Monday, December 10, 2012
Lucene Facets Under The Hood
In my previous posts I gave an overview of Lucene Facets and showed how to write a simple faceted search program. This time I go through some of the internals of the facets module, in particular the structure of the taxonomy and search index as well as how faceted search is performed.
The Taxonomy Index
The job of the taxonomy is to map hierarchical categories to ordinals (integers), and provide taxonomy browsing services. The taxonomy is managed through a sidecar Lucene index through DirectoryTaxonomyWriter and DirectoryTaxonomyReader. Often, I refer to the taxonomy as the "taxonomy index".
When categories are added to the taxonomy, they are broken down to their path elements and an ordinal is assigned to every level in the path. In addition, the taxonomy index guarantees that every node in the taxonomy will have a smaller ordinal than all its children, and also that the node that was added last at level N will have a greater ordinal than all its existing siblings. For example, if you add the category Date/2012/March/20 to an empty taxonomy index, the following entries will be added:
 - Date, with ordinal=1
 - Date/2012, with ordinal=2
 - Date/2012/March, with ordinal=3
 - Date/2012/March/20, with ordinal=4
You can then use the taxonomy to retrieve the ordinal of Date/2012 (and vice versa), its child categories (Date/2012/March) as well as its siblings (categories at the same level in the tree; none in this example).
The taxonomy maintains the tree information in three parallel arrays:
 - Parents: parents[i] denotes the parent of category ordinal i. Note that all root categories (e.g. Author, Date and so forth), often called "dimensions", are put under a virtual root which always has the ordinal 0. Therefore parents[0]=-1 (always), and for any i≠0, parents[i]≠-1. Also, parents[i]=0 for all root categories.
 - Children: children[i] denotes the ordinal of the youngest child of category ordinal i. The youngest child is defined as the one that was added last to the taxonomy (and has a larger ordinal than all its siblings). children[i]=-1 for all leaf nodes.
 - Siblings: siblings[i] denotes an ordinal j, such that j<i and parents[i]=parents[j] (i.e. the two categories are children of the same parent). j denotes the category ordinal that was the former "youngest child" of the parent ordinal. siblings[0] is always -1, and the first child of a parent will always have siblings[i]=-1.
The following diagram gives a visual representation of the information above. Note how the parents, children and siblings structures allow easy and efficient traversal of the taxonomy tree, as well as updating when new categories are added.
The Search Index
When categories are added to a document, they are added as drill-down terms to the search index. In addition, their ordinals are encoded in a special term's payload (called the "fulltree posting"). For example, if you add the category Date/2012/March/20 to a document, then four drill-down terms are added, one for each level, e.g. $facets:Date, $facets:Date/2012 and so forth. Additionally, all four category ordinals are encoded in the fulltree posting's payload, and are used during faceted search to aggregate the respective categories.
Search Time
Now that we understand the role of the taxonomy index and the data structures it provides for traversing the taxonomy, as well as the structure of the facets in the search index, we can now look at how faceted search is executed. As mentioned in my previous post, every faceted search consists of a Query which matches indexed documents and one or more FacetRequests for facets aggregation (one instance per requested root). The aggregation is done by FacetsCollector, from which you obtain a FacetResult per FacetRequest.
FacetsCollector computes the top categories in three steps. First, all documents that match the query are marked in a bitset (and depends on the facet request, their scores may also be stored in memory). Then it traverses the fulltree posting, fetches the ordinals of every matching document and aggregates them in an in-memory array, where every entry holds the aggregated weight of that ordinal. After all documents have been visited and their categories aggregated, we use the children[] and siblings[] information from the taxonomy to traverse the children of the root category which was specified by the request, and compute the top categories among them. In the end, the taxonomy index is used to label the top categories.
When you create a FacetRequest, you can set the depth in the taxonomy for which it aggregates categories. The default depth=1 means that top categories are computed among the immediate children of root. An interesting capability is to compute the top categories recursively (in one search) up to depth=N. For example, if you create a FacetRequest over the Date root, and call facetRequest.setDepth(2) as well as facetRequest.setResultMode(ResultMode.PER_NODE_IN_TREE), you will retrieve the top categories of Date, as well as each of their top children, as depicted below:
Date (123)
 2010 (34)
 October (18)
 March (8)
 2008 (23)
 November (12)
 October (7)
Discussion
Global Ordinals
The global ordinals that are encoded in the search index allow very efficient per-segment faceting and aggregation, as all operations are done on ordinals (integers). If the ordinals were stored per-segment, i.e. the category Date/2010 would receive different ordinals in different segments, computing the top categories would need to be done on the category string, or hold some in-memory data structures that e.g. map local ordinals to global ones - that would have affected the scalability of the facets significantly.
Global ordinals do have a downside though. When you want to merge two search indexes which have respective taxonomies, their ordinals need to be translated. That means that you cannot use the efficient IndexWriter.addIndexes(Directory...) API to merge the indexes, but rather the .addIndexes(IndexReader...) expensive API, in order to translate the ordinals that are encoded in the source search index, so they match the target one.
Two-Phase Aggregation
The two-phase aggregation done by FacetsCollector may seem unnecessary and expensive. Mike McCandless, who has recently added faceted search to Lucene's nightly benchmark, started exploring doing the aggregation in one step, as documents are collected. The two-phase aggregation does have some strengths though. For example, it allows to compute facet weights on a sample set of the results, rather than over all documents. That is an important capability for large indexes, since the cost of doing faceted search is proportional to the number of documents that matched the query.
The two-phase aggregation is also useful when you want to compute the facet weights on the complement set of the matching documents (i.e. those that did not match the query). This is quite difficult to do when facets are aggregated as documents are collected. First, you can only aggregate the facets of the complement set retroactively, i.e., only after seeing docs 1 and 17 you know that docs 2-16 did not match the query. But, when out of order query matching is done, you can tell the complement set only after all documents have been collected! Second, complements aggregation is useful only when the number of results is more than 50% of the documents in the index, but that is also unknown until the query matching phase is done.
Lucene facets are very powerful and they come with a multitude of extension points to help you customize and optimize them to your application needs. I'm sure that now that facets are part of the nightly benchmark, they will see a lot of improvements, both to their API and more importantly, their performance. Stay tuned for updates!
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How much children's Claritin can a 1 year old take?
There is an infant concentration (50 mg per 1.25 ml) and a children's concentration (100 mg per 5 ml). Either one is ok to use in any age child. (Brand names: Benadryl, Claritin, Zyrtec and others) For allergies, don't use under 1 year of age.
How much Claritin can I give a 1 year old?
Always ask a doctor before giving a cough or cold medicine to a child. Claritin is usually taken once per day. Follow your doctor's instructions.
Children's Claritin Chewables 24-Hour (loratadine 5 mg)AgeDosechildren 2 years to under 6 years of agechew 1 tablet daily; not more than 1 tablet in 24 hoursЕщё 3 строки
Can I give Claritin to my 1 year old?
Antihistamines. Non-drowsy, long-acting antihistamines like Claritin, Zyrtec, Allegra and Clarinex are available in children's form over the counter and are generally safe for little ones ages 2 and older, as long as you get the okay from your doctor.
How much Claritin can a child take?
Loratadine (Claritin) Dose TableChild's AGE (years)2-512+Liquid 5 mg/ 5 milliliters (mL)2.510Liquid 5 mg/ 1 teaspoon (tsp)½2Chewable 5 mg tablets–2Tablets 10 mg–1
IT IS INTERESTING: What medication is similar to Benadryl?
Can a 1 year old take allergy medicine?
Allergy Help for Infants
Most over-the-counter (OTC) allergy meds are considered safe for kids 2 years of age and older. Oral antihistamines like Claritin (loratadine), Zyrtec (cetirizine), and Allegra (fexofenadine) are available OTC in kid-friendly formulations.
Can I give Benadryl to my 1 year old?
Benadryl is generally not safe to give to babies or infants under 2 years old at home. Sometimes, people can safely give infants aged 2 to 5 small doses of Benadryl, but only when a doctor advises them to do so. Specific child-friendly Benadryl is available for children aged 6 and above.
Can a 1 year old have allergies?
Your child's age.
Although most cases of seasonal allergies crop up between the ages of 3 and 5 years old, some little ones begin to suffer from allergies as young as 1 or 2 years old (although usually triggered by indoor allergens like dust, pet dander and mold) .
What can I give my 1 year old for allergic reaction?
Benadryl or Zyrtec is only recommended for infants who are having a mild reaction such as localized hives or redness. Benadryl or Zyrtec will not stop anaphylaxis from happening. Only epinephrine can stop anaphylaxis. Benadryl or Zyrtec will not stop anaphylaxis.
How much Allegra can I give my 1 year old?
Dosing Instructions
Children 6 to 23 months with chronic idiopathic urticaria are usually given 1/2 teaspoon twice a day, increasing to 1 teaspoon twice a day for children between the ages of 2 and 11 years of age. Children 2 to 11 years are usually given 1 teaspoon twice a day for seasonal allergic rhinitis.
How fast does Children's Claritin work?
Claritin generally starts working within a one to three hour period and reaches its peak effect after approximately eight to twelve hours. The medication usually lasts for 24 hours in most patients, so it is meant to be taken once a day.
IT IS INTERESTING: Frequent question: Do Antihistamines reduce mucus?
Can my child take Claritin everyday?
Yes, you can take Claritin daily and long term. It is an antihistamine used to treat for allergy symptoms. If your symptoms are year round then it is able to be taken long term.
Can Children's Claritin cause insomnia?
Fixed combination loratadine (the active ingredient contained in Children's Claritin Allergy) pseudoephedrine sulfate preparations: Insomnia, dry mouth, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue.
Can I give my child Claritin in the morning and Benadryl at night?
It's not recommended to take Claritin and Benadryl together. Because they have similar side effects, taking them together can increase the risk of adverse effects.
What can I give my 1 year old for a cold?
Try ice cream, ice pops, flavored gelatin, pudding, yogurt, or applesauce. If they prefer warmer foods, try chicken broth or freshly made pudding. Babies 6 months and younger should stick with breast milk or baby formula. These are just a few easy ways to soothe your little one's cough or cold.
How much Benadryl can a 1 year old have?
Benadryl Dosage ChartWeightBenadryl Liquid 12.5 mg = 5 mL 5 mL = 1 teaspoonBenadryl Chewable 12.5 mg22-32 pounds3.75 mL33-43 pounds5 mL1 chewable44-54 pounds7.5 mL1 1/2 chewable55-109 pounds10 mL2 chewableЕщё 1 строка
Can babies take antihistamine?
Never give a child under age 2 antihistamines, and if your doctor recommends medications that are right for babies and toddlers to treat seasonal or food allergies, be sure to follow the instructions for how much medicine to give your child, how many doses you should give and for how long.12 мая 2017 г.
No runny nose


Privilege Management Console QuickStart
This section details the most likely tasks to get started with PMC, including automatically authorizing and assigning computers to groups in PMC.
After you deploy PMC, you can:
 - Manage policy
 - Create groups and assign policy
 - Use parameter-based MSI to authorize and assign computers to these groups
Manage Policy
There are various approaches you can take to PMC. For example, if you are new to PMC you may want to create a group, assign it as the Default Group, add all your computers to that group, and then assign the Privilege Management QuickStart policy to that group.
If you are migrating to PMC, you may want to replicate your existing groups and assign the same policy to them, before authorizing and placing your computers in those groups.
For more information, please see Manage Privilege Management Console Policy.
Once you have your policy, you can create groups in PMC and assign policies to those groups.
Create Groups and Assign Policy
Create Groups
 1. Navigate to and click the Groups tile.
 2. Select Actions > Create Group.
 3. Enter a Group Name. The Description and Annotations fields are optional.
 4. Click Submit. Your group is created and appears in the grid list below.
Once the group is created, you can set it as the Default group. If set, the Default group will be selected by default when you add one or more computers to a group. To set the group as the Default group, right-click the group, and then select Set Default.
Assign Policy
 1. Navigate to and click the Groups tile.
 2. Select Actions > Assign Policy. The row will briefly flash green to indicate that PMC has processed your request.
 3. Select the policy you want to assign from the dropdown and the associated revision. By default, the revision is the most recent.
 4. The text at the bottom tells you how big the policy is and how many computers it will be assigned to. Click Assign to assign the policy to your group.
For details on how you can control the deployment of your policy, please see Manage Policy Deployment Settings in Privilege Management Console.
Install Privilege Management
You need to install Privilege Management for the target operating system, as well as the PMC adapter.
The Privilege Management installation packages differ based on your operating system:
For 32-bit (x86) systems run:
PrivilegeManagementForWindows_x86.exe
For 64-bit (x64) systems run:
PrivilegeManagementForWindows_x64.exe
You need to install Privilege Management for Windows in silent mode with the iC3MODE switch enabled:
Msiexec.exe /i PrivilegeManagementForWindows_x.xxx.x.msi IC3MODE=1 /qn /norestart
PrivilegeManagementConsoleMacOSAdapter.dmg


text:
The annual Indiana Crop Adviser Conference will take place Dec. 14-15 at the Indianapolis Marriott East hotel.
The conference is for Certified Crop Advisers, who counsel farmers, ranchers and others in the agricultural industry.
Tony Vyn, Purdue University professor of agronomy and co-chair of the conference planning committee, says the conference focuses on four main management areas: plant nutrients, crops, pests, and soil and water.
Conference speakers will discuss the performance of new crop input products, such as pesticides, fertilizers and equipment options; crop diseases; herbicide resistant weeds; and nitrogen loss.
"There's going to be quite a bit of emphasis on climate change, carbon sequestration and how nutrient management systems can address simultaneous needs of world's demand for food with increasing population as well as maintaining environment quality," Vyn adds.
Speakers represent Purdue and 12 other universities, the agricultural industry, Indiana Conservation Crops Initiative, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
Source: Purdue University

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Purpose of review: To address the recent evidence regarding the association between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and adverse short-term and long-term outcome for both mothers and offspring.
Recent findings: Recent data suggest a relationship between hyperglycemia during pregnancy and adverse short-term fetal outcomes, mainly those associated with excessive fetal growth. The degree of hyperglycemia plays an important role in risk stratification. Moreover, the long-term effect of hyperglycemia during pregnancy is expressed mainly as cardiometabolic morbidity and increased risk for the development of metabolic syndrome both maternal and in early adolescence. Alternation in DNA methylation and gene expression of metabolic pathways were found in association with hyperglycemia in utero, supporting the 'developmental origins of disease' hypothesis.
Summary: The effect of hyperglycemia on the early life metabolic environment may contribute to the subsequent risk of cardiovascular or metabolic morbidity later in life. It is also a sign of future maternal metabolic alternation. Several future randomized trials, hopefully will help to determine if early intervention could decrease the risk for gestational diabetes and whether long term adverse outcome are preventable and importantly the association with degree of maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and future morbidity.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Every year I update this sacred geometry calendar which has images from the Martineau Solar System. Here are details about the 12 images which are highly accurate geometric models of pairs of planetary orbits in our solar system. They were inspired by the remarkable work of John Martineau (publisher of Wooden Books), who wrote "A Little Book of Coincidence." Tiled images of planetary surfaces and related images form the backgrounds. Images are two or more orbits defined by simple 2D (circles, triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, octagons) or 3D geometries (e.g. tetrahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron) typically with 99.9% or greater accuracy. The work picks up where Johannes Kepler's mystical exploration left off.


text:
- Special Sections
- Public Notices
15 ways to thank your sponsor!
1. Have your students write thank-you notes to your sponsor.
2. Have your students design cards or draw pictures for your sponsor.
3. Send your sponsor a completed NIE lesson that you have done with your class.
4. Send a photo of your class.
5. Have all students draw a picture of how they use the newspaper and bind them into a book for your sponsor.
6. Have the students do a poster of their handprints in finger paint and sign their names to the handprints. (This is great for displaying!)
7. Write a note to your sponsor explaining why/how you use the newspapers in your class.
8. Shop at, support and patronize your sponsor's business, and when you go in, mention to the clerk or owner that the business is your sponsor.
9. Have the students make a collage showing their appreciation for the sponsor using images, words or letters cut from the newspaper. The sponsor could display it in the place of business.
10. Research your sponsor's business with your students. What types of jobs, products or services are offered? Make a poster and deliver it to your sponsor with a note explaining what you did.
11. Have the kids pose for a class photo and mount it in the center of a poster board. Have all the students sign on the thank-you poster, which then can be displayed in the store or window.
12. Have the students design a thank you in the form of a newspaper's front page. Headline could be something like KIDS FROM ABC SCHOOL THANK XYZ BUSINESS. Stories could be all about the business and what the kids are doing with the newspapers in class.
13. Make a video of the class and have the kids read poems or letters they have written, act out a news brief or even sing a song. Send it to your sponsor.
14. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper publicly thanking your sponsor. Clip and send a copy to your sponsor.
15. Make a large thank-you card with each student giving a reason why he or she likes using the newspaper in the classroom.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A power generation solution that allows users to create customized solutions to best suit the environment in which they live. The different components include;
- Mechanical Modules - Various mechanical systems with gearing which connect to the generator.
- Generation Modules - Different sized generators to fit the needs of the user.
- Power Regulation Modules - A range of regulators capable of controlling different amounts of power.
Power Scenarios (Intended Users)
At the current time we might be considering schools which have no power solutions, but they will need to adopt one of the following scenarios to enable the use of the XOs.
School (Community) Power Scenarios
There are 6 school power scenarios;
- School has constant and reliable mains power.
- School has mains power which encounters regular power cuts and spikes.
- School has power generation, storage and inverters which feed the mains infrastructure in the school.
- School has power generation and storage which supplies power to the XOs and gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the gang charger.
- School has power generation feed directly into the XOs
Student (Individual/Family) Power Scenarios
For a family the community power scenarios may be more relevant depending on the particular circumstances. However, 3 main individual power scenarios exist;
- Upper body
- Lower Body
- Power generation solutions are the most requested peripheral.
- No one solution is going to solve the power problem in developing countries.
- This solution takes advantage of local skills and the local environment.
- Surges or spikes in power will not damage attached equipment.
- Scalable – Initially small low cost generators and regulators could be purchased but as the users power requirements increase more modules can be added to the system to enable more power to be generated and regulated. The aim is to allow people to build onto their existing power systems instead of having to replace the technology they have already purchased. This acts as a form of financing.
- Different Gear ratios will be required to run at maximum efficiency - this could add cost.
- Different situations will have different variability in the power generated.
- One possible workaround for power variability is to create responsive power consumers - e.g. a multi-charger that only charges as many of its slots as there is power for. But that is another design challenge.
Example of Use
In any of the situations below a storage solution, such as car batteries or the gang charger, could be attached to the power regulator creating an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
- Two different schools may both require power, but exist in two very different environments. One has regular strong winds, and the other has a fast moving river near by. To get the most reliable power solution possible both schools require the power regulator and generator, but should select different mechanical modules - the blades for wind and the water wheel for the river. Because both schools are purchasing 2 identical modules the cost will go down due to economies of scale, but because they have different mechanical modules they are still getting a custom power solution.
- For some locations the mechanical module and generator could be assembled from locally available materials representing the lowest cost option. However they may still require the intelligence of the power regulator to guarantee the safety of equipment attached to this power solution.
- In some locations electronic equipment may be rare but the understanding and inventiveness of local people to create a mechanical system to drive the generator should be leveraged to enable the best power generation solution. In this situation the power regulator and generator could be purchased and have the custom build mechanical system attached in field.
- Some schools are already connected to the countries electricity supply so don't require any generation mechanism. However, in many countries large power spikes or power cuts are common. The power regulator would protect the schools electricity supply preventing damage to electronic equipment and could also act as a UPS if batteries were hooked up to the storage output of the power regulator.
- "I came to this website trying to find a solution for a school in the western Himalayas - where there is very little sun in the winter - and not much water or wind either - and of course there is no mains power! I guess we will look at finding a longlife laptop battery with good human-powered generators available. Maybe some flywheel-based pedal generator that can be built with local materials is best. If we can find a reliable solution for pedal generation, then it may be possible for batteries to be made redundant - which would be great, as they are expensive, consumable, and don't work well in low temperatures." Reference
- Concept: Joshua Seal, 15th October 2007


text:
What Are Retroactive Payments?
The SSDI retroactive payments are payments made to disability applicants for the time passed between the onset of the disability to the date that the application was passed. Retroactive payments are paid for 12 months prior to the date of the application being passed.
Factors When Making Retroactive Payments
The Social Security Administration considers three factors when making retroactive payments:
- Date of onset
- Date of application
- Wait period
By default, the date of filing of application for your disability is considered the date of onset of your disability. This date is referred to as the alleged onset date (AOD), and all your retroactive payments are calculated back to this date.
If the disability began much before the date of application, it is mandatory to prove that in order to change the AOD and obtain a new established onset date (EOD).
All SSDI claims have a mandatory wait period of 5 months after the onset of the disability. No payments are made during this period. Therefore, your retroactive payments are made only at the beginning of the sixth month.
Are you eligible for retroactive payments?
An applicant for social security benefits is eligible for retroactive payments if:
- The disability claim has been approved
- Over 5 months have elapsed since the EOD
- The payments are not to be withheld for any reason
The SSDI allows retroactive payments for a maximum of 12 months prior to the date of application, subtracting the waiting period. That means that a minimum of 17 months that will have passed since the date of onset (EOD) and the date the application is approved.
In addition, no matter when the EOD may be, retroactive payments will be made for a maximum of only 12 months, meaning that the applicant will remain unpaid for any time before the considered 17 months.
How a Social Security Attorney Can Help
The process of applying for benefits and obtaining them is not only tedious, but also confusing. Besides a number of legalities beyond the comprehension of a general applicant, not all applicants receive a fair review, because not all applicants have knowledge about:
- The proper documentation and records to be submitted with the application
- The required presentation to be given before the judge
- The amount of benefits that can be requested
- The procedure to change the EOD from the AOD
Hiring an SSDI lawyer can ensure that your application receives a fair review and you are given the benefits you deserve for your disability.


text:
The persistence phenomenon is studied in a financial context by using a novel mapping of the time evolution of the values of shares in a portfolio onto Ising spins. The method is applied to historical data from the London Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 index (FTSE 100) over an arbitrarily chosen period. By following the time dependence of the spins, we find evidence for a power law decay of the proportion of shares that remain either above or below their 'starting' values. As a result, we estimate a persistence exponent for the underlying financial market to be. Preliminary results from computer simulations on persistence in the economic dynamics of a toy model appear to reproduce the behaviour observed in real markets.
|Number of pages||6|
|Publication status||Published - 2007|


text:
International Journal of Enology and Viticulture Vol. 6 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Total tannin content in distinct QUERCUS ROBUR L. galls
Urve Paaver, Vallo Matto* and Ain Raal
Department of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50441 Tartu, Estonia.
Accepted 12 March, 2019
The total tannin contents of three different QUERCUS ROBUR L. galls collected from Estonia, three reference galls, and two plants were estimated. The dry common oak gall-apples tannin content was 47.2%; in brown shiny galls - 4.2%, and in grape galls - 3.4%; in Chinese galls - 89.1%, in Turkey galls - 81.4%, and in pistacia galls - 52.4%; in oak bark - 9.1%, and in common tormentil roots - 21.1%. The present study shows that the QUERCUS ROBUR common oak gall-apples but not brown shiny galls or grape galls may be used as raw material for production of tannin containing traditional remedies.
Key words: Cynipid galls, Quercus robur, common oak, tannins.


text:
Cowlicks are like law enforcers on our head. To keep hair from growing randomly all over the place, each of us has at least one such point where the hair grows from the scalp in a circular shape, forming a whorl. How many of these hair whorls we have and their direction is genetically pre-programmed. The geneticist Amar Klar was even able to prove in a study that the direction of our cowlicks allows conclusions to be drawn whether we are right or left-handed. A hair whorl in the clockwise direction for instance usually indicates right-handedness.
As useful as they may be, cowlicks can sometimes be annoying. For example when you want to form a parting: a natural parting is pre-programmed by the cowlick's growth direction. When you want to part the hair in another direction, you many experience difficulties since it falls back into its original position. The whorls can also reveal themselves in straight hair or with a short cut, for example by causing individual strands to stand out unattractively. Pronounced cowlicks also mean that some new haircuts are not feasible. Certain short cuts in particular are simply made impossible by them.
If all of that sounds familiar to you, don't go into a spin. You can easily get the hair whorls on your head under control with a few simple steps.
How to Get Cowlicks Under Control
Cutting: The advantage of taking cowlicks into account for your new haircut is that the hair can continue to fall naturally, so that elaborately styling them into a different direction is unnecessary. This is usually a matter of course for experienced stylists. You should point out your cowlicks to the hairdresser during the consultation when you visit a salon for the first time.
If you fancy a fringe, you should first check whether you have a cowlick over your forehead. This could cause the hair to stand upright so the desired fringe would not take shape. Avoid styles with a fringe in this case. Yet the cowlick is not entirely useless here, in fact it can actually support a side or centre parting.
Blow drying: Hair is much easier to shape with the help of heat, which is why you should definitely attack cowlicks with a blow dryer. Simply distribute some mousse in damp hair and blow dry it strand by strand over a round brush. Twist the brush in close to the scalp every now and then, setting a new direction for stubborn hair sections. As soon as the hair is dry, secure the whorled strands with a hair clip so they stay in place while cooling. Then apply hairspray to your hairdo. You can also secure the tamed sections again separately if needed.
Straightening: You can also target cowlicks by whipping the strands in question into shape with a straightening iron. Straightened hair falls much more readily and is easier to style in the right direction.
Volumising: Volume can help you hide bothersome cowlicks. Slightly tease your hair with a comb and then style it so the cowlick disappears underneath. Or use the express method and raise the entire hairline with the help of volumising powder. This instantly adds extra grip to your hair so you can style it as desired.
Curling: You want a more permanent solution that lasts longer than the next time you wash your hair? If so, have permanent wave curlers put into the individual cowlicks at your next visit to the hairdresser. This lets you 'rearrange' your hair for several weeks according to your wishes.


Why Are My Rip Cuts Drifting on My Table Saw?
Table saws are power tools for many woodwork shop projects. However, they experience problems, and rip cuts drifting is one of the major issues you will deal with. Table saw drift is the tendency of the blade to veer to the right or left when making a cut with the rip fence.
This could be the blade straying off the cutting line or when the wood seems to be pulled away from the fence during the ripping process. So, if you're asking yourself: why are my rip cuts drifting on my table saw?, keep on reading.
Why Are My Rip Cuts Drifting on My Table Saw?
Rip cuts drifting on a table saw is a common problem that many woodwork experts experience. Your rip cuts are drifting on your table saw when the blade is slightly damaged, you're using cheap blades, the blade does not track to the center of the tires or guides are not properly adjusted.
Rip cut drifting can also occur when your saw is not properly set up or does not have a high-quality and sharp table saw blade that is correctly installed and tensioned. As a result, the chances of adjusting for drift are very minimal.
Since all contractor table saws and blades differ in their setup, you must ensure that you follow the manufacturer's specifications and instructions to correct the drifting.
Man checking his table saw blades
Rip cuts drifting on table saws is a common phenomenon that most wood work enthusiasts deal with. The amount of drifting on your table saw will vary from very minor to very bad.
However, most table saws will exhibit rip cut drifting to some magnitude. Blade drifting usually occurs when the operator is using a rip fence.
How to Eliminate Rip Cuts Drifting
Rip cut drifting may occur to the right or to the left and should be eliminated because it will affect the quality of your cuts. If the rip cut drifting is to the right, you can adjust the blade marginally forward or towards you on the upper wheel. If the drift occurs to the left, then you should adjust your blade slightly towards the back of your upper wheel.
Making these minor adjustments will tweak your blade slightly and this can help to steer it and compensate for the drift. This is an easy and fast method of preventing rip cut drifting and is worth a try. Without rip cuts drifting, you are assured of premium quality cuts that will enhance the outcome of your woodwork project.
Why You Should Prevent Rip Cuts Drifting
Attaining rip cuts involves sliding a board across the face of your saw while still touching the rip fence to help with the direction of the blade. If the board drifts away from your table saw rip fence, the cut will be crooked and you may even experience kickback.
Man trying to determine why are his rip cuts drifting on his table saw
Kickback usually happens when the rotating blade of the saw seizes a part of the wood being cut, lifts it up, and then throws it at a very high speed. Kickback is extremely dangerous since the blade is spinning towards you and the wood that is flung in your direction may result in a serious injury.
Furthermore, your hands may also be thrown to the blade, leaving you with minor cuts or causing you to lose your fingers to the blade. Kickback also occurs during rip cuts and can cause harm to the operator or others in the woodwork shop.
Preventing Kickback
You can prevent kickback by using the right safety technique and equipment. For example, you can use a riving knife as a physical barrier to prevent the wood pieces from drifting to the back teeth found on the spiraling blade. You can also use a push stick or push block coupled with a method known as three points pressure.
Apart from protecting you, the three pressure points system will also offer a better cut. By maintaining the three pressure points, you will be assured of less drifting, straight cuts and kickback risks will be minimized. The secret is to ensure the woodwork materials move smoothly through the saw's cut path without allowing any drifting on the blade.
Man using a safety tool to cut his wood on a table saw
Related Questions
Let's tackle two more questions before we wrap up this article.
What are Table Saw Rip Cuts?
These are cuts that are made lengthwise and usually parallel to the wood grain's direction. For instance, when installing floor planks, window, or door frames, you may need to shave off about a half-inch from the board's length, or you may have a sheet of plywood that requires cutting lengthwise to fit a subfloor installation layout.
What is the Three Points of Pressure Technique?
The three pressure points technique is a method of applying pressure forward to the blade, downwards, and inwards towards the fence. When running wood pieces through your saw, the three pressure points must be applied to prevent kickback and guarantee little or no rip cuts drifting.
A table saw is one of the best tools to use when rip cutting. However, for safe cutting, you must make adjustments on your saw or use safety equipment to prevent rip cuts from drifting. This should be part of your routine maintenance to ensure you get straight cuts and prevent any hazards like kickbacks.


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Shipwreck discovered by brothers off Norfolk coast dubbed greatest since Mary Rose
HMS Gloucester sunk 340 years ago while carrying the future monarch James Stuart
The wreck of a former royal warship, which sank in 1682, has been discovered by two amateur divers off the coast of Norfolk.
HMS Gloucester ran aground roughy 28 miles off the coast of Great Yarmouth following a dispute between James, the then Duke of York, and the ship's captain James Ayres, about navigating the infamous Norfolk sandbanks.
The wreck of the HMS Gloucester was discovered by brothers Julian and Lincoln Barnwell, alongside others, after an extensive four-year search which covered over 5,000 nautical miles.
The site was uncovered in 2007, but lengthy identity checks, accompanied by the need to protect the "at risk" site, which lies in international waters, meant the discovery could only be made public now.
In an interview with GB News East of England correspondent Ed Crawford, the brothers described their emotions upon initially discovering the wreckage.
The brothers, who were accompanied by their dad on the dive, were "excited" when they discovered the wreckage, deeming it a "lightbulb moment" in their search for old shipwrecks.
Deeming their discovery a "diver's dream", the brothers have sparked excitement among historians who are intrigued to see the shipwreck for themselves.
Professor of History at the University of East Anglia, Claire Jowitt, said the artefacts discovered are "unparalleled in their diversity and in terms of their richness".
She added how the former royal vessel provided historians with a "a time capsule" of how travel took place during the 17th century.
Professor Jowitt deemed the discovery the most important maritime discovery since the Mary Rose, the warship from the Tudor navy of King Henry VIII.
The Mary Rose sank in battle in the Solent in 1545, and was brought to shore in 1982, later being put on display in Portsmouth.
Within an hour of striking the sandbank, the HMS Gloucester sunk, killing around 130 to 250 crew and passengers.
The Duke of York barely survived, costing the lives of many crew and passengers, by choosing to depart last, with those on board drowning while adhering to protocol for not abandoning ship before royalty.
He accepted no blame to the sinking, instead criticising the captain, wishing him to be hanged, but Mr Ayres was court-martialled and imprisoned.
Artefacts which have already been removed from the seabed will be displayed in a jointly curated exhibition at the Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery, from spring next year.
The ship itself is fragmented and remains on the seafloor, with authorities adding that there are currently no plans to bring any part of the remains to land.
HMS Gloucester represents an "almost" moment in British political history, as it nearly caused the death of the Catholic heir to the Protestant throne at a time of great political and religious tension.
The exact location of the wreck remains protected.


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Payson students are not only doing well, but getting better by the year at reading and writing, according to the results of the 2007 Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS) test.
Payson High School's 2007 AIMS scores show 76 percent of students meet or exceed minimum standards in writing.
AIMS results for mathematics show 61 percent meet or exceed minimum standards, and, in reading, 72 percent meet or exceed the minimum standards set by the AIMS test.
A comparison of AIMS scores for 2006 shows gains in both reading and writing, but a loss from 63 percent meeting or exceeding math requirements in 2006, to only 61 percent in 2007.
Roy Sandoval, principal of Payson High School, said he does not think AIMS scores are always a realistic representation of the situation.
"In Arizona, students begin taking the AIMS test to count towards graduation when they are in their sophomore year," he said.
"Those who pass, don't have to take it again, but those who don't pass as sophomores have to take it again as juniors, and if they don't pass in their junior year, they have to take it again as seniors. You also might have some special education kids in that group as well as new students to the school.
"What I think is a better indication of progress is when we have the opportunity to take a group of kids from grade eight and follow their progress through grade 10."
Arizona begins administering the AIMS test as early as the third grade and continues through grade eight.
In grades two and nine, students take what is called the TerraNova test, and do not take the AIMS test after grade eight, until they are sophomores in high school.
In 2005, Payson High School started an intervention program to boost AIMS math scores.
Students who failed to meet or exceed minimum standards were placed in a classes called Arizona Standards I or II in an attempt to bring up their math scores.
"Obviously we need to work a little more on our math scores," Sandoval said.


================================ Roam Research keyboard shortcuts ================================ First published at 12/11/2020 on _URL_ Roam Research is a note-taking application that allows you to connect notes to each other. It has range of uses such as wikis, note-taking and task management. Roam Research have 45 shortcuts and we have listed all of them below. General ------- Ctrl + O (when editing a block so links are unclickable) Follow link under cursor Ctrl + Shift + O (when editing a block so links are unclickable) Open link under cursor in sidebar Ctrl + Up arrow Collapse all subordinate blocks under the current block Ctrl + Down arrow Expand all subordinate blocks under the current block. (if they are currently hidden) Shift + Up arrow Select the block above where the cursor is placed Shift + Down arrow Select the block below where the cursor is placed Ctrl + Shift + A Select all blocks Ctrl + Home Jump to beginning of block Ctrl + End Jump to end of block Ctrl + Shift + End Select all text from cursor to end of block Ctrl + C then Ctrl + X Show picture of last editor of block Version control --------------- Versions lets you create different versions of a specific block. They help you trying out different wording before settling. Ctrl + , Add version You can type in your new version. If you want to edit the existing version, copy it first and then paste it in after adding a version. If a block has versions, a small blue circle with a number appears at the beginning of the block. Ctrl + Shift + , Cycle versions to the right Ctrl + Shift + . Cycle versions to the left Ctrl + . Expand all versions General ------- Cmd + U Search the database (moves cursor to search bar) Cmd + Enter Jump back to page after search (cursor goes from search bar to first block on page, ready to type) Cmd + F Search on the current page Shift + Enter Open a new page created in search in the sidebar Ctrl + Shift + D Jump to Daily Notes page Shift + Left click Open link in sidebar Right click Open context menu (special menu depending on where you are clicking) Ctrl + C then Ctrl + B Toggle brackets /u then Enter: Upload a file (PDF and image files are supported) Formatting (Mac) ---------------- Cmd + Alt + 1 Toggle between heading styles Cmd + Alt + 2 Toggle between heading styles Cmd + Alt + 3 Toggle between heading styles Cmd + Alt + 0 Toggle between heading styles Cmd + Enter Toggle TODO / DONE Cmd + B Bold Cmd + I Italics Cmd + K Create an HTML link Cmd + Y Strikethrough Cmd + H Highlight ' Text between accent marks will appear as a line of code ' then ' then ' (3 accents) Text between three accent marks will appear as a block of code Formatting (Windows) -------------------- Ctrl + Alt + 1 Make block heading 1 (H1). Ctrl + Alt + 2 Make block heading 2 (H2). Ctrl + Alt + 3 Make block heading 2 (H2). Ctrl + Alt + 0 Reset heading/set to paragraph Cmd + Enter Toggle TODO / DONE Cmd + B Bold Cmd + I Italics Cmd + K Create an HTML link Cmd + Y Strikethrough Cmd + H Highlight Roam also allow you to use markdown to create formatting and linking by typing instead of keyboard shortcuts. Markdown syntax can be found in the source link below. Source: Roamtips.com Last modified on (UTC): Sunday, April 25, 2021 Defkey © All rights reserved.


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Pneumatic winches are mechanical devices that utilize compressed air as a power source to lift, pull, and position heavy loads. These winches are widely used in various industrial applications where the advantages of pneumatic systems, such as safety, simplicity, and adaptability to hazardous environments, are essential. Pneumatic winches offer a reliable and efficient solution for tasks where electric power may be impractical or pose safety concerns. Here's an introduction to pneumatic winches:
Key Components of Pneumatic Winches:
The air motor is a critical component of pneumatic winches. It converts compressed air into mechanical energy to drive the winch's drum or gear mechanism for lifting or pulling operations.
Drum or Gear Mechanism:
The drum or gear mechanism is responsible for winding and unwinding the cable or rope. It determines the winch's lifting capacity and the length of cable it can handle.
Pneumatic winches are equipped with a control valve that allows operators to regulate the airflow. This valve provides control over the speed and direction of the winch, allowing for precise and efficient operation.
The air inlet is the point through which compressed air is supplied to the winch. It connects to an external air compressor, which pressurizes the air and delivers it to the winch for power generation.
Pneumatic winches incorporate braking systems to control and secure the load during lifting or lowering operations. This ensures safety and prevents uncontrolled movements.
Housing and Frame:
The housing and frame provide structural support and protection for internal components. They are designed to withstand the rigors of various working environments.
Advantages of Pneumatic Winches:
Safety in Hazardous Environments:
Pneumatic winches are particularly suitable for use in environments where the presence of explosive or flammable materials poses a risk. Since they do not rely on electricity, there is a reduced risk of electrical sparks.
Durability and Robustness:
Pneumatic winches are known for their durability and robust construction. They can withstand challenging working conditions, making them suitable for heavy-duty applications.
Variable Speed Control:
The airflow control valve allows for precise speed control, enabling operators to handle loads with greater accuracy.
Pneumatic winches are versatile and can be used in various industries, including marine, construction, mining, and more. Their adaptability to different environments and tasks makes them valuable tools in many applications.
Ease of Maintenance:
Pneumatic winches often have simpler designs compared to their electric counterparts, leading to easier maintenance and reduced downtime.
Pneumatic winches are generally more portable than electric winches, as they do not require a power source other than compressed air. This portability is advantageous in applications where mobility is essential.
In summary, pneumatic winches offer a reliable and efficient solution for lifting and pulling operations in environments where electrical power may be impractical or unsafe. Their versatility, safety features, and durability make them well-suited for a range of industrial applications.


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Managing Yourself and Leading Others Level 7 Online Module
Nursing, Medicine, Midwifery, Allied Health Professionals, Ambulance Service, Operating Department, Health and Social Care
To be confirmed
Leadership, Service improvement and innovation
The aim of this module is to support practitioners to develop a critical understanding of efficient and effective leadership in order to manage yourself and lead others. The overall objective of the module is to empower you to lead innovative change and organisational development through the fostering of a sense of shared sense of leadership and responsibility for the success of the organisation and the development of quality services. You will learn about theories of leadership and skills needed for an advanced level of practice.
What will I learn?
By the end of this module you will be able to demonstrate:
- Emerging personal leadership qualities and integrity
- Insightful critical reflection and self-assessment of how personal values, beliefs, qualities and interests influence affect others (reflexivity)
- Effective self-assessment and self-management
- Critical analysis and evaluation of personal/professional and leadership capabilities though reflection on feedback from a range of sources
- Expertise in working with others developing and maintaining effective networks and relationships
- Effective participation in a range of leadership and learning activities which are effectively evidenced
- Evaluation of own development and that of others
How will I learn?
To be confirmed
*Please be advised that course dates and timings may change
Jackie Phipps _EMAIL_


Separate your apps on a page
The Divider app is a useful way to separate content on your web pages. Use it for accessibility to break up large amounts of information and chunk similar information in the same place. Place the Divider app between other apps on your page and specify a Divider Type, blank space, line, dotted line, or dashed line. The divider type you select for the app displays when you view the page on the end-user website. Use the same divider type for visual cues and to make your content accessible by screen readers.
Add the Divider app
Drag the Divider app onto your page.
 1. Select your Divider Type using the drop-down.
 2. Select Save.
You can update the Options for the divider including showing the app name, setting the number of records, and sharing options, but these are rarely needed for the Divider app.
Edit the Divider app
Navigate to the page containing the app and select Edit page.
 1. Select Edit on the divider app
 2. Choose the new Divider Type.
 3. Select Options.
 4. Type an App Name and provide a description.
 5. Select Show the app name on my page to list the app name on your page.
 6. Choose your Display Settings.
 7. Select Save Options.


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Do plants have a memory? Surprisingly enough, they do. But this is not the type of memory that we share. In plants, it serves more as a tool for survival when a hostile environment threatens their growth. To dig into their world, we studied how wild strawberries adapt to different temperatures using their environmental memory, the mysteries of which are yet to be fully understood.
Reading time 3 min
published on May 16, 2023
Global warming represents a growing threat for plants and other organisms, while if and how these will survive is currently an open question. Plants have their own ingenious ways to defend themselves under such stress. They can either genetically adapt to a changing environment by slowly changing their genes to increase the chances of survival in the new environment, or quickly adjust their morphology and/or physiology. The latter process is called phenotypic change. While genetic adaptation might not occur fast enough to keep up with the high pace of global warming, phenotypic changes might allow plants to quickly respond to a changing environment. These can be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, which are naturally occurring chemical modifications regulating gene function. Interestingly, these epigenetic modifications can be stable across generations, causing phenotypic changes not only in the plant experiencing the environmental change, but also in its offspring. In other words, the environmental conditions experienced by a plant are stored in the form of a memory that can be passed down across generations. Epigenetic modifications can then quickly memorize environmental changes to adapt and pre-adapt their offspring to the new environment. Still, the question remains whether epigenetic memory can help plants and their offspring survive global warming.
To answer this, we chose the clonal species wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) as a model for our research. The wild strawberry spreads mostly by producing clones from modified stems, which are in fact genetically identical offspring. The advantage of this species is that it is widespread in nature, and easy to grow and propagate. Also, it and can be used for highly sophisticated molecular analyses since the function of its DNA sequence is known.
First, we collected plants from nine areas with different climatic conditions across Europe and replanted them in a greenhouse. We then let the plants produce offspring clones and chemically removed epigenetic memory from half of those. Next, we transplanted all the plants back to their area of origin, but also to warmer and colder areas. After few months, we visited them again and measured how many plants survived and how much biomass they produced. We then compared plants with their original epigenetic memory (control plants) to those with removed epigenetic memory. Our goal was to assess which of them performed better or worse in their home locality, as well as in warmer and colder localities. We found out that plants with removed epigenetic memory transplanted to their home locality performed worse (survived less and produced less biomass) than control plants, but this was the case only for the warm-climate areas. When transplanted to colder or warmer localities than their origin, plants with removed epigenetic memory performed either better or worse than control plants.
With these findings we concluded that epigenetic memory most likely plays an important role for the adaptation of plants to different temperatures, but this adaptation is also subject to other specific environmental conditions. To uncover more details on the role of epigenetic memory in plants adaptation, we need further studies -similar to this onethat encompass more populations and/or other wild plant species. In addition, sophisticated molecular analyses that become more and more accessible with time are expected to enhance our understanding on how plants adapt and thrive under stress.
We, scientists, have arguably a long way to go for solving the mysteries of epigenetics in plants. Despite this, our study on plants growing in natural conditions provides one of the first evidence that environmental epigenetic memory might help them cope with the ongoing environmental crisis. In a fast-changing world, this might be a key to their survival.
Sammarco, I., Münzbergová, Z., & Latzel, V. (2022). DNA Methylation Can Mediate Local Adaptation and Response to Climate Change in the Clonal Plant Fragaria vesca: Evidence From a European-Scale Reciprocal Transplant Experiment. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. _URL_


of the first physical disk.
This key is supported since Zabbix 2.2.0.
vm.vmemory.size[<type>]
Virtual memory size in bytes or in percentage from total. Integer - for bytes
Float - for percentage
type - possible values:
available (available virtual memory), pavailable (available virtual memory, in percent), pused (used virtual memory, in percent), total (total virtual memory, default), used (used virtual memory)
Example:
⇒ vm.vmemory.size[pavailable] → available virtual memory, in percentage
Monitoring of virtual memory statistics is based on:
* Total virtual memory on Windows (total physical + page file size);
* The maximum amount of memory Zabbix agent can commit;
* The current committed memory limit for the system or Zabbix agent, whichever is smaller.
This key is supported since Zabbix 3.0.7 and 3.2.3.
Monitoring Windows services
This tutorial provides step-by-step instructions for setting up the monitoring of Windows services. It is assumed that Zabbix server and agent are configured and operational.
Step 1
Get the service name.
You can get that name by going to MMC Services snap-in and bringing up the properties of the service. In the General tab you should see a field called 'Service name'. The value that follows is the name you will use when setting up an item for monitoring.
For example, if you wanted to monitor the "workstation" service then your service might be: lanmanworkstation.
Step 2
Configure an item for monitoring the service.
The item service.info[service,<param>] retrieves the information about a particular service. Depending on the information you need, specify the param option which accepts the following values: displayname, state, path, user, startup or description. The default value is state if param is not specified (service.info[service]).
The type of return value depends on chosen param: integer for state and startup; character string for displayname, path and user; text for description.
Example:
 - Key: service.info[lanmanworkstation]
 - Type of information: Numeric (unsigned)
 - Show value: select the Windows service state value mapping
Two value maps are available Windows service state and Windows service startup type to map a numerical value to a text representation in the Frontend.
Discovery of Windows services
Low-level discovery provides a way to automatically create items, triggers, and graphs for different entities on a computer. Zabbix can automatically start monitoring Windows services on your machine, without the need to know the exact name of a service or create items for each service manually. A filter can be used to generate real items, triggers, and graphs only for services of interest.


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Did your Civil War ancestor make a scrapbook about the Civil War?
If so, then you may have a window into your ancestor's attitudes toward the war and what he or she thought important to remember.
Ellen Gruber Garvey, a professor of English at New Jersey City University, in a column in The New York Times noted:
"A newspaper-clipping scrapbook... does not give us the direct information or expression we expect from diaries. Instead, it is a reminder that like us, Northerners and Southerners living through the Civil War relied on the media to tell them what was happening at a distance, or even across town. They looked to the media to support and express their feelings. And like 21st-century Web users sharing links, they saved items that mattered to them and sent them around again to friends, family or strangers."
What is in your ancestor's scrapbook? What does it say about him or her?


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Studying Plant–Insect Interactions with Solid Phase Microextraction: Screening for Airborne Volatile Emissions Response of Soybeans to the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Journal or Book Title
Insects trigger plants to release volatile compounds that mediate the interaction with both pest and beneficial insects. Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines) induces soybean (Glycine max) leaves to produce volatiles that attract predators of the aphid. In this research, we describe the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extraction of volatiles from A. glycines-infested plant. Objectives were to (1) determine if SPME can be used to collect soybean plant volatiles and to (2) use headspace SPME-GC-MS approach to screen compounds associated with A. glycines-infested soybeans, grown in the laboratory and in the field, to identify previously known and potentially novel chemical markers of infestation. A total of 62 plant volatiles were identified, representing 10 chemical classes. 39 compounds had not been found in previous studies of soybean volatile emissions. 3-hexen-1-ol, dimethyl nonatriene, indole, caryophyllene, benzaldehyde, linalool, methyl salicylate (MeSA), benzene ethanol, and farnesene were considered herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). For reproductive field-grown soybeans, three compounds were emitted in greater abundance from leaves infested with A. glycines, cis-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, MeSA and farnesene. In summary, SPME can detect the emission of HIPVs from plants infested with insect herbivores.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cai, Lingshuang; Koziel, Jacek A.; and O'Neal, Matthew E., "Studying Plant–Insect Interactions with Solid Phase Microextraction: Screening for Airborne Volatile Emissions Response of Soybeans to the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)" (2015). Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications. 709.


Mandusi Swamp is a marshy floodplain formed by the Munge Stream. The swamp is a special habitat, a refuge for elephants and hippos, a hunting ground for predators, a cover for small animals, a reserve grazing for the large herds of wildebeest and zebra, and a nesting site for birds. With a size of three square miles, Mandusi Swamp is home to a variety of species, including Elephant, Hippo, Side-Striped Jackal, Reedbuck, Serval Cat, Buffalo, and Bat-Eared Fox.
In this article, we'll explore the unique features of Mandusi Swamp, its main species, and why it's known for its striking Hippo Pool, Side-Striped Jackal & Serval Cat, colorful flocks of birds, and courtship displays by Jackson's widow-bird. We'll also answer some frequently asked questions about the swamp and its inhabitants.
The Topography of Mandusi Swamp
Mandusi Swamp is located in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Conservation Area, close to the famous Ngorongoro Crater. The swamp is situated at an altitude of 1,400 meters above sea level and is surrounded by dense forests, grasslands, and hills.
The topography of Mandusi Swamp is characterized by marshes, floodplains, and riverine areas. During the rainy season, the swamp floods, and the water level rises, creating a haven for aquatic species such as hippos and crocodiles. In the dry season, the water level recedes, and the swamp becomes a grazing ground for herbivores such as zebras and wildebeest.
Wildlife of Mandusi Swamp
Mandusi Swamp is home to a diverse range of species, with elephants and hippos being the most prominent. The swamp has about 70 different bull elephants that are regular visitors to the Crater floor and Mandusi Swamp. Breeding herds of elephants (cows and calves) wander only through the rim forests and are rarely seen on the floor.
Hippos are another significant species that inhabit Mandusi Swamp. The swamp is known for its striking Hippo Pool, which is a gathering place for hippos during the day. The pool is also home to several other aquatic species, including crocodiles and waterbirds.
Other species that can be found in Mandusi Swamp include Side-Striped Jackal, Reedbuck, Serval Cat, Buffalo, and Bat-Eared Fox. The swamp is also a nesting site for various bird species, including colorful flocks of birds and Jackson's widow bird, known for its courtship displays.
The Best-Known Features of Mandusi Swamp
Mandusi Swamp is a unique habitat that offers a range of experiences to visitors. Here are some of the most popular features of the swamp:
Striking Hippo Pool
The Hippo Pool is one of the most striking features of Mandusi Swamp. It's a gathering place for hippos during the day and offers visitors an opportunity to observe these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat. The pool is also home to several other aquatic species, including crocodiles and waterbirds.
Side-Striped Jackal & Serval Cat
Mandusi Swamp is also home to a variety of predators, including Side-Striped Jackal and Serval Cat. These elusive creatures can be spotted during game drives or while on a walking safari.
Colorful flocks of birds
Mandusi Swamp is a paradise for birdwatchers, with a variety of bird species nesting in the swamp. Visitors can spot colorful flocks of birds flying overhead or perched on branches.
Courtship Displays by Jackson's Widow-bird
The Jackson's widow-bird is a small bird that is famous for its dramatic courtship displays during the breeding season. The male bird grows long, flowing tail feathers and performs aerial acrobatics to attract a mate. Visitors can witness this stunning display during the breeding season in Mandusi Swamp.
Size
The Mandusi Swamp spans over three square miles, making it a significant wetland in the Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area.
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How Far Can You Shoot With a 200mm Lens?
The 200mm is a telephoto lens that makes subjects appear more prominent in the frame. When you can't adjust the lens barrel, how far can you shoot with a 200mm lens? We're looking into how magnification works on 200mm lenses and how it can reach and photograph faraway subjects.
How Far Can You Shoot With a 200mm Lens?
A 200mm lens lets you shoot subjects about 60 feet away from you to fill the frame. Since lenses can focus at infinity, you can use a 200mm lens to capture subjects beyond 500 feet. However, the effect depends on the subject's size, your shooting position, background, and foreground.
A telephoto lens may not necessarily be a zoom lens, just like in the case of a 200mm lens. However, it still can let you 'reach' subjects in a magnified way. That's why we're going to look at the variable factors that may influence your shooting distance.
Determining the 200mm Lens Reach
The 200mm focal length controls the field of view, which means this lens has a narrow angle of view at long distances. When using a 200mm lens, the subject can easily fill the frame when it's about 60 feet away from you.
A close up shot of a 200mm lens
Hence, if you want to include background and foreground elements, you need to move back until the camera sensor captures the actual size of the subject.
When talking about how far you can take photos with a 200mm lens, this refers to the ability to narrow your field, giving you a close-up perspective of the subject. You can zoom in on anything as long as it's within the closest focus of a 200mm lens.
200mm Magnification Ratio
When it comes to 200mm lenses, the distance of how far you can take pictures refers to the magnification ratio. While the magnification ratio varies depending on the brand, a 200mm lens typically has a 2.85x magnification rate. Thus, a 200mm would make subjects appear 4 to 5 times closer.
Shooting Distance Depending On the Desired Framing
Picture this— even if a tree is 1 foot away from you, it can quickly fill the frame because of the magnification ratio. In contrast, if you're about 40 feet away from it, there would be less subject detail yet more background elements.
Furthermore, any telephoto lens can photograph the sky. However, you would need a narrower field of view if you want the moon or the stars to fill the frame.
As you can see, the question of how far you can shoot with a 200m lens also relies on how you want to frame the subject.
Zooming Distance of a 200mm Lens
A 200mm lens cannot zoom in and out because of its fixed focal length. A telephoto lens like the 200mm produces a pull-in effect, which draws faraway subjects to make them appear closer than they are in reality.
What also gives the impression of a zoomed-in appearance is its perspective compression. This draw-in effect makes far-off subjects near a background look closer together and bigger to the camera.
Photography Scenarios Using a 200mm Lens
Even if the minimum reach of a 200mm lens is 60 feet, it can infinitely focus on distant scenes and objects. However, the actual appearance of the subject on the photo depends on the focal length, the subject's physical size, and the subject's distance to the sensor size.
There's an expected 1.1% growth in the telephoto zoom lens market within 2021-2026. With developing technologies, trends, and features, there are many ways for you to experiment with how far you can shoot using a 200mm lens.
A 70-200mm lens on display
 - Portraits: Despite a person being 100 feet away from you, a 200mm would let you take portraits with some background and foreground elements. However, don't expect to get an ultra close-up shot.
 - Landscapes: A 200mm enables you to make subjects look more dominant than other parts of the frame. For example, when you're 60 feet away from boulders, the mountains in the background look too shallow. Meanwhile, standing father at 150 feet would make the mountains smaller and the boulders mightier.
 - Wildlife: When birdwatching, you can still see the birds flying in the sky even if you're on the ground and the birds are 150 feet away from you. While you can't zoom in on the bird's details, you can capture a portion of the sky and the outline of the birds.
 - Sports: Imagine yourself watching a basketball game, and you're 20 feet away from the sidelines. Even if there are 3 rows of bleachers in front of you, you can get a half-body shot of a player.
Determining how far you can shoot with a 200mm lens depends on some factors, including the subject's size and environmental elements. However, a 200mm lens typically ensures focus within 60 to 520 feet. Make sure to adjust your shooting position to achieve your desired framing and depth of field.


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THEORY OF ACES: A study of Germany's air combat record in WWI suggests that the infamous Red Baron was a skilled flier but probably had luck on his side in racking up his record 80 wins. Image: iStockPhoto
Was the Red Baron just lucky?
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen, better known as the Red Baron, was the most feared German flying ace of World War I. He racked up 80 official air combat victories—the biggest winning streak on either side—before being shot down on April 21, 1918, over northern France. We're inclined to interpret the Baron's record as proof that he was the best of the best. But a study published in the Journal of Mathematical Sociology claims that much of Richthofen's success could be chalked up to plain old luck. German records list 2,894 WWI fighter pilots, who together scored 6,759 victories (planes shot down) and only 810 defeats. Although the win ratio seems suspiciously high, electrical engineers Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury of the University of California, Los Angeles, contend they can still use the numbers to analyze the pilots' defeat rate—their total chances of being shot down after each flight. That rate started off high—25 percent for the first flight—but fell sharply; by the 10th flight it had leveled off below 5 percent, consistent with the weaker pilots getting picked off and the remaining aces having similar skills in the air. At that rate, the researchers conclude that the odds of one in 2,894 pilots racking up an 80-win streak are about 30 percent—not so remarkable after all.
Los Angeles tops list of nation's most polluted cities—again
Los Angeles still holds the crown for the smoggiest city, but Pittsburgh surprisingly took top honors in daily spikes in air pollution levels, according to the American Lung Association's annual State of the Air report released this week. Meanwhile, some cities previously touted for cleaning up their act (among them: San Diego, Atlanta, Charlotte and the Baltimore–Washington, D.C. region) fell down on the job, scoring higher on the sullied air scale. "The air quality in several cities has improved, but in others, declines in pollution have stalled," ALA president and CEO Bernadette Toomey said. Cities in California dominate the list, including Fresno, Bakersfield and Visalia/Porterville. (Reuters)
Absinthe: Not an Artist's Secret to Success
Ever feel like you could write the next great novel or paint a masterpiece, if only you had the right artistic inspiration—or, short of that, could get your hands on a bit of absinthe, the mysterious green alcoholic spirit rumored to have mind-altering qualities that "inspired" the impressionists in the late 1800s? Most European countries and the U.S., worried about its potential psychological effects, had banned absinthe by the early 1900s. But it was—and still is—legal and available in Spain, where Pablo Picasso reportedly was a fan. Now new research punches holes in the enigmatic drink's allure. It turns out that it never actually contained enough thujone (a compound derived from wormwood leaves) to conjure a psychedelic muse. Instead, German researchers report in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, people who drank it just got really drunk. The scientists, from the Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Laboratory of Karlsruhe, examined the contents of three still-corked pre-1915 bottles of absinthe manufactured in France and found that even if a person were to ingest an entire liter of the stuff, he or she still would not consume enough thujone to have a psychedelic experience. (FYI: It's no easy task to drink a cup, let alone an entire liter, of the incredibly bitter beverage.) The team did, however, find that it is 70 percent alcohol by volume (or 140 proof), which means that it contains 20 percent more alcohol than standard vodka and gin. (Newsweek)


Improvising Blues Saxophone
Nick Beston
Item price $29.95 Bk CD:
Improvising Blues Saxophone A practical guide designed intermediate or advanced to enter the world of improvisation. Players will gain more enjoyment from their sax playing, the book demonstrates how to develop improvisational style and learn some of the more advanced techniques Key techniques and styles explained include: basic blues harmony, improvising with scales, chords, rhythms and riffs, sax effects such as glissando, slurps and bends, falls, growling, mutes and harmonics, bebop blues, phrasing, minor blues.


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A Guide to the Philip Nolan Papers, _PHONE_
Born to Peter and Elizabeth (Cassidy) Nolan in Ireland, Philip Nolan (_PHONE_) became a noted mustanger and possible filibuster in Spanish Texas. Before arriving in Texas, Nolan worked as a bookkeeper and shipping clerk for General James Wilkinson in Kentucky and New Orleans, where he learned of business opportunities in Texas. Nolan began mustanging in 1791, though suspicions grew among Spanish authorities about his true intentions due to his connections with Wilkinson and illegal trade. A year after marrying Frances Lintot in 1799, Nolan set out with a group of well-armed men on his fourth expedition to catch horses in Texas. After building a small fortification and corrals, Nolan began catching mustangs. He was killed, however, in March 1801 by Spanish forces sent to intercept him, while his captured men were tried and imprisoned.
Composed of Photostat copies of correspondence and government documents, the Philip Nolan Papers, _PHONE_, document the Spanish reaction to his expeditions.
Jackson, Jack. "Nolan, Philip."Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed July 26, 2011.
This collection is open for research use.
Philip Nolan Papers, _PHONE_, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Basic processing and cataloging of this collection was supported with funds from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) for the Briscoe Center's History Revealed: Bringing Collections to Light project, 2009-2011.
Detailed Description of the Papers


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Juventutem Looks to Build on WYD Panama's Traditional Latin Mass Celebrations
The Extraordinary Form of the Mass "connects young people with previous generations and the saints who have come before us."
The popularity of the extraordinary form of the Mass in the Latin Rite among young people is well-known, but it was especially visible during World Youth Day in Panama earlier this year.
The three Traditional Latin Masses during the event were "very well received," said WYD participant Monica Clarke from Philadelphia in a recent interview with the Register.
One reason, said Monica, a member of the Juventutem International Federation that organized the traditional Masses in Panama, is because "many people" told her a "similar story of how they long for reverence, solemnity, beauty and silence in the liturgy."
"One person I spoke with described the Thursday Mass afterward as 'an oasis of calm,'" said Monica.
One of the Masses was a Solemn High Mass during which Archbishop Alexander Sample of Portland, Oregon, preached the homily. About 350-400 people were estimated to have attended that Mass.
WYD participant and Juventutem member Aramis Perez from Miami told the Register that many young people experienced this form of the Mass for the first time in Panama, and they "received it with great gratitude."
"They had often learned of it from the internet and wished to be able to worship the Lord with celebrations of the Mass in their own parishes," Aramis said. "Pilgrims remarked on the strongly prayerful character of the Mass as well as its great beauty."
Aramis predicted that bringing the traditional Latin Mass to their countries "would nourish the faithful and be a great boon for their churches and for evangelization."
He also said others at WYD who were regular TLM Mass-goers said the traditional Mass "deserved such a place" at World Youth Day, as "many young people had a particular love for the traditional liturgy that was being beautifully expressed."
Monica said what also appeals to a large number of young people is that the extraordinary form of the Mass "connects them with previous generations and the saints who have come before us."
Asked why the TLM is important to her personally, she said not only was it the "solemnity and reverence," as well as the "beautiful music and silence" but also the "sense of continuity with the past" with both ancestors and saints who attended the "very same form of liturgy."
She also observed that although the world young people like her are being born into is "scientifically and technologically advanced," it is also "plagued by self-centeredness."
"I am certain that all of us, some perhaps without realizing it, crave something with a meaning that is beyond ourselves," she said. "That is why young people 'dream big,' because they want to be part of something important, but too often we choose things that aren't really important after all."
"The TLM gives a tangible answer to this desire in that it is unmistakably and incontrovertibly God-centered," she added. "Whether you are Catholic or not, there is something about the Latin Mass that immediately communicates the gravity and timelessness of what takes place on the altar."
She added that essentially, "like all the great truths of our faith, it is a mystery we may never fully understand" what truly attracts people to the TLM. "But what we can be sure of is that it is inspiring young people to live their faith radically and is giving us an answer for our longing to be part of something truly significant."
Aramis said he discovered the traditional Mass "simply by seeking to deepen my knowledge and love of the Lord." The Mass has challenged him "mightily to allow my heart to be made tender so that I might love and serve others with that radical love from the Gospel."
"It has refreshed my own spiritual life," he said, "filling me with joy and a deep desire for friendship with Christ."
And he observed that every Mass has been "something like anchoring in a safe harbor to grow in love of home and family, and then casting out into the deep with a great zeal for exploration, mission and adventure."
"For many young people I know, the traditional Latin Mass is a clear call to the Christian life with all its joy and challenges, as well as an encounter with God's splendor and mercy," he explained.
"It is a key that opens the treasury of the faith ever wider, through which they come to know the Lord ever more deeply. For many it has been the central point of their conversion or reversion to the Faith."
He also said that discovering the traditional Latin Mass had strengthened his Catholic identity "in both the particular and universal dimensions," helping him to appreciate non-Roman Rites.
"All these classical expressions of Christian belief and prayer bear witness to the apostolic faith and liturgy in striking ways, reinforcing my own place as a follower of Christ united with the rest of his Church across the world and through the ages," he said.
Looking ahead to the next WYD in Lisbon, Portugal, in 2022, Monica said she hoped each World Youth Day becomes an "opportunity to bring the beauty and timelessness of traditional liturgy to new places and people."
She said Juventutem is hoping to "definitely" establish connections with other dioceses and movements so the "Extraordinary Form Pontifical Mass like those that were offered in Krakow in 2016" could take place, as well as other events like a "holy hour or sung Vespers in the extraordinary form."
Aramis, who noted that Juventutem has been present at every World Youth Day since 2005, wanted to express his gratitude to the "generosity and openness" of the staff at the Dicastery for Laity, Family, and Life, as well as the Panamanian Local Organizing Committee, and trusts that support will continue in 2022.


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Three Ancient Herbs
Aloe, flax and garlic are three herbs which have been used by mankind for centuries. The earliest uses of these herbs date back prior to the bible. As populations migrated, they brought their favorite herbs with them. These three ancient herbs with modern health benefits are as common today as they were with our ancestors.
Aloe vera use has been documented as far back as ancient Egypt. Although the variety used by the Egyptians does not resemble the aloe plant commonly found today, they are still related. Ancient Egyptians used a species of aloe juice during the embalming process. Today we use aloe vera to relieve pain and irritation from sunburn and insect bites. Many homes today contain an aloe vera plant.
Sunburn and insect bites aside, aloe vera has other uses. The fresh juice of the aloe vera plant can help reduce fever if taken internally. Furthermore, ingestion of fresh aloe vera juice can help with cleansing of the stomach and intestines. Aloe vera is available commercially as a live plant or in lotions and creams. Many cosmetics contain aloe vera, especially skin creams and sunburn remedies.
Flax is another ancient herb with modern health benefits. The earliest fragment of flax has been dated to be 9,000 years old. Flax is a plant that is made into linen. The Torah and the Bible both mention linen and flax. Ancient Egyptians used linen for mummification and for other cloth. Flaxseed oil was used in the ancient Egyptian embalming processes.
Today flaxseed is part of a healthy diet. Flaxseeds and flaxseed oil contains many beneficial antioxidants. There are flaxseed supplements, flaxseed is added to cereals and foods, and you can purchase flaxseed in many forms at health food stores. Rich in omega 3 and 6, flaxseed is an important part of a modern diet.
The alpha-linolenic acid found in flaxseed is another modern health benefit. ALA as it is sometimes referred to, is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent. In addition, it is known to boost the immune system and may help prevent certain cancers from occurring. Flax is perhaps more important today than it was centuries ago.
Garlic is the final ancient herb with modern health benefits. Technically, it is a bulb and not an herb. Garlic's use dates back prior to the bible. Ancients used it to increase virility. It was thought to cure everything from infections to snakebites and depression.
Modern medical science has confirmed many of garlic's ancient uses as valid. Its antimicrobial properties have been established. For example, arginine which is found in garlic helps the body manufacture nitric oxide. A man's virility is dependent on the presence of nitric oxide. Without it, his ability to reproduce is compromised.
The chemical ajoene also found in garlic, is believed to help prevent clogging of the arteries. Allicin is known for its cancer and tumor prevention properties. It is another powerful chemical found in garlic.
These three herbs; aloe, flax and garlic, were extremely important to the ancient world. They were used for medicinal purposes and flax provided clothing as well. Today, modern health benefits are derived from the same plants our ancestors used. Some old wives tales have turned out to be medically correct. Sometimes everything old is new again.


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Definición de sanity en inglés:
- Both begin to doubt their sanity and their ability to stay any closer then 100 miles away from each other.
- What a capacity to maintain mental sanity in spite of pain and sadness.
- Olivia and Adam pray that she does not participate in it, fearing for her health and sanity.
- This heinous act of the murder of a little girl and the wounding of her peers go beyond the boundaries of reason and sanity.
- This would suggest that a degree of sanity and moderation may have come after the gruesome tragedy.
- The show is a chilling indictment of what happens when sanity is equated with conformity.
Late Middle English (in the sense 'health'): from Latin sanitas 'health', from sanus 'healthy'. Current senses date from the early 17th century.
Latin sanus meant 'healthy' which is the first recorded sense of sanity in English. Current meanings date from the early 17th century when sane was first recorded, although insane dates from the mid 16th century. Sanitary, sanitation, and sanatorium where you go to recover your health, all 19th century, come from the same root.
Palabras que riman con sanityChristianity, humanity, inanity, profanity, urbanity, vanity
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.


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MAX Phases Properties of Machinable Ternary Carbides and Nitrides von Barsoum, Michel (eBook)
 - Erscheinungsdatum: 13.11.2013
 - Verlag: Wiley-VCH
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MAX Phases
In this comprehensive yet compact monograph, Michel Barsoum, one of the pioneers in the field and the leading figure in MAX phase research, summarizes and explains, from both an experimental and a theoretical viewpoint, all the features that are necessary to understand and apply these new materials. In so doing, he covers elastic, electrical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties in different temperature regimes, concluding with a treatment of MAX phase composites and potential as well as current applications. By bringing together, in a unified, self-contained manner, all the information on MAX phases hitherto only found scattered in the journal literature, this one-stop resource offers researchers and developers alike an insight into these fascinating materials. Michel Barsoum is Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University, USA. His research group was the first to fabricate and fully characterize the MAX phases, an important new class of machinable ternary carbides and nitrides on which he and his collaborators have published more than 150 papers. He is also the author of a textbook on the fundamentals of ceramics. Michel Barsoum was awarded a Humboldt Max Planck Research Award in 2000 and spent one year at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, Germany. He is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society and the World Academy of Ceramics. In 2008-2009 he spent a sabbatical year at Los Alamos National Lab as the prestigious Wheatley Scholar. In addition, Michel Barsoum is visiting professor at the Linkoping University in Sweden.
Produktinformationen
 Format: ePUB
 Kopierschutz: AdobeDRM
 Seitenzahl: 380
 Erscheinungsdatum: 13.11.2013
 Sprache: Englisch
 ISBN: 9783527654604
 Verlag: Wiley-VCH
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MAX Phases
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
The M n +1AX n , or MAX, phases are layered, hexagonal, early transition-metal carbides and nitrides, where n = 1, 2, or 3 "M" is an early transition metal, "A" is an A-group (mostly groups 13 and 14) element, and "X" is C and/or N. In every case, near-close-packed M layers are interleaved with layers of pure group-A element with the X atoms filling the octahedral sites between the former ( Figure 1.1 a–c). The M6X octahedra are edge-sharing and are identical to those found in the rock salt structure. The A-group elements are located at the center of trigonal prisms that are larger than the octahedral sites and thus better able to accommodate the larger A atoms. The main difference between the structures with various n values ( Figure 1.1 a–c) is in the number of M layers separating the A layers: in the M2AX, or 211, phases, there are two; in the M3AX2, or 312, phases there are three; and in the M4AX3, or 413, phases, there are four. As discussed in more detail in later chapters, this layering is crucial and fundamental to understanding MAX-phase properties in general, and their mechanical properties in particular. Currently, the MAX phases number over 60 ( Figure 1.2 ) with new ones, especially 413s and solid solutions, still being discovered.
Figure 1.1 Atomic structures of (a) 211, (b) 312, and (c) 413 phases, with emphasis on the edge-sharing nature of the MX6 octahedra.
Figure 1.2 List of known MAX phases and elements of the periodic table that react to form them.
Most of the MAX phases are 211 phases, some are 312s, and the rest are 413s. The M group elements include Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, and Ta. The A elements include Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, In, Sn, Tl, and Pb. The X elements are either C and/or N.
Thermally, elastically, and electrically, the MAX phases share many of the advantageous attributes of their respective binary metal carbides or nitrides: they are elastically stiff, and electrically and thermally conductive. Mechanically, however, they cannot be more different: they are readily machinable – remarkably a simple hack-saw will do ( Figure 1.3 ) – relatively soft, resistant to thermal shock, and unusually damage-tolerant. They are the only polycrystalline solids that deform by a combination of kink and shear band formation, together with the delaminations of individual grains. Dislocations multiply and are mobile at room temperature, glide exclusively on the basal planes, and are overwhelmingly arranged either in arrays or kink boundaries. They combine ease of machinability with excellent mechanical properties, especially at temperatures 1000 °C. Some, such as Ti3SiC2 and Ti4AlN3, combine mechanical anisotropy with thermal properties that are surprisingly isotropic.
Figure 1.3 One of the hallmarks of the MAX phases is the ease with which they can be machined with (a) a manual hack-saw and (b) lathe.
As discussed in this book, this unusual combination of properties is traceable to their layered structure, the mostly metallic – with covalent and ionic contributions – nature of the MX bonds that are exceptionally strong, together with M–A bonds that are relatively weak, especially in shear. The best characterized ternaries to date are Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, and Ti2AlC. We currently know their compressive and flexural strengths and their temperature dependencies, in addition to their hardness, oxidation resistance, fracture toughness and R-curve behavior, and tribological properties. Additionally, their electrical conductivities, Hall and Seebeck coefficients, heat capacities (both at low and high temperatures), elastic properties and their temperature dependencies, thermal ex
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This is Part 1 of a multi-part entry into the process and pains of the creation of JPL's map of Isla Sorna. Eventually these entries will be merged into one article and made part of the Encyclopedia.
Jurassic Park Legacy's map of Isla Sorna (aka Site B) has been a many-years long endeavor. Numerous maps of Isla Sorna exist, both in-film props and real world publicity items. One would therefore think that it would be a simple thing to create a map corresponding to the films' events.
However, none of the maps work together, and topography varies from one map to another. It seems the production team for the films did not have any sort of concrete map or topography from which they were working from.
This leaves JPL's Map Team with a dilemma. Which of these many maps should be used as the de facto topography for our map? Should we rule out every other map or attempt to merge all the maps together? Should one map be considered more likely to be "accurate" than all the others?
After a lot of deliberation it was agreed that the map seen in The Lost World: Jurassic Park during Kelly's wandering of the trailers (below) was the most accurate for our purposes. The topography is clear, the map is given a central focus in the film (even if only for a few seconds), and within the film universe itself it appears to be a detailed map of the variety you would find pinned in a government building.
So our topography was established; now we had to determine the size of the island. This was done fairly easily. Costa Rica appears on this map as well, and sizing it appropriately allowed us to determine the size of Sorna. The result; approximately 21 x 20 miles.
The island was now complete. We created a large topographical map of the entire Las Cinco Muertes island chain and created a map scale from there (at our scale; 116 pixels per mile). Work on actual locations could now finally begin.
Continued in Part 2…