UNMC frequently sponsors talks that address issues related to the wellbeing and wellness of the UNMC community. These lecture-based trainings provide an overview of wellness and wellbeing strategies participants can implement into their daily lives. The literature surrounding wellness and wellbeing is constantly evolving; as such, these talks will evolve as new literature and techniques are introduced. Talks can be tailored to different departments and groups across campus.


text:
In case of a sewer emergency,
during the hours of 8:00 am and 5:00 pm,
please call _PHONE_.
After 5:00 pm, please call _PHONE_ or 911.
City of Sultan Wastewater Treatment Plant
The City of Sultan's sewer system is a major infrastructure, most of which is invisible to the customers it serves. The sewer system requires qualified staff to operate and maintain an ongoing capital improvement program to replace old components to meet the requirements mandated by federal and state laws.
The sewer system is made up a Wastewater Treatment Plant located on the west side of the Sultan River, one sewage pump station located near the Sultan John statue in River Park, and approximately 16 miles of gravity and force main piping.
The vast majority of the sewage within the City of Sultan is generated on the east side of the Sultan River. The sewage is conveyed in pipes to a single sewage pump station. The sewage is then pumped across the Sultan River through an 8-inch force main that hangs beneath the US2 bridge over the Sultan River to a receiving manhole on the west side of the river.
What are your responsibilities to ensure efficient operation of the Sultan Sewer Plant? Please click the following for important information on the Sultan Lift Station and how you can help. Lift Station Flyer
Wastewater Treatment Plant 2014-Lab Accreditation Award
The Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE) has issued Sultan Wastewater Treatment Plant renewal of the lab's 2014 Accreditation Certificate and Scope.
The City of Sultan Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators, each year, complete split samples with an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved lab and report the test results to DOE. This maintains the lab certification so the plant operators can complete and report lab tests done in Sultan's lab instead of contracting with an outside accredited lab saving the City on lab testing costs.
The accreditation allows the Sultan WWTP to test for ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen, pH, total suspended solids and fecal coliform on the effluent of the WWTP before it enters the state waters of the US (Skykomish River).
Recognize the importance and cost saving of the Accredited Lab Certification Renewal.
Honor Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators:
Brian Funk – more information coming…..
Todd Strom has been employed by the City of Sultan since April 3, 2006, then transferring to the Wastewater Treatment Plant in May, 2008. On March 28, 2008 Todd received his Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator I Certificate.
The WWTP Operators work together to accomplish the Lab Accreditation Certification to benefit the citizen's of Sultan and the annual budget.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Delayed population explosion of an introduced butterfly.
1. The causes of lagged population and geographical range expansions after species introductions are poorly understood, and there are relatively few detailed case studies. 2. We document the 29-year history of population dynamics and structure for a population of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes that was introduced to the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA in 1977. 3. The population size remained low (< 200 individuals) and confined to a single habitat patch (approximately 2.25 ha) to 1998. These values are similar to those of many other populations within the natural geographical range of the species. 4. However, by 2002 the population increased dramatically to > 3000 individuals and covered approximately 70 ha, nearly all to the south of the original site. The direction of population expansion was the same as that of predominant winds. 5. By 2004, the butterfly's local distribution had retracted mainly to three habitat patches. It thus exhibited a'surge/contraction' form of population growth. Searches within 15 km of the original site yielded no other new populations. 6. In 2005, butterfly numbers crashed, but all three habitat patches remained occupied. The populations within each patch did not decrease in the same proportions, suggesting independent dynamics that are characteristic of metapopulations. 7. We postulate that this behaviour results, in this species, in establishment of satellite populations and, given appropriate habitat structure, may result in lagged or punctuated expansions of introduced populations.
Boggs, CL; Holdren, CE; Kulahci, IG; Bonebrake, TC; Inouye, BD; Fay, JP; McMillan, A; Williams, EH; Ehrlich, PR
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Selenology is the branch of astronomy that studies the moon.
An example of a study in selenology is how the moon was formed.
The astronomical study of the moon.
The branch of astronomy dealing with the moon in general.
Origin of selenology
- selen- ("moon") +"Ž -o- +"Ž -logy ("study")


Giới thiệu sách
Được đóng góp bởi OBook Team
Communication: A Critical/Cultural Introduction, Second Edition introduces communication theory, interpersonal communication, and public communication and culture through the lens of contemporary critical theory. John T. Warren and Deanna L. Fassett focus on public advocacy as a more meaningful way to approach public speaking through coverage of topics and issues that readers are most passionate about. By situating communication concepts and theories within contemporary and engaging cultural scenes, the book is much more than a survey of ideas - it demonstrates the power of communication in our everyday lives. This new edition enhances the book's focus on the connections between public advocacy and traditional public speaking, and the 2nd edition also includes two new chapters on listening and small group communication. New and updated examples have been added throughout the text, and new end-of-chapter questions and activities have been added to reinforce concepts and allow students to put their learning into practice. Key features include: *Takes a critical/cultural approach: Students come to appreciate how communication occurs within the context of power and our different cultural locations *Written in an engaging narrative style: The authors' own stories, and the narratives woven throughout each chapter, create a sense of relevance for the content *Provides a focus on public advocacy: Connecting students' work to the process of being critical, active citizens, this feature shows how civic engagement can improve our communities *Illustrated with contemporary examples: Theory and concepts are demonstrated through discussions of marriage equality, affirmative action, disability, and social media
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Thông tin chi tiết
Tác giả John T Warren,Deanna L Fassett
Nhà xuất bản SAGE Publications Inc
Năm phát hành 02-2014
ISBN 9781452217819
Trọng lượng (gr) 566
Kích thước 1.0 x 25.0 x 20.0
Số trang 296
Giá bìa 1,821,000 đ


previously with the exception of olAttachmentWell. When an attachment is selected in the attachment strip, the AttachmentSelectionChange event occurs. Both the SelectionChange and AttachmentSelectionChange events are on the Explorer object.
If you enumerate the Selection object when the SelectionChange event occurs, be sure that your code can handle different item types appropriately. Do not expect that the only object in the Selection object is a MailItem object.
The enhanced Selection object in Outlook 2010 works for any type of view, including the new conversation view in Outlook 2010. The following properties help you to determine whether the current view is a conversation view.
Table 5. TableView properties
TableView Property
Description
AlwaysExpandConversation
Returns or sets a value that indicates whether conversations are always fully expanded in the table view. Read/write.
ShowConversationByDate
Returns or sets a Boolean value that indicates whether items in the table view are organized by the conversation date and conversation. Read/write.
ShowFullConversations
Returns or sets a Boolean value that indicates whether conversation items from other folders, such as the Sent Items folder, should be displayed as part of the conversation in the table view. Read/write.
If the value of TableView.ShowConversationByDate is true, the view is using the new conversation arrangement in Outlook 2010. When the current view is a conversation view, a conversation can be a single item conversation, a split conversation, or an expanded conversation. The selection changes depending on whether the selected item is a conversation header or an expanded conversation (multiple items can be selected in the expanded conversation). In addition, Outlook 2010 adds a new ConversationHeader object, and one or more conversation headers can be selected in a view. To determine whether conversation headers are selected in a view, use the new GetSelection method on the Selection object and pass the OlSelectionContents.olConversationHeaders to the method. Calling the GetSelection method returns a Selection object, but in this case the Selection object contains ConversationHeader objects instead of item objects such as MailItem or MeetingItem objects. The DemoConversationHeadersFromSelection function enumerates all the items in selected conversation headers in a conversation view.
private void DemoConversationHeadersFromSelection()
{
 // Obtain the Inbox folder.
 Outlook.Folder inbox =
 Application.Session.GetDefaultFolder(
 Outlook.OlDefaultFolders.olFolderInbox)
 as Outlook.Folder;
 // Set ActiveExplorer.CurrentFolder to the Inbox.
 // Inbox must be the current folder.
 Application.ActiveExplorer().CurrentFolder = inbox;
 //Ensure that current view is a TableView object.
 if (inbox.CurrentView.ViewType ==
 Outlook.OlViewType.olTableView)
 {
 Outlook.TableView view =
 inbox.CurrentView as Outlook.TableView;
 if (view.ShowConversationByDate == true)
 {
 Outlook.Selection selection =
 Application.ActiveExplorer().Selection;
 Debug.WriteLine("Selection.Count = " + selection.Count);
 // Call GetSelection to create
 // a Selection object that contains ConversationHeader objects.
 Outlook.Selection convHeaders =
 selection.GetSelection(
 Outlook.OlSelectionContents.olConversationHeaders)
 as Outlook.Selection;
 Debug.WriteLine("Selection.Count (ConversationHeaders) = "
 + convHeaders.Count);
 if (convHeaders.Count >= 1)
 {
 foreach (Outlook.ConversationHeader convHeader in
 convHeaders)
 {
 // Enumerate the items in the ConversationHeader.
 Outlook.SimpleItems items = convHeader.GetItems();
 for (int i = 1; i <= items.Count; i++)
 {
 // Enumerate only MailItem objects in this example.
 if (items[i] is Outlook.MailItem)
 {
 Outlook.MailItem mail =
 items[i] as Outlook.MailItem;
 Debug.WriteLine(mail.Subject
 + " Received:" + mail.ReceivedTime);
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
}
This section discusses some of the issues that affect Outlook extensibility when you use 32-bit or 64-bit Windows with 32-bit or 64-bit Outlook 2010 installed.
Operating System and Office Support for 64-Bit Outlook
Starting in Microsoft Office 2010, Outlook is available as a 32-bit or 64-bit application. On the same computer, the bitness of Outlook depends on the bitness of the Windows operating system (x86 or x64), and of Office, if Office is already installed on that computer. The following are some of the factors that determine the feasibility of installing a 32-bit or a 64-bit version of Outlook:
 - 32-bit Office (and 32-bit Outlook) can be installed on a 32-bit or 64-bit version of the Windows operating system. 64-bit Office (and 64-bit Outlook) can be installed only on a 64-bit operating system.
 - The default installation of Office on a 64-bit version of the Windows operating system is 32-bit Office.
 - The bitness of an installed version of Outlook is always the same as the bitness of Office, if Office is installed on the same computer. In other words, a 32-bit version of Outlook cannot be installed on the same computer that already has 64-bit versions of other Office applications installed, such as 64-bit Word or 64-bit Microsoft Excel. Similarly, a 64-bit version of Outlook cannot be installed on the same computer that already has 32-bit versions of other Office applications installed.
Considerations for Existing Applications That Run on 64-bit Outlook
If your 32-bit applications run on a 64-bit version of the Windows operating system with 64-bit Office installed, consider the following issues:
 - Object model calls should work without modification for 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Outlook.
 - Native add-ins compiled for 32-bit versions of Outlook (which includes all versions of Outlook previous to Outlook 2010) must be recompiled for 64-bit Outlook.
 - Outlook add-ins created by using Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for the Microsoft Office system 3.0, and Microsoft Office development tools in Visual Studio 2010, work for both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Office, provided that they are compiled with the Any CPU option for Target Platform on the Build tab of the Project Properties dialog box.
 - 32-bit standalone applications (.exe) that use the Outlook object model must be recompiled for 64-bit Outlook.
Changes in Messaging API (MAPI) for 64-bit Outlook
Although there is no difference between the Outlook 2010 object models for the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Outlook, there are some small changes in MAPI functions that resulted from the introduction of 64-bit MAPI with 64-bit Outlook. Typically, those changes are related to 64-bit types, such as ULONG_PTR, that must be passed to MAPI functions.
MAPI applications include standalone applications such as Microsoft Communicator and MFCMAPI, and service providers such as address book, store, and transport providers. For MAPI method and function calls to work in a MAPI application (with the exception of one Simple MAPI function, MAPISendMail), the bitness of the MAPI application must be the same as the bitness of the MAPI subsystem on the computer that the application is targeted to run on. The bitness of the MAPI subsystem, in turn, is determined by and always the same as the bitness of the installed version of Outlook.
If your solution is native and calls MAPI directly, see the Welcome to the Outlook 2010 MAPI Reference for guidance on how to port your solution to work with 64-bit Outlook. The following topics will be of particular interest to MAPI developers:
Exchange Client Extensions Deprecated
Exchange Client Extensions (ECEs) have been deprecated in Outlook 2010. ECEs were introduced with the Microsoft Exchange client in 1995, when the client was a 16-bit mail application running against the earliest versions of Exchange Server. ECEs must be written in native code, typically by using C++ and relying heavily on MAPI. When Outlook replaced the Exchange client, ECEs were used to extend Outlook 97-98 until COM add-ins replaced ECEs in Outlook 2000.
ECEs will continue to operate as expected in Outlook 2007 and earlier. However, ECEs will not load in 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Outlook 2010. To redesign your existing ECE solution, consider the following options:
 - Rewrite your ECE as a COM add-in by using native or managed code. Unlike ECEs, an add-in represents a strategic extensibility technology that is fully supported in Outlook 2010. By using an Outlook add-in, you can build Outlook form regions and extend the Office Fluent UI. For more information, see Building an Outlook 2007 Form Region with a Managed Add-In, the Office Fluent User Interface Developer Center, and the Outlook Developer Center on MSDN.
 - Rewrite your ECE as a Windows service application by using native code and MAPI. If you write a Windows service application, you must use MAPI to access Outlook items instead of the Outlook object model.
CDO 1.21 Not Supported


