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Manual Pages — INSTALL
install – install binaries
The file(s) are copied (or linked if the -l option is specified) to the target file or directory. If the destination is a directory, then the file is copied into directory with its original filename. If the target file already exists, it is either renamed to file.old if the -b option is given or overwritten if permissions allow. An alternate backup suffix may be specified via the -B option's argument.
The options are as follows:
 Back up any existing files before overwriting them by renaming them to file.old. See -B for specifying a different backup suffix.
-B suffix
 Use suffix as the backup suffix if -b is given.
 Copy the file. If the target file already exists and the files are the same, then do not change the modification time of the target. If the target's file flags and mode need not to be changed, the target's inode change time is also unchanged.
 Copy the file. This is actually the default. The -c option is only included for backwards compatibility.
-D destdir
 Specify the DESTDIR (top of the file hierarchy) that the items are installed in to. If -M metalog is in use, a leading string of "destdir" will be removed from the file names logged to the metalog. This option does not affect where the actual files are installed.
 Create directories. Missing parent directories are created as required.
 Specify the target's file flags; see chflags(1) for a list of possible flags and their meanings.
 Specify a group. A numeric GID is allowed.
-h hash
 When copying, calculate the digest of the files with hash to store in the -M metalog. When -d is given no hash is emitted. Supported digests:
none No hash. This is the default.
md5 The MD5 cryptographic message digest.
 The RMD-160 cryptographic message digest.
sha1 The SHA-1 cryptographic message digest.
 The 256-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.
 The 512-bits SHA-2 cryptographic message digest of the file.
-l linkflags
 Instead of copying the file make a link to the source. The type of the link is determined by the linkflags argument. Valid linkflags are: a (absolute), r (relative), h (hard), s (symbolic), m (mixed). Absolute and relative have effect only for symbolic links. Mixed links are hard links for files on the same filesystem, symbolic otherwise.
-M metalog
 Write the metadata associated with each item installed to metalog in an mtree(8) "full path" specification line. The metadata includes: the file name and file type, and depending upon other options, the owner, group, file flags, modification time, and tags.
 Specify an alternate mode. The default mode is set to rwxr-xr-x (0755). The specified mode may be either an octal or symbolic value; see chmod(1) for a description of possible mode values.
 Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database text file group from dbdir, rather than using the results from the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.
 Specify an owner. A numeric UID is allowed.
 Preserve the access and modification times. Copy the file, as if the -C (compare and copy) option is specified, except if the target file does not already exist or is different, then preserve the access and modification times of the source file.
 Safe copy. Normally, install unlinks an existing target before installing the new file. With the -S flag a temporary file is used and then renamed to be the target. The reason this is safer is that if the copy or rename fails, the existing target is left untouched.
 install exec's the command strip(1) to strip binaries so that install can be portable over a large number of systems and binary types. See below for how install can be instructed to use another program to strip binaries.
-T tags
 Specify the mtree(8) tags to write out for the file when using -M metalog.
 Indicate that install is running unprivileged, and that it should not try to change the owner, the group, or the file flags of the destination. The information that would have been updated can be stored in a log file with -M metalog.
 Cause install to be verbose, showing files as they are installed or backed up.
By default, install preserves all file flags, with the exception of the "nodump" flag.
The install utility attempts to prevent moving a file onto itself.
Installing /dev/null creates an empty file.
The install utility checks for the presence of the STRIPBIN environment variable and if present, uses the assigned value as the program to run if and when the -s option has been specified.
If the DONTSTRIP environment variable is present, install will ignore any specification of the -s option. This is mainly for use in debugging the FreeBSD Ports Collection.
 If either -S option is specified, or the -C or -p option is used in conjunction with the -s option, temporary files named INS@XXXX, where XXXX is decided by mkstemp(3), are created in the target directory.
The utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
Historically install moved files by default. The default was changed to copy in FreeBSD 4.4.
chflags(1), chgrp(1), chmod(1), cp(1), mv(1), strip(1), mmap(2), getgrnam(3), getpwnam(3), chown(8)
The install utility appeared in BSD 4.2.
The meaning of the -M option has changed as of FreeBSD 9.2 and it now takes an argument. Command lines that used the old -M will get an error or in rare cases will append logs to the first of multiple source files rather than installing it.
Temporary files may be left in the target directory if install exits abnormally.
File flags cannot be set by fchflags(2) over a NFS file system. Other file systems do not have a concept of flags. The install utility will only warn when flags could not be set on a file system that does not support them.
The install utility with -v falsely says a file is copied when -C snaps hard links.
INSTALL (1) January 18, 2013
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— Patrick Sobalvarro


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The lipip content and composition of various tissues from three species of nototheniid fish from McMurdo Sound, Antarctic have been examined in relation to their habitat and buoyancy. The pelagic midwater Dissostichus mawsoni is neutrally buoyant. It is rich in lipid which is located subcutaneously, as adipose tissue associated intimately with white muscle, and as lipid droplets within the cells of various tissues. White muscle, red muscle and liver are particularly lipid-rich, although the liver is not positively buoyant. The amount of lipid stored in the white muscle increases towards the centre of buoyancy of the fish. These deposits are documented at the anatomical, histological and ultrastructural levels. Tissues of Pagothenia borchgrevinki contain less lipid than D. mawsoni, but liver, red muscle and white muscle are still very rich in lipid. This species is cryopelagic, that is it spends most of the time in the water column just beneath the surface ice layer. It is not neutrally buoyant, but has a low weight in seawater. The tissues of the benthic Trematomus bernacchii contain only normal levels of lipid. The lipid class compositions of all three species are dominated by triacylglycerol, particularly when lipid contents are high. Serum lipids are an exception in containing high levels of the transport lipid sterol ester. The reason why Antarctic fish use triacylglycerols for buoyancy rather than was esters (as used by many myctophids) or squalene (as used by some sharks) is unclear.
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Andriashev AP (1964) On the composition and origin of the Antarctic pelagic fish fauna. In: Carrick R, Holdgate M, Prevost J (eds) Biologie Antarctique. Hermann, Paris, pp 271–272
Andriashev AP (1965) A general review of the Antarctic fish fauna. In: van Oye P, van Mieghem J (eds) Biogeography and ecology in Antaretica, Monogr biol, vol XV. Junk, The Hague, pp 491–550
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917
Butler JL, Pearcy WG (1972) Swimbladder morphology and specific gravity of myctophids off Oregon. J Fish Res Board Can 29:1145–1150
Childress JJ, Nygaard MW (1973) The chemical composition of midwater fishes as a function of depth of occurrence off southern California. Deep-Sea Res 20:1093–1109
Clarke A, Wickins JF (1980) Lipid content and composition of cultured Penaeus merguiensis fed with animal food. Aquaculture 20:17–27
DeVries AL, Fastman JT (1978) Lipid sacs as a buoyancy adaptation in an Antarctic fish. Nature 271:352–353
DeWitt HH (1971) Coastal and deep-water benthic fishes of the Antartic. In: Bushnell VC (ed) Antarctic map folio series, Folio 15. American Geographical Society, New York, pp 1–10
Eastman JT, DeVries AL (1981a) Buoyancy adaptions in a swimbladderless Antarctic fish. J Morphol 167:91–102
Eastman JT, DeVries AL (1981b) Hepatic ultrastructural specialization in Antarctic fishes. Cell Tissue Res 219:489–496
Eastman JT, DeVries AL (1982) Buoyancy studies of notothenioid fishes in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Copeia 1982:385–393
Fewster ME, Burns BJ, Mead JF (1969) Quantitative densitometric thin-layer chromatography of lipids using copper acetate reagent. J Chromatogr 43:120–126
Lin Y, Dobbs GH, DeVries AL (1974) Oxygen consumption and lipid content in red and white muscles of Antarctic fishes. J Exp Zool 189:379–386
Malins DC, Barone A (1970) Glycerol ether metabolism: regulation of buoyancy in dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Science 167:79–80
Neighbors MA, Nafpaktitis BG (1982) Lipid compositions, water contents, swimbladder morphologies and buoyancies of nineteen species of midwater fishes (18 myctophids and 1 neoscopelid). Mar Biol 66:207–215
Nevenzel JC, Rodegker W, Robinson JS, Kayama M (1969) The lipids of some lanternfishes (family Myctophidae). Comp Biochem Physiol 31:25–36
Nybelin O (1947) Antarctic fishes. Sci Res Norw Antarct Exp (1927–1928) 26:1–76
Ohno Y, Yano I, Waguri O (1976) Lipids and fatty acids of Antarctic giant fish (in Japanese). Antarct Rec 57:129–135
Sargent JR (1976) The structure, metabolism and function of lipids in marine organisms. In: Malins DC, Sargent JR (eds) Biochemical and biophysical perspectives in marine biology, vol 3. Academic Press, London New York, pp 149–212
About this article
Cite this article
Clarke, A., Doherty, N., DeVries, A.L. et al. Lipid content and composition of three species of Antarctic fish in relation to buoyancy. Polar Biol 3, 77–83 (1984). _URL_
- Lipid Content
- Lipid Class

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Type Approval Certificate DNV for marine applications
Simplified installation using standard DIN-Rail and plug-in terminal blocks or customized Termination Boards.
The D5290S-078 is a relay module suitable for the switching of safety related circuits, up to SIL 3 level according to IEC 61508 for high risk industries. It provides isolation between input channel and output contacts. Three mutually exclusive (by DIP-Switch programming) monitoring circuits are provided: 1) line input monitoring, to allow DCS/PLC line monitoring function: when enabled, the module permits a wide compatibility towards different DCS/PLC.
Driving line pulse testing, executed by DCS/PLC, is permitted by a dedicated internal circuit, to prevent relay and LED flickering. 2) low voltage input monitoring: when enabled, the module reflects a high impedance state to the control unit when the driving voltage is below the specified threshold. 3) short circuit fault detection (only for Functional Safety applications with NE Relay condition): when enabled, it allows DCS/PLC to detect short circuit fault of module.


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variants: or rat-tailed maggot
Definition of rat-tailed larva
: the larva of a syrphid fly of Eristalis or related genera that is remarkable for the long telescopic tubular tail with spiracles at the tip through which air is brought down from above the mud or putrefying matter in which the larva lives
to form ideas or theories about something
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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You are here
1.5.4 Prevention and detection of overpayments
18.104.22.168 — To ensure that incorrect payments are minimised, DVA emphasises preventative measures for all dealings with clients by ensuring a framework of procedures, controls and systems. These include:
- undertaking identity checks
- issuing appropriate claim forms to clients, and alerting clients to their obligations and existing detection methods
- verifying critical facts that clients supply
- selectively applying risk-based procedures to ensure resources go to those cases where perceived risk of incorrect payment is greatest
- requiring clients to provide their Tax File Numbers as a condition for receipt of payment
- payments are paid directly into client accounts to reduce the occurrence of fraudulent negotiation of cheques and false claims for duplicate cheques; and
- promoting voluntary compliance by making clients aware of the risks and penalties involved in attempting to fraudulently claim payments.
22.214.171.124 — DVA also has controls in place to detect incorrect payments as soon as possible and correct them promptly. These controls include:
- review programs
DVA undertakes periodical reviews to ensure that pensioners receive their correct entitlements. These reviews are designed to target identified risk groups.
- data matching
Involves comparing client details, including some case Tax File Numbers with records from other Federal and State bodies, to identify declared income and asset changes. All matching programs are monitored by the Privacy Commissioner who ensures that they are in accordance with the Data-matching Program (Assistance and Tax) Act 1990 and Guidelines.
- responding to denunciations
Investigating information provided by members of the public alleging the client is receiving a benefit that they are not entitled to or is providing false or misleading information to the Department.


the manager should trial different management actions, and use the results of that trial to decide on the best course of action. Such trials can certainly improve subsequent management.
But research costs money – money that might have been better put toward management. Further, even trialling two options means that, almost inevitably, one of the trialled actions will be inferior to the other. So opportunity costs are likely to exist in almost any trial, even if the research itself were cheap.
The trade-off between learning and doing lies at the heart of adaptive management. My recent paper led by Alana Moore addresses this trade-off, using the simplest formulation of the problem that we could muster. In that case we only considered resolving a choice between two management options. Our hope was to gain greater insight into the question of the circumstances in which research assists environmental management.
The answers surprised us in several instances. One surprise was the threshold behaviour that existed in many parameters. For example, as the expected difference in performance of the two management options increases, the optimal effort to spend on experimentation increases, but only up to a point. Once the threshold difference in performance is sufficiently large, the optimal level of experimentation declines to zero.
This threshold makes some intuitive sense; once we are relatively sure of the difference in performance, then we shouldn't bother with an experiment to evaluate that. However, prior to reaching that threshold, the optimal effort to spend on the experiment increases with the expected difference in performance; that is somewhat counter intuitive. Other thresholds also exist.
Another surprise is that circumstances in which the investment in management trials is greatest do not necessarily correspond to the circumstances in which the benefit of trials is the greatest. Cases exist when relatively modest investment in trials can lead to large expected management gains. And counter-cases exist in which large investments in trialling options is the best thing to do, but the benefits of those trials are quite small.
I love this sort of modelling – simple models leading to somewhat counter-intuitive insights. You can read about them more in the paper, or in a previous blog post I wrote regarding a talk I did on this topic.
The paper is:
Moore, A. L., Walker, L., Runge, M. C., McDonald-Madden, E. and McCarthy, M. A. (2017). Two-step Adaptive Management for choosing between two management actions. Ecological Applications. doi:10.1002/eap.1515
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Civilizations Builder is a turn-based strategy game with a focus on the upper-level strategic planning without a micromanagement.Please, check the manual here: airapport.compcivilizations-builder-first-testing.html (or from the game's Settings screen)Features available now:- territory expansionmilitary conquestssettling over the territoryterritory improvementcity improvementscouting- diplomatic influence: rebellion inspirations, separating the provinces from the country, zone of influence expansion and annexing the satellites. How to playBefore the game starts you can select the water surface percentage, landmass type (pangaea, continents, archipelagos), the number of computer opponents, and the map size.In the left side of the game interface there is a strategic planning panel. When you tap its buttons, the subtasks selection will be open. Here you can assign the tasks by drawing on the map.Tasks:- Scouting. You can set up which territories to exploreBuilding. Plan what improvements must be built on the hexesWar. Select an Arrow, then tap on your territory to start forming an army. You can set the army's route by swiping. Also you can set the max army strength in this dialogue.- Outer policy. Here you can found the colonies. Also you can control, which ideas should be supported in your cities and in the enemies' cities. Check the detailed ideas guide below.- Territory expansion. Select which hexes must be included into your country first.- Science. will be out in the upcoming versions.Making movesMoves control is in the bottom-right screen corner. By dragging the selector you can select turn-based mode or in real-time mode with pause.Tap the circle to pauseunpause the game or make a move. Resources in the game:Food - gathered from fields, huner camps and fishermer villages. It's increased by the granary and used for population growth.Labor - gathered from mines, increased by the forges and used for city and terrain improvement. Power (Rule) - gathered from obelisks and barracks, used for territory expansion and ideas propaganda on your territory. Soft power (diplomatic influence) - generated by the temples, increased by the diplomatic academy, used for ideas propaganda on the enemy territory. Sentry - gathered from the hunting camps, used to explore the territory. Migration - generated by the cities which population is higher than their capacity. Used to found the colonies.Military power - generated by fortresses, increased by barracks, used in battle mechanics.How to conquer territoriesWhen two armies are on the adjacent cells, the battle starts. The battle takes place also when one player's army is on the territory of another player. If the enemy's territory military control is reduced to zero, this territory is captured. If you capture a city, then you gain control over the whole province.City improvementsWhen you tap your city a building window opens. In the top of it you'll see the current population levelcurrent living capacity. Below there's a list of possible and available buildings. When you tap a building icon you'll see the info. And each building has a button to startstop the upgrade.IdeasYou can spread the ideas in your and foreign cities by using your diplomatic influence and rule.What ideas you can spreadBeing happy of the current situation. By default this idea is set in your own cities.Joining your country completely. You can spread it in your satellite's capital (the the country will be annexed by you completely) or in its cities, to annex it gradually.Including the country into you sphere of influence. You can spread this idea in the capital of an independent state. If you succeed it will become your colony (satellite).Rebellion. You can spread it in the cities of your rivals to make them break apart. Or, if you became a colony of another country, you can start supporting the rebellion idea in your capital, to set you free.
Civilizations Builder appair.com.airapport.civilizationsbuilder?from=spi-desc


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When you need to position a set of components together, it is helpful to combine the components into a group. Components within a group always retain their relative positions when the group is moved, and cannot be positioned independently. To create a group, follow these steps:
1. Select the components you wish to group. (See Selecting Components.) You can also select existing groups. Note: Selection Containers cannot be grouped.
2. Right-click any selected component, and choose 'Group' from the context menu.
This creates a new Container component to contain the selected components. The components within a Container remain fully functional, and you can adjust the component settings and properties in the usual manner.
A Container component contains only individual components, not other Container components. Therefore, if you group together two existing groups, the existing Containers are deleted, and a single new Container is created to contain all of the individual components from the two preexisting groups.


A bank has the following transaction with a AA-rated corporation
(a) A two-year interest rate swap with a principal of $100 million that is worth $3 million
(b) A nine-month foreign exchange forward contract with a principal of $150 million that is worth –$5 million
(c) An long position in a six-month option on gold with a principal of $50 million that is worth $7 million
What is the capital requirement under Basel I if there is no netting? What difference does it make if the netting amendment applies? What is the capital required under Basel II when the standardized approach is used?
 - CreatedJuly 30, 2015
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"We have always had a strong desire to help those in need, more specifically children and their families. With a growing urge to give back, we decided to wait no longer. Our search began to partner with an organization that made a visible difference in the lives of those in need and that suited our company core values. Much to our surprise, the search ended pretty quickly because we realized that the answer was sitting in front of us the entire time "Compassion Canada".
"As one of the world's leading child development organizations", Compassion works hard to end poverty in the lives of children and their families. "Today, two million children are discovering lives full of promise and purpose as they develop in all the different aspects of their lives".
Raised by Latinos primary focus will be to help those in need in Latin American countries.
"This ministry focuses on helping rescue mom's and their babies from desperate poverty, providing food for malnourished children, teaching moms how to take care of their children and preparing them to take their first steps toward a life of promise and purpose—all through the local church".
"Of the 5.9 million children who die around the world each year, 75 per cent die in the first year of life. Babies are at risk of death due to premature birth complications, complications during childbirth, infections, pneumonia and diarrhea. But this is preventable. With training and support, moms in poverty can be empowered to raise healthy and happy babies".
For every garment sold we will donate a percentage of the profits to the moms and babies ministry. Raised by Latinos promises to provide at least 1 to 5 days of funding regardless of sales and as Raised by Latinos grows our contributions to help those in need will also grow.
compassion canada


Definitions for "Host Adapter"
Keywords: scsi, bus, circuitry, pci, adapter
A plug-in board or circuitry on the motherboard acting as the interface between a computer system bus and the drive. Typically used with embedded controller drives, such as SCSI and IDE.
The controller that routes data to and/ or from the CPU.
An adapter that provides connectivity with an expansion bus. A host adapter is different from a "controller" as it simply acts as a go-between, the controller actually resides on the device. An IDE "controller" is actually a host adapter.


of for loops on the JVM. Thus, each() is sometimes preferred in highly performance-critical low-level code.
equalsSource Codeshared actual Boolean equals(Object that)
Determine if two values are equal.
For any two non-null objects x and y, x.equals(y) may be written as:
x == y
Implementations should respect the constraints that:
 - if x===y then x==y (reflexivity),
 - if x==y then y==x (symmetry),
 - if x==y and y==z then x==z (transitivity).
Furthermore it is recommended that implementations ensure that if x==y then x and y have the same concrete class.
A class which explicitly refines equals() is said to support value equality, and the equality operator == is considered much more meaningful for such classes than for a class which simply inherits the default implementation of identity equality from Identifiable.
Note that an implementation of equals() that always returns false does satisfy the constraints given above. Therefore, in very rare cases where there is no reasonable definition of value equality for a class, for example, Return(*Arguments)
, it is acceptable for equals() to be defined to return false for every argument.
Refines Identifiable.equals ultimately refines Object.equals
everySource Codeshared actual Boolean every(Boolean selecting(Element element))
Determines if all elements of this stream satisfy the given predicate function. If the stream is empty, return true. For an infinite stream, this operation might not terminate.
filterSource Codeshared actual {Element*} filter(Boolean selecting(Element element))
Produces a stream containing the elements of this stream that satisfy the given predicate function.
For any empty stream, filter() returns an empty stream:
{}.filter(p) == {}
For any nonempty stream it, and predicate p, the result of filter() may be obtained according to this recursive definition:
it.filter(p) == { if (p(it.first)) it.first }.chain(it.rest.filter(f))
Alternatively, and in practice, filter() may be defined by this comprehension:
it.filter(p) == { for (e in it) if (p(e)) e };
For example, the expression
(1..100).filter(13.divides)
results in the stream { 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91 }.
findSource Codeshared actual Element? find(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The first element of this stream which is not null and satisfies the given predicate function, if any, or null if there is no such element. For an infinite stream, this method might not terminate.
For example, the expression
(-10..10).find(Integer.positive)
evaluates to 1.
Refines List.find ultimately refines Iterable.find
findLastSource Codeshared actual Element? findLast(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The last element of this stream which is not null and satisfies the given predicate function, if any, or null if there is no such element. For an infinite stream, this method will not terminate.
For example, the expression
(-10..10).findLast(3.divides)
evaluates to 9.
Refines List.findLast ultimately refines Iterable.findLast
firstIndexWhereSource Codeshared actual Integer? firstIndexWhere(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The first index in this list for which the element is not null and satisfies the given predicate function.
firstOccurrenceSource Codeshared actual Integer? firstOccurrence(Element element, Integer from, Integer length)
The first index in this list at which the given value occurs, that falls within the segment from:length defined by the optional starting index and length.
getFromFirstSource Codeshared actual Element? getFromFirst(Integer index)
Get the element at the specified index, or null if the index falls outside the bounds of this array.
Refines List.getFromFirst ultimately refines Iterable.getFromFirst
getFromLastSource Codeshared actual Element? getFromLast(Integer index)
Get the element at the specified index, where the array is indexed from the end of the array, or null if the index falls outside the bounds of this array.
indexesWhereSource Codeshared actual {Integer*} indexesWhere(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The indexes in this list for which the element is not null and satisfies the given predicate function.
iteratorSource Codeshared actual Iterator<Element> iterator()
An iterator for the elements belonging to this stream.
If this is a nonempty stream with type {Element+}, the iterator must produce at least one element.
Refines List.iterator ultimately refines Iterable.iterator
lastIndexWhereSource Codeshared actual Integer? lastIndexWhere(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The last index in this list for which the element is not null and satisfies the given predicate function.
lastOccurrenceSource Codeshared actual Integer? lastOccurrence(Element element, Integer from, Integer length)
The last index in this list at which the given value occurs, that falls within the range size-length-from:length defined by the optional starting index, interpreted as a reverse index counting from the end of the list, and length.
locateSource Codeshared actual <Integer->Element&Object>? locate(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The first element of this stream which is not null and satisfies the given predicate function, if any, together with its position in the stream, or null if there is no such element. For an infinite stream, this method might not terminate.
For example, the expression
(-10..10).locate(Integer.positive)
evaluates to 11->1.
locateLastSource Codeshared actual <Integer->Element&Object>? locateLast(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
The last element of this stream which is not null and satisfies the given predicate function, if any, together with its position in the stream, or null if there is no such element. For an infinite stream, this method might not terminate.
For example, the expression
(-10..10).locateLast(3.divides)
evaluates to 19->9.
locationsSource Codeshared actual {<Integer->Element&Object>*} locations(Boolean selecting(Element&Object element))
A stream producing all elements of this stream which are not null and which satisfy the given predicate function, together with their positions in the stream.
For example, the expression
(-5..5).locations(3.divides)
evaluates to the stream { 2->-3, 5->0, 8->3 }.
Note that this method is more efficient than the alternative of applying Iterable.filter() to an Iterable.indexed stream.
measureSource Codeshared actual Array<Element> measure(Integer from, Integer length)
Obtain a measure containing the mapped values starting from the given starting index, with the given length. If length<=0, the resulting measure is empty.
For any ranged stream r, r.measure(from, length) may be written using the measure operator:
r[from:length]
The measure should contain the given number of elements of this stream, starting from the element at the given starting index, in the same order as they are produced by the Iterable.iterator() of the stream. In the case where the iterator would be exhausted before length elements are produced, the resulting measure contains only those elements which were produced before the iterator was exhausted, and the length of the measure is less then the given length.
When the given index does not belong to this ranged object, the behavior is implementation dependent.
Refines List.measure ultimately refines Ranged.measure
moveSource Codeshared void move(Integer from, Integer to)
Efficiently move the element of this array at the given source index to the given destination index, shifting every element falling between the two given indices by one position to accommodate the change of position. If the source index is larger than the destination index, elements are shifted toward the end of the array. If the source index is smaller than the destination index, elements are shifted toward the start of the array. If the given indices are identical, no change is made to the array. The array always contains the same elements before and after this operation.
Parameters:
 - from
 The source index of the element to move.
 - to
 The destination index to which the element is moved.
Throws
Since 1.2.0
occurrencesSource Codeshared actual {Integer*} occurrences(Element element, Integer from, Integer length)
The indexes in this list at which the given value occurs.
occursSource Codeshared actual Boolean occurs(Element element, Integer


up and down regulation of parasites
Meißner Markus meissner.markus at t-online.de
Wed Apr 26 13:28:44 EST 2000
Helmut Gieseke schrieb:
> Can anyone give information on up-regulation of Parasite (by the host) that
> ensures survival? It is written that Toxoplasma down-regulates and forms
> tissue cysts when the Host produces an immune response. If the parasite did
> not do this, it could kill the host quickly (down-regulation increases
> Toxoplasma's opportunity to infect another host). Is there an example of
> the opposite = the parasite up-regulates (caused by the host's immune
> response or some other reaction by the host) and its survival/reinfection
> successes are increased. Many thanks.
> H. Gieseke
> ______________________________________________________
> ---
You're right that Toxoplasma gondii builds tissue cysts, but this is not
a real down-regulation. The parasite rather differentiates into slow
growing Bradyzoites (the fast growing life stage is called Tachyzoite).
In this stage the parasites protein expression pattern is changed, that
means some genes are downregulated and other certain genes are
True is that this is a strategy to escape the hosts immune response but
without this differentiation the parasite would not kill an
immunocompetent host but would be completely removed from the host.
Only in immunodeficient hosts the parasite is capable of killing the
host. This is the case in HIV-patients where the tissue cysts in the
brain start to differentiate into the fast growing Tachyzoites. Sincfe
the immunesystem of this patients is not able to remove them anymore the
parasite will kill the host.
Well, I hope I was able to answer Your questions......
Sincerly Yours,
More information about the Parasite mailing list


text:
PURPOSE: Kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM) is a real-time 3D tumor monitoring system for cancer radiotherapy.
KIM uses the commonly available gantry-mounted x-ray imager as input, making this method potentially more widely available than dedicated real-time 3D tumor monitoring systems. KIM is being piloted in a clinical trial for prostate cancer patients treated with VMAT (NCT01742403). The purpose of this work was to develop clinical process and quality assurance (QA) practices for the clinical implementation of KIM.
METHODS: Informed by and adapting existing guideline documents from other real-time monitoring systems, KIM-specific QA practices were developed. The following five KIM-specific QA tests were included: (1) static localization accuracy, (2) dynamic localization accuracy, (3) treatment interruption accuracy, (4) latency measurement, and (5) clinical conditions accuracy. Tests (1)-(4) were performed using KIM to measure static and representative patient-derived prostate motion trajectories using a 3D programmable motion stage supporting an anthropomorphic phantom with implanted gold markers to represent the clinical treatment scenario. The threshold for system tolerable latency is < 1 s. The tolerances for all other tests are that both the mean and standard deviation of the difference between the programmed trajectory and the measured data are < 1 mm. The (5) clinical conditions accuracy test compared the KIM measured positions with those measured by kV/megavoltage (MV) triangulation from five treatment fractions acquired in a previous pilot study.
RESULTS: For the (1) static localization, (2) dynamic localization, and (3) treatment interruption accuracy tests, the mean and standard deviation of the difference are < 1.0 mm. (4) The measured latency is 350 ms. (5) For the tests with previously acquired patient data, the mean and standard deviation of the difference between KIM and kV/MV triangulation are < 1.0 mm.
CONCLUSIONS: Clinical process and QA practices for the safe clinical implementation of KIM, a novel real-time monitoring system using commonly available equipment, have been developed and implemented for prostate cancer VMAT.
Ng JA, Booth JT, O'Brien RT, Colvill E, Huang CY, Poulsen PR, Keall PJ. Are you the author?
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW 2065, Australia; Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
Reference: Med Phys. 2014 Nov;41(11):111712.


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The History of Lapland is the first anthropological publication from Oxford University Press. Written by a Swedish professor of law and rhetoric, it describes the beliefs, customs and artefacts of the Sámi people.
The study was commissioned by Sweden's chancellor in response to rumours that Sámi witchcraft was responsible for Gustavus Adolphus's victories in the Thirty Years War. Scheffer's account reflects an interest in Sámi magic by describing the prophesying of shamans and depicting the drums which induced their trance states. The book also contains detailed illustrations of Sámi crafts, modes of travel and sacred sites. However, Scheffer never conducted fieldwork in Lapland himself. Instead, he relied on the testimony of missionaries and public officials.
While Scheffer did not dispute their association with paganism and magic, his portrayal of the Sámi as charitable and peaceful people led to romanticised notions of their culture. This English translation was responsible for stimulating interest in Lapp love songs. Those published by Addison and Steele in the Spectator journal were indebted to Scheffer's translations. Their versions in turn found their ways into the writings of notable poets such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Emma Jones (Library Assistant)
Sources and further reading:
- Catalogue record on SOLO
- Madan, Falconer, Oxford Books: A Bibliography of Printed Works relating to the University and City of Oxford, or Printed or Published There (Oxford: Clarendon Press, _PHONE_), Vol. 3, p. 300, no. 3023.
- Pentikäinen, Juha, 'Central Asian and Northern European Shamanism', in Patrick Curry (ed.) Divination: Perspectives for a New Millennium (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 47-68.
- Wright, Herbert, 'Lapp Songs in English Literature', Modern Language Review, 13 (4) 412-419, 1918.


How to Assemble a Ratchet Strap
Ratchet straps offer several advantages over bungee cords. Ratchets can be customized to fit almost any size of load without danger of over-stretching, and they can provide a relatively static, inflexible hold on your precious goods instead of flexing with every bounce. The downside to ratchet straps is that they must be assembled. Clever users know that once you've assembled a ratchet strap, you can leave it put together for next time--just loosen the strap a bit and unhook its endpoints from the tie-down points. But you still have to be willing to take in any excess slack each time you use the strap.
 1. 1.
 Identify the two parts of the ratchet strap. There should be one long strand of webbing with a hook at the end, plus one ratchet connected to another hook by more webbing.
 2. 2.
 Insert the hook on each end of the ratchet strap into something solid that you know won't give way when under continuous tension; purpose-made tie-down points, whether on a truck bed or pallet, are ideal. Check to make sure that the ratchet's handle is oriented so that it faces toward you, giving you the free space you need to work the handle and tighten the strap once it's threaded.
 3. 3.
 Open the handle on the ratchet. Depending on what sort of ratchet strap you're using, you may need to open the handle all the way, like the cover of a book, or just open enough to pass the webbing strap through.
 4. 4.
 Feed the end of the webbing strap through the slot in the spool that forms the axis for the ratchet. The webbing should lead from underneath the spool, through the spool, then back out the same end of the ratchet it entered from.
 5. 5.
 Pull the webbing through the ratchet until you've taken out all the slack in the system. Check to make sure that the end hooks on the ratchet strap are still securely fastened and that the webbing strap lays flat along the entirety of the ratchet strap; if there are any twists in the strap, unthread it from the ratchet, rethread it through the ratchet correctly, then pull all the slack out.
 6. 6.
 Work the ratchet handle to tighten the strap. Excess webbing will accumulate around the ratchet spool. Continue working the handle until you've taken up at least two or three wraps around the spool to ensure a secure hold.


Floating Scope and Scope Viewer Tasks
Add Floating Scope Block to Model
To add a Floating Scope block from the Simulink® block library:
 1. From the Simulink Editor menu, click the Library Browser button .
 2. From the Simulink Sinks library, drag a copy of the Floating Scope block to the Simulink Editor.
To add a Floating Scope block by searching from the model diagram:
 1. In the Simulink Editor, click the model diagram, and then start typing floating scope.
 2. From the list, select Floating Scope Simulink/Sinks.
Add Scope Viewer with Signal & Scope Manager
 1. From the Simulink Editor menu, select Diagram > Signals & Ports > Signal & Scope Manager.
 2. In the Signal & Scope Manager, in the Types pane and under the Viewers node, expand a product node to show the available viewers.
 3. Select a Scope, and then click Attach to model. The viewer is added to a table on the Viewers tab in the Generators/Viewers in model pane.
Connect Signals to Floating Scope Block or Scope Viewer
Connect signals to a Floating Scope block or Scope viewer.
 1. Open the scope by double-clicking a Floating Scope block or Scope viewer icon .
 2. In the scope window toolbar, click the signal selection button . You may need to select the lock dropdown to see the button.
 The Simulink canvas grays, indicating you can interactively select signals to connect to the scope.
 3. Select the signals you want to connect to the scope. For multiple signals, click and drag multiple signals.
 4. In the Connect pop-up, select the check box next to the signals you want to connect.
 5. For scopes with multiple displays, select a display from the drop-down and connect the signals.
 6. Click the X in the upper-right of the Simulink canvas and then run a simulation.
Save Simulation Data Using Floating Scope Block
This procedure uses the model vdp to demonstrate saving signals to the MATLAB® Workspace.
 1. Add a Floating Scope or Scope Viewer to your model. See Add Floating Scope Block to Modelor Add Scope Viewer with Signal & Scope Manager.
 2. Connect signals to the scope, see Connect Signals to Floating Scope Block or Scope Viewer. For example, select the signals x1 and x2.
 3. Open a Floating Scope or Scope Viewer window. From the toolbar, click the Parameters button .
 4. Click the Logging tab, and then select the Log/Unlog Viewed Signals to Workspace button.
 This selection also sets the Log signal data parameter check box for the connected signals. The Simulink Editor places logging symbols on the signals.
 5. Open the Configuration Parameters dialog box by selecting Simulation > Model Configuration Parameters. In the Configuration Parameters, select Data Import/Export.
 6. Select the Signal logging check box. Use the default Dataset object name logsout or enter your own name. Click OK.
 7. Run a simulation. Simulink saves data to the MATLAB Workspace in a Dataset object with two elements, one element for each signal.
 8. In the MATLAB Command Window, enter these commands to view the logged data from logsout, where x1 is the name of a signal:
 x1_data = logsout.get('x1').Values.Data
 x1_time = logsout.get('x1').Values.Time
 plot(x1_time,x1_data)

Run Simulation from Floating Scope Window
 1. From a Simulink model, double-click a Floating Scope block.
 2. From the toolbar, click the Run button .
For information on using toolbar buttons to control a simulation, see Step Through a Simulation.
Delete Scope Viewer
 1. Right-click any signal line with a viewer attached or click the viewer symbol attached to a signal line.
 2. Select Delete Viewer, and then select a viewer name.
Quickly Switch Visualization of Different Signals on a Floating Scope
 1. Open a Floating Scope window.
 2. On the toolbar, click the Lock button so that the icon is unlocked .
 3. On the model, click a signal line to select and highlight the signal line. To select multiple signals, hold down the Shift key while selecting signals.
 After clicking on the canvas, the selected display clears any previous signal connections.
 4. Run a simulation. As long as the unlock icon is showing, you can click between signals to switch which signal appears in the Floating Scope.
See Also
| |
Related Topics


4.3.2. Uploading files
This function can be used to upload a file from the user's computer to a selected process folder.
The user will need to specify a file and choose the position within the pagination sequence where the new file is to be inserted. Next the user can choose whether this new file is to be inserted as an uncounted page or whether it should be integrated into the existing pagination. Click the Upload file button to insert the file into the currently selected process folder. If this is the media folder, the pagination sequence will be updated. The file will be inserted in the selected position and either created as a uncounted page or integrated into the existing pagination sequence. If the file is integrated, the page number for each of the following pages will increase by one. In this context, however, it is important to note that the last file in the pagination sequence is not allocated a page number. It remains unpaginated and if necessary will again have to be changed separately in the pagination sequence.
If there is already a file in the selected folder with same name as the file being updated, the file cannot be uploaded and the user will receive an error message.
Last updated


:
The Top 10 Things That will Help a Group Succeed The Top 10 Things You Don't Want to Happen at Camp
After making the lists, students then shared their top three with the entire sixth grade class. Their lists were interesting, and the groups worked well together. Below is a compilation of the lists.
The Top 10 Things That will Help a Group Succeed
1. Teamwork
2. Encourage each other and be supportive
3. Respect group members
4. Follow camp rules/behave
5. Try your best
6. Don't give up
7. Respect Oty Okwa staff and teachers
8. Believe in yourself
9. Be Understanding
10.Have fun
And on a lighter note
The Top 10 Things You Don't Want to Happen at Camp
10.Don't forget to pack your underwear
9. Don't talk to Mrs. Stevenson before she gets a diet Coke in the morning
8. Don't pee in the pool
7. Don't run out of hot water after you go through Fat Man's Squeeze
6. Don't make Mrs. Griffey yell
5. Don't sleep in the bunk next to a snoring female teacher
4. Don't break a leg
3. Don't get poison ivy
2. Don't pass gas at dinner
1. Don't get sent home
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
Blog Etiquette
Commenting Etiquette
1. You can argue, but don't be argumentative.
2. You can disagree, but don't be disagreeable.
3. You can contradict, but do so cautiously.
4. You can compliment, but please do so sincerely.


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Britain faces similar sport safety and security issues to the United States such as terrorism (Steinbach, 2006) and crowd management problems (Pearson, 2006). An analysis of the English football (soccer) security system will highlight strategies, legislation, and risk management practices effectively utilized to curb illegal behavior at events. Lessons learned from the British system may help U.S. sport leagues deter terrorism and unruly fan behavior. Sports organizations should plan to deter potential incidents because of legal obligations, business continuity, and loss of reputation (National Counter Terrorism Security Office, 2006).
Hooligan activities have posed a major challenge for the British government in the past 25 to 30 years. Hooliganism involves disorderly fans and criminal activity that occurs before and after games, in or around stadiums, resulting in casualties or fatalities (Pearson, 2006). There are two different types of hooliganism: spontaneous and organized. Spontaneous hooliganism is a low level disorder in or around stadiums and is not as violent as organized hooliganism. Organized hooliganism is the more serious form of where violence is the norm and people get injured or killed (Pearson, 2006). These acts are sometimes pre-arranged by gangs who meet to fight other gangs before a football match. Hooliganism has been known as the "English Disease" because of its origination in Britain, but it is prevalent elsewhere in Europe (Pearson, 2006).
The 1980's was known as the "Decade of Disaster" in England when two separate stadium crushing incidents resulted in over 200 injuries and 100 deaths ("Heysel Disaster", 2000; "football fans crushed at Hillsborough", 1989). The Heysel disaster occurred on May 29, 1985, in Brussels Belgium during a European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus that drew over 60,000 fans. A stampede ensued before the game and police forces failed to stop the rush of fans and maintain order resulting in 39 people dead and many more injured. This tragic event led to the five year ban of any English club to exist in European football competitions. Inadequate seating arrangement at the Heysel stadium was the main cause for this disaster ("Heysel Disaster", 2000).
The Hillsborough disaster occurred on April 15, 1989 and is known as the worst sporting disaster in British history ("Football fans crushed at Hillsborough", 1989). During a match between Nottingham Forest and Liverpool over 2,000 people tried to cram into a section that already had 1,500 spectators. As thousands of people rushed into the stadium, the spectators in front were pinned against the fence that guarded the fans from the field and players. More than 200 people were injured and 93 died (1989). Hooliganism declined in the 1990's due to the passing of the Taylor Report (1990), which forced all stadiums in England and Scotland to implement all-seated stadiums. Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher also threatened to ban the sport of football because of hooligan acts (Pearson, …

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Tag Archives: Vesta
Deities were common deception on the reverse of the Roman coins. These were used if an emperor wished to be associated with attributes of the particular gods and goddess. More often gods were used rather than goddesses. For example, if the emperor wanted to appear peaceful he could depict 'Minerva Pacifiera' as the 'Bringer of peace'. Furthermore, the deities were depicted by the Emperors so they can use the image to suggest the gods approved of and support their reign or associate themselves with the divine as Julius Caesar did with his depiction of Goddesses Venus Continue reading Divinity: Goddesses on the Roman coins II
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What Is An IO Shield On A MotherBoard? [2023]
What Is An IO Shield On A MotherBoard
The use of an I/O shield is essential in providing a secure connection between the motherboard and the computer case.
An I/O shield is installed at the back of your PC to reduce electromagnetic interferencecreate a barrier against dust, debris, as well as protect inputs and outputs from shock or jarred movement.
What is an IO Shield?
An IO Shield is a metal plate included with every motherboard, designed to shield the input/output ports of the motherboard from dust and static discharge.
It is installed in the computer case lining up with the holes where all of the need cables must go through, thus allowing all necessary connections from outside devices to be routed safely into the PC.
The IO shield also functions as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, preventing unwanted radio frequency signals from entering or exiting your system which can lead to erratic behavior in some cases.
Proper installation and orientation of an IO shield will act as a ground for EMI radiation, helping protect sensitive components like graphic cards and memory modules.
As its primary purpose is to help prevent dirt, grime and dust particles away from entering your case, it's recommended that you install it prior to screwing the motherboard into place.
Uses and Importance of an IO Shield
The I/O shield provides an effective barrier to guard the motherboard against EMI, dust and debris, while also keeping it securely fastened in the PC case.
Protection against dust and debris
An IO shield is an important part of any PC setup because it protects the motherboard from dust and debris, which can cause serious damage.
The metal plate lines the sides of the case and prevents dirt, heat, liquid spills or dust from entering into sensitive components like memory slots or port connectors.
It also eliminates most electromagnetic interference (EMI), static discharge prevention for fingers as well as overheating prevention resulting in longer motherboard lifespan.
Since every crevice has to be covered for total protection against external elements, installing a properly fitted IO Shield is essential to keep your system performing optimally.
Taking regular preventive maintenance steps such as cleaning out your PC's chassis on a monthly basis along with proper installation of an IO Shield helps protect Motherboard from potential damage caused due to environmental conditions within or outside the case.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding
is a crucial aspect of an IO Shield.
It helps protect the motherboard from electromagnetic radio waves and static charge that could otherwise cause serious damage if not blocked.
This type of shielding works by redirecting or absorbing signals so that they can't interfere with the signal paths on your motherboard.
By installing an IO shield onto the case, this will significantly reduce chances of interference and any potential EMC issues.
Without proper shielding in place, users may experience problems with their PCs such as slowing performance, intermittent connection drops, compatibility issues between components or peripherals being disconnected unexpectedly when subjected to high levels of EM fields (also known as electromagneC fields).
Thus it important to use an IO shield for maximum protection against these types of damages or disruptions due to external factors outside one's control.
How to Install an IO Shield?

An IO Shield

Maintaining the proper orientation and bending of prongs, an I/O shield can be installed quickly and easily using regular tools.
1. Take Out The Old IO Shield
To remove it, unplug the cords from the backbone of the case and then hold onto both edges of the shield while pushing inwards towards each end.
This will cause pressure to be applied on between all sides of the slots which should release it from its place in one whole piece.
The main thing you need to watch out for when removing an I/O shield is that some cases have metal flaps or prongs that extend outward from both sides; if these are bent inward during removal they can't be used again so extra caution must be taken.
Proper orientation and bending of prongs
When installing an IO shield, it is important to properly orient and bend its prongs.
The orientation of the shield lines up with the ports on the motherboard in order to achieve a secure fit; otherwise, the ports may not align correctly.
It also helps protect against static charge—the metal flaps provide grounding for your PC components when they are firmly pressed against the port.
To ensure that it clicks into place securely, it is recommended to first bend each of the prongs before inserting them softly through holdouts on back plate of case from inside out until there is a 'click' sound which can then be followed by gently adjusting their positions as needed.
Bending the metal flaps toward outside presses them more securely onto I/O ports and squares them where leads come out so as to avoid water / moisture seeping inside.
Troubleshooting installation issues
Often times when installing an IO shield, users may encounter various issues such as wiggling and misalignment.
When these arise, it's important to make sure that the IO shield is properly aligned before pushing it into place.
To do this, you can match up the ports on the motherboard with the cut-outs on the IO Shield so they are in line with each other.
Also, take care to bend any prongs that don't fit correctly – this helps to provide a better grounding and ensure a snug fit between port and cut-out.
If there isn't enough room to install your IO Shield due to obstructions like rear exhaust fans blocking access, try removing them first if possible as this should give you extra space for mounting.
Understanding the Metal Flaps/Prongs on an IO Shield
The metal flaps or prongs on an IO shield are designed to provide static grounding between the motherboard and shield, thus reducing electromagnetic interference (EMI).
This physical contact helps protect connected components from electrical interference.
The metal flaps must be correctly aligned with the appropriate slots in the motherboard before installation; otherwise they may not fit properly in place.
After installation, these flaps make permanent contact against the ports of the motherboard, which then grounds it for a safe connection and prevents static discharge.
Additionally, this crucial step also protects your system from dust particles that could damage delicate circuitry if left unchecked.
Increases in voltage due to fluctuating power sources can cause EMI to act upon components without adequate protection such as an IO shield – leading to data corruption or even component failure.
Thus having these metal flaps correctly grounded is key for shielding against any such irregular currents bounding at random about onboard chipsets making sure hardware components remain secure and functioning optimally.
Do I Really Need an IO Shield for My PC?
Yes, all computers need an IO Shield for protection and warranty of your computer.
Where to Buy a Replacement IO Shield
Replacing an IO shield can be a hassle, but fortunately there are plenty of options available.
There are online retailers like Newegg or Tiger Direct that provide universal IO shields that fit nearly any motherboard.
For custom-fit solutions, most motherboard manufacturers also have their own website where they sell replacement parts and accessories for their boards.
Additionally, many computer hardware stores offer generic or specialized parts for PCs so readers may find what they need in a local store instead of ordering it online.
Of course, when buying a new PC case or upgrading to a newer model of the same brand, these often come with new IO shields as well.
Custom and Universal IO Shield Options
These variations cater to different motherboard models, adding flexibility and compatibility in their toolkit. Here's a look into these options:
Custom IO Shields:
1. These are designed to fit a specific motherboard model, ensuring a perfect fit.
2. They offer a more polished look, enhancing the aesthetic of the PC build.
3. Custom IO shields may come with added features like LED lights or unique designs.
4. They may be more expensive than universal options due to their specialized fit and design.
5. Custom IO shields usually come included with the purchase of a new motherboard.
Universal IO Shields:
1. These are made to fit a wide range of motherboard models, offering great compatibility.
2. They are often more affordable than their custom counterparts.
3. Universal IO shields are easy to find and buy, offering an accessible option for users who lost or damaged their original shield.
4. They may not offer the exact fit or aesthetic appeal of a custom IO shield, but they perform the necessary functions of protection and EMI shielding.
5. They are a viable option if you're building a PC with a second-hand motherboard that lacks an IO shield.
Regardless of the type, the main function of an IO shield remains the same – to protect against electromagnetic interference and potential dust or insect invasion into your PC case. Whether you opt for a custom or universal IO shield, make sure it aligns with your needs, motherboard model, and budget.
Conclusion
An I/O shield is an essential component for any PC build for a smooth installation and operation. It protects against interference from electromagnetic fields or static discharge, preventing damage to the motherboard or connected components.
The metal plate also provides protection against dust, debris, and other particles from entering the computer when jarred around or moved.
If neglected, PCs are left vulnerable to dust entering their unit, as well as EMI interference which may cause issues with stability of your system over time.
For this reason, it's important that any PC builders give consideration to including an I/O Shield in their builds.
Author:
I am a computer engineer holding a bachelor's degree in Computer Science, complemented by a Master's in Business Administration from University of Strathclyde, Scotland. I currently work as a Senior IT Consultant in Melbourne, Australia. With over 15 years of...


text:
What Kinship Families Need to Help Kids Thrive
The 2.7 million children who live in kinship families benefit from the ability to live with relatives when their parents cannot care for them. Research shows many benefits of kinship care. Compared to children in the general foster care population, for example, kids in kinship care are better able to adjust to their new environments, less likely to experience behavioral and psychiatric problems, and less likely to change schools.
On the other hand, caregivers in kinship families may struggle. Many are grandparents on fixed incomes. They may not have the financial resources to raise a child unexpectedly, especially children who face challenges because of their experience with abuse, neglect and separation from their parents. Kin caregivers are often under pressure: They tend to have higher poverty rates, less access to health insurance, and more physical or mental disabilities. Too often they are unaware of financial and other benefits that help children in their care heal and grow.
Kinship families need more resources to support opportunities for kids in their care. Casey has three policy recommendations to aid the millions of families who have stepped up to care for kids. The recommendations target improvements in local, state and federal policies, such as:
- Increasing the financial stability of kinship families. We suggest two approaches: Make sure kin caregivers get the benefits to which they are eligible—and design TANF-funded programs to meet kinship caregiving families' unique needs. TANF is Temporary Aid to Needy Families, the nation's welfare program.
- Reducing barriers facing kinship foster families. Getting courts and public child welfare agencies to agree on how to treat kinship foster families would be a real improvement. So would ensuring that families caring for kids diverted from foster care get the advice and information they need. Are kin licensing standards streamlined and easy to navigate? That would help, as would having states opt into the federal government's Guardianship Assistance Program, which provides federal subsidies to help children leave foster care with permanence.
- Enhancing other community-based and government responses. We suggest several key improvements, such as promoting stable housing, ensuring that caregivers have health care and affordable legal representation, and cutting any red tape that keeps children from being enrolled quickly in school.
For more detail on Casey's policy recommendations, read Stepping Up for Kids: What Government and Communities Should Do to Support Kinship Families.


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (August 14 1840 – December 22 1902) was an Austro-German psychiatrist who wrote Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), a famous study of sexual perversity, and remains well-known for his coinage of the term sadism (after the Marquis de Sade). He also coined the term masochism using the name of a contemporary writer, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, whose partially autobiographical novel Venus in Furs tells of the protagonist's desire to be whipped and enslaved by a beautiful woman.
Krafft-Ebing was born in Mannheim, Baden, Germany, educated in Prague, Austria-Hungary (now in the Czech Republic), and studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg.
After Krafft-Ebing graduated in medicine and finished his specialisation in psychiatry, he worked in several asylums, but he soon felt that the way those institutions worked deceived him and decided to become an educator. He became a professor at Strasbourg, Graz and Vienna, and also a forensic expert at the Austrian capital. He was a popularizer of psychiatry, giving public lectures on the subject as well as theatrical demonstrations of the power of hypnotism.
Krafft-Ebing wrote and published several articles on psychiatry, but his book Psychopathia Sexualis ("Psychopathy of Sex"), became his best-known work. He wrote the book, intended as a forensic reference for doctors and judges, in high academic tone and in the introduction noted that he had "delibrately chosen a scientific term for the name of the book to discourage lay readers". He also wrote "sections of the book in Latin for the same purpose". Despite this, the book was highly popular with lay readers and it went through many printings and translations.
In the first edition of PS in 1886, Krafft-Ebing divided sexual deviance into four categories:
- paradoxia, sexual desire at the wrong time of life, i.e. childhood or old age
- anesthesia, insufficient desire
- hyperesthesia, excessive desire
- paraesthesia, sexual desire for the wrong goal or object. This included homosexuality (or "contrary sexual desire"), sexual fetishism, sadism, masochism, pederasty and so on.
Krafft-Ebing believed that the purpose of sexual desire was procreation, and any form of desire that didn't go towards that ultimate goal was a perversion. Rape, for instance, was an aberrant act, but not a perversion, since pregnancy could result.
Krafft-Ebing saw women as basically sexually passive, and recorded no female sadists or fetishists in his case studies. Behaviour that would be classified as masochism in men was categorized as "sexual bondage" in women, which was not a perversion, again because such behaviour did not interfere with procreation.
After interviewing many homosexuals, both as his private patients and as a forensic expert, and reading some works in favour of gay rights (male homosexuality had become a criminal offence in Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire by that time; unlike lesbianism, but discrimination against lesbians functioned equally), Krafft-Ebing reached the conclusion that both male and female homosexuals did not suffer from mental illness or perversion (as persistent popular belief held), and became interested in the study of the subject.
Krafft-Ebing elaborated an evolutionist theory considering homosexuality as an anomalous process developed during the gestation of the embryo and fetus, evolving into a sexual inversion of the brain. Some years later, in 1901, he corrected himself in an article published in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, changing the term anomaly to differentiation. But his final conclusions remained forgotten for years, partly because Sigmund Freud's theories captivated the attention of those that considered homosexuality a psychological problem (the majority at the time), and partly because Krafft-Ebing had incurred some enmity from the Austrian Catholic church by associating the desire for sanctity and martyrdom with hysteria and masochism (besides denying the perversity of homosexuals).
Some years later Krafft-Ebing's theory led other specialists on mental studies to reach the same conclusion and to the study of transgenderism (or transsexuality) as another differentiation correctable by means of surgery (rather than by psychiatry or psychology).
Note that most contemporary psychiatrists no longer consider homosexual practices as pathological (as Krafft-Ebing did in his first studies): partly due to new conceptions, and partly due to Krafft-Ebing's own self-correction.
Trivia about Psychopathia SexualisEdit
- The book reached 12 editions in his lifetime.
- Parts were written in Latin, in its 2nd printing, due to demand for the book by lay-people for (presumably) less than academic purposes. Some publishers translated those passages back into other languages.
- This was one of the first books to study, in a "painstaking" manner, sexual topics such as the importance of clitoral orgasm and female sexual pleasure, consideration of the mental states of sexual offenders in judging their actions, and the first scientific discussion of homosexuality.
- It was for decades an authority on sexual aberrance, and arguably one of the most influential books on human sexuality prior to Freud.
- The author was praised and condemned for the book - praised for opening up a new area of much-needed psychological study, condemned for immorality and justifying perversion.
- ↑ Note regarding personal names: Freiherr is a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin.
- Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), reprinted by Bloat Books, 1999; ISBN 0-_PHONE_-1-8
- Oosterhuis, Harry. Stepchildren of Nature (2000), University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-63059-5
- Baron von Kraft-Ebbing wrote numerous books, including:
- Die Melancholie: Eine klinische Studie, (1874);
- Grundzüge der Kriminalpsychologie für Juristen, (Second edition) (1882);
- Die progressive allgemeine Paralyse, (1894);
- Nervosität und neurasthenische Zustände. (1895).
- Four of his books appear in English translations by Craddock:
- An Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism, (New York and London, 1889);
- Psychosis Menstrualis, (1902);
- Psychopathia Sexualis, (Twelfth edition, 1903);
- Text Book of Insanity, (1905).
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


text:
Ellis Square Parking Garage
Location: Savannah, GA
Client: City of Savannah, Batson-Cook Company
Thomas & Hutton was retained to provide right of way surveys, existing condition surveys, and structural monitoring for the Ellis Square underground parking garage.
Right of way surveys of the square and the adjacent streets were required to clearly define the project limits and allow the planning of critical retaining structures and congested traffic flows. Existing conditions surveys were needed for design.
In addition to the normal challenges encountered in a crowded historic district, the survey team was tasked with locating and mapping all underground utilities. Ground penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction were used to locate more than 15,000 feet of active and abandoned utility lines within roughly a two block area. Designers used detailed 3-D models to carefully plan utility relocations and excavation strategies as they pieced together the complicated dig.
An excavation project of this magnitude posed structural risks to nearby buildings. Thomas & Hutton monitored ground movement during construction. For more than a year, our crews made precise measurements on six baselines watching for alterations around the project area. Data was carefully adjusted for environmental conditions, analyzed for integrity, and compared with control values. Cumulative weekly reports were subsequently generated and provided to structural engineers who then made important stabilization decisions based on the findings.


apply configuration changes, you can query system state using the puppet resource command, which emits code as well as applying changes.
Ensure a Windows service is running
There are often services that you always want running in your infrastructure.
To have Puppet ensure that a service is running, use the following code:
service { '<service name>':
 ensure => 'running'
 }
Example
For example, the following manifest code ensures the Windows Time service is running:
service { 'w32time':
 ensure => 'running'
}
Stop a Windows service
Some services can impair performance, or may need to be stopped for regular maintenance.
To disable a service, use the code:
service { '<service name>':
 ensure => 'stopped',
 enable => 'false'
}
Example
For example, this disables the disk defragmentation service, which can negatively impact service performance.
 service { 'defragsvc':
 ensure => 'stopped',
 enable => 'false'
}
Schedule a recurring task
Regularly scheduled tasks are often necessary on Windows to perform routine system maintenance.
If you need to sync files from another system on the network, perform backups to another disk, or execute log or index maintenance on SQL Server, you can use Puppet to schedule and perform regular tasks. The following shows how to regularly delete files.
To delete all files recursively from C:\Windows\Temp at 8 AM each day, create a resource called scheduled_task with these attributes:
scheduled_task { 'Purge global temp files':
 ensure => present,
 enabled => true,
 command => 'c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe',
 arguments => '/c "del c:\\windows\\temp\\*.* /F /S /Q"',
 trigger => {
 schedule => daily,
 start_time => '08:00',
 }
}
After you set up Puppet to manage this task, the Task Scheduler includes the task you specified:
The task scheduler showing that the task has been added to the task list.
Example
In addition to creating a trivial daily task at a specified time, the scheduled task resource supports a number of other more advanced scheduling capabilities, including more fine-tuned scheduling. For example, to change the above task to instead perform a disk clean-up every 2 hours, modify the trigger definition:
scheduled_task { 'Purge global temp files every 2 hours':
 ensure => present,
 enabled => true,
 command => 'c:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe',
 arguments => '/c "del c:\\windows\\temp\\*.* /F /S /Q"',
 trigger => [{
 day_of_week => ['mon', 'tues', 'wed', 'thurs', 'fri'],
 every => '1',
 minutes_interval => '120',
 minutes_duration => '1440',
 schedule => 'weekly',
 start_time => '07:30'
 }],
 user => 'system',
}
You can see the corresponding definition reflected in the Task Scheduler GUI:
The Task Scheduler's "Edit Trigger" window, showing task schedule options such as how often and on what days to repeat the task.
Manage Windows users and groups
Puppet can be used to create local group and user accounts. Local user accounts are often desirable for isolating applications requiring unique permissions.
Manage administrator accounts
It is often necessary to standardize the local Windows Administrator password across an entire Windows deployment.
To manage administrator accounts with Puppet, create a user resource with 'Administrator' as the resource title like so:
user { 'Administrator':
 ensure => present,
 password => 'yabbadabba'
}
Note: Securing the password used in the manifest is beyond the scope of this introductory example, but it's common to use Hiera, a key/value lookup tool for configuration, with eyaml to solve this problem. Not only does this solution provide secure storage for the password value, but it also provides parameterization to support reuse, opening the door to easy password rotation policies across an entire network of Windows machines.
Configure an app to use a different account
You might not always want to use the default user for an application, you can use Puppet to create users for other applications, like ASP.NET.
To configure ASP.NET apps to use accounts other than the default Network Service, create a user and exec resource:
user { 'aspnet_banking_app':
 ensure => present,
 managehome => true,
 comment => 'ASP.NET Service account for Banking application',
 password => 'banking_app_password',
 groups => ['IIS_IUSRS', 'Users'],
 auth_membership => 'minimum',
 notify => Exec['regiis_aspnet_banking_app']
}
exec { 'regiis_aspnet_banking_app':
 path => 'c:\\windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v4.0.30319',
 command => 'aspnet_regiis.exe -ga aspnet_banking_app',
 refreshonly => true
}
In this example, the user is created in the appropriate groups, and the ASP.NET IIS registration command is run after the user is created to ensure file permissions are correct.
The group properties window showing that the user in the previous example has been created.
In the user resource, there are a few important details to note:
 - managehome is set to create the user's home directory on disk.
 - auth_membership is set to minimum, meaning that Puppet makes sure the aspnet_banking_app user is a part of the IIS_IUSRS and Users group, but doesn't remove the user from any other groups it might be a part of.
 - notify is set on the user, and refreshonly is set on the exec. This tells Puppet to run aspnet_regiis.exe only when the aspnet_banking_app is created or changed.
Manage local groups
Local user accounts are often desirable for isolating applications requiring unique permissions. It can also be useful to manipulate existing local groups.
To add domain users or groups not present in the Domain Administrators group to the local Administrators group, use this code:
group { 'Administrators':
 ensure => 'present',
 members => ['DOMAIN\\User'],
 auth_membership => false
}
In this case, auth_membership is set to false to ensure that DOMAIN\User is present in the Administrators group, but that other accounts that might be present in Administrators are not removed.
Note that the groups attribute of user and the members attribute of group might both accept SID values, like the well-known SID for Administrators, S-1-5-32-544.
Executing PowerShell code
Some Windows maintenance tasks require the use of Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), and PowerShell is the most useful way to access WMI methods. Puppet has a special module that can be used to execute arbitrary PowerShell code.
A common Windows maintenance tasks is to disable Windows drive indexing, because it can negatively impact disk performance on servers.
To disable drive indexing:
$drive = 'C:'
exec { 'disable-c-indexing':
 provider => powershell,
 command => "\$wmi_volume = Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Volume -Filter 'DriveLetter=\"${drive}\"'; if (\$wmi_volume.IndexingEnabled -ne \$True) { return }; \$wmi_volume | Set-WmiInstance -Arguments @{IndexingEnabled = \$False}",
 unless => "if ((Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Volume -Filter 'DriveLetter=\"${drive}\"').IndexingEnabled) { exit 1 }",
}
You can see the results in your object editor window:
Object editor window showing that IndexingEnabled is set to FALSE.
Using the Windows built-in WBEMTest tool, running this manifest sets IndexingEnabled to FALSE, which is the desired behavior.
This exec sets a few important attributes:
 - The provider is configured to use PowerShell (which relies on the module).
 - The command contains inline PowerShell, and as such, must be escaped with PowerShell variables preceded with $ must be escaped as \$.
 - The unless attribute is set to ensure that Puppet behaves idempotently, a key aspect of using Puppet to manage resources. If the resource is already in the desired state, Puppet does not modify the resource state.
Using templates to better manage Puppet code
While inline PowerShell is usable as an exec resource in your manifest, such code can be difficult to read and maintain, especially when it comes to handling escaping rules.
For executing multi-line scripts, use Puppet templates instead. The following example shows how you can use a template to organize the code for disabling Windows drive indexing.
$drive = 'C:'
exec { 'disable-c-indexing':
 command =


text:
Definitions for ultra-gaseous matter
The Standard Electrical Dictionary
Gas so rarefied that its molecules do not collide or very rarely do so. Experiments of very striking nature have been devised by Crookes and others to illustrate the peculiar phenomena that this matter presents. The general lines of this work are similar to the methods used in Geissler tube experiments, except that the vacua used are very much higher. When the vacuum is increased so that but one-millionth of the original gas is left the radiant state is reached. The molecules in their kinetic movements beat back and forth in straight lines without colliding, or with very rare collisions. Their motions can be guided and rendered visible by electrification. A tube or small glass bulb with platinum electrodes sealed in it, is exhausted to the requisite degree and is hermetically sealed by melting the glass. The electrodes are connected to the terminals of an induction coil or other source of high tension electrification. The molecules which come in contact with a negatively electrified pole are repelled from it in directions normal to its surface. They produce different phosphorescent or luminous effects in their mutual collisions. Thus if they are made to impinge upon glass, diamond or ruby, intense phosphorescence is produced. A piece of platinum subjected to molecular bombardment is brought to white heat. A movable body can be made to move under their effects. Two streams proceeding from one negative pole repel each other. The stream of molecules can be drawn out of their course by a magnet. The experiments are all done on a small scale in tubes and bulbs, resembling to a certain extent Geissler tubes. [Transcriber's note: These effects are caused by plasma--ionized gas and electrons.]
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"ultra-gaseous matter." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 19 May 2013. .


George Meredith
Here you will find the Poem Hypnos On Ida of poet George Meredith
Hypnos On Ida
[Iliad, B. XIV. V. 283]
They then to fountain-abundant Ida, mother of wild beasts,
Came, and they first left ocean to fare over mainland at Lektos,
Where underneath of their feet waved loftiest growths of the woodland.
There hung Hypnos fast, ere the vision of Zeus was observant,
Mounted upon a tall pine-tree, tallest of pines that on Ida
Lustily spring off soil for the shoot up aloft into aether.
There did he sit well-cloaked by the wide-branched pine for concealment,
That loud bird, in his form like, that perched high up in the mountains,
Chalkis is named by the Gods, but of mortals known as Kymindis.


text:
Aim: To examine, whether the antitumor effects of a specific nutrient mixture are due to induction of apoptosis by inhibition of u-PA.
Materials and Methods: A nutrient mixture containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract which has showed anticancer activity against a number of cancer cell lines was used as an experimental composition. EOMA cells were grown in appropriate media with antibiotics in 24- well tissue culture plates. At near confluence, the cells were treated with nutrition mixture at 10, 100, 1000 μg/ml in triplicate.Analysis of u-PA activity was carried out by fibrin zymography. Morphological changes and caspase activation associated with apoptosis induction was checked by H&E staining and Live Green caspase assay, respectively. Apoptosis inducing anticancer drug camptothecin (10 μM) was used as positive control. Results: The nutrition mixture exhibited dose response toxicity with maximum toxicity 55% (p < 0.001) at 1000 μg/ml. EOMA cells expressed u-PA, which was inhibited by nutrition mixture in a dose-dependent manner. The caspase analysis revealed a dose dependent increase in apoptosis of EOMA hemangioma cells, with an increasing apoptosis observed at 100 μ g/ml, and maximum at 1000 μ g/ml. Cells treated with nutrition mixture showed significantly more apoptotic changes than the control or camptothecin-treated cells. Conclusion: These results suggest NM as a potential therapeutic agent as it specifically targets and induces apoptosis in hemangioma cells.


Historical Continuity of Progress – AI Impacts _URL_ Wed, 31 May 2023 20:14:54 +0000 en-US hourly 1 _URL_ Incomplete case studies of discontinuous progress _URL_ _URL_ Sat, 08 Feb 2020 04:37:48 +0000 _URL_ ]]> Published 7 Feb 2020
This is a list of potential cases of discontinuous technological progress that we have investigated partially or not at all.
List
In the course of investigating cases of potentially discontinuous technological progress, we have collected around fifty suggested instances that we have not investigated fully. This is a list of them and what we know about them.
The Haber Process
This was previously listed as NSD, but that is tentatively revoked while we investigate a complication with the data.
Previous explanation
The Haber process was the first energy efficient method of producing ammonia, which is key to making fertilizer. The reason to expect that the Haber process might represent discontinuous technological progress is that previous processes were barely affordable, while the Haber process was hugely valuable—it is credited with fixing much of the nitrogen now in human bodies—and has been used on an industrial scale since 1913.
A likely place to look for discontinuities then is in the energy cost of fixing nitrogen. Table 4 in Grünewald's Chemistry for the Future suggests that the invention of the Haber reduced the energy expense by around 60% per nitrogen bonded over a method developed eight years earlier. The previous step however appears to have represented at least a 50% improvement over the process of two years earlier (though the figure is hard to read). Later improvements to the Haber process appear to have been comparable. Thus it seems the Haber process was not an unusually large improvement in energy efficiency, but was probably instead the improvement that happened to take the process into the range of affordability.
Since it appears that energy was an important expense, and the Haber process was especially notable for being energy efficient, and yet did not represent a particular discontinuity in energy efficiency progress, it seems unlikely that the Haber process involved a discontinuity. Furthermore, it appears that the world moved to using the Haber process over other sources of fertilizer gradually, suggesting there was not a massive price differential, nor any sharp practical change as a result of the adoption of the process. In the 20's the US imported much nitrogen from Chile. Alternative nitrogen source calcium cyanamide reached peak production in 1945, thirty years since the Haber process reached industrial scale production.
The amount of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applied hasn't abruptly changed since 1860 (see p24). Neither has the amount of food produced, for a few foods at least.
In sum, it seems the Haber process has had a large effect, but it was produced by a moderate change in efficiency, and manifest over a long period.
Aluminium
It is sometimes claimed that the discovery of the Hall–Héroult process in the 1880s brought the price of aluminium down precipitously. We found several pieces of quantitative data about this, but they seriously conflict. The most rigorous looking is a report from Patricia Plunkert at the US Geological Survey, from which we get the following data. However note that some of these figures may be off by orders of magnitude, according to other sources.
Plunkert provides a table of historic aluminium prices, according to which the nominal price fell from $8 per pound to $0.58 per pound sometime between 1887 and 1895 (during most of which time no records are available). This period probably captures the innovation of interest, as the Hall–Héroult process was patented in 1886 according to Plunkert, and the price only dropped by $1 per pound during the preceding fifteen years according to her table. Plunkert also says that the price was held artificially low to encourage consumers in the early 1900s, suggesting the same may have been true earlier, however this seems likely to be a small correction.
The sewing machine
Early sewing machines apparently brought the time to produce clothing down by an order of magnitude (from 14 hours to 75 minutes for a man's dress shirt by one estimate). However it appears that the technology progressed more slowly, then was taken up by the public later – probably when it became cost-effective, at which time adoptees may have experienced a rapid reduction in sewing time (presumably at some expense). These impressions are from a very casual perusal of the evidence.
Video compression
Blogger John McGowan claims that video compression performance was constant at a ratio of around 250 for about seven years prior to 2003, then jumped to around 900.
Figure 1: video compression performance in the past two decades.
Figure 1: video compression performance in the past two decades.
Information storage volume
According to the Performance Curves Database (PCDB), 'information storage volume' for both handwriting and printing has grown by a factor of three in recent years, after less than doubling in the hundred years previously. It is unclear what exactly is being measured here however.
Undersea cable price
The bandwidth per cable length available for a dollar apparently grew by more than 1000 times in around 1880.
Infrared detector sensitivity
We understand that infrared detector sensitivity is measured in terms of 'Noise Equivalent Power' (NEP), or the amount of power (energy per time) that needs to hit the sensor for the sensor's output to have a signal:noise ratio of one. We investigated progress in infrared detection technology because according to Academic Press (1974), the helium-cooled germanium bolometer represented a four order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity over uncooled detectors.1 However our own investigation suggests there were other innovations between uncooled detectors and the bolometer in question, and thus no abrupt improvement.
We list advances we know of here, and summarize them in Figure 5. The 1947 point is uncooled. The 1969 point is nearly four orders of magnitude better. However we know of at least four other detectors with intermediate levels of sensitivity, and these are spread fairly evenly between the uncooled device and the most efficient cooled one listed.
We have not checked whether the progress between the uncooled detector and the first cooled detector was discontinuous, given previous rates. This is because we have no strong reason to suspect it is.
xxx
Figure 2: Sensitivity of infrared detectors during the transition to liquid-helium-cooled devices.
Genome sequencing – IIP
This appears to have seen at least a moderate discontinuity. An investigation is in progress.
It was suggested to us in particular that Next Generation Sequencing produced discontinuous progress in output per instrument run for DNA sequencing.
Aircraft shot down per shell fired
We've seen it claimed that the proximity fuse increased this metric by 2x or more. We don't know what the trend was beforehand, however.
Time to produce clothing
The Sewing machine was proposed as discontinuous in this metric. We have not investigated.
Sensitivity of infrared detectors
Cryogenically cooled semiconductor sensors were proposed as discontinuous in this metric. We have not investigated.
Frames per Second
It was suggested that something in high sensitivity, high precision metrology, e.g. trillion frame-per-second camera from MIT, would be discontinuous in this metric. We have not investigated.
Access to Information
Smart phones were suggested as a discontinuity in this metric. We have not investigated.
Spread of minimally invasive surgery
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was suggested as a discontinuity in this metric. We have not investigated.
Max. submerged endurance, submerged runs
Nuclear-powered submarines may be a discontinuity in this metric. We have not investigated.
Clothmaking efficiency
The Jacquard Loom and the Spinning Jenny were suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Personal armor protectiveness-to-weight ratio
Kevlar was suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Lumens per watt
High pressure sodium lamps were suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Linear programming
The Simplex algorithm was suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Fourier transform speed
Fast fourier transform was suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Polynomial identity testing efficiency
Probabilistic testing methods were suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Audio compression efficiency
The MP3 format was suggested as discontinuities in this metric. We have not investigated.
Crop yields
This amazing genetic modification, if it works as claimed, may well be a discontinuity in this metric. We have not investigated.
Thanks to Stephen Jordan, Bren Worth, Finan Adamson and others for suggesting potential discontinuities in this list.
]]>
_URL_ 1
Effect of AlexNet on historic trends in image recognition _URL_ Sat, 08 Feb 2020 02:40:36 +0000 _URL_ ]]> AlexNet did not represent a greater than 10-year discontinuity in fraction of images labeled incorrectly, or log or inverse of this error rate, relative to progress in the past two years of competition data.
Details
This case study is part of AI Impacts' discontinuous progress investigation.
Background
The annual ImageNet competition asks researchers to build programs to label images.1 It began in 2010, when every team labeled at least 25% of images wrong. The same was true in 2011, and would have been true in 2012, if not for AlexNet, a convolutional neural network that mislabeled only 16.4% of images.2
Trends
Percent of