Convolution
By Bill Huber
(Part One of a Three part series - ed.)
The above picture shows computed ammonia deposition across a 40 by 50 kilometer portion of Europe. It is based on data from 4,000 farms. The map is clear enough, I hope; but its production was a bit of an adventure. As they say, "the devil is in the details." In this article we will explore some of the details, but it will not be necessary to go to hell and back. You can stay right there in front of your computer.
This investigation started as a query on an Internet discussion group (.(JavaScript must be enabled to view this email address)):
This one has me puzzled. I'm trying to port an emission/deposition model to Arcview/Spatial Analyst. The model itself is very simple and does something like this:
Given a point shapefile containing farm sites (about 5000 farms), we can calculate the emission of Ammonia in kg/yr. The Ammonia emitted from a farm will be deposited in the neighbourhood of the farm. The amount of Ammonia deposited is a function of distance and emission at the farm. The function is available as a table containing distances and deposition factors.
Now, every cell in the resulting deposition grid should contain the sum of all the deposition caused by all the individual farms.
Before we go on, think about how you would solve this problem. In considering this we are going to run into issues that are fundamental to the design of any analytical GIS. In the discussion that follows, ESRI's Spatial Analyst figures prominently as the solution platform, but almost all the design considerations would apply to any raster GIS.
1. Convolution
The first thing is to understand the problem better. Let's consider what goes on in one dimension, where it is easier to draw pictures and see what is happening.
A one-dimensional grid is just a series of equal intervals ("cells") extending from a start point to a later (more positive) end point. The grid has a constant value within each cell.
The value in any cell of our input grid is the total ammonia emitted for all farms within the cell. (If the grid is fine enough, most cell values will be zero, because there will not be farms in every cell. That's ok.) The model calls for ammonia to be distributed among a cell's neighbors in proportion to the emission value in the cell. Here is a picture showing this redistribution (for one input cell only) using arrows:
Each arrow represents multiplication of the input cell by a value (that depends on the arrow) and addition of that result to the output cell's value. You have to imagine a similar set of arrows emanating from every input cell.
You can reverse this picture: consider all the arrows arriving at an output cell:
This immediately provides a formula for the value in each output cell, once you provide names for (a) the output cell itself, (b) the input cells, and (c) the multipliers (as represented by the arrows). Conventionally, the arrow factors are known as a "kernel." It is convenient to number the cells left to right, using an arbitrary index such as "i" to designate an arbitrary cell in the grid. Whence
The kernel subscript "j" is an offset relative to the input cell, so that j ranges from +2 down to -2 in our example.
This formula is known as a "convolution." Some grid-based GISes offer it as a built-in capability, where of course it has been programmed to convolve any two arbitrary grids efficiently. It is tempting to treat this capability as a "black box" and just use it, but as you will see-keep reading!-there is much to be gained by understanding its innards.
This formula for the convolution is really output oriented, or neighbor-centric: it explicitly describes how each of cell i's neighbors (i-j) contributes to the deposition there. This leads to the obvious algorithm of computing the convolution cell by cell:
For each output cell i {
 Set Output(i) to 0.0
 For each kernel cell j {
 Add Kernel(j) * Input(i-j) to Output(i)
 }
}
Algorithm 1: Convolution
The number of numerical operations required for this computation evidently is proportional to the number of output cells times the number of kernel cells. This is true regardless of the dimension of the grid.
2. Analysis of computing requirements
To learn more, I got in touch with Marc Hoogerwerf, who graciously provided more documentation. The farms are in a densely populated part of Europe and often are situated less than 100 meters apart, so his grids have cells smaller than 100 meters. The ammonia emissions can spread as much as three kilometers-at least 30 cells-away from each farm in all directions, although they taper off quickly after the first several hundred meters. His immediate study area is almost 40 by 50 kilometers, containing about 4,000 farms with emissions data. (Some of the original 5,000 farms presently have no data.)
A small portion of the input grid. What do you think the deposition pattern might look like?
Spatial Analyst offers some convolution-like capabilities. Its "FocalStats" request, for example, can compute a local moving-window average. It is not hard to see that this is a convolution (think about how it would work on a one-dimensional grid). The kernel is the size of the moving window and all its values are equal to 1/N, the reciprocal of the number of cells in the kernel. By playing some map algebra tricks, FocalStats can be persuaded to yield a convolution (more about that later).
Hoping to press FocalStats into service, I measured some computation times on large random grids, systematically varying the kernel size from 1 x 1 through 20 x 20. (Spatial Analyst cannot compute with kernels larger than 20 x 20.) The times varied as expected from Algorithm 1. Here are some of the predicted times, in seconds, to do the computation on a 512 x 512 grid on my computer, a 200 MHz Pentium Pro:
Predicted computation times for moving averages.
Kernel sizeTime in seconds
1 x 10.09
2 x 20.38
4 x 41.50
6 x 63.38
8 x 86.01
12 x 1213.53
20 x 2037.58
These values have been adjusted to reflect the processing time used after the input grid has been read but before the output is written to disk. They are consistent with performing about 2.8 million operations (of one multiplication and one addition) per second.
Using 25-meter cells, we will need a grid of about 1600 by 2000 cells for the input (and the output) and 240 by 240 cells (covering a circle of radius three kilometers) for the kernel. Using this gridded representation of the data, the total number of arithmetic operations will be proportional to the product of the output and kernel grid sizes, or (1600 * 2000) * (240 * 240) = 200,000 million operations, more or less. Let's see-that's about 70,000 seconds per FocalStats request, and we might need a lot of those requests to do one full convolution.
Exercise: How many days of computation is this?
The origin of this project.
Here is Part Two.
Here is Part Three.
Published Tuesday, October 19th, 1999
Written by Bill Huber
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© 2017 Directions Media. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The projected cost of a new high school is $20,066,340 of which $5,216,340 will be covered by annual grants. Using data from the last census the planning committee estimated the cost per town resident. However new census data reveals that the population has increased by 2200 people reducing the cost of each resident by $75.
What is the current population of the town?
1 Answer | Add Yours
If $5,216,340 will be covered by annual grants, this leaves $20,066,340 - $5,216,340 = $14,850,000 left to be covered by the residents of the town.
Let x = original population
Let 'y_n' = new cost per person
Let' y_o' = old cost per person
'y_n = 14,850,000/(x+2,200)'
'y_o = 14,850,000/x'
'14,850,000/x - 14,850,000/(x+2,200) = 75'
'14,850,000(x+2200) -14,850,000x = 75x(x+2,200)'
'14,850,000x+32,670,000,000 -14,850,000x = 75x^2 +165,000x'
Use the quadratic formula:
a=1; b=2,200; c=435,600,000
Since the population could not have been negative we know that:
'x=(-2,200+41,800)/2 = 19,800'
Therefore, the current population of the town is 19,800+2,200 = 22,000.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Project: Splitting Task Oriented Social Networks into a Task Related Layer and the Rest
2013-14
Mentor: Vladimir Filkov (Computer Science)
Task Oriented Social Networks are distributed groups of people who participate together on accomplishing specific tasks (e.g. Open Source Software projects), linked in pairs based on their communication. The links in these networks are multiplexed: some communication is about specific tasks while others are about the process of accomplishing them or of a more social nature. We have assembled historically complete social networks of communications between developers in hundreds of Open Source Software projects. The goal of this RTG project is to develop methods to split each of those networks into two layers: links used for communicating task information, and the rest.
The student on this project will do some basic content analysis of the text messages to identify task-oriented keywords, and will develop the appropriate data structures and analysis framework to store and specify longitudinal multiplex networks. The initial work and results along these lines is given in our paper "Latent Social Structure in Open Source Projects", _URL_
Back to RTG main page


\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\operatorname{e}^{-(1-(0.85))^2/2}\end{align*}
More generally, we can compute the likelihood for any complete set of values in a Bayes net by traversing the diagram starting from a root node (a node with no incoming arrows) and including a factor for each conditional probability mass or density value encountered at each node.
Bruno
Bruno Bruno


DOT (graph description language)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from DOT language)
Jump to: navigation, search
DOT is a plain text graph description language. It is a simple way of describing graphs that both humans and computer programs can use. DOT graphs are typically files that end with the .gv (or .dot) extension. The .gv extension is preferred in cases where there could be confusion with the .dot file extension used by early (pre-2007) versions of Microsoft Word.[1]
Various programs can process DOT files. Some, like OmniGraffle, dot, neato, twopi, circo, fdp, and sfdp, will read a DOT file and render it in graphical form. Others, like gvpr, gc, acyclic, ccomps, sccmap, and tred, will read a DOT file and perform calculations on the represented graph. Finally, others, like lefty, dotty, and grappa, provide an interactive interface. There exists also a GVedit tool which combines a text editor with noninteractive image viewer. Most programs are part of the Graphviz package or use it internally.
Syntax[edit]
Graph types[edit]
Undirected graphs[edit]
An undirected graph
At its simplest, DOT can be used to describe an undirected graph. An undirected graph shows simple relations between objects, such as friendship between people. The graph keyword is used to begin a new graph, and nodes are described within curly braces. A double-hyphen (--) is used to show relations between the nodes.

