text:
- About Us
- Act Now
- Corporate Volunteer Opportunities
- The Bay vs. The Bag
- Take Action
- Learn and Explore
- Restoration Education Programs
- Teacher Resources
- Explore the Virtual Marsh
- Play Battle for the Bay
- Wetland Restoration
- Stopping Bay Fill
- Pollution Prevention
- About The Bay
Save The Bay Educates Thousands Of Bay Area Students, Seeks Hundreds Of Volunteers To Plant 30,000 Seedlings This Winter
Healthy Wetlands Protect Communities from Sea-level Rise and Provide Habitat for Wildlife
Oakland, CA - Mon Nov 28, 2011 -
Save The Bay – the largest regional organization working to protect and restore San Francisco Bay – is thrilled to announce new opportunities for students and community members to help restore San Francisco Bay for generations to come through its volunteer and education programs. Formed in 1961, this year Save The Bay celebrates a half century as the Bay's leading champion, while focusing on the next 50 years of protecting and restoring our great natural treasure.
This month, Save This Bay is kicking off its annual winter planting season with an ambitious goal to plant 30,000 native seedlings at several shoreline sites around the Bay. The organization seeks hundreds of volunteers of all ages to participate in this effort as planting during the wet winter season ensures that the young plants, such as California poppy, sticky monkey flower and lupines have the water they need to grow and thrive.
The non-profit, which has been leading environmental education field trips on the Bay for over a decade, also recently launched three new programs to further engage local students and teachers in critical hands-on shoreline wetland restoration.
"We are particularly excited about this planting season because we will be implementing newly designed techniques to restore more wetland habitat than ever before," said Save The Bay Habitat Restoration Director, Darcie Collins Ph.D. "Plus, our new and innovative youth programs will increase leadership, stewardship, and science investigation for local students and bolster our efforts to restore wetlands at the same time."
Wetlands Are Vital Habitat
Wetlands are home to many endangered species, such as the California clapper rail and salt marsh harvest mouse. They keep the Bay healthy by filtering runoff pollution to improve water quality. Additionally, they act as a sponge, providing flood control when water levels are high and create a protective buffer for communities threatened by rising sea levels associated with climate change. Tidal salt marshes also capture and store carbon from greenhouse gases in the air efficiently and effectively, helping to counter global warming.
As a result of development and fill, only ten percent of the Bay's original wetlands remain. Yet, scientists say the Bay needs 100,000 acres of healthy wetlands to maintain a sustainable eco-system. Save The Bay is working toward this goal by stopping inappropriate shoreline development and protecting, restoring and enhancing vital wetland habitat around the Bay.
Save The Bay Expands Restoration Education Programs
Save The Bay educates the next generation of environmental stewards through hands-on, science-based habitat restoration programs that engage students with field science and service-learning projects that also promote civic engagement, eco-literacy, youth empowerment and leadership. Save The Bay launched three new Restoration Education Programs in September and already over 500 students have been enrolled in the following programs:
- SEED (Students Engaging in Ecological Design): An ecological stewardship program engaging middle and high school students in the complete cycle of tidal marsh restoration in the San Francisco Bay, from seeds to ecosystems.
- DIRT (Digging Into Restoration Technology): A science-based program engaging middle and high school students in experimental design, soil science, data analysis and adaptive restoration of tidal marsh and upland habitat in the San Francisco Bay.
- BEST (Bay Environmental Stewardship Training): An environmental leadership program that trains upper level high school students to be educators and mentors for younger learners in the field of ecological restoration.
"Through Save The Bay's programs my students have developed an awareness of their connection to the Bay, as well as an understanding that they are not helpless, even as young people," said Myra Vallianos, an eighth grade teacher at E.C. Reems Academy of Technology and Arts in Oakland. "Additionally, many students who struggle at school shine in this "outdoor classroom" – they work well with peers and demonstrate true dedication to the restoration work."
How to Volunteer
Save The Bay is in particular need of volunteers for its Solstice Planting Days from December 13th – 18th. Corporations and community groups are also encouraged to sign up for private, weekday volunteer opportunities. Save The Bay encourages local groups to join VMware, the W Hotel San Francisco, Bayer, Polycom, and Animation Mentor, who have already scheduled private restoration programs for this winter.
Interested businesses can learn more at _URL_
Individuals interested in volunteering for a public weekend event can visit _URL_ All volunteer restoration programs are free, but an RSVP is required.
Save The Bay is seeking volunteers to help out at the following sites:
- Ravenswood Pond in Menlo Park is an integral piece of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project – the largest wetlands restoration project on the West Coast. This unique Pond is managed for nesting habitat for endangered and sensitive species and provides unique bird-watching opportunities for residents. As the only organization restoring habitat at this site, Save The Bay makes it possible for volunteers to learn about the importance of salt pond restoration, as well as native plants and wildlife.
- Eden Landing Ecological Reserve in Hayward/Union City is a 6,000-acre complex of former salt ponds that is also part of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project. Restoring the wetlands here will provide local recreational opportunities for residents and habitat for endangered shorebirds, waterfowl, and fish. Volunteers will continue to plant native seedlings and remove invasive weeds in upland transition zones to ensure the area is prepared to flourish on its own once all the planned breaches have been completed.
- The Faber-Laumeister Tract in East Palo Alto, part of the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, is one of the oldest wetland restoration projects in the San Francisco Bay. It provides food and shelter for thousands of native plants and animals every year, including the endangered California Clapper Rail and salt marsh harvest mouse, and is also some of the only shoreline open space available to East Palo Alto residents.
- The Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve and its marshes are located adjacent to a highly populated urban area, providing a natural space for residents to recreate, view wildlife, and learn about San Francisco Bay. Save The Bay recently completed a new greenhouse at this site that has significantly increased the organization's capacity to grow native seedlings for planting at this site and others.
- Another urban wetland – the Martin Luther King Jr. Shoreline – has some of the last remaining natural tidal marsh in the East Bay. Five major creeks flow into this 50-acre marsh, providing important sanctuary for a variety of animals, including burrowing owls and the endangered California clapper rail. Save The Bay continues to expand into new areas to connect the different habitats within the entire marsh area, creating a much larger refuge for wildlife. The MLK Jr. Shoreline also hosts a native plant nursery.
About Save The Bay
Save The Bay is the largest regional organization working to protect and restore San Francisco Bay. Formed in 1961, Save The Bay is celebrating 50 years as the Bay's leading champion, protecting our natural treasure from pollution and inappropriate shoreline development; restoring habitat; and securing strong policies to re-establish 100,000 acres of wetlands that are essential for a healthy Bay. We engage more than 25,000 supporters, advocates and volunteers to protect the Bay, and inspire the next generation of environmental leaders by educating thousands of students annually. Save The Bay is proud to have achieved this impressive milestone and remains dedicated to making the Bay cleaner and healthier for people and wildlife. _URL_
Save The Bay's Site Partners
Save The Bay's volunteer projects are made possible through partnerships with local, state, and federal resource agencies with the goal of engaging student and community volunteers in wetland restoration. Partners include:
- Eden Landing Ecological Reserve: California Department of Fish and Game _URL_
- Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve: City of Palo Alto _URL_
- Martin Luther King Jr. Shoreline: East Bay Regional Park District _URL_
- Ravenswood Pond: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service _URL_
Amy Ricard, Media Relations Manager


text:
As hard as it may seem to believe, Latvia is a gambling hotspot in Europe. The small country has several land-based casinos and some licensed (and unlicensed) online gambling sites. While Latvia has been a relative newcomer to the gambling industry, changes to the regulations have happened in the past. A new amendment aimed at adding more limits to gambling in Latvia was recently rejected by the government. In this article, we will take a closer look at what those changes were and how the gambling industry is doing in Latvia. But first, let's review the gambling timeline to understand the present situation.
A Short History of Gambling In Latvia
Before Latvia became an independent country from the Soviet Union in 1991, the gambling industry in the region was mostly unregulated. The first set of gambling laws to be created was in 1998 when the Lotteries and Gambling Supervisory Inspection was put into law. Along with it was the creation of the Control Department which was tasked to oversee the gambling industry. The group also collected tax fees from all gaming operators. The Latvian government also put the Licensing and Financial Analysis Division in charge of granting licenses to casino operators within the country. It wasn't until 2005 when the gambling laws were updated with the passing of the Gambling and Lotteries Law. In it was a new framework to address both land-based and online gambling and to ensure that only licensed operators were providing gambling options within the country. This led to the licensing of all land-based and just a few online casinos in Latvia if you're interested in online slots.
The Most Recent Amendment
On April 15, 2021, proposed amendments to the Gambling and Lotteries Law were rejected by the Latvian government. The changes were to address what has become a gambling problem within Latvia. Stats used to back up the amendment revealed that roughly 80,000 Latvians suffer from some form of gambling addiction with 15,000 of them having what was termed as "severe" gambling issues. The amendments were drafted by the New Conservative Party and KPV LV, Saeima deputy Juris Jurass. According to Jurass, the amendments would have helped move Latvia towards building a stronger society.
"Gambling halls in Latvia are a lasting disease for certain people, it needs to be treated," Jurass stated. He added that the gambling situation is currently critical and that the government has to do something about it. The vote saw 35 Saeima (Latvian government) deputies in favor of passing the draft onto the Budget and Finance Committee. However, 15 deputies voted against the proposals and another 27 deputies abstained. For some reason, the amendment was rejected although a majority of deputies who voted supported moving it to the next level.
What The Amendment Contained
The main purpose of the amendment was to place a limit on the number of casinos that could be established in Latvia. It was believed that by doing this, the negative effect that gambling has on people and public health could be reduced. The argument was that reducing the number of gambling sites could also reduce the risk of developing a gambling addiction. A study conducted in 2016 by SKDS showed that 26% of the respondents who had indicated they had engaged in gambling activities over the past year admitted to experiencing times when gambling controlled their life to where the outside world did not exist.
Another item in the proposal was to limit where casinos would be permitted. For example, only in four or five-star hotels in Latvia. Hours of operation for gambling halls and casinos were also to be reduced had the amendment to the gambling law been adopted. And finally, alimony avoiders were to be prohibited from gambling. Latvia has a law in place that restricts debtors with a focus on motivating them to make good on the duty of paying alimony to provide financial support for their children. Sadly, without the amendment passing on to the next step of the process, gambling will continue in Latvia untouched.
What The Opposition Had To Say
Opposition deputy Nikolajs Kabanovs indicated that gambling halls were already closed across Latvia since a declaration of a state of emergency had been made. He pointed to the authors of the legislation draft amendment as trying to use it to "distract people from the government's inability to execute its authority and organize the work of the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Justice in a way to make it impossible for criminal elements to operate in Latvia." There is no indication of when another attempt will be made at updating the gambling law to address addiction issues, if at all.
Latvian gamblers may have dodged a bullet. Well, the responsible ones did, anyway when a proposal to place limits on casinos and gambling halls did not pass at the legislative level last month. The goal was to control the number and location of these sites in Latvia. Plus, reduced hours of operation were part of the proposal. The main issue at hand is a growing gambling addiction problem and the authors of the amendment viewed their proposal as the first step to reducing the risk and possibly paving the way to help prevent the spread of gambling addiction within their country.
Unfortunately, with a vote that saw the majority of government deputies in favor of passing the amendment along to the next step of the process, a larger number of deputies abstained from the vote which somehow killed the proposal. Naturally, the concept became political with the opposition pointing fingers at the Latvian government stating they were using the amendment as a tactic to distract Latvians away from a perceived lack of ability to work with internal ministries to control gambling to where it would be impossible for organized crime to take over. Although the plan was to curb gambling addiction, the issue got lost along the way. The bottom line is clear though. With a generous revenue stream coming from gambling, the Latvian government is benefitting greatly. Sadly, the source of this income has created the right conditions for a serious gambling problem that could cause more harm than good if not treated sooner than later.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


ed = $SqlCmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
$SqlConnection.Close()
The code containing SqlClient classes is very much like the code with OleDB. These classes work in a similar way:
 1. An MSSQL server connection object is created;
 2. An object with an SQL query is created, and the connection object is assigned to it;
 3. Then in case of running a SELECT query, an adapter object is created and the query is executed in the context of this object;
 4. In case of running an INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE query, the object with the query (containing the connection object) executes the ExecuteNonQuery() method.
SQL Query in PowerShell Using SQL Server Management Studio Module
To use Microsoft.SqlServer.Smo (SMO) classes, SQL Server Management Studio must be installed on your computer.
Load the SMO module, create a new server object and then run a SELECT query:
[System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("Microsoft.SqlServer.Smo");
$serverInstance = New-Object ('Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.Smo.Server') "contoso-sql01\testdb"
$results = $serverInstance.Databases['test'].ExecuteWithResults('select * from test_table')
foreach ($res in $results.Tables) {
$nbsp;echo $res
}
using SQL Server Management Studio module in powpershell to run SQL query
For an insert/update/delete query, run ExecuteNonQuery:
$db = $serverInstance.Databases['test']
$db.ExecuteNonQuery("insert into test_table (test_col) Values ('123456')")
Note. You can also install SMO libraries through the NuGet Package Manager:
 1. Download nuget.exe _URL_
 2. Run PowerShell as an administrator and go to the directory containing nuget.exe;
 3. Run: .\nuget.exe Install Microsoft.SqlServer.SqlManagementObjects.
 nnuget install Microsoft.SqlServer.SqlManagementObjects module
 4. Microsoft.SqlServer.SqlManagementObjects folder with all DLLs will appear in the current directory;
 5. Load the SMO library into your PowerShell session from a DLL file. Add it to your script:
add-type –Path "C:\Users\username\Downloads\Microsoft.SqlServer.SqlManagementObjects.150.18208.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.SqlServer.Smo.dll"
Then SMO classes will become available for use.
Invoke-Sqlcmd Cmdlet from SQLServer PowerShell Module
To use the Invoke-Sqlcmd cmdlet, install the SqlServer for PowerShell module. Run PowerShell with the administrator privileges and execute the command:
Install-Module -Name SqlServer
(Press Y and then ENTER to accept the installer notifications.)
After the installation, you can make sure that the module has been installed correctly by running this command:
Get-Module SqlServer -ListAvailable
Install powershell Module SqlServer
The Invoke-Sqlcmd cmdlet is easier and more intuitive than other ways of connection to an Microsoft SQL Server from PowerShell. Invoke-Sqlcmd uses the same syntax for SELECT and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE queries.
Here is an example of a Select query:
Invoke-Sqlcmd -ServerInstance "contoso-sql01\testdb" -Query "sp_who"
Using PowerShell Invoke-Sqlcmd to access SQL server
This is an example of an INSERT query:
Invoke-Sqlcmd -ServerInstance "contoso-sql01\testdb" -Database "test1" -Query "insert into test_table (test_col) Values ('123321')"
Unlike other methods, a query in the Invoke-Sqlcmd is always set in the –Query parameter.
Which SQL connection option should you use?
A choice between oledb/smo/sqlclient/invoke-sqlcmd is based on the task and the environment where you are going to run a PowerShell script.
If you want to deploy a script to multiple servers (for example, your script collects monitoring data locally), using SMO or SqlServer PowerShell module (Invoke-SQLcmd) is not reasonable, since you will have to install extra packages on the remote hosts to run the script, and it is better to avoid it if there are a lot of servers.
In its turn, the SqlServer for PowerShell module offers many other cmdlets to work with your SQL Server (you can learn more here: _URL_ The module contains more commands to manage SQL Server itself.
If your script will perform non-administrative tasks (is responsible for some part of business logic, for example), it is worth to use _URL_, as they provide more convenient development tools. An advantage of OleDB is that it can work not only with an SQL Server, but also with Access/Oracle/Firebird/Interbase.
]]>
_URL_ 0
How to Remove Hidden/Ghost Network Adapters in Windows _URL_ _URL_ Mon, 14 Jun 2021 08:00:00 +0000 _URL_ When replacing a motherboard or a network card, during a P2V or cold migration of virtual machines between hypervisors/sites, or when configuring multiple VLANs on a single NIC in Windows, you can come across a problem of hidden (ghost) network adapters. In this case, you cannot set the previously assigned static IP address for a new network interface.
Windows automatically hides the devices that are present in Windows configuration, but are not physically connected to the computer. The hidden network adapter in Windows remains if you physically disconnect the previously installed network card (this can be either a physical NIC or a virtual network adapter). The previously installed network card becomes hidden and you cannot see it in the Device Manager.
Error: The IP Address Already Assigned to Another Network Adapter
The main problem of hidden network adapters is that you cannot assign an IP address of your old network adapter to a new network card. When you try to assign the old IP address, the following warning appears:
The IP address you have entered for this network adapter is already assigned to another adapter
Microsoft TCP/IP
The IP address <IP address> you have entered for this network adapter is already assigned to another adapter (Intel Gigabit Network Connection) which is no longer present on the computer. If the same address is assigned to both adapters and they both become active, only one of them will use this address. This may result in incorrect system configuration.
Do you want to fix the problem by entering a different IP address for this adapter in the list of IP addresses in the Advanced dialog box?
I often come across this issue in VMWare virtual machines with a VMXNet3 virtual network adapter. A new virtual NIC card is identified as a new device (unlike vNIC type E1000). If you have removed a network card (vNIC) on a VMWare virtual machine and added a new one, you won't be able to set your old IP address assigned to the removed network interface.
Also, the problem of hidden network adapters appears after migrating a physical server to a VM (Physical-to-Virtual — P2V), for example, using the VMware Converter. After the migration, disabled (physical) network adapters still remain in Windows, and you cannot use the old IP address settings for the new vNICs.
Prior to assigning an old IP address to a new network adapter, you must remove the configuration of disconnected NICs.
How to Remove a Non-Existent Network Card Using the Device Manager?
To uninstall hidden (physically removed) network adapters in Windows, open the Device Manager console in the special mode.
To do it in Windows 7 (or earlier):
 - Open the command prompt as an administrator;
 - Run the command: set devmgr_show_nonpresent_devices=1
 - Start the Device Manager console: devmgmt.msc
In the top menu, click View -> Show hidden devices (in Windows 10 this item is always available, and you don't need to enable the devmgr_show_nonpresent_devices mode via cmd).
devmgr_show_nonpresent_devices
Expand the Network adapters section. Hidden network cards should appear in the list (they have pale icons). Select the network card you want to remove, right-click it -> Uninstall Device.
ghost (hidden) network adapter on windows
Remove Network Adapter Settings from the Registry
If after removing an unused NIC in the Device Manager you still cannot assign the old IP address to a new adapter, remove the IP configuration of the old NIC from the registry.
The IP settings of your network interfaces are located under the registry key HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces.
This registry keys contains some {Interface GUID} keys. Check them one-by-one until you find


The World's Largest Wind Tunnel – Mountain View, California - Atlas Obscura
Join us on an Atlas Obscura Trip in 2019 »
Mountain View, California
The World's Largest Wind Tunnel
Housed at NASA Ames Research Center, this wind tunnel is massive enough to test entire aircraft.
The largest wind tunnel in the world is big enough to test a 737 airplane, and is part of NASA Ames Research Center's state-of-the-art aerodynamics complex.
The wind tunnel, which is 80 feet by 120 feet, is actually one of two giant wind tunnels at NASA Ames National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex at Moffett Field. The "smaller" wind tunnel is a still-massive 40 feet by 80 feet, making it the second-largest wind tunnel in the world. The two wind tunnels were dedicated in 1987.
As it's able to accommodate planes with wing spans of up to 100 feet, nearly all commercial aircraft made in the United States since 1987 have been tested in the subsonic tunnel. The tunnel can replicate the wind conditions of flight via six 22,500-horsepower motors with blades as tall as four-story buildings. It's also used to test flight technology for space, such as parachutes for Mars missions.
The wind tunnel was also used in an episode of MythBusters, where the test is if you can actually fold a piece of paper in half more than seven times.


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Lichenostomus is a genus of honeyeaters endemic to Australia.
Lichenostomus
Yellow-tufted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops).jpg
Yellow-tufted honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Meliphagidae
Genus: Lichenostomus
Cabanis, 1851
The genus formerly contained twenty species but it was split after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2011 showed that the genus was polyphyletic.[1] Former members were moved to the six new genera: Nesoptilotis, Bolemoreus, Caligavis, Stomiopera, Gavicalis and Ptilotula.[1]
The genus contains two species:[2]
Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Yellow-tufted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops) - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg Lichenostomus melanops Yellow-tufted honeyeater east and southeast Australia
Lichenostomus cratitius.jpg Lichenostomus cratitius Purple-gaped honeyeater southwest and south-central Australia
The name Lichenostomus was introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1851.[3] The word is derived from the Greek leikhēn meaning lichen or callous and stoma meaning mouth.[4]
ReferencesEdit
 1. ^ a b Nyári, Á.S.; Joseph, L. (2011). "Systematic dismantlement of Lichenostomus improves the basis for understanding relationships within the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and historical development of Australo–Papuan bird communities". Emu. 111: 202–211. doi:10.1071/mu10047.
 2. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Honeyeaters". World Bird List Version 6.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
 3. ^ Cabanis, Jean Louis (1851). Museum Heineannum (Volume 1) (in German). Halbertstadt. p. 119.
 4. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.


that is drawn from MESH _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from MSH _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from NIFSTD _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from OMIM _URL_ is an annotation property that is drawn from SNOMEDCT An alternative label for a given entity such as a commonly used abbreviation or synonym. alternative_term definition A definition citation is a document, ontology class, person or organization from which the definition of the class is derived. It is used in the same sense as a citation in literature, in that the definition may have been derived from these sources or that this definition is related to these source. has_alternative_id has broad synonym has_broad_synonym database cross reference database_cross_reference Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has_exact_synonym has narrow synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has synonym Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset. Concept_In_Subset in subset in_subset shorthand shorthand is defined by label label label part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See _URL_ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of _URL_ has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See _URL_ Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by _URL_ preceded by precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s' at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s' at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in contains process [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immate


Standards for the Evaluation of University Citizenship
A Faculty member's contributions as a University citizen include service to the Program, College, and the University as outlined in Table 3. The merits of University service should be evaluated as to (1) whether or not the candidate chaired the committee listed; and (2) the importance of the service to the mission of the unit served. Less tangible components of citizenship include active participation in department events such as faculty and graduate student recruitment, seminars, department meetings and seminars, etc.
Being an active and useful citizen of the Program, College and University is expected and valued; however, service of any magnitude cannot be considered more important than a candidate's research and other scholarly activity and instructional responsibilities. Expectations in service for promotion to Professor should meet high citizenship expectation for promotion to Associate Professor.
Other components of service are also considered including, but not limited to, public outreach and public and professional service in reappointment, tenure and promotion decisions and may differ in their importance among Faculty members depending on each Faculty member's duties and responsibilities within the College.
 1. Table 3. Assessment of University Citizenship for Promotion and Tenure
 Citizenship Assessment
 Examples of Accomplishments Corresponding to the Assessment Score
 Exceeds obligations
 Significant role in Program, College and/ or University as evidenced by leadership and productive service on committees, active participation in significant events, effectively chairing committees, specific administrative assignments, meaningful public outreach
 Meets obligations
 Meets the Program, College, and University obligations, participation in commencements and events (e.g., lectures, reviews), service on committee(s).
 Does not meet obligations
 Does not meet Program or College obligations in a timely manner or does not actively participate in significant
 College/University events


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Gelechioidea-Whole Body Mounts
The following method for dissecting whole bodies of pinned specimens has been developed by R. Brown for comparative studies of non-traditional morphological structures. Data labels are removed from a pinned specimen and placed on a second pin with an additional label providing a unique preparation number. The left pair of wings is removed from the pinned specimen and retained for dry mounting, and the right pair of wings is used for preparing a wing venation slide. The remainder of the specimen is placed in 10% KOH while still on the pin. After the body is cleared overnight, the head (with antennae, labial palpi, and proboscis detached), thoracic segments, abdomen, and genitalia are separated in 20% ETOH and denuded. The remainder of the procedure for staining and dehydrating is the same as that used for genitalia. Body parts are mounted in Euparal on two slides with matching numbers followed by "A" and "B." The "A" slide includes head capsule and appendages, prothorax and mesothorax under one coverslip and the metathorax, abdomen, and genitalia under a second coverslip of the same slide. The "B" slide includes the intact, scaled foreand hindwings under one coverslip that is glued at the margins with fingernail polish, and the denuded and stained set of wings in euparal under a second coverslip.
Examples of structures revealed with whole body mounts
Spinose setae of tarsi
Head and sitophore

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Milestone Profiles: McCoy Tyner
McCoy Tyner
Milestone Profiles McCoy Tyner
 - CAT # MCD-30022-25
 1. The Greeting 7:58
 2. One Of Another Kind 7:05
 3. Naima 6:39
 4. Ebony Queen 8:58
 5. Sama Layuca 8:35
 6. The Enlightenment Suite, Part 1: Genesis 10:02
 7. Search For Peace 6:30
 8. Song Of The New World 6:50
 9. Impressions 8:14
Years before rock guitarists began playing what came to be called "power chords," a young McCoy Tyner was providing them pianistically in the seminal, seismic quartet led by John Coltrane. Tyner's oceanic voicings, ringing sound, surging lines in the right hand, and overwhelming rhythmic sense (particularly in the Afro-Latin vein) have made him one of the most instantly identifiable soloists in all of jazz.
In 1972, Tyner (b. 1938) began a long and productive relationship with Milestone Records that saw his music realized in nearly every possible setting. He's recorded solo piano recitals and super trios, led stellar midsize groups and large ensembles like the 14- and 16-piece groups that strikingly interpret two of his best-known originals, "Search for Peace" and "Song of the New World." The nine performances herein tellingly survey the work of one of the most influential improvisers of the past 45 years.
Find out more about McCoy Tyner
Telarc releases McCoy Tyner's finest moments from five stellar recordings. More


}\}}. I am going to compare the predictions about the future made by two agents: Roxana, who knows {\theta} and Ursula, who faces some uncertainty about {\theta} represented by a uniform belief over the set of all parameters. Both Roxana and Ursula don't know the future outcomes and since both of them are rational decision makeres, they both use Bayes' rule to form beliefs about the unknown future given what they have seen in the past.
Consider first Roxana. In the terminology I introduced in previous posts, she faces no structural uncertainty. After a period of {k} consecutive peaceful days Roxana believes that with probability {1/2} the outcome tomorrow will be W and with probability {1/2} the outcome tomorrow will be {\theta(k)}.
Now consider Ursula. While she does not initially know {\theta}, as times goes by she learns it. What do I mean here by learning ? Well, suppose Ursula starts observing the outcomes and she sees G,B,W,B,G,…. From this information Ursula she deduces that {\theta(1)=\text{B}}, so that if a peaceful day follows a war then it has a bad economy. Next time a war pops up Ursula will know to make a prediction about the outcome tomorrow which is as accurate as Roxana's prediction. Similarly Ursula can deduce that {\theta(2)=\text{G}}. This way Ursula gradually deduces the values of {\theta(k)} while she observes the process. However, and this is the punch line, for every {k\in\{1,2,3,\dots\}} there will be a time when Ursula observes {k} consecutive peaceful day for the first time and at this day her prediction about the next outcome will be {1/2} for war, {1/4} for good economy and {1/4} for bad economy. Thus there will always be infinitely many occasions in which Ursula's prediction differ from Roxana.
So, Ursula does learn the parameter in the sense that she gradually deduce more and more values of {\theta(k)}. However, because at every point in time she may require a different value of {\theta(k)} — This is the difference between the stationary environment and the i.i.d. environment ! — there may happen infinitely many times in which she has not yet been able to deduce the value of the parameter which she needs in order to make a prediction about the outcome tomorrow.
You may notice that Ursula does succeed in making predictions most of the times. In fact, the situations when she fails become more and more rare, after observing longer and longer blocks of peaceful days. Indeed, Nabil and I formalize this idea and show that this is the case in every stationary environment with structural uncertainty: the observer makes predictions approximately as if he knew the parameter in almost every day. For that, we use a weak notion of merging which was suggested by Lehrer and Smorodinsky. If you are interested then this is a good time to look at our paper.
Finally, the example given above is our adaptation to an example that appeared first in a paper by Boris Yakovlevich Ryabko. Ryabko's paper is part of a relatively large literature about non-Bayesian predictions in stationary environment. I will explain the relationship between that literature and our paper in another post.
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text: Personal control is increasingly regarded as an important determinant of health and well-being. While some theorists such as White (1959) have suggested that there may be an intrinsic need to control the environment, others (Rodin, Rennert, & Solomon, 1980) have argued that the evidence suggests that the motivation for control stems from the belief that it ensures positive outcomes. In either case, there is rather compelling evidence that, in general, beliefs in personal control are associated with a myriad of positive health outcomes and lack of control with various forms of ill-health (Miller, 1979; Thompson, 1981). That control processes should also prove important in determining the stressfulness of occupational experiences, then, should not be surprising. This paper reports the development and psychometric assessment of a new self-report measure of employee control.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Find information on stone-eating bacteria and learn when it was first observed.
Stone-eating bacteria belong to several families in the genus Thiobacillus. They can cause damage to monuments, tombs, buildings, and sculptures by converting marble into plaster.
The principal danger seems to come from Thiobacillus thioparus. This microbe's metabolic system converts sulfur dioxide gas (found in the air) into sulfuric acid and uses it to transform calcium carbonate (marble) into calcium sulfate (plaster).The bacilli draw their nutrition from carbon dioxide formed in the transformation. Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas are other "stone-eating bacteria" that use ammonia from the air to generate nitric and nitrous acid, and there are still other kinds of bacteria and fungi producing organic acids (formic, acetic, and oxalic acids), which can attack the stone as well.
The presence of these microbes was first observed by a French scientist, Henri Pochon at Angkor Wat, Cambodia, during the 1950s. The increase of these bacteria and other biological-damaging organisms that threaten tombs and buildings of antiquity are due to the sharp climb in the level of free sulfur dioxide gas in the atmosphere from automotive and industrial emissions.


Maqui berries and cloves can control excessive blood sugar spikes
Now studies support the ability of extracts from two natural ingredients – maqui berries (Aristotelia chilensis) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) – to reduce damaging blood sugar spikes without adverse side effects.
Maqui berry and cloves combined reduce blood sugar spikes, regulate production of insulin
The Liver Cleanse Kit is the comprehensive approach to cleansing. The kit includes Livatrex®, Oxy-Powder®, and the probiotic supplement, Latero-Flora™.In a study published in Panminerva Medicine, participants who were experiencing after-meal blood sugar spikes were divided into two groups. One group was given 200 mg of maqui berry extract, while the other group had a placebo. They were then served a meal that induced a sugar spike.
An hour after the groups' meals, the researchers found that the post-prandial glucose levels in the maqui berry group only increased to 98 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter), while the placebo group raised their glucose levels to 115 mg/dL. Moreover, the placebo group's peak glucose levels occurred just one hour after the meal, whereas the maqui berry group took two hours, and only rose to 107 mg/dL.
The maqui berry group also had slower insulin production after an hour; only 11.22?mol/ml (micromoles per milliliter), while the placebo group's insulin levels shot up to 25.33 ?mol/ml, which is 56 percent higher.
In addition, the researchers found that 180 mg/day of maqui berry extract for 90 days lowered hemoglobin A1c, a measurement of glucose levels over several months. (Related: Studies show that maqui berries are rich in antioxidants and anthocyanins.)
A separate study found that cloves, which are commonly used as an aromatic spice, can also lower blood glucose levels by blocking the action of glycogen phosphorylase, which releases glucose from the liver and muscles.
The researchers from the double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the effect of cloves extract on two groups of participants – one with normal blood glucose levels and one with elevated levels – who were then given 250 mg of clove extract every day for 30 days.
Both groups showed lower post-prandial glucose levels after 12 days, and by the end of the study, their after-meal blood glucose were the same levels as before the participants had eaten.
More importantly, the researchers found that the cloves lowered blood glucose without causing a sudden drop to dangerously low levels the way some pharmaceutical drugs are known to do.
A vicious cycle
Repeated and excessive increase in blood sugar levels poses short-term effects such as impaired concentration and altered mood, while long-term effects range from cardiovascular disease and kidney disease to cancer.
Increasing age partnered with a sedentary lifestyle and diets that are high in sugar and carbohydrates effectively trigger the production of more insulin in the body, which eventually leads to insulin resistance.
With insulin resistance, the hormone no longer works to regulate blood sugar, which causes it to rise again, and this in turn only spurs the release of still more insulin to manage the glucose.
This "vicious cycle" creates high amounts of insulin in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperinsulinemia which can lead to debilitating conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, weight gain, high blood pressure and chronic inflammation. It can also cause atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries), excessive fats in the blood and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Hyperinsulinemia more than doubles the risk of breast cancer and raises the risk of stomach cancer by 100 percent, risk of colon cancer by 42 percent, and endometrial cancer by 45 percent.
Visit for the latest updates on diabetes research.
Janine Acero
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- Incremental(Agile methodology and Scrum Framework)
- Advantages and Disadvantages of each software development life cycle
- Principles of Testing
- STLC –Software Testing Life Cycle
- Difference between Test case, Use case and Scenario's.
- How to prepare test plan and strategy
- How to Prepare test case template?
- Difference between Error, bug, defect and failure
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- Difference between static and Dynamic testing
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Version 2 (modified by Hussamuddin Nasir, 7 years ago) (diff)
Navigation: Up
Running Your Software: Load your software onto nodes and run commands on nodes
The goal of this exercise is to show you how to copy files from your local computer (e.g., laptop) to select nodes in the topology. We will also show you how to run commands on specified nodes in your topology. This is particularly useful if you want to quickly load your source code onto all (or some of) the nodes, compile it, and then run it.
Loading Files onto Nodes
Clicking on the launcher and selecting the File Upload module. This module will allow you to copy files to the GENI Desktop. From the GENI Desktop, the files can then be copied onto the nodes you select through the file upload window (see below).
File Sets
Users often find it useful to create a "file set" containing all their code and test data. Having created a file set, the user then wants to load the file set onto a set of nodes in the topology. Users often want to try their code on a variety of topologies. As a result, we enable users to copy files from their local machine to the GENI Desktop server which will store them in directories (and subdirectories), thereby allowing users to create file sets that can be quickly loaded onto any topology they create.
Copying File Sets to Nodes
To copy a file set to a node(s), select the node(s) in the topology view and then click "Set Selection". You can also select the destination directory on the nodes where you want the files to be placed. After selecting the destination nodes, destination directory, and file set to copy, you can click "Copy Portal Files to Nodes" to copy the files onto the nodes. A progress bar is displayed to show how much of the file set has been copied. (Follow the sequence of operations in the figure above)
Running Commands on Nodes
Again using the launcher, select the "Command" module which will open up a Run Command Window (see below). Select the nodes on which you want to run a command using the topology viewer. Type in the command you want to execute in the Run Command window and press the "Run Command" button in the window. This will open up a new tab with the output from the command.
Exercise Tasks
For the following exercise, if you do not have your own source code that you want to try, you can simply us the following HelloWorld.c program.
 main() {
 printf("Hello World\n");
 1. Task 1: Create a file set with your source code on the GENI Desktop.
 2. Task 2: Upload your source code to VM-0 and VM-1.
 3. Task 3: Compile your code on VM-0 and VM-1.
 4. Task 4: Run your compiled program on VM-0 and VM-1.


Open, closed, open
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Open, closed, open is a technique of playing snare drum rudiments, especially used during auditions.
Open, closed, open technique consists of beginning the rudiment very slow and controlled, speeding up evenly until at the maximum speed for the drummer, then slowing back down after maintaining that speed. Optimally, the drummer should end on the opposite hand as started, in case of alternating rudiments such as paradiddles. Also, the speed ended at should be approximately the same speed as the drummer began.


text:
Q: The standards state that a new VAD should be used with each attempt. My question is what defines a second attempt when inserting a PICC. For example if you have a sterile field set up and you have tried to insert the catheter at one site and you move to a more proximal site on the same arm within the field is this considered a second attempt. Thank you for your help with this.
A: There is no definition of "second attempt" for any vascular access device (VAD) placement ( also called VAD insertion) that I can find in published literature, so I will do my best to answer your question.
In the medical dictionary, an IV insertion or placement is a nursing intervention defined as insertion of a needle into a peripheral vein for the purpose of intravenous infusion of fluids, blood, or medications. The word "attempt" according to Merrian-Webster, means an effort to accomplish something. I would deduce that "second attempt" is an effort to accomplish something the second time. As it applies to PICC placement/ insertion or any VAD insertion/placement, second attempt means an effort to accomplish catheter placement/insertion a second time – obviously the first time was not successful in establishing access for whatever reason. Attempt often is used with IV placement or insertion. One IV placement or insertion = one IV attempt or one cathetization attempt, whether the goal of establishing a vascular access was successful or not.
Now to answer this:
For example if you have a sterile field set up and you have tried to insert the catheter at one site and you move to a more proximal site on the same arm within the field is this considered a second attempt.
In your example above, using a more proximal site in the same arm for insertion, and if it is still within the sterile field, assuming the sterility of the field was maintained (not blood soaked or contaminated) – is considered a second attempt at placement/insertion. Therefore, a new PICC catheter (VAD device) and micro-introducer or MST kit should be used for this second attempt as you stated the standards says. If the sterile field is compromised, arm prep and draping should be repeated like you did the first time(start all over) before this second attempt at placement/insertion. If you only used the micro introducer or MST kit and was not successful in insertion, but the PICC catheter itself has not been used and kept sterile, then for the second attempt you need a new micro introducer needle to gain vein access. The same PICC catheter can be used, again, as long as it wasn't used in the first attempt and kept sterile during your second attempt.
It will still be called "second attempt" if you used a vein in the patient's opposite arm. A new sterile prep, setup, new PICC catheter and micro introducer, etc…should be used.
The applicable 2016 Infusion Therapy Standards:
Infusion Therapy Standard 33.1 – A new, sterile vascular access device (VAD) is used for each catheterization attempt.
- Practice Criteria 1F: Make no more than 2 attempts at short peripheral intravenous access per clinician, and limit total attempts to no more than 4. Multiple unsuccessful attempts cause patient pain, delay treatment, limit future vascular access, increase cost, and increase risk for complications. Patient with difficult vascular access require careful assessment of VAD needs and collaboration with the health care team to discuss appropraite options.
Thank you for your question.


during a widening exercise Because of this widening on the inner curve side can have a higher risk for failures than widening on the outer curve side (Figure 4.3). Thinner structure in inner curve A potential error in the construction of a widening is that the cross fall is ignored when excavating into the existing embankment. if not taken into account. This fact can lead to pavement failures.1.1. Widening in the inner curve side is recommended however as the road geometry can be improved at the same time.1. If the excavation is made horizontally.1. especially edge deformation. Figure 4.
2. Due to cross fall. These same methods can be considered for use in the widening design in order to obtain a well working structure.4. old reinforcement.1. . the construction history of the existing road can give good information on the solutions that have worked well in the past on the existing part of the road. if the bottom of the existing embankment is incorrectly excavated horizontally.1. These old structures may include for example an old gravel road below the existing structural layers. OLD ROAD STRUCTURES Old structures below or inside the existing road structure can cause discontinuities and pose potential problems for widenings. On the other hand. cross fall construction Figure 4. The red lines in the picture indicate how the excavation for widening should be carried out. old pavement layers inside the structure etc. Figure 4. in order to obtain as uniform a structure thickness as possible.1 shows an example of a cross section of a road that has been upgraded from an old gravel road. The gravel road can be clearly seen in the middle of the picture. On both edges the structure thickness is much thinner than on the centre of the road. 4. Figure 4.2.4. the thickness of the structure on the side of the road may become thinner than in the centerline during widening.
The recommended methods to minimize this type of frost action include good consistent drainage. It is strongly recommended that the structural thickness. the old part of the road should also be improved during widening. e. Voids in pavement joints can induce tearing of the joint in winter and therefore it is recommended that the entire road should be sealed on completion of the widening works to prevent this. and above all maximum compatibility of the structures. An example cross section. Often it is beneficial to improve the old road at the same time as the widening.3. the material properties. The red lines indicate how the excavation should have been made before widening. FROST ACTION Differential frost heave between the old road and the widening structure can be a major problem.g. The road has been upgraded from an old gravel road. If the maximum frost heave on the old road is less than 10 cm. which can cause further frost problems. . B. as well as the degree of compaction of the widening layers should be as equal as possible to those of the existing embankment. by adding aggregate. If the maximum frost heave on the old road is 10 cm or more.1. 4. surface water can be absorbed into the embankment. Where the pavement is broken. Figure 4. A. This practice decreases the impact of frost action and the risk of failures.2. the use of reinforcement. equal widening structures should be enough.
DRAINAGE Providing a well working drainage system is a very effective way. . drainage should always be improved to good condition in any case.4. should be far enough away from road so as not to weaken the formation under the new road. Reinforcement should be installed deep enough (20 . the use of reinforcement is always a recommended solution. and absolutely the cheapest method. New cross falls in particular should tie in with the existing road and the roadside drainage. However. In many road widening cases. especially open channels. the drainage system should be continuous from the old to the new structure.3. particularly if enough space is available. drainage is not necessarily a major problem as the new drainage system is usually better after the widening works. and any discontinuities should be avoided. Any differential frost heave "bumps" should however be repaired before installing the steel grid. no matter whether the design is for a new widening structure or repairing an existing one.1).25 cm) inside the structure to bind the old and the new parts together (Figure 4.3.A good solution for decreasing the effects of frost is the installation of steel grids (or sometimes geogrids) deep enough (20 . Whenever there is any doubt that frost action could cause problems and damages.1. Road widening is not an exception to this and the design of a road widening should always include a drainage design as well. Figure 4. A very important rule is that the bottom of the drainage system should always be at lower level than the bottom of the road structures. to improve the bearing capacity of a road and prevent frost problems. Generally.25 cm) inside the structure 4.
When widening a road on compressive soil it is essential that a uniform settlement is achieved across the old and new part of the embankment. 4. stabilization and lightweight structures are also possible solutions. There are various methods for preventing uneven settlement and cracking between the old and the new part of embankment. steel reinforcement and soil replacement down to the hard base. This can be carried out for example by using a separation fabric to prevent the migration of materials.5. The bottom of the drainage system should always be at least 25 . A common method to widen a road on peat is to excavate out the adjacent peat for the widening and build the new width of road on the exposed firm layer in the recommended fashion. geogrids.1. In areas of deep soft ground it is also important to separate the new construction layers from the subgrade. but before that preloading is usually needed to achieve the designed initial settlement.5. leading to settlement. Piles. the so-called "legs" solution (Figure 4. The most common methods of dealing with widening on compressive soils are the use of preload embankments. or during upgrading the road. It can also be difficult to evaluate the settlement of the new part of the road. especially on peat.4. .30 cm lower than the bottom of the road structure.1). Settlement in the existing embankment can also be restarted or increased after widening part has been built. Again it is recommended that the new widening part should be constructed to be as similar to the existing embankment as possible. SETTLEMENT AND COMPRESSIVE SOILS Road construction on compressive soils. can be regarded as a major problem. Assessing the settlement of the existing embankment can be difficult as it usually has already settled due to the weight of the structure and the traffic load. Figure 4.
A geotechnical design .5. The new fill material can dewater the peat below the existing road and cause unnecessary settlement. Figure4. particularly for "floating roads" over deep peat. A cheaper. approximately 200 mm deep 3. lay a separator grade geotextile on the prepared shoulder and reform the cross-section with good material 4. and can also pose real problems for the road if the new widened area is allowed to act as a linear drain through the peat. remove any fine materials from the road shoulders. solution for widening "floating" low volume roads over peat is by preloading. construct the new widened road layers This method can be a cost effective solution where the existing road construction has become stable enough over its lifetime to permit its retention in the new works. lay a 5m wide reinforcement grade geotextile across the area to be preloaded 5.5. When using a preload/overload embankment it is essential to design the settlement time. This can be carried out with an overload embankment. Diagram of road cross-section widened by excavating and replacing on each side of the existing road – the "legs" widening This can however be an expensive practice for roads on peat. remove the excess preload material after the designed settlement has been achieved 8. 1. This is essential to ensure that the old and the new parts move similarly after the overload is removed.2). consolidation and deformation to the road. leave the preload in place for 90 days (or as instructed by the design geotechnical engineer) and monitor its performance by means of settlement plates 7.1. dig a new intercepting ditch 10m off the old road and use the excavated peat to refill the existing roadside ditch 2. The construction sequence for widening by preloading is given below (see also Figure 4. commence preloading of the road widening in 1m stages until the designed preloading height is reached 6. and less harmful.
Figure4. The method is presented in the "Roads on Peat" E-Learning package available on ROADEX website.5.2.expert input will be needed for this type of widening to estimate the height and duration of the preloading required together with the likely predicted settlement. . The construction sequence for widening by preloading on peat subgrade.
using geotextiles. Proper surface water runoff has to be ensured. Sometimes the width of side drain will have to be reduced to reduce the cutting of bedrock. e. Transition wedges are usually considered necessary where the bedrock is near below the road. the bedrock is usually blasted and excavated.7. heavy rip-rap to support the slope. and this may require surface reshaping. Figure 4. Rock netting is recommended for unstable rock faces. If there are no other constraints.7. On locations where space is not an issue. BEDROCK Widening of roads constructed close to bedrock can be considered to be a special case (Figure 4.1) and it can be difficult to estimate the costs and rock masses involved. geogrids. SLOPE STABILITY The steepening of side slopes as a consequence of road widening due to lack of space can lead to slope stability problems.4. Bedrock close to road .


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Home Pixel Binning, Decimation (pixel skipping), Gamma and Digital Shift explained
Pixel Binning, Decimation (pixel skipping), Gamma and Digital Shift explained
Pixel Binning, Decimation (pixel skipping), Gamma and Digital Shift explained
Pixel binning and Decimation are advanced camera features that are available on a selected cameras. To check if this feature is available for your camera, open the framerate calculator as explained in this article _URL_ and check if you have the BinningHorizontal, BinningVertical, DecimationHorizontal and DecimationVertical field visible in the framerate calculator for your camera model.
Pixel binning is used to increase light sensitivity and reduce image resolution.
Decimation, also known as pixel skipping is used to reduce the image resolution while not changing the size of the field of view.
PIXEL BINNING
Pixel binning is used to increase light sensitivity and reduce the image resolution. When setting the camera in pixel binning mode, multiple pixels are joined together to make one larger pixel area which therefore gathers more light. When capturing moving objects, in binning mode you can reduce the exposure to avoid motion blur. Furthermore, you can capture better images in dark environments.
The cameras Pixel binning mode reduces the effective resolution of the camera sensor as it combines the data of several pixel into 1. Using 2x binning you combine 2x2 pixels to 1 pixel. The resolution will be reduced by a factor 4. Using 4x binning you combine 4x4 pixels to 1 pixel. The resolution will be reduced with a factor 16. As example we take a 12MP camera. The camera has a resolution of 4096x3000 pixels.
In 2x2 binning mode the output resolution is 2048x1500pixels = 3MP
In 4x4 binning mode, the output resolution is 1024x750pixels = 0.78MP
In some cases, the camera framerate will increase when using Binning mode.

When opening the frame rate calculator, you see that the default value for Binning is 1, meaning no binning. You can also select 2- or 4-times binning. If you select 2- or 4-times binning, you need to update the Width and Height of the camera as it will be reduced. The software will warn you to change this parameter to calculate the correct FPS output, see image below.

As the warning message tells us , first the width and height need to be corrected to see the correct FPS output. In the image below we have reduced the width and height by a factor 4 and the warning message is gone, and we have the new framerate of the camera in binning mode.

As the FPGA (processor) in the camera, still needs to read all pixels from the image sensor, before combining pixels together, we do not see an increase in framerate. However, some image sensors have the binning feature built in and in that case you can see an increase in framerate.
When we want to have a # pixel per mm, we need to consider that we will cover this area with the full sensor resolution, or with the new reduced (binned) resolution.
Example If our area is 1000*750mm without binning, we can cover with the full sensor resolution such as 4096*3000. If we do this in binned mode (4), we will cover it with 1024*750 pixels. In the first situation we will have 4x more pixels per mm resolution, in the second case we have 4x more light per pixel but 4x less pixels per mm.
DECIMATION / PIXEL SKIPPING
Decimation is used to reduce the image resolution while maintaining the field of view. A typical application is having live view of the lower resolution image to reduce camera bandwidth and increase framerate. On the moment you want to capture the image you will disable decimation and you will capture the image with its full resolution.
In decimation mode, every second pixel (2x decimation) or every second, third and fourth pixel (4x binning) is discarded. As a result, you reduce the image resolution by a factor 4 or a factor 16. As example we take again the 12MP camera.
The camera has a resolution of 4096x3000 pixels.
In 2x2 decimation mode the output resolution is 2048x1500pixels = 3MP
In 4x4 decimation mode, the output resolution is 1024x750pixels = 0.78MP
Contrarily to the Region of Interest (ROI), decimation does not affect the field of view.
Depending on camera model you may have an increase in FPS.
 Gamma
The camera feature 'Gamma' can be used on our advanced camera models and is commonly used to enhance the brightness of the images for the screen you are viewing the images on. Gamma correction is a nonlinear adaption applied to each pixel of an image. It is mostly used to convert the linear perception of a camera sensor to the non-linear perception of our eyes. A function is applied to every pixel of an image, where it corrects the greyscale value of it. There are three different ways the gamma value can affect the image brightness:
 - Gamma < 1, the image becomes brighter
 - Gamma = 1, the image remains unchanged
 - Gamma > 1, the image becomes darker
To change the gamma value, you first need to enable Gamma correction, then set the "GammaValue" to a value between 0 and 4 to change the brightness.
If you enable Gamma correction and the pixel format is set to 10-bit or 12-bit. Some image information will be lost. If the gamma feature is required without image information loss, avoid using this feature in 10-bit or 12-bit pixel format.
Be aware that not every camera supports this feature. The ones that do are listed below:
MER2-502-79U3M/C MER2-2000-19U3M/C(-L) MER2-231-41GM/C MER2-503-23GM/C
MER2-041-302GC/M MER2-160-75GC/M MER2-1220-9GM/C MER2-630-18GM/C
MER2-503-23GM/C-P MER2-231-41GM/C-P MER2-041-302GC/M-P MER2-160-75GC/M-P
MER2-503-23GM-P POL MER2-1220-9GM/C-P MER2-630-18GM/C-P ME2P-1230-23U3M/C
ME2P-2621-15U3C ME2P-560-21GM/C-P ME2P-900-13GM/C-P ME2P-1840-6GM/C-P
ME2P-2621-4GM/C-P VEN-161-61U3C-(M01/M05/M06) VEN-505-36U3C-(M01/M05/M06) VEN-830-22U3C-(M01/M05/M06)
The maximum pixel value Rmax equals 255 for 8-bit pixel formats, 1023 for 10-bit pixel formats.
Digital Shift
The camera feature 'digital shift' can be used on our advanced camera models and is commonly used to enhance the brightness of the images by increasing every pixel's brightness individually by 'shifting' the binary values to the left. Setting the digital shift value to n results in a logical left shift by n on all pixel values. This has the effect of multiplying every pixel value by 2n. This will result in a brighter image, but will also increase the noise.
If the resulting pixel value is greater than the maximum value possible for the current pixel format, it is set to the maximum value.
To configure the digital shift factor, change the value of the "DigitalShift" parameter.
Not every model supports this feature. If your model doesn't support it, you can change the gain value to get a similar effect.
Example for digital shift of 1 and a 12-bit image.
Cameras that support Digital Shift:
MER2-041-436U3M/C(-L) MER2-160-227U3M/C(-L) MER2-231-41U3M/C(-L) MER2-502-79U3M/C(-L)
MER2-503-36U3M/C(-L) MER2-503-36U3M POL MER2-231-41GM/C MER2-503-23GM/C
MER2-2000-6GM/C MER2-041-302GC/M MER2-160-75GC/M MER2-1220-9GM/C
MER2-630-18GM/C MER2-2000-6GM/C-P MER2-503-23GM/C-P MER2-231-41GM/C-P
MER2-041-302GC/M-P MER2-160-75GC/M-P MER2


text:
Found in 2 Collections and/or Records:
Calling card of "Miss Ethel Fitton" of "Fairlea, Malvern", circa _PHONE_
Item — Box: 2, Folder: 125
Call Number: MSS 19 , Series II
Scope and Contents: Black ink letterpress printed on green paper. "Eva Whyte" is handwritten on the card in graphite which may have been added at a later date.
Dates: circa _PHONE_
Whyte Family Correspondence
Call Number: MSS 19
Overview: The collection comprises correspondence sent to Eva, Lizzie Hester, and Sylvie Whyte by family and friends in the 1880s and 1890s, and provides insight into the lives of adolescent girls growing up in Victorian England in the fashionable Midlands town of Malvern, and their travels abroad.


text:
Chilling should mask the flavour of chlorinated water, but another option is buying a water filter jug. We put three jugs to the test.
A common complaint about tap water is the taste and smell of chlorine (adding chlorine to tap water makes it safe). Chilling water and leaving it in the fridge should mask the flavour, but another option is buying a water filter jug. We put three jugs to the filter test.
Brita Marella Water Filter, Prestige Tulip Filter Jug and AlkaJug by Ionza all claim to reduce or remove chlorine and heavy metals, leaving you with better-tasting water. The AlkaJug also claims to turn ordinary tap water into alkaline water with a pH of 8.5-9.5 (tap water has a pH of about 7).
Essentially, these jugs work in the same fashion:
They don't claim to remove bacteria, so should only be used on treated water.
We sent the jugs to an independent lab to see how much chlorine and heavy metal (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc) they removed. We also checked whether the AlkaJug increased water's pH.
The AlkaJug did meet its alkaline claim. The tap water we tested increased from a pH of 7 to 9.7 after it was filtered.
All the jugs in our test require replacement cartridges – the filter life lasts from 150L (Brita) to 300L (AlkaJug), so this is an ongoing expense. Old cartridges can harbour bacteria because each time the filter is used some water remains in the carbon, along with any remaining bacteria. Eventually they emerge in the water from your filter.
The jugs in our test did reduce chlorine and heavy metals. But a free alternative is filling a jug with tap water and putting it in the fridge. Some of the chlorine will dissipate and the chilling is often enough to mask any remaining flavour. A squeeze of lemon juice also helps.
Most of us don't need to reduce heavy metals in our water. The Ministry of Health's (MoH) latest report on drinking water shows 97% of monitored supplies met chemical standards. If you're concerned about your water, you can check the MoH report at health.govt.nz. Most taps contain heavy metals, which can leach into drinking water. The MoH recommends flushing about 500ml from the cold tap before water is used for drinking, cooking or brushing your teeth.
If you live rurally or have your own private water supply, you may need more than a jug filter. Animal waste and fertilisers may contaminate groundwater, and water collected from your roof can be contaminated by birds or animals.
Brita Fill & Enjoy Marella Water Filter 2.4L
Price: $29, $32 for 3 cartridges
Filter life: Up to 150L
Free chlorine removal: >94%
Heavy metal removal: 98%
Prestige Tulip Filter Jug 2.4L
Price: $49.99, $19.99 for 3 cartridges
Filter life: 175L
Free chlorine removal: 84%
Heavy metal removal: 80%
Availability: From Briscoes only.
AlkaJug by Ionza 3.5L
Price: $60.40, $32 for 2 cartridges
Filter life: 300L
Free chlorine removal: 56%
Heavy metal removal: 50%
Note: Price is what we paid for each jug.


Understanding the Differences Between FLOAT and DECIMAL Data Types in MySQL: A Case Study on Approximation Errors
A few years ago, during one of the dev testing, a fellow engineer complained that the total amount paid is not matching in API response. However, if we manually add the values in DB, it adds up to the correct amount.
What could have gone wrong?
As we went down the debugging path, we had the following few intuitions:
a. The error could have crept in during adding in application code.
b. The error could have been in data type conversion from mysql to java.
c. The error could have been in MySQL query.
Debugging
When we tried running the hibernate-generated MySQL query through the MySQL command line, we found the value differed from what we would get by manually adding it.
Let's try to understand through some hands-on example
I will recommend that you do this exercise as you read along the tutorial.
Let's create a table called "Product" with two columns, "price_float" of type FLOAT and "price_decimal" of type DECIMAL:
CREATE TABLE Product (
 id INT,
 price_float FLOAT(10, 2),
 price_decimal DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
Now, let's insert a row into the table with a price value of 162295.98:
INSERT INTO Product (id, price_float, price_decimal) VALUES (1, 162295.98, 162295.98);
If we select the values from the table, we can observe the difference:
SELECT price_float, price_decimal FROM Product;
The result would be:
+-------------+----------------+
| price_float | price_decimal |
+-------------+----------------+
| 162295.98| 162295.98 |
+-------------+----------------+
In this example, notice that both "price_float" and "price_decimal" have the same value of 162295.98. However, when storing the value in the "price_float" column, there can be slight approximation due to the nature of the float data type.
To further illustrate this point, consider the following update:
UPDATE Product SET price_float = price_float + 0.01;
UPDATE Product SET price_decimal = price_decimal + 0.01;
If we select the values again, we will see the difference:
SELECT price_float, price_decimal FROM Product;
The result would be as follow:
+-------------+----------------+
| price_float | price_decimal |
+-------------+----------------+
| 162295.98| 162295.99 |
+-------------+----------------+
Here, the "price_float" column has remained at 162295.98 due to the floating-point approximation, while the "price_decimal" column, which uses the DECIMAL data type, changed at 162295.99.
Uh! Okay! Some simple English please.
What do we mean by floating point approximation?
The "price_float" column uses the FLOAT data type, which is a floating-point approximation. Floating-point numbers are represented in binary format and have limited precision. The FLOAT and DOUBLE types represent approximate numeric data values. MySQL uses four bytes for single-precision values and eight bytes for double-precision values. This means that the binary representation may introduce small rounding errors or approximations when storing decimal values.
In the example, the value 0.1 is stored in the "price_float" column. However, due to the limited precision of the FLOAT data type, the actual binary representation of 0.1 may not be exact. When performing calculations or operations involving the FLOAT value, these small approximation errors can accumulate and lead to slightly different results compared to the original decimal value.
On the other hand, the "price_decimal" column uses the DECIMAL data type. DECIMAL allows for exact decimal arithmetic and stores decimal values as strings of decimal digits. It does not suffer from the same approximation issues as the FLOAT data type. Therefore, the value stored in the "price_decimal" column remains unchanged and exact.
Bill Karwin is the author of the book on SQL antipatterns
Suggestions
 - Be cautious with equality comparisons: Due to the potential for rounding errors, it is generally not recommended to perform exact equality comparisons with float values. Instead, use range-based comparisons or define an acceptable tolerance level for comparisons. Don't use float for currency.
 - Use decimal data types for precise calculations: If precise decimal calculations are critical, consider using DECIMAL data types instead of floats. DECIMAL data types store decimal values exactly and allow for precise arithmetic operations without the approximation issues of float types.
 - Handle conversions carefully: When converting between float and other data types, be cautious about the potential loss of precision. Keep in mind that converting to a lower precision data type may result in data loss or rounding errors.
Reference
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text: The stop() action forces the process that fires the enabled probe to stop when it next leaves the kernel, as if stopped by a proc(4) action. The prun(1) utility may be used to resume a process that has been stopped by the stop() action. The stop() action can be used to stop a process at any DTrace probe point. This action can be used to capture a program in a particular state that would be difficult to achieve with a simple breakpoint, and then attach a traditional debugger like mdb(1) to the process. You can also use the gcore(1) utility to save the state of a stopped process in a core file for later analysis.


When you said the exact exposure that you like, that worries me a bit. Because if you say you use the exact exposure settings on the DSLR that delivers the image that you like on the DSLR then you run into the problem that flying camera is talking about. What I would suggest that to use your DSLR as a spot meter (and not a center weighted or matrix meter). Set the ISO the same as you would if you have a spot meter. Use the aperture and shutter speed indicated as the meter reading. Use that reading as if you got the reading from a spot meter. Since most people don't set the camera exactly the same as the reading on a spot meter you generally shouldn't do that either with the DSLR.


text:
Caliph & Emir are MPEG-7 based Java prototypes for digital photo and image annotation and retrieval supporting graph like annotation for semantic metadata and content based image retrieval using MPEG-7 descriptors.
About Citation of Caliph & Emir
We kindly ask you to refer the following paper in any publication mentioning Caliph & Emir:
Mathias Lux. Caliph & Emir: MPEG-7 photo annotation and retrieval. Proceedings of the seventeen ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 925-926, 2009, Beijing, China.
Features of Caliph
- Extraction of IPTC and EXIF metadata and conversion to MPEG-7
- Extraction of following content based image retrieval descriptors:
- ColorLayout (measures color distribution in an image)
- ScalableColor (basically a color histogram)
- EdgeHistogram (measures edginess)
- DominantColor (measure dominant colors)
- Annotation of images with
- Free text metadata
- Quality rating
- Structured text metadata
- Meta^2 data (metadata about metadata)
- Semantic Annotations
- Based on a editable catalogue for reusable semantic objects (like specific persons, places, …)
- Fully visual & graphical user interface
- Automatic placement and layout of visual descriptions
- Export of semantic descriptions to Structured Text Descriptions
- Annotation of shapes
- Load and save annotations as MPEG-7 XML file
Features of Emir
- Retrieval of annotations using the file system
- with XPath queries
- with keyword queries
- with quality constraints
- with example images for content based image retrieval
- Retrieval of Annotations using a Lucene index
- with inbuilt index creation
- using different fields for structured retrieval
- Retrieval of semantic graphs based on a Lucene powered index
- supporting wildcards for relations and nodes
- based on query expansion
- graphical query editor
- 2D data repository visualization based on FastMap and FDP algorithms
- for image content descriptors ColorLayout, ScalableColor and EdgeHistogram
- for graphs based on the minimum common sub graph metric
Besides reading existing information, which already exists in digital photographs, and transformation of this information to MPEG-7, Caliph supports the creation of new metadata. Semantic information about the image is presented as directed graph, where the nodes reflect semantic objects, locations, agents, states, times or concepts and the edges define the relations between these semantic entities. To enhance retrieval efficiency content-based metadata is extracted and new instances of the image for faster visualization, like thumbnails, are created. The MPEG-7 description consists of the following parts: metadata description, creation information, media information, textual annotation, semantics, visual descriptors.
The experimental metadata based image retrieval tool Emir supports retrieval in file system based photo repositories created with Caliph. Different types of retrieval mechanisms are supported:
- Content based image retrieval using the MPEG-7 descriptors ColorLayout, EdgeHistogram and ScalableColor.
- Keyword based searching using the Lucene search engine.
- Graph based retrieval supporting wildcards for semantic relations and semantic objects.
- 2D data repository and result set visualization based on FastMap & FDP algorithms.
Furthermore clustering abilities are built in but not acitvated yet.
For questions regarding the usage or for submitting bugs please use the sourceforge project forum of Caliph & Emir. Your help request will normally be answered within one workdays as long as I (Mathias Lux) am online.
Additionally there are two Flash demos, which show the basic usage of Caliph & Emir, available:
Please note that additional screenshots are available at the sourceforge project home.
This screenshot shows the startup screen of Caliph. Here you can annotate the photos with free text and you can rate the quality. Pre existing metadata like EXIF or IPTC tags inside images is loaded and converted to MPEG-7.
Jakarta Lucene based keyword search of Emir, search in different fields is supported.
2D visualization of the data repository using the FastMap algorithm and force directed placement for multidimensional scaling based on the semantic descriptions based on the maximum common subgraph metric
 Mathias Lux, Jutta Becker and Harald Krottmaier, â€œCaliph & Emir: Semantic Annotation and Retrieval in Personal Digital Photo Librariesâ€œ, Proceedings of CAiSE â€˜03 Forum at 15th Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering, p. 85-89, June 16th-20th 2003, Velden, Austria.
 Mathias Lux, Werner Klieber and Michael Granitzer, "Caliph & Emir: Semantics in Multimedia Retrieval and Annotation", 19th International CODATA Conference 2004: The Information Society: New Horizons for Science, November 7th-10th 2004, Berlin, Germany.
[Download paper] [Download Slides]
 Mathias Lux and Michael Granitzer, "Retrieval of MPEG-7 based Semantic Descriptions", BTW-Workshop "WebDB Meets IR" in context of the "11. GI-Fachtagung für Datenbanksysteme in Business, Technologie und Web", March 1st 2005, University of Karlsruhe, Germany.
[Download paper ] [Download slides]
 Mathias Lux and Michael Granitzer, "A Fast and Simple Path Index Based Retrieval Approach for Graph Based Semantic Descriptions", in Proceedings Workshop on Text-Based Information Retrieval TIR 05, in context of the 28th German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Koblenz, Germany, September 2005.
 Mathias Lux, "Retrieval und Annotation von digitalen Photos mit MPEG-7″, MPEG-7 Workshop, March 10th-11th 2005, University of Klagenfurt, Austria.
[Download slides in german]
The development started by Mathias Lux in a lecture of the IICM, an institute of the University of Technology Graz, Austria. Further development was done by adapting it to a project of the Know-Center, a competence center for knowledge based applications and systems in Graz, Austria, by Mathias Lux and Werner Klieber. Quite some time ago it was decided to license the sources, which were partly under copyright of the Know-Center, under the GPL. All private copyrighted sources from the above mentioned lecture were also opend. After registering the project at sourceforge.net the project administration and development was carried on by Mathias Lux. Later additions include code from the VizIR project, which was lead by Horst Eidenberger. Furthermore, Werner Klieber added parts of the results from his master thesis to Caliph to allow the definition of shapes in images. Margit Lang ( MrsMojo) added a search routine for Emir combining different visual descriptors.
Jutta Becker, Harald Krottmaier, Michael Granitzer, Wolfgang Kienreich, Helmut Neuschmied, Werner Klieber, Vedran Sabol, Christian Gütl, the IICM and the TU Graz in general for supporting me by being my scientific environment. Further thanks go to Harald Kosch from the University of Klagenfurt for all the MPEG-7 support and to Horst Eidenberger from Vienna Technical University and his VizIR project team, for contributing edge histogram and other descriptors.


text:
Although igloos are usually associated with all Inuit, they were predominantly constructed by people of Canada's Central Arctic and Greenland's Thule area. Other Inuit people tended to use snow to insulate their houses, which were constructed from whalebone and hides. Snow is used because the air pockets trapped in it make it an insulator. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), but on the inside the temperature may range from −7 °C (19 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F) when warmed by body heat alone.
The Inuit word iglu (plural igluit) can be used for a house or home built of any material, and is not restricted exclusively to snowhouses (called specifically igluvijaq, plural igluvijait), but includes traditional tents, sod houses, homes constructed of driftwood and modern buildings. Several dialects throughout the Canadian Arctic (Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut, Kivalliq, North Baffin) use iglu for all buildings, including snowhouses, and it is the term used by the Government of Nunavut. An exception to this is the dialect used in the Igloolik region. Iglu is used for other buildings, while igluvijaq, (plural igluvijait, Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒡᓗᕕᔭᖅ) is specifically used for a snowhouse. Outside Inuit society, however, "igloo" refers exclusively to shelters constructed from blocks of compacted snow, generally in the form of a dome.
There are three traditional types of igloos, all of different sizes and all used for different purposes.
- The smallest was constructed as a temporary shelter, usually only used for one or two nights. These were built and used during hunting trips, often on open sea ice.
- Intermediate-sized igloos were for semi-permanent, family dwelling. This was usually a single room dwelling that housed one or two families. Often there were several of these in a small area, which formed an Inuit village.
- The largest igloos were normally built in groups of two. One of the buildings was a temporary structure built for special occasions, the other built nearby for living. These might have had up to five rooms and housed up to 20 people. A large igloo might have been constructed from several smaller igloos attached by their tunnels, giving common access to the outside. These were used to hold community feasts and traditional dances.
The snow used to build an igloo must have enough structural strength to be cut and stacked appropriately. The best snow to use for this purpose is snow which has been blown by wind, which can serve to compact and interlock the ice crystals. The hole left in the snow where the blocks are cut is usually used as the lower half of the shelter. Sometimes, a short tunnel is constructed at the entrance to reduce wind and heat loss when the door is opened. Because of snow's excellent insulating properties, inhabited igloos are surprisingly comfortable and warm inside. In some cases, a single block of clear ice is inserted to allow light into the igloo. Animal skins were used as door flaps to keep warm air in. Igloos used as winter shelters had beds made of ice and caribou furs. These 'ice beds' are unique to the region and Eskimo culture.
Architecturally, the igloo is unique in that it is a dome that can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other and polished to fit without an additional supporting structure during construction. An igloo that is built correctly will support the weight of a person standing on the roof. Also, in the traditional Inuit igloo the heat from the kudlik (qulliq, stone lamp) causes the interior to melt slightly. This melting and refreezing builds up a layer of ice that contributes to the strength of the igloo.
The sleeping platform is a raised area. Because warmer air rises and cooler air settles, the entrance area acts as a cold trap whereas the sleeping area will hold whatever heat is generated by a stove, lamp or body heat.
The Central Inuit, especially those around the Davis Strait, lined the living area with skin, which could increase the temperature within from around 2 °C (36 °F) to 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
Nanook of the North
The 1922 documentary Nanook of the North contains the oldest surviving movie footage of an Inuit constructing an igloo. In the film, Nanook, whose real name was Allakariallak, builds a large family igloo as well as a smaller igloo for sled pups. Nanook demonstrates the use of an ivory snow knife to cut and trim snow block, as well as the use of clear ice for a window. His igloo was built in about one hour, and was large enough for five people. The igloo was cross-sectioned for filmmaking, so interior shots could be made.
- "Iglu". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
- "How Warm is an Igloo?, BEE453 Spring 2003 (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- "The Mackenzie Inuit Winter House" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- "Reconstructing traditional Inuit house forms using three-dimensional interactive computer modelling" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- "About the Flag and Coat of Arms". Gov.nu.ca. 1999-04-01. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- Inuinnaqtun English Dictionary. Cambridge Bay, Nunavut: Nunavut Arctic College, 1996.
- "Igluvijaq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
- "What house-builders can learn from igloos, 2008, Dan Cruickshank, BBC". BBC News. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- Richard Gv. Condon, Julia Ogina and the Holman Elders, The Northern Copper Inuit (ISBN 0-8020-0849-6)
- Igloo – the Traditional Arctic Snow Dome
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Igloo|
|Look up igloo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Watch How to Build an Igloo (National Film Board of Canada)
- Building an Igloo, by Hugh McManners
- Field Manual for the U.S. Antarctic Program, Chapter 11: "Snow Shelters", pp. 140-145
- Traditional Dwellings: Igloos (1) (Interview; Library and Archives Canada)
- An article on igloos from The Canadian Encyclopedia
- How to Build an Igloo (wikiHow)
- UIUC Students build an igloo