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May 19th, 2013 Pentecost May 20th, 2013 Whit Monday May 21st, 2013 World Day for Cultural Diversity May 22nd, 2013 National Maritime Day May 22nd, 2013 World Biological Diversity Day May 25th, 2013 African Liberation Day May 26th, 2013 Trinity Sunday May 27th, 2013 Memorial Day May 27th, 2013 Jefferson Davis Birthday May 29th, 2013 International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers May 30th, 2013 Corpus Christi May 31st, 2013 World No Tobacco Day June 1st, 2013 Statehood Day June 3rd, 2013 Jefferson Davis Birthday June 4th, 2013 World Day for Child Victims of Aggression June 5th, 2013 World Environment Day June 6th, 2013 Isra and Mi'raj June 8th, 2013 World Oceans Day June 11th, 2013 Kamehameha Day June 12th, 2013 World Day Against Child Labour June 14th, 2013 World Blood Donor Day June 14th, 2013 Flag Day June 16th, 2013 Father's Day June 17th, 2013 Bunker Hill Day June 17th, 2013 World Day to Combat Desertification June 19th, 2013 Juneteenth June 20th, 2013 World Refugee Day June 20th, 2013 West Virginia Day
16th Century Spanish Baroque Painted Wooden Sculpture. Polychrome Infant Jesus For Sale
Striking Spanish Baroque Painted Wooden Sculpture from the 16th Century. Polychrome Infant Jesus with the Globe in his Hand
Antique and valuable Spanish painted wooden sculpture depicting Infant Jesus with the Globe in his hand. This is an original polychrome carving from the 16th century that still keeps a great part of the painting that covered it completely hundreds of years ago. It is a very antique and highly appealing piece, an iconographic representation known as "Niño de la Bola" or "Santo Niño de la Bola" (Holy Child with the Ball). These sculptures are representations of Jesus Christ as Infant Jesus carrying a ball in his hand that symbolizes the World. In this particular piece the ball is missing, but the figure still preserves all its charming and beautiful presence though hundreds of years have passed by since it was made.
The Child is standing on an anvil-shaped wooden pedestal. The figure depicts a completely naked child who is lifting his right hand in a blessing pose. The fingers of this hand are missing and so is the left hand that in origin would carry the Globe. The rest of the sculpture is almost complete, and some points have been attacked by antique woodworm. Nevertheless the figure has been treated and the woodworm is completely eradicated.
This sculpture keeps a great part of its original painted covering, and this feature provides it with high value and enhances its deep beauty. More than the fifty per cent of its surface is covered by stucco and temple painting used to embellish this kind of pieces. The skin's delicate color shows light shades of pink in some places such as the lips and cheeks, turning this sculpture into a charming piece. The figure's back also keeps most of its paint; the covering is missing mostly at the front left side of the piece.
This amazing sculpture is a real collector's piece because of its ancient age and great beauty. It deserves a place of honor in an elegant room or a stylish house.
Measurements: Width: 340 mm. Height: 780 mm.
I think I left nothing in the description but if I forgot something, I'll be glad to answer any questions. offer with confidence. We are professional antique dealers.
For any questions about this or any other article you can contact me through or by calling +34 976 45 39 31. We are open from 9 am to 8 pm Madrid time.
Thanks for trusting me and enjoy!
My name is José Pascual, and I am an antique dealer located in Zaragoza, Spain, which is a medium size city between Madrid and Barcelona. If you have any question, send me an email and I will gladly answer you. Enjoy my articles and I hope we keep in touch.
Best wishes from Spain."
José Pascual Aznar
CLICK here to see my other items
BUY SAFELY WITH US
As important is to win the sale as what happens afterwards. Our work is not complete until you receive your item safely in your home.
- We are a 5 Stars Seller, which means that, certify that we have achieved the highest standards of quality in the service we offer. - We certify that our products are 100% originals. Otherwise we undertake to refund of the purchase. - We certify that the description and dating of the article that we give is 100% accurate. Otherwise also, we pledge to refund of the purchase. - This article will be perfectly packed so that it arrives in excellent condition. We pay full attention that you receive your article perfectly. We treat the article as if it were going to be sent to ourselves. Shipments are made with the best transport agencies worldwide, with the possibility of express delivery and insured. All shipments have tracking number via the Internet, so that at all times we know where your package is. Some articles as antique weapons, can not be sent by ordinary mail. We will contact you once the sale is ended, to specify the type of delivery.
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Investing in antiques is always a nice way to profitable your money. Many collectors have became millionairs. If you are starting a collection, follow these important tips:
- If you want to invest in antiques, always choose original pieces and avoid reproductions. A reproduction loses half of its value in the same minute that you are purchasing it, while an original antique gains value each passing day. This is an original antique and its value will continue growing tomorrow.
- Read and learn about for area of interest: swords, clocks, phonographs, antique photos, old silver, technical antiques, typewriters... Invest in books as much as in your collection and learn as much as you can. If you keep your collecction catalogued, you will increase its value.
- Keep yourself informed about the market prices in your area of interest. There are many sources but mainly, visit as many fairs as you can, research in the Internet and read the final sales prices in the traditional sale houses.
- Finally... Collect antiques, not junk. It is always better a small collection with excellent pieces than a huge collection of junk, rusty irons and broken machines. Select your pieces. There is not a goal to reach, so take the pleasure in in the process of your treasure hunting. A collection should be something to enjoy, and there is many interesting pieces out there and very few time to enjoy them, so be selective with your choices.
If you follow these simple steps you will be in the correct direction to develop an excellent collection, whatever is your area of interest and, for me the most important of all, enjoying the process


The Dilemma of Choice
Some people know what they want to study and what they want to become like the back of their hand. They start building their foundations in a way that gets them closer to their goals. While some other people just can't decide what they want to pursue, either because they are good at a lot of things, or because they feel they are good at none. In both cases, they need help and counselling to arrive at a decision to choose their higher studies and future plans.
Questions to ask yourself to know what you want to study
 1. What are you good at?
The very first question you need to answer is what you like to study that you are good at. Not only introspect on this, but also compare your grades in those subjects to assess what you are good at. Make a list of those subjects.
 1. What don't you want to do?
Regardless of your like and dislike, figure out the subject that you don't want to take up as your career. You can do this evaluating the job opportunities that you have in that field of study and the kind of work you'd have to do. Use your imagination and decide whether or not you think you want to take it up as your specialization.
 1. Are you thinking practically?
Yes, thinking practically is a good thing and it doesn't mean you are killing your soul. It means that you are thinking about your future and your potential development in your career.
If you are stuck between choosing one option of two that you like, think about the kind of university that provides sufficient education that can prepare you to earn your living; the availability and affordability of such a university, and the scope for longterm growth. It is also possible to take up one of the choices as a major career path while pursuing a minor in the other one, so that you can study both but also build clear goals without letting your enthusiasm about various things disrupt your ammbitions.


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Malawi has experienced modest economic growth over the last decade and a half. However, agricultural growth has been particularly erratic, and while the incidence of poverty has declined, it still remains high. The Malawian government, within the framework of the Agricultural Development Plan (ADP), is in the process of implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), which provides an integrated framework of development priorities aimed at restoring agricultural growth, rural development and food security. This paper analyzes agricultural growth and investment options that can support the development of a comprehensive agricultural development strategy consistent with the principles and objectives of the CAADP, which include achieving six percent agricultural growth and allocating at least ten percent of budgetary resources to the sector.
Economic modeling results indicate that it is possible for Malawi to reach the CAADP target of six percent agricultural growth. However, achievement of these goals will require additional growth in most crops and agricultural sub-sectors, meaning that Malawi cannot rely solely on growth in maize or tobacco to reach this growth target. Broader-based agricultural growth, including growth in pulses and horticultural crops, will be important if this target is to be achieved. So, too, is meeting the Maputo declaration of spending at least ten percent of the government's total budget on agriculture. In fact, even under a more optimistic and efficient spending scenario, the Government of Malawi must increase its spending on agriculture in real value terms by about 20 percent per year between 2006 and 2015, and account for at least 24 percent of its total expenditure by 2015 if the CAADP goals are to be met.
Although agriculture has strong linkages to the rest of the economy, with agricultural growth typically resulting in substantial overall growth in the economy and rising incomes in rural and urban areas, simply achieving the CAADP target of six percent will not be sufficient to halve poverty by 2015, i.e. achieving the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1). To achieve this more ambitious target, agriculture and non-agriculture would need an average annual growth rate above seven percent. This growth requirement is substantial, as is the associated resource requirements, indicating that the MDG1 target may be beyond reach. However, achieving the CAADP target should remain a priority, as this goal has more reasonable growth and expenditure requirements, and will substantially reduce the number of people living below the poverty line by 2015 and significantly improve the well-being of both rural and urban households.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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From InsideHigherEd, an article on how MIT has set up some of their electrical engineering labs so that they can be controled remotely, and how students from all over the world are able to take advantage of their facilities.
Thanks to software developed and distributed by the institute, students can control MIT's cutting edge equipment while eating cereal at their laptop in a Cambridge dorm, or from another continent. Students from Singapore to Sweden have logged in to run experiments on MIT's equipment in the last few years. Now, thanks to a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, MIT is getting African universities, which would not otherwise have access to top-of-the-line equipment, into the "iLabs."
I reviewed a book on this topic, Lab on the Web: Running Real Electronics Experiments via the Internet, edited by Tor A. Fjeldly, Michael S. Shur for E-Streams.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Apart from different programming languages, the cold fusion language is widely popular in terms of less code and with the existence of excellent debugging options etc. This is the reason why the demand of coldfusion developers requirement is more now a day's. Actually there is an Adobe cold fusion is a web application was introduced by J.J. Alliare. Formerly this cold fusion is utilized popularly with a rapid web application development platform developed by this founder only.
Features of cold fusion:
It is very easy and simple language to understand and you can write a code easily in a simple format compared to other programming languages. It accesses the database in a simple format. This language has a strong feature converting HTML language to PDF language.
Elements of CFML (cold fusion markup language):
It is categorized in different elements. There are number of coldfusion developers compared to other programming developers are also due to its excellent features existence.
Let's focus below;
- It consists of low learning curve. It is easier to learn and understandable language. It consists of fee applications and for the purpose coding associated tools are also helpful for coding. There is a feature named CF Eclipse in which it has advanced IDE for handling this cold fusion.
- This language is utmost helpful in order to create flash and flex. Being a scripting language it has various numbers of options available in this language. Compared to other programming languages, debugging is simple as it contains very less code to program.
- Some of the other elements featured are manipulating of images and PDF's, besides this it is also helpful in creating PDF generation as well.
- It also consists of extraordinary debugging options as well. Finally this language is featured with different elements and features, but its main motive is to build up extraordinary web applications. Moreover mostly many of the people are using this language as a form of command line language too.
- It is easier and simple language. You can even compile and execute it easily as well when compared to other existing languages.
- Being framed like a scripted language, it is quite familiar like a java script language only. Its way of coding is as familiar to other coders too. But instantly it may also lose the track of reading syntax which is even easier to read.
- This programming language has a direct association when it comes to working with java. If this association is not possible, you may do integration with java simultaneously. This is an added feature with this language.
- Being a scripted language, it acts as a primary language which also works with HTML language directly as well.
It is very expensive in cost compared to other programming languages which have wider hosting support. At previous times, this cold fusion is not much popular comparatively with hardcore coders.
This cold fusion has become popular when the internet existence (web) introduced into the world. When we come across security point of view, in order to safeguard websites, this cold fusion utilization is widely popular and attains fame as the best reputed web application development software. The main advantage of this programming language is building up and maintaining a web code in a faster approach.


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April 3, 1814
October 10, 1901
Years as President:
"As a servant of God, I bear witness to the revelations of His will in the nineteenth century."
Lorenzo Snow was born April 3, 1814, in Mantua, Ohio. As a youth, he preferred academic study to an apprenticeship. Study of Hebrew and theology led to his conversion to the Church in 1836. He spent the rest of his life in service as a missionary, Apostle, and Church President, a position he filled on September 13, 1898. He helped the Church recover from the challenges of the previous decades. He stabilized Church finances as members increased their tithes and offerings, and he expanded Church missionary efforts. As Church President at the dawning of the twentieth century, he opened a new era in Latter-day Saint history. He died in Salt Lake City on October 10, 1901, at the age of 87.


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The Danish government has taken a range of initiatives to strengthen entrepreneurship education and analyses show that more pupils and students than earlier now receive entrepreneurship teaching and training.
A recent study from the Foundation for Entrepreneurship – Young Enterprise Denmark show that entrepreneurship education and training has a positive impact on motivation for and inclination for starting business. This means that people who have studied entrepreneurship or been trained in entrepreneurship at some point actually start more businesses than people who have not received this kind of education.
The Danish survey also showed that people who are trained are more inclined to start a business, intend to do so and own or run an established company. Entrepreneurship education also has a positive effect on income. All analyses show a positive correlation between entrepreneurship education and income. People who are trained tend to get considerably higher income than people who are not trained.
A longitudinal study by Charney and Libecap showed that entrepreneurship graduates received an average annual income that was 27 percent higher than the average annual income of non-entrepreneurship graduates. In addition, the GEM survey shows that the more people have been trained the higher income they tend to get, and the increase is considerable.
To read the Survey, click on the picture below:


Definitions for quadratrix
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word quadratrix
Wiktionary
 1. quadratrix(Noun)
 A curve having ordinates which are a measure of the area (or quadrature) of another curve.
 2. Origin: Latin quadrator, squarer
Webster Dictionary
 1. Quadratrix(noun)
 a curve made use of in the quadrature of other curves; as the quadratrix, of Dinostratus, or of Tschirnhausen
Freebase
 1. Quadratrix
 In mathematics, a quadratrix is a curve having ordinates which are a measure of the area of another curve. The two most famous curves of this class are those of Dinostratus and E. W. Tschirnhausen, which are both related to the circle. The quadratrix of Dinostratus was well known to the ancient Greek geometers, and is mentioned by Proclus, who ascribes the invention of the curve to a contemporary of Socrates, probably Hippias of Elis. Dinostratus, a Greek geometer and disciple of Plato, discussed the curve, and showed how it affected a mechanical solution of squaring the circle. Pappus, in his Collections, treats its history, and gives two methods by which it can be generated. ⁕Let a helix be drawn on a right circular cylinder; a screw surface is then obtained by drawing lines from every point of this spiral perpendicular to its axis. The orthogonal projection of a section of this surface by a plane containing one of the perpendiculars and inclined to the axis is the quadratrix. ⁕A right cylinder having for its base an Archimedean spiral is intersected by a right circular cone which has the generating line of the cylinder passing through the initial point of the spiral for its axis. From every point of the curve of intersection, perpendiculars are drawn to the axis. Any plane section of the screw surface so obtained is the quadratrix.
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U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service
VI. PREPARING THE NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATION
To prepare a National Register nomination, follow basic instructions in National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form.
The following guidance supplements that Bulletin and is organized according to the section name of the National Register registration form.
NAME OF PROPERTY
The historic name of aviation properties will be used to identify it in the National Register files, the computerized National Register Information System (NRIS), and any publications. If there is more than one historic name for a facility, enter the name that best reflects the significance of the property; enter other historic or different names under "other names."
Intact aircraft are classified as "structures"; aviation wrecks are either structures or "sites." Other examples of structures are navigation beacons and seaplane ramps. A single air-related facility (such as a hangar, a terminal building, or a control tower) is a "building." An air-related facility with a combination of buildings, sites, structures, or objects is a "district." Refer to National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form for definitions and additional examples.
GUIDELINES FOR COUNTING AVIATION RESOURCES
Contributing and non-contributing resources are counted according to guidelines in National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form. An aircraft counts as one structure. For air-related facilities count only buildings, objects, structures, or sites which are substantial in size and scale, or that are specifically discussed in the text.
National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form includes a list of historic functions that should be consulted to define both the historic and present uses of the historic aviation property. Only the most predominant functions of the property should be listed. Functions that may apply to historic aviation properties could include: "domestic" (for institutional housing on an air base); "commerce/trade" (for an air-related facility associated with commercial endeavors); "social" (for an air-related facility containing an important recreation hall); "education" (for air-related educational institutions); "industry" (for aircraft manufacturing plants); "defense" (for aircraft, air base, missile launching sites); and "transportation" (for aircraft, hangars, airports, launching sites).
In this section provide a narrative describing the current and historic appearance and condition of the historic aviation property. The narrative should begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the property, noting its major physical characteristics and assessing its overall integrity. Additional paragraphs describing the aviation property should support the summary paragraph.
In describing aircraft, use official designations:
. Manufacturer's designation
. Constructor's number
. Civil or military registration number
. Civil or military designation of type or class
. Aircraft's configuration sequence
. Type model number
. Status prefix letters
. Special purpose suffix letters
. Mission designation
. Serial number for the specific aircraft
. Appropriate designations for major components,like engines,propellers, and landing gear, and the manufacturers of the major components
For aircraft, the Description Section should address the following:
. When was the aircraft constructed?
. What are the aircraft's historic characteristics?
. What were the historical influences (such as design, materials, style or function) on the aircraft's appearance?
. What modifications, major repairs, alterations, and other changes have been made over time and when? How have these changes (other than routine maintenance that replaces existing parts in kind) affected the aircraft's integrity?
. What is the current condition of the aircraft, including exterior and interior features?
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
The Statement of Significance is a narrative that describes why the historic aviation property was important by explaining how the property relates to its historic context, National Register criteria, and areas and periods of significance. The important events and persons, design qualities, or information potential associated with the property are discussed. The Statement of Significance should begin with a summary paragraph describing the overall importance of the aviation property and should be followed with additional paragraphs supporting the significance of the property and its associated important events and people.
The Statement of Significance should address:
. How the property meets one or more of the National Register criteria
. Do any of the National Register criteria considerations apply to the property?
. What are the areas of significance with which the property is associated?
. What is the property's period of significance?
. Who are the leading individuals associated with the property and what was their role in the property's history?
AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE
From National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form, select the "areas of significance" which reflect the importance of the nominated property. Common areas of significance to consider for historic aviation properties are:
. Agriculture: aircraft engaged in agricultural production, such as crop dusters.
. Architecture: air-related facilities which are good representatives of a type, period, or method of construction; or that represent the work of a master; or that possess high artistic value; or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction.
. Archeology: aircraft (or aviation wrecks) and air-related facilities that have yielded or may be likely to yield information important in the history of aircraft design, production, maintenance or operation.
. Art: air-related facilities embodying significant artistic design features, or an aircraft exhibiting significant example of artistic markings or decoration.
. Commerce: aircraft, airways, airfields, and air-related buildings associated with the growth or development of the business of trading goods, services, and commodities.
. Communications: aircraft
or aids to navigation associated with the technology and process of transmitting information.
. Education: air-related facilities associated with conveying or acquiring knowledge of
aviation design, doctrine, or training.
. Engineering: aircraft, manufacturing plants, or research facilities important for aviation technological developments, or aircraft significant for their engineering characteristics.
. Entertainment/Recreation: aircraft used for leisure activities, diversion, amusement, or sport, and aircraft plants associated with the production of civilian recreational aircraft, as well as properties used in recreational aviation activities.
. Industry: manufacturing plants associated with the production of aircraft and aircraft
. Invention: aircraft or air-related facilities associated with the invention or refinement of aircraft design.
. Landscape Architecture: air-related facilities exhibiting significant landscape design
. Military: aircraft, airfields, manufacturing plants, or research facilities associated with the development of
. Politics/Government: an aircraft or air-related facility associated with significant political events.
. Science: aircraft or air-related facilities associated with scientific experiments or other research.
. Social History: aircraft associated with humanitarian missions (for example, saving of life or delivery of relief in times of emergency).
. Transportation: aircraft or air-related facilities associated with the development of air transport of passengers, express or cargo, and mail.
General guidelines for preparing a boundary description and justification are found in National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form. For historic aircraft, the verbal boundary description may refer to the extent or dimensions of the aircraft and give its location.
PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS
Refer to National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form for requirements.
|National Register Home | Publications Home | Previous Page | Next Page|


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Cabinet has endorsed the creation of a national physical activity Day to address the raising burden of non-communicable (NCD) disease like diabetes, cancer and hypertension.
According to statement issued by the executive director of Uganda Media Centre Ofwono Opondo, the resolution to launch the national fitness day on July 8, at Kololo Ceremonial Grounds was reached during a cabinet meeting chaired by President Museveni on Monday at State House, Entebbe.
The day, according to statement will be celebrated under the theme "my health is my responsibility"
Opondo said the National Physical Day is aimed at encouraging the population to adopt physical activity as a routine in their lifestyles in order to prevent Non- Communicable Diseases.
It will also be used to equip members of the public with more information about the importance of physical activities in Non-Communicable Diseases prevention and control.
This decision by government to earmark a national fitness day comes after a study by the Ministry of Health indicated that one in every four Ugandan adults has an altered heart function inform of raised blood pressure.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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There are many striking differences between a fence post and a human being, but one may prove particularly useful to robotic vehicles: temperature.
At least that's what the established thermal imaging firm FLIR and the Israeli startup Adasky think. Both companies are building new thermal sensors for use in autonomous cars, and they believe that the extra data could be used to spot hazards in adverse conditions. Humans and animals on or near the road, in particular, create far more heat than their surroundings.
Some high-end automakers, including Porsche, BMW, and Audi, have been fitting vehicles with thermal imaging sensors from FLIR for several years. The vehicles use them to alert a driver to the presence of animals or people on the road at night, which may not show up within reach of the car's headlights. Those sensors offer an image 320 pixels wide by 240 high.
Now, both FLIR and Adasky hope to achieve a similar result in autonomous cars using new sensors that they're both building.
Adasky today announced a new far-infrared sensor, called Viper, that offers better resolution (640 pixels by 480) at refresh rates of 60 frames per second and can detect temperature differences as small as 0.05 °C. Adasky's Dror Meiri tells MIT Technology Review that such sensitivity allows the device not just to spot something like an elk on the road, but also to easily discern things like black ice on the surface of a highway. He says the device should be in mass production by 2020.
The video above shows Adasky's sensor in use on a country road. On the left is a visible-light camera, on the right its thermal sensor. Cyclists, pedestrians, and animals certainly show up far more sharply on the right. And the sharp contrast with surroundings would make it easier for a car to approach those living hazards with caution in a way that lidar, which provides only ranging information, may not.
FLIR is also developing a VGA device for use specifically in self-driving cars. Paul Clayton, director of automotive at FLIR, says that sample units of the sensors are being shipped to some manufacturers for testing this year and that mass-produced sensors could cost "a couple of hundred bucks."
If you're wondering why another sensor may be required in a driverless car, both companies point to an important, if uninspiring word: redundancy. "It's an augment, a somewhat redundant sensor that helps classify in bad lighting conditions or weather," explains Clayton. We've explained in the past that multiple sensors can allow autonomous cars to make better sense of their surroundings, and the sharp contrast of thermal imaging may enable, say, a glimpse of a human to provide extra context that helps avert a dangerous incident.
Even so, an extra sensor does provide another data stream to process, and because thermal imaging is less widely used on the roads than visible-light cameras and even lidar, the machine-learning systems that discern details from footage will have to catch up. Both firms seem to understand that: Adasky has built its own AI to process data for its customers, and FLIR is putting together a thermal image database that clients can use to train their own neural networks.
Adoption of thermal imaging in autonomous vehicles is likely to come down to budget. Some manufacturers may balk at the expense of yet another sensor, but until cheap lidar sensors offer the quality that automakers might like, the devices could add a useful layer of safety.


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I've brewed up a few batches of extract beer so far & all have come up crystal clear. I've just sampled my first batch of beer (ginger ale) that's come up quite cloudy.
What causes cloudiness? Is it intrinsic to certain styles or is it a byproduct of certain conditions? Or both?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Cloudiness in Beer
Cloudiness in beer has several main causes. For some styles of beer, such as a witbier, it is desirable, and for others, it is regarded as a flaw. It is, therefore, important to understand what factors influence clarity and cloudiness of beer so that you can control the appearance of your beer as best possible.
1. Suspended Proteins
Suspended proteins usually make a beer look dull and ugly, regardless of style. Proteins in beer can contribute to chill haze, in which cooling the beer to around fridge temp drives proteins out of solution, creating lumpy clouds that disappear as the beer warms.
The hot break and cold break are important parts of the brewing process. The hot break is proteins coagulating as the boil begins to roll. The cold break, which drives even more protein out of suspension, happens as a result of rapidly cooling the wort after the boil.
These proteins settle to the bottom of the wort after it sits for only a few minutes, so it's easy to rack the beer into your fermentor and leave these proteins behind. Additives such as Irish moss or whirlfloc will also help to clear these proteins.
2. Unsettled Yeast
Yeast that has not flocculated, or settled, is generally the biggest factor in the clarity of homebrew. Some strains of yeast have been selectively bred to be more flocculent than others, so when choosing a yeast, check the level of flocculation of the yeast and compare that to how the style of beer should look.
Highly flocculent yeast will settle out after 3-5 days. These yeast are often so ready to become a cake of trub that they need to be roused to finish fermentation. Medium-flocculent yeast generally take 6-15 days to settle, but with enough time will settle out on their own. Yeast strains with low flocculaiton, such as hefeweizen and witbier yeasts, don't settle much with time. These yeasts will leave your beer looking cloudy - which is good for certain styles.
Yeast will also flocculate more after fermentation as the beer temperature drops, so if you can cool your beer in a basement or fridge during secondary fermentation, then you have a reliable method for making your beer significantly more clear. Using this method, you'll notice that after a week or two, the beer is much less cloudy, and that after the first 5-10 days, very little additional yeast drops out of suspension.
Beer that looks clear can still have up to one million yeast cells per mL, so for standard-strength beers, you don't have to worry about not having enough yeast left for bottling - it's still there. Whether or not it's healthy is another question, but generally repitching yeast for bottling is unnecessary.
3. Other particles
The most significant contributor here is hop particles. Hop debris tends to stay in suspension a little longer than yeast, and is particularly noticeable when dry-hopping a beer. As with yeast, giving a beer time on secondary at lowered temperatures is the best way to clear, although with beers that have massive amounts of hops, like double IPAs, cloudiness is just an expected byproduct - it might take longer to try to clear the beer than what the brewer deems best for beer flavor.
Any other ingredients that you add to your beer will influence color and clarity. Fruit tends to cloud beer, as some fruits leave pectin in the beer. Other additives may cloud beer, depending, obviously, on their color and how readily they settle.
Clearing your Beer
Again, the best agent for making your beer less cloudy is time. Over time, many of the suspended particles will fall out. Lowered temperatures will help this to happen more quickly. However, other things can be done to help make a beer more clear.
 1. Select malts with lower protein levels.
 2. Use more flocculent yeast.
 3. Add Irish moss or whirlfloc at the end of your boil.
 4. Use a fining agent like gelatin, isinglass, or polyclar.
 5. Filter your beer. This method, being the most challenging and costly, would be a last resort.
share|improve this answer
In addition to what Brandon said, pH in the mash and kettle has a huge effect on beer clarity. get the pH into the 5.4 area and your beer will be much clearer. It isn't alwyas practical to use ingredients with lower protein levels without significantly altering a recipe.
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text:
Sound of Metal is a 2020 drama directed by Darius Marder and starring Riz Ahmed as Ruben, a drummer who loses his hearing and struggles to adapt to his new reality. The film follows Ruben as he grapples with his identity and the loss of his career, and turns to a community of deaf individuals for support and guidance.
Sound of Metal is a moving and well-acted film that explores themes of identity, loss, and the importance of community. Ahmed gives a powerful and nuanced performance as Ruben, and the supporting cast, which includes Olivia Cooke and Paul Raci, is also excellent. The film's direction is also noteworthy, with effective use of sound design and cinematography to convey the experience of hearing loss.
One of the strengths of Sound of Metal is its authentic portrayal of the deaf community and the challenges faced by individuals who lose their hearing. The film does a great job of capturing the emotional and practical challenges that Ruben faces, as well as the sense of belonging and purpose that he finds within the deaf community.
Overall, Sound of Metal is a highly moving and well-acted film that is a must-see for fans of dramas or anyone interested in exploring themes of identity, loss, and the importance of community. Its strong performances, authentic portrayal of the deaf community, and well-written script make it a standout film of 2020.


The time unit is ms and the interval is for a fade from 0-100%. If the current value is 25% and the new value is 75% the time needed for this change is half of fadetime. fadetimeis used for absolute values or ON/OFF commands send to the brightness channel. Related is the dimtime option: it defines the time in ms from 0-100% if incremental dimming (INCREASE/DECREASE) is used. For convenient use dimtime usually is set to a larger value than fadetime. Typical values are _PHONE_ ms for fadetime and 2000-5000 ms for dimtime.
Advanced options are the turnonvalueand the turnoffvalue. They default to 255 (equals 100%) and 0 (equals 0%) respectively. This value can be set individually for all DMX channels, the format is value1,value2, ... with values from 0 to 255. If less values than DMX channels are defined, the values will be re-used from the beginning (i.e. if two values are defined, value1 will be used for channel1, channel3, … and value2 will be used for channel2, channel4, …). These values will be used if the thing receives an ON or OFF command.
Tunable White Thing (tunablewhite)
There is one mandatory configuration value for a dimmer thing. It is the dmxid, a list of DMX channels that are associated with this thing. There are several possible formats: channel1,channel2,channel3,... or channel/width or a combination of both. The number of channels has to be even. In the order "cool white, warm white". Additionally a channel for cool and warm white brightness as well as color temperature (0 being the coolest, 100 being the warmest) will be provided.
The fadetime option allows a smooth transition from the current to the new value. The time unit is ms and the interval is for a fade from 0-100%. If the current value is 25% and the new value is 75% the time needed for this change is half of fadetime. fadetimeis used for absolute values or ON/OFF commands send to the brightness channel. Related is the dimtime option: it defines the time in ms from 0-100% if incremental dimming (INCREASE/DECREASE) is used. For convenient use dimtime usually is set to a larger value than fadetime. Typical values are _PHONE_ ms for fadetime and 2000-5000 ms for dimtime.
Advanced options are the turnonvalueand the turnoffvalue. They default to 255 (equals 100%) and 0 (equals 0%) respectively. This value can be set individually for all DMX channels, the format is value1,value2, ... with values from 0 to 255. If less values than DMX channels are defined, the values will be re-used from the beginning (i.e. if two values are defined, value1 will be used for channel1, channel3, … and value2 will be used for channel2, channel4, …). These values will be used if the thing receives an ON or OFF command.
Channels
Type-ID Thing Item Description
brightness dimmer, tunablewhite Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness
color color Switch, Dimmer, Color allows to set the color and brightness
colortemperature tunablewhite Number allows to set the color temperature
brightness_r color Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness of the red channel
brightness_g color Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness of the green channel
brightness_b color Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness of the blue channel
brightness_cw tunablewhite Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness of the cool white channel
brightness_ww tunablewhite Switch, Dimmer controls the brightness of the warm white channel
control chaser String allows to change the chaser steps
switch chaser Switch turns the chaser ON or OFF
mute (all bridges) Switch mutes the DMX output of the bridge
Note: the string send to the control channel of chaser things has to be formatted like the steps configuration of the chaser thing. If the new string is invalid, the old configuration will be used.
Full Example
This example defines a sACN/E1.31 bridge in unicast mode which transmits universe 2 and three things: a three channel dimmer used to control a RGB light, which takes 1s to fade from one color to another and 10s from 0-100% on incremental dim commands, a single channel dimmer which will turn on only to 90% if it receives a ON command and does not fully switch off (to 10%) if it receives an OFF command and chaser which changes the colors like a traffic light.
demo.things:
Bridge dmx:sacn-bridge:mybridge [ mode="unicast", address="192.168.0.60", universe=2 ] {
 color rgb [dmxid="5/3", fadetime=1000, dimtime=10000 ]
 dimmer single [dmxid="50", fadetime=1000, turnonvalue="230", turnoffvalue="25" ]
 chaser ampel [dmxid="10,12,13", steps="100:255,0,0:1000|100:255,255,0:500|100:0,0,255:1000|100:0,255,0:500" ]
}
demo.items:
Color MyColorItem "My Color Item" { channel="dmx:color:mybridge:rgb:color" }
Dimmer MyDimmerItem "My Dimmer Item" { channel="dmx:dimmer:mybridge:single:brightness" }
Switch MyChaserItem "My Chaser Item" { channel="dmx:chaser:mybridge:ampel:switch" }
demo.sitemap:
sitemap demo label="Main Menu"
{
 Frame {
 // Color
 Colorpicker item=MyColorItem

 // Dimmer
 Switch item=MyDimmerItem
 Slider item=MyDimmerItem

 // Chaser
 Switch item=MyChaserItem
 }
}


Mystery Bridge Nr. 29 Roof truss in a park complex
Photo taken in August 2011
This next mystery bridge article takes us back to Iowa againthis time to a park complex west of Iowa City. There are some unique features that make the F.W. Kent Park in Tiffin special to the region. One of them is the number of historic bridges that were brought here and preserved. They all span various tributaries, lining up along the lake they empty into, the same lake that was created and is used for fishing and swimming. Each span has a different bridge type and a history of its own, including how it was moved here and preserved.
Like the one in the picture above. This bridge is touted as a roof-top truss bridge. Located at the very north tip of the lake, this bridge is different from all the other bridges, for it was homemade, originating from the trusses that were salvaged from an important building that was demolished in Iowa City prior to the creation of the park. It's markings are similar to a series of bowstring arch bridges that were built in Crawford County, Iowa in 1945-6 including the Nishnabotna River crossing near Manila as seen below.
Photo courtesy of HABS/HAER
The difference is the fact that the Manila Bridge is the actual truss bridge itself with the lower chord (featuring lateral and diagonal bracing) supporting the roadway, whereas the the one at F.W. Kent Park features the trusses, used as decoration (or at least it appears to be used as that) and tacked onto the actual beam bridge itself. Furthermore, there are alternating vertical beams in the Tiffin Bridge, while the Manila Bridge has all verticals subdividing the rhombus, thus having an X-frame for each panel.
Despite the difference between the two, the roof-top truss bridge's uniqueness is one of the reasons why it is a sin to not visit the park if you are a pontist driving through. It is even a bigger sin if one doesn't know about its history, let alone how the park came into being in the first place. Henceforth, before explaining about the park further, the Chronicles has created a short quiz for you to answer, integrating this mystery bridge in with the questions pertaining to the park itself. So without further ado, here are the questions, created in a hybrid fashion:
1. The FW Kent Park is younger than the Historic Bridge Park near Kalmazoo, Michigan. True or False?
2. Which of the following truss bridge types can NOT be found at FW Kent Park?
a. Pratt b. Warren c. Whipple d. Queenpost
3. The origin of the Rooftop truss bridge was a building that was demolished in Iowa City. Can you name the building and when it existed?
4. How many bridges can be found at FW Kent Park?
a. 8 b. 10 c. 11 d. 13 e. 15
5. At least one bridge was airlifted to the Park. True or False?
6. All of the bridges brought in were the ones that served traffic in Johnson County. True or False?
7. How was the Rooftop truss bridge assembled?
8. What activities can you do at the park, apart from photographing bridges?
a. swimming b. hiking c. fishing d. biking e. all of the above
The answers will be revealed next week at this time. They will be eye-openers for there are some facts that were claimed to be correct, but the truth begs to differ. Plus there will be some interesting facts about who created the park and how the rooftop truss bridge was built. So stay tuned, take some guesses and allow yourself to learn some new things about historic bridges and how they found a new home in FW Kent Park. Good luck with the quiz! :-)
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text: The Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973 (SPCA) is a North Carolina law regulating activities that disturb natural ground cover. It authorizes local governments to enact ordinances regulating construction activity to prevent erosion and pollution by sediment and allows parties injured by activity in violation of the law to recover damages. In Applewood Properties, LLC, et al. v. New South Properties, LLC, et al., decided March 20, 2012, the North Carolina Court of Appeals reviewed an order by the trial court granting summary judgment to defendants and dismissing SPCA claims filed against the defendants. The court found that while the defendants may have engaged in soil disturbing activities, there was no sediment deposited into water as a result of those activities.


text:
A pie graph is the best way to show portions, or parts of a whole. You're starting to pick up some real science smarts!
Pie graphs represent data in a visual, easy to read manner, which helps us to understand data more clearly.
Using this pie graph, we can see just what portion of all the trash each particular type of trash represents
(how big of a piece of cake each type of trash "eats"). It's as simple as that!
Even though graphs can look simple, there's a lot of information in a graph.
Let's test your ability to read
Q1: What type
of trash makes up the biggest portion of trash? (Hint: look
at the biggest piece of pie and then match its color with the type of trash
found in the legend on the right.)
Q2: Can we say
what makes up the heaviest piece of trash from the graph?
Yes: - cigarettes
No: - not enough information provided
Back to Graph Types Overview


What Is 3 Tier Architecture Of Checkpoint Firewall?
What is the main purpose of a firewall?
Firewalls have been a first line of defense in network security for over 25 years..
What is a 3 tier network architecture?
What is Layer 7 firewall?
What is checkpoint blade?
A Software Blade is a security application or module such as a firewall, Virtual Private Network (VPN), Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), or Application Control to name a few, that is independent, modular and centrally managed.
What are the three essential components of the Check Point Security Management Architecture?
Explanation: Deployments Basic deployments: Standalone deployment – Security Gateway and the Security Management server are installed on the same machine. Distributed deployment – Security Gateway and the Security Management server are installed on different machines.
What is the advantage of 3 tier architecture over 2 tier?
Performance – Because the Presentation tier can cache requests, network utilization is minimized, and the load is reduced on the Application and Data tiers. Improved Security – Client is not direct access to database. In three tier architecture application performance is good.
What is a 4 tier architecture?
The four layers of four-tier architecture are presentation layer (PL), data service layer (DSL), business logic layer (BLL), and data access layer (DAL). Four-tier architecture is as shown in Figure 1.
Which firewall is best?
Top 10 Firewall SoftwareFortiGate.Check Point Next Generation Firewalls (NGFWs)Sophos XG Firewall.Huawei Firewall.WatchGuard Network Security.GlassWire Firewall.Cisco.SonicWall.More items…•
Which is best MVC or 3 tier architecture?
The mvc works on application level where a 3-tier architecture is on enterprise level. Your mvc web application is simply at application level of the 3-tier. The 3-tier would still have two other tiers, namely the service and database tier. … Other applications use that service tier for enterprise functionality.
What is a Tier 3 application?
A 3-tier application architecture is a modular client-server architecture that consists of a presentation tier, an application tier and a data tier. … The three tiers are logical, not physical, and may or may not run on the same physical server.
What is CPMI checkpoint?
checkpoint-cpmi. Full Name. Checkpoint CPMI. Description Check Point Management Interface (CPMI) is a proprietary protocol of the Check Point Software Technologies Ltd. CPMI provides security services for their VPN-1 virtual private network/firewall software.
What is smart console?
SmartConsole is a GUI client you use to manage the Check Point environment. For SmartConsole requirements, see the R80. … Gaia Portal of your Security Management Server or Multi-Domain Server.
What is the difference between 3 tier and 3 layer architecture?
In simple term 3 layer architecture can implement in single machine then we can say that its is 1 tier architecture. If we implement each layer on separate machine then its called 3 tier architecture. A layer may also able to run several tier. In layer architecture related component to communicate to each other easily.
How does firewall CheckPoint work?
Firewalls control the traffic between the internal and external networks and are the core of a strong network security policy. Check Point Software Blades are a set of security features that makes sure that the Security Gateway or Security Management Server gives the correct functionality and performance.
What is a two tier architecture?
What are the four layers of the computer architecture?
What Are The Four Layers Of The Computer Architecture? 1 Point Computer, Operating System, Software, User Hardware, Operating System, Software, User Binary, Hardware, Operating System, Software Hardware, Windows, Software, User 2.
Is MVC different from a 3 layered architecture?
MVC is a pattern used to make UI code easier to maintain and test. When the MVC pattern is used a larger portion of the UI code can be unit tested. 3 tier architecture is a pattern used for a completely different reason. It separates the entire application into meaningful "groups": UI, Business Logic, Data Storage.
What is multi tier web application?
What is the difference between N tier and n layer?
N-Tier refers to the actual n system components of your application. On the other hand, N-Layers refer to the internal architecture of your component. N-Tier architecture usually has atleast three separate logical parts, each located on separate physical server. Each tier is responsible for a specific functionality.
What are the advantages of 3 tier architecture?
3-tier architectures provide many benefits for production and development environments by modularizing the user interface, business logic, and data storage layers. Doing so gives greater flexibility to development teams by allowing them to update a specific part of an application independently of the other parts.
How many tier architectures are there?
Software Architecture: Software Architecture consists of One Tier, Two Tier, Three Tier and N-Tier architectures. A "tier" can also be referred to as a "layer". Three layers involved in the application namely Presentation Layer, Business Layer and Data Layer.


text:
We present the first interferometric observation of a zebra-pattern radio burst with simultaneous high spectral (~ 1 MHz) and high time (20 ms) resolution. The Frequency-Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR) Subsystem Testbed (FST) and the Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) were used in parallel to observe the X1.5 flare on 14 December 2006. By using OVSA to calibrate the FST the source position of the zebra pattern can be located on the solar disk. With the help of multi-wavelength observations and a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation, the zebra source is explored in relation to the magnetic field configuration. New constraints are placed on the source size and position as a function of frequency and time. We conclude that the zebra burst is consistent with a double-plasma resonance (DPR) model in which the radio emission occurs in resonance layers where the upper hybrid frequency is harmonically related to the electron cyclotron frequency in a coronal magnetic loop.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.


text:
Dai Junwu,Wang Yanru,Guan Qingsong,et al
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration
Analysis of earthquake disaster
English Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Analysis of earthquake disaster 2009
In this paper, analytical results from 3D temporal characteristics of the responses of an RC frame building subjected to both a large aftershock and the main shock of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake are presented. The ground motion records from the main shock were obtained from three nearby stations. The acceleration records were analyzed in terms of instantaneous tangential acceleration aT, normal acceleration aN, Euclidean norm of acceleration vector |a|, velocity vector |v|, displacement vector |v|, temporal curvature κ, κt, and temporal torsion γ and γt. Results of the kinematic relationship between the above factors and some additional in depth information obtained from extensive analyses are provided and discussed.


text:
This paper reviews the progress on nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The design, fabrication, and polarization control of nano-aperture VCSELs are reviewed. With the nano-aperture evolving from conventional circular and square aperture to unique C-shaped, H-shaped, I-shaped, and bowtie-shaped aperture, both the near-field intensity and near-field beam confinement from nano-aperture VCSELs are significantly improved. As a high-intensity compact light source with sub-100-nm spot size, nano-aperture VCSELs are promising to realize many new near-field optical systems and applications.
© 2008 Chinese Optics LettersPDF Article


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Waters
How to program a gradient start when transferring a method to an ACQUITY System - WKB8567
Article number: 8567
OBJECTIVE or GOAL
 - Gradient Start allows a user to change the time the gradient starts with respect to the injection adding or decreasing the gradient delay.
 - Developed for method transfer to match results between systems with differing gradient delay volumes.
ENVIRONMENT
 - Empower Instrument Method
 - ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Quaternary Solvent Manager (QSM)
 - ACQUITY Arc QSM-R
 - ACQUITY UPLC Binary Solvent Manager (BSM)
 - ACQUITY UPLC I-Class BSM
PROCEDURE
Programming: Set by time or volume
 1. Compare Waters system peak retention time result versus system "X"
 2. Choose a mid point peak of the Waters result. Record the time of that peak.
 3. Compare the retention time difference of that same mid point peak with System "X". Record the difference in time.
 4. In the Empower Instrument Method for the Waters system, select the Gradient Start (before or after injection).
 - "Before injection" to move the peaks to earlier retention times.
 - "After injection" to delay the gradient shifting peak elution to a later retention time.
 5. Set the value by time (recommended).
 6. Perform a run to match the retention time of the Waters system result with that of system "X" and ensure peak retention is within acceptance criteria.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Modifying the gradient start time (Gradient Smart Start) will not affect the retention time of a peak eluting in the isocratic portion of the chromatogram (systems isocratic hold/volume). Other factors affecting a change in retention time are temperature, column volume and chemistry, mobile phase modifiers/additives, flow rate, etc.
Not able to find a solution? Click here to request help.


Difference Wiki
Sunfish vs. Moonfish
Sunfish and Moonfish Definitions
Sunfish
Any of various North American freshwater fishes of the family Centrarchidae, having laterally compressed, often brightly colored bodies and including the crappies, black bass, bluegill, and pumpkinseed.
Moonfish
Any of several carangid fishes chiefly of the genus Selene, found in warm coastal waters of North and South America and having a short silvery compressed body.
Sunfish
Any of several large marine fishes of the family Molidae, especially the ocean sunfish.
Moonfish
See opah.
Sunfish
Any of various small freshwater fishes of the family Centrarchidae, often with iridescent colours and having a laterally compressed body.
Moonfish
Any of various flat, oval marine fish species.
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Sunfish
Any of various large marine fishes of the family Molidae that have an oval compressed body.
Moonfish
Family Monodactylidae (pl=es, pl=es)
Sunfish
(intransitive) Of an animal such as a bull or a horse: to twist the body into a crescent shape and roll back and forth.
Moonfish
Mene maculata, of tropical coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific
Sunfish
A very large oceanic plectognath fish (Mola mola, Mola rotunda, or Orthagoriscus mola) having a broad body and a truncated tail.
Moonfish
Most species of genus Selene
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Sunfish
The lean flesh of any of numerous American perch-like fishes of the family Centrarchidae
Moonfish
(Chaetodipterus faber)
Sunfish
Among the largest bony fish; pelagic fish having an oval compressed body with high dorsal and anal fins and caudal fin reduced to a rudder-like lobe; worldwide in warm waters
Moonfish
Family Molidae (ocean sunfish)
Sunfish
Small carnivorous freshwater percoid fishes of North America usually having a laterally compressed body and metallic luster: crappies; black bass; bluegills; pumpkinseed
Moonfish
The opahs in the family Lamprididae.
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Moonfish
The cusk (Brosme brosme), a North Atlantic cod-like fish in the ling family Lotidae, the only species in its genus.
Moonfish
The southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus)
Moonfish
An American marine fish (Vomer setipennis); - called also bluntnosed shiner, horsefish, and sunfish.
Moonfish
Any of several silvery marine fishes with very flat bodies
Moonfish
Large elliptical brightly colored deep-sea fish of Atlantic and Pacific and Mediterranean
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text:
Primary Affiliation: University of York - York, UK
AES Member Type: Member
View AES Member Profile
Gavin Kearney graduated from Dublin Institute of Technology in 2002 with an honors degree in Electronic Engineering and has since obtained both MSc and PhD degrees in Audio Signal Processing from Trinity College Dublin. During this time he worked (and continues to) in the audio industry as sound engineer and producer. After his PhD, he spent time as a postdoctoral research fellow in game audio on the Science Foundation Ireland 'Metropolis' project, whilst lecturing on the Interactive Digital Systems and Music and Media Technology courses at Trinity College. He first joined the University of York as a Lecturer in Sound Design at the Department of Theatre, Film and Television in January 2011 and has since been appointed as a Lecturer in Audio and Music Technology at the Department of Electronics. His research interests include spatial audio and surround sound, sound design for film, television and interactive media, real-time audio signal processing, Ambisonics and spherical acoustics, interactive audio systems, recording and audio post-production technique development.
AVAR Paper Session 1: Sound Localization in 3D Space
Moving Virtual Source Perception in 3D Space (Author)


text:
Research has been an integral element for higher education at Sharda University since the time of its inception. The Research and Development Center at Sharda provides a vigorous and highly visible research environment to its students with an objective to research culture and develop the habit of leadership within the university. The centre supports all kinds of scholarly activities like fundamental research, applied research and development contract research for government, non-government and international agencies.
Over the years the research efforts have expanded to include sponsored research and consultancy projects in multiple disciplines like in the field of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management.
The University continues to branch out its research vision with new faculty members/researchers and implementing new policies designed to improve the research infrastructure and also through new academic & industry collaborations. The University with their researchers and other teams continues to regularly welcome external partners who support our vision by sharing ideas, pooling resources, and collaborating on findings promoting innovative research.
- Perform interdisciplinary and unconventional research.
- Ensuring the integration of teaching and research, and the involvement of our students in the research processes.
- Develop international strategic partnerships.
- Organise seminars, panels and lectures to disseminate knowledge on various projects.
- Collaborate with other institutions at both local and international levels.
- Sharda University received the sponsored funding of INR 303 Lacs in the fiscal year 2015-2016.
- The University publishes two research journals namely, Journal of Scientific and Technical Research (JSTR), and International Journal of Management Issues and Research (IJMIR) regularly.
- The faculty members/researchers have twelve patents pertaining to their innovative research work under their name.
- The University regularly organises conferences and workshops at national and international level.


text:
Farrar, Geraldine (fərärˈ) [key], 1882–1967, American operatic soprano, b. Melrose, Mass.; pupil of Lilli Lehmann. She made her debut in Europe (1901) and sang at the Metropolitan Opera, New York City, from 1906 to 1922. Her most famous roles were in La Bohème, Madame Butterfly, and Carmen.
See her autobiography, Such Sweet Compulsion (1938).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Geraldine Farrar from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies


text:
All procedures in the Verilog HDL are specified within one of the following four statements:
-- initial construct
-- always construct
The initial and always constructs are enabled at the beginning of a simulation. The initial construct shall execute only once and its activity shall cease when the statement has finished. In contrast, the always construct shall execute repeatedly. Its activity shall cease only when the simulation is terminated. There shall be no implied order of execution between initial and always constructs. The initial constructs need not be scheduled and executed before the always constructs. There shall be no limit to the number of initial and always constructs that can be defined in a module
An initial block consists of a statement or a group of statements enclosed in begin... end or a signle statement, which will be executed only once at simulation time 0. If there is more than one block they execute concurrently and independently. The initial block is normally used for initialisation, monitoring, generating wave forms (eg, clock pulses) and processes which are executed once in a simulation. An example of initialisation and wave generation is given below
clock = 1'b0; // variable initialization
begin // multiple statements have to be grouped
alpha = 0;
#10 alpha = 1; // waveform generation
#20 alpha = 0;
#5 alpha = 1;
#7 alpha = 0;
#10 alpha = 1;
#20 alpha = 0;
An always block is similar to the initial block, but the statements inside an always block will repeated continuously, in a looping fashion, until stopped by $finish or $stop.
NOTE: the $finish command actually terminates the simulation where as $stop. merely pauses it and awaits further instructions. Thus $finish is the preferred command unless you are using an interactive version of the simulator.
One way to simulate a clock pulse is shown in the example below. Note, this is not the best way to simulate a clock. See the section on the forever loop for a better method.
initial clock = 1'b0; // start the clock at 0
always #10 clock = ~clock; // toggle every 10 time units
initial #5000 $finish // end the simulation after 5000 time units
Tasks and functions can bu used to in much the same manner but there are some important differences that must be noted.
A function is unable to enable a task however functions can enable other functions.
A function will carry out its required duty in zero simulation time.
Within a function, no event, delay or timing control statements are permitted.
In the invocation of a function their must be at least one argument to be passed.
Functions will only return a single value and can not use either output or inout statements.
Functions are synthesysable.
Disable statements canot be used.
Function canot have numblocking statements.
module function_calling(a, b,c);
input a, b ;
input a, b;
myfunction = (a+b);
assign c = myfunction (a,b);
Tasks are capable of enabling a function as well as enabling other versions of a Task
Tasks also run with a zero simulation however they can if required be executed in a non zero simulation time.
Tasks are allowed to contain any of these statements.
A task is allowed to use zero or more arguments which are of type output, input or inout.
A Task is unable to return a value but has the facility to pass multiple values via the output and inout statements.
Tasks are not synthesisable.
Disable statements can be used.
reg clock, red, amber, green;
parameter on = 1, off = 0, red_tics = 350,
amber_tics = 30, green_tics = 200;
// initialize colors.
initial red = off;
initial amber =


Why to Base Knowledge Representation Language on Natural Language?
Fernando Gomez
It is argued that a knowledge representation language intended to be applied across diverse domains must be based on natural language. It is also indicated that such a representation language will facilitate the acquisition of knowledge from natural language and the interaction with other programs in need of obtaining some knowledge. The main aspects of a knowledge representation language based on these ideas are presented, and the results of such a language in its application to the task of acquiring knowledge from encyclopedic texts are briefly discussed.


Mirrors And Reflections
Question submitted by Anonymous (05 July 2000)
Return to The Archives
 I've been trying to implement a mirror system in my OpenGL engine, but I'm having trouble. I don't want to just use the negative (scaled) of the scene and redraw it, because I want to have arbitrarily oriented mirrors. How can this be done?
 Actually, it is quite simple. You need a few things to get started. First, you'll need some construction paper, a pencil, a piece of string, and a small rodent.
Next, determine the point at which your camera's vector intersects the mirror's plane (this point may not be within the mirror polygon) - a ray/plane intersection will do the trick (we'll call this point B).
Now you'll need to reflect the camera's location across the mirror's plane. To do this, you'll need your ray/plane intersection code again. Start off by inverting the plane's normal and use that as the vector for the ray. The origin for the ray is the camera's location. This will create a ray that points directly at the plane from the camera. Find the intersection of this ray with the mirror's plane. This is the closest point to the camera on the mirror's plane. From this, we create a vector from the camera's location to the resulting intersection point. This vector represents the same vector that was used in the last ray/plane intersection, but this time its length is the closest distance to the plane from the camera. Now double the length of the vector. If you add this vector to your camera's location, you'll have the camera's location reflected across the mirror's plane (this is point A.) Subtracting B from A, you get the vector V.
Your new camera will be centered on point A, using the "look-at vector" of V. To render the reflected scene through the mirror, you'll need to clip everything to the mirror's polygon and to the mirror's plane (i.e. not rendering anything behind the mirror.) When rendering, you'll also need to render the scene backwards (left-right) to account for the reflection of the mirror.
Finally, poke the pencil through the construction paper, throw the string away, and get that rodent out of the microwave!
Response provided by Paul Nettle
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June 25, 1998 PASCO, Wash., June 19 -- People who love kippers for breakfast, smoked salmon on their bagels, and caviar on their canapés, should welcome news of a new technique that could help to assure these delicacies contain precisely the right amount of salt. Researchers at Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, report that a new technique offers fish processors a safer and more economical way to assess how much salt they should use in the drying or smoking process. Salt content is not only crucial to the way fish tastes, but also is an important safety factor, since salt prevents the growth of bacteria in the roe and in the adult fish. Researcher Todd M. Rogers described the new method here today at the Northwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
The researchers are using a machine--called a near infrared spectrophotometer--that analyzes the salt content of the fish to be processed while the fish are still alive. Traditionally, processors have had to kill the fish, grind up a portion of the meat or roe, and use a chemical method to measure salt content, thereby wasting part of the product. The spectrophotometer incorporates an optical-fiber probe that touches the scales of the living fish and records the volume of water and fat, which are known to be proportionate to salt content, in the meat or roe. Knowing the precise amount of salt already present in the fish, food processors can add the amount needed to meet safety standards and, at the same time, avoid sending overly salted products to the marketplace.
A nonprofit organization with a membership of more than 155,000 chemists and chemical engineers as its members, the American Chemical Society publishes scientific journals and databases, convenes major research conferences, and provides educational, science policy and career programs in chemistry. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
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Markov Analysis – A Brief Introduction
What is Markov Analysis?
Markov analysis is a method of analysis that can be applied to both repairable and non-repairable types of system. The basic output of a Markov analysis is the average time spent by the system in each of its distinct states before the system moves (or makes a transition) into some other distinct state. For example, such a transition or change of state will occur if the system suffers a component failure or if a repair has been carried out. A distinct change in the state of the system will have taken place in both of these cases.
The output from the Markov analysis enables a complete description of the system to be obtained in terms of its reliability, availability and resource utilisation (e.g. use of maintenance teams, spares holdings, buffers, etc). Also different system designs can be explored by comparing their reliability and availability performances as well as the effect of small tweaks to a given design under consideration. Results produced by a Markov analysis can then be used within a cost-benefit analysis to help identify the optimal design choice.
When can it be applied?
Like all quantitative methods in reliability engineering, Markov analysis requires component failure rates to be assumed for non-repairable systems and, in addition, repair rates for repairable systems. Markov analysis uses these rates within a mathematical model that includes all of the possible states of a system. Within this model the failure and repair rates then represent the rates at which the system makes transitions from one system state to another. Failure and repair rates therefore become transition rates within the model which is called a Markov Chain. The "chain" is in fact more accurately described as a "network" of interconnected states, interconnections being present between two states in the network if a transition (i.e. component failure or repair) leads from one of the states to the other.
For example, in any given small time interval, a system that is in some specified state X at the start of the time interval will move to some other state if a component of the system fails during the time interval or a component that was already failed in state X is repaired and returned to service during the time interval.
Fundamentally what Markov analysis does is to look at the network of all possible states of a system (called the State Space of the system) where transition rates between these states are determined by the failure and repair rates of the components. The simplest model or network assumes that components can be in just one of two possible states, failed or working, and a system with n components can therefore be in any one of 2n possible states. The simplest network therefore contains 2n states between which transitions take place according to the failure and repair rates of the relevant components. An example state-space diagram for a two component system is shown below.
Markov Analysis State Space DiagramState-space diagram for a two component system
There is one further assumption within the model on which Markov analysis depends. This assumption is that transition rates between the states of a system do not depend on the states that the system has been in; usually it's assumed that the transition rates are constant and don't change over time. This means that the time for any given transition to take place has an Exponential distribution. The unique feature of an Exponential distribution is that it is "memoriless" in the sense that a given transition does not become more or less likely as time passes. As a consequence of this constant transition rate feature, the future of a Markov system depends purely on its current state and not on the historical transitions by which it has reached its current state. It is this feature that gives the "memoriless" characteristic of Markov systems.
Mathematically this characteristic provides huge benefits in terms of simplifying the analysis of a system and enables its precise reliability or availability to be calculated. This has particular application when the effects of small design changes need to be quantified or where design changes for high integrity systems are investigated. Monte Carlo simulation can often be ineffective in such situations whereas Markov analysis is ideally suited provided that the underlying assumptions for a Markov system described above are satisfied. Even if the Exponential distribution does not accurately represent times to transition, the results of a Markov analysis can be surprisingly accurate, especially when assessing the effects of small design changes.
How is it applied?
Markov analysis is usually provided as a module within integrated reliability software suites such as Isograph's Reliability Workbench and Item's ToolKit. These provide a graphical user interface to facilitate the definition of system states and the possible transitions between them, and the failure and repair rate are usually then imported from the suite's database of values.
Clearly any transition can only occur from the current state of the system so the transition rates are only effective from the current state at any given time, i.e. they are conditional on the state from which they emanate being the current state. This means that dormant as well as active standby systems can be modelled in a Markov system. More difficult, but nevertheless still possible to model, are buffers such as storage tanks which gradually empty when certain types of failure occur and refill when the fault is repaired.
Common cause failures can also be modelled by suitably defining transitions from one system state to another that correspond to multiple failures. For example, if the current system state includes a duty and standby both working, a common cause failure would be represented by a transition from this system state directly to the state in which both the duty and standby have failed.
It can therefore be seen that there is great flexibility in what can be included in the model of a Markov system. Even degraded performance of components in a system can be modelled rather than simply the binary "working" and "failed" states that are normally considered in reliability analysis. Greater detail in the model however must be accompanied by more detailed knowledge of transition rates, so in practice the level of detail will be limited by the level of knowledge and available data on transition rates.
What does it produce?
Markov analysis can be viewed as the analytical equivalent of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). By "analytical" we mean a method that ultimately depends on formulas and their solution rather than the randomisation approach of MCS. However Markov analysis and MCS are similar in the sense that they both represent a system in the form of a mathematical model that reflects the dynamics of the system. The Markov model however is more restrictive in that it assumes transition times between system states that have an Exponential distribution while there are no such restrictions if the MCS approach is adopted.
Given this similarity it is clear that a very wide range of output results can be obtained from a Markov analysis such as reliability, availability, fraction of system time within a given state, average time spent in a given state, utilisation of repair teams, demand on spares holdings, etc. A complete picture of the system in terms of reliability parameters can therefore be obtained from a Markov analysis, and these parameters can be examined in terms of their sensitivity to the input assumptions. Being an analytical method, Markov analysis takes very little time to perform on modern microprocessors contrasting with generally much longer times for MCS runs. This analytical approach also implies that practically exact answers are obtained from a Markov analysis while MCS requires long runs to achieve reasonable accuracy, particularly when investigating small design changes or the performance of high integrity systems.
Advantages and disadvantages
Markov analysis has the advantage of being an analytical method which means that the reliability parameters for the system are calculated in effect by a formula. This has the considerable advantages of speed and accuracy when producing results. Speed is especially useful when investigating many alternative variations of design or exploring a range of sensitivities. In contrast accuracy is vitally important when investigating small design changes or when the reliability or availability of high integrity systems are being quantified. Markov analysis has a clear advantage over MCS in respect of speed and accuracy since MCS requires longer simulation runs to achieve higher accuracy and, unlike Markov analysis, does not produce an "exact" answer.
As in the case of applying MCS, Markov analysis requires great care during the model building phase since model accuracy is all-important in obtaining valid results. The assumptions implicit in Markov models that are associated with memorilessness and the Exponential distribution to represent times to failure and repair provide additional constraints to those within MCS. Markov models can therefore become somewhat contrived if these implicit assumptions do not reflect sufficiently well the characteristics of a system and how it functions in practice. In order to gain the benefits of speed and accuracy that it can offer, Markov analysis depends to a greater extent on the experience and judgement of the modeller than MCS. Also, whilst MCS is a safer and more flexible approach, it does not always offer the speed and accuracy that may be required in particular system studies.
Markov analysis is just one of the techniques covered on our 5-day course Introduction to Reliability Engineering.
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What to think about Minnesota college entrance test scores
Congratulations and concerns. That's how we might react to recently released Minnesota high school graduates' performance on the ACT college entrance test.
Where do the congratulations come in? Minnesota seniors ranked first among the 40 states where at least 30 percent of seniors took the test. The percentage of students taking the ACT in those thirty-nine states ranged from 14 to 100 percent. Minnesota's high school graduates also rank above national average in area of the ACT: English, Reading, Mathematics and Science.
ACT's research suggests that students who do well on their test are more likely to earn A's and B's in their first year of college.
ACT says that 74 percent of Minnesota 2012 high school graduates took their test. That compares to 100 percent of seniors in nine states, including North Dakota.
Nine states had a somewhat higher average score that the 22.8 that Minnesota students earned. All the states with a higher average had a far lower percentage of students taking the test (from nine to 27 percent).
The conventional wisdom is that if virtually all of a state's high school seniors or graduates take a test, the average will be lower than if only those who are planning to enter a college or university take the test.
That is not always true. For example, graduates of four states earned a 22.1 average, and had widely varying participating participation percentages. Seventy-one percent of Wisconsin grads took the test, 63 percent in Iowa, 25 percent in California, and 21 percent in Maryland.
Minnesota's high national rank is a tribute to students, faculty and families. Congratulations on that. What about concerns?
· Only 36 percent of Minnesota graduates scored at the level in all four areas that predict they will do well as college freshman.
·Less than half of Minnesota graduates (42 percent) scored at the level in science that ACT says predicts strong college freshman grades.
·More than a third of graduates (38 percent) scored lower in mathematics than ACT says will predict a good college freshman grade in that field.
·The widely reported achievement gap shows up here too. Fifty-nine percent of white, but only 36 percent of Asian American, 34 percent of Hispanic, 30 percent of American Indian and only 16 percent of African American graduates met at least three of the benchmarks.
You can find more about results from Minnesota and other states here:
A test score is only one predictor of how well a student will do in college. At a recent meeting of college and high school faculty, Andrew Nesset, then Dean at Century College, pointed out that colleges have found that that tests don't measure the persistence, planning and responsibility skills that successful students need. Colleges study test scores. But they also look at grades and other factors to see if students are well prepared.
It's also important to remember that most of Minnesota's two-year public colleges don't require that students take the ACT test. These two-year colleges prepare many young people for good jobs.
The results give us reasons to be proud. The scores also point to areas where more work is necessary, with a variety of students.
Written by Joe Nathan, formerly a Minnesota public school teacher and administrator, directs the Center for School Change. Reactions welcome, _EMAIL_


Can You Over Tighten With A Torque Wrench?
How is tightening torque calculated?
The Torque/Tension Equation is a method used to estimate the torque/tension relationship in an assembly.
T = (K D P)/12 can be used to developt a torque value that will achieve a certain tension or clamp load..
Is it bad to over torque head bolts?
When you overtorque above 15% of recommended which in this case would be about 95 ft/lbs you basically turn the fastener into a rubber band. Some of the fasteners will stretch and you will have uneven torque. Add heat and pressure and head gasket blows and the head can even warp.
Is code for bolt tightening torque?
10 Snug Tight – The level of tightness attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or by the full efforts of a man using a Standard/ podger spanner or a spud wrench. Bolts, nuts and washers shall conform to IS 3757 : 1985, IS 6623 : 1985 and IS 6649 : 1985 respectively.
How tight should wheel nuts be?
My advice is to initially torque to about 25 ft lbs, which is about hand tight with a small ratchet or holding the supplied lug wrench near the head and twisting with one hand. The arc from 25 to the specified setting, usually 75 to 110 ft lbs is about 90 degrees.
How do you know if a bolt is tight enough?
One convention is to follow the "snug-tight" method where bolts are tightened until first sign of resistance and then given another quarter turn. Another convention is to use direct tension indicators. Direct tension indicators are washers that have small protrusions on them.
What happen if it is excessive torque applied?
Excessive torque Yet too much torque is equally harmful, damaging the nylon or plastic within some tensioners or idler pulleys, as well as the bearing, or damaging the screw thread of the bolt or nut in question.
Is it OK to hand tighten lug nuts?
If you're changing a flat tire, or dealing with some other emergency, you won't always have your torque wrench on hand when you need to tighten a wheel. … Then when you are safe at home, it's best to loosen the nuts and re-tighten them using a torque wrench.
How should a torque wrench be left after use?
Storage: All torque instruments should be stored in their original case. Avoid any torque wrench storage locations that are subject to high or low temperatures and high humidity. "Clicker" style torque wrenches should always be turned down and stored at the torque wrenches lowest possible setting.
How is tightening torque of a bolt calculated?
Axial Force Ff, by using Equation(1) Ff=0.7× y×As 0.7×112×20.1 1576[kgf] A bolt is tightened by torque, torque inclination, rotating angle, stretch measurement and other methods. The torque method is widely used due to its simplicity and convenience. Root Diameter d1 The dowel pin must not be loaded.
Should you double click a torque wrench?
Double checking your torque is never a bad thing. By double clicking, you are allowing the fastener to rest for a second, then you are back at it to get the proper amount of torque there.
At what torque will a bolt break?
If you add 33% to the torque figure listed, that should tell you the torque required to snap it. For example, if it takes 75 ft/lbs to torque to 75% yield, add 33% (25 ft/lbs) to get to the 100% yield (breakage) figure.
What happens if you dont torque head bolts?
If the head isn't torqued down properly, then the most likely failure is of the head gasket, which could lead to loss of compression, the mixing of oil and coolant, exhaust gases getting into the oil ways or cooling channels, erosion of the cylinder head, overheating and warping of the cylinder head.
What should you not do with a torque wrench?
Users should never put a pipe or any other kind of extension onto a torque wrench handle as doing so can seriously damage the tool and make it inaccurate, never mind the potential safety hazard.
How accurate are click torque wrenches?
between 3 and 5%The accuracy of clicker wrenches should be between 3 and 5%, depending upon the manufacturer. And as with any other tool under ISO 6789, they should be calibrated at a minimum of every 12 months.
How tight should car wheel nuts be with a torque wrench?
New wheels should be re-torqued after the first 50 to 100 driving miles.Hardware Bolt or Stud SizeTypical Torque Range in Ft/LbsMinimum Number of Turns of Hardware Engagement14 x 1.25 mm85 – 9097/16 in.70 – 8091/2 in.75 – 8589/16 in.135 – 14583 more rows
What happens if I over torque my wheel nuts?
Excessively tightened lug nuts can strip the threads, distort brake rotors, damage the wheel, and possibly shear off the lug stud. Insufficiently tightened lug nuts can come loose, with catastrophic consequences.
Can you over tighten bolts?
Yes, you can over-tighten a bolt, but doing so is unlikely. Most bolts come with instructions that the bolt's maximum torque.


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Funerary sculpture from the Eastern Han period (25-220)
A Bixie (Chinese: 辟邪; pinyin: bìxié, Wade-Giles: Pi-hsieh; Japanese: 辟邪, へきじゃ, Hekija) is a type of lion-like mythological Chinese creature, or chimera. It is considered as an exorcising animal (辟邪 literally means "Avoid Evil") and is usually hornless.[1][2] See also Pixiu.
The Bixie can have a pair of wings, which makes it rather similar to the Tianlu (Chinese: 天禄, Japanese: 天禄, てんろく, Tenroku) in following early Chinese sculptural traditions of winged celestial beasts.[1]
The Bixie may have been an adoption from Mesopotamian art, through Persia and Bactria, as a consequence of extensive trade relations initiated by Emperor Han Wudi during the Han period.[3]
Some western scholars of Chinese art use the word "chimera" generically to refer to the bixie, qilin, and tianlu.[4]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ a b Chinese sculpture By Angela Falco Howard p.56
 2. ^ Text and ritual in early China By Martin Kern p.56
 3. ^ China: a history By Harold Miles Tanner p.129


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The history of Lodgepole has been closely associated with railroad development and overland travel in western Nebraska. It was originally established as a station when the Union Pacific Railroad was completed to this point in 1867. A company of U.S. soldiers from nearby Sidney Barracks camped here to guard the railroad against Indian attack, and during the early 1860's a Pony Express Station was located a few miles to the east.
Lodgepole derives its name from Lodgepole Creek where Indians reportedly secured timber for their tipi poles. Little permanent settlement occurred until the early 1880's, and the town was platted in 1884. By 1886 it had a population of about 200 people. Stock raising was an important early industry, and many of the state's pioneer ranches were located in the region.
This depot was constructed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1887 on a site adjacent to the tracks. It replaced an earlier section house and was in use until 1968. In 1971 a gift from Mrs. Doris Bates Rowan in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Bates, made possible its preservation at this location, where it now serves as the Lodgepole Depot Museum.
Lodgepole Museum Board
Cheyenne County Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
Lodgepole City Park, Lodgepole


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PENINGKATAN MINAT BACA DAN LITERASI INFORMASI MASYARAKAT MELALUI PROGRAM UNGGULAN PERPUSTAKAAN UMUM DI BALI
This research is a part of a research entitled "The Role of Public Libraries for the Society (Case Study of Public Libraries in Bali). This study examines the efforts of public libraries in Bali in improving literacy and literacy skills of public information through various programs developed by each district public library. The research method used in this research is qualitative research, where data is collected through interviews with librarians and staff in public libraries. the results of the research indicate that each district / municipal public library has excellent programs to increase reading interest of the community as well as improving the information literacy skills of the community. Some of the leading programs developed include: mobile services, story telling, inter-library loan, ancient manuscripts, and special services. Implementation of the leading program by the public library aims to make the library as a public space where people can meet each other and share knowledge.


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Task Force Calls for Action to Ensure the World's Children Are Learning
As debate intensifies over post-2015 development goals, a new report from the Learning Metrics Task Force presents a roadmap to put learning on the agenda and track the outcomes of the world's children and youth in order to help improve education quality for all.
While primary school enrollment rates have risen dramatically over the past 15 years, the actual learning levels of children and youth remain low in many countries. It has been estimated that at least 250 million primary school-age children around the world are not able to read, write or count well enough to meet minimum learning standards, including girls and boys who have spent at least four years in school.* Yet we do not know the full scale of this crisis because measurement of learning outcomes is limited in many countries and, hence, difficult to assess at the global level.
To bridge this global data gap, 30 organizations have joined efforts through the Learning Metrics Task Force to shift the focus of education discussions from universal access to primary education to access plus learning. With input from more than 1,700 individuals in 118 countries, the task force has developed a series of recommendations to use both existing assessments of learning and new measures to improve the opportunities and outcomes of all children.
"Learning serves as the foundation for all of the priorities in the run-up to 2015—from better livelihoods to climate change. So it is critical to identify a clear set of indicators that can be tracked globally in order to monitor progress and hold ourselves to account in improving the learning outcomes and opportunities of all children and youth," says UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova. "As highlighted by the task force, data alone will not solve the problem. But reliable data does empower us to better target policies and resources required to deliver on the promise of education."
Entitled, Toward Universal Learning: Recommendations from the Learning Metrics Task Force, the new report was released by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution. It presents a framework identifying seven domains of learning that all children and youth should have the opportunity to master no matter where they live.
The report also presents key indicators to track learning at the global level and monitor progress in foundational skills such as literacy and numeracy as well as a wider range of areas. In particular, the task force calls for new global indicators to include "readiness to learn" in early childhood, skills and values for youth to be successful "citizens of the world," and a "learning for all" indicator that would combine measures of access, completion and reading into one statistic.
Finally, the task force calls for coordinated action by all education and development stakeholders to make learning and reliable data on learning outcomes a global priority. It serves as a blueprint for tackling the technical, political and institutional changes required to ensure young people develop the skills they need for their future lives and livelihoods.
* UNESCO. 2012. Education for All: Global Monitoring Report—Youth and Skills, Putting Education to Work, Paris, UNESCO
Amy Otchet, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, +1 514 343 79 33, a.otchet(at)unesco.org
Mao-Lin Shen, The Brookings Institution, _PHONE_, mshen(at)brookings.edu
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