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Sawantwadi was the former capital of the Kingdom of Sawantwadi during the pre-independence era. In 1947, it merged into the Dominion of India. Border issues at that time with nearby areas of Belgaum and Karwar were prevalent. There were initial plans of making it a union territory as it was a Konkani speaking area, However it was merged with the old Ratnagiri district. (The district was later divided into two districts called Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg). Until the 18th century, the Kingdom of Sawantwadi included a major portion of today's North Goa district (Pedne, Bicholim, and Sattari), as well as modern Kudal and Vengurla from today's Sindhudurg district. Pedne, Bicholim, Sattari were later taken over by the Portuguese as a part of their New Conquest (between 1765 and 1788) and merged with their Old Conquest to form Goa
Moti Talao is a majestic lake right in front of the palace which was constructed in 1874. It is a pride of the village. Tourists can take a round of the lake in peddle boats or sit around it and gaze at the beautiful view. There is a lot of art in Sawantwadi. One can find local artifacts made by the people here in the form of Ganjifa Art, Lace work, wooden crafts. Another famous attraction here is the popular Konkani Cuisine - you can buy freshly made Kokum Juice, spice mixes and dried fish. This old market of Sawantwadi has been transformed into a modern local market where you can find the best of Konkani culture from handicrafts to clothes and food.
Sawantwadi (मराठी: सावंतवाडी) is a taluka (a unit of administration) in the Sindhudurg district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The taluka
headquarters is Sawantwadi which has a municipal council, which is a local civic body. Sawantwadi was formerly the capital of the Kingdom of Sawantwadi, ruled by the Sawant Bhonsle royal clan of the Marathas.
Until 1850, Sawantwadi was known as Sundurwadi. The name Sawantwadi came into usage because of the surname of the state's ruling family of Khem- Sawants. The palace was earlier located on Narendra hill. Khemsawant III


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High speed sintering (HSS) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that creates parts by sintering powder particles using inkjet and infrared (IR) lamp technology rather than laser systems employed in laser sintering (LS). This research investigated the effects of machine parameters (lamp speed, bed temperature) and the addition of fumed silica flow agent on the tensile properties of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) parts processed using HSS. The results showed improved elongation at break (EaB) values by a factor of more than 2× compared to reported values for LS of the same TPE. At constant parameters, improved tensile strength and tensile modulus were observed with the addition of flow agent into the sintering mixture.
Effect of Sintering Parameters and Flow Agent on the Mechanical Properties of High Speed Sintered Elastomer
Contributed by the Manufacturing Engineering Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. Manuscript received April 12, 2014; final manuscript received August 25, 2014; published online October 24, 2014. Assoc. Editor: Joseph Beaman.
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Norazman, F., and Hopkinson, N. (October 24, 2014). "Effect of Sintering Parameters and Flow Agent on the Mechanical Properties of High Speed Sintered Elastomer." ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. December 2014; 136(6): 061006. _URL_
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How to write a NTP client?
How to write a NTP client? - It not sure whether sendto() is blocking. To test this you might like to add printf(" receiving data..\n");. prior to the call to recv() . Also the recv() call could block.
Let's make a NTP Client in C by David Lettier - Using C, we build a Network Time Protocol client capable of getting the current time from a remote NTP server. address setup, we can now send our message to the server. To do this, we write our 48 byte struct to the socket.
lettier/ntpclient: NTP client. - NTP client. Contribute to lettier/ntpclient development by creating an account on GitHub. lettier Removes bit fields and warnings about write. Adds macros to
Let's Make an NTP Client in Go – Learning the Go Programming - It uses the encoding/binary package to encode and decode NTP packets sent to This writeup shows a very trivial example of an NTP client.
Configure NTP client - To configure your Linux system as an NTP client, you will need to install the ntp daemon (ntpd). You can do this with ntpq p command example · Network Time
Time Synchronization with NTP - So, at this point we know that NTP clients can operate with NTP servers in three ways: . In this example we show, how to synchronize your Linux, Solaris and
A Tiny NTP client - The main objective was not to write a readable or maintainable Strictly speaking, this program is far from being an real NTP client, since it
Configure a Windows NTP Client for Network Clock Synchronization - Configure a Windows NTP Client for Network Clock Synchronization For example, you might set the value to 0x1 1.pool.ntp.org,0x1 2.pool.ntp.org,0x1
NTP Client - For an NTP client that is compatible with mbed OS 5, please see the updated example: _URL_
Configuring NTP - This example shows how to enable NTP broadcast-client mode on the switch, set a broadcast delay of 4000 microseconds, and verify the
ntp server
NTP Servers in United States, us.pool.ntp.org - To use this specific pool zone, add the following to your ntp.conf file: server 0.us.pool.ntp.org server 1.us.pool.ntp.org server 2.us.pool.ntp.org server 3.us.pool.ntp.org. In most cases it's best to use pool.ntp.org to find an NTP server (or 0.pool.ntp.org, 1.pool.ntp.org, etc if you need multiple server names).
pool.ntp.org: the internet cluster of ntp servers - The pool.ntp.org project is a big virtual cluster of timeservers providing reliable It's the default "time server" for most of the major Linux distributions and many
Public NTP - Configure your network settings to use time.google.com as your NTP server.
NIST Internet Time Servers - Users are *strongly* encouraged to upgrade to the network time protocol (NTP), which is both more accurate and more robust. 2. Users of the NIST "DAYTIME"
Network Time Protocol - A typical NTP client will regularly poll one or more NTP servers. To synchronize its clock, the client must compute its time offset and round-trip delay.
NTP Server: Free Public Internet Time Servers - A guide to free public Internet NTP server services, including information on the NTP pool project and Google leap-smeared public NTP time servers.
Google turns on free public NTP servers that SMEAR TIME • The - Google's turned on a set of public network time protocol (NTP) servers. You'll find the servers at time.google.com – which resolves to
A list of the Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) time servers that - There are two levels, or tiers, of Network Time Protocol (NTP) time servers that are available on the Internet. The NTP is defined in Request for
How to set up an NTP server on your network - NTP server obtains highly accurate time by synchronizing local clocks to GPS atomic clocks. NetBurner's NTP device allows for easy device synchronization.
How to Install NTP Server and Client(s) on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS - NTP or Network Time Protocol is a protocol that is used to synchronize all system clocks in a network to use the same time. When we use the
ntp protocol example
What is Network Time Protocol (NTP)? - Learn about Network Time Protocol (NTP) and NTP servers. For example, distributed procedures depend on coordinated times to ensure proper sequences
Protocol Basics: The Network Time Protocol - The NTP Protocol. At its most basic, the NTP protocol is a clock request transaction, where a client requests the current time from a server, passing its own time with the request. NTP operates over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). An NTP server listens for client NTP packets on port 123.
Network Time Protocol - NTPsec[edit]. NTPsec is a fork of the reference implementation that has been systematically security-hardened. The fork point was in
How does it work? - A typical example would be a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver that gets the be synchronized from a server that is considered invalid by the protocol.
Let's make a NTP Client in C by David Lettier - Using C, we build a Network Time Protocol client capable of getting the current time from a remote NTP server.
Images for ntp protocol example - Structure of the NTP (Network Time protocol) data packet that is used for time synchronization of network servers and clients, explained.
Structure of the NTP Data packet - NTP (Network Time Protocol) provides accurate and syncronised time across the . In this example we show, how to synchronize your Linux, Solaris and
Time Synchronization with NTP - M. Höfling, F. Jäckel: Network Time Protocol. 1. NTP NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols still in use. . Example: message exchange.
NTP - First of all, NTP timestamps are stored as seconds since January 1, 1900. 32 bits for the Example (in whole seconds to make the math easy):.
python ntp client
ntp client in python - Use ntplib: The following should work on both Python 2 and 3: import ntplib from time import ctime c = ntplib.NTPClient() response
ntplib · PyPI - Python NTP library. NTPClient() >>> response = c.request('europe.pool.ntp.org' , version=3) >>> response.offset -0.143156766891 >>> response.version 3
lettier/ntpclient: NTP client. - Within ./source there are two versions of the NTP client. One is written in C while the other one is written in Python. They both have the same functionality and are
ntplib.NTPClient Python Example - This page provides Python code examples for ntplib.NTPClient.
Query an NTP server from Python - Query an NTP server from Python I came across a need to query an NTP server to get the current time from a client = socket.socket( AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM).
NTP clients - The final topic that will be covered in this chapter is NTP. Synchronizing time with a centralized time server is a key step in any corporate network. We would like
Python Forensics Network Time Protocol - NTP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which uses minimum time to communicate the packets between the server and the client who wish to synchronize
Simple (very) SNTP client « Python recipes « ActiveState Code - This is about the simplest (and dumbest) client I could manage. a more complete implementation of SNTP or even full-blown NTP in Python.
NTP clients - Learning Python Network Programming [Book] - NTP clients The final topic that will be covered in this chapter is NTP. Synchronizing time with a centralized time server is a key step in any corporate network.
Sync Time from Internet - So What is best way/command I can execute from python and sync time. . you can clearly see, that the ntp client didn't synchronise the clock.
ntp packet format
Images for ntp packet format - Upon receipt of a client NTP packet, the receiver time-stamps receipt of the to the server and the responses from the server to the client use a common format,
Protocol Basics: The Network Time Protocol - Structure of the NTP (Network Time protocol) data packet that is used for time synchronization of network servers and clients, explained.
Structure of the NTP Data packet - Protocol Modes 5.2. Message Processing 5.3. Network Considerations 5.4.


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Dr. French was among the original scientists at the establishment of CIP in 1971 alongside the late Dr. Richard Sawyer. In fact, Dr. French first came to Peru in 1965 as an advisor from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and North Carolina University Mission to Peru. In 1971 while conducting research on tropical bacterial diseases of potato he became the founding head of the Plant Pathology and Nematology Department, a position that he held until 1992. Later he became the leader of CIP's Disease Management Program, Associate Director of Research and upon retirement in 1997 Scientist Emeritus.
"It is fitting that the CIP Plant Pathology Laboratory be dedicated in honor of Dr. French," said CIP Director General, Barbara H. Wells. "The scientific foundation laid by Dr. French in the early 70s has facilitated the many advances that CIP has laid claim to over the years in this discipline and we are thankful for his extensive contributions to science in general and CIP specifically."
Indeed the legacy of Dr. French is extensive. He has been honored with numerous titles and leadership roles throughout his career. He has been a visiting professor at the National Agrarian University of La Molina since 1967 and has served in leadership roles in several scientific societies among them are Asociacion Peruana de Fitopatologia and the American Phytopathological Society.
"Dr. French's legacy goes beyond the laboratory," remarked Oscar Ortiz, CIP Deputy Director General of Research and Development. "He has literally thousands of scientists and growers who he has either mentored directly or impacted indirectly through his prolific 50 year career."
The Dr. Edward French Plant Pathology Laboratory was dedicated in the presence of Dr. French, his family, CIP scientists past and present, and many Peruvian friends and colleagues or Dr. French.


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Consider an integer cube of size $\sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k} \times \sqrt{k}$, where $k$ is an asymptotically large perfect square number. Place k points in this cube at uniformly random locations, i.e., for each point choose its co-ordinates uniformly at random $(r_0,r_1,r_2)$ where $ 0 \leq r_i < \sqrt{k}$.
For an arbitrarily small number $\alpha >0$. Let $E$ be an event that there exists a subset of points of size $S = \alpha k$ such that the projection of these S points on every face of the cube, is of size at most $S/2$.
What is an upper bound on the probability of event $E$, i.e., P(E)?
Caution: If you start with a fixed set of size $S$, you would need to consider all possible subsets of $k$ points of size $S$. The event $E$ is defined as there exists a subset of size $S$ in $k$ points which are randomly placed.
share|improve this question
You are fixing $\alpha$ and then you let $k$ go to infinity? – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 4:58
yes. First fix $\alpha >0$ to be a small constant and then let $k$ go to $\infty$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 19:06
1 Answer 1
You're essentially asking if you drop $k$ objects each into one of $k$ bins, what is the probability that only $k/2$ bins are occupied. (You can forget the extra dimension and only think about the dimensions you're looking at).
If you let $E_i$ be the event that the $i$th bin is empty, this has probability $((k-1)/k)^k\approx 1/e$. The events $E_i$ are approximately independent. Letting $N=\sum_{i=1}^k \mathbf 1_{E_i}$, $N$ has expectation $k/e$. The probability that there are $k/2$ unoccupied bins will decay as $e^{-\alpha k}$ using large deviation estimates.
--- Added to answer ---
If you want to pick a subset of size $\alpha k$ of the set of size $k$, it's obvious how to do it: take the boxes with the most elements first. You expect the distribution of elements in each box to be approximately Poisson with parameter 1. This means that approximately $(1-2/e)k$ of the boxes have two or more elements. As long as $\alpha$ is less than $1-2/e$, there's a high probability that you can find a subset $S$ of size $\alpha k$ whose shadow has size at most $|S|/2$.
share|improve this answer
It seems that you have computed an upper bound on the probability of a set of size $S = k$ occupying less than $S/2$ bins on one face of the cube. I am interested when there exists a subset (of size $\alpha k$) of the original set of $k$ points, such that they occupy less than or equal to $S/2$ bins on each face of the cube. Note, that there are exponential number of such subsets, i.e., $k \choose \alpha k$. – codingTheorist May 1 '13 at 1:05
The events may be approximately pairwise independent, while not being close to $k/2$-fold independent. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 1:07
I don't think they don't need to be $k$-fold independent for this kind of argument to work. – Anthony Quas May 1 '13 at 2:13
Ok, I believe the conclusion, I just don't see what level of independence exists which implies it. It's also unclear to me how knowing that some subset $S$ projects to have size $|S|/2$ in one direction implies that there is some set which has small projections in all three directions. I'm only getting $\frac{2}{3}|S|$ from something like that. – Douglas Zare May 1 '13 at 5:05
Although this probability does decay exponentially in $k$ (as long as the large deviation methods are valid, which I'm sure they are), the exponential decay is slower than the increase in the number of choices of subsets. This means that something more subtle is needed to finish off the argument. BTW: Even the 2D version of this problem seems non-trivial... – Anthony Quas May 3 '13 at 0:59
Your Answer


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Children's Hospital Walnut Creek Outpatient Surgery
Thank you for choosing UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland for your child's outpatient surgical procedure. Our board-certified physicians and pediatric-trained nurses and technicians devote 100% of their medical practice to caring for children—providing the safest care possible, in a child-friendly environment.
Our goal is to make your experience at Children's outpatient surgery center as safe and pleasant as possible. If you have any comments or suggestions, please let us know. If you have any questions or concerns about your child's surgery or recovery progress you may call our nurses at any time. Please call us at: _PHONE_
How to Prepare For Surgery
At Children's Hospital Oakland Walnut Creek Campus our Surgery Center has the most advanced equipment for delivering anesthesia and monitoring your child. Operating rooms are equipped with easy access to the patient's digital images.
Things to remember for your surgery:
- Tell the telephoning nurse or the surgeon if your child has been sick during the three weeks before surgery.
- Bring your insurance information, guardianship papers and the "History and Physical" form for each visit to the center.
- Follow the food restrictions for your child starting the night before surgery.
- Check if your child should take medications on the day of surgery.
- Bring your child's favorite blanket, toy, doll or book on surgery day.
- Arrive at least an hour before the scheduled operation, but no earlier than 6:30 AM.
- The legal guardian must remain at Children's Outpatient Surgery Center throughout their child's stay.
- Do not bring other children to Children's Outpatient Surgery Center. Please make alternate arrangements for your other children.
- Fill any prescription medications for your child immediately following surgery.
- Have your child's favorite but appropriate foods and drinks available upon returning home after surgery.
Preparing for Surgery
To make your child's surgical procedure and recovery go smoothly, it's important for you and your child to be prepared. A Children's Hospital Childlife Specialist can help.
- A child life specialist will answer all the questions you or your child may have, in language appropriate to your child's age. This may include role-playing all parts of the anesthesia and surgery experience with you and your child.
Before your child's surgery, one of our nurses will call you to review your child's medical history, cover our anesthesia procedures and discuss what your child may or may not eat before surgery.
- To help your child on the day of surgery, bring your child's special toy, doll, book or blanket.
- If your child has been sick with a cough, runny nose or fever above 100° F within three weeks before surgery, it is important to speak with a staff nurse to get pre-operative clearance.
Night Before Surgery
Follow the specific instructions given to you over the phone by the surgery center nurse. Make sure your child has an empty stomach.
- No solid food or milk after midnight
- Clear liquids may be given if the nurse said it's OK—If you cannot see through the liquid it is not clear. Good choices are clear apple juice, Pedialyte or 7-Up.
- Absolutely nothing in the mouth, not even chewing gum, for three (3) hours before surgery
Day of Surgery
- Arrive at least one (1) hour before the surgery's scheduled start time—but not before 6:30 a.m.—to allow time for the registration process and preparation time with the child life specialist.
- A legal decision-maker (parent, legal guardian, responsible caretaker) must accompany the patient on the day of their surgery and remain at the surgery center during their procedure.
- If you would like a free interpreter to assist you during your visit, please let us know so we can arrange one for you.
- A registration clerk will help with your paperwork. Please bring your medical insurance cards. If you are not the patient's parent, please bring court orders or other documentation authorizing you to make medical decisions for the patient.
- Give us any completed "History and Physical" form that your pediatrician or surgeon may have given you.
- Please don't bring other children with you. Make alternate child care arrangements so the child having surgery will have your full attention.
- All female patients older than 12 years are required to give a urine sample. Please have your child wait until she gets here to go to the bathroom so we can collect that sample.
- Remove your child's jewelry (including earrings), as well as braids, beads or hair accessories.
- Help your child put on a hospital gown or pajamas.
- Some children will be given a medication by mouth to help prepare them for anesthesia.
- The anesthesiologist will meet with you to explain the anesthesia process.
- If you have any questions, please let us know. Please ask any questions you may have about the procedure.
Anesthesia and Surgery
The anesthesiologist will help your child go to sleep in the induction room or operating room.
The anesthesiologist will decide on the safest way for your child to go to sleep:
- Some children may have their parents with them as they fall asleep in the induction room.
- For safety reasons, other children will go to sleep in the operating room without a parent present.
- Most children go to sleep by breathing into a mask that resembles one worn by jet pilots or astronauts.
- The air your child breathes will make him or her feel silly and giggly inside.
- Within seconds, your child will feel very, very sleepy.
- As sleep deepens, some children go through an "excitement" phase and may wiggle around.
- Your child will not remember this period.
- Sometimes we need to start an IV to help your child fall asleep.
- The anesthesiologist will monitor your child carefully to make sure your child will feel no pain during the operation.
In the Recovery Room
After the operation, your child will go into the recovery room, which is often called the "wake-up room." Parents or guardians are allowed in the recovery room.
Children vary in their reactions to anesthesia:
- Many children wake up groggy but comfortable.
- Others may wake up crying because they are confused.
- Our specially trained pediatric recovery room nurse will closely monitor your child during this time to keep your child as peaceful and comfortable as possible.
The nurses and doctors caring for your child will decide when he or she can go home. You will be given instructions to help you care for your child at home. Do not hesitate to ask questions before you leave; we want you to be comfortable caring for your child.
On rare occasions, children having outpatient surgery cannot be sent home the same day. If this occurs, we will discuss this with you and arrange for your child's admission to Children's Hospital in Oakland.
Once home, your child may be tired and want to nap for the rest of the day. Plan to stay close by because your child may be groggy or unsteady. Your child may also be irritable for the rest of the day and that night. If your doctor has given you a prescription for medication for your child, it is important that you get the prescription filled immediately and use it as directed.
If your child did not drink clear liquids before leaving the center, you may begin these as soon as you arrive home.
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- Make sure that you have a supply of your child's favorite clear liquids at home.
- If clear liquids are tolerated for an hour without vomiting, you may give your child soup and gradually advance to normal foods.
- We recommend that your child avoid eating spicy or hard-to-digest foods for the first day.
- Do not force your child to eat, but encourage fluids, which will probably help your child feel better sooner.
- Do not worry if your child does not want to drink after surgery. Be sure to talk to us if your child is not drinking by the next morning.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Social Loafing
Definition: Social Loafing is in psychology and sociology regarded as the tendency of individuals to reduce efforts when working on a collective task (i.e., when outputs are pooled with those of other group members) as compared to when the individual works alone. It happens because all members of the group are combining their efforts to reach a common goal. The group members tend to contribute less than what they would if they had to do a task alone.
The phenomenon is regarded as one of the main reasons groups are often less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals.
More on social loafing.
More on team management: Belbin Team Roles, Social Facilitation, Team Development Stages.


