holds.
As with A, we choose a tempering transform to be easily computable, and so do not actually construct T itself. The tempering is defined in the case of Mersenne Twister as
y := x ⊕ ((x >> u) & d)
y := y ⊕ ((y << s) & b)
y := y ⊕ ((y << t) & c)
z := y ⊕ (y >> l)
where x is the next value from the series, y a temporary intermediate value, z the value returned from the algorithm, with <<, >> as the bitwise left and right shifts, and & as the bitwise and. The first and last transforms are added in order to improve lower-bit equidistribution. From the property of TGFSR, s + t \ge \lfloor w/2 \rfloor - 1 is required to reach the upper bound of equidistribution for the upper bits.
The coefficients for MT19937 are:
 - (w, n, m, r) = (32, 624, 397, 31)
 - a = 9908B0DF16
 - (u, d) = (11, FFFFFFFF16)
 - (s, b) = (7, 9D2C568016)
 - (t, c) = (15, EFC6000016)
 - l = 18
Note that 32-bit implementations of the Mersenne Twister generally have d = FFFFFFFF16. As a result, the d is occasionally omitted from the algorithm description, since the bitwise and with d in that case has no effect.
The coefficients for MT19937-64 are:[42]
 - (w, n, m, r) = (64, 312, 156, 31)
 - a = B5026F5AA96619E916
 - (u, d) = (29, 555555555555555516)
 - (s, b) = (17, 71D67FFFEDA6000016)
 - (t, c) = (37, FFF7EEE00000000016)
 - l = 43
As should be apparent from the above description, the state needed for a Mersenne Twister implementation is an array of n values of w bits each. To initialize the array, a w-bit seed value is used to supply x0 through xn − 1 by setting x0 to the seed value and thereafter setting
xi = f × (xi-1 ⊕ (xi-1 >> (w-2))) + i
for i from 1 to n-1. The first value the algorithm then generates is based on xn. The constant f forms another parameter to the generator, though not part of the algorithm proper. The value for f for MT19937 is _PHONE_ and for MT19937-64 is 6364136223846793005.[43]
Comparison with classical GFSR[edit]
In order to achieve the 2nw − r − 1 theoretical upper limit of the period in a TGFSR, φB(t) must be a primitive polynomial, φB(t) being the characteristic polynomial of
B = \begin{pmatrix}
0 & I_{w} & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\
\vdots & & & & \\
I_{w} & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\
\vdots & & & & \\
0 & 0 & \cdots & I_{w} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & I_{w - r} \\
S & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0
\\ \\ \leftarrow m\hbox{-th row} \\ \\ \\ \\
S = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & I_{r} \\ I_{w - r} & 0 \end{pmatrix} A
The twist transformation improves the classical GFSR with the following key properties:
 - The period reaches the theoretical upper limit 2nw − r − 1 (except if initialized with 0)
 - Equidistribution in n dimensions (e.g. linear congruential generators can at best manage reasonable distribution in five dimensions)
The following piece of pseudocode implements the general Mersenne Twister algorithm. The constants w, n, m, r, a, u, d, s, b, t, c, l, and f are as in the algorithm description above. It is assumed that int represents a type sufficient to hold values with w bits:
 // Create a length n array to store the state of the generator
 int[0..n-1] MT
 int index := n+1
 const int lower_mask = (1 << r) - 1 // That is, the binary number of r 1's
 const int upper_mask = lowest w bits of (not lower_mask)
 // Initialize the generator from a seed
 function seed_mt(int seed) {
 index := n
 MT[0] := seed
 for i from 1 to (n - 1) { // loop over each element
 MT[i] := lowest w bits of (f * (MT[i-1] xor (MT[i-1] >> (w-2))) + i)
 // Extract a tempered value based on MT[index]
 // calling twist() every n numbers
 function extract_number() {
 if index >= n {
 if index > n {
 error "Generator was never seeded"
 // Alternatively, seed with constant value; 5489 is used in reference C code[44]
 int y := MT[index]
 y := y xor ((y >> u) and d)
 y := y xor ((y << s) and b)
 y := y xor ((y << t) and c)
 y := y xor (y >> l)
 index := index + 1
 return lowest w bits of (y)
 // Generate the next n values from the series x_i
 function twist() {
 for i from 0 to (n-1) {
 int x := (MT[i] and upper_mask)
 + (MT[(i+1) mod n] and lower_mask)
 int xA := x >> 1
 if (x mod 2)!= 0 { // lowest bit of x is 1
 xA := xA xor a
 MT[i] := MT[(i + m) mod n] xor xA
 index := 0
Python implementation[edit]
This python implementation hard-codes the constants for MT19937:
def _int32(x):
 # Get the 32 least significant bits.
 return int(0xFFFFFFFF & x)
class MT19937:
 def __init__(self, seed):
 # Initialize the index to 0
 self.index = 624 = [0] * 624[0] = seed # Initialize the initial state to the seed
 for i in range(1, 624):
 [i] = _int32(
 _PHONE_ * ([i - 1] ^[i - 1] >> 30) + i)
 def extract_number(self):
 if self.index >= 624:
 y =[self.index]
 # Right shift by 11 bits
 y = y ^ y >> 11
 # Shift y left by 7 and take the bitwise and of _PHONE_
 y = y ^ y << 7 & _PHONE_
 # Shift y left by 15 and take the bitwise and of y and _PHONE_
 y = y ^ y << 15 & _PHONE_
 # Right shift by 18 bits
 y = y ^ y >> 18
 self.index = self.index + 1
 return _int32(y)
 def twist(self):
 for i in range(0, 624):
 # Get the most significant bit and add it to the less significant
 # bits of the next number
 y = _int32(([i] & 0x80000000) +
 ([(i + 1) % 624] & 0x7fffffff))
 [i] =[(i + 397) % 624] ^ y >> 1
 if y % 2!= 0:
 [i] =[i] ^ 0x9908b0df
 self.index = 0
SFMT, the single instruction, multiple data-oriented fast Mersenne Twister, is a variant of Mersenne Twister, introduced in 2006,[45] designed to be fast when it runs on 128-bit SIMD.
Intel SSE2 and PowerPC AltiVec are supported by SFMT. It is also used for games with the Cell BE in the PlayStation 3.[47]
MTGP is a variant of Mersenne Twister optimised for graphics processing units published by Mutsuo Saito and Makoto Matsumoto.[48] The basic linear recurrence operations are extended from MT and parameters are chosen to allow many threads to compute the recursion in parallel, while sharing their state space to


text:
BACKGROUND: Human bipedal gait benefits from arm swing, as it drives and shapes lower limb muscle activity in healthy participants as well as patients suffering from neurological impairment. Also during gait initiation, arm swing instructions were found to facilitate leg muscle recruitment.
RESEARCH QUESTION: The aim of the present study is to exploit the directional decomposition of coherence to examine to what extent forward and backward arm swing contribute to leg muscle recruitment during gait initiation.
METHODS: Ambulant electromyography (EMG) from shoulder muscles (deltoideus anterior and posterior) and upper leg muscles (biceps femoris and rectus femoris) was analysed during gait initiation in nineteen healthy participants (median age of 67 ± 12 (IQR) years). To assess to what extent either deltoideus anterior or posterior muscles were able to drive upper leg muscle activity during distinct stages of the gait initiation process, time dependent intermuscular coherence was decomposed into directional components based on their time lag (i.e. forward, reverse and zero-lag).
RESULTS: Coherence from the forward directed components, representing shoulder muscle signals leading leg muscle signals, revealed that deltoideus anterior (i.e. forward arm swing) and deltoideus posterior (i.e. backward arm swing) equally drive upper leg muscle activity during the gait initiation process.
SIGNIFICANCE: The presently demonstrated time dependent directional intermuscular coherence analysis could be of use for future studies examining directional coupling between muscles or brain areas relative to certain gait (or other time) events. In the present study, this analysis provided neural underpinning that both forward and backward arm swing can provide neuronal support for leg muscle recruitment during gait initiation and can therefore both serve as an effective gait rehabilitation method in patients with gait initiation difficulties.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
NITP in Nepalese Context
When either waters acquisition for irrigation or its application, if both of them or any one of them, is not conventional in nature than that is Non Conventional Irrigation System in our context. In other words any irrigation schemes which are different from conventional irrigation system are non conventional irrigation system. Hence, irrigation system which includes one or more than one of components listed below
- Treadle Pumps
- Low cost water storage (Thai jars, Soil-cement tanks)
- Rain water harvesting mainly for irrigation
- Lifting water using renewable energy (Solar pumps, Electric pumps, Barsha Pumps etc)
are examples of non conventional irrigation in Nepalese context.
NITP has also taken up projects for restoring large ponds, which were traditionally used for irrigation, in Terai region to increase its efficiency and capacity and use it for the development of non conventional irrigation system.
- Serve disadvantaged group
- Serve marginal land and farmers
- Provide irrigation to severely water deficit areas
- Help to achieve poverty reduction goal by promoting high value crops such as vegetable, herbs, fruits etc farming.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A chemical process known as clearing and staining reveals the skeletal anatomy (bones and cartilage) of an animal. The process helps scientists compare different species, determine evolutionary relationships, and study developmental stages.
A digestive enzyme called Trypsin is used to remove all tissue except for transparent connective tissue. Two dyes are added. Alcian blue colors cartilage and Alizarin red dyes bone. Cleared and stained specimens are fragile and stored suspended in glycerin.
KU researchers in our Ichthyology division have developed further methods to help scientists understand the anatomy and movements of fish as well as other animals. Learn more about their work, which was featured in National Geographic magazine, Skeleton photos are getting a boost with the help of gelatin.


telmetricsV3
Marchex Marketing Edge API Developer Documentation
Welcome to the Marchex Marketing Edge developer hub. You'll find comprehensive guides and documentation to help you start working with our API as quickly as possible.
Get Started
Paging Results
Sometimes Telmetrics V3 API requests will return a large number of results. Rather than retrieve them all at once, which may affect your application's performance, you can use paging to retrieve the results in batches. Often an application will show the first few results, and then only load the next batch of results when the user has taken an action, such as clicking a Next button or scrolling to the bottom of a list.
Paging is accomplished through two query parameters: "pagesize" and "pagenumber". Note that our page sizes are capped at 10000 records; in situations where the page size has been exceeded, you will either need to refine your search criteria to return fewer than 10000 results, or implement paging capabilities into your application.
The pagesize parameter will determine how many results will be returned in a page. If this value isn't passed, the pagesize will default to the maximum size for that collection.
The pagenumber parameter is used to page through the results from your request. If this value is not provided, it will default to page 1.
The following sample request is to the Calls resource. In this request, we are specifying that we want 10000 results to be returned per page.
curl -H "x-organization-token: {authorization_token}" \
 -X GET \
 "_URL_
In the resulting response, we can see that there are 895 results that match my query parameters. Based on this, I know that there are 9 pages of results that I will need to retrieve to collect my entire result set.
{
 "results": [
 {
 ...
 }
 ],
 "paging": {
 "pageNumber": 1,
 "pageSize": 100,
 "total": 895
 }
}
Updated 8 months ago
Paging Results
Suggested Edits are limited on API Reference Pages
You can only suggest edits to Markdown body content, but not to the API spec.


text:
Older adults are the main consumers of drugs but are rarely included in pivotal RCTs. Hence, pharmacoepidemiology is central to understanding drug safety in elderly patients. The mission of the Geriatric pharmacoepidemiology Special Interest Group is therefore to provide a collaborative forum to discuss, develop, and improve the methods, applications, and dissemination of geriatric pharmacoepidemiology.
- To create a forum for discussing the challenges and endeavours of geriatric pharmacoepidemiology
- To discuss, develop and propose high-quality standards for geriatric pharmacoepidemiology research
- To develop, test, and validate best methods for drug safety research in geriatric populations
- To promote the geriatric perspective by outreach, collaboration and educational activities.


text:
Skip to Main Content
The analog placement problem is to place devices without overlap and design-rule-correction (DRC) error under position constraints (e.g. symmetry, cluster) such that some cost metric (e.g. area, wirelength) is optimized. However, modern analog design challenges have reshaped the placement problem. A modern analog placer also needs to consider device layout-dependent-effect (LDE) and interconnect parasitic effect. Because of multiple objectives, it is impossible to decide the single best placement. In this paper, we first introduce our placer that can explore multiple placements under position constraints so that a designer can analyze the trade-off among different objectives. Then, we provide some future research directions for the modern analog placement problem.


text: With an interest in health psychology, we decided to explore the issue of undergraduate freshman lifestyle, particularly weight gain. 'Freshers' 15′ – the tendency for undergraduate students to gain approximately 15 lb (6.82 kg) in weight during first-year study – is an American concept. Although widely researched in the United States, we found little evidence of the UK study. The US studies' research design and methods varied considerably, so we intended not to replicate or conduct a comparative study but to conduct an exploratory study to establish whether there was evidence of this concept in a UK university sample. Owing to the multi-faceted nature of weight gain, including lifestyle choices and other factors, we took a classic mixed-methods approach, embracing the quantitative and qualitative methods that best fit our exploratory aim. This account of our mixed-method study focuses on design choices in respect of our chosen data-collection methods and how successfully they worked together to investigate students' lifestyle choices. Additional attention is paid to the benefits of a mixed-method approach, challenges encountered and the merits of triangulating data collection, including how interviewing was used to supplement the questionnaire and physiological data to allow further investigation of students' meaning and experiences regarding their lifestyle choices.


To: J3 J3/21-151r1 From: Malcolm Cohen Subject: Interp F18/031 CO_BROADCAST with polymorphic argument Date: 2021-July-01 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBER: F18/031 TITLE: CO_BROADCAST with polymorphic argument DEFECT TYPE: Erratum STATUS: Passed by J3 meeting QUESTION: Consider the code fragment Subroutine asgn_for_image(a,b,srcimg) Class(*) a,b Integer,Intent(In) :: srcimg ! The assignment A = B is not allowed, so... If (This_Image()==srcimg) Then Call asgn(b) Else Call asgn(a) End If Contains Subroutine asgn(x) Class(*) x Call co_broadcast(x,Source_Image=srcimg) End Subroutine End Subroutine There is no requirement forbidding the A argument of CO_BROADCAST from being polymorphic, so on the face of it, this appears to get around the prohibition against nonallocatable polymorphic assignment. However, CO_BROADCAST states "A becomes defined, as if by intrinsic assignment" but intrinsic assignment is not defined when the variable is a nonallocatable polymorphic. It can be convincingly argued that the standard therefore does not establish an interpretation, and thus the call to CO_BROADCAST is not valid. Philosophically, it would seem to be strange to allow polymorphic broadcast across images, but not to allow polymorphic assignment of a single variable within an image let alone across images. Is the call to CO_BROADCAST in the example standard-conforming? (And if so, what are the actual semantics?) ANSWER: No, this was not intended to be conforming. An edit is supplied with the missing requirement. EDIT to 18-007r1: [355:20] 16.9.46 CO_BROADCAST, p3 Arguments, argument A, After "It shall not be" Insert "polymorphic or" Making that sentence read "It shall not be polymorphic or a coindexed object." SUBMITTED BY: Malcolm Cohen HISTORY: 21-151 m224 Submitted 21-151r1 m224 Eliminated alternative answer. ----------------------------------------------------------------------


text:
1. When you poop into a toilet and turn around to admire your creation only to find nothing in the toilet bowl.
2. When your poop disappears into the depths of the toilet without being seen.
3. A poop where the only evidence of its existence is something you felt or heard. There is no concrete physical evidence to be found.
1. I like to take pictures of my turds and text them to my friend Trevor, when I stood up to snap a pic of my latest creation I was shocked to see I just encountered a ghost poop.
2. My Grandmother has a very old toilet that sits at a weird angle. The poop slides right down the drain, so 3 out of every 5 poops are ghost poops.


text:
You will need your local council to assess any temporary road / lane closures of council-controlled roads, lanes or parking bays.
You may need to temporarily close a road or lane if your business activity impacts the operation of the road network or traffic flow. Examples of activities requiring assessment include:
- road maintenance, such as resurfacing or line-marking
- lane closures around a building site
- moving cranes or other equipment in or out of a building site
- placing a barricade on the road
- grass cutting along the median strip, requiring the road shoulder or a lane to be closed
- lane closure to trim trees
- hanging a banner over the road
- festivals, events, markets and filming that affect the road network.
Once your activity has been assessed, you can apply for a road closure permit from the Queensland Police.


Variational optimal control technique for the tracking of deformable objects Nicolas Papadakis and Etienne M'emin IRISA/INRIA Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex, France npapadak,[email protected]
quite sensitive to noise [13] and exhibit inherent temporal
In this paper, a new framework for the tracking of closed
instabilities. Besides, it is difficult in such techniques to
curves is described. The proposed approach formalized
require the curve to obey to a specified dynamics and therethrough an optimal control technique, enables a continuous
fore to proceed to a real tracking.
tracking along an image sequence of a deformable curve.
In [22], an approach based on a group action mean shape
The associated minimization process consists in a forward
has been used in a moving average context. Contrary to preintegration of a dynamical model followed by a backward
vious methods, this approach introduces, through the movintegration of an adjoint dynamics. This latter pde includes
ing average technique, a kind of tracking process. This
a term related to the discrepancy between the state varitracking is restricted to simple motions and does not alables evolution law and discrete noisy measurements of the
low to introduce complex dynamical law defined through
system. The closed curves are represented through an imdifferential operators. The explicit introduction of a dyplicit surface.
namic law in the curve evolution law has been considered in [15]. However, the proposed technique needs a complex
1. Introduction
detection mechanism to cope with occlusions. Few works
Tracking the contours of an object is an essential task in
attempted to mix stochastic filtering and a level set repremany applications of computer vision. Due to the changsentation for curve tracking [7, 20]. As mentioned earlier,
ing shape of deformable or even rigid objects in image sethese works have to face a high dimensional sampling probquences such an issue appears to be very challenging in
lem and as a consequence rely on crude discretization of
the general case. Another serious difficulty comes from
the non linear curve dynamics which may be problematic in
the dimension of the space of closed curves in the general
some situations. In this paper, we propose a technique recase (infinite in theory). This context makes difficult the
lated to the optimal control theory [9, 11] for the tracking of
use of recursive Bayesian filters such as the particle filter
closed curves. This technique enables to estimate in batch
[3], since stochastic sampling in large state spaces is usumode the complete trajectory of the level set surface accordally completely inefficient. For such an issue, numerous
ing to a set of noisy measurements and a specified dynamapproaches based on the level set representation have been
ics. This method has the advantage to authorizes naturally
proposed [5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21]. All these techniques
to cope with state spaces of high dimension.
describe the tracking as successive 2D segmentation pro-
2. Variational tracking
cesses sometimes enriched with a motion based propagation step. Segmentation techniques on spatio-temporal data have
In this section, we describe the general principles of the
also been proposed [1, 6]. Unless the introduction of knowltechnique proposed. This setup relies on control theory
edge on the shape of interest [10, 18], these approaches are
recipes [11, 9]. 1
Direct evolution model The state variable representing the feature of interest X, is assumed to live in a functional space W(t0, tf ) = {X|X ∈ L2 (t0, tf ; V), ∂t X ∈ L2 (t0, tf ; V)}, where V is an Hilbert space identified to its dual space. The evolution in time range [t0 ; tf ] of the state is described through a (non linear) differential operator M : V×]t0, tf [→ V, defined up to a control function ν ∈ W(t0, tf ), and an initial value defined up to another control variable η ∈ V: (
∂t X(t) + M(X(t), t) = ν(t)
∀t ∈]t0, tf [,
X(t0 ) = X0 + η.
Differential model In order to compute partial derivative of the cost function with respect to the control variables, system (1) is first differentiated with respect to (ν, η) in ∂X the direction (δν, δη). Noting dX = ∂X ∂ν δν + ∂η δη ∈ W(t0, tf ), we obtain the following problem: ˛˛ ˛˛ Given (ν, η)∈(W, V), X(t) solution of (1) ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ and a perturbation (δν, δη)∈(W × V), ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ dX = ∂X δν + ∂X δη ∈ W(t, t ), is defined such that: 0 f ˛˛ ∂ν ∂η ˛˛ ˛˛ ( ˛˛ ∂t dX(t) + (∂X M)dX(t) = δν(t) ∀t ∈]t0, tf [, ˛˛ ˛˛ ˛˛ dX(t0 ) = δη. (3)
We are facing an imperfect dynamical system which depends on the whole trajectory of the control variables, ν(t),
In this expression, the tangent linear operator ∂X M is defined as the Gˆateaux derivative of the operator M at point X:
and on the value of a control variable, η, modeling the uncertainty on the initial condition. This direct problem (1) will be assumed to be well
(∂X M)dX(t) = lim
posed, which means that we first assume that the application V × V → V : ν(t), η 7→ X(ν(t), η, t) is differentiable
M(X(t) + βdX(t)) − M(X(t)). β
The tangent linear operator (∂X H) associated to H may be defined similarly. The differentiation of cost function (2) with respect to (ν, η) in the direction (δν, δη) reads:
and continuous ∀t ∈]t0, tf [ and secondly that given η ∈ V, ν ∈ W(t0, tf ) and tf > t0, there exists a unique function X ∈ W(t0, tf ) solution of problem (1). Let us also assume that some observations Y ∈ O of the state variable components are available. These observations may live in a different space (a reduced space for instance) from the state
variable. We will nevertheless assume that there exists a (non linear) observation operator H : V → O, that goes from the variable space to the observation space.
∂J, δη ∂η
fl Z tffi ∂X =− δη dt Y − H(X), (∂X H) ∂η t0 V R
+ hX(t0 ) − X0, δηiB fl Z tffi ∂J ∂X Y − H(X), (∂X H), δν =− δν(t) dt ∂ν ∂ν t0 W R Z tf + h∂t X(t) + M(X(t)), δν(t)iQ dt. fl
Cost function We aim in that work at estimating the control variable of lower magnitude that minimizes a discrepancy measure between the state variable and the observations. This is expressed by the minimization of a cost function J : W × V → R defined as: J(ν, η) =
1 2
1 + 2
tf t0 tf
||Y − H(X(ν(t), η, t))||2R dt +
1 ||η||2B 2
These expressions can be rewritten as: fl Z tffi ∂X (∂X H)∗ R−1 (Y − H(X)), =− δη dt ∂η t0 V V ˙ −1 ¸ + B (X(t0 ) − X0 ), δη V. fi fl fl Z tffi ∂J ∂X, δν =− δν(t) dt (∂X H)∗ R−1 (Y −H(X)), ∂ν ∂ν t0 W V Z tf ˙ −1 ¸ + Q (∂t X(t)+M(X(t)), δν(t) V dt, fi
||ν(t)||2Q dt.
∂J, δη ∂η
Norms || · ||R, || · ||B and || · ||Q are induced associated to
the scalar products R−1 ·, · O, B −1 ·, · V and Q−1 ·, · V,
where (∂X H)∗, the adjoint operator of (∂X H), is defined by the scalar product:
where R, B and Q are symmetric positive defined endomorphisms of V. In our application, R, B and Q are respec-
∀X ∈ V, ∀Y ∈ O h(


text:
Lesser Long-nosed Bats:
Nectar-powered Bat Math!
Counting the Calories in Cactus
Contributed by Ginny Dalton, Bat Biologist
Merlin D. Tuttle,BCI
ever wonder: How much energy does it take to operate a bat? How many
flowers must a bat visit to stay alive?
Get ready to count the calories in a cactus flower! After reading this page,
you'll know everything necessary to answer these questions:
- How many
saguaro flowers does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day?
- For how
many minutes does a bat have to forage to get the nectar it needs
- How many
saguaro plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony
of 10,000 Leptos?
is the minimum number of hectares of land required to feed a bat
colony containing 10,000
Much Energy to Operate a Bat?
Let's look at how much energy is required by an adult Lepto. Here's an animal
with a big energy demand for its size! (Now, nobody has ever measured this
exactly for Leptos, but we can use information about other bats and extend
the results logically.) It takes roughly 20.2 kcal to maintain one of these
bats for a day. A Lepto uses about 100 times less energy in a day than a human
does, as you can see on the chart below. But it weighs 2,000 times less. Obviously
it takes more energy to operate an ounce of bat that an ounce of human! Why?
Well, for one thing, bats fly--and the energetic cost of flight is high.
*NOTE ABOUT CALORIES: There is confusion in the layman's literature
regarding calories. The calorie in everyday use is actually a kilocalorie (kcal,
also designated Calorie, with a capital "C"), 1000
times larger than a calorie with a lower case "c"). In
fact, the makers of labels on food boxes and cans in the grocery
store are careless in their representation of this energy unit. The
labels correctly use the upper case when stating total Calories of
the food within, but then many of them say "based on a 2,000
calorie diet." Note the lower case "c." If literally
interpreted, it is based on a 2 Cal (or kcal) diet, which doesn't
make any sense. You and I can't live on 2 Calories a day!! They actually
meant to write "Calorie;" instead they wrote "calorie."
Calories in Cactus Flowers
How much energy is available in the nectar of the flowers Leptos visit?
(Lepto is short for Leptonycteris curasoae, or lesser long-nosed bats.)
It has been calculated that the nectar in saguaro flowers is about 24% sugar.
This nectar if very sweet: For comparison, Classic Coke is 10% sugar! Each
flower holds about 1.0 ml (milliliter) nectar. A single bat only takes about
0.1 ml with each visit to a flower. A bat's stomach can hold about 4 ml of
fluid when full. Of those stomachs measured, 3 ml are sugar water and the remaining
1 ml was pollen.
There are about 4 calories (= 0.004 kcal) in a mg (milligram) of sugar. There
is 1.0 mg sugar in each microliter (.001 ml) of nectar. So how many calories
in 1.0 ml, the amount a flower holds? If a bat drains an entire flower, how
many visits would the bat have to make to the flower? And how many total calories
would it get from that single flower? (Don't forget to multiply your answer
in cal/ml by 0.24 since the nectar contains only 24% sugar.) I got 960 cal
(0.960 kcal) in a single flower that contains 1.0 ml nectar. So, since a bat
takes about 0.1 ml for each visit, a bat would have to visit about 10 flowers
to get those 960 cal.
Q. How many flowers total
does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day (20,200 cal = 20.2
8 flowers per saguaro per night, how many saguaro plants would have
to be visited? _______
it takes about 30 seconds per visit to a flower (that includes transit
time to the flower) for one sip (0.1 ml) of nectar. That makes us wonder:
Q. For how
many minutes does a bat have to be flying to get the nectar
it needs each day (24 hours)? _____________
More Bat Math: Mama and Baby Bats
Each female gives birth to a single young each year.
Just think how much energy will be needed by the pregnant bats
after they give birth and start nursing! Not enough information
is available for calculating the exact requirements for pregnant
females, but a near-term fetus of a 22- gram female bat can weigh
as much as 8 grams. A pregnant bat carrying that heavy a load can
require about 40% more power for flight. Of all the calculations
conducted on females during the various reproductive stages, lactation
(when the young are nursing) is the most energetically demanding
on the female.
that, for the two months a female is pregnant, she requires an average
of 27 flowers per night, since pregnant females require more energy.
During pregnancy, how many flowers will one female require? ______
How many flowers will be required by 10,000 females? _______From studies
conducted around Tucson, Arizona, the average saguaro produces 295
flowers per plant per growing season. (A single plant blooms from 27
to 61 days and each plant can produce from 82 to 980 blossoms!)
Q. How many saguaro
plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony
of 10,000 Leptos? _________
are 6 saguaro plants per hectare on average. Using the figure of 295
flowers per plant per nearly 2-month season, what is the minimum number
of hectares of land required to feed a bat colony containing 10,000
pregnant bats? _______________

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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now somewhat obsolete) parameter ''n'' is not given, a pade continuation is used. Otherwise, ''n'' specifies the number of poles used in the fit function for the analytic continuation of the self-energy. The fitting procedure can be influenced further by adding single characters to ''n''; character "''c''": employ additional constraints (i.e., integrability of the self-energy and continuity of its derivative at {\omega=0}), "''+''": add a constant to the fit function as a parameter, "''*''": allow poles above the real frequency axis. (Default Pade)
''CONTOUR D d'': Specifies contour integration for the evaluation of the self-energy. The first argument ''D'', if it is a number, defines the interval for the numerical derivative :math:'{d/d\epsilon \Sigma(\epsilon) = [\Sigma(\epsilon+D)-\Sigma(\epsilon-D)]/(2D)}' where :math:'{\epsilon}' is the corresponding KS energy. It can also be defined as a range, e.g. ''{-0.5..0.5,0.01}'' or ''[{-0.5..0.5,0.01}]'', which defines an equidistant mesh (relative to the Kohn-Sham energy or in absolute energies, the latter is the only viable definition for a ''GW FULL'' calculation) on which the self-energy is evaluated and which is used to solve the nonlinear quasiparticle equation (neglecting off-diagonal elements). The second argument ''d'' defines the step size of an equidistant mesh for the screened interaction. If ''d'' is omitted, a Pade continuation is used for the screened interaction (Keywords ''CONTINUE'' and ''CONTOUR'' are mutually exclusive.) (Default none)
''FREQINT SPLINE/PADE'': Algorithm for frequency integration in :math:'{\int G(\omega+\omega')W(\omega')d\omega'}': the screened interaction is interpolated with a splines or with a Pade approximation. (Default SPLINE)
''LFRAC l'': l cutoff for the treatment of the anisotropy at the point :math:'{k=0}'. For isotropic systems ''l=1'' is enough. (Default 1)
''MESH n x'': Defines the imaginary frequency mesh where ''n'' is the number of points and ''x'' the frequency of the last point. Instead, one can also specify a file that contains the frequency mesh as a list with ''MESH filename''. (Default 10 10.0)
''NOZERO'': Neglect zero order terms in the self-energy coming from combinations of divergent terms math:'{1/k}' and math:'{1/k^2}' in the (bare or screened) interaction with linear and quadratic terms of the other quantities. This is necessary to converge the k-point sampling for materials with small band gaps. (Default false)
''RPAENE'': Calculate RPA correlation energy "on the fly". (Default false)
''VXC READ/CALC'': Specifies whether the vxc matrix elements are calculated or read from the file ''vxcfull''. (Default READ)
.. note:: ''IMAGTIME'': Since version 02.00 the correlation self-energy is evaluated by a direct frequency convolution of {G} and {W} rather than a multiplication in imaginary time. With the keyword ''IMAGTIME'' the latter (older) algorithm can still be used. (In some cases the old algorithm is considerably faster.) (Default false) :)
Section ''WANNIER''
''FROZEN e'': Use frozen energy window. Lower bound is defined automatically, upper bound can be defined with the optional parameter ''e''. If ''e'' is not given, Spex guesses a reasonable value. (Default false)
''MAXIMIZE'': Use maximally localized Wannier functions instead of the first-guess ones. (Default false)
''ORBITALS (..) (..)..'': Defines the orbitals for the first guess. Round brackets ''()'' for atoms, square brackets ''[]'' for atom types. In the brackets, one can use ;-separated lists of s,p,d,f,px,py,pz,dxy,dyz,dxz,dz2,dx2y2,t2g,eg,fz3,fxz2,fyz2,fzxy,fxyz,fxxy,fyxy,sp,sp2,sp3,sp3d,sp3d2. Euler angles can be specified with, e.g., ''sp,120,0,0''. (Default none)
''RSITE latvec'': Calculate off-site Hubbard interaction parameters (in addition to the on-site ones) with ''latvec'' being a lattice vector, e.g., ''(0,0,1)'' or several lattice vectors, e.g., ''(0,0,1) (0,0,3)'' or ''(0,0,1)-(0,0,3)'' or ''(0,1..2,1..3)''. The latter two define a list of lattice vectors: (0,0,1), (0,0,2), (0,0,3) and (0,1,1), (0,2,1), (0,1,2), (0,2,2), (0,1,3), (0,2,3), respectively. (Default none)
(''UREAD''): Wannier U matrix elements are read from the Fleur output file. (Default false)
(''WSCALE s''): Scaling factor ''s'' for the screened Coulomb interaction for spin-wave calculations. ''s'' can be a range...... to be completed! (Default none)
.. _specifics:
Spex and Fleur
In the Fleur [[input]] file there is a flag for writing out the necessary data for a Spex calculation. It is called ''gw'' and is appended to line 23 of the Fleur ''inp'' file.
''n'' can take four values:
* ''gw=0'': No output files are generated (default; the same as omitting ''gw'' and ''numbands'' altogether).
* ''gw=1'': Some basic parameters are written to several files. Otherwise Fleur runs as usual.
* ''gw=2'': All output files necessary for Spex are created and Fleur stops after one iteration (without updating the potential). In this case you should also set ''pot8=T'' and the maximal number of bands ''N''. The latter overrides the default ''neigd'' value in [[fl7para]].
* ''gw=3'': Self-consistent cycle for QSGW. Same as ''gw=1'' but adds {$ \Sigma^{\mathrm{QSGW}}_{\mathrm{xc}}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}')-v_{\mathrm{xc}}(\mathbf{r}) $} to the Hamiltonian in each iteration.
The output files are
* ''gwa'': Basic parameters including the atomic numbers and positions in the unit cell, lattice parameters and basis vectors, FLAPW l cutoff, and local-orbital parameters,
* ''LATTC'': FLAPW G cutoff,
* ''radfun'': radial basis functions,
* ''ecore'': core-electron functions,
* ''eig'': k points, wave-function coeffients (interstitial), energies,
* ''abcoeff'': wave-function coefficients (muffin tins),
* ''vxc'': expectation values of the xc potential (diagonal elements),
* ''vxcfull'': matrix of the xc potential,
* ''qsgw'': matrix of the QSGW self-energy (only for QSGW calculations).
Furthermore Spex needs the Fleur files [[fl7para]] and ''sym.out''.
Some comments about the DFT calculation
Accurate description of conduction states
As in a ''GW'' calculation the conduction states enter both the Green function and the screened interaction, they should be accurately described already in the KS system which is our starting point for the perturbation treatment. The LAPW basis, however, only guarantees well described occupied states. In order to obtain well-converged ''GW'' results, one must make the basis set more flexible, especially in the MT regions, by introducing local orbitals either at high energy parameters or as higher-order energy derivatives [see C. Friedrich et al., Phys. Rev. B 74, 045104 (2006)].
Role of semicore states
High-lying semicore states can appear as badly described "ghost bands" in the valence band region leading to a wrong DFT ground state. A possible solution is to use local orbitals and extend the energy window, such that the semicore states are treated as valence states. On the other hand if the ghost bands are above the Fermi energy, they usually pose no problem in a DFT calculation. In a ''GW'' calculation, however, the conduction states are also relevant, and one must make sure that there are no ghost bands at all in the energy spectrum. Therefore, it might be necessary to treat more (and deeper) semicore states as valence states than are needed in the DFT calculation.
As an indication for such a case the overlap of core states with basis and wave functions calculated in the routine "checkinput" should be checked. As an example, here is the output for Strontium Titanate with


Docs home / Dashboard overview
Dashboard overview
Congratulations on verifying your site, you're ready to start analysing your Core Web Vitals!
Starting at the top of the dashboard you will see options to select the site you wish to analyse, the date range and whether to filter by desktop or mobile:
Dashboard selectors for site and date and device
Select a site
Clicking on the site name will present a drop down of all the sites you own or are collaborating on, making it easy to switch between dashboards. There is also a quick link to add a new site to your list of managed sites.
Select a date
Clicking on the date will present a drop down that allows you to select a date range over which to analyse the Web Vitals. Some one-click date ranges are provided for convenience. You can select any 31 day range of dates during which data has been collected by illuminatr.
Select device
Selecting mobile or desktop automatically refreshes the dashboard with the user experience data for that device.
Beneath these options you will see the first of the user experience visualisations, showing the overall summary for each Web Vital.
Overall summary
Summary section for Web Vitals
There are 6 metrics in total that are being measured:
 1. Cumulative Layout Shift
 2. First Input Delay
 3. Largest Contentful Paint
 4. Interaction to Next Paint
 5. Time To First Byte
 6. First Contentful Paint
Each metric has an information label for you to select so you understand what values are considered
In the same way that Google measures Core Web Vitals, the values you see represent the 75th percentile of all measurements. The value above the bar charts is the highest of those 75th percentile measurements.
The bar charts provide more fine grained information to inform you what percentage of all visits fall under each category of Good, Needs Improvement and Poor.
Finally, we also provide the number of page views this data is based on. The data in this summary is calculated from all pages on your site (across the selected date range), giving you an idea of the site wide user experience.
Click on each metric and your dashboard will refresh the sections below which allows you to drill into the data even further.
Daily summary
Summary for selected Web Vital broken down by day
This visualisation is similar to the overall summary above, except this time it displays the measurements on a day by day basis. This is especially useful when you have made changes to improve the user experience and you want to track it daily to see if it is having the desired effect.
To view more detail for each day, simply hover over each of the bars and you'll see a similar breakdown of information as in the overall summary.
Country summary
Summary for selected Web Vital broken down by country
This is the point in the dashboard where you can dive into specific aspects of the user experience measurements. In this case you get the overall breakdown by country over the date range selected. This can be useful to highlight performance issues in certain geographical areas.
As a simple example, consider the TTFB metric. This visualisation may highlight that you are getting a high percentage of views from a specific country but users are mainly getting a poor experience. Perhaps you have a single web server hosted in the United Kingdom but are getting a lot of users from Australia and that latency is causing performance issues. Armed with this information, you can take actions such as implementing a CDN, track the performance improvements and also look at your web analytics to see if these improvements are leading to higher conversion rates. Simple changes like this can result in more revenue when you know where to look.
By default, the table is sorted by value, with the worst performance showing first. However, you can also sort by number of views and country as well as paginate through the list of results.
Want to filter the dashboard view to a country? No problem, simply click the country and the dashboard will refresh to give you the filtered data!
Path summary
Summary for selected Web Vital broken down by path
Similar to the country summary above except this time the data is broken down by path. If the user experience values for a chosen metric are poor across the entire site then you'll likely see a range of different paths here. But maybe you use the same template for all blog articles and there is a user experience issue specific to that template. In this case you'll see a pattern of a lot of pages beginning with /blog featuring with the worst values.
In another example scenario, maybe the first page of results are all for low value pages. You then re-sort by number of views and see a frequently viewed path with a reasonably poor score. If you have limited resources then maybe this is the better path to focus your efforts on initially as it's going to have a bigger impact.
Once again, with the illuminatr dashboard you have the data you need to make those decisions.
Issue summary
Elements responsible for metric scores
The issue summary is great for zeroing in on poor scores and understanding exactly what element is causing the issue. Data will be populated here for Cumulative Layout Shift, First Input Delay, Largest Contentful Paint and Interaction to Next Paint.
The debug summary is especially useful if you click on one of the debug strings, which then filters the dashboard and allows you to see what paths that element is rendered on. Then you can quickly get to work to fix the problem!
If you want to read more about the debug string, a short guide can be found here.
Hopefully you've found this quick tour of the dashboard to be useful. Start at the top and as you move down the dashboard you receive more focused information. illuminatr helps you make sense of large data sets with a concise dashboard, providing just the right amout of detail to get to the heart of the issues.


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text:
More Disaster in Store for Haiti: Tomas Increases Landslide Risk
A satellite image of Tropical Storm Tomas this morning (Nov. 4) as it heads for Haiti. Residents are bracing for violent weather, which could cause landslides.
Tropical Storm Tomas is heading toward Haiti, and forecasters are predicting heavy rains for the earthquake-ravaged island nation. The heavy rainfall could trigger dangerous landslides in a country still reeling from a string of disasters.
"Haiti has a really serious history of big landslides, almost all of them caused by tropical storm or hurricane rainfall," said geologist David Petley, the Wilson Professor of Hazard and Risk at Durham University in England.
Petley said the 7.0-magnitude earthquake that struck the impoverished nation in January has only increased the risk of landslides in a country where such disasters have killed thousands in the past. The earthquake itself triggered landslides that generated small, local tsunamis.
The violent shaking of the ground during an earthquake loosens the soil, Petley told OurAmazingPlanet, so the first intense rainfall can, in turn, weaken the soil further, until the ground finally succumbs to the pull of gravity, sending massive flows of debris roaring down hillsides and slopes.
The latest update from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) in Miami, Fla., places Tomas on a path just to Haiti's west, but even though the center of the storm may not pass over the country, the weather is likely to turn ugly.
"Haiti will certainly be impacted by torrential rains, particularly in the mountainous areas," said NHC spokesman Dennis Feltgen. "Most of the rain will likely occur tonight and into tomorrow morning," he said.
Tomas is forecasted to strengthen, Feltgen said, and could become a Category 1 hurricane by Friday (Nov. 5) morning.
The timing could not be worse for the more than one million Haitians left homeless by the January earthquake and still living in temporary dwellings.
Petley said that landslides typically occur during the most intense rainfall of a storm.
In addition, the noisy, chaotic conditions produced by tropical storms make it more difficult to know when a landslide is coming, because they camouflage the roar of an approaching wall of mud and rock. "At night it's even harder," Petley said, "so whether the storm hits in the day or at night makes a big difference for the final outcome."
Aid agencies in Haiti are bracing for the coming storm, which is already complicating efforts to control the current cholera outbreak now affecting parts of the country, according to Christian relief organization World Vision, which has mobilized a rapid-response team to prepare for Tomas.
Petley said that populations in low-lying areas and living on slopes are in the greatest danger if landslides do occur, and that the best way to prepare would be to move to higher ground and away from hillsides.
"It's really very difficult to predict what's going to happen now," Petley said, "but the risks are substantial. Our experience elsewhere is that lots of rain in areas that have had earthquakes leads to lots of landslides, so that's a reason to be very cautious in this case."
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Description)

 @Html.LabelFor(model => model.StartDate)

 @Html.EditorFor(model => model.StartDate)
 @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.StartDate)

 @Html.LabelFor(model => model.EndDate)

 @Html.EditorFor(model => model.EndDate)
 @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.EndDate)

}
This is a quick peek as basic Razor Syntax
1. The first line declares the fact this view uses an instance of the ScheduleTask object.
2. The @using (Html.BeginForm()) section simply wraps the containing HTML with a element.
3. The @Html.Labelfor helper generates a
4. The @Html.EditorFor(…) adds an appropriate HTML element based on the Model Property that is passed in. For example a simple String property generates an elment.
5. Similarly @Html.ValidationMessageFor adds a tag that shows the validation messages applicable to the Element.
By now you should have got an idea of how Razor Syntax, cshtml files and view engines are co-related in the MVC stack.

Question 4: Can you expand on Model Binding? Earlier you said data is posted in HTML Body, how does the controller end up with strongly typed objects?
Before we explain Model binding, let's visualize how data is actually getting sent. Let's say we are at the Index view and we fill up the following data in the From
index-view-data
Next we enable Network monitoring in the Browser DeveloperTools (I am using IE11 here), put a break-point in the Controller's Index (HttpPost) method and click on Index button. The Form will do a POST and stop at the breakpoint at the Server. If we dig into the details of the Schedule Task object passed into Controller method, we'll see the data we updated above has been passed to the server
posted-data
Now if we let the request go through and get back to the Browser, we can see the Request headers
form-encoded-post
As we can see, our Form is getting posted as an application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Now if we go to the Request body tab, we see our data is Url Encoded.
form-encoded-request-data
So somewhere in the Request Pipeline after MVC accepted the Request and before it called the controller, MVC converted the urlencoded data into a ScheduleTask object and filled in the property values. This is 'Model Binding'. MVC uses the content-type, the data in the 'Request body' and the input parameter type of the targeted Action method to create the Model instance and populate the values. Other accepted Content-Types out of the box are JSON and XML. In each case we need to populate the Request Body appropriately.

Question 5: Okay, but I already have a massive legacy WebForms codebase, can I use ASP.NET MVC for new parts of my Web Application and ease into MVC?
For brown-field expansion projects, it is logical to introduce ASP.NET MVC slowly into the system for self contained new features. So does that mean we can mix and match WebForms and MVC? We did a really elaborate article on this one earlier and we strongly suggest you refer to it for the details. The outline of the steps involved are as follows:
1. We should upgrade out WebForms project to .NET Framework 4.0 or 4.5, this adds first class routing support, which is essential to make this work.
2. Next we add all the MVC Framework components required, using Nuget package Manager.
3. Update the Web.settings to configure MVC components.
4. To add MVC Tooling support, we need to rejig the csproj file manually by adding a GUID to the element.
5. Add a BundleConfig class and initialize them in the App_Start.
6. Finally add a new Area to the project. An Area is a logical unit of the application that you can apply custom routes etc. to as if it were a new application. To this new Area add the Controllers, Views, styles etc. as required to implement your new functionality.
Conclusion
With that we wrap up this Q&A session for devs moving from Web Forms to ASP.NET MVC. If you have more questions feel free to shoot them our way and we'll try to collate them do one more article on the same.
This article has been editorially reviewed by Suprotim Agarwal.
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What Others Are Reading!
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Author
Suprotim Agarwal, MCSD, MCAD, MCDBA, MCSE, is the founder of DotNetCurry, DNC Magazine for Developers, SQLServerCurry and DevCurry. He has also authored a couple of books 51 Recipes using jQuery with ASP.NET Controls and The Absolutely Awesome jQuery CookBook.
Suprotim has received the prestigious Microsoft MVP award for Fifteen consecutive years. In a professional capacity, he is the CEO of A2Z Knowledge Visuals Pvt Ltd, a digital group that offers Digital Marketing and Branding services to businesses, both in a start-up and enterprise environment.
Get in touch with him on Twitter @suprotimagarwal or at LinkedIn
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Feedback - Leave us some adulation, criticism and everything in between!
Comment posted by Phillip on Tuesday, November 5, 2013 5:29 AM
Models: Classes that represent the problem domain (the problem/requirement we are trying to solve/accomplish). These classes also have code and logic to serialize and de-serialize the data into dedicated data stores as well as do validation and domain-specific logic. In ASP.NET MVC, this is the place for ORM or Data Access frameworks to do their magic.
^This is the biggest misconception of MVC. The Model doesn't represent the domain in any which way. Its's a composition of data available to the view. It should be called a ViewModel.
Comment posted by Phillip on Tuesday, November 5, 2013 5:55 AM
Models: Classes that represent the problem domain (the problem/requirement we are trying to solve/accomplish). These classes also have code and logic to serialize and de-serialize the data into dedicated data stores as well as do validation and domain-specific logic. In ASP.NET MVC, this is the place for ORM or Data Access frameworks to do their magic.
^This is the biggest misconception of MVC. The Model doesn't represent the domain in any which way. Its's a composition of data available to the view. It should be called a ViewModel.
Comment posted by Suprotim Agarwal on Tuesday, November 5, 2013 6:17 AM
Phillip: Models can both "contain" as well as "represent" data. It can be called "viewmodel" if you are "representing" data transferred between views and controller. It can be "domainmodel" which "contains" the data in a business domain.
Comment posted by Sylvain Chamberland on Wednesday, November 6, 2013 8:44 PM
But that's not what the model in the MVC pattern - or in any MVC framework - is supposed to be. For a good explanation of where some current MVC frameworks go wrong, and of what the MVC pattern is supposed to be, check the recording of Robert C. Martin's conference at NDC 2013 on Vimeo. The part about MVC starts at 31:34.
_URL_
Comment posted by vagat singh on Wednesday, March 12, 2014 1:49 AM
very nice
Comment posted by Ankita Priya on Friday, July 25, 2014 6:29 AM
I want to display a details view without data.
0nly columns will show not data will be shown.
guys any Idea.
Comment posted by pg on Sunday, May 24, 2015 8:21 PM
i want to develop web based database application in ASP.NET 5 using MVC architecture.
Can you suggest how i should proceed
Comment posted by Suprotim Agarwal on Monday, May 25, 2015 6:42 AM
@pg: Here you go: _URL_


though, it can be
proved that cardinal collapse does not occur for the particular P described
above. See Kunen for details.
7. Epilogue
One reason I'm still not totally happy with this exposition is that the
definitions "p ||- phi" and "G is a generic filter" still seem to be pulled
out of a hat, even though one can get some a posteriori intuition about
why each part of the definition is important. There do exist alternative
approaches to forcing, e.g., using "Boolean-valued models." This is
somewhat more intuitive because the idea that some statements require
more "particular information about G" to be decided is encoded "directly,"
i.e., we take the set of all statements and impose a partial order on this
set. The concept of a generic filter becomes simpler (essentially, it
becomes an "ultrafilter" in a complete Boolean algebra). However, with
this approach one needs to hit on the idea of embedding partial orders in
a complete Boolean algebra; I'm not sure how to motivate this. Question
for the logicians: are there nice applications of forcing where P is a
complete Boolean algebra and no embedding is involved?
Another question for the logicians: Say we drop the word "generic" from
the definition of forcing, and we say that "p pseudoforces phi" if for
every filter G in P, p being in G implies that phi is true in M[G]. Is
pseudoforcing definable in M? At first I thought it might be, because it
doesn't seem that one needs to know anything about any particular G to
decide whether p pseudoforces phi, but Andreas Blass thinks the answer is
probably no.
--
Tim Chow tchow-at-alum-dot-mit-dot-edu
The range of our projectiles---even ... the artillery---however great, will
never exceed four of those miles of which as many thousand separate us from
the center of the earth. ---Galileo, Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
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FAQs
How to build special hoist ring part numbers and explanation of options

1. What is the safe operating temperature of hoist rings?
-20F to 400F for alloy steel and 800F maximum operating temperature for stainless steel For temperatures lower than -20F, please contact the ADB engineering department.
2. Can hoist rings be used for fall protection?
Yes. Typically a 10:1 factor of safety is required but make sure you refer to your local and state safety and fall protection regulations regarding capacity requirements.
3. Can hoist rings be made with special threads?
Yes. ADB can customize any thread length or type to meet order specifications.
How to build special hoist ring part numbers and explanation of options
4. Can I go through a plate and put a nut on the end?
Yes. ADB recommends using ADB provided nut and washers for through hole applications. ADB can also customize the bolt / thread length to pass through plates or through holes.
5. How frequently do I need to inspect Hoist Rings?
It depends on the application. Refer to ASME B30.26-Rigging Hardware, for reference.
6. How many times can I torque the bolt before I need to replace it?
ADB hoist rings do not require enough torque to cause any permanent deformation.
7. How short can you make the thread and still maintain the capacity?
It depends on the tensile strength of the mating material, provide ADB the tensile strength and we will tell you the minimum engagement.
8. What happens if I shock load the unit?
Any unit that is shock loaded must be taken out of service as this may have caused permanent damage and must be inspected by qualified inspector to determine if it should be replaced or can be reused.
9. Can hoist rings be galvanized?
We can cold/mechanical galvanize. Hot dipped is not possible as it requires temperatures much greater than the hoist ring material's tempering temperature to apply.
10. Does the rated load have a design factor?
Yes. 5:1 (meaning that the product will destruct at 5 times the "WLL" working load limit
11. Is the rated load in all directions?
Yes. Hoist rings retain its working load limit capacity from 0-90 degrees.
12. Can I put a spacer underneath the hoist ring?
No. ADB can customize a hoist ring to meet requirements to meet clearance situations.
13. What is the material of the hoist rings?
4140 Alloy Steel or 300 Series Stainless Steel
14. What plating options other than standard Black Oxide do you offer?
Electroless Nickel, Cadmium, Clear Zinc, Yellow Zinc, Titanium-Cadmium
How to build special hoist ring part numbers and explanation of options
15. How many times can I use a Hoist Ring until I need to replace it?
This depends on the severity of use. However, they are tested and designed to meet 20,000 cycles under normal operating conditions.
16. Does your product come with a certificate of compliance?
A standard certificate of compliance can be added upon request. Our standard certificate specifies the material properties, design factor, inspection and industry standards and is available at _URL_. If there are any special inspection or testing requirements you must specify what type of certificate you're looking for.
17. Does each hoist ring get proof tested?
ADB proof load tests each Heavy Duty, Safety Engineered, EZ-Torque, and Heavy Duty Side Pull hoist ring to 200% of its working load limit and it is held for 3 seconds. Stainless Steel Safety Engineered hoist rings are proof load tested to 150% of the working load limit and are held for 3 seconds. Any unit needing different load testing requirements can be ordered as a special. Each hoist ring proof tested is tagged with the certificate of proof test on the units attached product label.
18. How do I determine the screw thread class?
For imperial unit threads: 3A for diameters through 1″. 2A for diameters larger than 1″
For metric threads: 5g6g for diameters through M36, 6g for diameters M42 and larger


Brian's London Stereoscopic Company has recently republished a book on the Scottish stereoscopic photographer George Washington Wilson, written by leading photographic historian, Professor Roger Taylor (no relation). Washington Wilson (1823-93) became the toast of Victorian society with his innovative landscape photography and was hired to work for Queen Victoria. We caught up with Brian and Professor Taylor for a chat.
Brian, when did you first become aware of George Washington Wilson?
Hmm, it must have been about 40 years ago, as I have been collecting stereoscopic cards from quite a young age. Washington Wilson's cards always stood out: they had a lovely cardboard back, with beautiful sepia prints pasted on top. They are always in wonderful condition as he got his processes so perfect, so they don't fade or get messed up with age. It wasn't until I met Roger that I began to understand what Washington Wilson means in terms of British photographic history, however.
So how do you meet Professor Taylor?
We met at a museum, at a celebration of a 150 years of British photography, and we both bemoaned the fact there were no stereoscopic images there at all. It's really been sidelined. Roger is my mentor and a good friend, so Roger and I are on a crusade to let people know that 3D photography is alive and well!
Professor Taylor, Washington Wilson is is known as a great innovator in stereoscopic photography, can you summarise some of these innovations?
One of the things he did was to incorporate the sky and the ground in one single image. He introduced scenery that had water in the foreground, at sunset, so there was red sky, with lots of clouds reflected in the water, and he could balance everything up and point his camera directly at the sun – which was quite an innovation around 1858/9. He also took very short exposures. With the collodion process of those days you had to make exposures of several seconds. He managed to get it down to about an eighth of a second, so he was able to take street scenes which looked realistic. Other photographers soon wanted to follow this example.
Does any of his gear survive?
Sadly not, but we know the kinds of camera he used. Dallmeyer, a leading manufacturer of stereoscopic cameras, made a customised model for him around 1862
What are your favourite Washington Wilson images?
Professor Taylor: For me, it is his image of Princess St in Edinburgh, on a busy day, with carriages going by. It was the first glimpse of a truthful live representation of a city scene. Before that it was all posed long exposures, so the image pointed the way forward.
Brian May: For me it's his image of Lake Katrine, composed so you feel like you are on the bank seeing into the distance, seeing the island on the lake. Oops I should have said Loch Katrine! My mother was Scottish, she would kill me!
Professor Taylor: Indeed, that photo was very popular with the public, and there are 60 different versions in the Aberdeen archive. He kept returning to that scene. He also shot a very famous portrait of Queen Victoria on a pony, which became one of the most iconic images of the Queen as a widow, following the death of Prince Albert. He put it out as a carte de visite, and sold 120,000 copies.
Do you hope this book will go some way to restore George Washington Wilson's reputation?
Brian May: We hope so. There has been a sort of stigma associated with stereoscopic photography, a kind of snobbish attitude towards it. For me, this is THE most evocative portrayal of life as it was in Scotland. It's much more real than flat photographs.
Professor Taylor: If you view stereoscopic images with a viewer, such as the Owl viewer which Brian developed, it fills the mental space in your head. It's a bit like watching iMax movies – an extraordinarily immersive experience compared to a print.
George Washington Wilson: Artist and Photographer, by Professor Roger Taylor, Intro by Brian May, The London Stereoscopic Company, is available from all good booksellers now for £30


text:
What are the Dragon Balls?
In the Dragon Ball: Bouken Special, the Dragon Ball manga author, Akira Toriyama, explains that there are seven Dragon Balls because there are eight balls in Hakken-Den, a famous Edo-era Japanese novel, and that he would have hated for them to be exactly the same number, so he had the Dragon Balls be seven.
Unlike other forms of fiction that involve wishes being granted, the Dragon Balls seem to grant a wish exactly as the wisher imagined it, rather than warping the wish so that it is technically granted, but ends up making the wisher's life even more difficult. For example, when King Piccolo wished for youth, he was not reduced to an infant, but rather, appeared in his prime. Also, when a victim is revived from the dead, they are not undead, but rather, are truly alive. This is likely so that there is a legitimate reason to pursue the Dragon Balls by the protagonists, as they would not have a justification to rely on them if they knew they would never grant a proper wish. Also, unlike wishes in other literary works, Shenron is actually a sentient being; he may be capable of interpreting a wish however he sees fit, but chooses to interpret them how he knows the wisher actually wants, as a courtesy rather than as a rule. Credence is lent to this theory in the movie Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn, where Shenron was asked to move all the dead people back to the Other World. He claimed that he was perfectly capable of granting the wish precisely as it was uttered, but he knew what consequences the Z Fighters were expecting (that the onslaught of undead would be resolved and peace would be restored), and warned them of the futility of the wish.


text:
There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" means. The Hormel Foods Corporation once said that it means "Shoulder of Pork and Ham"[source?], but in some dictionaries "Spam" means "spiced ham". Members of staff at the SPAM museum say it stands for Specially Produced American Meat. In 2019, Spam began making advertisements containing the definition "Sizzle Pork And Mmmm".
Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.
Jokes about Spam[change | change source]
- The British comedy group Monty Python created a short play about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
- There is also a song called Spam. It was sung by Weird Al Yankovic and first recorded in 1988.


text:
Hi! I don't know much about stadistics, so I hope you can help me with this problem.
Consider the following numbers: 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0 representing the number of hits garnered by each member of the Baltimore Orioles in a recent outing. (a) Calculate directly the average number of hits per man. (b) Let x be a variable signifying the number of hits obtained by a man, and let f(x) be the number of times the number x appears.
Show that the average number of hits per man can be written as:
The average number of hits per man is 2, am I right? However I don't know how to show part b). Thanks in advance.


Wildlife, Guests and Pests
Many native and introduced birds and animals live in our neighbourhoods and backyards. We want to encourage the well-being of local native wildlife, welcome guests such as cats, dogs, poultry and honey bees and reduce the impact of introduced pest species.
In Whitehorse we are lucky to share our suburbs with many species of wildlife such as Eastern Rosellas, Sugar Gliders and Skinks. There are lots of actions we can take to support our local biodiversity.
Our guests include our companion animals such as cats, dogs, horses and livestock as well as poultry and honey bees to provide us with meat, eggs and honey or good company.
Birds, other animals and weeds not native to the Whitehorse area and which are unhelpful to residents or the environment should be handled carefully and not allowed to grow or spread.


How does EducationLink handle my privacy and data?
Learn more how EducationLink handles your data and about our Privacy Policy.
EducationLink complies with the privacy laws of the country where it is incorporated (Australia), at the same time, EducationLink complies with GDPR laws (Europe) and as part of our infrastructure is based in the U.S. we comply with their local laws too.
The most comprehensive of these laws is the GDPR. So in this article, we cover a little bit more on how we handle your privacy and how does the GDPR influences our decisions and procedures.
Usage data
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For more information about how we keep your data security when processing payments, check out our support article: How does EducationLink keep my data secure?.
For more information about how we keep your data security, head to our support article: How does EducationLink keep my data secure?.


text:
Borough completes temporary repairs to storm-damaged infrastructure
December 17, 2020
By Ceri Godinez
The Haines Borough finished temporary repairs to public infrastructure on Friday, Dec. 11 and is transitioning to long-term repair planning, according to public facilities director Ed Coffland.
Coffland said the first step is identifying the projects. "Some of the major ones are Young Road and Cathedral View and up on top of Piedad," he said. He said a big part of redesigning the roads will involve making sure the drainage structures are large enough to accommodate runoff from heavy rains.
"This isn't the first time the stormwater collection system has been overtaxed and we've had washouts. It seems to happen every fifteen to twenty years," Coffland said. "We should be designing whatever we rebuild so that it's a little more realistic for weather trends."
Warmer, wetter winters are an increasing trend in Southeast Alaska, according to National Weather Service scientists.
Coffland said he hopes to include hydrological analysis in the road repair process, which will take into consideration where stormwater is likely to collect, and what the peak water flow and duration might be at a given site during a period of heavy rainfall.
Another potential project involves improvements to inflow for the sewer treatment plant to keep stormwater out. At present, during periods of rain, water leaks into the sewer system.
"We had at least ten times the amount of flow that we would normally take into the treatment plant during the storm (earlier this month)," Coffland said.
The system had more water in it than the facility could treat, so some of it had to be diverted directly into the ocean. "It was relatively clean sewage, mostly groundwater, but we don't want to do that," he said.
Alaska engineering firm proHNS is doing pro bono work for the borough, identifying projects and coming up with initial designs, but bringing these projects to completion will take time and money, Coffland said.
He said the borough is in communication with the state regarding potential funding sources. On Dec. 5, Gov. Mike Dunleavy signed a disaster declaration for Southeast Alaska making state assistance available for public infrastructure repairs and initiating the process for requesting federal assistance.
The Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management has staff on the ground in Haines working with the community to collect damage assessment information, including repair costs and emergency response costs, according to public information officer Jeremy Zidek.
Zidek said he doesn't have a specific timeline for the damage assessment phase. It takes time and involves collecting information from communities across Southeast. Once the data is collected, it will be submitted to FEMA and used to determine whether federal assistance will become available for public facilities.
Coffland said another potential funding source could be U.S. Federal Highway Administration funding channeled to the borough through the Chilkoot Indian Association.
Coffland said he hopes to have at least some of the long-term repair projects ready for construction come springtime.


text: Most agrarian scholars argue that long historic processes of colonialism, capitalist development and implementation of neo-liberal structural policies in Sub-Saharan Africa have resulted in deagrarianisation and its sub-genre of depeasantisation particularly in South Africa. I argue that this long historic process epitomised, in some cases, by abandonment of cropping fields and deactivation of agriculture was uneven between and within communities across South Africa. Glossing over the geographic and socially differentiated outcomes has partly led to the general characterisation of rural communities as relic agrarian populations that need to be modernised through a new wave of large-scale land based investments. To substantiate, I use the case study of Xolobeni, which is situated on the Wild Coast, in the Eastern Cape Province. The Xolobeni community is engaged in a struggle against the South African government and the Transworld Energy and Minerals Resources (TEM) from Australia, which wants to invest in titanium mining in the area since 2001. Following a series of struggles, in 2018 the North Gauteng High Court ruled that the community has a right to say no to a development project, in line with the international principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). In addition to this legal right, I posit that the community actively used land for multiple livelihoods including gardening, livestock and crop production as well as marine resource harvesting for both consumption and for sale in contrast to the deactivation thesis. Given local processes of social differentiation, the benefits differed to a degree across a continuum of subsistence-oriented households, market-oriented households, wage and sale reliant households and wage reliant households. However, in all cases land-based livelihoods were essential in enabling households to create a higher standard of living. Consequently, the community preferred ecotourism and an agrarian model of development that would preserve their livelihoods, conserve ecological natural resources and reduce rural poverty and contribute to wider national economic development.


text:
You can create extra fields so you can add information when you Add a Store in Mapply. For example, you could use this feature to add the store's Twitter handle, an extra phone number field or the Manager's name.
To create an extra field in Mapply, please follow these steps:
- Visit Mapply Account Page, log in if necessary.
- Select Extra Fields.
- Under "Add New Extra Field", enter an Extra Field Name.
- Select Add.


Sun GlassFish Enterprise Server v2.1.1 Deployment Planning Guide
Estimating Bandwidth Requirements
To decide on the desired size and bandwidth of the network, first determine the network traffic and identify its peak. Check if there is a particular hour, day of the week, or day of the month when overall volume peaks, and then determine the duration of that peak.
During peak load times, the number of packets in the network is at its highest level. In general, if you design for peak load, scale your system with the goal of handling 100 percent of peak volume. Bear in mind, however, that any network behaves unpredictably and that despite your scaling efforts, it might not always be able handle 100 percent of peak volume.
For example, assume that at peak load, five percent of users occasionally do not have immediate network access when accessing applications deployed on Enterprise Server. Of that five percent, estimate how many users retry access after the first attempt. Again, not all of those users might get through, and of that unsuccessful portion, another percentage will retry. As a result, the peak appears longer because peak use is spread out over time as users continue to attempt access.


