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5 Foolproof Invisible Ink Recipes
Who doesn't like to send secret messages?
People have been doing it for ages. In fact Giovanni Battista Della Porta, an Italian guy who lived about 500 years ago invented what I believe is the most creative way to send a secret message.
Giovanni wrote messages on the shell of a boiled egg using a mixture of alum and plant pigments. The message seeps through the shell and can only be read by peeling the egg. How crazy is that? Imagine peeling your egg for breakfast and finding a secret message!
While I can't tell you how to send a message via hard-boiled egg, I do have several simple, foolproof recipes for invisible ink. All of these can be written on ordinary white paper.
Milk and Pencils
Write it: Use a cotton swab or toothpick to write your message with whole (must be whole or at least 2% – won't work with skim) milk. Let the paper dry completely.
Read it: Rub the graphite (black part) of a sharpened pencil on some sand paper over the message so that a graphite powder falls onto the paper. Gently rub the graphite over the paper until your message appears.
How it works: When your message dries on the paper, most of the milk evaporates but the fat stays on the paper. Graphite sticks to the fat more than the paper to reveal the message.
Heat Activated
Write it: Use a cotton swab or toothpick to write your message with vinegar, milk, lemon juice – or really any fruit juice will work. Let the paper dry completely.
Read it: Heat the paper using a hair dryer, hot iron, holding it near a light bulb or warming it in the oven at 300oF for 10 minutes.
How it works: All of the liquids are mild acids that weaken the paper wherever you write your message. The acid also stays on the paper after the invisible ink has dried. When you heat the paper, the acidic message burns or turns brown before the rest of the paper.
Wax Resist
Write it: Write your message with a white crayon.
Read it: Paint over the message with watercolors – darker colors like red, green or blue work best.
How it works: Wax repels water. This is why wax paper is so useful – it can't get wet. Here the watercolor paints will not stick to the white crayon drawing and your message is easily visible.
Acids & Bases
Write it: Mix 2 tablespoons of baking soda with 2 tablespoons of water. Use a cotton swab or toothpick dipped in the mixture to write your message. Let the paper dry completely.
Read it: Use a cotton swab, sponge or paint brush dipped in grape juice to paint over the message.
How it works: The baking soda, a base, reacts with the grape juice, an acid, to produce a different color on the paper.
Black Light
Write it: Use a cotton swab or toothpick to write your message with clear or white liquid laundry detergent. Let the paper dry completely.
Read it: Hold the paper under a black light to see the message.
How it works: Laundry detergent contains phosphors which fluoresce or glow in the ultraviolet light given off by the sun (and black lights) and make your clothes (and secret message) look bright.


text:
Click on the elements of interest for more details,
or make a new query.
The numbers that are shown in the parentheses indicate how
many of your word queries appear in each category.
- gods and goddesses from Latin and Greek myths: words from mythology (two matching results)
- -mancy, -mancer (Greek: divination, prophecy) words: belomancy to cheiromancy, part 2 of 9 (two matching results)
- The planet earth, words from myths (one matching result)
- philo-, -philia (love, fondness for, attraction to) words: tandentrophilist to zoophilous, part 10 of 10 (one matching result)
- scroto-, scrot- (Latin: the pouch that holds the testes; a purse; probably a variant of scortum, a skin, hide, or of scrautum; a leather bag for holding arrows; akin to scrupus, a sharp stone) (one matching result)
- Luna, the earth moon, words from myths (one matching result)
- Apollo, god of the Sun, words from myths (one matching result)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


File Exchange
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Numeric to Ordinal-String
version 1.5 (2.22 KB) by
Convert numeric values to a character array of integers with ordinal suffixes. Fully vectorized!
1 Download
Updated
View License
Convert a numeric scalar/vector/matrix/array into a character array giving the integers and ordinal suffixes of the rounded input element values, for example the value 1 is returned as '1st'.
Similar to MATLAB's IPTNUM2ORDINAL and other files available on FEX, except that this function accepts numeric arrays (not just scalars) of any class (float, int or uint) and is fully vectorized (no loops or ARRAYFUN calls are used or required). The function rounds fractional numeric values to the nearest integer, and provides the correct suffixes for numeric values ending in 11, 12 or 13. The optional second input selects between returning the integer and suffix (default), or just the suffix (fast!).
### Examples ###
num2ordinal(1)
 ans = '1st'
num2ordinal(1:6)
 ans = ['1st';'2nd';'3rd';'4th';'5th';'6th']
num2ordinal([1,11,111,1111])
 ans = [' 1st';' 11th';' 111th';'1111th']
num2ordinal(100:113,false)
 ans = ['th';'st';'nd';'rd';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th';'th']
num2ordinal(intmax('int64')-4)
 ans = '9223372036854775803rd'
num2ordinal([-0,+0])
 ans = ['-0th';' 0th']
vals = [-1,-0,0;-Inf,NaN,Inf];
reshape(strtrim(cellstr(num2ordinal(vals))),size(vals))
 ans = {'-1th','-0th','0th';'-Infth','NaNth','Infth'}
### Note ###
Compared to MATLAB inbuilt functions and several other M-files that are available on MATLAB File Exchange, this file:
- Correctly converts all numeric values ending in 11, 12, or 13.
- Accepts a scalar/array numeric.
- Is fully vectorized.
- Optionally returns only the ordinal suffix (fast!).
- Returns the complete digits for uint and int type numerics.
- Distinguishes between positive and negative zero.
Comments and Ratings (0)
Updates
1.5
* Improve documentation.
1.4
Added Acknowledgements
1.3
- Fix minor bug with int* and uint*.
1.2
- Improve function description, add acknowledgements.
1.1
- Fix minor bugs with -0, int* & uint* handling.
MATLAB Release
MATLAB 7.11 (R2010b)
Download apps, toolboxes, and other File Exchange content using Add-On Explorer in MATLAB.
» Watch video


What does HLA-DQ2 5 positive mean?
2021-01-13 by No Comments
What does HLA-DQ2 5 positive mean?
In addition, there are at least three different versions of the HLA-DQ2 gene. One, known as HLA-DQ2. 5, confers the highest risk for celiac disease3; about 13% of Caucasian residents of the U.S. carry this specific gene. However, people with other versions of HLA-DQ2 also are at risk for celiac disease.
What is HLA-DQ2 positive?
Interpreting HLA Test Results The risk for celiac disease in patients who are positive for DQ2 or DQ8 can be determined based on which molecules are encoded. DQ2. 5 is most highly associated with celiac disease, while DQ8 and DQ2. 2 are associated with a lower risk.
What is half DQ2?
Haplotypes with DQ2-associated variants in either HLA-DQA1 or HLA-DQB1 are referred to as half-DQ2.
What is HLA typing for celiac disease?
Celiac disease is strongly associated with the HLA genetic region. Approximately 90% of celiac patients express the HLA-DQ2 molecule. Most of the DQ2 negative patients express the HLA-DQ8 molecule. Gluten peptides presented by these HLA molecules induce an abnormal mucosal immune response and tissue damage. …
Are you born with celiac disease?
Most people who are diagnosed with celiac disease are adults. So someone who is born with the genetic risk for the condition can have no autoimmune reaction to gluten for many years, and then for some reason, they break that tolerance to eating gluten and start developing symptoms.
Is there a celiac gene?
"The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genes are linked to many autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease. Everyone has a copy from the mother and a copy from the father. These copies can come in different versions called alleles. The HLA gene alleles that predispose a person to celiac disease are called DQ2 and DQ8.
What does HLA-DQ2 do?
HLA-DQ molecules bind and present peptides to antigen-specific T cells. It is now commonly accepted that HLA-DQ2. 5 can bind and present gluten peptides and that these HLA-DQ-peptide complexes induce inflammatory T cell responses, causing disease. The HLA-DQ2.
Is celiac disease dominant?
The HLA-DQ2 celiac disease susceptibility haplotype can be inherited either in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner, depending on the specific alleles of these genes the parent has. HLA-DQ8 celiac disease susceptibility haplotype is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Are you born with celiac disease or do you develop it?
Most people who are diagnosed with celiac disease are adults. So someone who is born with the genetic risk for the condition can have no autoimmune reaction to gluten for many years, and then for some reason, they break that tolerance to eating gluten and start developing symptoms. Studies have confirmed this.
Can 23andMe tell me if I have celiac?
You can see whether you may have a slightly increased risk of developing celiac disease based on your genetics in the 23andMe Celiac Disease Genetic Health Risk report. * 23andMe looks at two common variants associated with celiac disease.
How does the HLA DQ association test work?
Aids in the diagnosis of celiac disease. The HLA DQ Association test provides genotyping for detection of HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05:01 or 05:05 and DQB1*02:01 or 02:02) and HLA-DQ8 (DQB1*03:02). Patients with DQ2, half DQ2 and/or DQ8 are predisposed to celiac disease.
What is the role of HLA DQA1 in squamous cell carcinoma?
HLA-DQA1 plays an important role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression and may be a biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a potential target for the treatment of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Is the HLA-DQA1 gene associated with gastric cancer?
HLA-DQA1 gene copy number polymorphism is associated with gastric cancer susceptibility, and there is a multiplicative gene-environment interaction between this polymorphism and H.pylori infection in the development of gastric cancer.
Where are HLA DQ2 and DQA1 alleles most common?
DQ2 β-chains combine with α-chains, encoded by genetically linked HLA-DQA1 alleles, to form the cis – haplotype isoforms. These isoforms, nicknamed DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, are also encoded by the DQA1 *0201 and DQA1 *0501 genes, respectively. DQ2 is most common in Western Europe, North Africa and East Africa.


And a little more about auto-tuning textarea heights
When redesigning one "smartphone" project, I came across a chat page with textarea, which does not know how to resize depending on the number of lines. It was not a problem to find and connect a small plug-in ( autoResize ) to jQuery, able to increase the height of textarea, but when testing the form, I was vaguely missing something.
And this "something" was the impossibility of briefly hiding the textarea, which was swollen under the dominance of "many-letter books", and even so that then it would open again without unnecessary questions. That's because we seem to have learned to increase the height of the textarea, but for a while we hide it in order to free up space on the screen - for some reason we do not want to.
The solution came out on its own: tell autoResize when we change focus from our textarea to another element of the page and vice versa - when we return to it again. And make him do something.
To do this, it will be enough to insert the following code after 73 lines of the plugin:
// при онблуре сжимаемся до одной строки
 $(this).height(origHeight + 'px');
// при онфокусе восстанавливаем высоту
 $(this).height(lastScrollTop + 'px');
Now, if you want to read the text of the interlocutor without sending an incomplete answer, you can tap in the chat field and textarea will be reduced to one line. And vice versa: by tapping back on your answer, you make it open again to a comfortable height.
PS: Example on jsfiddle. From there you can download the modified plugin.
Also popular now:


text:
By Will Dunham
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – From the monkey puzzle tree in Peru to the Tasmanian blue gum in Australia, from the baobabs in Madagascar to the giant sequoias in California – the world is blessed with an abundance of tree species. How many? A new study has the answer.
Researchers on Monday unveiled the world's largest forest database, which includes more than 44 million individual trees in more than 100,000 locations in 90 countries – helping them calculate there are approximately 73,300 species of trees on Earth.
This figure is about 14% higher than previous estimates. Of that total, it's estimated that about 9,200 exist based on statistical models but have not yet been identified by science, with a large portion of them growing in South America, the researchers said.
South America, home to the vastly biodiverse Amazon rainforest and vast Andean forests, has been home to 43% of the planet's tree species and the largest number of rare species at around 8,200.
Trees and forests are much more than mere oxygen producers, said Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, professor of biodiversity and conservation at the University of Bologna in Italy and lead author of the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"Without trees and forests, we would not have clean water, safe mountain slopes, habitats for many animals, fungi and other plants, the most biodiverse terrestrial ecosystems, sinks for our excess carbon dioxide, purifiers of our polluted air, etc.," Gatti said.
"Indeed, our society often regards forests as just pieces of wood and trees as natural resources, ignoring their fundamental role for humanity in providing ecosystem services that lag behind purely economic – albeit important – wood, paper and pulp production. It is from trees and forests that humanity derives inspiration, relaxation, spirituality and essentially the meaning of life," Gatti added.
It has been determined that there are about 27,000 known tree species and 4,000 yet to be identified in South America. Eurasia has 14,000 known and 2,000 unknown species, followed by Africa (10,000 known/1,000 unknown), North America including Central America (9,000 known/2,000 unknown), and Oceania including Australia (7,000 known/2,000 unknown).
"By setting a quantitative benchmark, our study can contribute to tree and forest conservation efforts," said study co-author Peter Reich, a forest ecologist at the University of Michigan and the University of Minnesota.
"This information is important because tree species are becoming extinct due to deforestation and climate change, and to understand the value of this diversity, we need to know what's even there before we lose it," Reich said. "Tree species diversity is key to maintaining healthy, productive forests and important to the global economy and nature."
That study didn't count the total number of individual trees worldwide, but a 2015 study led by one of the co-authors put that number at about 3 trillion.
The new study identified global tree diversity hotspots in the tropics and subtropics of South America, Central America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It was also found that about a third of the known species can be classified as rare.
The researchers used methods developed by statisticians and mathematicians to estimate the number of unknown species based on the abundance and presence of known species. Tropical and subtropical ecosystems in South America could support 40% of these yet-to-be-identified species, they said.
"This study reminds us how little we know about our own planet and its biosphere," said study co-author Jingjing Liang, professor of quantitative forest ecology at Purdue University in Indiana. "We still have so much more to learn about the Earth so we can better protect it and preserve natural resources for future generations."
(Reporting by Will Dunham, Editing by Rosalba O'Brien)


text:
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Dog Friendly Plants
Safe Plants for Our Furry Friends
1. Gerber Daisy Gerbera jamesonii. Also known as the Barberton Daisy, Veldt Daisy, Transvaal Daisy or African Daisy.
2. Alumroot Heuchera sanguinea. Also known as Coral Bells or Heuchera.
3. Alyssum Alyssum sp.
4. Antirrhinum Antirrhinum sp. Also known as the Snapdragon.
5. Bachelor's Buttons Centaurea cyanus. Also known as Cornflower or Bluebottle.
6. Bloodleaf Iresine herbstii. Also known as Chicken Gizzard, Yellow Bloodleaf, or Joseph's Coat.
7. Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica.
8. Garden Marigold Calendula officinalis. Also known as the Marigold, Mary Bud, Gold bloom or Pot marigold.
9. Hollyhock Althea rosea.
10. Impatients Impatiens sp. Also known as the Giant Touch-Me-Not, Buzzy Lizzy, Patient Lucy, Patient Plant or Tangerine Impatience.
11. Lady Slipper Impatiens sp. Also known as the Giant Touch-Me-Not, Buzzy Lizzy, Patient Lucy, Patient Plant, Tangerine Impatience or Impatience Plant.
12. Magnolia Bush Magnolia stellata. Also known as the Star Magnolia.


text:
How to Move a Tangerine Tree
A type of mandarin orange, the tangerine is known for its bright color, easy-to-peel skin and a small size that makes it perfect for on-the-go snacks. In the tropical home landscape, tangerine trees are popular for the bountiful fruit they produce from a relatively compact tree.
Like any landscape plant, however, there are times when moving a tangerine tree becomes necessary. If it's in danger of outgrowing its space or if it does not receive as much light as it needs, it's time to relocate. Transplanting a tangerine tree is not difficult, but do it carefully to ensure your tree will rebound with vigor.
Time it right. The best time to transplant a tangerine tree is in winter to early spring. This will give the tree time to become established before summer's hot, dry weather sets in.
Choose your site. Tangerine trees need full sun so pick a spot where it won't be shaded by structures or other trees. In cold-sensitive areas, a spot on the southeast side of the house is a good idea. The house will give off heat and offer some protection during cold spells. To avoid problems as the tree matures, choose a site at least six to eight feet from any structures, sidewalks, driveways or other features that could be damaged by growing roots or branches.
Dig it up. Using a shovel, carefully dig up the tree getting as much of the root ball as you can. Lift it out of the ground and place it on a blanket or wheelbarrow for easy moving.
Prepare the new site. Dig a hole big enough to generously accommodate the entire width of the root ball but avoid digging too deeply. The hole should be equal to or slightly shallower than the depth of the root ball.
Re-plant the tree. Place it in the hole so that the base of the trunk is about.5-1 inch higher than it was in the ground originally. Fill the hole halfway with soil, then fill it with water to settle the soil around the roots and remove air pockets. After the water has drained, fill the hole completely with soil and firm it around the base of the tree.
Make a watering ring. Create a ring of soil around the base of the tree to form a basin that will help retain water. The ring should be about 4-6 inches high and slightly wider in diameter than the planting hole. Fill this basin with water and allow it to soak in. Inspect the ring to make sure it is intact. Leave the soil ring in place and fill it with water 2-3 times per week until the tree is well-established.
Plan ahead for future problems. When choosing a site, look for trees growing nearby that could eventually shade out your tangerine.
Moving a larger tangerine tree is at least a two-person job. One person can support the trunk while the other handles the root ball.
Don't plant the tangerine tree in a hole deeper than the surrounding ground. Some people do this to facilitate watering, but this practice can encourage foot rot disease that could kill the tree.
- Plan ahead for future problems. When choosing a site, look for trees growing nearby that could eventually shade out your tangerine.
- Moving a larger tangerine tree is at least a two-person job. One person can support the trunk while the other handles the root ball.
- Don't plant the tangerine tree in a hole deeper than the surrounding ground. Some people do this to facilitate watering, but this practice can encourage foot rot disease that could kill the tree.
- Blanket or mat


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How Green
City Parks May Be Bad for the Environment
But according to new research, green parks in dry climates -- which bring thick carbon-capturing grass to regions normally populated by sparse native vegetation -- may actually increase the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere.
"The greenhouse gases produced by maintaining the park are the problem," reports Amy Townsend-Small, an earth scientist at the University of California, Irvine. Her research suggests that parks in arid cities, as they are currently managed and landscaped, are not as "green" as they look.
Her measurements of soil carbon and the air above the park's turf in Irvine showed that grass itself captures a fair amount of CO2 and emits only a tiny amount of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that soil bacteria create while digesting fertilizer.
But when Townsend-Small included estimates about how much energy and fuel was required to manage the land -- and the pollution produced by equipment such as lawn mowers and leaf blowers -- she calculated the resulting carbon footprint created from landscaping maintenance to be 10 times the amount of carbon that the park's green area could absorb.
Just watering the grass alone produced enough carbon to override any potential reduction in the gas that the lawn might produce.
The numbers were even worse for the park's athletic fields, where turf is continually torn up and replanted before it can store significant amounts of carbon.
Published in the Jan. 22 issue of the journal Geophysical Research Letters, the research suggests that parks in arid cities, as currently managed, should not count as carbon credits.


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Posted 17 Feb 2014
Using Morris Pratt String Searching In Byte Arrays
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A short discussion of string searching in raw data.
Introduction
This is a tip about how I use Morris Pratt string searching algorithm in byte arrays to get the same efficient result. I'm assuming that you've understood the basic concept of this algorithm so it won't be repeated in this topic. Also, you should already know extension methods before you get started with this topic.
Background
In 2013, I built an extension method of Morris Pratt searching algorithm to search specific string in text file. But later, I had an idea and tried to apply it on every enumerable-related type if each element in it is equatable. So I expanded my method and then get the same efficient result if I search it in byte array, which means I can directly search string in raw text file and don't have to use ASCII or Unicode to decode it at first. The program became more efficient in text searching.
Using the Code
It's easy to use these extensions. First of all, let's take a look of their prototypes:
public static int MorrisPrattSearchFirst<T>(this T[] t, T[] p)
 where T : IEquatable<T> { }
public static int MorrisPrattSearchFirst<T>(this T[] t, T[] p, int startIndex)
 where T : IEquatable<T> { }
where t is the parent array and p is the specified array for searching. The second method allows users to search p in t starting at non-zero index. Constraint on type parameter T makes sure that each element in both arrays is equatable. Returned value represents the index of first matched result (-1 if not found). Both of them are defined under the CollectionAssistant.IEnumerableExtentions class.
Here's a complete example of using them. First, we search key word "Ishmael" in character arrays from the text file MobyDick.txt. And next search it in ASCII-encoded byte arrays. Then compare the efficiency.
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
namespace CollectionAssistant.Demo
{
 class Program
 {
 static void Main(string[] args)
 {
 // This is a example which demonstrates the differences
 // between searching text in characters and in raw byte-array.
 string keyWord = "Ishmael";
 // Searching key word in character array.
 char[] originalCharArray = File.ReadAllText("MobyDick.txt").ToCharArray();
 char[] keyWordCharArray = keyWord.ToCharArray();
 int index = -1;
 int pos = 0;
 Console.WriteLine("Start searching key word in character array.");
 Stopwatch watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 do
 {
 // Using the extension method.
 index = originalCharArray.MorrisPrattSearchFirst(keyWordCharArray, pos);
 if (index >= 0)
 {
 Console.WriteLine("Key word \"{0}\" found. Index: {1}", keyWord, index);
 pos += (index + keyWordCharArray.Length);
 }
 } while (index >= 0 && pos < originalCharArray.Length);

 watch.Stop();
 Console.WriteLine("Elapsed ticks: {0}", watch.ElapsedTicks);
 Console.ReadKey(true);
 pos = 0;

 Console.WriteLine("Start searching key word in byte array.");
 // Searching key word in byte array.
 byte[] originalByteArray = File.ReadAllBytes("MobyDick.txt");
 byte[] keyWordByteArray = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(keyWord);
 watch.Restart();
 do
 {
 // Using the extension method.
 index = originalByteArray.MorrisPrattSearchFirst(keyWordByteArray, pos);
 if (index >= 0)
 {
 Console.WriteLine("Key word \"{0}\" found. Index: {1}", keyWord, index);
 pos += (index + keyWordByteArray.Length);
 }
 } while (index >= 0 && pos < originalByteArray.Length);
 watch.Stop();
 Console.WriteLine("Elapsed ticks: {0}", watch.ElapsedTicks);
 Console.ReadKey(true);
 }
 }
}
The result shows that both of them performed almost same efficiently: about 3000 ~ 8000 ticks in this case.
Test result.
Conclusion
Searching text in character arrays and in byte arrays are both efficient while using Morris Pratt algorithm. But sometimes, it's better in byte arrays especially for some situations such as text file or multipart/form-data - which means parent byte array possibly contains both text and non-text data and can't be decoded into character array or string.
You can obtain the complete source code from here.
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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About the Author
Robert Vandenberg Huang
Software Developer
Taiwan Taiwan
Software developer, video game enthusiast, drummer and also a huge Jazz music fan. Have been working on software development since junior high school. Love sharing knowledge with people, learning new things and having interaction with developer community.
My Homepage at GitHub
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Home > MIG Welding > Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC)
Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC)
Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC)
Summary: Air carbon arc cutting is an arc cutting process in which metals to be
cut are melted by the heat of a carbon arc. The molten metal is removed
by a high velocity blast of compressed air. The air jet is external to the consumable carbon-graphite electrode. It strikes the molten metal immediately behind the arc.
Required equipment includes an air compressor, welding power source, carbon electrode and a gouging torch.
The air carbon arc process is shown in figure 10-75.
Comparison to Other Processes
Air carbon arc cutting and metal removal differ from plasma arc cutting in that they employ an open (unconstricted) arc, which is independent of the gas jet. The air blast physically removes metal instead of chemically, which is the approach in oxy-fuel cutting processes.
The process is more flexible than oxyfuel processes since it does not require oxidation in order to cut. The most common metals cut with the process includes cast irons, copper alloys and stainless steel. The process is widely used for back gouging, preparing joints, and removing defective weld metal.
Process Diagram for Air Carbon Arc Cutting – figure 10-75
Air Carbon Arc Cutting Video
[iframe width="400″ height="225″ src="_URL_
Equipment and Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram for air carbon arc cutting (CAC) or gouging is shown in figure 10-76.
Normally, conventional welding machines with constant current are used.
Constant voltage can be used with this process. When using a CV power
source, precautions must be taken to operate it within its rated output
of current and duty cycle. Alternating current power sources having
conventional drooping characteristics can also be used for special
applications. AC type carbon electrodes must be used.
Air Carbon Arc Cutting Diagram (CAC) - Figure 10-76
Equipment required is shown by the block diagram. Special heavy duty
high current machines have been made specifically for the air carbon arc
process. This is because of extremely high currents used for the large
size carbon electrodes.
Electrode Holder
The electrode holder is designed for the air carbon arc process (CAC).
The holder includes a small circular grip head which contains the air
jets to direct compressed air along the electrode. It also has a groove
for gripping the electrode. This head can be rotated to allow different
angles of electrode with respect to the holder. A heavy electrical lead
and an air supply hose are connected to the holder through a terminal
block. A valve is included in the holder for turning the compressed air
on and off. Holders are available in several sizes depending on the duty
cycle of the work performed, the welding current, and size of carbon
electrode used. For extra heavy duty work, water-cooled holders are
used.
Types of Electrodes
Carbon Graphite:
The carbon graphite electrodes are made of a mixture of carbon and
graphite plus a binder which is baked to produce a homogeneous
structure. Electrodes come in several types.
Plain Uncoated Electrodes:
The plain uncoated electrode is less expensive, carries less current, and starts easier.
Copper-Coated:
The copper-coated electrode provides better electrical
conductivity between it and the holder. The copper-coated electrode is
better for maintaining the original diameter during operation. It lasts
longer and carries higher current. Copper-coated electrodes are of two
types
 - DC type
 - AC type
The composition ratio of the carbon
and graphite is slightly different for these two types. The dc type is
more common.
The ac type contains special elements to stabilize the arc.
It is used for direct current electrode negative when cutting cast
irons. AC coated electrodes are made with graphite, carbon and special binder. Rare earth materials are mixed in to ensure stabilization when using alternating current.
For normal use, the electrode is operated with the electrode
positive. Electrodes range in diameter from 5/32 to 1 in. (4.0 to 25.4
mm). Electrodes are normally 12 in. (300 mm) long; however, 6 in. (150
mm) electrodes are available Copper-coated electrodes with tapered
socket joints are available for automatic operation, and allow
continuous operation.
Table 10-25 shows the electrode types and the arc current range for different sizes.
Electrode Type - Size and Current Range - Table 10-25
Polarity of Electrode is Positive (reverse polarity). Note: For DC coppered electrodes current can be increased percent.
Check Manufacturers Directions
Air Pressure
The air pressure is not critical but should range from 80 to 100 psi
(552 to 690 kPa). The volume of compressed air required ranges from as
low as 5 cu ft per min (2.5 liter per min) up to 50 cu ft per min (24
liter per min) for the largest-size carbon electrodes. A one-horsepower
compressor will supply sufficient air for smaller-size electrodes. It
will require up to a ten-horsepower compressor when using the
largest-size electrodes.
Torch
CAC Torch for Gouging
A manual carbon gouging torch is shown above. The torch holds an electrode in a swivel head that has one or multiple air holds. This way the air jet stays aligned with the electrode regardless of the electrode angle to the torch.
If the torch has two heads (air jets on both sides of the electrode) or with a fixed angle between the electrode and the holder, are better for some uses such as large castings (padwashing) or for removing pads.
The torch is cooled by air. If high-current applications are used, then water cooling can be used along with a heavy-duty torch.
Advantages and Major Uses
The air carbon arc cutting process (CAC) is used to cut metal, to gouge
out defective metal, to remove old or inferior welds, for root gouging
of full penetration welds, and to prepare grooves for welding. Air
carbon arc cutting is also used when slightly ragged edges are not
objectionable.
The area of the cut is small and, since the metal is
melted and removed quickly, the surrounding area does not reach high
temperatures. This reduces the tendency towards distortion and cracking.
The air carbon arc cutting (CAC) and gouging process is normally
manually operated. The apparatus can be mounted on a travel carriage.
This is considered machine cutting or gouging.
Special applications have
been made where cylindrical work has been placed on a lathe-like device
and rotated under the air carbon arc torch. This is machine or
automatic cutting, depending on operator involvement.
Works in All Positions:
The air carbon arc cutting process (CAC) can be used in all positions.
It can also be used for gouging in all positions. Use in the overhead
position requires a high degree of skill.
Works with Common Metals:
The air carbon arc process can be used for cutting or gouging
most of the common metals. Metals include: aluminums, copper, iron,
magnesium, and carbon and stainless steels.
The process is not recommended for weld preparation for stainless
steel, titanium, zirconium, and other similar metals without subsequent
cleaning. This cleaning, usually by grinding, must remove all of the
surface carbonized material adjacent to the cut. The process can be used
to cut these materials for scrap for remelting.
Process Principles
Principles of Air Carbon Arc Cutting Diagram
The procedure schedule for making grooves in steel is shown in table 10-26 below.
Air Carbon Arc Gouging Procedure Schedule
1. Air Pressure 80 to 100 PSI, (552 to 690 KPa) is recommended for 1/2" and 5/8" (13 and 16mm) electrodes.
2. Combination of settings and multiple passes may be used for grooves deeper than 3/4"(19mm).
To make a cut or a gouging operation, the cutter strikes an arc and
almost immediately starts the air flow. The electrode is pointed in the
direction of travel with a push angle approximately 45° with the
axis-of the groove. The speed of travel, the electrode angle, and the
electrode size and current determine the groove depth. Electrode
diameter determines the groove width.
Electrode Severing Techniques for CAC
The normal safety precautions associated with carbon arc welding and
shielded metal arc welding apply to air carbon arc cutting (CAC) and gouging.
However, two other precautions must be observed. First, the air blast
will cause the molten metal to travel a very long distance. Metal
deflection plates should be placed in front of the gouging operation.
All combustible materials should be moved away from the work area. At
high-current levels, the mass of molten metal removed is quite large and
will become a fire hazard if not properly contained.
The second factor is the high noise level. At high currents with
high air pressure a very loud noise occurs. Ear protection, ear muffs or
ear plugs should be worn by the arc cutter.
For Additional Information
Carbon Arc Cutting Guide:
(PDF Download)
For an Overview of the Basics:
Air Carbon Arc Cutting Fundamentals
Page Author: Jeff Grill
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Toward Optimization of Multi-Pulse, Pulsed Field Magnetization of Bulk High-Temperature Superconductors07 Mar 2018
Pulsed field magnetisation (PFM) is the most practical method for magnetising bulk superconducting materials as trapped field magnets (TFMs), but the record trapped field achieved by PFM to date is still significantly less than the true trapped field capability of these materials. In this paper, a flexible numerical modelling technique based on the finite element method is used to provide a comprehensive and realistic picture of multi-pulse PFM, which has been shown to be effective in increasing the trapped field/flux over a single pulse. Firstly, the maximum trapped field capability of a representative sample is determined using two types of numerical model simulating field-cooling (FC) and zero-field-cooling (ZFC) magnetisation. Next, various sets of magnetic field pulses are applied to the bulk to analyse multi-pulse PFM. An increase in the trapped field can be achieved after a 2nd pulse and to do so an increased amplitude of applied field is required to maximize the trapped field fully. The numerical analysis shows that this occurs in subsequent pulses because it is more difficult for the magnetic flux to penetrate the sample and there is a lower temperature rise.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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UNESCO International Literacy day 2012 Theme
Literacy is important for then growth and development of society. The society can become healthy and Wealthy with literacy. UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) has initiated for the observance of international literacy day.
Date of International Literacy day:
The first international literacy day was observed in the year 1965. Every year international literacy day shall be observed on the 8th day September. UNESCO is taking up then initiation of celebration of international literacy day across the globe.
Need for literacy and observation of international literacy day:
Nearly one in every six people is still illiterate. Among these two thirds are women. Nearly 80 crore adults are still illiterate in the world. There are so many children are out of school during their young age. It is observed that poverty and ill health is related to illiteracy in then world. Literacy can improve the quality of life among the human beings. One can have better sanitation and health with literacy. Educating adult illiterate and bringing the children to schools at the young age are the main agenda for organizing the international literacy day. Literate adults can know the need of education and can send their children in pursuing education. Literacy can uplift people from poverty. UNESCO supports its member states in planning and implementation of program for the improvement of literacy rates in the respective sites.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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RNLI urges public to take extra care as strong winds and large seas forecasted during Storm Arwen
The RNLI is urging people to take extra care over the coming days as strong winds and large seas are expected during Storm Arwen which is forecasted to make its approach from the early hours of tomorrow (Friday morning).
With high winds and large seas anticipated on Friday and Saturday, the RNLI is urging people to exercise extreme caution if visiting the shoreline, especially along exposed cliffs, seafronts and piers. The charity is asking people not to take unnecessary risks – breaking waves can easily sweep you off your feet and out to sea.
Kevin Rahill, RNLI Water Safety Lead said:
"Storm Arwen could make visiting our coasts treacherous and bring very dangerous sea conditions. The RNLI would advise people to stay out of the water during these stormy conditions.
"Swimming in large waves and rough seas can be dangerous where currents can drag someone away from the shore and in addition to that, the rough weather can make it difficult to spot someone in the water should they get into difficulty. Large waves can also make exiting the water difficult and increase the risk of injury.
"While stormy conditions may be tempting to watch, it is important to remember the sea is very dangerous and unpredictable and big waves can easily knock you off your feet.
"We would urge people to stay well back from the edge to avoid being swept in by large waves crashing over rocks and piers. As well as the risk of being swept into the sea, large waves can often undermine cliff edges and make them unstable. If you think someone is in danger, please dial 999 or 112 and ask for the Coastguard."


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Fitzgerald and the lost generation
The lost generation was the generation that came of age during both hemingway and fitzgerald touch on this theme throughout the novels the sun also rises and the. The lost generation is the dreamlike tale of an ex-pat in paris in the rich parade of her characters are hemingway,picasso and scott fitzgerald. Start studying lost generation learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. By sara krauss although f scott fitzgerald is most commonly praised for his accurate description of the american jazz age, his writing also reflects the.
Lesson title – the lost generation writers of the 1920s from underlying themes in the writing of hemingway and fitzgerald 4. The lost generation: f scott fitzgerald & t s eliot the lost generation f scott fitzgerald the great gatsby t s eliot the wasteland the main points: group of. Lost generation definition, the generation of men and women who came of age during or immediately following world war i: viewed, as a result of their war experiences. F scott fitzgerald biography's success the novel tells the story of fitzgerald's "lost generation" during the "jazz age.
Gatsby gatsby, one of the main characters in the novel seems hidden from society, and isn't able to find happiness, making him lose his identity and becomes lost. Following in the steps of paris' lost generation enter the lost generation known as the place where hemingway first met fitzgerald. Books shelved as lost-generation: the sun also rises by ernest hemingway, the great gatsby by f scott fitzgerald, a moveable feast by ernest hemingway. The nook book (ebook) of the the lost generation anthology by e e cummings, f scott fitzgerald, ford madox ford, john dos passos | at barnes.
The status of affairs in america in the years following the first world war spawned a generation of authors termed "the lost generation" in response to the. If you want the real stories behind the great gatsby about the self-made tycoon who couldn't stop yearning for that green light at the end of the dock, check out.
Define lost generation lost generation synonyms, lost generation pronunciation, lost generation translation, english dictionary definition of lost generation n 1. F scott fitzgerald literary conference fabrication & manufacturing r facilities, office of facilities help desk - service requests facilities planners council. The lost generation defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness apparent in literary figures during the 1920s the phrase signifies a disillusioned postwar. The lost generation: fitzgerald's work introduced the "flapper," a flirtatious gal, audacious in both dress and manner his main character, amory.
Fitzgerald and the lost generation
The lost generation defines a sense of moral loss or aimlessness ezra pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for hemingway and fitzgerald.
- The three best known are f scott fitzgerald ernest hemingway was the lost generation's leader in the adaptation of the naturalistic technique in the novel.
- F scott fitzgerald and the lost hope of babylon revisited f scott fitzgerald is known as the spokesman of the lost generation of americans in the 1920s.
- Educator programs primary source the phrase lost generation, as coined by gertrude stein this group, including stein, f scott fitzgerald.
- Here's the story of the writers, poets, and artists who came of age during world war one, commonly referred to as the lost generation music by electric.
Scott fitzgerald' s please help with the great gatsby questions 1 dubbed the lost generation. Trace the life and times of the _lost generation_ in paris during the 1920s, including writers ernest hemingway, ezra pound, f scott fitzgerald, & others part ii. Explore chelsea tells stories's board the lost generation on pinterest | see more ideas about zelda fitzgerald, f scott fitzgerald and l'wren scott. Get an answer for 'how does the term lost generation appear in the great gatsby through which characters' and find lost generation in f scott fitzgerald's. The authors of "the lost generation" lived in a time that raised the last week of the unit will introduce f scott fitzgerald and his short story.


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Crofton, BC: On October 29, 2009, Catalyst Paper will cease operation of the Cowichan Lake weir that regulates water flow out of Cowichan Lake. Recent rainfall that is replenishing the lake has caused water levels to rise such that water is soon expected to be cresting over the top of the weir and naturally increasing flow in the river.
Starting today, flow rates in the river will be increased as the weir control gates are opened to prepare for shut down on October 29. Weir control gates will then no longer restrict water flow and will remain open throughout the winter season.
The Cowichan Lake boat lock will also be fully opened to allow boats unrestricted access between the lake and the river. The Ministry of Environment encourages the public, especially recreational users, to use extra caution on the Cowichan River, as increased flows combined with natural storm events can create strong currents.
The Cowichan Lake weir regulates water flow out of the lake and is operated by Catalyst Paper Crofton Division under the direction of Ministry of Environment Water Stewardship Division, and in accordance with the established regulations and licenses.
The monitoring and regulation of Cowichan Lake water levels and flow release is part of the Ministry of Environment's ongoing commitment to maintain stream flows for all stakeholders.
For further information contact:
Ministry of Environment
Catalyst Paper Crofton Division


Chapter 13
Defining Value in the Relevant Context: Definitions of Value
Business valuation normally occurs in context: a specific value or range of values in a given set of defined parameters that, among other factors, include the legal universe in which the value is being considered, the organization of the business, and the particular rights and responsibilities of the ownership stake within that business, all as of the date of the valuation.
Identifying the correct definition of value in the legal context is a crucial beginning step in an appraisal. The belief that "value lies in the eye of the beholder" is not helpful when there is a legal need for a definition of value. Value is defined differently in different legal contexts, and the quest...
Get Analyzing Complex Appraisals for Business Professionals now with O'Reilly online learning.


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Historical Items Showing 3 of 2050 View All
Contributed by: Maine Historical Society
Media: Ink on paper
Contributed by: Fryeburg Historical Society
Date: circa 1940
Media: Photographic print
Not part of the American "farm belt," Maine nonetheless has been known over the years for a few agricultural items, especially blueberries, sweet corn, potatoes, apples, chickens and dairy products.
Agricultural fairs, intended to promote new techniques and better farming methods, have been held since the early 19th century. Before long, entertainments were added to the educational focus of the early fairs.
Named for the two largest things in Maine at the turn of the 20th century, Mt. Katahdin and Granger of Stetson, were known as the Largest Oxen in the World. Unable to do farm work because of their size, they visited fairs and agricultural events around the Northeast.
Site Pages Showing 3 of 686 View All
Agriculture Agriculture has always been the key component of Presque Isle's economy. Whether as the source of necessary supplies for the lumber…
(More about WWI Impact on Farmington's Agriculture.) 1863 Franklin Co. Agricultural Newsletter This newsletter shows the many categories for…
Farmington's Agricultural Pursuits In the early 1800's, as farms became more established, crops in Farmington expanded to include clover for cattle…
My Maine Stories Showing 2 of 2 View All
by Phyllis A. Blackstone
A child's memory of potato harvest in the 1950s
by Paula Woodworth
Life growing up and working on a potato and dairy farm was hard work but fun in Aroostook County.


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In recent VoIP Peering news the Dutch Cable SIP Exchange successfully tested interop
between its peering system (provided by XConnect) with Nokia Siemens Networks hiQ VoIP Platform. The test was done to demonstrate the ability to bridge between ENUM and C7.This marks continuing progress for VoIP Peering which is a good thing, but it also highlights two other important factors.
1. ENUM is the primary choice for routing with C7 being the fallback
2. The role of standards
In order to effect change technology must not only exist and operate correctly, but the thought process of how and when to use it must also change. A common language must have a common process and order. It is easy to see that the new way is ENUM first, C7 second. These are significant milestones in the psychology of networking as much as they are in the lifecycle of these entities.
To read the full announcement - _URL_


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The East Africa Crude Oil Pipeline Route
The selected route begins in Kabaale – Hoima, in Uganda and extends south to the Chongoleani Peninsula near Tanga Port in Tanzania. The pipeline will start near Hoima, close to Lake Albert, and will cross the Uganda – Tanzania border between Masaka and Bukoba, past Lake Victoria, following its western border, traversing Tanzania, passing close to Kahama, Singida, Kondoa, into Tanga. In Uganda, the pipeline, 296km long, will traverse 10 districts and 25 sub-counties. In Tanzania, the pipeline, 1,147km long will traverse 8 regions and 25 districts
The pipeline right of way required for the construction phase is 30 metres wide. During the design phase, the route was narrowed and finalised after extensive studies to integrate the various technical, geographical, environmental and land usage constraints.


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The feasibility of using a simple radiochemical method to determine the extent of formylation resulting from interaction of formic acid solutions with soil constituents was investigated. The interaction between formic acid-14C solvents and starch was used as a model reaction. Radioassay of 1 cm3 formic acid solution by liquid scintillation counting in 10 cm3 of the scintillator-solubilizer Insta-gel was found to be suitable. The method is simple to use and sample preparation is easy.
- formic acid
- Soil organic matter


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Nestled on the barren, politically volatile plains of eastern Colombia lies an epicenter of inspiration and hope for those committed to making sustainable technology and practices a working reality. The people of Gaviotas—some 200 scientists, engineers, and former street kids—generate electricity using windmills and solar collectors and grow their own food using organic techniques. They even tap into the energy of children's play by hooking up a pump to a schoolyard seesaw. In addition, Gaviotans have planted 36,000 acres of trees in the thin, nutrient-depleted soil, thereby sheltering re-emerging plants and animals indigenous to an area once roofed by a tropical canopy that may have stretched as far as the Amazon. (See more on Gaviotas in YES! Fall & Winter 1998 and Winter 2004.)
For nearly 33 years, however, Gaviotas has relied on diesel trucked in across the plain to fuel the community's small fleet of tractors and vehicles. When Gaviotans learned that students and resident from Boulder, Colorado, had been converting vehicles to biodiesel, they jumped at the opportunity to try out a more sustainable, locally available alternative, and invited the young people to Colombia to help design and build a biodiesel processing plant.
How did Boulder become a center for biodiesel innovation? In the fall 2002 semester, Andrew Azman, then a 21-year-old environmental engineering student, enlisted several other CU students to design and build a biodiesel processor on campus to convert waste grease from the campus dining halls. CU Biodiesel was born.
"My inspiration for the biodiesel project came from a feeling of despair in escaping the claws of the petroleum industry," says Azman. "Before starting CU Biodiesel, I had worked on numerous other environmental campaigns, but most were based around negativity towards governmental policies and corporations. Biodiesel was a solution I could offer to the community."
Azman quickly built connections with other Colorado-based biodiesel users. Among them were fellow student Evan Belser, who has since served as co-director of CU Biodiesel, and Martin Stenflo of the Boulder Biodiesel Cooperative. With the support of their city and campus communities, Azman, Belser, and Stenflo helped 100 Boulder residents switch to biodiesel for their personal vehicles. They've done the same with several Boulder city vehicles and all 13 of CU–Boulder's campus buses.
In October 2003, Gaviotas' founder, Paolo Lugari, spoke at a Sustainable Resource conference held in Boulder. There he was introduced to Stenflo and Azman, and he quickly saw that biodiesel could have deep implications for not only Gaviotas, but for all of Colombia. Lugari invited members of the Boulder biodiesel community to Bogotá to help design and build a biodiesel processing facility.
Biodiesel is made by combining vegetable oil or animal fat with methanol and a small amount of lye. Most diesel engines can run without modification on pure biodiesel or biodiesel-diesel mixes. Most commonly, vehicles run on B20, a blend of 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent petroleum diesel. The fuel can be created using virgin vegetable oil or by recycling used oil from restaurants or cafeterias, making it a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Although the resulting exhaust may smell like doughnuts or french-fries, biodiesel emits far less sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and unburned hydrocarbons than petroleum diesel.
In April 2004, after six months designing and preparing to build the processor, a team of six CU students and Colorado residents—Stenflo, Belser, John Bush, Melanie Zaucher, David Biwosky, and Nicholas Helund (all of them in their 20s)—arrived at Centro Las Gaviotas, a Bogotá-based organization that supports the community of Gaviotas and similar projects. For two weeks, the Coloradoans teamed up with a Colombian electrician, a plumber, and a welder to build the biodiesel processor. Less than a month later, construction was completed.
Stenflo and Belser anticipate that the Bogotá processor will produce 400,000 gallons of biodiesel a year. The Colombian-American team hopes this mid-sized facility will create new jobs, stimulate the rural economy, and allow local, sustainable fuel production to continue even as international oil supplies dwindle.
Biodiesel production does not require trained engineers or complex machinery. The team has successfully trained a Colombian man with only fourth-grade education to be the Bogotá facility's plant manger. Using this facility as a model, the plant manager will teach others how to produce the fuel, encouraging farmers and vehicle owners to develop their own "micro-brew" biodiesel processing facilities throughout the county.
Biodiesel pros and cons
Biodiesel brings the benefits of reducing reliance on oil, but it carries its own challenges. Bio-diesel doesn't perform as well as other fuels in cold temperatures, and, although it is friendlier to the envi-ronment than petroleum diesel on most counts, biodiesel emits a higher level of nitrous oxide. Most problematic, biodiesel still remains an expensive alternative to diesel fuel.
But Stenflow points out that many of these obstacles can be overcome with adequate infrastructure and stronger governmental support. And the benefits of biodiesel outweigh the shortcomings. Even with increased nitrous-oxide emissions, biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have fully met the health-effects testing requirements of the Clean Air Act. Plus, biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that does not require the purchase of a new vehicle, so it can help fuel the millions of diesel vehicles that are on the roads right now.
Large-scale production of biodiesel is slowly catching on in the United States. According to the National Biodiesel Board (_URL_), as of May 2004, 400 major U.S. fleets have begun to use biodiesel. Included on the list are Yellowstone and Yosemite national parks, public school districts, utility companies, NASA, and all major branches of the U.S. military. One of Colorado's first and largest users of biodiesel has been Peterson Air Force Base, located in Colorado Springs.
"This is not just about the environment and health," says Stenflo. "It's also about stimulating local farmers and local economies, and creating American jobs. Each gallon [used by the Peterson base] is 100 percent American."
Likewise, each gallon produced at the facility in Bogotá will be 100 percent Colombian. The fuel will be created primarily from locally grown palms. According to Stenflo, one acre of palm trees can yield enough fruit to produce about 200 gallons of oil per year—five times as much as the soybeans or canola grown in Colorado for biodiesel. And one gallon of crude palm oil can be converted into nearly one gallon of biodiesel.
Three thousand gallons of the biodiesel produced in Bogotá this year will be reserved for use in Gaviotas. Gaviotans have taken biodiesel tech-nology one step further, by modifying at least one tractor engine to run on straight, unprocessed palm oil. Lugari and his fellow Gaviotans have begun planting a variety of palms, hoping soon to fuel community vehicles with community fuel crops.
Should biodiesel production be successful in Colombia, however, Gaviotans may face a new challenge: how to prevent fuel crop production from competing for land and water with food crop production. With farmland and forests already burdened by overuse, there are limits to how much land can be made available to production of oil crops for biodiesel without compromising food security.
Stenflo, Azman, Belser, and their peers realize that members of their generation will be at the center of the looming oil crises. They have joined Lugari and fellow visionaries at Gaviotas in em-bracing the inevitable transition to alternative sources of energy.
"Perhaps, eventually the energy industry will shift to renewables because all the traditional sources for fossil fuel are exhausted or because the renewable technologies offer a higher potential for profit," Belser says, "I prefer not to wait, but to work for this shift."
Brian Edstrom is a former YES! intern, a graduate of Colorado College, and a teacher of English in China.


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Phenolic Content and Radical Scavenging Capacity of Kaffir Lime Fruit Peel Extracts Obtained by Pressurized Hot Water Extraction
The effects of the pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) parameters (extraction temperature: 100, 150 and 200°C and extraction time: 5, 10 and 15 min) on the total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the kaffir lime (<I>Citrus hystrix</I>) fruit peel extracts were investigated. Both indices increased as the extraction temperature increased. The extraction time only slightly affected the values. This study also demonstrated that the PHWE produced extracts with a higher phenolic content and radical scavenging capacity than that obtained by a conventional extraction method (water and 60% methanol at 50°C, 1 h).
- Food science and technology research
Food science and technology research 14(1), 1-4, 2008-01-01
Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology


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You can use your computer to calculate data for your business reports, expenses and other needs. The Windows operating system includes a native Calculator app that offers more than just basic functionality. You can use the app to track history and copy that information into a text document in Notepad. You'll have to manually copy and paste the history to the text file, but it provides a handy way to keep track of long calculations for later reference.
1. Turn on your computer and wait for Windows to fully boot.
2. Click the "Start" menu. Type "Calculator" in the search box and click the application when it appears in the search results.
3. Click "View" and select "History." Alternatively, press the "Ctrl" + "H" keys simultaneously to enable history tracking.
4. Use the calculator in the customary manner, typing in numbers and expressions on your computer's numeric keypad. The history tracking for your calculations appears near the top of the calculator window.
5. Click "Edit" on the Calculator toolbar. Select "History" and then click "Copy History."
6. Click the Windows "Start" menu and type "notepad" in the search box. Click "Notepad" when it appears in the search results.
7. Press "Ctrl" + "V" to paste the calculation history into the text file. Click "File" and "Save As." Specify a name for the file and click the "Save" button. Your calculations are saved.
8. Click "File" and select "Print." On the pop-up dialogue box, choose a printer and click the "Print" button. The calculations print onto paper, similar to the way a receipt prints on a business calculator.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images


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Hopkinton town has been around for centuries and has a long and interesting history. Unfortunately, most residents and visitors aren't aware of this history and don't take the time to learn more about it. Hopkinton isn't just known for having the best country club in Massachusetts, it also has other hidden gems that can amaze both residents and visitors. At Hopkinton Country Club, we encourage our guests to go out and explore the town. Here are some little-known facts about Hopkinton:
- Indian town
Created by Rev. Elliot, Hopkinton was an artificial settlement comprising 51 different Indian families. At that time, the town was named Magwonkkommok, which was later shortened to Magunco. Harvard College proceeded to purchase the land and leased it out.
- Savil Simpson constructions
Savil Simpson built the first frame house back in 1707 and that was followed by a sawmill, a grist mill, and a fulling mill in the same year. He was around when the first roadway in the area was constructed between 1724 and 1725, and collected toll on the section of the road that ran across his property.
- Daniel Shay
Daniel Shay was born in 1747 on a leased farm located at Saddle Hill. That child would grow up to lead insurrectionists against the local government to protest against injustice and high taxes while the value of money was low.
- The fires
Hopkinton was devastated by three massive fires and that forced people to leave the town to seek a livelihood elsewhere. This led to a massive drop in the overall population of Hopkinton. The first fire occurred in 1876 at a shoe factory, which then spread to the Main Street. The second fire occurred in 1882 and started in the Town Hall before spreading to a shoe factory, hotel, post office, and a church. The last fire broke out in 1900 in the same section of the town. All of this devastation had major consequences and Hopkinton took a lot of time to recover.
- Later years
Between the 1980's and 1990's, Hopkinton experienced a surge of growth and a rise in population again. The real estate market boomed and that led to an increase in business establishments like stores, entertainment venues, and the best country club in Hopkinton.
You can get in touch with us at Hopkinton Country Club through the contact us form or give us a call on _PHONE_. You can direct your calls to specific departments by calling the numbers listed on our contact us page.


call/callThrowOne/callThrowTwo/callThrowThree()
This group API is used for call the original method which has return value. You should cast it to original type that the same with hook method descriptor's return type.
Origin.callVoid/callVoidThrowOne/callVoidThrowTwo/callVoidThrowThree()
Similar with above three methods, these methods are used for method without return value.
By the way, the ThrowOne/ThrowTwo/ThrowThree are for deceiving the compiler if you want to catch some exceptions for some convenience.
For example:
@TargetClass("java.io.InputStream")
@Proxy("read")
public int read(byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
 try {
 return (int) Origin.<IOException>callThrowOne();
 } catch (IOException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 throw e;
 }
}
So that on every invoke point of int InputStream.read(byte[]), if IOException happens, we will see its stacktrace.
This
get()
This method is used for none static method to find this object. You can cast it to its actual type.
putField(Object, String) / getField(String)
You can directly get or put a field in the target class even if the field is protected or private!
What's more! If the field name is not exists, we will create it for you!
Auto box and unbox are also supported.
Also, we have some restricts:
 - These two methods only are only allowed to use with @Insert till now.
 - You can't retrieve it's field of super class. When you try to get or put a field that it's super class has. We still will create the field for you. If the field of super class is private, it's OK. Otherwise, you will get a error at runtime.
For example:
package me.ele;
public class Main {
 private int a = 1;
 public void nothing(){
 }
 public int getA(){
 return a;
 }
}
@TargetClass("me.ele.Main")
@Insert("nothing")
public void testThis() {
 Log.e("debug", This.get().getClass().getName());
 This.putField(3, "a");
 Origin.callVoid();
}
Then we run the following codes:
Main main = new Main();
main.nothing();
Log.e("debug", "a = " + main.getA());
We will see:
E/debug: me.ele.Main
E/debug: a = 3
Tips
 1. Inner classes should be named like package.outer_class$inner_class
 2. SDK developer needn't to apply plugin, just provided me.ele:lancet-base:x.y.z
 3. Although we support incremental compilation. But when you use Scope.LEAF、Scope.ALL or edit the hook class, the incremental judgement will be a little special. It may cause full compilation.
License
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
_URL_
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
Apps
About Me
GitHub: Trinea
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Transient suppressor diode parameters and selection problems? Transient voltage suppression diode clamp voltage is not absolutely fixed, with the current changes, the initial turn-on voltage low, when the current reaches the limit value, at both ends of the diode voltage (voltage clamp) reached maximum value.
Selection of transient suppression diode, a breakdown voltage can not be chosen too low, so as not to affect the system's normal work, another also to ensure the maximum clamp voltage not exceeds the value of the components in the system voltage limit, in order to avoid the high pressure transient damage to other components. Then it is necessary to estimate the transient high voltage appears to be the maximum transient current value, the choice is greater than this value of the transient suppression diode tube, so as to avoid transient suppression diode tube damage caused by protection failure.
The step of transient suppression diode is as follows:
1 determine the DC voltage or continuous operating voltage of the circuit to be protected. If it is alternating current, the maximum value should be calculated, that is, the effective value of *1.414.
2 transient suppressor diode reverse displacement voltage that is the operating voltage (VRWM) - the choice of transient suppression diode VRWM equal to or greater than the operating voltage specified in step 1. This guarantees under normal working conditions of transient suppression diode absorption current and negligible, if vrwm as specified in step 1 voltage is higher than the transient suppression diodes, transient suppression diode will absorb a large amount of leakage current in the avalanche breakdown state, thus affecting the circuit.
3 maximum peak pulse power: determine the interference pulse of the circuit, according to the interference pulse waveform, pulse duration, can effectively suppress the interference of the transient suppression diode peak pulse power.
4 selected the maximum transient suppression diode clamp voltage (VC) should be less than the maximum allowable voltage of the protected circuit.
5 unipolar or bipolar - bidirectional transient suppression diode for alternating current or from the positive and negative pulse of the occasion. Transient suppression diodes are sometimes used to reduce capacitance. If the circuit has only the positive signal, then the unidirectional transient suppression diode is sufficient. Transient suppression diode mode of operation is as follows: forward surge, transient suppression diode is reverse avalanche breakdown state; reverse surge, transient suppression diodes is similar to a forward biased diode as conduction and surge energy absorption. This is not the case in a low capacitance circuit. Two way transient suppression diodes should be used to protect the low capacitance devices in the circuit from the damage of the reverse surge.
6 if you know more accurate surge current IPP, then you can use VC to determine its power, if you can not determine the scope of power, in general, select the power of some of the better.


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We are currently engaged in a study and mapping of Molloy DNA in Ireland and around the world.
There are a number of reasons why DNA Genealogy may be helpful in identifying your Molloy ancestors in County Offaly:
1. Connect with existing residents of County Offally - The Molloy Clan ruled Firceall in County Offaly for centuries. If you have been successful in tracing your Molloy ancestors back to a different county in Ireland you can still pursue an even more distant connection with an existing resident of County Offaly.
2. Identify the County Offaly Parish where your Molloy ancestor lived - As a result of the loss of the baptismal records in the Dublin fire, many of the County Offaly church records only go back to the early 1800's. Therefore if your Molloy ancestor was born in Offaly pre-1800 there may no longer exist a church record to reflect their baptism. A match with a Molloy DNA study participant may enable you to identify the parish where your Molloy ancestor lived.
3. Locate the County in Ireland where your ancestor lived - If you have been unable to trace your ancestor back to a particular county in Ireland, a DNA test may connect you with other Molloy's who were born or married outside of Offaly. Many Molloy's were forced out of County Offaly by the Crown in the 1600 and 1700's.
4. For Fun - You may wish to submit your DNA to see how closely you are related to King Niall. The O'Molloys are descended from the famous Niall of the Nine Hostages, High King of Ireland in the fifth century. Following the battle of Druim Deirg in the year 515, the descendants of Niall established control over extensive lands including Firceall, which stretched from north of Tullamore as far south as the edge of Birr. Ownership of these lands remained with the O'Molloy's until the first half of the seventeenth century, when the area was subjected to the plantations of James I and Cromwell.
Paternal Lineage DNA Test
We recommend the yDNA 37 test offerred by Family Tree DNA which costs approximately $170. One to reduce the cost per person is to have several family members share the cost of a single DNA test. The yDNA test is for male participants only as we are focused on tracking the Molloy ancestral history.


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 1. Lecture no 3 • Control statements
 2. Selection in C++ If statements
 3. Selection • If or if / else statement • choosing between mutually exclusive possibilities • Two forms • if (logical expression) statement; • if (logical expression) statement; else statement;
 4. Logical Expressions • relational operators ==, !=, <=, >=, >, < • binary operators • work on any type of data, be careful about matching types • watch out for = and == • produce a bool result
 5. Syntax of if statement • if (logical expression) statement; • don't put semicolon after condition • indentation helps humans, doesn't matter to compiler • can't start statement with "else"
 6. Syntax of if statement • if (x > 0) y = sqrt(x); • if (x > y) t = x; x = y; y = t; // what goes with the if?
 7. If-Then Statement Determine whether or not to execute a statement (which can be a single statement or an entire block) TRUE expression FALSE statement
 8. Examples • output larger of two numbers • don't allow sqrt of negative number • don't allow overflow • determining even or odd • give student another chance at a question
 9. Visual Aid • Decision tree
 10. Example What is output? Why? int age; age = 20; if (age = 16) { cout << "Did you get driver's license?"; }
 11. Example What is output? Why? int age; age = 30; if (age < 18) cout << "Do you drive?"; cout << "Too young to vote";
 12. Example What is output? Why? int number; number = 0; if (number = 0) cout << "Zero value"; else cout << "Non-zero value";
 13. Logical Operators • And && Or || Not ! • binary operators • used to combine bool values • produce a bool result • truth tables • operator precedence • ! then && then ||
 14. Logical Expression Meaning Description ! p NOT p ! p is false if p is true ! p is true if p is false p && q p AND q p && q is true if both p and q are true. It is false otherwise. p || q p OR q p || q is true if either p or q or both are true. It is false otherwise.
 15. Converting English to logic • "0 is less than x is less than 5" • "x is 5 or 6" • "x is bigger than 5 and less than 10" • impossible situations "dead code" • always true • always false
 16. Write an expression for each taxRate is over 25% and income is less than $20000 temperature is less than or equal to 75 or humidity is less than 70% age is over 21 and age is less than 60 age is 21 or 22
 17. Some Answers (taxRate > .25) && (income < 20000) (temperature <= 75) || (humidity < .70) (age > 21) && (age < 60) (age == 21) || (age == 22)
 18. What went wrong? This is only supposed to display "HEALTHY AIR" if the air quality index is between 50 and 80. But when you tested it, it displayed "HEALTHY AIR" when the index was 35. int AQIndex; AQIndex = 35; if (50 < AQIndex < 80) cout << "HEALTHY AIR";
 19. Analysis of Situation AQIndex = 35; According to the precedence chart, the expression (50 < AQIndex < 80) means (50 < AQIndex) < 80 because < is Left Associative (50 < AQIndex) is false (has value 0) (0 < 80) is true.
 20. Corrected Version int AQIndex; AQIndex = 35; if ((50 < AQIndex) && (AQIndex < 80)) cout << "HEALTHY AIR";
 21. Nested if's • the statement to be executed in an if statement can be another if
 22. Example float average; average = 100.0; if (average >= 60.0) if (average < 70.0) cout << "Marginal PASS"; else cout << "FAIL"; FAIL is printed; WHY? The compiler ignores indentation and pairs the else with the second if 100.0 average
 23. Example • Quadrant determination
 24. if .. else provides two-way selection between executing one of 2 clauses (the if clause or the else clause) TRUE FALSE expression if clause else clause
 25. What happens if you omit braces? if ((carDoors == 4) && (driverAge > 24)) premium = 650.00; cout << " LOW RISK "; else premium = 1200.00; cout << " HIGH RISK "; monthlyPayment = premium / 12.0 + 5.00; Compile error occurs:The "if clause" is the single statement following the if
 26. Another form of nested if's • if (condition) statement; else if (condition) statement; else if (condition) statement; else statement;
 27. Comparing Strings • Two objects of type string (or a string object and a C string) can be compared using the relational operators • A character-by-character comparison is made using the ASCII character set values • If all the characters are equal, then the 2 strings are equal. Otherwise, the string with the character with smaller ASCII value is the "lesser" string
 28. string myState; string yourState; myState = "Texas"; yourState = "Maryland"; Expression Value myState == yourState false myState > yourState true myState == "Texas" true
 29. Test Plan • if (x + y > 0) cout << "safe"; else if (x > 3) cout << "high"; else cout << "low";
 30. Test Plan
 31. Operator Meaning Associativity ! NOT Right *, / , % Multiplication, Division, Modulus Left + , - Addition, Subtraction Left < Less than Left <= Less than or equal to Left > Greater than Left >= Greater than or equal to Left == Is equal to Left != Is not equal to Left && AND Left || OR Left = Assignment Right 31
 32. Comparing Real Values Do not compare floating point values for equality, compare them for near-equality. float myNumber; float yourNumber; cin >> myNumber; cin >> yourNumber; if (fabs (myNumber - yourNumber) < 0.00001) cout << "They are close enough!" << endl;
 33. Lecture 3-b
 34. Data Types, Expressions and Functions (part I)
 35. Topics • constants of type int and float • evaluating arithmetic expressions • implicit type coercion and explicit type conversion • calling a value-returning function • using function arguments • using C++ library functions in expressions
 36. Standard Data Types in C++ • Integral Types • represent whole numbers and their negatives • declared as int, short, orlong • Floating Types • represent real numbers with a decimal point • declared as float or double • Character Type • represents single characters • declared as char
 37. Samples of C++ Data Values int sample values 4578 -4578 0 floatsample values 95.274 95. .265 9521E-3 -95E-1 95.213E2 char sample values 'B''d' '4''?''*'
 38. Scientific Notation 2.7E4means 2.7 x 10 4 = 2.7000 = 27000.0 2.7E-4means 2.7 x 10 - 4 = 0002.7 = 0.00027
 39. More About Floating Point Values • Floating point numbers have an integer part and a fractional part, with a decimal point in between. Either the integer part or the fractional part, but not both, may be missing Examples 18.4 500. .8 -127.358 • Alternatively, floating point values can have an exponent, as in scientific notation--the number preceding the letter E doesn't need to include a decimal point (E can be upper or lower case) Examples 1.84E1 5E2 8E-1 -.127358E3
 40. Division Operator • The result of the division operator depends on the type of its operands • If one or both operands has a floating point type, the result is a floating point type. Otherwise


positive infinity, which will work no matter how big your numbers are. What other special strings does the float function recognize?
Comparing Data
Write a program that reads in the regional data sets and plots the average GDP per capita for each region over time in a single chart. Pandas will raise an error if it encounters non-numeric columns in a dataframe computation so you may need to either filter out those columns or tell pandas to ignore them.
This solution builds a useful legend by using the string split method to extract the region from the path 'data/gapminder_gdp_a_specific_region.csv'.
PYTHON
import glob
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1)
for filename in glob.glob('data/gapminder_gdp*.csv'):
 dataframe = pd.read_csv(filename)
 # extract <region> from the filename, expected to be in the format 'data/gapminder_gdp_<region>.csv'.
 # we will split the string using the split method and '_' as our separator,
 # retrieve the last string in the list that split returns ('<region>.csv'),
 # and then remove the '.csv' extension from that string.
 # NOTE: the pathlib module covered in the next callout also offers
 # convenient abstractions for working with filesystem paths and could solve this as well:
 # from pathlib import Path
 # region = Path(filename).stem.split('_')[-1]
 region = filename.split('_')[-1][:-4]
 # pandas raises errors when it encounters non-numeric columns in a dataframe computation
 # but we can tell pandas to ignore them with the 'numeric_only' parameter
 dataframe.mean(numeric_only=True).plot(ax=ax, label=region)
 # NOTE: another way of doing this selects just the columns with gdp in their name using the filter method
 # dataframe.filter(like="gdp").mean().plot(ax=ax, label=region)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Dealing with File Paths
The pathlib module provides useful abstractions for file and path manipulation like returning the name of a file without the file extension. This is very useful when looping over files and directories. In the example below, we create a Path object and inspect its attributes.
PYTHON
from pathlib import Path
p = Path("data/gapminder_gdp_africa.csv")
print(p.parent)
print(p.stem)
print(p.suffix)
OUTPUT
data
gapminder_gdp_africa
.csv
Hint: Check all available attributes and methods on the Path object with the dir() function.
Key Points
 - Use a for loop to process files given a list of their names.
 - Use glob.glob to find sets of files whose names match a pattern.
 - Use glob and for to process batches of files.
Content from Afternoon Coffee
Last updated on 2023-05-02 | Edit this page
Estimated time: 0 minutes
Reflection exercise
Over break, reflect on and discuss the following:
 - A common refrain in software engineering is "Don't Repeat Yourself". How do the techniques we've learned in the last lessons help us avoid repeating ourselves? Note that in practice there is some nuance to this and should be balanced with doing the simplest thing that could possibly work.
 - What are the pros / cons of making a variable global or local to a function?
 - When would you consider turning a block of code into a function definition?
Content from Writing Functions
Last updated on 2024-06-13 | Edit this page
Estimated time: 25 minutes
Overview
Questions
 - How can I create my own functions?
Objectives
 - Explain and identify the difference between function definition and function call.
 - Write a function that takes a small, fixed number of arguments and produces a single result.
Break programs down into functions to make them easier to understand.
 - Human beings can only keep a few items in working memory at a time.
 - Understand larger/more complicated ideas by understanding and combining pieces.
 - Components in a machine.
 - Lemmas when proving theorems.
 - Functions serve the same purpose in programs.
 - Encapsulate complexity so that we can treat it as a single "thing".
 - Also enables re-use.
 - Write one time, use many times.
Define a function using def with a name, parameters, and a block of code.
 - Begin the definition of a new function with def.
 - Followed by the name of the function.
 - Must obey the same rules as variable names.
 - Then parameters in parentheses.
 - Empty parentheses if the function doesn't take any inputs.
 - We will discuss this in detail in a moment.
 - Then a colon.
 - Then an indented block of code.
PYTHON
def print_greeting():
 print('Hello!')
 print('The weather is nice today.')
 print('Right?')
Defining a function does not run it.
 - Defining a function does not run it.
 - Like assigning a value to a variable.
 - Must call the function to execute the code it contains.
PYTHON
print_greeting()
OUTPUT
Hello!
Arguments in a function call are matched to its defined parameters.
 - Functions are most useful when they can operate on different data.
 - Specify parameters when defining a function.
 - These become variables when the function is executed.
 - Are assigned the arguments in the call (i.e., the values passed to the function).
 - If you don't name the arguments when using them in the call, the arguments will be matched to parameters in the order the parameters are defined in the function.
PYTHON
def print_date(year, month, day):
 joined = str(year) + '/' + str(month) + '/' + str(day)
 print(joined)
print_date(1871, 3, 19)
OUTPUT
1871/3/19
Or, we can name the arguments when we call the function, which allows us to specify them in any order and adds clarity to the call site; otherwise as one is reading the code they might forget if the second argument is the month or the day for example.
PYTHON
print_date(month=3, day=19, year=1871)
OUTPUT
1871/3/19
 - Via Twitter: () contains the ingredients for the function while the body contains the recipe.
Functions may return a result to their caller using return.
 - Use return ... to give a value back to the caller.
 - May occur anywhere in the function.
 - But functions are easier to understand if return occurs:
 - At the start to handle special cases.
 - At the very end, with a final result.
PYTHON
def average(values):
 if len(values) == 0:
 return None
 return sum(values) / len(values)
PYTHON
a = average([1, 3, 4])
print('average of actual values:', a)
OUTPUT
average of actual values: 2.6666666666666665
PYTHON
print('average of empty list:', average([]))
OUTPUT
average of empty list: None
PYTHON
result = print_date(1871, 3, 19)
print('result of call is:', result)
OUTPUT
1871/3/19
result of call is: None
Identifying Syntax Errors
 1. Read the code below and try to identify what the errors are without running it.
 2. Run the code and read the error message. Is it a SyntaxError or an IndentationError?
 3. Fix the error.
 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have fixed all the errors.
PYTHON
def another_function
 print("Syntax errors are annoying.")
 print("But at least python tells us about them!")
 print("So they are usually not too hard to fix.")
PYTHON
def another_function():
 print("Syntax errors are annoying.")
 print("But at least Python tells us about them!")
 print("So they are usually not too hard to fix.")
Definition and Use
What does the following program print?
PYTHON
def report(pressure):
 print('pressure is', pressure)
print('calling', report, 22.5)
OUTPUT
calling <function report at 0x7fd128ff1bf8> 22.5
A function call always needs parenthesis, otherwise you get memory address of the function object. So, if we wanted to call the function named report, and give it the value 22.5 to report on, we could have our function call as follows
PYTHON
print("calling")
report(22.5)
OUTPUT
calling
pressure is 22.5
Order of Operations
 1. What's wrong in this example?
PYTHON
result = print_time(11, 37, 59)
def print_time(hour, minute, second):
 time_string = str(hour) + ':' + str(minute) + ':' + str(second)
 print(time_string)
 1. After fixing the problem above, explain why running this example code:
PYTHON
result = print_time(11, 37, 59)
print('result of call is:', result)
gives this output:
OUTPUT
11:37:


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Author(s): P. Sivananda1, T. Sudheer2, P. Varun Kumar3, P. Mani Kumar4
We here report a rare presentation of bilateral anterior dislocation of shoulder with associated fracture of greater tuberosity in a 38 year old male due to minor trauma which he sustained secondary to hyponatremia induced irritability. There was no associated rotator cuff tear which is often associated with BADS which makes this presentation unique. Unilateral dislocation of shoulder is a common condition which is frequently encountered in emergency trauma department. Anterior dislocation is more common than posterior dislocation. However, simultaneous bilateral shoulder dislocations are usually posterior. Bilateral anterior dislocations with fractures of the greater tuberosity are even rarer and are usually associated with trauma or seizures.


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Most Active Stories
Tue October 4, 2011
Eating Meals With Men May Mean Eating Less
It turns out that the gender of your dining companions makes a big difference in what you eat and how much you eat. The new research on dining habits — although small — adds a new dimension to the study of risk factors for obesity, and could also shed new light on eating disorders such as anorexia.
Both men and women appear to choose larger portions when they eat with women, and both men and women choose smaller portions when they eat in the company of men, according to new research published in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
The study, conducted among a sample of 127 college students, suggests that both men and women are influenced by unconscious scripts about how to behave in each other's company. And, these scripts change the way men and women eat when they eat together and when they eat apart.
Molly Allen-O'Donnell, then a graduate student at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, wanted to find out if what we eat is influenced by our peers. Allen-O'Donnell sat at a popular college eatery and observed how much food people purchased for lunch and dinner.
"I sat in a table so I could see what people were purchasing without really being intrusive," she said.
Allen-O'Donnell then observed whether students ate alone or with company. If they sat in groups, she counted the size of the groups. After asking permission from the people she'd observed, Allen-O'Donnell also documented whether people sat with friends or romantic partners, and whether or not they thought themselves overweight.
While multiple factors were correlated with how much people ate, Allen-O'Donnell and her co-authors found that the gender of people's dining partners seemed decisive.
When women sat with other women, for example, they ordered an average of 833 calories. When they ate with men, on the other hand, they purchased only 721 calories on average.
Allen-O'Donnell and co-author Marci Cottingham at the University of Akron said in interviews that they expected women would choose to eat less food when they ate in the company of men, since cultural norms in the West tell women to peck at their food in the company of men.
Prior research has suggested that women's beliefs about what constitutes appropriate eating portions in the presence of men could be responsible in part for eating disorders such as anorexia.
The surprise was the men – think of a group of guys holding back on the wings at a tailgate party or a Superbowl pigout. But when men sat with other men, they ordered an average of only 952 calories. When they sat with women, they ordered 1162 calories.
Allen-O'Donnell and Cottingham also acknowledged it was possible that unconscious scripts about how much to eat were at work when people sat down to a meal with someone of their own sex, not just when people sat down with someone of the opposite sex.
None of the participants that Allen-O'Donnell spoke with said they were aware that the gender of their dining partners affected how much food they purchased.
The point of the research, the researchers said, was to get people to realize that context mattered — even when it comes to food. Once people were aware that they could be unconsciously influenced in their dining choices, they might make eating decisions more deliberately.


text:
On the basis of the quantum Zeno effect, it has been recently shown [D. K. Burgarth, Nat. Commun. 5, 5173 (2014)2041-_PHONE_/ncomms6173] that a strong-amplitude-damping process applied locally on a part of a quantum system can have a beneficial effect on the dynamics of the remaining part of the system. Quantum operations that cannot be implemented without the dissipation become achievable by the action of the strong dissipative process. Here we generalize this idea by identifying decoherence-free subspaces (DFSs) as the subspaces in which the dynamics becomes more complex. Applying methods from quantum control theory, we characterize the set of reachable operations within the DFSs. We provide three examples that become fully controllable within the DFSs while the control over the original Hilbert space in the absence of dissipation is trivial. In particular, we show that the (classical) Ising Hamiltonian is turned into a Heisenberg Hamiltonian by strong collective decoherence, which provides universal quantum computation within the DFSs. Moreover, we perform numerical gate optimization to study how the process fidelity scales with the noise strength. As a by-product, a subsystem fidelity that can be applied in other optimization problems for open quantum systems is developed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics