Perception of pain in others : implication for caregivers
Authors: Coll, Michel-PierreGrégoire, Mathieu; Latimer, Margot; Eugène, FannyJackson, Philip L.
Abstract: The subjective nature of pain renders its perception in others a challenge for clinicians and informal caregivers responsible for its assessment and relief. Adequate perception of others' pain relies on different behavioral and neurophysiological mechanisms. Several individual, relational and contextual factors can influence the way the brain reacts to others' pain and the perception and assessment of this pain. This article focuses on recent neurophysiological and psychological evidence that characterizes these factors, and discusses their potential impact on the perception of others' pain in a caregiving context. Factors influencing the perception of pain in others are divided into factors related to the self (caregiver), factors related to the other (patient), and factors related to the relationship between those individuals and the context in which the pain is perceived. We propose that the perception of others' pain plays a crucial role in the treatment provided by clinicians and informal caregivers, and that further research could lead to improving decision-making regarding pain management.
Document Type: Article de recherche
Issue Date: 1 January 2011
Open Access Date: Restricted access
Document version: VoR
Permalink: _URL_
This document was published in: Pain Management, Vol. 1 (3), 257–265 (2011)
_URL_
Future Medicine
Alternative version: 10.2217/pmt.11.21
24646392
Collection:Articles publiés dans des revues avec comité de lecture
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All documents in CorpusUL are protected by Copyright Act of Canada.


text: The tsB5 isolate of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) enters host cells more rapidly than does KOS, an independent isolate of HSV-1, and this rate-of-entry determinant is located between prototypic map coordinates 0.350 and 0.360 (1). The nucleotide sequence of strain tsB5 has now been determined between prototypic map coordinates 0.347 and 0.360. Comparison of the tsB5 sequence to the homologous KOS sequence revealed that the rate-of-entry difference between these two HSV-1 strains may be due to the single amino acid difference observed within these sequences (0.350 to 0.360). A cell fusion determinant in tsB5 is located between coordinates 0.345 and 0.355 and to the left of the rate-of-entry determinant (1). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a second amino acid difference between tsB5 and KOS at coordinate 0.349. The cell fusion determinant was tentatively assigned to this location.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A leaking underground storage tank (LUST) is a common environmental concern wherever fuel or chemicals are stored in bulk in underground storage tanks (USTs). A LUST results in release of fuel or chemicals into the ground that requires specific responses determined by the circumstances on-site and environmental regulations. Michigan Consulting & Environmental's team of knowledgeable environmental specialists is trained and experienced in resolving LUST scenarios at any type of property including commercial, industrial, and residential.
USTs can store any number of chemicals or hazardous substances including those that cause cancer, immune deficiencies, central nervous system disorders, developmental disorders, and a host of other issues depending on what is being stored. Because of these risks, sticking to the required timeline of actions for LUST scenarios is essential. This means providing agencies with a complete delineation of impacted soil, groundwater, and soil vapor within one year of release discovery. Other required actions include an assessment of potential routes of contact with hazardous substances and elimination of these pathways where possible or abatement of them where elimination is not possible.
At Michigan Consulting & Environmental, we utilize a risk based approach to corrective action and find the best solution for the job at hand while considering overall cost and effectiveness of potential actions. Contact us today to learn more about our Michigan LUST services.


The 40 ft Shipping Container. How Are Australians Using Them?
20ft_gp_new_greenRead about the 40ft shipping container and how it is used in Australia. We look at the types of 40 ft container and the different ways in which they are used and re-purposed.
Shipping containers come in several different sizes. The standard cargo container sizes are 10ft, 20ft and 40ft. Among the different size variations, the 40ft shipping container is considered the most cost-effective as it allows users to carry significantly more cargo while only adding about 15-25% more to what you would pay for a 20ft cargo container.
A 40ft container can carry double the volume of a 20ft cargo container and about 3,000kg more than its smaller counterpart making it the ideal choice for users who want to move large-volume cargo by land or sea.
Jump To:
What are the types of 40ft containers?
How are 40ft shipping containers used?
What determines the cost of shipping containers?
What Are The Types of 40ft containers?
types of 40ft containersSimilar to the 20ft container, the 40ft container also does come in a number of variations to make it more suitable for carrying different types of cargo. The different types of 40ft containers are:
 - General purpose. These are the normal standard types with no additional modifications. These are used for shipping dry goods that do not require any special storage.
 - Temperature controlled/reefers. These are either refrigerated, insulated or heated and are used for shipping sensitive cargo that needs to be stored in a temperature specific environment. The added insulation does, however, eat into the interior space making temperature controlled 40ft containers to have smaller internal dimensions as compared to the general purpose 40ft container.
 - High cube. This is a slightly taller (by a foot) variation of the 40ft container. The extra height provides more room for bulky cargo without adding to the containers base footprint. High cubes are available both as temperature controlled and general-purpose containers.
 - Flat rack. These look like the flatbed of a truck and are used for the transportation of out-of-gauge cargo such as processed timber, machinery or semi-finished goods.
All these containers share similar dimensions in terms of length and width. It's only the height and internal dimensions that vary among the different types; thus, they all retain the standard base footprint of a 40ft container.
How Are 40ft Shipping Containers Used?
While clearly a winner at shipping, the 40ft container is not limited to one trick. The larger shipping container is being used by Aussies for a myriad other purpose with their size providing the versatility needed for container conversions.
Here are some of the more popular ways Australians are putting these large steel boxes to use for both their businesses and domestic needs:
Houses and accommodation
The cargo container has long been used for providing quick and affordable accommodation the world over. Australians are, however, going a step further by modifying these containers to become comfortable and luxurious houses for themselves and their families.
Because of its larger size, the 40ft container makes container house construction easier by reducing the number of containers you will need to join together when larger housing units are desired.
For smaller housing units such as granny flats and tiny apartments, the larger container unit is particularly popular as it provides adequate room to include all the amenities people have come to expect from a modern accommodation facility without making things too cramped for comfortable living.
Using 40ft shipping containers for building accommodation units also keeps costs low as a single container can provide living space equal to two 20ft containers at a lesser price.
Office construction
Need affordable premises for your business operations? The 40ft shipping container can easily be converted into a single large office building or subdivided to create several smaller offices.
The weatherproof construction of the shipping container and its robust build ensures that your property is kept safe from both the weather elements and burglars even when situated in remote areas. And when you need to move to a new location, all you'll need to do is load up your container office on a flatbed and move it wherever you want which makes them perfect for on-site use such as in mining and construction.
Australians looking to expand their storage facilities have found the 40ft shipping container to be particularly useful as it provides a quick storage solution that is both cheap and secure. General purpose shipping containers can be used for storing all sorts of items from office files and paperwork to furniture for home and office evacuations.
Furthermore, refrigerated containers (or reefers) are being used by hoteliers and caterers for the storage of perishable goods where they work just as well as a regular cold-room.
Car storage is also another area where the container is getting a lot of use with the 40ft container having the ability to store up to 4 cars of average size.
Ablution units
The 40ft container has also proved a popular choice for the construction of ablution blocks. Their large size enables constructors to fit a clean water tank as well as a septic tank for the waste making this kind of units completely self-contained and perfect for off-the-grid use.
Ablution blocks constructed using this large container can be used as portable washroom facilities for parties, large gatherings and even in remote worksites where decent washrooms are hard to come by.
At 12.192 m, the 40ft container is pretty long which makes it ideal for constructing bridges over creeks and canals. For bridge construction, you can either use a general-purpose 40ft container or the 40ft flat rack depending on the kind of vehicles that will be using it.
Container bridges are cheaper and faster to put up than regular bridges and can be removed just as easily as well.
Popup shops and restaurants
These are quite common in Australia. The 40ft container with its extra capacity provides the perfect space for pop up shops and restaurants. The extra space can be used for a sitting area or for storing inventory for the operation.
Being based on the intermodal shipping container, these types of restaurants and shops can be moved easily making them perfect for events, promotions and exhibitions.
Another area where the 40ft container is being utilised is in the construction of kitchens. The container can be easily modified and fitted out with all the kitchen appliances and facilities you're accustomed to in a modern kitchen.
These kinds of kitchens are mobile (of course) and can be used for both commercial and domestic purposes. A shipping container kitchen can be especially useful when you're looking to clear out your kitchen for remodelling.
While these are the most popular 40ft container conversions around, there are numerous other uses for these versatile items. Most container suppliers will provide customisation options to help you modify your 40ft shipping container to suit your specific needs.
With the added capacity and comparatively lower cost of purchase (as compared to buying two 20ft containers), the 40ft shipping container has established itself as one of the top picks for Australians looking to undertake a container conversion project.
What determines the cost of shipping containers?
What Determines The Cost Of Shipping Containers?
Image source: Tiger Containers
Tiger Containers Supplies 40ft Shipping Containers In Australia
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Architecture has always been found in a space between its economic and cultural values. As distinct from the intrinsic values attributed to the visual and performing arts, literature and music, architecture's values are often seen to be compromised by, or contingent upon, forces outside of the discipline—on property prices, real estate markets and the vicissitudes of local and global economies. Such intersections of cultural and economic values are especially conspicuous in architectural heritage where conflicts between values are most publicly and passionately contested.
Valuing Architecture is not concerned with arguments for or against the cultural value of architecture and heritage per se but, rather, with the different sites and occasions where such values are bestowed, exchanged and come into conflict. It brings together a collection of essays that tackle concrete cases, both historical and contemporary, to explore how the values of architecture intersect, and what is at stake for architecture in the economics of culture.
Editors: Ashley Paine, Susan Holden, John Macarthur
Contributors: Daniel M. Abramson, Tom Brigden, Alex Brown, Amy Clarke, Wouter Davidts, Bart Decroos, Susan Holden, Jordan Kauffman, Hamish Lonergan, John Macarthur, Joanna Merwood-Salisbury, Ashley Paine, Anton Pereira, Andrea Phillips, Lara Schrijver, Ari Seligmann, Kirsty Volz, Rosemary Willink
Design: Sam de Groot
2020, Valiz with the University of Queensland, the Australian Research Council, Ghent University | paperback | 288 pp. | H23,4 - W16,5 cm | ISBN 978-94-92095-93-0
You can pick-up your online purchased item(s) with us in Amsterdam. Please make an appointment, before coming by. You can do this by replying to your order confirmation email or send us a DM through Instagram.
Our address is:
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We offer worldwide shipping on most items. On smaller items shipping is directly available through our website checkout. If there isn't an shipping option available, please contact us for a shipping quote: _EMAIL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Louise Patterson
Champion of black rights and the Harlem Renaissance
Louise Thompson Patterson, the political activist who bridged the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 30s and the black arts movement of the 1960s, and to whom Langston Hughes dedicated his 1941 collection of poems, Shakespeare In Harlem, has died at the age of 97.
Born Louise Thompson in Chicago, she graduated in economics at the University of California, and, in 1923, taught at Hampton Institute, Virginia, before continuing her education at the New School for Social Research, New York.
She became an ardent participant in the Harlem Renaissance through her friendship with the painter Aaron White and his wife, and after a brief marriage to the novelist, poet, playwright and literary critic Wallace Thurman, which ended in the late 1920s, she became secretary to two prominent renaissance figures: Langston Hughes and the writer, Zora Neale Hurston.
Harlem was in its heyday of political and creative activity when Louise, who had experienced and fought against racism since early adolescence, began to radicalise her ideological and cultural views. She was involved in a ferocious campaign to free nine black Scotsboro men falsely accused of raping two white women.
During the same period she was one of the principal organisers of a trip to the Soviet Union by 22 black scholars, artists and activists, who were to make a Soviet-sponsored movie about white supremacy in America. The group arrived in the USSR only to discover that the film project had been cancelled.
Back in the US, Louise joined the International Workers Order (IWO). She was jailed in Alabama while organising a campaign for Angelo Herndon, a black youth falsely accused of inciting insurrection. Later, she travelled to Spain and Paris in support of the fight against fascism.
Louise founded Vanguard, a leftwing salon, at her apartment in New York, and, when Langston Hughes proposed the establishment of a people's theatre, she immediately suggested a space the IWO had above Frank's Restaurant on 125th Street in Harlem. It became the first home of the Harlem Suitcase Theatre. Although it did not survive, the idea of a "negro people's theatre" spread to other US cities.
In 1942 Louise married William Patterson, a lawyer and major figure in the US Communist party, and the two became formidable political allies. In the 1950s, they were called to testify before the House UnAmerican Activities Committee. Louise was responsible for organising tours for the singer Paul Robeson when he was banned from leaving the US, and the Pattersons were active in supporting civil liberties cases, including those of Willie McGee, the Trenton Six, and the Martinsville Seven. During the 1960s, Louise headed the Free Angela Davis Committee in New York.
After William Patterson died in 1980 she continued to live in New York, providing valuable information for scholars writing on the Harlem Renaissance. She is survived by her daughter, Mary Louise Patterson.
 Louise Thompson Patterson, activist, born September 9, 1901; died August 27, 1999.