 // The graph name and the semicolons are optional
 graph graphname {
 a -- b -- c;
 b -- d;
 }
Directed graphs[edit]
A directed graph
Similar to undirected graphs, DOT can describe directed graphs, such as flowcharts and dependency trees. The syntax is the same as for undirected graphs, except the digraph keyword is used to begin the graph, and an arrow (->) is used to show relationships between nodes.
 digraph graphname {
 a -> b -> c;
 b -> d;
 }
Attributes[edit]
A graph with attributes
Various attributes can be applied to graphs, nodes and edges in DOT files.[2] These attributes can control aspects such as color, shape, and line styles. For nodes and edges, one or more attribute-value pairs are placed in square brackets ([]) after a statement and before the semicolon (which is optional). Graph attributes are specified as direct attribute-value pairs under the graph element. Multiple attributes are separated by a comma or using multiple sets of square brackets. Node attributes are placed after a statement containing only the name of the node, and no relations.
 graph graphname {
 // This attribute applies to the graph itself
 size="1,1";
 // The label attribute can be used to change the label of a node
 a [label="Foo"];
 // Here, the node shape is changed.
 b [shape=box];
 // These edges both have different line properties
 a -- b -- c [color=blue];
 b -- d [style=dotted];
 }
HTML-like labels are only available on versions of Graphviz that are newer than mid-November 2003. In particular, they are not part of release 1.10.[3]
Comments[edit]
Dot supports C and C++ style single line and multiple line comments. In addition, it ignores lines with a number sign symbol (#) as their first character.
 // This is a single line comment.
 /* This is a
 multiple line
 comment. */
 # Lines like this are also ignored.
A simple example[edit]
A rendering of the example script using the tool dotty
Following is an example script that describes the bonding structure of an ethane molecule. This is an undirected graph and contains node attributes as explained above.
 graph ethane {
 C_0 -- H_0 [type=s];
 C_0 -- H_1 [type=s];
 C_0 -- H_2 [type=s];
 C_0 -- C_1 [type=s];
 C_1 -- H_3 [type=s];
 C_1 -- H_4 [type=s];
 C_1 -- H_5 [type=s];
 }
Layout programs[edit]
Binary tree generated in Graphviz from a DOT description by an online Huffman Tree generator
The DOT language defines a graph, but does not provide facilities for rendering the graph. There are several programs that can be used to render, view, and manipulate graphs in the DOT language:
 - Graphviz - A collection of libraries and utilities to manipulate and render graphs
 - Canviz - a JavaScript library for rendering dot files.
 - Viz.js - A simple Graphviz JavaScript client
 - Grappa - A Java wrapper for using the Graphviz libraries.[4][5]
 - Beluging - A Python & Google Cloud based viewer of DOT and Beluga extensions. [1]
 - Tulip can import dot files for analysis
 - OmniGraffle can import a subset of DOT, producing an editable document. (The result cannot be exported back to DOT, however.)
 - ZGRViewer, a GraphViz/DOT Viewer link
 - VizierFX, A Flex graph rendering library link
 - Gephi - an interactive visualization and exploration platform for all kinds of networks and complex systems, dynamic and hierarchical graphs
Limitations[edit]
An image that seems improperly rendered
It is possible to specify layout details with DOT, although not all tools that implement the DOT language pay attention to the position attributes. Thus, depending on the tools used, users must rely on automated layout algorithms (potentially resulting in unexpected output) or tediously hand-positioned nodes.
For example:
digraph g {
 node [shape=plaintext];
 A1 -> B1;
 A2 -> B2;
 A3 -> B3;

 A1 -> A2 [label=f];
 A2 -> A3 [label=g];
 B2 -> B3 [label="g'"];
 B1 -> B3 [label="(g o f)'" tailport=s headport=s];
 { rank=same; A1 A2 A3 }
 { rank=same; B1 B2 B3 }
}
After moving labels and arrows a bit, and changing font size of subscripts, the image looks correct.
There are two problems in the image above. The square on the right is not a perfect square and the label "(g o f)'" is in the wrong place.
This can be fixed with Inkscape or other SVG editors. In some cases, this can also be fixed by using the pos attribute to specify a position.
Other graph file formats[edit]
 - Trivial Graph Format, simple text-based format
 - GML is another widely used graph exchange format. -- GML
 - GraphML, a graph exchange format based on XML -- GraphML
 - GXL, graph exchange format based on XML -- GXL
 - XGMML an XML-based graph markup language closely related to GML -- XGMML
 - DGML, Directed Graph Markup Language from Microsoft
 - DotML - an XML syntax equivalent to Dot -- DOTML
 - GEXF - an XML-based markup language for complex networks, initially developed by the Gephi project -- GEXF
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
External links[edit]


text: Francesco Rinaldo Talenti obtained his master degree from the flemish university of Brussels, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), graduating in Physics and Astronomy in July 2019. Here he discovered the fascinating field of nonlinear and quantum optics, finding interest in the several applications attainable from the state of the art research, as well as in the rich physics behind the observable phenomena. During his internship he joined the INO Institute of Pozzuoli, close to Naples, where he studied the locking technique and the thermal effects of an optical cavity for frequency comb. Francesco carried out his thesis at the B-phot team of the applied physics and photonics group, at the faculty of engineering of the VUB. Here he studied the spectral broadening of a chirped pulse propagating through nonlinear waveguides, considering also the case of a graphene top lay.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Level Curves of a Hamiltonian System
 1. Apr 16, 2008 #1
 Various problems in my textbook ask me to sketch the level curves for a Hamiltonian system, but they don't suggest how to go about it. I know that I need to determine the eigenvalues for each equilibrium point in the given system, and these values hint at the behavior of solutions near each respective equilibrium point. Do I need to sketch a direction field to help me see how the curves behave? What else might I be missing?
 Also, do the Hamiltonian level curves only suggest what the solutions to non-linear systems look like, or can it somehow lead explicit solutions?
 Any help is appreciated.
 2. jcsd
Can you offer guidance or do you also need help?
Similar Discussions: Level Curves of a Hamiltonian System
 1. Bézier Curves (Replies: 0)


text:
Wildwood is an 83-acre demonstration ecoforest nestled just north of Ladysmith.
Wildwood is an 83-acre ecoforest nestled along the shores of Quennell Lake just north of Ladysmith. It lies within the traditional territories of the Stz'uminus and Snuneymuxw Coast Salish First Nations.
A rare and unique demonstration ecoforest, Wildwood is home to a good many original Coastal Douglas-firs, representing a vanishing ecosystem once abundant on Vancouver Island. Less than .3% of these forests remain. These ancient, original trees stand among a profusion of western red-cedar, bigleaf maple, flowering dogwood and arbutus trees, and bring an amazing presence to the forest, stately in their towering height and size.
Extend your visit by staying overnight at the Homestead at Wildwood!


text:
ICTCRM Web Phone (WebRTC Agent)
ICTCRM brings another amazing feature for call centers and Agents support! Web Phone.
What is a WebPhone? and How does it help Agents?
A Web phone is WebRTC based phone that allow agents to receive calls only using their browsers, without any additional hardware or software.
ICTCRM offers integrated web phone for agents. Not only can it receive forwarded calls, but also enables agents to perform following actions.
- Load contact details in popup / CRM
- Load campaign script
- Call Transfer
- Set agent status Available / Unavailable
Campaign Dialogue / Scripts
Webphone lets you customize the campaign script/ dialogue. It provides you an option to display campaign script / dialogue for each prospect. Agents can use this functionality by creating campaigns with dialogue. You can create the dialogue by the following way:
1. Create Dialogue
- go to the Message menu,
- Choose Dialogue / Script menu
- Click Create new
Fill out all the fields and and click save
Note: User can make a dynamic / customized dialogue by using Tokens, to add tokens in dialogue please click on Show available tokens
2. Create agent campaign
ICTCRM provides integration of WebPhone in 2 Campaigns. It can be used with Agent and Interactive Campaigns.
To configure these campaigns you need to follow the steps below:
- Contact / CRM URL for popup
Contact / CRM URL for popup
You can utilize the webphone features in Interactive Campaigns and Agent Campaigns.
When using Web Phone, Agent and interactive campaigns can be configured to trigger a Popup on agent screen, the same URL should point some CRM or other contact provider app. URL can be configured in Contact URL field as shown in the following image, further user can also contact tokens to build contact url.
Creating your own Dialouge/Script can be done by a few setps now
Dialogues are specific to agents and interactive campaigns, in these campaigns an option of Dialogue / Script is given under General option section and user can select recently created dialogue here.
User can even access integrated webphone by selecting the desired extension from top Agent Panel dropdown
Set agent status
ICTCRM provides an option to change the status of Agent as well.
You can set the status of the agent by clicking status button. You can set the status either available or leave
Note: Only Available agent can receive forwarded calls
Transfering a call is not an issue now as call can be transfered to the desired extension by clicking the call transfer button and then selecting desired extension
You can view and edit prospect details by clicking on load contact.
Please note that it is different from popup URL. Instead of popup it will redirect current window to ICTCRM's internal contact record where user can edit / update it accordingly.
Keypad / DTMF
Handy keys are provided to the agent for operating webphone.
A List of useable key sequences that agent can use for different purposes is given below:
- For hangup press *0
- For call transfer press #1 and then enter target extension number alternatively (without pressing any key) agent can select target number from transfer drowdown button
- For attended call transfer press #2 followed by the target extension


text:
Doodling while listening actually increases retention of memory, LiveScience reports. A new study shows that subjects who "mindlessly" sketched while listening to a not-so-interesting phone message remembered key facts 29% more than others instructed to just listen. "It helps to keep us on track with a boring task," a researcher affiliated with the study said.
"If someone is doing a boring task, like listening to a dull telephone conversation, they may start to daydream," the researcher continued. "Daydreaming distracts them from the task, resulting in poorer performance. A simple task, like doodling, may be sufficient to stop daydreaming without affecting performance on the main task."


text:
In 2014 the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (DAFRE) celebrated its 100th anniversary. Our teaching and research department was founded in 1914 as the farm management division within the Rutgers Department of Agronomy. In 1923, farm management left the agronomy department to become a freestanding Department of Agricultural Economics. Its current name, adopted in 1999, reflects a research and teaching mission that extends beyond the department's origins in production agriculture.
The Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics (DAFRE) was created in 1914. Since then, its mission has evolved as the needs of society have changed. The department's mission is to:
DAFRE supports society's need for economic analysis and business management in the areas of agriculture, food, resources, and the environment. Our world class teaching, research, and outreach improve businesses, communities, and the lives of people in New Jersey and beyond.
Our mission reflects and supports the missions of the Land-Grant university system, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, School of Enviormental and Biological Science (SEBS) and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (NJAES).
The following goals emanate from our mission
1. To achieve scholarly excellence in economic research on emerging issues unique to a urban/suburban environment.
2. To be proactive and to achieve excellence by providing continual, strong, high quality support for stakeholders in analyzing, planning and facilitating adjustments to urbanization.
3. To provide effective, cutting edge undergraduate and graduate education programs in the areas of business economics, environmental and natural resource economics, and economics of the food system including agriculture and the food industry.
4. To foster team efforts including other institutions and stakeholders.
5. To provide a responsible work environment in which the individuality, worth and dignity of each member is respected and personal and professional development are encouraged.
Programmatic Area Missions and Goals
The Programmatic areas include
2. Teaching - Undergraduate & The Graduate level
Teaching and outreach build on research, and the resulting synergy energizes the pursuit of our broader departmental mission to: "Support society's agricultural, agribusiness, food, environmental and natural resource needs for economic analysis through an integrated program of teaching, research and outreach activities designed to improve the quality of public and private decisions."
DAFRE's research mission is as follows:
To advance the frontiers of knowledge within the discipline of economics, and between economics and related disciplines, on current and emerging issues related to agricultural, food, agribusiness, environmental and natural resources multidisciplinary research that draws upon relevant expertise from the fields and upon an outreach program that elicits input from our clientele in the private and public sectors.
Major departmental efforts are directed toward addressing the challenges facing the agriculture, food industry, agricultural policy makers and public and private decision makers on issues related to natural resources and the environment in New Jersey and other urbanizing/suburbanizing regions in the world. The department will continue its frontier research into policy issues such as farmland assessment, sustainability of agriculture, farmland preservation, right-to-farm issues, quality-of-life effects of farming, the structure and performance of the key agriculture and food sectors, technology transfer, effectiveness of public and private research, irrigation financing, solid waste management, environmental quality, land use at the urban fringe, coalition building between agricultural and environmental interests, new use agriculture, other emerging farm products and crops, nutraceuticals, international agricultural development, costs of production, and regulations facing agriculture. Current and evolving research initiatives will emphasize the sustainability of agriculture and include such areas as the:
(i) economics of horticulture,
(ii) new use and value added agriculture,
(iii) economics of biotechnology,
(iv) economics of emerging food technologies,
(v) economics of nutraceuticals,
(vi) economics of biodiversity, and
(vii) linkages between agriculture, food and the pharmaceutical industry.
The research program builds on the New Jersey experience as a frontier state in issues related to rapidly changing agriculture, rapidly evolving food industry, high demands on natural resources and the environment and the urban environment. As a premier department in policy related research, the DAFRE seeks to provide leadership in multidisciplinary research by utilizing a problem-solving approach to address pressing issues in our areas of interest and expertise. The mission-related goals of the research program are as follows:
- To advance the frontiers of knowledge within and between disciplines.
- To develop and conduct research (in areas such as those noted above) that is responsive to the current and future needs of producers, industry, policy makers and society.
- To establish multidisciplinary research teams that draw upon relevant expertise and provide balanced, visionary and synergistic insights and leadership.
- To build upon the New Jersey experience with development at the interfaces of agriculture, agribusiness, food and environmental/natural resources.
The Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics supports an undergraduate major entitled "Environmental & Business Economics" (373), an academic "minor" by the same name, and a graduate program leading to a Masters of Science degree in "Agricultural Economics." The undergraduate program and faculty also provide courses included in the college's requirements for graduation and/or for completion of other majors within the college.
Undergraduate Program Mission
The mission of the undergraduate program is to prepare students for citizenship and employment by fostering the ability to apply economic concepts and principles to the analysis of public and private sector issues and problems, and an understanding of the institutional factors underlying and influencing policy decisions with particular emphasis on the agriculture, food industry, and natural resources.
In pursuit of the mission of the undergraduate program, the curriculum and courses are periodically reviewed, revised, and designed to provide both for our students and for those in other curricula, with:
- a foundation in the principles of economics that is relevant and up-to-date,
- greater facility in the analytical and problem-solving processes through the adoption and application of information and communication technology, and
- an improved capacity for critical reasoning and decision-making.
The "Information Age," advanced technologies, increased competition in the market place, globalization of the economy, and demands for accountability emanating from taxpayers, employers, and other stakeholders compel us to approach curriculum development and instruction in new and exciting ways. Increasingly, computers, software, and other emerging technologies are being integrated in courses to facilitate modeling, analysis and the decision-making processes. Distance learning opportunities and cooperative relationships with other institutions (such as those being developed through the Kellogg Food Systems Professions Initiative and the Mid-Atlantic Consortium) will facilitate educational development by allowing students and faculty alike to benefit from expertise and other resources for learning that would otherwise be unavailable.
The undergraduate curriculum's core courses and three options (i.e., Business Economics, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, and Food Industry Economics) qualify students for a broad spectrum of positions in business and government, and/or for continued study at the graduate level. Alumni find positions in companies such as American Express, ADP, AT&T, G.E., ITT, Johnson and Johnson, Merck, Merrill Lynch, Commodity Exchange, Dean Witter, Stock Exchange, Farm Credit Corporation, Food Enterprises Inc., Frito-Lay Inc., M&M Mars Company, Nestle Food Corporation, Pepsi Cola Company, USDA, and Wakefern Company.
Graduate Program Mission
The mission of the M.S. program is to deliver graduate education that enables students to apply economic concepts and quantitative techniques to current problems of the agricultural and food industries and those related to natural resources and the environment. Students develop research skills by conducting independent research guided by faculty whose expertise includes the interface between agriculture, food and the environment.
Specific mission-related goals of the graduate program are as follows:
- To provide rigorous training in economic theory, econometrics and applied methods of economic research, while maintaining the flexibility to accommodate important techniques from other disciplines and adapt to a rapidly changing world of available tools.
- To provide opportunities for verbal and written communications, and for collaboration in groups, that permits students to excel in team efforts comprising members from multiple disciplines.
- To maximize the relevance of the curriculum by integrating classroom experience with practical applications.
- To build enrollment, integrated with funded research programs, to the point where the program is self-sustaining.
The outreach mission of the department includes the development, implementation, and evaluation of the impact of outreach programs to industry, policy makers and the general public that address economic and policy issues related to agriculture, food, agribusiness, environmental and natural resources in urbanizing areas.
Examples of the department's outreach efforts include our continued commitment to the proactive development of policy tools for agricultural development, the development of the Agricultural Economic Recovery and Development Initiative, the Farm Business Management and Marketing Training Program, coalition building and conflict resolution and public policy education initiatives, work in direct marketing, education programs and support provided farmers and other constituents in financial management and budgeting, and "Think-Tanks" involving departmental and university faculty in support of various agricultural and food industry enterprises in New Jersey. In the environmental area, examples of outreach efforts include collaborations and partnerships with environmental interests groups and organizations (e.g., New Jersey Recycling Forum, ANJR and Environmental Research Associates) as we continue to seek solutions to environmental policy problems. Mission related goals in the area of extension or outreach include the following:
- To develop mechanisms and outreach initiatives, based upon applied research and stakeholder linkages, that are responsive to stakeholder needs.
- To serve as a resource to clientele by conducting, evaluating/gathering, interpreting and disseminating high quality information from economic and policy analysis.
- To serve in an advisory capacity to clientele.
- To disseminate departmental generated research.
- To organize, compile/coordinate expertise, deliver and evaluate educational programs to targeted clientele groups.


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I am trying to do this by setting up the transparency of the layer, but the markers seem unaffected by this change.
Any ideas?
share|improve this question
Depending on what effect you are looking for. Possibly one workaround is to make other layers transparent and move your point layer down in the TOC. I have never seen anything like this other than a hollow symbol with no fill. – Brad Nesom Dec 30 '10 at 14:27
2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The best way to import symbols in a map document is to use EMF format. This will maintain the vectors, allow resizing in ArcMap without loss of quality. Since there is no "background" to a vector drawing, it will appear correctly transparent in ArcMap.
Alternately, you can make the bitmap marker method work by filling the "transparent" background portions of your symbol with a key colour that does not appear elsewhere in your image be aware that using bitmap markers may adversely affect output quality.
share|improve this answer
Is the EMF format the only image format in Layout that supports transparency still (Mid-2012)? – Roy Jun 1 '12 at 17:48
You are going to the marker layer's properties Display tab and changing the transparency, correct? As I'm guessing you know this is the main way to change the transparency of any layer, including marker symbols. If that doesn't work, I wonder if you don't have have some kind of read-only problem. May be worth trying to copy that layer and paste it in as a new layer and try to change the transparency on the new copied layer.
share|improve this answer
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text:
In this essay we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store 2. Features of Departmental Stores 3. Essential Conditions 4. Organisation Structure 5. Advantages 6. Disadvantages.
Essay on Departmental Store
- Essay on the Meaning of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Features of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Advantages of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Disadvantages of Departmental Stores
Essay # 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store:
A departmental store is a large scale retail business institution having a number of departments, each specialising in one kind of merchandise and expected to show profit for the department while remaining as a component of the entire business unit. It is, in a technical sense, a horizontally integrated retail business house with all departments under one roof.
In it, each department is a speciality shop such as textile department, drugs department, books and stationery department, video cassette department, etc. A consumer can hope to get all that he needs in a big departmental store.
That is why, it is remarked that a big departmental, store is a place where different sections or departments deal in articles ranging from 'pin to plane'. Such departmental stores are usually located in the central places of big cities.
Essay # 2. Features of Departmental Stores:
The main features characteristics of a departmental store are:
1. It is mostly organised as a joint stock company. Its organisational head is the board of directors with a managing director or a general manager entrusted with the implementation and execution of the policies and programmes formulated by the board. The General Manager coordinates the activities of various departments as their overall chief.
2. It is generally divided into several major sections to facilitate smooth working of the stores.
The major sections in it are shown below in a chart:
3. As regards the day-to-day working, the departments enjoy independence and freedom but all are owned, managed and controlled centrally.
4. It concentrates in one place opportunities for the satisfaction of innumerable wants of the consumers.
5. Having been located in the central place or shopping centers of a city, a departmental store can attract people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside.
Essay # 3. Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores:
(1) The organisational structure of a departmental stores must be sound enough to facilitate coordination among the departments.
(2) The departmental managers must be given due freedom with respect to their day-to-day activities.
(3) The policies and programmes for the management and control must be uniform for all departments.
(4) The shopping for the consumers, particularly housewives, should be easy through a provision of a whole range of goods belonging to different lines in the same building.
(5) Certain services outside the scope of ordinary business such as car parking, cafeteria, telephone, recreational facilities, etc. should be provided to attract the customers.
Lastly, attractive show-windows, display of products, skilled salesmen, low operating costs, etc. are also the essential factors for the success of a departmental store.
Essay # 4. Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store:
Essay # 5. Advantages of Departmental Stores:
As a form of large-scale retail business institution, the departmental store possesses the following advantages:
1. Economy in Purchases:
As regards the purchasing function, a departmental store plays the role of a wholesaler. It buys goods in bulk direct from the manufacturers, enjoys discounts and rebates and credit facilities, and thereby incurs lower freight charges. This centralised buying lowers down the unit cost prices of the goods. Employment of expert buyers for the departments is possible with a view to achieving economy.
2. Effective Advertising:
Being large in size and having diversity in different lines of products and services, a departmental store can afford to advertise on a bigger scale through press and other media of publicity. It can also decorate its departments with attractive show-windows for display of goods with a view to attracting customers.
3. Increase in Sales Turnover:
Having been located in central positions and in popular shopping centers, people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside patronise the departmental store. Moreover, the consumers can buy their requirements of varied kinds under one roof. These factors lead to increase in the sales turnover.
4. Non-Business Services:
A modern departmental store does not confine itself merely to the business activities concerning the products being dealt in through the departments. Various non-business services like car-parking, cafeteria, telephone and telex, and recreational facilities provide additional advantages and benefits which are of definite attraction to the customers.
Essay # 6. Disadvantages of Departmental Stores:
Inspite of the above-stated advantages, a departmental store suffers from the following limitations or disadvantages:
1. Locational Unsuitability:
Due to expansion in the urban conglomeration, the limits of a city have widened. The centralised location of a departmental store becomes unsuitable to the vast majority of consumers who live at rather long distances from the central parts of the city.
According to J. Stephenson, a departmental store can obtain the shopping trade by being centrally located but the trade in articles of everyday use, which are frequently wanted at short notices, goes to their smaller rivals who are located near the houses of their customers.
2. High Operating Costs:
High rental for the premises because of central location in a city, excessive and exotic non-business services (e.g. cafeteria, telephone, etc.) provided, high salaries and wages to the officials and staff, -higher costs of decoration and maintenance, etc. increase the burden of selling expenses.
These have great impact on the fixation of product selling prices on account of these cost factors, and a departmental store finds it difficult to sell the products at reasonable prices. Thus the customers are mostly restricted to the well-to-do sections of the society.
3. Lack of Personal Element:
Like small retail shops, a departmental store cannot attend to the customers' needs and fancies as the customers are lost in the multitude that gathers in the store. The customers who are interested in personal attention by the salesmen do not prefer a departmental store and rather make their purchases from smaller retail stores.


on various Java topics, including Spring Boot. The Spring Boot playlist covers many topics, from getting started to advanced features.
 4. Spring Boot in Action – This book by Craig Walls provides a comprehensive introduction to Spring Boot. It covers all aspects of the framework, from the basics to advanced topics, and includes many practical examples.
 5. Learning Spring Boot 2.0 – This book by Greg L. Turnquist provides a hands-on guide to learning Spring Boot. It covers all aspects of the framework, from the basics to advanced topics, and includes many practical examples.
 6. Spring Boot 2 Recipes – This book by Marten Deinum and Daniel Rubio provides a collection of recipes for solving common problems with Spring Boot. It covers a wide range of topics, from configuration to deployment.
 7. Mastering Spring Boot 2.0 – This book by Dinesh Rajput provides a comprehensive guide to mastering Spring Boot. It covers all aspects of the framework, from the basics to advanced topics, and includes many practical examples.

These are just a few of the many learning resources available for Spring Boot. By using a combination of these resources, you can quickly become proficient in Spring Boot and start building powerful web applications.


This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
How to: Save Trace Results to a Table (SQL Server Profiler)
This topic describes how to save trace results to a database table by using SQL Server Profiler.
To save trace results to a table
 1. On the File menu, click New Trace, and then connect to an instance of SQL Server.
 The Trace Propertiesdialog box appears.
 NoteNote
 If Start tracing immediately after making connectionis selected, the Trace Propertiesdialog box fails to appear and the trace begins instead. To turn off this setting, on the Toolsmenu, click Options, and clear the Start tracing immediately after making connection check box.
 2. In the Trace name box, type a name for the trace, and then click Save to table.
 3. In the Connect to server dialog box, connect to the SQL Server database that will contain the trace table.
 4. In the Destination Table dialog box, select a database from the Databaselist.
 5. In the Owner list, select the owner for the trace.
 6. In the Table list, type or select the table name for the trace results. Click OK.
 7. In the Trace Properties dialog box, select the Set maximum rows (in thousands)check box to specify the maximum number of rows to save.
Show:


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Ice dams causing flooding on Upper Mississippi River
ST. PAUL, Minn. (WKBT)- The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, is monitoring high water conditions affecting parts of the Upper Mississippi River in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa as a result of historic flows this winter.
Cities from Winona, Minnesota, to Guttenberg, Iowa, have an increased chance of localized flooding due to ice dams.
The high water conditions were created by a combination of ice dams and historic high flows. The current river flows are at levels normally observed in late spring.
"We have never in our record had these sustained high flows over the month of January," said Dan Fasching, St. Paul District water manager for the Upper Mississippi River.
Depending on temperatures and the rate of ice melt, Fasching said there could be more high water in the weeks and months ahead. He added that the Corps is working closely with the National Weather Service and the U.S. Geological Survey to share information relevant to potential flood risk and will continue to monitor high water conditions on the Upper Mississippi River.
COPYRIGHT 2020 BY WKBT/News8000.com. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THIS MATERIAL MAY NOT BE PUBLISHED, BROADCAST, REWRITTEN OR REDISTRIBUTED.


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What is the difference between commands
sudo -i and
sudo su -?
Are they the same?
They may provide functionally close to the same thing, but it seems'sudo -i' is lighter weight and keeps some handy back references in your environment.
You can see the extra processes by looking at 'ps auxf' (f gives you a forest view)
sudo -i yields this process tree
sudo su - yields this process tree
Note that they are starting from the same bash process pid, 4482, but that su - seems to spawn another step.)
Your first'sudo' is already elevating your access level to root. Running su without specifying a username inside sudo changes the current user to root twice.
Another way to investigate this is by running both commands with strace -f.
If you diff those two straces, you'll see more exeve's being run for sudo su -.
One more thing.
sudo -i maintains the extra environment variables set by SUDO.
sudo su - clobbers those variables.
Shot answer: No, they are not the same.
Long answer: sudo and su - are different programs that accomplish the same task, that is elevating you to root privileges.
su used to be the de facto way of becoming root on Linux systems. However there was always the need to separate privileges and leave some auditing info behind. Also when you do su - everything you do is done as root and is dangerous to have that much power. Here is where sudo came to the rescue.
sudo has some characteristics that su does not. The key element in sudo is it's ability to to run "one" command as root and then drop privileges to normal user. Example: Remove a file owned by root.
This command will erase the file because sudo will elevate you to root every time you use the sudo command before another command. The next command you ran will be run like a normal user (unless you append the sudo command in the beginning). This allows you to accomplish administrative task and then drop privileges immediately helping you avoid dangerous conditions.
sudo also provides other benefits likes restricting the set of program a user can run, logs commands run under sudo and other things. For more info sudo in a nutshell
When you do su - or sudo -i you do the same thing. That is becoming root but keep in mind that su and sudo are completely different and provide you with different tools as a system admin. Personally I NEVER run su - and my pam policy prohibits it, allowing no one to run it. In my systems you always have to use sudo cause of the added benefits.
More info: Using and enabling sudo

