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The third CAIDA/WIDE Workshop was held on April 22-23, 2004 (by invitation only) in Marina del Rey, CA. The Workshop covered three main areas: DNS, IPv6, and BGP, as well as miscellaneous research and technical topics of mutual interest for CAIDA and WIDE participants.
Place: Information Sciences Institute, Marina del Rey, CA
CAIDA/WIDE CollaborationThe objectives of informal joint CAIDA/WIDE workshops are:
- to discuss Internet measurement analysis activities going on in each organization;
- to explore opportunities for joint collaboration on projects;
- to continue data exchange.
April 22 (Thursday)
Review of 2003 activities
Jun Murai (WIDE),
- Internet traffic developments in Japan: rapid increase of stream-based traffic
- domestic 10GE network: triangle JAIST - OsakaTokyo. How to deal with lambda-networks from user's point of view? How to measure these networks if there is still no traffic?
bill: are there tools to measure trafic at multiple Gb rates?Kenjiro Cho (WIDE), WIDE measurement activities
kc: what's the goal for making such tools? what are the questions to answer?
nevil: hardware exists
kc: does it work?
bill: real time control of applications' performance is necessary. We need measurements to enable it.
- DNS, IPv6 topology, BGP simulation, netflow/sflow - subjects of this workshop
- 10G (lambda-networks vs. layer3), StarBED, distributed IX, satellite, AI3, UniDirectionalLinkRouting, mobile, InternetCar, Auto-ID - other topics
kc claffy (CAIDA), CAIDA report
- results in six main areas identified in CAIDA Progam Plan 2003-2005:
- macroscopic topology (most comprehensive in the world macroscopic topology data) & routing (new theoretical approaches to compact routing schemes)
- workload characterization (2005 goal: 24 hr packet trace from the core)
- DNS: this workshop (OARC proposal was submitted to NSF)
- performance (BWEST, intermediate RTT from skitter/scamper)
- IMDC - Trends (more important now than the amount of money NSF gave to it)
- security (automatic detection/protection is the main task)
- Jun Murai (WIDE), WIDE report
11:30-17:30 DNS measurements and modeling
Yuji Sekiya (WIDE),
Comparison of active and passive measurement results
- active measurements with dnsprobe (RTTs to root & ccTLD servers) vs. passive measurements with NeTraMet (2 locations since Oct03, at Keio & Tokyo Universities)
- consistent active&passive results at U. Tokyo, strange M-root RTTs at Keio (different active&passive results!)
- future plans: re-organize measurements, detect anycast servers, publish NeTraMet results
Nevil Brownlee (CAIDA),
Measurements and laboratory simulations of the upper DNS hierarchy
- PAM 2004 presentation
DNS projects at the U. of Auckland
- new statistical plots to visualize root servers' performance: X - time of day, Y - RTT distribution to a given root, color = # of queries
Duane Wessels (CAIDA), Data collection and
analysis for DNS-OARC
- components: passive collector, data files in XML, centralized system for archiving/analysis/display
- collected: IP protocol types, response codes, query types, etc.
- examples of graphs: no ICMP attacks on roots (entirely UDP traffic), mysterious spikes in rates of queries for root-server addresses, analysis by query types and clients' subnets
- software is run on two primary instances of F-root. It keeps a week of data & monthly summaries
k: CAIDA is commissioned by RSSAC to collect data on effects of anycast & dnssec on the global Internet stability
Akira Kato (WIDE), Measurements at M-root server
- M-root gets MOST of its queries from US (a factor of 5 more than from Japan!)
- other large contributors: Japan, Korea, China
bill: lots of people want to collect data from roots. what's the best way? (not everybody likes OARC)
Bradley Huffaker (CAIDA), Sources of
strange queries at F-root
- queries come sometimes from Europe and sometimes from the US, there is no clear pattern
- a small # of prefixes queried both instances of F-root. In principle, this should not happen
Matthew Luckie (WAND), IPv6 DNS
- easy to introduce errors into IPv6 DNS config files/records (typos)
- got 410 zones, 3% (12) had errors: not as many as expected, but rudimentary checks would help even more (i.e. Best Practices for IPv6 DNS config)
Francisco J. Martin (Oregon State University),
Toward rapid diagnosis and repair of DNS problems
- cognitive networking: selfconfiguring, diagnosing and tuning
- approach: build a model, identify 'normal' & 'abnormal' behavior, shift diagnostic discovery from endpoints (human users) to the network itself
- funded by DARPA, looking for more funding
Genevieve Bartlett (ISI),
Deploying DNSSEC at a root server
* This talk was given on Friday, April 23.
- monitoring traffic at B-root
- preliminary analysis & statistics
General discussion: future directions of DNS research and collaboration
Bill Manning (ISI)
- IPv6 queries at root servers: about 20 per 10 minutes
"Bottom-up" DNS measurements
- is it feasible to study the behavior of "stub" resolvers?
- get the following data: version id of resolver, # of replies, timestamps, initial & subsequent queries, reply data
- need a tiny system that would fit into an embedded device/silicon
- Yuji Sekiya (WIDE), Comparison of active and passive measurement results
Matthew Luckie (WAND),
Active measurements of IPv6 topology: scamper project
- scamper PMTU: discover MTUs along the Path
- scamper analysis shows examples of suboptimal routing (US-US goes through Europe, Japan)
- discover alternative path and examine delays along each path
bill: what are possible path metrics? RTT is one, largest MTU may be another.
Kenjiro Cho (WIDE), Dual-stack world: a
view from.jp
- iWhy is the IPv6 performance often much worse than IPv4 one?
- pinged dual v4-v6 sites: 10% unreachable, ~60% reachable for both, 20% unreachable for IPv6, 10% unreachable for IPv4
- compared rtts: most sites - not bad, but there is a number of BAD sites
- next step: make measurements from Europre & US, improve visualization
kc: isn't it true that tunnels make routing bad?
bill: is info about tunnels in RTTs? but: in long or short ones?
General discussion: future directions of IPv6 research and collaboration
Kenjiro Cho (WIDE)
- IPv6 measurement metrics at IAJapan
k claffy (CAIDA)
- problem - we can't measure tunnels (layer 2)
- what should be the outcome of IPv6 research? a web page monitoring & comparing IPv6-IPv4 performance?
- should we encourage users to switch from tunnels to native?
Jun Murai (WIDE)
- measurement/analysis should be aimed to help improve the future design
- ping root & TLD servers from a number of locations, compare IPv6-IPv4 performance
- Matthew Luckie (WAND), Active measurements of IPv6 topology: scamper project
Bartek Wydrowski (Caltech),
FAST TCP - Internet Congestion Control
* This talk was given on Thursday, April 22.
- tested to some extent (dummynet, PlanetLab, Internet2 backbone, ns-2), future - WAN in the lab
- algorithm yields steady throughput
- TCP benchmark - need for an independent verification, reproducibility, fair comparison. Who can do it?
Seiichi Yamamoto, Traffic monitoring
- The goal is to establish practical traffic monitoring & to deal with high-speed networks
- sflow simplifies the measurements by using packet sampling. ALthough it does not provide complete information, it reveals the trend (cf. RFC 3176)
- next steps: verify meauserement stability, find effective points for monitoring
david: we at UCSD developed an adaptive packet sampling technique
Colleen Shannon, Security data
collection at CAIDA
- trace collection involves:
- maintaining remote monitors
- transfering data to SDSC (huge files over slow links)
- sanitizing data (tradeoff between payload & IP anonymizing)
- providing access to external users
bill: how to distinguish between harmful worms & possible beneficial self-propagating code (i.e. patches & updates)?
- Bartek Wydrowski (Caltech), FAST TCP - Internet Congestion Control *
BGP and Routing
Kengo Nagahashi, BGP simulation
environment on Starbed
- STARBED is a large-scale PC cluster
scales: basic (14 hosts), middle (~100), large (~1000)
- comparison of convergence time for random topology & hierarchical topology (longer for random topology)
Dima Krioukov, Compact
- new theoretical approaches to Internet routing
Kenjiro Cho, Server
placement/selection for scale-free networks
- simulations to estimate the efficiency of different server selection algorithms on scale-free graphs
-


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QUANTIFYING COLLAGEN FIBER ORIENTATION IN BREAST CANCER USING QUANTITATIVE PHASE IMAGING
Tumor progression in breast cancer is significantly influenced by its interaction with the surrounding stromal tissue. Specifically, the composition, orientation, and alignment of collagen fibers in tumor-adjacent stroma affect tumor growth and metastasis. Most of the work done on measuring this prognostic marker has involved imaging of collagen fibers using second-harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM), which provides label-free specificity. Here, we show that spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM), a label-free quantitative phase imaging technique, is able to provide information on collagen-fiber orientation that is comparable to that provided by SHGM. Due to its wide-field geometry, the throughput of the SLIM system is much higher than that of SHGM and, because of the linear imaging, the equipment is simpler and significantly less expensive. Our results indicate that SLIM images can be used to extract important prognostic information from collagen fibers in breast tissue, potentially providing a convenient high throughput clinical tool for assessing patient prognosis.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Cube Root of 185
In math, the cube root of a number like 185 is a number that, when multiplied by itself two times, is equal to 185.
We would show this in mathematical form with the cube root symbol, which is similar to the radical symbol (√) used in a square root, but which also has the number 3 above the symbol (this number is called the index):
∛185
So, the √ is called the radical symbol, the little 3 above it is the index (which means multiply by itself two more times), and the number, 185, is called the radicand.
To explain the cube root a little more, the cube root of the number 185 is a number (which we call n) that when multiplied by itself twice is equal to 185:
n × n × n = 185
∛185 is the same as 185 and so if you are solving a problem in a spreadsheet like Excel, Numbers, or Google Sheets, you can use =185^(1/3) to calculate the cube root.
For the purposes of this article, we'll use a scientific calculator to work out the cubic root by typing the number 185 and pressing the [∛x] button, to give the following answer:
∛185 ≈ 5.6980192153051
Is 185 a Perfect Cube?
When the cube root of a given number is a whole number, this is called a perfect cube. Perfect cubes are important for many mathematical functions and are used in everything from carpentry through to more advanced topics like physics and astronomy.
If we look at the number 185, we know that the cube root is 5.6980192153051, and since this is not a whole number, we also know that 185 is not a perfect cube.
If you want to learn more about perfect cube numbers we have a list of perfect cubes which covers the first 500 perfect cube numbers.
Is the Cube Root of 185 a Rational or Irrational Number?
Another common question you might find when working with the roots of a number like 185 is whether the given number is rational or irrational. Rational numbers can be written as a fraction and irrational numbers can't.
The quickest way to check if a number is rational or irrational is to determine if it is a perfect cube. If it is, then it's a rational number, but if it is not a perfect cube then it is an irrational number.
We already know that 185 is not a rational number then, because we know it is not a perfect cube.
Rounding the Cube Root of 185
Sometimes when you work with the cube root of 185 you might need to round the answer down to a specific number of decimal places:
10th: ∛185 = 5.7
100th: ∛185 = 5.70
1000th: ∛185 = 5.698
Simplifying the Cube Root of 185
It is possible to simplify the cube root of 185 if the radicand can be made smaller. When that is possible, it is called the cube root of 185 in its simplest radical form.
In this example, the cube root of 185 cannot be simplified down any further.
Practice Cube Roots Using Examples
If you want to continue learning about cubic roots, take a look at the random calculations in the sidebar to the right of this blog post.
We have listed a selection of completely random numbers that you can click through and follow the information on calculating the cubic root of that number to help you understand number roots.
Calculate Cube Square Root Problem
Enter your number in box A below and click "Calculate" to work out the cube root of the given number.
Link to Us / Reference this Page
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text:
To refer to this page use:
|Abstract:||The stability of a thin conductive liquid film flowing along a solid wall is an important problem that occurs in many proposed fusion device designs. In this paper we investigate the linear stability of an electrically conductive liquid film of finite thickness in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Inviscid flows of finite and infinite electric conductivity are considered. The magnetic field is found to decrease the unstable growth rate for both finite and infinite conductivity fluids but only narrows the unstable modes for infinite conductivity fluids. Our theory serves as an extension to the classical theory by Chandrasekhar (1961) by considering the finite-thickness and finite-conductivity effects.|
|Citation:||Yang, F, Khodak, A, Stone, HA. (2019). The effects of a horizontal magnetic field on the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Nuclear Materials and Energy, 18 (175 - 181. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2018.12.023|
|Pages:||175 - 181|
|Type of Material:||Journal Article|
|Journal/Proceeding Title:||Nuclear Materials and Energy|
|Version:||Final published version. This is an open access article.|
Items in OAR@Princeton are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


@incollection{Lillis2018, title = {Expediting {{MRSH-v2 Approximate Matching}} with {{Hierarchical Bloom Filter Trees}}}, booktitle = {Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime. {{ICDF2C}} 2017}, author = {Lillis, David and Breitinger, Frank and Scanlon, Mark}, editor = {Matou{\v s}ek, Petr and Schmiedecker, Martin}, year = {2018}, series = {Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering}, volume = {216}, pages = {144--157}, publisher = {{Springer}}, address = {{Cham}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-73697-6_11}, abstract = {Perhaps the most common task encountered by digital forensic investigators consists of searching through a seized device for pertinent data. Frequently, an investigator will be in possession of a collection of ''known-illegal'' files (e.g. a collection of child pornographic images) and will seek to find whether copies of these are stored on the seized drive. Traditional hash matching techniques can efficiently find files that precisely match. However, these will fail in the case of merged files, embedded files, partial files, or if a file has been changed in any way. In recent years, approximate matching algorithms have shown significant promise in the detection of files that have a high bytewise similarity. This paper focuses on MRSH-v2. A number of experiments were conducted using Hierarchical Bloom Filter Trees to dramatically reduce the quantity of pairwise comparisons that must be made between known-illegal files and files on the seized disk. The experiments demonstrate substantial speed gains over the original MRSH-v2, while maintaining effectiveness.}, isbn = {978-3-319-73697-6}, }


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May 15, 2012
How will changes in the structure of employment and pay affect income inequality and poverty levels by 2020?
Projections suggest long-term labour market trends are set to continue. Examining the impact of these changes on income inequality and poverty levels, this study:
Forecasts a rise in income inequality and poverty levels.
Cites expected cuts in benefits and tax credits as a major cause of these rises.
Suggests the impact on the overall level of relative poverty and inequality forecast for 2020/21 made by changes imposed on employment and pay structures will be small.
Conducted at a time when the role of skills development in a reformed welfare-to-work policy environment is high on the policy agenda, and when job prospects for less qualified workers look likely to remain poor, this research is a timely contribution to a growing debate.


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It is important to carefully monitor and control the manufacturing variables of refractories to ensure that products of uniform and consistent quality are produced and shipped. I would like to remind refractory manufacturers and users about sonic testing, a quick and simple quality assurance method that has been available for decades. I learned about sonic testing in the '70s and have used it since then for a wide variety of refractory evaluation purposes.1, 2, 3
Sonic testing provides a fast, easy method of quantitatively documenting several common sense principles. Sound waves travel faster through a refractory structure that is denser and stronger, i.e., the sonic velocity (m/sec or ft/sec) is greater in a denser/stronger brick. The presence of pores, voids, cracks, laminations and non-refractory inclusions (such as bolts, wood, cigarettes, rubber, etc.) directly affect the propagation of sound and can be detected.
Additionally, if a refractory has uniform as-manufactured properties, the sonic velocity should be consistent/equivalent at any place and in any direction (e.g., through the thickness). If there is a significant difference in the sonic readings in different locations/regions, it is likely that there are internal defects and/or property differences, indicating that the quality is less than optimum.
Earlier this year, a company was experiencing inconsistent performance of its 12-in.-long SiC nozzles, which are a critical component in the company's control of molten metal flow. The nozzle manufacturer told the company that the nozzles, which are made by hand ramming, were uniform and consistent as-manufactured. But, without the need for destructive testing of these expensive pieces, manual sonic testing confirmed that was not the case. Specifically, the sonic results showed that five of the nozzles were probably acceptable (>27,000-24,300 ft/sec), while four were outside that range (down to 22,500 ft/sec).
Another recent case involved a company that experienced a significant reduction in the life of direct-bonded MgO-Cr2O3 bricks in its metal-melting operations. Various possibilities for the reduced refractory life were considered, including non-destructive sonic testing of bricks from several manufacturers. Manual sonic testing indicated that some bricks were unacceptable, with internal cracks and/or intra-brick property variations (e.g., the end of a brick, which is the hot, working face in service, is more porous and has lower strength than the middle of the brick). Sonic testing, along with confirming physical tests, revealed that brick quality was one possible factor in the lining life reduction. Better monitoring and control of the refractories has been implemented to improve the situation.
Despite the many applications and proven benefits of sonic testing of refractories, it has not been widely used. Several drawbacks have been cited, including the fact that the results are operator-sensitive. Manual sonic testing is directly affected by the contact pressure that a person applies with the two (input and receiving) transducers. However, operators with proper training and experience can obtain meaningful results. Additionally, sonic testing can be fully automated to eliminate the human factor. Automated sonic testing has been used for years to document refractory quality, e.g., 100% testing of critical components, such as slide gates for flow control of molten steel.
Some people say that the method is too slow and messy, because a coupling medium (grease, Vaseline, etc.) is needed between the test piece and the transducers. This argument is invalid, however, because the coupling requirement can be accomplished using a thin layer of dry, compressible material such as a denture adhesive on the transducers.
In addition to the sonic equipment that has been available for several decades, ongoing R&D has further enhanced the equipment and procedure.4,5 But a major need that remains is the ability to use sonic testing to non-destructively confirm the quality and properties of monolithic (cast/gunned) refractories in-situ, as-installed, and after curing and heat treatment.
1. C.E. Semler and F. Aly, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc.
, 64 (12) _PHONE_, 1985.
2. C.E. Semler, Proceedings, Intl. Symp. Refr., Hangzhou, China, 1988.
3. C.E. Semler, Proceedings, UNITECR '95, Kyoto, Japan, 1995.
4. T.J. Carneim, et al, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc., 78 (4) 88-94, 1999.
5. H. Kautz, NASA-Glenn Res. Ctr., Photonic Tech Briefs, July 2000, p. 18a.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Documentation Center
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Define and Use Structure Parameters
Defining Structure Parameters
To define structure parameters in MATLAB Function blocks, follow these steps:
 1. Define and initialize a structure variable
 A common method is to create a structure in the base workspace. For other methods, see Structure Parameters.
 2. In the Ports and Data Manager, add data in the MATLAB Function block with the following properties:
 PropertyWhat to Specify
 NameEnter same name as the structure variable you defined in the base workspace
 ScopeSelect Parameter
 TunableLeave checked if you want to change (tune) the value of the parameter during simulation; otherwise, clear to make the parameter non-tunable and preserve the initial value during simulation
 TypeSelect Inherit: Same as Simulink
 3. Click Apply.
FIMATH Properties of Non-Tunable Structure Parameters
FIMATH properties for non-tunable structure parameters containing fixed-point values are based on the initial values of the structure. They do not come from the FIMATH properties specified for fixed-point input signals to the parent MATLAB Function block. (These FIMATH properties appear in the properties dialog box for MATLAB Function blocks.)
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text:
John Coltrane was one of the most gifted musicians of all time. Coltrane developed a sound and a method of playing that is emulated by almost every jazz musician today. When I was in Grad School, one of the concepts we covered in improv class was Coltrane's Three Tonic System. The most famous example of this is his composition "Giant Steps."
For many jazz musicians, Giant Steps represents an ultimate goal. If you can play over this tune at a fast tempo, then you are a "jazz musician."
This is merely an exercise in becoming more flexible on your instrument. That is exactly why Coltrane composed this tune and once he got it under his fingers, he moved on.
Here I want to show you how to break down this tune and make it into easy, understandable pieces. The first part of the lesson will focus on how to reharmonize a ii-V-I progression using a three tonic system.
Here are the basic changes of the tune.
As you can see, there are only two tricky parts to this tune. Measures 1 through 3 and measures 5 through 7. The rest of the tune consists of basic ii-V-I progressions. Nothing too crazy.
The progression Coltrane used in Giant Steps is based on a three tonic system. Since we are in the key of C for this example, the key enters for this progression will be C, E and A flat.
So now that you understand how to reharmonize a basic ii-V-I using Coltrane's Giant Steps progression, start to work on voicings that will allow you to move through this progression at a reasonable tempo.
In the next lesson we will start to learn how to solo using some digital patterns.


From what I understand almost all hash power on the network is used to secure the blockchain, but the processing power of the EVM remains constant even as the hash power of the network increases, and this is by design.
Why is this the case? Wouldn't it benefit everyone if the EVM could scale its power up as more powerful nodes enter the network?
To be clear I fully understand that the blockchain would grow a lot faster if these limits were not in place. Is that the only reason for those limits though?
Are there any plans for this to happen say, after Serenity and the introduction of Casper and PoS? It would seem to make sense to do that at that point since less processing power would be required to secure the blockchain, and nodes with lots of power could contribute that instead towards executing contracts. Is that a part of the plan?
The "processing power" of the EVM is unrelated to mining hashrate. Power is not an accurate phrase for the EVM, because what limits computation on the EVM is cost: gas used multiplied by gas price. The Ethereum protocol does not provide limits on what the gas price and block gas limit can trend to. Heavy computations are possible on the EVM, but they consume plenty of gas, and leads to inexorbitant costs.
Lower gas prices and block gas limits that trend higher, are what allow for more computation to be performed on the EVM. The trend for both is relatively flat, because every full node has to perform every computation currently. As an open platform, where the reliability of the network depends on the number of nodes, it is desirable where anyone can set up a node and participate. Too many computations on the EVM would translate to long delays before a node is synchronized with the blockchain, higher CPU costs, and likely higher storage costs -- these would all decrease the number of full nodes participating.
As scalability improvements (such as sharding) and solutions are implemented and refined, it will help the situation where more computation can be performed on the EVM in aggregate, without significant burdens on nodes and compromising security. Block gas limits and gas prices may trend to allow contracts to perform more computations at lower costs. Improving scalability is an integral part of not just a plan, but ongoing Serenity work, as is Proof-of-Stake with Casper.
EDIT: "Processing power" of EVM increases with the imminent release of Homestead:
Block gas limit increased from _PHONE_ to _PHONE_ (~50% increase)
Default gas price reduced from 50 shannon to 20 shannon (~60% reduction)
Your Answer


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The minimum transverse aberration will result for that plate profile in Fig. 3.28 giving the same numerical value of the slope at the edge of the pupil with ppi = ± 1 as for the minimum given by (3.246). This is the case for kpi = 1.5, as is easily confirmed as follows.
Inserting kpi = 1.5 in (3.246) gives (ppi)min = ± 0.5. The slope function at the point (ppi)min = +0.5 is then
At the point ppi = +1, the slope is +1. This shows that the form given in Fig. 3.28 with kpi = 1.5 is the most favourable for the focus balance of sphe-rochromatism if this is measured as the transverse (or angular) aberration. The effect of this optimum focus term can be understood in the following way. The central wavelength A0 is corrected for a certain axial focus position. For any other wavelength A1, the focus shift is such that the disk of least confusion of its spherical aberration arising from the spherochromatism is at the same focus position. This brings the same factor-of-4 advantage compared with a pure y4-plate with kpi = 0 that we had in Eqs. (3.186) and (3.190).
The diameter 5r/BF of the transverse aberration at this optimum focus can be derived from
VA dppi the factor 2 in this equation arising from the fact that the maximum slope of the wavefront slope function is present at ppi = ± 0.5 and ± 1.0 with opposite signs. From (3.245) this gives
Since, with the optimum focus kpi = 1.5, the maximum slope is also at the edge of the pupil (plate), we can put ppi = 1 in (3.248), giving
for the diameter of the transverse aberration.
This important result can be confirmed from the general formula (3.189) for the transverse diameter of the disk of least confusion
5rBf = f1 (SW'i*)gf , where GF refers to the Gaussian focus and BF to the best focus. At the Gaussian focus kpi = 0, giving with y1 = D/2 from (3.243) and (3.244)
since ppi = 1 for the edge of the pupil, thus confirming (3.249).
In the usual measure of angular diameter, the diameter of the spherochro-matic aberration is
In using this formula, it should be remembered that va is only the classical Abbe number if the same dispersion range is used. The general form is given from (3.244) as
in which n0 refers to the correction wavelength A0 in laying down the plate profile and n1 to any given subsidiary wavelength A1 for which the spherochro-matism is to be calculated. Bahner [3.5] gives the example of a Schmidt plate made of the Schott glass UBK7, for which the value of va in (3.251) is 100 between A0 = 430 nm and A1 = 386 nm in the blue or 490 nm in the red. With a typical value of N = 3, Eq. (3.251) gives an aberration diameter (100% geometrical energy) of 0.60 arcsec. Bearing in mind that the spectral bandwidth of 104 nm is not very large, it is clear that spherochromatism is by far the most significant residual error in the normal Schmidt telescope with a singlet corrector plate.
The largest Schmidt telescopes have apertures of 1 m or more. The two largest are at Palomar Observatory with dimensions for plate diameter (aper-ture)/mirror diameter/focal length of 1.22/1.83/3.07 m and a maximum field of 6.5° x 6.5° [3.33], and the Universal Telescope of the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory at Tautenburg in Germany with 1.34/2.00/4.00 m and a maximum field of 3.4° x 3.4° [3.34]. This latter instrument can also be used as a quasi-Cassegrain.
It is instructive to see the extent of the aspheric deformation required for a Schmidt plate of large size. If the values kpi = 1.5, N = 3, n' = 1.5 and D = 1000 mm are inserted in Eq. (3.242) defining the plate profile, the maximum departure from the plane-parallel plate occurs at the "neutral zone" where the plate thickness is a minimum. This radius is given from Eq. (3.245) for the slope function by
4pfi - 2kpiPpi = 0 , with kpi = 1.5. This gives the neutral zone at ppi = 0.866. Inserting this value into (3.242), with the other parameters defined as above, gives the maximum asphericity of the plate as only (dpi) - (dpi)0 = 0.081 mm.
18.104.22.168 Aberrations and compensation possibilities of a plane-parallel plate (normally filter) in the convergent beam. Plane-parallel glass plates in the form of colour filters are an essential adjunct of astronomical observations. Such a plate in the incident (parallel) beam has no effect, as mentioned above in connection with the finite thickness of Schmidt corrector plates. However, a plane-parallel plate placed in a converging (or diverging) beam has important aberration effects, all of which depend linearly on its thickness d. These are illustrated here with reference to the Schmidt telescope but are quite general for any telescope system. Since the commonest use is for filters, we will characterize the aberrations of such a plate by the suffix Fi.
A plate of thickness d and refractive index n' produces a focus shift
It also produces the following third order aberrations [3.3] [3.6]:
Apart from the specific form of (Si)Fi, the influence on (Sii)Fi ... (Sv)f% is determined by the same factor (A/A) which we encountered in (3.20) and in the general third order theory of telescopes: for a plate in a centered system, i pr upr and i'
&', where u' is the semi-angle of the exit beam. In most practical cases with small angular fields, the factor (upr/u') ^ 1 so that the effect on the spherical aberration is dominant. The sign of (Si)fi implies overcorrection i.e. the marginal ray focuses too long compared with the paraxial ray. The wavefront aberration is, from (3.21):
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Do black bears in north east pennsylvania eat meat or vegetables?
The black bear in the United States in an omnivore, which means it eats both meat and plants. However, 80-90% of the its Spring diet is herbs and grasses. In the Summer and Autumn the bear will eat ripe berries, nuts, and acorns. When they do eat meat it is usually deer and smaller animals who did not survive the winter. In the northeast the black bear will prey on yearlings or sick deer as well as insects.
Tags: black bearvegetablesmeat
Wednesday, February 01 2012


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This Marble Maze tutorial shows how to use image processing and custom path planning to solve the maze by rolling a white marble from any starting point to a defined end point within the maze.
In this tutorial we use the setup from a partner site Tele Toyland called the Marble Maze. The goal of the Marble Maze is to command the platform from over the web to pan or tilt in order to solve the maze by moving the white marble from the start point in the maze to the end point. The trick with this installation is that you need to take into account that the ball will not stop unless there is a Lego brick in its path and that the ball does not always roll in a straight line nor stop exactly where desired. Thus while the maze does not appear to have many "walls" in the maze it is nevertheless a maze and requires some strategic thought to solve.
The task of this tutorial was to take the manual web interface and create a RoboRealm application that could solve the maze and move the ball from the start to the end. This required no additional hardware than is currently functioning. There is already an overhead camera and a servo board controller (in this case a Parallax USB servo controller) so the hardware build is already done.
The main task of automatically solving this maze is to process the image in order to create a idealized model of the maze and then solve the path planning issue using that model. Using the overhead camera we can acquire an image from the maze to process before each move is made. But first let's see what the maze looks like from the overhead camera's point of view.
The image above shows the view from the overhead camera looking down at the maze. The main part of the maze is the green background which is the "floor" of the maze. The gray Lego blocks outline the border of the maze. The inner blue blocks are the maze walls. The white ball can be seen in the upper left corner with the destination goal in the lower left specified by the red square.
On first view you can notice that the camera is not perfectly centered above the square maze. Our ideal model of the maze would be a perfect square. In order to align the image better we have to start the image processing part of the tutorial.
In order to square off the maze we use the Affine module and outline the gray square using the provided GUI interface of the Affine module. The interface will look as follows:
which when processing the previous maze image will align as a nice square. The resulting image is scaled to a 256x256 image (the affine module is also used to scale the image to a specified size).
Why is this needed?..
To solve the maze we will need to know 3 things:
#1 is best represented (or modeled) as a two dimensional array with each array bucket containing a number that represents if the spot in the array is open (green) or blocked (blue). This can be thought of as a bitmap image with each "pixel" representing if the spot is open or closed. Note that you cannot use the image bitmap directly as there are too many pixels that represent an "open" or "closed" spot. The current image needs to be simplified to an ideal model.
#2 and #3 would then just be two x,y coordinates within that two dimensional array.
Thus the ideal maze model is a two dimensional square array. Since the maze is created using Lego blocks there are only so many blocks that can be placed in the maze. In this case the maze can contain a maximum of 14 2x2 blocks in either the horizontal and vertical direction. The array can then be a 14x14 array which is nice and small and can be quickly processed. Therefore, the first part of transforming the image into a small 14x14 array is to align the image into a square. With this alignment the image is now a scale factor representation of the array.
In order to continue the transformation we cannot simply scale the image into a 14x14 bitmap as the resulting array would contain variations of blue, green and gray pixels. This would still be hard to process as it would require a range of pixel colors to be interpreted in order to know that a current position is free or an obstacle.
Instead, the next step in our simplification process is to filter the image for the blue blocks using the RGB Filter module. We then remove small blobs as they are mainly due to noise and are not part of the blue blocks.
As we can see this certainly helps to isolate the blue blocks. We then scale the image down using the Scale module to a 16x16 image. For viewing purposes the following is that image scaled back up to a larger size so that we can see each individual pixel.
We can see that the blocks are better defined (in terms of accuracy) but we still need a blocked/unblocked signal instead of a varying gray value. We can do this by thresholding the image. We also crop the image as the border pixels are not needed. This creates a 14x14 sized image.
With the final threshold we can see the blocks nicely defined within a grid. This image can now be accessed as a 14x14 bitmap image which will have an RGB value of blue (0,0,255) in those positions where a blue Lego block occurs otherwise each pixel will be zero (black color).
If you notice closely you will see a single blue block in the lower part of the image being represented as two blocks instead of one. This is due to a single block being offset outside of the 2x2 grid. This breaks our 2x2 alignment requirement but is included to illustrate what happens when this requirement is not met.
Now that we have the idealized grid model let's find out where the ball is!
Where's the Ball
Given our original image we now need to process the same image for the white ball. We can revert RoboRealm to the original image by using the Marker module to save the current image and revert the viewable image to the aligned source image.
We'd like to separate the white ball from the rest of the maze. The first step is to collect all the white pixels into a blob that can be processed at a higher level in order to determine which one is the white ball. We start this by using the Flood Fill module.
This helps to group pixels into like colors. Note that as the white ball is considerably higher in intensity from the rest of the image we can use a very large threshold value. While this causes the green and blue colors to merge it does keep the ball separate from the background. As we have already processed for the blue blocks we are not concerned about this green blue color merging. Now we can separate each of the blobs using the Blob Separate module so that they can be processed individually.
we can process the image for the strongest circles using the Circles module. Note that using the flood fill module to first group like pixels as apposed to just detecting edges straight from the source image as is normally used as a precursor to the Circles module helps reduce the amount of false circles detected. False circles might be detected due to lighting changes that momentarily cause a circle to be seen.
Once the circles are detected each circle is filled with the mean color of the pixels that makeup that circle using the Blob Colorize module and checked to see that this value is high (i.e. towards white). This blob removal processing is done by using the blob filter module. What we are left with is a single circle that best represents where the ball is (i.e. it is a white circle). The center of gravity of this circle is then considered to be the X and Y coordinate of the ball. Note that this coordinate is also divided by 14 in order to ensure that the values are within the range of the previously created 2x2 dimensional array that represents the maze.
Next we move to the destination square. This is easily determined by filtering the image for red once again using the RGB Filter module and then filtered for the largest red square using the Blob Filter module as seen in the image below. The resulting center of gravity coordinates of the red blob is then also scaled into the 14x14 array.
Now that we have all the information we need we have to determine how to calculate the route from where the ball is to the destination red square using a custom ball rolling path planning algorithm.
The trick to understanding how the ball moves is to assume the ball will roll in more or less a straight line and stop only when colliding with a blue block or the gray border. This action can be simulated in our model by using a search along a specific horizontal or vertical line for as long as the value of our model or array is zero.
As the ball may not stop or roll in the manner that we expect we only need to make a single move, restore the maze to horizontal and then take another picture to see what has actually happened. Despite the need for only the very next move we still need to determine the entire path from the white ball to the destination as the next move can only be calculated by knowing the entire route.
We calculate this path by starting at the balls current location and start searching in all the 4 possible directions for the next stop. As we only assume north, south, west and east ball movements we only need to check the possibility of the ball rolling in those directions. This process then repeats in each of those 4 new locations for the next 4 and so on. By checking if any of those new locations is the destination we can search the entire maze for the quickest way to get to the destination, i.e. the red square destination coordinates terminate the search.
The above image show the first four search levels. Note that at every stop point all those directions (other than the one just came from) are explored if there is no obstacle present in that spot in

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Ray Birdwhistell (1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. The term kinesics was originally coined by Birdwhistell, and he also proposed the term kineme.
Dr. Birdwhistell was born in 1918 and died October 19, 1994. He was raised and went to school in Ohio. He graduated from Fostoria High School in 1936, and was very involved by being part of the history club, debate team, journalism, and school plays. Birdwhistell attended the Miami University of Ohio, BA,(sociology) Ohio State University, MA (Anthropology) and University of Chicago, where he received his Ph.D. in Anthropology. Afterwards he taught at the University of Toronto (Ontario), University of Louisville (Kentucky), and the University at Buffalo (New York) and Temple University [Philadelphia, (ref. daughter, Jill). From 1944 to 1948 he worked with G. Gordon Brown and Edmund S. Carpenter, who were in the same department as him at the University of Toronto. For some years he was affiliated with the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute and Temple University in Philadelphia, where he worked with Gregory Bateson,PhD, Adam Kendon, Albert Scheflen, MD, and others to develop an interactive approach to the study of mental illness. From 1969 until he retired in 1988, Birdwhistell taught at The Annenberg School for Communication, at the University of Pennsylvania.
He was influenced by his mentor's views, Margaret Mead (1901–1978) an anthropologist, and the work of David Efron in the early 1940s. Birdwhistell became interested in kinesics by analyzing the way people interacted in films. He observed how people unconsciously transmitted information through facial expressions, postures, and eye movements.
Birdwhistell pointed out that "human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced". And, he "resisted the idea that "body language" could be deciphered in some absolute fashion". He also indicated that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication"
The film, TDR- 009, was a result from his productive collaboration with film maker Jacques D. van Vlack. TDR-009 is an eighty minute, 16 mm, black and white sound film of an English pub scene in a middle class London hotel. Birdwhistell and van Vlack observed behavior of listeners in relationship to speakers during the film. Birdwhistell wrote Introduction to Kinesics, Kinesics and Context, and encyclopedia entries and essays. His first book Introduction to Kinesics was published in 1952, but he is more known for his second book Kinesics and Context.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Danesi, M (2006). Kinesics. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. 207-213.
- ↑ Ottenheimer, H.J. (2007). The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology. Kansas : Thomson Wadsworth. p129.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kirby, E (2006). Ray Lee. Birdwhistell. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Biography Web: Minnesota State University Web site: _URL_
- ↑ Banning, T (2001). Department of Anthropology: University of Toronto. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from A Brief History of Anthropology Web site:_URL_
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lee, L (2006). University of Pennsylvania: Folklore & folklife. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Graduate Handbook Web site: _URL_
- ↑ _URL_
- ↑ Barfield, T (1997). The dictionary of anthropology. Illinois: Blackwell Publishing.
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I know that $\sin(x)$ can be expressed as an infinite product, and I've seen proofs of it (e.g. Infinite product of sine function). I found How was Euler able to create an infinite product for sinc by using its roots? which discusses how Euler might have found the equation, but I wonder how Euler could have proved it.
$$\sin(x) = x\prod_{n=1}^\infty \left(1-\frac{x^2}{n^2\pi^2}\right)$$
So how did Euler derive this? I've seen a proof that requires Fourier series (something not know [formally] by Euler, I guess). I also know that this equation can be thought intuitively, and it's really true that it will have the same roots as the sine function, however it's not clear that the entire function converges to the sine function. So, even if Euler guessed it, how was his proof accepted, for this formula to calculate the zeta function for even integers?
$$\zeta(2n) = (-1)^{n+1} \frac{B_{2n}(2\pi )^{2n}}{2(2n)!}$$
I've checked a proof of this result, and it requires the sine infinite product.
Also, the Basel problem (solved by him) used this infinite product too, and he got famous by this proof, so the sine infinite product might have been accepted by the mathematical community at that time.
Check out this link: Ed Sandifer: How Euler Did It, March 2004
And here: Wikipedia: Basel Problem
The Wikipedia link shows there actually does exist an "elementary" proof of the generalized Basel problem (the evaluation of the Riemann zeta function for positive even integers). Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik, in the text Concrete Mathematics, also give an outline of another elementary proof which is easy to follow, using properties of exponential generating functions and some basic calculus. Although it is not how Euler went about it, the approach certainly would have been within his scope of knowledge.
 - $\begingroup$ Do you have any information about the first one who proved this? $\endgroup$ – Lucas Zanella Feb 18 '14 at 4:49
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ it was probably first proven rigorously by Weierstrass. $\endgroup$ – Ian Mateus Mar 9 '14 at 21:55
Your Answer


WHO IS JONES? Why was this oldest bridge in the Philippines named Jones Bridge?
Puente de Espana, then Jones Bridge, to honor the man behind the Jones Act granting independence to the Philippine Islands.
WILLIAM ATKINSON JONES. Member of US House of Representatives from 1891 to 1918. Right about the same period when the US bought the Philippines from Spain for $20 million. Imagine that. US$20Million for 7,107 islands.
The Post Office Building and the Jones Bridge. Two landmarks rich in history.
Back to the question — why was the bridge named after Rep. William Atkinson Jones? Used to be called Puente de España since it was built in 1701 spanning over Pasig River and connecting Binondo to the core of the capital city of Manila. Originally done by Juan Arellano in the Neo-Classical design but destroyed and renamed Jones Bridge by the US Colonial Government in 1916 to honor the man who sponsored the bill, later enacted into law, granting independence to the Philippines. Bombed out in World War II, this formerly ornate arch bridge was yet again rebuilt but in simpler design after 1945. The oldest bridge in the country.
Not my copy. Credits to Old Manila Nostalgia.
When Jones died in 1918, the Philippines paid for the marker on his grave in gratitude for the Jones Act which granted Philippine Independence. So much history behind this bridge across Pasig River with a bonus grand view of yet another landmark, the Postal Office of Manila. Next time you head for Binondo or Chinatown and cross this bridge from Plaza Lawton, think Philippine Independence. 😉


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The early lightkeepers at Fort Point lived in a dwelling attached to the light tower, but in 1940 a separate house was built. This structure remains standing today, and after the creation of the Lunenburg County Historical Society in 1969, it was converted into the Fort Point Museum.
In 1990, a small square pyramidal tower, similar in design to many throughout Nova Scotia, was built in memory of the 1875 La Have Lighthouse. As Fort Point Museum grew, a larger facility was needed, and a more substantial lighthouse, based loosely on the original La Have Lighthouse, was added.
In 1632, Isaac de Razilly landed on the point of land at the entrance to the LaHave River and established Fort Sainte-Marie-de-Grāce. One year later, the settlement of LaHave was a thriving trading post. LaHave served as the capital of Acadia from 1632 until the sudden death of Razilly in 1636, when the capital was transferred back to Port Royal. The fort at LaHave was destroyed by fire in 1654, and little evidence of it remains.
Keepers: William Palmer (1876 - 1878), W. Howard Palmer (1878 - 1935), H. Richards (1935 - 1941), Dawson Wilkie (1941), Effie Mae Wilkie (1941 - ).


RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 A scaling law in CRISPR repertoire sizes arises from avoidance of autoimmunity JF bioRxiv FD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory SP 2021.01.04.425308 DO 10.1101/2021.01.04.425308 A1 Hanrong Chen A1 Andreas Mayer A1 Vijay Balasubramanian YR 2021 UL _URL_ AB Some bacteria and archaea possess an adaptive immune system that maintains a memory of past viral infections as DNA elements called spacers, stored in the CRISPR loci of their genomes. This memory is used to mount targeted responses against threats. However, cross-reactivity of CRISPR targeting mechanisms suggests that incorporation of foreign spacers can also lead to autoimmunity. We show that balancing antiviral defense against autoimmunity predicts a scaling law relating spacer length and CRISPR repertoire size. By analyzing a database of microbial CRISPR-Cas systems, we find that the predicted scaling law is realized empirically across prokaryotes, and arises through the proportionate use of different CRISPR types by species differing in the size of immune memory. In contrast, strains with nonfunctional CRISPR loci do not show this scaling. We also demonstrate that simple population-level selection mechanisms can generate the scaling, along with observed variations between strains of a given species.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.


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Wind speed is measured with an anemometer, which is made up of three hemispherical cups on a vertical shaft ideally set 10 metres above the ground (see Figures 1.7 and 2.1). The wind puts a greater pressure on the inside of the concave surface than on the convex one so that the shaft is spun round; the rotation is displayed on a dial usually calibrated in knots (nautical miles per hour) or metres per second. An older and still much used visual method is the Beaufort Scale; originally based on observations made at sea, it is used to indicate the wind forces at sea or on land (see Table 2.7).
Wind direction is indicated with a wind vane, which is often combined with an anemometer. Decorative wind vanes are a familiar sight, but the standard meteorological design comprises a pointer with a streamlined vertical plate on one end mounted so that it can rotate freely. The arrow shape points into the wind and the movements over a minute or so are averaged. The direction the wind is coming from is recorded as the number of degrees read clockwise from true north, i.e. a westerly wind is given as 270, south-easterly as 135 and a northerly one as 360 (000 is used for recording no wind).
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I have 8 javascript file in html,how can i check if js file is loaded or not and also handle error if any one of the file is not loaded in cross browser
Thanks in advance!
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You can also use firebug to analyse which files gets loaded and which doesn't and the reasons for the files as to why aren't they getting loaded... – Mahendra Apr 19 '11 at 6:54
i must check whether the js is loading in all broswer also.so i need to display success msg,once the js is loaded – Tarun Apr 19 '11 at 7:08
5 Answers 5
You could use "try catch" to avoid the errors when accessing non-existing function or data, and react as you want
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You can try using the "try-catch" block in javascript.
To use it you can call any one function / refer a variable of the file you want to check inside the try block. If it does not enter the 'catch' block then it means that the file is loaded.
You can also use Firebug to check which files gets loaded and which aren't and the errors as to why aren't they getting loaded.
Hope this helps. And don't forget to mark it as an anwser if you find it helpful.
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Use firebug or equivalent to spot 404's.
If a script loads in one browser, it will load in another browser, no crossbrowser issues here.
To handle load errors, use a script loading framework like RequireJS and dynamically load scripts.
Sidenote: Accept good awnsers to boost your own reputation, people will awnser questions faster/more often when you have a good rep.
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When adding a js file dynamically, have a line of script that adds an element to the DOM, with a certain unique ID... Then cHeck for existence of that element in the DOM. If that element exists, it means that the js file was loaded.
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you could add namespaces/global variables to every file and check as follows:
in fileName.js:
 window.fileName = true;
then, to check:
 if (!window.fileName) {...}
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Your Answer


text:
because we can not set them hovering over the sun at constant radial position. So first go back to equations 10.1.6, 10.4.7, and 10.1.10
Inserting the first two into 10.1.10 results in
Light is described by the limit as . So this reduces to
This first order differential equation is separable so the time it takes according to a remote observer for light to go from the high position r=a to the lowest position r=rmin corresponding to the minus sign if we switch the limits to drop the sign is given by
Doing some expansion and keeping only terms to first order in GM/c2
Its a strait forward differentiation to back check that the following is the solution to that integral
Going from 10.4.36 to 10.4.37 we will neglect terms on the order (rmin2/a2) so the first term of 10.4.33 becomes what the flat spacetime prediction would become, so the Shapiro delay for this part of the trip is
If we then find the Shapiro delay for the light traveling up to some higher place r=b on the other side, that would be
giving us a one way trip delay from a to b of
Now if we do the experiment between two planets near superior conjunction, rmin will be small compared to both a and b reducing this to
Now if the signal goes for a round trip during which the planets don't significantly change their relative positions with respect to each other the total Shapiro delay will be
In some big texts like "General Relativity" by Wald, the Shapiro delay is defined in terms of Schwarzschild time as above. However some like "Gravitation" by Misner Thorne and Wheeler defines it in terms of time according to the lab. If you're not going to convert your labs time values from experiments to Schwarzschild time then you have to adjust this result with systematic error correction parameters to account for things such as gravity time dilation of earth near the sun, time dilation moving around the sun, earth's gravity time dilation on the lab, time dilation of lab moving as earth spins or even to account for things like signal lag through atmosphere. With systematic error correction parameters in place the equation in terms of lab time can be written (see problem 10.4.6) :
Notice that since this is proportional to GM/c2, this highest order delay term is completely relativistic. As such Newtonian gravitation not only can not account for it, but since a Newtonian acceleration field would cause everything to speed up going by the sun by ,
Treating the photon as obeying Newtonian gravitation particle dynamics you would get:
Which comparing with no sun present in approximation results in a round trip difference of
Newtonian gravity predicts the wrong sign completely expecting an early time of arrival for the light instead of a delay. Experiments such as the Earth-Venus time delay measurement that first experimentally confirmed the effect in the early '70s really is the clincher for the validity of general relativity as compared to Newtonian gravitation. The theories make opposite predictions here and it was general relativity that turned out to be right.
Use small number approximation to find the change in frequency a locally 655nm wavelength source undergoes rising 15.5m above the surface of the earth.
Where is the coordinate speed of radial moving light (1/2)c? Where does this occur for tangential moving light?
Show that changing radial coordinate to r' where
r = r'(1 + GM/2r'c2)2
puts the Schwarzschild metric in to the isotropic coordinate expression
In isotropic spherical coordinates a good weak field approximation for a general static matter distribution is
where is the Newtonian gravitational potential for the matter distribution.
a. Show that this reduces to the Schwarzschild metric equation of problem 10.4.3 given and h = 0.
b. Write this metric for pseudo Cartesian coordinates x,y,z.
c. In these pseudo Cartesian Coordinates, calculate the Einstein tensor with your choice of software and then find the cooresponding stress energy tensor keeping only terms to first order in and h(x,y,z) and their derivatives because products will be lower in order of magnitude for a weak field approximation. Show that
and to show what px , py, and pz are in terms of partial derivatives of h.
a. Use the timelike Killing vector cooresponding to the time isometry in the metric of problem 10.4.4 to show that there is a conserved energy parameter of geodesic motion and use it with the metric of problem 10.4.4 to calculate for general geodesic motion in the presence of a static matter distribution.
b. Show that if the Potential is indeed weak that the resulting geodesic motion calculation for indeed matches the calculation for Newtonian gravitation.
Go back to equation 10.4.33 and follow thereafter showing that doing a time correction accounting for the lab being at the earth-sun distance leads to the sign difference on the first term in the brackets between equations 10.4.38 and 10.4.39. If all other corrections are small and are about 1.
Cambell, W. W., and R. J. Trumpler, 1928, "Observations Made With a Pair of Five-Foot Cameras on the Light Deflections in the Sun's Gravitational Field at the Total Solar Eclipse of September 21, 1922," Lick Obs. Bull. 13, 130-160
Hawking, S. W., 1966, "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" Adams Prize Essay, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England
Hawking, S. W., and R. Penrose, 1969, "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," Proc. R. Soc. London A 314, 529-548
Infeld, L., and A. Schild, 1949, "On the Motion of Test Particles in General R.," Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 408-413
Kasner, E., 1921b, "The Impossibility of Einstein's Fields Immersed in Flat Space of Five Dimensions," Am. J. Math 43, 126-129
Kluber, H. V., 1960, "The Determination of Einstein Light Deflection in the Gravitational Field of the Sun," Vistas in Astronomy 3, 47-77
Mielnik, B., and J. Plebanski, 1962, "A Study of Geodesic Motion in the Field of Schwarzschild's Solution," Acta Phys. Polon. 21, 239-268
Refsdal, S., 1964, "The Gravitational Lens Effect," Mon. Nat. R. Astron. Soc. 128, 295-306
Ruffini, R., and J. A. Wheeler, 1970, "Collapse of Wave to Black Hole," Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 76
Ruffini, R., and J. A. Wheeler, 1971, "Introducing the Black Hole," Phys. Today 24, 30-36
Shakura, N. I., and R. A. Sunyaev, 1973, "Black Holes in Binary Systems: Observational Appearance," Astron. Astrophys. 24, 337-355
Shapiro, I. I., 1964, "Fourth Test of General Relativity," Phys. Rev. Lett. 13, 789-791
Shapiro, I. I., 1967, "New Method for Detection of Light Deflection by Solar Gravity," Science 157, 806-808
Shapiro, I. I., 1968, "Forth Test of General Relativity: Preliminary Results," Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, _PHONE_
Shapiro, I. I., M. E. Ash, B. D. Campbell, R. B. Dice, R. P. Ingalls, R. F. Jurgens, and G. H. Pettengill, 1971, "Fourth Test of General Relativity: New Radar Result," Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 27-30
Shapiro, I. I., W. B. Smith, M. E. Ash, R. P. Ingalls, and G. H. Pettengill, 1971, "Gravitational Constant: Experimental Bound on its Time Variation," Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 27-30
Shapiro, I. I., M. E. Ash, B. D. Campbell, R. B. Dice, R. P. Ingalls, and G. H. Pettengill, 1972, "Mercury's Perihelion Advance: Determination by Radar," Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, _PHONE_
Sramek, R. A., 1971, "A Measurement of the Gravitational Deflection of Microwave Radiation Near the Sun, 1970 October," Astrophys. J Lett. 167, L55-L60
Szekeres, G., 1960, "On the Singularities of a Riemannian Manifold," Publ. Mat. Debrecen 7, 285-301


text:
WHAT IS THE VCW?
VCW-Value Creation Wheel is a real-life problem-solving framework, which helps individuals and the key decision makers of organizations, governments, and societies to find customized and consensual solutions for their problems and challenges.
The VCW-Value Creation Wheel helps to identify and solve problems by providing a step-by-step dynamic process for creating value for society and all the stakeholders involved in the value chain (e.g., customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, investors, and shareholders).
The DIANA theoretical framework provides a holistic approach to problem-solving, which supports scientific, technological, managerial, and societal advancements trough a wide range of scientific methodologies and managerial approaches.
The TIAGO practical tool appears as a chameleon framework, completely customized to each specific case and problem, being supported by DIANA's accumulated knowledge over two decades.
WHERE HAS THE VCW BEEN APPLIED?
For more than two decades, the VCW has been applied as a problem-solving tool in companies across different sectors (from start-ups to Fortune 500 companies), public policy projects (from rebranding of cities to creation of innovation cities), individual challenges (e.g. from finding a job to the best place to live), and over 20 schools across different countries specialized in different fields (e.g., business, medical, biotech, engineering and technology, law, and science schools). The VCW is used in over 20 countries for teaching, research, coaching, and consultancy purposes. The VCW and its components received coverage from leading international media (e.g., Time, Wall Street Journal) and scientific publications (e.g., Harvard Business Publishing, Journal of Business Research, JIBS, Springer), and are taught in leading universities across the globe (e.g., Babson College, City University of Hong Kong, Korea University, MIT, Nova University of Lisbon, Vienna University).
WHY THE VCW?
Since no solution is perfect by itself, the VCW has been developed as a meta-framework, capable of integrating and complementing any existing framework, model, tool and/or theory across any field as well as allowing co-creation and partnering with any organization and individual. The VCW has been growing following values of co-creation, collaboration, collective wisdom, cooperation, equal opportunities, open-network, partnership and sharing, supported by principles of innovation,problem-solving, and global value creation. These two decades of collaborative research and open-projects, led to the robustness of the VCW and its current stage of development. To continue on the same path, all non-paid VCW projects conducted within an academic context continue to follow the principles of open-innovation, non-confidentiality, and co-creation.
To learn more about the VCW and two decades of cooperation with companies, executives, scientists, and universities across the world please read Lages, Luis Filipe (2016), "VCW-Value Creation Wheel: Innovation, technology, business, and society", Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4849-4855.
HOW TO MAKE YOUR TEAM MEETINGS MORE PRODUCTIVE? START WITH A VCWsprint
A VCWsprint should be developed before any team meeting as well as before any VCW project. The VCWsprint takes about 30 to 60 minutes, depending on the size of the team, their know-how about the VCW methodology, complexity of the problem/challenge to be solved, the context, and the number of VCWsprint steps necessary (can be from 1 to 10 steps).
The VCWsprint is composed by a maximun of 10 sequential steps described as follows:
- VCW Phase 1: by KDMs
- Context: Why do you have this problem? Definition of problem/challenge (2m-5m)
- VCW Phase 2: individual
- Brainwriting of ideas/solutions followed by internet search for ideas/solutions (8m-14m)
- Brainwriting of criteria/filters (4m-10m)
- VCW Phase 3: by KDMs with or without the team
- Select key ideas/solutions (2m-4m)
- Select key criteria/filters (2m-4m)
- Rank key filters (2m-4m)
- VCW Phase 4: by everybody
- Value Creation Funnel (5m-10m)
- Concept/protoype (2m-4m)
- VCW Phase 5: by KDMs
- 3Ms: Menpower, Minute, Money (2m-4m)
- Decision about future application of VCW Meta-Framework: Go or NoGo? (1m)
WHICH SERVICES ARE OFFERED BY THE VCW?
The VCW offers courses, training, masterclasses and workshops for universities, executives, companies, organizations, primary schools, trade associations, partnerships between different organizations, event organizers, and NGOs. These workshops are customized and developed by the VCW for team building activities and help organizations and individuals to solve their own problems/challenges.
Additionally, the VCW helps to create VCW Innovation Ecosystems inside those organizations which desire to develop a systematized innovation process (watch example). This VCW Innovation Ecosystem is built on three fundamental layers:
- The VCW Governance Model that establishes the main responsibilities and functions for the innovation management challenges.
- The VCW Framework, which has five phases: 1) Identification of the problem to be solved. 2) Generation of solutions and filters. 3) Selection of main ideas and ranking of the "must have" and "nice to have" filters. 4) The VCF-Value Creation Funnel, followed by the development of concepts and prototypes. 5) The final decision phase, in which the implementation model for the final solution(s) is developed.
- The Network of Partners / Stakeholders, fundamental to increase the potential of the VCW framework. Through co-creation with all the stakeholders involved in the value chain (e.g., customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, investors, and shareholders), it becomes possible to solve the different problems/challenges in a consensual manner.
To explore additional VCW Services visit _URL_.
HOW DIFFERENT IS THE VCW FROM EXISTING TOOLS & FRAMEWORKS?
The VCW creates value by offering unique solutions:
1) The VCW discovers customized, consensual and implementable solutions (Go/No-Go), which are co-created and supported by the key decision makers and a wide range of stakeholders:
- Finds consensus concerning the problem/challenge to address, filters/criteria and ideas/solutions,
- Finds the right bridge between a wide range of individuals:
- different key decision makers,
- diferent internal and external stakeholders,
- supporters and divergent thinkers (e.g. devil's advocate, skeptical people, laggards, late-adopters, children and/or elderly people),
2) The VCW simplifies and saves resources in the problem-solving process through:
- Involving since the begining of the process the key decision makers on critical steps:
- defining the problem/challenge, 3Ms, diagnosis & KPIs,
- analysing solutions and filters,
- Purifying, organizing, separating, selecting and prioritizing:
- Ideas/solutions: i.e. direct answers to the challenge/problem to be solved (phase typically often supported by creativity)
- Filters/criteria: i.e. choice criteria related to the selection of the ideas/solutions to solve the challenge/problem (phase typically supported by rationality).
- Conducting individual VCWsprints & combining multiple VCWsprints.
- Managing the 3Ms (Manpower, Minute, Money).
- Achieving efficiency and effectiveness (e.g., predicting future mistakes/failures, continuous improvement, optimizing resources, improving productivity)
3) The VCW solves complex challenges and a wide range of paradoxes.
- The VCW has been used to solve high complex challenges, such as:
- paradox of choice,
- limited or lack of choice,
- paradox market-pull versus tech-push,
- paradox global versus local.
The VCW has unique attributes:
1) The VCW is a meta-framework which is simultaneously structured and agile, rational and creative, and does not impose pre-established solutions or frameworks.
- Follows a structured-agile MAP approach (Maximize, Analyze, Prioritize),
- Does not impose or invalidate any idea/solution, filter/criteria or framework,
- The VCW can partner with any organization and/or individual,
- The VCW integrates and/or complements any existing solutions, established theories, tools or frameworks (e.g., organizational tools, 5Whys, situational analysis, RELQUAL, brainwriting, brainstorming, bank of ideas, design thinking, scorecards, BCG Matriz, McKinsey matrix, McRisk Assessment Matrix, SERPVAL, strategic triangle, SCAMPER, business model, business plan, financial plan, KPIs).
- Complements and integrates different parts of any business puzzle, such as:
- an idea/solution and an opportunity/need,
- a value proposition and a business model,
- the different parts ofa marketing plan.
- Allows VCWsprints and frequent re-runs to revisit past steps.
2) The VCW is a transversal problem-solving framework, which can be applied to a wide range of problems/challenges across individuals, organizations, industries and countries.
3) Every VCW project is supported by theory and practice across different fields. The VCW varies along three dimensions of width, lenght and height regarding:
- Theory: DIANADefine, Increase, Assess, Narrow, Act
- Practice: TIAGOTap, Induce, Analyse, Ground, Operate
The variation along these three dimensions


Phoenix, AZ – In a recent op-ed for the East Valley Tribune, Greater Phoenix Chamber President Todd Sanders highlighted the resolute importance of freight rail to the Arizona economy.
"When railroads spend their private dollars to deploy new technologies, add intermodal facilities, enhance track capacity, etc., it means Phoenix-area businesses can move more freight for less time, less money. Railroads also relieve the burden on taxpayer-funded roadways, cutting down on both congestion and pollution."
Sanders notes that freight rail, which benefits many economic sectors in Arizona, hinges on balanced public policy. He warns that railroads' economic regulator, the U.S. Surface Transportation Board (STB), should proceed with caution when it
"Policymakers should ensure that STB regulators continue allowing railroads to earn enough to reinvest and keep Phoenix economic arteries healthy. Their regulatory approach should also consider the larger transportation landscape and avoid favoring one mode of transport over another.
The freight railroad model is one that can serve our officials in D.C. well: avoid overregulation, promote infrastructure investment and ask infrastructure users to pay for what they use."
Read the full Op-ed.


Found this plant in a nursery around Central India. Not sure whether this is an indoor or outdoor plant. Want to know the species and tips about its upkeep
enter image description here
It looks like Melastoma malabathricum, commonly known as the Indian Rhododendron, or Tibouchina is another name used mostly in the West, though it is synonymous with Melastoma. It's considered a tropical plant because it won't tolerate temperatures below about 5 deg C very well, though it copes with a bit of light frost. Does well outside provided temperatures are suitable. Prefers not to be in full, very hot sun, morning sun is fine, though it will adapt gradually to full sun if it has to - it is evergreen. This particular example looks as if its suffered from heat/direct sun or a bit of drought in its pot. USDA hardiness zones are listed as 8-12, but in zone 8, they may die back and regrow in spring. Even so, in my experience in the UK (mostly Zone 8) these are easily killed in winter outside, particularly in pots. Needs fertile, moist soil that drains freely, but doesn't constantly dry out.
As far as I can tell, Central India, if that's where you are rather than just where you found the plant, does not experience temperatures below 5 deg C, so this plant should be fine planted outside.
Your Answer


text:
In addition to meeting all other applicable requirements for admission, non-native speakers of English must demonstrate sufficient English language proficiency. This may be demonstrated by any of the following:
- International Language Testing System (IELTS) score of 6.5
- Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores of:
- 550 or better (paper test)
- 79-80 (internet-based test)
- Georgia State Test of English Proficiency (GSTEP) score of 6.
- Successful completion of Georgia State University's Intensive English Program.
- For transfer applicants, completion of a college-level English composition course with a grade of "C-" or better at a regionally accredited U.S. college or university.
- For freshmen applicants, SAT Critical Reading score of 430 or better or ACT English score of 17 or better.
Conditional Admission — F1 Visa Applicants Only
Non-native speakers of English who meet all admission requirements except the English language proficiency may be granted conditional admission.
To be eligible for conditional admission, applicants meet the following:
- TOEFL score of either:
- 480 or better (paper test)
- 54-55 (internet-based test)
Students granted conditional admission will be required to take certain courses in the Intensive English Program (IEP) before taking other courses at Georgia State.
A student may remain on conditional admission status for no more than three semesters.
Financial Aid is typically not available to IEP students.


text:
3D rendering is always a huge pain, that's why we have dedicated processors for doing such grunt work. But out of all the things that you can render on a screen, there is one thing that always takes up a ton of power and resources, hair. But that problem may be no more, because researchers from the University of California, Pinscreen, and Microsoft have developed a hair rendering technique reliant on an AI neural network which can take images in 2D and render the hair depicted in the image into a fully physics-based 3D rendition.
The neural network follows a process similar to how a brain does, taking in various details and creating layers upon layers to make the final product. In order to teach the network to make the leap from 2D to 3D, they initially fed it 40,000 unique hairstyles as well as 160,000 2D images from different viewpoints around the styles themselves. It can use that training to render hair in a variety of different styles, colors, lengths, all in milliseconds, all while being able to mimic the movement of individual hairs from video clips.
"Realistic hair modeling is one of the most difficult tasks when digitizing virtual humans, in contrast to objects that are easily parameterisable, like the human face, hair spans a wide range of shape variations and can be highly complex due to its volumetric structure and level of deformability in each strand."
It's not a perfect system by far, some hairstyles don't easily make the transition from an image to a 3D render, but with more training and development the program can become massively useful in hairstyle rendering in the future. It should be said that this network was run through a system of multiple NVIDIA Titan Xp GPUs, not something necessarily inviting to your average gamer. But hey, maybe we can see this technology make its home in the Tensor Cores of a GTX 1180 if that becomes a reality.


Certificate: Movement and Forecasting
This certificate includes courses covering various methods of moving the chart in time, including techniques such as transits, progressions, solar arc directions, solar returns, planetary returns, profections, elections, rectification and more.
W110 and W111 are required for this certificate (20 weeks). Students can choose to take W112 and/or W113 (practicums focused on application) to fulfill the requirement of 30 weeks (the standard certificate) or 40 weeks (the extended certificate) of instruction.


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2008
DFL: A dataflow language based on Petri nets and nested relational calculus
12 years 5 months ago
DFL: A dataflow language based on Petri nets and nested relational calculus
In this paper we propose DFL -- a formal, graphical workflow language for dataflows, i.e., workflows where large amounts of complex data are manipulated, and the structure of the manipulated data is reflected in the structure of the workflow. It is a common extension of (1) Petri nets, which are responsible for the organization of the processing tasks, and (2) nested relational calculus, which is a database query language over complex objects, and is responsible for handling collections of data items (in particular, for iteration) and for the typing system. We demonstrate that dataflows constructed in a hierarchical manner, according to a set of refinement rules we propose, are semi-sound, i.e., initiated with a single token (which may represent a complex scientific data collection) in the input node, terminate with a single token in the output node (which represents the output data collection). In particular they never leave any "debris data" behind and an output is always ...
Jan Hidders, Natalia Kwasnikowska, Jacek Sroka, Je
Added 12 Dec 2010
Updated 12 Dec 2010
Type Journal
Year 2008
Where IS
Authors Jan Hidders, Natalia Kwasnikowska, Jacek Sroka, Jerzy Tyszkiewicz, Jan Van den Bussche
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Bosch Dishwasher Settings Explained
Written by: Settings King
Last updated:
Bosch Dishwasher Settings Explained
Having trouble making sense of the numerous settings on your Bosch dishwasher? In this blog post, we will explore and demystify each setting to help you fully understand your appliance's capabilities. Dive in as we break down the various washing cycles, special features, and customizable options to ensure your dishes come out spotless and perfectly dry every time.
This blog post provides a clear and comprehensive explanation of Bosch dishwasher settings, helping you understand various washing cycles, special features, and customizable options to optimize the performance and efficiency of your appliance for perfectly clean and dry dishes.
Bosch Dishwasher Cycles
Understanding the various dishwasher settings is crucial for optimizing rinsing and cleaning performance. Bosch dishwashers boast a range of washing cycles to cater to different dishwashing requirements. In this section, we'll look at the most commonly used dishwasher settings and their purposes.
Auto Cycle
This smart cycle uses built-in sensors to assess the level of soil on your dishes and automatically adjusts the temperature, duration, and water usage accordingly. This is perfect for mixed loads, as it provides an optimal mix of efficiency and cleaning performance.
Intensive Cycle
Designed for heavily soiled pots and pans, the Intensive cycle operates at higher temperatures and increased water pressure to effectively remove burnt-on food and grease. While this dishwasher setting does consume more water and energy, it's perfect for intensive cleaning.
Additional Features and Options
Bosch dishwashers come equipped with a variety of additional features and customization options to enhance their functionality and user convenience. Let's explore some of the most popular features available in these appliances.
Half Load Option
If you need to wash a small load of dishes, Bosch offers a Half Load option that significantly reduces water and energy consumption. This feature is perfect for users who want to run their dishwasher more frequently without wasting resources.
VarioSpeed / SpeedPerfect
This option speeds up the dishwasher cycle time by increasing the water pressure, allowing you to clean and dry your dishes up to 50% faster. Ideal for when you need sparkling clean dishes in a hurry without any compromise on the cleaning result.
Extra Dry
Extra Dry is a special cycle enhancement designed to improve the drying capabilities of your dishwasher by increasing the drying time and temperature. This is particularly useful for ensuring your plastic items come out of the dishwasher completely dry and ready to use.
Maintenance-Related Settings
Your Bosch dishwasher also includes several settings to help maintain your appliance's optimal performance and ensure its longevity. Regular maintenance can prevent issues such as buildup or reduced efficiency and keep your dishwasher running smoothly.
Machine Care
Machine Care is a dedicated cycle designed to clean and freshen your dishwasher by removing grease and limescale buildup, usually caused by hard water. Running this program monthly helps to maintain your appliance in top condition.
Rinse Aid Indicator
The Rinse Aid Indicator monitors your dishwasher's rinse aid levels and alerts you when it's time to refill. Proper rinse aid usage helps dishes dry faster and prevents water spots, ensuring consistently clean and shiny dishes.
Adjustable Upper Rack
An adjustable upper rack allows you to customize the space within your dishwasher to accommodate larger pots, glassware, or extra-large plates. This feature enhances your dishwasher's versatility and ensures efficient use of space.
With a clear understanding of the various Bosch dishwasher settings, you can now optimize each cycle, ensuring your dishes are always clean and dry. These smart features help you save time, water, and energy, making your dishwasher experience more enjoyable and effective.
Choosing the Right Detergent
For optimal dishwasher performance, it's essential to use the right detergent. Bosch dishwashers are compatible with a variety of detergent types, including tablets, powder, and gel. However, most users find that dishwasher tablets offer the best cleaning performance and convenience, as they typically contain a combination of detergent, rinse aid, and dishwasher salt, which improves cleaning efficiency.
Always follow the manufacturer's recommendations on detergent types and amounts for the best results and maintenance of your dishwasher.
Eco-Friendly Dishwashing
By choosing the right dishwasher settings, you not only optimize the cleaning performance but also contribute to a sustainable environment. Bosch dishwashers are designed to be energy-efficient while providing top-notch cleaning results. The Eco Cycle, for instance, uses less water and energy, making it perfect for an environmentally conscious household.
With a Bosch dishwasher, you can trust that your appliance is designed to conserve resources and reduce harmful emissions.
Expert Tips from Settings King
As enthusiasts passionate about technology settings, our team at Settings King always aims to offer helpful tips and guidance to our readers. With a Bosch dishwasher, it's all about finding the right balance between cleaning performance and resource usage. Here are some of our quick tips to help you get the most out of your Bosch dishwasher:
 - Load your dishes properly, avoiding overcrowding and ensuring proper water circulation for optimal cleaning.
 - Regularly clean the filter and spray arms to prevent buildup and maintain your dishwasher's efficiency.
 - Run your dishwasher during off-peak hours, if possible, to save on energy costs.
 - For maintenance and troubleshooting assistance, consult the appliance manual or reach out to Bosch's customer support.
With these tips and a thorough understanding of your Bosch dishwasher settings, you're well-equipped to make the most of your appliance. And remember, Settings King is here to help you navigate the world of technology settings, ensuring your devices are optimized and tailored to your needs – for consistent, satisfying results every time.
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
After reading our Bosch Dishwasher Settings Explained blog post, you might have a few questions about your appliance. We've compiled a list of frequently asked questions and answers to address some common concerns and provide clarity to our readers.
What is the best cycle for daily use?
The Auto cycle is the best choice for everyday use, as it automatically adjusts the temperature, duration, and water usage based on the soil level of your dishes. This setting provides efficient cleaning and is suitable for mixed loads.
How often should I use the Machine Care program?
To maintain your dishwasher's performance and prevent buildup, it's recommended to run the Machine Care program once a month. This ensures your appliance remains clean, fresh, and efficient.
Is it necessary to use rinse aid for my Bosch dishwasher?
While your dishwasher can function without rinse aid, using it improves drying performance and helps prevent water spots on your glassware. The Rinse Aid Indicator in Bosch dishwashers will notify you when it's time to refill.
How can I speed up my dishwasher's cycle time?
To reduce your dishwasher's cycle time, use the VarioSpeed or SpeedPerfect option, which increases water pressure to accelerate the cycle. This feature allows for cleaning and drying up to 50% faster without compromising on performance.
When should I use the Extra Dry setting?
Use the Extra Dry setting when you have plastic items or difficult-to-dry dishes that need an enhanced drying performance. This option increases the drying time and temperature, ensuring your items come out completely dry.
Bill Whitman from Settings King
I'm Bill Whitman, a tech entrepreneur who's spent over 20 years navigating the often complex and fast-paced world of technology. My passion is simplifying these complexities, particularly when it comes to the often overlooked yet crucial aspect of device settings. I understand how overwhelming technology can be, and that's why I'm dedicated to making it more accessible and easy-to-understand for you through SettingsKing.com.
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CCS Presents 12 Days of Reading and Math Challenge
Winter break is a great time to encourage students love of reading and writing at home. The activities in the 12 Days of Reading provide literacy experiences for children and their families that can be completed daily during the December 19th through January 3rd Winter Break. The activities and resources will provide children and families with opportunities to read together, have conversations about books and writing and have experiences that make the books they read come alive.
Download Reading Packets | Download Math Packets
In the 12 Days of Math, children in Kindergarten through 5th grade will have the opportunity to experience math challenges during Winter Break. These challenges are activities that children can engage in daily with family and friends. Engaging children in math discussions is an essential component of a child's mathematical learning. Not only can kids talk about math when completing the math challenges, they can discuss math concepts that are in books. When children are reading, look for ways that math is involved in the story. For example, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library Reading Challenge, when reading about a dinosaur, go outside with a family member and measure the size of the dinosaur by walking the distance. Families can engage in discussions about measuring, strategies used when measuring, and other opportunities we have to measure in our daily lives. Math is all around us, we just need to be on the lookout.


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Old & New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary
Strong's #3625 - οἰκουμένη
- the inhabited earth
- the portion of the earth inhabited by the Greeks, in distinction from the lands of the barbarians
- the Roman empire, all the subjects of the empire
- the whole inhabited earth, the world
- the inhabitants of the earth, men
- the universe, the world
οἰκουμέν-η (sc. γῆ), ἡ,
I inhabited region, v. cross οἰκέω A. 1; then the Greek world, opp. barbarian lands, D. 7.35; πᾶσα ἡ οἰ. Id. 18.48; in Arist. Mete. 362b26, ἡ οἰ., = the inhabited world (including non-Greek lands, as Ethiopia, India, Scythia), as opp. possibly uninhabited regions, cf. Cleom. 2.1; in Arist. Mu. 392b26, ἥδε ἡ οἰ., = our world (= Asia, Libya, Europe); οἰκουμέναι worlds, ib. 31; ἡ φιλία περιχορεύει τὴν οἰ. Epicur. Sent.Vat. 52; σοῦ (i.e. Ptolemy 11 or 111) τῆς οἰ. πάσης βασιλεύοντος PSI 5.541.7, cf. LXX 1 Esdras 2:3; loosely, the whole world, Hyp. Eux. 33 (prob.), Antiph. 179, PMag.Lond. 121.704, Luc. Halc. 3, Ath. 8.350a: so perh. in some passages cited under 11.
II the Roman world, ὁ ἀγαθὸς δαίμων (etc.) τῆς οἰ., i.e. the Emperor, OGI 666.4,668.5, POxy. 1021.5 (i A.D.), CIG 2581-2,4416, Luke 2:1, Acts 17:6, Acts 24:5, Sammelb. 176.2 (ii A.D.), Gal. 10.7, Luc. Macr. 7.
III ἡ οἰ. ἡ μέλλουσα the world to come, i.e. the kingdom of Christ, Hebrews 2:5.
οἰκουμένη , -ης , ἡ
(fern. Pres. pass. ptcp. of οἰκέω ; sc. γῆ ),
the inhabited earth;
(a) in cl., the countries occupied by Greeks, as disting. from barbarian lands (Hdt., Dem., al.);
(b) in later writers, the Roman world: Luke 2:1, Acts 11:28; Acts 24:5; by meton., of its inhabitants : Acts 17:6; Acts 19:27;
(c) in LXX (Psalms 23:1; Psalms 71:8, al.) and NT, also of the whole inhabited world: Matthew 24:14, Luke 4:5; Luke 21:26, Romans 10:18, Hebrews 1:6, Revelation 3:10; Revelation 16:14; by meton. (ut supr.), Acts 17:31, Revelation 12:9;
(d) of the Messianic age, ἡ οἰ . ἡ μέλλουσα = ὁ αἰὼ ὁ μέλλων : Hebrews 2:5.†
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
For this word, which in the NT is always found in the plur. = ";boundaries,"; i.e. ";territory,"; ";district"; (Lat. fines), cf. P Grenf II. 15ii. 3 (B.C. 139) ὅρια καὶ γείτονε [ς τ ]ῆς ὅλης γῆς νότου καὶ ἀπηλιώτου νῆσος Ἀφροδίτης. . . καὶ νῆσος Λητοῦ, P Tebt II. 277.15 (astrological—iii/A.D.) ἐν μὲν Κρόνου ὁρίοις, P Fay 38.6 (iii/iv A.D.) ἕως τῶν ὁρίων ἐποικίου, ";as far as the boundaries of the farmstead,"; and BGU IV. 1049.9 (iv/A.D.) ἐπὶ τοῖς οὖσι τῶν ὅλων ἐνγεγραμμένων ἀρ [ουρῶ ]ν ὁρίοις. For ὁριοδ (ε)ίκτης, ";one who marks out boundaries,"; see BGU II. 616.6 (ii/iii A.D.).
Copyright © 1914, 1929, 1930 by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
Derivative Copyright © 2015 by Allan Loder.
the Week of Proper 8 / Ordinary 13


<< Charlemagne Chief of Dwarf Village Chief of Elf Village >>
Star: N/A
Origin: Dwarf Village
Events: Gate Rune Wars
Position: Chief
Born: IS 353
Death: N/A
Unlike his elven counterpart the Chief of the Dwarves is not intolerant to other races but he does think that dwarves are superior. He could not believe that any human could have stolen anything from the Dwarven Vault, let alone the plans for the Burning Mirror, so he set a test to see if Tir and his party could repeat the feat. When they returned with the object he had set, the Running Water Root, he pledged his aid to destroy the Burning Mirror. This he did so with the aid of the Firewind Cannon, but not before the mirror had been used to raze the Village of the Elves. He stayed in the sidelines throughout much of the rest of the war but was there when needed. Following the end of the conflict he works with the new Toran authorities; Kirkis, the new chief of the elves; and Kuromimi, the new chief of the kobolds, to bring about greater understanding and co-operation between the different races of Great Forest. - Blue Moon


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Arcos Dorados Holdings Inc. is the world's largest McDonald's franchisee, and it operates the brand in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has announced that from 8:30-9:30 p.m. on Saturday, March 25, all its restaurants will turn off their outdoor lights in support of Earth Hour.
Earth Hour was started 10 years ago, by the WWF (World Wildlife Foundation) to increase awareness of climate action. Each year, Earth Hour unites millions of people around the globe in the world's largest grassroots movement. This year will be McDonald's Virgin Islands ninth year participating.
"For Arcos Dorados it is very important to participate in Earth Hour, since it is in line with the company's philosophy. Every day, we try to leave a smaller mark on our planet by managing waste from our restaurants in a responsible way and implementing actions to reduce water and power consumption, and source local ingredients for a more effective supply chain," said Lyana Latorre, senior director of corporate social engagement at Arcos Dorados.
Arcos Dorados has a strong commitment to the planet thereby contributing by carrying out different actions:
- Reuse of condensed water drained from air-conditioning systems of restaurants to irrigate gardens, wash facades and different areas of the premises such as the Drive-Thru. The use of recycled water allows for the reduced consumption of water and energy.
- Installation of Low Oil Volume (LOV) fryers in restaurants. This technology saves up to 40 percent of oil and requires less energy to heat up.
- Green Restaurants: They are built or redesigned to meet LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification in which rainwater collectors are used for the cleaning of parking lots and flushing toilet bowls. They have a wind-powered installer that allows them to generate electricity using the wind, as well as having LED (Low Emitting Diode) luminaires that use less energy. These restaurants are in Argentina, Brazil, México and Puerto Rico.
- Other measures taken by the Company to protect the planet are: have 100 percent sustainable coffee certified by the Rainforest Alliance in the different markets and sustainable fish certified by the Marine Stewardship Council; as well as working alongside the Global Roundtable of Sustainable Beef to develop the standard and serve meet from sustainable practices.
To learn more about the commitment of Arcos Dorados to the planet, visit _URL_


Ignacia Meaning in English, Ignacia Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does Ignacia Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn Ignacia Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender Ignacia Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name Ignacia, names similar to Ignacia and sibling names of Ignacia. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name Ignacia.
Baby Image
Boy, Girl
Latin, Spanish
Spanish feminine form of IGNATIUS.
Sibling Names
Alexis, Kayla, Samantha, Kassandra, Austin, Ryan, Christian, Logan, Jacob, Brayden, Aidan
Ignacia as a girl's name is of Latin origin meaning "ardent or burning". It is a feminine form of Ignatius.
Numerology SoulUrge Number: 2 People with this name have a deep inner desire for love and companionship, and want to work with others to achieve peace and harmony. Expression Number: 8 People with this name are competent, practical, and often obtain great power and wealth. They tend to be successful in business and commercial affairs, and are able to achieve great material dreams. Because they often focus so strongly on business and achievement, they may neglect their private lives and relationships. Rate this name: Max 5 stars0My Rating This name has 0 vote.


@mapbox/link-to-location
Convert a link (HTMLAnchorElement or URL) to an abbreviated Location object.
Usage no npm install needed!
<script type="module">
 import mapboxLinkToLocation from '_URL_
</script>
README
@mapbox/link-to-location
Convert a link (HTMLAnchorElement or URL) to an object with pathname, hash, and search properties. Uses the browser's native link parsing to avoid unnecessary code.
Installation
npm install @mapbox/link-to-location
API
linkToLocation
linkToLocation(input)
Returns an object with three properties with string values: pathname, hash, and search.
input
Type: HTMLAnchorElement | string.
Either the DOM element itself or a URL.
Example
const linkToLocation = require('link-to-location');
linkToLocation('http://user:_EMAIL_/qux?quux=grault#fred');
/*
 {
 pathname: '_URL_',
 hash: '#fred',
 search: '?quux=grault'
 }
*/