Bones Made Of Titanium
Tue, 07/31/2012 - 8:41am
Tim Daro, Siemens
Sinumerik 840D.jpgSubstantial legal requirements result in more complex functional specifications for the implant manufacturers: From the design - including the materials — through production, the complete process chain must be documented and validated. CNC-controlled high-tech machines support the prosthetics manufacturers, and permit high-quality products to be manufactured despite the continuing pressures of high cost.
The idea for a new medical implant normally arises to meet a practical need. It is a long process before the implant can be produced in quantity — it takes approximately 12 to 18 months from the first drawing, including the design and job planning, through the completed, approved implant.
"After receiving a request for a new product from an orthopedist, we first design and develop a prototype", explains Hans-Joachim Mahr, production manager at implantcast Corp. in Buxtehude, Germany. "The CNC controller assumes an important function for the transfer of the CAD/CAM data to the actual production. It supports the idea and the virtual model in a workpiece that the orthopedist can then hold in his hands for the first time."
Artificial bones made of titanium are mainly manufactured using the stock-removal process. The production of hip implants runs on DMG turning-milling centers equipped with the Siemens CNC Sinumerik 840D sl (Figure 1).
Each implant has an associated, specially-tailored set of instruments required for the implantation. This includes a surgical rasp used to prepare the bone (Figure 2).
The fast data processing of the 840D sl is a particular advantage for the standard implants produced in quantity. implantcast also offers, for particularly complicated applications such as cancer patients, the manufacturing of patient-specific implants. In this case, the implants and instruments are cut perfectly to the associated bone structure with the help of a CT or MRI picture. For this single-part production, implantcast uses the comprehensive setup functions of the Sinumerik for fast machine setup.
The CNC user interface has, on all levels, self-explanatory icons that can be configured as popular keys. Many intelligent functions are available to assist the measuring of tools and workpieces. These measuring functions can be used both for the setup and process measurement, that is, the overall quality assurance during the machining. The 'Sinumerik Operate' user interface also integrates simple swivel commands that simplify the machine setup. The Cycle 800 swivel cycle is characterized by its easy handling, despite its high-level functionality. The swivel functions are available both for the swiveling in a machine axis and also in an axis of the workpiece coordinate system. The CNC immediately handles any required coordinate transformation.
Irrespective of the one-off or quantity run, the highest demands are placed on each individual medical engineering workpiece. It is obvious that no letdown may be permitted from rigorous quality and precision standards. Furthermore, the manufacturer is responsible for validating the complete production process, which means that even prototype construction must satisfy the same conditions as the subsequent volume runs.
Bone rasps.jpgArtificial Hip Sockets in Twelve Standard Sizes
The number of artificial bone implants is continually increasing. Operations, such as the use of a replacement hip made of titanium, also belong to the standard daily program in orthopedic surgery today. In 2010, one million artificial hip and knee joints were implanted in the USA. Forecasts expect this number to exceed 4 million by 2030. This large number, however, does not obviate the fact that the highest demands are placed on each individual medical implant, whether a one-off or production run.
Standard implants are now available in various sizes as required for the physique of the patient. The NC programming that defines the functions for machining the workpiece, and consequently includes all associated details concerning the form and technology, is very fast. "Thanks to the user-friendly 'Sinumerik Operate', we save a significant amount of time," explained Axel Robiller, manager of the stock removal department at implantcast. "One reason is that the human-machine interface (HMI) has the familiar Windows style." The Sinumerik 840D sl provides a comprehensive range of powerful turning and milling cycles. Because all operator functions and cycles are supported with animated elements, the operator intuitively knows how the function is to be used without needing to consult the instruction manual. Dynamic vector graphics can be used when the animated elements do not suffice to explain the purpose of the individual input values, such as the parameterization of complex cycles. These graphics reflect the current input values with their proportional representation.
Work Economically & Efficiently Despite the Complexity
At EMO 2011 in Hanover, Germany, Siemens will present dual-channel production of bone rasps on machines with two slides. This allows turning-milling centers, such as the DMG CTX alpha 450TC to be operated more effectively, because the complete programming functionality is available in both channels. The 'Programsync' function synchronizes the machining channels, whether or not the programs have been programmed in DIN/ISO, standard cycles, or ShopTurn — the proprietary Siemens software.
The increasing complexity of the turning-milling machines and the possible production programs also increase the risk of programming errors that, under some circumstances, can cause machine damage. For this purpose, the Sinumerik 840D sl offers a simulation program that shows the stock removal process in virtual 3D. In addition to the complete representation of the cutting actions, the expected machining time corresponding to the programmed technology values is displayed before the production of a single workpiece.
A short machining time, however, is critical for the economy of quantity production. The turning-milling center with the Siemens 840D sl used at implantcast, with cross slides for Y and B axes, permits five-axis simultaneous machining (Figure 3), and significantly reduces the processing time. The implants are manufactured in a single operation, with parallel machining on the main and counter spindles. For the complete machining, the Sinumerik 840D sl provides turning-milling functions that can be used in combination. The complete scope of all milling functions is available here — from the cycle technology to the simultaneous free surface machining.
Sinumerik Operate user interface.jpgSimple Parts Do Not Exist
Bone rasps are an example of very complex workpieces. Their basic form represents a significant challenge in machining, namely, a rasp body with many rasp teeth located on the contoured outer surfaces. The Sinumerik MDynamics technology package ensures the required surface quality at high machining speed. Even for difficult materials, the "Advanced Surface" motion control produces milling results that meet the stringent requirements placed on medical implants and instruments.
Each individual part is subjected to a comprehensive quality control. Sensing probes check the accuracy of the contour and the peak-to-valley height and scan the surface for even the smallest damage. To check the material structure, X-ray examinations are also made on some parts. Only when all these hurdles have been overcome are the implants passed to the internal department at implantcast for sterile packaging and subsequent shipping.
A Patient Stands at the End of Each Process Chain
A patient with bone prosthetics receives a prosthesis pass. This document allows the complete manufacturing process of the prosthesis to be reconstructed at any time. Whereas in other industry sectors, such as automotive or food processing, products must have trackability. This tracking requirement in the orthopedic world is specific to each individual patient's medical implant. This is a major challenge, considering implantcast produces approximately 3,000 items, each week.
Despite the extensive use of highly sophisticated technology, at the end of the process chain there is a suffering patient who must be helped. The difference between the manufacturer of turned, milled, and ground parts used in the medical technology, and one that produces parts for machinery construction, makes itself apparent.
"The patient whose prosthesis is in the package would need to wait one day longer for his/her operation if we did not act immediately", explains Mahr. For such very late requests, and these are not infrequent, it is quite possible that he will personally start the prosthesis on its journey to a patient in need.
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text:
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
The WMO South Asia Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF) has finalized its consensus outlook for the 2016 Southwest Monsoon season. The outlook suggests that during the 2016 southwest monsoon season (June – September), above-normal rainfall is likely over much of South Asia. Above-normal rainfall is likely over broad areas of central and western parts of South Asia. Below-normal rainfall is most likely over eastern parts of the region and the southeastern part of the peninsula. Normal rainfall is likely over the remaining areas.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
by Mr. Sundial
After you receive your sundial follow these instructions to install the sundial.
How to create an interactive painted sundial:
1) Order a Sundial, on the checkout page include your location as an address or GPS coordinates.
2) Our technology creates a specific template for your exact location on the earth, no two are alike.
3) A full-scale template is cut out of durable Coreplast, which is like corrugated cardboard, only plastic
4) We ship you the complete template. Follow the steps below to create the sundial by painting the sundial on your location.
5) You stand on the Sundial when its sunny, and your shadow will tell the time!
Step 1: Find the geographic coordinates of the location, then create a CAD drawing of the sundial.
Delete or modify, so people can understand they will receive the kit. Then they will follow these steps to install the sundial.
Step 2: Using precision tools cut the stencil to exact specifications.
Step 4: Align to true north.
How are people going to do this step? There are compass apps you can use on your phone. May the instructions can reference a popular app if people do not have this tool. What do you think?
Step 3. Lay the stencil out on the blacktop.
Step 4: Paint the sundial on the location.
Step 5: Tell time.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
An Alert allows you to quickly communicate important information about a Relationship to any user who views the Relationship. Alerts also include Expiry dates so that you can keep up with the most up-to-date information.
Where can I see Alerts?
Alerts are found on the Relationship object under the Related List Quick Links. You will see a number next to the name Alerts to indicate how many Alerts are available to view.
Click or hover the mouse on Alerts to view the available information. Here you can see important data such as the Alert Details, who created the Alert, when it was created, and the Effective and Expiry dates.
How can I create an Alert?
On a Relationship, under Related List Quick Links, click on or hover over Alerts and click the New button.
A box will open where you can enter the Alert information. Fields that are required for saving are marked with a red asterisk. The effective date will default to today's date. The Relationship will automatically be assigned. Click Save.


From Warhammer 40k - Lexicanum
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Typical Warrior Basic Data Rune Symbol
BielTanGuardian.jpg Name Biel-Tan BielTanRune.jpg
Meaning Rebirth of Ancient Days
Current location Border between Segmentum Tempestus and Ultima Segmentum[12]
Main colours White, green
Favoured unit Aspect Warriors, Exarchs, Avatar of Khaine[2a]
Speciality Destruction of colonies
Reputation Fickle, warlike
Main enemy Orks
Biel-Tan is an Eldar Craftworld, famous for its extreme militarism.
Biel-Tan Craftworld
The Biel-tan Craftworld is famous for its inhabitants' militancy; it is home to more Aspect Warriors than any other craftworld.[2a]
The Eldar of Biel-tan are honourable warriors who have taken it upon themselves to rebuild the lost glory of the ancient Eldar empire, through the destruction of the lesser races who have "usurped" the galaxy, and believe it is glorious to die fighting the enemies of the Craftworld. At the centre of Biel-tan is the Chamber of Heroes where the spirit stones of dead Aspect Warriors are placed. Farseers often come to this room to consult the dead on courses of action.[Needs Citation]
As well as their traditional colours of green and white, the forces of Biel-Tan sport patterns of dark thorny ivy.[2c]
When the Eldar of Biel-Tan go to war they assemble a warhost known as the Bahzhakhain, which means "Swordwind", "Tempest of Blades"[2a] or Frozen Leaves Falling to Cut.[10] The Swordwind's tactic is a single, swift strike taking the enemy by surprise.[2a] This tactic works considerably well with the elite fighting skills of the many Aspect Warriors eliminating the enemy before they can respond. The Biel-Tan therefore make perfect use of the speed and maneuverability of the Wave Serpents and Falcon Grav Tanks.[Needs Citation]
The main target of the Biel-Tan are non-Eldar colonists, particularly non-Eldar occupying Eldar Maiden Worlds. It is especially galling to the Eldar who created these paradise worlds from dead worlds to find them overrun with inferior species. The Eldar of Biel-tan believe the success of other alien races is a threat to the future progression of the Eldar empire. For this reason, the Biel-Tan particularly hate the Orks, Orks being a completely expansionist race, whose occupation of a world quickly becomes permanent. In many cases, Biel-Tan have helped Imperial forces that were under heavy attack by Orks and to hunt down Ork Roks before the tide of Orks can overrun a planet.
The Exarchs of the Craftworld form a council known as the Court of the Young King, it is from this council that the Craftworld's Young Kings are chosen.[2a]
The Swordwind even possess a vehicle that is unique to Biel-Tan. It is a super heavy grav tank called a Void Spinner, which is armed solely with a huge monofilament cannon that works just like any other monofilament weapon except that it incorporates a techno virus that sterilizes the ground that it touches. This makes it extremely useful against the Orks due to the Ork's spore-based method of reproduction, preventing further re-infestation.[Needs Citation]
The symbolic rune of Biel-Tan stands for reincarnation, a fate previously thought reserved for every Eldar before the Fall. The rune roughly translates as Rebirth of Ancient Days, reflecting the intention of the Craftworld to see their former empire restored.[2a][5]
Biel-Tan Eldar[9]
During the closing days of the 41st Millennium, Biel-Tan became the center of the future of the Eldar race. A Biel-Tan native, Yvraine, became an emissary of Ynnead and introduced a plan to birth the God without the need to sacrifice the entirety of the Eldar. However, at the same time, Biel-Tan was subjected to a Daemonic invasion led by Skarbrand and The Masque. Biel-Tan allied with the Ynnari and Phoenix Lords to close the Webway Portal to the Craftworld on Ursulia. The effort was successful, but large numbers of Daemons managed to infiltrate Biel-Tan before the portal was sealed. Worse still, The Masque was able to invade Biel-Tan's Infinity Circuit and began destroying the souls within.[7]
Yvraine revealed that in order to resurrect Ynnead and purge The Masque from Biel-Tan she required an Avatar of the God as well as the Crone Swords. In order to give birth to Yncarne, Yvraine conducted a ritual in Biel-Tan's Infinity Circuit that cost countless Eldar souls. However, while devastated, Biel-Tan endured and remains united on the path to resurrect Ynnead[7]. In the aftermath of the Battle of Biel-tan, its population has been halved with many falling to the Daemons' attack and others choosing to join the ranks of the Ynnari[9]. Those that have remained with the Craftworld now reside on its fleet of ships[8a], while its Bonesingers work tirelessly to keep the world-ship together. These Eldar cling to their orthodox methods, vowing with renewed vigour to destroy all would-be usurpers to their race and bring about a new Aeldari civilisation to rival the ancient empire of old. Biel-Tan's ghost halls have also swelled with newly animated wraith-constructs, bearing the souls of those the infinity circuit can no longer protect[9]. Yet another development is that the surviving members of Biel-Tan's Swordwind have vanished into the Webway. From there, the Swordwind have resolved to maintain the warlike traditions of their Craftworld, and continue to scour ancient Eldar worlds of Xenos usurpers.[8b]
Psychic Awakening
Since the Battle of Khazhar, Biel-Tan has become aided by a great many Exodite warriors.[11a]
The Ixia Wayport on Craftworld Biel-Tan.
Notable Elements
Notable Biel-Tan Eldar
Notable Campaigns and Battles


text: When refugees flee war and persecution, protection and assistance are usually provided by United Nations organisations and their NGO implementing partners. In parallel is a largely neglected story: refugees themselves frequently mobilise to provide protection and assistance to other refugees. At a global level, there has been a shift in international policy rhetoric towards 'localisation' and inclusion of refugees, which potentially provides an opportunity to engage with refugee-led community organisations (RLOs). However, RLOs rarely receive access to international recognition or funding despite often being regarded by refugees as an important source of assistance. In this paper we draw upon ethnographic research on the interactions between international institutions and RLOs in Kampala, Uganda, to explore how 'localisation' unfolds in practice within humanitarian governance. In the absence of a clear policy framework for localisation at the global level, national level representatives have considerable discretion in whether and how they partner with RLOs, leading largely to their exclusion – and the development of alternative support strategies by RLOs. We suggest that an effective localisation agenda will require much more attention to the role of power and interests at the local level if RLOs are to be engaged as meaningful actors in humanitarian assistance.


text:
The Influence of Low Melt Point, High Modulus Fibers in Blended Fiber Ballistic Resistant Nonwovens
Type of DegreeThesis
Polymer and Fiber Engineering
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this research was to examine the presence of a thermal phase change as a means of energy dissipation in nonwoven needlepunched felts used in soft body armor applications. The investigation was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Polarized Light Microscopy and standardized V50 ballistic testing. A mathematical formula was developed to approximate the residual kinetic energy of the nonwoven felt. The overall conclusion from the testing was that a thermal phase change did occur as a result of projectile impact; however, the energy dissipation ensuing from this phase change has not proven to be a major contribution to the nonwoven felt's elevated anti-ballistic properties.


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Proceedings Paper
Multimodality medical image database for temporal lobe epilepsy
Author(s): Mohammad-Reza Siadat; Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh; Farshad A. Fotouhi; Kost Elisevich
Format Member Price Non-Member Price
PDF $14.40 $18.00
Paper Abstract
This paper presents the development of a human brain multi-modality database for surgical candidacy determination in temporal lobe epilepsy. The focus of the paper is on content-based image management, navigation and retrieval. Several medical image-processing methods including our newly developed segmentation method are utilized for information extraction/correlation and indexing. The input data includes T1-, T2-Weighted and FLAIR MRI and ictal/interictal SPECT modalities with associated clinical data and EEG data analysis. The database can answer queries regarding issues such as the correlation between the attribute X of the entity Y and the outcome of a temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. The entity Y can be a brain anatomical structure such as the hippocampus. The attribute X can be either a functionality feature of the anatomical structure Y, calculated with SPECT modalities, such as signal average, or a volumetric/morphological feature of the entity Y such as volume or average curvature. The outcome of the surgery can be any surgery assessment such as non-verbal Wechsler memory quotient. A determination is made regarding surgical candidacy by analysis of both textual and image data. The current database system suggests a surgical determination for the cases with relatively small hippocampus and high signal intensity average on FLAIR images within the hippocampus. This indication matches the neurosurgeons expectations/observations. Moreover, as the database gets more populated with patient profiles and individual surgical outcomes, using data mining methods one may discover partially invisible correlations between the contents of different modalities of data and the outcome of the surgery.
Paper Details
Date Published: 19 May 2003
PDF: 12 pages
Show Author Affiliations
Mohammad-Reza Siadat, Wayne State Univ. (United States)
Henry Ford Health System (United States)
Univ. of Tehran (Iran)
Farshad A. Fotouhi, Wayne State Univ. (United States)
Kost Elisevich, Henry Ford Health System (United States)
Published in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5033:
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text:
Facts of experience are the phenomena that occur in our day to day living. These are the experiences we observe for ourselves and in others. As parents we witness our children's 'facts of experience'and then make relative assessments about how they are doing with the challenges in their lives. These facts of experience are the behaviors we can see. On the other hand, the feelings, attitudes, motivations and other internal processes our childen privately experience are not necessarily congruent or apparent with what we witness. This becomes the parental dilemma in trying to best understand our children.
- Trust what you observe regardless of what is said.
- Acknowledge what you feel in relationship to what your child is experiencing.
- Talk about what you sense is going on in order to get clarification of your own values.
- Keep a rational perspective.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
If you have read the previous post, then you would be having the basic understanding about eco-friendly labels and the terms related to it. There are different types of eco-friendly labels, which can be made from different materials. However, these labels can be made from two main types of materials – paper and film. Each material has its own pros and cons. It is based on your application, that you should make the right choice of the label. This post will take you through different materials used to manufacture eco-friendly labels.
Different Types of Materials Used for Making Eco-friendly Labels
As said earlier, the environmentally friendly labels can be made from either paper or film materials. Paper is an economical choice suitable for most markets, whereas film is relatively durable and has a better appearance than that of paper. However, the cost of film is higher. These two materials have various sub types, as discussed below:
- PLA White Film: The first material option is a PLA white film, which is compostable. This film is made from a plant source, which can be renewed annually. Petroleum and other fossil fuels are not used in this film, thus making it eco-friendly. This material is most widely used in industries, such as health, beauty, food, beverages, etc. One of the key benefits of this film is that it is resistant to water scratch.
- FSC Certified Semi-Gloss and Matte Papers: FSC refers to the Forest Stewardship Council. It is an organization that promotes responsible forest management. The FSC certified semi-gloss and matte papers are light in weight. They have a good level of brightness and opacity. You can either go with a glossy paper or an uncoated one. This material can be used on recycled cardboard, glass, treated HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), stainless steel, and polypropylene. The material delivers good performance and is also a cost-effective option.
- FSC Certified Vellum Paper: This is yet another material choice, which is FSC certified. Vellum paper has a first-class look and feel, which makes it ideal for use in applications, like high-end beverages, wine, and different gourmet foods. It comes in cream or bright white colors. The ultimate adhesion and a decent initial tack that the material has, allows it to quickly stick onto a surface. The material forms a strong bond with the surface on which it is used. Though the adhesive is permanent, it can be removed at a minimum water temperature of 100° F.
- FSC Certified Direct Thermal Paper: The direct thermal paper is also FSC certified. The material is smooth, and bright white in color, and has a high sensitivity thermal coating. The key benefit of a direct thermal paper is that it can offer 24 hour resistance to solvents, plasticizers, water immersion, alcohol, fats, blood, oils, and vinegar. The material is used in applications, such as shipping, receipt, and barcode labels.
Now that you know almost everything about the eco-friendly labels, it would make your job a bit easier at choosing the right label. Of course, experts are there to guide you through the selection process. PLCTX is one such experienced player in manufacturing custom labels and stickers for a wide range of applications. The professionals at the company can guide you in choosing the right type of eco-friendly label, based on your application requirements.


Social and Media Impact Evaluation
Primary tabs
The Social Impact Assessment is an important tool that scientists can use to communicate and transmit knowledge to society. However, how to measure it? What causes a scientific result to be ignored or adopted by society? How do society problems influence science?...
These are just some of the questions that the group explores.
The evaluation of the social impact of a project includes the process of data collection, analysis and representation. These data, coming from diverse sources, and their temporal evolution are difficult to collect and analyse, but they are the best knowledge available to perform the task.
Based on social projects, we develop a methodology to determine the social consequences of scientific projects, by analyzing large data sets to assess the consequences of the implementation of specific projects, monitoring their progress and assisting in the planning of new projects.
We combine data science and data visualization to improve our understanding of society and the impact that projects have on it.
- Analyse social impact of certain projects
- Develop data representation/visualization tools to analyse the social impact of projects.


text:
Posted by Ebrahim-Khalil Hassen on June 3, 2011
Over 15 million potentially eligible voters did not cast their vote in the recent local government elections. This analysis compares the mid-year population estimates with the voters role.
A development worker in Cape Town pointed out that there was a significant gap between the potential number of voters, and those on the voter's role. It piqued my interest, and I asked a couple more community activists about this. They all confirmed the view that in their areas, the level of voter registration was low. Could this view from the ground be correct? The proposition is that they may exist – in the words of one of the community workers – "an excluded majority" not even on the voters roll. To explore this question, we have compared the voters roll with population estimates.
In sum, this exploration seeks to find out what proportion of the population are on the voter's roll. In undertaking this analysis, only official data has been utilised. These are:
- Indepedent Electoral Commission (IEC) reports on voter turnout by province were generated using the IEC's report generator;
- Statistics South Africa's Mid-Year Population Estimates (2010). The cut-off point in the data is at 20, which means that potential voters between 18 and 20 are not counted in these results. Including 18-20 year olds in the analysis would potentially increase the size of the so-called "silent majority".


text:
|European Social Classes
An unknown poet in the medieval times described the three social classes of European society of his time in this way: "One toils, one prays, and one defends." Let us examine these social classes, their lives and what part they played in building their Europe.
The common place peasants were referred to as toilers, because they held the base positions of workers (farmers, welders, herders, barbers). Their lives consisted of ever changing working assignments that were dictated by season and need by superior officials (clergy or political). Their homes were of simple design made of wood frames, which were stuffed with straw and rubber then plastered over with clay. The roof was simply thatched together. Homes of the poorer had but one room, while others consisted of two, one for eating and activities and one for sleeping. Their food was adequate if resources permitted, grown from their own backyard and meat was only consumed on special o...


text:
When engineers perform electromagnetic-compatibility testing of microwave equipment, they can take advantage of the BHA9118 double-ridged horn antenna. It features linear polarization and offers 5.5- to 15-dBi gain, depending upon the frequency. The field strength capability at one meter is 250 V/meter. A standard N-type coax connector is provided for low-voltage standing-wave ratio and high-voltage handling. The antenna mounts on a standard tripod, which uses a standard quarter-inch camera thread hole. Position can be horizontal, vertical, or at a 45° angle. The BHA9118 meets all relevant ANSI, FCC, IEC, IEEE, IL, and SAE standards. Price is $3200.
Schaffner EMC Inc.


Navicat Blog
Exploring PostgreSQL's Foreign Data Wrapper and Statistical Functions Mar 15, 2024 by Robert Gravelle
PostgreSQL, renowned for its robustness and extensibility, offers several helpful functions for both developers and database administrators alike. Among these functions, file_fdw_handler, file_fdw_validator, pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements_info, and pg_stat_statements_reset stand out as invaluable tools for enhancing database management and performance optimization. In today's blog we'll learn how to use all of these functions as well as how Navicat can help!
File Functions
PostgreSQL's Foreign Data Wrapper (FDW) functionality allows seamless integration of external data sources into the database. The file_fdw_handler and file_fdw_validator functions are specifically designed to handle foreign tables backed by files.
The file_fdw_handler function serves as an interface between PostgreSQL and the foreign data source, enabling the execution of SQL queries against files residing outside the database. Let's consider an example where we want to create a foreign table named external_data referencing a CSV file named data.csv:
 CREATE SERVER file_server FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;
 CREATE FOREIGN TABLE external_data (
 id INT,
 name TEXT,
 age INT
 ) SERVER file_server OPTIONS (filename '/path/to/data.csv');

Meanwhile, the file_fdw_validator function ensures the integrity of the options provided when creating a foreign table. It validates if the specified file exists and is accessible. For instance:
 SELECT file_fdw_validator('filename', '/path/to/data.csv');

Statistical Functions
PostgreSQL's pg_stat_statements module provides a set of built-in functions for monitoring and analyzing query performance. Among these, pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements_info, and pg_stat_statements_reset are indispensable for identifying bottlenecks and optimizing database performance.
pg_stat_statements is a module that records statistics about SQL statements executed by a server. It tracks details such as execution counts, total runtime, and resource usage for each unique query. To enable pg_stat_statements, you need to add it to the shared_preload_libraries configuration parameter in postgresql.conf:
shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements'
After restarting the PostgreSQL server, you can query the statistics using:
 SELECT * FROM pg_stat_statements;

pg_stat_statements_info provides additional information about the pg_stat_statements module, such as the version number and the last reset time. It can be queried as follows:
 SELECT * FROM pg_stat_statements_info;

Finally, pg_stat_statements_reset resets the statistics collected by pg_stat_statements, allowing you to start afresh with performance monitoring. Simply execute:
 SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();

Working with PostgreSQL's Built-in Functions in Navicat
We can access all of the above functions in Navicat for PostgreSQL or Navicat Premium 16 by expanding the "Functions" section in the Objects Pane:
PostgreSQL_functions_in_Navicat (113K)
To execute a function, simply select it from the Objects list and click the Execute Function button:
execute_function_button (62K)
That will bring up a dialog where you can supply input parameter values:
input_parameter_dialog (33K)
Click the OK button to execute the function and view the results (or Cancel to abort):
pg_stat_statements_results (330K)
PostgreSQL's built-in functions, including file_fdw_handler, file_fdw_validator, pg_stat_statements, pg_stat_statements_info, and pg_stat_statements_reset, play a pivotal role in enhancing database management and optimizing query performance. By leveraging these functions effectively, developers and administrators can streamline operations and ensure optimal utilization of PostgreSQL's capabilities.
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EUdict :: English-English dictionary
Results for: primary productionTranslations: 130 / 31
 English English
primary productionchemical energy from photosynthesis
direct primaryelection to choose candidates
mass productionlarge-scale manufacturing
means of productionthings needed for manufacturing
pair productioncreation of a negative particle
primarybasic, basic part or aspect, brighter star of double star, election of candidates for governmental position, election of delegates to choose candidates, first in sequence, first thing, original; primeval, initial; principal, main, prime; basic, fundame...
primary accentemphasis placed on main syllable, primary stress
primary atypical pneumoniamild infectious pneumonia
primary carenonspecialist care
primary cellelectricity-producing cell, voltaic cell
primary coilcoil that sets up magnetic flux, primary, primary winding
primary colorcyan, magenta, or yellow, primary, red, green, or blue
primary consumerplant-eating animal
primary electionprimary
primary feathermain wing feather, primary
primary growthroot or shoot growth
primary meristemnew plant tissue
primary planetplanet orbiting sun, primary
primary processprocess involving functioning of id
primary schoolU.K. school for younger children, U.S. school for younger students
primary stressprimary accent
primary syphilisearliest stage of syphilis
primary toothmilk tooth
primary waveearthquake wave
primary windingprimary coil
production assistantassistant on movie
production companycompany making movies
production designerdesigner of overall appearance of movie
production linesequence of machines in factory
production managermovie or play administrator
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Total number of language pairs: 414
Total number of translations (in millions): 11.6
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text:
A health care law Call for Articles has been announced by the West Virginia Law Review. The announcement is set forth below:
Call for Articles
The West Virginia Law Review announces a call for articles and invites scholars, practitioners, and researchers to submit contributions for its upcoming issue focusing on health care. This issue will include articles from the Law Review's Lecture Series, "Beyond Politics: A Discussion of Health Care in America," a thoughtful discourse on the social disparities in access and outcomes engrained in our current health care system. For this issue, we are particularly interested in scholarship discussing the following topics:
- Health care reform;
- Health care access and outcome disparities, especially as they affect women and children, racial minorities, and the rural poor;
- Health care as a human right.
Articles will be selected by our Articles Selection Team and the Editor-in-Chief based on scholarly merit, originality, relevancy, and writing style. Articles should be thoroughly researched and contain appropriate footnotes in bluebook format.


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Dating Back to the 5th Century
While the public use of bells dates back to the middle ages, the first recorded use of church bells is often attributed to Paulinus, the bishop of Nola in Campania, Italy, around the 5th century. Historical writings document the appearance of church bells throughout Europe over the course of the next several centuries.
Some of the oldest church bells still in existence are located in and around Europe, including the Bell of St. Patrick in Belfast, Ireland. The earliest bells tend to be square, and constructed of hammered iron plates riveted together. Early church bells were much smaller than bells cast in more recent years. For example, a bell made for the church at Orleans, France in the 11th century was considered large at a weight of 2,600 lbs. By the late 19th century, much larger church bells were being commissioned, such as the 15-ton bell cast for Saint Francis de Sales in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Traveling Bell Foundries
The first church bell foundries were located in monasteries. Eventually a professional business emerged in Europe, and the construction process was perfected and refined. As records indicate the purchase of church bells in areas where no foundries were located, it is believed that many early bell artisans traveled the country, setting up temporary foundries as needed. Learn more about Verdin's unique Bell Foundry on Wheels.
The impact of church bells throughout history extends from their community and religious use to the influence they have on church architecture. Some of the most beautiful towers in the world were constructed to house church bells.


How to configure a graph using a system or schema option.
option(arg)[.set( value ) | get() | unset( value)]
Options are only available for Classic Graph, and are deprecated in DataStax Graph 6.8.
Graphs can be configured per graph using the following options, in either the Schema API or the System API; see those pages for examples of using option().
Table 1. Graph-Specific OptionsGraph-specific options are preceded by graph; for example, graph.allow_scan.
Option argument Setting Example Description Default
allow_scan true Allow full graph scan queries. Use only during development. true
schema_mode Production Set mode to Production or Development. Development
default_property_key_cardinality Multiple The default cardinality for automatically defined properties. Single
tx_autostart true Set transaction to start automatically or open manually. false
Table 2. TraversalSource-specific optionsTraversalSource-specific options are preceded by graph.traversal_sources.* where * must be a specified traversal source such as the graph traversal g; for example, graph.traversal_sources.g.type. The most common TraversalSource is the graph traversal g.
Option argument Setting Example Description Default
Table 3. Transaction-specific optionsTransaction-specific options are preceded by graph.tx_groups.* where * must be specified as a transaction group or default. For example, graph.tx_groups.default.read_only will make all transactions not explicitly named read_only, whereas graph.tx_groups.myTxGroup.read_only would apply only to transactions which are given the group name myTxGroup.
Option Setting Example Description Default
internal_vertex_verify true Set transaction to verify that vertices for internally provided auto-generated vertex ids actually exist. false
external_vertex_verify false Set transaction to verify that vertices for externally provided user-defined vertex ids actually exist. true
prefetch true Sets the query executor to asynchronously pre-fetch data based on its expected execution of the traversal prior to the data being requested. This can reduce transaction latency but can cause throughput to worse. true
read_only true Set a transaction to read-only. false
single_thread true Set a transaction to be only accessed by a single thread. false
thread_bound true Set a transaction to be bound to a particular thread. false
vertex_cache_size 4000 Maximum size of the transaction-level cache of recently-used vertices 10000l
Configure a Classic graph. Options can be set with either the graph - Classic engine or Schema API, and get or unset operations are accomplished with the Schema API.


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- Student DWIVEDI DRISHTI KANCHAN SUSHMA
- Code PUI22110
- Faculty Planning
- Tutor/s Saswat Bandyopadhyay,Gargi Mishra
- TA Nirali Shah
The pilot is a part of the City Infrastructure Plan for Ujjain which aims to establish a Tertiary Water Treatment Plant in Ujjain to optimize the reuse of treated wastewater and reduce dependence on freshwater resources. It seeks to promote sustainable water management and build a water-positive future for Ujjain by providing safe and effective treated wastewater for non-potable uses.


ug_N\]
Field
Type
Option
Value
stress
Neumann
expr
\(\ug_DN\)
Integral boundary condition
\[\int_{\Gamma_I} \usigma \; \un = \underline{\mathbf{F}}_{target}\]
Field
Type
Option
Value
stress
Integral
expr
\(\underline{\mathbf{F}}_{target}\)
2.3.4. Source Term
The source term \(\underline{\mathbf{F}}_{ext}\) is treated as a boundary condition.
Field
Type
Option
Value
stress
SourceTerm
expr
\(\underline{\mathbf{F}}_{ext}\)
2.3.5. Post Process
Two fields can be exported, the displacement \(\uu\) and the stress \(\usigma\).
Post Process section
"PostProcess":
{
 "Fields":["displacement","stress"]
}
Moreover it is possible to apply a scaling after the computation and then export the scaled field, in particular we define in the material section the scale factor for the elements with a specific marker.
Material section
"Materials":
{
 "<marker>":
 {
 "scale_displacement":"1",
 "scale_stress":"1:
 }
}
Post Process section
"PostProcess":
{
 "Fields":["displacement","stress","scaled_displacement","scaled_stress"]
}
2.4. Create applications
In order to solve linear elasticity problem, an application should contain at least
Minimal Elasticity case
 typedef FeelModels::MixedElasticity<FEELPP_DIM,FEELPP_ORDER> me_type;
 auto ME = me_type::New("mixedelasticity");
 ME->init();
 ME->solve();
 ME->exportResults();
The assembling for the constant part is inside the initialization, while the assembling of the non-constant part (e.g. the right hand side) is in the solve method.
2.5. Run simulations
Programme available to run simulations:
feelpp_toolbox_mixed-elasticity-model_3DP{<polynomial_order>}_G{<geometric_order>}
with =0,1,2,3,4 and =1,2 .
3. Benchmarks


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Most Recent Stories
Most Popular Stories
UNI Professor Hatches Young Scientists
One University of Northern Iowa professor, with the help of several UNI students, is helping middle school students at Hoover Middle School in Waterloo broaden their understanding of science.
Using plastic culture dishes, saline solution and an incubator from UNI, Darrell Wiens, UNI professor of biology (_URL_ helped Lesley Taylorson's science class incubate a batch of fertile eggs and hatch them. Following UNI students' demonstration the elementary students isolated the embryos, put them in a dish and examined them under a microscope. The image from the microscope was viewed on a magnified TV screen so the class could discuss their observations.
Wiens says the early chick embryo forms the same fundamental anatomy as humans, only much faster.
Leslie Taylorson, Hoover Middle School seventh grade science teacher, looks on as her students discover the chick embryos first hand. Wiens says, "Lesley Taylorson's science room is full of all kinds of interesting things to do -- lots of living creatures and on-going experiments. We just bring additional science experiments every February. I think it's important to introduce younger students to these experiments to help promote their interest in science."


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Usage: Take 1 to 2 tablets daily, or as directed by your qualified health consultant. Easy-Solv® tablets are designed to disintegrate within several minutes of ingestion. Each tablet contains 1000 mg elemental L-Arginine from 1204 mg L-Arginine Hydrochloride.
L-Arginine is an amino acid synthesized by the body from ornithine. Arginine supports protein synthesis as it is involved in the transport and storage of nitrogen. Arginine is important for proper physical performance because it is used by the body to produce creatine. Also Arginine is required for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a secondary messenger involved in blood flow


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This chapter contains an overview of the C++RTL specific data types and constants. A brief explanation of each data type along with sizes is provided.
Basic Data Types and their Sizes
This section lists the basic data types used in C++RTL APIs, indicating the size of each.
- mqbyte - Data defined to occupy 8 bits (unsigned).
- mqchar - Data defined to occupy 8 bits.
- mqshort - Data defined to occupy 16 bits.
- mqint - Data defined to occupy 32 bits.
- mqlong - Data defined to occupy 64 bits.
- mqfloat - Data defined to occupy 32 bits.
- mqdouble - Data defined to occupy 64 bits.
All required public constants are categorized and declared in common_def.h according to JMS specifications.
Messaging related constants are required while creating sessions and sending messages to a queue or topic on the FioranoMQ Server.
Following are the possible values of the acknowledgement mode that can be used while creating a TopicSession or a QueueSession:
- _TAG_ AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE 1
- _TAG_ CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE 2
- _TAG_ DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE 3
Following are the permissible values for the message delivery mode that can be used in publish or send call. The persistence of a message is decided using these constants:
- _TAG_ NON_PERSISTENT 1
- _TAG_ PERSISTENT 2
Following are the string representations of the various message types that can be sent by a C client to the FioranoMQ Server. A call of MSG_getJMSType returns one of these values:
- _TAG_ JMSMESSAGE "Message"
- _TAG_ BYTESMESSAGE "BytesMessage"
- _TAG_ STREAMMESSAGE "StreamMessage"
- _TAG_ MAPMESSAGE "MapMessage"
- _TAG_ TEXTMESSAGE "TextMessage"
Following are some of the permissible values for message priority that can be used in publish or send call:
- _TAG_ MinPriority 0
- _TAG_ MaxPriority 9
- _TAG_ LowPriority 0
- _TAG_ NormPriority 4
- _TAG_ HighPriority 9
The C++RTL adheres to the following naming convention for you to easily identify the classes, constants and member functions with the corresponding definitions in JMS specifications.
As defined in JMS specifications