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Muhibuddin Sodiq, Atok (2009) Upaya Peningkatan Aktivitas Dan Kreativitas Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Matematika Dengan Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif TS-TS (Two Stay–Two Stray) Di MTs Darul Hikmah Diwek Jombang. Other thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
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The research aimed to find out: a) student's activity, b) student's creativity, and c) student's reult along the teaching and learning process using cooperative learning model TS -TS (Two Stay – Two Stray). Approach used in the research was qualitative. While the research was descriptive. Subject in the research was cooperative teaching-learning TS-TS (Two Stay-Two Stray) model. While the object in this research was all students in VII grade MTs Darul Hikmah Diwek Jombang amounted 17 students. Data collection method used observation and test. While instrument used was observation and test. According to the research in four meeting, there found result: a) percentage of all students' activity in TS-TS (Two Stay-Two Stray) was 76% with good critera. Visual activities reached average value 75.5% with good criteria. Oral activities was 72% and 83.6% in listening activities with good critera. Writing activities was 76,3%, and mental activities was 72.8% and emotional activities was 75.5% with good criteria, b) in whole, the creativity in ability indicator was 59.9% and flexible thought 60.3%. beside, to detail activity was 85.5% and value indicator 62.8% and c) there were 82.4% students succeed the study result by test I with SKBM 60 and 76.5% students succed the study result with SKBM 75, while in test II there were 88.2% students succeed the study result with SKBM 60 and 82.4% students succeed the study result with SKBM 75.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Other)|
|Subjects:||L Education > L Education (General)|
|Divisions:||Faculty of Teacher Training and Education > Department of Mathematics and Computing|
|Depositing User:||Anggit Aldila|
|Date Deposited:||20 Jun 2012 04:14|
|Last Modified:||20 Jun 2012 04:14|
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Named for Mason County, Kentucky
Name chosen by influence of emigrants from Mason County, Kentucky. Mason County, on the Ohio River in northeast Kentucky was formed in 1789. The Kentucky County was named for George Mason [_PHONE_], a member of the Virginia house of burgesses. He was also a member of the Virginia Convention of 1775 and the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Mason was the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights which was adoped in June 1776.
Established in 1841
The area was originally part of Tazewell County, which was formed in 1827.
Mason County Genealogical and Historical Society Collection
Housed at the Havana Public Library, 201 W. Adams St., Havana, IL
Looking for more info?Copyright © _PHONE_ Infobahn Outfitters, Inc., All rights reserved.


Skip to definition.
Adjective: polemic pu'le-mik
 1. Of or involving dispute or controversy
 "Preaching and exegetical literature might also have a polemic purpose";
 - polemical
Noun: polemic pu'le-mik
 1. A writer who argues in opposition to others (especially in theology)
 - polemicist, polemist
 2. A controversy (especially over a belief or dogma)
Derived forms: polemics
See also: controversial
Type of: arguing, argument, author, contention, contestation, controversy, disceptation, disputation, tilt, writer
Encyclopedia: Polemic


Počet záznamů: 1
Quadrant analysis of boundary layer above pitched and flat roofs
 1. 1. _PHONE_ - UT-L 2011 RIV CZ eng J - Článek v odborném periodiku
 Kellnerová, Radka - Kukačka, Libor - Jaňour, Zbyněk
 Quadrant analysis of boundary layer above pitched and flat roofs.
 Acta Technica CSAV. Roč. 54, č. 4 (2009), s. 401-413 ISSN 0001-7043
 Výzkumný záměr: CEZ:AV0Z20760514
 Klíčová slova: street canyon * flat and pitched roofs * quadrant analysis
 Kód oboru RIV: DG - Vědy o atmosféře, meteorologie
 _URL_
 Boundary layer over two types of urban roughness in wind-tunnel is investigated. The roughness is composed from rows of street canyons with two shapes of roof— flat and pitched. Different roofs produce different internal boundary layers above canyons. A layer generated by pitched roofs, is significantly more turbulent since it provides a larger vertical variation for the wind passing above. Momentum flux and corresponding transport exhibits diverse development, extension and magnitude as well. Ventilation in streets is therefore distinct from each other. Flat roofs generate rather larger eddies in street canyon, which does not disturb the ventilation significantly. Adversely, geometry of pitched roofs enables to wind to attack on the core of recirculation zone and break it. Quadrant analysis is applied for vertical profiles and cross-sectional areas in canyons in order to detect a domination of sweep or ejection events and to find a linkage to the third moment of velocity for both cases.
 Trvalý link: _URL_


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SixPotatoe can navigate autonomously following routes that are defined in the "Routes.h" file. In this file, there are five routes already predefined so you can see how this navigation works. You can modify these routes or write your own routes for your own purposes. The routes are:
- LittleP – This is a route that loops around and returns to the starting point. It needs and area of about 3 meters on a side to run.
- Fat8 – This route traces a figure eight and needs about twice the space of LittleP.
- LittleSquare – This route traces a little square and is the only route that can probably be run inside of a house.
- Dance – This route makes a bunch of short turns and needs an area of about 3 meters on a side.
- BigOutNBack1 – This route simply goes out about 40 meters, turns around and returns to the starting point. It needs a good-sized street with no cars parked on it.
You can run each of these routes by selecting one of the five routes using the left knob (CH5) on top of the controller. There is a template in the Mechanical Drawings.pdf file that you can cut out and attach to the controller to help you select the route. Once you have selected the route, you can start the route by pushing the CH4 slider forward. If SixPotatoe is balancing, the route will be started immediately. If SixPotatoe is off and leaning against something, you can start the route by pressing on the CH3 on/off button. The route will run to completion where control will be returned to the hand controller. You can stop the route at any time by pulling the CH4 slider all the way back. In any case, the slider should be pulled back at the end of the run.
If you want to write your own routes there are only four commands. Remember that all distances are in meters and speeds are KPH.
- P – Every route must start with this command. The first parameter is the X-Y coordinate of the starting point with the X and Y separated by a comma. The X is the left-right coordinate with positive values to the right. The Y is the near-far coordinate. The second parameter is the original orientation of SixPotatoe in degrees.
- G – This is the "Go" command. It causes SixPotatoe to go to the specified X-Y coordinate specified as the first parameter. The second parameter is the speed. The speed parameter is optional, but it must be specified with the first G or T command. All following commands will use this speed unless a different speed is specified on that command.
- T – This is the "Turn" command. The first parameter is the number of degrees to turn. Plus values will cause a turn to the right and minus values will cause a turn to the left. The second parameter is the radius. As with the G command, the speed is optional.
- F – This is "Fini" and all routes must end with this command.


text: A hybrid material point/finite volume method for the numerical simulation of shallow water waves caused by large dynamic deformations in the bathymetry is presented. The proposed model consists of coupling the nonlinear shallow water equations for the water flow and a dynamic elastoplastic system for the seabed deformation. As a constitutive law, we consider a linear elastic-non-associative plastic model with the Drucker-Prager yield criterion allowing for large deformations under undrained cases. The transfer conditions between these models are achieved by using forces sampled from the hydraulic pressure and the friction terms along the interface between the seabed soil and shallow water. A detailed description regarding the coupled algorithm for the hybrid material point/finite volume method is presented. Several numerical examples are investigated to demonstrate the performance of the finite volume method for simulations of shallow water flow and the material point method for capturing the large deformation process of the solid phase. We also present numerical simulations of an undrained clay column collapse that induced shallow water waves and a dam-break problem to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed hybrid material point/finite volume method.


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RCS reduction of integrated antenna arrays with resistive sheets
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Journal Electromagnetic Waves and Applications
Dokumenttyp: Artikel i tidskrift
Förlag: VSP BV
Edge diffraction call be a major source of high radar visibility for integrated array antennas. In this paper, it is shown that tapered resistive sheets at the edges of the array can be used to transform the scattering properties of the antenna to that of a metallic plate and hence reduce the radar cross section. Numerical examples of kill array of self-complementary patches and a, bandpass frequency selective radome are presented to illustrate the. results. The RCS reduction is very good for TE polarization but, not IS efficient for the TM polarization.
- Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
- ISSN: _PHONE_


4 January 2008 A method for compressing off-axis digital hologram with spectrum shifting
Author Affiliations +
Proceedings Volume 6832, Holography and Diffractive Optics III; 68320A (2008); doi: 10.1117/12.754682
Event: Photonics Asia 2007, 2007, Beijing, China
Abstract
Large amounts of communication bandwidth and memory space is occupied to transmit and store digital hologram on account of its enormous data volume. It is necessary to compress the information of digital hologram for effective transmittance and storage. After theory of off-axis hologram is studied, it is found that at most half of the information is useful for reconstructing image. A new method is proposed to compress the information, according to the spectrum character of off-axis hologram. The sampling frequency is reduced by shifting the useful information of digital hologram from high-frequency section to low-frequency section. Therefore, the information is compressed. The detailed procedure is expressed as follows. (1) To filter the hologram with a high-pass filter, whose cut off frequency is equal to the difference between frequency of reference beam and the highest frequency of object beam. (2) To multiply every row of the filtered hologram by a cosine sequence, whose frequency is equal to the difference between frequency of reference beam and the highest frequency of object beam. (3) To filter the processed hologram with a low-pass filter. (4) To subsample the hologram with a sampling frequency as four times as the highest frequency of the object. As thus, the digital hologram is compressed to half size of the original one at least. Moreover, higher compression rate will be obtained if the subsampled hologram is compressed with other methods. The theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented.
© (2008) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Yong Li, Fang Song, Hui Wang, Hongzhen Jin, Haihua Zhang, "A method for compressing off-axis digital hologram with spectrum shifting", Proc. SPIE 6832, Holography and Diffractive Optics III, 68320A (4 January 2008); doi: 10.1117/12.754682; _URL_
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KEYWORDS
Holograms
Digital holography
3D image reconstruction
Linear filtering
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Former HHS Secretary Recommends Medicaid Reforms
Former HHS Secretary Tommy Thompson on Friday plans to release a "white paper" in which he recommends that the responsibility for long-term care of elderly Medicaid beneficiaries shift from joint state and federal funding to the federal government, the Washington Post reports. Thompson, who will speak to the National Governors Association on Saturday in Charleston, S.C., recommends that states focus on acute care for Medicaid beneficiaries younger than 65.
In addition, Thompson recommends that Medicaid begin to use electronic health records and other technologies to improve case management and health information collection. He recommends that Medicaid beneficiaries receive education on health literacy and disease prevention. According to Thompson, the recommendations would result in long-term savings that states could use to provide health insurance for more uninsured residents, in some cases through subsidies for private coverage.
You want to set up almost a competitive environment where the states will strive to improve upon the healthfulness of their populations, and that will result in less costs for the states at the acute level," Thompson said, adding, "And as these people get older and they move over into the federal responsibility, they will be less expensive for the federal side as well, because you're inheriting a healthier population" (Lee, Washington Post, 8/3).