text: Introduction: Our tertiary care institution embarked on the Choosing Wisely campaign to reduce unnecessary testing, and selected the reduction of ankle x-rays as part of its top five priority initiatives. The Low Risk Ankle Rule (LRAR), an evidence-based decision rule, has been derived and validated to clinically evaluate ankle injuries which do not require radiography. The LRAR, is cost-effective, has 100% sensitivity for clinically important ankle injuries and reduces ankle imaging rates by 30-60% in both academic and community setting. Our objective was to significantly reduce the proportion of ankle x-rays ordered for acute ankle injuries presenting to our pediatric Emergency Department (ED). Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all patients presenting to our tertiary care pediatric ED (ages 3- 18 years) with an isolated acute ankle injury from Jan 1, 2016-Sept 30, 2016. Children with outside imaging, an injury that occurred >72 hours prior, or those who had a repeat ED visit for same injury were excluded. Quality improvement (QI) initiatives included multidisciplinary staff education about the LRAR, posters placed within the ED highlighting the LRAR, development of a new diagnostic imaging requisition for ankle x-rays requiring use of the LRAR and collaboration with the Division of Radiology to ensure compliance with new requisition. The proportion of patients presenting to the ED with acute ankle injuries who received x-rays was measured. ED length of stay (LOS), return visits to the ED and orthopedic referrals were collected as balancing measures. Results: At baseline 88% of patients with acute ankle injuries received x-rays. Following our multiple interventions, the proportion of x-rays decreased significantly to 54%, (p<0.001). This decrease in x-ray rate was not associated with an increase in ED LOS, ED return visits or orthopedic referrals. There was an increase uptake of the dedicated x-ray requisition over time to 71%. Conclusion: This QI initiative to increase uptake of the LRAR, resulted in a significant reduction of ankle x-rays rates for children presenting with acute ankle injuries in our pediatric ED without increasing LOS, return visits or need for orthopedic referrals for missed injuries. Just as in the derivation and validation studies, the reductions have been sustained and reduced unnecessary testing and ionizing radiation.


text:
Clothes For Gym top en mousseline - patron - The gym is one of the places where people can not care about their appearance and concentrate only on working their body to show it later. However there are items that help us exercise much more efficiently.
Figuras retóricas | Piktochart Infographic Editor Más
Learn English, Teaching English, English Class, English Time, English Teachers, English Lessons, English Words, English Grammar, English Vocabulary, Teaching, Learning, Knowledge, Studying, Reading, Tenses English, English Phrases, Languages, English Language, Vocabulary, Learning English, Ties, Class Room, Info Graphics, Math, Parents, Language Arts, English Classroom
Esta crema de champiñones es muy fácil de preparar. A mi me gusta reservar unos champiñones al saltearlos y picarlos menuditos para incorporarlos al crema y que tenga 'tropezones'.


Question 2: Immigration Museum
Question 2
If Australia is a nation of diverse beliefs, what relationship is there, or should there be, between Australian citizenship and personal belief?
Comments (4)
sort by
Emily 25 November, 2009 23:00
As Australian citizens, we all have something in common. Even though we may have different appearances, beliefs and heritage, our citizenship is just one example of how we are all one. As Australians we are entitled to believe in what we please, but there are conflicts with people of different race and culture. Part of being Australian should mean everybody is treated equal - with no exceptions. Personally, i do not think that there is a strong enough tie with personal beliefs and being an Australian citizen.
Richard 7 October, 2009 12:09
As an Australian citizens(sic), we should be entitled, as we are, to choose and follow the personal beliefs of our choice, so long(sic) it does nothing to harm the lives of others (such as some small minority extremist groups). One of the great rights of being an Australian citizen is that to believe what you want and say what you want - controversial or not. Therefore, I think there needs to be a much greater level of respect and toletrance(sic) in the community towards many minority groups that have in recent times been associated with terrorism, and realise that there is an extremist and illegal element to all religions, cultures and groups - Christian, Muslim, Buddhist or whatever. Becoming an Australian citizen should not be based on the person's religion but rather on the education and merit of that person, and a person's ability to gain citizenship should bear no relationship with religion.
Demaris 23 August, 2009 16:56
If Australia is a a nation of deverse beliefs the relation ship there should be between Australian citizenship and personal belief is that respecting what being an australian means and allowing yourself to become involved in the traditions carried out but also not allowing your personal beliefs or religions to be ignored because being australian doesnt mean that you have to be catholic, islamic or any other reliogion of faith but it simply means accepting who you are and appling your faith, morals and values to your citizenship.
Celeste 20 August, 2009 17:15
As Australia is a nation of diverse beliefs everyone has a right to personal belief. Our Australian citizenship enables us to personal belief because we live in such a diverse culture. Having an Australian Citizenship enables me to believe what i want. The relationship between our Australian Citizenship and personal beliefs is a good one as there are no boundries or laws in what we must believe.


- 西班牙文化協會
Do you want to study in Spain your secondary education? Understanding the differences Spain vs HK-UK
Hong Kong is one of the cities in the world with the biggest number of international schools available. Many parents in Hong Kong have considered sending their kids to study overseas. So how does the education system in Hong Kong compare to Spain?
Many International Schools in Hong Kong follow the British system. This means that students study in secondary school from year 7 (10-11 years old) till year 11 (15-16 years old). In year 11 students will take the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) public exam.
So what is the GCSE exam equivalent to? In Spain it is called ESO (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria). However please note that in order to pass the ESO in Spain, there are no public exams to be taken, students only need to pass the internal exams set by the school.
Therefore if you have passed the GCSE it is equivalent to the ESO.
In Hong Kong and also in UK after the GCSE's people would take the IB (International Baccalaureate) which the equivalent in Spanish is el Bachillerato. However there are certain differences, during the IB students only need to study for 6 subjects, while for Bachillerato there are a total of 8 subjects that you have to take. Another main difference is that the whole of you final grade of IB depends on your final exam, while for Bachillerato the final exam is only 40% of your final grade.


text:
Primary school resources to support the teaching of the Tudors.
'What were the differences between the lives of rich and poor people in Tudor times?'
During the Tudor period, there was a clear divide between poor Tudors and rich Tudors.
The nobility were the wealthiest people and lived a life of luxury.
Henry VIII was very wealthy and he wasn't shy about showing this off to the rest of the world. He had many palaces, lots of lavish clothes and pieces of jewellery.
The poor had to work hard for very little money and struggled to survive.
Many of the artefacts in the Tudor collection have been made for re-enactment groups which make them as authentic as possible.


text:
Enhancing Energy Efficiency with Insulation Materials in Taipei, Taiwan Residential Redevelopment
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis aims to identify insulation materials and building construction factors that can lower carbon dioxide (CO2) usage for residential redevelopment in Taipei and New Taipei, Taiwan. The growth in energy usage over the last 50 years has been explosive; most of Taiwan's electricity (89.9%) is generated from non-renewable sources. The subtropical climate of Taiwan is mostly hot and humid, and cooling accounts for the largest portion of residential power consumption, particularly in the aging housing stock that is largely uninsulated. I focused on identifying the best insulation materials in terms of low embodied energy and their potential to lower operational energy use. In this paper, I developed a simulation model to test different parameters such as insulation material, material thickness, building orientation, and window wall ratio, and evaluate their effects on insulation energy efficiency. The goals of this thesis are to 1) find insulation materials that have low embodied and operational energy in Taiwan in order to install them in old housing stock and 2) mitigate the amount of CO2 produced by building cooling and heating needs. Improving the thermal envelope in new and re-developed housing in Taiwan has the potential to decrease residential energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions from electricity usage in residential buildings 9.72%-35%, reduce heating and cooling costs and improve the quality of life for the people of Taiwan.
- Architecture


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ABSTRACT
The effects of several selected variables on the physical properties of whipped topping containing milk as the major ingredient were investigated. These included: level of stabilizer and emulsifier, type of milk protein fraction, homogenization pressure, and interaction among selected ingredients. Levels of stabilizer and emulsifiers were highly critical factors affecting firmness and overrun of whipped topping. Overrun and firmness were influenced more by type and combination of the emulsifiers than by HLB. Topping mixtures containing sodium casein-ate and whey protein lacked firmness and overrun, while those containing skim milk proteins separated by Sephadex gel filtration or precipitated by CMC were rated satisfactory. Overrun and firmness of the product increased as single stage homogenization pressures increased from 0 to 210 kg/cm2. With double stage homogenization, fnmness attained a maximum at 140 and 35 kg/cmz, then tended to remain constant. Overrun, however, continued to increase with pressures up to 210 and 35 kg/cm2. Overrun and firmness of the whipped topping decreased when fat globules exceed 2 pm. Factorial experiments involving three levels of fat, Frodex 24, and Dariloid KB indicated that each reacted independently in contributing to overrun and firmness. Decreasing size and increasing number of air cells are associated with increased overrun and firmness.


text:
Impact of clouds on the aviation
PublisherUniversity of Zilina
MetadataShow full item record
The aim of the paper is to study concepts and types of cloud coverage and clouds itself. It also brings the different types of clouds and its effect on aviation closer to the reader. In the first part paper focuses on general concepts. Then it describes types of clouds and talks about them in detail. Next theme are radars and maps used in aviation to worn and tell us about the cloud coverage as its possible threats. In the last part, the paper shows us some maps and tells us about possible threats caused by clouds or vice versa its positive effects on the flights.


text:
Using the YCEO Lab
The Yale Center for Earth Observation (YCEO) is a research and teaching lab dedicated to the study of the earth from space. This lab is a centralized facility for all Yale University students, faculty, and staff who need to process and analyze satellite images as part of their research and academic work. We provide and support ENVI remote sensing software.
Due to the specialized nature of satellite images, as well as the complexity of the software to process these images, the YCEO is not an open computing cluster of the University. Accounts are granted to individuals who have an understanding of satellite images and the software used to process them. Anyone wishing an account at the YCEO should submit a YCEO Account Request form.
For those interested in learning more about remote sensing and satellite image processing, there are a variety of educational options. An introductory remote sensing course Observing the Earth From Space is taught each Spring, with other courses and workshops offered occasionally. The Links Tab at the top of this page has references to a large body of remote sensing and GIS information.
Please contact Tarek Kandakji if you would like to discuss the potential of satellite remote sensing and how the YCEO can assist with your project/research needs.


Lixus (ancient city)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lixus in Morocco.jpg
The ruins of Lixus
Lixus (ancient city) is located in Morocco
Lixus (ancient city)
Shown within Morocco
Location Larache, Larache Province, Tangier-Tetouan, Morocco
Coordinates 35°12′00″N 06°06′40″W / 35.20000°N 6.11111°W / 35.20000; -6.11111Coordinates: 35°12′00″N 06°06′40″W / 35.20000°N 6.11111°W / 35.20000; -6.11111
Type Settlement
Founded 7th century BC
Lixus is the site of an ancient Roman city located in Morocco just north of the modern seaport of Larache on the bank of the Loukkos River. The location was one of the main cities of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana.[1]
Ancient Lixus is located on Tchemmich Hill on the right bank of the Loukkos River (other names: Oued Loukous; Locus River), just to the north of the modern seaport of Larache.[2] The site lies within the urban perimeter of Larache, and about three kilometres inland from the mouth of the river and the Atlantic ocean. From its 80 metres above the plain the site dominates the marshes through which the river flows. To the north, Lixus is surrounded by hills which themselves are bordered to the north and east by a forest of cork oaks.
Among the ruins there are Roman baths, temples, 4th century walls, a mosaic floor, a Christian church and the intricate and confusing remains of the Capitol Hill.[3]
Lixus was first settled by the Phoenicians in the 7th century BC and was later annexed by Carthage. Lixus was part of a chain of Phoenician/Carthaginian settlements along the Atlantic coast of modern Morocco; other major settlements further to the south are Chellah (called Sala Colonia by the Romans)[4] and Mogador. When Carthage fell to Ancient Rome, Lixus, Chellah and Mogador became imperial outposts of the Roman province Mauretania Tingitana.
The ancient sources agree to make of Lixus a counter Phoenician, which is confirmed by the archaeological discovery of material dating from 8th century BC. It gradually grew in importance, later coming under Carthaginian domination. After the destruction of Carthage, Lixus fell to Roman control and was made an imperial colony, reaching its zenith during the reign of the emperor Claudius I (AD 41-54).
Some ancient Greek writers located at Lixus the mythological garden of the Hesperides, the keepers of the golden apples. The name of the city which was often mentioned by writers from Hanno the Navigator to the Geographer of Ravenna and confirmed by the legend on its coins and by an inscription. The ancients believed this to be the site of the Garden of the Hesperides and of a sanctuary of Hercules, where Hercules gathered gold apples, more ancient than the one at Cadiz, Spain. However, there are no grounds for the claim that Lixus was founded at the end of the second millennium BC.
Lixus flourished during the Roman Empire, mainly when Claudius established a Roman Colonia with full rights for the citizens. Lixus was one of the few Roman cities in Berber Africa that enjoyed an amphitheater: the amphitheater at Lixus. In the third century Lixus become nearly fully Christian and there are even now the ruins of a paleochristian church overlooking the archeological area.[5] The Arab invasions destroyed the Roman city. Some berber life was maintained there nevertheless until one century after the Islamic conquest of North Africa by the presence of a mosque and a house with patio with the covered walls of painted stuccos.
Archaeological works[edit]
The site was excavated continuously from 1948 to 1969.[6] In the 1960s, Lixus was restored and consolidated. In 1989, following an international conference which brought together many scientists, specialists, historians and archaeologists of the Mediterranean around the history and archaeology of Lixus, the site was partly enclosed. Work was undertaken to study the Roman mosaics of the site, which constitute a very rich unit. In addition to the vestiges interesting to discover the such mosaics whose one of sixty meters representing Poseidon.[clarification needed] Lixus was on a surface of approximately 75 hectares (190 acres). The excavated zones constitute approximately 20% of the total surface of the site.
World Heritage Status[edit]
See also[edit]
Line notes[edit]
 1. ^ Roman Lixus
 2. ^ Prehistoria de España: Trabajos dedicados al IV Congreso Internacional, Santiago Alcobé y Noguer
 3. ^ Lixus (in French)
 4. ^ C. Michael Hogan, Chellah, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
 5. ^ Lixus (with photos)
 6. ^ The Phoenicians, by Sabatino Moscati
External links[edit]


text:
Microsoft: Access2003: Calculations
- Course Format
- Product ID
- Training Time?
- 14 to 48 minutes
- Video Format
- Standard Definition
- Devices Supported
- Browsers Supported
- Chrome, IE, Firefox
- Required Plugins
- Flash Player
- Number of Lessons
- Quiz Questions
- Interactive Producer
- Original Content Producer
- LearnKey, Inc.
Learn basic and advanced capabilities of this database tool. By taking this course you will understand how to use Access 2003 to organize, retrieve, and share information.
This minicourse in our Lesson-On-Demand format is part of a series on Acess 2003. This minicourse on "Calculations" focuses on formulas, the ability to group, and concatenations. This minicourse is short enough to fit easily into your busy schedule with little disruption to your daily workflow.
Relational databases are a critical component of the infrastructure that allows modern society to easily store, index and share information. In the Access 2003 course from LearnKey, you'll learn basic and advanced capabilities of this popular database tool from Microsoft. Expert instructor Erin Olsen will soon have you building databases, querying data, designing forms and generating reports. At the conclusion of this course, you'll understand how to use Access 2003 to organize, retrieve, and share information.
Since founding PCKeys Technology Solutions in 1995, Erin Olsen has personally trained more than 10,000 people worldwide in a wide variety of applications and technologies, and she has helped many organizations transition to using Microsoft, Adobe and Macromedia software tools. A Microsoft Office Specialist Master Instructor, Erin enjoys a reputation for providing solid foundations in skills applicable to real-world needs in an easy-to-understand and fun manner. She combines technical knowledge with real-world experience allowing her to provide a wealth of practical examples and inside tips to help her audience learn, retain and actually apply their skills.
- Install on any SCORM LMS
- Rich multimedia presentation with interactions and quiz
- Print certificate and wallet card
- You have 60 days to complete the course
Everyone who uses or plans to use Microsoft Access 2003 in their job, business, studies, or personal record keeping activities.
- Group By


text:
To define help text for adaptor properties in an IMDF file,
Help element. You can include only one
in an IMDF file and it must be a child of the root node.
As children of the
Help node, you create
that contain the help text for a particular property. You use the
AdaptorHelp element to specify which property
the help is associated with.
You can optionally include device-specific content in the help
text. This text appears only when a particular device is selected.
Use one or more
DeviceHelp nodes to add device-specific
help to an
AdaptorHelp node. You use the
DeviceHelp element to specify when the text
should appear. You can also create see also references for your property
The following example outlines how to use these elements to create property help. The words in italics represent text that you must define.
 Help text Device-specific help text References to other properties ...
The following table summarizes the tags you can use to define help. For more information, see these topics.
Defines the help section in an IMDF file. Must be child
Defines the online help for a property. The Help node can contain one or more AdaptorHelp nodes.
Specifies device-specific text in property help. This
element is optional. An
Defines the see also line in property help. This element
is optional. An
The purpose of using a
Help element in an
IMDF file is to create help text for device-specific properties. A
user of your adaptor can display the help text at the command line
The following example shows how a user displays the help text
for a device-specific property using the
To see how to create this help in an IMDF file, see Creating AdaptorHelp Nodes.
The items in this list correspond to the numbered elements above.
Device-specific properties are properties
of the video source object. The example creates the video input object
and then uses the
getselectedsource function to
get a handle to the video source object.
The example uses the
to display a list of device-specific properties.
to display help for one of the properties of the video source object.
The first line of the help lists the name of the property with its constraints, such as range and permission.
The text of the help appears exactly
as you enter it in the IMDF file. You include the text after the
The See Also line
is created by the
This section describes how to create help text for a property
using the set of help tags defined by the IMDF DTD. The following
example shows the IMDF entry for the
displayed in User Scenario: Viewing Property Help. The example sets the
AdaptorHelp tag to the name of a property.
 Specify the brightness, also called the black level. Brightness describes the difference in intensity of light reflected from or transmitted through an image independent of its hue and saturation. For some devices, the value is expressed in IRE units * 100. For other devices, the units are arbitrary. Refer to the device's documentation for information. Depending on the acquisition device, this property may have an associated mode property allowing this value to be controlled automatically by the device, or for it to be manually configured. BrightnessMode.
To include help text that only appears for specific devices,
In this example, the help text contains three device-specific
sections. Note how the example sets the
DeviceHelp property to the name of a device.
 Enables the strobe output and its timer. Upon enabling the strobe output, it will start detection of triggers and generate output as appropriate. Consult your hardware manual for a detailed description of the strobe output. See also StrobeMode, StrobeDuration, StrobeDelay, StrobePolarity, StrobeAlignOnHs. See also StrobeMode, StrobeDelay, StrobePolarity. For the PC-RGB, StrobeEnable only enables the timing circuitry. The strobe output must still be enabled with the StrobeOutputEnable property. See also StrobeMode, StrobePolarity, StrobeDelay, StrobeOutputEnable.


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Even in Frigid Temperatures, Air-Source Heat Pumps Keep Homes Warm From Alaska Coast to U.S. Mass Market
March 9, 2021
When the north wind blows into Dillingham in the middle of winter, it can plunge well past 15 degrees below zero F on the remote strip of Alaska's southern coast. On these days, the oil heaters in many of the homes have to run pretty much nonstop to keep people warm.
As you walk through the small fishing town, perched on Bristol Bay's world-class salmon fishery, you can smell the acrid-sweet scent of wood-burning stoves. But one house stands out from the others: Located on the edge of the town, where spruce forest fades into an endless expanse of frozen, snow-covered tundra, it has no chimney, no fuel tank, no combustion of any kind.
Photo of a house surrounded by snow and trees
Tom Marsik's previous house on the tundra in Dillingham, Alaska, uses an air-source heat pump to warm the home, a building that won a world record for most airtight house. Photo courtesy of Tom Marsik
The air-source heat pump that Tom Marsik installed in his house eight years ago was rare for Alaska. Air-source heat pumps take heat from the outside air, run it through a refrigeration cycle to step up the temperature (just like your fridge, but in reverse), and deliver it to a building. Because they rely on "heat" from the outside air, they were not very common in subarctic climates. Yet, for five years, Marsik's heat pump kept his family warm even on the chilliest days of the year. Thanks to what researchers have learned from systems like this one, heat pumps are taking off in Alaska and other cold places as an alternative to more traditional heating systems like oil and natural gas.
"It's exciting because they are operating at lower temperatures than they historically have, which means they have the potential to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in cold climates," Marsik said. "Helping to push the boundaries of clean energy and develop a sustainable future was important to me, especially in my own house, where we were raising our daughter."
Photo of the outdoor portion of an air-source heat pump
An air-source heat pump, such as the outdoor portion of Marsik's ductless heat pump shown here, takes heat from the outside air, runs it through a refrigeration cycle to step up the temperature (just like your fridge, but in reverse), and delivers it to a building. Photo courtesy of Tom Marsik
Today, Marsik lives in Fairbanks and is chief scientist at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Cold Climate Housing Research Center (CCHRC). Though he does not live in an air-source-heat-pump-heated home anymore, he still spends a lot of time thinking about them, calculating runtimes and defrost cycles, remembering how he would come running downstairs when he would hear a new noise from his own unit, and researching how to make heat pumps work better for more Alaskans, who face a severe climate, lack of infrastructure, and energy bills five times higher than the average American.
Air-source heat pumps are part of a portfolio of solutions that can advance NREL's mission of making energy more affordable, equitable, and environmentally friendly. Their role, however, varies across the nation's vast topography of climates, natural resources, and housing types. NREL researchers are looking at how they can help people in cold climates, based on all of those factors and more.
In Alaska, the technology showing the most promise is a ductless heat pump, which includes an outdoor unit that absorbs heat from the air, and an indoor unit on the opposite side of the wall that delivers it to the room. Because there is no distribution system to spread heat throughout the home, ductless systems are well suited for the small, energy-efficient homes often found in Alaska.
"These are getting a lot of buzz largely because of the relatively low installed cost compared to other systems. Because they just blow air to an open space, you don't have to pay for the cost of a distribution system," Marsik said.
Photo of a large cold chamber in a laboratory
At NREL's Cold Climate Housing Research Center in Fairbanks, Alaska, a cold chamber is used to evaluate how heating appliances and wall designs hold up in Alaska—including an air source heat pump study beginning now. Photo by Vanessa Stevens, NREL
Of course, there are unique challenges in a place like Alaska. While heat pumps have improved over the past decade, they are still affected by low temperatures: The colder it gets, the harder it is to extract heat, and the less efficient the system is. But just how much does their efficiency drop? To answer this question, Marsik's team is studying a heat pump inside a 20-below-zero test chamber in their Fairbanks lab. The study will also look at the effect of thermal loading, or the heat demand of the building, on the heat pump's performance.
"At very cold temperatures, the efficiency is getting relatively low, and at that point it doesn't typically make sense to use a heat pump anymore," Marsik said. "And it is often better to use other technologies."
Understanding the operating limits of heat pumps will shed light on how they can be expanded nationally. There is a much larger market for air-source heat pumps in the Lower 48, where cold-climate residents are also looking for affordable, cleaner ways to heat their homes. One benefit of heat pumps in less extreme climates is that they can provide both heating and cooling, with the simple switch of a valve. NREL researcher Jon Winkler is leading research to see how to get heat pumps into more of these homes.
The subset of housing he focuses on are those with central, forced-air heating—or roughly 35 million U.S. homes. These homes could switch to a heat pump fairly easily because they already have ductwork. The heat pump simply ties into these existing ducts, like a central air conditioner, to provide conditioned air throughout the home. In places with ductwork and high energy costs, heat pumps are especially attractive—like the Pacific Northwest, for example.
"They already have the ductwork, but they're using electric resistance heaters, which get the lowest possible heating efficiency. Installing a heat pump in these homes makes a lot of sense financially," Winkler said.
He is currently monitoring a dozen heat pumps in eastern Washington and Montana to gain a refined look at their efficiency. Similar to the Alaska study, Winkler is looking at how the efficiency of a heat pump drops in colder temperatures, and how to appropriately size a heat pump for a home. There is a twist, though: These heat pumps need to be sized to provide both the right amount of heat and air conditioning.
"So, for these homes, what is the optimal heat pump size from an energy efficiency perspective, a cost perspective, and also from a comfort perspective?" Winkler said.
Furthermore, how can heat pumps be combined with other appliances to provide the most benefit?
"Do you need to provide 100% of the heat with that heat pump?" Winkler said. "Or is it more cost-effective to provide 90% of heating with the heat pump and use an electrical backup resistance heater for those few days of the year it gets really cold?"
Photo of a researcher calibrating a cold chamber
NREL-CCHRC research engineer Robbin Garber-Slaght calibrates the cold chamber's internal thermostat by testing the chamber's ability to replicate Alaska's frigid -20-degree temperatures. She checks data from temperature sensors spaced throughout the chamber to ensure temperatures are even. Photo by Vanessa Stevens, NREL
That is what Marsik did in his Dillingham house, and what millions of other homes in cold climates could do, too. With the study's results to come, Winkler's project will create performance maps that show how heat pumps work in different regions of the country where consumers may want them.
While a growing market demand is driving NREL's research on heat pumps, it is not just about saving money for consumers, Winkler said. One critical piece of moving toward a clean energy economy is to electrify heating—moving buildings to the grid for heating and air conditioning rather than relying on appliances like oil boilers or gas furnaces. This allows green electrons—whether they come from wind, solar, geothermal, or something else—to provide thermal comfort as well as power.
"If we want to be purely renewable, we're going to have to electrify our home heating use," Winkler said, "and heat pumps are currently the best way to do that."
Learn more about buildings research at NREL and the Cold Climate Housing Research Center.
—Molly Rettig


text:
- What animal can get pregnant by itself?
- What animal has 32 brains?
- What animal has no gender?
- Which animal is never sleep?
- Which animal dies after childbirth?
- Do hyenas eat their babies?
- Do male hyenas give birth?
- What animal can give birth without mating?
- What animal is the most protective?
- What animals give birth through their mouth?
- Are seahorses painful when giving birth?
- What animals have males give birth?
- Are seahorses the only male to give birth?
- What is the most protective male animal?
- Are Lions good dads?
- What animal mates the most often?
- Do hyenas kill each other?
- Do seahorses eat their babies?
What animal can get pregnant by itself?
The boa constrictor, monitor lizard and Komodo dragon are both capable of becoming pregnant without male fertilization, by parthenogenesis.
This form of reproduction is not the preferred method and has evolutionary disadvantages for the species, as it constitutes a form of inbreeding that reduces genetic diversity..
What animal has 32 brains?
leechesThe leeches that I have driven several hundred miles to encounter are freshwater, bloodsucking, multi-segmented annelid worms with 10 stomachs, 32 brains, nine pairs of testicles, and several hundred teeth that leave a distinctive bite mark.
What animal has no gender?
We have written before about the strange but spectacular phenomenon of virgin births, or "parthenogenesis" as it's known. Some animals are fully asexual and do not need a male to give birth: for instance, some species of whiptail lizards.
Which animal is never sleep?
bullfrogThe bullfrog was chosen as an animal that doesn't sleep because when tested for responsiveness by being shocked, it had the same reaction whether awake or resting.
Which animal dies after childbirth?
Octopuses are semelparous animals, which means they reproduce once and then they die. After a female octopus lays a clutch of eggs, she quits eating and wastes away; by the time the eggs hatch, she dies.
Do hyenas eat their babies?
WASHINGTON (AP) _ With slashing teeth, a first born rips into her twin moments after birth. Soon, in a typical family event for the spotted hyena, the youngest cub dies and big sister alone is nourished by their mother. … The young come into the world with fully developed canine and incisor teeth.
Do male hyenas give birth?
Males take no part in the raising of young. Giving birth is difficult for female hyenas, as the females give birth through their narrow clitoris, and spotted hyena cubs are the largest carnivoran young relative to their mothers' weight.
What animal can give birth without mating?
Most animals that procreate through parthenogenesis are small invertebrates such as bees, wasps, ants, and aphids, which can alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. Parthenogenesis has been observed in more than 80 vertebrate species, about half of which are fish or lizards.
What animal is the most protective?
The animal kingdom is flush with extraordinary parentsOrangutan. The bond between an orangutan mother and her young is one of the strongest in nature. … Polar Bear. … African Elephant. … Cheetah. … Emperor Penguin.
What animals give birth through their mouth?
The gastric-brooding frog is the only known frog to give birth through its mouth.
Are seahorses painful when giving birth?
They experience definite labor pains when birth is imminent, evident as a series of powerful contractions, and soon begin pumping in time with these birth spasms in order to forcibly eject the fry from their pouches. Labor usually begins well after dark in the early morning hours or shortly after dawn (Vincent, 1990).
What animals have males give birth?
But, for three animals, the tables are turned. Male seahorses, pipefish, and sea dragons are the ones who get pregnant and give birth to their young.
Are seahorses the only male to give birth?
The eggs of other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization. Although seahorses are the only fish that experience true male pregnancy, the males of two close relatives, sea dragons and pipefish, carry eggs attached to an area beneath their tails.
What is the most protective male animal?
5 remarkable animal dadsMountain Gorilla. Male mountain gorillas, known as silverback gorillas because of the coloring of their coats when they mature, lead cohesive families, defending females and offspring from threats by charging and beating their chests. … Pygmy Marmoset. … Arctic Wolf. … Emperor Penguins. … Seahorses.
Are Lions good dads?
However, when his pride is in danger, the male lion really steps up and becomes ferociously protective of his pride, which can consist of 30 or more lionesses and cubs. When he senses a threat, his fatherly intuition kicks in and he does anything and everything to ensure the safety of his family.
What animal mates the most often?
BonobosBonobos are highly promiscuous, engaging in sexual interactions more frequently than any other primate, and in just about every combination from heterosexual to homosexual unions. Mothers even mate with their mature sons (Everyone: Eeeeewww!).
Do hyenas kill each other?
Hyenas and lions often fight over the same territories and hunt the same prey. This leads to fierce competition between the two animals. They steal each other's food and kill off the young of their enemies.
Do seahorses eat their babies?
In fact, some species of seahorse can give birth to more than 1,000 babies at once! … The seahorse father does not eat until several hours after he has given birth. However, if the babies are still hanging around him after that, they may become a tasty meal. That's right, males sometimes eat their own babies.


text:
What Happens if a Deed Is Not Recorded?
An owner legally transfers his property to another person on an instrument known as a deed. At the time of transfer, the owner usually records the deed by filing it in the land records of the property's county but it is not required for it to legally transfer title to the new owner. However, failure to record a deed may cause problems for the new owner. For example, the lack of an official deed will make it nearly impossible to sell the property again or refinance a mortgage.
Trouble Proving Ownership
The receiver on the recorded deed doesn't have the proof of ownership required for many real estate transactions and for creditor protection. For instance, a lender may deny a mortgage application if a deed isn't recorded in the borrower's name. This could be a serious issue for those who are relying on mortgage lending to help finance their home purchase over the long term. Additionally, it is important to remember that creditors of the transferrer on the unrecorded deed can still place liens against the property, leaving a mess for the person who received the property. As can be imagined, this could lead to a series of troubling consequences if the prior owner of the property had unresolved debts.
Clouds on the Title
A title cloud is anything in the property's ownership history that raises questions about an owner's legal claim to the property. Unless the cloud is cleared, the owner will have problems getting title insurance, which is often required by lenders for mortgage products and during real estate transfers. An unrecorded deed may create a cloud because many states have a delivery requirement when it comes to the instruments. While the deed doesn't have to be recorded, the recipient has to prove she received the deed from the prior owner, something that may prove difficult if he's deceased or otherwise unable to confirm it. It is always the best possible choice to record the deed in order to ensure that problems such as this do not occur.
IRS Tax Issues
Failing to record a deed may have federal or state tax consequences for the receiver once the transferrer dies, depending on the state laws and the size of the transferrer's estate. It is essential that the new owner of the home check their state's regulations regarding penalties for failing to record deed transfers. The transferrer may have additional tax obligations, such as filling out the federal tax form for gifts, due at the time he signs and delivers the deed.
Anna Assad began writing professionally in 1999 and has published several legal articles for various websites. She has an extensive real estate and criminal legal background. She also tutored in English for nearly eight years, attended Buffalo State College for paralegal studies and accounting, and minored in English literature, receiving a Bachelor of Arts.


text:
How can the DLCA be used for planning new development?20 June 2016
New development needs to take full account of its relationship with the landscape. Understanding the landscape context of development is an essential first step of the design process. The DLCA helps developers to understand the characteristics of different areas of landscape and of the impacts of potential development. This helps in the identification of sites that are suitable for different types of development. When a development site has been identified, the key characteristics of the landscape can inform the design and layout of new development.


and
n
ZZ
3
0
is the zero sequence impedance of the generator complete with the neutral
earthing impedance.
Note that if the neutral is open-circuited, then the zero sequence network is
also open-circuited.
Using the Sequence Networks
In a completely symmetrical three-phase power system the positive, negative
and zero sequence networks are separate (uncoupled). If now an unsymmetrical
condition occurs (accidentally) at just one location, then this condition can be
translated into an interconnection between the networks. We will look at some
specific cases here. As the symmetrical components are most frequently used
for fault calculations, we assume the conditions to be faults, but the results can
be applied to similar unbalanced conditions which are not necessarily faults.
2.26
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault
Let the equivalent star fault (or load) impedance be
F
Z
for the three phases:
I
1
Z
1
V
1
E
1
Z
F
Z
F
= fault impedance per phase
I
c
I
b
I
a
cba
Z
F
Z
F
Z
F
Figure 2.7
Clearly, only positive sequence currents exist in this case. Only the positive
sequence network is used, and the analysis is identical to the normal "per
phase" analysis of a symmetrical network. The fault current is:
F
a
ZZ
E
II

