text:
Bihar • India
|Time zone||IST (UTC+5:30)|
- Sex ratio
- 812 0xx
- BR 10 XXXX
Bhagalpur is a city and municipal corporation in Bihar state in eastern India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. Bhagalpur district is one of the thirty-seven districts of Bihar state, India, and Bhagalpur town is the administrative headquarters In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology In Anthropology and Demography, the human sex ratio is the Sex ratio for Homo sapiens (i Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or Post code system used by India Post the Indian Postal For the past decade or so telecommunication activities have gained momentum in India KA-19-P-8488jpg|thumb|270px|Close up of a licence plate used in Mangalore, Karnataka. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to cities, counties, Towns Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It is the administrative headquarters of Bhagalpur District. Bhagalpur district is one of the thirty-seven districts of Bihar state, India, and Bhagalpur town is the administrative headquarters Bhagalpur is acclaimed the world over for its silk products and it is known in India as the "Silk City". Bhagalpur is the distorted form of Bhagdatpuram as it was called during the apex of Ang Kingdom and has been the seat of power of the same.
Bhagalpur is a divisional town of historical importance situated on the southern bank of the Ganga river. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent Situated 220km east of Patna, the state capital of Bihar, and 410km north west of Calcutta. Paṭnā ( Hindi: पटना is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited The city is referred as one of the biggest trade centers in eastern India by the Chinese travellers Huen Sang and Fahiyan. The city had a big harbour on the Ganges River at place called Champanagar (another name for Bhagalpur), now called Champanala, which flows on the western boundary of present city near Nathnagar. During an archaeological excavation, many boats, navigators and currencies of middle and Far East have been found at the same place. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. Bhagalpur is well connected by rail and road. the airport at Bhagalpur was functional till 1980's but from then it is still waiting for its rejuvenation.
The city is famous worldwide for its silk production. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons The silk industry in this city is hundreds of years old and a whole clan exists that has been producing silk for generations. There is a Silk Institute and Agricultural college here, as well as a University, and Engineering, Medical and Homeopath colleges.
The gangetic plains are very fertile and the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, barley, and oilseeds. The Indo-Gangetic Plain also known as the Northern plains and the North Indian River Plain is a large and fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for The economy of Bhagalpur is dependent mainly on agriculture and silk.
Early civilizations have fostered along the fertile coasts of the river Ganges. Bhagalpur has often been referred to as Bhagaddat-Puram in ancient Sanskrit literature such as the Ramanaya, Mahabharatha and Panchtantra. "Vish-hari Puja" or the worship of the snake queen traces its roots to hundreds of years and is still celebrated every year with thousands of believers and snake charmers offering milk to the Nag(the snake King) and Nageen (The snake Queen).
References to Bhagalpur can be found in Indian epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata where Bhagalpur has been described as the kingdom of Anga. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System ( EPICS) is a software environment used to develop and implement Distributed control systems to operate devices The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki The earliest reference to Angas (अंग occurs in the Atharava Veda (V Ancient cave sculptures of Emperor Ashoka's regime (274 BC-232 BC) are found in the neighbourhood and at Sultangunj, 20 km west of Bhagalpur, a temple of the Gupta period (320-500) still exists. Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Events By place Greece Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia driving Antigonus Events By place Seleucid Empire The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites Events By Place Roman Empire Under Crispus, son of Constantine I, the Franks are defeated again assuring twenty years Events By Place Europe Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon The tomb of Suja, brother of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb, in the heart of the town is reminiscent of the city's association with the Mughal period. Aurangzeb ( (full title Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I Padshah Ghazi) ( November 4,
Ruins of ancient Vikramshila University are located 44 km east of Bhagalpur. University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India along with University during the Pala dynasty. It was the medieval centre to the conservation and propagation of Buddhist education, established by King Dharampal of Bengal (783-820) at the end of the 8th century. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Dharampal ( Hindi: धरम पाल (1922 - 2006 was a Gandhian thinker and a Historian from India Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Events Births Deaths April 30 — Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne July 12 — Bertrada Events By Place Asia Tahir, the son of a slave is rewarded with the governorship of Khurasan for supporting the Caliphate The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.
Bhagal


text:
Call for statue in St. John's to remember Shanawdithit, last of her people
Plus questions about Discovery Day celebrations
Bryanna Brown gazed somberly at the rectangular plaque erected in memory of Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk.
It's mounted on a rock in Bannerman Park in St. John's, near the Military Road entrance.
"I do not believe that plaque is enough for me," said Brown, 20.
The Inuk Memorial University business student is not alone in her call for a more visible monument to Shanawdithit in the capital city.
Christopher Sheppard, the president of the National Association of Friendship Centres and the executive director of the St. John's Native Friendship Centre, said a statue of Shanawdithit should be at the entrance to Confederation Building instead of the John Cabot statue that's there now.
Sheppard said he's not calling for Cabot's statue to be removed but for recognition of other aspects of the province's history, particularly what happened to the Beothuk.
"It may be nice to acknowledge that John Cabot sailed here in 1497, but that signalled the end of a group of people that we have to go to The Rooms to learn about," said Sheppard.
Do not observe Discovery Day holiday
John Cabot, or Giovanni Caboto, is credited with discovering the island of Newfoundland on June 24, 1497, and Discovery Day is a provincial government holiday in Newfoundland and Labrador.
The place where the explorer actually made landfall remains under debate; the list of possibilities includes both Newfoundland's Cape Bonavista and Cape Breton.
But if it was Newfoundland, Indigenous people lived here thousands of years before his arrival, and the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows dates to around the year 1000.
Neither Sheppard nor the staff at the St. John's Native Friendship Centre nor Brown observe Discovery Day.
On one end, it might be a day of discovery, and to celebrate, but for my people on the other end, it marks a lot of trauma, a lot of terrible things.- Bryanna Brown
Brown said she rejects the notion that Indigenous people in Newfoundland and Labrador were "discovered," and called the holiday upsetting.
"On one end, it might be a day of discovery, and to celebrate, but for my people on the other end, it marks a lot of trauma, a lot of terrible things," said Brown, one of nine Indigenous young people from across Canada who recently appeared before the Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples as part of the Youth Indigenize the Senate initiative.
'Contact was the beginning and we know what the end was'
Shanawdithit died June 6, 1829, more than 300 years after Cabot's arrival in North America.
"It didn't happen at the same time," said Sheppard. "You have 1497 and 1829. But it was the beginning. Contact was the beginning, and we know what the end was."
For the Beothuk, year-round European settlement in Newfoundland in the 17th century led to drastic change.
There was violence between the Europeans and the Beothuk. Reduced access to coastal areas, and the salmon and seal meat they provided, as well as exposure to European diseases took a heavy toll on the Beothuk in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Shanawdithit died from tuberculosis at the age of 28.
A small, easily overlooked plaque in front of the Riverhead Wastewater Treatment Facility on Southside Road in St. John's indicates its location is near the place where she was buried.
Statue of Portuguese explorer Corte-Real 'gigantic'
Brown contrasted it with the statue of Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real near Confederation Building in St. John's, donated in 1965 by the Portuguese Fisheries Organization in gratitude for the hospitality shown to the Portuguese fishermen who worked the Grand Banks.
"That statue is gigantic, you cannot miss it. Everyone drives past it and they see it. And to see that there is not a statue of Shanawdithit, to see that there is a statue of him still standing very tall, I think that is quite insulting," she said.
There is a life-sized statue of Shanawdithit in the forest surrounding the grounds of the Beothuk Interpretation Centre in Boyd's Cove. Gerald Squires created it and Lubin Boykov poured the bronze. The unveiling took place in the year 2000.
Call for recognition of Indigenous history and culture
But Sheppard wants a statue in St. John's as well, given that Shanawdithit died in the capital city, either somewhere close to Confederation Building or downtown.
The St. John's Native Friendship Centre holds an annual sunrise ceremony near the plaque to Shanawdithit in Bannerman Park on June 21. This year's remembrance will start at 6 a.m.
I want a day in this province to recognize the history of Indigenous people and the Indigenous people that exist here.- Christopher Sheppard
Sheppard said that as an Indigenous person in the province, he finds the lack of related images and memorials challenging, pointing out that there are even statues of a Newfoundland dog and a Labrador retriever in St. John's.
"I want a day in this province to recognize the history of Indigenous people and the Indigenous people that exist here," said Sheppard.
Brown said she would like to see people across Newfoundland and Labrador celebrate National Indigenous Peoples Day on June 21.
Premier Dwight Ball, the minister responsible for Indigenous Affairs, said Discovery Day will go ahead as planned this year but added he's willing to consider the issue.
"It just goes to show, once again, how things evolve over time," said Ball.
The provincial Liberal party passed a resolution at its annual general meeting this past weekend calling for the province's coat of arms to be updated.
At the meeting, Torngat Mountains MHA Randy Edmunds referred to the representation of what he called "noble savages" on the coat of arms. As an aboriginal person, Edmunds said, he believes the province has made progress since the coat of arms, with its shield flanked by a pair of Beothuk men, was drawn up in the 1600s.
Afterward, Ball told reporters change is coming.
"I can guarantee you that is something we'll be looking at — and modernizing — what those symbols should appropriately reflect," Ball said.
It's difficult to find an official image of the coat of arms on the government's website.
A page within the Communications and Public Engagement section says the coat of arms is not a good marketing tool and "does not represent all the incredible qualities of our province and our people."
National Indigenous Peoples Day events in St. John's are open to the public, including celebrations starting at 4:30 p.m. on June 21 at the Techniplex on Churchill Ave.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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In Health Care & Medical 20 views
The Lyke Conference – Importance and Facilitation
Every country has a history. Some parts of the history may be admirable while others may be saddening. The saddening parts of history are there for us to learn from the past. This way, we are able to strengthen our future and ensure that past mistakes are avoided. In America for instance, there is the sad past of racism that hurt the country in the past. Many black people suffered atrocities based on racism. Remembrance of these people is aimed at ensuring that the future is better and devoid of racism.
As a measure of learning from history and avoiding injustices that were meted on people based on racial differences, the Lyke conference was established. This is basically a requiem mass in remembrance of the black people who died in the past at the hands of the dragon called racism. In the mass, they are metaphorically referred to as black children of God due to the atrocities they underwent and the love of God that can restore love for mankind.
The liturgy conference usually happens every year with special prayers scheduled in every of the events. Clergies and bishops usually lead the prayers sessions. The prayers are usually elaborate but orderly to address all the issues that concern the historical injustices that were meted on those who fell to the cruel hand of racism and other social injustices. In most cases, the presiding bishop of the event usually prints the prayer in advance which will guide the entire requiem mass.
The event itself usually happens within the community. This means that anyone within the American society can attend the event without restrictions. However, there is payment for entrance though it is not a substantial amount of money. This means that it is affordable to most people in the society. Remember that the main theme is prayer for the fallen black martyrs who died while fighting for their right to social inclusivity and acceptance.
During the requiem mass, different groups of people play different roles. For instance, the event is usually graced by musicians. These artists usually perform songs that promote unity and forgiveness. In addition, they promote inclusivity and social equity. Vendors of different merchandise are also invited. In most case, the merchandise is usually meant to give message to the theme of the day which is remembering the fallen due to social injustices. There are also other staff members of the event who attend. These are important people who pull all strings to ensure that the event is successful.
The Lyke conference 2020 was cancelled with the hope of the next episode taking place in the year 2021. This is because the world faced the covid-19 pandemic. This was not anticipated in the entire world hence the need to alter plans. The pandemic necessitates social distancing hence the reason why organizers decided to cancel the event for 2020. However, there is hope of the same requiem mass taking place in 2021 as the world continues to overcome the effects of the dreaded corona virus.
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Shrinkage - Intergraph Smart 3D - Help
Intergraph Smart 3D Structural Manufacturing
PPMProduct
Intergraph Smart 3D
PPMCategory_custom
Help
Version_SThreeD_Custom
11 (2016)
Stretches a manufacturing part to account for steel shrinkage during welding. Adding shrinkage changes the position of marks and openings on the part because they are stretched along with the part. The part shrinks back to its needed size and shape in the welding process.
For plate parts, you can define shrinkage in one or two directions as scaling shrinkage (defined by the expansion ratio and the expansion direction). For profiles, you can only apply scaling shrinkage to the length.
By default, the software prompts you to identify the edges so that it can determine the shrinkage directions. If you select the shrinkage type by global axis, the software sets the primary and secondary axis based on the plate type:
 - For deck plates, the primary factor is the X axis and the secondary factory is Y axis.
 - For transverse plates, the primary factor is the Y axis and the secondary factory is the Z axis.
 - For longitudinal plates, the primary factor is the X axis and the secondary factory is the Z axis.
A small coordinate system, based on the shrinkage directions with the appropriate values, also displays in the Part Monitor.
For built-up profiles, you can define the shrinkage for the web and flange separately.
Shrinkage Ribbon
What do you want to do?


text:
In somewhat simpler terms, static friction
is why your keyboard
doesn't move across the desk
while you type on it, and why everything you touch doesn't go flying
across the room. It's also why car
s have low gears and why you can keep your balance
standing on the ground.
Static friction is like a threshold force that has to be overcome in order for an object to move. Your keyboard is not moving while you type on it (well, it is, but infinitesimally). But if you firmly push the keyboard from one of its sides, it will slide a short ways. The minimum amount you have to push in order to make it move is essentially equal to the force of static friction (with adjustments for gravity, etc).
How much static friction is there for an object? It depends mostly on the object's weight. The weight of an object is determined not only by its mass, but also by the force of gravity, as well as all other forces acting in the vertical axis. The table that the keyboard is resting on exerts an upward force on the keyboard. It has to, if you think about it -- otherwise, the keyboard would simply sink into the table. This is an example of Newton's third law: "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The force of the table pushing upward on the keyboard is called the "normal force" (in physics and mathematics, the word "normal" is used to mean "perpendicular"). The normal force is equal to the object's weight, and acts in the opposite direction of the weight. This is why you can easily slide the keyboard across the table, but you cannot easily slide a parked car that has its brakes on. The weight of the car makes the force required very large.
Briefly consider the normal force exerted on the keyboard by the table or desk. It would be equal to the keyboard's weight, which is equal to the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2) times the mass of the keyboard (1.3 kg, for a typical keyboard). Remember that force is measured in newtons, and is equal to the mass of an object times its acceleration. So we have:
W = (9.8 m/s2)(1.3 kg) = 12.74 N
The normal force is therefore:
N = -W = -12.74 N
There is one more factor to consider before we can calculate the static friction, which is both obvious and a pain. Different objects have different degrees of slipperiness. It takes much less force to get a 1.3 kg block of ice moving across the table than a 1.3 kg block of plastic (like a keyboard). Similarly, it takes more force if the keyboard has sandpaper on the bottom instead of a piece of plastic. This difference is reflected in a quantity called the "coefficient of static friction". It does not vary with an object's weight, but with the material it is made out of. The only way to determine the coefficient of static friction for a particular object is to consult a table or conduct an experiment. Furthermore, we would also need to figure out the coefficient of static friction for the table as well, since the bottom of the keyboard and the top of the table are in contact. Coefficients of friction get smaller as objects get slipperier. Teflon on teflon is very close to 0, while sandpaper on sandpaper is very large. We will disregard the coefficient of static friction for the table in this small example, assuming it to be close to 0*. The coefficient of static friction for the bottom of the keyboard might be around.4**.
The force of static friction is equal to the coefficient of static friction times the normal force:
f = μN = (.4)(-12.74 N) = -5.09 N
Note that the coefficient of friction was unitless, because it's only a coefficient by which to increase or decrease the action of the normal force. According to this calculation***, you would need to exert around 5.09 newtons of force sideways on the keyboard to make it move.
An experiment to figure out the coefficient of static friction for two surfaces could be as follows:
- Gather up a block (made of material A), a pulley, a bunch of weights, a rope or string, and a scale, plus a horizontal surface made of material B.
- Determine the mass of the block by weighing it on the scale, and multiply by gravity (9.8 m/s2 to calculate the weight.
- Tie one end of the rope to the block.
- Put the block on the surface (which needs to be elevated above the ground -- on a table is perfect. Of course, you can measure the coefficient for the table itself).
- Run the rope through the pulley and dangle it over the edge of the table.
- Add weights to the dangly end until the block just begins to move.
- Record the amount of weight you had to add, then add weights on top of the block, and repeat.
- Divide the added-weight numbers by the weight of the block. These are approximate coefficients of static friction (if you performed the experiment correctly) for surface A against surface B. Average them to get a better approximation.
This is only one method for determining the coefficient of static friction. More accurate methods are available.
This is inaccurate.
This is inaccurate -- I guesstimated.
The results of the calculation are grossly inaccurate for the real world, but correct in principle. The force REALLY required could be anything, as many factors have been glossed over or assumed out of existence.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


not high enough!". Please someone double check my math: If the height has to be 6.6e6cm (stated above) at 29.7 cm each A4 (vertical), that would mean 222,222 sheets of paper one on top of another. Each stack of 100 pages is aprox 1cm high. That would represent the stack to be 2222cm high, ergo 22m, roughly a 7 story building. Unless there is the equivalent of 6 stories in the waving paper, or the length of the folding 7x that of an A4, or the stick figure is 7 times closer to the camera than the stack of paper is... THE HEIGHT OF THE PILE IS OH SO WRONG!!!!!! Please prove me wrong!
87.238.84.65 14:45, 28 January 2013 (UTC) Guest, 2nd time posting :)
Assumption #1) the graph is drawn on an 8.5 x 11 sheet of ordinary paper in landscape orientation.
Assumption #2) the graph is drawn in normal (linear) scale.
Assumption #3) Cueball is 6 feet tall.
Trusting MSPaint with the conversions, I read the first four bars to have about 5 units (megajoules per kg) per pixel. 76 million units divided by 5 units per pixel is a 15.2 million pixel tall bar.
Looking again to MSPaint, I read the 8.5" dimension of the paper to be about 193 pixels. 15.2 million pixels of graph bar divided by 193 pixels per page is 78756 pages.
Looking above, I read that 100 pages is 1cm, so our stack is going to be 787.56cm tall.
On this side of the pond, that's 310 inches, or about 25 feet.
So, the stack Cueball is looking at is too short to house an accurately long enough bar....
...IF the stack's footprint's longer dimension is only 8.5 inches. While the original graph paper appears to be 8.5x11, the ribbon of paper continuing the bar does not appear to be segmented. Again looking at MSPaint, it would seem the ribbon is about 4.75" wide. The stack is clearly much longer than it is wide. If the stack is 30" long and 4.75" wide, the stack would be whittled down to just over 6 feet tall.
So, making a gang load of assumptions, and scaling from an drawn image, it's reasonable to say the stack in the image could be accurate enough.
The explanation's assumption above that the gasoline bar is 4cm tall makes the piece of paper 96.5cm (38") tall, and that's just not practical. Using the scale I've based my statements on makes the gasoline bar just about 9mm.
-psychoboy70.164.66.64 19:57, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
What is the energy density of gasoline if it undergoes nuclear fusion? 173.245.48.91 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)
This is similar to the iterated logarithm function, right? --199.27.128.192 21:28, 18 January 2015 (UTC)
I actually had to present this chart when I was ten years old, but I needed to use a split level to save paper due to the theme of environmentalism.141.101.104.186
The stated value of 76'000'000 MJ (76 Terajoules) per kg Uranium corresponds roughly to the energy released by the fission of U-235 nuclei of 202.5 MeV or 3.24·10-17 MJ per nucleus [[1]]. One kilogram of pure U-235 would release about 83 Terajoules. In a real nuclear power plant more energy is generated due to breeder reactions, so that per kg U-235 about 128 TJ are produced. One kilogram of natural uranium has about 0.71% U-235 and therefore the potential to produce about 910'000 MJ in a usual nuclear power plant. A fuel rod as used in a nuclear power plant (enriched to 3.5% U-235) has the potential to produce about 4.5 TJ. --162.158.150.231 01:19, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
What if the number of iterations doesn't fit the room? 141.101.80.74 21:25, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
Case 1: The original paper stack doesn't fit the room. --> Pin a paper to it showing how many iterations you need to write it out.
Case 2: The pinned paper stack doesn't fit the room. --> Pin a paper stack to THAT showing how many iterations you need to write it out.
Case 3: That pinned paper stack doesn't fit the room. --> Pin a paper stack onto that showing how many iterations you need to write it out.
etc.
625571b7-aa66-4f98-ac5c-92464cfb4ed8 (talk) 07:00, 8 March 2017 (UTC)


text:
1. Non-forest - Land not
primarily intended for growing or supporting forest. Includes alpine, rock,
slide, non-productive burn, non-productive brush, swamp or muskeg, cultivated,
cleared, urban, open range, wild hay meadow, clay bank, gravel bar, and other
2. Non-forest ecosystem - Grasslands, shrublands, chaparral, wetlands, deserts, etc., where trees are
not the dominant life form, although they may be present as scattered
individuals or in patches. See forest ecosystem.
_URL_ and _URL_
3. Non-forest land - Land
not primarily intended for growing or supporting a forest.
4. Unforested [adj.] Not covered with forest; "unforested lands."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to connect Georgia with Midwestern trading partners. The initial plan was to run the rail from Chattanooga to somewhere east of the Chattahoochee River.
After viewing multiple possible routes, Surveyor Colonel Stephen Long drove a stake near present-day Forsyth Street, just a few blocks from today's Five Points, indicating where the W&A line would terminate.
The "zero mile post" gave birth to a community of homes and a general store. As the community grew, it began calling itself "Terminus," which literally means end of the line.


text:
Why Now? - If the Occoquan Dam has been there for 50 years, why are you just now installing a siren system?
Great question! We have installed the sirens for two reasons. First, because of changing regulatory requirements, our regulatory agency - the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission - has suggested that we install a sound-related system to inform people downstream of the dam in the extremely unlikely event of a dam structural failure. The second reason is that when we worked with the communities closest to the dam, namely the Town of Occoquan, it was the Town's feeling that a siren system would be the most effective and desired form of communication to alert people to the extremely unlikely event of a dam failure.
How strong is the dam?
Very strong. The structural integrity of the Occoquan Dam is very sound. In fact, through rigorous maintenance and improvements, it is even stronger today than when it was constructed. The dam is approximately 72 feet tall and 70 feet wide at its widest point. It is anchored to the bedrock below the bottom of the dam and to the sides of the reservoir. It contains more than 100,000 cubic yards of reinforced concrete. That is equivalent to:
What does the siren sound like?
You can hear what the siren sounds like by clicking here.
What if I have other questions that I can not find the answer to here?
You can direct any further questions you may have to Fairfax Water's Public Affairs Department by email. Please click here to submit a question.


text:
Leanne Cleaver: Evidence for Proline Utilization by Oral Bacterial Biofilms Grown in Saliva
Previously oral in vitro biofilms grown in saliva have shown proteolytic degradation of salivary proteins and increased extracellular proline. Although arginine and glucose have been shown before to have an effect on oral biofilm growth and activity, there is limited evidence for proline.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify extracellular metabolites produced by bacteria in oral biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite discs. Biofilms were inoculated with stimulated whole mouth saliva and then grown for 7 days using sterilized stimulated whole mouth saliva supplemented with proline, arginine or glucose as a growth-medium.
Overall proline had a beneficial effect on biofilm growth—with significantly fewer dead bacteria present by biomass and surface area of the biofilms (p < 0.05). Where arginine and glucose significantly increased and decreased pH, respectively, the pH of proline supplemented biofilms remained neutral at pH 7.3–7.5.


text:
Some notions of metrology
METROLOGICAL BACKGROUND RADIATION
Metrological background radiation, or "blank run" refers to the count rate induced by the environment, the reagent composition and instrument electronics. This background must be subtracted from the gross measured value to determine the net activity of a sample.
Indeed, even if radioactivity in a sample is null , the instrument used for the measurement will indicate a non-zero value : for example, a count rate expressed in counts per second (cs-1) corresponding to the number of detected radioactive disintegrations per unit of time. The radioactive decays detected by the instrument under these conditions come from the ambient natural radiation (cosmic and telluric), and trace levels of natural radionuclides:
- In the components of the measuring device itself (210Pb of shielding, electronic components ...);
- In the containers used for measurement (40K in the glass, ...);
In the chemical reagents used for the preparation of the sample (acids ...) ...
The method-specific measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result of a significant measurement that describes the possible range in which the true value in which the true physical value may be found within the limits of a predefined probability.
Measurement uncertainty comes from the characteristics of the measuring device, the operator, the measurement environment (temperature, vibration, etc.), the measuring procedure and other factors.
The value read on the measuring device may be anywhere within the measurement uncertainty range, therefore more or less close to the true value of the measured variable. Thus, on the graph, the uncertainty could be represented as follows:
What about STANDARDS?
In order to guarantee the results quality, the reference framework for the National Measurement Network includes the European applicable mandatory standards, in particular NF EN ISO / IEC 17025:


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Ethical imagination and design.
Design Studies, 30(2)
(Click here to request a copy from the OU Author.
Using transcripts of both architectural and engineering design meetings this chapter shows how the fields of ethics and design inter-relate, especially in the area of creative imagination. The chapter first draws on the concept of a 'virtual building' to show how essential aspects of designerly thinking can apply to ethics. It then goes on to show how, in the process of designing, designers engage explicitly and implicitly with ethical issues. The chapter discusses four extended examples from two design processes – one involving the design of a crematorium the other involving the design of a digital pen – before suggesting that by addressing ethical subjects without framing them in explicitly ethical ways, the design process allows us to 'imaginatively trace out the implications of our metaphors, prototypes and narratives' a key element of ethical decision-making according to the philosopher Mark Johnson.
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text:
Creativity, social exchange theory, emotional intelligence, leadership, organizational culture, and human resource management system
Organizational behavior, leadership, human resource management, and research method
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations often coexist and can serve important functions. We develop and test a model in which intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations interact positively to influence personal creativity goal. Personal creativity goal, in turn, has a positive relationship with incremental creativity and an inverted U-shaped relationship with radical creativity. In a pilot study, we validated the personal creativity goal measure using 180 (Sample 1) and 69 (Sample 2) employees from a consulting firm. In the primary study, we tested the overall model using a sample of 657 research and development employees and their direct supervisors from an automobile firm. The results support the hypothesized model and yield several new insights. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations synergize with each other to strengthen personal creativity goal. Personal creativity goal in turn benefits incremental and radical creativity, but only up to a certain point for the latter. In addition to its linear indirect relationship with incremental creativity, intrinsic motivational orientation has an inverted U-shaped indirect relationship with radical creativity via personal creativity goal.
intrinsic motivational orientation, extrinsic motivational orientation, personal creativity goal, creativity, motivational synergy


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3e's Inaugural Paris Art & Culture Summer Camp
During the summer holidays, 3e International School's Elementary students embarked on an amazing educational journey to take part in 3e's Inaugural Paris Art & Culture Summer Camp. Between 17-22nd June 3e Elementary students and their families, accompanied by 3e teachers, were provided with a unique opportunity to learn and explore Paris, one of the world's foremost art and cultural capitals.
The students and teachers spent half days attending customized private art and cultural classes at École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, one of Paris' most superior fine arts grand schools – exploring classic to contemporary French art techniques combined with modern subject themes, and related educational and cultural activities. Participants also engaged in exclusive tours of world renowned art galleries, arranged in conjunction with support from the Jonathan KS Choi Foundation, providing 3e children and families with behind the scenes experiences, including meeting the Louvre's Head Curator.
Additional cultural outings including day trips to Versaille, boat trips on the river Seine and exploring Paris' many museums and viewing iconic Paris landmarks, provided a well-rounded experiential learning opportunity for all involved.
Ms Katherine Crawford, Mr Barry Parkin, 3e Elementary teachers provide further insight into the week's activities and attendees experiences.
Going to the Louvre was a wonderful experience. The students were asked to choose one or two pieces of art that they liked. Jean knew exactly what she wanted a picture of. . . The Mona Lisa. —— Katherine Crawford
Monday in the morning we went to the Louvre to view some ancient Greek sculptures. The children were impressed with the works of art especially Diana the goddess of hunting. The boys who were with me also took an interest the large paintings they really liked, especially the ones with horses. I explained that the paintings were depicting battle scenes from historic moments in French history. The highlight of the day was showing the children the Mona Lisa. Later we visited the stunning Cathedral Notre Dame. The children wowed at how large it was before trying hard to catch, then feed, the local pigeons. In the evening, we all went on a river boat for dinner down the river Seine where the parents joined us and the children had the joy to recount their experiences from the day's activities. —— Barry Parkin
Today we went to Le Parc Zoologique de Paris. Students practiced using the zoo map to navigate the park. They enjoyed getting to see lots of different animals and learning their names in both English and Chinese. —— Katherine Crawford
Tuesday we went to the iconic Tour de Eiffel. It was an amazing time, and the children learnt about why it was built – as a monument for the Paris exhibition in 19th century – and should have been taken down when it was over. In the afternoon, the children and teachers went to a menagerie where we looked at and discussed many different animals from spiders to yaks, and snakes to snow leopards, and talked about the different parts of the world they came from. The children were excited to learn about and see so many animals up close, the personal highlight being the reptile enclosure and the Nile Crocodiles. On the way back to the hotel Miss Crawford took the lead in an educational game of I Spy where the children had to sound out letter sounds to have a correct answer they found this activity extremely enjoyable and all took part. Finally we went for dinner at the home of the macaroon, a very quaint old world tea shop. —— Barry Parkin
Today students toured the Musee d'Orsay and viewed art work by Monet and Van Gogh. Students recognized Starry Night and were excited to see the original painting, following their 3e art class studies. They also saw Van Gogh's self-portrait where one student expressed the likeness to our previous 3e Art Teacher, Mr Jon. The afternoon was filled with an art class in the garden of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. Students were engaged finding different objects in the garden to sketch with guidance from the teacher. —— Katherine Crawford
The day started with a visit to the Musee d'Orsay. Here the children got to see the Statue of Liberty – a smaller version of the real thing – and learnt it had been presented to America in 1876, one hundred years after their war of independence as a sign of friendship from the French. Further into the museum we looked at the famous impressionists such as Monet and Renoir. Here the children were told about how these painters started a new trend in art work. The highlight of the museum was the Van Gogh gallery they had studied Van Gogh in school and were excited to experience his paintings in a real world setting. Some of the children were inquisitive about the big clock face and the symbols around the outside. I explained that they were Roman numerals and that many grand clocks like Big Ben in London use them. After lunch at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, children were given a lesson on drawing using natural features such as a rose bush. They also worked on still art and how to capture the image. We were then treated to a walk around to see students working in their studios this they thoroughly enjoyed especially the studio with the winter theme. —— Barry Parkin
One of the highlights of the Natural History Museum was seeing the sperm whale, as this was an animal we had read about this school year as well as wrote about. —— Katherine Crawford
Thursday started with a visit to the Museum of Natural History (Musee d'Histoire Naturelle). In the museum the children were exposed to a huge variety of animal skeletons, from small mice skeletons to very large whale skeletons. The children discovered how different the primate family looks when you can only see the skeletal features and they began to understand that humans are part of that family. After a very educational time with the skeletons we all went to the T-Rex exhibition where they watched an educational video about the excavation of a T-Rex. Next we looked at the full reconstruction of the T-Rex and the children were amazed at its size. Finally we went to an interactive area were they worked together to color and design an interactive T-Rex before leaving to go for lunch.
After lunch we went back to Beaux Art Academy were the children were asked to view their surroundings and take pictures or a drawing of a thing of interest to them. After this individual activity the teacher took photos of the children next to a statue of their choice. We then moved into the garden where the children were introduced to a different art medium (texture rubbing). They were shown how to get an impression of a leaf by placing under paper and using a pencil shade over the leaf to bring the leaf to life on the paper. The children found this amazing and became fully engaged. They now had a new skill, and using this they went round the garden to find their own leaves to copy. Some of the children extended this to explore different structures to do their rubbing (an old tree stump). On completion of the activity they cut out their leaves or rubbing and glued them into their sketch books as memories of their visit to the Beaux Art Academy. —— Barry Parkin
We finished off the 3e Paris Art Summer Camp by having one last art class. Students met back up in the garden with their art teacher from the previous day. She had prepared postcards using the pictures that had been taken in the previous art class. They then drew and wrote on these and prepared them to be placed in the mail. They then created an art pieced using print outs of different types of architecture that they had seen while in Paris as well as doing some leaf rubbings, which they had learned how to do the day before. Students enjoyed their final day at the Beaux Arts Academy. —— Katherine Crawford
After the morning art class, we gathered the children together and boarded the bus for Versailles, to tour the Palace and gardens and admire the magnificent musical fountains. On the way I spoke to some of the children about the history of the French people and explained where we were going. Once we arrived at the palace the children seemed very excited. The palace sat on a small but majestic rise. We entered the grounds through large iron gates decorated with gold paint. Inside the palace the children were able to see where kings and queens had stayed and the different rooms they either slept in or held social gatherings. Around the corridors the children could view the marvelous art work which hung on the walls. The children learnt about the French King Louis 14th and saw how royalty lived in the past, looked at wonderful art work and had a fantastic experience. When we came back to the hotel everyone agreed the tour had been one of the highlights of the trip and very beneficial to the children's learning. —— Barry Parkin
The teachers, students and family experiences over the week in Paris reflect how important and valuable it is to turn classroom knowledge into real life learning. Providing tangible opportunities to allows the pages of their books to come to life through their experiences, and not only allows for educational and bilingual language development, but also personal growth and maturity.
The overall experience was educational, experiential, exciting and unforgettable for not only the children but everyone involved and we look forward to the next 3e adventure!


Data producers vs. data consumers
In the marketplace, the needs of producers and consumers are often at odds: producers want higher prices, consumers lower ones; producers want easy assembly, consumers easy dis-assembly; producers want flexibility and rapid prototyping, consumers reliability and long-term support.
The same competing needs exist in the world of scientific data management where producers of data and consumers of data often operate in very different worlds with very different sets of tools.
Although examples could be drawn from any field of science, climate and environmental data provide some superb examples that highlight the different world views of data producers and data consumers.
Synoptic vs. Time-series
Weather data is collected every hour and is fed into data ingest models that create as output synoptic fields — descriptions of the state of the atmosphere at a specific time but on a broad spatial scale. These fields are used as input to forecasting models that compare the most recent field with earlier fields and calculate a forecast of the state of the atmosphere at specific times in the future. The organizing principle for data input and output files is xy-region by time point.
Climate models work the same way, calculating the state of the global climate one time point at a time. The output of these models, even when stored as multi-dimensional NetCDF files, is typically organized as a series of snapshots at specific times. This series of snapshots is the world view of these data producers.
Data consumers come in many varieties of course. There will be some who are interested in generating maps of weather or climate at some future time or date: the "map users". For these users, the snapshot world view will be an excellent fit.
But what about someone who is interested in looking at a time series representation of the daily weather or monthly climate at a particular location? To assemble the data for this representation, our "time-series user" must open and read each (potentially multi-Gigabyte) snapshot in order to extract a single value at their location of interest. A time-series of 1,000 points may require processing of a Terabyte of data. Clearly the "time-series user" would prefer the data be organized as "time-series by location". After opening the file for their location of interest they would simply read all of the data.
Time-series vs. Synoptic
In the world of environmental science, the reverse scenario is often true. Data are typically collected and organized by location through the use of a unique "Station ID". Samples taken at one location in different years have different timestamps but the same "Station ID". Any data consumer wishing to generate a synoptic view of the data — all stations for a particular year — must reorganize the data in order to generate the maps or other broad scale representations they desire
Serving Data Consumers
To our way of thinking, scientific data management should be about meeting the needs of the data consumers — scientists, policy makers and engaged members of the public. In order for science to inform public policy, the process of working with scientific data must be made easier. A tremendous amount of time and effort is spent reformatting data for use with specific analysis tools and an equally tremendous amount of subtlety and detail is lost with each reformatting. It is up to the data managers to make sure that data are made available in structures and formats that help the ultimate users. Sometimes this means doing things in a less than cutting edge manner.
Making data available via the latest XML-WSDL-web-service frameworks may fit with software engineering best practices but these data are unlikely to be useful to biologists, environmental consultants, geologists, hospital administrators, petroleum engineers, physicists or anyone else without a computer science degree.
Expecting these people to have access to computer staff who can help them is often a very poor assumption. The chances that they will write Java, C or Python code to work with the data are slim. The chances that they will reach for their favorite trusted analysis and visualization package — sadly, sometimes only Microsoft Excel — is high. If their favorite package does not support a particular data format, those data are essentially unavailable to them. (We are not recommending abandoning modern, information-age approaches to data delivery — only supplementing them with formats that are accessible to the huge number of intelligent individuals still working with bronze-age tools.)
Data Consumer Checklist
We provide the following checklist with the hopes that it will inspire data managers to step out of their data producer and software engineering world views and think about what would be most useful to those at the other end of the data pipeline.
 1. Identify one or more groups of data consumers — people who want to do analysis and visualization with the data.
 2. Identify which software tools they use — statistical pacakges like R, S+, Statistica, etc.; multi-dimensional engines like Matlab, IDL, Octave, etc.; spreadsheets like MicroSoft Excel or OpenOffice; specialized software for a particular community of practice.
 3. Identify any standards (formats, metadata conventions, variable names) that exist within a particular community of practice.
 4. Determine how they want to work with the data — eg. synoptic vs. time-series.
 5. Seek out a representative from the identified users who will work as a guinea pig to test the data formats you create.
 6. Be prepared to offer the same data in multiple formats to satisfy the needs of different groups of consumers.
In the end, good scientific data management is about increasing the efficiency of the data consumers by anticipating and then meeting their needs. If all goes well, our efforts at data management will scale terrifically as every hour we spend making data more useful will be multiplied by the number of data consumers who no longer have to do this work.
We hope the current administration sees fit to support better data management within agencies with the same enthusiasm with which they support improved metadata-management at sites like Data.gov.
Finding data is a wonderful thing. But being able to actually use data is equally important.
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One Response to Data producers vs. data consumers
 1. The following appeared in a personal email and the author wishes to remain anonymous.
 When you write: "Making data available via the latest XML-WSDL-web-service frameworks may fit with software engineering best practices but these data are unlikely to be useful to biologists, [etc]" I think you are missing the point. I just spent some years in bioinformatics and I strongly suspect that it is the biologists who embraced data-as-a-service and that they did it for the following reason: because it gives them total control over what gets downloaded and how much. Through limited or inconvenient web interfaces or APIs, through outright restrictions at the back-end, they get to keep most of their data private while also getting to pretend they are making it public: they obey the letter while evading the spirit of data openness. Meanwhile the geeks, as usual, get blamed for the machinations of other people.
 This is a very important perspective and demonstrates the different experiences in different areas of science. Certainly, anyone who works in fields related to Big Pharma has an interest in controlling who gains access to their data.
 The term 'biologists' as used in the original post is far too broad to be meaningful. I had intended to refer to people who work in fields like environmental assessment or ecology and spend much of their time out-of-doors. Many of these individuals have computer skills that begin and end within the Microsoft Office suite of tools. In my experience, people working in these fields are ready to share their data but lack the programming skills to do so. Too often, they hand their data over to computer science graduates who don't know the first thing about the science at hand or how the data will ultimately be used.
 It would be interesting to hear from folks in other disciplines about the technological or social barriers to improved access and utility of 'public' data.


Dirinaria applanata
Spore Ascus
Thin Section
Thallus
Lichen Index
Like D. picta this species usually lacks apothecia but has mounds of soredia on the thallus surface (pictures below). Soredia are naked tiny balls of the algae part of the lichen wrapped in the fungal component. The lobes of D. applanata are much more congested than in D. picta often overlapping. In addition, the lobes and lobe tips are generally strongly convex instead of concave.
Dirinaria applanata soredia. Dirinaria applanata thallus.


Don't Let Perineum Pain Stop You From Cycling Here's How to Prevent It
Carbon fiber bike seat
Regular cycling has been touted as a great way to improve your health and reduce your carbon footprint if you choose to occasionally bike to places instead of driving your car. But that's not the whole story: in numerous studies it has been found that the wrong bicycle saddles can actually lead to severe health problems in the reproductive organs of both men and women, but especially for men. Choosing from types of comfortable bike seats, and having the seat and handlebars at an appropriate height can alleviate most problems. Here's what you'll need to know.
Taking Care of Your Nerves and Blood Vessels Down There.
There are twice as many bicycles in the U.S. as cars, sitting at about 1 billion actually. It's also been reported by many states that more adults are choosing to commute to work by bike, to the effect of a 46% increase since 2005. While it is usually endurance athletes are the first group who will experience pain or numbness in their perineum first, it can also happen to more casual users.
The Pudendal Nerve: What's Causing Problems For Male Cyclists.
The pudendal nerve is located in the pudendal canal in a man's pelvis, along with a cluster of other nerve endings such as the sciatic nerve and the beginnings of the dorsal nerve in what is called the sacral spinal nerves. A problem with one of these can cause a chain reaction which effects the others. Some common problems include: pain in the penis; erectile disfunction; perineum pain; pain while urinating; as well as pain after sex.
The reason male cyclists experience these issues is because of the way a bike is designed. In one article by the New York Times, one Dr. Schrader measured the pressure the average cyclist experiences on their perineum during a ride. Depending on the height of the handlebars and seat, a man might experience between 20 to 40% of his total body weight on his perineum, which as a reminder is a soft area filled with delicate blood vessels and nerves.
The Types of Comfortable Bike Seats That Will Protect Your Perineum.
There is no one specific seat out of all the types of comfortable bike seats that will automatically protect every male cyclist's perineum. The reason why is that every man's body is slightly different, so one seat might be a good fit for one cyclist but uncomfortable for another man. The answer to this is to try out as many seats as possible to find the right one.
This process can be done online, but it is better to go to a large bike store to look over their types of comfortable bike seats. This process requires a lot of sitting, and might actually give some guidance on the proper height for the seat as well. Another point to check with adjustments is the height of the handlebars. Leaning farther forward takes some of the pressure off the perineum, as there are three points of connection between the bike and the rider: the feet, perineum, and hands.
The Odd-Looking Solution For Some Riders.
Now, while there is no one seat that will solve every rider's problems, there is one that has quite a bit of popularity. It's known as the no-nose seat, and these are made by many different bike companies. The idea is that the seat is missing a strip of the "nose" down the middle, right where the most pressure is exerted on the rider's perineum which, when removed has been found to alleviate a good percentage of that pressure. Some doctors and riders love these seats, and some dislike them. It is necessary to try this seat out to know for sure.
If a rider ignores the pain and side effects of having their pudendal nerve compressed, the consequences are a worsening of their symptoms, with a high risk of further complications. They can, and may be advised to, take some time off riding. This is a short-term solution. The problem will come right back when they begin riding again. A new seat can be a solution for many riders, but one type does not suit all.
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Nick Walton released AI Dungeon 2: "infinitely generated text adventures with deep learning models."
The game is built on top of OpenAI's GPT-2 XL language model (see DT #27
) which means that, unlike in traditional text adventures, the text adventure's inputs and responses are completely open-ended. Gameplay is very simple: based on some seed information (a genre, character, and name), AI Dungeon 2
generates a scenario; the player then responds with a command (text after the ">"); and the game generates a new scenario in response. The process then repeats.
Here's a fun snippet that captures how well the GPT-2 backend understands the meaning of commands and keeps track of context, from a playthrough by Janelle Shane on her AI Weirdness blog
As you walk through the ruins, you find a small wooden door with a few skeletons guarding it.
> Ask the skeletons to please let me through the door
You knock on the door and ask them if they can open it for you. They immediately comply.
> Transform the ruin into a palace
You immediately change the area into a palace. You have a throne made with gold and marble. You also make several statues of yourself. You have a large bed made with silk sheets and hang a portrait of yourself on it. You even have a fountain made with pearls and diamonds.


not.
However, in cases where the premises were not lawfully sublet a subtenant could not avail himself of this protection. In Dhalomal v. Pupulampu for instance, the court stated that if you want to take advantage of this protection then you must prove that the premises were lawfully let to you.
For instance, where there is a rule against subletting without the consent of the landlord and the tenant breaches this rule by subletting without the landlord's consent, then the subletting is not lawful and the tenant cannot take advantage of the protection afforded subtenant's under this rule.
h) Ghana Rent Laws (Rent Control Act and the Rent Act)
The eighth rule is that you have to elect whether you want to pursue your case under the Rent Act or the Rent Control Act. Cases like Koranteng and ors v. Agyemang [1989-90] 1 GLR 130-133 have suggested that a landlord or tenant has the option of commencing his action in the rent office or the rent or housing committee.
If the action is commenced at the rent office, then it is a matter commenced under the Rent Act and it will naturally progress to the courts but if it is commenced at the rent or housing committee, then it is a matter commenced under the Rent Control Act and it will progress to the tribunals. Prior to the enactment of the Rent Control Act, the Rent Act, and the Court Act regulated all landlord and tenant cases.
However, with the advent of the Rent Control Act, the Regional Tribunals were also given the power to try cases of landlord and tenant.
The Practice
In practice, however, the landlord or tenant can only commence an action under the Rent Act as the institutions set up to deal with landlord-tenant issues under the Rent Control Act namely the rent or housing committee and the tribunals are obsolete thereby rendering the Rent Control Act otiose or ineffective.
i) Limitation on the recovery of rent arrears
The ninth rule is that a landlord or tenant is prohibited from bringing an action under the Rent Act to recover arrears of rent or damages arising from the arrears after the expiration of six(6) years from the date on which the arrears became due.
j) Procedure for making complaints
The tenth rule is that the Rent Act sets out a procedure for making complaints. A landlord, tenant or any person interested in premises can make a complaint to a rent officer who is required to investigate the complaints and determine the same.
A determination by a rent officer is enforceable if the Rent Magistrate is satisfied with the findings and conclusions of the rent officer. That notwithstanding, the Rent Act and its Regulations do not give the rent officer the power to decide any matter, that power rests solely with the Rent Magistrate.
The Regulations require that the enforcement be made by a Rent Magistrate upon a referral from a rent officer. Therefore the rent officer's determination is subject to the Rent Magistrate's assent.
In Woode v. Dadson [1976] 2 GLR 185-189 an issue arose as to whether the jurisdiction of the Rent Magistrate who has the same powers as a District Magistrate was limited to claims not exceeding 2000 cedis.
The court held that it had jurisdiction in all civil matters involving landlord and tenant. Therefore the jurisdiction of the Rent Magistrate in landlord and tenant cases is limitless regardless of the amount involved.
The key takeaways from this article (on Ghana rent laws) are that there are statutory and common law rules which govern every lease or tenancy agreement whether oral or in writing.
Thus, it is imperative that you acquaint yourself with these Ghana rent laws so that at the appropriate time, you can avail yourself of some of its protections or use them as a sword to seek redress.
Columnist: Emmanuel Mate-Kole
About Emmanuel Mate-Kole
Lawmaker Emmanuel Sackitey Mate-Kole (_USER_) on Ghana Rent Laws
Emmanuel Sackitey Mate-Kole
Emmanuel Mate-Kole is a practicing lawyer and is a Managing Partner at M&O Law Consult. He is also the Head of the Construction, Infrastructure and Transportation practice group of M&O Law Consult. He was formerly at Bentsi Enchill, Letsa & Ankomah and has contributed articles to Meqasa and Ghana as well as hosted seminars on Land Ownership and related real estate topics at Meqasa's housing fairs.
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Test yourself brain teasers focused on Oregon!
Oregon Jeopardy game icon
Play Oregon Jeopardy with up to 12 people. Prove your knowledge of Oregon history, geography and more.
Pictograph puzzlers icon
Try to name the Oregon city from the visual and written clues with each of 40 pictographs.
Crossword puzzles icon
If you think you know a lot about Oregon, prove it with these challenging crosswords.
Oregon history (harder)
Maze puzzlers icon
Can you help find the missing state symbols by navigating the following mazes? Don't get lost!
Word searches icon
You'll need to concentrate to solve these puzzles. Can you find all the words hidden inside the block of letters?
Word scrambles icon
Challenge yourself with these brain-teasers based on some mixed up words related to Oregon.
Word matches icon
Play the Oregon match game. Draw lines to connect the related items from the columns.


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Conventional methods for specifying data center density don't provide the guidance to assure predictable power and cooling performance for the latest IT equipment. Discover an improved method that can help assure compatibility with anticipated high-density loads, provide unambiguous instruction for design and installation of power and cooling equipment, prevent oversizing, and maximize electrical efficiency.
the room. It is decided that rows 1, 2, and 3 will be deployed immediately and rows 4, 5, 6, and 7 will be deployed at a later date. A review of the current planned deployment allows some assignment of like-powered equipment to rows to reduce the peak to average ratio of the rows, and locates the blade servers together as required in row 2. The row-level specification of rows 1, 2, and 3 is entered into Table 4. Table 4'Row density data for proposed data center Data Units Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5


Definitions for xylaria
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word xylaria
Princeton's WordNet
 1. Xylaria, genus Xylaria(noun)
 type genus of Xylariaceae; fungi with perithecia in the upper part of erect black woody stromata
Freebase
 1. Xylaria
 Xylaria is a genus of ascomycetous fungi commonly found growing on dead wood. The name comes from the Greek xýlon meaning wood. Two of the common species of the genus are Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha. Xylaria hypoxylon, known by the common names stag's horn and candle-snuff fungus, is the most conspicuous because of its erect, 3–7 cm tall, antler-like ascocarps which are black at the base but white and branched towards the top, where the fruiting bodies produce white conidia. Xylaria polymorpha, dead man's fingers, often grows in finger-like clusters from the base of a tree or from wood just below ground level. This is a primary fungus utilized in the spalting of sugar maple and other hardwoods. Xylaria longipes, known by the common names dead moll's fingers and pénis de bois mort, allegedly improves the quality of the wood used in string instruments. It has not been linked to spalting of maple.
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text:
Just the other day I was chatting with a coworker about riding the train – she lives in Mount Vernon and mentioned occasionally riding the "red line" into the city. I had to chuckle a little bit – it is usually the uninitiated newbies that refer to the Metro-North lines by their colors. The color of each line, however, is deeply ingrained in all of us. From the signage on the platforms to the printed timetables, we all pretty much know that the Hudson Line is green, the Harlem blue, and the New Haven red. But where did these colors come from, and how long have they represented each line?
Most obvious is the New Haven Line. The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, of which today's New Haven Line was once a part, long used red for printing and locomotive paint schemes. Although not part of the core Metro-North lines on the east of the Hudson River, I've always thought that the selection of orange to represent the Port Jervis line was a little bit clever – much of the line runs through Orange County. I'm not sure how the Harlem became blue, and the Hudson became green (you'd think it is backwards – blue seems more appropriate for the line that runs along the Hudson River), the two colors have been established long before Metro-North ever came into being. Their first usage on timetables dates back to around 1965.
Blue ink on white paper eventually became the standard for Harlem timetables, though there were a few times over the years where the rules were totally broken. One of the most odd was an early timetable printed by Metro-North in 1983 – in maroon ink. I have no idea why anyone would have thought to print a Harlem Line timetable in maroon – my only assumption is that it was to catch people's attention as it highlighted the electrification project underway north of White Plains.
Most amusingly, you'll note a little mark on the bottom right that reads "Form 112." Form 112 was the number assigned to Upper Harlem timetables since the New York Central days, which at that time meant service from Pawling to Chatham (or in the early 1900′s, North Adams, Massachusetts). It is a little bit odd to see that form number used for service north of White Plains. Calling stations like Valhalla, or Mount Kisco the Upper Harlem seems like blasphemy to me.
Today you won't find form numbers on any of Metro-North's timetables. Their inclusion in the early timetables almost seems like an in-joke amongst the old railroaders working for this new company. You won't see "Upper Harlem" timetables either – the entire line is usually printed in a single timetable, making this particular timetable rare.
Below is the rest of the timetable, which is a bit interesting to see… especially the listing of the fares when Metro-North took over from Conrail in 1983.


text:
How to Box for Beginners & How to Dodge a Punch
Basic stances, punches and blocks are the groundwork for a boxing repertoire. Boxing beginners should focus on establishing a solid understanding of the basics used at every skill level. With enough practice, these basics -- including effectively dodging punches -- can become second nature. Avoid contact drills or sparring until you're fully confident you're punching with correct form and have a solid arsenal of defensive blocks as well. Work under the supervision of a trained and qualified coach.
Boxing for Beginners
Establish a proper fighting stance. Start with your feet together and take one step forward, slightly wider than hip width apart, with your left foot until the heel of your right foot starts to leave the floor. This is the proper foot distance for your fighting stance and should be maintained at all times whether you move forward, backward or side-to-side. Establish the same stance by stepping forward with your right foot if you're left handed.
Get your guard up. Bring both fists up to your chin with the knuckles facing in, keeping the gloves against your chin as if resting it on the knuckles. Tuck the elbows in close to the body and keep them aimed downward toward the floor. Keep the chin tucked and the shoulders rounded forwarded to keep your entire torso covered. Other guards can be used once you start working offense and defense but always return to a basic guard to make sure you're protected at all times.
Start punching by learning the jab. From your guard, extend your left arm straight out at shoulder height, palm facing down. As the arm extends out, rotate your torso to the right for maximum strength and distance with the left arm. Keep the left shoulder up to protect your chin and aim to strike with the first two knuckles of your left hand. Return the hand to your guard following the same straight route back.
Work your right, or cross. Extend your right arm straight out from your guard at shoulder height, palm facing down. As the arm extends, rotate the torso to the left and pivot on the right foot, pushing with the right foot to rotate the hips with force. Keep the right hand relaxed until the point of impact, aiming to strike with the first two knuckles of the right hand. Immediately return the right hand back to your guard.
Add your left hook. Raise your left arm up to shoulder height with the elbow bent. Make sure the elbow is raised to the level of your shoulder and stays parallel with the floor throughout the movement. Rotate the torso to the right using the hips to snap the hook into the target, allowing the left foot to pivot in place as though stepping on a bug. Return the left hand to your guard immediately.
Dodging a Punch
Bend from the knees and allow your body to drop down below the level of the oncoming punch. Avoid squatting too far down but bend from the knees rather than the waist or just ducking the head.
With the knees bent, allow the head to come forward slightly toward your opponent, but at an angle that moves you towards their right or left side. If you're slipping a jab, drop from the knees and move to your right. If you're dodging a right, drop from the knees and move to your left.
Continue moving forward past your opponent after dodging the punch, or straighten the legs again and reposition yourself where you are. Have your guard up at all times and be prepared for another strike as soon as you recover from dodging the first punch.
- BreakingMuscle.com: 5 Tips for a More Effective Fighting Stance
- MyBoxingCoach.com: How to Throw a Jab
- ExpertBoxing.com: Mastering the Left Hook
- Dale Herring; Head Coach and Owner; Fight Sport Fitness, Hixson, Tenn.
- Once you've mastered the basics, then move on to combinations involving all three punches. Add in the uppercut and then start working defensive blocks. If you're left handed, follow the same steps but use the opposite arm for each punch.
- Always use boxing gear to protect your hands and head.
Jullie Chung writes regularly for various websites. She is a nationally certified fitness trainer and performance enhancement specialist through the National Academy of Sports Medicine and trains regularly in yoga, flatwater kayaking, boxing and mixed martial arts. An avid outdoor fan, she regularly hikes, climbs and trail runs.


text:
MBARI Ridges 2005 Expedition
Juan de Fuca Leg: August 7–18, 2005
Gorda Leg: August 22–September 2, 2005
August 17, 2005
Tiburon dive 883 - Axial caldera, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Bill Chadwick writes:
The main purpose of today's dive was to recover another array of extensometer instruments, this time on the north rim of the caldera on Axial seamount. So it was another dive of going back and forth, grabbing instruments and putting them in the elevator mooring, which we recovered at the surface after the dive. Axial has two rift zones and the instruments span the area where the north rift zone meets the caldera, which is extensively fissured from past spreading events. These extensometer instruments look somewhat different from the ones we recovered earlier during this cruise at south Cleft, because they are an earlier design, but they function about the same - they measure the distance to their neighbors in the array very precisely using the round trip travel time of sound pulses. The instruments have been in place for 2 years. We will examine the data they recorded after we return.
These same instruments were in place near here during the 1998 eruption of Axial seamount and measured part of the deflation that occurred when a large volume of magma moved from beneath the summit reservoir down the south rift zone (only a small percentage of which erupted). These kinds of measurements help us estimate the depth of the magma reservoir under Axial caldera and the volume of magma that is added or removed during such events. We can only learn about active processes like these by having monitoring instruments in place as they are happening.
At the end of the dive, we visited the CASM hydrothermal vent site, located in a deep fissure on the caldera floor. CASM was the first hydrothermal vent site found in the northeast Pacific during dives with the Pisces IV submersible in 1983, and some of the first collections of chemosynthetic vent animals on the Juan de Fuca Ridge were made here. The site seemed to have been rejuvenated by the 1998 Axial eruption, but had not been visited since 2001. At a vent called T&S Spires, we found vigorous venting along a row of chimneys covered with lush communities of tubeworms, palmworms, and numerous species of polychaete worms. Thus this vent field has remained active for at least 22 years.


text:
A map of Ganymede
This map of Ganymede was created from more than 100 (!) images from the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. Most of these had a resolution of roughly 0.7-3.5/pixel km except for two relatively small areas where the resolution is considerably lower. In addition I used lower resolution images (roughly 10-30 km/pixel) to colorize the map. I am also grateful to Constantine Thomas for a mosaic of the Osiris area that I integrated into the map and for valuable ideas and tips.
The map is of a quality similar to my map of Callisto (possibly very slightly lower) and considerably better quality than my map of Europa, in particular the color. This map is primarily intended for 3D rendering; it is better than any map of Ganymede I have seen (if you disagree let me know ;-). I have managed to fill several gaps and fuzzy areas that are present in a USGS map of Ganymede that I have, e.g. the one roughly WSW of the creater Osiris. I did this using a few Voyager images apparently not used in creating the USGS map. I don't know why these images were not used in the USGS map; a possible reason might be concerns about positional accuracy or the color filters used. The only gaps that remain are small areas near the poles. I have removed these by "cloning" data from adjacent areas. There is more detailed/technical information about this map and how it was created on another page.
Click the map below to get the full size map (1800x900 pixel 353 KB JPG). The map is in simple cylindrical projection with latitudes running with a uniform interval from -90 (bottom) to 90 (top) and longitude 0 at the left edge of the map. It should be rendered by projecting it onto a sphere of 2634 km radius or some equivalent unit.
A "mask map" is also available below. It indicates the quality of the above map in different areas within it. The colors have the following meaning:
Black: These areas contain actual data and should be very accurate.
Dark gray: Low resolution source images and/or features fixed by hand using global images as a guide. Should look accurate in global renderings but fuzzy and/or inaccurate in closeups. This also includes areas with somewhat distorted (but real) features because of inaccuracies in the viewing geometry information. Also includes data which may be accurate but which I strongly suspect is not. In particular, the parts of these areas farthest from the poles are probably (almost) OK but the areas closer to the poles are more likely to be "bad".
Light gray: Fictional/cloned data because no images showing these areas are available. Also areas where e.g. craters are so highly distorted that it is obvious that it is pretty much useless.
Click the map below to download the full-size mask.
17.10.2000: A completely new version of the map, based on approximately ten times more spacecraft images than the old version. This new map is of far higher quality than the old one (which was junk ;-).
01.03.1999: Added the C9 data from Galileo. This greatly improved the resolution in areas in the right half of the map. Also fixed a narrow, fuzzy area in the left half of the map.
23.05.1998: First version of the map, based on a USGS map, data from the Voyager spacecraft and the G1 and E6 images from the Galileo spacecraft.
Back to main page


Expand Macros
Rust makes extensive use of metaprogramming through its support for both declarative macros and procedural macros. Both of these allow you to avoid repeating similar code, but through different mechanisms. Declarative macros work like a pattern matching and replacement mechanisms, allowing you to define your own expansions. Procedural macros, on the other hand, are more complex: they work by you writing a little Rust program, which is called with the input (as parsed tokens), and are able to perform any kinds of substitutions on it.
These mechanisms are very powerful, allowing you to achieve very complex things. For example, often times Prodecural macros are used to derive trait implementations for your structs, as is the case with serde.
However, this has the downside that the code you write is not the code that gets compiled: first, it is expanded by invoking the macro. When you are trying to debug macro-heavy code, this can be an issue, because you cannot see what the compiler actually gets as input.
Cargo Expand
For this reason, cargo expand exists, which is a Cargo plugin that allows you to view your code after macro expansion. It does some other nice things, such as formatting and syntax-highlighting your code for easier consumption.
Examples
Reading
Chapter 19.5: Macros in The Rust Book
Section in The Rust Book introducing and explaining macros.
Rust Macros and inspection with cargo expand by Adam Szpilewicz
Adam explains Rust macros and how they can be inspected with cargo expand.


BroadcastStationData
BroadcastStationData[entity,property]
gives the value of the specified property for the broadcast station entity.
BroadcastStationData[{entity1,entity2,},property]
gives a list of property values for the specified broadcast station entities.
BroadcastStationData[entity,property,annotation]
gives the specified annotation associated with the given property.
DetailsDetails
 - BroadcastStationData[] gives a list of all broadcast station entities.
 - BroadcastStationData["Properties"] gives a list of available properties.
 - BroadcastStationData["SampleEntities"] gives a list of sample entities.
 - The specified entity in BroadcastStationData can be an Entity, EntityClass, entity canonical name, or list thereof.
 - The specified property can be an EntityProperty, EntityPropertyClass, property canonical name, or list of properties.
 - Properties that do not apply or are not known in a particular case are indicated by Missing[].
 - Properties include:
 - "AllPower"power
 "BroadcastingRange"approximate broadcasting area
 "Channel"channel
 "City"city
 "Coordinates"coordinates
 "Country"country
 "DaytimePower"daytime power
 "Directionality"directionality
 "DomesticStationClass"domestic station class
 "EffectiveRadiatedPower"effective radiated power
 "EffectiveRadiatedPowerHorizontallyPolarized"effective radiated power horizontally polarized
 "EffectiveRadiatedPowerVerticallyPolarized"effective radiated power vertically polarized
 "FMStationClass"FM station class
 "Frequency"frequency
 "FrequencyAllocation"electromagnetic frequency range
 "FrequencyPrimaryUse"frequency allocation for United States (ITU region 2)
 "HeightAboveAverageTerrain"height above average terrain
 "HeightAboveAverageTerrainHorizontallyPolarized"height above average terrain horizontally polarized
 "HeightAboveAverageTerrainVerticallyPolarized"height above average terrain vertically polarized
 "HeightAboveGroundLevel"height above ground level
 "HeightAboveMeanSeaLevel"height above mean sea level
 "HeightAboveMeanSeaLevelHorizontallyPolarized"height above mean sea level horizontally polarized
 "HeightAboveMeanSeaLevelVerticallyPolarized"height above mean sea level vertically polarized
 "HoursOfOperation"hours of operation
 "Licensee"licensee
 "Licenser"licenser
 "Name"entity
 "NighttimePower"nighttime power
 "Polarization"polarization
 "Power"power
 "Service"service
 "StationClassification"FCC classification
 "TelevisionChannel"channel
 "TVZone"TV zone
ExamplesExamplesopen allclose all
Basic Examples (5)Basic Examples (5)
Use Ctrl+Equal for entity discovery:
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
Find the position of a broadcast station:
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
Get a list of sample entities for broadcast stations:
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
Get a list of sample classes for broadcast stations:
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
Find the number of broadcast stations in a given class:
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
In[2]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[2]=
Introduced in 2014
(10.0)


package DBIx::Class::DeploymentHandler::HandlesVersioning; { $DBIx::Class::DeploymentHandler::HandlesVersioning::VERSION = '0.002204'; } use Moose::Role; # ABSTRACT: Interface for version methods requires 'next_version_set'; requires 'previous_version_set'; 1; # vim: ts=2 sw=2 expandtab __END__ =pod =head1 NAME DBIx::Class::DeploymentHandler::HandlesVersioning - Interface for version methods =head1 DESCRIPTION Typically a VersionHandler will take a C and yeild an iterator of L. Typically a call to a VersionHandler's L with a C of 1 and a C of 5 will iterate over something like the following: [1, 2] [2, 3] [3, 4] [4, 5] undef or maybe just [1, 5] undef Really how the L are arranged is up to the VersionHandler being used. In some cases users will not want versions to have inherent "previous versions," which is why the version set is an C. In those cases the user should opt to returning merely the version that the database is being upgraded to in each step. One idea that has been suggested to me has been to have a form of dependency management of the database "versions." In this case the versions are actually more like features that may or may not be applied. For example, one might start with version 1 and have a feature (version) C. Each feature might require that the database be upgraded to another version first. If one were to implement a system like this, here is how the VersionHandler's L might look. to_version = "users", db_version = 1 [3] [5] ["users"] undef So what just happened there is that C depends on version 5, which depends on version 3, which depends on version 1, which is already installed. To be clear, the reason we use single versions instead of version pairs is because there is no inherent order for this type of database upgraded. =head2 Downgrades For the typical case downgrades should be easy for users to perform and understand. That means that with the first two examples given above we can use the L iterator to yeild the following: db_version = 5, to_version=1 [5, 4] [4, 3] [3, 2] [2, 1] undef or maybe just [5, 1] undef Note that we do not swap the version number order. This allows us to remain consistent in our version set abstraction, since a version set really just describes a version change, and not necesarily a defined progression. =head1 VERSION SET A version set could be defined as: subtype 'Version', as 'Str'; subtype 'VersionSet', as 'ArrayRef[Str]'; A version set should uniquely identify a migration. =head1 KNOWN IMPLEMENTATIONS =over =item * L =item * L =item * L =back =head1 METHODS =head2 next_version_set print'versions to install: '; while (my $vs = $dh->next_version_set) { print join q(, ), @{$vs} } print qq(\n); Return a L describing each version that needs to be installed to upgrade to C<< $dh->to_version >>. =head2 previous_version_set print'versions to uninstall: '; while (my $vs = $dh->previous_version_set) { print join q(, ), @{$vs} } print qq(\n); Return a L describing each version that needs to be "installed" to downgrade to C<< $dh->to_version >>. =head1 AUTHOR Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt =head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. =cut


text:
In this section, learn about Skin Names, how they provide information about a person's bloodline, how generations are linked and how this sets up systems of reciprocal relationships and responsibilities.
- What are your responsibilities in your community and family? How did you learn these?
- How could you learn how to work with Aboriginal people in your profession?
- How do Aboriginal people relate to their extended parents and grandparents?
- Consider how Skin Names help link families. Why and how would this be important?
- Marriage requirements to monitor bloodlines – why is this important?
- Skin Name and what it means to Aboriginal people.
- Examples of women's roles and men's roles.
- Examples of relations with extended family members.
- Loss of family under 'protection policies' and what this meant for Aboriginal people.


text:
Is it possible to set the inertia tensor used for a rigid body control?
I have understood thus far that it is possible to set the mass and principal moments of inertia for a rigid body through function calls to jbullet itself through the following functions:
final javax.vecmath.Vector3f principalInertia = new javax.vecmath.Vector3f(inertia.toArray(null)); rbc.getObjectId().setMassProps(mass_kg, principalInertia);
or to set the principal inertias more directly:
final javax.vecmath.Vector3f principalInertia = new javax.vecmath.Vector3f(inertia.toArray(null)); setInvInertiaDiagLocal(Vector3f diagInvInertia);
However, I have not been able to find any way to set the off diagonal terms of the inertia tensor, namely through specifying the principal axes. At the very least, I expected it to be pretty straightforward something as basic as the entire inertia matrix for an rbc to exist, but i have not been able to find anything. At first i considered that jbullet might limit itself to have all rigid bodies require principal axes that align with the reference frame unit vectors( which would be severely limiting, but i considered it nonetheless) but I could clearly see that it was possible to get the inertia tensor as a whole(but not set it?) that the off diagonal terms were not zero. Namely this was observed with the function:
javax.vecmath.Matrix3f inertiaTensor = new javax.vecmath.Matrix3f(); rbc.getObjectId().getInvInertiaTensorWorld(inertiaTensor);
Since the off diagonal terms were clearly non-zero, then the principal axes are clearly not aligned with the rbc reference frame. So the question remains, how can either the principal axes or the entire inertia tensor as a whole be set?


Pulsed-Field gradient NMR self diffusion and ionic conductivity measurements for liquid electrolytes containing libf4 and propylene carbonate
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Publication details
JournalElectrochimica acta
DatePublished - 1 Jun 2014
Number of pages13
Pages (from-to)606-618
Original languageEnglish
Liquid electrolytes have been prepared using lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and propylene carbonate (PC). Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) measurements were taken for the cation, anion and solvent molecules using lithium (Li7), fluorine (F19) and hydrogen (H1) nuclei, respectively. It was found that lithium diffusion was slow compared to the much larger fluorinated BF4 anion likely resulting from a large solvation shell of the lithium. Ionic conductivity and viscosity have also been measured for a range of salt concentrations and temperatures. By comparing the measured conductivity with a ideal predicted conductivity derived from the Nernst-Einstein equation and self diffusion coefficients the degree of ionic association of the anion and cation was determined and was observed to increase with salt concentration and temperature. Using the measured viscosity and self diffusion coefficients the effective radius of each of the species was determined for various salt concentrations.
 Research areas
 - Conductivity, Ionic association, Liquid electrolyte, NMR
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text:
The use of radiotelemetry in small laboratory animals: recent advances.
Kramer, K., Kinter, L., Brockway, B.P., Voss, H.P., Remie, R. and Van Zutphen, B.L.M.
Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, 40(1), 8-16 (2001).
Radiotelemetry provides an alternative means of obtaining physiological measurements from awake and freely moving laboratory animals, without introducing stress artifacts. For researchers, especially those in the fields of pharmacology and toxicology, the technique may provide a valuable tool for predicting the effectiveness and safety of new compounds in humans. In light of studies described in the literature, it is concluded that there is ample evidence that the use of radiotelemetry for measuring blood pressure, cardiac activity, heart rate, body temperature, and locomotor activity in rodents has been validated sufficiently. Today, this technology is an important tool for the stress-free collection of these physiologic data in small rodents, including mice.