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The supply of water to the consumers of Larnaka, is done through a water pipe network of length of 357 km, of which 27 km represents the transmission network and 330 km the distribution network. The transmission network consists of main water pipelines having a diameter of 300 - 700 mm, while the distribution network consists of smaller diameter pipes ranging in size from 80 - 300 mm.
Most water pipelines are made of asbestos cement pipes. For some years now, ductile iron is used for the main pipelines and for the subnet pipes plastic (uPVC) is used. For the household connections polyethylene pipes of diameter 15-25 mm are used, while for large consumers such as hotels, residential complexes and factories, larger diameter pipes are used.
The supply of water to the consumers of Aradippou is done through a water pipe network of length of 120 Km, of which 70% are made of plastic (uPVC) pipes and the rest 30% of asbestos cement pipes.


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Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Megametre'
- Megameter \Meg"a*me'ter\, Megametre \Meg"a*me'tre\, n. [Mega- +
meter, metre, n., 2.]
In the metric system, one million meters, or one thousand
Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Megametre'
A megametre (American spelling: megameter, symbol Mm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one million metres, the SI base unit of length, hence to 1,000 km or approximately 621.37 miles.
Megametres (from the Greek words megas = big and metro = count/measure) are rarely seen in practical use, e.g. "5000 km" is much more common than "5 Mm". Their symbol (Mm) can also be confused with millimetres (mm). Megametres are also occasionally found in science fiction.
A megameter is also a type of astrometrical instrument used for determining longitude by observation of the stars.[See more about Megametre at Dictionary 3.0 Encyclopedia]
Words and phrases related to 'Megametre'
Megametre Sample Sentences in News
- No current Megametre news


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Create an aquarium environment that simulates the natural habitat of your aquatic inhabitants with Hagen Air Curtain Air Diffuser from Pet Store
. Covering a large surface area, these air tubes are porous, enabling it to release powerful flow of air. It aerates your tank and at the same time moves the water similar to the natural water current in both marine and freshwater environments. Amazingly, even with its powerful aeration and water agitation, the diffuser does not move out of its place. It is securely held by ceramic weights so that it can perform its functions without being carried by its own thrusts.
This diffuser measures fifteen inches in length. It is flexible and can be converted to various shapes to develop lovely display of air curtains and bubbles. It also does not require too much pressure to be able to release air and move water. It does not use oxygen that your fish and other aquatic life need.
The Hagen Air Curtain Air Diffuser is convenient to use and easy to clean. It comes with a cleaning ring that glides along the diffuser's tube to avoid pollutants and harmful substance from clinging and clogging the tubes. This diffuser is ideal for all sizes of tanks and can be used for both freshwater and saltwater
- The Power Agitator
- Flexible, porous air tubes with large surface area
- Provide powerful aeration and water agitation
- Complete with ceramic weights to hold in place
- Can be formed into many shapes to produce beautiful bubble displays and air curtains
- Requires very little pressure
- Does not consume oxygen vital to fish
- Include cleaning ring that slides along the tube to prevent clogging
- Safe for fresh or salt water


text: In another thread, I explained that it is easy to show that the function defined by f(x) = x, if x is rational; 0, if x is irrational, approaches 0 at 0 using epsilon-delta. However, I am stuck in trying to show that f does not approach any number at a if a =/= 0 using the epsilon-delta definition for limits (NOT the sequential definition, which I will learn soon). Assuming the fact that the rationals and irrationals are dense in the reals, it's easy to show that f does not approach any number near a for the function f(x) = 1, if x is rational; 0 if x is irrational. But when x is allowed to vary, I'm not sure which epsilon I should be choosing. I always end up with two sets of inequalities that do not seem to lead to a contradiction. Any hints are appreciated.


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Interpretive Summary: Ancient grains as novel dietary carbohydrate sources in canine diets
By Anne Zinn
Pets have become increasingly integrated into family life, which has led to the projection of human perceptions onto the pet food market. As a result of the popularity and novelty of ancient grains in the human market, they have become an increasingly abundant carbohydrate choice in pet food, but the research on the potential health effects of a high inclusion of the present ancient grains in pet food is limited.
A paper recently published in the Journal of Animal Science aimed to evaluate the effects of the novel carbohydrate sources on total apparent total tract digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fermentative end-product concentrations and to evaluate the effects of novel carbohydrate sources on the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses in healthy adult dogs. The research team hypothesized that the consumption of ancient grain-based diets would beneficially shift fermentative end products and fecal microbial populations and lower glycemic response with no detrimental effect on nutrient digestibility or the overall animal health.
Overall, results of the present study demonstrated that ancient grains, when utilized as the main carbohydrate source at relatively high inclusion levels, were well accepted and appropriate for adult dogs and did not indicate any detrimental effects on stool quality or macronutrient digestibility. Specifically, the dietary inclusion of amaranth and oat groats were beneficial in shifting fermentative end products indicative of a butyrogenic effect. Although oat groats did not significantly impact the postprandial glycemic or insulinemic responses in healthy dogs in this study, it can be implied from the present results that this ancient grain may benefit obese, insulin resistant, and/or diabetic dogs; this implication should be evaluated further.


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Kehilla Committee Executive Summary: Strategic Planning for Jewish Education
Minneapolis Jewish Federation,
The Kehilla process is a strategic planning process for Jewish education. The mission of Kehilla was to develop a new community vision for Jewish education with specific recommendations that flow from this vision. These recommendations span all ages and stages of life. This report includes an overview of the kehilla process and describes the following areas: adult education; birth to 12th grade formal and informal education; professional and volunteer development; physical infrastructure; and technology.
Early Childhood Education,
Name of Publication:
Day School Evaluation Reports
Download for personal use, freely distribute link
Barrows, Robert. Kehilla Committee Executive Summary: Strategic Planning for Jewish Education. Day School Evaluation Reports. Minneapolis Jewish Federation. 1998:


text:
What were the key innovations that made sailboats more efficient? How do you increase the speed of a boat? How do sailboats travel into the wind? Why are so many explanations of sailing so wrong? Sailing enthusiast and physicist Mark Denny first traces the evolution of the sailing craft, from prehistoric coracles made of animal skins and antlers to the sailboat's reinvention as a pleasure craft during the Industrial Revolution. He then identifies specific sailing phenomena—how wind drives modern Bermuda sloops, how torque determines stability, why hull speed exists—and provides the key physics principles behind them.
"A light-hearted yet informative look at the physics of sailing ships.... Clearly, the connections between physics and sailing run deep; as Denny points out, even Einstein was an avid weekend sailor."—Physics World
"Intelligent and understandable explanations of the physics of sailing.... If you want to sound smart the next time you try explaining sailing to someone, read this book."—Latitudes & Attitudes


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DEA efficiency prediction based on IG–SVM
- 84 Downloads
The traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is widely used for efficiency evaluation of decision making unit composed of past or current input–output data in production system. We propose a new efficiency prediction model which for the first time combines information granulation (IG) and support vector machine (SVM) with DEA model, to evaluate the future efficiency of decision making unit in this paper. The model first uses fuzzy information granulation to granulate the input–output data over time series and then describe the characteristics of the data within each time window by the minimum, average and maximum values and establish the IG–SVM model based on the fuzzy information granulation and support vector machine. After training by time series data, the optimal model of regression is built. Based on this model, the minimum, average and maximum values of the next window in the future are predicted, and finally the future efficiency of the decision making unit can be calculated by the DEA model. Case studies show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method.
KeywordsSupport vector machine Information granulation Data envelopment analysis Efficiency prediction
The authors acknowledge the support of the project "the research on supply-side structural reform of manufacture enterprise under Internet + background (16BGL015)" funded by National Social science foundation of China and the project of "Research on Shaanxi Provincial science and technology innovation efficiency, mode and approach (2016D040)" funded by Shaanxi Social science foundation.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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text:
In this article Hays argues that the theme of justice is the central theme and motif of Luke 18:1 to Luke 19:10. Hays notices Luke's use of the Old Testament prophets and the theme of justice to be found in the prophets as it is connected to the coming messianic era. He then notices the socio-economic context of the first-century Palestine. Finally, Hays demonstrates how the theme of justice runs through Luke 18 to 19.
In this article, Hays responds to Clyde Billington who gave a proposal regarding the textual variant problem in 1 Samuel 17:4 concerning the height of Goliath. He responds to a number of aspects, including the difficulty of defining a cubit, the unexplained Dead Sea Scrolls evidence, the fear of Saul and its narrative context, Goliath's armour and weapons, etc.


Foreign Currency Mortgages What Are They And What Are The Risks?
Foreign Currency Mortgages What Are They And What Are The Risks?
99.9% of mortgage borrowers raise the money they need to buy their home in pounds sterling and pay the prevailing UK based interest rate. But it does not have to be that way..
Whilst by its' own historical standards, the UK's domestic interest rates are low, they are still significantly higher than in the Eurozone, America, Switzerland and indeed, Japan. Therefore, you can currently borrow the money you need in Euros, $ dollars, Swiss Francs or Yen, secure the debt against your house in the UK and pay a much lower rate of interest.
Foreign Currency Mortgages What Are They And What Are The Risks?
The following 3 month money market interest rates illustrate the extent to which UK interest rates are ahead of other parts of the world:
Sterling 4.64%
US $ 4.48%
Eurozone 2.46%
Switzerland 1.03%
Japanese Yen 0.12%
(Source: 3 month Money Market Rates, Financial Times, 9/12/05)
But don't expect to borrow money for your mortgage at these 3 month Money market rates. You will have to pay a premium for borrowing in an overseas currency. Nevertheless, if interest rates remained as they are now, there will still be significant interest rate savings to be made.
So why are less than 1% of UK domestic mortgages taken out in overseas currencies? The answer: there are extra risks.
Interest rates could buck historical trends and narrow the gap between sterling based rates and the rates for the currency in which the mortgage has been borrowed. This would reduce the interest rate saving and indeed, at some stage, could make the interest rate more expensive than for a standard sterling mortgage.
But by far the biggest risk lies' in changes in exchange rates. If you have borrowed in say, Yen, you eventually have to repay the loan in Yen. That would be fine if the Yen/Sterling exchange rates were frozen together but they aren't.
If sterling strengthened against the Yen, then you would have to convert less sterling back into yen to repay the loan than the sterling value of the money you initially borrowed. That would be great, an interest rate saving and pay back less than you borrowed. But if sterling fell against the Yen the reverse happens you end up paying back more capital than you borrowed.
So in this context, an overseas mortgage becomes a currency bet that sterling will not fall against the currency you borrowed. In other words you have converted your mortgage and what is probably your biggest personal liability, into a currency speculation. And secured your home against it! You could win but it's not for the faint at heart!
Another point to be aware of is that you'll need a deposit of at least 20% for your house purchase in order to qualify for a foreign currency mortgage.
Incidentally, there is now a second option. You can take out a mortgage in sterling and have the interest rate you pay linked to a foreign interest rate. Whilst you avoid the currency exposure risk, you are still taking gamble that the overseas interest rate plus the interest rate premium you'll have to pay, will remain lower than the UK's domestic interest rates. These types of mortgage typically have a 5 year tie in clause.
Therefore, you'll have a hefty penalty to pay if you want to pay it off early, although the mortgage can usually be moved to another property. For some that represents an acceptable risk, especially if the mortgage is linked to the Swiss Franc interest rate which has been astonishingly low and stable over past years. For example, the interest rates in Switzerland have not moved above 1% in the last 4 years and the Eurozone interest rate has not changed in 5 years.
Nevertheless, part of the wording for a regulated investment warning comes to mind.. past performance should not be construed as a guarantee of future performance


Sun Identity Manager 8.1 Resources Reference
Example 3: Action that Follows the Deletion of a User
This procedure shows how to include an action that will run after the deletion of a user on the Active Directory resource.
ProcedureIncluding an Action that Follows the Deletion of a User
 1. Enter delete after action in the Identity Manager User Attribute column of the resource's schema map.
 2. In the Attribute Type column, select string.
 3. In the Resource User Attribute column, enter IGNORE_ATTR. Leave the Required, Audit, Read Only, and Write Only columns unchecked.
 4. Add this to the Deprovision Form user form after the tag:

 5. Create the following XML file and import into Identity Manager. (Change file paths according to your environment.)

 echo delete >> C:\Temp\%WSUSER_accountId%.txt
 6. Edit the XML for the Active Directory resource and add information to the "delete after action" schema mapping. Here is an example of a complete schema mapping for this resource with the new additions. (You will be adding the views-related information.)


text:
Meet the captivating Blue Cobra Guppies, a true marvel of the aquatic world. These vibrant fish are renowned for their captivating appearance, making them a sought-after addition to aquariums. Let's dive into the mesmerizing world of Blue Cobra Guppies:
Appearance and Characteristics: Blue Cobra Guppies are nothing short of aquatic gems. Their slender bodies are adorned with a striking combination of iridescent blues and contrasting patterns, often resembling the graceful serpentine form of a cobra. Two prime examples of this species are the "Azure Serpent" and the "Sapphire Striker." The "Azure Serpent" exhibits deep cobalt blue hues with sinuous patterns resembling a snake's markings. Conversely, the "Sapphire Striker" is a captivating mix of sapphire blue with vivid stripes, reminiscent of a striking cobra ready to strike.
Introducing Blue Cobra Guppies: Striking Beauty
- Origin: These captivating fish originate from the vibrant aquatic ecosystems of Southeast Asia, specifically Thailand and Malaysia.
- Size: On average, Blue Cobra Guppies grow to a size of 1.5 to 2.5 inches (4 to 6 cm), making them well-suited for smaller aquariums.
- Lifespan: When provided with proper care, Blue Cobra Guppies can live for approximately 2 to 3 years, offering their dazzling beauty throughout their lives.
- Temperament: Blue Cobra Guppies are known for their peaceful and sociable nature. They thrive in community aquariums due to their friendly behavior.
- Appearance: These guppies sport elongated bodies with mesmerizing shades of blue, often coupled with intricate patterns and markings.
- Varieties and Colors: Within the Blue Cobra Guppy category, you'll discover a variety of color patterns. Alongside the "Azure Serpent" and "Sapphire Striker," other popular varieties include the "Royal Ripple" with its regal blue hues and the "Cobalt Comet" showcasing vibrant blue colors with comet-like streaks.
- Price: The price of Blue Cobra Guppies can vary, influenced by factors like rarity, coloration, and quality. On average, you can expect to invest between $5 to $10 per fish.
Habitat and Tank Requirements
- Natural Habitat: Blue Cobra Guppies thrive in slow-flowing rivers, streams, and densely vegetated ponds in their native habitats. These environments offer warm, tropical temperatures and abundant aquatic plant life.
- Tank Size: To ensure Blue Cobra Guppies flourish, it's recommended to house them in a tank with a minimum capacity of 10 gallons (38 liters). Larger tanks provide more swimming space and help maintain stable water conditions.
- Water Parameters: Maintain a water temperature ranging from 72°F to 82°F (22°C to 28°C) and a pH level between 6.5 and 7.5. Adequate filtration and regular water changes are crucial for water quality.
- Tank Setup: Create an aquatic haven by incorporating live or artificial aquatic plants, rocks, and driftwood. A fine-grain substrate mimics their natural habitat. Providing hiding spots and open swimming areas ensures a balanced environment.
- Diet: Blue Cobra Guppies are omnivorous, requiring a varied diet. High-quality guppy pellets or flakes serve as their staple, providing essential nutrients. Enhance their diet with live or frozen foods such as daphnia, brine shrimp, and bloodworms to satisfy their protein needs.
- Feeding Habits: These guppies are enthusiastic eaters, often gathering at the water's surface to eagerly consume food. To prevent overfeeding and maintain water quality, feed them small, frequent meals.
Suitable Foods for Blue Cobra Guppies:
- High-quality guppy pellets or flakes
- Live or frozen daphnia
- Brine shrimp
- Spirulina flakes for enhanced coloration
- Reproduction: Blue Cobra Guppies are renowned for their prolific breeding behavior. They reproduce through internal fertilization and give birth to live fry, distinguishing them from egg-laying species.
- Breeding Requirements: To encourage breeding, maintain a well-planted aquarium with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2 or 1:3 to minimize stress on females. Offer ample hiding spots for fry to seek refuge as adult guppies may view them as potential prey.
- Spawning Process: Female Blue Cobra Guppies typically give birth to a brood of fry every four to six weeks. The gestation period lasts approximately 26 to 31 days. Unlike egg-laying species, fry are born fully developed and independent, capable of swimming and feeding immediately.
Common Health Issues
- Common Health Issues: While generally hardy, Blue Cobra Guppies can be susceptible to common guppy health issues, including fungal infections, parasites, and diseases like guppy mouth rot. Additionally, they may experience constipation, swim bladder issues, and fin rot if water quality and nutrition are suboptimal.
- Preventive Methods: To safeguard the health of your Blue Cobra Guppies, maintain pristine water conditions through regular water changes and efficient filtration. Quarantine new fish to prevent disease introduction, and provide a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients.
- Compatibility: Blue Cobra Guppies are peaceful and thrive in community aquariums. They coexist harmoniously with other peaceful fish species like neon tetras, platies, and Corydoras catfish. Avoid housing them with aggressive or fin-nipping species.
- Special Care Instructions: To enhance their coloration, consider incorporating spirulina flakes into their diet. Ensure they have access to hiding spots and suitable tankmates to minimize stress.
- Legal Restrictions: Check local regulations regarding the ownership and breeding of Blue Cobra Guppies, as some regions may have specific rules related to the trade and care of ornamental fish.
Compatible Varieties for an Aquatic Ensemble
When selecting tankmates for Blue Cobra Guppies, consider other peaceful and similarly-sized fish species such as:
- Neon tetras
- Platy fish
- Corydoras catfish
- Dwarf gouramis
- Harlequin rasboras
- Endler's livebearers
- Cherry shrimp
Similarities between Blue Cobra Guppies and Other Guppies:
- Species: Blue Cobra Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) belong to the same species as other guppy varieties, making them all members of the Poecilia reticulata species.
- Size: Both Blue Cobra Guppies and other guppy types share a similar size range, with adults typically reaching lengths of around 1 to 2 inches.
- Livebearers: Like other guppy varieties, Blue Cobra Guppies are livebearers, giving birth to live fry rather than laying eggs.
- Omnivorous Diet: They all have an omnivorous diet, consuming a mixture of plant matter and small aquatic organisms.
Differences between Blue Cobra Guppies and Other Guppies:
- Coloration: The most significant difference is their coloration and pattern. Blue Cobra Guppies are characterized by their unique cobra-like stripes or patterns on their bodies, often in shades of blue, black, and white. Other guppy varieties may exhibit different color patterns, including solid colors, spots, or multicolored fins and bodies.
- Tail and Fin Shape: Blue Cobra Guppies often have distinct fin shapes, with their dorsal and caudal fins featuring the cobra-stripe pattern. Other guppy varieties may have different fin shapes, including elongated tails, fan-shaped fins, or other unique characteristics.
- Genetic Background: Blue Cobra Guppies have been selectively bred to emphasize their cobra-stripe pattern, resulting in their unique appearance. Other guppy varieties have been selectively bred for different aesthetic traits, leading to a wide range of color combinations and patterns.
- Availability: The availability of Blue Cobra Guppies may vary depending on your location and local breeders. Some guppy varieties, such as fancy guppies, may be more commonly found in the aquarium trade due to their popularity.
- Price: Due to their striking appearance, Blue Cobra Guppies can be relatively expensive compared to more common guppy varieties. The price of other guppy types can also vary, with fancy guppies often being more expensive than standard guppies.
In conclusion, Blue Cobra Guppies are nature's aquatic marvels, gracing aquariums with their mesmerizing beauty and peaceful presence. By understanding their unique characteristics and providing a suitable environment, you can embark on an aquatic journey filled with vibrant colors and harmonious underwater life.
How many species of Blue Cobra Guppies?
Belong to a single species, Poecilia reticulata, but they come in various color variations.
Which food products are the best for Blue Cobra Guppies?
Quality guppy pellets or flakes, supplemented with live or frozen foods like daphnia and brine shrimp, are ideal.
How to feed Blue Cobra Guppies to make their color brighter?
Adding spirulina flakes to their diet can enhance their coloration.
How big do Blue Cobra Guppies grow?
They typically reach 1.5 to 2.5 inches (4 to 6 cm) in size.
Is it good to keep Blue Cobra Guppies as pets?
Yes, they make excellent pets for aquarists of all levels due to their peaceful nature and vibrant colors.
How fast do Blue Cobra Guppies grow?
They grow quickly, reaching maturity in about 3 to 4 months.
How long do Blue Cobra Guppies live?
Blue Cobra Guppies have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years with proper care.
Are Blue Cobra Guppies aggressive?
No, they are peaceful fish and are usually not aggressive towards other fish.
Are Blue Cobra Guppies more expensive?
They are typically moderately priced, with costs varying


text:
Stock Photography. Licensed and Royalty Free Photographs
HISTORY OF TOWNELEY HALL
Art Gallery and Museum
Hall and Pond
Suit of Armour
To give you an idea of the history and complicated architecture of the house I will attempt to briefly outline the Halls origins.
It is recorded that Towneley first became the home of the ancient Catholic family during the lifetime of Richard of Towneley who died in 1295. However the present building construction probably started around 1400, although it has to be said little remains of this, apart from the sandstone wall (six feet thick at one part) on the courtyard side of the South East Wing. Close observation of the walls also reveals a half hidden window at ground level that tells us that the level was raised at some time, probably in the 1700s. An internal wall running between the kitchen and family dining room is also six feet thick and was, during mediaeval times, an external wall. At one time there were four wings to the House, but the fourth side was demolished between the years _PHONE_. Towneley Hall also boasts secret rooms, known as Priest Holes, that were used as hiding places during the persecution of Catholics in Elizabethan times. One such hide still exists and can be viewed through a hole in the floor of a room near the Long Gallery.
There has been a Chapel at Towneley since the early 13th century and the present gothic Chapel was probably built around 1515 by Sir John Towneley (_PHONE_) on the fourth wing, but was moved to its present site, using the original materials, when the wing was demolished. The ceiling of the nave is carved with the initials of members of the Towneley family. The early 16th century Alterpiece is a magnificent example of Flemish craftsmanship and was installed during the late 1700s. Until the building of the Catholic Church in Burnley in 1846, the Chapel would have been used by staff and worshippers from the surrounding area.
Towneley Private Chapel
The first major changes to the mediaeval building were undertaken during the 1600s by Richard Towneley (_PHONE_). The kitchen was altered, however the two large archways that were the original fireplaces used for cooking, still exist. The Little Dining Room was added. The oak staircase was built. And the eighty-four feet Long Gallery and its bedrooms, also dating from the 17th century, were constructed. The rectangular panelling of the Long Gallery has provision for family portraits and thats where they hung until 1901 when the Hall was sold to Burnley Corporation.
16th Century Bedroom
Inscriptions on the panelling can still be seen recording the family members during the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1846, ninety two paintings hung in the Long Gallery. The bedrooms, adjacent to the Gallery, were used by guests and closed off when not in use as the Towneley family slept in the other wing.
The 1700s saw even greater alterations, when a great entrance hall with elaborate plaster work decoration replaced the mediaeval great hall. In fact the entrance hall is perhaps the finest example of the Baroque style in the country. The cantilever staircase, Chapel vestibule, brew house and main entrance arch, to name but a few, were also added at this time. These alterations were carried out by Charles (d.1712), Richard (_PHONE_), William (_PHONE_) and Charles Towneley (_PHONE_). The pond was probably constructed in 1800, as it does not appear on Turners drawing of Towneley Hall in 1798 but is included in the plans of Charles Towneley around that period.
In the 19th century, Peregrine Towneley (d.1846) inherited the Hall and it was he who employed the services of the renowned architect Jeffry Wyatt who enhanced the mediaeval appearance of Towneley Hall by elevating the South-East wing and adding battlements and turrets. Wyatt, was also the creator of the Red Drawing Room and the Blue Dining Room (situated in the oldest part of the Hall), and the external passage running beneath the porch which allowed the servants to carry food quickly from the kitchen to the dining room without having to pass through the entrance hall.
Family Dining Room
Staff Dining Room
The Long Gallery, in need of serious renovation, was also repaired in the 1800s. Eventually the house was inherited by Peregrines son, Charles (_PHONE_), who made the last alterations, including a north tower. His successor, Alice Mary Towneley, was unable to maintain the Hall and eventually it was sold to Burnley Corporation in 1901, who opened it up to the general public in 1902 and gradually restored it to its present state, making mainly minor alterations as necessary. The brew house and laundry outhouses had fallen into disrepair and these were carefully restored, with the help of the Towneley Hall Society, and converted into a Museum of Local Crafts and Industries. What was left of the stables was made into a cafeteria for visitors.
The architects and craftsmen that have been associated with Towneley Hall are; Joseph Bonomi _PHONE_ (Architect), John Carr of York _PHONE_ (Architect), Richard Hayward _PHONE_ (Sculptor), Francesco Vassalli and Martino Quadri (Stuccoists) and Sir Jeffry Wyatt _PHONE_ (Architect).
The Towneley family has many renowned members amongst its ranks, including several High Sheriffs of Lancashire, a Member of Parliament, several Knights, a Governor of Carlisle, several military Colonels and one unfortunate Francis Towneley, who was beheaded.
As I mentioned this is only a brief account of the Halls history and does not do it true justice, but I hope it has whetted your appetite for more.
There are woodland walks and nature trails to follow, squirrels to feed (and capture on camera). The park includes two golf course, play areas, ornamental gardens, pitch and putt, tennis courts, sports pitches, a bowling green, picnic areas and facilities for football and cricket. And if this wasnt enough there is also a souvenir / gift shop, cafeteria and an organic community garden. Infact the only thing Towneley Hall doesnt appear to have is a ghost. Unless you know different....? (SEE BELOW!)
It is a house rich in history and art as the photographs testify. So why not pay them a visit? They will be glad to see you and Im sure you wont be disappointed.
CURRENT OPENING HOURS, ADDMISSION, AND CONTACT DETAILS
The Hall is open Sat to Thurs 12-5 pm. Closed on Fridays (but open on Good Friday)
Admission to Towneley Hall is £3.50 for adults but free for children, students and Burnley residents.
Address: Towneley Hall Art Gallery & Museums, Towneley Park, Burnley, Lancs. BB11 3RQ
Tel: 01282 424213
Fax: 01282 436138
Towneley Hall is fully licensed for civil weddings and other venues, such as corporate events and meetings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: go to Susan Bourne, Curator of Towneley Hall, for allowing me access to photograph.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This illustrated article, (including photographs) is Copyrighted ©
2001 by Janet Wood. All Rights Reserved. And must not to be reproduced without
permission from the author. If you copy the text and/or
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violation of international copyright law.
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Definitions of state:
 - noun: the way something is with respect to its main attributes
 Example: "The current state of knowledge"
 - noun: a politically organized body of people under a single government
 Example: "The state has elected a new president"
 - noun: the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state
 Example: "The state has lowered its income tax"
 - noun: the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation
 Example: "His state is in the deep south"
 - noun: a state of depression or agitation
 Example: "He was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him"
 - noun: the territory occupied by a nation
 Example: "The solid state of water is called ice"
 - noun: the federal department in the UnitedStates that sets and maintains foreign policies
 Example: "The Department of State was created in 1789"
 - verb: express in words
 Example: "State your opinion"
 - verb: put before
 - verb: indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.
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