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$$p(x,y) = x^N + a_{N-1}(y)x^{N-1} + \ldots + a_0(y), \quad x,y \in \mathbf{C}$$
is a monic polynomial in $x$, and the coefficients $a_j$ are analytic functions of $y$, then the roots of $p$ have expansions in Puiseux series (in powers of $y^{1/m}$ for some $m$) which are convergent for $y$ sufficiently close to 0.
Is this true in an asymptotic sense when the $a_j$ are only assumed to be smooth? i.e. Do the roots have asymptotic expansions which are formal Puiseux series (not necessarily convergent)?
For $A$ to have an asymptotic expansion $A \sim B_1 + B_2 + \ldots$ with respect to some grading $\mathcal{O}(n)$ means that $B_n \in \mathcal{O}(n)$, and for each $N$, $A - \sum_{n=1}^N B_n \in O(N+1)$. Here $\mathcal{O}(n)$ means $\mathcal{O}(|y|^{n/m})$ in the usual big-O notation, as $y\to 0$.
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How would you expand the two roots of $x^2=exp(-1/y^2)$? – Piero D'Ancona Aug 13 '10 at 7:10
I would have thought that you get an asymptotic expansion by replacing the $a_i$ by their asymptotic expansions, i.e., their Taylor series (which are formal power series), and then do the usual formal Puiseux series expansion of $x$. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 13 '10 at 8:29
_USER_ I believe the expansions would simply be 0 for both roots. _USER_ Ah, I guess I've never actually computed a Puiseux series, but I suppose the basic algorithm is just to backsolve for the coefficients. If the algorithm works, I guess it has to work asymptotically. I'm a little surprised at this outcome as, combined with the Malgrange preparation theorem, this should imply that the germ of zeros of any smooth function has such an expansion. – Mike Hall Aug 13 '10 at 16:36
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The constructive proof of the Newton-Puiseux theorem works formally, and a posteriori one can show that if the original coefficients are convergent, then the Puiseux series are convergent (see the details in Casas-Alvero's book, "Singularities of Plane Curves"). So Torsten Ekedahl's comment is right, of course. However, I wonder how useful this would be when the power series don't converge to the original smooth functions.
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That was exactly my point. You can not hope to represent the solutions by a Puiseux series, even in the simplest examples. And you can use $C^\infty$ functions to produce much weirder examples (e.g., infinite number of oscillations near many points) – Piero D'Ancona Aug 14 '10 at 17:10
The Taylor series gives the asymptotic expansion of a smooth function in terms of powers of $y$ and as such is uniquely determined and does give a lot of information about the behaviour of the function around the point. Of course the flat functions (those which are $O(y^n)$ for all $n$) get ignored so that $\exp(-1/y^2) \sim 0$ and then also so is any solution of $x^2=\exp(-1/y^2)$. Whether or not an asymptotic expansion of this type is useful or not will of course depend on your needs but the OP seems to have found it so as the question is about asymptotic expansions. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 14 '10 at 17:44
_USER_: sure. I am questioning that the Puiseux expansion may be given any reasonable meaning. I'm thinking of examples like Glaeser's non negative, smooth function, flat at 0, whose square root fails to be $C^2$. In that case what is the meaning of the expansion? which would be a 'Taylor' expansion of any order of a non smooth function? I'm just perplexed and slightly curious about the usefulness of Mike's efforts. – Piero D'Ancona Aug 14 '10 at 19:18
_USER_: Interesting, I didn't know that you had that kind of complications. I agree that Puiseux expansions as asymptic expansions for functions on the real line look a little fishy. For one thing it seems safer to have them defined only for positive reals as otherwise $y^{m/n}$ may not even be well defined. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 15 '10 at 22:12
I think the expansions certainly tell you something meaningful about where the zeros are, namely that they are within $\mathcal{O}(y^\infty)$ of several curves with the given Puiseux expansions. It's true that the $\mathcal{O}(y^\infty)$ error means you have essentially no control over derivatives. Still, I think this gives a nice picture of what the zero set looks like near a point. – Mike Hall Aug 16 '10 at 17:51
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Colour of Sirius from ancient Chinese Texts (100 B.C.－646 A.D.)
TEXT SOURCE AUTHOR DATE
as white as Lang1
as white as Lang
BAN Gu, BAN Chao, MA Xu
as white as Lang or Zhinfü2
as white as Lang
1 Lang = Sirius. 2 Zhinfü = Lya.
SJ/TGS = Shiji Tianguanshu. Historical Records, Book of asterisms.
HS]TWZ.= Hanshu Tianwenzhi. History of Hall, Astronomical Chapter.
JZZ = Jinzhou Zhan. Jinzhou Book of Prognostication.
JS/TWZb = Jinshu Tianwenzhi zhong. History of Jin, Astronomical Chapter, Book 2 of 3.
Item 1 It is rather simple. SIMA Qian said of himself: "In the first year of Taichu (104 B.C.),..., The Astronomer Royal says: 'my father having spoken, how can I shirk the task? 'Therefore I began to write". This, then, is the year when he began to compile Shiji, hence I have roughly assigned the year 100 B.C. as the year for the Book of asterisms. (A precise date of composition is both impossible in practice and meaningless for the present purpose).
Item 2 Hanshu was compiled by BAN Gu (32-92 A.D.), but its astronomical chapter and some other parts were not finished in his life time. This work was done by his sister BAN Chao and MA Xu. This circumstance is recorded in the History of the Later Han:
"[Her] elder brother Gu wrote Hanshu, but died before he completed its eight tables and the Astronomical Chapter. Emperor He [therefore] decreed that [BAN] Chao should work in the East Library to continue the task.... Later, the emperor decreed [MA] Rong's elder brother Xu to succeed Chao to complete the work."
"Emperor Xiao-Ming ordered BAN Gu to compile Hanshu, while MA Xu wrote the Astronomical Chapter "
From the dates of BAN Chao (_PHONE_ A.D.) and of Emperor He (89-105 A.D.), I have assigned the date 100 A.D..
Item 3 The original text of JZZ is now lost, but it is copiously referenced in KYZJ (Kaiyuan Zhan Jing or The Kaiyuan Book of Prognostication) and YSZ (Yi-si Zhan, or Yi-si Prognostication). It is listed under the name of LIU Biao. LI Chun-feng in his YSZ gave a list of astrological texts which "he learned by heart since a child". It contained 25 titles, the 18th is LIU Biao's JZZ [l3]. LIY Biao (142-208 A.D.) became the Governor of Jinzhou in 190 A.D., he ruled Jinzhou for a long time, virtually as an independent state. Wheter JZZ came from his pen or the astrologers he gathered about him is not known. Thus, we have to put the record under his name and tie it to the year 200 A.D..
Item 4 It is simple and clear. The History of Jin was completed in 646 A.D., and its "Astronomical Chapter" was written by LI Chun-feng.
Although ancient Chinese writings always had a tradition of copying what previous authors had said, so that the four items listed in Table 1 are probably correlated to some degree, we should not therefore deny ancient Chinese astrologers of any originality whatever. That JZZ lists both Sirius and Vega as standards for white star is worth noting. These two are indeed white bright stars of the same type. In the modern MK spectral classification, Sirius is A1V, Vega is A0V, the difference is very small. This further confirms the reliability of the colour of Sirius as recorded in these four records.
At this point we surely know that, in the ancient Chinese astrological literature, the vast amount of illusory changes of colours of stars and their movements used in prognostication cannot be used for ascertaining the colours of stars at the time, while in the reliable kind of records, Sirius was always white. Not only there has never been any mention of it being red, it was, over the millennia, taken as a standard for white star. This is the case in the early literature examined in this paper, and there has no subsequent change in later times. Hence we can assert that the current theory of stellar evolution is not threatened in any way by the question of the colour of Sirius.
To conclude, it may be pointed out that, this question not only has puzzled Western astronomers for more than one century, it was introduced into China as early as the last century. In "A History of Astronomy of the Western Countries" ("Xiguo Tianxue Yuanliu") translated by WANG Tao and A. Wylie in 1890 near the end of the Qing dynasty, we find: "The ancient people invariably said Sirius was red, but to-day it is white, the reason is not known." Unfortunately, scholars have so far failed to trace the original of this book. The significance of this query was not, of course, fully brought into the open then.
There are some Western scholars who would insist on the correctness of the ancient Western records of Sirius being red and, in an effort to avoid contradiction with modern theory of stellar evolution, therefore proposed hypotheses to the effect that there was a cosmic cloud in the past which covered Sirius and reddened its light. Now that we have the Chinese sources stating unequivocally that Sirius was all the time white, such hypotheses can be excluded once and for all. Further, it may be noted that SIMA Qian predated Ptolemy by some two hundred years and since SIMA Qian took Sirius as standard for white star, it is quite impossible for the star to have changed into red in the interim. It is therefore obvious that Ptolemy's statement that Sirius is red cannot be given credence.
+Supported by National Natural Science Foundation Received 1991 October 22;revised version 1992 May 3
 Schlosser, W. and Bergmann, W., Nature, 318 (1985) 45
 Since the publication of Ret., there have been, up to 1990, at least six articles on this issue appeared already in the same journal alone. Chinese journals including Exploration of Nature (Vol. 5, No. 2) and Science (1986 No. 6) have also reported on this.
 McCluskey, S.C., Nature, 325 (1987) 87, van Gent, R. H., ditto, both believe that what Gregory mentioned was Arcturus, but Schlosser and Bergmann still insisted that it was Sirius two pages on.
 SJ-TGS (Historical Records, Book of Asterisms).
 LTMY (Secret Garden of the Observatory), originally compiled by YU Ji-cai of the Northern Zhou dynasty, revised by WANG An-Ii et al. of the Northern Song. juan 14.
 Gray, C. and Bonnet-Bidaud, J.M., Nature, 347 (1990) 625, is such a case. Based on the statement in SJ that [if the] Wolf [star grows] horns [and] changes colour, [then there will be] much banditry [and] thieving, the authors argued that Sirius was at the time in the course of changing its colour. This is a complete misunderstanding of the real meaning of the text.
 BO Shu-ren et al., Kejishi Wenji (Collected Papers on History of Science and Technology) First Issue. (1978) 75-78. Shanghai Kexue Jishu Chubanshe.
 JIANG Xiao-yuan, ExpIoration of Nature, 10 (1991) 107.
 SJ-TSGZX (Historical Records, Autobiography of the Grand Historian [SIMA Qian]).
 HHS-BCZ (History of the Later Han, Biography of BAN Chao, Wife of CAO Shi-shu).
 HHS-TWZa (History of the Later Han, Astronomical Chapter, Book 1 of 3).
 KYZJ (Kaiyuan Treatise on Prognostication) written by Qutan Xida of Tang. juan 45 reference.
 YSZ (Yi-si Book of Prognostication) written by LI Chun-feng of Tang. juan 1.
 XI Ze-zong, Journal of Hong Kong University, Chinese Department 1 (1987) No. 2.
 Brecher, K., Technology Review 80 (1977) No. 2. The same hypothesis was also maintained in Reft.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Solved Question Paper of Navodaya Class VI Entrance 2020- English & Hindi Medium
JNVST entrance 2020 question paper
Solved question paper, Answer Keys and Complete solutions of JNVST Class 6 Entrance Examination held on 11.02.2020. Question Paper and Answer Keys are available for English and Hindi Mediums.
JNVST Entrance Exam Instructions to Candidates
The test will be of two-hour duration from 11:30 a.m. to 01:30 p.m. and will have 3 sections with only objective type questions
 - The Test Booklet contains 80 questions serially numbered from 1 to 80.
 - There are 80 questions in all for 100 marks as per the pattern given below. 15 minutes additional time is allowed for reading the instructions
 .navodaya exam pattern
 - Answers are to be marked only in the OMR Answer Sheet. Candidates are required to indicate their answers at an appropriate place on the OMR Answer Sheet. Darken only one circle for each question as per instructions given on Side-1 of the OMR Answer Sheet.
 - All questions are to be attempted. Every question carries equal marks.
 - You must attempt questions of each section because you have to qualify in each section separately
 - No negative marking will be done
 - Navodaya Class 6 Entrance Exam 2020 Question Paper English Medium
Navodaya Question Paper 2020- English Medium
1. If the number B is 10% less than another number 0 and C is 5% more than 150, then B is equal to
2. The sum of HCF and LCM of 45, 60 and 75 is
(A) 330
(B) 960
(C) 915
(D) 630
3. One-fourth of birds of a flock are at a river bank and one-fifth of that flock are in their nest. Remaining 22 birds are wandering in search of food. What is the number of birds which are in their nest?
(A) 40
(C) 10
(B) 18
(D) 8
5. A park is 1500 meters long and 750 meters wide. A cyclist has to take four rounds of this park. How much time will he take at the speed of 4.5 km/h?
(A) 40 hours
(B) 20 hours
(C) 10 hours
(D) 4 hours
6. A square and a rectangle have the same perimeter. If the side of the square is 16 m and the length of the rectangle is 18 m, the breadth of the rectangle is
(A) 14 m
(B) 15 m
(C) 16 m
(D) 17 m
7. What will be the difference between the greatest 6-digit number and the greatest 5-digit number?
(A) 100000
(B) 100001
(C) 99999
(D) 900000
8. What is the difference between the greatest 7-digit number and the smallest 4-digit number?
(A) _PHONE_
(B) _PHONE_
(C) _PHONE_
(D) _PHONE_
JNVST Entrance 2020 complete Question Paper with Answer Keys in PDF format can be downloaded here.
JNVST Entrance Exam 2020 Hindi medium question paper and solutions
Watch the video below to get the complete question paper in Hindi medium together with the solutions. English medium students can also watch the video to get the complete solutions to the paper.
Complete previous year question papers and answer keys of JNVST class 6 Entrance
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text:
Webinar 1: Persuasive Communication – Spoken and Written
The Persuasive Oral – or a variation of it – is one of the most commonly set oral assignments in Queensland Schools. This webinar will contain advice and information about the latest and most effective techniques to use in teaching this genre. There will also be an opportunity to learn about and discuss how these skills of persuasion can be incorporated into the written format.
This webinar will be run in an after-school timeslot: 3.30pm-4.45pm on Thursday 29th March, 2012. Participation is free.
To register your interest in the webinar and receive further information about how to participate, please email Kelli McGraw at kelli.mcgraw @ qut.edu.au

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The LIFE GySTRA project, coordinated by CARTIF, will hold on June 28 in Madrid a seminar on urban environmental policies and the exhaust gases of vehicles, focused on the potential of remote measurement to achieve a significant reduction of harmful emissions in the cities, main goal of this European project.
The LIFE GySTRA project, financed by the European Union, seeks to create a new sustainable mobility policy based on empirical information on road traffic emissions. Vehicles are measured in real-driving conditions with Remote Sensing Devices. Remote Sensing technology is a tool that allows the administrations to monitor the actual emissions of the vehicles driving in their roads, strengthen the vehicle type-approval regulation and increase road surveillance.
On May 2018, GySTRA started the largest continuous remote on-road vehicle emissions measurement programme ever undertaken in Europe. Since then, hundreds of thousands of vehicles have been analyzed in many different roads of Madrid.
Since April 2018 'Guardia Civil', Spain's national police force, has collaborated with GySTRA to use Remote Sensing Devices to find in real-time trucks illegally tampered with on the spot. This is the first time that this technology has been used in Europe to fine individual drivers and report environmental crimes.
This event, open to the public and completely free, will present the progress of the LIFE GySTRA project and will connect it with the plans of various European authorities to improve air quality in cities. Leading industry players, stakeholders, remote sensing scientists, politicians and authorities are expected to attend.
The conference will take place in the Sala Europa, representative of
the European Commission in Madrid, at Paseo de la Castellana nº46. The
inscriptions will start at 9:30 am and the conclusion of the event is
expected at 14:30.
10:00-10:15 First results of the emissions monitoring program in Madrid. Javier Buhigas, Opus RSE, LIFE GySTRA team.
10:15-10:35 How the Spanish Civil Guard uses remote sensing devices to catch cheating-trucks on the spot. Guardia Civil/Europol.
10:35-10:45 Monitoring the emissions of buses in Sofia. Elitsa Panayotova, Sofia Development Association (Bulgaria), LIFE GySTRA team.
Remote Sensing to complement low-emission zones in cities
10:45-11:00 Real World Driving Emissions – Supporting Effective Air Quality. Management in the United Kingdom. Stuart Sneddon & Rebecca Rose, Ricardo Energy & Environment
11:00 -11:15 Remote Sensing experience in Denmark. Jesper Risager Nielsen & Christian Rud Ingvardsen, NEQ.
11:15 -11:30 Madrid Central: results and future plans. Paz Valiente, Environment and Mobility, Madrid City Council.
11:30-11:45 Low Emission Zones: impacts and recommendations for the EU. María Eugenia López Lambas, CIVINET.
11:45-12:00 Exploring the potential of Remote Sensing in Germany. Christiane Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Umweltbundesamt (UBA).
12:00-12:45 Coffee break and networking.
Europe's vision of Remote Sensing
12:45-13:00 Impacts of road transport on air pollution in Europe and how to reduce them. Yoann Le Petit, Transport and Environment (T&E).
13:00-13:15 The TRUE initiative to improve air quality in cities. Sandra Wappelhorst, International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT).
13:15-13:30 Assessment of RSD measurement performance for the screening of vehicle emissions at the JRC. Carsten Grüning, Joint Research Centre of the EC (JRC).
13:30-13:45 Air quality and road transport in the European Union. Vicente Franco, DG Environment (ENV), European Commission.
13:45-14:00 Closing Remarks. Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition (MITECO).
14:00 Spanish food and wine.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Displaying File Size Metadata
Steps for displaying a table's File Size report and the metadata about the table's file's size distribution.
Describes how to open a table's File Size report and the metadata of a file.
 1. In a supported browser, log in to Workload XM.
 2. In the Search field of the Clusters page, enter the name of the cluster whose workloads you want to analyze.
 3. From the navigation panel under Data Warehouse, select File Size Report.
 4. In the File Size Report page, either search for a specific table, or locate the table by sorting the tables by the number of files, the number of partitions, or the table size.
 For example, the File Size Reports shows that the Animantarx table has 7 million files and 913 partitions.
 5. To display details about the table's file size distribution, select a table name.
 For example, the following table's details window shows that the Aerosteon table uses 42 data files that range from 10 to 24.5 GiB and the graph displays the Q1 and Q3 file size distribution.


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Reefs of Norway
A plethora of Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters
Norway has the highest known density of Lophelia pertusa reefs in the world, mapped at depths between 39 and 400 metres. The estimated spatial coverage of Norwegian Lophelia reefs is 2,000 km², a greater coverage than some countries with well known tropical reefs such as Belize, Mozambique or Seychelles. Some of these reefs have been estimated at over 8,000 years old based on geophysical, visual, geochemical, radiocarbon and other analyses. The first Lophelia reef ever photographed under water (left) in Norway was off the coast of northern Norway at 120 m water depth, in 1982, during pipeline route surveys conducted by the petroleum company Statoil. Subsequently, they were found also on the continental shelf off Mid-Norway in 1985 and onwards.
Here, acoustic surveys revealed large mounds, which were 10 to 25 m in height. It wasn't until 1990 that the research team was able to inspect these mounds using a remotely operated vehicle - the first use of an ROV to record Lophelia reefs using colour video. Innovations also included specially designed buckets (left) to collect samples of Lophelia from the sea-floor some 280 - 300 metres down. From that point onwards research into the Norwegian Lophelia reefs has been intensive, with several hundred reefs discovered to date.
The authors thank Dr. Martin Hovland (Statoil) for contributing the amazing videos and imagery of Norwegian Lophelia reefs.


For the second year in a row 50% of businesses have cited lack of resource and budget as the main barrier to implementing a successful online measurement strategy.
The second most common reasons were siloed organisation/lack of co-ordination and lack of strategy, both of which were identified by 25% of respondents.
The findings come from the Econsultancy/Lynchpin Online Measurement and Strategy Report 2013 which contains a comprehensive analysis of issues affecting the web analytics industry and valuable insights into the use of analytics and business intelligence tools.
What are the barriers that prevent you from having an effective online measurement strategy?
In contrast, for supply-side respondents the most commonly cited barrier their clients have is a lack of understanding/don't know what to measure (42%), followed by lack of budget and resources (39%) and a lack of strategy (35%).
Frustrations with web analytics
Respondents were also asked about their main frustrations regarding web analytics and data.
As this word clouds shows, company respondents focused on a lack of multiple factors: consistency, strategy, time, investment in people. Others wrote about siloed departments and teams, and too much data noise.
What are the main frustrations relating to web analytics or, more broadly, to data in the context of your business requirements?
On the supply side, agency frustrations centred on a lack of client understanding of the data and the costs involved.
A lack of management buy-in was also prevalent, as were outdated internal systems and technologies. Finally, the results demonstrate the challenge businesses face when it comes to integrating disparate datasets, as the main frustration of a number of agencies was the inconsistency of datasets.
What are your clients' main frustrations relating to web analytics or, more broadly, to data in the context of their business requirements?


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Validator
History
When we first started Solana, the goal was to de-risk our TPS claims. We knew that between optimistic concurrency control and sufficiently long leader slots, that PoS consensus was not the biggest risk to TPS. It was GPU-based signature verification, software pipelining and concurrent banking. Thus, the TPU was born. After topping 100k TPS, we split the team into one group working toward 710k TPS and another to flesh out the validator pipeline. Hence, the TVU was born. The current architecture is a consequence of incremental development with that ordering and project priorities. It is not a reflection of what we ever believed was the most technically elegant cross-section of those technologies. In the context of leader rotation, the strong distinction between leading and validating is blurred.
Difference between validating and leading
The fundamental difference between the pipelines is when the PoH is present. In a leader, we process transactions, removing bad ones, and then tag the result with a PoH hash. In the validator, we verify that hash, peel it off, and process the transactions in exactly the same way. The only difference is that if a validator sees a bad transaction, it can't simply remove it like the leader does, because that would cause the PoH hash to change. Instead, it rejects the whole block. The other difference between the pipelines is what happens after banking. The leader broadcasts entries to downstream validators whereas the validator will have already done that in RetransmitStage, which is a confirmation time optimization. The validation pipeline, on the other hand, has one last step. Any time it finishes processing a block, it needs to weigh any forks it's observing, possibly cast a vote, and if so, reset its PoH hash to the block hash it just voted on.
Proposed Design
We unwrap the many abstraction layers and build a single pipeline that can toggle leader mode on whenever the validator's ID shows up in the leader schedule.
Validator block diagram
Notable changes
 - Hoist FetchStage and BroadcastStage out of TPU
 - BankForks renamed to Banktree
 - TPU moves to new socket-free crate called solana-tpu.
 - TPU's BankingStage absorbs ReplayStage
 - TVU goes away
 - New RepairStage absorbs Shred Fetch Stage and repair requests
 - JSON RPC Service is optional - used for debugging. It should instead be part of a separate solana-blockstreamer executable.
 - New MulticastStage absorbs retransmit part of RetransmitStage
 - MulticastStage downstream of Blockstore


Why can't I delete my phone number's address?
If you own a phone number with an address requirement, you will not be able to delete that address. To resolve this, you can add a new address that satisfies the requirements, or you can release the phone number which requires the address. You can see which phone numbers require the address by navigating to that address in the Twilio Console or by using the DependentPhoneNumbers resource in the API.
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The MuleSoft APIKit facilitates REST API implementation from RAML definitions. This toolkit is a framework with the ability to create Mule flows, mapped from the implementation of an API defined within a RAML (see APIKit Tutorial). Implementation of an API in this manner follows best practices, ensuring API-first development.
Developing tests for the flows generated by the APIKit can be done fairly easily using another framework available from MuleSoft, MUnit. This framework provides testing capabilities and is fully integrated with Maven, allowing for automated testing during the build process. It requires a plugin for Anypoint Studio.
There are two ways to test the flows generated by the APIKit. The first is by invoking flow references. The other is to test through the APIKit Router. The latter provides the ability to test the flows as they would be invoked during runtime, based on the RAML, which is the focus of this blog.
Test Suite Creation
To create a test suite for the APIKit flows, in Anypoint Studio right click the APIKit Router and select to create a test suite for RAML:
Once this is done, a test suite is generated that contains one flow for each resource/action/response code combination defined within the RAML (i.e. Employees/get/200, Employees/get/404). Since the same RAML was used to generate the API flows as well as the flows in the test suite, greater code coverage will be achieved.
Along with automatic generation of the test flows, the MUnit test suite creation process also adds assertions within each of these flows that validates the returned http status and payload. The status returned from the invocation of the API flow is compared with an expected response code, as defined when the test flow was generated (resource/action/response code as mentioned above).
The other assertion that is generated automatically is one that compares the actual output returned from the API flow to an expected output. The expected output is generated during the test suite creation using the value specified for the example response (as shown in diagram above). If the example payload defined within your RAML is different then the intended expected results for a given test, a best practice is to define the expected results within an external file, stored in src/test/resources. Use the getResource function to read the file contents as shown below:
Additional assertions can be added depending on the testing requirements.
MUnit has mocking capabilities that ensure isolation of the test, where changes to external systems have no impact. This is accomplished by creating mocks for endpoints or connectors defined within the API flow. One or more mocks can be added to the test flow, with each defining a mock payload response. Attributes can also be defined to specify the criteria for which the mock will used.
To add a mock to a test, drag a mock component to the test flow:
Within the mock element, choose a message processor that is intended to be mocked. This would be the external endpoint within the API flow for the given test scenario:

The payload returned from the mock should reflect the Java type (i.e. String, Map, ArrayList, etc.) that the external endpoint being mocked returns.
Attributes can be added to further qualify the condition(s) for the mock. For example, the following defined attribute will cause the payload to be returned only if the input value, groupKey, is set to the value contained in Value:
XML:
For flows that test an error response (i.e. Employees/get/404), a configuration is necessary to alleviate a testing error like "Response code 404 mapped as failure". Add the status code value range within the HTTP advanced tab as shown below:
XML:
Ensure the MUnit test suite configuration for the mock-connectors and mock-inbounds are both set to "false":
XML:
You will know that these are set incorrectly if you receive the following error while invoking the test:
Flow endpoint is null, APIKIT requires a listener ref in each of it's flows
Running the Tests
Within Anypoint Studio, the test suite can be executed by right clicking on the test suite configuration file (i.e. api-apikit-test.xml) found in src/test/munit, select Run As->MUnit. The results of the test can be viewed within the MUnit tab:
Running of these tests within Studio is beneficial during developing/refactoring of the tests, the real power comes during the build process in Maven. Because the framework is fully integrated with Maven, the tests are included in the build, run before the application is packaged. The build will fail if any of the MUnit tests fail, ensuring that only tested code is packaged for deployment, one of the tenets of Continuous Integration.


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Woking, The Lightbox, The Ingram Collection: Animals in Art, 8 January – 16 March 2014
Mary Fedden has made a name for herself with her colourful and striking still life and seascape compositions. Fedden studied at the Slade School of Fine Art from 1932 to 1936. She then returned to Bristol where she painted and taught until the outbreak of World War Two. During the war she served in the Land Army and the Women's Voluntary Service, and on settling in London she worked as a stage painter for the Arts Theatre in Great Newport Street and produced propaganda murals. In 1944 she was called up and sent abroad as a driver for the Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes.


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Learn about the science behind the causes of human disease, and earn 10 credits from the University of Leeds
The Causes of Human Disease program consists of five short online courses that look at the science behind the causes of human disease. The program focuses on different types of human disease like infectious, cardiovascular and genetic diseases and cancer and explores how social determinants, nutrition and environmental factors influence our health.
Accessible for free on desktop, tablet or mobile, the five courses can be taken in any order, providing a flexible way to enhance your knowledge and demonstrate your continuing professional development (CPD).
Causes of Human Disease: Nutrition and Environment
Explore how what we eat and environmental factors such as toxins can be causes of disease on this free online healthcare course.
Causes of Human Disease: Understanding Causes of Disease
Learn the epidemiological methods used to understand the causes of diseases and how social factors influence their development.
Causes of Human Disease: Transmitting and Fighting Infection
Learn how pathogens cause infectious diseases, how these diseases are transmitted and how our immune systems respond to infection.
Causes of Human Disease: Exploring Cancer and Genetic Disease
Explore how the unravelling of genetic code has led to a deeper understanding of genetic diseases and cancer.
Causes of Human Disease: Understanding Cardiovascular Disease
Explore normal cardiovascular function and risk factors associated with heart attack, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases.


Legal Maxim
Home » Persona Non Grata
Literal meaning
Person not welcome
This maxim has evolved in the field of diplomatic relations and such a declaration means that the foreign diplomat is unwelcome in that country; he is not permitted to enter or continue to stay in a particular country. Just as the principle of diplomatic immunity provides protection to the State sending the diplomat, this principle of persona non grata safeguards the interests of the receiving State. Such a statement could be given either before the diplomat even arrives at the receiving state, or after he has started carrying out his functions. Therefore, not every statement results in the diplomat's expulsion, but if it does, it has to be in conformity with Article 41 of the Vienna Convention, 1961.
State X sends a diplomat to State Y. Due to war, or severed relations between the States, or due to some offense committed by the diplomat, State X can issue a statement declaring the diplomat to be persona non grata (unwelcome) to their State.
In 2016, Surjeet Singh an Indian national was declared persona non grata by the Government of Pakistan. This happened shortly after the Government of India detained a Pakistani diplomat before his expulsion, thereby causing a violation of the Vienna Convention of 1961. Therefore, this incident was on account of the strained relations between the two states. This case led to his expulsion from the country.
In 2014, Devyani Khobragade incident occurred; she was an Indian diplomat in New York. She was accused of stating false information to enter the country, and committing visa fraud for her servant. Upon request, India refused to waive its immunity and charge the diplomat in the Court. Hence, the United States applied this principle and declared her an unwanted diplomat, leading to her expulsion from the country.
In 2013, Jagmeet Singh, was a Canadian MPP, was barred from traveling to India by application of this principle. He was the first sitting member from a Western Legislature, whose visa was canceled for travel to India. This was primarily based on the accusation that he was linked to the Khalistan Extremists settled in Canada, who had bombed Air Flight 182 causing a deadly incident.
This maxim has been written and submitted by Ms. Ayushi Goyal during her course of internship at B&B Associates LLP. Ms. Ayushi is a 4th-year law student at Christ University, Bangalore.


Asna Aneta
- Ekonomi
The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of online-based licensing services at the Capital Investment and Integrated One-stop Services (DPM-PTSP) in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The research method was using a survey method with an explanatory approach and serving the research findings in a descriptive-quantitative way. The informants were the state civil apparatuses at DPM-PTSP. The data collection techniques were: 1) Observation, 2) Interview, and 3) Questionnaire. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data display, and data verification interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively and taken from primary and secondary data. The research findings were: 1) The integrated one-stop service concept to improve the quality of licensing services in Gorontalo in the Fourth Industrial Revolution; 2) The determinants of the quality of licensing services in Gorontalo in the Fourth Industrial Revolution; 3) The effectiveness of online-based licensing services at DPM-PTSP in terms of a) Services: less optimized online-based licensing service implementation. The evidence argued that the service was ineffective in terms of human resources which were low. Either the staff or facilities and infrastructures were inadequate, b) Online-based program implementation: the implementation of online-based licensing services was not optimized as it was a new program at DPM-PTSP. Besides, several challenges started to appear; such as the limited number of staff who provided the online-based service for the community, the community's inadequate understanding of how to use the Internet and the online-based licensing services, lack of facilities and infrastructures, and others. The challenges could be reduced by optimizing the education and training for the staff, optimizing socialization from DPM-PTSP to the community who were not experienced in using technology networks, providing facilities and infrastructures needed by providing budget, and optimizing service provision. Furthermore, DPM-PTSP should well respond to the customers' complaints and improve their service performances. Keywords: Effectiveness of Licensing Services; Online-based; the Fourth Industrial Revolution
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A Putnam County teacher is crediting the Newspapers in Education program for improved test scores.
In fact, a marquee at Poca Middle School expresses thanks to Charleston Newspapers.
Louann Godbey, eighth-grade West Virginia History teacher at Poca Middle, credits the NIE program for playing a role in a six-point increase in WESTEST scores from 2011 to 2012.
"I truly believe that our weekly newspaper sessions played a big part in helping my students achieve higher test scores," she said.
Each Wednesday, her students are given about 45 minutes to read the newspaper. Half of the time is to be spent reading section-front news articles.
Then they may move on to sports, cartoons or anything they enjoy reading.
"If I give assignments, I find they are reading for answers instead of content," she said. "I want them to enjoy the experience of reading the paper."
Newspapers are an excellent source for teaching West Virginia history and current events, she said.
Students look forward to the arrival of the newspapers, and she shares them with the seventh-grade teacher.
She added that Poca Middle has an excellent staff, achieved adequate yearly progress, and was named an exemplary school.
Renee Daly, NIE coordinator for Charleston Newspapers, said she often gets positive feedback from teachers who take advantage of the program, and others climb on board after learning about it.
"I got two new schools today," said Daly, who added that 34 schools throughout West Virginia are now getting newspapers through the program that was established 17 years ago.


Tattoo-induced skin "burn" during magnetic resonance imaging in a professional football player: A case report
James R. Ross, Matthew J. Matava
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
47 Scopus citations
Abstract
The authors present the case of a professional football player with an immediate and sustained cutaneous reaction ("burn") at the site of lower extremity tattoos that occurred during magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis. The burn was attributed to an electromagnetic reaction due to the ferromagnetic metallic compounds found in tattoo pigments, especially iron oxide-a reaction that has the potential to distort the field of image. These compounds can theoretically create an electric current that increases the local skin temperature, enough to cause a cutaneous burn. "At risk" tattoos are those with black pigment or any other pigments containing iron oxide, as well as those with a design that displays loops, large circular objects, or multiple adjacent points. Patients who develop this reaction may be treated prophylactically or symptomatically with a cold compress to assist with completion of the examination. Alternatively, a towel or cloth may be placed between the cutaneous body parts in those patients who experience the typical reaction resulting from an electrical arc between 2 separate cutaneous tattoos. This is likely an underreported issue that merits mention in the sports medicine literature given the frequent occurrence of cosmetic tattoos in athletes requiring magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose a musculoskeletal injury. As in the present patient, no permanent sequelae have been noted in the literature. Therefore, patients who develop this reaction should be reassured that the reaction is only temporary.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)431-434
Number of pages4
JournalSports Health
Volume3
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2011
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Who Is Ben Bernanke?
This lesson printed from:
Posted June 8, 2009
Author: Scott Niederjohn
Posted: June 8, 2009
Updated: June 8, 2009
This lesson introduces students to the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System, Ben Bernanke. It describes briefly his involvement within the Federal Reserve.
- Explore the background of Ben Bernanke, the Federal Reserve Chairman.
- Use previous knowledge, interests, and material from this lesson in a KWL chart activity on the Federal Reserve, Allan Greenspan, and Ben S. Bernanke.
Many Americans regard the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System as one of the nation's most powerful officials, second only to the President. The influence of the Federal Reserve Chairman stretches beyond the borders of the United States, affecting the monetary policy and market conditions of nations throughout the world. Yet, to many Americans, the workings of the Federal Reserve System and the duties of the Chairman are mysteries. The purpose of this lesson is to:
- Examine the historical development of the Federal Reserve System.
- Provide background on Ben Bernanke, the new Federal Reserve Chairman.
- Provide additional resources for social studies teachers who wish to teach about the Federal Reserve System and monetary policy in their classrooms.
Start by having the students use the KWL chart. Instruct them to fill in the first two columns with what they know, and what they want to know, about the Federal Reserve System, Alan Greenspan, and Ben S. Bernanke. Then have them work through the information in the lesson and complete the other activities.
Alan Greenspan retired as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on January 31, 2006. He served for over 18 years. He was originally appointed to the office as Chairman on August 11, 1987, by President Reagan. Mr. Greenspan was reappointed to the Board for a full 14-year term, which began February 1, 1992. He was appointed Chairman by Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, William Clinton, and George W. Bush. Mr. Greenspan served the second-longest term in the history of the Federal Reserve (Only William McChesney served longer). Click here to view the photographs and dates of service of the past Federal Reserve Chairmen.
Chairmen, Dates of terms:
Charles S. Hamlin Aug. 10, 1914-Aug. 9, 1916
William P.G. Harding Aug. 10, 1916-Aug. 9, 1922
Daniel R. Crissinger May 1, 1923-Sept. 15, 1927
Roy A. Young Oct. 4, 1927-Aug. 31, 1930
Eugene Meyer Sept. 16, 1930-May 10, 1933
Eugene R. Black May 19, 1933-Aug. 15, 1934
Marriner S. Eccles Nov. 15, 1934-Jan. 31, 1948
Thomas B. McCabe Apr. 15, 1948-Mar. 31, 1951
William McChesney Martin, Jr Apr. 2, 1951-Jan. 31, 1970
Arthur F. Burns Feb. 1, 1970-Jan. 31, 1978
G. William Miller Mar. 8, 1978-Aug. 6, 1979
Paul A. Volcker Aug. 6, 1979-Aug. 11, 1987
Alan Greenspan Aug. 11, 1987- January 31, 2006
Ben S. Bernanke January 31, 2006 - present
1. Whom did Alan Greenspan succeed, and in what year did this happen?
[Greenspan succeeded Paul A. Volcker in 1987.]
2. What did Greenspan do when the stock market crashed on October 19th, 1987? [ Having learned lessons from the actions taken by the Federal Reserve in 1929, Mr. Greenspan took steps to keep liquidity in the system to prevent this crash from spreading beyond the financial markets.]
3. What are some other highlights of Greenspan's tenure as Chairman?
[In the late 1990s, Mr. Greenspan faced the financial collapse in Asia. He was able to soften the impact of this crisis on the U.S. economy. He presided over the boom in technology stocks during the 1990s and warned that the rapid growth may have been unwarranted. On December 5, 1996, he used the term "irrational exuberance" to express his concern that the bubble would burst.]
4. Greenspan presided over for the longest period of economic expansion in U.S. history. When did this period of expansion occur, and how long was it? [This period of expansion occurred March 1991–February 2000, it lasted approximately 9 years.]
5. Who succeeded Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve? What challenges does he face? [Ben S. Bernanke is the new Chairman. He must formulate monetary policy, monitor stock market fluctuations, monitor the economy, and provide leadership in efforts to deal with the current financial crisis, etc.]
How Is the Chairman Appointed?
Mr. Bernanke was appointed Federal Reserve Chairman through a process similar to the one used in other high level federal appointments. The Federal Reserve Act (FRA) of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System. The FRA explains who is eligible to serve on the Board of Governors and who may serve as Chairman; it also sets term limits. The FRA states that to become Chairman a person must be a member of the Board of Governors. This might suggest that only current Governors can serve as Chairman but in fact, as pointed out by Andrew Foerster of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, a candidate can be simultaneously appointed Governor and Chairman. The President nominates people to serve as Federal Reserve Board Governors. Then the process moves to the Senate, where the nominee testifies before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. From there, the nomination moves to the floor of the Senate for a vote. The Chairman is appointed to a four-year term. The Chairman can serve several four-year terms, as did Alan Greenspan. These are a few of the "Most Frequently Asked Questions" about Mr. Bernanke. If you need some help, go back to the information above.
What was Mr. Bernanke's most recent appointment before becoming Chairman of the Federal Reserve? [Mr. Bernanke was sworn in on June 21, 2005, as Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers.]
What position did he hold before being appointed as Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisers? [Prior to his appointment to the Council, Mr. Bernanke served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. He was appointed on August 5, 2002, and resigned on June 21, 2005.]
What are Mr. Bernanke's academic credentials for the Federal Reserve job? [Nominees for the Chairman of the Federal Reserve in the past have come from banking, government, academia, and from within the Fed. Mr. Bernanke is an academic. He has an impressive educational background. He received a B.A. in economics in 1975 from Harvard University (summa cum laude) and a Ph.D. in economics in 1979 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Bernanke was a professor of economics at Princeton University from 1996 to 2002.]
Is Mr. Bernake regarded as a scholar? [Yes, Mr. Bernake is regarded as a scholar. Mr. Bernanke has published many articles on a wide variety of economic issues, including monetary policy and macroeconomics, and he is the author of several scholarly books and two textbooks. He has held a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Sloan Fellowship, and he was a Fellow of the Econometric Society and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Mr. Bernanke served as the Director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and as a member of the NBER's Business Cycle Dating Committee.]
- Does Mr. Bernake have any background as a leader in K-12 education? [Yes, Mr. Bernanke served two terms as a member of the Montgomery Township (N.J.) Board of Education.]
The Chairman of the Federal Reserve System is widely considered to be one of the most powerful people in the world. This lesson introduces students to the new Fed chair, Ben Bernanke, while also reviewing some history and structure of the Federal Reserve System.
Ask the students to complete the "Learned" column in the KWL chart and evaluate the information they include. Instruct them to include the following information:
- Alan Greenspan's place in Fed history
- The structure of the Fed
- How the Federal Chairman is chosen
- Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke's background
If they need additional information, send them to _URL_ for help.
Using the following information about the Great Depression, as written by Bernanke, start a discussion with the students (as a class or in small groups) about the Federal Reserve's role in the Great Depression. This information provides a concise summary; however, teachers might consider using lessons on the Great Depression from the Council on Economic Education store, Focus: Understanding Economics in U.S. History curriculum.
In his book, Essays on the Great Depression, Bernanke refers to the Great Depression as


Product News: Innovative Surface Leading to Considerably Higher Cell Yields
06 Feb 2009
For the first time at Biotechnica 2008, Greiner Bio-One presented Advanced TC™ cell culture products with an innovative polymer modification.
The special surface of the new product range optimises cultivation of fastidious cells and facilitates complex experimental approaches.
To successfully cultivate primary cells or particularly sensitive immortalised cell lines in vitro, it is necessary to mimic the specific in vivo conditions of these cells as accurate as possible. The new Advanced TC™ surface has been designed in such a way to positively influence cellular function and properties.
This enables researchers to cultivate a wide range of sensitive cells as well as cells under restrictive growth conditions using serum-reduced or serum-free media, for example. Distinct primary adherence is achieved after just four hours.
Cell cultures on the Advanced TC™ surface exhibit higher proliferation rates than on other commonly used cell culture products. In addition, less cell material is lost as a result of the improved adherence on the surface during automated washing and pipetting steps. The cell yield is significantly increased compared to conventional cell culture products and test results are more consistent.
The cell-typical morphology is retained even if the cells are subject to transfection or transduction processes. It has even been possible to observe increased transgene activity in transfected cells. Due to their special properties, Advanced TC™ cell culture vessels are comparable in a variety of applications with the effectiveness of a biological surface.


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Gut microbiome of native Arab Kuwaitis
Abstract
Background
The human gut microbiome has an important role in health and disease. There is extensive geographical variation in the composition of the gut microbiome, however, little is known about the gut microbiome composition of people from the Arabian Peninsula. In this study, we describe the gut microbiome of Arab Kuwaitis. The gut microbiome of 25 native adult Arab Kuwaitis was characterised using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V3–V4 regions. Sequencing data were analysed using DADA2. Phylogeny analysis was performed using amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) assigned to the Bacteroides genus and 16S rRNA sequences of Bacteroides type strains to understand the relationships among Bacteroides ASVs.
Results
About 63% of participants were overweight/obese reflecting normal Kuwaiti population. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla detected in the gut microbiome (representing 48% and 46% of total sequencing reads respectively). At the genus level, Bacteroides was the most abundant genus in 22 of 25 participants. A total of 223 ASVs were assigned to the Bacteroides genus, eleven of which were present in 50% or more of study participants, reflecting a high diversity of this genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Bacteroides dorei/vulgatus group was the most abundant phylogenetic group (representing 11.91% of all sequence reads) and was detected in all 25 individuals.
Conclusions
Bacteroides was the most abundant genus in the gut microbiome of native Arab Kuwaiti adults, with Bacteroides dorei/vulgatus forming the predominant phylogenetic group. The microbiome composition would also have been influenced by the nutritional status of participants.
Introduction
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria [1]. Gut microbes play an important role in digestion of nutrients [2], metabolism of drugs and other compounds [3, 4], and synthesis of micronutrients [5], neurotransmitters and other metabolites [6, 7], as well as in the development of gut-specific immune system [8]. The gut microbiome also has an important role in maintaining health, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been associated with various health disorders including metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, atopy, eczema, autoimmune diseases and psychiatric disorders [9, 10].
There is a high degree of variation in the gut microbiome composition between individuals and within individuals over time, and people living in different geographical regions tend to have different gut microbiome [11, 12]. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiome is influenced by a variety of different factors including diet, environment, antibiotic use, proximity of hosts and host genetics [13, 14] and it is thought that globally, the gut microbiome of healthy individuals segregates into two or three distinct enterotypes based on the abundance of key bacteria—Bacteroides, Prevotella and members of the Clostridiales order [14, 15].
Characterising the 'normal' gut microbiome in different geographical regions provides a comprehensive picture of the microbiome from a global perspective. This is an important baseline information for understanding dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and how it relates to different populations. There are numerous studies on the gut microbiome of populations from various parts of the world [12, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22], but only two studies from the Arabian Peninsula [23, 24], a major geographical region. These two studies are from Saudi Arabia. There are no studies from Kuwait, another country in the Arabian Peninsula. There is genetic variation [25] and variation in food consumption patterns across the Arabian Peninsula [26], which would influence the gut microbiome. Therefore, we studied the gut microbiome of native adult Arab Kuwaitis.
Methods
Participants
Healthy volunteers, 18 years or older, born and brought up in Kuwait, and of native Arab Kuwaiti ethnicity were recruited for the study. People with a history of intake of probiotics or antibiotics for the past six months, symptoms pertaining to gastrointestinal tract, hypertension, atopic disease, mental illness and high-risk sexual behaviour were excluded.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for participants, and was categorized according to the World Health Organization standard categories: underweight < 18.5; normal weight 18.5–24.9; overweight 25.0–29.9; obese ≥ 30 [27].
Participants were presented with a description of a typical Kuwait diet and asked whether their dietary habits agreed with the typical diet or not. Briefly, the Kuwaiti diet consists of meats, dairy products, grains, legumes, vegetables (including leafy greens and herbs), fruits and nuts. A food frequency questionnaire estimated the average daily servings for Kuwaiti adults as 1.9 servings of meat, 3.4 servings of dairy products, 5.3 servings of cereals/cereal products, 3.2 servings of vegetables and 2.8 servings of fruits [28].
Sample collection and laboratory methods
Participants were asked to provide a fresh faecal sample for microbiome analysis. Faecal specimens were collected by participants into sterile stool containers and transported in a cold box with ice-packs to the laboratory where they were frozen at − 80 °C within 2 h of collection and stored until further analysis. DNA was extracted from stored faecal samples using the QIAamp Fast DNA Stool mini kit as previously described [29]. Dried DNA samples were shipped at ambient temperature to Melbourne, Australia for further analysis. PCR amplification of the variable region V3–V4 of the 16S rRNA gene (341F/805R) [30] was performed followed by amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne; and Micromon, Monash University, Victoria, Australia). A blank negative control was processed and sequenced in the same manner described above to allow for identification of reagent contaminants.
Sequence and data analysis
Primers were trimmed from demultiplexed reads using TagCleaner [31] and the trimmed sequences were processed using the DADA2 pipeline, version 1.6.0 [32]. Quality control, error rate learning and inference of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were performed separately for each of the two sequencing runs to account for run-specific error profiles. Following merging of forward and reverse reads, the two runs were merged into a single sequence table. Chimeras were removed from the merged sequence table and taxonomy was assigned using the DADA2 implementation of the RDP Naive Bayesian Classifier and the Silva reference database (v128). Species level assignment was performed using exact matching in the DADA2 pipeline, allowing for multiple matches per ASV. The sequence table was filtered for contaminants identified in the negative control sample and ASVs were removed if they were present at a relative abundance of 0.001% or less (i.e. fewer than 96 reads).
QIIME 1.9.0 was used to generate rarefaction plots and to determine the core microbiome of specimens, which in this study was defined as ASVs present in at least 85% of specimens. A heatmap was generated by hierarchical clustering of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity distances with Ward's linkage using the vegan [33] and gplots [34] packages and R v3.4.3 using R studio. Alpha and beta diversity metrics were calculated at ASV level using the vegan package [33]; alpha diversity was calculated using the Shannon diversity index and beta diversity was calculated using the Bray–Curtis index.
The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to assess differences in Shannon diversity between microbiome groups as well as assess differences in the Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes ratio of the gut microbiome between individuals with normal BMI compared to individuals with overweight or obese BMI. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/IC (Version 14.2, StataCorp LP, College Station, USA).
Information relating to the genus Bacteroides and the type strains for each of the species, including accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene, was obtained from bacterio.net (List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature [35]). Reference sequences were trimmed to include only the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene prior to the production of the multiple sequence alignment of all Bacteroides ASVs (i.e. including those present prior to filtering of the ASV table) and type strain sequences. Multiple sequence alignment and inference of the distance tree was performed using Clustal Omega [36]. The tree was used to group related ASVs and classify these phylogeny groups with names based on the type strain taxa included in the group.
The sequence data from this study were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under project accession number, PRJNA554702.
Results
Twenty-five participants (10 males and 15 females, Table 1), aged 24 to 57 years were recruited from March 2017 to May 2017


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Time magazine ran an interesting article on the tomato market in the Holland and Greece. The Greeks produces twice as many tomatoes than the Dutch but very little of it is sold in export markets. This is a concern in that it is a missed opportunity for the Greeks to earn income. What is more ironic is the fact that in the summer imports of tomatoes come in from Holland because the Greek farmers are still struggling to grow a crop during the hottest time of the year – Holland employs high-tech green houses and is able to produce significantly more during the summer months than Greece.
However, Greece has the potential to produce tomatoes for domestic consumption as well as for export but only has two harvests a year and is at the mercy of the elements – poor weather = poor harvest. The Dutch in contrast have temperature controlled greenhouses helping to create ideal growing conditions and they can produce 70kg of tomatoes in a square metre of his greenhouse whilst the Mediterranean grower gets approximately 7kg. They can also produce all year round.
Single Currency and Productivity
With the introduction of the euro in 2002 Greece could no longer devalue its currency to control the price of its products. With a weaker currency their exports were much more competitive but this had the effect of making the Dutch work even harder to achieve more efficiency and greater economies of scale. Therefore the only way that the Greeks can now compete is by cutting costs and embracing technology.
But it is not just the tomato market that has been hard hit. Greece's agricultural sector's productivity levels are 44% below the European average and labour costs have increased by approximately 90% and this is in contrast to Germany where unions agreed to a 3% rise. What is more concerning is that the acreage given over to growing tomatoes in Greece is 10 times that in Holland but they hardly export any of them. The Dutch have seen their exports increase by 30% since 2005. Some economists have laid the blame on the oligopoly market structure that controls the distribution. These middlemen pay farmers low prices and take a big mark-up on tomatoes even as they have failed to put in place a more efficient distribution system, including for exports.
The Greeks could become a thriving exporter of tomatoes once again but will need to embrace the Dutch technology and make use of its natural conditions – sunshine.
The drought in Spain this summer has had a significant impact on the Olive oil market worldwide. Approximately 50% of world production comes from the World Cup and European Champions but The Economist estimate that the lack of rain might cause a drop in global production of around 20% – supply curve to the left. In 2011 the market was awash with around 3 million tonnes of olive oil. Because of this prices hit nine year lows – July 2012 $2,745 but over the last few months they have risen approximately 40% – $3,787 a tonne. Stocks are being put onto the market from last year's crop (supply curve to the right) have helped to keep the price below $4,000 a tonne – a bit like a buffer stock system. See graph below
Olive Oil – US$ per Tonne
High prices have helped some other economies that border the Mediterranean Sea like Italy and Greece as they are the next biggest producers of olive oil and between them provide 20% of the world market.
Demand on the increase
Demand for olive oil has increased as it becomes more fashionable – maybe from all those cooking shows that they have on TV these days. Germany are using 5 x more olive oil and the British x 10. Demand in the US has been growing 6% for the last 20 years.
Been doing some more revision courses on CIE AS economics and went through how the elasticity of demand varies along a demand curve. Notice in Case A that the fall in price from Pa to Pb causes the the total revenue to increase therefore it is elastic – the blue area (-) is less than the orange area (+). In Case B the opposite applies – as the price decreases from Pa to Pb the total revenue decreases therefore it is inelastic – the blue area (-) is greater than the orange area (+). In Case C the drop in price causes the same proportionate change in quantity demanded, therefore there is no change in total revenue – it is unitary elasticity. Remember where MR = 0 – PED = 1 on the demand curve (AR curve).
There is mention in political circles that the UK is keen to abolish subsidies to its agricultural sector. They have already insinuated that they intend to freeze agricultural spending at 2013 levels until 2020 with the long-term goal of eventually abolishing all assistance to farmers. The EU currently spends €55bn for the farm budget each year and this accounts for 40% of its total budget – more than any other sector.
This action would certainly put New Zealand on a level playing field with the UK and make its produce much competitive than previously. With New Zealand going through the same process of removing subsidies nearly two decades, the UK will agricultural sector will find it difficult to adjust. However it has allowed New Zealand farmers to be far more focused on the essentials of the market rather than being driven by the subsidies from government. Farms became bigger and more efficient as economies of scale became hugely important in maintaining a competitive edge. What the subsidies did in New Zealand was to encourage people to develop land that was not really suitable for any agricultural use. However as they got a subsidy from the government efficiency or quality didn't feature as a major factor in maintaining competitiveness. Here is what happens when the subsidies are taken away – supply curve to the left.
Although oil producing nations might not like the recent troughs in oil prices, refineries in Europe are experiencing good times even with petrol and diesel prices being relatively high.
According to The Economist refining hasn't been the most profitable business as overcapacity has dogged the industry. Oil companies had assumed that the world demand for petrol would continue to expand rapidly and built refineries to cope with the this added pressure. However with oil demand peaking this led to an over-supply in the market. Furthermore in the developing world new and more efficient refineries have added to the problem and this had led to some changes in the market players this year.
* Petroplus (Swiss refinery) went out of business
* Shell bought a former Petroplus plant in London and downgraded it to a storage facility.
* Sunoco biggest refinery in north-eastern US is in trouble financially
* Refineries in Pennsylvania and the Virgin Islands have ceased production
Demand for petrol is falling in both the US and Europe as:
* People are driving less
* People are switching to more fuel-efficient cars – especially diesel. This has caused some concerns as Europe's refineries cannot easily switch to producing more diesel.
Oil Prices 2012
The chart below from the Sustainability Blog shows the oil production has reached an effective cap at around 75 million barrels of regular crude per day. Production over the past six years has increased little despite continued upward oil prices. This they argue has occurred as the oil industry passed a transition point and moved from an elastic supply curve to an inelastic supply curve.
While global oil demand remains relatively weak today, with the International Energy Agency predicting global oil demand growth in 2012 of around 1.1 million barrels per day, that inelastic supply curve could yet push oil prices back up to record levels which in turn will increase costs for the refining industry.
Supply side policies have the objective of raising the economy's supply potential and in conjunction with fiscal policy can improve productivity and boost overall supply. It mainly takes the form of tax incentives, investment opportunities, and training of the labour force. It also focuses on reducing the cost burden on businesses.
The BNZ Markets Outlook produced a very interesting article on supply-side issues in the NZ economy. The graph below shows the gap between the capacity of the NZ economy against the aggregate demand. Where the line is 0 – supply = demand and there is no output gap. Above the line there is excess demand and below excess supply.
Interesting that between 2004-2007 the slowing levels of growth reflected the lack ability to increase supply into the market – approaching the inelastic part of the aggregate supply curve. This was in contrast to the official view which led us to believe that demand was slowing. With the pressure on supply, prices started to rise as did wage inflation.
The RBNZ, around 2005/06, was projecting the economy to open up some spare capacity by 2007/08. The economy actually moved into a state of greater excess demand. The difference was like failing to forecast a 4% pick-up in GDP growth.
You might have read my previous blog post on the Ghost Cities of China where 10 new cities are built each year but are nearly all empty. Reading in the FT, the Chinese property market faces a dilemma it that although property prices in cities are beyond the reach of the majority of the population, in the rural areas where the vast majority of the population still live, property prices have dropped significantly. With the lower prices developers are now less likely to build anymore houses. In the past the government has intervened so as to avoid a US style sub-prime type bubble situation but should it worry more about high prices in big cities or weak construction in the rural areas?
The key questions for Chinese policy makers are as follows:
1. Should it regulate house prices in cities which account for 25% of the market which will have an impact on prices outside cities?
2. Can the Chinese economy afford to have house prices to drop as property construction has accounted for around 15% of GDP in China?
With this potential loss of GDP the government has been making it easier for potential homebuyers to borrow money – see affordability index. Banks have given special offers for


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Comfort Line (semiautomatic)
Instruments for crude fiber digestion that can be operated semi-automatically
Good to know: Crude fiber is the portion of feed, which remains after treatment with acids, alkalies and solvents as indigestible constituent. The main component of crude fiber is cellulose.
There are regulations in place worldwide for the determination of crude fiber content. Standard procedures are applied such as ISO 6865:2000, ISO 5498:2000 (AOAC Official Method 962.09) AACC method 32-10.01, etc.
Crude fiber determination is an element of the classic Weende feed analysis. For crude fiber determination the sample is - if required degreased - treated successively with boiling acid and alkaline dilutions in the prescribed concentrations. Following filtration with a sintered glass filter, the sample is washed, dried, weight and incinerated at 475 … 500 °C. The weight loss during incineration corresponds to the crude fiber content of the sample.
What are crude fibers
The term "crude fiber" originates from the animal feed industry and refers to substances that are not digested by animals. "Crude fibers" give a sum parameter of chemically partly very different substances. Mainly components of the plant cell wall, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
Why crude fiber determination
A balanced proportion of crude fiber in feed is important, as it is important for healthy digestion on the one hand, but on the other hand it is also an energetically unusable part and thus increases the price of the feed.
Why different methods
Different animals have different digestive systems. Thus, ruminants (ruminantia) can degrade cellulose in contrast to non-ruminants (monogastric animals). Depending on the application, a differentiated analysis should be applied.
Different stocks of crude fiber and their determination
It is used here in
Based on the different regulations, the different ingredients can be calculated as follows
All analyses are based on the fact that the feed crust is digested under temperature and the undigested substances are incinerated and weighed.
The difference lies in the lytic chemicals used.


text:
3.01 MW Demonstration Wind Farm
The Greek Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) has developed its own 3 MW demonstration wind farm, aiming to:
- Test the characteristics of various wind energy exploitation technologies in the case of complex terrain topography
- Contribute in the development of the Greek wind turbine industry
- Demonstrate and disseminate wind energy systems
- Undertake research work for the integration of wind energy technologies with technologies for the production, storage and use of hydrogen (i.e. energy storage), water desalination systems, etc
- Profit on the electricity sales of the farm, contributing to the financial independence of CRES
The wind farm of CRES is situated in Lavrion, SE Attica, adjacent to its older wind turbine Test Station. It operates in a complex terrain site including hills up to 120m high above sea level and coastal regions. The average annual wind speed is measured 6.7m/s and the turbulence intensity approximately 12%. The energy produced from the wind turbines is fed into the interconnected 20kV electricity grid. Two meteorological masts (100m and 40m), are used to measure the reference wind conditions.
THE WIND TURBINES
There are five wind turbines of various sizes and power control strategies. Three of these wind turbines are commercial and two are prototypes developed in Greece.
The commercial wind turbines are:
- A Enercon E40-500 kW a gearless, synchronous, multipole, variable speed wind turbine.
- A NEG Micon 750kW stall regulated, constant speed with 2 asynchronous generators wind turbine.
- A Vestas V47-660 kW pitch regulated, constant speed, with one asynchronous generator wind turbine.
The two prototype wind turbines, which have been developed in Greece and manufactered by PYRKAL SA, under the tech. development of Prof. N. Athanasiadis (mechanical part) and Dr. K. Michailidis (electrical-electronic part) are:
- OA-500 kW a stall regulated wind turbine, using an advanced variable speed technique (OPSC®: Opti Power Speed Control) and an active line inverter
- OA-600 kW, an otherwise identical to the above machine
The three commercial wind turbines have been erected and their commissioning has started in February 2001. The erection and commissioning of the two Greek prototypes will be completed in the summer of 2003.


text:
The Kids+ Foundation provides specialist physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech pathology services to kids in Australia. Their AAC and Tech Coordinator, Noah Callan, used the NeuroNode Trilogy and reviewed the system in a video.
In the video, he talks about his experience with the NeuroNode Trilogy and what it can do. He explains the complex technology in a simple, easy to understand way, going through the different access options and settings.
"I struggled when I first tested it out, but then after a few tries I was getting the hang of it. Practice makes perfect as the saying goes." – Noah Callan
The Trilogy utilizes eye control, touch control, and EMG using the NeuroNode. Callan doesn't use his hands due to his CP, and instead uses the electrodes controlled by his mouth. He clicks by clenching his jaw, sending a signal to the device. You can also work the device using eye gaze, "basically it allows the user to control the machine without any hands," said Callen.
Curious to see the impact of this device in the Kids Plus community, Callan spoke with CEO Rob Wong about the possibilities.
He dove into the settings: turning it on, connecting it to the sensor options, and using the Grid3 software. He adjusted the settings to make the perimeters work best for his abilities, and went into detail about how the different voltage can change the sensitivity of the device.
Control Bionics is happy to work with organizations like Kids Plus Foundation to provide life-changing connections. Watch the full video review here, and contact us for more information on the NeuroNode Trilogy.


divaricating
A Test of the Climate Hypothesis for Divaricate Plants
To test the hypothesis that the divaricate habit protects internal leaves from cold and dry conditions, and raises leaf temperatures on cold sunny days, thermocouples were attached to internal and external leaves on divaricate plants. For Coprosma propinqua plants at Cass, inland Canterbury, there were consistent differences in temperature between leaves, but these were not simply related to their canopy position (interval vs. external).
Comparative biogeography of New Zealand trees: species richness, height, leaf traits and range sizes
New Zealand forests grow under highly oceanic climates on an isolated southern archipelago. They experience a combination of historical and environmental factors matched nowhere else. This paper explores whether the New Zealand tree flora also differs systematically from those found in other temperate and island areas. A compilation of traits and distributions from standard floras is used to compare the New Zealand tree flora with those of Europe, North America, Chile, southern Australia, Fiji and Hawaii. New Zealand has a large number of trees (215 species ≥6 m in height).


text:
The visual identity of the European
The visual identity of the European Social Charter, created by the Italian artist Luca Rimini, is always published together with the logo of the Council of Europe. It illustrates three faces which unite to form a hand, as a symbol of unity, solidarity and cooperation. The hand may also be seen as offering protection and as being a vector of control. This reflects what the Charter is about and what the European Committee of Social Rights is seeking to achieve – the implementation of human social rights through the efforts of the States Parties to this instrument, and subject to compliance within a legal framework monitored by an independent body of a judicial nature.


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1.
Hamiltonicity of cubic Cayley graphs
Dragan Marušič, Henry Glover, Klavdija Kutnar, Aleksander Malnič, 2012, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci (vabljeno predavanje)
Najdeno v: osebi
Ključne besede: Cayley graph, Hamilton path, Hamilton cycle, arc-transitive graph, Cayley map
Objavljeno: 15.10.2013; Ogledov: 1358; Prenosov: 24
URL Polno besedilo (0,00 KB)
2.
Hamilton cycles in (2, odd, 3)-Cayley graphs
Henry Glover, Klavdija Kutnar, Aleksander Malnič, Dragan Marušič, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: In 1969, Lovász asked if every finite, connected vertex-transitive graph has a Hamilton path. In spite of its easy formulation, no major breakthrough has been achieved thus far, and the problem is now commonly accepted to be very hard. The same holds for the special subclass of Cayley graphs where the existence of Hamilton cycles has been conjectured. In 2007, Glover and Marušič proved that a cubic Cayley graph on a finite ▫$(2, s, 3)$▫-generated group ▫$G = \langle a, x| a^2 = x^s = (ax)^3 = 1, \dots \rangle$▫ has a Hamilton path when ▫$|G|$▫ is congruent to 0 modulo 4, and has a Hamilton cycle when ▫$|G|$▫ is congruent to 2 modulo 4. The Hamilton cycle was constructed, combining the theory of Cayley maps with classical results on cyclic stability in cubic graphs, as the contractible boundary of a tree of faces in the corresponding Cayley map. With a generalization of these methods, Glover, Kutnar and Marušič in 2009 resolved the case when, apart from ▫$|G|$▫, also ▫$s$▫ is congruent to 0 modulo 4. In this article, with a further extension of the above "tree of faces" approach, a Hamilton cycle is shown to exist whenever ▫$|G|$▫ is congruent to 0 modulo 4 and s is odd. This leaves ▫$|G|$▫ congruent to 0 modulo 4 with s congruent to 2 modulo 4 as the only remaining open case. In this last case, however, the "tree of faces" approach cannot be applied, and so entirely different techniques will have to be introduced if one is to complete the proof of the existence of Hamilton cycles in cubic Cayley graphs arising from finite ▫$(2, s, 3)$▫-generated groups.
Najdeno v: osebi
Povzetek najdenega: ...Hamilton cycles has been conjectured. In 2007, Glover and Marušič proved that a cubic Cayley...
Ključne besede: Cayley graph, Hamilton cycle, arc-transitive graph, 1-regular action, automorphism group
Objavljeno: 15.10.2013; Ogledov: 1207; Prenosov: 55
URL Polno besedilo (0,00 KB)
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Na vrh
Logotipi partnerjev Univerza v Mariboru Univerza v Ljubljani Univerza na Primorskem Univerza v Novi Gorici


Franz Steiner Verlag
Inhaltsverzeichnis Probekapitel
EUR 53,00
Preise jeweils
inklusive MwSt.
Lieferung innerhalb Deutschlands versandkostenfrei.
Lieferung ins Ausland zuzüglich Versandkosten.
Shahadat Hossain
Contested Water Supply: Claim Making and the Politics of Regulation in Dhaka, Bangladesh
336 p., 24 b/w ill, 1 color ill., 21 b/w photos, 30 color photos.
soft cover
ISBN 978-3-515-10404-3
Offering an alternative reading of the contested nature of access to public resources in Dhaka, this book argues that the contestation of access cannot be explained only by the city's rapidly growing population; it rather describes it as a product of context-specific structures of power and dependency – "the politics of regulation".
This study gives a detailed account of the large diversity of local arrangements and their underlying strategies for negotiation and legitimation in the process of claim making to water supply. It presents constellations of influential actors and their interests and explains how their negotiations in an unbalanced power structure determine the distribution of and access to public water supplies.
The author followed an ethnographic research approach and applied a complex and innovative set of qualitative methods for investigation in a low income inner-city squatter area and in a growing peripheral settlement of Dhaka. Frequent participation in adda (casual talks), and personal access to the water supply authority enabled him to observe the routines of everyday life and the complexities of public decision making.
Ihr Warenkorb ist leer
Angelos Chaniotis (Hrsg.)
Unveiling Emotions. Vol. 3
Arousal, Display, and Performance of Emotions in the Greek World
Wolfgang Hübner
"Disiecti membra poetae"
Neue Spuren des astrologischen Lehrdichters Dorotheos von Sidon


text:
NAG Library Function Document
nag_tsa_mean_range (g13auc) calculates the range (or standard deviation) and the mean for groups of successive time series values. It is intended for use in the construction of range-mean plots.
||nag_tsa_mean_range (Integer n,
const double z,
Let denote successive observations in a time series. The series may be divided into groups of successive values and for each group the range or standard deviation (depending on a user-supplied option) and the mean are calculated. If is not a multiple of then groups of equal size are found starting from the end of the series of observations provided, and any remaining observations at the start of the series are ignored. The number of groups used,, is the integer part of. If you wish to ensure that no observations are ignored then the number of observations,, should be chosen so that is divisible by.
, the range,
, and the standard deviation,
, for the
th group are defined as
, the number of observations ignored.
For seasonal data it is recommended that should be equal to the seasonal period. For non-seasonal data the recommended group size is.
A plot of range against mean or of standard deviation against mean is useful for finding a transformation of the series which makes the variance constant. If the plot appears random or the range (or standard deviation) seems to be constant irrespective of the mean level then this suggests that no transformation of the time series is called for. On the other hand an approximate linear relationship between range (or standard deviation) and mean would indicate that a log transformation is appropriate. Further details may be found in either Jenkins (1979)
or McLeod (1982)
You have the choice of whether to use the range or the standard deviation as a measure of variability. If the group size is small they are both equally good but if the group size is fairly large (e.g., for monthly data) then the range may not be as good an estimate of variability as the standard deviation.
Jenkins G M (1979) Practical Experiences with Modelling and Forecasting Time Series GJP Publications, Lancaster
McLeod G (1982) Box–Jenkins in Practice. 1: Univariate Stochastic and Single Output Transfer Function/Noise Analysis GJP Publications, Lancaster
n – IntegerInput
, the number of observations in the time series.
z[n] – const doubleInput
On entry: must contain the th observation, for.
m – IntegerInput
On entry:, the group size.
rs – Nag_RangeStatInput
: indicates whether ranges or standard deviations are to be calculated.
- Ranges are calculated.
- Standard deviations are calculated.
y – doubleOutput
contains the range or standard deviation, as determined by rs
, of the
th group of observations, for
mean – doubleOutput
On exit: contains the mean of the th group of observations, for.
fail – NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6
in the Essential Introduction).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
On entry,.
On entry, and.
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG
The computations are believed to be stable.
The time taken by nag_tsa_mean_range (g13auc) is approximately proportional to.
The following program produces the statistics for a range-mean plot for a series of observations divided into groups of.
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (g13auce.c)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (g13auce.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (g13auce.r)


text:
Attempts to quantitatively evaluate the level of risk associated with nuclear power plants have led to an increasing desire to assign probabilities to rare precipitation events. Because it was felt that purely statistical estimates of events with return periods greatly in excess of the period of record susceptible to potentially unacceptable levels of uncertainty, an approach that combined statistical analysis with meteorological interpretation was taken to determine a 24-hr point precipitation amount judged to be associated with a 0.001 annual exceedance probability of occurrence (1000-yr event). The paper also considers the possibility of using joint probabilities associated storm centering, depth-area reduction and storm intensity to determine the probability of average depths of precipitation over larger areas.
Weitere Kapitel dieses Buchs durch Wischen aufrufen
- Very Low Probability Precipitation-Frequency Estimates — A Perspective
Rex G. Wescott
- Springer Netherlands


Joule/Second to Watt Conversion
Joule/Second to Watt Conversion - Convert Joule/Second to Watt (J/s to W)
Joule/Second to Watt Conversion
Joule/Second to Watt - Power - Conversion
You are currently converting Power units from Joule/Second to Watt
1 Joule/Second (J/s)
=
1 Watt (W)
Visit Watt to Joule/Second Conversion
Joule/Second : The joule per second is a unit of power, equals to one watt. The unit symbol for joule per second is j/s. One joule per second is equal to 0.001341022 horsepower.
Watt : The watt is a unit for power, is one of SI Units. Its name is in honor of the Scottish engineer James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine. The unit symbol for watt is W, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.
Power Conversion Calculator
1 Joule/Second = 1 Watt
How to convert Joule/Second to Watt ?
1 joule/second (J/s) is equal to 1 watt (W).
1J/s = 1W
The power P in watt (W) is equal to the power P in joule/second (J/s) times 1, that conversion formula:
P(W) = P(J/s) × 1
How many Watt in a Joule/Second?
One Joule/Second is equal to 1 Watt:
1J/s = 1J/s × 1 = 1W
How many Joule/Second in a Watt?
One Watt is equal to 1 Joule/Second:
1W = 1W × 1 = 1J/s
How to Convert 5 Joule/Second to Watt?
P(W) = 5(J/s) × 1 = 5W
Most popular convertion pairs of power
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The planet K'ai is located in the Microverse, also known as Sub-Atomica.
The race inhabiting K'ai are a blonde haired, green skinned humanoid race. The planet was once ruled by Queen Jarella, who eventually formed a romantic relationship with the Hulk, who none of the people feared as the Hulk shared similar physical traits to them.
The mystics of the planet long believed that the Hulk was their savior and would use incantations to summon the Hulk to them in time of need. The queen's niece Jentorra once tried to summon the Hulk, but instead summoned his son Hiro Kala. With his great power, Hiro saved the population and became revered as their new ruler.
Jetorra uses a magical spell against Hiro Kala, but he uses it for his own purposes, transporting himself and the planet out of the Microverse. After this, Hiro finds the planets Worldmind, the sentient state of the planet itself, that explains it is dying from leaving the Microverse. The Worldmind gives Hiro some of it's own power and the War-Mind in exchange for some of his Old Power. This power is used to sustain the planet and restore its life and habitability.
As his father once was, Hiro became the king of K'ai.
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text: Sensorimotor adaptation ensures movement accuracy despite continuously changing environment and body. Adaptation of saccadic eye movements is a classical model of sensorimotor adaptation. Beside the well-established role of the brainstem–cerebellum in the adaptation of reactive saccades (RSs), the cerebral cortex has been suggested to be involved in the adaptation of voluntary saccades (VSs). Here, we provide direct evidence for a causal involvement of the parietal cortex in saccadic adaptation. First, the posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) was identified in each subject using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Then, a saccadic adaptation paradigm was used to progressively reduce the amplitude of RSs and VSs, while single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied over the right pIPS. The perturbations of pIPS resulted in impairment for the adaptation of VSs, selectively when spTMS was applied 60 ms after saccade onset. In contrast, the adaptation of RSs was facilitated by spTMS applied90 ms after saccade initiation. The differential effect of spTMS relative to saccade types suggests a direct interference with pIPS activity for the VS adaptation and a remote interference with brainstem– cerebellum activity for the RS adaptation. These results support the hypothesis that the adaptation of VSs and RSs involves different neuronal substrates.


What kinds of missing data are there?
Why is it important?
DON'T (bad practice)
DO: (state of the art)
How to use multiple imputation in practice
Three types of missingness
There are three possible patterns of missingness:
– MCAR (Missing completely at random)
– MAR (Missing at random)
– NMAR (Not missing at random)
# Little-test
install.packages('BaylorEdPsych', dependencies=TRUE)
# read example data
# run MCAR test
# print p-value of mcar-test
As a result we get
[1] 0.01205778
_TAG_ of normality and homoscedasticity
The Output:
TestMCARNormality(data = EndersTable1_1)
Number of Patterns: 2
Total number of cases used in the analysis: 17
 Pattern(s) used:
 IQ JP WB Number of cases
group.1 1 NA 1 8
group.2 1 1 1 9
 Test of normality and Homoscedasticity:
Hawkins Test:
 There is not sufficient evidence to reject normality
 or MCAR at 0.05 significance level
Visualisation of missing data patterns
_TAG_: Check your missings:
# Proportion of Missingness
propmiss <- function(dataframe) {
 m <- sapply(dataframe, function(x) {
 d <- data.frame(t(m))
 d <- sapply(d, unlist)
 d <-
 d$variable <- row.names(d)
 row.names(d) <- NULL
 geom_point(size=3) +
 coord_flip() +
 ggtitle("Percentage of missingness")
install.packages("VIM", dependencies = TRUE)
install.packages("VIMGUI", dependencies = TRUE)
Aggregation Plot
 IQ WB JP
9 1 1 1 0
8 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
2 1 0 0 2
 0 3 10 13
How to use MICE for multiple imputation
imp <- mice(EndersTable1_1)
> imp <- mice(EndersTable1_1)
 iter imp variable
 1 1 JP WB
 1 2 JP WB
 1 3 JP WB
 1 4 JP WB
 1 5 JP WB
 2 1 JP WB
 2 2 JP WB
 2 3 JP WB
 2 4 JP WB
 2 5 JP WB
 3 1 JP WB
 3 2 JP WB
 3 3 JP WB
 3 4 JP WB
 3 5 JP WB
 4 1 JP WB
 4 2 JP WB
 4 3 JP WB
 4 4 JP WB
 4 5 JP WB
 5 1 JP WB
 5 2 JP WB
 5 3 JP WB
 5 4 JP WB
 5 5 JP WB
> imp
Multiply imputed data set
mice(data = EndersTable1_1)
Number of multiple imputations: 5
Missing cells per column:
 0 10 3
Imputation methods:
 IQ JP WB
 "" "pmm" "pmm"
 2 3
IQ 0 0 0
JP 1 0 1
WB 1 1 0
Random generator seed value: NA
There are many other algorithms for imputation that can be specified:
_TAG_-in elementary imputation methods are:
Predictive mean matching (any)
Bayesian linear regression (numeric)
Linear regression ignoring model error (numeric)
Linear regression using bootstrap (numeric)
Linear regression, predicted values (numeric)
Unconditional mean imputation (numeric)
Two-level normal imputation (numeric)
Two-level normal imputation using pan (numeric)
Imputation at level-2 of the class mean (numeric)
Imputation at level-2 by Bayesian linear regression (numeric)
Imputation at level-2 by Predictive mean matching (any)
Imputation of quadratic terms (numeric)
Logistic regression (factor, 2 levels)
Logistic regression with bootstrap
Polytomous logistic regression (factor, >= 2 levels)
Proportional odds model (ordered, >=2 levels)
Linear discriminant analysis (factor, >= 2 categories)
Classification and regression trees (any)
Random forest imputations (any)
Random indicator method for nonignorable data (numeric)
Random sample from the observed values (any)
> str(EndersTable1_1)
'data.frame': 20 obs. of 3 variables:
data.frame': 20 obs. of 3 variables:
 mincor = 0.1)
 mincor = 0.1)
imp_gen <- mice(data=EndersTable1_1,
 predictorMatrix = predictormatrix,
# Check plausibility of the results
_TAG_ JP
_TAG_ WB
# save data
How to use Multiple Imputation with lavaan
# Setting up packages
# Setting up example data and model
# Create data with missings
HSMiss[randomMiss] <- NA
# lavaan model
HS.model <-'visual =~ x1 + x2 + x3
textual =~ x4 + x5 + x6
speed =~ x7 + x8 + x9 '
# Variant 1: Imputation and model estimation with runmI
# run lavaan and imputation in one step
out1 <- runMI(HS.model,
 m = 5,
 meanstructure = TRUE)
fitMeasures(out1, "chisq")
At the moment you'll get a warning:
** WARNING ** Estimates below are simply the starting values
# impute data first
HSMiss_imp<-mice(HSMiss, m = 5)
mice.imp <- NULL
# run lavaan with previously imputed data using runMI
out2 <- runMI(HS.model,
 meanstructure = TRUE)
fitMeasures(out2, "chisq")
# fit model with lavaan.survey
lavaan_fit_HS.model<-cfa(HS.model, meanstructure = TRUE)
out3<-lavaan.survey(lavaan_fit_HS.model, svy.df_imp)
fitMeasures(out3, "chisq")
# fit model lavaan using FIML
fitMeasures(out4, "chisq")
Example for a latent class analysis with the poLCA-package in R
When you work with R for some time, you really start to wonder why so many R packages have some kind of pun in their name. Intended or not, the poLCA package is one of them. Today i'll give a glimpse on this package, which doesn't have to do anything with dancing or nice dotted dresses.
This article is kind of a draft and will be revised anytime.
The „poLCA"-package has its name from „Polytomous Latent Class Analysis". Latent class analysis is an awesome and still underused (at least in social sciences) statistical method to identify unobserved groups of cases in your data. Polytomous latent class analysis is applicable with categorical data. The unobserved (latent) variable could be different attitude-sets of people which lead to certain response patterns in a survey. In marketing or market research latent class analysis could be used to identify unobserved target-groups with different attitude structures on the basis of their buy-decisions. The data would be binary (not bought, bought) and depending on the products you could perhaps identify a class which chooses the cheapest, the most durable, the most environment friendly, the most status relevant […] product. The latent classes are assumed to be nominal. The poLCA package is not capable of sampling weights, yet.
By the way: There is also another package for latent class models called „lcmm" and another one named „mclust„.
What does a latent class analysis try to do?
A latent class model uses the different response patterns in the data to find similar groups. It tries to assign groups that are „conditional independent". That means, that inside of a group the correlations between the variables become zero, because the group membership explains any relationship between the variables.
Latent class analysis is different from latent profile analysis, as the latter uses continous data and the former can be used with categorical data.
Another important aspect of latent class analysis is, that your elements (persons, observations) are not assigned absolutely, but on probability. So you get a probability value for each person to be assigned to group 1, group 2, […], group k.
Before you estimate your LCA model you have to choose how many