Friendly Persuasion (1956)
B SDG Original source: National Catholic Register
Friendly Persuasion, William Wyler's popular adaptation of Jessamyn West's tales of Quaker life, is a warm, gently satiric portrait of a family of the "Friendly persuasion" living in the shadow of the Civil War. Gary Cooper plays Jess Birdwell, a less than entirely devout Quaker farmer whose pious wife Eliza (Dorothy McGuire) is a minister at their local "meeting house."
Buy at
1956, Warner Bros. Directed by William Wyler. Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins, Richard Eyer, Robert Middleton, Phyllis Love.
Artistic/Entertainment Value
Moral/Spiritual Value
+2 / -1
Age Appropriateness
Kids & Up*
MPAA Rating
Caveat Spectator
Depictions of Quaker piety (and the lack thereof); tense family situations; mild romantic moments; scenes of wartime violence.
The film's main weakness is the way it handles the theme that most interested the director, the conflict between Quaker pacifism and nonviolence and the practical necessities of wartime. Here the film becomes muddled, and does justice neither to Quakerism nor to just-war principles. A truly thoughtful Hollywood look at religious nonviolence would have to wait until Peter Weir's Witness, starring Harrison Ford.
In spite of this, Friendly Persuasion's warm affection for its subjects makes it worthwhile viewing.
On a side note, I was initially puzzled by the depiction of the Quaker dialect using "thee" but not "thou" in both the objective and nominative cases. Thus, for example, where in the King James Bible we might read "Thou art the man," the Quakers in Friendly Persuasion would say "Thee is the man." (Example: "When thee asks or suggests, I am putty in thy hands, but when thee forbids, thee is barking up the wrong tree.") I was even more puzzled to learn that this seemingly ungrammatical usage goes back to the source novel.
However, I have since learned from an online article by Cheratra Yaswen that this usage is apparently historically correct: In at least some times and places, Quakers did adopt the practice of using "thee" rather than "thou" regardless of case.
Comedy, Drama, Religious Themes, War
RE: Friendly Persuasion
I'll throw my theory into the public arena for open debate. I propose that Jessamyn West's novel, The Friendly Persuasion, was actually written based on the real life and family of my GGF, Jesse Walter Birdwell of Sullivan County, Tennessee. I am his namesake, Jesse Walter Birdwell (IV). What say you?
Link to this item


text: A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is column view. In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries. Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS view (S- S-, or simply c while column view is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items. Column view also works in agenda buffers (see Agenda Views) where queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


DKAL*: Constructing Executable Specifications of Authorization Protocols
Jean-Baptiste Jeannin, Guido de Caso, Juan Chen, Yuri Gurevich, Prasad Naldurg, Nikhil Swamy
MSR-TR-2012-24 |
International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSOS 13)
View Publication
Many prior trust management frameworks provide authorization logics for specifying policies based on distributed trust. However, to implement a security protocol using these frameworks, one usually resorts to a general-purpose programming language. When reasoning about the security of the entire system, one must study not only policies in the authorization logic but also hard-to-analyze implementation code.
This paper proposes DKAL*, a language for constructing executable specifications of authorization protocols. Protocol and policy designers can use DKAL*'s authorization logic for expressing distributed trust relationships, and its small rule-based programming language to describe the message sequence of a protocol. Importantly, many low-level details of the protocol (e.g., marshaling formats or management of state consistency) are left abstract in DKAL*, but sufficient details must be provided in order for the protocol to be executable.
We formalize the semantics of DKAL*, giving it both an operational semantics and a type system. We prove various properties of DKAL*, including type soundness and a decidability property for its underlying logic. We also present an interpreter for DKAL*, mechanically verified for correctness and security. We evaluate our work experimentally on several examples. Using our semantics, DKAL* programs can be analyzed for various protocol-specific properties of interest. Using our interpreter, programmers obtain an executable version of their protocol which can readily be tested and then deployed.


text:
Significance and Use
The intent of this guide is to provide the reader with information concerning possible reasons for paint failures where the paint is used over a latex sealant.
1.1 This guide describes the practical considerations that may be used to determine the compatibility of a paint or coating to be applied over a latex sealant or caulk. It evaluates the appearance and not the performance characteristics of the coated or painted joint.
1.2 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
E284 Terminology of Appearance
cracking; latex sealant; paint; Compatibility; Cracking--sealants; Latex sealants; Paintability; Sealants; Waterborne materials/applications; Caulking compounds and sealants;
ICS Number Code 87.040 (Paints and varnishes)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
[Back to Top]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The facing heaven pepper (Capsicum annuum var. conoides; Chinese name: 朝天椒; pinyin: cháotiānjiāo, also known as 指天椒; pinyin: zhǐtiānjiāo meaning'skyward-pointing chili pepper'), is a cone-shaped, medium-hot chili pepper, between 3 and 6 cm in length, 1 to 2 cm in diameter at the base, and with very thin skin.
A cultivar commonly used in Sichuan cuisine, it is called the facing heaven pepper because the pepper grows with the fruit pointing upwards, rather than downwards, as is normal in other pepper plants. The plant's upright growing habit is typical of "ornamental" peppers.
Because of its attractive appearance, the dried chili is often added to dishes whole. Although the chilli is often too hot to be consumed raw, it can be lightly cooked in oil to produce a milder equivalent.
This dried chili pepper is described as a "pantry staple" in the Sichuan province of China by Fuchsia Dunlop in her cookbook Land of Plenty. She describes it as very fragrant and moderately hot (much less hot than tiny Thai chilies).


text:
BUENAVENTURA ED/CAS CHAPTER
Meeting Date: October 11, 2018
Time: 6:30 PM Networking & Food; 7:00 PM Presentation
Speaker: Dr. Cosmin Iorga of PIscanner.com
Location: Newbury Park
RSVP: requested, through website
Event Details: IEEE vTools
Summary: Power integrity issues may create intermittent failures and signal integrity degradation in FPGA systems. This talk starts with fundamental concepts of power integrity and signal integrity and presents a novel method for power integrity analysis in FPGA systems by configuring the FPGA to function as a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) test instrument for its own power delivery network (PDN). This VNA measures the impedance profile of the PDN as seen by the logic circuits on the FPGA die and extracts an S-parameter model of the FPGA PDN, that includes the PDN elements on the FPGA die, FPGA package, and PCB. The S-parameter model is then used in circuit simulations to evaluate the power supply noise in the FPGA and the signal integrity in the FPGA I/O serial data links.
Bio: Dr. Cosmin Iorga has earned his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University. He design and troubleshooting at system, board, and integrated circuit levels, with emphasis on signal integrity, power integrity, and noise coupling reduction. Cosmin has 10 patents covering innovative solutions in noise coupling reduction and signal integrity. Cosmin is the author of the book "Noise Coupling in Integrated Circuits: A Practical Approach to Analysis, Modeling, and Suppression", and he teaches courses in analog circuit design, data converters, and power integrity at UCLA Extension.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Authors: Marchal-Crespo, Laura; Tsangaridis, Panagiotis; Obwegeser, David; Maggioni, Serena; Riener, Robert
Robotic algorithms that augment movement errors have been proposed as promising training strategies to enhance motor learning and neurorehabilitation. However, most research effort has focused on rehabilitation of upper limbs, probably because large movement errors are especially dangerous during gait training, as they might result in stumbling and falling. Furthermore, systematic large movement errors might limit the participants* motivation during training. In this study, we investigated the effect of training with novel error modulating strategies, which guarantee a safe training environment, on motivation and learning of a modified asymmetric gait pattern. Thirty healthy young participants walked in the exoskeletal robotic system Lokomat while performing a foot target-tracking task, which required an increased hip and knee flexion in the dominant leg. Learning the asymmetric gait pattern with three different strategies was evaluated: (i) No disturbance: no robot disturbance/guidance was applied, (ii) haptic error amplification: unsafe and discouraging large errors were limited with haptic guidance, while haptic error amplification enhanced awareness of small errors relevant for learning, and (iii) visual error amplification: visually observed errors were amplified in a virtual reality environment. We also evaluated whether increasing the movement variability during training by adding randomly varying haptic disturbances on top of the other training strategies further enhances learning. We analyzed participants* motor performance and self-reported intrinsic motivation before, during and after training. We found that training with the novel haptic error amplification strategy did not hamper motor adaptation and enhanced transfer of the practiced asymmetric gait pattern to free walking. Training with visual error amplification, on the other hand, increased errors during training and hampered motor learning. Participants who trained with visual error amplification also reported a reduced perceived competence. Adding haptic disturbance increased the movement variability during training, but did not have a significant effect on motor adaptation, probably because training with haptic disturbance on top of visual and haptic error amplification decreased the participants* feelings of competence. The proposed novel haptic error modulating controller that amplifies small task-relevant errors while limiting large errors outperformed visual error augmentation and might provide a promising framework to improve robotic gait training outcomes in neurological patients.
- Published in: Frontiers Neuroscience (Volume: 13)
- DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00061
- Date: 2019


text:
Governor O'Malley convened a P–20 STEM Task force in September 2008 to discuss the state of STEM Education in Maryland. He charged this Task Force with making recommendations aimed at establishing Maryland as a global leader in the development of its workforce of the future and its STEM-based research and economic development infrastructure. In August 2009, the STEM Task Force released their final report. In this report, the STEM Task Force made seven recommendations in response to the Governor's charge. These recommendations include:
- Aligning P-12 STEM curriculum with college requirements and workplace expectations in order to prepare all students for postsecondary success.
- Tripling the number of teachers in STEM shortage areas who are prepared in Maryland programs, increase their five-year retention rate from an estimated 50% to 75%, and enhance the STEM preparation and aptitudes for elementary and early childhood teachers.
- Ensuring that all P-20 mathematics and science teachers have the knowledge and skills to help all students successfully complete the college and career-ready curriculum.
- Providing STEM internships, co-ops, or lab experiences for all interested high school and college students to jump-start their successful transition to the workplace.
- Increase the number of STEM college graduates by 40% from the present level of 4,400 graduates by 2015.
- Boosting Maryland's global competitiveness by supporting research and entrepreneurship.
- Creating Maryland's STEM Innovation Network to make STEM resources available to all.
Investing in STEM to Secure Maryland's Future


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Registries – Beyond Databases Part 2 – Built-In Data Governance
This is the second post in our series about Registries:
In Part 1 of this series of posts we suggested that, for a wide range of data centric applications, a registry was a better starting point than a database because it could greatly accelerate development and reduce time to market.
Some other useful features of a registry include:
 1. A powerful NoSQL data model supporting geography and semantics
 2. Automatic notification on changes to any data object
 3. Built-in automated data harvesting
 4. A plug-in architecture for data transformations
 5. Open standard web service interfaces
 6. A suite of data governance mechanisms
This blog looks in greater detail at the topic of data governance.
Built-In, Extensible Data Governance
Registries provide a variety of mechanisms for data governance. Rather than specify particular governance procedures (e.g. ISO 19135), a registry is designed to provide the mechanisms so that many such procedures can be realized. Developers and administrators can easily use these mechanisms to support whatever specific governance procedures they require. Note that the data governance discussed in this blog applies equally to service descriptions (i.e. SOA Governance) as to data descriptions.
Globally Unique Identifier
To facilitate object identification regardless of the value of the object's properties, all objects in a registry are automatically assigned an application level globally unique identifier. This identifier is never changed over the lifetime of the object. Having a globally unique identifier as a property of every object in a registry provides the basic means by which all other data governance functionality is achieved.
Life Cycle States and State Transitions
The fundamental construct for data governance is a list of life cycle states. These are the states that the object goes through over its life cycle. For a software artefact these states might be {submitted, approved, deprecated, withdrawn}, while for a physical asset such as a building they might be {submitted, planned, approved, under construction, completed, operational, slated for demolition, demolished}. Administrators can create a list of any such life cycle states deemed appropriate, and assign them on the basis of a specific object type. Hence a 'building permit' can have different set of life cycle states than a 'mineral lease' or a 'software library'.
In addition to having control over the list of life cycle states, an administrator can also specify the allowed transitions between these states. While it probably makes sense to allow an object to go from being "submitted" to being "approved", it may not make sense to allow it to go from "submitted" to "deprecated", since the deprecated state typically follows the state of being approved.
Administrators can easily create a set of life cycle states and state transitions in a registry to best model their data governance environment. The registry respects the states and state transitions, and any transaction that attempts to change the life cycle state of an object in an illegal manner will fail and be flagged with an exception.
Built-In Audit Trail
A critical component of any data governance system is the ability to retain a history of what has happened, including life cycle changes and any other changes undergone by the application objects. Registries support this requirement by providing an application level audit trail that records all changes to registered objects, recording for each such change:
 1. The object's globally unique identifier
 2. The user (either human or machine) responsible for the change
 3. The operation (e.g. creation, update, delete, state change) that caused the change
 4. The date and time that the operation was performed
The audit trail records all changes to every registry object, including changes to an object's classification, geographic properties, and life cycle states.
The audit trail exists at the application level where the object changes are immediately understandable in the application context. Changes to objects (e.g. modified land parcel surface area, or land parcel geometry), object relationships (e.g. land parcel has a new owner), and changes to the object's classification (e.g. land parcel classification changed from "crown" to "private") can all be immediately recognized on browsing the audit trail.
As this is an application level audit trail, it only makes sense that the auditing level of detail is also controlled by the application (on a per request or per transaction basis). Applications require fine-grained control of what needs to be audited and when it needs to be audited. For example:
 1. Turning off auditing when executing bulk operations (e.g. initial bulk load of millions of records)
 2. Providing fine-grained auditing for specific end-user operations
 3. Tracking exact changes of an object's properties (i.e. keep track of previous values)
In order to provide better support for fine-grained auditing, registries use the concept of audit levels. The exact set of supported audit levels will depend on the registry implementation; however, most registries provide support for the following audit levels:
 1. No auditing
 2. Standard auditing: the audit trail contains core properties as described above
 3. Previous state: in addition to the standards auditing, persist the previous state of the record with all its properties
 4. Diff: in addition to the standards auditing, only persist the differences between two record states


Struct expressions
**Syntax **
StructExpression :
 StructExprStruct
 | StructExprTuple
 | StructExprUnit
StructExprStruct :
 PathInExpression { InnerAttribute* (StructExprFields | StructBase)? }
StructExprFields :
 StructExprField (, StructExprField)* (, StructBase | ,?)
StructExprField :
 IDENTIFIER
 | (IDENTIFIER | TUPLE_INDEX) : Expression
StructBase :
 .. Expression
StructExprTuple :
 PathInExpression (
 InnerAttribute*
 ( Expression (, Expression)* ,? )?
 )
StructExprUnit : PathInExpression
A struct expression creates a struct or union value. It consists of a path to a struct or union item followed by the values for the fields of the item. There are three forms of struct expressions: struct, tuple, and unit.
The following are examples of struct expressions:
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Point { x: f64, y: f64 }
struct NothingInMe { }
struct TuplePoint(f64, f64);
mod game { pub struct User<'a> { pub name: &'a str, pub age: u32, pub score: usize } }
struct Cookie; fn some_fn<T>(t: T) {}
Point {x: 10.0, y: 20.0};
NothingInMe {};
TuplePoint(10.0, 20.0);
TuplePoint { 0: 10.0, 1: 20.0 }; // Results in the same value as the above line
let u = game::User {name: "Joe", age: 35, score: 100_000};
some_fn::<Cookie>(Cookie);
}
Field struct expression
A struct expression with fields enclosed in curly braces allows you to specify the value for each individual field in any order. The field name is separated from its value with a colon.
A value of a union type can also be created using this syntax, except that it must specify exactly one field.
Functional update syntax
A struct expression can terminate with the syntax .. followed by an expression to denote a functional update. The expression following .. (the base) must have the same struct type as the new struct type being formed.
The entire expression uses the given values for the fields that were specified and moves or copies the remaining fields from the base expression. As with all struct expressions, all of the fields of the struct must be visible, even those not explicitly named.
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Point3d { x: i32, y: i32, z: i32 }
let mut base = Point3d {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3};
let y_ref = &mut base.y;
Point3d {y: 0, z: 10, .. base}; // OK, only base.x is accessed
drop(y_ref);
}
Struct expressions with curly braces can't be used directly in a loop or if expression's head, or in the scrutinee of an if let or match expression. However, struct expressions can be in used in these situations if they are within another expression, for example inside parentheses.
The field names can be decimal integer values to specify indices for constructing tuple structs. This can be used with base structs to fill out the remaining indices not specified:
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Color(u8, u8, u8);
let c1 = Color(0, 0, 0); // Typical way of creating a tuple struct.
let c2 = Color{0: 255, 1: 127, 2: 0}; // Specifying fields by index.
let c3 = Color{1: 0, ..c2}; // Fill out all other fields using a base struct.
}
Struct field init shorthand
When initializing a data structure (struct, enum, union) with named (but not numbered) fields, it is allowed to write fieldname as a shorthand for fieldname: fieldname. This allows a compact syntax with less duplication. For example:
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Point3d { x: i32, y: i32, z: i32 }
let x = 0;
let y_value = 0;
let z = 0;
Point3d { x: x, y: y_value, z: z };
Point3d { x, y: y_value, z };
}
Tuple struct expression
A struct expression with fields enclosed in parentheses constructs a tuple struct. Though it is listed here as a specific expression for completeness, it is equivalent to a call expression to the tuple struct's constructor. For example:
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Position(i32, i32, i32);
Position(0, 0, 0); // Typical way of creating a tuple struct.
let c = Position; // 'c' is a function that takes 3 arguments.
let pos = c(8, 6, 7); // Creates a 'Position' value.
}
Unit struct expression
A unit struct expression is just the path to a unit struct item. This refers to the unit struct's implicit constant of its value. The unit struct value can also be constructed with a fieldless struct expression. For example:
#![allow(unused_variables)]
fn main() {
struct Gamma;
let a = Gamma; // Gamma unit value.
let b = Gamma{}; // Exact same value as 'a'.
}
Struct expression attributes
Inner attributes are allowed directly after the opening brace or parenthesis of a struct expression in the same expression contexts as attributes on block expressions.


text:
Sitting With It: Everyday Activities
Ashley Metz, MS, Mountain Valley Program Director shares with us how every activity in residential treatment has a therapeutic impact. All activities in a residential setting work towards the clinical health of our residents.
Many applicants will ask what you "do" all day at a residential treatment center (RTC). Most RTCs offer individual therapy a few times a week and traditional group therapy once a day, yet this is not the totality of the therapeutic work at these programs. Group Activities, Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), Independent Academics, and Personal Time are all opportunities do clinical work. And, in fact, it's often where the residents have to put into practice all of the things that learn in traditional therapy.
At Mountain Valley, where we treat anxiety and OCD, it's important to allow residents to be exposed to the activities and experiences that cause them distress. Through these exposures, they are able to collect data on how they react and function in real life activities. They can then take that information into their therapy sessions to develop new skills and strategies to overcome their stressors.


text:
1) Hint to use with Like clause
If your SQL contain a LIKE clause then you could consider using a hint on the column where an index exists on this column.
Use the /*+index(table index_name) */ hint. The LIKE clause may prevent the use of the index. If the index is physically smaller than the table then it will likely be faster to use the index rather than the table.
Append only works with Insert into table1 select * from table2;
It really doesn't make sense for a single-row insert


text:
Mathematical Biology Seminar
Date/Time/Room: Thursday (11/8/2001) at 2:00 pm in 118 Life Science
Department of Biology,
University of Texas at Arlington
''The Wonderful World of Ion Channels''Abstract: Ion channels are membrane proteins that control a variety of cell functions such as excitability, secretion, and osmotic pressure. Ion channels exist in one of two discrete states, open or closed. The time a channel spends in a given state depends on the external stimuli and defines the channel function. This binary "behavior" of ion channels makes them very attractive targets for modeling and mathematical analysis. During this seminar we will discuss the interactions between mathematics and biology in the field of ion channel research.


text:
How to display multiple images or graphs in a single window (frame) in MATLAB
This is done by using the subplot command in MATLAB
Suppose we have to display 4 images (aa,bb,cc,dd) in a single figure and arrange them in 2x2 fashion.
We will use the following commands:
similary to display two image in 2x1 fashion, we will use:


text:
Global Albedo Map of Mars
The albedo of any planetary surface is defined as the fraction of incident solar radiation reflected by the surface. The magnitude and spatial distribution of Martian surface albedo are important inputs for characterisation of Martian surface and Atmospheric circulation. The global Short Wave Infra Red (SWIR) albedo map in wavelength band 1.64-1.66 µm has been derived for the surface of Mars using the data from Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM) onboard the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). Five months (October 2014- February 2015) of radiance data from the reference channel of MSM are converted to the top of atmosphere reflectance normalised to sun-sensor viewing geometry and incoming solar flux. The global view of MSM derived Martian SWIR albedo has been averaged at ~50 km spatial resolution.
The bright regions (albedo > 0.4) are mainly localised over the Tharsis plateau, Arbia Terra and Elysium Planitia regions of Mars. The low albedo regions (< 0.15) are mainly localized in Syrtis Major and Southern highlands and parts of Northern hemisphere. In general low albedo values are associated with darker surface on Mars having volcanic rock basalt on surface. Higher albedo values represents surface covered by Dust. The area shown in blue colour indicates the presence of basaltic composition while red indicates the dust covered regions of Mars.
Global albeda of Mars using MSM data


Robert Peach Robert Peach - 2 months ago 44
Java Question
Google-app-engine datastore multi-dimensional arrays
I have a class that runs as a cron job (every 5 minutes or so) and it produces a multidimensional array. I then want to access this array from another class.
Is it possible to just put() a whole md-array as a single object into the datastore? And then to get() that md-array in another class?
If so, is it similar to just putting other simple variables into the datastore?
Cheers for any help
Answer
No, you cannot directly store a multi-dimensional array as a property of a datastore entity. The closest type would be a ListProperty, but this will only store one dimension. (Python only, not for Java)
Depending on what the data in your md-array represents, you could:
 - Serialize the values into a byte array, which you store as a Blob (1 MB size limit)
 - Flatten the array and store each dimension as an individual property
 - Create an entity for the rows, and properties for the columns (if 2-dimensional)
For all supported datastore property types, see this section of the GAE documentation


It's What Makes a Subaru, a Subaru:
Chain-Driven Camshafts

Benefits of Chain Drive

Chain drive for camshafts is durable and requires less maintenance than belt drive. It also allows engineers to design a smaller engine package, which frees space under the hood for improved safety and service convenience.

Chain Versus Belt

 BELT CHAIN
Noise Quieter than chain Louder than belt, quieter than gear
Durability Requires replacement at approximately 100,000 miles More durable – relatively maintenance-free1
Engine size Requires sprockets with larger diameters, so engines need to be wider; requires wider sprockets, so engines need to be longer Sprockets have smaller diameters, so engines are reduced in width; sprockets have smaller widths, so engines are reduced in length

1 While it's possible to stretch a chain and wear the sprocket gears, that usually occurs from punishing an engine under severe operating conditions. In general, engines of properly driven vehicles with chain drive can travel hundreds of thousands of miles before replacement is necessary.

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text:
Hel was the Norse* goddess of the dead, daughter of the trickster god Loki and the giantess Angrboda. Shortly after her birth, Hel was cast out of Asgard, home of the gods, by Odin*. He sent her to Niflheim, the underworld, and made her queen of all who died from old age or sickness. Warriors who fell in combat did not become her subjects but went instead to the hall called Valhalla to live with Odin. In early Norse mythology, Hel was also the name of the world of the dead.
trickster mischievous figure appearing in various forms in the folktales and mythology of many different peoples underworld land of the dead
Sources describe the goddess as a half-flesh-colored and half-black monster. She lived in a castle called Eljudner and ate her meals with a dish named Hunger and a knife called Famine. She was attended by two servants, Ganglati and Ganglot, who moved so slowly that they appeared to be standing still. Hell, the English word for the underworld, comes from the Norse word Hel.


text:
WHAT IS DIESEL EXHAUST FLUID (DEF) FUEL CONTAMINATION?
DEF is a urea-based chemical that is not approved for use in jet fuel. When mixed with jet fuel,
DEF will react with certain jet fuel chemical components to form crystalline deposits in the fuel
system. These deposits will flow through the aircraft fuel system and may accumulate on filters,
fuel metering components, other fuel system components, or engine fuel nozzles. The deposits may
also settle in the fuel tanks or other areas of the aircraft fuel system where they may potentially
become dislodged over time and accumulate downstream in the fuel system as described above.


◁ Back
How to get the best out of process R&D
April 17, 2018
Process R&D-under pressure
Pharmaceutical process research and development (R&D) is indispensable in the development of personalised medicines and innovative treatments that deal effectively with diseases. In order to make treatments widely available and accessible to patients, the pressure to demonstrate improved outcomes at lower costs is getting higher. This is particularly true when Europe faces increasing competition from emerging economies, such as Brazil and China.1
This is where contract research and development organisations (CDMOs) can play a critical role in helping drug makers develop competitive processes without risk for patent infringement and short time-to-market. But first things first…
Process R&D
Process R&D in the pharmaceutical industry has a long list of criteria that must be considered. These include optimal route of synthesis selection, availability of starting materials, prior art and the intellectual property landscape, quality criteria and regulatory hurdles, chemical safety concerns, toxicity and environmental sustainability, to name only a few.2
Optimal process R&D is critical as it can save significant expenses for the pharmaceutical industry. How? By devising new concepts, employing novel methodologies and using upcoming technologies that can reduce total chemical steps, ensure product quality and safety, guarantee consistent yields and delivery timelines, as well as reduce waste.
Prior art route of synthesis (ROS)
Designing competitive and IP-free ROSs as a way of controlling costs of materials and manufacturing is an endeavour of creativity and inventiveness. It takes meticulous work and resources to demonstrate and sustain the competitive advantage, avoid patent infringement risks and still be in line with product launch timelines.
Raw materials
Proper selection of raw materials can have a major impact on the overall cost of the chemical process development. Whether it is about making drastic improvements in the properties of existing substances or developing new synthetic ones, optimal selection, sourcing, quality control and effective management of raw materials can lead to shorter, greener and scalable processes.
Lean manufacturing processes
Designing seamless and sustainable manufacturing processes can deliver enormous benefits in terms of resource efficiency, product quality and competitiveness. Improved manufacturing processes can ensure process repeatability and scalability,3as well as generate less waste and enhance sustainability. This can be done with more efficient chemical pathways and/or catalysts, advanced process control strategies and the implementation of new reaction and separation technologies and concepts.
Geography does matter
Many CDMOs are shifting their R&D units to smaller cities where operational and workforce costs are lower, and where academic communities and high scientific output can offer fresh perspectives, stimulate new thinking and bring them closer to cutting-edge R&D solutions.
Read the interview online here.
 1. The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures. Key Data 2017. By the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). Sourced by the EFPIA website _URL_
 2. Route Design in the 21stCentury: The ICSYNTH Software Tool as an Idea Generator for Synthesis Prediction, Org. Process Res. Dev., 2015;19:357–368.
 3. Strategic Innovation and Research Agenda by the European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry. Sourced by the SusChem website _URL_


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Traceable emissivity measurements will help develop higher performance insulation materials
Reflective insulation helps buildings improve energy efficiency. Manufacturers of these products must declare their surface emissivity, so customers can calculate energy savings in accordance with EU directives. Different emissivity measurement techniques have large discrepancies and there is an urgent need to improve accuracy of these measurements to enhance innovation and allow superior products to demonstrate their added benefits.
Responding to this need, this project tested commercial emissivity measurement techniques to understand their limitations, and improve reference techniques at NMIs to lower uncertainties. It has created reference samples and best practice calibration and measurement procedures which bring traceability to commercial instruments. The results will be used to propose amendments to current standards EN 16012 and ISO 6946. This will allow developers of thermal insulation materials to perform reliable emissivity measurements, and develop higher performance products. Such products will help improve energy efficiency in buildings, and also support other industries which use reflective foils, including aerospace, automotive, nuclear power, and packaging.
EMPIR project 21GRD03 PaRaMetriC builds on this work.
Measurement Science and Technology
Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems


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Garden City, KS Fire Department
Garden City Ammonia Program and Garden City Fire Department continue initial and refresher training with the local fire department of Finney County, KS.
Garden City Ammonia Program has continued their joint venture with the Garden City Fire Department. Four years ago started this adventure, and the last month GCAP has trained over 30 fire professionals from the department the hazards of ammonia, emergency planning, and specific training for GCAP's facility in town.
It is very important that this type of training exist and share knowledge between the two organizations. Ammonia is one of the most widely used chemicals in the world. Most of it is used for fertilization of fields. It is most important that emergency responders understand the hazards they are dealing with. Also, anhydrous ammonia can be used in industrial refrigeration systems. So from an agricultural and refrigeration standpoint, there is much of this chemical around.
Ammonia has a superior safety record as a chemical due to the fact of its odor at very low concentrations. But, in larger concentration can be severe to all living life. Ammonia is classified as a toxic chemical and in certain conditions it also may be flammable.
GCAP takes great pride in what we do, and is honored to be able to offer our services to the local community and emergency responders. GCAP has been involved with training over 4,000 emergency services personal through the last 6 years with Ammonia Safety Days put on across the United States.


text:
The mission of the Developing Scholars Program is:
- to increase the number of intellectually curious students of color and first generation college students who choose KSU.
- to improve retention of such underrepresented students by matching students with faculty mentors for the purpose of providing early opportunities for scholarly research.
- to guide more of such underrepresented students toward graduate or professional school.
- to provide a more diverse community of workers for the twenty-first century.
The goals of the Development Scholars Program include:
- Identify, recruit, motivate, and enable more underrepresented students to obtain a Bachelor's degree from Kansas State University
- Increase K-State faculty involvement and understanding of the needs and richness of diverse perspectives that underrepresented students bring to the university environment
- Improve academic success and create opportunity for underrepresented students at Kansas State University
- Foster development of a community of student researchers by providing educational enrichment activities and ways for students to interact, network, socialize, and collaborate with each other and with the larger academic community
- Nurture a strong work ethic, intellectual curiosity, community problem-solving, and enjoyment in the act of learning
- Continue to improve the retention and graduation rates of underrepresented populations at Kansas State University
- Increase the numbers of underrepresented students who transfer to Kansas State University from community colleges and who graduate
- Establish a "pathway of progress" to provide opportunities for underrepresented students to pursue diverse academic interests and to enter graduate programs, professional schools, or to find placement in their professional fields upon graduation
- Provide opportunities for faculty to interact with students from diverse cultural backgrounds who can bring fresh perspectives to the research environment
- Evaluate the impact and effectiveness of participation in the Developing Scholars Program for faculty and students
- Share with other institutions of higher learning what is learned


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Orchid Leaves Turning Yellow? Find Out Why and How to Solve It
If your orchid leaves are turning yellow it isn't always cause for concern, but it is definitely a good reason to take a closer look. The simplest and most common reason is that the leaves are just dying off. If some of your lower orchid leaves turn yellow it is probably nothing to worry about.
In the most extreme cases it may mean that your orchid is diseased. Usually bacterial or fungal disease will show up as yellow spots on leaves which are not old. If you can see yellow spots and this is outlined in black then you definitely have a fungus problem and this should be look at further.
Once you are certain that this is the problem, you can buy some Physan which in most cases will clear up the problem and stop your orchids turning yellow.
Another cause of your leaves turning a yellow color is too much light. Light is very important to orchids but too much or too little can cause problems. If your orchid is receiving too much light this can result in burns to the leaves which display as yellow spots. The solution to this one is simple, simply give your orchid less light and keep it in the shade a little longer each day. Unfortunately once this happens though, your orchid leaves will stay yellow and you will not get green leaves again until some leaves regrow.
While it is not common some other factors that can cause orchid leaves to turn yellow are:
- Too much water: If you think this is a concern make sure the roots are not rotting, and simply water the plant less for a few days.
- Extreme Cold Weather: Make sure you keep the orchid in a moderate environment
There are several reasons why your orchids leaves may be changing to a yellow color. Take all of these factors into consideration.
Article provided by Ezinearticles.com


happy woman
Most people don't think "information management" when they hear "customer experience."
But in a world where fresh competition seems to emerge almost daily, the task of providing an exceptional customer experience demands a collaborative effort from every corner of the organization.
In order to achieve the cohesion necessary to enhance customer experience and satisfaction, we must lay the groundwork for effective information management and document collaboration.
Some businesses may find that providing employees with the right collaboration tools is the key to enhancing overall customer experience, while others may find an opportunity to apply these principles even more broadly as part of their customer acquisition and retention strategies.
Whichever applies to your organization, these three approaches to modernizing information management can revolutionize the relationship between your organization and your customer.
1. Bring Order to Document Disarray
Having instant access to information in one place is no longer considered a luxury — especially when it relates to customers.
According to a recent Forrester report, 79 percent of knowledge workers directly communicate and collaborate with customers. Yet the ever-expanding assortment of CRM systems, cloud-based storage options and communication tools can make accessing and organizing information a challenge.
With such a high percentage of your workforce interfacing with customers, it's essential to simplify the way information is organized, documented and communicated across all departments.
An integrated business suite can reduce the superfluous time it takes to find and utilize order or contract details, customer information and other transactional intricacies that may be spread across different programs. For example, integrating document collaboration solutions with CRM platforms allows any employee across the organization to easily access all customer information and documentation, in context, with just a few clicks.
Integrating document collaboration solutions can also enhance overall employee productivity.
Independent analyst firm Nucleus Research found that using an integrated suite can help companies accelerate financial close times by up to 50 percent, increase sales productivity by 12.5 percent, raise inventory turns by 50 percent, and cut order processing time by up to 66 percent. These efficiencies create new opportunities to benefit the customer more quickly and competently — whether it's closing a sale, processing an order or offering excellent customer support.
2. Provide Around-the-Clock Accessibility
The days of employees remaining confined to their desks for eight consecutive hours are gone. Modern knowledge workers embrace a more fluid approach to "the office," often working remotely, operating on flexible hours or staying on call to address any urgent issues.
These adjustments to daily workflow create the need to provide employees with 24/7/365 access to their documents and workflows. Employees need the ability to not just access their files, but to work with them accordingly, from editing and signing to annotating and sharing with colleagues or customers.
Likewise, customers don't operate on a 9-to-5 basis. Allowing your employees universal access to their documents enables them to be productive and impactful at any time of day, especially when your customers need it most.
In our fast-paced world, quick response times and extraordinary customer relationships can set you apart from the competition while driving customer acquisition, retention and loyalty.
3. Enable Innovation
When employees are given a simple way to collaborate effectively, a new culture of innovation is born. Google commissioned an international study that discovered an 81 percent positive correlation between collaboration and innovation.
Enabling employees to brainstorm together is an invaluable part of making a product more valuable to consumers. Thanks to advances in document collaboration, employees benefit from real-time visibility and seamless information sharing that can bolster fresh ideas and renewed innovation.
IBM recently explored this link between collaborative corporate environments, innovation and the customer experience. Its study revealed that "extensively collaborative" companies performed better than their peers, and companies that collaborated with external sources, such as customers and partners, made more money than those that didn't.
Happiness is Contagious
As businesses generate and process increasing amounts of complex information, CIOs and IT are under new pressure to prioritize information management and implement strategies that benefit the customer.
Yet at the root of these efforts, we must remember that the most direct route to an exceptional customer experience is through a happy workforce.
By saving time, reducing frustration and promoting organization, strategic information management can empower employees to work more efficiently and enrich performance. With the right tools and effective collaboration strategies, employees can streamline their efforts to spend less time on common annoyances — and more time providing an excellent customer experience. And if the customer is happy, everyone's happy.
Title image "Happy" (CC BY 2.0) by jwerkman


text:
When I look through a lens the image of objects far away are inverted but when looking the the viewfinder on my camera they are not. Why is this?
I am having a hard time understanding why objects far away are inverted in the first place.
Could anyone provide an explanation or ray diagrams (Preferably using a point source on an object and including the lens in the human eye)?
EDIT: Thanks everyone I now understand why objects far away from a lens appear inverted. But can anyone now explain how the camera elements make far inverted objects appear right way up without also making close normal objects appear upside down?
EDIT 2: I can't provide an image right now because I am at school but you know how when you look through a magnifying glass and far objects will be inverted and blurry but close objects will be sharp and erect (normal)?
That is what is happening when I look through my camera lenses while they are not attached to the camera, but when they are attached to the camera and I look through the viewfinder (or at processed film) the objects in the image produced are all of the same orientation.
Does this mean that lens doesn't actually produce images like a magnifying glass would because the objects on the images produced on film are all of the same orientation? Or does this mean a magnifying glass doesn't actually produce objects with different orientations?? If a magnifying glass doesn't, then why does it look like it does and are the convex lens diagrams wrong (they show a virtual image upright for close objects and real upside-down images for far objects)? Isn't a magnifying glass just a convex lens?
It DOES look like a magnifying glass when I look through the lens. That's why I thought that then lens was producing objects with different orientations. This also goes with the convex lens diagrams below that show objects with different orientations.
So does the lens produce objects with different orientations or doesn't it??? If not why does it look like it does when I look through the lens, and also based on the convex lens diagrams it seems like it should. If it doesn't then how do the other lenses in a camera lens attachment correct the convex lens. And if it does then why does film and the viewfinder show objects with the same orientation?
Sorry for asking so much. This is just so confusing!
EDIT 3: This is how I thought a camera lens would work:
I forgot to mention in EDIT 2 that it seems that close objects shouldn't even appear on film based on the diagrams.
I still don't understand... =(
EDIT 4: So objects really close to the camera lens should not appear on film, correct?
So...Why do all objects in the viewfinder appear upright??? Since my eye is reviving both the light rays from close objects (virtual upright images) and far objects (real inverted images) shouldn't really close objects and objects farther away have different orientations? Just like looking through the lens directly? How does the viewfinder change anything?
EDIT 5: Thanks so much everyone. Thanks for the help.
"Anything close enough to form a virtual image is not focused onto the focusing screen"
So lets say I put a pen right in front of the lens and look through it directly. The image I see is upright so this means it is a virtual image. Now lets say I attach the lens to the camera and look through the viewfinder. I can still see the pen but it is blurry (because the focal length is longer, right?). The lens forms a virtual image of the pen but I can still see it in the viewfinder. Why is this? If the viewfinder shows me exactly what would be on the film it should not show the pen at all (based on the diagrams in the image above) should it?
EDIT 6: Maybe it should form a blurry image. Like a pin hole camera or something. In any case thanks for all the help everyone. I know it can be frustrating trying to teach me. I can be pretty dense sometimes.


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TMI's Appalachia Program is launching a new on-line teacher-training workshop this winter focusing on the results of student-collected water quality data from 103 sites throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Supported by the Chesapeake Bay Funders Network and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the "Chesapeake Commons" website allows teachers, students and the general public to explore over 180 attributes that West Virginia students collected at each stream. Using an embedded map and database, visitors can also create their own maps, provide additional data to TMI and export information to other sites. More information, including access to the "Chesapeake Commons," can be found on TMI's website at:_URL_
Subscribe by email:
Imja Lake Expedition (Sept 2011)


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The spiral tube water wheel pump was designed by laboratory staff in 1979 specifically to use energy flowing in canal water to pump water under pressure to a higher point where it could be used for domestic use. Blair Research Staff have subsequently built wheels ranging in size from 0.5m in diameter to 4 meters in diameter. The photo shows a 4m diameter wheel being constructed. Although this pump was specifically designed to work in irrigation canals, water wheels of this type have been constructed in riverine conditions.
Wheels of this type have now been in operation in Zimbabwe for 5 years and have provided very reliable service. The water pump itself consists of a spiral tube designed without valves. The 4 meter diameter wheel shown in the picture was fitted at Mazowe in 1979 into the main irrigation canal supplying the Citrus Estate. Readings taken in October 1979 showed that the wheel pumped 3697 liters of water per hour to a height of 8 meters above the canal (88 cu.m. per day). The canal width was 1.93 meters and the water flow ratein the canal was 1 m/sec. The wheel was made with 16 paddles each being 600mm x 600mm in area. Two coil pumps were mounted on the wheel in horizontally opposed positions. Each pump consisted of 3 coils of 50mm diameter pipe. The wheel performed 3.21 revs. per minute whilst pumping water to 8 meters. The output of the same wheel was remeasured in 1983 and remained unchanged.
Or, Please choose a page to begin:
_URL_ with a link to Peter Morgan's website.
You may be interested in other information I have collected about water-powered water pumps here:
_URL_ done by Chris Pirazzi (_EMAIL_) in 2005. My home page can be found at


R4200
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from R4300i)
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The R4200 is a microprocessor designed by MIPS Technologies, Inc. (MTI) that implemented the MIPS III instruction set architecture (ISA). It was also known as the VRX during development. The microprocessor was licensed to NEC, and the company fabricated and marketed it as the VR4200. The first VR4200, an 80 MHz part, was introduced in 1993. A faster 100 MHz part became available in 1994. The R4200 was developed specifically for low-power Windows NT computers such as personal computers and laptops. MTI claimed the microprocessor's integer performance was greater than that of a high-end Intel i486 and 80% of a P5-variant Pentium microprocessor. The R4200 ultimately did not see any use in personal computers and was repositioned as an embedded microprocessor that competed with the R4600. The R4300i variant was used in the widely popular Nintendo 64 video game console.
Description[edit]
The R4200 is a scalar design with a five-stage classic RISC pipeline. A notable feature is the use of the integer datapath for performing arithmetic operations on the mantissa portion of a floating point number. A separate datapath was used for the exponent. This scheme reduced cost by reducing the number of transistors, the size of the chip, and power consumption. It also impacted floating point performance negatively, but the R4200's intended applications did not require high floating point performance.
The R4200 has a 16 KB instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache. Both caches are direct-mapped. The instruction cache has a 32-byte line size, whereas the data cache has 16-byte line size. The data cache uses the write-back write protocol.
The R4200 has a 32-entry translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for data, and a 4-entry TLB for instructions. A 33-bit physical address is supported. The system bus is 64 bits wide and operates at half the internal clock frequency.
The R4200 contained 1.3 million transistors and had an area of 81 mm2. NEC fabricated the R4200 in a 600 nm CMOS process with three levels of interconnect. It was packaged in a 179-pin ceramic pin grid array that was compatible with the R4x00PC and R4600, or a 208-pin plastic quad flat pack (PQFP). It used a 3.3 V power supply, dissipating 1.8 W typically and a maximum of 2 W at 80 MHz.
R4300i[edit]
The R4300i is a derivative of the R4200 designed by MTI for embedded applications announced on 17 April 1995.[1] The R4300i was licensed to NEC and Toshiba, and was marketed by those companies as the VR4300 or TX4300, respectively. Both companies offered 100 and 133 MHz versions. A derivative of the VR4300 was developed by NEC for the Nintendo 64 game console. This singular use of a MIPS implementation produced significant royalties for MTI, sales for NEC, and made MIPS the highest volume 32/64-bit RISC ISA in 1997.[citation needed]
The R4300i differs from the R4200 by featuring an improved integer multiplier with a lower latency and a 32-bit system bus for reduced cost. The chip had an area of 45 mm2 and was fabricated in a 350 nm process. It was packaged in a 120-pin PQFP. It uses a 3.3 V power supply and dissipates 1.8 W at 100 MHz and 2.2 W at 133 MHz.
NEC produced two derivatives of the R4300 for the general embedded market, the VR4305 and VR4310, announced on 20 January 1998.[2] The VR4310 was available at 100, 133 or 167 MHz. It was made in a 250 nm process and packaged in a 120-pin PQFP.
References[edit]
 1. ^ "MIPS/NEC Announce New Consumer-market RISC Processor" (Press release). MIPS Technologies, Inc. 17 April 1995.
 2. ^ "NEC Offers Two High Cost Performance 64-bit RISC Microprocessors" (Press release). NEC Corporation. 20 January 1998.
 - "MIPS, NEC will launch 64-bit device". (17 April 1995). Electronic News.
 - "NEC Unveils New MIPS Chip for Nintendo". (8 May 1995). Microprocessor Report.
 - Gwennap, Linley (31 May 1993). "MIPS Reaches New Lows With R4200 Design". Microprocessor Report, pp. 6–9.
 - Halfhill, Tom R. (July 1993). "Low-Power RISC from Mips". Byte.
 - Levy, Marcus (15 September 1994). "EDN's 21st Annual Microprocessor Directory". EDN.
 - Ryan, Bob; Thompson, Tom (January 1994). "RISC Grows Up". Byte.
 - Yeung, N.K. et al. (1994). "The design of a 55SPECint92 RISC processor under 2W". ISSCC Digest of Technical Papers. pp. 206–207.
 - Zivkov, B.; Ferguson, B.; Gupta, M. (1994). Compcon Spring '94, Digest of Papers. pp. 18–25.


text:
Temperature data (typically in time series format) comes from investigations performed by government agencies, geotechnical engineers and consultants, academics, and others to obtain information on the air or ground thermal conditions of a site. Ground temperature investigations generally include the installation of temperature sensors at a variety of depth intervals, and data loggers which record the temperatures at regular time intervals ( e.g., hourly or daily) for varying time periods ranging from one-time or occasional measurements to multi-year monitoring. They also often involve the installation or monitoring of above-ground weather stations. Where ground temperature data characterizes the ground thermal regime, weather data allows for an understanding of the relationship between the ground thermal regime and local weather.
For more information: _EMAIL_


text:
On the busy streets of Togo's capital, Lomé, change is afoot amongst some of the city's motorcycle taxi drivers.
They're going electric.
At a battery swapping station, drivers are quick to share their enthusiasm for their new e-motorcycles, replacements for the petrol-powered models they once rode.
"I can say there are four advantages or benefits to using an electric motorcycle," says Aounon Yao, who recently switched from driving a combustion-powered motorcycle.
"Firstly, the electric motorcycle is half the price to run. Secondly, it doesn't explode in the event of an accident. Thirdly, it reduces noise and air pollution. And fourthly, it is healthy to ride."
However, even with the clear benefits to switching to e-motorcycles, the transition away from the combustion engine has been slow across Africa.
There are an estimated 27 million two- and three-wheelers on the road in Africa, corresponding to an estimated annual market value of US$4.8 billion. Less than 1 per cent of these vehicles are electric.
Most of the two- and three-wheelers are still using internal combustion engines and rely on fossil fuels. When burned, fossil fuels pollute the air and warm the planet.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) are assisting governments from 41 countries to accelerate the uptake of e-mobility as part of the Global E-mobility Programme.
Man on electric motorbike
Some 3,000 electric motorcycles ply Togo's roads. Experts say the move away from petrol-powered bikes could reduce air pollution and help Togo slash its greenhouse gas emissions.
The programme has been helping Togo move towards its Paris Agreement goals by supporting the development of a national e-mobility policy. The policy aims to put in place regulatory and fiscal mechanisms to make electric vehicles mainstream.
Mary Yaou, Director of the Environment at Togo's Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources, says one of the government's objectives is to make the country a regional leader in e-mobility.
"There are already almost 3,000 e-motorcycles on the road in Togo, so from Togo, I think the market will spread throughout the region," says Yaou.
Research shows that shifting two- and three-wheelers to electric has the potential to reduce between 500 and 600 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions every year.
However, in Africa, only approximately 20,000 electric motorcycles have been deployed across the continent, amounting to less than 0.5 per cent of the entire motorcycle fleet.
The reason for this slow uptake is multifaceted.
Since the 1990s, two- and three-wheelers have exploded in popularity, primarily due to the failure of public transport services to serve the population in urban and rural areas.
The absence of financing for electric motorcycle importers has held back development, as has limited battery charging and swapping infrastructure.
Another need has been for the development and implementation of clear national strategies to promote, finance and scale-up low-carbon electric mobility.
The world must cut greenhouse gas emissions by more than 40 per cent by 2030 to keep warming below 1.5°C and avoid the worst impacts of climate change.
Fossil fuels, including oil, coal and gas, are responsible for nearly 90 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions. Experts say there is a pressing need for a shift to alternative energy sources.
UNEP Director of the Industry and Economy Division Sheila Aggarwal-Khan says it is essential that low- and middle-income countries are part of a global shift to zero-emissions electric mobility – to meet the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement and to reduce air pollution.
"With two and three-wheelers playing an important role in local economies, Africa has the potential to leapfrog the conventional mobility pathway by moving directly to electric vehicles," Aggarwal-Khan says.
"Togo is showing how a combination of private sector initiative and government support can accelerate the introduction of e-mobility that meets local market needs, from the bottom up."
Battery-powered transportation is cleaner than fossil-fuel-based transit, but it comes with its own costs. Lithium-ion batteries rely on the extraction of minerals—especially lithium and cobalt—while improper battery disposal can harm the environment.
Alongside work to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles in Togo and around the world, UNEP is ramping up efforts to develop a circular economy for electric vehicle batteries.
By promoting innovative battery design and increasing recycling in the battery industry, countries can reduce the need for virgin raw materials.
Meanwhile, in Togo, the message is clear.
"Do your utmost to change your combustion motorcycle for an electric one," electric motorbike driver Amegan Kpe Yao says. "Given that the environment is everything, we must not contribute to its degradation."
The International Day of Clean Energy be held on 26 January to raise awareness and mobilize action for a just and inclusive transition to clean energy for the benefit of people and the planet.
If the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals are to be met, the annual energy efficiency rate must be doubled by 2030. UNEP works with partners to improve energy efficiency and strengthen the business case for energy efficiency, including at the city level.
UNEP's Global Electric Mobility Programme is currently working with the support of the Global Environment Facility, the European Union, the German Climate Initiative, the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, the FIA Foundation and other donors to support more than 60 low- and middle-income countries with the shift from fossil fuel to electric vehicles.
culled from un.org
To learn more about the programme, contact _EMAIL_.


text:
Wireframe Immersive has played a vital role in creating Virtual Reality Empathy Platform (VR-EP), a new virtual reality device is set to help architects and designers create dementia-friendly buildings and spaces through understanding how dementia can affect a person's vision.
The idea is the brainchild of David Burgher, director at Scottish Borders-based Aitken Turnbull Architects, who has developed the product in partnership with Glasgow CGI company Wireframe Immersive and experts at the Dementia Centre, HammondCare. The Dementia Centre is recognised as a world leader in dementia support, care and design. It provided the evidence-based research and academic rigour to this product. Wireframe Immersive has developed the virtual environment and will supply the software and hardware.
VR-EP comprises a laptop with high performance graphic and memory capability, Virtual Reality goggles, a games controller, camera and bespoke software programming.
VR-EP can be used in the design of new buildings such as care homes, hospitals or sheltered housing, and also has the potential to assess existing buildings and environments. Dementia-friendly design can significantly improve the quality of life for people living with the condition.
There are currently more than 800,000 people in the UK living with dementia, a figure that is expected to rise to 1.7 million by 2051. Dementia costs the UK economy £26.3 billion per year – more than cancer and heart disease combined. This application can help healthcare providers save expensive adaptive costs by designing buildings and spaces with the person living with dementia in mind.
People living with dementia can see things very differently, with objects often appearing dimmer and less colourful than they really are, which can be frightening and confusing. By using this device to see things through the eyes of a fictional person living with dementia, building or interior designers will be able to create homely and familiar environments that could reduce accidents, lessen anxiety and help those living with dementia live more independent lives.
The introduction of this unique VR-EP technology takes this insight to the another level - giving building designers first-hand experience of how dementia affects vision so that we can design spaces that are far better suited to people living with the condition.
As well as reducing anxiety, the improved design offers a better, safer and more independent quality of life. Dementia-friendly design doesn't have to cost more. In fact, by using VR-EP, designers will get it right first time and therefore reduce costs. Initial research shows there is a strong demand for this product on an international scale and the VR-EP device will make a profound impact in improving the environment for those living with dementia.


text: Let me tell you something about the harmonic Pi that our Ancient Egyptian Architectonic Masters did interpret it geometrically, using the language of the two eyes. RMP#48 shows an example of interpreting geometrically that kind of Pi, i.e., it shows the geometrical correlation between two musical notes in the same musical octave, with a gap of two notes interval, e.g., between Do and Me. The upper note is equivalent to 4 and the lower note is the harmonic Pi = 256/81. It is one of the basic architectonic rules in the pyramids design philosophy. Thus we say this is the horizon of the two sounds Me-Do or the Per-Me-Do. Identifying which two musical notes should be used, in the numeric term, for designing such pyramid follows another rule.


Space Battleship Yamato Wiki
Bombing of Alteria
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Bombing of Alteria
Alteria Burning
Conflict: Garmillas Civil War
Date: 2199
Place: Alteria
Result: *Garmillas Victory
 - Alteria bombed
Alterian Rebels
Military of the Great Garmillas Empire
Alterian rebles
Hundreds of Imperial Guard ships
Casualties and Losses
 - Most if not all of Alteria's population
 - Planet severely damaged
 - Garmillas Governor
 - Any Garmillans not off planet
The Bombing of Alteria was one of the most destructive acts the Imperial Guard committed during the Garmillas Civil War.
After word of Space Battleship Yamato existance and how a ship from a planet being invaded by the Empire had caused so much trouble for the Imperial Asto Navy, many worlds began revolting against Garmillas and Dessler.
Prior to the Battle of Carell 163. The population of Alteria began a revolt. ("Point of No Return")
The assaultEdit
When the rebellion began many Garmillans were forced to evacuate as the natives began taking their planet back, however many weren't able to escape. The Governor escaped the planet and requested aid. Dessler sent Hydom Gimleh to deal with the rebellion. When the Governor met Gimleh aboard his ship, and after hearing his pleas for aid in defending the remaining Garmillan on the planet he instead ordered the Governor be killed.
The fleet moved in to bombing position as massive missile began raining down on the planet killing the celebrating Alterians. After the bombs explode the Carriers release bombers and fire upon the surface cities while bomber destroyed smaller more remote locations. In a matter of minutes a once blue world was largely burnt. ("Point of No Return")
This event caused a rift in Garmillas leadership between those who thought they were being to brutal and those who didn't. In addition Lord Dessler was apparently killed in an assassination shortly after the planet was bombed. ("Point of No Return")
Many of the surviving Alterians would find themselves in prison camps. These people were presumably released after the new Garmillas government takes power. ("The Planet That We Head For")
Ad blocker interference detected!


11-18 The Mandalorian LED wall
[Image above] The television series "The Mandalorian" uses a novel LED wall to create backgrounds for the show, overcoming some of the challenges faced by green-screen compositing. Credit: Insider, YouTube
I am not one of those people who signed up for Disney+ when it launched last year, but I have many friends who did. And based on their social media posts, the biggest takeaway from the new streaming service is Baby Yoda.
Technically, this character from the Star Wars television series "The Mandalorian" is called The Child, but fans quickly nicknamed the creature Baby Yoda because it is the same species as Yoda from the original Star Wars film franchise. (The true name of this species is unknown.)
This month, the popularity of Baby Yoda dropped substantially with the release of season 2 (one does not simply eat the eggs of an endangered species). But another aspect of "The Mandalorian" continues to impress fans—the novel technology used to generate backgrounds in the show.
Chroma key compositing and the drawbacks of green screens
When traveling to location for a film is not possible, producers typically rely on a visual-effects and post-production technique called chroma key compositing to create backgrounds.
Chroma key compositing involves layering two images or video streams together based on color hues. A key color or color range is made transparent, and then it is replaced with content from other film or digital material.
The technique was initially developed in the 1930s using solid blue screens (blue was the key color that would be made transparent). Since the 1990s, however, green screens became more common.
Chroma key compositing is now a well-established technique in the film industry, but there still exists some challenges that come with it. In particular, colored light often reflects off the solid-colored screen and "spills" onto the subject, requiring removal during post-production. The color of the screen also generally cannot be used anywhere else in the shot, which places some limits on set and costume designers. And because of the limitations in rendering computer graphic content, movements of the camera are often restricted to a dolly track or a few preselected shots for which the content, such as lighting, is already prepared.
The cutting-edge background technology used in "The Mandalorian", though, solves all of these problems.
LED screens offer seamless movie backgrounds
Instead of chroma key compositing, "The Mandalorian" relied on an innovative virtual production workflow called ILM StageCraft, or the Volume.
The Volume is a giant LED wall that comprises 1,326 individual LED screens of a 2.84-mm pixel pitch. It is 20 feet tall, 270 degrees around, and 75 feet wide (180 feet in circumference). It includes an LED video ceiling set on top; only the floor of the Volume does not contain LEDs.
Compared to chroma key compositing—and other backor front-screen projection technologies—the Volume allows for a dynamic shooting environment that can automatically adjust to a camera's movement, so the background appears natural in terms of both positioning and lighting. This ability also negates the problem of light "spill" that must be removed during post-production because all reflected light from the screen matches the desired environment. And because no key color is being reserved for removal later, there are no limits on colors for set and costume design.
An American Cinematographer article explains that the idea for the Volume stemmed from work on the Star Wars movie "Rogue One" in 2016. For that movie, a large cylindrical LED wall was built for use in the space battle landings and cockpit sequences. That wall was used purely for lighting purposes, but advances in LED technology since that movie came out allowed for the Volume to leverage new panels and push the envelope on real-time, in-camera visual effects.
Of course, filmmakers have used LED walls on smaller scales for years. But "'The Mandalorian' is the first real demonstration of what's possible using this technology," a TechCrunch article says.
The video below providers a closer look at the LED wall technology, which we'll likely see much more of across the film industry in the near future.
Credit: Insider, YouTube


text:
Ars notoria, sive Flores aurei
Франция (Северная Италия)
Fifteen pages of largely diagrammatic drawings, approximately thirty-six in all, depending on how their relationships are interpreted (the text calls for thirty-two), are found from f. 10v to f. 17v, most of them accompanied by labels and the texts of prayers consisting of long series of invented names with exotic sounds written in a minute hand in brown ink, while the designs themselves are throughout in red. The text of the manuscript also includes numerous prayers, some of them consisting of exotic names. Manuscript on parchment of Apollonius, Ars notoria, sive Flores aurei. A text in which a direct approach to knowledge is sought by means of incantation. The text of the manuscript also includes numerous prayers, some of them consisting of exotic names.


text:
Version 5 Manual
PingPlotter's web interface allows administrators to create custom user profiles to prevent users from editing PingPlotter targets and summaries.
Enabling multi-user management
To enable multi-user management, you must first create an admin login. In the PingPlotter program, under Edit → Options → Web Server, select Require Login and enter your preferred username and password.
To create a new user profile for PingPlotter's web interface, log into the web interface using your admin credentials. In the upper navbar, you will see the option to Manage Users.
On this screen, you can create a new user by selecting Create User. You will be asked to enter an email address (which will be used as the new username), a new password, and user permissions.
Defining user permissions
Each user permission enables specific management privileges for a section of the web interface:
- Trace Management — The user may:
- Add new targets to the All Targets summary and New Target windows
- Pause active traces
- Resume paused traces
- Reset and restart traces
- Stop and remove traces
- Summary Management — The user may:
- Create new summaries
- Rename summaries
- Delete summaries
- Add traces to summaries
- Remove traces from summaries
- Create Live Shares of summaries
- Edit Live Share link expiration dates
- Enable Live Share links
- Disable Live Share links
- Delete Live Share links
- Access all Live Share URLs
- User Management — The user may:
- Create new users
- Delete users
- Edit user passwords
- Edit user permissions
A user may also be given none of these permissions, essentially creating a read-only user login. In that case, the user will only be able to:
- View targets and summaries
- See live data
- Download data
- Open timegraphs
- View historical data
- Edit browser-specific views (Columns, column-width, focus, etc.)
Once a user is created, the login and permissions can be modified or deleted by the admin or anyone with User Management privileges.
**The feature in this topic is exclusive to PingPlotter Pro. See our product comparison page for more details**


Monday, June 29, 2015
#SharePoint | Value cannot be null, parameter name: g
Problem:
Moving documents in SharePoint can be a difficult task at times.
One of the biggest challenges is keeping previous document versions.
In some cases, it works if you simply move the documents from one place to the other, while using explorer views (nb: only works for MOVE operation, not for COPY).
In other cases, explorer view, site content and structure and even 3rd party tools will fail to accomplish this.
One of the reasons - and the one explained in this post - is a problematic field schema. More specifically, the lack of a certain attribute on a certain type of field, that will prevent the operation from running successfully, resulting in screens such as the ones below.

 http://.../Demo Document 001.docx: Value cannot be null. Parameter name: g

Solution:
In this case, it appears that we have a field with type "User", which does NOT have the attribute "List" set to "UserInfo", which seems to be a must.
Although we might not have problems adding and editing documents without this attribute, we will definitely have problems with migrations, import/export, etc., in the future.
To solve this, I have a script with two steps.
1) identify fields of type "User" in the document library
The script outputs four entries or fields. three of them are internal fields, and one is our custom field.
function PrintFields($web, $listName)
{
 $lib = $web.Lists.TryGetList($listName)
 if($lib -eq $null)
 {
 throw "List $listName does not exist!"
 }
 Write-Warning "Displaying User fields for list $listName"
 write-host ""

 $lib.Fields | where-object {$_.Type -eq "User"} | select InternalName, Type, SchemaXml | format-list
}
2) Add the missing attribute (SPField.SetAttribute)
function EditFieldXML($lib, $targetField)
{
 try
 {
 $fld = $lib.Fields.GetFieldByInternalName($targetField)
 }
 catch
 {
 write-warning "Field $targetField does not exist!"
 write-host ""
 return
 }
 Write-Host Current field definition $fld.SchemaXml
 write-host $newLine
 $fld.Sealed = $false
 $fld.PushChangesToLists = $true
 $fld.Update()
 $schema = [xml]$fld.SchemaXml
 $schema.Field.SetAttribute("List","UserInfo")
 $fld.SchemaXml = $schema.PSBase.OuterXml
 $fld.PushChangesToLists = $true
 $fld.Update()
 Write-Host New Field definition $fld.SchemaXml
}
Complete source code here
Related links
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text:
Religious diversity in European prisons : challenges and implications for rehabilitation
Title: Religious diversity in European prisons : challenges and implications for rehabilitation
Citation: Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015
ISBN: 9783319167770; 9783319167787
This book examines how prisons meet challenges of religious diversity, in an era of increasing multiculturalism and globalization. Social scientists studying corrections have noted the important role that religious or spiritual practice can have on rehabilitation, particularly for inmates with coping with stress, mental health and substance abuse issues. In the past, the historical figure of the prison chaplain operated primarily in a Christian context, following primarily a Christian model. Increasingly, prison populations (inmates as well as employees) display diversity in their ethnic, cultural, religious and geographic backgrounds. As public institutions, prisons are compelled to uphold the human rights of their inmates, including religious freedom. Prisons face challenges in approaching religious plurality and secularism, and maintaining prisoners' legal rights to religious freedom. The contributions to this work present case studies that examine how prisons throughout Europe have approached challenges of religious diversity. Featuring contributions from the UK, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Belgium and Spain, this interdisciplinary volume includes contributions from social and political scientists, religion scholars and philosophers examining the role of religion and religious diversity in prison rehabilitation. It will be of interest to researchers in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Social and Political Science, Human Rights, Public Policy, and Religious Studies.


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Teachers, save "ai spelling words in ABC order" to assign it to your class.
Claire Mixon
Student Instructions
ai spelling words in ABC order
1. Tap add 2. Tap label 3. Move your spelling words into ABC order 4. Tap the mic and record your spelling words
1st Grade, English Language Arts
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Educational CyberPlayGround ®
WwwFetch E-mail Gateway Help
LEARN ALL ABOUT EMAIL
EMAIL: Book
UPDATE YOUR INFO FOR LINUX HERE
Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 04:02:00 +0300
From: _EMAIL_
To: _EMAIL_ (my first email address from 1991 )
Subject: WwwFetch E-mail Gateway Help
WwwFetch E-Mail Gateway
The WwwFetch E-mail Gateway allows to fulfil e-mail queries to the WwwFetch utility that is originally located at _URL_ The query results can be either sent via e-mail (MIME or uuencoded ZIP file) or stored at anonymous ftp site (URL _URL_
USAGE
You should send your message to _EMAIL_. Depending on the 'Subject:' field parameter, the following action is implemented:
1. 'Subject:' field contains the word 'query' -- the routine procedure is implemented
2. 'Subject:' field contains the word 'info' or 'help' -- this file is sent back.
3. 'Subject:' field contains the word 'remove' -- your email address is removed from the distribution list.
For querying, the following options are available and should be written in the body of a message (without any brackets!):
Query: <Search Pattern>
URL: <additional URLs separated by spaces>
Images: [Yes/No]
OS: [Dos/Win3.x or UNIX/Win95/Mac]
Files: < # of files <=10 >
Limit: < # of MBytes <= 1.0 >
Send: [No or MIME or UUE]
Split: <size in KBytes>
e x p l a n a t i o n
1. Query:
A Boolean search pattern can be written here. Example:
Clinton OR Dole NOT Perot
2. URL:
Not more than 10 extra URLs are allowed to be added here. It is better to add one line for each URL.
3. Images:
Options are 'Yes' (retrieve images) or 'No'. Default: 'No'.
4. OS:
Options are 'DOS' (filenames have 3-letter extension, e.g. 'index.htm')
or 'UNIX' (filenames have generally no limits on extension length).
Those using Windows3.x can select 'DOS' while Windows95 and Mac users
can select 'UNIX'. Default: 'DOS'.
5. Files:
Number of files to retrieve. Less or equal than 15. Default: 5.
6. Limit:
Upper limit to the total size of files (in MBytes). Less or equal
than 1.0 MBytes. Default: 0.5.
7. Send:
Options are 'No' (do not send ZIP file via e-mail), 'MIME' (send
base64-encoded ZIP file), and 'UUE' (send uuencoded ZIP file).
Default: 'No'.
8. Split:
Specifies the maximum size before splitting into parts (in KBytes).
Only for MIME mails. Default: 10000.
ATTENTION: all parameters are case-insensitive except of 'Query:'!!!
Parameters 'Query:' or 'URL:' are mandatory, i.e., one of these two MUST be included for querying. The others are optional. Note that the order of parameters is unimportant.


text:
Future carbon fund: delivering co-benefits for sustainable development
Asia and the Pacific is home to more than 60% of the world's population and 62% of the global economic output. But the region still faces enormous development challenges and with economic growth, it has become a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This has exposed Asia and the Pacific to the impacts of climate change, threatening to undo the development gains from economic prosperity over the past decades. This report reflects how Clean Development Mechanism projects supported by the Future Carbon Fund not only reduce GHG emissions but deliver social, environmental, and economic co-benefits contributing to sustainable development in the region. This report also presents qualitative and quantitative analysis of these co-benefits.


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Home > News > Report
Sonia speaks up for Gandhism
January 29, 2007 15:40 IST
Last Updated: January 29, 2007 16:18 IST
Quoting the Mahatma in the aftermath of Hiroshima, "...violence cannot be destroyed by counter-violence... Mankind has to get out of violence only through non-violence," Congress president Sonia Gandhi said, "Since then nuclear weapons have become even more of a terrifying reality. She was speaking at an international conference in New Delhi to commemorate the anniversary of the satyagraha movement.
In this context, she pointed that the world's nuclear weapon states had more than adequate atomic arsenal to destroy humanity many times over. "And it is not just clear weapons. We also confront the spectre of chemical and biological weapons."
"An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind," she said, while highlighting that these words of the Mahatma had showed that he was decidedly against the idea that violence was the only answer to violence.
Sonia said the end of the cold war had not seen a pandemic of peace and pointed out that the 'growth of nationalism, in the guise of building pride, was stoking prejudice with horrifying consequences'. "We are today faced with the scourge of terrorism fuelled by religious, political, ethnic or sectarian conflict," the Congress president said.
Asserting that in many cases violence was the cry of the oppressed and the exploited, Sonia said, "It is a sad reality that in many instances violence has to be resorted to in order to be heard." She said violence provided no solution but instead would lead to untold suffering and atrocities.
In this context, Sonia said, "While the underlying causes of conflict have to be understood, it does humanity no good to rationalise, let alone romanticise, violence in any way."
Analysing the negative and positive impact of globalisation, Sonia said India had made spectacular gains over the past decades and was being rapidly transformed. But destitution, poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy were still widespread and inequality very visible. In this context, she said economic growth must be accelerated.
"To be equitable, economic growth has to be sustainable. To be sustainable, economic growth has, in turn, to be all-inclusive. All-inclusive is no longer the greatest good of the largest number. It is actually sarvodaya or the rise of all. This, Mahatma Gandhi saw as essential to satyagraha itself." Calling for urgent dialogue among cultures and peoples, Sonia said the reality today was a civilisation of clashes.
In this context, she cited that no dialogue could have an impact without tolerance.
Recalling the impact of the Mahatma's satyagraha and ahimsa around the world, Sonia said it would be a grave error to write off the Gandhian approach as irrelevant to our age.
There were individuals and groups who were trying to adapt and adopt satyagraha to deal with changing circumstances and situations.
"The challenge for us now is to find creative inspiration from Gandhian ways to evolve a satyagraha appropriate to our times," she added.
Sonia said the participation of delegations and individuals from 90 countries and 122 organisations around the world was clear proof that Gandhian ideals and philosophies were still relevant today.
Sonia said though much of what the Mahatma did had to be seen in the specific context of his times, the core of his philosophy reverberated even more strongly today.
Calling upon the youth to take the Gandhian torch forward as in the days of the freedom struggle, she said, "The task before us is how we, individually and collectively, launch an organised, disciplined mass movement for peace, non-violence and empowerment, which is the very essence of satyagraha."
Advocating a "new global compact, a new global covenant," the Congress president said, "The foundations of this new edifice can be found in what Mahatma Gandhi preached and practised, in what he lived and died for."
However, she cautioned that it was difficult to emulate the Mahatma though "he fascinates and enchants."
"It is easy to make him an icon. But it is infinitely more exacting to make him our beacon," she said, concluding her 30-minute-long speech at the function attended by former Zambian President Dr Kenneth Kaunda, former Polish President Lech Walesa, Nobel Laureate Mohammad Yunus, Social activist and grand daughter of Mahatma Gandhi Ela Gandhi, Senior Palestinian leader Nasser Al Kidwa, Defence Minister A K Antony and External Affairs Minister Pranab Kumar Mukherjee.


text:
We are pleased to announce that after a series of successful trials, eleven high-tech fertilizer brands of ECOORGANIC have been registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan: ECOLINE Phosphite (K), ECOLINE Phosphite (K-Amino), ECOLINE Phosphite (K-Zn), ECOLINE Boron (Premium), ECOLINE Boron (Organic), ECOLINE Oilseeds (Chelates), GROS Rootgrowth, GROS Quitselium, GROS Health, GROS Phosphite-NP, GROS Phosphite-LNPK.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, foliar fertilization with special fertilizers is important and effective for two main reasons. The first reason is that the vast majority of soils have an alkaline reaction, which blocks the absorption of micronutrients by plants (which can be easily corrected by foliar fertilization). The second reason is that the harsh continental climate is a constant stress, the negative impact of which can be mitigated through the use of special compositions of ECOORGANIC", containing phosphorus in the form of phosphite, amino acids and phytohormones.
"ECOORGANIC" fertilizers: nutrition, anti-stress, growth stimulation, protection against diseases for any growing conditions!


From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Battle of Waterloo
A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others. Battles are most often fought during wars, military campaigns, or two or more people fighting. If two armies fight many battles over period of time it is called a war. The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.[1]
Battles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, changed the history of the Balkans, Europe, and the entire world. The outcome changed Ottoman politics and had influence in the region for well over 500 years.
Famous battles[change | change source]
Land battles[change | change source]
Naval battles[change | change source]
References[change | change source]
 1. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, ed. Barry Leonard (Department of Defense; Joint Publication 1-02), p. 52


Frequently Asked Questions
Why was the site chosen to build the garden?
As the geographical formation of the terrain and the rocks made it ideal to replicate the landscape of Japan, in particular the existence of two rocks at the top of the hill, these large rocks are called Yogoseike and Shugoseike.
Why are the hedges pruned and shaped the way they are?
They are pruned and shaped to represent the rolling hills of Japan. The landscape design includes trimmed hedges and pine trees which are symbolic of the hills, reaching from the mountains to the ocean.
Why does the garden design include so many rocks?
Rocks formed an integral part of the first Japanese Landscape Garden
Why are the buildings designed without gutters?
In order to prevent the build up of snow on the roof.
What is the purpose of the white raked stones?
This is what is known as a Japanese rock garden ( karesansui) or "dry landscape" garden, often called a Zen garden. It is the creation of a miniature stylized landscape through carefully composed arrangements of rocks and uses gravel that is raked to represent ripples in water.
These Zen gardens existed in Japan at least since the Heian Period (_PHONE_).
How is the movable cultural heritage items in the Cultural Centre maintained?
All of the 300 movable cultural heritage items in the Cultural Centre are maintained by the staff.
Who designed the garden?
In 1977 world renowned architect Ken Nakajima was commissioned to design the garden. Mr. Nakajima was selected because of his work throughout the world designing Japanese gardens in Montreal, San Diego, Moscow and Houston. His company Consolidated Garden Research Inc. of Japan had a reputation second to none in all corners of the globe.
The design of the garden is a copy of the first Japanese landscape garden (Strolling garden) built by the first Shogun Tokugawa in the 16th century A.D, the Edo period of Japan in what is now called Tokyo (Edo).
What is the roof on the Cultural Centre made from?
The roofing material was originally hardwood shingles however that was replaced with Japanese clay tiles in 2019/2020.
How often are lectures on Landscape design, the built form design of Japanese Architecture and the movable cultural heritage contained within the Cultural Centre conducts?
Lectures are carried out throughout the year subject to availability of the lecturer's (refer to Events page)
What is the main reason for the large bath (FURO) in the EDO cottage?
Generally Japanese bathrooms are quite small compared to western standards, so the bathroom is set up much like a walk-in shower area but containing the furo. The water is hot, usually approximately 38 to 42 degrees Celsius.
How often are Japanese Crafts performed at the garden?
At various times throughout the year (refer to Events page)
When is the best time to visit the garden?
Any time of year is a good time to visit the Cowra Japanese Garden and Cultural Centre. Japanese gardens are created with imagination and designed to display nature's beauty in all seasons.
Spring is the time for fresh greenery and subtle blossoms. Cherry blossoms appear in late September/Early October, while late spring flowers include azalea, camellia, and wisteria.
Summer's sunlit shades of green yield an unbroken, calming visual experience.
The vibrant colors of autumn are a popular visiting time. Autumn is a celebration of nature's gift of life in the past year, and a transition to the peacefulness of winter.
Winter reveals the pure essence of the garden, when all has been stripped away to expose its fundamental structure, spirit, and quiet beauty.
How often is the tea ceremony (Chadothe way of tea) performed?
These are performed by Kumiko Suzuki at various intervals throughout the year (refer to Events page).
Who designed the Japanese building throughout the garden?
These building were designed by world renowned Japanese architects Takeo Adachi and Tatsushi Aono.


Article on political violence executed in the Aleppo province during 2013
Killing the dispensables: massacres perpetrated in the villages of Eastern Aleppo Province in 2013
Author: Josepha Wessels (Malmö University)
April, 2021
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
In 2013, Aleppo province was engulfed in violence. The Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and affiliated Shi'a militias executed a campaign of massacres in the rural areas located on the eastern fringes of the province. The violence caused an exodus from this region, eventually dissipating local rural communities entirely. What can explain such extreme and brutal political violence perpetrated at a local level in the east Aleppo countryside throughout 2013? To find an answer, I analyse the personal accounts of those who witnessed the violence and YouTube videos.
Taken together, these sources provide a visceral description of the massacres—in particular the summary executions in the village of Rasm al-Nafl, as a case study of extreme violence in one of the poorest rural areas of Syria. Problematizing mono-causal sectarian explanations, I argue that a deeper non-sectarian complex of rurality and a process of subaltern othering in combination with opportunism, governmental retribution, and strategic military concern for territorial control in order to secure alternative supply routes to Aleppo, ultimately led to the eradication of life and cultural genocide in these rural areas.