1
1
1
(2.65)
2.27
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Line-to-Line Fault
Let the fault (or single phase load) be between lines "b" and "c", and have an
impedance
F
Z
:
I
1
Z
1
V
1
E
1
Z
F
Z
F
= fault impedance
I
c
I
b
cb
a
Z
F
I
a
= 0
= -I
b
I
2
V
2
Z
2
Figure 2.8
The fault admittance matrix is, by inspection:

110
110
000
1
f
abc
Z
Y
(2.66)
Then:

2
2
2
21
012
1
1
111
110
110
000
1
1
111
3
1
hh
hh
hh
hh
Z
f
abc
HYHY
(2.67)
Hence:
abc
f
Z
YY 

110
110
000
1
012
(2.68)
2.28
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Clearly, the zero sequence network is open-circuited, and the positive and
negative sequence networks are connected as shown in Figure 2.8. The
sequence currents are:
F
ZZZ
E
II
I


21
1
21
0
0
(2.69)
and the fault current is given by:
 
1
1
2
21
2
0
3Ij
Ihh
hIIhII
b



(2.70)
Hence, using Eq. (2.69):
F
b
ZZZ
Ej
I

21
1
3
(2.71)
2.29
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Line-to-Earth Fault
Let the fault (or single phase load) be between line "a" and earth (or neutral),
and have an impedance
F
Z
:
Z
F
= fault impedance
cb
a
F
I
a
Z
I
b
= 0 I
c
= 0
3Z
F
I
1
Z
1
V
1
E
1
I
2
Z
2
V
2
I
0
Z
0
V
0
Figure 2.9
The fault admittance matrix is, by inspection:
000
000
001
1
f
abc
Z
Y
(2.72)
Then:

2
2
2
21
012
1
1
111
000
000
001
1
1
111
3
1
hh
hh
hh
hh
Z
f
abc
HYHY
(2.73)
2.30
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Hence:
111
111
111
3
1
012
f
Z
Y
(2.74)
and:


1
1
1
3
210
012012012
f
Z
VVV
VYI
(2.75)
Clearly, the three sequence networks are connected in series as shown in
Figure 2.9. The sequence currents are:
F
ZZZZ
E
III
3
210
1
210


(2.76)
and the fault current is given by:
F
a
ZZZZ
E
IIII
3
3
210
1
210


(2.77)
2.31
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Summary
The per-unit value is defined as the ratio of a physical value of some
quantity to a base value. They are used extensively in power systems
analysis.
Real power flow in an ideal "loss free" interconnector is determined only
by the power angle (the phase difference between the end voltages).
The average transferred reactive power in a "loss free" interconnector is
determined only by the voltage magnitudes.
The static stability limit in an interconnector is achieved when maximum
real power transfer is achieved – this occurs when the phase difference
between the end voltages matches the angle of the interconnector
impedance.
Various types of power system loads exhibit different sensitivities, with
respect to relative power changes, to voltage and frequency variations.
A set of unsymmetrical phasors can be expressed as the sum of three sets of
symmetrical phasors, or
symmetrical components
, known as positive,
negative and zero sequence components.
Any three-phase network can be represented by an equivalent set of
sequence networks, called the positive, negative and zero sequence
networks.
Any neutral-to-earth impedance only appears in the zero sequence, and is 3
times the original magnitude since the zero sequence currents for all phases
are equal.
Sequence networks are used to analyse unbalanced conditions in the
system, such as faults (or a load unbalance). The sequence networks are
connected so that the resulting network equations give the fault (or load)
current and voltage.
2.32
Power Circuit Theory 2011
References
Carmo, J.:
Power Circuit Theory Notes
, UTS, 1994.
Truupold, E.:
Power Circuit Theory Notes
, UTS, 1993.
2.33
Power Circuit Theory 2011
Exercises
1.
A 3-phase transmission circuit has an impedance per phase of
355 j. The
load at the receiving end consumes 600 kW at unity p.f. and 13.2 kV (line
voltage). Calculate sending end voltage magnitude, real, reactive and apparent
power, using per-unit values, given that the 3-phase power base is 100 MVA,
and the nominal line voltage is 220 kV.
2.
Two identical parallel connected 3-phase 6.6 kV 6.25 MVA generators feed
into the LV winding of a 3-phase 6.6 kV / 66 kV transformer rated at 12.5
MVA. The HV winding of the transformer is connected to a 3-phase feeder.
Find the total per-unit impedance of the circuit, as seen from the receiving end
of the feeder, on a 12.5 MVA 66 kV base, given the following data:
Generator impedance (each) = (1 + j30) % based on ratings
Transformer impedance = (1 + j8) % based on ratings
Feeder impedance per phase = 10 + j14
3.
A 3-phase 100 km transmission line has an impedance of
㠰j
per phase.
Resistance and capacitance can be neglected.
(a)
100 MW is carried along the line from end 1 to end 2 while the voltages are
maintained at 140 kV and 130 kV at ends 1 and 2 respectively. Calculate
the power angle and the reactive power flow at each end.
(b)
The line is operated at the static stability limit with voltages of 140 kV at
each end. Calculate the complex power input and output of the line, and the
voltage half-way along the transmission line.
Per-unit values of
electrical quantities
Power flow in an
interconnector
2.34
Power Circuit Theory 2011
4.
A composite load consists of heating, lighting and motors in equal proportions
of real power. Estimate the percent change in real power resulting from a 5%
fall in supply voltage.
5.
A generator, with its neutral connected to earth via a
㄰
⁲敡捴潲Ⱐ獵灰汩敳⁴桥
景汬潷楮朠汩湥⁴漠敡牴f⁶潬瑡来猠慮搠汩e畲牥湴猠瑯渠畮扡污湣敤潡携
A㄰1㐰4Aㄴ1㌵3A0㈰2
歖ㄱ10.ㄲ歖2.ㄳ3.ㄳ歖00.ㄸ


cba
cba
III
VVV
Find:
a)
The symmetrical components of the above voltages.
b)
The voltage to earth on the generator neutral.
c)
The active power supplied (i) using phase coordinates
(ii) using sequence coordinates.
6.
A three-phase 50 Hz reactor consists of three coupled coils. Each coil has a
self-inductance of
μH 500
and a resistance of
m㈰
⸠周攠.瑵慬t楮摵捴慮捥i
扥瑷敥渠慮礠瑷漠捯楬猠楳b μH 100.
a)
Calculate the sequence impedances of the reactor in complex ohms.
b)
Express the results of a) as per-unit values, using a base voltage of 11 kV
and a base power of 100 MVA.
Modelling of power
system loads
Symmetrical
components -
introduction
2.35
Power Circuit Theory 2011
7.
A generator is running on open circuit at a terminal voltage of 1.1 p.u. Assume
generator impedances are:
p.u. 06.0p.u. 12.0
021
jZjZZ

The generator is equipped with a neutral reactor of such a value as to limit the
line to earth fault current to 5.0 p.u.
Calculate the three line to earth voltages for a solid line to earth fault on "a"
phase.
8.
A three-phase load consists of a
1
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indexes or not.).
- When there is a global index, the situation is much more complicated. Assuming that each table has three global indexes, the size of the execution plan space will roughly become (3x3) x (2x3) x (1x3)=162, and the complexity will rise sharply. Accordingly, the requirements for the optimizer will be much higher. The optimizer needs to consider more statistics to select a better execution plan; More pruning is needed to complete query optimization in a shorter time.
So we can see that in the "distributed database" or some middleware products without global indexes, the optimizers are very weak, most of them are RBO, they do not need a powerful optimizer at all, and more optimization content is actually replaced by the stand-alone optimizer.
Implement strong consistency and high-performance distributed transactions on MySQL
In order to build a transparent distributed database, the key is the global index and the distributed transactions that the global index depends on. The exploration in the middleware era has told us that to make strong, consistent and high-performance distributed transactions, we must make deep modifications to the storage (MySQL).
We choose the scheme of using global MVCC (TSO)+2PC (XA).
Start is included in the stand-alone MVCC of MySQL_ timestamp (that is, trx_id in MySQL). In order to achieve global MVCC, several core things need to be done:
- Provide a global timestamp generator TSO, _URL_ 。
- Replace stand-alone trx with TSO generated global timestamp_ id。
- Introduce commit_ Timestamp (also generated by TSO), using strat_ timestamp and commit_ It is very efficient to judge the visibility by timestamp, _URL_ 。 The costly scheme of exchanging active transaction lists or GTMs between nodes is not used.
Transaction flow in PolarDB-X:
The modification of the record format in InnoDB is called the Lizard transaction system. See the following for details:
We also have some other articles to introduce the implementation of PolarDB-X distributed transactions:
- PolarDB-X Strong Consistent Distributed Transaction Principle
- Implementation of PolarDB-X distributed transaction (I)
With distributed transactions and global indexes, PolarDB-X has officially transformed from a middleware into a distributed database.
Transparent distribution of PolarDB-X
PolarDB-X implements excellent distributed transactions and global indexes, which meet the requirements for global indexes mentioned above and achieve transparent distribution.
In the transparent distributed mode (mode='auto' is specified in CREATE DATABASE), all indexes are global indexes, and the application does not need to care about the partition key.
For example, our table creation statement is completely consistent with the stand-alone MySQL, and it does not need to specify the partition key:
create table orders (
id bigint,
buyer_ Id varchar (128) comment 'Buyer',
seller_ Id varchar (128) comment 'Seller',
primary key(id),
index sdx(seller_id),
index bdx(buyer_id)
)
Creating a global index is also consistent with the experience of creating a secondary index on a stand-alone MySQL. The whole process is online:
CREATE INDEX idx_ seller_ id ON orders (seller_id);
PolarDB-X's global index is strongly consistent, and its data consistency experience is not significantly different from that of stand-alone MySQL. It provides an isolation level between RC and RR that conforms to MySQL semantics.
At the same time, PolarDB-X has also done a lot of work on index maintenance and optimizer to ensure that the index can be created and maintained efficiently, and the optimizer can correctly generate the execution plan using the index.
The partition algorithm of PolarDB-X can also deal with hot spots, data skew and other problems in the index. Refer to: _URL_
Automatically (transparently) determine the lower limit and manually determine the upper limit
Divide common distributed databases on the market by transparency and manual:
- Typical representatives of transparent distributed databases: TiDB, CockroachDB.
- Typical representatives of manual distributed databases: OceanBase, YugabyteDB.
Is transparent distributed data better than manual data?
For databases that only provide transparent usage, the migration cost will be lower and the initial experience will be better. However, after entering the deep-water area, due to the inevitable use of a large number of distributed transactions, the performance in the core scenarios often fails to meet the requirements (or the same performance requires higher costs), and there is a lack of optimization methods such as eliminating distributed transactions and more sufficient computing push down.
For databases that only provide manual usage, although well-designed partitioning keys enable optimal performance in theory, the threshold for use will increase significantly (10% of core tables need to be designed for partitioning keys, and the remaining 90% of non core tables need to be designed for partitioning keys).
We believe that both transparent and manual distributed databases can not meet the requirements of businesses for both cost and performance.
PolarDB-X not only provides a transparent mode, but also fully supports the syntax of partitioned tables. It also provides Join Group/Table Group, partition online change and other tools to enable applications to push down more transactions and calculations to storage nodes when they need extreme performance.
PolarDB-X is the only distributed database on the market that can provide both transparent and manual modes. We recommend that most scenarios use the transparent mode, then perform pressure testing on core business scenarios, and manually optimize these scenarios using partition table syntax to achieve the highest performance.
Use Paxos protocol to achieve RPO=0
MySQL connected by middleware generally uses the active/standby architecture. The biggest problem with this method is that data will be lost, even if it takes a long time (walking along the river, you can't help wetting your shoes).
After years of science popularization in the database circle, we all know that some consistency protocols, such as Paxos and Raft, are required to avoid data loss. In fact, these agreements are no secret. Even the database circle has a joke that "students enrolled in schools should be able to hack Paxos".
The threshold is not the protocol itself, but the stability and performance of MySQL. Stability can only be obtained after large-scale verification and enough pits.
The Paxos protocol used by PolarDB-X is derived from Alibaba's internal X-Paxos. It can be said that there is no active/standby mode for Alibaba's internal MySQL databases, and 100% of them use X-Paxos. This means that it has experienced tens of thousands of MySQL clusters and various rapid verifications, and has high reliability.
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Finding the least common multiple of a range of numbers in JavaScript?
JavascriptWeb DevelopmentFront End TechnologyObject Oriented Programming
We are required to write a JavaScript function that takes in an array of exactly two numbers specifying a range.
The function should then calculate the least common multiple of all the numbers within that range and return the final result.
Example
The code for this will be −
const range = [8, 3];
const gcd = (a, b) => {
 return !b ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
}
const lcm = (a, b) => {
 return a * (b / gcd(a,b));
};
const rangeLCM = (arr = []) => {
 if(arr[0] > arr[1]) (arr = [arr[1], arr[0]]);
 for(let x = result = arr[0]; x <= arr[1]; x++) {
 result = lcm(x, result);
 }
return result;
}
console.log(rangeLCM(range));
Output
And the output in the console will be −
840
raja
Updated on 21-Nov-2020 10:16:42
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What happened to intermolecular space and intermolecular force of attraction when gas changes to liquid state on the basis of kinetic theory of matter?
Read MoreLondon Dispersion Forces | Dipole formation | Fector Effecting | Significance?
What happened to intermolecular space and intermolecular force of attraction when gas changes to liquid state on the basis of kinetic theory of matter?
Gas will change to liquids when compressed. Hence intermolecular force of attraction and distance between molecules will reduce.
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text:
It is thought to be the quintessential British meal, but new research claims the original idea for fish and chips came from Jewish and French dishes.
Fish and chips is a traditional seaside meal
A study of the multicultural nature of UK cuisine suggests the meal was influenced by immigrants 150 years ago.
Professor Panikos Panayi of Leicester's De Montfort University has begun a
£6,000 research project to investigate the global influence on British food.
He said fish and chips mixed "French frites with Jewish fish dishes".
Mr Panayi's research is expected to last two to three years and his findings will be published in a book called The Spicing Up of English Life.
He said: "In the middle of the 19th century the main concern of most sections of
English society consisted of eating enough food of sufficient quality to stay
alive, rather than displaying a concern about variety.
"Transformations between 1850 and 1945 included the emergence of fish and
chips, influenced by both French and Jewish culinary traditions.
He said the origins of the dish were complex, but probably came about from the combination of French frites with Jewish fish dishes.
"It certainly isn't the traditional British food people might think, and of
course the meal is often enjoyed with a cup of tea - the best example of the
influence of the Empire on English eating and drinking habits."
Fish and chips restaurant Harry Ramsden's serves
20,000 portions per day across Britain.
A spokeswoman said: "It's very interesting to hear
the professor's findings on the origins of the ingredients that are still, and
we're sure will always be, a great British tradition."
Mr Panayi has urged people who arrived in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s to contact him to help him with his research.
The project will also examine the arrival of ice cream and pork with Italian
and German immigrants and the effect of the first Indian and Chinese

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
U.S. Sens. Steve Daines and Jon Tester this week introduced a Senate resolution to recognize the month of November as National Native American Heritage Month.
The resolution celebrates the heritage, culture and history of Native Americans, and recognizes the many contributions Native Americans have made to our nation.
The resolution was unanimously passed by the U.S. Senate.
"National Native American Heritage Month celebrates the rich history, culture and legacy of Indian tribes to our country," said Daines, R-Montana. "By honoring the importance of tribal self-governance, preserving indigenous languages, we can continue to strengthen and preserve the United States' commitment of government-to-government relationships."
Tester, D-Montana, said the designation recognizes the Native American contribution to the national culture.
"Native Americans maintain vibrant cultures that are rich with tradition and a strong sense of community," Tester said. "Recognizing National Native American Heritage Month helps celebrate Native American cultures and better educate folks about the treaty and trust responsibilities owed to folks in Indian Country."
The resolution was also sponsored by U.S. Sen. John Barrasso, R-Wyoming, and co-sponsored by more than a dozen U.S. Senators, including many from across the West.


text:
A new study suggests that applying an aloe vera gel coating to pomegranate arils can significantly extend their shelf-life. Demand for pomegranate arils has risen sharply in recent years, but fruit quality deteriorates rapidly postharvest due to desiccation and browning, reducing the product's shelf-life.
Now a team at Elche's Miguel Hernández University has discovered that coating the arils in a gel based on aloe vera can improve both the commercial life and quality of the fruit. The study, results of which were reported on the Postharvest website, treated arils by immersion in a solution containing organic acids and subsequently with an aloe vera gel solution, before placing them inside plastic packages under coldstorage for 17 days.
The results revealed that fruit treated with the gel had a lower maturity index than an untreated control and that the edible coating resulted in lower ethylene concentration in the packaging head space and firmer arils. The gel did not affect the natural flavour of the arils or the internal gas composition of the package when compared to a control.
Moreover, the edible coating led to a dramatic reduction in the microbial counts, leading the research team to conclude that aloe vera gel coating could be an effective additional technology for improving the general quality of this product.


text:
Denver hip-hop artist Adrian Molina is using the unlikely vehicle of chess to teach a group of high school students at Venture Prep, a public charter school in Denver, the art of the emcee.
The course is called "Chess, Civics and Hip-Hop." It covers the political and socio-economic roots of hip-hop in African American history. Molina is with "Youth on Record," a non-profit group that promotes music education for young people in Colorado.
Molina, who performs under the moniker "Molina Speaks," wants his students to feel confident enough to write and perform their own songs by the end of the term. But his aspirations for the students do not end there.
He sees his class as a means to turn his students into better critical thinkers and also wants his students to learn strategy and focus. That is where the game of chess comes in.
"Chess helps the students to meditate, focus and takes things seriously," Molina says. "I want the chess and the history of hip-hop to give them a sense of boldness and possibility. I want them to challenge themselves and take risks."
The experiment appears to be working. Students in Molina's class are reporting higher levels of concentration.
"Chess helps me focus, so when I sit down to write a song, my mind is more open," Hakeem Thomas, an 18-year-old senior, says.
Students also say playing chess has taught them to be more open to the creative muse when it calls.
"Chess teaches you about risk," De'jante Tramble, a 16-year-old sophomore, says. "Sometimes you just have to throw out what you are feeling and take that chance."
Todd Bardwick, a national chess master and the founder of the Chess Academy of Denver, isn't surprised by Molina's mixture of hip-hop and chess in the classroom, because chess – like math and music – uses both sides of the brain.
Music, chess and math are all comprised of a series of rhythmic sequential patterns. François-André Danican Philidor, an 18th-century opera composer, was the unofficial chess champion of the world in his day. David Bowie and Bob Dylan are both avid chess fans. And one of Bardwick's former students is now an opera singer.
"As far as creativity and logic go, those parts of the brain overlap," Bardwick says. "Chess is the best tool out there to teach just about anything."
Some major Colorado arts institutions are taking note of Molina's approach to teaching the arts. Representatives from the Colorado Symphony and The Denver Center for the Performing Arts have sat in on his class.
Molina and his students are now preparing for an end of the year production combining symphonic music, theater, hip-hop and vocal performance.


trans: Create transformation objects for psychrometric chart
Description Usage Arguments Examples
Description
Create transformation objects for psychrometric chart
Usage
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Arguments
units
A string indicating the system of units chosen. Should be either "SI" or "IP".
Examples
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plot(drybulb_trans("SI"), xlim = c(0, 5))
plot(humratio_trans("SI"), xlim = c(0, 1000))
plot(relhum_trans("SI"), xlim = c(0, 1))
plot(wetbulb_trans("SI"), xlim = c(-50, 40))
plot(vappres_trans("SI"), xlim = c(1000, 4000))
plot(specvol_trans("SI"), xlim = c(0.8, 1))
hongyuanjia/ggpsychro documentation built on Feb. 3, 2021, 12:31 p.m.


32. Inter-Application Communication
Spring Cloud Stream enables communication between applications. Inter-application communication is a complex issue spanning several concerns, as described in the following topics:
32.1 Connecting Multiple Application Instances
While Spring Cloud Stream makes it easy for individual Spring Boot applications to connect to messaging systems, the typical scenario for Spring Cloud Stream is the creation of multi-application pipelines, where microservice applications send data to each other. You can achieve this scenario by correlating the input and output destinations of "adjacent" applications.
Suppose a design calls for the Time Source application to send data to the Log Sink application. You could use a common destination named ticktock for bindings within both applications.
Time Source (that has the channel name output) would set the following property:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.destination=ticktock
Log Sink (that has the channel name input) would set the following property:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.input.destination=ticktock
32.2 Instance Index and Instance Count
When scaling up Spring Cloud Stream applications, each instance can receive information about how many other instances of the same application exist and what its own instance index is. Spring Cloud Stream does this through the spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount and spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex properties. For example, if there are three instances of a HDFS sink application, all three instances have spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount set to 3, and the individual applications have spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex set to 0, 1, and 2, respectively.
When Spring Cloud Stream applications are deployed through Spring Cloud Data Flow, these properties are configured automatically; when Spring Cloud Stream applications are launched independently, these properties must be set correctly. By default, spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount is 1, and spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex is 0.
In a scaled-up scenario, correct configuration of these two properties is important for addressing partitioning behavior (see below) in general, and the two properties are always required by certain binders (for example, the Kafka binder) in order to ensure that data are split correctly across multiple consumer instances.
32.3 Partitioning
Partitioning in Spring Cloud Stream consists of two tasks:
32.3.1 Configuring Output Bindings for Partitioning
You can configure an output binding to send partitioned data by setting one and only one of its partitionKeyExpression or partitionKeyExtractorName properties, as well as its partitionCount property.
For example, the following is a valid and typical configuration:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExpression=payload.id
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionCount=5
Based on that example configuration, data is sent to the target partition by using the following logic.
A partition key's value is calculated for each message sent to a partitioned output channel based on the partitionKeyExpression. The partitionKeyExpression is a SpEL expression that is evaluated against the outbound message for extracting the partitioning key.
If a SpEL expression is not sufficient for your needs, you can instead calculate the partition key value by providing an implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy and configuring it as a bean (by using the @Bean annotation). If you have more then one bean of type org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy available in the Application Context, you can further filter it by specifying its name with the partitionKeyExtractorName property, as shown in the following example:
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExtractorName=customPartitionKeyExtractor
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionCount=5
. . .
@Bean
public CustomPartitionKeyExtractorClass customPartitionKeyExtractor() {
 return new CustomPartitionKeyExtractorClass();
}
[Note]Note
In previous versions of Spring Cloud Stream, you could specify the implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy by setting the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExtractorClass property. Since version 2.0, this property is deprecated, and support for it will be removed in a future version.
Once the message key is calculated, the partition selection process determines the target partition as a value between 0 and partitionCount - 1. The default calculation, applicable in most scenarios, is based on the following formula: key.hashCode() % partitionCount. This can be customized on the binding, either by setting a SpEL expression to be evaluated against the 'key' (through the partitionSelectorExpression property) or by configuring an implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionSelectorStrategy as a bean (by using the @Bean annotation). Similar to the PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy, you can further filter it by using the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorName property when more than one bean of this type is available in the Application Context, as shown in the following example:
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorName=customPartitionSelector
. . .
@Bean
public CustomPartitionSelectorClass customPartitionSelector() {
 return new CustomPartitionSelectorClass();
}
[Note]Note
In previous versions of Spring Cloud Stream you could specify the implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionSelectorStrategy by setting the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorClass property. Since version 2.0, this property is deprecated and support for it will be removed in a future version.
32.3.2 Configuring Input Bindings for Partitioning
An input binding (with the channel name input) is configured to receive partitioned data by setting its partitioned property, as well as the instanceIndex and instanceCount properties on the application itself, as shown in the following example:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.input.consumer.partitioned=true
spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex=3
spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount=5
The instanceCount value represents the total number of application instances between which the data should be partitioned. The instanceIndex must be a unique value across the multiple instances, with a value between 0 and instanceCount - 1. The instance index helps each application instance to identify the unique partition(s) from which it receives data. It is required by binders using technology that does not support partitioning natively. For example, with RabbitMQ, there is a queue for each partition, with the queue name containing the instance index. With Kafka, if autoRebalanceEnabled is true (default), Kafka takes care of distributing partitions across instances, and these properties are not required. If autoRebalanceEnabled is set to false, the instanceCount and instanceIndex are used by the binder to determine which partition(s) the instance subscribes to (you must have at least as many partitions as there are instances). The binder allocates the partitions instead of Kafka. This might be useful if you want messages for a particular partition to always go to the same instance. When a binder configuration requires them, it is important to set both values correctly in order to ensure that all of the data is consumed and that the application instances receive mutually exclusive datasets.
While a scenario in which using multiple instances for partitioned data processing may be complex to set up in a standalone case, Spring Cloud Dataflow can simplify the process significantly by populating both the input and output values correctly and by letting you rely on the runtime infrastructure to provide information about the instance index and instance count.


Not sure what kind of sign to recommend to your clients? Here's an overview of the benefits of front and halo lit channel letter signs, otherwise known as dual lit signs.
Signage is an important aspect of branding for your clients. You want a sign for their brick and mortar location to appeal to their customers, and thereby drive increased awareness, and ultimately sales.
Channel letter signs are an excellent option for companies that want to stand out from the competition. There are two basic types of channel letters available on the market today: front lit channel letters, and halo lit channel letters. However, in some cases a combination of these two techniques will optimize the appearance of a sign.
This article will discuss the differences between front lit and halo lit channel letter signs, and how to use a combined approach to achieve maximum impact.
What are Front Lit Channel Letters?
Front lit channel letters are signs in which each letter's interior contains a light source that is visible from the front side of the display. Front lit channel letters are made up of durable aluminum composite panel (ACP) backing and sides. Their front surface is comprised of a translucent, acrylic material that allows the light source inside to transmit outwards. (Sometimes a lexan face can be used.)
Colour selection is vitally important for front lit channel letters, because many vinyl overlays only allow for less than 1% of light transmission from the letter's interior light source. Customized overlays are often available to achieve specific colours/hues. Another popular option among many businesses is the use of dual film. This material allows a company sign to transmit a specific color during daytime, and then white illumination at night (which results in highest visibility).
What are Halo Lit Channel Letters?
Halo lit channel letters (also known as halo lit or reverse channel letters) are the converse of their front lit counterparts. Instead of a translucent front side, these letters are open on the back, and positioned a little bit away from the wall. When the light source begins its transmission, the light reflects off of the wall and gives a silhouetted appearance to the solid outline of the letter; in effect, each letter is surrounded by a "halo" of light.
Halo lit channel letters can provide depth of appearance and a more architectural look to signage. Of course, it is important that the right kind of backing material is utilized for best results. For instance, brick may not distribute the light as well as other surfaces, whereas an extremely slick or shiny background may cause your LEDs to be visibly reflected upon the wall.
Using Front and Halo Lit Illumination
While both front lit and halo lit signs have their own unique advantages, a combined approach also offers significant aesthetic benefits. For instance:
 - Front and halo lit channel letters can use two different colorus to achieve a more rounded effect. All that is needed is a partition panel in the middle of the letter to divide the front side colour from the back.
 - Front and Halo lit illumination allows your clients to leverage a 3D effect for their sign, without sacrificing desired colour at the front.
 - This technique offers maximum visibility, especially at night. Front and halo lit signs are often positioned on high buildings for maximum exposure.
 - Front and halo lit channel letters are usually very attractive elements for advertising storefronts that are closed at night.
Ultimately, the success of a sign as a marketing tool depends on your client's specific business objectives, and which design would best fit into their advertising strategy. Many companies have found that dual lit illumination makes for dynamic, attractive signage that appeals to a wide range of customers. If you'd like to learn more about dual lit channel letter signs, and the many options available, reach out to us at the Channel Letter Depot today.


text:
The objective of the proposed grant is to assess urban flood risk, develop integrated urban flood management and storm water drainage solutions and identify priority flood risk mitigation investments for the Somali city of Kismayo.
Which Areas of Engagement are covered by this grant?
Priority 1Understanding disaster risk
Priority 2Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
Priority 3Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Priority 4Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to "Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction