ISSN: 0970-938X (Print) | 0976-1683 (Electronic)
Biomedical Research
An International Journal of Medical Sciences
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection and hypertension: Is there an association?
There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding the association of Helicobacter pylori with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension. However there is a paucity of literature from the Indian subcontinent on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and the heart, coronary artery disease and hypertension. This study aims to evaluate the association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and hypertension. 40 hypertensives and 40 normotensive controls were included in the study. The presence of Helicobacter pylori was confirmed by serological evidence of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies as estimated by ELISA (> 40 EU/ml considered as positive). 18 subjects with hypertension and 9 controls were positive for Helicobacter pylori as per serological evidence. Chi square test revealed that the difference in the number of seropositive cases was statistically significant (p<0.05). Thus in the present study Helicobacter pylori infection had significant association with hypertension as compared to controls.
Author(s): Vinutha Shankar MS, AVM Kutty, Nachal Annamalai
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Is the historic volcano, Mount Vesuvius, still active?
Mt. Vesuvius, which erupted in A.D. 79, burying the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing thousands, is still an active volcano. It has erupted many times since Pompeii was destroyed, including in 1872, 1906, and 1944. Scientists keep close watch over Vesuvius, which has the potential to threaten the sprawling area around Naples, Italy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Propagation in Cylindrical Inset Dielectric Guide Structures
The inset dielectric guide (IDG) is just a rectangular groove filled with dielectric, which retains many of the advantages of dielectric guides, without fabrication and loss problems. Quasi-planar IDGs are attractive for applications in microwave and millimeter-wave frequency ranges, as they can be used as low loss and low cost transmission lines, directional couplers, nonreciprocal phase shifters, antennas and other devices. In this paper we address circular IDG-type structures, investigating hybrid wave propagation in single microslot lines loaded with semi-circular dielectric cylinders. The analysis is based on systems of singular integral-integrodifferential equations of the first kind. The proposed algorithms are rapidly convergent, yielding very accurate results for the propagation constants and for the modal equivalent magnetic currents of the principal as well as the higher-order modes.
KeywordsPropagation Constant High Order Mode Magnetic Current Perfect Electric Conductor Moment Method Basis
This work is co-funded by the European Social Fund (ΕΚΤ) with 75% and National Resources (Greek Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs) with 25% under the ΕΠΕΑΕΚ project "Archimedes – Support of Research Groups in TEI of Crete – 2.2.-7 – Smart antenna study and design using techniques of computational electromagnetics and pilot development and operation of a digital audio broadcasting station at Chania (SMART-DAB)".
Also, the author would like to thank Prof. John L. Tsalamengas and Ass. Prof. George Fikioris, of the National Technical University of Athens, for their helpful discussions and insightful comments.
- 7.Vardiambasis IO, Tsalamengas JL, Fikioris JG (1998) Hybrid wave propagation in microslot lines loaded with dielectric semi-cylinders. In: 1998 URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory Proceedings 1:163–165Google Scholar

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Estonia studies mobile geolocation data to analyse movements
Estonia's Government Crisis Commission has instructed the state statistical office, Statistics Estonia, to use mobile geolocation data from companies such as Telia, Elisa, and Tele 2 in order to study people's movements to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Statistics Estonia hoped to launch the project during the week of March 24, 2020. Mart Mägi, the director general of Statistics Estonia, said the intention was to analyse people's movements before and after emergency measures were implemented, and that, if the telcos agreed it was feasible, data processing would take place only within Statistics Estonia's secure environment. The data protection inspectorate has agreed that this tracking is legitimate as long as the data is not personalised and it is used only for the purpose of providing generalised results.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have allowed us to deploy seamless and high capacity wireless systems easily and inexpensively. However, recently, channel interference between different services has become a serious problem because access points (APs) of WLANs are located too densely. In the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance used in WLANs, the hidden terminal (HT) problems occur depending on the distance between stations and the carrier sensing range. In the higher dense deployment mentioned above, the HT problems occur complicatedly. In this paper, we propose an AP cooperation system that detects the HT problems between stations (STAs). In our system, APs obtain the information of connected STAs from received frames and the HT problems are identified from the integration of the information obtained at different APs. The effectiveness is verified by simulations.


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Issue No. 06 - June (1994 vol. 43)
DOI Bookmark: _URL_

The paper compares the trace-sampling techniques of set sampling and time sampling. Using the multi-billion reference traces of A. Borg et al. (1990), we apply both techniques to multi-megabyte caches, where sampling is most valuable. We evaluate whether either technique meets a 10% sampling goal: a method meets this goal if, at least 90% of the time, it estimates the trace's true misses per instruction with /spl les/10% relative error using /spl les/10% of the trace. Results for these traces and caches show that set sampling meets the 10% sampling goal, while time sampling does not. We also find that cold-start bias in time samples is most effectively reduced by the technique of D.A. Wood et al. (1991). Nevertheless, overcoming cold-start bias requires tens of millions of consecutive references.

buffer storage; memory architecture; program diagnostics; performance evaluation; digital simulation; trace-sampling techniques; multi-megabyte caches; time sampling; reference traces; sampling goal; relative error; cold-start bias; consecutive references.
R. Kessler, M. Hill and D. Wood, "A Comparison of Trace-Sampling Techniques for Multi-Megabyte Caches," in IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 43, no. , pp. 664-675, 1994.


Rock glaciers crawl slowly down the slope
bohrloch murtél gletscher
At the International Conference on Permafrost in Potsdam, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer explained the PERMASENSE network. Boeholes in rock glaciers allow to collect data on the temperature of the entire bore and therefore to explain the downward motion of the glacier.
Article in planeterde (German)
Sabina Mächler


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|Does Financial Structure Matter?
What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of bank-based financial systems and market-based financial systems?
In bank-based systems (as in Germany and Japan) banks play a leading role in mobilizing savings, allocating capital, overseeing the investment decisions of corporate managers, and providing risk management vehicles. In market-based systems (as in England and the United States) securities markets share center stage with banks in getting society's savings to firms, exerting corporate control, and easing risk management. As countreis grow richer, financial markets play a more important role relative to banks.
Cross-country research has shown the irrelevance of the distinction between bankand market-based financial system and has shown the importance of effective financial service delivery. It is of secondary order who provides these services. This research has also shown that it is important to focus on the underlying determinants of a sound and effective financial system, such as the contractual and informational environment. Research papers related to the issue of financial structure were presented at a conference on February 10 and 11, 2000 at the World Bank.Database
This database of Indicators of Financial Development and Structure across countries and over time is unique in that it unites a range of indicators that measure the size, activity and efficiency of banks, non-banks financial institutions and capital markets. Data are available for over 100 countries and for the period _PHONE_. The database is being regularly updated.
You can also download other related documents. These include content-rich current outputs (updated document versions, miscellaneous documents and web pages).


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World's First Dry Process Office Papermaking System Comes to Europe
PaperLab revolutionises office recycling by turning waste paper into printable office paper using a dry process
Epson, the global technology leader and innovator, will showcase PaperLab - the world's first1 dry process compact office papermaking system in Europe for the first time this year. PaperLab is capable of producing new paper from securely destroyed waste paper2 using a dry process3 and can produce thousands of sheets of recycled paper a day.
PaperLab is ideal for organisations that need to securely destroy confidential information as well as recycle paper in an environmentally friendly, eco-efficient and sustainable way. PaperLab will be shown for the first time in Europe at CeBIT (Hannover, 20 -24 March) as part of a major exhibition of Epson's innovative efficient, compact and precision workplace technologies.
Epson's global president, Mr Minoru Usui, will attend CeBIT where he is due to present PaperLab along with Epson's latest range of technologies designed for the workplace. Mr Usui will also be giving a keynote speech on the future of technology in the workplace and will explain how Epson's technology and future vision will enhance the workplace and improve the quality of people's lives.
Mr Usui commented, "I'm enormously proud to be able to present PaperLab, the world's first office papermaking system using a dry process. PaperLab is capable of producing new paper from securely destroyed waste paper and can produce thousands of sheets of recycled paper a day.
"Launched in Japan late last year, we plan to start selling PaperLab in Europe by the Autumn of 2018. Our aim is to create a new office printing ecosystem where customers can enjoy high-speed inkjet printers using paper recycled by PaperLab. PaperLab is ideal for organisations that need to securely destroy confidential information and recycle paper using a sustainable process.
"My vision is for a world in which you can print and then recycle all the paper you want. One day I hope we can develop PaperLabs of all sizes and see them used in factories, in offices and even in your home."
Organisations will be able to use PaperLab to produce paper of various sizes, thickness and types, from office paper to business card and coloured paper.
As part of its commitment to sustainability, Epson has outlined its Environmental Vision 2050, targeting a 90% reduction in CO2 emissions across the life cycle of all its products and services by 2050.
1. Dry Fibre technology
A defibration unit developed by Epson mechanically breaks down used paper into long, thin fibres without using water. All traces of information are completely and securely destroyed instantaneously.
The fibres from the used paper are binded together using a binding material. This material is available in a number of different colors to allow PaperLab users to produce paper in an array of colours or to increase paper whiteness.
Pressure is applied to the binded fibres to form new sheets of paper. PaperLab users can produce A4- and A3-sized sheets in various thicknesses by setting controls for paper density, thickness, and shape.
2. Enhanced security
PaperLab enhances information security by completely destroying confidential documents. Instead of being transported off-site by a contractor, waste paper is reduced to fine fibres on site. Unlike paper that has been run through a shredder, the fibres carry no discernible information whatsoever. PaperLab is therefore an ideal solution for local government offices and other institutions that handle large volumes of confidential documents. It protects personal data while giving institutions, residents, and customers peace of mind.
3. Fast production of various types of paper
PaperLab produces the first new sheet of paper in about three minutes of having loaded it with waste paper and pressing the Start button. It can produce about 720 sheets of A4 paper per hour. By upcycling used paper into paper that has higher value, such as copier paper, cardstock for business cards, or colored paper for handbills, companies and local governments can produce whatever kind of new paper products they want, whenever they need them.
4. Lower environmental impacts
PaperLab creates paper in a waterless papermaking process. Ordinarily it takes about a cup of water to make a single A4 sheet of paper. Given that water is a precious global resource, Epson felt a dry process was needed.
Note: A small amount of water is used to maintain a certain level of humidity inside the system.
*2 The system can use ordinary A3- and A4-sized copy paper as raw material.
*3 A small amount of water is used to maintain a certain level of humidity inside the system.


