March 27, 2013
Under California Penal Code section 261, rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse with someone other than your spouse that is accomplished with the use of force, threat or fraud.
Prosecution for Rape in Ventura
To secure a conviction against you for rape in Ventura, the prosecutor must prove the following:
1. You had sexual intercourse with the victim;
2. You were not married to the victim at the time of intercourse;
3. The victim did not consent to the intercourse; AND
4. You accomplished the intercourse with the use of force, threat or fraud.
Sentencing and Punishment for Rape in Ventura
The sentencing for a rape conviction in Ventura can be severe. Under California law, rape is a felony, punishable by a prison term of up to eight years in state prison. If the victim sustains great bodily injury as a result of the rape, the judge may impose an additional prison term of up to five years. If convicted, you will likely be required to register as a sex offender under PC 290 (link).
Defenses to Rape in Ventura
Fortunately, your Ventura Wallin & Klarich Rape Defense Attorneys can obtain the best possible outcome in your case by using a variety of defenses, including:
False Accusations
An accuser may have falsely claimed rape due to jealousy or anger towards you. Your Ventura Wallin & Klarich Rape Defense Attorneys can search emails, voicemails, and other communications between you and your accuser (or even the accuser and a third party) to help reveal his or her dishonest motives. In addition, your Wallin & Klarich Attorneys will carefully examine the victim's history of allegations to determine whether a suspicious pattern of false accusations exists.
Mistaken Identity
If a victim was unable to properly and correctly identify his or her attacker, this defense applies. For example, the victim may have had difficulty accurately identifying his or her attacker if:
- The act took place under dim lighting;
- The attacker was wearing a physical disguise;
- The victim was intoxicated at the time of the act; or
- The victim was involved in a prejudicial police line-up.
If you reasonably believed that the victim consented to intercourse, then you have a complete defense to rape. The jury will examine the circumstances surrounding the incident and determine whether your belief that the victim consented was reasonable.
If the victim initially consented to the intercourse, but later withdrew his or her consent, you can still be charged with rape if:
1. The victim communicated to you that she objects to the intercourse and wishes to stop;
2. The victim communicated his or her objection through words or actions that a reasonable person would understand as lack of consent; AND
3. You forcibly continued the act of intercourse despite the objections.
Ventura Rape Defense Attorneys at Wallin & Klarich
If you are being accused of rape in Ventura, Wallin & Klarich can help. With offices in Orange County, Los Angeles, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura, Victorville, West Covina, Torrance, and Sherman Oaks, our highly skilled and professional Ventura Rape Defense Attorneys have over 30 years of experience successfully defending clients against rape charges.
Call us today at _PHONE_ or fill out our confidential form online. We will be there when you call.
Author:Stephen D. Klarich
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Managing for Outcomes
People and organisations involved in fishing generally share our goal of sustainable fisheries. We want the best value from our fisheries resources, while keeping the aquatic ecosystem strong and healthy. For this, we need a credible and effective management system.
The Ministry of Fisheries uses statements of desired outcomes to guide its activities. These describe what we want to achieve and how it will be achieved, using incentives, management measures, and fisheries services.
Statements of outcomes start wide in scope, but become more specific when describing particular measures, services or activities. The results that must be produced by both fishers and managers to achieve the outcomes will be clearly defined.
Managing for fisheries outcomes consists of the following parts:
- Outcomes – desired results across fisheries.
- Standards – required levels of performance.
- Objectives – desired results for a specific fishery.
- Rules – Strategies – Interventions – management measures to meet standards and achieve objectives.
- Services – management activities to enable rules to be complied with.
- Monitoring and evaluation.
These provide a clear basis for interacting with tangata whenua and stakeholders on proposed management of fisheries. They also provide a basis for monitoring and evaluating what is delivered both in respect of outcomes and implementation. The last four parts listed above will be contained in fisheries plans.
The basic features of the outcomes model are set out in the following diagram.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Study objective: Little is known about the accuracy and reliability of current triage methods. We examined agreement among observers with regard to the need for ED care and the ability to predict at triage the need for admission to the hospital and compared these findings with admission rates after medical evaluation and management. Methods: We used a crossover design in which each subject was subjected to nurse or computer-guided triage first, the other type of triage second, and physician triage last. Our null hypothesis: Triage methods will yield the same results. Our patients were a consecutive sample of patients at the ED of a university-affiliated county referral center. Critically ill patients were excluded. Triage categorization was examined for interobserver agreement (κ-statistic) and prediction of admission (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values). Results: Of the 5,106 patients enrolled in the study, 289 (6.2%) were admitted. With regard to the agreement of triage categorizatiens, we found κ-values of.452 and.185, respectively, for physician triage compared with nurse (SE±.012) and computer triage (SE±.012) (P=.001 for the difference between the κ-values). Sensitivity and specificity in predicting admission were 41.3 and 93.8, respectively, for nurses; 61.6 and 87.1, respectively, for physicians; and 68.2 and 73.6, respectively, for computer-aided triage. Conclusion: We found great variability among physicians, nurses, and a computer program with regard to triage decisions. Comparison of the three groups' triage decisions with actual data after medical evaluation and management showed that none of the three performed well in predicting which patients required admission. Until triage methods are standardized and validated, triage decisions should not be used to determine the timeliness of access to emergency care.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Emergency Medicine

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


SharePoint recovery on an item-level basis
SharePoint recovery of data can be complicated, but in this tip, Brien Posey shows how to perform item-level data recovery.
SharePoint recovery of data can be a surprisingly complicated process. Microsoft makes it relatively easy to restore a site collection, but if you need to restore such lower-level objects as individual sites, applications, lists or libraries, the recovery process becomes much less intuitive. This article provides an overview of the process of performing item-level recovery of SharePoint data.
Performing item-level recovery using the built-in tools requires the use of a disaster recovery "farm," which acts as a repository for the data that is being restored. This holds true whether you want to recover a site, a list, a library or even a document.
Once you have created it, you restore your SharePoint backup to the disaster recovery farm. The backup does not get restored to the production farm because the goal is to recover a specific piece of data. Restoring a backup to the production farm would overwrite data that shouldn't be replaced.
Exporting an item
Once your backup has been restored to the disaster recovery farm, the next step is to export the data you want to restore so you can import it into your production environment. The data export process can be performed only through the SharePoint Management Shell. To do this, you have to use the Export-SPWeb cmdlet command. This cmdlet's syntax looks like this:
Export-SPWeb –Identity <site URL> -Path <the path and filename of the file that will contain the exported data> [-ItemURL <the URL of the site, list, or library that you want to export>] [-Include user security] [-Includeversions] [-NoFileCompression] [-GradualDelete] [-Verbose]
The actual set of switches you will use varies based on how SharePoint is configured, but the command might look something like this:
Export-SPWeb –Identity http://mysharepointserver/sites/mysite -Path C:\data -ItemURL http://mysharepointserver/sites/mysite/library.aspx
By far, the most important of the optional parameters is ItemURL, which lets you specify an individual site, list or library. Also important is the IncludeUserSecurityswitch, which preserves the security attributes of the item you are exporting.
Another switch you need to know about is the IncludeVersions switch, which lets you specify which version or versions of the item to recover. If you omit this switch, the LastMajor version will be exported by default, but you do have other options, including CurrentVersion, LastmajorandMinor or All.
Importing an item
The last step in the item-level recovery process is to import the item into your SharePoint production farm. The exact technique you will use varies depending on the type of item you are importing. Assuming that you are importing a site, list or library, you will have to open the SharePoint Management Shell, then use the Import-SPWeb cmdlet. This cmdlet's syntax looks like this:
Import-SPWeb –Identity <SharePoint site URL> -Path <the path and filename of the file containing the data that you want to import> [-Force] [-NoFileCompression] [-Verbose]
Again, the actual command you will use varies from one organization to another, but might look something like this:
Import-SPWeb –Identity http://mysharepointserver/sites/mysite -Path C:\data\mydata -NoFileCompression
As you can see, the cmdlet's syntax is fairly straightforward, but you should know a couple of things before you use it. First, if you are going to be importing an entire site, that site must have a template that matches the template of the site that is specified by the Identity parameter. This shouldn't normally be a problem if you are performing an import as a way of returning an existing site to a previous state, but it could become a problem if you try to use this method to import a site that is completely foreign to the SharePoint environment.
The other thing you should be aware of is that Microsoft recommends using the NoFileCompression switch when you perform the import. As the name implies, this switch prevents SharePoint from trying to compress the data during the import process. Turning off compression reduces overall resource consumption. By some estimates, avoiding the use of compression can reduce CPU overhead by as much as 30%.
Conclusion
As you can see, SharePoint 2010 does include a mechanism for performing item-level recoveries. Although the process is tedious and often time-consuming, it is Microsoft's preferred method for performing item-level recovery using native SharePoint tools.
About the author:
Brien M. Posey, MCSE, has received Microsoft's MVP award for Exchange Server, Windows Server and Internet Information Server (IIS). Brien has served as CIO for a nationwide chain of hospitals and has been responsible for the Department of Information Management at Fort Knox. You can visit Brien's personal website at _URL_.
This was first published in December 2012
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text:
Characterizing benthic invertebrates that live in intertidal sediments can give valuable information on the habitat of the beach. Benthic invertebrates are important components of the nearshore food web, and are good indicators of biodiversity and physical parameters. Invertebrate assemblages may change depending on shoreline armoring, sediment types, and movement of sediments. Benthic core sampling can be concurrent with quadrat sampling of surface epifauna and algae, and sediment sampling.
Download the full protocol in the attachment below which is designed for beaches that have a mixture of sand, pebbles and cobbles that typify Puget Sound. The recommended protocol is based on methods used in the SCALE project that target adult macro-infauna. Altering details of the sampling such as the transect elevation or sieve size may be necessary depending on the project goals and target invertebrates (e.g., see publication from the Seahurst Park restoration site).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How to monitor linux disk I/O utilization
Linux
If an application performs disk operations, disk I/O should be monitored for possible performance issues. Some applications make heavy use of disk as a major part of its core functionality such as databases, and almost all applications utilize an application log to write important information about the state or behavior of the application as events occur. Disk I/O utilization is the most useful monitoring statistic for understanding application disk usage since it is a measure of active disk I/O time. Disk I/O utilization along with system or kernel CPU utilization can be monitored using iostat on Linux and Solaris.
To use iostat on Linux, the optional sysstat package must be installed. To monitor disk utilization on Windows Server systems, the Performance Monitor has several performance counters available under its Logical Disk performance object. On Solaris, iostat -xc shows disk utilization for each disk device on the system along with reporting CPU utilization. This command is useful for showing both disk utilization and system or kernel CPU utilization together. The following example shows a system that has three disks, sd0, sd2, and sd4, with disk I/O utilization of 22%, 13%, and 36%, respectively, along with 73% system or kernel CPU utilization.
The other statistics from iostat are not as important for application performance monitoring since they do not report a "busy-ness" indicator.
monitor disk I/O utilization
To monitor disk I/O utilization and system or kernel CPU utilization on Linux you can use iostat -xm. The following is an example of iostat -xm from a Linux system showing 97% and 69% for disks hda and hdb, respectively, along with 16% system or kernel CPU utilization. Columns reporting 0 values were removed from the output for ease of reading.
monitor disk I/O utilization and system or kernel CPU utilization on Linux

