Miscellaneous
Fact Checked
What is the Difference Between Convex and Concave?
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
Convex and concave are terms that are used to define two different types of curvatures. While both convex and concave relate to some type of curve, they are never used to refer to the same type of curve. However, it is usually possible to classify just about any incidence of curve as either convex or concave.
In order to understand the difference between convex and concave curvatures, it is first necessary to define each term. Convex relates to a curvature that extends outward. The curve can occur at any point along the surface of any object. Perhaps the classic example of a convex curve would be the surface of a ball or sphere.
The ceramic bowl is concave.
The ceramic bowl is concave.
By contrast, concave indicates the presence of a curve that extends inward rather than outward. When an object is concave in nature, the appearance is a section between two points that may appear to be hollowed out. A good example of a concave object would be a bowl or plate.
Curved surfaces of both types are commonly employed as a means of achieving a particular effect. For example, soft contact lenses are shaped into a convex configuration in order to provide a comfortable but snug fit for the shape of the eye. The curved surface of the lens makes inserting the contacts an easier task than the older flat lenses, while also making it possible to wear the curved lenses for a longer period of time.
The surface of the basketball is convex.
The surface of the basketball is convex.
Concave surfaces are found with all types of hollow ware. Along with plates and serving bowls, spoons and forks also exhibit a concave construction that helps the utensil be useful in eating and various tasks in food preparation. When it comes to human form, a concave appearance to the stomach area is often considered to be physically attractive in both genders.
Soft cntact lenses are convex so that they fit the eye.
Soft cntact lenses are convex so that they fit the eye.
Combinations of convex and concave angles are sometimes employed to create interesting visual impact. For example, funhouse mirrors usually employ both concave and convex curves along the surface of the mirror to achieve a specific type of visual distortion. The end result of using this combination of curves has proven to be a source of amusement for carnival goers for well over a hundred years.
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
After many years in the teleconferencing industry, Michael decided to embrace his passion for trivia, research, and writing by becoming a full-time freelance writer. Since then, he has contributed articles to a variety of print and online publications, including WiseGEEK, and his work has also appeared in poetry collections, devotional anthologies, and several newspapers. Malcolm's other interests include collecting vinyl records, minor league baseball, and cycling.
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
After many years in the teleconferencing industry, Michael decided to embrace his passion for trivia, research, and writing by becoming a full-time freelance writer. Since then, he has contributed articles to a variety of print and online publications, including WiseGEEK, and his work has also appeared in poetry collections, devotional anthologies, and several newspapers. Malcolm's other interests include collecting vinyl records, minor league baseball, and cycling.
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Discussion Comments
anon265003
So does a concave mirror magnify the object?
anon247581
I'm confused about the difference between convex and concave given your examples. You say that "A good example of a concave object would be a bowl or plate." Yet later, you name another convex item: the contact lens. "Soft contact lenses are shaped into a convex configuration," but a contact lens appears to be the shape of a bowl (to me, that is). Can you clarify more about the differences? We are studying parabolas in class and I wanted to use the proper term: convex or concave. I think it's concave, but given that a parabola can look like a bowl or a contact lens, now I'm confused. Thanks for your clarification.
anon142084
Misread your question. All triangles are convex, so there are no concave angles inside them.
anon72026
answer 1. for anon 28490: sum of interior angles of any triangle must be 180 degrees.
anon28945
How do you test your tools before applying the product to them? Need to know how to react to them first...ty
anon28490
I need to know about the sum of the interior angles of a triangle?
Will a concave that is not convex always have an interior angle with a measure that is greater than 180 degrees?
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 - The ceramic bowl is concave.
 By: auremar
 The ceramic bowl is concave.
 - The surface of the basketball is convex.
 By: Aaron Amat
 The surface of the basketball is convex.
 - Soft cntact lenses are convex so that they fit the eye.
 By: ruigsantos
 Soft cntact lenses are convex so that they fit the eye.
 - Because concave mirrors enlarge features, they can ease precise make-up application.
 By: shiningmedia
 Because concave mirrors enlarge features, they can ease precise make-up application.


text:
The 2008 Merrimack College Environmental Audit is now available for download. Simply click here.
The overall goals of the campus audit project were four-fold:
- To introduce students to the tools of investigation and the process of quantification of resource use and sustainability using the Merrimack Campus as a study site
- To analyze various resource use patterns and levels of resource use on the Campus from 2000 to 2007
- To establish a baseline to assess ongoing and future sustainability projects To identify and catalog existing efforts to make the College a more sustainable institution
To accomplish these four objectives, we analyzed resource use and the campuses environmental impact through a series of environmental or sustainability lenses. Merrimack College needed to conduct an audit, in order to judge how we are using our resources and if we can use them more efficiently. The audit results will also give us the opportunity to evaluate ourselves in comparison with other schools in the area that have conducted similar audits.
The campus environmental audit is a common tool that many colleges and universities have employed in recent years. A campus environmental audit is both a summary and a report card for a campus and a way to evaluate where and how resources are being used. An environmental audit is also the first step in being able to quantify whether or not current and/or future environmental efforts are actually making a difference. As such, an environmental audit is the beginning of the sustainability planning process. The results can be used to quantify what kinds of impacts the campus community has on the environment and what steps the college can take to reduce these impacts.
It is hoped that the results presented in this audit will serve as a guide for educating people on the current practices and resource use at Merrimack College as well as spawn innovation and new initiatives.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Intellectual vs Logical
From UA Libraries Digital Services Planning and Documentation
|Line 50:||Line 50:|
== Audio Reels ==
== Audio Reels ==
Please see [[Item_Numbering_Variations]] for information on file naming for the Emphasis and Working Lives audio collections.
Revision as of 22:30, 19 February 2010
There are times when the intellectual object does not correspond to the file division. This creates a problem in that the metadata file should be named for the intellectual object, and this is what should be presented to the user; however, the files which compose the intellectual object may not match up to the same boundaries.
We have two examples. One in which the preservation of the representation of the analog object requires retention of the logical representation (a letterbook), and one in which the logical representation is an unrelated artifact (audio reels).
The letterbooks we are digitizing have letters which may begin on one page and end on another, to be followed by another letter on the second page. Hence, the intellectual item is the letter, but it is also the book. The pages of the book do not correspond to the letters. Letter 12 may span pages 6 and part of page 7. How do we number the files and provide intellectual access?
The letters for which we have typed transcripts and/or specific descriptive metadata, have priority for delivery as intellectual items over the letters which do not.
Each letter to be delivered as an intellectual item with associated metadata and transcription or OCR, is considered an item in the collection.
If that letter spans more than 1 page, that letter will have multiple page images, one per page containing a portion of the letter. In the previous example where letter 12 spans pages 6 and part of page 7, those pages would be stored in the item as (assuming this is in the Jemison collection, and letter 12 is the 12th intellectual item scanned in this collection:
Letters for which we do NOT have transcripts or specific descriptive metadata need not be considered separate items. However, they will be included in the book as an intellectual item.
The entire book will be delivered as a separate item within the collection, with its own descriptive metadata. Thus we will be storing some of the same tiff images under more than one file name.
What this means:
Again, if letter 12 spans letterbook pages 6 and part of page 7, and letter 13 is on page 7, and we have transcripts for letters 12 and 13, then the tiff for page 6 will be stored as a part of letter 12, and will also be stored as a part of the book item.
(assuming the book is scanned as the 451st intellectual item and that the page count started with the cover:)
u0003_0000753_0000012_0001.tif (explained above)
u0003_0000753_0000451_0006.tif (the same tiff in the book item)
Page 7 will be stored 3 times: as part of letter 12, as part of letter 13, and as part of the book item.
u0003_0000753_0000012_0002.tif (explained above) u0003_0000753_0000013_0001.tif u0003_0000753_0000451_0007.tif
While this increases the storage cost, it disambiguates the situation while providing the best usability and representation of the intellectual item(s).
Please see Item_Numbering_Variations for information on file naming for the Emphasis and Working Lives audio collections.
Audio reels may or may not correspond to the intellectual object. The capture of the performance may in no way relate to the number of reels used, or where that performance capture began on a reel. That is to say, a performance may span multiple reels, and a reel may contain multiple performances, and a performance may span part of one reel and part of another.
We currently are considering a "performance" to be an intellectual item. That "performance" may simply be a home practice session, a lecture, or some other sensible division of an intellectual whole.
Currently we are creating one WAV file per side of a reel. Obviously, the file names used for these WAV files may not at all correspond to the web delivery file names of the intellectual item.
Case 1: Multiple WAV files per single performance
The performance is the intellectual item. Assuming this is the 14th performance identified in the Rohlig collection, the identifier for this performance is u0008_0000002_0000014. Let's say this performance spans one entire, 2-sided reel and one side of a second reel. Since we have 2 WAV files per reel (one per side) this is 3 WAV files. The numbering to use would be this:
Here we are following the file naming convention used previously for multiple batches of spreadsheets (for large or continuing collections), to indicate that each is only a portion of the whole; to recreate the whole, all these numbered parts would need to be concatenated in the order indicated by the number preceding the extension.
This clarifies that all these files are part of the same performance, but they may NOT have a one-to-one correspondence with the intellectual division of this performance into works.
Thus, if this performance contains 5 different works, to be presented online as 5 MP3 files each with a separate metadata record, those intellectual sub-parts would be represented by the following identifiers:
Documentation in the Admin folder (the Documentation folder of the archive) will contain information spelling out how the separate intellectual items are to be derived from the WAV files.
Case 2: Single WAV file containing multiple performances
Consider the situation where a WAV file spans multiple performances. Again, the performance is the intellectual item. In this case, the WAV file will be duplicated, named for each of the intellectual items it encompasses. If performance 16, 17, and 18 of this collection are on a single WAV file, the following files in storage will be identical:
Again, this increases storage cost but reduces ambiguity and confusion.
Case 3: Part of a performance on part of one WAV file, part of it on another
Let's assume that performance 21 begins on the last part of the 2nd side of reel A (we'll call this WAV X) and ends on the first portion of the 1st side of reel B (we'll call this WAV Y). 2 WAV files each contain a segment of performance 21.
This also implies that performance 20 (or part of it) is on WAV X, and performance 22 (or part of it) is on WAV Y. (This may not be true, but for argument's sake, let's say it is.)
WAV X will then have to be duplicated, once for performance 20 and once for performance 21; and WAV Y will also have to be duplicated, once for performance 21 and once for performance 22. (see previous case above)
The WAV files stored for performance 21 will be named:
This means that we cannot assume that a set of WAV files under an item number contain ONLY the intellectual item indicated; instead, we can only assume that the intellectual item is WITHIN the WAV files so numbered, and reconstruction of the intellectual item requires all the WAV files included in this set.
(updated 2/3/10, Jody DeRidder)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Events Marketing
Examples of SMART Goals for Event Planners
So why are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely) goals needed for events? Event marketing is one of the most complex, expensive, and risky activities. This means that each event should have its own goal and should solve certain problems. Setting SMART event goals will help you to succeed.
What is an event goal?
If an event is a house, your event planner goals are the foundation. The event planner is the one who benefits the most by creating SMART event objectives because they can incorporate all key reasons for developing the event plan.
What is a SMART goal?
A SMART goal is aimed at long-term results. The main and final goal of a marketing event is to create favourable conditions for the promotion of events and to attract customers or attendees. A SMART goal is used to help guide the goal-setting process.
Benefits of SMART goals for your events
Communication time is cut in half when people have a clear set of guidelines and achievable goals. They will always know what to do if something goes wrong. Everyone must be on the same page when planning an event. Having a set of SMART goals to continually be able to refer to acts as an added security blanket. SMART goals for event planning are your safeguard when organising your event and also measuring the results afterwards.
SMART goals vs. traditional goals
According to conventional wisdom, goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. But SMART goals undervalue ambition, focus narrowly on individual performance, and ignore the importance of discussing goals throughout the year. so, there are adherers to rather FAST than SMARt goal planning.
FAST goals
Examples of SMART goals
When organising an event for a client, knowing how to define goals that are SMART goals can be considered part of building relationships. When it comes to an event for employees, the goal may be to increase staff loyalty, increase business efficiency, and build relationships within the team as well as facilitate communication and develop unity between company divisions. As a result of such an event, an employee should feel like a part of a larger group, or it does not work.
How to use SMART goals
Set SMART goals to clarify your ideas, focus your efforts, use your time and resources productively, and achieve what you want for your event. It's fundamental to set objectives and goals for yourself, but don't generalise your goals. Use examples of SMART goals for an event to help you get started. Remember that SMART goals work, but you need a few additional points to maximise their achievability. This guide will help you set SMART goals and actually reach them.
How to set SMART goals
If you are not sure how to set SMART goals for your events, you should apply our examples of SMART goals for event planning.
The task should be relevant not only for the company but also for employees and attendees. This is a significant task if your goal is team development. Employees become motivated to work better, and you will become a more qualified specialist. In the future, this will benefit your event business.
To make sure any task meets the SMART criteria, you must do the following:
 - State what needs to be done and what results should be achieved.
 - Write down a statement of the problem on paper or in the appendix to show to your employees.
 - Make sure that the whole team understands the task correctly and is looking for the same result.
 - If the task is not clear, keep changing the wording until it is no longer ambiguous.
 - Set the criteria for evaluating the task.
 - Make sure that the team has all the resources they need to complete the event task.
 - Give the team the resources they need, or hand over the task to someone who already has them.
 - If there are no resources available, the task will need to be reviewed.
 - Verify that the task is important to the project, team, or individual. If not, there is no need to carry it out.
 - Demonstrate the importance of the task to employees as this will increase their motivation.
 - Set the exact deadline for your goal achievement so that the whole team knows what is expected.
 - Set the time period when the result should be measured.
 - Provide feedback to all event participants and gather their feedback as well.
You also need to consider that when the significance of the task is obvious, employees put more effort into its implementation. Therefore, it is important to explain to the team why they should attain a particular goal.
Mistakes to avoid
First of all, the goals and objectives should be determined by the client. However, if the goal set by the client is vague or not well formulated, the organiser's task is to help him or her come up with a clear definition and wording. At this stage, the help of marketers and other specialists may be needed. Ideally, the event organiser should have all the qualities and resources available to help the client in this matter. Only after the SMART goals and objectives of the event are well defined can you begin to implement them.
Always have a contingency plan for events as a part of your SMART goal. Consider all possible threats to an event or possible risks in advance. Include them in your event budget and strategy. Insurance and useful contacts with local security, municipal administrations, and other support will also be helpful if they can be arranged.
Tips for setting event goals so you can maximise the event's impact
Use these simple tips to set event goals so you can maximise the event's impact:
 - Understand the purpose of the event.
 - Set real event objectives.
 - Know your target audience.
 - Select the right venue.
 - Set appropriate timing.
 - Create content that attracts your target audience.
 - Come up with a message you want to share throughout the event.
 - Choose the lead capture mechanism.
 - examples of SMART goals for event planners.
Call to action
Event managers often seek useful ideas and apps for event planning, such as SMART goals for an event manager, because this significantly simplifies their difficult task and increases event attendance. Use our useful resources to make your event successful.
Event organisers are responsible for observing the events and creating the necessary conditions for the personal safety of participants and spectators to ensure safe and high-quality events. Planners are responsible for everything from the event's organization to health care, trade, communications, transport, consumer services, and mass media. Organisers should set SMART goals and follow the best SMART goals for event planners examples
What do you think? Leave your comments below. Good luck! is the leading event technology provider offering automated solutions for the MICE industry, Corporations, Government, and Education sectors. If you're up for event management automation, contact us and we'll amp up your event.
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text:
Jacob Davis was Born in 1834 in Riga Latvia. He came to the US and then to San Francisco in the 1850s. He moved around the West extensively trying to make a living through the 1860s. In 1870 Jacob settled in Reno tailoring fine clothing and manufacturing utilitarian items such as tents and horse blankets from "duck" (a sturdy cotton fabric) with copper rivets for added strength.
In the late 1870s a woman came to him for a pair of "cheap" pants for her "large" husband who had the habit of going through pants rather quickly. Having found that thread alone did not always adequately hold the pockets onto work pants, Jacob decided to try out rivets, which had proven their worth on horse blankets on the pockets for these pants.
By 1871 Davis was routinely using rivets on the pants he made, first on duck, soon after on denim, and was beginning to be imitated by other tailors. He contacted Levi Strauss, his fabric supplier, to help him apply for a patent. The patent was approved in 1873. Levi invited Davis to San Francisco to oversee production of the riveted pants for the Levi Strauss and Company. Davis continued to supervise the Levi Strauss factory until his death in 1908, the same year that the rivet patent went into public domain.
Click here to see the text of the letter Jacob Davis wrote to Levi Strauss in 1872.


Take Action → On Climate Change → Oppose High Risk Energy
SACE | Southern Alliance for Clean Energy
Oppose High Risk Energy
Advocate for Climate ActionOverview
What's the first step to getting out of a hole? Stop digging. Right now our nation is in a big hole, with an economy based on fossil fuels like coal and other high-risk energy sources like nuclear power. For decades, utilities and leaders in the Southeast have devoted their attention to high-risk energy sources, while keeping energy efficiency and renewables on the back burner.
High risk energy choices are energy options that contribute to global warming pollution, such as coal-fired power plants, or those that pose threats to public health and safety, such as nuclear power plants. These risky energy choices endanger our economy, health, security, water resources, and the environment.
We can overcome our energy challenges by investing in our clean energy opportunities. Increasing energy efficiency and expanding renewable energy throughout the Southeast are the safest, cleanest and most fiscally responsible options we have. But we won't get there by continuing to rely on high-risk energy choices. With limited resources to invest in new energy infrastructure, the Southeast, should maximize potential from energy efficiency and renewable energy first. The stakes are too high to squander limited resources and valuable time.
Current Initiatives


text:
The Astrophysical Journal
Department of Physics and Astronomy
As a study of peculiar velocities of nonlinear structure, we analyze the model of a relativistic thin-shell void in the expanding universe. (1) Adopting McVittie (MV) spacetime as a background universe, we investigate the dynamics of an uncompensated void with negative MV mass. Although the motion itself is quite different from that of a compensated void, as shown by Haines & Harris (1993), the present peculiar velocities are not affected by MV mass. (2) We discuss how precisely the formula in the linear perturbation theory applies to nonlinear relativistic voids, using the results in (1) as well as the previous results for the homogeneous background (Sakai, Maeda, & Sato 1993). (3) We re-examine the effect of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Contrary to the results of Pim & Lake (1986, 1988), we find that the effect is negligible. We show that their results are due to inappropriate initial conditions. Our results (1)-(3) suggest that the formula in the linear perturbation theory is approximately valid even for nonlinear voids.
Dartmouth Digital Commons Citation
Sakai, Nobuyuki and Haines, Paul, "Peculiar Velocities of Nonlinear Structure: Voids in McVittie Spacetime" (1999). Dartmouth Scholarship. 2271.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
GTIP 2008 Interns
Allisa Pack, Glasgow, KY
Debbie Sherfey, Temple Hill Elementary School, Glasgow, KY
This year we received from each teacher intern a final report and evaluation of the program as well as three trail guides to be used for self-study by classroom teachers, homeschool groups and other interested visitors. The final reports included five to ten digital photographs. Additional images will be provided as their students use the park's resources. Each teacher has scheduled and will present two public programs / presentations that will help community members understand the park, park resources, and types of geoscience jobs/careers available. Each of our 2008 intern teachers has also submitted photographs of their work in the park as well as with their students. They have agreed to supply additional photographs as the school year progresses.
In addition, the 2008 intern teachers will work with future Intern teachers as well as those teachers who completed the program in 2006 and 2007 to expand the growing teacher network that will educate local and regional peers, students, and parents on park resources and types of geoscience jobs/careers available, among other topics.
What activities occurred this summer?
During the summer of 2008, the Geoscience-Teachers-in-the-Park worked on a variety of projects. These projects included:
- Working closely with projects initiated and conducted by the 2008 Geoscientist-in-the-Park
- Obtained and documented GPS coordinates for newly discovered cave entrances located within Mammoth Cave National Park
- Developed three (3) self-guided trail guides for homeschool teachers and others who want both an educational experience on the park's trails and the flexibility of going at one's own pace. Trail guides focused on the area's karst surface features (geology) and connected those features to the park's biology and history.
- Assisted in water monitoring project within Mammoth Cave.
- Participated in a geomorphology class to learn more about how the caves formed.
- Participated in a long-term cave cricket monitoring program (comparison of cave population numbers to temperatures and humidity levels, as well as man-made vs. environmental influences on populations).
- Participated in a long-term Allegheny woodrat monitoring program (compares woodrat use of managed cave entrances versus natural cave entrances)
- Assisted in a national bird banding project
- Assisted with bat roost monitoring project.
- Attended several training programs (Project WILD, citizen science workshop, etc.) to increase knowledge of programs and associated skills that could be incorporated into the classroom.
What activities are planned for the academic year?
2008 Teacher Intern Debra Sherfey has:
- engaged her students in a month-long unit of study that examined the local karst landscape. As a culminating activity, all 48 students participated in an off-trail cave tour on September 4th or 5th to: 1) observe cave developments that are a direct result of karst features on the surface, 2) explore un-developed cave passages, 3) examine fossil remains in sito, and 4) appreciate the difficulties experience by early visitors to the cave system. This trip was led by our 2007 Geoscience Teacher-in-the-Park Intern, Sarah Talley.
Some of the ways that the teachers plan to share their experiences with their students include:
- The use of personal experiences and locally based, on-going scientific studies as real-world examples for their students.
- Working with Mammoth Cave (MACA) and Mammoth Cave International Center for Science and Learning (MCICSL) staff to provide hands-on learning and volunteer opportunities for their students.
- One of the teachers stated, "Mammoth Cave offers so many different aspects that can be offered to every child, no matter what their learning style, and broaden their knowledge of an area that is readily accessible to them. As a teacher it is my job to utilize this park and give each student the opportunity to become involved in different projects that they might not otherwise have the opportunity to participate in."
- Use the "What is a scientist?" lesson plan that was developed by the 2007 interns to show students that scientists are not necessarily the stereotypical "old guy in a lab coat with a chemistry set." They hope the lesson plan will ignite an interest in science among their students and encourage them to pursue scientific careers.
- Present a professional development session on Mammoth Cave National Park and the GTIP program to pre-service teachers at each of the Western Kentucky University's campuses (in Bowling Green, Glasgow, Owensboro, and Elizabethtown, Kentucky). This will allow new teachers to learn about the opportunities available at Mammoth Cave prior to beginning their careers.
- Additional community presentations planned


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Biology Articles » Paleobiology » Paleozoology » Dinosaurs In Bullet-proof Vests
Dinosaurs In Bullet-proof Vests
Their armour was perfect; even their eyelids consisted of plates of bone. What are known as ankylosauruses are among the best armoured animals known to us. These herbivores were up to ten metres long, with a tail ending in a huge bony club 'probably used as a weapon', says Torsten Scheyer, 'even though they definitely could not simply swing it back and forth; the whole construction was simply too stiff for that.'
Torsten Scheyer has examined the dinosaurs' armour as part of his diploma thesis. The results are astonishing: 'The armour plating is not nearly as similar to those of the crocodile as was previously assumed,' he adds. 'Their microstructure is substantially more complex, at least in some types of ankylosaurus.'
A complete set of dinosaur chain mail was composed of hundreds of thousands of bony armour plates known as osteoderms. Most of these were smaller than a European one-cent coin, but some also had a diameter of several dozen centimetres and ended in long points. 'Unlike tortoise shells, the individual plates lay next to each other. They were not fused together,' the PhD student Torsten Scheyer explains. This kind of armour was flexible and could thus not break so easily under pressure. Although modern crocodiles have a similar kind of armour, the individual plates have a much simpler structure.
By using a polarisation microscope Torsten Scheyer discovered that collagen fibres were interwoven in the bone calcium of the dinosaur's armour plating, forming mats which were interspersed with each other three-dimensionally. Within each mat the fibres were aligned parallel to one another, with the fibres at right angles to the layer above and below them. 'The armour was thereby endowed with great strength in all directions,' Torsten Scheyer stresses. Today's composite materials are based on the same principle, which are used to make the rotor blades for wind farms or bullet-proof vests except that in these cases the collagen mats are replaced by glass or carbon fibres.
Collagen is a protein found in connective tissue, sinews or cartilage. The ankylosauruses' armour plating was formed in the layer of connective tissue, thereby surrounding the existing collagen network. In the process of fossilisation this network decays, being replaced by minerals. 'In the fossils the pattern of the fibres can often still be traced, even after hundreds of millions of years,' Torsten Scheyer adds.
Some armour plating is even more stable
Palaeontologists divide the ankylosaurus into three subdivisions. The bullet-proof vest structure can only be proved in one of these; a second type has a relatively simple kind of armour plating. In the third group the armour paradoxically consists of what is known as haversian bone, a form which was first described in human beings in the 17th century by the British anatomist Dr. Clopton Havers. In the course of people's lives their bones are restructured. The trabeculae in the inside of the bones dissolve and are replaced by numerous small tubes of bone known as osteons. This reduces the stability of the bones and is one cause of the well-known phenomenon of brittle bones among the elderly. Torsten Scheyer explains, 'Ankylosauruses have these osteons, too, but in contrast to humans these are also strengthened with fibres.'
Possibly these collagen fibres are the reason why this third type of armour plating is even more stable than the 'normal' ankylosaurus armour. 'In this third group the plates of bone are far thinner than in all the other ankylosauruses this cuts down weight and nutrients.' He adds, however, that despite this the armour was probably difficult to crack, not only because of their reinforcement with fibres: 'These thin plates of bone were shaped in such a sophisticated way that they could cope with pressure much better and did not break so easily.'
Source: University Of Bonn, November 17, 2004
rating: 0.00 from 0 votes | updated on: 10 Sep 2007 | views: 367 |
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text:
|Article title||THERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES FLAME RETARDANT SILOXANE COMPOSITIONS|
|Authors||N.S. Perov, T.A. Rudakova, M.A. Beshenko, T.V. Popova, A.N. Ozerin|
|Section||SECTION VI. FIRE PROTECTION OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS|
|Month, Year||08, 2013 @en|
|Abstract||The thermomechanical properties of a number flame retardant siloxane compositions which can be ceramified at high temperatures was investigated. It was shown the existence. The temperature gap of 250–300 degrees was revealed between the decomposition temperature оf silicone matrix and the onset temperature of formation of the porous ceramic structure. It is established, that the greatest protective properties have of the coating with moderately developed porous structure, which thickness, after the formation of a protective layer of coating, do not change due to the collapse of pores. It is concluded that the components of the charge retardant in thermal effects must be involved in the capture of a silicone matrix material, and one or more components of the charge should facilitate the diffusion process of sintering.|
|Keywords||Thermomechanical properties; organosilicon compounds; metal oxides; metal salt; ceramic coatings; mass spectrometry.|
|References||1. Патент US7652090 Fire-resistant silicone polymer composition, 2010.
2. Патент US2011186330 – Ceramisable composition for a power and/or telecommunication cable, 2011.
3. Патент US4269753 Siloxane compositions which can be ceramified at high temperatures, 1981.
4. David C. Timpe Jr. Developing silicon rubber flame resistance. // Rubber&Plastic News, February 11, 2008.


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of seed companies with an impressively wide range,
visit their site and on-line catalogue.
Festuca ovina glauca will yield a mix of plants of various
shades of blue, to select the best coloured ones, prick seedlings
out into seed trays, about 15 in each and then be fairly ruthless
about discarding the greener individuals to get the best coloured
Of almost all
types is successful. Dig them up when actively growing in spring
or early summer and simply pull apart. They will separate at the
naturally weakest region to give two plants with decent root systems.
These can then be planted straight away.
If you wish
to build up stocks from container grown plants, then split the plant
when the roots fill the pot, with one plant sepe4ating into 3 or
4 offspring, and re-pot, place them in a sunny position and make
sure you water them well! This can be repeated as many times as
necessary not forgetting a liquid feed, eventually place them in
2L pots and then plant them in the ground when they fill these.
This will give you the quickest way to a good sized display of good


3D Printing Lending Lab
In the last few years 3D printing has exploded, revolutionizing whatever it touches, from manufacturing to medical sciences to baking. However, the technology is new enough that it has not started filtering down into the schools yet. The Diyode Community Workshop hopes to jumpstart this by providing a 3D Technology Lending Lab for loan to local schools. The lab would include a 3D scanner, printer, a computer loaded with software, and curriculum. This will allow local students to get their feet wet in 3D without the schools having to fight for a new budget item. Funding Goal: $7,000.
Areas of Interest


text:
posted by sam on.
Through a pipe of diameter 16cm, water is pumped from the Colorado River up to Grand Canyon Village, on the rim of the canyon. The river is at 564m elevation and the village is at 2096m elevation.
a) At what minimum pressure must the water be pumped to arrive at the village? The acceleration of gravity is 9.8m/s^3
b)If 4800m^3 are pumped per day, what is the speed of water in the pipe?
c) What additional pressure is necessary to deliver this flow? You may assume that the free-fall acceleration and the density for air are constant over this range of elevations.
a) (density)*g*(elevation change)
= 1.00*10^3 kg/m^3*9.8 m/s^2*1532 m = 15.0*10^6 Pascals
That is about 150 atmospheres.
b) Velocity = (Volume flow rate)/Area
c) Add (1/2)*(density)*V^2 dynamic pressure to the answer in (a)
The density here is the density of water. Air has a neglible effect on the difference between inlet and outlet pressure


culadora de Campos 127
QGIS User Guide, Verso 2.2
$now current date and time
age difference between two dates
year extract the year part from a date, or the number of years from an interval
month extract the month part from a date, or the number of months from an interval
week extract the week number from a date, or the number of weeks from an interval
day extract the day from a date, or the number of days from an interval
hour extract the hour from a datetime or time, or the number
of hours from an interval
minute extract the minute from a datetime or time, or the number
of minutes from an interval
second extract the second from a datetime or time, or the number
of minutes from an interval
Funes de Cadeia de Texto
Este grupo contm funes que operam com cadeias de texto (ex.: substituir, converter, ou tornar maisculas).
lower convert string a to lower case
upper convert string a to upper case
title converts all words of a string to title case (all words lower case
with leading capital letter)
trim removes all leading and trailing white space (spaces, tabs, etc.) from a string
length length of string a
replace returns a string with the supplied string replaced
regexp_replace(a,this,that) returns a string with the supplied regular expression replaced
regexp_substr returns the portion of a string which matches a supplied regular expression
substr(*a*,from,len) returns a part of a string
concat concatenates several strings to one
strpos returns the index of a regular expression in a string
left returns a substring that contains the n leftmost characters of the string
right returns a substring that contains the n rightmost characters of the string
rpad returns a string with supplied width padded using the fill character
lpad returns a string with supplied width padded using the fill character
format formats a string using supplied arguments
format_number returns a number formatted with the locale separator for thousands
(also truncates the number to the number of supplied places)
format_date formats a date type or string into a custom string format
Funes de Cor
Este grupo contm funes para manipular cores.
color_rgb returns a string representation of a color based on its red, green,
and blue components
color_rgba returns a string representation of a color based on its red, green,
blue, and alpha (transparency) components
ramp_color returns a string representing a color from a color ramp
color_hsl returns a string representation of a color based on its hue,
saturation, and lightness attributes
color_hsla returns a string representation of a color based on its hue, saturation,
lightness and alpha (transparency) attributes
color_hsv returns a string representation of a color based on its hue,
saturation, and value attributes
color_hsva returns a string representation of a color based on its hue, saturation,
value and alpha (transparency) attributes
color_cmyk returns a string representation of a color based on its cyan, magenta,
yellow and black components
color_cmyka returns a string representation of a color based on its cyan, magenta,
yellow, black and alpha (transparency) components
Funes de Geometria
Este grupo contm funes que operam na geometria de objectos (ex.:, comprimento e rea).
128 Captulo 12. Trabalhando com Dados Vetoriais
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xat retrieves an x coordinate of the current feature
yat retrieves a y coordinate of the current feature
$area returns the area size of the current feature
$length returns the length size of the current feature
$perimeter returns the perimeter length of the current feature
$x returns the x coordinate of the current feature
$y returns the y coordinate of the current feature
$geometry returns the geometry of the current feature (can be used
for processing with other functions)
geomFromWKT returns a geometry created from a well-known text (WKT) representation
geomFromGML returns a geometry from a GML representation of geometry
bbox
disjoint returns 1 if the geometries do not share any space together
intersects returns 1 if the geometries spatially intersect
(share any portion of space) and 0 if they dont
touches returns 1 if the geometries have at least one point in common,
but their interiors do not intersect
crosses returns 1 if the supplied geometries have some, but not all,
interior points in common
contains returns true if and only if no points of b lie in the exterior of a,
and at least one point of the interior of b lies in the interior of a
overlaps returns 1 if the geometries share space, are of the same dimension,
but are not completely contained by each other
within returns 1 if geometry a is completely inside geometry b
buffer returns a geometry that represents all points whose distance
from this geometry is less than or equal to distance
centroid returns the geometric center of a geometry
convexHull returns the convex hull of a geometry (this represents the
minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set)
difference returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry a that
does not intersect with geometry b
distance returns the minimum distance (based on spatial ref) between
two geometries in projected units
intersection returns a geometry that represents the shared portion
of geometry a and geometry b
symDifference returns a geometry that represents the portions of a and b
that do not intersect
combine returns the combination of geometry a and geometry b
union returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the geometries
geomToWKT returns the well-known text (WKT) representation of the
geometry without SRID metadata
Funes de Registo
Este grupo contm funes que operam em indentificadores de registo.
$rownum returns the number of the current row
$id returns the feature id of the current row
$scale returns the current scale of the map canvas
Campos e Valores
Contm a lista de campos da camada. Valores de amostra podem tambm ser acedida atravs do clique direito.
Seleccione o nome do campo da lista e clique com o boto direito para aceder ao menu de contexto com as opes
para carregar os valores amostra do campo seleccionado.
Docs for QGIS testing. Visit _URL_ for QGIS 2.2 docs and translations.
12.5. Calculadora de Campos 129
QGIS User Guide, Verso 2.2
130 Captulo 12. Trabalhando com Dados Vetoriais
CAPTULO 13
Trabalhando com Dados Raster
Docs for QGIS testing. Visit _URL_ for QGIS 2.2 docs and translations.
13.1 Trabalhando com dados raster
This section describes how to visualize and set raster layer properties. QGIS uses the GDAL library to read and
write raster data formats, including ArcInfo Binary Grid, ArcInfo ASCII Grid, GeoTIFF, ERDAS IMAGINE, and
many more. GRASS raster support is supplied by a native QGIS data provider plugin. The raster data can also be
loaded in read mode from zip and gzip archives into QGIS.
As of the date of this document, more than 100 raster formats are supported by the GDAL library
(see GDAL-SOFTWARE-SUITE in Referncias Bibliogrficas e Web). A complete list is available at
_URL_
Nota: Not all of the listed formats may work in QGIS for various reasons. For example, some require external
commercial libraries, or the GDAL installation of your OS may not have been built to support the format you want
to use. Only those formats that have been well tested will appear in the list of file types when loading a raster into
QGIS. Other untested formats can be loaded by selecting the [GDAL] All files (*) filter.
Working with GRASS raster data is described in section Integrao com SIG GRASS.
13.1.1 O que so dados raster?
Raster data in GIS are matrices of discrete cells that represent features on, above or below the earths surface. Each
cell in the raster grid is the same size, and cells are usually rectangular (in QGIS they will always be rectangular).
Typical raster datasets include remote sensing data, such as aerial photography, or satellite imagery and modelled
data, such as an elevation matrix.
Unlike vector data, raster data typically do not have an associated database record for each cell. They are geocoded
by pixel resolution and the x/y coordinate of a corner pixel of the raster layer. This allows QGIS to position the
data correctly in the map canvas.
QGIS makes use of georeference information inside the raster layer (e.g., GeoTiff) or in an appropriate world file
to properly display the data.
13.1.2 Loading raster data in QGIS
Add Raster Layer
Raster layers are loaded either by clicking on the icon or by selecting the Layer Add
Raster Layer menu option. More than one layer can be loaded at the same time by holding down the Ctrl or
Shift key and clicking on multiple items in the Open a GDAL Supported Raster Data Source dialog.
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Once a raster layer is loaded in


CodeQL library for JavaScript/TypeScript
codeql/javascript-all 1.0.1 (changelog, source)
Search
Member predicate Routing::ValueNode::Range::getRelativePath
Gets a path prefix to be matched against the path of incoming requests.
If the prefix matches, the request is dispatched to the first child, with a modified path where the matched prefix has been removed. For example, if the prefix is /foo and the incoming request has path /foo/bar, a request with path /bar is dispatched to the first child.
If the prefix does not match, the request is passed on to the continuation.
string getRelativePath()


text:
For certain process applications, a reduced level of vacuum may be required. This can be achieved simply by use of a three-way valve, allowing air to be drawn through the pump. However, this will reduce the pump life expectancy.
For applications requiring a reduced level of vacuum, VAC Innovation recommends the use of a VAC Regulator. This allows the vacuum within the process to be set to the desired level, at the same time isolating the pump from the process. The pump continues to run and maintain the set level of vacuum without continuously drawing in air.
VAC Innovation can configure the VAC Regulator with various connectors to suit individual applications.


Eder single or multiclass
graz dating app
The mind itself, and eder single or multiclass state of consciousness humans find themselves in, is integral to mental health and wellbeing, therefore, there is a focus on the mind and consciousness as it relates to psychology, psychotherapy, and the pursuit of happiness. There is much that is unseen or still unknown in our world, yet as time progresses, more is being discovered in the field of science, so this has formed another part of the singles hannover kostenlos pursued by the website.
The universe has fascinated man for eons, so astronomy, cosmology and UFO's are included in the categories.
eder single or multiclass
It was felt that a place was eder single or multiclass that brought together divergent interests such as politics and government, economics and banking, technology, and the impact this has had on the Earth's climate and ecosystems. The founders believe in objectivity, supported by research and reference material where appropriate, and as a result, information shared on the website strives to be balanced and unbiased, but informative.
It is hoped the reader will leave the website having gained further knowledge about a subject of their interest.
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text:
Problem : SAP Material documents associated with goods movements can be tracked via SAP Document Flow. Material documents generated via other processes like initial entry of goods into SAP, stock input into SAP cannot be viewed via document flow.
Solution : Use Transaction code MB03. The menu path for the same is [ SAP Easy Access -> Logistics -> Material Management -> Physical Inventory -> Environment -> MB03 Material Document ]
Step 1 : Enter SAP tcode MB03 and Enter/ Search the material document number and Fiscal year
Step 2 : SAP will display the material document number which includes
- The materials associated with the material document
- Quantities, Plants etc
- Also the Accounting documents ( By clicking on the Accounting Documents button in the toolbar) associated with the material movement if any.
This post is also useful for SAP MM training and SAP PP Training students. If you have issues with SAP IDES Access, like expired user id or locked user id, please contact us and mention your SAP ID and name.
Question 1 : What is the significance of "Posting Date" in the material document?
Question 2 : Can you change the material document after it is being posted?
Question 3 : Find out some (random) material documents generated for material M-01 in the FY 2003 and write them down here
Question 4 : Do Material Document types have a Document Type? ( Similar to SAP Sales Document type )


text: Teradata Intelligent Memory enables users to configure the exact amount of in-memory capability needed for critical workloads. It predictively places the most frequently used data into memory, then automatically updates and synchronizes it. Access to data in-memory eliminates disk I/O bottlenecks and query delays, and increases system throughput. It is three orders of magnitude faster than access to hard disk drives. Virtual storage provides an automated lifecycle management process where the least used data is migrated to less expensive drives.


text:
Written by Calisa Grant, a senior at Thomas Jefferson Campus high school in Brooklyn, New York, and a two-time ACE trained student leader.
At Thomas Jefferson Campus high school in Brooklyn, New York, a few students (myself included) from two of the four schools at the campus have participated in the creation of the Thomas Jefferson Campus Garden. The idea of creating a garden came about from a summer program that was launched by Slow Food NYC Neighborhood Farm. In the summer of 2010, Slow Food NYC Neighborhood Farm created three gardens in Brooklyn. At these gardens, day camps were held – kids were taught how to plant, maintain a garden, and how to cook nutritional food from the produce they planted. A few students and alumni from Thomas Jefferson Campus high school got internships as assistant counselors at the three gardens.
As the school year started in September 2010, Brownsville Multi-Service (BMS), a partner of Slow Food NYC Neighborhood Farm, decided they wanted to do something similar with our school. The director of School Based Health Center (SBHC) at our school who works with BMS started a Wellness Committee at my high school with the students who did the Slow Food garden internship in the summer. The Wellness Committee was formed to promote a healthy lifestyle, and from there, the idea of creating a garden on our campus started.
On Pennsylvania and Blake Avenue in Brooklyn, New York, there is an empty space that is attached to my school. That space used to be a garden that was run by a lady name Mrs. Eileen Peters, but after she left, that space became a home for weeds and trash. But we wanted this to change.
The students in the Wellness Committee, along with the help of a local farmer and a handful of other interested staff and students have worked together to make this space a garden again! The purpose of creating the Thomas Jefferson Campus Garden is to bring fresh, organic vegetables, fruits and herbs into the East New York community. East New York is a community with a high percentage of obesity and diabetes. There is not a sufficient amount of gardens or supermarkets in this community. It is mostly composed of bodegas and fast food restaurants, so the TJC Garden will help change the lives of many in this community. We hope to open a farmers market in the summer of 2011 and sell the produce to the community of an affordable price.


text:
Library Philosophy and Practice 2011
Appraisal of Classification Schemes and Their Effectiveness in Organizing Law Collections in Nigerian Law Faculties
O. I. Amusa
A. O. Iyoro
The University Library,
A law library is an organized collection\information sources to meet the needs of the legal profession and legal information needs of the legal public. Examples of law library are libraries found in court houses, Ministries of Justice, law firms or chambers, faculties of law, etc. A law library is crucial to legal practice and administration of justice because law is a specialized and very technical discipline. Hence, a law library is to legal practitioners, and judicial officers what instruments are to technologist, and apparatus to scientists. In order to accomplish these roles, the library performs the traditional functions of collection development, organization, retrieval and dissemination of legal and related information sources.
Two issues are crucial to the efficiency of law libraries. These issues are collection development, and organization of the collection. Collection development involves selection and acquisition of information sources which translate into collections of a library. Collections of law libraries are the bedrocks of all the services they can offer and determinant of the extent to which such services can be provided. These collections can be categorized into three, primary sources, secondary sources, and finding tools or tertiary sources.
Primary sources are the information sources containing law, they are books of law rather than books on law. Examples are Constitutions, Laws, Acts, Decrees, Edicts, Gazettes, Law reports i.e courts and appellate court decisions, regulations and ruling of administrative agencies. Secondary sources are information sources about law which are not themselves sources of legal authority. They vary widely in quality, form and authority. Although they lack legal authority in a formal sense, some may have a persuasive influence in the process of law-making by virtue of the recognized prestige of their authors or quality of their scholarship. Examples are journals, textbooks, treatises, commentaries, restatements and other periodicals. Finding tools or tertiary sources of legal information are means of locating the primary sources of legal information. They provide access to large body of law, great number of decisions and statutes issued over time. This facilitates effective operations of the doctrine of precedents because judge and legal practitioners can have access to decided cases relevant to a particular case or problem. Examples are digests of decisions, citators, encyclopedia, phase books, annotated statutory compilations, loose leaf services, and indexes.
Collections of a law library must be reasonably good and diverse. Such collections must include all the categories of information sources mentioned above, and available in both print and non print form. Legal information sources in non-print form are available in databases such as LEXIS-NEXIS, LAWTEL, and the INTERNET. FLICK (1997) notes that:
Most of legal resources on the Internet are designed for judges, lawyers, law students and researchers.
He mentioned other legal sites useful to non-lawyers such as Court TV, Nolo press, and Findlaw that offer gateways to helpful resources on legal information.
Organization of collections available in a law library facilitate easy access and retrieval of the information sources. There must be prior organization of the acquired information sources in order to provide access to them when they are needed by the users. Among the means of having access to collections of a law library are registers, bibliographies, and catalogues. These tools provide detail bibliographic information on each of the items in the library, and how they can be retrieved. The processes involved in organizing the resources of a law library is called cataloguing and classification.
Cataloguing deals with physical description of information source called bibliographic descriptions and allocation of subject headings to the information source using Standard Subject Heading List (sear's or LC). Classification on the other hand deals with assigning codes or notation representing the subject of an information source. Classification deals with determination of the subject of an information source and allocation of notation by which that information is shelved in the library. Ama (2003) described classification as
The systematic arrangement of library collections on the shelves. All documents on a subject and are related ones are brought together from the general to the specific.
Classification is crucial to the determination of placement of an information source in a library and where it is placed on the shelf. The extent to which a library collection are catalogued and classified is a factor of easy retrieval and access to the collections. Thus, the focus of this discourse is on examining Classification Schemes and their effectiveness in organizing law collections in Nigerian Law Faculties. Specifically, Common Classification Schemes, Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Library of Congress (LC) and Moy's Classification Scheme for law books will be examined.
Classification involves systematic grouping of information sources by subject contents and translation of the subjects into codes of ordinal numbers. These numbers represent definite subjects and serve as abbreviation for the name of the subjects they represents. The codes are called "call number" or "class mark"
Classification facilitates the following in law libraries:
To classify an information source, the classifier first establishes the main subject of the publication. This is checked with the subject heading in use by the Library. The classifier then checks the index of the classification scheme for the appropriate classification number. The number obtained from the index is confirmed from the schedule.
Classification schemes are the main tool in classifying information sources. They are publications containing systematically listed terms or notations representing discipline and sub-disciplines. They aim at assisting Librarians to organize Library resources, and the users in locating desired information sources easily and quickly. A typical classification scheme is in three parts, schedule, notation, and index. The schedule contain the list of all the main classes and sub-classes of the scheme; the notation is a sign or symbol in a definite order representing disciplines, and subjects listed in the schedule; and the Index is an alphabetical list of subject terms in the schedule with their corresponding notation. Index provides quick access to the schedule.
There are several classification schemes in use worldwide. Popular ones among them are:
Each of these schemes except Bernard Classification Scheme, have provisions for law collections and related disciplines. However, this discourse wilt focus on three schemes that are readily available in Nigeria. These are Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Library of Congress (LC) and Moy's Classification Scheme (MC). Special attention will be placed on their treatment of law collections.
A. Dewey, Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC)
This scheme was developed by the American librarian Melvil Dewey. DDC is structured hierarchically; it proceeds from the general to the specific. It arranges knowledge into 10 broad classes. Each main class is divided into 10 divisions, and each division is further divided into 10 sub-divisions until all the subject terms have been specified. Arrangement of classes in DDC is based on disciplines rather than subjects. The main feature of DDC are:
DDC treated law as a division, in the social science discipline. It provides class mark of 340 - 349 for law collections. These class marks are:
340 - Law
340.02-09 - Standard sub-divisions
3401-9 - Philosophy, and theory of Law, Comparative law, Law
reforms, legal systems, Conflicts of law
341 - International Law
342 - Constitutional and Administrative Law
343 - Military, defence, public property, public finance tax, trade(commerce), industrial law
344 - Labor, social problems and services, education cultural law
345 - Criminal law
346 - Private law
347 - Civil procedure and courts
348 - Law (statutes), regulations, cases
349 - Law of specific socio-economic regions and of specific jurisdiction and areas
Although DDC treated law as a division of social sciences, and allocates ten classes to it, the scheme can be deemed good enough for law collections because it allows for expansion through number building to meet specific subjects in law. The availability of auxiliary tables in the scheme also add to its suitability for law collections. The tables are:
Table 1: Standard sub-division
Table 2: Geographic Areas, Historical periods
Table 3: Sub-Divisions of Individual Literature
Table 4: Sub-Division of Individual Languages
Table 5: Racial, Ethnic and National Groups
Table 6: Languages
Table 7: Groups of persons
B. Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC)
LC was developed out of the desire to fashion out a scheme that will be peculiar and adequately suit the collection of the library of congress in the United States of America. It is a scheme rooted in literary warrant i.e. the existing collections of the Library of Congress. The scheme divided the entire spectrum of knowledge into 26 classes and a class for general works. The classes in the scheme are published in separate schedules. These classes are designated with symbols or notation by letters of Alphabets A-Z, (without letters I, O, W, X, Y,) and Arabic numerals; this is referred to as mixed notation. Each class schedule has a synopsis that provides guidance to classifiers. The scheme start from general knowledge to the specific, and theoretical aspect to practical aspects of subjects.
Outline of the Library of Congress Classification Scheme is done below:
A - General Works
B - Philosophy and Religion
C - Auxiliary, Science of History
D - History, General
E - F - History, America
G - Geography, Anthropology, Folklore
H - Social Sciences
J - Political Sciences
K - Law
L - Education
M - Music
N - Fine Arts, Architecture
P - Language and Literature
Q - Science
R - Medicine
S - Agriculture (plant and animal industry)
T - Technology
U - Military Sciences
V - Naval Sciences
Z - Bibliography and Library Science
From the above outlines


text:
Did You Know?
Universiade is also referred to as the World University Games. Universiade is a combination of words derived from "University" and "Olympiad". The World University Games is an International multi-sport event that began in 1947. It is organized for university athletes by the Fédération Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU), with Canada's universities represented by the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU).
The University's Home Economics Department acquired the Klondike dress that Princess Diana wore during her Royal visit (with HRH Prince Charles) to Edmonton in 1983.
During 1981 and 1982, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's National Energy Policy, world oil prices, Alberta's intense over-reliance on the energy sector, a general recession in the Western world, and high interest rates led to Alberta's economic bust. Thousands of employees were laid off by oil companies and by related service businesses. Bankruptcies, business closures, and bank foreclosures were commonplace occurrences. Local banks and credit unions tumbled. Real estate values experienced a major meltdown. Alberta's imploding markets led to a huge migration out of Alberta.
Alberta's first food banks surfaced in the early 1980s. By the end of the twentieth century, there were 80 food banks scattered throughout the province. On a national scale, the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was entrenched. The Charter changed laws, social attitudes, and advocacy initiatives throughout Canada.
Sports have always been important to Albertans, so, in 1978, Edmonton hosted the Commonwealth Games at the Kinsmen Centre and Commonwealth Stadium. In 1988, Calgary hosted the Winter Olympic Games.
Myer Horowitz was President of the University of Alberta from 1979 to 1989. During his tenure, the University experienced a number of milestones. The University won the bid to host the World University Games (Universiade) in 1983. It was the first time that this event was held in North America. The World University Games had 6,000 participants from 87 countries. In preparation for the event, the University built the Tennis Centre and the Universiade Pavilion (Butterdome) and increased student housing in the Garneau community.
The year 1983 also marked the University's 75th anniversary and was honoured by a variety of celebrations. Prince Charles and Princess Diana made a royal visit to Edmonton and on June 30, 1983 at the special 75th Anniversary Convocation held at the Northern Jubilee Auditorium, the Prince gave an address to the Convocation. Prince Charles also received an honorary law degree. (Read his convocation address.)
Construction of the Business Building began in 1982. The official opening ceremony was held on November 26, 1984. More than 600 people attended, including University President Myer Horowitz and Dean of the School of Business, Roger S. Smith. Other dignitaries who attended the ceremony include the Minister of Municipal Affairs and MLA for Edmonton Strathcona, Julian Koziak; Provincial Minister of Advanced Education, Dick Johnston; University Chancellor Peter Savaryn; Chairman of the University's Board of Governors, John Schlosser; and Robert Stollery, Chairman and CEO of PCL Construction Ltd. Premier Peter Lougheed gave an address that emphasized the challenges Alberta faced in international trade and business. Other platform guests included Mrs Shirley Stollery; Eric Geddes, past chairman of the Business Advisory Council of the School of Business; William A. Weir, President of A.V. Carlson Construction Corporation Ltd; Donald Bittorf, Principal-in-charge of Donald G. Bittorf Architect Ltd; and Peter R. Winters, Chairman of the Building Committee, School of Business.
In the late 1960s, the University made plans for a health sciences centre. Plans became reality with the construction and opening of the Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Phase 1 in 1984.
In 1984, the School of Native Studies was established. In the same auspicious year, the campus radio station CJSR went public.
Premier Peter Lougheed retired and was replaced by Don Getty in 1984. Oil prices took another drop in 1986, further aggravating Alberta's economic plight. In 1989, the Conservatives won the election and imposed a wage freeze on the civil service and cut public services.
On December 14, 1992, Ralph Klein became the Premier of Alberta. His primary mission was to eliminate Alberta's debt. Cutbacks prevailed, particularly in education, social services, and health. Between 1990 and 1994, the Alberta government cut 21% from the University of Alberta's budget.
In July 1993, construction of the University's Book and Record Depository (BARD) began; the facility opened in February 1994. It was located off campus in an old Ikea building.
Construction of the Timms Centre for the Arts, which began in 1993, was a testimony to what could be achieved through donations and partnerships. At a time of intense fiscal restraint, the construction of the Drama Department's $11.23 million Timms Centre was made possible by a large donation from Albert Timms. When Timms passed away in the 1970s, he left the bulk of his estate to the University with the stipulation that his family name be given to a building. By 1993, Timms's estate had grown to more than $7 million. His donation was topped up by other contributions from private donors, major banks, and by the Government of Alberta. The Timms Centre had its first theatrical debut, Ring Round the Moon in 1995.
Paul Davenport was installed as the University's tenth President in 1989. He resigned in 1994 to become President of the University of Western Ontario. That same year, the Governor General presented the University with an official coat of arms. The University's Board of Governors was also forced to declare a state of financial exigency.


Bourbaki: A Mathematical Theory
„A mathematical theory (or simply a theory) contains rules which allow us to assert that certain assemblies of signs are terms or relations of the theory, and other rules which allow us to assert that certain assemblies are theorems of the theory." (p. 16) #Bourbaki #theory #relation #theorem
Bourbaki, Nicolas, Elements of Mathematics: Theory of Sets. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 2004.


emergency relief. Below you will find basic information about divorce laws in Pennsylvania. You will find more information about divorce, including the risks of taking your children out of state while a divorce is pending, on our general Divorce page.
In-depth guide to sexual assault laws in Pennsylvania, including the legal Under a "Romeo and Juliet" exception, the state provides some lee-way when a.
During the early years of the HIV epidemic, many states implemented HIV-specific criminal exposure laws statutes and regulations. As of, 37 states have laws that criminalize HIV exposure. The laws for the 50 states and the District of Columbia were assessed and categorized into five categories. General criminal statutes, such as reckless endangerment and attempted murder, can be used to criminalize behaviors that can potentially expose another to HIV and or an STD.
Many states have laws that fall into more than one of the categories listed above. Criminalization of potential HIV exposure is largely a matter of state law, with some Federal legislation addressing criminalization in discrete areas, such as blood donation and prostitution. These laws vary as to what behaviors are criminalized or what behaviors result in additional penalties. Several states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission.
In 21 states, laws require people with HIV who are aware of their status to disclose their status to sex partners, and 12 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. The maximum sentence length for violating an HIV-specific statute is also a matter of state law. Some states have a maximum sentence length up to life in prison, while others have maximum sentence lengths that are less than 10 years.
Dating pennsylvania
April 14, You asked for a comparison of statutory rape statutes by state. Most states do not refer specifically to statutory rape; instead they use designations such as sexual assault and sexual abuse to identify prohibited activity. Regardless of the designation, these crimes are based on the premise that until a person reaches a certain age, he is legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse. Thus, instead of including force as a criminal element, theses crimes make it illegal for anyone to engage in sexual intercourse with anyone below a certain age, other than his spouse.
Pennsylvania to pay for dating a minimum age, statutory rape laws about who Information on people sending sexually active we dont want him to state laws.
What Are the Self Defense Laws in Pennsylvania?


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So I have a little game which works with small steps, however those steps vary in time, so for example I sometimes have 10 Steps/second and then I have 20 Steps/second. This changes automatically depending on how many steps the user's computer can take. To avoid inaccurate positioning of the game's player object I use
y=v0*dt+g*dt^2/2 to determine my objects y-position, where dt is the time since the last step, v0 is the velocity of my object in the beginning of my step and g is the gravity. To calculate the velocity in the end of a step I use
v=v0+g*dt what also gives me correct results, independent of whether I use 2 steps with a dt of for example 20ms or one step with a dt of 40ms.
Now I would like to introduce air drag. For simplicity's sake I use
a=k*v^2 where a is the air drag's acceleration (I am aware that it would usually result in a force, but since I assume 1kg for my object's mass the force is the same as the resulting acceleration), k is a constant (in this case I'm using 0.001) and v is the speed.
Now in an infinitely small time interval a is k multiplied by the velocity in this small time interval powered by 2. The problem is that v in the next time interval would depend on the drag of the last which again depends on the v of the last interval and so on... In other words: If I use
a=k*v^2 I get different results for my position/velocity when I use 2 steps of 20ms than when I use one step of 40ms.
I used to have this problem for my position too, but adding
+g*dt^2/2 to the formula for my position fixed the problem since it takes into account that the position depends on the velocity which changes slightly in every infinitely small time interval.
Does something like that exist for air drag too? And no, I dont mean anything like Adding air drag to a golf ball trajectory equation or similar, for that kind of method only gives correct results when all my steps are the same. (I hope you can understand my intermediate english, it's not my main language so I would like to say sorry for all the silly mistakes I might have made in my question)


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Gran's Plotting for End Point Detection
©David L. Zellmer, Ph.D.
Gran's plotting is a method of end point detection that uses a linear decrease in the millimoles of chloride in the region well before the end point of the titration curve (Frontside Gran's). If the correct region is found, extrapolation to zero millimoles of chloride will intersect the volume axis at the end point. In the region following the end point, a similar linear plot of silver increase can also be extrapolated to the end point (Backside Gran's). The linearizing functions are based on the Nernst equation E=E1+S logC, where C is the molar concentration of the ion measured. S is the slope of the electrode used, typically +or- 59.2 mV for a univalent ion at 25o C. Solving for C and multiplying by the volume to get millimoles the functions become:
Vo is the initial volume of the solution in the titrated beaker. Vml is the volume added from the buret. E is the potential in millivolts. E1 is the first potential used in the Frontside Gran's Plot. A second value of E1 is used for the Backside plot. In the Backside case we choose the last value plotted. (I know this is confusing. Check out the Example below.) The Scale Factor in the Backside Gran's function is chosen to provide values that graph on the same chart as the Frontside values. The sign for the electrode slope S is reversed in the Backside equation. these differences between Front and Back arise from the fact that we first plot the decrease of the millimoles of Clon the Frontside, then we plot the increase in the millimoles of Ag+ on the backside. The concentrations of silver ion and chloride ion are inversely related through the Ksp expression.
This will all make a lot more sense when you actually try this on a spreadsheet.
To work up the data we have to:
A portion of the E vs. Volume data is shown on this part of the spreadsheet. The Gran's regions are chosen from the parts of the curve that lie on either side of the end point. Don't approach too closely to the end point or the Gran's function will go non-linear. You can check this by plotting the Gran's function vs. volume and checking it for linearity. A common error that students make is to compute the Gran's function for the entire curve, and then wonder why they can't fit a straight line through it.
The formula for the first cell in the Gran's function is shown in the graphic above.
When I first used this function I found that my values went UP as I approached the end point, rather than going down as they should. I fixed this by using a negative value for S, the slope of the electrode response. E1 Frontside is chosen as the first potential used in the Gran's function.
The E1 value for this Backside plot is chosen from cell B39, the last E used in the function. When both functions were plotted on the same graph, the Backside plot was somewhat higher on the graph, so the Scale Factor was adjusted until both plots were about the same size on the graph. (Remember, first plot the Frontside Gran's vs. Volume, then use Paste Special... to paste the Backside series on top of the existing Frontside series.)
The data look linear, so we will proceed with the Linear Least Squares analysis. See the LLS tutorials elsewhere for details on how to do this. In this example:
The values for the Backside column are analogous.
The potentials plotted in this example contain small amounts of potential measurement error common to real analyses. The volume intercepts are near the ideal value of 30.00 mL, but not exactly equal to it. The Frontside value is 30.08 mL and the Backside value is 30.11 mL. Dividing the standard deviation about regression (STEYX()) by the slope gives us an estimate of the volume standard deviation, about +or- 0.28 mL for these plots. The data you use from the lab may contain a lot more error than this, giving rise to some pretty strange looking plots. It is common that the Gran's method fails on one side or the other of the end point.
By the way, a common student error is to place the end point where the Frontside and Backside plots cross each other. This is not correct. Each graph is a separate estimate of the end point, and uses the point where the plot crosses the volume axis.
The lines in the plot shown were created using the Trendline... command in Excel 5.0. Options allow you to select the kind of line used, and how far past the data the line extends so the volume axis can be crossed.
David L. Zellmer, Ph.D.This page was last updated on 3 March 1997
Department of Chemistry
California State University, Fresno


Packaging Component
d_packaging component (compare with d_Component and d_Package)
A Packaging Component is an element that appears very similar to a Component in a diagram but behaves as a Package in the Project Browser (that is, it can be version controlled and can contain other Packages and elements). It is typically used in Component diagrams.
In the Project Browser, the three elements display as shown below:
The Component element cannot contain child Packages or Packaging Components.
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Train DDPG Agent to Swing Up and Balance Cart-Pole System
This example shows how to train a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) agent to swing up and balance a cart-pole system modeled in Simscape™ Multibody™.
For more information on DDPG agents, see Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Agents. For an example showing how to train a DDPG agent in MATLAB®, see Train DDPG Agent to Control Double Integrator System.
Cart-Pole Simscape Model
Open the model.
mdl = 'rlCartPoleSimscapeModel';
The cart-pole system is modeled using Simscape Multibody.
For this model:
 - The force action signal from the agent to the environment is from –15 to 15 N.
 - The observations from the environment are the position and velocity of the cart, and the sine, cosine, and derivative of the pole angle.
 - The episode terminates if the cart moves more than 3.5 m from the original position.
 - The reward rt, provided at every timestep, is
 - θt is the angle of displacement from the upright position of the pole.
 - xt is the position displacement from the center position of the cart.
 - ut-1 is the control effort from the previous time step.
 - B is a flag (1 or 0) that indicates whether the cart is out of bounds.
For more information on this model, see Load Predefined Simulink Environments.
Create Environment Interface
Create a predefined environment interface for the pole.
env = rlPredefinedEnv('CartPoleSimscapeModel-Continuous')
env =
SimulinkEnvWithAgent with properties:
 Model : rlCartPoleSimscapeModel
 AgentBlock : rlCartPoleSimscapeModel/RL Agent
 ResetFcn : []
 UseFastRestart : on
The interface has a continuous action space where the agent can apply possible torque values from –15 to 15 N to the pole.
Obtain the observation and action information from the environment interface.
obsInfo = getObservationInfo(env);
numObservations = obsInfo.Dimension(1);
actInfo = getActionInfo(env);
Specify the simulation time Tf and the agent sample time Ts in seconds
Ts = 0.02;
Tf = 25;
Fix the random generator seed for reproducibility.
Create DDPG Agent
A DDPG agent approximates the long-term reward, given observations and actions, using a critic value function representation. To create the critic, first create a deep neural network with two inputs (the state and action) and one output. The input size of action path is [1 1 1] since the agent can apply an action as one force value to the environment. For more information on creating a deep neural network value function representation, see Create Policy and Value Function Representations.
statePath = [
actionPath = [
commonPath = [
criticNetwork = layerGraph(statePath);
criticNetwork = addLayers(criticNetwork,actionPath);
criticNetwork = addLayers(criticNetwork,commonPath);
criticNetwork = connectLayers(criticNetwork,'CriticStateFC2','add/in1');
criticNetwork = connectLayers(criticNetwork,'CriticActionFC1','add/in2');
View the critic network configuration.
Specify options for the critic representation using rlRepresentationOptions.
criticOptions = rlRepresentationOptions('LearnRate',1e-03,'GradientThreshold',1);
Create the critic representation using the specified deep neural network and options. You must also specify the action and observation information for the critic, which you already obtained from the environment interface. For more information, see rlQValueRepresentation.
critic = rlQValueRepresentation(criticNetwork,obsInfo,actInfo,...
Construct the actor in a similar manner to the critic. For more information, see rlDeterministicActorRepresentation.
actorNetwork = [
actorOptions = rlRepresentationOptions('LearnRate',5e-04,'GradientThreshold',1);
To create the DDPG agent, first specify the DDPG agent options using rlDDPGAgentOptions.
agentOptions = rlDDPGAgentOptions(...
agentOptions.NoiseOptions.StandardDeviation = 0.4;
agentOptions.NoiseOptions.StandardDeviationDecayRate = 1e-5;
Then, create the agent using the specified actor representation, critic representation and agent options. For more information, see rlDDPGAgent.
agent = rlDDPGAgent(actor,critic,agentOptions);
Train Agent
 - Run each training episode for at most 2000 episodes, with each episode lasting at most ceil(Tf/Ts) time steps.
 - Stop training when the agent receives an average cumulative reward greater than –400 over five consecutive episodes. At this point, the agent can quickly balance the pole in the upright position using minimal control effort.
 - Save a copy of the agent for each episode where the cumulative reward is greater than –400.
For more information, see rlTrainingOptions.
maxepisodes = 2000;
maxsteps = ceil(Tf/Ts);
trainingOptions = rlTrainingOptions(...
Train the agent using the train function. Training this agent process is computationally intensive and takes several hours to complete. To save time while running this example, load a pretrained agent by setting doTraining to false. To train the agent yourself, set doTraining to true.
doTraining = false;
if doTraining
 % Train the agent.
 trainingStats = train(agent,env,trainingOptions);
 % Load the pretrained agent for the example.
Simulate DDPG Agent
simOptions = rlSimulationOptions('MaxSteps',500);
experience = sim(env,agent,simOptions);
See Also
| |
Related Topics


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Old Sulehay, Northamptonshire: Partially concealed concrete floors and bricks are scattered among the autumn leaves
Under the great grey beeches at the western end of this Wildlife Trust reserve, a narrow muddy trail branches off the main ride and winds along the northern edge of the wood.
A hefty chunk of white porcelain is the first indication of a history slowly being absorbed by brambles and trees. Partially concealed concrete floors, bricks, broken toilets and fragments of cast iron are scattered among the autumn leaves, indicating that this wood was once inhabited. A decaying British army boot from the second world war hints at a military past.


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Do orca whales eat moose?
The Orca's diet includes fish, squid, seals, sea lions, walruses, birds, sea turtles, otters, other whales and dolphins, polar bears and reptiles. They have even been seen killing and eating swimming moose.
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What is creamed honey?
Creamed honey is also known as whipped honey, churned honey, spun honey and even 'honey fondant'. This naturally conjures up thoughts of a thick, creamy consistency, and of the type of process that is likely to be involved, but the reality is far different!
Honey will naturally crystallize with age; this occurs when the sugars harden and the honey thickens as a result. This process is completely normal and does not mean that the honey has gone off or spoilt as some people may think. The easiest way to reconstitute the honey back to its original pouring consistency is to place the jar of honey in some warm water. Be careful, because much hotter than about 40oC and you run the risk of killing all the good enzymes, vitamins and minerals.
Creamed honey is actually honey that has undergone controlled crystallization. The crystals are incredibly fine – much smaller than normal – giving it the luxurious feel of double cream on the tongue! Production involves adding a 'creamed honey culture' which then starts to spread throughout the honey, creating those fine crystals. The entire process may take anything from a few weeks up to a number of months to complete, depending on the sugar structure of the honey.
What do with creamed honey? Well, it has an irresistably smooth, spreadable consistency. Use it in exactly the same way as you would any other honey. Add a little creamed honey to buttered crumpets for a yummy breakfast dish that's hard to beat!
What is Creamed Honey?
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Simply put, a business capability model is a functional breakdown of what a business does, usually going from quite coarse definitions of high-level business functions (think "Product Management") to a component function at a more detailed level (e.g. "Detailed Design"). How far down do you go? To a level that makes sense for the business (bearing in mind that some functional areas are more critical and/or complex than others, so a deeper dive is warranted) and that describes a useful service that the business provides, either internally or externally. It is not as far down as individual tasks and activities; that is usually too detailed to be useful as a strategic management tool. In practice, it is unusual to get strategic value digging any deeper than 3 − 4 levels; beyond that point it is more likely to be confusing than illuminating.
Why is it useful? A capability model forms a stable base on which to build many analyses of the business, is a touchstone for management conversations by giving a common understanding of the business (the "same page" we'd all like to be reading from), and serves as a foundation for other enterprise architecture tools. How? By being a description of WHAT the business does, which changes slowly and rarely, if at all, over many years. A lot of architecture practices like to start with a process model (which IS a useful tool) that describes HOW the business does things, but not only is that subject to frequent change (even disruption), most businesses are putting significant effort into process improvements; i.e. they are continually trying to change HOW they do things. This makes an unstable basis for strategic business design.
Some other useful definitions and descriptions can be found at these links:


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Latest Blog Posts
What colors are best for emergency signage? A research team lead by Kinateder determined that when study "Participants were immersed in a virtual room with two doors (left and right), and an illuminated sign with different colored vertical bars above each door.... On each trial, a fire alarm sounded, and participants walked to the door that they thought was the exit.... Participants predominantly walked toward green signs, even though the exit signs in the local environment—including the building where the experiment took place—were red. However, in a post-experiment survey, most participants reported that exit signs should be red. The results demonstrated a dissociation between the way observers thought they would behave in emergency situations (red = exit) and the way they did behave in simulated emergencies (green = exit). These findings have implications for the design of evacuation systems."
Max Kinateder, William Warren, and Karen Schloss. 2018. "What Color Are Emergency Exit Signs? Egress Behavior Differs from Verbal Report." Applied Ergonomics, vol. 75, pp. 155-160, _URL_
The professional implications of dynamic office workstations (DOWs) were evaluated by Schellewald, Kleinert, and Ellegast. They conducted "a 12 week observational study, 36 employees were given free access to eight DOWs (cycling devices). Characteristics of use (i.e., frequency, duration, speed, variation of speed) were self-determined but registered objectively for every event of use.... employees rated their well-being immediately before (pre) and after (post) using a DOW....we found significant relationships between positive changes in the dimensions recovery, calm, and mood on the one hand and specific characteristics of use (i.e. duration, speed and variation of speed) on the other hand. Therefore it can be assumed, that there are possible dose-response relationships between characteristics of use of DOWs and positive changes of well-being. The implementation of DOWs might be a way to contribute to workers' psychological health."
V. Schellewald, J. Kleinert, and R. Ellegast. 2019. "Evaluating Relationships Between the Use of Dynamic Office Workstations (DOWs) and well-being." Wellbeing at Work in a Changing World: Challenges and Opportunities, Book of Abstracts, Paris, May 22-24, p. 135.
Cajochen and colleagues investigated the effects of using LEDs that mimic daylight on user experience. They "tested an LED lighting solution mimicking a daylight spectrum.... young males twice spent 49 hours in the laboratory under a conventional-LED and under a daylight-LED condition.... volunteers had better visual comfort, felt more alert and happier in the morning and evening under daylight LED than conventional LED, while the diurnal melatonin profile, psychomotor vigilance and working memory performance were not significantly different." Details on the light sources: "the spectral composition of the two LED types was different.... The blue peak in the conLED was more pronounced at 450 nm as compared to a smoother spectrum of the dayLED. The dayLED had a higher spectral irradiance below 440, between 460 and 520 and over 620 nm, so it was more closely matched to daylight."
C. Cajochen, M. Freyburger, T. Basishvili, C. Garbazza, F. Rudzik, C. Renz, K. Kobayashi, Y. Shirakawa, O. Stefani, and J. Weibel. "Effect of Daylight LED on Visual Comfort, Melatonin, Mood, Waking Performance and Sleep." Lighting Research and Technology, in press, _URL_
Huang and colleagues studied preferences for different lighting conditions. They investigated "the correlation between the perceived whiteness of lighting and the corresponding colour preference of observers.... meta-analysis results confirm our former statement that people prefer whiter illumination.... it was further demonstrated that for the scenarios with multiple correlated colour temperatures ranging from 2500 K to 5500 K people indeed preferred perceptually whiter light chromaticities, while for correlated colour temperatures higher than 5500 K it seemed that they appeared too cold to be preferred."
Z. Huang, Q. Liu, M. Luo, M. Pointer, B. Wu, and A. Liu. "The Whiteness of Lighting and Colour Preference, Part 2: A Meta-Analysis of Psychophysical Data." Lighting Research and Technology, in press, _URL_
How are crime and the amount of walking done in that area related? Foster and teammates found that "Interrelationships between neighborhood walkability, area disadvantage, and crime may contribute to the inconsistent associations between crime and walking.... Participants... from 200 neighborhoods spanning the most and least disadvantaged in Brisbane, Australia, completed a questionnaire and objective measures were generated for the individual-level 1,000-m neighborhood.... High perceived crime was associated with reduced odds of transport walking, whereas high objective crime was associated with increased odds of transport walking. Patterns did not differ by neighborhood disadvantage." Developing neighborhoods that encourage walking is often an important design goal.
Sarah Foster, Paula Hooper, Nicola Burton, Wendy Brown, Billie Giles-Corti, Jerome Rachele, and Gavin Turrell. "Safe Habitats: Does the Association Between Neighborhood Crime and Walking Differ By Neighborhood Disadvantage?" Environment and Behavior, in press, _URL_
Hubner and Fillinger investigated how the apparent balance and stability of elements in images influenced how much they were liked. They determined that "for the multiple-element stimuli, there was a positive relation between balance/stability and liking.... each element in a picture has a certain visual 'weight' depending on its features like size, shape, and color (Arnheim, 1954).... a heavy weight located on one side of the fulcrum can be balanced by a lighter weight positioned further away on the other side.... Pierce (1894) observed that balance is mainly applied for the horizontal arrangement of elements, whereas for vertical arrangements stability plays a greater role. For instance, pictures were preferred when they had more weight in their lower part rather than in their upper half..... pictures were rated as more balanced if the center of mass was closer to the geometric center of the picture." The authors point out that balance/stability are just two of the factors that can influence visual preference.
Ronald Hubner and Martin Fillinger. "Perceptual Balance, Stability, and Aesthetic Appreciation: Their Relations Depend on the Picture Type." i-Perception, in press, DOI: 10.1177/2041669519856040
Stork and colleagues investigated how music influenced mood and enjoyment of sprint interval training (SIT). They determined that "Motivational music enhanced affect [mood] and enjoyment of sprint interval training (SIT). Heart rate and peak power output were elevated during SIT in the music condition. Perceived exertion was similar across music, podcast, and no-audio SIT conditions.... While sprint interval training (SIT) is time-efficient and can elicit meaningful health benefits among adults who are insufficiently active, one major drawback is that people can find it to be unpleasant.... effects of researcher-selected motivational music during a low-volume SIT protocol performed by insufficiently active adults [were investigated].... The application of music during SIT has the potential to enhance feelings of pleasure, improve enjoyment, and elevate performance of SIT for adults who are insufficiently active, which may ultimately lead to better adherence to this type of exercise." Music played by researchers was described as fast-tempo and "upbeat." Study participants listened to the selected music, podcasts, or neither the music nor the podcasts.
Matthew Stork, Costas Karageorghis, Kathleen Ginnis. "Let's Go: Psychological, Psychophysical, and Physiological Effects of Music During Sprint Interval Exercise." Psychology of Sport and Exercise, in press, _URL_
Research conducted by Cohen and her colleagues indicates that smells influence our memory performance; which can support strategic scentscaping of environments. The investigators had participants complete "an olfactory Pavlovian category conditioning task in which trial-unique exemplars from one of two categories were partially reinforced with an aversive odor. Participants then returned 24 h later to complete a recognition memory test. We found better corrected recognition memory for the reinforced versus the unreinforced category of stimuli in both adults and adolescents. Further analysis revealed that enhanced recognition memory was driven specifically by better memory for the reinforced exemplars. Autonomic arousal during learning was also related to subsequent memory. These findings build on previous work in adolescent and adult humans and rodents showing comparable acquisition of aversive Pavlovian conditioned responses across age groups and demonstrate that memory for stimuli with an acquired aversive association is enhanced in both adults and adolescents." So, memories formed are stronger when an unpleasant smell is present when whatever is to be remembered is initially experienced. In the Cohen-lead study, participants reported smells that they thought were unpleasant before the data gathering began and unpleasant smells used included manure and rotting fish.
Alexandra Cohen, Nicholas Matese, Anastasia Filim