Relative Frequency. Chaitanya Sagar 2017-03-29. A relative frequency histogram is a graph that displays the relative frequencies of values in a dataset. Thanks for writing it. Different sources do the histograms differently. This is because the heights relative to each other are the same whether we are using frequencies or relative frequencies. One of the advantages of using a relative frequency distribution is that you can compare data sets that don't necessarily contain an equal number of observations. R Enterprise Training; R package; Leaderboard; Sign in; itemFrequencyPlot. Three are described below. Stetige Daten III. physik. In the data set faithful, the relative frequency distribution of the eruptions variable shows the frequency proportion of the eruptions according to a duration classification. Provides the generic function itemFrequencyPlot and the S4 method to create an item frequency bar plot for inspecting the item frequency distribution for objects based on '>itemMatrix (e.g., '>transactions , or items in '>itemsets and '>rules ). Its contTables function does contingency tables with lots of additional measures like odds ratio, relative risk, etc. In the following examples, assume that A, B, and C represent categorical variables. On the other hand, if you have to compare the result of an event to the total number of tries, then you're dealing with relative frequencies. Definition of Relative Frequency. The relative frequency is the proportion of something out of total. Example1 . Example: Travel Survey . In R language, frequencies can be depicted as absolute frequency and relative frequency. Two way Frequency Table with Proportion: proportion of the frequency table is created using prop.table() function. RDocumentation. Relative frequencies / proportions with dplyr. Im Abschnitt geht es um verschieden… 5 Antworten: relative response factors (RRF) - relative Ansprechfaktoren: Letzter Beitrag: 25 Mai 08, 14:37: chem. The relationship of frequency and relative frequency is: Example. Relative frequencies / proportions with dplyr . Identification for informants and species must be listed by the names 'informant' and 'sp_name' respectively in the data set. Example: Your team has won 9 games from a total of 12 games played: the Frequency of winning is 9; the Relative Frequency of winning is 9/12 = 75%; All the Relative Frequencies add up to 1 (except for any rounding error). The relative frequency distribution of a data variable is a summary of the frequency proportion in a collection of non-overlapping categories.. Take your relative frequency, and multiply it by the total number of items in the full data set, and you will have the absolute frequency. Categorical data is a kind of data which has a predefined set of values. Frequency tables, pie charts, and bar charts can be used to display the distribution of a single categorical variable.These displays show all possible values of the variable along with either the frequency (count) or relative frequency (percentage).. In arules: Mining Association Rules and Frequent Itemsets. Wenn ich den folgenden Code, bekomme ich eine Dichte Handlung, aber ich will mit einer relativen Häufigkeit plot: a <-c (0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2) hist (a, freq = FALSE) Will ich sehen, ein Histogramm mit den folgenden Häufigkeiten:.5 für 0, 1,.33 für 1, 2, und .166 für 2 bis 3. By definition, relative frequency is the fraction of how many times a … You can generate frequency tables using the table( ) function, tables of proportions using the prop.table( ) function, and marginal frequencies using margin.table( ). Wie verwenden Sie hist() plot relative Häufigkeit in R? The relative frequency of an event is defined as the number of times that the event occurs during experimental trials, divided by the total number of trials conducted. Relative Frequency. If you are just asked for "frequency," from the relative frequency, it probably means the absolute frequency. Although the numbers along the vertical axis will be different, the overall shape of the histogram will remain unchanged. Graphiken in R Maÿe für die Lage Maÿe für die Streuung Boxplot Stripcharts Histogramm Histogramm: Einkommen Histogramme des Einkommens mit verschiedenen Binstärken Histogram of Einkommen Einkommen Frequency 5 10 15 … • You will see a relative frequency histogram of the ages. For example, to find out the number of kids, adults, and senior citizens in a particular area, to create a poll on some criteria, etc. Relative frequencies are more commonly used because they allow you to compare how often values occur relative to the overall sample size. Absolute Frequency The following code shows how to calculate the relative frequency of positions by team and how to display these relative frequencies as percentages: Either frequencies or relative frequencies can be used for a histogram. Live Demo. Wonderful post! Visualize the frequency distribution of a categorical variable using bar plots, dot charts and pie charts; Visualize the distribution of a continuous variable using: density and histogram plots, other alternatives, such as frequency polygon, area plots, dot plots, box plots, Empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) and Quantile-quantile plot (QQ plots). I've been using the jmv package that does the calculations for the jamovi gui. Generating Frequency Tables. Statistically, relative frequency is the number of occurrences of event 1 when total events are normalized. Formula to calculate relative frequency. Cumulative relative frequencies are useful in measuring what fraction of total observations are less than the upper limit of a frequency interval. • The histogram you see is different from the one we have in our notes, because relative frequencies correspond to areas here, not heights. Since 100% = 1, all bars must have a height from 0 to 1. A relative frequency histogram is a minor modification of a typical frequency histogram. Similarly, the relative frequency of prices between $3.75 and $3.99 equals 4/20 = 0.20 = 20 percent. I freq=FALSE : relative Häu gkeiten ( empirische Dichte ) Bernd Klaus, Verena Zuber Deskriptive Statistiken und Graphiken 17/24. Relative frequency is a concept discussed under statistics. ich eine neue Funktion zum HistogramTools Paket auf CRAN hinzugefügt habe, PlotRelativeFrequency(), die ein Objekt Histogramm nimmt und eine relative Frequenz Histogramm-Plot.Dies ist jetzt verfügbar von R-Forge und wird in HistogramTools 0.3 für die nächste CRAN Release sein.. Im Grunde müssen Sie nur zwei Änderungen an den Standardhistogrammen in R vornehmen. Relative frequencies are used to construct histograms whose heights can be interpreted as probabilities. table. Description. It combines frequency tables and descriptive stats in a single function. Letter frequency is simply the amount of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Relative Frequency, and Cumulative Frequency Susan Dean Barbara Illowsky, Ph.D. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. From arules v1.6-6 by Michael Hahsler. relative frequency of trial patients: Letzter Beitrag: 18 Nov. 10, 12:17: Ist eine Wert im Jahresbericht des Kinderkrebsregisters. 1 6 67.5k 3. R provides many methods for creating frequency and contingency tables. The statistical process has absolute frequencies and relative frequencies. For example, if we have 5 bananas, 6 guava, 10 pomegranates then the relative frequency of banana would be 5 divided by the total sum of 5, 6, and 10 that is 21 hence it can be also called proportional frequency. Data frame of species and relative frequency of citation (RFC) values. March 29, 2017. 0th. I. Diskrete Daten II. asked Jul 17, 2019 in R Programming by Ajinkya757 (5.3k points) Suppose I want to calculate the proportion of different values within each group. Table is passed as an argument to the prop.table() function. These frequencies are often plotted on bar graphs or histograms to compare the data values. Rather than using a vertical axis for the count of data values that fall into a given bin, we use this axis to represent the overall proportion of data values that fall into this bin. Warning. That number, 4, is your frequency. Description Usage Arguments Value Author(s) See Also Examples. The rest of the columns should all represent separate identified ethnobotany use categories. R-beta: histogram [R] relative frequency plot using ggplot or other function [R] Relative frequency on a character vector [R] how to add frequencies to barplot [R] Relative frequency


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Black hair, blue eyed beauties
All blue-eyed people can be traced back to one ancestor who lived 10,000 years ago near the Black Sea. What many people DO NOT KNOW is that Europe was colonised by AFRICANS about 10K + years ago. Therefore, the chance of any African child being born with blue eyes has been spread throughout the continent since then as a recessive gene. "...the more you know."

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Located in beautiful northern Idaho, surrounded by wildlands and in the heart of the Palouse region, the University of Idaho is among the best places to study natural resources. Through direct interaction and support from our 50 research and teaching faculty members, you will learn what it takes to apply natural resource science to actual programs, policy issues and research and management initiatives.
As a Ph.D. student, you have the unique opportunity to create a highly customized study plan tailored to fit your specific interests and experience. In terms of research, there is no limit to how far your studies can take you. Whether you study forest fire management, ecology and conservation biology, policy analysis or more, the opportunities are vast.
Ph.D. students will select one of the following areas of emphasis:
As a Ph.D. student in natural resources you will learn principles for managing and ultimately protecting our land, water, minerals, forests, fish and wildlife. Your studies will be shaped by interaction with renowned faculty in a traditional classroom setting, during field trips and with extensive lab work. With this background, you will be well equipped to contribute to important environmental science and natural resource projects in governmental agencies, academia and in the private sector.
Research opportunities are plentiful at the University of Idaho. In fact, we are home to 15 research units and a remote wilderness research station. In addition, we have one of the largest DNA and genetics laboratories in the nation devoted to collecting critical scientific data for wild populations of plants and animals.