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Today's guest blog is from Zachary Kron, Architectural Designer and Software Analyst for Autodesk.
Have you ever seen those elegant, light masonry arches that seem impossibly thin? Along with a little mortar to just help things stick together, they only use gravity and careful form making to stand up. How can you find that kind of arched form where the bricks are held together by gravity? And how could you make a cool 3D model of it?
I did a little masonry experiment in Autodesk® Project Vasari, a design tool for creating building concepts that is freely available for download as a Technology Preview from Autodesk Labs. Along with integrated analysis for solar, energy, and carbon data, Vasari includes a physics based form finding tool called Nucleus. This feature allows designers to simulate gravity, wind, constraints, and collisions on surfaces with different physical properties. Combined with the paneling tools in Vasari, I was able to simulate a compression masonry structure.
In most fabrication scenarios, assembling this sort of structure out of individual pieces would be a nightmare of numbering, finding neighboring pieces, and creating temporary scaffold structures. In this experiment, however, the entire assembly was printed out on a Z Corp ZPrinter 450 pre-assembled, and the "scaffolding" was simply vacuumed out from underneath. No assembly required!
This form was relatively conservative in terms of stressing the compression system and creating tight joints. Next time we run this experiment, we'll try creating a more pronounced gap on a more dynamic form.
- ▼ April (4)


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Related provisions for PERG 1.5.2
41 - 60 of 92 items.
This guidance is issued under section 139A of the Act (Guidance). It is designed to throw light on particular aspects of regulatory requirements, not to be an exhaustive description of a person's obligations. If a person acts in line with the guidance in the circumstances it contemplates, the FCA will proceed on the footing that the person has complied with aspects of the requirement to which the guidance relates. Rights conferred on third parties cannot be affected by guidance
The Act (section 1L) requires the FCA to "maintain arrangements for supervising authorised persons". Section 1K of the Act also requires the FCA to provide general guidance about how it intends to advance its operational objectives in discharging its general functions in relation to different categories of authorised person or regulated activity. One purpose of this guidance is to discharge the duties of the FCA set out in sections 1L and 1K of the Act. The FCA's approach to
(1) The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (the Act) is the UK legislation under which bodies corporate, partnerships, individuals and unincorporated associations are permitted by the FCA or PRA to carry on various financial activities which are subject to regulation (referred to as regulated activities).(2) The activities which are regulated activities are specified in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 (the Regulated Activities


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Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry
An AIR microarray image showing detection of proteins
in human serumimage.
Simple methods for detecting and quantifying proteins in a multiplex (many proteins at once) fashion would potentially have considerable utility in the construction of point-of-care diagnostic devices, as well as tools for basic studies in biology and medicine. One technique under study by our group is Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry, a method whereby an antireflective coating (
a in the image below) on a silicon chip is perturbed by protein binding (
b in the image below) resulting in reflected light that's proportional to the amount of protein bound. The image shows an example microarray of proteins detected in human serum; we're currently working on applying the technology to several disease areas including cancer, immunology, and wound healing.
Schematic of Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry.
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Data Practices Policies
Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 13, requires that each government entity establish a number of policies that govern the treatment of government data.
Right of access to government data
Each government entity is required to have two policies about access to government data.
 - One policy must explain the rights of the public (Model Policy for the Public). NOTE: Data about a member of the public requesting access to public data are presumptively public. Entities are not required to note that in their policy, but may choose to do so.
 - The other policy (Model policy for Data Subjects) must explain the rights of data subjects.
IPAD developed a worksheet to help create the policies.
Not public data inventory
A government entity is required to create a document that identifies and describes any private or confidential data maintained by the entity. The Department of Administration's Data Inventory meets this requirement.
Ensuring appropriate access to not public data
Effective August 1, 2014, section 13.05, subd. 5, includes a requirement that government entities create procedures "ensuring that data that are not public are only accessible to persons whose work assignment reasonably requires access to the data." This requires government entities to create procedures to identify which employees have access to not public data and develop a policy incorporating these procedures.
Other suggestions to implement this requirement:
 - Incorporate access to not public data in all employee positions descriptions (sample from Admin).
 - Utilize SharePoint or other shared folders or networks to catalog data access and/or security roles.
 - Create a data access approval form for each employee that lists authorized files/folders with appropriate security acknowledgement by employee and manager/supervisor.
 - Implement a security matrix similar to what is required by the federal HIPAA Privacy Rules (resource: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services-Security 101 for Covered Entities).


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Chenopodiaceae Atriplex hortensis L.
Source: Magness et al. 1971
Orach is grown as a substitute for spinach in Europe and in the Northern Plains in the U.S. The plant is drought resistant, and slower to form a seed stalk than spinach. Leaves are cordate or triangular oblong, 4 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide. A rosette of leaves first develops, followed by the seed stalk, which may reach a height up to 8 feet. Leaves are used as pot herbs. In culture, exposure of edible parts and use, orach is comparable to spinach.
Production in U.S.: No data. Mostly in home gardens.
Use: As pot herb, like spinach.
Part of plant consumed: Leaves and, young stems.


If I hear somebody substantially mispronounce a bracha, should I say amen anyway (recognizing the intent) or remain silent? I'm not talking about nuances like pronouncing 'ayin or distinguishing tzere from segol; I mean errors like reading a reish as a dalet (like a vision-challenged person might do) or transposing letters (like a dyslexic might do). I can not necessarily tell whether the resulting words are nonsense or different words, and, if the latter, what they mean.
If I should not respond, does that change if my non-response will be obvious (e.g. I'm the only other person there and I clearly heard)?
 - If it's unintentional on the part of the person making the Berachah, I think you should respond unless it is absolute gibberish. And even then it would depend on the context. I'm sure someone can bring a source, though, so I'll stay out of the answer section unless and until I see one myself. – Seth J Apr 26 '12 at 14:07
The Shulchan Aruch writes (OC 215:2) that one should not respond amen to a bracha recited by an adult Jew if שינה ממטבע הברכות he changed the way the bracha was coined. The Mishna Berura there notes that this is due to the fact that if he changed it too much that he would not fulfill his obligation, it is then a bracha levatala to which one is forbidden to recite amen (per OC 215:4).
How much of a change is considered שינוי מטבע? The Rambam (Brachot 1:5) defines the minimum as a mention of "God's name, His Kingship, and the notion of the bracha." For instance, the Shulchan Aruch rules (OC 167:10) that if instead of HaMotzi, one said "Blesses is God the King who gave me this bread" he has post facto fulfilled his obligation, even though he changed the text of the bracha (and I mean content-wise, not because of the translation). So as long as they pronounce enough words correctly that they still have imparted the proper "notion," they have fulfilled their obligation and you may recite amen. (I recognize that this is a little vague, but there is no way the texts can cover every possibility. One has to be aware of the meanings and potential differences in similar sounding words, just like the one correcting a ba'al keriyah.)
As for how clearly you need to say a word for it to be considered the word you wanted, see my answer here where I discuss the matter and conclude that you have to actually say the correct phonemes, and the only wiggle room is with "minor" differences like shva na' and separating similar consonants (like in the phrase "black coat").
Finally, if you are alone and your silence would be noticeable, I can personally recommend using the old "amem" trick to avoid any bad feelings.
 - 1
 However, there are many Ba'alei Teshuvah whose Hebrew pronunciation is quite imperfect, to say the least. Russian immigrants, for example, say "g" instead of "h", as there is no "h" in the Russian language. Many people overemphasize or underemphasize certain vowels. I know of one person who has a terrible stutter. I'm sure he make Berachoth and that his family and friends say "Amen" when they hear him do so. People who are deaf often do not speak clearly to those who can hear. There are many reasons someone might "mispronounce" words of their Berachoth. Are you saying one should not say Amen? – Seth J Apr 26 '12 at 21:10
 - _USER_ If they have a different dialect (accepted in a whole community) then that may be fine as a version of leshon hakodesh, and for the stutterer we can argue about toch kedei dibbur connecting the syllables, but in general if they aren't saying the words then they aren't saying the words. You wouldn't eat from the shechita of someone who has a strong tremor in their hand such that they can't hold a knife steady, no matter how good their intentions are. – Double AA Apr 26 '12 at 21:23
 - _USER_ Again, they can mess up some words as long as the overall gist of the words they do say is the minimum "notion" of the bracha, but for someone who's Hebrew is really so poor that they can't even manage that, it's probably better for them to just say it in English (or whatever language they understand). – Double AA Apr 26 '12 at 21:49
 - "You wouldn't eat from the shechita of someone who has a strong tremor in their hand such that they can't hold a knife steady, no matter how good their intentions are." True, but Tefillah is 'Avodah SheBelev. Intention is 99% of the game. Pronunciation is really just the vehicle to get the intention out into the world. It's important, but I wonder just how important it is, if in fact the intention is sincere and the words (however mangled) were introduced into the world. I am not saying you should say Amen; I'm pushing you on just how certain you are that you shouldn't say Amen. Are you sure? – Seth J Apr 27 '12 at 0:56
 - 1
 OK, I was just checking. On your last point, about responding Amen to non-Berachoth, we also respond Amen to children's "Berachoth" for purposes of encouraging them and teaching them about reciting them. – Seth J Apr 27 '12 at 13:00
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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
A spot beam, in telecommunications parlance, is a satellite signal that is specially concentrated in power so that it will only cover a limited geographic area. Spot beams are used so that only earth stations in a particular intended reception area can properly receive the satellite signal.
One notable example of the use of spot beams is on direct broadcast satellite systems such as DirecTV and DISH Network that deliver local broadcast television via satellite only to viewers in the part of North America from which those terrestrial broadcast stations originate.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Backstreet Boys Quiz: questions and answers
Backstreet Boys Quiz: questions and answers
My score
Backstreet Boys was one of the most popular boy bands of the last decade of the XX century. Since the beginning of their music career, they were the idols for many girls all over the world.
Backstreet Boys quiz includes some interesting questions and answers about the history of the band.
Test yourself
Found a mistake? Select it and press Ctrl+Enter
1. When was Backstreet Boys formed?
2. Where was the band formed?
3. Who was never a member of the band?
4. What was the band's debut album?
5. When did the boy band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?
6. How many Grammy Awards were Backstreet Boys awarded?
7. Who had left the band in 2006 and returned back in 2008?
8. What was the first concert tour of the band?
9. What is the title of the documentary film about Backstreet Boys released in 2015?
10. How many members are there in Backstreet Boys?


Pekin Chicken
The Pekin is a breed of chicken, and a genuine bantam of Chinese origin. They have no real relationship to the large breed of Cochins, are rather short, and often only 20-30 centimetres tall. The Pekin possesses a wealth of feathering about their feet and legs, quite nearly obscuring them. The breed is remarkably popular, and seems to almost encompass the gamut of chicken colours.
Pekin Chicken - History
The first Pekins are alleged to have been looted from the private collection of the Emperor of China at Peking (now known as Beijing) by British soldiers towards the end of the Second Opium War around 1860. However, some sources suggest that a consignment of birds from China around 1835 were given to Queen Victoria, assuming the name of 'Shanghais' and that these birds were bred with further imports and were developed into the breed we know today as Pekins. The Pekins first brought to the United Kingdom are said to have been Buff in colour, with Blacks and Cuckoos arriving later on
Pekin Chicken - Characteristics
The Pekin is a True bantam, a breed of miniature chicken which has no large fowl counterpart. They are rather round-shaped, and their carriage tilts forward, with the head slightly closer to the ground than their elaborate tail feathers. This 'tilt' is a key characteristic of the Pekin. The bird on the whole, though the tail especially, should be abundantly feathered, and well rounded. The cockerels often have longer feathers that protrude outwards from their feet. The range of Pekin colours is extensive, and the list is continually growing. Colours include black, blue, buff, cuckoo, mottled, barred, Columbian, lavender, partridge, white, birchen, and silver partridge Rarer colours are in great demand, and many breeders spend much time perfecting new lines of colours in their birds. Frizzled Pekins are common.
Pekin Bantams are very docile, and with careful and regular handling they make ideal pets, especially for families with younger children. However, the Pekin bantam cocks can still be aggressive and defensive of their territory and mates once they reach sexual maturity, but are generally gentle natured.
The hens are regularly broody and are known to be good sitters and attentive mothers. They are not very productive egg layers.
Pekin Chicken - Use
Pains are ornamental birds that only lay about 2 eggs per week. However what they lack in egg production they make up for in personality.
Pekin chicken on grass
Pekin chicken
Origin: China
Other names: Pekin Bantam
Use: Ornamental
Male weight: 680g
Female weight: 570g
Egg colour: white / cream
Comb type: single
Back to the breeds page
Photos of Pekin Chickens
Bantam Peking rooster / cock on green grass background
Bantam Peking rooster / cock
Illustration of Pekin Chickens from a book by Jean Bungartz, 1885
Illustration from a book by Jean Bungartz, 1885
Pekin bantam female in chicken run
Pekin bantam female
Young Pekin chickens (accompanied by Sebright in the background)
Young Pekin chickens (accompanied by Sebright in the background)
Back to the breeds page


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Expression profiling of constitutive mast cells reveals a unique identity within the immune system.
Dwyer DF., Barrett NA., Austen KF., Immunological Genome Project Consortium None.
Mast cells are evolutionarily ancient sentinel cells. Like basophils, mast cells express the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and have been linked to host defense and diverse immune-system-mediated diseases. To better characterize the function of these cells, we assessed the transcriptional profiles of mast cells isolated from peripheral connective tissues and basophils isolated from spleen and blood. We found that mast cells were transcriptionally distinct, clustering independently from all other profiled cells, and that mast cells demonstrated considerably greater heterogeneity across tissues than previously appreciated. We observed minimal homology between mast cells and basophils, which shared more overlap with other circulating granulocytes than with mast cells. The derivation of mast-cell and basophil transcriptional signatures underscores their differential capacities to detect environmental signals and influence the inflammatory milieu.


Reducing labor through streamlining production - EHPEA
Reducing labor through streamlining production
Spring is in full swing in Michigan greenhouses. Growers are busy receiving young plants and shipping others to markets that have opened due to the recent warm weather. Recruiting and maintaining sufficient labor remains a major challenge in the greenhouse industry as the unemployment rate in Michigan is around 4 percent. More greenhouses than ever are using the H2A guest worker program, while others are considering the program in the future. In visiting with growers through the winter months, the Michigan State University Extension floriculture team has seen growers using a variety of strategies from high-tech equipment to streamlining their product lines for greater efficiency. Here are some of the strategies that growers are using to reduce labor costs at their facilities.
Direct sticking plant material into finished containers
A common practice among the greenhouse industry is to germinate seedlings and root vegetative cuttings in plug or liner trays. This production practice maximizes greenhouse space and increases efficiency. However, many greenhouse operations are opting to reduce the number of times that each plug (seedling), rooted cutting (liner) or container is handled thereby reducing labor costs. Therefore, growers have started to direct unrooted or callused cuttings into their final containers.
Reducing number of skews by transplanting into final decorative container
In contrast to many European plant growers, American ornamental plant growers are expected to produce hundreds (or even thousands) of species or cultivars so that they can become a one-stop shop for a plant retailer. While most growers in Michigan are still producing many plant species and cultivars, they have streamlined their efficiency by limiting the types, styles or sizes of containers. One Michigan grower who markets their plants in elaborate, decorative pottery or other unique containers has streamlined production by growing succulents in all 4-inch pots, which will be directly placed into the decorative container prior to shipment. Therefore, the high-value container is less likely to become damaged or show signs of wear and tear during production and it increases the efficiency.
Allowing for drop-in containers
Greenhouse growers who produce larger combination planters or bowls have started implementing place-holder containers. This allows growers to produce plants that have different environmental and cultural requirements or schedules in separate containers outside of the combination planter and then transplanted into the final combination planter as needed. For instance, growers plant the outer plants, e.g., "fillers and spillers" then place an empty container in the center for the "thriller" thereby reducing labor when transplanting the central plant. When the central plants arrive, which may be a tropical foliage plant produced outside Michigan or are finished in the other growing conditions, the growers remove the place-holding container and transplant the center plants.
Chemical pinching
Greenhouse growers use plant growth regulators to chemically pinch plants. Spraying, drenching or sprenching reduces the need for hand pinching plants. Pinching off the apical meristem increases lateral branching and therefore enhancing the overall quality of the plants.
Using conveyor belts
Conveyor belts are used especially during sticking of unrooted vegetative cutting, transplanting of plugs or liners or during times to streamline plant material out into the growing areas, thus increasing the efficiency of production. Growers have also implemented conveyor belts in some facilities and ease the movement throughout the facility and reduce the number of staff needed to complete a task.
Boom irrigation systems
Boom irrigation reduces the number of employees needed to hand water plants. Growers can also apply various chemicals through irrigation booms to reduce the amount of single applications. Boom irrigation systems are best used in facilities where plants are grown on the floor with wide ranges and walkways.
Robotic vegetative cutting sticking machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants have made the investments into robotic vegetative cutting sticking machines, such as the Visser Autostix system (Photo 10). The vegetative cuttings are placed into biodegradable clips (Photo 11) which helps improve the performance of the robotic transplanter and allows for it to process some of our more delicate cuttings species. The sticking machine reduces the number of employees needed on the sticking line and reduces the time to stick cuttings.
Robotic transplanter
Some growers invested in automated transplanters to transplant plugs from trays into larger containers. This robotic system also reduces labor needed on the transplanting line.
Automated grading/sorting machine
Producers who grow large quantities of young plants, especially perennials or woody ornamentals, use grading or sorting machines. Especially in longer production cycles, perennials and woody ornamentals differ in growth rates or quality throughout the production period. Those selling young plants often need to grade those for shipment or replant those that need more production time.
Mechanical pruning, shearing or trimming machines
Growers of woody ornamentals needed to prune, shear or trim plants in order to increase rooting and control extension growth during long production schedules. This custom-made trimming machine (Photos 14, 15) allows for employees to trim plants quickly while disposing of the growing tips along the aisles which can easily be cleaned up.
Michigan State University Extension recommends growers take note of processes that decrease efficiency or require heavy staffing during this season. Once the season is over, greenhouse owners or managers can seek to input labor-saving strategies for next year.
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People similar to or like Betty Box
Prolific British film producer. Wikipedia
Sentences forBetty Box
- The production was initiated by Betty Box, who picked up a copy of the book at Crewe during a long rail journey, and saw its possibility as a film.
- Sydney Box (29 April 1907 – 25 May 1983) was a British film producer and screenwriter, and brother of British film producer Betty Box.
- Producer Betty Box called St. John "a wonderful old drunk... a wonderful man. But he didn't quite fit into the British filmmaking tradition."
- In 1946 Betty Box was placed in charge of the studios when her brother Sydney Box was appointed by Rank to run Gainsborough Pictures.
- and Betty Box (1915–1999) and her brother Sydney (1907–1983), both film producers.
- Thomas often worked with the producer Betty E. Box, who was married to Carry On producer Peter Rogers.
This will create an email alert. Stay up to date on result for: Betty Box


text:
How to mass convert photos taken in RAW, CR2, and NEF format to a jpg format in Adobe Photoshop and Bridge? Unlike most image viewer which requires a simple right click to do the conversion, converting from RAW to Jpeg is slightly different, not difficult but different. Here's a simple step by step tutorial:
- Step 1 – Launch Adobe Bridge, go to 'Tools'
- Step 2 – Select 'Photoshop' and then 'Image Processor…'
- Step 3 – Photoshop will automatically launched, and a dialog box will appear, choose the settings and click 'Run'
- Step 1 – In Adobe Photoshop, go to 'File'
- Step 2 – Select 'Script'
- Step 3 – Choose 'Image Processor'
This is the easiest and fastest method we have found, using other image viewer software such as ACDsee or IrfanViewer might or might not work. Photoshop is the best bet if you already own the software.
This simple tutorial works on any latest format, even those from Nikon and Canon. If it doesn't, perhaps it is time to update your Photoshop.


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Erlang Git Implementation
Branch: master
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This is a pure-Erlang implementation of a bunch of Git functionality.
Currently it is capable of reading Git objects out of loose or packfile formats and parsing tree and commit objects into more meaningful data structures.
It is currently slower than a slow-motion replay of a cold-weather molasses drip-race judged by sloths who just took Nyquil. Slowly.
To compile ErlanGit, run the following from within the project directory:
$ rake build
To test that everything is working properly, run the tests:
$ rake
When you run the test, the project is built with tests enabled. Before deploying to a production system make sure you do a normal build.
Basic API
First you initialize a Git object with the path to a Git repository:
Git = git:open("test_git")
You can get the type, size and data for any object in Git with the git:object_data call:
{Type, Size, Data} = git:object_data(Git, "8d47f3435ce5dfd0b2ab5758590c2db21b5294b4")
Type is a term (one of commit, tree, blob, tag), Size is an int of the size of the object and Data is a binary of the object data.
You can use object_exists to get a true/false back as to if a given object exists in the database.
Result = git:object_exists(Git, "8d47f3435ce5dfd0b2ab5758590c2db21b5294b4")
You can get a topographically ordered listing of the commit SHAs reachable froma given array of commit SHAs with the git:rev_list command
RevList = git:rev_list(Git, ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79"])
That command will return an array of commit SHA strings:
RevList: ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79",
You can get formatted data back for tree and commit objects (and blobs, but it just returns a string of the blob) with the git:object/2 call
{ok, Commit} = git:object(Git, "25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79")
That will return a Commit object who's record looks like this:
-record(commit, {sha, parents, tree,
 author, committer, encoding, message}).
So you can then get the array of parent SHAs with Commit#commit.parents, or the commit message with Commit#commit.message.
If you run git:object/2 with a tree SHA, it will give you back an array of tree entries, each of which is a tree record:
-record(tree, {mode, name, sha}).
There are also a few output functions to help look at the data returned. You can get the equivalent of the 'git log' output with the git_io:print_log command.
git_io:print_log(Git, ["25daa907ccb6feb267bfec70a130d5fe13e48a79"])
That will print to stdout something like this:
commit 61fa970afbf82f79611220203213cd9562a809e3
Author: Scott Chacon <> _PHONE_ +0100
added test one
commit a361a3163a1b521f277e3877232d94b787750c36
Author: Scott Chacon <> _PHONE_ +0100
first commit
Something went wrong with that request. Please try again.


={justify => 1,Color => ['red','green','blue'], filltype => ['solid','outline','hatched','cross_hatched']};
 tcircle($x, $y, $r, $h);
Note that $x and $y must be the same size (>1D is OK, though meaningless as far as tcircle is concerned). $r can be the same size as $x OR a 1-element piddle OR a single perl scalar.
Text routines
Write text in a plot window at a specified position.
 Usage: text ($text, $x, $y [, $opt])
Options recognised:
The angle in degrees between the baseline of the text and the horisontal (increasing counter-clockwise). This defaults to 0.
The justification of the text relative to the position specified. It defaults to 0.0 which gives left-justified text. A value of 0.5 gives centered text and a value of 1.0 gives right-justified text.
XPos, YPos, Text
These gives alternative ways to specify the text and position.
This sets the background colour for the text in case an opaque background is desired. You can also use the synonyms Bg and BackgroundColor.
The following standard options influence this command:
 line sequence(10), sequence(10)**2;
 text 'A parabola', 3, 9, {Justification => 1, Angle=>atan2(6,1)};
Add a legend to a plot
 Usage: legend($text, $x, $y, [, $width], $opt]);
This function adds a legend to an existing plot. The action is primarily controlled by information in the options hash, and the basic idea is that $x and $y determines the upper left hand corner of the box in which the legend goes. If the width is specified either as an argument or as an option in the option hash this is used to determine the optimal character size to fit the text into part of this width (defaults to 0.5 - see the description of TextFraction below). The rest of the width is filled out with either lines or symbols according to the content of the LineStyle, Symbol, Colour and LineWidth options.
The local options recognised are as follows:
An anonymous array of annotations, can also be specified directly.
XPos and YPos
The X and Y position of the upper left-hand corner of the text.
Width and Height
The width and/or height of each line (including symbol/line). This is used to determine the character size. If any of these are set to 'Automatic' the current character size will be used.
The text and the symbol/line is set inside a box. TextFraction determines how much of this box should be devoted to text. This defaults to 0.5. You can also use Fraction as a synonym to this.
This option allows for fine control of the spacing between the text and the start of the line/symbol. It is given in fractions of the total width of the legend box. The default value is 0.1.
VertSpace or VSpace
By default the text lines are separated by one character height (in the sense that if the separation were 0 then they would lie on top of each other). The VertSpace option allows you to increase (or decrease) this gap in units of the character height; a value of 0.5 would add half a character height to the gap between lines, and -0.5 would remove the same distance. The default value is 0.
 line $x, $y, {Color => 'Red', LineStyle => 'Solid'};
 line $x2, $y2, {Color => 'Blue', 'LineStyle' => 'Dashed', LineWidth => 10};
 legend ['A red line', 'A blue line'], 5, 5,
 {LineStyle => ['Solid', 'Dashed'], Colour => ['Red', 'Blue']
 LineWidth => [undef, 10]}; # undef gives default.
Cursor routines
Interactively read cursor positions.
 Usage: ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor($opt)
This routine has no standard input parameters, but the type of cursor can be set by setting the option Type as a key in the anonymous hash $opt. The first three return values from the function are always defined and gives the position selected by the user and the character pressed.
Depending on the cursor type selected the last two arguments might also be defined and these give a reference position. For instance if the cursor is selected to be Rectangle then the reference position gives one of the corners of the rectangle and $x and $y the diagonally opposite one.
Options recognised:
XRef, YRef
The reference position to be used
The type of cursor. This can be selected using a number between 0 and 7 as in PGPLOT, or alternatively you can specify these as, Default (0), RadialLine (1), Rectangle (2), TwoHorizontalLines (3), TwoVerticalLines (4), HorizontalLine (5), VerticalLine (6) and CrossHair (7) respectively. The default cursor is just the normal mouse cursor.
For the RadialLine you must specify the reference point, whereas for the Two(Vertical|Horizontal)Lines cursor the X or Y reference point, respectively, must be specified.
To select a region on a plot, use the rectangle cursor:
 ($x, $y, $ch, $xref, $yref) = cursor({Type => 'Rectangle'});
 poly pdl($x, $xref, $xref, $x, $x), pdl($y, $y, $yref, $yref, $y);
To select a region of the X-axis:
 ($x1, $y1, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'VerticalLine'});
 ($x2, $y2, $ch) = cursor({Type => 'TwoVerticalLines', XRef => $x1});
Internal routines
signal_catcher, catch_signals, release_signals
To prevent pgplot from doing a fandango on core, we have to block interrupts during PGPLOT calls. Specifically, INT needs to get caught. These internal routines provide a mechanism for that.
You simply bracket any PGPLOT calls with &catch_signals above and &release_signals below, and the signal_catcher will queue up any signals (like INT -- the control-C interrupt) until the &release_signals call.
Any exit path from your hot code must include &release_signals, or interrupts could be deferred indefinitely (which would be a bug). This includes calls to &barf -- even barfs from someone you called! So avoid calling out of the local module if possible, and use release_and_barf() instead of barf() from within this module.
Perl 5.6.1 interrupt handling has a bug that this code tickles -- sometimes the re-emitted signals vanish into hyperspace. Perl 5.8 seems NOT to have that problem.
Open a new window. This sets the window ID, which is the one used when accessing a window later using pgslct. It also sets the window name to something easily remembered if it has not been set before.
This routine sets up a new window with its shape and size. This is also where the size options are actually parsed. These are then forgotten (well, they are stored in $self->{Options}) and the corresponding aspect ratio and window width is stored. See the discussion under new() for the logic.
Finally the subpanels are set up using pgsubp and colours and linewidth are adjusted according to whether we have a hardcopy device or not.
This routine checks PGPLOT's status for the window. It returns OPEN if the window is open and CLOSED if it is closed. (Windows can be closed but still exist).
This functions reopens a window. Since this is an internal function it does not have a lot of error-checking. Make sure the device is closed before calling this routine.
There is an unfortunate problem which pops up viz. that the window name cannot be changed at this point since we are offering that to the rest of the world. That might be sensible, but it means that the window name will not reflect the id of the window - use id() for that (this is also why we do not call open_new_window )
This routine advances one plot panel, updating the CurrentPanel as well. If the advance will proceed past the page the page will be erased. Also note that when you advance one panel the hold value will be changed.
This routine is a utility routine which checks if we need to move panel, and if so will do this. It also checks if it is necessary to advance panels, and whether they need to be erased.
This function is a cludgy utility function that expands an options hash to an array of hashes looping over options. This is mainly of use for "threaded" interfaces to standard plotting routines.
Access the options used when originally opening the window. At the moment this is not updated when the window is changed later.
Access the window ID that PGPLOT uses for the present window.
This function returns the device type of the present window.
Accessor to set and examine the name of a window.
Set focus for subsequent PGPLOT commands to this window.
Get general information about the PGPLOT environment.
 _USER_ = $self->info( _USER_ );
The valid values of _USER_ are as below, where case is not important:
 VERSION - What PGPLOT version is in use.
 STATE - The status of the output device, this is returns


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Some homophones, similar-sounding words that don't mean the same thing, are harmless. But elicit and illicit are not among them.
They are completely different parts of speech; choosing the wrong one would be an embarrassing mistake. Moreover, it could mean the difference between asking for a response and instigating dangerous criminal activity.
With that important warning in mind, how should you use illicit or elicit in your writing? There is an easy way to decide. Continue reading for a discussion of these two confusing homophones.
What is the Difference Between Elicit and Illicit?
This article compare elicit vs. illicit. I will use each word in an example sentence to demonstrate its proper use.
Plus, I will give you a useful trick to help you remember whether to use elicit or illicit, depending on your meaning.
When to Use Elicit
What does elicit mean? Elicit is a verb. It is a synonym of evoke, where that word has the meaning to draw out.
- The disruption, though annoying, was not enough to elicit a response from the judge.
- The company commissioned a survey to elicit the public's views on the newest flavor of its sour candies.
- Let us interview the witnesses to elicit the facts of the case.
- Specific projects are not the only target of NIMBYism. Proposed zoning and land-use regulation changes likewise elicit strong reactions and resistance. –The Washington Post
When to Use Illicit
What does illicit mean? Illicit is an adjective. It means illegal or otherwise forbidden. You can see examples of this word's use in the sentences below.
- The cartel used buckets of batter to traffic illicit drugs into other countries.
- The pawn shop's owner is on trial for selling illicit goods in his store.
- The car enthusiasts held an illicit race on Beachside Avenue at 1:00am.
- What's missing, former Losers tell The Post, is any examination of the show's secret and brutal tactics, which include providing illicit drugs to contestants and submitting them to questionable medical exams by the show's resident doctor, Rob Huizenga, known as "Dr. H." –New York Post
Trick to Remember the Difference
Here is a helpful trick to remember illicit vs. elicit.
- Illicit is an adjective that means illegal.
- Elicit is a verb that means evoke.
If the word you are using is an adjective, you probably mean illicit. Elicit is never an adjective.
If you are trying to use the word as a verb, you should use elicit. Much in the same way elicit is never an adjective, illicit is never a verb.
You can remember the difference between these words by remembering their synonyms. Both illicit and illegal begin with the letter I, and both elicit and evoke begin with the letter E.
Is it elicit or illicit? While these two words sound the same when spoken, the mean very different things.
- Elicit is a verb, and a synonym of evoke.
- Illicit is an adjective, and a synonym of illegal.
- Neither word is ever used as any other part of speech.
Since elicit and evoke both start with the same letter, much the same as illicit and illegal, pairing these words with their synonyms will help you remember which is which, and in what contexts they should be used.
Now that you know the difference between these words, you can be confident that your writing will not suffer from this simple mistake. Any time you have questions about other confusing words, you can check this site for an explanation.


text:
Yesterday I had the opportunity to host a workshop about the relationship between customer experience and the saying-doing gap. And how you bridge that gap with design research.
Three different types of the saying-doing gap
First of all, what is the saying-doing gap? It's all about the mismatch between what people say and what they mean. I use the word mean instead of do in this case because in some situations the saying part isn't as tightly liked to a direct action as one might think. You could describe 3 main types of the gap.
1. People behave differently than they say they do
This is literal sense of the saying-doing gap where people give answers that contrast how they actually behave. The typical scenario is where people try to give the "correct" answer to a question. Image how our world would look if everyone who says they want a healthy lifestyle actually would take action to get one.
2. People can't visualize the future image
This saying-doing gap occurs when you ask people to describe the future. In many cases people will give you an answer but you should question the motive is behind their answer. The typical example is Henry Ford who asked people what they wanted and in reply they answered "faster horses".
3. The world is miscellaneous
Give people choices and they will give you answers. Give different choices and you'll get different answers. Do you prefer coffee or tea at breakfast? Well, if I have to choose it would be coffee but what I really prefer is my favorite fruit muesli with yogurt along with a newspaper.
How is this related to customer experience
The short answer is that when you're not aware of the saying-doing gap, you might be getting incomplete or in fact misleading results while doing research on customer experience. The longer answer is that it's hard for people to describe their emotions in certain situations (touchpoints) without losing a lot of the meaning in the interpretation of their answer. Adding to that is the fact that, like in example of Henry Ford, it's hard for people to pinpoint what experience they actually desire.
What are design research strategies to bridge the gap
There are certain things you can do with design research to minimize the risk of falling in the gap.
1. Use tangible evidence
Help people tell their story using objects. It can be anything in their wallet, their groceries, or the toys their buy for their kids. Objects form tangible evidence of peoples actions. This makes it's easier to get their story instead of "correct" answers.
2. Evoke interactions
In the same way objects can confront people with their actions, so can other peers. Even-though we try our best not to, as researchers we are always outsiders. We can miss subtle cultural or social cue's that are hidden in the answers people give. Try to spark a conversation among people in their own peer group. They are the ones that are able to ask right questions at the right time.
3. Pay special attention to the things that aren't said
A lot of the times people are just do things out of habit and are not aware of their own actions. Start by stalking someone and observe their actions very closely. Ask that person to describe what they did. Figure out what the things are that they don't mention and why.
Share your examples of the saying-doing gap are the strategies you're using to prevent from falling in the gap.
I uploaded the slides my slides from the workshop (sorry, only in Dutch).


KRT: The Impact of Kingship
KRT: The Impact of Kingship
Does the concept of kingship impact your practice, and if so, how?
Being Kemetic Orthodox, the topic of kingship is a particularly relevant one to me, in a few different ways.
For one, kingship is one of the five pillars of Kemetic Orthodoxy (the others are community, ancestors, the gods, and Ma'at). For two, I have met Egyptologist Tamara Siuda, who is the leader of Kemetic Orthodoxy; she is considered our Nisut, our king, though the ways in which members of Kemetic Orthodox interpret that varies. For myself, I see her as our spiritual leader, well-qualified for the job both academically and personally. (As I have no way of personally verifying or disproving any divine right to be king, it ceases to matter in practical ways to me; I am solely concerned with an individual's actions and attitude when in a position of authority.)
While the concept of kingship impacts my practice only slightly, the existence of the flesh-and-bones leader of Kemetic Orthodox impacts my practice quite a lot. She is a fount of information, support, and guidance, and she is as present as possible to lead or participate in online gatherings (some ritual, some guided discussions, some fellowship). Because my practice is tied to my community, and because she is the leader of that community, I can say with confidence that my experience and practice of Kemeticism would not be the same without her as our king.
However, a lesser-discussed but equally-prominent way in which kingship impacts my practice is its importance amongst the Netjeru. Some gods are kings and others are not; some serve the king, some protect the king, and others act autonomously. Regardless of value judgments (I don't consider the god-king to be any "better" than another deity), it still provides something of a map, helping me to understand and interrelate various Names. The procession of kingship and heritage is also a major plot point in many myths, most obviously those around Wesir (Osiris), Heru-sa-Aset (Horus the Younger), and Set. The role of kingship in various gods' identities can greatly impact the whole nature of the god in question: imagine Ra not being a king! It'd give His entire character a spin in a different direction.
In essence, it would be a challenge for me to completely extricate the concept of kingship from its manifestations among the ancient Egyptian gods and within my chosen community. While I don't consider myself to be terribly amenable to monarchies, when taken in mythological contexts it can be informative and instructive to the nature and roles of the Netjeru, and when taken in a community context it can be very useful to have a strong, respectful leader. I wouldn't put up with anyone, god or mortal, who sought to abuse that power or that title—but thankfully, I don't have to.
Note: I do not speak for all of my community nor for Tamara Siuda herself; this blog is solely discussing my personal interpretations and opinions. As always, your mileage will vary. :)
If you enjoyed this post, please check out other takes on kingship by my fellow Round Table bloggers!


text: The first radio commentary was broadcast in 1922 in Australia covering a testimonial match for Charles Bannerman, at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The commentator was Lionell Watt. In 1927, BBC attempted its first radio broadcast of a cricket test, for a match between Essex and New Zealand, and the commentator was Plum Warner. However, BBC did not pursue the idea for about 10 years, as it was not considered a success. Reviving the idea, BBC launched its first ball-by-ball commentary on June 24, 1938, for the second test of the Ashes series between Australia and England. All India Radio started commentary in the early 1940s.


Will Kevlar Stop an Arrow?
Death is like an arrow that is already in flight, and your life lasts only until it reaches you – Georg Hermes
Asking if Kevlar can stop an arrow is like asking Erwin Schrodinger about the health of his cat. He'd probably retort that his cat was both alive and dead, and how it felt at any given moment was entirely dependent on a number of different variables. But worry not! Archery Edge is here for your answers!
And the same answer, or rather the specific conditions surrounding each individual incident in which an arrow and kevlar come into contact with each other, applies to the question about whether or not Kevlar can stop an arrow. Sometimes it can, and sometimes it can't. It all depends on the variables.
What Is Kevlar?
Before we actually take a look at the circumstances surrounding the whether or not arrows can actually pierce kevlar controversy, we should probably explain what kevlar is.
What Is Kevlar.
After all, in the grand scheme of things, it's a relatively recent human invention and while Hollywood might want us all to believe that kevlar has been around forever, it was only invented and developed in nineteen sixty-five, by a chemist called Stephanie Kwolek was working for DuPont at the time of her discovery.
While we mostly associate the word kevlar with body armor and think of it as having been created for that specific purpose, it was actually created to be used in tires.
When it was first introduced to the world, kevlar was made to be a replacement for the steel belts in racing tires. It didn't actually become a vital ingredient in personal protection for another couple of decades.
The US military began issuing kevlar body armor and helmets to serving personnel in the nineteen-eighties, after its impact and heat resistant qualities were found to offer better protection to front line servicemen and women than, up to that point, traditional body armor could.
Light and strong, and much less cumbersome than its predecessors, kevlar became an indispensable part of a soldier's battlefield uniform.
Let's Talk About Those Variables
Even though kevlar will, and can protect soldiers and anyone else wearing it from most bullets, as far as arrows are concerned, it's a completely different story.
Let's Talk About Those Variables
As kevlar is impact resistant, it's designed to spread the force that a bullet strikes it with throughout the material, which is one of the reasons why most bullets flatten upon impact with kevlar, rather than penetrating it completely.
Arrows, however, unlike bullets (which are made to spread upon and following impact, and thus cause far more damage than arrows) are specifically designed to penetrate the target that they're fired at. Because their tip is much smaller and sharper than that of a bullet and are fired with less velocity, and use far less energy.
Lower energy means less dispersal, which significantly reduces the impact protection that Kevlar offers. This means, in most cases, when they're fired at kevlar, arrows can, and usually do pierce Kevlar. However, if the kevlar in question is stab rated (kevlar is also used in stab vests which are worn to prevent damage and injury from knives) and is thick enough, it can stop an arrow.
That said if the arrow is fired from an incredibly powerful bow, and the archer in question is using armor-piercing arrows, then even the thickest stab vest and highest rated personal armor is unlikely to be able to stop an arrow.
Can a Bulletproof Vest Stop an Arrow?
Again, this depends on whether or not the bulletproof vest in question is made with kevlar or uses different shielding material. Generally speaking, bulletproof vests fall into two different categories. Soft body armor and hard body armor. Arrows can, and do, pierce soft body armor which, for the most part, use kevlar in their construction.
Can a Bulletproof Vest Stop an Arrow
Hard body armor (or hard bulletproof vests) though, arrows have a much tougher time with. They're usually made using either hardened steel plate or high-density carbon fiber or a combination of both and unless the archer in question is using an incredibly powerful bow, is firing at his or her target from a relatively short distance, and using purpose designed armor-piercing arrows, there's an incredibly good chance that anyone wearing hard body armor would live to tell the tale after being shot with an arrow.
The Parting Shot – Can Kevlar Stop Arrows?
Yes, it can. As long as the Kevlar in question is thick enough, has a fairly high stab rating and the arrow in question isn't an armor-piercing one and hasn't been fired at its target by a powerful bow. As we explained earlier, it isn't a simple yes or no answer and depends entirely on the variables and the details.
Unfortunately, the chances are, if you're wearing kevlar body armor the only thing that it will stop with any certainty is small arms fire and a bullet from a handgun. If you want to be really safe, and stand a chance of walking away from a bow fight relatively unscathed, trade your kevlar in for steel plate armor.


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Table and View
Table vs View
A database is a digital collection of organized data or information which can be stored in computer memory or other storage devices. It was developed in such a way that large amounts of data can be stored and accessed by users. A database has several objects that save, display, and analyze large amounts of information. Microsoft SQL provides database objects such as stored procedures, users, functions, tables, and views.
Tables hold data which are used in applications and reports. They are designed in rows, columns, and fields. They can only have a specific number of columns but can contain as many rows as possible. Relational databases use several tables to store linked data and records.
Data in tables may or may not be physically stored in the database. There are two types of tables, namely; object tables which use an object type to define a column and hold instances of a defined object, and a relational table which holds basic user data in a relational database.
View, on the other hand, is a query used as a table which can be linked to another table. It is a list of several records in a table format that are used for data that are queried frequently. In querying the names and addresses which are located at different tables, views can be used. It is a virtual table that is gathered from data in the database. To change the data stored in the database would also change the data shown in the view. It can incorporate several tables into one virtual table and hide the intricacies of data. It only needs a little space to store data because the database only stores its definition rather than the data it contains or represents. It also provides security for the data and limits the display of data. It can be used to create abstractions.
Rows in view and table are not ordered but can be sorted and queried. Views can be updated and also allows query of data from remote sources. Queries which are contrary to views must be modified.
Summary:
1.A table is an object of a database which is used to hold data that are used in reports and applications while a view is also a database object which is used as a table and query that can be linked to other tables.
2.A table is designed with a limited number of columns and an unlimited number of rows while a view is designed as a virtual table that is extracted from a database.
3.A view can incorporate several tables into one virtual table while several tables are needed to store linked data and records.
4.A view is used to query certain data contained in several different tables while a table holds basic user data and holds instances of a defined object.
5.Frequently queried data can be accessed in a view, and changing the data in the database also changes the data shown in the view which is not the case in a table.
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text:
Who should speak first when evaluating a lesson in the post-observation feedback session, the observer or the observed?
This was the subject of an extended and impromptu debate at an external training session I attended last week. The person leading the session stood back in true 'facilitator' style while a room of teachers explained to each other why their preferred way is better than the other. I was fascinated and decided to blog some of their points.
Why the observer should speak first
The observer is often (but not always) more experienced and has plenty of good advice for the observed teacher, why not get straight to the point?
If the observed teacher spoke first and evaluated their own lesson inaccurately, they could have their confidence dented when the observer disagreed with what they'd said.
Everyone needs praise, and if the observer goes first they can start by highlighting the good aspects of the observed teacher's lesson and establish a positive and nurturing atmosphere.
Why the observed teacher should speak first
If they spoke second, they would be influenced by the feedback from the observer, so the observer would not hear a genuine self-evaluation. This means that they will miss an opportunity to develop their ability to judge lesson effectiveness.
If the observed teacher speaks first they are forced into a reflective state of mind in which they'll be more receptive to advice.
Allowing the observed teacher to speak first makes it clear that the evaluation of the lesson is a shared experience and establishes a more supportive environment.
The observer's feedback can be targeted more effectively if they hear the observed teacher's point of view first, for example focusing on an aspect in which they put the most effort.
Teachers are often too hard on themselves, and if the observed teacher starts by criticising aspects of their own lesson it can be a confidence boost when the observer highlights some good aspects.
Lesson observations are subjective, and the observer may have missed something that the teacher didn't. Speaking second allows them to give better-informed feedback.
If you can't tell from my completely biased paraphrasing of the points, I prefer letting the observed teacher speak first. Any arguments about the observed teacher getting the evaluation wildly wrong seem flawed to me because without the opportunity to highlight those inaccuracies, they will never learn to adequately evaluate the effectiveness of their own teaching, nor that of others.
Have I missed any arguments either way? Let me know (_USER_). Thanks to _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_, _USER_ and@geekgirl77 who already contributed ideas.


y M))', or equivalently, '(\x. \y. M)', can be abbreviated as: (\x y. M) Similarly, '(\x (\y (\z M)))' can be abbreviated as: (\x y z. M) ## Lambda terms represent functions ## Let's pause and consider the following fundamental question: what is a function? One popular answer is that a function can be represented by a set of ordered pairs. This set is called the **graph** of the function. If the ordered pair '(a, b)' is a member of the graph of 'f', that means that 'f' maps the argument 'a' to the value 'b'. In symbols, 'f: a' ↦ 'b', or 'f (a) == b'. In order to count as a *function* (rather than as merely a more general *relation*), we require that the graph not contain two (distinct) ordered pairs with the same first element. That is, in order to count as a proper function, each argument must correspond to a unique result. The lambda calculus seems to be wonderfully well-suited for representing functions. In fact, the untyped lambda calculus is Turing Complete (see [[!wikipedia Turing completeness]]): all (recursively computable) functions can be represented by lambda terms. Which, by most people's lights, means that all functions we can "effectively decide" --- that is, always apply in a mechanical way without requiring any ingenuity or insight, and be guaranteed of a correct answer after some finite number of steps --- can be represented by lambda terms. As we'll see, though, it will be fun (that is, not straightforward) unpacking how these things can be so "represented." For some lambda terms, it is easy to see what function they represent: > '(\x x)' represents the identity function: given any argument 'M', this function simply returns 'M': '((\x x) M) ~~> M'. > '(\x (x x))' duplicates its argument (applies it to itself): '((\x (x x)) M) ~~> (M M)' > '(\x (\y (y x)))' reorders its two arguments: '(((\x (\y (y x))) M) N) ~~> (N M)' > '(\x (\y x))' throws away its second argument: '(((\x (\y x)) M) N) ~~> M' and so on. In order to get an intuitive feel for the power of the lambda calculus, note that duplicating, reordering, and deleting elements is all that it takes to simulate the behavior of a general word processing program. That means that if we had a big enough lambda term, it could take a representation of *Emma* as input and produce *Hamlet* as a result. Some of these functions are so useful that we'll give them special names. In particular, we'll call the identity function '(\x x)' **I**, and the function '(\x (\y x))' **K** (for "konstant": K x is a "constant function" that accepts any second argument 'y' and ignores it, always returning 'x'). It is easy to see that distinct lambda expressions can represent the same function, considered as a mapping from input to outputs. Obviously: (\x x) and: (\z z) both represent the same function, the identity function. However, we said [[in the advanced notes|week2_lambda_advanced]] that we would be regarding these expressions as synactically equivalent, so they aren't yet really examples of *distinct* lambda expressions representing a single function. However, all three of these are distinct lambda expressions: (\y x. y x) (\z z) (\x. (\z z) x) (\z z) yet when applied to any argument 'M', all of these will always return 'M'. So they have the same extension. It's also true, though you may not yet be in a position to see, that no other function can differentiate between them when they're supplied as an argument to it. However, these expressions are all syntactically distinct. The first two expressions are (beta-)*convertible*: in particular the first reduces to the second via a single instance of beta reduction. So they can be regarded as proof-theoretically equivalent even though they're not syntactically identical. However, the proof theory we've given so far doesn't permit you to reduce the second expression to the third. So these lambda expressions are non-equivalent. In other words, we have here different (non-equivalent) lambda terms with the same extension. This introduces some tension between the popular way of thinking of functions as represented by (identical to?) their graphs or extensions, and the idea that lambda terms express functions. Well, perhaps the lambda terms are just a finer-grained way of expressing functions than extensions are? As we'll see, though, there are even further sources of tension between the idea of functions-as-extensions and the idea of functions embodied in the lambda calculus. 1. One reason is that that general mathematical conception permits many *uncomputable* functions, but the lambda calculus can't express those. 2. More problematically, lambda terms express "functions" that can *take themselves* as arguments. If we wanted to represent that set-theoretically, and identified functions with their extensions, then we'd have to have some extension that contained (an ordered pair containing) itself as a member. Which we're not allowed to do in mainstream set-theory. But in the lambda calculus this is permitted and common --- and in fact will turn out to be indispensable. Here are some simple examples. We can apply the identity function to itself: (\x x) (\x x) This is a redex that reduces to the identity function (of course). We can apply the **K** function to another argument and itself: > K z K That is: (\x (\y x)) z (\x (\y x)) That reduces to just 'z'. 3. As we'll see in coming weeks, some lambda terms will turn out to be impossible to associate with any extension. This is related to the previous point. In fact it *does* turn out to be possible to represent the Lambda Calculus set-theoretically. But not in the straightforward way that identifies functions with their graphs. For years, it wasn't known whether it would be possible to do this. But then [[!wikipedia Dana Scott]] figured out how to do it in late 1969, that is, he formulated the first "denotational semantics" for this Lambda Calculus. Scott himself had expected that this wouldn't be possible to do. He argued for its unlikelihood in a paper he wrote only a month before the discovery. (You can find an exposition of Scott's semantics in Chapters 15 and 16 of the Hindley & Seldin book we recommended, and an exposition of some simpler models that have since been discovered in Chapter 5 of the Hankin book, and Section 16F of Hindley & Seldin. But realistically, you really ought to wait a while and get more familiar with these systems before you'll be at all ready to engage with those ideas.) We've characterized the rule of beta-reduction as a kind of "proof theory" for the Lambda Calculus. In fact, the usual proof theory is expressed in terms of *convertibility* rather than in terms of reduction; but it's natural to understand reduction as being the conceptually more fundamental notion. And there are some proof theories for this system that are expressed in terms of reduction. To use a linguistic analogy, you can think of what we're calling "proof theory" as a kind of syntactic transformation. The sentences *John saw Mary* and *Mary was seen by John* are not syntactically identical, yet (on some theories) one can be derived from the other. The key element in the analogy is that this kind of syntactic derivation is supposed to preserve meaning, so that the two sentences mean (roughly) the same thing. There's an extension of the proof-theory we've presented so far which does permit a further move of just that sort. It would permit us to also count these functions: (\x. (\z z) x) (\z z) as equivalent. This additional move is called **eta-reduction**. It's crucial to eta-reduction that the outermost variable binding in the abstract we begin with (here, '\x') be of a variable that occurs free exactly once in the body of that abstract, and that that free occurrence be the rightmost outermost constituent. The expression: (\x (\y (y x)) can't be eta-reduced, because the rightmost outermost constituent is not 'x' but '(\y (y x)'. In the extended proof theory/theories we get be permitting eta-reduction/conversion as well as beta-reduction, *all computable functions with the same extension do turn out to be equivalent*, that is, convertible. However, we still shouldn't assume we're working with functions traditionally conceived as just sets of ordered pairs, for the other reasons sketched above. ## The analogy with 'let' ## In our basic functional programming language, we used 'let' expressions to assign values to variables. For instance, let x match 2 in (x, x) evaluates to the ordered pair '(2, 2)'. It may be helpful to think of a redex in the lambda calculus as a particular sort of 'let' construction. ((\x BODY) ARG) is analogous to let


Ordained (or Company) Space
Space controlled by the Ordained, or Company depending on who you ask. Planets include Saddat, Chibbink, and Locostwa. Tupra is not under the control of the Ordained.
A planet nearly unknown to those near Ordained Space, known for such numerous metal deposits that the mountains are gray from the metal. It is home to the bird-like Derbs and a colony of Earth Humans. The Derbs live on one continent, where the mountains are mostly sandstone, while the Humans took the steel mountains. There is some trading between the Derbis Humans and the Company Space, but most of this is done through smugglers and pirates.
The native planet of the Gorkam and Torfs. It's very barren and dry. The season differences are minimal, with slightly warmer summers and cold winters. The moisture comes regularly, but is still very little.
The home planet of the Ordained. Scallan are the native species.
Most vegetation on the planet is grass-based and there are very few trees. Saddat also has very little in the way of metals, but it makes up for this in agricultural productivity. Most of the planet is farmland or desert, with a few oceans. Days are 23 hours long and years are 380 days long. The Company uses Saddat years and days for telling time.
An independent planet near Ordained Space. Tupra repelled the Ordained when they invaded. It is home to Elbas and Varsillians. The humid but cold planet is mountainous and has huge corral trees covering it. The clouds rarely lift enough to see the stars, or even the sun. The planet is orbited by an asteroid field, which aids it during wars because the defending ships can use the asteroids as cover.


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Let $S$ be a compact orientable 2-surface with $\chi(X)\leq -3$. Y.Minsky and H.Masur proved that the curve complex of $X$ is $\delta$-hyperbolic and infinite. E.Klarreich (see also U.Hamenstadt) proved the Gromov boundary of the curve complex of $S$ is bijective to the collection of ending laminations. Denote the collection of ending laminations by $B$.
Note: ending lamination implies that its complement in $S$ is a collection of (once-punctured) ideal polygons.
My question is: Given a number $N$, is there possible that there is a collection of essential simple closed curves $Y=\{c_{\eta} \mid \eta\in B\}$ such that $d_{\mathcal {C}(S)}(c_{\eta}, c_{\zeta})\geq N$, for any $\eta, \zeta \in B$ and $\eta \neq \zeta$?
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What do you mean by "$Y=c_\eta, \eta\in B$"? What is $c_eta$? Do you mean that $c_\eta$ is a sequence of scc's $c_{\eta,n}$ representing the ideal point $\eta$? Then the answer is obviously yes: $$ \lim_{n\to\infty} d(c_{\eta,n}, c_{\zeta,n})=\infty, $$ and it holds for any $\delta$-hyperbolic geodesic space, simply by the definition of Gromov boundary. – Misha Nov 4 '12 at 14:06
Actually, you do not even need the space to be geodesic for this to hold, although the curve complex is geodesic. – Misha Nov 4 '12 at 14:52
To correct your reference, the theorem equating the Gromov boundary of the curve complex to the space of ''ending laminations'' is due not to Hamenstadt but to Klarreich – Lee Mosher Nov 4 '12 at 17:10
_USER_, $Y$ is defined to be a collection of essential closed curves. I want to write it as a collection, but I don't know how to do it. And the number $N$ depends only on the surface $S$. – yanqing Nov 4 '12 at 23:34
_USER_ Mosher, you are right. I just correct it. – yanqing Nov 4 '12 at 23:37
2 Answers 2
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Are you trying to index a countable collection of curves by the (uncountable!) space of ending laminations?
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Who knows what OP means by $c_\eta$: Could be a single vertex (then, of course, the map is not going to be 1-1), could be a sequence, could be something completely different... – Misha Nov 5 '12 at 23:15
$c_{\eta}$ is a single vertex. – yanqing Nov 6 '12 at 0:02
Then anonymous answered your question, since you cannot have an injective map from continuum to a countable set. – Misha Nov 6 '12 at 0:09
_USER_, I am not sure that the vertices of the curve complex is countable. – yanqing Nov 10 '12 at 0:10
The fundamental group of your surface is countable (it is finitely generated) and homotopy classes of closed curves correspond to conjugacy classes in this group. The vertices of the curve complex are homotopy classes of essential simple closed curves. – staylor Nov 10 '12 at 18:00
Just to summarize the above: the answer is "no" because the curve complex has countably many vertices while the boundary is uncountable. To give an easier example of this sort of thing, consider the regular four-valent tree, also known as the Cayley graph of the rank two free group. The tree is countable while its Gromov boundary is a Cantor set, and so uncountable.
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Great, thanks very much – yanqing Nov 21 '12 at 0:25
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