is pushed up from the throat towards the same sheet of cells at the top of the nose.
Scientists have discovered information about the taste of a food or drink is sent to a different part of the brain than smell, meaning the first sip of coffee is always bound to disappoint
But, crucially, it wafts across them in the opposite direction.
This second, 'retronasal', sense of smell leads to the information being sent to a different part of the brain and interpreted differently, the British Science Festival in Aberdeen heard.
As most of the taste of a food or drink actually comes from its smell, this, combined with many of the flavoursome chemicals in coffee being stripped out by saliva, leaves it bound to disappoint.
Professor Barry Smith, founder of the Centre for the Study of the Senses at the University of London, said: 'The smell of freshly-brewed coffee is absolutely wonderful. It's intoxicating.
'But aren't you always just a little disappointed when you taste it?
'People waste a lot of money trying to get better machines, the right pressure, sourcing the beans but it will never happen. When you put it in your mouth it mixes with saliva and that strips off about 300 of these volatile chemicals and they are never going to reach the nose again.
'What does reach the nose is going to have a different character to it because the brain actually cares about the direction the air is flowing across sheet of receptors across the top of the nose.
Dieters who fall down on a collection of memory traits are more likely to give in to temptation
'And of course, the companies that sell you it know that. It's wake up and smell the coffee. It's not wake up and taste it.'
Professor Smith said the reverse is true with whiffy cheeses which taste better than expected.
'Think of a smelly cheese, it smells like a teenager's training shoe,' he said. 'You think "do I really want to eat that?".
'But once it's in your mouth and you are experiencing the odour through your nose in the other direction, it's delicious.'
There is however, one food that always lives up to expectations.
Chocolate. No matter how it is smelt, the brain decodes the signals as being delicious.