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Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Laura Vandenberg says the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is ignoring its own data about the chemical BPA.
Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Laura Vandenberg is featured in a new video produced by UMass Amherst Research NEXT as part of its "UMass Women in Science" series.
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) recently profiled Associate Professor Laura Vandenberg, highlighting her work in research and academia.
The air in Hampshire County may feel crisp and clean, but Environmental Health Sciences' Richard Peltier says it's anything but.
Professor Edward Calabrese, environmental health sciences, testified Oct. 3 before the U.S. Senate's Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management and Regulatory Oversight in Washington, D.C.
Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Raphael Arku was one of nine UMass Amherst faculty members awarded Sustainability Curriculum Fellowship (SCF) by the UMass Amherst Chancellor's Office.
Environmental Health Sciences' Laura Vandenberg recently appeared on NPR's nationally syndicated program "All Things Considered" to dispute new research claiming the plastic additive BPA isn't a health threat.
Richard Pilsner, Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences in the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, has received a five-year, $2.7 million National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences award to support his further research on fathers' preconception exposure to phthalates and potential effects on reproductive health through methylation of sperm DNA. This award for work in humans complements his five-year, $2.3 million National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences award received last year.
In recent article appearing in The Guardian and the San Jose Mercury News, Associate Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Richard Peltier says smoke from the large wildfires in the western U.S. can have adverse effects on health, even hundreds of miles away from the fire
Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Laura Vandenberg was recently quoted in the New York Times and WRAL about a new report from the American Academy of Pediatrics that is urging families to limit the use of plastic food containers, cut down on processed meat during pregnancy, and eat more whole fruits and vegetables rather than processed food.
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Years: 1821 - 1913
Historian, philologist, researcher of history of Galicia, UGCC priest, was one of the Western Ukrainian Russophiles. He was born in the village Dobriany in Lviv region. Studied at Lviv University and Greek Catholic Teological Seminary. In 1847 he was ordained as priest. He was a private secretary to metropolitan Mykhailo Levytskyi. Firstly he focused his mind mostly on the researches about the history of church in Galicia. Later on Petrushevych explored Slavic philology, ethnography, study of archaeological sites and archivalrarities. In 1848 he leaded the historical section at the Synod of Ruthenian scientists. Collecting books and printed anciently books was one of his favourite activity. Even while serving as the ambassador of Austrian parliamentin Vienna, all his money he spent for buying books.
Where to Stay Where to Eat Entertainments Museums Galleries Sacred Buildings Theatres Cinemas
Left Luggage Facilities Mobile applications Wi Fi Spots Useful Links Tourist Advice QR-codes in Lviv Embassies Transport Connection First Aid Emergency and Other Useful Information


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Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh)
In this drawing appears Rabbit, the friend of Winnie the Pooh, which is another character who lives in the Hundred Acre Forest. Rabbit is a bit grumpy and sometimes gets angry when Tigger goes into his garden and spoils the plants. Still, rabbit is very smart and always comes up with good ideas to help their friends. You can color this drawing to Rabbit coloring.Times Painted:
This coloring page has been painted 8761 times online. Ranking 0 of The Best Coloring Pages.Rating
We like to know what the painters think of each coloring page. This coloring page has a rating of other users of 3.
Coloring page about Rabbit, from Winnie the Pooh. Rabbit is a friend of Pooh, Tigger, Piglet and Igor, but sometimes he do not have enough patience and be angry. Rabbit loves plants and flowers, and loves to take care of his garden plants, as in this page to print of Rabbit, from Winnie the Pooh.
Let's paint Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page Do you like Winnie the Pooh coloring pages? This is a picture of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) to color or paint online from your browser without having to download or install anything, is absolutely secure. From here you can paint free Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page on Winnie the Pooh. All children like crafts and activities at home, such as Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) coloring page is in English and is related to Winnie the Pooh. Our drawing of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) is one of the best drawings and pictures to paint of Winnie the Pooh that you are getting and you can share it with your friends and contacts on social networks. You can print the black and white drawing of Rabbit (Winnie the Pooh) invite you to try and then color it with colored markers or wax paper, learn about it and share it in the comments, show it to your friends. It is a fun and educational activity for children, which helps them develop motor skills and coordination while having fun.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Artificial Intelligence
The creature artificial intelligence (AI) has been overhauled in Dysotopia to provide players with new challenges and unique combat situations. Creatures now have individual personalities (timid, fearless, etc) and will react to different situations depending on their personalities. Creatures may form parties, make camps at night, run away from threats or even run for their lives when critically wounded.
Morale is one of the new personality traits of creatures. Creature morale is constantly adjusted in combat and checked in certain circumstances. Because the engine is relative complex we will demonstrate how morale works with some example situations:
Overwhelming Challenge
If a creature with low morale encounters a threat that seems overpowering they will often decide to avoid the threat entirely by keeping their distance. If engaged by a powerful creature they may even turn and flee combat entirely or possibly become paralyzed with fear.
On the other hand, a creature with an extremely high morale score may take on challenges they are not suited for. These encounters often result in their instant death or severe wounds which drastically lowers their morale thus eventually ending up in their desire to leave combat against powerful foes. There are exceptions and some creature will fight to their death.
When creature are wounded they undergo additional morale adjustments and checks. A creature who through it was up for a challenge may still change it's mind and flee after a powerful blow from an opponent.
If a number of creatures come together in the same area and one or more of them has a high charisma score and more hit dice than others, the lower level creatures may agree to follow the charismatic creature into battle. The size of creature parties are limited by the charisma bonuses of the leaders. Keep in mind that creatures with underlings may also serve masters, for example:
 - Four level 2 goblins decide to follow a level 5 goblin shaman
 - Five level 1 goblins decide to follow a level 4 goblin sorcerer
 - Both the level 5 goblin shaman and level 4 goblin sorcerer decide to follow a level 7 goblin champion
In the situation above you now have a small army being led by the goblin champion that consists of 12 creatures. These encounters are exceedingly rare but are possible with the AI enhancements.
Situational Awareness
Creatures that have formed parties and are engaged in combat pay attention to their surroundings. If their leader comes under attack they may stop to buff or heal them, or even switch targets and engage their threats. If their leader is slaughtered in front of their eyes their morale may be lowered and they may tun and flee from battle.
Special Attacks
Some powerful creatures may have special attacks that even further challenge players to think on their feet. An example of this may be a powerful lich who combines fallen skeletons into more powerful skeletal constructs or a dimensional creature who teleports it's foes around the stage of battle.


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The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale
The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale
by Geoffrey Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales: The Knight's Tale Theme of Death
In "The Knight's Tale," death is closely connected to love on multiple levels. Like love, says Theseus, death is the great equalizer. It's an experience that every human – whether rich or poor, fat or thin, smart or silly – will someday endure. Like love, death makes the characters feel powerless over their fates. Like other stories that fall into the genre of courtly love, "The Knight's Tale" is in the habit of talking about love in terms of death. Yes, Palamon and Arcite seem like drama queens when they complain that their love of Emily "slays" them, that they will "die" if separated from her. But the placement of this metaphor next to very literal (and sometimes gory) deaths brings out the similarities between these two kinds of death in an original way.
Questions About Death
 1. How do Palamon and Arcite connect their love for Emily to death and dying?
 2. In what ways does "The Knight's Tale" portray love and death as similar? Look particularly at Theseus's speeches.
 3. What does Egeus, Theseus's father, have to say about death?
 4. What does Theseus say is the proper response to death? Why? Do you agree with him?
Chew on This
"The Knight's Tale" portrays love and death as similar in the way in which they happen to everyone, and in which we have no control over when and where they strike us.
Theseus's speech about the proper response to death reveals a worldview that values reputation and honor over life itself.
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Do Bones Burn During Cremation?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 28, 2020 1:30:38 AM ET
During the cremation process, bones are only partially burned and not completely destroyed. The process involves subjecting the remains to intense flame and heat, during which all organic matter is consumed.
The cremation process leaves behind certain bone fragments. After the remains are removed from the cremation chamber, a magnet removes any metal that was inside the body, such as implants and dental fixtures. The remaining bone fragments are then processed into fine particles and placed into a container. The cremation process generally takes about three hours and entails a careful labelling system to ensure that the remains are properly identified through the entire process.


Top 10 Best Soft Heat Radiator 2021
Difficult to make a choice for your new Soft Heat Radiator? We wrote this Special Soft Heat Radiator buying guide to help you, with the TOP10 of the best sales of the moment, tests, opinions… As in all our buying guides, we have done our best to help you choose the best Gentle Heat Radiator!
Our selection of soft heat radiator
Soft heat radiator buying guide
When building a house or renovating an apartment, the choice of heating system to use remains a difficult decision. There are many types of radiators and several kinds of heating systems. Besides the usual central heating or the one by convection, you also have a wide choice of electrically powered systems. The small disadvantages of the different types of existing heating are usually: the instability of the heat propagation, the stratification of the air temperature and the rate of hydrometry. Thus, technological advances in this area have led to the emergence of gentle heat radiators. It is a more homogeneous and stable medium in the distribution of heat and works on electricity. But how do you choose the model that will provide you with the ideal temperature in your home? Follow this guide and comparison and be sure to find the best soft heat radiator on the market.
Soft heat radiator operation
First of all it is important to know that most traditional heaters are not very precise in regulating the temperature. The gentle heat radiators have been designed to reduce the temperature of the air leaving the device. This helps to avoid stratification of air temperature and hydrometry rate. One of the characteristics of soft heat radiators is the fact that the temperature of the plate on the front of the device does not exceed 70 ° C. This therefore implies that the heat diffused is less aggressive, that is to say softer than that transmitted by radiant panel devices or radiant heaters, hence the term soft heat radiator. However, this is not sufficient to compensate for small variations in temperature. To remedy this, there is the possibility of choosing a model with an additional function: thethermal inertia. This method will then make it possible to fill most of the gaps encountered by other means of heating.
Principle of thermal inertia and soft heat inertia radiators
The thermal inertia of a material can be interpreted by its ability to resist recurring and sudden changes in temperature that could upset the thermal balance.To put it simply, in the case of materials used for soft heat radiators, it is the ability to store heat and distribute it slowly evenly.For the manufacture of current heaters, engineers were inspired by the cast iron plates placed at the bottom of the fireplace to help gradually transmit heat.This technique allows heat to be dispersed in a stable, permanent and uniform manner. better thermal comfort.
Today, we can distinguish many kinds of soft heat inertia radiators. We can for example observe:
 - The heat transfer radiators: it is a means of heating where the electrical resistance is located at the base of the structure. The latter will generate heat to heat the piping above where the heat transfer fluid circulates (molten sodium, engine oil), which in turn will heat the aluminum plate on the front of the device which will begin to radiate gently. And since the fluid in the device follows the properties of thermal inertia, heat will continue to radiate even if the resistance goes to sleep.
 - The double heating element radiators:this system works thanks to the presence of two different heat sources which can work individually or together and which will be managed electronically.On the side of the wall is a body or c?Heating core generally in cast iron and on the front there is a film usually in aluminum heating thanks to an integrated resistance.The fineness of this resistance allows the temperature to be rapidly increased in order to heat the facade.This gives a sufficiently high temperature for the cooler days at the onset of winter, for example.The cast iron plate will be used when the temperature is even lower and the first means of heating is no longer sufficient to guarantee thermal comfort.Melting takes longer to store heat, but once hot, it stabilizes the temperature at a high value and diffuses the radiation smoothly.
Advantage of the gentle inertial heat radiator
As described previously, this system allows the diffusion of the more even and stable heat compared to other means of heating.In comparison with central heating, which is also one of the most efficient, the operation of the soft heat inertia electric heater is even more practical in that it is possible to choose a different temperature for each room.In terms of energy, relying on the principle of thermal inertia allows electric heating to be used without it being in "on" mode all the time.When the temperature has stabilized, the heating plates and resistors stop working and let the thermal inertia work.This will allow you to save energy, which will have a fairly significant impact on your wallet.
The criteria for choosing a gentle heat radiator
Like any other heating or boiler installation, different criteria must be observed in order to make the right choice. You will be able to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the models you will find on the market.
The power
Before choosing a heat emitter of this type, it is essential to look at the power of the device. Generally speaking, the models you will find on the market are 1000 watts. You can still find more powerful ones displaying 1500 watts to 2000 watts. However, some gentle heat radiators only have 750 watts. The most important thing is therefore that you know how to choose the power that is right adapted to your home. To do this, you will first need to determine the area or size of the room in which you will install your device. Also look at other parameters such as ceiling height, level and type of insulation, number of openings, type of house and many more.
To provide more details, you should know that for a moderately insulated house, you will have to opt for a radiator with a power of 1000 watts for 10 m². For efficient insulation, especially in new homes, you will only need 600 to 800 watts for the same surface. Either way, plan to check if your insulation system is performing as well as it originally did before installing a gentle heat radiator. However, in order to achieve optimized heat distribution, it would be ideal to multiply the heat sources. To take an example, in a living room requiring a power of 3000 watts, the best would be to use three radiators of 1000 watts than two of 1500 watts.
It should be noted that the practicality of soft heat radiator heating begins with its installation. In case you do not plan a budget for the installation by a professional, you will therefore have to bet on a model that is easy to install. So you can do it yourself. Also, be sure to choose a heater that is easy to program and adjust. In that sense, you won't have to take hours to learn how your device works. You can also choose a model supplied with a remote control for more convenience.
Although it is more of a purely aesthetic element, the design is a criterion that should not be overlooked. Remember that this kind of device will be installed on a wall in a room in your house. The least thing is to choose a radiator that adapts to the style of your interior. In the store, you can find models in various styles: contemporary, cozy, etc. As for colors, know that white is a color that can go perfectly with different types of decoration.
Economic particulars
Although this is generally a very energy efficient device, some models perform better than others. In addition, there are models whose energy performance is just advertising and nothing else. You will need to make sure that you invest in a radiator that allows you to really save money. To do this, check that the device's power saving capacity is available. You will therefore have a reference for the choice before opting for a model.
Features and options
Nowadays, manufacturers of soft heat radiators compete creatively to get consumers to choose their products. Depending on the model, you will find devices that can offer different functions and possibilities. We can talk about the ability to estimate consumption or the automatic detection of window opening. There is also the possibility of carrying out a daily or hourly programming according to your needs.
The use of a gentle heat radiator
As we have seen in this article, a gentle heat radiator therefore offers several advantages when compared with other types of radiators. Among its main advantages, we can say that it does not dry the air and that it provides rapid and constant heating. However, since this is a device with various technological innovations, settings and programming are more tedious. It is therefore essential that you know how to use it.
Installation of your gentle heat radiator
For the installation, depending on the model you have chosen, you will have the choice between doing it yourself or having it installed by a specialist. If you want to do it on your own, you should take into account some recommendations.
First, don't place your heater near furniture in your home. Indeed, the latter are able to impede the distribution of the heat supplied. Then, since you will have to install it on a wall, do not place it flush with the ground. You should leave at least 20 cm of distance between the ground. For the sides, also allow 50 cm of space. If possible, it would be ideal to install the radiator near a source of cold air, such as a window. This will allow you to avoid possible differences between cold and hot zones in the same room. Finally, it is not recommended to install your radiator just above the headboard in your bedroom.
The settings
As for the settings, you will generally have an LCD screen, dedicated controls on the device directly or a remote control. In most cases, programs are already


and that will be it:
$ ruby -e 'a := "Hello, 世界"'
-e:1: syntax error, unexpected '=', expecting literal content or terminator or tSTRING_DBEG or tSTRING_DVAR
a := "Hello, 世界"
We were half right. There is indeed an error, but a slightly different one. It's happening as a result of the parser. Here is what happens:
Syntax error
First, our code goes to the lexer. It splits the text into tokens, then the array of tokens goes to the parser, and it raises an error because it's an illegal operation to put an equal sign after a colon. How can we fix this? Let's explore some realistic options:
 - Persuade the Ruby team to add :=. You could spend a couple of years mastering Japanese, gain the trust of the core team, find a way to attend one of their meetings, and simply propose to add :=.
 - Fork Ruby. You can make and maintain your fork of Ruby. Most people have Docker anyway, so businesses won't even notice you made the swap.
 - Wave our hands in the air and transpile like we just don't care. We could write Go and transpile it in Ruby! If only we had something like Babel for JavaScript/TypeScript, but for Ruby instead… 🤔
When DSL is not enough
Well, actually, we already have a tool to transpile our code: Ruby Next which was written by the one and only Vladimir Dementyev, so why not use it?
To transpile our code, Ruby Next hijacks the code loading process, parsing it with its own updated lexer and parser. Next, the resulting AST nodes are modified with Ruby Next rewriters. The Ruby Next rewriter marks the AST nodes which require attention and modify them accordingly. Finally, Ruby Next rewrites the code with unparser, taking the marked AST nodes into account.
Ruby Next flow
But enough talk! Let's actually formulate an actionable plan to bring := to Ruby:
 1. First, we'll modify the Ruby Next lexer.
 2. Likewise, we'll modify the Ruby Next parser.
 3. Next, we'll write the Ruby Next rewriter.
 4. Finally, we'll be able to actually use := inside our code.
Rolling up our sleeves: modifying the lexer
So, let's start with the lexer. We want the lexer to treat := as a single token and for the parser to return the same AST node that is returned when we use the simple = method:
A new parser schema
After that, we'll be able to read our main.go.rb file, get AST, and rewrite the original code before executing it with Ruby.
Looking for a real-world Ragel experience? Check out Puma's blazing fast HTTP parsing.
The lexer in the parser gem was written using Ragel. Ragel State Machine Compiler is a finite-state machine compiler and a parser generator. It receives some code with regex expressions and various logical rules and outputs an optimized state machine in the target language, e.g., C++, Java, Ruby, Go, etc.
By the way, our lexer ends up with 2.5 thousand lines. And if we run Ragel, we'll get an optimized Ruby class with almost 24 thousand lines:
$ wc -l lib/parser/lexer.rl 2556 lib/parser/lexer.rl $ ragel -F1 -R lib/parser/lexer.rl -o lib/parser/lexer.rb $ wc -l lib/parser/lexer.rb 23780 lib/parser/lexer.rb
Let's just make a quick diversion and take a brisk look through the source code!
Just kidding! Instead, let's write our own simple lexer for arithmetic operations.
Creating a simple lexer
We want to create a simple lexer for arithmetic operations. In this case, a string will go into the lexer and it should be transformed into an array of tokens:
A simple lexer
We'll start by defining our Ruby class, let's call it Lexer:
class Lexer def initialize @data = nil # array of input symbols @ts = nil # token start index @te = nil # token end index @eof = nil # EOF index @tokens = [] # resulting array of tokens end
end
Ragel will work in the context of this class object, and it assumes that data, ts, and te are defined. To go to the final state, we need the EOF index eof. tokens is an array of tokens that we will return to the user.
Let's move on to the state machine. The Ragel code is located between %%{ ... }%%:
class Lexer %%{ # fix highlighting % # name state machine machine ultimate_math_machine; # tell Ragel how to access variables defined earlier access @; variable eof @eof; # regexp-like rules number = ('-'?[0-9]+('.'[0-9]+)?); # main rule for the state machine main := |* # when number is passed, print indices of parsed number number => { puts "number [#{@ts},#{@te}]" }; # any is a predefined Ragel state machine for any symbol, # just ignore everything for now any; *|; }%% # fix highlighting %
end
In the code above, we defined a state machine called ultimate_math_machine, and we've told Ragel how to access the variables we defined earlier. Next, we defined a regexp-like rule for numbers. Finally, we declared the state machine itself.
If we come across a number, we execute the Ruby code inside braces. In our case, it's the output of the token type and its indices. Also, for now, we'll use the predefined state machine any to skip over all other symbols.
Now, the only thing left is to add the Lexer#run method to prepare input data, initialize the Ragel state machine and execute it:
class Lexer def run(input) @data = input.unpack("c*") @eof = @data.size %%{ # fix highlighting % write data; write init; write exec; }%% # fix highlighting % end
end
We unpack the input string and calculate the EOF index, write data and write init initializes the Ragel state machine, write exec runs it. It's time to compile and run this simple machine:
$ ragel -R lexer.rl -o lexer.rb $ ruby -r './lexer.rb' -e 'Lexer.new.run("40 + 2")'
number [0,2]
number [5,6]
It works! Now we need to populate the @tokens array with our tokens and add some operator rules. Here is the Ruby portion of the code:
class Lexer # list of all symbols in our calculator with token names PUNCTUATION = { '+' => :tPLUS, '-' => :tMINUS, '*' => :tSTAR, '/' => :tDIVIDE, '(' => :tLPAREN, ')' => :tRPAREN } def run(input) @data = input.unpack("c*") if input.is_a?(String) @eof = input.length %%{ # fix highlighting % write data; write init; write exec; }%% # fix highlighting % # return tokens as a result @tokens end # rebuild substring from input array and current indices def current_token @data[@ts...@te].pack("c*") end # push current token to the resulting array def emit(type, tok = current_token) @tokens.push([type, tok]) end # use passed hash 'table' to define type of the token and call 'emit' def emit_table(table) token = current_token emit(table[token], token) end
end
Here we have a new Lexer#emit method, which adds a token to the resulting @tokens array, and a fancy Lexer#emit_table(table) method, which will use the PUNCTUATION hash to define the token type and then add it to the resulting array. Also, we will return @tokens at the end of the Lexer#run method. It's time to trick out our state machine block:
class Lexer %%{ # fix highlighting % machine ultimate_math_machine; access @; variable eof @eof; # regexp-like rules number = ('-'?[0-9]+('.'[0-9]+)?); operator = "+" | "-" | "/" | "*"; paren = "(" | ")


Universities Support Holding HSC Exams in 2021
NSW Vice-Chancellors' Committee
The New South Wales Vice-Chancellors' Committee (the Committee) fully supports the decision of the NSW Education Standards Agency (NESA) to give more time to HSC students to work on their major projects and to prepare for exams to reduce the impact of the current COVID-19 lockdown.
The Convener for the Committee, Professor Barney Glover AO, said the universities "appreciate that the disruptions caused by the current COVID-19 lockdown have impacted on students' focus, therefore the need for certainty is paramount.
"As we said in 2020, our position is that proceeding with the HSC examinations in 2021 provides certainty to students, parents and teachers as well as universities.
The Convener emphasised that the universities understood the difficulties faced by students and explained that universities will respond with appropriate arrangements.
"As we did successfully in 2020 when the pandemic began for that year's cohort of students, we will continue to work flexibly with NESA and the Universities Admissions Centre to ensure that admission processes can adapt in an equitable way to any changes in Year 12 assessments," Professor Glover
Given that completion of the HSC is the preferred admission pathway into many universities, Professor Glover strongly encouraged students to remain committed to completing the HSC in 2021.
Professor Glover also reminded students that there are alternative pathways into university such as bridging and foundational courses to build up knowledge and skills lost during the pandemic.
"Universities look forward to welcoming this year's graduating secondary students into courses commencing in 2022," Professor Glover said.


Gabon to Decriminalize Being LGBTQ?
by Kilian Melloy
EDGE Staff Reporter
Tuesday June 30, 2020
The Central African country of Gabon has taken steps toward decriminalizing LGBTQ people, reports Radio France Internationale. The moves are an about-face from a law passed less than a year ago that made same-sex relationships illegal.
The lower hour of the Gabon parliament voted to strike the anti-gay law on June 23, Radio France Internationale reported. That vote was followed by a similar vote in the senate on June 29, Reuters reports.
Many African nations have laws on the books stemming from colonial periods that outlaw same-sex relationships and criminalize sex between people of the same gender. One of the most notorious nations in Africa for its anti-gay laws is Uganda, where a "Kill the Gays" bill was introduced after a rally organized by American anti-LGBTQ evangelicals.
Human Rights Watch researcher Neela Ghoshal told Reuters in late 2019, after the passage of the anti-LGBTQ law, that "a lot of African countries have claimed and owned those homophobic, colonial values, but others haven't," noted Radio France Internationale.
Even at the time, Ghosal predicted that positive changes would come to Africa in the next decade, saying, "In general, across the continent, things are moving more in the right direction than in the wrong direction."
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text: Hello, i need some help solving a few questions. please help :) thankyou a)A pool Cue exerted an average force of 160N on a cue ball over a distance of 0.012m How much work did the cue do on the ball. b)If all the work done on (a) was transformed into kinetic energy of 0.0200kg cue ball, what was the speed of the ball? c) Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3min. The speed of light is 3.00x10g m/s. in kilometer, how far is the earth from the sun? d)An electron travels at a unifor velocity of 3.2x10g m/s, how much time is required for a displacement of 1.0m? e)A person walks 5.0 km torwards the east in 2.0 hours,then 1.5 km towards the west in 0.5 hour, and finally 10.0 km torwards the east again in 2.25 hour. What is the person's average velocity?


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Say I have a sample of some alkali metal - Rubidium for example. A sample of Rubidium consists of approximately 27% $^{87}$Rb and 73% $^{85}$Rb. Does the vapor pressure of each isotope individual necessarily have to be in the same proportion? More specifically, assuming I have enough Rubidium around that I have enough atoms of each isotope to reach the saturated vapor pressure, is there any physical reason why the ratio of the vapor pressures would match their relative abundances?
I guess this is coming from this perspective - the linear absorption spectrum for a sample of natural rubidium at a specific fine transition (D2 line - 5S1/2 ->5P3/2 if you are interested) looks like image below, the $^{87}$Rb peaks (outer) are clearly smaller than the $^{85}$Rb peaks (inner), and this amplitude ratio is directly related to their natural abundances. If the atoms are in a gas, what forces their vapor pressure to have the same ratio as their relative abundance?
enter image description here
Along a similar line of questioning. A sample of Rb will naturally have some trace amount of Cs in it. The saturated number density of Cs at room temperature is ~$10^9$ atoms per cm$^3$, and I'm looking at a volume of say 1cm$^3$. If I have a droplet of 1 gram of Rb in the volume, which is.001 moles, even at.001% impurity I have $>10^{17}$ atoms of cesium in the sample, clearly enough to reach saturated density. -Does this imply that you can do spectroscopy on a volume with Rb and obtain the same spectrum as a volume with a droplet of Cs in it? If not, what prevents the Cs impurity in Rb to reach full saturation.
*Note: Perhaps I should make it clear : The linear absorption spectrum is proportional to the theoretical absorption (for a single atom) times the number density of atoms in the sample. The relative amplitudes of the peaks are therefore a proportional to the relative abundances of the two isotopes.
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2 Answers 2
From the logic side - if there were much difference in wapor pressure between isotopes, isotope separation would be much easier process than we see now. Surely there is a difference, but not something you can see on spectrum.
Can't comment on Cs saturation though.
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I posed this question to some coworkers outside of physics.se here is the first order answer that satisfied me.
Evaporation is effectively a statistical process that is determined by the probability of a certain atom from escaping its liquid bonds and becoming free. The process does not care about what atom evaporates (in the approximation that the two isotopes have the same mass and binding energy - which is reasonable), it effectively becomes a probability problem. You have a bag of atoms, some colored blue and some colored red. The probability of picking a red atom out of the bag (having 85Rb escape the liquid and go free) is given by its relative abundance to blue atoms, assuming that there are enough atoms around that the atoms lost to the vapor do not significantly affect the ratio of isotopes in the the liquid, we would expect, statistically, the abundance of isotopes in the vapor would match that of the liquid.
For Cs impurities, the same logic applies, although you have to modify a little bit due to the heavier weight of the Cs atom and potentially a difference in enthalpy of vaporization.
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Your Answer


inverse femtobarn
The inverse femtobarn (fb−1) is a measurement of particle-collision events per femtobarn; a measure of both the collision number and the amount of data collected.
One inverse femtobarn corresponds to approximately 100 trillion (1012) proton-proton collisions. Over a period of time, two streams of particles with a cross-sectional area, measured in femtobarns, are directed to collide. The total number of collisions is directly proportional to the luminosity of the collisions measured over this time.
Calculate the collision count by multiplying the integrated luminosity by the sum of the cross-section for those collision processes. This count is then expressed as inverse femtobarns for the time period (100 fb−1 in nine months).
Note: Do not use inverse femtobarn in the public section of the website where it can be avoided - it is unnecessarily technical. Convert to approximate numbers of collisions instead.
You are here


text:
Journal of Inequalities and Applications
Volume 2005 (2005), Issue 5, Pages 469-478
On univalent solutions of the biharmonic equation
Department of Mathematics, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Received 16 January 2004
Copyright © 2005 Z. AbdulHadi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We analyze the univalence of the solutions of the biharmonic
equation. In particular, we show that if is a biharmonic map
in the form,, where is harmonic,
then is starlike whenever is starlike. In addition, when,, where and are harmonic,
we show that is locally univalent whenever is starlike and is orientation preserving.


text:
A student-led research team is working with Amazon to advance use cases for machine learning within the cloud for wireless communication applications.
The Virginia Tech National Security Institute is collaborating with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to give 11 undergraduate students and a graduate research assistant experience deploying state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms in the cloud for distributed radio frequency spectrum sensing through the Emerging Technology Research Fellowship. The fellowship aims to improve the performance of radio frequency spectrum sensing algorithms by leveraging multiple sensors collaborating through the cloud.
The fellowship expands on the Amazon-Virginia Tech Initiative for Efficient and Robust Machine Learning that began in 2022 under the direction of the Sanghani Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics.
Read full story here.


text:
Explains what the feature is or what its benefits are to the user or customer.
Changing the backup interval
inSync Client backs up data from your computer at regular intervals. The backup interval indicates the time between the end of one backup and the start of the next backup. If your administrator assigns you the required permission, you can change the backup interval.
To change the backup interval
- On the Summary window, click Preferences.
- Under Resources, move the Backup interval slider to reflect a backup interval. You can set the backup interval to a value between between 20 minutes to 7 days.
- Click Save.


text:
Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP) - What's New
Lead still a health concern for California workers – New data report
According to a new report from the California Occupational Blood Lead Registry, thousands of California workers are still being exposed to lead and have elevated blood lead levels. These workers are at risk for serious long-term effects on their health. While employers in many industries provide mandated blood lead level testing for their employees, there is still significant under-testing in industries where lead is a known hazard. Despite this limitation, the data we collect provide valuable information. For example, among those who test, employers in some industries are much more successful than others in protecting their workforce from lead on the job.
To read the full report, see: Blood lead levels in California workers, 2008-2011 (PDF)
For more information on our work in this area, see California Occupational Blood Lead Registry
CDPH Occupational Lead Program recommends health-based improvements to OSHA Lead Standards
The Cal/OSHA lead standards are based on lead toxicity information that is now over 30 years old. Current medical information, including a new monograph from the National Toxicology Program, clearly demonstrates harmful effects of chronic and low-level exposures to lead in adults, levels well below those currently allowed by the standards. The CDPH Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP) has reviewed the scientific information and made health-based recommendations to Cal/OSHA for revising its General Industry Lead Standard and Lead in Construction Standard for the protection of workers who are exposed to lead on the job. CDPH is currently participating in the Cal/OSHA Advisory Committee process for revising the Lead Standards.
Recommendations for improving the Cal/OSHA Lead Standards - web page with the CDPH recommendations, information on the newly recognized hazards of lead, and Cal/OSHA Advisory Committee meeting link
National Toxicology Program (NTP) Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead
Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP) home page
Occupational Health Branch home page

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Terrence Brannon
 use Parse::RecDescent::Consumer;
# then in a Parse::RecDescent grammar...
url: url: { $C = Consumer($text) } httpurl { REBOL::url->new(value => $C->($text)) } | { $C = Consumer($text) } ftpurl { REBOL::url->new(value => $C->($text)) }
A common need when writing grammars is to know how much text was consumed at different points in a parse. Usually, this involves a lot of brain-twisting unwinding of of highly nested list-of-lists (of lists...). Instead this module allows you to take the low-road approach. You simply create a Consumer which records the current text about to be parsed.
After you have successfully transitioned through the desired tokens, you simply re-call your Consumer and it gives you the text that was consumed during the token transitions without you having to unravel a highly nested list-of-lists (of lists...).
when you first call Consumer(), you are returned a closure which has the current text remaining to be parsed in it. When you evaluate the closure, passing it the (more or less consumed) new text, the closure calculates the difference in length between the two texts, and returns a substring of the first equating to the amount of text consumed between calls:
 sub Parse::RecDescent::Consumer {
 my $text=shift;
 my $closure = sub {
 my $new_length=length($_[0]);
 my $original_text = $text;
 my $original_length = length($text);
 return substr($original_text, 0, ($original_length-$new_length));
None by default.
T. M. Brannon,


text:
PETKUS Gravity Table G40 - The next Generation29.08.2014
Founded in 1852 PETKUS was the first company worldwide to specialize in the design and production of seed sorting and cleaning machines. The focus on continuous improvement and development throughout the changing decades has led to its standing as a traditional and reputable force in Thuringia. After two years of research and in cooperation with scientists PETKUS has landed a coup with its new Gravity Table G40. The objective of the new design was to achieve the best possible separation effect and a cleaning efficiency of nearly 100%. To achieve this goal, research was conducted with state-of-the-art fluid mechanics simulation tools.
Sorting by weight
PETKUS gravity tables are applied where product of different weights need to be separated and are usually utilized as last process step in grain and seed processing plants. Their main task is to separate diseased grains, fractional parts or debris from the good / healthy grains. Due to the different specific weight of the individual grains, the sorting can be performed easily. The new PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is characterized by an almost 100% pure sorting result in grain and seed. This has a positive effect on two important aspects: the efficiency in the seed business and in terms of healthy grain in the food industry.
With the new Petkus Gravity G40, the mechanical selection already begins in the front section – shortly after filling. The adjustment of the flags or fins directs the material to be sorted already when fed into the inlet zone. The so-defined direction of the grain movement makes a mechanical separation and an increased flow rate possible from the start. The fins and the unique secondary zone ensure a high sorting efficiency and separation effect.
Also important for an optimal separation result is the height of the product layer on the sorting table. The vibrating table surface of the gravity table must be filled continuously and consistently, so that the surface is always completely covered. This is achieved by setting the flaps at the outlet.
Besides the mechanical separation the vibration of the working surface and the resulting micro throws perform an additional separation. The newly developed secondary zone ensures that the poor (light) grains do not reenter the main separation zone. This way the clearly defined separation zones can already be seen on the sorting table.
The length of the gravity table has been exactly calculated so that the heavy grains – the good ones – have enough time to separate themselves from the bad. The setting of the table has an enormous impact on the performance respective the quality of the goods to be separated. The longitudinal inclination determines the performance of the sorter, while the lateral inclination is responsible for the quality of sorting.
Optimizing the air distribution
PETKUS developers and designers have improved the air distribution so that an optimal ratio between levitation force and gravity arises. Equipped with a new aerodynamic system that not only increases the performance but also the precision of the separation. Due to the new design of the fan and the table surface a laminar and therefore a consistent air flow is produced, whose speed and pressure is consistent at every point of the table surface.
The PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is equipped with three high-performance fans, each of which is responsible for an individual zone: input, sorting and exit. At the input the air flow is precisely controlled by an innovative iris – similar to a camera – and is the key controller for each individual fan. A new type of sieve diffuser on the fans ensures a homogeneous air distribution. Modified perforated plates optimize the air speed profiles within the three separation zones.
Installation and Ease of Operation
A key optimizing factor was the reduction of the frame's vibration. For this purpose it was necessary to reduce the forces acting at the foundation to achieve a complete mass balance. This was done by decoupling the air distributor box from the machine frame. The new PETKUS Gravity Table G40 is characterized by a very smooth, almost vibration-free operation and as such it does not require a large foundation for the installation.
The completely electrically controlled inclination adjustment contributes to a significant operation. A large number of setting parameters can be stored on the touch panel to allow for faster adaption when changing products.
Accessibility and serviceability were also seen as key development factors. The cover can be easily opened by means of gas springs and because of the open structure there is limited adherence of dust and light materials. The reduced cleaning effort therefore allows for a longer run time.


text:
Logging PIC and SIC Flight Time
I am frequently asked questions about logging flight time. One would hope that a topic so important to airmen certification and currency would be spelled out fairly clearly in the Federal Aviation Regulations ("FAR"). Unfortunately, that isn't the case.
This topic came up recently for a company that was trying to ensure that its pilots were logging their flight time correctly. So, I thought I would try to provide some clarity in a few fairly common scenarios.
Before we get to the scenarios, it is important to understand the regulations that govern and/or impact logging of flight time.
FAR §61.5l(e)(l)(i) states, in relevant part, that a sport, recreational, private, or commercial pilot may log pilot in command ("PIC") time for the time during which that pilot is "the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated or has privileges." When referencing aircraft controls, The FAA is referring to flight control systems, such as the yoke, rudders, power, trim, yaw dampener, auto-pilot, etc. These systems control the flight of the aircraft, which is in contrast to communication and navigation radios, and other systems within the aircraft that do not directly control the aircraft's flight.
For FAA purposes, a pilot logs flight time primarily to qualify for or maintain an airman certificate or rating. While a pilot may wish to keep track of other flight time (e.g., "ride-along" time where the pilot is neither a required crewmember or the sole manipulator of the controls), that time is not flight time that should be logged with the flight time a pilot maintains for qualification or currency purposes. If the pilot chooses to keep track of time that is not for purposes of qualification or currency, that time should be maintained separately from time logged for FAA purposes.
FAR §61.5l(e)(1)(iii) further states that a private or commercial pilot may log PIC time for the time during which that pilot acts as PIC of "an aircraft for which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted."
Under FAR §61.51(f) a person may log second in command ("SIC") time only when more than one pilot is required by the aircraft's type certificate (e.g., requiring a PIC and SIC) or by the regulations under which the flight is being conducted. The SIC must also hold the appropriate category, class, and ratings for the aircraft being flown and, if flying internationally, a pilot type rating.
The term "rated," as used in FAR §61.5l(e), refers to the pilot holding the appropriate aircraft ratings (category, class, and type, if a type rating is required) and for the purpose of logging PIC time under FAR §61.51(e), a pilot must hold ratings for the aircraft rather than for the conditions of flight.
Additionally, in order to act as a safety pilot under FAR §91.109, the person must possess at least a private pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown, although the safety pilot need not be instrument rated or instrument current.
A company conducts operations under FAR Part 91 using an aircraft which is type-certificated for single-pilot operations. The PIC holds the proper type rating to fly the aircraft as a single pilot. The company's policy requires two pilots onboard at all times, even though the plane is type certificated for single-pilot operations. The second pilot designated by the company as an SIC holds an SIC privileges only type rating.
What Time Can Be Logged?
Even though the company requires a second pilot, because the aircraft is type-certificated for a single pilot, and neither the operation nor the regulations require two pilots, the second pilot designated by the company as an SIC would not be a required crewmember and would not be eligible to log the time as SIC. The aircraft is type rated as a single pilot aircraft and an SIC is not required. Thus, the second pilot designated by the company as an SIC is not a required flight crewmember, and cannot log the time as SIC.
Because the second pilot does not hold a PIC type rating in the aircraft, even if the second pilot designated by the company as SIC was the sole manipulator of the controls he or she could not log the flight time as PIC. However, if that pilot did hold a PIC type rating in the aircraft then he or she could log the flight time as PIC when he or she was the sole manipulator of the controls.
If the PIC also happened to be a certificated flight instructor, the second pilot designated by the company as SIC could log some of the flight time as instructional time, and also log cross-country, night, and instrument flight time, although the PIC, who is also acting as a Certified Flight Instructor, would need to make appropriate logbook entries for the SIC student.
Also, if the PIC chooses to fly a portion of the flight under a view limiting device, and the SIC acts as safety pilot, the second pilot designated by the company as SIC could log that time he acted as safety pilot as SIC time. Under this scenario, the second pilot designated by the company as SIC would be a required crewmember for the portion of the flight when the PIC is under the hood. The second pilot designated by the company as SIC would need to hold the appropriate category and class ratings for the aircraft. However, this logging of SIC time when acting as a safety pilot is not the same as acting as an SIC.


Computing the shortest path tree in a weak visibility polygon
Ghosh, Subir Kumar ; Maheshwari, Anil ; Pal, Sudebkumar Prasant ; Saluja, Sanjeev ; Veni Madhavan, C. E. (1991) Computing the shortest path tree in a weak visibility polygon Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 560 . pp. 369-389. ISSN 0302-9743
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
Related URL: _URL_
Abstract
In this paper we propose two linear time algorithms for computing the shortest path tree rooted at any vertex of a weak visibility polygon. The first algorithm computes the shortest path tree in a polygon weakly visible from a given internal segment. The second algorithm computes the shortest path tree in a weak visibility polygon without the knowledge of a visibility segment. In both algorithms we use the convexity property of shortest paths in weak visibility polygons established in [4,11].
Item Type:Article
Source:Copyright of this article belongs to Springer.
ID Code:76291
Deposited On:31 Dec 2011 08:55
Last Modified:31 Dec 2011 08:55
Repository Staff Only: item control page


Search for a device through the REST API
You can search through all discovered devices on your sensor or console by specifying your criteria (such as IP address or discovery ID) and then export the list of devices and their associated metadata to a file format that is readable through a third-party application like Microsoft Excel or any CSV reader. For example, you might want to view and export the IP addresses of each VMware device on your network.
You can test device search queries before incorporating them into a script by running the queries in the ExtraHop REST API Explorer. This guide includes methods for both the REST API Explorer and a sample Python script.
Before you begin
 - For sensors and ECA VMs, you must have a valid API key to make changes through the REST API and complete the procedures below. (See Generate an API key.)
 - For Reveal(x) 360, you must have valid REST API credentials to make changes through the REST API and complete the procedures below. (See Create REST API credentials.)
Search for a device through the REST API Explorer
Important:The REST API Explorer is not available on Reveal(x) 360.
 1. In a browser, navigate to the REST API Explorer.
 The URL is the hostname or IP address of your sensor or console, followed by /api/v1/explore/. For example, if your hostname is seattle-eda, the URL is https://seattle-eda/api/v1/explore/.
 2. Click Enter API Key and then paste or type your API key into the API Key field.
 3. Click Authorize and then click Close.
 4. Click Device to display device operations.
 5. Click POST /devices/search.
 6. Click Try it out.
 The JSON schema is automatically added to the body parameter text box.
 7. In the body text box, type your search criteria.
 The following search criteria returns a device with an IP address of 10.10.10.200:
 {
 "filter": {
 "field": "ipaddr",
 "operand": "10.10.10.200",
 "operator": "="
 }
 }
 For more information about device search filters, see Operand values for device search.
Retrieve and run the example Python script
The ExtraHop GitHub repository contains an example Python script that searches for a list of devices by IP address. The script then outputs the ExtraHop discovery ID for each IP address.
 1. Go to the ExtraHop code-examples GitHub repository and download the search_device/search_device.py file to your local machine.
 2. In a text editor, open the search_device.py file and replace the configuration variables with information from your environment.
 - For sensors and ECA VMs, specify the following configuration variables:
 HOST: The IP address or hostname of the sensor or ECA VM.
 API_KEY: The API key.
 IP_ADDR_LIST: An array of IP addresses.
 - For Reveal(x) 360, specify the following configuration variables:
 HOST: The hostname of the Reveal(x) 360 API. This hostname is displayed in the Reveal(x) 360 API Access page under API Endpoint. The hostname does not include the /oauth/token.
 ID: The ID of the Reveal(x) 360 REST API credentials.
 SECRET: The secret of the Reveal(x) 360 REST API credentials.
 IP_ADDR_LIST: An array of IP addresses.
 3. Run the following command:
 python3 search_device.py
 Note:If the script returns an error message that the SSL certificate verification failed, make sure that a trusted certificate has been added to your sensor or console. Alternatively, you can add the verify=False option to bypass certificate verification. However, this method is not secure and not recommended. The following code sends an HTTP GET request without certificate verification:
 requests.get(url, headers=headers, verify=False)
Published 2023-11-07


What Happens If You Swallow Dental Floss?
When a person swallows dental floss, the body usually does not have any problems, and the dental floss passes through undigested, states ZocDoc. On rare occasions, it causes a blockage in the stomach or intestines or causes two loops of bowel to become stuck together.
Symptoms of a blocked GI tract are nausea, discomfort, abdominal swelling and the inability to pass gas or stool, advises ZocDoc. This is a serious condition that may require surgical intervention. If the dental floss gets caught and ties two bowel loops together, they may become fused, resulting in a serious condition that also may require surgery to correct.


text:
The future of Golem currency; Golem (GLM) digital currency price prediction
If you have been active in the digital currency market for a while, you probably know that there are many different digital currencies and projects in this market. In other words, this vast world of digital currencies always has something to excite its users. Now if you know what is Golem digital currency? You probably consider this property to be one of those exciting things.
GLM digital currency is a type of decentralized computing network that allows its users to share their computing power Peer-to-peer network to exchange The future of Golem digital currency depends on many different things and is usually analyzed by two methods of technical and fundamental analysis. In this article, we have examined the fundamental analysis of GLM digital currency and tried to provide you with a good perspective of the future of this asset.
GLM digital currency fundamental analysis
It is necessary to check the future of Golem digital currency, to know the network that provides this currency. This digital asset is a product of Project Golem. The Golem network can be called A decentralized platform And Blockchain based Introduced. The main purpose of this network is to provide computing power to users who need it. That is why Golem is referred to as a type of networked supercomputer that provides computing power to all people anywhere in the world.
The computing power that the Golem network provides to users is usually used for purposes such as digital currency mining, artificial intelligence, CGI rendering, etc. Due to the decentralized nature of this network, its control is in the hands of users. Therefore, users who have additional computing power can share their resources in this network and receive Golem digital currency in return.
Golem digital currency
The future of Golem cryptocurrency depends on many different things. This digital currency was released for the first time in 2016. Its total supply was one billion units, all of which are in circulation. The price of Golem is currently around $0.229 and it is on the 117th position of CoinMarketCap. The users of this network are of two categories; People who use its services and pay GLM and people who are service providers and receive this currency.
By examining the history of the price of this token in the cryptocurrency market, you will realize that the future of Golem digital currency will be a promising one. Considering that the initial supply of this asset has been completed, the future of this currency depends on factors such as the volume of transactions and the number of transactions. GLM cryptocurrency can be referred to as an emerging technology that aims to decentralize computing power.
Golem digital currency white paper and roadmap review
When you are sure about the future of Golem digital currency, you will learn how to buy Golem and enter this path. One of the ways to predict the future of the Golem digital currency is to check the roadmap of this project. Many complex technologies have been used in this project. The current version of this network is currently on Blender LuxRender is concentrated. This is useful for artists who use CGI technology. Among the items mentioned in the roadmap of this project are:
- The main program registry (the first version of the Ethereum-based registry)
- merge IPFS To coordinate data and deliver content to users
- Basic UI and CLI
The next version of Project Golem, titled Clay Golem is that it will enter its testing phase when the previous version is completed. In this future version, the project and its value may undergo major changes. The combination of Clay milestone and Task API will probably turn Golem into a multipurpose network. This development may compromise Golem's stability and security. That is why it will be tested by different groups during several trial versions before being implemented.
The GLM cryptocurrency development team
Investigating the future of GLM cryptocurrency may interest you in buying and selling it. In this case, you should enter the trading markets of this digital asset with sufficient knowledge of Golem wallets and its supporting exchanges. Now, if you know the developer and manufacturer team of this asset, you will make a more informed decision regarding the future prediction of this digital currency. This digital asset was first designed and implemented by Golem Factory. The Golem network development team also includes these people:
- Aleksandra Skrzypczak
- Julian Zawistowski
- Andrzej Regulski
- Piotr Janiuk
These people had established the Golem network since 2016; But it was in early 2018 that they thought of establishing and launching a digital currency project. They decided to design a project that provides computing resources for high-demand projects without the involvement of a regulatory body or third party. Now, the future of this cryptocurrency will be bright and promising due to such services provided in its network.
Community and competitors
If you take a deep look at the Golem project, you will realize that it is one of the new networks and technologies of the cryptocurrency market. This issue alone can be a strong reason for the bright future of Golem digital currency. One of the capabilities of this network, which is highly appreciated by users, is the cloud computing service system. This system with the name Cloud Computing Service Also known, divides tasks into calculations. This unique feature has not yet been seen on any other system or platform; Therefore, relying on this capability, GLM currency can surpass its possible and hypothetical competitors.
Don't forget that checking the community and competitors of a project can greatly clarify the future task of the property in question. GLM digital currency and its provider network are in a superior position compared to traditional cloud computing systems. But if you intend to check the position of this digital asset in the list of cryptocurrencies, it is good to know that in terms of price and ranking on the Coin Market Cap site, this currency is competing with tokens such as GNO, MASK, TFUEL, WAVES, etc.
Forecasting the future of Golem currency by experts
Cryptocurrency market traders and investors know that before entering a trading market, they should check the digital asset they want from all aspects. In the meantime, studying the opinion of experts and analysts of different analytical sites can help to predict the future of Golem digital currency. Most of these opinions are based on technical and fundamental analysis and can be trusted. In the following, based on some of these expert opinions, we will predict the price of Golem digital currency.
Digital Coin Price
site Digital Coin Price As one of the media that provides useful information about the price of digital assets, Golem predicts the future of digital currency brilliantly. According to these forecasts, this currency will experience a price of about $1.6 by 2025, a value equal to $1.9 by the end of 2026, and about $2.4 by the end of 2028. This upward price trend will continue until 2030.
Another cryptocurrency analysis site is Wallet Investor. The future of Golem digital currency is quite promising according to the predictions of this platform. As it is predicted, the price of this asset will reach about 4 dollars by 2025.
Investigating the future of Golem currency
By checking the price history of Golem digital currency, you will notice that the highest price this cryptocurrency has experienced so far was around $1.25. Currently, the value of this property is 60-70% less than this price. But this shows the volatility of this asset; Therefore, to enter its market, it is necessary to check all aspects.
Now that you are familiar with the Golem project, you know that this network has complex and exciting technology. This technology is able to transfer users' computing power to the people who need it. In the meantime, the cost of these services is paid by the native currency of the network. Considering all these things, the future of Golem digital currency as an Ethereum token will be green and bright. In addition, this network is still in the early stages of its development, and with its successful completion, it can find a more stable position in the crypto market. Now, if you intend to enter the trading market of this digital asset, you can use the reliable Iranian exchange Valex to buy and sell it.
The future writing of Golem currency; Golem (GLM) digital currency price prediction for the first time on Wallex blog. appeared.


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Top 5 Accounting Challenges Small Businesses Face
Sydney tax accounting services
Running a business is a challenging affair, especially managing financial and accounting operations. Any inefficacy in these two departments can be a game-changer for an organization. And several challenges can significantly influence profitability, business operations, and sustainability. Let's understand some accounting challenges, beating which can help your business grow.
Generating an Effective Budget: All the small businesses and startups don't have many funding opportunities. That makes it essential to create a budget and stick to it. However, while generating a budget, you should emphasize business goals, resources cost, infrastructure operations and needs, money availability, etc.
Management of Cash Flow: Cash flow refers to identifying the cash available for business. Management helps stay on the accounts receivable when balancing installments are still not complete.
Accounting System Efficiency: Make sure that all the accounting tasks occur on time. Diligently recording expenses and dues will not be sufficient as a startup enters the growth phase. Businesses require systems and workflow that evolves with the changing needs and numbers. Another requirement of a growing business is that it timely generates accounting figures and data for easy visualization of finances' status and health.
Hiring the Correct Resources: If a small business employs experienced tax accounting services from Sydney, it can significantly move towards efficient management and growth. Besides accounting, investing in the right resources can help solve all challenges for a small business.
Tax Return Lodging Process: A fast-growing or newly launched business needs to know what tax credits and deductions they can benefit from. It saves resources and helps ensure the company stays on top of all obligations.


AU Biomaterials Design Lab:Protocols/ADA Activity Assay
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Adenoise Deaminase Kinetic Assay
 - 1) Use 5 ml of 0.1 mM adenosine in phosphate buffer, & 5 ml of 0.1 mM inosine in phosphate buffer (0.05 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.4)
Collect a spectrum of the adenosine, the inosine and the ADA solutions. Find the extinction coefficient of adenonise and inosine at 235 nm and 265 nm.
Which wavelength should you use for this assay?
Determination of Kinetic Parameters
Reagents and Supplies
 - 0.05 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.4
 - adenosine deaminase (your most pure sample)
 - 3 mM adenosine (in KH2PO4 buffer)
2) Level of Adenosine Deaminase to Use in the Kinetic Assays Find the amount of enzyme to use in the kinetic assays by completing the following assays. Prepare 3 ml of assay solutions according to the following table and record the absorbance changes at 235nm. (The volumes of ADA given are typical but you may need to expand the range if your activity is dilute OR dilute your sample in ADA assay buffer if it's highly active.)
Assay Phosphate buffer [mL] Adenosine [mL] ADA solution [µL]
 - It will be necessary to find a suitable volume of your stock enzyme solution that produces a ΔA235/min of 0.02-0.03 under conditions of saturating levels of substrate as found in the above solutions. Construct a graph in your notebook of ΔA/min versus amount of enzyme (µl) used and determine the volume of enzyme to use for the remaining kinetic measurements. You may round the calculated volumes to a convenient volume (e.g., 10, 15, 20, etc. µl).
This graph should demonstrate that the reaction rate is linearly dependent on the level of enzyme at saturating levels of substrate.
3) Km's of Adenosine and 2'-Deoxyadenosine
 - To determine Km and Vm for a particular substrate, the rate (or velocity) of the reaction is measured at various concentrations of the substrate.
(The amount of enzyme and the total volume of the assay solution must be held constant ±2% of the total volume. Note that in part 2 the total volume of the assay solution varied by 35 µl. This change represents less than 2% of the total solution and normal pipetting errors are expected to be about 3% due to multiple additions. Therefore, these small volume changes are within the experimental error and will not make a significant contribution to the total error.)
 - Construct a chart in your notebook of the volumes of each component added to the reaction mixture so that the total volume is 3 ml. Measure the reaction rate with 0.005, 0.010, 0.020, 0.040, 0.080, 0.10, 0.30 ml of adenosine solution. Compare the reaction rates of the 0.1 ml and the 0.3 ml adenosine assays. If these rates are not within 10% of each other, try 0.35 ml of adenosine. A graph of rate (nmol/min) versus [adenosine] (µM) should show that an asymptote is being approached.
 - From the plot of reaction rate versus substrate concentration (µM) estimate the Km for adenosine.
 - With the data from Part 2, construct a graph of velocity (nmol/min) versus [substrate] (in µM) to demonstrate that a saturating level of substrate has been reached. Draw a smooth curve described by the data points. Estimate Vm and Km from this plot. The Vm is the asymptote that is being approached and is read from the y-axis. Extend a horizontal line at the half maximal velocity (Vm/2) and determine the concentration of substrate where the horizontal line intersects your plot.
 - Prepare a graph of 1/velocity versus 1/[adenosine]. This graph can eventually be used to compare to the Vm and Km for ADA /AuNPs kinetics.
For comparison. Suggested table for your notebook: Assay [adenosine] in assay (µM) 1/[adenosine] (1/µM) deltaA/min rate (nmol/min) 1/rate (min/nmol)
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Network visualization – part 4: 3D networks
In the fourth and final part of my graph visualization series, I'll show how to create 3D network plots. 3D plots are more than just pretty plots – they allow you to rotate, scale, and zoom in and out of the network. These options may help identify interesting interaction patterns. Unfortunately, there are not many 3D network visualization tools (especially not free ones). I'm also not aware of any tools that have a R library.
So how are we going to create a 3D plot from R?
Well, we need to be clever: we will pretend that our graph represents a chemical structure and use Jmol, an open-source 3D viewer for chemical structures, to visualize it. As there is no direct link between R and Jmol, the only way to visualize our network is to create a corresponding Jmol file (.mol2 file) in R and open it in Jmol. This is similar to what we have done for Gephi.
As before, we will use the weighted network of characters' coappearances in Victor Hugo's novel "Les Miserables" (LesMiserables.txt). Unfortunately, the number of molecule (graph) properties that we can load in Jmol directly from .mol2 file is limited, so we will only use one property – node degree – and we will use it to define a node size. Note that various molecule (graph) properties in Jmol can be set through Jmol scripts (see below), but we won't focus on those in this blog.
First, let's load our network and calculate degrees of all nodes:
library("igraph")
rm(list = ls())
##########################################################################
# Read data
dataSet <- read.table("lesmis.txt", header = FALSE, sep = "\t") # Create a graph. Use simplify to ensure that there are no duplicated edges or self loops gD <- simplify(graph.data.frame(dataSet, directed=FALSE)) # Calculate degree for all nodes degAll <- degree(gD, v = V(gD), mode = "all")
Next, we'll calculate the node coordinates using layout function from igraph library:
coord3D <- layout.fruchterman.reingold(gD, dim = 3)
Now, we are ready to make the .mol2 file. We'll call it 3D_lesmis.mol2. We'll use the igraph library functions vcount() and ecount(gD) to compute the number of nodes and edges. For more details about .mol2 file format, see: mol2.pdf
nType <- 1 write.table("@MOLECULE", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE)
write.table("Les Miserables", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
write.table(data.frame(vcount(gD), ecount(gD), nType), file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", sep = "\t", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
write.table("SMALL", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
write.table("NO_CHARGES\n", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
write.table("@ATOM", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
Next, we will add a list of nodes into our 3D_lesmis.mol2 file. Each node is represented by an atom, and the atom type will define the color of the node. We will define nodes as follows: nodes with degree one will be represented as helium atoms (light blue); degree two as sodium atoms (purple); degree 3-5 as oxygen atoms (red); degree 6-10 as gold (yellow); degree 11-15 as phosphorus (orange); degree larger than 15 as chlorine atoms (green). For a full color scheme, see: jscolors. In this step, we will also assign node coordinates to each atom:
isType <- 1 for (i in 1:vcount(gD)) { if (degAll[i] == 1) isIn <- "He" if (degAll[i] == 2) isIn <- "Na" if ((degAll[i] > 2) & (degAll[i] <= 5)) isIn <- "O" if ((degAll[i] > 5) & (degAll[i] <= 10)) isIn <- "Au" if ((degAll[i] > 10) & (degAll[i] <= 15)) isIn <- "P" if (degAll[i] > 15)
isIn <- "Cl" hlpL <- data.frame(i, V(gD)[i]$name, coord3D[i, 1], coord3D[i, 2], coord3D[i, 3], isIn, isType, 0.0 ) write.table(hlpL, file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", sep = "\t", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE) }
Finally, we will add a list of edges in the 3D_lesmis.mol2 file:
write.table("@BOND", file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE)
isType <- 1 for (i in 1:ecount(gD)) { hlpL <- data.frame(i, get.edge(gD,i)[1], get.edge(gD,i)[2], isType) write.table(hlpL, file = "3D_lesmis.mol2", sep = "\t", row.names = FALSE, col.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE, append = TRUE) }
Here is the resulting file: 3D_lesmis.mol2. The resulting network is shown in Figure 1A:
Figure 1
Figure 1
By default, the color of the edges are inferred from the color of the nodes. We can change that easily as follows: do a right click anywhere in the network window to open a pop-up menu. Then click on "Color," then "Bonds," and then select the color of choice (I used white). Now all edges are the same color (white), as shown in Figure 1B. I find the edges too thick compared to nodes sizes. To change edge thickness, go to the "Display" menu, select "Bond," and then the type you want (I chose "Wireframe"). As we can see in Figure 1C, our network looks nice. Unsurprisingly (as we used the same layout), it looks similar to the networks we created in Cytoscape and Gephi. However, here we can rotate the network and see the interactions from various angles and detail levels without a need to create multiple network plots. There is one more thing we are missing - node labels. They are a part of the .mol2 file, but are not visible by default. To show labels, go to the "Display" menu, select "Label," and then select "Name." Super easy! The resulting network is shown in the Figure 2A.
Jmol allows us to do additional customizations with Jmol scripts. The scripts are very intuitive and they can be used to define different node (atom) and edge (bond) sizes, edge colors, as well as the node label size. To use Jmol scripts, we need Jmol console. You can find it at "File" menu -> "Console."
When using Jmol scripts, the first thing to do is to select a node (or edge) on which we want to work. When a node/edge is selected, we can define its attributes. For example, to change the size of helium atoms, we use a command select: select _He" (there must be an underscore before the atom symbol). Then, we can define its size with a command spacefill. We can also define the


text:
- Materials scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a technology that harnesses noise or random vibrations in the atmosphere, and uses them to transform water into energy.
- The vibrations flex two nanocrystals (zinc oxide and barium titanate) placed in water, which catalyses a chemical reaction and splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. The resultant hydrogen fuel is far more stable than electricity, meaning it can be stored more effectively.
- Applications may include powering devices that require small energy inputs, e.g. mobile phones and streetlights, making them completely self-sufficient.
- This method (termed peizoelectro-chemistry) requires a small amount of power, yet extracts an impressive 18% efficiency with the nanocrystals, higher than most experimental energy sources.
The technology might prove a simple, efficient method to recycle waste energy. Whilst the technology is most likely to be applied in smaller technologies, the cumulative energy savings globally could be large. However, predictions for overall energy savings are currently undefined.