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Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia volcanoCampi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia (Phlegraean Fields of the Sicily Sea) is composed of a group of submarine volcanoes SW of Sicily.
Background:The volcanoes were constructed within a submarine depression about 1000 m deep in the Strait of Sicily between the SW coast of Sicily and the NE tip of Tunisia, forming submarine banks that are capped by cones that rise to near sea level. Submarine eruptions were reported at the Giulia-Ferdinandeo and Pinne banks during the first Punic war (264-241 BC), and from the 17th to 20th centuries, sometimes producing ephemeral islands. The 1831 eruption at Graham Island (also known as Graham Bank, Giulia-Ferdinandeo Bank, or Ferdinandea Bank) produced an ephemeral island that was promptly claimed by the navies of France, Britain, Spain, and Italy. Source: Smithsonian GVP

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Map Folding
Take a rectangle of paper and fold it in half, and half again, to make four smaller rectangles.
Label each quarter with same letter on both sides of the paper.
First Map
How many different ways can you fold it up?
Keep track of the ways by writing down the orders of letters from the top rectangle through to the bottom rectangle.
Second Map
Now try it with a set of six rectangles!


responds with a 302 temporary redirect to the URL of the identity provider. In the case of Windows Live ID, the URL is _URL_ with a series of parameters that identify the site to Windows Live ID and a wctx parameter that matches the ReturnUrl query string provided previously.
 11. The client and server iterate an exchange of information, based on the operation of Windows Live ID and then the user, eventually ending in a post to /_trust/default.aspx, which was configured in Windows Live ID. This post includes a Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) token that includes the user's identity and Windows Live ID signature that specifies that the ID is correct.
 12. The server responds with a redirect to /_layouts/authenticate.aspx, as was provided initially as the redirect URL in the ReturnUrl query string parameter. This value comes back from the claims provider as wctx in the form of a form post variable. During the redirect, the /_trust/default.aspx page writes two or more encrypted and encoded authentication cookies that are retransmitted on every request to the website. These cookies consist of one or more FedAuth cookies, and an rtFA cookie. The FedAuth cookies enable federated authorization, and the rtFA cookie enables signing out the user from all SharePoint sites, even if the sign-out process starts from a non-SharePoint site.
Note Note
If there is only one authentication mechanism for the zone on which the user is accessing the web application, the user is not prompted for which authentication to use (see step 6). Instead, /_login/default.aspx immediately redirects the user to the appropriate authentication provider—in this case, Windows Live ID.
SharePoint Online Authentication Cookies
Note Note
For SharePoint Online, the FedAuth cookies are written with an HTTPOnly flag. However, for on-premises SharePoint 2010 installations, an administrator could modify the web.config file to render normal cookies without this flag.
The starting point for using the SharePoint client-side object model for remote authentication is getting a ClientContext object. It is this client context object that ties the other operations in the object model to the server and specified site. In a Windows-based HTTP authentication scenario, the client context behaves as Internet Explorer behaves; it automatically transmits credentials to the server if the server is in the Intranet zone. In most cases, this works just fine. The server processes the credentials and automatically authenticates the user.
In a forms-based authentication environment, it is also possible to use the FormsAuthenticationLoginInfo object to provide forms-based authentication to the server. However, this works only for forms-based authentication. It does not work for federated-based claims scenarios because SharePoint does not own the actual authentication process.
Creating an authenticated ClientContext object is a multistep process. First, the user must be able to sign into the remote system interactively. First, the user signs into SharePoint through the federated authentication provider, and SharePoint must issue its authentication cookies. Second, the code must retrieve the authentication cookies. Third, those cookies must be added to the ClientContext object.
Enabling User Login for Remote Authentication
The.NET Framework includes a System.Windows.Forms.WebBrowser object that is designed to enable the use of a web browser inside of an application. To enable the user to log in to the federated authentication provider, this object must be created and displayed. The goal, however, is to retrieve the authentication cookies issued by SharePoint Online. To determine when the login process is completed, you must register a handler on the Navigated event. This event fires after the browser has completed navigation. This event handler watches for the user to be returned to the URL that they started navigating from. When this occurs, the code knows that the user has completed the login sequence.
Fetching the SharePoint Authentication Cookies
Because the FedAuth cookies are written with an HTTPOnly flag, they cannot be accessed from the.NET Framework. To retrieve the cookies, a call must be made to the WININET.dll. The.NET Framework can call COM-based DLL methods through PInvoke (platform invoke). In this case, the method to be called is InternetGetCookieEx. This can return regular cookies and those with the HTTPOnly flag. However, this method works only by starting with Internet Explorer 8. After the cookie is retrieved, it must be added to the client context.
For more information about PInvoke, see Calling Native Functions from Managed Code.
Adding the SharePoint Authentication Cookies to the ClientContext object
The final step is to retrieve the authentication cookies from the user's login and to attach them to the client context. Unfortunately, there is no direct way to add the cookies to the request. However, there is an event, ExecutingWebRequest, which is called before the ClientContext object makes a request to the server. By adding an event handler to this event, you can add a new request header with the authentication cookies. After this is complete, the ClientContext object can be used normally, and the rest of the code is completely unaware that the authentication is based on a federated authentication.
The code sample that accompanies this article demonstrates this technique of adding the SharePoint authentication cookies to the ClientContext object. It provides a set of classes that you can use to perform federated user authentication. You can start with the sample program to see what changes you must make when using this code compared to using an HTTP authenticated web server.
The Sp_Ctx SharePoint Authentication Sample Client Application
The Sp_Ctx project is a command-line program that uses a SharePoint ClientContext object to retrieve information about the web that the context is pointed to.
Note Note
When using the Sp_Ctx sample, you must specify the web URL as an https request. Specifying the web URL as an http request will result in an exception.
The project refers to the ClaimsAuth library but is otherwise the same. In fact, the main code looks almost identical to the code that you would find in a standard client application.
01: static void Main(string[] args)
02: {
03: if (args.Length < 1) { Console.WriteLine("SP_Ctx "); return; }
04: string targetSite = args[0];
05: using (ClientContext ctx = ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext(targetSite))
06: {
07: if (ctx!= null)
08: {
09: ctx.Load(ctx.Web); // Query for Web
10: ctx.ExecuteQuery(); // Execute
11: Console.WriteLine(ctx.Web.Title);
12: }
13: }
14: Console.ReadLine();
15: }
In this code, the only difference from code you would find in a standard client application is in line 05. Instead of creating a new ClientContext, we call ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext. The big difference is that calling ClaimClientContext.GetAuthenticatedContext displays a form to enable the user to supply his or her credentials to the remote system, captures the authentication cookies needed to authenticate requests, and adds that header to the client context.
ClaimClientContext in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
Examining the next layer of the code, notice the ClaimClientContext object that was being called. It exposes two methods, the one used in the sample, GetAuthenticatedContext and GetAuthenticatedCookie. GetAuthenticatedCookie is called by GetAuthenticatedContext. In fact, GetAuthenticatedContext calls GetAuthenticatedCookie to get the cookies and wraps those in a context.
GetAuthenticatedCookie opens the dialog box that displays the website, and watches for the authentication request to complete so that the authentication cookies can be retrieved.
ClaimsWebAuth in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
The ClaimsWebAuth class gets the authentication cookies. It encapsulates a form and a WebBrowser object. The first step, which is performed during object construction, is to gather the login and end navigation pages. This is done through the GetClaimParams method, which makes a web request with an HTTP OPTIONS method.
When the Show method is called, the WebBrowser object is created, and an event handler is added for the Navigated event. This event is called every time the WebBrowser object is finished navigating. The event handler detects when the web browser has reached the navigation end URL. The event receiver makes the call to CookieReader, which in turn reads from WinINET to get the HTTPOnly FedAuth cookie.
With the event receiver in place, the WebBrowser is navigated to the login URL and the authentication process occurs. When it is finished, the authentication cookies are returned to the caller.
CookieReader in the SharePoint Online Authentication Sample
The final piece of the sample code is the CookieReader class, which contains the call to WinINET.dll and a helper function to get the cookie. The helper function, named GetFedAuthCookie, returns a string that represents the cookie in the form of "Name=Value." GetFedAuthCookie calls the WinINET.dll method InternetGetCookieEx to fetch the cookie.
InternetGetCookieEx returns false if the size of the string buffer that is passed in is not large enough. It also sets the size parameter to the size of buffer it needs. As a result, GetFedAuthCookie may have to call InternetGetCookieEx twice to get the value of the cookie, if the initial buffer is too small.
This article describes how to perform claims-based authentication for Microsoft SharePoint Online in client applications by using the SharePoint 2010 client-side object models. SharePoint Online provides a compelling and flexible option for companies that want the powerful collaborative platform of SharePoint, without the operational costs that are associated with hosting software on-premises. And, with the techniques discussed in this article, developers can use the SharePoint client-side object models to create client applications that are capable of remotely authenticating against SharePoint Online.
Robert Bogue has been a part of the Microsoft MVP program for 8


