Junk Removal Services
Understanding Different Types of Dumpsters – Which One Is Right for You?
Different types of dumpsters serve various waste removal needs. Understanding the differences between these Dumpster Rental In Baltimore MD can help you make a more informed decision on which one is right for your project.
dumpster rental
Roll-off dumpsters are rectangular containers with open tops that can be hauled away on a garbage truck. They are often used in construction projects and large home clean-outs. Front-load dumpsters are often found behind businesses that generate regular trash, such as restaurants and offices.
Residential Dumpsters
Dumpsters are essential for managing waste, but the type you need depends on whether you're a homeowner or a business owner. Understanding the differences between residential and commercial dumpsters helps you select a rental solution that meets your specific needs.
Residential dumpsters are designed to manage the waste generated by household activities and small-scale renovation projects. They're typically smaller than commercial dumpsters, with capacities ranging from 10 to 30 cubic yards. This size is ideal for cleaning out garages, attics, and basements, doing full home cleanouts, renovating kitchens and bathrooms, or tackling other household projects. They're also great for disposing of landscaping debris and general trash.
Because of the nature of residential waste, these dumpsters often have stricter weight restrictions than their commercial counterparts. It's important to keep this in mind when filling your dumpster to avoid overfilling and potential penalties. It's also helpful to group similar items together when possible to reduce the amount of waste you have to haul away.
Commercial dumpsters are used to manage the significant volumes of waste created by businesses and large-scale construction projects. These dumpsters are often larger than residential dumpsters, with capacities ranging from 20 to 40 cubic yards or more. This is because commercial operations generate a higher volume of waste than households, necessitating the need for greater capacity. These dumpsters are also usually rented on a longer-term basis than their residential counterparts, as businesses need to have access to waste disposal services regularly. This allows them to manage their waste more efficiently and ensures that they're compliant with local environmental regulations. In addition, many businesses have specific requirements for what they can dispose of in their dumpsters, such as electronic waste and hazardous materials.
Commercial Dumpsters
Designed with a heavier-duty build to accommodate larger waste volumes, commercial dumpsters are ideal for businesses that generate significant amounts of trash. Businesses and construction sites typically generate various types of waste, including paper, packaging, and even hazardous materials. A larger volume, along with specific waste disposal restrictions, necessitates a larger dumpster size to manage these varied waste streams.
Unlike residential dumpsters, which often have a flat open top and are positioned at the front of the property for easy access, commercial dumpsters have a slightly curved back and are rolled off from the rear for convenient waste removal. Depending on the waste generation needs of a given business, different sizes are available from two to eight cubic yards.
Commercial dumpsters are rented on a long-term basis and provide consistent waste management services for businesses that produce significant quantities of trash. Regularly scheduled pickups allow businesses to operate without interruption, facilitating an efficient work environment. The proper dumpster size also ensures that waste procedures never impede workflow.
Homeowners and small-scale projects benefit from residential dumpster rentals, which are designed to handle a variety of household waste. These containers are capable of managing general debris, old furniture, and appliances, along with the remnants of a smaller renovation or cleaning project. Residential dumpsters are often rented on an occasional basis, aligning with the sporadic nature of household waste production.
Rear-Load Dumpsters
Dumpsters are used to transport and store waste materials. They are available in a variety of sizes to meet different waste management needs. Each type of dumpster has a specific design to suit its intended purpose. Understanding these differences can help you select the right dumpster for your project.
For large-scale projects that generate a lot of trash, a roll-off dumpster is ideal. These containers have a slanted back and use a winch system to connect to the rear of a garbage truck. This allows the truck to pull the dumpster upwards, dumping trash into the truck's trash bin. These types of dumpsters are commonly used at construction sites, large home renovation projects, and community clean-up events.
Commercial dumpsters are larger, permanent containers that stay at a business' location. They handle all of the business's weekly waste and recycling. Employees fill the container with waste and recyclables each week, and the garbage truck comes to empty it on a scheduled schedule. These are common at offices, restaurants, and small businesses that have consistent waste disposal needs.
Dumpsters that are designed for recycling help businesses reduce their environmental impact while improving operational efficiency. These containers have specialized compartments for collecting and storing different recyclable materials. They can be either front-loading or rear-loading and come in a variety of sizes. Some are even on wheels to make it easier to move around the office or warehouse. If you are interested in having a recycling dumpster at your company, talk to a waste disposal expert to learn more about the options available.
Construction Dumpsters
If you're in the construction business, effective waste management is crucial for your job site. It not only keeps costs down and projects running smoothly but also promotes material recycling and environmental sustainability efforts. To accomplish this goal, having dumpsters on site that accommodate a variety of materials is critical. This means that it's important to understand the distinctions between different types of dumpsters so you can choose one for your specific needs.
For instance, some construction dumpsters have a dedicated space for disposing of dirt and concrete waste. This is particularly useful for major demolitions, driveway replacements, and home foundation removals that involve large amounts of these materials. Similarly, other dumpsters can handle a variety of general construction debris, such as lumber, drywall, scrap metal, packaging materials, and more.
The size of your project is another important factor in determining which dumpster you'll need. For example, smaller construction sites may only require a 10- or 15-yard dumpster for waste disposal. Meanwhile, larger construction sites that produce a lot of waste over an extended period will require a 30- or 40-yard dumpster.
For most purposes, the most common type of dumpster is a debris dumpster, which typically has between 10 and 40 cubic yard capacities. These containers are the most commonly seen on construction sites and can handle a wide variety of waste materials. Whether you're conducting minor renovations or a large-scale construction project, these containers can help ensure that your worksite is clean and organized throughout your project. They also allow for frequent waste removal, ensuring that your worksite remains clear and productive. Keep in mind that these containers have weight limits, so be sure to consult with your dumpster rental company about the maximum allowed materials before renting.
Hazardous Waste Dumpsters
Choosing the right dumpster for your business depends on a few factors, including the scope of your project and local regulations. For example, some municipalities require permits for dumpster placement on public property, while others have different waste restrictions and rental terms for residential versus commercial projects. Other factors to consider include the amount of waste you generate and how often you need to dispose of it. Using the wrong type of dumpster could lead to overflows, unnecessarily high disposal costs, and environmental concerns.
Understanding the differences between the various types of dumpsters is important for businesses that manage large amounts of waste regularly. This way, you can select the type of container that suits your needs and complies with local regulations.
For example, you can't throw hazardous waste in a standard roll-off dumpster. This is because these materials pose a threat to the environment and could create fires, chemical reactions, and explosions during the normal disposal process. In addition, they may contain toxic or dangerous chemicals, liquids, Freon, or bio-medical waste. These materials must be transported to a specialized waste facility for safe disposal.
To avoid penalties for improper waste disposal, it's important to familiarize yourself with the local laws regarding dumpster rentals. In addition to fines, violating these laws can also tarnish your company's reputation and lead to negative publicity. The best way to avoid these issues is by knowing the rules in advance and staying up-to-date on any changes that occur. To learn more about the different types of dumpsters and how they are used, contact a reputable waste management company. They can help you choose the right dumpster for your business and provide tips on how to avoid violations.


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New EU Environment Action Programme neglects wildlife in crisis
The new Environment Action Programme adopted today is a clear signal that the environment remains a priority for the European Union. However, the continued unsustainable use and abuse of wildlife calls for more urgent and drastic measures than those outlined in the programme according to the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW - _URL_). As an international animal welfare NGO with local expertise and projects from South Africa to Russia, from Australia to Canada, IFAW has first-hand and daily experience with the disappearance of wildlife.
"Last year more than 25,000 elephants were killed for their ivory, there are only 3,000 tigers left in the wild, prices for polar bear pelts have doubled and the number of skins up for auction has tripled (in the last five years)," said IFAW EU Director Sonja Van Tichelen. "Saving the environment can only be done in conjunction with a halt to the devastation of the world's most charismatic wildlife."
The first opportunity to stop the carnage of our wildlife will be the Conference on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) this March in Thailand. The EU is currently drafting the position for the Irish-led delegation.
"IFAW would like to see the EU meet with and work to support wildlife law enforcement officials at the CITES conference. This support would strengthen law and order in developing countries, punish those who seek to profit from the demise of a species or animal and stop the loss of our shared biological heritage," continued Van Tichelen.
40 years of environmental policy at an EU level have accomplished a great deal but much remains to be done. Unsustainable trends in biodiversity and the use of natural resources must be confronted directly and soon.
About IFAW (the International Fund for Animal Welfare)
Founded in 1969, IFAW saves animals in crisis around the world. With projects in more than 40 countries, IFAW rescues individual animals, works to prevent cruelty to animals, and advocates for the protection of wildlife and habitats. For more information, visit _URL_. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


and the user. In a web context. Exposing the internal workings of your application is also quite bad as far as security is concerned: What if the user tries to guess the URL for resources he does not have access to? Sure. the routing parses the URL and converts it to an internal URI. the URL looks like this: /job/show/id/1. let's talk about URLs and what exactly they are. How does symfony make it work? How does symfony determine the action to call based on this URL? Why is the id of the job retrieved with $request->getParameter('id')? Today. they expose the internal structure of the application. When a request comes in.$job->getId() The url_for() helper converts this internal URI to a proper URL: /job/show/id/1 .
In a pattern. If you request the /job/show/id/1 page. the routing tries to match a pattern for the given URL. Let's take a look at some examples to better understand how this works. When you request the Jobeet homepage.The internal URI is made of several parts: job is the module. This is one of the main advantages of the frontcontroller design pattern. and some parameters (under the param key). symfony will match the last pattern: /:module/:action/*. Routing Configuration The mapping between internal URIs and external URLs is done in the routing. This route also defines a default value for the action variable. A route has a name (homepage). you can change the URLs without changing the technical implementation. a word prefixed with a colon (:) is a variable. which has the /job URL. so the /:module pattern means: Match a / followed by something. In a pattern.yml file describes routes.. The first route that matches wins. The generic pattern for internal URIs is: MODULE/ACTION?key=value&key_1=value_1&. In our example. When a request comes in. the first route that matches is the default_index one. the module variable will have job as a value. a pattern (/:module/:action/*). show is the action and the query string adds parameters to pass to the action. So.. the request will also have an action parameter with index as a value.yml homepage: url: / param: { module: default.yml is important. As the symfony routing is a two-way process. a star (*) matches a collection of variable/value pairs separated by slashes (/): . This value can then be retrieved with $request->getParameter('module') in the action.yml configuration file: # apps/frontend/config/routing. so the order in routing. action: index } default_index: url: /:module param: { action: index } default: url: /:module/:action/* The routing. for all URLs matching this route.
you have the default congratulations page of symfony. action: index } We can now change the link of the Jobeet logo in the layout to use the homepage route: <!-. when you request the / URL in a browser. Route Customizations For now.yml homepage: url: / param: { module: job.jpg" alt="Jobeet Job Board" />
 That was easy! .apps/frontend/templates/layout.php -->
 <a href="<?php echo url_for('@homepage') ?>"> getId()) You can also use the route name by prefixing it by @: url_for('@default?module=job&action=show&id='.Request parameter module action id Valu e job show 1 The ~module|Module~ and ~action|Action~ variables are special as they are used by symfony to determine the action to execute. The /job/show/id/1 URL can be created from a template by using the following call to the url_for() helper: url_for('job/show?id='.$job->getId()) Both calls are equivalent but the latter is much faster as the routing does not have to parse all routes to find the best match. modify the module variable of the homepage route to job: # apps/frontend/config/routing. and it is less tied to the implementation (the module and action names are not present in the internal URI). That's because this URL matches the homepage route. To make the change. But it makes sense to change it to be the Jobeet homepage.
For something a bit more involved.$job->getPosition()) An internal URI can also be expressed as an array: url_for(array( 'module' => 'action' => 'id' => 'company' => 'location' => 'position' => )) 'job'. action: show } If you refresh the Jobeet homepage.When you update the routing configuration. $job->getLocation(). the changes are immediately taken into account in the development environment. Pretty URLs are important because they convey information for the user. Requirements . the links to jobs have not changed. let's change the job page URL to something more meaningful: /job/sensio-labs/paris-france/1/web-developer Without knowing anything about Jobeet. you can understand from the URL that Sensio Labs is looking for a Web developer to work in Paris. and without looking at the page.'&position='.$job->getId(). The following pattern matches such a URL: /job/:company/:location/:id/:position Edit the routing. $job->getId(). That's because to generate a route. you need to pass all the required variables. you need to clear the cache. But to make them also work in the production environment. 'show'. you need to change the url_for() call in indexSuccess. $job->getCompany(). $job->getPosition(). France. It is also useful when you copy and paste the URL in an email or to optimize your website for search engines. So.php to: url_for('job/show?id='.$job->getCompany().'&company='. '&location='.yml file and add the job_show_user route at the beginning of the file: job_show_user: url: /job/:company/:location/:id/:position param: { module: job.$job->getLocation().
The first three are supported by all browsers. This class can be changed by defining a class entry in the route definition. ~POST|POST (HTTP Method)~.$job->getPosition())). we talked about validation and error handling for good reasons.'&position='. That's because the routing will continue to look for a matching route if the method does not match the expected one. Each pattern variable can be validated by a regular expression defined using the ~requirements|Requirements~ entry of a route definition: job_show_user: url: /job/:company/:location/:id/:position param: { module: job.$job->getId().'&location='.$job>getLocation(). the route class can be changed.$job->getCompany(). ~DELETE|DELETE (HTTP Method)~. The routing system has a built-in validation feature. Route Class Each route defined in routing. If not. ~HEAD|HEAD (HTTP Method)~. action: show } requirements: id: \d+ The above requirements entry forces the id to be a numeric value. but as we have just learned in the previous section. while the other two are not. and ~PUT|PUT (HTTP Method)~. For the job_show_user route. you know that it defines several "methods". Object Route Class The new internal URI for a job is quite long and tedious to write (url_for('job/show? id='. you can change the route class to sfRequestRoute and add a requirement for the virtual sf_method variable: job_show_user: url: /job/:company/:location/:id/:position class: sfRequestRoute param: { module: job. the route won't match.During the first day tutorial.yml is internally converted to an object of class sfRoute. it is better to use sfPropelRoute as the class is optimized for routes that represent Propel objects or collections of Propel objects


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In 2007, the Child and Family Research Centre, NUI Galway, was commissioned by the PMC to evaluate Globe: All Ireland Programme for Immigrant Parents. From 2007 - 2009 a number of interim evaluation reports were submitted to the PMC on the development phase of the project and its resources. In 2009, following the extension of the project, the objectives of the evaluation were revised. These objectives, which underpin this final evaluation report, are as follows:
Examine and assess the pilot phase;
Examine and assess the uptake and use of the Information Packs by parents and practitioners;
Examine and assess the partnership working and development on a multi-sectoral and crossborder basis of the PMC, and more generally in meeting the needs of immigrant parents;
Examine and assess the mainstreaming of learning and good practice; and
Examine and assess the training/awareness raising and support of practitioners in delivering the programme.
- A very high number of potential future professionals received the capacity and awareness training day and globe toolkit. The PMC or member organisations should consider initiating contact and work with further/higher education institutions who received the capacity and awareness training and resources. Attempts should be made to track the extensive numbers of students who received the training and resources to examine future use in practice.
- In any potential revisions to the toolkit the possibility of adding signposts to online or hardcopy sources of information should be explored.
- Consider refining the information pack to reflect more local information, or signposting practitioners and parents to sources of local information.
- The provision of an electronic toolkit is a positive, cost-effective development in sustaining the globe. However, it is clear that the resources, in tandem with the capacity and awareness training day, have made the most impact. Any electronic circulation of the toolkit should be done so with consideration for the capacity and awareness training day developed by culturewise.
- In addition to this successful mainstreaming approach, the pmc or member organisations should consider a dissemination plan for the findings of this evaluation and learning from the toolkit more generally.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This is a film about DANCE and CHANGE. To see Cuba now is to see a place in flux, to bare witness to history and to get a glimpse into the people's mix of emotions – anxiety, excitement, fear – over the coming shift. It is to observe mind-bending surreality, to see hints of modernity, such as the crowds of tourists and locals slumped over smart phones and huddled around public wifi spots, amid noisy, rumbling, half century old cars and tumbling down Spanish colonial buildings, the omnipresent reminder of a nation stuck in a time warp by the US imposed Embargo.
Dance has traditionally played a key role in keeping Cuban passion and spirits alive in the face of material poverty. It is embedded in their collective DNA from the moment tiny tots take their first hip swaying, pelvic thrusting steps on the dance floor to the agile elderly still strutting their stuff.
This film will provide poignant insights into the lives of three or four characters who now live in this new era of Cuba's cultural change – through the lens of dance from the African rhythm influenced Rhumba to the popular, sensual youth dance Reggaeton.
Contact Frontline Films for a full synopsis.
Director: David Bradbury
Producer: David Bradbury & Treena Lenthall
Funding History: Development Grant Screen NSW

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The amount of product produced by electrolysis is limited by Faraday's law. Therefore, as I understand it, the amount of product produced depends on the amps rather than on the volts (although the minimum voltage for a given reaction plus overvoltage must be met).
For example, lets say you have a reaction that requires at least 0.3 Volts (0.3 volts includes the necessary overvoltage) to run. Instead of using 0.3 Volts you decide to double the voltage to 0.6 Volts. Volts X Amps = Watts, and Watts can be converted directly into Joules. Therefore, according to my calculations, it would require twice as much energy (IN JOULES!!!) to produce the SAME AMOUNT of product at 0.6 Volts than at 0.3 Volts EVEN THOUGH YOU HAVE DOUBLED YOUR ENERGY INPUT.
I want to know if this is really true. In other words, does increasing the volts beyond what is absolutely necessary really cause an increase in inefficiency (more energy input for the same amount of product)?
Please do not answer unless you are sure that you understand my question and know the correct answer based on experience.
Please understand I am NOT asking how to calculate the amount of current required to perform a given reaction. I am just asking about the efficiency of electrolysis IN JOULES, NOT CURRENT!!!
According to Faraday's law,
amount of substance (mols) deposited is proportional to current * time
(leave z and F as they are constants)
When you use 0.3v, let I1 be the current flowing through the circuit and A1 be the amount deposited and T1 be the time.
So, A1 proportional to I1 * T1 or take A1 = K*I1*T1 where K is a constant
when you use, 0.6volts, the current also doulbes according to Ohm's law I = V/R, R is a constant...
The solution provides and easy to follow explanation of the concepts and gives all mathematical steps wherever necessary.


Elementary Engineering
Elementary Engineering
This Elementary Engineering course introduces students to the basics of engineering and analyzes the major impact engineers have had on the world as we know it. Students will study each step of the engineering design process, and then put these steps into action. They will practice problem-solving and brainstorming through different design challenges, and will also learn about several fields of engineering that exist today.
 Please contact us
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 We look forward to hearing from you!
 ©2019 by Aquinas International Academy


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In our last blog post The Equity Growth Value Paradigm Part I, we quashed the often cited "recession based" logic used to explain the oscillating growth / value performance disparity. This blog post focuses on creating a duration-based framework borrowed from fixed income to distinguish between equity growth and value and then graphically illustrates how extended periods of over performance between these styles can be explained using factors consistent with the duration-based framework.
The Fixed Income Framework
The distinguishing characteristics of equity style are:
- Growth Equity: Higher PE multiples, low or no dividend payment (earnings are plowed back into the company), with higher expected earnings growth, and lower book to market values
- Value Equity: Lower book-to-market values, higher dividends, with lower expected earnings growth, and higher book to market values
To begin to understand the driving factors for style performance disparity, consider equity valuation in a bond framework of duration. Duration is defined as the percentage change in bond price given a unit change in interest rates. Another way to think about duration, which is useful for our discussion, is the average weighted maturity of cash flows. Take note of the present value and maturity schedule below for a 2% coupon bond a zero coupon bond both maturing in 10 years, priced using the following 10 year yield curve.Year Yield 2% Coupon Payment PV Years⋅PV Zero Coupon Payment PV Years⋅PV 1 0.69% $2.00 $1.99 1.99 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 2 1.61% $2.00 $1.94 3.87 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 3 2.08% $2.00 $1.88 5.64 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 4 2.40% $2.00 $1.82 7.28 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 5 2.64% $2.00 $1.76 8.78 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 6 2.83% $2.00 $1.69 10.15 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 7 3.00% $2.00 $1.63 11.39 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 8 3.14% $2.00 $1.56 12.50 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 9 3.26% $2.00 $1.50 13.49 $0.00 $0.00 0.00 10 3.37% $102.00 $73.24 732.43 $100.00 $71.81 718.1
The total prices and durations of the bonds can be calculated using the Present Value column and the Year⋅PV column in the following formulas:
Using the values from the respective columns and the formulas provided, the price and duration are then:Bond Price Duration 2% Coupon Bond $89.00 9.07 Yrs. Zero Coupon Bond $71.81 10 Yrs.
Fixed Income Framework and Research
Therefore given a coupon paying bond and a zero coupon bond of the same maturity, the duration of the zero coupon bond is greater. Because all of the cash flows for a zero coupon bond occur at the final payment this intuitively reflects our second definition, where duration is the time weighted average maturity of cash flows.
Extending this analogy, one might guess that equities termed "growth equities" that pay out large fractions of their cash flows in the future (e.g. pay no dividends, plow back their earnings and have high earnings growth expectations) will also have higher duration — average weighted maturity of cash flows — than companies with large dividend payouts and lower earnings growth expectations (i.e. "value equities").
In fact, a brief survey of the literature shows considerable exploration of "Implied Equity Duration" since first proposed in 2004 by Dechow et al where equity duration and book to market ratios were found to be closely connected.1 Schröder and Esterer 2008 specifically find that "ceteris paribus, companies with a high cash-flow growth rate exhibit long equity duration [where a] relatively large fraction of cash flows occurs in the far future, such that the share price is very sensitive to changes in the discount rate."2
The financial literature corroborates our intuition comparing different equity styles to bond duration, implying that growth companies should have higher duration than value equities, and therefore greater sensitivity to discount factors. Furthermore, because equities represent long term investments whose expected cash flows extend far into the future, one could further conclude that longer term interest rates would have greater capacity to describe style over performance, where:
- (Declining / increasing) long term interest rates would explain (growth / value) over performance
- (Declining / increasing) term spreads — the difference between a long-dated rate and short-dated rate — would explain (growth / value) over performance
Illustration of Out Performance
To illustrate style performance disparity relative to yield curve levels and term spread, the period from April 1953 – December 2012 is broken up into decades. The "Ratio of Value to Growth" is a custom made index, starting with a value of 1,000 at the beginning of each decade period (performance information value and growth can be found on Kenneth French's website). A declining Value Growth Index indicates that growth is outperforming where an increasing index can be interpreted as value equity out performing. For ease of observation, the ratio of the index (i.e. value to growth) is chosen (i.e. value over growth instead of growth over value) so a declining Value Growth Index mirrors an interest rate and term spread decline.
Term spread is defined as the 10 year treasury yield less the 3 year treasury yield, and a dotted line is placed at the 0.0 for term spreads to clearly indicate inversions of the yield curve (i.e. term spreads fall below the dotted line). Long term interest rates are calculated using the 10 year treasury yield, and the shaded grey region represents a recession as defined by the OECD.In the first decade, (from April of 1953 to March of 1963) over performance between growth and value appears to be explained quite well using term spreads and long term interest rates, however the influence appears to oscillate with first interest rates, then term spread, then again interest rates, and finally term spread explaining the performance disparity. Over this decade, a multivariate regression of the Value Growth Index with independent variables of 10 year treasury yield and 10yr – 3yr term spread yields an adjusted R-Squared of 0.3854.During the first half of the decade from April 1963 to March 1973, there is a relationship between interest rates and equity style over performance, whereas term spreads seem to describe the relationship only after. A multivariate regression of the Value Growth Index with independent variables of 10 year treasury yields and 10yr – 3yr term spreads yields an adjusted R-Squared of 0.5303 during this decade.
The remainder of the illustrations are left to the reader to observe, however multivariate regression statistics are provided below each of the respective years.
April 1973 - March 1983 P Value 10 Year Treasury Yield 2.58e-20 10 Year - 3 Year Spread 7.35e-08
Regression Adjusted R-Squared: 0.511April 1983 - March 1993 P Value 10 Year Treasury Yield 0.04 10 Year - 3 Year Spread 3.0e-06
Regression Adjusted R-Squared: 0.157April 1993 - March 2003 P Value 10 Year Treasury Yield 4.91e-12 10 Year - 3 Year Spread 2.17e-09
Regression Adjusted R-Squared: 0.365April 2003 - December 2012 P Value 10 Year Treasury Yield 5.90e-20 10 Year - 3 Year Spread 4.67e-22
Regression Adjusted R-Squared: 0.8363
Summary TablePeriod Adjusted R-Squared 04-01-1953 to 03-01-1963 0.385 04-01-1963 to 03-01-1973 0.530 04-01-1973 to 03-01-1983 0.511 04-01-1983 to 03-01-1993 0.157 04-01-1993 to 03-01-2003 0.365 04-01-2003 to 12-01-2012 0.836 Entire Sample (_PHONE_) 0.389
The reader should note the style behavior during yield curve inversions — when investors demand higher rates for short term treasuries than long term treasuries. As term spreads decline and approach zero, long term investment decisions become secondary to preservation of capital. Because value equities have higher book to market values than growth stocks (book to market can be thought of as the hard asset value of the firm relative to its market value), zero or negative term spreads imply that investors have the greatest appetite for long term stores of value. Therefore, value equities frequently outperform growth during and prior to yield curve inversions.
The weakened (yet still significant)


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MRS Broth w/o Dextrose and w/o Beef Extract has the same formulation as MRS Broth (Cat. 1215) but without beef extract and dextrose. The medium is used when a carbohydrate different to glucose has to be tested. Ammonium citrate at a low pH inhibits most microorganisms, but allows the growth of lactobacilli. Dipotassium phosphate and sodium acetate are buffer agents to maintain a low pH. Tween 80 is an emulsifier; Manganese and magnesium sulfates are sources of ions and sulfate. Casein peptone provides nitrogen, vitamins, minerals and amino acids essential for growth. Yeast extract is source of vitamins, particularly the B-group. MRS Broth may be used for other tests in the identification of of lactobacilli such as temperature dependence, growth in 4% NaCl, growth in 0,4% Teepol, etc. as recommended by Sharpe, Fryer and Smith. The growth of some Lactobacillus strains are inhibited at a higher pH of 6,0 and it is necessary to acidify the media to promote the growth. To acidify the media some drops of acetic acid can be added.
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| Usama Muhammed Ashraf
INTEGRATION TESTING (Part 2)
Methodologies OR Strategies OR Approaches of Integration Testing
Following are the methodologies or strategies or approaches which are used to perform Integration Testing in a more efficient way:
In Top down approach as name indicates to test the upper modules or higher modules first and then test the lower modules of the software and integrated in order to check the functionality. In this method integration testing take place from top to bottom following the control flow of software system. In this approach testers first identified the bugs or defects in higher modules at the time of integration, if any of the modules contain bugs or defects then first will fix it then follow the further process to test the lower modules.
It is a temporary program. It is used at the time of integrating the modules from top to bottom and in case any module is missing then the "STUB" will use in the place of that missing module.
- Fault localization is easier
- Possibility to obtain early prototype
- No drivers are required in this approach
- Stub modules are essential while using this approach
- Test conditions may be difficult to create
- Modules at lower level are tested inadequately
In this approach, lower level of module tested first to facilitate the higher modules. The process continues until all lower modules are not tested. Once the lower level modules tested completely then next level of modules formed. In this approach tester identify bugs or defects in lower levels to take better result after the integration of higher modules. If any of the modules contain bugs or defects in lower level then first will fix these bugs then integrate higher modules.
It is also a temporary program. It is used at the time of integrating the modules from bottom to top and in case any module is missing from lower level to higher level this temporary program called "Driver" will use in the place of that missing module.
- Test conditions are easy to create
- No need to add stubs
- No time wasted to wait for the modules to be developed
- Driver modules are essential
- An early prototype is not possible
- Critical modules which control the flow on higher level of application are tested last
Sandwich or Hybrid Approach
It is the combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches. In this strategy or approach lower level modules are tested with top level modules and at the same time top level modules are integrated with lower level modules and tested as a whole system. In this approach STUBS and DRIVERS both are used as temporary programs that's why we called it Hybrid or Sandwich Approach of integration testing.
Non Incremental Approach
Big Bang Approach
In this approach all modules must be tested on Unit Level, after that all modules are combined and perform integration testing on it. All modules will behave like a single Unit. In Big Bang approach all modules integrated in one go, it does not go for integrating one by one. Practically this approach is using for small systems. If once an error is found during the integration testing, it is very difficult to localize the error as the error may potentially belong to any of the modules being integrated. So, debugging errors reported during big bang integration testing are very expensive to fix.
- Used for small systems
- Error identified after integrating the modules
- Not used in large or complex software or system
- High risk critical modules are not isolated and tested on priority since all modules are tested at once.
- Fault localization is difficult to identify
- Since the Integration testing can commence only after "all" the modules are designed, the testing team will have less time for execution in the testing phase.
Integration testing is important to perform after integrating the individual modules because if modules are working on individual level then we do not verify it after the integration then it causes a lot of problems in the end and it is harder to fix. It plays an important role in software testing process to ensure the functionality of software or application for delivering good quality software at the end according to the client or given requirements.
The above mentioned approaches are using according to the required conditions. Testers or Developers can use these approaches of integration testing to verify the desired functionalities of the application or software. All approaches contain advantages and disadvantages according to their usage, but very useful to identify bugs or defects after integrating different modules.
Join us next time, as we continue our journey of learning canvas apps.Click here to learn more about Imperium's Power Apps Services. We hope this information was useful, and we look forward to sharing more insights into the Power Platform world.


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8 Weeks to 7th Grade
ADMISSIONS::MAP::_PHONE_
The purpose of the Kehoe-France Northshore Cheerleaders is to:
 1. Support athletics at Kehoe-France Northshore.
 2. Create school spirit, pride, and loyalty.
 3. Develop a sense of responsibility and discipline.
 4. Cooperate and work together as a team.
 5. Learn, enhance, and improve the basics and fundamentals of cheerleading.
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BlogBlogging and Content WritingThe Introvert Writer's Guide to Promoting Freelance Services
The Introvert Writer's Guide to Promoting Freelance Services
Jennifer Xue
Jennifer Xue
Staff Blogger at ProWritingAid and Corporate Content Specialist
Published Oct 29, 2018
Many writers are introverts. And introverts make up 47 to 55 percent of the population. However, since most modern societies appreciate extroverts' traits more, namely aiming for the limelight and being outspoken, introverts must learn to navigate the world in order to succeed.
In this article, we'll discuss what being an introvert means and how an introverted writer can effectively promote freelance services without having to "pretend" to be an extrovert.
 1. Background
 2. First Things First: Understand the Strengths of Introverts
 3. Second, Recognize Your Strengths as a Writer
 4. Third, Set Up an Online Portfolio
 5. Fourth, Revise Your LinkedIn Profile
 6. Fifth, Develop Several Query Templates
 7. Sixth, Automate Your Business
 8. Conclusion
According to C.G. Jung, there are two significant types of personality: extroverts and introverts. The primary difference between the two is the source of their mental energy. Extroverts tend to be energized by social interaction, while introverts recharge their energy through solitude, tranquillity, and reflection.
This being said, their communication styles also differ. Extroverts are likely to be outspoken and decisive, while introverts are more reserved and tend to think before they speak.
Introverts are often misunderstood as being shy, which is actually a myth. Shyness is about fear and social anxiety, not about the source of inner energy. This explains why many public figures, including those whose jobs involve communicating with crowds, are introverts.
In other words, not all introverts are shy and not all shy people are introverts.
Now, if you're an introverted freelance writer, how can you grow your writing business? Because, most likely, you aren't that keen on going to business functions to introduce yourself while smiling from ear to ear and handing out your business card.
First Things First: Understand the Strengths of Introverts
Introverts often express themselves best through writing. That's because writing gives them the opportunity to analyze, edit, revise, and rewrite their thoughts before sharing them.
Of course, the level of "appropriateness" is relative from one introvert to another. According to MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator), there are at least 8 types of introverts: ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, INTJ, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, and INTP. Each type comes with its strengths, weaknesses, and characteristics that determine how they think, feel, make decisions, communicate, and build relationships with others.
Writing also allows introverts to communicate clearly without the pressure of face-to-face interaction. How an introvert's brain works is itself an advantage, as it enables the writer to be comprehensive in observation and expression.
Second, Recognize Your Strengths as a Writer
What are your strengths as a writer? They can be related to the genre, the subject, the topic, the angle, the viewpoint, or anything else. Perhaps you have impeccable grammar and an advanced vocabulary. Or, you can turn complex ideas into simple step-by-step explanations.
Whatever they are, show them off in your work. Always project the real you and your strengths in writing. After all, when you're comfortable with yourself, it shows in your writing and communication.
Third, Set Up an Online Portfolio
Create a simple website that showcases your writing portfolio. Remember to include live links to articles, e-books, or white papers, so they can be easily found, clicked, and read. Include a photo of yourself and a few paragraphs of your biography so your readers can learn more about you.
The key is to make your portfolio professional and up-to-date while reflecting your own individuality as a creative person. A good online portfolio can act as your 24/7/365 salesperson. Thus, it's crucial to design it well with clear navigation and simplicity.
Fourth, Revise Your LinkedIn Profile
Treat your LinkedIn profile as a second online portfolio. It's as essential as your writer's site. Storify the summary, expand each job description in a way that quantifies the workload, milestones, and achievements, while at the same time project your kindness as a human being. (This is actually an introvert's strength, as we tend to reflect, analyze, and present information in a well-structured format.)
You can earn an "All Star" profile if you include and update information on each sub-header, such as experience, education, volunteer experience, skills and endorsements, recommendations, accomplishments, and interests.
"All Star" profiles are likely to show up in search results, which can open up plenty of new and exciting opportunities. Also, make sure that you turn on the career interest option, so recruiters can easily find your digital resume for any writing-related position.
Fifth, Develop Several Query Templates
An introverted writer should take precautions against anything that drains his or her mental energy. One of the most effective ways is using templates for communication, particularly when sending queries. Create several different templates for each type of writing query.
For instance, if you write corporate blogs, journalism articles, and technical white papers, consider creating separate templates for each project type. For corporate blogs, you can create multiple templates based on the industry verticals targeted.
For journalism articles, you can develop several query templates based on the target readers, such as women's fashion magazines, parenting magazines, and vending machine trade magazines. For technical white papers, you can target each template for a specific industry type, such as fintech, IT, and blockchain technology.
Sixth, Automate Your Business
In this digital age, automation is an important part of doing freelance business. Use simple Typeform contact forms for preliminary client surveys so they can choose what services they need from you.
Next, you can connect it with Zapier, so you'll have a notification on your smartphone as soon as you receive a new contact. You can also nurture prospects with Drip or Mailchimp for automated e-mail responses, so you can spend more time reading and writing instead.
But don't go overboard with automation. It can feel less personal and "robotic." Make sure every e-mail is written as if you were talking to an intelligent friend. Just use a simple template, so it reads like it's sent by an individual, not a part of an automated drip e-mail marketing campaign.
Being an introverted freelance writer in this digital age is unprecedented. You don't need to attend tons of face-to-face events just to spread the word about your services. Instead, you can focus on completing assignments and brushing up your craft. Your website, LinkedIn profile, copied-and-pasted query templates, and business automation tools will continue to work on your behalf.
As long as you keep up with the latest technologies and humanize them with your writer's wit and charm, you can leverage a great deal. Today, despite being an introvert, promoting freelance writing services efficiently shouldn't be an issue.
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Jennifer Xue
Jennifer Xue
Staff Blogger at ProWritingAid and Corporate Content Specialist
Jennifer Xue is an award-winning e-book author with 2,500+ articles and 100+ e-books/reports published under her belt. She also taught 50+ college-level essay and paper writing classes. Her byline has appeared in Forbes, Fortune, Cosmopolitan, Esquire,, Business2Community, Addicted2Success, Good Men Project, and others. Her blog is Follow her on Twitter _USER_.
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if you are performing multiple single-span measurements in a sequence at different frequencies then the fast tuning speed will improve the measurement time.
Why does setting "Tuning Speed" to "Fast" speed up measurements with "Cleaner Spectrum" enabled?
When "Cleaner Spectrum" is enabled for a measurement, the FFT Width of the analyzer is set to take narrower bandwidth acquisitions and avoid spurs inherent to RF mixing process. As a result, if the span of the acquisition is greater than 24.9MHz (5665) or 100MHz (5668R), multiple spans will be acquired for the measurement. Since the LO would need to be re-tuned to cover the multiple spans, a faster tuning speed will help to decrease the total measurement time.
What's the tuning speed of my VSA device?
Refer to the Frequency Tuning Time specification for your device. Typically, Frequency Tuning Time consists of Lock Time + Settling Time to Required Accuracy. For example, for NI 5653, in Fast Configuration mode, a 50 MHz step requires 1.1 ms (the frequency lock time) + 0.75 (the frequency settling time), or 1.85 ms to lock and settle to 0.1 ppm accuracy.
Advanced: IF Filter Bandwidth
IF filter bandwidth is an important characteristic of an RF instrument and it can have significant effect on measurement speed. Not all VSA HW support setting the IF filter bandwidth property. Only super heterodyne VSA supports setting this property. NI-RFmx SpecAn automatically selects the best IF filter for the selected measurements. However, for custom measurements, IF filter bandwidth can be manually set. In some applications, wide IF filter bandwidth is highly desirable. For example, when conducting a modulation quality measurement, such as error vector magnitude (EVM), the signal analyzer needs to capture the entire modulation bandwidth to demodulate the signal. In other applications, a small IF filter bandwidth is needed. For example, when conducting an adjacent channel power measurement (ACP), which measures the level of undesired signals around the main signal channel, it is important to minimize the noise contribution coming from the instrument and cut off the power from the main signal channel. A narrowband IF filter allows the signal analyzer to maximize the IF gain to better utilize the full dynamic range of the ADC with a finite SNR. Typically, there are a few IF filter options for super-heterodyne VSAs. For example, NI PXIe-5665 has three different IF filter bandwidths that can be selected: 300kHz, 5MHz and 50MHz (IF throughpath). When it comes to increasing the measurement speed, a wide IF filter should be used. Wider IF bandwidths translate to fewer individual spectrum acquisitions and faster measurement speeds. By contrast, narrow IF bandwidth configurations require more spectrum acquisitions for a given span and lead to longer measurement times. Although the drawback of a narrow IF bandwidth is longer measurement times, using a narrow IF bandwidth can significantly improve the instrument's performance in some applications as discussed earlier [6].
Advanced: Cleaner Spectrum Property
The Cleaner Spectrum Property makes a tradeoff between obtaining the lowest noise floor or faster measurement speed. If this property is enabled, the noise floor will be cleaner at the expense of measurement time being increased. The impact on the measurement speed will depend on the hardware that is being used for the RF measurement. The following table provides the summary of trade-offs being made to obtain a cleaner spectrum:
NI 5665
Sets the FFT Width property to take narrower bandwidth (24.9MHz) acquisitions and avoid digitizer spurs. Uses IF filters (5MHz, 300kHz) to reduce the noise floor for frequencies below 80MHz.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only half of 50MHz bandwidth is used for frequencies above 80MHz, this leads to more acquisition and longer measurement time. Below 80 MHz, the use of narrower IF filters leads to longer measurement times.
NI 5644R/5645R/5646R,
NI 5840
Sets a narrower acquisition bandwidth on the device to avoid spurs.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only a portion of the available bandwidth is used, this leads to more acquisition and longer measurement time.
NI 5668R
To provide the best spectrum measurement, the acquisition is reduced to 100 MHz segments for any center frequency.
Effect on measurement speed:
Since only 100MHz bandwidth is used instead of the wider 320 MHz bandwidth, this leads to more acquisitions and longer measurement times.
Other devices This property is ignored.
Table 1. Cleaner Spectrum settings per RF device
For faster measurement, set the "cleaner spectrum" property to Disabled.
Frequency-Domain Measurement Settings
Span (Hz)
Span is directly proportional to the measurement time; the measurement takes longer to acquire for larger spans. Consider only acquiring the span needed for your measurement. Keep in mind that when the RBW filter is enabled, the actual acquisition span for your measurement will be slightly larger than the specified span. The RBW filter is enabled by default.
Figure 7. Acquisition Span
Once you set the span for your measurement, NI-RFmx SpecAn will automatically select the IF Filter Bandwidth and FFT width (effective bandwidth) that is appropriate for the specified span. For some of the span values, FFT width would not necessarily be equal to the specified span. This is the case when "Cleaner Spectrum" property is enabled and the span is greater than 24.9MHz (5665). Refer to Table 1.
Refer to Spectral Measurements for more details.
For some measurements, such as adjacent channel power (ACP), the total span of the measurement is controlled by integration bandwidth of the main channel as well as the number of adjacent (offset) channels. To reduce the overall span of the measurement and increase the measurement speed, consider reducing the number of measured offset channels within the constraints of the measurement requirements.
RBW Filter Width (Hz)
A traditional swept spectrum analyzer reports the spectrum as seen through an RBW filter with filter characteristics that affect the power measurement. For FFT-based instruments, this behavior is achieved by emulating the RBW filter digitally.
Figure 8. RBW Filter comparison
As the RBW is lowered, the resolution in the frequency domain becomes finer, allowing the individual frequency domain peaks to become visible. A narrow RBW lowers the displayed average noise floor (DANL) of the analyzer, thereby improving the sensitivity of the instrument. Moreover, a narrow RBW also increases the dynamic range of the spectrum analyzer. However, this is only applicable for narrowband signals, such as sine waves, with bandwidths that fit entirely within a frequency bin. Modulated signals with signal power that spans several frequency bins will have their peak powers reduced by the same amount as the noise floor, leaving the final dynamic range the same.
The trade-off of using a narrow RBW is that it requires a longer acquisition time, meaning more samples, longer transfer time, longer computation time, and overall slower measurement speed. In addition, since the type of the RBW filter affects the total span required for the measurement, certain RBW filter types will lead to higher measurement times than others. The following table summarizes the RBW filter type options available in RFmx SpecAn:
Figure 9. RBW filter types
Unless required by a particular standard, consider increasing the RBW to further improve the measurement speed. Furthermore, for faster spectral measurements set the RBW Filter type to "FFT Based", which effectively turns off RBW filtering. Based on the spectrum configuration, setting the filter type to "FFT based" can give up to 10x+ speed improvement compared to other filter types. For faster time domain measurements, set RBW filter to FFT Based.
Figure 10. Gaussian –2230ms
Figure 11. FFT Based –200ms
White paper: Resolution Bandwidth (RBW)
Sweep Time
RFmx acquires and digitally processes signals using a windowed FFT followed by digital RBW filtering to obtain the spectrum.
Figure 12. Digital processing of acquired signal
In this approach, sweep time determines the signal acquisition time and is inversely proportional to RBW as shown below.
Since the sweep time effectively controls the acquisition time for the measurement, for faster measurement speed consider reducing the sweep time to the minimum value as required by the measurement. For example, when conducting a channel power measurement, CHP on 10ms LTE FDD frame, consider setting the sweep time to 1ms which corresponds to the duration of one LTE sub-frame. Also, to increase repeatability of the results, use a digital trigger synchronized with the start of the LTE frame to always make sure the measurement is done on the same part of the signal. The sweep time also applies when performing adjacent channel power measurements, ACP. If Sweep time is set to "Auto", the measurement sets the sweep time to the following value (in seconds):
 - 1/RBW; when the RBW filter is FFT based
 - 10/RBW; for other RBW filter types
Typically, to improve repeatability of ACP measurements, longer sweep times are needed. However, longer sweep times also lead to longer measurement times. To achieve measurement repeatability without sacrificing measurement time, the sweep time can be kept short and a digital trigger can be used to ensure that the same portion of the incoming RF signal is used each time for the measurement.
(a) (b)
Figure 13. WCDMA ACP measurement (a) Sweep Time=1ms (b) Sweep Time=2ms
ACP: Measurement Method Property
ACP measurement supports three measurement methods based on the requirement of measurement speed


text: The present paper describes the evolution of native defects and the introduction of new defects by transient annealing on unimplanted Bridgman (B) or Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). Three techniques covering all the timescales below those available with the conventional furnace annealing were used: Pulsed Electron Beam Annealing (PEBA), Continuous Wave Laser (CWLA) and Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA). Electronic defects have been investigated by Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS). The evolution of native defects and the introduction of new defects, are strongly dependent on the annealing technique. A significant decrease of EL2 concentration has been observed after PEBA, but it is not affected by CWLA or RTA under our annealing conditions. On the contrary, the other native defects EL6 and EL3 are completely annealed by RTA and PEBA. Furthermore, both DLTS spectra recorded after PEBA and RTA on the B substrates show introduction of new defects. However, CWLA does not affect the defects present in B GaAs, but an electron trap termed PL1 was introduced by this treatment in a thin oxide layer formed on the LPE grown GaAs.


text: Manipulation of submicron-sized particles using second-order acoustic radiation forces at ultrasonic frequencies is hindered by the time-independent streaming flows. A similar phenomenon occurs when open fluid volumes are vibrated at low frequencies in the range of 100 Hz. The streaming phenomenon, in this lower-frequency range, is studied here by using horizontally actuated liquid-filled rectangular chambers. The formation of capillary waves at the liquid-air interface generates spatially varying flow fields in the bulk fluid, which can be used to collect particles at stable locations. However, the same spatial variation is the source of the streaming fields, which, under some conditions, can drag particles away from these stable locations. The governing equations for the second-order flow are derived and simulated, after which a particle-tracing algorithm is executed in the obtained flow field. Critical particle parameters are determined in multiple simulated chambers of different dimensions, with the aim of reducing the effect of the streaming field on the particle's movement. The simulation results are then applied experimentally to demonstrate the ability of this system to collect particles as small as 50 nm in diameter.


text:
- Use the sun to fry, bake or broil food.
- Experience and learn about solar radiation
- Great for Hunters, Hikers or Campers
Oven has reflective surfaces that concentrate heat radiation in the central chamber, resulting in temperatures up to 350 degrees or more.
Bake brownies, potatoes, hamburgers, etc. Caution: Recommend parent/teacher supervision as heat could reach 450 degrees.
Grades 3-12. Teacher's Guide gives suggestions for classroom experiments.
Ages 14 and up.


text:
Who needs 3D when the Universe is flat?
2014 (English)In: Science Education, ISSN 0036-8326, E-ISSN 1098-237X, Vol. 98, no 3, 412-442 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
An overlooked feature in astronomy education is the need for students to learn to extrapolate three-dimensionality and the challenges that this may involve. Discerning critical features in the night sky that are embedded in dimensionality is a long-term learning process. Several articles have addressed the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) simulations in astronomy education, but they have neither addressed what students discern nor the nature of that discernment. A Web-based questionnaire was designed using links to video clips drawn from a simulation video of travel through our galaxy and beyond. The questionnaire was completed by 137 participants from nine countries across a broad span of astronomy education. The descriptions provided by the participants were analyzed using hermeneutics in combination with a constant comparative approach to formulate six categories of discernment in relation to multidimensionality. These results are used to make the case that the ability to extrapolate three-dimensionality calls for the creation of meaningful motion parallax experiences.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2014. Vol. 98, no 3, 412-442 p.
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology Didactics
Research subject Physics with specialization in Physics Education
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-224219DOI: 10.1002/sce.21109ISI: 000337696000007OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-224219DiVA: diva2:715838


text: The BOREAS AFM-03 team used the NCAR Electra aircraft to make sounding measurements to study the planetary boundary layer using in situ and remote-sensing measurements. Measurements were made of wind speed and direction, air pressure and temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, mixing ratio of H2O, CO2 concentration, and ozone concentration. Twenty-five research missions were flown over the NSA, SSA, and the transect during BOREAS IFCs 1, 2, and 3 during 1994. All missions had from 4 to 10 soundings through the top of the planetary boundary layer. This sounding data set contains all of the in situ vertical profiles through the boundary layer top that were made (with the exception of "porpoise" maneuvers). Data were recorded in 1-second time intervals.


text:
In order to achieve the goals, set in our core values, Glowing Star Construction will integrate Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) in all our business strategies, executions and processes. We commit to follow it and narrate our QHSE Policy for compliance at every level of organizational systems:
- Manage QHSE effectively by developing, implementing and maintaining a best practice, process oriented, integrated management system.
- Create and maintain a safe, healthy and productive workplace environment and procedures for all persons at our places of work,against risks to their health, safety or welfare arising out of our work activities;
- Verify compliance with internal and external requirements through audits and strive for compliance with international standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001 or OHSAS 18001.
- Address QHSE issues and their impact on practices, processes and products to align our business with public and customer expectations.
- Create and maintain continuous improvement strategies, systematically managing to ensure proactive hazard controls.
- Promote QHSE awarenessand enhanceconfidence of internal and external stakeholders in our business by informing, consulting, training and advising.
- Implement initiatives to prevent pollution, conserve natural resources and minimize the effects of Glowing Star's operations on environment, health and safety.
- Provide adequate resources for implementing and managing QHSE Management System effectively.


Scanning Microscopy
The kinetics of calcium phosphate crystal growth at the surfaces of proteins and phospholipids has been investigated using free drift and constant composition methods in supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions (relative supersaturations: with respect to hydroxyapatite, HAP, σHAP = 15.0, and with respect to octacalcium phosphate, OCP, σOCP = 1. 9). Fibrinogen and collagen molecules adsorbed at hydrophobic surfaces as well as uncross-linked collagen fibrils induce ion binding and subsequent nucleation of calcium phosphate. The formation of OCP on phosphatidylserine vesicles introduced to highly supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions probably involves the interaction of the calcium ions with the ionized carboxylic groups of the phospholipid.
Included in
Biology Commons


text:
Viroqua Food Co+op Blog
Tags: GMO labeling
The Viroqua Food Co-op P6 Microlending Committee excited to announce that Deep Rooted is the second recipient of a 2015 VFC P6 Microloan. The VFC P6 Microlending Committee is excited to fulfill their request of $1,250 for their project to compare growing mediums for organic tomato production in their greenhouses.
Deep Rooted is a greenhouse and farming business owned and operated by Tiffany Cade and Jimmy Fackert (pictured with VFC Outreach Coordinator Bjorn Bergman) outside of Westby, Wisconsin. They are a second-generation farm that supplies the Driftless region and Viroqua Food Co-op with organically grown annual and perennial flowers, certified organic seedlings and certified organic tomatoes in the early and late season.
With help from the loan, Deep Rooted plans to conduct a trial comparison of three different growing mediums in their tomato greenhouses. In their past two seasons, they have struggled with soil problems in their greenhouses. They have found that there is very little research into using organic and sustainable growing mediums for tomato production. Most of the research is focused on field or in ground organic production, or conventionally grown intensive hydroponic methods. Their project aims to find a balance between these two methods that they can use for future organic production.
Deep Rooted's comparison trial consists of using a custom compost-based blend with different amendments to retain its high nutrient value while adding moisture retention. During the trial, they will monitor moisture and pH levels prior to and after watering, as well as taking tissue samples to see any differences in nutrient uptake that may result. The rows will be harvested and weighed separately to determine if the yield increases or decreases, as well as any increase or decrease in quality of fruit production.
They hope to continue the research on a smaller scale in the future, sharing the findings with universities, local extension offices and companies with which they are working.
Soil is one of the most important parts of farming. In some areas, there is little to no resources for organic production. The VFC P6 Microloan will help Deep Rooted further northern climate organic greenhouse production, increasing availability and quality of local organic produce in the Midwest.
To learn more, visit our P6 Microlending Initiative page.
Congratulations, again, to Tiffany and Jimmy of Deep Rooted! We look forward to having your delicious tomatoes in our produce department again soon.
We are pleased to announce that Del Sol Chocolate is a 2015 VFC P6 Microlending recipient. The VFC P6 Microlending Committee is excited to fulfill Del Sol Chocolate's entire request of $2,000 for their Cacao Mill and Winnowing Machine Project.
Del Sol Chocolate is owned and operated by Lynn Kronschnabel in Viroqua, WI. Lynn specializes in making artisan bean-to-bar chocolates using high quality, organic and ethically sourced cacao from farmer co-ops and small holder farms around the world. The bars are sweetened with organic cane sugar or locally produced maple sugar. To learn more, check out Del Sol Chocolate's P6 Profile.
Del Sol Chocolate's VFC P6 Microloan will finance the construction of a new cacao bean mill and winnowing machine for chocolate production. The new cacao mill will be used specifically for milling whole roasted cacao beans into nibs. The mill will be hand powered with the ability to be converted to bicycle power. The winnowing machine will separate milled cacao nibs from cacao skin in a much more efficient manner than is currently used.
Time and human resource management are critical to the success of small farms and producers. The VFC P6 Microloan allows Del Sol Chocolate the ability to build new equipment that will help increase efficiency when making bean-to-bar chocolate, thereby allowing them to increase production and save on labor.
The VFC P6 Microlending Initiative was created in 2012 by the VFC Board of Directors as a way to make interest-free loan(s) of up to $3,250 available for farmers and producers selling to the VFC or at the Viroqua Farmers Market. Loans are aimed at financing new projects or infrastructure for small farmers/producers that will help them grow their businesses and must be paid back within one year. Through the P6 Microlending Initiative the VFC strengthens small, local farms and producers that supply the Co-op and creates opportunities to improve their operations. To learn more, visit our P6 Microlending Initiative page.
Congratulations, again, to Lynn Kronschnabel of Del Sol Chocolate! We look forward to seeing your chocolate business grow in the coming year.


text:
(Other Names: 火山兔, 墨西哥兔; メキシコウサギ; Coelho dos vulcões; Conejo de Díaz, Conejo del Volcano, Conejo de los Volcanes, Conejo Zacatuche, Lapin de Diaz, Lapin des Volcans, Mexican Pygmy Rabbit, Mexikanisches Vulkankaninchen; Teporingo, Zacatuche)
1. Profile (Picture)
The volcano rabbit weighs 390 - 600 g (0.86 - 1.3 lb). It is generally found between
2800 and 4250 m (9200 - 13,900') in pine forests with a dense undergrowth of bunch grass
("zacaton") and rocky substrates. The
volcano rabbit feeds on the green leaves of zacaton
grasses, the young leaves of spiny herbs and the bark of alder trees. It is mostly nocturnal and crepuscular.
It lives in groups of 2 - 5 animals in runways and burrows among grass tussocks. The
burrows can be as long as 5 m (16') and as much as 40 cm (1.3') underground. There are
usually 2 or 3)young per litter, born in an underground nest.
*** Unlike most rabbits, it maintains a system of runways through the dense tussocks of grass it inhabits.
*** The volcanic sierras on which this rabbit is found form part of a feature called the "transverse neovolcanic axis", which spans the approximately 1000 km (620 mi) width of central Mexico between 18 deg and 22 deg N.
*** The volcano rabbit is restricted to the volcanic slopes near Mexico City, within a 45 minute drive of 17 million people. As a result it is subjected to the pressures of habitat degradation, tourism and hunting.
*** Hunters looking for quail and other game birds use the rabbit for target practice. The country people of the mountains regard it as vermin to be killed off. Neither the hunters nor the natives eat them.
*** Rabbits (belonging to many different genera) vs. Hares (all in the genus Lepus): The major differences between rabbits and hares include: 1.) their methods in avoiding predators (rabbits hide in dense vegetation or burrows; hares have longer legs and try to outrun predators), and 2.) the characteristics of their young at birth (newborn rabbits ("kittens") are born naked and with their eyes closed; newborn hares ("leverets") are better developed - their eyes are open and they can move around with some degree of coordination) (Mcdonald 2001).
Since at least the early 1900's, the volcano rabbit has apparently been restricted to
the slopes of several volcanos and adjacent ridges bordering the Valley of Mexico on the
east and south, near Mexico City, mainly in the Distrito Federal and the states of Mexico,
Morelos, and Puebla. As of 1990, Its distribution was restricted mainly to three
discontinuous areas of core habitat covering a total of approximately 280 sq km (110 sq
mi) on the slopes of four volcanoes (Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, El Pelado and Tlaloc).
Scattered populations covering about 10 sq km (6 sq mi) were found outside these areas and
separated from them by physical barriers such as highways.
The most serious threats to the volcano rabbit are habitat degradation and target shooting. A variety of factors appear to be responsible for the continued degradation of the rabbit's forest/zacaton habitat. These include forest fires, overgrazing by cattle and sheep, encroachment by development (both from the expansion of Mexico City as well as additional rural settlements near the rabbit's core habitat) and agriculture, over-exploitation of timber and cutting of zacaton grasses for thatch and brush manufacture.
AMCELA, Burton & Pearson 1987, Chapman & Flux 1990, Curry-Lindahl 1972, Hoth et al. 1987, InfoNatura, IUCN 1969, IUCN 1994, IUCN 1996, IUCN 2000, IUCN 2003a, IUCN 2004, Jansa 1996, Macdonald 1984, Macdonald 2001, Nowak & Paradiso 1983, Olson & Dinerstein 1998, Olson & Dinerstein 1999, Oryx 1980c, Spec. Cons. Found., WCMC/WWF 1997
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I have a list of possible substrings, e.g. ['cat', 'fish', 'dog']. In practice the list contains hundreds of entries.
I'm processing a string, and what I'm looking for is to find the index of first appearance of any of these substrings.
To clarify, for '012cat' the result is 3, and for '0123dog789cat' the result is 4.
I also need to know which substring was found (e.g. its index in the substring list or the text itself), or at least the length of the substring matched.
There are obvious brute-force ways to achieve this, I wondered if there's any elegant Python/Regex solution for this.
Thanks, Rax
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Is the list of substrings constant? I'm asking because using Regex type solutions usually involve some precomputations of the regular expression (rsp. the list of substrings in your case). Would that precomputation be amortized over many searches? – Accipitridae May 9 '09 at 7:30
6 Answers 6
up vote 27 down vote accepted
I would assume a regex is better than checking for each substring individually because conceptually the regular expression is modeled as a DFA, and so as the input is consumed all matches are being tested for at the same time (resulting in one scan of the input string).
So, here is an example:
import re
def work():
 to_find = re.compile("cat|fish|dog")
 search_str = "blah fish cat dog haha"
 match_obj = to_find.search(search_str)
 the_index = match_obj.start() # produces 5, the index of fish
 which_word_matched = match_obj.group() # "fish"
 # Note, if no match, match_obj is None
UPDATE: Some care should be taken when combining words in to a single pattern of alternative words. The following code builds a regex, but escapes any regex special characters and sorts the words so that longer words get a chance to match before any shorter prefixes of the same word:
def wordlist_to_regex(words):
 escaped = map(re.escape, words)
 combined = '|'.join(sorted(escaped, key=len, reverse=True))
 return re.compile(combined)
>>> r.search('smash atomic particles').span()
(6, 10)
>>> r.search('visit usenet:comp.lang.python today').span()
(13, 29)
>>> r.search('a north\south division').span()
(2, 13)
>>> r.search('012cat').span()
(3, 6)
>>> r.search('0123dog789cat').span()
(4, 7)
It should be noted that you will want to form the regex (ie - call to re.compile()) as little as possible. The best case would be you know ahead of time what your searches are (or you compute them once/infrequently) and then save the result of re.compile somewhere. My example is just a simple nonsense function so you can see the usage of the regex. There are some more regex docs here:
Hope this helps.
UPDATE: I am unsure about how python implements regular expressions, but to answer Rax's question about whether or not there are limitations of re.compile() (for example, how many words you can try to "|" together to match at once), and the amount of time to run compile: neither of these seem to be an issue. I tried out this code, which is good enough to convince me. (I could have made this better by adding timing and reporting results, as well as throwing the list of words into a set to ensure there are no duplicates... but both of these improvements seem like overkill). This code ran basically instantaneously, and convinced me that I am able to search for 2000 words (of size 10), and that and of them will match appropriately. Here is the code:
import random
import re
import string
import sys
def main(args):
 words = []
 letters_and_digits = "%s%s" % (string.letters, string.digits)
 for i in range(2000):
 chars = []
 for j in range(10):
 words.append(("%s"*10) % tuple(chars))
 search_for = re.compile("|".join(words))
 first, middle, last = words[0], words[len(words) / 2], words[-1]
 search_string = "%s, %s, %s" % (last, middle, first)
 match_obj = search_for.search(search_string)
 if match_obj is None:
 print "Ahhhg"
 index = match_obj.start()
 which = match_obj.group()
 if index!= 0:
 print "ahhhg"
 if words[-1]!= which:
 print "ahhg"
 print "success!!! Generated 2000 random words, compiled re, and was able to perform matches."
if __name__ == "__main__":
UPDATE: It should be noted that the order of of things ORed together in the regex matters. Have a look at the following test inspired by TZOTZIOY:
>>> search_str = "01catdog"
>>> test1 = re.compile("cat|catdog")
>>> match1 = test1.search(search_str)
>>> match1.group()
>>> match1.start()
>>> test2 = re.compile("catdog|cat") # reverse order
>>> match2 = test2.search(search_str)
>>> match2.group()
>>> match2.start()
This suggests the order matters :-/. I am not sure what this means for Rax's application, but at least the behavior is known.
UPDATE: I posted this questions about the implementation of regular expressions in Python which will hopefully give us some insight into the issues found with this question.
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This surely works, but I have a question - isn't there a limitation on the size of the regex definition? If I have 1000 substrings, will it still work? Is there any significant performance degradation relative to the number of words (i.e. that's more than linear in the size of the list)? Regarding your other clarifications, my list of substrings is being update only once a day or so, I think it's no issue to generate the regex definition and call "compile" at this frequency. Many thanks – Roee Adler May 9 '09 at 7:55
@ rax did you see my new solution? I basically fixed everything about it and submitted it 20 seconds after this one. – Unknown May 9 '09 at 8:09
_USER_: Hopefully the example code I added helps convince you the re module will be fine :-). – Tom May 9 '09 at 8:49
I would suggest the "|".join(words) too, but there's the issue that searching for ["cacat", "cat"] in "this cacat is a cat" returns [("cacat", 5), ("cat", 16)] instead of [("cacat", 5), ("cat", 7)], although this could be the wanted behaviour. – tzot May 9 '09 at 10:10
Many so-called regular expression syntaxes are not actually "regular". That is, they are actually more powerful than true regular expressions and therefore cannot be represented as a DFA. An example of this which shows up in Python, Perl and even grep is back-references. Take the Python regex r"(a+)b\1". This matches some number of a's, a b, and then the same number of a's as before. This is non-regular. RE engines that support backreferences actually use an NFA. Some RE engines are smart enough to switch to using DFAs for regexes that are actually regular, but I don't think Python does this. – Laurence Gonsalves May 9 '09 at 18:53
subs = ['cat', 'fish', 'dog']
sentences = ['0123dog789cat']
import re
subs = re.compile("|".join(subs))
def search():
 for sentence in sentences:
 result = subs.search(sentence)
 if result!= None:
 return (result.group(), result.span()[0])
# ('dog', 4)
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I think he only has 1 "sentence" – Paolo Bergantino May 9 '09 at 7:30
Thanks, but this is not what I'm looking for. First, it does not find the first occurrence (in the second sentence it will return the occurrence of "cat", i.e. 10, instead of "dog"'s, i.e. 4). There are obvious solutions but it's very very brute force (iterate until the last substring and constantly maintain the first occurrence). I'm under the impression that Python must have some library function for this... – Roee Adler May 9 '09 at 7:30
I don't like when my answers get "sniped" either... but I didn't mean to steal your thunder. +1 because your solution is technically correct. Two comments: it does not discuss the scalability concerns that Rax had, and I don't like the "return" statement, as it would prematurely exit if you had more sentences in sentences. Other than that, it's short and to the point, and warrants some reputation. – Tom May 9 '09 at 20:51
_USER_, "I don't like the "return" statement, as


text:
As first reported on the Baynews Nine website, it may soon be against the law to sell synthetic marijuana (also known as K2 or "spice") in the St. Petersburg city limits. The Mayor, Bill Foster, wants to move forward on his plan to ban the sales of this so-called drug.
Claiming that it is "frying people's minds" the Mayor also wants the possession of synthetic marijuana to result in a civil infraction or even an arrest. As of this writing, the city council's Public Safety committee has given the Mayor permission to have his city attorneys write up that law.
As previously written about in the Tampa Bay Times, St. Petersburg and in particular Williams Park downtown has seen a large uptick in violence and drug abuse. Williams Park and the surrounding area has been overridden by the homeless population, many of whom smoke spice and panhandle or commit crimes (such as prostitution or robberies) for money. Much of that crime is being blamed on this new drug.
Synthetic marijuana is made of a legal plant, which is dried and ground up. It is then mixed with various chemicals that can produce mind-altering effects. The problem is the chemicals/plants are not regulated and while individually these chemicals are not safe, when they are mixed together, the results can be even more dangerous and unpredictable.
Depending on a person's body chemistry and the spice itself, the drug has been blamed for violent behaviors, hallucinations, vomiting and rapid heart beat. This is ironic as the drug claims to produce a mellow high, much like marijuana.
Saint Petersburg is merely following in the footsteps of a state law, passed in 2012 that actually bans some of the chemicals found in spice. That law has proved mostly ineffective as the manufacturers merely change up some of the chemicals. This keeps them from breaking the law but may result in unknown chemicals in unknown amounts being ingested by the smokers.Another issue the police are running into involves testing for the drug itself. Most illegal narcotics (such as cocaine or marijuana) can be tested for with results coming in a few minutes. Spice presents a problem as the lab results for the drug sometimes takes several months before it is ready. Worse, as the drug mixture keeps changing, many times the police don't even know what to test for!
Meanwhile these city attorneys are studying similar bans recently enacted in Pasco and Hillsborough county for further guidance.
In Florida, marijuana, like many illegal drugs, falls under Florida statute 893.13. Spice or K2 will most likely not be enforceable under that statute. That is because as mentioned above, the chemicals in spice are being changed often, making the detection of this synthetic marijuana difficult. Any prosecution for spice under 893.13 would likely be overturned as vague. Unlike marijuana or other drugs under that statute, K2 is not readily defined.
It is more likely that a civil infraction/arrest for possession of this drug would not be overturned. If the St. Petersburg city lawyers craft a carefully guided proposal banning the sale of spice this too should pass constitutional muster.
Have you or a loved one been arrested for marijuana or possession of spice? Then call the experienced St. Petersburg drug possession lawyers at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. today!
The former prosecutors at Blake & Dorsten, P.A. have handled 100s of drug cases throughout the Gulf coast of Florida including St. Petersburg, St. Pete Beach, Clearwater, Indian Shores, Gulfport, Palm Harbor, Largo, Seminole, Pinellas Park and Reddington Beach.


text:
Observaciones sobre la historia natural, geografia, agricultura, poblacion y frutos del Reyno de Valencia
Antonio José Cavanilles
Editor: Madrid, Imprenta Real
Year of edition: 1795
The Observations on the natural history, geography, agriculture, population, and fruits of the Kingdom of Valencia, written during the last decade of the 18th century, is the less botanic work of Cavanilles. Inspired by the enlightenment, the book is a methodical presentation of the plants and crops of the territory of the Valencia kingdom. It is one of the geographical works, results of the typical study trips around Europe that contributed to the formation of scientific positivism of the 19th century.
The naturalist traveller did not talk about the cities and the citizens. Even if he did not talk only about the natural environment – he also admired human art – the most important issue of the work is the description of the flora, agriculture and soils of the kingdom divided into four parts. The final index, with places and plants, shows the impressive completeness of the Cavanilles' book. It is still considered a classic to understand the economic history and the geography of the Valencia region.


text:
Ensemble-Based Coreference Resolution
Altaf Rahman, Vincent Ng
We investigate new methods for creating and applying ensembles for coreference resolution. While existing ensembles for coreference resolution are typically created using different learning algorithms, clustering algorithms or training sets, we harness recent advances in coreference modeling and propose to create our ensemble from a variety of supervised coreference models. However, the presence of pairwise and non-pairwise coreference models in our ensemble presents a challenge to its application: it is not immediately clear how to combine the coreference decisions made by these models. We investigate different methods for applying a model-heterogeneous ensemble for coreference resolution. Empirical results on the ACE data sets demonstrate the promise of ensemble approaches: all ensemble-based systems significantly outperform the best member of the ensemble.


text:
The Wind Energy Center is involved in advanced methodologies for error-correction of wind data, fixed-echo rejection of remote sensing returns, advanced computational quality assurance algorithms. For wind turbine operations and management, the Wind Energy Center is also involved in development of remote sensing methods for forward detection of turbine inflow, advanced data-logging methods, and development of next-generation condition-monitoring architectures for autonomous operation of wind turbines at sea.
A Fixed-echo Rejection data analysis methodology for ART Sodars has been developed which has proven to enhance wind resource data accuracy at sites with complex topography typical to New England.
AQUA is an innovative open-source process for automation and integration of quality assurance methods.
The Wind Energy Center is also developing a simple, open-source data logger, coded named Minuteman, compatible with AQUA, to provide a seamless collection, correction, and archival environment for wind energy data.
The "Streamlined Site Assessment Methodology" (SSAM) is a superior approach to the traditional site assessment process developed at the Wind Energy Center.


text:
ASL University ►
American Sign Language: "doctor"
NOTE: You will see the sign "doctor" done a number of ways. Do it however your local (qualified) instructor or local Deaf friends do it.
DOCTOR (recommended version)
Tap the fingertips of the dominant "bent hand" twice on the upturned wrist of the base hand.
Discussion: Where did this sign come from?
The "bent hand" evolved from an earlier version that used an "M" handshape. Why an "M" handshape? The "M" comes from back in the "old days" when doctors were commonly known as "medics." Over time, the bent hand replaced the "M" since the bent hand is easier to produce than an "M" handshape. Quite a few people (books, instructors, teachers etc.) do this sign with a "D" handshape. It is not worth arguing about. Really. I'm suggesting you know both versions and do it the way your local teacher does it or the way your local Deaf friends do it.
DOCTOR ("D" version)
In this version of doctor, the right "D" hand taps near where a doctor or nurse would take a person's pulse. The non-dominant hand (the left hand if you are right handed) can be either relaxed (curled up a bit) or flat.
A student writes: IHi Dr.V,I noticed in the sketch of this sign, the left hand is curled, almost closed. Yet in the variation of the 'doctor''medic' 'nurse' pictures, the left hand is open. Does it make a difference if the left hand is open or closed? Has the sign evolved to the open hand?Please advise.Thanks,Cathy
It is either. Really.
The "base hand" handshape is immaterial in that sign.
Most Deaf people if we aren't thinking about it will do it with a RELAXED hand (somewhat curled). If you ask us to "show you" the sign...we will get all "proper" and tend to do it with a palm-up flat hand. But when just hanging out amongst ourselves we do it with a relaxed base hand because it takes less effort.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Doctor of Education (EdD)
Do not use the sign for "medical doctor" to refer to your college professors unless they are indeed an "MD."
There is a difference between the sign for a medical doctor and an "academic" doctor. "Dr." as in Ph.D. (a doctor of philosophy) is generally fingerspelled. While the Deaf community is not overly concerned with titles, if you are introducing someone to an audience you would simply spell the letters "D-R" and then the name.
In most everyday communication we don't use titles. We use name signs instead.
The sign "NURSE" is an initialized form of the sign "Doctor." It uses an "N" handshape on your dominant hand.
NEW! Online "ASL Training Center!" (Premium Subscription Version of ASLU) ** CHECK IT OUT FREE **
You can learn sign language online at American Sign Language University ™
hosted by Lifeprint.com © Dr. William Vicars


text:
Two New Apps Boost Planting and Harvest Analysis
Nov 15, 2012
To some extent, smartphones are only as smart as the apps they contain. Ag PhD is attempting an IQ boost through the release of two new apps to help farmers more easily analyze planting populations and losses at harvest. The apps, Planting Population Calculator and Harvest Loss Calculator, were created thanks to a Case IH sponsorship and are available for iPhone and Android devices.
"I'm using both of these apps already on my farm, and we feel many other farmers will benefit from them, too," says Brian Hefty, co-host of Ag PhD.
The calculators are pretty straightforward and simple to use. The Harvest Loss Calculator lets you select from soybeans, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley or oats. From there, you count the number of seeds or kernels left on the ground in a square foot. Then, you enter in that number, along with seeds per pound and current crop price, and the app calculates the value of the crop that didn't quite make it into the combine.
"With commodity prices for so many crops at record levels, even the loss of a single bushel per acre over an entire farm can translate to thousands of dollars of lost revenue," Hefty says.
The Planting Population Calculator is another easy-to-use tool. Before planting, farmers can determine optimum in-row spacing between seeds based on row width and desired plant population. After planting, farmers can "ground truth" their results by selecting a row length, counting the number of plants within that distance and entering in their row spacing.
The apps are free and ready for download from the Apple iTunes Store and Google Play.
A screenshot of the Harvest Loss Calculator mobile app.


text:
The versatile and scalable HiL system is ideal for validating new functions in Fuel Cell Control Units (FCCUs). Its modular design and numerous enhancement options allow the system to be adapted to various test requirements (e.g. power emulation / powerless simulation). The parameters and controllers used for each simulation can be modified directly in the software – eliminating the need for costly hardware replacement. In addition, firmware updates allow test engineers to easily and quickly adapt NovaCarts Fuel Cell to future requirements, such as new communication interfaces or updated HV architectures.
The HiL simulator uses an open model platform with cycle times of a few microseconds and high I/O dynamics. This enables the development of new FCCU algorithms as well as the use of real parts, dummy loads and rest bus simulation. In addition to the SAE standard J2799 for communication between vehicle and hydrogen filling station, resistance simulations can also be carried out to simulate temperature sensors with negative or positive temperature coefficients (NTC or PTC). The system behavior is supported by simulation models for fuel cells, thus enabling a closed-loop test setup.
Testing fuel cell stacks and traction batteries
In combination with the "NovaCarts Battery" HiL system, it is also possible to simulate functions of the connected battery such as State-of-Charge (SoC), and State-of-Health (SoH) controls, as well as cell balancing mechanisms. Further advantages of NovaCarts Fuel Cell include short and stable connections to the control unit as well as a fault simulation applied directly to the output, which ensures a high signal quality. The two test systems NovaCarts Fuel Cell and NovaCarts Battery combined can be used to test the complete fuel cell stack and the traction battery.
"With this new high-performance platform, we are specifically supporting the development of alternative and electrified drives," emphasizes Martin Bayer, Head of Testing Solutions at MicroNova. "We attach great importance to a cost-effective and time-efficient application for test service providers and test departments in automotive development. For example, NovaCarts Fuel Cell HiL systems and NovaCarts components can be fast and easily configured thanks to the use of the same tool chain."


text:
Our students spend a lot of their time outdoors. Although many of these hours involve exploration and imaginaitive play, I often see them playing more organized, pickup games of ultimate frisbee, basketball, and soccer. It never ceases to amaze me that our students play in all sorts of weather (notice football in the snow, below). Games at Fairhaven can be like the weather, in a way: they materialize instantly like summer storms often do, out of nowhere, then at some point they scatter, only to return another day.
Becka Miller, Staff


text:
28°C / 82°F
The measurements for the water temperature in Guarapari, Espírito Santo are provided by the daily satellite readings provided by the NOAA. The temperatures given are the sea surface temperature (SST) which is most relevant to recreational users.
The graph below shows the range of monthly Guarapari water temperature derived from many years of historical sea surface temperature data.
These average ocean temperatures for Guarapari are calculated from several years of archived data.
Whilst sea temperatures for Guarapari are as accurate as current data allows, there may be slight local and regional variations depending on conditions. Time of day and wind direction may have a temporary local effect as can water flows from neraby rivers.


text:
Light Reflective Value (LRV) measures the amount of visible and usable light that reflects from (or absorbs into) a painted surface. The scale is black/zero to white/100.
Red Green Blue
These Red, Green and Blue colour codes are used in digital representation of colour. These three sets of codes create wide representation of colours on the screen. Although it is critical to see the paint colour in person, the digital representation gives the idea when we research colours at home.
239, 221, 193
This color code is a hexadecimal way to represent RGB values, often used for building a website to represent colors digitally. It's a secondary color code that allows us to experience colors in digital format.