text:
Adaptable, High-Performance, Low-Integration-Cost Magnetometer for Satellites
Creare proposes to develop an adaptable, high-performance, low-integration-cost magnetometer measurement system that can be used on a wide range of Air Force, other DoD, NASA, and commercial satellites. Accurate, space-based magnetic measurements are critical for mapping magnetic fields around Earth, which is needed to understand and predict the motion of charged particles and plasmas. Magnetic field measurements provide data about the Earth"s subsurface, which other space measurements do not provide. Magnetic field measurements also play an important role in space weather and engineering applications of Earth-orbiting satellites, such as attitude determination, momentum management, and scientific instrument pointing. Creare"s Adaptable, High-Performance, Low-Integration-Cost Magnetometer for Satellites combines available magnetometer hardware with innovative algorithms for calibration that are used to tailor the magnetometer measurement system to meet specific mission requirements without undue cost and physical constraints on the host satellite. Our calibration algorithms have been shown to compensate for hard and soft magnetic disturbances on the host satellite and allow measurement of magnetic fields on a wide range of satellite missions. During Phase I we demonstrated the feasibility of our approach. During Phase II, we will fabricate, test, and deliver a prototype adaptable, high-performance, low-integration-cost magnetometer system based on our innovative design. BENEFIT: In addition to providing the required magnetic sensing capability for a wide range of satellites for the Air Force, Creare"s adaptable, high-performance, low-integration-cost magnetometer has the potential to influence satellite communications, global positioning systems, radar ranging, and inertial navigation systems.
Small Business Information at Submission:
P.O. Box 71 Hanover, NH -
Number of Employees:


text:
Automate Recon and scanning process with Vidoc. All security teams in one place
The "WAGO PLC Panel - Detect" module is a test case designed to detect the presence of a WAGO PLC panel. It targets the CoDeSys WebVisualization software and checks for specific indicators in the HTTP response. The severity of this module is classified as informative, meaning it provides valuable information but does not indicate a vulnerability or misconfiguration.
This module was authored by _URL_.
This module does not have a direct impact on the system being scanned. It simply detects the presence of a WAGO PLC panel, providing information about its existence.
The "WAGO PLC Panel - Detect" module works by sending an HTTP GET request to the "/plc/webvisu.htm" path of the target. It then applies two matching conditions to the response:- The first condition checks if the response body contains the following words: "
<TITLE>CoDeSys WebVisualization</TITLE>" and "
- The second condition checks if the response header contains the word "
If both conditions are met, the module considers the presence of a WAGO PLC panel as detected.
Here is an example of the HTTP request sent by the module:
The module does not perform any further actions or exploit any vulnerabilities. It simply reports the detection of the WAGO PLC panel.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Carbon dioxide re-emitting infrared light
Carbon dioxide re-emitting infrared light
C017/0787 Rights Managed
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Credit: RUSSELL KIGHTLEY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Restrictions: This image may not be used in educational posters
Caption: Carbon dioxide (CO2) re-emitting infrared light, computer artwork. Sunlight comes from top left and strikes the ground, which then emits infrared light. The infrared light is absorbed by the CO2 molecule (top right) and then re-emitted in random directions. This scatters the energy that would otherwise travel out into space and adds to the heating of the atmosphere. This is the basis of the greenhouse effect. roughly half of the emitted photons will travel back towards the surface, thereby slowing the loss of energy into space.
Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.
Keywords: absorption, artwork, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, chemical, chemistry, climate, climate change, co2, emission, environmental science, geographical, geography, global warming, greenhouse gas, illustration, infrared, ir, light, molecule, radiation, re-emitting, reflecting, solar radiation
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


text:
Weekly report # 9
Work done ::
- I tried adding parser so that it calls my parsing function when it comes across the SVG part in the Mapfile.
- I have been looking at the techniques in generating the image file from the SVG specification.
Plan for next week:
- Resolve the problem of storing data.whether to use pixmaps or someother thing on my own.
- Write the first working result using SVG_test.cpp present in the sources of AGG. Implement a SVG parser using AGG/SVG Viewer and make it render into an in-memory pixmap.
I have been looking at the techniques in generating the image file from the SVG specification and have run into the following problems:
- In the MapServer code, where is the Mapfile getting parsed? I want to add to the parser so that it calls my parsing function when it comes across the SVG part in the Mapfile.
- How exactly do I store the SVG data? You mentioned pixmaps, but the concept is very generic. Is there some specific format that MapServer already uses or should I be coming up with my own format (eg. a 2D array of int's)?
- Once the pixmap is created, we had discussed about storing different versions of the SVG symbol based on orientation and size. Do we want this to be on demand (the user requests a new size or orientation, so we generate one and add it to the cache) or is it done automatically in the beggining for all possible sizes and rotations (seems like a bad idea!).


text:
- THE MAGAZINE
- WEB EXCLUSIVES
Gage block length is defined as an interferometric measurement when the gage block is wrung to a flat platen. Gage block wring is incorporated into the lengths of the blocks themselves, and wringing film is included in the defined length of the gage block. When gage blocks are assembled in combinations, no additional correction factor for wringing films needs to be added to the length of the combination.
Wringability itself may be defined as the ability of two surfaces to adhere tightly to each other in the absence of external means--they are not magnetized or clamped together.
The source of the forces holding gage blocks together are thought to come from:
- Air pressure from the surrounding environment as the air is squeezed out when the blocks are slid together.
- Surface tension from oil that remains on the gage blocks or water vapor from the air that acts as an adhesive to hold them together.
- Molecular force caused by the interchange of electrons between the atoms of the separate blocks when two very flat surfaces are brought into such close contact with each other. This force will remain even in a vacuum or if no oil or water is present on the blocks.
Wringing requires two smooth, flat surfaces with surface finishes of 1 microinch AA or better. For gage blocks, it becomes difficult to wring surfaces once the flatness begins to exceed 5 microinches.
Remove all nicks and burrs before attempting to wring blocks together because a burr on one block may damage the surface of the other block. Blocks may be checked for burrs with a gage block stone before wringing. A gage block stone with serrated grooves is recommended because it gives a better "feel" for nicks and burrs that catch the edges of the serration. Badly nicked surfaces will click as a nick passes along the serration.
Foreign material em-bedded in the grain of the stone may scratch the blocks. Gage block stones should be conditioned before use. This may be done by lightly rubbing the surfaces of two stones together in a figure-eight pattern. Clean the stones with kerosene before use.
Will stoning a gage block change its size? It depends largely on the condition of a block. A block in good condition will not be affected by light stoning. Stoning removes portions of the block that have been raised above the true gage surface by nicks or scratches that can contribute to more variation or large readings during calibration. Stoning will remove this small amount of raised material. Repeatability of readings is improved, sizes appear to be truer to their original tolerances and blocks will wring together better.
- Stoning is to be performed only on used gage blocks where the surface finish may be degraded by scratches or small nicks.
- Make sure the stone is clean, dry and free from any dirt or abrasive compound. Abrasives on the stone may lap the block and significantly alter its size.
- With a light amount of pressure, stroke the block across the serration two or three times in a forward, back, forward motion. It is not recommended that anything more than light pressure be used unless necessary to remove nicks and burrs.
- Listen and feel for nicks and burrs. If the block glides easily across the stone without a scraping sound or clicking or jumping across the serration, then stop. Flip the block over, and repeat on the other side.
- If nicks and burrs are detected, repeat the procedure, but not more than twice. The pressure may be increased each time as needed to try to remove the nicks and burrs. Do not use more then seven strokes per session.
- If repeated attempts are unsuccessful at removing the burrs, examine the block for damage. In this condition it is not likely a block would be wringable.
Rusted gage blocks
Rusty blocks may be improved by stoning the blocks after the stone has been wetted with kerosene. While this may temporarily improve the utility of the block, it will not permanently remove corrosion or halt its advance.
- Dampen a cotton swab with kerosene.
- Wipe the stone with the dampened swab. A film of kerosene should be seen on the stone; the stone should not be dripping wet.
- Stone as before, using necessary pressure. It may be necessary to be aggressive to remove the corrosion.
- If the corrosion cannot be removed after repeated tries, then the block is considered damaged.
- Keep the stone dampened as the kerosene evaporates.
Recommended stoning pressures are: Light Stoning: 1 to 1.5 pounds pressure Medium Stoning: 2.5 to 3.5 pounds pressure Heavy Stoning: More than 6 pounds pressure
Wringing gage blocks
- Make sure that blocks are clean.
- Wipe the surfaces of the blocks to be wrung gently across the oiled wring pad.
- Wipe these surfaces on the dry pad, removing as much oil as possible.
- Slide the surfaces of the blocks together as shown in Figure 1. Apply pressure while sliding the blocks. The blocks should slide together without any feel of bumps or scratching and should adhere to each other after being rotated into place.
Wringability is an important property of gage blocks, and fortunately, it is a quality that can be controlled and monitored readily by the user of the blocks. With correct use and care, gage blocks will provide long, reliable and accurate service.
A wringability test may be done by the user of the blocks if a problem with a block is suspected.
To test gage blocks for wringability, a 2-inch diameter, Reference Grade (1 microinch flatness) quartz optical flat should be used. A double-sided flat is recommended if more than 40 blocks are to be tested. A double-sided flat does not add to the accuracy of measurement, but it provides a second wringing surface if the first surface becomes scratched during wringing.
As before, prepare the blocks for wringing.
- Wipe the surface of the optical flat gently across the oiled wring pad.
- Wipe the surface of the flat gently across the dry pad.
- Slide the test block onto the flat as shown in Figure 2. Apply pressure while sliding the block and flat together.
- Observe the surface of the gage block that is wrung to the optical flat from the opposite side of the flat. Repeat this step as necessary to ensure a valid result.
- Interpret results:For Federal Grades 0.5, 1 and 2, and ISO Grades K, 00 and 0, no color or oil should appear on the face of the flat. For Federal Grade 3 or ISO Grades 1 and 2, the surface shall not have less than 80% colorless wringing area.
- Repeat for the other surface of the test block.
The test may be difficult to apply to gage blocks that are not almost perfectly flat. This includes thinner gage blocks that are less than 0.1 inch (2.5 millimeters) thick, which are not usually flat in their free state, including most gage blocks in metric sets.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Everything you need to know about Inspections
If you submit an application to Thurston County government, county codes may require the county to inspect the property and the project.
How to know if you need county inspections
- A property gets county inspections if its mapped with regulated environments. Go to Look Up My Property to check.
- A project gets county inspection if it includes any construction, mechanical/plumbing, adding structures, septic work (add, replace, repair).
- Other, special property and project inspections & reports by independent experts that you hire may be needed to meet environmental, septic, stormwater, & well regulations.
What happens during an inspections
Staff visit in person for an on-property look at protected environmental areas, construction sites, septic, building placement, construction progress, stormwater & erosion control measures and other things required by code.
- Fee information is on the Fee Information page.
- The county accepts payment by check or credit card (transaction fees apply).
- Reinspection fees apply if inspectors can't access your property or project for a scheduled inspection, and if permits, plans aren't visible, and if requested corrections aren't complete.
List of permit-related inspections
- Regulated Environmental Areas (Critical Areas, Habitat Conservation Plan, Land Use, Shorelines)
- County staff typically schedule a site visit, or may ask for reports from environmental experts if your project is near certain protected areas, or if the project property has critical areas, habitat conservation plan species, shorelines, wetlands or any other regulated critical area, or land or water type.
- Many applicants complete these reports before applying for building or development permits.
- Start by looking up your property on a county map to see if critical areas and/or other protected environments are on site.
- Find more information on the Critical Areas and Regulated Lands web page.
- Septic, On-site Sewage & Well
- County staff do these inspections after you submit septic and well permits. They typically don't need to schedule with you.
- Flag the corners of your lot to prepare.
- Staff come on site to test soils, check site conditions or geography, examine existing wells or septic systems and other things related to your application.
- You may need to hire experts to prepare septic or well reports. If so, submit all reports before any ground-disturbing work begins.
- Find details at Septic, Well & Water, Sewer.
- Building & Construction Sites
- You schedule your own county inspections after you receive a permit and start work. Permit instructions and staff will guide you.
- Schedule 1-3 days before you want the inspection. If calling the day before, schedule before 4 p.m.
- There are multiple building and construction site inspections. They're done as project kicks off, during and after construction.
- Find details at Building & Construction Site Inspections.
- Driveway, Road Access, Clearing & Grading - These are called Development Review Inspections
- You schedule these inspections after your permit is approved.
- Find details about Development Review inspections on the Building & Construction Site Inspections webpage.
The County's Elected Officials Adopt All Codes & Authorize Staff Inspection Requirements
All County Codes, inspection requirements and procedures are reviewed or adopted by the County's elected officials, the Board of County Commissioners before being implemented.


Leading Organic Basmati Rice Exporters in Pakistan
Pakistan Organic Farms are certified by Control Union Certifications Zwolle, the Netherlands for organic production methods according to Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007. We are one of the leading organic basmati rice suppliers and grow EU and USDA Certified agricultural commodities. We have been exporting organic rice to the USA, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium and the Middle East since 2002. We grow:
Origin Of Pakistani Basmati Rice For Export
Bas means aroma and Mati means virgin. Basmati variety was first produced in 1933 at Agricultural research station in central Punjab. The Basmati variety was further improved and Super Basmati rice variety was introduced in 1996 having long grain length and rich aroma, which can only be attained if sown in the Kallar area of Punjab.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate Social Responsibility of Pakistan Organic Farms is the continuing commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large and growing, offering increased business prospects for all sectors of the food supply chain.
What makes Basmati Rice smell so good?
Rice is a complex carbohydrate, an important part of the human diet, used to fuel the body. Complex carbohydrates are stored in muscles and released as energy when needed. Nutritionists recommend at least half the calories we consume should come from complex carbohydrates.
Milling Process
In post-production of Pakistan Organic Farms' organic basmati rice, milling is a crucial step. The basic objective of a rice milling system of basmati rice exporters is to remove the bran and husk layers, and produce an eatable, white rice grain which is free of impurities and sufficiently milled.
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What are the Rice Varieties in Pakistan
What are the Rice Varieties in Pakistan
There are 3 kinds of rice varieties in Pakistan, which are produced for local consumption and export. These are Basmati (aromatic), IRRI variety (medium long grain) and bold grain (cold tolerant varieties). Throughout the world, Basmati rice is quite famous for its...
Organic Rice Suppliers in Pakistan
Organic Rice Suppliers in Pakistan
Pakistan Organic Farms is one of the leading organic rice suppliers and producers in Pakistan, with three rice mills in Karachi, Lahore and Nankana Sahib. Being the pioneer of organic rice producer, we have contributed a lot in terms of educating the Pakistani farmers...
Organic Basmati Rice Exporters and Farmers Practices in Pakistan
Organic Basmati Rice Exporters and Farmers Practices in Pakistan
You are helping more than yourself, when you pick organic rice and different organic food. You are assisting organic basmati rice exporters, processors and farmers who strive to meet the guidelines and as they firmly believe in quality, growing sustainably, and good...


Is Connect 4 Considered a Board Game? (Let's see…)
Hasbro Connect 4 - Board game
Eric Glenn /
What makes a board game an actual board game in your mind? This is something I have been thinking about lately.
In my family childhood home, there stands a wooden kist packed to the brim with much-loved board games. Over the years, we have collected quite a selection of games, and Connect 4 is one of my personal favorites. While I was enthusiastically hauling the Connect 4 game pack out of the kist the other evening at a family gathering, someone suggested that Connect 4 is actually not a board game. I must be honest; I did not really know how to respond! Is it or is it not a board game – I had to know.
Is Connect 4 considered a board game? Connect 4 is not a board game by definition. Connect 4 is actually an abstract strategy game that is both entertaining and educational. While Connect 4 does not strictly fit in with the definition of the term "board game", players still consider it a board game as do retailers of the game.
With that being said, I think the definition of the term board game is somewhat loose.
Board games are a staple part of most people's childhoods, but when we say "board game", we are not specifically referring to games that fit in strictly with the definition of the term, are we? That would exclude a wide variety of more modern board games that do not include a specific playing board or include playing cards, wouldn't it? That is what I thought!
After taking a look at all of the selection of board games at my childhood home, I came to the conclusion that many of our more modern games do not fit in with the strict definition of the term "board game", but we still consider them much-loved board games in our selection.
If you want to learn more about how Connect 4 is not a board game, but also is a board game, read on!
What is the Definition of a Board Game? Does Connect 4 Fit That Definition?
Board games concept
Before we can determine if Connect 4 is a board game or not, we need to take a closer look at the definition of the term "board game". I decided this was necessary to aid in my research into Connect 4 worthiness of being called a board game and so I headed off to the Oxford English dictionary ("the definitive record of the English language").
I found that the Oxford English dictionary defines a board game as follows:
"a game that involves the movement of counters or other objects round a board".
Paperback Oxford English Dictionary (2012) – Page 72
That is a fairly clear and strict definition. I found that it totally excludes many of the board games that I have in my collection. Perhaps it is time we changed how we define games!
I had to ask myself if Connect 4 fits in with that description, and I found that it does not quite. Why not? Well, to help us understand things a bit better, let us take a look at the details.
Yes, Connect 4 has a playing board, which makes you immediately think that it fits the definition, but does it really? However, the playing board is not just laid flat on the table like a regular game board, but still, it could be argued that Connect 4 has a board, regardless of its format.
Where it does not fit in with the definition, in my opinion, is the actual style of gameplay referred to in the definition: "movement of counters or other objects round a board". I had to think about how Connect 4 is played, and there is no actual moving of the discs around the board.
Playing connect 4 or 4 in a row
Once the disc is slotted into the rack (or onto the board) that is it…it does not move anywhere. So, to play Connect 4, players must use discs, but they are not moved round the board – they remain fixed once played and then a new disc is used for the next move. There are 42 game discs included in a Connect 4 game pack.
The game "board" of Connect 4 is an actual rack that consists of 7 columns by 6 rows and stands vertically instead of lying flat on the table. The discs are not moved round the board but rather dropped down into the columns.
I did a bit of reading on a variety of online forums and found that several people find it worth arguing over the status of Connect 4. Is it a board game or is it not a board game – it seems a lot of people want to know! The discussions can get quite heated on the likes of Reddit and other forums that focus specifically on board games.
But Maybe Connect 4 is a Board Game
It seems to me as if the definition of board games is based on old fashioned and traditional versions of board games that followed a very specific format.
I could argue that Connect 4 is, in fact, a board game because the rack is a board. The definition does not strictly say that the board has to be in a flat position on the table. The discs used are game pieces that are moved around the board, just not in a specific clock-wise motion actually around the board. That settles it for me; Connect 4 is a board game (in my opinion at least).
How Do Stores & Online Sites Classify Connect 4?
While I had pretty much made up my mind at this point that Connect 4 is a board game, I wanted to know how others viewed it. Other than the forums and blogs I had been reading, of course. I decided to take a look at how online game stores and even physical stores are classifying Connect 4. Is it featured alongside other board games, or is there another category that Connect 4 is listed under? I set out to find out.
Classic board games on a store shelf, Operation, Twister and connect 4 amongst others
ZikG /
While scrolling around the Board Game Geek website, I found that they had listed Connect 4 as an abstract strategy game. Of course, most people head to their favorite online stores to buy their games, and so I headed off to Amazon next. After clicking through to the Games & Accessories section, I discovered that they, too, have Connect 4 listed under board gamesFor all intents and purposes, for me, this truly confirmed that Connect 4 is, in fact, a board game and worth of being called one.
How Connect 4 and Traditional Board Games (by definition) are Similar
I still wanted to find out how Connect 4 can fit in with the definition of the term "board game", so I took a look into the various similarities between traditional board games (by definition) and Connect 4. What makes a board game actually a board game to you? What are your personal features or characteristics of a board game? I have a loose understanding of what a board game is and has/includes in my mind. Here they are:
There's a playing board.
Board games and Connect 4 both make use of a board, except the Connect 4 board is in a rack format that is clipped into a stand and stood up vertically.
There are equipment and playing tokens.
Board games involve the use of playing discs or tokens, and so does Connect 4. Connect 4 includes 42 discs in total, which are divided between the 2 players (21 each). The discs are red and yellow (or black).
Puzzle game, Connect 4, with red and yellow discs
They involved a healthy dose of competition.
Board games are competitive and involve either 2 people or 2 teams/groups playing against each other. Connect 4 is designed for 2 players who play against each other.
There are rules.
I find that all board games have a set of rules that must be followed. Connect 4 also has a set of rules that players have to follow.
They focus on entertainment and education.
Board games are designed to entertain and educate. Connect 4 is also designed to entertain and educate. People who play Connect 4 can learn to plan ahead and detect patterns. It also teaches basic mathematics and problem-solving skills.
Last Word
When it comes to classifying games, I find that it is quite difficult to fit more modern innovative games in with the old, traditional definitions of board games. Does that mean that they are not actually board games? No, it does not. Connect 4 is most certainly a board game in my home.
With that being said, the next time someone suggests that Connect 4 is not actually a board game; I will be able to argue the point with them, because I believe that it most certainly is!


text:
The skills required in craft practice involve a high degree of tacit knowledge which is frequently difficult for the craft expert to articulate. Nicola Wood, a multimedia designer, has undertaken extensive research over the last ten years seeking to understand the knowledge of skilled
craftsmen and find methods of capturing and passing it on. She has developed an elicitation strategy that employs an expert learner to uncover the skilled knowledge of master craftsmen, and a transmission strategy based on the concept of bridges to assist the design of learning resources for
novices. Ulrik H. Lassen has used the techniques developed by Wood to record and transmit the skilled knowledge needed to make timber-framed buildings, knowledge that today is in danger of being lost. The focus of the study has been the procedure for scribing timbers, which is a central part
of the building process. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibility of combining the two roles defined in Wood's research as an expert learner and designer. Being a skilled carpenter, Lassen has acted as an expert learner, learning the skills of scribing through a combination
of researching existing documentation, working with master craftsmen and his own experimentation. At the same time, he developed and tested a multimedia learning resource to provide 'bridges' for new learners to this knowledge. The outcome of the application of Wood's elicitation
and transmission strategy to plumb line scribing is a demonstration of the transferability of Wood's methods within this new context. This is important because it reveals the potential for other craft practitioners to apply Wood's methods to their own learning and teaching, and
produce learning resources to provide bridges to their craft knowledge and preserve their unique skills.
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No Supplementary Data.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Vibrate absorber of elevator
Vibrate absorber of elevator
 - CN 101,208,252 A
 - Filed: 06/20/2005
 - Published: 06/25/2008
 - Est. Priority Date: 06/20/2005
 - Status: Active Application
First Claim
Patent Images
1. the shock attenuation unit of an elevator is characterized in that, has damping arrangement, speed detection means and calculation portion, described damping arrangement be set at the cab chamber and cab frame that this cab chamber is supported between, can change extinguishing coefficient;
 - Described speed detection means detects the moving velocity of this elevator cage;
 The moving velocity that described calculation portion will be detected by above-mentioned speed detection means is as input, calculating is at the control signal of above-mentioned damping arrangement, the line output of going forward side by side, if moving velocity surpasses specified value, then above-mentioned calculation portion controls above-mentioned damping arrangement, and the extinguishing coefficient that makes above-mentioned damping arrangement is bigger during smaller or equal to the situation of specified value than moving velocity.
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text:
Although makeup makes us look and feel pretty, it also clogs the pores. Our skin is covered in pores and these pores are what allow us to sweat and produce sebum. [ Sebumis a natural moisturizer and waxy lubricant that our body produces in order to help protect and rid the skin of dead skin cells and other unwanted irritants.] When we fall asleep in makeup it blocks the sebum production and causes a buildup, which in turn causes skin to breakout. Have you ever went to sleep in makeup and then woke up with a pimple on your face? If so, that's because of clogged pores.
If you won't to prevent waking up with unwanted pimples then I suggest you remove your makeup before going to bed. There are a number of ways to remove makeup before bed. The best is cleansing your skin, using a toner, and then moisturizing, BUT if you just don't feel like taking all those steps then choose one of the following:
- facial wipe
- make-up remover
- cold cream
Remember sleeping in makeup can cause: irritation to skin, an allergic reaction, and infection (if eye makeup is left on.)


text: A heap of rocks in Berowra Creek at the upstream entrance to Marramarra Creek; submerged at high tide. Shown as Pelican Island on a 1926 chart, also known as Pelican Reef. William Bradley's 1789 chart of Broken Bay and the lower river shows three very small islands at the location of Ballast Island so there was a reef of some kind at this site. During the nineteenth century, sailing vessels would have dumped their ballast on this reef in order to avoid creating another navigational hazard. Vessels sailing from Sydney to the Hawkesbury carried rocks as ballast and these were then thrown overboard when cargo was to be loaded. A number of these ballast heaps may be seen along the shoreline almost as far upstream as Windsor.


1
For Sonic flow: 
 k +1 
 2 k +1
k  P2  k  P2  k 
For Sub Sonic flow: C 2 = 735   − 
k − 1  P1   P1  
 
D = degrees of superheat, degree F.
f = steam quality, dryness fraction
K= coefficient of Discharge for rupture disk, K=0.62
k = ratio of specific heats, k=CP/CV
M = molecular weight
P = stamped bursting pressure plus overpressure allowance
(ASME is 10% or 3 psi whichever is greater) plus atmospheric pressure, psia.
P1 = upstream relieving pressure absolute, psia
P2 = backpressure (exit pressure) absolute, psia
Pd = pressure on outlet side of rupture disk absolute, psia.
Qa = required flow, in cubic feet per minute at actual flowing conditions ACFM
Qs = required flow, in cubic feet per minute at standard conditions
(14.7 psia and 60 degree F) SCFM
SG = specific gravity, relative to water @ 60 degree F.
T = absolute flowing temperature, degree F + 460
W = required flow, lb/hr
w = specific weight of liquid, lb/cu.ft.
WL = required flow, gallons per minute
Z = compressibility factor. (If Z is unknown, Z=1.0 is commonly used.)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Sample 1 – Gases
Problem A:
Determine the required rupture Disk size for relieving a single primary vessel with a 10% or 3 psi
(which ever is greater) allowable overpressure per ASME code.
- System MAWP: 100 psig.
- Relieving requirements: 10,000 SCFM
- Back pressure: 30 psig
- Flowing Temperature: 150 degree F
- Media: Carbon Dioxide (M=44.01)
- Ratio of specific heats k=1.30
Confidential - Do not duplicate or distribute
without written permission from ZOOK 66
APPENDIX "A" - SIZING
Step 1: Determine the pressure ratio:
Step 2: Calculate the critical pressure ratio:
Step 3: Compare the critical pressure ratio to the actual pressure ratio to
determine if the flow will be sonic or subsonic.
- Pressure ratio 0.358 < Critical Pressure Ratio 0.546
- Therefore flow is Sonic.
Step 4: Calculate the rupture Disk size:
Since the flow is Sonic, use the sonic volumetric flow equation:
Therefore a rupture Disk with a minimum net flow area of 9.66 sq inches or larger is required. A 4"
rupture Disk will suffice.
Sample 2 – Gases
Problem A:
Determine the required rupture Disk size for relieving a single primary vessel with a 10% or 3 psi
(which ever is greater) allowable overpressure per ASME code.
- System MAWP: 15 psig.
- Relieving requirements: 100,000 lbs/hr
- Back pressure: 5 psig
- Flowing Temperature: 150 degree F
- Media: Hydrochloric Acid (M=36.50)
- Ratio of specific heats: k=1.41
67 Safety through knowledge and performance.
APPENDIX "A" - SIZING
Step 1: Determine the pressure ratio.
Step 2: Calculate the critical pressure ratio:
Step 3: Compare the critical pressure ratio to the actual pressure ratio to
determine if the flow will be sonic or subsonic.
- Pressure ratio 0.602 > Critical Pressure Ratio 0.527
- Therefore flow is Subsonic.
Step 4: Calculate the rupture disk size:
- Since the flow is Sonic, use the sonic volumetric flow equation:
- Therefore a rupture Disk with a minimum net flow area of 57.28 sq inches or larger is
required. A 10" rupture Disk will suffice.
Sample 3 – Liquids
Problem A:
Determine the required rupture Disk size for relieving a single primary vessel with a 10% or 3 psi
(which ever is greater) allowable overpressure per ASME code.
- System MAWP: 15 psig.
- Relieving requirements: 2000 gallons per minute
- Back pressure: 0 psig
- Specific Gravity: 0.899
- Media: Benzene
Note – on this example, 3 psi overpressure is greater than 10%, therefore use 3 psi.
Confidential - Do not duplicate or distribute
without written permission from ZOOK 68
APPENDIX "A" - SIZING
Step 1: Volumetric flow calculation.
- Therefore a rupture Disk with a minimum net flow area of 18.97 sq inches or larger is
required. A 6" rupture Disk will suffice.
Sample 4 – Steam
Problem A:
Determine the required rupture Disk size for relieving a single primary vessel with a 10% or 3 psi
(which ever is greater) allowable overpressure per ASME code. Assume sonic flow
where P2/P1 < 0.55
- System MAWP: 250 psig.
- Relieving requirements: 80,000 lbs/hr
- Steam conditions: Dry and Saturated
Step 1: Dry and Saturated Steam Flow Equation:
- Therefore a rupture Disk with a minimum net flow area of 8.65 sq inches or larger is
required. A 4" rupture Disk will suffice.
Sample 5 – Rupture Disk and Pressure relief Valve Combinations
Problem A:
Determine the credited relieving capacity for a rupture Disk and PRV used in combination per
ASME code.
- Application for Non-tested Combination capacity
- Valve size: 3" x 4"
- Orifice size: - "L"
- Valve ASME stamped capacity: 6206 SCFM
- Rupture Disk size: 3"
- Rated (stamped) Bursting pressure: 100 psig
- ASME code combination capacity factor: 0.90
69 Safety through knowledge and performance.
APPENDIX "A" - SIZING
Step 1: Calculate capacity of combination:
- 6206 SCFM x 0.90 = 5585 SCFM.
- Therefore the relieving capacity of the combination is 5585 SCFM.
Problem B:
Determine the credited relieving capacity for a rupture Disk and PRV used in combination per
ASME code.
- Application for Tested Combination Capacity as published by the National Board of
Boiler
and Pressure Vessel inspectors.
- Valve size: 3" x 4"
- Orifice size: - "L"
- Valve ASME stamped capacity: 6206 SCFM
- Rupture Disk size: 3"
- Rated (stamped) Bursting pressure: 100 psig
- Certified combination capacity factor: 0.991
Step 1: Calculate capacity of combination:
- 6206 SCFM x 0.991 = 6150 SCFM.
- Therefore the relieving capacity of the combination is 6150 SCFM.
Table 2 – Gas properties
Gas Chemical Approx- Weight Specific Gas Ratio of
Symbol Molecular Density. Gravity Constant Specific
Weight Lbs/Cuft Relative To Heats
Air
M P SG R k
Acetylene C2H2 26.0 0.682 0.907 59.4 1.3
Air ----- 29.0 0.0752 1.000 53.3 1.4
Ammonia NH3 17.0 0.0448 0.596 91.0 1.32
Argon A 39.9 0.1037 1.379 38.7 1.67
Butane C4H10 58.1 0.1554 2.067 26.5 1.11
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.0 0.1150 1.529 35.1 1.30
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.0 0.0727 0.967 55.2 1.40
Confidential - Do not duplicate or distribute
without written permission from ZOOK 70
APPENDIX "A" - SIZING
Table 2 – Gas properties
Gas Chemical Approx- Weight Specific Gas Ratio of
Symbol Molecular Density. Gravity Constant Specific
Weight Lbs/Cuft Relative To Heats
Air
M P SG R k
Chlorine CL2 70.9 0.1869 2.486 21.8 1.33
Ethane C 2H 6 30.3 0.0789 1.049 51.5 1.22
Ethylene C 2H 4 28.0 0.0733 0.975 55.1 1.22
Helium He 4.0 0.01039 0.1381 386.3 1.66
Hydrogen Chloride HCL 36.5 0.0954 1.268 42.4 1.41
Hydrogen H2 2.0 0.00523 0.0695 766.8 1.41
Hydrogen Sulphide H 2S 34.1 0.0895 1.190 45.2 1.30
Methane CH4 16.0 0.0417 0.554 96.4 1.32
Methyl Chloride CH3CL 50.5 0.1342 1.785 30.6 1.20
Nitric Oxide NO 30.0 0.0780 1.037 51.5 1.41
Nitrogen N2 28.0 0.0727 0.967 55.2 1.40
Nitrous Oxide N 2O 44.0 0.1151 1.530 35.1 1.31
Oxygen O2 32.0 0.0831 1.105 48.3 1.40
Propane C3H8 44.1 0.1175 1.562 35.0 1.15
Propene
C3H6 42.1 0.1091 1.451 36.8 1.14
(propylene)
Sulpher Dioxide SO2 64.1 0.1703 2.264 24.0 1.26
Reprinted from Crane technical Paper No. 410 based on data Table 24 of Mark'


display: block; margin: 0px auto; text-align: center;" />

 Figure 2: IBM Process Designer web editor positioning tab

 Positioning

 Each coach view now has these positioning parameters. You can enter, in percentages, how high or wide the coach view will be. This is enforced on all of the form factors. In addition, you can specify how overflow data will be handled in a coach view.

 Figure 3: Closer look of the positioning parameters

 You can see how this affects the rendering of the coach form in the screen shots that follow:

 Figure 4: Large form factor

 Figure 5: Medium form factor

 Figure 6: Small form factor

 As stated earlier, all of the stock coach views (text, date and so forth) support positioning configuration settings.

 Responsive coach configuration parameters

 Certain controls can be configured for each form factor. Some controls allow you to choose different configuration parameters (the Configuration panel is located under the Positioning panel) for each form factor.

 For example, you can show the Date Time Picker control fully expanded (inline mode) for the large form factor:

 Figure 7: Date Time Picker control on a large form factor

 And, you can show the Date Time Picker control fully collapsed (on click mode) for the medium form factor:

 Figure 8: Date Time Picker control on a medium form factor

 Lite controls

 The stock controls are usable only on browsers and tablets, but not on smartphones. The stock controls in version 8.5.5 are responsive and supported on desktop or notebook browsers and the iPad Safari browser, but they are not currently supported on smartphones.

 A new set of coach views has been released as a technology preview. They are known as the “Lite Controls.” Eventually, they should be delivered in IBM BPM.

 Unlike the stock controls in the coaches toolkit, the lite controls in the lite coaches toolkit are not Dojo-based. These lite controls use a combination of HTML5, JavaScript, AngularJS, Angular UI Bootstrap and CSS to provide a responsive presentation that results in an optimal mobile and desktop user experience. They offer a more native look and feel with optimized performance on mobile devices.

 The key benefits are:

 Non-Dojo lightweight coach views targeted to deliver a more responsive experience on mobile devices

 Combined and minified JavaScript and CSS files

 Optimization to run on mobile networks (with a minimal number of network requests and minimized size of data transferred over network to optimize bandwidth usage)

 Testing and support for mobile form factors

 Accelerated development of client-ready mobile experiences

 No overhead for rarely used capabilities like non-Gregorian calendar

 Input controls that look native to the device

 The lite controls toolkit can be found on the <a href="_URL_ wiki. Please note that this link will take you to the login screen for the IBM BPM Community wiki. If you do not have an account for the IBM BPM Community, you can sign up for one from there. Here is the mission statement for the IBM BPM Community:

 Since 2006, this community site has provided a vital resource of practitioner-developed content to help organizations of all sizes make the most out of their investment in process innovation. Become a member now (it's free) and get started.

 The IBM BPM Community site is by the people, for the people. The more you put in, the more you get out. Member contributions are highly valued, and we want your contributions! Watch spaces and sign up for the daily digest to follow activities.

 Have you tried designing responsive coaches in IBM BPM? Share your experiences or ask a question below, or continue the conversation with me on Twitter <a href="_URL_

 This blog post contributed by Owen Cline, a member of the IBM Software Services for Websphere team based in San Diego, California. Prior to IBM Business Process Manager (BPM) 8.5.5, it was difficult to develop coaches for multiple form factors (browsers,... 1 0 7765 urn:lsid:ibm.com:blogs:entries-77c96102-9a28-478c-b0fa-719551e9a4a3 The Mobile Frontier 2015-04-17T09:11:48-04:00 urn:lsid:ibm.com:blogs:entry-8fb8163f-e018-4fbf-b721-10295ae5e6e3 Casting a hybrid IBM Worklight application to Chromecast Christian Karasiewicz 270005XS4E active false Christian Karasiewicz 270005XS4E active false Comment Entries application/atom+xml;type=entry Likes true 2014-09-09T08:36:00-04:00 2014-09-09T15:52:46-04:00 <di


text:
Automatic topic identification of health-related messages in online health community using text classification
© Lu; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 11 December 2012
Accepted: 11 June 2013
Published: 10 July 2013
To facilitate patient involvement in online health community and obtain informative support and emotional support they need, a topic identification approach was proposed in this paper for identifying automatically topics of the health-related messages in online health community, thus assisting patients in reaching the most relevant messages for their queries efficiently. Feature-based classification framework was presented for automatic topic identification in our study. We first collected the messages related to some predefined topics in a online health community. Then we combined three different types of features, n-gram-based features, domain-specific features and sentiment features to build four feature sets for health-related text representation. Finally, three different text classification techniques, C4.5, Naïve Bayes and SVM were adopted to evaluate our topic classification model. By comparing different feature sets and different classification techniques, we found that n-gram-based features, domain-specific features and sentiment features were all considered to be effective in distinguishing different types of health-related topics. In addition, feature reduction technique based on information gain was also effective to improve the topic classification performance. In terms of classification techniques, SVM outperformed C4.5 and Naïve Bayes significantly. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach could identify the topics of online health-related messages efficiently.
Health issues are a primary concern for many people. Especially for the patients diagnosed with some serious diseases and their caregivers, they usually seek explanatory information about their disease or treatment. Traditionally, health professionals such as doctors are the primary source of medical information for patients. However, health professionals often fail to meet the patients' information needs fully. Many patients feel that doctors are too busy to answer their questions (Umefjord et al. 2003), or many doctors just tell their patients basic medical information but are not willing to take the time required to fully explain the details (Dickerson et al. 2006). This view was supported by the argument of Tyson (Tyson 2000), who suggested that there was a lack of attention to detail in the current doctor-patient relationship. Recently, the Internet is changing the way people experience life, including healthcare. Many studies on health communication have shown that patients are increasingly using the Internet for health information and support. A study of US-based cancer patients and their caregivers indicated that 80% of them were interested in health-related information on the Internet and 65% expressed an interest in online support groups (Monnier et al. 2002). Especially for those patients with chronic diseases, they would prefer to search online health information to be better informed about their illnesses (Bansil et al. 2006). In recent years, with the advent of some social media services, such as Wikipedia, FaceBook, online forums and medical Q&A, patients are more likely to obtain health information and share health experiences on these social media websites (Kinnane & Milne 2010). A recent survey showed that 34% of Internet users have read someone else's commentary or experience about health issues in online news group, website, or blog, and 24% of them have consulted online reviews of particular drugs or medical treatments (Fox & Jones 2009). These health-related social media services enable patients to take a more active role in making decisions about their health through the use of social support and the ability to explore treatment options (Gerber & Eiser 2001). In addition, convenience and anonymity are also important reasons why patients turning to the Internet, where patients could obtain health-related knowledge easily and quickly, and meanwhile they are not embarrassed to ask health professionals online or communicate with online members about their conditions (Anderson et al. 2003).
Although different types of social media applications can be used to obtain health-related information, online health community is among the most popular social media services. In online health community, patients and their caregivers can share their experiences and exchange interesting information. The emotional support and encouragement offered by community members is also important for patients suffering serious illness and help them cope with their diseases significantly better than those who address serious diseases by themselves.
Different participants sought different types of information and support. Some patients undergoing treatment for their diseases would prefer to talk of more treatment knowledge. Some survivors, even if their diseases have been permanently cured, were still willing to share their experiences and advice on how they deal with life's daily challenges through online health community. Moreover, some patients with serious illness often posted some messages with their blessing only to get mutual emotional support. So different participants have their own purpose and they only showed interest in some specific topics. However, currently in online health community, the messages that belong to the same topic scattered across many different threads, which makes it difficult for the participants to summarize and search their interesting messages quickly. An alternative solution is to classify these messages into different categories according to their topics, thus enables participants to obtain a sense of what online health community is, quickly find the issues they concerned about, become involved in online health community more easily, thereby gaining valuable information for their health self-education, self-care and self-management. In addition, for the websites that provide health-related social media services, topic identification and categorization could assist the web designers and developers into optimizing the human-computer interface, providing personalized tools and functions such as topic tags to facilitate the users to search their interesting topics quickly. However, with the explosion of online messages, it is becoming impractical to classify the messages manually. To address this issue, we proposed a topic identification approach based on text classification technique for identifying automatically topics of the health-related messages in online health community.
Over the recent years, text classification techniques have been widely used for topic identification of online text. In terms of medical informatics, some previous studies primarily focused on medical literature and clinical narratives. Take the example of MEDLINE biomedical database. It is well known that the MEDLINE medical literature contains millions of references to biomedical journal articles, making it very hard for researchers to efficiently reach the most relevant documents by searching. To address this issue, many studies attempted to design text classification system for classifying MEDLINE documents automatically (Yetisgen-Yildiz & Pratt 2005). In addition, text classification techniques were also often applied into clinical narratives to distinguish different types of patients, so that personalized medical services could be provided for them. For example, researchers have proposed a topic modeling for matching patient education materials to patients clinical notes so that relevant education articles could be recommended automatically to the patients and help patients find appropriate patient educational materials (Kandula et al. 2011). However, these studies mainly focused on professionally written medical text, which differed significantly from user-generated medical text in online health community. Few studies have attempted to apply text classification techniques into topic identification of these user-generated medical text.
In the data collection step, we first focused on an online health community and collected all the web pages by using the Web crawler software Offline Explorer. Then we parsed the pages to extract available health-related messages, meanwhile tagged these messages with their given topic category. Next, some noisy and unreliable data are filtered by text preprocessing, including stop words removal and word stemming.
Feature set generation
N-gram-based features. As mentioned above, current text classification techniques are predominantly based on BOW model, that is, identifying terms with all the words occurring in the document and performing classification based mainly on the presence or absence of these words. Some researchers have used different classification techniques but the results demonstrated that various classification techniques produced similar results for BOW-based features. After that, some researchers attempted to improve the BOW-based text representation and their research results demonstrated that the addition of word n-grams (sequences of words of length n) to the BOW-based text representation indeed improved performance. However, sequences of length n > 3 were shown to be not useful and might decrease the performance. So in this study, n-gram-based features(n<=3) were incorporated into feature set.
- (2)Domain-specific features. Studies have found that integrating domain-specific knowledge into textual feature representation could improve classification performance (Zhu et al. 2009). Since health-related messages in online community contain much medical knowledge, incorporating the medical domain-specific features could enhance the performance of topic identification significantly. So medical domain-specific features were introduced in this study as an additional feature dimension. In some previous studies, UMLS Metathesaurus as the world's largest repository of biomedical concepts, were widely used to extract medical terminology from medical text. So we also used UMLS to extract health-related medical terminology as domain-specific features. UMLS Metathesaurus consists of 1.7 million biomedical concepts where each concept is assigned to at least one of the 134 semantic types and the health-related semantic types used in our study were listed in Table 1.Table 1
The UMLS semantic types used
Amino acid, peptide, or protein
Injury or poisoning
Mental or behavioral dysfunction
Body location or region
Biomedical occupation or discipline
Body part, organ, or organ component
Disease or syndrome
Sign or symptom
Therapeutic or preventive procedure
Sentiment features. In addition to obtaining healthcare knowledge and medical information regarding disease-related symptoms, medication and treatments, patients involved in health online community also expect to obtain emotional support from other community members. Particularly for the patients diagnosed with cancers and chronic diseases, they usually posted some messages to vent their frustration, seek sympathetic encouragement and show compassion or empathy for others. So these messages usually contained many sentiment words with high sentiment polarity and these sentiment words could be used to measure effectively whether health-related messages provide informative support or emotional support, thus helpful to improve topic identification performance. In order to


Chegg Guided Solutions for Principles of Microeconomics 4th Edition: Chapter 17
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 - Step 1 of 2
 Calculating the CPI:
 a. The cost of the basket in the base year is $200 + $600 + $100 + $50 = $950. In the subsequent year the same basket of goods costs $220 + $640 + $120 + $40 = $1020. The CPI in the subsequent year equals the cost of the basket in that year relative to the base year:. Since the CPI in the base year is 1.000, the rate of inflation (equal to the percentage increase in the CPI) between the base year and the subsequent year is 7.4%.
 - Step 2 of 2
 b. The family's nominal income rose by 5%, which is less than the increase in the family's cost of living. The family is thus worse off in terms of real purchasing power.
Step-by-step solutions for this book and 2,500 others
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text:
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text:
At 6:03 on July 31, 220kV auxiliary power supply reverse work of Unit 1 and Unit 2 of Zhangzhou Nuclear power Plant was successfully completed, marking the realization of the first commissioning milestone node of the mass construction of "Hualong One" first reactor project, and the "Hualong mass construction" project has entered the phase of subsystem commissioning.
220kV auxiliary power supply reverse power supply is a new nuclear power plant after the installation of unit equipment and line erection work, through the transmission line from the grid to the plant for power supply, in order to meet the start-up requirements of high-power equipment during system commissioning. The realization of this node indicates that the system and equipment at the site of Zhangzhou nuclear power project will obtain stable debugging and temporary operation power supply, and provide reliable power supply guarantee for the subsequent comprehensive debugging work.
The 220kV auxiliary power supply reverse transmission process includes fire connection, line and auxiliary transformer impact test and other links. The auxiliary transformers of Unit 1 and Unit 2 of Zhangzhou Nuclear Power Plant have passed five impact tests. The parameters meet the standard requirements and the equipment runs stably. The on-load voltage regulation test, 10kV bus impact and load check were all successful once, indicating that the power back-off work was completed and the system entered the 24-hour trial operation safely. The first batch project of Hualong One — Zhangzhou Nuclear Power Unit 1 has officially entered a new stage of system commissioning.


text:
The students of the Damanhurian school went on a journey aboard the Greenpeace vessel The Rainbow Warrior.
The ship arrived in Genova for a brief stop during its Mediterranean tour on a campaign to protect marine reserves, and the students joined them for a two-day educational experience.
Greenpeace activists had previously come to visit the school and speak to the students about their work to created a protected zone in the Mediterranean. The speakers presented two films about the campaign and shared information about how nets that are often illegal present a threat to many sea animals, from the sardine to the whale.
The adventure aboard the Rainbow Warrior has been an intense occasion for students to witness the work of environmental activists and deepen their understand the Greenpeace ocean campaign.


Doubt in Cooking Game
The question quotes:
"Now Chef is asking you to count the number of ways to fill the missing numbers (ie. the -1s) of the array with level numbers, so that it corresponds to a valid game. Since the answer can be large, output it modulo 109+7."
So, if there is no missing number the count is zero.
But the solutions getting accepted outputs answer 1.
Question link:
1 Like
Actually the count is 1, because not substituting any -1 anywhere where there are no -1s to substitute is a valid way and the only one. This is similar to the fact that the number of ways of ordering 0 objects is 1, in other words 0!=1. Or that the number of ways to choose 0 objects from a collection of n is 1, which means {n \choose 0} = 1.
1 Like
unless it's invalid then the answer is 0
Yes of course :slight_smile:
_USER_ _USER_ : The problem statement stated the rules for playing the game as "Chef will start in level 1 and whenever Chef passes a level in this game he will advance to the next level, but if Chef fails, he will return to level 1." How come then, the answer is 0 for any test case. I understand that if the sequence is invalid the solution would be 0, but as the statement clearly states the rules, and it is not mentioned anywhere that chef's memory can be wrong or he can play an invalid game, is the assumption of a valid game wrong? Please correct me if I am wrong.
1 Like
don't assume anything that is not mentioned in "constraints" section
1 Like


text: Centrifugal casting of composites and ceramics has been widely employed to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of functional materials. This powerful method has yet to be deployed in the context of nanoparticles--yet size-effect tuning of quantum dots is among their most distinctive and application-relevant features. Here we report the first gradient nanoparticle films to be constructed in a single step. By creating a stable colloid of nanoparticles that are capped with electronic-conduction-compatible ligands we were able to leverage centrifugal casting for thin-films devices. This new method, termed centrifugal colloidal casting, is demonstrated to form films in a bandgap-ordered manner with efficient carrier funnelling towards the lowest energy layer. We constructed the first quantum-gradient photodiode to be formed in a single deposition step and, as a result of the gradient-enhanced electric field, experimentally measured the highest normalized detectivity of any colloidal quantum dot photodetector.


text:
South Asian tobacco use
Tobacco that you don't smoke - including paan, betel quid and chewing tobacco - is not a'safe' way to use tobacco. It causes cancer and can be as addictive as smoking. Find out the risks and how you can quit.
Betel quid, paan or gutkha is a mixture of ingredients including betel nut (also called areca nut), herbs, spices and often tobacco, wrapped in a betel leaf. Chewing smokeless tobacco, such as paan or gutkha, is popular with many people from south Asian communities, but all forms of tobacco can harm your health. Research has shown that using smokeless tobacco raises the risk of mouth cancer and oesophageal (food pipe) cancer.
Studies have also found that betel itself can raise the risk of cancer, so chewing betel quid without tobacco is still harmful.
Cigarettes, bidi and shisha
Smoking rates are higher among Bangladeshi men (40%) and Pakistani men (29%) than in the general population (21%). Indian men and south Asian women are less likely to smoke.
Smoking increases your risk of cancer, heart disease and respiratory (breathing) disease. This is true whether you smoke bidi (thin cigarettes of tobacco wrapped in brown tendu leaf), cigarettes or shisha (also known as a water pipe or hookah).
A World Health Organization study has suggested that during one session on a hookah (around 20 to 80 minutes) a person can inhale the same amount of smoke as a cigarette smoker consuming 100 or more cigarettes. Hookah smoke also contains nicotine, cancer-causing chemicals and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide.
- Urdu: 0800 _PHONE_
- Punjabi: 0800 _PHONE_
- Hindi: 0800 _PHONE_
- Gujarati: 0800 _PHONE_
- Bengali: 0800 _PHONE_
People who use NHS support are up to four times more likely to quit smoking than those who try to stop alone. All areas have a free local Stop Smoking Service that provides medication and support to help you quit. Many services also offer support to help you stop using smokeless tobacco, such as paan.
Click here to find your local service or call the smoking helpline on 0800 _PHONE_.
You can also call the NHS Asian Tobacco Helpline, available in five languages, from 1pm to 9pm on Tuesdays.


text:
Tong Castle, (also known as Tong), Telford, England
Record Id: 6711
This site is NOT open to public.
Brief description of site
There are extensive 18th- and 19th-century gardens at Tong, on an estate with medieval origins. Capability Brown is implicated in the redesign.
Brief history of site
There have been a castle and associated park at Tong since the medieval period, but Capability Brown built a new house (now lost) and grounds in the mid-18th century. Further embellishments were made in the 19th century.
Address: Tong, Shropshire, TF11 8PP
Historical County: Shropshire
|OS Landranger Map Sheet Number:||162||Grid Ref:||SJ792069|
Form of site: park
Purpose of site: Ornamental
Site first created: Before 1273
Main period of development: Medieval
Survival: Part: standing remains
Durant's garden buildings are quite fully documented, and included ideas as diverse as pyramid structures and Indian themes; the parts coming together to form a whole most notable for its eccentricity. Certainly surviving is the Egyptian Aviary at Vauxhall Farm, while his 'pulpit' modelled on the example from Shrewsbury Abbey, and acoustic arches made of whale bones appear to have been lost. Soon after his death, Durant's own sons demolished an octagonal cottage on an island in Norton Mere. Detailed survey would be required to ascertain what else of Durant's numerous follies has survived decay and the construction of the M54. Road-builiding certainly led to destruction of the standing remains of Tong Castle.
External web site link: _URL_
The medieval castle at Tong was replaced in 1765 by a gothick building by Capability Brown, itself demolished in 1965. Tong is important as it represents Lancelot 'Capability' Brown's first work in Shropshire. The castle and grounds were bought in 1764 by George Durant (wealthy after experiences in the Caribbean), and he began to employ Brown the following year. The degree of Brown's impact is unclear, but he returned over several years, and by the 1780s the grounds had been considerably reworked. In particular, the formal landscape of wilderness and avenues was replaced with pastoral vision, with two great new lakes.
There was already a park in the parish by 1273. In 1577, a 'Tong park' lay east of the castle, and a park is also recorded in 1695. In the early-18th century, there was a wilderness with straight allees, but this was lost when the park was enlarged at the time of the castle's rebuilding in 1765. It may have been at that time (and perhaps also by the hand of Capability Brown) that serpentine pools were created around the western part of the park. Certainly they were present by 1808.
Probably also by Brown, and dating back to about 1765, was Convent Lodge, south of Tong village, in the gothick style. Nearby is a wall pulpit of around 1765, again by Brown, and probably inspired by the pulpit at Shrewsbury Abbey. A similar structure stood in Tong Norton until around 1890.
Embellishment of the park began at the start of the 19th century. Of Tong's owner, George Durant (son of Brown's employer), it was said 'His eccentric character is indicated by the quaint buildings, monuments with hieroglyphics, and inscriptions alike to deceased friends, eternity, and favourite animals, which were then to be found on every part of the demesne'.
People associated with this site
Designer: Lancelot Brown (born 1716 died 06/02/1783)
Feature created: Before 1765
Feature created: 1765 to 1808
Several serpentine pools.
Feature created: 1800 to 1899
Multiple follies, including pyramids, aviaries, and a pulpit.
Feature created: 1765
Organisations associated with this site
Sources of information
Baugh, R. Map of Shropshire (1808)
Stroud, D. Capability Brown, (London: Faber, 1975) p. 148.
Headley, G. and Meulenkamp, W. Follies, (1990) p.192-5.
Jones, B., Follies and Grottoes (London: Constable, 1974) p125-7, 186.
Stamper, P. Historic Parks and Gardens of Shropshire (Shrewsbury: Shropshire Books, 1996), p. 24, 30, 46, 53,,73-4, 77, 115, pls 15, 37, 24, figs 38, 51).
Anon 1984. List of Historic Buildings: Bridgnorth District, Sherrifhales etc., pp77-8.
Robert Baugh's map of Shropshire: An Introduction
Saxton, C. Map of Shropshire (1577)
Staffordshire Historical Collections, Vol I, p. 54.


text:
History of the Hudson 8/9 Slide Rule - MIT Museum
Full interview with Frank Adorney about the conception, development and fabrication of the Hudson 8 and Hudson 9 slide rule. This rule, invented by James R. "Pop" Bland, a mathematics professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, was the prototype for the famous Keuffel & Esser Deci-Lon slide rule. Bland asked his former student Frank Adorney for help fabricating the initial mock-ups and working prototypes of his new rule.
This interview was conducted by Deborah Douglas, curator of science and technology at the MIT Museum on January 25, 2012 at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. It provides extensive background about the rules which are now part of the MIT Museum's collection.
MIT Museum SciTech Films


text:
) 3 meters near road side:
d) Calculation of equivalent sound pressure
) in other distances from road
Δe= Effect of distance, surface, foliage, air tem
-perature, humidity and barriers (dBA) (Zannetti P . 1997)
The fitted multiple regression models were based on standardized variables. The results showed a high determination coefficient (R2=0.901). The results of verification of designed model in this study showed the mean of predicted LAeq was 68.27±3.81 dB(A). Comparing means of predicted LAeq and measuring LAeq [69.04±4.25 dB(A)] showed small difference of -0.77 dB(A). The scatter plot of predicted and measured values of LAeq is shown in Fig. 5. Also, Fig. 6 shows the trend of predicted and measured values of LAeq during day-night in the study. Table 2 shows a between measured LAeq and predicted values based on different empirical models containing the suggested model.
Fig. 3: Distribution of equivalent day night noise levels in main stage of the study
Traffic noise prediction models are required as aids in the design of roads and sometimes in the assessment of existing, or of envisaged changes in, traffic noise conditions. They are commonly needed to predict sound pressure levels, specified in terms of LAeq¡ - L10, etc. Several models have been developed via a regression analysis of experimental data, from fundamental variables such as the traffic flow, speed of vehicles and dimension of roads (Stefano, 2001). This paper is the result of one study performed in 2005-2006 in Iran. Study data from 282 samples were utilized to develop a compact model for Iranian conditions using regression analysis.
The developed regression model can be suitably applied for all urban areas in the country. The suggested model has a high coefficient of determination, which indicates adequacy of the model. This is applicable only for urban roads
with speeds less than 90 km/h and traffic flow less than 5000 v/h.
The results of the pilot stage of this study suggested that one 10min measurement sufficed for prediction of LAeq of 30min to 1h in the main stage of the study. Therefore, in the main stage of the study, a 10-minute duration measurement in each station for predicting the 30min to hourly equivalent levels was performed. The reliability of FHWA TNM 2.5 model based on 15-minute measurement has been verified (Steele, 2001). These experiences point out that the changes in sound pressure levels in a time interval of 10 to 15 minutes could forecast the hourly changes. Logarithmic distribution plot between speed of vehicles and traffic flow was shown a nice condition for predicting LAeq in the designed linear regression model. Other researchers also showed to be confirmed this matter (Steele, 2001;
Table 2: Comparing prediction of LAeq by designed model and some empirical models for studied data Fig. 5: Distribution of predicted LAeq by model and
measured values in reference distance from roadside
Fig. 6: Trend of prediction and measurement of LAeq during day-night for the studied field.
Parmanikabud, 2002; Li, 2002; Calixto, 2003; Parida, 2003; Tang, 2004; Gundugdu, 2005; Tansatcha, 2005).
The developed model has seven explanatory variables in order to achieve a high R square coefficient. In the suggested model, some additional variables such as road length, gradient and height of building around the roads were considered. The important point in this study was the number of explanatory variables and mean difference between measured and predicted value of LAeq compared to the other empirical models (Tang, 2004; Calixto, 2003; Pamanikabud, 2002; Li, 2002; Parida, 2003; Lam, 1998). Comparing the designed model and some empirical models showed a minimal difference between prediction and measured LAeq (Table 2). Results showed the minimal difference of prediction of LAeq by FHWA-STAMINA [-2.22 dB(A)] to maximal difference of Gundugdu model [-9.06 dB(A)] below the measured values. Also, Calixto model [+2.81 dB(A)] and Parida model [+3.20 dB(A)] showed the minimal and maximal values above the measured values of equal sound pressure levels respectively, whereas the suggested model had a minimum difference between predicted and measured LAeq [-0.77 dB(A)].
Verification of developed model for 48 samples of road traffic data in Tehran city (Mohsseni, 1998) showed that difference between mean predicted of LAeq and measurement values was -0.42 dB(A) (p=0.168), Therefore, this road traffic noise model can be effectively used as a decision support tool for prediction of traffic noise index [LAeq (30min)] in the same Iranian cities.
This paper is based on the first author Ph.D. thesis which was conducted in Islamic Azad University (IAU), Iran, Sciences and Research Branch in 2006. The authors would like to thank the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for financing this project.
.R., ( 2005) .Reliability analysis of noise estimation in highways of Tehran by Monte Carlo simulation method, Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2(4) : 229-236.
BS, Method for rating industrial noise affecting mixed residential and industrial areas, British Standard, BS 4142, 1997.
Calixto, A., et al., (2003). The statistical modeling of road traffic noise in an urban setting. Cities. 20: 23-29. Golmohammadi, R., Abbaspour, M., Nassiri, P., Mahjub, H.,
(2007). Road traffic noise model, Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 7(1): 13.17.
Gundogdu, O., Gokdag, M., Yuksel, F., (2005). A traffic noise predication method based on vehicle composition using genetic algorithms. Applied acoustics, 66: 799-809. Lam, W. H .K. & Tam, M . L., (1998). Reliability analysis
of traffic noise estimates in Hong Kong. Transportation research Part-D. 3(4): 239-248.
Li, B., et. al., (2002). A GIS based Road Traffic Noise Predication Model, applied acoustics, 63: 679-691. Li, B., Shu ,T., Dawson, R .W., (2002). Evaluation and
analysis of traffic noise from the main urban road in Beijing. Applied acoustics. 63: _PHONE_.
Mansouri, N.A., Pour Mahabadian, M., Ghasemkhani, M .,( 2006). Road Traffic Noise in Downtown Area of Tehran, Iranian Journal Of Environmental Health Science And Engineering, 3(4): 261-266.
Mohseni PH, Correction for the road traffic noise model in Tehran, MSc thesis, Islamic Azad University (IAU)- Research branch, 1998.
Parida, M., Jain, S.S., Mittal, N., (2003). Modelling of metropolitan traffic noise in Delhi, ITPI Journal. 21(1): 5-12.
Pamanikabud, P., & Prakob, V., (2002). Noise prediction for highways in Thailand, Transportation research part D. 7: 441-449.
Ross, M., Brain & Wolde, T., (2001). noise from traffic as a worldwide policy problem. Noise control engineering journal. 49(4): 159-161.
Stefano, R ., Danato, D., & Morri, B., (2001). A Statistical Model for Predicting Road Traffic Noise on Poisson Type Traffic Flow. Noise control engineering journal. 49(3): 137-143.
Steele, C., (2001). A Critical Review of Some Traffic Noise Prediction Models, applied acoustics. 62: 271-287. Tang, S .K., & Tong, K .K., (2004). Estimating traffic noise
for inclined roads with freely flowing traffic, applied acoustics. 65: 171-181.
Tansatcha, M ., Pamanikabud, P., Brown, A.L., Affum, J. K., (2005). Motorway noise modelling based on perpendicular propagation analysis of traffic noise, Applied acoustics. 66: _PHONE_.
Zannetti, P., Environmental Modeling Vol(I), CMP & Elsevier, New York, 1997.
Abbaspour, M., Golmohammadi, R., Nassiri, P., Mahjub, H., (2006). An Investigation on Time-Interval Optimization of Traffic Noise Measurement. Journal of low frequency noise vibration & active control, 25(4): 267-273. Alimohammadi, I., Nassiri ,P., Behzad, M., Hosseini, M


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Calculates weighted concordance statistics, which, depending on the chosen weighting method (weight_meth) and tied times parameter (tiex), are equivalent to several proposed methods. By default, no weighting is applied and this is equivalent to Harrell's C-index.
Details
For the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the training survival distribution (\(S\)), and the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the training censoring distribution (\(G\)), we have the following options for time-independent concordance statistics (C-indexes) given the weighted method:
weight_meth:
 - "I" = No weighting. (Harrell)
 - "GH" = Gonen and Heller's Concordance Index
 - "G" = Weights concordance by \(1/G\).
 - "G2" = Weights concordance by \(1/G^2\). (Uno et al.)
 - "SG" = Weights concordance by \(S/G\) (Shemper et al.)
 - "S" = Weights concordance by \(S\) (Peto and Peto)
The last three require training data. "GH" is only applicable to LearnerSurvCoxPH.
The implementation is slightly different from survival::concordance. Firstly this implementation is faster, and secondly the weights are computed on the training dataset whereas in survival::concordance the weights are computed on the same testing data.
Dictionary
This Measure can be instantiated via the dictionary mlr_measures or with the associated sugar function msr():
MeasureSurvCindex$new()
mlr_measures$get("surv.cindex")
msr("surv.cindex")
Parameters
IdTypeDefaultLevelsRange
t_maxnumeric-\([0, \infty)\)
p_maxnumeric-\([0, 1]\)
weight_methcharacterII, G, G2, SG, S, GH-
tiexnumeric0.5\([0, 1]\)
epsnumeric0.001\([0, 1]\)
Meta Information
 - Type: "surv"
 - Range: \([0, 1]\)
 - Minimize: FALSE
 - Required prediction: crank
Parameter details
 - eps (numeric(1))
 Very small number to substitute zero values in order to prevent errors in e.g. log(0) and/or division-by-zero calculations. Default value is 0.001.
 - t_max (numeric(1))
 Cutoff time (i.e. time horizon) to evaluate concordance up to.
 - p_max (numeric(1))
 The proportion of censoring to evaluate concordance up to in the given dataset. When t_max is specified, this parameter is ignored.
 - weight_meth (character(1))
 Method for weighting concordance. Default "I" is Harrell's C. See details.
 - tiex (numeric(1))
 Weighting applied to tied rankings, default is to give them half (0.5) weighting.
References
Peto, Richard, Peto, Julian (1972). "Asymptotically efficient rank invariant test procedures." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (General), 135(2), 185–198.
Harrell, E F, Califf, M R, Pryor, B D, Lee, L K, Rosati, A R (1982). "Evaluating the yield of medical tests." Jama, 247(18), 2543–2546.
Goenen M, Heller G (2005). "Concordance probability and discriminatory power in proportional hazards regression." Biometrika, 92(4), 965–970. doi:10.1093/biomet/92.4.965 .
Schemper, Michael, Wakounig, Samo, Heinze, Georg (2009). "The estimation of average hazard ratios by weighted Cox regression." Statistics in Medicine, 28(19), 2473–2489. doi:10.1002/sim.3623 .
Uno H, Cai T, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Wei LJ (2011). "On the C-statistics for evaluating overall adequacy of risk prediction procedures with censored survival data." Statistics in Medicine, n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/sim.4154 .
Super classes
mlr3::Measure -> mlr3proba::MeasureSurv -> MeasureSurvCindex
Methods
Inherited methods
Method new()
This is an abstract class that should not be constructed directly.
Usage
Method clone()
The objects of this class are cloneable with this method.
Usage
MeasureSurvCindex$clone(deep = FALSE)
Arguments
deep
Whether to make a deep clone.
Examples
library(mlr3)
task = tsk("rats")
learner = lrn("surv.coxph")
part = partition(task) # train/test split
learner$train(task, part$train)
p = learner$predict(task, part$test)
# Harrell's C-index
p$score(msr("surv.cindex")) # same as 'p$score()'
#> surv.cindex
#> 0._PHONE_
# Uno's C-index
p$score(msr("surv.cindex", weight_meth = "G2"),
 task = task, train_set = part$train)
#> surv.cindex
#> 0._PHONE_
# Harrell's C-index evaluated up to a specific time horizon
p$score(msr("surv.cindex", t_max = 97))
#> surv.cindex
#> 0._PHONE_
# Harrell's C-index evaluated up to the time corresponding to 30% of censoring
p$score(msr("surv.cindex", p_max = 0.3))
#> surv.cindex
#> 0._PHONE_


How to Keep Your Tribal Tattoo Black
Getty Images/Getty Images Sport/Getty Images
The deep black of the ink, coupled with the design, makes tribal tattoos very striking. Over time, the tattoos fade and the blacks become more gray. This is because of several factors including sun exposure, how well the tattoo healed and the natural tendency for some inks to leach out of the skin. Taking proper care with your tattoos -- during the healing process, and long after -- can help you keep your tribal tattoos black longer.
Cover a brand new tattoo with a bandage for the first week. Wash the area, daily, with soap and water to prevent infection. An infection can cause the ink to leach out of your skin, creating holes and faded areas in the design.
Apply an antibiotic ointment immediately if the area becomes infected. Avoid alcohol or peroxide, both of which can bleach the ink or cause the ink to leach out of your skin. The faster you treat an infection, the more likely you can save the design.
Wear sunscreen over the tattoo after it heals, and avoid exposing the design to direct sunlight as much as possible. Sunlight will cause the ink to fade.
Get a touch-up from a professional tattoo artist. Taking precautions will slow down the process, but the ink will still fade over time. A professional tattoo artist can go over the tattoo and color in the faded areas.


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|This chapter implements STANAG 2990.|
The air Volcano system provides a three-dimensional capability that allows units to emplace minefields in deep, close, and rear operations. It provides US forces with the capability to employ minefields rapidly under varied conditions. The air Volcano can be used to emplace tactical minefields; reinforce existing obstacles; close lanes, gaps, and defiles; protect flanks; and deny the enemy use of potential air-defense sites. Volcano minefields are ideal for flank protection of advancing forces and for operating in concert with air and ground cavalry units on flank-guard or screen missions.
Figure D-1. Air Volcano system
M87-SERIES MINE CANISTER
- M87. Prepackaged with five AT mines, one AP mine, and a propulsion device inside a tube housing.
- M87A1. Prepackaged with six AT mines and a propulsion device inside a tube housing.
The mixture of mines is fixed and cannot be altered in the field. The mines in each canister are electrically connected with a web that functions as a lateral dispersion device as the mines exit the canister. Spring fingers mounted on each mine prevent the mine from coming to rest on its edge. AT mines have a delay-arm time of 2 minutes 30 seconds; AP mines have a delay-arm time of 4 minutes. All canisters are capable of dispensing mines with 4-hour, 48-hour, or 15-day SD times. SD times are selected prior to dispensing and do not require a change or modification in the base M87-series mine canister.
The M139 dispenser consists of an electronic DCU and four launcher racks; each rack holds 40 M87-series mine canisters. The racks provide the structural strength and the mechanical support required for launch and provide the electrical interface between the mine canisters and the DCU. Mounting hardware for the UH-60A Blackhawk includes a jettison subassembly to propel the Volcano racks and canisters away from the aircraft in the event of an emergency.
The operator uses the DCU to electrically control the dispensing operation from within the aircraft. The DCU provides controls for the arming sequence and the delivery speed selection, and it sets mine SD times. The DCU allows the operator to start and stop mine dispensing at anytime. A counter on the DCU indicates the number of canisters remaining on each side of the aircraft.
Mines are dispensed from their canisters by an explosive propelling charge, 35 to 70 meters from the aircraft's line of flight. The aircraft flies at a minimum altitude of 1.5 meters, at speeds of 20 to 120 knots. It can deliver up to 960 mines per sortie.
The total weight of the air Volcano system is 2,886 kilograms. An aircraft will be close to its maximum gross weight when it contains the Volcano system and a full crew. Based on weather and environmental conditions, the aircraft may be required to execute the mission without a full fuel load, thus reducing enroute time.
The air Volcano is the fastest method for emplacing large tactical minefields. When employed by combat aviation elements in support of maneuver units, close coordination between aviation and ground units ensures that mines are emplaced accurately and quickly. Although placement is not as precise as it is with ground systems, air Volcano minefields can be placed accurately enough to avoid the dangers inherent in minefields emplaced by artillery or jet aircraft.
Air Volcano minefields can be emplaced in friendly and enemy territories. They should not be planned in areas of enemy observation and fire, because the helicopter is extremely vulnerable while flying at the steady altitude, the speed, and the path required to emplace the minefield. The air Volcano is the best form of a situational obstacle because of its short emplacement time. Its employment varies depending on the type of operation.
- Disrupt enemy formations along key AAs and choke points.
- Fix enemy formations in EAs to enhance target acquisition by attack helicopters, CAS, artillery, or a combination of weapon platforms.
- Provide area denial of possible enemy artillery and ADA sites that will affect future friendly schemes of maneuver.
AH-64 security is essential to air Volcano missions because the target area must not be in the enemy formation's direct line of sight. It may require two suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions to get the air Volcano across the FLOT to the target location. This removes the security aircraft from the battle. All air Volcano missions require planning, designation, and control during the execution of air corridors (routes).
The air Volcano can be used in deep operations, but it has distinct limitations. The aircraft can maintain a speed of 80 to 90 knots (UH-60A) for 90 to 120 kilometers, depending on the wind and the temperature (see Table D-1).
The aircraft cannot employ the door guns for self-defense with the Volcano system mounted. The attack aircraft averages 100 to 120 knots while targeting enemy formations that are 150 to 200 kilometers deep. In order for the air Volcano to go deep, the attack aircraft must slow down or special security/escort aircraft must be assigned for protection. The security/escort can be AH-64s or OH-58D Kiowa Warriors (KWs). KWs have many advantages--they are not a primary killing platform, and they are very good at quickly securing an area. The air Volcano requires one or two security aircraft for protection, and there should also be a backup aircraft for the mission.
The division main (light force) or brigade main (mechanized force) FSE is responsible for coordinating and executing fires in support of air Volcano missions. Upon completion of the target meeting, the FSE, the assistant division/brigade engineer, and the G3/S3 air representative will coordinate to ensure that the air-coordination/tasking order will support the mission and the planned SEAD fires.
If the mission is a deep aviation attack, the aviation element FSE is responsible for coordinating through the forward command post to the division/brigade main FSE. If the forward command post has jumped forward or has not deployed, the aviation element FSE will coordinate directly with the division/brigade main FSE.
The air Volcano is employed in close operations to fix enemy formations in EAs, turn advancing formations into desirable terrain that supports the friendly scheme of maneuver, disrupt formations enough to slow the enemy down, and block key AAs. Multiple missions may be required, depending on the intended effect. The air Volcano can be used to reseed existing minefields or to close lanes and gaps. The target area must be clear of friendly forces before an air Volcano mission is executed.
Use of the air Volcano in close operations should be a primary planning consideration. It can quickly reach the outer edge of the forward operating base where AAs need a minefield obstacle. The threat level will be lower, and the station time will increase.
The forward command post FSE coordinates and executes fires in support of air Volcano missions. The FSE, the engineer liaison officer, and the G3/S3 representative coordinate to ensure that the air coordination/tasking order supports the mission and the planned SEAD fires. The division/brigade main will be available to support the forward command post as necessary.
The brigade/TF FSE is responsible for coordinating through the forward command post to the division/brigade main FSE. If the forward command post has jumped, the brigade/TF FSE coordinates directly with the division/brigade main FSE.
The primary purposes of the air Volcano in rear areas is to protect key terrain from possible airborne/air-assault forces and to fix/disrupt enemy forces long enough to allow the tactical combat force or ready-reserve force time to react and meet the changing enemy situation.
The least preferred employment method is to deliver tactical minefields to brigade and corps support areas. This employment tactic is normally used when all other available assets have been exhausted. The flexibility of the air Volcano system makes it ideal for employment against a mounted Level III threat in the rear. The target area should be out of the direct view/fire of the threat and on a choke point that allows cover for the reacting forces.
The air Volcano aircraft could be employed individually or with security/escort aircraft. The use of OH-58D KWs as security aircraft allows units to develop the situation and helps place minefields in the proper location to assist inbound attack aircraft or fires. If the air Volcano aircraft is not provided security aircraft, it is recommended that ground forces provide covering fires.
The division/brigade rear FSE coordinates and executes fires in support of air Volcano missions. The FSE, the engineer liaison officer, and the G3/S3 representative coordinate to ensure that the air coordination/tasking order supports the mission and the planned SEAD fires. The division/brigade main will be available to support the division/brigade rear as necessary.
The headquarters element that controls the rear area coordinates with the division/brigade rear FSE. The division/brigade rear FSE coordinates with the division/brigade FSE for fire support and air assets.
A turn minefield manipulates enemy maneuver in a desired direction. It forces or entices enemy formations to move in a different direction rather than breach the obstacle. This means the bypass must be easily identified. Turn minefields are extremely lethal, with approximately 80 percent probability of mine encounter. The typical width is 557 by 320 meters for air Volcano. Figure D-2 shows two turn minefields combined to create a turn-effect obstacle group. It takes 160 canisters (800 AT/160 AP


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The cape, known by geologists as the Yehliu Promontory, forms part of the Daliao Miocene Formation. It stretches approximately 1,700 metres into the ocean and was formed as geological forces pushed the Datun Mountains out of the sea.
A distinctive feature of the cape is the hoodoo stones that dot its surface. These shapes can be viewed at the Yehliu Geopark operated by the North Coast and Guanyinshan National Scenic Area administration. A number of rock formations have been given imaginative names based on their shapes. The best known is the "Queen's Head" (女王頭), an iconic image in Taiwan and an unofficial emblem for the town of Wanli. Other formations include the "Fairy Shoe", the "Beehive", the "Ginger Rocks", and the "Sea Candles".
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yehliu.|
|This article about a location in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
AUSTRALIA - 2010
Bacteria Consumes Refining Impurity in Alcoa-Developed Process
An Alcoa-developed process that uses naturally occurring bacteria to consume an impurity in the alumina refining process is reducing carbon dioxide emissions and energy use and saving millions of dollars compared to conventional destruction technologies.
Oxalate is a natural product found in soil and some plants. When decaying plant matter is carried underground via water, some of it sticks to bauxite ore and enters the alumina refining process, where it degrades into oxalate. Considered an impurity, oxalate must be removed for the process to work efficiently and for the alumina to meet specification.
Alcoa's conventional method for destroying oxalate removed from the alumina refining process has been to burn it in a kiln. This method results in the generation of carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and odors. It also requires expensive and energy-consuming emissions control equipment to meet Alcoa's standards.
In 1999, scientists at Alcoa's Technology Delivery Group in Australia began researching the use of naturally occurring bacteria in the refining process. The focus turned to oxalate, and over the next decade the group continued developing a process and identified naturally occurring bacteria to efficiently consume the impurity.
Known as continuous biological oxalate destruction, the process uses a series of tanks containing warm liquid and bacteria growing on strands of beads. Oxygen and nutrients are added, and oxalate is introduced as a feed source. The bacteria consume the oxalate, reducing carbon dioxide emissions to less than half that of a kiln and emitting minimal VOCs and odor.
Alcoa's Kwinana refinery in Western Australia was the first to implement the process in mid-2009. The system destroys all oxalate produced at the refinery, which averages around 40 metric tons per day, and reduces carbon dioxide emissions by more than 8,000 metric tons annually. Kwinana also avoided approximately US$16 million in capital expenditures, and the refinery is saving approximately US$1.6 million in energy costs each year compared to conventional technology.
"Alcoa is always looking at opportunities to minimize its various wastes and emissions," said Peter McKenzie, manager of environmental health services for the town of Kwinana. "Although members of the community have had some concerns with the Kwinana refinery's operations, I believe they would look upon this oxalate process as good for the environment. Alcoa is certainly on the leading edge in waste avoidance and reuse."
Alcoa plans to next introduce the bio-oxalate process at its Pinjarra and Wagerup refineries in Australia and Pt. Comfort refinery in the United States. Long-term, the process has the potential to consume all of the nearly 200 metric tons of oxalate removed each day by Alcoa's nine refineries around the world, while reducing both greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage.
In 2010, the technology earned the Western Australia Engineering Excellence Award (Environment category) and the Australian Government Engineering Innovation Award at the Australian Engineering Excellence Awards. It was also recognized with the inaugural AIRG Medal from the Australasian Industrial Research Group in 2011.