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Most popular materials for laser cutting are wood, textiles, plastic, paper and more.
The usual type of lasers is CO2 laser. As you probably know there are many types of lasers different from each other by the wavelength. For example, CO2 laser has 10,640 nm wavelength. The YAG laser has ten times shorter wavelength, 1,064 nm. Such difference in wavelength allows to "couple" or cut various materials. Meanwhile, a CO2 laser is a "workhorse" of the laser cutting world.
We are presenting a short video, how the PET felt is cut with a laser machine.Just click on a link below and download the video.
Laser cutting felt panels On the attached media you can see the process of laser cutting PET felt panels. Material: PET Laser Felt. Panel dimension: 48"X 96"x 1/8"; Location: Laser Cutting Shapes, Columbus, Ohio.


Everyone Is Equal In Harrison Bergeron
655 Words3 Pages
In the short story "Harrison Bergeron," everyone is equal. On page one, it says "Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else". Having a perfect world is ideal, but there are many things could go wrong and it could ruin everything. Problems arise because it is impossible for everything to be perfect. During the story, they live in an ideal world, but one person, Harrison Bergeron, decides that he doesn't want to live that way and tries to overthrow the government. Equality can be a good thing, but it can also be problematic. The idea of living in a world where everyone is equal has many benefits and good qualities. For starters, everyone is equal, so
Open Document


text:
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015 Feb 4. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.10.007. [Epub ahead of print]
Weiner MM, Wicker J, Fischer GW, Adams DH, Bronster D, Evans AS, Murkin JM, Grocott HP
The inadvertent introduction of air during cardiac surgery into the ascending aorta before aortic cross clamping is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication. Cardiac surgeons and anesthesiologists must be prepared to deal with this emergency, because rapid and decisive action can prevent or attenuate severe neurologic injury that may result from an air embolism. The authors present a case of an air embolism during mitral valve repair surgery that was treated successfully with early detection and management. A continuous quality improvement process following a previous instance of air embolism contributed to the successful outcome.
cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, air embolism
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
View the article here


text:
Tribe v. Peterson
964 P.2d 1238 (Wyo. 1998)
- The Tribe family moved to Wyoming and bought their first horse from the Petersons.
- Some time after buying the horse, both Tribes (husband and wife) were separately thrown off the horse. Mr. Tribe broke his wrist.
- Tribe sued for breach of warranty
- Tribe argued that that the Petersons had guaranteed that horse would be "gentle." He also argued that the Petersons negligently and fraudulently misrepresented the horse's nature.
- That is known as an express warranty.
- Express warranties for sale of goods are codified in UCC §2-313(1)(b), which says, "any description of the goods which is made part of the basis of the bargain creates an express warranty that the goods shall conform to the description."
- In order for a seller to make an express warranty, they must make a statement of fact that relates to the goods and becomes part of the bargain.
- The Petersons argued that it would be impossible to guarantee a horse wouldn't buck, so they would never have made such an express warranty.
- The Trial Court found for the Petersons. Tribe appealed.
- Appellate Court affirmed. Tribe appealed.
- Wyoming Supreme Court affirmed.
- The Courts all found that there was no misrepresentation. The horse was gentle, but even gentle horses throw riders sometimes.
- Basically the Courts said that any horse seller would know that it was not possible to guarantee anything with regards to horse attitudes, so there was no way the Petersons would have made an express warrantee.


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Microsoft Word Productivity Tips
Microsoft Word has long been a versatile solution for office efficiency, but many users don't utilize its full potential. The more you learn about the application's features, the better you can leverage Word for productivity.
5 Word productivity tips for employees
There are numerous ways to make more of this valuable program.
1. Write faster by using speech-to-text.
Find Word's dictation tool in the ribbon menu — the bar of options at the top — and use your built-in microphone to transform your voice into content. A 2016 Stanford University study found that speech-to-text is about three times faster than average typing speed, producing significant time savings.
2. Use shortcuts.
Faithful shortcuts like Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V to copy and paste are indispensable, but they aren't the only ones out there. Navigate, type, change, and rearrange faster using these tips:
- Move chunks of text: Highlight the text you want to move, press F2, put your cursor where you want it to go, and hit enter.
- Find your previous place: Hold down the shift key and press F5 to revisit your cursor placement history in a flash.
- Embed special characters as you go: Take note of the Unicode of a frequently used character, type it in, then follow it with Alt+X to change it instantly.
- Toggle sentence cases: Select the text you want to change and hit Shift+F3 to alternate between cases.
- Remove whole words in one click: Place your cursor at the end of the term to delete and hold down Ctrl before hitting the backspace.
3. Eliminate distractions.
Improve your concentration using Ctrl+F1 to collapse the ribbon menu into a minimized view. Pressing the same buttons again will pop it back up. If you prefer a full blank screen, use the "focus" icon on the window's bottom right-hand side. Hit Escape to return to the default view.
4. Use built-in research tools.
Word simplifies research during writing with its search, dictionary, and synonyms functions. To define a word, highlight it, right-click, and hit search in the pop-up menu. For research, select a topic or phrase and follow the same sequence. Need more word variety? Highlight the word to replace, right-click, and choose "synonyms."
5. Add screenshots as you work
Embedding relevant screenshots was once a time-consuming process of toggling between applications and tabs. Word's built-in screenshot feature solves that. Visit the insert menu and click on "screenshot" to choose from open windows without leaving the program.
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Lee County forms task force to tackle hoarding
By Staff Writer
Hoarding is an obsessive-compulsive condition that does not only cost individuals their livelihood, but taxpayers as well. Many towns are forced to spend money to evict compulsive hoarders who cannot keep their property clean and infringe upon neighbors. Lee County, Florida is the latest region to take proactive measures.
The county recently created a task force to provide resources to individuals suffering from compulsive hoarding, according to the Cape Coral Daily Breeze. Police, fire, mental health and animal control authorities will come together in January to discuss incorporating the skill sets of each department into the task force.
Chief animal control officer Adam Leath founded the group after dealing with a number of hoarding cases across the county. Many individuals with the condition are willing to receive treatment, but lack the resources and assistance to find it. Leath hopes that by combining efforts with other agencies in the area, hoarding cases will be reduced in a small amount of time.
One in every 50 individuals suffers from severe hoarding, according to the International Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Foundation. Rehabilitation facilities can provide individuals with the therapy they need to overcome the condition.


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Improved FY-3B OLR Retrieval Model and Its Application Effect
The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) product processing of FY3B/VIRR adopts the same method as that used in NOAA/AVHRR, that is, the regression equation relating flux equivalent brightness temperature with window channel brightness temperature is used to calculate OLR. But the OLR products of the two satellites have a negative bias of 10 W·m-2 when compared with the clouds and earth's radiant energy system (CERES) observed OLR product, which is considered the best OLR product in quality in the world. The cause for the FY3B OLR bias is the lower accuracy of the software used in infrared radiative transfer model during the process of developing OLR retrieval model. Herein, with American line-by-line radiative transfer model software (LBLRTM) developed in 21st century, the spectral radiances at the top of atmosphere (TOA) for 2521 global atmospheric profiles are simulated, and then the OLR and window channel radiance of FY-3B/VIRR are calculated. By applying the least square method to sum up and regress the simulated data, this paper rebuilds the regression equation and coefficient of OLR, which are calculated by the FY3B/VIRR window channel5 brightness temperature. The FY-3B L1 data are applied to the model and the daily global OLR data in January, March, July, October of 2016 are processed out. Comparing the processed data with the CERES OLR products, the following results are obtained: daily averaged OLR: RMSE=9-15 W·m-2, R=0.9834, Bias=-0.3 W·m-2, monthly averaged OLR: RMSE=4-7 W·m-2, R=0.9915, Bias=-0.3 W·m-2. The validation results indicate that the improved model can work out the OLR data without systematic bias and the accuracy is basically similar with the CERES〖JP〗 observation although the inherent model regression error might exist in the single channel retrieval method.


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much do eye bags treatments cost in Nashville?
The cost of eye bags treatments in Nashville can vary depending on the type of treatment you are receiving and the practitioner you are seeing. Injectable treatments typically range from $500-$2000, while laser treatments can cost up to $3000.
How often do I need to get eye bags treatments?
The frequency of eye bags treatments will depend on the type of treatment you are receiving and your individual needs. Injectable treatments typically last up to six months, while laser treatments may last up to a year.
What are the side effects of eye bags treatments?
The most common side effects of eye bags treatments are swelling, bruising, redness and sensitivity to light. These side effects typically fade within a few days. In rare cases, patients may experience an allergic reaction to the treatment, so it is important to consult with your doctor before beginning any treatment.
Are eye bags treatments safe?
Yes. Eye bags treatments are generally safe and have been proven to be effective in reducing the appearance of eye bags. However, it is important to consult with a board-certified doctor or aesthetician to ensure the best results.
Who should perform my eye bags treatment?
It is important to seek out a board-certified doctor or aesthetician when considering eye bags treatments. A qualified professional can assess your individual needs and recommend the best treatment for you.
What steps should I take to prepare for an eye bags treatment?
Before beginning an eye bags treatment, it is important to consult with your doctor to discuss any medical conditions you may have and any medications you are taking. You should also avoid using any topical creams or medications on the area, as they may interfere with the treatment.
Are there any risks associated with eye bags treatments?
Yes. As with any medical treatment, there are risks associated with eye bags treatments. These risks can include swelling, bruising, redness, infection, and allergic reactions. It is important to discuss these risks with your doctor before beginning any treatment.
Nashville Eye Bags Treatment Med Spa Location
Belcourt Aesthetics is the preeminent choice for individuals seeking treatments for Eye Bags in Nashville, TN. Their professional staff of certified aestheticians and nurses is unmatched in the area. The clinic is equipped with the latest in medical technology and the team is always up-to-date on the latest treatments for Eye Bags. The treatments are tailored to each individual's needs, taking care to ensure the best results possible. Furthermore, the clinic offers a wide variety of services to help maintain a youthful appearance, from anti-aging treatments to Botox injections.
The staff at Belcourt Aesthetics is also renowned for their commitment to patient care. Every client is treated with kindness, respect, and professionalism. The team is highly knowledgeable and always willing to answer any questions or concerns that may arise. Furthermore, the clinic offers flexible scheduling, allowing clients to make appointments that work with their busy lifestyles. This level of commitment to client satisfaction is why Belcourt Aesthetics is the premier Med Spa in Nashville, TN.
From the moment you walk in, Belcourt Aesthetics will make you feel at ease. The clinic features a calming and relaxing atmosphere, complete with comfortable seating and soothing music. Additionally, the clinic provides a range of amenities to ensure the highest level of comfort and convenience. These amenities include private treatment rooms, complimentary beverages, and complimentary Wi-Fi. All of these features combine to make Belcourt Aesthetics the best Med Spa Near Me for treatments for Eye Bags.
- Eye bags are formed when pockets of fat or fluid accumulate beneath the eyes.
- They are most common in adults, but can also be seen in children.
- Eye bags are usually caused by aging, genetics, lack of sleep, allergies, or excessive salt intake.
- They can be caused by fatigue, allergies, or genetics.
- Eye bags can look like dark circles, swollen bags, or puffiness beneath the eyes.
- They can be unsightly and can make a person appear tired or older.
- Treatment for eye bags include lifestyle changes such as getting more sleep, reducing salt intake, and avoiding allergens.
- Medical treatments may include injections, laser therapy, and surgery.
- Preventative measures include getting enough sleep, using a humidifier, and avoiding allergens.
- It is important to see a doctor if eye bags are persistent and do not seem to be caused by lifestyle factors.
- Cucumbers, cold compresses, and tea bags can be used to temporarily reduce the appearance of eye bags.
- Using an eye cream with caffeine can help to reduce the appearance of eye bags.
- Drinking plenty of water can help to keep the skin hydrated and reduce the appearance of eye bags.
- Certain medications, such as allergies or blood pressure, can cause eye bags.
- Stress can also contribute to the formation of eye bags.
- Elevating the head while sleeping can help to reduce the appearance of eye bags.
- Taking breaks from screens, such as computers and phones, can help to reduce eye strain.
- Avoiding the sun and using sunscreen can help to reduce sun damage and the appearance of eye bags.


World's Largest Sheet Music Selection
Country Blues Guitar Duets
By Bob Brozman and Woody Mann
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Country Blues Guitar Duets composed by Bob Brozman and Woody Mann. For Guitar (Fingerpicking). Boxed, Duets. Grossman Guitar Workshop. Blues. Intermediate. DVD. Duration 62 minutes. Published by Grossman's Guitar Workshop (MB.GW310DVD).
While slowly illustrating classic country blues guitar duets in the styles of Big Bill Broonzy, Blind Blake and Lonnie Johnson, Woody Mann and Bob Brozman explore the techniques and thinking that go into creating cohesive duet guitar parts that compliment each other. Each part is taught separately. They explain and illustrate how you can arrange a simple song through the use of new chord positions, simple picking syncopation ideas, and open tunings as well as walking you through the basics of how to select a key, use of a capo, and listening to the song in new ways. The duo presents effective techniques for improving improvisational skills while jamming with other musicians. Each guitar part is a solo tune in itself. The ideas and techniques covered in this lesson offer creative approaches to expanding all aspects of your playing. A detailed tab/music instructional booklet is included as a PDF file on the DVD.
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Sewage Sludge Incineration For Wastewater Treatment
Sewage sludge incineration plants are used as multiple hearth furnaces and fluidized bed incineration. The majority of operating sludge incinerators are multiple hearth designs, while the other designs are fluidized bed combustors. HOFFMAN & LAMSON blowers are used in multiple hearths and fluidized bed sludge incineration as either cooling or fluidizing air blowers.
Our blowers are custom manufactured and designed to deliver a specific airflow and pressure making these blowers very efficient. This is why HOFFMAN & LAMSON blowers are the preferred technology for the wastewater industry and have the best reputation for longevity and service.
Multiple Hearth Furnaces
The air-cooled variation of the multiple hearth furnace (MHF) is used to incinerate sewage sludge. The basic multiple hearth furnace is a vertically oriented cylinder. The outer shell is constructed of steel, lined with refractory, and it surrounds a series of horizontal refractory hearths. A hollow cast-iron rotating shaft runs through the center of the hearths.
Cooling air is introduced into the shaft and its "rabble arms," which extend above the hearths. Each arm is equipped with several teeth that are shaped to rake the sludge in a spiral motion.
Sewage Sludge Incineration
In most multiple hearth furnaces, partially dewatered sludge is fed onto the perimeter of the top hearth. The rabble arms move the sludge through the incinerator by raking the sludge toward the center shaft where it drops through holes located at the center of the hearth. In the next hearth, the sludge is raked in the opposite direction. The effect of the rabble motion is to break up solid material to allow better surface contact with heat and oxygen.
Scum may also be fed to one or more hearths of the incinerator. The scum quantities are generally small compared to those of other wastewater solids.
Ambient air is first ducted through the central shaft and its associated rabble arms. A portion, or all of this air, is recirculated from the top to the bottom as preheated combustion air. The combustion air flows upward through the drop holes in the hearths, countercurrent to the flow of the sludge, before being exhausted from the top hearth. Air also enters the bottom to cool the ash. Provisions are usually made to inject ambient air directly into the middle hearth.
Multiple hearth furnaces can be divided into three zones:
 - The drying zone (upper hearths) where most of the moisture in the sludge is evaporated.
 - The combustion zone (middle hearths) where the temperature is higher.
 - The cooling zone (lowermost hearth), where the ash is cooled as its heat is transferred to the incoming combustion.
Multiple hearth furnaces are sometimes operated with afterburners. Afterburners further reduce odors and concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons. In afterburning, furnace exhaust gases are ducted to a chamber where they are mixed with supplemental fuel and air and completely combusted.
Under the normal operating condition, 50%-100% excess air must be added to a multiple hearth furnace to ensure complete combustion of the sludge. Besides enhancing contact between fuel and oxygen in the furnace, these high rates of excess air are necessary to compensate for normal variations in both the organic characteristics of the sludge feed and the rate at which it enters the incinerator.
Fluidized Bed Incinerators
Fluidized bed incineration is used to convert dewatered sludge cake to ash. This process is complex and usually found in medium to large plants but in cases where land for disposal of the sludge is not available, then smaller plants may incinerate.
Fluidized bed combustors consist of a vertically oriented outer shell constructed of steel and lined with refractory. Nozzles designed to deliver blasts of air are located at the base of the furnace within a refractory-lined grid. A bed of sand, approximately 2.5 feet (0.75 meters) thick rests upon the grid.
Fluidized Bed Incineratior
Two general configurations:
 - In the "hot windbox" design the combustion air is preheated by passing through a heat exchanger.
 - Alternatively, ambient air can be injected directly into the furnace from a "cold windbox".
Partially dewatered sludge is fed into the lower portion of the furnace. Air is injected into fluidized beds of hot sand and the incoming sludge. As the sludge burns, fine ash particles and some sand are carried out at the top of the furnace.
Combustion of the sludge occurs in two zones:
 - Within the sand bed itself - evaporation of the water and pyrolysis of the organic materials occur nearly simultaneously as the temperature of the sludge is rapidly raised.
 - In the freeboard area - the remaining free carbon and combustible gases are burned. This zone essentially functions as an afterburner.
Fluidization achieves ideal mixing between the sludge and the combustion air. The turbulence facilitates the transfer of heat from the hot sand to the sludge. Smaller amounts of excess air are required for complete combustion of the sludge. Typically, fluidized bed incinerators can achieve complete combustion with 20%-50% excess air, about half of that required by multiple hearth furnaces.
Other Technologies
Electric Infrared Incinerators
Electric infrared incinerators consist of a horizontally oriented, insulated furnace. A woven wire conveyor belt extends the length of the furnace and infrared heating elements are located in the roof above the conveyor belt. Combustion air is preheated by the flue gases and injected into the discharge end of the furnace.
Cyclonic Reactors
Cyclonic reactors are designed for small capacity applications. Preheated combustion air is introduced into the vertical cylindrical chamber at high velocity. The sludge is sprayed radially toward the hot refractory walls.
Rotary Kilns
Rotary kilns are used for small capacity applications. The kiln is inclined slightly from the horizontal plane, with the upper end receiving both the sludge feed and the combustion air. A burner is located at the lower end of the kiln.
The Wet Oxidation Process
The wet oxidation process is not strictly incineration; it utilizes oxidation at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of water or flameless combustion. The thickened sludge is first ground and mixed with compressed air. The slurry is then pressurized and the mixture is circulated through a series of heat exchangers before entering a pressurized reactor.
Co-Incineration And Co-Firing
Virtually any material that can be burned can be combined with sludge in a co-incineration process. Common materials for co-combustion are coal, municipal solid waste, wood waste, and agricultural waste. Refuse co-fired with sludge is limited to multiple hearth incinerators only.
Trusted Experts


