holidays, etc.). Moreover, damages are frequently awarded without reference to any special test in cases of physical inconvenience caused by defective construction, landlord failure to repair, and surveyor negligence, as well as services cases such as those of defective holidays.
Quantifying loss
Generally, there are no rigid rules for the quantification of damages for breach of contract. In the end the assessment of damages is a question of fact. However, there are various principles which delimit the damages that will be awarded. The quantification of damages in litigation is often complicated and requires specialist advice from forensic accountants.
Burden of proof
It is for the claimant to prove its loss. Where the claimant's proof of loss has been made more difficult by the defendant's wrong, there is authority for a rebuttable presumption in favour of the claimant that gives it the benefit of any relevant doubt (see Browning v Brachers [2005] EWCA Civ 753).
Factual causation
At the heart of the damages measure, which seeks to put the claimant in the position it would have been in but for the breach, is the question of factual causation, also known as the "but for" test. In other words, it is necessary to prove both the position the claimant is actually in post-breach, and the hypothetical position the claimant would have been in 'but for' the breach, and to compare the two. That is the measure of loss for breach of contract. A claimant cannot, therefore, look to recover losses that it would have sustained in any event (see Tiuta International Ltd (in liquidation) v De Villiers Surveyors Ltd [2017] UKSC 77).
Restrictions on recovery of damages
Not all losses that in fact flow from a breach of contract are recoverable. Just because a loss was in fact caused by the breach (that is, would not have occurred but for the breach) does not mean that the law holds the defendant responsible for it. The rules on mitigation, legal causation, remoteness and contributory negligence may restrict, and in some cases prevent, a damages award.
Damages for breach of contract: Legal causation
The first major principle at play here is that of legal causation. This principle (which is materially the same in contract and tort) holds that, even though some losses were factually caused by the breach (that is, but for the breach they would not have occurred), they are nevertheless treated legally as not having been caused by the breach. The essence of the rather fluid principle of legal causation is that it is not fair to hold the defendant responsible for these particular consequences of its breach. The courts adopt a common sense approach to what intervening acts or events "break the chain of causation" between the breach and the harm. As Lord Bingham explained in Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13:
"The rationale of the principle that a novus actus interveniens [Latin for new intervening act] breaks the chain of causation is fairness. It is not fair to hold a [defendant] liable, however gross his breach of duty may be, for damage caused to the claimant not by the [defendant]'s breach of duty but by some independent, supervening cause for which the [defendant] is not responsible."
Although separate from the principle of remoteness, the foreseeability of an intervening act or event, and whether it was something that the defendant's duty aimed to protect against, will both be factors that point against a finding that the chain of causation was broken.
Damages for breach of contract: Mitigation
The essence of the principle is that if the claimant unreasonably fails to act to mitigate (avoid or reduce) its loss, or unreasonably acts so as to increase its loss, the law treats those actions as having broken the chain of causation and measures damages as if the claimant had instead acted reasonably. The claimant is said to have a "duty to mitigate" (although this is not a duty enforceable by anyone, rather it is a recognition that if the claimant fails to do so its damages recovery will be affected by that failure). (BPE Solicitors v Hughes-Holland [2017] UKSC 21).
The clearest application of this principle is in the sale of goods context. Thus where a defendant seller fails to deliver goods for which a market substitute is available, the claimant cannot simply claim against the defendant all the losses which result (for example, its lost profit on a sub-sale, or lost profit from the use to which it would have put the goods). This is the case even if it does suffer those losses, because the claimant should have acted reasonably to mitigate its losses by purchasing a replacement on the market.
Remoteness of damage
Remoteness of damage refers to a further important principle by which the law determines which consequences caused (in a factual/but for sense) by the defendant's breach are within the scope of the defendant's responsibility and should be brought into account. The traditional test of remoteness, which is in essence a test of foreseeability, is set out in Hadley v Baxendale [1854] EWHC Exch J70.
This test operates as follows:
 - A loss will only be recoverable if it was "in the contemplation of the parties", that is, foreseeable.
 - The loss must be foreseeable not merely as being possible, but as being "not unlikely", which is a more demanding test than in tort (Koufos v C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1967] UKHL 4).
 - The loss must be foreseeable at the date of contracting, not the date of breach (Hadley v Baxendale, Jackson and another v Royal Bank of Scotland [2005] UKHL 3, Lord Hope at para 36).
 - It is not the precise circumstances that occur that must be foreseeable, but the type or kind of loss (H Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1977] EWCA Civ 13).
 - The knowledge that is taken into account when assessing what is in the contemplation of the parties comes under two limbs: First, is the knowledge of what happens "in the ordinary course of things", which is imputed to the parties whether or not they knew it. Second, there is actual knowledge of special circumstances outside the ordinary course of things and that was communicated to the defendant or otherwise known by the parties.
Contributory negligence (but only in cases of breach of duty of care)
A defendant may seek to argue that the loss suffered by the claimant is partly due to the fault of the claimant. The Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 provides for apportionment of loss where a claimant has suffered loss "as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person" (section 1). "Fault" is defined as "negligence or other act or omission that gives rise to liability in tort or would, apart from this Act, give rise to the defence of contributory negligence" (section 4).
Here to help
Bringing or defending a breach of contract claim can be stressful, time consuming and complex. Unless it is a low value claim it is worth getting solicitors involved as early as possible. If you have any questions about damages for breach of contract or about contract law more generally or if you need help with resolving a dispute please contact Neil Williamson.
best endeavours
Best Endeavours And Other Endeavours Clauses
Best endeavours, reasonable endeavours, all reasonable endeavours - how are these terms used in a legal sense and what do they mean?
Contractual obligations are normally absolute and failure to satisfy an obligation will be a breach of contract. Endeavours clauses are therefore used when a party is only prepared to "try" to fulfil an obligation, rather than commit to it absolutely. For example, in the case v Blackpool Airport the clauses under scrutiny created an obligation for Blackpool Airport to use its "best endeavours to promote's low cost services" and "all reasonable endeavours to provide a cost base that will facilitate's low cost pricing". We refer to this case in more detail below.
Best, reasonable or all reasonable endeavours
It is clear from cases such as Rhodia International Holdings Ltd v Huntsman International LLC [2007] EWHC 292 that there is a spectrum of endeavours clauses, with "best endeavours" being more stringent than "reasonable endeavours". Despite the fact they are widely used, there is some uncertainty as to what efforts each different endeavours clause requires in practice.
Best endeavours
The term best endeavours has received the greatest amount of consideration by the courts and the starting point is that the phrase "means what the words say; they do not mean second-best endeavours" (Sheffield District Railway Co v Great Central Railway Co [1911] 27 TLR 451).
This has been further refined by the Court of Appeal to require the obligor "to take all those steps in their power which are capable of producing the desired results … being steps which a prudent, determined and reasonable obligee, acting in his own interests and desiring to achieve that result, would take" (IBM United Kingdom Ltd v Rockware Glass Ltd [1980] FSR 335). In other words, the obligor must


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Sun Damage: How the Sun can Damage Horses
Horse Health – Sun damage – Everything Horse Magazine
Whilst we all love the weather that British summer time can provide, sun exposure can be as problematic for horses as it is for ourselves. Here Anna Hollis, Senior Clinician in Equine Oncology at the Animal Health Trust, takes a look at the hidden dangers of sun burn and squamous cell carcinoma
Horses with poorly pigmented areas of skin are at high risk of sun damage developing into sun burn. Commonly affected areas are the muzzle and around the eyes in horses with white markings or in certain types of breed such as Appaloosas.
Sun burn can happen due to simple excessive exposure to sunlight, but can also indicate other problems. Sun burn is more likely to occur when a horse is exposed to St John's Wort (ragwort) because when eaten, pigments from the plant are absorbed and react with sunlight causing 'photosensitisation', where pink skin becomes seriously sunburnt under normal exposure to sunlight.
Sun burn can happen due to simple excessive exposure to sunlight, but can also indicate other problems. Sun burn is more likely to occur when a horse is exposed to St John's Wort (ragwort)
Photosensitisation can also be a sign of liver disease. It is more likely to occur when the function of the liver is compromised. It is difficult to distinguish between photosensitisation and sunburn in horses, but if your horse shows signs of sunburn under normal exposure to sunlight, it is prudent to rule out other potential causes.
Sunburn can be prevented by the application of horse safe sunblock. Avoiding sun exposure is another effective way of minimising risk. Only turn out on overcast days or avoid periods of high exposure by restricting turnout to early morning and late evening only, avoiding the middle part of the day.
Sun damage and squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of cancer in the horse. SCC is thought to develop in response to the damaging action of ultraviolet light in areas where there is no protective skin pigment or hair. Chronic skin irritation and possibly viral infections may also be contributing factors. The most common risk factor is the pattern of skin pigmentation – pale areas are susceptible – and the most common location is the skin around the eyelids, closely followed by the third eyelid. These are areas of high sun exposure.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of cancer in the horse. SCC is thought to develop in response to the damaging action of ultraviolet light in areas where there is no protective skin pigment or hair.
There is no gender predisposition to these tumours. Breeds with little pigment in these areas, such as Appaloosas and Quarter Horses are however predisposed. Interestingly, squamous cell carcinomas are also fairly common on the penis, which is not an area that is typically exposed to sunlight. The reasons for this are unclear, but a viral cause has been suggested.
These lesions often have a characteristic appearance, resembling a very small pink cauliflower. However they can also look like an ulcer, an unusual pink area, or a crusty, non-healing wound. Any horse with a suspicious skin lesion should be examined by their vet. Horses with non-pigmented skin around their nose or eyes should be protected from the sun to reduce the risk of developing SCC; there are UV protective eye masks and special sun creams available which are advisable for any horse at risk.
How can we treat an SCC?
Traditionally, SCC is removed by surgical procedures. This can be an effective treatment, but recurrence or sometimes even spread of the tumour can occur. Other treatments are often given alongside surgical removal (or instead of surgery if this is not possible). These are usually topical chemotherapy agents that are applied onto or injected into the tumours, or radiotherapy. Radiotherapy has several advantages over topical treatments, and is now available at the Animal Health Trust.
The most effective form of radiotherapy for most SCC is called strontium plesiotherapy. Strontium plesiotherapy involves the direct application of a radioactive source to the tumour surface. The major advantage is that the type of radiation emitted penetrates only a few millimeters. This means that a large dose of radiation can be applied to the surface without adversely affecting deep tissues. This means that the tumour tissue is destroyed, but delicate surrounding structures (such as the eye) are not affected.
Strontium plesiotherapy has been successfully used in the treatment of tumours located in many difficult areas in dogs, cats, and horses and represents a real advance in the treatment of these lesions. Strontium may be performed under standing sedation in some locations, and under a short general anaesthetic for others. Depending on the size of the tumour, treatments are usually given in 3 sessions, spaced 48 hours apart. Each treatment takes around 5-10 minutes depending on the size of the area being treated. Between treatments the horse can be treated as normal. This treatment is suitable for both tumours that cannot be surgically removed and those that have been removed. The procedure can also be used to treat some other types of skin cancers in the horse.
Prevention is better than cure
As with all conditions, prevention (where possible) is better than cure. If your horse has pink skin, take precautions to avoid excessive sun exposure: use sun block on these areas to help prevent sun damage and avoid exposure to the sun during the middle of the day to reduce the risk of sunburn and the development of SCC.
For more information on the Animal Health Trust visit _URL_
If you are in any doubt over your horse's health we recommend you seek help from your registered veterinarian.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What it is:
A(or ZBA) is a business-oriented bank account that usually has a balance of $0.
How it works (Example):
For example, let's say that restaurant company XYZ keeps its accounting department writes checks on Account B, a checking account that Company XYZ has set up as its ZBA, to pay the bills due that week. This week, the amount of those checks is $40,150.in Account A, an interest-bearing account. Every Tuesday, its
Company XYZ wants to keep its cash centralized in one account that pays interest. To keep as much money in the interest-bearing account as possible, Company XYZ moves only $40,150 out of Account A into Account B on Tuesday so the checks clear.
Why it Matters:
ZBAs help companies avoid havingspread out over several different bank accounts, which costs the company interest and creates more bookkeeping work.


Short Note : Sonitpur district, Assam
The Sonitpur district is the second largest (area wise) and the third most populous district in Assam. The district headquarters of the Sonitpur district is located in Tezpur. It is known for its immense flora and fauna reserves and is home to multiple national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Nameri National Park
The Nameri National Park which is located in Sonitpur district shares its northern boundary with the Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary of Arunachal Pradesh. It was declared as Tiger Reserve (2nd to be declared after Manas Tiger Reserve). It has 2 core areas: the Nameri National Park & the SonaiRupai Wildlife Sanctuary (Satellite Core of the Nameri Tiger Reserve).
Orang National Park
The Orang National park which is also partially located in Sonitpur District. The fauna in the national park includes the great Indian one-horned rhinoceros, pygmy hog, elephants, wild buffalo, and tigers. It is the only place where the rhinoceros are found on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river.
Along with the above national parks, Sonitpur is also home to two wildlife sanctuaries: Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary and Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary. Other reserved forests in Sonitpur are Behali, Naduar and Charduar.
Why is it in the news?
The plans for a mega food park in the Sonitpur district have been shelved after a visiting team of wildlife experts found that the project was encroaching on a major elephant corridor.
Latest E-Books


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Where is Home? New Brunswick Communities Past and Present
Community name search
Located on Brothers Cove, 5.39 km NW of Saint John
: St. John County
: named for Thomas Millidge (_PHONE_), merchant, magistrate and Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and Thomas Edward Millidge (_PHONE_) who was a shipbuilder for 33 years: PO _PHONE_: in 1866 Millidgeville was a farming, lumbering and shipbuilding community with about 40 families: in 1871 it had a population of 300: in 1898 Millidgeville had 1 post office, 4 stores, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 hall, 1 sawmill and a population of 350: Millidgeville is now within the city of Saint John.
County location in province
County map showing parishes
New Brunswick cadastral maps show the basic features of the province along with the boundaries, lot number, and grantee's name for land granted by the province. These maps are cumulative, showing all grants regardless of date.
the full size version.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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- Enrollment in Virginia Public Schools
- Virginia School Entrance Laws
- School Entrance Physical Exam Form (PDF) and Instructions (PDF)
- School readiness describes the capabilities of children, families, schools and communities that promote student success in kindergarten and beyond. Each component plays an essential role in the development of school readiness.
Graduation RequirementsStudents have many options for earning a high school diploma and opportunities ways to maximize course selections.
- Graduation Requirements for students entering the ninth grade in fall 2018 (Class of 2022).
- Graduation Requirements for students entering the ninth grade prior to fall 2018
- Frequently Asked Questions about Earning a Virginia High School Diploma for students entering the ninth grade prior to fall 2018
- Academic and Career Plan – Students in middle and high school must now have a personal Academic and Career Plan that aligns academic and career goals with the student's course of study.
- Parents: How to Connect Student Learning to Careers: Parents, Start Early! (PDF)
Virginia's Revised Standards of Accreditation (SOA)
- Impact on Schools and Students
- Revisions to School Accreditation
- Revisions to Virginia Graduation Requirements (Class of 2022)
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is the federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. For more information about FERPA, see Student Records & Privacy.
- To obtain copies of your public school records, contact your local school division's administrative offices. Contact information on Virginia school divisions and schools is available on the Education Directories page.
- To obtain copies of your private school records, contact the private school's administrative offices or the Virginia Council for Private Education (VCPE).
Resources for Families
- Career Clusters - planning tools for career and college readiness. Career Clusters help students investigate careers and design their courses of study to advance their career goals.
- Driver Eduation
- Health and Medical Support
- Home Schooling
- Human Trafficking
- Local Alternative Education Options for Suspended and Expelled Students in the Commonwealth (PDF)
- Military Families - includes contact list for school liaison officers
- Parent's Guide to Additional Services - includes information about summer school
- Private Schools
- School Nutrition Programs – including:
- National School Lunch Program
- School Breakfast Program
- Afterschool Snack Program
- USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program
- Summer Food Service Programs
- Special Education
- A Parent's Guide to Special Education (PDF)
- Guía de Educación Especial para Padres (PDF)
- Virginia Family Special Education Connection
- Guidance for Military Families with Students in Special Education (PDF)
- Steps to Success: Communication with Your Child's School (This is available in the following languages: Arabic, Chinese (Simplified), Haitian Creole, Hmong, Korean, Marshallese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese.)
- Student Discipline – Understanding Student Discipline Policies and Practices in Virginia Schools (PDF)
- TestNav8 SOL Practice Items - by subject and grade level allow students to practice using the same online tools and formats they will use for their actual test.
- Summer Learning - grade level content for parents.
- Virtual Virginia - offers pre-Advanced Placement (AP), honors and AP classes as well as academic electives and world languages classes online. Eligible students enroll in Virtual Virginia through their local schools.
- US Department of Education Family and Community Engagement
- SOL Innovation Committeeworks identifying ways to improve the Standards of Learning testing and accountability system. The committee is made up of educators, legislators, administrators, business leaders, parents and advocates selected from across the commonwealth who are committed to implementing lasting changes to our current system. To request to be added to the committee's listserv, or to give your input, please send an email to: _EMAIL_.
- Virginia 529 College Savings Plan
- FAMIS, low cost health insurance- A Virginia family of four can make as much as $49,713 a year and still qualify for FAMIS, low cost health insurance for kids. Call _PHONE_ or apply for FAMIS online.
- The Senate and House of Delegates programs
- Preparing for College – Resources for Virginia high school students to learn how to prepare, apply, and pay for college.
- Internet Safety
Ways to Stay Involved in Education
Families are busy, but there are many different ways you can get involved in your child's education. No matter how little or how much time you have, there are many ways you can positively impact your child's education at school and at home. Remember, when families get involved and stay involved, all students achieve at higher levels.
- Volunteer at School: Schools often send home lists of various ways that parents can volunteer. If they don't, let your child's teachers, principal, or counselors know your special skills and ask what you can do to help.
- Show Your Child That You Care: Have a conversation with your child about school and homework regularly. Ask specific questions that inform you about your child's day. Know what classes your child is taking, who your child's friends are, and other essential information.
- Keep In Touch With The School: Get to know your child's teachers, principal, counselors and school's parent involvement coordinator. Make it a point to stay in contact with them throughout the school year.
- Express High Educational Expectations: Encourage your child to take challenging courses and monitor your child's academic performance (homework, grades, and test scores) throughout the year. Emphasize effort and achievement.
- Attend School Meetings, Functions & Events: Make time to attend parent-teacher conferences, parent fairs, curriculum nights, award ceremonies and other school events. Your attendance and support matters to your child.
- Seek Out Information: Request a meeting with your child's teacher regarding any aspect of your child's education. If you have other questions, ask the school by calling or sending a note so they can link you with the appropriate person who can respond to your needs.
- Be An Active Part of Decision Making Committees: Participate in parent or school leadership organizations. Ask your school about the Parent Teacher Association or Parent Teacher Organization, school council, parent advisory committee or other parent organizations and then join one.
- Make School Important: Talk positively about school with your child. Send your child prepared for school each day with pens, pencils, notebooks, and homework completed. Make school a priority by ensuring they are at school every day and arrive on time.
- Be Seen At School: Arrange a visit to your child's classroom, have lunch with your child at school, or visit the Parent Center. Your presence matters and shows the school that you are invested in your child's education.
- Be Informed and Responsive: Ask, collect, read, and respond, if needed, to all information (school policies, field trip information, student handbook, etc.) that is sent from your child's school or teacher. If you need to receive information in a language other than English, call or visit the school.
- Visit Your School's Website: Access all kinds of information, including homework assignments, class schedules, lesson plans, test dates, and grades on your child's school website. If you don't know your school's Website, ask your child's teacher or the school. Find your school division or school using these tools:
- Participate in Workshops: Look for great opportunities to meet other parents at school through workshops that cover topics such as child development, school standards, and other shared parent concerns. If workshops are not offered regularly, help plan one or suggest ideas to your school counselors or parent involvement coordinator.
- Provide a Rich Learning Environment at Home: Make time for meaningful dinner conversations, trips, games, reading time, family sports, and daily routines. Activities like these will contribute to your child's academic achievement at school.
- Drop in On After-School or Extracurricular Activities: Pick your child up from after-school activities or stop by a few minutes early to watch your child in action, if you are unavailable during the school day. It is also important to know your child's after school teacher, instructor, or coach.
- Partner With The Community: Encourage local businesses, churches, clubs or civic organizations that you are involved with to volunteer or financially support the school. Have community partners provide schools and families with information about services and resources they provide that support student learning such as mentoring, tutoring, and service learning activities.


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the polled type is genetically dominant over the horned type, when a horned dam is bred to a polled sire or a polled dam is bred by a horned sire, approximately 85-90% of the offspring will be genetically polled. That is of great importance to the polled Nelore selection, as breeders have access to both the polled and the horned Nelore genetic banks. It also allows breeders of the horned type to easily start a polled herd simply by using a polled sire on their dams.
CrossbreedingThere is a universal trend toward meat production through crossbreeding. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, is the biological phenomenon in which the performance of the offspring is greater than the average of the parents. The more distantly related the parents are, the greater is the hybrid vigor response in their progeny. Classic scientists like Linneo and Darwin supported the idea of Bos Indicus (Nelore) and Bos Taurus (European) to be considered separate species due to the differences they presented from the adaptation to environments diametrically opposites in latitude. In beef cattle, maximum hybrid vigor results from crossbreeding these two historically unrelated species.
Hybrid vigor in beef cattle is expressed in heavier weaning weights, increased milk production, greater calf vitality, higher fertility and increased resistance to disease. In addition to increased weight for age and greater carcass efficiency, the hybrid animal inherits to a great extent many economic characteristics of its Nelore parent, such as drought resistance, heat tolerance, disease resistance and increased longevity.
Ina recent research done by the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Nebraska, the Nelore F1s showed the largest percentage of unassisted calving, the highest weaning percentage, and their offspring calves were 2nd in 200-day weaning weight of the 11 breeds evaluated. These results combined placed the Nelore F1s as the most productive dams, with an impressive 115.0 ratio.
U.S. MEAT ANIMAL RESEARCH CENTER - Clay Center, Nebraska GERM PLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM - Cycle IV, Phase 3. Calves born 1988-89*_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Breed group Number of % Calving Birth % Calves 200 day lb weaned per Ratio % of dam cows unassisted weight, lb weaned weight, lb 100 cows _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Original HAx 74 67.6 75.6 83 458.3 38,039 91.6 Current HAx 78 68.9 80.2 89 487.5 43,388 104.4 Charolais 60 72.9 83.0 76 498.7 37,901 91.2 Gelbvieh 68 70.7 78.7 79 507.7 40,108 96.5 Pinzgauer 72 64.0 82.4 81 508.1 41,156 99.1 Shorthorn 43 75.2 84.0 85 512.6 43,571 104.9 Galloway 67 74.9 74.1 80 449.2 35,936 86.5 Longhorn 70 86.0 74.9 89 464.2 41,314 99.4 Nelore 69 95.1 70.7 93 513.5 47,756 115.0 Piedmontese 78 64.6 79.2 88 491.9 43,287 104.2 Salers 58 85.7 82.5 85 523.9 44,532 107.2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the United States a common spelling for the breed is Nellore. When the Ongole breed was first imported from Andhra Pradesh to Brazil it was called "Nellore" after the district of origin. Soon the extra "L" was dropped since it is not necessary in Portuguese. Several authors now give Nellore as a synonym of the Ongole breed from India.
* Data are for 560 F1 females exposed to Red Poll bulls to produce first calves at 2 years of age and for 312 F1 females exposed to Simmental bulls to produce their second calves at 3 years of age.
Reference:Correspondence, João Pedro Flecha De Lima, Rua Prof. Alexandre Correa, 591 - 4 and. 05657-230 Sao Paulo, SP - BRAZIL E-mail: _EMAIL_:
Joshi, N.R., Phillips, R.W. (1953) Zebu Cattle of India and Pakistan, FAO Agriculture Studies No. 19, Publ. by FAO, Rome, 256 pp.
Mason, I.L. World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds. Third Edition. C.A.B International. 1988
Correspondence, I.L. Mason, Edinburgh, ScotlandJoão Pedro Flecha De Lima, São Paulo, SP - Brazil


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Homemade Cookie Cutters
Everyone loves homemade cookies, but have you ever thought about making your own cookie cutters from scratch? This activity is a great way to work on a whole host of skills, from fine motor development to shape recognition to good ol' artistic talent.
What You Need:
- Disposable aluminum 9 x 13 inch-size panmade of thin, flexible aluminum (available at most dollar shops and grocery stores)
- Scotch tape
- Cookie dough or soft white bread
What You Do:
- Get started by having your child think of shapes that he might want to see as a cookie: stars, hearts, and seasonal shapes like candy canes are popular, but what about something unusual, like sports equipment, animals or a favorite cartoon character?
- Have him draw the shape on white paper and cut it out.
- Help him cut straight rectangle strips (about ½ to 1 inch width, and length as long as you can cut them) from the aluminum pan. The aluminum edges can be sharp when cutting, so be careful—you might even want to wear gloves.
- Take the rectangle strips and shape them around the edge of the paper shape. He may need to use more than one strip to make it go all the way around his design, depending on the size. In this case, a second rectangle aluminum strip can be attached to the first with tape on the top edges of the rectangle strips.
- When the cookie cutters are finished, try them out with cookie dough! He can also use them to cut shapes in white bread. Press the cutter down into the dough or bread, and help him trim excess dough or bread around the edges of the cutter with a butter knife if needed.
- When you're done, think of more creative shape ideas for cookie cutters together and enjoy your new batch of creatively-shaped cookies!


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Messages are not getting through to the recipient mail server and the message delivery log shows the following error in the Status Reply column:
550 / 552 5.3.4 Message size exceeds the fixed maximum message size
- GFI MailEssentials
- All supported environment
The recipient mail server has size limitations in place that the messages exceed.
The Status Reply column will only show messages received from the recipient mail server when we tried to pass the mail over to it. Any errors found in this column are generated by the recipient mail server. This particular error is generated when a recipient mail server has size limits in place and the messages exceeded a limit. In order for the messages to be sent, either the size of the messages needs to be reduced or the limit increased.
- The way in which these limits can be configured and enforced will vary between different mail server environments.
- Changes to these limits will take time to come into effect. For more information, refer to this Microsoft article: Mailbox Size Limits Are Not Enforced in a Reasonable Period of Time


VRML in the undergraduate curriculum
COMP 100
Clifton P. Calloway, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Winthrop University, Oakland Avenue, Rock Hill, SC 29733
Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML) is an efficient and powerful tool for the transfer of information over the internet. VRML parallels the commonly used web language HTML in that, links to other VRML or HTML pages can be created, and a browser is required. Unlike HTML, which can be explored in two dimensions, VRML can be explored in three dimensions. With the widespread availability and use of the internet, VRML can be an effective tool for displaying 3 dimensional models and chemical information to undergraduate chemistry courses. Many chemical concepts, properties, and reactions are related to the geometry of a molecule. In these cases, a two dimensional presentation is only marginally adequate for understanding the properties or reactions of molecules. VRML can provide an interactive 3D world. Just over 1/3 of general and organic undergraduate students rank modeling exercises as one of the two most critical and helpful projects, while less than 8% ranked modeling as least critical and helpful.


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The process of making a call to Bahrain from Bangladesh is relatively straightforward. To make a call, the first step is to dial the exit code for Bangladesh, which is +880. Next, dial the country code for Bahrain, which is +973. Finally, dial the phone number, including the area code.
Guide for Calling Bahrain from Bangladesh
There are a few ways to call Bahrain from Bangladesh. The most common way is to use a calling card. Calling cards can be bought at most convenience stores and come with instructions on how to use them. To call Bahrain from Bangladesh, the caller first needs to dial the international access code for Bangladesh, which is +880. They then need to dial the country code for Bahrain, which is +973. After that, they need to dial the phone number they are trying to reach in Bahrain.
Area Codes Code by Location
Bahrain: +973 Bangladesh: +880
Calling Bahrain from Bangladesh using Landline
When calling from Bangladesh to Bahrain, it is important to have access to online information about the call. There are a few things to consider when making the call.
The first step is to find out the country code for Bahrain. This is +973. Next, find the area code for the city or region you are calling. The area code for Bahrain is 172. Finally, dial the number you are trying to reach.
Remember to include the + sign when dialing from Bangladesh. If you are dialing a local number in Bahrain, do not include the + sign.
Calling Bahrain from Bangladesh using Mobile
The Kingdom of Bahrain is located in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. It is a small country, about the size of Delaware. Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The official language is Arabic, but English is also widely spoken. The population of Bahrain is about 1.4 million, of which about half are expatriates. The capital city is Manama.
Bahrain is a popular tourist destination, with its beaches, nightlife, and shopping. The country has a rich culture and history, with archaeological sites dating back to the Bronze Age. Bahrain is also home to the Formula 1 Bahrain International Circuit.
Bahrain is a member of the United Nations and the Arab League. It has close ties with the United States and is a major ally of Saudi Arabia.
To call Bahrain from Bangladesh, you will need to dial the country code of 973, followed by the area code (2 for Manama), and then the local number.
Bahrain is a small country in the Middle East that is easily accessible from Bangladesh. The country is well known for its oil reserves and its liberal economy. To call Bahrain from Bangladesh, you will need to dial the country code of Bahrain (973) followed by the phone number. Calls to Bahrain are typically expensive, so make sure to check with your phone service provider to see what the rates are.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the capital of Bahrain?
The capital of Bahrain is Manama.
What is the population of Bahrain?
The population of Bahrain is 1,359,000.
What is the GDP of Bahrain?
The GDP of Bahrain is $37.8 billion.
What is the currency of Bahrain?
The currency of Bahrain is the Bahraini dinar.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Wonkido Visual Organizer
The Wonkido Visual Organizer addresses the area of Teaching and Learning, with a parent outreach component. Successful teaching and learning needs to include support from the home.
Children today are growing up in an information age. Access to technology is assumed and having the skills to use technology in the future is implied. Children need to learn at an early age the benefits of technology and how to responsibly integrate it into their lives for more than social communication. Teaching children early is important to establish guidelines about technology and how it is used.
The Wonkido Visual Organizer is an individualized learning tool designed to teach children executive functioning skills such as organization and planning, while collaborating with other educators and parents. The executive functioning skills make up the operating manual to time management and organization, skills both children and adults need for better life management. The Wonkido Visual Organizer, utilizes the power of cloud computing and mobile technology, to both teach important executive functioning skills as well as collaborate with parents and educators working together to help children succeed.
Individualized learning is the future of education and Wonkido empowers children to learn how to independently manage their own time while still receiving guidance and oversight by parents and teachers. The Organizer uses eye-catching visual displays for a customized personal schedule and daily organization with images to retain focus and aid comprehension, as well as allowing a child to add to their own schedule teaching planning and prioritizing. The program offers a customized goal oriented rewards program to help motivate children who need additional incentives for behavior. As educators, it is essential to introduce and practice these skills with children early so they have a grasp on organizing their time and activities as they continue to higher education.
Another great feature the Visual Organizer offers is a system for communication between parents and teachers. The Organizer allows for teachers to view schedules, assign homework, and communicate with parents through a message system. This feature of the organizer creates a successful learning environment because everyone is in constant communication. Parents and teachers can avoid waiting to hear back from one another about unanswered questions. Teachers can easily access and respond to any problem the parents or students are having!
Teachers are able to manage groups of students, assigning a single activity to a child's schedule, and viewing activity reports to compare the time it takes each student to complete the same task. Wonkido allows for class discussion both anonymously as well as with a child's name to allow easier social comments regarding an activity. All visible by other teachers and parents to stay coordinated and involved in what happens at school. Learning doesn't have to stop when school is over, and the cloud base of the Wonkido Organizer allows a student to stay organized and connected 24/7.
The Wonkido's Visual Organizer is perfect for teaching children critical executive functioning skills, like organization, time management, and goal setting. It provides early success for children who have the opportunity to develop skills for an easier transition at school and as life becomes more challenging.
The Wonkido Organizer was just released October 2012 on iTunes. In just the month since the release The Wonkdio Organizer is already being used by therapist and teachers at public and private school nationwide.
- Category: Education
- Released: 09 October 2012
- Version: 01
- Age: Preschool-Adult
- Compatible with iPad. Requires iOS 5.1 or later.
by Wendy Marshall, Appy Lady Admin – completed Nov 26, 2012
What I Liked About This App:
. The app targets exactly what it intends – organisation, independence, time management skills.
. It best suits students who are able to complete daily tasks, but just need help with completing them independently or within a certain time frame.
. For organisational skills, the child is helped to:
- Follow multiple steps in a sequence,
- Complete a task to completion,
- Stay on task independently.
. You can coordinate tasks across multiple environments. This helps to make the child's progress transparent to everyone involved in the child's program – you can link different people to be able to view your child's progress.
. This app helps your child take more responsibility for achieving organisation and independence goals.
. It also helps the adults be honest with what everyone is expecting from your child. In addition, it helps to see what the child needs to do over the whole day, across home and school for example, so the child is not overloaded.
. Rewards can be earned – you can set the number of points per activity. Higher points might be given to help motivate your child complete more challenging or high priority tasks.
. All adults can view the child's progress.
. A message board facilitates easy communication between people involved.
. The child can use the organiser in any environment – home, therapy, school. It's one consistent system that can apply to their whole day, irrespective of environment.
. The physical arrangement is appealing and easy to follow.
. This system will save a lot of time in printing off schedule pictures. The activities can be saved and used at any time.
. You can set a timer for tasks – fantastic for those kids that can do the task but lack the intrinsic motivation to complete the tasks in a timely manner. The timer gives great motivation!
. You can log-in from a range of devices, such as the iPad and / or the computer! This offered great flexibility. I found the computer to be the best way to set-up the system.
Things That I Found Tricky:
« Becoming familiar with the program. It took some time to navigate through the different components of the program but this time investment is well worth it.
« The images filter by words used in the instruction. Perhaps having a greater number of images available per view would save some time scrolling through. There are some cultural differences for vocabulary and images so perhaps in future updates these might be included. You can add your own images, but this feature did take a little extra time than expected.
« The video tutorials were good, but the sound quality wasn't always clear. There appear to be some more recent updates that provide pop-up prompts and these look great.
Some Tips On Use:
– When you first start programming the activities and schedule I found it helpful to:
- Spend the first few days programming activities and instructions as I was actually doing the activities with my child. This way the programming occurred in the moment and I knew exactly what needed to go into the schedule and instructions.
- By taking the iPad with me, I could take photos of the activities and / or items so these were already in my photo library so it was simpler and easier to add these to the schedule in my 'programming days'.
– Start with key activities that occur frequently over the days or weeks. I might have only one or two activities each day, but this made it easier to get to know the app / program. As I became familiar with the app I added more activities and tasks.
– Start with short, simple instructions. Then combine two shorter instructions to form one longer instruction, e.g., "Make your bed" + "Pack your bag" = "Make your bed, then pack your bag". Gradually add harder 'time' words, e.g., "First, make your bed, then pack your bag", "Make your bed before you pack your bag".
– By using different wording, but keeping the meaning / sequence the same, you can teach different language concepts. When these are mastered, use more complex terms that change the order of the sequence.
– As your child becomes more independent with routine, everyday tasks, give less points or rewards for these.
– Give more points or rewards for new or challenging tasks.
– Add social praise and encouragement in your instructions for activities, e.g., "Make my bed", "Pack my Bag", "Great getting ready for school!", "Brush my teeth".
– Write the instructions from your child's perspective – this can help map your child's internal dialogue to themselves so they can begin to internalise the instructions and sequences, and increase independence away from the visual reminders eventually.
Overall, I really like this app and would recommend it to others. Great job Wonkidos!!
Why did you decide to develop this app?
This app has a huge range of children who would benefit from using a visual schedule and organization. I have found that for children with visual learning or developmental learning needs, the Wonkido Organizer plays a huge part in helping their motivation as well as organization. A teacher said it best when she said that for students with special needs the Wonkido Organizer is need to help a student succeed, however their is a huge benefit for all students regardless of development. Every child needs to learn organization and how to manage their own schedule. Most of the time we expect a child in middle school to know how to manage their workload, yet they have not been taught or given a tool in which they can learn from. Students from 5 – 15 would greatly benefit from the use of the organizer.
Thank you so much for sharing your insights into your new app. I hope this has helped people understand our wonderful this app is.


aaa/bbb/ccc.dicon becomes aaa/bbb/ccc.dicon. The separator is ?/? in both Windows and UNIX systems.
private static final String PATH = "aaa/bbb/ccc.dicon";
...
SingletonS2ContainerFactory.setConfigPath(PATH);
SingletonS2ContainerFactory.init();
...
S2Container container = SingletonS2ContainerFactory.getContainer();
Using S2ContainerFactory
We will use the following method when utilizing S2ContainerFactory.
- org.seasar.framework.container.factory.S2ContainerFactory#create(String path)
We will call the following method after creating S2Container.
- org.seasar.framework.container.S2Container#init()
private static final String PATH = "aaa/bbb/ccc.dicon";
...
S2Container container = S2ContainerFactory.create(PATH);
container.init();
An instance of the container obtained using this method must be managed by an application.
Acquiring Components
To extract a component from S2Container, we use the following method.
- org.seasar.framework.container.S2Container#getComponent(Object componentKey)
A component name or component class can be specified as an argument. Please refer to component tag for details. When specifying a component class, the class must return true for the component class instanceof class. If there are multiple components that implement the specified class, S2Container will fail to identify the target component and throw TooManyRegistrationRuntimeException. Please specify a class that will uniquely identify an implemented component, or acquire using the component name. If there are multiple components with identical names registered, S2Container will throw TooManyRegistrationRuntimeException as well.
Example: When acquiring a component by class
S2Container container = S2ContainerFactory.create(PATH);
Hoge hoge = (Hoge) container.getComponent(Hoge.class);
Example: When acquiring a component by name
S2Container container = S2ContainerFactory.create(PATH);
Hoge hoge = (Hoge) container.getComponent("hoge");
Dependency Injection Type
Dependency Injection has three different types, Constructor Injection, Setter Injection, and Method Injection. Constructor Injection configures by the constructor, Setter Injection configures by the setter method, and Method Injection is configured by the initialization method. Method injection is specific to S2Container. S2Container supports all types and its hybrids.
Constructor Injection
Constructor Injection applies DI to the constructor arguments. The following contents are written into the S2Container definition file.
 - Specifying component
 The component is constructed using the component tag. The class name is specified using the class property. The name property can be used to give the component a name.
 - Specifying constructor argument
 The arguments of the constructor are specified in the arg sub-tag of the component tag. Strings are to be surrounded by double quotation marks (").
<components>
 <component name="..." class="...">
 <arg>...</arg>
 </component>
</components>
Setter Injection
Setter Injection applies DI using the setter method on specified properties.
The following contents are written into the S2Container definition file.
 - Specifying component
 Specifying component is identical to constructor injection.
 - Specifying property
 The component properties are specified using the property sub-tag of the component tag. The name property is used to specify a property name.
<components>
 <component name="..." class="...">
 <property name="...">...</property>
 </component>
</components>
Method Injection
Method injection applies DI by calling a specified method. The following contents are written into the S2Container definition file.
 - Specifying component
 Specifying component is identical to constructor injection.
 - Specifing initialization method
 The initMethod tag is used to call the specified method of the component. The name property is used to specify a method name. The arg sub-tag is used to define arguments. The name property can be abbreviated, and OGNL expression used in the body.
<components>
 <component name="..." class="...">
 <initMethod name="...">
 <arg>...</arg>
 </initMethod>
 </component>
</components>
S2Container Definition division and include
Listing all components in one file quickly lead to an immense and unmanageable system. To avoid this, S2Container has functionality to split the definitions into several pieces and recombine those pieces. The inclusion of S2Container definition files are done as follows.
<components>
 <include path="bar.dicon"/>
</components>
Specify the S2Container definition file to be included using the path property of the include tag. Please refer to include tag for additional details.
The search order for components start with those components registered with itself. When no matches are found, the process searches in each child S2Container component registration list, returning the first component found.
<components>
 <include path="aaa.dicon"/>
 <include path="bbb.dicon"/>
 <component class="example.container.Foo" />
</components>
Namespace
Namespace of components can be specified using the namespace property of the components tag. This can be used to prevent component name collisions (overlap) between the multiple divided component definitions.
foo.dicon
<components namespace="foo">
 <component name="aaa" .../>
 <component name="bbb" ...>
 <arg>aaa</arg>
 </component>
</components>
bar.dicon
<components namespace="bar">
 <include path="foo.dicon"/>
 <component name="aaa" .../>
 <component name="bbb" ...>
 <arg>aaa</arg>
 </component>
 <component name="ccc" ...>
 <arg>foo.aaa</arg>
 </component>
</components>
app.dicon
<components>
 <include path="bar.dicon"/>
</components>
Within a single component definition, items may be referenced without a namespace. "namespace." is prefixed on the component name when referencing an external namespace. "foo.aaa" and "bar.aaa" shares an identical component name, aaa, but are recognized as unique components as they inhabit different namespaces, foo and bar.
Instance Management
The instance property of the component tag is used to specify the method of component instance management.
instance Description
singleton(default) Every call of S2Container.getComponent() will return the same instance.
prototype Every call of S2Container.getComponent() will return a new instance.
request A new instance is created for each request. The component is stored in the request as named using the name property. S2ContainerFilter must be configured to use request.
session A new instance is created for each session. The component is stored in the session as named using the name property. S2ContainerFilter must be configured to use session.
application In case we use servlet, a new instance is created for each ServletContext. The component is stored in the ServletContext as named using the name property. S2ContainerFilter must be configured to use application.
outer The component instance is created external to S2Container, and only Dependency Injection is applied. Aspect and Constructor Injection cannot be used.
Lifecycle
initMethod tag and destroyMethod tag can be used to manage component lifecycles in S2Container. The method specified in the initMethod tag is called at the initialization of S2Container, or S2Container.init(). Conversely, S2Container will call the method specified in the destroyMethod tag at shutdown of S2Container, or S2Container.destroy(). initMethod is run in order of component registration in the container, and destroyMethod makes calls in reverse order. destroyMethod is ignored by any method whose instance property is not set to singleton. java.util.HashMap#put() method looks like the following when configured for initialization (aaa set as 111), or shutdown procedure (aaa set as null).
<components namespace="bar">
 <component name="map" class="java.util.HashMap">
 <initMethod name="put">
 <arg>"aaa"</arg>
 <arg>111


ProductShot ProductShot
What is KOJI?
Naturally-occurring cultures are one of nature's most amazing phenomena. Invisible to the naked eye and requiring real craftsmanship to manage, humans have harnessed their magical properties for thousands of years to enhance both flavor and nutritional goodness.
Koji (pronounced KO-jee, which rhymes with tea) is the artisan Japanese culturing process used to create staples such as soy sauce and miso. The 40+ enzymes that occur naturally in Koji make bioavailable all parts of the whole grain—starches, proteins and oils—releasing their nutrient goodness while imparting delicious flavor and aroma. This is the power of Koji that we use to create Graindrops. Culturing is nature's own slow food, and we prefer to do it the natural way. We use absolutely no chemical or industrial enzymes, preferring instead our small batch, artisan-made Koji, which takes two full days to mature. Using 100 percent natural enzymes, organic whole grains, artfully composed organic flavors and pristine spring water gives Graindrops its wonderful taste and soul-quenching characteristics, making it the most unique non-dairy probiotic beverage in the world.
Why triple-cultured?
It's the only way to create the world's best non-dairy probiotic beverage without cutting corners.
We start by cultivating the Koji itself using our Biodynamic® rice. Then we add the Koji to our batch of five gluten-free organic whole grains and culture it until it is fully liquid and naturally sweet. This step releases all the nutritional components of the grain and gives it a full and round flavor. Now we have a cultured grainmilk, ready to become a delicious probiotic drink through the magic of seven strains of up to 20 billion live and active cultures. This is the third step in our triple-cultured process, where we take great pains to get the balance, texture and flavor just right.
Why Biodynamic® Rice Koji?
Our rice Koji is 100 percent Biodynamic®. We wouldn't have it any other way. In a time where natural farming doesn't always mean what people think, Biodynamic® farms represent a new era for modern sustainable agriculture. It is the only certified system of farming that considers plants, soil and animals as one self-sustaining ecosystem. Artificial fertilizers, chemical sprays and genetically-modified organisms are never used. Farmers instead use composting, crop rotation, mineral and herbal replenishment, and follow the subtle rhythms of nature to ensure healthy soils, plants and animals. Essentially, Biodynamic® farms showcase the power of traditional methods through a modern lens, just as we use the power of traditional Koji to produce a new exciting drink!
Complete Health
We believe in optimal health powered by nature's own wisdom. That's why we've worked hard to create a beverage made from the purest ingredients that delivers extraordinary nutritional value while promoting digestive health. Our whole grains are rich in fibers that encourage the growth of healthy and beneficial bacteria in our bodies. And because all cultured foods are in a sense pre-digested, they are more bioavailable, allowing the body absorb their nutrients more fully. Koji's naturally rich mixture of enzymes like protease, amylase, and lipase convert all parts of our whole grains into healthy amino acids, carbohydrates, and natural sugars. So whether you're traveling, working out or simply want a snack that's healthy and satisfying, Graindrops tastes and feels great any time of day.


A harbor or town having facilities for seagoing ships.
1. a port or harbour accessible to seagoing vessels
2. a town or city located at such a place
(ˈsiˌpɔrt, -ˌpoʊrt)
1. a port or harbor that accommodates seagoing vessels.
2. a town or city at such a place.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.seaport - a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargoseaport - a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo
landing place, landing - structure providing a place where boats can land people or goods
seafront - the waterfront of a seaside town
coaling station - a seaport where ships can take on supplies of coal
port of call - any port where a ship stops except its home port
anchorage ground, anchorage - place for vessels to anchor
ميناء بَحْري
námořní přístav
tengeri kikötõ
höfn, hafnarbær
námorný prístav
[ˈsiːpɔːt] Npuerto m de mar
sea port [ˈsiːpɔːrt] nport m de mersea power n [country] → puissance f navale
Collins English/French Electronic Resource. © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
[ˈsiːˌpɔːt] nporto di mare or marittimo
Collins Italian Dictionary 1st Edition © HarperCollins Publishers 1995
(siː) noun
1. (often with the) the mass of salt water covering most of the Earth's surface. I enjoy swimming in the sea; over land and sea; The sea is very deep here; (also adjective) A whale is a type of large sea animal.
2. a particular area of sea. the Baltic Sea; These fish are found in tropical seas.
3. a particular state of the sea. mountainous seas.
ˈseaward(s) adverb
towards the sea; away from the land. The yacht left the harbour and sailed seawards.
ˈseaboard noun
the seacoast. the eastern seaboard of the United States.
sea breeze
a breeze blowing from the sea towards the land.
ˈseafaring adjective
of work or travel on ships. a seafaring man.
ˈseafood noun
fish, especially shellfish.
seafood restaurants.
ˈseafront noun
a promenade or part of a town with its buildings facing the sea.
ˈsea-going adjective
designed and equipped for travelling on the sea. a sea-going yacht.
ˈseagull noun
a gull.
sea level
the level of the surface of the sea used as a base from which the height of land can be measured. three hundred metres above sea level.
ˈsea-lion noun
a type of large seal.
ˈseamanplural ˈseamen noun
a sailor, especially a member of a ship's crew who is not an officer.
ˈseaport noun
a port on the coast.
ˈseashell noun
the (empty) shell of a sea creature.
ˈseashore noun
the land close to the sea.
ˈseasick adjective
ill because of the motion of a ship at sea. Were you seasick on the voyage?
ˈseasickness noun
ˈseaside noun
(usually with the) a place beside the sea. We like to go to the seaside in the summer.
ˈseaweed noun
plants growing in the sea. The beach was covered with seaweed.
ˈseaworthy adjective
(negative unseaworthy) (of a ship) suitably built and in good enough condition to sail at sea.
ˈseaworthiness noun
at sea
1. on a ship and away from land. He has been at sea for four months.
2. puzzled or bewildered. Can I help you? You seem all at sea.
go to sea
to become a sailor. He wants to go to sea.
put to sea
to leave the land or a port. They planned to put to sea the next day.
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.
References in classic literature?
Thus his nails and modesty were comparable to those of most gentlemen; though his ambition had been educated only by the opportunities of a clerk and accountant in the smaller commercial houses of a seaport. He thought the rural Featherstones very simple absurd people, and they in their turn regarded his "bringing up" in a seaport town as an exaggeration of the monstrosity that their brother Peter, and still more Peter's property, should have had such belongings.
Wellington is trim and neat and English; it reminds you of a seaport town on the South Coast.
-- We anchored in the Bay of Callao, the seaport of Lima, the capital of Peru.
The beach was a kind of public promenade where were displayed all the vagaries of a seaport on the arrival of a fleet from a long cruise.
On the Saturday in that same week, I took my leave of Herbert - full of bright hope, but sad and sorry to leave me - as he sat on one of the seaport mail coaches.
This seaport of Smyrna, our first notable acquaintance in Asia, is a closely packed city of one hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants, and, like Constantinople, it has no outskirts.


How to Choose Loose Tube And Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable? - Baudcom
How to Choose Loose Tube And Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable?
Don't know how to choose loose tube and tight buffered optic fiber cable?
After reading this article, you will definitely have a good harvest between loose tube and tight buffered fiber optic cable as belows:
You can know how to choose them,
the key differences between them,
the most basic definitions of them.
How to choose Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable ?
Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable
Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable are two structural forms of optical cables.
1.Tight Buffered Fiber Cable
Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable, also known as riser or fiber optic distribution cable, is primarily used in buildings and campuses, often installed in cable trays or ducts.Therefore, they are suitable for use in internal factories or building networks. These cables usually have an LSZH jacket.
Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable, on the other hand, are great for indoor use and medium-length LAN/WAN connections because they're a more robust option. Another advantage of tight buffered cable is that they are easier to install as there is no gel to clean up afterward.They do not require a fan-out kit for splicing or termination, as you can crimp the connector directly onto each fiber.
Loose Tube use in indoor
2.Loose Tube
Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cable are better for outdoors and harsh environments because they hold the fiber inside a gel that protects the fiber from water and temperature changes.
These cables should not be routed through multiple corners or bends, as this can damage the gel and expose the core. Due to the diameter of the optical fibers used in Loose Tube Cable, they typically hold more fibers than Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable.
The type of outer sheath and material used is also suitable for exterior or outdoor plant use.
It offers waterproof tape, rodent protection (such as steel wire armor), termite protection, sacrificial sheathing, and many other potential advantages when used outdoors or in harsh environments, usually, most outdoor cables use the PE nylon outer jacket.
Key differences between Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable
1.Design
The main difference between them is the design of the cable.
(1)In tight buffered fiber optic cables, there is no gap between the core coating and cladding.
(2)Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cables have gaps that are either filled with gel or are loosely distributed throughout the cable.
Loose Tube and Tight Buffered structure
2.Structure
(1)Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cables are composed of multiple 250 um fiber cores and have only one outer protective layer.
(2)Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable typically consists of 900 um buffered fiber and have two layers of aramid yarn (one around the fibre core and another outer layer).
Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable are two structural forms of optical cables. Let's introduce and learn how to choose and apply.
3.Cost
The cost of loose tube cables may vary depending on factors such as fiber count, specifications, and the level of protection.
(1)Loose tube cables for outdoor use can range from $0.30 to $2.00 per foot or more, depending on fiber count, specific protective features, etc.For a 432-fiber cable, this could be anywhere from approximately $130 to $864 for a 1000-foot length.
(2)Tight-buffered cables for indoor use are generally more cost-effective and can range from $0.10 to $0.50 per foot or more.
A 432-fiber tight-buffered cable of 1000 feet might cost around $43 to $216 or more.
Loose Tube and Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable are two structural forms of optical cables. Let's introduce and learn how to choose and apply
4.Flexibility
(1)Loose tube cables offer flexibility due to the individual buffer tubes that encase the fibers.This design allows them to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction.
(2)Tight-buffered cables are less flexible due to the tight adhesion of the buffer layer directly to the fibers.
They are designed for applications where flexibility isn't a priority.
5.Applications
(1)Loose tube cables are designed for outdoor and harsh conditions as they offer flexibility and protection against environmental factors.
They are often used in underground, aerial, underwater, and duct installations.
(2)Tight-buffered cables are intended for indoor and controlled environments.They offer protection and ease of termination. They are commonly used in indoor networking, LANs, building-to-building connections, data centers, and structured cabling.
Definition of Loose Tube and Tight Buffered fiber optic cabletwo cable
(1)Briefly understand the loose tube cable.
Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cable have only one outer protective layer.
They are composed of multiple 250 um fiber cores and manufactured in two ways: gel-filled and dry.
Dry Loose Tube Fiber Optic Cable is similar but retains its
waterproofing capabilities with an additional internal protective
layer.To provide greater protection, the outer tube can be made from
a stronger or semi-rigid material to accommodate harsher
environments or where cable contact is common.
(2)Briefly understand the tight buffered cable
Tight Buffered Fiber Optic Cable typically consists of 900 um
buffered fiber surrounded by aramid yarn or E-glass reinforcement
in a halogen-free outer jacket.
They can be used indoors and outdoors and are designed so that the
buffer material is in direct contact with the optical fiber.
There are two main types of tight-buffered cable structures, branch
cable structures (also known as fan-out cables) and distributed
structures.Distribution cables are designed to be more compact than
distribution structures, but the tight-buffered fibers inside the cable
are only bundled in a single outer jacket for protection.
Conclusion
The loose-tube cable is for long-distance outdoor applications, while the tight-buffered cable is usually used for moderate length indoor applications
If you still don't know how to choose, you can contact Baudcom and we will give you the most perfect solution to meet your needs.
 Loose-tube Fiber Optic cable Tight-buffered Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber size 250µm fiber 900µm fiber
Main use outdoor indoor
Waterproof material used waterproof gel acrylic coating
Place with many bends not suitable suitable
Underwater application not suitable suitable
Better place than the other higher density higher flexibility
better temperature properties higher tensile strength
smaller size easier termination and splicing
Post time：2024-03-24
Testimonials
Lomoveishiy – Finland
I needed those to connect my PC on the third floor to have internet access in that room, and ISP installed their modem on the first floor only. After dropping fiber patch cables, plugged in all cables into these media converters at both sides, and link came up instantly. Was much easier than I thought!
Raymond – USA
Great experience – units worked straight out of the box – just needed plug in cables and we were done. I also like the possibility to enable jumbo frames, while we do not have a need for this feature at the current moment it's great to have this option.
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U.S. Bureau of Labor Established in the Department. of Interior, by act of June 27, 1884. In 1888 became an independent agency called the of Labor but without a cabinet offices at its head. In 1903 transferred to the Dept. of Commerce and Labor under the name Bureau of Labor. The law of Mar. 4, 1913 created a De- t. of Labor of cabinet rank. To the near Dept. was transferred the old Bureau of Labor, but this time with its name changed to Bureau of Labor Statistics ^'sterr, story
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Tanya Detto
You talkin' to me? Male fiddler crabs pick fights, even if they know their replacement claws put them at a disadvantage.
Crabs That Fib
When tangling over territories, some male fiddler crabs win by pretending to be stronger than they are, a new study reveals. The research adds to earlier findings that suggest animals use dishonesty more often than previously thought.
Male fiddler crabs sport an enormous claw, which can regrow if lost during a fight over a home burrow. Although the replacement looks the same as the original, it is much weaker. The crabs notice the difference in their new claw, because it is lighter and does not pinch or pull as well. However, when faced with a challenger, they act as if nothing's wrong, displaying their feeble--but large--claws threateningly. The bluff usually works, according to a team of Australian ecologists who report their findings this week in Functional Ecology.
The researchers collected Uca mjoebergi fiddler crabs in Darwin, Australia, and identified those with original claws and those with replacements. They measured closing force and pulling force--in territorial fights, invading crabs try to yank residents from their homes. The researchers then released the crabs near their original burrows and watched as other males challenged them.
Homeless crabs with regenerated claws that were searching for a new burrow usually picked on crabs with smaller claws. Most of the time, the resident crabs gave up their burrow without a fight, falling for the bluff. "Male performance traits, such as claw strength and pull-resisting force, are really the key to success in male combat, so much so that the males will pretend to be good performers even if they are not," says lead author Simon Lailvaux, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia.
However, resident crabs with new claws defending their homes against homeless crabs had no choice over opponents, because they had to fight whoever attacked. When challenged, residents still tried to bluff, though they weren't as successful as the deceptive invaders. Those whose bluff was called usually lost the fight because of their weaker claw.
Honesty in signaling is a growing area of interest for many scientists who study sexual selection and communication systems in animals. Work such as this--as well as similar research in crayfish, bull frogs, and hermit crabs--goes a long way toward explaining how animals rely on dishonesty to maintain territories and attract mates, says Jonathan Rowell, a biological mathematician at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who was not part of the study. "The big issue is trying to determine whether a behavioral pattern such as dishonesty is genetically hard-wired into the [species] or if it's just an individual behavior," Rowell says.
Posted in Environment


Ammonia vs. Bleach – The Difference Between
What is the difference between ammonia and bleach?
Ammonia and bleach are both cheap and effective cleaners. They are not the same, but few people really know the differences between them. Most expensive cleaners use either ammonia or bleach, so this will tell you that they are different chemicals. Both must be diluted with water in order to use safely, but it is important that you know the difference between them.
On the periodic table of elements, ammonia is known as NH3. This means that it contains 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen. In industry, ammonia can be produced by forcefully combining these four atoms, but it does exist in its natural state in the environment. It is formed when organic material decomposes.
Ammonia can be used to clean any surface without harming the color of the surface. In everyday use, it is one of the best cleaners you can use for tiles and hard surfaces.
Bleach is a very common cleaner used to take stains off fabrics and can even be used on dishes. You must dilute bleach in order to use it because it can burn the skin. Oxidizing bleach is often used to lighten the colors of clothing and fabrics. It does this by breaking down the chemical bonds that form the color. You can make your own bleach by combining chlorine, caustic soda and water. Because of its ingredients and strength, it is commonly used as a disinfectant.
 - Ammonia and bleach are inexpensive cleaners to use in the home, especially on surfaces and items that are hard to clean.
 - They must be diluted in water before you can use them safely.
 - You cannot mix the two together because the combination produces an odor that is highly toxic.
 - Bleach can be used on white fabrics, but you must be careful with colored fabrics because it will take out or lighten the color.
 - Ammonia does not affect the color of any item.
 - Ammonia is made up of 1 atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen.
 - Ammonia can exist in nature.
 - Bleach is made from chlorine, caustic soda and water.


Use a gentle cleanser or rubbing alcohol to clean the adhesive side of the Popsocket.
 - Gently scrub away any dirt or residue that may have accumulated during use.
 - Allow the Popsocket to air dry completely before proceeding.
 3. Prepare the new phone:
 - Ensure that the surface of the new phone is clean and free from any dust or debris.
 - If necessary, use a cleaning wipe or a damp cloth to wipe down the surface.
 - Make sure the area where you intend to place the Popsocket is dry before proceeding.
 4. Reattach the Popsocket to the new phone:
 - Peel off the protective backing from the adhesive side of the Popsocket.
 - Align the Popsocket with the desired position on the back of the phone.
 - Apply pressure to the Popsocket, firmly pressing it onto the phone's surface.
 - Hold the Popsocket in place for a few seconds to allow the adhesive to bond.
 - Once attached, avoid applying excessive force or pulling on the Popsocket to ensure it stays firmly in place.
By following these steps, you can easily reuse your Popsocket on a different phone, allowing you to enjoy the convenience and functionality it provides. Remember to take care when removing and reattaching the Popsocket to avoid damaging your phone's surface or the Popsocket itself. With a little bit of patience and careful handling, you can enjoy the benefits of your Popsocket on any phone you choose!
Conclusion
Popsockets have become a popular accessory for smartphones, providing added functionality and convenience. Whether you want to take off a Popsocket and use it again on the same phone or transfer it to a different device, the process is simple and straightforward.
By following the steps provided, you can easily remove a Popsocket from your phone without causing any damage or leaving residue behind. Remember to clean the adhesive base before reattaching it or using it on a new device.
Additionally, if you want to reuse a Popsocket on a different phone, make sure to clean the adhesive and choose an appropriate location for attachment. With a secure and properly positioned Popsocket, you can continue to enjoy its benefits on any smartphone.
Keep in mind that Popsockets are designed to be reusable, but excessive removal and reattachment might weaken the adhesive quality over time. If you find that your Popsocket is losing stickiness or becoming loose, it may be time to replace it with a new one.
In conclusion, Popsockets are a versatile mobile accessory that not only adds style but also improves the way you interact with your phone. Whether it's taking selfies, watching videos, or texting with one hand, a Popsocket can enhance your mobile experience. By knowing how to properly remove and reuse a Popsocket, you can continue to enjoy its benefits while keeping your phone safe and stylish.
Conclusion
In conclusion, learning how to take a Popsocket off a phone and reuse it again is a simple process that can easily be done in a few steps. Remember to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer to prevent any damage to your phone or the Popsocket itself. By understanding the proper technique, you can safely remove the Popsocket without leaving any sticky residue on your phone.
The versatility and convenience of Popsockets make them a popular mobile accessory for users around the world. Whether you are looking for a secure grip, an easy stand, or a stylish way to express yourself, a Popsocket is the perfect solution. And now that you know how to remove and reuse it, you can easily switch out your Popsocket designs to suit your mood and style.
So, don't hesitate to take off your Popsocket when you need to, and experiment with different looks to keep your phone fresh and exciting. Discover the endless possibilities that come with owning a Popsocket and enjoy a customized and comfortable mobile experience every day.
FAQs
1. Can I reuse a Popsocket once it has been removed from my phone?
Absolutely! Popsockets are designed to be reusable. Once you have removed it from your phone, you can stick it back on again whenever you like. Just make sure to clean the adhesive surface properly before reattaching it to ensure a secure grip.
2. How do I take a Popsocket off my phone without damaging it?
To remove a Popsocket from your phone, gently push down on the base of the Popsocket with your finger or a flat object like a credit card. Apply even pressure and slowly lift the edge until it detaches from your phone. Be careful not to pull too hard or use excessive force, as that may damage your phone or the Popsocket.
3. Can I move the Popsocket to a different spot on my phone?
Yes! Popsockets can be repositioned on your phone. Simply remove the Popsocket following the above instructions, clean the adhesive surface, and then choose a new spot on your phone where you want to place it. Press firmly to ensure it sticks securely.
4. Will removing the Popsocket leave any residue on my phone?
Popsockets are designed to leave little to no residue when removed properly. However, it's always a good idea to clean the area where the Popsocket was attached to ensure there is no residue left behind. You can use a mild adhesive remover or rubbing alcohol to clean the surface if needed.
5. Can I use my phone case with a Popsocket?
Yes, you can use a Popsocket with a phone case. Make sure to attach the Popsocket to the case instead of directly on your phone. Choose a flat and smooth area on the case where the Popsocket can adhere properly. This allows you to enjoy the benefits of a Popsocket while still using your favorite phone case.


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Elsie Maud Inglis
Founder of Scottish Women's Suffrage Federation and Scottish Women's Hospitals, alumna.
Elsie Maud Inglis was born in 1864 in India, to John Forbes David Inglis, a chief commissioner in the Indian civil service.
After a private education she enrolled in Dr Sophia Jex-Blake's newly opened Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, then completed her training under Sir William MacEwen at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
She qualified as a licentiate of both the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edinburgh, and the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow in 1892.
Women's health and maternity care
Inglis was motivated the generally appalling standard of care and lack of specialisation in the needs of female patients, which led to her becoming politically active and playing an important role in the early years of the Scottish Federation of Women's Suffrage Societies.
After qualifying, she started work at Elizabeth Garrett Anderson's pioneering New Hospital for Women in London then went on to the Rotunda in Dublin, a leading maternity hospital.
She returned to Edinburgh in 1894 to set up a medical practice with fellow student Jessie MacGregor. She also opened a maternity hospital (The Hospice) for poor women, and a midwifery resource centre.
A philanthropist, she often waived the fees owed to her and would pay for her patients to recuperate by the seaside.
Despite her already notable achievements, it was her efforts during the First World War that brought her fame. When war broke out she suggested the creation of women's medical units on the Western Front but the War Office were not interested and she was told by an official "My good lady, go home and sit still".
Instead, she made her offer to the French Government, whose acceptance led to the setting up of an Auxiliary Hospital at Abbaye de Royaumont in 1914 and at another hospital in Villers Cotterets in 1917.
She was active in sending teams to Serbia and Russia and herself went to Serbia where her work in improving hygiene reduced the raging typhus epidemic.
In 1915 she was captured and repatriated. On her arrival back home, she began organising funds for a Scottish Women's Hospital team in Russia, which left for Odessa in 1916.
Inglis led the team initially but, in 1917, she took ill from the long working hours and appalling conditions.
She returned to England where she died the following day on 26 November, aged 53 at the Central Station Hotel, Newcastle. She is buried at Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh.
Her dedication to her cause lead to one biographer saying that she "made Florence Nightingale look like a part-time care assistant".
After her death Winston Churchill was quoted as saying that she and her medical staff would "shine forever in history", however, even the memorial hospital in Edinburgh opened to commemorate her work has now closed down.
Inglis' plaque is on the south side of Old Surgeons' Square in the north facade of Old Surgeons' Hall.
In honour of Elsie Maud Inglis
Founder, Scottish Women's Suffrage Federation and Scottish Women's Hospitals, graduate of the University
The image on this page comes from Wellcome Images, a website operated by Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation based in the United Kingdom. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence.


Watch this mercury drop suspended on Teflon as the surface is vibrated at specific amplitude and frequency. The frequencies create different modes of resonance, because the molecules vibrate faster when shaken at a certain speed.
This is similar to how your glass of water will form ripples if exposed to the right sounds (like the thumping of a T-rex walking toward your car). The vibrations from the sounds moves the molecules of mercury and form them into different geometric shapes.
At mode two, the mercury switches between two elliptical shapes that are perpendicular to each other.
In mode three, the form has three corners, and the mercury blob switches between two "directions." The cycle continues, four, five, six, seven and eight cornered shapes. When subjected to a random vibration, one that didn't resonate with the liquid element, chaos ensues.
The noises used in the video are too low in frequency for us to hear, but they are on par with the very deep tones elephants use to communicate long distances.
The video was uploaded in 2007 by YouTube user alextremes. Make sure to heed its warning: "Mercury is extremely dangerous so don't play with it. It can go through skin and mercury vapors are toxic. DON'T TRY TO DO IT AT HOME."
(via Fuck Yeah Fluid Dynamics)


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In this section
Voted Scotland's most beautiful beach in 2010.
The sand dune system to the north and south of the Lunan water consists of mobile dunes backed by an established links area. In the northern section there is thick mantle of Marram Grass. Inland of the mobile dunes the habitat changes into a shorter dune pasture area.
The dune habitat also supports a number of invertebrate species, including grasshoppers, earwigs, many species of beetle, butterflies and moths. Cliff headlands bound Lunan Bay and fossil cliffs run along the back of the raised beach ranging from 250m-50m landward of the High Water Mark. The southern upper raised beach (15m OD) sits on the fossil cliffs and consists of rough pasture.
An extensive area of inter-tidal sand flats runs virtually uninterrupted for 3.5 km of Lunan Bay. There are also areas of estuarine Mud/ Sand Flats, Saltmarsh and Wet Grassland.
Submit a sighting
Seen anything interesting off the coast of Angus?
Submit a sighting to help us build a database of sightings.


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Geronimo Clustering Example - Tomcat web tier clustering
Part 1 - Installing/Running the Clustering Example
Example Overview
This example demonstrates how to use context level clustering with the Tomcat web container in Geronimo. It contains the necessary attachments for setting up cluster members on two separate physical machines. The cluster configuration will allow the two cluster members to replicate httpsession data via memory to memory multicast communication. Also, a load balancer can be used to spray the incoming requests to the available cluster members. In this example, we recommend Apache HTTP server and Apache mod_jk.
Installing the Example
This example contains 4 attachments:
 - servlets-examples-cluster-node1.war - web application for Cluster Member 1
 - servlets-examples-cluster-node2.war - web application for Cluster Member 2
 - servlets-examples-tomcat-cluster-plan-5.5.9.xml - Geronimo deployment plan for Tomcat 5.5.9 (this is the plan to use for Geronimo v1.0)
 - servlets-examples-tomcat-cluster-plan-5.5.12.xml - Geronimo deployment plan for Tomcat 5.5.12 (this is the plan to use when Geronimo moves to Tomcat 5.5.12 in the near future )
Each geronimo cluster member must have a unique jvmRoute designation. The jvmRoute attribute allows the mod-jk load balancer to provide "sticky session" (sending all requests for the same httpsession to the same cluster member). This is possible since the load balancer places the jvmRoute value in the session cookie (or encoded url) that is returned to the web browser.
The jvmRoute attribute can be set by updating the var/config/config.xml file by adding the lines indicated in bold below.
<configuration name="geronimo/tomcat/1.0/car">
<gbean name="TomcatResources">
</gbean>
<gbean name="TomcatEngine">
<attribute name="initParams">
name=Geronimo
jvmRoute=nodeXYZ
</attribute>
</gbean>
<gbean name="TomcatWebConnector">
<attribute name="host">0.0.0.0</attribute>
<attribute name="port">8080</attribute>
<attribute name="redirectPort">8443</attribute>
</gbean>
Remember that the jvmRoute value must be unique for each cluster member and the server must be stopped when updating config.xml.
Now start the geronimo server (e.g. bin/geronimo.bat|sh run) and deploy the example on each of the cluster members. For this example, the applications are slightly different for each cluster member. The difference is merely to indicate the current Server number (e.g. Server 1, Server 2) in the output of the application. This will be useful when trying to determine which cluster member is servicing the http request from the browser.
Install the attached applications to the appropriate cluster member assuring that you use the correct deployment plan for each member. Note that the deployment plan must be updated with the hostname (or IP address) for each machine. The appropriate spots are identified in the plans with xx.yy.zz.aa.
Once you get the applications installed on each cluster member, you can test httpsession replication by hitting the application with your favorite browser. Probably something like: http://localhost:8080/servlets-examples-cluster/servlet/SessionExample . Note that the output page contains the ID of the server that is servicing the request. In your browser window, fill in the appropriate input fields and hit the submit button. The console dialogue (the prompt where you started geronimo) should show that that httpsession data is being transmitted and received between the cluster members. Note that the transmit/receive confirmation messages in the log are only present for Tomcat 5.5.12.
Load Balancing and failover
Now you are ready to setup the Load Balancer. We recommend using Apache HTTP server and mod_jk for this example.
Install Apache HTTP server - instructions and downloads available at _URL_
Install Apache mod_jk - See _URL_
Configuration tips for mod_jk:
worker.list=loadbalancer,status
worker.node1.port=8009
worker.node1.host=your.first.cluster.member.host.name
worker.node1.type=ajp13
worker.node1.lbfactor=1
worker.node2.port=8009
worker.node2.host=your.second.cluster.member.host.name
worker.node2.type=ajp13
worker.node2.lbfactor=1
worker.loadbalancer.type=lb
worker.loadbalancer.balance_workers=node1,node2
worker.loadbalancer.sticky_session=1
worker.status.type=status
/servlets-examples-cluster=loadbalancer
/servlets-examples-cluster/*=loadbalancer
Testing Load Balancing and Failover
Once you get Apache HTPP Server and mod_jk setup correctly.. You can test load balancing and failover by requesting the following URLs on port 80 (Apache HTTP Server default port).
http://Yourhost/servlets-examples-cluster - HttpSession is not used here, hence no sticky session http://Yourhost/servlets-examples-cluster/servlet/SessionExample - HttpSession is used here, hence sticky session should be in effect
You can test failover by stopping the geronimo server that owns the sticky session and seeing that the next http request will failover into the remaining cluster member. The httpsession data from the previous request should be recovered and displayed in the refreshed browser window.
Tips
 - When testing using a web browser, make sure that you erase cookies and cached pages between test cases. Browser caching can cause confusion when testing.
 - Make sure your application has the distributable attribute defined in web.xml
 - Memory to memory replication currently requires that all cluster members must reside on the same physical subnet since multicast broadcast is used. Make sure all cluster members are on the same physical subnet and that multicast broadcast is supported on the subnet.
Also, see _URL_ for more information on tomcat clustering.
Special Acknowledgement to Jeff Genender for developing and supporting the Tomcat clustering GBeans for Geronimo!!
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MLS - Microfluidic Bubble Detector
Elveflow provides a unique microfluidic bubble detector. It can identify if liquid is present in clear tubes. It can be plugged directly onto our OB1 flow controller, or it can be used as a standalone unit with the Sensor Reader and another instrument.
The sensor is able to register the presence of fluids inside clear tubing, trigger a signal to another instrument and act accordingly – like stop, wait a certain amount of time, allow enough flow to clear the tubing, or reset the sensor.
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The microfluidic bubble detector detection is based on the measurement of the optical path and the variation of this path when the medium flowing is changing.
The sensor comes in two different housing suited to the use with 1/16″ or 1/4″ outside diameter tubes.
- Reliable non invasive technique
- Cost effective compared to camera check
- Based on true/false logic
- Large compatibility: wide range of tubing size
- Software average functions
- Use anywhere in your setup
- Prevents damage in cells with bubble bursts
- Setup automation (possibility to use if conditions)
- Bubble detection
- Liquid level sensing
- Blood processing equipment
- Patent connected medical devices
- Perform bilateral recirculation based on air detection
One particular application worth to mention is using the microfluidic liquid sensor as a bubble detector. Bubbles are a big challenge to address in microfluidics, as they can induce flow modifications or interact with the experiment and cause damage. One can monitor the apparition of bubbles (change in the working fluid) at any given point of his setup and automate the experiment accordingly like switching valves to direct the bubble in another fluidic path for instance. For further information check out the example tab on this same page.
A light beam is emitted by a LED at known power. This light beam goes through the capillary and the fluid passing through. It is then collected by an NPN silicon phototransistor. This phototransistor converts the light power into an electrical power.
When a fluid changes, the optical index and the light absorption coefficient change accordingly. It induces a change in the electrical power and allows to detect changes in the fluid.
USB flow sensor software module
Thanks to an intuitive interface, the Elveflow® Smart Interface allows the use of Elveflow® instruments from the simplest commands for beginners to the most complex manipulations for experts… read more
Control your experiments through C, Python, Matlab®, Labview® or the Elveflow® Smart Interface. The Elveflow® Smart Interface is a software application offering all the functionalities that microfluidicists need.
- Apply pressure on line 1.
- When tube 1 is empty bubbles will appear.
- The liquid sensor 1 detects the bubbles and then pressure in line 1 is turned off. Simultaneously a pressure is applied in line 2.
- Then, when the tube 2 is empty, bubbles will appear.
- The liquid sensor 2 detects the bubbles and the pressure in line 2 is turned off. Simultaneously, a pressure is applied in line 1.
- It can be continued as many times as you want.
The microfluidic liquid sensor has many applications. This is one is a smart way to perform bidirectional recirculation without using valves.
Read more about bubble generation
Our applications notes