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It's the end of term and you have to study for your art history exam…
Make like Dewey the Library Cat and hit the books…
The classic art history test and exam format is the dreaded two-slide comparison. Your professor is asking you a leading question about two works in order to get you to prove that you paid attention in class. The following are slide exam study tips that I wrote upon the request of my students of Italian Renaissance art, but these concepts can apply to any period. Please note that each instructor has different exam rules and advice, so these are guidelines only.
How to study?
- Start early and review often.
- Make flashcards with artist, title, date, and relevant facts/points. What was said about the work in class may be relevant to developing your conclusion. If you do this, you'll come up with a better conclusion than if you just base your statement on visual elements.
- Think about which images will show up as comparisons (see below).
- Try to practise these comparisons by thinking about similarities and differences between the works.
- If you have trouble memorizing dates, think about works in relation to each other, and/or in relation to a few "key" dates. If you're familiar with style, you can often deduce date based on this information. Make a timeline.
- Find out what your professor accepts in terms of date range. In my classes, for most questions, rounding date to the DECADE is acceptable.
What two images make a good comparison?
- Two works of the same subject so you can see subject matter treated differently in two artists or two media.
- By the same artist at different points in his career.
- Similar composition but different subject.
- Works by artists who are closely related for one reason or another (for example, teacher/student).
- Works with something in common like perspective or naturalism or theory or???
- Two works that permit you to learn something about one or both of them — for example the image that is the source of another that might determine date or artistic influence.
How to develop a conclusion
Larger conclusions are better than smaller conclusions. These are some examples of what I mean:
- What these 2 works tell you about the period of art history studied.
- What they tell you about one artist's oeuvre, like changes within his career in terms of style, or x is earlier than y. NB: if you conclude this, your dates in the slide ID MUST correspond to your conclusion!!
- Relationships between 2 artists on a larger scale (x was influenced by y)
- Regional or time differences.
- Sometimes the conclusion might be about a specific piece of information, like x is the source of y (and hence is the earlier work).
- There are many more types of answers – think for yourself and try to relate the comparison to the course as a whole.


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Manual aerosols are suitable for manual fire extinguishing of sensitive equipment such as servers, electronic equipment and sensitive switchboards, etc. This device is made of sustainable minerals. This device is not under pressure.
The device consists of a small, compact and light cylinder: the upper part of the device is a metal tube that contains the extinguisher. The lower part of the device is made of plastic and acts as a holding handle.
In Deba's aerosol, the gas exiting it extinguishes the fire by interrupting the fire reaction chain ("autocatalyst" of the fire).
The aerosol jet starts working when the fire extinguishing operation is started by the user's command.
This process allows the FSS to extinguish a variety of fires through saturation. Its slow biodegradation in the environment prevents future fires. The quenching process involves two different reactions: one physical and the other chemical. The physical reaction is related to potassium's tendency to oxidize rapidly in air. The chemical reaction occurs through a stable bond between the potassium particles and the fire combustion particles. Through these two reactions, a rapid oxidation process takes place and instantly transforms the jet from a solid state to a gaseous state. These atoms can intercept and intercept any other free particles produced by the combustion process of the chain reaction fire. Potassium has strong inhibitory properties due to its weak ionization energy. Manual aerosol does not damage the surfaces and objects on which it is used. It does not need to be serviced or recharged and is suitable for all types of fires of different classes.
How to use manual aerosol is as follows.
- Hold the extinguisher by the handle and remove the top cover.
- Remove the igniter cap from the bottom of the handle or press the activation button.
- Touch the spark plug in the middle of the top.
- Direct the jet towards the base of the flame holding the extinguisher by the handle.


class="wiki"> from django.db import model class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3) In my python code I refer to the currency code as follows: p = Payment() #... print p.ccy_code Later, I decide to actually create a "Currency" table to hold some information about currencies. And I also decide to define a foreign key constraint from "Payment" to "Currency". My model now looks like: from django.db import model class Currency(models.Model): ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, primary_key=True) #... class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy = models.ForeignKey(Currency, to_field="ccy_code", db_column="ccy_code") The problem here is that my existing Python code is broken, because "ccy_code" is not defined anymore for "Payment". Django has instead define a "ccy_id" attribute. Based on the principle that defining things like foreign keys should only add functionality (and not remove any) it seems quite important to me that one can choose the id attribute name. This can be achieved by adding an optional keyword argument to ForeignKey/OneToOneField constructors (here I decided to call it "id_attr_name"). The implementation of this feature is pretty small and fully backward-compatible. Here is the SVN diff against trunk: Index: =================================================================== --- (revision 10924) +++ (working copy) @@ -660,6 +660,7 @@ class ForeignKey(RelatedField, Field): empty_strings_allowed = False def __init__(self, to, to_field=None, rel_class=ManyToOneRel, **kwargs): + self.__id_attr_name = kwargs.pop('id_attr_name', None) try: to_name = to._meta.object_name.lower() except AttributeError: # to._meta doesn't exist, so it must be RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT @@ -679,7 +680,10 @@ self.db_index = True def get_attname(self): - return '%s_id' % + if self.__id_attr_name: + return self.__id_attr_name + else: + return '%s_id' % def get_validator_unique_lookup_type(self): return '%s__%s__exact' % (, self.rel.get_related_field().name) In my example, I could then define my model like: from django.db import model class Currency(models.Model): ccy_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, primary_key=True) #... class Payment(models.Model): #... ccy = models.ForeignKey(Currency, to_field="ccy_code", db_column="ccy_code", id_attr_name="ccy_code") Results #11482: Add Google map events handling Wed, 15 Jul 2009 14:53:51 GMT kapa77 Now only Markers can have events added, there should be possibility to add events to map also. I'm adding very simple patch. Results #11487: Oracle encoding bug when saving more than 4000 characters Thu, 16 Jul 2009 15:11:57 GMT mdpetry I am working on a project where I have to store a large amount of content, (html) in a record from a table, I am using Oracle as the database What is very strange... is put a text reasonably small, (around 3000 characters) and it works correctly, save without problems, but doubling this size, this content is saved completely changed. This patch works well on: Django 1.1 (svn), debian, and Oracle 10g with cx_oracle 4.4.1 Results #11495: Improvements to django.views.static.serve directory indexes Fri, 17 Jul 2009 02:18:06 GMT SmileyChris This patch sorts indexes and shows directories before files. It also adds functionality for providing an index prefix so the template can show the full indexed path correctly. Results #11590: REQUEST: Give LabelCommand an option for default behavior (when no labels are specified) Wed, 29 Jul 2009 17:03:03 GMT maaku The LabelCommand class is handy, but I've found circumstances where I need a default behavior when no labels are specified on the command line. For example, when specifying directories os.getcwd() provides a reasonable default and a convenient shorthand. Unless I missed something, implementing these commands required reimplementing LabelCommand.handle with the default hard coded in. Obviously violates DRY. Suggestion: Add field "default_label" to LabelCommand with value "None" Switch (line 317-318 in django/trunk/django/core/management/ if not labels: raise CommandError('Enter at least one %s.' % self.label) to if not labels: if not self.default_label raise CommandError('Enter at least one %s.' % self.label) else: labels = [self.default_label] or something similar. Patch is attached. Results #11605: syncdb breaks for some proxy models Thu, 30 Jul 2009 19:12:55 GMT jds If the proxy model is in an application listed before the parent model's application, the table does not get created. I have an application, testapp, with this testapp/ from django.contrib.auth.models import User class MyUser(User): class Meta: proxy = True INSTALLED_APPS has testapp listed before django.contrib.auth. The auth_user table does not get created. This is related to #11428. The patch shows where the issue is. If this is intended behavior, a small addition to the Available Settings > INSTALLED_APPS documentation would clear this up. Results #11634: OpenLayers default position Tue, 04 Aug 2009 20:01:00 GMT dalkvist The openlayers.js templet don't take the display projection setting from the GeoModelAdmin classes in to consideration when applying the default position. Fore example then the display projection is sett to 4326 (wgs83 standard lon/lat) and the map projection is sett to 900913 (the "google projection"). Then it is reasonable to expect the default position to be in the display projection and not the map projection. The supplied patch checks to see if the display_projection is sett, if it is then adds a transformation call (from display projection to map projection) when the default position is used, in the openlayers.js Results #11642: Specify default namespace in Thu, 06 Aug 2009 01:34:43 GMT mrmachine The new URL namespace feature is great, but could be made a little easier to use by allowing a default namespace to be defined as a variable in the urls module being included (e.g. namespace). This could be looked up by Django automatically if no namespace is specified when the urls module is included, in the same way that urlpatterns is looked up. In myapp/: namespace ='myapp' urlpatterns('myapp', url('^$', 'index', name='index'), ) In myproject/: urlpatterns('', url(r'^myapp/$', include('myapp.urls')), ) In your templates: {% url myapp:index %} The benefit here is that users will not need to specify a namespace for every app in their urls module to avoid clashes with commonly named urls (e.g. "index"), unless they are deploying multiple instances of the same app, which I would have thought is the less common case. At the moment I believe the only way to specify a default namespace (like the admin app does) is to define a three item tuple somewhere in myapp which contains urlpatterns from myapp.urls plus app and instance namespaces. But this can't be referenced by a simple string like the urls module can, it must be imported directly before being used. It also seems a little messy and counter-intuitive asking users to import and include myapp.urls.namespace or myapp.urls_namespace or something similar, instead of just importing or referencing the urls module. Results #117


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Creativity is a valuable skill in the electronics industry, but is often overlooked in academic curricula and coursework. Academics can use gamification to integrate innovation and design through hands-on, exploratory project development. This paper proposes a method for using game mechanics to teach electronic design automation and other technical engineering concepts.
At Rochester Institute of Technology, the AdvanceRIT (NSF _TAG_) institutional transformation project strives to increase the representation, retention, and advancement of women faculty in STEM, including social and behavioral science (SBS) disciplines. From faculty and staff in the trenches to administrators at all levels, active collaborative engagement in institutional transformation efforts can counter this resistance. This paper outlines critical collaborations that serve as effective tools in promoting positive institutional change.
We will share our experiences in developing and promoting an environment that is safe and conducive to the inclusion of women in technology in academic programs. Our student clubs where students have shown the promise of leadership, also provide participation between males and females and increased inclusion of women in high impact retention activities. The importance of male advocacy and attitude from leadership towards clubs is vital for success.


text: The Archean Fiskenaesset complex contains low concentrations of Pt, Pd, and Rh in comparison with the Stillwater Complex, Montana, but variations in these concentrations with stratigraphic height show trends related to the results of igneous differentiation, even though most of the rocks have been metamorphosed and the complex has been fragmented by granitoid intrusions and repeatedly deformed. Pt, Pd, and Rh are concentrated in ultramafic rocks and chromitites, but relatively high concentrations also occur locally in anorthosite and leucogabbro which are rich in disseminated sulfides. The concentrations of Pt and Pd are inversely related: the Pt:Pd + Pt ratio tends to increase upward. The Rh: Pd + Pt + Rh shows less variation but tends to increase slightly in the upper part of the intrusion. A new fire-assay atomic absorption method was developed to analyze the low concentrations of these metals present in the Fiskenaesset complex, and this method is described.


Sister group
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree.[1] It is a term in cladistics.
The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A, is C.
References[change | change source]
 1. Eernisse, D.J. "Introduction to phylogeny: what is a sister taxon?". Biology 404 - Evolution. Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton. Retrieved 4 January 2012. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)


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v. e·volved, e·volv·ing, e·volves
1. a. To develop or achieve gradually: evolve a style of one's own. b. To work (something) out; devise: "the schemes he evolved to line his purse" (S.J. Perelman).
2. Biology To develop (a characteristic) by evolutionary processes.
3. To give off; emit.
1. To undergo gradual change; develop: an amateur acting group that evolved into a theatrical company.
2. Biology To develop or arise through evolutionary processes.


text:
Introduction: Fire Alarm With SMS Notification
GSM 800H, Arduino Based Fire Sensor and SMS Notification system, it uses IR Sensor to detect the fire in the dark room . It Sends SMS through GSM 800H modem that is attached to Serial Rx and Tx Pins of Arduino Set your mobile number inside the code. IR Sensor sense Fire near about 3 meters.
It is very useful project for factory godowns, gas godowns and other places where there a possiblities of fire.
Step 1: COMPONENTS
1. Arduino Uno or similar
2. GSM/GPRS Modem 800H or 900A
3. IR sensor with analog output
4. Patch cords
Step 2: Connections
Use Breadboard for connecting batteries to arduino and gsm module or you can give power in your way,
GSM modem required large amount of current so use 12v 1amp power supply for it. In my case I used four 9v batteries connected in parallel. Now Connect the vcc pin of ir sensor to 5v of the arduino, connect gnd to gnd of arduino and Analog out pin of sensor to the A0 of the arduino.
Connect your pc to the arduino Upload the program usin ARDUINO IDE. Note that program must be uploaded before connecting GSM modem, because modem may get damage.
After Uploading program to arduino connect the Rx of modem to Tx of Arduino, Tx of modem to Rx of arduino & Ground to ground.
You can see in circuit diagram.
Step 3: Uploading & Testing
Replace "xxxxxxxxxx" with your mobile number in program.
Upload the program
Connect the modem to arduino.
Participated in the
Internet of Things Contest 2016
2 years ago on Step 3
can i have the code of your project sir?
Question 3 years ago on Step 2
Can you pls share your code for this project? :)


text:
Treasure hunters have one last chance to grab a still unclaimed £9,000 gold bar in a countryside riddle aimed at helping save threatened rural landscapes in Lincolnshire.
Clues connected to myths and mysteries surrounding ancient marshland linking coast and countryside will lead to one riddle solver claiming the £9,000 gold bar, but treasure seekers only have to October 6 to crack the puzzle.
Already the Riddle of the Marshes has captured worldwide interest, with clue-laden themed packs snapped up as far afield as Canada, USA and Thailand.
The innovative project aimed at raising the profile of rural communities and historic grazing marshes stretching from Grimsby to Gibraltar Point along the Lincolnshire coastline has won the support of Harry Potter and Star Wars actor Warwick Davies.
Warwick said: "Lincolnshire has many small towns and communities that are a pleasure to visit. I have family in Louth, so I travel to that part of the world often. The Riddle of the Marshes is a great way for people to discover the treasures of Lincolnshire and maybe even come away with some actual treasure."
This unique treasure hunt will lead those taking part on a journey of knowledge and discovery through Lincolnshire's Grazing Marshes. Tucked away amongst the ancient pastures and rolling landscape of East Lindsey are the answers to a riddle that will unlock a vault containing 10oz of solid gold. Nothing is hidden or buried and all the clues are visible in a public space.
Illustrated Riddle of the Marshes packs, costing £15, offer a tempting insight in to countryside legends as well as the many hidden gems of this undiscovered part of the country.
With more than 150 packs sold so far, the campaign to promote a forgotten landscape, forged over centuries of traditional farming on a changing coastline, has already generated increased footfall at local B&Bs, museums and shops. But as yet, no one has come up with the winning vault combination and time is running out.
Packs are available from Louth, Skegness and Mablethorpe, Tourist information Centres, or can be ordered on 01507 613134.
For more details visit _URL_ or follow the quest on Twitter @LincsMarshes.
For more details of things to do and places to stay in Lincolnshire, visit _URL_


The Gamma Function
A student in a probability course may have evaluated an integral such as the following:
 \displaystyle \int_0^\infty \displaystyle t^{x-1} \ e^{-t} \ dt
Plug in a value for x and evaluate the integral. For example, when evaluated at x=1, the integral has value 1. Evaluated at x=2, the result is also 1. Evaluated at x=3, the result is 2. At x=4, the result is 6=3!. In fact, if a student remembers a fact about this function (called the gamma function), it is that it gives the factorial when evaluated at the positive integers – the value of the integral is (x-1)! when evaluated at the positive integer x.
 \displaystyle (1) \ \ \ \ \ \Gamma(x)=\int_0^\infty \displaystyle t^{x-1} \ e^{-t} \ dt
The gamma function is denoted by the capital Greek letter \Gamma. It crops up almost everywhere in mathematics. It has applications in many branches of mathematics including probability and statistics. The integral described above may seem inconsequential, no more than an exercise in an undergraduate course on probability and statistics. We give ample evidence that the gamma function is indeed very consequential, even just in the area of statistics. Our brief tour is through the gamma distribution, a probability distribution that naturally arises from the gamma function. Most of the material cited here is written in various affiliated blogs. Anyone who wants to check out the details can refer to those blogs. Links will be given at the appropriate places.
The Gamma Function
The starting point of the gamma function is that \Gamma(x) is defined for x>0 according to the integral described above. A natural question: how do we know that the integral converges, i.e. the integral always gives a valid number as result? How do we know that the integral does not give infinity as result? The integral does converge for all x>0. A proof can be found here. The following is a graph of the gamma function (using Excel).
Gamma Function Graph
As indicated above, the function gives the value of the factorial shifted down by one, i.e. \Gamma(x)=(x-1)!. Thus the graph of the gamma function goes up without bound as x \rightarrow \infty.
It is easy to evaluate \Gamma(1). To evaluate the function at the higher integers, the integral would required integration by parts. In fact, using integration by parts, the following recursive relation is established.
 (2a) \ \ \ \ \ \Gamma(x+1)=x \Gamma(x)
 \displaystyle (2b) \ \ \ \ \ \Gamma(x)=\frac{\Gamma(x+1)}{x}
The recursive relation works for all real numbers x>0, not just the integers. For example, knowing that \Gamma(\frac{1}{2})=\sqrt{\pi}, we have \Gamma(\frac{3}{2})=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\pi}. Furthermore, the relation (2b) gives a way to extend the gamma function to the negative numbers. For example, \Gamma(-\frac{1}{2}) would be evaluated by \frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{2})}{-\frac{1}{2}}=-2 \Gamma(\frac{1}{2}). Based on this idea, for any real number in the interval (-1,0), \Gamma(x) would be defined using the relation (2b) and would be a negative value.
The idea can be extended further. For example, for any real number in the interval (-2,-1), \Gamma(x) would be defined using the relation (2b) and would be a positive value (since the previous interval gives negative values). Continue in this same manner, \Gamma(x) is defined for all negative real numbers except for the negative integers and zero. The following is a graph of the gamma function over all of the real number line.
Gamma Function
The gamma function can also be extended to the complex numbers. Thus the gamma function is defined on all real numbers (except for zero and the negative integers) and on all complex numbers.
Gamma Distribution
We are now back to looking at the gamma function just on the positive real numbers x>0. Instead of using x as the argument of the function, let's use the Greek letter \alpha.
 \displaystyle (1) \ \ \ \ \ \Gamma(\alpha)=\int_0^\infty \displaystyle x^{\alpha-1} \ e^{-x} \ dx
Let's look at the graph of the integrand of the gamma function defined in (1). In particular, look at \Gamma(5), which is 4! = 24. The integrand would be the expression x^4 \ e^{-x}. Let's graph this expression over all t>0.
Integrand of Gamma Function: area under curve is 24
The above graph is the graph of y=x^4 \ e^{-x} for x>0. One thing of interest is that the area under the graph (and above the x-axis) is 24 since the gamma function evaluated at 5 is 4!. What if we divide the integrand by 24? Let's graph the expression y=\frac{1}{24} \ x^4 \ e^{-x}.
Integrand of Gamma Function: area under curve is 1
Note that the graph of y=\frac{1}{24} \ x^4 \ e^{-x} has the same shape as the previous one without the multiplier \frac{1}{24}. The second curve is just a compression of the first one. But this time the area under the curve is 1. This means that y=\frac{1}{24} \ x^4 \ e^{-x} is a probability density function for a random variable that takes on positive values. There is nothing special about \Gamma(5). The same compression can be done for any \Gamma(\alpha). The following is always a probability density function.
 \displaystyle (3) \ \ \ \ \ f_X(x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \ x^{\alpha-1} \ e^{-x}
where x>0 and \alpha>0. The number \alpha is a parameter of the distribution. Since this is derived from the gamma function, it is called the gamma distribution. The distribution described in (3) is not the full picture. It has only one parameter \alpha, the shape parameter. We can add another parameter \theta to work as a scale parameter.
 \displaystyle (4) \ \ \ \ \ f_X(x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \ \frac{1}{\theta^\alpha} \ x^{\alpha-1} \ e^{-x/\theta}
where x>0, \alpha>0 and \theta>0. Thus the gamma distribution has two parameters \alpha (the shape parameter) and \theta (the scale parameter).
The mathematical definition of the gamma distribution is quite simple. Once the gamma function is understood, the gamma distribution is clear mathematically speaking. The mathematical properties of the gamma function is discussed here in a companion blog. The gamma distribution is defined in this blog post in the same companion blog.
Beyond the Mathematical Definition
Though the definition may be simple, the impact of the gamma distribution is far reaching and enormous. We give a few indications. The gamma distribution is useful in actuarial modeling, e.g. modeling insurance losses. Due to its mathematical properties, there is considerable flexibility in the modeling process. For example, since it has two parameters (a scale parameter and a shape parameter), the gamma distribution is capable of representing a variety of distribution shapes and dispersion patterns.
The exponential distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution and it arises naturally as the waiting time between two events in a Poisson process (see here and here).
The chi-squared distribution is also a sub family of the gamma family of distributions. Mathematically speaking, a chi-squared distribution is a gamma distribution with shape parameter k/2 and scale parameter 2 with k being a positive integer (called the degrees of freedom). Though the definition is simple mathematically, the chi-squared family plays an outsize role in statistics.
This blog post discusses the chi-square distribution from a mathematical standpoint. The chi-squared distribution also play important roles in inferential statistics for the population mean and population variance of normal populations (discussed here).
The chi-squared distribution also figures prominently in the inference on categorical data. The chi-squared test, based on the chi-squared distribution, is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. The chi-squared test is based on the chi-squared statistic, which has three


text:
April 25, 2021
Belmopan – United States Embassy Chargé d'Affaires, a.i. Keith Gilges met with organizations supporting environmental conservation and sustainable development in indigenous communities as part of his two-day visit to the Toledo District.
Chargé Gilges toured the Golden Stream Corridor Preserve with the Ya'axché Conservation Trust, an environmental nonprofit that focuses on protecting biodiversity and human development. Executive Director Christina Garcia explained that the preserve protects the last remaining forested link between the Maya mountains and the coastal lowland forests and provides food and shelter to indigenous wildlife and endangered species. Chargé Gilges met with
local indigenous cacao farmers and beekeepers engaging in environmentally sustainable cultivation practices with the training and support from the trust. Chargé Gilges also visited a group of indigenous Maya women that have installed solar energy in 40 homes in remote indigenous villages in the Toledo District.
Yesterday's visits are part of Chargé Gilges' trip to Stann Creek and Toledo Districts from April


Get Paid Support
Summary
jQuery Terminal is JavaScript library for creating command line interpreters in your applications.
You can use this JavaScript Terminal library to create interactive web-based terminal application on your website. Where commands are defined by you. You can define them on the server or in browser's JavaScript.
It can automatically call JSON-RPC service, when the user types commands. Alternatively, you can provide an object with methods; each method will be invoked on the user's command (python command can create python interpreter). An object can have nested objects which will create a nested interpreter (you can create interactive menu of advanture game with this).
You can also use a function in which you can parse user commands by yourself (you have full control of what user type into terminal).
It's ideal if you want to provide additional functionality for power users. It can also be used as debugging tool Or you can use it to create cool looking interactive portfolio website, that look like GNU/Linux, MacOSX or Windows WSL terminal.
You can use it to create, very fast, debugger for your REST API, before you start writing your Front-End code. Or you can add eval on Back-End of your application and debug the app while it's running, this in this R/shiny shell.
Your interactive terminal application, will work the same as native terminal emulator, but the code for commands is provided by you and it will work in a browser and on mobile.
How you can help?
You can help this Open Source project without much effort, by filling this quick survey.
I've never charged anything for this project, even did a lot of support for free. I'm still willing to help even if I offer paid support. Not everyone can afford paying me money. You can help by answering a few questions. You can also help by leaving meaningull comment or by starting a discussion, even negative feedback is valuable. I will know that people like this project. Visitor statistics don't tell everthing.
Thanks
I want to thanks a few services that provided free accounts for this Open Source project:
Here are statuses of those services on master branch:
And devel branch:
jQuery Terminal Features
JavaScript Terminal Demo
This is a simple demo, using a JavaScript interpreter. (If the cursor is not blinking, click on the terminal to activate it.) You can type any JavaScript expression, there is debug function dir (like in Python).
You can use jQuery's "$" method to manipulate the page. You also have access to this terminal in the "term" variable. Try dir(term) or demo() for demo typing animation.
NOTE: for unknow reason this demo doesn't work on Mobile, but I assure you that the library do works on mobile. Check full screen version. The issue with the demo is tracked on GitHub issue.
JavaScript code:
// ref: _URL_
var __EVAL = (s) => eval('void (__EVAL = ${__EVAL}); ${s}');
jQuery(function($, undefined) {
 $('#term_demo').terminal(function(command) {
 if (command !== '') {
 try {
 var result = __EVAL(command);
 if (result !== undefined) {
 this.echo(new String(result));
 }
 } catch(e) {
 this.error(new String(e));
 }
 }
 }, {
 greetings: 'JavaScript Interpreter',
 name: 'js_demo',
 height: 200,
 prompt: 'js> '
 });
});
You can also try JavaScript REPL Online, with Book about JavaScript and Terminal on 404 Error page (with a lot of features like chat and games).
Download
Complete source with few examples from github
Or just the files:
Installation
You can download files locally or use:
Bower:
bower install jquery.terminal
NPM:
npm install --save jquery.terminal
Then you can include the scripts in your HTML
:
<script src="_URL_
<script src="js/jquery.terminal-2.36.0.min.js"></script>
<!-- With modern browsers, jQuery mousewheel is not actually needed; scrolling will still work -->
<script src="js/jquery.mousewheel-min.js"></script>
<link href="css/jquery.terminal-2.36.0.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
You can also grab the files using a CDN (Content Distribution Network):
<script src="_URL_
<link href="_URL_ rel="stylesheet"/>
or
<script src="_URL_
<link href="_URL_ rel="stylesheet"/>
And optional but recomended:
<script src="_URL_
<script src="_URL_
If you always want the latest version, you can grab the files from unpkg without specifying version number
<script src="_URL_
<link href="_URL_ rel="stylesheet"/>
License
The jQuery Terminal Emulator plugin is released under the MIT license.
It contains:
Comments
You can use the terminal below to leave a comment. Click to activate. If you have a question, you can create an issue on github, ask on stackoverflow (you can use the "jquery-terminal" tag). You can also send email with SO question or jump to the chat.
If you have a feature request, you can also add a GitHub issue.
If you've found an issue with this website, you can add issue to the jquery.terminal-www repo.
If you'll ask question in Comments, you can subscribe to comments RSS to see reply, when it's added.


text:
What Has Wandered Into Pikes Peak Field Day
When: May 23, 2019
4:00 - 8:00 p.m.
Where: Pikes Peak State Park
15316 Great River Rd
McGregor, IA 52157
As part of our "What Has Wandered Into Your Woods?" series, join us for a special tour of one of Iowa's top destinations for hikers and nature lovers! Trees Forever and park experts will point out native and invasive plants during a 1-mile walk at Pikes Peak State Park. Learn about how native plants provide more benefits for the environment than non-native plants, including better food and habitat for animals and pollinators. Then help us protect our native ecosystem by removing invasive garlic mustard.
- Hear from park experts on how the state park cares for native trees and plants, including how they are dealing with invasive plants such as garlic mustard, Japanese barberry, bucktorn, multiflora rose, black locust and Japanese knotweed.
- Get your hands dirty during a hands-on lesson on how to identify, treat and remove invasive species.
- Discover the importance of native plants.
Be sure to wear suitable clothing for outdoor activities and bring a refillable water bottle and bug spray. Our hike will be about one mile on a flat but grass covered surface; motorized assistance is not available. This event will be held rain or shine.
Looking for another workshop in this series? Join us Friday, September 20 at Backbone State Park
Questions? Contact Jeff Jensen at _PHONE_.
$10 registration fee covers lunch and handouts. Please register below.
This event is possible thanks to support from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Forest Service and Syngenta's Operation Pollinator.


text:
Many people are wondering whether learning Fusion 360 or other CAD tools is worth it. I had the same queries in the first year of college. This post will tell you about the benefits of learning Fusion 360 and the time and effort you should put into learning it. However, you can find a brief answer in the below paragraph:
Modeling with Fusion 360 is easy, simple, fast, and powerful enough for most design projects, so it is worth pursuing. Fusion 360 has many standard features of a professional CAD program. If you want to learn simple, free, yet powerful CAD software, Fusion 360 is the right choice.
Learning a suitable CAD program is essential. Your choice can lead to affecting your carrier or wasting your time. So let's dive into different aspects of Fusion 360 before making our decision.
Main features that make Fusion 360 worth learning
Fusion 360 is cloud-based CAD software that is designed for 3D modeling. It is a perfect choice for engineering students and hobbyists to learn CAD software because of several factors.
First of all, reliable CAD software should be robust. You don't want to struggle with the shortcomings of software while trying to implement your ideas. So it's crucial to design and change a model while you are thinking about it.
CAD programs should have a user-friendly interface, precise sketching features, and various modifier tools to fulfill your needs.
Fusion 360 has an excellent interface. It's easy to navigate and find different commands. The design tree of Fusion 360 is similar to other software like SolidWorks. It helps with quick editing and history commands.
Sketching and adding dimensions in Fusion 360 is also an effortless task. The concept of sketching is the same as drawing with AutoCAD. You can learn this process in less than a week.
Learning how to sketch has other benefits too. Once you master this skill, you can implement this skill in any other CAD tool. There are also sketching job opportunities in the building and construction industry. Sketching with one app can be a starting point for other design branches and tools.
Suppose you have experience working with other programs like SolidWorks (another popular CAD program). In that case, you already have enough mastery to use Fusion 360.
This software uses features like Extrude, Revolve, Sweep, Loft, etc., to create 3D objects out of 2D sketches. These are standard features among the most popular CAD tools.
Even though the feature's names may be different through other programs, they all use the same concepts to create a model. So by learning Fusion 360, you can learn the base of many other CAD programs!
Things to consider before choosing
Fusion 360 is a convenient tool to design models for simple to moderate projects. However, it doesn't provide advanced features of professional CAD programs, so it's not quite suitable for intricate designs.
Unlike other professional programs like CATIA or SolidWorks, there are not many add-ons for Fusion 360.
Let's say CATIA has the essential Part, Assembly, and drafting spaces for basic 3D modeling. It also has a Mold design environment for designing molds and others like Piping, Duct design, etc. However, Fusion has fewer specific design environments.
Learning Fusion 360 is easy, but it's not the easiest. Other straightforward CAD design software like FreeCAD is much simpler though they have fewer design features as a trade-off.
Fusion 360 is a functional modeling program. Even though it has a useful sculpt mode, it's not meant for creating complex organic objects. You can use an organic modeling program like Blender for such designs.
How is Fusion 360 compared to other CAD software?
Fusion 360 is more widespread among 3D printing hobbyists and individual users due to the named features. Many small companies prefer to use it instead of crazy expensive programs.
Many Mechanical engineers and industrial designers use SolidWorks for different projects. It's a little harder to learn but has some more features, and big companies use it. However, SolidWorks is not free.
One standalone license of SolidWorks is $3,995. An annular subscription service with technical support and upgrades costs $1,295. However, there are ways to use it freely.
The best way is to use Student Access Licensing, which is available to schools with SolidWorks' networked seats.
If the school has 45 or more networked seats, it's probably qualified for the Student Design Kit program. With this offer, students have access to SolidWorks Standard. So you can get to use the standard version of SolidWorks if you study in such institutions.
Students in an institution with over 100 networked seats can install and use the SolidWorks Premium program.
CATIA is another popular CAD program in many fields. It's the world's design and engineering leading software. It is used to design, analyze, simulate, optimize, and manufacture products in many industries, including automotive, industrial machinery, aerospace, etc.
Even giant automotive companies like BMW, Volvo, Porsche, Tesla Motors, and Audi use CATIA to varying degrees. So you should already be able to guess how powerful it is.
However, as an old saying goes, you get what you pay for. CATIA's fully functional base license can be bought at a one-time purchase cost of $11000 with annular maintenance of $2000. However, in most cases, purchasing the whole package is not necessary.
There are many more CAD programs to consider, but a complete comparison of all of them is beyond this article's scope. Different countries and companies use various programs. However, SolidWorks and CATIA are the best alternatives for Fusion 360.
You can also check Inventor, Rhino, and AutoCAD, which are quite similar to SolidWorks.
Is Fusion 360 free?
Autodesk, the developer of Fusion 360, provides fully functional versions of the software for users to test. There is also a free full version of Fusion 360 for students.
To use Fusion 360 after the 30d day trial, simply select the Trial Counter in the toolbar of Fusion 360 and select individual/hobbyist or startup license.
Is Fusion 360 worth learning?
You can become a professional designer and work for different companies, design for 3D printing projects, start freelancing, or even sell your models on the internet! The moment you master the program, the things you can do are immeasurable, and the road ahead of you is endless.
How much time does it take to master Fusion 360?
Learning different commands of Fusion 360 isn't difficult. Anyone can learn how to design simple objects in less than two weeks. However, mastering the program is not so easily done.
If you put enough practice into it, you can reach a perfect designing level in about three months. After this period, you see a meaningful difference between your first and last projects.


text:
March 22, 2000
UPTON, NY - Painting a bridge can be a costly and time-consuming undertaking, especially if the paint job doesn't last. So scientists have been working on ways to test paint durability before the brushes even get wet. At a March 22 session at the American Physical Society meeting in Minneapolis, scientists from the University of Missouri at Kansas City, who worked in collaboration with physicist Bent Nielsen of the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, will present findings that could lead to the development of an extremely sensitive and quick durability test.
The technique is called positron annihilation. Essentially, the scientists bombard small painted samples of metal with a beam of positrons, or positively charged electrons. When these "antielectrons" interact with the electrons in the molecules of the paint, they annihilate one another and send out gamma rays that give the scientists information about the molecules in the paint. The technique can detect nanometer-scale holes and defects in the paint molecules; free radicals, which indicate the presence of broken chemical bonds; and cross linking, which may make the paint brittle.
"These experiments show that this technique is extremely sensitive to detecting damage early," says Brookhaven's Nielsen - well before the formation of any visible cracks in the paint. "So you can test the paint on a much shorter time scale - a day instead of half a year. That's a big advantage," Nielsen says.
The scientists typically test the paint samples before and after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, one of the components of sunlight known to damage bridge coatings. The more sensitive the paint is to UV damage, the less durable the paint would be on a bridge exposed to sunlight day after day. They've also exposed samples to UV light during the positron annihilation test to see if they could detect the damage as it occurred. In both cases, the damage increased with UV exposure time, and was most severe near the surface of the paint.
In addition to laying the foundation for a quick paint durability test, the detailed observations made possible by positron annihilation may also help scientists learn more about the fundamental mechanisms of paint degradation. That knowledge, in turn, may eventually lead to the development of more durable paints.
Brookhaven was a pioneer in developing positron beams in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, a medical technique used to learn about the function of body organs such as the brain, works on a similar principle, Nielsen says.
This paper will be presented at session L36 on March 22, 2000, at 10 a.m. in the Exhibit Hall of the Minneapolis Convention Center.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory creates and operates major facilities available to university, industrial and government personnel for basic and applied research in the physical, biomedical and environmental sciences and in selected energy technologies. The Laboratory is operated by Brookhaven Science Associates, a not-for-profit research management company, under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Note to local editors: Bent Nielsen lives in Port Jefferson, New York.
Last updated 5/28/99 by Public Affairs


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Centaur from the pediment of Parthenon
A relief is a sculptured artwork where the form is modeled out from a flat background.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found around the world, to decorate important buildings, such as temples.
The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types of relief[change | change source]
Roman Hetaera, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing
Several types of relief are commonly used and defined, although, in all cases the images must attach to the background.
Famous reliefs[change | change source]
Famous examples of reliefs include:
Gallery[change | change source]


text:
Western's Facilities Management struggles to balance differing groundskeeping methods
Construction is changing the face of campus as new landscaping and bike pathways focus on sustainable groundskeeping rather than simply keeping up appearances.
The appearance of the grounds is the second reason students choose a school, according to Kathy Wetherell, interim vice president for Business and Financial Affairs at Western.
Groundskeeping methods at Western depend on balancing appearance with sustainability, two concepts that are not always compatible. Despite a tight budget and a small staff, groundskeepers from Facilities Management at Western are building a sustainable groundskeeping program literally from the ground up. These gardeners have spent the last decade reducing pesticide use, testing organic fertilizers and experimenting with creative ways to control weeds.
Many of the groundskeeping decisions on campus come down to money, said Gary Hodge, a maintenance specialist with Facilities Management. Some of the more innovative methods have been cheaper and more sustainable than conventional ones, but others are not as feasible because appearance outweighs their cost or efficiency.
Athletic fields: pesticides and fertilizers
The athletic fields are the only areas on campus still treated with both chemical fertilizer and pesticides because they receive so much use, said Gary Hodge, a maintenance specialist with Facilities Management. Ruts and gouges tear up grass and are a safety hazard for players, so the fields were temporarily closed for treatment.
Are used only on Carver field, behind the Chemistry Building, and upper and lower Fairhaven fields, not the softball or turf field
Need to be applied approximately once every five years per field
Need one application to halt weed growth so grass can re-establish roots after fields are torn up by overuse
Close fields down for one to two months for renovation
Increase potential risk to utility crews who apply them (as opposed to not using any pesticides)
Increase potential risk to organisms and water quality
Are more expensive than natural alternatives
Will need to be applied more often as the campus population grows and fields get more use
Reduce the amount of chemicals applied to fields
Produce slower-growing grass
Lead to grass that holds less color
Lead to less homogenous-looking fields
Are more expensive than synthetic fertilizers
Are cheaper than organic fertilizers
Put more chemicals into the soil
Result in more pristine-looking fields
Wood chips versus bark:
Instead of using bark, Facilities Management now uses wood chips donated by Bellingham tree services on most areas of campus. Crews first lay corrugated cardboard from the Associated Students Recycle Center on soil, then put several inches of wood chips on top. Water can permeate the cardboard, but weeds have a harder time growing up through cardboard than through bark, said Randy Godfrey, a grounds and nurseries specialist with Facilities Management. This allows Western to support local businesses and maintain campus in a more effective and sustainable manner, Hodge said.
Are free from local tree services
Prevent weed growth for at least two years in areas covered with cardboard and wood chips
Last several years before breaking down
Hold more moisture than bark, so plants need less water
Are moist and benefit soil as they decompose
Do not have places for weeds blown in by wind to attach (unlike bark), so fewer weeds grow
Are donated, so there are not always enough to cover large areas
Do not have as homogenous a look as traditional bark
Costs $24 per cubic yard
Breaks down after approximately one year
Is still used around places such as the Wade King Student Recreation Center, because the desired consistent look cannot be achieved with wood chips


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Dictionary definitions of all three are very similar, typically something like:
a pithy observation which contains a general truth
But the wikipedia entries for each are quite different. Are these words largely interchangeable synonyms?
In the wikipedia entry for adage, for example, a proverb is defined as an adage produced from folk wisdom, whereas an aphorism has "not necessarily gained credit through long use, but is distinguished by particular depth or good style".
share|improve this question
I just glanced at the Wikipedia entries, and they don't seem all that different to me. The three terms may be described in different ways; nevertheless, the underlying meanings still seem closely related. I'd have no problem calling them "synonymous," but I'd be wary about calling them "interchangeable synonyms," because words are seldom interchangeable in all contexts (I probably wouldn't talk about the "adages of Solomon," for example.) – J.R. Jul 1 '12 at 17:38
Sounds like general reference to me and I've voted to close for that reason. – Barrie England Jul 1 '12 at 17:46
_USER_.R. Edited the interchangeable bit. Also included some material from wikipedia that makes a distinction. I have seen others try to distinguish these terms in other ways, for example, that a proverb must have moral content. – z7sg Ѫ Jul 1 '12 at 17:47
_USER_: It's only my 2 cents, but I think your changes have improved the question considerably. – J.R. Jul 1 '12 at 17:50
4 Answers 4
up vote 5 down vote accepted
It is common to find different words existing in English to represent a similar idea. It is an essential characteristic of a language with a long history.
To give you some idea: (I have linked the etymologies as well, which could give some idea about the original differences between the words which have deteriorated over time and use.)
A 'definition' or concise statement of a principle in any science (OED)
This is essentially used to refer to a definition in science or any other technical education.
A maxim handed down from antiquity (OED)
Any principle bequeathed from the past is an adage.
A short pithy saying in common and recognized use (OED)
A proverb has to be pithy and also common in use.
However we can certainly say that these distinctions in the definition are largely ignored in practical usage. Along with these three words, others like saw, maxim and apothegm could also be used interchangeably. Proverb, adage and maxim are the commonest from what I have encountered.
share|improve this answer
I like your answer, but I did want to add that apothegm is hardly a widely-used term (although you're entirely correct about it being highly synonymous). – J.R. Jul 1 '12 at 17:47
_USER_.R.: Definitely, I have come across saw and apothegm only in crosswords. – Bravo Jul 1 '12 at 17:48
"Old saw" is a fairly common or even clichéd phrase, usually used pejoratively to mean "folk wisdom" Wikipedia – Andrew Leach Jul 1 '12 at 18:30
You could say that an aphorism is a perverse or paradoxical proverb; a corrective for experience. Auden says they're an aristocratic genre of writing (Viking Book of Aphorisms). Hollingdale in his introduction to Lichtenberg Aphorims says they're 'philosophical,' while epigrams are not, and they have the impact of the punch line of a joke, For example:
There are truths that go around so dressed up you would take them for lies, but which are pure truths none the less.
The world offers more correction than consolation.
God who winds up our sundials.
Georg Chrisotoph Lichtenberg
A proverb is "a short pithy saying in common use, a concise sentence, which is held to express some truth ascertained by experience or observation and familiar to all." Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
Webster's Second: A proverb is an adage couched usually in homely and vividly concrete phrase; as, "accused (in the phrase of a homely proverb) of being 'penny-wise and pound-foolish' The Spectator".
"An adage is a saying of long-established authority and universal application," Webster's Second. Shorter Oxford shows "adagial" - maybe similar to "proverbial"? and cites Lady Macbeth, 'And live a coward in thine own esteem, Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would" Like the poor cat i' the adage?'
An apothegm is "a terse, pointed saying embodying an important truth in a few words," Shorter Oxford; "a terse and sententious aphorism," Webster's Second
Liddell & Scott say of the Greek apophthegm, "to speak one's opinion plainly; metaphorical of vessels when struck."
A saying "is a brief current or habitual expression of whatever form," Webster's Second.
share|improve this answer
Wikipedia's "Saying" article includes the following brief defintions of the three terms you mention:
Aphorism – A concise definition, notably memorable.
Adage – An aphorism that has gained credibility by virtue of long use.
Proverb – An expression of practical truth or wisdom.
The three words are not interchangeable, in that a given saying might qualify for one or two of the categories but not the others. For example, proverb "You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink" may also be termed an adage, but does not rise to the level of aphorism.
The most concise statement of differences I've seen is from Wikipedia's "Adage" article:
Some adages are products of folk wisdom that attempt to summarize some of the basic truth; these are generally known as proverbs or bywords. An adage that describes a general rule of conduct is a "maxim". A pithy expression that has not necessarily gained credit through long use, but is distinguished by particular depth or good style is an aphorism, while one distinguished by wit or irony is an epigram.
share|improve this answer
I noticed that section already and edited my question! ;) But I think here I am challenging the claims made on wikipedia which lack references and evidence of research. – z7sg Ѫ Jul 1 '12 at 17:53
Something I noticed reading in Wikipedia that I have not seen mentioned in your posts is that an aphorism is a an "original" statement. That alone seems to help easily distinguish it among the others. Example: Carpe diem... which is original in that we know the author of the statement was Horace from the poem Odes 23 BC. But it is short, concise, memorable, from antiquity, commonly used and understood broadly even though it is still quoted in its original language. It is formal and philosophical, yet practical. I think it could fit all the categories that we have been discussing. What do you think?
share|improve this answer
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Re: unable to change remote directory
by markov (Scribe)
on Feb 05, 2004 at 07:44 UTC ( #326717=note: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
in reply to unable to change remote directory
On UNIX systems, all processes are nicely separated from each other. Changes made in one process do not affect any other (without help of the kernel)
Only when a new process starts, the child get some info, for instance the current directory, the user id and environment variables. But from then on, the child is a different process.
Well, when you call system() or qx() --backticks, you start shell which handles your cd. That shell is done by a child process, which itself may change the directory nicely, but, by reason of full process separation, will not affect the current location of its parent.
For the same reason, 'cd' is a shell built-in: the shell cannot let some other process do it's job. The same for ftp: you cannot do !cd, but need lcd to change the local working directory. There is no /bin/cd !
So: 'cd $a' or qx(cd $a) is not working because a sub-shell moves. system("cd", $d) doesn't use a shell, but cannot work because there is no /bin/cd.
Finally, chdir is the Perl built-in, which should work given that the directory exists. But of course, you may not be permitted to access the directory you want to go to. Therefore, try
use Cwd; print "From: ",getcwd(), "\n"; chdir $d or die "To $d: $!\n";
Comment on Re: unable to change remote directory
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SodiPatur'ail is a garlic lick that helps protect livestock. After ingesting it, the garlic releases volatile sulphur compounds that act as a scent barrier to deter a wide range of insects (flies and ticks, etc.).
Garlic is effective on parasites in general (such as roundworms or lungworms) as it prevents the eggs from hatching into larvae for most parasite infestations. It also provides an additional, important source of phosphorus and calcium.


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University of Tartu cognitive and law psychology professor Talis Bachmann and doctoral candidate and lector at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences Inga Karton carried out experiments to determine whether it is possible to affect the likelihood of lying by stimulating the human brain.
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (a part of the brain neocortex) regulates short-term memory, plays an important role in directing intellectual processes, and also takes part in morality-related decisions. This region has also been shown to play a significant role in several deceptive activities, including cheating and lying.
The experiment was carried out on 16 volunteers who were shown colourful circles on a computer screen and given the task of reporting the circle's colour. The experiment guidelines gave them a chance to choose freely between telling the truth or lying without any risk.
During the experiment, the subjects' dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was affected by a strong magnetic field using transcranial magnetic stimulation, a technology that makes it possible to channel electricity directly into the brain. The process is painless and subjects only reported a mild tickling sensation.
When the magnetic field was affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere, subjects tended to lie more. Stimulating the same region in the right hemisphere increased the likelihood of telling the truth.
Karton I, & Bachmann T (2011). Effect of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on spontaneous truth-telling. Behavioural brain research, 225 (1), 209-14 PMID: 21807030


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After discovering these endangered plant species in Ecuador, we encourage you to discover more about nature in this country and read about What are the natural regions of Ecuador and 17 endangered animals in Ecuador.Image: Earth
If you want to read more articles similar to Plants in danger of extinction in Ecuador, we recommend that you enter our Biology category.Bibliography


21 Ella
According to Greek mythology, Ella was the daughter of Athamas and Nephele. The name Ella may have been derived from Hellas, the Greek name for the country of Greece. Ella is also said to be a Norman version of the Germanic short name Alia meaning "other. You can name your beloved baby girl Eleanor, Elizabeth or Eloise and call her Ella for short.
In the Hebrew language, the word Ella meanings 'goddess'. It also carries the meaning 'a Pista tree'. Girls named Ella tend to brunettes with a bubbly personality. Her vivid imagination allows her to dream big. She can be quite absent-minded as her mind tends to wander and get caught up in fantasy land. She is a dreamer who wants to make the world a better place for everyone in it.
20 Harper
The unisex baby name Harper is actually a Scottish family name that is said to have originated in the Dalriadan region of Scotland and is associated with Clan Buchanan. It may have also been derived from the German family name Härpfer. The origin of these names is the musical instrument harp.
Girls named Harper always have a smile on their face and can lights up the room when they walk in. Harper is intelligent and funny. She is so beautiful that she comes across as a Goddess. She stands up to bullies and speaks up for what's right.
19 Emilia
Emilia is a baby girl name derived from Aemilia, the feminine form of the Latin name Aemilius. It has the same Latin root word aemulus, meaning: to rival, excel, or emulate. The corresponding masculine name is Emil. Germanic names like Amalia may seem related to Emilia, Emily, and Aemilia, but they actually have a different origin.
Girls named Emilia will never let you down. They are good listeners who have the interest and patience to help other people and listen to them sincerely. She can be a little too serious at times. She likes to be treated with courtesy and respect and gives the same in return. She ignores or avoids negative personalities.


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The 1919-D Walking Liberty Half Dollar (Buy on eBay) does not have a particularly low mintage, however gem graded examples represent a great rarity for the series.
There were a total of 1,165,000 half dollars struck at the Denver Mint in 1919. The coins subsequently saw heavy circulation, narrowing the survival rate for pristine examples. Furthermore, consistently weak strikes and subsequent melting have contributed to the low availability of uncirculated examples.
On a combined basis, the coin grading firms PCGS and NGC show fewer than 400 pieces graded MS60 or higher. The number of coins graded MS65 or higher drops to only 15 examples. There is only a single MS-66 graded example known. This coin has sold for more than $250,000 on two separate occasions.
- Designer: Adolph A. Weinman
- Composition: 90% Silver, 10% Copper
- Weight: 12.50 grams
- Diameter: 30.6 mm
- Edge: Reeded


490 Harry Walker Pkwy S. • Newmarket _PHONE_
Thigh Lift
Thigh lift surgery can be performed to improve the loose skin and overall contour of the inner or outer thighs, or both. The incision depends on the type of patient's features, including the amount and location of fatty tissue to be removed.
Outer Thighs
The outer thighs are commonly lifted as part of a procedure called a lower body lift that involves an incision around the entire circumference of the trunk, at the level of the pelvic bones. The procedure is often combined with liposuction of the lateral thighs, plus a technique to help mobilize the skin so the excess can be removed.
Inner Thighs
There are two common surgical incisions used for inner thigh lift surgery:
 - Horizontal incision hidden in the groin crease: This technique can be effective in cases where there is only modest skin laxity. It can be combined with liposuction to improve the overall contour of the inner thighs as well as tighten the skin.
 - Longitudinal incision along the inner thigh: This technique is effective in cases in which there is a substantial amount of skin to be excised. Although the resulting scar is more visible than with the horizontal incision technique, generally the degree of contour improvement is greater.
Preoperative Assessment:
The assessment includes determining the location and degree of skin laxity, and whether there is cellulite (lipodystrophy). The thickness of the fatty layer is measured, and liposuction might be considered to debulk the fat. The blood supply, sensation, and strength of the lower exterminates are noted. If significant varicose veins are present, these should be treated prior to considering thigh lift surgery. The person's overall health is noted, particularly conditions that might affect wound healing, such as diabetes, vascular disease, or smoking.
Dr. Andrade also recommends all patients undergo a full general physical examination by their family doctor prior to considering surgery. Occasionally preoperative bloodwork and possibly other tests are ordered, although this is not usually necessary for healthy patients undergoing elective surgery.
Day of Surgery:
Depending on the person's health, their preferences and the amount of surgery required, thigh lift surgery is either performed at Southlake Hospital in Newmarket, or at Dr. Andrade's private cosmetic surgical facility. Prior to surgery, with the patient awake and in a standing position, Dr. Andrade discusses the location of the incisions on the thighs. The operation takes several hours and it can either be done with an overnight stay, or on an outpatient basis.
Postoperative Care:
Drains are not always required but if they are used, they are generally removed within a few days. Showering is permitted after 48 hours, or after all drains have been removed for at least 24 hours. Dissolving sutures are used. The wounds from thigh lift surgery are more prone to infection, delayed healing, chronic swelling and other problems. This is due to their location near the groin which is moist and has more bacteria than other regions of the body, and also due to the fact that the incisoins rub together whenever the person walks. It is not uncommon for patients to report discomfort and irritation along the incisions for many weeks after the operation. People should plan for 4-6 weeks of minimal lowe body exercise after this procedure, although walking around he house to do activities of daily living is acceptable.
Surgical Risks:
The majority of patients are satisfied with he contour improvement achieved with thigh lift surgery. However, the scars associated with this operation tend to widen over time, and they may not be located in exactly the same position on each thigh. Asymmetry can result, and revisionary procedures may be required. Thigh lift surgery performed with the more discrete horizontal scar has an increased risk of affecting the shape of the genital area (labia major and minora). Damage to nerves and blood vessels in the lower extremities can occur, or the lymphatic vessels that drain excess fluid from the legs can be injured, resulting in permanent swelling called lymphedema. As with any surgical procedure, significant bleeding, infection, or major life-threatening complications can develop. It is important to discuss these issues in detail with your surgeon to understand any unique risks, surgical limitations, and anticipated results. This information is intended to complement the advice of a plastic surgeon obtained during a proper consultation, and it is by no means exhaustive or complete.
Thigh Lift
"Yorkville of the North"™
York Plastic Surgery Centre - Plastic Surgeon Newmarket
York Plastic Surgery Centre - Plastic Surgeon Barrie
York Plastic Surgery Centre - Plastic Surgeon Markham
York Plastic Surgery Centre - Plastic Surgeon Richmond Hill


What Do Yellow, Red, Blue, and Green Lines Mean on the iPhone Weather App or Widget?
Checking the weather has become a relatively easy process since modern smartphones have come into existence. You can now simply open an app and access the weather information of your city or another from anywhere on the planet. iOS 15 makes knowing the weather around much easier to understand and interpret as it not only notifies you about upcoming weather conditions but also gives you a glimpse of what to expect throughout the day in terms of temperature.
If you're wondering why you're using seeing bars colored in yellow, red, blue, or green inside the Weather app, we'll help you understand what they are, what those colors mean individually, and more in the post below.
Why do you see Yellow, Red, Blue, and Green lines on the Weather app/widget?
iOS 15 brings a whole new redesign to the Weather app and the latest update to the service has brought a new visual way to show you the temperature of the place you're in. If you're seeing a bar next to today's weather colored in yellow, red, blue, or green lines, it essentially tells you the temperature range for the day.
Weather app in iOS 15 DB2
You should also be able to see similar bars corresponding to tomorrow's weather info and a few subsequent days by checking out the 10-day weather forecast and the 4×4 Weather widget.
This is a welcome change to iPhone users who can now get an idea of the whole day's forecast instead of just being shown the highest and lowest temperatures for the day.
Weather Widget in iOS 15 DB1
Related: iOS 15: How To Print to PDF on your iPhone and iPad
What does every color mean?
In case you're wondering what is the temperature range for a particular day in your region, you need to first understand what range each of the colors indicated inside the Weather app corresponds to.
 - Dark Blue: Extremely Cold (less than 0°C)
 - Light Blue: Cold (0°C to 15°C)
 - Green: Slightly Cold (15°C to 20°C)
 - Yellow: Slightly Warm(20°C to 25°C)
 - Orange: Warm(25°C to 30°C)
 - Red: Extremely Hot (30°C and above)
An overview of these color codes will also appear when you open a location's Temperature Index. Here's what it looks like:
Why do I see different colors in the same line?
Depending on the weather in your region, you may see a single-colored or multi-colored line adjacent to a particular day inside the weather app.
If you only see a single line, you can expect the temperature range to remain the same throughout the day.
If you see multiple colors in the same bar, then you can expect the temperature to vary significantly between the start and end of the day. When you see multiple colors, they will be stacked in the same manner as they're listed above.
For example, if you live in a moderately warm region but expect rainfall, you may see today's weather show you a line with a combination of Orange/Yellow/Green colors.
Related: iOS 15: How To Drag and Drop Pictures, Files, Texts, Links, and More Between Apps
Why are some colored lines shorter than others?
If you're looking at the temperature range of your region for the next few days, you may notice that some colored lines are longer or shorter than the rest of them. Some lines may cover the whole length of the bar while some will have empty spaces on the left or right sides. Why is that, you ask?
The colored bars do not only show you various temperate ranges but also indicate the minimum and maximum temperatures for a particular day. To help you understand what the weather is going to be like for the upcoming days, the Weather app shows the minimum and maximum temperatures on the left and right sides of the colored bar respectively for the next 10 days.
If a day's minimum temperature matches with the 10-day forecast's minimum value, then its bar will start from the extreme left.
If a day's maximum temperature matches with the 10-day forecast's maximum temperature, then its bar will end on the extreme right side.
For days where the temperature range is shorter than the range expected for the next 10 days, their bars will be shorter.
For example, let's take a look at Copenhagen's 10-day forecast.
As you can see from Today's forecast above, the colored bar changes from green to yellow to orange to indicate the transition from 14°C to 24°C throughout the day. You will also notice that Today's forecast occupies the whole bar leaving no empty space behind. This means the maximum and minimum temperatures for the day are the same as what's expected in the next 10 days.
When you compare today's forecast to that of Thursday, you will notice that the colored bar is shorter than the one shown for today. That's because, the minimum temperature for Thursday is 16°C, which is 2°C higher than today; that's why the temperature bar shift slightly (2/10 portion; since 14-24°C is the total size of the bar) to the right side.
Similarly, Thursday's maximum temperature (21°C) is also lower than the maximum value (24°C) for the 10-day forecast and that's why its temperature bar ends 3 spaces shorter the whole size of the bar.
Depending on the weather in your region, you may see different-sized bars for different days if you're expecting significant changes in the climate.
How do you get it?
The new temperature range bars are available in the Weather app on iOS 15 Developer Beta 2 (DB2) that released last week for iPhones. If you're already on the first Developer beta of iOS 15, you can update your device to DB2 by going to Settings > General > Software Update and then installing the latest version that's available.
The new temperature bars are an exclusive feature on iOS 15 only, so if you're running iOS 14 or an older operating system, you will need to wait till this fall when Apple releases the stable version of iOS 15 to the public.
Where can you see colored temperature bars?
The colored bars that indicate the temperature range for a particular day can be seen in two different ways:
 - Inside the Weather app: You can see the temperature range for today and all subsequent days under the '10-Day Forecast' section when you view a weather card after opening the Weather app.
 - Inside the Weather app's 4×4 widget: Temperature range bars are also available when you use the 'Large' size Weather widget. However, instead of a 10-day forecast, you will only see the colored bars for the next 5 days. You won't see the temperature range in a line for today's forecast as well. Instead, you will be greeted with a periodic layout of estimated temperature for the next few hours.
I'm on iOS 15 beta. Why do I not see this?
If you're already on iOS 15 beta and you're not seeing the new temperature range inside either the Weather app or widget, then it means you're not on the newest version of iOS 15 beta. As we have mentioned above, the colored temperature bars are only visible inside the Weather app if your iPhone is running the latest iOS 15 Developer Beta 2 (DB2) that Apple released last week. You can update your device to the latest beta by going to Settings > General > Software Update.
If you're on iOS 15 DB2 but you're facing issues with the Weather app, you need to accept that you may have run into a bug that's expected from such early developmental updates. You can expect these bugs to be ironed out in future beta releases or when iOS 15 rolls out to the public. If you're facing an issue inside the Weather app, you can open the Feedback app to report it to Apple so they resolve it in the next version.
That's all there is to know about colored lines/bars in the Weather app on iOS 15.
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Police Unions in the US
To gain a comprehensive overview of police unions in the US, specifically to understand the history of police unions in the US and how they differ from other unions, the composition of police unions in the US, and what supporters and critics of police unions are saying in light of recent civil unrest and demands for police reform.
Early Findings
History of Police Unions in the US
 - The first move to form police unions started after World War I with the issuing of charters to the police in 30 cities by the American Federation of Labor. However, the move was condemned by police chiefs who countered by saying that unionism is a semi-military pursuit and incompatible with policing.
 - With the country's inflation rate at a high due to its participation in the World War and the salaries of the police unable to keep pace with the inflation, the policemen were unhappy with their police chiefs who had prevented them from joining the union. This culminated in the Boston Police Strike of 1919 when 80% of the city's police force went on strike to protest against their police commissioner.
 - The strike was ended due to the intervention of the Governor Calvin Coolidge who sent the entire Massachusetts militia to break the strike. By 1920, all unofficial police unions were made defunct.
 - The second campaign to form police unions occurred during World War II when rising inflation and lower salaries caused policemen to unionize. However, this too was crushed by the police chiefs and elected officials.
 - Even though the official police unions were disbanded, several benevolent and fraternal organizations survived that looked after the well-being of policemen unofficially. Getting support from these organizations, rank-and-file officers increased their lobbying to form police unions.
 - The increased lobbying, changed leadership within the police forces, and the Black Ghetto riots of the early-1960s forced the police chiefs and elected officials to look at the situation differently in order not to alienate the policemen. This resulted in a major victory for the policemen in New York City in 1964. Other major jurisdictions followed this closely.
 - The last major step towards unionization of the police came during the early 1970s when the fraternal and benevolent organizations were transformed into labor unions. The police unions finally gained the recognition of their police chiefs and other elected officials.
How Police Unions are Similar to or Different From Other Unions
 - While labor unions are formed for protecting the rights of workers, police unions have labor contracts that prevent law enforcement agencies from interrogating or firing officers after acts of misconduct. In this way, police unions are similar to labor unions.
 - However, unlike labor unions that penalize their members for egregious acts of misconduct, police unions seldom admit when their members have made a mistake and try to protect the guilty members at all cost. This has led to mass protest against police officers and police unions for defending their guilty members.
 - Due to the contractual laws of the police unions that prevent law enforcement agencies from interrogating or punishing police officers accused of acts of misconduct, police unions can reject citizen review boards for allegations of misconduct, allowing police officers to purge their disciplinary records. Thus, police union contracts create barriers to accountability.
 - Another article states that police unions are just as guilty as other public-sector unions, including the teachers' union, since these unions do not serve the public well that pays their bills.
Proposed next steps:


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Tree: Part of the Eucalyptus species and native to Western Australia, with white flowers.
Location: Pickering Brook, Western Australia.
Colour: Dark amber colour.
Flavour profile: Unlike other medicinal honeys, Jarrah honey has an pleasant flavour described as strong, full-bodied, malty, not as sweet as other honeys due to its low glucose and high fructose levels.
Flowering times: Flowers in November and December.
Rate of production: Demand is often outstripped by availability as Jarrah flowers once every two years. Flowers can be fragile and damaged by heat or rain and does not always yield nectar for honey.
Benefits: Considered one of the world's strongest medicinal honeys and one with the highest antioxidant levels in the world. Very effective medicinal properties, sometimes compared to Manuka honey for its antimicrobial healing power. Very valuable for its high anti-microbial activity when used to treat wounds, burns, sore throats, skin infections and much more.
Total Antimicrobial Activity of the current batch: TA 35+ (see Chem Centre certificate in the online shop) on an established beneficial ratings scale ranging between TA 10+ and TA 35+, therefore, it has exceptional potential bacteria and fungal killing properties.
Good to know: Jarrah honey rarely, if ever, crystallises. The reason is that it has a high percentage of fructose, which gives it a lower overall Glycaemic Index than most other types of honey.


Wien effect
The Wien effect is the experimentally-observed increase in ionic mobility or conductivity of electrolytes at very high gradient of electrical potential.[1] A theoretical explanation has been proposed by Lars Onsager.[2]
A related phenomenon is known as the Second Wien Effect or the dissociation field effect, and it involves increased dissociation constants of weak acids at high electrical gradients.[3] The dissociation of weak chemical bases is unaffected.
The effects are important at very high electrical fields (108 – 109 V/m), like those observed in electrical double layers at interfaces or at the surfaces of electrodes in electrochemistry.
More generally, the electric field effect (directly, through space rather than through chemical bonds) on chemical behaviour of systems (e.g., on reaction rates) is known as the field effect or the direct effect.[4]
The terms are named after Max Wien.[5][6]
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
 1. ^ Robert Anthony Robinson, Robert Harold Stokes (2002). Electrolyte Solutions (Reprint of Butterworth & Co. 1970 second revised ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-486-42225-1.
 2. ^ Onsager, Lars; Shoon Kyung Kim (1957). "Wien Effect in Simple Strong Electrolytes". J. Phys. Chem. 61 (2): 198–215. doi:10.1021/j150548a015.
 3. ^ Carl H. Hamann, Andrew Hamnett, Wolf Vielstich "Electrochemistry", 2nd edition, Wiley-VCH (Google books)
 4. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "field effect". doi:10.1351/goldbook.F02358
 5. ^ Karl Willy Wagner, "Max Wien zum 70. Geburtstag" (On the 70th birthday of Max Wien), Naturwissenschaften, Volume 25, Number 5, 65-67, 1937. doi:10.1007/BF01493271 (link to pdf) (in German).
 6. ^ Max Wien: (1) Annalen der Physik. 85, 795 (1928); (2) Phys. Z. 29, 751 (1928); (3) Annalen der Physik. 1, 400 (1929); (4) Phys. Z. 32, 545 (1931); (5) J. Malsch and M. Wien, Annalen der Physik. 83, 305 (1927).


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Posted by Bob on August 12, 2000
In Reply to: Re: Origin of 'Sent to Coventry': more origins posted by James Briggs on August 11, 2000
: : What was special about this city, and what is its association with one's being ignored?
: : The link below will take you to a rather lengthy explanation of the whole Coventry phrase.
: : In a nutshell, Charles I in 1642 was suspected of being a Catholic in secret. As a result he and parliament often had run-ins and eventually the king left London and built an army as did parliament, thus were sown the seeds of the English Civil War. See link for more info.
: Sent to Coventry; if someone is "sent to Coventry" then they are shunned by their fellow citizens and friends. There are three possible explanations for this phrase. The first comes from the English Civil War. Birmingham was strongly Parliamentarian; the citizens were aware of a small group of Royalists in their midst. Some of these they killed and others they "exiled" to nearby Royalist Coventry. I don't like this explanation since, by being sent to Coventry, these people were rescued. In truth they had good fortune - their colleagues were killed.
: The second possibility rings a little truer. In this case the citizens of Coventry were in a phase of hating the military, possibly also as a result of the Civil War. Such was this hate that the young women of the town were forbidden to speak to the soldiers garrisoned there. Naturally no soldier welcomed such a posting.
: The third possibility is the one that I like best. It is suggested that the name Coventry is derived from Covin-tree, an oak which is supposed to have stood in front of the castle in feudal times. The tree was used as the gallows and those to be executed were sent to the covin-tree.
We ought to add that the phrase has been perpetuated into this century by British labo(u)r unions, which uses shunning as a punishment for strikebreakers and "scabs." No one speaks to or interacts with the person sent to Coventry, until they (eventually) resign. It's a powerful tool for social pressure.