"The term bisbigliando (Italian, 'whispering'; abbrev. Bisbigl. or bisb.) indicates an unmeasured rapid tremolo between two or more strings played quietly in the middle and upper registers of the harp." [p.360, Gould2011
A bisbigliando is played with both hands by plucking the interval or chord, one note after the other, rapidly, lightly and continuously. The playing technique of a bisbigliando is quite different to the normal playing technique. Normally the harpist would first place the fingers on the string, then press them and then release to create a full sound. When playing a bisbigliando, the harpist hardly places the fingers on the strings before playing. He/She plucks the strings very fast and lightly to minimize buzzing and to create a continuous sound. Bisbigliando is a quiet effect, since its production does not allow enough muscle strength for a full sound.
Due to its production a bisbigliando is a quiet effect, however the whispering sound carries well, provided that it is not obscured by thick instrumentation from accompanying instruments.
A bisbigliando is notated as a tremolo chord with the term Bisbigliando written above or below. If the bisbigliando label is omitted, the harpist might play a measured repetition of the chord instead of a bisbigliando. [Gould2011
Bisbigliando, both hands play the same chord:
Bisbigliando, the hands play alternating chords:
The direction of the bisbigliando can be notated with arpeggio lines placed before each cord. If no direction is given the harpist will play each chord upwards, starting from the lowest note in each hand.
If a specific order of notes is wanted the bisbigliando must be notated out in full:
Both Luciano Berio and Toru Takemitsu use the following notation to indicate a random bisbigliando. The notated pitches should be repeated rapidly and continuously in a random order.
Additional remarks
A bisbigliando can also be produced with one hand, however, its speed will be diminished by a considerable extent. Due to the low speed the resulting sound is less continuous and the notes will be perceived rather as a fast repetition of a sequence than as a bisbigliando whisper.


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Eductors utilize liquids under pressure as a motive fluid to entrain a flow of gases, vapours or liquids.
We supply Inline Eductors for the following applications:
- Emptying of vessels and sumps
- Blending of liquids
- Diluting of corrosive liquids in water
- Aeration of liquids and effluents
- Vacuum – Raising
- Pump priming
- Transferring liquids or slurries
- Condensing vapour streams
Intake Mixing Jets
Pumping a liquid through a mixing jet inside a tank entrains an additional flow equal to three-times the pump flow. Mixing is vigorous, and for larger vessels several mixing nozzles are utilized.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
In archaeology a postpipe (or post pipe) is the term given to the remains of an upright timber placed in a posthole. Given the right conditions, timbers may survive over long periods of time and a recovered postpipe can simply be of solid wood. Under less preservative conditions however, only a dark circular stain of organic material may be left in the fill of the posthole observable in plan and section. This differs in consistency from the less organic backfill of the posthole and can be identified simply through this change in make-up. The size and depth and of the postpipe can provide information as to any reuse of the posthole especially if several different postpipes can be identified. They can also indicate the species of wood used and help suggest the nature of the structure that the timber once supported.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Evergreen New Student Survey
The Evergreen New Student Survey is used to:
Study students' future goals after college and their level of confidence in their ability to succeed at Evergreen and obtain the education that they want;
Study student perceptions of their own skills and knowledge, which provide a baseline for measuring learning progress later in their Evergreen experience;
Study reasons students chose to attend Evergreen in order to understand the match between Evergreen's academic offerings and services and the students who attend.
Gather demographic information that is not available through other means, such as college records. This information is useful for understanding students' backgrounds and responding to student needs and changing demographics.
The survey is integrated with the Evergreen Student Experience Survey and alumni surveys to provide for longitudinal research exploring student retention, student connection to the Evergreen learning community, and learning progress.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Satellite rainfall products for landslide early warning prediction have been spotlighted by several researchers, in the last couple of decades. This study investigates the use of TRMM and ERA-Interim data, for the determination of rainfall thresholds and the prediction of precipitation, respectively, to be used for landslide early warning purposes at the Bogowonto catchment, Central Java, Indonesia. A landslide inventory of 218 landslides for the period of 2003–2016 was compiled, and rainfall data were retrieved for the landslide locations, as given by 6 ground stations, TRMM, and ERA-Interim data. First, rainfall data from the three different sources was compared in terms of correlation and extreme precipitation indices. Second, a procedure for the calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence was followed consisting of four steps: i) the TRMM-based rainfall data was reconstructed for selected dates and locations characterized by landslide occurrence and non-occurrence; ii) the antecedent daily rainfall was calculated for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days for the selected dates and locations; iii) two-parameter daily rainfall-antecedent rainfall thresholds were calculated for the aforementioned dates; after analysis of the curves the optimum number of antecedent rainfall days was selected; and (iv) empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence were determined. The procedure was repeated for the entire landslide dataset, differentiating between forested and built-up areas, and between landslide occurrence in four temporal periods, in relation to the monsoon. The results indicated that TRMM performs well for the detection of very heavy precipitation and can be used to indicate the extreme rainfall events that trigger landslides. On the contrary, as ERA-Interim failed to detect those events, its applicability for LEWS remains limited. The 15-day antecedent rainfall was indicated to mostly affect the landslide occurrence in the area. The rainfall thresholds vary for forested and built-up areas, as well as for the beginning, middle and end of the rainy season.
|Number of pages||12|
|Journal||International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation|
|Early online date||27 Mar 2020|
|Publication status||Published - Jul 2020|


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The author Alan Garner has lived in the same few square miles of Cheshire for most of his life. Born in 1934, he was raised in Alderley Edge and can trace family in the area as far back as the 16th century. Though he was fascinated by the history and legends of his local patch as a boy, his childhood was darkened by the shadows of the Second World War and of an illness that left him frequently bedridden, which meant he "lost more than half of his primary school years". As a result, Garner's early childhood was not spent scrambling over woodland – instead, he listened to his family tell folk tales about the Edge and dreamed up imaginary worlds of his own. Now, Garner lives in "Toad Hall", the late medieval cottage he bought for £510 aged 22, and only one of his books is set more than 12 miles away from his home.
The BBC Radio 4 documentary Archaeology of a Storyteller explores the area that inspired Garner's fantasy novels from The Weirdstone of Brisingamen and The Moon of Gomrath to The Stone Book Quartet. As well as legends and folklore, historic artefacts litter his works. Quotes from archaeologists as well as from Garner and his wife, Griselda, are interspersed with dramatic readings from his books. "The place is quite literally groaning under the weight of archaeology," Tim Campbell-Green says of the areas surrounding Alderley Edge. "There's traces of Neolithic here, Bronze Age, Roman… every way you look at it, layer upon layer of history… To live in the shadow of the Edge, you've no chance of not liking archaeology."
[See also: How Sting is still keeping listeners spellbound]
Griselda explains that he also gains inspiration from more prosaic sources – such as the owl-painted dinner service that belonged to her parents. And Garner is modest about his own process. "I find it hard to talk about how I write," he says in a satisfyingly wizardish voice. "I just have to let it grow without interference. I get blobs of ideas and gradually they converge, like flecks of cocoa on the top of a cup, and start to form a pattern."
Archaeology of a Storyteller
BBC Radio 4,
28 March, 4pm
This article appears in the 23 Mar 2022 issue of the New Statesman, A Dream of Britain


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The International Boiling Point Project
Ever Wonder What Causes a Pot of Water to Boil?
If you have, this project is for you!
We have people all over the world boiling water. In the past we've had climbers on Mt. Everest, school children in La Paz, Bolivia and college professors in Cheyenne, Wyoming all participating in the project. The purpose of this project is to discover which factor in the experiment (room temperature, elevation, volume of water, or heating device) has the greatest influence on boiling point. Anyone can participate in this year's project. All you have to do is boil a bit of water, record a bit of information, and send it along to us to include in the database of results. Then, students can analyze all of the data to reach an answer to the question: What causes a pot of water to boil
This project is developed and managed by the Center for Innovation in Engineering and Science Education (CIESE) which is located at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. You can learn more about this project and many other CIESE sponsored Internet-based educational activities by visiting _URL_


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Understanding What Command Words Mean
April 16, 2021
Describe, explain, evaluate, state… Command words are essential when it comes to understanding exam questions and essay titles. I was always told to highlight the 'key words' in every long answer or essay question and I still think this is a crucial skill. Today, we'll go over the definitions of some common command words and look at some examples together. This post is super practical so make sure you have a pen and paper close by!
Answer with a single word or sentenceyou don't have to explain the answer but simply state it. These questions are just factual recall (you either know it, or you don't).
For example: "State three ways Stresemann was able to end hyperinflation in 1923."
An answer for this might look like:
a. He stopped the use of the old currency and introduced a new one, the Rentenmark.
b. He called off passive resistance
c. He reduced government spending.
May have to say what something is like, or write a sequence of events.
Marks can be lost if you fail to complete a comparison between both factors or events mentioned in the question.
For example: "Compare Veins and Arteries."
- A Good Comparison: "Veins have valves, arteries do not. Arteries have thick muscular walls, veins have thin walls."
- A Incomplete Comparison: "Veins have valves, arteries have thick muscular walls.
You may have to give advantages and disadvantages of the subject of the question and then give your opinion.
Give details of why something happensshow a causation.
For example: "Explain how Stresemann was able to end hyperinflation in 1923."
One of the ways that Stresemann was able to end hyperinflation in 1923 was by calling off passive resistance. As a response to the French and Belgian invasion of the Ruhr, the Weimar government introduced the passive resistance whereby workers no longer had to work but would still be paid their wages by the government. This meant that Germany' industrial production decreased, government income from exports reduced and the government had to print more money, leading to hyperinflation. However, by calling off the passive resistance, Stresemann was able to solve both problems as workers went back to work leading to an increase in industrial production and the government no longer had to print money to pay striking workers.
If you're asked to evaluate a statement or argument, you will often have to look at why the statement might be significant or valuable and why it might not be. You may also need to come to a judgement.
For example: "Evaluate evidence for and against the theory that an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes an increase in air temperature."
A good answer would give reasons for the theory stated in the question and reasons against and consider the strengths and weaknesses of both sides.
Break down the different elements of the subject and give an in-depth account of it.
State the meaning of something.
I hope this post has been helpful in explaining (see what I did there) some of the most common command words. If there are any of these skills or question types you struggle with in particular, I'd suggest making a note of some definitions (another one!) and referring to this the next time you're faced with an exam question.


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Exceptional and prolonged drought conditions have created the potential for elevated fire danger, largely in southern Wisconsin. That's led the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to require burn permits in designated DNR protection areas across a dozen counties.
The special fire order affects Columbia, Crawford, Green Lake, Marquette, Portage, Richland, Sauk, Waupaca and Waushara counties. It also effects parts of Dane, Grant, and Iowa counties.
Beginning Monday, people in those areas must get a permit for burning debris piles, grass or certain wooded areas. They must also obtain a permit for using burn barrels. Permits won't be required for campfires, but the agency urges people to use extreme caution.
Stay informed on the latest news
Sign up for WPR's email newsletter.
The DNR said a lack of rain has created concerns that wildfires may occur in southern Wisconsin.
Todd Rieck, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service Office in La Crosse, said many parts of southwestern Wisconsin have seen a shortfall of 9 to 12 inches of rain since April.
"We're moving into a higher fire danger season (where) the grasses start dying off, the leaves start falling more," Rieck said. "With all this dried litter and tinder, fires are going to be a lot easier to catch and can move a lot faster."
The DNR said debris burning continues to be one of the leading causes of wildfires. As of early August, Wisconsin had seen about 250 more wildfires than normal this year due to ongoing drought conditions.
The agency typically requires burn permits from January through May. The DNR said it plans to require burn permits until drought conditions improve due to lots of rain or snow.
Wisconsin Public Radio, © Copyright 2024, Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and Wisconsin Educational Communications Board.


TX Text Control for Windows Forms supports the insertion of chart controls of the type System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.Chart. This control is part of the.net framework since version 4, but can be added to prior versions. A chart can be positioned like an image or textframe, either geometrically or as a single character. Geometrically its position can either be relative to a paragraph to which it is anchored or relative to the complete document. The ChartFrame class handles the positioning of the chart in the document. A chart frame is always associated with a chart control which handles the appearance and the data of the chart. All charts in a document are contained in a ChartCollection. The collection can also be used to add charts to or to remove charts from the document. The chart collection can be obtained from a TextControl or ServerTextControl through the Charts property. The TextControl.ChartLayoutDialog method opens a dialog box which offers layout settings like positioning, size and text distances. A chart can be saved with the TX Text Control and the RTF format and is reconstructed during a loading process. With other formats the chart image is saved. If a document with charts is loaded on a system where no chart controls are installed, the chart's image is inserted.
Class Description
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartCollection An instance of the ChartCollection class contains all charts in a document represented through objects of the type DataVisualization.ChartFrame.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartEventArgs The ChartEventArgs class provides data for all events that occur with charts.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame An instance of the ChartFrame class represents a chart and its layout in a Text Control document.
Constructor Description
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame Initializes a new instance of the ChartFrame class.
Event Description
TXTextControl.ServerTextControl.ChartCreated Occurs when a new chart has been created.
TXTextControl.ServerTextControl.ChartDeleted Occurs when a chart has been deleted.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartClicked Occurs when a chart has been clicked on.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartCreated Occurs when a new chart has been created.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartDeleted Occurs when a chart has been deleted.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartDoubleClicked Occurs when a chart has been doubleclicked on.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartMoved Occurs when a chart has been moved.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartRightClicked Occurs when a chart has been clicked on with the right mouse button.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartSelected Occurs when a chart has been selected.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartDeselected Occurs when a chart has been deselected.
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartSized Occurs when a chart has been sized.
Method Description
TXTextControl.TextControl.ChartLayoutDialog Invokes the built-in dialog box for alter the layout settings, the size and the text distances of a chart.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartClicked Raises the ChartClicked event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartCreated Raises the ChartCreated event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartDeleted Raises the ChartDeleted event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartDeselected Raises the ChartDeselected event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartDoubleClicked Raises the ChartDoubleClicked event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartMoved Raises the ChartMoved event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartRightClicked Raises the ChartRightClicked event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartSelected Raises the ChartSelected event.
TXTextControl.TextControl.OnChartSized Raises the ChartSized event.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartCollection.Add Inserts a new chart in a Text Control document.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartCollection.CopyTo Copies the elements of the collection to an array, starting at a particular index.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartCollection.GetItem Gets a particular chart from the collection.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartCollection.Remove Removes a chart from a Text Control document.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.AddUndoUnit Add the current state of the chart which is connected with this ChartFrame to the undo stack.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.Refresh Refreshes the chart.
Property Description
TXTextControl.ServerTextControl.Charts Gets a collection of all charts in a document.
TXTextControl.TextControl.Charts Gets a collection of all charts contained in the text part with the input focus.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartEventArgs.ChartFrame Gets an object that represents the chart which causes the event.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.Chart Gets the chart control associated with the chart frame.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.ExportCompressionQuality Sets a value between 1 and 100, which is the quality of a lossy data compression used, if the chart's image is exported.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.ExportFileName Gets or sets the file name, when the chart's image is exported.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.ExportFilterIndex Gets or sets the format used, if a chart's image is exported.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.ExportResolution Gets or sets the maximum resolution in dots per inch in which the chart's image is saved.
TXTextControl.DataVisualization.ChartFrame.SaveMode Determines whether the chart's image is stored through its binary data or through a file reference.


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The claim rejections are returned by the MoH. The 'Rejection Report' is the summary of the rejected claims generated by MDBilling.ca. Rejected claims can be fixed and resubmitted - no need to resubmit as a new claim.
You have reached the maximum number of times you can bill this code within a time period. For example, consults/(re) assessments have limits on the number of times you can bill in a 12-month period – refer to the Schedule of Benefits, section GP12 for more details.
Consider billing a lower paying code (e.g., if originally billed a Consultation, then resubmit with a Medical Specific Assessment). Alternatively, if the patient is seen for a second time with a clearly defined unrelated diagnosis, then consider billing the same service code again, but with the different diagnosis code. Refer to the Schedule of Benefits section GP12 for more details.
You can obtain further information by doing the following:
1. Reviewing the Schedule of Benefits. Here is the link to the SoB: Physician Services Under the Health Insurance Act; or
2. Contacting your Ministry of Health Claim Assessor for advice: How do I find my Claim Assessor?
Please let me know if you have any questions.


Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) workers in the UK have been hit harder by job losses during the coronavirus crisis than the population as a whole, according to new research.
The percentage of BAME people in employment fell to 67.4% in April from 72.0% in February, a drop of almost 5%, researchers from the University of Essex and other academic centres said.
Comparatively, non-BAME workers experienced a drop in employment of less than 2%, from 81.1% to 79.4%, according to the research based on data from the long-running Understanding Society survey led by the University of Essex.
The research also showed that fewer BAME people who had lost working hours due to the coronavirus crisis had been furloughed on the government's job retention scheme than non-BAME people in the same situation.
BAME people were also more likely to be behind on payments on their bills after seeing their incomes decrease due to the coronavirus, and they were also more likely to have borrowed money as a way to balance a loss in earnings.
Paul Fisher, one of the academics who worked on the report, said: "The BAME group is very heterogeneous and many questions remain unanswered.
"Which communities are being hardest hit? Can the different types of jobs done by different workers explain the pattern? These are questions which urgently need answering and further research is needed."
Meanwhile, in the US, data published last week showed unemployment among African Americans and Asians increased despite the overall unemployment rate falling unexpectedly in May.
The report comes as the killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis has sparked protests around the world, bringing renewed focus to the wider economic inequalities facing BAME people across the globe.
Source: Yahoo Finance


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Right Behind You: Tales of the Spooky and Strange
"Right Behind You" is an anthology of 9 spooky stories from G.R. Wilson.
1. The MessengerAn imaginative young boy has a life-changing encounter.
2. Mr. ToothySay "Hello!" to everyone's favorite clown in the mirror!
3. La Tempete Faim- A family at sea struggles for survival against supernatural elements.
4. The Golden Arm- A new author's telling of the classic ghost story made famous by Mark Twain.
5. The Social NetworkStrange events are afoot concerning the computer systems of a junior high school.
6. Fang and Claw- A "found" journal gives an account of a ranger's hunt for a savage and intelligent beast.
7. The Witch's Ghost- A powerful witch gets her revenge on the Puritan town that so gravely wronged her.
8. The OrbWhat is the meaning behind a perfect orb found by the sea?
9. Newbrooke Infirmary- A dare leads one boy into the very heart of a haunted church infirmary.
Content-wise, the stories are intended for Young Adults and older.


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Severe Restrictions Proposed for Afghan Women's Shelters
The Ministry of Justice of the Afghan government is considering adopting a new regulation that would require women fleeing domestic violence situations to appear before an eight-person government panel before obtaining shelter. Under the new regulation, the shelters, which are currently funded by international organizations, Western governments, and individual donors, would be placed under the control of the government.
A government committee would determine whether women can be admitted to a shelter or if they should be jailed or returned to their families. If admitted to the shelter, women would then be required to submit to physical examinations, which could include a virginity test. Moreover, women could be forced to leave the shelter if their families requested that they return.
Women's rights groups, including Human Rights Watch, Women for Afghan Women and the Afghan Human Rights Commission, have expressed concern that the new laws would deter vulnerable women and girls from seeking necessary protections and shelter. Manizha Naderi, the director of Women for Afghan Women, told the New York Times, "I'm not sure why they are doing it - maybe because the government is becoming more conservative and to appease the Taliban they are doing this. Domestic violence is cultural and it takes time to change and it will change, but women need a safe place when they are a victim of violence."
Ten years ago there were no shelters for abused women in Afghanistan. Currently, there are approximately 14 shelters.
Media Resources: Reuters 2/10/11; New York Times 2/10/11; Irish Times 2/9/11; UPI 2/10/11


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Some pickups are "hotter" than others. But what does this mean? Does it mean that these pickups will push an amplifier harder, resulting in more gain and volume? Yes. Does it mean that these pickups will impart a warmer, fuller tone? Generally, yes. But why is this? And how do you make a pickup hotter? And how does DC resistance correlate to "hotness" or output?
Let's consider again how a pickup "picks up" the string vibration and how this is turned into something musical.
Pickups use coils of wire and magnets as their core components. The ferrous guitar strings pass through the magnetic field that exists above the pickup, and as the strings vibrate, they move the magnetic field, while the coil(s) remains stationary. This movement of the magnetic field relative to the stationary coil induces voltage, which is sent to the amp.
If you were to make a device wherein the mobility of the two components was reversed—that is, where the coil moved relative to a stationary magnetic field— then this device would also induce voltage (and would be called a generator).
The voltage that's generated by a pickup is measured in millivolts, and you can increase its strength in several ways:
- Increase the strength of the magnetic field
- Increase the size of the coil by adding more wire wraps to it
- Increase the force with which the string is excited (pluck it harder)
- Increase the content of magnetic material in the strings
- Increase the mass of the strings
If you think of the magnetic field as being able to "grab onto" the strings, then you can see that it would hold on more tightly to a string with a higher iron content, for instance, than it would to a string with a lower iron content. So heavier strings of a given brand, having more iron content (more steel mass) than a lighter set of the same brand of strings, would move the magnetic field to a greater degree when a string is plucked, and would generate more voltage in the process. This is one reason for the difference in tone between heavier strings and lighter strings.
Similarly, if we increase the strength of the pickup's magnetic field, all other things remaining equal, we'll get a higher voltage. And if we add more turns of magnet wire onto the coil, we'll get a higher voltage. In either case, this higher input voltage will drive the amplifier harder, resulting in more gain, and more volume.
There is also a tonal change. As the voltage increases—and again, all other things remaining equal—we'll see more mids and less highs, at least up to a point.
Fender and Gibson are really the two makers who defined what now constitutes 90 percent or more of the pickup market. In the early days of the electric guitar, many designs were tried, as is usually the case with new technologies. But Fender and Gibson came up with enduring form factors: the PAF humbucker, the P-90, the Strat pickup, and the Tele pickup. The majority of guitars currently in production use one or more of these, and the overwhelming majority of replacement pickups being produced derive their form factor and basic architecture from these five designs.
There have been many other influential designs, of course, such as the Gretsch FilterTron (and its DeArmond predecessors), as well as other pickups from Fender and Gibson, such as the Jaguar and Jazzmaster pickups. And of course there are very popular bass pickup designs, such as Fender's Precision Bass and Jazz Bass pickups, as well as various soapbar designs. But when we exclude bass guitars from the discussion, the five designs listed above really define the market.
But because these five pickups all have a different form factor and construction details, they vary considerably. The statement "all other things remaining equal" certainly doesn't apply here.
So, let's look at each in detail. We'll start next month!
Founder, Acme Guitar Works


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Public Comment Sought On Proposed New Facilities At Timpanogos Cave
Timpanogos Cave National Monument is considering building a new visitor center and making other improvements, and is also evaluating ways to deal with increased traffic on Hwy 92 in American Fork Canyon.
The Park Service provided the news release below.
Timpanogos Cave National Monument Seeks Public Comment on Environmental Assessment
The National Park Service (NPS) is soliciting public comment on the Environmental Assessment (EA) regarding the construction of a new visitor facility at the cave trailhead of Timpanogos Cave National Monument as well as the construction of an interagency center in conjunction with the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest Pleasant Grove Ranger District (PGRD) at the mouth of American Fork Canyon. The public, organizations, and other agencies are invited to review and comment on the EA.
The purpose of this project is to improve visitor and employee safety along state route 92 and from rockfall and flood hazards. Provide for visitor enjoyment and education; and provide new efficient facilities for the Monument and PGRD.
The EA evaluates five alternatives and the potential impacts of each: 1) Alternative A, the No Action Alternative; 2) Alternative B, to implement a mandatory shuttle system between the interagency visitor center the visitor contact station at the Monument cave trailhead; 3) Alternative C, to implement a shuttle system on weekends and holidays between the interagency visitor and the visitor contact station as well as reconfigure visitor parking at the cave trailhead; 4) Alternative D (the Preferred Alternative), to realign State highway 92 and reconfigure the cave trailhead site for safety; and 5) Alternative E, reconfigure parking at the cave trailhead and provide concession operations at Swinging Bridge Picnic Area. Elements common to all action alternatives include the construction of a visitor contact station without concession operations at the cave trailhead, construction of the interagency visitor center in Highland City, safety improvements, reassigning facilities for administrative and staff operations, and enhancing a cave tour ticket reservation system.
The EA has been prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations (40 CFR 1500 et seq), and NPS Director's Order 12: Conservation Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis, and Decision-making (DO-12).
The 30-day review and comment period starts June 15, and continues through July 15, 2012. To see the EA, _URL_ or visit the Monument administrative office, Visitor Center, or the offices of the US Forest Service Pleasant Grove or Provo during the comment period. An open-house will be held at the Monument Visitor Center on July 2, 2012 from 5:30 pm until 8:00 pm to answer questions regarding the EA.
Written comments may be submitted on the PEPC website or may be sent to:
Timpanogos Cave National Monument
RR 3, Box 200
American Fork, UT 84003


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So, finally we have the answer to how steam makes a crust crisp. Note though that this effect is only applicable in the early stages of baking. Injecting steam into the oven at later stages would re-moisten the bread.
Bread going stale is not just a matter of it drying out, although this is a part of the problem. The main reason for staling is the crystallisation of the starch molecules within bread, whereby the molecules lock together. This crystallisation takes time, so the longer the bread sits out, the more that it occurs, and the harder the bread gets.
Moisture in bread sits between the starch molecules, inhibitting the crystallisation process. Evaporation of this moisture therefore contributes to a speedier staling. Evaporation occurs more quickly in loaves with more surface area, which is why baguettes are known for going stale so quickly, and why a big thick loaf can sit on your counter for a day or two and still be edible.
Addition of fats to the recipe (butter, shortening, etc.) can delay the staling effect.
Some Selected Bread Recipes
- Cardamom Bread
- Easy Batter Bread
- Easy No-knead Raisin Bread
- Focaccia Bread
- Olive Oil Bread
- Rustic Beer Bread
- White Bread
Bread Machine Breads
Quick Breads, etc.
- Banana Bread
- Golden Corn Bread
- Corn Bread
- Corn Bread 2
- Corn Sticks
- Fried Bread
- Native American Fry Bread
- Orange Bread
- Pumpkin Bread
- Skillet Corn Bread
- Southern Cornbread
- Sourdough Starter
- Pain au levain naturel (Pain levain) "Wild yeast bread"
- San Francisco Sourdough Bread
- Rye Bread
- Yoghurt Bread
External Links and References
Visit, one of many websites dedicated to bread recipes.
For information on the history of bread visit or try the books History of Bread by Bernard Dupaigne and Six Thousand Years of Bread: Its Holy and Unholy History by H.E. Jacob.


why do i feel sleepy during intermittent fasting
Why Do I Feel Sleepy During Intermittent Fasting?
Andrew Brewer - Intermittent Fasting Expert
Written by Andrew Brewer. Updated on March 2023.
Medically reviewed and fact checked by our team.
why do i feel sleepy during intermittent fasting
Intermittent fasting has many benefits, including weight loss, lowered risk of heart disease, and improved blood sugar. However, it's not always easy riding as you get acclimated to your new eating style. One of the most common side effects of intermittent fasting is sleepiness and feeling fatigued. While it's uncomfortable, you'll realize the benefits outweigh the cost once you make it through.
Why Am I Tired?
You get energy from the food you consume, so if you're not eating anything, you'll likely feel tired – at least at first. Many people report feeling fatigued and having low energy levels during intermittent fasting. This is probably a result of the low blood sugar levels. You may even notice yourself having difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, making you feel even more tired during the day.
The good news is that these feelings of overwhelming tiredness do not last, and there are ways to help you manage your fatigue.
How to Overcome Intermittent Fasting Fatigue
Taking a nap isn't always possible, so here are some tried and true tips to help you manage your exhaustion as you acclimate to intermittent fasting.
Drinking More Water
You may be tempted to go straight to the caffeine when you're tired. After all, it will help give you that quick boost of energy you need to keep going. Before you grab the mug, try drinking a glass of water. Tiredness and fatigue can also be side effects of dehydration, so you may not be drinking enough fluids.
This is especially important during your fasting windows because you're not getting any water content from your food. That's not to say you can't have coffee or tea. Just make sure to balance it with water.
Eat Better
This may be counter-intuitive because you're not actively eating, but what you eat during your eating windows impacts how you feel when fasting. High protein, fiber-full foods will help give you more energy as you fast while still burning fat. Eat lots of foods, vegetables, nuts, grains, and lean proteins for the best results.
You'll notice a difference in your fast days when you eat strategically, focusing on the nutritional content rather than what your body may be craving. Over time, your body will start to crave healthy foods. You'll no longer crave junk, though it is okay to indulge now and then! You'll find that foods you used to love won't taste as good as they used to once you retrain your way of eating.
Don't Overeat
After a fast, you may be tempted to eat as fast as possible; however, resist the urge. You'll thank yourself later. If you do, it will put you into a food-coma-like state. While it may feel good at first, your body needs time to catch up on eating. Eating too much too fast will shock the system, causing discomfort. You may crash or experience diarrhea or constipation.
Instead, break your fast slowly. Remember to pay attention to the nutritional content of your food for the best result. Low carb, small meals will be your best bet to avoid energy crashes.
So, Is Feeling Tired Normal During Intermittent Fasting?
Yes, feeling tired and fatigued during intermittent fasting is a normal part of the process. You are teaching your body a whole new way to eat and process your food, so there will be a learning curve.
You can push through the fatigue by staying hydrated and eating strategically to set yourself up for success during your eating windows. And, when in doubt, you can grab a cup of coffee or tea for an immediate energy boost.
Don't forget to check our 10 best intermittent fasting apps to make your intermittent fasting journey easier.
Andrew Brewer
Andrew Brewer
Andrew Brewer started Fastingapps.com to give people the guidance that he never received when he was first starting. His goal is to make your goals achievable and to offer you only the best fasting apps that the internet has to offer. You're not on your own - Andrew and the entire family of reviewers at Fastingapps.com are here with you every step of the way!
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text:
On the eve of Israel's 57th Memorial Day, the Defense Ministry published the official figures of the number of fallen soldiers in Israel.
Twenty-three thousand, five hundred and forty four Jewish and Israeli soldiers, policemen, and guards have fallen in defense of the State of Israel and the pre-state Jewish community from 1860, when the Jewish community of Jerusalem expanded beyond the walls of the Old City and began to provide its own security, until today.
Sixty casualties have been added to the number of fallen soldiers since last Memorial Day (May 6, 2016), Additionally, 37 IDF veterans died over the past year as a result of injuries they received in combat.
The number of bereaved families in Israel in 2017 includes 9,157 bereaved parents, 4,881 widows of IDF soldiers and security forces, 1,843 orphans under to the age of 30, and thousands of bereaved and orphaned children over the age of 30.
A one-minute siren will be heard all over the country on Sunday, 4 Iyar, April 30th, at 8:00 p.m., marking the opening of Israel's Memorial Day for fallen soldiers. Immediately after the siren, the memorial rallies will begin. On Monday, a two-minute siren will be sounded, followed by state memorial ceremonies and memorial ceremonies throughout the country.
The Family, Commemoration and Heritage Division of the Defense Ministry, which is responsible for the Memorial Day events, was held this year for the arrival of more than a million and a half people to the military cemeteries throughout the country. The division's activities span 52 military cemeteries and hundreds of military burial plots, from Kiryat Shmona to Eilat, and thousands of graves in the various communities.
The scope of activities includes renovation, maintenance, cleaning and gardening of cemeteries, polishing and replacing damaged or old tombstones, expanding access to cemeteries and handicap for the handicapped and elderly population, while paying attention to each family member.


Authors:
K Rue-Albrecht, F Marini, C Soneson, ATL Lun
Journal name:
F1000Res
Citation info:
7:741
Abstract:
Data exploration is critical to the comprehension of large biological data sets generated by high-throughput assays such as sequencing. However, most existing tools for interactive visualisation are limited to specific assays or analyses. Here, we present the iSEE (Interactive SummarizedExperiment Explorer) software package, which provides a general visual interface for exploring data in a SummarizedExperiment object. iSEE is directly compatible with many existing R/Bioconductor packages for analysing high-throughput biological data, and provides useful features such as simultaneous examination of (meta)data and analysis results, dynamic linking between plots and code tracking for reproducibility. We demonstrate the utility and flexibility of iSEE by applying it to explore a range of real transcriptomics and proteomics data sets.
DOI:
_URL_
E-pub date:
01 Jan 2018


text:
President Pranab Mukherjee has given assent to Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016, to enable industries to pay wages by cheque or credit into the bank accounts of workers.
The ordinance amends the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 to encourage cashless transactions. With this assent the ordinance becomes law as per article 123 of the Constitution.
Key Provisions of Ordinance
- Allows industries to pay wages to workers earning up to Rs. 18,000 per month, without taking their explicit consent as required under present Act.
- Empowers the Union and State governments to specify industries or establishments where wage payments can be made mandatory through banks.
- However, it is not mandatory for employers to make wage payments through the banking system and they can still pay in cash.
The Union Government had decided to take the ordinance route because after demonetisation of the Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,000 banknotes in November 2016 had led to a cash crunch, and employers were finding it tough to pay workers in cash. The Payment of Wages (Amendment) Bill, 2016, introduced in Parliament was also not able get passed during winter session of the Parliament.
Article 123 of Constitution: It gives legislative power to President. He can issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session (i.e. recess) if there is urgent need to have a law on some urgent public matter. The promulgated ordinance has similar effect to an act of parliament. However, every ordinance must be laid and approved by both houses of the parliament within 6 weeks from the reassembling. If not placed and approved by both houses of the parliament after reassembling it lapses or becomes invalid.


text:
Definition of blurt
v. t. - To utter suddenly and unadvisedly; to divulge inconsiderately; to ejaculate; -- commonly with out.
The word "blurt" uses 5 letters: B L R T U.
No direct anagrams for blurt found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after blurt (in bold), or to blrtu in any order:
a - brutal e - butler o - brulot s - blurts
Shorter words found within blurt:
blur brut bur burl but rub rut tub urb ut
List shorter words within blurt, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in blurt, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with blurt, words containing blurt or words ending with blurt
All words formed from blurt by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: bl lu ur rt
Browse words starting with blurt by next letter
Previous word in list: blurs
Next word in list: blurted
Some random words: khoum


text:
Human-animal interaction encompasses any situation where there is interchange between human(s) and animal(s) at an individual or cultural level. These interactions are diverse and idiosyncratic, and may be fleeting or profound.
The human-animal bond is a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and animals that is influenced by behaviors considered essential to the health and well-being of both. The bond includes, but is not limited emotional, psychological, and physical interactions of people, animals, and the environment. The veterinarian's role in the human-animal bond is to maximize the potential of this relationship between people and animals and specifically to promote the health and well-being of both.
The AVMA officially recognizes: (1) the existence of the human-animal bond and its importance to client and community health, (2) that the human-animal bond has existed for thousands of years, and (3) that the human-animal bond has major significance for veterinary medicine, because, as veterinary medicine serves society, it fulfills both human and animal needs.
2016 American Veterinary Medical Association


Work with placeholders in labels and tooltips 17 Dec 2019
Each shape in a diagram can contain metadata or custom properties - extra information about those shapes.
These custom properties can also be used to define placeholder values, acting like variables in a computer program. Placeholders can be used in shape labels and tooltips to show the value of the custom property of that shape, the container shape it is inside, or an ancestor in a multi-group shape.
When you move a shape that contains a placeholder into a container shape with a matching property, the label that contains the placeholder (or tooltip) will be updated automatically.
Note: As an advanced feature, placeholders are not enabled by default - you need to explicitly tell you want to use them.
But first, you need to add a property to the shape or container shape you want to reference.
Add a custom property
You can add custom properties to any shape, connector, container shape, swim lane, etc.
 1. Select a shape, and in the Arrange tab of the format panel, click on Edit Data. Alternatively, right-click on the shape and select Edit Data from the context menu, or select the shape and press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+M on Windows or Cmd+M on MacOs.
 2. The dialog lists the custom properties you have added. To add a new one, enter a name for the custom property, then click Add Property.
 Add a property name to your shape
 3. Now enter a value for the custom property in the text field next to the name you just entered, and click Apply.
 Enter the property value for the new property you just added
When you hover over that shape, the custom properties that you added and their values are displayed in a tooltip, unless you have added a custom tooltip property - then only the tooltip value is displayed. To see how to define a tooltip, and use custom properties as placeholders within the tooltip, keep reading.
Custom properties are displayed by default in a tooltip when you hover over the shape
Tip: Properties can be set globally, working similar to global variables in a programming language. Make sure nothing is selected, then click on Edit Data in the format panel to see the global custom properties.
Use a property as a placeholder
Once you have added a custom property to your shape, you can use it as a placeholder in the shape's label or tooltip text.
Turn a shape into a container
If you want to use the properties defined in a parent shape as a placeholder, you need to turn the parent into a container shape.
 1. Select the parent shape, and expand the shape Properties in the format panel on the right.
 2. Make sure the Container checkbox is enabled.
Add a placeholder to a shape label
To display the value of a shape's property in a label, write the property name surrounded by % signs. For example, if you have added a property called group to the shape, write %group%.
 1. Right-click on a shape and select Edit Data from the context menu, make sure the Placeholders checkbox is selected, then click Apply.
 Edit the shape's data, and enable the Placeholders checkbox
 2. Edit the text label of the shape to include the property name surrounded by % signs.
 Add a placeholder to a shape label, for example %group%
There are a number of predefined placeholders where you can add the date and time in a variety of time formats, page number or title, and more to labels and tooltips.
Troubleshooting tips
If the property name does not exist for that shape, the value of the matching property name of the nearest ancestor (container shape or group) is used. If not found, the text is printed as is.
If a property isn't found and the placeholder text appears with the % signs, edit the shape data (Ctrl+M or Cmd+M) of both the shape and its ancestor, double check the property name is correct and make sure that the Placeholders checkbox is enabled.
Note that the diagram itself can have custom properties that can be referenced by placeholders. Make sure nothing in you diagram is selected, then click Edit Data in the format panel on the right to see these 'global' custom properties.
Note that there are a few special shape property names:
 - tooltip: If you define a tooltip property, only this text will be displayed when you hover over a shape (and no other custom properties).
 - placeholder: This turns the entire shape label into a placeholder, without needing to add a property name to the shape's label manually. See how to use the placeholder custom property
Add a placeholder to a tooltip on a shape
Select a shape and you can add a tooltip to it via Edit > Edit Tooltip or by using the keyboard shortcut Alt+Shift+T. By entering a tooltip this way, it simply adds it to the list of custom properties.
You can define a tooltip with a placeholder directly:
 2. Add a new property with the name: tooltip.
 3. In the blank field next to the tooltip property, add your tooltip text, putting % symbols around the placeholder you want to use in it. Then click Apply.
 Add a tooltip property, and write the tooltip text - include a placeholder by surrounding the property name with % signs
Now, when you hover over the shape, the tooltip text will appear, and the placeholder will be replaced with the value of the property it references.
How the example tooltip with a placeholder appears when you hover over the shape
Use placeholders to automate your diagramming
Looking at a somewhat more practical example - you can use placeholders in labels in your infrastructure diagrams. Then, when you change the address of the subnet group, the individual node IP addresses will update automatically.
In the example below, the labels on the individual nodes inside the subnet use a placeholder which references the custom subnet property of the containing oval shape. This makes it easy to update the IP addresses in that subnet.
Placeholders in the the labels of nodes in an infrastructure diagram
Open this example in
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_USER_{Schob2003Economic, abstract = {This paper investigates the effects of labor market integration, in the form of worker mobility, in a model with long-term labor contracts that lead to wage rigidities and unemployment. Reflecting the interdependence of regional labor markets, we develop a general-equilibrium framework where the contract structure is simultaneously determined in all regions. It is shown that increased mobility leads to more flexible labor market institutions in which firms can more easily vary the level of employment in response to fluctuations in demand. Economic integration is potentially Pareto-improving but, in the absence of a system of compensation, workers are harmed by greater labor mobility while the owners of firms benefit from higher profits.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Ronnie Sch\"{o}b and David E. Wildasin}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {J6; R0; J1; 330; migration; unemployment; labor market integration; risk; Arbeitsmarkttheorie; Marktintegration; Internationale Arbeitsmobilit\"{a}t; Lohnverhandlungstheorie; Lohnrigidit\"{a}t; Implizite Kontrakte; Wohlfahrtseffekt; Theorie}, language = {eng}, number = {945}, publisher = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)}, title = {Economic integration and labor market institutions : worker mobility, earnings risk, and contract structure}, type = {IZA Discussion paper series}, url = {_URL_ year = {2003} }


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Mathematical Recreations
Sierpinski Curve in Acheron 2.0
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 Cesaro Curve
 Heighway Curve
 Minkowski Curve
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 Construction
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 Author Biography
 Sierpinski Objects
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Sample from Acheron of a Sierpinski Curve All pictures are from Acheron 2.0, a free explorer of geometrical fractals. You can download Acheron 2.0 here Acheron 2.0 Screen Overview
Acheron 2.0 Screen Overview
The Sierpinski curve, named from the polish mathematician Waclaw Sierpinski who originally devised it around 1912, is much less known than the other fractal objects created by Sierpinski and his co-workers as the Sierpinski gasket or the Sierpinski Carpet. However, this curve allows beautiful variations that make it a wonderful candidate for our excursion in the world of fractals ...
Construction
As most of the fractal curves, the construction of the curve is based on the recursive procedure.
The curve grain is obtained by replacing each corner of a square by a small square placed along the diagonal axis.
The picture of the first recursion makes it easy to understand.
First Iteration in Sierpinski Curve
> This process is then repeated for the 4 corners of the figure generated at the previous iteration. The second iteration gives this picture:
Second Iteration of the Sierpinski Curve
The third iteration already gives an intricate pattern that require a much larger drawing to follow the construction rule visually. Playing with Acheron 2.0 will help learning the construction of this curve ...
The limit curve, obtained when iteration number tends to infinity, covers the entire area, object known as a space-filling curve.
Properties Back to Top
 - Curve Length
 Take a grid with a side of length N. The total length of the curve is the sum of the vertical and Horizontal segments ( noted S) and the oblique segments ( noted O).
 The number of Horizontal and Vertical segments is computed using the number of segments generated at the previous recursion, the number of segments of the recursion 1 being equal to 8 ( S1 = 8).
 SRec = (SRec-1 * 4) + 8
 This leads to a generalized formula for the number of Horizontal and Vertical segments:
 SRec = ((8 * 4 Rec) - 8) / 3
 The number of oblique segments is computed using the number of segments generated at the previous recursion, the number of segments of the recursion 1 being equal to 12 ( O1 = 12).
 ORec = (ORec-1 * 4) - 4
 This leads to a generalized formula for the number of Oblique segments:
 ORec = ((8 * 4 Rec) + 4) / 3
 The Size of the horizontal and vertical segments changes with the recursion according to the following formula:
 lsRec = N / (2Rec * 4)
 This is summarized in the table below:
 Iteration
 Number
 Segment
 Length
 Horz & Vert
 Segments
 Oblique
 Segments
 1N/8812
 2N/164044
 3N/32168172
 4N/64680684
 5N/_PHONE_
 As expected from the principe of curve construction, the ratio of the total number of segments between two successive iterations tends to 4.
 Considering N being of unary length and by combining the different formula showed above, we have the following figures for the total length:
 Iteration
 Number
 Total Length of Segments Total Curve
 Length
 Horz & Vert Oblique
 012.13.12
 12.53.896.39
 25._PHONE_.85
 _PHONE_.1125.74
 _PHONE_.1851.50
 _PHONE_.35103.00
 685.32120.68206.01
 Roughly, the length is doubling at each iteration. Graphically, it gives:
 Total Length of Sierpinski Curve
 - Curve Area
 The number of full squares is equal to:
 SRec = ((16 * 4 Rec) - 16) / 3
 The number of half squares is equal to:
 ORec = ((8 * 4 Rec) + 4) / 3
 Combining these two formula gives the total number of squares:
 NumberRec = ((20 * 4 Rec) - 14) / 3)
 To compute the total area, the total square number covered by the curve is divided by the total number of squares of the grid area:
 AreaRec = ( N * (20 * 4 Rec) - 14) / (3 * 4Rec * 16))
 which finally simplifies to:
 AreaRec = N * (( 10 * 4 Rec) - 7) / (24 * 4 Rec)
 As the number of recursion increases, the terms 10 * 4 Rec and 24 * 4 Rec become so large that the correction by 7 have smaller and smaller influence and can be neglected. The formula tends to:
 AreaRec = N * ( 10 * 4 Rec) / (24 * 4 Rec)
 which finally simplifies to:
 AreaRec = N * ( 5 / 12) = N * 0.416666
 The following figures illustrates this trends:
 Iteration
 Number
 Square Number Square Area Curve Area
 122N/640.34175
 2102N/2560.39843
 3422N/10240.41211
 41702N/40960.41553
 56822N/163840.41638
 ... ... ... ...
 106990502N/167772160.41666
 The Sierpinski curve also share the very interesting property of the most fractals: its area converges rapidly to a finite limit while the total length of the segments that composed that curve have no limit.
 - Fractal Dimension
 The fractal dimension is computed using the Hausdorff-Besicovitch equation:
 D = log (N) / log ( r)
 Replacing r by two (as on each iteration, the size of the objects is divided by two) and N by four (as the drawing process yields 4 self-similar objects) in the Hausdorff-Besicovitch equation gives:
 D = log(4) / log(2) = 2
 The Box-Counting method gives the same result.
 RecursionSquares
 Number (N)
 log(N) Square
 Size (r)
 log(r)
 1221.3424N/80.9031
 21022.0086N/_PHONE_
 34222.6253N/_PHONE_
 417023.2309N/_PHONE_
 568223.8339N/_PHONE_
 ... ... ... ...
 _PHONE_.8445N/69905023.6123
 The plot of log(N) againts log(r) gives the following picture:
 Sierpinski Curve Dimension by Box-Counting method
 Using the figures showed in the table, the linear regression yields a slope equal to 2.0005, as expected.
 A curve with a fractal dimension equal to 2 tends to cover the entire area in which it is drawn, as effectively observed when the iteration number is increased sufficiently.
 - Self-Similarity
 This property means that every part of the curve have the same overal character than the whole picture.
Variations Back to Top
All Variations described are available using Acheron 2.0
 - Iteration Level
 The first iterations give richer and richer drawings. Above a given level, the curve fills completely the drawing area, as all the curves with a fractal dimension equal to 2.
 - Curve Style
 Two ways for rendering the curve are available:
 - Normal
 Normal Style for Sierpinski Curve
 - Filled
 Filled Style for Sierpinski Curve
 On both style, a grid can be added (interesting for box-counting ...)
 Grid Display for Sierpinski Curve
Author Biography Back to Top
Waclaw Sierpinski Born: 14 March 1882 in Warsaw, Poland
 Died: 21 Oct 1969 in Warsaw, Poland
Waclaw Sierpinski attended school in Warsaw where his talent for mathematics was quickly spotted by his first mathematics teacher.
This was a period of Russian occupation of Poland and despite the difficulties, Sierpinski entered the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Warsaw in 1899. The lectures at the University were all in Russian and the staff were entirely Russian. It is not surprising therefore that it would be the work of a Russian mathematician, one of his teachers Voronoy that first attracted Sierpinski.
In 1903 Sierpinski was awarded the gold medal for an essay on Voronoy's contribution to number theory.
Sierpinski graduated in 1904 and worked for a while as a school teacher of mathematics and physics in a girls school in Warsaw. However when the school closed because of a strike, Sierpinski decided to go to Krakov to study for his doctorate. At the Jagiellonian University in Krakov he attended lectures by Zaremba on mathematics, studying in addition astronomy and philosophy. He received his doctorate and was appointed to the University of Lvov in 1908.
When World War I began in 1914, Sierpinski and his family happened to be in Russia. When World War I ended in


CAPP for Advisors
CAPP is the degree evaluation system used by all students with a catalog year prior to Fall 2012.
Monitor your progress as a student and see if you are fulfilling the requirements of your academic program
The online degree evaluation is not available to students of catalog years earlier than Fall 2001.
 1. Login to Patriot Web
 2. Select Faculty and Advisor Services
 3. Select Degree Evaluation and Advisee Listing
 4. Select Degree Evaluation Menu
 5. Select CAPP
 6. Select a term and click Submit
 7. Click Generate New Evaluation
 8. Select the academic program
 9. Click Generate Request
 10. Select Detail Requirements
 11. Click Submit
Double Major Students
If you have declared a double major, you must run a "what-if" degree evaluation for each program.
"What-If" Analysis Directions:
 1. Follow steps #1 – #6 above
 2. Instead of selecting Generate New Evaluation, select What-If Analysis
 3. Select the student's catalog year from the drop down menu and click Continue
 4. Select student's major from Program
 5. Click Add More to add a concentration or minor
 6. Click Submit
 7. Click Generate Request
 8. Select Detail Requirements
 9. Click Submit


text:
This Smartboard Notebook presentation Lesson Plan contains a 24 slides on the following topics of Environmental Awareness:
Balance of Nature, Pollution, Pollution Example, Technology and the Environment, Pollution Classification, Air Pollution, The Carbon Cycle, Sources of Emissions of Air Pollutants, CO2 Content of Earths Atmosphere is Increasing, The Greenhouse Effect, Acid Rain, Water Pollution Sources, Ground Pollution Sources, Energy Pollution, Human Population Growth, Human Population Density, Renewable Resources, Nonrenewable Resources, The Future
My presentations have been made to be both informative on curricular topics and visually stimulating for all students. 100% of my students prefer to receive and discuss new topics via Notebook/PowerPoint (compared to reading textbooks, lectures, or copying information off of the board). I have found that this method works extremely well with both mainstreamed and inclusion students. When I taught in a traditional HS, I provided a notebook with all the slides for students who needed to take a second look at a slide or were absent for the day.
A free product preview of this entire Smartboard Notebook presentation is available.
An Outline and other resources on this topic can be purchased separately.
Environmental Awareness PowerPoint Presentation
Environmental Awareness PP Notebook for Smartboard
Environmental Awareness Notes Outline Lesson Plan
Environmental Awareness Unit Vocabulary Lesson Plan
Global Climate Change PowerPoint Presentation
Global Climate Change Notes Outline Lesson Plan
Environmental Awareness Homework
Environmental Awareness Test Prep
© Lisa Michalek
The Lesson Guide


text:
- 11-1⁄2" square of cream print
- Pink print, yellow print, green print, and brown print scraps
- Embroidery floss in contrasting colors
- Fusible web
Finished block: 11" square
Cut the Fabrics
Click on "Download this Project" above for pattern pieces. Choose a method of appliqué, then refer to the instructions for your chosen appliqué method in the download to cut fabric pieces and prepare them.
From pink print, cut:
- 3 of Pattern A
From yellow print, cut:
- 3 of Pattern B
From green print, cut:
- 1 each of patterns C, E, F, and G
From brown print, cut:
- 1 of Pattern D
Assemble the Block
1. Prepare and position the appliqué pieces on the cream print 11-1⁄2" square (Appliqué Placement Diagram). Fuse the pieces in place.
2. Using a blanket-stitch, stitch the pieces in place.


text: The X-Tream dosimetry system developed at the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (University of Wollongong, Australia) utilises a high resolution silicon Single Strip Detector to characterise synchrotron radiation microbeams for the purpose of Quality Assurance of Microbeam Radiation Therapy. Firstly, a comparison of the Silicon Strip Detector performance with respect to a conventional PinPoint Ionisation Chamber for broad beams and microbeams is given. These results are then extended to characterise the horizontal microbeam radiation field available in the high flux experimental hutch of the Imaging and Medical BeamLine at the Australian Synchrotron. The Silicon Strip Detector measured depth dose curve of the broad beam agrees very well with the PinPoint Ionisation Chamber measurements between 10 and 50 mm depth in water. Significant deviations from the PinPoint Ionisation Chamber response are observed with increasing depth. Microbeam profiles measured by the Silicon Strip Detector are well resolved but clearly affected by misalignment of the Silicon Strip Detector with respect to the microbeams. Future beamline technical improvements will alleviate this issue.


methods by quality of information, business and finance homework help
Compare the results of the three (3) methods by quality of information for decision making. Using what you have learned about the three (3) methods, identify the best project by the criteria of long term increase in value. (You do not need to do further research.) Convey your understanding of the Time Value of Money principles used or not used in the three (3) methods. Review the video titled "NPV, IRR, MIRR for Mac and PC Excel" (located at and previously listed in Week 4) to help you understand the foundational concepts:
Scenario Information:
Assume that two gas stations are for sale with the following cash flows; CF1 is the Cash Flow in the first year, and CF2 is the Cash Flow in the second year. This is the time line and data used in calculating the Payback Period, Net Present Value, and Internal Rate of Return. The calculations are done for you. Your task is to select the best project and explain your decision. The methods are presented and the decision each indicates is given below.
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InvestmentSales PriceCF1CF2
Gas Station A$50,000$0$100,000
Gas Station B$50,000$50,000$25,000
Three (3) Capital Budgeting Methods are presented:
 1. Payback Period: Gas Station A is paid back in 2 years; CF1 in year 1, and CF2 in year 2. Gas Station B is paid back in one (1) year. According to the payback period, when given the choice between two mutually exclusive projects, the investment paid back in the shortest time is selected.
 NPVgas station A = $100,000/(1+.10)2 – $50,000 = $32,644
 NPVgas station B = $50,000/(1+.10) + $25,000/(1+.10)2 – $50,000 = $16,115
 3. Internal Rate of Return: Assuming 10% is the cost of funds; the IRR for Station A is 41.421%.; for Station B, 36.602.
Summary of the Three (3) Methods:
 - The IRR method favors Gas Station A. as it has a higher return, exceeding the cost of funds (10%) by the highest return.


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5.4.2 Input During Parallel Execution
Two processes cannot both take input from the same device at the same time. To make sure that only one recipe tries to take input from the terminal at once, make will invalidate the standard input streams of all but one running recipe. If another recipe attempts to read from standard input it will usually incur a fatal error (a 'Broken pipe' signal).
It is unpredictable which recipe will have a valid standard input stream (which will come from the terminal, or wherever you redirect the standard input of make). The first recipe run will always get it first, and the first recipe started after that one finishes will get it next, and so on.
We will change how this aspect of make works if we find a better alternative. In the mean time, you should not rely on any recipe using standard input at all if you are using the parallel execution feature; but if you are not using this feature, then standard input works normally in all recipes.


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The line fastened to the log (q.v.), and wound round a reel in the ship's gallery. The whole line (except some five fathoms next the log, called stray line) is divided into equal lengths called knots, each of which is marked with a piece of coloured tape or bunting. Suppose the captain wishes to know the rate of his ship; one of the sailors throws the log into the sea, and the reel begins to unwind. The length of line run off in half a minute shows the rate of the ship's motion per hour.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Log-line from Infoplease:


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Film Year: 2015
Film Length: 82 min.
Director: Samba Gadjigo and Jason Silverman
Sembene! documents the life of Ousmane Sembene, a self-taught novelist and filmmaker who fought a 50-year battle to give Africans a voice. Using a weave of archival materials, new footage, and excerpts from Sembene's films, biographer Samba Gadjigo explores the artist's extraordinary life from hardship to triumph as the storyteller for a new Africa. The film illustrates the determination and vision of the "father of African cinema" as he fights for the marginalized and becomes a hero to millions. Introduction by Kandioura Dramé (U.Va.)
Downtown Mall : Vinegar Hill Theatre


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Introduction: Scarlet Hiltibidal – A Notable Christian Author and Speaker
- Scarlet Hiltibidal is a well-known Christian author and speaker.
- She gains recognition for her clever and relevant writing style.
- Author of books like "The Reason of All Things," "He Numbered the Pores on My Face," and "Theology of the Ordinary."
Captivating Writing on Faith and Life
- Her writing focuses on fear, anxiety, and self-doubt, and how faith empowers her.
- A popular speaker at events across the country.
- Explains complex religious concepts to audiences of all ages.
Respected Voice in the Christian World
- Highly regarded among young women.
- Offers a message of hope and grace that resonates worldwide.
- Authenticity and vulnerability make her relatable to many.
Scarlet Hiltibidal's Parents: James and Victoria Jackson
- Born to James (Father) and Victoria Jackson (Mother).
- Victoria: Blogger, speaker, writer, and devoted church member.
- Notable works: "When I Lay My Isaac Down" and "Heart Wide Open."
- James: Pastor and teacher with years of church service.
- Brings wisdom to his teachings.
Influence of Parents on Scarlet's Life and Beliefs
- Scarlet mentions parents' significant impact in her books and speeches.
- Despite their Christian fame, James and Victoria maintain privacy.
Sibling Connection: Scarlet Hiltibidal and Her Sister
- Scarlet's sister: Aubrey Wessel.
Age: A Mystery
- Scarlet Hiltibidal's age remains undisclosed due to unknown birthdate.
Ethnicity and Nationality
- Scarlet's ethnicity: Caucasian.
- Nationality: American.
Family Life of Scarlet Hiltibidal
- Married and residing in Southern California.
- Shares her home with her husband and three daughters.
- Enjoys singing with her daughters and writing for friends.


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- For Teachers
It differs. For in some languages, such as in Italian, dialects are complete different languages, running parallel to the country's language.
Doesn't it depend on whether they are derived from the standard form or not?
not in italian, except tuscan which is the standard italian, all other are diffrent languages.
to say it is different is to suggest that there is another form of standard language, standard to the group of users. to say it a deviation is to suggest that dialects are not the norms but something inferior to that which is standard. What is standard, howeve, is relative to time and place.
'Differ' seems less judgemental. To the dialect speaker, standard language seems strange. I'd use 'differ'.
The standard language is itself a dialect.
Sometimes a particular dialect can be standardized but after being being standardized it wont be a dialect any more.


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Gelling is a wide ranging and very important technique in traditional and modern cooking. It encapsulates everything from the old to the new, from custards to edible gel sheets to spherification. There are many different ingredients that cause gelling including eggs, starches like flour, and hydrocolloids like agar and carrageenan.
Gelling is a very interesting process. There are a few different ways gelling happens but most of them result in some kind of solid structure that traps liquid in it. The structure is often made of proteins and gives form and body to the gel.
To achieve this structure we have to add gelling agents to the liquid we want to gel. There are many traditional gelling ingredients most cooks are familiar with. Gelatin is often used in desserts as well as naturally providing body in stocks. Cooked eggs become gels. Even the proteins in flour form a network for doughs.
Now, there are a variety of new gelling agents, many of which are called hydrocolloids, that give us a lot more control over the types of gels we create.
Even though there are many different kinds of gels, most often a similar process is used to create them. Go to the Ingredient page for instructions on a specific ingredient.
Typically, the first step is to disperse the gelling agent in the liquid you want to gel. Dispersion is simply the act of evenly distributing the ingredient throughout the liquid. This will ensure a gel of even strength.
A good example of dispersion gone wrong is when you try to add flour to a hot liquid. Instead of a smooth gravy you end up with lumps where the flour gelled together. Proper dispersion of the flour, usually using a water slurry or fat-based roux, eliminates the formation of lumps.
Depending on the ingredient you may have to use a hot, cold, acidic, or other liquid for proper dispersion. For some ingredients a whisk or spoon will work fine, others will need the stronger shearing forces of an immersion or standing blender.
One exception to the rule of dispersing first is gelatin. It is hydrated, or "bloomed" first, before being dispersed.
Once the gelling agent has been fully dispersed it needs to hydrate. Hydration is basically the process of absorbing water, or another liquid, and swelling. This absorption of liquid, in conjunction with other processes, causes the thickening of the mixture, creating a molecular mesh that traps water. This is a simplification of the molecular processes; if you are interested in the science behind them, a lot of good information can be found on the internet.
Depending on the gelling agent and the liquid being used, hydration will occur at different temperatures and over different time frames. Many ingredients will need to be heated for hydration to occur, like flour and agar.
The final stage is when the liquid actually gels. Many gelling agents will gel at a specific temperature; others may gel at any temperature. This process can take anywhere from a few minutes to many hours.
Sometimes you do not want to bring the liquid you are gelling to a boil. In order to hydrate a gelling agent that must be heated you have two options.
You can disperse and hydrate the gelling agent in a small amount of the liquid and blend the rest of the liquid into it after hydration. You can also disperse and hydrate the gelling agent in water and blend the liquid into that. Either way, the temperature will drop quickly and some gelling agents, such as agar, will begin to set faster than usual.
Warming up the liquid as much as you can is advised for better dispersion once the gelling agent has hydrated.
Due to the way many of these ingredients create their molecular webs the chemicals in your water can affect the gelling power of your dishes. If you have water that has a high mineral content, or are consistently having trouble with your gels it might be worth experimenting with filtered, spring, or distilled water. It won't always fix the problem but it will at least eliminate one variable from the equation.
Different gelling agents create gels that can withstand a wide variety of temperatures. Be sure to pick a gelling ingredient that meets the needs of the dish you are preparing. For instance, gelatin melts just above room temperature so it cannot be used with hot preparations while agar gels can be heated up to around 80°C (176°F) before it melts.
There are many different gelling ingredients. Below is a short description of several of the gelling agents we cover in depth.
Agar creates brittle gels and it must be brought to a boil to hydrate. It sets at room temperature and can be heated to 80°C (176°F) before melting. You can also add locust bean gum to agar gels to make them more elastic.
Agar is typically used in a ratio of 0.2% to 3.0%. For soft gels a 0.2% to 0.5% range is ideal and the gel becomes harder as more agar is added. Locust bean gum can be added to make the gel more elastic, usually by replacing 10% of the agar with locust bean gum. For more information you can view my Guide to Agar.
Iota carrageenan creates elastic gels and is especially effective with dairy products. It is often used in custards or puddings. It must be heated to hydrate then cooled to set the gel. Once gelled it can be reheated several degrees above the gelling temperature before melting.
Iota Carrageenan is normally mixed in a ratio range of 0.02-0.04% to just thicken a dairy based product or a 0.4-1.5% ratio to prepare a dairy gel. Non-dairy gels often require a little more iota in the range of 0.75-1.5%. Since foams are more delicate, a 0.2-1.0% ratio of iota carrageenan is needed to make foams from fluid gels. For dairy fluid gels when blended it takes a ratio range of 0.1-1.0% iota carrageenan.
For an end result with a specific elasticity, mix the iota carrageenan and kappa carrageenan together; the total amount of the carrageenans used for gels is a 0.3-1.5% ratio. For a medium elasticity use 1 part iota to 1 part kappa ratio; for an elastic gel a 2 iota to 1 kappa ratio; and for a brittle gel a 1 iota to 2 kappa For more information check out my Guide to Iota Carrageenan.
Kappa carrageenan can be used to create firm, brittle gels and is especially effective at gelling dairy-based liquids. To gel, the liquid must contain either calcium or potassium that is free to bind with the kappa carrageenan.
For dairy gels kappa carrageenan is normally mixed in a ratio of 0.3-1.5% range. For dairy fluid gels when blended it often takes a little less, a ratio range of 0.3-1.0% is appropriate.
For an end result with a specific elasticity, mix the iota carrageenan and kappa carrageenan together; the total amount of carrageenan used for gels is a 0.3-1.5% ratio. For a medium elasticity use 1 part iota to 1 part kappa ratio; for an elastic gel a 2 iota to 1 kappa ratio; and for a brittle gel a 1 iota to 2 kappa
It must be heated to hydrate then cooled to set the gel. Once gelled it can be reheated several degrees above the gelling temperature before melting. Discover more information by visiting my Guide to Kappa Carrageenan.
Gelatin forms elastic gels that can't be raised much above room temperature. Gelatin has to be dispersed in hot liquid and sets at room temperature or below.
The powdered gelatin referred to in this section has a bloom strength of 225. For this gelatin the ratios often range from 0.5% to 1.0% for soft, tender gels. For very hard, firm gels it can be used in ratios of upwards of 6% but the typical range for medium firm gels is 1% to 3%. For light foams you commonly see a 0.4% to 1.0% ratio powdered gelatin, where a denser foam typically needs a 1.0% to 1.7% ratio. When making marshmallows a ratio of 10% of the liquid is called for.
If you are using sheet gelatin you will use 0.3-0.5 sheets per 100 grams of liquid for soft gels and 0.5 to 1.66 sheets per 100 grams of liquid for firmer gels. For very firm gels more than 3.3 sheets per 100 grams of liquid is sometimes used. For a light foam use 0.2 to 0.5 sheets per 100 grams of liquid, a dense foams requires 0.5 to 0.9 sheets per 100 grams of liquid. When making marshmallows a ratio of 5.5 sheets per 100 grams of liquid is common. For more information you can view my Guide to Gelatin.
Methylcellulose has the uncommon ability to gel as it heats, and melt as it cools. There are many different types of methylcellulose available for a variety of uses.
For making foams, a ratio mixture of 1.0-2


Bidens have orchid named after them in Singapore
SINGAPORE - US Vice President Joe Biden and his wife Jill received a customary Singapore honour Friday - an orchid named after them - as they paid an official visit to the tropical city state.
Singapore has long used orchid naming to recognise international leaders, with high-profile political figures including Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher having blossoms at Singapore's National Orchid Garden.
The Bidens were feted at a ceremony at the 63-hectare (155 acre) garden, where a new hybrid orchid, Dendrobium Joe and Jill Biden, was named in their honour.
The vice president signed a symbolic "birth certificate" officially naming the orchid, one of many new varieties constantly being developed in Singapore.
"Mr. Prime Minister, never did I think in my wildest dreams that I would have an orchid named after me and my wife," a smiling Biden told Singapore's Lee Hsien Loong.
"That was beyond any expectations I ever had as a child or an an adult."
VIP orchid-naming first took root in 1957 during British colonial rule when a variety was named after Anne Black, the wife of London's high commissioner to Singapore.
Singapore is a leading exporter of orchids and its national flower is an indigenous violet-hued variety called the Vanda "Miss Joaquim".


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What is the 1Sky Climate Network?
The 1Sky Climate Network is at the heart of an energized and focused grassroots movement to take on the dirty energy industries and make meaningful change in America's position on climate change. Made up of local, volunteer-led teams and individuals, By making calls, participating in events, and taking other local action, you become part of a national network of volunteers who are given the support and resources to become successful leaders.
1Sky's field staff sends an exclusive weekly email to the climate network, keeping them up-to-date on the latest and best ways to help further the movement for climate action. These action takers are given individualized support in taking action by our central field team.
Some actions include:
- Writing letters to the local paper
- Taking pictures for photo petitions
- Planning or attending parties, at their homes or elsewhere
- Visiting their elected officials' offices


21 July 2004 Propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in lap-shear adhesive joints
Author Affiliations +
Abstract
This paper deals with the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in adhesively-bonded lap-shear joints. The topic is relevant to ultrasonic bond inspection in aerospace components. Specifically, the propagation of the lowest-order, antisymmetric a0 mode through the joint is examined. This mode can be easily generated and detected in the field due to the predominant out-of-plane displacements at the surface of the test piece. An important aspect is the mode conversion at the boundaries between the single-plate adherends and the multilayer overlap. The a0 strength of transmission is studied for three different bond states in aluminum joints, namely a fully cured adhesive bond, a poorly cured adhesive bond, and a slip bond. Theoretical predictions based on the Global Matrix Method indicate that the dispersive behavior of the guided waves in the multilayer overlap is highly dependent on bond state. Experimental tests of the joints are conducted by a hybrid, broadband laser/air-coupled ultrasonic setup in a through-transmission configuration. This system does not require any wet coupling and it can be moved flexibly across the test piece. The Gabor Wavelet transform is employed to extract energy transmission coefficients in the 100 kHz - 1.4 MHz range for the three different bond states examined. The cross-sectional mode shapes of the guided waves are shown to have a substantial role in the energy transfer through the joint. A rationale for the selection of the a0 excitation frequencies highly sensitive to bond state will be given.
© (2004) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Francesco Lanza di Scalea, Francesco Lanza di Scalea, Piervincenzo Rizzo, Piervincenzo Rizzo, Alessandro Marzani, Alessandro Marzani, "Propagation of ultrasonic guided waves in lap-shear adhesive joints", Proc. SPIE 5394, Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Structural and Biological Systems III, (21 July 2004); doi: 10.1117/12.539982; _URL_
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Betti numbers of sets defined by formulas with quantifiers
Date:
Wednesday 4th May 2005 - 15:30 to 17:00
Venue:
INI Seminar Room 1
Abstract:
(Joint work with D. Novikov, B. Shapiro)
In his famous Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873) J.C. Maxwell considered the following problem: How many equilibrium points a potential of n fixed point charges in R^3 may have? Maxwell applied Morse theory (developed 50 years later) to approach this problem. He claimed that there should be at most (n-1)^2 equilibrium points. In a footnote to the third edition (1891) of the Maxwell's book, J.J. Thomson stated that he could not find any proof of this. In the talk, recent progress in this direction will be reported, based on fewnomial theory and Voronoi diagrams.
University of Cambridge Research Councils UK
 Clay Mathematics Institute London Mathematical Society NM Rothschild and Sons


A vba annoyance
 Josquius 14:08 13 Mar 2005
Locked
Is there anyway to fix it on VBA so that when you press cancel on pop up boxes it doesn't come up with a debug error but actually cancels?
 VoG II 14:38 13 Mar 2005
More information needed.
 Josquius 14:46 13 Mar 2005
In excel using VBA a inputbox asks for something, you normally type this in and press OK.
There is also a cancel button which should stop running the code however pressing the cancel causes a type mismatch all the type and brings up a excel error.
 VoG II 14:59 13 Mar 2005
If you were to use the following statement
iNumber = InputBox(prompt:="Please enter a number")
you will get a type mismatch error message since variable iNumber has been declared to be an integer and the input box always returns text.
Using Val in front of the InputBox will convert the response into a number and avoids the error message:
iNumber = Val(InputBox(prompt:="Please enter a number"))
However, if the user selects cancel, the resulting "" would be converted to a 0. And there would be no way to determine if the user selected cancel or
entered a 0.
If zero is not a valid response and you do not wish to confirm that the user pressed the cancel button, then you can use the following instead:
iNumber = Val(InputBox(prompt:="Please enter a number"))
If iNumber = 0 Then End
 VoG II 15:02 13 Mar 2005
Sub Get_A_Number()
Dim response As Variant, numberEntered As Integer
response = Application.InputBox (prompt:="Please enter a number", Type:=1)
If Str(response) = "False" Then Exit Sub
numberEntered = response
MsgBox "You entered " & numberEntered
End Sub
 Josquius 14:03 18 Mar 2005
How would you do it for a string inputbox.
If response="false" doesn't seem to pick up on pressing a cancel button there.
 VoG II 15:58 18 Mar 2005
If Str(response) = "False"
should work.
This thread is now locked and can not be replied to.
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The paper presents the results of an in-vivo study of lymphedema tissue by optical coherent elastography in small animals. A lower limb lymphedema model in Wistar rats by lymph node resection was created. This article describes the application of the method of optical coherent elastography as a tool for in-vivo study of a model of lower limb lymphedema in small laboratory animals. Studies have shown that with the development of lymphedema, elastic properties change significantly.
A model of lymphedema in laboratory animals was realized and analyzed with multiphoton microscopy (MPM). Computer vision methods were used to describe the textures of lymphedema tissue MPM images, then informative features of the fibrosis development were extracted. Besides, the ratios of the autofluorescence lifetime to the second harmonic signal were estimated.
Methods of two-photon microscopy are widely used in the study of biological objects, in particular, skin, due to the possibility to study objects both on the surface and at depth without attracting additional fluorophores due to endogenous autofluorescence. In this paper, the methods of image analysis of the AF signal and SHG signal are applied to assess the condition of the skin during the development of lymphedema. It is shown that for groups of healthy tissue and lymphedematous using SAAID distribution histograms, changes in tissues can be detected.
A model of lymphedema was developed using laboratory animals. During lymphatic edema enhancement, a study was made of changes in the structure of biological tissues by interference optical methods in the near infrared region of the spectrum. Statistical methods were applied for describing textures of the experimental images of the affected tissues, informative features of the dynamics of fibrosis development were identified.
Last years the development of computer-aided diagnostic systems for medical image analysis has become a hot topic. A key step is connected with informative features extraction. Here, we discussed multiphoton microscopy and optical coherent tomography lymphedema tissue images analysis using gradient processing methods.


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| Therapeutic Dosages
| Therapeutic Uses
| Safety Issues
| Interactions You Should Know About
Policosanol is a mixture of waxy substances generally manufactured from sugarcane. It contains about 60% octacosanol, along with many related chemicals. In some cases, the terms octacosanol and policosanol are used interchangeably.
Numerous studies have reported that sugarcane policosanol can substantially improve cholesterol profile, with an efficacy approximately equal to that of the most effective drugs used for this purpose. On this basis, policosanol has been approved as a treatment for high cholesterol in about two dozen countries, most of them in Latin America.
However, essentially all positive studies of policosanol were performed and reported by a single Cuban research group—a group with a financial relationship to the product. Independent verification of the product's effectiveness was delayed for several years by various legal obstacles. During the years 2006 and 2007, however, several independent studies of sugarcane policosanol were at last reported. In none of these trials has policosanol proved more effective than placebo.
The tested Cuban policosanol product is manufactured from sugarcane. Octacosanol and related substances are also found in wheat germ oil, vegetable oils,
, and various animal products.
Due to political and patent issues, sugarcane policosanol has not been widely available in the US. Products sold in the US market as "policosanol" are generally derived from beeswax or wheat germ. These products have a significantly different mixture of constituents and could have substantially different effects.
Typical dosages of policosanol in Cuban studies have ranged from 5 mg to 10 mg twice daily.
The Cuban research group that holds the patent on sugarcane-derived policosanol has published approximately 80 double-blind studies on their product. If these reports are to be believed, a total of several thousand people with elevated cholesterol levels have been enrolled in clinical trials ranging in length from 6 weeks to 12 months, and in virtually every one of these trials policosanol proved both more effective than placebo and equally effective as statin drugs.
However, in science, it is always necessary to have independent confirmation of results before a treatment can be considered proven to work. The first truly independent trials of policosanol as a treatment for high cholesterol began to appear in 2006. Of the many studies published since then, enrolling over 500 people, not one found policosanol more effective than placebo.
These results have raised serious doubts about the effectiveness of sugarcane policosanol. In addition, questions are now being raised about other scientific claims made by the patent-holding Cuban research group.
Wheat-germ policosanol, sold in the US as substitute for sugarcane policosanol, failed to prove more effective than placebo in the one published clinical trial of this product.
There is no published evidence to indicate that beeswax-derived policosanol affects cholesterol profile. A study published in Croatia reportedly found benefit with rice-source policosanol, but it suffered from significant problems in design and reporting.
The bottom line
: At present, considerable doubt exists regarding whether any form of policosanol offers cholesterol-related benefits.
One study, again conducted by the patent-holding Cuban research group, reported that policosanol is helpful for
Other potential uses of policosanol have been proposed by non-Cuban researchers.
A small double-blind trial found marginal evidence that policosanol might
enhance sports performance
Marginal benefits were also seen in a very small, double-blind trial of individuals with
; however, this study also reported that policosanol can increase the side effects of the levodopa, the standard drug used for Parkinson's disease.
Finally, in a small double-blind trial, policosanol failed to produce any benefits in
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
: Virtually all statements regarding the safety of policosanol derive from studies reported by the patent-holding Cuban research group. Since the reliability of these researchers is now in question, all of the statements below are similarly open to question.
Given the above caveat, policosanol is said to be safe at the maximum recommended dose. In double-blind trials, only mild short-term side effects have been reported, such as nervousness, headache, diarrhea, and insomnia. A safety study of 27,879 people followed for 2 to 4 years showed that use of policosanol produced adverse effects in only 0.31% of participants, primarily weight loss, excessive urination, and insomnia.
In animal studies, no toxic signs were seen even at 620 times the maximum recommended dose.
In addition, policosanol does not adversely affect the liver.
Finally, policosanol does not interact with three types of medications used for high blood pressure: calcium-channel antagonists, diuretics, and beta-blockers.
On the other hand, policosanol may be a "blood thinner,"
and it appears to enhance the blood-thinning effects of aspirin,
though at least one study failed to confirmed this adverse effect.
Still, to be on the safe side, policosanol should not be combined with aspirin or other blood-thinning drugs, such as
(Trental). There is also at least a remote chance that it might cause excessive bleeding if combined with natural supplements that thin the blood, such as
, and high-dose
. Similarly, individuals with clotting problems should avoid policosanol, and the supplement should not be used during the period immediately prior to or following surgery or labor and delivery.
One non-Cuban report suggests that policosanol might increase the action of levodopa, a medication used for Parkinson's disease, leading to increased side effects called dyskinesias.
The maximum safe dosages for young children, pregnant or nursing women, or individuals with severe liver or kidney disease have not been established.
Interactions You Should Know About
Do not use policosanol except on medical advice if you are taking:
Blood-thinning medications, for example:
Natural supplements that thin the blood, for example:
Keep in mind that policosanol may increase both the effects and side effects of: