text:
tree grew from a seedling, the variety would be new, since apples do not grow true from seeds. It is also possible that Rambo brought apple scionwood with him from the old world, and the grandson got the story wrong when he mentioned apple seeds, or, perhaps, the translation is inexact. If grown from scionwood, the Rambo apple tree would be a clone of an old Swedish or other European variety. Many varieties of the Rambour apples were developed in France about a century before Peter Rambo and had spread widely before the time Rambo left for New Sweden, definitely to Holland, and possibly to Sweden. It is possible that Gunnarsson was familiar with one of the Rambour apple varieties before he crossed the Atlantic, and took some seeds or scionwood from one of them. There is a long history of confusion between the Rambo and Rambour apples. The Summer Rambo was originally called the Rambour Franc, and the common name only became Summer Rambo well after the Civil War. A genealogist many years ago speculated that Rambo took his name from Ramberget, a mountain that overlooked the city of Gothenburg, and that explanation appears not have been questioned. The grandson wrote that the family name was first Ramberg but was changed to Rambo. It seems a bit wild to speculate that a man might have named himself for the apple, but I still wonder about the connections. It is not definite that Peter Gunnarsson Rambo developed the Rambo apple. It is just as likely that a later member of the Rambo family developed the Rambo apple. There was orcharding in the family for several generations. The conversation between Peter Kalm and Peter Rambo did not mention any specific varieties of apples. The first written documentation for the Rambo apple is not until William Coxe's 1817 treatise, A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, and the Management of Orchards. In the section on the Rambo, he writes, "This apple is much cultivated in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New-Jersey; taking its name from the families by whom it was introduced into notice." The Rambo apple could easily have come after several generations of plantings and orchard development.
Peter Larsson Cock was a passenger on either the Kalmar Nyckel or her sister ship the Claritas when the Kalmar Nyckel made its third voyage. He was likely one of those Finns who had been making lots of trouble back in Sweden. He was described as an "imprisoned soldier from Smedjegarden" who "must serve as a soldier for penalty, and is to receive necessary sustenance and clothing." If his name doesn't sound Finnish, there are several reasons. First for official records, the Swedish government used the Swedish version of any Finn's name. More importantly, Cock, or Kock in some records, was the name Peter adopted only while aboard ship, after he had become the ship's cook (Kock being Swedish for cook). Later generations changed the name to Cox or Cook. He married a year and a half after he arrived in New Sweden, but while still in servitude. After he became a freeman, he moved with his family to an island at the mouth of the Schuylkill. He and his wife eventually had twelve children who reached adulthood. Cock continued to be a troublemaker of sorts. He was accused of trading guns with the Indians. Even though a jury of his peers found him not guilty, the governor sentenced him to three months of hard labor. This may indicate a personal feud between Cock and the governor, rather than lawbreaking, for later on, Cock joined Rambo as a ruling judge of Upland Court under the Swedes, the Dutch, and the English, and as a judge of the court in the colony of Pennsylvania. His public service and trust can also be seen by the fact that in 1663, Cock was appointed Collector of Tolls on Imports and Exports. On documents he also made his mark, which was not always identical.
appears one time, but later it was written in a slightly different form:
One incident involving a Rambo son and a Cock daughter (not in our direct family line, however) reveals something of the social mores of the time. In 1685 Peter Cock and his daughter Brigitta (Bridget in the court record) took John Rambo to court for fornication and "criminal intercourse." On the night before Christmas the previous year, John had pulled off a plank of the Cocks' house [in the roof, I am guessing] and jumped down to the floor of the loft. He then entered the room where three teenaged Rambo daughters were sleeping. John awakened Brigitta by getting into bed with the sisters and declaring loudly that he wanted to marry Brigitta -- just as his brother had married Bridget's older sister. Bridget's sisters left the bed and slept the rest of the December night on the cold floor. The court fined both John and Brigitta ten pounds and ordered John to marry Brigitta "before she be delivered" or make payments to maintain the child. Peter Cock was also fined five shillings for swearing in court. He had cried out "By God" at one point during the hearings. The relationship between John and Bridget appears to have been a bit strange, because in a subsequent trial that year Brigitta sued John for breach of promise (the first such case in Pennsylvania). John was fined one hundred and fifty pounds. Nonetheless, John and Bridget did marry eventually (after the birth of their first child), and together they had ten more children.
Gertrude Svensdotter traveled on the Kalmar Nyckel when she was one year old. Her father Sven Gunnarsson was one of the army deserters who had been rounded up and sent with his family to help settle New Sweden. Her older brother Sven was three, and while on board her brother Olle was born. After his servitude was completed, her father prospered. He joined Rambo and Cock the others in signing the petition against Governor Printz, and like Rambo and Cock he later purchased land north of the Schuylkill. Gertrude was a real frontier woman in spirit. She married a soldier, Joen or Jonas Nilsson, who after eleven years of army service in New Sweden, quit to marry and become a farmer. When Gertrude was pregnant with their first child, her husband left her to return to Sweden. She was a single mom for almost two full years before her husband returned. It is unknown if she cleared land and began farming or lived with relatives. The only reason known for her husband's departure was to collect unpaid wages but it seems there must have been something more. Once reunited, Gertrude and her husband moved to Kingsessing (near some of the Holstein, Rambo, and Cock family members), while her brothers took over their father's 1125-acre plantation that bordered the Delaware River several miles east of there. In 1683 her brothers ceded most of that acreage to an enterprising English Quaker named William Penn, who used the land to build a city of brotherly love. Downtown Philadelphia was built on land once owned by our forebearers.
New Sweden was probably doomed from the start, not because of a military failure, but because of undersettlement. During seventeen years, only thirteen Swedish expeditions were launched, and several of them brought few or no permanent residents, and during some others ships sank or were captured by enemies. To contrast the populating of New Sweden with that of New England, in the same time the Swedes sent twelve ships, the English sent over two hundred.
Under Dutch rule, however, the Swedes flourished as a semi-autonomous "Swedish Nation" governed by a court of presidents/judges whom the Swedes chose themselves. The Dutch Governor Stuyvesant even helped organize a few more expeditions to bring more Swedish immigrants.
Five years later, when the English brought an end to New Netherlands, the Swedes and Finns yet again proved most willing to swear an oath of allegiance to yet another crown. Once more they were allowed to keep their land and independent court. When William Penn arrived to create Pennsylvania he did not confiscate land but he recognized the already established deeds and bought land from Swedish landowners to build Philadelphia. The Swedes and Finns quickly assimilated into the English culture, dropped not only their native tongue, but largely abandoned their Lutheranism.
Although the sauna never took hold in America, the Finns of New Sweden were responsible for establishing one icon of America, the log cabin, which appeared in the new world for the first time in New Sweden. Their particular method of building with logs was not practised elsewhere in Europe, but it was so well suited to the early frontier that it was copied by pioneers from all ethnic groups. The Finn's practice of their burnbeating to clear forests was also very effective and also widely copied, and in only a few generations much of the wilderness of eastern America had disappeared.
Even if New Sweden ultimately ended in failure for its crown and company, it proved itself to be one of the most remarkable adventures in the history of American colonization. New Sweden has the distinction of being one of the smallest and shortest lived of all of the European settlements of North America. Founded on false premises (according to European law, at least) on territory already claimed by two other countries, and perhaps the most ill-conceived and poorly conducted colonial attempts, the Swedish settlers themselves became remarkably resilient. Rather than cower before the obese governor Johan Printz, the colonists stood up and petitioned against him and forced him to return to Sweden