One of the challenges with monitoring disk I/O utilization is identifying which files are being read or written to and which application is the source of the disk activity. Recent versions of Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 Express include several DTrace scripts in the /usr/demo/dtrace directory that can help monitor disk activity. The iosnoop.d DTrace script provides details such as which user id is accessing the disk, what process is accessing the disk, the size of the disk access, and the name of the file being accessed. The iosnoop.d script is also included in the Solaris DTraceToolKit downloadable at _URL_ The following is example output from executing iosnoop.d while launching NetBeans IDE. The entire output is not displayed since there are many files accessed during a NetBeans IDE launch. Hence, for brevity the output is trimmed.
$ iosnoop.d
UID PID D BLOCK SIZE COMM PATHNAME
97734 1617 R _PHONE_ 1024 netbeans /techpaste/tmp/netbeans
97734 1617 R _PHONE_ 1024 bash /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/modules
97734 1617 R _PHONE_ 1024 bash /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/update
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/var
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/config
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/var/log
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 1024 java /techpaste/tmp/netbeans/docs
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 8192 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 20480 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 8192 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 8192 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 4096 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
97734 1697 R _PHONE_ 8192 java /usr/jdk1.6.0/jre/lib/rt.jar
[... additional output removed ...]

The "UID" column reports the user id responsible for performing the disk access. The "PID" column is the process id of the process performing the disk access. The "D" column indicates whether the disk access is the result of a read or write, "R" = read, "W" = write. The "BLOCK" column is the disk block. The "SIZE" column is the amount of data accessed in bytes. The "COMM" column is the name of the command performing the disk access, and the "PATHNAME" column is the name of the file being accessed. Patterns to look for in the output of iosnoop.d is repeated accesses to the same file, same disk block, by the same command, process id, and user id. For example, in the preceding output there are many disk accesses of 1024 bytes on the same disk block _PHONE_, which may indicate a possible optimization opportunity. It may be that the same information is being accessed multiple times. Rather than re-reading the data from disk each time, the application may be able to keep the data in memory, reuse it, and avoid rereading and experiencing an expensive disk read. If the same data is not being accessed,it may be possible to read a larger block of data and reduce the number of disk accesses.
At a larger scale, if high disk I/O utilization is observed with an application, it may be worthwhile to further analyze the performance of your system's disk I/O subsystem by looking more closely at its expected workload, disk service times, seek times, and the time spent servicing I/O events. If improved disk utilization is required, several strategies may help. At the hardware and operating system level any of the following may improve disk I/O utilization:
– A faster storage device
– Spreading file systems across multiple disks
– Tuning the operating system to cache larger amounts of file system data structures
At the application level any strategy to minimize disk activity will help such as reducing the number of read and write operations using buffered input and output streams or integrating a caching data structure into the application to reduce or eliminate disk interaction. The use of buffered streams reduces the number of system calls to the operating system and consequently reduces system or kernel CPU utilization. It may not improve disk I/O performance, but it will make more CPU cycles available for other parts of the application or other applications running on the system. Buffered data structures are available in the JDK that can easily be utilized, such as java.io.BufferedOutputStream and java.io.BufferedInputStream. An often overlooked item with disk performance is checking whether the disk cache is enabled. Some systems are configured and installed with the disk cache disabled. An enabled disk cache improves an application's performance that heavily relies on disk I/O. However, you should use caution if you discover the default setting of a system has the disk cache disabled. Enabling the disk cache may result in corrupted data in the event of an unexpected power failure.
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Series Hybrid vs. Parallel Hybrid
April 18, 2012 by Ron Averill
Hybrid refers to something that is made up of two or more diverse ingredients. The goal in combining them is to capture and merge the advantages of each ingredient, while overcoming any disadvantages. But ingredients can be combined in many ways, resulting in considerable variation in performance depending on how they are combined.
In optimization search algorithms, as with electric vehicles, there are two main categories of hybrids: series and parallel. To better understand the basic
differences between the series and parallel hybrid approaches, let's consider a simple illustration.
Passing batonSuppose a team of people needs to carry an object a long distance. In a series hybrid strategy, one person will carry the object for a while, and then someone else will take the load and carry it a bit further. This "tag team" approach continues until the required distance is covered. This series approach might work well if the object is lightweight and small. But if the object is heavy or awkwardly shaped, then it will be difficult for one person to carry it even a short distance, if he or she can move it at all.
RowersIn this situation, it is clearly more effective for two or more people to carry the object together in a parallel hybrid approach. By working together in a well-coordinated effort, the load can be shared in a way that allows each participant to contribute to the task. Each contribution, however small, reduces the load on other team members, allowing the group to carry the load faster and further with less fatigue. Drivers of horse-drawn wagons, dog sleds and Christmas sleighs discovered this truth a long time ago.
Series hybrid optimization
Turning our attention to optimization, a series hybrid algorithm is developed by starting with one search algorithm, and then switching to another one (using a different strategy than that of the first algorithm) to continue the search. There is no limit to the number of different search strategies that can be used in this sequential manner.
Typically, a series hybrid algorithm begins with a search method that is good at global exploration, such as a Genetic Algorithm, and ends with a local refinement strategy, such as a gradient-based algorithm. Various other search methods can be sandwiched between these two. On some problems, this type of series optimization algorithm has been shown to perform reasonably well compared to monolithic (single-strategy) algorithms, when an appropriate set of algorithms and tuning parameters has been chosen.
How well a series hybrid optimization strategy performs depends on the specific algorithms and tuning parameters used at each stage of the search. Because each algorithm is working alone, the progress made at any time depends on how effective the selected method is for that problem and what it does with the information provided by previous search methods.
As I've mentioned in other posts, it is usually impossible to know which algorithms or values of tuning parameters will work well on a problem before it is solved. So, series hybrid algorithms have the same fatal flaw as most monolithic strategies, except the number of unknowns is now multiplied by the number of different strategies used.
Moreover, additional unknowns are introduced, such as the order of the strategies and when to stop one strategy in favor of another. Default values for these parameters may or may not work well for your current problem.
Parallel hybrid optimization
Parallel hybrid algorithms, like SHERPA (in HEEDS® MDO), overcome many of the shortcomings of series hybrid algorithms. In this strategy, multiple optimization methods actually work simultaneously to solve a problem in a collaborative fashion. Rather than contributing sequentially, these methods work together to search a design space and identify optimized solutions, like many hands helping to carry a heavy load.
As with any good team, a parallel hybrid algorithm requires good leadership, communication, coordination, and accountability. These attributes are built into the algorithm's infrastructure from the start.
Instead of separately exploring and refining at different stages of a search, a parallel hybrid algorithm enables these two essential activities to take place concurrently and synergistically! This not only speeds up the search but also makes it more likely to find the global optimum.
In a series hybrid algorithm, the search history can be used to determine which individual algorithm(s) made the most meaningful contribution to the search. But this is not possible with a parallel hybrid algorithm, because each algorithm behaves very differently as part of a team than it would individually.
Nevertheless, there are ways to hold an individual search strategy accountable for its contributions within a parallel hybrid algorithm, and those methods that do not contribute enough over time can be replaced by new methods or have their resources transferred to existing methods that are contributing at a higher level.
The characteristics of a well-designed parallel hybrid optimization algorithm include shared discovery, intellectual diversity, synergistic search, and greater robustness. Oh, and better designs, faster!
Collaborative Optimization
March 19, 2012 by Ron Averill
Collaborative optimizationMany engineers still resist the use of optimization algorithms to help improve their designs. Perhaps they feel that their hard-earned intuition is just too important to the solution process. In many cases, they are right.
At the same time, most optimization algorithms still refuse to accept input from engineers to help guide their mathematical search. The assumption is that the human brain cannot possibly decipher complex relationships among multiple system responses that depend upon large numbers of connected variables. Unfortunately, this is true.
Is this a case of irreconcilable differences? Or is it simply an example of everyone wanting to be the teacher, and no one wanting to be the student? I'm reminded of the Latin proverb:
Surely engineering intuition can benefit from the results of mathematical exploration, and vice-versa. It seems almost obvious.
So why do engineers and optimization algorithms prefer to work solo? I don't believe they prefer this. I think it is more a matter of not knowing how to collaborate, or not having the tools to facilitate this interaction.
Fortunately, modern optimization software tools like HEEDS now have features that encourage engineers to learn from the intermediate results of an optimization study and to share intuition-based insights with the optimization algorithm during a search. This collaborative optimization process leverages our two most powerful design tools – human experience and computers.
Consider the following example:
 - An engineer uses intuition and experience to define the goals of an optimization problem and a baseline (starting) design.
 - An optimization search algorithm then begins to explore the design space to uncover mathematical relationships that can lead to an optimized design, all the while sharing its progress and discoveries with the engineer.
 - While monitoring, validating and interpreting these intermediate search results, the engineer starts to learn what makes some designs better than others. This new understanding causes the engineer's intuition to practically blurt out, "If design B is better than design A, then design C should be even better!" Of course, the optimization algorithm might eventually discover design C on its own, but it would surely take a lot longer to do so.
 - The engineer shares his insight with the optimization algorithm, which happily accepts the input and puts it to use immediately. If the engineer was correct, then the algorithm now has new information that will accelerate its search. If the engineer's intuition did not lead to a better design, then the algorithm has only spent one design evaluation to discover this, and the new data may still have some valuable nuggets that can be exploited later in the search.
 - The circular process of exploring monitoring interpreting sharing is continuous throughout the search process, leading to better designs in much less time than was previously possible.
 - The enhanced communication between the engineer and the optimization algorithm builds a strong interdependent relationship between the two, leveraging the strength of each.
Collaborative optimization tears down one of the most common objections that experienced engineers have to using optimization methods. It not only makes full use of an engineer's intuition, but improves that intuition through experience gained from mathematical exploration of the design space. This is accelerated learning at its best.
Further, this is not one of those nice ideas that looks good on paper but doesn't work well in practice. This technique has already been used very successfully on many challenging design problems, including composite aircraft, crashworthy cars and insulated vaccine carriers.
There is now overwhelming evidence that a more intimate coupling of intuition with a hybrid, adaptive optimization algorithm can solve many challenging problems previously thought to be intractable.
Of course, in order to find the best solutions many optimization algorithms tend to explore a design space broadly, even spending some time in those regions of the space that don't yield any good designs. So the process helps us to understand not only what makes a good design, but also why some designs perform poorly. This reminds me of another important proverb:
"Wise men learn by other men's mistakes, fools by their own."
March 5, 2012 by Ron Averill
Clearly, the primary objective is to cross the finish line in the shortest time possible. But it's still important to remember that the total race time is the sum of the times necessary to complete three very different parts of the race – the swim, the bike and the run.
In optimization, this is often referred to as a summed objective problem. It is a good way to handle optimization problems containing multiple objectives that do not directly compete with one another. In other words, improving the value of one objective does not inevitably worsen another one. For example, swimming faster does not necessarily make you run slower, so these two objectives can naturally be summed together when seeking an optimal race strategy.
However, non-competing objectives might still be strongly coupled. In a triathlon, if you spend too much energy swimming faster, then you won't have enough energy remaining to bike or run at your best, resulting in a slower overall race time. Based on the athlete's level of skill and fitness,


