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Do a binary search for a given value within a character string array, accompanied by an order vector. Return the index of the matching array entry, or -1 if the key value is not found.
VARIABLE I/O DESCRIPTION -------- --- -------------------------------------------------- value I Key value to be found in array. ndim I Dimension of array. lenvals I String length. array I Character string array to search. order I Order vector. The function returns the index of the first matching array element or -1 if the value is not found.
value is the key value to be found in the array. Trailing blanks space in this key are not significant: string matches found by this routine do not require trailing blanks in value to match those in the corresponding element of array. ndim is the dimension of the array. lenvals is the declared length of the strings in the input string array, including null terminators. The input array should be declared with dimension [ndim][lenvals] array is the array of character srings to be searched. Trailing blanks in the strings in this array are not significant. order is an order vector which can be used to access the elements of array in order. The contents of order are a permutation of the sequence of integers ranging from zero to ndim-1.
The function returns the index of the specified value in the input array. Indices range from zero to ndim-1. If the input array does not contain the specified value, the function returns -1. If the input array contains more than one occurrence of the specified value, the returned index may point to any of the occurrences.
A binary search is performed on the input array, whose order is given by an associated order vector. If an element of the array is found to match the input value, the index of that element is returned. If no matching element is found, -1 is returned.
Let the input arguments array and order contain the following elements: array order "FEYNMAN" 1 "BOHR" 2 "EINSTEIN" 0 "NEWTON" 4 "GALILEO" 3 Then bschoc_c ( "NEWTON", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 3 bschoc_c ( "EINSTEIN", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 2 bschoc_c ( "GALILEO", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == 4 bschoc_c ( "Galileo", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == -1 bschoc_c ( "BETHE", 5, lenvals, array, order ) == -1
1) The input array is assumed to be sorted in increasing order. If this condition is not met, the results of bschoc_c are unpredictable. 2) String comparisons performed by this routine are Fortran-style: trailing blanks in the input array or key value are ignored. This gives consistent behavior with CSPICE code generated by the f2c translator, as well as with the Fortran SPICE Toolkit. Note that this behavior is not identical to that of the ANSI C library functions strcmp and strncmp.
1) If ndim < 1 the function value is -1. This is not considered an error. 2) If input key value pointer is null, the error SPICE(NULLPOINTER) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 3) The input key value may have length zero. This case is not considered an error. 4) If the input array pointer is null, the error SPICE(NULLPOINTER) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 5) If the input array string's length is less than 2, the error SPICE(STRINGTOOSHORT) will be signaled. The function returns -1. 6) If memory cannot be allocated to create a Fortran-style version of the input order vector, the error SPICE(MALLOCFAILED) is signaled. The function returns -1 in this case.
N.J. Bachman (JPL) W.L. Taber (JPL) I.M. Underwood (JPL)
-CSPICE Version 1.0.0, 26-AUG-2002 (NJB) (WLT) (IMU)
search in a character array


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Reliability and Test Environment of the SCAN-A with Children Ages 12-15
Spencer, Michele Lynn
MetadataShow full item record
The SCAN-A is a widely utilized auditory processing screening tool for use with adolescents and adults 12-to-50 years of age. The SCAN-A consists of four subtests: Filtered Words, Auditory Figure-Ground, Competing Words, and Competing Sentences, and takes about 20 minutes to administer. Other versions of this screening tool exist (e.g., SCAN and SCAN-C) that are standardized for use with children under 12 years of age. However, previous reports indicate that test-retest reliability is poor and test environment affects performance by young children. In this study, the effect of test environment (sound attenuating booth versus quiet room) and test-retest reliability for the 12-to-15 year old age group was investigated. Thirty participants, ages 12-to-15 years old, who were normally developing, were tested using the SCAN-A four times, twice in both a quiet room and a sound attenuating booth, with testing in both environments conducted one month apart. A high false-positive rate (43% of participants) was found for the first administration of the SCAN-A, with fewer participants identified with possible APD with subsequent test administrations. Results revealed a significant main effect of test administration time, and no significant main effect of test environment or significant interaction, for the Filtered Words, Auditory Figure-Ground, Competing Words, and Total Test standard score. No significant main effects or interaction was found for the Competing Sentences subtest. This investigation demonstrates that the SCAN-A has low specificity, a high false-positive rate, and poor test-retest reliability.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Kangaroos Poisoned By Fluoride
HFA came across a short article of the EPA going out of their way to protect kangaroos from fluoride. It seems the fluoride poisons the kangaroos and makes lesions grow on their bones, which renders them lame. A lot of cattle also get sick from the fluoride. So we really have to ask the obvious question. Why does the government try to protect animals from fluoride and force it upon humans? The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) says fluoride from Alcoa's aluminium smelter at Portland is making kangaroos sick.
The EPA's Bruce Dawson says the fluoride is being absorbed by the nearby vegetation which is then being eaten by the kangaroos.
He says the fluoride poisons the kangaroos and makes lesions grow on their bones, which renders them lame.
"Once kangaroos have restricted movement [it] has a significant impact on their welfare. So this is something that needs to be managed and avoided."
He says there is not a lot of information around about the impact of fluoride on kangaroos.
The problem is more common in cattle.
"There was a lot of research done in the 60s and 70s in the United States but this really has just started to emerge in terms of the impacts on kangaroos."
- Harvard Study Finds Fluoride Lowers IQ – Published in Federal Gov't Journal Harvard University researchers' review of fluoride/brain studies concludes "our results...
- Germans & Russians Used Fluoride to Make Prisoners 'Stupid & Docile' "To whom it may concern: I, Oliver Kenneth Goff,...
Related posts brought to you by Yet Another Related Posts Plugin.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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7 Reasons Why Sugar Export is a Lucrative Business in 2022
Sugar is one of the most widely consumed commodities in the world, with an estimated global consumption of 176 million metric tons in 2022/2023. The demand for sugar is driven by various factors, such as population growth, urbanization, income levels, dietary preferences, and industrial uses. However, not all countries produce enough sugar to meet their domestic needs, which creates opportunities for sugar exporters to tap into the global market.
1. Brazil is the dominant sugar exporter in the world
Brazil is the top producer and exporter of sugar in the world, accounting for about 35.6% of total sugar exports in 2022/2023. Brazil has a competitive advantage in sugar production due to its favorable climate, abundant land, low labor costs, and efficient sugarcane industry. Brazil also has a flexible ethanol program that allows it to switch between sugar and ethanol production depending on market conditions.
Brazil exported about 28.2 million metric tons of sugar in 2022/2023, mainly to China, India, Algeria, Bangladesh, and Nigeria. Brazil's sugar exports are expected to increase further in the coming years, as it recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and droughts that affected its sugarcane crop in 2021.
2. India is the second-largest sugar exporter in the world
India is the second-largest producer and exporter of sugar in the world, after Brazil. India produced about 34.5 million metric tons of sugar in 2022/2023, of which it exported about 18.6%. India's sugar production is largely dependent on the monsoon rains, which affect the availability and quality of sugarcane.
India exported about 5.7 million metric tons of sugar in 2022/2023, mainly to Indonesia, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Somalia, and Iran. India's sugar exports are expected to remain high in the near future, as it has a large surplus of sugar stocks and benefits from government subsidies and incentives.
3. Thailand is the third-largest sugar exporter in the world
Thailand is the third-largest producer and exporter of sugar in the world, after Brazil and India. Thailand produced about 12 million metric tons of sugar in 2022/2023, of which it exported about 9.9%. Thailand's sugar production is mainly based on sugarcane, which is grown by smallholder farmers who rely on irrigation systems and contract farming arrangements.
Thailand exported about 3.1 million metric tons of sugar in 2022/2023, mainly to China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, and South Korea. Thailand's sugar exports are expected to grow significantly in the next few years, as it recovers from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and floods that affected its sugarcane crop in 2021.
4. Sugar prices are rising due to supply-demand imbalance
Sugar prices are rising due to a supply-demand imbalance in the global market. According to the International Sugar Organization (ISO), the global sugar market had a deficit of 4.8 million metric tons in 2021/2022, which was partly offset by a drawdown of stocks. However, the deficit is expected to widen to 6 million metric tons in 2022/2023, as global consumption outpaces production.
The ISO estimates that the average price of raw sugar was 18.28 cents per pound in 2021/2022, up from 12.45 cents per pound in 2020/2021. The price is expected to increase further to 19 cents per pound in 2022/2023, as demand remains strong and supply remains tight.
5. Sugar demand is growing in emerging markets
Sugar demand is growing in emerging markets, especially in Asia and Africa. According to the ISO, global sugar consumption increased by 1.9% annually from 2010/2011 to 2019/2020, reaching 174 million metric tons. However, consumption growth was uneven across regions, with Asia accounting for 60% of the increase and Africa accounting for 20%.
The ISO projects that global sugar consumption will grow by 1.4% annually from 2019/2020 to 2029/2030, reaching 194 million metric tons. Asia will remain the largest consumer region, with a share of 48%, followed by Africa with a share of 16%. The main drivers of sugar demand growth are population growth, income growth, urbanization, dietary changes, and industrial uses.
6. Sugar has multiple industrial uses beyond food and beverages
Sugar has multiple industrial uses beyond food and beverages, such as ethanol, bioplastics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and chemicals. Ethanol is the most important industrial use of sugar, as it is a renewable fuel that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of ethanol from sugarcane, followed by the United States, which produces ethanol from corn.
Bioplastics are another emerging industrial use of sugar, as they are biodegradable and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional plastics. Bioplastics can be made from various sources of sugar, such as sugarcane, corn, beet, and cassava. Some of the leading producers and exporters of bioplastics are Brazil, Thailand, France, Germany, and Italy.
7. Sugar export is a source of income and employment for many countries
Sugar export is a source of income and employment for many countries, especially in the developing world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), sugar production employs about 100 million people in 120 countries, mostly in rural areas. Sugar export also generates foreign exchange earnings, tax revenues, and linkages with other sectors of the economy.
Sugar export can also contribute to social and environmental sustainability, if it is done in a responsible and inclusive manner. Some of the best practices for sustainable sugar export include improving productivity and efficiency, reducing water and energy consumption, minimizing waste and pollution, enhancing biodiversity and soil health, respecting human rights and labor standards, and supporting smallholder farmers and local communities.
Sugar Export: A Global Overview
Sugar is one of the most traded commodities in the world, with a global production of about 177 million metric tons in 2022/23. The main producers of sugar are Brazil, India, Thailand and the European Union, which also account for most of the exports. In this blog post, we will look at some statistics and trends of the sugar export industry and its impact on the global market.
Top Sugar Exporters
According to Statista, Brazil was the world's leading sugar-exporting country in 2022/23, with an export volume of about 28.2 million metric tons, followed by India with 11.9 million metric tons and Thailand with 11 million metric tons. These three countries alone accounted for about 64% of the total sugar exports worldwide. Other major exporters include France, Germany, Mexico and Guatemala.
The following table shows the top 10 sugar exporters in 2022/23 and their market share:
|Exports (million metric tons)
|Market share (%)
Sugar Export Trends
The global sugar export industry has been affected by various factors such as weather conditions, crop yields, domestic consumption, trade policies and market prices. According to the International Sugar Organization, the world sugar market experienced a surplus of production over consumption in the last four years, leading to a decline in prices and export earnings for many countries.
However, the situation is expected to change in the next two years, as the global sugar balance shifts to a deficit due to lower production in some major countries such as Brazil, India and Thailand, as well as higher demand from China and other emerging markets. The ISO projects that the global sugar exports will increase by about 1 million metric tons in 2023/24, reaching a total of 66.1 million metric tons.
Essential Topics You Should Be Familiar With:

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Nanodiamonds Solve Prehistoric Mystery
Category: Science & Technology
Posted: August 28, 2014 02:07PM
Author: Guest_Jim_*
Over 13,000 years ago, many great animals lived in North America, including mastodons, saber-toothed cats, and even American horses, but they all disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene period. The exact cause of this mass extinction has been a matter of debate for some time now. Researchers at the University of California, Santa Barbara however have new evidence that may solve the mystery.
Studies of prehistoric times often require looking at the many layers of materials beneath us. Each layer was deposited at a certain time and the materials of each layer can tell us about the Earth's situation at the time, and about certain events. Across what is called the Younger Dryas boundary, the researchers have found many nanodiamonds. These small carbon crystals are found in their cubic forms, like those we use for jewelry, and as hexagonal crystals. What makes these particular diamonds important though is that they could only have been formed by a massive event, such as a cosmic impact.
The only other barrier that has had more than one identification of nanodiamonds is the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. The nanodiamonds in this barrier are the result of the cosmic impact that killed off the dinosaurs and many other species on Earth, 65 million years ago.
Source: University of California, Santa Barbara
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Application of Null Space Based Behavior Control to the Swarm Robot's Control
Abstract
This paper proposes a solution to controls warm robots in an effort to avoid obstacles, moving to the goal by the method of Null Space based Behavior (NSB) control of an individual in the swarm. This paper also provides the stability analysis of the converging process by investigating the relationship between single agents, and the analysis result is proved by using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the simulation results in two-dimensional space have confirmed the obtained theoretical results.
Share and Cite:
Nga, L. and Lan, L. (2015) Application of Null Space Based Behavior Control to the Swarm Robot's Control. Modern Mechanical Engineering, 5, 97-104. doi: 10.4236/mme.2015.53009.
1. Introduction
The swarm robots, a new research trend with many promising technologies in the field of robotics, particularly have high intellect, but do not require the complex manufacturing technology. The swarms are increasingly interested in the study, although each study has given specific research goals. The research of the converging process plays an important role in swarm robots. V. Gazi, Kevin M. Passino [1] considered the number of individuals-M in n-dimensional Euclidean space, the assumption of uniformity and visibility between individuals is not limited. The move of the individuals depends on the attraction/repulsion forces which are explicit mathematical functions. The authors have demonstrated the stability of the swarm: all the individuals will be located in a certain area after the period of time of moving. [2] and [3] also provided attraction/repulsion functions which are explicit functions similar to [1] , but [2] developed the model based on the interaction from the individual to another, or between the individual and the environment. The model designed [2] stands for seeking food, and the results are simulated in 3D space. [3] analyzed the stability of the swarm, attraction/repulsion forces between individuals will be 0 if they do not see each other (apart from the impact of the sensor) and the forces are only equal to g (.) when the individuals are neighboring. Second difference [3] is the limit move of each individual and the move and has an effect on the convergence of swarm. Therefore, the model [3] stands for a model of actual biological swarm. When the swarm robots move in an environment with obstacles, they have to avoid ecollising obstacles. Avoid y obstacles has been studying extensively and many control algorithms solving this problem have been proposed. However, most of these algorithms are constituted on the basis of a single robot, the size and mass areas large as [4] [5] .
In content of this paper, firstly we proposed a solution to control swarm robots to avoid obstacles and moving to the goal, then analyzed the stability of the swarm and finally, we conducted the algorithm on Matlab software.
2. Model Swarm Robot by the Method of Null Space Based Behavior Control
2.1. The Swarm Robots Perform a Task
Consider the swarm robots of N individuals move in two dimensions, given: is the position and: is velocity vector of movement of the i―individual (i = 1 ÷ N), then the mathematical model of the i-individual is described as follows:
(1)
Given s is the variables are controlled to complete objectives
(2)
The derivative (2) in time:
(3)
To combine (1) và (3):
where: J(p) is Jacobian matrix,
Inferring:
(4)
where: J+ known as pseudo inverse matrix,
Call the disachieveable desired distance, then (4) is rewritten as follows:
(5)
where: l factor is positive,.
The null projector matrix Nn is a projector onto the null space of J:
2.2. The Swarm Robots Perform Multiple Tasks
Consider the case swarm robots perform tasks move to the goal, on moving them to avoid obstacles lie in the way to avoid being damaged. Now each individual robot must perform three tasks:
-The first task: to avoid obstacles.
-The second task: to move to the goal.
-The third task: to maintain swarm.
To control the robot performs the above tasks, the supervisor can choose the priority level of the task. In this article, we chose the priority level order: avoid obstacles, moving to goal and maintain swarm. NSB control [6] , which the is technique control was designed to be based on hierarchical priority of the task: by projecting the lower priority task on the null space of higher priority tasks, a diagram of velocity synthetic of the robot is shown in Figure 1.
 Determine the speed to avoid obstacles:
Figure 1. Diagram of velocity synthetic of the i-robot.
Given: the position of static obstacles,: the distance between the i-robot and obstacle is determined by the formula:.
The desire of the robot control is to avoid obstacles: if obstacles are on the robot moves to the goal, the robot must will be far from obstacles a safe distance; if an obstacle is out of robot's movement then the obstacle does not affect the speed of movement of the robot. It means that the moving speed of the robot individual depends on the distance between the robot and obstacle.
Jacobian matrix: performance the moves of robot's velocity vector avoides obstacles
(6)
Pseudo inverse of matrix Jo:,.
The null projector matrix of Jo:
, (7)
From (5) inferred the velocity vector of the robot to avoid obstacles are identified as follows:
(8)
where: the error between the actual distance and the desired distance.
 Determine the velocity of moves to the goal:
Similar to calculate velocity avoid moving to the goal: is the position of the goal to be reached, sg Î R the distance between the ith robot and the goal is determined by the formula:
The desire control the robot's move toward the goal is the distance from the robot to the goal.
Matrix Jacobian:
(9)
Pseudo inverse of matrix Jg:
The null projector matrix of Jg:
, (10)
From (5) inferred the velocity vector of the robot movement to the goal are defined as follows
(11)
where: the error between the actual distance and the desired distance.
 Determine the velocity of move maintain swarm:
In swarm robots, maintain the swarm is a very important task, many of the scientific research on this problem, but in the [7] , we have analyzed the convergence behavior of the swarm based on laws attraction/repulsion fuzzy. The physical significance of our model is clear. If an individual is close to the others in the swarm, the repulsion dominates, which ensures the individual far away from them enough to be "safe". The repulsion increases as any two individuals get closer because in the real nature the individuals are inclined to be more apart away from others if they are nearer. If an individual is far away from others in the swarm, the attraction dominates, which makes the individual get closer to the other members of the swarm. However, as the distance between the individual and the others gets bigger, this individual will loss more connection to other members of the swarm, and thus, the attraction decreases to zero as the distance increases to infinity. The attraction/repulsion function is built based on fuzzy logic. The distance between the i-robot and the j-robot (j = 1 ÷ N, j ≠ i) is:
The purpose of the control is maintains distance between individuals in the swarm always equal a constant:
,
In [7] , the kinetic model of the i?individual is built as follows:
(12)
where: the interaction forces between the robot pair (i, j), this function is built on the basis of fuzzy logic:
(13)
Matrix Jacobian:
(14)
Pseudo inverse of matrix Js:
(15)
The null projector matrix of Js:
, (16)
From (5) inferred to maintain the velocity vector of the robot swarm is defined as follows:
(17)
 Integrated velocity when the robot perform all three tasks:
The desired control (velocities) are:
(18)
where:;.
3. Analyzing the Stability of Robot Swarm by the Method of Null Space Based Behavior Control Lemma
Let be a symmetric matrix and x, y are vectors with appropriate dimension. Denote the smallest and largest eigenvalue of matrix A. Then: and.
Proof.
Let denote are the eigenvalues of matrix A. There is a set of orthonormal base such. The vector can be described as:.
Then:
So we have:
Therefore: or:.
On the other side, we have:
or:
Then:
Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient condition of asymptotically stable task error vector is the Jacobians associated with obstacle avoidance o and reach goal g tasks and the Jacobians associated with separation task and the augmented task og satisfy the independence condition:
(19)
where denotes the rank of the matrix.
Proof.
A possible Lyapunov function candidate continuously differentiable is given by, whose time derivative is:
(20)
due to the fact that:.
We have to prove that the function: is positive definite.
Firstly, it is not difficult to claim that a necessary condition of the positive definiteness of V1 is that two first elements on the main diagonal and the function is positive definite. The element is obviously positive as along as the gain. The element is positive if the obstacle avoidance and reach goal tasks are independent, i.e., if condition (19) hold and the gain. The function is positive definite if the matrix is positive definite. To prove it let define the eigenvalues of the symmetric positive definite matrix as. Then we can rewrite


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Photo by Harry G. Hines - Image from "East of Adelaide: photographs of commercial, industrial and working-class urban Ontario"
In late 1911, the London & Lake Erie Railway opted to purchase new equipment from the Niles Car Company of Niles, Ohio. The bids for this equipment was between Niles and Preston. which supplied the 80 series cars. While Preston's bid was lower, Niles guaranteed the cars faster, and they, ultimately won the contract. The order consisted of two motor coaches and two trailers. The motors were numbered 97 and 99, while the trailers were numbered 93 and 95. These cars were delivered in early 1912 and rode on Baldwin MCB trucks which the company purchased directly from the builder. These cars usually were run in coach/trailer pairs, but they were occasionally run together.
Problems arose early on with these cars due to the size of the flanges on the trucks. The wheels were contoured for street railway running and were shallower than those on interurban cars. The Traction's winding curves and steep grades complicated things and the new cars were prone to derailments. The wheels were replaced shortly after delivery, but the cars' career on the London & Lake Erie was destined to be short-lived. In 1915, the two Niles motors and trailers were sold to the Niagara, St. Catherines and Toronto Railway as their Numbers 60-63. The two trailer cars were rebuilt into powered motors and all 4 lasted into the 1950's on the NSt.C&T.
Last Update June 14, 2011
Back to Equipment Index
Any questions, comments, pictures, etc - Please e-mail me Dan MacKellar


text:
DePaul professors help bring the Civil War to life
May 15, 2012
DePaul faculty experts in history and art history have joined forces to curate a website exhibiting Civil War-era art drawn from Chicago museum collections.
The website, The Civil War in Art, was established to mark the Civil War's 150th anniversary and provide a resource for teachers.
The Terra Foundation, one of the most generous sponsors of American artwork, enlisted Associate Professor Margaret Storey from the history department and Associate Professor Mark Pohlad from the history of art and architecture department to create cohesion among the many collections the website features.
"The idea behind the site was that lots of people or institutions from around Chicago would donate art, including the Art Institute, the Newberry Library, the DuSable Museum, the Chicago Public Library, the Park District and the Chicago History Museum," Pohlad says. "Our job was to organize and editorialize these works of art.
"We were also there to make it all feel like one coherent collection," Storey adds. "Each of these contributors would send text about their items. Some were only interested in the pieces as art and some were more interested in history. We had to bring the two worlds together."
The site contains a stunning array of works from the pre-war era, the Civil War era and post-war pieces dating into the mid-20th century. The art provides new insights into the impact the war had on the national psyche. Each piece has been scanned in detail, allowing up-close looks at rare works.
"The site allows teachers and their classes to see things that are not usually available because many of these items are not in a holding library or museum," Pohlad says. "It's a virtual world where students can make a more intimate connection with the art."
In addition, the site provides lesson plans secondary teachers can use to teach social studies through the arts.
Though Chicago rose to its greatest heights after the Civil War, the city has many connections to it, Storey says.
"The people who built Chicago after the fire lived through this war," she says. "They collected the art and built the monuments throughout the city for a reason—because the war was so cataclysmic for the union and because it was so meaningful to the country that came out of it. Chicago played an enormous role in that war, and people who lived here talked and thought about it a lot. It impacted their culture in ways we really don't understand when we drive by Grant's monument on Lake Shore Drive."
Artwork of note
Storey and Pohlad singled out several pieces of note in the collections, including an image of an African-American soldier carved into a whale's tooth, a children's game where players act out scenes of secession and illustrations of war images by famed artist Winslow Homer.
"Winslow Homer's 'A Sharpshooter on Picket Duty' is my favorite," Storey says. "Homer was known for candidly portraying the front at home. Sharpshooters were morally ambiguous figures. They were prized as experts who were valuable for both armies, but because they picked people off, they collapsed the fiction that war wasn't murder. People felt uncomfortable with that. Homer's drawing is so active and conveys the predatory nature and the fine skill of this person."
"My favorite is a tiny statue of Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, whose best-known work is the sculpture of a seated Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.," Pohlad says. "It's a very quiet piece, but it's also quite powerful."
As important as the website was, the project served as an important opportunity for two DePaul departments to come together.
"It's wonderful to break down these silos," Pohlad says. "It's natural for art and history to be together."
"It's an interesting and unique site in that it tries to present both artwork and historical work," Storey adds. "That's what made it very challenging to do, but also what made it special."


Scop of MA English literature and linguistics in Pakistan
Pakistan is a progressing country. We have been teaching English as Second language to our students. So, Everyone is curious about the scope of the Master or BS level degree in English in Pakistan. I have explained in detail the concepts associated with the scope of bs in English or MA in English in Pakistan.
Bs and MA english literature and linguistics scope
Scope of BS English / MA English in Pakistan
The difference between MA English and BS English is very minor. BS in English Literature and Linguistics is equal to a Master in English literature and linguistics.
 So, both degrees have the same scope and importance in Pakistan.
Is BS English / MA English a good degree?
MA English is the best degree to choose at master level, it not only polishes your reading and writing abilities but also gives you the best options in your career.
It's not because it is an international language, the main reason is that it is our official language used at educational institutes and courts.
English is a mandatory language for almost every job and a master's degree in English opens several upcoming opportunities.
You can read details about MA English syllabus and subjects in a separate post on this blog.
The degree is of two years offered by several universities and you can attempt it as a private student. The admission criteria differ for each institution but it basically depends upon the graduation marks. You will cover both classical and modern English in these two years.
If you are not interested in English, you can choose a subject from a list of all subjects for Private MA and do an MA in any subjects you want.
Jobs and Careers after MA English
After getting a master's degree in MA English you can show excellence in various fields. A master of the English language is unbeatable in communication skills.
Many companies and firms demand persons to handle national and international communication with clients. If you are holding a degree in MA English following are the major careers you can adopt.
You can do the following jobs after MA English in Pakistan:
1. Teaching:
The first best career for a person who has his major in English is to be a teacher. You can try into the government sector after having a professional education degree.
Teaching at different levels like school, college or a coaching center is a very respectable job. You can attend international teaching seminars to get a job at the best educational institutes.
Instead of traditional teaching, you can work as a remote teacher to help out students in learning English. You can also start writing or spoken English program and teach students online.
This not only makes you in ease but also you can charge a handsome fee for international students.
2. Freelancing:
People are usually looking for a remote job. If you have an English degree your excellence in writing and communication gives you a high opportunity here.
You can work as a Virtual Assistant for different persons. All you need to make an account on a Freelancing platform, make a grabbing profile, get clients, and work anytime and from anywhere.
You can work more than a Virtual Assistant, a Freelance Writer, or a Rewriter, more than it you can do academic research for clients. If you have a good voice, you can also work as an English Voiceover artist.
3. Professional Writer:
Every proposal and record are present in a well-mannered written format in most companies. Different businesses and companies demand a proposal to be properly documented and written in a defined form.
Major companies hire specialists to write their letters, professional E-mails to the clients, and proposals to be documented. A person having a master's in English should try this job.
4. Articulate at a Company:
In the industry, companies need to communicate with each other and with clients. This communication not only confined to document sharing but sometimes it needs to have personal meetings and conversations to attend.
Employees having a high command of their work sometimes lose clients because of poor attitude in communication.
Companies then give jobs to specialists who can handle verbal communication at offices. An English degree holder is the best person to act as a verbal assistant at a company.
5. Content Writer:
This is the era of technology; everything is moving online. Business, firms, and associations are building their Websites and Webpages to reach out to more clients. They need persons to write their content on their websites, day by day changes and writings are required for several areas of a Website.
You can work as a content writer for more than one company. International companies also offer online jobs as Content Writer remotely.
These companies not only offer a good package but also you get experience and can reach out to more clients.
6. Civil Services Jobs and Tests
If you have enough command on English and good at writing skills you can go for a civil service exam like CSS and PMS.
A person with a strong background in English finds it a great option for their future as they have a good knowledge of literature and history. These White-Collar jobs are not only highly paid but also give you a strong position at working place.
BS English is good for CSS as it gives you an excellent writing skill in English. Moreover, you have a sound knowledge of English language and literature which helps you a lot in CSS.
You can read my other post on a Complete guide and information about CSS.
7. Editor:
If you have a high command of English you can work as an Editor at different places. Many offices, law firms, educational institutes, publishing houses, and newspaper publishing places requires a highly skilled and professional editor.
As a MA English degree holder, you can work as an Editor at these places.
Moreover, you can also work as a script editor, web content editor, and indifferent magazine publishing company. Many offices related to publishing also need editors to refine their work.
8. Journalist:
Another well-paid job is being a journalist or to join a media center either print or electronic media. As an MA English degree holder, you can well describe the facts using catching words than others.
You can do research, edit content, write news stories; for magazines, journals, newspapers, and for online media places. You can also join media places as an anchorperson as you have proficient skills in English.
But for journalism, you need to have a good vocabulary, high command on word usage, and expressive in your writing.
Related post: Scope of mass communication in Pakistan
9. English Learning Academy:
If you want to be a self-employer after getting a MA English degree, you have your option. Many people are searching for an English academy or a tutor.
Open your own academy, arrange classes for both English speaking and writing. Both courses are always in demand as people wanted to improve their English skills. You will get a handsome income from this self-employment job.
10. Translator, Proofreader etc
You can apply for this job. You also join Fivver to get you the order for this service. People will hire you to do the translation, proofreading and other content manipulation jobs. But being a success on Fivver is not easy. You can read our post which will help you get your first order on Fivver with simple tips and tricks
Benefits of MA English in Pakistan
The best advantage of having an English degree is that you have a hold on grammar and writing capabilities. This opens a lot of options as you can write whatever you want and covert your ideas in an efficient manner.
If you have some knowledge about SEO, you can also start your website or write articles for others. You can work as a reporter, an Urdu translator, proofreader, and much more.
MA English or BS English salary in Pakistan
The salary of MA English or BS English depends upon the nature of Job and the scope of the company in which you are working.
The salary of an English teacher at secondary level is usually between Rs 20,000 to Rs 30,000. But the colleges offer a higher salary between Rs 30,000-50,000 to English teachers.
Similarly, if you do content editing and translation and proofreading jobs, you may get Rs 30,000 to Rs 50,000 in a month easily.
I hope you will like this article as it covers all the major fields which well suited for a person having its major degree in English. The scope of BS English and MA English is good in Pakistan but it all depends upon your hard work and secondary skills.
You may like to read more about these topics by following the links below:
1. What to do after BA in Pakistan
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Sediment yield is eroded soil that transported from a place to a measurement point, for example in a reservoir. Sediment in the reservoir is a problem that can reduce the performance of the reservoir, so it needs to be assess regularly. One of many ways to assess is to calculate the potential of sediment that enters the reservoir. The research objective is to calculate the potential of sediment that enters the reservoir at Situ Gintung Dam using two methods, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and Schaffernak methods. The USLE method calculate sediment that comes from land erosion of a watershed, but the potential land erosion that occurred is not necessarily create actual sediment load at the river bed so it needs to be correlated with the results of the actual sediment load. The actual sediment load can be calculated using Schaffernak method. The results of that obtain from each method will analysed to confirm the representativeness of the potential land erosion in Situ Gintung Dam. Percent of potential land erosion that transform into the sediment in the water body can be calculated by the value of Schaffernack method.
|IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
|Published - 24 Nov 2020
|2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Environment, ICoGEE 2020 - Pangkalpinang, Indonesia
Duration: 8 Oct 2020 → …


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TB blackspots: Over 3,800 herds locked up in 2017
Some 3,885 herds were restricted or locked up with TB at some point throughout 2017, figures released by the Department of Agriculture show. When compared to 2016, that's an increase 5.5%.
In addition, some 17,266 reactors (test-positive animals) were identified nationally – up on the number witnessed throughout 2016. This translates to a herd incidence rate of 3.47% nationally, which is up from 3.27% in 2016.
Continuing on recent trends, the TB blackspots identified are once again located to the east of the country – namely Wicklow, Meath and Dublin. The counties of Waterford, Donegal and Mayo had the lowest herd incidence rates.
Wicklow (west) recorded the highest herd incidence rate of 11.05%, with 61 herds restricted – at some point – of the 552 tested throughout the year.
Wicklow (east) takes second place with a herd incidence of 5.97%, whereas Longford had the lowest number of reactors and herd incidence at 73 and 2.21% respectively.
In Munster, the highest herd incidence rate was recorded in Cork (north) at 4.72%. This was closely followed by Tipperary (north) at 4.26%.
However, Waterford had the lowest number of herds restricted and reactors at 36 and 149 respectively.
Ulster and Connacht
Farmers in Cavan experienced the highest rates of TB in the Ulster and Connacht region. Of the 4,757 herds tested throughout the year, 263 were restricted due to the identification of a reactor.
In addition, over 1,000 reactors were detected in Monaghan, 975 in Galway and 507 in Mayo. However, Donegal recorded the lowest herd incidence at 2%.


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Hyper-V: Verify the Migration
Published: August 15, 2012
Updated: June 25, 2013
Applies To: Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008 R2 with SP1, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2
After you have completed the migration, perform the following verification steps to ensure that the migration succeeded.
Use the Hyper-V security policy information (that you gathered when you prepared for migration) to verify that the roles and scopes are the same on the destination server as the corresponding roles and scopes on the source server.
Use the information you gathered about the virtual and physical networks to verify the following:
 - The virtual networks are the same on the destination server as they were on the source server.
 - If you migrated IP settings for the physical network adapters, such as static IP addresses, they are applied to the corresponding network adapter on the destination server.
Perform the following steps to determine whether the migrated virtual machines will operate as expected.
 1. Use the virtual machine information you gathered when you prepared for migration to verify the following:
 1. Check to see that the set of virtual machines on the destination server has all the virtual machines that were on the source server.
 2. For each virtual machine, verify that the state of the virtual machine on the destination server is the same as it was on the source server before the migration.
 3. For each virtual machine, verify that the snapshots it has are identical in number and structure to the snapshots of the corresponding virtual machine on the source server.
 4. Verify that the memory and number of virtual processors are the same as they were on the source server.
 5. Verify that the storage configuration (virtual hard disks and/or physical disks attached directly to the virtual machine) is identical to that on the source server.
 2. Start each migrated virtual machine. If a virtual machine does not start, check the event log under Applications and Service Logs\Microsoft\Windows\Hyper-V virtual machineMS\Admin to see why it failed to start. Common reasons for failure include:
 - The virtual machine is not in the correct scope in the authorization policy.
 - The storage is misconfigured. For example, one or more virtual hard disks might not be in the specified location. Check the hard disk settings for the virtual machine to make sure that the path to the .vhd file is valid. If the virtual machine is configured to use a directly attached physical disk, make sure it is attached to the destination server and shows as offline in Disk Management on the server.
 - One or more virtual hard disks do not have the required security permissions in the file system where the .vhd files are stored.
 3. Run some basic operations that change the state of each virtual machine to verify that the operations work as expected on the migrated virtual machine. For example, saving and restoring, pausing and resuming, starting and stopping, or taking and applying or deleting snapshots.
 4. Delete any of the snapshots you have taken as part of the previous step, turn off the virtual machine to merge the snapshot disks, and then turn on the virtual machine.
 5. After the virtual machine has booted into the operating system, run the necessary application-specific tests to ensure that the application on the virtual machine can provide the same service levels as it provided before the virtual machine was migrated.
 6. Verify that you can access the desktop of each virtual machine using Remote Desktop or Virtual Machine Connection, if you had access to the desktop on the source server.
 7. If the virtual machine passes all of the above tests, it is ready to be put into production.
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Patient and Family Rights and Responsibilities
Boston Children's Hospital ("Hospital") is committed to respecting and protecting the rights of its patients and families. We strive to provide care that is sensitive to culture, race, religion, gender, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, source of payment and national origin. This bill of rights provides information about our commitment to you and your family.
In this hospital, you and your family have the right to:
- Receive medical care without regard to race, creed, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital status, age (within guidelines), or disability.
- Receive prompt life-saving treatment in an emergency without discrimination on account of economic status or source of payment and without delay for purposes of discussing source of payment.
- Receive considerate, safe and respectful care and to have all reasonable requests responded to promptly and adequately within the capacity of the Hospital.
- Receive care that is individualized to support and address your or your child's age, personal dignity and needs.
- Obtain the name, staff position and licensure status, if any, of all persons who examine, observe or treat you by means of an identification badge required to be worn by all such persons.
- Refuse to be examined, observed, or treated by students or any other hospital staff in training. This will not affect your or your child's access to psychiatric, psychological, or other medical care and attention.
- Refuse to serve as a research subject and/or to receive care when the primary purpose of that care is educational or informational rather than therapeutic.
- Upon request, obtain an explanation as to the relationship, if any, of the Hospital to any other health care facility or educational institution insofar as said relationship relates to your care or treatment.
- Be given a copy of the "Patient and Parent or Legal Representative Rights and Responsibilities." If you cannot read them or understand them, someone will translate or explain them to you.
- Have your spiritual, cultural and psychosocial needs respected and supported.
- Receive care in a safe setting and to be free from all forms of abuse or harassment.
- Discuss any ethical issues you may have regarding your or your child's treatment with the nursing and medical staff. If your questions are not answered or further concerns exist, you may contact the hospital Ethics Advisory Committee.
- Upon request, to receive a list of names, addresses and telephone numbers of pertinent state client advocacy groups and protective services.
- For rape victims of childbearing age, to receive medically and factually accurate written information prepared by the Commissioner of Public Health about emergency contraception, and to be provided with emergency contraception upon request.
- If refused treatment because of economic status or lack of a source of payment, to have prompt and safe transfer to a facility that will receive and treat you or your child, with the hospital arranging for transfer with appropriate clinical information and staff if necessary.
Privacy and confidentiality
- Have privacy during medical treatment or other rendering of care.
- Have confidentiality of all records and communications in accordance with Massachusetts and federal law.
- Access information contained in your clinical records within a reasonable timeframe and to receive a copy of your clinical records in accordance with Massachusetts law and Hospital policy.
- Receive a copy of the Hospital's privacy practices at the time of your registration.
- You may choose not to be listed in the hospital directory. This means that our staff will not forward phone calls or tell visitors where you are. Mail, flowers or gifts will not be delivered to you. Patient Directory information includes patient name, location and phone number within the Boston Children's facility.
- Request that the Hospital communicate your confidential health information only in accordance with applicable law and the Hospital's privacy practices.
- Not have your confidential information discussed in public areas of the Hospital.
- To find out how your confidential health information may be used and what disclosures have been made as required by state and federal law.
- Request certain restrictions of the use or disclosure of your health information unless it interferes with patient care, treatment, or Hospital operations.
- Designate visitors unless such visitor(s) would pose a risk to the patient, other patients, staff, or would otherwise interfere with hospital operations.
- Deny visitors to the extent permitted by law. This right does not apply to people who are directly involved in your care.
- Request an amendment or correction to your confidential health information, if you believe the information is incomplete or incorrect as permitted by applicable law.
- Refuse any contacts for fundraising or marketing activities.
- File a complaint about any of the Hospital's health information practices by contacting the Hospital's Privacy Officer at _PHONE_ or HIPAA Compliance Manager at _PHONE_. Or if you believe your rights have been violated, you may contact:
The Office for Civil Rights
United States Department of Health and Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Room 509F HHH Bldg.
Washington, D.C. 20201
Decision making and consent/participation in care
- Except when emergency services are required, a physician or other clinician will provide you and/or your family with sufficient information that you can understand about your condition, planned treatment, procedures, including potential benefits, risks or side effects, and prognosis so that you may be involved in decisions regarding your care, treatment and services.
- Based on such information, give informed consent to your care and treatment in accordance with Massachusetts law.
- Make advance directives if you are 18 years of age or older. This means you have the right to direct your health care or choose someone to make health care decisions for you if you are no longer able to make your own health care decisions.
- Have your decisions regarding organ donation honored within the limits of the law or hospital capacity.
- Have a family member or legal representative promptly notified of your admission to the hospital.
- You have the right to a clear explanation of the results and outcomes of any treatment or procedure, including unanticipated outcomes.
- Be informed by your physician or other clinician of any ongoing needs following your discharge from the Hospital and the availability of resources in your community that can help you.
- Receive information regarding access to special services such as guardianship, advocacy services and protective services.
- Refuse consent for care, treatment and services to the extent permitted by law. You also have the right to be fully informed of the effects of refusing treatment and the potential medical consequences of your actions.
- Consult with a specialist at your request and expense.
- Transfer to another hospital subject to Massachusetts law. A transfer will be made only when medically appropriate and only when appropriate information related to the care, treatment, and services provided is exchanged with care providers at the receiving facility. Any transfer, except in an emergency, would be fully explained and provisions for continuity of care would be made.
- Receive care that reasonably accommodates for special needs.
- Information about any research or education projects that affect your child's care or treatment. You have the right to give permission or to refuse to join in these projects. You will receive care regardless of whether you refuse to participate in these projects.
- Care that incorporates pain management.
- Receive regular, age-appropriate pain assessments, prompt responses to complaints of pain by staff, and to be involved in the decisions about pain management.
- Be free from seclusion and restraints of any form that are not medically necessary and do not improve your child's well being. Use of restraints for medical, surgical or behavior management will be in compliance with applicable law and Hospital policy. Restraint includes either a physical restraint or a drug that is being used as a restraint. Seclusion is the involuntary confinement of a person in a room or area where the person is physically prevented from leaving.
- Upon request, receive a copy of an itemized bill or other statement of charges and an explanation of the bill and/or charges, regardless of the source of payment.
- Receive information about financial assistance and free health care.
The members of your or your child's health care team will:
- Introduce themselves to you or your child.
- Explain their roles in your or your child's care.
- Seek your opinion about the goals of your or your child's care and take the time to listen to you.
- Speak and write respectfully to you and/or your child.
- Confirm your or your child's identity by checking your wristband or asking your name and date of birth before administering any medication or treatment.
A positive environment
To provide care that respects a person's stage of growth and development, we:
- Consider you or your child's interests and needs, not just those related to illness.
- Ensure that our staff understands the needs and concerns of children, teenagers and young adults.
- Provide opportunities for patients to grow and learn.
- Try to keep your schedule or child's schedule and activities as normal as possible.
- Encourage you to bring your or your child's clothes and special items from home.
In this hospital, you have the responsibility to:
- Share with your care providers information about your or your child's health, such as a complete health history, symptoms, treatments, medicines taken and any other information that could bear on your or your child's health. You should report perceived risks to your or your child's care and unexpected changes in your or your child's condition.
- Tell us how you want to take part in your or your child's care and ask us questions if you do not understand any part of the care or what you are expected to do to participate in that care.
- Follow the treatment plan and instructions provided to you by nurses and other health care providers and express any concerns about your ability to follow the proposed care plan or course of care, treatment or services.
- Let us know if you are not satisfied with your or your child's care or with any other aspect of your experience at the Hospital.
- Respect


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|Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide||Chapter 8|
Reusability is the extent to which code can be used in different applications with minimal change. As code is reused in a new application, that new application partially inherits the attributes of that code. If the code is maintainable, the application is more maintainable. If it is portable, then the application is more portable. So this chapter's guidelines are most useful when all of the other guidelines in this book are also applied.
Several guidelines are directed at the issue of maintainability. Maintainable code is easy to change to meet new or changing requirements. Maintainability plays a special role in reuse. When attempts are made to reuse code, it is often necessary to change it to suit the new application. If the code cannot be changed easily, it is less likely to be reused.
There are many issues involved in software reuse: whether to reuse parts, how to store and retrieve reusable parts in a library, how to certify parts, how to maximize the economic value of reuse, how to provide incentives to engineers and entire companies to reuse parts rather than reinvent them, and so on. This chapter ignores these managerial, economic, and logistic issues to focus on the single technical issue of how to write software parts in Ada to increase reuse potential. The other issues are just as important but are outside of the scope of this book.
One of the design goals of Ada was to facilitate the creation and use of reusable parts to improve productivity. To this end, Ada provides features to develop reusable parts and to adapt them once they are available. Packages, visibility control, and separate compilation support modularity and information hiding (see guidelines in Sections 4.1, 4.2, 5.3, and 5.7). This allows the separation of application-specific parts of the code, maximizes the general purpose parts suitable for reuse, and allows the isolation of design decisions within modules, facilitating change. The Ada type system supports localization of data definitions so that consistent changes are easy to make. The Ada inheritance features support type extension so that data definitions and interfaces may be customized for an application. Generic units directly support the development of general purpose, adaptable code that can be instantiated to perform specific functions. The Ada 95 improvements for object-oriented techniques and abstraction support all of the above goals. Using these features carefully and in conformance to the guidelines in this book, produces code that is more likely to be reusable.
Reusable code is developed in many ways. Code may be scavenged from a previous project. A reusable library of code may be developed from scratch for a particularly well-understood domain, such as a math library. Reusable code may be developed as an intentional byproduct of a specific application. Reusable code may be developed a certain way because a design method requires it. These guidelines are intended to apply in all of these situations.
The experienced programmer recognizes that software reuse is much more a requirements and design issue than a coding issue. The guidelines in this section are intended to work within an overall method for developing reusable code. This section will not deal with artifacts of design, testing, etc. Some research into reuse issues related specifically to the Ada language can be found in AIRMICS (1990), Edwards (1990), and Wheeler (1992).
Regardless of development method, experience indicates that reusable code has certain characteristics, and this chapter makes the following assumptions:
In addition to these criteria, a reusable part must be easier to reuse than to reinvent, must be efficient, and must be portable. If it takes more effort to reuse a part than to create one from scratch or if the reused part is simply not efficient enough, reuse does not occur as readily. For guidelines on portability, see Chapter 7.
- Reusable parts must be understandable. A reusable part should be a model of clarity. The requirements for commenting reusable parts are even more stringent than those for parts specific to a particular application.
- Reusable parts must be of the highest possible quality. They must be correct, reliable, and robust. An error or weakness in a reusable part may have far-reaching consequences, and it is important that other programmers can have a high degree of confidence in any parts offered for reuse.
- Reusable parts must be adaptable. To maximize its reuse potential, a reusable part must be able to adapt to the needs of a wide variety of users.
- Reusable parts should be independent. It should be possible to reuse a single part without also adopting many other parts that are apparently unrelated.
This chapter should not be read in isolation. In many respects, a well-written, reusable component is simply an extreme example of a well-written component. All of the guidelines in the previous chapters and in Chapter 9 apply to reusable components as well as components specific to a single application. As experience increases with the 1995 revision to the Ada standard, new guidelines may emerge while others may change. The guidelines listed here apply specifically to reusable components.
Guidelines in this chapter are frequently worded "consider..." because hard and fast rules cannot apply in all situations. The specific choice you can make in a given situation involves design tradeoffs. The rationale for these guidelines is intended to give you insight into some of these tradeoffs.
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Excitation (total ion yield) and de-excitation (resonant photoemission) spectra have been measured in the Si 1s photoexcitation region of the F 3SiCH2CH2Si(CH3)3 molecule using monochromatized undulator radiation. Theoretical calculations within the framework of density functional theory have reproduced the observed total ion yield spectrum very well. The first peak at the lowest photon energy, coming from Si 1s excitation at the trimethyl side into a vacant orbital, induces spectator Auger decays in which the excited electron remains in its valence orbital. The second peak produced through excitation of Si 1s electron at the trifluoride side generates resonant Auger decays in which the excited valence electron remains predominantly also in the valence orbital or is partly shaken up into higher Rydberg orbitals. The third peak generated through Si 1s excitation at the trifluoride side produces resonant Auger decays in which the excited Rydberg electron remains or is partly shaken down to a lower lying valence molecular orbital. These findings exhibit a clear distinction between resonant Auger decays following photoexcitation of Si 1s electrons under different chemical environments.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Nature has ways of providing us with everything we need to sustain ourselves if modern society fails us. What sources of food would benefit us in the wild? We know we can eat deer, fish, or even squirrels, but can you eat a possum? Furthermore, if we can, what's the best way to prepare it and what other benefits can eating a possum offer us?
Let's find out.
Can Humans Eat Possums?
Yes, humans can eat possums as long you cook them the right way. Otherwise, you may face an issue worse than starvation due to the ailments possums might carry.
You should skin them to check for diseases these creatures might harbor. Otherwise, clean the meat, and you have yourself a decent meal in the forest when you have no other options.
People in New Zealand have eaten brushtail possums ever since their introduction to the country in 1837. These creatures became such a significant threat to the country's environment that citizens were encouraged to kill them. So, some decided that it would be efficient to eat them as well rather than wasting meat.
In the United States, we have the Virginia opossum. Many will also find this same species throughout Canada. However, humans can still eat these possums. As a matter of fact, as a child, Jimmy Carter ate a lot of them.
However, possums serve as an essential mediator in nature. These wild animals control local pests like mice in addition to insects. They also eat nearly anything from rotting fruit, to slugs, to cockroaches. Because they are immune to snake venom and scorpion stings, they are a great natural quality control for these dangers.
Because of this, I only recommend eating possums if you're in a dire situation.
What Does Possum Meat Taste Like?
While some say possums taste like a lamb, others state their taste depends on their food supply at the time.
If you have an opossum whose diet revolves around eggs, fruit, and bugs will have a more pleasant taste than eating one that has survived off of pet food or whatever's in the garbage cans.
If the possum ate garbage before you killed it, the meat's scent would be a dead giveaway. If it did eat trash, it doesn't mean it'll taste like it. The possum would likely have a greasy taste.
When you're in the wild and hunt a possum, you won't run into this problem. Wild possums generally feast on whatever they can find, including animals, plants, seeds, and insects.
Some people like to add garnishes to their possums. If you're in the woods, you likely won't have any on you. However, you can enhance the possum's flavor and transform it into a tastier meal with natural garnishes like wild thyme or rosemary.
Possum meat isn't gamey like other meat you'll find in the wild. It has a fair amount of protein and nutrients to keep you going whenever you don't have anything else to eat. Possum meat is a great source of Protein with around 241% of your daily value in one pound of meat. It also includes Niacin, Vitamin B6, Iron, Phosphorus and Selenium, and provides a high amount of Vitamin B12.
Possum meat is low in sodium, but does contain quite a bit of cholesterol.
What Diseases Can You Get From a Possum?
The primary disease to watch out for when eating possums is tuberculosis (TB). Moreover, opossums potentially carry other diseases they pick up from eating insects like ticks and other parasites, however opossums are generally resistant to many diseases.
You can determine whether a possum has TB by skinning them and observing their groin and underarm glands. If you notice them swelling into large abscesses identical to a golf ball, then the opossum isn't safe to eat.
Fortunately, possums are resistant to rabies. This is because their body temperatures are too low to host the rabies virus. It is also rare that they contract Lyme disease from tick bites. Keep in mind that even if they're drooling and hissing at you, it's just a part of their self-defense arsenal to ward off predators.
How Do You Cook Possum?
To properly cook a possum to avoid eating unclean meat, you'll want to follow these steps:
 - Skin it to see whether they have any diseases and to rid the animal of any lice or fleas.
 - Hang it from a tree, cut its throat, and let its blood drain.
 - Remove its organs and bury them underground to avoid attracting predators.
 - Rinse the opossum meat inside and out.
 - Jab your possum with a giant stick and hover it over a campfire. Hold and rotate once in a while until your opossum's crispy like chicken.
If you're backpacking and have an extra cooking pot, cooking possums can also be achieved by throwing your meat into the pot, fill it with a bit of water, and stew your opossum for about an hour.
It is essential to thoroughly cook the meat. If you eat undercooked meat, you can risk getting sick which could eventually lead to severe consequences in the wild.
When stewing, the possum's fat will mix with the water, making for a tasty possum gravy.
If you happen to have extra spices like pepper in your bag that were intended for recipes before you ran out of food, add it to the crisp or stewed possum. That way, you'll get a little more kick from your meat.
Unfortunately, you're not likely going to have your pressure cooker when in the woods for an exquisite opossum meal. So, you're going to have to eat possums like European settlers.
How Do You Kill a Possum Quickly?
The best way to kill a possum quickly is with a shotgun or pistol to end its life in the most humane way possible. Otherwise, if you don't have a gun on you, opt for trapping it instead.
If there's any intention of eating the possum, do not poison it because that almost guarantees you would ingest the same poison.
If you decide to trap it, these critters are generally unaware of their surroundings and are easy to catch. If you happen to have a cage trap on you, set bait inside the cage. Some bait the possum would go for, like fruit, marshmallows, or cat food—if you happen to have any for some reason.
If there's no cage in your bag, but there is a net, use it to catch the possum if you find it trapped.
There aren't any specific laws in the United States that state opossums are protected. Moreover, there are open seasons for trapping and hunting these animals.
However, some areas forbid you from handling possums yourself. Rangers would kill the possum by using carbon dioxide so research state and local wildlife laws before trapping and hunting possums.
Humans can eat possums under the right circumstances. Ensure you check the critter for tuberculosis before cleaning and cooking it. Otherwise, for the most part, it's safe to eat these creatures. If you decide to kill possums, either trap them or shoot them to end its life quickly.
Whether you're lost in the woods or are running out of food, possums make for an excellent protein source. One that'll also fill your belly and give you enough energy to do whatever you need.
Outdoors Being
Outdoors Being
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History of Bothin Marsh
Bothin Marsh once extended from the Marin Headlands into the Mill Valley foothills, but like many bayside marshes and wetland areas, it has weathered through its share of threats through the years.
1800s: Bothin Marsh named after original owner Henry Bothin
1970: Developer KSW Properties fills in and builds on portions of the extensive marsh
1975: Trust for Public Land purchases remaining marsh area
1981: Marin County Parks and Open Space District formally acquires the marsh and easement across the old railroad tracks
Photo: Diana Clock
Bothin Marsh is a beautiful marsh over 100 acres in size on the north end of Richardson Bay alongside a well-traveled section of the Bay Trail. This Marin County Open Space District Preserve is a mix of tidal wetlands, sloughs and Bay that provides habitat for hundreds of native bird and wildlife species, including the endangered salt marsh harvest mouse and California clapper rail. It's also a resting stop for over 400 species of migratory birds traveling on the Pacific Flyway. The Bothin Marsh Preserve includes tidal wetlands in the north end of Richardson Bay.
Photo: Diana Clock
Save The Bay Restores Bothin Marsh
In comparison to some of Save The Bay's restoration sites, Bothin Marsh is a relatively healthy marsh. Yet to ensure that this historic wetland is preserved in perpetuity, the Marin County Parks and Open Space District (MCPOSD) and Save The Bay are partnering to control invasive plants, and create upland habitat for endangered wildlife.
Goals of this restoration project include:
- Provide refuge for wildlife by planting native wetland plants such as monkey flower and gumplant
- Create a natural buffer of native wetland plants between the heavily-used trails and the marsh to encourage people and dogs to stay on the trail and out of the sensitive wetland area
- Eradicate invasive iceplant to allow for growth of native plants
- Monitor plant growth and map invasive plant species for future removal


text:
Long-term measurement could be the best approach to determine the average pollutant concentration of an indoor environment for decisions on mitigation measures. This approach requires considerable measurement effort for accurate results and hence indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment methods that need less effort have been developed. This study proposes an epistemic approach for assessing an acceptable office IAQ against certain indoor air pollutant exposure limits. Together with the prior understanding of failure rates of IAQ determined from a number of extensive survey studies, a sample test result of pollutant levels and the uncertainties of different sampling schemes, the probability of satisfactory IAQ for an assessed air-conditioned office could be quantified. In particular, assessment of an acceptable IAQ for some air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong was demonstrated by taking CO2as an example pollutant. Accuracy of the failure rates was improved by the application of sampling correction factors and Bayesian statistics. The probabilities of an acceptable office IAQ were evaluated against a CO2level limit. This approach would be useful for IAQ assessment in some air-conditioned offices.
- Air-conditioned offices
- CO measurements 2
- Epistemic assessment
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health


Learn About Instagram Proxies And How To Unblock Instagram
Instagram proxy has become popular in recent times. Proxies are a great way to hide the IP address. The users using proxies can hide their location and it becomes unknown to their respective internet service provider.
How to Unblock Instagram With a Proxy?
One can use proxies to unblock an Instagram account. These proxies can be used to change the IP address so Instagram is unable to flag the account. Through Instagram unblock proxy, one can also create multiple accounts from the same device. This makes unblock on Instagram simple. You must learn what is Instagram proxy and how to use it if you want your Instagram unblocked. This article will further help you understand more about the ways of Instagram's how to unblock.
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Instagram proxies are similar to all the regular Private proxies. One will be able to manage several Instagram accounts through an Instagram proxy. This would definitely help businesses who want to create several accounts for marketing purposes. People who have brands and businesses create more than one account to reach a wider audience. This will improve communication with the target audience and have more effective business deals and marketing strategies.
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People use Instagram bots and Instagram automation to increase their visibility on the platform. They create multiple accounts on Instagram. These Instagram proxies will prevent the multiple accounts created by the users to get discovered. This will further prevent the Instagram account ban. You can buy Instagram proxy from a trusted service provider to get started. You must get a proxy if you are utilizing bots on Instagram. Instagram proxies will help in smooth Instagram login unblocked online usage.

Unblock instagram
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Below are the ways to Instagram login unblocked online-
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INSTAGRAM PROXY FOR SCHOOL & BUSINESS & How to Access Instagram
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FAQs
1. Can I Use Free Proxies For Instagram?
It is advisable that you must not use free proxies for Instagram for a safe experience while using Instagram proxy.
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proxies for Instagram accounts will depend on the blocks. A unique proxy will be required for each account.
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You should avoid crowded subnets to not get banned. You should always use natural sources for referrers when using proxies.
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Tick-borne rickettsioses include mild to life-threatening diseases in humans worldwide. When removing an attached tick from the human body, patients and physicians may have two questions: 1) is the tick a known vector of a human infectious disease, and 2) is the tick infected by a pathogenic agent that could have been transmitted during the attachment period? The morphological identification of Ticks is difficult, and requires expertise and specific documentation. The use of Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an effective, rapid and inexpensive tool to identify arthropods including Ticks. Here, we show the utility of MALDI-TOF MS for the dual identification of tick species and the rapid detection of Rickettsia spp in Ticks. Such results can be used to guide decisions related to specific patient monitoring or the administration of preventive treatment. Additionally, the low consumable costs, the minimum time required for sample preparation and the rapid availability of the results of MALDI-TOF MS could be useful for epidemiological studies and tick-borne disease monitoring via the dual identification of vectors and the pathogens they carry in one step. These results present new opportunities for the management of other vector-borne diseases that are of importance to public health.
Detection of Rickettsia spp in Ticks by MALDI-TOF MS


10 Days to Launch Your Client Development Efforts: Day 3
On Day 1, you did a self-assessment. On Day 2 you created a vision of where you want to be in 3-5 years. Today let's figure out what you need to learn to get there. So, ask yourself and answer these questions:
1. How much non-billable time are you willing to spend in a year on your own development and client development? (I recommend 400-500 hours a year).
2. How much of that time are you willing to spend on your own development? (This depends on your experience.)


^2 is also even which means that b is even.
 10. By steps 5 and 8 a and b are both even, which contradicts that a/b is irreducible as stated in step 2.
Q.E.D.
Because there is a contradiction, the assumption (1) that \sqrt{2} is a rational number must be false. This means that \sqrt{2} is not a rational number; i.e., \sqrt{2} is irrational.
This proof was hinted at by Aristotle, in his Analytica Priora, §I.23.[10] It appeared first as a full proof in Euclid's Elements, as proposition 117 of Book X. However, since the early 19th century historians have agreed that this proof is an interpolation and not attributable to Euclid.[11]
Proof by unique factorization[edit]
An alternative proof uses the same approach with the fundamental theorem of arithmetic which says every integer greater than 1 has a unique factorization into powers of primes.
 1. Assume that \sqrt{2} is a rational number. Then there are integers a and b such that a is coprime to b and \sqrt{2} =a/b. In other words, \sqrt{2} can be written as an irreducible fraction.
 2. The value of b cannot be 1 as there is no integer a the square of which is 2.
 3. There must be a prime p which divides b and which does not divide a, otherwise the fraction would not be irreducible.
 4. The square of a can be factored as the product of the primes into which a is factored but with each power doubled.
 5. Therefore by unique factorization the prime p which divides b, and also its square, cannot divide the square of a.
 6. Therefore the square of an irreducible fraction cannot be reduced to an integer.
 7. Therefore the square root of 2 cannot be a rational number.
This proof can be generalized to show that if an integer is not an exact kth power of another integer then its kth root is irrational. The article quadratic irrational gives a proof of the same result but not using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Proof by infinite descent, not involving factoring[edit]
The following reductio ad absurdum argument showing the irrationality of \sqrt{2} is less well-known. It uses the additional information 2 > \sqrt{2} > 1 so that 1 > \sqrt{2} - 1 > 0.[12]
 1. Assume that \sqrt{2} is a rational number. This would mean that there exist positive integers m and n with n \ne 0 such that m/n = \sqrt{2}. Then m = n \sqrt{2} and m\sqrt{2} = 2n.
 2. We may assume that n is the smallest integer so that n\sqrt{2} is an integer. That is, that the fraction m/n is in lowest terms.
 3. Then \sqrt{2} = \frac{m}{n}=\frac{m(\sqrt{2}-1)}{n(\sqrt{2}-1)}=\frac{2n-m}{m-n}
 4. Because 1 > \sqrt{2} - 1 > 0, it follows that n > n(\sqrt{2} - 1) = m - n > 0.
 5. So the fraction m/n for \sqrt{2}, which according to (2) is already in lowest terms, is represented by (3) in strictly lower terms. This is a contradiction, so the assumption that \sqrt{2} is rational must be false.
Geometric proof[edit]
Irrationality of sqrt2.svg
Another reductio ad absurdum showing that \sqrt{2} is irrational is less well-known.[13] It is also an example of proof by infinite descent. It makes use of classic compass and straightedge construction, proving the theorem by a method similar to that employed by ancient Greek geometers. It is essentially the previous proof viewed geometrically.
Let ABC be a right isosceles triangle with hypotenuse length m and legs n. By the Pythagorean theorem, m/n = \sqrt{2}. Suppose m and n are integers. Let m:n be a ratio given in its lowest terms.
Draw the arcs BD and CE with centre A. Join DE. It follows that AB = AD, AC = AE and the ∠BAC and ∠DAE coincide. Therefore the triangles ABC and ADE are congruent by SAS.
Because ∠EBF is a right angle and ∠BEF is half a right angle, BEF is also a right isosceles triangle. Hence BE = m − n implies BF = m − n. By symmetry, DF = m − n, and FDC is also a right isosceles triangle. It also follows that FC = n − (m − n) = 2n − m.
Hence we have an even smaller right isosceles triangle, with hypotenuse length 2n − m and legs m − n. These values are integers even smaller than m and n and in the same ratio, contradicting the hypothesis that m:n is in lowest terms. Therefore m and n cannot be both integers, hence \sqrt{2} is irrational.
Pythagorean Theorem Proof[edit]
Suppose \sqrt{2} is rational.
That means that we can make a right isosceles triangle where the side lengths are natural numbers and the legs and the hypotenuse do not share any common factors (except 1). {1}
Since the legs are equal, so are their squares. So in order for the Pythagorean Theorem to work for this special right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse has to be an even number (and if we cut it in half once then we have the area of the square of the leg).
Recall that the square of an even number is even and the square of an odd number is odd. So if the square of the hypotenuse is even the hypotenuse is even as well. {2}
Remember that a square is a quadrilateral with 2 pairs of parallel sides which are equal in length and has 4 right angles. So both sides of the square of the hypotenuse are even.
So the square of the hypotenuse of this right triangle can be cut in half twice and still have integer area. Since we only want to cut it in half once, then we'll get an even number.
So the square of the leg is even. Now according to {2} the leg must be even
This contradicts our assumption at {1} that the leg and hypotenuse have no common factors (except 1). Because if they're both even they share a common factor of 2. So the assumption that \sqrt{2} was rational is false. Or in other words \sqrt{2} is an irrational number.
Analytic proof[edit]
 - Lemma: let \alpha \in \mathbb{R}^+ and p_1,p_2,\dots, q_1, q_2, \ldots \in \mathbb{N} such that \left|\alpha q_n - p_n \right| \neq 0 for all n \in \mathbb{N} and
\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} p_n = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} q_n = \infty\,
\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left| \alpha q_n - p_n \right| = 0.\,
Then α is irrational.
Proof: suppose α = a/b with ab ∈ N+.
For sufficiently big n,
0 < \left| \alpha q_n - p_n \right| < \frac{1}{b}
then
0 < \left| a q_n /\ \! b - p_n \right| < \frac{1}{b}
0 < \left| a q_n - b p_n \right| < 1 \,
but aq_n - bp_n is an integer, absurd, then α is irrational.
 - \sqrt{2} is irrational.
Proof: let p_1 = q_1 = 1 and
p_{n+1} = p_n^2 + 2 q_n^2 \,
q_{n+1} = 2 p_n q_n \,\!
for all n \in \mathbf{N}.
By induction,
0 < \left| \sqrt{2} q_n - p_n \right| < \frac{1}{2^{2^{n-1}}}
for all n \in \mathbf{N}. For n = 1,
0 < \left| \sqrt{2} q_1 - p_1 \right| < \frac{1}{2}
and if is true for n then is true for n + 1. In fact
0 < \left| \sqrt


Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers
Tokushima's Vigorous Dance Festival
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Awa-odori is a traditional Japanese dance festival that occurs in Tokushima, a city on the east coast of Shikoku Island. This matsuri, or traditional festival, happens each year between August 12 and 15 during O-bon (the Japanese ancestor celebration) and is considered by many Japanese people to be the archipelago's best dance festival.
The festival, which is so beloved that the prefecture's airport was named after it, attracts about 1,5 million tourists every year, about 5–6 times the city's population. It is nicknamed "the fools' dance" because of its refrain: "The dancing fool and the watching fool are both fools, so why not dance?"
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Group of female dancers 2
A Buddhist dance born on Shikoku Island
The term "Awa-odori" entered use only in the 20th century, but this celebration dates back to the 16th century, when Tokushima Prefecture was called Awa. Its choreography is derived from dances for Buddhist prayers dating from the Kamakura period, as well as kumi-odori, a harvest celebration. This festival was then created while people were dancing during the "death festival," a Japanese Buddhist celebration during which ancestors' souls return to visit the living for a few days.
This matsuri became its own celebration in 1586 when the local daimyo (lord) Iemasa Hachisuka celebrated the completion of Tokushima Castle with a great deal of alcohol. Sake was distributed to citizens, who began to dance with their musical instruments. During this era, samurai were not allowed to participate in festivities, even if they were authorized to dance in their own homes. Officially permitted only during this 3-day period, dances could not take place in temples, and participants could not wear weapons or masks.
Awa-odori Festival in Tokushima (Shikoku), Dancers and spectators
A nightly matsuri in the heart of Japanese summer
Today's Awa-odori Festival starts during the day with a few small performances, but the main event occurs from 6 p.m. to 10:30 p.m., with a lively parade through Tokushima's downtown streets. Troupes of about ten dancers, called Ren and wearing yukata or happi (kimono with shorts), begin their procession to the sound of traditional Japanese instruments: drums, flutes and shamisen. Downtown Tokushima is therefore closed to traffic and becomes a huge dancing scene where professional groups perform.
An area is arranged for seating, but we do not recommend buying tickets. Instead, walk in the streets and meet the population and the Ren groups who dance as they move forward. It is interesting to watch each team rehearse their own original version of the Awa-odori dance, from the traditional choreography to more contemporary ones. At the end of the itinerary, the groups encourage onloockers to dance as well! Lastly, yatai food stalls contribute to end the evening beautifully, in a convivial and joyful ambiance.
Note however that most accommodations in the area are booked a very long time in advance! Hotels are not numerous so it is almost impossible to stay in the city. We recommend trying the love hotels or renting a room at the inhabitants. One night only is not enough to see all the dancers' groups. Allow two to three days to enjoy the festival to the fullest.
Since 1983, this festival has lost ¥436 million (approximately ~4 million dollars). The local tourism association has started bankruptcy proceedings, but this should not affect the course of the festival.
Visitors eager to experience the festival can also visit its dedicated museum to discover the dance's history, customs and peculiar atmosphere. Moreover, for people who cannot travel to Shikoku, a twin festival begun in 1957 occurs on the last weekend of August in Koenji, in the western suburbs of Tokyo (Suginami ward) and is named Koenji Awa-Odori.
⬇ Further down this page, discover our visit guide in Awa-odori and around.
By Kanpai Updated on June 29, 2021 Awa-odori


Ice Play
Maya Ice
Here are some fun ideas about how to play with ice as we head into warmer weather!
-Use candy molds, muffin tins, baby food holders, or recycled food trays to freeze ice into different shapes
-Add food coloring (we learned it's better to color the water instead of dropping colors directly into cupsthis made the ice super dark)
-Add popsicle sticks to make handles for ice cubes
-Add different types of juices or make popsicles!
-Freeze ice in one solid block in a casserole dish with toys suspended in it. Might work best to freeze in several layers
-Add herbs or dried spicesedible flowers would be fun!
-Add frozen berries, peas, corn, or other fixin's!
-Freeze different colors or juices in layers
-Compare how different liquids freeze (OJ with pulp vs. apple juice, for example)
-Pour water over ice to melt it. Experiment with hot and cold water. Have your child practice pouring with different pitchers/ cups.
-Sprinkle salt on the ice to melt it (may not be great if your kid loves to taste like mine does!)
-Use forks, spoons, and table knives to dig things out that are frozen in the ice
-Watch how colored ice cubes melt and mix to make new colors
-Use the ice cubes to build a world for plastic animals. Try wetting ice blocks and pressing them together to see if you can get them to stick
-Use tongs, eyedroppers, and/or turkey basters to pick up ice cubes, suck up melted ice and squirt it.
-Use a colander or toy net to scoop up ice cubes and plastic toys in the ice
-Play catch with ice and see if you can catch it even though it's slippery!
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I would like to somehow limit what kind of inputs constructors are allowed to take in an inductive definition. Say I want to say define binary numbers as follows:
Inductive bin : Type :=
 | O : bin
 | D : bin -> bin
 | S : bin -> bin.
The idea here is that D doubles up a nonzero number by adding a zero at the end and S takes a number with zero as the last digit and turns the last digit into a one. This means that the following are legal numbers:
S 0
D (S 0)
D (D (S 0))
while the following would not be:
S (S 0)
D 0
Is there a way to enforce such restrictions in an inductive definition in a clean way?
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2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
You could define what it means for a bin to be legal with a predicate, and then give a name to the subset of bins that obey that predicate. Then you write functions with Program Definition and Program Fixpoint instead of Definition and Fixpoint. For recursive functions you'll also need a measure to prove the arguments of your functions decrease in size since the functions are not structurally recursive anymore.
Require Import Coq.Program.Program.
Fixpoint Legal (b1 : bin) : Prop :=
 match b1 with
 | O => True
 | D O => False
 | D b2 => Legal b2
 | S (S _) => False
 | S b2 => Legal b2
Definition lbin : Type := {b1 : bin | Legal b1}.
Fixpoint to_un (b1 : bin) : nat :=
 match b1 with
 | O => 0
 | D b2 => to_un b2 + to_un b2
 | S b2 => Coq.Init.Datatypes.S (to_un b2)
Program Definition zer (b1 : lbin) := O.
Program Fixpoint succ (b1 : lbin) {measure (to_un b1)} : lbin :=
But this simply-typed approach would probably be easier.
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This seems more reasonable than the other answer. I was too lazy to write one. You could take a predicate as additional argument, but then writing numbers is annoying. You could just not care and canonicalize when needed. – Ptival Dec 24 '12 at 21:13
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This could be done with inductive-recursive definitions - but unfortunately Coq doesn't support those.
From an object-oriented programming perspective, O, D and S are subtypes of bin, and their constructor types are then definable without resorting to logical predicates, but Coq doesn't support object-oriented programming natively either.
However, Coq does have typeclasses. So what I might do is make bin a typeclass, and make each of the constructors a separate inductive type, each of which has an instance of the bin typeclass. I'm not sure what the method(s) of the typeclass would be though.
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