text:
- What is the main purpose of the Ga State constitution?
- What was the Constitution of 1777?
- What part of the Georgia Constitution serves as a general introduction to the document?
- What led to the Constitution?
- What was the first constitution written in Georgia?
- How is the Constitution of the state of Georgia amended?
- What was the purpose of the Georgia Constitution of 1877?
- What are the main articles of the Georgia Constitution?
What is the main purpose of the Ga State constitution?
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish …
What was the Constitution of 1777?
The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777, but the states did not ratify them until March 1, 1781.
What part of the Georgia Constitution serves as a general introduction to the document?
The Preamble to the Georgia State Constitution outlines the purpose of the text and the principles which the constitution is meant to serve. It serves as an introductory statement.
What led to the Constitution?
Below are some of the important dates that led to the creation of the Constitution: 1775 — The Revolutionary War between the Colonies and Britain begins. 1781 — The last battle of the Revolutionary War takes place; the 13 states set up a federal government under laws called the Articles of Confederation.
What was the first constitution written in Georgia?
Georgia's first attempt at constitutional government was initiated in April 1776 by the Provincial Congress called by the Georgia Trustees in response to a series of mass meetings held throughout the colony. This document provided a framework for the transition from colony to state.
How is the Constitution of the state of Georgia amended?
Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state) The Constitution can also be amended by proposal at a constitutional convention, the calling of which must receive the support of a two-thirds majority vote by both houses of the legislature and a simple majority of state voters.
What was the purpose of the Georgia Constitution of 1877?
The Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1877 created the state's seventh constitution. Ratified at the end of Reconstruction (1867-76) with a firm Democratic majority in power, the Constitution of 1877 was a reaction to the perceived abuses of the Republican-dominated government that controlled the state after the Civil War (1861-65).
What are the main articles of the Georgia Constitution?
Main article: Article One of the Georgia (U.S. state) Constitution Article One describes the Georgia Bill of Rights. These are the Rights of Persons, the Origin and Structure of Government and other General Provisions. The first Section, the Rights of Persons, lists twenty-eight paragraphs of individual rights.


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A virtual pilgrimage of De La Salle's personal vocation story that includes videos, text, photos, panoramic immersion, Google street maps, and more. In 2018, the site was completely redesigned and made responsive to small or large screens. New HD versions of the videos were also added. An accompanying, dynamically linked PDF booklet takes individuals and groups through the journey via narrative, video links, and formative questions.
District of Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, and Papua New Guinea
A website with prayer-related reflections, videos on Lasallian themes, and many formation resources on a variety of topics: De La Salle, pedagogy, Lasallian spirituality, and so on.
Guide Book – _URL_
This is a redesigned 2018 PDF booklet that accompanies the _URL_ website. It starts with a complete short biography of St. John Baptist de La Salle, and includes text, photographs, live links to videos and relevant website pages from specific locations in France associated with his life. Reflection questions for personal and group processing are also included. The booklet may be printed out or used on a computer or tablet, so that the links to videos and web pages might be engaged along with the text.
Artwork by Various Brothers – Black and White & Color
Below are sets of drawings and other artwork from Brothers of the Institute. They include works by the following Brothers:
- Br. Felipe Ocadiz, FSC
- Br. Fermin Gainza, FSC
- Br. Mario Barrios, FSC
- Br. Joseph Hiep, FSC
Each gallery includes options for viewing them and downloading them.
Art & Images – Various Lasallian Saints and Feasts
Below are sets of drawings and other artwork about Lasallian saints and feasts, drawn from various resources. They will be added during the 2018 calendar year as their commemorative dates occur.
Each gallery includes options for viewing and downloading the relevant images.
Liturgical Prayers – Mass and Liturgy of the Hours for Lasallian Saints and Feasts
The links below will take you to the Lasallian website in Rome, and the liturgical texts (prayers) for various Lasallian saints, feasts, and special occasions. Each document includes a short description, the readings and prayers for Mass, and the readings and prayer for the Liturgy of the Hours.
Prayer & Formation Resources for Lasallian Groups
These sets of resources around specific themes are meant to be used for prayer and discussion by Lasallian educators, administrators, board members, students, and others interested in pursuing their Lasallian identity.
Many of these began with a Board focus and were adapted for use with school groups, teacher groups, Brother groups, and any groups of gathered Lasallians. If portions of them are used in other prayer services, it would appropriate to give proper attribution to the sources used.
Let Us Remember: Stories of the Holy Presence of God
This publication by the Lasallian Publications Committee of the Region of North America provides 52 stories from Lasallian school ministries, child and family youth service ministries, and retreat ministries. Each story focuses on how the "holy presence of God" has been experienced or seen through the eyes of personal witnesses.
An introduction gives an overview of how the holy presence of God has permeated the spirituality of St. John Baptist de La Salle.
TIMELINES – St. John Baptist de La Salle
Below are three online timelines that highlight significant events in the life of St. John Baptist de La Salle.
Some are more detailed than others. They may be well used with students, teachers, and others who are interested in the linear events of De La Salle's life.
A Library Guide Celebrating De La Salle
Intended as a resource for an introductory set of lessons about St. John Baptist de La Salle, this library guide collects online resources from various parts of the internet.
It was put together as a commemoration of the life and legacy of De La Salle and the tricentenary of his death in 2019.
Tricentenary and the Year of Lasallian Vocations
2019 is the tricentenary anniversary of St. John Baptist de La Salle's passing into eternal life. It has also been declared as the Year of Lasallian Vocations.
The goals of this tercentenary year are to:
- Celebrate and give thanks for our common heritage and our vitality through our association for the transformative human and Christian education of the young, especially the poor.
- Renew our commitment to respond to the reality and needs of today through promoting our mission, charism, and founding story.
- Share our hope for the future within the unity and diversity of Lasallian vocations by witnessing the movement of the Spirit in our lives and ministry.
The resources on this page are to assist in providing a variety of ways to educate, collaborate, and celebrate within the Lasallian world and elsewhere.
If there are resources you wish to contribute, please contact Br. Chris Patiño, FSC (_EMAIL_).
Br. James Miller, FSC
The Vatican announced on Thursday, November 8, 2018, that Pope Francis approved a decree recognizing that Brother James Miller died as a martyr Feb. 13, 1982, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. The process for declaring him a martyr began in 2009 and received this important 'green light' from the theological commission, which means we will soon be able to celebrate his beatification. Br. James will be the first De La Salle Christian Brothers from the United States to be beatified. The cause of beatification was undertaken by the Diocese of Huehuetenango, Guatemala and received the Decree of Validity in Rome in 2010 when Brother James was designated a Servant of God and a martyr for the faith. As a martyr, Br. James must have one miracle posthumously attributed to him to reach the next level toward official sainthood, which is canonization.
In the afternoon of February 13, 1982, at the age of 37, in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, Brother James (Santiago) Miller was shot several times by three men and he died instantly. Attempts to identify the assassins were unsuccessful. After funeral rites in Guatemala and in Saint Paul, Minnesota, he was buried in the parish cemetery in Polonia, Wisconsin.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