text:
Observation start time: 06:00:00 Observation end time: 16:45:00 Total observation time: 11 hours
Compiler: Bracken Brown, David Hughes
Counters: Matt Wlasniewski, Phil Campbell, Rudy Keller
Weather: Clear to partly cloudy with North winds 4-10 mph
Raptor Observations: Many distant/high birds passing the lookout.
Non-raptor Observations: Double-crested cormorant and a Common Nighthawk seen from the lookout ======================================================================== Report submitted by Laurie Goodrich (<goodrich...>) Hawk Mountain Sanctuary information may be found at: _URL_


text:
Features and Benefits
EMU was developed to provide an intuitive interface to manage, modify and import large numbers of users. Originally developed as a tool to import and modify users for schools, universities and colleges, EMU is more than just a series of batch files or individual utilities. EMU has evolved into a fully-fledged application that eases the administrative burden for all eDirectory, NetWare, GroupWise, and NetMail administrators who deal with large numbers of accounts.
- Easy to use, intuitive workstation application
- Bulk create/modify NetMail attributes (includes automatically creating and setting Sent Folder values and Message Store Settings)
- Bulk modify maximum concurrent connections
- Significant speed improvement with dealing with groups of more than 5,000 users.
- Select/modify/delete accounts based on last login time. Selectable parameters for number of days since last login time, never logged in, not used in X days, etc.
- Supports extended eDirectory schemas and changing extended schema values from a text file.
- Bulk change eDirectory values for existing users from text file
- Scan for duplicate eDirectory/GroupWise accounts or Home Directories entries when creating accounts. Rename duplicates on the fly and have them automatically verified.
- Automatically append a number to accounts that would otherwise conflict. Ability to change the duplicate accounts to a name of your choice.
- Save new, non-conflicting user names to a text file for future reference.
- Ability to bulk modify NDS and/or GroupWise passwords based on the contents of a text file.
- Ability to select and bulk modify accounts and account information based on the contents of a text file.
- Support for managing Novell NetMail user preference settings
- Create and copy files to "Secondary" home directories (directories in another location with "home directory" Trustee Assignments and file ownership)
- Set Trustee Assignments for Home Directories (and Secondary Home Directories) - at creation and during mass modification
- Ability to mass copy files or directories into home directories
- Move user home directories to other volumes - keeps Trustee Assignments, File Ownership and Disk Restriction information
- Check for duplicate user names in specific containers (or the entire tree) before creating user IDs
- Enhanced ability to modify users based on the contents of a text file
- Bulk modify user properties based on Group Membership
- Add and delete Group Membership at the same time
- Bulk modify GroupWise visibility
- Bulk modify GroupWise and NDS passwords
- Create GroupWise users for existing NDS users
- Ability to save all create information to an EMU profile - a powerful improvement on the concept of user templates. Allows you to re-use the field links for multiple import sessions.
EMU drives value to the bottom line by freeing up your advanced network administrators to carry more critical tasks than managing user accounts. By using EMU to carry out identity management bulk changes, network administrators from schools, school districts, colleges, universities and large enterprise networks are able to focus on the more pressing tasks of increasing the Return On Investment and offering additional and improved services to their users.
Short turn-arounds between semesters and bulk account creation or deletion have never been easier than with EMU.
EMU helps your company save time, energy and effort. It allows your administrators to focus on upper level tasks rather than user creation and modification tasks.
Better and faster user creation and management - better results!


text:
|NASA Photo ID||AST-16-1132|
Cloud masks available for this image:
Country or Geographic Name:
|Features Found Using Machine Learning:|
Cloud Cover Percentage:
Sun Elevation Angle:
|SO242: Kodak hi resolution color|
Image Caption: A vertical view of the eastern portion of the State of South Australia in Australia, as photographed from the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission. The highlands area is the Flinders Range. The light-colored body of water is Lake Blanche. The lake to the south is Callabonna. This picture was taken at an altitude of 224 kilometers (139 statute miles).


text:
A study in Canada cited by Alan Johnson when Education Secretary found that the introduction of tighter provincial restrictions on leaving school between 1920 and 1990 had helped in raising both average attainment and average incomes. The study found that students compelled to attend an extra year of school experienced an average increase in annual income of about 12%. It also found that compulsory schooling is closely associated with significant benefits.
Mike doesn't link to the study, but I suspect he means this pdf. And if he does, there's a problem, because it shows the exact opposite of what Mike and Alan Johnson would like. Here's page 17:
Average grade attainment is 0.24 points higher with a school-leaving age of 14 compared to a lower or no school leaving age...Raising the dropout age to 15 versus 14 exhibits an even larger increase in average grade attainment (0.63 points). However, the effect from increasing the limit age again to age 16 is negative. (emphasis added).
This is exactly what the law of diminishing returns predicts. If someone has little education, there's a decent gain from giving them more. But the more schooling they have, the smaller are the marginal gains from more of it.
Worse still, the paper suggests there might be negative spillovers from higher school leaving ages. It finds (table 2) that raising the leaving age to 16 has a small but significant negative effect upon students' chances of getting degrees. This is consistent with the possibility that forcing people to stay at school disrupts the learning experience for those who want to learn.
There might be a case for raising the education leaving age to 18. But it's not to be found in the paper cited by Mike or Alan Johnson. I hope this isn't supposed to pass for evidence-based policy-making.


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Modify Your Command Prompt
You may find that you want to modify the prompt. This can help you create visibility for special features or just modify it to something more useful. You can view the default settings for the prompt by using this command:
As stated above it will show user, hostname, location and definition whether it is a normal user or root.
Create a single character
The space behind the $ is enforced by placing the quotes so it does not run into your text. The $ is typically used to show that it is a normal user not the root user indicated by the "#".
Change options for the prompt
\d : the date Weekday Month Date format
\h : the hostname up to the first '.'
\A : the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format
\u : the username of the current user
\w : the current working directory, with $HOME abbreviated with a tilde
\$ : if the effective UID is 0, a #, otherwise a $
Create a colored prompt
You may want to create a color prompt that you can use for visibility. In this example the hostname has been dropped to make a shorter prompt and the prompt is turned red but the commands that you enter will be black. The export command will change these features.
mike@ub:~$ export PS1='\e[0;31m[\u:\w]\$ \e[m '
This will color the prompt but not any commands that you enter.
List of Color codes
Replace digit 0 with 1 for a lighter color.
Make Changes permanent
All of the changes you make will be lost when you close the terminal or log out. Here are directions to make them permanent.
# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
The.bashrc file in each user's home directory allows you to change the default for the prompt to a color prompt by uncommenting the line:
Unfortunately a typo in the line must also be corrected so that it should read:
Ubuntu or CentOS
Place your custom prompt in the user.bashrc file with this command:
export PS1='\e[0;31m[\u:\w]\$ \e[m '


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In what seemed like an unbelievable event, doctors had their hands full in addition to their already dazed minds. Doctors operating on a tumour in Nagabhushanam Siva's left eye were stunned to find the two fully-formed teeth embedded inside.
When asked, the 23 year old said: "I was born with an abnormal left eye and it continued to swell over the years. My family was too scared to send me to see a doctor and during the last few years it has grown much bigger. I had blurred vision so eventually I consulted a doctor for help."
Teratoma was the diagnosis that was given to Nagabhushanam by doctors at a government hospital in Chennai, southern India. The tumour had pushed her eye inside its socket and protruded the skin, blocking her vision and partially damaging the optic nerve. The growth also left her unable to move her eyeball and had developed lazy eye syndrome.
Doctors said they had seen a few past cases of Teratoma with tooth-like tissues embedded in the tumour, but fully formed teeth were very rare. Hospital Director, Dr K Vasantha, said: "A Teratoma is a mass of tissue that contains cysts and sometimes contains hard tissues but fully grown teeth is so very rare."
The removal of the tumour caused severe damage to Nagabhushanam's optic nerve which has tragically left her permanently blind.
"Because it was left untreated all these years the tumour was allowed to grow to extraordinary lengths. That resulted in the optic nerve damage," Dr Vasantha added. Orbital Teratomas are rare embryonic tumors composed of tissues that grow in the attempt to form an organ.
The first case of this condition was reported 149 years ago. Only 70 such cases have been found worldwide ever since.


Case study:
EMG at Mblox (PDF)
EMG 6 and High Availability Print
The EMG perception of HA is when additional, redundant, nodes are added to an existing node in order to improve reliability and possibly performance. The mechanisms involved are fail-over, load balancing and clustering.
Each EMG node in a HA environment needs to be properly licensed.
The process where a primary node handles traffic until it goes down and another, secondary, node then takes over is called fail-over. This can be accomplished, for example, by putting two EMG instances behind a load-balancing hardware that detects when the connection to the primary node goes down and then switches over to the secondary node which is in "hot standby". In this scenario there is only one active node at any given time. By default when an EMG node goes down all messages within that node are lost. This is not the case when using message persistence which is discussed later in this document.
Load balancing
The process of load balancing is when messages are sent via the available nodes alternating between the nodes in order to spread the load. When "round robin" is used as load balancing algorithm message 1 is sent through node 1, message 2 via node 2 and so on until the number of nodes are exhausted and then it starts with node 1 again.
Load balancing can be divided into two different scenarios: Outbound and inbound.
Outbound load balancing
With outbound load balancing we mean that messages are load balanced when sent out from one EMG instance, usually between two or more available SMSCs.
Inbound load balancing
Inbound load balancing is when incoming messages from client applications are load balanced between two or more EMG instances.
Load balancing caveat
In general there are no problems with load balancing SMS messages at any level since they are usually independent of each other. However, concatenated SMS, where a longer message is split into multiple SMS, can be a problem in that some handsets may not able to reassemble the parts into the original message if the parts has been sent via different routes. For outbound load balancing in EMG this is solved by CMR (Concatenated Message Routing) which ensures that two different parts of the same message are always forwarded via the same connector to the same SMSC. For inbound load balancing this is not possible, as two EMG instances do not know about each others routing decisions.
EMG 6 has the abillity to use a shared message store so that multiple EMG nodes can share message queues and operate in "active-active" mode.
Message persistence
EMG 6 can either persist messages in file system or use MongoDB (_URL_) as a message store. In order to work in "active-active" mode MongoDB is required.
Earlier versions of EMG could only persist messages in file system and thereby could only be used in "active-passive" mode.


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Definition - What does Benzene Ring mean?
Benzene ring is a hexagonal arrangement found in Benzene, an organic chemical compound. The hexagonal arrangement of the benzene ring contains 6 carbon atoms, which have single or double bonds between them. Each of the carbon atoms within the ring is tied with a hydrogen atom. In some cases, the carbon atom maybe bonded with either a single atom or a group of atoms. The hexagonal arrangement is found in the molecules of the benzene as well as its derivatives. It is a natural component of crude oil in the petroleum industry. Due to its high octane number, it is an important constituent of the gasoline.
Petropedia explains Benzene Ring
Benzene ring molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms, having 1 hydrogen atom attached to each of the carbon atoms in the shape of a ring. Its chemical formula is C6H6 and this organic chemical compound is the most natural element of crude oil. Benzene is classified as a hydrocarbon, since its molecules have only carbon and hydrogen. Due to its high octane number in its molecular structure, it is an important constituent of gasoline making it an important fuel for engine; with ell as its derivatives. It is a natural component of crude oil in the petroleum industry.


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Document Type : Original Paper
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Indasterial Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
Department of Indasterial Engineering, Yazd, Iran
In recent years, the issue of energy consumption modeling techniques in the building sector has been widely considered by researchers and managers. Researches indicate that energy consumption in residential sector is one of the main parts of the total consumption. Moreover, the urban residence is supposed as a significant consumer of energy in every country and therefore a focus for energy consumption efforts. For over increasing building energy consumption there can be some causes including : climate change, increase in household electricity load, fast-growing household electrical appliances, huge energy consumption of the buildings, and the lack of strict government supervision. Recently the issue of assigning different prices to different time-periods of energy consumption has been taken into consideration for energy prices of consumers' bills. Therefore, in this paper a model for multi-prices and multi-periods single-type energy consumption in urban residential sector is presented; also an efficient heuristic method is provided for solving the mentioned model.


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QS world university rankings
Lancaster Environment Centre confirms its world leading place with Geography and Environmental science featuring in this year's QS subject rankings.
Geographer wins top teaching award
A geography lecturer is recognised for her "outstanding" teaching on the field course she created to study the management of water in her Croatian homeland.
Free online course on food security
New free "massive" online course explores how we can feed an extra two billion people by 2050.
Forests of the future research
Human impact in two of the world's most diverse habitats could be much greater than previously thought.
Studying water management in the Mediterranean
Conversations with experts and local children, field observations and beautiful views, good food and company, offered a multitude of perspectives during a fascinating field trip to Istria, according to third year Geography student Jamie Quinlan.Read article


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You are hereHome ›
The Cave: Why is Change so Difficult?
Why is it difficult to change? We often operate in the world with the limited paradigms given to us by family, friends, media and even our government. As practitioners it becomes more important that we start to look beyond the surface and analyze our own behavior. Profiling is a form of stereotyping that may guide our decisions either giving or limiting resources to our clients. This workshop seeks to expose those thought patterns, create pathways to a greater understanding of ourselves and the systems in which we operate.
Topics: Racism, Hidden Bias, Paradigm Shifts, Authentic Learning
LUNCH WILL BE PROVIDED TO ALL ADLER STUDENTS WITH A STUDENT ID
- About Adler
- Programs of Study
- Student Services
- Adler in the Community
- Timeline for Commencement


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I have 4 UHF-R receivers connected via ethernet to my computer. When I go to live mode one of the receivers always says it is off line. What can be the problem?
Typically, a receiver will show offline when Wireless Workbench had connected properly to the receiver and then a cable comes unplugged or the receiver is turned off.
Here are other items to check:
- Make certain each receiver and the computer do not have duplicate IP addresses. (Shown in the Network menu).
- Make certain the receivers do not have a duplicate Device ID. (Shown in the Network menu).
- Make certain the subnet mask is exactly the same between all receivers and the computer.
- Make certain you are using the latest version of Wireless Workbench.
- Make certain the receivers have the latest firmware.
- If using USB to connect the computer to a receiver, there should be 4 receivers or less.
- Make certain "Monitor Only" is not selected in the File menu.


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Tuesday, May 14, 2019 - 7:00pm to 10:00pm
Join us for an evening of out-of-this-world astronomy activities hosted by Franklin Institute Chief Astronomer Derrick Pitts.
Build your own experience from any combination of planetarium shows, a live science talk on astronomy or space science, hands-on astronomy activities, and continuous telescopic observing all evening (weather permitting). The program is staffed with knowledgeable observers, and free star maps are provided.
7:15 pm The Sky Tonight
8:15 pm To Space and Back
9:15 pm The Sky Tonight
8:00 pm Global Warming Demystified, with Jeff Bennett
Astrophysicist and author Jeffrey Bennett, winner of the American Institute of Physics Science Communication Award, has been teaching about global warming for more than 30 years. He is the lead author of college textbooks in astronomy, astrobiology, mathematics, and statistics, of six critically acclaimed books for the public, and of a children's series selected as the first books to be read aloud from the International Space Station for "Story Time From Space."
Stay tuned for more details. Each month features different activities, talks, and shows!


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.- Catholics and Muslims meeting at the Vatican this week discussed the responsibilities of religious leaders during times of crisis, agreeing that their most important responsibility is to faithfully live out their beliefs through "teaching, good deeds and example."
The religious leaders met as part of the 11th Colloquium organized by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and the World Islamic Call Society (WICS) in order to discuss the responsibilities of religious leaders during times of crisis.
After meeting with the Holy Father briefly after today's general audience, the participants agreed upon the following conclusions:
First, the most important responsibility of religious leaders during times of crisis is to faithfully live out their religious beliefs through "teaching, good deeds and example, thus serving their communities for the glory of God," participants in the colloquium decided.
Religious leaders should also have a "cultural and social role to play in promoting fundamental ethical values, such as justice, solidarity, peace, social harmony and the common good of society as a whole, especially the needy, the weak, migrants and the oppressed," they continued.
The leaders also came to the conclusion that they cannot overlook their special responsibility toward the youth, so they "do not fall victim to religious fanaticism and radicalism, receiving rather, a sound education thereby helping them to become bridge builders and peace makers."
Finally, the religious leaders noted that they must pay particular attention to interreligious relations on both the national and international level to avoid religious violence. "This requires a mutual respect and reciprocal knowledge, both cherishing personal relations and building confidence and mutual trust, so as to be able to confront together crises when they occur."


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Lithostratigraphy: Mammoth Cave Limestone Megagroup >>Borden Siltstone >>Bilyeu Member
Chronostratigraphy: Paleozoic Erathem >>Mississippian Subsystem >>Valmeyeran Series
Allostratigraphy: Kaskaskia Sequence
Elwood Atherton, Charles Collinson, and Jerry A. Lineback
The Bilyeu Member of the Borden Siltstone (Lineback, 1968a, p. 5) is named for Bilyeu Cemetery, Christian County, about 2 miles north of the type section.
The type section of the Bilyeu Member is in the National Petroleum Company No. 1-A Bilyeu, Haldon et al., south well (NW NW SW 10, 13N-1E), where the member is 102 feet thick, extending from 1616 to 1718 feet deep.
Extent and Thickness
The Bilyeu is 0-150 feet thick and extends in the subsurface through Piatt, De Witt, Macon, Christian, Montgomery, Sangamon, and parts of adjacent counties in central Illinois. The Bilyeu Member extends westward beyond the eastern pinchout of the Burlington and Keokuk Limestones and, therefore, in that area is a member of the Warsaw Shale.
The Bilyeu consists of siltstone that is coarser than most of the Borden and also of fine sandstone.
LINEBACK, J. A., 1968a, Subdivisions and depositional environments of New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian) in Indiana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 52, p. _PHONE_.
|Stratigraphic Code||Geo Unit Designation|


These Blacknose Sheep Look Just Like Stuffed Animals & They Make Great Pets!
The Valais Blacknose sheep (In German: Walliser Schwarznasenschaf) is a wonderful breed of domestic sheep that originated in the Valais region of Switzerland.
They are documented as far back as the 15th century! However, Valais Blacknose sheep were not officially recognized as unique until the 1960s.
Valais Blacknose sheep are raised for both wool and meat. These remarkable sheep are unmistakable with their black faces, ears and long spiral horns, black patches on their knees, hocks and feet.
They are extremely friendly and will love humans as much as humans love them.
You shouldn't be surprised that they have been called the cutest sheep in the world!
Valais Blacknose sheep wool is course: the average fiber diameter is approximately 38 microns, with a staple length of 100mm or more.
The annual yield is about 4 kilograms per head.
Their wool is best sutied for carpets or felting.
These black-faced sheep are known to be very friendly, tamed easily and have a naturally peaceful demeanor.
H/t awesomejelly.comfacebook/valaisblacknosenz via


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The first tower crane was invented in the late 1940s, and it completely changed the landscape of the construction industry. It's highly efficient machinery that enables the construction work to be performed at a very high altitude.
Especially when it comes to constructing skyscrapers or even tall buildings, tower cranes play an instrumental role in ensuring efficient construction work. However, there are some caveats that construction companies need to vary, especially at high elevations.
The tower cranes are exposed to a number of hazards that can present the risk of accidents. In fact, the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) reported 220 total crane-related deaths during the period between 2011 and 2015.
Wind pressure—the culprit!
One of the top reasons behind these incidents was exposure to wind. As the wind speed augments along a gradient as height is increased. As the wind speed doubles, the wind pressure increases four times in proportion.
The wind pressure exerts on a tower crane's load, the increase in wind speed can threaten the safety of workers at the construction site. Hence, construction companies use pressure gauges to keep a tab of the wind speed to minimize the chances of any mishap.
What is a pressure gauge?
A pressure gauge, as the name implies, is an instrument that helps calculate the air pressure at the construction site at different levels of elevation. It's installed on tower cranes in order to avoid hazardous lifting situations.
Here are some frequently asked questions about pressure gauges.
FAQ#1: What is the pressure differential?
Pressure differential, or PD, is the variance between two pressures. It's measured relative to the pressure in the atmosphere around it. The PD illustrates the difference between two pressure points within a process system.
The higher difference results in more pressure drop across that filter and vice versa.
FAQ#2: How is the correct pressure determined?
Use a pressure gauge to check the pressure and compare it with the recommended pressure for the relevant application. These devices come with different calibrations, ranging between 0 to 15 PSI to 0 to 1,000 PSI.
Hence, you must ensure to choose a pressure gauge that is appropriate for the application process. Each process has unique defined parameters, which you can use as a guideline to determine the correct pressure.
FAQ#3: How can a pressure gauge be calibrated accurately?
It can be quite difficult to calibrate a pressure gauge as it involves a complicated process. Moreover, every pressure gauge has a different calibration technique.
Hiring the services of a professional takes the guesswork out of pressure gauge calibration and helps ensure precise measurement. You may consult your product manufacturer for further assistance.
FAQ#4: How is a pressure gauge installed?
Pressure gauges can be installed into a manifold or pipe fitting using the mount that's usually the part of the gauge or comes separately.
Some pressure gauges have a threaded mount on the lower side, which allows you to simply mount it on the tower crane. Others may come with threads on the backside and usually mounted on a panel.
FAQ#5: My pressure gauge reads negative. What does it mean?
If your pressure gauge is showing a negative value, it's an indication that there's something wrong with your device. That's because the air pressure is measured in a positive number. It's recommended that you call a professional to fix the pressure gauge.
Either the device is working on a vacuum or malfunctioning in some other way. In some cases, the wrong calibration also causes the pressure gauge to show negative value.
Looking for a high-quality load pressure gauge? Get in touch with Contact Instruments. As one of the leading OEM drilling instrumentation manufacturer in Canada, we provide top-quality crane safety equipment, including different kinds of pressure gauges, including mud gauges, standpipe pressure gauges, and more.
For more details, call us at _PHONE_ today!


Hedonic Consumption Behavior Analysis
948 Words4 Pages
While emotional behaviors, sensual pleasures, imagination and aesthetics are in the foreground in the hedonic expectations of consumers, the functional and rational aspects of a product play a more important role in utilitarian expectations. Hedonic consumption is more subjective and more personal in terms of outcomes. When mission is completed, that is shopping is realized, it is more fun and delightful. Therefore, hedonic shopping creates potential entertainment and emotional value. Furthermore, consumers are more stimulated, participate in the shopping process, feel themselves free, have a fantasy motivation, and though temporarily, forget about their problems (Babin et al., 1994). However, adventure, gratification, value and idea…show more content…
The level of this behavior varies according to the characteristic of the consumers. In this context, it can be stated that hedonic shopping differentiates based on gender, that men show more rationalist purchasing behaviors, and that women do shopping with the expectation of pleasure (Jackson et al., 2011). Furthermore, hedonic consumption habits have positive effects on the desire to purchase. Consumers acting more with a hedonic instinct are individuals who spend more time shopping during their free time, like looking around, buy definitely something during shopping and make use of credit card installments. Such behavior is also affected by the design of the shopping center and visual and audial aspects (Budisantoso and Mizerski, 2010). This study also stresses that shopping centers influence consumers who show hedonic purchasing behavior and that businesses should be aware of that. Levels of color usage affect individuals both in the imaginary and hedonic sense; while warm colors like red and yellow stimulate to act, and cold colors like blue and green cause the individuals to think and wait more. Besides, music in stores, the sound in them, noise and the level of temperature are other aspects influencing consumer…show more content…
However, according to (Levesque and McDougall, 1996) satisfaction is conceptualized as an overall, customer attitude towards a service provider. Similarly, they also claim that shopping satisfaction is the accumulated experience of a customer's purchase and shopping process experiences. It was therefore; client satisfaction construct in this paper will be measured through overall satisfaction toward the services. In the article, shopping satisfaction usually refers to the latter type of outcome. Moreover, this mental state, which we view as a cognitive judgment, is conceived of as falling somewhere on a bipolar continuum bounded at the lower end by a low level of satisfaction (expectations exceed performance perceptions) and at the higher end by a high level of satisfaction (performance perceptions exceed
More about Hedonic Consumption Behavior Analysis
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Murray Lake Elementary
Murray Lake Elementary is a school where a high level of student achievement and quality student character are a focus each day. Although test scores will validate high achievement at Murray Lake, it is the day-to-day emphasis of best practice in the classroom and quality character development that ensures that each child reaches their highest potential.
At Murray Lake each child is expected to reach his or her highest learning potential. Teachers are constantly improving their lessons to ensure that all children in their class achieve. Differentiated instruction is a focus at Murray Lake, which allows teachers to meet the needs of all learners. Murray Lake students typically score in the top 5% on Michigan's MEAP test. They also score significantly above average on the Measurement of Academic Progress (MAP), and grow at a greater rate than the average growth of students across the country. Students are asked to set goals for themselves and work toward the achievement of these goals.


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King Manor Museum and Park in Jamaica was once the home of Rufus King (_PHONE_), a distinguished lawyer, statesman, and gentleman farmer. The son of a wealthy lumber merchant from Maine, King graduated from Harvard in 1777. He suspended his law studies to serve in the Revolutionary War in 1778. Two years later, King was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts. He served as a member of the Confederation Congress from 1784 to 1787, where he introduced a plan that prevented the spread of slavery into the Northwest Territories. King was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and made his most famous contribution to American history as a framer and signer of the Constitution.
On It's My Park Day, join Centro Hispano for a clean-up of Rufus King Park. Volunteers can assist with raking...
Directions to Rufus King Park
- Rufus King Park Recieves a Makeover
- This Weekend In Parks
- GETTING TO KNOW YOU, GETTING TO KNOW ALL ABOUT YOU
Rufus King Park Weather


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well,in this topic, i do have a powerful spell,but it's all about concentration.take any object that is of your liking which could be carried anywhere.
1. With your first and middle fingers trace a pentogram over the object.
2. Visualize electric blue or purple flames coming from your fingers.
3. Chant as you trace the pentogram "with this pentogram i do lay protection heare both night and day and to the one who should not touch let their fingers burn and twitch i know envoke thee: so mote it be"
if this is done properly it's quite effective.you can use it in case you get in real trouble.^_^


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Yesterday, Susan Bodine, EPA's Assistant Administrator for the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA), issued final guidance for EPA regions regarding interactions between the Agency and the states in civil enforcement and compliance assurance matters. Under the new guidance, EPA will generally defer to a state as having primary jurisdiction over inspections and enforcement, but it also sets out a number of important exceptions where EPA may take direct action. The final guidance replaces previous interim guidance issued in January 2018.
The guidance is split into three parts and expands upon the interim guidance by providing additional procedures and outlining various principles and approaches for coordination between EPA regions and states. The changes are the result of input from EPA regional offices, states, and a workgroup on compliance assurance that EPA and the Environmental Council of States convened in September of 2017.
The first section of the guidance sets forth high level principles and expectations to guide EPA, including a "no surprises" principle between EPA and the states that encourages regular communication. The section discusses the need for strategic planning to address each state's specific environmental compliance problems, their compliance assurance priorities, and how the combined EPA and state resources can address these issues. Regarding inspections, the guidance establishes an expectation that EPA and the states should avoid "duplicative or overlapping" inspections that would result in inspections of the same facility for the same regulatory requirements within the same twelve-month period, noting, however, that multiple inspections may be appropriate for complex sites or where additional inspections will serve a valuable purpose. EPA is expected to provide states with advance notice of inspections and where EPA is taking the lead in an investigation. Moreover, EPA regions are expected to share information requests and inspection reports with the states. In terms of joint enforcement, the guidance notes that EPA will communicate with the states when EPA believes an enforcement action may be warranted and EPA should discuss with the state whether the enforcement should be a federal, state, or joint enforcement action.
Roles of EPA and the States
The second section of the guidance addresses the respective roles of EPA and the states in implementing authorized programs. The guidance includes an explicit preference for EPA to defer to the states as the primary implementer of inspections and enforcement. However, the guidance then lays out several notable instances in which EPA involvement may be warranted, including:
- When a state requests that EPA take the lead;
- When the violations are part of an EPA-designated "National Compliance Initiative";
- Where there is an "emergency" situation;
- Where states lack adequate equipment, resources, or expertise;
- Multi-state or multi-jurisdictional cases;
- "Significant" violations that the state has not timely or appropriately addressed;
- "Serious violations" for which criminal enforcement may be warranted;
- Inspections needed by EPA to help verify the effectiveness of state enforcement programs, and
- When federal and state-owned facilities are involved.
Procedures for Elevating Issues
The brief final section lays out "best practices" for resolving and elevating issues to the appropriate management level, including appropriate timelines and a preference for resolution at the career management level rather than escalating issues to regional or state senior management or ultimately to Regional Administrators or State Agency heads.


Next: , Previous: Statement Sequences, Up: Statements
11.7.4 Empty Statements
Whenever possible, statements with no effect are discarded. But if they are nested within another construct which cannot be discarded for some reason, they are instead replaced with an empty statement, generated by build_empty_stmt. Initially, all empty statements were shared, after the pattern of the Java front end, but this caused a lot of trouble in practice.
An empty statement is represented as (void)0.


Prof. Powershell
Comparison and Contrast
Which of these things is not like the other? Use the Compare-Object cmdlet to find out.
There may be times when need to compare objects to see what is different. This if often the case when you want to capture state information and see what has changed between "snapshots." For example, you might want to troubleshoot a problem by capturing process information in the middle of the night and compare it to a known good state. Let me show you how to use the Compare-Object cmdlet, which has an alias of Diff.
First capture the current running processes:
PS C:\> $before=get-process
Then start Notepad and Calculator. Now grab an after snapshot:
PS C:\> $after=get-process
The Compare-Object cmdlet compares a source object to a reference object. In our example we want to compare before and after:
PS C:\> diff $before $after
What you'll likely see is a long list with a side indicator that tells you which item doesn't belong in the other. Remember we're dealing with a collection of process objects and even though a process like PowerShell is still running, some properties like memory utilization will have changed between snapshots. That's normal. What we want is to narrow the comparison. We can do that by selecting a property:
PS C:\> diff $before $after -property Name
Now you should see that the Notepad and Calculator properties are only found in $after. Here's one more quick example. Get all the current running services:
PS C:\> $now=get-service
Stop or start some services and take another snapshot:
PS C>\> $later=get-service
You can use Compare-Object to return more than one property:
PS C:\> diff $now $later -property Status,Name
This will show the differences based on status as well as showing the service name.
Remember, you can use the Export cmdlets to save state information and then re-create the objects using the corresponding Import cmdlet. Save a current snapshot to a variable and compare the two.
Note that this is just an intro; be sure to look at the help file for Compare-Object to find out more.
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Just fill in the moon
Just fill in the moon
World October 15, 2015 11:57
- It sounds like a science fiction story but scientists are convinced that rockets off even on the moon to Mars in the future will stop to refuel. It is a relatively small detour, but in a rocket traveling through the moon is less than 68 percent of the weight saved.
Which scientists at the renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology calculated.
Storage of fuel on the moon is relatively simple and the fuel savings would be considerable. The cost to launch a rocket from Earth in space because of the weight ratio is particularly high. Scientists went for a trip to Mars is always a straight line from the earth. The savings to travel moon through the stop sign, make a return march for a missile with people aboard suddenly much more real.
The distance from Earth to Mars is about 225 million kilometers. To the moon is only 384.000 kilometers.
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Digup is a documentary series about digital designers: surveys, portraits, interviews...
Graphic design, interaction design, animation, data visualization, installations, digital art, new medias labs…Digital production is the conjunction of visual and audio-visual productions with computer. The latter is not only the main creation tool; it is most of all, the material. Its continuing evolution and the need to keep up with innovation make it also a part of the topic.
Thanks to digital design, images and sounds have become flexible and expressive materials. Computer networks are an interactive support and a shared space that ceaselessly affect our access to knowledge, contents and alter the way we communicate. Images, sounds, motions, plastic and graphic signs are combined together and give birth to new grammars.
With the increasing number of screens and the expansion of the information society, digital design is in a state of agitation. It is an original and autonomous creation field through which, the relationship between commerce, art, science and technology are being formulated again. It is made of human stories.


text: Application of using rare earth salts with acid dyes for dyeing wool fabrics have been investigated. The rare earth salts used include neodymium chloride, samarium oxide and gadolinium oxide; and acid dyes used are C.I. Acid Red 114, C.I. Acid Yellow 42 and C.I. Acid Blue 113. The results of these experiments exhibit that the addition of rare earth salts does lower the dyeing temperature of wool slightly, and the addition of neodymium chloride achieved the better result. The result of mixing different rare earth salts is not very distinct, although the mixture of neodymium chloride and gadolinium oxide in the ratio 8:2 has the best effect. Moreover, the addition of rare earth salts has no great impact on the tenacity of dyed fabrics. Among the color range of dyed fabrics, Red 114 has better color strength. Furthermore, the washing fastness of fabrics can be up to grade 4-5 in general, while its dry rubbing fastness can be up to grade 4-5 and its wet rubbing fastness can be up to grade 3-4.


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Jewish Community Center Personal Trainer in Bronx, New York
Principal Responsibilities: This position is in person, with some virtual hours available POSITION SUMMARY: Under the guidance of the Fitness Director, the staff members provide instruction and encouragement to Y members by listening actively, strengthening relationships, and promoting healthy living with Y members. Responsible to maintain client records and paperwork related to Personal Training, Group Exercise, and the safety of the facility. Minimum requirement of 10 hours per week designated as Fitness Supervisor and/or one class per week as a Group Exercise Instructor to connect with members and build client base (subject to change at the discretion of Fitness Director). ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS: * Embody an outgoing and enthusiastic personality at all times. * Strong customer service while enforcing all policies and procedures * Maintain safe and orderly exercise environment for all members * Deliver instruction of physiologically sound fitness and weight training components, demonstrating the understanding of safe, effective, and progressive exercise programs. * Identifies unsafe or hazardous exercises and makes corrections or suggests alternate exercises. * Understand the Fitness program as delivered to Y members and its role in serving a health seeker. Recognize and embrace the connection between the Fitness Department, personal training opportunities, and the Y at large * Embody sensitivity and patience in dealing with the inactive population which could be intimidated by exercise and workout areas. * Provides one-on-one, partner, or small group fitness instruction to clients during each session. Assess an individual's progress and make appropriate changes. * Maintains appointment scheduler and completes timesheet accurately, tracking client participation and session usage. * Completes all required paperwork accurately and efficiently as outlined in client file management expectations. * Responsible for the promotion of personal training within guidelines of the Riverdale Y. Actively participate in additional community-centered programming as needed * Achieve quarterly sales goals as determined by Fitness Director. # Minimum Qualifications: You meet this role and responsibility by: * Maintaining current CPR/AED, First Aid certifications. * Being familiar with the Emergency Action Plan for the Facility * Maintaining a nationally-recognized and accredited personal trainer certification and/or holding a degree in a related field * Participating in continuing education activities through both internal and external sessions to promote an on-going development of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for personal trainers. * Adheres to the guidelines for exercise testing and program design as recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine, NSCA, and other reputable organizations. * Physical effort required for daily duties include lifting heavy weights, squatting, bending, reaching, spotting, and prolonged standing/walking. * Must be able to lift and/or move up 45+ pounds. # Salary: Under 25,000 # Agency Information: The Riverdale Y is a 75,000 sq. ft. Jewish Community Center that provides educational, recreational, cultural, and wellness programs for children and adults of all ages and backgrounds. The Y features an early childhood center; summer camps; large after school program; senior center; performing arts center featuring theater, dance and music schools; and a health & wellness center that includes cardio and free weight studios, group exercise classes, gymnasium, swimming pool, steam room, sauna and massage therapy. Date Posted: 02/18/2021 Title: Personal Trainer JCC: Riverdale YM-YWHA Location: Bronx, NY


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With a view to drastically raising the quality of vocational education in the general education system, the Prime Minister on May 14 approved a scheme on vocational education and orientations for grouping students in general education during 2018-2025.
|An industrial tailoring class for lower secondary school graduates at a vocational training center in Quy Chau district, Nghe An province__Photo: Bich Hue/VNA|
Under Decision 522/QD-TTg, the scheme aims to step up the grouping of students in lower secondary and upper secondary schools into different vocational education levels in order to meet socio-economic development requirements of the country and localities as well as the requirement on improvement of quality of human resource training nationwide for regional and international integration.
Under the scheme, by 2020 Vietnam will have at least 45 percent of students graduated from upper secondary schools enrolled in collegial-level vocational education institutions. In the areas with special socio-economic difficulties, such portion is expected to be at least 35 percent.
During 2018-2020, around 55 and 60 percent of lower secondary schools and upper secondary schools nationwide respectively will have their vocational education programs associated with production, trading and service activities in their localities. By 2025, these targets will be 100 percent of lower secondary schools and upper secondary schools nationwide and 80 percent of schools in localities with special socio-economic difficulties.
Under the scheme, the country will build pilot models of vocational education and come up with orientations for grouping of students in general education institutions in a number of localities representing major economic regions where advanced vocational methods with participation by occupational education institution and enterprises will be applied.- (VLLF)


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Tom Wessels, MA
Department of Environmental Studies
Frost pockets generally occur in concave landscapes such as basins or topographic depressions where nighttime temperatures may be substantially lower than the surrounding landscape as a result of downward drainage of cool air and radiational cooling. Such local variation in temperature may have important effects on species composition and structure, flower and fruit production, herbivory and morphological variability. I conducted a study on Mantague Plain in central New England in order to determine whether similar frost pockets may occur in topographically level areas dominated by scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia). Although the site selected for investigation is nearly level, it exhibits a dramatic change in the height of scrub oak when moving from the edge to the center of scrub oak-dominated stands. Weekly measurements of maximum/minimum temperatures and leaf development indicate that location and minimum temperature are strongly correlated with variation in leaf phenology in scrub oak. Te results of these analyses support the hypothesis that microclimate and location have an effect on leaf phenology of scrub oak in shrub thickets on Montague Plain.


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Addressing Barriers to DEI in Clinical Research
Breaking down barriers to participation in clinical research has long been a challenge, affecting every aspect of the industry. As the industry works toward a more cohesive, diverse, and inclusive environment for all, Advarra's mission is to invest in understanding and educating the industry on this critical topic. Developing a more inclusive and equitable study and research environment will reap many benefits for the industry and establishes the precedent for future trials as we work toward a more inclusive environment for all.
However, figuring out where to address barriers and create a more inclusive environment is overwhelming. This blog aims to define diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), discuss exclusive trends in recruitment and trial design, and present actionable steps sites can take immediately.
When researchers address the lack of diversity in clinical research and work to improve upon it in their current practice, a common mistake made is not understanding the nuances of DEI efforts, and looking at each concept as a separate entity, rather than understanding how they intertwine. While DEI is made up of individual concepts, every concept is needed to support one another, and it's common for researchers to focus on one or two concepts, rather than all three simultaneously. To further understand how to achieve DEI in research, each concept needs to be defined as such:
- Diversity: making sure everyone is represented
- Equity: being fair to anyone involved
- Inclusion: creating an appropriate environment for all involved
Many researchers attempt to solve the symptoms of the problem, when in reality, addressing the root cause – which is most often tied to a lack of equity – will allow research staff to address and work toward solving DEI-related challenges the industry faces today.
Effectively Recruiting Participants
Throughout the industry, recruitment proves to be a major roadblock at any stage of a protocol. Without the necessary amount of participants enrolled in any study, startup delays, ultimately costing researchers time and money. Each protocol must have appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria; however, researchers still focus on populations most convenient to them and do not evaluate criteria critically for each study. This practice enables researchers to seek out populations they are familiar working with and neglects certain populations because of criteria denying them participation in a trial.
Actionable Steps to Take
Since racism is not individual, it must be addressed at a systemic and structural level. If researchers want to solve recruitment problems for their studies, they need to look at the system as a whole and improve and build upon the current infrastructure. If teams are unsure where to start, these common barriers may be the first place to look at and examine.
Communication is paramount for success, including the clinical research industry. If researchers are not effectively communicating their trials to seek out participants, whether that is through physicians, community leaders, or other forms of advertising, then they will lose out on obtaining a diverse participant population.
An easy way to ensure better communication is to create an action plan moving forward. Build workflows into patient visits so potential participants know there are trials available to them. Understand how staff communicates to participants during visits – both online and in person. Are researchers meeting their participants where they're at in terms of the language they can understand? Are participants coming in for necessary visits, and participating in remote capabilities as well? Consider these as the action plan is formulated and built.
Oftentimes, people will choose to participate in a trial if they know they can trust the process. Building relationships with external stakeholders, such as community leaders, their own providers, or word-of-mouth referrals benefits everyone. It gives researchers an opportunity to spread awareness about a trial, it gives stakeholders the opportunity to help others seek treatment, and it helps potential participants feel reassured if it's coming from a trusted source.
Building trust isn't something research teams should rely on with just external stakeholders; trust needs to be maintained after a participant agrees to take part in the trial. For example, including a diverse staff team who may have a better understanding of participants' backgrounds, allowing them to advocate for them. This effort will greatly aid in establishing trust, recruiting potential participants, and retaining them as the protocol moves throughout each phase.
Effectively Design a Trial
Many times, staff get into the "copy/paste" habit when designing a trial. This is normally done in an attempt to save time by transferring the same requirements from one protocol to the next, especially when dictating the trial's inclusion and exclusion criteria. This method is a direct symptom of a staff's heavy bandwidth, but in reality, every trial needs to be designed individually as each trial is unique from the rest.
Additionally, as humans design trials, we need to acknowledge our own implicit biases at work when creating one. As a trial is shaped, taking extra time to review and understand where an individual's biases may have impacted the design can greatly minimize the risk of creating a non-inclusive trial. As we work together to create a more inclusive and equitable research environment, it's important to understand this process will require intentional and continual learning and unlearning from everyone involved.


The Meaning of a Spider Sighting
Meaning of a Spider Sighting | California Psychics
Regeneration and Patience
When you think of a spider, do you think of darkness, unpredictability, entrapment, fangs, and venom? Or do you think of creativity, balance, regeneration, patience, and courage? The relationship you share with this creature of both light and dark, may determine how its presence plays out in your life.
If you combine the many different cultural beliefs of the spider, there is a suggested connection to its web and the creation of the world. Native Americans see the spider as perched in the center of its web with everything emanating from its centric position. This position also enables the spider to draw things back into itself, thereby becoming both the creator and the destroyer. When you see a spider's web it is a reminder that you are always weaving the outcome of your own future. It is reminding you to balance each strand that will soon become your past, because a web (future) is only as strong (balanced) as the previous weaves before it.
There is a creative energy inside of you, whether it's expressed in the creative arts, or in other ways, it exists. A spider sighting, particularly in a dream, may be a hint to engage those creative juices to weave something new and beautiful into your life. This could refer to your career, your relationships, or in your home life. Spiders are also quick to recognize when it is time to move locations because their web keeps getting knocked down by a gate or the wind. And if your own creative ideas are in a state of constant tear down, it may be time to move to the other side of the garden the next time you rebuild.
A spider's web is an intricate piece of construction, patiently built by the spider. When you see a spider's web, remember that you are in charge of your own life as a spider is the weaver of it's web. It's a reminder to be careful about the choices that you make. Spider webs also symbolize the ability to positively affect your life through your thoughts and actions.
It may take many nights before a spider will receive any benefit from building a web. If you have put a lot into a project, task, relationship, or a dream, a spider may be reminding you to look back over what you've built and see if there are some threads you've yet to connect. It could also be a reminder to pay closer attention to opportunities you are missing.
The spider has anywhere from two to eight eyes at its disposal, each offering a slightly different viewpoint on the world. A sighting could be a reminder to look at a particularly troublesome situation from a variety of vantage points, including the ones from the people around you.
Consider if the fear of where a decision could take you may be the true source of any darkness you're experiencing. If this is the case, keep in mind that young spiders cast a strand of silk for the wind to carry them to new areas – sometimes they fly only a few feet, other times they can cross entire oceans. The only way to control the distance is to never throw out the entire strand, but that is no different than choosing to remain within the shadow of your true potential.
Infinite Possibilities
Spiders have both eight legs and eight eyes, and the number eight is associated with the concept of infinity. Now, picture yourself in the center of a spider's web, with each strand as a path that you can take in your life. You are standing in the center of infinite possibilities, which can be both frightening and exhilarating. Place your faith (not your fear) within the spider to give you the courage to face the changes that must come as you begin your next journey down one of these paths, for a spider sighting is also a symbol of luck and a sign for change. So, when you see a spider, know that a change, or a time when you'll have to make a decision is coming.
The Spider in a Dream
A spider in a dream can mean several different things, and it's very important to analyze how you are feeling when dealing with the spider at the time. If you are frightened it could mean that you fear you're not living up to your highest potential. If you want to kill the spider in you dream, it means that you need to release some tension in your life.
Not all spider dreams are negative though. If you dream of a spider building a web, it means that you are likely to build something in your life that will lead to your happiness. Spiders are also considered lucky, so if you don't experience any feelings of fear or anxiety during the dream, it could be a good omen.
Don't Panic!
It's not uncommon to be frightened when a spider appears, but don't immediately swat it away. Take a moment to contemplate what the spider may be trying to tell you about your day or a situation you're grappling with. They may have fresh insight for you.
About California Psychics
2 thoughts on "The Meaning of a Spider Sighting
 1. Dawn
 Thank you for the insightful information that I receive. It is very helpful to me. I look for signs and meanings throughout my daily life. Xox
 2. trachelle gilchrist
 This literally gave me the chills because I just seen a spider and it was right next to me so when I seen this in my email I got emotional
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Julia Louise Gage Carpenter (1851 – 1931) was the sister of Maud Gage Baum and sister-in-law of L. Frank Baum. Baum borrowed details from the life of the Carpenter family when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
After Julia Gage married James D. "Frank" Carpenter in 1882, the couple attempted to homestead in La Moure County, North Dakota, at a site about twenty miles outside of the tiny town of Edgeley. The location was isolated, bleak, and treeless; the wood for their cabin had to be brought to the site by wagon. Baum exploited this detail to paint the gray bleakness of the Kansas prairie at the start of his most famous novel: the wood for the cabin of Uncle Henry and Aunt Em also had to be transported by wagon to its desolate location. Like Henry and Em, the real-life Carpenters eventually had to abandon their homestead. Frank Carpenter worked at several jobs, including blacksmith, in Edgeley between 1899 and 1901; then the couple and their surviving children, daughter Magdalena and son Harry, moved to Fargo. The family eventually settled in Chicago while the Baums were living in the city.
The Baums were especially close to Magdalena Carpenter; at one point Maud even attempted to adopt her niece, though sister Julia would not consider it. Baum borrowed from the Carpenters once more for literary effect: when he wrote The Twinkle Tales he chose the setting of Edgeley for the stories. Magdalena Carpenter is said to have been intelligent and independent; arguably, the character of Twinkle has some resemblance to her.
Julia Gage Carpenter kept a diary of her homesteading experience, which has been used by scholars and historians as a source for the subject.
Julia and Magdalena Carpenter were the witnesses for Baum's last will and testament.
- L. Frank Baum. Twinkle and Chubbins: Their Astonishing Adventures in Nature-Fairyland. Introduction by Michael Patrick Hearn. Escanaba, MI, The International Wizard of Oz Club, 1987.
- Katharine M. Rogers. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002.


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Detail at the nanoscale reveals secrets behind tooth decay
July 01, 2020
Northwestern University researchers have cracked one of the secrets of tooth decay. In a new study of human enamel, the materials scientists are the first to identify a small number of impurity atoms that may contribute to the enamel's strength but also make the material more soluble. They also are the first to determine the spatial distribution of the impurities with atomic-scale resolution.
Dental caries — better known as tooth decay — is the breakdown of teeth due to bacteria. ("Caries" is Latin for "rottenness.") It is one of the most common chronic diseases and a major public health problem, especially as the average life expectancy of humans increases.
The Northwestern discovery in the building blocks of enamel — with detail down to the nanoscale — could lead to a better understanding of human tooth decay as well as genetic conditions that affect enamel formation, which can lead to highly compromised or completely absent enamel.
Enamel, the human tooth's protective outer layer, covers the entire crown. Its hardness comes from its high mineral content.
"Enamel has evolved to be hard and wear-resistant enough to withstand the forces associated with chewing for decades," said Derk Joester, who led the research. "However, enamel has very limited potential to regenerate. Our fundamental research helps us understand how enamel may form, which should aid in the development of new interventions and materials to prevent and treat caries. The knowledge also might help prevent or ameliorate the suffering of patients with congenital enamel defects."
The study was published on July 1 by the journal Nature.
Joester, the corresponding author, is an associate professor of materials science and engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering and an affiliated faculty member of the International Institute for Nanotechnology. Karen A. DeRocher and Paul J.M. Smeets, a Ph.D. student and a postdoctoral fellow, respectively, in Joester's lab, are co-first authors.
One major obstacle hindering enamel research is its complex structure, with features across multiple length scales. Enamel, which can reach a thickness of several millimeters, is a three-dimensional weave of rods. Each rod, approximately 5 microns wide, is made up of thousands of individual hydroxylapatite crystallites that are very long and thin. The width of a crystallite is on the order of tens of nanometers. These nanoscale crystallites are the fundamental building blocks of enamel.
Perhaps unique to human enamel, the center of the crystallite seems to be more soluble, Joester said, and his team wanted to understand why. The researchers set out to test if the composition of minor enamel constitutents varies in single crystallites.
Using cutting-edge quantitative atomic-scale techniques, the team discovered that human enamel crystallites have a core-shell structure. Each crystallite has a continuous crystal structure with calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl ions arranged periodically (the shell). However, at the crystallite's center, a greater number of these ions is replaced with magnesium, sodium, carbonate and fluoride (the core). Within the core, two magnesium-rich layers flank a mix of sodium, fluoride and carbonate ions.
"Surprisingly, the magnesium ions form two layers on either side of the core, like the world's tiniest sandwich, just 6 billionths of a meter across," DeRocher said.
Detecting and visualizing the sandwich structure required scanning transmission electron microscopy at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-STEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). Cryo-STEM analysis revealed the regular arrangement of atoms in the crystals. APT allowed the researchers to determine the chemical nature and position of small numbers of impurity atoms with sub-nanometer resolution.
The researchers found strong evidence that the core-shell architecture and resulting residual stresses impact the dissolution behavior of human enamel crystallites while also providing a plausible avenue for extrinsic toughening of enamel.
"The ability to visualize chemical gradients down to the nanoscale enhances our understanding of how enamel may form and could lead to new methods to improve the health of enamel," Smeets said.
This study builds on an earlier work, published in 2015, in which the researchers discovered that crystallites are glued together by an extremely thin amorphous film that differs in composition from the crystallites.
The research was supported by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research at the National Institutes of Health (grants NIH-NIDCR R03 DE025303-01 and R01 DE025702-01) and the National Science Foundation (grant DMR-_PHONE_).
The title of the paper is "Chemical Gradients in Human Enamel Crystallites." In addition to Joester, DeRocher and Smeets, other authors of the paper are Linus Stegbauer, Michael J. Cohen, Lyle M. Gordon and James M. Rondinelli, of Northwestern; Berit H. Goodge, Michael J. Zachman and Lena F. Kourkoutis, of Cornell University; and Prasanna V. Balachandran, of the University of Virginia.