text:
Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study bending loss.
Whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.
- Connect function generator square wave output to LED (emitter).
- Connect optical fiber between LED output and PIN (detector) input. An oscilloscope is connected to PIN (detector) output.
- Select the number of turn by clicking the options given. First click "1 Turn optical fiber" button.
- Click run continuously button to run the experiment.
- The received signal can be seen in the oscilloscope. Measure the amplitude of the received signal and name it V1.
- Then change the number of turns to 2 by clicking the option "2 turn optical fiber".
- Measure the amplitude of the received signal by oscilloscope and name it V2.
- Compare the value obtained previously with the latest one. It can be seen easily that due to bends, loss occurs in the cable.
- Explain through sketch how bending loss occur?
- How are micro bending losses reduced?
- Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.


text:
Data Docs compiles raw Great Expectations objects including Expectations and Validations into structured documents such as HTML documentation that display key characteristics of a dataset. Together, Data Docs, Profiling, and Validation are the three core services offered by GE.
Data Docs is implemented in the
HTML documentation takes expectation suites and validation results and produces clear, functional, and self-healing documentation of expected and observed data characteristics. Together with profiling, it can help to rapidly create a clearer picture of your data, and keep your entire team on the same page as data evolves.
For example, the default BasicDatasetProfiler in GE will produce validation_results which compile to a page for each table or DataFrame including an overview section:
And then detailed statistics for each column:
The GE DataContext uses a configurable "data documentation site" to define which artifacts to compile and how to render them as documentation. Multiple sites can be configured inside a project, each suitable for a particular data documentation use case.
For example, we have identified three common use cases for using documentation in a data project. They are to:
Visualize all Great Expectations artifacts in the local repo of a project as HTML: expectation suites, validation results and profiling results.
Maintain a "shared source of truth" for a team working on a data project. This documentation renders all the artifacts committed in the source control system (expectation suites and profiling results) and a continuously updating data quality report, built from a chronological list of validations by run id.
Share a spec of a dataset with a client or a partner. This is similar to API documentation in software development. This documentation would include profiling results of the dataset to give the reader a quick way to grasp what the data looks like, and one or more expectation suites that encode what is expected from the data to be considered valid.
To support these (and possibly other) use cases GE has a concept of "data documentation site". Multiple sites can be configured inside a project, each suitable for a particular data documentation use case.
Here is an example of a site:
The behavior of a site is controlled by configuration in the DataContext's great_expectations.yml file.
Users can specify
which datasources to document (by default, all)
whether to include expectations, validations and profiling results sections
where the expectations and validations should be read from (filesystem, S3, or GCS)
where the HTML files should be written (filesystem, S3, or GCS)
which renderer and view class should be used to render each section

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Indoor Science has been deemed an essential service and is open for all services, including COVID consulting work.
Sewage Testing After Clean Up
sewage testing, e. coli
A unique service that we offer is sewage testing after clean-up. This type of testing can be helpful when there was a sewage backup and it is unclear if the clean-up was successful. In this blog post, I will provide some background information on sewage testing.
Disinfecting Is Not Enough
When there is a sewage backup, disinfecting surfaces is not the only step that should be taken. Disinfectants will state that they must be used on a cleaned surface, so cleaning should be the first step of the process. But not every surface can even be cleaned and disinfected. Porous materials such as drywall and paper materials that were impacted by the sewage should be discarded rather than treated.
Cleaning any areas that were impacted means physically removing any matter and stains from the areas affected. Cleaning affected surfaces can be compared to washing your hands. When you wash your hands you are using soap and water to remove dirt, grease, and other visible signs of uncleanliness. Disinfecting, on the other hand, is more similar to using hand sanitizer. Hand sanitizer does not remove physical signs of dirt and grease but it does help kill pathogens that may be present. Just as you would advise a kid to first wash his hands after playing in mud, it is important to first clean hard surfaces before disinfecting them.
Traditional Sewage Testing
How do you know if the cleaning and disinfecting worked? There are a few different methods for evaluating surfaces following a sewage cleanup.
The traditional method used by laboratories is to screen for the presence of indicator organisms such as the total coliform, fecal coliform, E. coli, and fecal streptococcus. This type of testing checks for viable (living) bacteria. Unfortunately, many bacteria are anaerobic, meaning that they thrive in an oxygen-free environment and cannot survive in the presence of normal air. The longer anaerobic bacteria are out in the open, the higher the likelihood that they will die. This means that the longer you wait to take a sample the less likely this type of testing will show the presence of bacteria. The results from this type of testing can show that there are no viable bacteria present but it would not show any dead bacteria that may still be present on affected surfaces.
Should you even be concerned about dead bacteria? Even when some bacteria are non-viable they can still be dangerous. Some dead bacteria can be hazardous to human health because they can have endotoxins. Endotoxins are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. When airborne, endotoxins can cause chest tightness, cough, shortness of breath, fever, and wheezing among other health effects1.
DNA Testing
Due to the shortcomings of traditional viable testing, we often use DNA testing to determine if a sewage cleanup was successful. This analysis method is very sensitive and can detect both viable and non-viable bacteria on surfaces making it a better option to test an area after a sewage cleanup. This type of DNA testing analyzes swab samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). With PCR testing, the presence of a specific type of bacteria DNA is chosen. Bacteroides DNA is used as an indicator for the presence of fecal bacteria. Bacteroides DNA is used because it is one of the most prevalent types of bacteria found in the gut of humans2. Although Bacteroides is anaerobic, it serves as a good indicator for the presence of other types of bacteria. DNA testing is a helpful tool to use because dead bacteria is still detectable even after disinfection.
A sewage back-up or spill is messy, gross, and potentially dangerous. Cleaning and disinfecting the affected areas is essential, but ensuring that the clean-up was successful is also a critical part of the clean-up process. At Indoor Science, we offer swab testing for Bacteroides post cleaning to ensure that potentially dangerous bacteria (dead or alive) are no longer present in your property.
 1. Olenchock S.A. Airborne Endotoxin. In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 1st Ed.; Hurst, C. J.; Crawford, R.L.; Garland, J.L.; Lipson, D.A.; Mills, A.L. Eds.; ASM Press: Washington D.C., 1997; 661-665.
 2. Wang, R.F.; Cao, W.W.; Cerniglia, C.E. PCR detection and quantitation of predominant anaerobic bacteria in human and animal fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996, 62(4), 1242–1247.
Joel Silva
Joel Silva
Joel Silva is a Project Manager that performs indoor air quality assessments with a specialty in mold and bacteria. Mr. Silva holds a Bachelors of Science degree in Biology from Aurora University and he is a Certified Indoor Environmentalist (CIE) which is a certification from the ACAC. Prior to working at Indoor Science, Joel did microbiology work in the quality assurance department for a food manufacturer. During school, he also interned for the Chicago Department of Public Health. In his words... "As a child, I had an interest in science specifically in the biology of the natural world. Besides working for Indoor Science, I enjoy running outdoors, competing in races, lifting weights, practicing yoga, reading, and visiting breweries all over the country."
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Number of organisations founded per year since 1945 (all regions)
By Clara Egger
This graph shows the total number of humanitarian organisations created per year since World War Two. 94% of the organisations in the HOD have been created since 1945, with only a few earlier records, such as the Order of Malta created in 1099.
We see how some critical historical turning points and world events impact on humanitarian action. For example :
 - The time period immediately following the end of the WW2 (_PHONE_) corresponds to the structuring of the United Nations system, composed of many diverse humanitarian agencies. 74 organisations were created between 1945 and 1951.
 - The decade separating the mid 1960s from the mid 1970s (_PHONE_) reflects the combined impact of the May 68 movement on transnational solidarity and anti-war movements in Europe and the USA. Decolonization of Asia and Africa during this period also gave birth to new states who developed their own humanitarian capacity (at the societal and governmental level).
 - The decade ranging from the mid eighties to the mid nineties(_PHONE_) marks the end of the Cold War and a rise of humanitarian interventions in conflicts including Afghanistan, the Balkans, Rwanda and Somalia.
 - The mid 2000s to 2010s link with the NATO and US intervention in Afghanistan, Iraq and later the Libyan and Syrian civil wars which have led to a dramatic increase in refugees and organisations responding to their needs.
This Expertise Note was contributed by Dr Clara Egger in collaboration with the Humanitarian Encyclopedia team, based on analysis of the Humanitarian Organisation Database (HOD).
Last update : Mar 23, 2021
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text: Continuous treatment of polyester/cotton blended fabric samples was carried with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) plasma on the pilot scale atmospheric pressure plasma reactor. The mixture of helium and argon was used as carrier gas for generating dielectric barrier discharge plasma. The effect of discharge power and treatment time on the water repellent properties of samples were evaluated with contact angle (CA) and spray test measurements. Spray test and CA results showed improved resistance to wetting with water. The effect of discharge conditions on the surface morphology and surface chemistry of plasma treated samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The presence of Si-O-Si and Si-CH3 groups in the structure of plasma polymer deposited at the surface of P/C samples was revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. Further, structural differences in HMDSO plasma polymer deposited under different discharge conditions were reported with reference to organic/inorganic nature of plasma polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Views:0 Author:Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-09-17 Origin:Site
Mud technology in trenchless construction
If the blade foot is slightly larger than its size corresponding to the outer diameter of the pipe, it is possible to reduce the frictional resistance of the outer wall of the pipe. This prevents the upper layer from directly pressing on the tube body. As long as the soil is hard enough, this method will achieve the desired effect. And if the supporting medium is pressed into the gap formed between the pipe and the soil layer, the effectiveness of this method can be greatly improved, and it can be maintained for a certain period of time, which is enough to push into a relatively long pipeline. While supporting the excavation jacking pipe, the supporting medium can also serve as a lubricant to reduce friction.


Barbary Falcon (Immature - UAE)
Barbary Falcon (Immature - UAE)
Barbary Falcon
Barbary Falcon (UAE)
Scientific Name
Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides
Arabic Name
الصقر المغربي
Kuwaiti name
100.0 cm
45.0 cm
Least Concern
Similar species
Extremely rare vagrant on passage and in winter. A slender desert-adapted falcon; often difficult to distinguish from the Peregrine. Although it is smaller than the Peregrine it also exhibits dazzling aerial mastery and speed.
Where in Kuwait
Only 4 records for Kuwait and predominantly from desert areas.
In the world
It has a large dispersed range occurring from the Canary Islands, eastwards across parts of North Africa, and through the Arabian Peninsula to Iraq and possibly western Iran. Limited information has been published on this species, but like the Peregrine, this raptor feeds chiefly on birds, which it normally takes in mid-flight and often at high speed.
Local threats
Trapping for falconry and the falconry trade.


of a local lattice site.
- * @param index The index of the lattice site within the local domain (Input)
+ * @param node The index of the lattice site within the local domain (Input)
* @param rho Local density of the fluid (Output)
* @param j Local momentum of the fluid (Output)
* @param pi Local stress tensor of the fluid (Output)
*/
-void lb_get_local_fields(int index, double *rho, double *j, double *pi);
+void lb_get_local_fields(LB_FluidNode *node, double *rho, double *j, double *pi);
+
+/** Calculates the equilibrium distributions TODO: What does it mean?*/
+void lb_calc_n_equilibrium(const index_t index, const double rho, const double *j, double *pi);
+
/** Propagates the Lattice Boltzmann system for one time step.
* This function performs the collision step and the streaming step.
@@ -202,26 +251,27 @@ void calc_particle_lattice_ia();
* The calculation is implemented explicitly for the special case of D3Q19.
* @param local_node The local lattice site (Input).
*/
-MDINLINE void lb_calc_local_rho(LB_FluidNode *local_node) {
-
- double *local_n = local_node->n;
- double *local_rho = local_node->rho;
- double avg_rho = lbpar.rho*(lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid);
+MDINLINE void lb_calc_local_rho(index_t index, double *rho) {
+ // unit conversion: mass density
+ double avg_rho = lbpar.rho*lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid;
#ifdef D3Q19
- *local_rho = avg_rho
- + local_n[0]
- + local_n[1] + local_n[2]
- + local_n[3] + local_n[4]
- + local_n[5] + local_n[6]
- + local_n[7] + local_n[8] + local_n[9] + local_n[10]
- + local_n[11] + local_n[12] + local_n[13] + local_n[14]
- + local_n[15] + local_n[16] + local_n[17] + local_n[18];
+ *rho = avg_rho
+ + lbfluid[0][0][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][1][index] + lbfluid[0][2][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][3][index] + lbfluid[0][4][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][5][index] + lbfluid[0][6][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][7][index] + lbfluid[0][8][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][9][index] + lbfluid[0][10][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][11][index] + lbfluid[0][12][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][13][index] + lbfluid[0][14][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][15][index] + lbfluid[0][16][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][17][index] + lbfluid[0][18][index];
#else
int i;
- *local_rho = 0.0;
+ *rho = avg_rho;
for (i=0;i<lbmodel.n_veloc;i++) {
- *local_rho += local_n[i] + lbmodel.coeff[i][0]*avg_rho;
+ *rho += lbfluid[0][i][index];// + lbmodel.coeff[i][0]*avg_rho;
}
#endif
@@ -231,82 +281,99 @@ MDINLINE void lb_calc_local_rho(LB_FluidNode *local_node) {
* The calculation is implemented explicitly for the special case of D3Q19.
* @param local_node The local lattice site (Input).
*/
-MDINLINE void lb_calc_local_j(LB_FluidNode *local_node) {
-
- double *local_n = local_node->n;
- double *local_j = local_node->j;
+MDINLINE void lb_calc_local_j(index_t index, double *j) {
#ifdef D3Q19
- local_j[0] = local_n[1] - local_n[2]
- + local_n[7] - local_n[8] + local_n[9] - local_n[10]
- + local_n[11] - local_n[12] + local_n[13] - local_n[14];
- local_j[1] = local_n[3] - local_n[4]
- + local_n[7] - local_n[8] - local_n[9] + local_n[10]
- + local_n[15] - local_n[16] + local_n[17] - local_n[18];
- local_j[2] = local_n[5] - local_n[6]
- + local_n[11] - local_n[12] - local_n[13] + local_n[14]
- + local_n[15] - local_n[16] - local_n[17] + local_n[18];
+ j[0] = lbfluid[0][1][index] - lbfluid[0][2][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][7][index] - lbfluid[0][8][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][9][index] - lbfluid[0][10][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][11][index] - lbfluid[0][12][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][13][index] - lbfluid[0][14][index];
+ j[1] = lbfluid[0][3][index] - lbfluid[0][4][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][7][index] - lbfluid[0][8][index]
+ - lbfluid[0][9][index] + lbfluid[0][10][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][15][index] - lbfluid[0][16][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][17][index] - lbfluid[0][18][index];
+ j[2] = lbfluid[0][5][index] - lbfluid[0][6][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][11][index] - lbfluid[0][12][index]
+ - lbfluid[0][13][index] + lbfluid[0][14][index]
+ + lbfluid[0][15][index] - lbfluid[0][16][index]
+ - lbfluid[0][17][index] + lbfluid[0][18][index];
#else
int i;
double tmp;
- double avg_rho = lbpar.rho*(lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid);
- local_j[0] = 0.0;
- local_j[1] = 0.0;
- local_j[2] = 0.0;
+ //double avg_rho = _URL_.agrid*lbpar.agrid*lbpar.agrid);
+ j[0] = 0.0;
+ j[1] = 0.0;
+ j[2] = 0.0;
for (i=0;i<lbmodel.n_veloc;i++) {
- tmp = local_n[i] + lbmodel.coeff[


Your Health
Why Your Drug Copay Could Change
Partner content from Kaiser Health News
How much a medicine costs you could vary depending on the value your insurer assigns to treatment.
How much a medicine costs you could vary depending on the value your insurer assigns to treatment. hide caption
itoggle caption
What if how much you paid for a drug was based on how much it might help you, instead of the sticker price?
Some big employers are already taking this tack, known as value-based insurance design, by lowering copayments for medicines to manage chronic conditions like diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. It helps that many of the most prescribed pills are now generic and pretty cheap.
It's a simple idea when applied this way. The companies figure that if people take those medicines and stay healthy, they'll avoid costly treatment down the road. By slashing copayments, the companies hope to remove a hurdle that might discourage people from sticking with the drugs.
Now some employers are thinking about adapting the approach for pricier specialty drugs, such as those used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and cancer, according to a recent report by the Center for Studying Health System Change.
These medicines are often very expensive and have no generic competition. So instead of charging a simple copay for these drugs, some health plans charge a percentage of the total cost, which can run to thousands of dollars a month.
It's one way that insurers and employers are looking to stem the rising costs of specialty drugs, whose growth is far outpacing that of traditional drugs.
But in the latest twist, some companies are looking to vary the copayment depending on the value the drugs provide.
It isn't easy. For starters, figuring out who is an "appropriate candidate" for specialty drugs can be tough, say experts including James Robinson, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley, who has published articles advocating this insurance model.
Even if a specialty drug has been proved clinically effective for certain conditions, should all patients pay the same amount for it? Take a drug like Enbrel, which is approved to treat inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. According to the HSC report, drugs of this type cost $14,455 per year, on average.
Psoriasis is disfiguring and uncomfortable, but not fatal, Robinson says, while rheumatoid arthritis is a much more disabling condition. In this case, a value-based insurance design approach might determine that "if you've got psoriasis, maybe you pay a 30 percent coinsurance for the drug," he suggests. "But if you've got rheumatoid arthritis, there's no copayment."
That's just the tip of the iceberg. "This stuff is complicated," says Robinson. "I don't want to blow you away with the intractability of the problem."
As spending on specialty drugs grows, and despite the difficulties, some experts predict more employers will adopt "value-based" principles for their workers' coverage.


text:
One of the big botanical finds last year was the population of stinking hawk's-beard Crepis foetida at Dungeness, possibly the only extant native population of this species in the UK. More than 2000 plants were present. How would it survive this years drought, and would it benefit from additional scarification of neighbouring land? Well, the answers are not very well and No!
At least 229 plants were counted on the site this year (though not all of the grassland was accessed) and no plants were found on the scarified strip. This had lots of bare ground however and offers ideal germinating conditions this summer.
Many of the plants Read the rest of this entry »

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
P45000 is the most space-saving High-voltage Transducer for Rolling Stock.
These transducers are designed for measuring high DC and AC voltages on heavy vehicles, especially rolling stock. Application examples include the monitoring and control of traction motors or the monitoring of DC link voltage in traction power converters or on-board power converters.
The voltage measurement input is highly isolated from output and auxiliary power. The current output is compatible with commercially available control inputs.
The housing offers flexible mounting options: upright or horizontal, screwed or snapped onto 35 mm DIN rails. The devices can even be mounted in a stack, allowing for very tight space requirements.
The high-voltage transmitter is certified for use in SIL2 systems and, redundantly, SIL3. Thus, for example, the presence of dangerously high voltages can be reliably detected.
Facts and Features
- For all DC- and AC-driven rolling stock, including diesel-electric vehicles
- Measurement up to 4500 V DC and 3000 V AC
- Test voltage: 20 kV AC
- Suitable for applications with functional safety up to SIL 2 / SIL 3
- Reinforced insulation: up to 3700 V AC/ 4800 V DC
- Space-saving transducer, especially with stacked mounting
- Flexibly adaptable to available space: vertical or horizontal mounting with screw fastening, alternatively DIN rail mounting
- Optional partition extends the clearance without additional space requirements and avoids "critical" mounting of the ring cable lugs
- Robust thanks to full vacuum encapsulation
- Certified for use on rolling stock according to EN 50155
- 5-year warranty
CLICK HERE FOR DATASHEET


text:
Distance from USA
Asheville to Chattanooga distance
The driving distance or the travel distance from Asheville to Chattanooga is 226.5 Miles
. The straight line distance from Asheville to Chattanooga is 160.1 Miles. The kilometer based traveling distance is 364.458 KM and the KM based straight line distance is 257.7 KM.
Asheville location and Chattanooga location
Asheville is located at the latitude of 35.594981 and the longitude of -82._PHONE_. Asheville is situated at the latitude of 35._PHONE_ and the longitude of -85._PHONE_. The traveling source point address is Asheville, NC, USA. The destination travel point address is Chattanooga, TN, USA.
Asheville to Chattanooga travel time
The travel time between Asheville and Chattanooga is 3.52 hours
. We assumed that you are traveling at the speed of 60km per hour from Asheville to Chattanooga. The given travel time between Asheville to Chattanooga may vary based on the travel route, speed and consistent traveling.
Asheville location and Chattanooga fuel cost
The Fuel cost( Gas cost, Petrol cost) to travel from Asheville location to Chattanooga is 30.37 USD. The given fuel cost may vary based on the fuel consumption of your vehicle and varying price of the fuel. ;
Asheville travel distance calculator
You are welcome to find the travel distance calculation from asheville
You are viewing the page distance between asheville and chattanooga. This page may provide answer for the following queries. what is the distance between Asheville to Chattanooga?. How far is Asheville from Chattanooga?. How many kilometers between Asheville and Chattanooga?. What is the travel time between Asheville and Chattanooga. How long will it take to reach Chattanooga from Asheville?. What is the geographical coordinates of Asheville and Chattanooga?. The given driving distance from Chattanooga to Asheville may vary based on various route.


text:
Everything that has a beginning has an end. The life cycle of a commercial company starts with incorporation or registration, covers the growth phase until it reaches maturity followed by the decline phase, and finally ends in liquidation and deregistration. A commercial company, by its nature, exists to make a profit and generate cash surpluses to satisfy various stakeholders.
A smart move is to liquidate and deregister the commercial company while the going is still good enough to pay all its liabilities from its assets and return the residual assets to its owners. A timely voluntary liquidation will give the commercial company a great degree of control over the process. The reputation and credit-worthiness of its owners will also remain intact, which is important for starting a new business in the future. Procrastination often results in unpleasantness. Involuntary liquidation can be triggered by creditors or the court. In such events, the owners have far less control than a voluntary liquidation. Assets generally tend to realize lesser value as the potential buyers look for bargains in the knowledge that there is a compulsion to sell. Reputation loss for the owners is an additional thorn in their side.
Liquidation Rules & Regulations
In general, liquidation involves early termination of all unexpired contracts, disposal of all assets and inventories including work in progress, and obtaining certificates confirming the settlement of all liabilities from banks, lenders, creditors, and regulatory authorities. Some assets may be taken over by creditors, owners, or shareholders. In such cases, unbiased professional valuations may be required.
In the UAE there are specific liquidation and De-registration rules for:
Free Zone companies
Offshore companies [ARC Associates Deregistration]
It is advisable to consult a professional such as approved liquidators for LLC and FZ company liquidation or DMCC approved auditors and DMCC company liquidators to discuss the process and timing of liquidation and deregistration. An experienced liquidator can save the company time and money while safeguarding its reputation and offering peace of mind.
In every problem, there is an opportunity. The professional liquidators in Dubai can help in maximizing the benefits of the opportunities.
Where to seek help
ARC Associates is an experienced Liquidator, ready to serve you. They are:
Registered free zones liquidators
Approved liquidators for LLC and FZ Company liquidation
DMCC approved auditors and DMCC Company liquidators
For a no-obligation initial consultation please contact:
Mr. Reyees. K.P | Director
Tel: +971 4 _PHONE_
- Mob: _PHONE_


In the board game Dead of Winter, certain actions a player can take result in rolling a 12-sided die. On one face of the die, there's a tooth, representing instant death by zombie. Two faces of the die result in a frostbite wound, and three faces of the die result in a regular wound. Half the time one rolls the die, there is no e ffect. Suppose the game calls for a player to roll the die three times in a row. Assume that if a tooth is rolled, death occurs and no further rolls are made. Assume also that if three wounds of any kind are rolled, death occurs. What is the probability that a player rolling the die three times escapes death?
I tried (11/12)(11/12)(6/12), but I don't think that this accounts for the order of the die. For example, if I rolled a non-wound on the second roll, wouldn't that change my third probability?
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ frost bite = regular wound in this exercise? $\endgroup$ – marmouset Sep 14 '16 at 13:06
First of all, you must avoid that tooth three times running. The probability of that is $\left(\frac {11}{12}\right)^3$.
Now, let's suppose that you have dodged the tooth. That means that each of your three rolls is one of the other eleven options. Five of these are wounds, though, and you mustn't get three of those. What is the (conditional) probability of getting three of those? Well, it's $\left(\frac {5}{11}\right)^3$. Therefore the conditional probability that you don't get three wounds is $1-\left(\frac {5}{11}\right)^3$.
As you need both things to occur the final answer is $$\left(\frac {11}{12}\right)^3\times\left(1-\left(\frac {5}{11}\right)^3\right)=0.697916667$$
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Kotlin file extension explained - .kt, .kts, .ktm
Kotlin has three different file extensions that you can use to write Kotlin code:
 - .kt extension
 - .kts extension or Kotlin script
 - .ktm extension or Kotlin module
This tutorial will help you learn about the three extensions above.
Kotlin .kt file extension
The .kt extension is the most common Kotlin file extension that's used to write Kotlin source code.
This extension is used extensively when you're writing the code for your Android application.
A collection of .kt files need a main function as the entry point of the Kotlin application:
fun main() {
 println("Hello world!")
}
In Android, this main function is replaced with the MainActivity class, which is generated by Android Studio when you create a new application:
package com.example.kotlinbasic
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
import android.os.Bundle
class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
 override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
 super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
 setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
 }
}
Without a main function or the MainActivity class, Kotlin will throw an error during runtime, saying Function 'main' not found or Default Activity not found.
When you're writing code for an Android or Kotlin application, you need to use the .kt extension.
Kotlin .kts file extension
The .kts extension is also known as the Kotlin script extension.
This file extension allows you to run Kotlin code without compilation. The code inside the .kts file will be executed line by line.
To run a .kts file, you need to run the kotlinc command with the -script option:
kotlinc -script <filename>.kts
The .kts file is commonly used in Android Studio when you create a Kotlin scratch file.
Inside a .kts file, Android Studio can execute your Kotlin code without compiling your entire Android application code.
Kotlin .ktm file extension
The .ktm extension is also known as the Kotlin module extension.
This extension is quite mysterious because I never see it being used anywhere.
For example, I tried to search the kotless library for the use of .ktm extension, but can't find it anywhere.
Take a look at the following screenshot:
But I can find .kts files in the same library as shown below:
It seems that all open-source Kotlin libraries only used .kt file for their library source code, so this file extension may not be used anymore.
Now you've learned about the file extensions that are available for the Kotlin language. Nice work! 👍
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Closed Bug 591118 Opened 11 years ago Closed 11 years ago
Generate Sync Key
Categories
(Firefox :: Sync, defect)
defect
Not set
normal
Tracking
()
VERIFIED FIXED
People
(Reporter: philikon, Assigned: philikon)
References
Details
(Whiteboard: [strings])
Attachments
(3 files, 4 obsolete files)
Instead of requiring the user to enter a passphrase/Sync Key, we want to auto-generate it. a-z is mobile friendly, 20 char length gives us 94 bits.
Component: Sync → Firefox UI
QA Contact: sync → firefox
Note that hyphens need to be ignored when evaluating a sync key. In the mockup they are displayed for readability, but users may or may not decide to enter them on additional machines.
Similar interfaces provide the hyphens automatically, but we can't really do that since the user can provide their own. But either way people have been trained to not type them, so we should expect that a certain number of people won't.
Would taking the same approach with spaces mess up our entropy too much for user created sync keys? (in case they enter spaces instead of hyphens?)
A few related questions:
1. If the user opts to have their Sync Key emailed or copies it to clipboard, will it include the hyphens or not?
2. When they are setting up Sync on Android (or Firefox Home), will they have to enter the hyphen or not?
3. Can we gather aggregate information about how many users prefer to go with an auto generated Sync Key vs. creating their own?
>1. If the user opts to have their Sync Key emailed or copies it to clipboard,
>will it include the hyphens or not?
yes, they are important for readability as the user is doing re-entry
>2. When they are setting up Sync on Android (or Firefox Home), will they have
>to enter the hyphen or not?
they may or may not enter them, so we should assume that a certain percentage are not going to, and evaluate what is entered without hyphens (and potentially without spaces if possible).
This ambiguity worries me a bit: "Here's your Sync key nicely hyphenated into 4 groups. But you don't have to enter it that way. Best is you don't worry about the hyphens because they're hard to enter on mobile. In fact, we don't care about the hyphens at all and when you enter your own key, there will be no hyphens. They're not what you think they are."
I think we should either not show the hyphens at all OR make this clearer in the UI. For instance by separating the autogenerated Sync Key case from the custom passphrase case. The initial view of the setup screen would present the Sync Key, but not in an editable textbox. There's a button next to it that says "I want to provide my own". When clicked that makes the Sync Key and the Email/Print/Save buttons disappear and just shows the regular textbox that allows you to enter your own passphrase. For input we would do the same: present four textboxes a la Windows Product Key with a "I have my custom passphrase" button next to it.
Btw, are the Email/Print/Save options final? Are we dropping Copy To Clipboard?
Attached patch WIP v1 (obsolete) — Splinter Review
Work in progress.
Done:
* Generate 20 character (a-z) passphrase
* Implement Email/Print/Save backup options with preliminary text. Print and Save use an HTML page that needs to be styled (bug 591533).
Todo:
* Add hyphens, do not focus passphrase textbox, select all when focusing
* Fix up other parts of the wizard and pref UI where the passphrase can be entered/set.
Assignee: nobody → philipp
Splitting the patch into parts. Part 1 contains the common methods for generating as well as backing up the passphrase/Sync Key.
Attachment #470134 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #470665 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
This makes the wizard generate the Sync Key (also changed the terminology from passphrase/secret phrase to Sync Key everywhere). You can't continue until you either choose one of the backup methods or provide your own passphrase.
Attachment #470666 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470666 - Flags: feedback?(faaborg)
Fix up the Change/Update Passphrase dialog in the preference pane. The user can open this dialog manually when they want to change their passphrase. Since we now display the current passphrase/Sync Key in clear text, it's also handy to see what the Sync Key is. The three backup methods are available here as well, so this dialog can also be used to redo the backup. The user can also either enter a new passphrase or have a new Sync Key generated.
Attachment #470668 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470668 - Flags: feedback?(faaborg)
Blocks: 592230
Whiteboard: [strings]
Incorporate faaborg's feedback:
* Move error msg for custom passphrases into the box
* Fix up remaining error messages that still mention the "secret phrase"
Attachment #470666 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #471870 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470666 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470666 - Flags: feedback?(faaborg)
Incorporate faaborg's feedback:
* Rename the "Change Secret Phrase" button to "My Sync Key" as it now allows you to review the key and back it up again, not just change it.
Attachment #470668 - Attachment is obsolete: true
Attachment #471873 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470668 - Flags: review?(mconnor)
Attachment #470668 - Flags: feedback?(faaborg)
Attachment #470665 - Flags: review?(mconnor) → review+
Comment on attachment 471870 [details] [diff] [review]
Part 2 (v2): Generate the Sync Key in the setup wizard
* please just remove the "deprecated" strings. Cruft is bad.
>+<!ENTITY setup.newSyncKeyPage.description.label "To ensure your total privacy, all of your data is encrypted prior to being uploaded. The key to decrypt your data is not uploaded.">
not quite technically true, at this point. We generate insanely powerful keys to encrypt data, and wrap those keys with the key we don't update... we really don't want to get into a "well, the UI claims X, but X is a lie" state.
Attachment #471870 - Flags: review?(mconnor) → review+
Blocks: 593427
(In reply to comment #13)
> * please just remove the "deprecated" strings. Cruft is bad.
Not a good idea since that will break Fx's integrated UI on the next merge. We should remove them only once the integrated UI has caught up with this. Filed bug 593427 as a follow-up.
> >+<!ENTITY setup.newSyncKeyPage.description.label "To ensure your total privacy, all of your data is encrypted prior to being uploaded. The key to decrypt your data is not uploaded.">
>
> not quite technically true, at this point. We generate insanely powerful keys
> to encrypt data, and wrap those keys with the key we don't update... we really
> don't want to get into a "well, the UI claims X, but X is a lie" state.
Right. I think what Faaborg means is "The Sync Key which is necessary to decrypt your data is not uploaded." Would that be ok?
Right I understand how it works (so that we only have to reencrpyt the actual key, not the whole chunk of data) bit ultimately it's the sync key that is used to encpyt access to your data. Text seems acurate enough for me, but we can tweak it.
That's the historical reason that it works that way, though we no longer do key-rewrapping in the general case. We can massage the wording, but saying something that isn't true feels like lighting a fuse.
cc-ing johnath, in the hopes that he has a better suggestion.
Comment on attachment 471873 [details] [diff] [review]
Part 3 (v2): Fix up Change Passphrase dialog
>+ doGeneratePassphrase: function () {
>+ let passphrase = gWeaveCommon.generatePassphrase();
>+ let el = document.getElementById("passphraseBox");
>+ el.value = gWeaveCommon.hyphenatePassphrase(passphrase);
>+ this._dialog.getButton("accept"


text: Benjamin Franklin was born on this day in 1706. He is credited with discovering electricity by flying his kite in a thunder storm. Today many homeowners still are discovering electricity -- when loose wires come in contact with conductors, such as their fingers. This unpleasantness can be prevented by making sure wire connections are correct when you inspect or replace switches and outlets or any device where wire is secured under a screw. All screws on electrical devices are right-handed, which means when you're facing the screw, you turn to the right (or clockwise) to tighten it. Turning it left or counterclockwise will loosen it. Always be sure wires are properly looped around the body of the screw and looped in a clockwise direction, so that when the screw is tightened, it will also tighten up the loop. And never use stranded wire under a screw; it's very unsafe and not allowed by the national electrical code. If ever you're in doubt about your wiring, don't guess, call an electrician. And that's the On The House tip for today.


You Ask! We Count!
Number of Atheists in the World
How many atheists are there in the world?
In 2007, there are an estimated 157,529,444 people worldwide who are atheists. This is according to data compiled from the 2010 World Factbook of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.Â This number represents about 2.32% of the world population at that time. Translated to current population statistics there would be about 170,088,267 atheists in the world today.
This fact is verified on : February 28, 2010.
Tagged as:,
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3.6 The shelf life, in days, for bottles of a certainprescribed medicine is a random variable having the densityfunction
F(x)={20,000/(x+100)^3, x>0,
 {0, elsewhere.
Find the probability that a bottle of this medicinewill have a shell life of
(a) atleast 200 days
(b) anywhere from 80 to 120days.
Please show all steps to solve, not in booksshow


text:
Model Administrative Rules (MARS) and Search LogicUCC, Online UCC System, Revised Article 9
Following up on our post from earlier this week, What are "Standard Search Logic" and the Model Administrative Rules?, here's a behind-the-scenes look at how we created an online UCC search system that follows MARS guidelines.
An FCS online search report is intended to satisfy the requirements under the UCC Revised Article 9 Model Administrative Rules (MARS), which provide state filing offices with a set of guidelines for producing a legally compliant UCC lien search report. The FCS Online Search System was designed to satisfy the requirements under MARS while providing the searcher with increased flexibility.
Flexible search logic generates a more inclusive search report and addresses the inconsistencies in searches performed within states that did not effectively adopt the MARS guidelines. Further, these specially designed broad-based searching features aid in locating involuntary liens such as Federal and State Tax Liens, Judgment Liens and liens that may not be located in state databases limited to the MARS guidelines for the reporting of UCCs.
We recommend that users structure their search strings so possible variations of the name including abbreviations, alternate spellings and initials may be located. A successful search begins before the name is ever keyed into the system by considering what possible variations may exist and then using the proper search string to locate those name variations.
From the International Association of Commercial Administrators
T503 Search methodology – Search results are produced by the application of search logic to the name presented to the filing officer. Human judgment does not play a role in determining the results of the search.
503.1 Standard search logic – The following rules describe the filing office's standard search logic and apply to all searches except for those where the search request specifies that a non-standard search logic be used:
- 503.1.1 There is no limit to the number of matches that may be returned in response to the search criteria.
- 503.1.2 No distinction is made between upper and lower case letters.
- 503.1.3 The character "&" (the ampersand) is deleted and replaced with the characters "and" each place it appears in the name.
- 503.1.4 Punctuation marks and accents are disregarded. For the purposes of this rule, punctuation and accents include all characters other than the numerals 0 through 9 and the letters A through Z (in any case) of the English alphabet.
- 503.1.5 The following words and abbreviations at the end of an organization name that indicate the existence or nature of the organization are "disregarded" to the extent practicable as determined by the filing office's programming of its UCC information management system:
- 503.1.6 The word "the" at the beginning of an organization debtor name is disregarded.
- 503.1.7 All spaces are disregarded.
- 503.1.8 For first and middle names of individual debtor names, initials are treated as the logical equivalent of all names that begin with such initials, and first name and no middle name or initial is equated with all middle names and initials. For example, a search request for "John A. Smith" would cause the search to retrieve all filings against all individual debtors with "John" or the initial "J" as the first name, "Smith" as the last name, and with the initial "A" or any name beginning with "A" in the middle name field. If the search request were for "John Smith" (first and last names with no designation in the middle name field), the search would retrieve all filings against individual debtors with "John" or the initial J as the first name, "Smith" as the last name and with any name or initial or no name or initial in the middle name field.
- 503.1.9 If the name being searched is the last name of an individual debtor name without any first or middle name provided, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all financing statements with individual debtor names that consist of only the last name.
- 503.1.10 After using the preceding rules to modify the name being searched, the search will retrieve from the UCC information management system all Unlapsed Records, or, if requested by the searcher, all Active Records, that pertain to financing statements with debtor names that, after being as provided in this rule 503, exactly match the modified name being searched.
Want to see our online UCC system in action? Sign up here for a free demo. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us here or by calling _PHONE_. As always, if you are unsure of any definitions or procedures, consult your legal counsel immediately.


text:
Logistics, Supply Chain and Provisioning Support
To maintain readiness, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is charged with the acquisition, receipt, distribution and continuing support of thousands of programs and systems and millions of items, components, parts and assemblies. Procuring, storing and delivering the right items, constructed to the right specifications, to the right customer, in the right quantities is absolutely essential to maintaining readiness.
Unfortunately, the challenges are substantial.
Contract deliverables may be "out of sync" with the provisioning process, provisioning records can be difficult to update and may not be current, and there are widespread problems of incorrect, inconsistent, incomplete and just plain missing data within key acquisition and logistics support systems (e.g. FLIS, SAM, etc.). Together, these challenges make it increasingly difficult to confidently identify what is needed, where it can be obtained, how long it takes to receive it, and how many items should be procured.
Loch Harbour can help. We have a unique blend of insight, skills, and proven tools and processes to quickly examine, assess, repair and significantly improve the accuracy and effectiveness of Logistics and Supply Chain operations for both the government and for the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Suppliers alike.
Our proactive and cost effective tools and processes support improved Inventory Management, Materiel Distribution, and Asset Visibility. We help the government increase readiness, reduce waste, and control costs by providing–
- Constructing and Correcting (Resetting) Parts Lists of Legacy Systems
- Identification of Primary and Alternate Sources of Supply
- Assessment of Parts Commonality (identify other systems utilizing the same part)
- Procurement of Parts / Assemblies


text:
Humanity seems to be intent on teaching robots how to destroy us. We've taught them to keep steady when they get knocked and to keep going when they get damaged. Now scientists are teaching them how to stay upright when we jump kick them in the back.
A group of researchers from the Italian Institute of Technology and Carnegie Mellon University have been working on teaching human-shaped robots how to keep their balance when they get hit from behind. As you can see in the video above, researchers hit their robot in the back with a pole, a weight suspended from the ceiling, and then just flat out started jump kicking it in the back. In each instance, the robot interpreted the force of the hit on its back, and braced itself on a wall in front of it.
At some point, researchers for some reason placed what appears to be a figurine of WWE wrestler John Cena atop the weight. Perhaps the researchers had some anger issues they needed to work out. Or they are in the early stages of prepping for a robot fighting league.
The researchers' work addresses one of the hurdles that needs to be overcome if we're ever to have humanoid robots in our lives: These heavy, mobile hunks of steel and complicated circuitry fall over very easily. That was perhaps most obvious at last summer's DARPA Robotics Challenge, where robots competed to finish a obstacle course that featured problems they might face in a disaster situation. The robots fell over a lot, inspiring the research team to try to find a solution.
The researchers said they hope in the long term to have the robot be able to balance without bracing itself against something—a skill that would be useful in disaster response situations, which often involve debris-littered environments.
This isn't the only work being done on robot balance. Researchers at Georgia Tech are also teaching robots how to brace for impact when they get knocked down. The idea behind the research is that when we eventually have humanoid robots in our lives, they'll want to be able to protect themselves from damage in our environment in the same way that we would. But when the robots rise up, this ability to protect themselves could well be our undoing.


text:
[show abstract] [hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study is to investigate the clinical utility of detection of peripheral blood triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 mRNA as an early indicator of sepsis among critically ill patients and to compare the results of TREM-1 with those of C-reactive protein (CRP). A prospective, non-interventional study of 127 patients with at least two criteria of the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) was performed. TREM-1 was assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The diagnosis of SIRS only was made in 41 patients (32%), and the diagnosis of sepsis was made in other 86 patients (68%). TREM-1 mRNA expression had the comparably discriminative value to differentiate the presence from the absence of infection, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.75 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.67-0.84] than CRP [AUC, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.81)]. As an indicator of sepsis, a TREM-1 mRNA expression ratio cutoff value of 58.8 had a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 71%, a positive likelihood ratio of 2.5 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.39. Furthermore, TREM-1 mRNA expression was selectively higher in septic patients caused by extracellular bacteria or fungi [112.4 (19.3-680.1)], than in those caused by intracellular bacteria or viruses [18.8 (7.6-53.0), p < 0.001]. There was no difference in plasma CRP levels between both septic groups (p = 0.782). TREM-1 and CRP are similar diagnostic markers of sepsis. The different ability of extracellular and intracellular pathogens to induce TREM-1 expression may provide a potential marker for differential diagnosis.
International Journal of Clinical Practice 03/2007; 63(1):126-33. · 2.43 Impact Factor


text:
Iris Automation, a high tech company from San Francisco developing AI software for drones to enable them to fly autonomous, was selected on Wednesday for the White House UAS Integration Pilot Program (UASIPP).
On Wednesday, the United States Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration announced the winners of the Unmanned Aerial Systems Integration Pilot Program (UASIPP).
"The IPP is an opportunity for state, local, and tribal governments to partner with private sector entities, such as UAS operators or manufacturers, to accelerate safe UAS integration. The program will help the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) craft new enabling rules that allow more complex low-altitude operations."
– Federal Aviation Administration
Among the winning bids was Iris Automation in partnership with three lead applicants: the State of Alaska, the Kansas Department of Transportation and the City of Reno, Nevada. The projects are focused on enabling long-range pipeline inspection, agricultural surveying, and defibrillator delivery by drone.
Iris Automation has innovated an AI computer vision module which uses deep learning to make flying UAVs safer by giving platforms the ability to "see like a pilot" and make autonomous collision avoidance decisions. Often likened to the Mobileye of the drone world, Iris Automation has built and validated a "holy grail" technology that represents a massive step towards widespread deployment of self-flying drones.


text:
There are a number of office types provided under the PBR Act. MaPS assists with setting up offices, relocations, refurbishments, office equipment and maintenance, as well as security.
Parliamentarians are provided with an annual budget for office expenses under the PBR Act. This budget covers items such as stationery, printing and communication, nationhood materials and some ICT and telecommunications.
Parliamentarians receive insurance, injury compensation and legal assistance in relation to the conduct of their parliamentary business. Additional public resources may be provided to you in exceptional circumstances.
The Parliamentary Business Resources Act 2017 (PBR Act), together with the Regulations, determinations of the Remuneration Tribunal, and determinations and delegations made by the Minister or the Prime Minister under the PBR Act, establishes the framework to provide work expenses to current and former parliamentarians.


text:
Isla: Emissions oil refinery decreased
WILLEMSTAD – In a response to the press release emitted by the Clean Environment Foundation (SMOC), the oil refinery Isla states that the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) has actually declined in the first four months of this year.
SMOC also included a compilation chart of SO2 emissions over the months of January to April to their press release. In this chart, the organization shows the preliminary measurement data of the station at Beth Chaim, which is published by the government on the website _URL_. SMOC demonstrated on may 21 of this year that the emissions have not substantially been reduced.
The Isla refinery also refers to the air monitoring data from the website to illustrate an overview of the measured values of both the station Beth Chaim, as Kas Chikitu in the period January to April. This over the years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Isla argues that the concentration levels of sulfur dioxide in the first four months of this year have decreased compared to 2015.
At Beth Chaim, an SO2 emission of 181.9 micrograms per cubic meter was registered last year in the said month, whereas this year it reached 149 micrograms per cubic meter.
At Kas Chikitu, 152.1 micrograms per cubic meter were measured in the same period in 2015, and this year 88.3.


Would You Die If You Fell Down Niagara Falls?
Will Niagara Falls ever run out of water?
Niagara Falls water comes from Lake Erie that drains into Lake Ontario.
The entire watershed of the Provinces and States surrounding the Great Lakes will eventually go through Niagara Falls, into the St Lawrence Seaway and into the Atlantic Ocean.
Originally Answered: Why does Niagara Falls not run out of water?.
What was found at bottom of Niagara Falls?
A temporary rock dam diverts the Niagara River away from the American Falls. Two corpses were discovered — for some observers, a surprisingly low number given the falls' history of accidents and suicides. … In November 1969, the cofferdam was slowly removed, and American Falls roared once more.
Does Niagara Falls have a high crime rate?
With a crime rate of 51 per one thousand residents, Niagara Falls has one of the highest crime rates in America compared to all communities of all sizes – from the smallest towns to the very largest cities. One's chance of becoming a victim of either violent or property crime here is one in 20.
Has anyone ever died at Niagara Falls?
Statistics. An estimated 5,000 bodies were found at the foot of the falls between 1850 and 2011. On average, between 20 and 30 people die going over the falls each year. The majority of deaths are suicides—and most take place from the Canadian Horseshoe Falls, and many are not publicized by officials.
How dangerous is Niagara Falls?
Despite the green spaces of the state park, the American side has a reputation for mob activity and violent crime dating back to the Prohibition era. In 2016, the FBI ranked Niagara Falls as the most dangerous city in New York state and 44th in the country.
What was found when they drained Niagara Falls in 1969?
When crews shut down the falls in 1969, they found two bodies and millions of coins, most of which were removed. (As were the human remains, of course.) But in the last 50 years, tourism at Niagara has grown wildly.
Is it illegal to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel?
Is it safe to walk around Niagara Falls at night?
Will you die if you go over Niagara Falls?
Scores have died taking the plunge either by accident or, in most cases, intentionally. According to the Buffalo News, it is estimated that 25 people annually commit suicide by going over the falls. But as authorities scoured the lower Niagara River for the man Tuesday morning, they came across an unusual sight.
Do fish go over the Niagara Falls?
Yes, they do. But fish have more luck in surviving the plunge than humans. They are better built to survive the plunge because they live in water all the time and are much more pliable and lighter than humans.
What if you fell into Niagara Falls?
What's the best time to visit Niagara Falls?
The best time to visit Niagara Falls is June to August. Summer is peak season, and with good reason: Average highs rest in the low 80s. Mists and breezes from the waterfalls can make the area feel cooler.


Trinity Hymnal
When Israel out of Egypt went — Abschied
Original Trinity Hymnal, #39
Psalm 114
When Israel out of Egypt went,
From people of a speech unknown,
The Lord among his people dwelt,
And there he set his royal throne.
The sea beheld and fled away,
The Jordan's waters backward turned,
The lofty mountains and the hills
With trembling awe our God discerned.
What aileth thee, O troubled sea?
Thou Jordan, why thy riven tide?
Ye mountains and ye little hills,
Why thus dismayed on every side?
O tremble, earth, before the Lord,
In presence of Jehovah fear,
Beneath whose touch the flinty rock
Became a fount of waters clear.
Page number: Blue 39, Right-Click Here to Download MIDI File
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Political Numeracy: Mathematical Perspectives on Our Chaotic Constitution
"An engaging and unusual perspective on the no-man's land between mathematics and the law."—John Allen Paulos
From the impossibility of a perfectly democratic vote to a clarifying model for affirmative action debates, constitutional law professor and math enthusiast Michael Meyerson "provides an engaging and unusual perspective on the no-man's land between mathematics and the law" (John Allen Paulos). In thoroughly accessible and entertaining terms, Meyerson shows how the principle of probability influenced the...
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From the impossibility of a perfectly democratic vote to a clarifying model for affirmative action debates, constitutional law professor and math enthusiast Michael Meyerson "provides an engaging and unusual perspective on the no-man's land between mathematics and the law" (John Allen Paulos). In thoroughly accessible and entertaining terms, Meyerson shows how the principle of probability influenced the outcomes of the O. J. Simpson trials; makes a convincing case for the mathematical virtues of the electoral college; uses game theory to explain the federal government's shifting balance of power; relates the concept of infinity to the heated abortion debate; and uses topology and chaos theory to explain how our Constitution has successfully survived social and political change.
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Editorial Reviews
Laurence Tribe
An important book. I am impressed with the richness and subtlety of...[Meyerson's] insights.
John Allen Paulos
Rudy Ruckner
An unexpected source of pleasure for mathematicians,for scholars of the law,and for those interested in pleasant mental recreation.
Publishers Weekly
University of Baltimore law professor Meyerson shows how a wide range of mathematical subjects, from Euclid's ancient axiomatic method to recent developments in chaos theory, can throw light on the Constitution and how the Supreme Court interprets it. Though he sometimes delves into fairly sophisticated math game theory, transfinite arithmetic, G del's Incompleteness Theorem his sharp focus on essential insights should put all readers at ease. For example, he demonstrates how the comparison of infinite numbers illuminates different precious values the author's life may be of "infinite value" to him, for example, and yet his children's lives are more valuable. Calculations are rare and only involve simple arithmetic. By disavowing claims that a focus on math can replace other perspectives, Meyerson highlights the valuable insights his methods can provide. His use of proportional analysis as a way of evaluating affirmative action is fascinating not because he suggests an ultimate solution, but because the mathematical approach "infuses analysis with an awareness of the inevitable imperfections of one's own position." Such an awareness might encourage more reasoned debate. Some of Meyerson's topics voting systems, reapportionment have long been studied mathematically, but most get a novel treatment (for example, "our federalist system can be seen as a kind of fractal structure"). Particularly intriguing is the argument, based on chaos theory, which asserts that the nation is on a "very different constitutional path" than Madison and Hamilton would have ever imagined. Meyerson's insights vary in profundity, but all serve to stimulate awareness of a potentially rich new perspective. Illus. (Mar.) Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information.
From The Critics
Arguing that a fuller understanding of mathematics will make for more sophisticated constitutional reasoning, Meyerson (law, U. of Baltimore, Maryland) begins a rapprochement between mathematics and law. He points out that such knowledge leads not to certainty, but to a greater respect for differing constitutional perspectives. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Product Details
 - ISBN-13: 9780393323726
 - Publication date: 3/28/2003
 - Edition description: REPRINT
 - Pages: 256
Meet the Author
Michael Meyerson is professor of law and Piper & Marbury Faculty Fellow at the University of Baltimore School of Law. He lives in Columbia, Maryland.
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Read an Excerpt
Mathematical Perspectives on Our Chaotic Constitution
By Michael I. Meyerson
W. W. Norton & Company
Copyright © 2002 Michael I. Meyerson.
All rights reserved.
ISBN: _PHONE_
Chapter One
(Healthy and Ill)
It reminds me of an answer given some years ago in the School at Oxford, when the Examiner asked for an example of a syllogism. After much patient thought, the candidate handed in:
 "All men are dogs;
 All dogs are men;
 Therefore, All men are dogs."
This certainly has the form of a syllogism.... And it has the great merit... that, if you grant the premises, you cannot deny the conclusion. Nevertheless, I feel bound to add that it was not commended by the Examiner.
The preceding is a lesson on the uses of logic, given by the Reverend Charles Dodgson, who is better known by his pseudonym, Lewis Carroll. The ability to think logically is essential for anyone who wants to understand the Constitution. Teachings from the world of mathematics present both the power of logic and the dangers inherent in utilizing it to confront difficult constitutional issues.
 One of the foundations of the mathematical method is that knowledge leads to more knowledge. By the power of logical reasoning, simple truths can lead to countless conclusions of complexity and subtlety. In about 300 B.C., Euclid wrote the Elements, which has been called "the most influential textbook of all time." From a mere handful of axioms, Euclid was able to establish hundreds of theorems, encompassing all the important propositions of Greek mathematics. It is not so much the propositions, as the techniques of proof, which make his work of enduring importance.
 The critical first step, of course, is the selection of axioms. An axiom can be defined as "a statement used in the premises of arguments and assumed to be true without proof." We must take the correctness of axioms for granted because we have to start somewhere. Some proposition must be the initial one, the one from which the others flow.
 Similarly, we never are afforded the luxury of having all our terms defined. Definitions, after all, involve describing one term in reference to another. Unless we are willing to allow circular definitions, where two terms define one another, we must accept undefined terms. Euclid, for example, defined a point as "that which has no parts" but neglected to give a useful definition of parts.
 Once we have decided what to take for granted, we prove the rest from that. Since undefined terms and unproven assertions are not likely to fill us with confidence, the power of a system is sometimes determined by how few axioms and undefined terms it contains. Hence, Aristotle declared that, "other things being equal, that proof is better which proceeds from the fewer postulates."
 Choosing the right axioms is an art. Generally, the axioms should be simple and consistent with one another. They should be logically independent of one another, or else one would be more properly considered a theorem of the other. Finally, axioms "must be fruitful; like carefully selected seeds they must yield a valuable crop...."
 The "crop" consists of theorems, which are defined as statements that are "derived from premises rather than assumed." Some theorems may be so obvious they could have been axioms; others may well be surprising and counterintuitive. For one example of the power of this method, see on the next page Euclid's proof that there exists an infinite number of prime numbers.
 One of the most common forms of logical analysis involves the use of syllogisms, in which two statements (premises) are linked to form a conclusion. The classic (almost clichéd) syllogism is
1. All men are mortal.
2. Socrates is a man.
3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
 Similar syllogistic forms can draw conclusions from statements that are less absolute but are sometimes, although not necessarily always, true:
1. Some members of the faculty can't be fired.
2. All people who can't be fired can be independent thinkers.
3. Therefore, some members of the faculty can be independent thinkers.
 What is so powerful about this form of logical structure is that it leads to an unquestionable solution: If the premises are all true, then the conclusion must be true as well. Now, not any connection of statements will work. Obviously, if the logical argument is not well formulated, as in the story told by the Reverend Charles Dodgson at the beginning of this chapter, the result is laughable. But if the form is correct, the conclusion is inescapable.
 The correctness of the form can be tested by viewing the syllogism in abstract form. The abstract quality of this system permits the substitution of symbols for the words in each syllogism, which leads to their universal acceptability.
 For example, the syllogism about Socrates can be restated as
1. Every M is a P.
2. S is an M.
3. Therefore, S is a P.
 The independent-minded faculty syllogism would be restated as
1. Some M are P.
2. Every P is an S.


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Skoda has announced the installation of a new processing line for plasma coating of cylinder liners at its Mladá Boleslav plant in the Czech Republic. The coating technology will initially be used on its latest Evo I3 engine, from the EA211 series, with a primary goal of friction reduction.
Christian Bleiel, head of component production at Skoda, noted, "The technically highly innovative plasma coating makes our EA211 TSI Evo engines even more efficient. It reduces friction losses and thus also fuel consumption. What's more, this type of coating also allows heat to be more evenly distributed within the cylinders and helps it to dissipate more efficiently, thus optimizing the thermal load. We produce the plasma-coated engines at Mladá Boleslav in three shifts and are installing them in the Fabia, Scala, Octavia, Kamiq and Karoq."
During the production process, the cylinders are first bored on the machining line. A 1,500W laser then abrades the cylinder bores to ensure that the plasma layer will optimally adhere to the surface. This involves the laser beam creating 10 grooves per millimeter, each measuring an average depth of 40μm. This production step takes place in a controlled atmosphere filled with nitrogen to keep the laser's optics free from contamination and to ensure the necessary level of accuracy.
A mixture of hydrogen and argon is used to create plasma gas, requiring 4.5 liters of hydrogen per minute during the process. The plasma reaches a temperature of 15,000°C, and is then mixed with various types of fine steel powder. This powder is made up of iron, carbon, silicon and manganese as well as other necessary elements. The individual powder grains measure no more than 50μm. When sprayed onto the cylinder walls, the molten powder forms a layer measuring approximately 250μm. During final processing, this layer is honed out, so that it measures just 150μm. To put all of this in perspective: the wall of a conventional cylinder liner is 4mm thick.
Each cylinder is automatically measured at several stages throughout the process to assess its quality. Optical measuring instruments first record the surface abraded by the laser, before a second measurement is taken once the plasma has been applied. Finally, the structure of the plasma layer is tested using turbulent flow.


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Richard Easton looks into the history of marital coercion as a defence and asks whether it still has a place in modern Britain
'The law is an ass' according to Dickens's officiously cruel beadle Mr Bumble in Oliver Twist. We all remember his immortal line but often forget why Mr Bumble so scorned the British constitution. Mr Brownlow, Oliver's benefactor, had just reminded the beadle that, under 19th century English law, his termagant wife would be presumed to have been coerced by her husband into stealing the locket identifying the orphan.
And it is the statutory remnant of that now-abolished common law presumption that Vicky Pryce, estranged wife of disgraced former cabinet minister Chris Huhne, infamously relied upon before her Southwark jury this month. Is the defence of marital coercion an outmoded remnant of Victoriana still embedded in the legal system? Or does it contain progressive possibilities?
Ms Pryce's hung jury suggests that the obscure defence of marital coercion still has legs even in the 21st century. The 1,400-year-old defence began with the seventh century laws of King Ine: "If a husband steals a beast and carried it into his house, and it is seized therein, he shall forfeit his share [of the household's property] – his wife only being exempt, since she must obey her lord." The common law rebuttable presumption of coercion lasted until the 1922 cause célèbre Rex v Peel led to its abolition.
The acquittal of the aristocratic Mrs Peel, who with her husband Captain Peel had forged telegraphic bets for horse races that had already been run, shocked society. Why should she be presumed to have been coerced by her husband into committing a crime when, as the Old Bailey's Darling J reasoned, "women [were then] serving on juries and becoming members of Parliament?" But acquitted she was.
The presumption was swiftly abolished after Peel and in its place a statutory defence under section 47 of the Criminal Justice Act 1925 was created. If a wife on the balance of probabilities can show that she has committed an offence in the presence of her husband and was coerced by her spouse, she is freed from criminal responsibility for all crimes barring murder and treason.
And coercion is a far more subtle concept than duress: no threats of physical violence are required, merely sufficient pressure to cause a wife's will to be overborne by the wishes of her husband so that she was forced unwillingly to participate need be shown (see Shortland 1 Cr App R 116).
Less than the fear of extreme violence that must accompany duress but more than loyalty to, or love of, one's spouse, marital coercion represents the law's ancient recognition that "man and wife are one flesh", with the female half of that unit playing an obedient and weaker role to that of the male.
But should a defence rooted in the 7th century remain within the English law? "Modern wives [are] not like Saxon wives," after all: see R v Richman & Richman Crim LR 507. As the Vicky Pryce trial shows, competing versions of womanhood are raised when marital coercion is invoked.
Is a wife a passive and unequal subordinate to her husband? Or is today's wife, with all the spousal rights and protections that go along with that status, capable of being suborned by her man? Anne Darwin, who helped her canoeist husband fake his death as part of a life insurance fraud in 2002, found out in 2008 when convicted after unsuccessfully relying on marital coercion that there were limits on juries' acceptance of a wife's tractability.
Perhaps understandably, the Law Commission has been hostile to the defence since 1977 when it first proposed its abolition on the grounds of its inegalitarianism. But is there a progressive potential latent within the defence?
Poignant instances of the defence's successful invocation demonstrate that marital coercion might correct a still-present imbalance between the sexes, as Janet Loveless has suggested in 'Domestic violence, coercion and duress', Crim. L.R. 2006, 865-866. In Anonymous, reported in Crim LR 448, a 16-year-old wife who had begged her husband not to commit a burglary but yielded to his threats of abandonment and participated in the forced entry of a property, was acquitted.
And the last recorded time the defence was successfully run at first instance, R v White (Heather), The Times, 16 February 1974, shows that some husbands need not directly threaten death or maiming to get their way. Mrs White – raped at 13, a runaway at 16 and married to her violent husband at 18 – was acquitted of robbery after guarding a gagged and bound 16-year-old hotel receptionist at the behest of her domineering spouse.
Had Anonymous or Mrs White been unmarried women, however, neither would have been able to rely on marital coercion; and duress could not have been claimed as no threats of violence were levelled at them during the course of the offences.
So why should unmarried women be deprived of such a defence? The regressive privileging of wives enshrined in the defence is perhaps underlined by R v Ditta Crim LR 43 where the Court of Appeal held that even a reasonable belief that one was married under sharia law was insufficient for one to be considered a 'wife': one had to be validly married under English law for marital coercion to operate.
How does this principle square with the High Court's recent openness to the ruling of a Beth Din in a matrimonial dispute in Re: RAI (Children) EWHC 100? And why are same-sex civil partners excluded from the defence? If the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill 2013 becomes law, will the definition of 'wife' not have to be stretched? And should Tory plans to counter same-sex marriage by creating heterosexual civil partnerships succeed, will female heterosexual civil partners be excluded from relying on the defence?
The answer is 'yes' on a strict reading of the 1925 Act. Does the 1925 Act then authorise an unequal practice that could be challenged under article 8 (right to privacy) combined with article 14 (prohibition against discrimination)?
Should the criminal law not recognise that there are many human relationships in which an unequal power dynamic exists? Children faced with orders from domineering parents should surely benefit from a defence of filial coercion. Excessive uxoriousness could amount to a defence.
However, it would appear that only prosecutorial discretion covers coercive relationships outside of that of holy matrimony. Victims of trafficking, for instance, are not to be prosecuted for offences they have been coerced into committing: see O EWCA Crim 2835. But prosecutorial discretion does not appear to encompass the manifold imbalanced relationships in society. Although the law does not recognise the defence of superior orders (see R v Howe AC 417), coercion could be expanded to include individuals who are not wives.
Should he ever retake a seat in the House, perhaps Chris Huhne will consider forwarding a private member's bill on the subject. Until then, the Bumble question remains: is the law an ass?


flag patch Northern Mariana Islands
Delivery time1-10 business days delivery time
AvailabilityIn stock
Size: 6.5 x 4 cm (2.56 x 1.57 inch)
The flag of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands was adopted in July 1985, by the Second Northern Marianas Constitution. The NMI flag was originally designed by Taga during the year 1985. Later during that year, they finalized the draft of the flag in the last CNMI constitutional convention. This was the most symbolic moment of the annexation of the CNMI.
The flag consists of three symbols: a star representing the United States, a latte stone representing the Chamorros, and a mwarmwar (decorative wreath) representing the Carolinians; the blue background represents the ocean and the Mariana Trench. (source: wikipedia)


What Is a Blacksmith?
Terran Marks - Blacksmith - Brown County Forge
What is a blacksmith?
Who is a blacksmith?
What do blacksmiths do?
A Blacksmith Shapes Hot Steel
Above all else, a blacksmith works with fire and iron-based metal (steel).
The "black" in blacksmith refers to the "black metal" or iron that smiths have worked for millenia.
We take pieces of steel and heat them up to over 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Then using a hammer and anvil, we bend, beat, and shape them into tools, railings, knives, and hardware.
Knife Making Classes Indiana
Over 1 Million Blacksmiths
Estimating the number of blacksmiths in the world is tricky. They are known for making a lot of noise, but not talking much.
You might have a blacksmith in your neighborhood. Someone who tinkers in their garage or barn with a hammer and anvil can call themselves a blacksmith.
The talented people who complete classes at Brown County Forge can call themselves blacksmiths, too.
Rustic and Rugged - Brown County Forge
Different Types of Blacksmiths
There are a lot of different types of blacksmiths out there. Some specialize in a specific area of blacksmithing.
Shipsmiths focus on the hardware used on ships.
Bladesmiths mostly work on blades. Think: Japanese bladesmiths
Architectural Blacksmiths make things like railings, gates, beam brackets, and large hardware for buildings.
Artist-Blacksmiths often make decorative sculptures along with useful items.
Farriers are blacksmiths who shoe horses for a living. This is the most stable blacksmithing specialty in the 21st Century.
Hobby Blacksmiths might dabble in a few different areas.
What Type of Blacksmith Shop is Brown County Forge?
Terran Marks, the owner-blacksmith at BC Forge, is an Artist-Blacksmith. He makes decorative home hardware and teaches.
Architectural Blacksmithing is one of his interests. Shoeing horses is something he respects a lot, but doesn't have the nerve to try.
If you have questions about blacksmithing or visiting the forge, please contact us!
What is a Blacksmith - Brown County Forge


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Sechelt Peninsula Wikipedia
The Sechelt Peninsula is located on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, just northwest of Vancouver. It is bounded to the west by Malaspina Strait (separating it from Texada Island), to the north by Agamemnon Channel (separating it from Nelson Island) and Jervis Inlet, to the east by Sechelt Inlet (separating it from mainland British Columbia), and to the south by the Strait of Georgia (separating it from Vancouver Island. Its approximately 350 km² is a mixture of drier and wetter temperate rain forest. The Caren Range extends north-south along the shore of Sechelt Inlet. The peninsula is a popular outdoor recreation destination, containing many lakes and opportunities for shoreline and woodland hiking, including to the renowned Skookumchuk Rapids. There are several parks, the largest of which is Spipiyus Provincial Park in the interior of the peninsula.
The population of approximately 28,000 is strung out along Highway 101, which generally traces the southern and western coastline. The major economic activities are tourism and logging.
There is just one incorporated district on the peninsula - Sechelt, located at the isthmus between Sechelt Inlet and the Georgia Strait. Other communities include:Earls Cove: Site of the ferry terminal to the upper Sunshine Coast communities of Powell River and Lund.


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a. Cognitive: Deciding where is the most strategic place on the court to hit the overhead
B. Perceptual: Seeing what type of spin the ball has
C. Motor Skills: utilizing good footwork make tiny adjustments until the overhead has been hit
- Fine is more prevalent in this skill because tiny adjustments need to be made to ensure successful placement of and contact with the ball.
- Discrete is more prevalent because the tennis swing has a distinct start and stop.
- Tennis is external due to outside factors that could shift movement of the ball before contact with the racquet, such as wind.
- Overheads are a stroke done by a single person and, thus, they are individual.
D. Perceptual Motor Skills: seeing where the ball is and then moving to be in the ideal position to hit the overhead


Reading Test 117: Passage 2 - I contain multitudes
IELTS Academic Reading Test 117 - Passage 2: I contain multitudes
Reading Test 117: Passage 1 | Passage 2 | Passage 3 |
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on the reading passage below.
I contain multitudes
Wendy Moore reviews Ed Yong's book about microbes
Microbes, most of them bacteria, have populated this planet since long before animal life developed and they will outlive us. Invisible to the naked eye, they are ubiquitous. They inhabit the soil, air, rocks and water and are present within every form of life, from seaweed and coral to dogs and humans. And, as Yong explains in his utterly absorbing and hugely important book we mess with them at our peril.
Every species has its own colony of microbes, called a 'microbiome', and these microbes vary not only between species but also between individuals and within different parts of each individual. What is amazing is that while the number of human cells in the average person is about 30 trillion, the number of microbial ones is higher – about 39 trillion. At best, Yong informs us, we are only 50 per cent human. Indeed, some scientists even suggest we should think of each species and its microbes as a single unit, dubbed a 'holobiont'.
In each human there are microbes that live only in the stomach, the mouth or the armpit and by and large they do so peacefully. So 'bad' microbes are just microbes out of context. Microbes that sit contentedly in the human gut (where there are more microbes than there are stars in the galaxy) can become deadly if they find their way into the bloodstream. These communities are constantly changing too. The right hand shares just one sixth of its microbes with the left hand. And, of course, we are surrounded by microbes. Every time we eat, we swallow a million microbes in each gram of food; we are continually swapping microbes with other humans, pets and the world at large.
It's a fascinating topic and Yong, a young British science journalist, is an extraordinarily adept guide. Writing with lightness and panache, he has a knack of explaining complex science in terms that are both easy to understand and totally enthralling. Yong is on a mission. Leading us gently by the hand, he takes us into the world of microbes – a bizarre, alien planet – in a bid to persuade us to love them as much as he does. By the end, we do.
For most of human history we had no idea that microbes existed. The first man to see these extraordinarily potent creatures was a Dutch lens-maker called Antony van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670s. Using microscopes of his own design that could magnify up to 270 times, he examined a drop of water from a nearby lake and found it teeming with tiny creatures he called 'animalcules'. It wasn't until nearly two hundred years later that the research of French biologist Louis Pasteur indicated that some microbes caused disease. It was Pasteur's 'germ theory' that gave bacteria the poor image that endures today.
Yong's book is in many ways a plea for microbial tolerance, pointing out that while fewer than one hundred species of bacteria bring disease, many thousands more play a vital role in maintaining our health. The book also acknowledges that our attitude towards bacteria is not a simple one. We tend to see the dangers posed by bacteria, yet at the same time we are sold yoghurts and drinks that supposedly nurture 'friendly' bacteria. In reality, says Yong, bacteria should not be viewed as either friends or foes, villains or heroes. Instead we should realise we have a symbiotic relationship, that can be mutually beneficial or mutually destructive.
What then do these millions of organisms do? The answer is pretty much everything. New research is now unravelling the ways in which bacteria aid digestion, regulate our immune systems, eliminate toxins, produce vitamins, affect our behaviour and even combat obesity. 'They actually help us become who we are,' says Yong. But we are facing a growing problem. Our obsession with hygiene, our overuse of antibiotics and our unhealthy, low-fibre diets are disrupting the bacterial balance and may be responsible for soaring rates of allergies and immune problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
The most recent research actually turns accepted norms upside down. For example, there are studies indicating that the excessive use of household detergents and antibacterial products actually destroys the microbes that normally keep the more dangerous germs at bay. Other studies show that keeping a dog as a pet gives children early exposure to a diverse range of bacteria, which may help protect them against allergies later.
The readers of Yong's book must be prepared for a decidedly unglamorous world. Among the less appealing case studies is one about a fungus that is wiping out entire populations of frogs and that can be halted by a rare microbial bacterium. Another is about squid that carry luminescent bacteria that protect them against predators. However, if you can overcome your distaste for some of the investigations, the reasons for Yong's enthusiasm become clear. The microbial world is a place of wonder. Already, in an attempt to stop mosquitoes spreading dengue fever – a disease that infects 400 million people a year – mosquitoes are being loaded with a bacterium to block the disease. In the future, our ability to manipulate microbes means we could construct buildings with useful microbes built into their walls to fight off infections. Just imagine a neonatal hospital ward coated in a specially mixed cocktail of microbes so that babies get the best start in life.
Questions [ Reading Passage - I contain multitudes ]
Questions 14 – 16
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet.
14. What point does the writer make about microbes in the first paragraph?
 A They adapt quickly to their environment.
 B The risk they pose has been exaggerated.
 C They are more plentiful in animal life than plant life.
 D They will continue to exist for longer than the human race.
15. In the second paragraph, the writer is impressed by the fact that
 A each species tends to have vastly different microbes.
 B some parts of the body contain relatively few microbes.
 C the average individual has more microbial cells than human ones.
 D scientists have limited understanding of how microbial cells behave.
16. What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?
 A explaining how a discovery was made
 B comparing scientists' theories about microbes
 C describing confusion among scientists
 D giving details of how microbes cause disease
Questions 17 – 20
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 17-20 on your answer sheet.
 We should be more tolerant of microbes
Yong's book argues that we should be more tolerant of microbes. Many have a beneficial effect, and only a relatively small number lead to 17 ………………… . And although it is misleading to think of microbes as 'friendly', we should also stop thinking of them as the enemy. In fact, we should accept that our relationship with microbes is one based on 18 ………………… .
New research shows that microbes have numerous benefits for humans. Amongst other things, they aid digestion, remove poisons, produce vitamins and may even help reduce obesity. However, there is a growing problem. Our poor 19 …………………, our overuse of antibiotics, and our excessive focus on 20 ………………… are upsetting the bacterial balance and may be contributing to the huge increase in allergies and immune system problems.
A solution B partnership C destruction
D exaggeration E cleanliness F regulations
G illness H nutrition
Questions 21 – 26
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, write -
 YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
 NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
 NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
21. It is possible that using antibacterial products in the home fails to have the desired effect.
22. It is a good idea to ensure that children come into contact with as few bacteria as possible.
23. Yong's book contains more cause studies than are necessary.
24. The case study about bacteria that prevent squid from being attacked may have limited appeal.
25. Efforts to control dengue fever have been surprisingly successful
26. Microbes that reduce the risk of infection have already been put inside the walls of some hospital wards.
Answer to the reading passage - I contain multitudes
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Parents | Raising readers & learners.
Home of Parent & Child Magazine
Greetings from Planet Earth
Greetings from Planet Earth
by Barbara Kerley
 * "Kerley's structure is in alternating transcripts of a recording for an unknown reader, and a third-person account of Theo's life with various sections labeled with geographic place names from the moon. The space capsule assignment reveals much about earthlings, and Mr. Meyer's insightful questioning brings a depth and universality to what is essentially one family's struggle with the past." — Kirkus Reviews, starred review
It's 1977, and Theo and his class are creating a golden record inspired by the one Voyager 2 will carry into space. But as Theo seraches for his own answer about life on Earth, questions begin to surface: What happened to his father in Vietnam? Where is he? And why has his mother been keepign secrets all these years?
In this unforgettable debut novel — written with rare economy and lucidity — Barbara Kerley explores the beauty of outer space, the devastation of war, and the difficult choices we are sometimes forced to make. In doing so, she sensitively addresses the timeless question: What does it truly mean to be human?
11, 12, 13
Interest Level
Grades 6 - 8
Grade Level Equivalent
Lexile Measure
Scholastic Press
Number of Pages
Historical Fiction
About the Author
Barbara Kerley Barbara Kerley is the author of Walt Whitman: Words for America, The Dinosaurs of Waterhouse Hawkins and Greetings from Planet Earth
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Extreme tracking dating ecuador
He spent the following months under house arrest in a small rural town in England.
Then, in June 2012, after exhausting legal avenues to prevent his extradition, Mr Assange sought political asylum in the Ecuadorean embassy, where he remains to this day.
Farc has funded its 44-year insurgency by trafficking much of the cocaine that reaches Britain, and by kidnappings for ransom.
Mr Assange always denied the allegations against him, saying sex was consensual, maintaining that the case was politically motivated, as it followed massive Wikileaks dumps of secret US military reports that year.
Later that year the 45-year-old was arrested in London after Sweden issued an international arrest warrant against him.
Session II: How to develop a multi-archive approach?
Session III: How to proceed from paleo-flood data sets to statistical analysis, hydro-climate modelling and flood-hazard assessment? How to proceed with the collection of data and the database III.
Search for extreme tracking dating ecuador:
The Cross community workshop on past flood variability aims to: - gather scientists from different archive communities and promote collaboration- discuss archive-specific methodological aspects- discuss advantages/challenges/limitations of each archive and exchange experiences- intensify work on database- define and discuss goals, products and timelines for the coming year and the complete first three-year period of the Floods Working Group.