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A brief background: I'm working on a web-based drawing application and one of the tools I'm implementing is a 1-pixel thick pencil. The tool allows the user to draw 1px aliased lines on the canvas.
In order to determine where the user is drawing on the canvas, mouse coordinates are monitored. If mouse1 is held down, the pixel the cursor is over will change. Essentially it works just like the pencil tool in Photoshop.
NOTE: Bresenham's algorithm will not work for this situation. My input is submitted in real-time, so I'm not drawing a line from P0 to P1 where the distance between P0 and P1 is many pixels. In general, P1 is a neighbor of P0.
The issue I'm having is that my resulting lines do not have a perfectly clean 1px weight. Here's an example:
Line comparison
Note that both of the lines are hand drawn, so there is some variance. What's interesting is that Photoshop is able to make a much cleaner 1px representation of the line that I draw. The reason why my line looks dirtier is because of this:
Photoshop's line
My line
When drawing with the tool in my application, the red pixels are filled in. In Photoshop, the red pixels are not filled in. This makes sense because in order to move from a given pixel to, say, its south-east neighbor, either the east or south neighbor will likely be passed over. There is an extremely slim chance that the cursor will pass exactly over the corner into the south-east neighbor, avoiding the drawing of the red pixel, but this usually doesn't happen.
So, the question I'm left with is how Photoshop is able to skip the red pixels that are showing up in my lines. The only thing I could think of was waiting until two pixels are queued up before drawing either of them so I would know if a "corner-neighbor" was passed over. In that case I would just not draw the first of the two pixels because it would be equivalent to a red pixel in my diagram. This runs the risk of not drawing an intended pixel if the user draws a pixel, moves the cursor one pixel south, and then one pixel east. Both of the pixels should be drawn, but the algorithm would say otherwise.
Any ideas? How might Photoshop be handling this issue?
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What happens when you move the mouse fast? Does it skip pixels? – Hans Passant Dec 28 '10 at 22:07
_USER_ Passant Yes, when drawing quickly I get lines similar to what Photoshop produces. What's odd is that you don't have to draw quickly in Photoshop to skip those unwanted pixels. – Xenethyl Dec 28 '10 at 22:10
It stores the mouse points in a polyline. It doesn't add a new segment to it when it can simply extend the previous one. – Hans Passant Dec 28 '10 at 22:16
_USER_ Passant I'm not sure I follow completely. If I draw a line that passes though (50,50), (50,51), and (51,51), the ideal result would be skipping (50,51) because I was moving down to (51,51). But the points in the polyline would say that the line should move through (50,51)...? – Xenethyl Dec 28 '10 at 22:20
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2 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Original: Have a look at Bresenham's line algorithm. It can easily extended concerning smoothing etc.
Edit: Regarding the development of the question and the discussions (especially the comments below), I'd like to extract some interesting points: Photoshop's pencil tool does also draw very similar lines with "east" and "south-east" pixels as well, if the mouse is moved relatively slowly thus providing many samples for all those pixels. As soon as the mouse is moved faster, the trajectory does not provide samples for all directly neighbored pixels. The result would then be the desired 1-pixel thick line. In conclusion, we note: There is no "magic" behind Photoshop's pencil tool; it just seems to scan fewer samples. For details see discussions/comments below.
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I agree; look up Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm in wikipedia for example. – WebMonster Dec 28 '10 at 21:30
_USER_ Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm is for drawing anti-aliased lines. – Xenethyl Dec 28 '10 at 21:32
_USER_ I just had a look at Photoshop's pencil tool we are talking about. It draws lines with "east" and "south-east" pixels as well that are identical looking compared to your own solution, if I move the mouse relatively slow and thus provide samples for all those pixels. As soon as I move the mouse faster and thus do not provide samples for all directly neighbored pixels, the result is indeed similar to your desired Photoshop line. Did you observe this, too? Maybe your progam is too fast and scans for too many samples... ^^ – Flinsch Dec 30 '10 at 8:12
_USER_ I think you may have just helped me realize an issue with my current implementation. Right now I'm firing my draw event whenever the cursor moves to a new pixel. I didn't really give this much thought, as I figured it would be more efficient (if the user doesn't move their mouse, there's nothing new to draw). If I switch to polling instead of event handling, I then have the ability to offer brushes that build up paint over time (ex. an airbrush). I'll experiment with this tomorrow, but I think polling will work nicely. I'll just have to figure out the right interval. – Xenethyl Dec 30 '10 at 9:58
_USER_ I just finished moving my code over to 10ms polling instead of mouse move event handling. Not only is performance better (the browser isn't dropping any mouse move events), but my lines are of much higher quality (rivaling Photoshop). I never would have thought that my original approach was accurate to the point where the quality of my lines degraded. Paint build-up was a freebie with this change too, which I'm quite happy about. If you could edit your answer to note the discussion below and/or polling I'll mark this as accepted. Thanks so much! – Xenethyl Dec 30 '10 at 21:04
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The difference between both lines is basically that Photoshop is re-considering the n-1 pixel drawn AFTER drawing the pixel n, and erasing it if it gives positive with one of the following masks:
 x 1 x x 1 x
 1 o x or x o 1
 x x x x x x
 x x x x x x
 1 o x or x o 1
 x 1 x x 1 x
x= Don't mind
o= The n-1 pixel
1= Marked pixel after drawing pixel n
Or written as logic:
Suppose pixel n-1 is at a[i,j], so, after marking the pixel n, check:
If ( (a[i-1,j ]==1 && a[i ,j-1]==1) ||
 (a[i-1,j ]==1 && a[i ,j+1]==1) ||
 (a[i ,j-1]==1 && a[i+1,j ]==1) ||
 (a[i ,j+1]==1 && a[i+1,j ]==1))
 Unmark a[i,j];
You may want your to draw your line delayed one pixel just for not showing your "disappearing" pixels (although I doubt it'll be noticeable at that scale).
alt text
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Thanks for helping out with one of my questions again. The environment that I'm running this in very much favors a preemptive solution over a reactive one ("deleting" a pixel is an involved process, especially when you consider drawing over something that already exists). The issue here is deciding whether or not that one pixel should really be deleted. What if the user intended to draw the "L" shape in your diagram? The algorithm would blindly delete it. I'd find it hard to believe Adobe's implementation is insanely complicated with prediction and trajectory tracking... – Xenethyl Dec 28 '10 at 23:34
_USER_ If the user is picky about the corners in Photoshop, he will probably use another tool, and not a freehand pencil. But I agree in that PShop may have better algorithms in there. As for drawing over something pre-existent, I thought you have an "undo" command, so Unmarking!= Deleting. – belisarius Dec 28 '10 at 23:41
Agreed that user preference comes into this a little bit. Unfortunately, this issue is at the core of my drawing algorithm for any other drawing/painting tools (ie. pencil with different tips, paintbrush, etc). Every line that the user draws is treated as a 1px line, and if a tip (ex. a star) is being used it's just stamped at each pixel coordinate. Undo is not implemented yet, but the process would be similarly involved. Changing pixel data requires a copy, read, change, and write in this environment, unfortunately. – Xenethyl Dec 28 '10


text:
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Preparation & Presentation Tips are shared during classes so that student can give his/her "THE BEST" in exams.

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text:
Many Hauntings of St. George's Cathedral
Many hauntings are associated with the apparitions of St. George's Cathedral, the Grey Lady, the organist, laughing lady ghost and the lost soldier.
St. George's Cathedral, Cape Town, South Africa was built in 1901, the cathedral is said to be haunted by many ghosts. Who exactly the ghost who wears a long, grey robe while walking the cathedral's halls and corridors making strange noises and creating cold spots in the cathedral remains a legend that has persisted over the years and continues to add to the mystique and history of St. George's Cathedral.
Ghostly history of St. George's Cathedral.
One of the most common legends is that the Grey Lady is actually the ghost of Bishop Robert Gray, who served as the first bishop of Cape Town from 1847 until 1872. Some people believe that Gray's spirit still lingers in the cathedral, and that he appears as a grey figure in clerical robes. Gray died in 1872, and he was buried in the grounds of St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town, which he had helped to establish.
The second legend who is said to be the Grey Lady, is Bishop Gray's wife, Sophia, who died in 1871. According to this legend, Sophia's spirit is said to haunt the cathedral, dressed in a long grey dress.
A third legend tells of a bride who was supposed to be married in the cathedral many years ago, but who never arrived. Some people believe that the Grey Lady is the ghost of this bride, who died tragically on her way to the wedding.
The final legend of the Grey Lady of St. George's Cathedral tells of a soldier's wife who died during a siege of the cathedral many years ago. Her husband was away at war, and she was left alone in the cathedral with their child. Some people believe that her spirit still haunts the cathedral, and that she appears as a grey figure holding a child.
St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa has several other ghost stories, there is a story of an organist who worked in the cathedral many years ago. It is said that he died while playing the organ and that his ghost can still be heard playing it late at night.
There is also a story of a ghost that is said to haunt the cathedrals Lady Chapel. This ghost is known for its eerie laughter, which can be heard echoing through the chapel.
Yet another ghost story associated with St. George's Cathedral is that of a soldier who is said to haunt the building. According to the story, the soldier died during a battle that took place near the cathedral, and his ghost can still be seen wandering the halls.
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text:
Iron pyrite is a mineral that can be found in Earth's crust. In layman's terms, it is known as fool's gold, and in the eyes of gold diggers, it's worthless. However, iron pyrite has lately been tested in the solar industry and proven to be useful.
A research conducted at the University of California Irvine has shown that iron pyrite can replace some very expensive materials that are being used at the moment in solar panel production. The man in charge of the research, Matt Law, said that with alternative energy and climate-change issues, we're always in a race against time and with some insight and a little bit of luck, we could find a good solution with something that's now disposed of as useless garbage.
The research team thinks that iron pyrite can be converted into a film that would be used for photovoltaic cells. That means that in the future fool's gold could be used for converting solar into electrical energy (with no difference from the technology that's being used today). What makes the main difference is the cost — the new technology would be way cheaper, primarily because of the availability of iron pyrite.
The team thinks that they will have a prototype ready within a year, and it will probably take up to 3 years until the technology is commercially available.
Although some people are criticizing this technology and don't really believe in this research team, they remain confident that soon they will turn the solar industry around.


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Intern
 Data Science Chair
 Publications by Andreas Hotho
 These publications are hosted by BibSonomy.
 Subjective vs. Objective Data: Bridging the Gap
 Sensor data is objective. But when measuring our environment, measured values are contrasted with our perception, which is always subjective. This makes interpreting sensor measurements difficult for a single person in her personal environment. In this context, the EveryAware projects directly connects the concepts of objective sensor data with subjective impressions and perceptions by providing a collective sensing platform with several client applications allowing to explicitly associate those two data types. The goal is to provide the user with personalized feedback, a characterization of the global as well as her personal environment, and enable her to position her perceptions in this global context. In this poster we summarize the collected data of two EveryAware applications, namely WideNoise for noise measurements and AirProbe for participatory air quality sensing. Basic insights are presented including user activity, learning processes and sensor data to perception correlations. These results provide an outlook on how this data can further be used to understand the connection between sensor data and perceptions.
 Weitere Informationen
 Tags 2015 everyaware for:dmir myown


text:
Category: Cultural Diversity / Vulnerable Populations
Research over the last twenty years has documented a strong link between experiences of discrimination and psychopathology, however there are few measures specifically designed to capture symptoms that may emerge as a result of perceived discrimination. The Anxiety Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (ASDS) is a 21-item self-report measure that asks respondents about trauma, socially avoidant, and anxiety symptoms based on "past experiences of discrimination." Respondents can be of any race or ethnicity and describe any form of discrimination. Each item is rated on a scale of 1-4 ("Never," "Rarely," "Sometimes," and "Often"), and summed for a total score. We gave the ASDS to a racially diverse group of students (N=212) that was 53.1% White, 34.6% Black, 5.2% Asian, and 7.1% Biracial/Other. Of these, 2.4% identified as Hispanic and 75% were female, with a mean age of 21.5 (SD 4.04). Reliability of the ASDS was excellent (alpha=.97). We conducted a principal components analysis on the ASDS with a Varimax rotation, and two components emerged that explained 71.4% of the variance. One component focused on worry and avoidance (12 items), and the other focused on loss of emotional control (9 items). We then compared Black and White participants on the ASDS and found significant differences in total scores (t=5.0, p <.001), with Blacks scoring higher (mean 41.7, SD=15.4) than Whites (mean 30.7, SD=13.0). Total ASDS scores were also significantly correlated to existing measures of racial microaggressions (RMAS), general ethnic discrimination frequency and stress (GEDS), anxiety (BAI), and negative affectivity (PANAS) in both Black and White students, although these correlations were stronger in Black students. When allocating percentages to the various types of discrimination experienced, Black participants attributed 51.1% to racism, whereas White participants attributed 6.9% to racism. Implications of findings and future directions will be discussed.


Menstrual Cycle Carbohydrate Craving
What Causes Menstrual Cycle Carbohydrate Craving?
Menstrual cycle carbohydrate craving can have various causes, ranging in severity from 'worrying' to 'needs attention'. Finding the true cause means ruling out or confirming each possibility – in other words, diagnosis.
Diagnose your symptoms now!
 - understand what's happening to your body
 - learn what you should be doing right now
 - identify any nutritional deficiencies
Diagnosis is usually a complex process due to the sheer number of possible causes and related symptoms. In order to diagnose menstrual cycle carbohydrate craving, we could:
 - Research the topic
 - Find a doctor with the time
 - Use a diagnostic computer system.
The process is the same, whichever method is used.
Step 1: List all Possible Causes
We begin by identifying the disease conditions which have "menstrual cycle carbohydrate craving" as a symptom. Here are two possibilities:
 - Hypoglycemia
 - Mineral Need
Step 2: Build a Symptom Checklist
numb/burning/tingling extremities
regular bizarre dreams
heart racing/palpitations
afternoon coffee/sugar craving
poor bodily coordination
anxiety related to menstrual cycle
adverse reaction to delayed meals
indoor allergies
frequent confusion/disorientation
fatigue slightly reduced by eating
a high-stress lifestyle
... and more than 20 others
Step 3: Rule Out or Confirm each Possible Cause
A differential diagnosis of your symptoms and risk factors finds the likely cause of menstrual cycle carbohydrate craving:
Cause Probability Status
Mineral Need 90% Confirm
Hypoglycemia 71% Possible
* This is a simple example to illustrate the process
Arriving at a Correct Diagnosis
If you indicate being premenopausal or being perimenopausal, The Analyst™ will ask further questions including this one:
Do you have a sugar, chocolate or carbohydrate craving associated with your cycle?
Possible responses:
→ No / don't know
→ Occasionally / moderate
→ Often / severe
Based on your response to this question, which may indicate carbohydrate craving during cycle, The Analyst™ will consider possibilities such as:
Concerned or curious about your health? Try The Analyst™
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text: Results of diffusion tensor tractography for the pyramidal tract (PT) and the aberrant pyramidal tract (APT). (A) For the reconstruction of the PT, two regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the PT area of the anterior medulla (portion of anterior blue color) on the color map. By contrast, for the reconstruction of the APT, three ROI were given on the posterior limb of the internal capsule, the PT area of the anterior medulla (portion of anterior blue color), and additional ROI was placed on the isolated APT area (behind the posterior transpontine fiber at the pontine level). (B) the PT and APT were constructed in the right hemisphere (red: the PT, yellow: the APT). The APT descended along the known pathway of the PT to the posterior limb of the internal capsule and then descended through the medial lemniscus from the midbrain to the pons (blue arrows). (C) The pathways of the PT and the APT are shown at the axial views (blue arrow: the APT was separated from the PT at the upper midbrain level, green arrow: the APT rejoined with the PT at the upper medulla level).


text:
- Sheep husbandry was introduced in Uttarakhand in Tehri in 1939. Since then sheep and goat husbandry has become endemic to Uttarakhand and has emerged as a sustainable source of livelihood for the poor and marginal farmers of the state. Thus to promote and encourage scientific outlook towards sheep and goat husbandry in the newly formed state in 2000, Uttarakhand Sheep and Wool Development Board (USWDB) was envisioned and came into existence as a registered body under the Society Registration Act, (1860).
- The main objectives of USWDB is improvement in germplasm of livestock through implementation of breeding policy for Sheep, Goat and Rabbit (Gazette Notification 249/XV-1/2005, Dated 26th May 2005) and to facilitate increase in livelihood of the farmers through skill development.
- According to the 19th Livestock census, 2012 the sheep and goat population in the state is 3.69 lakhs and 13.67 lakhs respectively in the state. Since 2007 an upward trend of 26.98% and 2.40% has been observed in sheep and goat population respectively in the state. The total wool production in the state for the year 2014-15 was 4690 qtl. and the total meat production was 109 lakh kg. According to the 19th Livestock census 2012, the no. of households engaged in sheep and goat husbandry are 17032 and 187707 respectively. The sheep and goat farmers of the state are the welfare targets of USWDB who are to be brought under the mainstream of development by distribution of elite germplasm rams and bucks produced at 11 Govt. Sheep Breeding Farms, 03 Govt. Goat Breeding Farms and 05 Ram Raising Units.
- One of the major achievements for USWDB was in the year 2014-15 when Heat Synchronization and Artificial Insemination in sheep by liquid semen of elite Kashmir Merino Ram was successfully completed as a pilot project under Integrated Development of Small Ruminants & Rabbits (IDSRR) at Govt. Sheep Breeding Farm Shamaliti, Bageshwar. Apart from this, Biometric Registration of farmers has been introduced in the state by USWDB which will help us to prepare a database of each farmer to be uploaded in the important board web site.
Some of the issues to be worked upon and tackled by USWDB to achieve integrated and extensive growth in sheep and goat development in the near future are, Strengthening of Govt. Sheep/Goat Breeding Farms, introduction of latest technology and equipments at farms and field, timely purchase and marketing of farmer's produce and to make the marginal farmers self reliant through formation of Self help groups, Producer Groups and Livelihood collectives.


text: The Triangle is the southern corner of MEMBG and is outside of the main fence of the Garden. This space has changed hands several times over the years, but is now securely a part of the Garden. Trees and shrubs from all over the world can be seen in this area. Particular highlights include several massive Eucalyptus trees (E. maidenii, E. saligna, and E. acmenoides among others), as well as a sculptural Bracelet honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris) in the northwest corner of The Triangle. Several beautiful species of Dombeya from Africa are found on the western edge of the area, providing showy early winter flowers.


text:
UCRC Index of Sections
|SECTION 336B STRUCTURAL REGULATIONS|
366B.1. Gravity Loads.
The capacity of the structure to resist gravity loads shall be
evaluated and the structure strengthened as necessary. The evaluation
shall include all parts of the load path. Where no distress is
evident, and a complete load path is present, the structure may
be assumed adequate by having withstood the test of time if anticipated
dead and live loads will not exceed those historically present.
366B.2. Wind and Seismic Loads.
The ability of the structure to resist wind and seismic load
shall be evaluated. The evaluation shall be based on the requirements
of Section 8-706.


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Selections of Literary Chinese Prose
A collection of historic texts from well known writers
This page list a selection of historic literary Chinese texts. Follow the link under each entry title to a page that collects together similar texts. Each text includes notes about the source and vocabulary. You can click on each Chinese word for the English definition and other information about the word.


text: ||The University Of South Florida College Of Marine Science's fleet of Slocum gliders, produced by Teledyne Webb Research and operated by the Center for Ocean Technology, enhance the College's ocean observing efforts. Gliders collect cost-effective 3D information on ocean environmental variables providing unprecedented value in a number of applications such as improving numerical models for ocean forecast, validating satellite observations, and mapping the 3D structure of harmful algal blooms. The gliders traverse the water column using buoyancy generated propulsion, allowing them to repeatedly cycle the water column in a saw-tooth pattern while transiting hundreds of kilometers over a period of weeks. USF's five gliders are each equipped with a CTD, and most have enhanced optics and acoustic payloads, including fluorometers, dissolved oxygen sensors, radiance / irradiance sensors. Four of the gliders are rated for 200m and the fifth is rated for 1000m.


text:
Here we describe the results of the project Future Weather (which ran from 2009 to 2011). In Future Weather we investigated a number of impact relevant weather conditions in the (present and) future climate.
Future Weather has been financed by the national Dutch program Knowledge for Climate (KfC). The work has been carried out primarily by KNMI.
The impact of climate change will manifest itself in our future weather. Future Weather focused primarily on changes in precipitation extremes on different scales ranging from intense showers at local scales to multi-day precipitation extremes over the Rhine catchment area. We also considered a worst case scenario of a combined wind and discharge extreme. Besides quantitative results, we also put effort into understanding these extremes on a process level.
Noteworthy results are:
- Evidence that local shower intensities increase strongly with warming
- Determination of the relative importance of natural variations in comparison with climate change for multi-day precipitation extremes
- Evidence that the probability of a simultaneous occurrence of high river discharge and storm surge is a factor 4 higher than previously assumed.
During the execution of the project two (record breaking) extreme precipitation events occurred:
- On the 26 and 27 August 2010 more than 130 mm precipitation was recorded in the eastern part of the Netherlands, leading to severe local flooding.
- On the 28 June 2011, during a severe shower, 79 mm of rain was recorded between 20 and 21 local time at the KNMI automatic observational station at Herwijnen.


text:
What Does the Bible Teach Us About Food?
Food is a version of God's love
Food is God's most basic way of saying, "I love you. I want to provide for you by nurturing you with food that is beautiful and delectable" (Genesis 1).
In Food and Faith: A Theology of Eating, author Norman Wirzba explores what the Bible can teach us about eating well, and shows how God invites us to share in this love by becoming hospitable and nurturing to others.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Panasonic Receives Prestigious IEEE Corporate Innovation Award for Unique HIT Solar Technology
Panasonic was presented with the IEEE Corporate Innovation Award from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on June 30 at the IEEE Honors Ceremony held in Boston, Mass. Panasonic was cited "for developing and commercializing high-performance heterojunction solar technology (HIT)" by the IEEE, the world's largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity.
- Masato Ito, Executive Officer of Panasonic at IEEE award ceremony in Boston, USA
The IEEE Corporate Innovation Award, established in 1985, recognizes outstanding and exemplary contributions by an industrial entity, government or academic organization, or other corporate body, which have resulted in major advancement of the arts and science of electrotechnology. It is considered one of the most coveted awards in this field. A total of 37 different companies have previously received the award, including world-leading electrical manufacturers and IT companies. Panasonic has become the fifth Japanese company to receive this recognition.
Panasonic's HIT solar cells have a unique hybrid structure comprised of amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon, for which the company embarked on research and development in 1990. The company's efforts in developing solar cells to help solve the energy issue had started even earlier. In 1980, it became the first in the world to mass produce amorphous silicon solar cells, which were widely used as power source for electronic calculators, thereby contributing to the spread of solar cells. In 1997, Panasonic succeeded in commencing mass production of HIT solar cells and panels boasting the industry's highest-level power generation capability. HIT panels have earned acclaim for their high quality and power generation capability throughout the world.
- Corporate Innovation Award (Photo credit: IEEE)
Today, HIT solar cells have achieved a conversion efficiency of 23.9% at R&D level and 21.6% at mass production level. The company now has a total production capacity of 600MW of HIT solar cells per year, meeting demand in the three major markets of Japan, Europe, and the U.S. With its new Malaysian factory - an integrated production site for wafers (slicing), cells, and panels - coming on stream by year-end, Panasonic is ready to handle robust global demand for solar cells.
Panasonic continues to strive to further the development of society, industry, and academia through its world-leading technologies, while contributing to the creation of a safe, secure, and prosperous society with its renewable energy and other environmental technologies.
- Seattle Mariners Hit it Out of the Park with Panasonic HIT® Double Solar Panels
- [Product] HIT Photovoltaic Module
- [Press Release] Panasonic Receives Prestigious IEEE Corporate Innovation Award for Unique HIT Solar Technology
- [Press Release] Panasonic's Green Technology Helps Reduce Carbon Emissions from Ocean-going Car Carrier


text:
Hilo Hosts 3rd Astronomy and Engineering Summit
For the third year, the Pacific Astronomy and Engineering Summit is beingÂ convened in Hilo, bringing together high school students from around the world for five days of activities, workshops, and other hands-on learning opportunities.
The summit was first held in 2013, modeled after two of the worlds most prestigious science education showcases: the International Student Science Fair, which moves from country to country each year, and the Japan Super Science Fair inÂ Ritsumeikan.
This year, the summit will welcome 31 students and teachers, including eight students and three teachers from Hawaii Island (from Kealakehe High School,Â St. Joseph School, and Kamehameha Schools-Hawaii). They will be joined by 15 students and five teachers from Canada, Japan, China, and India.
The represented nations are all partners in the Thirty Meter Telescope, which is sponsoring the summit along with the Mauna Kea Astronomy Outreach Committee, with support from the Hawaii Space Grant Consortium and the University of Hawaii at Hilo.
UH Hilo's Imiloa Astronomy Center will host most of the program, which runs from today through Friday, July 24.
That program includes sessions on topics ranging from telescope optics and digital imaging to volcanoes, meteorites, and robotics. Throughout, students will have opportunities to interact with working scientists and engineers, who will collectively foster their budding interests in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM).
The students will also hear from noted speakers like Jim Kauahikaua, who until recently served as chief scientist at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory,Chad KÄlepa Baybayan, navigator with both 'Imiloa and the Hokulea, Kaiali'i Kahele fromÂ Pa'a Pono Miloli'i, and Heather Kaluna,Â the first Native Hawaiian to complete the UH PhD program in astronomy.
Participating students will also take the stage, making presentations on their research projects. From studying the relationship between moon phases and tsunami intensity to using helium balloons to launch spacecraft, the students will get professional feedback on their work.
And they will venture outside the 'Imiloa Astronomy Center for field trips to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Summit organizers stress the importance of STEM education, noting that there will be 29,000 new STEM related jobs in Hawaii alone by 2018.
"Science education and partnerships are critical to creating tomorrow's researchers, educators, inventors, and technicians, and it is they who will continue to use science, technology, and culture to inspire the exploration of our universe," said TMT chairman Henry Yang in a statement. "Technology allows us to communicate and collaborate across borders, and the experiences these students share over the next five days will result in friendships and working relationships that last for years to come."
Photos courtesy PAES.


text:
- nail (n.)
- Old English negel "metal pin," nægl "fingernail (handnægl), toenail," from Proto-Germanic *naglaz (cf. Old Norse nagl "fingernail," nagli "metal nail;" Old Saxon and Old High German nagel, Old Frisian neil, Middle Dutch naghel, Dutch nagel, German Nagel "fingernail, small metal spike"), from PIE root *(o)nogh "nail" (cf. Greek onyx "claw, fingernail;" Latin unguis "nail, claw;" Old Church Slavonic noga "foot," noguti "nail, claw;" Lithuanian naga "hoof," nagutis "fingernail;" Old Irish ingen, Old Welsh eguin "nail, claw").
The "fingernail" sense seems to be the original one. Nail polish attested from 1891. To bite one's nails as a sign of anxiety is attested from 1570s. Nail-biting is from 1805. Hard as nails is from 1828. To hit the nail on the head "say or do just the right thing" is first recorded 1520s. Phrase on the nail "on the spot, exactly" is from 1590s, of obscure origin; OED says it is not even certain it belongs to this sense of nail.
- nail (v.)
- Old English næglian "to fasten with nails," from Proto-Germanic *ganaglijanan (cf. Old Saxon neglian, Old Norse negla, Old High German negilen, German nageln, Gothic ganagljan "to nail"), from the root of nail (n.). Related: Nailed; nailing. Meaning "to catch, seize" is first recorded 1766, probably from earlier sense "to keep fixed in a certain position" (1610s). Meaning "to succeed in hitting" is from 1886. To nail down "to fix down with nails" is from 1660s.


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As the Prairies face wind chill temperatures of -40, officials issue an extreme cold alert.
But head east, and the City of Toronto does the same when it gets below -15 C. And halfway across the country, the City of Vancouver's threshold is even less: at 0 C.
All across Canada, there are different criteria for what constitutes an emergency cold.
That's because Environment Canada bases it on climatological norms instead of one specific criteria, Global News meteorologist Ross Hull explained.
"For instance, temperatures on average are much lower during the winter in a city such as Winnipeg compared to Toronto. So the warnings are tailored to what are considered weather extremes for a particular area," he said.
Across the southern Prairies, the criteria for an extreme cold warning is a wind chill of -40 or colder for at least two hours, but in southern Ontario, the criteria is a wind chill of -30 or colder for at least two hours.
WATCH: Drastic cold snap in Edmonton brings out warmth in humanity
It's worse in Yellowknife, where the criteria is a wind chill of -50 for at least two hours before issuing an extreme cold weather alert.
The alerts are meant to allow Canadians to prepare and avoid frostbite, frostnip and hypothermia.
Here's how cold it needs to be before Environment Canada issues an extreme cold warning:
But Environment Canada isn't the only one that issues emergency cold warnings – many municipalities and cities do as well – but those alerts have a more specific purpose.
According to officials from the City of Toronto, the alerts activate services that help vulnerable communities like the homeless access to shelters.
"A warming centre is open at Metro Hall by 7 p.m. the day an alert is called, and remains open continuously until noon on the day an alert is terminated," a statement from the city reads.
"Other services include notification to community agencies to relax any service restrictions, availability of transit tokens in some drop-ins, and additional overnight street outreach."
READ MORE: Toronto under extreme cold weather alert
Toronto's criteria for an alert is -15 C, or -20 with the wind chill.
According to the City of Vancouver, the threshold is less extreme; an extreme cold alert is activated when temperatures are near zero, when there's sleet or freezing rain, or sustained winds.
Once an alert is activated, additional shelter beds are opened.
Extreme cold to continue across Canada
As February comes to a close, an arctic ridge of high pressure is bringing bitterly cold conditions across Western Canada, Hull explained. That cold air is moving also through parts of Eastern Canada.
"The extreme cold should let up midweek across the west but temperatures will still be below average — just not the extreme cold being experienced right now," Hull said.
"However, another arctic ridge looks to set up later in the week into the weekend bringing more extreme cold."
How to prepare for extreme cold
Follow the weather forecast and be aware of any extreme cold warnings issued by Environment Canada.
When going outside, wear layers to avoid the health hazards mentioned above.
Boots should be waterproof, and it's recommended that people wear two or three layers of pants and shirts.
Finally, protect exposed skin with gloves, a toque and a scarf.
For more information on extreme cold and how to spot the symptoms of frostbite, consult Environment Canada's website.
*with files from Karen Bartko


Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
To find union and intersection of two arrays in python; This tutorial will show you how to find union and intersection of two arrays in python.
Both union and intersection are different things. You can read below the both of them.
Union:- A list that has the common distinct element from both arrays and if there are repetitions of the element then only one occurrence is considered, known as the union of both arrays.
Intersection:- A list that has common distinct elements from both arrays, is the intersection of both arrays.
Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
 - Algorithm to find union and intersection of two arrays
 - Python program to find union and intersection of two arrays
Algorithm to find union and intersection of two arrays
 1. First of all, Take two lists from the user.
 2. Take the bitwise or (|) between the sets of both arrays to find union and assign it into a variable X in the form of lists.
 3. To find the intersection of between two arrays, use the bitwise and (&) between the sets of given arrays and assign it into a variable Y in the form of lists.
 4. Print variable X and Y which is our required output.
Python program to find union and intersection of two arrays
Use the following steps to write a python program to find union and intersection of two arrays:
 - Take input Two arrays from the user in the program.
 - Find the union and intersection of these arrays bitwise operators.
 - Store result in different variables.
 - Print result.
# Program to find the union and intersection of two arrays
#take input two array from user
firstArr=list(map(int,input('Enter elements of first list:').split()))
secondArr=list(map(int,input('Enter elements of second list:').split()))
# find the union and intersection of two arrays
#using bitwise operators
x=list(set(firstArr)|set(secondArr))
y=list(set(firstArr)&set(secondArr))
#print list
print('Union of the arrays:',x)
print('intersection of the arrays:',y)
After executing the program, the output will be:
Enter elements of first list: 2 5 6
Enter elements of second list: 5 7 9 6
Union of the arrays: [2, 5, 6, 7, 9]
intersection of the arrays: [5, 6]
Recommended Python Array Programs
 1. Python Program to Find the GCD of Two Numbers or Array
 2. Python | Program to Find the LCM of the Array Elements
 3. Python Program to Find Sum of All Array Elements
 4. Python Count the Occurrences in an Array
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text:
Despite several decades of progress, outdoor air pollution in the Pittsburgh area remains a significant public health burden. An increasing variety of health threats are being identified at concentrations previously considered safe, significantly expanding the proportion of population at risk.
At the same time, substantial activities are underway to make Pittsburgh more sustainable, economically vibrant, and socially just. By and large, these actions can take place in concert with goals to improve the region's air quality. The following documents outline general planning guidance focused on such an alignment. Specific attention is also placed on 1) the intersections among public health, architecture, and air quality and 2) the health benefits of green space development. These documents were prepared by Norman Anderson, MSPH, Environment Public Health Consultant to the Heinz Endowments. Mr. Anderson collaborated with architects Sander Schuur, Linda Schuur, and Rik Ekstrom on the summary of the Stockholm-NYC conversation.


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A new breakthrough in the field of scientific research -- display of QHY6060 in
2020 / 07 / 31
In order to meet the special needs of scientific research work, the scientific camera QHY6060 has launched a full vacuum version.Compared with the standard air-cooled + drying structure, vacuum can achieve the airtight drying effect better.For scientific research activities requiring special vacuum requirements, such as X-ray observation, a vacuum environment must be provided.Up to now, most refrigeration cameras in the vacuum scheme adopt the semi-vacuum design, that is, the front chip part of the camera is placed in the vacuum device and the other parts are exposed.In contrast, the full vacuum version can place all the machines in the vacuum space, which is not only conducive to better realize airtight drying, but also more convenient to realize rotation and movement of the equipment, and more conducive to observation and operation.In terms of heat dissipation, the full vacuum version replaces the standard air-cooled structure with water-cooled structure, which can reduce the vibration to zero and minimize the external influence while adapting to the vacuum environment.
Water cooled thermal conduction module
QHY6060 QHY6060 is a high-end scientific research camera with super large target size, which is specialized in scientific research.Equipped with GENSENSE6060 large-target surface chip, the chip size is 61.44mm*61.44mm, with an effective pixel of 37.7m.Chip native 14 bit A/D, support 8 bit and 16 bit output to better meet frame rate/resolution requirements.QHY6060 offers two options of front and back lighting.Back-lit QE peaked at 95% and back-lit QE peaked at 72%.Various customized services can be realized according to research needs.


Texas Arboretum: Hall of Texas Heroes
Welcome to the Hall of Texas Heroes where Texas history comes alive and the past is celebrated through the propagation of historically significant trees. Because of their iconic nature and long life, live oaks are often identified with historic places and events.
Scientific Name Common Name Duration Habit Sun Water
Quercus fusiformis Escarpment live oak, Plateau live oak, Texas live oak, Scrub live oak, Hill country live oak, Plateau oak Perennial Tree Sun, Part-shade Dry
Quercus virginiana Coastal live oak, Southern live oak, Live oak Perennial Tree Sun, Part-shade Moist


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1. Salt spray test is carried out according to ISO 9227
2. Accelerating weathering test is conducting in house following the ISO 4892
3. Fabric mechanical properties and glue-ability are measured according to ISO 1421, ISO 4674 and ISO 2411
4. Impact test,ISO 6272
5. Adhesion of the coating on the substrate is measured according to ISO 2409 and ISO 4624
6. Seam strength tests are conducted in our heating room according to ISO 6185
7. Heat test is conducted in our heating room according to ISO 6185
8. The thickness of the powder coating is measured according to the ISO 2178
9. Air tightness is controlled following the ISO 6185 procedure
10.Each boat is tested for air leakage with soapy water. It is then kept inflated for 48 hours followed by a pressure check.
11.Finally before packing all the boats are inspected.


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Concerning eucharistic adoration, exposition & benediction exposition & benediction guidelines - page 4 understanding of the church is that this type of. Non denominational prayers for public meetings without a prior licensing contract with me may i grow in understanding of my own motives. Net framework's reflection api allows you will give you a complete understanding of reflection in more understand about reflection in net, my vote. It is a reflection of our lack of creative thinking that we continue to invoke rizal when we discuss specific problems and veneration without understanding. Christian reflection and teaching of the word of god friday june 9, 2017, without spiritual understanding, we as children of god who have accepted jesus as. After a basic understanding of shapes has begun understanding translations, reflections, and rotations in geometry after a basic understanding of shapes has.
Practising reflective writing page 17 without reflecting upon this experience it may quickly be forgotten demonstrating understanding of. Get information, facts, and pictures about reflection at encyclopediacom make research projects and school reports about reflection easy with credible articles from. Hospice sabbath a service of reflection and remembrance a service of reflection and remembrance understanding, gentle. Understanding datacolor gloss reflection can be calculated using the observing the color without any surface reflected light in our field of view.
It is because of the law of reflection that an eye must sight at the image location in order to see the image of an object in a mirror check your understanding 1. Discuss here, veneration without understanding and the author of the article this is also a reflection of our study questions to veneration without. Learning through reflection find it easier to discard what has happened and to move on without taking stock of the listening with understanding and.
Resources and reflections for worship planners and leaders feb 15, 2012 benediction: mark 8: 34-35 here's a benediction based on or serve without that special. Reflection on veneration without reflection on venediction without understanding thinkers have warned of the dangers of a life spent without reflection. Reflection of god's love 45,889 likes 516 talking about this a place for everyone to learn, share, inspire and be inspired a platform for. Reaction paper on veneration with place understanding by renato constantino the paper is definitely an eye-opener cosmos one of the thousands, if non.
What is reflection, and why is it because this is a popular question i'd like to point out that reflection (without as per my understanding: reflection. Translations reflections and rotations, transformations coordinate plane, line of symmetry, geometry - duration: 43:51 the organic chemistry tutor 11,245. But because majority of the filipino was not educated, they could not see what rizal wanted for all of them they could not see what he was planning for our country.
Our age is essentially one of understanding and reflection without passion from phil 219-0 at northwestern.
Waves/reflection and refraction from wikibooks, open books for an open world on 31 july reflection and. Without doubt they are moroni framed by the invocation and benediction after reading "reflections on the sacrament prayers," individually or as a. Time-saving video on how to describe the effect of a reflection and how to use ordered pair rules to describe various reflections reflections - concept brian. Zeal without understanding: reflections on what is required now in our society is to combine zeal with understanding well-meaning but without understanding. Liturgy reflection & benediction 06042017 liturgy without you, life turns to dust the spirit of wisdom and understanding. Reflections on the veneration without this has something to do with going deep understanding how rizal became aimless of liberty but hunger of. How to write a reflection paper or experience shapes your understanding of class-related how do i write a reflective essay without using the personal.
Creating opportunities for reflection in action creating opportunities for reflection in action but without any underlying reflection on why it may be. The reflection of light what is it about objects that let us see them why do we see the road, or a pen, or a best friend if an object does not emit its own light. What does reflection mean information and translations of reflection in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web expression without words.


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8 hours, the total amount of cooling is -1.5 K 8 = 12 K or 12oC. Thus, the temperature 8 hours later will be 13oC.
This cooling near the surface creates a layer of cold air near the surface with a layer of warmer air above it. The layering of warm air over colder air creates an temperature inversion, which suppresses convection and lock pollutants into the air layer near Earth's surface.


text:
World Publishing Company announced the release of a pictorial book titled 'Cham Cultural Heritage' in five languages, including Vietnamese, Latin, English, French and ancient Cham script.
The book cover
The book also highlights Cham sculptures from the 2nd to 16th century.
Another part of the book reveals the lifestyle, economic activities, cultural hobbies, religion and beliefs of the ancient Cham people, and also shows Cham people in modern times.
Author Nguyen Van Ku is known as a historian and archaeologist who spent many years making field trips and researching Cham relics. He worked in the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences in the past before switching to photography. At present, he is a member of the International Arts Photographers Federation.


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In the olden times small - big, holed earthen pots are kept on one another in front of the Goddess on the first night. A lamp with four lit wicks was placed in the first pot and the lamp was uninterruptedly kept lit. Rounds of dance were performed around the lamp. There are two types of folk dances performed during 'Garba'. The dance preformed by the males standing in a circle singing while clapping with simple feet movement is called as 'Garbi' and the dance performed by females with delicate body gesticulations is called as 'Garba'. The songs praising Amba, Kalika, Randalmaa and other goddess are sung during 'Garba'. At that time in order to generate chivalry instruments like drum and clarion are used. Over a period of time there was dance on songs based on Krishnaleela, composed by saints, description of seasons, or related to social issues. Instead of claps and pinches there was use of instruments like Khanjiri, Manjiri and stack of lamps being used in the dance.
The organizer of Garba program for the last 55 years Shri. Nyaas from Kolhapur in this context says 'Mother Goddess protected us by slaying the Demon. We cannot pay her back; so in order to gratify her, to please her, this dance is performed. This dance is a form of worship to please the goddess like Kirtan and Bhajan'.


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A new initiative to construct recharge wells is helping to increase the groundwater levels.
The construction of recharge wells at Cubbon Park under the 100 million wells scheme is helping to restore the decreased groundwater level.
Vishwanath, a water expert said, "Unfortunately as the city is crusting; only 3% of the rain that recharges the groundwater becomes available through open wells. Through 100 million wells schemes that have been done in Cubbon park, where 64 recharge wells have been made. If the city makes million wells and recharges the rainwater, the groundwater quality will improve."
The only source of water in Bangalore lore is the Cauvery River. The consumption of water is increasing with the increase in population.
Kusuma G. Deputy Director, Horticulture department said, "The work was in progress for the last 6 years. Now the work is complete. And it has increased the groundwater level. It is a good concept. "
With this, the number of bore wells has increased and the natural reservoirs like lakes and ponds are disappearing. So the construction of recharge wells can be beneficial.
The horticulture department has decided to implement a hundred million well projects in Botanical Garden Lalbagh as well.
But construction of recharge wells in urban areas, where the topsoil of earth has been washed away can be more effective than constructing them in forest areas.
Sandeep Ramakrishnan, an environmentalist said, "100 wells project is a great intervention in a city. But in a forest, you don't need it. Every drop of water that falls on the earth goes directly into the earth. There are millions of wells in the ground because of the earthworms dig a million wells in the earth. Thus when it rains it goes to the earth through the holes, which recharges the groundwater."
The restoration of already existing reservoirs and wells can give better results in restoring groundwater level rather than constructing new 100 million wells.


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What is an ecovillage?
An ecovillage is an intentional, traditional or urban community that is consciously designed through locally owned, participatory processes in all four dimensions of sustainability (social, culture, ecology and economy) to regenerate their social and natural environments.
Ecovillages come in all shapes and sizes, and can be found across the world: from traditional villages using age-old techniques, to modern settlements built with the latest in ecological innovations. Explore our map below to find out if there's an ecovillage near you!
We believe that the good intentions and creativity of human beings are among underutilised resources we have today. Ecovillages are a manifestation of conscious human innovation and creativity: groups of people living out their principals, lowering their environmental impact, and increasing their sense of belonging and purpose.
Ecovillages are rapidly gaining recognition as demonstrations sites of sustainability in practice and as places of inspiration for wider society. Ecovillage projects show that it is entirely possible and practical for us to consciously enhance and improve the environments in which we live.
Map of European Ecovillages
Intentional Community: A residential group that comes together for some shared purpose or intention … or develops one.
Ecovillage: (Robert and Dianne Gilman's original definition, 1991) An intentional community, which is human-scaled, full-featured, harmlessly integrated with nature, supports healthy human development and is sustainable. Today within GEN International we use the following definition: An intentional or traditional community (formed by at least 8 persons) that is consciously designed through locally owned, participatory processes to regenerate social and natural environments. The 4 dimensions of sustainability (ecology, economy, the social and the cultural) are all integrated into a holistic approach.
National Network: A network of ecovillages within one country, such as RIVE - the Italian Ecovillage Network. A National Network should have at least 3 ecovillage members meeting the above mentioned criteria.
Bioregions: A formation of several national networks and/or ecovillages sharing the same bioregion, such as the Iberian Ecovillage Network.


Symfony
Tutoriels sur le framework Symfony
Quelle est la méthode la plus couramment utilisée pour contrôler les fonctionnalités de Symfony ?
Symfony est un framework open source pour le développement d'applications Web et d'API. Il permet aux développeurs de créer des applications Web riches et puissantes et de les déployer rapidement. Il est conçu pour être facile à apprendre et à utiliser, et fournit un grand nombre d'outils et de bibliothèques pour le développement. Avec Symfony,
Quelle est la méthode la plus couramment utilisée pour contrôler les fonctionnalités de Symfony ? Lire la suite »
How to Call jQuery in Your Twig Files with Webpack and Symfony
Uncaught ReferenceError: jQuery is not defined If you encountered this error message in your console of a Symfony project using Webpack, it is very likely that you are using jQuery in the following way in your project : Your case In the app.js file you probably called jQuery like this : And then you wanted to call in your twig jQuery file this way
How to Call jQuery in Your Twig Files with Webpack and Symfony Lire la suite »
Symfony, Doctrine | Retrieve old data of FormType
Method for recovering old data from a FormType under Symfony You need to recover old data from an Entity in Symfony to do some processing such as managing a history or other? I will present you a method that uses Unit Of Work to compare old data of data sent via the form created by FormType. Use Unit Of Work from Doctrine To retrieve old data it is
Symfony, Doctrine | Retrieve old data of FormType Lire la suite »
Symfony Get difference between two dates in MySQL with Doctrine (Day, month, year…)
How to have the difference between two dates in MySQL and Doctrine? You have to use the TimeStampDiff method which takes 3 parameters (the unit, the first date, the second date) and returns a number corresponding to the difference in unit between the dates. For example: See more details on this link which explains in detail the SQL function TIMESTAMPDIFF How to use
Symfony Get difference between two dates in MySQL with Doctrine (Day, month, year…) Lire la suite »
Symfony FormType Choice | Set data default to group of radio button
How to set a default value to a ChoiceType radio button group under Symfony 4+? Currently you probably use the forms this way: This gives you as a result a group of 3 radio buttons with only one possible choice, but if you put directly here a default value, it will overwrite the values of the entity if you want to change it afterwards.
Symfony FormType Choice | Set data default to group of radio button Lire la suite »
Generate a CSV file for Excel with Symfony
It's a common practice on web applications to extract data via CSV, whether it's to retrieve statistics or to make data backups, I'll show you how this is easily done with Symfony via a Controller. How to generate the CSV file with a Symfony Controller To generate the file, it must be constructed as in the following example, by defining the columns of the CSV file with
Generate a CSV file for Excel with Symfony Lire la suite »


text:
- Status Report
- April 12, 2024
Resonant Infrared Irradiation Of CO And CH3OH Interstellar Ices
Solid-phase photo-processes involving icy dust grains greatly affect the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium by leading to the formation of complex organic molecules and by inducing photodesorption.
So far, the focus of laboratory studies has been mainly on the impact of energetic ultraviolet (UV) photons on ices, but direct vibrational excitation by infrared (IR) photons is expected to influence the morphology and content of interstellar ices as well.
However, little is still known about the mechanisms through which this excess vibrational energy is dissipated, and its implications on the structure and ice photochemistry. In this work, we present a systematic investigation of the behavior of interstellar relevant CO and CH3OH ice analogues upon resonant excitation of vibrational modes using tunable infrared radiation, leading to both the quantification of infrared-induced photodesorption and insights in the impact of vibrational energy dissipation on ice morphology. We utilize an ultrahigh vacuum setup at cryogenic temperatures to grow pure CO and CH3OH ices, as well as mixtures of the two.
We expose the ices to intense, near-monochromatic mid-infrared free-electron-laser radiation to selectively excite the species. The dissipation of vibrational energy is observed to be highly dependent on the excited mode and the chemical environment of the ice. All amorphous ices undergo some degree of restructuring towards a more organized configuration upon on-resonance irradiation.
Moreover, IR-induced photodesorption is observed to occur for both pure CO and CH3OH ices, with interstellar photodesorption efficiencies of the order of 10 molecules cm-2 s-1 (i.e., comparable to or higher than UV-induced counterparts). Indirect photodesorption of CO upon vibrational excitation of CH3OH in ice mixtures is also observed to occur, particularly in environments rich in methanol.
J. C. Santos, K.-J. Chuang, J. G. M. Schrauwen, A. Traspas Muiña, J. Zhang, H. M. Cuppen, B. Redlich, H. Linnartz, S. Ioppolo
Comments: Accepted for publication in A&A. 19 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables
Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Cite as: arXiv:2302.11591 [astro-ph.GA] (or arXiv:2302.11591v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version)
Focus to learn more
From: Julia C. Santos
[v1] Wed, 22 Feb 2023 19:00:08 UTC (2,648 KB)


You are here: Reference > JavaScript > client-side > event handling > properties > originalTarget (event)
originalTarget property (event)
Browser support:
Returns a reference to the object on which the event originally occurred.
We recommend using the target property instead, because it is equivalent to the originalTarget property and supported not only by Firefox, but also by Opera, Google Chrome, Safari and Internet Explorer from version 9.
The explicitOriginalTarget is similar to the originalTarget property, but it always retrieves the exact target object while the originalTarget property sometimes returns the parent element of the exact target object. For example, if a span element contains some text (in that case, the span element has a TextNode child) and an onclick event occurs within the span element, then the explicitOriginalTarget property retrieves the TextNode while the originalTarget property returns the span element as the target.
If you need the element on which the event listener was registered, use the currentTarget property.
In Internet Explorer before version 9, use the srcElement property for similar functionality.
In case of activation and mouse move events, the fromElement, toElement and relatedTarget properties can also be useful. For example, the fromElement and relatedTarget properties retrieve the element that the mouse pointer left in case of the onmouseover event.
Syntax:
object.originalTarget;
You can find the related objects in the Supported by objects section below.
This property is read-only.
Possible values:
Reference to the object on which the event originally occurred.
Default: this property has no default value.
Example HTML code 1:
This example illustrates the use of the originalTarget property:

Click on this text first!

 <button>Click on this button next!</button>

Did you find this example helpful? yes no
Supported by objects:
Related pages:
External links:
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On World Sparrow Day, move to monitor common birdsMarch 19th, 2012 - 10:32 pm ICT by IANS
Mumbai, March 19 (IANS) A unique public participation initiative to monitor common birds in the country will be launched Tuesday, to coincide with "World Sparrow Day", an official said here Monday.
The "Common Bird Monitoring Program", a pioneer project and first of its kind in India, will monitor and carry out detailed mapping of 18 common bird species found across the country with direct public participation, said Nature Forever Society chief Mohammed Dilawar.
The birds like house sparrows, house crow, rock pigeon, rose-ringed parakeets, Ashy Prinia and Hoopoes shall be monitored, mapped and counted around the country as well the entire Indian Subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, Dilawar told media persons.
"The data collected will help map the presence/absence, population/distribution of these common birds since there is currently no scientific data available on these common species in India," Dilawar explained.
The initiative is supported by a corporate house, the Jaypee Group Executive Chairman Manoj Gaur and Jaypee Group's IT arm, JILIT's Director Sunita Joshi - the latter has taken care of the technology to design the program.
This data, over a period of time would be statistically analysed for launching conservation efforts, he said.
"The knowledge about the status, population and distribution of common birds will help in timely conservation measures that can save these birds from extinction, and help create conservation interest among the masses," said Dilawar.
Similar programmes are continuing in many western countries, some more than 100 years old, with the Christmas Bird Count in the US running since 1900.
These bird monitoring acts as an early warning system to initiate remedial measures to save species from extinction before it is too late, he said referring to the critically-endangered status of the vulture, which was once common in India, and proper monitoring could have checked its decline.
Dilawar said that citizens can register and spend 15 minutes daily to monitor the 18 birds for the project from their homes, windows or any other location and make notings and enter their data daily, weekly or monthly or annually.
- India's first common bird monitoring system launched - Mar 20, 2012
- House sparrow is Delhi's state bird (With Images) - Aug 14, 2012
- Are house sparrows being driven away? (March 20 is World Sparrow Day) - Mar 19, 2012
- Bird watchers to revive house sparrow chirping in Shimla (March 20 is World Sparrow Day) - Mar 20, 2011
- Donate binoculars, promote eco-awareness - Sep 02, 2011
- Sparrow decline indicates serious environmental change: Experts - May 09, 2012
- This year celebrate 'Sparrow Holi' - Mar 20, 2011
- Maharashtra man enters Limca Book of Records (With Images) - Jun 09, 2011
- Concern for sparrows on spiritual leader's 100th birthday - Jan 24, 2011
- Pong wetlands hosting over 100,000 feathered guests (Feb 2 is World Wetlands Day) - Feb 02, 2012
- Himachal to count its feathered guests this month - Jan 29, 2012
- Know the bird and count it too - at Pong wetlands - Jan 25, 2011
- Where have sparrows gone? Time Hero to find out (With Images) - Sep 17, 2009
- Birds, animals up for adoption in Haryana - Jan 06, 2011
- Growing number of Cambodia vultures offer hope for endangered scavengers - Sep 06, 2010
Tags: christmas bird count, common birds, conservation efforts, conservation interest, conservation measures, crow rock, early warning system, executive chairman, gaur, group executive, house sparrows, indian subcontinent, media persons, parakeets, pioneer project, population distribution, public participation, remedial measures, rock pigeon, sunita


Acta Biotechnol. volume 19, issue 2, P147-_PHONE_ DOI: 10.1002/abio.370190207 View full text
K. Czaczyk, A. Olejnik, K. Trojanowska
Abstract: In the first part of the experiments, the mechanical properties of 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan and 1%. 2% and 3% carrageenadlocust bean gum (LBG) gels stored in various concentrations of propionic and acetic acids and their mixtures were examined:The stability of these materials was measured by uniaxial compression between two parallel plates using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. A mathematical model explaining the dependence of the destroying force on the storage time was chosen for data analysis. Using…
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When standard lens solution are not providing the optimal field of view at the desired working distance, lens adapters can be used. On the bottom there is an explanation how lens adapters work.
C/CS mount to M12 adapters
The C or CS mount to M12 lens adapters are used to mount M12 lenses on a C-mount or CS-mount camera. M12 lenses are cheaper, compacter and have less weight. In some applications there parameters are critical. Without this adapter it's not possible to mount a M12 lens on a C or CS-mount industrial camera.
M12 or C-mount extension rings
Extensionrings are used to shorten the minimum working distance of a C-mount or M12 lens. Most industrial lenses have a working distance of 100mm or higher. By adding extension rings, this distance can be reduced. When reducing the working distance, the depth of field is also reduced. Adding extension rings willl reduce the optical performance of the lens and the light sensitivity. Therefore M12 or C-mount extension rings are only used in specific industrial applications.
Focal length extender
With a focal length extender you can extend the focal length of the lens by a factor 2 or 4. By using this focal length extender in combination with a 35 or 50 or 75mm c-mount lens you can make focal lenghts of 70mm, 100mm, 150mm, 200mm and 300mm.


« · »
Problem 6.2: A brick falls on a nail
Please wait for the animation to completely load.
A 1.5-kg brick falls a given height onto a 15-gram spike as shown in the animation (position is given in meters and time is given in seconds). Restart.
 1. Determine the work done on the brick by the nail.
 2. Use your calculation in (a) to determine the average force exerted on the nail by the brick.
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text:
F for fat: obesity on report cards?
Illustration: Ron Tandberg.
A CHILD'S weight should be included in their school report as part of a radical plan to tackle the obesity crisis, according to the man who led Australia's successful response to the AIDS epidemic.
David Penington, who chaired the National AIDS Task Force from 1983 to 1987, also suggests the GST be raised and extended to a broader range of foods to encourage healthy eating.
Professor Penington, a former Melbourne University vice-chancellor and dean of medicine, told an obesity summit in Canberra this week that the inclusion of weight in primary school reports could spark discussion between teachers and parents about their children's diet and level of physical activity.
''Some obesity does start in early childhood just with very bad eating habits,'' Professor Penington said.
''It's not that I want the schools to be seen as the body responsible, but nonetheless use the school environment as a way to contribute to ensuring that the broader issues are there for discussion.''
Child and adolescent psychologist Michael Carr-Gregg said schools could play a role in preventing obesity but warned that placing a child's weight on their report card could trigger depression and anxiety and lead to bullying.
Christine Morgan, chief executive of the Butterfly Foundation, which works to prevent eating disorders, said weight was not the best measure of health, and reporting weight could undermine children's self-esteem.
''I would be very concerned that this would have some very detrimental impacts on a young person and would actually be very counterproductive,'' she said.
Australian Education Union federal president Angelo Gavrielatos said schools had a role to play in teaching children about healthy lifestyles, but more resources should be directed to supporting parents.
''We cannot continue to expect more and more from schools, which takes away from the core responsibility of teachers,'' he said.
A federal Health Department spokeswoman said placing children's weight on report cards would not be a federal responsibility, and the department's approach was to promote healthy eating and physical activity.
Coalition health spokesman Peter Dutton said: ''We support people having the information they need to make choices for themselves and their children. We do not support reporting on a child's weight on their report card.''
Obesity Australia chairman John Funder said the idea would need to be implemented sensitively, and suggested parents of overweight children be offered the chance to talk to their physical education teacher.
Professor Penington said the GST could be changed to encourage those in low socioeconomic groups - who suffer disproportionately from obesity - to eat more fresh fruit and vegetables and less processed food. Currently fresh food is GST free, but the tax applies to hot takeaway foods, ice-cream, biscuits, confectionary, soft drinks and some other prepared foods.
Professor Penington said fresh fruit and vegetables should remain GST free, and an expert group could decide which other foods remained free of GST based on their nutritional value. He suggested other foods be subject to the tax, which could be raised to provide extra revenue to cover rising healthcare costs.
''Telling people over television to eat better doesn't do very much,'' Professor Penington said. ''Price signals do influence behaviour.''
Since 1980, the proportion of Australians who are obese has almost tripled and now stands at 28 per cent. About one-quarter of Australian children are overweight or obese.
Poll: Should obesity be on children's school reports?
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text:
The practice of eating clay for gastrointestinal ailments and applying clay topically as bandaids for skin infections is as old as mankind. Bentonites in particular have been used in traditional medicines, where their function has been established empirically. With modern techniques for nanoscale investigations, we are now exploring the interactions of clay minerals and human pathogens to learn the lessons that Mother Nature has used for healing. The vast surface area and chemical variability of hydrothermally altered bentonites may provide a natural pharmacy of antibacterial agents.
- Healing clay
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)


text:
The Bloodstone Lands: Legacies
Every new level (including 1st) each PC adds 3 hero points to their character sheet. These points DO NOT roll over to the next level so use 'em or lose 'em.
Bonus Hero Points can be gained through good roleplay, these bonus points must also be used by the next level or lost.
How to use hero Points:
It's pretty easy. Whenever you roll a D20 you can use a Hero Point to add an additional die to the roll. You must use the Hero Point BEFORE the roll. Once used a Hero Point is gone. One exception to the above rule is for damage. You may use a Hero Point to add or subtract to any damage you roll or take. Again, you must declare the Hero Point used before rolling the damage dice.
Thus Hero Points can be used for all the following rolls: attack, damage, saves and skill checks.
How Much Do Hero Points Add to Your Roll:
Depends on your level:
1-5 = D4
6-10 = D6
11-15 = D8
16-19 = D10
20 = D12


Important: Please read the Qt Code of Conduct -
Connect to non-local IP or domain name
 - I have 2 question
 1-if I want to connect to non-local IP with QTcp Socket,what should I do?
 QHostAddress address ("");
 I use this to connect to the local IP,but what to use if non-local IP?
 If IP is not within my IP range,what should we do?
 for example my IP is
 and the server IP is
 f I have domain name can use this?
 QHostAddress address ("");
 2-If I want to connect to sqlserver that it in non-local,what should I do?
 db = QSqlDatabase::addDatabase("QODBC");
 bool test=db.isValid();//true
 db.setDatabaseName("DRIVER={SQL Server};SERVER=localhost\\SQLSERVER;DATABASE=DB1");
 I use this to connect to a local database, but what should I do if the IP is non-local?
 What if the IP is not within my IP range?
 What should I do?
 What if the database address is a domain name?
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 To connect a server, the firewalls need to allow it.
 So the routers and switches will route your incoming connections to the right pc.
 Even if you are not on same subnet.
 So it will just work if the infrastructure allows it.
 A domain name is merely a human readable version of an ip.
 so makes no difference.
 you always really connect to an IP and a port.
 often the port is determined by the protocol. Like 80 for http etc.
 You will connect to an IP and port and if database server is behind a firewall,
 it must allow that traffic.
 - _USER_ So this code works without modification, If ip remotely allows me to connect?
 I do not need to change the code or make a custom setting on the client device?
 - _USER_
 The network modules works with intra and extra network acess. But the responsable to forward your connection if necessary is the gateway of your network.
 A little resume of how network communication works:
 If the IP A and B are in the same network, A will send directly the packet to B because they are in the same network.
 But if the IP A and B are in different network, A will send the packet to default gateway of network and the gateway will be the responsable to find the next route to send the packet to B and so on until the packet reaches the destination or be discarded.
 But the communation can be refused for n reasons:
 - The gateway don't know how forward the connection (next route)
 - The gateway can refuse connection for a specific ip of network
 - The firewall can deny the connetion, etc.
 So, notice that it is a infraestruture problem and not a software problem.
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 On top of _USER_ good explanation, i can highly recommend to read some
 networking to have an overview of how it works.
 - _USER_ so whats difference between network and websockets module?
 for connect to web server or non-local IP should use witch one?
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 Websockets is a protocol designed for 2 ways interaction with
 web servers.
 Where as the network classes are more generic/broad to talk to any kind of
 IP device.
 To talk to an non local database server, you would still use the SQL classes.
 It really dont matter if local or on global scrope. Still works the same except
 there will be firewall in front if outside.
 Often if you buy the database access as service, its already set up to allow connections.
 If you own server. you need to make it possible.
 - _USER_ So If I want to connect to web server, can I use network module?
 - _USER_
 If you are trying to connect to SqlServer database using tcp ip, you can find an explanation in the ODBC Qt Wiki:
 Open Connection using TCP/IP
 Remember: The firewall of your server needs to allow the connection by port or service or it will deny the connection.
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 _USER_ Above you wanted to connect to a SQL server, now to a web server. So, what do you really want to do?
 - _USER_ I Had two different question on first,non-local IP can be anything
 - Lifetime Qt Champion
 Yes you can use the network module to talk to web server.
 Here is sample that downloads a file
 so rest depends on WHAT you want to do with the web server.
 - _USER_ thank you so much
Log in to reply


text:
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Soil Salinity in Arid Areas of South Xinjiang Using Electromagnetic Induction
The aim of this paper was to research the spatio-temporal changes in total soluble salt content (TS) in a typical arid region of South Xinjiang, China, where the climate is arid and soil salinization happens easily. The total soluble salt content was interpreted by measurements made in the horizontal mode with EM38 and EM31. The electromagnetic induction (EM) surveys were made three times with the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements taken at 3 873 locations in Nov. 2008, 4807 locations in Apr. 2009 and 6 324 locations in Nov. 2009, respectively. For interpreting the ECa measurements into total soluble salt content, calibtion sites were needed for EM survey of each time, e.g., 66 sites were selected in Nov. 2008 to measure ECa, and soils-core samples were taken by different depth layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm at the same time. On every time duplicate samples were taken at five sites to allevaite the local-scale variability, and soil temperatures in different layers through the profiles were also measured. Factors including TS, pH, water content, bulk density were analyzed by lab experiments. ECa calibration equations were obtained by linear regression analysis, which indicated that soil salinity was one primary concern to ECa with a determination coefficient of 0.792 in 0-10 cm layer, 0.711 in 10-20 cm layer and 0.544 in 20-40 cm layer, respectively. The maps of spatial distribution were predicted by Kriging interpolation, which showed that the high soil salinity was located near the drainage canal, which validated the trend effect caused by the irrigation canal and the drainage canal. And by comparing the soil salinity in different layers, the soluble salt accumulated to the top soil surface only in the area where the soil salinization was serious, and in the other areas, the soil salinity trended to increase from the top soil surface to 40 cm depth. Temporal changes showed that the soil salinity in November was higher than that in April, and the soil salinization trended to aggravate, especially in the top soil layer of 0- 10 cm.


text: Apr 9, 2021 Health and reading By odb-abai inNews On April 9th an introductory excursion "Library without Borders" was held for pupils of the 6th grade of secondary school №20. The children learned about the main dates of the history of the library and the rules of use, got acquainted with the work of the library halls and services, the content of the book collections and the services provided. The children were shown book exhibitions dedicated to the 30th anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the program "Rukhani zhangyru", the work of the writer O. Zhanaidarov "Khalyk anyzdaryn zhinaushy". Many of the excursion participants wished to become library readers and received their library cards. During the excursion, a health session "Health and Reading" was held, timed to coincide with the World Health Day. The librarians reminded the children what rules and procedures must be followed during the quarantine period in order to preserve and strengthen their health. We familiarized the participants with useful literature on this topic. Particular attention was paid to the fact that reading itself can help to strengthen health, stabilize the state of mind and improve well-being.


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Let $A = \{1,\ldots,n\}^2$, for some $n \in \mathbb{N}$. We define a partial order on $A$ by $(a,b) \leq (c,d)$ when $a \leq c$ and $b \leq d$. What is the number of ascending non-degenerate (all points are different) chains of length $k$, for relevant $k$.
Help please...
This is not a homework assignment, but just a question of interest.
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4 Answers 4
up vote 1 down vote accepted
This is equivalent to the number of paths from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$ allowing -anylattice steps that move closer to $(n,n)$ (this takes into account'repeated points in the chain). Another way of saying this is integer compositions of $(n,n)$ (adding any sequence of pairs from $(i,j)$, where $i,j$ can run independently from 0 to $n$, but at least one is greater than 0).
The recurrence for $F(n,m,k)$ is $$ F(m,n,k) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} \sum_{j=0}^{m-1} F(i,j,k-1) + \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} F(i,m,k-1)+ \sum_{j=0}^{m-1} F(n,j,k-1) $$ which converts to
$$ \begin{eqnarray} F(0,0,0) &=& 1\\ F(n,m,0) &=& 0\\ F(n,m,k) &=& F(n,m-1,k) + F(n-1,m,k) - F(n-1, m-1,k) +\\ && F(n,m-1,k-1) + F(n-1,m,k-1) - F(n-1, m-1,k-1) \end{eqnarray} $$
The following table is for $\sum_{k\ge0} F(n,m,k)$:
1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256
1 3 8 20 48 112 _PHONE_
2 8 26 76 _PHONE_ 3392
4 20 76 _PHONE_ 6080
8 48 _PHONE_ 8016
16 _PHONE_ 8016
32 _PHONE_ 6080
64 _PHONE_
_PHONE_
with main diagonal: $$ 1, 3, 26, 252, 2568, 26928, 287648, _PHONE_,... $$
the number of paths to $(n,n)$ of any length (1 to 2n), which is OEIS sequence A02141, closely related to the central Delannoy numbers({OEIS A001850](_URL_
The original question, for the table $F(n,n,k)$ for those paths of length $k$, this is given by OEIS A059576.
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Thank you very much! I've lost hope for this question already :) – shamovic Jul 12 '11 at 21:56
Let F(m,n,k) be the number of ascending chains of length k in $\{1,...,m\} \times \{1,...n\}$. Note that since the partial order satisfies $(a,b) \le (a,b)$, an ascending chain should be allowed to include points repeated arbitrarily many times. By first-step analysis, $F(m,n,k) = \sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1}^n F(i,j,k-1)$, with $F(m,n,0) = 1$. I get $F(m,n,k) = {m+k-1 \choose k} {n+k-1 \choose k}$.
Or did you want to disallow repeated points in the chain? That would make things more complicated.
share|improve this answer
I think repeated points are disallowed. Though I haven't mentioned it specifically. I'll edit the question. Thanks however Robert, it is a good point we didn't think of. – shamovic Mar 22 '11 at 19:43
At the peril of answering someone else's homework problem...
Think of a chain as a sequence of moves of length 1 in either the first or second of the pair. A move of 1 in the first we designate by 0, in the second by 1. an ascending chain of length $k$ is then any such binary sequence of length $k$. Since there are no restrictions on these binary strings, there is a one-to-one correspondence between chains of length $k$ and binary sequences of length $k$, or $2^k$.
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Does this work? I'm not entirely convinced, what you've described is the number of paths of length $k$ in $2$-tree. Unless ascending chain has a stricter definition than I'm aware of, I don't see why (1,1)->(1,n) is invalid. – JSchlather Mar 21 '11 at 21:26
Thanks for the answer, but as Jacob said, the elements in the chains need not be adjacent... My first thought as well :) – shamovic Mar 22 '11 at 14:08
_USER_: OK. Well then, I answered -somequestion :) – Mitch Mar 22 '11 at 17:00
I put a little bit of thought into this and came up with some not very helpful formulas, but maybe you'd like to see them. Let $A,n,\leq$ be as defined in your question. Suppose that $F(n,k,a,b)$ is the number of ascending chains in $A$ starting at $(a,b)$ and $F(n,k)$ is the number of ascending chains in $A$ of length $k$. Then we may define $F$ recursively, let $C:=\{(c,d) \in A: (a,b)\leq (c,d) \} $ $$F(n,k,a,b)=\sum_{(c,d) \in C} F(n,k-1,c,d).$$
Clearly $F(n,0,a,b)=1$ and we may also deduce without too much work that $F(n,1,a,b)=(n-a+1)(n-b+1)-1$, that is we have (n-a+1) numbers greater than or equal to a in our set and likewise for b, but we can't use (a,b) so we have to subtract 1. Using that formula I can calculate $F(n,1)$ but the result isn't very pretty. Also note that for $k>2n-2, F(n,k)=0$, since the longest a chain can be is $2n-2$.
It's plausible that I'm looking at the problem the wrong way, but I couldn't get anywhere past the $k=1$ case calculating directly and I don't find the recurrence that much more useful. And while I can relate $F(n,k,a,b)$ to $F(n,k-1),c,d)$ in a reasonable manner, I don't see any "neat" way to relate $F(n,k)$ and $F(n,k-1)$ without invoking the previous relation.
share|improve this answer
Thanks Jacob, We've reached the same breaking point before I've posted the question here. It seems that recursion can't be resolved easily. Maybe our thought that the solution should be rather trivial is wrong :) – shamovic Mar 22 '11 at 19:41
Your Answer


text:
By Christian Haefke and Michael Reiter
In this paper we use information on the cyclical variation of labor market participation to learn about the aggregate labor supply elasticity. For this purpose, we extend the standard labor market matching model to allow for endogenous participation. A model that is calibrated to replicate the variability of unemployment and participation, and the negative correlation of unemployment and GDP, implies an aggregate labor supply elasticity along the extensive margin of around 0.3 for men and 0.5 for women. This is in line with recent micro-econometric estimates.
Another paper that tries to reconcile macro and micro estimates of the labor supply elasticity. The novel approach here is to exploit information about the participation rate.


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Is 17 too late for programming?
Is 17 too late for programming?
Originally Answered: Is it too late to start programming at 17 if you want to be a top programmer? It is never too late unless you think it is.
Is it too late for me to learn to code?
Some people have a belief that being able to write code is a highly technical activity that not everyone can master. Lifelong learning has become a key component of a fulfilling career and a satisfying life. It's never too late to start coding.
Is it too late to learn programming 16?
Originally Answered: Is it too late to learn code at 16? Not at all. There's no specific age to learn coding. Different people start to learn coding at different ages and it doesn't matter.
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What age should you start robotics?
Some children may be ready for robotics for beginners at age 6 while others would be best suited to start at age 8 or 9. You know your child best. If you think a class for 6-year-olds would be age-appropriate, try it. If not, you can wait until they're a couple of years older.
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According to the experts, 5-6 years of age is the most capable to grasp basic concepts of coding. Thus, it is the right time for the kids to get an introduction to coding concepts.
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Learn Robotics From Scratch: 5 Free Online Resources That Will Help You Start With A Bang
 1. 1| Introduction To Robotics By QUT Robot Academy.
 2. 2| Introduction To Robotics By MIT OpenCourseWare.
 3. 3| Introduction To Robotics By Stanford University.
 4. 4| Control Of Mobile Robots By Coursera.
How do beginners learn robotics?
Hopefully, they'll help you avoid some common mistakes.
 - Learn about electronics.
 - Buy some books.
 - Start off small.
 - Get LEGO Mindstorms if you don't have any programming experience.
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 - Work regularly on your 'bots.
 - Read about the mistakes of others.
 - Don't be a tightwad.
Can you start coding at 18?
Your age is completely irrelevant to the compiler and generally irrelevant to the users of the programs you write. No, it's not too late to start learning to code at 18.


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This study was conducted in July, 2009 with the main objective of assessing the status of Olea cuspidata Wall., listed on Red Data Book used by IUCN, in Bajura District of Nepal. Primary data were collected through household meetings, key informant survey, focus group discussion, participatory resource mapping and field inventory. Secondary data were collected through published and unpublished literatures, reports, net surfing, libraries, and other concerned organizations. Distribution area, stem per hector and historical situation were calculated to explore the status of wild olive. GIS was used to calculate the area and prepare distribution map. The major finding of this study reveals that Bajura district has conspicuous potentiality for wild olives but poor knowledge among local people and concerned local government organizations on this particular species pose the species with greater rate of threats. It is found that Olea forest is excluded from the national resource information data base including topographic map. Overall study explains poor status of wild olives in the district and seeks urgent conservation interventions.