2
 - oracle-se1
 - oracle-se
 - postgres
 - sqlserver-ee
 - sqlserver-se
 - sqlserver-ex
 - sqlserver-web
--master-username (string)
The name for the master user.
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The name for the master user is managed by the DB cluster.
MariaDB
Constraints:
 - Required for MariaDB.
 - Must be 1 to 16 letters or numbers.
 - Can't be a reserved word for the chosen database engine.
Microsoft SQL Server
Constraints:
 - Required for SQL Server.
 - Must be 1 to 128 letters or numbers.
 - The first character must be a letter.
 - Can't be a reserved word for the chosen database engine.
MySQL
Constraints:
 - Required for MySQL.
 - Must be 1 to 16 letters or numbers.
 - First character must be a letter.
 - Can't be a reserved word for the chosen database engine.
Oracle
Constraints:
 - Required for Oracle.
 - Must be 1 to 30 letters or numbers.
 - First character must be a letter.
 - Can't be a reserved word for the chosen database engine.
PostgreSQL
Constraints:
 - Required for PostgreSQL.
 - Must be 1 to 63 letters or numbers.
 - First character must be a letter.
 - Can't be a reserved word for the chosen database engine.
--master-user-password (string)
The password for the master user. The password can include any printable ASCII character except "/", """, or "@".
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The password for the master user is managed by the DB cluster.
MariaDB
Constraints: Must contain from 8 to 41 characters.
Microsoft SQL Server
Constraints: Must contain from 8 to 128 characters.
MySQL
Constraints: Must contain from 8 to 41 characters.
Oracle
Constraints: Must contain from 8 to 30 characters.
PostgreSQL
Constraints: Must contain from 8 to 128 characters.
--db-security-groups (list)
A list of DB security groups to associate with this DB instance.
Default: The default DB security group for the database engine.
(string)
Syntax:
"string" "string" ...
--vpc-security-group-ids (list)
A list of Amazon EC2 VPC security groups to associate with this DB instance.
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The associated list of EC2 VPC security groups is managed by the DB cluster.
Default: The default EC2 VPC security group for the DB subnet group's VPC.
(string)
Syntax:
"string" "string" ...
--availability-zone (string)
The Availability Zone (AZ) where the database will be created. For information on AWS Regions and Availability Zones, see Regions and Availability Zones .
Default: A random, system-chosen Availability Zone in the endpoint's AWS Region.
Example: us-east-1d
Constraint: The AvailabilityZone parameter can't be specified if the DB instance is a Multi-AZ deployment. The specified Availability Zone must be in the same AWS Region as the current endpoint.
Note
If you're creating a DB instance in an RDS on VMware environment, specify the identifier of the custom Availability Zone to create the DB instance in.
For more information about RDS on VMware, see the ' RDS on VMware User Guide. _URL_
--db-subnet-group-name (string)
A DB subnet group to associate with this DB instance.
If there is no DB subnet group, then it is a non-VPC DB instance.
--preferred-maintenance-window (string)
The time range each week during which system maintenance can occur, in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). For more information, see Amazon RDS Maintenance Window .
Format: ddd:hh24:mi-ddd:hh24:mi
The default is a 30-minute window selected at random from an 8-hour block of time for each AWS Region, occurring on a random day of the week.
Valid Days: Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun.
Constraints: Minimum 30-minute window.
--db-parameter-group-name (string)
The name of the DB parameter group to associate with this DB instance. If you do not specify a value, then the default DB parameter group for the specified DB engine and version is used.
Constraints:
 - Must be 1 to 255 letters, numbers, or hyphens.
 - First character must be a letter
 - Can't end with a hyphen or contain two consecutive hyphens
--backup-retention-period (integer)
The number of days for which automated backups are retained. Setting this parameter to a positive number enables backups. Setting this parameter to 0 disables automated backups.
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The retention period for automated backups is managed by the DB cluster.
Default: 1
Constraints:
 - Must be a value from 0 to 35
 - Can't be set to 0 if the DB instance is a source to read replicas
--preferred-backup-window (string)
The daily time range during which automated backups are created if automated backups are enabled, using the BackupRetentionPeriod parameter. For more information, see The Backup Window in the Amazon RDS User Guide .
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The daily time range for creating automated backups is managed by the DB cluster.
The default is a 30-minute window selected at random from an 8-hour block of time for each AWS Region. To see the time blocks available, see Adjusting the Preferred DB Instance Maintenance Window in the Amazon RDS User Guide .
Constraints:
 - Must be in the format hh24:mi-hh24:mi .
 - Must be in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC).
 - Must not conflict with the preferred maintenance window.
 - Must be at least 30 minutes.
--port (integer)
The port number on which the database accepts connections.
MySQL
Default: 3306
Valid values: 1150-65535
Type: Integer
MariaDB
Default: 3306
Valid values: 1150-65535
Type: Integer
PostgreSQL
Default: 5432
Valid values: 1150-65535
Type: Integer
Oracle
Default: 1521
Valid values: 1150-65535
SQL Server
Default: 1433
Valid values: 1150-65535 except 1234 , 1434 , 3260 , 3343 , 3389 , 47001 , and 49152-49156 .
Amazon Aurora
Default: 3306
Valid values: 1150-65535
Type: Integer
--multi-az | --no-multi-az (boolean)
A value that indicates whether the DB instance is a Multi-AZ deployment. You can't set the AvailabilityZone parameter if the DB instance is a Multi-AZ deployment.
--engine-version (string)
The version number of the database engine to use.
For a list of valid engine versions, use the DescribeDBEngineVersions action.
The following are the database engines and links to information about the major and minor versions that are available with Amazon RDS. Not every database engine is available for every AWS Region.
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The version number of the database engine to be used by the DB instance is managed by the DB cluster.
MariaDB
See MariaDB on Amazon RDS Versions in the Amazon RDS User Guide.
Microsoft SQL Server
See Microsoft SQL Server Versions on Amazon RDS in the Amazon RDS User Guide.
MySQL
See MySQL on Amazon RDS Versions in the Amazon RDS User Guide.
Oracle
See Oracle Database Engine Release Notes in the Amazon RDS User Guide.
PostgreSQL
See Supported PostgreSQL Database Versions in the Amazon RDS User Guide.
--auto-minor-version-upgrade | --no-auto-minor-version-upgrade (boolean)
A value that indicates whether minor engine upgrades are applied automatically to the DB instance during the maintenance window. By default, minor engine upgrades are applied automatically.
--license-model (string)
License model information for this DB instance.
Valid values: license-included | bring-your-own-license | general-public-license
--iops (integer)
The amount of Provisioned IOPS (input/output operations per second) to be initially allocated for the DB instance. For information about valid Iops values, see Amazon RDS Provisioned IOPS Storage to Improve Performance in the Amazon RDS User Guide .
Constraints: For MariaDB, MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL DB instances, must be a multiple between .5 and 50 of the storage amount for the DB instance. For SQL Server DB instances, must be a multiple between 1 and 50 of the storage amount for the DB instance.
--option-group-name (string)
Indicates that the DB instance should be associated with the specified option group.
Permanent options, such as the TDE option for Oracle Advanced Security TDE, can't be removed from an option group. Also, that option group can't be removed from a DB instance once it is associated with a DB instance
--character-set-name (string)
For supported engines, indicates that the DB instance should be associated with the specified CharacterSet.
Amazon Aurora
Not applicable. The character set is managed by the DB cluster. For more information, see CreateDBCluster .
--nchar-character-set-name (string)
The name of the NCHAR character set for


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Psychological Stress and Burnout among Medical Students at the University of the West Indies
Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of burnout in medical students across all five years, and to investigate factors that might contribute to and protect from its effects.
Method: The design uses a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of medical students at The University of the West Indies–Cave Hill, and consisted of a modified Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Survey with additional items developed by the authors.
Results: One hundred and nineteenstudents representing all years participated in the survey: 28.8% male and 78.2% female. Students with high scores of emotional exhaustion (EA), depersonalization (DP) and personal accomplishment (PA) were reviewed. There were significant differences in emotional exhaustion (t = -2.916, df = 104, p = 0.004) and personal accomplishment (t = -2.567, df = 91, p = 0.012) between the basic science and clinical years. Pearson's r correlations showed a moderate positive relationship between age and personal accomplishment (r = 0.38, n = 92, p < 0.001). Older persons tended to have greater personal accomplishment scores. Persons with financial constraints in the past 12 months had significantly higher emotional exhaustion scores (t = 2.23, df = 103, p = 0.28) and depersonalization scores (t = 2.295, df = 95, p = 0.24) than those who did not. No differences were found in relationship to ethnicity, educational histories, parental educational histories, marital status, or effect of serious illness in self or family.
Conclusions: The study supports the notion that medical students in general have a high degree of emotional exhaustion that increases as they progress academically.
06 Jan, 2015
e-Published: 28 Sep, 2015
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text:
The University of Sydney carries research in areas not relating to communications or sensing. One particular area is high power fibre lasers with an emphasis on mid-infrared light generation. The fibre lasers are pumped using the diode lasers and the well-known cladding pumping technique. Diode lasers are efficient sources of high power radiation and with suitable beam shaping technology; the output can be easily launched into the cladding of a suitably designed fibre. Diode-cladding-pumped fibre lasers provide very high output power at very high electrical-to-optical efficiencies. These lasers are also compact and have a long operational lifetime. Our main area of interest with respect to cladding-pumped fibre lasers is the development of fibre lasers that operate in the range 1.9-2.1 um with high power and high efficiency.
Another important area of research is to direct the output from high power fibre lasers into long lengths of standard and non-standard low loss optical fibre. The Raman fibre laser uses the non-linearity associated with transparent dielectrics known as Raman scattering to shift to lower frequencies an intense pump beam that is launched into the core of the fibre. A double-clad Yb3+-doped silica fibre laser is generally used as the pump source for these systems; however, we also use the diode-cladding-pumped Nd3+-doped silica fibre laser for pumping Raman fibre lasers. Both of these lasers operate at a wavelength of approximately 1 um. The Raman fibre laser cavity is relatively long (~500 m) and fibre Bragg gratings, which are placed at each end of the fibre, allow the intracavity Stokes fields to resonate. Raman fibre lasers can offer high power laser radiation practically anywhere between 1 and 2 um. We are studying the physics of these lasers and also use these lasers as pump sources for other fibre lasers.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Log In to Anagrammer
Scrabble word: GRIP
In which Scrabble dictionary does GRIP exist?
Definitions of GRIP in dictionaries:
- noun - the act of grasping
- noun - the appendage to an object that is designed to be held in order to use or move it
- noun - a portable rectangular container for carrying clothes
- noun - the friction between a body and the surface on which it moves (as between an automobile tire and the road)
- noun - worker who moves the camera around while a film or television show is being made
- noun - an intellectual hold or understanding
- noun - a flat wire hairpin whose prongs press tightly together
- verb - hold fast or firmly
- verb - to grip or seize, as in a wrestling match
- verb - to render motionless, as with a fixed stare or by arousing terror or awe
- A tight hold; a firm grasp: a drowning swimmer now safely in the grip of a lifeguard.
- The pressure or strength of such a grasp: a wrestler with an unmatched grip.
- A manner of grasping and holding: The crate afforded no comfortable grip.
- Intellectual hold; understanding: a good grip on French history.
- Ability to function properly or well; competence: getting a grip on the new technique.
- A mechanical device that grasps and holds.
- A part, such as a handle, that is designed to be grasped and held.
- A suitcase or valise.
- A stagehand who helps in shifting scenery.
- A member of a film production crew who adjusts sets and props and sometimes assists the camera operator.
- To secure and maintain a tight hold on; seize firmly.
- To maintain a secure grasp.
- v - to seize firmly with the hand
There are 4 letters in GRIP: G I P R
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to GRIP
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word GRIP plus a wildcard: GRIP?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word GRIP
Images for GRIP
- grip Tedavisi Degnek.com
-... grip..... Wrist-wrap grip
-... demonstrating how the grip should be positioned in the left hand
- Team grip Alienation BMX
- grip Nedir Belirtisi ve Tedavisi Nasldr
-... finger (others use V between index finger and thumb) to decide grip
- Golf grip Strong Neutral or Weak Andrew Rice Golf
- Crusher Flex grip - Strength
- Konu grip influenza gripal Enfeksiyona grip saln ku gribi...
- griple ayn ekilde yayld dnlmektedir. grip...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Tax Administrators. Membership is open to employees of any First Nation who are interested or engaged in the development, implementation or administration of a program, or department of taxation or revenue generation on behalf of a First Nation.
How do I transition to the FMA from s.83?
In order to transition to the FMA from s.83, you must first pass a resolution of Council to be added to the schedule of the FMA. Once on the schedule, you must develop new property tax and assessment laws to replace existing s.83 by-laws. For more information and further steps, go to the property tax toolkit
How do I borrow under the FMA using property tax revenue?
As with other jurisdictions collecting property tax, First Nations now have the ability to use their tax revenues to access long term debt financing. Under the FMA, First Nation governments can participate in the debenture financing system, and borrow money based on the certainty of collecting property tax each year.
To begin borrowing with property tax revenues under the FMA, First Nations must satisfy several prerequisites. Briefly, First Nations must have:
- Property tax jurisdiction under the FMA;
- Financial management system certification from the First Nations Financial Management Board;
- FNFA Membership;
- Sufficient borrowing room capacity; and
- An eligible project.
First Nations opting to lever their property tax revenues to access long term capital financing through the provisions of the FMA may only do so through a FNTC approved borrowing law made under section 5(1)(d) of the FMA. The Commission has developed a sample borrowing law, and a sample borrowing agreement law. Debt servicing will be based on a percentage of annual property tax revenue. The percentage will depend on the composition of the tax base, support of membership, security of leasing arrangements, expenditure obligations, and other factors.
Are there any other types of taxes beyond property taxation?
Provision of Services
Whereas property taxes generally serve the entire reserve area of a First Nation, taxes for the provision of services are imposed on a specific area within a First Nation to fund the service or improvement applied to a particular area only.
The taxes are generally applied to parcels of land. This means that the owner of the parcel of land is responsible for paying the services tax. A services tax is allocated as an annual charge that may be levied for a set number of years depending on the law. Types of local services include:
- Street improvements;
- Bridge developments;
- Sewer and water-works; and,
- Park acquisitions and improvements.
The cost of work undertaken as a provision of services is paid up front by the First Nation then recovered from property owners within the service area using the tax. The tax may be based on a single amount for each unit or the taxable frontage of the parcel. In some instances, owners may commute the charges imposed on them for payments in cash. Typically, First Nations will contribute a portion of the cost from the local revenue generated through the First Nation's property tax law.
Development Cost Charges
Development Cost Charges ("DCC") are taxes collected from developers of reserve land to pay the capital costs of servicing the development with transportation (roads), water/sewer/storm-water drainage, and providing park and recreation lands and facilities. DCCs must be collected under the authority of a DCC law made under
As a taxpayer on reserve, how are my interests considered?
There are many measures that are taken to ensure the interests of taxpayers are taken into account.
For instance, a First Nation must give fair and adequate notice to taxpayers. This includes notice of their property tax laws, assessment inspections, assessments, assessment appeals, taxation, enforcement, and any FNTC reviews.
First Nations are required to provide 60 day noticeand an opportunity for persons to make representations concerning most local revenue laws. The Council must consider these representations before it makes its law. Some First Nations may also have taxpayer representation to Council laws which provide a formal structure for taxpayer representation to Council.
Taxpayershave access to the First Nation and the First Nations Tax Commission in the event disputes arise. Formal mechanisms for dispute resolution are also available through the FNTC.
The FNTC has taxpayer representation on the Commission with considerable expertise in the field of real property taxation which is represented in all decision-making.
In addition, the FNTC has a policy objective dedicated to reconciling the interests of taxpayers with those of First Nations. First Nations may develop Taxpayer Representation to Council Laws to support the interests of taxpayers. These laws provide formal structures and procedures to address taxpayer issues or concerns.
Taxpayers are encouraged to form and participate in taxpayer advisory bodies and associations. Individual and collective ideas in dialogue can create greater awareness of how real property taxation can improve services to taxpayers.
Can assessments be appealed?
Yes. Each First Nation provides a right to appeal to a First Nation appointed appellate body. Sometimes called an Assessment Review Board or Board of Revision, the appellate body uses procedures that are similar to assessment appeal procedures used throughout Canada. The process ensures appeals are conducted in an efficient, timely and fair manner. In some cases, a First Nation may have two appellate bodies for appeals.
As an efficient alternative to launching a formal appeal, some First Nations use a mechanism called a request for reconsideration of assessment. A request for reconsideration, in this instance, is where a taxpayer asks an assessor to reconsider the original assessment.
Taxpayers usually have 30 days from the time the assessment notices are mailed to make a request for reconsideration. Specific deadline dates are printed on the assessment notice. In this process, the assessor reviews the assessment of the taxable property in question and provides the taxpayer with the results of the reconsideration. If the assessor modifies the assessment, a revised notice is sent to the person who requested the reconsideration and to any other persons who were sent an assessment notice concerning the property. Typically, a request for reconsideration will deal with valuation; however, reconsiderations can also concern classification, errors, omissions, or use of exemptions.
For more information, contact the First Nation Tax Administrator.


Sentence for participated | Use participated in a sentence
A sentence using the word participated. University students, spelling bee organizers, and people looking to increase their vocabulary may enjoy the contents of this post. The lines of text below use participated in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for participated.
 - An odd world, where for the sin we have not participated in we must fib and continue fibbing, she reflected. (10)
 - Chump had not participated in the fact presented by ocular demonstration. (10)
 - He pretended to suppose that Dahlia, whose only reproach to him was her suffering, participated in the scheme to worry him. (10)
 - She saw my agitation; she participated in, and increased it. (6)
 - That being settled, some appearance of equanimity returned; she talked of the scarlet business as one she participated in as a distant spectator. (10)
Glad you visited this page with a sentence for participated. Perhaps also see a sentence for profiles and ways to use parsonage in a sentence. Now that you've seen how to use participated in a sentence hope you might explore the rest of this educational reference site to see many other example sentences which provide word usage information.
People looking for: "participated in sentences", visited this page.


text:
Advisor(s) - Committee Chair
Rezaul Mahmood (Director), Gregory Goodrich, and Xingang Fan
Department of Geography and Geology
Master of Science
The purpose of this research is to investigate the dispersion of ammonia (NH3) from three Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in western Kentucky, as well as to investigate the Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model's sensitivity response to initial NH3 concentrations under both wet conditions (significant precipitation) and dry conditions (no precipitation). As expected, pollutant concentrations generally were significantly higher near their points of origin and generally declined away from the sources. Contrary to expectations, ammonia tended to rise through the planetary boundary layer (PBL) regardless of atmospheric conditions. Results showed modeled NH3 pollution levels at the surface generally to be higher under wet conditions. A GIS-based analysis method was developed to investigate model sensitivity to initial NH3 concentrations. Using this method, it was found that WRF-Chem exhibits an exponential relation between initial NH3 concentration and the final amount of NH3 produced by the model.
Animal Sciences | Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment | Meteorology
Wardall, Austin D., "Dispersion of Ammonia from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations" (2016). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1727.


vibudh is talking
Posts tagged 'tf()'
Control System: Block Diagrams Reduction using MATLAB
Most of the circuits in Control System today are represented by simple blocks that help us understand the function of each block in a better way. Is also helps the designers to easily make amendments in the circuit for better functionality and testing purpose. But the problem with Block Diagrams is that having blocks and their feedbacks makes the transfer function on the system to tedious to calculate.
Here we are going to study block reduction using MATLAB. The blocks connected in series, parallel and as feedbacks are at times very tedious to compute. MATLAB allows solving of such blocks directly using some functions that is being discussed below with the help of the example. Here we have to calculate C(s)/R(s), that is taken as T(s).
The MATLAB code for the above problem is:
num1 = [1 2];
den1 = [3 1 0];
G1 = tf(num1, den1) %Making G1 as the tranfer function
G2 = tf( [2], [1 7] )
G3 = tf( [1 5], [1 6 3 ] )
G4 = tf( [1], [1 0] )
T1 = parallel(G1, G2) %as G1 and G2 are in parallel
T2 = series(T1, G3) %as T1 and G3 are in series
T = feedback(T2, G4, -1) %as G4 is the negative feedback
Here we use the tf() function to get the transfer function
parallel() and series() functions according to the requirement
and the feedback() function for feedback.
The output for the above code is as follows:
s + 2
———
3 s^2 + s
Transfer function:
2
—–
s + 7
Transfer function:
s + 5
————-
s^2 + 6 s + 3
Transfer function:
1
s
Transfer function:
7 s^2 + 11 s + 14
——————–
3 s^3 + 22 s^2 + 7 s
Transfer function:
7 s^3 + 46 s^2 + 69 s + 70
—————————————–
3 s^5 + 40 s^4 + 148 s^3 + 108 s^2 + 21 s
Transfer function:
7 s^4 + 46 s^3 + 69 s^2 + 70 s
——————————————————-
3 s^6 + 40 s^5 + 148 s^4 + 115 s^3 + 67 s^2 + 69 s + 70
Here we can see that the transfer function for the block diagram is very complex and tedious to deduce. Which can be obtained by using MATLAB very easily.
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19
$\begingroup$
An accurate way to interpolate between two quaternions is to use Spherical Linear Interpolation (Slerp) because it preserves the unit length, whereas straightforward linear interpolation does not, as shown by this example:
Clear[slerp];
slerp[q1_, q2_, f_] := Module[{omega},
 omega = ArcCos[Dot[Normalize@q1, Normalize@q2]]];
 If[PossibleZeroQ[omega],
 q1,
 (Sin[(1 - f) omega] q1 + Sin[f omega] q2)/Sin[omega]
 ]
]
q1 = {1,0,0,0};
q2 = {0,1,0,0};
q3 = {0,0,1,0};
(* Linear interpolation using Interpolation *)
qint = Interpolation[{{0,q1},{1,q2}},InterpolationOrder->1];
Plot[{Norm@qint[t], Norm@slerp[{1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0, 0}, t]}, {t, 0, 1},
 AxesLabel -> {"time", "length"}, PlotRange -> {0.7, 1.01},
 PlotStyle -> {Automatic, Dashed},
 Epilog -> {Text["Linear Interpolation", {0.5, 0.75}],
 Text["Spherical Linear Interpolation", {0.5, 0.98}]}
]
Mathematica graphics
What's nice thing about Interpolation, however, is that it is easy to give it a list of vectors to get an interpolating function valid over the specified range, and it works fast:
Interpolation[{{0,q1},{1,q2},{2,q3}},InterpolationOrder->1]
InterpolatingFunction[{{0,2}},<>]
How can I create something like an InterpolatingFunction that preserves the unit-length property?
This is what I came up with, but it seems kludgy and it is very slow (this code does not check input bounds):
Clear[slerpInterpolation];
slerpInterpolation[q_List] := Function[{t},
 Module[{times, quaternions, pos, u, dt},
 times = q[[All, 1]];
 quaternions = q[[All, 2]];
 pos = Last@Flatten@Position[t - times, x_ /; x >= 0];
 dt = times[[pos + 1]] - times[[pos]];
 u = (t - times[[pos]])/dt;
 slerp[quaternions[[pos]], quaternions[[pos + 1]], u]
 ]
]
It is too slow in practice, giving about 10 evaluations per second on my laptop. Compare that with regular interpolation:
qlist = Transpose[{Range[100000] - 1, Normalize /@ RandomReal[{-1, 1}, {100000, 4}]}];
sint = slerpInterpolation[qlist];
lint = Interpolation[qlist, InterpolationOrder -> 1];
AbsoluteTiming[Do[sint[541.236], {10}]][[1]]/10
0._PHONE_
AbsoluteTiming[Do[lint[541.236], {10000}]][[1]]/10000
7.2522*10^-6
$\endgroup$
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Might find something useful here $\endgroup$ – Daniel Lichtblau Sep 10 '12 at 15:15
 - $\begingroup$ You may just normalize the interpolated quaternions and get back the conserved unit length. This may be interesting to you. $\endgroup$ – xslittlegrass May 15 '18 at 17:23
16
$\begingroup$
Here's a somewhat complete implementation of Shoemake's spherical linear interpolation that functions completely analogously to Interpolation[] and InterpolatingFunction[]. As already noted, much of the slowness is due to your use of a sequential search. In any event, if you prefer, you could use the built-in interpolation as suggested in the other answer, but I think using a bisection routine is a bit more instructive.
Anyway...
SphericalLinearInterpolation::inddp = "The point '1' is duplicated.";
SphericalLinearInterpolation[data_] :=
 Module[{dtr = Transpose[SortBy[data, Composition[N, First]]], diffs, times},
 SphericalInterpolatingFunction[data[[{1, -1}, 1]], dtr] /;
 If[MemberQ[diffs = Chop[Differences[times = First[dtr]]], 0],
 Message[SphericalLinearInterpolation::inddp,
 First[Extract[times, Position[diffs, 0]]]]; False, True]]
SphericalInterpolatingFunction::dmval =
 "Input value '1' lies outside the domain of the interpolating function.";
MakeBoxes[SphericalInterpolatingFunction[range_, rest__], _] ^:=
 InterpretationBox[RowBox[
 {"SphericalInterpolatingFunction", "[", "{", #1, ",", #2, "}", ",", "\"<>\"", "]"}],
 SphericalInterpolatingFunction[range, rest]] & @@ Map[ToBoxes, range]
SphericalInterpolatingFunction[stuff__][l_List] :=
 SphericalInterpolatingFunction[stuff] /@ l
SphericalInterpolatingFunction[range_, __]["Domain"] := range
SphericalInterpolatingFunction[{r_, s_}, data_][t_?NumericQ] :=
 (Message[SphericalInterpolatingFunction::dmval, t]; $Failed) /; ! (r <= t <= s)
slerp = Compile[{{q1, _Real, 1}, {q2, _Real, 1}, {f, _Real}},
 Module[{n1 = Norm[q1], n2 = Norm[q2], omega, so},
 (* vector angle formula by Velvel Kahan *)
 omega = 2 ArcTan[Norm[q1 n2 + n1 q2], Norm[q1 n2 - n1 q2]];
 If[Chop[so = Sin[omega]] == 0, q1, Sin[{1 - f, f} omega].{q1, q2}/so]]];
SphericalInterpolatingFunction[range_, data_][t_?NumericQ] := Module[{times, quats, k},
 {times, quats} = data;
 k = GeometricFunctions'BinarySearch[times, t];
 slerp[quats[[k]], quats[[k + 1]], Rescale[t, times[[{k, k + 1}]], {0, 1}]]]
See J. Blow's article on why spherical linear interpolation might not always be the best method for interpolating quaternions.
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ I would +1 but it would take me time to process. $\endgroup$ – Chris Degnen Sep 9 '12 at 23:18
 - $\begingroup$ Take your time, then. I'll only be able to do experiments with the compiled version later... $\endgroup$ – J. M. is in limbo Sep 9 '12 at 23:29
11
$\begingroup$
The main slow-down in your code is the determination of the value of pos, which currently takes 90% of the time. You don't need to process the whole array to find where your time value is located. J. M.'s proposal is to perform bisection, but I'd suggest to use Mathematica's own tool for that: Interpolation!
You have a function linking value of time and index, you just need to make a linear interpolation of its inverse:
func = Interpolation[Table[{qlist[[i, 1]], i}, {i, 1, 100000}]]
then you can simply change the code that calculates pos in your sl


text:
This satellite uses amateur radio frequency band of 145 MHz band for uplink and 435 MHz band for downlink. On this page, we release the telemetry data format of NEXUS.
435.880MHz - 435.910MHz
145.930MHz - 145.900MHz
-CW telemetry format
CW transmits satellite data as beacon. In this section, we introduce the CW telemetry format. This satellite has some transmission pattern. And we call these pattern as mode.
These CW modes are shown as follow.
When the satellite condition is steady, CW mode is Normal mode. If the satellite voltage is in danger, CW mode changes to Power saving mode. In Custom mode, satellite data is arbitrarily selected and transmitted.
Line check mode transmits line check result. The line check is to confirm whether communication with each system of the satellite is normal. And line check is operated by FMR. Upplink reply mode is operated when the satellite receives uplink.
CW telemetry formats except Upplink reply mode are shown as follow.
If you find more detail, please check CW telemetry format (pdf) on the following link.
-FM telemetry format
NEXUS performs FM packet communication conforming to the AX.25 protocol : AFSK/1200bps, GMSK/9600bps. The format of the packet is as follows.
In NEXUS, the contents of the Info section consists of an identification number, a packet number, the uplink number, and main data. Main data is mainly HK data, image data, Field Intensity: FI data. The amount of each data is different. For detailed information on the contents and amount of data, please see FM telemetry format (pdf) on the following link.


text:
§ 91. Mr. Wolrige-Gordon
asked the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what types and classes of farms and farming are the most heavily subsidised.
§ Mr. John Mackie
Only a broad indication can be given, and the position fluctuates from year to year. In 1964–65 subsidies as a proportion of total revenue were somewhat higher on cereal farms and on hill sheep farms than they were on mixed and general cropping farms. The rate of subsidy on pigs and eggs was also relatively high in that year. Milk, like sugar beet, attracts no direct Exchequer subsidy, the cost of the guaranteed price being met by the consumer. Dairy farms therefore tend to receive a smaller proportion of their revenue from 97W Exchequer subsidy than other types of farms. For any given type of farm, the proportion of revenue due to subsidy does not vary significantly with the size of the farm.


text:
Workshop 1: Overview of the situation and needs analysis
Director of the Institute for Adult Education of Republic of Srpska, Mr Goran Zmijanjac reading the workshop material
Group work: Needs analysis
Workshop 2: Results of the analysis and defining recommendations
Group work: Discussing strengths and weaknesses and defining recommendations
By carefully listening to the needs of ministries of education in those administrative units that have regulated the field of adult education legally, but also in those who are still in the process of adoption of the law, and with the aim of improving the framework conditions for adult education, DVV International – Country Office B&H in 2018 organised two meetings/workshops on the topic „Laws and Regulation in the Field of Adult Education".
Overall objective of the meetings was to improve implementation of the adult education system through a comprehensive analysis and understanding of adopted laws and regulation in different administrative units of B&H, their comparative analysis in the context of legal solutions and their practical application, in order to identify advantages and disadvantages, and agree on eventual needs for changes of legislation or procedures of their implementation.
The meetings were held on 25th and 26th of October in Tarčin and 22nd and 23rd of November in Jahorina, and the participants were legal associates and contact persons for adult education within the ministries of education from in total 11 administrative units of Bosnia and Herzegovina (9 cantons of Federation of B&H, Republic of Srpska, and District Brčko).
Based on the analysis of all existing laws and regulation, and their implementation and applicability in practice, eleven key recommendations for improvement of the field of adult education for the following period were defined, in which one suggests to the competent authorities that it is necessary to:
Participants of the second meeting, each for its administrative unit, also defined necessary steps by following the mentioned recommendations, whereby the realisation of all the steps defined is planned for the period December 2018 - December 2019.


text:
The frog was probably enjoying a water pool that NASA scientists had put on the launchpad to protect the pad from damage, Universe Today reported. As the rocket lifted off, the amphibian was photographed shooting upward in a 2552 degrees F. (roughly) steam cloud. It has not been seen since.
NASA confirmed in a statement that the frog is not a joke: It really did launch a frog, the agency says. But NASA did not comment on whether it intended to launch the frog as part of its $263 million mission to the moon.
"The photo team confirms the frog is real and was captured in a single frame by one of the remote cameras used to photograph the launch," NASA said in a statement.
"The condition of the frog, however, is uncertain," it added.
The report of the frog's one giant leap comes just four years after a bat was incinerated during a launch of space shuttle Discovery. In that episode, a fruit bat was discovered napping on the shuttle's fuel tank just before blastoff. NASA said it hoped the bat would leave. It did not. The rocket boosters ignited.
The bat was posthumously named Brian.


1
When I record a script in Jmeter I get hundreds of samplers that I don't need.
How can I identify which samples can be deleted without impacting the script functionality?
3 Answers 3
3
You need to refine your scripts for the unwanted requests as per below mentioned ways
 1. First you should exclude all the static content (like CSS, images, js files, .properties files, .ico etc.) from your recording, as requests for these samples should be from cache and keeping these requests will only make your script lengthy and heavy. So, in your HTTP recorder there is an option to Exclude unwanted samplers, just add all those extensions which you want to exclude there and they will not be recorded.
When you use this Exclusion, most of your unwanted requests/samples will get reduced automatically and instead of hundreds of request you will see few requests.
 1. If your application is communicating to other application/URL through some plugin or other way round, then you need to delete those requests from your recorded script. Just look at the URL which is being called from sampler detail, if that URL does not belong to your application (i.e. IP/domain name is different from yours) then delete such samplers e.g. call being placed to facebook, twitter, some live-chat support plugin.
 2. You need to keep only those HTTP requests which are calling/hitting your application GET/POST method for either posting your request with some parameters and getting response from the server. Any request which is neither posting anything or not getting any response from the server should be deleted. For this too you need to verify samples from their detail.'
When using step 3, first try with 'Deactivating' the samples, if your script works after deactivating then delete those deactivated requested. This is just a backup plan, in case your script doesn't work after delete or you delete some required request by mistake then by using Deactivating method you can still get it back and make your script working. It is just to avoid some rework (else script need to be re-recorded), Once you get used to this process you can directly go with the delete sample step, instead of first making it inactive and then deleting them.
 1. Another method is not to go by recording process, just add blank HTTP samplers to your test plan and then modify your URLs/requests which are actually needed, but for this process you need to have in depth knowledge about the application and which methods are called for performing a feature e.g. for saving a record you need to add the samplers for 'Add', 'View' and 'Save' functions. This method of creating script is bit tricky and time consuming in initial phase but then you don't need to record and then delete samplers.
0
 1. Exclude all the external domains which are not related to the web application you're testing. I.e. if it displays map from Bing - remove this sampler, if application plays video from Youtube - remove it as well as you ain't gonna need it. See Excluding Domains from the Load Test guide for details on how to filter out unwanted domains.
 2. If you open File -> Templates -> Recording in JMeter and look at the HTTP(S) Test Script Recorder configuration, you'll see that some content types are being excluded from recording, e.g. bmp, css, js, gif, etc.
JMeter PRoxy
So if you replicate this configuration - requests to these images will be filtered out.
Actually it is not correct to completely remove these requests as real browsers:
 - download all these "embedded resources" like scripts, styles, etc.
 - do it only once, on subsequent requests resources are being returned from browser's cache
So "good" configuration would be:
 1. Excluding images, scripts and styles from recording
 2. Configuring HTTP Request Samplers (better via HTTP Request Defaults) to
 - Download Embedded Resources
 - Use concurrent pool of 2-4 threads for it
 3. Add HTTP Cache Manager to replicate browser's behaviour w.r.t. embedded resources.
0
You can add unwanted URL patterns to exclude in HTTP Test Script Recorder. I have written about this concept here with examples.
_URL_
The important thing is to use the Test Recorder fields URL Patterns to Include and URL Patterns to Exclude.
In Patterns to Include, use .*\.html unless there are specific pages you need to exclude.
In Patterns to Exclude, use (?i).*\.(bmp|css|js|gif|ico|jpe?g|png|swf|woff) to avoid recording style, image, font, and animation files.
The patterns are Regular Expressions, so you can improve your filtering by learning more about regular expressions and how they work
1
 - Hi, Rajesh, your original answer would probably have been deleted as a link-only answer or spam. I expanded it with information from your blog post and made it a bit clearer that it is your post.
 – Kate Paulk
 Jan 20, 2017 at 13:10
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Proposal: Create an undefined internal calling convention
Author(s): Austin Clements
Last updated: 2019-01-14
Discussion at
Go's current calling convention interferes with several significant optimizations, such as register passing (a potential 5% win). Despite the obvious appeal of these optimizations, we've encountered significant roadblocks to their implementation. While Go's calling convention isn't covered by the Go 1 compatibility promise, it's impossible to write Go assembly code without depending on it, and there are many important packages that use Go assembly. As a result, much of Go's calling convention is effectively public and must be maintained in a backwards-compatible way.
We propose a way forward based on having multiple calling conventions. We propose maintaining the existing calling convention and introducing a new, private calling convention that is explicitly not backwards-compatible and not accessible to assembly code, with a mechanism to keep different calling convention transparently inter-operable. This same mechanism can be used to introduce other public, stable calling conventions in the future, but the details of that are outside the scope of this proposal.
This proposal is not about any specific new calling convention. It's about enabling new calling conventions to work in the existing Go ecosystem. This is one step in a longer-term plan.
Language environments depend on application binary interfaces (ABIs) to define the machine-level conventions for operating within that environment. One key aspect of an ABI is the calling convention, which defines how function calls in the language operate at a machine-code level.
Go's calling convention specifies how functions pass argument values and results (on the stack), which registers have fixed functions (e.g., R10 on ARM is the "g" register) or may be clobbered by a call (all non-fixed function registers), and how to interact with stack growth, the scheduler, and the garbage collector.
Go's calling convention as of Go 1.11 is simple and nearly universal across platforms, but also inefficient and inflexible. It is rife with opportunities for improving performance. For example, experiments with passing arguments and results in registers suggest a 5% performance win. Propagating register clobbers up the call graph could avoid unnecessary stack spills. Keeping the stack bound in a fixed register could eliminate two dependent memory loads on every function entry on x86. Passing dynamic allocation scopes could reduce heap allocations.
And yet, even though the calling convention is invisible to Go programs, almost every substantive change we've attempted has been stymied because changes break existing Go assembly code. While there's relatively little Go assembly (roughly 170 kLOC in public GitHub repositories*), it tends to lie at the heart of important packages like crypto and numerical libraries.
This proposal operates within two key constraints:
 1. We can't break existing assembly code, even though it isn't technically covered by Go 1 compatibility. There's too much of it and it's too important. Hence, we can't change the calling convention used by existing assembly code.
 2. We can't depend on a transition periods after which existing assembly would break. Too much code simply doesn't get updated, or if it does, it doesn't get re-vendored. Hence, it's not enough to give people a transition path to a new calling convention and some time. Existing code must continue to work.
This proposal resolves this tension by introducing multiple calling conventions. Initially, we propose two: one is stable, documented, and codifies the rules of the current calling convention; the other is unstable, internal, and may change from release to release.
* This counts non-comment, non-whitespace lines of code in unique files. It excludes vendored source and source with a "Go Authors" copyright notice.
We propose introducing a second calling convention.
 - ABI0 is the current calling convention, which passes arguments and results on the stack, clobbers all registers on calls, and has a few platform-dependent fixed registers.
 - ABIInternal is unstable and may change from release to release. Initially, it will be identical to ABI0, but ABIInternal opens the door for changes.
Once we're happy with ABIInternal, we may "snapshot" it as a new stable ABI1, allowing assembly code to be written against the presumably faster, new calling convention. This would not eliminate ABIInternal, as ABIInternal could later diverge from ABI1, though ABI1 and ABIInternal may be identical for some time.
A text symbol can provide different definitions for different ABIs. One of these will be the "native" implementation—ABIInternal for functions defined in Go and ABI0 for functions defined in assembly—while the others will be "ABI wrappers" that simply translate to the ABI of the native implementation and call it. In the linker, each symbol is already identified with a (name, version) pair. The implementation will simply map ABIs to linker symbol versions.
All functions defined in Go will be natively ABIInternal, and the Go compiler will assume all functions provide an ABIInternal implementation. Hence, all cross-package calls and all indirect calls (closure calls and interface method calls) will use ABIInternal. If the native implementation of the called function is ABI0, this will call a wrapper, which will call the ABI0 implementation. For direct calls, if the compiler knows the target is a native ABI0 function, it can optimize that call to use ABI0 directly, but this is strictly an optimization.
All functions defined in assembly will be natively ABI0, and all references to text symbols from assembly will use the ABI0 definition. To introduce another stable ABI in the future, we would extend the assembly symbol syntax with a way to specify the ABI, but ABI0 must be assumed for all unqualified symbols for backwards compatibility.
In order to transparently bridge the two (or more) ABIs, we will extend the assembler with a mode to scan for all text symbol definitions and references in assembly code, and report these to the compiler. When these symbols are referenced or defined, respectively, from Go code in the same package, the compiler will use the type information available in Go declarations and function stubs to produce the necessary ABI wrapper definitions.
The linker will check that all symbol references use the correct ABI and ultimately keep everything honest.
The above approach allows us to introduce an internal calling convention without any modifications to any safe Go code, or the vast majority of assembly-using packages. This is largely afforded by the extra build step that scans for assembly symbol definitions and references.
There are two major trade-off axes that lead to different designs.
Implicit vs explicit
Rather than implicitly scanning assembly code for symbol definitions and references, we could instead introduce pragma comments that users could use to explicitly inform the compiler of symbol ABIs. This would make these ABI boundaries evident in code, but would likely break many more existing packages.
In order to keep any assembly-using packages working as-is, this approach would need default rules. For example, body-less function stubs would likely need to default to ABI0. Any Go functions called from assembly would still need explicit annotations, though such calls are rare. This would cover most assembly-using packages, but function stubs are also used for Go symbols pushed across package boundaries using //go:linkname. For link-named symbols, a pragma would be necessary to undo the default ABI0 behavior, and would depend on how the target function was implemented.
Ultimately, there's no set of default rules that keeps all existing code working. Hence, this design proposes extracting symbols from assembly source to derive the correct ABIs in the vast majority of cases.
Wrappers vs single implementation
In this proposal, a single function can provide multiple entry-points for different calling conventions. One of these is the "native" implementation and the others are intended to translate the calling convention and then invoke the native implementation.
An alternative would be for each function to provide a single calling convention and require all calls to that function to follow that calling convention. Other languages use this approach, such as C (e.g., fastcall/stdcall/cdecl) and Rust (extern "C", etc). This works well for direct calls, but for direct calls it's also possible to compile away this proposal's ABI wrapper. However, it dramatically complicates indirect calls since it requires the calling convention to become part of the type. Hence, in Go, we would either have to extend the type system, or declare that only ABIInternal functions can be used in closures and interface satisfaction, both of which are less than ideal.
Using ABI wrappers has the added advantage that calls to a Go function from Go can use the fastest available ABI, while still allowing calls via the stable ABI from assembly.
When to generate wrappers
Finally, there's flexibility in this design around when exactly to generate ABI wrappers. In the current proposal, ABI wrappers are always generated in the package where both the definition and the reference to a symbol appear. However, ABI wrappers can be generated anywhere Go type information is available.
For example, the compiler could generate an ABIInternalABI0 wrapper when an ABI0 function is stored in a closure or method table, regardless of which package that happens in. And the compiler could generate an ABI0ABIInternal wrapper when it encounters an ABI0 reference from assembly by finding the function's type either in the current package or via export info from another package.
This proposed change does not affect the functioning of any safe Go code. It can affect code that goes outside the compatibility guidelines, but is designed to minimize this impact. Specifically:
 1. Unsafe Go code can observe the calling convention, though doing so requires violating even the allowed uses of unsafe.Pointer. This does arise in the internal implementation of the runtime and in cgo, both of which will have to be adjusted when we actually change the calling convention.
 2. Cross-package references where the definition


Morphological dictionary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the field of computational linguistics, a morphological dictionary is a linguistic resource that contains correspondences between surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in any text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface form is the lemma followed by grammatical information (for example the part of speech, gender and number). In English give, gives, giving, gave and given are surface forms of the verb give. The lexical form would be "give", verb. There are two kinds of morphological dictionaries: aligned and non-aligned.
Aligned morphological dictionaries[edit]
In an aligned morphological dictionary, the correspondence between the surface form and the lexical form of a word is aligned at the character level, for example:
(h,h) (o,o) (u,u) (s,s) (e,e) (s,), (θ,)
Where θ is the empty symbol and signifies "noun", and signifies "plural".
In the example the left hand side is the surface form (input), and the right hand side is the lexical form (output). This order is used in morphological analysis where a lexical form is generated from a surface form. In morphological generation this order would be reversed.
Formally, if Σ is the alphabet of the input symbols, and \Gamma is the alphabet of the output symbols, an aligned morphological dictionary is a subset A \subset 2^{(L^*)}, where:
 L = (( \Sigma \cup { \theta } ) \times \Gamma) \cup (\Sigma \times ( \Gamma \cup { \theta } ))
is the alphabet of all the possible alignments including the empty symbol. That is, an aligned morphological dictionary is a set of string in L^*.
Non-aligned morphological dictionary[edit]
A non-aligned morphological dictionary is simply a set U \subset 2^{(\Gamma^* \times \Sigma^*)} of pairs of input and output strings. A non-aligned morphological dictionary would represent the previous example as:
(houses, house)
It is possible to convert a non-aligned dictionary into an aligned dictionary. Besides trivial alignments to the left or to the right, linguistically motivated alignments which align characters to their corresponding morphemes are possible.
Lexical ambiguities[edit]
Frequently there exists more than one lexical form associated with a surface form of a word. For example "house" may be a noun in the singular, /haʊs/, or may be a verb in the present tense, /haʊz/. As a result of this it is necessary to have a function which relates input strings with their corresponding output strings.
If we define the set E \subset \Sigma^* of input words such that E = { w: (w,w') \in U }, the correspondence function would be \tau : E \rightarrow 2^{\Gamma^{*}} defined as \tau(w) = w' : (w,w') \in U.
List of online morphological dictionaries[edit]


That fine-looking android you see in the photo to the right may look a little rough and ready but don't be fooled by appearances - it's actually the world's first fully symptomatic medical-condition simulator.
The unnamed robot was created by researchers at Gifu University medical school for training medical students to diagnose tricky conditions. In this case, the machine displays symptoms of a condition known as myasthenia gravis, which is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the body's proteins, causing muscle weakness that is notoriously hard to diagnose.
In future, the idea is to enable the 'droid to replicate many more conditions - for now, however, students have to make do with looking at its facial expression, posture and reflexes before asking, "Is it myasthenia gravis by any chance?"


text:
What are the coordinates of the color Desert Sand?
237, 201, 175.
Sand? Some would say sand. However, the person who gives that answer is a bit uneducated about the desert. Sand is not difficult to sell in the desert. Normal desert sand is unsuitable for construction purposes so coarser, cleaner sand must be imported for making concrete. Desert sand is much too fine and contains a lot of dust, salts and other impurities that make it useless for construction.


Bio Logistic
Timilìa wheat
Synonyms: Timilia a reste bianche, Tumminia, Diminia, Tummulia, Riminia, Marzuolo siciliano, Marzuolo, Timilia napoletana, Napoletan. Known as Timilìahe, the cultivation of durum wheat has been practiced in Sicily for several centuries. It is thought that it was already known in ancient Greece with the name of Trimeniaios (τρεσ μηναιός).
During the 90-year war (_PHONE_) this wheat was cultivated in Lentini for the possibility of being sown late. Its synonym Triminia indicates the capacity that this wheat has to complete its cultivation cycle in three months.
The Franciscan monk Francesco Cupani (_PHONE_) speaks of Timilia in his Panphyton Siculum, describing it as "Triticum omnium durum Vernum spica longâ alba, angustâ barbâ nigricante" which means "A hard spring wheat, a long white spike, with thick black beard".
But we probably owe to Johann Wolfgang Goethe the most famous description of this wheat. In his "Voyage to Sicily" (1787) he describes it in this way: "The wheat is beautiful. Tumenia (TUMMINIA) -name that seems to come from Bimenia orTrimeniais a precious gift of Ceres: it's a kind of summer grain which ripens in three months. They sow it from January to June and it always matures within a certain time. It doesn't need much water but rather quite a lot of heat. From the beginning it shows a very delicate leaf, then it grows like other wheat and finally it acquires a lot of force".
This wheat was also found in Portugal, North Africa, France and particularly in Seville, Spain. The agronomist Hugo Werner German in 1885 reported the various names with which Triticum tumonia or Timilìa was called. The names varies according to the location and were as follow: Tremesino in Spain; Blé Trimenia, Trèmois, or Trimenia de Sicile in France and Dreimonatweizen (three-month grain) in Germany.
Timilia widespread throughout Sicily in the last century as in the first half of the century the cultivation of this variety reached a remarkable diffusion thanks to the adaptation to the different environmental conditions. However, in the second half of the 20th century it was almost entirely abandoned. Recently, thanks to the greater sensitivity towards healthier and more sustainable productions and to the passion of various farmers guardians of Sicily, Timilia wheat regained a prominent place in the production of wheat throughout the Sicilian territory.
Its flour is used in a mixture for the production of Castelvetrano's black bread which is typical of the western area of the island and Slow Food presidium.


Home » Computer » MS Word MCQ » Which of the following can be used to divide a web page into areas?
Which of the following can be used to divide a web page into areas?
 MCQ Question: (Q.34)
Which of the following can be used to divide a web page into areas?
Options:
A. frames
B. theme
C. table of contents
D. none of the above
Correct Answer: Option A. frames
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18 ⁄ 9 =


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In the Star Trek normal universe, almost all of Starfleet's starships were named with the prefix USS: Count from list. Some popular ones: USS Enterprise - series, USS Stargazer, USS Exeter, USS Defiant, USS Excelsior, USS Voyager, USS Titan, USS Reliant, USS Equinox, USS Grissom, USS Relativity, etc.
In the mirror universe, Starfleet's starships were named with the prefix ISS. We don't have a big list, but we do see these: ISS Enterprise NX-01, ISS Enterprise NCC-1701, ISS Avenger.
What's the full form of USS & ISS in Star Trek canon?
In the real world, the US Navy uses USS in ship names, which is reasonable as "United States Ship", but why is it used in Star Trek canon (in which there's no US to control starships)?
In the mirror universe, USS is replaced with ISS. Why? Does ISS have a meaning opposite from that of USS?
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4 Answers 4
up vote 17 down vote accepted
USS has had several meanings.
From an article on TheGeekTwins exploring the same question:
In three episodes of the original series it was called by the name "United Star Ship." In the "The Cage," the Enterprise is refered to as the "United Space Ship Enterprise." Captain Kirk also used the term in "Elaan of Troyius" and Dr. McCoy did in the episode "Space Seed."
To confuse you even more, in the UK comic series it's known as "Universe Star Ship."
"United (Federation) Star Ship" is the most common definition you often see cited through other sources, linking the designation with the United Federation of Planets, however as pointed out by one researcher, the United Federation of Planets did not exist at the time the USS Enterprise NX-01 was first commissioned.
ISS doesn't seem to have explicit, high level canon to support it's definition, however in the game Starfleet Command (and its sequels) as well as within "The Mirror Universe Saga" (DC Star Trek comic, 1984-85), ships bearing this moniker make up the Imperial fleet and therefore carries a strong indication that it means "Imperial Star Ship."
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What you lately added as United (Federation) Star Ship is fully mis-leading because there wasn't any United Federation of Planets when first Warp 5 ship USS Enterprise NX-01 was launched.. – SS-3.1415926535897932384626433 Mar 17 '12 at 13:36
_USER_ Not my intent. I wanted to include that definition as counter-part as a form of United Star Ship as it's become somewhat "generally accepted", though without canon to my knowledge and obviously not correct historically as you pointed out. I've modified that paragraph to, I think, more clearly address the original intent, using your comment. – Josh Mar 17 '12 at 23:03
the United Federation of Planets did not exist at the time the USS Enterprise NX-01 was first commissioned - No, but United Earth did, just barely (the last few holdouts joined in 2150). It almost certainly still means United Star Ship, with "Earth" replacing "Federation" in parentheses. – Izkata Aug 9 '12 at 22:53
_USER_: NX-01 is not "USS Enterprise". It actually doesn't have a prefix, though in pre-broadcast promotions it was advertised as the "SS Enterprise". – Lightning Racis in Obrit Jan 28 at 0:46
This was a practice that originated from the "United States Ship" designations such as USS Enterprise (CV-6), a carrier in the United States Navy. Star Trek was emulating and referencing the military of its time period (the 1960's) and the USS designations and the Naval Construction numbers on the hulls were thought to be a way to show how naval traditions had migrated into space.
 - The USS part of the ship designation - United Space Ship
 - They included registry numbers - Naval Construction Contract numbers (NCC-1701 for example) to designate versions and variations to add further distinctive identifications.
 - In the Mirror Universe, ISS stood for (Imperial Space Ship).
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Any reason to add last paragraph in answer? – SS-3.1415926535897932384626433 Mar 16 '12 at 22:39
I noticed that trend in Star Trek, to use "Imperial Empire." They use that in ST:TNG when talking about Klingons. I wonder if it ever occurred to them that it's redundant. – Tango Mar 16 '12 at 23:38
"In the mirror universe, USS is replaced with ISS. Why? Does ISS have a meaning opposite from that of USS?" This question explains the second paragraph. – Thaddeus Mar 17 '12 at 2:35
I have noticed a preponderance of answers seem to get the nod as the answer of choice if the answer references a previous wiki. What exactly is the value add if all we do is list a reference to a previous wiki? I can do that with ease with 90% of the questions here. I thought we were trying to do more than repeat other wikis. If I am wrong let me know... – Thaddeus Mar 17 '12 at 2:37
There is no reference to "Imperial Empire" in Mirror, Mirror, so your last paragraph has major flaws. – aramis Mar 17 '12 at 8:25
The origin of the term "U.S.S." is originally "United States Ship," a form commonly heard by persons dealing with US naval vessels in any capacity. This is one of a great many such terms used in the real world wet-navies. Even in the original proposal, just such a term was used in the "excerpted orders" - "SS Yorktown"
The following is a non-exhaustive sampling of real world ship name prefaces:
FV: Fishing Vessel, Factory Vessel
MV: Motor Vessel
RMS: Royal Mail Ship {UK}
SS: Steam Ship
RV: Research Vessel
USS: United States Ship
IJN: Imperial Japanese Naval (ship)
JDS: Japanese Defense Ship
HMS: His/Her Majesty's Ship {UK}, Hans/Hennes Majestäts Skepp {Danish}
HMAS: His/Her Majesty's Australian Ship {Australia}
USCGC: United States Coast Guard Cutter {US, rarely used except formally}
RFS: Russian Federation Ship {used for Russian vessels, but not by the Russians!}
The Writer's Guide for Star Trek gives "United Space Ship" on page 1 (3rd visible page in the PDF). It should be noted that this appears to be the guide for season 2 - it makes no reference to Checkov, but does reference season 1's success.
ISS would be "Imperial Star Ship" - imperial being the adjectival form indicating ownership by an Empire; in the case of Star Trek's Mirror Universe, the Terran Empire. While this is not specified in TOS's Mirror Mirror, Enterprise's In a Mirror Darkly, Part 1 has Hoshi saying, "Another Terran Empire? Another Starfleet?" This implies that the Empire referred to in the ISS is the Terran Empire in whose Starfleet the Mirror Hoshi speaking serves.
IKV is used for Klingon Vessels in fannon; it means "Imperial Klingon Vessel" and does not appear on screen.
IKS is used in DS9, standing for "Imperial Klingon Ship." Both are used as name prefixes in DS9's The Sons of Mogh, tho not for the same ship.
As an aside: We also know that the Terran Empire has fallen by the time of DS9 doing a mirror universe episode. DS9 and Voyager would therefore not be dealing with the Terran Empire.
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USS was simply a mistake. At the time the first script came in the script writter didn't realize that us was no longer valid for the film since UFP would be more appropriate but the public was more familiar to associate uss with a vessel name than U FP so in order to keep up with the best marketing practices they (the producer's) kept USS instead of UFP.
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Wow... That's a nice information. But, do you have any citation? – SS-3.1415926535897932384626433 Jul 6 '14 at 0:38
What script? What first film? You really need to back up any dramatic assertions like this... – Richard Jul 6 '14 at 0:54
I don't see how "UFP" would be an appropriate ship prefix. You don't use "USA" in the States, or "GB" in the UK. Furthermore, you make wild assertions with absolutely no evidence! – Lightning Racis in Obrit Jan 28 at 0:50
Your Answer


Often we want to compare how different data series have changed over time. If the starting values are significantly different, graphing the trends in each series may not make the comparison better than a table of numbers. This makeover shows how you can use an index line graph to compare trends in different data series using a common starting point.
You can also view this slide makeover directly on Slideshare.


text:
The Tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalopus) is a small species of deer found in high altitude forests of Burma and China. They have a prominent tuft of hair on their heads which gives them their name, but they also look like an adorable vampire. Their fangs are long upper canines, which are similar to what you'd find in their close relative the muntjac. They're very territorial animals, and although they have small antlers the males use these sharp canines to fight over both territory and mates.
Photo - Wikipedia


and then DoSomethingWithResult(task1.result) would be executed asynchronously each time Task1Action completes.
 Basically I would like to extend the current capabilities of Tasks to periodic actions, ideally making use of the TPL and not having to control all of the thread creation and management myself. However, I am open for suggestions, such as Tasks and the TPL not being the optimal solution.
 To clarify my requirements a bit more...
 - Each time a new 'data point' is requested by our client, an 'action' will be executed on a periodic basis by an object that is responsible for gathering that data and/or doing some further processing on it. This action is typically a very short running operation. (For the sake of not complicating the scenario any more, let's just say that all of that data is readily available on the client.)
 - We will have potentially hundreds/thousands of these 'data points' actively requested by a single client at any given time.
 - In most cases, the period in which to execute each action (specified by the client when 'registering' one of these actions) will be the same, e.g. 5 seconds. Every time that 5 second interval elapses, each of the actions with that given period should be executed.
 - The first time the action gets executed is not important, only that it executes at approximately the specified interval.
 - Clients need to be able to unregister/cancel their periodic 'action' at any time.
 We are thinking that creating potentially thousands of timers is not the correct solution since that is a lot of overhead. And, since it is not important when a given action first executes, our thinking is to have one timer for each period and then have some mechanism in place for executing all of the registered actions each time that interval elapses. We can consider these actions all independent and therefore we would like to make use of the TPL and execute the actions in parallel (to an extent based on max concurrency settings, etc.).
 From an API perspective, I would like the registering of each action to resemble creating/starting a new task since ideally we will be invoking the actions in parallel each time the interval elapses and potentially creating/starting tasks behind the scenes in order to do so. Looking into the different Task creation/starting options, the recommended option is to use Task.Factory.StartNew(...) "for perfromance reasons" and from the task returned from that call, you can provide a continuation task via ContinueWith() and so on. I would like our API to resemble this.
 - Hi Kyle-
 Sorry for my delay in responding.
 A key point here is that a Task can only complete once, so you want to create an API where handing out a Task represents one logical operation. That operation could of course have multiple subcomponents, but a Task can only transition from a non-completed state to a completed state once, and once completed, it'll remain completed. Given that, if you want to hand back a task to a consumer registering a periodic Action, it's not clear when you'd complete that task... you couldn't "complete" it each time the action ran, as that would be completing it more than once. It seems then you'd only be able to complete it if the action were ever canceled, and otherwise the action would remain registered "forever", and thus the task would never complete.
 Having hundreds or thousands of timers outstanding at a time should not be a problem (though perf of timers was made much better in .NET 4.5), but coalescing into time intervals as you state would also be fine.
 Regarding creating tasks, if you're looking to manually complete a task (e.g. create a task for an action, use a Timer to do processing, and complete the task at an appropriate time), you should be looking at the TaskCompletionSource<TResult> type, which allows you to use a Task to represent arbitrary operations.
 Alternatively, if you're looking for a type that would allow you to push back multiple signals to the caller, one for each time the operation runs, you might actually be better off with something like IObservable<T>, and then you could consider using Reactive Extensions to process all of these events coming back.
 Good luck.
 - Hi Stephen, is there any chance ParallelExtensionsExtras will be released under a real free license?
 I'd love to use it in a MonoTouch project but the license says I have to be writing code for Windows, although it runs just fine on iOS. It's 2012, why don't we get past this already.
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text:
NFPA 407 is the Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing. The standard outlines general requirements for all aviation fueling operations and four individual fuel applications.
General requirements (Chapter 4). These apply to all fueling operations. Outlined in this section is general safety guidelines, fueling equipment requirements and specifications, and fueling operations requirements.
Aviation fueling facilites (Chapter 5). This section addresses requirements for fuel tanks, installation plan review requirements, system components, and acceptance testing criteria. In addition to the requirements listed in this section, fuel tanks must also be installed per the requirements of NFPA 30.
Airport fueling vehicles (Chapter 6). Fuel vehicle manufacturer requirements are outlined in this section. Marking, vehicle operation, and general safety requirements are also stated in this section.
Rooftop heliports (Chapter 7). With a few exceptions, this section largely refers the reader to NFPA 418, Standard for Heliports.
Self-service aircraft fueling (Chapter 8). Provides a short list of requirements for the protection of the user. These include location of emergency fuel shut-off switches, fire protection, informational signage, access control, and fire protection.
For fire inspectors tasked with conducting periodic inspections of these facilities, the minimum requirements can be difficult to pull from the standard. The link below will take you to an NFPA 407 inspection checklist that can be used for guidance during an inspection.
- How to Conduct Aircraft Fuel Servicing Operations
- Rapid Refueling and NFPA 407
- The 4-1-8 on Heliport Design
- How to Store Flammable and Combustible Liquids
|Information: or _EMAIL_.|


text:
Nitrogen split applications
The efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use can be improved by monitoring leaf color at 7- to 10-day intervals with the leaf color chart (LCC) and only applying N fertilizer as needed by the crop (see LCC fact sheet).
An alternative approach to N fertilizer timing and management is presented here for cases when it is not feasible for farmers to visit their fields on 7- to 10-day intervals.
What is the N splitting pattern approach
The splitting pattern approach provides a recommendation for the total N fertilizer requirement (kg/ha) and a plan for the splitting and timing of applications in accordance with crop growth stage, cropping season, variety used, and crop establishment method. LCC can be used to adjust individual topdressings. Estimate the required total amount of fertilizer N and develop a splitting pattern. Use the LCC at critical growth stages to adjust predetermined fertilizer N rates.
How to estimate the total fertilizer N requirement
Establish minus fertilizer (–F) plots in farmers' fields (see Fact Sheet Nutrient Omission Plots). Compare yield from the –F plot, which represents the N-limited yield, to a target yield for the site, based on knowledge of attainable yield with the anticipated crop and fertilizer management. The difference between the target yield and N-limited yield represents the anticipated response of rice to N fertilizer.
Determine the total fertilizer N requirement based on a need of 40 to 50 kg N/ha per ton of anticipated response to N. As a general principle 40 kg N per ton N response is appropriate in high yielding seasons, and 50 kg N per ton response is appropriate in lower yielding seasons. A high N requirement of 60 kg N per ton response is observed at sub-optimal N management or when target yield is near potential yield providing a low N response (< 2 t/ha).
How to use the LCC in the splitting pattern approach
Use the critical LCC values given in the Fact Sheet Leaf Color Chart to adjust the amount of split N rates based on crop demand and plant N status. For example, if 30±10 kg N per ha is recommended for a certain growth stage,
- apply 40 kg N/ha, if the leaf color is below the critical value
- apply the standard rate of 30 kg N/ha if the leaf color is equal to the critical value
- postpone the fertilizer application and apply a lower rate of 20 kg N/ha if the leaf color is above the critical LCC value.
How to develop a splitting pattern
Use the tables on the right to look up splitting patterns for fertilizer N for the recommendation domain. Further adaptation to local conditions with farmers' participation may be required.


text:
Because video surveillance is becoming more common, you need to be able to detect that type of privacy invasion.
The VCD-42 can help you quickly determine if hidden surveillance cameras are being used in any room.
Video cameras radiate a signal that can be picked up by the VCD-42's internal directional antenna.
When a video camera is detected, the red LED on the VCD-42 glows brightly. By using the Sensitivity control along with the directional antenna, you can quickly pinpoint the camera's location.
Our tests with various cameras have shown a detection range that varies from 3 feet to 12 feet, depending on the type of camera.
The VCD-42 measures 4" x 2.5" x 1.5", weighs 6 oz. and is furnished complete with 9 volt battery and illustrated instructions.


, and then restart the cluster.
Blue/green upgrade
Intuit followed the blue/green deployment model for their workloads, as described following.
If you can afford to create a separate Kafka cluster and upgrade it, we highly recommend the blue/green upgrade scenario. In this scenario, we recommend that you keep your clusters up-to-date with the latest Kafka version. For additional details on Kafka version upgrades or more details, see the Kafka upgrade documentation.
The following illustration shows a blue/green upgrade.
In this scenario, the upgrade plan works like this:
 - Create a new Kafka cluster on AWS.
 - Create a new Kafka producers stack to point to the new Kafka cluster.
 - Create topics on the new Kafka cluster.
 - Test the green deployment end to end (sanity check).
 - Using Amazon Route 53, change the new Kafka producers stack on AWS to point to the new green Kafka environment that you have created.
The roll-back plan works like this:
 - Switch Amazon Route 53 to the old Kafka producers stack on AWS to point to the old Kafka environment.
For additional details on blue/green deployment architecture using Kafka, see the re:Invent presentation Leveraging the Cloud with a Blue-Green Deployment Architecture.
Performance tuning
You can tune Kafka performance in multiple dimensions. Following are some best practices for performance tuning.
 These are some general performance tuning techniques:
 - If throughput is less than network capacity, try the following:
 - Add more threads
 - Increase batch size
 - Add more producer instances
 - Add more partitions
 - To improve latency when acks =-1, increase your num.replica.fetches value.
 - For cross-AZ data transfer, tune your buffer settings for sockets and for OS TCP.
 - Make sure that num.io.threads is greater than the number of disks dedicated for Kafka.
 - Adjust num.network.threads based on the number of producers plus the number of consumers plus the replication factor.
 - Your message size affects your network bandwidth. To get higher performance from a Kafka cluster, select an instance type that offers 10 Gb/s performance.
For Java and JVM tuning, try the following:
 - Minimize GC pauses by using the Oracle JDK, which uses the new G1 garbage-first collector.
 - Try to keep the Kafka heap size below 4 GB.
Monitoring
Knowing whether a Kafka cluster is working correctly in a production environment is critical. Sometimes, just knowing that the cluster is up is enough, but Kafka applications have many moving parts to monitor. In fact, it can easily become confusing to understand what's important to watch and what you can set aside. Items to monitor range from simple metrics about the overall rate of traffic, to producers, consumers, brokers, controller, ZooKeeper, topics, partitions, messages, and so on.
For monitoring, Intuit used several tools, including Newrelec, Wavefront, Amazon CloudWatch, and AWS CloudTrail. Our recommended monitoring approach follows.
For system metrics, we recommend that you monitor:
 - CPU load
 - Network metrics
 - File handle usage
 - Disk space
 - Disk I/O performance
 - Garbage collection
 - ZooKeeper
For producers, we recommend that you monitor:
 - Batch-size-avg
 - Compression-rate-avg
 - Waiting-threads
 - Buffer-available-bytes
 - Record-queue-time-max
 - Record-send-rate
 - Records-per-request-avg
For consumers, we recommend that you monitor:
 - Batch-size-avg
 - Compression-rate-avg
 - Waiting-threads
 - Buffer-available-bytes
 - Record-queue-time-max
 - Record-send-rate
 - Records-per-request-avg
Security
Like most distributed systems, Kafka provides the mechanisms to transfer data with relatively high security across the components involved. Depending on your setup, security might involve different services such as encryption, Kerberos, Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates, and advanced access control list (ACL) setup in brokers and ZooKeeper. The following tells you more about the Intuit approach. For details on Kafka security not covered in this section, see the Kafka documentation.
Encryption at rest
For EBS-backed EC2 instances, you can enable encryption at rest by using Amazon EBS volumes with encryption enabled. Amazon EBS uses AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) for encryption. For more details, see Amazon EBS Encryption in the EBS documentation. For instance store–backed EC2 instances, you can enable encryption at rest by using Amazon EC2 instance store encryption.
Encryption in transit
Kafka uses TLS for client and internode communications.
Authentication
Authentication of connections to brokers from clients (producers and consumers) to other brokers and tools uses either Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL).
Kafka supports Kerberos authentication. If you already have a Kerberos server, you can add Kafka to your current configuration.
Authorization
In Kafka, authorization is pluggable and integration with external authorization services is supported.
Backup and restore
The type of storage used in your deployment dictates your backup and restore strategy.
The best way to back up a Kafka cluster based on instance storage is to set up a second cluster and replicate messages using MirrorMaker. Kafka's mirroring feature makes it possible to maintain a replica of an existing Kafka cluster. Depending on your setup and requirements, your backup cluster might be in the same AWS Region as your main cluster or in a different one.
For EBS-based deployments, you can enable automatic snapshots of EBS volumes to back up volumes. You can easily create new EBS volumes from these snapshots to restore. We recommend storing backup files in Amazon S3.
For more information on how to back up in Kafka, see the Kafka documentation.
Conclusion
In this post, we discussed several patterns for running Kafka in the AWS Cloud. AWS also provides an alternative managed solution with Amazon Kinesis Data Streams, there are no servers to manage or scaling cliffs to worry about, you can scale the size of your streaming pipeline in seconds without downtime, data replication across availability zones is automatic, you benefit from security out of the box, Kinesis Data Streams is tightly integrated with a wide variety of AWS services like Lambda, Redshift, Elasticsearch and it supports open source frameworks like Storm, Spark, Flink, and more. You may refer to kafka-kinesis connector.
If you have questions or suggestions, please comment below.
Additional Reading
If you found this post useful, be sure to check out Implement Serverless Log Analytics Using Amazon Kinesis Analytics and Real-time Clickstream Anomaly Detection with Amazon Kinesis Analytics.
About the Author
Prasad Alle is a Senior Big Data Consultant with AWS Professional Services. He spends his time leading and building scalable, reliable Big data, Machine learning, Artificial Intelligence and IoT solutions for AWS Enterprise and Strategic customers. His interests extend to various technologies such as Advanced Edge Computing, Machine learning at Edge. In his spare time, he enjoys spending time with his family.

Now Available: New Digital Training to Help You Learn About AWS Big Data Services
Post Syndicated from Sara Snedeker original _URL_
AWS Training and Certification recently released free digital training courses that will make it easier for you to build your cloud skills and learn about using AWS Big Data services. This training includes courses like Introduction to Amazon EMR and Introduction to Amazon Athena.
You can get free and unlimited access to more than 100 new digital training courses built by AWS experts at aws.training. It's easy to access training related to big data. Just choose the Analytics category on our Find Training page to browse through the list of courses. You can also use the keyword filter to search for training for specific AWS offerings.
Recommended training
Just getting started, or looking to learn about a new service? Check out the following digital training courses:
Introduction to Amazon EMR (15 minutes)
Covers the available tools that can be used with Amazon EMR and the process of creating a cluster. It includes a demonstration of how to create an EMR cluster.
Introduction to Amazon Athena (10 minutes)
Introduces the Amazon Athena service along with an overview of its operating environment. It covers the basic steps in implementing Athena and provides a brief demonstration.
Introduction to Amazon QuickSight (10 minutes)
Discusses the benefits of using Amazon QuickSight and how the service works. It also includes a demonstration so that you can see Amazon QuickSight in action.
Introduction to Amazon Redshift (10 minutes)
Walks you through Amazon Redshift and its core features and capabilities. It also includes a quick overview of relevant use cases and a short demonstration.
Introduction to AWS Lambda (10 minutes)
Discusses the rationale for using AWS Lambda, how the service works, and how you can get started using it.
Introduction to Amazon Kinesis Analytics (10 minutes)
Discusses how Amazon Kinesis Analytics collects, processes, and analyzes streaming data in real time. It discusses how to use and monitor the service and explores some use cases.
Introduction to Amazon Kinesis Streams (15 minutes)
Covers how Amazon Kinesis Streams is used to collect, process, and analyze real-time streaming data to create valuable insights.
Introduction to AWS IoT (10 minutes)
Describes how the AWS Internet of Things (IoT) communication architecture works, and the components that make up AWS IoT


above.
 «Calling flip_and_wait twice, that is, waiting twice for the grace period to complete»
 -> inaccurate. By doing flip_and_wait twice, we're actually waiting for a single grace period (by definition).
 Also, I would appreciate if you could please credit the sources of the graph and diagram you use in your article.
 Thanks,
 Mathieu Desnoyers
3,751
Ropes — Fast Strings
Most of us work with strings one way or another. There's no way to avoid them — when writing code, you're doomed to concatinate strings every day, split them into parts and access certain characters by index. We are used to the fact that strings are fixed-length arrays of characters, which leads to certain limitations when working with them. For instance, we cannot quickly concatenate two strings. To do this, we will at first need to allocate the required amount of memory, and then copy there the data from the concatenated strings.


text:
January 22, 1879
James Shields: Senator from Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri
Many men and women make politics a career and have been elected to Congress three or more times. None, however, have outdone Senator James Shields.
Shields was living in Illinois when he was elected to his first term in the US Senate in 1849. He later moved to the Minnesota Territory. When Minnesota was admitted to the Union in May 1858, Shields was elected one of the state's first two US Senators. After the Civil War, Shields settled in Missouri. On January 22, 1879, Shields was again elected to the US Senate.
To date, James Shields is the only person ever elected the the US Senate representing three different states.