length=250)
 slug = models.SlugField(max_length=250,
 unique_for_date='publish')
 author = models.ForeignKey(User,
 on_delete=models.CASCADE,
 related_name='blog_posts')
 body = models.TextField()
 publish = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now)
 created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
 updated = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
 status = models.CharField(max_length=10,
 choices=STATUS_CHOICES,
 default='draft')
 class Meta:
 ordering = ('-publish',)
 def __str__(self):
 return self.title
This is your data model for blog posts. Let's take a look at the fields you just defined for this model:
 - title: This is the field for the post title. This field is CharField, which translates into a VARCHAR column in the SQL database.
 - slug: This is a field intended to be used in URLs. A slug is a short label that contains only letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens. You will use the slug field to build beautiful, SEO-friendly URLs for your blog posts. You have added the unique_for_date parameter to this field so that you can build URLs for posts using their publish date and slug. Django will prevent multiple posts from having the same slug for a given date.
 - author: This field defines a many-to-one relationship, meaning that each post is written by a user, and a user can write any number of posts. For this field, Django will create a foreign key in the database using the primary key of the related model. In this case, you are relying on the User model of the Django authentication system. The on_delete parameter specifies the behavior to adopt when the referenced object is deleted. This is not specific to Django; it is an SQL standard. Using CASCADE, you specify that when the referenced user is deleted, the database will also delete all related blog posts. You can take a look at all the possible options at _URL_ You specify the name of the reverse relationship, from User to Post, with the related_name attribute. This will allow you to access related objects easily. You will learn more about this later.
 - body: This is the body of the post. This field is a text field that translates into a TEXT column in the SQL database.
 - publish: This datetime indicates when the post was published. You use Django's timezone now method as the default value. This returns the current datetime in a timezone-aware format. You can think of it as a timezone-aware version of the standard Python datetime.now method.
 - created: This datetime indicates when the post was created. Since you are using auto_now_add here, the date will be saved automatically when creating an object.
 - updated: This datetime indicates the last time the post was updated. Since you are using auto_now here, the date will be updated automatically when saving an object.
 - status: This field shows the status of a post. You use a choices parameter, so the value of this field can only be set to one of the given choices.
Django comes with different types of fields that you can use to define your models. You can find all field types at _URL_
The Meta class inside the model contains metadata. You tell Django to sort results by the publish field in descending order by default when you query the database. You specify the descending order using the negative prefix. By doing this, posts published recently will appear first.
The __str__() method is the default human-readable representation of the object. Django will use it in many places, such as the administration site.
If you are coming from using Python 2.x, note that in Python 3, all strings are natively considered Unicode; therefore, we only use the __str__() method and the __unicode__() method is obsolete.
Activating the application
In order for Django to keep track of your application and be able to create database tables for its models, you have to activate it. To do this, edit the settings.py file and add blog.apps.BlogConfig to the INSTALLED_APPS setting. It should look like this:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
 'django.contrib.admin',
 'django.contrib.auth',
 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
 'django.contrib.sessions',
 'django.contrib.messages',
 'django.contrib.staticfiles',
 'blog.apps.BlogConfig',
]
The BlogConfig class is your application configuration. Now Django knows that your application is active for this project and will be able to load its models.
Creating and applying migrations
Now that you have a data model for your blog posts, you will need a database table for it. Django comes with a migration system that tracks the changes made to models and enables them to propagate into the database. As mentioned, the migrate command applies migrations for all applications listed in INSTALLED_APPS; it synchronizes the database with the current models and existing migrations.
First, you will need to create an initial migration for your Post model. In the root directory of your project, run the following command:
python manage.py makemigrations blog
You should get the following output:
Migrations for 'blog':
 blog/migrations/0001_initial.py
 - Create model Post
Django just created the 0001_initial.py file inside the migrations directory of the blog application. You can open that file to see how a migration appears. A migration specifies dependencies on other migrations and operations to perform in the database to synchronize it with model changes.
Let's take a look at the SQL code that Django will execute in the database to create the table for your model. The sqlmigrate command takes the migration names and returns their SQL without executing it. Run the following command to inspect the SQL output of your first migration:
python manage.py sqlmigrate blog 0001
The output should look as follows:
BEGIN;
--
-- Create model Post
--
CREATE TABLE "blog_post" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "title" varchar(250) NOT NULL, "slug" varchar(250) NOT NULL, "body" text NOT NULL, "publish" datetime NOT NULL, "created" datetime NOT NULL, "updated" datetime NOT NULL, "status" varchar(10) NOT NULL, "author_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "auth_user" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
CREATE INDEX "blog_post_slug_b95473f2" ON "blog_post" ("slug");
CREATE INDEX "blog_post_author_id_dd7a8485" ON "blog_post" ("author_id");
COMMIT;
The exact output depends on the database you are using. The preceding output is generated for SQLite. As you can see in the output, Django generates the table names by combining the application name and the lowercase name of the model (blog_post), but you can also specify a custom database name for your model in the Meta class of the model using the db_table attribute.
Django creates a primary key automatically for each model, but you can also override this by specifying primary_key=True in one of your model fields. The default primary key is an id column, which consists of an integer that is incremented automatically. This column corresponds to the id field that is automatically added to your models.
Let's sync your database with the new model. Run the following command to apply existing migrations:
python manage.py migrate
You will get an output that ends with the following line:
Applying blog.0001_initial... OK
You just applied migrations for the applications listed in INSTALLED_APPS, including your blog application. After applying the migrations, the database reflects the current status of your models.
If you edit the models.py file in order to add, remove, or change the fields of existing models, or if you add new models, you will have to create a new migration using the makemigrations command. The migration will allow Django to keep track of model changes. Then, you will have to apply it with the migrate command to keep the database in sync with your models.

Creating an administration site for models
Now that you have defined the Post model, you will create a simple administration site to manage your blog posts. Django comes with a built-in administration interface that is very useful for editing content. The Django site is built dynamically by reading your model metadata and providing a production-ready interface for editing content. You can use it out of the box, configuring how you want your models to be displayed in it.
The django.contrib.admin application is already included in the INSTALLED_APPS setting, so you don't need to add it.
Creating a superuser
First, you will need to create a user to manage the administration site. Run the following


= 12 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1202, CityName = "Kollam ", StateId = 12 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1203, CityName = "Kottayam ", StateId = 12 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1204, CityName = "Palakkad", StateId = 12 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1301, CityName = "Pune", StateId = 13 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1302, CityName = "Thane ", StateId = 13 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1303, CityName = "Nashik ", StateId = 13 });
 Add(new City() { CityId = 1304, CityName = "Kolhapur", StateId = 13 });
 }
 }
}
Listing 1: State and City classes
The Cities classes in Listing 1, will be used for showing data in the HTML table.
Step 2: In the Models folder, add a new class file and name it Pagination.cs. This class file contains two classes. These classes will be used to contain logic for calculating the Pages Count and the Link text showing pages links. The code for these classes is shown in Listing 2
namespace Blaz_CascadeDropdown.Models
{
 public class Pagination
 {
 public int CurrentPage { get; set; } = 1;
 public int PageCount(int recCount, int recPerPage)
 {
 return Convert.ToInt32(Math.Ceiling(recCount / (double)recPerPage));
 }
 }
 public class Paging
 {
 public string LinkText { get; set; }
 public int PageId { get; set; }

 public Paging(int page, string text)
 {
 PageId = page;
 LinkText = text;
 }
 }
}
Listing 2: The Pagination classes
The Pagination class contains PageCount() method. This method accepts the total Records Count (recCount) and Records Per Page (recPerPage) as input parameters and calculates the number of page count to be generated for the pagination. The class Paging is used to define metadata for the paging links generated i.e. the PageId and the Linktext.
Step 3: In the Pages folder add a new Razor Component. Name this component as TablePagination.razor. This component uses the Cities, Pagination classes to show data in the HTML table and execute the pagination. In this component add the code as shown in Listing 3
@page "/pagination"
@using Blaz_CascadeDropdown.Models;

Table Pagination

 <EditForm Model="@city">

 Select Number of Records To View Per Page
 <InputSelect class="form-control"
 ValueExpression="@(()=>recordsPerPage)"
 Value="@recordsPerPage"
 ValueChanged="@((int pg)=>changePages(pg))">
 @foreach (var item in records)
 {
 <option value="@item">@item</option>
 }
 </InputSelect>

 City Id

 City Name

 State Id

 @foreach (var city in FilteredCities)
 {

 @city.CityId
 @city.CityName
 @city.StateId

 }

 </EditForm>

 @foreach(var pageInfo in paging)
 {

selectPage(pageInfo.LinkText))"
 >@pageInfo.PageId

 }

@code {
 private Cities? cities;
 private City? city;
 private int[]records = new int[]{1,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40};
 private int recordsPerPage = 0;
 private int pages = 0;
 private int index = 0;
 private Pagination? pagination;
 private List<Paging>? paging;
 private List<City>? FilteredCities;
 int recs = 0;
 protected override void OnInitialized()
 {
 cities = new Cities();
 city = new City();
 pagination = new Pagination();
 paging = new List<Paging>();
 FilteredCities = new Cities();
 FilteredCities = cities;
 base.OnInitialized();
 }
 void changedPages(int pg)
 {
 paging = new List<Paging>();
 recordsPerPage = pg;
 // select the number of pages to be displayed
 if (cities?.Count >= recordsPerPage)
 {
 pages = pagination.PageCount(cities.Count, recordsPerPage);
 }
 // Generate Pagination
 for (int i = 0; i <= pages; i++)
 {
 paging.Add(new Paging(i,i.ToString()));
 }
 // Filter records based on the selected recordPerPage
 FilteredCities = cities.Take(recordsPerPage)
 .ToList<City>();
 }
 // Start Pagination
 void selectPage(string pg)
 {
 recs = recordsPerPage * int.Parse(pg);
 FilteredCities = cities.Skip(recs).Take(recordsPerPage)
 .ToList<City>();
 // reset the record count
 recs = 0;
 }
}
Listing 3: The Client-Side Pagination
The component in Listing 3 dynamically generates the HTML table based on the FilteredCities List object. This object is assigned using the Cities List object. The records array declared in the component is used to generate HTML select element using InputSelect standard Blazor component which will be used to show the number of records to be displayed in the table. The InputSelect element is subscribed with the ValueChanged event and it is bound with the changePages() method. This method accepts the selected value from the InputSelect element which is used for displaying the number of records in the HTML table. This method further calculates the total number of pages to be displayed using the PageCount() method of the class. The changePages() method further uses the page count to generate pagination links using the paging list. This list uses the Paging class to store the PageId and LinkText for showing the pagination links. The paging list is used to generate page navigation links using the navigation and pagination classes of Bootstrap CSS Framework. The changesPages() method further uses the LINQ to filter records from the cities list and store it in the FilteredCities list. This will show the zeroth (0th) page in the HTML table. When the page link is clicked, the selectPage() method will be invoked. This method will accept the LinkText of the pagination link that is clicked (aka page number to navigate to), based on the page number clicked from the page link, the LINQ query will be executed which will decide how many records to be skipped from the cities list and how many records are read so that they can be displayed in the HTML table.
Step 4: Modify the NavMenu.razor file from the Shared folder to display the navigation link for the TablePagination component as shown in Listing 4

 <NavLink class="nav-link" href="pagination">

 Table Pagination
 </NavLink>

Listing 4: The NavMenu.razor modification
Run the application, the browser will show the application with the navigation link to the Table Pagination component. Click on the link, the Table Pagination will be loaded as shown in Figure 2
Figure 2: The Pagination Component
The table shows all data from the Cities list. From the Select element (dropdown), select the number of records to view per page, e.g. if you select the number of records


HomeOur LadiesOur GentlemenPuppiesTestimonials
FAQContact Us
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is a standard goldendoodle and how much do they weigh?
A: A standard goldendoodle is a cross between a standard poodle and a golden retriever. They average 50 and 80 pounds as adults.
Q: What is a mid-size golden doodle and how much do they weigh?
A: A mid-size goldendoodle is a cross between a mini golden doodle and either a full-size doodle or a golden retriever. They average 35-40 pounds as adults.
Q: What is a miniature goldendoodle and how much do they weigh?
A: A mini goldendoodle is a cross between a golden retriever and a mini poodle. They average 25-35 pounds as adults.
Q: What is the difference between and F1 goldendoodle and a F1b goldendoodle?
A: The F1 goldendoodle is a cross from a golden retriever and a poodle. The F1b is from breeding a F1 goldendoodle back to a poodle. F1b's have the lowest risk of shedding, and are good for people with more severe allergies.
Q: Do these dogs shed?
A: These dogs are classed as low to non-shedding dogs. If they shed, it is low compared to other dogs. All puppies shed their puppy coats, so non or low shedding levels cannot be confirmed until 13 months or later.
Q: Are golden doodles intelligent and what kind of personality do they have?
A: At Peaches & Cream Goldendoodles we have made temperament our number one priority right from when we began in 2006. It is still our number one priority and all of our breeding dogs are selected on the basis of having a calm, friendly and trainable disposition.
Q: Are goldendoodles good family dogs?
A: Goldendoodles are the ideal family dog and seem to enjoy doing anything their families are doing. They tend to love water, toys, other pets and many of them are in service positions. They love being part of a family.
Q: Do you allow people to see the puppies?
A: We do not encourage visiting puppies due to the risk of Parvo for unvaccinated puppies. We do under special circumstances allow people with reservations to visit by arrangement.
Q: Do you socialize with the puppies in the weeks before them going to their new homes?
A: The puppies are born on our kitchen floor, and are exposed to normal family life. Each puppy in handled within minutes of birth and we continue to interact with them as they grow.
Q: What do the puppies come with?
A: Puppies come with a collar, scent cloth, a record of immunizations, deworming, and a two year health guarantee. Please read the health guarantee as printed on the website.
Q: What should we buy for our new puppy?
A: We recommend buying toys, food and water bowls, and a crate for training, as well as Acana puppy chow which the puppies are being fed.
Q: How are puppies chosen for their families?
A: When a suitable puppy becomes available we contact the family. Puppies' pictures with nicknames are posted on our puppy photo album on the puppy page. Families are then asked to choose three or four puppies they are interested in. We provide temperament information and make suggestions as to which puppy would be most suitable for their home. If two families want the same puppy and the temperament would work in either one, the family with the earliest reservation would get the puppy.
Q: How can I make a reservation and get on your puppy waiting list?
A: We do not use puppy application forms. The first step in placing a reservation would be to send a short e-mail to us at _EMAIL_. We do not require a lot of personal information, but rather ask you to tell us a few things about yourself pertinent to dog ownership: past dog experience, plans for the puppy's care, and things you envisions doing with your puppy are all good topics. Then if we feel you would have a good home for our puppy and you feel comfortable working with us you would be invited to place a reservation. The actual reservation includes a letter describing your ideal puppy and requires a nonrefundable $250 deposit.
Q: How long will it be before I get my puppy?
A: Our reservation policy guarantees a suitable puppy within one year of the reservation. That simply means as a puppy becomes available.
Q: Do you fly or ship puppies?
A: We fly puppies if there are minimal layovers and the flight is relatively short.
Q: Can we contact you about situations we encounter after we have purchased our puppy?
A: Yes, feel free to contact us in the years ahead with questions you may have regarding your puppy.
Thanks for taking the time to read this page. If you have any questions that were not covered here, let us know and we'll do our best to help you with them.


text:
Remittances sent to Mexico by family and friends abroad will total US $58.5 billion by the end of this year, an increase of 13.4% over 2021, according to a report from the financial institution BBVA México.
And in 2023, the figure will only go higher: an expected $62.6 billion being sent home by Mexicans living abroad, says the report, titled "Yearbook of Migration and Remittances 2022."
The BBVA report says this surge of remittances indicates that currently there is a greater dependence on this money from abroad than there was before the COVID-19 pandemic — both in Mexico and other Latin American countries.
In fact, in some states in Mexico, the total of remittances received by families is larger than that state's spending on items for the public such as education, health, payroll for public officials, infrastructure, social programs and social assistance.
For example, data from BBVA and the federal Bank of México (Banxico) shows that state government spending in Michoacán in 2020 was US $3.85 billion, while incoming remittances there amounted to US $4.56 billion.
Similar dynamics exist in Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Jalisco and five other states, and the figures are expected to be lopsided again for 2022. What this shows, in these states in particular, is that money flowing in from remittances is of huge importance for the state's economy, the newspaper Reforma concluded.
"In those states, households and the local economy depend a lot on remittances," said Jesús Cervantes, director of economic statistics and coordinator of the Forum on Latin American and Caribbean Remittances, a program of the Center for Latin American Monetary Studies (CEMLA). "In households that do receive them, the weight that remittances have on household income is gigantic."
"The local economy of those states also depends a lot on remittances because that household income is going to be spent in stores [and] different establishments," he added. "And some [government] income depends on that household spending. Local and even federal public revenues benefit, for example, if [the person spending money from abroad] buys a product that pays VAT (value-added tax)."
According to CEMLA, it is estimated that in Mexico there are 4.9 million households and 11.1 million adults who receive remittances from relatives abroad. The incoming money benefits women the most, according to data from the BBVA report.
Remittances increase the income of Mexican households that receive them by at least 30%, Cervantes noted.
In the first half of 2022, remittances across Mexico totaled US $27.6 billion, an increase of 16.6% compared to the first half of 2021, a year when Mexico was the second largest recipient of remittances in the world (behind only India, and ahead of No. 3 China).
The above is a six-month figure from the BBVA study. According to the federal entity Banxico, the influx of remittances in the first seven months of 2022 totaled US $32.8 billion, with most of the money coming from friends and family living in the United States. This figure is a 16.4% increase over the US $28.2 billion received during the same period in 2021.
Looking just at July of this year, the amount of remittances sent to Mexico was US $5.7 billion, according to Banxico, which was the highest amount in a month since 1995, the year statistics started being kept. The July 2022 figure was 4.4% higher than June 2022, and 16.5% higher than July 2021.
Moreover, July marked the third consecutive month that more than US $5 billion per month had been sent to families in Mexico.
A big part of the story in all of this is that sending money from abroad to Mexico is cheaper than sending it to any other country in Latin America and the Caribbean, except for El Salvador, according to the BBVA report.
For example, at this time last year, the average cost to wire US $200 to Mexico was 4.4% of that figure, or US $8.80. El Salvador was the cheapest at 3.9% of the amount sent, with Honduras, Ecuador and Paraguay all at 4.5%, according to BBVA. The average global cost last year, the report added, was 6.3%.
In addition, the average remittance sent to Mexico has increased from $295 in 2016 to $370 this year, according to one report, and $389 according to another.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
What's the News?
- Cabinet has approved Rs. 4,900 crore for Kosi-Mechi interlinking project in Bihar.
- The central government has approved the second river interlinking project after the Ken-Betwa project in Madhya Pradesh.
- The Union ministry of environment, forest and climate change gave its nod to the state's Kosi-Mechi river linking (KMRL) project, paving the way for work to begin next year
- To be undertaken at a cost of around Rs 4,900 crore, the KMRL project is likely to be completed in five years.
- Once completed, it will irrigate 2.14 lakh hectares in four Seema chal -59,970 hectares in Araria, 59,642 hectares in Purnia, 39,548 hectares in Kishanganj, and 35,635 in Katihar district of Purnia division.
- A 76.2km canal will be built to link the two rivers basins of Kosi (Supaul and Saharsa districts) in the west with Mechi basin in Kishananj on the east, and their linkage with the Mahananda basin, further east.
Kosi-Mechi Interlinking Project
- This project can provide relief to the region from the menace of recurring floods. Also, it will provide irrigation facility to more than 2.14 lakh hectares of command areas spread across the districts of Kishanganj, Araria, Katihar and Purnia in north Bihar.
- This project will provide a diversion to the surplus water of Kosi River through existing Hanuman Nagar barrage to Mechi River of Mahananda basin.
- Mechi River will get water from another source and it will become a vast natural resource of irrigation.
- This project has a possibility to escort the next green revolution in Seemanchal region. This project involves no displacement of population and there is no diversion of any forest land.
- Another benefit of the project is that there is no national park, wildlife sanctuary; eco-sensitive areas, etc. are present within 10 kilometres (km) radius of the project.
About Ken-Betwa Interlinking Project
- Ken-Betwa Interlinking is country's first river interlinking project that will connect two rivers in Madhya Pradesh.
- The project aims to transfer surplus water of Ken River to the Betwa basin through a concrete canal to irrigate India's worst drought-prone Bundelkhand region.
- This project will help irrigate an area of 6.35 lakh hectares annually in Bundelkhand region.
- Two powerhouses of 2×30 MW and 3×6 MW each, 221 km long Ken-Betwa link canal and two of 1.9 km long upper level are other attractions of the project.
Source: The Hindu


'Joint employers' rules clarify FLSA responsibilities
New "joint employer" rules make it easier for franchise owners to understand their responsibilities under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act.
The final rule from the Department of Labor limits situations in which franchisors and franchisees are considered "joint employers" of workers under the act.
It modifies a policy, enacted under the Obama administration, that potentially made a franchisor liable for the failure of a franchisee to pay overtime or minimum wage, even if the franchise operated as a legally independent business.
The rule covers scenarios in which an employee works for one business, but another entity or individual benefits from the work at the same time.
Businesses that have typical contracting and franchising relationships say that the rule allows them to require certain standards from their suppliers or franchises without being considered the employer of the other business's workers.
However, labor groups argue that the rule makes it harder for employees to fight overtime or minimum wage violations.
Determining if a person or an entity qualifies as a joint employer depends on whether that person or entity has the power to:
 - hire or fire the employee;
 - supervise and control the employee's work schedule or conditions of employment to a substantial degree;
 - determine the employee's rate and method of payment; and
 - maintain the employee's employment records.
A determination of whether a person or entity is a joint employer depends on the facts of each case, and different weights are given to each factor, depending on the situation.
Under the rule, operating a business as a franchisor or entering into a brand and supply agreement or using a similar business model is considered not relevant to joint employer status. Also considered not relevant:
 - a potential joint employer's contractual agreements with an employer requiring the employer to comply with its legal obligations or to meet certain standards to protect the health or safety of its employees or the public;
 - potential joint employer's contractual agreements with an employer requiring quality control standards to ensure the consistent quality of the work product, brand, or business reputation; and
 - potential joint employers' practice of providing an employer with a sample employee handbook, or other forms, allowing the employer to operate a business.
Here are some examples that clarify when an entity is a joint employer:
Example 1: A franchisor provides franchisees with a sample employment application, sample employee handbook and other forms for use in operating the franchise. According to the licensing agreement, the franchisee is solely responsible for hiring and firing, setting pay rates, supervising employees and maintaining employment records.
In this case, the franchisor would not be considered a joint employer. Providing sample forms and documents does not constitute direct or indirect control over a franchisee's employees.
Example 2: A cook works for two different franchisees of the same national franchise. The two local establishments do not coordinate with respect to the employee.
In this case, the restaurants are not considered joint employers, because they are not acting in each other's interest in relation to the cook.
Example 3: A country club hired a landscaper on contract to maintain its grounds. While the club does not have authority to supervise landscaping employee work under the contract, there is an employee of the club who supervises the work, instructs on tasks and keeps some records of the work. In addition, the club employee reports an employee of the landscaper who failed to follow directions, and he or she is then fired
In this case, the country club is a joint employer, because the club employee exercises sufficient control over the terms and conditions of the landscaping employee's employment.
Example 4: A cook works for two different restaurants with the same owner. The restaurants coordinate the cook's hours and decide jointly on the cook's hourly rate.
This is considered a joint employment relationship under the rule, because there is common ownership and there are joint decisions about the cook's schedule and pay rate.
Example 5: A big company imposes a code of conduct and a minimum wage on suppliers for those suppliers to be part of the company's supply chain.
That does not lead to a joint employer relationship, because the company does not exercise sufficient direct or indirect control over supplier employees.
Businesses should consult attorneys for help reviewing all licensing agreements and vendor contracts for any requirements related to control over employee work, pay rates and responsibility for record-keeping. Actual staff practices must also be reviewed for possible exposure to joint employer liability.
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text:
Don't we all just love bubble wrap? Isn't fun to pop those bubbles? But how is it possible? What is actually happening when you're popping a bubblewrap? Well, it's simple! When you pop bubble wrap, the air inside the bubble exerts pressure and hence it pops. Interesting isn't it? Let us study more in-depth about how air exerts pressure.
Air Exerts Pressure
The envelope of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. Air has weight. The weight of air presses our bodies all the time. This weight of air acting on a surface causes air pressure. Air pressure can be understood with the help of certain activities.
Browse more Topics under Winds Storms And Cyclones
- Materials Required: tumbler, water, square cardboard piece
- Method: Fill up the tumbler with water up to the brim. Cover it with cardboard piece and turn the glass upside down. Slowly remove your hand.
- Observation: Cardboard does not fall and water stays in the glass.
- Inference: air pushes the cardboard up and prevents it from falling.
- Materials Required: plastic bottle with cap, hot water, cold water
- Method: Pour hot water into the plastic bottle. Empty the bottle and put the cap tightly. Pour some ice-cold water on it.
- Observation: The bottle will get de-shaped.
- Inference: The air from the bottle expands as it becomes hot. When it is cooled, air contracts. The outside air has more pressure and it crushes the bottle.
Some daily life experiences that show that air exerts pressure
- You find it easier to row the boat when the wind is blowing behind you.
- The wind coming from the back help in flying kite.
- When we suck from the straw, the liquid rises in it.
- The medicine enters the syringe when a piston is pushed out.
High-speed winds are accompanied by reduced air pressure. Let us now perform certain experiments that will show that high-speed winds reduce the air pressure.
- Materials Required: Two balloons
- Method: Blow the balloons and tie string to it. Hang them 10 – 12 cm apart on a rim. Blow air in between the balloons.
- Observation: The balloons will move closer.
- Inference: The air pressure between the balloons is reduced due to more speed. Air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure bringing the balloons closer.
- Materials Required: Bottle, crumpled piece of paper
- Method: Crumple a small piece of paper into a ball of a size smaller than the mouth of an empty bottle. Hold the empty bottle on its side and place the paper ball just inside its mouth. Now try to blow on the ball to force it into the bottle.
- Observation: The paper does not move inside.
- Inference: The air pressure at the mouth of the bottle is reduced due to more speed. This forces the air out from the bottle. This prevents the crumpled paper ball to move inside.
Question For You
Q1. Give Reason – Why is the roof of houses blown off when a strong wind is blowing?
Ans: The strong wind above the roof lowers down the air pressure just above the roof. This forces the air from the air to move outward blowing off the roof of the house.
Q2. A child blows air with a straw near the opening of another straw which has its other end in a soft drink bottle. What do you think will happen and why?
Ans: The level of soft drink will rise in the bottle. This will happen because the air pressure is reduced above the straw hence the drink will rise in it.


text: A glass dome constructed on top of the rebuilt Reichstag building (1894) in Berlin, built to symbolize the reunification of Germany. It has a 360 degree view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The debating chamber of the Bundestag, the German parliament, can be seen down below. A mirrored cone in the center of the dome directs sunlight into the building, and so that visitors can see the working of the chamber--symbolizing that the people are above the government. The dome is open to the public and can be reached by climbing two steel, spiraling ramps that are reminiscent of a double-helix. The glass dome was also designed by Foster to be environmentally friendly. Energy efficient features involving the use of the daylight shining through the mirrored cone were applied, effectively decreasing the carbon emissions of the building. Foster was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1999 for his work on the building, which has become one of the top tourist destinations in Berlin.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Grades 3-6 Student Printables
Download the following worksheets to help you reinforce the lessons created for the LIVESTRONG at School program.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 1: What is Cancer?
In this writing and vocabulary exercise, help your students understand cancer by discussing its treatment, how people live with it, and addressing important terminology associated with cancer. Use this worksheet with Lesson 1.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 2: Myths About Cancer
Help your students understand the difference between the truth about cancer and the various myths they may have heard with this true/false exercise. Use this worksheet with Lesson 2.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 3: Reducing the Risk
These multiple-choice questions will help reinforce a classroom discussion about the things people can do to reduce the risk of getting cancer. Use this worksheet with Lesson 3.
LIVESTRONG Worksheet 4: What Can I Do?
Encourage your students to work together to create a project that can help increase awareness about cancer, support those who have the disease, or raise money for cancer research. Use this worksheet with Lesson 4.
The LIVESTRONG at School program aligns with national academic standards in health and language arts.


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The push-pull circular connectors offer ideal connecting solution for communication and DATA fields with EMC/EMI shielding functions.
Particular connectors used on motor vehicles for harsh environments.
Connectors used on different types of robots for watertight and EMC requirements.
Connectors can be used for indutrial control systems against the rugged environments with high reliability such as in textile industry,finance system,rail transit,expressway,medical system,MES and alam sytems.
The multiple pole,coaxial or mixed inserts connectors are used for high or low voltages and high frenquency in varities of institutes like research research laboratories and universities.


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In recent years, Cyber Security threat modeling has been discovered to have the capacity of combatting and mitigating against online threats. In order to minimize the associated risk, these threats need to be modelled with appropriate Intelligent User Interface (IUI) design and consequently the development and evaluation of threat metrics. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized every facet of our daily lives and building a responsive Cyber Security Threat Model requires an IUI. The current threat models lack IUI, hence they cannot deliver convenience and efficiency. However, as the User Interface (UI) functionalities and User Experience (UX) continue to increase and deliver more astonishing possibilities, the present threat models lack the predictability capacity thus Machine Learning paradigms must be incorporated. Meanwhile, this deficiency can only be handled through AI-enabled UI that utilizes baseline principles in the design of interfaces for effective Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) with lasting UX. IUI helps developers or designers enhance flexibility, usability, and the relevance of the interaction to improving communication between computer and human. Baseline principles must be applied for developing threat models that will ensure fascinating UI-UX. Application of AI in UI design for Cyber Security Threat Modeling brings about reduction in critical design time and ensures the development of better threat modeling applications and solutions.
Part of the book: Software Usability


Evaluating Pain in a Non-Verbal Patient
Last Modified: June 10, 2008
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Dear OncoLink "Ask The Experts,"
Is there a scale that can be used to evaluate pain in a patient who is nonverbal or unresponsive and cannot use the traditional number or face scales?
If a patient is nonresponsive, we generally assume that he or she is not responding to pain. As for nonverbal patients, we use a rating of nonverbal indicators and assess if these indicators are present at rest and/or with movement (see below). One point is given for each "yes" response, resulting in a score on a 0-12 scale.
 At Rest With Movement
1. Vocal complaints: Non-verbal
(Expression of pain, not in words, moans, groans, grunts, cries, gasps, sighs)
2. Facial Grimaces/Winces
(Furrowed brow, narrowed eyes, tightened lips, jaw drop, clenched teeth, distorted expressions)
3. Bracing
(Clutching or holding onto side rails, bed, tray table, or affected areas during movement)
4. Restlessness
(Constant or intermittent shifting of position, rocking, intermittent or constant hand motions, inability to keep still)
5. Rubbing
(Massaging the affected area)
6. Vocal complaints: Verbal
(Words expressing discomfort or pain, "ouch", "that hurts", cursing during movement, or exclamations of protest: "stop", "that's enough")
TOTAL SCORE = (0-12)
In ICU patients, the RASS scale is used, which evaluates agitation and sedation.
A good reference is:
Herr, K et al. (2006) Pain Assessment in the Nonverbal Patient: Position Statement with Clinical Practice Recommendations. Pain Management Nursing, Vol 7, No 2 (June): pp 44-52.
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History and Iconography
 Early representations
In the earliest known list of the Trumps (Sermones de Ludo Cum Aliis), this card is called El Diavolo (The Devil). In the Visconti-Sforza Tarot, it is the first of the Trumps that hasn't been preserved. Since none of the other Visconti decks show a trace of the card either, some believe The Devil was never part of these decks to begin with.
The Rosenwald Sheet depicts the devil as a guy with horns and clawed feet, wearing some sort of animal skin (or perhaps just being particularly hairy). He holds a trident with both hands, but actually looks more amiable than frightening. The devil on the Cary Sheet, however, is portrayed as a cruel, horned creature. He is shown piercing the body of a nude, writhing human with his trident, and has collected a few others in a basket he carries on his back.
In the Tarot de Marseille, Le Diable (The Devil) is pictured as a being with antlers, the wings of a bat and clawed feet, and with breasts as well as a penis. In his left hand he often holds the blade of a sword or possibly a torch, while he is shown standing on some sort of pedestal or anvil. In some decks he has a face on his belly and eyes on his knees, and is cross-eyed to show his distorted vision. On either side of him stands a minion that looks human, but has antlers and a tail and is tied to the pedestal with a rope.
 20th-century representations
The Devil in the Waite-Smith Tarot is one of the darkest cards in the deck because of its pitch-black background. It depicts a huge, sinister devil with curved horns and large bat-wings, perched on a narrow pedestal with a reversed pentagram on his head. The glyph of Saturn is carved in the palm of his raised right hand, while he holds an inverted torch in his left. A nude man and woman are bound to the pedestal by loosely fitting chains, of which they could easily free themselves if they wanted to. Both are horned; the tail of the man ends in fire, while that of the woman ends in fruit.
Some modern (often New Age) decks find the concept of a devil too Christian for their tastes and replace the card with, for example, divinities such as Pan or Cernunnos. The Robin Wood Tarot depicts a man and woman bound to a chest with riches, pulling in different directions and unable to let go because of their greed.
 Suggested Divinatory Meanings
The Devil indicates any sort of addiction or obsession, something with which we can tend to get "carried away", to the point of losing control over our actions. It signifies sexual desires, uncontrolled energy, running amok. The New Orleans Voodoo Tarot associates this card with the idea of the "wild ride" or "hoard".
The Devil may also represent the 'other' appearing as one's own 'Shadow' (Jung), i.e. repressed negative side, more readily perceived in others than ourselves. In relationships (or coupled with a court card), it may show unhealthy co-dependency, a situation better avoided.
These are not accepted outside of those who follow such attributions
 Golden Dawn oriented (and derivatives)
Numeral : XV; 15
 In other languages
- Dutch: Duivel
- French: Le Diable
- German: Der Teufel
- Hungarian: Ördög
- Italian: Il Diavolo
- Portuguese: O Diabo
- Spanish: El Diablo


How to schedule sleep computers Win 10, 7
There are many great tips, useful for user computers and how to schedule sleep for your computer is also one of the tips would recommend to you. There are many ways to schedule your computer to sleep and if you are looking for one of them, the following guide will be for you. always wants readers to update more interesting and useful tips when using a computer. We always start from the simplest ones and with a computer sleep timer will be a tip that we can easily get used to as well as easily do it after just a few taps. Specifically how to schedule the computer sleep, let's do it with below.
Sleep timer computer
How to schedule computer sleep
Step 1: To be able to schedule the computer to sleep easily here uses a small software called Sleep Timer, download Sleep TimerGo to your computer here first.
Step 2: Sleep Timer tool allows us to sleep the computer and its usage is simple, download and open Sleep Timer directly without having to install. And when opened, this is the interface of Sleep Timer and we can get acquainted and use immediately.
how to sleep a computer 2
Step 3: First, let's pay attention to the three modes of Sleep Timer: Countdown, Inactivity and Time.
how to sleep a computer 3
Countdown: Time will count down when Sleep Timer is activated.
Inactivity: Time is not active until after the Sleep Timer is activated.
Time: Select a fixed time of the day after activating the Sleep Timer.
And by our side is the action taken after satisfying the Mode condition including Hybernate (almost like sleep), Restart and Shutdown.
Hybernate: Hibernation is similar to Sleep, if you do not have Sleep, choose Hybernate.
Restart: Computer restart mode.
Shutdown: Computer off mode.
how to sleep a computer 4
Step 4: To schedule the computer to sleep we need to select Mode Time and Action is Hybernate and click Start to start.
Note: If you want to stop the Sleep Timer, press STOP and turn it off, then press the X button, if you press the shutdown button your computer will shut down immediately.
how to sleep a computer 5
In addition to how to schedule computer sleep with the Sleep Timer, we can apply a fairly good way again or again available on the computer that is using the tools available in the computer by clicking Start, type Sleep Settings and access the link. display results.
how to sleep a computer 6
In the Power & sleep section, we only need to choose the time the computer sleeps after not using the computer for how long, this way is quite similar to the Inactivity mode of the Sleep Timer.
how to sleep a computer 7
The above are basic tips on computers that help users quickly schedule a computer sleep. Perhaps this is still not the most perfect way and will continue researching and sending readers the fastest.
If you're researching a sleep timer, what about the shutdown timer, do you know about this problem. If not, try to find out because the way to shutdown the computer is so much easier and often used.
You are tired of each time you turn off your computer to wait too long, right, so how to turn off the computer quickly with commands or software. This issue has researched and if interested readers can refer to the turn off the computer quickly here.
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The kingdom Abo Reef Field, located in the northwestern portion of Terry County, Texas is a relatively recent discovery along a linear organic bank trend which is intermittently productive from Eddy County, New Mexico to Hockley County, Texas (Fig. 1). Gulf Oil Corporation operates a major portion of the Kingdom Abo Reef Field, thus enabling Gulf to rapidly apply the technology that is highlighted in this paper.
The first part of this paper deals with the history and initial development of the field with the objective of providing a basis for a waterflood project. The emphasis is placed not on the development of new technology, but rather the application of existing technology in characterizing the reservoir to assist in the early recognition of a low primary recovery factor. An analysis of basic data taken during development and early production operations led to the conclusion that primary operations would result in a low primary recovery, which provides the setting for the waterflood feasibility study. The description of the waterflood feasibility study emphasizes the specific methodology employed to predict the waterflood performance. The physical development of the waterflood is discussed which emphasizes both the infill expansion project and the water-injection systems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the present operations and a review of the flood's performance.
Interest in Abo carbonate reservoirs began with the discovery of the Lovington Abo Field in Lea County, New Mexico in 1951. Subsequent discoveries were made in the Empire Abo Field in 1957 and Vacuum Abo Field in 1960 along what is today called the Abo Reef Trend. It is along this geologic trend in Terry County, Texas that the Kingdom Abo Reef Field is located.
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Michael Brown Control Engineering CC
Practical Process Control Training & Loop Optimisation
Control Loop Case History 15

THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING YOUR CONTROLLER

Contrary to popular belief, there is no such thing as a standard PID controller. Every manufacturer makes his controllers in a unique fashion, and as a result they generally behave differently to another make of controller. It is therefore absolutely vital for the user to fully understand all the characteristics and features of the controllers in his plant if he wishes to achieve optimum control. Unfortunately many manufacturers supply very little information or training on really vital points that the user should be aware of.

A few of the most important things which determine a controller's characteristics are:

1. Controller Algorithm: This is the "PID" equation that the controller solves when calculating the output value. Three versions are in common usage. They all achieve the end result of control, but require different tuning. One of the algorithms in particular, virtually precludes hand tuning (i.e. tuning by trial and error), as the I and D values apparently change when the P term is changed. This can be very confusing to a user. In the case of digital controllers the algorithm is commonly implemented by one of two methods. The first is known as the positional implementation, and the second as the velocity or incremental implementation. They both have advantages and disadvantages which the user should be familiar with.

2. Controller Scan Rate: The cycle time of the controller can be of extreme importance when calculating tuning parameters to ensure stable performance, particularly in fast loops. It is also important when setting scan times for associated digital transmitters which should scan at least five times faster than the controller. Some digital controllers have insufficient mathematical power to accurately calculate slow integral values at fast scan rates, and the manufacturer should warn the user to lengthen the scan rate in these instances.

3. Derivative Filter Time Constant: Also called "derivative rate" by some manufacturers, the filter reduces excessive D action which would be encountered in digital controllers without the filter. It must be taken into account when calculating the D parameter. The user should understand how this filter operates, particularly if it is adjustable.

4. Process Variable Filter: Many digital controllers offer virtually unlimited filters on the Process Variable. The use of large filters can cause severe problems that the user is often not even aware of, as the filter tends to hide problems on the DCS screen and trend curves, rather like an ostrich burying its head in the sand. Problems that can occur include increased control variance, huge overshoots (typically 250%) on setpoint changes, poor product quality, tanks overflowing and running empty, relief valves lifting, plant trips, and many other problems.

5. Controller Response to Setpoint Change: Very few people are aware that most controllers from the late 1960's have been configured to respond to setpoint change differently than they do to load changes. The reason for this is to limit fast output movement on setpoint change. Most controllers are constructed so that the P and I terms act on error (the difference between setpoint and process variable), and the D term only on the process variable. With the advent of digital technology many modern controllers have only I acting on error, and P+D acting on process variable. Some more sophisticated controllers allow the user to choose the configuration that suits his application best. Lack of understanding of this point often leads to dramatic and sometimes serious and costly results. An example is given below of a case where a company could have increased its throughput of its batch reactors by some 20% if they had chosen the correct configuration. Another serious implication of the controller with P+D acting only on process variable, is that the controller can not be tuned by the conventional trial and error technique where setpoint changes are made so that the controller response can be studied as changes are made in P, I and D.

6. Anti Reset Windup: Digital microcomputers can handle huge numbers. This makes it imperative for a digital controller to incorporate good internal anti-reset windup. It is also vital that the controller be capable of implementing external anti reset windup if it is to be used for cascade control, or for strategies employing selective signal control such as override control.

7. Non-Linear Control Algorithms: Many modern units allow the user the choice of various control strategies such as error squared on P, error squared on P+I, error squared on I, integral gap control, gain scheduling, and many more. Most users are unaware of how these algorithms are used and what incredible benefits they offer if properly used in the correct applications.

A case of extremely costly use of incorrect control action on setpoint change is illustrated by a pharmaceutical company in the UK, who have a large temperature batch reactor plant. Products are placed in the reactors and setpoint is then changed in a step from ambient to a higher value, where they are kept for a fixed time.

(Note: Batch temperature control requires P+D control terms. The I term can not be used with an ordinary controller, as overshoot will result).

The company had used their default controller configuration of P+I on error, with D on PV. The resultant response is shown in the top figure. During a course in their plant it was pointed out that full P+I+D on error would provide a much faster response. This is shown in the bottom figure. Setpoint was reached an amazing 32% faster! Calculations revealed that they could increase average production through their plant by at least 20% with the new configuration. Unfortunately for them, production in a pharmaceutical company is monitored by various drug authorities of countries into whom the products are sold. After initial approval certification, the plant is "sealed", and no further changes in production methods can be made without resubmitting documentation and obtaining approval. The company estimated that this would cost them over £150,000 in time and documentation and other costs.

The moral of the story is: "Understand Your Controller"!

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I've shared several product ideas for Silhouette Cameo and Cricut small businesses: Paper portraits, wood grain ornaments, tooth fairy dishes, and more. Today, let's look at another one: paper cuts. You can think of paper cuts as a paper collage of shapes. I love paper cuts because the supply costs are low and the results can be stunning. I'm giving you a step-by-step to create custom paper cuts below.
- 2 sheets of cardstock – any color. You'll need one to cut and one for a background.
- Shadow box frame – any size. I picked up one on Amazon, but your local craft store and IKEA have cheap shadow boxes.
- Commercial use clipart pack (Optional – you can draw your own if you'd like, or purchase from the Silhouette Design Store.)
Custom Paper Cut Tutorial (Silhouette Version)
- In Silhouette Studio, draw a square (or whatever shape your frame is) the same size as your frame.
- Using the Offset tool, do an internal offset to make your square into a frame. The size of your offset will vary depending on the size of your frame.
- Select both squares and divide them so that you are left with a frame. ("Modify", then "Divide".) Delete the inner solid square.
- Next, open a graphic from your clip art pack ("File", "Open"). I'm using an Autumn commercial use download I picked up on Creative Market a few weeks ago for free.
- Using the trace tool, trace the clipart. (Go to "Object", then "Trace".)
- Copy and paste your traced clipart into your frame. You'll want to make sure that it overlaps your frame slightly.
- Repeat steps 3 to 5 to fill in your frame completely. Be sure to overlap each shape onto all the shapes beside it.
- Once your frame is completely filled, select everything ("Edit", then "Select All") and weld it (Right click, then "Weld"). Your shapes will become one piece.
- Cut your design on cardstock.
- Cut a square the same size as your frame to use as a background and frame it. My finished paper cut is below.
Tips and Tricks for Paper Cuts
- Use a worn mat that isn't too sticky. Overly sticky mats will make the paper cut hard to remove.
- Remember to peel away the mat from paper, not the paper from the mat. This will prevent any paper curling.
- I used spray adhesive to mount my paper cut on the background.
- The possibilities are endless with paper cuts! You could make custom ones for birth or wedding announcements or gifts, add vinyl to the outside of the frame, or use specialty cardstock.
Interested in doing this with a Cricut in Design Space? Check back tomorrow for the step-by-step tutorial and see the baby themed paper cut I created.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Apollo 11 Astronauts Used Their Signatures As What?
Answer: Life Insurance
You can purchase insurance for just about anything under the sky if you've got enough money to burn—insurance for your vintage book collection, insurance for your famous radio voice, and so on. But what about when it comes to getting insurance for more out-of-this-world endeavors?
When it came time to get life insurance to protect their families in the event of their unfortunate demise, Apollo 11 astronauts found that any insurance package they could find was astronomically expensive given the enormous risks they were undertaking traveling in Earth orbit and to the Moon.
In lieu of proper life insurance, the Apollo 11 crew banked on their fame to offer financial security to their families. Before the launch of the Apollo 11 mission, they signed hundreds of envelopes adorned with Apollo postage stamps and other Apollo mission iconography.
The envelopes were all post-marked the day of the launch and divided among the families to sell off in the event the men didn't return home. Thankfully, all of the Apollo astronauts returned safely to Earth, and the autographed envelopes lived on not as a life insurance payout but as highly collectible space race memorabilia.
Which Popular Convenience Food Carries A Fire Hazard Warning?
To Aid In Maintenance Urban Planners In Melbourne Australia Assigned Email Addresses To What City Feature?
The Medical Condition "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome" Derives Its Name From?
The First Automobile Road Trip Was Through?
The "LP" In Record Labeling Nomenclature Stands For?


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Cable Extension Transducers, Principles of Operation
A Cable-Extension Transducer, sometimes also known as a string pot, a draw wire senor, a string encoder or a yo yo pot, is a device used to detect and measure linear position and velocity using a flexible cable and a spring-loaded spool.
Simply mount the transducer's body to a fixed surface and attach the stainless steel cable to the movable object. As the object moves, the transducer produces an electrical signal that is proportaional to the cable's linear extension or velocity. This signal can then be sent to a display, a PLC or data aquisition system
How Do They Work?
Cable-Exension Tranducers (CETs) are composed of four main parts:
- Measuring Cable
- Rotational Sensor
Inside the transducer's housing, a stainless steel cable is wound on a precisely machined constant diameter cylindrical spool that turns as the measuring cable reels and unreels.
To maintain cable tension, a spring is coupled to the spool. The spool is coupled to the shaft of a rotational sensor (an encoder or potentiometer). As the transducer's cable extends along with the movalble object, it causes the spool an sensor shafts to rotate. The rotating shaft creates an electrical signal proportional to the cable's linear extension or velocity.
What Kind of Output Signals Can I Have?
Celesco offers all industry-standard output signals, these include:
- Potentiometric (Voltage Divider)
- 0...10 Volts DC
- 4...20 mA (2-wire)
- 0...20 mA (3-wire)
- Incremental Encoder (Quadrature)
- Absolute Encoder (ask factory)
- RS232/RS422 Communications
- CANbus J1939
What Advantages Do CET's Have?
Measuring the movement and position of objects is easy with CETs.
CETs can be installed in minutes, fitted into prcarous or tight areas and they do not require perfectly parallel alignment. They also offer great flexibility, a small size to measurement ratio and they cost less than rod or wand-type measurement devices.
CETs can be used in a wide variety of applications including industrial factory automation, high-tech medical devices, structural and automotive testing, die-casting or injection molding, hydraulic cylinder control or just about anything else you can think of...
What Measurement Ranges Are Available?
Celesco currently offers full stroke ranges from as small as 0-2 inches and all the way up to 0-1700 inches (140 ft).
If you've got any questions or need help selecting a specific model, please don't hesitate to give us a call and one of our Applications Engineers would be glad to help.


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The Tonto Natural Bridge State Park is where water and rock have combined to make the world's largest natural travertine bridge. The travertine bridge has an arch that spans 150 feet and reaches 180 feet above Pine Creek. The tunnel under the bridge is 400 feet long carved through limestone. On top of the bridge is 5 acres of tillable soil. This area on top of the bridge has caused many visitors to say, "Just where is the bridge?" When actually, the bridge is right beneath them! The formation of the natural bridge took thousands of years to create and went through four main stages of development. The first stage was made by a lava flow, which left behind a purple quartz sandstone on the west side of Pine Creek. The next stage was when the entire area was immersed in seawater. This left behind sand and mud. Then came volcano eruptions that covered the layers creating a basalt cap. After time, this basalt cap broke down making Pine Creek Canyon. The fourth stage was when water began seeping up underground resulting in limestone aquifers. The aquifers dissolved the limestone and formed a travertine dam. After time, the water in the creek eroded the travertine and formed the bridge. The first time that the natural bridge was spotted was around 1872 by General Crook's army. It is said that the group saw the bridge while watering their horses in Pine Creek Canyon. But the bridge wasn't truly discovered until David Gowan; a miner who was passing through the area came upon it in 1877. While traveling in the small valley between the town of Pine and Payson, he was spotted by a band of Apache Indians. During Gowan's escape, he found the bridge and the caves sprinkled along the canyon's sides. Gowan spend several days hiding out in a cave before he ventured out. Once he did, he fell in love with the bridge and the rich valley above it. After claiming squatter's rights, Gowan eventually convinced his nephew, David Gowan Goodfellow to come out from Scotland and join him in building a home. Andy Ogilvie also met up with Goodfellow in building a lodge in 1927. Goodfellow build six guest cabins for tourists and planted an orchard that can still be seen today. The road down to the lodge and bridge was quite a task to complete. In 1927, the road was finally finished taking six years to construct. There are even stories that Al Capone and Zane Grey once stayed at the lodge to see the world's largest travertine natural bridge. In 1991 the bridge, lodge and land were purchased by the Arizona State Parks. Today the lodge has many of the furnishings that were brought down to valley by rope or mule many years ago. The lodge includes many displays describing the stages that the natural bridge went through. Visitors will learn a lot about the history of the area and the people that made this place their home. There are three hikes available, depending on your energy and time. The Waterfall Trail is the shortest hike. It is 300 feet long and ends at a waterfall cave. There are uneven steps along this path. The Pine Creek Trail is about a half a mile long. About 400 feet of this path is developed and the rest is undeveloped and follows the creek to the bridge. Hikers will need to watch for the arrows marking the trail and allow one hour to complete. The Gowan Loop Trail is also about a half a mile long. This path consists mostly of boardwalks and steps, which lead out to an observation deck at the bottom of the creek. It is recommended that hikers wear proper shoes and be ready for a steep rough hike, when taking either the Pine Creek Trail or the Gowan Loop Trail. If hiking isn't your thing, don't worry. You can still experience the bridge by walking out to four viewpoints at the top of the natural bridge. These viewpoints give wonderful vantage sights at this one of a kind creation. Visitors will find a variety of programs and activities provided by the park. There are guided viewpoint walks, lodge tours, geology talks, guided Pine Creek hikes, bird watching walks and a junior ranger program. You will need to call ahead or stop in and ask what is currently available. There are picnic tables, grills, trails, restrooms, a group use area and a gift shop. This park has so much to offer that everyone will find something that will be of interest. The state park is open everyday from 8:00 to 7:00 from Memorial Day to Labor Day, 9:00 to 5:00 from November to March and 8:00 to 6:00 during April, September and October. The park is closed on Christmas. Admission charge is $5.00 for private vehicle (holding four individuals), $1.00 for pedestrians and children under 12 are free when accompanied by an adult. If you would like more information on the activities at the park, you may call _PHONE_. In order to keep the park safe and clean, there are some park rules that visitors need to follow. There is no swimming or wading under the bridge, no littering, pets must be on leash and please don't destroy or take any of nature's work, such as rocks and plants. You can get the Tonto Natural Bridge State Park from Payson by taking State Highway 87 north out of town. It is approximately 13 miles north of Payson, on the left side of highway. The road down to the parking area is about 3 miles. If you are coming from Tucson take Interstate 17 north out of town toward Phoenix. Once you are in Phoenix take U.S. Highway 60 east, until it connects with State Highway 87. Take State Highway 87 (Beeline Highway) out of the East Valley and head north up to Payson. If you are coming from Flagstaff take Interstate 17 south out of town to Camp Verde. Once you are in Camp Verde take State Highway 260 east through Camp Verde. When State Highway 260 meets State Highway 87, travel south on 87 down through Pine/Strawberry. The park is just before you reach Payson, on the right hand side of the road. This is a state park you won't want to miss, especially on a hot summer day. The cool water that sprays off the top of the travertine bridge 150 feet above and drifts down to the creek is a sight to see. Although, the hikes can be rugged, they do pay off in the end.
Bagdad is in Western Arizona. It is in Yavapai County. The town is on Bridle Creek in the rugged and picturesque Aquarius Mountains, approximately 100 miles northwest of Phoenix and 60 miles east of Prescott. You can get to Bagdad from Phoenix by taking U.S. Highway 60 northwest out of town toward Wickenburg. Once you are in Wickenburg, take U.S. Highway 93 for 45 miles to State Highway 97. Then take State Highway 97 east for four miles to the Bagdad turnoff. Overview: Mining is still the backbone of Bagdad. Visitors will find small town charm. The town sits at an elevation of 4,101 feet. The warm desert climate has a winter low Temperature of 40 degrees and summer high Temperature of 100 degrees. If you are in search of a relaxed place to live or visit, then Bagdad is for you. History: In 1882, the town was named for a copper ore-mining claim. W.J. Pace and J.M. Murphy discovered the mine. The post office was established in 1910 and Henry Geisendorf was the first postmaster. Today, Bagdad has two main economic sources, which include mining and education. The Cyprus Bagdad Copper Mine still operates today. Community Features: Bagdad has one outdoor activity located in a scenic area close to town. The Burro Creek Recreational Area is just north of town on U.S. Highway 97. Burro Creek flows through a spectacular canyon. The area was supposedly named after a large population of burros discovered by Army officers in 1869. Burro Creek is ideal for hiking, backpacking and camping. Visitors will also enjoy rock hounding for agates and bird watching.
Chloride is in Western Arizona. It is in Mohave County. The town is located in the foothills of the Cerbat Mountains. You can get to Chloride from Kingman by taking U.S. Highway 93 north out of town, until you come to the Chloride turn off. After the turnoff, you will travel approximately 20 miles before you reach town. Overview: Chloride is one of the oldest continuously inhabited mining communities in Arizona. Today Chloride's population is 400. The town sits at an elevation of 4,000 feet. The warm desert climate has a winter low Temperature of 40 degrees and summer high Temperature of 105 degrees. People sometimees refer to Chloride as the "Gem of Cerbats." The town offers clean air, friendly neighbors and old west charm. Community Features: One attraction you absolutely can't miss is a performance from the "Immortal Gunfighters of Chloride." This band of gunfighters gathers at high noon on the first and third Saturdays of each month for a display you won't soon forget. The gunfight takes place in Cyanide Springs, an old west town built by locals. Even the lumber used for constructing this 1860's town is authentic. Builders used lumber found at nearby century old buildings. Following the gun battle, a vaudeville show begins in


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Office of Children and Youth (OCY)
Education and Training
For more information, please contact: Kristy Leach at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
ERASE THE STIGMA: Erase the Stigma is a statewide educational program that promotes understanding of mental health and wellness by providing basic information and education about mental illness, the warning signs and symptoms in regards to children and youth with serious emotional disturbance, and their needs and the needs of their families. Any group, school, church or organization can request these services.
A duck puppet/mascot named I.C.Hope is the signature method of providing mental health information to children and youth in concert with storytelling and other interactive exercises.
Erase the Stigma is available statewide, which provided education to over 15,000 people in FY12.
For more information, please call the Mental Health Association of Middle Tennessee at _PHONE_ or visit _URL_
CHILD AND FAMILY MENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM: NAMI Tennessee provides several education courses for children with Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED) and their families. The Beginnings/NAMI Basics curriculum provides information about mental illness for primary caregivers of children with SED. Caregivers may be parents, extended family or foster parents. Beginnings/NAMI Basics also provides information about mental illness for youth to better understand these illnesses.
The Breaking the Silence curriculum was developed for middle and senior high school students to put a human face on mental illness and confront the myths that reinforce the stigma related to mental illness.
These programs are available statewide and in FY12 over 12,000 people were served in some capacity, including support groups, Helpline calls, or training participation.
For more information on these programs, contact NAMI Tennessee at _PHONE_ or visit _URL_
VIOLENCE AND BULLYING PREVENTION: Funding is provided to Centerstone of Tennessee, Inc., for the Violence and Bullying Prevention program which instills resiliency in children in order to prevent violent behaviors. Learning empathy skills, anger management, and other skills taught with this curriculum promotes resiliency and reduces discipline referrals due to bullying and or other violent behaviors.
This program is available to 4th-8th grade students in various Middle Tennessee counties, including but not limited to Bedford, Coffee, Dickson, Franklin, Montgomery, and Stewart. In FY12, 777 children were served.
For more information, please contact Centerstone of Tennessee, Inc., at _PHONE_ or visit _URL_


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Cell Phones as Public Health Tools
While the syringe has often been the visual image most closely associated with public health, in just a short time the cell phone could be the go-to icon.The Yale School of Public Health has announced a novel, two-year clinical trialthat will use participants' cell phones, and the text messages those cell phones transmit, to develop mobile phone-based health interventions that target specific peer groups. The trial is being funded by the National Institutes of Health.
The participants in this first trial are young men ages 18 to 25 who have agreed to allow their cell phones to be tracked by Yale researchers. Each participant's physical location will be tracked through global positioning systems, and a computer program will register all incoming and outgoing calls and text messages, which will not be shared outside the trial. The clinical trial will have three social networks which will each start with a single person and then recruit his friends, and then their friends, until each of the three groups has 40 active members. The researchers are specifically looking for text messages that relate to sexually transmitted diseases and substance abuse.
"Cell phones have made it easier to maintain and develop network ties," says Trace Kershaw, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, and leader of the trial. "The nature of how this communication flows and how it relates to network characteristics and risk within networks will allow us to develop communication technology-delivered peer interventions by suggesting the most effective modes, frequency and patterns of information delivery."
>>Bonus Link: Read about a smartphone-based trial being run by Asthmapolis, a Madison, Wisc., company that is using sensor-enhanced smart phones to help better understand when and where people with asthma develop symptoms.
>>Weigh In: What novels efforts is your community, company or research group using to collect or disseminate public health information?


Welch's t test
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In statistics, Welch's t-test (or Welch-Aspin Test) is a two-sample location test, and is used to check the hypothesis that two populations have equal means. Welch's t-test is an adaptation of Student's t-test, and is intended for use when the two samples have possibly unequal variances.[1] These tests are often referred to as "unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping. Welch's t-test is an approximate solution to the Behrens–Fisher problem. It is sometimes referred to as the "Two-sample unpooled t-test for unequal variances" but "Welch's t-test" is preferred for brevity.
Welch's t-test defines the statistic t by the following formula:
t \quad = \quad {\; \overline{X}_1 - \overline{X}_2 \; \over \sqrt{ \; {s_1^2 \over N_1} \; + \; {s_2^2 \over N_2} \quad }}\,
where \overline{X}_{i}, s_{i}^{2} and N_{i} are the ith sample mean, sample variance and sample size, respectively. Unlike in Student's t-test, the denominator is not based on a pooled variance estimate.
The degrees of freedom \nu associated with this variance estimate is approximated using the Welch–Satterthwaite equation:
\nu \quad \approx \quad
 {{\left( \; {s_1^2 \over N_1} \; + \; {s_2^2 \over N_2} \; \right)^2 } \over
 { \quad {s_1^4 \over N_1^2 \nu_1} \; + \; {s_2^4 \over N_2^2 \nu_2 } \quad }}
Here \nu_i = N_i-1, the degrees of freedom associated with the ith variance estimate.
Statistical test[edit]
Once t and \nu have been computed, these statistics can be used with the t-distribution to test the null hypothesis that the two population means are equal (using a two-tailed test), or the alternative hypothesis that one of the population means is greater than or equal to the other (using a one-tailed test). In particular, the test will yield a p-value which might or might not give evidence sufficient to reject the null hypothesis.
This method also does not give exactly the nominal rate, but is generally not too far off.[citation needed] However, if the population variances are equal, or if the samples are rather small and the population variances can be assumed to be approximately equal, it is more accurate to use Student's t-test.[2]
Software implementations[edit]
As this is a widely used method, there are implementations in common statistical packages.
Language/Program Function Notes
Python scipy.stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=0, equal_var=False) See [1]
R t.test(data1, data2, alternative="two.sided", var.equal=FALSE) See [2]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Welch, B. L. (1947). "The generalization of "Student's" problem when several different population variances are involved". Biometrika 34 (1–2): 28–35. doi:10.1093/biomet/34.1-2.28. MR 19277.
 2. ^ Daniel Borcard, Lecture Note Appendix: t-test with Welch correction, excerpt from Legendre, P. and D. Borcard. Statistical comparison of univariate tests of homogeneity of variances.
Further reading[edit]


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socks into your shoes.
Not only does this save space and help your shoes keep their shape, but it also makes up most of the space taken up by your socks.
Underwear is a small item, but it can still take up a lot of space in your suitcase. Instead of folding or rolling your underwear, try stuffing it into your shoes. This will help you save space and keep your shoes from getting squished. You can also use the mesh side of a packing cube to store your underwear and socks.
Another Small Items
In order to pack efficiently, you need to make use of every inch of space in your suitcase. The best way to do this is to pack small items, like underwear, socks, and accessories, into the small spaces between your shoes.
You can also pack these small items in a packing cube and place them on top of your shoes if you're worried about them getting dirty. This will help to keep your shoes in place and prevent them from moving around in your suitcase.
Utilize the Suitcase's Corners and Edges
The corners and edges of a suitcase are often the most underutilized space. But these areas are key to maximizing your packing potential.
Pack smaller items, like socks and underwear, in the corners of your suitcase. This will help you save space and keep your clothes organized.
You can also use the edges of your suitcase to pack smaller items, like belts and accessories. Incorporating these space-saving techniques is key to mastering how to efficiently pack shoes and clothes in a suitcase.
Important Things to Remember
- Ziploc bags are your best friend when packing shoes. They keep dirt and grime away from your clothes.
- If you are traveling with a carry-on, you can still pack your shoes and clothes similarly. Just remember to pack only what you need and to wear your heaviest shoes on the plane.
- When packing shoes, remember to pack them heel to toe. This will help you save space and keep your shoes from getting crushed.
It's so easy to overpack when you're going on a trip. You want to make sure you have all of your favorite pieces with you, but the truth is, you probably don't need all of them.
Take a look at the weather forecast for your destination and plan your outfits accordingly. Pack pieces that can be mixed and matched to create multiple looks, and don't forget to consider your shoes when planning your outfits.
Keep Valuable Items in Carry-on
You should always keep your most valuable items in your carry-on luggage. This includes your passport, wallet, money, electronics, and any other valuable items.
Prioritizing the packing of your essential items is crucial for understanding how to efficiently pack shoes and clothes in a suitcase.
This is especially important if you are checking your luggage, but we also recommend keeping your valuable items in your carry-on luggage if you are bringing a lot of luggage.
Leave Some Room for Souvenirs
You'll likely want to purchase some souvenirs on your trip. If you're traveling by plane, make sure you leave some room in your suitcase for them. If you're driving, you can always put them in a separate bag, but you should still leave some room in your suitcase for souvenirs you may purchase on the way.
Packing for a trip can be stressful, but it doesn't have to be. With these tips and tricks, you can pack efficiently and quickly.
By choosing the right clothes, packing them properly, and using the right suitcase, you can make packing for a trip a breeze.
Don't let the packing process stress you out. With a little bit of planning and the right tools, you can make packing for a trip a quick and easy process.
Free packing cubes are a game changer. You can use them to pack your clothes based on category or outfit. They also help you keep your suitcase organized and maximize space.
I love using the free packing cubes I get from my favorite travel brands. Leveraging these free packing cubes is a fantastic strategy for mastering how to efficiently pack shoes and clothes in a suitcase.
I use one packing cube for my tops, one for my bottoms, and one for my pajamas. I also use a shoe bag to keep my shoes separate from my clothes. I also use a laundry bag to keep my dirty clothes separate from my clean clothes.
If you're not using packing cubes, you can roll your clothes to maximize space. Rolling your clothes also helps to prevent wrinkles. I like to roll my clothes and then place them in the packing cube. I use the same technique for my shoes. I place my shoes in a shoe bag, and then I roll the shoe bag.
Packing shoes and clothes in a suitcase seems like a simple task, but it can quickly become a nightmare if you don't have a plan. Use these tips to make the most of your suitcase space and keep your items organized.


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Parents spend a significant amount of time trying to find the perfect day care for their children. Safety is not the only concern. Most parents seek a day care where they feel their children will be educated and nurtured -- a day care that feels just like an extension of home. Day care reference letters, written by current and former clients, are a tool a day care can use to help it stand out and give the day care and its services a more personal touch.
Ultimately, a day care reference letter serves as a testament to the provider's character. Use words to help parents feel like they can trust and feel comfortable leaving their children with the provider. Some examples of words related to character include calm, caring, compassionate, trustworthy, responsible, creative, dedicated, cheerful, and loving. Provide examples to back up those character words as well. For example, "The day care center director gently admonishes children when they misbehave" or "He is dedicated to seeing each child excel."
Credibility is established by providing how long and in what capacity the letter writer has known the day care provider. This may be as simple as "she watched my child for two years" or include more detailed information, such as the age of the child and how many hours per day the child was under the provider's care. If the letter writer is no longer using the day care provider, it may also help to provide a reason why, such as "we moved away" or "my child started school" so that readers of the letter do not think the parent left under less-than-desirable circumstances.
A reference letter should highlight the services that make the day care provider stand out. Three areas many parents focus on when choosing a day care provider are the educational activities, the safety of the center and the quality of care children will receive. Someone writing a reference letter may also want to include smaller services or details that particularly stood out. For example, "She takes the time to send home weekly activity sheets to help me reinforce at home what my child is learning during the day."
A day care reference letter needs to sound sincere and be full of personal touches for it to be truly effective. Include emotions, such as, "The craft projects my child would bring to me every day made me cry," or "The provider made me feel like I was leaving my child with close family," and describe how the child felt about the day care provider. For example, "My daughter begged me to take her to day care on Saturdays so that she could spend time with all of her new friends."
- Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images


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It's not quite the Stone of Destiny, but an investigation has started to find an artefact of "significant archaeological importance" that has gone missing in Dundee — with a child believed to be the culprit.
The 2,000-year-old Iron Age burnishing stone is an important part of Archaeology Scotland's teaching kit.
The 7cm-long object, which is said to be the perfect size to have slipped into a child's pocket, went missing at the Dundee Flower and Food Festival on September 6.
Archaeology Scotland believe it may have been picked up by one of the many children who were using the Iron Age investigations kit to learn about archaeology with the Living Lomonds Landscape Partnership at the festival.
A spokeswoman for Archaeology Scotland said: "The burnishing stone…


Kinesis SoftwareKineticFusion
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9 Working with ActionScript
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9.1 Embedding ActionScript
The simplest way of adding ActionScript to an RVML document is by explicitly embedding the script under one of the four ActionScript-related RVML elements:
The embedded scripts can be either ActionScript 1.0 or ActionScript 2.0 - the ActionScript level is determined by the configuration setting kinesis.actionscript.analyzeScripts. This global setting can be overridden on a per-document basis using the ActionScriptSettings element. When interpreted as AS1.0 no external ActionScript classes are compiled into the output movie and regardless of references within the embedded scripts. KineticFusion will assume that any referenced classes are also defined as embedded ActionScript elsewhere in the document.
When interpreted as AS2.0, all references to ActionScript classes are resolved automatically by the KineticFusion ActionScript compiler and the classes are automatically embedded in the output SWF. Referencing ActionScript classes from embedded scripts is the primary means by which the ActionScript classes used by an SWF are identified. The only other mechanism is by explicitly identifying classes using the IncludeClass element of ActionScriptSettings. There is more information on this setting in the Referencing External ActionScript section.


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- Electricity trade between Canada and the U.S. begins in 1901, with a transmission line built at Niagara Falls. Canada's abundant hydroelectric power ensures that most of the benefits will subsequently flow in a northerly direction.
- The same Niagara generating station, built to supply
- southern Ontario communities, stimulates Canada's world expertise in long-distance transmission.
- In 1902, a strike in Pennsylvania's coal fields halts coal
- shipments to Ontario, and provides impetus for the formation of Ontario Hydro.
- In 1903, the world's longest transmission line (136 km) is built to transmit 50 kV from Shawinigan Electric Company to Montreal.
- Calgary Power is formed in 1909, and develops into the largest investor-owned utility in Canada. As TransAlta, it now provides two thirds of Alberta's electricity.
- In 1912, the world's first completely electric steel mill is built for the Steel Company of Canada. This event is followed a year later by Canada's first reversible mine hoist.


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Saturday, 14 December 2013
The Stabilizer Formalism
Consider the single qubit unitary matrices commonly referred to as the Pauli matrices defined as:
$$I=\begin{pmatrix}1&0 \\ 0 &1\end{pmatrix},
X=\begin{pmatrix}0&1 \\ 1&0 \end{pmatrix},
Y=\begin{pmatrix}0&1 \\ -1&0 \end{pmatrix},
Z=\begin{pmatrix}1&0 \\ 0&-1 \end{pmatrix}.$$
 It is worth noting that the operator $Y$ is commonly defined instead as the operator $\sigma_Y=iY$, but the definition of $Y$ introduced here will be convenient for our purposes. These operators satisfy the following properties:
 \begin{align*}
 X^2&=Z^2=-Y^2=I \\
XY&=-YX=Z, \\
YZ &=-ZY=X, \\
 ZX &=-XZ=Y.
\end{align*}
 These Properties give the set $P=\{\pm I,\pm X, \pm Y, \pm X\}$ a group structure under the usual matrix multiplication. Define $P_n:=\{U_1\otimes\dots\otimes U_n \ | \ U_j\in P, 0\leq j\leq n\}$, as the set of $n$-fold tensor products of Pauli operators from $P$. The set $P_n$ also forms a group structure under the natural multiplication and is called the Pauli group with order $|P_n|=2^{2n+1}$.
 An important property about the Pauli operators is that they span the space of unitary operators acting on a single qubit. That is, any single qubit unitary $U$ can be expressed as
 \[
 U=c_II+c_XX+c_YY+c_ZZ,
 \]
 where the vector $(c_I,c_X,c_Y,c_Z)$ consists of complex numbers and is of unit norm. Similarly, any unitary operator acting on a $n$-qubit Hilbert space can be expressed in terms of elements of the Pauli group $P_n$.
 Moreover, the Pauli Group $P_n$ also satisfies the following properties:
 1. Every $M\in P_n$ in unitary: $M^\dagger=M^{-1}$.
 2. Every $M\in P_n$ satisfies $M^2=\pm I^{\otimes n}$.
 3. If $M^2=I^{\otimes n}$, then $M=M^\dagger$; if $M^2=-I$, then $M=-M^\dagger$.
 4. For any $M, N \in P_n$, either $MN=NM$ (they commute) or $MN=-NM$ (they anti-commute).
Consider some abelian subgroup $S\subset P_n$, consisting of elements that all commute with one another. Then all elements of $S$ can be simultaneously diagonalized. The subspace $\Hil_S\subset\Hil^{2^n}$ defined as
$$\Hil_S:=\{\ket{\psi}\in\Hil^{2^n} \ | \ M\ket{\psi}=\ket{\psi} \text{for all} M\in S \}$$
 consists of the simultaneous eigenspace with eigenvalue $+1$ of elements of $S$. The space $\Hil_S$ is called the \emph{stabilizer code} associated with $S$, and $S$ is called the stabilizer of the code.
A generating set of $S$ is a collection of elements of $S$ such that each element of $S$ can be expressed as some product of elements from the generating set. In addition, it is required that the elements of the generating set be independent, meaning that no element of the generating set can be expressed as a product of the other elements of the generating set. It can be shown \cite{Got} that if $S$ has $n-k$ generators, then the codes space $\Hil_S$ has dimension $2^k$ implying that it can effectively encode $k$ qubits.
 Index the elements of a generating set of a stabilizer $S$ as $\{M_1,\dots,M_{n-k}\}$. The utility of the stabilizer formalism for quantum error correction comes from the fact that the elements of $S$ serve as operators for diagnosing possible errors that may occur to an encoded state of $\ket{\psi}\in\Hil_S$. In general, an error can be represented in terms elements $E_a\in P_n$. Then since every $E_a$ either commutes or anti-commutes with some generator $M_j\in S$, the following two cases may occur.
 - If $E_a$ anti-commutes with some $M_j$, then for $\ket{\psi}\in\Hil_S$,
 \[ M_jE_a\ket{\psi}=-E_aM_j\ket{\psi}=-E_a\ket{\psi},\] which implies that the error can be detected if the the erred state $E_a\ket{\psi}$ is acted on by $M_j$.
 - If $E_a$ commutes with some $M_j$, then for $\ket{\psi}\in\Hil_S$,
 \[ M_jE_a\ket{\psi}=E_aM_j\ket{\psi}=E_a\ket{\psi}, \] and the error may go undetected when the erred state $E_a\ket{\psi}$ is acted on by $M_j$.
 A more thorough error syndrome can be provided by measuring each of the $n-k$ stabilizer generators. That is for a particular error $E_a$, consider the set of values $\{s_{a,j} \}$, where each $s_{a,j}\in\{0,1\}$ satisfies
 \[
 M_jE_a=(-1)^{s_{a,j}}E_aM_j.
 \]
 If it is the case that for every $a\neq b$, with $s_{a,j}\neq s_{b,j}$ for all $j$, then the code is considered to be non degenerate and there will be no ambiguity in what error occurred allowing for the error to be corrected by measuring the $n-k$ generators of $S$.
 Another condition which must be satisfied by the stabilizer $S$ in order to ensure complete error recovery due to arbitrary errors is that, for each possible error $E_a, E_b$ and any $\ket{\psi}\in\Hil_S$,
 \[
 \bra{\psi}E_a^\dagger E_b\ket{\psi}=C_{ab},
 \]
 such that the constants $C_{ab}$ are independent of $\ket{\psi}$. This condition can be equivalently shown to hold if one of the following holds for each possible pair of errors $E_a$ and $E_b$:
 1. $E_a^\dagger E_b\in S$,
 2. There exists an $M\in S$ that anti-commutes with $E_a^\dagger E_b$.
In this way, error recovery may fail if both conditions are violated. That is, if there exists some $E_a^\dagger E_b$ that commutes with every element of $S$, but yet $E_a^\dagger E_b\not\in S$. In this circumstance, the operator $E_a^\dagger E_b$ that preserves the code space $\Hil_S$ but still modifies it in a non trivial way, implying that encoded information may still be transformed. In addition, both $E_a$ and $E_b$ will have the same syndrome leaving an inherent ambiguity on how either error should be corrected, and any mistake in diagnosis can apply a nontrivial transformation to the encoded space.
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The Shellfish Partnership
The Shellfish Partnership was formed in 2012 to help the Food Standards Agency (FSA) deliver integrated and cost-effective official food safety controls for molluscan shellfish in the UK. This is required for shellfish-harvesting areas, as described in EC Regulations.
In 2017, the Shellfish Partnership was restructured to cover services delivered on behalf of FSA and Food Standards Scotland (FSS).
Co-ordinated by Cefas, the Shellfish Partnership laboratories (listed below) have an excellent track record for official control programmes delivery and specific expertise in shellfish safety.
On a day-to-day basis the Partnership laboratories work to common standards under a contract agreed with FSS.
The individual laboratories deliver the following services for the specified locations.
Cefas - Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science
- UK-wide: FSA liaison; Partnership co-ordination; sanitary surveys programme and reports
- England, Wales and Scotland: biotoxins monitoring
- England and Wales only: phytoplankton monitoring; classification
- Scotland: E.coli monitoring (not for Shetland and Orkney)
Fera - Food and Environment Research Agency
- England, Wales and Scotland: chemical contaminants monitoring
- Northern Ireland: PCBs and dioxin monitoring
HMMH - HallMark Meat Hygiene (Scotland) Ltd
- Scotland: sanitary surveys (bacteriology)
- Shetland and Orkney: sanitary surveys (shoreline)
SAMS - Scottish Association for Marine Science
- Scotland: phytoplankton monitoring; sanitary surveys (shoreline and hydrography) (not for Shetland or Orkney)
SSQC Ltd - Shetland Seafood Quality Control Ltd
- Shetland and Orkney: E.coli monitoring; sanitary surveys (shoreline and hydrography)
The Shellfish Partnership works closely with the FSA and FSS (the Competent Authorities), local authorities and contractors responsible for sampling and other local activities.
Harmonised sampling protocols and forms
The following list of protocols and forms are used across the Shellfish Partnership, under the official control monitoring programmes.
- FSA guide to shellfish sampling protocols (link to film)
- From classified areas (England and Wales, classification sampling only) (PDF, 331 KB)
- From classified areas (England and Wales, toxin monitoring only) (PDF, 842 KB)
- From classified areas (Scotland only) (PDF, 590KB)
- For wild pectinidae for onshore verification (Scotland only) (DOC, 40 KB)
- FOR INDUSTRY (Scotland only) - Shellfish and water sampling protocol (PDF, 109 KB)
Sample submission forms
- Classified area sample for biotoxin monitoring (England and Wales only) (DOC, 72 KB)
- Classified area sample for biotoxin, E. coli or chemical monitoring (Scotland only) (DOC, 106KB)
- Wild pectinidae onshore verification sample, for biotoxin monitoring (Scotland) (XLS, 41 KB)
- HMMH Industry collected sample submission form (Industry - Scotland only)
Sample submission forms for shellfish collected in England and Wales for classification purposes are available from the official control laboratories undertaking E.coli analysis in England and Wales.


text: Finite-difference time-domain method has gained increasing interest for room acoustic prediction use. A well-known limitation of the method is a frequencyand direction-dependent dispersion error. In this study, the audibility of dispersion error in the presence of a single surface reflection is measured. The threshold is measured for three different distance conditions with a fixed reflection arrival azimuth angle of 54.7 °. The error is placed either in the direct path, or in the reflection path. Additionally a qualitative follow-up experiment to evaluate how the measured thresholds reflect the audibility of error in short room responses is carried out. The results indicate that the threshold varies depending whether the error is in the direct path or in the reflection path. For transient signals the threshold is higher when the error is located in the direct path, whereas for speech signal, the threshold is higher when it is located in the reflection path. Evidence is found that the error is detectable in rendered room responses at the measured threshold levels.