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Managing solutions, projects, and files
When you work in Microsoft Expression Blend, all files are organized into a single project folder. This project system helps you manage all your working files and references in an efficient way, keeping them all in a local folder tree in the Projects panel.
The project system also makes it easy to test just a startup document or a whole project, and then build the project to a specific location when you are ready. The final product that you produce after you build a project depends on the project type:
 - A Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) project builds a standard Microsoft Windows-based application (.exe).
 - A Microsoft Silverlight project builds a Silverlight application (.xap) and supporting files, which include an HTML test page that will load your application in a browser window.
Just as web documents are based on unique markup languages such as HTML, Expression Blend documents are also based on a unique markup language, Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML). In Expression Blend you can create new XAML documents, open, save, and delete existing documents, and even copy and rename documents, just as you can in many other applications. Expression Blend also provides basic project recovery functionality and the ability to discard projects. You can accomplish most document-related tasks by using the commands that are located on the File, Edit, and Project menus. You can even right-click documents in the Projects panel and perform basic tasks quickly by using the shortcut menu. By default, Expression Blend creates a .csproj or .vbproj file for your WPF and Silverlight projects, but also supports Microsoft Visual Studio solution files (.sln). For your Silverlight projects, Expression Blend creates a website folder with no project or solution files.
For a roadmap of the Projects panel, see Projects panel.
References folder
The References folder is used to store assemblies such as DLLs and executables. An assembly might be a user control .dll that you created in Expression Blend, a .NET Framework custom control, or a compatible COM component.
For more information, see Add or remove a reference.
Resource dictionaries
Resource dictionaries contain reusable resources such as brush colors, styles and templates for controls, and other data types that you can assign to a property. Resource dictionaries are linked to your project by dictionary references in the App.xaml file or in another resource dictionary file.
A resource dictionary is just one type of XAML document that you can author in Expression Blend. Additional XAML documents include windows, pages, and user controls.
For more information, see Create, export, or import a resource dictionary and Creating reusable resources.
Local items
When you add a new or existing item to a project, the item appears in the Files list. Items include XAML documents, images, audio files, video files, 3D objects, 3D materials files, and more. You can create and add XAML documents to your project by using New Item on the File menu. Existing files are added to your project by using Add Existing Item on the Project menu.
For more information, see the following topics:
Linked-to items
You can link to existing items that don't live locally in your project folder but are stored elsewhere. Items include XAML documents, images, audio files, video files, 3D objects, 3D materials files, and others. A linked item is identified by an arrow superimposed over the file icon Cc294498.1cca22e6-da56-405c-a971-c52712d43334(en-us,Expression.30).png in the Files list.
For more information, see Add or link to an existing item.
Code files
The code-behind file for a XAML document shows as a child item under its respective XAML document. You can create a code file for a XAML document every time that you create a new XAML document by selecting the Include code file check box in the New Item dialog box. Code-behind files are typically used to run a procedure that involves more than setting a property or controlling an animation timeline (which can be done without code in your XAML document). For example, in a code-behind file, you can add other programming logic such as setting a property on another object, loading a new document, creating a new object, using a mathematical calculation to animate an object, and so on. For information about how to work with code-behind files, see Modify a code-behind file and Create a new event handler method. For a comparison of what can be done with and without code, see Visual design compared to writing XAML and code. You might also add code files for custom classes to your project.
The App.xaml file
An App.xaml file and corresponding code-behind file are created by default in an Expression Blend project. The App.xaml file contains application-level resources that any document in your application can use. Application-level resources are listed in the Resources panel under the App.xaml node. You can add resources to the App.xaml file by selecting Application in the Create Resource window. For more information, see Creating reusable resources and Create a resource.
The AssemblyInfo.cs file
By default, an AssemblyInfo.cs file is created in an Expression Blend project. The AssemblyInfo.cs file contains settings for your project that are used when you compile your application. Do not modify the AssemblyInfo.cs file.
The project and solution file
A project file (.vbproj or .csproj) and a solution file (.sln) file are created for WPF applications in Expression Blend. These files are compatible with Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.
Cc294498.alert_caution(en-us,Expression.30).gifCaution:
Managing your project files requires some diligence, because renaming and moving documents and items in your project folder can lead to broken links and references. For this version of Expression Blend, practice keeping your renaming and moving tasks to a minimum and remember that if you do rename or move an item or reference, you'll have to manually update all references to those renamed or moved items and references to make sure that your project works as expected. Do not rename or delete the App.xaml files or the AssemblyInfo.cs file.
Expression Blend creates the same set of files as Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 when you create a project for a Silverlight application and select the Dynamically generate an HTML test page to host Silverlight within this project option in the Add Silverlight Application dialog box of Visual Studio 2008.
The following files are generated when you create a Silverlight project.
File
Description
ProjectName.sln
A Visual Studio solution file that specifies configuration settings for the solution, and references all the projects in the solution.
ProjectName.csproj
or
ProjectName.vbproj
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App.xaml
A file where application-level resources are defined. For example, if you customize a button template and select to define it at the application level, any document in your project can use the template to style a button.
App.xaml.cs
or
App.xaml.vb
The code-behind file for the App.xaml file.
Page.xaml
A default XAML file in which to begin designing the user interface of your Silverlight application.
Page.xaml.cs
or
Page.xaml.vb
The code-behind file for the corresponding content file. User interaction and application behavior is often programmed in the code-behind file.
AppManifest.xml
Defines the assemblies that are included in the Silverlight application. For example, a Silverlight project created in Expression Blend will build a Silverlight application in an assembly file (ProjectName.dll), so an AppManifest.xml will always list at least the assembly created by the project in which it resides.
AssemblyInfo.cs
or
AssemblyInfo.vb
Defines properties for the application, such as the version number, description, loaded assemblies, and so on.
Cc294498.alert_tip(en-us,Expression.30).gifTip:
The file that you will work with most often is Page.xaml, which is where you can design the user interface of your Silverlight application. Other files you might modify are the App.xaml file and any other content files (.xaml) that you add to your project.
When you build and test a Silverlight project, the following files are created in the \bin\debug folder, and Expression Blend tries to open the starting web page.
File
Description
AppManifest.xaml
A Silverlight version of the AppManifest.xml file.
Default.html (or TestPage.html if the project was created with Visual Studio 2008)
A web page that loads the Silverlight application (contained in ProjectName.xap) into the browser.
ProjectName.dll
The compiled assembly of the application that you designed in the content files of your project.
ProjectName.pdb
Debug information for the application.
ProjectName.xap
A compressed archive that includes all the content and resources for the Silverlight application. Users download this file on their browsers and run it with the Silverlight plug-in


text:
In a recent study conducted by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and published in the the journal Antiviral Therapy, researchers have demonstrated that a toxin called melittin found in bee venom can destroy HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, by poking holes in the "envelope" surrounding the virus.
"Melittin on the nanoparticles fuses with the viral envelope," said research instructor Joshua L. Hood, MD, Ph.D., via the news release. "The melittin forms little pore-like attack complexes and ruptures the envelope, stripping it off the virus." Adding, "We are attacking an inherent physical property of HIV. Theoretically, there isn't any way for the virus to adapt to that. The virus has to have a protective coat, a double-layered membrane that covers the virus."
Hood hopes that eventually a gel could be made and used by both men and women to stop the virus head on. "Our hope is that in places where HIV is running rampant, people could use this gel as a preventative measure to stop the initial infection." In theory, the particles may also be used as an injection into the bloodstream to kill the virus in an already HIV-positive person.
This study comes on the heels of news that a Mississippi baby with HIV has apparently been cured. Currently there are more than 34 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, according to The Foundation for AIDS Research. Of these, 3.3 million are under the age of 15 years old. Each day, almost 7,000 people contract HIV around the globe.
With the recent progress being made surrounding HIV, maybe there will be hope for those infected and more preventable measures in the near future.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Why Downtown Is Important
- Downtown serves as a good incubator for new small businesses - the success of tomorrow. Strips and malls are often too expensive for new entrepreneurs. Lower rents make downtown a good location.
- Downtown represents independent businesses which support local families, support local community projects such as teams and schools, keep profits in town (chain stores send profits out of town). It helps reduce sprawl by concentrating activity in one area.
- Downtown is a major employer. Often when you count the number of jobs in a community, you will find that downtown is the largest employer.
- Downtown infrastructure is a major public investment. Only healthy businesses in buildings assessed at full value generate taxes that give taxpayers a return on this public investment.
- Downtown revitalization protects property values in surrounding residential neighborhoods.
- Downtown rehabilitation work stimulates the local economy. Materials and labor for new commercial construction often come from out of town.
- Downtown is a symbol of community economic health, the partnership between the private and the public sector, local quality of life, local pride, and community history
- Downtown is the heart of the community, and the site for government, arts, churches, and financial institutions.
- Downtown is an important community space, where members of all segments of the community can meet equally for parades, speeches and other community events.
- Downtown can be a tourist attraction, and is the location of a community's unique businesses and buildings.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Pedis possessio
Article Id: WHEBN0015749841
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Title: Pedis possessio
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Adverse possession
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Pedis possessio
Pedis possessio is a legal phrase in common law used to describe walking on a property to establish ownership.
This concept involves the establishment of first possession of land. By walking on a property and defining its bounds, possession is established. Legal dictionaries[1] put forth this definition. Pedis possessio has been described as the actual possession of land within bounds set forth by the need of a mine claimant and operator to improve and work a claim for its mineral value.
Violation of set boundaries are avoided and violence prevented by the establishment of title using the concept of pedis possessio.[2]
See also


text:
Blossom and blue sky in an English heaven
Under an English heaven - blossom and blue sky at Chelmarsh, near Bridgnorth.
St Peter's Church, which dates from the 14th century, has been described as one of the finest pieces of medieval architecture in Shropshire.
It replaced an earlier church on the same site, and evidence of its Norman origins can still be seen today.
The north aisle has a blocked Norman doorway, and the bowl of the font is from the same period.
At one time the church was thought to be connected by an underground passageway to Chelmarsh Hall, a former granary that became a sanctuary for monks.
I hadn't planned this shot, but was driving past and just had to stop!
Published by Shropshire and Beyond on
A rhapsody in blue across the county
Dramatic skies in the Stretton Hills
Mist and birdsong in the Clun Valley
Storm clouds over the Devil's Chair
A walk into history down Grope Lane

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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AuthorSmith, Geoff C. author
TitleTopics in Group Theory [electronic resource] / by Geoff C. Smith, Olga M. Tabachnikova
ImprintLondon : Springer London : Imprint: Springer, 2000
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Descript XVI, 256p. 16 illus. online resource
We very much hope that this book will be read by the interested student (and not just be parked on a shelf for occasional consultation). If you want a comprehensive reference book on Group Theory, do not buy this text. There are much better books available, some of which are mentioned below. We have a tale to tell; the absolute essentials of the theory of groups, followed by some entertainments and some more advanced material. The theory of groups is an enormous body of material which interacts with other branches of mathematics at countless frontiers. Some parts of the theory are essentially complete, but in other areas all we see are questions. People happily read novels, so why not mathematics books? When mathยญ ematics was studied by only a few people, there was less need to try to write attractively or encouragingly since the likely readership consisted of a small group of highly motivated individuals who needed little encouragement. Even so, many talented academic writers managed to write brilliantly because they knew no other way. As higher education has opened up in economically develยญ oped countries, a much more diverse collection of people is exploring advanced mathematics and science. The challenge for authors is to produce books which engage this wider community without compromising the content
1. The Elements -- 2. Structure -- 3. Action -- 4. Entertainments -- 5. Law -- 6. Presentations -- 7. Appendix A: Fields -- 8. Appendix B: Relations and Orderings -- Further Reading -- Solutions
Mathematics Algebra Group theory Mathematics Algebra Group Theory and Generalizations
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Life zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main article: Altitudinal zonation
The Life Zone concept was developed by C. Hart Merriam in 1889 as a means of describing areas with similar plant and animal communities. Merriam observed that the changes in these communities with an increase in latitude at a constant elevation are similar to the changes seen with an increase in elevation at a constant latitude.[1]
The life zones Merriam identified are most applicable to western North America, being developed on the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona and Cascade Range of the northwestern USA. He tried to develop a system that is applicable across the North American continent, but that system is rarely referred to.
The life zones that Merriam identified, along with characteristic plants, are as follows:
The Canadian and Hudsonian life zones are commonly combined into a Boreal life zone.
This system has been criticized as being too imprecise. For example, the scrub oak chaparral in Arizona shares relatively few plant and animal species with the Great Basin sagebrush desert, yet both are classified as Upper Sonoran. However it is still sometimes referred to by biologists (and anthropologists) working in the western United States. Much more detailed and empirically based classifications of vegetation and life zones now exist for most areas of the world, such as the list of world ecoregions defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature,[2] or the list of North American ecoregions defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation.[3]
Main article: Holdridge life zones
Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.
In 1947, Leslie Holdridge published a life zone classification using indicators of:
 - mean annual biotemperature (logarithmic)
 - annual precipitation (logarithmic)
 - ratio of annual potential evapotranspiration to mean total annual precipitation.
Biotemperature refers to all temperatures above freezing, with all temperatures below freezing adjusted to 0 °C, as plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first, rather than the temperate latitude bias of Merriam's life zones, and does not primarily use elevation. The system is considered more appropriate to the complexities of tropical vegetation than Merriam's system.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ McColl, R.W. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Geography. 1. Infobase Publishing. p. 961. ISBN 9780816072293.
 2. ^ Ricketts, Taylor H.; Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David M.; Loucks, Colby J.; et al. (1999). Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: a Conservation Assessment. Washington DC: Island Press.
 4. ^ "Holdridge's Life Zones". Geology class notes. Radford University.


principle and details of this mechanism are still far from being
 7. Influence of local vibration on finger functions of forest workers.
 PubMed
 Tanaka, M; Nakamura, K; Sato, K; Tanaka, K
 1997-07-01
 We physically examined of forest workers in the northern part of Fukushima District, Japan. The main purpose of this study was to survey the state of finger functions, especially the differences between the functions of right and left fingers of forest workers. This physical examination was conducted in winter. The items of the physical examination were hand grip strength, finger skin temperature, vibration sensation threshold, nail pressure test of the finger. Subjects were classified into A and B groups on the base of the results of the physical examination. A group is normal or slight disorder, and B group is disorder or illness. Hand grip strength was measured five times at five-second intervals. The decrease ratio of the left hand grip strength was greater than that of the right hand grip strength. Although there were significant differences among each finger of A and B groups, there were no big differences in the skin temperatures of the fingers in each group. Vibration sensation threshold was measured for II, III and IV fingers. The vibration sensation threshold of the index finger was the most sensitive and that of IV finger was the least sensitive. The vibration sensation threshold of the right fingers was more sensitive than that of the left fingers. The reaction times of the nail pressure test of the right fingers were generally faster than those of the left fingers. Forestry workers in Japan become elderly. There are big differences among the physical reactions or strengths of elderly people. Standard values for the measuring items for ageing are needed.
 8. Structural assessment of glycyl mutations in invariantly conserved motifs.
 PubMed
 Prakash, Tulika; Sandhu, Kuljeet Singh; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Bhasin, Yasha; Ramakrishnan, C; Brahmachari, Samir K
 2007-11-15
 Motifs that are evolutionarily conserved in proteins are crucial to their structure and function. In one of our earlier studies, we demonstrated that the conserved motifs occurring invariantly across several organisms could act as structural determinants of the proteins. We observed the abundance of glycyl residues in these invariantly conserved motifs. The role of glycyl residues in highly conserved motifs has not been studied extensively. Thus, it would be interesting to examine the structural perturbations induced by mutation in these conserved glycyl sites. In this work, we selected a representative set of invariant signature (IS) peptides for which both the PDB structure and mutation information was available. We thoroughly analyzed the conformational features of the glycyl sites and their local interactions with the surrounding residues. Using Ramachandran angles, we showed that the glycyl residues occurring in these IS peptides, which have undergone mutation, occurred more often in the L-disallowed as compared with the L-allowed region of the Ramachandran plot. Short range contacts around the mutation site were analyzed to study the steric effects. With the results obtained from our analysis, we hypothesize that any change of activity arising because of such mutations must be attributed to the long-range interaction(s) of the new residue if the glycyl residue in the IS peptide occurred in the L-allowed region of the Ramachandran plot. However, the mutation of those conserved glycyl residues that occurred in the L-disallowed region of the Ramachandran plot might lead to an altered activity of the protein as a result of an altered conformation of the backbone in the immediate vicinity of the glycyl residue, in addition to long range effects arising from the long side chains of the new residue. Thus, the loss of activity because of mutation in the conserved glycyl site might either relate to long range interactions or to local perturbations around the site
 9. A Combinatorial Code for Splicing Silencing: UAGG and GGGG Motifs
 PubMed Central
 An, Ping; Burge, Christopher B
 2005-01-01
 Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is widely used to regulate gene expression by tuning the levels of tissue-specific mRNA isoforms. Few regulatory mechanisms are understood at the level of combinatorial control despite numerous sequences, distinct from splice sites, that have been shown to play roles in splicing enhancement or silencing. Here we use molecular approaches to identify a ternary combination of exonic UAGG and 5′-splice-site-proximal GGGG motifs that functions cooperatively to silence the brain-region-specific CI cassette exon (exon 19) of the glutamate NMDA R1 receptor (GRIN1) transcript. Disruption of three components of the motif pattern converted the CI cassette into a constitutive exon, while predominant skipping was conferred when the same components were introduced, de novo, into a heterologous constitutive exon. Predominant exon silencing was directed by the motif pattern in the presence of six competing exonic splicing enhancers, and this effect was retained after systematically repositioning the two exonic UAGGs within the CI cassette. In this system, hnRNP A1 was shown to mediate silencing while hnRNP H antagonized silencing. Genome-wide computational analysis combined with RT-PCR testing showed that a class of skipped human and mouse exons can be identified by searches that preserve the sequence and spatial configuration of the UAGG and GGGG motifs. This analysis suggests that the multi-component silencing code may play an important role in the tissue-specific regulation of the CI cassette exon, and that it may serve more generally as a molecular language to allow for intricate adjustments and the coordination of splicing patterns from different genes. PMID:_PHONE_
 10. A quantum algorithm for approximating the influences of Boolean functions and its applications
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Li, Hongwei; Yang, Li
 2015-06-01
 We investigate the influences of variables on a Boolean function based on the quantum Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm. A previous paper (Floess et al. in Math Struct Comput Sci 23:386, 2013) has proved that if an -variable Boolean function does not depend on an input variable , using the Bernstein-Vazirani circuit for will always output that has a 0 in the th position. We generalize this result and show that, after running this algorithm once, the probability of getting a 1 in each position is equal to the dependence degree of on the variable , i.e., the influence of on . Based on this, we give an approximation algorithm to evaluate the influence of any variable on a Boolean function. Next, as an application, we use it to study the Boolean functions with juntas and construct probabilistic quantum algorithms to learn certain Boolean functions. Compared with the deterministic algorithms given by Floess et al., our probabilistic algorithms are faster.
 11. A variety of DNA-binding and multimeric proteins contain the histone fold motif.
 PubMed Central
 Baxevanis, A D; Arents, G; Moudrianakis, E N; Landsman, D
 1995-01-01
 The histone fold motif has previously been identified as a structural feature common to all four core histones and is involved in both histone-histone and histone-DNA interactions. Through the use of a novel motif searching method, a group of proteins containing the histone fold motif has been established. The proteins in this group are involved in a wide variety of functions related mostly to DNA metabolism. Most of these proteins engage in protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, as do their core histone counterparts. Among these, CCAAT-specific transcription factor CBF and its yeast homologue HAP are two examples of multimeric complexes with different component subunits that contain the histone fold motif. The histone fold proteins are distantly related, with a relatively small degree of absolute sequence similarity. It is proposed that these proteins may share a similar three-dimensional conformation despite the lack of significant sequence similarity. PMID:_PHONE_
 12. The role of the fibronectin IGD motif in stimulating fibroblast migration.
 PubMed
 Millard, Christopher J; Ellis, Ian R; Pickford, Andrew R; Schor, Ana M; Schor, Seth L; Campbell, Iain D
 2007-12-07
 The motogenic activity of migration-stimulating factor, a truncated isoform of fibronectin (FN), has been attributed to the IGD motifs present in its FN type 1 modules. The structure-function relationship of various recombinant IGD-containing FN fragments is now investigated. Their structure is assessed by solution state NMR and their motogenic ability tested on fibroblasts. Even conservative mutations in the IGD motif are inactive or have severely reduced potency, while the structure remains essentially the same. A fragment with two IGD motifs is 100 times more active than a fragment with one and up to 10(6) times more than synthetic tetrapeptides. The wide range of potency in different contexts is discussed in terms of cryptic FN sites and cooperativity. These results give new insight into the stimulation of fibroblast migration by IGD motifs in FN.
 13. The influence of atypical antipsychotic drugs on sexual function
 PubMed Central
 Just, Marek J
 2015-01-01
 Human sexuality is contingent upon many biological and psychological factors


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EFM140™ Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The EFM140 Electrochemical Frequency Modulation software is a non-destructive corrosion rate measurement technique. It allows for measurement of the corrosion rate without prior knowledge of the Tafel constants. In addition, the technique determines the Tafel constants and provides 2 internal validity checks.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM) software is a powerful non-destructive method for measuring the corrosion rate. It is an ideal and inexpensive companion to DC105 DC corrosion techniques software. It was developed at the University of Leuven in Belgium with support from the Electric Power Research Institute.
EFM is a harmonic technique that relies on the non-linear nature of the corrosion reaction to extract information about the corrosion rate and the Tafel constants. Two sinusoidal voltage waveforms are summed and applied to a corrosion sample. The resultant current response is recorded. The data are further transformed from the time domain into the frequency domain where the frequency response is analyzed to yield corrosion rate information.
The EFM140 operates within the Gamry Framework, and is available for use within the Sequence Wizard. The technique is also compatible with the ECM8 multiplexer.
- Gamry PCI4/Series G, Reference, or Interface Family Instrument
- Microsoft® Windows™ XP SP3/Vista/7/8 (32-bit or 64-bit)
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation
The standard EFM technique which calculates a single corrosion rate.
Electrochemical Frequency Modulation Trend
This experiment performs multiple EFM measurements over a period of time to build up a corrosion rate versus time trend graph.
Multiplexed EFM Trend
EFM Trend measurements, with multiplexer functionality.


Posture Exercises
Initially maintaining a good tongue posture can be tiresome, but so is every change you try to bring to your body. You will have to engage in Mewing by reminding yourself to keep your tongue on to the roof throughout the day.
Here are some exercises that would help –
 1. Position the tip of your tongue right in the middle, behind your top teeth.
 2. Now gradually push the whole tongue on the roof of your mouth.
 3. Use a mild suction to hold the position for at least a minute to begin with.
 4. Keep your lips sealed and breathe from your nose.
The next one will help you understand if you are keeping the entire tongue flat on the roof of the mouth this whole time or not. Many of us get confused as to how much of your tongue should be pushing up, they can give this particular exercise a go.
 1. Grin, yes that's right, smile with your upper teeth showing.
 2. Raise your eyebrows.
 3. Now try to swallow while maintaining that face.
You will notice that your entire tongue is now touching the palate. Practice like so and you will be subconsciously mewing in no time.
Conclusion
Everyone can benefit from maintaining a proper tongue posture. Enhancement is a facial structure is more likely in teenagers and children as their skull is still under development.
Although, even if you are an adult just learning about Mewing and a correct tongue posture, it is never too late. There are more positives to it than negatives.
For example, most adults suffer from teeth grinding due to our stressed lifestyles with can be curbed through Mewing.
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Ah, the intriguing world of canine quirks! One such curious behavior is caching – the act of hiding prized possessions like toys, bones, and even food.
Dogs usually cache due to their ancestral instincts to store food for lean times, as well as to create a sense of security and comfort. In multi-dog households, caching may also occur due to resource guarding or territoriality.
In this article, we'll dig deep into the mysteries of caching behavior in dogs, and help you understand why dogs cache and how to deal with it. So, if you've ever caught Fido burying a treasure in the backyard, read on to discover what's really going on in that furry little head of his!
The Hows and Whys of Dog Caching Behavior
An Age-Old Instinct
Caching behavior in dogs can be traced back to their wild ancestors. Canines in the wild would cache their food to ensure they had a steady supply during lean times.
So, when you see your dog attempting to bury a bone or a treat, they're actually tapping into their ancient instincts!
For some dogs, caching can be a way to create a sense of security and comfort.
By hiding their treasured items, they're ensuring that they'll always have something valuable close at hand – sort of like a canine version of a rainy day fund!
Territoriality and Resource Guarding
In multi-dog households, caching behavior can be a sign of resource guarding or territoriality.
Dogs may hide their toys or food to prevent their canine siblings from getting to them first.
This behavior can also be seen in dogs that have experienced scarcity in the past, such as rescues or dogs with a history of neglect.
How To Deal With Caching Behavior in Dogs
Recognize the Behavior
The first step in addressing caching behavior in dogs is to recognize it for what it is.
If your dog is frequently hiding items or digging holes in the yard, there's a good chance they're caching.
Provide a Safe Space
If your dog is caching due to feelings of insecurity or resource guarding, providing them with a safe space can help.
This might include a designated "cache zone" with a soft bed or blankets, and even a special toy box for their most treasured possessions.
Address Resource Guarding
To tackle resource guarding, you'll need to work on building trust and reinforcing positive behaviors. This can include:
- Ensuring each dog has their own space, toys, and food bowls
- Feeding dogs separately to prevent competition
- Practicing "trading up" by exchanging a lower-value item for a higher-value one
- Working with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist if needed
Redirect the Energy
If caching behavior in dogs is causing problems, such as digging up the yard, try redirecting their energy into more appropriate activities. This can include:
- Providing interactive toys that engage their natural instincts, like puzzle toys or treat-dispensing balls
- Offering supervised chew time with appropriate chew toys or treats
- Engaging your dog in regular exercise and playtime to help burn off excess energy
Why Do Dogs Hide Their Food
Dogs hide their food for several reasons, all rooted in their natural instincts and behaviors.
One primary reason is their ancestral background, where wild canines would cache food to ensure they had a steady supply during times of scarcity. This behavior has been passed down through generations, even though our domesticated dogs have regular access to food.
Another reason dogs hide their food is to create a sense of security and comfort. By stashing away their prized edibles, they're making sure they have a stash of valuable resources available when needed, similar to a rainy day fund.
In households with multiple dogs, hiding food can be a result of resource guarding or territoriality. Dogs may feel the need to protect their food from their canine siblings, especially if they have experienced scarcity in the past or if there's competition for resources. In such cases, dogs hide their food to prevent others from getting to it first.
Dog Air Caching – What Is That?
Dog air caching, also known as "ghost caching" or "phantom caching," is a peculiar behavior in which a dog appears to be hiding an item but is not actually concealing anything. In essence, the dog goes through the motions of caching without physically burying or hiding an object.
This behavior may be observed when a dog picks up an imaginary item, moves to a location, and then proceeds to "hide" the nonexistent object. They may use their nose or paws to mimic the actions of covering the imaginary item, just as they would if they were genuinely caching something.
The exact reasons behind dog air caching are not well understood, but it is believed to be linked to their natural caching instincts. Some theories suggest that air caching could be a form of play or practice for actual caching behaviors. Alternatively, it might be a compulsive behavior stemming from anxiety, boredom, or stress.
To address air caching, dog owners can provide ample mental and physical stimulation through interactive toys, puzzle feeders, and regular exercise. If the behavior becomes excessive or problematic, consulting with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist may be helpful to identify and address the underlying causes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Is caching behavior in dogs a sign of a problem?
Not necessarily. Caching behavior in dogs is a natural instinct, and as long as it's not causing issues, it's generally harmless. However, if it's causing damage or is a result of resource guarding, you'll want to address it.
- Can I train my dog to stop caching?
While you can't completely eliminate caching behavior in dogs, you can manage it by redirecting their energy and providing alternative outlets for their instincts. Working with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist can help you develop a plan tailored to your dog's specific needs.
- Is caching behavior in dogs more common in certain breeds?
Caching behavior in dogs can be seen across all breeds, but it may be more prevalent in certain breeds with strong hunting or working instincts, such as terriers, retrievers, and hounds.
- Should I be worried if my dog is caching food?
Caching food isn't inherently worrisome, but it can be a sign that your dog is feeling insecure or experiencing resource-guarding issues. If you're concerned, consult with a professional dog trainer or behaviorist to address the underlying causes.
Why Do Dogs Cache?
Why do dogs cache and how to deal with it?
Caching is a natural canine instinct that can serve various purposes, from tapping into their wild heritage to providing a sense of security.
By understanding and addressing the reasons behind your dog's caching behavior, you can foster a more harmonious relationship with your furry friend, and ensure their instincts don't turn into problematic habits.
So, keep an eye on your dog's caching habits, provide them with a safe space, and remember – a little understanding goes a long way!
Some of My Favorite Products For Dog Owners
I hope this article has helped you just a bit in everyday life as a dog owner. Being a dog owner for more than 25 years, I've tried many different products with varying success, but these products below are some that I can highly recommend to every dog and their owner without hesitation!
These links are affiliate links, so if you do end up using the links, I will earn a commission. But it's products that I use daily myself, and I have the utmost praise for.
Dog Food: Every dog needs to eat correctly, and finding the best food for your dog can be challenging, as the market is absolutely flooded with products. But since 2015 when the company was founded, I've been using Ollie Petfood. With their product being tailor-made to suit every dog's specific needs, and as my dogs absolutely love the product, I'm pretty sure I've found a product I will continue to use for many years more. If you use my link you can get 50% off your first order.
Dog Training: If you've ever owned a puppy, you know that it requires a lot of training to grow into a well-behaved adult. Brain Training for Dogs has helped me immensely with the mental training part of raising a dog, and it's something I strongly recommend you consider.
Grooming: If you have a dog in your home, you're going to need a brush, and for this, I recommend a Hertzko Self-Cleaning Slicker Brush. For that price, you simply can't beat this brush for everyday grooming.
If you're looking for the most up-to-date recommendations, check out my recommended products section that I've created to help every dog owner!


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Lots of Top 10 lists were revealed during the last weeks of 2012. San Juan Basin Health concluded its own counting down of top health issues in Archuleta and La Plata counties.
Over the last six months, a series of public and internal meetings have been held and an online survey conducted to help prioritize the plethora of legitimate entries.
"We heard voices of over 150 people that are invested and interested in our community's health. Eighty-five responded to the online survey," said Molly Gutilla, doctorate public health student intern who coordinated the prioritization process.
All public-health agencies in Colorado are charged with creating a Public Health Improvement Plan in 2013. The completed health assessment and selecting of a top priority(s) were the first steps.
After obesity, priorities include mental health, substance abuse, clean air and water, and oral health. Most people found it incredibly difficult to choose between these. Interesting conversations took place among staff and community members about what is most important and immediate concern to the community, what was already being done or on its way, which evidence-based strategies could be implemented and what strengths public health could bring. So, for example, San Juan Basin Health is already implementing an effective public-health strategy to improve oral health through its Southwest Smile Makers program in the schools, and that's a reason why some people ranked it fifth.
After combining votes in Archuleta and La Plata county meetings, obesity ranked as the top health issue. Many factors went into people's decisions. One key seemed to be obesity's effect on so many other health issues down the line; if addressed, it could help reduce associated health risks and decrease need to access care. This is exactly what public health traditionally has done and should be doing.
Historically, we have responded to health problems by looking upstream at the root causes and worked to address them whether it was advocating for sewage systems or safe drinking water or reducing smoking. Our health problems evolve and change over time. While there are plenty of professionals working to help individuals cope with and overcome their health conditions, public health is charged with identifying and addressing the reasons why so many are getting sick or injured to begin with. Obesity is a perfect example – public health can play a key role in decreasing its prevalence.
While obesity came out on top of public-health issues, access to care was the overwhelming No. 1 need "screamed" by people. This multilayered problem needs addressing community-wide, with some actions required on a higher political-economic level. Even so, it will be included into the Public Health Improvement Plan.
"It's not our plan, it's a plan for community health and will include strategies to address obesity and access to care," Gutilla said. "Over the next five years, it'll take collaboration from community partners and ultimately most everyone to turn it into action."
Jane Looney is the communications director for the San Juan Basin Health Department.


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Your object has been set as the data source of the UITableView somewhere. Most likely, by making a connection in InterfaceBuilder, though it is straightforward to do so in code by setting the
dataSource property of the UITableView:
- (void) setUpMyJunkMan
myTableView.dataSource = self;
Once you have set your object as the data source, the table view will invoke the method as needed to determine what it needs to draw or how it needs to respond to events.
Your object is required to implement the
UITableViewDataSource protocol (though, if you connected the data source via InterfaceBuilder, there may not be a complaint if you don't -- it is more of a compile time validation than a runtime one).
If you look at the declaration of
UITableViewDataSource, you'll see that a number of methods are
_USER_. The rest are
_USER_; you must implement them to fulfill the contract of the protocol.
This is the key difference between data sources and delegates. Delegates can optionally implement any of the declared methods. Data sources create a much more formal relationship between the two objects wherein some of the methods must be implemented.


Top 10 highest paid science jobs
Written by jason knapfel
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A lot of science-related jobs are more about the passion for discovering new things and applying them to the betterment of mankind than they are about getting a high salary. But in some jobs, if you have the intellectual capacity and curiosity about the world of science, it can prove to be mentally satisfying and financially rewarding.
Petroleum Engineer
These engineers devise ways to improve oil and gas production, and determine the need for new or modified tool designs. Petroleum engineers are involved in making drilling more economical. There are several industry specialities, but the highest mean pay goes to those involved in oil and gas extraction--$127,520 annually.
Physicists who aren't involved exclusively in teaching can be paid a much higher salary by conducting research in physics. They develop theories and laws in regards to physical phenomena. Then they come up with methods to apply their theories to industry and other fields. The mean pay is £69,186 a year.
Computer and Information Scientist, Research
In this career, you conduct computer research as a theorist, designer or inventor. You will develop solutions to problems with hardware and software. You will also plan activities in electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis or computer programming. Computer and information scientists make an average of £65,585 annually.
Computer Hardware Engineer
Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop and test computers or computer-related equipment for commercial, military or scientific use. They may also supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer equipment. Their average salary is £65,117 annually.
Nuclear Engineer
Nuclear engineers research and apply nuclear science principles to problems associated with nuclear energy and nuclear waste disposal. They make a mean salary of £64,837 annually.
Kids who like to stargaze can grow up to be an astronomer. Astronomers study celestial phenomena to increase mankind's knowledge of the universe. They use their findings to improve things here on Earth. Astronomers make, on average, £64,824 annually.
Computer Software Engineer, Systems Software
Systems software engineers research, design, develop and test operating systems software, compilers and network distribution software for private industry, government agencies, or the military. The mean salary is £61,438 annually.
While math teachers may not make a lot of money, those involved in research do. Mathematicians involved in the application of mathematical techniques to science or other industries make a mean salary of £61,724 annually.
Aerospace Engineer
Aerospace engineers design, construct and test aircraft, missiles and spacecraft. This profession has a mean salary of £61,087 annually.
Physical Scientists, Other
According to the employment statistics provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, all other physical science professions not listed on their website individually have a mean salary of £59,702 annually.
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** Exhibition at the MIT museum - Oct. 22 - Dec. 24 2010, first floor gallery **
Markus Decker, Dietmar Offenhuber, Orkan Telhan
'Dust Serenade' is a reenactment of an acoustic experiment done by German physicist August Kundt. Inspired by the Chladni's famous sand figures visualizing sound waves in solid materials, Kundt devised an experiment for visualizing longitudinal sound waves through fine lycopodium dust; a setup that would allow him to measure the speed of sound in different gases.
Kundt was a strong believer in experimental methods over purely theoretical inquiry in a time when the disciplines of theoretical and experimental physics started to diverge.
'Dust Serenade' intends to remind us the materiality of sound. Tubes filled with scraps of words and letters--cut-up theory--interact with sound waves and turn into figures of dust. Here, visitors can modulate the frequency of the sound emitted by moving a rod and create different harmonic sound effects. As sound waves figure, refigure, and disfigure the text, we invite visitors to rethink about the tension between their theorical knowlegde and the sensory experience.
Dust Serenade is one of a series of interactive sound projects that enable visitors to experience the physical aspects of sound, presence, and atmosphere. Works in the series have been shown at the Ars Electronica Festival in Linz, Zagreb, Istanbul and São Paulo.
The project was funded by the Council for the Arts at MIT and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture (BMUKK)


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Battle of New Market Heights & Campaign Before Richmond 1864 Reenactment
Seize the opportunity to visit Henrico County as it commemorates the 150th anniversary of the Battle of New Market Heights and the Campaign Before Richmond! Take in the sites, sounds, and tastes of the Civil War as you learn more about this important last campaign for Richmond, the Capital of the Confederacy. You'll experience:
- More than 1,500 reenactors relive the battles of New Market Heights and other engagements from the 1864 Richmond Campaign.
- Presentations detailing the significance of this campaign including the role of African Americans.
- Live music from the era, including drummers, buglers, and songs of the soldier's camps.Historical fair featuring actors, demonstrators and crafters.
- A sampling of Civil War foods – along with plenty of modern vendors.
- Revelations from Civil War historians about the plight of civilians on the homefront.
10:00 AM - 2:00 PM
9:00 AM - 6:00 PM
9:00 AM - 2:30 PM


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Carnival of Genealogy, 77th Edition is about Disasters. The prompt states "For the next Carnival of Genealogy, tell about a disaster that one or more of your ancestors lived through: Did they survive a hurricane, flood, tornado, train wreck, sinking ship, plague, genocide, explosion, mine collapse, or some other terrible event? How did they survive?"
Anna Maria (Mary) Warner, my 5th great grandmother, was baptised in 1735 in Schoharie New York. She was descended from Palatines who fled starvation and religious persecution in Germany for New York in 1710. In 1757 at the age of 22 she married Isaac Van Valkenburg, descendant of Dutch settlers to New Netherland (and a Mohawk great great grandmother named Lydia Van Slyke)
When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, Mary and her husband remained loyal to the King even though Isaac's father was a Patriot,
Isaac was imprisoned in Albany three times by the Americans for his loyalty to the British King. After his release in 1777, Isaac joined the Loyalist unit Butler's Rangers and fled to Canada. Mary was left with ten children ages 2 to 18 years.
Mary continued to aid the British, and in 1779 she and the children were taken from their home at North River, New York, by American patriots. Their home and all their clothing and belongings were burned by the patriots. The patriots then forced Mary and eight of her children (two of her sons ages 14 and 18 had already joined their father in Butler's Rangers) to march 80 miles north through the forest. There they were abandoned by the Patriots and left to die. Mary's youngest child was only 4 years old.
An excerpt from one of the affidavits presented to the Council when Isaac petitioned for his land grant in 1797 briefly describes Isaac's imprisonment and Anna Maria's ordeal.
Luckily friendly Indians found the family and took them to Montreal where they joined Isaac and the other Loyalist families who had made it to safety. In Montreal, the starving Loyalists were given food, blankets and minimal clothing. The British government had not made provisions for so many Loyalists' families arriving with nothing but the clothes on their backs. For 5 difficult years the Loyalists and their families were quartered at a small barracks and given a meager allowance of food rations, blankets and clothing by the Government.
But the family survived, and Mary with Isaac and 9 of their children agreed to join other Rangers and families who were promised land in the Niagara area of Ontario. In April 1784 the family arrived at Niagara, where they would make their home. Rations were still dispensed to the settlers as after 5 years of living with nothing to call their own, they still had no land, and no homes. Again they were quartered in barrack style living and so they began to build their own shelters on land that was not theirs.
A descendant of one of the refugee families states that the family dinner-table was a huge stump, hewn flat on top, standing in the middle of the floor. When their clothing wore out, the settlers made new garments from deerskin.
They also had yet to endure (and survive!) what became known as "The Hungry Year" in 1787 In that year the government stopped giving out food rations. But there was a drought, then a freezing winter, and no grain crop or supplies. Many families had neither guns nor powder to shoot what game was near. Many starved that winter in Upper Canada (Ontario). The Loyalists and their families were reduce to eating leaves and drinking water which had been boiled with a bit of bark in it. Mary's oldest son soon gave up and returned to New York where he married and raised his family.
And yet Mary and her husband and children survived. They suffered one trial after another – the free land promised had not been forthcoming and had to be petitioned for. That meant writing out lengthy pleas stating the reasons why they felt they were qualified to receive the land. Statements and affidavits had to be gathered from those who had known them back in New York (or wherever they once lived)
Loyalists and their families had to present their petitions for free land to the Council where they were read and then a decision made. Even if a Loyalist received his grant of land it was not likely to be the land where he had begun building his new home. Families were often separated and older men who had counted on their young sons being next door to help them clear the land and farm it, were suddenly on their own. Their sons might be hundreds of miles away.
Life had been a struggle for Mary and her family from 1775 until 1797 when she and Isaac were finally granted their 500 acres near what is now St. Catharines Ontario. 22 years of hardship, danger and starvation – far from home and with family left behind. How many of us could (or would!) endure that for the sake of remaining loyal to a distant ruler? I admire Mary and Isaac and all the Loyalist families tremendously for their courage, their spirit and their refusal to commit what was in their minds, an absolute betrayal to King and country.


Beams > Theory for the Beam User Interface > Strain-Displacement/Rotation Relation
Strain-Displacement/Rotation Relation
The axial strain depends on the rotation derivative and axial displacement derivative defined by the shape function and the transversal coordinate in the beam. For the 3D case it becomes
The coordinates from the beam center line in the local transversal directions are denoted zl and yl respectively. In the 2D case, the second term is omitted, and the local z direction is always directed out of the plane.
The total strain ε consists of thermal (εth), initial (εi), and elastic strains(εel)


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GIVE THE GIFT OF HONEYBEES
Farmers that keep bees are able to harvest honey during the non-growing season to earn extra income, producing 60 pounds or more of honey each year. Honeybees are essential to healthy crops, and their rapid decline threatens global food security.
Are you giving in honor of someone?
When you donate a gift in honor of someone, we'll help you create a free honor card after your donation is complete. It's a great way to let your family and friends know about the impact of the gift you made in their name.


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If you would like to be considered for a position, please send us your resume, college transcripts, and salary history, together with a cover letter indicating why you are interested in joining Seton Home Study School, to the following address:
Seton Home Study School
Attn: Human Resources
1350 Progress Drive
Front Royal, VA 22630
Graphic Design & Layout Specialist
We are looking for a graphic designer to work on Seton's multimedia development team, specializing in print design and publishing. Seton's multimedia development team is responsible for the graphical design and layout of Seton's Pre-K to Grade 12 curriculum, in both print and online forms.
Graphic design and layout specialists in our development team collaboratively develop new layouts and improve existing layouts for our PreK-12 Catholic Homeschool Curriculum. Our designers work closely with curriculum developers and other staff members to find new ways of designing our textbooks, course manuals, and lesson plans to better serve the needs of our students.
- Design engaging and visually-compelling textbooks, course manuals, and support materials.
- Collaborate with a team of graphic designers and instructional designers to develop a consistent and intuitive design across all curriculum
- Develop layout mockups for new products based on initial document manuscripts, and further develop these mockups into fully-realized products
- Coordinate with curriculum development team to maintain existing curriculum and improve or update layout on an as-needed basis.
- Work with Seton's print production team to create files suitable for in-house production.
- Communicate with third party vendors to create files suitable for publication at our off-site printers.
Qualifications & Required Skills
- Strong graphic design skills with a robust portfolio of design work
- Proficiency in the Adobe Creative Suite, especially InDesign, Photoshop, and Illustrator
- Firm grasp of design principles and techniques
- Strong typography skills, with a robust understanding of proper font usage and styles
- Ability to work methodically on multiple concurrent projects and meet deadlines
- Strong team spirit, and ability to work with other onsite designers to produce products with a consistent design
- Strong English skills, with the ability to make design decisions based on instructional content, making adaptations accordingly
- Excellent organizational skills and a keen attention to detail
- Willingness to learn new skills and adapt to new projects.
- Web design skills a plus
- Degree in related field a plus
This position is a full-time position at our office in Front Royal, VA.
Guidance & Records Assistant
Part-time data entry position at Seton Home Study School. Approximately 20 hours per week. Send resume with cover letter to _EMAIL_
Due to the thousands of records that pass through Seton's Department of Guidance and Records, this department requires an able and trustworthy assistant to the Registrar and Guidance Counselor in maintaining all student records for both Seton's high school and grade school.
Desired Qualifications: Associates Degree or equivalent (2 years of college)
Desired Personality Traits: Mature, self-disciplined, reliable with sensitive student information, consistent and competent, knowledge of data entry, problem solver, clear and polite communicator, specifically in writing.
The Guidance & Records assistant helps handle the routine or light types of paper work of the department to free the Registrar and Guidance Counselor for more complicated and involved tasks.
In this job, the assistant will help in doing the following:
- Physically file various student records
- Transition files from elementary to high school cabinets
- Transition files to dead files
- Independently and accurately create or alter records in the database
- Independent Study Program: accurate data entry of all grades of student work in the Seton Database per the requirements of the Independent Study Program
- Accurate transcription of all transcripts and other data into Seton database
- Notify students and families by email regarding reception and entry of Independent Study grades; maintain written correspondence with them as needed
- Transcript/Credit Management: Skill in deciphering transcripts, scanning documents, and accurately entering transcript data
- Recognize and resolve any discrepancies that have been inadvertently missed
- Ability to think independently and ask questions when needed
- Communicate discrepancies to the Registrar and or Guidance Dept


"A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots." - Marcus Garvey
Back to
my roots clothing
Back to My Roots Clothing was established in April 2013. Back to my Roots Clothing is designed for men, women and children who desire to embrace their origin, history,and culture through fashion and accessories. Not everyone feels a connection with their cultural heritage, but many people do. What is it about cultural heritage that draws these people to it? Some may think traditions are archaic and no longer relevant, and that they are unnecessary during these modern times. Perhaps for some, they aren't; but for others, exploring cultural heritage offers a robust variety of benefits.
Culture can give people a connection to certain social values, beliefs, religions and customs. It allows them to identify with others of similar mindsets and backgrounds. Cultural heritage can provide an automatic sense of unity and belonging within a group and allows us to better understand previous generations and the history of where we come from. Here at Back to My Roots, we cherish the aspect of culture that inspires: love, unity and community.
Back to My Roots Clothing
4321 SE 33rd St. suite 403
Del City OK 73115
(Del City Storage)
Tuesday-Thursday 12pm-6pm
Friday 12pm-4pm
Saturday 12pm-6pm
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The Art Deco and Streamline Moderne styles are interrelated and at first were considered one style. Modernist Art Deco is the vertical mode, and Steamline Moderne the horizontal.
Art Deco is mainly a style of decoration that employs "modernistic," stylized motifs on essentially Neoclassical buildings. The style came to the United States after the 1925 Exposition des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris, which had prohibited historical references in the designs displayed. Visiting American architects were intrigued with the idea that modernity could be achieved through decoration. The almost frivolous and joyful explosion of decoration on Art Deco buildings made it extremely popular during the Great Depression. As a vertical style, it was also particularly well suited to skyscrapers. Rockefeller Center, the Empire State Building, and the Chrysler building are all examples.
- Vertical emphasis
- Zigzag, stylized geometric, Native American, or Mayan Motifs
Information and some images from Historic Denver guide books, including "A Guide to Denver's Architectural Styles and Terms." For more information please visit our online gift shop which offers over 20 of Historic Denver, Inc.'s award-winning historic neighborhood guide books! Click here
to browse & shop for our guidebooks.


List College Majors
You may declare a List College major in either the second semester of your sophomore year or the first semester of your junior year. When you are ready to choose your major, your List College Dean's Office advisor will discuss the many majors available to you.
How to Declare a Major
1. Make an appointment with the undergraduate advisor for your chosen major.
2. Fill out the major declaration form.
3. Meet with the major advisor to discuss declaring your major and obtain his or her signature on the form.
4. Bring the signed form back to the List College Dean's Office.
Your List College Dean's Office Advisor Will
 keep your academic file.
- give final approval for your JTS course registration each semester.
- advise you on core requirements and placement.
- approve any courses you wish to take at other universities.
- assist you in keeping track of your progress toward completing your requirements for graduation.
List College Majors You Can Explore
Ancient Judaism
Hebrew Bible and Its Interpretation
Jewish Art and Visual Culture
Jewish History
Jewish Literature
Jewish Music
Jewish Thought
Jewish Gender and Women's Studies
Medieval and Early Modern Jewish Studies
Midrash and Scriptural Interpretation
Modern Jewish Studies
Talmud and Rabbinics
Creating Your Own Interdisciplinary Major
If a major is not listed above, students can create their own interdisciplinary major:
1. Meet with your List College advisor to discuss your options, explore your interests, discover how to fit them into existing majors, and determine which faculty member(s) might advise your potential interdisciplinary major.
2. Meet with the identified faculty member(s).
3. Develop a proposal for your interdisciplinary major.
4. Submit your proposal to the List College dean.


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This essay is about the single First World War casualty commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Hawaii.
Engineer Sub-Lieutenant John Gemmell is the most westerly of the First World War casualties commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in the United States. He died of pneumonia in Hawaii and is buried in O'ahu Cemetery.
John Gemmell was born on 18 February 1891 at Catrine, a mill town in Ayrshire, the son of Hugh and Hannah Gemmell. The town had grown up around the cotton mill, one of the first built in Scotland, and Hugh Gemmell worked there as a clerk. When John Gemmell left school, he became a maritime engineer, eventually serving on RMS Otranto, a liner operated by the Orient Steam Navigation Company.
Following the outbreak of war, RMS Otranto was requisitioned by the Admiralty on 4 August 1914 and Gemmell, commissioned as an Engineer Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve, was appointed one of her assistant engineers. Otranto was converted to become an armed merchant cruiser by the addition of eight 4.7-inch guns, and other modifications, and assigned to the West Indies Squadron. She was one of two British ships to survive the Battle of Coronel and spent the rest of the war primarily in the waters around South America.
Engineer Sub-Lieutenant Gemmell continued to serve in HMS Otranto until mid/late in 1917 when he returned to England. On 4 February 1918 he joined HMS Ophir.
Built in 1891, Ophir was a former ocean liner also owned by the Orient Steam Navigation Company. In 1901 RMS Ophir served as a Royal Yacht when it took the future King George V and Queen Mary (then the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York) on a tour of the British Empire. The liner was requisitioned by the Admiralty in February 1915 and in March was converted to become an armed merchant cruiser with the addition of six 6-inch guns. Her war service at sea began on 21 March 1915 and primarily comprised convoy escort duties as part of 9th Cruiser Squadron in the Central Atlantic and off the coast of West Africa. Just after John Gemmell joined her, in April 1918 she sailed from the United Kingdom to Sierra Leone and on a voyage that would take her round the world via the Cape, the Far East, into the Pacific and to South America.
On the latter stages of this journey, Engineer Sub-Lieutenant Gemmell fell ill en route to Hawaii and when HMS Ophir came alongside on 10 September 1918 he was discharged to Fort Shafter military hospital, severely ill with pneumonia. He died at 5.00am on 19 September 1918. That afternoon he was buried in O'ahu Cemetery, in the small British plot near the boundary wall at the junction of Nuuanu Avenue and Robinson Lane, which contains the graves of British soldiers and sailors who have died in and around the Hawaiian islands. The funeral party was provided by the crew of HMS Ophir. That evening HMS Ophir sailed for Paita in Peru. Later, his grave was marked by a large stone cross 'erected by his shipmates'.
Engineer Sub-Lieutenant John Gemmell is also commemorated on the Catrine and district war memorial, which stands on Chapel Brae above the River Ayr overlooking Catrine.
His medals group comprises the 1914-15 Star, British War Medal 1914-20 and Victory Medal.
Steve Curry for the photos of O'ahu Cemetery.
1. (Back) Hugh Gemmell married Hannah Currie on 20 December 1889 at Sorn in Ayrshire. Charles Currie Gemmell (29 November _PHONE_).
2. (Back) In a storm on 6 October 1918, while en route to Scotland with soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force on board, HMS Otranto collided with another troopship, HMS Kashmir. Over 500 crewmen and soldiers were taken off during a gallant rescue by the destroyer HMS Mounsey but Otranto foundered. Only 21 men managed to swim ashore—431 men were drowned.
3. (Back) Now Tripler Army Medical Center.


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Letter to the Editor
Probing the proper motion of the central compact object in Puppis-A with the Chandra high resolution camera
Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85741 Garching bei München, Germany e-mail: _EMAIL_
Accepted: 8 August 2006
By making use of the sub-arcsecond angular resolution of the High Resolution Camera (HRC-I) aboard the Chandra X-ray satellite we have examined the central compact object RX J0822-4300 in the supernova remnant Puppis-A for a possible proper motion. Using data which span an epoch of 1952 days we found the position of RX J0822-4300 different by 0.574 ± 0.184 arcsec, implying a proper motion of ± 34.46 mas/yr. For a distance of 2.2 kpc, this proper motion is equivalent to a recoil velocity of 1121.79 ± 359.60 km s-1. The position angle is found to be ±. Since both the magnitude and direction of the proper motion are in agreement with the birth place of RX J0822-4300 being near to the optical expansion center of the supernova remnant, the result presented in this letter is a promising indication of a fast moving compact object in a supernova remnant. Although the positional shift inferred from the current data is significant at a ~ level only, one or more future HRC-I observations can obtain a much larger positional separation and further constrain the measurement.
Key words: pulsars: individual: RX J0822-4300
© ESO, 2006


March 9th in baseball history: a real Cleveland Indian
The "Indian" who played for Cleveland
Louis SockalexisCLEVELAND, OHIO | MARCH 9, 1897 - A member of the Penobscot Indian tribe was signed by the National League Cleveland Spiders on this date in 1897, and some later claimed that's where Cleveland's American League franchise got its name.
Louis Sockalexis showed superb athletic ability and ferocious power playing baseball as a kid on the Penobscot reservation in Maine. Stories, some of them apocryphal, had him throwing a ball 600 feet over the Penobscot River and hitting a baseball just as far.
He went on to play ball at Holy Cross College in Worcester, Massachusetts before transfering to the University of Notre Dame in 1897.
Sockalexis didn't stay long at Notre Dame. He was signed by the Cleveland Spiders in August of His career didn't last long, before the turn the century he was no longer a major league baseball player. Heavy drinking reportedly took its toll. Sockalexis died in 1913 at age 42.
A year after Sockalexis died Cleveland's American League team was in need of a new name. They had been called the Naps, after star player Nap Lajoie, but he was traded in 1914. The name "Indians" was chosen. As time went by the story that the team was named in honor of a real Indian, Louis Sockalexis, was allowed to surface.
Ithaca College Professor Ellen Staurowsky, among others, looked into the issue and wrote in the Sociology of Sport Journal, in 1998 that the name "Indians" was more likely chosen for exploitative purposes. The real story of why "Indians" was chosen was that it was a take off on the Boston Braves which were a baseball sensation that year for going from last place on July 4th to winning the World Series.
Contributing sources:
"An Act of Honor or Exploitation?: The Cleveland Indians' Use of the Louis Francis Sockalexis Story," by Ellen Staurowsky, Sociology of Sport Journal, 1998
The American Indian Quarterly
Baseball Reliquary
[Photo source: State of Maine]
This baseball history story about Louis Sockalexis is brought to you by today in baseball.


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» in Treated Wastewater
Reports & Consumer Guides
Down the Drain: » in Treated Wastewater
Even after sophisticated treatment, trace levels of hormone-disrupting chemicals remain in treated wastewater entering San Francisco Bay. Fish and other aquatic species exposed to these chemicals may develop reproductive and other health problems due to disruption of their hormone systems. Reducing the pollutants at the source is the most effective way to reduce the amount of pollution entering San Francisco Bay.
-We tested 3 samples of treated wastewater.
-We detected 4 of 5 phthalates.
-We detected bisphenol A.
-We detected triclosan.
Hormone-disrupting contaminants were detected in Treated Wastewater
(Water released into San Francisco Bay, parts per billion)
|Sample 1||Sample 2||Sample 3|
Phthalates in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment show that phthalates may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (Alatriste-Mondragon 2003; Fauser 2003; Marttinen 2003), contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, rivers, and oceans. We detected 4 of 5 phthalates in treated wastewater samples. Studies show phthalates are common contaminants of people as well as streams and rivers (Kolpin 2002; CDC 2005; Wolff 2007). Phthalates have even been detected in San Francisco Bay (Oros 2002).
Reducing use of products containing phthalates will help to reduce phthalates in wastewater:
- Use nail polish and other beauty products that do not contain "dibutyl phthalate" – read the ingredient label.
- Use personal care products, detergents, pet care products, cleansers, and other products that do not contain phthalates or "fragrance" in the ingredient list – "fragrance" commonly includes the phthalate DEP.
- Avoid cooking or microwaving in plastic.
- Avoid products made of flexible PVC or vinyl plastic. A few examples of these products include vinyl shower curtains and toys for kids or pets made of PVC.
- Reformulate manufactured products to eliminate use of phthalates.
- Health care workers and patients can urge their medical facilities to reduce or eliminate use of products containing phthalates.
Bisphenol A in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment methods show that bisphenol A (BPA) may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (e.g. Fromme 2002), thus contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, lakes, and oceans. We detected bisphenol A in 2 of 3 treated wastewater samples. Studies show BPA is commonly detected in people, and in streams and rivers (Kolpin 2002; Calafat 2005; Wolff 2007).
Reducing use of products containing bisphenol A will help to reduce bisphenol A in wastewater:
- Avoid eating or drinking from polycarbonate plastics. Alternatives include bottles and other materials made from glass, stainless steel, or polypropylene bottles labeled plastic number 5 on the bottom (translucent, not transparent).
- Cut down on canned foods.
- Reformulate manufactured products to eliminate use of bisphenol A.
Triclosan in treated wastewater
Studies of wastewater treatment methods show that triclosan may pass through treatment facilities without degrading (e.g. Samsoe-Petersen 2003), thus contaminating treated wastewater released into surrounding streams, lakes, and oceans. We detected triclosan in 2 of 3 treated wastewater samples. Research has revealed that triclosan is a common contaminant of people as well as streams and rivers (Adolfsson-Erici 2002; Kolpin 2002; TNO 2005; Wolff 2007).
Triclosan can also form a variety of harmful byproducts, including a form of dioxin (Lores 2005), chloroform (Fiss 2007), and methyl triclosan (Adolfsson-Erici 2002, Lindstrom 2002; Balmer 2004), under conditions typically found in wastewater treatment facilities. Dioxins and chloroform are linked to cancer in people (Lores 2005; Fiss 2007), while methyl triclosan is thought to bioaccumulate, or concentrate, in the fatty tissues of wildlife and people (Adolfsson-Erici 2002, Lindstrom 2002; Balmer 2004).
Reducing use of products containing triclosan will help to reduce triclosan in wastewater:
- Avoid unnecessary use of "antibacterial" products (read the list of ingredients). The American Medical Association recommends against using products with antibacterial ingredients in the home (Tan 2002). Studies indicate that households that use antibacterial products are no healthier than those that use soap and water and other typical cleansing products (Larson 2003; FDA 2005).
- If you use an antimicrobial skin disinfectant, use an alcohol hand rub instead of a product containing triclosan.
- Medical and veterinary facilities can switch to alternatives to triclosan-based disinfection products.


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If you have a garden or a farm, you probably know how harmful or useful insects can be for your outdoor space.
And a Mayo family explained why the Gastrophysa viridula, better known as the green dock beetle, could be your best friend against overgrowing weeds.
As RSVP Live reported, beetles can help prey on pests like caterpillars that consume flowers and vegetables, but they also aid decomposition turnover.
The Ward family, in Co Mayo, provide farmers and gardeners with dock beetles and explained why these animals are a key part in keeping a beautiful farm or garden.
"We noticed something eating docks in one of our fields, and some research showed it was dock beetles. We gradually introduced the beetles to the rest of the farm, and we no longer need to spray for docks," Siobhan Ward, an agricultural consultant, explained.
"The population of dock beetle will initially rise to decimate the dock weed naturally, then fall back as its success diminishes its natural food supply in a sustainable way on an annual basis, all for a one-off outlay which is far cheaper than administering just one application of weed killer," said Louis Ward.
"Dock beetles are native and natural predators of docks. They skeletonise dock leaves and keep them at an acceptable level in grassland. Crucially, the beetle hibernates for the winter and reappears each spring, giving very low long-term cost.
The Mayo-based company Green Submarine breeds beetles in polytunnels on an industrial scale. They are sold to farmers as a one-off cost-effective, ever-lasting alternative to chemical herbicides
The beetles are clever creatures, and once they are released into an area, they will create a colony and breed, returning each summer to keep the docks at bay.
The species lay their eggs on the underside of dock leaves to protect them from predators.
The green dock beetle's natural predators are insectivores like frogs and birds, and can encourage a diverse range of wildlife in an outdoor space.
ABP food group has began introducing the critters to their Demonstration Farm in Carlow, where they trial ways to better agricultural production.
ABP Agri sustainability manager, Stephen Connolly, said docks are a considerable problem for Irish farmers.
"We are constantly looking for green sustainable solutions to farming problems, and we think we have found a potential solution to the problem of dock weeds in Louis and Siobhan's dock beetles," he said.
"The beetles are a key part of incorporating regenerative agricultural practices on the ABP demo farm, providing a natural, simple, sustainable, nature-based solution to dock weeds, eliminating the headaches while at the same time potentially improving biodiversity on-farm through reduced herbicides applications," he added.
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(SOURCE: University of California, San Diego, news release, Oct. 15, 2012)
TUESDAY, Oct. 23 (HealthDay News) -- Powerful people try not to mimic the facial expressions of other powerful people, according to a new study.
That means they would be less likely to return the smile of another high-status person. On the other hand, researchers from the University of California, San Diego, noted that powerless people mirror anyone's smile.
"Mimicry has been shown to help build relationships, and both power and status seem to affect how we unconsciously employ this strategy," graduate student Evan Carr said in a university news release. "These findings may speak to how social hierarchies often form under the radar quickly, efficiently and without awareness."
In conducting the study, researchers asked 55 people to write briefly about an event that would induce feelings of power or powerlessness. Afterwards, the participants watched happy videos as well as angry videos of powerful people (doctors, for example) or those with lower social standing (e.g., fast-food workers).
As the people watched the videos, the facial muscles they used to smile or frown were measured.
The study revealed that all of the participants tended to mimic the frowns of powerful people more often than they did for people of lower status.
The researchers also found that powerful people were more likely to smile back at a lower-status person than another powerful or high-status person. Powerless people, however, smiled more at everyone.
The study was scheduled for presentation Monday at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans.
Data and conclusions presented at meetings are typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
The U.S. National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke talks about the brain and how it works.
Copyright © 2013 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.
HealthDayNews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder.gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. For more information on health topics in the news, visit Health News on healthfinder.gov.


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Digitized documents from the Lewis Library's collections are now available through Indiana Memory!
These collections from the Byron R. Lewis Historical Library at Vincennes University highlight the importance of Vincennes, Indiana's oldest city, and the state's oldest college to early Indiana statehood. Initial collections to be digitized include early family papers reflecting the city's French heritage, documents reflecting the origins of higher education in Indiana, and selected early Knox County government records. This project was made possible by a grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services, administered by the Indiana State Library.
Byron R. Lewis Historical Library
The Byron R. Lewis Historical Library is located on the Vincennes campus of Vincennes University. It is a comprehensive repository of historical documents, books and letters emphasizing the history of the former Indiana Territory, an area that once comprised the present states of Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois and a part of Minnesota.
Its mission falls into two broad categories:
Regional History Collection. The RHC is a comprehensive group of letters, documents and manuscripts dating from the 18th century with an emphasis on the settlement and development of the American Midwest. The collections are of a governmental, business and private nature. There are more than 645 individual collections covering more than 90 feet of archival space. Lewis Library contains collections of photographs, books, pamphlets, newspapers, art, artifacts and other historical materials.
University Archives. The library serves as the archives for Vincennes University, founded in 1801 as one of America's oldest institutions of higher learning. Archival collections include presidential papers, records, photographs, and various university publications.
In addition, the library maintains some genealogy materials (in both published and manuscript form) with an emphasis on Knox County and Southern Indiana.
Open Monday through Friday, 1 pm to 4 pm.
For more information please call _PHONE_ or email the Lewis Library Assistant at _EMAIL_ .


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pets, but normally not the adult heartworms in the blood vessels.
Pyrantel is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic belonging to the chemical class of the tetrahydropyrimidines that was introduced in the 1960s (by PFIZER → ZOETIS). It is effective against roundworms and a few tapeworms (depending on the dose) in the gut, but not against those in other organs (e.g. the lungs, the skin, etc). It adds efficacy against important dog worms such as the roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala. It is used a lot in pets and horses but rarely in livestock. There are dozens of products for pets with generic pyrantel.
Oxantel is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic introduced in the 1970s (by PFIZER → ZOETIS) that belongs to the chemical class of the tetrahydropyrimidines. It is particularly effective against whipworms (Trichuris vulpis), but usually not sufficiently effective against other nematode species. Oxantel is scarcely used in pets, and not used at all in livestock or agriculture. Oxantel is not effective against tapeworms.
Praziquantel is a veteran isoquinoline anthelmintic introduced in the 1970s (by BAYER). It is still the most effective and most vastly used parasiticide against tapeworms, but without any efficacy against roundworms, fleas or ticks. Praziquantel adds efficacy against tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia pisiformis, etc.) but has no efficacy whatsoever against roundworms, hookworms or whipworms. It is the anthelmintic most vastly used against tapeworms in pets. There are hundreds of antiparasitic brands for pets containing praziquantel.
Pyrantel, oxantel and praziquantel have no residual effect, i.e. they act against the worms during a few hours after administration but are quickly metabolized and excreted. For this reason treatment must often be repeated for certain indications.
For an overview and a list of the most popular pet wormers click here.
This article IS NOT A PRODUCT LABEL. It offers complementary information that may be useful to veterinary professionals and users that are not familiar with veterinary antiparasitics.
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