text:
. 34–41). For imagine that the benevolent demon Jerry Garcia wants Frank to play the banjo at the relevant time. Jerry would much prefer that Frank play the banjo on his own. But worried that Frank might elect not to play the banjo, Jerry covertly arranges things so as to manipulate Frank if the need arises. If Frank should show any indication that he will not play the banjo, Jerry will manipulate Frank so that Frank will play the banjo. Hence, when Frank does play the banjo uninfluenced by Jerry's possible intervention, he does so of his own free will. But he has neither regulative control, nor does he seem to be reasons-responsive, with respect to his banjo playing. Due to Jerry's presence, he cannot but play the banjo even if Jimi Hendrix were to ask Frank to play his guitar.
To alleviate the tension between a reasons-responsive theory and Frankfurt examples, Fischer argued that reasons-responsive compatibilism can be cast in such a way that it involves only guidance control. Consider the example with Frank, Jimi, and Jerry. Frank did not have regulative control over his playing the banjo since Jerry's presence ensured that Frank play the banjo even if Jimi were to ask Frank to play his guitar. The scenario in which Jimi asks Frank not to play his banjo is one that Frank normally would find to be a compelling reason to refrain from his banjo playing. Hence, by his own lights, Frank would find Jimi's request compelling. Yet, due to Jerry's presence, Frank is not responsive to such a weighty reason. What would be required to illustrate responsiveness would be to subtract Jerry from the scenario. This would do the trick. So suppose that Frank plays the banjo of his own free will, even with Jerry passively standing by. How can it be shown that Frank's conduct was, in some manner, reasons-responsive? How can it be shown that what he actually did was in response to a reason? Well, if Jimi Hendrix had asked Frank not to play the banjo but the guitar instead, and if Jerry's presence were to be subtracted from the situation, then Frank would respond to Jimi's request and play the guitar and not the banjo. This shows that Frank does play the banjo of his own free will even in the actual situation in which Jerry is passively standing by.
5.5.3 A Mechanism-Based Reasons-Responsive Theory
Illustrating reasons-responsiveness in a Frankfurt example does require recognizing counterfactual conditions in which an agent acts otherwise in response to reasons. But in a Frankfurt example, one has to subtract from those conditions the presence of the ensuring conditions (the counterfactual intervener) designed to guarantee that the agent not act otherwise. How can this move be legitimate? How is it not just an arbitrary addendum to cram together two compatibilist themes that otherwise appear to be at odds (reasons-responsiveness and Frankfurt examples)? It is not arbitrary, and here is why. Think about what happens in the actual scenario of a Frankfurt example. As things unfold, the demon is inactive. The agent acts for her own reasons. But now, focusing solely on what the agent does in this actual scenario, and the reasons that give her a basis for doing what she does, consider what deliberative features of her agency played the casual role in the actual sequence of events bringing about her action. To capture what features of deliberative agency do play a role in the actual causal sequence of an agent's action, not every element of the agent seems to be involved in the process. For instance, in the example above, in playing the banjo of his own free will, Frank might have a large range of beliefs and desires that is entirely irrelevant to the range that did play a causal role in his action. Frank might have believed that chickens are both feathered and not toasters, and he might have desired that his toenails be painted purple. But neither of those elements of his psychological state needed to play a role in the sorts of factors that did lead him to play the banjo. So, just fix upon whatever constitutes that narrower range of agential characteristics within the wider spectrum of all of the features that made up Frank Zappa, the agent. Since it is only that narrow spectrum that we shall now identify with the causal production of Frank's conduct, just call it the mechanism of his action.
Once we have located the mechanism of action that is at work in the actual causal sequence of a Frankfurt example, we can turn our attention to understanding the dispositional features of it as a casual mechanism. If other reasons bear upon it, then it would be sensitive to some of those reasons. It would produce different conduct in some reasonable range of cases. If it would, then that very mechanism is responsive to reasons. Confirming that that very mechanism is responsive to reasons would not merely illustrate that, in scenarios other than the actual, the agent acts upon a mechanism sensitive to reasons. It would also illustrate that in the Frankfurt scenario in which the agent really does act, what does play a role in the actual causal sequence of her action is some feature of her agency (a mechanism) that itself is in fact a response to a reason.
Fischer offers an actual-sequence, mechanism-based, reasons-responsive analysis of guidance control. He maintains that his analysis of guidance control is compatible with determinism. According to Fischer, an agent, and the mechanism of her action, can be entirely determined in the actual sequence of events in which she acts. Yet the actual manner in which her mechanism responds to reasons could be appropriately sensitive to reasons such that, if different reasons were to bear upon it, it would respond differently, and the agent whose mechanism it is would act differently than she does act.
5.5.4 Assessing Reasons-Responsive Compatibilism
How might a reasons-responsive approach compare with a view like Frankfurt's hierarchical model? To demarcate the relevant wants issuing in freely willed conduct, Frankfurt needed to postulate a higher order of willing into which effective desires meshed. Only then could Frankfurt help compatibilists distinguish freedom-undermining wants (such as those involved in compulsive conduct) from freedom-conferring wants. Reasons-responsiveness attempts to fix this sort of problem by different means. Instead of postulating a hierarchical relation between different sorts of wants or desires, it instead gives a dispositional analysis of the wants' or desires' (the reasons') sensitivity to rational considerations. The differences might well yield different ways of treating some cases. For example, a willing addict would not be reasons-responsive and so would not take the drug of her own free will according to a reasons-responsive compatibilist. But according to Frankfurt, a willing addict does take the drug of her own free will.
How might a mechanism-based reasons-responsive theory satisfy a source model of control? A view such as Fischer's might be at a disadvantage. It is possible that a reasons-responsive mechanism could be unhitched from the agent whom it affects. So it is an open question whether or not Fischer's compatibilist position offers as rich an account of the source of an agent's action as does a real self view such as Frankfurt's. Of course, if Fischer is able to advance an ownership condition that does anchor an agent's reasons-responsive mechanism to the agent's self, then Fischer's view will not only do the work that Frankfurt's does in accommodating a source model of control (linking a freely willed action to a real self), it will also do the sort of work Wolf's does. That is, Fischer's view will then show how, as a source of her conduct, a morally responsible agent can be tightly linked to reasons (reasons Wolf identifies under the heading, "the True and the Good").
How does Fischer's view stack up against the Source Incompatibilist Argument? The challenge Fischer faces here is the same as that faced by Frankfurt and Wolf. The source incompatibilist maintains that it is a necessary condition of free will that one be an ultimate source of her action, and determinism is incompatible with one's being an ultimate source of her action (see section 2.2). The compatibilist's task is to show that her treatment of the source of an agent's conduct is sufficient for free will. But the source incompatibilist will point to manipulation cases that suggest that some causal histories giving rise to compatibilist-friendly psychological structures, such as reasons-responsive mechanisms, are freedom and responsibility undermining. If so, then why is determinism any different from a manipulation case? The burden, it seems, is on the compatibilist to show how it is that manipulation cases differ from a normal deterministic history. The compatibilist's only other strategy is simply to deny that the pertinent manipulated agents are not free and morally responsible.
For further treatment of the reasons-responsive approach, see sections B and C of supplement
It would simply be misleading not to mention Strawsonian compatibilism amongst the views characterizing contemporary compatibilism. The secondary literature devoted to it proves that it is still alive and well in contemporary debate.
Several contemporary philosophers have advanced Strawsonian themes. For instance, John Martin Fischer and Mark Ravizza hold that an account of guidance control aids in providing the conditions of application for the concept of moral responsibility, a concept that they maintain is Strawsonian (1998, pp.1–27). Fischer and Ravizza intend their Strawsonian theory as an amendment to Strawson's suggestion that moral responsibility is to be associated with the reactions of those within the moral community to members of the community. Fischer and Ravizza advise that moral responsibility be developed by thinking in terms of the propriety conditions for the morally reactive attitudes. This amendment would have it that a moral community could respond to a


text:
The San Fernando Regional Park Infiltration Project is on track to being completed by May of 2023, slightly ahead of its predicted schedule.
In an interview with the San Fernando Valley Sun/el Sol, Matt Baumgardner — the director of public works for the City of San Fernando — said work on the building and installation of the underground stormwater chambers at San Fernando Regional Park is almost halfway complete. These chambers will collect stormwater that will be diverted from various areas in San Fernando to infiltrate into the ground system.
The city is also installing a storm drain at Glenoaks Boulevard and Griswold Avenue that will divert rainwater to the park instead of the Pacoima Wash.
After the chambers are finished, the city will connect the storm drain pipes along the route to the park and install new turf and fences for the baseball field.
The project, which began in April, is being built with the goal of collecting stormwater runoff, removing any impurities and conveying it to an underground system to recharge the San Fernando groundwater basin — which provides water for the City of Los Angeles.
If the basin were to run out of water, the City of LA would resort to taking more water out of the groundwater basin in Sylmar, which it shares with the City of San Fernando. If that were to occur, less water would be available for City of San Fernando residents making it necessary to purchase water from MWD.
Although none of the water in the basin goes to the City of San Fernando, it still benefits from the project as it prevents the nearby Pacoima Wash from flooding during heavy rain.
"Instead of having all this kind of dirty street water going into the [Pacoima] Wash, which eventually makes its way to the ocean, it's now being infiltrated into the ground, where it can be treated naturally as it works its way down," Baumgardner said.
As previously reported by the Sun, the project would capture runoff from approximately 70 percent of the City's area.
Baumgardner anticipates that the installation and the refilling of the park's baseball field — which was dug up to install the chambers — will be completed by the beginning of January 2023.
While the entire project is currently ahead of its original schedule of June 2023, Baumgardner said weather could delay the project.
"If, all of a sudden, we got hit with heavy storms, that slows construction down, but we haven't seen that kind of rainy season in a while," Baumgardner said.
For more information about the project, go to _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
National Program for Sustainable Irrigation
Land & Water Australia. 2009. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation. [Online] (Updated June 3rd, 2009)
Available at: _URL_ [Accessed Sunday 12th of May 2013 07:38:16 PM ].
Irrigated agriculture produces around half of the profit generated from agriculture in Australia, a vital contribution to national and regional development.
The National Program for Sustainable Irrigation provides research and innovation to improve the environmental and productive performance of irrigation in Australia.
The Program funds and manages research projects across Australia, working at the property level with farmers, at catchment level with policy makers and planners, and at scales that cross state and territory borders.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Environmental Balanced Scorecards: Tracking, improving and influencing your impact
Environmental Strategy and the Environmental Balanced Scorecard:
First a warning
If you are simply looking for ways to measure carbon footprint, this article may not help you (yet). However, if you are an organisation that believes in a sustainable environmental approach;if you are concerned about CO2 emissions, your impact on the Natural Capital, and sustainability of your supply chain; if you are want to embed environmental and sustainable thinking into the way you think and act as a business; if you want to design an environmental balanced scorecard that communicates and supports such thinking and action, then read on….
Avoiding the most common mistake with environmental balanced scorecards
There are several mistakes you can make when designing environmental balanced scorecards, however there is one in particular we want you to avoid. If you are designing or deploying an environmental scorecard, this mistake will cause you to waste time, will undermine your sustainable intentions and lead you to miss a real opportunity to improve.
The mistake is this: simplistically adding an "environmental perspective" to your organisation's balanced scorecard. Let me assure you that it will not work. It will create more problems than it will solve and it will undermine your environmental credentials.
To avoid this mistake, our white paper, "Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard" (available for download at the bottom of this page) explains how to correctly incorporate sustainable environmental measurement and thinking into a modern balanced scorecard. It provides examples of various environmental strategy maps and balanced scorecards. It explains how to represent various environmental and sustainable strategies, so you can monitor their implementation and effectiveness.
We need to embed environmental culture, thinking and action
Today, organisations want to embed sustainable, environmental thinking into the way they work. They want to avoid superficial "green-wash". They want to make a difference. They also want an environmental reputation, but one that comes from their values, behaviours, and culture, rather than simple claims of environmental impact. They want to be able to demonstrate their environmental and social credentials. It can make a significant impact on how customers perceive the organisation and how markets and investors value the organisation. It is important to the people who work there as well.
Yet many make a basic mistake when incorporating environmental reporting into their balanced scorecard. They simply add an environmental perspective to their scorecard.
Why adding a simplistic environmental perspective is a mistake
The simple logic seems to argue for a dedicated environmental perspective in the balanced scorecard. It appears to addresses Kyoto, environmental legislation, and its demand for management reporting. It seems obvious to add an extra environmental perspective, alongside your other perspectives, in your balanced scorecard as shown in figure 1 (below).
It is correct to add an environmental perspective, but not like this. Not only is this an out-dated model of the balanced scorecard, if you do it this way you will make a fundamental error. Organisations that do this add an environmental perspective and then place everything associated with environmental issues into that environmental perspective. This is a massive mistake that will cause three problems:
Everything associated with environmental and sustainable thinking is now isolated in a separate perspective, rather than them being a part of what everyone does. It divides, rather than integrates. Environmental issues are separated.
It focuses attention on environmental impact, carbon footprint, but it fails to address the drivers and enablers and thinking behind the environmental or social impact. It tells you the result, but not what to do about it, how to do it, or why?
It loses the cause and effect story that the strategy map and balanced scorecard should have, so you can't tell the story of your environmental and social strategy. How will your capability skills and knowledge change the way you work, so that you have a lower environmental impact? Your story is lost. Here is an article where I show that an example actually contains a set of environmental themes, each of which has a cause and effect story. Squeezing them all into an environmental perspective would lose the story. Here are two (oldish) articles that expand on this issue:
Adding a simplistic environmental perspective undermines your sustainability and your environmental credentials. Instead of focusing attention on environmental thinking, capability and action, it undermines them. This creates precisely the opposite effect to the one you originally intended.
The same is true when you are dealing with corporate social responsibility (CSR). Do not simply add extra categories to create an environmental balanced scorecard.
So what should you do instead?
It was back in 1998 when we first included environmental thinking into a client's strategy map and balanced scorecard. Since then we have included aspects on environmental and social impact, reporting and management in a variety of ways, depending upon the client's situation, needs and strategy. Since then we have refined and developed our approach to accommodate all sorts of environmental and social responsibility approaches, as environmental thinking, responsibility and reporting demands have developed.
When you download the paper you will see that the answer is to use the environmental perspective to only capture environmental impact. Environmental impact captures the consequences of the organisation's actions. As figure 2 (below) shows, You should capture the causes, enablers and drivers in the lower balanced scorecard perspectives (Process, Learning and Growth and Organisational Values). These are where you describe and embed responsible, sustainable thinking, behaviours and activities into your organisation.
Together these tell the story of your strategy for environmental and social responsibility. They provide the basis from which you communicate, monitor and manage this aspect of your organisation.
Adding an environmental perspective the correct way as a part of the cause and effect model
Download our white paper, "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard"
Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard (Cover image)
Designing an effective environmental balanced scorecard (White paper)
When you read "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard" you will learn:
 - How to tell the story of your environmental strategy
 - The Four types of environmental impact to consider.
 - Five ways you might manage environmental issues
 - Integrating environmental thinking into your culture
 - Including social responsibility
 - Using the other balanced scorecard perspectives
 - Managing progress as well as the consequences.
Select this link to download "Designing an Effective Environmental Balanced Scorecard
To find out more, simply contact us.


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Vocabulary Word
Word: rightful
Definition: legally correct; Ex. rightful owner
Sentences Containing 'rightful'
After the assassination of Francisco Pizarro, in retaliation for his father's execution in 1538, Diego de Almagro II, "El Mozo", continued to press claims as the rightful ruler of Peru and as leader of his father's supporters.
Although later Carolingian historians cast her as a concubine, she was during her time the rightful wife of Charles.
As a result, he opposes his enemies not only because he finds their actions evil, but also because they have usurped the rightful authority of the crown.
At the age of twelve, their eldest son, Andrew, became the rightful heir to the family title, Baron Castle Stewart, passed down from Andrew's uncle.
Because list MPs gain their positions by virtue of being on a party list, rather than by winning votes personally, some contend that the party, not the MP, is the rightful "owner" of the seat.
By 1938, the only use the Germans had for the A.G.N.A. was to threaten to renounce the treaty as a way of pressuring London to accept continental Europe as Germany's rightful sphere of influence.
Dawoodi Bohra believe that after Muhammad, Ali had been the rightful "wasi", Imam and caliph, but the actual Caliphate was usurped by Ẓāhirī ("literalist") caliphs.
Furthermore he noted that as Kazembe was the rightful owner of Msiri's country, the Kazembe treaty effectively gave them all the 'Lunda country' (by which he included Msiri's territory comprising the south-east of present-day Katanga).
George Sinclair of Keiss, who was considered the rightful heir, stormed the castle in 1679, an action which led to the Battle of Altimarlech in 1680, in which the Campbells were victorious.
He is compelled to send a telepathic message to his twin C'tair (who is hiding on Tleilaxu-conquered Ix) that his own heighliner carries rightful Ixian ruler Rhombur Vernius, on his way to free the planet.
Her home also became a focal point for young society women, though she was never able to take her rightful place in society due to the scandals surrounding her husband.
His eldest son and rightful heir was Koretsune.
If police agencies are not able to return the stolen merchandise to the rightful owners, by law they must sell seized, recovered, found, and unclaimed personal property at public auction.
In 1949, the museum was among the first to return a work that had been looted by the Nazis, when it returned Claude Monet's "The Seine at Asnières" to its rightful owner.
In 1973, several episodes of the series were compiled together as an overseas theatrical release entitled "Call Me By My Rightful Name".
In 1996, Rodney King sued Burris and two other attorneys, accusing them of trying to defraud King out of his rightful share of recovery from a multi-million-dollar jury verdict against Los Angeles; a court ruled that King's suit was not brought within the statute of limitations.
In March 2011, when asked if he was the rightful heir, Idris said a family council would decide who would be king, not an heir.
Isis could not stand by and let this happen because her son was the rightful ruler.
Later, Vortigern is deposed by the rightful King of the Britons, Aurelius Ambrosius (the historical Ambrosius Aurelianus) and Hengist is captured and later executed.
Like the Provisional IRA before it, the RIRA sees itself as the only rightful successor to the original Irish Republican Army and styles itself as simply "the Irish Republican Army" in English or "Óglaigh na hÉireann" (Volunteers of Ireland) in Irish.
Mediaeval sources describe the Rhinegrave as the village's and municipal area's highest "Vogt" and rightful chief justice.
Paul's Cathedral declaring Edward's children bastards and Richard the rightful king.
Princess Alexa enters, and wonders why the marriage must take place at all, since Melissa is the rightful heir.
Since then the two sons and their respective followers have been feuding over who is the rightful successor of Moshe, with the followers of Aaron attempting to gain control of approximately $372 million worth of Satmar buildings and land (including its synagogues) in Williamsburg and elsewhere.
The Amboy Conference was the setting of the official "re-organization" of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints into the Latter Day Saint denomination now known as the Community of Christ. Held on April 6, 1860, this conference recognized movement founder, Joseph Smith, Jr's eldest son, Joseph Smith III as his rightful successor and sustained the young Joseph as President of the Church.
The Golden Gate Yacht Club (GGYC) filed its own challenge for the Cup and then filed a court case asking that CNEV be removed as Challenger of Record as being unqualified under the Deed of Gift. GGYC also asked that it be named as the rightful Challenger of Record, being the first club to file a conforming challenge.
The merchandise is only auction after the police has attempted to return the items to the rightful owner and the merchandise is no longer needed in any police investigation.
The rightful heir was believed to be Edward Berkeley Philipps (later Mansel), son of Courtenay Philipps, son of Richard Mansel, younger brother of the tenth Baronet.
The story is mainly about the sorceress Gudrun, who rules the Jarl's people through fear; the power struggle between her and her son, her very reflection and one weakness; and the small, motley band of outlaws who join him in the fight to restore the land to its rightful leader.
The younger one initially claims to be the true heir of the Duke of Bilgewater, and the older one the lost son of Louis the XVI and the rightful king of France.
There followed a long and acrimonious legal battle, with the New York Court of Appeals finally deciding on April 2, 2009, that CNEV did not qualify as valid challenger, and that the GGYC was thus the rightful Challenger of Record. Dispute.
When Dom Miguel returned and seized power from the rightful heir, his niece Maria II, and proclaimed himself 'Absolute King', Travassos Valdez held out in Madeira until his defence of the island was overwhelmed by an expeditionary force despatched from Portugal. As Miguel had given orders that Travassos Valdez should be hanged if captured, he was forced to flee the Portuguese realms and, with his wife, brother, and six children, sailed to England under the protection of the British Royal Navy in September 1828.
Yahya believed that as the next oldest son, he was next in line to be Ottoman Sultan and felt cheated out of his rightful destiny.
More Vocab Words
::: cantankerous - ill-humored; irritable
::: disclose - reveal; N. disclosure
::: obsequy - funeral ceremony


