to water.
 Important: When you spray with higher viscosity (thicker) chemical products or solutions with wettable powders, you may need to use an coarser screen mesh for the optional suction filter; refer to Figure 20.
 g214212
 When you spray at a higher application rate, consider using an courser optional suction-filter mesh; refer to Figure 21.
 g214214
 Selecting a Pressure Filter
 Available screen sizes include:
 Standard Equipment: 50 mesh suction filter (blue)
 Use the pressure filter table to identify the screen mesh for the spray nozzles you are using based on chemicals products or solutions with a viscosity equivalent to water.
 Pressure Filter Table
 Spray Nozzle Color Code (flow rate)Screen Mesh Size*Filter Color Code
 As required for low viscosity chemicals or solutions or low application rates100Green
 Yellow (0.2 gpm)80Yellow
 Red (0.4 gpm)50Blue
 Brown (0.5 gpm)50Blue
 Gray (0.6 gpm)50Blue
 White (0.8 gpm)50Blue
 Blue (1.0 gpm)50Blue
 Green (1.5 gpm)50Blue
 As required for high viscosity chemicals or solutions or high application rates30Red
 As required for high viscosity chemicals or solutions or high application rates16Brown
 *The mesh size of the pressure filters in this table are based on spray chemicals or solutions with the viscosity equivalent to water.
 Important: When you spray with higher viscosity (thicker) chemical products or solutions with wettable powders, you may need to use a coarser screen mesh for the optional pressure-filter; refer to Figure 22.
 g214211
 When you spray at a higher application rate, consider using an courser optional pressure-filter mesh; refer to Figure 23.
 g214240
 Selecting a Nozzle-Tip Filter (Optional)
 Note: The use the optional nozzle-tip filter to protect the spray-nozzle tip and increase its service life.
 Use the nozzle-tip filter table to identify the screen mesh for the spray nozzles you are using based on chemicals products or solutions with a viscosity equivalent to water.
 Nozzle-Tip Filter Table
 Spray Nozzle Color Code (flow rate)Filter Mesh Size*Filter Color Code
 Yellow (0.2 gpm)100Green
 Red (0.4 gpm)50Blue
 Brown (0.5 gpm)50Blue
 Gray (0.6 gpm)50Blue
 White (0.8 gpm)50Blue
 Blue (1.0 gpm)50Blue
 Green (1.5 gpm)50Blue
 *The mesh size of the nozzle filters in this table are based on spray chemicals or solutions with the viscosity equivalent to water.
 Important: When you spray with higher viscosity (thicker) chemical products or solutions with wettable powders, you may need to use a coarser screen mesh for the optional tip-filter; refer to Figure 24.
 g214245
 When you spray at a higher application rate, consider using an courser tip-filter mesh; refer to Figure 25.
 g214245
 Filling the Tanks
 Filling the Fresh-Water Tank
 Important: Do not use reclaimed water (gray water) in the fresh-water tank.
 Note: The fresh-water tank is used to supply a source of fresh water for you to wash chemicals off your skin, eyes, or other surfaces in the case of accidental exposure.
 Always fill the fresh-water tank with clean water before handling or mixing any chemicals.
 - To fill the tank, unscrew the cap at the top of the tank, fill the tank with fresh water, and install the cap (Figure 26).
 - To open the fresh-water tank spigot, turn the lever on the spigot (Figure 26).
 g032530
 Filling the Spray Tank
 Install the optional Chemical Pre-Mix Kit for optimal mixing and exterior tank cleanliness.
 Important: Whenever possible, do not use reclaimed water (gray water) in the spray tank.
 Important: Ensure that the chemicals you use are compatible with Viton™ (see the manufacturer's label; it should indicate if it is not compatible). Using a chemical that is not compatible with Viton will degrade the O-rings in the sprayer, causing leaks.
 Important: The tank-volume markings are for reference only and cannot be considered accurate for calibration.
 1. Stop the machine on a level surface, shut off the engine, remove the key, and engage the parking brake.
 2. Determine the amount of water needed to mix the amount of chemical you need as prescribed by the chemical manufacturer.
 3. Open the tank cover on the spray tank.
 Note: The tank cover is located in the center of the top of the tank. To open it, turn the front half of the cover counterclockwise and swing it open. You can remove the strainer under the tank cover and clean the strainer.
 4. Assemble the fill hose to the quick disconnect fitting of the anti-siphon fill receptacle.
 5. Add 3/4 of the required water to the spray tank (Figure 27).
 Important: Always use fresh, clean water in the spray tank. Do not pour concentrate into an empty tank.
 g191616
 6. Start the engine, engage the parking brake, set the spray-pump switch to the ON position, and move the throttle lever to HIGH IDLE.
 7. Set the agitation switch to the ON position.
 Important: Prior to introducing wettable powders into any Toro Spray System mix the powders in a suitable container with sufficient fresh water to create a free flowing slurry. Failure to do so may result in chemical deposits on the bottom of the tank, degraded agitation, clogging of filters, and improper application rates.Toro recommends using the approved Eductor Kit for this machine. Contact your authorized Toro distributor for more information.
 8. Add the proper amount of chemical concentrate to the tank, as directed by the chemical manufacturer.
 9. Add the remaining water to the tank, remove the fill hose, and close the tank cover.
 Note: To seal the tank, close the cover and rotate the front half clockwise.
 Important: After filling the tank for the first time, check the tank straps for any play. Tighten as necessary.
 Inspecting the Tank Straps
 Maintenance Service IntervalMaintenance Procedure
 Before each use or daily
 - Check the tank straps.
 - Important: Overtightening the tank strap fasteners can result in deforming and damaging the tank and straps.
 Important: Whenever possible, do not use reclaimed water (gray water) in the spray tank.
 1. Fill the main tank with water.
 2. Check to see if there is any movement between the tank straps and the tank (Figure 28).
 g028263
 3. If the tank straps fit loose to the tank, tighten the flanged locknuts and bolts at the top of straps until the straps are flush with the surface of the tank (Figure 28).
 Note: Do not overtighten the tank strap hardware.
 Calibrating the Section-Bypass Valves
 Manual Mode Only
 Important: When operating in application rate mode, you must set the section-bypass valves to the closed position.
 Important: Whenever possible, do not use reclaimed water (gray water) in the spray tank.
 Before using the sprayer for the first time, whenever you change the nozzles, or as needed, calibrate the sprayer flow, speed, and set the section bypass.
 Important: Select an open flat area to perform this procedure.
 Preparing the Machine
 1. Fill the spray tank halfway with clean water.
 2. Lower the spray sections.
 3. Engage the parking brake.
 4. Set the spray control switch to manual.
 5. Set the 3 section switches to the ON position, but leave the master section switch in the OFF position.
 6. Set the spray-pump switch to the ON position, and turn on the agitation.
 7. On the InfoCenter, navigate to the Calibration screen and select Test Speed; refer to Simulating a Test Speed in the Software Guide for the Multi Pro 5800-D and 5800-G turf sprayer with ExcelaRate spray system.
 1. Press buttons 3 or 4 to raise or lower the simulated speed to 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph).
 2. Press button 4 to toggle ON test speed simulation.
 3. Press button 5 to save and exit the TEST SPEED screen.
 Adjusting the Section Bypass Valves
 1. Using the application-rate switch, adjust the application rate according to the table that follows.
 Nozzle Application Rate Table
 Nozzle ColorSI (Metric)EnglishTurf
 Yellow159 L/ha17 gpa0.39 gpk
 Red319 L/ha34 gpa0.78 gpk
 Brown394 L/ha42 gpa0.96 gpk
 Gray478 L/ha51 gpa1.17 gpk
 White637 L/ha68 gpa1.56 gpk
 Blue796 L/ha85 gpa1.95 gpk
 Green1,190 L/ha127 gpa2.91 gpk
 2. Turn off the left-section switch and adjust the section-bypass knob (Figure 29) until the rate displayed is at the previous level according to the table.
 Note: The numbered indicators on the bypass knob and needle are for reference only.
 g191413
 3. Turn on the left-section switch and turn off the right-section switch.
 4. Adjust the right section-bypass knob (Figure 29) until the rate displayed is at the previous level according


How To Set The Time On A Smart Bracelet
Mobile Accessories
how-to-set-the-time-on-a-smart-bracelet
Source: Youtube.com
Are you struggling to set the time on your smart bracelet? Look no further! In this article, we will guide you through the step-by-step process of setting the time on your smart bracelet, ensuring that you never miss a beat. Whether you have a fitness tracker or a smartwatch, the time-setting process is generally similar across devices.
By mastering how to set the time on your smart bracelet, you can stay punctual and keep track of your activities with ease. With our comprehensive instructions, you'll be able to sync your smart bracelet to the correct time and ensure that it accurately reflects your schedule and preferences. So, let's dive in and get your smart bracelet perfectly in sync with your life!
Inside This Article
 1. Overview
 2. Method 1: Using the Mobile App
 3. Method 2: Using the Smart Bracelet Buttons
 4. Method 3: Synchronizing the Time with a Smartphone
 5. Conclusion
 6. FAQs
Overview
Setting the time on a smart bracelet is a crucial step to ensure the accurate tracking of your activities and help you stay on schedule. These wearable devices not only monitor your fitness and health but also display the current time and date.
Syncing your smart bracelet with your smartphone is the first step in setting the time. This allows the bracelet to connect to your device, enabling it to receive updates and automatically adjust its time based on your smartphone's settings.
Accessing the settings menu of your smart bracelet is the next step. This is usually done through the companion app on your smartphone or by using the touch screen interface on the bracelet itself. The settings menu is where you'll find the option to adjust the time and date.
Once you're in the settings menu, look for the "Time" or "Date and Time" option. Tap on it, and you'll be able to make the necessary adjustments. Some smart bracelets offer the option to set the time manually, while others automatically sync with your smartphone.
Manually setting the time involves using the touch screen or physical buttons on the device to scroll through the hours, minutes, and seconds. Simply adjust the time to match the current time and proceed to the next step.
If your smart bracelet supports automatic time syncing, you may need to toggle on the option within the settings menu. This will ensure that the bracelet stays constantly connected to your smartphone and receives the accurate time updates.
After making the necessary adjustments, confirm the changes to save them. The smart bracelet will update the time and date display to reflect your updates. Remember to double-check the accuracy to ensure that the time is set correctly.
By following these steps, you'll be able to set the time on your smart bracelet and enjoy accurate time tracking along with the other features and benefits offered by these wearable devices.
Method 1: Using the Mobile App
One of the easiest and most convenient ways to set the time on your smart bracelet is by using the dedicated mobile app. Most smart bracelets come with a companion app that you can install on your smartphone to sync and control various features.
To start, make sure your smart bracelet is paired with your smartphone via Bluetooth. Open the mobile app and navigate to the settings section. Look for the option to set the time and tap on it.
Once you're in the time settings menu, you'll usually be presented with multiple options like 12-hour or 24-hour format and the ability to manually set the time or sync it with your smartphone's time. Choose the option that suits your preference.
If you want to synchronize the time with your smartphone, simply tap on the "Sync Time" button. The app will communicate with your smart bracelet and update the time based on your smartphone's clock.
If you prefer to manually set the time, you can do so by selecting the "Manual Setting" option. You'll then be able to input the specific time and date using the app's interface. Adjust the hour, minute, and second accordingly, and select the appropriate AM or PM indicator for 12-hour format.
Once you are satisfied with the adjustments, tap on the "Save" or "Confirm" button to apply the changes. The smart bracelet will receive the new time settings and display them on its screen.
It's worth noting that the steps and options may vary slightly depending on the brand and model of your smart bracelet, as well as the companion app you are using. However, the general process should be similar across different devices.
By using the mobile app to set the time on your smart bracelet, you can ensure accuracy and convenience. Plus, it allows you to make other customized settings and adjustments as well.
Method 2: Using the Smart Bracelet Buttons
If the smart bracelet you are using doesn't have the option to sync with your smartphone, don't worry! You can still set the time directly on the bracelet using its buttons. Here's how:
1. Check your smart bracelet's user manual to locate the specific buttons used for navigating and adjusting settings. Typically, these buttons are located on the sides of the bracelet or on the front face.
2. Press the button or combination of buttons that will allow you to access the settings menu on your smart bracelet. Depending on the model, this could be a long press, a double press, or a combination of specific buttons.
3. Once you are in the settings menu, navigate through the options using the designated buttons. Look for an option related to "Date and Time" or "Clock Settings."
4. Select the "Date and Time" or "Clock Settings" option using the appropriate button and press it to enter. Here you will find options to adjust the time, date, and other related settings.
5. Use the navigation buttons to scroll through the available options. Look for the "Time" or "Clock" option and select it.
6. Now, you can adjust the time on your smart bracelet using the buttons. Some bracelets might have separate buttons for increasing and decreasing the time, while others might use a combined button to adjust the time forward or backward.
7. Once you have set the desired time, press the confirmation button or follow the on-screen instructions to save the changes.
8. After confirming the time, exit the settings menu and take a quick glance at your smart bracelet's display to ensure that the time is correctly set.
By following these steps, you can easily set the time on your smart bracelet using the buttons on the device itself, even if it doesn't have the option to sync with your smartphone.
Method 3: Synchronizing the Time with a Smartphone
If you want to ensure that the time on your smart bracelet is always accurate, you can synchronize it with your smartphone. This method is convenient and ensures that both devices display the same time. Here's how you can do it:
1. Start by downloading and installing the companion app for your smart bracelet on your smartphone. The app is usually available on both iOS and Android platforms, and you can find it in the respective app stores.
2. Open the app and create an account if necessary, or log in with your existing account credentials. Make sure to grant the necessary permissions for the app to access and sync data with your smart bracelet.
3. Once you're logged in, navigate to the settings menu within the app. Look for an option that allows you to sync the time or adjust the time settings. The exact wording may vary depending on the brand and model of your smart bracelet.
4. Tap on the sync time option, and the app will initiate the synchronization process. It will send the current time from your smartphone to your smart bracelet, ensuring they are perfectly aligned.
5. After a few moments, the synchronization process will be completed, and the time on your smart bracelet should match the time displayed on your smartphone. If not, try restarting both devices and repeating the synchronization process.
By synchronizing the time on your smart bracelet with your smartphone, you can rest assured knowing that you will always have the accurate time on your wrist. This method eliminates the need for manual adjustments and ensures that you're never late or ahead of schedule.
Setting the time on a smart bracelet may seem like a simple task, but it can often be confusing, especially for first-time users. In this article, we have explored the step-by-step process of setting the time on a smart bracelet, ensuring that you can keep track of time accurately and effortlessly.
By following the instructions provided, you can customize the time display on your smart bracelet to match your preferred time zone and format. Whether you are adjusting for daylight saving time or simply need to sync your smart bracelet with your smartphone, these guidelines will help you navigate the settings with ease.
Remember, always refer to the user manual that came with your specific smart bracelet model for precise instructions and troubleshooting tips. With this newfound knowledge, you can confidently set and manage the time on your smart bracelet and enjoy its full range of features.
FAQs
1. What is a smart bracelet?
A smart bracelet is a wearable device that combines the functionality of a fitness tracker and a smartwatch. It typically tracks your daily activities, monitors your heart rate, counts steps, and displays notifications.
2. How do I connect my smart bracelet to my phone?
To connect your smart bracelet to your phone, you'll need to install the companion app on your smartphone. Once installed, open the app, and follow the instructions to pair the device via Bluetooth. Make sure that your phone's Bluetooth is turned on.


text:
Smaller wild birds like Coal Tits, Wrens and Sparrows need somewhere safe and secure to eat – somewhere they cannot be driven away by larger birds. And where their food is safe from squirrels and other mammals – A tall order!
This feeder will protect both the little birds and their food. The cage is made of 3 mm coated wire and is built round a tough polycarboante tube with feeding ports. It has a stainless steel handle and a solid lid and base, making it strong and rust resistant without any sharp edges. Designed to hold seeds and seed blends.
To fill, lift off the protective cage completely, then open the feeder lid.
Please note it is much better for the birds if feeders and tables are cleaned and disinfected regulars

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Computing CIC Filter Register Pruning Using Matlab
Rick Lyons February 15, 20125 comments Coded in Matlab
The following Matlab code computes the amount register bit-pruning described in Eugene's Hogenauer's famous paper on cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filters [1]. Although there are many detailed descriptions of CIC filters in the literature [2-7], my notation here corresponds to that used in Hogenauer's IEEE paper. Figure 1(a) shows an example of a 3rd-order CIC filter. Figure 1(b) shows that filter having the following parameters: N=3; R=8; M=1; Bin=12; and Bout=12. (The variables Bin and Bout represent the filter's input and output binary word widths respectively.) Due to those parameters, the filter's gain is 512 and all of the stages' adder/accumulator registers must be 21 bits in width. With the output word width being 12 bits, the 'T' block in Figure 1(b) represents a truncation of nine least significant bits (LSBs).
Note in Figure 1(b) that the 12-bit input word, in two's complement format, must be sign-extended to 21 bits before it's applied to the adder in the 1st integrator.
Figure 1
While Hogenauer's IEEE CIC paper was certainly revolutionary, I believe one of the truly clever aspects of his paper was how he addressed that final 'T' truncation operation. Hogenauer realized that the quantization error induced by that final truncation can be distributed among the individual stages of the filter by truncating LSBs from each stage's adder/accumulator output word. In doing so, he could reduce the stages' computational workloads without increasing the overall filter truncation quantization error. Hogenauer's description of this whole idea is a bit challenging to understand but it's certainly not beyond comprehension. (I had to read his 'distributed truncation' text several times.)
Figure 2 shows an example of the 'distributed truncation', what's called "register pruning", for the filter in Figure 1(b). The variable Bj specifies the number of adder/accumulator LSBs can be truncated from the Figure 1(b) filter's jth stage. For example, three LSBs are truncated (loped off) from the output of the first integrator's 21-bit adder/accumulator output word prior to routing to the second integrator. Therefore the second integrator in Figure 2 need only accept an 18-bit input word rather than a 21-bit input word as was the case in Figure 1(b).
Figure 2
The following Matlab code computes the values for Bj for the jth stages in Nth-order CIC decimation filters where j = 1, 2, ...2N+1. Note that B2N+1 represents the final truncation taking place after the final comb stage.
Running the following Matlab code for the Figure 1(b) filter parameters yields a result of:
N = 3, R = 8, M = 1, Bin = 12, Bout = 12
Num of Bits Growth Due To CIC Filter Gain = 9
Num of Accumulator Bits With No Truncation = 21
 Stage Bj Accum width
1 0 21
2 3 18
3 4 17
4 5 16
5 6 15
6 7 14
7 9 12
>>
The Bj values in the above center column are the Bj values shown in Figure 2.
Warning: It's possible, for certain combinations of N, R, M, Bin, and Bout, that negative values of Bj are computed, particularly when the product RM is a small number, and Bout>Bin. When using the following Matlab code, if you compute a negative value of Bj then that value should be ignored and no truncation should performed at that jth stage.
References
[1] Eugene Hogenauer, "An Economical Class of Digital Filters For Decimation and Interpolation," IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech and Signal Proc., Vol. ASSP 29, April 1981, pp. 155-162.
[2] Richard Lyons, "Understanding Cascaded Integrator-comb Filters", Embbedded Systems Programming magazine, March 31, 2005. Available at: _URL_
[3] F. Harris, Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2004, Chapter 11.
[4] Richard Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal Processing, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2010, Chapter 10.
[5] Peter Thorwartl, "Implementation of Filters", Part 3, lecture notes. Available at: _URL_
[6] Uwe Meyer-Baese, "Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays" 3rd Ed., Springer Publishing, 2007, Section 5.3.4.
[7] Uwe Meyer-Baese, "Area*Time Optimized Hogenauer Channelizer Design Using FPL Devices", published in Field-programmable Logic and Applications: 14th International Conference, FPL 2004, Antwerp Belgium, August/September 2004 Proceedings), pp. 384-392. Available here.
% Computes CIC decimation filter accumulator register
% truncation in each filter stage based on Hogenauer's
% 'accumulator register pruning' technique.
%
% Inputs:
% N = number of decimation CIC filter stages (filter order).
% R = CIC filter rate change factor (decimation factor).
% M = differential delay.
% Bin = number of bits in an input data word.
% Bout = number of bits in the filter's final output data word.
% Outputs:
% Stage number (ranges from 1 -to- 2*N+1).
% Bj = number of least significant bits that can be truncated
% at the input of a filter stage.
% Accumulator widths = number of a stage's necessary accumulator
% bits accounting for truncation.
% Richard Lyons Feb., 2012
clear, clc
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Define CIC filter parameters
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%N = 4; R = 25; M = 1; Bin = 16; Bout = 16; % Hogenauer paper, pp. 159
%N = 3; R = 32; M = 2; Bin = 8; Bout = 10; % Meyer Baese book, pp. 268
%N = 3; R = 16; M = 1; Bin = 16; Bout = 16; % Thorwartl's PDF file
%N = 5; R = 1024; M = 1; Bin = 16; Bout = 16; % Meyer Baese - conf. paper
N = 3; R = 8; M = 1; Bin = 12; Bout = 12; % Lyons' blog Figure 2 example
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Find h_sub_j and "F_sub_j" values for (N-1) cascaded integrators
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 disp(' ')
 for j = N-1:-1:1
 h_sub_j = [];
 h_sub_j((R*M-1)*N + j -1 + 1) = 0;
 for k = 0:(R*M-1)*N + j -1
 for L = 0:floor(k/(R*M)) % Use uppercase "L" for loop variable
 Change_to_Result = (-1)^L*nchoosek(N, L)*nchoosek(N-j+k-R*M*L,k-R*M*L);
 h_sub_j(k+1) = h_sub_j(k+1) + Change_to_Result;
 end % End "L" loop
 end % End "k" loop
 F_sub_j(j) = sqrt(sum(h_sub_j.^2));
 end % End


text:
Dictionary of Netwar (Lenakel language)
- In this category:
- Language posters
This is the first ever extensive dictionary of Netwar language (western Tanna, Republic of Vanuatu) published online. It is the fruit of several years of my work among the inhabitants of the island of Tanna. It contains translations of local expressions, pronunciation recordings and photographic documentation. Its purpose is to help in the preservation of the language and in passing it to the young generation.
If you want to use this data in any way, or found a mistake, please, contact me first.
- n mountain, whose ridge goes all the way down to the seashore. cf.: 'tanepes'.
Speaker: Noël Yeru (Lowanatom)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Periodontal disease could decrease kidney function in African-Americans
from Dental Tribune
New research has shown that African-Americans who suffer from the severe form of periodontal disease have a more than fourfold risk of developing chronic kidney disease than those without severe periodontal disease. In the U.S. alone, 1 in 2 adults aged 30 and over have periodontal disease, with African-Americans being disproportionally affected.
7701 Las Colinas Blvd., Ste. 800, Irving, TX 75063


The World'S Strongest Acid Hexahydrate, Fluoroantimonic Acid
Fluoroantimonic acid Identifiers Properties
IUPAC name Fluoroantimonic acid
CAS number 16950-06-4
Molecular formula HSbF6
Molar mass 236.808 g/mole
Appearance colourless syrup
Density g cm–3
Melting point
°C at mmHg
Boiling point
decomposes
Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride in various ratios.
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<1> The 1:1 combination affords the strongest known superacid, which has been demonstrated to protonate even hydrocarbons to afford carbocations and H2.
The reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and SbF5 is exothermic. HF releases its proton (H+), and its conjugate base (F−) is sequestered by one of more molecules SbF5 to give the octahedral SbF6−. This anion is classified as noncoordinating, because it is both a very weak nucleophile and a very weak base. The proton effectively becomes "naked", which accounts for the system"s extreme acidity. Fluoroantimonic acid is 2×1019 times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. The reaction of hydrofluoric acid and antimony pentafluoride proceeds as follows
Additional recommended knowledge
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Safe Weighing Range Ensures Accurate Results
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*
1 Structure
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Structure
Two related products have been crystallised from HF-SbF5 mixtures, and both have been analyzed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. These salts have the formulas and . In both salts the anion is Sb2F11−.<2> As mentioned above, SbF6− is classified as weakly basic; the larger monoanion Sb2F11− would be expected to be still weaker.
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Comparison with other acids
The following values are based upon the Hammett acidity function. Acidity is indicated by large negative values of H0.
Fluoroantimonic acid (1990) (H0 Value = −31.3) Magic acid (1974) (H0 Value = −19.2) Carborane superacid (1969) (H0 Value = −18.0)
Applications
Main article: Superacid#Applications
This extraordinarily strong acid protonates nearly all organic compounds. In 1967, Bickel and Hogeveen showed that HF-SbF5 will remove H2 from isobutane and methane from neopentane:<3><4>
(CH3)3CH + H+ → (CH3)3C+ + H2(CH3)4C + H+ → (CH3)3C+ + CH4
Safety
HF-SbF5 is rapidly and explosively decomposed by water. It reacts with virtually all known solvents.<1> A solvent that has proven compatible with HF-SbF5 is SO2ClF. Chlorofluorocarbons have also been used as solvents. Containers forHF-SbF5 are made of Teflon.
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References
Categories: Antimony compounds | Fluorides | Inorganic compounds | Superacids
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Fluoroantimonic_acid". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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READ: Trộn 250Ml Dung Dịch Hỗn Hợp Hcl 0 08M Và H2So4 0 01M, Trộn 250 Ml Dung Dịch Hỗn Hợp Gồm Hcl 0,08M Và H


text:
A finite element model is performed for the free and forced vibrations of the laminated rectangular composite plate exposed to a steady state hygrothermal environment. The Mindlin plate elements which include the effects of transverse shear and rotatory inertia are used to study the vibration problems of thick composite plates with hygrothermal effects. A parametric study is done for a symmetrically [0°, +45°, -45°, 90°]2s laminated, T300/5208 graphite-epoxy plate with both simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. The results show that the steady state hygrothermal environment has degradational effects on the natural frequencies of a laminated composite plate.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


text:
Packaging and High-Temperature Characterization of a 650 V, 150 A eGaN HEMT
In this work, a commercial 650 V, 150 A enchancement mode GaN (eGaN) HEMT from GaN Systems was packaged and characterized for its static properties at temperatures up to 250° C. The eGaN HEMTs studied in this work were purchased from GaN Systems with the part number of GS-065-150-1-D rated at 650 V, 150 A. Copper was the surface finish on all the gate, source, and drain pads, and the backside of the chip was finished with silver.
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the package design. Silver sintering was used for attaching the device chip on direct-bond-copper substrate, and gold wire-bonding for interconnections. Fig. 2 shows the fabrication process of the high-temperature package.
The packaged device was tested at temperatures up to 250 ° C to determine the effects of temperature on its static characteristics. It survived multiple heating/cooling cycles between room temperature and 250° C as it underwent static testing on a curve tracer. Compared to the characteristics at room temperature, at 250 ° C, the threshold voltage was reduced by about 30%, the saturation current was down below 45% of the rated current, and the leakage current was increased by tens of times.


text:
World's Paper (Granville, Vermont) Newspaper Archives (1857 - 1866)
Enter your ancestor's name below and we'll search historical newspapers to help you learn more.
World's Paper Archive Search in Granville, Vermont
Local newspapers are a vast source of information of family historians. If you're interested in uncovering your family history, looking through the World's Paper archive in Granville, Vermont can yield incredible results.
With historical records often being incomplete or difficult to find, uncovering those elusive ancestors can be challenging. World's Paper historic newspapers are a valuable font of information.
The GenealogyBank archives contain thousands of newspaper issues across the decades. With more than 330 years of history, you can fill in the gaps in your knowledge and find the newspaper entries related to your family within Granville, Vermont.
Just some of the reasons to begin searching through World's Paper historical data include:
- Uncover your family history.
- Find long-forgotten ancestors.
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At GenealogyBank, 95% of our newspapers can only be found through our platform. It's one of the most comprehensive archive of World's Paper historic online newspapers anywhere in the U.S.
Using our search feature, you can access the entire World's Paper database in a matter of seconds.
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The Value of World's Paper Historical Data
Before the Internet came along, the primary vehicle for disseminating the comings and goings of any community was the newspaper. With the World's Paper archive, you can climb through a window into the past.
Whether you're looking for marriage announcements, death notices, obituaries, or feature stories about your ancestors, these archives can form a considerable part of any family history project.
So why else are these archives so valuable?
They add color to the stories of your family's past. Official government records tend to provide the basic facts and nothing more. Newspapers tell the story of figures in the community and give you a personal account of how your ancestors lived and what they did.
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Countless GenealogyBank users have discovered family members they'd never heard of through searching the World's Paper database.
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At GenealogyBank, we make the process of sifting through World's Paper historic online newspapers simple. It doesn't matter whether you're looking into your family history for the first time or whether you're an experienced researcher.
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Here's a step-by-step guide for performing an advanced search of Granville historic newspapers.
We also recommend downloading our free "Tips for Searching Newspapers" guide for even more useful strategies.
- Step One - Include the first, last, and any middle names of a specific relative.
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- Step Three - If you need to further narrow down your results, consider excluding certain keywords, such as those of nearby towns and schools.
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Tips for a Successful World's Paper Archive Search
When dealing with common names, it can be difficult to find the right person amidst 330 years of U.S. history. Thankfully, there are multiple ways in which you can avoid adding people to your family tree who have no relation to you.
The problem lies within the way records were taken before modern recordkeeping standards were introduced. A newspaper editor likely recorded information from oral sources; therefore, they may have misspelled a name or made a blatant factual error.
Here are some more advanced tips for making sure you find the right ancestors via World's Paper historical data:
- Search for a relative by their initials. It was common practice for people to be recorded officially by the initials of their first and middle names.
- Female relatives were often recorded via their husband's name. Rather than searching for a female ancestor's name, try searching for their husband's name instead.
- Use common misspellings. One wrong initial could mean you miss that forgotten family member.
It can be time-consuming but incredibly exciting to come across family members you'd never heard of before.
The World's Paper archive can add some color to the names. Discover your story. Be amazed at what you find.
Other Useful Collections To Try
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Download our free guide on "Tips for Searching Newspapers" to find out more.


text:
- Do you press the clutch when braking?
- Does holding the clutch down damage it?
- Can you press brake without clutch?
- When driving down a mountain you should never?
- Why does my car have trouble going up hills?
- What will happen when you drive up a steep hill?
- How do you start a car in uphill?
- What happens if you shift from 5th gear to 1st?
- What gear is best for driving uphill?
Do you press the clutch when braking?
Brake in gear until you reach idle.
When close to idle, dip the clutch.
If at any point you need to accelerate, go directly to the gear you need (usually either 2 or 3), release the clutch, and accelerate.
You press the clutch just before you stop, not just when braking..
Does holding the clutch down damage it?
While you hold the pedal down, the clutch release bearing wears out. … Technical: Coasting with the clutch down does no or insignificant damage (little wear & tear of the throwout bearings), unless you are NOT pressing it all the way down. Riding the clutch can cause significant amount of damage to the clutch plates.
Can you press brake without clutch?
In traffic, totally fine. If anything it's better to put it in a lower gear and let the engine slow you down so you don't even have to brake. Think of it like contributing to the flow of traffic. Pressing the clutch in during braking is actually slowing you down less effectively.
When driving down a mountain you should never?
Don't go down a mountain road any faster than you can go up it. Don't use your brakes to hold your downhill speed. Down shift to S or L – the only time you should step on your brake pedal is to slow while you are shifting down to a lower gear. Resist the temptation of zooming down a hill.
Why does my car have trouble going up hills?
The most likely issue is a clogged fuel filter. … When the fuel filter is clogged, the fuel pump has to work much harder, resulting in a far less efficient drive. This means you can't get the power you need if you're trying to accelerate when overtaking or going uphill.
What will happen when you drive up a steep hill?
Explanation: The engine will need more power to pull the vehicle up the hill. When approaching a steep hill you should select a lower gear to help maintain your speed. You should do this without hesitation, so that you don't lose too much speed before engaging the lower gear.
How do you start a car in uphill?
Doing an uphill start in a manual vehicleWith the handbrake on, put the car in 1st gear and leave the clutch in (pushed down)Give the car a little bit of gas and start bringing the clutch up.When you feel the clutch bite then slowly release the handbrake and you should start moving forwards.More items…
What happens if you shift from 5th gear to 1st?
It would depend at what speed you were driving and gear ratios but to put it simply probably you could seriously over rev the engine and destroy it, as well as breaking traction on the driving wheels which on rear traction vehicles would provoke a spin.
What gear is best for driving uphill?
Ideally, you should approach the incline in fourth or fifth gear, while accelerating the car at about 80 percent power. Warning: Use caution when climbing a hill and ensure that you do not gather too much speed.


_USER_{Muller2007dimensions, abstract = {The importance of knowledge and innovation in modern economies justifies the in-creasing interest that scholars are taking in studying knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The objective of this paper is to track the evolution of the key dimen-sions on which scholars have based their analyses through a literature review. More specifically, three main issues are addressed: (1) how KIBS are defined in the litera-ture; (2) how KIBS have been investigated empirically by researchers; and (3) how the analysis of KIBS has evolved over time. As a major assumption, the analysis catego-rises the research topic into three key conceptual dimensions: (i) knowledge; (ii) inno-vation and (iii) spatial proximity. The major hypothesis is that the way KIBS are seen, studied and perceived by the research community resolutely changed over time and that this evolution can be tracked by observing modifications in the key dimensions associated with the analysis of KIBS.}, address = {Karlsruhe}, author = {Emmanuel Muller and David Doloreux}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {330; KIBS; Knowledge; Innovation; spatial proximity}, language = {eng}, note = {urn:nbn:de:0011-n-549957}, number = {U1/2007}, publisher = {Fraunhofer ISI}, title = {The key dimensions of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) analysis: a decade of evolution}, type = {Arbeitspapiere Unternehmen und Region}, url = {_URL_ year = {2007} }


text:
Darlow Enterprises is a commercial plantation company that has been formed based on the following principles
- To reforest and or afforest idle and marginal lands with energy crops for environmental services and development of bioenergy.
- systTo develop energy crops as a sustainable and reliable source of biomass fuel under a short-rotation coppice em for renewable energy industries.
- To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by carbon sequestration
- To provide sustainable supplemental income for marginalized communities that will boost the leconomy.ocal
There is no time like the present to turn to a sustainable as well as profitable alternative to the ruthless devastation of the rainforest and similar endangered resources.To invest and own your own energy crop plantation with guaranteed fixed returns, please click here for more details.


text:
Named Peril Drought for Grassland is designed to protect farmers and ranchers from financial losses that may result from drought on rangeland, pastureland or hayland.
Named Peril for Grassland features pays policyholders based on the severity of drought during the coverage period as measured by low field-level soil moisture values.
- Coverage flexibility: Named Peril Drought for Grassland can be bought in rolling purchase windows, with only requirement that coverage must be bought by the 10th of the month before coverage will start. The buyer chooses length of coverage, between 30 and 180 days (limited availability to cover months where precipitation typically falls as snow).
- Soil Moisture Tracker: Soil Moisture Tracker provides daily field-level assessments of yield-impacting excess moisture or drought conditions. An initial soil moisture value is set at the beginning of the growing season. Soil Moisture TrackerSM then calculates daily changes to the plant-available soil moisture based on the amount of water entering the soil through precipitation and the amount of water leaving the soil through evapotranspiration.
Precision Weather Measurement
Named Peril Drought for Grassland utilizes 2.5 x 2.5 mile grids for precipitation and temperature measurement to accurately capture the weather conditions on a grower's farm:
- Precision Rainfall Grids: Named Peril Drought for Grassland tracks precipitation nationwide using Precision Rainfall Grids powered by radar-based National Weather Service data. By using the 2.5 x 2.5 mile grid that includes the grower's coverage location, Precision Rainfall Grids provide a more accurate precipitation measurement for the grower's location than is available with traditional land-based weather stations.
- Precision Temperature Grids: Named Peril Drought for Grassland tracks temperature values based on 2.5 x 2.5 mile Precision Temperature Grids. Each Precision Temperature Grid utilizes data from up to 3 nearby, on-the-ground weather stations — adjusted for grid-specific geographic characteristics such as elevation or proximity to bodies of water — to calculate daily temperature conditions. Precision Temperature Grids are designed to provide more precise temperature values for a grower's location than is possible with point-based temperature reporting.


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High turnover reported among charter school teachers
With so many charter school teachers moving on each year, concerns arise about retaining quality educators and how stability affects student performance.
July 25, 2011|By Howard Blume, Los Angeles Times
Kavita Papneja, a math teacher, joined an Alliance College-Ready charter several years ago and doesn't regret it. In her prior work at a traditional school, Gompers Middle School near Watts, "you have more behavior issues," she said. "Here, most of the time, we just have to worry about what we are teaching and what kids are learning."
As far as the charter workload, "if I have to spend extra hours, I will," said Papneja, 43, who believes she's the oldest teacher in her school. "It's not like they force me."
She and history teacher Stephanie McIlroy, who joined Alliance at age 21, also left a charter school; but in their case, the purpose was to follow Principal Howard Lappin from one Alliance charter school to a newly opened charter, the Alliance Environmental Science and Technology High School in Glassell Park.
Some former teachers at Alliance schools and elsewhere were less enthusiastic, speaking of pressure to produce high test scores and arbitrary management.
"We got in trouble for taking our sick days and personal days," said a history teacher who entered the teaching profession at a charter while in her 20s. She requested anonymity because she recently accepted a position at a different charter school. "Teachers feel so beleaguered because everything is presented to us as a problem we have to solve. But we can't fix all those problems, like when a kid misses 60 days in a semester."
Despite her former school's solid test scores, she said, the teacher departures matter.
"It has a huge effect on student morale," she said, especially for students who lack needed stability in other parts of their lives. "By the time students graduated from my school, there was not a single teacher who had been there the whole time."
Los Angeles Times Articles


Friday, March 4, 2011
Consuming an ASP.NET Web Service from Salesforce Apex Callouts
Salesforces wsdl2apex can be a bit basic in what is supports (see Supported WSDL Features).
Steps for consuming an ASP.NET web service from Apex.
 1. Add the Web service host to the Remote Sites.
 Adminitraction Setup > Security Controls > Remote Site Settings
 Skipping this step will result in a "System.CalloutException: IO Exception: Unauthorized endpoint, please check Setup->Security->Remote site settings. endpoint ="...
 2. Export the WSDL from the ASP.NET web service
 3. Optionally, you might like to sort the WSDL. The idea is to ensure wsdl2apex produces the same elements in the same order for future code comparisons.
 4. Import the WSDL into Salesforce
 Develop > Apex Classes > Generate from WSDL*
 5. Define a Apex class name
 6. Test the new Apex class using Execute Anonymous in Eclipse. With a ASP.NET generated web service I found the class I defined in the previous step had a nested class corresponding to the binding name from the uploaded WSDL. The nested class had a method that corresponded to the web method (the operation in the WSDL).
 7. Optionally, search the generated class for calls to WebServiceCallout.invoke(...). This will currently cause test cases to abort silently (except for a log message) and you may not notice. Sprinkle the code with a liberal amount of Test.isRunningTest().
*Common WSDL parsing errors:
 1. If the Parse WSDL button produces Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Found more than one wsdl:binding. WSDL with multiple binding not supported Deleting the second element what contains soap12 elements and the corresponding port definition under .
 2. wsdl:import
 Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unknown element: import
 Locate the import elements in the current WSDL. E.g.. Pull that WSDL down and merge its contents into the parent WSDL.
 3. xsd:import
 Failed to parse wsdl: Found schema import from location External schema import not supported
 These will typically appear under . Copy the contents of the import under and remove the . See also: Discussion Forum: Referencing external schemas in a WSDL
 4. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Failed to parse WSDL: Unable to find binding {}BasicHttpBinding_IWebService. Found BasicHttpBinding_IWebService instead.
 The had the attribute xmlns:i0="". i0: was being used as the namespace for the binding. Switching it to tns: resolved the issue.
 5. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: schema:targetNamespace can not be null
 In this case I needed to add a targetNamespace attribute and value to the element. E.g. becomes
 6. Apex Generation Failed:
 Unable to find schema for element; {}ArrayOfstring
 Unable to find schema for element; {}ArrayOflong
 In this case I'd initially made a mistake when pulling in the xsd for these complex types. I corrected it by putting the complex type definitions within a element in wsdl:type section.
 7. Error: wwwExampleComApi
 Error: Identifier name is reserved: long at 191:23
 This error was caused by the ArrayOflong type generating the following Apex:
 public class ArrayOflong {
 public Long[] long;
 private String[] long_type_info = new String[]{'long','','long','0','-1','false'};
 private String[] apex_schema_type_info = new String[]{'','false','false'};
 private String[] field_order_type_info = new String[]{'long'};
 Possible fix:
 public class ArrayOflong {
 public Long[] long_x; // Note the _x suffix to avoid the conflict
 // The first parameter here is what will appear in the SOAP message as the element name
 private String[] field_order_type_info = new String[]{'long_x'};
 8. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unsupported Schema element found At: 1866:57
 The WSDL had three "attribute" elements:
 -
 -
 -
 Commenting these out of the WSDL allowed into to be used with wsdl2apex. I'm not sure what adverse effects resulted from removing them.
 9. The use of in a complex type won't result in the base class fields appearing in generated Apex class.
 Try copying the fields from Apex class that was being extended into the sub class.
See also:
 1. hi
 i got unable to find schema for element.
 how can i solve this problem
 2. Hello Daniel,
 I am getting the following error, let me know if you have any solution for this
 Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unable to find schema for element; {}schema
 Thanks in advance!!
 1. Hi Arish,
 Most likely your WSDL contains a "schema" element. Have a look at the Supported WSDL Features of WSDL2Apex.
 3. Thanks for the post. Helped a lot in generating my first apex class from.net wsdl file. I have a query.
 Along with the wsdl file, I have been provided with a dll(Miscrosoft.ServiceBus.dll) file which has some bindings to be used. I haven't used this to generate the code. When I try to get the output, I get the following error:
 Cannot send message because the service endpoint hosted at the specified address uses a binding that cannot be accessed over HTTP.
 So, how do I use this dll file and bind it to the WSDL file to generate the apex class? The binding need to be included in the generated class also.
 Please let me know.
 1. Hi "Man"ish,
 You won't be able to utilise a.NET DLL directly in Salesforce apex.
 If I had to guess from the error message you will probably need to use https rather than http.
 Try changing the endpoint_x in the wsdl2apex generated class.
 Failing that, see if you can get a sample SOAP message from a valid call to the web service and compare that to what Salesforce is generating.
 4. Hi,
 I am getting this error. Can someone tell why is this happening and how to fix this?
 Apex Generation Failed
 Unsupported WSDL. Found more than one part for message setCurrentScopeById
 1. Have a look at The WSDL most likely contains multi-part messages. You may be able to manually manipulate the WSDL to still import it with wsdl2apex.
 5. hey..
 i am getting an error
 Apex Generation Failed
 Unable to find schema for element; {}double
 so cud u plz give ant solution..
 although i have gone thru ol the supported wsdl constructs..yet not able to import even a single external wsdl file...
 here is my document plz have a look
 1. It's hard to day without seeing the schema. The schema link you provided is for a binary download, which I'm not game to try because of the potential security risk. would be a good place to post the question and the problem schema details.
 6. Nice post. what will you advice for a requirement implemented using 'Outbound Messages' which ensures of retrying and delivering the message.
 However how to handle and show the error on SF GUI thats sent by external system, due to some data error (as data is not saved in external system), As this failure is data error, outbound monitor message shall not retry to send.Any advice will help.
 1. When you are processing the outbound message you can get the Salesforce Session ID and ServerURL. You can use these to write data back to Salesforce. This could include any problem records that need manual follow up.


China Aid Association (CAA) confirms that a central government-directed campaign to expel suspected foreign missionaries has been ongoing since February 2007. According to reliable China Aid sources and collaborated reports by at least five different mission agencies, over one hundred foreigners accused of being involved in illegal religious activities in China have been expelled or deported this year between April and June. Sources inside the Chinese government informed CAA that the Chinese government launched a massive expulsion campaign of foreign Christians, encoded Typhoon No. 5, in February 2007. This campaign is believed to be part of the "anti-infiltration" efforts to prevent foreign Christians from engaging in mission activities before the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Most of those expelled are citizens from the United States, South Korea, Singapore, Canada, Australia and Israel. They were expelled when they were either working or visiting in Xinjiang, Beijing, Tibet or Shandong. This is the largest expulsion of foreign missionaries since 1954 when the Chinese Communist government expelled all foreign religious workers after taking power in 1949. (China Aid Association)


text:
BG Consultants' work for the City of Osawatomie on this project provided much needed improvements to the City's sewer collection system. The City had been dealing with surcharging sewers during rain. Not only were manholes and lift stations surcharging, but also homes, businesses, and churches. The inflow and infiltration conditions were extreme, and the need for the improvements was essential to improving living conditions of established residents and encouraging growth. The area around Osawatomie was developing rapidly, but the City had to turn away interested developers due to the poor condition of the sanitary sewer infrastructure.
The project consisted of a city-wide sanitary sewer rehabilitation that occurred in one phase. Smoke testing, manhole inspection, and CCTV inspection were used for a comprehensive study of the entire collection system. A total of approximately 47,700 feet of sewer lines were replaced with conventional open-cut trenching construction and 5,200 feet of lines were replaced with pipe bursting/reaming construction techniques. There were multiple manhole replacements and rehabilitations. The north lift station, the largest in town, was also rehabilitated, upgrading the station's current pumping capacity and providing for easy installation of future pumps as the City grows and develops. The improvements, completed in 2008, provided an enormous benefit to the City of Osawatomie.


System Administration Guide: Security Services
ProcedureHow to Add an Audit Class
When you create your own audit class, you can place into it just those audit events that you want to audit for your site. When you add the class on one system, you should copy the change to all systems that are being audited.
 1. Assume the Primary Administrator role, or become superuser.
 2. (Optional) Save a backup copy of the audit_class file.
 # cp /etc/security/audit_class /etc/security/audit_class.orig
 3. Add new entries to the audit_class file.
 Each entry has the following format:
 Identifies number as hexadecimal.
 Defines the unique audit class mask.
 Defines the letter name of the audit class.
 Defines the descriptive name of the audit class.
 The entry must be unique in the file. Do not use existing audit class masks.
Example 30–10 Creating a New Audit Class
This example creates a class to hold a small set of audit events. The added entry to the audit_class file is as follows:
0x10000000:pf:profile command
The entry creates a new audit class that is called pf. Example 30–11 populates the new audit class.
If you have customized the audit_class file, make sure that any modifications to audit_user are consistent with the new audit classes. Errors occur when the audit classes in audit_user are not a subset of the audit_class database.


, let me explain it.
Let me use $R_n$ to denote the coinvariant algebra. Since as an ungraded algebra, $R_n$ is the regular representation of $S_n$, we have $R_n \simeq \bigoplus_{\lambda \vdash n} V_{\lambda}^{f^{\lambda}}$, where $V_{\lambda}$ is the $S_n$-irrep indexed by the partition $\lambda$, and $f^{\lambda} := \mathrm{dim}(V_{\lambda})$. Recall that also $f^{\lambda} = \#$ Standard Young Tableaux (SYTs) of shape $\lambda$, and that we have the famous hook-length formula $f^{\lambda} = \frac{n!}{\prod_{u\in \lambda}h(u)}$, where $h(u)$ is the hook-length of the box $u\in \lambda$.
But we again get more by considering the grading on $R_n$. Namely, for a partition $\lambda\vdash n$, define the fake degree polynomial $f^{\lambda}(q)$ by $$f^{\lambda}(q) := \sum_{i \geq 0} \# \textrm{ (copies of $V_{\lambda}$ in the degree $i$ component of $R_n$)} \cdot q^i.$$ Note that $f^{\lambda}(q)$ is a $q$-analog of $f^{\lambda}$. Stanley (see Section 4 of the paper cited below and Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol. 2, 7.21.5) proved a $q$-analog of the hook-length formula: $f^{\lambda}(q) = q^{b(\lambda)} \frac{[n]!_q}{\prod_{u\in \lambda}[h(u)]}$, where $b(\lambda) := 0\lambda_1 + 1\lambda_2 + 2\lambda_3 + \cdots$. Furthermore, Lusztig gave a statistical formula for $f^{\lambda}(q)$. Namely, for an SYT $T$, a descent of $T$ is an entry $i$ for which $i+1$ is in a strictly lower row, and the major index of $T$, denoted $\mathrm{maj}(T)$, is a sum over all descents $i$ of $T$ of the value $i$. Then in unpublished work (again see Stanley's paper cited below), Lusztig showed that $f^{\lambda}(q) = \sum_{\substack{T \textrm{ a SYT}, \\ \mathrm{sh}(T) =\lambda}}q^{\mathrm{maj}(T)}$.
Now note that the decomposition $R_n \simeq \bigoplus_{\lambda \vdash n} V_{\lambda}^{f^{\lambda}}$ implies $[n]!_q = \sum_{\lambda\vdash n}f^{\lambda} \cdot f^{\lambda}(q)$, and hence due to Lusztig's result that the coefficient of $q^i$ in $[n]!_q$ is the sum over all SYT $T$ with $n$ boxes and with $\mathrm{maj}(T)=i$ of $f^{\mathrm{sh}(T)}$.
Here's where the connection to RSK comes in. Recall that the usual Robinson-Schensted (no Knuth!) algorithm is a bijection between permutations $w \in S_n$ and pairs $(P,Q)$ of n-boxed SYTs of the same shape. Usually $P$ is called the insertion tableau and $Q$ the recording tableau. It is not hard to see from the usual "insertion and bumping" description of R-S that the descents of $w$ are exactly the same as the descents of its recording tableau $Q$. In particular, their major indices are the same. Thus R-S proves bijectively that $$ \sum_{w \in S_n} q^{\mathrm{maj}(w)} = \sum_{\substack{T \textrm{ a SYT} \\ \textrm{with $n$ boxes}}} f^{\mathrm{sh}(T)} \cdot q^{\mathrm{maj}(T)},$$ where the RHS is the interpretation of $[n]!_q$ we just mentioned, and the LHS is the well-known one due to MacMahon mentioned in the original question.
Stanley, Richard P., Invariants of finite groups and their applications to combinatorics, Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 1, 475-511 (1979). ZBL0497.20002.
 - $\begingroup$ Please could you add some details so that this becomes an explicit interpretation of the coefficients of the polynomial? $\endgroup$ – Mark Wildon Dec 28 '19 at 18:30
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: edited. $\endgroup$ – Sam Hopkins Dec 28 '19 at 18:45
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: I added some info about how this coinvariant algebra stuff is somewhat connected to RSK. $\endgroup$ – Sam Hopkins Dec 29 '19 at 15:39
 - $\begingroup$ Very nice: I like the bijective proof of the identity using the major index of the recording tableaux. I've already upvoted you, but your answer deserves more. $\endgroup$ – Mark Wildon Dec 29 '19 at 18:01
For a simple but noncombinatorial proof of the unimodality of the coefficients of $[n]!_q$, see George E. Andrews, A theorem on reciprocal polynomials with applications to permutations and compositions. Amer. Math. Monthly 82 (1975), no. 8, 830–833.
 - $\begingroup$ For an even simpler proof (in my opinion, at least), see Enumerative Combinatorics, vol. 1, second ed., Exercise 1.50(c). $\endgroup$ – Richard Stanley May 14 '20 at 1:48
After posting the question, I remembered an interpretation using formal characters of representations of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})$ that gives the shortest proof I know that $[n]!_q$ is unimodal.
Write $1+q+\cdots + q^{j-1}$ as $q^{(j-1)/2}(q^{-(j-1)/2} + q^{-(j-3)/2} + \cdots + q^{(j-1)/2})$ and substitute $q= Q^2$ to get $Q^{j-1}(Q^{-(j-1)} + Q^{-(j-3)} + \cdots + Q^{j-1})$. Hence
$$[n]!_q = Q^{\binom{n}{2}}( Q^{-1} + Q) ( Q^{-2} + 1 + Q^2) \ldots (Q^{-(n-1)} + Q^{-(n-3)} + \cdots + Q^{n-1}).$$
Up to the power of $Q$, the right-hand side is the formal character of the tensor product of the (unique) irreducible representations of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})$ of dimensions $2, 3, \ldots, n$. Since any formal character is a sum of the characters of irreducible representations, and each irreducible representation has a unimodal character, this proves that $[n!]_q$ is unimodal in $Q$, and hence in $q$.
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Each irreducible character is unimodal, but the sum may be non-unimodal. For example $V=V(2)+V(3)+V(3)$. Here dim$V_1=2$, dim$V_0=1=$ dim $V_2$. The even and odd parts of sum of unimodal characters would be unimodal. $\endgroup$ – ArB Oct 19 '20 at 13:20
There is a nice generalization to Catalan objects as follows.
Acyclic orientations of unit-interval graphs
Note that for the complete graph on $n$ vertices, the number of acyclic orientations weighted by ascents (edges oriented from smaller to larger label) is given by $[n]_q!$. Now, there are a Catalan number of unit interval graphs, which can be indexed by area sequences. The complete graph has area sequence $(0,1,2,\dotsc,n-1)$. The weighted sum over acyclic orientations of an unit interval graph with area sequence $(a_1,\dotsc,a_n)$ is given by the product $[a_1+1]_q\dotsb [a_n+1]_q$.
Summing all these polynomials over all $(n+1)^{-1}\binom{2n}{n}$ area sequences of length $n$ gives the $n$th Touchard-Riordan polynomial, which is defined as the sum over all perfect matchings of $2n$ vertices on a circle, weighted by


text: This peg literacy resource is aimed at pupils in middle classes or SEN pupils. It is made up of cloze sentences with one word missing. The focus of the sentences is learning antonyms (words of opposites meaning). The pack contains 20 cards – on the left hand side of each card is a sentence with a word missing. The pupil has to use a clothes peg to identify on the right hand side of the card which word is the opposite of the underlined word in red in the sentence.


text:
Australia the Healthiest Country by 2020
Australian Human Rights Commission
Submission to the National Preventative Health Taskforce
2 January 2009
The Commission would like to commend the government on its commitment to achieving a healthier nation by 2020, and for its actions in this area including COAG reforms to state/territory health funding agreements. As well as setting new directions for the improvement of physical and human infrastructure, it is also critical that the Commonwealth provides national, ethical leadership. The WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, which scopes the determinants that build healthy populations, is essentially a human rights framework. The total environment – including justice, housing, education, cultural liberty, diet, social participation and economic equity (all of which are derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its associated conventions) – determines health.
The government has committed to developing an approach to social inclusion as a means to raise the standard of living of Australian citizens, especially those who are excluded inter alia on the grounds of disability, unemployment, indigeneity and homelessness. However, we feel the government has not fully recognised that one of the critical pillars of social inclusion is culture. Exclusion because of cultural barriers (including racism) is a human rights issue and has the potential to impact on more than 20% of the Australian population.
This exclusion, however, is not solely an issue of human rights neglect; it is also an issue of missed opportunity. Ignoring the cultural dimensions of health can lead to unnecessary morbidity and consequent costs to the health care system and other human services infrastructure and expenditures, as well as loss of productivity, impacting upon taxation revenues. Furthermore, understanding the health of diverse populations pays dividends in terms of research and service delivery design.
Given word restrictions for submissions, the Commission is restrained from going into these issues in detail. Whilst acknowledging the explicit priorities in the paper - this is unfortunate given the limited discussion in relation to culture (with the exception of Indigenous Australians) in this discussion paper, and other strategic-setting consultations of government are making similar, significant human rights omissions.
However, the Commission does welcome the paper's broad recognition of the determinants of health, particularly those beyond the bio-medical model and individual responsibility.
The Commission recommends and notes:
- How people feel about health, and how they conceptualize disease and healing, are all connected to culture. A national promotion and prevention strategy - in a country with approximately 20% of the community born overseas – that does not adequately address the impact of culture is potentially discriminatory and inadequate.
- Greater emphasis on other high risk groups, in particular:
- humanitarian entrants and asylum seekers
- members of minoritised faith communities
- African, Central Asian, and other new and emerging communities
- communities with low levels of functional English and/or educational attainment
- ageing diaspora communities
- CALD youth at risk
- CALD individuals with multiple disadvantage
- The increased disadvantage for health, health literacy, and ability to navigate a western health care system for these communities is high.
- Where the issue of 'ethnicity' is a factor, the paper is unclear between the relationship of (variously) "ethnic background", "culture", "being born overseas" or specifically of "middle Eastern", "Pacific islander" "European" as factors linked to health risks in these groups. The implication is bio-medical deficit rather than determinants of health based links.
- Acknowledging the impact of the identified health priorities (obesity, tobacco and alcohol) the strategy potentially remains strongly disease-focused, missing the opportunity to actually tackle the social determinants of health.
- The Commission recommends the task force should consider how the health prevention strategy relates to emerging social inclusion policies that are part of a whole-of-government approach.
- The Commission recommends the current and future impact of mental health should be included. There is a high risk of individuals managing mental health problems by engaging in health damaging behaviours (such as smoking, drinking). Undiagnosed and untreated trauma experienced by humanitarian entrants is of concern.
- The established relationship between racism, discrimination, mental health (and physical) and social exclusion, be properly acknowledged.
- Addressing these issues should be undertaken in consultation with ethnic, migrant, refugee/humanitarian organisations and communities.
- A key strategy for supporting prevention (p44) is a "skilled [health)] workforce". There is limited mention of the issue of health system, service and organisational cultural competency or professional development in this area. There is strong evidence that our western health system (including preventative systems) continues to be a barrier to accessing information and services by many CALD communities.
This brief submission has outlined some of the key points we feel should be considered by the task force. It is based upon published multicultural and health promotion literature both 'grey' and peer reviewed. These comments refer to issues relating to CALD background communities; they do not necessarily apply to Indigenous communities. The Commission has participated in a separate submission on the behalf of the Close the Gap Campaign Steering Committee for Indigenous Health Equality.
National Race Discrimination Commissioner
Australian Human Rights Commission


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"Challenging. The Brazilian Educational System is Huge"
This is written on the website of Todos Pela Educação (All for Education), an NGO that provides information about the Brazilian educational scenario in order to help boost quality and access to basic education.
Brazil has a history of elitism and oppression. Education was used as an evangelisation tool by the Jesuits to convert Indigenous Brazilians in the early colonial years, between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Till this day, many schools are run by religious institutions. In the 19th century, the elite either had the luxury of private tutors or sent their children abroad, particularly Portugal, for their studies while slaves traded in from Africa were not allowed any type of education at all. Black people are still marginalised as a consequence of structural racism.


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|fish counts at columbia river dams||0.44||1||9337||41|
|fish counts on the columbia river dams||1||1||488||58|
|fish counts on columbia river dams||1.52||0.2||9685||54|
|columbia river dams fish counts||0.43||1||2603||15|
|columbia river dams fish ladder counts||0.79||0.3||9110||5|
|columbia river dams fish counts 2021||1.44||0.1||478||62|
|fish counts over columbia river dams||1.77||0.5||924||70|
|fish counts columbia river dams/wanapum||0.27||0.8||2342||43|
On April 1, live fish counting resumes at all 8 Columbia River and Snake River Corps dams with fish ladders: from April through October each year for 16 hours each day, fish counters working at each fish ladder look directly into the fish ladders to count the fish passing by.What is the passage data for Tumwater dam?
Tumwater Dam: Adult passage data for Tumwater Dam is the combination of released counts, referring to fish passed upstream of the dam and allowed to spawn naturally, and collected counts, referring to fish retained for hatchery broodstock.Do the counts include fish that passed through the fishway?
The counts do not include fish that ascended the natural waterfalls or fish that passed through the fishway on non-trapping days. Some unknown-origin fish are recorded during fish counting that occurs as fish are returned directly to the fishway without handling or sampling.


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This unique study of the theology of the book of Daniel examines the cultic motif within the book as it relates to space and time. Numerous references and allusions to cult are investigated with linguistic, literary, and contextual analyses. The findings are then related to the main theological themes of the book such as judgment, eschatology, kingdom, and worship. It is evident that the idea of cult plays a dominant role in Daniel, and that it demonstrates the intention of the author to present the issue of conflict of two opposing systems of cult and worship. For all who are interested in an exegesis of Daniel that pays dutiful attention to the theology of Daniel, The Cultic Motif in the Book of Daniel is a must-read.
«Winfried Vogel's erudition in his field is very impressive and thus creates an ethos of convincing power for his thesis, namely, that the book of Daniel is 'permeated by cultic ideas and concerns', and that the cultic motif contributes to the theology of the biblical book with 'an impact greater than heretofore anticipated'. I unreservedly recommend 'The Cultic Motif in the Book of Daniel'.» (André LaCocque, Professor Emeritus, Chicago Theological Seminary) «'The Cultic Motif in the Book of Daniel' provides us with a significant key to the book of Daniel: the cultic dimension. The demonstration of the pervasive and intense presence of this motif, in space as in time, and the analysis of its theological meaning have considerable impact for the understanding of some of the most obscure and complex issues in the book of Daniel. In this light, Daniel's allusions to the Day of Atonement, his stress on worship, and his perspective on the cosmic prophetic horizon make better sense and enrich the reading of this mysterious book. Winfried Vogel's observations and contributions are an unavoidable prerequisite for all students interested in the interpretation of the book of Daniel.» (Jacques Doukhan, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Andrews University)
Dr. Winfried Vogel ist Redakteur für TV und Radio (HOPE Channel) und Theologischer Berater am Europäischen Medienzentrum Stimme der Hoffnung in Alsbach-Hähnlein an der Bergstraße. Zuvor war er Direktor und Theologiedozent am Seminar Schloss Bogenhofen in Österreich. Es ist ihm ein Anliegen, den Glauben an Gott relevant und transparent zu machen und Menschen für ein konkretes Leben mit Gott zu begeistern.
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MONITORING AMERICAN PLUM LINE PATTERN VIRUS IN PLUM BY ELISA AND DOTBLOT HYBRIDISATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR
M. Al Rwahnih, A. Myrta, M.C. Herranz, V. Pallás
American plum line pattern virus (APLPV) was monitored monthly throughout a year in a Japanese plum tree by using ELISA and dot-blot hybridisation. Leaf samples were tested from March to November and dormant buds were tested from December to February. Flowers, cortex and fruits, when available, were also tested. For leaf samples, detection by ELISA and hybridisation was reliable from March to May. For dormant bud samples, detection was reliable from December to February. Detection levels decreased from June to August, and were unsatisfactory from September to November. During this latter period, molecular hybridisation was more sensitive than ELISA. Leaves were better sources of APLPV than flowers and cortical tissues in spring, whereas mature fruits were better sources than leaves in summer.


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Set for discussion
Study for strip looks like a dinner set on display, but it challenges expectations around such sets. Among the usual pieces – plates, bowls, jugs – are shards, swans, eyeballs, and skulls. Markings and colloquial messages are scrawled across some pieces, and others are broken or flawed.
Through the format of domestic pottery, Martin Poppelwell – potter and visual artist – is investigating language, design, and the role of art. He says that'strip' in the title refers to a disputed physical zone, like the Gaza Strip. So the dinner set becomes a metaphor for debate. Does art have a role in political discussion? What is the role of text in art? What is the relationship between the object and its decoration?
Works like this have earned Poppelwell a strong reputation as a contemporary potter in New Zealand.
Watch an interview with Martin Poppelwell
This text was prepared for the Collecting Contemporary exhibition, 2011–2012.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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27:12 At that time 1 the Lord will shake the tree, 2 from the Euphrates River 3 to the Stream of Egypt. Then you will be gathered up one by one, O Israelites. 4
1 tn Heb "and it will be in that day." The verb that introduces this verse serves as a discourse particle and is untranslated; see note on "in the future" in 2:2.
2 tn Heb "the Lord will beat out." The verb is used of beating seeds or grain to separate the husk from the kernel (see Judg 6:11; Ruth 2:17; Isa 28:27), and of beating the olives off the olive tree (Deut 24:20). The latter metaphor may be in view here, where a tree metaphor has been employed in the preceding verses. See also 17:6.
3 tn Heb "the river," a frequent designation in the OT for the Euphrates. For clarity most modern English versions substitute the name "Euphrates" for "the river" here.
4 sn The Israelites will be freed from exile (likened to beating the olives off the tree) and then gathered (likened to collecting the olives).


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What are the reasons for the abnormal interference of the output signal of the tensile pressure sensor?
When we use the tension sensor, what we need most is its accurate measurement, but sometimes the sensor is clear when it leaves the factory, but there are some problems when it comes to the scene, such as no signal output or disorder signal. The situation, and the sensor is no problem, this time it is likely that there is induced disturbance around us, affecting the external sensing interference of the sensor output. The following Ocean editors briefly introduce several factors of interference:
Electromagnetic Induction Interference When there is a mutual inductance between two circuits, the change in current in one circuit is coupled to the other through a magnetic field. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. This situation is often encountered when the sensor is used, especially attention.
Static induction interference electrostatic induction is due to the parasitic capacitance between two branches or components, so that the charge on one branch is transmitted to the other via parasitic capacitance, sometimes referred to as capacitive coupling.
Radio frequency interference is mainly caused by the startup of large power equipment, interference generated when operation is stopped, and high-order harmonic interference.
Leakage current induced interference is caused by poor insulation of component holders, terminals, printed circuit boards, internal dielectrics or casings of the electronic circuit, especially the humidity of the application environment of the sensor, resulting in a decrease in the insulation resistance of the insulator. Increase, thereby causing interference. Especially when leakage current flows into the input stage of the measuring circuit, its effect is particularly severe.
Other interference mainly refers to the poor working environment of the system, and is also susceptible to mechanical interference, thermal interference and chemical interference.
When you encounter these interferences, you should pay attention to them. There are two ways to generate them. One is the interference caused by the circuit, and the interference is introduced by the sensing of the peripheral devices and communication lines. We need to find the solution to solve the problem. Source, then check and treat as far as possible from the source of interference.


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Neither 'house' nor'shed' nor 'and' refer to any physical things. Your house (that is, the referent of the expression "my house" as uttered by you; if you have a unique house) is a physical thing, which may have a shed in it, which is also a physical thing. But the expression/term 'house' refers to an abstract entity, which we take to be the plurality/class/set of all houses. Similarly for'shed', 'dog', and so on. A particular house, a particular shed, a particular dog, may be referred to by 'house','shed', and 'dog', but only if the context of utterance is such that it unambiguously determines the connection between the general term and the particular individual in the domain of discourse. That much about terms.
§1 And1 : Sentence × Sentence → Sentence
The word 'and' is usually introduced as a sentential connective: a function on the sentences of some underlying language. E.g. "p and q" is taken to be the sentence r which is true just in case p and q are true. This means that 'and' can be taken to be referring, with respect to some language L, to the set consisting of all triples (P, Q, R) s.t. R is true iff P and Q both are. From the category-theoretic point of view this explication of functions is certainly problematic, but that's an issue for another occasion.
The conclusion then is that 'and', like 'house' and'shed', both refer to sets of entities: in the case of 'house' and'shed' we're dealing with a set of physical entities; in the case of 'and' we're dealing with a set of linguistic and thus abstract entities. I.e., those terms are similar in that they both refer to abstract entities, but different in that those abstract entities they refer to contain entities of different kinds.
§2 And2 : Term × Term → Term
It's worth noting that in some logico-mathematical settings 'and' is overloaded: 'and1' is the usual and that connects two sentences, and 'and2' is a function between not sentences but terms. For example, "a and b" is taken to be the plurality that consists of individual a and individual b. That's the logical explication of the grouping idea Mozibur mentioned. To illustrate my earlier point about 'and' referring to an object, let's look at the referent of 'and2'. It's a function from a pair of terms to another term, so set-theoretically, 'and2' refers to the set of triples (a, b, c) s.t. c is the unique term s.t. for all properties φ, we have φ(c) iff φ(a) and φ(b). For example, if a is a red rose and b is a red lobster, then 'a and b' is their 'group term' of which we can truly predicate 'is red'. That's the general, informal, idea of this second, grouping sense of 'and'. If I find any appropriate readings on that I'll append to this post later.


National Allied Health Professions Week celebrated
NEMG recognized its approximately 50 allied health professionals during National Allied Health Professions Week, Nov. 2-6. Allied health professionals make up nearly 60 percent of the healthcare workforce and include physical, occupation and respiratory therapists; medical laboratory scientists; emergency medical personnel; imaging specialists; audiologists and speech-language pathologists; and nutritionists and dietitians.
Allied health professionals identify, evaluate and treat acute and chronic diseases and disorders; deliver dietary and nutrition services; provide rehabilitation services; and manage and operate health systems.


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A widely tunable and high-resolution spectrometer based on a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser was used to explore sub-Doppler transitions of iodine molecules in the wavelength range 523–498 nm. The wavelength dependence of the hyperfine transition linewidth of iodine was mapped out in this region, and the narrowest linewidth was near 508 nm. The hyperfine-resolved patterns were found to be largely modified toward the dissociation limit. The observed excellent signal-to-noise ratio should lead to high-quality optical frequency standards that are better than those of the popular 532-nm system.
© 2002 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
CorrectionsWang-Yau Cheng, Lisheng Chen, Tai Hyun Yoon, John L. Hall, and Jun Ye, "Sub-Doppler molecular-iodine transitions near the dissociation limit (523-498 nm): errata," Opt. Lett. 27, _PHONE_ (2002)


How to Draw an Angry Face with Emotion
Even though I tend to draw very peaceful looking characters in most of my pieces, I really like to play with emotions and take some time to do some fun exercises. The more exaggerated the better and you can play a lot with angry expressions!
Let's go over, step by step, on how to draw an angry expression, so that in the end, you can draw your character looking furious and be able to play even more with drawing angry expressions!
Drawing Emotions using the Eyebrows
When drawing any kind of expression, the eyebrows can do most of the work here!
Not sure where to start with the Emotion?
Draw the Eyebrow! Exaggerating a the curves of your eyebrows can change a lot on the expression of your character.
Try putting yourself in front of a mirror and study your reflection.
As you go from expression to expression, you'll notice that in every single one of them, the eyebrows play a very big part in emphasizing it!
Actually, there are a lot of artists and animators that work with a small mirror on their desk.
This way, they can test and watch their reflections as a reference when drawing their characters.
How to Draw an Angry Face with Emotion! Step by step guide by Don Corgi
If you have a small mirror at home, try and do the same: sit at your desk for around 30 minutes or one hour and practice expressions while using yourself as a reference!
Another option is to just look up on the internet some images and make your studies from there.
Remember, when sketching up and drawing, to try and exaggerate the expressions and your lines, it gives more personality and a different motion to your drawings.
Of course, there's the last option, that's a mix of both of these!
Take photos of yourself or a friend.
If jumping between drawing and looking at a mirror seems too complicated, or you can't just a reference image good enough. Then, take a picture of yourself or ask for a friend to pose for you!
Take photos of yourself or a friend to help you getting references to draw emotions like an angry face!
So let's start with our eyebrows first:
Tilting the Eyebrow helps a LOT when trying to convey angry emotions.
Simply tilt it towards the nose, making a very slanted line, with the outside tips going away from the eyes.
The more you tilt them, the more exaggerated your expression will be.
Tilt the eyebrow to make your angry expression stronger!
Of course, if you want a more passive angry face, drawing the eyebrows really close to the eyes to the job. If you want the expression to be very flat but still judgy, draw them almost straight and on top of the eyes.
Once again, the tilted you make them, the angrier it will look like, so it's up to you how you want to convey your character's emotions!
Draw the Eyebrows close to the Eyes to make your expression even angrier!
Larger Eyes Makes Angrier Expressions!
As a general rule, the larger the eye the more emphasis it gives to the expression.
It doesn't matter what kind of shape you're drawing the eyes with, but the bigger you do them, the angrier your character looks.
It's the difference between being angry and furious.
This also works with other emotions: simply scared to terrified, sad to agonized, surprised to astounded and so on.
The size of the eye works like a balance for your emotions.
The bigger, the more emotional it is. So when you're making Angry Eyes and want that extra boost of expression, increase the overall size of the eye. This will make it look extra angry.
In the images below, I give you two examples, one of them you can see that the eye has a very regular size and the other I exaggerated it a lot, making them really big.
A regular sized eye looks like this.
The Larger the eyes, the angrier the expression looks!
Try out both ways and even some other eye sizes in-between so you can really understand the differences, by practicing.
You can even make your drawings, all side by side, scaling them up so you can use it for reference whenever you want to draw angry characters!
On Another Note… Drawing the Iris
We've talked about the size of the eye, let's now talk about yet another important element when drawing expressions: the iris!
When drawing the iris you should draw it small for an angrier expression.
The contrast between a small dot for the iris and a vast white around it, speaks to us, visually, of urgency, panic, and even lunacy.
Draw a tiny Iris to make your expression stronger, like your character is in panic or lunacy.
The size you decide for the iris can make your character look like a real psycho or someone that has completely lost their mind.
For example, someone who's so angry that is way past any kind of logic and reason.
Drawing it too big, can make it look like the character isn't phased at all with what happened, which is also something you can make use of.
A character that is beyond human emotions or a very evil character that doesn't really care what's happening and how much destruction they cause.
If you draw the Iris bigger, you can still make it look like a bad character who doesn't care about all the destruction he's causing.
Once again, you can make the same kind of exercise as before, draw the eyes with different iris sizes, scaling them up and compare each other and how they feel.
Other than the iris, you can also play with the eyebrows and eye size.
Mix and match them and see how many different results you can get!
The Angriest Mouth in the World
Mouths have feelings too!
Well.. kind of.
You can't draw an expression with merely the eyes, the rest as to show the emotion as well, a wrinkled nose goes very well with the angry eyes for example!
The mouth also plays a big role when drawing any kind of expression. One of the easiest ways to express an angry attitude with the mouth is to show some teeth.
Show some teeth! It helps drawing an angry emotion.
Like we talked before, simply try to get angry at the mirror and say something, you'll notice how your teeth tend to show when you're angry.
On another note, an angry *grr* kind of expression almost like a dog works wonders.
The curve of the mouth and its size are two other very important aspects to pay attention to. Depending on it, the way you read the emotion can change a lot!
Let's pick an example, surely you've seen some Batman movies, series, and comics.
Surely you've seen the iconic Joker even if it was in a mug or t-shirt.
His character is a great example when talking about expressions.
He's very expressive and exaggerated. We know he's completely mad and there's no reason left in him, but we don't know this merely by his actions, every tiny visual detail tell us that!
The Joker is a perfect example of someone who has a scary and lunatic face.
"Joker" from The Killing Joke comic, by DC Comics
In a state of pure malice, Joker's face will appear angry, with very tilted eyebrows, big eyes, a tiny dot for an iris and finally, a very opened, big mouth, tilted upwards.
You can tell by the way the mouth curves, he's obviously enjoying his hostility and his "pranks".
So if you're not sure how to draw a character who enjoys how evil they are, Joker will never fail you, look up some comics and you can find a ton of references from it!
Let's take another example: Guts, from Kentaro Miura's famous manga Berserk, is the perfect example of an angry character. An example of someone who turned to anger to find the strength to survive and fight.
Guts from Berserk shows frustration mixed with anger.
The character "Guts" from the Berserk Manga
His mouth, often curves downward, angry, frustrated and when furious his mouth will be drawn opened, showing a lot of teeth, but this time, as oppose to Joker, it tilts upside down.
Guts isn't completely out of his mind, all out of reasoning. Nor does he enjoy it.
No, he's in pain and he's furious, but still very much conscient of his own actions (for the most part, but that's a whole other matter!).
So from this two examples, you can clearly see how you can play with the mouth to change the tone of the emotions you want to portray and how it has such an important role in drawing an expression as the eyes!
Complement the Angry Face with Details!
It's all about the tiny details!
If you've done all the steps and still want to add a little more "oomph" to the face, focus on the details! When drawing a face and expressions, the whole face responds to the emotion.
Wrinkles tend to show around the eyes, nose, and mouth.
Same goes with the eyebrows when they grow very close together. Again, try and make a very angry face at your mirror and look at all the lines that appear around your face!
Add some Gleam and details to the eyes to make the expressions look angrier.
If you want to go really overboard with it, you can add some gleam to the eyes or some bits of saliva connecting the teeth and even a tongue showing up!
Once again it's all about experimenting and trying new things, go completely overboard with it. Think of a character, but before drawing it, think about their traits:
Let's say I want to draw a vampire, hungry for blood, insatiable.
An hungry