It is natural to have questions about a new process and it is important to establish the integrity of each answer.
Is the notice I received from my ISP a legal document?
Your Internet Services Provider has directed the Notification of Claimed Infringement to you on behalf of the Copyright Agent who represents the rights owner or licensee. It provides you with an overview of a claim of copyright infringement which may reference digital evidence collected to support any form of a legal proceeding in the event the rights holder elects to pursue further remedy through a legal process. It is, however, a notice only and at this time you have not been named to any legal proceedings. In accordance with the provisions of the Canadian 'Copyright Modernization Act', your ISP is legally compelled to transmit a Notice of Claimed Infringement to their customer, upon receipt of such a notice or, as soon as practical thereafter. The ISP will confirm the notice was indeed transmitted to you as the account holder assigned use of the internet protocol address (IP) at the date and time the investigation into the infringing activity took place. Your ISP is also required by law to retain records information, which will identify you, for a period of six (6) months from the date of the notice in the event the Rights Holder wishes to pursue further legal remedy as prescribed under Canadian laws and statutes.
How do I know this is not SPAM?
A Notice of Claimed Infringement is not a spam email, it is a PGP signed document transmitted to you directly by your ISP. SPAM email messages are subject to CASL (Canada Anti-Spam Legislation) and senders of spam email messages can be found liable for damages under that Act. Your ISP is not a sender of spam email messages; the Copyright Agent has worked closely with your ISP to facilitate your receiving the Notice of Claimed Infringement and to ensure compliance with all provisions under Canada's Copyright Modernization Act.
What is PGP?
What are SSL and TLS?
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are commonly used protocols to allow client-server applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping and tampering. TLS will negotiate a secure connection through an exchange procedure during which the client and server agree on various parameters used to establish the connection's security. If any one of the steps during the negotiation fail the TLS fails and the connection will not be created. TLS is commonly used in online financial transactions and it has been incorporated into our platform to guarantee security throughout the entire resolution process…
What happens with my information?
All information including Notifications of Claimed Infringement is housed offline. The information is not sold or provided to any third parties for any purpose unless production is compelled by a legal process. The information is removed and all electronic records are destroyed in accordance with governing legislation once the settlement process on the website is completed.
How do I receive my Settlement Agreement & Release of Liability?
Once your payment is submitted and validated, you will first receive a payment confirmation from the payment processor. Following the payment process you will be transported from the merchant processor back to Settle Online where the Settlement Agreement & Release of Liability is generated as a PDF document. This is why you are asked to provide a valid email address by the merchant processor.
We recommend that you retain the Settlement Agreement & Release of Liability in a secure place so it is not lost or misplaced, or rendered corrupt.
What is a digital signature?
A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or digital document. A digital signature can be found in the notice you have received as well as in the executed Settlement Agreement.
I think you are wrong because I did not download anything
We do not provide advice or counsel and we do not speak to any issues other than those listed here as a general interest. If you have questions of a legal nature we recommend that you speak to a legal practitioner who is familiar with this highly specialized area of Canadian law.
You can, however get general information on the methodology of the detection process on the website of the copyright agent:
Who will see this?
The notice you received is not a public document and unless you wish to share it with someone, no one will see it.
Where does the money go?
All settlement funds are redirected to the rights holder less a processing fee. A small portion is also retained to continue operating anti-piracy enforcement programs in Canada.
Will anyone find out if I am taken to court for infringement?
The entire court process in Canada is subject to public scrutiny and public reporting. A pre-litigation settlement ensures your confidentiality; the best time to settle any legal
proceeding, for both parties, is the beginning. If a legal proceeding is commenced legal documents in Canada become publicly accessible and are easily sourced.
What will happen if I am identified engaging in copyright infringement again?
Using the internet to obtain legal content is just as easy as it can be when you acquire content illegally. You accept a risk when engaging in illegal activity and the risk of continued infringement may result in litigation against you for the new infringement.
I understand some Internet content is legal to download and share. How do I know if it is illegal to download something?
There is an abundance of material online on this topic and it is recommended that you undertake your own personal research when considering whether to download a digital media file from the Internet or not. Internet monitoring and tracking are commonplace activities in the multi-media world.
Settle Online will ensure efficient satisfaction through its delivery of neutral, electronic support.


Alipay+ DocsAlipay+ Docs
Troubleshooting
You can check logs provided by the Alipay+ server SDK to obtain helpful information for troubleshooting. The log format depends on your logging framework configuration. Below is a sample log snippet:
copy
2019-11-20:2019-11-20 23:58:05,635 INFO repository.impl.RouteConfigRepositoryImpl mobile-mock-wallet-saas-plugin_1.0.0.20191019 - [AC_SDK][STORAGE_CONFIG_SAVE_FAILED]
The following table lists the log keywords that are recommended to be monitored and suggested troubleshooting solutions:
Log keyword
Condition
Solution
[AC_SDK][STORAGE_CONFIG_SAVE_FAILED]
Some error occurs when saving route configuration data to storage.
Check the log, which usually contains exception stack or error messages.
[AC_SDK][STORAGE_CONFIG_READ_FAILED]
Some error occurs when reading route configuration data from storage.
Check the log, which usually contains exception stack or error messages.
[AC_SDK][REMOTE_CONFIG_DOWNLOAD_FAILED]
Fail to pull route configurations.
 1. Check the log, which usually contains exception stack or error messages.
 2. Check whether your server can access the route configuration HTTP server.
[AC_SDK][ROUTE_CONFIG_IS_INVALID]
The loaded route configuration is invalid or blank.
 1. Check the log to identify where the invalid route configuration is loaded.
 2. If the route configuration is loaded from a remote server, contact Alipay+ to fix the issue. If the route configuration is loaded from storage, the reason might be that no configuration exists in the storage or the stored configuration is invalid. Check the log for details.
[AC_SDK][SCHEDULER_THREAD_INTERRUPTED]
The thread which schedules updates is interrupted.
Check whether the thread scheduler can be interrupted in your integration code and you might restart your server to initialize the Alipay+ server SDK again.
[AC_SDK][UNKNOWN_CODE]
Some error occurs when recognizing the Alipay+ code.
 1. Check the log, which usually contains exception stack or error messages.
 2. Contact Alipay+ to ask for technical support.
Besides, the Alipay+ server SDK also logs unsuccessful API calls:
copy
[AC_SDK][INVOKE_PROCESS_ERROR][resultCode: %s, message: %s]


text:
Login to Read
World pork production is back on track to set new records for its annual volume after a period of pauses in growth. On figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the quantity of pork produced globally reached around 106.5 million metric tons in 2009 and seems likely to total between 108.5-109 million tons this year.
See in our accompanying Figure 1 how these estimates and forecasts fit with the pattern seen since 1990. The peak output in any year had been 103.5 million tons in 2005, before the new high recorded in 2009.
But see also Figure 2, extracted from a bulletin by the foreign agricultural service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It confirms the contrasting trends that are being observed between annual production in China, as the world's largest single pork-producing country, and all other producers globally.
Our data analysis last year had blamed the turmoil then occurring in world economies as complicating any attempt to forecast the outlook for meat. To prove the point since then, even the estimates of recent production have needed to be revised. We already knew that global output in 2006 and 2007 had been over-estimated. It now seems that a total of 280 million metric tons of all meats was produced worldwide in 2008 and that this increased slightly in 2009, to about 281.5 million tons.
This would mean pork accounted for 37.8% of last year's all-meats total (up from almost 37.3% the year before), compared with 32.6% for poultry meat (down marginally from 32.8%) and 22.8% for beef/ruminant (down from a previous 23.2%). In 2007, on FAO data, approximately 36% of world meat output had been in the form of pork, compared with nearly 33% for poultry and nearly 24% for beef.
The pattern of production country by country for the 20 largest national producers of pork is shown in Table 1, taken from our database. As usual, it compares the position of each country on the lists for 2009 and 2000. Worth noting, however, are the positional changes that have occurred since the 2008 list. Russia moves up because of its expanded output, for example, while Denmark and Italy swap places and Korea has moved to a lower position.
After the cost difficulties presented to producers everywhere by the record-high feed grain prices of 2007, the question for pork since 2008 has been whether the demand for the meat from consumers would be affected severely by the widespread economic crisis and by the mis-naming of a variant H1N1 influenza virus, suggesting that it was transmitted by pigs. In particular, any significant alteration in sales would be reflected in the trade between countries.
Table 1 --- recently updated on the strength of new FAO figures --- could give part of the answer, where it suggests that imports/exports of pork did indeed slow last year. However, it also spotlights swings in output for the various world regions.
Table 2: Changes in regional production and trade
The Asia-Pacific area is shown to have produced 6% more pork in 2009 than in 2008. Europe recorded virtually a standstill year by producing only 0.7% less than previously. In North America there was also a reduction, but of 1.4% --- the same rate of cutback recorded for Africa. But Latin America's production was down by almost 9.1%.
Although exports of pork apparently fell back in 2009, a graph compiled by the Food and Agriculture Research Institute (FAPRI) in the US (Figure 3) makes clear that this was a correction in line with longer-term trends. FAPRI's graph also advises that a more normal pattern of world trade will return this year while the volume of pork produced globally continues to rise.
Figure 4 has been extracted from the same source as a reminder of who are the major exporters of the meat. On this analysis, therefore, the European Union has exported more pork in the past five years than any other country or trading bloc.
A view from within the European Union has been given by a European Commission document in which recent changes to the size of the EU-27 pig sector were described as a continuation of structural adjustments at an accelerated pace. Producers had relatively low feed costs last year, it added, but the average price at €1.41 (US$1.74) per kilogram carcase weight was 1.2 Euros less than in 2008.
Prices struggled to be stronger because of an upset in trade flows in and out of the union, it said. Exporting pork became more difficult not only due to a removal of export refunds that had helped sales rise by 34% in 2008, but also because of currency devaluations in several countries including Russia, and enhanced competition from North America in trying to sell to Japan.
The overall result was a 19% reduction for EU exports to non-member countries in 2009. This contraction especially concerned shipments to Japan (lower by 21%), to Korea (down by 18%) and to Hong Kong (reduced by 11%). According to FAPRI, the outlook is for the European Union to lose market share in the pork export business in the coming years. The institute said a period of decline is in prospect for Europe's export sales, commenting that "the long-term competitiveness of the EU is not very promising, given its strict animal welfare and environmental regulations".
The suggested winners in terms of export market share are named as Brazil and the USA. It projects, by the year 2019, a gain of 13.2 percentage points for the US share and of 4.4 points for percentage held by Brazil. However, Canada's share is seen as decreasing by 6.4 percentage points.
New employee will develop, manage marketing of foodservice equipment, products
Willardsen to be replaced by president of Cargill Salt
Growth can be achieved during times of weak consumer demand
The study analyzes the costs and benefits of surgical castration alternatives through the whole EU pig meat chain.
The industry and the food supply chain need to educate consumers on the welfare standards already in place.
--- Thank you for your patience ----
If you have any issues logging in or any other need feel free to contact us.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Chapter 20 Measurment of power
Example 20.1 Page no 721
In [3]:
#Given
V1=20 #volts
V2=30 #Volts
R1=100 #ohm
#Calculation
p=(V2**2-V1**2)/(4.0*R1)
#Result
print"RF test power is ", p,"Watt"
RF test power is 1.25 Watt
Example 20.2 Page no 725
In [10]:
#Given
m=200 #gm
sp=1 #cal/gm degree C
T1=30 #degree C
T2=40 #degree C
#Calculation
P=4.18*m*sp*(T2-T1)
#Result
print"The power is ",round(P*10**-3,1),"K watt"
The power is 8.4 K watt
Example 20.3 Page no 728
In [14]:
#given
V1=8.0 #Volts
V2=2.0 #Volts
#Calculation
SWR=(V1+V2)/(V1-V2)
print"The standing wave ratio is ", round(SWR,2)
The standing wave ratio is 1.67


Chemical property
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In chemistry, a property is any aspect of a substance which is only seen by means of a chemical reaction. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. This is different from a physical property, which can be discovered without changing the substance's chemical structure.
Usually a chemical property is discovered by changing the substance's internal structure. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change. However, a catalytic property would also be a chemical property.
Examples of chemical properties[change | change source]


text:
How to train Siberian Husky – tips
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand that chewing is not acceptable. Also, try to encourage him to sing as much as possible.
Be the leader of the pack
Be the pack leader when training your Siberian Husky. Siberian Husky's respond best to leadership, and if you lack confidence, your dog will try to take the lead. It will feel insecure, and may start to overprotect itself. If your dog does not feel secure in its leadership role, it may become overly shy or may even try to take control of the household.
Huskies are very intelligent creatures, but they're not as biddable or intelligent as other breeds. Because of this, training a Siberian Husky can be a challenge. Nevertheless, they're not as difficult as other breeds, and the rewards for a well-trained dog will last a lifetime. And as long as you know how to reward them well, your dog will become a good member of the pack.
Avoid repeating commands
The first step in teaching your Husky the stay command is to make sure you don't repeat the command too much. Often, people who join gyms in January will quit before February even arrives. The key is to gradually increase the length of time a Husky must wait before getting up. To make the training process more effective, try teaching the command to your Husky over several training sessions. Ultimately, you want your Husky to stay in one position and come when you say it.
If you're trying to teach your Husky a new command, don't make it too simple. Huskys are pack animals and they only follow their leaders. Therefore, repeating the command too often can cause your dog to become aggressive. A good solution is to show your dog who is the pack leader by demonstrating your dominance over the dog. Don't force the dog to perform the command if you want to avoid conflict or punishment.
Be consistent with training methods
When training your Siberian Husky, consistency is key. Your Husky will associate your actions with your words and movements, and training methods should be the same no matter how your Husky responds to them. If you train a Husky with different methods, you might confuse him and make him confused about what you want. Be consistent with your methods and be patient. Consistency is important because dogs don't understand everything and will not respond well to inconsistent training methods.
Huskies are highly intelligent and physically strong, and require more training than other breeds. The same problem behaviors in small dogs can become unacceptable in large dogs. For this reason, reward-based training techniques are essential for success. In addition to reward-based training, dog-friendly training methods are most effective for training your Siberian Husky. If you can't afford a trainer, take your dog to a training class or seek out a dog trainer.
Encourage Siberian husky to sing
As a first step to encouraging your Siberian husky to sing, trigger the singing behaviour by calling it. Then reward your pup with a treat if it does so. Soon your husky will be able to imitate the same behaviour. You can use a clicker or whistle to train your dog to respond to this command. The trick is to make sure you use the same command every time.
Huskies are naturally quite vocal and should get at least one hour of exercise each day. However, you can train your husky to imitate singing by playing high-pitched noises on your stereo. You can also try playing a husky video on Youtube so it will learn to howl when you call for it. Once he understands the correct way to howl, he'll be more likely to do so.
Provide a safe, structured, comfortable environment
A safe, structured environment is essential for training your Siberian Husky. Huskies are highly intelligent and learn well when conditioned over time in a predictable setting. By creating routines, you can make the most of your time together, while minimizing the stress of a sudden change in routine. Here are some tips for successfully training your Siberian Husky:
– A fenced yard is a must for this breed. Siberian Huskies love to run and must be exercised daily. Siberian Huskys are active dogs and should be walked several miles per day. During their daily exercise, they will release pent-up energy and minimize excessive howling. They also have the reputation of being „escape artists" and will try to sneak out of the yard if they get bored.
Avoid punishing aggressive chewers
If you're looking for tips to stop your Siberian Husky from being aggressive, you've come to the right place. While chewing is a normal part of puppyhood, you should understand that it's a natural behaviour that needs to be curbed. Siberian husky chewing can be beneficial to your dog's health, as it massages its gums and exercises its jaws. It's best not to punish or discourage aggressive chewing, but rather, provide the dog with appropriate toys to engage in. For instance, large dogs can chew on strong nylon bones. It's important to choose toys that are durable and safe for your dog to chew on.
It's important to be consistent when training your dog. Avoid punishing aggressive chewers by withholding treats. It's also important to reward good behaviors. Punishing bad behavior will only encourage your dog to repeat bad habits. As a result, your dog will start to associate the treats you give to good behavior with the things that you want them to do. If you have a good dog, reward it and ignore bad behavior, your dog will eventually realize that it doesn't need to chew on things for rewards anymore.
- How to train Samoyed – tips
- Is the Siberian Husky an intelligent dog
- Does Siberian Husky like other dogs?
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand…

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Who We Are
What We Do
Why We Do It
Where We Work
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How We Get It Done
H2O Store
SunSpring Purification
SunSpring Hybrid is a Portable Solar and Wind Powered, Self-Contained Microbiological Water Purification System capable of producing up to and exceeding 40,000 liters per day for up to and exceeding 10 years! Up to 10gpm flow is possible, creating water that is 99.999% microbiologically pure.
Solar and wind powered, SunSpring hybrid provides enough safe drinking water for developing communities around the world, reducing debilitating water-borne disease in most fresh water, (no salt).
The capacity provides up to 10,000 people with a full gallon of safe drinking water each and every day.
With no consumables, all stages of filtration of washable, disinfected several times a day on automatic flushing routines, and manually, once a month for 90 minute service procedures.
 1. The only hybrid water plant that is Healthymagination validated by GE
 2. Sustainable development solution
 3. High Tech/Low Maintenance
 4. Delivery can be expedited for emergency response
 5. Great for Micro Enterprise Models


User Guide
This document provides information on how to use dojot from a device developer or application developer point of view.
Who should read this
 - Users that want a deeper look at how dojot works;
 - Application developers.
Getting Started
To start, please follow dojot's installation guide in Installation Guide. There you should find how to properly download a working copy of the components, how to minimally configure them, how to start them up and how to check whether they are working.
dojot basics
Before using dojot, you should be familiar with some basic operations and concepts. They are very simple to understand and use, but without them, all operations might become obscure and senseless.
In the next section, there is an explanation of a few basic entities in dojot: devices, templates and flows. With these concepts in mind, we present a small tutorial to how to use them in dojot - it only covers API access.
If you want more information on how dojot works internally, you should checkout the Arquitetura to get acquainted with all internal components.
User authentication
All HTTP requests supported by dojot are sent to the API gateway. In order to control which user should access which endpoints and resources, dojot makes uses of JSON Web Token (a useful tool is jwt.io) which encodes things like (not limited to these):
 - User identity
 - Validation data
 - Token expiration date
The component responsible for user authentication is auth. You can find a tutorial of how to authenticate a user and how to get an access token in auth documentation.
Devices and templates
In dojot, a device is a digital representation of an actual device or gateway with one or more sensors or of a virtual one with sensors/attributes inferred from other devices. Throughout the documentation, this kind of device will be called simply as 'device'. If the actual device must be referenced, we'll be calling it as 'physical device'.
Consider, for instance, a physical device with temperature and humidity sensors; it can be represented in dojot as a device with two attributes (one for each sensor). We call this kind of device as regular device or by its communication protocol, for instance, MQTT device or CoAP device.
We can also create devices which don't directly correspond to their physical counterparts, for instance, we can create one with higher level of information of temperature (is becoming hotter or is becoming colder) whose values are inferred from temperature sensors of other devices. This kind of device is called virtual device.
All devices are created based on a template, which can be thought as a model of a device. As "model" we could think of part numbers or product models - one prototype from which devices are created. Templates in dojot have one label (any alphanumeric sequence), a list of attributes which will hold all the device emitted information, and optionally a few special attributes which will indicate how the device communicates, including transmission methods (protocol, ports, etc.) and message formats.
In fact, templates can represent not only "device models", but it can also abstract a "class of devices". For instance, we could have one template to represent all thermometers that will be used in dojot. This template would have only one attribute called, let's say, "temperature". While creating the device, the user would select its "physical template", let's say TexasInstr882, and the 'thermometer' template. The user would have also to add translation instructions (implemented in terms of data flows, build in flowbuilder) in order to map the temperature reading that will be sent from the device to a "temperature" attribute.
In order to create a device, a user selects which templates are going to compose this new device. All their attributes are merged together and associated to it - they are tightly linked to the original template so that any template update will reflect all associated devices.
The component responsible for managing devices (both real and virtual) and templates is DeviceManager. DeviceManager documentation explains in more depth all the available operations.
Flows
A flow is a sequence of blocks that process a particular event or device message. It contains:
 - entry point: a block representing what is the trigger to start a particular flow;
 - processing blocks: a set of blocks that perform operations using the event. These blocks may or may not use the contents of such event to further process it. The operations might be: testing content for particular values or ranges, geo-positioning analysis, changing message attributes, perform operations on external elements, and so on.
 - exit point: a block representing where the resulting data should be forwarded to. This block might be a database, a virtual device, an external element, and so on.
The component responsible for dealing with such flows is flowbroker.
Step-by-step device management
This section provides a complete step-by-step tutorial of how to create, update, send messages to and check historical data of a device. We will create a simple device with only one attribute, send a few messages emulating the physical device and check the historical data for the only attribute this device has.
Also, this tutorial assumes that you are using docker-compose, which has all the necessary components to properly run dojot (so all API requests will be sent to localhost:8000).
Getting access token
As said in User authentication, all requests must contain a valid access token. You can generate a new token by sending the following request:
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/auth \
 -H 'Content-Type:application/json' \
 -d '{"username": "admin", "passwd" : "admin"}'
{"jwt": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiL..."}
If you want to generate a token for other user, just change the username and password in the request payload. The token ("eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiL…") should be used in every HTTP request sent to dojot in a special header. Such request would look like:
curl -X GET http://localhost:8000/device \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiL..."
Remember that the token must be set in the request header as a whole, not parts of it. In the example only the first characters are shown for the sake of simplicity. All further requests will use a bash variable called bash ${JWT}, which contains the token got from auth component.
Device creation
In order to properly configure a physical device in dojot, you must first create its representation in the platform. The example presented here is just a small part of what is offered by DeviceManager. For more information, check the DeviceManager how-to for more detailed instructions.
First of all, let's create a template for the device - all devices are based off of a template, remember.
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/template \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${JWT}" \
-H 'Content-Type:application/json' \
-d ' {
 "label": "Thermometer Template",
 "attrs": [
 {
 "label": "temperature",
 "type": "dynamic",
 "value_type": "float"
 }
 ]
}'
This request should give back this message:
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
 {
 "result": "ok",
 "template": {
 "created": "2018-01-25T12:30:42.164695+00:00",
 "data_attrs": [
 {
 "template_id": "1",
 "created": "2018-01-25T12:30:42.167126+00:00",
 "label": "temperature",
 "value_type": "float",
 "type": "dynamic",
 "id": 1
 }
 ],
 "label": "Thermometer Template",
 "config_attrs": [],
 "attrs": [
 {
 "template_id": "1",
 "created": "2018-01-25T12:30:42.167126+00:00",
 "label": "temperature",
 "value_type": "float",
 "type": "dynamic",
 "id": 1
 }
 ],
 "id": 1
 }
 }
Note that the template ID is 1 (line 27).
To create a template based on it, send the following request to dojot:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/device \
-H "Authorization: Bearer ${JWT}" \
-H 'Content-Type:application/json' \
-d ' {
 "templates": [
 "1"
 ],
 "label": "device"
}'
The template ID list on line 6 contains the only template ID configured so far. To check out the configured device, just send a GET request to /device


The McCree Curve represents the average photosynthetic response of plants to light energy (see chart below). It was developed by Dr. Keith McCree in the 1970s based on his research of 22 plant species. He found that much of a plant's development and response to light happened within this portion of the spectrum.
The McCree Curve, also known as the Plant Sensitivity Curve, begins at 350nm and extends to 750nm. Later studies extended this curve out to 300nm to 800nm. This curve can be placed over a spectral distribution chart as a guide to how well a light source can affect photosynthesis.


Can electricity flow through a parallel circuit?
Can electricity flow through a parallel circuit?
A parallel circuit is one with two or more channels for electricity to pass through. The loads are perpendicular to one another. If the loads in this circuit were light bulbs and one blew out, current would still flow to the others since they are still on a direct route from the battery's negative to positive terminals. However, if any other load was in the way, it could be damaged.
The answer is yes, electricity can flow through a parallel circuit. But only one device can be active at a time. If you have three devices that need to use the power source simultaneously, they must all use different parts of the circuit to prevent shorting out anything important. For example, if you have a lamp and radio playing at the same time, there's a chance the radio might get too much voltage and burn up. This will happen even if the lamps seem like they're in the way because electricity needs a path to follow and when the radio is blocking the path, the lamp won't work properly.
If you want to use several small appliances at once, try using a multiple outlet power strip. These come in cases where each outlet has its own switch so only one thing at a time can be plugged in. They're helpful if you often have people over who want to use different appliances at once but don't want to clutter up your house with all those switches just for them.
How are lamps connected in parallel?
Circuits in parallel When two or more components are linked in parallel, the potential difference (voltage) across their ends is the same. All circuit components linked in parallel are subject to the same voltage. The bulbs are considered to be in parallel if they are attached to the battery in separate loops. Each bulb will receive the same amount of current as any other bulb.
The link below shows three lamps being connected in a parallel circuit. Notice that all three bulbs light up at the same time when you turn on the power supply. This proves that they are connected in parallel and will share the load equally:
Lamps Connected In Parallel
Now let's look at another example. Lamps are still connected in parallel, but this time with two different circuits. Here's one way to connect two lamps in parallel:
Two Circuits With Two Lamps Connected In Parallels
When you connect two lamps in parallel there are four possible connections for the circuits: closed-loop circuits where each lamp has its own fuse/breaker; open-loop circuits where each lamp has its own resistor instead; shared-fuse/shared-breaker circuits where both fuses/breakers are supposed to blow at the same time if either one does; and shared-resistor circuits where both resistors are supposed to drop out if either one does.
In the automotive industry, what is a parallel circuit?
A parallel circuit is one in which circuit components are linked next to or in parallel. As a result, several branches or channels via which current might flow arise. The resistance in each branch determines the voltage drop and current flow via that branch and only that branch. If there are many branches, it can be said that they form a polygon with multiple angles. Parallel circuits are useful in cases where total current needs to be drawn from a single source, but not all of the currents need to reach their destination at the same time.
In electronics, a parallel circuit is any collection of devices connected together in such a way that all of them will conduct if any one of them receives an electric signal. Such circuits are used especially when it is necessary to use small signals (low-current signals) or when large signals need to be transmitted quickly. The most common example is the set of wires connecting your house to the street meter box; if the cable between the two were alone in the system, then the meter would have to be able to handle any possible load on it, even if this load was very small. But since all the wires go into the box at once, the box can't tell how much current is on each wire, so it uses big connectors that can handle high currents yet still fit inside the box.
About Article Author
Darnell Sellers
Darnell Sellers is a man of many interests. He loves to work with his hands, and has a background in engineering. Darnell likes to drive around in his car, looking for trouble so he can fix it. He also enjoys working on motorcycles with his friends during the summertime.
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text:
Quantitative species-level ecology of reef fish larvae via metabarcoding
Much of the ecology of coral-reef fish depends on a relatively short pelagic period, during which their tiny offspring (larvae) are found meandering far from the reef. Because of their diminutive size, quantitative studies of the circulating 'pool' of larvae, which can encompass tens if not hundreds of species, typically suffer from poor taxonomic resolution; seldom going down to the level of greatest ecological interest - the species. Using a novel molecular approach we have been able obtain the first, species-level quantification relative species abundances within a species-rich larval pool. With the data we addressed basic questions concerning the larval phase, which have not been accessible previously. For example: Do species differ in larval distribution across the water column, in a manner that may affect dispersal? Does the availability of larvae, in the plankton, affect the composition of local adult communities? And more... For answers, see _URL_ (see also _URL_ ).


text: The potential gain in efficacy of pulmonary administration over IV administration of some antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) may be limited by the short residence time of the drug at the site of infection after nebulization. Complexation of CIP with copper reduced its apparent permeability through a Calu-3 cell monolayer and greatly increased its pulmonary residence time after aerosolisation in healthy rats. Chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients result in airway and alveolar inflammation that may increase the permeability of inhaled antibiotics and alter their fate in the lung after inhalation compared to what was seen in healthy conditions. The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of CIP-Cu complex-loaded microparticles administered by pulmonary route with a CIP solution administered by IV to model rats with chronic lung infection. After a single pulmonary administration of microparticles loaded with CIP-Cu complex, pulmonary exposure to CIP was increased 2077-fold compared to IV administration of CIP solution. This single lung administration significantly reduced the lung burden of expressed as CFU/lung measured 24 h after administration by 10-fold while IV administration of the same dose of CIP was ineffective compared to the untreated control. This better efficacy of inhaled microparticles loaded with CIP-Cu complex compared with CIP solution can be attributed to the higher pulmonary exposure to CIP obtained with inhaled CIP-Cu complex-loaded microparticles than that obtained with IV solution.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Altium Designer Documentation
Query_Lang-SCHFunctions_Fields_UseDBTableNameUseDBTableName_AD
Created: September 17, 2015 | Updated: August 18, 2021
Parent page: Schematic Query Functions - Fields
Summary
Returns all part objects whose Use Database Table Name property complies with the Query.
Syntax
UseDBTableName : Boolean_String
Example Usage
UseDBTableName = 'True'
Returns all part objects whose Use Database Table Name property is enabled.
UseDBTableName = 'False'
Returns all part objects whose Use Database Table Name property is disabled.
Tips
 1. The Use Database Table Name property is only defined for part objects.

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In Roman times, gold, silver, copper and glass were used to make jewellery. Metals were mixed to make alloys such as bronze, a mixture of copper and tin. Roman bronze sometimes had zinc in it that gave it a gold colour. The Romans often used stones and gems in their jewellery. Sapphires, rubies, garnets and amber were often worn in rings. The Romans were probably the first to use rings as a symbol of engagement
This Emperor Gem Ring is made from 22ct gold plated lead-free pewter and is supplied in a clear plastic blister. The information card is full colour on the front and has historical information on the reverse.


BDBComp
Parceria:
SBC
A Generalized Model for Distributed Comparison-Based System-Level Diagnosis
Luiz AlbiniElias Procópio Duarte Jr.Roverli Pereira Ziwich
This work introduces a new system-level diagnosismodel and an algorithm based on this model: Hi-Comp(Hierarchical Comparison-based Adaptive DistributedSystem-Level Diagnosis algorithm). This algorithm allowsthe diagnosis of systems that can be represented by a completegraph. Hi-Comp is the first diagnosis algorithm thatis, at the same time, hierarchical, distributed and comparison-based. The algorithm is not limited to crash faultdiagnosis, because its tests are based on comparisons. Toperform a test, a processor sends a task to two processorsof the system that, after executing the task, send their outputsback to the tester. The tester compares the two outputs;if the comparison produces a match, the tester considersthe tested processors fault-free; on the other hand, ifthe comparison produces a mismatch, the tester considersthat at least one of the two tested processors is faulty, butcan not determine which one. Considering a system of Nnodes, it is proved that the algorithm's diagnosability is(N–1) and the latency is log2N testing rounds. Furthermore,a formal proof of the maximum number of tests requiredper testing round is presented, which can be O(N3).Simulation results are also presented.
_URL_
Caso o link acima esteja inválido, faça uma busca pelo texto completo na Web: Buscar na Web
Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Computação - Contato: _EMAIL_
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text:
PEACH TREE VILLAGE
PEACH TREE VILLAGE. Peach Tree Village, near the Neches River on a site now crossed by Farm Road 2097 two miles north of the present Chester in Tyler County, was the largest and most prominent of the villages established by the Alabama Indians. It was on a hill in the Kisatchie Wold, the ridge running through northern Tyler County. Members of the Alabama and Coushatta Indians had begun entering Texas in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the Spanish Indian agent Samuel Davenport reported that the Alabamas established their principal village on the west bank of the Neches River eight leagues above its confluence with the Angelina. The Alabama Trace and the Coushatta Trace passed through this village. Also, it was the northern terminal of Long King's Trace, and the important north-south trail, the Liberty-Nacogdoches Road, was five miles east. Surveyors' field notes for fifteen original land grants in the counties of Polk and Tyler refer to this village. The Alabamas' claim to lands in Peach Tree Village and vicinity was contested for the first time when, in 1834 Col. Peter Ellis Bean, an American serving in a Mexican army detachment stationed at Nacogdoches, applied for and received a grant of eleven leagues of land from the Mexican government. Colonel Bean, who promoted this grant through Gavino Aranjo, one of his subordinates in the Mexican army, located part of his grant on land occupied by the Alabamas at Peach Tree Village. This land was later conveyed to Frost Thorne and his successors.
The Alabamas were on good terms with white settlers in the area, who included Peter Cauble and Valentine Ignatius Burch. Cauble settled at Peach Tree Village sometime around 1831, and Burch, who married Cauble's daughter, settled there about 1845. Peter Cauble's house was mentioned in the 1846 description of the boundaries of Polk County. At Gen. Sam Houston's request, the Alabamas remained neutral during the Texas Revolution. But they fed and cared for white settlers who passed through Peach Tree Village in the Runaway Scrape. To show that they were neutral the Alabamas displayed a large piece of white cloth every time a group of fleeing Texas approached Peach Tree Village. After Texas gained independence from Mexico, increasing numbers of settlers located in and near Peach Tree Village, and this village began a gradual transition from an Indian community to a prosperous frontier town with a store, a cotton gin, a saloon, a church, a school, and a post office that opened in 1853. During the years of the Republic of Texas the Alabamas began leaving Peach Tree Village and moving five miles southeastward to the Fenced-in Village.
In the 1850s Peach Tree Village was served by one of two mail routes across Tyler County, which connected with a route from Jasper to Swartout on the Trinity River in Polk County. Valentine Burch and other citizens of the community established a private academy, which served the area for a number of years. Dr. Stephen Pelham Willson, one of five doctors listed in the 1850 Tyler County census, located his store and office there and remained until his death. His son, Hiram A. Willson, a member of the Texas Constitutional Convention of 1876, also bought a farm and resided in this area. Peach Tree Village was the birthplace and boyhood home of one of East Texas's most outstanding industrialists-John Henry Kirbyqv, who was born here on November 16, 1860. Known and remembered chiefly as a lumberman, Kirby was an able lawyer, a business executive, a banker, and an oil operator. He was also president of the Southwestern Oil Company of Houston and organized the Kirby Petroleum Company in 1920.
In 1883 the Trinity and Sabine Railway was constructed into Tyler County, and Chester was built on the railroad two miles from Peach Tree Village. Soon the schools, commercial establishments, and postal service were moved to Chester, causing Peach Tree Village to die as a community. In 1912 Kirby erected a red brick chapel at Peach Tree Village in honor of his parents and hired a Russian artist to paint pictures on the walls. This memorial chapel and two acres of surrounding land are under the trusteeship of the Tyler County Commissioners Court. Approximately 22.4 acres of the Peach Tree Village site were donated by Temple-Eastex Incorporated for development of Camp Ta-Ku-La, a nondenominational camp that will be made available to any church or Christian group for activities, youth camps, and retreats for all ages.
Bob Bowman, The 35 Best Ghost Towns in East Texas and 220 Other Towns We Left Behind (Lufkin, Texas: Best of East Texas Publishers, 1988). Howard N. Martin, "Polk County Indians: Alabamas, Coushattas, Pakana Muskogees," East Texas Historical Journal 17 (1979). John R. Swanton, Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 73 (Washington: GPO, 1922). James E. and Josiah Wheat, "Tyler County under Mexico," It's Dogwood Time in Tyler County, March 1966.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Howard N. Martin, "PEACH TREE VILLAGE," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 23, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


SQLite Forum
What would be the recommended way to hold an array of ~600 double values?
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What would be the recommended way to hold an array of ~600 double values?
(1) By PazO (JohnSmith) on 2020-11-18 04:53:08 [link] [source]
For historical reasons my application holds many records in the database where each record holds an array of ~600 double values.
The number of the records is mostly around 15K but theoretically can reach 200K.
The current format of these values is in a string.
The benefit of this string is that all double values that hold short values such as '0' or '1' are taking only 1 byte (plus 1 for delimiter).
The down side is the parsing and recreation of this string everytime any value is modified or read.
What would be the preferred format to hold such data?
I was considering:
 1. Use BLOB that holds an array of 'double' values. The downside here is that the size of this array is very large: 600 * 8 (size of double), and this will be multiplied by the number of records.
 2. Create a new table with a column for each double value - This is creating a table with ~600 columns... The benefit is to use sqlite optimization for space for such values.
 3. Leave things as they are and work with string.
Thank you for any tip,
Pazo
(2) By Keith Medcalf (kmedcalf) on 2020-11-18 05:57:29 in reply to 1 [link] [source]
create table Records
(
 row integer not null,
 col integer not null,
 value numeric,
 primary key (row, col)
) without rowid;
(3) By Warren Young (wyoung) on 2020-11-18 06:07:53 in reply to 1 [link] [source]
the size of this array is very large
On what machine supporting SQLite is 4.6875 kiB "very large?"
I mean, yes, it's very large on an Apple //e, but that won't run SQLite at all, so...
Quoting Donald Knuth:
Programmers waste enormous amounts of time thinking about, or worrying about, the speed of noncritical parts of their programs, and these attempts at efficiency actually have a strong negative impact when debugging and maintenance are considered. We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil. Yet we should not pass up our opportunities in that critical 3%.
Here I think you're over-valuing space optimization, paying a cost not only in CPU optimization during parsing, but also CPU time to re-convert doubles back to strings for storage. Worse, I think you're overspending on programmer time, the most precious commodity of all on most projects. How much RAM and disk space does your hourly rate buy?
(4) By PazO (JohnSmith) on 2020-11-18 07:26:47 in reply to 3 [link] [source]
This answer did not really help as it did not suggest anything.
The size does matter because each session saved by our customer is held by a single sqlite database file. It does make a different if avg. file-size for a single session will be ~50MB or ~1GB.
As for performance - our application must save integrity in cases of crashes or power loss thus if every modification our customer is doing has to go through text parsing prior to database save it does make a noticeable difference.
(5) By Gunter Hick (gunter_hick) on 2020-11-18 07:59:48 in reply to 1 [source]
What do those 600 double values actually mean?
And why are they lumped together in one record?
Are they actually related or just a random collection?
Do they represent a sparse array (in which case the suggestion to store them separately would make perfect sense)?
(6.4) By Warren Young (wyoung) on 2020-11-18 08:56:10 edited from 6.3 in reply to 4 [link] [source]
it did not suggest anything.
It suggested that you defend your claim that 4k is a big problem.
I support Keith's basic design, though I think his "col" column is pointless, given the little you've shared of your program's design. That feature of his schema assumes you'll have more than one array of doubles per SQLite row, but I don't see that you've actually said that.
I challenged you on an ROI basis before. Let's say you're not actually a software developer, but you're using SQLite in support of some other job. Or, maybe you're outside the US. Either way, I'm going to say your complete salary and benefits package is $52k to make the math easy. If you spend a week fiddling around with space optimizations this fiscal year, you will have spent $1000 of your organization's money.
The sweet spot of the storage market is about $32/TB these days, so $1000 will currently buy you 10 TB of triply-redundant disk storage. DDR4 ECC UDIMM server RAM is going for about $4/GB, so the same $1000 will buy you 250 GiB of RAM. You can split those two values any way you like: 128 GiB of RAM in the server plus a 3-disk RAID-1 of 4 TB disks to back the DB, for example.
Is your salary + benefits package more than $52k? Okay, then your week of time doing micro-optimizations will buy even more storage.
The question then becomes, how many of these sessions are there?
Let's first take your 50 MiB session size. I'm going to guess this is your ~4k number multiplied by 8, being the 1-byte 0/1 value vs. 8-byte doubles. That's probably insupportable, since as you said earlier, you need some kind of delimeter for ASCII storage, but I'll give you the 8x multiplier anyway, because I am kind. :)
50 MB divides into our 4 TB RAID as 800000 sessions. Do you have that many customers? Oh, and realize that you've now got enough RAM to cache the entire DB for your $1000 in hardware cost.
Now let's take your worst-case value of 1GB: we've got room for 4000 of those in the DB. Do you have more than 4000 active customer sessions? Are they all maximally-sized, or is there a mix of max-sized sessions and lesser ones?
You can work it inversely, too: if each customer costs you $0.25, using the same worst-case numbers, are they each paying you at least a quarter-dollar a year? If so, then why are you spending their money fighting for every last byte of storage?
It does make a different if avg. file-size for a single session will be ~50MB or ~1GB.
Please don't shout. (Mind, this is a moderator speaking to you now.)
if every modification our customer is doing has to go through text parsing prior to database save it does make a noticeable difference.
Yes, thus my point: give up on ASCII storage of doubles and use the platform's actual binary representation. Now you can update single values, if you want, which will not only be good for I/O time, it'll be good for durability, because fewer bytes of the DB will be changing at any one instant.
(7) By little-brother on 2020-11-18 09:11:19 in reply to 1 [link] [source]
The current format of these values is in a string.
At least you could use json by adding open and closed brackets [10.23,0,12,...]. It allows you to use json1 function to manipulate data.
How to store data depends on your priorities: CPU, storage size, easy to view/changing and etc. There is no silver bullet.
(8) By PazO (JohnSmith) on 2020-11-18 10:51:05 in reply to 5 [link] [source]
I will give more insight about the problem:
The application is high-end product used by top professional people in this particular industry. It is used to control a defined-set of hardware switches, gauges and controls associated with single flow of data. This single flow of data contains ~600 distinctive real values that can be modified by both moving the switches and the controls using the application or by the external hardware controls.
Once all these values are set they are saved as a single setup for this particular single flow of data. This is called a 'preset'. We can save a number of different presets for the same flow of data. On top of this there could be a number of different flows of data for other logical components.
Focusing on the single 'preset' - traditionally we managed this data in an XML string, that was eventually saved to the database. This was not very effective, as it demand that in each modification of any value, this XML-string will be rebuilt re-saved in the database.
My current task is to move the 'preset' data format from XML-string to SQL data types, that can be more easily viewed and edited.
For this I considered the followings:
 1. Use


Ultrasonic flaw detection of cast impeller spokes
Adjustment of scanning speed: when adjusting the baseline with 1:1, the method is the same as above.
Turn the [coarse depth adjustment] knob to 50mm gear.
The ultrasonic flaw detection of spokes is also based on Φ 2mm is the sensitivity.
Sensitivity adjustment method: also take the spoke bottom as the large plane adjustment Φ 2mm sensitivity, [attenuator] retains 30dB attenuation margin, adjusts [attenuator] to make B1 wave up to 100% reference wave height, make waveform unsaturated and [gain] fixed; Use [attenuator] gain 21d B, and then adjust [gain] to make the wave height reach 80% of the basic wave height. At this time φ 2. The sensitivity is adjusted well.
Under this sensitivity, the spoke position is detected, and the wave pattern is shown in the figure. No defects are found, indicating that the spoke position is not damaged Φ Casting defects above 2mm. Therefore, using this process, the internal quality of casting impeller hub, rim and spoke can meet the technical requirements.
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10.2. Ensure that the content can be read when images are turned off
When images are turned off, the content of the page should remain visible and readable. No information should be lost and there should be sufficient contrast between the foreground and background.
In other words, all the content should be visible and readable:
When text is placed over a background image, make sure to provide an alternative background color that will ensure text readability in the absence of the background image.
background: black url(../images/fond-sombre.png) repeat-x;
This replacement color can be inherited from a parent.
Particular attention should be paid to the readability of text alternatives for images embedded in the HTML when images are not displayed.
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text:
- Malformations such as a missing eye or deformed limb have been noted in the Kottigehar dancing frog, possibly due to anthropogenic stressors.
- The Kottigehar dancing frog belongs to the family Micrixalidae, one of the oldest families of frogs in the Western Ghats. It is categorised as an evolutionary distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) species.
- Recent studies have revealed that the frog is found in perennial streams and prefers habitats at elevations of 300 to 500 metres above sea level with thick canopy cover.
If you peer carefully at rocks in perennial streams in the Western Ghats in Karnataka, you might see a tiny frog tapping its feet and kicking its hind legs in the air in an attempt to attract a mate. At the width of three centimetres, the Kottigehar dancing frog (Micrixalus kottigeharensis) can fit into your palm and is an evolutionary distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) species.
Micrixalidae is one of the oldest families of frogs in the Western Ghats, and is known to have evolved more than 60 million years ago and diversified five million years ago.
The genus, Micrixalus, commonly known as "dancing frogs", represents an ancient lineage and certain studies have indicated that the lineage has no close living relatives.
Madhushri Mudke, a researcher who studies the Kottigehar dancing frog species at Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE), Bengaluru, said, "If they go extinct, there is no other species close to them, so they die with the evolutionary history of millions of years. They are also endangered because their distribution is limited in the world." She notes that the species has a "unparalleled evolutionary history".
While the Micrixalus lineage existed as a solitary branch without substantially diverging, it is likely that multiple oﬀshoot lineages eventually went extinct, indicates a 2003 study of ancient frog lineages in the Indian subcontinent.
K.V. Gururaja, a behaviour ecologist at the Srishti Manipal Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Bengaluru, and other researchers, identified 24 species of "dancing frogs" in the Western Ghats, found over years of research, in 2014. Until then, only 11 species had been discovered. He said, "The key characteristic of this family is that they are active post or early monsoon, unlike other frogs that are active during the monsoon and are diurnal, meaning active during the day rather than the night. They inhabit perennial streams."
He found that the foot flagging behaviour is exhibited during territorial fights between two male frogs, known as 'male agonistic behaviour' and during the mating season to attract female frogs. The female frogs also exhibit this behaviour when they lay eggs in shallow, flowing water. The females dance over the eggs as they cover them with pebbles so that they are not visible to predators.
Micrixalus kottigeharensis is threatened by invasive species like the mosquito fish, land use change, variation in temperature and humidity, extreme weather events such as floods and excess rainfall, infectious diseases, water pollution, light pollution, and infrastructure projects such as dams.
Despite this, the species is not listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix. In India, the species is not protected by the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, as there isn't adequate information about its distribution and numbers.
Studying the frog's habitat and distribution
Mudke has been studying the habitat of the species since 2017 with support from the EDGE of Existence programme by the Zoological Society of London.
"Knowing what habitat supports what species is very important for conservation," she said. She worked with local communities living close to perennial streams in the Western Ghats, the frog's known habitat, to involve them in the sampling process. Through film posters displaying Kannada actor Uppendra to draw attention, she and her team began to create awareness about the Kottigehar dancing frog. If they found a frog near a particular stream, they would ask the local residents to introduce them to residents in nearby villages that hosted a similar habitat. Through this, the team aimed to map the range of the frog while involving the local villages in the exercise, increasing awareness.
Additionally, Mudke and her team conducted surveys and mapped perennial streams and Myristica swamps throughout the Western Ghats of Karnataka, and parts in Goa and Kerala. She discovered 18 new sites in the moist evergreen forests and Myristica swamps in Karnataka alone. Myristica swamps are freshwater swamp forest predominantly composed of Myristica plants that occur on either side of primary streams. She also found that the frog preferred habitats at elevations of 300 to 500 m. above sea level and in areas with thick canopy cover of at least 70-80%.
"Western Ghats are old forests. It's important to consider the value of the place – cultural, traditional and ecosystem services provided," said Mudke. "For example, local communities told us the importance of Myristica swamps – they hold water and slowly release it into streams and ponds."
Malformations possibly influenced by anthropogenic stress
With the Western Ghats subjected to land use change, unchecked infrastructure projects and rapid conversion to agricultural lands, many of the swamps have lost their water retention ability. Streams are diverted and canopy cover is slashed, threatening the survival of the species.
While more studies and surveys are needed to understand the impact of these anthropogenic stresses on the frog population, in preliminary studies, Mudke and her team found that in one location where the stream flowed through the forest to an areca nut plantation, the number of frogs reduced from 4 to 1 due to reduced canopy cover in the plantation.
When infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges or dams are planned in such eco-sensitive areas, little attention is paid to the ecology of the landscape and how it may be altered, Mudke said.
"When one species is affected, it impacts the entire biodiversity of the place. The evolutionary history of the place is lost." She emphasised that there has to be an integrated approach for conservation that is not limited to restoration alone. "Conserving the old forests is more important," she added.
During her field surveys, she found skeletal deformities in many Kottigehar dancing frogs – such as disruption in the symmetry of the body, or a soft-tissue deformity that results in a missing eye or deformed limb. "Frogs tell us that the ecosystem is healthy. But when you have malformations in frogs, that means the population there is not doing well. It shows there is something wrong in the environment."
Malformations in frogs were first seen in the U.S., in Minnesota and later in other parts of the country. Detailed surveys of the regions inhabited by the frogs showed this malformation was primarily due to infection with a parasite, Ribeiroia and pollution of the waters with fertilisers and cattle manure. The studies noted that was a clear correlation between habitat alteration by humans and presence of the parasite causing the malformation.
There have been many reports of malformed frogs in India too. While causes remain understudied, scientists believe that these deformities were owed to anthropogenic pressures. These could be water pollution, and pesticide run off entering streams from farms. More surveys are needed to determine the cause of these malformations.
To this end, Mudke has started a citizen science initiative called Malfrogs with India Biodiversity Portal, a first-of-its-kind effort to document the malformations – where they are found and in what species. "We don't know why there are so many deformed frogs. We can use this data for future studies to understand these malformations and their impact on frog species and amphibian biodiversity."
Banner image: Two male dancing frogs in the Western Ghats. Photo by Samyamee Srivathasa for the dancing frog project of India.


text:
The Royal Society of Chemistry's West India Section (RSC-WIS) is thrilled and proud that Professor Lakshmy Ravishankar AMRSC was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry Inspirational Member Award for 2018.
Professor Ravishankar is Assistant Professor at Vaze College, Mumbai, and has been working tirelessly and taken tremendous initiatives towards promoting chemistry outreach amongst undergraduate and post-graduate students.
As part of RSC-WIS she regularly conducts chemistry workshop events which are impeccably organized, and has helped us further our outreach goals effectively. She has also been an enthusiastic advocate for the importance of research and the chemical sciences through news articles in national media. These activities have been instrumental in breaking the hierarchy existing in the minds of students who earlier underestimated the career prospects offered by chemical sciences, and preferred a career in alternative fields.
The RSC Inspirational Member awards recognise committees and individuals who have engaged with and had impact within their communities. The award complements the Award for Service; it is intended to be more accessible for those who have had a significant and demonstrable impact through their voluntary activities, and is aimed at member-led activities within network communities rather than service through formal governance.
The award was presented in Mumbai by Richard Porte, Head of Strategic & Commercial Partnerships at the RSC, and Vaze College hosted a ceremony for her.
Professor Ravishankar was also included as one of the 175 Faces of Chemistry by the RSC for her unique contributions to chemical sciences.


text:
American Pattern Forceps Wisdom are dental surgical instruments with an American-styled jaw design. These forceps are used in veterinary dental tooth extraction surgeries. Available in multiple variations and sizes.These sturdy instruments are used to extract wisdom teeth during dental extraction procedures. They are most commonly used in the tooth extraction procedures of small animals such as feline and canine.
- American pattern
- Ideal for wisdom teeth extraction
- Performance tested


API: Basic Objects
Links to other resources in the API are represented uniformly by so called link objects.
Local Properties
Property Description Type Required Nullable Default
href URL to the referenced resource (might be relative) String
title Representative label for the resource String
templated If true the href contains parts that need to be replaced by the client Boolean false
method The HTTP verb to use when requesting the resource String GET
payload The payload to send in the request to achieve the desired result String unspecified
identifier An optional unique identifier to the link object String unspecified
All link objects must contain the href property, though it might be null. Thus the following is a valid link object: { "href": null } whereas { } is not a valid link object. The meaning of "href": null is that no resource is referenced. For example a work package without an assignee will still have an assignee link, but its href will be null.
If a title is present, the client can display the title to the user when referring to the resource.
Templated links are links that contain client replaceable parts. Replaceable parts are enclosed in braces. For example the link api/v3/example/{id} is not complete in itself, but the client needs to replace the string {id} itself. As of now the API does not indicate the valid replacement values.
The method indicates which HTTP verb the client must use when following the link for the intended purpose.
If a payload is specified, it needs to be sent as the body of the request to achieve the desired result (e.g. perform the action represented by the link). If no payload is specified, there is either no payload to send or a valid payload is not specified by the link object. A payload might also be templated slightly. If the templated property is true, a payload might contain replaceable parts in its strings (e.g. { "href": "/api/v3/examples/{example_id}" }).
Note: When writing links (e.g. during a PATCH operation) only changes to href are accepted. Changes to all other properties will be silently ignored.
For resources invisible to the client (e.g. because of missing permissions), a link will contain the uri urn:openproject-org:api:v3:undisclosed instead of a url. This indicates the existence of a value without revealing the actual value. An example for this is the parent project. A project resource which itself might be visible to the client can have a reference to a parent project invisible to the same client. Revealing the existence of a parent over hiding has the benefit of allowing the client to make an informed decision of whether to keep the existing reference or updating it. Sending '{ "href": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:undisclosed" }' for a resource will have the effect of keeping the original value. This is especially beneficial if the client creates and updates resources based on the payload object provided as part of a form as is recommended when interacting with the API.
Errors
In case of an error, the API will respond with an appropriate HTTP status code. For responses with an HTTP status of 4xx and 5xx the body will always contain a single error object. Error objects shall give the client additional details about the cause of an erroneous response.
General errors
 - Error objects have their _type set to Error
 - The errorIdentifier serves as a unique (and machine readable) identifier for a specific error cause
 - There may be multiple possible error identifiers per HTTP status code
 - There may be multiple possible HTTP status codes per error identifier
 - The "List of Error Identifiers" defines the possible mappings between HTTP status and error identifier
 - The message contains a human readable concise message describing the error
 - It optionally includes specific information, for example which permission would have been needed to perform an action
 - It is localized depending on the users preferences
 - It must not include HTML or other kind of markup
 - Error messages form complete sentences including punctuation
Example
{
 "_type": "Error",
 "errorIdentifier": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InternalServerError",
 "message": "An internal server error occurred. This is not your fault."
}
Embedded error information
Errors might optionally contain embedded objects that contain further information.
Error details
Under the embedded key details there might be an object describing the error more verbosely. For example if the error affects a specific field, this field could be defined there.
Example
{
 "_type": "Error",
 "errorIdentifier": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:examples:ExampleError",
 "message": "This is an example error.",
 "_embedded": {
 "details": {
 "_type": "ExampleErrorDetailInformation",
 "erroneousField": "subject"
 }
 }
}
Multiple error objects
To ease implementation of basic clients it is guaranteed that the response body always only contains a single error object. However it is allowed that an error object embeds other error objects under the key errors, thereby aggregating them.
The errorIdentifier of such an object is always urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:MultipleErrors. The message can either describe one of the embedded errors or simply state that multiple errors occurred.
Example
{
 "_type": "Error",
 "errorIdentifier": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:MultipleErrors",
 "message": "Multiple fields violated their constraints.",
 "_embedded": {
 "errors": [
 {
 "_type": "Error",
 "errorIdentifier": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyConstraintViolation",
 "...": "..."
 },
 {
 "_type": "Error",
 "errorIdentifier": "urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyConstraintViolation",
 "...": "..."
 }
 ]
 }
}
List of Error Identifiers
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InvalidQuery (HTTP 400)
 The query contained a value that did not match the servers expectation
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InvalidRequestBody (HTTP 400)
 The format of the request body did not match the servers expectation
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InvalidRenderContext (HTTP 400)
 The client specified a rendering context that does not exist
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InvalidUserStatusTransition (HTTP 400)
 The client used an invalid transition in the attempt to change the status of a user account.
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:Unauthenticated (HTTP 401)
 The client has to authenticate to access the requested resource.
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:MissingPermission (HTTP 403)
 The client does not have the needed permissions to perform the requested action
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:NotFound (HTTP 404)
 Default for HTTP 404 when no further information is available
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:UpdateConflict (HTTP 409)
 The resource changed between GET-ing it and performing an update on it
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:TypeNotSupported (HTTP 415)
 The request contained data in an unsupported media type (Content-Type)
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyIsReadOnly (HTTP 422)
 The client tried to set or change a property that is not writable
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyConstraintViolation (HTTP 422)
 The client tried to set a property to an invalid value
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyValueNotAvailableAnymore (HTTP 422)
 An unchanged property needs to be changed, because other changes to the resource make it unavailable
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:ResourceTypeMismatch (HTTP 422)
 A link to a resource of a specific type was expected, but the link to another type of resource was provided
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:PropertyFormatError (HTTP 422)
 A property value was provided in a format that the server does not understand or accept
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:InternalServerError (HTTP 500)
 Default for HTTP 500 when no further information is available
 - urn:openproject-org:api:v3:errors:MultipleErrors
 Multiple errors occurred. See the embedded errors array for more details.
Formattable Text
OpenProject supports text formatting in Markdown. Properties that


text:
Yay! Let's play Bingo! Synonym Bingo makes teaching/reviewing intermediate synonyms FUN for students! What's unique about this Bingo set, is that the teacher calls out a word and students have to find the matching synonym on their Bingo board….so it's not a traditional "say and cover" Bingo. Students are really challenged to listen for, and think about synonyms!
You can use Synonym Bingo as a whole-class activity or as a small group literacy center. If you have a cluster of students in your class who need more of a challenge, see my store for the Synonym Bingo Level Three, which contains more challenging words! See the guide below for which Synonym Bingo Level is appropriate for your students, OR, you can buy all three levels in my SYNONYM BINGO BUNDLE for only $6.00!
Here are sample words from each Synonym Bingo Level (to help you find the level right for your students):
Synonym Bingo Level One:
Synonym Bingo Level Two:
Synonym Bingo Level Three:
Included in the file:
-18 different Synonym Bingo Cards – You can photocopy a second set if you want to play as a whole-class activity.
-45 synonym calling cards –Cut the cards apart and use them to call out a synonym to the word that students need to cover on their Bingo board.
-A synonym calling card list – You can call out synonyms for the students to cover on their Bingo board if you don't want to use the calling cards. Just highlight, circle or cross off a word once it has been called out.
-Two blank Synonym Bingo templates – These are great if you want students to fill in their own synonyms from a particular lesson you are teaching, or from hunting through a text for words/synonyms prior to playing Bingo.
-One blank set of calling cards – If you have students use synonyms from a lesson, these calling cards can quickly be filled in to play.
Synonym Bingo makes a great activity to have on hand for a sub too! Also, If you're looking for more synonym activities, check out my new Synonym Tile Cards in my store.
Thanks so much for your purchase!
You can visit my blog for more fun and freebies at:
Synonym Bingo Level Two by Erin Lane is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.


R/utils.R
Defines functions list_duplicates.tbl list_duplicates.character list_duplicates is_date_format is_natural_number enumerate.numeric enumerate.character enumerate enumerate.sequenized sequenize.integer sequenize
Documented in enumerate enumerate.character enumerate.numeric enumerate.sequenized is_date_format is_natural_number list_duplicates list_duplicates.character list_duplicates.tbl sequenize sequenize.integer
#' Sequenize Objects
#'
#' Generic function for sequenizing objects
#'
#' @param x object to sequenize
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{sequenize.integer}}
#' @export
sequenize <- function(x, ...) {
 UseMethod("sequenize", x)
}
#' Sequenize Integer Sequence
#'
#' Compression of integer sequences to 'start-end' notation.
#' For instance \code{c(1:5, 8:9)} becomes \code{"1-5, 8-9"}.
#'
#' @param x vector of integers.
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#'
#' @importFrom dplyr lag
#'
#' @return object of class \code{sequenized}
#'
#' @export
#'
#' @note The elements of \code{x} should be unique and in ascending order.
#'
#' @examples
#' sequenize(c(1:4, 8:9))
sequenize.integer <- function(x, ...) {
 n <- length(x)
 if (!all(order(x) == seq_len(n))) {
 stop(
 "the elements in x should be in ascending order",
 call. = FALSE
 )
 }
 if (length(unique(x)) != n) {
 stop(
 "the elements in x should be unique",
 call. = FALSE
 )
 }
 delta <- diff(x)
 i2 <- c(which(delta > 1L), n)
 i1 <- lag(i2, default = 0L) + 1L
 result <- list(from = x[i1], to = x[i2])
 class(result) <- "sequenized"
 result
}
#' Convert Sequenized Output to Character String
#'
#' @param x object of class \code{sequenized}.
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#' @return string representation (character vector of length 1) of
#' a sequenized object
#' @seealso \code{\link{sequenize.integer}}
#' @export
#'
#' @importFrom dplyr if_else
#' @importFrom stringr str_c
enumerate.sequenized <- function(x, ...) {
 str_c(
 if_else(
 x$from == x$to,
 str_c(x$from),
 str_c(x$from, x$to, sep = "-")
 ),
 collapse = ", "
 )
}
#' Enumerate Objects
#'
#' Generic function for enumerating objects
#'
#' @param x object to enumerate
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#' @seealso \code{\link{enumerate.character}}
#' @export
enumerate <- function(x, ...) {
 UseMethod("enumerate", x)
}
#' Enumerate Character Vector
#'
#' Collapsing a \code{character} vector of length n, to a
#' \code{character} vector of length 1.
#'
#' @param x character vector
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#'
#' @return \code{character} vector of length 1, with elements
#' separated by a comma except for the last element which
#' is prepended by "and".
#'
#' @examples
#' enumerate("apples")
#' enumerate(c("apples", "oranges"))
#' enumerate(c("apples", "oranges", "pears"))
#' @export
enumerate.character <- function(x, ...) {
 n <- length(x)
 if (n <= 1L) {
 return(x)
 }
 if (n == 2L) {
 return(str_c(x[1], " and ", x[2]))
 }
 return(str_c(str_c(x[-n], collapse = ", "), " and ", x[n]))
}
#' @describeIn enumerate enumerate \code{numeric} vector.
#' @export
enumerate.numeric <- function(x, ...) {
 enumerate(format(x, ...))
}
#' Test for Natural Numbers
#'
#' Test for natural numbers according to ISO 80000-2, that is the set {0, 1, 2, ...}
#'
#' @param x \code{numeric} vector
#'
#' @return \code{TRUE} in case \code{x} is a natural number,
#' \code{FALSE} otherwise.
#'
#' @examples
#' stopifnot(!is_natural_number(3.1))
#' stopifnot(!is_natural_number(2.99))
#' stopifnot(is_natural_number(3))
#' stopifnot(all(is_natural_number(0:9)))
#' stopifnot(sum(is_natural_number(c(1, 2.5, 3))) == 2)
#'
#' @export
is_natural_number <- function(x) {
 if (!is.numeric(x)) {
 return(rep.int(FALSE, length(x)))
 }
 epsilon <- .Machine$double.eps
 !is.na(x) & (x > -epsilon) & (abs(x - round(x)) < epsilon)
}
#' Check Date Format
#'
#' Checks if the data format \code{x} complies with \code{format}.
#'
#' @param x object of class \code{character} or \code{Date}
#' @param format required date format (see \code{\link{strptime}})
#'
#' @return \code{TRUE} if \code{x} complies with \code{format},
#' and \code{FALSE} otherwise.
#' @examples
#' is_date_format("2019-05-14", "%Y-%m-%d")
#' @export
is_date_format <- function(x, format = "%Y-%m-%d") {
 suppressWarnings(
 x %>%
 as.character %>%
 parse_date(format) %>%
 is.na %>% {
 !.
 }
 )
}
#' List Duplicates
#'
#' Lists all duplicates as a list of tuples.
#'
#' @param x object of class \code{\link{character}}, \code{\link{tibble}}
#' or \code{\link{data.frame}})
#' @param \dots further arguments passed to or from other methods.
#'
#' @return \code{\link{list}} of row numbers with duplicates
#' @export
list_duplicates <- function(x, ...) {
 UseMethod("list_duplicates", x)
}
#' @importFrom purrr compact
#' @describeIn list_duplicates list duplicates for a \code{\link{character}} vector.
#' @examples
#' list_duplicates(c("a", "b", "c")) # list()
#' list_duplicates(c("a", "b", "a", "c")) # list(c(1, 3))
#' @export
list_duplicates.character <- function(x, ...) {
 n <- length(x)
 active <- rep.int(x = TRUE, times = n)
 result <- vector(mode = "list", length = n)
 if (n <= 1L) {
 return(NULL)
 }
 for (i in 1:(n-1)) {
 r <- i
 for (


Friday, March 30, 2012
Alpheid Shrimp/Gobbid – The Landlord and his Tennant
Introduction: The Alpheid shrimp its Gobbid (the goby), engage in a very interesting mutualistic relationship. While the shrimp burrows in the sand digging a home for the two, the goby keeps an eye out for predators and any sign of danger. Goby-Shrimp relationships can be found in numerous tropical regions but extensive research has been done in the Red Sea, Japan, and Hawaii. Over 70 different species of gobies have been associated with shrimp so far [1]. Specific shrimp goby partnerships often change. When researchers tagged the shrimp and the gobies, often times individual shrimp goby pairs split up and found new partners [1].
Description of the Relationship: Many researchers have tried to figure out how the shrimp/goby relationship has formed. Most have come to the conclusion that the relationship evolved as a way for both species to avoid predation [1]. Many Alpheid shrimp are nearly blind, so without their goby partner, they are unable to detect predation [2]. The two find each other in different ways. The goby relies on vision to find its shrimp partner, where as the shrimp relies on chemical attractions to the goby[1]. While the shrimp digs through the sand, the goby hangs out behind him looking out for danger. Because the shrimp is nearly blind, he keeps one antenna on the tail of the goby at all times [1]. When the goby detects danger, he slightly flicks his tail, which signals the shrimp to dart into its burrow, with the goby following behind [1]. Because the partnership helps reduce encounters with predators and it does not involve any metabolic processes, this type of mutualism would be considered facultative. Each, individual could live without the other, but when, paired together, it decreases death caused by predators.
Cost/Benefit Analysis: There is a fairly even ratio of cost to benefit in the shrimp/goby interaction. While the shrimp uses a lot of energy to burrow in the sand, he greatly benefits from the protection of the goby because without the goby, the shrimp could not see its predators and would be easy prey. Although the goby acts as a look out for the shrimp, he gets in return a place to hide from predators. The shrimp always keeps his antenna in contact with the goby as to not lose his partner. The shrimp puts more effort into this relationship but also arguably has more to lose without it.
Thursday, March 29, 2012
Cactus Wren on Cholla: Best Buddies
Cactus Wren on Cholla: Best Buddies
The Cactus Wren, also known as Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, is the largest bird found in parts of North America such as Southern California, Southern Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Western Texas, and Northern Mexico [1]. The normal size of a wren is about 8 inches long [1]. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus is distinguished from other birds because it's belly has spots, and speckled brown, black and white feathers on its back, wings and head. It also has black feathers on its throat and a long stripe of white feathers [1]. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus lives in desert areas such as a large cactus known as Cylindropuntia, commonly known as 'cholla' [2]. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus finds its food from the ground using its long bill. They usually eat ants, beetles, grasshoppers, wasps, fruits and seeds. However, it also eats small frogs and lizards. The wren is adapted to the life in the desert and gets most of the water from the food it eats in order to survive [1]. Cylindropuntia are found in North American deserts with more than 20 species found in the Southern America [3]. "Cholla" is the term used to describe shrubby cacti with cylindrical stems that have segmented joints [3]. The cactus wren lives on large cacti like the 'cholla' in order for the cholla to hold its large nests.There is a commensalistic relationship between the cholla cactus and wren.
Commensalism is a relationship in which one of the organism's benefits (gets what it needs) while the other organism neither benefits nor is harmed. In the relationship between the cactus wren and cholla, the cactus wrens build their nests in cholla cacti. The spines of the cactus help by protecting the nest from predators. In this relationship, the cactus wren receives what it needs, i.e. nest protection [4]. The cholla cactus neither benefits nor is harmed by the nests that the cactus wrens form [4].
Cost/Benefit Analysis:
There is no cost in this relationship for the cactus wren. The wren benefits from the cholla by gaining shelter without harming the cholla. The wren builds its nest inside the cholla so that it has a cooler place to live in rather than the hot weather outside in the desert. The cholla also helps the wren by protecting it from predators through its spines. The cholla has no cost because the wren does not harm the cholla in any way. The cholla helps the wren by providing it shelter.
Wednesday, March 28, 2012
The Anglerfish and Her Pyrotechnic Display:
The anglerfish is a large group of more than two hundred species of deep sea-dwelling fishes of the order Lophiiforms. Anglerfish are generally less than a foot long, but may reach lengths of up to 3.3 meters [1]. They appear dark gray to dark brown with enormous heads that are loaded will numerous sharp, invisible teeth. One of the most interesting features of the anglerfish is its method of reproduction. The male anglerfish is much smaller than the female and when it encounters a mate, the male anglerfish fastens on by means of its mouth [1]. Gradually, the male is absorbed by the female until the only organ remaining is the testes. This ensures that when the female anglerfish releases her eggs, she will have a ready supply of sperm [1].
These unique fishes are found in the Atlantic and Antarctic oceans in the bathypelagic zone which extends from 1,000 to 4,000 meters below the ocean's surface [2]. The problem that most organisms face at this depth is the limited amount of sunlight that is capable of reaching this layer. Inevitably, this makes capturing prey and avoiding predation a very daunting task. However, Lophius piscatorius is a model species of this large group of anglerfish which utilizes a long, bioluminescent rod that extends from above its mouth found only on the females [1]. This rod, which is actually an extension of a dorsal spine, is home to a colony of bioluminescent bacteria that enable L. piscatorius to easily lure curious prey towards its plethora of razor teeth [3].
Description of the Relationship:
 The relationship between the anglerfish and its bioluminescent bacteria can most clearly be defined as mutualism in which both partners benefit from the relationship. The presence of the internal mutualist bacteria allows the host anglerfish to capture prey more easily, while the so-called fishing rod that houses the bacteria provides a nutrient-rich environment for the bacteria to flourish [4]. Presumably, this organ has openings to the ocean that allows the bacteria to colonize and form a very specific relationship. For example, while it is still unknown which bacteria colonize the specialized dorsal fin of the anglerfish, other relationships between bioluminescent bacteria and deep sea fishes suggest that only one bacterial species is involved [4]. Genetic data provided by Haygood (1993) suggests that the bioluminescent bacteria are most likely from the genus Vibrio which produces bioluminescence through quorum sensing [5].
 Quorum sensing functions to produce bioluminescence in many bacterial colonies by manufacturing the necessary cellular products to generate luminescence only after a particular threshold of bacteria has been established in the colony [3]. Bacteria produce molecules that are released into the environment and by sensing the number of these molecules, they can accurately estimate how many bacterial cells are present. Once that critical number of bacteria is present, the colony of bacteria begins to glow.
 The light organ that houses these bacteria in the anglerfish constantly leaks bacterial cells into the surrounding ocean at a rate of about 107 to 108 cells per hour from colonies of about 1011 cells per milliliter [4]. By leaking these bacterial cells into the surrounding water, the progeny of the anglerfish are able to develop lures with the same bacteria as that of their parents through vertical transmission as well as providing an environmental reservoir [4].
 The relationship between bioluminescent bacteria and fishes is not unique. In fact, there are several examples that include deep sea spookfish and rattails employing Photobacterium phosphoreum and, in shallower water, flashlight fish and pony fish utilizing Vibro fischeri or Photobacterium leiognathi [4]. As mentioned earlier, the


text:
Research Scientist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Dr. Vincent Realmuto is a Principal Scientist in the Earth Surface and Interior Group (329A) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He pioneered the use of multispectral TIR image data to map volcanic SO2 plumes and developed the Plume Tracker tool kit with support from the Advanced Information System Technology Program (2012-2015) and Terra-Aqua Science Program (2004-2007 and 2011-2014). Dr. Realmuto has extensive experience with the remote sensing of volcanic phenomena, image processing and analysis, and scientific visualization. He is a Principal Investigator in the Earth Surface and Interior Focus Area, HyspIRI Preparatory Science Airborne Program, and MODIS-VIIRS Science Program, and led recent (January 2017 & 2018) airborne investigations of the gas plumes from Kilauea Volcano. Dr. Realmuto is a charter member of the HyspIRI/SBG Science Study Team and a member of the science team for the recently-selected (EVI-4) EMIT mission to map the surface mineralogy of arid-land dust source regions.


text:
Microsoft announced a new column-store database technology in its SQL Server 2012 and claimed to add update ability to it in the next release.
Basically, a traditional database writes data one row at a time. With the new column-store technology, SQL Server writes data one column at a time. So, for a table with an ID and name columns and 1,000 rows of data, SQL Server writes the 1,000 IDs first and then writes the 1,000 names next.
The advantage of the column-store technology is that it becomes very quick to filter rows, if data are written this way, because most database operations belong to this category. However, its benefit is limited, if there are frequent updates to the data, such as the data in an On-Line Transactional Processing (OLTP) system.
If there are frequent updates, the column of data written will require frequent rebuild. For example, if the ID of a person changes from 10 characters to 20 characters, there will be no space to update the ID, if it is sequentially written to database column-wise. This essentially slows down the database process. Then, how does Microsoft fix this problem?
The solution to this problem is the introduction of "logical delete".
When new rows of data are added to a table, SQL Server can just append the columns of those data to the end of each individual column. So, data insert is not an issue to column-store today.
When rows of data are deleted, SQL server does not physically remove / delete the data in the column-store. Instead, it marks them as deleted in the column-store. This is called "logical delete".
When rows of data are updated, SQL Server marks those records as deleted and inserts those new rows to the end of the column-store.
As a result of the "logical delete", records marked as deleted would accumulate quickly. To remedy the growing overhead to the database, DBAs would need to add a new maintenance task to rebuild the column store by actually deleting those rows of data in the column-store. This is how Microsoft can support data update with its new column-store technology.


Chemistry Department
Chemistry Education Graduate Program
Why pursue a Master of Science in Secondary Education at Missouri State?
The Master of Science in Education-Secondary Education (MSEd) program, provides you with the opportunity to expand on your chemistry knowledge while improving your teaching practices. The chemistry education graduate program offers you a deeper understanding of the relationship between science and education in a controlled environment for exceptional learning, practice and research. You will also gain valuable classroom skills and training while working in the state-of-the-art lab classroom at the Greenwood Laboratory School.
Teaching chemistry and beyond
A degree in chemistry education provides the necessary skills and abilities for a variety of careers beyond secondary education settings. Upon receiving your degree in chemistry education, you may pursue a career teaching chemistry at the secondary or college level, work for the federal government or pursue a career in health care, public relations or in research.
Missouri State Career Center