Retrieving Metadata from an Analytical Data Source
Metadata is important to applications that retrieve and work with analytical data. When retrieving data from a relational data source, the dimensionality of such data is predictable, even with nested datasets. Result sets from a relational database are typically two-dimensional or scalar in structure. However, data retrieved from analytical data sources can be of variable dimensionality, organized along potentially deep hierarchies.
To handle the complexity of metadata retrieval from analytical data sources, ADOMD.NET provides two forms of metadata retrieval:
 - The Object Model
 The ADOMD.NET object model is generally easier to use than schema rowsets. For most scenarios, you can access the metadata of various database objects just by using the object model. ADOMD.NET exposes the object model through the AdomdConnection.
 For more information: Working with the ADOMD.NET Object Model
 - Schema Rowsets
 A complete, but more difficult approach to retrieving metadata is through using schema rowsets. A schema rowset is an OLE DB rowset that encapsulates the description for all objects of a particular type in the database. Schema information in an analytical data source includes databases or catalogs available from the data source, cubes and mining models in a database, roles that exist for cubes at the data source, and so on. This metadata can be retrieved by using the GetSchemaDataSet method, passing in either a GUID or an XML for Analysis (XMLA) name.
 For more information: Working with Schema Rowsets in ADOMD.NET
Each of these metadata retrieval methods access different types of metadata. The following table describes the different metadata available for each method, and the methods used to access it.
GUID (used in Schema Rowsets)
XMLA Name (used in Schema Rowsets)
ADOMD.NET Object Model
Actions
MDSCHEMA_ACTIONS Rowset
Catalogs
DBSCHEMA_CATALOGS Rowset
Columns
DBSCHEMA_COLUMNS Rowset
Connections
DISCOVER_CONNECTIONS
Cubes
MDSCHEMA_CUBES Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes
DataSources
DISCOVER_DATASOURCES Rowset
DBConnections
DISCOVER_DB_CONNECTIONS
Dimensions
MDSCHEMA_DIMENSIONS Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].Dimensions
DimensionStat
DISCOVER_DIMENSION_STAT
Enumerators
DISCOVER_ENUMERATORS Rowset
Functions
MDSCHEMA_FUNCTIONS Rowset
Hierarchies
MDSCHEMA_HIERARCHIES Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].Dimensions[].Hierarchies
InputDataSources
MDSCHEMA_INPUT_DATASOURCES Rowset
Instances
DISCOVER_INSTANCES Rowset
Jobs
DISCOVER_JOBS
Keywords
DISCOVER_KEYWORDS Rowset (OLE DB for OLAP)
Kpis
MDSCHEMA_KPIS Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].KPIs
Levels
MDSCHEMA_LEVELS Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].Dimensions[].Hierarchies[].Levels
Literals
DISCOVER_LITERALS Rowset
Locations
DISCOVER_LOCATIONS
Locks
DISCOVER_LOCKS
MasterKey
DISCOVER_MASTER_KEY
MeasureGroupDimensions
MDSCHEMA_MEASUREGROUP_DIMENSIONS Rowset
MeasureGroups
MDSCHEMA_MEASUREGROUPS Rowset
Measures
MDSCHEMA_MEASURES Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].Measures
MemberProperties
MDSCHEMA_PROPERTIES Rowset
PropertyCollection available from most major ADOMD.NET objects.
Members
MDSCHEMA_MEMBERS Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].Dimensions[].Hierarchies[].Levels[].GetMembers()
MemoryGrant
DISCOVER_MEMORYGRANT
MemoryUsage
DISCOVER_MEMORYUSAGE
MiningColumns
DMSCHEMA_MINING_COLUMNS Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningModels[].MiningModelColumns
MiningFunctions
DMSCHEMA_MINING_FUNCTIONS Rowset
MiningModelContent
DMSCHEMA_MINING_MODEL_CONTENT Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningModels[].MiningContentNodes
MiningModelContentPmml
DMSCHEMA_MINING_MODEL_CONTENT_PMML Rowset
MiningModels
DMSCHEMA_MINING_MODELS Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningModels
MiningModelXml
DMSCHEMA_MINING_MODEL_XML Rowset
MiningServiceParameters
DMSCHEMA_MINING_SERVICE_PARAMETERS Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningServices[].MiningServiceParameters
MiningServices
DMSCHEMA_MINING_SERVICES Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningServices
MiningStructureColumns
DMSCHEMA_MINING_STRUCTURE_COLUMNS Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningStructures[].MiningStructureColumns
MiningStructures
DMSCHEMA_MINING_STRUCTURES Rowset
AdomdConnection.MiningStructures
PartitionDimensionStat
DISCOVER_PARTITION_DIMENSION_STAT
PartitionStat
DISCOVER_PARTITION_STAT
PerformanceCounters
DISCOVER_PERFORMANCE_COUNTERS
ProviderTypes
DBSCHEMA_PROVIDER_TYPES Rowset
SchemaRowsets
DISCOVER_SCHEMA_ROWSETS Rowset
Sessions
DISCOVER_SESSIONS
Sets
MDSCHEMA_SETS Rowset
AdomdConnection.Cubes[].NamedSets
Tables
DBSCHEMA_TABLES Rowset
TablesInfo
DBSCHEMA_TABLES_INFO
TraceColumns
DISCOVER_TRACE_COLUMNS
TraceDefinitionProviderInfo
DISCOVER_TRACE_DEFINITION_PROVIDERINFO
TraceEventCategories
DISCOVER_TRACE_EVENT_CATEGORIES
Traces
DISCOVER_TRACES
Transactions
DISCOVER_TRANSACTIONS
XmlaProperties
DISCOVER_PROPERTIES Rowset
XmlMetadata
DISCOVER_XML_METADATA Rowset
See Also
Reference
ADOMD.NET Client Programming
ADOMD.NET Client Programming
Analysis Services Schema Rowsets


text: The SDES project has been implemented and sponsored by US-AID since April, 1 1994. The goal of the project is to reduce Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in East Java Province from 2.2 (1994) to 2.0 by year 5 of SDES project ending in 1999. The general objective is to develop community awareness and promote the acceptance of family planning, and to ensure that families have access to the most appropriate methods for their needs. To achieve the above objectives, several programs and activities have been implemented since April 1994. Within the periode of six years, some progress of the programs have been achieved. The problem is how far the impact or changing of program achievements after the implementation of the SDES project. Based on this problem, an analysis of program achievements is needed. The analysis is focused on the comparation of program achievements either in SDES areas and Non-SDES areas or before and after the project implementation. In general, the main objective of this analysis is to know how far, actually, the impact· or changing of program achievements after six year implementation of SDES project. The analysis was focussing on the comparation of program achievements either in SDES and Non-SDES areas or before and after the project implementation.Specifically, the objectives of the comparative analysis is concentrated on the several indicators or aspects. The types of analysis used is a combination time series analysis with an intervention and non-intervention areas. In time series analysis, Statistical test has been applied to determine effective percentage changes of program achievements. In this analysis, data which have been used was secondary data of FY 1992/93-1999/00. Those data was collected on bases of time and areas or regencies (SDES and non SDES areas). The SDES project has been implemented for six years and several innovative intervention or activities have been carried out. Within the six year periode, some progress of programe In terms of the impacts or changing have been achieved and the analysis of this isssues was also conducted and statistical analysis was also applied.


text:
Acclimation to predicted ocean warming through developmental plasticity in a tropical reef fish
Determining the capacity of organisms to acclimate and adapt to increased temperatures is key to understand how populations and communities will respond to global warming. Although there is evidence that elevated water temperature affects metabolism, growth and condition of tropical marine fish, it is unknown whether they have the potential to acclimate, given adequate time. We reared the tropical reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus through its entire life cycle at present day and elevated (+1.5 and+3.0 °C) water temperatures to test its ability to thermally acclimate to ocean temperatures predicted to occur over the next 50–100 years. Fish reared at 3.0 °C greater than the present day average reduced their resting oxygen consumption (RMR) during summer compared with fish reared at present day temperatures and tested at the elevated temperature. The reduction in RMR of up to 69 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 in acclimated fish could represent a significant benefit to daily energy expenditure. In contrast, there was no acclimation to summer temperatures exhibited by fish reared at 1.5 °C above present day temperatures. Fish acclimated to +3.0 °C were smaller and in poorer condition than fish reared at present day temperatures, suggesting that even with acclimation there will be significant consequences for future populations of tropical fishes caused by global warming.


text:
I'm afraid this is a myth which is perpetuated in the NIV Study Bible notes on Exodus 28:35. The notes say
According to Jewish tradition, one end of a length of rope was tied to the high priest's ankle and the other end remained outside the tabernacle. If the bells on his robe stopped tinkling while he was in the Holy Place, the assumption that he had died could be tested by pulling gently on the rope.
But you can't always believe the notes in your Bible. This myth appears to have originated with the 13th century A.D. Jewish work, the Zohar:
A knot of rope of gold hangs from his leg, from fear perhaps he would die in the holy of holies, and they would need to pull him out with this rope.
There is no evidence in any ancient source that this is true. Besides, Leviticus 16:3-4 gives clear instructions about what the high priest should wear, and it did not include a rope.
There is a helpful discussion of the myth at the BiblePlaces blog (from which the above information was obtained).


text:
The demand for food in the UK
The changing demand for food in the UK
Seasonal food refers to the times of the year when the harvest or the flavour of a given type of food is at its peak. This is usually the time when the item is harvested. Before supermarkets, most food eaten in the UK was sourced in the UK and seasonal. Fruit and vegetables were available according to the season. For example, during the summer months, lettuce and strawberries were widely available, whereas, during the winter, parsnips and cabbage were sold. Food was also preserved by being bottled, frozen and pickled.
Today, we are used to enjoying seasonal fruit and vegetables throughout the year. However, because some food cannot be grown throughout the year in the UK, it has to be imported from other countries, along with food that is not native to the UK, such as avocado and mango. Therefore, there has been an increase in food being imported into the UK.
Even seasonal fruits and vegetables are imported from other countries. It can be cheaper for food to be grown in low-income countries and transported to the UK, despite the increased food miles. Forty-five per cent of the UK's food was imported in 2019.
Demand for non-seasonal products has brought challenges and benefits for low-income countries (LICs) such as Kenya and the Caribbean.
The main benefits are:
The challenges associated with the growth in demand for out-of-season fruit and vegetables include:
There has been an increasing demand for organic food in the UK. Organic food is produced without chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Organic produce includes meat, fruit and vegetables.
Organic farmers operate without chemical pesticides by using natural predators to consume pests such as ladybirds eating blackflies. Crops are rotated to maintain nutrients. Also, natural fertilisers are used. To combat weeds, mechanical weeders are used instead of chemicals. Animals are reared without drugs, such as hormones, to promote growth.
Organic food has grown in popularity since the 1990s for several reasons. These include:
Demand for organic food declined between 2009-11 due to the global recession leading to households having reduced incomes. Organic food is more expensive because yields (crops) are lower than farms that use chemicals. However, people are prepared to pay the extra as they believe organic produce tastes better. Supermarkets now sell 75% of organic food in the UK. The remaining 25% is sold at farmers' markets and vegetable box schemes (where organic vegetables are delivered to the customer's door). The most popular organic products are dairy products, including milk, cheese and yoghurt.
Carbon footprints, 'food miles' and moves towards local sourcing of food
Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics.