But why stop here, we can just as easily define the triple repeated uparrow
$$a\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow b=\overbrace{a\uparrow\uparrow a\uparrow\uparrow\ \cdots\ \uparrow\uparrow a}^{b\text{ times}}.$$
In this notation, $10\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow$ googol means
$$\overbrace{10^{10^{.^{.^{10}}}}{\large\rbrace}10^{10^{.^{.^{10}}}}{\large\rbrace}10^{10^{.^{.^{10}}}}{\large\rbrace}\cdots\cdots{\large\rbrace} 10^{10^{.^{.^{10}}}}{\large\rbrace}10}^{\text{iterated googol times}},$$
where the number of times the stacking process is iterated is googol. This number is a vast number, whose description $10\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow$ googol fits easily on an index card.
But why stop there? We could of course continue with $10\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow$ googol and so on, but I'd rather define
$$10\Uparrow x=10\ \overbrace{\uparrow\uparrow\cdots\uparrow}^{x\text{ times}}\ 10.$$
So that $10\Uparrow$ googol is vaster than anything we've mentioned above. But similarly, we will have $10\Uparrow\Uparrow$ googol and so on, leading eventually to a triple uparrow
$$10 \uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow\text{ googol } = 10 \overbrace{\Uparrow\Uparrow\cdots\Uparrow}^{\text{googol iterations}} 10,$$
and so on. These ideas lead ultimately to the main line of the Ackerman function.
So we've described some truly vast numbers. But what is the winning entry? After all, there are only finitely many possible things to write on an index card in accordance with the limitation on the number of symbols. Many of these possible entries do not actually describe a number–perhaps someone might submit a piece of poetry or confess their secret love–but nevertheless among the entries that do describe numbers, there are only finitely many. Thus, it would seem that there must be a largest one. Thus, since the rules expressly allow descriptions of numbers in English, it would seem that we have found our winning entry:
The largest number describable on an index card according to the rules of this contest
which uses exactly 86 symbols. We seem to have argued that this expression describes a particular number, and accords with the rules, so we conclude that this is indeed provably the winning entry.
But wait a minute! If the expression above describes a number, then it would seem that the following expression also describes a number:
The largest number describable on an index card according to the rules of this contest, plus one
which uses 96 symbols. And this number would seem to be larger, by exactly one, of the number which we had previously argued must be the largest number that is possible to describe on an index card. Indeed, how are we able to write this description at all? We seem to have described a number, while following certain rules, that is strictly larger than any number which it is possible to describe while following those rules. Contradiction! This conundrum is known as Berry's paradox, the paradox of "the smallest positive integer not definable in under eleven words."
Thus, we can see that this formulation of the largest-number contest is really about the Berry paradox, which I shall leave you to ponder further on your own.
I concluded this part of my talk by discussing the fact that even when one doesn't allow natural language descriptions, but stays close to a formal language, such as the formal language of arithmetic, then the contest ultimately wades into some difficult waters of mathematical logic. It is a mathematical theorem that there is no computable procedure that will correctly determine which of two descriptions, expressed in that formal language, describes the larger natural number. For example, even if we allow descriptions of the form, "the size of the smallest integer solution to this integer polynomial equation $p(x_1,\ldots,x_k)=0$," where $p$ is provided as a specific integer polynomial in several variables. The reason is that the halting problem of computability theory is undecidable, and it is reducible to the problem of determining whether such a polynomial equation has a solution, and when it does, the size of the smallest solution is related to the halting time of the given instance of the halting problem. Worse, the independence phenomenon shows that not only is the comparison problem undecidable, but actually there can be specific instances of descriptions of numbers in these formal languages, such that both definitely describe a specific number, but the question of which of the two numbers described is larger is simply independent of our axioms, whatever they may be. That is, the question of whether one description describes a larger number than another or not may simply be neither provable nor refutable in whatever axiomatic system we have chosen to work in, no matter how strong. In such a case, I would find it to be at least a debatable philosophical question whether there is indeed a fact of the matter about whether one of the numbers is larger than the other or not. (See my explanation here). It is my further considered belief that every largest-number contest, taken seriously, unless severely limited in the scope of the descriptions that entries may employ, will founder on precisely this kind of issue.
For further reading on this topic, there are a number of online resources:
Googol plex bang stack hierarchy | Largest number contest on MathOverflow
Scott Aaronson on Big Numbers (related: succinctly naming big numbers)
Meanwhile, lets return to our actual contest, for which we collected a number of interesting submissions, on which I'll comment below. Several students had appreciated the connection between the contest and Berry's paradox.

05Your number is quite large, since we can surely describe an enormous number of digits of $\pi$. Researchers have announced, for example, that they have now found 10 trillion digits of $\pi$. If by "describe physically" you meant that we should say the digits aloud, however, then supposing that we speak very quickly and say five digits per second (which is quite a lot if sustained for any length of time), then one person would be able to pronounce a little over 4 million digits this way in 10 days. If all humanity were to speak digits in parallel, then we could rise up to the order of $10^{16}$ digits in ten days. This is a big number indeed, although not nearly as big as a googol or many of the other numbers we have discussed.

06Surely $\infty$ is a large number, but it is not ordinarily considered to be a positive integer or a natural number. And so I think that your submission does not accord with the rules.

03This is charming, and I'm sure that your girlfriend will be very happy to see this. Depending on the units we use to measure your affection, I find it very likely that this number is extremely large indeed, and perhaps you win the contest. (But in order to stay within the rules, we should pick the units so that your affection comes out exactly as a positive integer; in particular, if your affection is actually infinite, as you seem to indicate, then I am afraid that you would be disqualified.) One concern that I have, however, about your delightful entry—please correct me if I am wrong—is this: did you write at first about your affection for your "girlfriends" (plural), and then cross out the extra "s" in order to refer to only one girlfriend? And when you refer to your "girlfriend(s), which values at least $\omega$," do you mean to say that your affection for each girlfriend separately has value $\omega$, or are you instead saying that you have affection for $\omega$ many girlfriends? I'm not exactly sure. But either interpretation would surely lead to a large number, and it does seem quite reasonable that one might indeed have more affection, if one had many girlfriends rather than only one! I suppose we could accept this entry as a separate submission about your affection, one value for each girlfriend separately, but perhaps it may be best to combine all your affection together, and consider this as one entry. In any case, I am sure that you have plenty of affection.

07You've submitted Graham's number, an extremely large number that is also popularly known as the largest definite number ever to be used in a published mathematical proof. This number is certainly in the upper vicinity of the numbers we discussed above, obtained by iterating the Knuth uparrow. It is much larger than


text:
Sodium hypophosphite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaH2PO2. It contains sodium and hypophosphite ions.
It is a white solid. It is a strong reducing agent. When it is heated, it produces phosphine gas and sodium phosphite. It is quite poisonous. It can be oxidized to sodium phosphate.
It is made by heating white phosphorus in sodium hydroxide solution. This makes phosphine gas and sodium hypophosphite.
It is used for nickel plating without doing electrolysis.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Behaviour and family association during the post-fledging period in Southern Boobooks Ninox boobook
Jerry Olsen, Ernesto Esteban Fuentes, Susan Trost, S.J.S. Debus
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
19 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
The post- edging dependence period, a crucial stage in developing survival skills, is a poorly studied ontogenetic phase in Australian owls. Post- edging behaviour, development and dispersal were studied in 10 broods in six territories of the Southern Boobook Ninox boobook in Canberra, ACT during 1999–2008 using colour-banding and radio-tracking. Owlets edged in summer (usually December–January) at 33–41 days old (mean 37 days). Fledglings roosted with one or both parents in the early stages post- edging (Weeks 1–4), progressing (Weeks 5–7) to roosting only with the male after female desertion and then to only roosting together. They nally attained independence from parental feeding at 44–57 (mean 48) days and dispersed from the natal territory at 44–72 (mean 56) days post- edging in late summer/early autumn. The ndings re ne the ages at which young Boobooks have been claimed to edge and disperse, and give us a better understanding of the species' ecological requirements in the face of increasing human pressures on their environment.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)61-70
Number of pages10
JournalCorella
Volume44
Publication statusPublished - 2020
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Behaviour and family association during the post-fledging period in Southern Boobooks Ninox boobook'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
Greenwaves Environmental Solutions is an organisation of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, which is currently working on a project known as "Ghost Gear Upcycling". They joined hands on this project with WWF.
The motto of the organisation is to reduce waste and preserve marine and wildlife.
They started Greenwaves Environmental Solution organisation in 2015; this organisation mainly works on environmental management and Zero-waste management. Under Zero-waste management, organisations have made many useful products through plastic, paper and flower wastes such as seed pencils, incense sticks and soaps.
The Managing Director explained the waste management method, saying that they attempt to upcycle as much rubbish as possible into attractive and useful things. Soap stands, incense stick stands, and silverware are all produced from coconut trash. In producing incense, flower debris is used. Greenpaw, a non-profit organisation dedicated to marine and wildlife conservation, has put these items up for sale on its website.
In the year 2019, the organisation started a project to prevent marine life. Under this project, while cleaning the beaches, they found ghost nets that adversely affect the marine ecosystem. Anil Chowdary, Managing Director, said, "The organisation collaborated with the fishermen to collect the ghost gear or nets. After collecting the Ghost nets, we sent those nets for cleaning, segregating, and untangling purposes. They usually make the Ghost nets up of nylon material, which is another form of plastic".
The segregated nets are soaked in water for a day and then dried to remove the odour, mud and other waste. These nets are then upcycled into bracelets with wooden beads and bags of different colours, hand nets are upcycled into earrings and key chains and landing nets are upcycled into bottle hangers and bags. They produce such items using ghost nets and textile waste.
Since June, the group has collected around 1.5 tonnes of ghost nets along the Visakhapatnam coast. "Ghost nets trap and kill millions of marine animals and also cause damage by entangling live corals, smothering reefs and introducing parasites and invasive species into reef environments," says Anil. These nets are causing deadly harm to marine animals and it can last for 600 years if we don't create any awareness plan to set up the issues.
Visakhapatnam is one of the most important nesting sites for the Olive Ridley Turtles that are frequently spotted dead along the coast because of getting entangled in fishing nets. According to a UN report, estimated in 2009 the abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear in the oceans makes up around 10% of all marine litter.
"When we handed these items to some volunteers, the response was good and volunteers also suggested that we have much more finishing in these items," said Anil. Green Paw is looking forward to working with more active volunteers on the ground to create awareness.
"Let us reduce, reuse and recycle the waste informal way to preserve our natural resources and it can help us in wildlife conservation too," Anil conveyed.
Singhal Bhoomi Pawan

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
What is P3D? P3D is a collection of simple but efficient fortran 77 routines, which can be used with the PGPLOT graphics library to plot three-dimensional particle distributions. The plots can be easily made interactive and allow for manipulation, which could be an efficient tool for examining a distribution and finding the optimal rendering technique. Demo programs, available in the distribution, show how the routines can be used to create 3D plots, manipulate them via keys or with a mouse, and create sequences of frames that can be used to create a movie showing the 3D distribution in motion.
The programs are available for download as gzipped-tarred archive p3d.tar.gz.
|An example of output generated using the P3D routines: 3D view of the formation of structures in a simulation of CDM model with cosmological constant. The size of shown box is 30/h Mpc. 10% of the total number of particles (2,097,152) is shown. Particles are color-coded with local density at the position of the particle. Click in the image to get a still view of the final state (z=0.0). An example of a short fly-by movie made using P3D routines is available here (MPEG, 1.7Mb).|
If you have access to the OpenGL library, you may be interested in checking out fast interactive program called written by Michael Blanton.
|questions and comments|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
CAC Beardsley Community Farm
Location1719 Reynolds StKnoxville, TN 37921 United States
To empower people by providing gardening resources, nutrition education, and localized food system sustainability.
Beardsley Community Farm sits on the former grounds of Beardsley Junior High School. In 1996, work began to convert the abandoned school grounds to a community garden. The city of Knoxville provided funds to build a greenhouse and the Community Action Committee (CAC) received a grant from the USDA to complete the conversion. Workers and volunteers from CAC and AmeriCorps continue to maintain and cultivate the space today.
Beardsley is an urban demonstration farm that grows organic produce and houses bee colonies and free-range chickens. All the food we grow is donated to local food pantries and others in need of fresh fruits and vegetables. We also work with community members and provide tools to help them grow their own food and learn about the financial and environmental benefits of home food production.
Off the farm, we provide nutrition education in elementary schools and after-school programs to teach kids about food and healthy living. Beardsley Farm is run by a dedicated farm manager, an assistant, and two AmeriCorps members. In addition, we rely on volunteers from the community to help us successfully maintain the farm.
If you are hungry for fresh, delicious vegetables or want to learn about organic gardening, you can enroll in our workshare CSA and volunteer with us in exchange for some fresh produce.
If you are a teacher or club leader, we can arrange for your group to visit the farm and learn about nutrition, the environment and teamwork.
Have other ideas? We will work with you to develop the project that best suits your group. Activities can include art projects, farm tours and assisting with our daily activities, such as watering, planting and harvesting.


text:
| The Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat has chisel-shaped lower incisors, with which it strips the epidermis from the leaves of desert shadscale or saltbush, thereby reaching the palatable and water-rich interior of the leaf. This Kangaroo Rat eats more leaves than seeds, which is unusual for the genus. Its ability to subsist on perennial shrubs gives it an advantage when the climate does not support the growth of herbaceous vegetation. The species is common across the Great Basin of the western United States, and is also known as the Great Basin Kangaroo Rat.
Also known as:
Great Basin Kangaroo Rat, Small-faced Kangaroo Rat, Inyo Pocket Rat
Males are larger than females.
Merriam, C.H., 1907. Descriptions of ten new kangaroo rats, p. 77. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 20:75-80.
Mammal Species of the World
Click here for The American Society of Mammalogists species account


text:
Special Report: Sea Level Rise and Florida
Investing in the Future
Florida Power & Light announced earlier this year it intends to spend $500 million over the next three years to harden its system. It will place meters to measure water levels near facilities in low-lying areas to allow for preventive shutdowns and invest in stronger poles and equipment at 250 critical facilities, such as hospitals or fire and police stations.
While Florida utilities are renowned for their hurricane-hardening efforts, other utilities have been more aggressive in planning and preparing for sea level rise. Entergy, a Louisiana energy company with 2.8 million customers in Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama, had grown accustomed to making costly repairs after hurricanes plowed through its coverage area. In 2005, the company lost $1.5 billion from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and spent millions on repairs.
"In the past, it was always, 'We had a hurricane, let's look at what went well and what we can do better,' " says Jeff Williams, director of climate consulting for Entergy. But the company decided that being reactive was wrong. "It's like driving while looking in the rearview mirror. You aren't planning for what could happen with the storm you haven't seen yet."
Entergy commissioned a $4-million study in conjunction with a Swiss Re, a global reinsurer, and a wetlands foundation to look at the potential impacts of future storms and sea level rise along the Gulf Coast and 70 miles inland, with projections going to 2100.
The company learned that a storm that could cause a $14-billion loss today would cause 65% more damage by 2030 in part because of climate changes. Certain investments yielded a better return. For example, investing $50 billion in improved building codes, beach renourishment and roof cover retrofits could save $145 million in annual losses over the lifetime of those measures. Levees and protecting coastal wetlands were also good investments.
Based on the study's results, Entergy has launched a pilot project in Port Fourchon in Louisiana, a staging area that provides support equipment and supplies to deep offshore oil rigs. The company is spending up to $70 million to harden transmission lines for that area. It also elevated control equipment in substations to prevent damage during floods. The study shows a 5-to-1 cost benefit for these investments.
Ultimately, Entergy's customers foot the bill. "There is an added cost involved," Williams says.


text:
NIST laboratory experiments have demonstrated that adding small amount of additives to refrigerants may significantly improve the efficiency of commercial air conditioning.
A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researcher has come up with a method designed to improve the energy efficiency of water chillers that cool the nation's large commercial buildings. The NIST method, if confirmed through experiments with full-scale chiller systems, could save as much as 1 percent of the 320 billion kWh of electricity used annually by chillers or an equivalent 920,000 barrels of oil a day, according to Mark Kedzierski, the NIST mechanical engineer who developed the technique.
The advance builds on past NIST research designed to optimize mixtures of chiller refrigerants with lubricants. The researchers discovered that some lubricants, when injected in small amounts, can significantly enhance evaporator heat transfer, increasing the efficiency of chillers. When they studied the process more closely they found the most efficient heat transfer occurred when the added oil's surface tension, viscosity, composition and chemical characteristics complemented those of the chiller's base lubricant.
In a recent paper* describing the method, Kedzierski describes how the right additive forms a very thin covering on an evaporator surface, which produces enhanced bubbling during boiling. The improved conversion of the refrigerant molecules into vapor molecules increases the chiller's cooling capacity similar to a heat pump.
John Blair | EurekAlert!
Ultrathin device harvests electricity from human motion
24.07.2017 | Vanderbilt University
Stanford researchers develop a new type of soft, growing robot
21.07.2017 | Stanford University
3-D shape acquisition using water displacement as the shape sensor for the reconstruction of complex objects
A global team of computer scientists and engineers have developed an innovative technique that more completely reconstructs challenging 3D objects. An ancient...
Physicists have developed a new technique that uses electrical voltages to control the electron spin on a chip. The newly-developed method provides protection from spin decay, meaning that the contained information can be maintained and transmitted over comparatively large distances, as has been demonstrated by a team from the University of Basel's Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute. The results have been published in Physical Review X.
For several years, researchers have been trying to use the spin of an electron to store and transmit information. The spin of each electron is always coupled...
What is the mass of a proton? Scientists from Germany and Japan successfully did an important step towards the most exact knowledge of this fundamental constant. By means of precision measurements on a single proton, they could improve the precision by a factor of three and also correct the existing value.
To determine the mass of a single proton still more accurate – a group of physicists led by Klaus Blaum and Sven Sturm of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear...
The research team of Prof. Dr. Oliver Einsle at the University of Freiburg's Institute of Biochemistry has long been exploring the functioning of nitrogenase....
A one trillion tonne iceberg - one of the biggest ever recorded -- has calved away from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in Antarctica, after a rift in the ice,...
21.07.2017 | Event News
19.07.2017 | Event News
12.07.2017 | Event News
24.07.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering
24.07.2017 | Materials Sciences
24.07.2017 | Materials Sciences


text:
Custom tag and variable templates are defined in the Templates section of Google Tag Manager. The main Templates screen will list any tag or variable templates that have already been defined in your container. You can also create new templates from this screen.
The Template Editor
The Template Editor enables you to create, preview, and test custom templates. It has four primary areas for input to help you define your tag template:
- Info - Define basic properties of the template, such as the tag or variable name and icon.
- Fields - This is a visual editor to add input fields to your tag template.
- Permissions - View and set limits on what your tag or variable is permitted to do.
Create your first custom tag template
This example will walk you through how to create a basic example pixel tag. When this tag is fired on a web page, it will send a hit with the correct account information to the tag provider's servers.
1. To begin your first template, click Templates in the left navigation and click the New button under the Tag Templates section.
2. Click Info and define the tag's Name (required), Description, and Icon.
Name is what will be presented to users when they go to implement this tag throughout the Tag Manager user interface.
Description is just what it sounds like - a brief (200 characters or less) description of what this tag does.
Icon lets you choose an image that will appear when the tag is displayed in lists that support the icon property. Icon images should be square PNG, JPEG, or GIF files that are no larger than 50 kB and at least 64px by 64px.
3. Click Refresh to preview your template.
To the right of the field inputs, there is a Template Preview window. Every time a change is made in the editor, the Refresh button will appear. Click Refresh to see what your changes do to the appearance of your tag.
4. Click Fields to add fields to your tag template.
The Template Editor's Fields tab lets you create and edit fields in the tag template. Fields are used to enter custom data, such as an account ID. You can add the standard form elements like text fields, drop down menus, radio buttons, and checkboxes.
5. Click Add Field and select Text input. Replace the default name (e.g. "text1") with "accountId". In the Template Preview, click Refresh.
The field will have familiar variable selector () icon next to it. Users of this template can click the variable selector icon to choose variables that are active in this container.
The next step is to add a label to the field:
6. Click the expand icon (). next to the text field to open more options for this field. Enter "Account ID" in the Display name field. In Template Preview, click Refresh.
A text label titled "Account ID" should appear above the field.
// require relevant API const sendPixel = require('sendPixel'); const encodeUriComponent = require('encodeUriComponent'); // capture values of template fields const account = data.accountId; // use the provided APIs to do things like send pixels const url = '_URL_ + encodeUriComponent(account); sendPixel(url, data.gtmOnSuccess, data.gtmOnFailure);
The first line of code,
const sendPixel = require('sendPixel'), imports the
The second line of code,
const encodeUriComponent = require('encodeUriComponent'), imports the
The next line,
const account = data.accountId;, gets the value of
accountId that was created in step 5, and stores it in a constant called
The 3rd line of code,
const url = '_URL_ + encodeUriComponent(account);, sets up a
url constant that concatenates a fixed URL endpoint that logs analytics data and the encoded account ID with which the tag has been configured.
The last line,
sendPixel(url, data.gtmOnSuccess, data.gtmOnFailure), runs the
sendPixel() function with the required parameters and makes a request to the specified URL. The
data.gtmOnFailure values tell Google Tag Manager when the tag has completed or failed its task, and are then used by Google Tag Manager for features such as tag sequencing or preview mode.
8. Click Save to save your progress. This will load any detected permissions into the Template Editor.
Some Template APIs have permissions associated with them that dictate what they can or cannot do. When you use a template API such as
sendPixel in your code, Tag Manager will show relevant permissions in the Permissions tab.
9. Click Permissions to refine what domains
sendPixel is allowed to send data to. For the Send Pixels entry, click the expand icon () and enter
_URL_ in Allowed URL Match Patterns.
When a tag template is configured to send data, you must specify an Allowed URL Match Pattern under the associated permission to restrict where data can be sent to. If the URL specified in your code does not match an allowed URL match pattern, the
sendPixel call will fail.
A URL match pattern must use HTTPS and specify both host and path patterns. The host can be a domain (e.g. "
_URL_ or a specific subdomain (e.g. "
_URL_ The path must consist of at least a "
/". Use an asterisk (
*) as a wildcard to indicate a subdomain or path pattern of any length (e.g. "
https://\*.example.com/test/"). The asterisk is a wildcard character that will catch the various possible patterns, e.g. "
\*.example.com/" will match
blog.example.com, etc. The asterisk must be escaped with a backslash character: "
\*". A URL with no additional characters (e.g. "
_URL_ is treated as ending in a wildcard (i.e. equivalent to "
Specify additional URL match patterns on separate lines.
10. Click Run Code and look at the Console window for any problems.
Any detected errors will appear in the Console window.
11. Click Save, and close the Template Editor.
The tag template should now be ready for use.
Use your new tag
The process to create a new tag that uses your newly-defined custom tag template is just like any other tag:
- In Google Tag Manager, click Tags > New.
- Your new tag will appear in the Custom section of the New Tag window. Click it to open the tag template.
- Fill in the necessary fields for the tag template configuration.
- Click Triggering and select an appropriate trigger for when the tag should fire.
- Save the tag and publish your container.
Create your first custom variable template
Custom variable templates are similar to tag templates, with a few notable differences:
Custom variable templates must return a value.
Instead of calling
data['gtmOnSuccess']to indicate completion, variables return a value directly.
Custom variables templates are used in different parts of the tag manager UI.
Instead of going to Tags > New to create a new variable based on your custom variable, you go to Variables > New
See create a custom variable for a full guide to creating a custom variable template.
Export and import
To share a custom template with your organization, you can export the custom template and import it into other Tag Manager containers. To export a template:
- In Tag Manager, click Templates.
- Click the name of the template you wish to export from the list. This will open the template in the Template Editor.
- Click the More Actions menu (more_vert) and select Export.
To import a template:
- In Tag Manager, click Templates.
- Click New. This will open a blank template in the Template Editor.
- Click the More Actions menu (more_vert) and select Import.
- Select the
.tplfile that you would like to import.


text:
Elite Guice 3: Private BindingsIn the first and second parts of this series, I discussed hooks for extending Guice. In this post I introduce private bindings.
Don't emulate Guice
The key to a good extension is tight integration with Guice. In particular, the extension shouldn't copy functionality from Guice; doing so can lead to subtle differences between the extension and Guice itself. The assisted inject extension reimplements constructor injection and that causes problems:
- Standard Guice can inject private constructors, but I forgot to do configure this in assistedinject.
- AOP doesn't work for assistedinject-created objects
These differences aren't dealbreakers, but they do make the extension harder to use, and they violate the principal of least surprise. A better assistedinject would have used Guice's constructor injection.
The Injector is just a bunch of bindings
In the Multibindings extension, we secretly create a binding for each element in the set. These bindings are implementation details of the extension, but they need to be bound in the shared injector.
We have to somehow create the bindings without a chance of conflicting with user-supplied bindings. If
Multibinderand the user both bound the same key, injector creation would fail.
Private Annotations to the rescue
The fix is to create a binding annotation type with a narrow scope, such as package scope. Other code won't have access to this annotation, and therefore we can be confident that only our extension can create bindings with this annotation.
In the Multibindings extension, there's a custom annotation called
_USER_'s secretly applied to all elements. Each annotation instance is given a unique ID to ensure that the hosting keys are distinct. Unless they're using a tool that interrogates the Injector, the users of
Multibindernever see these bindings. They're created internally and used internally. But they allow all of Guice's features to work naturally on the bound elements.
Implementing the annotation type is code-intensive, but there's thorough instructions that describe how equals, hashCode and even toString() should be implemented.
This technique is also used in InterceptingInjectorBuilder, in order to let InjectionController work its magic.


text: A good example of a Victorian birch bird scarer or police rattle having a beech handle. When the metropolitan police were formed in 1829, they were issued with rattles that fitted into specially made pockets in the swallow tails of their coats. In 1884 whistles were introduced and by 1887 all rattles had been withdrawn, as they found that whistles could be heard twice the distance of a rattle. They were often used in football matches. This is an excellent example and has a lovely rich colour and excellent patination.


text:
Theme 2 colloquium: "A New Rapid and Traceless Click Chemistry Reaction for Bioconjugation" (Lecture)
- Tuesday 11 July 2017Add to my calendar
- from 16:00
The Yousaf Group's research program is interdisciplinary in nature and currently focuses on 4 separate research programs based in chemistry that interface organic, bioanalytical, chemical biology and biomaterials research. Students and postdoctoral research associates working in the group are exposed to many diverse research areas that encompass analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry, material science, live–cell highresolution microscopy, biochemistry and cell biology tools among many other techniques. Although we are broadly interested in several research areas, the main long‐term research goal is to interface chemistry and material science with cell biology to study a range of complex processes related to cell behavior, to develop bioanalytical tools for various biotechnologies and to develop and employ biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications.
Evan Spruijt and Peter Korevaar


Fish kills and die offs
Dead fish laying on the beach of a Minnesota lakeAs many as 500 fish die-offs can happen each year in Minnesota, most of them from natural causes. If you see one, report it. Early reports allow timely water samples and other investigative responses to be taken if needed.
Most fish diseases and infection issues found in nature tend to be concentrated in fish of a specific species and size range. In contrast, when a die-off includes fish of vastly different sizes and multiple species, human activity is a more likely cause.
To report a fish kill
Call the state duty officer at 651‐649‐5451 or 800‐422‐0798 to report fish die-offs. The duty officer provides a single point of contact for the incident and is available 24 hours a day seven days a week. Try to describe the fish types and sizes affected by the kill.
Spring & summer
Groupings of dead fish usually are the result of a common bacterial infection referred to as columnaris. Columnaris tends to affect fish as water temperatures warm and fish are stressed from the energy they spent on spawning. Columnaris infections can kill sunfish, crappies and bullheads, and occasionally, largemouth bass and northern pike.
Ice out
The retreat of lake and stream ice can sometimes leaves behind dead fish, commonly referred to as winterkill.
When snow and ice cover a lake, they limit the sunlight reaching aquatic plants. The plants cut back on the amount of oxygen they produce. If vegetation dies from lack of sunlight, the plants start to decompose, which uses oxygen dissolved in the water. If oxygen depletion becomes severe enough, fish die.
Winterkill potential is worse in winters with abundant or early snowfall. Lower autumn water levels increase the probability and severity of winterkill. Early ice-on and late ice-out dates also increase the winterkill potential. Wetlands and shallow, soft-bottom lakes are more winterkill-prone than deeper, hard-bottomed lakes.
Other causes
Human causes of fish kills can include water discharged at high temperatures; toxic chemicals discharged or spilled; pesticides and fertilizers; manure runoff; and low oxygen levels in a lake resulting from storm water that runs off urban or rural landscapes. Multiple causes often contribute to fish deaths.
General questions about fish kills? Call the closest area fisheries office.


text:
The Landsat satellites have been gathering data about Earth for 40 years - the first one was launched in 1972. The images in this gallery have been coloured with a digital palette by the US Geological Survey to highlight certain features.
Siberian Ribbons - June 15th, 2005 - Vivid colors and bizarre shapes come together in an image that could be an abstract work of art or an illustration for a fantasy story. This labyrinth of exotic features is present along the edge of Russia's Chaunskaya Bay (vivid blue half circle) in northeastern Siberia. Two major rivers, the Chaun and Palyavaam, flow into the bay, which in turn opens into the Arctic Ocean. Ribbon lakes and bogs are present throughout the area, created by depressions left by receding glaciers.
Picture: USGS/NASA/Landsat / Rex Features


} {:a 3 :b 4 :c 5}])]
 ($ :all [0 2] data))
What if you want to select by column name, e.g. only selecting columns with name :a and :b? This can do that:
 ($ :all [:a :b] data))
Here's the tricky one. What if you want to select by column name, but you want to match the column name against a regular expression (say only names containing a vowel)? The $where method only lets you select rows of data based on a query — it's a row-wise filtering operation. We want column-wise filtering on column-names.
My first attempt involved taking the dataset, turning it into a clojure map, then filtering on the map's keys, and finally turning it back into an Incanter dataset. But doing so ran into a problem in Incanter: to-dataset and to-map are not inverse functions of each other.
That is to say, there exists a file of data *filepath* that can be read into Incanter with read-dataset such that this does not work: (to-dataset (to-map (read-dataset *filepath*))). For example, if the file is a CSV spreadsheet file with missing data in some cells (not nil, not 0, just no data).
Turns out the solution is much easier:
 columns (filter #(re-find #"aeiou" (str %)) (:column-names data))]
 ($ columns data))
The idea is to create a list of column names of the columns you want, then use that list of column names with $ to select them out of the dataset.
Column-wise selection isn't as convenient as selecting row-wise, but this is one way that works.


%0 Book %A Fleming, John, %D 1828 %T A history of British animals : exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants / %C Edinburgh : %I Printed for Bell & Bradfute ; %! A history of British animals : %L QL255.F5 1828 %K Great Britain %K Paleontology %K Zoology %G English %U _URL_ %R 10.5962/bhl.title.12859


text:
We often get questions from our parents about the qualifications required to participate in dual enrollment. The Arizona Revised Statutes dictate which students may, or may not be, eligible for dual enrollment courses.
- To enroll in academic courses a student is required to achieve
- either a 93 or more on the PSAT,
- 930 or more on the SAT,
- 22 or more on the ACT,
- passing of the AIMS test,
- or completion of the SCC placement test that indicates the student is at an appropriate college level for the course.
- To enroll in occupational courses a student may be admitted on an individual basis with the approval of college officials if the student meets the established requirements of the courses for which the student enrolls and the college officials determine that the student's admission is in the best interest of the student.
- High School/College Instructors may recommend or deny a student entry into dual enrollment even though a student is eligible by State Statute. Parents can use the same information in deciding to have their child take dual enrollment courses.
- Students who have exhibited a readiness to perform college level work (research, study time, critical thinking, etc.) will generally be successful.
- Maturity is essential for students who are ready to begin their college careers while still attending high school.
- Disciplinary actions will follow Scottsdale Community College policies above and beyond the actions of the high school.
- Grades demonstrate not only the academic aptitude but also the motivation of a student. Students may have a very strong aptitude in a subject area, yet they may be disinterested in the subject.
- Many high school and college courses have prerequisite courses that must be taken before the desired course. The prerequisite courses ensure the students' knowledge of essential skills needed in the advanced course.


5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
August 16, 2018 No Comment
Nothing can take the sting out of the fun of your road trip like a car breakdown, and spotting the 'check engine' light flashing and putting a break on your summer getaway. Summer in Dubai is indeed the time when heat can suck away all the liquid from you. Fortunately, you are smart enough to know how to protect yourself, but your car is not. Cars go through extreme pressure during this season that leads to its frequent breakdowns.
It is crucial for you to be wise on your part and know what are the reasons that can cause a breakdown along with ways to avoid them. Here are the five common reasons for your car being in trouble during the summer.
_TAG_ 1- Evaporative Leakage
When the sun is beating down viciously, it makes the fuel in your car turned into vapor. This is why preserving the liquid during summer can turn out to be a great decision to avoid such evaporation. The charcoal canister wins the situation here by absorbing the vapor of the fuel and storing it to be used later when the engine starts.
The evaporative system of the car engine is equipped with valves, canisters, and hoses, and their work is to manage the evaporative emissions from the car. When there is a leakage in this system, the 'check engine' light starts flashing on the dashboard. The reason behind this could be the loose cap or a cracked hose.
5 Common Reasons Why Your Car Breaks Down
_TAG_ 2- Excessive Heating
The saying remains 'excess of anything is bad'. Similarly, if it is concerned with heat, it can be really harmful to your car. Overheating of the motor vehicle can result in the fault in the cooling system. Make sure your cooling system is working properly if you do not want to get baked in the heat. Checking this system becomes essential as excessive heat increases its workload. It is suggested to get your car properly checked before you hit the road during summer getaways. You can put on the heater when your car engine is heated and switch off your car's air conditioner to make things go smoother.
_TAG_ 3- Flat Tyres
To be honest, most of us have gone through this situation, Agree? Because of the hot roads and speeding car during the summer, the tires have to go through extreme pressure, which can further result in quick wear and tear. You should keep checking the pressure of your car tires to avoid such a situation. You can avoid unnecessary halts in your trip by maintaining the perfect level of air in your tires and referring to the manual before heading for your road trip.
_TAG_ 4- Batteries
Batteries put the car in trouble more during hot days. You may avoid the plastics that cover the battery, but then it plays an important role in keeping them cool. Make sure that the plastics of the battery are in their place. If you face difficulty starting your car, then check the battery using a battery tester. Another great option is to change or replace the battery after every three years, or as mentioned in the car manual.
_TAG_ 5- Surge
Surge, or engine hesitation can be caused by the dirt present in the air filter. Surge make the engine work harder, which further causes a problem while driving. If required, do the repairs of the filters, as a fault in filters can cause you to shell out a lot of money eventually. Before starting any trip on your car, make sure its filter is clean.
By keeping these points in mind, you can get on the way to make your summer trips memorable. The great thing is that you can easily buy auto spare parts online if you want to replace any of the above-mentioned parts in your car.
Leaver your comment


text:
"This black t-shirt, which says "Silence = Death" with a pink triangle, symbolizes the struggle against AIDS.
History Explorer Results (1)
Related Books (0)
Primary Sources, Interactives & Media, Lessons & Activities
Maritime activity is as important as ever, and it affects the lives of people everywhere. The importance of shipping to today's global economy and the types of ships that transport goods throughout the world are the focus of this section of On the Water: Stories from Maritime America


text:
- This event has passed.
Cao Yin — From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai, _PHONE_
December 4, 2018 @ 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm
Speaker: Cao Yin, Tsinghua University
This talk will uncover the less-known story of Sikh emigrants in Shanghai in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that the cross-border circulation of personnel and knowledge across the British colonial and the Sikh diasporic networks, facilitated the formation of the Sikh community in Shanghai, eventually making this Chinese city one of the overseas hubs of the Indian nationalist struggle. By adopting a translocal approach, this study elaborates on how the flow of Sikh emigrants, largely regarded as subalterns, initially strengthened but eventually unhinged British colonial rule in East and Southeast Asia.
Cao Yin is Associate Professor at the department of history, Tsinghua University. His research interest mainly covers modern India, the British Empire, and the Sino-Indian connections in the twentieth century. His is the author of From Policemen to Revolutionaries: A Sikh Diaspora in Global Shanghai _PHONE_ (Leiden: Brill, 2017). He is currently working on a book manuscript about how India became a chaotic home front for China during the second Sino-Japanese War (_PHONE_).


3
Business Rules (I realize these rules are a little abnormal): A Person (student) can attend multiple schools. Once one or more Schools are chosen, the student can pick one or more degrees at each school. Once a degree is chosen, the Student has an option of choosing to participate in many DegreeSpecificGroups, Courses, and OptionalTrips.
I have 4 tables:
Table Person
Table School
Table Degree
Table DegreeSpecificGroup
Table Course
Table OptionalTrip
Assume that each table has a need for a unique set of properties for each Person. However, I am trying to keep this simple. My question is - where should I keep the relationships with the Person table? Do I make a relationship table for each combination - ie: PersonSchool, PersonDegree, PersonCourse, PersonOptionalTrip...?
I am having troubles convincing myself to do this because it contradicts my hierarchical thinking - IE: you cannot attend an OptionalTrip unless you are enrolled in the School and have selected a Degree. Half of me wants to keep all relationship information in the highest relationship level (SchoolPerson) - but of course that table will become bloated and unmanageable. What is the proper way to handle these multi tiered relationships?
I have looked at some ER diagrams to see some examples of other diagrams but they do not have the level of detail I am looking at enter image description here
6
 - Though the scenario is not exactly the same, you may find some of the points deliberated in this Q & A of help.
 – MDCCL
 Sep 4, 2017 at 14:52
 - 1
 Thanks for the link - I will read through and mark mine as a duplicate if the Q&A helps me. Sep 4, 2017 at 14:53
 - 2
 What is the relationship between a school and a person (student?)? If a Person goes to 0 or 1 schools you don't need SchoolPerson. In general, it's difficult to discuss design without knowing the business rules, perhaps you should start formulation sentences like "A student can enroll for 1 or more Courses", "A Course has a degree and is given by a School", etc.
 – Lennart
 Sep 4, 2017 at 14:55
 - @Lennart, ya I can see that - excellent point. Updated question. Sep 4, 2017 at 14:59
 - 2
 Art, maybe. But MDCCL's excellent post illustrates some underlying design principles for dealing with subtypes in a relational environment. Learn those principles, and it will be better than learning hundreds of tips and tricks. Sep 5, 2017 at 7:49
1 Answer 1
2
You have a Person, who is attending a School? They are studying for a Degree? A Degree will consist of 1 -> many Courses. A Course may be on many Degree programmes (e.g. Foundation Maths)?
The totally general case is that 1 Person can attend 1 or more schools studying for 1 or more Degrees in each school at any one time - is this possible? Some people may be repeating one course but have been allowed to advance, contingent on passing an exam elsewhere?
So, in order to be completely general, you want a Person table, a Degree table and a School table - with Person_Degree being your joining table between Person and Degree and Person and ultimately School. If a Person can only be doing 1 Degree in 1 School at any time, then you can simplify.
You then have a Degree_Course table which will have the joins between Degrees and Courses and a Course table.
Some Degrees can be multi-School - then you'll just have to have a further joining table. However, remember the YAGNI principle - if you don't have a current need, don't include it in your design. This can be difficult to judge - we want our systems to be flexible, but I'm with Einstein on this - make it as simple as necessary but no simpler!
Before a first take on the tables themselves - you could do worse than having a quick look here - you might get some ideas (and I might have even overlooked something! :-) )
Two things to bear in mind - one is that DDL (Data Definition Language) is quite powerful in its own right - right there in the database structure is a lot of "intelligence" - i.e. you can't have a degree without a school or a course without a school! The various other UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY constraints enforce other logical rules about the system - rules you would otherwise have to spend a lot of time enforcing in your app!
Finally, a couple of words about table names.
I always use singular names for tables - they are like a class definition and/or a collection - (for me it is a singular concept - you might disagree). As an aside, you have tables in which you might want to have only 1 or even 0 records (think nuclear power plant system with a table called "catastrophic_meltdown"). In any case, choose one convention and stick to it.
Furthermore, my table_names_might_appear_long! :-) It can be greatly helpful when debugging to have meaningful table names - code spends >> 99% of its time in maintenance, so the extra typing is a (very) small price to pay for helpful error messages when things go wrong - and they will, no matter how good a programmer you are!
In PostgreSQL, I would do it like this (should translate reasonably well to other systems - check your documentation for details!) - note that I haven't dealt with semesters/trimesters here - adding a semester field to the degree and course tables might be necessary - again, this depends on your system requirements.
CREATE TABLE person
(
 person_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT person_pk PRIMARY KEY (person_id),
 person_first_name VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
 person_last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
 --
 -- .. other person stuff... address, phone &c.
 -- .. could make f_name + l_name UNIQUE?
);
CREATE TABLE school
(
 school_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT school_pk PRIMARY KEY (school_id),
 school_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
 -- other school stuff
 -- Tel., address... &c.
 --
);
CREATE TABLE degree
(
 degree_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT degree_pk PRIMARY KEY (degree_id),
 degree_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 degree_code VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
 degree_school_id INTEGER, -- no "NOT NULL, since it is an FK field - see below
 CONSTRAINT degree_school_fk FOREIGN KEY (degree_school_id) REFERENCES school (school_id)
 -- other degree stuff - faculty, prerequisites (another table?)
);
CREATE TABLE course
(
 course_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT course_pk PRIMARY KEY (course_id),
 course_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 course_code VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
 course_school_id INTEGER,
 CONSTRAINT course_school_fk FOREIGN KEY (course_school_id) REFERENCES school (school_id)
 -- other stuff - possibly a course_prerequisites table
);
CREATE TABLE degree_course
(
 degree_course_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT degree_course_pk PRIMARY KEY (degree_course_id),
 degree_course_degree_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
 degree_course_course_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT degree_course_degree_course_uq UNIQUE (degree_course_degree_id, degree_course_course_id), -- prevent same entry twice
 CONSTRAINT degree_course_degree_fk FOREIGN KEY (degree_course_degree_id) REFERENCES degree (degree_id),
 CONSTRAINT degree_course_course_fk FOREIGN KEY (degree_course_course_id) REFERENCES course (course_id)
);
CREATE TABLE prerequisite
(
 prerequisite_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT prerequisite_pk PRIMARY KEY (prerequisite_id),
 main_course_id INTEGER,
 preq_course_id INTEGER,
 CONSTRAINT prerequisite_uq UNIQUE (main_course_id, preq_course_id) -- prevent same entry twice
 -- other info...
 --
);
CREATE TABLE person_degree
(
 person_degree_id SERIAL,
 CONSTRAINT person_degree_pk PRIMARY KEY (person_degree_id),
 person_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
 degree_id INTEGER NOT NULL
 -- various FOREIGN KEY and UNIQUE constraints to be added here!
);
Similar principles apply to your optionaltrip and degreespecific group tables - if you're having further issues, post back!
1
 - Ok I am following this, let me play with the implementation for a bit and i'll follow up with how it turns out - thanks for spending your time to help me. Sep 4, 2017 at 16:16
Your Answer
By clicking "Post Your Answer", you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.


Teenager discovers new planet on 3rd day as NASA intern
Wolf Cukier, 17, of Scarsdale, has just recorded his name in the world history after he discovered a new planet on his 3rd day as an intern at NASA.
The planet, which has been named TOI 1338 b, is about 1,300 light years away from the Earth.
Teenager discovers new planet on 3rd day as NASA intern
In a statement, Cukier said:
"About three days into my internship, I saw a signal from a system called TOI 1338. At first, I thought it was a stellar eclipse, but the timing was wrong. It turned out to be a planet."
TOI 1338 b orbits two stars and is 6.9 times the size of Earth, according to NASA – and, before you get your hopes up, it's very unlikely that it can support life.
Cukier said:
"The planet blocked the light from those two stars, leading to a small dip in the amount of light that reached the telescope. That's what I noticed at first.
"It was like, oh… there's something here that was cool. But it's also not like there's a single moment of discovery."
The planet was caught by satellite TESS and the team used a software package called 'eleanor' to confirm that what they were seeing was legit.
The discovery was actually made last summer, but the news has only recently been published in a new study, which was co-authored by Cukier, CBS reports
Leave a Reply
Sandra Ikeji shuts down Lagos with 200 bridesmaids (Photos)
Kano Sharia Police arrest 32 suspected prostitutes
Kano Sharia Police arrest 32 suspected prostitutes


text:
ALEXANDROV, A.S., 1999. Vortex in the charged Bose liquid. Physical Review B, 60(21), pp 14573–14576
Equations describing a single vortex in the charged Bose liquid at zero temperature are derived. The zero-temperature coherence length, magnetic-field penetration depth, vortex structure and energy, and lower critical field are calculated. The vortex differs from that in type-II BCS superconductors or in neutral superfluids. Its core is charged, and there is an electric field inside the core.


15.10.11 Runs Test
 [ /RUNS ({MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, value}) = var_list ]
The /RUNS subcommand tests whether a data sequence is randomly ordered.
It works by examining the number of times a variable's value crosses a given threshold. The desired threshold must be specified within parentheses. It may either be specified as a number or as one of MEAN, MEDIAN or MODE. Following the threshold specification comes the list of variables whose values are to be tested.
The subcommand shows the number of runs, the asymptotic significance based on the length of the data.


text:
Internet pharmacies have the responsibility to ensure the legitimacy of the prescription and the prescriber.
At this time, DEA does not permit a prescription received via the Internet to be filled. If prescription information is transmitted via the Internet, the receiving pharmacy must contact the prescriber via telephone and receive an oral prescription for the controlled substance, including the:
- Full name and address of the patient
- The drug name, strength, dosage form, quantity prescribed, directions for use and the name.
- Address and registration number of the practitioner (21 CFR 1306.05(a)).
- The pharmacy must immediately reduce this oral prescription to writing (21 CFR 1306.21(a)).


What is P2 HD?
P2 HD is a full production-quality, high-definition recording system that utilizes removable solid-state memory cards. This approach eliminates the mechanical wear and environmental limitations of tape, hard disk and optical-disc-based systems. P2 HD ensures the highest reliability, especially in challenging conditions of extreme temperature, shock and vibration. P2 HD products provide a significant reduction in maintenance costs, longer useful product life and immediate access to recorded video (no need to digitize, ingest or create proxy video files) and metadata. Compatible with PCs and existing file-based IT infrastructures, P2 HD content is recorded as independent frames, can be randomly accessed and easily transferred to, or archived onto, low-cost consumer media such as hard drives or other affordable current IT storage technology and future-based systems. P2 HD systems offer long record times and can be upgraded with higher capacity cards.
How does P2 record?
P2 cards record the same way that digital still cameras record onto memory cards — they store the footage as pre-digitized computer files. Instead of recording the video as "video data," they record the footage as computer data files. These files are instantly editable and can be transferred to other computer storage media directly, without the restrictions of needing proprietary video decks or having to wait for real-time transfers. In fact, you can edit footage directly from a P2 card, without having to transfer to a computer at all. Because P2 cards record in universally interchangeable MXF data files, they are immediately usable by properly configured Windows and Macintosh computers. The P2 cards eliminate the need for VTRs, eliminate the need for proprietary video hardware to read or transfer their contents, and eliminate the need to "capture" or "digitize" your footage.
As for the actual recordings themselves, P2 cards record footage in the MXF (Material eXchange Format), a SMPTE-codified cross-platform universal file format. The MXF files use operational pattern OP-Atom, which means that each element of the footage (the audio tracks, the video footage, an "icon" or thumbnail and the descriptive metadata) gets stored in its own sub-directories. The MXF file format is supported by nearly every major nonlinear editing program, while file conversion utilities exist to convert MXF files into other types of files, if needed.
The P2 card itself uses the FAT32 file system, which makes the card compatible with both Macintosh and Windows systems.
What is DRS (Dynamic Range Stretch)? When should I use this tool?
DRS (Dynamic Range Stretch) is a fully automated dynamic range expansion tool that will compress highlight information, and boost shadow detail. It happens simultaneously, on a sector by sector basis - in realtime - at the push of a button. It is a great tool to use in "Run-and-Gun" situations where controlling lighting and dynamic range is very difficult. Daytime exteriors with rapidly changing conditions are a prime target for this tool. DRS should be avoided when you have all of the right tools (Lighting, Grip) to control and carve out a specific look. Its automated functionality will quickly conflict with your abilities to predict and create a consistent specific look for your scenes (adding shadow detail where you intentionally tried to omit it). This functionality is available on select cameras, including the AJ-HPX2700, and the AJ-HPX3100.
Which codec should I choose? AVC-Intra 100 or DVCPRO HD? What about AVC-Intra 50?
If QUALITY is the defining factor, always shoot in AVC-Intra 100, as long as your Post Production facility is equipped to handle that codec. If CONTENT is more important, and achieving extended record times and bandwidth efficiencies rank higher than absolute picture quality, then AVC-Intra 50 should be explored. DVCPRO HD is a good option for those unable to shoot in the AVC-Intra Codec because of legacy post production issues, but it is an 8 bit Codec, which is inferior to AVC-Intra 100's 10 bit Mastering Quality Codec.
What do the various GAMMA MODES represent? What's the difference between HD, VIDEO-REC, FILMLIKE and FILMREC?
GAMMA Mode selection is akin to picking a film stock for your camera. The GAMMA curve you select will determine the video signal output generated by the camera, for varying degrees of luminance input. HD, VIDEO-REC, and FILMLIKE 1 & 2, are fairly punchy, and contrasty curves that are ideally suited for live broadcast applications (News, Sports, Reality/Contest shows,etc...). They are "Air-Ready" and don't require any post processing to achieve full dynamic levels (0% black to 100% white). FILMLIKE 3 and FILM-REC, provide a wider dynamic range and latitude to the camera as well as a more linear transfer curve, but usually at the cost of a flatter, less punchy image, that needs to be Color Corrected in Post. This setting is ideal for applications that already follow this type of workflow, such as Narrative Features, Episodic Television, Music Videos and Commercials.
P2 Card
What's inside a P2 Card?
P2 cards are high-precision micro-computers with their own processors, firmware, a RAID controller, and gigabytes of the highest-quality zero-fault solid-state memory chips. A P2 card is an intelligent device that manages the data files — and even does a write-verification step for every byte of memory that gets written to the card (thus assuring fault-free operation). Early P2 cards were manufactured using actual SD memory cards in a striped RAID array, thus increasing the performance far beyond any individual memory chip's speed. The newest generation of P2 cards dispenses with using individual SD memory cards and actually uses the core memory components.
What sizes of P2 Cards are available?
P2 card are offered in 16GB, 32GB and 64GB sizes.
Whats the recording capacity of P2 Cards?
To establish a P2 card's recording time, you have to determine two factors: what recording format you will use and what capacity of P2 card you're planning on using. The calculation is quite simple after that.
 - For DVCPRO or DV, the data rate is 4 minutes per gigabyte
 - For DVCPRO50 or AVC-Intra 50, the data rate is 2 minutes per gigabyte
 - For DVCPRO HD or AVC Intra 100, the data rate is 1 minute per gigabyte
A 32GB P2 card is capable of storing more than two hours of DVCPRO footage (32 gigabytes × 4 minutes per GB), more than one hour of DVCPRO50 (32 GB × 2 minutes per GB), or 32 minutes of AVC-Intra 100 or DVCPRO-HD.
Please note, even more storage capacity is available in DVCPRO-HD 720P and AVC-Intra 720P and 1080P modes. Please review the P2 HD FAQs document [pdf] for further information.
What is the transfer speed of the P2 Card?
Today's E-Series P2 cards are capable of a transfer rate of 1.2 Gbps. This makes it fast enough to ooffload a 16GB P2 card with at least 16 minutes of DVCPRO-HD or AVC-Intra content in under 2 mintues, or, an 8 to 1 ratio. Please note, many P2 formats and frame rates offer more storage per card. For example, when shooting 1080/23.98p AVC-Inra 100, a 16GB E Series card will hold up to 22 minutes of content. This means that youcan offload these 22 minutes in under 2 minutes, or, an 11 to 1 offload ratio. E Series P2 cards are super fast. Even first generation P2 cards, with a 640 Mbps offload speed or second generation A Sires P2 cards (with an 800 Mbps offload speed) have the ability to offload at a slighter higher speed, through the use of the Panasonic AJ-PCD35 P2 Drive. As always, transfer speeds of IT storage device are subject to hardware configurations.
And, because there are no moving parts and no read/write heads to move or reposition, there's no "seek time" – switching from one stream to the next is instantaneous. Because of the high-speed design of P2 cards, they can be used as an edit media. In other words, there's no requirement to transfer the footage off of the cards before editing: you can actually edit immediately right from the cards.
Can I put 1080I and 720P AND/OR standard definition footage on the same P2 card?
Yes, you can freely inter-mix any type of footage. You can put high-definition and standard-definition, 625 (PAL) and 525 (NTSC), DVCPRO and AVC-Intra, interlaced or progressive or variable-frame-rate footage, or any combination of formats and frame rates all on the same P2 card. Remember, P2 cards are treated by the system as removable storage devices – they don't care what type of information gets stored on them. This gives you an unprecedented amount of freedom and flexibility to work with any format or media as you see fit.
Can a P2 card be used in all P2 HD and P2 camcorders, recorders and drives?
Yes, the P2 card is interchangeable across the entire P2 HD/P2 lineup of products. Any P2 card can be used in any P2-compatible device


text:
Lynx X-Ray Observatory
The Lynx X-ray Observatory is a proposed X-ray space telescope, designed to be the next generation following NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's upcoming Athena Telescope. This observatory will be able to take images of a larger area of the sky in X-ray light with better resolution than any existing telescope, allowing astronomers to study the first supermassive black holes, the hot gas surrounding galaxies as they evolve, and radiation from the earliest stars. Researchers from the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and other universities are presenting Lynx to NASA for consideration in the 2020 Decadal Survey, with a proposed launch date in the mid-2030s.
Visit the Lynx X-Ray Observatory Website


text:
How do I register my borehole? How do I get permission to drill a borehole? These are common questions that come up from both domestic and commercial groundwater users. In this article, Ernst Bertram explains what is required in terms of the National Water Act. And one of the important factors he points out is that it's not the borehole that's the focus, but rather the groundwater use. The amount of groundwater you plan to use, and the purpose for which the water will be used, will determine whether you need to register your use, or obtain a licence.
Let's start with some background to the National Water Act of 1998 and how it is different to the repealed Water Act of 1956.
If you'd like to skip the background, scroll down to the heading "It's the groundwater use you're registering, not the borehole".
The National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) – a progressive piece of legislation
When it was enacted in 1998, the National Water Act was hailed internationally as the most progressive water act in the world.
Not only was Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) written into the Act, but equitable distribution and sustainable utilisation of water were also set as guiding principles. The explanatory note to Chapter 1 states:
'These guiding principles recognise the basic human needs of present and future generations, the need to protect the water resources, the need to share some water resources with other countries, the need to promote social and economic development through the use of water…'
Changes from the repealed Water Act of 1956
A major change for groundwater lies in the following two statements:
- The Minister of Water and Sanitation is in terms of section 3(1) of the NWA the public trustee of the nation's water resources. A water resource includes in terms of section 1(1) 'an aquifer'.
- According to the preamble to the NWA it is recognised that 'water is a scarce and unevenly distributed national resource which occurs in many different forms which are all part of a unitary, interdependent cycle.'
The definition of an aquifer is 'a geological formation which has structures or textures that can hold water or permit appreciable water movement through them to the extent that it can be abstracted economically' and groundwater is the 'water contained in an aquifer'. A borehole is the mechanism that the groundwater can be accessed and/or abstracted from the aquifer.
The words 'national resource' implies that groundwater is no longer regarded as the property of the land owner on which it is found, as it was under the repealed Water Act of 1956 (Act 54 of 1956). According to section 5(1) of the repealed Water Act 'the sole and exclusive use and enjoyment of private water shall vest in the owner of the land on which such water is found.' The provisions of the NWA dealing with groundwater cannot be regarded as an arbitrary deprivation of property (private water) as envisaged in section 25(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996.
The purpose of the NWA is to bring about sustainable use of all water within the natural water cycle to the benefit of all users. It gives effect to the legal principle res omnium communes (natural resources falling outside the legal commerce and which are available to all people). There is a constitutional requirement for water reform to bring about equitable access to the water resources and to redress the results of past racial discrimination.
All lawfully exercised rights to groundwater before the commencement of the NWA are replaced with allocations under the NWA. Further, those who have not exercised rights to groundwater when the NWA commenced, have the right to apply for a licence. These applications would be evaluated to determine whether a licence should be issued or not, taking into consideration all the relevant factors.
It's the groundwater use you're registering, not the borehole
When dealing with licencing and registration of water use, it's important to point out that a person does not need any permission to drill any borehole nor to register a borehole. However, once the borehole has been drilled and water found, the registration of the water use, which in this case is groundwater, must be done depending on the ultimate usage.
The course of action, i.e. whether to register the water use or not, will be based on the intended uses and limits. The following scenarios apply:
- Schedule 1 – use within the set limit = carry on and use the water;
- General Authorisation (limits are published and reviewed every 5 years) = register your water use;
- For volumes abstracted above the limits of the General Authorisation = apply for a water use license.
If groundwater use falls under Schedule 1 – no permission required
As part of the new allocation system incorporated into the NWA, a land owner, or legal occupier of the land, has a right to reasonable use of water taken from an aquifer on that property. This 'reasonable use' is defined in Schedule 1 to NWA as:
- 'reasonable domestic use in that person's household';
- 'small gardening not for commercial purposes';
- 'the watering of animals (excluding feedlots) which graze on that land within the grazing capacity of that land'.
Schedule 1 water uses do not require any permission or registration.
Although an upper limit for Schedule 1-uses has not been set in the NWA, a catchment management agency may in terms of item 2(e) of Schedule 3 limit the taking of water under Schedule 1. For the purpose of applying these provisions, it is assumed that if a person uses more than 10 kilolitres of groundwater per day (10 000 litres/day) for a 'non-commercial small garden', then they are exceeding the limits of Schedule 1, and the water use should be registered.
If groundwater use is above Schedule 1, but below General Authorisation limits – groundwater use must be registered
Any water use that is more than is allowed under Schedule 1, or which is not an existing lawful water use, should be authorised, under either a General Authorisation or a licence.
The General Authorisation serves as blanket permission; thus no licence is needed. This has been done to limit the administrative burden, as it covers a large portion of the groundwater users. However, as with any licence there are certain conditions. These are:
This water use is limited in the volume that may be abstracted. See Government Notice 399 in Government Gazette 26187 dated 26 March 2004, time application extended by Government notice 498 in Government Gazette 35477 dated 28 June 2012 (and corrected by Government notice 970 in Government Gazette 35909 dated 30 November 2012) for the limits applicable;
This water use must be registered if more than a certain volume is abstracted (see the latest General Authorisation for details).
If groundwater use is above General Authorisation limits – a licence is required
A licence will be required only if the groundwater use is above General Authorisation limits.
For more information on registration and applying for a licence, visit this website.
The borehole data being generated during drilling for water is crucial for the cost effective development and sustainable utilisation of the groundwater resources of the country. The adage 'you cannot manage what you do not measure' applies to natural resources as much as it applies to financial and human resources.
This brings me back to the provisions of section 3(1) of the NWA, i.e. 'the Minister of Water and Sanitation acts as the public trustee of the nation's water resources'. Implicitly this means that the Minister of Water and Sanitation also acts as the public trustee of the data related to the water resources of the country. This concept has been built into the National Groundwater Archive (NGA). The NGA is a web-based database and any person can register to extract data from it.
In the light of the legal mandate that the groundwater resources of the country should be developed cost-effectively and managed sustainably, it seems natural that the data generated during the drilling of boreholes could not be confidential and thus should be submitted for capturing onto the NGA. Being web-based, the NGA allows any duly-registered external groundwater data suppliers to capture data themselves.
- One does not register a borehole, but the groundwater use;
- No permission to drill a borehole or use groundwater for Schedule 1 use is required;
- Groundwater use above Schedule 1 use and not exceeding the General Authorisation limits, must be registered;
- A license will be required for all groundwater use above the General Authorisation limits;
- If a newly-drilled borehole replaces a collapsed borehole, and the water use from that borehole was lawful, the water use from the new borehole will constitute an existing lawful use.
Having worked at the Department of Water and Sanitation for many years, Ernst Bertram is a specialist in the application of water legislation to domestic and commercial borehole installations.


text:
You wouldn't want someone judging your friends based on their race or gender, but sometimes age-stereotypes can be just as harmful. New research is now showing that seniors and young people actually have a lot more in common than you might have originally thought, which could mean some grand strides in terms of anti-aging stigmas.
The Anti-Aging Study – Why are the Stereotypes There?
The University of Alberta, Canada, conducted a very interesting study that showed how judgement actually goes both ways pretty equally when it comes to the elderly and their much more youthful counterparts.
The study, whose findings were presented to the British Society of Gerontology, looked at 15 seniors and an equal number of younger students. They were asked a number of questions regarding anti-aging, as well as their general attitudes and social well-being. The study participants varied in age from a youthful 21 all the way up to age 85.
What could have been most refreshing about the study, was that when the groups of people were combined, both appeared to understand, and want to come to a common conclusion for a way to break down age related stereotypes.
A couple of the main issues that appeared to keep coming up near the beginning of the study, before the two age groups were merged were as follows:
One of the most common age stereotypes in the older age group fell under dependency issues. The common belief that seniors are a burden to society is not only harmful, and hurtful, but the negative connotations on society are extreme.
One of the negative stereotypes that kept coming up to do with the more youthful age group had to do with their lack of work-ethic. This is harmful because it gives the impression of the future being left in unsafe hands.
However, the stereotypes only appeared at the beginning of the study. Once participants were put together as a group and observed, the opinions changed significantly.
U of A researchers noticed that after the group exercise the seniors and the more youthful group appeared to have a much better relationship and understanding. Researchers say that it is important that these two age groups become united as it builds a mutual respect which can have impressive implications, not only on further anti-aging efforts, but on the state of society in a social capacity moving forward.
Bridging the Divide Between Seniors and the More Youthful Population
U of A researchers said "Negative stereotypes about youths and seniors cause an artificial divide and fear of the other generation." They say bridging the divide between the older and more youthful populations is important for the future, for a variety of reasons, and the research helped to lend some understanding and awareness to why age stigma's exist.


text:
Changing nutrition program benefitsA year after the potato industry convinced Congress to pass a law that the Agriculture Department could not limit the amount of white potatoes children are served in school meals, members of Congress are once again pushing USDA to buy more of the starchy vegetable for children.
By: Jerry Hagstrom, Agweek
WASHINGTON—A year after the potato industry convinced Congress to pass a law that the Agriculture Department could not limit the amount of white potatoes children are served in school meals, members of Congress are once again pushing USDA to buy more of the starchy vegetable for children.
In a June 27 letter, Rep. Greg Walden, R-Ore., and Rep. Gregory Meeks, D-N.Y., and 91 other House members urged Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack to allow participants in the special nutrition program for women, infants and children, known as WIC, to buy white potatoes with their benefits.
The signers of the letter included House Agriculture Committee ranking member Collin Peterson, D-Minn., and Reps. Rick Berg, R-N.D., Dennis Rehberg, R-Mont., and Kristi Noem, R-S.D.
The fiscal year 2013 Agriculture Appropriations Bill approved by the House Appropriations Committee also contains an amendment that would require USDA to allow WIC benefits to be used to purchase white potatoes.
But an Agriculture department official told Agweek that USDA does not allow white potato purchases under the WIC program because it follows the National Academies of Science's Institute of Medicine recommendation that the WIC packages contain foods that the children need and might not get without direction from the program.
"The IOM's recommendations for the WIC food packages and the resulting proposed rule excluded the purchase of white potatoes with WIC vouchers since most Americans consume the maximum recommendation of one serving of potatoes per day," the official wrote in an email. "The IOM had determined the food intake data for this target population indicate that consumption of starchy vegetables, including white potatoes, meets or exceeds the Dietary Guidelines for Americans intake recommendation for this vegetable subgroup, and would not support the goal of expanding the types and varieties of fruits and vegetables available to program participants."
Margo Wootan, the director of nutrition policy at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, signaled that USDA should not change its current rules.
The WIC program, Wootan says, "aims to supplement the diets of women and their children to address deficiencies and fill in nutritional gaps.
"Most families are already eating plenty of potatoes — and not enough of other vegetables," she says. "The contents of the WIC food packages should be based on science and what is best for the health of women and children, not politics."
The letter from Walden, Meeks and other House members promoted the nutritional value of potatoes.
"Fresh potatoes — especially those grown in Oregon — are loaded with nutrients, and WIC participants should be free to choose them as a healthy, low-cost way to feed their families," Walden says. "Excluding them from the WIC program sends the wrong signal about their nutritional value, and the secretary should reconsider the department's decision in the light of overwhelmingly bipartisan opposition."
"Fresh, white potatoes are a cornerstone of many freshly prepared, home-cooked meals around the country," Meeks says. "WIC participants in New York's sixth congressional district come from rich and diverse cultural backgrounds, and should be given the opportunity to choose how to feed their families. The WIC program should encourage a well-balanced variety in Americans' diets, not restrict access to a single vegetable."


Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts
Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts
Southern right whale. Credit: Auckland Islands Team 2009, Oregon State University
Researchers say conservation of some of the world's most endangered species needs to take cultural knowledge of the animals into account when working out how best to protect them.
An international group of scientists, including Dr. Emma Carroll from the University of Auckland, have come up with a 'roadmap' to help conservationists make the best decisions when implementing measures to help save them.
Like humans, species such as elephants, chimpanzees and whales learn from each other. For example, meerkat pups learn how to hunt scorpions by copying adults, and whales learn migratory routes from their mothers. Over time, learned behavior can create differences between groups of animals which shape how they forage, migrate and communicate.
Beyond conserving, the authors of the paper published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B argue that understanding these socially learned behavioral differences between groups can guide decisions on how to define units (groups) to protect. It can also inform practical conservation measures, such as teaching anti-predator behaviors, or even seeding migratory routes for animals undergoing reintroduction to the wild.
"By conserving the ability of populations and groups of animals to socially learn, we help ensure they have the ability to rapidly learn how to exploit new food or habitat resources," says Dr. Carroll. "Conversely, some species are culturally 'conservative' which may mean they focus on key resources, like particular types of food that need to be conserved."
For example, socially learned migration routes by may be important to prevent entrapment in sea ice; understanding how crop-raiding behavior in elephants is spread across can assist in the management of these behaviors; and may even provide opportunities for rapid assessment, for example in New Caledonian crows, where vocal dialects may provide'markers' for rapidly mapping variation in tool-assisted foraging behavior.
"Conservation practice has long been guided by genetics and ecology that assess how unique or connected different are" says lead author Philippa Brakes of Whale and Dolphin Conservation. "We show that social learning and animal culture is another important facet of biology that can guide effective conservation strategies."
Explore further
An overview of cultural research in animals and its implications for conservation efforts
More information: Philippa Brakes et al. A deepening understanding of animal culture suggests lessons for conservation, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2718
Citation: Animal culture should be included in conservation efforts (2021, April 21) retrieved 17 May 2021 from _URL_
Feedback to editors
User comments


text:
Swedish explorer Peter Lindberg has discovered what he believes to be a UFO at the bottom of the Sea. He states the object is perfectly round, about 60 ft in diameter and unlike anything he has seen in his 18 years of research. The object was discovered between Finland and Sweden on the Ocean floor about 300 ft down. His team has found submerged treasure using sonar, including a century old shipwreck with rare and valuable champagne. Could his team have discovered a UFO wreck? Part of me remains incredulous but after watching the video and seeing the pictures I have to admit, the thing doesn't only look out of this world, but looks just like what a saucer shaped UFO would look like if it somehow ended up on the Ocean bottom. I've heard some people speculate that UFOs energy fields are disrupted by airplanes and helicopters and could cause them to crash. Some say this is what happened with the crash in Roswell. If it is a UFO crash in the Ocean, I hope the aliens hitched a ride and got to safety? Do you think it could be a UFO? If it is, how did it get there? Can aliens travel through the Ocean? What else could it be?
More like this:
- The Bermuda Triangle
- Mu: The Lost Continent?
- Alien World Found Beneath Sea
- Not Exactly Treasure…
- Ocean Bloop: Giant Monster Howl?
Peter Lindbergh _URL_
Sources: read full article here _URL_


text:
probability (**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**|**).
80% is a high probability, but not 100%, so 20% are left.
I hope that the future will show us what Günther has foreseen
and thought. I also think that humans have no other chance in the
long run than the said human-machine-coevolution. But if you compare
humans with animals, then you will find that humans are the most
terrible predator on this planet, much more terrible than all predators
together; and if you compare some humans with other humans, you
will always find that some are much more terrible than others. Think
of the unconditional will to power, the greed, the fate between
wanting to be like an almighty God and having to be like an almost
powerless animal, which means the incapability of being like God
and of being like an animal. Humans are no gods and no animals,
they are somewhat between them, and that is their fate.
Shouldnt we just destroy all machines?
Its hardly possible, isnt it?
And if its possible, it leads to war, doesnt it?
But war is something that we get in any case, dont we?
The definition of a responsible ruler (**)?
Somebody who really decides and acts as ruler responsiblly, according
to Kants categorical imperative. A responsible ruler is never
corrupt, is never greedy, is never a godwannabe. But most modern
politicians are just what responsible rulers can never be, and the
other few modern politicians have no chance to become rulers.
Most modern politicians have as real rulers never shown real responsibility,
and the other few modern politicians have never become real rulers.
What should and would a responsible ruler do if machines were replacing
A responsible ruler would destroy all bad robot power sources
so the machines would stop running and stop replacing humans
But would this ruler still be a responsible ruler then,
if many people said we want to be replaced by machines?M
aybe or even likely, because many people do not know what is better
for them and what not. So a responsible ruler must also be a wise
one with foresight. He must know what is the best for the people
now and in future, despite of the fact that many of them do not
know this. But this could and probably would lead to the fact that
the responsible ruler gets fired by the people, at least in democracies.
So this leads to the unavoidable conclusion that democracy may
be not good for many people. Probably democracy (at least as we
know it today) is not really or not merely meant for the demos,
but for those irresponsible rulers who rule because of their money,
because the money has made them powerful.
In any case, this circumstances are typical for modernity.
Howsoever, a responsible ruler would - because he should - destroy
all bad robot power sources so the machines would stop running and
stop replacing humans. Why? It is the only chance to save humans
in that case, otherwise the ruler would not be a responsible
One of many, many examples: Food Manufacturing: McKinsey Report:
Where will Automation Replace Humans in Food Manufacturing
At last, the percentage of the replaced humans will be 100% everywhere,
if this development will not be stopped.
In the past, it was said that machines would not replace humans
who serve, repair and invent machines. Now, most of these humans
are already replaced by machines.
Machines need resources too. Similar to living beings, they will
tend to eradicate all other competitors.
If there will be no sudden incident that will change this trend,
then the machines will replace humans.
My philosophy has fundamentals that can empirically also be found
in nature, a.k.a the universe, and theoretically also be found in
cosmology and geology: (1) actualism, (2) exceptionalism, (3) cataclysm,
(4) cyclicism. We can hope that exceptionalism (=> 2) and cataclysm
(=>3) will help us somehow, because we do not want to be completely
replaced by machines.
Humans and machines are in state of competition, and many of the
humans help the machines to win this competition in a similar way
as the white humans help all other humans to eliminate the white
humans, although or because the white humans have brought the progress
to all humans, thus also to the non-white humans. And now white
humans as the inventors of machines are not needed anymore, since
other humans and even machines can already invent machines.
This situation seems to be paradoxical. There is the same seeming
paradox between two groups of humans too: Those who give benefit
and help and those who get this benefit and help. The disappearance
of those who give benefit and help is affirmed by those who get
this benefit and help from the former. So, this is in spite of the
fact that the latter are benefitting and getting help from the former.
This seeming paradox can be solved, since those who give benefit
and help are too expensive and not needed any longer, and those
who get benefit and help are still cheaper and still needed (this
will likely change in the future too). There is a similar seeming
paradox between machines and certain (and later likely all) humans.
So, not only can and do e.g. feminists and islamists or e.g. white
white-haters and non-white white-haters have the same enemy, this
can and do e.g. intelligent machines and stupid people too. They
all have only one enemy: the white men.
Why should machines not do what living beings do? Machines are
products of humans. Being like purely rational humans, machines
are more rational and thus more efficient than humans. Humans are
not purely rational, but only relatively rational, since they are
emotional too. So, the sentence humans invented machines
can be interpreted as humans invented purely rational humans
who lack a biological system. This purely rational humans
who lack a biological system are the machines. If they get
a biological system, then they are merely androids,
not humans. And if humans become more like machines, they are merely
cyborgs, not machines. Maybe humans and machines will become similar
to each other in the future, but they will never become the same.
The only chance for the humans survival in the future will
be to get more and more similar to the machines, because otherwise
humans will likely disappear.
Humans tend to destroy their environemt, tend to
destroy nature, tend to eradicate their competitors.
Machines as the product of humans tend to do the same. The difference
is that machines are capable of doing this much more effectively
than humans. If they will do it, is a different issue. What I have
said is that there is this tendency to eradicate all competitors.
| Phase / stage
|Average economic status
(living standard / wealth / welfare)
When the third phase will end?
What I know for sure in this case is that the third phase will
end with the end of the average high
If the average machine rate will remain high and the average fertility
rate will remain low, but the average economic status will shrink,
then it will become clear that machines are in the long run a bad
The shrunken average economic status will perhaps (thus: not
certainly) cause a shrinking average machine rate. The answer to
the question whether the average machine rate will shrink then or
not will probably depend on the development of the machines. If
they will not sufficiently enough be developed then, then the average
machine rate will certainly shrink. But the crux is that the humans
will try to avoid a shrinking average economic status, although,
if they will do, this will lead to an even higher average machine
rate and at last to the extinction of all humans. Nevertheless,
there are many reasons to believe that the average economic status
will shrink and cause a shrinking average machine rate. Like I said:
I know that the everage economic status will shrink, but I do not
know whether this will really lead to a shrinking average machine
rate or not, since the development status of the machines at that
time in the future is currently quite unknown.
Rodney Brooks wrote:
The Seven Deadly Sins of Predicting the Future of AI.
.... Today, there is a story in Market Watch that robots will
take half of todays jobs in 10 to 20 years (**).
It even has a graphic to prove the numbers.
.... For instance, it appears to say that we will go from 1 million
grounds and maintenance workers in the US to only 50,000 in 10
to 20 years, because robots will take over those jobs. How many
robots are currently operational in those jobs? ZERO. How many
realistic demonstrations have there been of robots working in
this arena? ZERO. Similar stories apply to all the other job categories
in this diagram where it is suggested that there will be massive
disruptions of 90%, and even as much as 97%, in jobs that currently
require physical presence at some particular job site. **
The ecological catastrophe is merely one of some more options for
the end of humans and many other living creatures.
Other options are, for instance, military catastrophes, technical/scientif