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We completed our second Summer Training on Practical methods for Art Examination in beautiful Sicily.
Our Training courses are aimed to art conservation professionals that want to add new technical examination tools to their skills. We covered Technical Photography, Infrared Reflectography, Reflectance spectroscopy, RTI and Multispectral Imaging.
DOWNLOAD - Summer Students Training Program - CLICK (110 downloads)
1st Day. Technical Photography
Technical Photography represents a collection of broadband spectral images realized with a modified full spectrum digital camera and different lighting sources and filters. We will practice hands-on shooting and editing for these technical photos:
RAK, Raking light Photography
UVF, Ultraviolet Fluorescence Photography
UVR, Ultraviolet Reflected Photography
IR, Infrared Photography
IRT, Infrared Transmitted Photography
IRF, Infrared Fluorescence Photography
IRFC, Infrared False Color Photography
2nd Day. Panoramic Infrared Reflectography, Reflectance Spectroscopy, RTI
Infrared Reflectography allows to identify underdrawing and pentimenti. We coupled it with the panoramic method in order to acquire infrared reflectograms with a fast and lightwiegth set up.
Reflectance Spectroscopy (RS) shows, for each wavelength, the ratio between the intensity of the reflected light and the incident light, measured with respect to a standard white reference (reflectance). Reflectance spectra provide information useful for the identification of pigments.
Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) is a computational photographic technique and it is used in a number of fields related to art examination and documentation because it provides a virtual and enhanced visualization of an object's surface.
3rd Day. Multispectral Imaging
Multispectral Imaging (MSI) is used to map and tentatively identify pigments and in paints on works of art. It is also useful to visually enhance old and faded documents. Thanks to the first crowdfunded research in art conservation science, CHSOS has developed an MSI system using 18 bandpass filter and a full spectrum digital camera that covers the 400-920 nm spectral range.
Shooting spectral images.
Splitting spectral images into RGB channels.
Registering spectral images.
Calibrating spectral images.
Spectra reconstruction and mapping.
We organize training programs worldwide. Ask for a quote


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glaze, translucent layer that coats pottery to give the surface a finish or afford a ground for decorative painting. Glazes—transparent, white, or colored—are fired on the clay. Of the various artificial mixtures used for glazes, that for whiteware contains borax and lead, whereas a salt glaze is used for stoneware. No lead is used for porcelain. The coloring agents are oxides of different metals. In the 16th and 17th cent. glazes were also used in painting to enhance the luminosity of oil or tempera colors. Titian and Rembrandt were especially adept at glazing techniques.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Use of RNA:DNA ratios for assessing secondary production of planktonic food webs effects of temperature, salinity, food and heavy metals /
Abstract (Summary)Acartia tonsa is a dominant copepod in coastal waters and is an important link in the food web between microplankton and higher trophic levels. RNA:DNA ratios have been used to describe growth and nutritional condition of field collected copepods and to show strong correlation between group egg production and RNA:DNA ratios. A method was developed using a sensitive, nucleic acid fluorescent dye and automated microplate fluorometer to measure RNA, DNA and RNA:DNA ratio of individual A. tonsa. RNA, DNA, RNA:DNA ratios and egg production were all significantly higher in copepods fed Thalassiosira spp. compared to starved copepods. There was a general trend toward an increase in RNA:DNA ratios with increase in egg production, but due to the high degree of variation in both RNA:DNA ratios and egg production of individual copepods no significant correlation between RNA:DNA ratios and egg production was found. Significant differences in the RNA:DNA ratios between fed (7.2) and starved (3.4) copepods were found after 2 days. In the future this assay may be applied to other species of copepods sampled directly from the field, to provide an index of the health of planktonic food webs in nature.
School Location:USA - Texas
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:copepoda rna dna marine plankton
Date of Publication:


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A Treatise on Bread and Bread-Making
This edition of Treatise on Bread and Bread-Making was reproduced by permission from the volume in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts. Founded in 1812 by Isaiah Thomas, a Revolutionary War patriot and successful printer and publisher, the Society is a research library documenting the life of Americans from the colonial era through 1876. The Society collects, preserves, and makes available as complete a record as possible of the printed materials from the early American experience. The cookbook collection includes approximately 1,100 volumes.
About the Author
This website contains affiliate links. If you buy something through one of those links, you don't pay a penny more, but we receive a small commission.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


rVar = DblVarVar / 5.0

 PRINT FltVar
 PRINT DblVar
 PRINT LDblVar
 PRINT DblVarVar
 PRINT 4 / 5.0

 PAUSE
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 Press any key to continue . . .
DOUBLE data type
Syntax 1:
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVar
Syntax 2:
 DIM DblVar AS DOUBLE
Syntax 3:
An # (octothorpe) sigil appended to the variable name indicates a DOUBLE variable.
 DIM DblVar#
Purpose:
 - The above declarations allocate a 64-bit space for a C language double data type variable named DblVar.
When dealing with floating point operations, expressions should include, at least, one operation that explicitly informs the compiler that a floating point operation is occurring. Without that explicit information in the right side expressions, the example below produces unexpected results.
 DIM AS FLOAT FltVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVar
 DIM AS LDOUBLE LDblVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVarVar

 FltVar = 4 / 5
 DblVar = 4 / 5
 LDblVar = 4 / 5L
 DblVarVar = 4 : DblVarVar = DblVarVar / 5

 PRINT FltVar
 PRINT DblVar
 PRINT LDblVar
 PRINT DblVarVar
 PRINT 4 / 5

 PAUSE
 0
 0
 0
 0.8
 0.8
 Press any key to continue . . .
The corrected example, below, which contains a decimal point in the right side statements, will output the expected results.
 DIM AS FLOAT FltVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVar
 DIM AS LDOUBLE LDblVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVarVar

 FltVar = 4 / 5.0
 DblVar = 4.0 / 5
 LDblVar = 4 / 5.0L
 DblVarVar = 4 : DblVarVar = DblVarVar / 5.0

 PRINT FltVar
 PRINT DblVar
 PRINT LDblVar
 PRINT DblVarVar
 PRINT 4 / 5.0

 PAUSE
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 Press any key to continue . . .
LDOUBLE data type
Syntax 1:
 DIM AS LDOUBLE LDblVar
Syntax 2:
 DIM LDblVar AS LDOUBLE
Do not use syntax: DIM LDblVar AS LONG DOUBLE
Purpose:
 - The above declaration allocates space for a C language long double data type variable named LDblVar.
When LDOUBLE variables are initialized the value assigned must be appended with an "L" The following code, without an appended "L" on the LDOUBLE initialization value
 DIM AS LDOUBLE pi = 3.141592653589793238
 PRINT "3.141592653589793238"
 PRINT USING$ ("#.##################", pi)
outputs
 3.141592653589793238
 3.141592653589793116
where the LDOUBLE is treated as a DOUBLE.
Appending the "L" to the LDOUBLE initialization value
 DIM AS LDOUBLE pi = 3.141592653589793238L
 PRINT "3.141592653589793238"
 PRINT USING$ ("#.##################", pi)
outputs the correct LDOUBLE value.
 3.141592653589793238
 3.141592653589793238
When dealing with floating point operations, expressions should include, at least, one operation that explicitly informs the compiler that a floating point operation is occurring. Without that explicit information in the right side expressions, the example below produces unexpected results.
 DIM AS FLOAT FltVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVar
 DIM AS LDOUBLE LDblVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVarVar

 FltVar = 4 / 5
 DblVar = 4 / 5
 LDblVar = 4 / 5L
 DblVarVar = 4 : DblVarVar = DblVarVar / 5

 PRINT FltVar
 PRINT DblVar
 PRINT LDblVar
 PRINT DblVarVar
 PRINT 4 / 5

 PAUSE
 0
 0
 0
 0.8
 0.8
 Press any key to continue . . .
The corrected example, below, which contains a decimal point in the right side statements, will output the expected results.
 DIM AS FLOAT FltVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVar
 DIM AS LDOUBLE LDblVar
 DIM AS DOUBLE DblVarVar

 FltVar = 4 / 5.0
 DblVar = 4.0 / 5
 LDblVar = 4 / 5.0L
 DblVarVar = 4 : DblVarVar = DblVarVar / 5.0

 PRINT FltVar
 PRINT DblVar
 PRINT LDblVar
 PRINT DblVarVar
 PRINT 4 / 5.0

 PAUSE
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 0.8
 Press any key to continue . . .
STRING data type (Default Size)
Syntax 1:
 DIM DfltStrVar AS STRING
Syntax 2:
A $ (dollar sign) sigil appended to the variable name indicates a STRING variable.
 DIM DfltStrVar$
Purpose:
 - The above declarations create a variable named DfltStrVar and allocate a 2048 byte space for a C language char data type string.
STRING data type (Custom Size)
Syntax 1:
 DIM CustStrVar AS STRING * 4096
Syntax 2:
 DIM CustStrVar [4096] AS CHAR
Purpose:
 - The above declarations create a variable named CustStrVar and allocate a 4096 byte space for a C language char data type string.
 - The following code declaration

 DIM CustStrVar [4096] AS STRING

 does not translate the same as this declaration

 DIM CustStrVar [4096] AS CHAR

In addition to the above data type keywords, a sigil suffix appended to the variable name, can be used to inform the BCX translator of the data type of the variable.
More than one variable can be declared on a single line. For example, this code
 DIM a AS INTEGER, b AS INTEGER, c AS INTEGER
is equivalent to this code
 DIM a AS INTEGER
 DIM b AS INTEGER
 DIM c AS INTEGER
BCX also allows different data type variables to be declared on a single line.
Example:
 DIM A%, B!, D$ * 1000, E[10,10]
creates an integer, a single, a string, and a 2 dimensional integer array.
Forward Propagation of Variable Type
However, the BCX parser will not parse, correctly, this code
 DIM AS INTEGER a, AS INTEGER b, AS INTEGER c
but, because the declaration of variables with forward propagation of variable type is allowed in BCX, the above declarations can be expressed as
 DIM AS INTEGER a, b, c
Here are some other examples showing the declaration of variables with forward propagation of variable type.
Example:
 DIM AS DOUBLE A, B, C[2] ' all variables are doubles

 DIM AS INTEGER A[] = {4,5}, B, C[2] = {0,1} ' all variables are integer

 DIM AS CHAR PTR PTR A, B[3] ' all variables are POINTERS to POINTERS of CHAR
Storage Class Specifiers
BCX recognizes the AUTO, REGISTER, EXTERN and STATIC storage class specifiers. Variables declared with the AUTO or REGISTER specifier have local persistence, that is, the values in those variables are lost when the subroutine or function in which they were declared is exited. Variables declared with the EXTERN or STATIC specifier have global persistence that is, the values in those variables are retained when the subroutine or function in which they were declared is exited.
AUTO storage class specifier
When AUTO is used within a SUB or FUNCTION procedure, an automatic variable with scope limited to the block in which it was declared, is created. AUTO is the default storage class for local variables but must be explicitly specified when programming threads. When invoked outside of a procedure, AUTO is processed in the same way as the DIM declarator.
Syntax:
 AUTO AutoVar AS DataType
Parameters:
 - Data type: Identifier
 AutoVar name of variable
 - DataType any valid data type.
Remarks:
If compiling with C++, be aware that since 2011, the C++11 standard defines a revised meaning for the auto keyword. Before C++11, the auto keyword declares a variable in the automatic storage class as described above. Starting with C++11, the auto keyword was repurposed and declares a variable whose type is deduced from the initialization expression in its declaration. The Microsoft C++ compiler has the /Zc:auto- option to enable the pre-C++11 automatic storage class meaning of the auto keyword.
The following BCX example will not compile with a C++ compiler default settings.
 CALL UsedAUTO()

 SUB UsedAUTO()
 AUTO AutoVar
 AutoVar = 1
 PRINT AutoVar
 END SUB
EXTERN storage class specifier
When EXTERN is used, the variable declared with EXTERN becomes a reference to a variable with the same name defined externally in any source files of the program. The EXTERN declaration makes the external-level variable definition visible within the block. A variable declared with the EXTERN keyword is visible only in the block in which it is declared unless the external variable has been declared as a global.
Syntax:
 EXTERN ExtVar AS DataType
Parameters:
 - Data type: Identifier
 ExtVar name of variable, same as externally defined


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|Rebuilding the Altar of the Temple|
The stones of the original Altar were stored within the Hall of the Fire, a large structure built into the northern wall of the Courtyard. The main purpose of the Hall was to serve as sleeping quarters for the watch of Kohanim currently on duty and it also provided them a place to warm themselves during the day, a necessary amenity since they had to walk around barefoot on cold marble floors as they performed the sacrificial service. The large warming fire located here gave it its name.
|Chamber of Receipts. Three of the original|
Altar stones are displayed above the fireplace.
In each of the four corners of Hall of the Fire were smaller chambers. The northeast contained the Chamber of Receipts where the Kohanim would issue receipts to individuals purchasing wine, oil, and flour from the Temple treasury. It was in this chamber that the stones of the Altar were stored. Now, it was impossible to fit a volume of stones the size of the Altar into this very small chamber. It is therefore likely that this chamber had a massive basement within the tunnels beneath the floor of the Courtyard where the large majority of the stones were stored, while some of the stones were left on display in the chamber upstairs to serve as a reminder of the miraculous events of the Chanukah story.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Published on March 12, 2013 by Amy
The name of the artist is George Catlin (_PHONE_). The picture, depicting traditional dress, provides the opportunity to study the culture and clothing of this Native American Indian woman. The name of the Native Indian woman in the picture is Sha-kó-ka, Mint, a Pretty Girl, 1832, Mandan Numakiki tribe. The picture of her raises different points of interest which increase knowledge and understanding of Native Indian tribes:
dna testing, dna ancestry testing, ancestry, genealogy, indian genealogy records, paternity testing, turquoise jewelry, native american jewelry
The title we have given the picture reflects the name of the tribe, for ease of identification.
The artist of this painting, George Catlin, wrote the following to accompany this picture:
"A very pretty and modest girl, twelve years of age, with grey hair! peculiar to the Mandans … about one in twelve, of both sexes and of all ages, have … hair of a bright silvery grey, and exceedingly coarse and harsh."
The Manners, Customs and Conditions of the North American Indians (1832 – 1839) by George Catlin


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A first in human trial is to start in Victoria of an electronic sensor-enabled brain stent to enable thought-controlled remote functions for patients with paralysis and severe movement disorders.
Principal investigator Professor Peter Mitchell, Director of the Royal Melbourne Hospital Neurointervention Service, says the safety and feasibility trial of the Stentrode device aims to recruit five patients with conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke, muscular dystrophy, or motor neurone disease, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Stentrode comprises a small metallic mesh stent with electrode contacts and a surgical technique that allows implantation in blood vessel of the motor cortex.
The three year trial will investigate whether 'Thought Controlled Digital Switch" technology is feasible in humans, by assessing the stability of high-fidelity signals from the brain to external communications technologies.
"The real-world effect of this technology is that it will benefit people who are locked into their bodies, who have almost no physical function and can't speak," said Professor Mitchell.
"If this trial can successfully provide a brain-to-computer interface, it would allow people with these kinds of injuries and diseases to communicate – this would be amazing,"
"In particular, motor-neurone disease sufferers as well as other patients with severe paralysis may see some benefits such as being able to control a mouse or keyboard through the use of this device. This would give people back a small amount of independence."
The Stentrode device was created by Associate Professor Thomas Oxley, a vascular and interventional neurologist and world expert in endovascular bionics, and is is being developed by his company Synchron Pty Ltd.
He said that for people with neurological conditions leading to paralysis, brain signals can be recorded using electrical sensors implanted in the brain.
"These signals could be used by the individuals to control assistive technology (e.g. personal computer, text generation, smart environment, mobility assist devices) that help with daily life, just by thinking and directly controlling special software," he said.
"We have been able to create the world's only minimally-invasive device that is implanted into a blood vessel in the brain via a day procedure, avoiding the need for high-risk open-brain surgery.
"This research may help us find safer and more effect ways to introduce electrical sensors to patients. This could help the development of more user-friendly biotechnology for patients with neurological conditions. It may also help to better understand how the human brain works in general," said Professor Oxley.


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Asked in InventionsRelationshipsCleaningOuija Boards
Who invented the first scrub board?
Asked in Inventions, Cleaning
Who invented the scrub board?
Asked in Washing Machines & Dryers
Who invented the washing machines?
The earliest Washing machine "the Scrub board" was invented in 1797 and the American James King patented the first washing machine to use a drum in 1851. In 1858 Hamilton Smith patented the first rotary washing machine and on the 9th August 1910 Alva Fisher patented the first electric washing machine 42ne


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GAINESVILLE, Fla. — With the constant introduction of invasive species worldwide, thousands of types of wildlife eat new food, weakening their ability to reproduce, says a University of Florida scientist. That, in turn could lead to a reduction in our wildlife populations.
Scientists already know that when wildlife feed on invasive species, they can get sick, but until now, no one had studied how invasives impact traits that are critical to reproduction, said Christine Miller, a UF/IFAS associate professor of entomology and co-author of a new study that examined cactus bugs after they changed diets.
"Tens of thousands of species of animals are feeding on new foods because of what we as humans have done. We've moved species around, mixing and jumbling it all up," Miller said. "This study specifically looked at what that would mean for traits that are important for reproduction. The next step is to see how it affects reproduction itself."
Miller and former doctoral student Pablo Allen collected cactus eggs from the UF/IFAS Ordway-Swisher Biological Station near Melrose, Florida, and took them back to their lab in Gainesville. They divided baby bugs into those feeding on their normal cactus fruit and those eating fruit from cacti that are not native to the area.
Researchers saw cactus bugs lose some of their masculine traits after only a slight change in their diets.
Specifically, they found that when the babies ate new food, they grew only into tiny adults, Miller said. Females were smaller than they normally would be as grown-ups, while males were even teensier. Because male cactus bugs were so impacted by the new food, their legs resembled those of females – they were skinny and small. Like many living organisms, male cactus bugs use their normally strong hind legs to take over territory so they can reproduce, Miller said. In this way, they mimic many animals.
"This work suggests that when animals eat foods they are not accustomed to eating, the differences between the sexes may be reduced or disappear," Miller said. "In other words, it seems that new, stressful environments can create androgyny, which may reduce reproduction."
The study is published in the Royal Academy of Sciences B.
By: Brad Buck, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
The mission of the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is to develop knowledge relevant to agricultural, human and natural resources and to make that knowledge available to sustain and enhance the quality of human life. With more than a dozen research facilities, 67 county Extension offices, and award-winning students and faculty in the UF College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, UF/IFAS works to bring science-based solutions to the state's agricultural and natural resources industries, and all Florida residents. Visit the UF/IFAS web site at ifas.ufl.edu and follow us on social media at @UF_IFAS.


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Analogous to a riverbed channelling water, one can entrench some systemic praxis in organisations through facilitating the design of systemic structures. This includes systemic structures for each organisational function (i.e. systemic process and supply chain design) as well as the coordination of the organisation as a whole through a three-dimensional
However, a riverbed could channel clear or dirty water in the same manner. Likewise, the information within systemically conceived structures could be processed systemically (i.e. synergistically) or conventionally. Put differently, planning and decision-making could involve systemic methodologies to yield synergistic outcomes or not, even if the structures are systemic.
Thus, both structures and praxis need to be systemic, in order to create a systemic learning organisation. As pointed out above, different systems approaches deal with structures and processes somewhat differently and therefore benchmarking can be misleading.
Derived from the Biomatrix meta-systems theory, the Biomatrix Organisational Development Programme is designed to create systemic structures, practices and organisational culture that cohere with each other and are systemic. Organisations applying the programme in its entirety could be subjected to benchmarking. However, since establishing a systemically structured learning organisation can take a couple of years (depending on its size) and different organisations take a different path to get there (due to a modular design depending on the specific needs and realities of the organisation), benchmarking them may also be challenging.


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What is aided language input?
During aided language input, communication partners highlight symbols on the AAC system as they interact verbally with the person using AAC with a goal to teach language.
(Goosens, Crain, Elder, 1992, 1994)
Basically, you are using the device to talk to your child, just as you expect your child to use the device to talk to you and others.
How do I do it?
- Choose target words, and activate those words on the device, as you verbally say the sentence. when starting out, you do not need to say the whole sentence on the device. For example, "Let's GO to the park and PLAY on the slide." The words in capitals are the words that would be modeled on the device.
- Try not to focus on making modeling about giving directions or telling your child the schedule. Instead:
I LIKE that; I think it's FUNNY; I am BORED
WHAT do you want to do?; WHERE should we EAT lunch?
I do NOT want to GO; I DON"T like that
- Add words to what your child says. If your child say one word, add 2-3 words. For example, if you child says eat, model back "You LIKE to EAT THAT."
Stayed tuned for more specific strategies in using aided language input in next week's blog!


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Karapan Sapi, Indonesian Traditional Bull Racing
Karapan sapi is a bull racing festival held in a small island of Madura, Indonesia. It is an ancient tradition still widely celebrated by the Maduran. It is also a main tourist attraction on the island. This article will discuss the history, the rule of the game and also the controversy sorrounding this unusual sport.
Instead of the more common horse racing, the people of Madura Island, Indonesia prefer to ride bull in a race. This folk sport is a popular tourist attraction. People from around the world come to this small island to witness this unusual sport. Karapan sapi, literally means the race of the bulls, brings plenty of excitement on the island. This highly-valued tradition also plays fundamental part in the life of the local people.
The Island of Madura
Madura is a rustic island located just across the Madura Strait to the northeast of Java Island. The island is famous for its natural beauty, salt commodities, exotic dishes, traditional colorful fabric, distinct culture and its people's emotional characters. The island is inhabited by more than five thousand people, mostly farmers. Following the completion of a bridge across Madura Strait, the island has now become more accessible than ever. One of the most celebrated festivals on the island is the "karapan sapi" or bull racing. Besides its cultural importance, the event significantly supports the economy of the island.
Image credit
History of bull racing
Bull racing in Madura Island had its root well laid centuries ago. It is one of the oldest native sports in the world. The game was originally conducted on rice fields. It was designed as a fun way to plow rice field and prove the strengths of the animals. Karapan sapi was further popularized by Prince Kantadur from local kingdom of Sumenep in the 13th century. In the 1930s the Dutch ruler started to organize and promote the sport all over the island and in nearby East Java Province.
Image credit
The Maduran takes this race seriously. Decades ago, Maduran living outside the island will readily take a long journey home only to attend karapan sapi festival. Originally the sport was held during plowing season as the racing bulls were actually racing on paddy field and literally plowing the field. Now it was more often held in post-harvest time, usually in the months of July to October. The winners of minor races will compete for Presidential Trophy in Pamekasan, the island's capital city in late September or early October.
The bull
Image credit
The bulls employed in the race are reddish or creamy brown, humped-neck, long-tailed, fleshy and have short horns. The species raised on Madura Island is considered better than its Javan cousin. The best racing bulls come from Sapudi Island, an islet near Madura Island. They are fed with high quality grass, corn leaves, honey, eggs and special mixture of secret herbs to make their necks and muscles strong. One bull needs more than forty eggs a day. The bull is also given regular massage. Raising a strong and fast racing bull is an expensive business for Maduran farmer. The cost of raising a single bull can reach 300 US dollar a month. It is a huge amount compared to the potential prize money. For the owner of the bull, the cost is a fair exchange for the respect and glory that he will get when his bull wins the race.
The rule of the game
Image credit
A day before the race, the bulls are cleaned, combed, decorated in rich clothing and flowery ribbons. Sheltered with colorful parasols, the bulls parade through the town's major street. Each bull is accompanied by a group of musicians busily playing their flutes and drums. Besides the musician, a group of handlers and supporters also faithfully march behind the bull. When traditional percussion orchestra called saronen begins to play, the riders or local school children will dance a traditional "Pecot Dance". "Pecot" is the local word for whip. When the race is about to begin, the bulls are stripped off their fine costumes. They are then dressed in practical racing attire.
Image credit
Two bulls are hitched together to a plow-like contraption. A rider, usually a young boy called jockey perches on the contraption. The contraption on which the jockey stands is actually only a simple piece of sled. Once the flag drops, the jockey starts jabbing the bulls in a rump with sharpened bamboo while trying as hard as he can to keep his balance and clinging on for dear life. The bulls run for one hundred meters like crazy, partly because of the pains. On the average, one pair of bull can finish the distance in less than 10 seconds. The first bull whose forelegs cross the finish line first wins the race and the owner takes all the praise. In most circumstances, it is the jury who decide which one is the winner. The race is conducted in a series of elimination heats.
Image credit
The bull runs slower than horse but riding it in such a way is no less dangerous. Furthermore, the bulls are running in pain and rage. Should a jockey fall; he will surely suffer serious injury. Frequently, after crossing the finish line, a raging bull continues running and chasing after spectators standing around the finish line. To avoid any unwanted incidents, a particular person called "tukang nyandak" will try to catch and hold the still-running bull.
The controversy
The sport, fun as it is, also draws controversy. Some animal activists have raised their concern in respect of the animal welfare. The bulls do not enjoy the race as much as the people. The bamboo sticks held by the jockey hit them in their most tender regions. Occasionally (and illegally) the jockey use iron spikes instead of bamboo stick to jab the bulls, thus causing more pain to them. Due to fierce competition and the sum of money at stake, some jockeys sometimes do heartless things to make the bulls run faster such as dabbing the animal's eyes with chilies or hot balm, scratching the bull's bottom using sharp nails just before the race and then put on hot balm or chilies on the wounds. As if those were not enough, the bulls are forced to drink traditional liquor called "arak". The jockeys believe that the more uncomfortable the bull is, the faster it will run. It is a painful sport for the bulls. Indonesian government had forbidden these practices, but so far, they are still occurring. In addition; the game invites local people, mostly farmers to bet. Not infrequently a farmer loses his months of earning on their favorite bulls. Apart from the negative side of karapan sapi, its role in enlivening the island's economy is unquestionable.
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Comments (11)
Thank you Yovita for this. Voted. Thanks for support.
Ranked #3 in Popular Culture
Never seen this before, have seen ostrich racing, not quite the same of course, An interesting read.
Nice post! Very interesting and informative. Thanks
Interesting and impressive share. thanks
very interesting article
Ranked #10 in Popular Culture
Yes indeed very interesting, getting to know Indonesian culture from your expertise, well done.
You have done a superlative job in this article.thank you.
Glad you pointed out the cruelty involved too. Better regulations and harsh fines for those who are cruel should be in place.
interesting tradition..we also have a similar festival about bull racing
WoW! A real stopper....enjoyed every bit of this artlce. In Nigeria here, am aware of the camel race nd horse race among the hausa which attracts thousands of tourists. I believe in cultural heritage, however, this animals shold not be treated with cruelty. Thanks for this contribution.
Sounds interesting!


text:
SummaryThe Indiana University School of Medicine Safety Education and Outreach department, formerly known as Community Education and Child Advocacy, operates a not-for-profit Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with health care needs or disabilities. Trained staff educate families on how to use the products and practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Numerous anecdotal stories suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased family confidence and capabilities for keeping children safe.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Developing OrganizationsIndiana University School of Medicine
Date First Implemented2005
Vulnerable Populations > Children; Disabled (physically)
Problem AddressedAccidents at home are a major cause of injury and death for children and adolescents. Safety products can help prevent these accidents, but parents may not know about, have access to, or be able to afford them. The availability of safety products adapted to prevent injury in children with disabilities or health care needs is particularly limited.
- Unintentional injury as leading cause of death: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 14 in the United States.1 Approximately 2,000 children 14 years old and younger die each year as a result of a home injury, with fire, suffocation, and drowning being the leading causes of death in this age group.2
- Limited awareness and accessibility of safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs often are difficult for families to find and afford. For example, families with children who have hearing impairments need smoke detectors with strobe lights, but these products are often difficult to find.3
Description of the Innovative ActivitySafety Education and Outreach operates a Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with disabilities or health care needs. Trained staff educates families on how to use these products and how to practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Key elements of the Safety Store's services include the following:
- Accessible location and hours: The Safety Store, located within the hospital gift shop, is open Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., except for holidays.
- Low-cost safety products: The store sells low-cost safety products such as smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, baby gates, outlet plug covers, appliance locks, crib sheet clips, and furniture corner cushions. Through December 2012, nearly 19,000 customers have purchased products at the Safety Store.
- Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: The Safety Store carries an inventory of adapted safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs, such as Silent Call systems that include a vibrating smoke alarm with strobe light; wheelchair gloves and ponchos; medical/identification bracelets; allergy labels; tracking devices; and Safe-er-Grip bath and shower handles.
- Evacuation products for children with disabilities or health care needs (Safe Escape program): The Safety Store's Safe Escape program provides products and education to families of children with disabilities or health care needs to support safe evacuation in a fire, emergency, or disaster. Information provided in April 2010 indicates that to date, the Safe Escape program has provided nearly 1,300 families with evacuation products and emergency preparedness education.
- Family education and ongoing support: The Safety Store staff help families identify and select products depending on their unique needs. Staff members also provide education and training to parents about proper product use and installation, along with instruction on how to prevent injuries. For example, staff members teach families how to test smoke detectors, replace batteries, and develop and practice a plan for escaping a fire, emergency, or disaster. In addition, the Safety Store presents education programs and special events featuring safety-related activities for children and parents at Riley Hospital throughout the year. The store informs current and former customers about safety product recalls via e-mail alerts and notices mailed to families.
- Widespread marketing and promotion: Safety Education and Outreach markets the Safety Store through the distribution of brochures and flyers at all hospital newsstands, clinics, and units. In addition, the hospital publishes messages about safety and the Safety Store in a variety of hospital newsletters and on plasma televisions located throughout the institution.
- Future online Safety Store and Safe Escape program: Safety Education and Outreach staff worked in partnership with the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) to create online templates for Safety Stores and Safe Escape programs. The Web sites will expand the capability of children's hospitals nationwide to be able to offer Safety Stores or Safe Escape after staff has completed training for these programs.
References/Related ArticlesSwartz J. Selling safety: injury prevention store saves lives. Children's Hospitals Today. Fall 2006. Available at: _URL_
The Safety Store Web site is available at: _URL_.
Contact the InnovatorCara Fast, MSW
The Safety Store and National Education Network Manager
Safety Education and Outreach
Department of Pediatrics
Indiana University School of Medicine
705 Riley Hospital Drive
Indianapolis, IN 46202
Phone: _PHONE_
Toll-free phone: _PHONE_
Innovator DisclosuresMs. Fast has not indicated whether she has financial interests or business or professional affiliations relevant to the work described in this profile; however, information on funders is available in the Funding Sources section.
ResultsNumerous anecdotes suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased parent confidence and capability to keep their children safe. (See the Story section for several examples of these anecdotes.) Information provided in April 2010 indicates that Safety Education and Outreach conducted a study of unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital's Pediatric Burn Care Unit from 2005 to 2008 to identify leading causes of burn injury, the circumstances of each injury, and ages of children admitted for care. Analysis of data profiling families served by Safe Escape also is under way. This information will help direct future product selection and the development of prevention education materials to support children with different types of special needs for safe escape in emergencies, disasters, and fires.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Context of the InnovationRiley Hospital for Children supports 447 staffed beds, 16,552 admissions and observations cases, and 231,556 subspecialty outpatient visits annually. The hospital is part of Indiana University Health, an Indiana-based, private, nonprofit organization offering a broad base of tertiary services, specialized pediatric care provided by Riley Hospital, and a Level I trauma center. IU School of Medicine's Safety Education and Outreach had considered several models for providing low-cost safety products and injury prevention education onsite since the mid-1990s and drew inspiration from the pioneering work by Johns Hopkins Children's Safety Center, which opened in 1997. Safety Education and Outreach championed an expanded vision for a safety store to be able to serve all children, including children with disabilities or health care needs, with low-cost child safety products and injury prevention and emergency preparedness education.
Planning and Development ProcessKey planning and development steps included the following:
- Generating interest: Safety Education and Outreach staff met with physicians, nurses, administrators (including the hospital's chief of pediatrics and vice president of operations), and internal committees to build interest in and support for developing the Safety Store. Discussions centered on the importance of providing safety products at low cost to all families along with education; how to promote the Safety Store to families and staff; identification of the location, staffing, and funding support needed to maintain ongoing operations; and identification of the types of injuries treated at the hospital to guide the types of products that could be offered.
- Getting senior management approval: Hospital administration provided the support that was instrumental in identifying and securing the first-floor hospital space to be renovated for the Safety Store.
- Collecting data to determine appropriate stock: Safety Education and Outreach staff analyzed data on unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital for the period of 2001 to 2004 to determine which safety products to stock.
- Launching the Safe Escape program: The Safety Store opened in January 2005, providing the Safe Escape program as its initial service.
- Expanding the product line: In the spring of 2005, the Safety Store began selling low-cost safety products to hospital families, staff, and the general public.
- Training staff: All new members of the Safety Store team participated in an orientation that included observing current staff; reviewing all manufacturer instructions and product protocols; and practicing (under the observation of a current staff member) how to use or install all products, assess family needs, and complete paperwork with families.
- Renovation and expansion: The Safety Store was renovated and expanded in 2009 from 306 to 530 square feet, which since then has consistently increased product inventory, customer traffic, and product sales.
Resources Used and Skills Needed
- Staffing: One full-time staff member, several part-time members, volunteers, and interns work together to promote the Safety Store; serve customers; purchase, price, and display products; and enter inventory.
- Costs: The initial cost to open the store was $216,000; hospital funds, in-kind support, and grants support ongoing costs. Because the Safety Store's mission is to provide low-cost safety products and associated education, the store does not earn a profit from product sales; the store uses revenues to purchase additional safety products and educational materials and resources. The Safety Store renovation and expansion in 2009 was accomplished through a


el Orientation="Vertical" Height="75" Width="50" Background="LightGreen">
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Forename}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Surname}" />
 </StackPanel>
 </pivot:PivotViewerItemTemplate>
 <pivot:PivotViewerItemTemplate>
 <StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" Height="150" Width="100" Background="LightBlue">
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Forename}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Surname}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Age}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Sex}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Address1}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Address2}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Address3}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Address4}" />
 <TextBlock Text="{Binding Postcode}" />
 </StackPanel>
 </pivot:PivotViewerItemTemplate>
 </pivot:PivotViewer.ItemTemplates>
Once loaded, select an item by clicking on it. You'll see the higher res template render as you zoom in. Now use the cursor keys to navigate. You'll see flashes of green as new tiles come into view. Then, and only then, does the runtime render the higher res image.
Scenario 2 take about 8 seconds to load on my machine. 30% faster than our baseline!
Scenario 3: Stagger your loading
Hitting PivotViewer with 1000 items at once can be a bit overwhelming for it. It also means that your user has to wait until ALL 1000 items have been rendered before they can work. In the pre-beta versions of PivotViewer the team had investigated the idea of a BatchObservableCollection class. Unfortunately, this didn't make it into the RC but we can still replicate the idea. Basically, we can drip feed batches of the whole over a period of time. If your scenario is very visual, this can be a really cool feature as the user gets to see data being assembled in front of them. Ultimately it takes more time, but might give your users the impression that it's actually quicker!
First up, let's add a new static method that will add items to an already existing collection.
public static void PopulateWithSampleData(ObservableCollection<Person> data, int sampleSize);
Next we'll create a class that will handle the drip-feeding of the items. We need to specify an interval between batches so that a) PivotViewer thinks we've finished and starts to refresh the UI and b) so that the UI finishes its refresh before the next batch.
using System;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Windows.Threading;
namespace XamlTileEfficiency
{
 public class DripFeeder<T>
 {
 private readonly DispatcherTimer _timer;
 private readonly ObservableCollection<T> _data;
 private readonly int _sampleSize;
 private readonly int _batchSize;
 private readonly Action<ObservableCollection<T>, int> _populateAction;
 private int _counter;
 public DripFeeder(ObservableCollection<T> data, int sampleSize, int batchSize, TimeSpan interval, Action<ObservableCollection<T>, int> populateAction)
 {
 _timer = new DispatcherTimer { Interval = interval };
 _timer.Tick += _timer_Tick;
 _data = data;
 _sampleSize = sampleSize;
 _batchSize = batchSize;
 _populateAction = populateAction;
 }
 void _timer_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
 {
 _timer.Stop();
 if (_counter < _sampleSize)
 {
 // This won't take account of any remainders, but hey.
 _populateAction(_data, _batchSize);
 _counter += _batchSize;
 _timer.Start();
 }
 }
 public void Start()
 {
 _timer_Tick(null, EventArgs.Empty);
 }
 }
}
Now that we have all our building blocks we just need to change the client code from our baseline example like this. Notice that we do our databinding BEFORE we start to populate the collection.
 Loaded += (sender, e) =>
 {
 var data = new ObservableCollection<Person>();
 _start = DateTime.Now;
 pv.ItemsSource = data;
 var feeder = new DripFeeder<Person>(data, SAMPLE_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(INTERVAL_SECONDS), Person.PopulateWithSampleData);
 feeder.Start();
 };
So, scenario 3 is great for situations where the gradual loading of data accompanied with the visual changes is OK. In public demos this might be impressive!
Scenario 4: Lazy Load your Facets
In combination with Scenario 2 this can be very powerful. It is also a great way to use PivotViewer with high-latency data. e.g. stuff gathered from multiple sources across the web. As long as our data items implement INotifyPropertyChanged we can lazy load the data asynchronously or triggered when we need it.
In this last example (LazyLoader.xaml) we'll just load the Forename and Surname properties. Then, as the user selects items in the PivotViewer we'll go and fetch the rest of the data. The control will handle the PropertyChanged events and re-render the visual elements for us. It's not the most elegant example, but you should get the potential from it.
Wrap Up
The PivotViewer control is very powerful and flexible but you have to think about loading data in the right way for your situation. I'd love to hear of other scenarios that I haven't covered here.
Finally, you can download the complete source code of the examples here.

11 Comments
Posted by on September 8, 2011 in PivotViewer

Tags: , , , ,
11 responses to "Efficiency Strategies for PivotViewer
 1. Joris Dries
 September 8, 2011 at 10:57 pm
 Great post, very useful, and I'll implement some of this today to see how I can get it to hold up on our collections. The one thing that I noticed though is you haven't mentioned the "zoom-lag". The initial load-time is in a way less relevant, because we can use some elegant load-screen to hide the pv control. It's the UX after that of "swimming" through the card that is stuttery. It stops for several seconds to render the card contents at a certain level, and this is quite distracting. But all in all, really good ideas and immediately applicable. I will get back to you on how I went with this.

 - Joris Dries
 September 8, 2011 at 10:58 pm
 Oh and my bad, I forgot to say THANKS MATE! 😀

 2. John collins
 September 14, 2011 at 11:12 pm
 Thanks!
 I was getting a null exception here:
 private void pv_SelectionChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
 {
 if (pv.SelectedItem != null) // Added this line
 Person.CompletePerson((pv.SelectedItem as Person));
 }
 Also, it's not always loading the details when I zoom in…is anyone else having issues with that?

 - goodcoffeegoodcode
 September 15, 2011 at 7:18 am
 Yep, I'd missed that step out of pv_SelectionChanged. Deselecting all tiles will trigger the event with SelectedItem set to null,
 Can you be more specific about the problems you've faced with zooming in please? I'm waiting to hear back from the Silverlight team after I sent them a long email on this topic.
 Thanks for contributing John :).

 3. Akshaya
 September 16, 2011 at 6:28 am
 Dude, superb post!
 Need some help…I am having serious issues with loading images on the items using the strategy you explained above, actually I am not able to load the images at all (unless I use CXML, which I dont want). Can you please tell me, how can I proceed with rendering images on my items using this Client Side API?

 4. _EMAIL_
 September 21, 2011 at 8:54 pm
 When I try to databind to the ItemTemplates property, it does not work. It does not even try to request the property. Does this work for you?

 5. Sunil garg
 January 25, 2012 at 12:53 pm
 Hi,
 I have images stored in database and accessing in silverlight as an array of bytes. how can I show this image in pivotviewer

 - goodcoffeegoodcode
 February 14, 2012 at 8:45 am
 Hi Sunil,
 Apologies for the slow response. You won't be able to have a true deepzoom experience given your circumstances but you will be able to load 'static' images into the tiles. Firstly. create a template for the tiles


A Green Fatwā? Climate Change as a Threat to the Masculinity of Industrial Modernity
Anshelm, Jonas, and Martin Hultman. 2014. "A Green Fatwā? Climate Change as a Threat to the Masculinity of Industrial Modernity." NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies 9 (2): 84–96.
Authors: Jonas Anshelm, Martin Hultman
From the autumn of 2006 and until 2009, climate change was described in Sweden as having apocalyptic dimensions. There was a parliamentary and public consensus that anthropogenic climate change was real and that society needed to take responsibility for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, though a small group of climate sceptics did not agree with the majority of the scientists or the need for drastic changes in the organization of Western societies. This small group, with only one exception, consisted of elderly men with influential positions in academia or large private companies. In this article we discuss how they described themselves as marginalised, banned and oppressed dissidents, forced to speak against a faith-based belief in climate science. They characterised themselves as having strong beliefs in a market society, great mistrust of government regulation and a sturdy belief in engineering and natural science rationality. We contend that climate sceptics in Sweden can be understood as being intertwined with a masculinity of industrial modernity that is on decline. These climate sceptics tried to save an industrial society of which they were a part by defending its values against ecomodern hegemony. This gender analysis of climate scepticism moves beyond the previous research of understanding this discourse as solely an ideologically-based outcry against science and politics, and highlights the recognition of identities, historical structures and emotions.
Keywords: climate change, masculinity studies, climate sceptics, industrial modern masculinity, ecomodern masculinity, discourse analysis
Topics: Environment, Climate Change, Feminisms, Gender, Men, Masculinity/ies, Gender Analysis Regions: Europe, Nordic states, Northern Europe Countries: Sweden
Year: 2014


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Richard Mosse and was struck dumb by the contrast of such a loud and festive color and the subject matter - wartorn Congo. Mosse used Aerochrome infrared film for these photos of rebels during wartime and the results of bright color (well, at least me personally) get you drawn into the photos first for their apparent beauty and then for their shocking imagery and subject matter.
"This Aerochrome infrared film
was developed by the US military in the 1940s to detect camouflage and
to reveal part of the spectrum of light the human eye cannot see. But
where this technology was invented to detect enemy positions in the
underbrush, Mosse uses it to make us call into question pictures we
thought we understood. These are the images we take for granted from
Congo: the ruthless militia commander, the rape victim, an unwitting
peasant. But in Mosse's pictures, Congo's photographic clichés are
represented in a counterpoint of electric pink, teal blue and lavender.
By representing the conflict with an invisible spectrum of infrared
light, he pushes us to see this tragedy in new ways."


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$62.95 $49.95 You Save 20% ($13.00)BUY STREAMING VIDEO FOR JUST $39.95
Learn to paint landscapes that make a statement. Follow watercolor expert Dale Laitinen on a quest to capture a sense of the monumental.
In this video workshop, you use bold color to create drama as you paint the great granite cliffs of Yosemite. Learn to see the landscape like an artist. You learn to take photos that maximize the glory of the mountains and modify your sketch to highlight features in the granite. You balance stable horizontal planes with energetic diagonals, and translate the lines into strong shapes in your watercolor.
Dale describes painting as a battle of the edges. You contrast hard and soft lines for variety, and learn techniques for creating lost-and-found edges that keep viewers curious. Dale teaches you to inject emotion with daring color choices and maintain transparency as you layer. As you move from broad strokes on the cliff to points of light in the trees, you learn to make each element say exactly what you feel.
BONUS CLIP: Tree Line and Rock Face


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Modify spray heads to reduce the dust roll-back on miners.
Jayaraman-NI; Kissell-FN; Schroeder-WE
Coal Age 1984 Jun; 89(6):56-57
The Bureau of Mines recently developed a water spray system that reduces dust levels at the continuous miner operator position, particularly in mines where respirable dust standards are more stringent because of silica in the coal. The purpose is to reduce dust rollback caused by the dense dust at the cutter head spreading back over the operator's cab. This article describes the three factors that promote dust rollback and the features in the new design of the spray system that improve the dust conditions. The design features include (1) a moderate spray pressure of 100 psi at the nozzles, (2) arrangement of top and side sprays for low reach, and (3) use of underboom sprays for increasing the dust knockdown efficiency. The degree of improvement effected by the new system depends on the degree of present exposure of the operator. In recent trials, the new system reduced dust levels by 40 pct.
Mining-industry; Underground-mining; Coal-mining; Coal-dust; Silica-dusts; Dust-control; Dust-control-equipment; Respirable-dust
OP; Journal Article


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Rank tests for clustered survival data when dependent subunits are randomized.
In clustered survival data, subunits within each cluster share similar characteristics, so that observations made from them tend to be positively correlated. In clinical trials, the correlated subunits from the same cluster are often randomized to different treatment groups. In this case, the variance formulas of the standard rank tests such as the logrank, Gehan-Wilcoxon or Prentice-Wilcoxon, proposed for independent samples, need to be adjusted for intracluster correlations both within and between treatment groups for testing equality of marginal survival distributions. In this paper we derive a general form of simple variance formulas of the rank tests when subunits from the same cluster are randomized into different treatment groups. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to investigate small sample performance of the variance formulas. We compare our non-parametric rank tests based on the adjusted variances with one from a shared frailty model, which is an optimal semi-parametric testing procedure when the intracluster correlations within and between groups are the same.
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Pubmed Central ID
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)


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PARAMUS, N.J – Bergen Community College has secured a $250,000 state grant to renew its main campus tree population decimated by a changing climate, disease and invasive insects. The College secured the grant through the "Trees for Schools" program administered through the Sustainability Institute at the College of the New Jersey and funded by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.
The program made $2.5 million in grants available to public school districts, colleges and universities this year.
"Unfortunately, environmental factors have impacted the natural beauty, buffers and ecological benefits provided by a substantial tree landscape," Bergen President Eric M. Friedman, Ph.D., said. "Symbolic of sustainability and renewal, the Trees for Schools grant will allow the College to develop a more resilient tree population that will benefit the campus community for generations."
As part of the initiative, Bergen will plant 125 new trees to create a natural perimeter buffer "climax forest," or collection of trees that can withstand local environmental stressors. Bergen will remove dozens of green ash and plum trees originally planted in the 1980s that have fallen prey to the emerald ash borer insect and black knot fungus.
Another contributing factor, the warming climate, has moved the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 65 miles north since the planting of Bergen's ash and plum trees in the 1980s. Due to this warming, the Paramus planting environment can no longer support many of the tree species planted 40 years ago. Agricultural experts expect the new, more resilient species of trees scheduled for planting at the Paramus campus to flourish with proper care and maintenance.
The grant outline, which runs through July 2026, calls for a spring 2024 planting of the new trees. The initiative also contains an experiential learning component, which will see biology and horticulture students participate in all phases of the tree removal, planting and maintenance.
The College has tapped a number of experts from various disciplines to assist in the project including horticulture program coordinator Steve Fischer, Ph.D., who will integrate outside partners such as the New Jersey Landscape Contractors Association. Fischer serves as an adviser to the organization's board of directors. Retired Bergen employee and longtime environmental steward Hugh Knowlton will also assist.
The grant reinforces Bergen's commitment to participating in sustainability initiatives that promote health and wellness as part of its campus environment. These ideas appear throughout President Friedman's goals and the institution's recently revised mission, vision and values statements. The Commerce and Industry Association of New Jersey and Commerce Magazine recently recognized Bergen's sustainability efforts with an award for environmental stewardship, while the federal government awarded the institution a $4.5 million grant to create pathways to education and employment in agricultural fields.
Based in Paramus, Bergen Community College (_URL_), a public two-year coeducational college, enrolls more than 13,000 students at locations in Paramus, the Philip Ciarco Jr. Learning Center in Hackensack and Bergen Community College at the Meadowlands in Lyndhurst. The College offers associate degree, certificate and continuing education programs in a variety of fields. More students graduate from Bergen than any other community college in the state.
Photo Caption: Bergen Community College officials recently reviewed plans for the planting of 125 new trees at the Paramus main campus.


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The use of Altered Auditory Feedback in helping people who stutter become more fluent remained essentially a clinical challenge for such a long time due to the large bulky devices that were used to provide the effects. Only with recent technological advances have these effects been captured in a device so small and inconspicuous, allowing them to be used outside of clinical environments.
The impetus for developing SpeechEasy stemmed from research conducted within the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at East Carolina University. Its conception was based on 10 years of peer-reviewed scientific research on the fluency-enhancing effects of altered auditory feedback in people who stutter. East Carolina University has licensed the right to distribute SpeechEasy to Janus Development Group, Inc.
In creating the most advanced fluency devices in the world, we are committed to maintaining the highest standards of integrity. We are committed to learning from and collaborating with allied healthcare professionals to create devices that provide real therapeutic value. It is our mission to provide our clients with tools that enable them speak more fluidly and allow them to experience the heightened sense of confidence, freedom, and self reliance that naturally follows from being able to communicate more effectively.


クラス分類器を訓練することを目的としている。 近年、PLのインスタンス非依存生成プロセスが広く研究され、PLLにおける実用的および理論的進歩が数多くなされているのに対して、PLの実用的設定には比較的注意が払われていない、すなわち、PLは真のラベルだけでなく、インスタンス自体にも依存している。 本稿では,POPが学習モデルを更新し,各PLをモデル学習の次のエポックに利用し,偽の候補ラベルを段階的に移動させることにより,理論的に基礎的かつ実用的な手法であるPrOgressive Purification(POP)を提案する。 理論的には、popはモデルが信頼できる領域を適切に拡大し、最終的にベイズ最適分類器を軽度な仮定で近似することを証明する。技術的には、popは任意の損失で柔軟であり、ディープネットワークと互換性があるため、以前の高度なpll損失を組み込むことができ、パフォーマンスが大幅に向上することが多い。
Partial label learning (PLL) aims to train multi-class classifiers from instances with partial labels (PLs)-a PL for an instance is a set of candidate labels where a fixed but unknown candidate is the true label. In the last few years, the instance-independent generation process of PLs has been extensively studied, on the basis of which many practical and theoretical advances have been made in PLL, whereas relatively less attention has been paid to the practical setting of instance-dependent PLs, namely, the PL depends not only on the true label but the instance itself. In this paper, we propose a theoretically grounded and practically effective approach called PrOgressive Purification (POP) for instance-dependent PLL: in each epoch, POP updates the learning model while purifying each PL for the next epoch of the model training by progressively moving out false candidate labels. Theoretically, we prove that POP enlarges the region appropriately fast where the model is reliable, and eventually approximates the Bayes optimal classifier with mild assumptions; technically, POP is flexible with arbitrary losses and compatible with deep networks, so that the previous advanced PLL losses can be embedded in it and the performance is often significantly improved.
翻訳日:2022-06-03 14:28:16 公開日:2022-06-02
# フィードバックグラフを用いたオンライン学習のためのほぼ最適両世界の最適アルゴリズム
Nearly Optimal Best-of-Both-Worlds Algorithms for Online Learning with Feedback Graphs ( _URL_ )
ライセンス: Link先を確認
Shinji Ito, Taira Tsuchiya, Junya Honda(参考訳) 本研究では,一般有向フィードバックグラフを用いたオンライン学習について考察する。 この問題に対して,確率的環境に対する多対数的後悔境界だけでなく,敵対的環境に対するほぼ厳密な後悔境界を実現するベスト・オブ・ザ・ワールドズアルゴリズムを提案する。 alon et alのように。 2015] は、厳密な後悔の限界がフィードバックグラフの構造に依存することを示した: \textit{strongly observable} グラフは、$\tilde{\theta}( \alpha^{1/2} t^{1/2} )$ のミニマックス後悔を与えるが、 \textit{weakly observable} グラフは$\tilde{\theta}( \delta^{1/3} t^{2/3} )$ のミニマックス後悔を誘導する。 強可観測グラフに対する提案アルゴリズムは、逆向き環境に対しては$\tilde{O}( \alpha^{1/2} T^{1/2} )$、確率的環境においては$ {O} ( \frac{\alpha (\ln T)^3 }{\Delta_{\min}} ) $ の残差を持つ。 この結果は、erez氏とkoren氏[2021]によって提起されたオープン質問を解決している。 また,逆境環境に対して$\tilde{o}( \delta^{1/3}t^{2/3})$と確率環境に対する多対数的後悔を得られる弱可観測グラフのアルゴリズムを提供する。 提案アルゴリズムは、学習率の更新ルールを新たに設計した後続のリーダアプローチに基づいている。
This study considers online learning with general directed feedback graphs. For this problem, we present best-of-both-worlds algorithms that achieve nearly tight regret bounds for adversarial environments as well as poly-logarithmic regret bounds for stochastic environments. As Alon et al. [2015] have shown, tight regret bounds depend on the structure of the feedback graph: \textit{strongly observable} graphs yield minimax regret of $\tilde{\Theta}( \alpha^{1/2} T^{1/2} )$, while \textit{weakly observable} graphs induce minimax regret of $\tilde{\Theta}( \delta^{1/3} T^{2/3} )$, where $\alpha$ and $\delta$, respectively, represent the independence number of the graph and the domination number of a certain portion of the graph. Our proposed algorithm for strongly observable graphs has a regret bound of $\tilde{O}( \alpha^{1/2} T^{1/2} ) $ for adversarial environments, as well as of $ {O} ( \frac{\alpha (\ln T)^3 }{\Delta_{\min}} ) $ for stochastic environments, where $\Delta_{\min}$ expresses the minimum suboptimality gap. This result resolves an open question raised by Erez and Koren [2021]. We also provide an algorithm for weakly observable graphs that achieves a regret bound of $\tilde{O}( \delta^{1/3}T^{2/3} )$ for adversarial environments and poly-logarithmic regret for stochastic environments. The proposed algorithms are based on the follow-the-perturbed-leader approach combined with newly designed update rules for learning rates.
翻訳日:2022-06-03 14:27:52 公開日:2022-06-02
# グラフ学習による近似ネットワークモチーフマイニング
Approximate Network Motif Mining Via Graph Learning ( _URL_ )
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Carlos Oliver, Dexiong Chen, Vincent Mallet, Pericles Philippopoulos, Karsten Borgwardt(参考訳) ネットワークモチーフとしても知られる頻繁で構造的な部分グラフは多くのグラフデータセットの貴重な特徴である。 しかし、任意のデータセット(モチーフマイニング)でモチーフ集合を識別する計算の複雑さは、多くの実世界のデータセットでの使用を制限している。 データセットの統計特性を自動で活用することにより、機械学習アプローチは組合せ複雑性を伴ういくつかのタスクにおいて有望であることが示され、ネットワークモチーフマイニングの候補となる。 本研究では,モチーフマイニングを目的とした機械学習手法の開発を促進する。 ノードラベリングタスクとしてモチーフマイニング問題の定式化


text:
- 1. siphon, syphon, tube, tubing
- usage: a tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that atmospheric pressure forces the liquid through the tube
- 2. siphon, syphon, organ
- usage: a tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled
WordNet 3.0 Copyright © 2006 by Princeton University.
- 1. siphon, syphon, siphon off, draw, take out
- usage: convey, draw off, or empty by or as if by a siphon
- 2. siphon, put, set, place, pose, position, lay
- usage: move a liquid from one container into another by means of a siphon or a siphoning action; "siphon gas into the tank"
All rights reserved.
See also: siphon (Dictionary)


text:
Join Tammy Coron for an in-depth discussion in this video What is an activity?, part of iOS 9 Handoff Quick Start.
- [Voiceover] We've talked a lot about activities,…but what exactly is an activity?…In Handoff, an activity is represented…by an NSUserActivity object.…Like other objects, NSUserActivity…has methods and properties.…The main properties you'll be dealing with…are the activityType, title, and userInfo.…As we pull apart the NSUserActivity class,…you'll see exactly how we use these properties and why.…
- Getting started with Handoff interactions
- Understanding activities and activity types
- Implementing Handoff support
- Creating, updating, and continuing an activity
- Handling errors with Handoff interactions


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CAN Canvasses For Inter-religious Studies
The Federal Government should introduce inter-religious studies at all levels of education to reduce religious violence in the country, the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has said.
This is according to a press statement it issued by the president of CAN, Samson Ayokunle, in his paper "Interreligious education and common citizenship values" delivered in Vienna, Austria at an Interfaith Seminar organised by KAICIID.
Mr. Ayokunle who traced the incessant religious riots in Nigeria to the absence of History, Civics and Inter-religious Education in schools, called on all religious groups and the government to wake up to their responsibilities in this regard if "religious violence will become history."
"In those days in Nigeria when we used to study history and civics in primary and secondary schools, basic knowledge of at least Christianity and Islam were taught, but today, when history is no longer taught, Inter-religious education has become more difficult," he said.
"This to an extent may be responsible for a surge in religious violence more rampart now in Nigeria. All religious groups in Nigeria in particular and the globe in general must make concerted effort towards government's inclusion of Inter-religious Education in the schools curricula."
According to him, "All over the world, the current trend is that educational institutions – colleges, universities (many are not religiously affiliated!) and even certain seminaries – are actively looking for ways to respond to the issues of education in a religiously multi-faceted world.
"They seek to entrench a transformational process through which students could be educated to become global citizens with an understanding of the diversity of religious traditions and with strategies of pluralism that engage diversity in creative and productive ways. Obviously, inter-religious education is increasingly essential for equipping people to be citizens of the world.
"Therefore, from a societal as well as pedagogical points of view, all academic institutions irrespective of their theological affiliation or inclination should be obliged to foster a religious dimension to citizenship."
"It douses the tension of stereotype or resentment against other peoples' religion which causes distance in relationships. It increases beneficial inter-relationships and widens the student's family network. Religiously bi-literate or educated people who know the history and theology of other religions are likely to have better grasp or understanding of world politics, history, culture and literature.
"Inter-religious Education gives students or people ample opportunities to make informed decision in adulthood of the religion they have the conviction to practice in life. Inter-religious education reduces religious conflicts and promotes mutual co-existence. Inter-religious education gives in the opportunity to see the world from more than one religious perspective and make better informed decisions," he said amongst other factors he listed in the paper.
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NX8.5 Shop Docs Common Questions and Answers
Siemens Experimenter Siemens Experimenter
Siemens Experimenter
Overview
Documenting the manufacturing plan and the specifics of the NC program are important pieces of the part manufacturing process. This Tech Tip covers several Questions and Answers regarding Shop Documentation in NX CAM.
ShopDocQA.png

Created with NX 8.5

Details
Seven questions about Shop Documentation customization are compiled here:
 1. How do I find the MOM variable that corresponds to a particular user input?
 2. How can I combine mom variables to get a sum total?
 3. I get the following error message. What does it mean?
 4. How do you output Shop Docs as a Microsoft Word doc?
 5. Does Shop Docs support any version of Excel prior to Excel 2007?
 6. Can the Postprocess dialog still be used to create shop Documentation?
 7. How do I find a MOM variable for operation machining time that is not listed on sheet 2 of the OOTB template?

Question: How do I find the MOM variable that corresponds to a particular user input? For example, I would like to output the Stepover Maximum Distance in my shop documentation. How do I find the MOM variable that corresponds to Maximum Distance?
Answer:
 1. In NX, edit an operation (i.e. Cavity Mill) that contains the user input in the dialog box.
 2. Key in a unique, identifiable value such as 1.2345:
Image1.jpg

3. Click OK to finish editing the operation.
4. With the operation highlighted in the Operation Navigator, select Shop Documentation.
5. In the Shop Documentation dialog box, select the desired Report Format (template), set the Review Tool to On.
6. Click OK to generate Shop Doc output.
7. Close the NX Post Debug lister dialog.
8. Go to the directory where the part file is saved.
9. In that directory, open the newest *_debug.out file in a text editor (sort by Date Modified).
10. Do a search for the text string 1.234 and you will find:

Image2.jpg

11. The MOM variable you will need to use in your customized template is mom_stepover_distance.

Question: How can I combine mom variables to get a sum total?
Answer: To add, for example, tool length and shank length and output in the tool list select template:

Image3.jpg

The syntax is:
'= ${mom_tool_length} + ${mom_tool_tapered_shank_length}

The calculation is done only when the html output is displayed in Excel.

Question: I get the following error message. What does it mean?
 Image6.jpg

Answer: It means you had an output window displayed when attempting to create another output. Close the displayed output window(s) before generating another output.

Question: How do you output Shop Docs as a Microsoft Word doc?
Answer: For .txt output, change the file extension to .doc. Just create a .txt file and in a explorer window change the extension to .doc – then double click.
For html output viewed in Excel, save as .xlsx file. Open in Word and save as .docx.

Question: Does Shop Docs support any version of Excel prior to Excel 2007?
Answer: As we provided our templates in .xlsx, Shop Docs only supports Excel 2007 and later.

Question: Can the Postprocess dialog still be used to create shop Documentation?
Answer: No.

Question: How do I find a MOM variable for operation machining time that is not listed on sheet 2 of the OOTB template?
Answer:
Sheet 2 is an incomplete list of MOM variables. While sheet 2 lists the most commonly used MOM variables, all MOM variables that Shop Docs uses can be referenced by using the Review Tool or found by searching the debug.out file.
1. Select an operation (referred to as a "member" in the Review Tool) in the Operation Navigator and select Shop Documentation.
2. In the Shop Documentation dialog box, select the desired Report Format (template), set the Review Tool to On:

 Image7.jpg

3. Click OK to generate Shop Doc output.
In the NX Post Debug lister dialog, click on an event in the first column to list the associated MOM variables in the second column. You might be able to find the desired MOM variable using this "hunt & peck" method, but searching the debug.out file for the desired MOM variable is easier. Do this:
4. Go to the directory where the part file is saved.
5. In that directory, open the newest *_debug.outfile in a text editor (sort by Date Modified).
6. Do a search for the word time and you will find:
Var: mom_toolpath_time = 94.71146749849486900

This value equates to the Time listed in the Operation Navigator for the selected member or members. It is the NX operation machining time as opposed to the postprocessor machining time.
7. If you scroll up you will see that this variable is listed under Event 5: MOM_MEMBERS_HDR
This is the event inside the NX Post Debug Lister in which you will find the variables of the member (operation) you selected.
8. Copy mom_toolpath_time into your customized Shop Docs template.

Additional Notes:

 1. UGII_CAM_SHOP_DOC_DIR environment variable determines where the Shop Doc function looks for files.
Note: Turn this variable off by typing in some character (i.e."X") to make the variable invalid. Then by default, it will reference U:/wnti32/nx080_phasexx/MACH/resource/shop_doc/excel_templates

2. In the production environment, the Excel files used to create the Excel-html templates are stored in:
C:\Program Files\Siemens\NX 8.5\MACH\resource\shop_doc

3. The shopdoc_excel.tcl file inside the excel_templates folder specifies where Shop Docs will look for the excel.exe file. Example:

Image8.jpg

Be sure this path is correct for your installation if you have Excel. If it does not find Excel (or if you don't have it), then the output will be displayed by the HTML browser only.

4. Display Output toggle:
Display Output On = displays HTML output in Excel and browser for HTML/Excel templates.
Display Output On = displays text output for TEXT templates.
Display Output Off = displays HTML output in Excel for HTML/Excel templates.
Display Output Off = displays no output for TEXT templates.

5. Other platforms (MacOS, Linux) will not display the output automatically.

6. "Select" templates work only if a single object is selected. Warnings are displayed in listing device and syslog if:
 - A template containing MOM_cycle_objects for selected objects is used, but no object is selected.
 - A template containing MOM_cycle_objects for selected objects is used and more than one object is selected.
7. File definitions:
 - .xlsx is the Excel file containing your edits and all mom variables on sheet 2. This is the authoring file.
 - .htm is the template the system uses to create the shop doc output.
 - shop_doc.datdetermines what you see in the user interface and specifies which .tcl and .tpl files to use.
 - .tclDetermines which .htm file to process. It must have the same name as the .htm file so that the system knows which .htm file to process. When a new template has been created, the .tcl file of an existing template can be copied and renamed.
 - .tpldetermines whether the template processes "select"ed objects (new templates) or "all" objects (old templates).
 - shopdoc_excel.tcl and shopdoc_excel.tpl are used in all Excel-html templates.
8. Shopdocs is supported in Teamcenter. However:
When running in managed mode, Shop Documentation output must be checked into Teamcenter 9.0 or later. Shop documentation files will not import correctly into a pre-9.0 version of Teamcenter.
You can open HTML output generated from new templates in TC9.1 by double-clicking the HTML output icon inside the Manufacturing Activities tab. In TC9.0, you must open the HTML output using the TC Navigator.
All old (pre-NX8) templates work with TC just as they did in NX7.5.

9. Obsolete Templates
The Postprocess dialog will no longer be used to create Shop Documentation. The following templates will be commented out of the Postprocessor list:

Image9.jpg

Note: If you want to use pre-NX 8 templates, remove the comment sign (#) in the shop_doc.dat file . The file is located in MACH\resource\shop_doc.

11. Printing and Page Formatting
The Excel template provides minimal configurable options to help you specify the content length of each page.
 Image10.jpg

The numeric input field next to PAGE CONTENT LENGTH determines the distance between the Page : ${cur


text:
- Questions & Answers
The gas sensitive material used in MQ-6 gas sensor is SnO2, which is of lower electrical conductivity in clean air.
When there is combustible gas in the environment where sensor resides, the electrical conductivity of the sensor increases with the increase of the combustible gas concentration in the air.
The change of electrical conductivity can be converted to the output signal corresponding to that of the gas concentration by using a simple circuit.
The sensitivity of MQ-6 gas sensor to propane, butane and liquefied petroleum gas is quite high, and the natural gas can also be well detected.
This sensor can detect a variety of combustible gases, making it a low-cost sensor for a variety of applications.


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The dominant and intriguing ruin of Downhill Castle or Manse commands exceptional views along the coast. It is wrongly referred to as the 'Bishop's Palace' (the Bishop's Palace is in Londonderry). The house and estate which has landscaped gardens and walks covering over 150 acres was one of the most noted houses in Ireland along with its flambouyant owner Frederick Augustus Hervey, the Bishop of Derry and 4th Earl of Bristol.
The house was built as a country home for the Earl Bishop who had a great affinity for the area, he also had a home at Ikworth and Ballyscullion. Downhill was constructed between 1775–85 which included Mussenden Temple, the Mausoleum and Lions Gate. The building was designed by the architect Michael Shanahan under the Bishops' watchful eye, he also designed Mussenden Temple and on the Bishops request, modelled it on the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli in Italy.
The Earl Bishop travelled widely during his life, he was renown for this, so much so that his passion and knowledge of the classics and travelling inspired the trend which the Hotel Bristol became synonomous for in providing quality accommodation throughout Europe, inspiring an whole generation of travellers wishing to emanate the desired pastime of the period.
The Earl Bishop combined his love for travel with a passion for collecting art and antiquities, every journey saw him return with art and artefacts. He commissioned and paid for excavations in Italy to find rare marbles and other items for his collection, and tried to buy the original Temple of Vesta which he planned to dismantled and rebuilt at Downhill.
This was turned down by the vatican, so he had his own built from scratch. Interestingly an archeological digs at Downhill in 2009 uncovered a sculpture of a Roman Head which is believed to date to AD160-190 and is either Emporer Marcus Aurelius or his son Commodus, no doubt an artefact brought back from one of his many journeys.
During his life he amassed a large and priceless collection of art, at one time or another works by Rubens, Cavaggio, Tintoretto, Titian, Raphael, Rembrandt and many more graced the walls of Downhill Castle. He was a great patron to the arts, commissioning works from many of the emerging artists of the time.
When the Earl Bishop died in 1803 the property was left to his cousin, the Reverend Sir Henry Hervey Bruce, 1st Baronet (_PHONE_) who at the time was Rector of Tamlaghtfinlagan, Ballykelly and also managed the estate and diocese when the Earl Bishop was away travelling. This inheritance cause a stir in the Hervey family as his wife and brother were still alive but there had been a rift in the family which was reflected in this decision.
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The covert orienting of visual attention following severe traumatic brain injury
J. L. Mathias, A. J. Bate, John Robertson Crawford
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
31 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Attentional problems have frequently been identified following traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) using both clinical assessments and self-report measures. Unfortunately, most measures of attention do not enable us to determine the underlying basis of these attentional deficits. One exception is Posner's Covert Orienting of Attention Task (COAT), which is designed to identify some of the fundamental mental operations underlying attention. This study sought to determine whether the COAT task could identify discrete attentional deficits following TBI beyond those caused by reduced speed of information processing. Thirty five patients who had sustained a severe TBI were compared to 35 age-matched controls. Results revealed that, although the reaction times of the patients with TBI were significantly slower than the controls, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of their ability to disengage, move, and engage their attention. The introduction of a secondary (language) task produced no significant difference between the two groups on the COAT task. However, there was a significant difference between the two groups on the language-based task, suggesting a deficit in auditory-verbal attention under dual task conditions.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)386-398
Number of pages12
JournalJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
Volume23
Issue number3
Publication statusPublished - 2001
Keywords
 - CLOSED-HEAD-INJURY
 - PARKINSONS-DISEASE
 - ORIENTATION
 - SYSTEMS
Cite this


text:
This project consisted of an intensive pedestrian survey and recording of 300 utility poles located across three counties: San Diego, Riverside and Orange. The purpose of this survey was to provide constraints information to assist SDG&E in its compliance with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) requirements.
PanGIS staff provided the GIS spatial analysis used to assess utility poles recommended for cultural resource evaluations. Previous surveys, slope, and distance to known resources were assessed using a predictive model. A total of 18,000 poles were evaluated for survey using spatial analysis. PanGIS created field mapbooks and GPS background files, and managed a fleet of tablet computers to aid field archaeologists with cultural resource surveys. Newly discovered archaeological sites and previously discovered sites were recorded, and recommendations were made regarding future work at the pole locations to ensure the preservation of cultural resources and compliance with CEQA and NEPA requirements. Using ESRI GIS, site and location maps were produced for the report and site forms.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
Remembrance Sunday see Remembrance Day.
remerge combined form of merge.
remigration combined form of migration.
remilitarization combined form of militarization.
remilitarize combined form of militarize.
reminder something that causes a person to remember something.
remindful having in mind or remembering. [2 definitions]
reminisce to recall past experiences, often with fondness or pleasure.
reminiscence the act of recalling usu. pleasant experiences or events of the past. [3 definitions]
reminiscent having qualities or characteristics that remind one of someone or something (usu. fol. by of). [2 definitions]
remiss careless or negligent, esp. in the performance of one's duty. [2 definitions]
remissible capable of being forgiven.
remission an act or instance of remitting. [4 definitions]
remit to send (money) to someone or some place. [8 definitions]
remittal an act or instance of remitting; remission.
remittance money that is sent to someone or some place, usu. in payment. [2 definitions]
remittance man a man who lives abroad, as, formerly, in a British colony, supported mostly by remittances from home.
remittent marked by a temporary lessening or abatement in intensity or severity, as a fever or illness.
remix combined form of mix.
remnant a quantity, piece, or part that is left over or remains. [4 definitions]


text:
versions of this connector are also available. The typical insertion loss of the SC connector is around 0.3 dB.
Connector Endface Preparation
Once the optical fiber is terminated with a particular connector, the connector endface preparation will determine what the connector return loss, also known as back reflection, will be. The back reflection is the ratio between the light propagating through the connector in the forward direction and the light reflected back into the light source by the connector surface. Minimizing back reflection is of great importance in high-speed and analog fiber optic links, utilizing narrow line width sources such as DFB lasers, which are prone to mode hopping and fluctuations in their output.Figure 6Connector EndfacesFigure 7A typical F-BK3 cleave is clean, flat and perpendicular.
Flat Polish a flat polish of the connector surface will result in a back reflection of about -16 dB (4%).
PC Polish the Physical Contact (PC) polish results in a slightly curved connector surface, forcing the fiber ends of mating connector pairs into physical contact with each other. This eliminates the fiber-to-air interface, there by resulting in back reflections of -30 to -40 dB. The PC polish is the most popular connector endface preparation, used in most applications.
SPC and UPC Polish in the Super PC (SPC) and Ultra PC (UPC) polish, an extended polishing cycle enhances the surface quality of the connector, resulting in back reflections of -40 to -55 dB and < -55dB, respectively. These polish types are used in high-speed, digital fiber optic transmission systems.
APC Polish the Angled PC (APC) polish, adds an 8 degree angle to the connector endface. Back reflections of <-60 dB can routinely be accomplished with this polish.
Fiber Cleaving is the fastest way to achieve a mirror-flat fiber end it takes only seconds. The basic principle involves placing the fiber under tension, scribing with a diamond or carbide blade perpendicular to the axis, and then pulling the fiber apart to produce a clean break. Our F-BK3 or FK11 Cleavers make the process especially quick and easy. It is wise to inspect fiber ends after polishing or cleaving.
Coupling Light into Fibers
Good coupling efficiency requires precise positioning of the fiber to center the core in the focused laser beam. For multimode fibers, with their large cores, fiber positioners (e.g., Newports FP Series) can achieve good coupling efficiency. Single-mode fibers require more elaborate couplers with submicron positioning resolution, like the ULTRAlign and 562F stainless steel positioners and the F-915 and F-1015 Couplers. These are also useful with multimode fibers when maximum coupling efficiency is required.
The characteristics of the focused beam must match the fiber parameters for good coupling efficiency. For multimode fibers this is straightforward. General guidelines are:
The focused spot should be comparable to the core size.
The incident cone angle should not exceed the arcsine of the NA of the fiber (e.g. 23° for 0.2 NA and 35° for 0.3 NA).
To maximize coupling into a single-mode fiber, you must match the incident field distribution to that of the fiber mode. For example, the mode profile of the HE11 mode of a step index fiber can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution with a 1/e width w given by:
where: d is the core diameter, and
V is the V-number.
For our F-SV fiber, for which V = 2, the Gaussian width is approximately 28% larger than the core diameter, so the light should be focused to a spot size 1.28 times the core diameter at the fiber surface. For a Gaussian laser beam, the required beam diameter D incident upon focusing lens of focal length f to produce a focused spot of diameter w is D = 4λf/(πw). Given the laser beam waist and divergence, its easy to determine the distance needed between the focusing lens and the laser to expand the beam to the required diameter.
The mode field diameter is now given to provide easier matching of lens to optical fiber for a Gaussian beam.
A high numerical aperture lens must collimate the diverging output beam of a laser diode. Newports F-L Series Diode Laser Focusing Lenses, are AR-coated for high transmittance at popular laser diode wavelengths and with numerical apertures up to 0.5 are useful for collimating or focusing.
Mode Scrambling and Filtering
Many multimode fiber experiments are sensitive to the distribution of power among the fibers modes. This is determined by the launching optics, fiber perturbations, and the fibers length. Mode scrambling is a technique that distributes the optical power in a fiber among all the guided modes. Mode filtering simulates the effects of kilometer lengths of fiber by attenuating higher-order fiber modes.Figure 8Launching conditions in a multimode optical fiber.
One scrambling technique is to splice a length of graded-index fiber between two pieces of step-index fiber this ensures that the downstream fibers core is overfilled regardless of launch conditions. Mode filtering can be achieved by wrapping a fiber several times around a finger-sized mandrel; bending sheds the high-order modes.
One way to achieve both scrambling and filtering is to introduce microbending to cause rapid coupling between all fiber modes and attenuation of high-order modes. One approach is to place a stripped section of fiber in a box filled with lead shot. A more precise way is to use Newports FM-1 Mode Scrambler. This specially designed tool uses a calibrated mechanism to introduce microbending for mode scrambling and filtering.
(a) Overfilled (b) UnderfilledFigure 9A schematic of Coupling of light into an optical fiberFigure 10Mode scrambler for optical fibers. The bends tend to couple out higher-order and radiation modes and to distribute the light into a distribution of modes that will remain stable over long distances.
Cladding Mode Removal
Some light is invariably launched into a fibers cladding. Though cladding modes dissipate rapidly with fiber length, they can interfere with measurements. For example, the output of a single-mode fiber will not have a Gaussian distribution if light is propagating in the cladding. You can remove cladding modes by stripping a length of fiber coating and immersing the bare fiber in an index matching fluid such as glycerin.
Common Optical Parameters
The following is a list of common optical parameters associated with fiber optic components. Please call or visit Newports website for application notes on how to measure these parameters.Figure 11
Port Configuration: Number of input ports x number of output ports. e.g. 2 x 2
Coupling Ratio: The ratio of the power at an output port to the launched power expressed in dB. e.g. -10log (P2/P1).
Isolation: The ratio of the power at an output port in the transmitted wavelength band to that in the extinguished wavelength band, expressed in dB.
Directivity: The ratio of the power returned to any other input port to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g.-10log (P4/P1).
Bandwidth: The range of operating wavelengths over which performance parameters are specified.
Excess Loss: The ratio of the total power at all output ports to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g. -10log [(P2+P3)/P1].
Uniformity: The difference between maximum and minimum insertion losses.
Extinction Ratio: The ratio of the residual power in an extinguished polarization state to the transmitted power, expressed in dB.
Return Loss: The ratio of the power returned to the input port to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g.-10log (P5/P1).
Polarization-Dependent Loss (PDL): The maximum (peak-to-peak) variation in insertion loss as the input polarization varies, expressed in dB.
Fiber Optic Communications
The theoretical bandwidth of optical fiber transmission in the 1550 nm window alone is on the order of terabits. Current fiber optic systems have not even begun to utilize the enormous potential bandwidth that is possible.
There are two methods that are employed to achieve an increase in bandwidth. The first is known as Time Division Multiplexing or TDM. Multiple channels are transmitted on a single carrier by increasing the modulation rate and allotting a time slot to each channel. However, more sophisticated high-speed electronics, at both the transmitting and receiving ends of the communications link, are required when increasing the bit rate of a system. And as the bit rate increases, inherent modulation limiting characteristics of optical fibers become dominant. Chromatic and polarization mode dispersion cause pulse spreading, which affects the signal quality over longer transmission distances.
An alternate method for increasing the capacity of fiber optic communications systems is known as wavelength division multiplexing, or WDM. By this method, capacity can be increased by using more than one optical carrier (wavelength) on a single fiber. Therefore, adding a second transmitter and receiver to an optical fiber can double the bandwidth of that communications system. This method of increasing the capacity of an optical system has appeal for a variety of reasons. If a system were to increase in capacity using TDM alone, the existing transmitter and receiver would be replaced with a faster and more expensive transmitter/receiver pair. Using WDM, the existing transmitter and receiver do not need to be replaced. A second transmitter/receiver pair of a different wavelength is simply added. This is done by coupling, or multiplexing the output of the two lasers into a single fiber. At the receiving end, the two wavelengths are then separated, or demultiplexed, and each optical carrier is routed to its own receiver. For transmission systems using a 1310 nm laser, a


Small. Fast. Reliable.
Choose any three.
SQL As Understood By SQLite
syntax diagram drop-view-stmt
The DROP VIEW statement removes a view created by the CREATE VIEW statement. The view definition is removed from the database schema, but no actual data in the underlying base tables is modified.
The view to drop is identified by the view-name and optional database-name specified as part of the DROP VIEW statement. This reference is resolved using the standard procedure for object resolution.
If the specified view cannot be found and the IF EXISTS clause is not present, it is an error. If the specified view cannot be found and an IF EXISTS clause is present in the DROP VIEW statement, then the statement is a no-op.


text:
Let and be two differentiable functions. We will say that and are proportional if and only if there exists a constant C such that. Clearly any function is proportional to the zero-function. If the constant C is not important in nature and we are only interested into the proportionality of the two functions, then we would like to come up with an equivalent criteria. The following statements are equivalent:
Therefore, we have the following:
Define the Wronskian of and to be, that is
The following formula is very useful (see reduction of order technique):
Remark: Proportionality of two functions is equivalent to their linear dependence. Following the above discussion, we may use the Wronskian to determine the dependence or independence of two functions. In fact, the above discussion cannot be reproduced as is for more than two functions while the Wronskian does....