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The holiday season can bring about changes in schedules, the lessening of familiar routine structure and often celebrations that include group family events and/or visitors to the home.
These situations can pose challenges and increase anxiety in children with special needs. In today's Teacher Tips newsletter, the Watson Institute shares strategies for reducing holiday stressors for your child with special needs.
Employing a few simple strategies during the holiday can help promote positive outcomes and reduce stressors for your child with special needs.
- Structuring the environment by creating a schedule of planned activities using pictures or words for each step in the schedule.
- Using behavior stories to set expectations for what will happen during the holiday event, focusing on social cues and the schedule of events that will occur. Practice the story with your child before the event so they know what to expect.
- Reinforcing positive behaviors by setting expectations such as: use your inside voice, use nice/appropriate words and language. When your child with special needs practices expected behaviors, provide a favorite toy or activity to reinforce positive behaviors.
To learn more about how to prepare your child with special needs for family gatherings during the holidays, check out our YouTube video below. For more special education resources, visit Watson Life Resources.


text:
Published in enviro.philica.com
Summer and winter solstices and equinoxes had great importance in the cultures of peoples all over the world, and these astronomical events had been widely considered in the planning of monuments and other architectures. But in the tropical zone of the Earth, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, we can see another relevant event, the zenith passage of the sun. In this paper we will see that several examples are existing too, of the role of this astronomic event in the architectures of tropical zone.
The Zenith Passage of the Sun and its role in the Planning of Architectures
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
Abstract: Summer and winter solstices and equinoxes had great importance in the cultures of peoples all over the world, and these astronomical events had been widely considered in the planning of monuments and other architectures. But in the tropical zone of the Earth, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, we can see another relevant event, the zenith passage of the sun. In this paper we will see that several examples are existing too, of the role of this astronomic event in the architectures of tropical zone.
Keywords: Solar Orientation, Solstices, Azimuth Passage, Architectural Planning, Archaeoastronomy.
Zenith is the point of the celestial sphere which is vertically above the observer. Only in the tropical zone of the Earth, which is located in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, we can see the sun reaching the zenith. Anywhere outside tropics, this is impossible. Inside the tropical zone then, the sun has, besides the astronomical events of solstices and equinoxes, also two zenith passages. On the Tropical lines, only one passage is observed, coincident to one of the solstices. On the Tropic of Cancer for instance, it happens on the summer solstice. At the equator, the zenith passage is on the equinoxes.
The zenith passage of the sun, being the moment when it passes through the top point of the sky, is easily observed using a gnomon, that is a straight vertical pole, because at that moment it casts no shadow on the ground. Or, if we have a deep water well, we can see the sun reflected at noon by the water at the its bottom. Both these facts were well known to ancient people living in the tropical zone. And in fact, Eratosthenes (c.276 BC – c.195/194 BC) used them to calculate the circumference of the Earth . Eratosthenes knew that at local noon on the summer solstice in Syene (the modern Aswan), the sun was reflected by the water of a deep well. By the shadow of a gnomon in Alexandria, he measured the angle of sun elevation at the noon on the same day and found it being 1/50th of a circle. Assuming that the Earth was a sphere and that Alexandria was due north of Syene, he concluded that the meridian arc distance from Alexandria to Syene was 1/50th of the Earth's circumference. From this distance, he evaluated the circumference of the Earth.
Peoples all over the world recognized as very important astronomical events the summer and winter solstices and the equinoxes and celebrated them consequently. It is not surprising then that these astronomical events had been also considered in planning of monuments and other architectures, which are consequently displaying alignments with the direction of sunrise or sunset on these days. As evidenced by several examples [2-11], the planning of the architectonic structure becomes a symbolic local horizon, a microcosm representing the apparent motion of the macrocosm that, thorough the year, is revolving about its "axis mundi", that is, the axis of the universe. In this paper we will discuss that several examples of the role of the zenith passage of the sun are also existing, displayed by the architectures of the tropical zone.
The Zenithal Sun in America
In the tropical zone, to solstices and equinoxes we have also to add, as relevant astronomic events, the zenith passage of the sun. And in fact, we can find that pillars and wells exist, used by people to observe what happens to light and shadows at the zenith passage of the sun. The people of pre-Columbian Mexico had a specific "astronomical instrument" to observed this passage: a vertical zenith sighting tube inserted in the vault of an underground structure. One of these instruments is at observatory of Xochicalco, in the Mexican state of Morelos. The image in the Figure 1 illustrates how it looks like the beam of light passing through the ceiling of the artificial cave of Xochicalco. A vertical opening produces in a dark chamber a perfectly perpendicular beam of light when the sun is at the local zenith. Besides the cave, at Xochicalco there is a white stone pillar in the ceremonial area that could had been used to observe the shadow disappearing at the zenith passage of the sun (Figure 2).
Figure 1: This image illustrates how it looks the beam of light in a cave passing through a tube in its ceiling.
Figure 2: A pyramid and the ceremonial pillar at Xochicalco, Mexico. Courtesy Maxtreiber, Wikipedia.
For Meso- and South America, several researchers have recognized and evidenced the importance of the zenith passage [12-18]. In [19,20], it is stressed that among that ancient civilizations that recognized the zenith passage, we have also those of the Andean people of Peru, that incorporated it into their cosmology. The Andean people used pillars, such as the Chankillo Towers [18,21], as solar observations and for their calendars.
Let us add to the pillar shown in the Figure 2, another monument that we can easily imagine the ancient architects had built to observe the zenithal sun and for related ceremonial purposes too: it is the Gate of the Sun of Tiwanaku (Figure 3). Being under the linter of this gate, an observed could see the shadow of it coincident to the base. Tiwanaku is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia. The site was first described by the Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León. He came to the ruins of Tiwanaku in 1549, while searching for the Inca capital Qullasuyu . During the time period between 300 BC and AD 300, Tiwanaku is thought to have been a ceremonial center for the Tiwanaku empire to which people made pilgrimages.
Figure 3: The Gate of the Sun at Tiwanaku.
The zenith passage was important also for people of Asia. And in fact, in , we have shown that the archaeological complex of Sigiriya, the Lion Rock, in Sri Lanka has its axis oriented to the sunset of day of a zenith passage of the sun. Let us also consider the very important Buddhist religious center of Sanchi, which has interesting astronomical orientations as discussed by N. Kameswara Rao ; it possesses a particular alignment of stupas with the sunset direction on the summer solstice. Since Sanchi latitude is close to the Tropic of Cancer, we have also that, on this day, the noon altitude is about 90 degrees. Therefore, the alignment of stupas is also giving the sunset direction of the day of the zenithal sun .
The first written mention of zenith passage in Indian literature comes from Varahamihira in the 6th century [27,28], who noted that in the kingdom of Avanti the day of summer solstice and zenith passage were the same (the Avanti Kingdom of ancient India was described in the Mahabharata epic). He further discussed that north of Avanti, no zenith passage occurs. Varahamihira wrote these observations when he was in the ancient city of Ujjain, located at latitude of 23° 10′ 12″ N . In fact, as observed in , the ancient India had a "prime meridian" and a north-south "zero" line of latitude crossing at Ujjain and running straight down to the island of Lanka.
The southern part of India is in the tropical zone such as another part of Southeast Asia, like the Indochina. A very interesting paper is discussing the importance of zenith passage of the sun in the architecture of the temples at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. The authors of this paper , Edwin Barnhart and Christopher Powell, University of Texas, Austin, in August of 2010 and 2011 investigated the importance of the zenith passage of the Sun for the ancient Khmer culture. They concluded the research with a positive answer. "From architectural features and orientations to art panels and monuments, the evidence that zenith passage was recognized permeates the entire city" . According to the authors, their idea "to search for evidence of zenith passage at Angkor" was inspired by prior research in Mesoamerica. In , besides discussing the discoveries at Angkor, the authors are proposing that the Hindu culture was also including some references to the zenith passage of the sun.
Barnhart and Powell have discovered that Angkor temples had vertical zenith sighting tubes too. "Though it is not apparent from the outside, each one of the beehive shaped temples of Angkor are hollow on the inside. Walking in and looking straight up, the roof is open all the way up to the top and that top has a hole where the sun shines in. We were told by the temple attendants that the holes on top of the roofs were there because the capstones had all been knocked


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The iframe element represents a nested browsing context.
The src attribute gives the address of a page that the nested browsing context is to contain. The attribute, if present, must be a valid non-empty URL potentially surrounded by spaces.
The srcdoc attribute gives the content of the page that the nested browsing context is to contain. The value of the attribute in is an iframe srcdoc document.
For iframe elements in HTML documents, the attribute, if present, must have a value using the HTML syntax that consists of the following syntactic components, in the given order:
 1. Any number of comments and space characters.
 2. Optionally, a DOCTYPE.
 3. Any number of comments and space characters.
 4. The root element, in the form of an html element.
 5. Any number of comments and space characters.
For iframe elements in XML documents, the attribute, if present, must have a value that matches the production labeled document in the XML specification. [XML]
If the src attribute and the srcdoc attribute are both specified together, the srcdoc attribute takes priority. This allows authors to provide a fallback URL for legacy user agents that do not support the srcdoc attribute.
If, when the element is created, the srcdoc attribute is not set, and the src attribute is either also not set or set but its value cannot be resolved, the browsing context will remain at the initial about:blank page.
If the user navigates away from this page, the iframe's corresponding WindowProxy object will proxy new Window objects for new Document objects, but the src attribute will not change.
Here a blog uses the srcdoc attribute in conjunction with the sandbox and seamless attributes described below to provide users of user agents that support this feature with an extra layer of protection from script injection in the blog post comments:

I got my own magazine!

After much effort, I've finally found a publisher, and so now I
 have my own magazine! Isn't that awesome?! The first issue will come
 out in September, and we have articles about getting food, and about
 getting in boxes, it's going to be great!

Written by cap.
 <time pubdate>2009-08-21T23:32Z</time>

  At <time pubdate>2009-08-21T23:35Z</time>, ch writes:

  At <time pubdate>2009-08-21T23:44Z</time>, cap writes:
 <iframe seamless sandbox="allow-same-origin" srcdoc="
Yeah, you can see it in my gallery.">

  At <time pubdate>2009-08-21T23:58Z</time>, ch writes:

Notice the way that quotes have to be escaped (otherwise the sandbox attribute would end prematurely), and the way raw ampersands (e.g. in URLs or in prose) mentioned in the sandboxed content have to be doubly escaped â once so that the ampersand is preserved when originally parsing the sandbox attribute, and once more to prevent the ampersand from being misinterpreted when parsing the sandboxed content.
In the HTML syntax, authors need only remember to use U+0022 QUOTATION MARK characters (") to wrap the attribute contents and then to escape all U+0022 QUOTATION MARK (") and U+0026 AMPERSAND (&) characters, and to specify the sandbox attribute, to ensure safe embedding of content.
Due to restrictions of the XML syntax, in XML a number of other characters need to be escaped also to ensure correctness.
The name attribute, if present, must be a valid browsing context name. The given value is used to name the nested browsing context.
The sandbox attribute, when specified, enables a set of extra restrictions on any content hosted by the iframe. Its value must be an unordered set of unique space-separated tokens. The allowed values are allow-same-origin, allow-top-navigation, allow-forms, and allow-scripts. When the attribute is set, the content is treated as being from a unique origin, forms and scripts are disabled, links are prevented from targeting other browsing contexts, and plugins are disabled. The allow-same-origin keyword allows the content to be treated as being from the same origin instead of forcing it into a unique origin, the allow-top-navigation keyword allows the content to navigate its top-level browsing context, and the allow-forms and allow-scripts keywords re-enable forms and scripts respectively (though scripts are still prevented from creating popups).
Setting both the allow-scripts and allow-same-origin keywords together when the embedded page has the same origin as the page containing the iframe allows the embedded page to simply remove the sandbox attribute.
Sandboxing hostile content is of minimal help if an attacker can convince the user to just visit the hostile content directly, rather than in the iframe. To limit the damage that can be caused by hostile HTML content, it should be served using the text/html-sandboxed MIME type.
In this example, some completely-unknown, potentially hostile, user-provided HTML content is embedded in a page. Because it is sandboxed, it is treated by the user agent as being from a unique origin, despite the content being served from the same site. Thus it is affected by all the normal cross-site restrictions. In addition, the embedded page has scripting disabled, plugins disabled, forms disabled, and it cannot navigate any frames or windows other than itself (or any frames or windows it itself embeds).

We're not scared of you! Here is your content, unedited:

Note that cookies are still sent to the server in the getusercontent.cgi request, though they are not visible in the document.cookie IDL attribute.
It is important that the server serve the user-provided HTML using the text/html-sandboxed MIME type so that if the attacker convinces the user to visit that page directly, the page doesn't run in the context of the site's origin, which would make the user vulnerable to any attack found in the page.
In this example, a gadget from another site is embedded. The gadget has scripting and forms enabled, and the origin sandbox restrictions are lifted, allowing the gadget to communicate with its originating server. The sandbox is still useful, however, as it disables plugins and popups, thus reducing the risk of the user being exposed to malware and other annoyances.
<iframe sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts"
 src="_URL_
Suppose a file A contained the following fragment:

Suppose that file B contained an iframe also:

Further, suppose that file C contained a link:
Link
For this example, suppose all the files were served as text/html.
Page C in this scenario has all the sandboxing flags set. Scripts are disabled, because the iframe in A has scripts disabled, and this overrides the allow-scripts keyword set on the iframe in B. Forms are also disabled, because the inner iframe (in


text:
High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides
- Additional Document Info
- View All
We report a stationary Fourier-transform spectrometer chip implemented in silicon microphotonic waveguides. The device comprises an array of 32 Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with linearly increasing optical path delays between the MZI arms across the array. The optical delays are achieved by using Si-wire waveguides arranged in tightly coiled spirals with a compact device footprint of 12 mm2. Spectral retrieval is demonstrated in a single measurement of the stationary spatial interferogram formed at the output waveguides of the array, with a wavelength resolution of 40 pm within a free spectral range of 0.75 nm. The phase and amplitude errors arising from fabrication imperfections are compensated using a transformation matrix spectral retrieval algorithm.
has subject area


Surge Columbus
Surge Columbus is a collaborative of museums, libraries, and media organizations in Columbus, Ohio empowering teens to discover and pursue their learning interests outside of school by connecting them with mentors, digital and cultural resources, and each other.
The project seeks:
 - to help create more welcoming, open, accessible, and connected learning opportunities for Columbus teens.
 - to re-imagine learning to help Columbus teens become creative citizens who can think on their feet in order to actively participate in civil discourse and compete in the global economy, and to develop their 21st century learning skills.
 - to form a â€œlearning ecologyâ€ for teens that will have a significant impact on shaping the learning potential of Columbus teens.
 - to help teens develop their skills in critical thinking, civic engagement, media literacy, media production, and creative expression.
We are:
The Columbus Metropolitan Library
WOSU Public Media
The Columbus Museum of Art
The Wexner Center for the Arts


What about import duties? /
Each country has an import free threshold. This threshold varies per country. If your purchase amount exceeds this threshold, you will be required to declare your goods and pay import duties upon arrival in your country of destination. The thresholds of most countries can be found at customs-guidelines-for-travel.
Declaring goods is a responsibility each traveler has, whether the VAT is claimed back or not. Once you leave the EU, it is up to customs in your home country to check if travelers declare their goods.
In the Netherlands you are allowed to import new goods with a total purchase amount of € 430,00 or less per person, duty-free. This means that if the total value of goods exceeds € 430,00, import duties will be charged by customs upon arrival (and after you declare the goods). Import duties differ per country.


The relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption in Galapogos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) at two different temperatures
Patrick Butler, PB Frappell, T Wang, M Wikelski
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
34 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
To enable the use of heart rate (fH) for estimating field metabolic rate (FMR) in free-ranging Galapagos marine iguanas Amblyrhynchus cristatus, we determined the relationships between f(H) and mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (s(V) over dot O-2) in seven iguanas before and during exercise on a treadmill and during the post-exercise period. The experiments were conducted at 27 and 35degreesC, which are the temperatures that represent the lowest and highest average body temperatures of these animals in the field during summer. There were linear and significant relationships between f(H) and s(V) over dot O-2, at both temperatures (r(2)=0.86 and 0.91 at 27degreesC and 36degreesC, respectively). The slopes of the two regression lines did not differ, but there were significant differences in their intercepts. Thus, while heart rate can be used to predict FMR, the effects of temperature on the intercept of the regression must be taken into account when converting f(H) to s(V) over dot O-2. On the basis of our data, this can be achieved by applying the following formula: s(V) over dot O-2 = 0.0113f(H) - 0.2983Q(10)(T-b-27)/10. The increase in s(V) over dot O-2, with elevated body temperature results from an increase in f(H), with no significant change in mass-specific oxygen pulse (sO(2) pulse; cardiac stroke volume times the difference in oxygen content between arterial and mixed venous blood). However, during exercise at both temperatures, increases in f(H) are insufficient to provide all of the additional O-2 required and there are also significant increases in the sO(2) pulses. This creates the situation whereby the same fH at the two temperatures can represent different values of s(V) over dot O-2.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1917-1924
Number of pages8
JournalJournal of Experimental Biology
Volume205
Publication statusPublished - 1 Jan 2002
Keywords
 - Galapagos marine iguana
 - heart rate
 - Amblyrhynchus cristatus
 - exercise
 - rate of oxygen consumption
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"Dinosaur Park" in Prince Georges County, Maryland, has only been open for two weekends, but it's already led to a probable noteworthy find.
(Image: Ribbon cutting ceremony for Dinosaur Park, MD. Credit: Prince George's County Department of Parks and Recreation )
The paleontologist in this case wasn't a professor with multiple degrees, but rather a 9-year-old girl who happened upon a small bone that experts believe belonged to a Cretaceous era raptor. The bone measures just about 1/2 inch long. Experts at the park think it was likely a vertebra from a raptor's tail. The bone is now on its way to the Smithsonian, where it will undergo further examination.
According to media reports, Gabrielle Block, the fourth-grader who unearthed the bone, was with her budding paleontologist sister, Rachel, and parents. They were sifting through dirt and debris left behind by a recent rain storm when she spotted the fossil. She showed it to her mother, Karin Block, who thought she could see little holes in it, where the marrow might have been.
If the bone is verified, it probably dates to 110 million years ago, when this part of Maryland enjoyed a tropical or sub-tropical climate. Dinosaurs, crocodiles, turtles and fish all flourished under the balmy conditions.
(Image: Maryland Geological Survey)
Maryland's Dinosaur Park sits within a 41-acre property. It's open from noon to 4 PM the first and third Saturdays of each month. For more information about the park, please call _PHONE_, TTY _PHONE_.
The probable prehistoric raptor bone find also comes at a time when Montana State University researchers are learning more about the "gruesome world" of more modern day birds of prey, such as eagles, hawks, owls, osprey and falcons.
In the Nov. 25th issue of PLoS One, they report how such birds kill their victims. It's not a pretty sight.
After analyzing hundreds of
raptor claws, photographs and videos to understand raptor-prey
interactions, Denver Fowler and his team discovered that some raptors dismember their prey and
killing blows.
"It was very surprising that (this type of study) wasn't done before," lead author Denver Fowler said of the study.
Thinking of Dinosaur Park, the raptor study may even in future shed light on the lifestyle of carnivorous dinosaurs, according to the researchers.
Please check out this page from the Maryland Geological Survey to learn more about dinosaurs from the old line state.


text:
- gherkin •
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. A prickly West Indian gourd whose immature fruit is pickled. 2. A small pickled cucumber.
Notes: Today's Good Word is a curiosity: one of a very few English words beginning with GH. The H, of course, is irrelevant, a'silent' H. Its oddness is probably responsible for the fact that it is a lexical orphan, without related derivations.
In Play: Moms, here is how you can spice up your discussions with your children using today's word: "Aha! Caught you jerking a gherkin out of the jar! Put it back or you'll ruin your dinner." There isn't much room in this word's meaning for metaphor, so we are stuck with its literal meaning: "I wouldn't insult my guest with gherkins on their hamburgers; I serve only large dills."
Word History: This English word is the result of mistaking Dutch gurken, the plural of gurk "cucumber", as a singular form. The Dutch word is a shortened form of agurk, borrowed from a Slavic language, either Polish ogorek or Russian ogurec. The Slavs probably got their word from late Greek angourion "watermelon". The Greeks may have taken the word from Persian angarah or aguron, but no one knows for sure. (We might have been in a pickle had Jackie Strauss not provided us with this Good Word when she did.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


text:
Did ancient coffee houses lay the groundwork for modern consumerism?
If you think that your favourite coffee shop is a great gathering place for discussion, you should have been around in the Ottoman Empire starting in the 1550s. A new study in the Journal of Consumer Research examines the role of
coffee houses in the evolution of the consumer.
Authors Eminegül Karababa from the University of Exeter Business School and Güliz Ger of Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey have researched widely and deeply into the history of coffee houses in the early modern Ottoman Empire and found they offered their patrons a lot more than coffee.
They found that patrons engaged in gambling, taking drugs, meeting with "young beautiful boys," as well as performing or watching entertainments such as puppet theatres, storytellers, and musical and dance performances. The early coffee houses were controversial enterprises. "Formation, normalisation, and legalisation of such a site for transgressive pleasures was controversial since the formal religious morality of the period which was orthodox Islam considered it to be sinful and illegal. Thus, they were repeatedly banned by the state."
Yet, the coffee houses flourished, and by the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Ottomans from all ranks of the society met to drink coffee, socialize, and have literary discussions. Coffee house discourse often challenged the authority of the state and religion and led to changes in the society. "Simultaneously, a new Ottoman consumer, resisting the prescriptions of the state and religion, actively constructing self-ethics, and taking part in the formation of the coffeehouse culture, was forming as well."
"Obviously, the early modern Ottoman context was very different than any modern capitalist system", the authors write. "But the active consumer may not be as recent or even a chronological phenomenon as many consumer researchers think."
Eminegül Karababa and Güliz Ger. "Early Modern Ottoman Coffeehouse Culture and the Formation of the Consumer Subject." Journal of Consumer Research: February 2011.
Date: 28 August 2010


as to whether the option is enabled, disabled or set to a specific
 value (assuming that the compiler knows this at the point where the
 --help= option is used).
 Here is a truncated example from the ARM port of gcc:
 % gcc -Q -mabi=2 --help=target -c
 The following options are target specific:
 -mabi= 2
 -mabort-on-noreturn [disabled]
 -mapcs [disabled]
 The output is sensitive to the effects of previous command line
 options, so for example it is possible to find out which
 optimizations are enabled at -O2 by using:
 -Q -O2 --help=optimizers
 Alternatively you can discover which binary optimizations are
 enabled by -O3 by using:
 gcc -c -Q -O3 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O3-opts
 gcc -c -Q -O2 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O2-opts
 diff /tmp/O2-opts /tmp/O3-opts | grep enabled
 -no-canonical-prefixes
 Do not expand any symbolic links, resolve references to /../ or
 /./, or make the path absolute when generating a relative prefix.
 --version
 Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.
 -wrapper
 Invoke all subcommands under a wrapper program. It takes a single
 comma separated list as an argument, which will be used to invoke
 the wrapper:
 gcc -c t.c -wrapper gdb,--args
 This will invoke all subprograms of gcc under "gdb --args", thus
 cc1 invocation will be "gdb --args cc1 ...".
 -fplugin=name.so
 Load the plugin code in file name.so, assumed to be a shared object
 to be dlopen'd by the compiler. The base name of the shared object
 file is used to identify the plugin for the purposes of argument
 parsing (See -fplugin-arg-name-key=value below). Each plugin
 should define the callback functions specified in the Plugins API.
 -fplugin-arg-name-key=value
 Define an argument called key with a value of value for the plugin
 called name.
 @file
 Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted
 in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or
 cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not
 removed.
 Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
 character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
 option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including
 a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be
 included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional
 @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.
 Compiling C++ Programs
 C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes .C, .cc, .cpp,
 .CPP, .c++, .cp, or .cxx; C++ header files often use .hh, .hpp, .H, or
 (for shared template code) .tcc; and preprocessed C++ files use the
 suffix .ii. GCC recognizes files with these names and compiles them as
 C++ programs even if you call the compiler the same way as for
 compiling C programs (usually with the name gcc).
 However, the use of gcc does not add the C++ library. g++ is a program
 that calls GCC and treats .c, .h and .i files as C++ source files
 instead of C source files unless -x is used, and automatically
 specifies linking against the C++ library. This program is also useful
 when precompiling a C header file with a .h extension for use in C++
 compilations. On many systems, g++ is also installed with the name
 c++.
 When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same
 command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any
 language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related
 languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs.
 Options Controlling C Dialect
 The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
 from C, such as C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++) that the compiler
 accepts:
 -ansi
 In C mode, this is equivalent to -std=c90. In C++ mode, it is
 equivalent to -std=c++98.
 This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
 ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling
 C++ code), such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, and predefined
 macros such as "unix" and "vax" that identify the type of system
 you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO
 trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of
 C++ style // comments as well as the "inline" keyword.
 The alternate keywords "__asm__", "__extension__", "__inline__" and
 "__typeof__" continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to
 use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put
 them in header files that might be included in compilations done
 with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as "__unix__" and
 "__vax__" are also available, with or without -ansi.
 The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
 gratuitously. For that, -pedantic is required in addition to
 -ansi.
 The macro "__STRICT_ANSI__" is predefined when the -ansi option is
 used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
 declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO
 standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any
 programs that might use these names for other things.
 Functions that would normally be built in but do not have semantics
 defined by ISO C (such as "alloca" and "ffs") are not built-in
 functions when -ansi is used.
 -std=
 Determine the language standard. This option is currently only
 supported when compiling C or C++.
 The compiler can accept several base standards, such as c90 or
 c++98, and GNU dialects of those standards, such as gnu90 or
 gnu++98. By specifying a base standard, the compiler will accept
 all programs following that standard and those using GNU extensions
 that do not contradict it. For example, -std=c90 turns off certain
 features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90, such as the
 "asm" and "typeof" keywords, but not other GNU extensions that do
 not have a meaning in ISO C90, such as omitting the middle term of
 a "?:" expression. On the other hand, by specifying a GNU dialect
 of a standard, all features the compiler support are enabled, even
 when those features change the meaning of the base standard and
 some strict-conforming programs may be rejected. The particular
 standard is used by -pedantic to identify which features are GNU
 extensions given that version of the standard. For example
 -std=gnu90 -pedantic would warn about C++ style // comments, while
 -std=gnu99 -pedantic would not.
 A value for this option must be provided; possible values are
 c90
 c89
 iso9899:1990
 Support all ISO C90 programs (certain GNU extensions that
 conflict with ISO C90 are disabled). Same as -ansi for C code.
 iso9899:199409
 ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.
 c99
 c9x
 iso9899:1999
 iso9899:199x
 ISO C99. Note that this standard is not yet fully supported;
 see <_URL_ for more
 information. The names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.
 gnu90
 gnu89
 GNU dialect of ISO C90 (including some C99 features). This is
 the default for C code.
 gnu99
 gnu9x
 GNU dialect of ISO C99. When ISO C99 is fully implemented in
 GCC, this will become the default. The name gnu9x is
 deprecated.
 c++98
 The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. Same as -ansi for
 C++ code.
 gnu++98
 GNU dialect of -std=c++98. This is the default for C++ code.
 c++0x
 The working draft of the upcoming ISO C++0x standard. This
 option enables experimental features that are likely to be
 included in C++0x. The working draft is constantly changing,
 and any feature that is enabled by this flag may be removed
 from future versions of GCC if it is not part of the C++0x
 standard.
 gnu++0x
 GNU dialect


text:
Clinical Characteristics of Noncritical Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from Bangladesh
Keywords:COVID-19, clinical characteristics, pandemic, Bangladesh, South Asia
The scientific literatures on clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from South Asian countries including Bangladesh are limited. Documentation of clinical spectrum from various geographic locations is vital for future scientific studies and clinical management. This study is aimed to report the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of noncritical patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study at three dedicated COVID-19 hospitals of Bangladesh. The severity of the COVID-19 cases was assessed based on the WHO interim guidance. Data were collected only from non-critical COVID-19 patients as critical patients required immediate management. A total of 103 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed noncritical COVID- 19 patients were included. Most of the patients (71.8%) were male. Mild, moderate and severe illness were assessed in 74.76%, 9.71% and 15.53% of patients respectively. Nearly 52.4% patients had a co-morbidity, with hypertension being the most common (34%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.4%) and ischemic heart disease (9.7%). Fever (78.6%), weakness (68%) and cough (44.7%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other common symptoms included loss of appetite (37.9%), difficulty in breathing (37.9%), loss of taste or smell (35.0%), headache (32%) and body ache (32%). The median time from onset of the first symptom to attending hospitals was 7 days (interquartile range: 4 - 10). This study will help both the clinicians and epidemiologists to understand the magnitude and clinical spectrum of COVID-19 patients in South Asian perspective including Bangladesh.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 42-46


text:
Kansas City on ice
January 29 marked the arrival of an historic ice storm that devastated large portions of the Midwest. One of the hardest hit locales was the Kansas City metropolitan area. Officials called it the worst natural disaster in local history. The results were as instructive as they were devastating.
The storm began on January 29 and lasted through the 31
Though the thought of ice storms may evoke mental images of branches and whole trees crashing violently through lines (in fact, that does happen), the reality in most cases is somewhat different, though sometimes no less spectacular.
As ice accumulates, tree branches sag, drooping onto power lines. According to Jerry Borland, executive editor of Transmission and Distribution World magazine, this is what causes most outages in ice storms. The branches cause a short, or fault, when they touch the lines. If no protective measures were in place, the arcs generated by the electrical current would eventually melt the line, causing it to break. To prevent this, utilities install in-line fusible links, as well as fuses on transformers, that will blow when a fault occurs. This results in a loss of power, and each one of the blown fuses must be replaced manually to restore service. That's why it takes so long to regain power after a widespread event. But it's easier than repairing broken lines, which would take even longer.
In the end, most customers in the Kansas City area were without power. Utility crews from all across the Midwest were called in to help. According to Borland, "The normal workforce for Kansas City Power and Light (the largest utility in the KC area) is 107 crews, which amounts to 489 people. The ice storm resulted in KCP&L bolstering their workforce by an additional 738 crews, totaling an additional 2,300 people. KCP&L recorded the most outages with 285,000 total reported outages," but was not the only utility severely affected.
The destruction clearly showed that areas where line clearance had occurred recently were less prone to destruction. As much as people complain about what's done to trees around power lines, it's a valuable thing, as this storm proved. Afterward, area utilities were criticized for not trimming aggressively enough. (Sometimes, you just can't win!) According to Borland, tree trimming is one of the largest line items in utilities' budgets, and often it's difficult to adequately fund trimming operations.
Perhaps more interesting were the clear differences among tree species regarding structural damage. Mike Dougherty, urban forester and owner of Tree Management Company (Lenexa, Kan.), saw first-hand how some trees fared better than others. Dougherty lists the following susceptible species and causes of failure:
Silver maple: Soft wood resulting in mid-limb failure; forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments resulting in splits; re-sprout failures from previous topping practices.
Red maple (cultivars): same failures as silver maple.
River birch: Soft wood resulting mid-limb and trunk failure.
Green and white ash (cultivars): Forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits.
Redbud and dogwood: Forks/V-shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits.
Ornamental pear (cultivars), primarily Bradford: Co-dominant stems, forks/V-shaped crotches causing splits, often to the ground, destroying entire tree.
Siberian elm: Brittle wood causing snaps/breaks mid-limb; re-sprout failures from previous topping practices.
Willow and cottonwood: Soft wood resulting in mid-limb and trunk failure.
Looking at Dougherty's list, you see a mix of "old" species, as well as some currently popular types. Dougherty asserts that just as we now are paying for poor planting choices made decades ago (such as Siberian elm, which was widely planted as a replacement for American elms ravaged by Dutch elm disease), many of our current choices will create similar problems in 20 to 40 years.
Newer popular species, such as red maple and river birch, are planted by the thousand and are not among the more structurally sound trees. People just don't realize what a problem they may be creating, according to Dougherty, because these specimens aren't old and large enough to do much damage yet. That may be too generous, however. Despite the wide recognition of their weak structures, people continue to plant silver maples and Bradford pears in great numbers in urban areas.
Of course, this is not to say the species on Dougherty's list have no place … just not next to houses and power lines!
Too often, we ignore long-term or infrequent problems, to our own peril. Although an ice storm this severe is considered a rare weather event, a look back at the not-so-distant past shows that destructive weather events — the kind that should make you reconsider that Bradford pear you're about to plant next to the house — aren't really that infrequent.
A freakish October 1996 snowstorm caused widespread damage and power loss in Kansas City because trees had not yet shed their leaves for the winter. The foliage caused much more snow than normal to weigh on the branches, bringing many of them down. This followed a destructive ice storm that occurred in the early 1990s. Three catastrophic weather events in one decade makes a strong case for careful plant selection.
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© 2013 Penton Media Inc.


text:
8 November 1999
by Kate Melville
Cars are full of technology and science, but car stories are not something we would normally inflict on Science A Go Go readers. But research from Ohio State University that uses computer analysis to 'listens' to the sounds coming from a racing car is an exception. This new technique can be used to reveal engine performance, driving technique, and team's strategy, but could also be used to measure the performance of any complicated piece of machinery (like power plant turbines).
According to Yann Guezennec, an associate professor of mechanical engineering at Ohio State's, "Racing has become an extremely technical field and racing teams use a wealth of sophisticated equipment to analyse the performance of their own cars and their competitors".
Unfortunately deciphering useful information from engine noise isn't easy as an engine roars at several different pitches simultaneously.
"The key is to simplify all the noise down to one thing, such as engine RPM, so we can present information that is not directly available," said Guezennec.
The research team developed equations to analyse the change in frequency of car sounds over time. From trackside, they record the sound of a car and then use a computer to calculate its instantaneous speed and trajectory.
"From those two pieces of information we can figure out most everything we want to know -- the strategy of the team, the engine capability, how the driver shifts gears," said Guezennec.
As an example the Ohio State team was able to decode a cars gear ratio - racing teams change gears frequently during practice and try to keep the final gear ratios secret. The engineers recorded sounds of McLaren/Mercedes and Ferrari racing cars during the 1998 at the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix. The sound analysis as the two vehicles ran along a straight-away and two curves showed that McLaren's transit time was as much as 0.5 seconds quicker than that of Ferrari.
The military have used similar technology for some time particularly to identify submarines by signature sounds made by their propulsion systems. According to Guezennec, "We have advanced that technology to obtain more information efficiently and inexpensively."
So far the research has centred on sounds recorded outside of vehicles but researchers think that the same technique will work for sounds recorded inside a vehicle (for example from in-car audio/video footage recorded by racing teams).
Given that the cost of campaigning a Formula 1 team may be as much as US$60 million per season we may soon see acoustic recording devices at ever circuit (or perhaps they will try to mask the sounds of their cars - both inside and out).