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The history of music in Britain may be 1000 years older than originally thought.
Archaeologists have found what could be the remains of Europe's oldest stringed instrument.
A small wooden fragment thought to be from a 2300-year-old lyre was found at an excavation site in High Pasture Cave on the isle of Skye.
Music archaeologists Dr Graeme Lawson and Dr John Purser studied the piece and said the notches where strings would have been placed are easy to distinguish on the artefact, despite it being been burnt and broken.
Dr Lawson, of Cambridge Music-archaeological Research, said: "For Scotland, and indeed all of us in these islands, this is very much a step-change.
"It pushes the history of complex music back more than a thousand years into our darkest pre-history. And not only the history of music but, more specifically, of song and poetry because that's what such instruments were very often used for.
"The earliest known lyres date from about 5000 years ago in what is now Iraq, and these were already complicated and finely made structures. But here in Europe even Roman traces proved hard to locate. Pictures maybe but no actual remains."
It is the location of the discovery which has truly amazed the archaeologists.
Dr Lawson added: "Here is an object which places the Hebrides, and by association the neighbouring mainlands, in a musical relationship not only with the rest of the Barbarian world but also with famous civilisations.
"It now becomes a world that was held together not just by technology and trade but also by something as ephemeral and wonderful as music and poetry and song."
Until now the oldest stringed instruments found in Europe were lyres dated around 600AD, which were played by Vikings in Scandinavia.
A lyre is an U-shaped harp instrument associated with ancient Greece.
Dr Purser, a cultural historian, said: "What, for me, is so exciting about this find is that it confirms the continuity of a love of music amongst the Western Celts.
"Stringed instruments, being usually made of wood, rarely survive in the archaeological record but they are referred to in the very earliest literature and, in various forms, were to feature on many stone carvings in Scotland and Ireland and to become emblematic in both countries."
High Pasture Cave on Skye has been a focus of Bronze Age and Iron Age research since 1972. Evidence of craft, metalworking and debris from major feasting events have been found on the site, which extends back at least 5000 years.
The artefact was discovered in 2010 and was transferred to consultancy firm AOC Archaeology in Edinburgh for conservation.
Managing director Dr Andy Heald said: "Previous to this, the earliest musical representation we had encountered had been a carved concert lyre and plectrum on the side of an exquisite Roman altar we excavated from Musselburgh in 2010.
"But to have an actual fragment of an even earlier lyre really fires the imagination. It brings another dimension of our Iron Age antecedents to life."


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Case Study: Confined Site Investigation.
IKM carried out a soil contamination assessment on a site occupied by a three storey building, in the Tradeston area of Glasgow. The building was to be retained for refurbishment as flats and so the investigation had to be carried out within the confines of the building.
The project involved the drilling of boreholes and the installation of monitoring wells through the ground floor of the building. These allowed the sampling of soils, groundwater and soil gas below the footprint of the building.
Planning of the investigation gave consideration to the constraints faced with drilling indoors. A suitable drilling rig was sourced and access and egress assessed before works commenced. Consideration was also given to the existing fabric of the building, services and ventilation during the operation of the rig.
A period of soil, groundwater and soil gas sampling was undertaken and the results used to provide a detailed quantitative risk assessment of the site to address the requirements of the regulators and planning conditions.
By providing this bespoke solution to investigate below the footprint of an existing building, IKM were able to:
- Collect representative samples without major disruption to the existing building.
- Identify contaminants which could possibly put constraints on the development.
- Provide a detailed assessment of conditions with respect to its proposed use.
- Provide specific remedial recommendations such as vapour membranes, soil capping and groundwater extraction at an early stage of design.
- Address planning conditions and so allow the development programme to progress quickly.
State of the art recycling facility for Glasgow IKM...read more.
IKM Consulting sets sail for Port Edgar Marina as new...read more.
New Scots-Irish partnership targets environmental sector: IKM Consulting...read more.
IKM Consulting appointed to £7M school project: IKM Consulting, has...read more.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


_USER_{Gross2006high, abstract = {With a focus on the role of cultural clustering and income distribution, this paper investigates whether standard determinants influence international migration of workers to France with the same intensity across different skill levels and with or without free mobility. We find that low-skill migrants respond to most push and pull migration factors. High-skill migrants however respond only to financial incentives and cultural clustering does not matter. Migration policy is effective at controlling flows of low-skill migrants but free mobility has no impact on high-skill flows. Hence, France must rely on growing earnings and skillpremium to attract high-skill workers from high income countries.}, address = {M\"{u}nchen}, author = {Dominique M. Gross and Nicolas Schmitt}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {F22; J24; O24; 330}, language = {eng}, number = {1797}, publisher = {CESifo}, title = {Why do lowand high-skill workers migrate?: flow evidence from France}, type = {CESifo working paper}, url = {_URL_ year = {2006} }


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Happiness May Bring Better Health
Upbeat Outlook Reaps Biological Benefits, Says Study
April 18, 2005 -- There's new evidence that happiness and health may overlap.
In a recent study of British civil servants, the happiest participants had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Their hearts kept a mellower pace than those of less happy participants, and they didn't flip out as much during a mental stress test.
Happiness might even hedge against heart disease, suggests the study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Under stress, the happiest participants had lower increases of plasma fibrinogen, a sign of inflammation that can predict heart disease.
"Our findings indicate that positive affective states are related to favorable profiles of functioning in several biological systems and may thereby be relevant to risk of development of physical illness," says the study.
Translation: Being happy may be good for your physical health.
Homing In on Happiness
Participants were 216 government employees in London. They were white, 45-59 years old, more than three years away from retirement, and hadn't been diagnosed with heart disease or high blood pressure. The women were all starting or had completed menopause.
Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored on a workday and a weekend day. The researchers measured levels of blood fibrinogen and saliva cortisol -- a stress-related hormone that increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Measurements were taken after a mental stress test. After each test, participants rated their happiness level on a scale of 1 (low) to 5 (high).
The happiest people in the group had the best results across the board.
For instance, their levels of the stress hormone cortisol averaged 32% lower than the least happy people. Happiness was also associated with lower ambulatory heart rate, even after considering other factors (age, smoking, employment level, BMI, and physical activity).
During the mental stress tests, most participants (68%) had an increase in plasma fibrinogen. The least happy people were nearly four times (3.72) as likely to have their plasma fibrinogen level increase under stress, compared to the happiest people.
Apart from the stress test, plasma fibrinogen was not associated with happiness, report the researchers, who included Andrew Steptoe, DPhil, DSC, of University College London. Steptoe specializes in psychology and health.
Working for the Weekend?
Taking readings on a workday and during weekend leisure time showed if participants were happier on or off the job.
For those with lower happiness levels, that was true to some degree. But the happiest people generally stayed that way, whether they were on the job or not.
The study amounted to a snapshot of happiness. It wasn't a long-term project, so there's no information on how the findings translate into health outcomes later on.
Age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic position were not associated with happiness level. That is, happiness didn't favor people who were married, single, male, or female. It wasn't just for those with the biggest salaries or most status, or just for the young or old (though the group was middle-aged, overall).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Museum of Contemporary Art MAC Nitéroi, Rio de Janeiro
The captive plane trajectory in the Parque do Flamengo in Rio de Janeiro is a regular meeting point for lovers of model airplanes. Connected to the pilot via two thin ropes, the motor-powered planes circle around a trajectory designed by landscape architect Burle Marx as part of the city's large-scale modernization project in the 1950s. Researching the plane trajectory, the artist found that its orbital radius is almost identical to the dimensions of the circular panoramic corridor of the nearby Museum of Contemporary Art MAC Niterói, built by Oskar Niemeyer.
More than 16 custom-made directional microphones recorded the engine noise of the captive planes. This sound was later transferred to the museum's Panorama Corridor, using the same number of loudspeakers spread across the 360° viewing platform that overlooks Guanara Bay. Except for the sound installation and a video loop of the model aircrafts at the end of the exhibition, the hall was completely empty. Playing out the sound in the same direction of movement, and in a reference to the matching radius of trajectory and panoramic corridor, the installation created the illusion of an invisible plane permanently circling inside the museum space. It was the sound, or more precisely the construction of a surround system, which conveyed the peculiarities of the architecture to the visitor.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Kincardine LighthouseKincardine, ON
Built into the bank of the Penetangore River in 1881, the Kincardine lighthouse serviced a busy fishing and local salt shipping industry. This octagonal wooden tower is the only 'downtown' lighthouse on the Bruce Coast. The Kincardine lighthouse stands 24.4 metres (74 feet) tall, and is built above a two-story light keeper's house.
The eight-sided tower rests on a stone foundation. Above the rear-entrance door, the year '1880′ is inscribed in the cornerstone. Barrels of kerosene, used to fuel the lamp, were hoisted up these stairs by the keepers. The tower is capped by a red iron lantern and balcony, painted in the familiar 'lighthouse red'. The first lamp had shutters that rotated by weighted chains to make the light flash. In 1922, the lamp became electrically powered and, today, large lenses rotate around a 500-watt bulb.
- Type of Light:
- Electrically Powered
- 74 ft
- House Type
- Year Built:
Featured Story: "Living in the Lighthouse"
Susan and Jack Westell moved to the Kincardine lighthouse when they were nine and six respectively. Their father Oran was the lighthouse keeper from 1929 – 1955. They moved from just down the road and their dog, Buster, was reluctant to go but eventually they got him to walk down to the lighthouse a little at a time.
During the depression the monthly salary for a lighthouse keeper was $15. Susan remembers receiving 25¢ a week to open and close the blinds in the light room. Her older brother John remembers only receiving 10¢ in his day as blind keeper. The lighthouse was unfurnished when the family moved in so they had to bring furniture with them. In the kitchen they had a coal stove, which was the only source of heat for a long time, and for refrigeration they used an ice box.
- July 1st to Labour Day: 11am to 5pm daily
- _PHONE_, _PHONE_


Fort Bragg's Artifacts are Our History
Photo courstey of
In Fort Bragg, California history literally washes ashore. These artifacts are actually the remains of the area they had dumped all the glass. Along the shore you can see rare ruby reds (from pre-1967 auto tail lights) or sapphire gems from apothecary bottles. Sea Glass Beach in Fort Bragg is full of glass that over time has been smoothed over but is not for the taking, according to
The Great Quake of 1906 instantly reduced most of downtown Fort Bragg's buildings to rubble. Many buildings were damaged, the devastation was wide-spread and overwhelming Before this earthquake the people of Fort Bragg, disposed of their trash on their property, by burning and reusing. The people of Fort Bragg realized there was too much debris to burn, according to, stated They chose to clear the huge amount of debris by dumping it in the ocean, thinking it would wash away. Much to their surprise, the debris did not wash out of the cove, creating an ocean dump.
According to, since glass is the longest lasting item in an old trash dump (doesn't rust or decompose), most of the sea glass begins its life as old glass bottles, including those beautiful colored glass bottles, and then it ends up on the beach.
"Years of pounding waves and tidal action have crushed, rounded and polished tons of glass and piled it onto the beach. You'll find the occasional reminder of it's earlier life, but for the most part what you'll see is millions of pieces of sea glass sparkling in the sun," according


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Coastal Cosmos is the centrepiece work from the The Carbon Coast Series I which centres around the amazing qualities of our planet and recognises that Carbon & Water sustain life as we know it. The components of life are all created with carbon with its unique ability to create a diverse array of properties - represented in this macro photographic image of coastal organic matter. The coastal aspect reflects the important relationship of water and carbon in our environment and the essential balance they provide to sustaining life. This photograph references astronomical elements to signify the formation of the planet earth from elements such as carbon contained in the prehistoric dust of stars.
"We owe the remarkable diversity of life on earth...to the cosmic abundance of carbon & the countless number of complex & simple molecules that contain it" Neil deGrasseTyson.
Framed Photograph - Limited edition 1 of 5. Total size including white timber frame: 60 x 90 cm.
CLICK ON IMAGE TO VIEW FRAMED.


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DOE/NNSA NEWS RELEASE
The U.S. Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration proposes to install two eight-foot-wide microwave dishes and accompanying infrastructure on the roof of a leased property in Santa Fe, NM. The microwave dishes are needed to provide redundant network capabilities with the communications tower recently installed at Technical Area 53 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).
Installation would include the two microwave dishes and accompanying infrastructure on the roof of the Pacheco Complex in Santa Fe and two eight-foot microwave dishes on the cellular tower located at the bend of Leda Road in TA-53 at LANL. The existing tower at TA-53 is a 70-foot-tall monopole structure with radio antennae. Investigations of microwave technology have identified a clear line of sight of approximately 22 miles between the Pacheco Complex and the TA-53 communications tower.
The microwave dishes would be used alongside the primary overhead fiber-optic cable to provide the required level of bandwidth (5 Gbps) to keep communications intact. LANL has identified a need for this project by recognizing the vulnerability for communications with the existing fiber-optic line between LANL and Santa Fe due to power outages and mechanical failures. The Categorical Exclusion can be accessed online at _URL_


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What is needed?
Studio teaching requires a couple of changes from traditional classroom layouts and scheduling.
First, studio activities are not really possible when students sit in rows facing the front of a classroom. Instead, students must sit together and look at each other. So, a traditional lecture hall is not an appropriate venue. Round tables are ideal, but standard lab tables can work just as well. Many instructors simply have their studio classes meet in the rooms that normally are only used for labs.
Second, standard class scheduling also hinders studio teaching. At most colleges and universities, class lecture sessions meet for three standard 50 minute periods, or two 80 minute periods per week. Lab sessions are generally 2 hours or longer in the afternoons. While it is possible to teach a studio class in 1 hour blocks, it is much better to have longer class periods. Two sessions per week, of 3 hours each, comes out to about the same number of contact hours as a traditional class, and works much better. The distinction between lab and lecture should, and can, be eliminated. During the longer time blocks, students may work on a number of different projects and may not all be doing the same things.


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Users who have the Administrator role can export all the information stored in a process instance with just one click. This can be done at any stage of the workflow, even if the process instance has finished or if there are ongoing tasks.
To download a process instance, you should follow the following steps:
1) Open the process instance you want to view.
2) Click on the 'Process instance history' icon.
3) Navigate to the 'Full Report' task and download it.
If you click on 'Download Report' and you don't click the checkbox shown in the image above, an Excel file will be downloaded containing the detailed report of the process instance. In case you have clicked on the checkbox, a.zip file will be downloaded, containing:
A PDF with the process instance form, including all the fields and their values. Besides, in case someone has made comments in a process instance, these will also be included.
All the attachments (if any), either uploaded through an attachment field or through the Attachments tab.
An Excel file containing the detailed report of a single process instance.
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Known at one time as "London's Harlem," the Paramount Ballroom, also known as the Paramount Dance Hall on London's Tottenham Court Road hosted Britain's first jitterbug competition in November 1939, "marking the first high-profile event for a dance craze that would soon sweep the nation. Famed not only for being the country's top destination to jitterbug, the Paramount is of much interest to historians for its mixed race clientele. Writing in 1946, social observer William Samson offered readers an electric account of the venue and the kinetic activities visible inside:
They throw each other away, then, magnetised, come together. Within this simple mathematical framework the improvisation thrives: legs are kicked in special ways, arms extended, the whole body bent in calculated distortion, the torso shivered in a movement half intendedly lunatic. One of the men throws his girl right over his shoulder – a sublime feat.
Popular dancing has a history of cultural interaction, offering dancers a means to exchange new styles of dress, music and movement, and with the popularisation of the jitterbug in the 1940s, the British dancing public were forced to negotiate new interpretations of how the body could and should behave. Considering the influx of black men from the British colonies and American armed forces during the 1940s, the jitterbug arrived at a time when many people were forced to re-assess the meanings of being both white and British.
The Paramount Dance Hall provides a case study which reveals and highlights wider questions of race in London during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath."
Excerpt from "Glitter and Glamour: Race and Dance in 1940s London", Kevin Guyan.


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|Part of a series on|
Secondary action (also known as a secondary boycott or sympathy strike) is industrial action by a trade union in support of a strike initiated by workers in another, separate enterprise. The term "secondary action" is intended to be distinct from a trade dispute with a worker's direct employer, and so may be used to refer to a dispute with the employer's parent company, its suppliers, financiers, contracting parties, or any other employer in another industry.
In most countries there are limits on the purpose for which people can go on strike, and in many English speaking nations restrictions have been placed on which organisations trade unions may strike against. In the US and UK workers can typically strike against their direct employer only. In continental Europe, secondary action is generally lawful and the right to strike is seen as a part of broader political freedom.
In Australia it is banned by sections 45D to 45E of the Trade Practices Act. In the 1910s, sympathy strikes were sometimes called in order to extend a strike beyond the bounds of any one Australian state, thus making it eligible for handling by the Federal Arbitration Court.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, sympathy strikes were outlawed by the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act of 1927 in the aftermath of the General Strike. This was repealed by the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1946, passed by the post-war Labour Government.
Secondary action remained legal until 1980, when the Conservative Government of Margaret Thatcher passed the Employment Act 1980 which restricted secondary action. This was followed a decade later by the Employment Act 1990, which outlawed secondary action entirely. The laws outlawing secondary strikes remain to this day. In 2005, union leaders in the U.K. called for the legalisation of secondary strikes in the aftermath of the strike action against the catering company Gate Gourmet but Labour ministers stated that they had no intention of repealing the law.
- National Sailors' and Firemen's Union v Reed Ch 536
- Express Newspapers ltd v MacShane ICR 42
- Duport Steel Ltd v Sirs ICR 161
United States
Secondary action is illegal in the United States. It is banned by the Sherman Antitrust Act and by the Taft-Hartley Act, which amends the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act).
Because farm laborers in the United States are not covered by the Wagner Act, the United Farm Workers union has been able to legally use secondary boycotting of grocery store chains as an aid to their strikes against California agribusinesses and to their primary boycotts of California grapes, lettuce and wine. The UFW's secondary boycotts involved asking consumers to stop shopping at a grocery store chain until such time as the chain stopped carrying the boycotted grapes or lettuce or wine.
Secondary boycotting is frequently confused with secondary striking, which is also a prohibited tactic for those labor unions covered by the Taft-Hartley Act. Some legal definitions for secondary boycotting divide it into two different kinds, secondary consumer boycotts as per the above definition of secondary boycotts, and secondary employee boycotts, also defined as a secondary strike.
See also
- M Kite and T Freinberg, 'Unions to Challenge Blair Over Ban on Secondary Strikes' (Daily Telegraph, 27 August 2005).


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and the character will die more slowly, of infection. Someone would have to work very hard to deliver a nonfatal sword thrust to the neck, perhaps a glancing and shallow slice would do this.
Chest wounds Any wound that enters the chest cavity will result in partial-to-total collapse of the lung, and possible/probable blood in the lung, varying amounts. If you want your character to survive, make the injury a fairly clean in and out, one side only, and with a clean sword or knife. Have someone put an airtight dressing over it. If you make it a "sucking" chest wound, which means you can hear air drawn into the wound with every breath, it will be worse. In this case the airtight dressing must be open on one of the four sides only, in order to create a flap to allow air to be forced out.
While washing out wounds is good infection control in general, this is one case where you don't want water making its way into the chest cavity, unless someone is doing open chest surgery. I wouldn't expect this in Middle-earth.
If the amount of collapse is small, the air would get reabsorbed and the lung reexpanded; over a week or two is a good guess for a small collapse. Blood is a problem only if the loss is fairly large; say over 500 cc or 17 oz. It starts to become a problem at that point because it takes up space that the lungs need for air. If you have someone become slightly to moderately short of breath, recovery is a reasonable thought. If they are bringing up frothy bloody sputum, (like Boromir) forget it.
Wounds to the chest can also cut the aorta and vena cava, called the 'great vessels', in which case your character will bleed to death fairly fast. A stab wound to the heart is also very likely to kill.
Abdominal wounds If you want to scare your character or readers, have an abdominal wound that just penetrates the skin and muscle layer (known as the abdominal wall) but doesn't pierce the intestine or other organs. This will not differ much from wounds anyplace else. If you pierce the intestine you run a huge risk of infection and a slow death over a few days to a few weeks, usually on the shorter side. If you cut the liver, spleen or kidneys you have a good chance of bleeding to death without extensive surgery, usually over hours to a few days. The surgery needed to repair this would be almost impossible outside a well-equipped medical facility, say the Houses of Healing. If Middle-earth armies have MASH units, they could tackle something on this order. The same applies to any major blood vessel in the abdomen; the character would likely die outside a major medical facility.
Blood loss: The amount of blood loss people can tolerate varies with their weight. It will be different for a man weighing 80 kilos (or 176 pounds) and a hobbit who weighs, say 30 kilos (66 pounds). A person's blood volume is about 70 cc per kilo, say about 30 cc per pound. I will give typical symptoms of blood loss in terms of percentage of total blood volume lost, with some representative numbers for hobbits and men. If someone figures out how much an elf or dwarf weighs, tell me and I'll add the numbers for those races. I'm assuming that Boromir and Aragorn are fairly tall and muscular, and weigh about 80 kilos (or 176 pounds). If anyone has better guesses, I'd love to have them.
Effects of blood loss:
Class 1: 10% blood loss
Man: 500 cc or 16 oz, Hobbit: 210 cc or 7 oz - Healer sees no real effect.
Class 2: 15-25 % blood loss
Man: 840 to 1400 cc or 28 to 46 oz, Hobbit: 315 to 525 cc or 10 to 17 oz - Healer sees pulse increase slightly, cool hands and feet.
Class 3: 25-35 % blood loss
Man: 1400 to 1950 cc or 46 to 65 oz, Hobbit: 525 to 735 cc or 17 to 24 oz - Healer sees rapid pulse, patient pale, restless, sweaty.
Class 4: 35-50 % blood loss
Man: 1950 to 2800 cc or 65 to 93 oz, Hobbit: 735 to 1050 cc or 24 to 35 oz - Healer sees very rapid, weak pulse, patient very pale, cold, and confused.
Any wound can become infected, as bacteria are all over, on the skin, on the sword or arrow. Pieces of things left in wounds up the risk of infection. Organic objects in wounds up it even more, so bits of steel are less likely to be a problem than bits of wood (which is one of the reasons why bullets don't have to be removed but arrows do.)
Correct care by modern standards using Middle-earth equivalents: Wash out woundsthe more, the better. Remove foreign objects, such as grit, leaves, etc. from wounds. If there is dead skin or tissue underneath the skin, it must be removed by cutting it away. Your character will know it's dead because instead of a nice pink or red it will be black or grey. If your character is cutting away dead tissue (debriding) and you want to be descriptive, he or she should cut down to where it bleeds, or where the patient can feel it, in order to be sure you have live tissue. Purple can be blood in the tissue -think a big bruise, or it can be on the way to black. It's hard to describe the difference.
Bite wounds are likely to get infected. Human bites are among the worst. Cat bites less so, and dog bites least of the three. Wolf or warg bites might be similar to dogs. One could argue that since elves don't get diseases, an elf bite might not get infected. On the other hand, they probably have 'good' bacteria in their mouth, and so might have some of the nastier types that just don't affect them. I don't know about orc bites, but looking at their teeth, I'd worry. If your character punches someone in the mouth and the victim's teeth break the skinyou have a human bite.
Worst places to get infected: Face, because it can get into areas close to the brain. Hands, because the infection destroys or scars the small compartments in the hand and causes loss of function. Anything internal.
If it gets infected, immobilize the part (i.e. splint a hand) if possible. Hot soaks or compresses, if possible. If the area swells up and feels squishy like a water balloon, or leaks pus, it must be opened and cleaned out. No poking with a needle or tiny little cuts; the incision in an abscess, also called a boil, should be at least half the diameter of the abscess. After the healer opens the abscess it should be washed out. I cringe every time this is described as being done in a river or stream, since I think of the bacteria for the people and animals downstream. After washing it should have a dressing placed on it. Expect the wound to drain for at least a few days afterward, the bigger the abscess, the longer it will drain. Once opened, it will feel better anywhere from immediately for an abscess under great pressure, to several hours. It will stay sore for a few days at least. If your character doesn't have the abscess opened it may burst on its own, accomplishing the same purpose. Or the infection may spread throughout the area, resulting in bigger trouble. The infamous red streaks going up leg or arm from the infected area towards the heart means that the infection has gotten into the lymph channels. This is not a good sign, especially in a world without antibiotics. The character will have swollen glands in that area also.
There is no real life equivalent to athelas, but I'll assume it has some antibacterial properties. Use it on infected areas.
This is a work of fan fiction, written because the author has an abiding love for the works of J R R Tolkien. The characters, settings, places, and languages used in this work are the property of the Tolkien Estate, Tolkien Enterprises, and possibly New Line Cinema, except for certain original characters who belong to the author of the said work. The author will not receive any money or other remuneration for presenting the work on this archive site. The work is the intellectual property of the author, is available solely for the enjoyment of Henneth Annûn Story Archive readers, and may not be copied or redistributed by any means without the explicit written consent of the author.


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How Do You Introduce Computing in an Engaging Way? Meet Them Where They Are (Case Study 3)
Engage students not already drawn to computing by creating academic and social environments where these students feel like they belong. Students respond positively to solving real-life problems that draw on their existing knowledge and interests and that involve collaboration in hands-on projects. The Girl Scouts' "Technobile" is a mobile technology classroom with 12 workstations. It showcases technology and technology careers in ways that appeal to girls, while breaking down the access barriers to IT.


text: From Virgil of Ancient Rome to Longfellow of America, Greenland is always the most graceful poem. From the ancient Nordic folk to the rock band in 70s, the story of ice and snow has been spread and sung by numerous people. Even highly developed modern science fails to blot out the brilliant rays of those myths. Greenland still maintains its mysterious attitudes, such as dazzling aurora, mighty tundra, twinkling icicle, weird iceberg, extreme cold and the Inuit rarely speaking. Why not take your UnionPay card (card number starting with 62) to find fairy tales in Greenland.


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The transfer of equity is a legal clause in English for the process of partial transfer of ownership of a share or property from one entity to another. Step 1: Ask for a towed mortgage/new mortgage (if you need it). As ownership of the property changes and affects its equity, your lender must take this into account. Talk to your supplier or financial advisor about your options and, if possible, give yourself a mortgage in principle. If the assignment consists of removing someone from the title, a lawyer can act for only one party (i.e. the incoming and remaining owner or the outgoing owner). While it is generally normal to represent only the incoming and remaining owners if the outgoing owner decides to employ a lawyer, it goes without saying that there are additional costs. If you are considering a capital transfer and would like advice on a means of transport, contact our team on 0333 _PHONE_. If you need our services, you can receive an instant offer online > Similarly, if someone is removed from the title, they also leave the credit contract that represents the mortgage. As with any credit contract, you can't just get away from it: you have to pay off the debts you still have to pay.
If the existing mortgage is expected to be held by the person whose name remains on the ground, the lender must be satisfied that the person will be able to make the necessary mortgage payments on his or her own. In a situation where there is a mortgage that remains after the transfer, you must first obtain the lender's approval. If you add someone to the property and property, the mortgage lender will want them to also become responsible for the mortgage and will have to conduct their own reviews to ensure that the person (s) is fit (s). In most cases, they then remortgage, in the same process as when the original mortgage was concluded. If a person is removed from the securities, the outgoing person or persons must be released from their mortgage obligations and the lender will want to ensure that the remaining parties will be able to repay the new mortgage after the outgoing person leaves. In both cases, your mortgage lender may refuse to give consent if it has any doubts. A. A transfer of capital can take place in any situation where a person wishes to leave a property company or join a heritage company. You can transfer equity to a new partner or another family member or give it to your children.
You can also transfer equity to an existing partner if you separate or separate. It is important to note that a capital transfer is not the same as a sale: it is essential that at least one existing owner stays on the facts when making a transfer. If you add a name to the property, we strongly advise you to issue a trust order to determine ownership of the property, especially if you hold unequal shares. Our Trust specialists in our team of private clients advise you and our Equity Release team can pass you on if necessary. The HMRC guidelines say, „You may have to pay the LTDS if all or part of the interest in real estate is transferred to you, and in return, you specify a value in value. It is important to note that „any monetary value" includes not only cash, but also the value of each mortgage taken out as part of the transfer.


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This is really important because if you are bribing and bargaining with your students - you are in deep doodoo. It often sneaks up on you and before you know it - you are selling your soul for a little piece of mind in the classroom.
Not any more because I have some Teaching Truth for you! I love teaching truths!
The true reward is the satisfaction of doing the right thing. It builds character.
Many teachers get confused about the difference between rewarding and bribing. Isn't it all the same thing anyway? Nope. Not even.
I can give you the bottom line in two words: compensation and persuading. It is that simple. Here is an example of how this works:
FiFi the poodle is running wildly out the front door and down the street. (Hey - sometimes it could be a student....)
- SCENARIO 1: You call to FiFi and say "Stop! Sit down Fifi!" Fifi obeys you and sits down. You go and give Fifi a doggie treat. You just rewarded Fifi for correct behavior (doing the right thing). Fifi has been compensated for doing what you asked.
- SCENARIO 2: You call to FiFi and say "Stop! Sit down FiFi!" But FiFi keeps running. You call your command again. No response from FiFi. You are worried about her safety so you rush to get a treat and anxiously say, "Look FiFi, come to me and you can have a treat!" FiFi stops running from you and turns around to come for the treat. You are bribing FiFi into doing what you want her too. You have just persuaded Fifi.
Rewards are used to REINFORCE appropriate behavior. A student is asked to complete a paper first thing each morning. The student complies and does as he was asked. He is rewarded for his appropriate action with a trip to the treasure chest on Friday.
Bribes are used to persuade students to do what you want them to. But here is the catch.
Say for example, this same student is asked to complete a paper first thing each morning. The student does not do the work and even worse, distracts other students from their work. The teacher is at his wits end with the lack of work being done. "Hey!" he says to this student, "If you finish your work every morning this week - we will have a movie on Friday." The student responds (with a sparkle in the eye) "Can I pick it?" "Sure" replies the teacher.
- The student was bribed into doing the appropriate behavior.
- The student DID NOT demonstrate any personal motivation to do what is expected.
- Respect and responsibility are completely missing from this situation. In fact, the student was ignoring the teacher's instructions outright.
Whereas bribing actually REINFORCES that the student does not need to do the right thing to get what they want. They can manipulate and hassle the teacher into rewarding them for doing the wrong thing!
SALLY'S TEACHING TRUTH - it never works to bribe and bargain with your class! It is setting yourself up for more chaos! Yikes!
The most effective method is logical consequences. It does not reward or bribe. It teaches and guides! (The Classroom Management Boot Camp dives into this big time.)
BIG OLE QUESTION:
In the comments below tell me - Where do you think the Light systems fit in (like the red light/green light and similar methods)? Are they rewards? Bribes? Logical consequences? Love to hear your opinion!!


does charcoal go bad
Does Charcoal Go Bad?
If you've ever mentioned that you want to buy a grill while sitting with your friends on the terrace for dinner, someone has definitely advised you to buy a charcoal one. So let's figure out why this type of grill is good, and how to choose and store the best charcoal so that the taste of the cooked food is truly perfect. And finally, we will answer the important question "How long is charcoal good for?" Let's see.
What is Charcoal?
When wood is heated at a high temperature without oxygen, that is, pyrolysis, the residual carbon product you get is called charcoal. While it burns at a high temperature of 1,100 degrees Celsius, its pores help control the heating temperature.
Charcoal grills are fuelled with char briquettes, which are charcoal for smoking food. When using it for grilling meat, it is advisable that you adhere to the guidelines set by the Minnesota Department of Health. For ground meat like beef and pork, the temperature should be 160 degrees Fahrenheit, for eggs, the ideal temperature is 160 degrees, while for poultry, it is 165 degrees.
How Many Types of Charcoal Are There?
As of now, 8 varieties of coal have been produced. These are as follows:
 - Lump Charcoal
 - Match Lighting
 - Coconut Shell
 - Binchotan or Japanese lump
 - Charcoal briquettes compressed
 - Activated
 - Industrial
 - Extruded
Among these, char briquettes and lump charcoal are used for barbecues while activated one is used as a purification agent. Industrial char is used for fuelling furnaces and coconut coal is perfect for small grills. Binchotan, an expensive variety, does not let out any smoke or odour and is ignited with blowtorches or chimneys.
Can Charcoal Go Bad?
Does charcoal expire? Yes. While coal usually lasts long, chances are high that it will go bad if it comes in contact with moisture. The pores of it easily soak moisture and that can dampen the char, making it of no use as fuel. Hence, it is imperative to store it in a cool and dry place.
It does not catch fire spontaneously, contrary to the popular belief. However, if the coal contains added chemicals or impurities, it has a higher expiry rate. Do charcoal briquettes go bad? Yes, if the chemical with which it is slathered dries off or evaporates. It might not be wet, but the chemical needs to be reapplied regularly to prevent the expiration of the briquettes.
What can make Charcoal Go Bad?
 - Not storing the coal properly: As mentioned above, moistened charcoal loses its property to combust when stored in a damp or wet place. Exposure to acidic rain can also ruin it.
 - Improper maintenance: Does charcoal go bad if not maintained? Since coal comes packed in paper bags, dampening is possible if you live in a humid zone or if there is a frequent occurrence of fog or dew. Torn paper bags or unsealed containers can also make char go bad.
Tips to Prevent Charcoal From Going Bad:
 - If you stay in a damp or humid environment, it's best to store coal in airtight containers.
 - Seal the container or the package you use to store coal. If you have more than you need, then put it in a zip-lock bag.
 - If the coal gets wet by any chance, it is better to burn it at a higher temperature than usual, like, 450 degrees Fahrenheit.
 - When putting the it in the package or container, make sure that it is completely dry.
 - Before buying coal from any brand, check the expiry date, that is, the duration of the shelf life.
How to Store Charcoal Properly?
Choose the Right Container:
How long does charcoal last in storage? It can last for at least a year if kept dry. No form of coal has an expiry date if properly stored. If you are wondering how long do charcoal briquettes last, rest assured that it can last for as long as 2 years, provided the container is sealed and vacuumed. Metal containers can be especially helpful in such cases, as metal does not have pores like char and won't let water in. Bagged coal briquettes of all sizes from commercial sources do not self-ignite, hence you don't have to worry about its storage.
Choose the Perfect Location For Storage
Location is highly vital when it comes to storing coal. As emphasized above, a dry, cool place is the best storage location to keep it. Also, please ensure that the place is not exposed to glaring sunlight because it can also hinder the effectiveness. Hence, a basement or an outdoor shed is the best place to store charcoal.
A Final Word
We hope that from this article you have cleared all your doubts on "does charcoal go bad"? Just make sure that you buy the coal from a reputed brand, with a long shelf life. Moreover, when putting it to your barbeque grill, clean and dry the grill thoroughly. Since coal is a clean fuel, you can enjoy your cooked food without fear of pollution.
What place and method of coal storage do you choose? Share your tips in the comments!
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text:
We derive analytical expressions for the three-dimensional (3D) acoustophoretic motion of spherical microparticles in rectangular microchannels. The motion is generated by the acoustic radiation force and the acoustic streaming-induced drag force. In contrast to the classical theory of Rayleigh streaming in shallow, infinite, parallel-plate channels, our theory does include the effect of the microchannel side walls. The resulting predictions agree well with numerics and experimental measurements of the acoustophoretic motion of polystyrene spheres with nominal diameters of 0.537 and 5.33 μm. The 3D particle motion was recorded using astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry under controlled thermal and acoustic conditions in a long, straight, rectangular microchannel actuated in one of its transverse standing ultrasound-wave resonance modes with one or two half-wavelengths. The acoustic energy density is calibrated in situ based on measurements of the radiation dominated motion of large 5-μm-diameter particles, allowing for quantitative comparison between theoretical predictions and measurements of the streaming-induced motion of small 0.5-μm-diameter particles.
|Journal||Physical Review E - Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics|
|Publication status||Published - 8 Aug 2013|


text:
Among all the things to do in Ferrol, we recommend starting in the district of Magdalena, which is now the center of the city. Its construction was ordered in 1761 by the illustrious monarch Carlos III. Adjacent to the old fishing district, Ferrol Vello, it became one of the most intriguing urban proposals of the age. It took on the shape of a chocolate bar, a perfect rectangle. The attractions that stand out are the Plaza de Armas, where you'll find the town hall; and the Plaza de Amboage, which is full of terrazas for eating and drinking with friends. The district of Magdalena is the epicenter of the tapeo and the shops.
The streets of Magdalena and Real conserve living remnants from Ferrol's golden age, destined for the most wealthy. These buildings were constructed in the Classicist style, with wrought iron balconies and glazed galleries, which later would extend to all of Galicia to create a united image of the community. In the first decades of the 20th century, Modernist buildings were also incorporated, which are true masterpieces.
Within the district of Magdalena, there are two churches that stand out. The first is the Concatedral de San Julián, which reached this category by the papal bull issued by Juan XXIII in 1959. One of its defining characteristics is that it was not built with a floorplan in the shape of a Latin cross, but in that of a Greek cross. It was constructed in 1772, and it is undoubtedly one of the most important buildings for the lives of the Catholic Ferrolanos. The second church, the Iglesia Castrense de San Francisco of the Neoclassic style, conserves a magnificent altarpiece designed by José Ferreiro in the Neoclassic style and valuable wood carvings.
Adjacent to San Francisco are the Jardines de Herrera, which are owned by the military, but they are open to the public. Here, you can experience incredible views of the Ferrol Estuary and the Arsenal Militar. The gardens are very well cared for, and they even have magnolias. They are ideal for resting up after a walk through the city.
Another area you should see in Ferrol is the district of Canido, where the concept of the Meninas de Canido was launched. The facades of the district are filled with color with the different interpretations of the famous Velázquez painting.
The last stop you have to make in Ferrol is the Ferrol Vello (Old Ferrol). It has been there since the 11th century, and it is the origin of the city. Nowadays, due to mismanagement and difficulties with restoration paperwork (since they are protected buildings), the entire district is in ruins. But maybe that's what gives it its special charm. We also recommend trying the tapas in this area.
We also recommend visiting the Castillo de San Felipe, which is a must-see in Ferrol. Built in 1577, it still remains in good condition today, dur to remodeling efforts in the 18th century. It is located next to the Castillo de La Palma, next to the estuary. Its strategic position at the entrance of the estuary used to defend Ferrol from invaders.


text:
The role of coated steel in solar panel manufacturing
Steel is used in solar panels primarily in the support structures known as racking systems. These systems hold the solar panels in place, whether installed on a roof or in an open area. When panels are placed on the ground, the racking systems are made from steel, which is galvanised (IS 277:2018 GP) or galvalume (IS 15961:2012 YS550) to protect against rust. Galvalume, being corrosion resistant, is coated with a layer of protective material that is 40 microns thick. This coating ensures that the steel has high durability and strength, with a yield strength of 550 MPa. Moreover, the material can last up to 25 years, making it a highly cost-effective option. For roofs, the type of racking used depends on the roof's structure. Flat roofs, like those on significant buildings, typically use fixed-tilt steel racking attached to heavy blocks. On pitched residential roofs, the racking is designed to securely attach to the roof's rafters, keeping the panels a few inches above the surface. This setup allows air to flow beneath the panels, keeping them cooler and improving efficiency.
Role of coated steel in solar panels A. Structural support: Coated steel plays a crucial role in providing structural support in the frame of solar panels. The frame holds the solar cells, protects them from external elements, and ensures the panel's durability. The frame often uses coated steel due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance properties. This allows the frame to withstand various environmental conditions such as wind, snow, and rain while maintaining structural integrity over the panel's lifespan. Coated steel frames are also lightweight, simplifying transportation, installation, and maintenance processes. B. Backsheets: The back sheet of a solar panel serves as a protective layer on the backside of the solar cells, shielding them from moisture, dust, and other contaminants. Coated steel is utilised in the back sheet to enhance its durability and resistance to degradation over time. The coated steel back sheet provides mechanical strength, prevents moisture ingress, and helps maintain the structural integrity of the solar panel. Furthermore, using coated steel in the back sheet enhances the panel's performance by reducing the risk of delamination and prolonging its operational lifespan. C. Frames and mounting structures: Coated steel finds extensive applications in solar panels' frames and mounting structures. These components are essential for securely positioning the solar panels in various installations such as rooftop arrays, ground-mounted systems, and solar farms. Coated steel is preferred for frames and mounting structures due to its high strength, corrosion resistance, and lightweight nature. Using coated steel ensures the stability and longevity of the solar panel system, even in harsh environmental conditions. Additionally, coated steel frames and mounting structures offer versatility in design, enabling easy integration with different types of solar panels and installation setups.
Galvanised and galvalume-coated steel are significant in manufacturing solar panels, particularly in constructing support structures and frames. Here's how: Durability: solar panels are typically installed outdoors and are exposed to various weather conditions such as rain, snow, and UV radiation. Galvanised and galvalume coatings provide excellent protection against corrosion, ensuring the longevity and durability of the support structures. Corrosion resistance: galvanised steel is coated with a layer of zinc, while galvalume steel is coated with a combination of zinc and aluminium. Both coatings offer superior corrosion resistance compared to untreated steel, crucial for outdoor applications like solar panel installations. Strength: galvanised and galvalume-coated steel provides strength and rigidity to the support structures of solar panels. This is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the panels, especially in areas prone to high winds or other environmental stresses.
Cost-effectiveness: galvanised and galvalume-coated steel is relatively affordable compared to alternative materials such as aluminium or stainless steel. This makes it a cost-effective choice for manufacturers looking to keep production costs down without sacrificing quality and durability. Ease of fabrication: steel coated with galvanised or galvalume coatings is easy to fabricate, allowing manufacturers to customise support structures according to specific design requirements. This flexibility in fabrication helps optimise the performance and efficiency of solar panel installations. Coated steel boasts superior heat conductivity. While untreated steel doesn't excel in heat conduction, treated variants like galvalume and galvanised steel rank among the top metals in facilitating heat transfer. Efficient heat conduction through the mounting materials is crucial for the optimal performance of solar panels. Galvanised steel ensures uniform heat transfer generated by the sun's rays, preventing heat accumulation in any particular area, thus averting potential issues. Moreover, it can enhance the amount of heat reaching the panels compared to materials with lower heat conductivity, optimising their efficiency.
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11/11/2008
The Get-MDMDeviceHistorycmdlet returns the complete set of transaction information for the specified managed Windows Mobile device from the server operations log file.
The HistoryDurationparameter of the Set-DeviceManagementConfigcmdlet determines the amount of data returned by this cmdlet.
Syntax
Get-MDMDeviceHistory [-Force] [[-DeviceId]
<DeviceIdParameter[]>] [<CommonParameters>]
Get-MDMDeviceHistory [-Force] [-Owner <OwnerIdParameter[]>]
[<CommonParameters>]
Parameters
The following describes the Get-MDMDeviceHistorycmdlet parameters.
DeviceId <DeviceIdParameter[]>
Identifies one or more managed devices for which to return history data. If you specify multiple managed devices, a prompt displays to ask whether you want information for all the devices. You can suppress this prompt with the Forceparameter. This parameter can be a device common name, the distinguished name, the fully qualified domain name (FQDN), or the security ID (SID).
Owner <OwnerIdParameter[]>
Identifies all managed devices for the specified owner and returns history data for those devices. If the cmdlet finds multiple managed devices for this owner, a prompt displays to ask whether you want information for all the devices. You can suppress this prompt with the Forceparameter. The Ownerparameter can be a common name, e-mail address, distinguished name, SID, or Logon ID.
Force
Suppresses the prompt that displays when the cmdlet finds multiple managed devices.
CommonParameters
This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Verbose, -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable, and -OutVariable. For more information, at the Mobile Device Manager (MDM) Shell prompt, type get-help about_commonparameters.
Input Type
The Get-MDMDeviceHistorycmdlet accepts a string through the pipeline that identifies a managed device, or an object that has the property, deviceId.
Output Type
The Get-MDMDeviceHistorycmdlet returns a collection of MDMDeviceHistoryobjects. To see all the properties for this object, at the MDM Shell prompt, type Get-MDMDeviceHistory | Get-Member.
Examples
This Get-MDMDeviceHistorycommand example returns the history information for the managed devices, _PHONE_ and _PHONE_.
Copy Code
C:\PS>Get-MDMDeviceHistory -deviceID _PHONE_,_PHONE_
Cmdlet Help
To view this information online, at the MDM Shell prompt, type:
get-help Get-MDMDeviceHistory -detailed, or get-help Get-MDMDeviceHistory -full
See Also
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text:
Apache Arrow C++ Cookbook¶
The Apache Arrow Cookbook is a collection of recipes which demonstrate how to solve many common tasks that users might need to perform when working with arrow data. The examples in this cookbook will also serve as robust and well performing solutions to those tasks.
- Working with the C++ Implementation
- Creating Arrow Objects
- Reading and Writing Datasets
- Arrow Flight


C# makes it easy to create large graphs of objects connected by their fields. The larger this graph grows, the more complex it is to deal with objects in the graph. It's hard to look at code or set a breakpoint in a debugger and get an intuitive sense of all these connections. So today we'll write a small tool to visualize an object graph!
Planning
The goal here is to visualize a graph of managed objects such as string and List<T> that are connected by their fields. Properties, indexers, and events don't count, as these are just functions that happen to be typically "backed" by fields. Access specifiers should be ignored too since there's always at least an indirect way to have them influence the behavior of the code.
This tool executes at runtime on a particular object. This is different than other tools such as Visual Studio's code maps which display the relationship between types and assemblies while the app isn't running. Tools like this display the potential connections between objects while today's tool displays the actual connections such as by omitting connections to null objects. Both tools are useful, but for different purposes.
Now that we've defined the input—an object—to the visualizer, let's discuss the output. Unity has many ways to display graphics, but we don't want to interfere with a running game so we won't render anything to the screen. We could render to an editor window, but that would limit usage to just running in the editor. The amount of code required to render the graph is also non-trivial and we'd like to get a visualization up and running quickly.
So we'll opt to render the object graph to the DOT language. DOT is designed to describe a graph and is consumed by programs like Graphviz that render the graph. This choice allows us to simply describe the graph and let Graphviz do all the work to render it. It's a free, open source program available on all major operating systems so it should be easy to integrate into an analysis workflow.
Implementation
C# and .NET feature a powerful, easy-to-use reflection system that works well with IL2CPP. This allows us to inspect the types of variables at runtime and, crucially, enumerate their fields regardless of access specifier. We can use this to create the nodes of the graph consisting of an ID, the object's type, and its links to other nodes. The links are a Dictionary<string, int> mapping the field name to the linked node's ID.
There are two tricky parts to the implementation. First is the handling of arrays. Since these don't have fields, they don't fall into the general case of enumerating fields. Instead, we must enumerate their elements. This is trivial for single-dimensional arrays, but more complex for arrays with arbitrary dimensions. See LinkArray below for details. The second tricky part is handling inheritance. Type.GetFields only returns the fields of the type in question, so we must traverse up the hierarchy of base types until reaching the root: object. See EnumerateInstanceFieldInfos for more.
The visualizer exists in a single static class with a nested Node class. This is all in one file that's 400 lines long and largely made up of thorough xml-doc to help understand, maintain, and improve it. Here's the code:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;

/// <summary>
/// Utility functions to visualize a graph of <see cref="object"/>
/// </summary>
///
/// <author>
/// Jackson Dunstan, _URL_
/// </author>
///
/// <license>
/// MIT
/// </license>
public static class ObjectGraphVisualizer
{
 /// <summary>
 /// A node of the graph
 /// </summary>
 private sealed class Node
 {
 /// <summary>
 /// Type of object the node represents
 /// </summary>
 public readonly string TypeName;

 /// <summary>
 /// Links from the node to other nodes. Keys are field names. Values are
 /// node IDs.
 /// </summary>
 public readonly Dictionary<string, int> Links;

 /// <summary>
 /// ID of the node. Unique to its graph.
 /// </summary>
 public readonly int Id;

 /// <summary>
 /// Create a node
 /// </summary>
 ///
 /// <param name="typeName">
 /// Type of object the node represents
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="id">
 /// ID of the node. Must be unique to its graph.
 /// </param>
 public Node(string typeName, int id)
 {
 TypeName = typeName;
 Links = new Dictionary<string, int>(16);
 Id = id;
 }
 }

 /// <summary>
 /// Add a node to a graph to represent an object
 /// </summary>
 ///
 /// <returns>
 /// The added node or the existing node if one already exists for the object
 /// </returns>
 ///
 /// <param name="nodes">
 /// Graph to add to
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="obj">
 /// Object to add a node for
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="tempBuilder">
 /// String builder to use only temporarily
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="nextNodeId">
 /// ID to assign to the next node. Incremented after assignment.
 /// </param>
 private static Node AddObject(
 Dictionary<object, Node> nodes,
 object obj,
 StringBuilder tempBuilder,
 ref int nextNodeId)
 {
 // Check if there is already a node for the object
 Node node;
 if (nodes.TryGetValue(obj, out node))
 {
 return node;
 }

 // Add a node for the object
 Type objType = obj.GetType();
 node = new Node(objType.Name, nextNodeId);
 nextNodeId++;
 nodes.Add(obj, node);

 // Add linked nodes for all fields
 foreach (FieldInfo fieldInfo in EnumerateInstanceFieldInfos(objType))
 {
 // Only add reference types
 Type fieldType = fieldInfo.FieldType;
 if (!fieldType.IsPointer && !IsUnmanagedType(fieldType))
 {
 object field = fieldInfo.GetValue(obj);
 if (fieldType.IsArray)
 {
 LinkArray(
 nodes,
 node,
 (Array)field,
 fieldInfo.Name,
 tempBuilder,
 ref nextNodeId);
 }
 else
 {
 LinkNode(
 nodes,
 node,
 field,
 fieldInfo.Name,
 tempBuilder,
 ref nextNodeId);
 }
 }
 }
 return node;
 }

 /// <summary>
 /// Add new linked nodes for the elements of an array
 /// </summary>
 ///
 /// <param name="nodes">
 /// Graph to add to
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="node">
 /// Node to link from
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="array">
 /// Array whose elements should be linked
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="arrayName">
 /// Name of the array field
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="tempBuilder">
 /// String builder to use only temporarily
 /// </param>
 ///
 /// <param name="nextNodeId">
 /// ID to assign to the next node. Incremented after assignment.
 /// </param>
 private static void LinkArray(
 Dictionary<object, Node> nodes,
 Node node,
 Array array,
 string arrayName,
 StringBuilder tempBuilder,
 ref int nextNodeId)
 {
 // Don't link null arrays
 if (ReferenceEquals(array, null))
 {
 return;
 }

 // Create an array of lengths of each rank
 int rank = array.Rank;
 int[] lengths = new int[rank];
 for (int i = 0; i < lengths.Length; ++i)
 {
 lengths[i] = array.GetLength(i);
 }

 // Create an array of indices into each rank
 int[] indices = new int[rank];
 indices[rank - 1] = -1;

 // Iterate over all elements of all ranks
 while (true)
 {
 // Increm


text:
Fence Repair and Maintenance in Texas is one of the biggest threats to a wood fence, and in North Texas it's unavoidable.
Prolonged exposure to the weather elements may cause severe damage, rotting wood and sun dried fence pickets. For North Texas homeowners, it pays to be extra-vigilant in the care and maintenance of your pine or cedar fence.
Start Before You Build the fence
- You can begin protecting your pine/cedar fence before it's even installed by taking a few preventive measures.
- Survey the building site and notice any concrete, rocks, tree roots, or other obstructions that get in the way of your fence's planned path.
- The support posts for most wood fences need to be placed eight feet apart. Make sure you can dig a two-foot-deep hole for each post without hitting anything harder than soil.
- When pouring concrete for the posts, use only enough to fill the hole. Excess concrete can be forced upward in freezing temperatures, compromising your fence's stability.
Look Out for Problems From Above
- Tree branches, leaves, and other debris from above can damage wood fencing, so make sure you're proactive about addressing these issues.
- Before winter, cut or trim any branches hanging over your fence line. Frozen branches can break off and scrape the wood boards, and some have the potential to cause significant damage.
- Keep horizontal fence rails clear of leaves, acorns, shells or twigs, and clean out any material wedged between the rails and the fence boards. Wet organic matter such as leaves can accelerate rot in your fence, and objects squeezed between the rails and boards can reduce your fence's stability over time.
Inspect Your Wood Fence Regularly
- Get in the habit of checking on your fence whenever the seasons change to nip any problems in the bud.
- Address broken or cracking boards, boards that have warped, leaning posts, or splinters as soon as possible.
- Examine the grass that immediately borders your fence and trim any overgrowth to keep it from spreading rot to your fence.
- Water daily around the post to prevent cracks on the ground next to the post. Extreme heat will cause the ground to dry and crack creating space between the ground and the cement around the post. This space allows the post to lean due to the gravitational pull and wind forces.
- Set your sprinkler system so that water does not reach your fence. Continuous water drops on your wood fence will produce water stains. Water stains act like a scar on the wood and is close to impossible to remove them
- Check your fence at the end of winter for any knotholes. Wood knots have the potential to contract in warmer weather and fall out. Use a wood filler to fill up any knotholes as soon as possible to prevent insects, birds, or even termites from moving in.
Use a Protective Fence Stain
- Consider using a stain that's specially formulated for North Texas fencing materials. If you notice the color of your wood fence is beginning to fade, it's time to apply a new coat of stain. Otherwise, plan to restain your fence every two to three years.
Check out your Fence After Storms
- Check your wood fence after any significant storms or weather events to make sure it's stable and level. An easy way to do this is to run a piece of string along the tops of the fence posts. If the string appears level, your posts are secure. If you begin to notice any dips or rises along the string, check the posts for damage and make necessary repairs before the problem worsens.
- By carefully monitoring your fence's condition, you can prevent the weather from doing its worst, avoiding costly repairs in the future.
Call a professional fence repair company if there is damage that you can not repair on your own. A fence is an important investment in your property. It protects your yard from intruders and keeps your pets safe. Do it right the first time! Fence repair and maintenance are key elements for keeping the fence structure sound.


IssueLog contains changes requested by the community for JSR-243
As changes are requested by the community (for example, on mailing lists or JIRA) they will be added to the PROPOSED list here. When they are implemented, they are moved to ACCEPTED. When a maintenance release is being shipped, unimplemented items will be moved to the DEFERRED list. When a maintenance release is being planned, items from the DEFERRED list are reviewed.
 1. Maybe we should look at another constructor for the SingleFieldIdentity classes that embeds the knowledge that the class name is exact? That way, the jdo implementation could construct identity instances and the user could also construct identity instances that represent the exact class.
 2. JDO doesn't have a mechanism to stop queries from overrunning. JPA2 now allows a persistence property to allow timing them out, and most JDO implementations have allowed this as an extension since JDO1. It would make sense for JDO (2.3) to have the same or a variation. Some ideas
Option 1 : Simple PMF property "javax.jdo.option.queryTimeout" to specify the number of millisecs (or secs) before any query is timed out. Throw a QueryTimeoutException (extends JDOException) when the timeout happens
Option 2 : as Option1, plus setTimeout() on Query to define it on a per query basis.
Option 3 : as Option2, plus we add cancel() on Query so that users can cancel long running queries programmatically, throwing a QueryInterruptedException (extends JDOUserException). The cancel would apply to all currently running invoked queries from that Query instance.
 1. It would be nice to get List.get(int) into JDOQL, in other words access of indexed list elements. Querydsl has support for that and for consistency it would be nice if JDOQL supported it as well.
 2. I just took a look at the JDO javadoc and saw that it says there, the declared parameters and the parameters passed to the execute method have to match exactly:
IMHO this is a feature making the use of JDO with dynamic queries (and implicit parameter declarations) more complicated than necessary. It would be more developer-friendly, if it was legal to pass more parameters than the ones actually used, because they don't harm and it removes the need for additional tracking logic (which parameter is used, which one isn't).
I therefore recommend to relax the rule from exact match to "super-set", i.e. only these 2 requirements:
* All declared parameters must exist in the params-map passed to the method executeWithMap(...). * All types of the declared parameters must match the ones passed to executeWithMap(...).
For downward compatibility, I recommend introducing an option that can be passed to the PersistenceManagerFactory (in the properties). As a first idea, I recommend: javax.jdo.option.QueryParameterExactMatch (with values "true" and "false").
 1. There is increasing interest in NoSQL datastores (Google BigTable, Apache HBase, VMWare Redis, etc), which not only do not support SQL, but also do not necessarily provide support for traditional consistency or queriability features or guarantees, instead offering features like eventual consistency, key-value storage mechanisms, etc.
This request is to modify the JDO specification (and TCK & RI) so that it relaxes certain portions of the specification, perhaps in the form of profiles similar to JavaEE 6 profiles, to allow datastores that may not support queries in general, do not support the ACID requirements, or that support key-value-based storage mechanisms to be JDO-compliant. Additions to the specification may also be needed in order to directly address NoSQL-type datastores, in a manner similar to its treatment of relational persistence mechanisms. Additionally, this request would serve to better support persistence on micro platforms where consistency, queriability, etc, may not be supported.
 1. Consider extending JDOQL in JDO3.1 to include a series of new methods, following the contracts of existing Java classes
String.charAt(int) String.startsWith(String, int) String.length() String.trim()
Enum.ordinal() Enum.toString()
The following are obviously deprecated in the JDK, but worth consideration Date.getHour() Date.getMinutes() Date.getSeconds() Date.getDay() Date.getMonth() Date.getYear()
We already have JDOHelper.getObjectId(Object), so why not add JDOHelper.getVersion(Object)
On a related topic JDO-633 has "List.get(int)".
Note that all of these are already implemented in the RI.
We already have Math.abs, Math.sqrt, so why not also have
Math.acos(number) Math.asin(number) Math.atan(number) Math.ceil(number) Math.cos(number) Math.exp(number) Math.floor(number) Math.log(number) Math.sin(number) Math.tan(number)
 1. With an RDBMS datastore, when generating the schema, it is desirable to be able to specify the positioning of the column(s) of a field in the generated table.
With spreadsheet documents, it is critical to be able to define which column number is used for a particular field. With other datastores it is also likely desirable.
To achieve this I propose adding an attribute to the XML called "position". Similarly for the _USER_ annotation. This can take integer values with 0-origin.
Complications : * how this is handled when we have inheritance. If a root class has subclass-table inheritance, then those fields are persisted into the tables of all subclasses, and we may want to override the positions for those individually - to that end the user can override the metadata of the superclass fields. * anything else?
 1. Create an implementation of the API in javascript.
 2. I propose to split the standardization of the statically typed query capability into a general part and a JDOQL specific part. A fork of certain Querydsl parts could provide a foundation for both.
The reason for the splitted approach is that a standardization of the general model would benefit also other frameworks and could become a foundation for LINQ in Java.
The general part could be formed of the contents of the following Querydsl packages :
com.mysema.query com.mysema.query.types com.mysema.query.types.custom com.mysema.query.types.expr com.mysema.query.types.path com.mysema.query.types.query
The JDO specific elements could consist of the following elements :
com.mysema.query.jdoql.JDOQLSubQuery -> javax.jdo.query.SubQuery?!? com.mysema.query.jdoql.JDOQLQuery -> javax.jdo.query.Query?!?
of course with some modifications and a standardization of the code generation (probably also via APT).
What do you think about this approach?
Are there any plans to add Query by Criteria to the JDO standard? I'm referring to a programmatic API to build queries, similar to what Hibernate already has and JPA is planning to add.
If not, does anyone know of another route to achieving this functionality? Are there any libraries that can be layered over JDO to get this? Should I write my own?
QueryDSL already does that for JDOQL I'm sure the guys who wrote it would love to hear feedback ;-)
 1. Aggregate type specification at page 175 claims that avg(expression) return type is the same of the enclosed expression. This is wrong from a strictly mathematical point of view. In fact, if you select an avg on an int field member the result is truncated. The result type should always be double.
 2. I am implementing the shortcut form for if-then-else (x? y : c) in Querydsl. Is there support for it in JDOQL? If not, could it be added?
1. There is renewed interest (e.g. cloud computing) in persistence APIs that don't have a fully ACID compliant, fully featured SQL back end, and yet the data is not simply key-value blob storage.
A few years ago some of us remember dark clouds on JDO's horizon. Recently there were some of a different kind
 1. "QueryDSL" (documented at now provides beta support for JDOQL using type-safe syntax. Some basic docs
are found here
Would be great if JDO supported streams, similar to OPENJPA-130
IssueLog (last edited 2010-06-12 23:41:59 by CraigRussell)


text:
Campaign against the Ecopop initiative
Enigma the communication agency has been mandated by various institutions to elaborate a campaign against the Ecopop initiative.
The initiative Ecopop, on which the Swiss people voted on 30 November 2014, required a punchy campaign, because its content was shocking.
The initiative claimed to preserve Switzerland's natural resources; its actual aim was to address the country's natural population growth. It proposed to reduce Switzerland's immigration limit to 0.2 percent, or 16,000 people per year (this number would be insufficient to cover the economic needs of the small Jura region). This initiative wanted to return to the population density of the 1930s. Action had to be taken against the underlying racist ideology masquerading under the guise of ecological concern. With its cute and attractive name, this initiative could seduce a large part of the population.
All political parties officially opposed the initiative, and the number of proponents appeared small, but we desperately needed to avoid the "David v. Goliath" effect: a media campaign against the initiative could serve to make it look attractive. Its negative effects needed to be immediately apparent, and its seductive spell had to be broken. We couldn't let the initiators speak directly, nor could our campaign become a forum for those favoring the initiative. We really had to use all possible means to highlight the ridiculous nature of this proposal.
In order to raise maximum awareness among voters, we decided to maximize discussion forums, since the Zero Moment of Truth is different for each person. We created a billboard campaign, advertisements in the press, content amplification, and a number of online videos.
We ran a 2-step billboard campaign.
This began with a teaser, which showed shocking texts without naming a purpose or a source.
The texts were directly inspired by the initiative, and showed its significant and negative impact on the economy, the population, and Switzerland in general.
In order to reveal the initiative's real aims, the following texts were used:
- a text showing the initiative's deeply racist agenda
- a text showing its extreme economic impracticality
- a text showing its impossible demographic implementation
The campaign's second step acted as a revealer: it unmasked the initiative's identity and exposed its scope and ridicule.
We added the following baseline: «If this were a joke, it would be bad enough.» Without mocking it directly, we emphasized the ridiculous nature of the text, and the gravity of the initiative.
To further show the absurd and deceptive nature of the initiative, we used an old-fashion design that echoed multiple references, among them charlatanism and 1950s ad design (since the initiative referred to 1950s-erapopulation). The design referenced charlatans that promised the earth and were entirely disconnected from reality. Such people caused more problems than they solved. We thus revealed the gravity of the initiative from a different perspective.
We wrote an article posted on the FER website (Federation of Enterprises from Western Switzerland), that gave five reasons to vote against Ecopop. Headlines and images were A/B tested in order to optimize the click rate. With an amplification system that offered the article on three major online news outlets, we redirected new readers to this article and provided them a fresh perspective on the initiative.
We showed how the Swiss political scene was united against this initiative with videos of individual politicians, such as Pierre Maudet, Robert Cramer, and Céline Amaudruz.
We made their statement more dynamic and didactic by limiting it to thirty seconds. The videos were broadcasted on YouTube, and explained the real and serious consequences of the initiative for Switzerland. Robert Cramer offered an ecological perspective, Pierre Maudet an economic one, and Céline Amaudruz voiced the UDC party's perspective.
On 30 November 2014, the initiative was rejected by more than 74 percent of voters in Switzerland and almost at 79% in Geneva. YouTube videos totaled more than 215,000 views within one month, and debates were very animated on the platform.
Without giving a public forum to the initiators, and by multiplying the arguments against this proposal, we managed to send the message that resulted in a substantial victory for the "no" campaign.


We surveyed geothermal engineers to better understand the work environment and required skills of a typical geothermal engineer. Here are the results.
How much intelligence is required as a geothermal engineer?
Working as a geothermal engineer typically requires higher levels of intelligence when compared with the average career. This means that geothermal engineers are required to actively learn new things related to their discipline and solve complex problems.


text:
About MX Records
A mail exchange (MX) record identifies a server that handles email messages for your domain. A domain has one or more MX records listed in priorty order. When someone sends an email message to your domain, the sender's mail server delivers it to the first available server in the priority list. You create new MX records, or change their priority, in order to change how email is processed for the domain.
You create MX records using the administration tools available from your domain provider.
Create MX records for a domain hosted by 1and1
- Log in to your account at _URL_.
- If it's not already selected, click the Administration tab.
- Under Basic Settings, click Domains.
- Select the check box next to the domain that you will be using with Google Apps.
- From the DNS drop-down menu, select Edit DNS Settings.
- Under Advanced DNS Settings, select the Other mail server radio button.
- Delete any existing MX records.
- Enter the following information:
1&1 Header Mail Server Priority MX 1 / Prio yourdomain.com.us.emailservice.io. 10 MX 2 / Prio (Optional) yourdomain.com.us.emailservice.cc. 20 MX 3 / Prio (Optional) yourdomain.com.us.emailservice.co. 30
For each MX record, make sure to:
- Enter the corresponding priority in the 1&1 Header.
- Enter the fully qualified server name of the email server (i.e. yourdomain.com.inbound10.mailprotector.net) in the Mail Server field.
- Enter the corresponding Priority.
- Click OK.
Congratulations! Your new MX records now point to Mailprotector. Keep in mind that changes to your DNS settings can take up to 24 hours to propagate through the Internet, but depending on your host, this can happen faster.
If you have difficulty creating MX records, contact 1and1 for assistance.


text:
Aircraft study of the impact of lake-breeze circulations on trace gases and particles during BAQS-Met 2007
Abstract. High time-resolved aircraft data, concurrent surface measurements and air quality model simulations were explored to diagnose the processes influencing aerosol chemistry under the influence of lake-breeze circulations in a polluted region of southwestern Ontario, Canada. The analysis was based upon horizontal aircraft transects conducted at multiple altitudes across an entire lake-breeze circulation. Air mass boundaries due to lake-breeze fronts were identified in the aircraft meteorological and chemical data, which were consistent with the frontal locations determined from surface analyses. Observations and modelling support the interpretation of a lake-breeze circulation where pollutants were lofted at a lake-breeze front, transported in the synoptic flow, caught in a downdraft over the lake, and then confined by onshore flow. The detailed analysis led to the development of conceptual models that summarize the complex 3-D circulation patterns and their interaction with the synoptic flow. The identified air mass boundaries, the interpretation of the lake-breeze circulation, and the air parcel circulation time in the lake-breeze circulation (3.0 to 5.0 h) enabled formation rates of organic aerosol (OA/ΔCO) and SO42− to be determined. The formation rate for OA (relative to excess CO in ppmv) was found to be 11.6–19.4 μg m−3 ppmv−1 h−1 and the SO42− formation rate was 5.0–8.8% h−1. The formation rates are enhanced relative to regional background rates implying that lake-breeze circulations are an important dynamic in the formation of SO42− and secondary organic aerosol. The presence of cumulus clouds associated with the lake-breeze fronts suggests that these enhancements could be due to cloud processes. Additionally, the effective confinement of pollutants along the shoreline may have limited pollutant dilution leading to elevated oxidant concentrations.


Wednesday, December 2, 2015
Entertaining games for family game night
With all the chaos that occurs around the holidays, families need to take a moment or two to reconnect over an amusing game. The hour, or two, around the gaming table can wipe away the to-do lists, worry and other anxieties that the holiday season can bring.
Here are a few family games that can bring the laughter and fun to your next family game night.
Name 5
Name 5 is a quick wit, vast knowledge party game with simple rules. Players are asked to name five items to a random question. For example, name five stringed instruments, five breakfast cereals or five purple foods. The key is to provide five answers in 30 seconds. If the person (or team) answers correctly, she continues to play. The goal is to correctly answer the questions and reach the end of the game board. Name 5 retails for approximately $18.99 at various retailers.
Oddly Obvious
Oddly Obvious by Endless Game is a fun party game for three or more players. The answers are placed right in front of the players on a single card. One player give clues to the other players. The first player to shout out the correct answer (which is listed on the card) gets the point. The player with the most points wins. Oddly Obvious is published by Endless Games. It retails for approximately $15 at various retailers.
Quiz-a-Majig by Goliath Games is more than just a trivia game; it is the crazy quiz contraption. The "contraption" determines the category and first letter of the correct answers. With a fast reaction, players vie to throw their ball into the funnel. But, luck plays a factor in who wins.
Quiz-a-Majig is recommended for players ages 13 and older. It requires a minimum of two players. The game can be played individually or in teams. Quiz-a-Majig is distributed by Goliath Games. It retails for approximately $29.99 online or at most mass merchants.
Crazy Phrazes
Crazy Phrazes is an interactive, engaging party game that all about mixed up meanings. Teams try to guess a crazy phrase by acting, drawing, spelling or describing it. The game includes 1,200 expressions that people use in daily conversation. When taken literally these phrases are confusing, but the expressions have commonplace uses.
Crazy Phrazes by Goliath Games retails for approximately $19.99. It can be purchased online, toy stores or mass merchants.
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Harry Potter Wiki
Troll Bridge
Revision as of 03:50, June 19, 2013 by ProfessorTofty (Talk | contribs)
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Troll Bridge
Troll Bridge
Location information
Forbidden Forest, Hogwarts Castle Grounds, Scotland, Great Britain
Permanent residents
Trolls (likely)
The Troll Bridge is a location in the Forbidden Forest near the grounds of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The bridge itself was actually a tree that was used to cross a small gap with sand, usually used by trolls. A book in the Founders' Tower of the Hogwarts Castle contained a picture of this bridge.[1]
Behind the scenes
 - This bridge may be a reference to Three Billy Goats Gruff, which features a fearsome troll that lives under a bridge and likely popularised the idea of trolls being associated with bridges.
Notes and references
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text:
Roames collaborates with engineering partners to provide services that improve efficient and cost-effective pipeline design, management and operation.
Roames dynamically models different operating scenarios through the physics-based simulation core of its 3D virtual world.
These scenario simulations provide engineering information on structural and environmental conditions. When combined with the high quality source data and the engineering expertise of our partners this enables more accurate information for less conservative approach to pipeline condition assessment.
Simulation scenarios can include, the condition and status of pipelines either buried or unearthed during storms, or under pressurisation and heat impact.
The Roames Advantage
- Avoided inefficient field practices associated with poor data
- More accurate and less conservative pipeline condition assessment
- Reduced or eliminated repair costs by targeted maintenance campaigns
- Reduced trench backfill, replacement, maintenance and span rectification
- Reduced forced asset failures
- Desktop inspection and auditing tools reduce field inspection visits
for more information


text:
I've inherited a database that wasn't designed exactly optimally, and I need to manipulate some data. Let me give a more common analogy of the kind of thing I have to do:
Let's say we have a
Student table, a
StudentClass table keeping record of all the classes he attended, and a
StudentTeacher table that stores all the teachers who taught this student. Yes, I know it's a dumb design and it would make more sense to store the teacher on the Class table - but that's what we're working with.
I now want to clean up the data, and I want to find all the places where a student has a teacher but no classes, or a class but no teachers. SQL thus:
select * from StudentClass sc full outer join StudentTeacher st on st.StudentID = sc.StudentID where st.id is null or sc.id is null
How do you do that in Linq?


text:
3. Damage to the reinforcement layer
(1) The hose is cracked. The braided wire near the crack is rusty. If the hose breaks, peel off the outer rubber layer to find the broken surrounding the braiding, winding wire rust, mainly due to the external rubber layer wet or corrosive substances, so that the strength of the hose reduced, resulting in a rupture at high pressure. When this happens, it is usually accompanied by external fracture, wear or severe deterioration, which causes the outer adhesive layer to lose its protective effect on the reinforcing layer. At this point, external factors such as mechanical damage, chemical corrosion and high temperature baking of the outer adhesive layer need to be checked and eliminated before the hoses are replaced. However, there are also cases where the outer rubber layer remains good but the reinforcing layer is rusty and ruptured. Damaged mouth is usually within 200mm of the hose connector, most of the reason is because the connector is not qualified, because the moisture into the inner edge of the outer sheath, so the reinforcement layer absorbs moisture and causes rust, resulting in soft strength and rupture.
(2) The hose reinforcement layer is not rusty. However, there is an irregular wire break phenomenon, if the hose breaks, peel off the outer glue layer, found that the reinforcement layer is not rusty. However, the length direction of the enhanced layer appears irregularly broken. The main reason is that the hose is affected by high-frequency impact. There are many intersections between the braided reinforced wire and the wire. When the pressure in the tube changes greatly, these intersections also change with the diameter of the tube, causing the wires to rub against each other. If the hose is subjected to high-frequency impact pressure, the intersection will experience frequent friction, resulting in a broken wire. For hoses that are often subjected to high-frequency shocks, a wire-wounded skeleton should be used as an enhanced layer.


text:
Mitchell Springs: Water under the rock
Photo Courtesy of June Head
Mitchell Springs may be referred to as the first town site for the City of Cortez. The first in this series on Mitchell Springs in 1882 may be found in the January issue of Looking Back published by the Cortez Journal.
What prompted the Mitchell family to establish a trading post? W.L. Glenn, the Veterans Service Officer in Cortez did some research in the county records on Mitchell Springs and this is his report: "The springs are found under a rock - it was a large pit 8-by-10 foot deep where water collected. The springs had good drinking water but flow was not great. Across the creek west another spring was flowing." The original springs known as Mitchell Springs was located on the east side of the creek and was fenced off by a cedar pole fence. It was accessible by going down into the creek not too far off of County Road H and then up the creek to the springs. It was a favorite picnic area for the young people when they rode their horses in the spring's area and then let themselves down over the rock ledge by rope and saddle.
As previously mentioned, the town of Toltec was probably deserted about 1888 when the post office moved to the new town located on that "hill that no one wanted." Water was scarce in early Cortez. It was brought up from Mitchell Springs by wagon and tank. One source said it sold for 25 cents a bucket - another source said 50 cents a barrel. Many of the farmers and ranchers south of town hauled their water from Mitchell Springs and it was said they paid $1 per barrel for the water. The people in the new town and the surrounding area needed this water to survive.
At a local history seminar held in 1978, Nettie Ince Talcott Woodard mentioned she came to Cortez as a baby in 1909. This was her description of Mitchell Springs. People would go down to the springs if they were lucky enough to have a horse and a barrel to bring it up, and if not, you carried it from Market and Main Streets. They had a cistern there and there were men who would take big tanks and go down to Mitchell Springs and bring up water and put it in the cistern - then the townspeople would go up there and get a bucket of water. She said there was no charge for this water. She didn't know who the men were who hauled the water for the town. She said later the town got water by a three-mile-long wooden flume that went to a ditch that was near the old City Park on North Market. After the ditch came in almost everyone then had a cistern. They put up a flagpole at Main and Market where the original cistern was located and during World War I, everybody would go up and gather around the flagpole and sing songs and have a good time. People living in the new town of Cortez probably didn't do much washing of clothing. One of the first early day residents of Cortez said they wanted to have some trees planted - so they took their dishwater and wash water and watered the trees. Another later said they wanted trees so badly they planted them in buckets and put them out in front of the houses to grow in hopes that someday they would have water to use for trees, etc.
I mentioned families in that area that depended on the springs for their use. In 1915, two of the sons of Frank Greenlee were using burros to pull little sleds with wooden water barrels to haul the water. Many other families living in this area depended on the springs for their water. When the Irrigation Company (MVIC) came in, the ditches were used to fill cisterns to store the water.
In 1939 Charlie Blackmer obtained the 160 acres west of Mitchell Springs plus another 160 acres at the present site of Mitchell Springs. His sons, Joe, Frank and Fred said the springs on both sides of the canyon were used. It was their understanding the springs where the water was hauled from to Cortez was on the west side of the creek. People living in the valley used to come to the east side to get water. On this side, initials had been carved into the rock. There were roads on both sides of the wash and it was called the "cross-over road." There might still be evidence of the old wagon road in the rocks. In the area of the springs on the east side, the Blackmer boys found a lot of old army brass. The army probably camped at the site when the Mitchells had the trading post. It was reported the Mitchells were going to build a flour mill on this side where the road turns into the "Best Logs" as there was evidence of an old foundation there for years. Perhaps the water on this side caused them not to continue with the building. It has been mentioned there was a total of five springs in the area. Residents of that area mention "Poison Springs" where old car bodies were placed in the springs to prevent livestock from drinking the water. It is located on the lower southern edge of McElmo Wash just off of Road H. In past years this was the site of car accidents - some fatal - when they "didn't make the curve" on this road.
When I visited Mitchell Springs in 2000, the springs on both sides of the canyon were still flowing.
In the future, Montezuma County Historical Society would like to mark the location of the "first town site" by a sign and parking area. It is doubtful that the springs would be open to the public because of their location.
June Head is the historian for the Montezuma County Historical Society, and can be contacted for comments, corrections or questions at _PHONE_. All interested persons are invited to join the Historical Society.


text:
Rewrite the following sentence in the passive voice, without changing its meaning.
The police arrested the suspect after a long chase.
Answer as written by the student:
The suspect was arrested by the police after a long chase.
Step-by-step explanation of the answer:
- The first step is to identify the subject, the verb, and the object of the sentence in the active voice. In this case, the subject is the police, the verb is arrested, and the object is the suspect. 👮♂
- The second step is to switch the positions of the subject and the object in the sentence. In this case, the suspect becomes the new subject, and the police becomes the new object. 🕵♂
- The third step is to change the verb to the passive voice by using the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb. In this case, the verb to be is was, and the past participle of arrested is arrested. 🚓
- The fourth step is to add the preposition by before the new object, if you want to include it in the sentence. In this case, the new object is the police, and it is included in the sentence with the preposition by. 🚔