React + TypeScript: Making a Reading Progress Indicator
Updated: March 3, 2023 By: A Goodman Post a comment
This article walks you through a complete example of creating a reading progress indicator in React. We are going to write code in TypeScript and make use of modern features provided by React including hooks and functional components. The sample app is going to be built from scratch. No third-party libraries are required.
Overview
A reading progress indicator can help the user know how much content has been read and how much is left. It is usually horizontal and sticky at the top of the page (while the web browser's scroll bar is vertical and on the right side of the screen). The width of the indicator is proportional to the amount of content that has been read.
To calculate the width of the indicator, we must know the following factors:
 - How far has the user scrolled down (we can get this information by using document.documentElement.scrollTop).
 - Height of main content (we'll use the useRef hook for this).
 - Offset top of the main content (we'll use the useRef hook for this).
You can see a detailed guide about the useRef hook here.
The Complete Example
App Preview
The app we are going to build contains 4 main sections:
 - The reading progress bar: Always stays at the top of the page.
 - Header: The green area that appears before the main content.
 - Main Content: This is where the user's reading progress will be shown in the reading progress bar. The height of this section depends on its content.
 - Footer: The blue area that resides at the bottom of the page.
Our reading progress bar is only really active when the user scrolls up or down in the main content area. When in the header or footer area, it will stay at 0% or 100%, respectively.
A demo is worth more than thousands of words:
In this example, I made the reading progress bar quite thick to make it easier to see. In fact, it's usually thinner (you can easily adjust the thickness in the App.css file).
The Code
1. Initialize a new React project with TypeScript:
npx create-react-app kindacode_example --template typescript
The project name is totally up to you.
2. Remove all of the default code in src/App.tsx and add the following (each piece of code goes with an explanation):
import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import "./App.css";
const App = () => {
 // the width of the indicator (which is orange in color)
 const [width, setWidth] = useState(0);
 // this ref will be used to connected with the main content section
 const contentRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
 const scrollProgress = () => {
 // how far the user has scrolled down
 const scrollTop = document.documentElement.scrollTop;
 if (contentRef.current) {
 // the distance from the content section to the top of the page
 const contentOffsetTop = contentRef.current?.offsetTop;
 // the height of the content section
 const contentHeight = contentRef.current?.clientHeight;
 if (scrollTop - contentOffsetTop <= 0) {
 return setWidth(0);
 }
 if (scrollTop - contentHeight > contentHeight) {
 return setWidth(100);
 }
 setWidth(((scrollTop - contentOffsetTop) / contentHeight) * 100);
 }
 };
 // add event listener
 useEffect(() => {
 window.addEventListener("scroll", scrollProgress);
 }, []);
 return (
 <>
 {/* The reading progress indicator bar */}

 {/* Header */}

Header

KindaCode.com

 {/* Just some dummy content */}

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

Content

Kindacode.com

 {/* Footer */}

Footer

KindaCode.com

 </>
 );
};
export default App;
3. And here is the code for src/App.css:
/* Header section */
header {
 display: flex;
 flex-direction: column;
 justify-content: center;
 align-items: center;
 background: #4caf50;
 color: #fff;
 padding: 50px 0;
}
/* Styling the progress indicator */
.progress-container {
 background: #f8bbd0;
 box-shadow: 0 2px 4px #999;
 height: 10px;
 position: fixed;
 top: 0;
 left: 0;
 width: 100vw;
 z-index: 99;
}
.progress-bar {
 height: 10px;
 background: #ffc107;
}
/* Main content */
main.content {
 display: flex;
 flex-direction: column;
 justify-content: center;
 align-items: center;
}
/* Footer section */
footer {
 padding: 50px 0;
 min-height: 150vh;
 background: #3f51b5;
 display: flex;
 flex-direction: column;
 justify-content: center;
 align-items: center;
 color: white;
}
4. Finally, get the app up and running by performing the command below:
npm start
Go to http://localhost:3000 with your favorite web browser and check the result.
Conclusion
We've examined an end-to-end example of implementing a reading progress indicator in a React app written in TypeScript. If you'd like to explore more new and interesting things in the modern React world, take a look at the following articles:
You can also check our React category page and React Native category page for the latest tutorials and examples.
Related Articles


text:
History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona
|Laws • History|
|List of measures|
The History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona began when acquired statewide initiative, referendum, and recall rights at the time of statehood in 1912. The first initiative in the state was for women's suffrage. It was a landslide victory, passing by a margin of greater than two to one on Nov. 5, 1912.
Then, in 1914, Arizona saw of 15 qualified initiatives, which held the record until 2006 when 19 initiatives were passed. Four of the 1914 initiatives passed because of the efforts of organized labor. One prohibited blacklisting of union members; a second established an "old age and mothers' pension"; another established a state government contract system, and a fourth limited businesses employment of non-citizens. Lastly, the voters in 1914 passed an initiative that barred the governor and legislature from amending or repealing initiatives.
In response, the legislature tried to pass a constitutional amendment that would make it more difficult to pass initiatives. Because this amendment needed the approval of voters, the Arizona Federation of Labor waged a campaign against the measure. The amendment was narrowly defeated in 1916.
- This chart includes all ballot measures to appear on the Arizona ballot in the year indicated, not just initiated measures. See also Arizona ballot measures.
|Year||Propositions on ballot||How many were approved?||How many were defeated?|
Arizonans owe many of their reforms to John Kromko. Kromko, like most Arizonans, is not a native; he was born near Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1940 and moved to Tucson in the mid-1960s. He was active in protests against the Vietnam War, and in the 1970s and 1980s he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature several times. By night, he was a computer-programming instructor; by day, he was Arizona's "Mr. Initiative."
Kromko's first petition was a referendum drive to stop a Tucson city council ordinance banning topless dancing, arguing for free speech. In 1976 Kromko was among the handful of Arizonans who, in cooperation with the People's Lobby Western Bloc campaign, succeeded in putting on the state ballot an initiative to phase out nuclear power. The initiative lost at the polls, but Kromko's leadership on the issue got him elected to his first term in the legislature.
Repealing the sales tax on food
Once elected, Kromko set his sights on abolishing the sales tax on food, a "regressive" tax that hits the poor hardest. Unsuccessful in the legislature, Kromko launched a statewide initiative petition and got enough signatures to put food tax repeal on the ballot. The legislature, faced with the initiative, acted to repeal the tax.
After the food tax victory, Kromko turned to voter registration reform. Again the legislature was unresponsive, so he launched an initiative petition. He narrowly missed getting enough signatures in 1980, and he failed to win re-election that year.
Undaunted, he revived the voter registration campaign and turned to yet another cause: Medicaid funding. Arizona in 1981 was the only state without Medicaid, since the legislature had refused to appropriate money for the state's share of this federal program.
In 1982, with an initiative petition drive under way and headed for success, the legislature got the message and established a Medicaid program. Kromko and his allies on this issue, the state's churches, were satisfied and dropped their petition drive.
Motor Voter initiative
The voter registration initiative, now under the leadership of Les Miller, a Phoenix attorney, and the state Democratic Party, gained ballot placement and voter approval. In the ensuing four years, this "Motor Voter" initiative increased by over 10 percent the proportion of Arizona's eligible population who were registered to vote.
Late legislative career
Kromko, re-elected to the legislature in 1982, took up his petitions again in 1983 to prevent construction of a freeway in Tucson that would have smashed through several residential neighborhoods. The initiative was merely to make freeway plans subject to voter approval, but Tucson officials, seeing the campaign as the death knell for their freeway plans, blocked its placement on the ballot through various legal technicalities. Kromko and neighborhood activists fighting to save their homes refused to admit defeat. They began a new petition drive in 1984, qualified their measure for the ballot, and won voter approval for it in November 1985.
Arizona's moneyed interests poured funds into a campaign to unseat Kromko in 1986. Kromko not only survived but also fought back by supporting a statewide initiative to limit campaign contributions, sponsored by his colleague in the legislature, Democratic State Representative Reid Ewing of Tucson. Voters passed the measure by a two to one margin.
Kromko's initiative exploits have made him the most effective Democratic political figure, besides former governor Bruce Babbitt, in this perennially Republican-dominated state. And Babbitt owes partial credit for one of his biggest successes - enactment of restrictions on the toxic chemical pollution of drinking water - to Kromko. Early in 1986 Kromko helped organize an environmentalist petition drive for an anti-toxic initiative, while Babbitt negotiated with the legislature for passage of a similar bill. When initiative backers had enough signatures to put their measure on the ballot, the legislature bowed to the pressure and passed Babbitt's bill. Even today, Kromko is still active in politics, writing letters to the editor about immigration policies.
Petition drive problems in 2008
2008 was a tough year for ballot initiatives in Arizona. Nine citizen initiatives filed signatures to qualify for the November 2008 Arizona ballot by the state's July 3 petition drive deadline. In the end, only six of the initiatives were certified, with three initiatives disqualified as a result of an historically high number of problems with flawed petition signatures. When the November vote was held, of the six that qualified for the ballot, only one was approved.,
Criticisms of process
After 19 were proposed in 2006, legislators were worried about "ballot fatigue" or overuse of the initiative system. This led to legislators considering steps to limit or otherwise exert more control over the initiative process. Ironically, any attempt to alter the initiative and referendum process would require an amendment to the state constitution, and thus in itself be put forth as a referendum.
This article is significantly based on an article published by the Initiative & Referendum Institute, and is used with their permission. Their article, in turn, relies on research in David Schmidt's book, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution.
Also portions of this article were taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under the GNU license.
- ↑ Arizona Daily Star, "'Clown' takes some serious initiative", July 20, 2007
- ↑ Arizona Republic, "'Flawed' election petitions face review", September 13, 2008
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, "Citizen initiatives have been kicked off the ballot this year in record numbers, and the problems could go much deeper than invalid signatures", August 21, 2008
- ↑ Legislators seeking more control over initiatives, Arizona Republic, Feb. 13, 2007
- ↑ History of Arizona's initiative
- ↑ Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution Temple University Press, 352 pp., ISBN-10: _PHONE_, October 1991
History of I&R
Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Florida · Idaho · Illinois · Kentucky · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Mexico · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · South Dakota · Utah · Washington · Wyoming
Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum · Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution · Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


For more basic wash applications, we offer a fresh approach to the traditional drive-through truck wash. Our system includes many new and innovative designs that improve cleaning and reduce operating costs.
Using the same high-quality engineering and automation as our Gantry-Style system, we employ a combination of touch and touchless washing techniques for superior cleaning results.
 - Lower cost of ownership
 - Quality cleaning
 - Environmentally friendly
 - Customizable to meet unique application needs
Combination Cleaning
Our brushes represent the latest advancements in foam brush technology. They clean well and are less aggressive thus safer on surfaces and projections like mirrors, aerials etc.
Employing both high-volume and high-pressure sprays, our design utilizes multiple valved spray bars to systematically spray the front, top, sides and rear of the vehicle. The systematic approach maximizes cleaning power, while maintaining the vision of the driver.
Ensure that the underside of customers' vehicles are cleaned using our floor-mounted, high-pressure nozzles.
Underchassis Sprays
Chemical Performance
Since chemistry plays a crucial role in the cleaning process, we've designed our drive-through system to maximize effectiveness of chemicals to reduce your overall costs:
 - Hot water is available at chemical spray nozzles on-demand, greatly improving cleaning performance on a molecular level. This also ensures that each truck receives hot water chemical application, regardless of the interval between trucks.
 - Optimized spray patterns to address more heavily soiled areas.
 - Strategic placement of arches to optimize chemical dwell time.
Hard water not only undermines the effectiveness of chemical agents, but also reduces the ability of high-pressure sprays to lift and carry away bonded surface dirt. By selecting the appropriate water softening solution, our systems take care of this issue.
Soft Water
The final rinse in a wash removes any residual impurities from previous phases in the process. Softened water can be used as standard, or optionally select our R.O. (Reverse Osmosis) arch for a final rinse that dries spot-free.
Finishing Rinse
High-speed doors are used at both ends of the wash bay, which minimizes the wind tunnel effect. This eliminates the need for chemical sprays to overcome wind by increasing flow which in turn reduces chemical costs.
High-Speed Doors
Recycled Water Management
Using the same advanced approach as we do for our gantry-style system, our patented design revolutionizes water and solids management and eliminates the need for large settling pits, and the disadvantages associated with them.
Eliminate the high costs associated with a pump truck removal service with our environmentally-friendly solution: treat water for reuse or safe, minimal discharge to sewer, and low-cost disposal of clean solids to a landfill site.
Truck Wash Technologies, Inc
290 Cathcart St,
Sault Ste. Marie
ON, P6A 1E7
_PHONE_
©2019 Truck Wash Technologies Inc.


text:
Join ANSYS for a free hands-on "Lunch & Learn" workshop focusing on the fundamentals of simulating a printed circuit board (PCB) to determine the power integrity and thermal performance of PCB power distribution networks. Accurately solving these physics is key to optimizing power delivery to critical ICs and ensure reliability. Learn the latest techniques on how to apply field solvers to analyze DC IR Drop include Multiphase VRM and Temperature effects, High-Frequency Plane Impedance, Resonant Modes, and Decoupling Capacitor Optimization.
The hands on exercises will demonstrate how to:
- Perform a DC IR Drop simulation on a PCB using SIwave
- Compute and display voltage, current density, and power loss density on all layers
- Include single- or multiphase VRM outputs
- Perform a Thermal simulation using Icepak
- Including the power dissipation of the components on the board as well as the SIwave power dissipation
- Iterate between SIwave and Icepak to achieve convergence in the temperature profile
- Perform a High-Frequency Power Integrity simulation on a PCB using SIwave
- Extract plane impedance as seen by a device on the board
- Compute resonant modes and correlate to peaks in plane impedance
- Optimize selection of capacitors to achieve a desired target impedance
Please note that the hands-on session limits registration to 12 attendees.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Back to help contents.
Creating a Problem
There are three ways to create a problem in the Neural Networks Applet.
- Load a Sample Graph (with data)
This is the way to load a prebuilt neural network. You can load from a set of sample problems, or load from a URL. Take note
that this expects a file with both data and graph information. This will return an error if there is
On the menu bar, select File->Load A Sample Graph and Data. A dialog will pop up with a choice of sample problems. Choose one.
On the menu bar, select File->Load Graph and Data From URL. Type in the URL of the neural network file, and click load.
- Load Data
This is the way to load a comma-delimited data file and create a network to solve it. You can load from a set of sample
problems, or load from a URL. This will split the data equally into the training and test sets.
On the menu bar, select File->Load Sample Data. A dialog will pop up with a choice of sample problems.
On the menu bar, select File->Load Data From URL. Type in the URL of the data file, and click load.
- Create the Neural Net and the example set manually.
Click the Create mode tab to display the Create panel. Select the Create Node button and click on the canvas to
create at least two nodes. Then, select the Create Edge button and connect the two nodes by clicking on the parent
node and then clicking on the child node. The applet will automatically determine which nodes are input, output, or hidden.
It is required that the neural net be completely connected - thus an input node has to be connected to all the nodes of
its children's layer (whether hidden or output).
For the neural net to learn, you must give it training examples. To add training examples, click the View/Edit Examples button to open the Edit Examples dialog box. Click the
'Add New' button
on the dialog, and the applet will query you for one example. Add an example.
Solving A Problem
Click the Solve mode tab to go to Solve mode. Click Initialize Parameters to reset the learning of the applet. There
are three ways to perform backpropagation in the Neural Networks applet.
- Step through the process one step at a time by clicking the Step button.
- Step through the process 50 steps at a time by clicking the Step 50X button.
- Allow the applet to solve to a preset minimum error (.1 by default) by clicking the Step To Target Error button.
When performing multiple steps, you can stop stepping by clicking the Stop button
To show the error plot, click the Show Plot button. To get an output given a set of inputs, click the Calculate
Output button and enter the desired inputs. The inputs given are NOT added to the test or training sets. Also, these
inputs do not affect the learning of the network in any way.


text:
In October 1948, Eagle1 reported the results of a study conducted in a Naval activity which showed that 100,000 to 250,000 units of penicillin by mouth, taken after exposure to venereal disease, would reduce the incidence of gonorrhea by 85 per cent or more. Following the publication of this report came strong pressure for general adoption of this measure. A second study conducted in the Navy2 indicated that the prophylactic effect of orally administered penicillin on gonorrhea diminished fairly rapidly with the increase of time between exposure and ingestion of the penicillin. After an elapsed time averaging fifteen hours between exposure and prophylaxis, the efficacy of the measure apparently dropped to less than 50 per cent.
The Navy does not contemplate general adoption of this prophylactic measure against venereal disease. First, the method will presumably not protect against chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum or granuloma inguinale, diseases which are of


text:
Boundary interface to be implemented by any type that needs to maintain an isomorphism (i.e. a 1:1 mapping) between the support library objects and their corresponding internal WebView objects.
abstract fun getOrCreatePeer(creationCallable: Callable<Any!>!): Any!
Get the peer object associated with this object. One of the pair of classes for which the corresponding objects need to maintain a lazy 1:1 mapping between support library and webview should implement this interface. The mapping is lazy in the sense that one object in the pair (the peer) may be created at an arbitrary point after the other, but once both objects exist their lifetimes become tied and the 1:1 mapping is maintained. Whether this interface should be implemented by the support library class or the webview class depends on which side can be created and exist independently. For example, AwRenderProcess objects are created by WebView before being passed to the support library, and thus SupportLibWebViewRendererAdapter should implement this interface.
|Callable<Any!>!: A callable that can be used to construct an appropriate peer object, if one is required.
|Any!: The peer object associated with this object, which either exists already, or has been freshly created and recorded.


Name Loop unroll pragma extension Name Strings cl_nv_pragma_unroll Number OpenCL Extension #19 Dependencies OpenCL 1.0 is required Contributors Jian-Zhong Wang Bastiaan Aarts Vinod Grover Overview This extension extends the OpenCL C language with a hint that allows loops to be unrolled. This pragma must be used for a loop and can be used to specify full unrolling or partial unrolling by a certain amount. This is a hint and the compiler may ignore this pragma for any reason. Goals The principal goal of the pragma unroll is to improve the performance of loops via unrolling. Typically this enables other optimizations or improves instruction level parallelism of a thread. Details A user may specify that a loop in the source program be unrolled. This is done via a pragma. The syntax of this pragma is as follows _TAG_ unroll [unroll-factor] The pragma unroll may optionally specify an unroll factor. The pragma must be placed immediately before the loop and only applies to that loop. If unroll factor is not specified then the compiler will try to do complete or full unrolling of the loop. If a loop unroll factor is specified the compiler will perform partial loop unrolling. The loop factor, if specified, must be a compile time non negative integer constant. A loop unroll factor of 1 means that the compiler should not unroll the loop. A complete unroll specification has no effect if the trip count of the loop is not compile-time computable. Examples This sections lists a few examples illustrating valid and invalid uses. - Complete unrolling example _TAG_ unroll for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {... } This example full unrolling is requested from the compiler. Note that, since the trip count is known to be 32 the compiler will most likely honor this request. In the following example, the trip count is not known so unrolling pragma will be ignored. _TAG_ unroll for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {... } - no unrolling example _TAG_ unroll 1 for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {... } - partial unrolling example _TAG_ unroll 4 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {... } Note that, in this example the trip count is not knownt at compile time, but a partial unroll factor of 4 is valid. - invalid unroll pragma usage The following examples describe some invalid uses of loop unrolling pragmas. _TAG_ unroll -1 for (...) {... } This is invalid because the loop unroll factor is negative. _TAG_ unroll if (...) {... } This is invalid because the pragma is used on a non loop construct _TAG_ unroll x+1 for (...) {... } This is invalid since the loop unroll factor is not a compile-time known value.


1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram
Do you need a 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram? The 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram, pointers, and frequently asked questions are all readily available here. We created this page for people searching for a 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram. Our post will help you in resolving your problem.
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram
A wiring diagram will reveal you where the cables need to be attached, so you do not have to presume.
You do not have to guess, a wiring diagram will certainly show you just how to attach the cables.
See the 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram images below
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram 44
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram, 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram / Fuse and Relay Locations: What Are
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram 8
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram, 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram / Fuse and Relay Locations: What Are
What is a Wiring Diagram?
A wiring diagram is a simple visual representation of the physical connections and physical design of an electrical system or circuit. It demonstrates how the electrical wires are adjoined and where components and elements might be linked to the system.
When and How to Use a Wiring Diagram
You can use wiring diagrams to help in building or manufacturing the circuit or electronic device. It likewise practical in making repair work.
DIY lovers utilize wiring diagrams, which are common in house and car repair. For example, a home contractor will wish to confirm the physical area of electrical outlets and lights using a wiring diagram to avoid pricey errors and building code violations.
Distinction in between wiring diagram, schematic, and Pictorial diagram
A schematic shows the plan and function of an electrical circuit but is not concerned with the physical design of the wires. Wiring diagrams show how the wires are connected, where they should be found in the device and the physical connections in between all the parts.
Unlike a pictorial diagram, a wiring diagram utilizes abstract or streamlined shapes and lines to show components. Pictorial diagrams are typically pictures with labels or highly-detailed drawings of the physical parts.
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram 48
1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram, 1997 Nissan Maxima Wiring Diagram
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION
Are all wiring diagrams the same?
Wiring diagrams might follow different requirements depending upon the country they are going to be utilized. They may have various layouts depending on the business and the designer who is creating that. They also might be drawn by various ECAD software such as EPLAN or AutoCAD electrical.
Wiring diagram types
 - Schematic Diagrams.
 - Wiring diagrams.
 - Block diagrams.
 - Pictorial diagrams.
What is the schematic format?
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the components of a system using abstract, graphic symbols instead of realistic pictures.
What should a schematic include?
Schematics should consist of the total description and places of all developing code aspects, such as the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (also called HVAC), plumbing, and electrical systems. Nevertheless, schematic designs are only a basic design to interact a design scheme to the owner.
What is an architectural wiring diagram?
Architectural wiring diagrams reveal the approximate areas and affiliations of receptacles, lighting, and permanent electrical services in a structure.
1997 Nissan Maxima Radio Wiring Diagram Collection
97 nissan stereo wiring diagram
Do It Yourself Maxima Audio Wiring Codes – 4Th-Gen regarding 1997
My 97 Nissan Maxima has intermittent starting problems. I have replaced
Are all wiring diagrams similar?
Wiring diagrams might follow different standards depending on the country they are going to be used. They may have various layouts depending upon the company and the designer who is developing that. They also might be drawn by various ECAD software such as EPLAN or AutoCAD electrical.
What is an architectural wiring diagram?
Architectural wiring diagrams show the approximate locations and affiliations of receptacles, lighting, and permanent electrical services in a structure.
How are wiring diagrams read?
The electrical schematics are read from left to right, or from top to bottom. This is very important to get right, as the signal direction shows the flow of current in the circuit. It is then easy for a user to comprehend when there is a modification in the course of the circuit.
How do you read electrical wire numbers?
An electrical cable is categorized by 2 numbers separated by a hyphen, such as 14-2. The first number represents the conductor's gauge; the second represents the variety of conductors inside the cable. For instance, 14-2 has two 14-gauge conductors: a hot and a neutral.
How do you read auto wiring diagrams?
A vehicle wiring diagram is a map. To read it, recognize the circuit in question and starting at its source of power, follow it to the ground. Use the legend to understand what each symbol on the circuit indicates.
How do you read wire size charts?
Wire gauges range from low numbers to high numbers, with smaller numbers referring to smaller diameters and larger numbers representing larger diameters. For instance, AWG 4 is 0.2043 inches in size, and AWG 40 is. 0031 inches in size.
How is wire numbered?
American Wire Gauge (AWG) is the standard way to represent wire size in North America. In AWG, the larger the number, the smaller the wire diameter and density. The largest standard size is 0000 AWG, and 40 AWG is the tiniest basic size.
What is the schematic format?
A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the aspects of a system utilizing abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic photos.
What should a schematic include?
Schematics ought to include the total description and areas of all constructing code aspects, such as the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (likewise referred to as HVAC), plumbing, and electrical systems. Schematic designs are just a basic layout to communicate a style scheme to the owner.
Is AWG aluminum or copper?
Common home copper wiring is AWG number 12 or 14. The greater the gauge number, the smaller sized the size and the thinner the wire.
Can you touch a live black wire?
If you can be found in contact with a stimulated black wire– and you are also in contact with the neutral white wire– current will pass through your body. You will get an electrical shock. You will receive a shock if you touch 2 wires at various voltages at the same time.


text:
Area of Operations: Western Arctic Ocean
Dates: August 03, 2010 to September 05, 2010
Chief scientist: Deborah Hutchinson
Brian Edwards, USGS-Menlo Park, CA
Objectives: Two-icebreaker US-Canada experiment to identify the outer limits of the extended continental shelf of each nation in the western Arctic Ocean.
Type of Activity: Sea floor mapping; Sampling; Bathymetric and Seismic mapping;Bathymetric and Seismic mapping
Information to be derived: Bathymetric maps; Sea floor map; Sediment thickness maps;
Summary: Collected 12 kHz Bathymetry (Simrad EM122) to identify the 2500-meter contour on widely spaced tracklines. Multichannel seismic profiles were collected aboard the LOUIS S. ST. LAURENT to map sediment thicknesses.
Contact: Bill Danforth (_EMAIL_)
Related Links: _URL_


Unlike battlesuits (whose weight capacity is fixed for a particular body style), mecha may upgrade their chassis in order to increase their weight capacity.
Strength Cost Modifier Max. Weight Modifier
Standard 0 None
Heavy +50% +10%
X-Heavy +100% +20%
Super-Heavy +400% +40%
Arms & Legs
The legs of a humanoid mecha are equal to 60% of the mecha's body spaces. Therefore, each leg has 30% of the body spaces. The arms are each equal to 20% of the body spaces. For example, the legs of a light mecha (with 20 body spaces) are 6 spaces each and the arms are 4 spaces each. Leg armor is half the cost and weight of torso armor. Arm armor is one-quarter the cost and weight of torso armor. The cost and weight is rounded down to the nearest whole number.
A humanoid mecha's turret is equal to 10% of the body spaces (rounded up). It has a traverse and elevation equal to a normal human head. The costs & weights for the various sizes of humanoid mecha turrets are listed below.
Size Cost Weight Internal Spaces
2-space $2,000 200 lbs 1
3-space $3,000 300 lbs 1
5-space $5,000 500 lbs 2
8-space $8,000 800 lbs 2
10-space $10,000 1,000 lbs 3
15-space $15,000 1,500 lbs 4
20-space $20,0000 2,000 lbs 5
Power Plants
Power plants of fixed size are an in-efficient use of the space available in a mecha's torso. In order to economize on the use of this interior space, modular power plants were developed. These are of three different types; electric, nuclear battery, fusion.
Type Cost/space Weight/space DP/space Power Factors
Electric $1,000 75 lbs 2 1,000/space
Electric power plants are compact, high-capacity batteries. They may use platinum catalysts and superconductors. Extra power cells are the normal cost and weight. Electric power plants store power units equal to (DP x 100). They are expended at the rate of (PU x current speed/maximum speed x 400).
Type Cost Weight DP Power Factors
Nuclear Battery $100,000 +$5,000 per space 500 lbs +100 lbs per space Spc 2,000/space
Nuclear batteries do not sustain a fission reaction. Instead, they use arrays of thermocouples to convert the heat released by radioactive decay into electricity. Nuclear batteries last for one year. They can only be refueled at facilities specially designed for that purpose. Refueling costs 20% of the battery's cost. A nuclear battery has an armored casing with 30 DP of metal armor. Inside this casing is the core, which has 10 DP. Damage to the core will reduce the battery's power capacity by 10% for every DP lost. When the last core DP is destroyed, it will begin to leak radiation (treat as a spill of mid-level radioactive waste).
Type Cost Weight DP Power Factors
Fusion $500,000 + $50,000 per space 250 lbs + 50 lbs per space Spc 4,000/space
Fusion power plants are small-scale fusion reactors. They are experimental items only, and are being considered for use by the military. Fusion power plants have the same DP as nuclear batteries. A core breach has the effects of a hit from a heavy flamer (see Ultra-Tech Car Wars). Note that the damage is taken internally.
Acceleration, Top speed & Handling
All sizes of mecha will accelerate at the rate of 5 mph per turn. Mecha drivetrains are highly efficient (even more so than battlesuit drivetrains). Accordingly, the formula (100 x power factors/power factors + weight) is used to determine top speed. Top speeds are rounded up to the nearest 5 mph.
 Mecha of any size handle differently than tracked or wheeled vehicles. Small mecha are more maneuverable than their larger cousins, but are less stable. Conversely, larger mecha are less maneuverable than smaller mecha and more stable. Accordingly, all mecha have the following modifiers to their crash table rolls; Small/medium: +2, Large/heavy: +1, x-hvy: 0, Super-heavy: -1. Titan: -2. These modifiers are cumulative with those provided by pilot skill and mecha speed.
 Small, medium and large mecha may make any maneuver of up to D4 hazard without risk. Maneuvers of D5 or greater will force an automatic control roll. Mecha of any larger size can only perform maneuvers of up to D3 hazard without risk. An automatic control roll is required if they attempt maneuvers of D4 or greater. Failure of these rolls requires a roll on the mecha crash table.
 Mecha can operate off-road without penalty. They may also move underwater at up to half-speed (maximum of 30 mph) and half acceleration.
Mecha Crash Table
2 or less: Trivial skid. Mecha keeps same orientation, but moves 1/4" in the direction it was moving before the maneuver in which it lost control.
3-4: Minor skid. As above, but mecha skids ½". No speed is lost.
5-6: Moderate skid. Mecha skids 3/4" and decelerates by 5 mph. On the next move, it performs a trivial skid.
7-8: Major skid. Mecha skids 1" and decelerates by 10 mph. The mecha performs a minor skid on its next move.
9-10: Severe skid. Mecha turns sideways and skids 1", decelerating by 10 mph per turn. The mecha has a 50% chance per turn of falling over. If this happens, the side which hits the ground takes sideswipe damage. A mecha pilot can attempt to recover from the skid by rolling for control at HC -6. Failure means that the skid continues. Success means that the mecha stops skidding and move normally in the direction it faces.
11-12: Fall. As above, except that the mecha falls over and takes sideswipe damage (multiplied by the mecha's damage modifier). It skids 1" per inch of movement, decelerating by 10 mph per turn. The mecha may not get up until the skid is done.
13-14: As above, except that the mecha takes full ram damage on the side which hits the ground (as if it had run directly into a wall).
15 or greater: Mecha falls over (as per results of 11-12), with a 50% chance of falling to the front or back. The mecha strikes its head on the ground and takes full ram damage to it. After impact, the mecha skids 1" per turn (taking normal sideswipe damage). The pilot is stunned by the impact (roll for results on the ram concussion table) and takes 1 point of damage. The use of impact armor will prevent the damage and will add a -2 bonus to the roll for stunning effects.
 This table is also used in cases where control rolls are required because of the hazards from weapons fire or collisions. When skids are made or rolls called for, they will be done in the direction opposite from the attack.
Physical Attacks
All mecha can punch once every three turns or kick once every five turns, causing half-damage to vehicles and buildings.
Mecha Size Damage/attack
Small 4d punch/8d kick
Medium 6d punch/12d kick
Large 8d punch/16d kick
Heavy 10d punch/20d kick
X-heavy 14d punch/28d kick
Super-heavy 18d punch/36d kick
Titan 20d punch/40d kick
If a mecha kicks at a target and misses, the pilot must make a control roll to prevent his machine from falling. This roll is adjusted by the modifiers from pilot skill and mecha size.
A mecha pilot can attack targets by jumping his machine up in the air and landing on top of them. This attack is known as the "piledriver" or "death from above". Success or failure is determined by rolling 2d6 and adding the level of pilot skill. A roll of 9 or better means that the mecha has landed on top of the target, inflicting 10d damage (multiplied by the mecha's damage modifier). Failure means that the mecha misses the target and lands normally. A roll of 2-3 means that the mecha falls.
Mecha can easily lift their own body weight above their heads. If the lifted object is ½ the mecha's body weight, it can be thrown a distance of 1d-3". If the object is 1/4 the mecha's body weight or less, it can be thrown 1d+2".
Mecha use full-size versions of all types of weapons. Weapons mounted in mecha arms are automatically stabilized at no extra cost or weight. Weapons mounted in the torso may have auto-stabilizers fitted at the normal cost and weight.
Mecha weapons may have magazines mounted with them in the same location, or in an immediately-adjacent body space. For example, an autocannon mounted


text:
Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia –December 10, 2013 —Today the Global Green Growth Institute and Government of Central Kalimantan, along with the selected pilot districts of Murung Raya and Pulang Pisau, launched a ground-breaking program in support of regional green growth. The launch of this new program comes mid-way through GGGI's first year of partnership with the Ministry of Planning and Development (BAPPENAS) of the Republic of Indonesia.
At the event in Palangkaraya, entitled "Launch Workshop for Cooperation on Green Growth", participants included representatives from Central Government, from the Governor's office, from departments across Provincial Government and, perhaps most notably, from the local District Governments of Murung Raya and Pulang Pisau. The private sector also participated, with representatives from multinationals and major Indonesian corporations. Other participants included environmental and social NGOs, as well as academics from the University of Palangkaraya.
During the sessions, GGGI emphasised the relevance to the regional development agenda of current work in progress, including:
1) An expanding database of "green growth indicators", relevant to provincial and district long and medium-term development planning.
2) A Green Growth Framework assessment tool that facilitates the optimization of green economy outcomes from public and private sector projects.
3) The role of REDD+ in accelerating regional green growth, in particular through jurisdictional approaches at the district level.
GGGI and the Government of Central Kalimantan affirmed a joint commitment to develop a Green Growth Vision document for the province – integrating past and ongoing policies, initiatives and activities under a common and integrated framework. Coming 18 months ahead of the preparation of the province's next 5 year mid-term development plan, this vision document will highlight the province's leadership in green economy and low carbon development initiatives. It will also help to raise awareness regarding the "green growth opportunity" at the District level – itself essential if green growth initiatives are to have long-term, meaningful impacts.
In the opening speech from Governor of Central Kalimantan A. Teras Narang's, delivered by Mr. Brigong Tom Munandas, Expert Staff on Economic Development to the Governor, he called upon all stakeholders to work with the Provincial Government, BAPPENAS and GGGI in "greening the planning process," emphasizing the priorities of "improving the quality of life and social equity of Central Kalimantan's people, while reducing the risk of environmental degradation," and "increasing use of green technology and promoting environmentally and socially responsible investment."
Central Kalimantan has a brief but significant history in green growth and low carbon development. GGGI Indonesia Country Representative, Anna van Paddenburg noted, "Green growth is certainly nothing new to the province. However, GGGI and the government recognize the need for a vision document that unites activities and stakeholders in a common framework. We hope the five dimensions of green growth, promoted through the Green Growth Program with BAPPENAS, can be applied within this Green Growth Vision, driving investments towards green growth sectors."


Dynamic crushing behaviour of cactus geometry inspired core structure için kapak resmi
Başlık:
Dynamic crushing behaviour of cactus geometry inspired core structure
Yazar:
Balya, Ozan, author.
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Fiziksel Tanımlama:
xiii, 81 leaves: illustrarions, charts;+ 1 computer laser optical disc.
Özet:
Cactus geometry inspired core structure was manufactured with the fused deposition modelling method by a 3D printer using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material filament. The characterization of ABS was made by performing compression tests to take some parameters for numerical models. Numerical preliminary studies were carried out by using the areal density concept and direct-impact Hopkinson pressure bar test method to compare the cactus geometry with the conventional ones in point of the specific energy absorption capacity (SEA). It was understood that from the preliminary work, the cactus inspired structure is intriguing to investigate the dynamic crushing behaviour at least. Quasi-static, drop weight and direct-impact Hopkinson pressure bar tests were conducted to comprehend the energy absorption and crushing behavior in all cases, then to investigate the strain rate and inertia effects on the structure. Implicit and explicit numerical models were made by using LS-DYNA software to validate experiments and to set a precedent for future works. It was seen that the result of numerical models is in harmony with that of experiments excluding the non-fracture structure at the quasi-static implicit model. Moreover, although quasi-static compression gave the structure more stable deformation behavior compared to drop weight impact, higher energy absorption capability was observed on drop-weight tests. In addition, the strain rate effect is more forceful in point of loading carrying capacity compared to the inertia effect despite the fact that it provides the development of buckling and damage formation.
Konu Başlığı:
Yazar Ek Girişi:
Tek Biçim Eser Adı:
Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology: Mechanical Engineering.
İzmir Institute of Technology: Mechanical Engineering--Thesis (Master).
Elektronik Erişim:
Access to Electronic Versiyon.
Ayırtma:
Copies:
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Tez T002125 TJ145 .B198 2019
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On Order


text:
Skip to Main Content
CMOS-compatible long-range dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides featuring long propagation lengths and strong mode confinements are designed and studied using the finite-element method. The waveguide composition includes a Si3N4 ridge on the top of a thin metal stripe deposited on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer with a thin top SiO2 layer produced by thermal oxidation. All the materials chosen in the design are compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology and can be integrated with plasmonic, electronic and photonic components. Influence of various waveguide parameters on the waveguide characteristics is analyzed, including the thicknesses of the Si layer and the SiO2 layers, the dimension of the ridge, as well as the parameters of the metal stripe. It is found that, at the telecom wavelength of 1.55 μm, the propagation length of CMOS-plasmonic waveguides can reach 1.07 mm with a lateral mode confinement of ~1.18 μm and 4.43 mm with a lateral mode width of ~2.32 μm. The bending loss and coupling length are both calculated to evaluate the applicability of the proposed device for high density integration and a figure of merit is proposed to show the tradeoff between the propagation length and the lateral mode width in the application of plasmonic devices.


REnthusiast REnthusiast - 11 months ago 76
R Question
Error in contrasts when defining a linear model in R
When I try to define my linear model in R as follows:
lm1 <- lm(predictorvariable ~ x1+x2+x3, data=dataframe.df)
I get the following error message:
Error in 'contrasts<-'('*tmp*', value = contr.funs[1 + isOF[nn]]) :
contrasts can be applied only to factors with 2 or more levels
Is there any way to ignore this or fix it? Some of the variables are factors and some are not.
Answer Source
If your independent variable (RHS variable) is a factor or a character taking only one value then that type of error occurs.
Example: iris data in R
model1<-lm(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width+Species,data=iris)
> model1
Call:
lm(formula = Sepal.Length ~ Sepal.Width + Species, data = iris)
Coefficients:
 (Intercept) Sepal.Width Speciesversicolor Speciesvirginica
 2.2514 0.8036 1.4587 1.9468
Now, if your data consists of only one species:
model1<-lm(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width+Species,data=iris[iris$Species=="setosa",])
Error in 'contrasts<-'('*tmp*', value = contr.funs[1 + isOF[nn]]) :
 contrasts can be applied only to factors with 2 or more levels
If the variable is numeric (Sepal.Width) but taking only a single value say 3, then the model runs but you will get NA as coefficient of that variable as follows:
model2<-lm(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width+Species,data=iris[iris$Sepal.Width==3,])
> model2
Call:
lm(formula = Sepal.Length ~ Sepal.Width + Species, data = iris[iris$Sepal.Width ==
 3, ])
Coefficients:
 (Intercept) Sepal.Width Speciesversicolor Speciesvirginica
 4.700 NA 1.250 2.017
Solution: There is no enough variation in dependent variable with only one value. So, you need to drop that variable, irrespective of whether that is numeric or character or factor variable.
Updated as per comments: Since you know that the error will only occur with factor/character, you can focus only on those and see whether the length of levels of those factor variables is 1 (DROP) or greater than 1 (NODROP).
To see, whether the variable is a factor or not, use the following code:
l<-sapply(iris,function(x)is.factor(x))
>l
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
Then you can get the data frame of factor variables only
m<-iris[,names(which(l=="TRUE"))]
Now, find the number of levels of factor variables, if this is one you need to drop that
ifelse(n<-sapply(m,function(x)length(levels(x)))==1,"DROP","NODROP")
Note: If the levels of factor variable is only one then that is the variable, you have to drop.


text:
The South Asian countries are gradually diversifying with some inter-country variation in favor of high value commodities, namely fruits, vegetables, livestock and fisheries. Agricultural diversification is strongly influenced by price policy, infrastructure development (especially markets and roads), urbanization and technological improvements. Rainfed areas have benefited more as a result of agricultural diversification in favor of high value crops by substituting inferior coarse cereals. Agricultural diversification is also contributing to employment opportunities in agriculture and increasing exports. The need is to suitably integrate production and marketing of high value commodities through appropriate institutions. Market reforms in developing and strengthening desired institutions through required legal changes would go a long way in boosting agricultural growth, augmenting income of small farm holders and promoting exports.
patterns, determinants, and policy implications
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)


Agaricus
Agaricus
A. campestris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
L.:Fr. emend Karst.
Type species
Agaricus campestris
L.:Fr.
Species
Synonyms[1]
 - Amanita Dill. ex Boehm. (1760)
 - Fungus Tourn. ex Adans. (1763)
 - Hypophyllum Paulet (1808)
 - Myces Paulet (1808)
 - Agaricus trib. Psalliota Fr. (1821)
 - Pratella (Pers.) Gray (1821)
 - Psalliota (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide.[2][3] The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (Agaricus campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.
Taxonomy
For many years, members of the genus Agaricus were given the generic name Psalliota, and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve Agaricus against Psalliota or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.[4]
Several origins of Agaricus have been proposed. It possibly originates from ancient Sarmatia Europaea, where people Agari, promontory Agarum and a river Agarus were known (all located on the northern shore of Sea of Azov, probably, near modern Berdiansk in Ukraine).[5][6][7] Note also Greek ἀγαρικ[8] όν, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an Agaricon Adans. genus, treated by Donk in Persoonia 1:180.)
Donk reports Linnaeus' name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. per Fr., 1821") because Agaricus was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both Agaricus Dill. and Amanita Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for Amanita Dill., which would require A. quercinus, not A. campestris be the type. This question is compounded because Fries himself used Agaricus roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with Amanita), and A. campestris was eventually excluded from Agaricus by Karsten and was apparently in Lepiota at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary.[9]
The alternate name for the genus, Psalliota, derived from the Greek psalion/ψάλιον, "ring", was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. Psalliota. The type is Agaricus campestris (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed A. cretaceus). Paul Kummer (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. Psalliota was the tribe containing the type of Agaricus, so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.[10]
Phylogenetics
The use of phylogenetic analysis to determine evolutionary relationships amongst Agaricus species has increased the understanding of this taxonomically difficult genus, although much work remains to be done to fully delineate infrageneric relationships. Prior to these analyses, the genus Agaricus, as circumscribed by Rolf Singer, was divided into 42 species grouped into five sections based on reactions of mushroom tissue to air or various chemical reagents, as well as subtle differences in mushroom morphology.[11] Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision.[12]
Sections
This genus is divided into several sections:
Contains 19 species in six subgroups similar to the horse mushroom, A. arvensis, it has versatile heterothallic life cycles.[13]
Outlined by Singer in 1948, this section includes species with various characteristics similar to the type species A. xanthodermus.[14] The section forms a single clade based on analysis of ITS1+2.[15]
Based on DNA analysis of ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S sequences, this section (also known as section Hortenses) may be divided into six distinct clades, five of which correspond to well-known species from the temperate Northern Hemisphere: A. bisporus, A. subfloccosus, A. bitorquis, A. vaporarius and A. cupressicola. The sixth clade comprises the species complex A. devoniensis.[16]
Edibility
The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, A. bisporus, with A. campestris also being well known. The most notable inedible species is the yellow-staining mushroom, A. xanthodermus. All three are found worldwide.
One species reported from Africa, A. aurantioviolaceus, is reportedly deadly poisonous.[17]
See also
Footnotes
 1. "Synonymy: Agaricus L., Sp. pl. 2: 1171 (1753)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
 2. Bas C. (1991). A short introduction to the ecology, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Agaricus, 21–24. In L.J.L.D. Van Griensven (ed.), Genetics and breeding of Agaricus. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
 3. Capelli A. (1984). Agaricus. L.: Fr. (Psalliota Fr.). Liberia editrice Bella Giovanna, Saronno, Italy
 4. Wakesfield E. (1940). "Nomina genérica conservando. Contributions from the Nomenclature Committee of the British Mycological Society, III". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 24 (3–4): 282–293. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(40)80028-4.
 5. Rolfe R. T., Rolfe F. W. (1874). "The derivation of fungus names". The Romance of the Fungus World. Courier Corporation. pp. 292–293. ISBN 9780486231051.
 6. R. Talbert, ed. (2000). "Map 84. Maeotis (description; on Google Books)". Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. External link in |chapter= (help)
 7. W. Smith, ed. (1854). "Agari". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Vol.I. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 72. (on Google Books, on archive.org)
 8. Letter is script and looks like a Russian и.
 9. Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia. 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238.
 10. Donk, M.A. (1962). "The generic names proposed for Agaricaceae". Beiheifte zur Nova Hedwigia 5: 1–320. ISSN 0078-2238
 11. Singer, Rolf (1987). Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. ISBN 3-7682-0143-0.
 12. Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS, Royse DJ (December 1996). "Phylogeny of the genus Agaricus inferred from restriction analysis of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA". Fungal Genet Biol. 20 (4): 243–53. doi:10.1006/fgbi._PHONE_. PMID _PHONE_.
 13. Calvo-Bado L, Noble R, Challen M, Dobrovin-Pennington A, Elliott T (February 2000). "Sexuality and Genetic Identity in the Agaricus Section Arvenses". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2): 728–34. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.2._PHONE_. PMC 91888Freely accessible. PMID _PHONE_.
 14. Singer R (1948). "Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum Agaricalium". Sydowia. 2: 26–42.
 15. Kerrigan RW, Callac P, Guinberteau J, Challen MP


text:
Case Study 2
How to determine whether a population has unique characteristics that require measures adaptation?
It can be challenging to know for certain a priori whether a target population has unique characteristics that require measure adaptation. This case study presents an intervention in which researchers are interested in understanding if an intervention that addresses barriers to drinking tap water at home will have an impact on beverage intake of parents and children (6 months to 3 years old).
The study seeks to understand and address the barriers to drinking tap water instead of sugary drinks in a community in the United States that is 80% Hispanic (predominantly from El Salvador and Guatemala), foreign-born (68%), and low-income (1 in 4 children live in poverty), with 15% and 26% of adults self-reporting being diabetic and obese/overweight, respectively. Parents reported that their infants and toddlers (<3 years) drank 79 g of sugary drinks per day.
To develop the intervention, the researchers engaged with the community to document how living in an environment saturated with sugary drink options and limited access to clean, palatable tap water can contribute to increased sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption, and how sociocultural norms reinforce SSB consumption in a Central American immigrant community.
Before determining a measure, the research team carried out formative qualitative work, which described how residents in this community did not drink tap water because they did not like the taste or perceived that it was unsafe. This work described how mothers were knowledgeable of the health benefits of drinking water, but food customs and heavy promotion enticed them to consume SSBs. A community survey documented that before migrating to the United States, 52% of respondents drank tap water because it was convenient, they liked the taste, and perceived that it was safe and economical. Once in the United States, only 9% of these same respondents reported that they drank tap water because of safety concerns, taste, and lack of convenience. To determine whether the intervention is successful, the researchers need a measure of beverage intake.
Challenges and Considerations
What is an appropriate dietary instrument to test sugary drink consumption for low-income, low-literacy parents and their young (6 month–3 year old) children?
The dietary instrument needs to be administered quickly but also be sensitive enough to pick up any preliminary findings for intervention impact. Additionally, the instrument needs to be understood by the colloquial Spanish of the population. While multiple 24-hour dietary recalls are the gold standard to assess dietary intake, the data collected would likely yield too much information, especially on foods consumed when the research team is only interested in beverages. Recalls are also a burden on participants' time and require considerable resources for analysis.
Does a brief measure exist that can be used in both infants and toddlers?
The research team can use NCCOR's Measures Registry to locate screeners. One option is a screener that has been previously developed only for beverages and validated for Hispanic preschoolers (Lora 2016). However, in reviewing this screener, the research team does not know if or how the types or quantities of beverages would be different for the study's age group and Central American Hispanic population.
Does the measure capture all sources of sugar consumed by this population?
Anecdotally and from working with the community advisory board, researchers suspect that a main source of sugary may be traditional sweeteners (honey or panela—raw sugar blocks) added to plain water. The study population does not typically consider this a sugary drink, so it may not be captured using the traditional categories of a screener.
From the formative work, the research team determined that the population appeared to have unique characteristics that would require adaptation of the brief screener found in the Measures Registry, which was developed and validated for Hispanic preschoolers
To address the challenge of different quantities, accuracy of added sugars in recipes, and assessment of other beverages that may not be captured by the brief instrument, the research team conducted repeated 24-hour dietary recalls (using interviewer-administered ASA-24) on a subsample to compare to the responses from the beverage screener.
To assist with the low-literacy and participant burden, the beverage screener was interviewer-administered using aids that included pictures of typical drinks and their quantities, and models of different sippy cups, bottles, and cups to better assess quantities.
To determine if the population understood the survey items, instruments and methods of administering them were cognitively tested with a convenience sample from the same population. This was done to adapt language to more colloquial Spanish.
To address the concern about additional beverages that may contribute to sugary drink intake, local examples obtained from the 24-hour recalls, consultation with mothers, and the community advisory board were added to the brief beverage screener. For example, in fruit-flavored drinks, the following examples were added: homemade lemonade and aguas, horchatas, tamarind juices, and mango nectar. Examples of familiar brands and types of beverages within each beverage category were also added. For example, participants were unable to distinguish 100% fruit juice from a fruit-flavored drink marketed as made with real fruit or with vitamin C, but they would be able to distinguish Tampico (an orange-flavored drink) from a brand of 100% orange fruit juice. In addition, the team added an "Other" category to capture information on other drinks that the data collector could not fit into established categories of the beverage screener for preschoolers. These drinks included toddler milks and prepackaged yogurt beverages. The brands and quantities consumed of these prepackaged toddler milks and yogurt beverages were collected via pictures during the beverage screening to assess later during analysis if the instrument must be adapted and how.
- When studying new target populations or communities, all instruments should be cognitively tested to assess if, the question elicits the same concept that the researchers intended to understand in the target population.
- Even after cognitively testing an instrument, it is challenging to know for certain a priori if the target population will be meaningfully different from the reference population for which the instrument was prepared. At best, there is formative work and anecdotal evidence that suggest that the populations may be significantly different.
- Sometimes it is not until the data are being analyzed that researchers may notice that the original instrument does not capture important data for the new study population. For example, in the current case study, if the research team had administered the short instrument without any adaptations and then compared results against multiple 24-hour recalls (gold standard), they would have noticed that the original shorter instrument missed important information about sources of sugary beverages that the study population consumed. Alternatively, if the team had triangulated with observations in the home or had shared results with a community advisory board or knowledgeable key informants, they might have learned that they were missing important sources of sugary beverages in the study population. Similarly, if the instrument is a psychometric scale, and the study population is meaningfully different from the reference population, then the Cronbach α for the scales may not load in the same way as for the reference population. These are all examples that suggest that the target population is meaningfully different from the reference population and that the instruments will therefore require careful adaptations (beyond cognitive interviews) to improve their "fit" to the new target populations' context.
- Colon-Ramos U, et al., How Latina mothers navigate a 'food swamp' to feed their children: a photovoice approach. Public Health Nutr, 2017;20(11):_PHONE_. doi:10.1017/S1368980017000738
- Fuster M and Colon-Ramos U, Changing Places, Changing Plates? A Binational Comparison of Barriers and Facilitators to Healthful Eating Among Central American Communities. J Immigr Minor Health. [published correction appears in J Immigr Minor Health. 2017 May 11;:]. J Immigr Minor Health. 2018;20(3):705-710. doi:10.1007/s10903-_PHONE_-2

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Scientists from Agricultural Research Organization in Israel have developed transgenic banana plants with longer shelf life by reducing expression of two transcription factors, MaMADS1 and MaMADS2. The results are published in Plant Physiology.
Based on previous studies about ripening genes of tomatoes, the researchers characterized similar genes in bananas known as the MADS box genes, MaMADS1 and MaMADS2. When the expression of these genes was repressed using genetic modification, the banana plants exhibited delayed ripening and extended shelf-life characteristics. The delayed ripening characteristic was linked to the production of ripening hormone, ethylene. In fact, the plants where the gene was repressed the most did not produce ethylene and therefore the ripening was the most delayed in these plants. In addition, the researchers found that the taste and quality of the transgenic bananas remained the same.
Fruits of plants in the genus Musa, including bananas and plantains, represent staple foods for millions of people, especially in developing countries, and are an important carbohydrate and nutrient source for billions more. In developing (including many producing) countries, postharvest methodologies to extend shelf-life are minimal and losses are correspondingly high.
The researchers concluded that, "Delayed ripening and extended postharvest shelf life with minimal inputs have great potential to increase banana value, increase effective yield, and promote food security, absent additional environmental pressure (i.e., the need to increase production area). As the Cavendish banana is parthenocarpic and vegetatively propagated, there are limited options for genetic improvement. Identifying key ripening genes to promote genetic modification via gene editing, transgene integration, or breeding (when possible) is a key route to banana improvement."
The researchers are now working on commercializing the results to help farmers and producers.
Looking for more on GMO labeling and consumer expectations? Join us for the GMOs: Today's Challenges, Tomorrow's Opportunities panel discussion on Thursday, Oct. 6, at SupplySide West 2016.


Friday, September 21, 2012
UV Exposure Meter in a Wiper Blade. Not a Great Idea
A few years ago, the replacement wiper blades that I bought for a car had a feature that I had never seen before: small UV-sensitive pieces that were suppose to change color to indicate that the wiper blades needed to be replaced. They didn't work very well as the blades needed replacing long before the color change occurred, but I kept the blades around (outside) to see what would happen. The dot that was originally black [1] has in the course of a few weeks become yellow [2].
Making an appropriate UV-sensitive indicator would be extremely challenging. The amount 0f UV light that the wiper blades receive is all over the map - literally. It is well known and documented that UV exposure varies with latitude, but also with longitude. For instance, Georgia and Arizona share many of the same degrees of latitude, but the weather in Georgia is much cloudier and rainier than in Arizona. Other factors that influence UV exposure would be how long the car was parked inside or outside during the day and the direction the car faced when parked outdoors.
Parking the car in the shade of say a tree for example, is not as effective at reducing UV exposure as you might think. Rayleigh scattering intensity goes with the inverse 4th power of the wavelength, so UV light is the most highly scattered light from the sun. If the wiper blades can see blue sky at all, they are getting some UV exposure.
But all these factors could be swept aside and ignored if you make the assumption that UV exposure leads to degradation of the rubber and that the degradation of the rubber is the reason that wiper blades need to be replaced.
That unfortunately is false. Wiper blades are made with 2 well-defined 90 angles. I learned from past clients that this sharp angle is essential for wiper performance, but friction and erosion from dirt lead to this angle becoming rounded off over time. This is why wipers need to be replaced. This means that you cannot correlate UV exposure to wiper wear. As an extreme example consider a very rainy climate where the amount of UV exposure will be lower, but the demand and wear on the wiper blades will be very high.
[1] It could also have been clear too and just looked black because of the black background.
[2] I will have the lab here look into the chemistry of this color change and post what I find. My initial guess: it was a polyacetylene or polydiacetylene polymerization. As the polymerization proceeds, the conjugated backbone develops which then absorbs UV light. The color would first be blue but that wouldn't be visible on the black background....
Bend said...
Why would someone need a spot on the blade to tell you that it needs replacing? When it stops working, shouldn't that be the first clue?
John said...
Personally, I thought that they would have changed in 6 months or so - in order to try and get you to replace the blades prematurely. (All in interest of protecting the consumer, of course!)
wheel alignment said...
Replacing and even upgrading wiper blades takes minutes and can provide improved visibility even in the worst of weather conditions. This is a task best performed on a balmy day with a cold drink in wait, instead of during a freezing rainstorm at the superhypermart parking lot.
Ricardo Spencer said...
Interesting post, I am going to spend more time learning about this subject. ok
Wiper Blade Replacement


Almost Sure
15 November 16
Optional Processes
The optional sigma-algebra, {\mathcal{O}}, was defined earlier in these notes as the sigma-algebra generated by the adapted and right-continuous processes. Then, a stochastic process is optional if it is {\mathcal{O}}-measurable. However, beyond the definition, very little use was made of this concept. While right-continuous adapted processes are optional by construction, and were used throughout the development of stochastic calculus, there was no need to make use of the general definition. On the other hand, optional processes are central to the theory of optional section and projection. So, I will now look at such processes in more detail, starting with the following alternative, but equivalent, ways of defining the optional sigma-algebra. Throughout this post we work with respect to a complete filtered probability space {(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t\in{\mathbb R}_+},{\mathbb P})}, and all stochastic processes will be assumed to be either real-valued or to take values in the extended reals {\bar{\mathbb R}={\mathbb R}\cup\{\pm\infty\}}.
Theorem 1 The following collections of sets and processes each generate the same sigma-algebra on {{\mathbb R}_+\times\Omega}.
{{[\tau,\infty)}: {\tau} is a stopping time}.
 - {Z1_{[\tau,\infty)}} as {\tau} ranges over the stopping times and Z over the {\mathcal{F}_\tau}-measurable random variables.
 - The cadlag adapted processes.
 - The right-continuous adapted processes.
 - The optional-sigma algebra was previously defined to be generated by the right-continuous adapted processes. However, any of the four collections of sets and processes stated in Theorem 1 can equivalently be used, and the definitions given in the literature do vary. So, I will restate the definition making use of this equivalence.
 Definition 2 The optional sigma-algebra, {\mathcal{O}}, is the sigma-algebra on {{\mathbb R}_+\times\Omega} generated by any of the collections of sets/processes in Theorem 1.
 A stochastic process is optional iff it is {\mathcal{O}}-measurable.
 (more…)
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 25 October 16
 Optional Projection For Right-Continuous Processes
 In filtering theory, we have a filtered probability space {(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t\ge 0},{\mathbb P})} and a signal process {\{X_t\}_{t\in{\mathbb R}_+}}. The sigma-algebra {\mathcal{F}_t} represents the collection of events which are observable up to and including time t. The process X is not assumed to be adapted, so need not be directly observable. For example, we may only be able to measure an observation process {Z_t=X_t+\epsilon_t}, which incorporates some noise {\epsilon_t}, and generates the filtration {\mathcal{F}_t}, so is adapted. The problem, then, is to compute an estimate for {X_t} based on the observable data at time t. Looking at the expected value of X conditional on the observable data, we obtain the following estimate for X at each time {t\in{\mathbb R}_+},
 \displaystyle Y_t={\mathbb E}[X_t\;\vert\mathcal{F}_t]{\rm\ \ (a.s.)} (1)
 The process Y is adapted. However, as (1) only defines Y up to a zero probability set, it does not give us the paths of Y, which requires specifying its values simultaneously at the uncountable set of times in {{\mathbb R}_+}. Consequently, (1) does not tell us the distribution of Y at random times. So, it is necessary to specify a good version for Y.
 Optional projection gives a uniquely defined process which satisfies (1), not just at every time t in {{\mathbb R}_+}, but also at all stopping times. The full theory of optional projection for jointly measurable processes requires the optional section theorem. As I will demonstrate, in the case where X is right-continuous, optional projection can be done by more elementary methods.
 Throughout this post, it will be assumed that the underlying filtered probability space satisfies the usual conditions, meaning that it is complete and right-continuous, {\mathcal{F}_{t+}=\mathcal{F}_t}. Stochastic processes are considered to be defined up to evanescence. That is, two processes are considered to be the same if they are equal up to evanescence. In order to apply (1), some integrability requirements need to imposed on X. Often, to avoid such issues, optional projection is defined for uniformly bounded processes. For a bit more generality, I will relax this requirement a bit and use prelocal integrability. Recall that, in these notes, a process X is prelocally integrable if there exists a sequence of stopping times {\tau_n} increasing to infinity and such that
 \displaystyle 1_{\{\tau_n > 0\}}\sup_{t < \tau_n}\lvert X_t\rvert (2)
 is integrable. This is a strong enough condition for the conditional expectation (1) to exist, not just at each fixed time, but also whenever t is a stopping time. The main result of this post can now be stated.
 Theorem 1 (Optional Projection) Let X be a right-continuous and prelocally integrable process. Then, there exists a unique right-continuous process Y satisfying (1).
 Uniqueness is immediate, as (1) determines Y, almost-surely, at each fixed time, and this is enough to uniquely determine right-continuous processes up to evanescence. Existence of Y is the important part of the statement, and the proof will be left until further down in this post.
 The process defined by Theorem 1 is called the optional projection of X, and is denoted by {{}^{\rm o}\!X}. That is, {{}^{\rm o}\!X} is the unique right-continuous process satisfying
 \displaystyle {}^{\rm o}\!X_t={\mathbb E}[X_t\;\vert\mathcal{F}_t]{\rm\ \ (a.s.)} (3)
 for all times t. In practise, the process X will usually not just be right-continuous, but will also have left limits everywhere. That is, it is cadlag.
 Theorem 2 Let X be a cadlag and prelocally integrable process. Then, its optional projection is cadlag.
 A simple example of optional projection is where {X_t} is constant in t and equal to an integrable random variable U. Then, {{}^{\rm o}\!X_t} is the cadlag version of the martingale {{\mathbb E}[U\;\vert\mathcal{F}_t]}. (more…)
 14 July 10
 Feller Processes
 The definition of Markov processes, as given in the previous post, is much too general for many applications. However, many of the processes which we study also satisfy the much stronger Feller property. This includes Brownian motion, Poisson processes, Lévy processes and Bessel processes, all of which are considered in these notes. Once it is known that a process is Feller, many useful properties follow such as, the existence of cadlag modifications, the strong Markov property, quasi-left-continuity and right-continuity of the filtration. In this post I give the definition of Feller processes and prove the existence of cadlag modifications, leaving the further properties until the next post.
 The definition of Feller processes involves putting continuity constraints on the transition function, for which it is necessary to restrict attention to processes lying in a topological space {(E,\mathcal{T}_E)}. It will be assumed that E is locally compact, Hausdorff, and has a countable base (lccb, for short). Such spaces always possess a countable collection of nonvanishing continuous functions {f\colon E\rightarrow{\mathbb R}} which separate the points of E and which, by Lemma 6 below, helps us construct cadlag modifications. Lccb spaces include many of the topological spaces which we may want to consider, such as {{\mathbb R}^n}, topological manifolds and, indeed, any open or closed subset of another lccb space. Such spaces are always Polish spaces, although the converse does not hold (a Polish space need not be


The Call of the Wild Summary
Summary (Critical Survey of Literature for Students)
The Call of the Wild
The Call of the Wild Summary (Masterpieces of American Literature)
The Call of the Wild was London's first success, and it represented an imaginative recasting of strands of thought from Darwinism and literary naturalism. The general concept of the book is a clever play on themes generated by attacks on the theory of evolution. Religious writers ridiculed the evolutionists' idea that humans were the descendants of prehistoric apes and poured scorn on the concept that a being with a godlike soul shared traits with other members of the animal kingdom. Thinkers of this ilk lambasted writers such as Frank Norris, who in McTeague showed animal traits appearing in his characters when they were under stress.
London found a creative way to sidestep such objections, while maintaining central evolutionary tenets. Rather than showing a person descending to animalistic behavior, he describes a dog making such a descent. Certainly a dog is already an animal, but in The Call of the Wild, through a series of misadventures, a pampered domestic dog is transformed into an Arctic wolf.
A central motor of this transformation is the influence of the environment. The dog protagonist, Buck, has adapted to life as a doted-on member of the family, but his life is imperiled by the Alaskan gold rush. Sled dogs are at a premium, and dognappers are scouring the country for hardy brutes. Buck is stolen and sold north to a government courier, Perrault, and learns to adapt to the hard life of pulling a dogsled through the snowy wastes.
Buck's adaptation is eased by the revival of ancestral traits. As London notes, "not only did he learn by experience, but instincts long dead became alive.... [h]e remembered back to... the time the wild-dogs ranged in packs through the primeval forest." Such a note was often struck in Darwinian novels that described human behavior. In the already noted McTeague, the hero's wife, Trina, becomes increasingly miserly as characteristics of her German peasant forebears come to life. More startlingly, the hero, McTeague, when pursued by the police, resurrects lost animal behaviors, such as wonderfully keen hearing. The ethnic note is also sounded. Where writers describing humans noted the part that racial qualities played in the individual personality, London sees the same type of qualities accounting for Buck's growing superiority over the other dogs in the team: "His cunning was wolf cunning... his intelligence, shepherd intelligence and St. Bernard intelligence."
The novel is more than a vigorous endorsement of such biological themes; it is also a Bildungsroman, that is, a novel concerned with the education of the protagonist to the ways of the world. Bought by Perrault, Buck's main teachers are the seasoned sled dogs. He learns from them, for example, that he must not only "wolf" down his food ration to avoid having it stolen by other canines but must try to rob others' portions to increase his prestige. Buck caps this stage of his education by killing the top dog and assuming his post.
These examples may suggest that a dog's life is all violence and competition, but, in fact, primitivism has two faces. London's unusual subject allows him to see virtues in a return to an aboriginal state that could not be found if humans were his subjects. To continue using Norris's novel as a counterpoint, when McTeague becomes as wily as a hunted animal, there is little but degradation in his reversion to earlier animal patterns. When Buck recalls his ancestors' activities, however, there is the feeling that he is returning to a truer world. Life is hard there but authentic. The pampered house dog could never experience the joy of the hunt. Buck is "ranging at the head of the pack... [in] an ecstasy that marks the summit of life."
The shift in perspective allows London to stand the typical ending of the Darwinian novel on its head. In Zola's Le Bête humaine (1890; The Human Beast, 1891), for example, the complete emergence of the protagonist's hereditary tendency to alcoholism leads to villainous actions. In London's novel, in sharp contrast, when Buck is at his most savage he is also most completely fulfilling his potential—utilizing his brain, muscles, and heart to the utmost.
After running a gamut of human masters, Buck is obtained by the kindly John Thornton, who allows him to wander in the woods, where he learns to hunt. One day Buck returns from an expedition to find Thornton killed by Indians; his last ties to humanity have been cut, so he gives in to the call of the wild. He ends the novel at the head of a wolf pack, a legend to the Indians.
Such an upbeat ending was out of keeping with the general tenor of fiction that dealt with such themes, but it was appropriate for a work that had shifted the terrain of such writing from human to canine society. The optimistic but logically consistent presentation of how the law of the jungle could turn the protagonist from a civilized pet into a legend of the wilderness won readers who could not stomach the representation of similar themes in a human milieu.
The Call of the Wild Overview
A gripping, fast-paced tale of adventure, The Call of the Wild focuses on Buck, a pampered sheepdog stolen from a California ranch and...
(The entire section is 133 words.)
The Call of the Wild Summary
Chapter 1: Into the Primitive
Buck is a dog living with Judge Miller at a sprawling ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California. He...
(The entire section is 1109 words.)


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AutoSave for the Petrochemical Industry
Increase Safety and Reliability
MDT AutoSave is part of the change management and audit infrastructure that helps refineries and chemical plants identify and eliminate hazardous situations while increasing productivity. AutoSave ensures that proper rollback/recovery data exists while providing a proper audit trail and notification of changes. This can be invaluable in understanding what program changes were made, why, and by whom so that your people, process and equipment are protected.
AutoSave's unique features, including internal security capabilities, have long been beneficial to petrochemical companies seeking to better manage operational changes.


Choose the organization's default TTS engine
Select a default text-to-speech (TTS) engine and optionally override the default voice per language.
Note: The organization's default text-to-speech (TTS) engine is Genesys TTS. To access additional third-party TTS engines in Architect, first obtain them from the Genesys AppFoundry. Then, configure them in PureCloud. For more information, see About text-to-speech (TTS) engines.
 1. Click Admin.
 2. Under Account Settings, click Organization Settings.
 3. Click the Settings tab.
 4. Under Telephony, select the default TTS engine:
 - Genesys TTS (default)
 - An installed third-party TTS integration
 5. (Optional) Override the default voice per language:
 1. Under Language Overrides, click Add.
 2. Under Language, click the arrow and select the appropriate language from the list.
 3. Under Engine, click the arrow and select the appropriate TTS engine for this language.
 4. Under Voice, click the arrow and select the default voice for this language.
 6. Click Save.


printed in concentric rings on the dial. Using the elapsed time from the outer ring, with this circular table and the adaptive inner scale, a diver could safely make his stops on his ascent.
Dr. Hannes Keller suiting up for his record 1,000-foot dive in 1962. (Photo: Courtesy Vulcain)
In the 1970s, Fortis released a similar, though less complex version of this decompression table for the dial of its Marinemaster, which did not have an alarm function. In place of the aperture and rotating dial, the Fortis made use of a color-coded dial with decompression tables. A diver would find his depth on the Meter/Feet scale and follow the appropriate ring around until he found his bottom time, and then decompress for that amount of time at a depth of 15 feet (5 meters), a common practice then that would be considered very unsafe nowadays, when deeper stops are standard practice.
Try deciphering this dial at 150 feet deep. A 1970s Fortis Marinemaster. (Photograph by Atom Moore, Analog/Shift)
The Swiss brand, Jenny, known for being the first brand to achieve a 1,000-meter depth rating with a watch, also was groundbreaking for the patent it achieved in 1971 for a decompression scale bezel. Similar to the Fortis Marinemaster's dial, the Jenny Caribbean's bezel shows depths which corresponded to times of immersion, above which are printed the number of minutes required to decompress at 15 feet (again, a now outdated practice). This bezel is far simpler to read (assuming you aren't far-sighted) and understand than tracing the circles around a dial, which could be covered by the hands. Simply use the rotating bezel to track elapsed time using the inner scale, then check your depth gauge and find the depth on the bezel, and proceed outward to the closest time you spent at that depth and finally use the outermost ring to get your required deco time.
The Jenny Caribbean with its 1971-patented decompression bezel.
Finally, the most arcane dive watch markings, and the ones that have baffled me the most, belong to one of the most cultish of all dive watches. The Aquastar Deepstar chronograph was developed in the mid-60s at the behest of Jacques-Yves Cousteau himself, whose cadre of frogmen was pushing boundaries of depth and undersea living. Aquastar, a brand dedicated to aquatic timepieces, took on the challenge of creating a watch that could not only time a dive but also account for the residual nitrogen in the body during successive dives. Remember earlier I wrote about how the dive tables change after dive number 1? Well, the Deepstar is equipped with a dual scale rotating bezel that tracks elapsed time as usual, but also then has a scale that is set against the HOUR hand to calculate how soon excess nitrogen is flushed from the body tissues. To find the correct co-efficient, Aquastar provided a separate table to cross-reference. When the hour hand moved into the "Normal" region of the bezel, a diver could assume he can go back to using standard dive tables for further diving. Diving is surely a science as much as it is a sport, and the Aquastar Deepstar is evidence of that.
The cult (and Cousteau) favorite Aquastar Deepstar (Photograph by Atom Moore, Analog/Shift)
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By the late 1980s, the advent of the digital dive computer sounded the death knell for the traditional dive watch. Nowadays, nary a diver on a boat can be seen wearing an analog watch, despite its continued benefit as a backup device or for a navigational aid (timing swim distances, etc.). A good dive computer will calculate no-deco limits in real time, adjusting for time spent at various depths during a dive, the use of enriched air mixes that lengthen no-deco times, and will also alert you when it's time to ascend or when you're going up too fast. More advanced ones will calculate decompression times, even allowing for gas switches mid-dive, and read the amount of gas left in your cylinder.
But through this brief look at the history of dive watch markings, we can see how problems were solved along the way, by analog means only, and how, despite their seeming simplicity, dive watches have been useful to take divers on some of the world's greatest undersea adventures.
Old school meets new school.
Special thanks to Chris Scott and Chris Sohl for their help with the Aquastar bezel, and to Analog/Shift for some of the photos.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Anguillan)
|Look up Anguillan in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
Anguillan may refer to:
- Something of, from, or related to Anguilla, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean
- A person from Anguilla, or of Anguillan descent. For information about the Anguillan people, see Demographics of Anguilla and Culture of Anguilla
- Anguillan Creole, the language spoken in Anguilla
- Anguillan cuisine
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Anguillian.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


© 2021 Apprentices of War, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
Apprentices of War: Memoir of a Marine Grunt is a book by Gary Tornes, who served as a United States Marine during the Vietnam War.
"Iraq, Vietnam, Korea, WWII - The apprentices of all wars are the young grunts who do most of the fighting and dying. They are ordinary people doing extraordinary deeds daily. Often they neither receive nor do they expect special recognition for their actions. Their apprenticeships are short and violent. Survival often depends more upon luck - than training and experience. It's an environment where peer pressure creates heroes. Those who survive are often better people for it. They move forward with their lives possessing the unique self-confidence that only a battlefield produces."


text:
Calculations with different methods
- 938.188 miles
- 1509.867 kilometers
- 815.263 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 935.419 miles
- 1505.411 kilometers
- 812.857 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).
Estimated flight time from Fort Albany Airport (YFA) to Wollaston Lake Airport (ZWL) is 2 hours 16 minutes.
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Fort Albany and Wollaston Lake is 2 hours. Wollaston Lake is 2 hours behind Fort Albany.
Carbon dioxide emissions
Estimated CO2 emissions per passenger is 135 kg (297 pounds).
Fort Albany to Wollaston Lake flight map.
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Fort Albany (YFA) → Wollaston Lake (ZWL).


text:
PUPILS are getting a unique lesson — from the world's first ROBOT teacher.
The humanoid named Saya is multilingual, can do roll calls and set tasks from text books.
See more pics of the amazing robot below
Behind her latex face — modelled on a university student — 18 motors create expressions including happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness and even anger.
Saya will start teaching after passing a trial term at a Tokyo primary.
Her creator, science professor Hiroshi Kobayashi, had been working on the robot for 15 years.
The original, named Pikarin, had a metal head with exposed wires and levers.
ROBOTS could replace real army medics in ten years, developers in California revealed yesterday.


What is the issue you are facing?
In the analytics overview, the total amount of students or groups finished with the assignment is displayed incorrectly.
What happened?
Your students have finished all their reviews, but because in the setup of the assignment a higher amount of required reviews was set than eventually made by students, inconsistencies show.
For Peer Review and Group Member Evaluation a preferred learning activity is that all students in a group provide each other with a review. When group sizes differ, this causes some trouble with the analytics.
When setting up an assignment, you can set a fixed required amount of reviews as such to make sure all peers in one group review each other, see as well the set up manual for this. When there are groups of different sizes, you will still need to set a fixed amount of required reviews, causing that a higher amount of required reviews is set than eventually made by students.
The implication is that the system doesn't (yet) recognise that the groups are actually finished with all their reviews and therefore the overview you get is not trustworthy.
[FeedbackFruits is currently working on an optimisation for the tool that will prevent this from happening].
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text:
The Mad Agriculture Journal
July 06, 2023
Meet the Fitzgeralds–Matthew, Hannah, Joe and Ane–the family farming team behind Fitzgerald Organics in Hutchinson, Minnesota.
The Fitzgeralds are regenerative and organic, meaning they're full-on challenging the agricultural status quo. They believe that farmers are stewards of the land–both wild and cultivated spaces–and that the land's health and the health of their business are one and the same.
In this short film, learn more about the Fitzgerald's efforts to rewild parts of their farm, the importance of community in their work, and all of the players, big and small, that are helping them bring their farm vision to life.


Why Sales matters in any business
Let's take a look at some of the reasons and ways sales is important in every business.
Sales provides customers with the solutions they need
With business it's all about problem-solving. Finding a gap, or an area where someone needs a product or service, and filling that need for them.
Salespeople connect the problem a business solves with people who need that solution.
By collaborating with other departments, a sales team can help a company to cater better to its customers. Because salespeople often sit and talk with customers, they can find out what their specific pain points are and how the customer specifically phrases them.
For example, you could approach selling a workout plan by talking about what percentage of muscle mass a person could gain or how many reps you estimate them being able to do overtime. But it probably won't resonate as well as selling them on the idea how good, strong, and sexy they'll feel after completing the program.
Communicating with the customer helps the company to better solve their problems. Getting inside the customer's mind will then help the entire company better cater to their needs, and present how the product solves their problems in a way that the customer understands and resonates with. Which in turn, will help bring future success in selling or marketing to other potential customers.
Source - Read More at: medium.com


text:
How to Avoid
Serum Biocompatibility testing was developed to determine how much of an immune reaction a particular client will have to any given material.
A blood sample is drawn and spun on a centrifuge in order to separate the blood cells from the blood serum. The cells are discarded and the serum, which contains all of the free-floating antibodies and other blood proteins, is collected for testing. A small sample of the serum is then mixed with the individual chemical components that may be found in dental materials. If the chemicals would cause an immune reaction in the body, then the antibodies present in the serum will bind the chemicals and form an antibody complex making the mixture look cloudy.
This is known as a protein fallout reaction. A simple but elegant machine called a light densitometer is then used to measure the opacity of each serum-chemical mixture, and the chemical is then judged according to protocols originally developed by Dr. Hal Huggins and refined over decades of testing. For the dentist's convenience the classifications "Highly Reactive," "Moderately Reactive," and "Least Reactive," are used to aid in understanding the results. Each product on the test is then rated by the highest reactivity level among its component chemicals. This assures that only the products in which all components give the lowest reaction levels are termed "Least Reactive."