text:
Calisphere Exhibitions are curated sets of items with scholarly interpretation that contribute to historical understanding. Exhibitions undergo an editorial review process.
We invite Calisphere contributing institutions to propose and create exhibitions. They can be developed solely by institution staff or in partnership with other experts. Read on for more information, or scroll down for the key documents.
Please note that the Calisphere exhibition development and review process is new, as of Fall 2017. We encourage you to contact us early in your planning process, and we appreciate your patience as we work together to refine this workflow.
Please note: we are currently not accepting exhibitions proposals, due to staffing transitions. We expect to open the proposal process again in early 2019.
Why create a Calisphere exhibition? Because you can:
- Bring digital content to life for users. Tell a story about items in one or more collections from your institution and across Calisphere, adding captions and context that expand on the existing metadata.
- Collaborate with other librarians, professors, graduate students, and community members. An exhibition can be the basis for a great intern or class project.
- Raise the visibility of your digital objects. Exhibitions are the most highly accessed pages on Calisphere and drive significant traffic from Google.
The following content guidelines apply to all prospective exhibitions:
- Exhibitions can only contain items that have been contributed to Calisphere, since the platform works, technically, by pointing to persistent identifiers on the site. "Content contributed to Calisphere" means any item with a Calisphere URL: content harvested from other systems, legacy content harvested from the OAC and -- if you are a UC contributor -- content published through the DAMS workflow. Note that you can propose an exhibition in advance of contributing the items, but we will not be able to publish that exhibition until the items are live on Calisphere.
- Exhibitions are scholarly works that help users understand topics. When considering proposing an exhibition, we encourage you to think about the unique story you can tell; the light you can shed on a given subject, biography, or historical moment; and/or the argument or thesis you can advance using Calisphere items as examples or evidence.
- Exhibitions can contain items contributed to Calisphere by multiple institutions. If you choose to include items contributed by other institutions, we encourage you to reach out to those institutions to collaborate. CDL can facilitate contact with those institutions.
- Exhibitions must be well-researched and historically accurate, as determined by the institutional sponsor (see "Roles and Responsibilities" below).
- All exhibitions are required to contain overview text, and it is highly recommended that they contain several item-level captions. More granular content requirements are specified in the Exhibition Curator's Template that is used in the curatorial process.
- All exhibitions will be assigned a CC-BY license to allow users to use and adapt the content. The license will apply to the interpretive copy but not the digital items themselves.
Because most of the exhibitions currently on Calisphere pre-date these guidelines, we recommend you review the exhibition After-Lives of the Vietnam War as a model.
Roles and Responsibilities
The development of an exhibition requires the following roles and responsibilities on the part of the proposer (though the same person may serve multiple roles):
- Project owner: this person will submit the exhibition proposal (see "Process Overview" below), serve as the main point of contact on the project for CDL and the Exhibition Review Committee, and provide any needed project management to curators and/or the affiliated institution(s) to ensure the development of the exhibition proceeds smoothly.
- Curator(s): the author(s) of the exhibition, who will select and order the items, conduct research as needed, and write interpretive copy. Curators must have expertise in the subject/items described, demonstrated research experience, and/or the appropriate oversight from a recognized "expert" (e.g. a student under the tutelage of a faculty or staff advisor).
- Institutional sponsor / affiliation: every exhibition must secure the "sponsorship" of a contributing institution. The institutional sponsor assumes responsibility for a) ensuring that exhibition content is well researched and accurate, and b) serving as a long-term point of contact for CDL and a steward of the exhibition from an editorial perspective, for example by responding to user questions that may arise.
The following central staff will additionally be involved in the exhibition development process:
- OAC/Calisphere Service & Outreach Manager: the primary point of contact at CDL, who will provide "macro" project management, ensuring that the exhibition proposal and content successfully move through the editorial process; migrating exhibition content to the preview interface; and working with CDL technical staff as needed.
- Exhibitions Advisory Board liaison: a liaison from the Board will be assigned to each new exhibition that moves through this process, to provide support to the Calisphere Strategic Initiatives Manager, ensure the consistent application of standards across exhibitions, and make suggested changes to the exhibition development process as needed.
- Exhibitions Advisory Board and an Exhibition Review Committee: the full Calisphere Exhibitions Advisory Board reviews the exhibition proposal, and an ad hoc Exhibition Review Committee reviews the specific exhibition. See "Process Overview" section for more details.
There are two main phases of the exhibition development process: a proposal phase and a curatorial phase. Both phases undergo review, by the Calisphere Exhibitions Advisory Board and an Exhibition Review Committee, respectively. (Read more about exhibitions governance.)
Note that institutions may establish their own local policies, guidelines, and workflows for the development of Calisphere exhibitions, to feed into this central process.
1. Proposal phase
An exhibition must be proposed by a project owner affiliated with or in partnership with a contributing institution (see "Roles and Responsibilities" above). During the proposal phase:
- The project owner contacts CDL, and an initial scoping and orientation call is held.
- The project owner fills out and submits an Exhibition Proposal.
- The Exhibitions Advisory Board reviews and accepts the proposal and/or provides any editorial feedback.
At this time, proposals are accepted on a rolling basis and timelines determined case-by-case; in the future, there may be scheduled calls for proposals and review periods.
2. Curatorial phase
After the exhibition proposal is accepted, the work of creating the exhibition begins. The key steps in this process include:
- An Exhibition Project Timeline is developed, and key dates and deadlines determined. (link forthcoming)
- An Exhibition Review Committee is assembled.
- The curator(s) conduct research, select objects, and write copy, using the Exhibition Curator's Template as a guide. Revisions are made after reviewing the exhibition on a preview interface.
- The Exhibition Review Committee reviews the exhibition and offers edits and feedback as needed.
- The exhibition undergoes additional revisions and review as needed; after final sign-off (by both curators and Committee), the exhibition is added to Calisphere.
For a more detailed breakdown of the exhibition development process, see Exhibition Project Timeline. (link forthcoming)
Here are the key documents referenced throughout the guide above, pulled into a handy list:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Industrial railway
Two Sydney Coal Railway GP38-2 locomotives leave the Lingan Generating Station after unloading coal in Nova Scotia.
An industrial railway is a type of railway (usually private) that is not available for public transportation and is used exclusively to serve a particular industrial, logistics or a military site. In regions of the world influenced by British Railway culture and management practices, they are often referred to as tramways (which are distinct from trams or streetcars, a passenger technology).[citation needed] Industrial railways may be connecting the site to public freight networks through sidings, isolated (sometimes very far away from public rail or surface roads) or located entirely within a served property.[1]
OverviewEdit
Industrial railways were once very common, but with the rise of road transport, their numbers have greatly diminished.[1]
An example of an industrial railway would transport bulk goods, for example clay from a quarry or coal from a mine, to an interchange point, called an exchange siding, with a main line railway, onwards from where it would be transported to its final destination.
The main reasons for industrial railways are normally for one of two reasons:
 - Onsite shunting and consolidation: part-finished products or goods require movement between different parts of the process site to enable them to be manufactured, or made-ready for shipment. Moving relatively small amounts of goods over short distances is expensive if undertaken by mainline railway operators, who make money for charging for the shipment of goods over long distances in bulk
 - Control of manufacture: Many industrial lines only operate for short periods of time, requiring the shipment of time-sensitive goods to the factory or processing point, over relatively short distances. These are mainly food products, often operating on narrow gauge lines to enable closer access to the originating point
Resultantly, most industrial railways are short, usually being only a few miles/kilometers long. While these types of lines most often at some point connect via exchange sidings or transfer sidings to bulk mainline shipping railways, there are notable exceptions which are hundreds of miles long, which include the iron ore-carrying railways in Western Australia, or in China to transport coal, while in Canada there are the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway and the Cartier Railway. These lines can be thought of as dedicated shipment routes, where only the products of that industry require shipment between those two points, and hence a dedicated line makes more economic sense with only limited possibility of consolidation of shipment with other industries.
Industrial railways serve many different industries. In both Australia and Cuba a large number of industrial railways serve the sugarcane industry. In Colorado, the Coors Brewing Company uses its own industrial railway at the brewery both for the delivery of raw materials and for shipping the finished product.[citation needed]
Military railwaysEdit
Some industrial railways are military in purpose, and serve ammunition dumps or transportation hubs and storage facilities.

Russian spacecraft transported to the launch pad by the Baikonur intra-spaceport railway.
The world's largest industrial railway serves the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and has been long operated by a military rail unit of the Russian Armed Forces. The railway closely participates in space launches, transporting space vehicles to their immediate launch pads.
GalleryEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
 1. ^ a b Krause, John (1978). American Narrow Gauge. Golden West Books. p. 51. ISBN 0-87095-059-2.
External linksEdit


text:
Chasing the Rising Sun is the story of an American musical journey told by a prize-winning writer who traced one song in its many incarnations as it was carried across the world by some of the most famous singers of the twentieth century.
Most people know the song "House of the Rising Sun" as 1960s rock by the British Invasion group the Animals, a ballad about a place in New Orleans -- a whorehouse or a prison or gambling joint that's been the ruin of many poor girls or boys. Bob Dylan did a version and Frijid Pink cut a hard-rocking rendition. But that barely scratches the surface; few songs have traveled a journey as intricate as "House of the Rising Sun."
The rise of the song in this country and the launch of its world travels can be traced to Georgia Turner, a poor, sixteen-year-old daughter of a miner living in Middlesboro, Kentucky, in 1937 when the young folk-music collector Alan Lomax, on a trip collecting field recordings, captured her voice singing "The Rising Sun Blues." Lomax deposited the song in the Library of Congress and included it in the 1941 book Our Singing Country. In short order, Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Lead Belly, and Josh White learned the song and each recorded it. From there it began to move to the planet's farthest corners. Today, hundreds of artists have recorded "House of the Rising Sun," and it can be heard in the most diverse of places -- Chinese karaoke bars, Gatorade ads, and as a ring tone on cell phones.
Anthony began his search in New Orleans, where he met Eric Burdon of the Animals. He traveled to the Appalachians -- to eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina -- to scour the mountains for the song's beginnings. He found Homer Callahan, who learned it in the mountains during a corn shucking; he discovered connections to Clarence "Tom" Ashley, who traveled as a performer in a 1920s medicine show. He went to Daisy, Kentucky, to visit the family of the late high-lonesome singer Roscoe Holcomb, and finally back to Bourbon Street to see if there really was a House of the Rising Sun. He interviewed scores of singers who performed the song. Through his own journey he discovered how American traditions survived and prospered -- and how a piece of culture moves through the modern world, propelled by technology and globalization and recorded sound.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Ted Anthony joined the Associated Press in 1992. He was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize by the AP in 1998 and 2001 and won the National Headliner Award for feature writing in 2001. He was the AP news editor in China from 2002 to 2004. Anthony is the editor of asap, a multimedia news service produced by the AP. He lives in Montclair, New Jersey, with his wife and two sons.Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.:
Prologue: The Moment
I met a girl who sang the blues.
-- Don McLean, "American Pie"
She is blond, pretty, barely sixteen, too young to be singing the blues. But she does, all the time. After all, Middlesboro is a rough town these days, and every day is a struggle. Sometimes, when the songs are sad, she even cries along with them.
One song is her signature -- a sad tune, weighed down with the ballast of misery, moist with the tears of bad choices, loved ones, and home left behind, a life inching balefully toward its end. If I had listened to what Mama said, I'd have been at home today.
The girl has a strong, beautiful voice, and she sings the song wherever she goes -- around the neighborhood, hanging the wash outside her family's wooden shack, and especially when folks gather to play some harmonica, pick some banjo and forget about the day spent underground in the coal mines. Their voices echo across the hillside east of town. Sometimes the music from the poor cabins and stoops reaches the railroad tracks just a few yards away -- the ones that shepherd the steam-belching trains that carry coal, people, and a tantalizing invitation: There are other places to claim, other choices to be made, other destinies to be fulfilled. Rounders and ramblers and gamblers and hoboes and wayfaring strangers and unfortunate rakes hurtling toward siren-song cities that shine atop distant plateaus at the end of the line. Nashville. Birmingham. Meridian. Atlanta. New Orleans. The road to possibility, rendered in steel and steam and thunder. Even if you can't hop aboard, you can dream. One foot on the platform, the other one on the train.
Everyone in the neighborhood knows her song is old, though no one seems sure where it comes from. They just know that Georgie Turner sings it, and they like it when she does. Music offers a sliver of respite from the blackness of the mines and the meanness of the Depression, which still seems to be gobbling up Middlesboro even as it begins to ebb in other places.
One day, a stranger shows up from back East. He is a young man in an old car weighed down by an enormous, unfamiliar machine. Even when he rolls up his sleeves and dirties his hands in the machinery, you can tell he's different -- smooth and energetic and glib, cigarette occasionally dangling from the corner of his mouth, a dashing twenty-two-year-old who'll never be stuck, who goes from town to town sampling the world with the confidence of someone certain he'll be able to move on to the next challenge. He is trolling Kentucky's mountains with his bulky contraption to record people singing their songs. He is finding himself to be a popularizer, a fan of the folk, a blend of the academy and the frontier, a Southerner and a Northerner in one package. He's the kind of man who drives over bumpy dirt roads talking like Harvard and Yale: "Here the mountains have formed culture eddies where one can find the music of the American pioneer, in all degrees of purity -- in some isolated spots, little affected by nearly a hundred years of change in the 'outland'; in others acquiring new vitality in the mouths of the miners."
The man will tell you that this place is part of heaven. Like his daddy, he loves the South. Ever since the first Turners crossed the Cumberland Gap in Daniel Boone's era and settled in the lush hills around Pine Mountain, this has been, to songcatchers from the outland, one of those places -- where the Scotch-Irish ballad tradition survives unfettered, and people still sing on their front porches, isolated from the encroaching world of cities and recorded sound and national mass culture. But the man, Alan Lomax, is smart: He works for the Library of Congress and is conducting this quest like his father before him. He knows the gold of song collecting comes from two treasure chests: the untouched English balladry of centuries ago and the newer, earthier songs of American experience. His ears are open to both, and he hears fascinating things as he winds through Harlan, Bell, and Clay counties: songs from the 1700s, 1800s, and 1900s, all blending into something new. Song fragments carried like viruses by modern vectors -- trains and cars and itinerant miners who infect new people with a verse here, a verse there, pressed into service to make a point, evoke a memory, remember a moment.
Middlesboro is fertile proving ground for this; old songs are coming down from the hills and, in the hands of visitors and miners, mutating and becoming something new. Even phonograph records are appearing, purchased by the fortunates who have electricity and some spending money. You might get a flash of recognition if you mentioned the name Roy Acuff: He's from the Smokies just over Cumberland Mountain in eastern Tennessee, and he's about to make a name for himself at the Grand Ole Opry. The outside world is changing a way of isolated living that is generations old, and Lomax is determined to capture the moment before the rising monoculture shoves it all out of the way.
He has written ahead to announce his appearance; after all, in these parts of the world, a smooth city man who uses big words -- even one born in Texas -- needs a sponsor or two, just to keep things from getting ugly. Through his contacts in Washington and New York City, he has arranged to stop in -- on Wednesday, September 15, 1937 -- at the house of a man named Tillman Cadle, who lives by the railroad tracks in a desperately poor part of Middlesboro called Noetown. Few houses here have electricity; most are rickety wooden shacks. Cadle has invited some neighbors to sing for the the man and his machine. Among them is Mary Mast Turner -- Mary Gill, they call her -- a strict Baptist, a middle-aged housewife who lives nearby in an old log cabin with no front porch and a kitchen stove to heat the entire family. With her, she brings her teenage daughter Georgia.
Lomax unloads his Presto "reproducer," which runs on a big, heavy battery. He sets it up in Cadle's house alongside a stack of blank acetate discs upon which the machine will etch the grooves that capture the voices he craves. He wants to get things right on the first take because he's stingy about the discs; he keeps running out of


text:
- Which state is cleanest in India?
- Who has the world's cleanest air?
- Where is the purest air in the world?
- Which city is the heart of India?
- Which city is highly polluted in India?
- Which is the dirtiest state in India?
- Where is the cleanest air on Earth?
- How bad is Indian air quality?
- Which is the less polluted city in India?
- Which city has the cleanest air in India?
- Which city has the best air quality in the world?
Which state is cleanest in India?
ChhattisgarhSwachh Survekshan 2020: Chhattisgarh Is India's Cleanest State, Here's What It Did Right..
Who has the world's cleanest air?
FinlandAccording to statistics from the World Health Organisation, the air in Finland is the cleanest in the world. Finland's air quality is better than that of any other country on earth, according to statistics from the World Health Organisation published by the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
Where is the purest air in the world?
AntarcticaAtmospheric researchers have pinpointed the spot on Earth with the cleanest air. It's not in the midst of a remote jungle, nor on a deserted tropical island. Instead, the cleanest air in the world is in the air above the frigid Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, as CNN reported.
Which city is the heart of India?
Delhi: The heart of India.
Which city is highly polluted in India?
Ghaziabad, a satellite city of the capital New Delhi in northern Uttar Pradesh state, is ranked as the world's most polluted city, with an average PM 2.5 concentration measurement of 110.2 in 2019.
Which is the dirtiest state in India?
Swachh Survekshan 2017 Rankings Of India's Cleanest And Dirtiest Cities: Find Out Your City's RankRankingCityState1IndoreMadhya Pradesh2BhopalMadhya Pradesh3Visakhapatnam (Vizag)Andhra Pradesh4SuratGujarat130 more rows
Where is the cleanest air on Earth?
Antarctic OceanThe cleanest air in the world has been discovered in the Antarctic Ocean, according to a groundbreaking new study. An atmospheric region called the boundary layer air, which feeds into the lower clouds, was found to be unchanged by human-related (anthropogenic) activities.
How bad is Indian air quality?
Air pollution in India is a serious health issue. Of the most polluted cities in the world, 21 out of 30 were in India in 2019. … India has a low per capita emissions of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest greenhouse gas producer after China and the United States.
Which is the less polluted city in India?
KolasibKolasib, Mizoram Turns out Mizoram has the maximum number of 'least polluted' cities in India. Kolasib, one of the eight districts of Mizoram state in India, has a PM10 concentration less than 35 micrograms per cubic metre.
Which city has the cleanest air in India?
ChandigarhChandigarh breathes cleanest air in the country | Chandigarh News – Times of India.
Which city has the best air quality in the world?
The 10 Cities In The World With The Cleanest Air3 Zurich, Switzerland.4 Adelaide, Australia. … 5 Bangor, Maine. … 6 Helsinki, Finland. … 7 Calgary, Canada. … 8 Wellington, New Zealand. … 9 Honolulu, Hawaii. … 10 Reykjavík, Iceland. Not only is Reykjavík the largest city in Iceland, but it is also the country's capital and by far the cleanest city. … More items…•


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What are zone points for and what do they do?
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Zone points increase your In The Zone multiplier, which makes the speed breaker more effective as well as increasing it's duration. They also add to the Wheelman points when you win a race, increasing your wheelman level.
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Three points $z_1$, $z_2$, $z_3$ on the complex plane are given by the coefficients $a_k$'s of the cubic polynomial $f(z)=(z-z_1)(z-z_2)(z-z_3)=\sum_{k=0}^3 a_k z^k$. How does one express the (signed) area $V$ of the triangle with vertices $z_1$, $z_2$, $z_3$ in terms of $a_k$'s and $\overline{a}_k$'s? One is tempted to try to expand $V^2$ in the symmetric functions in the roots of $f(z)\overline{f}(z)$, as well as these of $f(z)$ and of $\overline{f}(z)$, e.g. starting from $$ V=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4}\det \begin{pmatrix} 1& 1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \overline{z}_1&\overline{z}_2&\overline{z}_3\end{pmatrix}, $$ (this not so well-known formula can be found in R.Deaux, Introduction to the Geometry of Complex Numbers, Ungar, New York, 1956, pp.59-60), but this rather calls for some kind of joint invariants of $f$ and $\overline{f}$ to be used.
Any pointers etc. are much appreciated.
Added: the motivation comes from a moment problem: suppose one is given a part of the sequence $\mu_n=\int_\Delta t^n dx dy$, where $t:=x+\sqrt{-1}y$, and wants to find the triangle $\Delta$, e.g., its vertices $z_i$'s. P.Davis in his paper "Triangle formulas in the complex plane" (Math.Comp. 18(1964)) shows that the first 4 moments $V=\mu_0$,...,$\mu_3$ determine $\Delta$; this is one more parameter than needed to determine the $z_i$'s. We can do better, but were unsure how $V$ depends upon $\mu_1$,...,$\mu_3$, which boils down to this very question.
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the area with sign depends on the order of the points, so it cannot be expressed in terms of the symmetric functions $a_k$. – rita Nov 23 '11 at 9:28
But the square of the area is clearly a symmetric function... – Igor Rivin Nov 23 '11 at 9:31
The volume, or rather its square, is a symmetric polynomial in the three pairs $(x_1,y_1)$, $(x_2,y_2)$, $(x_3,y_3)$. So the geometric object underlying your hoped-for formula is not the symmetric cube of the complex affine line, but the symmetric cube of the affine plane. In other words, you need generators of the algebra $K[X_1,Y_1,X_2,Y_2,X_3,Y_3]^{\mathfrak S_3}$, where the symmetric groups acts via the obvious permutations. – ACL Nov 23 '11 at 10:58
Wouldn't you expect $V$ to be the root of a polynomial of degree $12$ whose coefficients are polynomials in the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$? After all, the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$ are fixed by two independent actions of $S_3$ and $V$ is only fixed by the diagonal $A_3$ action, so, in the worst case (which might hold), you'd expect the polynomial to have degree $(6\times6)/3 = 12$. Unless that polynomial factors, I wouldn't expect that there'd be a simpler formula. – Robert Bryant Nov 23 '11 at 13:22
Just out of curiosity, I checked (using Maple). The polynomial relating $(V,a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3)$ is, indeed, irreducible of degree $12$ in $V$. (It is, of course, even in $V$.) It has total degree $22$ in these $7$ variables and is a sum of 646 monomials in these variables, with a typical integer coefficient having $7$ digits (when the highest common factor of the coefficients is $1$). I suppose I could paste the Maple output into an answer box if you wanted to see it, but, is there really any point to doing this? – Robert Bryant Nov 23 '11 at 16:38
5 Answers 5
up vote 13 down vote accepted
NB: Note that my $a_k$ have different signs from those defined in the question. For me, $$ (z - z_1)(z-z_2)(z-z_3) = z^3 - a_1\ z^2 + a_2\ z - a_3, $$ so that $a_k$ is the $k$-th elementary symmetric function of the $z_i$. This doesn't really affect the answer in any significant way.
While I don't think that the final result relating $V$ to the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$ is that interesting or useful, people might want to know a way to derive it. Here is what I did: Start with the formula $$ V=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4}\det \begin{pmatrix} 1& 1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \overline{z}_1&\overline{z}_2&\overline{z}_3\end{pmatrix}, $$ and note that multiplying the matrix on the right by its transpose yields $$\begin{pmatrix} 1&1&1 \\ z_1&z_2&z_3 \\ \bar z_1&\bar z_2&\bar z_3\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1&z_1&\bar z_1\\ 1&z_2&\bar z_2\\ 1&z_3&\bar z_3\\\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix} 3&a_1&\bar a_1 \\ a_1&{a_1}^2-2a_2& S \\ \bar a_1&S&{\bar a_1}^2-2\bar a_2 \\ \end{pmatrix} $$ where $S = z_1\bar z_1 + z_2\bar z_2 + z_3\bar z_3$. Thus, one has the polynomial relation $$ R := 16V^2 - 3S^2 + 2 a_1\bar a_1 S + {a_1}^2{\bar a_1}^2 - 4{a_1}^2\bar a_2 - 4{\bar a_1}^2a_2 + 12 a_2 \bar a_2 = 0. $$ It remains to find a relation between $S$ and the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$. To do this, note that $S$ will be a root of the polynomial $$ Q := \prod_{\pi\in S_3} \bigl(S - z_1{\bar z_{\pi(1)}} - z_2{\bar z_{\pi(2)}} - z_3{\bar z_{\pi(3)}}\bigr). $$ Note that $Q$ is a polynomial of degree $6$ in $S$ that is symmetric in the $z_i$ and the $\bar z_i$ separately. Hence, $Q$ can be regarded as a polynomial of degree $6$ in $S$ with coefficients that are polynomials in the $a_k$ and $\bar a_k$. The resulting expression for $Q$ as a polynomial in $S$, the $a_k$, and the $\bar a_k$ has $66$ terms. (Actually expressing $Q$ this way is not easy by hand. However, it's very easy to implement the algorithm for writing a symmetric polynomial in three variables as a polynomial in the elementary symmetric functions in those variables on a computer, which is what I did.)
Finally, $R$ and $Q$ are polynomials in $S$ with coefficients that are polynomials in the variables $V, a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3$. Set $$ P(V,a_1,a_2,a_3,\bar a_1,\bar a_2,\bar a_3) := \text{Resultant}_S(R,Q). $$ Then $P=0$ is the desired relation. Computation (using Maple) shows that it has the following properties: $P$ is irreducible, is even and of degree $12$ in $V


text:
CAIRO (AP) -- Archaeologists have unearthed a 2,000-year-old temple that may have been dedicated to the ancient Egyptian cat goddess, Bastet, the Supreme Council of Antiquities said Tuesday.
The ruins of the Ptolemaic-era temple were discovered by Egyptian archaeologists in the heart of the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great in the 4th century B.C.
The city was the seat of the Greek-speaking Ptolemaic Dynasty, which ruled over Egypt for 300 years until the suicide of Queen Cleopatra.
The statement said the temple was thought to belong to Queen Berenice, wife of King Ptolemy III who ruled Egypt in the 3rd century B.C.
Mohammed Abdel-Maqsood, the Egyptian archaeologist who led the excavation team, said the discovery may be the first trace of the long-sought location of Alexandria's royal quarter.


text:
Why Are Alcoholic Drinks Impure?
By: Ayatullah al-Uzma Shaykh Nasir Makarim Shirazi
& Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani
Question: Why have the Ulamah (learned) declared that alcoholic drinks are najis, whereas it cleans many things from the effects of contagious disease and kills many bacteria then what is the reason of it being impure?
Answer: Basically those things in Islam which are declared as najis have different reasons: From them some are najis due to their ingredients and because of them many disease take place (for example Urine and Blood) that is why Islam has considered them najis and instructed to refrain from them.
In the other sphere come those things, which are not apparently bad but are inertly bad and that is why Islam has stated them to be impure. For e.g. infidels - it is possible that a Kafir may be clean and tidy, as it is told in the answer of the seventeenth question that they are deviated according to faith; that is why he is impure on a spiritual basis, which cannot be removed by apparent cleanliness.
To safeguard the beliefs of Muslims, Islam has stated the infidels to be impure, that Muslims can be stopped from intermingling with them and save their spiritual cleanliness. If the infidels were not considered impure and it was allowed to intermingle with them it was possible that many people who do not have strong faith would have been impressed from their sayings and thinking.
Free intermingling with infidels would result in their penetrating into Islamic societies so restricting intercourse with them would protect the Muslims from any possible danger from them.
Thirdly are those things in which the above impurity is not there, but they are source to many social and personal problems for e.g. the alcoholic drinks.
It is correct that alcoholic drinks clean the contagious effect, but alcoholic drinks cause many evils. To stop those evils Islam has declared it impure. People would thus remain away from it, because it is natural that by not using something made from alcohol will creates hate towards it and this itself is war against alcoholic drinks.
 Very soon we will discuss about the impurity of infidels
 Whatever is said above is about alcoholic drinks, but as regards artificial alcohol being impure there is discussion between the scholars and Jurisprudents, because this type of alcohol is not generally meant for drinking, rather it is considered to be a poisonous substance.


text:
Cholinergic interneurons have been implicated in striatally mediated associative learning. In classical conditioning paradigms, conditioned stimuli trigger a transient suppression of neuronal activity that is dependent upon an intact dopaminergic innervation. Our hypothesis was that this suppression reflected dopaminergic enhancement of sensory-linked GABAergic input. As a test, the impact of dopamine on interneuronal GABA(A) receptor function was studied by combined patch-clamp recording and single- cell reverse transcription PCR. Activation of D5 dopamine receptors reversibly enhanced a Zn2+-sensitive component of GABA(A) currents. Although dependent upon protein kinase A (PKA) activation, the modulation was blocked by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition, suggesting it was dependent upon dephosphorylation. These results establish a novel mechanism by which intrastriatally released dopamine mediates changes in GABAergic signaling that could underlie the initial stages of associative learning.
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text:
Definition of Suppurate
Suppurate: To form or discharge pus. The adjective is suppurative, as in suppurative arthritis. The noun is suppuration, and is rarely used today. From the Latin puris = pus.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
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text:
He keeps Spa park in bloom
Gardener at Saratoga Spa State Park has been putting his touch on park's entrance
By LEIGH HORNBECK, Staff writer
Click byline for more stories by writer.
First published: Thursday, August 13, 2009
SARATOGA SPRINGS -- Dan Urkevich, the gardener at the Saratoga Spa State Park, first turned a barren entrance to the park into a bountiful garden in 2000.
Under Urkevich's fastidious care, the beds to the left and right of the Route 9 entrance to the Avenue of the Pines have tripled in size since then.
"I look for tall, eye-catching plants you can see from the road," said the 50-year-old Mechanicville native who works for the State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.
Urkevich says he chooses low-maintenance, invasive plants that will spread on their own for the garden, which contains about 70 percent perennials and 30 percent annuals.
You won't see Geraniums or many Petunias in Urkevich's beds because the old blooms on those plants must be pinched off in order for new flowers to bloom. Instead, the flower beds next to the avenue are filled with such specimens as bright yellow Heliopsis, lavender joe pye weed, tall purple Cleome and Veronica flowers, and the huge green leaves of elephant ear plants.
Urkevich works with Sunnyside Gardens in Saratoga Springs to try new things and grow bigger-than-average annuals, like the Salvia and Impatiens that line the road-side border of the beds. He also brings plants from home, including barrel-sized thickets of iris. Although the state park employs seasonal workers who cut the grass, Urkevich mows the grass around the beds himself.
Over years of gardening both at work and at home, he's learned what plants work best -- the ornamental grasses are pretty even in the fall as they change colors; the red bee balm has a stronger stem than the pink variation, so it will stand up to wind and rain; sedum, which looks like broccoli now, will turn pink in the fall -- hence the name of the variation Urkevich chose, "autumn joy."
Although Urkevich maintains a garden at home, much of his energy is channeled into the upkeep of the beds at the state park. He also plants beds in the medians on Route 9 near the park entrances, around toll booths in the park and at the Victoria Pool. In the winter he plows and does other maintenance work around the park.
The gardens draw visitors other than human admirers: honey bees, butterflies and finches. Urkevich also fights four-legged intruders such as woodchucks, chipmunks and voles that feast in the gardens. Voles destroyed the sunflowers this year, Urkevich said. However, he's humane toward the critters: the woodchucks he traps in cages and relocates to other parts of the state park.
The heavy rains this summer took a toll on the gardens, pushing apart flower stalks and driving holes in hosta leaves. But only the gardener's careful eye picks out the damage. For the passerby, the view is a bright welcome to the southern end of Saratoga Springs.
Leigh Hornbeck can be reached at _PHONE_ or by e-mail at _EMAIL_.
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Royalty reigns at sales
Sheik leads buyers at Fasig-Tipton with $11.9M
By DENNIS YUSKO, Staff writer
Click byline for more stories by writer.
First published: Wednesday, August 12, 2009
SARATOGA SPRINGS -- Chuck Simon found himself shopping yearlings Tuesday next to one of the wealthiest men in the world, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.
The horse trainer from Saratoga Springs and his wife, Paula, stood in a freshly framed, new outdoor pavilion about five feet from the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates/ruler of Dubai during the final night of the Fasig-Tipton Selected Yearlings auction.
Both men admired the animals on their way to the auction block. Both were looking for strong bloodlines. Only one was definitely buying. Only Sheikh Mohammed spent $2.8 million, the auction's highest price, on a single horse Tuesday, bringing his total for the two-day event to nearly $12 million spent.
"We don't usually play at this level," Simon acknowledged.
No buyers this year were on the level of Sheikh Mohammed, who made his first visit to the city in more than decade to shop horses and inspect his 106-acre Greentree Training Center horse farm at 36 Nelson Ave.
The "CEO of Dubai Inc." is a big horse buyer and breeder with an estimated worth of more than $12 billion, according to Forbes.com. He bought Greentree two years ago for $17.5 million, and many believe he's the force behind a Dubai company's purchase of Fasig-Tipton, a Kentucky-based horse auction company, last year.
Millions in renovations were made to the East Avenue facility, with more to come. The work seemed to please His Highness. After scoping the main pavilion's art offerings, he walked through hundreds of people in the property's backyard with several bodyguards and his bloodstock agent, John Ferguson, stopping to sign autographs. Asked by a reporter how he liked Saratoga, the sheik said, "very much" and gave a thumbs-up sign. He later returned and said, "I love it here."
Ferguson on Tuesday purchased six yearlings for nearly $6.4 million, including $2.8 million for a colt sired by Storm Cat named On A Storm. Those purchases came after Ferguson bought six horses for $5.5 million on Monday, including all three yearlings that sold for more than $1 million that night.
Fasig-Tipton employees said Sheikh Mohammed's purchases helped boost this year's auction totals well above last year's. Figures were up in all categories.
The average price paid for a yearling at this year's sale was $328,434, compared with $295,738 last year. The sale generated more than $52 million in total sales vs. $36 million in 2008. A total of 160 horses sold and 45 did not, compared with 122 and 42 last year.
Dennis Yusko can be reached at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.
2009 Fasig-Tipton Saratoga Selected Yearlings Sale
Number of horses that went on the block: 160
Total amount sold: $52,549,500
Number that didn't sell: 45
Average sale: $328,434
Top dollar horse: $2.8 million
Horses sold for more than $1 million: 4


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Breeding Male and Female Gouramis: How to Identify the Gender
I have raised tropical fish for over 15 years and I enjoy sharing my expertise with others.
One of the most popular aquarium fish is the gourami. It is known for being easy to keep, having bright colors, and being easy to breed. Gouramis are a type of anabantoid. This type of fish actually breathes air from the surface of the water. Another popular anabantoid is the betta fish, sometimes known as the Siamese fighting fish. Both of these fish are quite easy to breed in your home aquarium. If you are thinking about breeding gouramis, you need to understand how to tell the difference between the male and female.
Categories of Gourami
There are two main breeding categories of gourami. The first type of breeding category includes fish such as the kissing gourami. It will be very difficult to determine the sex of these fish and much more difficult to breed than other gouramis. If you are going to attempt to identify the sex of your kissing gourami, you will need to go through a process of observation and comparison. Watch your gouramis to see if they are "kissing." Your fish will be trying to dominate each other. These will likely be two males. If you want to identify the sex of the fish by comparison, you can look at the fish from above. Males will be flat-sided, while females will be slightly rounded on the side.
The Gourami's Color
If you have a gold, opaline, blue, or paradise gourami, then you are in luck. It will be very easy to determine the sex of this type of gourami. Even novice fish owners will be able to tell the difference between the male and female. You can easily recognize the female by their curved dorsal fin. This fin is not pointed, giving the fin a more wavy shape. Females are usually less colorful than males and mature females are often larger than mature males. The female paradise gourami is typically grey and red and they are larger and longer than males.
Observe the Gorami's Fins
The dorsal fin of male gouramis comes to a point, creating a distinct v-shape. These fins are usually speckled or spotted. If your gourami is a gold, blue, or opaline variety, the males will exhibit rings around their spots. The coloring of a male paradise gourami is usually red, blue, or green as opposed to the lackluster coloring of females which tend to be red or grey.
If you plan on breeding your gouramis, it is best to know if the specific variety breeds better as a pair or trio. There are some gouramis that will not do well in a one-to-one scenario. This can cause the male to be overly aggressive toward the female, and in some cases this can cause harm to the female. For first-time breeders, make sure you purchase gouramis which can be easily sexed. There are many varieties available at your local pet store.
If you provide the right environment and have enough space in your aquarium, then breeding gouramis can be a pleasant experience.
nuwan on October 21, 2018:
nice advice!
very usefull


Posts Tagged 'cruel and unusual punishment'
Criminal Blog Week Day 1–Sharia Criminal Law
Monday, April 11th, 2011
Being criminal defense attorneys in Bartow, we often represent clients who are originally from other countries or cultures. These clients not only have questions about their case, but also about our system of criminal justice. For example, when someone comes from a country where marijuana is legal, they do not understand why they are subjected to criminal punishment here for possession of the same drug.
Our firm recently gave a lecture on Sharia law and its impact on American jurisprudence. As part of that presentation, we talked about how Sharia criminal law is different from American criminal law. Perhaps these two systems are most different in their criminal punishment methods. Regarding criminal punishment, Sharia is noted for its draconian executions, including its use of stoning, lashing and flogging. Sharia scholars are quick to point out that these are not the only forms of punishment used by their courts, but are the ones most debated in the West as their methods are most contrary to our Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
Besides our methods of punishment, there are many differences between Sharia criminal court and American criminal court. Here are just a few such differences:
In Sharia court, trials are conducted by the judge; there is no jury system. There is no pre-trial discovery process, and no cross-examination of witnesses. Rules of evidence are also vastly different, with Sharia giving priority to oral testimony over written documents/evidence. On most charges, testimony must be established by two witnesses, preferably male witnesses. (One exception is rape, which must be established by four eyewitnesses.) A woman's testimony is worth only 1/4-1/2 to that of a male.
Forensic evidence is rejected in many cases in Sharia courts, including fingerprints, ballistics, DNA and blood samples.
These rules can make it extremely difficult for women victims in all cases, but especially rape charges.
At the cost of sacrificing due process, Sharia courts significantly increase speed and efficiency of dockets. But this is a price American criminal courts are unwilling to pay.


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It looks like this Vigosine is helping with Goats appetite. We were using it to combat stress ( my post here ) which worked out fantastic. For curiosity sake we had a test run of 6 heads of 6 month old bucks, we found that giving a very small amount of 5 ml into the mixed feed ( diluted with 500 ml) for 3 consecutive days saw a boost in their food intact. We repeated the same dose after 4 days for 3 days again. There was a 15% increase in feed intact compared to other test herd.
Posts Tagged 'Vigosine'
Goats cope with heat stress in a variety of ways. They may lie on their sides more than usual on a hot day or hang out under a tree all day and pant. Lying flat out, they also expose more body surface area, especially the short-haired parts of the body. When it gets hotter, involuntary functions kick into high gear.
The environmental comfort zone for goats is between 0-30C. Above 30C goats may begin to experience mild heat stress, especially when humidity cranks up the heat index. As heat and humidity climb, goats can have serious problems with thermal stress.
High temperatures affect body function in many ways. The hypothalamus, lying at the base of the brain, is in charge of balancing the body's heat loss and gain by regulating respiration, skin temperature, sweating and muscle tone. Goats get eight times more relief from the heat by panting than by sweating, so rapid breathing is their primary form of cooling themselves. Panting and collapse are the most obvious signs of heat stress, and the rectal temperature will exceed 40C.
When the weather warms up, animals eat less in an involuntary effort to reduce body heat, feed and water consumption go down. Animals may reduce water intake however they need water to help keep them cooler. Weather and other factors can combine to get any goat, but some are more susceptible to overheating. Overweight goats cannot exchange heat efficiently. Aged goats just don't function as well as they used to, and the very young have yet to reach optimum function. Animals in poor health (illness or parasites) may not be able to cope with this added burden. Selenium deficiency may exacerbate heat stress due to marginal muscle tone. Unventilated confinement, such as being locked in a poorly ventilated barn, crate or vehicle, can be a serious threat to an animal's life in a very short time. Any forced exertion should be avoided. Don't pick a hot, humid day to trim hooves or give the goats any other hassles.
A veterinarian should be consulted as soon as you see signs of heat stress. The animal may experience pain and swelling, and your vet may prescribe drugs to treat these symptoms. There may be a variety of moderate to severe blood abnormalities, impaired kidney function and metabolic acidosis. Electrolyte imbalances are common in heat stress, and IV liquids may need to be administered to combat acidosis.
Act promptly when you find a goat you expect is suffering from heat stroke. If the goat can walk, isolate it in the shade and take its temperature. If the temperature is over 40.5C, set a fan for direct ventilation, spray the coat with water, and wet the head, legs and stomach with water. (Cold water may be too great a temperature shock to the vascular system – any water will do). If the symptoms diminish in 15-20 minutes, the goat may continue recovery on its own. Make sure the temperature is reduced to 39.8C, and watch the goat closely for a few hours to see that it acts normally. Continue to monitor its behaviour, temperature, pulse and respiration after the animal has been stabilised. If the goat is prostrate and unable to walk, do not move it. Take its temperature. Erect shade if the animal is in direct sunlight and begin cooling with water. You will need the vet, tissue destruction begins prior to death, so prompt medical attention is imperative. When cooling therapy reduces the goat's rectal temperature to 39.8C, cooling measures can be discontinued.
Remember, prevention is better than cure. Give free access to clean, cool water and freshen it frequently. In hot weather, move the water source into the barn if your goats normally have to travel to reach it. Ensure your goat/s have access to good shade and barns or living areas are well ventilated. Provide adequate barn and feeder space to reduce competition for resources. Ensure your goat/s do not undertake any activities that cause exertion or induce stress.
I have been trying out this Vigosine after being told that this was 'the best' in treating Goats for stress. I was not able to find much information on Google but ended up ordering 5 litre's I have been using it for 2 weeks now and have found it really fantastic. But the uses are far more than for stress only.
USES – Poultry, Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses, Dogs, Cats. It is also a stimulant of appetite, Energy support, Improvement of growth and reproductive performance. Also an aid to weaning. Diuretic and Stimulant of Liver and Kidney functions. An aid to recovery after stress and disease. Very helpful as an aid against heat stress.
COMPOSITION – Carnitine HCI 5g, Sorbitol 25g, Magnesium Sulfate 25g, Excipient (Vegetable Extracts) 100ml
I use it orally after diluting on ration of 2 parts water and 1 part Vigosine. I administer 5-10ml for mature Goats and 3-5ml for immature kids. Administer daily (for me i use a syringe through the mouth) for 3-5 days then stop. 3 days later i used it in their drinking water (which i discovered was not cost effective as their drinking bowls are emptied and cleaned everyday) and now instead use it to dress their feed which works out fine as they always leave little wasted feed.
The cost was to me expensive having paid RM450 (AUD140) and the postage ended up to be RM140 (AUD45) but now having seeing the results and taking into account the very small amounts used everyday it works out to be really reasonable.
Manufactured by CEVA in France


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Non-binary people can face harassment in gendered bathrooms because they dress differently than the way people who typically use the bathroom they're in, or because they do dress the same, but their sex assigned at birth doesn't match their gender. No one should have to worry about their safety when all they want to do is use the toilet. If every school had gender-neutral bathrooms, non-binary students can just use those and skip the whole harassment deal.People who are non-binary often are forced to choose between male and female bathrooms. If someone feels that they are neither of those, then it is unjust to make them use one of them. That's like making someone who doesn't like skirts choose between wearing pencil skirts and loose skirts their whole lives. If someone is non-binary, then they should be able to go to a bathroom that is for their gender.
If there are gender-neutral bathrooms that non-binary students can go to, they might be less likely to fear harassment, and more able to focus on schoolwork. Non-binary students should be able to focus as much as any other student on their work, and having only gender binary bathrooms can cause those students to have to worry about being intensely bullied. Every student deserves to be able to focus entirely on school.


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Microsoft Distributed File System Management
The Microsoft Distributed File System Management course encompasses MCSA 411 Modules 9 and 10.
The Microsoft Distributed File System Management course encompasses MCSA 411 Modules 9 and 10. It focuses on optimizing file services, configuring encryption and advanced auditing. During the first portion of this course, the instructor describes FSRM, configure quotas, file screening, and storage reports and implement classification management and file management tasks. You will also receive an explanation of the components of the DFS, how to configure DFS namespaces and DFS replication. In the second half, you?ll learn how to encrypt files using EFS and configure advanced auditing features. Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Describe the File Server Resource Manager (FSRM) in the Windows Server 2012 operating system Use FSRM to manage quotas, file screens, and storage reports Implement classification and file management tasks Describe Distributed File System (DFS) Configure DFS namespaces Configure and troubleshoot DFS Replication Secure data by using BitLocker Drive Encryption Encrypt files by using Encrypting File System (EFS) Configure advanced auditing
Complete this entire course to earn a Microsoft Distributed File System Management Certificate of Completion


This project is read-only.
Project Description
Arduino sketches (and UWP apps), focused upon scanning a phone keypad as input (Bluetooth serial) to a UWP app running on a phone, desktop or IoT-Core device.
About
These projects have been developed using an Arduino Uno (actually a Freetronics EtherTen). They are elements of a bigger Universal Windows Project to remote control a Windows 10 phone camera app (coming). These are being documented on my blog on embedded101,com (under development).
FYI : Arduino Uno Layout
Projects
 1. UWP Generic Bluetooth Serial App
A Simple Bluetooth Serial Terminal for testing sketches 2, 3 and 4
 1. Bluetooth Echo Sketch
Using pins 2 and 3, (RX, TX) receives characters over Bluetooth (serial) and adds then to a string. When reception completes with null char or MAXSTRING is reached, the collection is completed and the string is sent back. Uses the Arduino SoftwareSerial Library. Used the Freetronics Bluetooth Shield but could use others connected to pins 2 and 3. (The Freetronics one has jumpers to simplify selection).
 1. Event Keypad Sketch.
Scans a telephone keypad. Captures keypress, release and hold events. Based upon the Arduino Keypad Library. See details for pins etc. Uses an off-the-shelf phone keypad
 1. Bluetooth Keypad Sketch
This project combines the first two. That is a telephone keypad is scanned and its keypress events (up, down and hold) are transmitted over Bluetooth serial.
 1. UWP KeypadUWPLib
An event driven Phone Keypad library. Includes KeyDown, KeyUp and KeyHoldling events to which event handlers can be attached in apps that use this library. Also includes a mechanism to fire those events from keypad scanning software. No hardware specific code though.
 1. UWP SoftKeypad Test App
A simple app to test the KeypadUWPLib. Implements a keypad as part of the app, which when pressed actions the keypad events. Some limitations imposed by lack of KeyUp event with XAML Buttons.
 1. UWP BTSerialLib
A modularisation of the Generic Bluetooth Serial App extracting out all of the UI functionality. Received serial messages are interpreted as Phone Keypad events. Depends upon KeypadUWPLib as it fires the keypad events based upon received messages.
 1. UWP BTKeypad App
The UI front end of Generic Bluetooth Serial App that uses BTSerialLib to implement the same Generic Bluetooth Serial App Bluetooth functionality with the phone keypad context. Exemplifies the keypad event handlers (ie Requires KeypadUWPLib as well).
 1. UWP KeyPadKeysUWPLib
Abstracts the Keypressed event further by interpreting it in terms of the actual key press. Has a delegate for each key which can be programmatically set by the dependant app as the function (implemented in the app) to call when each key is pressed. Conceptually, sits on top of KeypadUWPLib.
 1. UWP BTKeypad App 2
As per "UWP BTKeypad App" but calls each key's delegate when pressed rather than capturing the Key event.
Uses KeyPadKeysUWPLib as well as BTSerialLib and KeypadUWPLib.
Last edited Sep 29, 2016 at 6:16 AM by DJonesEmbedded, version 27


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1. Where did John Forbes Nash, Jr. grow up? How were Nash's parents described in Chapter One?
John Forbes Nash, Jr. grew up in Bluefield, West Virginia. His parents married on September 6, 1924. They lived in Bluefield in the coal mining mountains of West Virginia and became Episcopalians. The Nash's were respectable middle-classers. John Sr. worked for Appalachian Power and was steadily employed through the Depression.
2. How was John Forbes Nash, Jr. described as a child in Chapter One? When did he develop an interest in mathematics?
As a child, John was a loner but curious and always asking questions. He liked to learn on his own and read books. He had few friends and was awkward in social situations. John's teachers complained that he would not make the effort to do his schoolwork. He became interested in mathematics at the age of thirteen when reading Men of Mathematics.
This section contains 4,137 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)


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How to Build Your Own Deer Proof Garden Enclosures
Deer can make quick work of a flower or vegetable garden, eating the plants to the ground overnight. Although repellents are available, they don't always work well and might not work at all if you have a lot of deer in your area. Building an enclosure around the entire garden is the quickest way to ensure your plants are safe.
Designing for Deer
The height of the fence depends on the materials and the design. If the deer can see through the fence, it needs to be at least 8 feet tall to keep them out. You don't need as tall of a fence if the material is solid, because deer are more hesitant to jump into areas that can't first survey for dangers. A solid fence doesn't need to be more than 5 feet tall. If you are limited on height but not space, you can build a 4-foot-tall fence slanted at a 45-degree angle, or you can install double 4- to 5-foot-tall fences spaced 5 feet apart. Although deer can jump high, they can't cover much distance, so shorter fences that cover more ground provide enough protection.
Inexpensive black nylon mesh deer fencing or wire mesh fencing are unobtrusive choices for tall deer fences. Deer can sometimes push up the nylon and walk underneath, so anchor it well on all sides. Wood is the most common material used for a solid fence. Wood fences are permanent so they are best used in areas where you don't need to take down the fence seasonally. You can use either material for a slanted or double fence. Nylon and wire fences require tall, durable posts or stakes that are at least 2 inches wide, or you can use metal stakes to hold up the fencing. The posts must be as tall as the fences, plus an additional 18 to 24 inches.
Sturdy and Strong
Firmly anchored fences can withstand the elements and access attempts by the deer. Drive posts at least 18 inches into the ground and space them at 4-foot intervals. If you are permanently installing the posts, fill the post holes with quick-setting concrete before inserting the posts. Allow the concrete to set completely before attaching the fence. If you construct a slanted fence, install one upright post at the desired height, and then attach a board to the top and slant it back to the ground at the desired distance. Stretch nylon or wire fencing material so it's taught between the posts or over the slanted boards and wire, then staple or nail it in place. Most fencing comes on 4-foot-wide rolls, so you will need to overlap the material to cover the entire area.
Safe and Secure
Deer can't easily see nylon or wire fencing, so tie strips of white cloth to the fencing so the deer can see it clearly until they learn an alternate route around your garden. U-shaped garden stakes, also called garden staples, can anchor down the bottom edge of mesh fencing materials so the deer don't push underneath. A gate in the fence is necessary even if you don't require outside access, because it allows the deer to escape if they do manage to get inside. Use sturdy 4-inch fence posts to frame in the gate. Attaching the fencing material to a wooden gate frame creates a sturdier gate that can better survive the stresses of opening and closing without weakening. A concrete or wooden sill beneath the gate prevents deer from finding a way underneath.
Jenny Harrington has been a freelance writer since 2006. Her published articles have appeared in various print and online publications. Previously, she owned her own business, selling handmade items online, wholesale and at crafts fairs. Harrington's specialties include small business information, crafting, decorating and gardening.


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KDnuggets Home » News » 2016 » Apr » Tutorials, Overviews » Association Rules and the Apriori Algorithm: A Tutorial ( 16:n14 )
Association Rules and the Apriori Algorithm: A Tutorial
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A great and clearly-presented tutorial on the concepts of association rules and the Apriori algorithm, and their roles in market basket analysis.
The Problem
When we go grocery shopping, we often have a standard list of things to buy. Each shopper has a distinctive list, depending on one's needs and preferences. A housewife might buy healthy ingredients for a family dinner, while a bachelor might buy beer and chips. Understanding these buying patterns can help to increase sales in several ways. If there is a pair of items, X and Y, that are frequently bought together:
Tesco Pic (edit).png
Product placement in Tesco, UK.
 - Both X and Y can be placed on the same shelf, so that buyers of one item would be prompted to buy the other.
 - Promotional discounts could be applied to just one out of the two items.
 - Advertisements on X could be targeted at buyers who purchase Y.
 - X and Y could be combined into a new product, such as having Y in flavors of X.
While we may know that certain items are frequently bought together, the question is, how do we uncover these associations?
Besides increasing sales profits, association rules can also be used in other fields. In medical diagnosis for instance, understanding which symptoms tend to co-morbid can help to improve patient care and medicine prescription.
Association rules analysis is a technique to uncover how items are associated to each other. There are three common ways to measure association.
Measure 1: Support. This says how popular an itemset is, as measured by the proportion of transactions in which an itemset appears. In Table 1 below, the support of {apple} is 4 out of 8, or 50%. Itemsets can also contain multiple items. For instance, the support of {apple, beer, rice} is 2 out of 8, or 25%.
Association Rule Support eqn
Table 1. Example Transactions
If you discover that sales of items beyond a certain proportion tend to have a significant impact on your profits, you might consider using that proportion as your support threshold. You may then identify itemsets with support values above this threshold as significant itemsets.
Measure 2: Confidence. This says how likely item Y is purchased when item X is purchased, expressed as {X -> Y}. This is measured by the proportion of transactions with item X, in which item Y also appears. In Table 1, the confidence of {apple -> beer} is 3 out of 4, or 75%.
Association Rule Confidence eqn
One drawback of the confidence measure is that it might misrepresent the importance of an association. This is because it only accounts for how popular apples are, but not beers. If beers are also very popular in general, there will be a higher chance that a transaction containing apples will also contain beers, thus inflating the confidence measure. To account for the base popularity of both constituent items, we use a third measure called lift.
Measure 3: Lift. This says how likely item Y is purchased when item X is purchased, while controlling for how popular item Y is. In Table 1, the lift of {apple -> beer} is 1,which implies no association between items. A lift value greater than 1 means that item Y is likely to be bought if item X is bought, while a value less than 1 means that item Y is unlikely to be bought if item X is bought.
Association Rule Lift eqn
An Illustration
We use a dataset on grocery transactions from the arules R library. It contains actual transactions at a grocery outlet over 30 days. The network graph below shows associations between selected items. Larger circles imply higher support, while red circles imply higher lift:
Association Rules Network Graph
Associations between selected items. Visualized using the arulesViz R library.
Several purchase patterns can be observed. For example:
 - The most popular transaction was of pip and tropical fruits
 - Another popular transaction was of onions and other vegetables
 - If someone buys meat spreads, he is likely to have bought yogurt as well
 - Relatively many people buy sausage along with sliced cheese
 - If someone buys tea, he is likely to have bought fruit as well, possibly inspiring the production of fruit-flavored tea
Recall that one drawback of the confidence measure is that it tends to misrepresent the importance of an association. To demonstrate this, we go back to the main dataset to pick 3 association rules containing beer:
association rules confidence lift example
Table 2. Association measures for beer-related rules
The {beer -> soda} rule has the highest confidence at 20%. However, both beer and soda appear frequently across all transactions (see Table 3), so their association could simply be a fluke. This is confirmed by the lift value of {beer -> soda}, which is 1, implying no association between beer and soda.
association rules support example
Table 3. Support of individual items
On the other hand, the {beer -> male cosmetics} rule has a low confidence, due to few purchases of male cosmetics in general. However, whenever someone does buy male cosmetics, he is very likely to buy beer as well, as inferred from a high lift value of 2.6. The converse is true for {beer -> berries}. With a lift value below 1, we may conclude that if someone buys berries, he would likely be averse to beer.
It is easy to calculate the popularity of a single itemset, like {beer, soda}. However, a business owner would not typically ask about individual itemsets. Rather, the owner would be more interested in having a complete list of popular itemsets. To get this list, one needs to calculate the support values for every possible configuration of items, and then shortlist the itemsets that meet the minimum support threshold.
In a store with just 10 items, the total number of possible configurations to examine would be a whopping 1023. This number increases exponentially in a store with hundreds of items.
Is there a way to reduce the number of item configurations to consider?
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