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Biography for
The Mandarin (Character)
from "Iron Man" (1994)
Warning! This character biography may contain plot spoilers.
Visit our Character Biography Help to learn more.
The Mandarin is a notable Super-Villain who first appeared in the 1964 comic "Tales of Suspense #50" (Written by Stan Lee)
BiographyThe Mandarin's parents, a Mongolian nobleman decended from Genghis Khan and a British aristocrat, died shortly after he was born. The Mandarin spent all of his inheritance training at science and martial arts. Doing so caused him to go broke at roughly the same time he reached adulthood. The Chinese government evicted him because he was too broke to pay his taxes. The bitter, broke, homeless, but extremely well trained Mandarin began to wander the earth. He found an alien space-ship during his wandering. He studied the ship to gain knowledge of advanced science, and stole rings he found within it. The Mandarin uses a combination of superhuman martial arts abilities, alien science, and the ten energy-blasting rings he found to wage a never-ending war on civilization.
Powers and abilitiesThe Mandarin possesses superhuman martial arts skills, such as channeling Chi into superhuman strength, performing superhumanly destructive karate-chops, and going for long periods of time without food or water by living on stored Chi.
The Mandarin is extremely educated in multiple scientific fields.
The Mandarin is a genius tactician and gifted strategist.
WeaponryThe Mandarin wields ten energy-blasting rings. Among the uses for these rings are creating illusions that allow him to attack while his enemy doesn't know what is real, trapping an enemy in ice allowing him to attack while the enemy can not move, and creating a tornado allowing him to attack while the enemy is dizzy. In conjunction with his superhuman martial arts abilities, these make him an extremely lethal warrior.
In Iron Man 3, the Mandarin is only an actor named Trevor Slattery, hired by Aldrich Killian to confuse everyone making people think he is the real super villain. He does not possess any superhuman martial arts skills or something similar to the comics. It is later revealed that Killian himself is the Mandarin.
External Links & References:
Page last updated by NateDawg101, 1 year ago
Top 5 Contributors:!!!deleted!!! (_PHONE_), MathM367, Razbaque_Dirge, oscarrudd123, MovieReviewManiac


July 18, 2021
Playground Design with Landscape Architects - Q&A With GameTime's Brandon McBride
Brandon McBride - GameTime Landmark DesignWe recently talked with Brandon McBride, GameTime's Vice President of Design, about how our Landmark Design team works with landscape architects. Brandon shared his thoughts on the importance of designing a play and recreation area that appeals to all generations. He also elaborated on the key role landscape architects play in making playgrounds a centerpiece of the community.
Read on and learn how GameTime and landscape architects work together to enrich childhood and build communities through play.
What drives your creative process when working with landscape architects?
What is the primary inspiration for how you design a play area together?
One of the main drivers is envisioning how children will utilize the space. We work with landscape architects to incorporate elements that create positive challenges and spark the imagination. That's a critical component to the success of each play space.
Understanding how children use the area provides a foundation to create a design that facilitates social interaction between peers. Each of us has a fundamental desire to build connections with those around us. A playground is great for a child's physical development, but it's also essential for enriching their social, cognitive, and emotional capacity as well.
What types of products and materials do landscape architects gravitate toward?
What drives the decision to use them?
As a landscape architect, GameTime's Landmark Design team views each project individually and considers the materials or products that will best complement that space. The utilization of custom concrete elements helps build durable spaces with rich texturing. It can also provide a connection to a unique theme or story.
Some spaces lend themselves to a more modern style or advanced levels of play. Selecting the right components and materials is essential to a positive user experience and achieving the community's desired outcomes.
What has changed most about playground design?
How have people changed the way they use playgrounds in the past 5 or 10 years?
One of the most critical shifts in playground design is a thoughtful process toward a multi-generational design philosophy. Playgrounds have shifted from a fringe recreation area to a central community space. There is evidence parents want to engage with their children during play, and communities understand play environments are critical anchor points where people come together and gain a stronger sense of community at every age.
In playground design today, is it just the children who will play on the equipment?
Do you consider other family members/generations?
It is essential to consider all the users that may utilize the space. Each individual has to be comfortable in the environment. We want people to spend as much time in the space as possible so they can enjoy all the benefits (physical, social-emotional, cognitive, etc.) of the design. If someone has a positive experience, they are more likely to come back again and again.
At the beginning of any project, we also consider making a play area accessible and inclusive to the greatest extent possible. I want every space to offer something for everyone, regardless of age or ability. Parents and grandparents need spaces to interact with their children, grandchildren, and peers playfully.
We also look for areas to include comfortable seating to gather, socialize and observe play. By considering how everyone will use a playground, it becomes a vital community centerpiece that impacts a broader cross-section of the community.
Why is thoughtful and creative design important to a playground?
What are the added benefits for the users when you take the time to design something out of the ordinary?
Working with different communities across North America and leading landscape architects helps our designers flex their creative muscles and create better and unexpected designs. Creating something new and unexpected engages children and families to play, explore, and grow together.
A thoughtfully designed play area attracts people, encourages physical activity, and enhances childhood development. It breaks down barriers and brings people together. Ultimately, playground design helps people connect, forge lasting relationships and create memories that last a lifetime.
Let's Design Something Extraordinary Together
If you're planning a park, playground, or other recreation space for people of all ages and abilities, we'd love to talk with you. Our team of designers, architects, and engineers use a collaborative process to ensure every project meets a community's goals and exceeds their expectations. Contact the GameTime play expert in your neighborhood to learn more.


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It has been suggested that the yacht depicted here is the legendary America but there is no evidence that she was at Cowes or even in British waters in 1871.
Born in Boulogne in 1825, Haughton Forrest was the son of Captain T.A. Forrest, an equerry to Queen Victoria. Most of his early works were by commission and one of his patrons was the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII), an enthusiastic yachtsman. He served in the army for many years before moving to Tasmania, where he died in 1924.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Today by Gillian Clarke
Kate in full day in the heat of the sun
looks into the grave, sees in that unearthing
of a Roman settlement, under a stone
only the shadow of a skeleton.
Gwyn on his back in the dark, lying
on the lawn dry from months of drought,
finds in the sky through the telescope
the fuzzy dust of stars he had been searching.
Imprint of bones is a constellation
shining against silence, against darkness,
and stars are the pearly vertebrae
of water-drops against the drought, pelvis,
skull, scapula five million light years old
wink in the glass, and stardust is all we hold
of the Roman lady's negative
in the infinite dark of the grave.
by Gillian Clarke
from New Poems


Take the 2-minute tour ×
We can use the following structure with two different meanings. Does anyone know them?
Should + have + p.p.
If you are familiar with these rules, then please give me an answer. Since I am learning linguistics, I cannot accept an irrelevant/informal answer.
Thanks in advance
share|improve this question
If you don't know what the two different meanings are, then how do you know there are two different meanings? – Jon Hanna Feb 13 at 17:50
Also, I don't see how your learning linquistics applies, but it would seem that you can never accept any answer at all. – Jon Hanna Feb 13 at 17:53
I should have thought OP would have more sense than to antagonise respondents by slagging off potentially irrelevant answers before he's even seen them. He should have been more deferential. – FumbleFingers Feb 13 at 18:07
_USER_ I should have hoped it was a given that irrelevant answers wouldn't be accepted, but if someone is to insist upon formal answers then they should have written the question more formally than with hasty abbreviations. – Jon Hanna Feb 13 at 21:44
_USER_: I suppose in the final analysis my usage above (and indeed, yours) are subcategories within the "obligation" sense as set out by Cerberus. That's to say, if we were thinking/hoping "properly, as we ought", those would be our idea[l]s. I can't explain exactly why, but it seems to me casting the statements as "past tense hypothetical" implies disdain here (rather than deference, as would normally be the case with, say, "I would ask..." instead of "I ask..."). God knows how you analyse "I should have hoped" as opposed to "I should hope" (or just plain "I hope"). – FumbleFingers Feb 13 at 22:52
1 Answer 1
Should can be used in two (modal) ways:
 1. to express obligation, you should do the dishes now;
 2. to express probability, Napoleon should be unable to conquer St Petersburg.
It can be used in both ways in your construction. That is all that can be said about this without further context.
share|improve this answer
OP did in fact give considerably more context than you've acknowledged there. Specifically, he's focussed on should + have + p.p., so riddle me this: does my third comment to the question itself represent obligation, probability, or what? I can't really see much of an element of obligation there, but it seems more like certainty than probability to me. – FumbleFingers Feb 13 at 18:13
He should have been fits obligation, surely. However, there is the alternative to would: "If it had rained, I don't know what I should have done." That's neither obligation nor probability. – Andrew Leach Feb 13 at 18:16
_USER_: Yes, obligation is the underlying sense of the second instance in my comment. But I should have thought it was fairly obvious I was thinking of the first instance. Which is really indistinguishable from I would have thought. Theoretically that verb form represents "irrealis", but that would hardly stand up in court since ipso facto I'm declaring that I do think whatever I should/would have thought. – FumbleFingers Feb 13 at 18:41
_USER_: I should apologise for my earlier flippancy. And the fact that I plain forgot to upvote what's obviously the most complete (and correct) answer that can be given with OP's limited context. To all intents and purposes I suspect the + have + p.p. bit is irrelevant (apart from being a spur to flippancy). Whatever - I've no doubt it's a dup of several earlier questions too, but someone else can do the spadework for that. – FumbleFingers Feb 13 at 23:46
Your Answer


Hindi/Urdu: baiThnaa vs. baiTh jaana or baiTh lenaa
Discussion in 'Indo-Iranian Languages' started by eskandar, Oct 4, 2013.
 1. eskandar
 eskandar Moderator
 English (US)
 What are the semantic differences between these three verbs? My feeling is that while baiThnaa is the basic verb, baiTh jaana conveys motion ("to go sit") and baiTh lenaa would be equivalent to the English "to take a seat". Have I understood correctly?
 It also seems to me that, for example, baiTh jaa'o would be a more direct (maybe even more forceful?) command ("go sit down!") compared to baiTh lo ("take a seat"). Is that right?
 Finally, I would appreciate recommendations for a good (preferably somewhat comprehensive) source for these types of compound verbs in Hindi/Urdu. Dictionaries typically offer only the simple verb form, so aside from listening to contextual use it's hard to know when to say X karo vs. X kar lo or what have you, and I fear that my over-reliance on simple (non-compund) verbs makes my speech sound stilted.
 2. Qureshpor Senior Member
 Punjabi, Urdu پنجابی، اردو
 eskandar SaaHib "baiThnaa" on its own means both "to sit" and "to sit down". The "jaanaa" in "baiTh jaanaa" to the best of my understanding has not to do with the person going from A to B but (possibly) his stature going from a sanding position to a seated position. Therefore, if my logic is correct,"baiTh jaanaa" is a more emphatic form of "baiThnaa". Let's use a couple of very simple sentences.
 e-SaaHib yahaaN baiThiye
 e-SaaHib yahaaN baiTh jaa'iye
 To me, the latter gives not only more emphasis to the act of sitting but also it seems politer than just saying "baiThiye".
 I am not aware of "baiTh lenaa" but for the causative "biThaanaa", one has "biThaa lenaa/denaa".
 B. SaaHib ne e-SaaHib ko apne paas biThaa liyaa aur kuchh raaz-daarii kii baateN karne lage!
 A. SaaHib ne Lakhnau kii sair karaane kii xaatir hameN ek sunsaan kuuche meN biThaa diyaa aur xud nah jaane kahaaN Ghaa'ib ho ga'e!
 Platts does go into compound verbs but I am not aware of a book on compound verbs as such. Any good grammar book covers this aspect of Urdu and Hindi.
 Last edited by a moderator: Oct 6, 2013
 3. marrish
 marrish Senior Member
 اُردو Urdu
 eskandar SaaHib, jaanaa in these verbal forms does not relate to motion (go and...). They need not be translated by parsing them. They cover an aspect of a verb, that is completion. They do provide an emphatic tone and while I agree with QP SaaHib's remarks, suppose I am shouting baiTho! it will not have this effect when I shout baiTh jaa'o! The stress is on jaa'o. I imagine it, in the terms of language, as... baiTh[e hu'e ho ]jaa'o, equivalent to become seated - the action should be completed.
 khaanaa khaa'o - can mean both do start eating or eat it up
 khaanaa khaa jaa'o means eat your food up.
 You cannot parse it and translate, like in '' maiN uTh baiThaa''. May I ask you how you understand this sentence?
 4. eskandar
 eskandar Moderator
 English (US)
 Thanks, both of you.
 I thought I had heard "baiTh lo" used but perhaps I misheard. (Is anyone else familiar with this compound?)
 Thanks QP SaaHib, I found an overview in Schmidt's "Urdu: An Essential Grammar" which was useful but not as comprehensive as I'd like.
 That's a very helpful way of thinking about it, thank you marrish SaaHib.
 If I understand it correctly, it's idiomatic and means "I got up/sat up". So your point is well-taken that I should similarly understand "baiTh jaana" as a single unit of meaning and not parse it according to its individual parts.
 5. Faylasoof Senior Member
 Plato's Republic
 English (UK) & Urdu (Luckhnow), Hindi
 eskandar Sb. as has been conveyed to you the term jaanaa here doesn't imply / indicate motion but is a more emphatic means of saying something and it also has nothing to do with a change in stature from standing to sitting position!
 We also say khaa / k_haa jaanaa (to devour; eat / consume (destructively).) instead of khaanaa /k_haanaa (verb, to eat), naaraaDh (ناراض) ho jaanaa, bigaR (بگڑ) jaanaa, etc. etc.
 6. eskandar
 eskandar Moderator
 English (US)
 Shukriya Faylasoof SaaHib. (Albatta jaise aap ko ma3luum hai, yahaaN, aap kaa vaTan meiN, maTlab shehr-i-Lucknow meiN, jis ke andar fi'l-Haal ham Urduu paRh rahe haiN, "baiThiye / baiTh jaa'iye" ke bejaa "tashriif rakhiye" bhii sunii jaatii hai! ;))
 7. Qureshpor Senior Member
 Punjabi, Urdu پنجابی، اردو
 ^ eskandar SaaHib, ho saktaa hai lakhnau vaale kuchh yuuN kaheN..
 albattah jaise aap ko ma3luum hai, yahaaN aap ke vatan meN, ya3nii shahr-i-lakhnau meN, jahaaN fi_lHaal ham Urdu siikh rahe haiN, vahaaN "baiThiye/baiTh jaa'iye" ke ba-jaa'e "tashriif rakhiye" balkih "tashriif farmaa'iye" ziyaadah sun_ne meN aataa hai.
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text:
A Cold Water Extraction, or CWE for short, is primarily used to separate tylenol from opiate-based pain-relievers because tylenol is known to be damaging to the liver in large doses, so CWE's are what you use when your doctor is a complete asshole and prescribes you weak pain medication. Opiates dissolve readily in cold water, while tylenol seeps to the bottom.
The CWE process goes as follows:
1. Crush up said pills (Vicodin, Percocets, etc.) into as fine of a powder as possible. You should be doing one CWE for no more than five pills at once.
2. Take about 150mL of water and bring it to a warm temperature--make sure it is not hot or the opiate will be destroyed and your efforts compromised. You should be able to stuck your finger in the water and hold it there comfortably. Think of about the same temperature as a heated pool.
3. Mix the powder in with the warm water and stir.
4. Put the glass in the freezer and let it chill for about 30 minutes.
5. Take it out and filter the water through a coffee filter into an empty glass. What you see in the bottom of the first glass in the freezer when you first take it out is the APAP. If you're doing a CWE, you don't want that, so filter through a coffee filter. Pour carefully and slowly. Make sure you have the coffee filter secured.
6. Lastly, to speed up the process, gently squeeze the coffee filter to empty any remaining water into the glass.
And you're done. The result is a slightly cloudy mixture, but will taste bitter.
Perform a Cold Water Extraction on that shit bro.
The process of extration, commenly used for extracting codeine from other painkillers (paracetamol, ibuprofen) it is usually combined with in legally avaliable pills. it is a fairly simple process however time consuming but necassary to get the nice codeine. i will go into detail but read no further if you've ever recreationally taken any other opiates (morphine, heroin) as codeine is a weak form and won't give you a buzz you'll OD before you get 'there'.
first get yourself some codeine and paracetamol tablets (co-codamol) then boil some water. depending on the strength of the tablets you want to empty around 300mg of codine so calculate howmany pills you need. then pour boiling water over the pills mix them into the water, then allow to cool, preferably in a fridge then filter the water using coffee filters, the liquid left will be diluted coedine without binders or paracetamol. result
'argh mate cold water extraction is effort, but its worth it'
'nah man since i had those morphine based pills codeine just don't work'

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


"IV Tube Chemical Linked To Preemie Liver Woes"
The small study in a German hospital suggests a chemical known as a phthalate, used in some intravenous feeding bags and tubing, may raise preemies' chances for liver damage.
Rigorous research on phthalates' effects in humans is lacking, and at least one expert found the German study unconvincing. There is no solid proof implicating the phthalate studied, DEHP.
However, the researchers said their results show that hospitals treating newborns or preemies should turn to IV feeding equipment that doesn't contain DEHP. Some hospitals in the U.S. already have switched.
Premature babies' livers are immature so they are already at risk for liver complications. They also are often fed intravenously, a practice already known to increase liver problems. The new study, published Monday in the journal Pediatrics, says one possible reason is DEHP. Animal studies suggest the phthalate chemical may cause various health risks including liver abnormalities and reproductive system damage."
Lindsey Tanner reports for the Associated Press July 27, 2009.
Source: AP, 07/28/2009


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Here's a video that will take you through the steps of making a storm glass; a smart device that can give you a weather update!
The storm glass or chemical barometer already exist in 1750 but was not popularly known and used until the 19th century. The crystals in a chemical barometer are made up of three solid components that were dissolved in the heat but somehow form a mass on their own as the climate conditions change every day. Note that the amount of each component used in making a storm glass may need to be adapted to your local climate, since storm-glass instruments were all intended for use in cold climate zones. Are you ready to predict the weather? Follow the instructions below, and start making your storm glass today!
- Vodka, 100 Proof (50% Ethanol) – 300 mL
- Camphor – 28g (1oz)
- Potassium Nitrate – 10g
- Ammonium Chloride – 10g
1. Pour in 300 ml of vodka in a jar
2. Add 1 cube of camphor to the vodka
3. Add 10 g potassium nitrate
4. Add 10 g ammonium chloride
5. In a pot lightly heat some water then immerse the jar to dissolve all the solid components. This will show you the degree to which one substance is able to dissolve in another
6. While heating, cover the jar lightly. Do not use a tight cover as this will cause pressure to build up inside the jar
7. Put a couple of ice cubes on the lid to reduce any alcohol that may evaporate
8. Turn off the burner once all the solids have dissolved and allow the water to cool down before you put the sealing ring of the jar
9. Place in a non-climate controlled area in your house
To reset your storm glass, place the jar in a bowl of warm water for 10 minutes. Wait for the old crystals to dissolve completely. Always loosen the jars' lid when reheating to prevent pressure build-up.


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Sanskrit Alphabet Poster:
What is unique about this poster is it shows the Sanskrit sounds with a system that guides you on where and how to pronounce the particular sound. The phonology of Sanskrit is one of its beauties as it has been preserved unlike most ancient languages. We also show the devanāgarī, IAST and brāhmī forms for each sound along with the rarer or less common devanāgarī forms.
Greek and Sanskrit poster:
The closeness of Greek and Sanskrit has been noted by many eminent scholars and William Jones was the first in modern times to notice this. In honour of the closeness we have prepared this poster showing the sounds of ancient Greek and Sanskrit and their respective writing systems.
Tamil and Sanskrit poster:
This poster shows Tamil and Sanskrit sounds and scripts together. What is fascinating here is how Tamil was until around 500AD written in Brāhmī characters.
Learning to read Brāhmī Poster
This poster was prepared in honour of the beautiful and ancient Brāhmī script which is the mother script of the modern Sanskrit scripts such as Devanāgarī. Brāhmī had been used in a vast geographical area spanning Afghanistan to The Philippines:
20 Guṇa Poster
We made this poster for young learners to learn the opposites and the 20 guṇas of Āyurveda.


Yodeling – it's all in the voice.
Yodeling had its origins in the call from mountain to mountain, the communication from Alp to Alp. Recognisable from the very first few notes, this Alpine music has the love for nature and home as its central themes.
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Yodeling is a form of singing that involves singing with repeated changes in pitch from the chest register to the head register without using words that mean anything. As described this way, yodeling is spread worldwide. It is especially in mountainous and inaccessible regions that natural yodeling communication forms have developed in order to communicate from one hill to the other or to bring in the cows. Although yodeling was probably being used back in the Stone Age, the choir singing of the yodeling songs only developed in the 19th century.
Yodeling songs of the natural yodelers
When a solo yodeler starts to sing a slow sequence of notes, the other yodelers hum along with the appropriate tone, and provide a spontaneous melody – resulting in natural yodel singing. In this primitive way, in the various mountain regions of Switzerland, one-to five-part yodeling songs are sung without words. In the Muota Valley, the "Jüüzli" is sung with two or three voices, while the Appenzell "Zäuerli" and "Ruggusserli" are polyphonic natural yodels that are often spontaneously improvised. During festivals and special occasions polyphonic natural yodels are often accompanied by talerschwingen or bell shaking (small Alpine bells). What makes the natural tones of the natural yodel so special is the eleventh tone, the natural tone, or alphorn Fa. This unique tone in C major is neither heard as "F" nor as "F sharp" but is somewhere in between. For many people, this "Fa" can be hard to get used to because since the 18th century, when "well-tempered" tuning was introduced, this sound has disappeared from the usual tone series.
Yodel choirs and yodel songs
In Switzerland and the other Alpine countries, yodeling developed into song in the 19th century. The yodel song, now with a two, three and four-part harmony, and usually accompanied by a "Schwyzerörgeli" (accordion) is the genre most favoured by yodelers in associations. In 1910, these merged into the Swiss Yodeling Association. Each year they perform in front of the jurors in regional and cantonal yodeling festivals and every three years in a national yodeling festival. The songs are about the mountains, nature and home, and also include issues such as freedom and independence. Since 1971, spiritual yodeling songs have also been sung at festivals. Today there are about 2,000 compositions of Swiss yodeling songs, mainly in German, but also in French. Yodeling is now no longer really practiced in the Italian and Romansh-speaking areas of the country, and if so, predominantly German-language songs are sung.
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The Administrative Formation of District created with the denomination of Santana of the Bag, for the provincial law n 773, of 06-06-1867, subordinated to the city of Cabrob. For the provincial law n 924, of 25-05-1870, the district of Santana of the Bag passed> to call Leopoldina. Raised to the category of village with the denomination of Leopoldina, by the provincial law n 1464, of 16-06-1879, was desmembrada of Cabrob having been its Headquarters installed in 19-04-1880. The municipal law n 3, of 13-03-1896, creates the New Land district which is annexed to the Leopoldina that was raised to the condition of city with the same denomination for the state law n 991, of 01-07-1909. (Documents of the City).
Some printed matters and clippings of periodicals of this period show that Cabrob, Willow, Bodoc, Granito and Serrinha disputed the area of the city of Leopoldina and counted on influences politics of Recife. She was necessary to create new cities with the feio of the first government of Getlio Vargas, through the governors, at this time, the mayor of Leopoldina was Antonio de S Snows, intendant indicated for the governor of the state. For the state Decree n 314, of 27-06-1934, the city of Leopoldina was extinct, being its territory distributed for the cities of Granite, Salgueiro and Serrinha. In dated territorial divisions of 1936 and 1937, Leopoldina still appeared a small part of what it was, with this name, but as district, in the Granite city – Foot. For the state decree n 92, of 31-03-1938, the Granite city started to call Bodoc and the district of Leopoldina started to appear in the Bodoc city. Raised again to the category of city with the denomination of Leopoldina, for the decree state law n 235, of 09-12-1938, desmembrado of the cities Bodoc and Serrinha, came back to be Headquarters in the old city of Leopoldina, constituted of this time of 4 districts: Leopoldina, Venice, Icaiara and New Terra. .


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Looking for a fun spring craft for kids? It's easy to decorate terra cotta pots, and then you can use the finished product to plant spring flowers! You might also enjoy making these eraser stamped bunnies as a spring art project. I hope you enjoy this easy craft for decorating flower pots that I am sharing today! Decorating terra cotta pots is one of my favorite … [Read more...] about Spring Crafts for Kids: Decorate Terra Cotta Pots
Weighted blanket weight matters whether the blanket is for adults or children. Learn how to find the right sensory blanket weight for you. See also: How to Sew a Weighted Blanket What Makes Weighted Blankets Heavy? Poly pellets are the most commonly used filling for weighted blankets, but glass beads and aquarium gravel are common substitutes. Click here to learn how … [Read more...] about Weighted Blanket Weight: How Much Should a Weighted Blanket Weigh?
These eraser stamped bunnies make a quick and easy craft for kids. The post includes more fun spring activities for kids, as well! Eraser Stamped Bunnies Spring Art Activity for Kids The kids made these eraser stamped bunnies after making our eraser stamped sheep, and I think they make a great Spring and Easter craft for kids! All you need is some construction … [Read more...] about Spring Activities for Kids: Eraser Stamped Bunnies
These DIY shaker eggs are easy to make and help kids explore rhythm and sound. They are great hands-on music accessories for preschoolers! I think egg shakers are a great exploratory learning tool to have in any preschool or home – and visually interesting shaker eggs are even better! We've made fancy shaker eggs before, and they have been so popular that I … [Read more...] about Fancy DIY Egg Shakers to Make with Kids
Learn how to make a weighted blanket with this weighted blanket sewing tutorial. Step by step instructions for the perfect sensory blanket. This weighted blanket sewing tutorial has been updated several times to reflect feedback on how best to make a weighted blanket from my readers. I would love to see your photos if you make a blanket using this tutorial - email … [Read more...] about How to Make a Weighted Blanket Sewing Tutorial (Sensory Friendly)


Function me::CreateLibrary(libraryName, prefixName)
me::CreateLibrary
The function me::CreateLibrary creates a new runtime library.
me::CreateLibrary(
 libraryName, ! (input) a string
 prefixName ! (optional) a string
)
Arguments
libraryName
The name of the new runtime library.
prefixName
The name of the new prefix, when not specified one is generated from the libraryName.
Return Value
The function returns an element in the set AllIdentifiers referencing the library when successful and the empty element upon failure. In the latter case at least one error has been raised.
Example
The code:
ep_functionReferenceExampleRuntimeLib := me::CreateLibrary(
 libraryName : sp_functionReferenceExampleLibName,
 prefixName : sp_functionReferenceExampleLibPrefix );
_ep_type := IdentifierType(ep_functionReferenceExampleRuntimeLib);
display _ep_type ;
Creates a runtime library, and produces in the listing file:
_ep_type := 'LibraryModule' ;
References
Generic references for model edit functions can be found on the index page


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Mạc Toàn (chữ Hán: 莫全;? – 1593) emperor Vũ An đế was the sixth king of the Mạc dynasty, and effectively the last of the dynasty. He reigned briefly from _PHONE_, following the death of Mạc Mậu Hợp and was followed by various nominal leaders of the Mạc: Mạc Kính Chỉ (_PHONE_), Mạc Kính Cung (_PHONE_), Mạc Kính Khoan (_PHONE_) and Mạc Kính Vũ (_PHONE_).
- Đại Việt Thông Sử, Lê Quý Đôn (1759)
Mạc Mậu Hợp
|King of Vietnam
Mạc reduced to the status of local lords at Cao Bằng
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Given a non-negative function $u $ defined on $\mathbb{R}^2 $, and satisfies : $ \Delta u \leq 0 $.
How can I prove that $u$ must be constant? Is there an easy way to do it?
Thanks!
share|improve this question
This is wrong as this is satisfied by u(x,y) = x. – Matthias Ludewig Jul 7 '12 at 8:55
_USER_: your example is not non-negative. (Except perhaps if non-negative function should in this context have a particular meaning unknown to me. In that case, sorry for the noise.) – quid Jul 7 '12 at 9:03
_USER_: Your example is indeed wrong, since it is not non-negative... – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 9:42
3 Answers 3
The function is superharmonic (due to the condition on Laplacian, note that subharmonic is wider spread but this is just a sign-change) and bounded below thus it is constant, by some analog of Liouville's theorem.
Some more details:
Things like this can, as commented by Mateusz Wasilewski, be found in certain complex analysis textbooks. (Though as said subharmonic and bounded above is I think a more common formulation, but this is just a sign change.) Here are some lecture notes that contain an essentially selfcontained exposition; see Theorem 8 and the remark following it (note that the definition of subharmonic is different and things are for the complex plane, but this is fine, compare the page linked above).
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Thanks a lot!!!! – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 14:01
_USER_ mfash: you are welcome! – quid Jul 8 '12 at 1:01
I don't know whether this counts (probably it doesn't) as an easy solution, but you can use Ito's lemma to conclude that $u(W_{t})$ (where $W_{t}$ denotes a two-dimensional Wiener process) is a nonnegative supermartingale, hence it converges almost surely. However, it is known that we can approach every point on a plane by a Wiener process, so $u$ must be constant because the limit is unique.
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_USER_: It's probably a possible solution, but unfortunately I have no idea what Ito's lemma, Wiener process nor supermartingale are... Thanks anyway! ( I was thinking about some PDE method or something) – jason mfash Jul 7 '12 at 10:21
Apparently it is not true in higher dimensions, so I think that one must play with exact integral formulae for harmonic functions (maybe use elementary complex analysis). As I am far from an expert on that field (and in fact, on any branch of mathematics), I do not guarantee that I can provide an answer along these lines. By the way, my last name is Wasilewski. – Mateusz Wasilewski Jul 7 '12 at 11:50
This is actually pretty cool. Superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^2$ are constant, while there are nonconstant superharmonic functions bounded below in $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n \geq 3$. Here is a proof that doesn't use complex analysis, and only uses that the fundamental solution in $\mathbb{R}^2$ ($\log(|x|)$) is unbounded from above and below, and the maximum principle.
Slide $u$ so that its minimum on $\partial B_1$ is $0$. Take the fundamental solution $f(x) = -\log|x|$, which is $0$ on $\partial B_1$. Since $u$ is bounded below and log is unbounded, $\epsilon f(x) < u(x)$ for $|x|$ sufficiently large (depending on $\epsilon$). By the maximum principle, $u(x) \geq \epsilon f(x)$ in $\mathbb{R}^2 - B_1$ for all $\epsilon$. Taking $\epsilon$ to $0$, we see that $u \geq 0$ outside $B_1$. But then, we see that $u$ takes its minimum in $\bar{B_1}$, and by the mean value inequality any superharmonic function with an interior minimum must be constant!
This result is false in higher dimensions. For a counterexample, just take the fundamental solution $|x|^{2-n}$ and cap it off above in $B_1$ by a paraboloid and smooth it out.
share|improve this answer
What do you mean by "smooth it out"? I understand that taking $\min(1,|x|^{2-n})$ resp. $\min(p(x),|x|^{2-n})$ with $p$ a suitable paraboloid can give a superharmonic function in the viscosity sense that is continuous resp. $\mathcal C^1$, but I don't see a way of having such a function that is $\mathcal C^2$. – Laurent Oct 31 '13 at 0:48
Smooth $u$ with a positive mollifier. One sees via integration by parts ($u$ is $C^{1,1}$ on a smooth surface and smooth otherwise) that the mollification is also superharmonic. – Connor Mooney Nov 30 '13 at 5:06
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Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, physicochemical and biochemical properties of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine as supporting information on quality control of raw materials
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences volume 6, Article number: 98 (2020)
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GLcN) are recommended for the restoration of the articular cartilage surface in patients affected by osteoarthritis. They are commercialized as pharmaceutical-grade products and as food supplements, and there are reports that they do not undergo the strict quality controls of pharmaceuticals. Herein, we evaluated the physicochemical parameters of two raw materials (CS and GlcN) obtained from two distinct suppliers in Brazil and compare the obtained data with the product specification provided by the manufacturer. Also, the homogeneity and purity grade of samples were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy.
The organoleptic properties and solubility of CS and GlcN samples obtained from pharmacy analyses and the supplier's specifications are in accordance with the standards required by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). However, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland Altman analysis of pH and the density values of samples are statistically different between the suppliers. In addition, FT-IR analyses indicated that there is non-homogeneity in the CS and GlcN samples tested, showing that both manufacturers distribute the drugs in different concentrations, although both declare the same concentration in the product technical specifications.
In summary, our study demonstrated that physicochemical parameters are insufficient to ensure product quality, and it is necessary to implement a more efficient protocol to ensure the quality of the final product.
FT-IR analyses of raw materials for compounding pharmacies.
Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine and control quality.
Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine quality in compounding pharmacies.
Quality control of raw materials using FT-IR spectroscopy.
Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative joint and musculoskeletal disease with a huge incidence and economic impact . It involves mechanical overloading of the articular joints, loss of cartilage and synovial fluids, bone degradation, inflammation, and reduction of mobility and quality of life . Pharmacological therapy includes analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or, as an alternative, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GlcN) as anti-osteoarthritis agents [4,5,6]. CS and GlcN are recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines for the treatment of symptomatic knee and hip osteoarthritis, providing relief of pain and increasing joint mobility [7, 8].
CS is a glycosaminoglycan that occurs naturally in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, e.g., bone, cartilage, skin, ligaments, and tendons [9, 10]. GlcN is produced in the human body as a precursor to glycosylated lipids, proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and proteoglycans . Commercially available CS is extracted from the cartilage of different animals . The structural heterogeneity of CS obtained from different animal sources has been reported in the literature , and some pharmaceutical preparations also present contamination with other GAGs due to failures during the purification process [12,13,14]. GlcN can be obtained through the extraction of chitin from crustacean shells followed by both alkaline or acid hydrolyzes or by de novo chemical synthesis [5, 9], and it is commercialized as stabilized salt of glucosamine or glucosamine sulfate . Despite that, CS and GlcN are combined in pharmaceutical preparations and in food supplements to be orally administered as anti-osteoarthritis active principles even in long-term therapy . The EULAR and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease (ESCEO) have recommended daily dosages of CS and GlcN between 800 and 1200 mg and between 1250 and 1500 mg, respectively [4, 8].
All raw materials authorized for usage in pharmaceutical formulations must comply with pharmacopeial specifications, including a list of tests, analytical procedures, and tolerance limits, or acceptance criteria to which products should conform . These specifications are among the main screening tools used by regulatory authorities in analytical testing for quality assessment and express the quality standards for the concerned products . In Brazil, pharmaceutical preparations of bovine CS in combination with GlcN for oral administration are available as capsule and sachet formulations and are routinely prepared in the compounding pharmacy . They represent an important economic resource in the Brazilian pharmaceutical market, comprising a total of 8% of the turnover in the entire pharmaceutical sector, according to the Brazilian Association of Compounding Pharmacists , because the medicines are offered at lower prices than the industrialized formulation. Therefore, an emphasis on product quality is necessary with the growth of this sector, which is regulated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), created by federal law in 1999 .
ANVISA established quality control parameters for manufactured products, preparations, and the effectiveness of compounded drugs [21,22,23,24]. Routinely, the raw material is submitted to physicochemical analyses, such as organoleptic evaluations, solubility, pH, melting point, and density, according to the Brazilian pharmacopeial specifications . However, analytical analyses of results' assessment, even in compliance, were able to identify different products and manufacturers with a trend toward the lower tolerance limits. Because the preparations of CS, whether or not they are combined with GlcN, present extensive chemical variations depending on their animal source [4, 12, 14, 26,27,28], it is necessary to establish a comprehensive set of analytical protocols to assess the fine structure, physicochemical characteristics, and purity of each type of CS and GlcN present in these pharmaceutical products. In the present study, we evaluated the physicochemical parameters of two raw materials used in pharmaceutical formulations for osteoarthritis treatment (CS and GlcN) in compounding pharmacy, according to Brazilian pharmacopeia specifications and analytical data from post-marketing and recognized by ANVISA , and compared the obtained data with the product specification report provided by the manufacturer. Also, FT-IR analyses were performed to verify the homogeneity and purity grade of CS and GlcN samples obtained from two distinct suppliers.
All chemical reagents used in the present study were of analytical grade (purity higher than 95%) and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (USA).
Collection of samples
Chondroitin sulfate (n = 50; CS) and glucosamine (n = 50; GlcN) samples, with molecular formulas of C14H19NO14S (MW = 457.4 g/mol) and (C6H14NO5) 2SO4.2KCl (MW = 605.52 g/mol), respectively, were obtained in a solid pharmaceutical form from two different Brazilian pharmaceutical companies. The names of the manufacturers were kept anonymous due to ethical principles; the manufacturers are identified here as supplier 1 (S1) and supplier 2 (S2), and both are duly licensed by the competent sanitary authority in Brazil. Samples were submitted for physicochemical evaluation, including the determination of organoleptic characteristics (description of color and odor), pH, solubility, and density. All methods of performing these analyses were conducted according to the Brazilian pharmacopeia specifications and analytical data from post-marketing and were recognized by ANVISA, responsible for pharmaceutical product regulation in Brazil . In summary, the data obtained were compared to the product specification report provided by the manufacturer.
The color, odor, taste, and texture of the samples were analyzed in 0.1 g of CS and GlcN spread evenly over nonporous white paper and visually compared to supplier specifications in concordance with standards concerning comparative observations with supplier specifications as previously published .
CS and GlcN samples (0.1 g) were weighed with the aid of a metal spatula on an analytical balance (Gehaka® model BG-1000) and transferred to a test tube previously identified with the names of samples and the solvents appropriated (distilled water or ethanol). The GlcN sample was considered freely soluble when 0.1 g of sample was added to 1 mL of water, following complete dissolution. The reference for insolubility was 0.01 g of GlcN added to 90 mL of ethanol for total dissolution. Separately, a CS sample was considered soluble when 0.1 g was dissolved in 3 mL of water .
The apparent density is a direct relationship between the mass of the sample and its specific volume measured in a graduated cylinder, according to ANVISA specifications . For both CS and GlcN, 5 g of the sample was weighed and transferred to a graduated cylinder and then immediately sealed. With standardized moves and a fixed height, the powder was settled to remove the air on a smooth surface until a constant volume was achieved. Then, the final volume was noted. The reference density values are between 0.9332 and 0.70 g/mL for CS and GlcN,


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. Type 2 nutrients are involved in essential physiological functions, tissue levels are fixed and there is no body store on which to draw upon.
 20. 20. Care practices Appropriate care practices include breastfeeding, complementary feeding, the use of health care and good hygiene practices. Education, knowledge, beliefs, workload and time availability, health and nutritional status of the caregivers, usually the mothers, are essential. In a study carried out in rural Chad, caregiver decisions on child feeding, actions taken when a child is ill, domestic workload and even caregiver's level of satisfaction with life have shown to have an influence on children's height-for-age.
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text:
(25) How to suppress anger by reflecting on the attributes of the Bodhisatta
If anger is not yet abated or subdued
by reflection as stated in the foregoing, it should be suppressed by
reflecting on the noble qualities or the attributes of the Buddha in
his various states of existence previous to attaining Buddhahood.
The manner of reflection is:
"Oh, noble Yogi, the Buddha's disciple! Your Teacher, the Lord Buddha, in his capacity as a Bodhisatta, i.e. in his existences prior to attainment of his Enlightenment, for a period of four Asankheyyas (aeons) and a lakh Kappas while relentlessly exercising the virtues required of a Bodhisatta to accomplish the paramittas (perfection), had practised forbearance or patience without polluting the mind with anger even against all sorts of murderers who were his enemies. The way of practising patience is illustrated in the Visuddhimagga beginning from the story of Silava as an example. But now we shall cite an example of practising patience that can be found in the Khantivadi Jataka story.


text:
Nectar robbing does not affect female reproductive success of an endangered Antirrhinum species, Plantaginaceae
Background: Nectar robbers in many plant species affect female reproductive success, usually decreasing the amount of seed produced by plants, which can affect populations persistence.
Aims: To evaluate the impact of nectar robbers on the viability of the populations, we investigated the effects of nectar robbing on the female reproductive success of a threatened snapdragon species in four populations over 2 years.
Methods: We observed insect visitors and their behaviour and quantified the percentage of robbed and non-robbed flowers and the production of fruits and seeds.
Results: The results showed the degree of variation in nectar robbing among the populations and between years within the populations. Nectar robbers were detected in only two populations, and all were Bombus terrestris. Differences in flower size among populations were not related to the nectar robbing behaviour of B. terrestris. A comparison of the percentage of fructification and seed production between flowers that were and were not robbed showed no evidence of a negative effect of nectar robbing.
Conclusions: Our study reports for the first time on nectar robbing in Antirrhinum species and concludes that this does not affect the female reproductive success of individuals or the viability of A. valentinum populations.


text:
Editing or creating category groups
edit category groups in Money. You can
edit Budget groups though.
Category groups are used for internal parts of the program only (such as 'Advisor FYI' or 'Expert Assistant'). If you need to edit them, then you really need to question why, because your ability to use them is restricted. You possibly want a budget group, a standard category or a classification, because you can do a lot more with them.
A list of the category groups as found in the UK 2005 and US 2006 Money versions can be found at the following two links:
If you are wanting to change a category or subcategory, then see Article 317


text: Horses have often served as a model for understanding evolutionary change as their transitional forms from small species with multiple toes to larger ones with a single digit are fairly well documented. What is less often reviewed is the unique structures of their upper respiratory system...primarily the guttural pouches. These pockets are unique to horses (and rhinoceros) and present an alternative evolutionary design for cooling one of the most important organs in the body, the brain. Many species use counter-current circulation to accomplish this, but the guttural pouch achieves the same goal with air. A network of sinuses and a well developed hyoid apparatus complete this unique system within the equine head.


Nutrition & Metabolism
, 5:25 | Cite as
Reduced postprandial energy expenditure and increased exogenous fat oxidation in young woman after ingestion of test meals with a low protein content
Open Access
Research
Abstract
Background
Macronutrient composition of diets can influence energy balance in humans. We tested the hypothesis whether low protein content in single meals may induce lower values of energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FO) as compared to adequate protein content.
Methods
Indirect calorimetry was combined with a breath test using naturally 13C-enriched corn oil to differentiate between postprandial exogenous and endogenous FO. Young women ingested single meals containing either 3.9% (low protein, LP) or 11.4% (adequate protein, AP) of total energy (~3100 kJ) as protein.
Results
Postprandial EE was 160 kJ/6 h lower (p < 0.01) after LP meals and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) increased less (p < 0.001) as compared to AP meals. Total postprandial FO was not significantly different between meals (~17 g/6 h). However, exogenous postprandial FO was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (4.28 ± 1.57 g/6 h) after exposure to LP meals as compared to AP meals (1.87 ± 1.00 g/6 h). Less than 10% of ingested fat (50 g) was oxidized in the postprandial phase. The overall postprandial fat balance was approximately + 33 g.
Conclusion
Breath tests using naturally 13C-labeled corn oil mirror exogenous FO. Low protein meals resulted in reduced postprandial EE and increased exogenous FO as compared to adequate protein meals without differences in total FO.
Keywords
Test Meal Respiratory Quotient Diet Induce Thermogenesis High Protein Meal Urinary Nitrogen Excretion
Abbreviations
AP
Adequate protein
BMI
Body mass index
CHO
Carbohydrate oxidation
DIT
Diet induced thermogenesis
DOB
Delta value over baseline
EE
Energy expenditure
EA/IRMS
Elemental analyser/isotope ratio mass spectrometer
FO
Fat oxidation
LP
Low protein
PDB
PeeDee Belemnite Limestone carbonate
PO
Protein oxidation
RQ
Respiratory quotient.
Background
Obesity is an increasing health problem in both developed and developing countries [1]. Genetic predisposition, physical inactivity, and the consumption of high-energy dense foods are risk factors for obesity [2]. It was shown that diet composition influences energy storage in the body which supported the view that macronutrients may play a role in the development of obesity. However, the results are contradictory and it remains unclear what the relative importance and metabolic advantages of protein, carbohydrate and fat are [3, 4]. Therefore, studies of in vivo effects of macronutrients on body fat storage and metabolism could enhance our understanding of the aetiology of obesity and improve methods for body-weight management.
In order to achieve a reduction in body fat, weight reducing diets must attain a negative energy or fat balance. An increase of the protein content of diets at the expense of carbohydrates has brought such an advantage [4, 5, 6]. Fat oxidation (FO) was shown to depend on dietary composition, being higher after a relatively high protein meal as compared to a balanced diet [7]. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence of higher energy expenditure (EE) following protein ingestion as compared to carbohydrates or fat [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. However, the mechanisms for the influence of dietary protein on energy expenditure are not clear and controversially discussed [6, 13, 14].
The combination of indirect calorimetry with isotope techniques is an effective tool for the examination of the oxidation of endogenous and ingested nutrients in vivo [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. As demonstrated in recent reports 13CO2 breath tests are now widely used in metabolic studies of nutrients using stable isotopic labeled precursors [20, 21]. 10 to 30% of ingested fat were reported to be oxidized postprandially in subjects exposed to different experimental conditions usually using fat supplemented with 13C-labeled fatty acids [15, 16, 17]. Only few studies were published using 13C-labeled triglycerides as tracers [22]. However, there are no reports in the recent literature available using non supplemented naturally enriched fat such as corn oil to study FO. The use of uniformly labeled naturally enriched fat in metabolic studies may have the advantage of avoiding artefacts due to possible differences in metabolism of artificially with stable isotopes labeled precursors as it was shown e. g. for crystalline amino acids compared to protein-bound amino acids [23]. Therefore, we examined in a pilot study the effects of different test meals with low or adequate protein content and an equal fat content on postprandial EE and substrate oxidation. We hypothesized that an exposure of subjects to test meals with lower protein content may cause reduced rates of EE and FO with possible consequences on energy balance. Exogenous FO was measured using corn oil naturally enriched in 13C-content as the only fat component.
Methods
Subjects
6 healthy young women volunteered for the study (Table 1). They were students from Potsdam University and took part in a traineeship of studies in physiology of nutrition. Participants reported to be non smokers, normo-glycemic, and normo-lipidemic, and free of any endocrine or organ disorders. Furthermore, women were neither pregnant nor lactating and between 3 and 10 d after menstruation. The body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2) was within normal range for all of the subjects and they did not perform any extreme physical activities. Baseline breath 13CO2 enrichments were characteristic for a C3 plant based habitual diet [24]. All subjects volunteered gave an informed consent before participation in the study.
Table 1
General characteristics of the study participants

Mean (n = 6) ± SD
Age (y)
25.5 ± 2.6
Weight (kg)
59.8 ± 8.3
Height (m)
1.7 ± 0.1
BMI (kg/m2)
20.6 ± 2.5
Baseline δ13C in breath CO2 [‰ vs. PDB]
-25.8 ± 0.7
Test meals
Composition and sources of the test meals are provided in Table 2 and Table 3. The meals were comparable in energy content but either low (LP, 3.9% of energy) or adequate (AP, 11.4% of energy) in protein content. The terms "low" or "adequate" is based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance for men and women of 0.8 g good quality protein/kg body weight/day. This amount of protein corresponds to about 10% of the energy content of a balanced mixed diet [25]. The carbohydrate content was either 35.4 or 27.8% of energy in the LP or AP test meal, respectively. The total fat content was about 60% of energy in both test meals and consisted practically exclusively of C4 plant based corn oil. 13C abundance of test meal components was determined (Table 2). The low 13C abundance (expressed as δ13C vs. PeeDee Belemnite Limestone carbonate, PDB), see below) of skimmed milk powder showed that animals were not fed with corn based food. Furthermore, the 13C abundance of saccharose is characteristic for beet sugar. Both of these components are C3 plant-based. This is an important condition to measure ingested FO using C4 plant-based naturally 13C-enriched corn oil. As shown previously [26] and tested prior to the beginning of this study, C3 based low 13C meal components have no effect on baseline breath 13CO2 production [Unpublished observations by Petzke]. 13C abundance of corn oil was by about 10 to 12 ‰ δ13C higher than that of the other macronutrient components of the test meals (Table 2). All solid components of each meal were of similar weight (130 g). All components were mixed with water free of carbonic acid to reach a mushy consistency and an equal volume (250 mL). Meals were ingested after baseline measurement of energy expenditure (EE) within 10 min at the beginning of the study at 09:00 to 09:30 h. Additional drinking of mineral water free of carbonic acid was allowed during the study protocol.
Table 2
Composition and sources of test meals
Test meal

LP
AP
δ13C [‰ vs. PDB]5
Skimmed milk powder1
(g)
20
60
-28.2 ± 0.7

(kJ)
297
895

Corn oil2
(g)
50
50
-16.1 ± 0.2

(kJ)
1881
1881

Wheat starch3
(g)
40
0
-26.9 ± 0.2

(kJ)
581
0

Saccharose4
(g)
20
20
-27.8 ± 0.2

(kJ)
334
334

11492 kJ/100 g, Naturaflor®, Töpfer GmbH, Dietmannsried, Germany
23762 kJ/100 g, Mazola®, Unilever Deutschland, Hamburg, Germany
31450 kJ/100 g, Weizella, Hermann Kröner Weizenstärkefabrik, Ibbenbüren, Germany
41668 kJ/100 g


text:
Zinc, an essential nutrient, is found in every tissue in the body. The vast majority of the metal ion is tightly bound to proteins, helping them to perform biological reactions.
Tiny amounts of zinc, however, are only loosely bound, or "mobile," and thought to be critical for proper function in organs such as the brain, pancreas, and prostate gland. Yet the exact roles the ion plays in biological systems are unknown.
A new optical sensor created at MIT tracks zinc within cells and should help researchers learn more about its functions. The sensor, which can be targeted to a specific organelle within the cell, fluoresces when it binds to zinc, allowing scientists to determine where the metal is concentrated.
The MIT chemists who designed the sensor have already used it to shed light on why zinc levels, normally high in the prostate, drop dramatically in cancerous prostate cells.
"We can use these tools to study zinc trafficking within prostate cells, both healthy and diseased. By doing so we're trying to gain insight into how zinc levels within the cell change during the progression of prostate cancer," says Robert Radford, an MIT postdoc who led the project and who is an author of the paper describing the sensors, which appears in the Dec. 9 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Radford works in the lab of Stephen Lippard, the Arthur Amos Noyes Professor of Chemistry and senior author of the paper. The paper's lead author is Wen Chyan, a 2013 MIT graduate.
Researchers in Lippard's lab are now working on exploiting similar fluorescent sensors to develop a diagnostic test for early detection of prostate cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men, but is considered very treatable if caught early enough.Pathway to cancer
Scientists have theorized that when prostate cells become cancerous, they banish zinc from mitochondria (the cell structures where most ATP production occurs). This allows the cancer cell to produce the extra energy it needs to grow and divide.
"If a cell is dividing uncontrollably and it needs a lot of chemical energy, then it definitely wouldn't want zinc interfering with aconitase and preventing production of more ATP," Radford says.
The new MIT study supports this theory by showing that, although cancerous prostate cells can absorb zinc, the metal does not accumulate in the mitochondria, as it does in normal prostate cells.
This finding suggests that, in normal cells, zinc is probably transported into mitochondria by a specialized transport protein, but such a protein has not been identified, Radford says. In cancer cells, this protein might be inactivated.Follow the zinc
The ZP1 sensor can simply be added to a dish of cells grown in the lab, where it will diffuse into the cells. Until now, a major drawback of the sensor was the difficulty in targeting specific structures within a cell. "We have had some success using proteins and peptides to target small molecule zinc sensors," Radford says, "but most of the time the sensors get captured in acidic vesicles within the cell and become inactive."
Lippard's team overcame that obstacle by making two changes: First, they installed a zinc-reactive protecting group, which altered the physical properties of the sensor and made it easier to target. Second, they attached an "address tag" that directs ZP1 into mitochondria. This tag, which is a derivative of triphenylphosphonium, is tailored to enter the mitochondria because it is both positively charged and hydrophobic. The resulting sensor readily entered cells and allowed the researchers to visualize pools of mobile zinc within mitochondria.
"This is an exciting new concept for sensing using a combination of reaction- and recognition-based approaches, which has potential applications for diagnostics involving zinc misregulation," says Christopher Chang, a professor of chemistry and molecular and cell biology at the University of California at Berkeley who was not part of the research team.
In future studies, the researchers plan to expand their strategy to create a palette of sensors that target many other organelles in the cell.
"The identification of intracellular targets for mobile zinc is an important step in understanding its true function in biological signaling. The next steps will involve discovery of the specific biochemical pathways that are affected by zinc binding to receptors in the organelles, such as proteins, and elucidating the structural and attendant functional changes that occur in the process," Lippard says.
The lab's immediate interest is study of zinc in the brain, where it is believed to act as a neurotransmitter. By understanding mobile zinc in the auditory cortex, optic nerve, and olfactory bulb, the researchers hope to figure out its role in the senses of hearing, sight, and smell.
The research was funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
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Automated manufacturing processes are the basis for ultimately establishing the series production of CFRP components. In the project HolQueSt 3D, the LZH has...
Reflecting the structure of composites found in nature and the ancient world, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have synthesized thin carbon nanotube (CNT) textiles that exhibit both high electrical conductivity and a level of toughness that is about fifty times higher than copper films, currently used in electronics.
"The structural robustness of thin metal films has significant importance for the reliable operation of smart skin and flexible electronics including...
The nearby, giant radio galaxy M87 hosts a supermassive black hole (BH) and is well-known for its bright jet dominating the spectrum over ten orders of magnitude in frequency. Due to its proximity, jet prominence, and the large black hole mass, M87 is the best laboratory for investigating the formation, acceleration, and collimation of relativistic jets. A research team led by Silke Britzen from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany, has found strong indication for turbulent processes connecting the accretion disk and the jet of that galaxy providing insights into the longstanding problem of the origin of astrophysical jets.
Supermassive black holes form some of the most enigmatic phenomena in astrophysics. Their enormous energy output is supposed to be generated by the...
The probability to find a certain number of photons inside a laser pulse usually corresponds to a classical distribution of independent events, the so-called...
Microprocessors based on atomically thin materials hold the promise of the evolution of traditional processors as well as new applications in the field of flexible electronics. Now, a TU Wien research team led by Thomas Müller has made a breakthrough in this field as part of an ongoing research project.
Two-dimensional materials, or 2D materials for short, are extremely versatile, although – or often more precisely because – they are made up of just one or a...
28.04.2017 | Event News
20.04.2017 | Event News
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28.04.2017 | Medical Engineering
28.04.2017 | Earth Sciences
28.04.2017 | Life Sciences


vim/backups"
+
"let &verbosefile=expand("$BKDIR") . "/.vim/vim-messages.
+

+
" VIMINFO {{{3
+
" COMMENTED OUT {{{4
+
" " Maximum number of lines saved for each register
+
" % When included, save and restore the buffer lis
+
" ' Maximum number of previously edited files for which the marks are remembere
+
" / Maximum number of items in the search pattern history to be saved
+
" : Maximum number of items in the command-line history
+
" < Maximum number of lines saved for each register.
+
" @ Maximum number of items in the input-line history
+
" h Disable the effect of 'hlsearch' when loading the viminfo
+
" n Name of the viminfo file. The name must immediately follow the 'n'. Must be the last oneEnvironment variables are expanded when opening the file, not when setting the option
+
" r Removable media. The argument is a string
+
" s Maximum size of an item in Kbyte
+
" }}}4 COMMENTED OUT
+
let &viminfo="%200,'200,/800,h,<500,:500,s150,r/tmp,r" . expand("$BKDIR") . "/.vim/tmp,n" . expand("$BKDIR") ."/.vim/.vinfo"
+

+
" CUSTOM FUNCTIONS "{{{1
+
" ================================================================================================================================================================
+
if !exists("AskApacheLoaded")
+
let AskApacheLoaded=1
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - LastMod {{{3
+
" Warning, this is controlled by an autocmd triggered when closing the file that updates the file (in a great way)
+
" Updated: Wed Feb 22 13:25:23 2012 by galileo@galileo
+
function! LastMod()
+
exe "silent! 1,20s/Updated: .*/" . printf('Updated: %s by %s@%s', strftime("%c"), expand("$LOGNAME"), hostname()) . "/e"
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - LastModNow {{{3
+
" An even better version than LastMod()
+
function! LastModNow()
+
call setline(line('.'), printf('%sUpdated: %s by %s@%s', printf(&commentstring, ' '), strftime("%c"), expand("$LOGNAME"), hostname()))
+
"printf('%sUpdated: %s by %s@%s', printf(&commentstring, ' '), strftime("%c"), expand("$LOGNAME"), hostname())\|dd\|j\|dd<CR><ESC>
+
"printf('Updated: %s by %s %s', strftime("%c"), expand("$LOGNAME@$HOSTNAME")) ."/e"
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - AppendModeline {{{3
+
" Append modeline after last line in buffer. Use substitute() instead of printf() to handle '%%s' modeline
+
function! AppendModeline()
+
let l:modeline = printf(" vim: set ft=%s ts=%d sw=%d tw=%d foldmethod=%s :", &filetype, &tabstop, &shiftwidth, &textwidth, &foldmethod)
+
let l:modeline = substitute(&commentstring, "%s", l:modeline, "")
+
call append(line("$"), l:modeline)
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - LastModAAZZZ {{{3
+
" AA_UPDATED='01/24/12-00:56:00'
+
function! LastModAAZZZ()
+
exe "1,50s/AA_UPDATED=.*/AA_UPDATED='" . strftime("%c") . "'"
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - StripTrailingWhitespace {{{3
+
" automatically remove trailing whitespace before write
+
function! StripTrailingWhitespace()
+
normal mZ
+
%s/\s\+$//e
+
if line("'Z") != line(".")|echo "Stripped whitespace\n"|endif
+
normal 'Z
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - MyTabL {{{3
+
function! MyTabL()
+
let s = ''|let t = tabpagenr()|let i = 1
+
while i <= tabpagenr('$')
+
let bl = tabpagebuflist(i)|let wn = tabpagewinnr(i)
+
let s .= '%' . i . 'T'. (i == t ? '%1*' : '%2*') . '%*' . (i == t ? ' %#TabLineSel# ' : '%#TabLine#')
+
let file = (i == t ? fnamemodify(bufname(bl[wn - 1]), ':p') : fnamemodify(bufname(bl[wn - 1]), ':t') )|if file == ''|let file = '[No Name]'|endif
+
let s .= i.' '. file .(i == t ? ' ' : '')|let i += 1
+
endwhile
+
let s .= '%T%#TabLineFill#%=' . (tabpagenr('$') > 1 ? '%999XX' : 'X')
+
return s
+
endfunction
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - DiffWithSaved {{{3
+
" Diff with saved version of the file
+
function! s:DiffWithSaved()
+
let filetype=&ft
+
diffthis
+
vnew | r # | normal! 1Gdd
+
diffthis
+
exe "setlocal bt=nofile bh=wipe nobl noswf ro ft=" . filetype
+
endfunction
+
com! DiffSaved call s:DiffWithSaved()
+

+

+
" FUNCTION - ShowWhitespace() {{{3
+
function! ShowWhitespace(flags)
+
let bad = ''
+
let pat = []
+
for c in split(a:flags, '\zs')
+
if c == 'e'
+
call add(pat, '\s\+$')
+
elseif c == 'i'
+
call add(pat, '^\t*\zs \+')
+
elseif c == 's'
+
call add(pat, ' \+\ze\t')
+
elseif c == 't'
+
call add(pat, '[^\t]\zs\t\+')
+
else
+
let bad .= c
+
endif
+
endfor
+

+
if len(pat) > 0
+
let s = join(pat, '\|')
+
exec 'syntax match ExtraWhitespace "'.s.'" containedin=ALL'
+
else
+
syntax clear ExtraWhitespace
+
endif
+

+
if len(bad) > 0|echo 'ShowWhitespace ignored: '.bad|endif
+
endfunction
+

+

+

+
" FUNCTION - ToggleShowWhitespace {{{3
+
" I use this all the time, it's mapped to , ts
+
function! ToggleShowWhitespace()
+
if !exists('b:ws_show')|let b:ws_show = 0|endif
+
if !exists('b:ws_flags')|let b:ws_flags = 'est'|endif


Is styrofoam poisonous?
Quick Answer
Styrofoam does contain poisonous chemicals, but it is generally safe as a container for food and beverages after service. Microwaving food or drinks inside styrofoam is not recommended, though, as the microwaving process can cause the toxic chemicals to leach from the container into the food.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
The toxins that are present in styrofoam threaten overall health and have particularly damaging effects on the reproductive system. Because styrofoam is made with petroleum, after people throw containers away, those same toxins can leach into the soil and eventually the groundwater, poisoning animals and other species that come across them. Many animals that do not suffer from poisoning as a result of styrofoam end up choking or having digestive clogs after eating the foam pieces.
Learn more about Chemistry
Related Questions


text: Cyanide has been proved to be degraded by Klebsiella oxytoca. In order to examine the physiological responses of cyanide degradation by this bacterium, two-dimensional (2-DE) electrophoresis approach and MALDI-TOF-MS allow us to identify 106 proteins spots that were significantly altered in the presence of 1 mM cyanide in relative to that in 1 mM ammonia when K. oxytoca grown at the late-log phase. Among them, 27 proteins were successfully identified. These proteins were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, stress responses, oxidation-reduction reactions, transporters, and miscellaneous function. Some proteins related with regulation of nitrogen assimilation pathways (glutamine synthetase), oxidative stress repairing (catalase), and protection (neutral trehalase and glycosyltransferase) could improve the effectiveness of cyanide biodegradation. Although the nitrogenase was suggested to participate in cyanide degradation in our previous study, this enzyme induction was not observed as expected. These findings could provide new insights into the inducible mechanisms underlying the capacity of K. oxytoca to tolerate cyanide stress.


text:
Find a great range of audio and video xenon digital replacement from tvparts-online.com. Our range includesbuffer board, inverter board, main board, power supply board and tv boards from top manufacturers like Samsung and Toshiba.
Once purchasers have their TV board in hand, they need to decide whether to set up the board themselves or work with an expert. Useful people with a minimum of some expertise of electrical elements might try to replace their own board. Oftentimes, this merely needs a screwdriver, the television handbook, the new board, and a socket wrench. In other cases, it could need some more advanced electrical work, like soldering. Before attempting any diy jobs, users ought to be specific to have the right tools and understanding to carry out the job at hand. Constantly shut off and disconnect the television before attempting any electrical work. TV boards are types of circuit boards; typically printed circuit boards (PCBs), that control the functions of the television set. Circuit boards are electrical devices that function as an electrical hub, connecting different carrying out elements throughout the equipment. They typically use copper wires, which function as conductive pathways, etched onto a piece of synthetic material. Each TV has numerous various boards, from a major to inverter board, which serve various electrical functions. Dozens of electronic devices make use of printed circuit boards to function, from computers to mobile phone. Prior to purchasing a TV board, customers should learn about exactly what type of boards are in their TVs, ways to test different boards, and figure out which board is malfunctioning. These steps can be done in your home or with the help of an expert. When purchasing a TV circuit board, be particular to get one that works with a particular brand name and design number.
It is great to buy new products most of the time because market pressure and advancements in technology pushes prices down almost daily, while pushing up performance . Jot down your password and far from your computer system. Modification your password a number of times a year.
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text:
"Factory of Art" one of Adeje's youth successes
Adeje's Casa de la Juventud or Youth House is going from strength to strength with a wide range of events, including the popular Factory of Art and a writers' gallery.
Youth councillor Zebenzui Chinea Linares said more than 11,000 people used the centre during 2017, adding: "This is a very significant point for us because it shows that ad-venturous youth recognise the Casa de la Juventud and use it as a meeting point in which they receive different services that respond to their needs."
Of the 11,000 people, about 4,600 are women and more than 6,500 men. The age range that most visits the House is between 14 and 16 years old (4,948 people), followed by youth between 17 and 19 years old (2,718 people), third among those aged 20 to 25 (1507), followed by those of more than 30 (1,193 people) and finally the range of 26 to 30 (781 people). Parallel to the visits, there are more than 3,000 people participating in the different activities and programmes that are carried out throughout the year.
Regarding the projects that are developed by the council, there are those related to the formation, the entertainment and the quality of life. The highlight of last year was the "Recreate" information and training programme in which discussion tables are held, on different current issues, culture is encouraged and responds to their demands and questions. Under the umbrella of this programme, the "Young Talent" initiative was developed, a proposal that granted a set of economic scholarships to the best academic records for students of ESO and Bachillerato.
Among the actions carried out, by the council highlights the "Factory of Art", one activity in which different styles, artistic disciplines and cultural proposals for the juvenile population of the region are exhibited monthly. The "Dare" project also stands


present
(redirected from presently)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal.
pre·sent
(prē-zent'),
1. To precede or appear first at the os uteri, said of the part of the fetus first felt during examination.
2. To appear for examination or treatment, said of a patient.
[L. praesens (-sent-), pres. p. of prae-sum, to be before, be at hand]
present
(prĭ-zĕnt′)
v.
1. To appear or be felt first during birth. Used of the part of the fetus that proceeds first through the birth canal.
2. To exhibit symptoms or signs during a medical examination.
3. To be evident or manifest, as a disease or condition.
4. To attach to a pathologic antigen, such as a virus or bacterium, thus allowing the antigen to be recognized and destroyed by T cells. Used of certain immune cells, such as macrophages.
present
Medspeak
verb To relay the findings of one's history and examination to a colleague, especially by a junior doctor in training to a more senior colleague, which should be done after the patient has been clerked. The junior will generally re-present the patient to the consultant on the ward rounds after take.
present
pron, PREE-sent verb intransitive Clinical medicine To come to medical attention Obstetrics To appear–eg, a fetal part at the opening cervical os during labor verb transitive To formally provide information about a case or Pt
pre·sent
(prĕ-zent')
1. To precede or appear first at the os uteri; said of the part of the fetus first felt during examination.
2. To appear for examination, or treatment; said of a patient.
pre·sent
(prĕ-zent')
To appear for examination or treatment, said of a patient.
Patient discussion about present
Q. What are the presenting signs of ALS? Are the upper or lower extremeties affected initialilly?
A. The most common presenting sign of ALS is asymmetric limb weakness, usually starting with the hands (problems with pinching, writing, holding things etc.) shoulders (lifting arms above head etc.) or legs (problems walking).
Other presenting signs may be problems with speaking or swallowing, although these are less common.
You may read more here:
_URL_
Q. Iam a bipolar and presently on tegretol medication.I found this to be the best way to get my doubt clarified. I am a bipolar and presently on tegretol medication. My doctor frequently changes the meds and he has tried variety of medicines before prescribing tegretol. He changes the meds every time when I visit him for routine check-up. I am bit confused and obviously cannot question my doctor as I repose faith and confidence in him. I found this to be the best way to get my doubt clarified.
A. Are you being treated by your GP? I would suggest if you are having trouble finding the right combinations it might be a good time to ask to be referred to a Psychaitrist. GP's will do their best but like anything specialized they only have a certain amount of knowledge and a specialist in the field could be more help. I also think that other treatments along with The medications like theropy and group theropy, excercise, good diet, plenty of sleep etc helps a lot too... Try to be patient it is a process to get everything in place that will work the best for you... everyone is different and the .mmedications and treatments that work for one may not work for another...
More discussions about present
References in classic literature ?
Presently his articulation became shriller, and spreading his hands he rose to his feet.
Presently the knots of men broke up, and to each man wolves hung by twos and threes, dragging him to earth.
They do not seem anxious to accompany us," he said; "but just remain quietly here, Kaviri, and presently you shall see your people flocking to your side.
We rushed up mad with horror, and fired again and again, till presently the elephant fell upon the fragments of the Zulu.
For half the night he continued his search, until presently he was brought to a sudden halt by the distant sound of squealing thoats.
The first overwhelming wave of fear having passed, she was at last able to open her eyes and view her surroundings with increased interest and presently the sensation of terror slowly left her to be replaced by one of comparative security when she saw the ease and surety with which these great beasts traveled through the trees; and later her admiration for the young bull increased as it became evident that even burdened with her additional weight, he moved more rapidly and with no greater signs of fatigue than his unburdened fellows.
So I presently hurled a shoe at random, and with a vicious vigor.
There we found delicious fruits, and having satisfied our hunger we presently lay down to rest upon the shore.
But presently a fresh series of impressions grew up in my mind--a certain curiosity and therewith a certain dread--until at last they took complete possession of me.
When the men had come close to the landing one of them gave a low signal, and presently a native came down from the long-house.
Presently came a sound of shots from the town, and then everything was quiet, everything, even the hospital.
Presently he added: "Dunstan was the man that robbed Silas Marner.


text: In 1929, at a time when demand for luxury objects had dwindled because of the international economic crisis, the Manufacture's watchmakers set themselves the challenge of creating the world's smallest watch movement. They miniaturised the Duoplan calibre to the limit. The Calibre 101 weighed barely one gram and had 74 parts. Crafted in extremely small quantities, but in continuous production, its record is still unmatched to date. For her coronation in 1953, Queen Elizabeth II of England wore a watch that used this superlative mechanism.


text:
Today we have a full day of ASK programs with Janie Panagopoulos, author of many books about Michigan history, among other things. E.P. Clarke Elementary, St. Joseph is hosting, the Berrien County ISD is bridging, and TWICE is sponsoring the cost for member schools participating.
Janie's stories are so interesting and funny. She has so many interesting stories to answer the students' questions. Here are some of the questions I enjoyed today:
- In the book the two boys argue all the time. How is it that two people who didn't get along ended up working together? Have you ever worked with someone you didn't get along with?
- Why did you choose boys as the main characters?
- Of all the food in the book, which do you like the best?
- One student started his question with, "I like Michigan history a lot better than I did before I read this book."
- In the book the Indians paddled without lifting their paddle from the water as a silent paddle. I think I know what you mean, but can you explain it for me?
- How did the turtle rock get to the big tree in the forest?
- We both loved your book. In our class we had to rename the chapters. How did you decide on the chapter titles?
- Do you think people will ever be able to travel in time? And what time period would you travel to?
- How do you write to meet the needs of your audience?
The questions today showed clear evidence that the teachers had worked hard with the students on writing good questions, thinking about the writing process, and understanding the Michigan history content.
Filed under: ASK Programs


- Will Downs
Draw Schedules for Construction Contracts
The draw schedule is the detailed payment plan for your construction project. It should be clear and agreed upon by both parties. It should also provide you adequate assurance that you will have the funds necessary to complete the project. Along these lines, here are some important considerations for your draw provision:
 - Initial draw: many owners' reluctance to front any payments has caused contractors not to ask for them. That puts contractors behind from the outset. In many other professions (such as legal) it is common to obtain an advance on work performed. Therefore, if having an upfront draw is necessary or advantageous, it doesn't hurt to ask for or require one.
 - Timing of draws: what triggers the payment of draws? Think about whether you need/prefer set dates for draws, or whether the draws should be tied to percentage completion. If they're tied to completion, then who decides on the completion progress? If the project is being financed by a construction loan, then the bank will determine progress. Even if it's not a construction loan, it may be advantageous to build into your pricing the cost of hiring a 3rd party inspector to conduct inspections to verify percentage completion - this way, the owner doesn't just have to rely on you (or vice versa).
 - Retainage: how much should be withheld pending completion of the punch list? It's common for the owner (or lender) to withhold a certain amount at the end of the project for final payment after the punch list is completed. But there is no set standard on the amount that should be withheld. As a contractor, you should try and negotiate retainage out of the contract altogether, or at least negotiate down the percentage amount that is withheld.
 - Manner of payment: How should payments be made? The goal is to get paid as quickly and effortlessly as possible. Wire or bank transfers are best for this purpose. If the owner or bank wishes to pay by check, make sure there is a clear deadline in your contract for when the check must be delivered to you. For instance, you could include a provision that the check should be delivered to you within three business days of the benchmark (completion %) being met.
The takeaway here is that you need to know for certain when and how you are getting paid. This is important for ensuring you have the funds you need to allocate to the project. If a payment deadline is missed, you need to know about it as soon as possible so that you can stop work if necessary to ensure you will not be out additional time and money.
At Downs Law, we understand that construction agreements can be confusing - but they don't have to be. In our free e-book, we've taken 10 important contract provisions and distilled them into plain, understandable language. You will be able to use these as a guide to determine whether your contract is on solid footing, or whether it needs more attention. And as always, we're here for you if you need help. Contact us!


text:
MOMBASA, Kenya, Dec. 4 (UPI) -- The Chinese, investing heavily in Africa to secure its oil and other raw materials for their expanding economy, are spearheading a new era of railroad building to unlock the continent's interior.
This is an echo of the long-gone colonial empires when a century ago British and French engineers first opened up Africa to plunder its riches.
The railroad frenzy is being accompanied by a massive push to build several major ports along the coast of East Africa to accelerate exports across the Indian Ocean, mostly to China, India and Japan, as well as lay down a network of oil and gas pipelines to these ports.
"Railways are key to increasing regional trade," said Darlan Fabio de David, chief executive of Rift Valley Railways, a private equity-backed company rehabilitating the line between the Kenyan port of Mombasa and the inland Ugandan capital of Uganda that was built by the British between 1896 and 1901.
Kenya, which has found oil, is a key link in all this because it lies on the Indian Ocean. There are plans to build a huge deepwater port at Lamu which would act as a rail and pipeline hub for regional exports.
Further north, landlocked Ethiopia is another. It has no ports, but it has long been a pivotal economic player in the region, funneling goods from inland Africa to the continent's ports through its rail lines.
Extending that network would stimulate economic activity further inland and export trade via the Red Sea port of Djibouti in the Horn of Africa.
In Tanzania, which with neighboring Mozambique is on the cusp of a major offshore gas boom, the main port of Dar es Salaam, the capital, could greatly enhance its importance as the main export center for copper and cobalt from Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Congo's mineral-rich, and war-ravaged, Katanga province produces 580,000 metric tons of copper a year and about 60,000 metric tons of cobalt. Zambia produces 6750,000 tons of copper annually.
Between them they account for 7 percent of the world's copper output and roughly half the planet's cobalt.
New rail lines, replacing the costly road system currently in use, would cut transportation costs. Hauling these products to the east coast rather than southward via Durban in South Africa would allow the DRC and Zambia to export larger volumes of minerals.
The Chinese have been making massive investments in Africa over the last decade in return for access to the continent's mineral riches.
The recent oil and gas discoveries in East Africa, ideally located for direct shipment eastward across the Indian Ocean, and the prospect of more to come have accelerated Chinese investment in streamlining transportation systems to the planned megaports.
There are now almost 1 million Chinese living in Africa. A decade ago, there only a few thousand.
China's new president, Xi Jinping, visited Tanzania and the DRC in the summer, his first major foreign tour, underlining Africa's importance in China's economic strategy.
China recently overtook the United States as the world's largest importer of oil. Almost 80 percent of Chinese imports from Africa are mineral products.
China is the continent's leading business partner, with trade -- which tripled over the last decades -- exceeding $166 billion. That's expected to soar over the next 10 years when the new railroads, pipelines and ports kick in.
Direct investment -- usually building airports, highways, schools, factories and railroads -- is more difficult to quantify because much of Beijing's funding goes through tax shelters. But China's ambassador to South Africa recently said it "exceeds $40 billion."
On Nov. 28, the presidents of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and the fledgling state of South Sudan conducted the groundbreaking of Kenya's $4 billion Mombasa-Nairobi line, financed by the Export-Import Bank of China, which will run parallel to the existing colonial-era line.
"The project will define my legacy as president of Kenya," declared Uhuru Kenyatta.
Another major project is rehabilitating the rail link between Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital, and the port of Djibouti, a tiny former colony of France on the Red Sea, which links the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean.
The 475-mile, $3 billion line is being built largely by Chinese companies, as is the Mombasa-Nairobi track. China will also provide most of the locomotives and rolling stock.


Applying to college or getting your first job is a right of passage for most youth and young adults. LGBTQIA youth and young adults (and their families) have extra things to consider when making these big decisions. Below are some considerations, while this is not an exhaustive list, I hope you will find some helpful resources.
College Bound Youth
Considering what colleges to apply to and ultimately where you attend is a big decision, but factoring in which college is LGBTQIA inclusive, and has protection policies for LGBTQIA students could be the difference between success or failure for some youth. The Campus Pride Index, (, is a great starting place in sorting out which colleges could be a good match. Information regarding inclusivity, financial assistance options, and how to find LGBTQIA inclusive college fairs are among the information provided.
Other questions and things to consider during your college search:
 - Is housing provided based on identified gender, or is there an option for non-gender based housing
 - Are gender neutral restroom available, if needed
 - How does the school handle students wanting to use their preferred name
 - Are there LGBTQIA inclusive heath care options available
 - Are there clubs and organizations that are welcoming, and accepting
 - What are the campus safety efforts, is there crime data available
 - What mental health services are offered to students
 - How will I pay for or finance college, the HRC (Human Rights Campaign) has a LGBTQIA scholarship database: Here
College and University Staff operate under FERPA, Family Education Rights Privacy Act. FERPA protects your privacy. If you decide to disclose your sexual orientation or gender identity to a school staff, they cannot share that information unless:
 - The student or parent (for individuals under 18) has signed a release of information; for the purpose of post-secondary education students under 18 are not required to have information released to their parents once they have begun attending classes
 - A health or safety emergency, disclosure is needed to protect the health or safety of the student or another individual
 - A court order or subpoena
As Always, check with your school regarding your specific situation and to discuss how they implement FERPA policies.
Entering the Workforce
Whether you are seeking your first job, entering your chosen career, or searching for a new job or career path considering an employers inclusion policies and procedures is critical. There are currently no widespread employment protections for LGBTQIA individuals in the United States. Missouri does not include Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity in its non-discrimination policy, which can be found here: Missouri Labor ( Federally, the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) has ruled that Sexual orientation and gender identity fall under the umbrella of sex discrimination laws, meaning you are able to file a complaint with the EEOC for gender identity or sexual orientation based discrimination.
Starting the job search off by seeking out companies and corporations that are LGBTQIA inclusive can be a good way to go. A great starting point to understanding laws, and non-discrimination policies, is the Gen EQ guide put out by the Human Rights Campaign, click here for PDF.