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A cutting-edge VR experience at the Art Gallery of New South Wales allows the public for the first time to go inside a 500-year-old painting and explore its secrets. Explore scientific clues and maps within a historic portrait of Henry VIII. Find out what elements identified using the Australian Synchrotron reveal about the pigments used and whether the secret to the paintings date is held in the growth rings of the wood it was painted on.
The restoration of a seemingly unremarkable portrait of Henry VIII enabled the Art Gallery of New South Wales to try out something entirely new.
From the Australian Synchrotron's particle accelerator, to super high-resolution photo scanners, fluorescent antibodies and ultra-high magnification electron microscopy, cutting edge technologies brought to bear on an old panel painting have revealed something extraordinary.
Analysis carried out as part of a five-year restoration project of this 500-year-old portrait has unearthed remarkable and profound insights from the moment of the artworks creation, knowledge which is usually available only to the scientists and conservators.
Through this unique VR experience, audience members can time travel to a workshop in Tudor London and teleport into a particle accelerator where information-rich data maps in the form of intensely beautiful images offer previously impossible insights into the world of art.
Only briefly ever displayed, the portrait of Henry VIII had been something of a forgotten orphan in the AGNSW's collection, languishing in storage for decades since acquisition with little known about it.
Catalogued as Anglo-Flemish, 1535-40, curators asked whether the portrait could have been painted in the Tudor Monarchs lifetime. If so, the panel is both artwork and historical document, a rare survivor of a period from which there are few existing records.
Painted on oak panel, such an object would have deteriorated and been altered significantly over five centuries. The curatorial team therefore needed to identify and record the surviving material, to distinguish and potentially remove any non-original alterations and additions and represent the portrait as closely as possible to its original state.
There was also the mystery of who had painted this portrait.
Early research showed that the panel had company in a handful of similar portraits in some prestigious English collections, most notably the National Portrait Gallery and the Society of Antiquaries in London. These were being investigated and found to share enough similarities to be considered to have been from the same hand or hands.
The detection of microscopically fine decorative brushwork and the presence of gold leaf were further clues which pointed to manuscript illuminators at work.
Was it a product of one of the painter-stainer workshops which existed in London at the time, producing likenesses of the King for display as a show of allegiance by members the English elite?
We needed to establish whether our painting should take its place amongst the London group.
Rarely has a painting been so thoroughly scrutinised and never has it been so imaginatively presented in a gallery for such a richly immersive encounter.
Attend a talk in Sydney Science Festival
Join Dr Andrew Yip from the National Institute for Experiemental Arts and AGNSW Conservator Simon Ives to discuss the Henry VR project
When: 12 pm Saturday 11 August
Where: Art Gallery of New South Wales
The Henry VIII VR Experience is on display until 9 September. Guest post by Simon Ives, Conservator Paintings, Art Gallery of New South Wales.


Press Releases
2020-04-16 Korenix LPWA Solution for Environmental Monitoring
IoT applications such as smart meters, traffic tracking, environmental monitoring and other industrial services that connect devices to the cloud are adopted by more and more companies nowadays. When deploying network in environmental monitoring, operators might find multiple challenges, such as, finding or building power source in the filed site, lacking devices that can cover long range area to complete the topology. Moreover, when in the field site, harmful dust or immersion into water happen a lot and devices with IP67 are often required.
LPWA network, Low-power-wide-area network, is a technology that helps operators in IoT or smart city field to meet the specific cost, coverage and power consumption needs. As a communication system to connect IIoT devices and network, LPWA networks are drawing much attention for its major features as follows:
- Low power operation: Battery lifetime of several years with a coin cell battery
- Long range: One base station covers tens of kilometers
- Low data rates: Several dozen bps to 1M bps
- Low communication fees: Several dozen to several hundred yen per month (per connection)
Successful Case
Korenix has offered solution through LPWA solution for street light control at port. The primary point of Smart Street light is to reduce power utilization when there are no activity moments on the road. This project requires a wide range of network cover. The control room needs to connect to the port street light with over 5km distance. Since it is hard to find an extra power source, the end-customer like to use solar panel existing power to supply the wireless device power. By using Korenix LPWA product end-user can easily control the street light from the control room.
Why Korenix:
 1. Require wide range wireless communication. JetWave 4110L can reach 10km transmit range
 2. IP67 housing require
 3. Provide Modbus RTU protocol and commend to sync up the data from sensor to PLC.


+8618640459260 _EMAIL_
Request a Quote
Technology
Will the water jet hurt people?
The use of waterjets is becoming more and more widespread, from military industry, aviation to family food processing, all means that waterjets are no longer out of reach, and slowly waterjets will be closer to our lives. Using water as a knife, is the water jet always soft? If it is used improperly, can it hurt people?
1. Please confirm the power of the water knife
The power of the water jet is related to the pressure and steel grit. The strongest water jet can destroy gold and jade, and easily cut 30cm steel plates. Therefore, the power of water jets for different purposes is different. No matter what kind of water jet is not the ordinary body can withstand Therefore, it is necessary to keep a certain distance from the water jet and use it correctly.
2. Water jets can hurt people
The water jet can not only cut metal, soil and stone, but even meat. Some people abroad have transformed water jets into food processing machinery to process raw and cooked foods. Therefore, water jets can also hurt people. Just like metal knives, standard use can reduce the possibility of accidents.
3. Matters needing attention
3.1. If the waterjet is used, the machine should be turned off before handling the fault.
3.2. Wear masks and goggles according to the use and environment of the water jet
3.3. Flatten the cutting surface during the cutting process to avoid accidents caused by damage to the sand pipe.
3.4. The equipment should be suspended when reclaiming and changing nozzles.
Top


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|Expedition Susquehanna Webquest|
Throughout this WebQuest, you will virtually paddle alongside the explorers of Expedition Susquehanna as they journey 444 miles from the river's headwaters in Cooperstown, New York to the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. You will investigate water quality and land use and try to decide if the Susquehanna River (and by extension the Chesapeake Bay) can be saved. An introduction, the goals, the process, the conclusion, and how to evaluate students on their performance are all included.
Intended for grade levels:
Type of resource:
No specific technical requirements, just a browser required
Cost / Copyright:
Copyright and other use information is unknown. Please consult the resource directly for the latest information.
DLESE Catalog ID: BRIDGE-1971
Resource contact / Creator / Publisher:


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Posted on February 1, 2013 by ilhandsandvoices
Learn Cued Speech!
* Cued speech provides families and professionals with a tool for complete and accurate communication with the deaf in English and MANY other spoken languages
* Combines hand "Cues" with the natural mouth movements of speech, providing 100% visual confirmation of every sound being spoken
* Is easy to learn: the average person needs 10-20 hours of instruction and a few weeks to a few months of practice (to develop fluency)
* Enables a deaf child to achieve AGE-APPROPRIATE language and literacy levels, from infancy through high school, college, and beyond.
Please see the attached flyer for more details:
Cued Speech Workshop Flyer
Please contact Karla Giese, Director of Deaf Services at _EMAIL_
for more information. We offer monthly workshops.
Looking forward to seeing you at one of our workshops!
Filed under: Cued Speech, Education, Education Resources | Leave a Comment »
Posted on February 1, 2008 by ilhandsandvoices
What is Cued Speech?
Cued Speech is a visual communication system — mouth movements of speech combine with "cues" (hand shapes and locations) to make all the sounds (phonemes) of spoken language look different.
Cued Speech Classes
Alternatives for the Hearing Impaired
Second Saturday of each month
2020 E. Camp McDonald Road
Mt. Prospect, IL 60056
Filed under: Cued Speech, Resources | Leave a Comment »


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The History Of St. John Lutheran Church
The history of St. John is really a history of the Reitz family. James and Sarah Reitz lived with their children in Washington Township, Pennsylvania. The year was in the 1910's. James and operated a general store. He suffered from some health issues and was discussing with his family regarding moving to a warmer climate. In 1920, the decision was made to move to a little known area of Sunset Harbor, Florida where James was informed he could get land for cheap. So, it was settled. James sold his general store and fourteen Reitzes made the journey from Pennsylvania to Sunset Harbor, Florida. When they arrived, Sunset Harbor was pretty much uninhabited. However, a few neighbors werespread around here and there. The Reitz's first thoughts were of the Lord, and they began attending church at Weirsdale Presbyterian Church.
The distance was an issue for them and they began searching for a Lutheran pastor to conduct services in their home. With some luck, they were able to locate a Lutheran pastor willing to travel to Sunset Harbor to conduct services. Will Reitz opened his living room to family and a few neighbors. Thus, the first congregation of St. John Lutheran was born. The year was 1922.As the congregation began to grow, the need for a church building was inevitable. In 1927, a church building was erected at the corner of present-day Sunset Harbor Road and SE 158th Place.
It started out as a skeletal building with just four walls, a door and a piano. However, it was a real building and everyone was grateful. The church saw a lot of ups and downs from the 1920's through the 1960's. Interim pastors came and went but the church did not see its first full time pastor until 1984 when Reverend Hugh Mozingo III accepted the calling. Pastor Hugh led services at St. John from _PHONE_. In 1992, the Church Council met to discuss the need for a new church building. The fellowship hall had been added in the 1960's which provided some relief for a growing church but a new church building was again inevitable. Around this time, church member Esther Anderson passed away peacefully in her home. She left her property to St. John Lutheran Church.
Construction shortly began for a new church building that would house such a growing congregation. Not to mention, a parsonage and beautiful view of Lake Weir. Construction was completed in 1997 and the new church building was ready to be moved into. In April, 1997, the congregation of St. John Lutheran held its final service in the old church building at the corner of Sunset Harbor Road and SE 158th Place. The service began in the old building and the congregation proceeded down the street to the new building singing, "Lift High the Cross." Stuart Reitz, grandson of James and Sarah Reitz had reported a heavy heart on such a move, but understanding of the need and gladness to see growth. Since then, St. John has served its community by praising God, sharing the Word, and proclaiming Christ.
I can personally attest to having many happy memories in this church and am overjoyed to watch my children make the same kind of happy memories I did. From youth outings, plays, seafood boils, and congregation picnics, this congregation is its own family. It has been 94 years since my great-great grandparents James and Sarah Reitz and their family organized the first congregation of St. John. I fully intend for another 94 years of history to unfold itself. Thank you for reading about the history of my family, the history of St. John Lutheran. If you haven't already, I hope you will visit this unique part of Sunset Harbor history very soon. We look forward to seeing you.


the definition as "pointwise supremum of affine functions". Let's look again at the definition:
A function {f:V\rightarrow {\mathbb R}} is convex and lsc if there is a subset {S} of {V^*\times {\mathbb R}} such that
\displaystyle f(x) = \sup_{(a,c)\in S} \langle a,x\rangle + c.
We abstract away the vector space structure and hence, also the duality, but keep the real-valuedness (together with its order) and define:
Definition 7 Let {X} be a set and let {W} be a set of real valued function on {X}. Then a function {f:X\rightarrow{\mathbb R}} is said to be {W}-convex if there is a subset {S} of {W\times {\mathbb R}} such that
\displaystyle f(x) = \sup_{(w,c)\in S} w(x) + c.
What we did in this definition was simply to replace continuous affine functions {x\mapsto \langle a,x\rangle} on a vector space by an arbitrary collection of real valued functions {x\mapsto w(x)} on a set. On sees immediately that for every function {w\in W} and any real number {c} the function {w+c} is {W} convex (similarly to the fact that every affine linear function is convex).
Another nice thing about this approach is, that it allows for some notion of duality/conjugation. For {f:V\rightarrow{\mathbb R}} we define the {W}-conjugate by
\displaystyle f^{W*}(w) = \sup_{w\in W} \Big(w(x)- f(x) \Big)
and we can even formulate a biconjugate
\displaystyle f^{W**}(x) = \sup_x \Big(w(x) - f^{W*}(w)\Big).
We naturally have a Fenchel inequality
\displaystyle w(x) \leq f(x) + f^{W*}(w)
and we may even define subgradients as usual. Note that a conventional subgradient is an element of the dual space which defines a tangent plane at the point where the subgradient is taken, that is, {a\in V^*} is a subgradient of {f} at {x}, if for all {y\in V} it holds that {f(y) \geq f(x) + \langle a,y-x\rangle} or
\displaystyle f(y) - \langle a,y\rangle\geq f(x) - \langle a,x\rangle.
A {W}-subgradient is an element of {W}, namely we define: {w\in\partial^{W}f(x)} if
\displaystyle \text{for all}\ y:\quad f(y) -w(y) \geq f(x) - w(x).
Then we also have a Fenchel equality:
\displaystyle w\in\partial^W f(x)\iff w(x) = f(x) + f^{W*}(w).
One may also take dualization as the starting point for an abstraction.
4. Abstract conjugation
We could formulate the {W}-conjugate as follows: For {\Phi(w,x) = w(x)} we have
\displaystyle f^{W*}(x) = \sup_w \Big(\Phi(w,x) - f(x)\Big).
This opens the door to another abstraction: For some sets {X,W} (without any additional structure) define a coupling function {\Phi: X\times W \rightarrow {\mathbb R}} and define the {\Phi}-conjugate as
\displaystyle f^{\Phi*}(w) = \sup_x \Big(\Phi(w,x) - f(x)\Big)
and the {\Phi}-biconjugate as
\displaystyle f^{\Phi**}(x) = \sup_x \Big(\Phi(w,x) - f^{W*}(w)\Big)
ISMP LogoISMP is over now and I'm already home. I do not have many things to report on from the last day. This is not due the lower quality of the talks but due to the fact that I was a little bit exhausted, as usual at the end of a five-day conference. However, I collect a few things for the record:
 - In the morning I visited the semi-planary by Xiaojun Chenon non-convex and non-smooth minimization with smoothing methods. Not surprisingly, she treated the problem
 \displaystyle \min_x f(x) + \|x\|_p^p
 with convex and smooth {f:{\mathbb R}^n\rightarrow{\mathbb R}} and {0<p<1}. She proposed and analyzed smoothing methods, that is, to smooth the problem a bit to obtain a Lipschitz-continuous objective function {\phi_\epsilon}, minimizing this and then gradually decreasing {\epsilon}. This works, as she showed. If I remember correctly, she also treated "iteratively reweighted least squares" as I described in my previous post. Unfortunately, she did not include the generalized forward-backward methods based on {\text{prox}}-functions for non-convex functions. Kristian and I pursued this approach in our paper Minimization of non-smooth, non-convex functionals by iterative thresholding and some special features of our analysis include:
 - A condition which excludes some (but not all) local minimizers from being global.
 - An algorithm which avoids this non-global minimizers by carefully adjusting the steplength of the method.
 - A result that the number of local minimizers is still finite, even if the problem is posed in {\ell^2({\mathbb N})} and not in {{\mathbb R}^n}.
 Most of our results hold true, if the {p}-quasi-norm is replaced by functions of the form
 \displaystyle \sum_n \phi_n(|x_n|)
 with special non-convex {\phi}, namely fulfilling a list of assumptions like
 - {\phi'(x) \rightarrow \infty} for {x\rightarrow 0} (infinite slope at {0}) and {\phi(x)\rightarrow\infty} for {x\rightarrow\infty} (mild coercivity),
 - {\phi'} strictly convex on {]0,\infty[} and {\phi'(x)/x\rightarrow 0} for {x\rightarrow\infty},
 - for each {b>0} there is {a>0} such that for {x<b} it holds that {\phi(x)>ax^2}, and
 - local integrability of some section of {\partial\phi'(x) x}.
 As one easily sees, {p}-quasi-norms fulfill the assumptions and some other interesting functions as well (e.g. some with very steep slope at {0} like {x\mapsto \log(x^{1/3}+1)}).
 - Jorge Nocedalgave a talk on second-order methods for non-smooth problems and his main example was a functional like
 \displaystyle \min_x f(x) + \|x\|_1
 with a convex and smooth {f}, but different from Xiaojun Chen, he only considered the {1}-norm. His talked is among the best planary talks I have ever attended and it was a great pleasure to listen to him. He carefully explained things and put them in perspective. In the case he skipped slides, he made me feel that I either did not miss an important thing, or understood them even though he didn't show them He argued that it is not necessarily more expensive to use second order information in contrast to first order methods. Indeed, the {1}-norm can be used to reduce the number of degrees of freedom for a second order step. What was pretty interesting is, that he advocated semismooth Newton methods for this problem. Roland and I pursued this approach some time ago in our paper A Semismooth Newton Method for Tikhonov Functionals with Sparsity Constraints and, if I remember correctly (my notes are not complete at this point), his family of methods included our ssn-method. The method Roland and I proposed worked amazingly well in the cases in which it converged but the method suffered from non-global convergence. We had some preliminary ideas for


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Doctor of Philosophy
Anatomy and Cell Biology
Dr. Timothy D. Wilson
Dr. Andrew J. Nelson
This dissertation explored the relationship between internal and external visualizations and the implications of this relationship for comprehending visuospatial anatomical information. External visualizations comprised different computer representations of anatomical structures, including: static, animated, non-interactive, interactive, non-stereoscopic, and stereoscopic visualizations. Internal visualizations involved examining participants' ability to apprehend, encode, and manipulate mental representations (i.e., spatial visualization ability or Vz). Comprehension was measured with a novel spatial anatomy task that involved mental manipulation of anatomical structures in three-dimensions and two-dimensional cross-sections. It was hypothesized that performance on the spatial anatomy task would involve a trade-off between internal and external visualizations available to the learner.
Results from experiments 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated that in the absence of computer visualizations, spatial visualization ability (Vz) was the main contributor to variation in spatial anatomy task performance. Subjects with high Vz scored higher, spent less time, and were more accurate than those with low Vz. In the presence of external computer visualizations, variation in task performance was attributed to both Vz and visuospatial characteristics of the computer visualization. While static representations improved performance of highand low-Vz subjects equally, animations particularly benefited high Vz subjects, as their mean score on the SAT was significantly higher than the mean score of low Vz subjects. The addition of interactivity and stereopsis to the displays offered no additional advantages over non-interactive and non-stereoscopic visualizations. Interactive, non-interactive, stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic visualizations improved the performance of highand low-Vz subjects equally.
It was concluded that comprehension of visuospatial anatomical information involved a trade-off between the perception of external visualizations and the ability to maintain and manipulate internal visualizations. There is an inherent belief that increasing the educational effectiveness of computer visualizations is a mere question of making them dynamic, interactive, and/or realistic. However, experiments 1, 2, and 3 clearly demonstrate that this is not the case, and that the benefits of computer visualizations vary according to learner characteristics, particularly spatial visualization ability.
Nguyen, Ngan T., "Anatomy: The Relationship Between Internal and External Visualizations" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 468.


text: Suppose a DC power source with a voltage of 50 volts is connected to a 10 ? load. How much power will this load dissipate? Now suppose the same 10 ? load is connected to a sinusoidal AC power source with a peak voltage of 50 volts. Will the load dissipate the same amount of power, more power, or less power? Explain your answer.


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OpenSPIM stage control
Controlling the stage is accomplished primarily through µManager's live window: after a pixel size has been provided, the user can simply click and drag across the display to change the view accordingly. The scroll wheel is used for depth/focus movement. The OpenSPIM software provides an additional dimension of control in the rotational motor: holding the Alt key while moving the mouse side-to-side will cause the sample to be rotated about a previously-determined axis.
Alternative for precise control
Alternatively, the stage controls tab of the OpenSPIM plugin can be used to move to specific locations.


Classic read: A Scots Quair
Issue section:
Lewis Grassic Gibbon, First published 1932
In a small village near Stonehaven in north east Scotland is a museum dedicated to the writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon.
The centre, near the farm in Arbuthnott where he grew up, is surrounded by the Mearns, the area Grassic Gibbon immortalised through his portrayal of its distinctive speech and culture.
Lewis Grassic Gibbon was the pen name used by James Leslie Mitchell, a revolutionary Marxist until his death.
The trilogy A Scots Quair, written between 1932 and 1934 and made up of Sunset Song, Cloud Howe and Grey Granite, is his best known work - and greatest achievement.
Following the life of its heroine Chris Guthrie, the three novels take the reader through changing times with the rise of the working class from the Great War to the growing influence of communism in the 1920s. The novels are also highly innovative in style, language and thought.
Mitchell, born in 1901 in Aberdeenshire, the son of an impoverished crofter, became a prolific writer, publishing 17 books in seven years.
His family moved to the Mearns in much the same way as Chris Guthrie's did in Sunset Song. After only one year of secondary schooling, he moved to Aberdeen to become a cub reporter on the Aberdeen Press and Journal.
Aged 16 he became a committed revolutionary in 1917 after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and he and a junior reporter from another paper were elected to the Aberdeen "soviet council."
Moving to Glasgow in 1919 he worked as a journalist before being sacked for his Marxist views. Forced through poverty to enlist in the armed forces, he left to write full time, though was financially unsuccessful.
His groundbreaking style, particularly in the Prelude of Sunset Song, is difficult at first, with familiar rules of grammar and syntax cast aside. But after a while you begin to hear the voice of the storyteller and the language becomes mesmerising.
Its combination of realist narrative and lyrical use of dialect is considered to be among the defining works of 20th century Scottish literature.
The trilogy is written in the vernacular, showing Grassic Gibbon's extraordinary ability to reflect the language of ordinary Scottish people.
As Paul Foot wrote, "He captures the music and the irony of the language, conveying his political message not by dreary (or even subtle) propaganda, but chiefly by means of a gentle, searing mockery.
"He manages without humiliating his characters to detect and untie the knots in their thinking. His characters are so subtly blended and balanced, their thoughts and expressions so riddled with dialectic and larded with humour that the reader cannot help being absorbed in them."
The period in which Grassic Gibbon wrote the trilogy was the aftermath of the betrayal by Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government. He also raised questions about the early CP in his search for a way forward.
Tragically, Gibbon worked himself into ill health. Shortly after Grey Granite was published he died of a perforated ulcer just before his 34th birthday in 1935.


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SVD Detection for Cognitive Radio Network Based on Average of Maximum-Minimum of the ICDF
Spectrum sensing in Cognitive Radio (CR) has been a very important function to enable the state of the art technology in revolutionizing spectrum efficient utilization. SVD stands for Singular Value Decomposition. It's a method for matrix decomposition/factorization. The simplest way to visualize and understand how SVD is useful is to think in terms of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/dimensionality reduction. In this paper, the authors provide an average of maximum-minimum Inverse Cumulative Distribution Function (ICDF). They use raised cosine to test the performance of the signal detector to perform the simulation. The average eigenvalue based SVD signal detector was found to be more efficient in sensing signal without knowing the properties of the transmitted signal.
Provided by: ACCENTS Topic: Mobility Date Added: Sep 2012 Format: PDF


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H. E. Weekes; V. A. Vorontsov; I. P. Dolbnya; J. D. Plummer; F. Giuliani; T. B. Britton; D. Dye
Acta Materialia 92 (2015) 81-96
Deformation of hydrided Zircaloy-4 has been examined using in situ loading of hydrided micropillars in the scanning electron microscope and using synchrotron X-ray Laue microbeam diffraction. Results suggest that both the matrix and hydride can co-deform, with storage of deformation defects observed within the hydrides, which were twinned. Hydrides placed at the plane of maximum shear stress showed deformation within the hydride packet, whilst packets in other pillars arrested the propagation of shear bands. X-ray Laue peak broadening, prior to deformation, was associated with the precipitation of hydrides, and during deformation plastic rotation and broadening of both the matrix and hydride peaks were observed. Post-mortem TEM of the deformed pillars has indicated a greater density of dislocations associated with the precipitated hydride packets, while the observed broadening of the hydride electron diffraction spots further suggests that plastic strain gradients were induced in the hydrides by compression.


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The doctrine of purgatory is revealed through certain scriptural texts which speak of a burning fire – cf. 1 Cor 3:15, 1 Pet 1:7. Though there are certainly other passages of the Bible which can be drawn upon (e.g. Job praying for his dead children, the Judas Maccabeus praying for the dead), the Tradition of the Church has principally relied upon the passages referring to fire – this is especially noticeable in the declarations of Florence and Trent.
Hence, we come to a very important question: If the Church discovered the doctrine of purgatory through meditating upon the scriptural images of a purifying fire, ought we to hold that there is material fire in purgatory? With the help of the Catechism of the Catholic Church and the great Thomistic theologian Fr. Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, we may succeed in shedding some light upon this question.
Not a clear teaching of the Church
That there is fire in purgatory is not a clear teaching of the Church – Garrigou-Lagrange considers it a sententia probabilissima (the most probable doctrine), but not a defined teaching of the Church. He notes that the Council of Florence did not condemn the Greek schismatics who denied the existence of fire in purgatory, though it does favor the common Latin opinion affirming the presence of material fire there.
On the other hand, it is important to mention that the Church has not rejected the possibility of material fire in purgatory. The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC _PHONE_) refers to the fire and flames of purgatory twice, never indicating that these flames are metaphorical. Thus, the Church seems to feel bound to at least allow for the possibility of a strictly literal interpretation of the purifying fire and uses the language of fire and of flames without any hint that this is meant metaphorically.
How can a disembodied soul suffer from material flames?
Fr. Garrigou-Lagrange, following St. Thomas Aquinas, affirms that it is possible for spiritual beings to "suffer" from material flames – this is called the pain of sense. It is a clear doctrine of the Church that the souls in purgatory undergo the pain of sense, at least spiritually – even if there are no physical flames in purgatory, the souls there suffer in their spiritual senses. The chief pain of purgatory is the delay of the beatific vision, but in addition to this there also the pain of sense.
A disembodied soul cannot suffer from material flames in the same way a body or even an embodied soul can suffer from them. The separated spirit suffers insofar as it is bound to the material flames and hindered from acting as it would and where it would. There is a certain humiliation inflicted upon the soul since it is made to depend upon a material creature (i.e. the fire). A loose analogy is seen in a paralyzed person who cannot act as they would.
Are there material flames in purgatory?
Here we will cite the words of the venerable father Garrigou-Lagrange: "After long discussions and wide historical researches on this particular point, it seems wise to conclude with St. Robert Bellarmine and Suarez as follows, 'Although the existence of fire in purgatory is less certain than that of fire in hell, the doctrine which admits a real fire in purgatory must be classified as a sentential probabilissima. Hence the contrary opinion is improbable.'
"This view rests on seven reasons: first, the consent of scholastic theologians. Second, the authority of St. Gregory the Great (Dial. 4, 39). Third, the authority of St. Augustine. Forth, the concordant testimonies of St. Cyprian, St. Basil, St. Caesarius, of the liturgy, which begs refreshment of these souls. Fifth, the unanimous decision of the Latin fathers at the Council of Florence. Sixth, the very probable foundation found in 1 Corinthians 3:15. Seventh, particular revelations, for example those of St. Catherine of Ricci. She suffered forty days to deliver a soul from purgatory. A novice, touching her hand, said, 'But, my mother, you are burning.' 'Yes, my daughter,' she replied, 'this fire is not seen, but it consumes like a burning fever.'" (from Life Everlasting)
Throughout the next couple of weeks, I will post on several additional questions regarding the nature of purgatory. Let us all pray for the Poor Souls during the next month!


ieves or Scouts who are scouting ahead, and depending on the lens chosen (if any), they can pick up a lot of out-of-combat utility.
Saturday, October 26, 2013
Magic Economics: How much should spellcasting cost?
GURPS Magic has a section on the economics of creating magic items, which is fairly reasonable: it starts by assuming the monthly wages of wizards capable of enchantment, and works from there to determine how much enchantments would need to cost for them to be able to earn those enchantments. Which is fine, but it's something of a static analysis: if a wizard earns an Average wage (as defined by the GURPS rules), then magic items cost so much. But it doesn't really address what a wizard should earn, assuming that should be a setting detail.
The thing is that a wizard's earnings should be based on the opportunity cost of not paying a wizard to cast some particular spell. If a wizard can produce some service that people would want to buy for less than other providers, then people seeking that service are going to bid up the wizard's payments until the cost matches the other providers. Since many things that a wizard can theoretically provide have no easy to price equivalent service (what's the value of a Teleport Other spell?), this exercise can't necessarily determine how much a wizard should get paid, but it can put a lower bound on a wizard's wages. If a wizard can maintain a Wealthy lifestyle by casting Create Food, there's little reason to think that he's going to work for Average wages by enchanting objects.
The Opportunity Costs of Candles and Continual Light
As mentioned, a lot of spells provide services that don't have an easy to price equivalent. But some spells do. For example, Continual Light provides enough light to eliminate darkness penalties in a 1, 2, or 3 yard radius for an average of 7 days. $7 of tallow candles provides 1 yard of light for 7 days; a $20 lantern and $14 of lantern oil provides 2 yards of light for 7 days. A wizard who can make an acceptable living by casting Continual Light for $7 or less can undercut candlemakers and oil salesman; a wizard who needs more money than that might have a niche market (underwater lighting, for instance) or need to find other spells to earn money.
Continual Light is an interesting spell for this example because it is easy to learn: it requires Magery 0 and a single prerequisite within the same college. Even an IQ11, Magery 0 spellcaster can learn with not much effort: learning two hard skills, one to a professional level, is equivalent to getting a BS with a major and a minor. It has a linear energy cost of 2 per yard of light produced, so 2 energy for a 1 yard light and a 4 energy for a 2 yard light, nicely matching the doubled cost of moving from candles to lantern oil.
Using the standard magic system, a hypothetical IQ11, Magery 0 spellcaster with Light-9 and Continual Light-13 can recover 6 FP per hour, succeeds in casting Continual Light 86% of time, and can expect to produce 20 castings of a 1 yard Continual Light per 8 hour working day. Selling these spells for a mere $6 each and leaving some leeway for disastrous critical failures (roughly twice a year, our wizard forgets how to cast Continual Light for an average of 2 weeks and every other year he summons a demon) gives an income that is high end Comfortable, if not Wealthy, in GURPS terms. A delving or enchanter grade wizard, with IQ15, Magery 3+, and Recover Energy-15 puts out 95 castings a day and is Very Wealthy if not Filthy Rich.
In a Threshold system, a wizard's spellcasting frequency is limited by the lower of his Threshold or his Recovery Rate. Thaumatology suggests a Recovery Rate of 8, which puts the sample minimal spellcaster at a low Average wage, and a delving grade wizard (without an increased Recovery Rate) at Average or possibly Comfortable. My College Ritual Book system suggests that Recovery Rate should be purchased as an advantage. A low end spellworker with Recovery Rate 10 makes at least Average wage, and a delving wizard can earn Comfortable to Wealth wages, depending on his exact Recovery Rate.
So what does this mean?
This is a pretty simple thought experiment, but it strongly suggests that most lighting in a world of magic should either be Continual Light spells, or that wizards should be paid more than the standard GURPS model. The standard model assumes that wizards get paid Average wages and that spells cost about $1/FP to cast. More realistically, wizards should get paid Wealthy to Filthy Rich wages and spells should cost $5/FP to cast (or probably more, since this analysis doesn't begin to factor in the rarity costs of being the only IQ16 wizard in 200 miles who knows how to cast Teleport Other).
Which isn't to say that all PC wizards should be rich and well-employed, casting Continual Light all day. PC wizards tend to have all kinds of issues that make them unsuitable for employment, such as Obsessions with becoming liches or an Elder Thing ancestry. It just means that NPC wizards who lack those issues should be well paid, and willing to charge people a pretty penny for spell-casting services.
Aside: What About Enchantment?
At the start of this discussion, I noted that the GURPS Magic treatment of the enchantment of magic items assumes certain wages and works out the cost of magical items from there. It does have a brief section on changing those assumptions. The cost of Quick and Dirty enchantment goes from $1/point to $25/point (Filthy Rich enchanters with Enchantment-20 could easily have Continual Light-20 and be raking it in on the lighting market, so they don't come cheap) while Slow and Sure enchantment goes from $33/point to $666/point.
Alternately, people can ditch the GURPS Magic enchantment rules, which don't produce very fun or interesting results anyway. In Dungeon Fantasy, PCs can't become enchanters, and the exact details of the enchanting process are unknown. It's entirely possible that Q&D items are still $1/point because it doesn't take a master enchanter and a circle of five enchanter-grade wizards costing $6600/day to produce 4 Q&D items/day. Maybe a single enchanter can pump out 6 of them a day.
Thursday, October 24, 2013
Rationalizing Damage Spells in GURPS
GURPS Magic presents a variety of combat spells that do direct damage: Stone Missile, Fireball, Sunbolt, Deathtouch, Lightning Bolt, Explosive Fireball, and many others. They're scattered across the colleges, and while there's something of a theme of a touch spell, a jet spell, a basic missile spell, an explosive missile spell, a rain spell, and a breath spell, not every college has all of those spells and the damage and side effects of the various spells vary tremendously, even within the same college. A lightning bolt has different side effects than a shocking touch, even though they're both supposed to represent hitting someone with a huge jolt of electricity.
Arguably, magic should be mysterious, organic, and off-beat. Not every college should have every type of spell, and maybe the effects of lightning should differ depending on how it is used. I don't hold to that view. Magic in GURPS is consistent and organized.
This is an attempt to rationalize the spells, so that there is a common list of elemental effects and common list of spell forms. It also makes most direct damage spells a bit cheaper, so as to encourage blaster style casters over utility casters.
Revamping Missile Spells
Currently, missile spells in GURPS have their own set of rules. A missile spell creates some object that can be thrown, with a base damage related to the caster's Magery. If the caster has time, she can concentrate on it more, building up the damage for up to 3 seconds - if she has the energy to do so.
In practice, this model is not particularly satisfactory in play. Spellcasters normally only build up spells in ambush situations, when they know they have time to do so safely and recover the energy before starting the fight. In those circumstances, a caster creates a 9d missile spell, and then potentially does a huge amount of damage to a single target - more than anyone else in the game with a single strike. The rest of the time, the caster only builds the missile spell for a second, and does somewhere between 1d and 6d damage, depending on Magery and available FP. Sometimes a caster will use an explosive spell to damage multiple targets, but the poor damage propagation makes this futile, as even an explosive spell that does 18d to the target at the center of the blast does only 3d to people 2 hexes away, and the more reasonable 6d explosive spell rarely penetrates the armor of targets more than a yard away.
I want a system where wizards can contribute reasonably to fighting a single big monster, without having to burn all their fatigue on a single all-or-nothing attack, and can also do reasonable amounts of damage to clustered targets. So I'm changing the rules for Melee, Missile, and other damaging spells.
Fast progression damaging spells (such as Lightning Bolt or Flame Jet) can do a base damage of Sw


Dimplez Dreamz youth workforce fellowship aims to deliver educational, employment, and training services for young adults (ages 16-24) in Philadelphia. We provide virtual one-on-one case management services, mentorships, occupational skills, work experience training, entrepreneurship, and leadership development. Each cohort will tremendously help 50 young people from diverse ethnic backgrounds and adverse environments. Our program also focuses on behavioral training methods to reduce violence, such as conflict resolution and finding common ground with one another.
By developing an aggressive workforce program, the youth can be better positioned to obtain educational and employment opportunities so we can build a more productive and nonviolent community.
If you or know someone that would benefit by being apart of the fellowship please complete the interest form.
Dimplez Dreamz Workforce Fellowship Interest Form


Home quiz Eating For Body Type Quiz
Eating For Body Type Quiz
Eating For Body Type Quiz. Find yummy ayurvedic recipes and foods that fit your body type.; Body types or somatotypes are hereditary traits based on your skeletal frame (bone structure and density) and body composition (muscle and fat mass).
7 questions to identify your type. Each of these doshic body types uses metabolic energy in a unique way. Find something (or things!) you like about your body.
Reply · June 13, 2019 At 9:01 Am;
How much do you know about healthy eating? As a result, your body can stay stronger and healthier even as. Why eating meat cause type 2 diabetes type 1.
Take The Ayurvedic Body Type Dosha Quiz For More Information.
For instance, an endomorph probably wouldn't eat oatmeal because the thinking goes that this body type is best off eating fewer carbs. It is a serious psychological problem that can cause severe distress and anxiety. Over 7 years on we've seen over 400 , 000 people assess their diet and discover where their diet is placed amongst the australian dietary recommendations.
Is There Another Link Or Glitch?
The speed at which food is broken down to produce energy is called the metabolic rate. This body type is thin, usually tall, and lanky. Body dysmorphia isn't just a vanity issue.
READ ALSO What Celebrity Do I Look Like Quiz For Kids
The Ultimate Guide To Eating And Training Right For Your Body Type By Phil.
Body types or somatotypes are hereditary traits based on your skeletal frame (bone structure and density) and body composition (muscle and fat mass). Take this ayurvedic body type quiz to determine your type. The faster the process, the more fat you burn, but if it is slower, you store more.
There Are Four Different Body Types And Four Different Approaches To Weight Loss For Each Type.
Individuals with a sturdy, rounder bone. Use this body type quiz to find out which of the four unique body types you are. Understanding bone structure and fat/muscle distribution can help you reach your fitness goals.


Initializer
init(deviceRed:green:blue:alpha:)
Creates a color object using the given opacity value and RGB components.
Declaration
init(deviceRed red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Parameters
red
The red component of the color object.
green
The green component of the color object.
blue
The blue component of the color object.
alpha
The opacity value of the color object.
Return Value
The color object.
Discussion
Values below 0.0 are interpreted as 0.0, and values above 1.0 are interpreted as 1.0.
See Also
Creating a Color Using RGB Components
init(srgbRed: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object from the specified components in the sRGB colorspace.
init(displayP3Red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object from the specified components in the Display P3 color space.
init(red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object with the specified red, green, blue, and alpha channel values.
init(calibratedRed: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object using the given opacity and RGB components.