text:
What the law says
Sections 9 of the Summary Offences Act Queensland states:
- A person must not wilfully expose his or her genitals, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
- A person who is so near a public place that the person may be seen from the public place must not wilfully expose his or her genitals so that the person's genitals may be seen from the public place, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
It is a circumstance of aggravation for this section for a person to wilfully expose his or her genitals so as to offend or embarrass another person.
What the police must prove
In order for the Police to prove their case at Court, they must prove each of the following matters beyond a reasonable doubt.
- The accused
- (a) was in or near a public place; and
- (b) did wilfully expose him or herself; or
- (c) Intended to offend or embarrass the person
It will be necessary for the Police in every offence to prove that the accused was the person who committed the offence. Click here to learn more about identification evidence.
The Maximum penalty for the offence of Wilful Exposure
- (a) Section 9 (1) is 2 penalty point unit ; or If the offence involves circumstances of aggravation- 40 penalty points or 1 years imprisonment.
- (b) Section 9 (2) is 2 penalty point units; or if the offence involves circumstances of aggravation-40 penalty point units or I years imprisonment.
Which court will hear the matter
This matter is simple offence which means it is dealt with in the Magistrates Court.
Possible defences to this offence include but are not limited to
- Identification i.e. not the accused.
- The behaviour was not in or near a public place.
- The accused did not wilfully expose him or herself.
- The accused did not intend to offend or embarrass to person.


',
 isTimeout: true
});
Dynamically Generating Mock Definitions
In some situations, all of your REST calls are based upon a URL schema. Mockjax has the ability for you to specify a callback function that is handed the $.ajax request settings. The callback function may then either return false to allow the request to be handled natively, or return an object literal with relevant Mockjax parameters set. Below is an example that rewrites all Ajax requests to proxy to static mocks:
$.mockjax(function(settings) {
 // settings.url == '/restful/<service>'
 var service = settings.url.match(//restful/(.*)$/);
 if ( service ) {
 return {
 proxy: '/mocks/' + service[1] + '.json'
 };
 }
 return;
});
Dynamically Generating Mock Responses
It's also possible to dynamically generate the response text upon each request by implementing a callback function on the response parameter:
$.mockjax({
 url: '/restful/webservice',
 dataType: 'json',
 response: function(settings) {
 this.responseText = { say: 'random ' + Math.random() };
 }
});
Globally Defining Mockjax Settings
It's also possible to define the global defaults for all Mockjax requests by overwriting the $.mockjaxSettings object. By default the settings are as follows:
$.mockjaxSettings = {
 status: 200,
 responseTime: 500,
 isTimeout: false,
 contentType: 'text/plain',
 response: '',
 responseText: '',
 responseXML: '',
 proxy: '',
 lastModified: null,
 etag: ''
};
To overwrite a particular settings such as the default content-type, you would do the following:
$.mockjaxSettings.contentType = 'text/json';
Removing Mockjax Handlers
Remove all mockjax handlers:
$.mockjaxClear();
Remove Single Mockjax Handler
var id = $.mockjax({
 ...
});
$.mockjaxClear(id);
Conclusion
So there you have it, Mockjax unpacked! There are a number of additional posts in the pipeline surrounding this topic and how to apply and integrate it with your project. So stay tuned! In the meantime, the plugin code is readily available on github and feel free to report any issues you find in the plugin's github issue tracker. Enjoy!
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 - _URL_ Noel
 Hello! Cool post! Is it possible to simply return the content of a local file but with a responseTime? This looks pretty promising!
 - Pingback: Mock Your Ajax Requests with Mockjax for Rapid Development | Enterprise jQuery : Popular Links : eConsultant()
 - _URL_ Ian Massey
 Awesomely useful. Especially like the ability to test lots of different scenarios, no response, bad response, etc without having to fake it server side. Will definitely be using this in my next project! Thanks for sharing.
 - jdsharp
 Hi Noel,
 Great suggestion! I'll see what I can do to add this.
 - Pomeh13
 What a nice post ! I love this kind of stuff, I'll use it for sure. The ability to intercept the AJAX calls and returns local objects is very useful when you want to test your application. But I have few questions. Is it possible to pass functions as properties to the $.mockjax method ?
 Instead of :
 $.mockjax({
 url: '/restful/api',
 responseTime: 750,
 responseText: 'A text response from the server',
 status: 200,
 isTimeout: false,
 contentType: 'text/plain',
 });
 could we do something like :
 $.mockjax({
 url: '/restful/api',
 responseTime: function() {
 if( somecondition )
 return 100;
 else
 return 750;
 },
 responseText: 'A text response from the server',
 status: function () {
 return [200, 404, 500][ Math.floor(Math.random()*3) ];
 },
 isTimeout: false,
 contentType: 'text/plain',
 });
 I don't know why we could return a random status, but if we have to, it would be nice to be abble to ! :)
 And second question, how can we have access to the request parameter ? Let's imagine you have a form tag, with a username and a password field. You bind an handler to the submit event of the form, this handler serialize your form and send it via AJAX and a POST call. This call use to return the username the user just type, or the string 'bad.login' for example. Then, in the mockjax object, can we configure the response method to return the username the user juste typed in ? If we have an argument to the response method which represents the current request it could be easy to return a pre-configured response, depending on each request. I'm not sure to explain it nice, my english is very terrible =(
 Anyway, I like the idea of this plugin, and I'm grateful that you have shared it with us (and sorry again for my english!)
 - _URL_ Anthony Heukmes
 Hi,
 This is very interesting, thanks for your work.
 I'm planning to integrate this library with Choco : _URL_
 Are you planning to support HTTP verbs?
 For example, if I send a GET request to /posts I'm expecting an array of posts in response. But if I send a POST request to /posts, I'm expecting to receive a JSON representation of the newly created post. Is it possible to do that?
 Cheers!
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 - jdsharp
 Hi Pomeh13,
 To answer your first question, it is possible to modify the responseTime. (Though it takes a bit of code. I'll post an update to github shortly that will make it much easier and will reply to this comment.) See the section "Dynamically Generating Mock Definitions".
 For your second question, the answer is yes :)
 $.mockjax({
 url: '/restful/webservice',
 dataType: 'json',
 response: function(settings) {
 this.responseText = { user: settings.data.username };
 }
 });
 $.ajax({
 data: {
 username: $('#someinput').val()
 }
 });
 Cheers!
 – Jonathan
 - Justinbmeyer
 Have you guys looked at JMVC's fixtures? It does the same thing by overwriting $.ajax so it takes an additional fixture param. This means your code still works if you drop the fixture script.
 - jdsharp
 Hi Justin,
 Thanks for your comment! I did come across the fixtures plugin back in June. While there are a few similarities between mockjax and fixtures, there's a fundamental difference in the approach that mockjax has taken. Mockjax is designed to overlay the production codebase, whereas fixtures is integrated within it. (Even though you can simply remove the fixtures plugin for production, you still have "fixtures:" attributes as part of the production code.) Mockjax takes an approach that provides for a Separation of Concerns which we feel is a core concern in enterprise development. Production code is never modified to introduce a mocking or test environment which is important from an integration standpoint. So while there are some surface level similarities, there's a fundamental difference in approach that the Mockjax plugin took.
 Cheers,
 – Jonathan
 - ChrisRaven
 Hi,
 Is there any way to check, what was the query string passed to the original AJAX? I would like to not only test the response, but also arguments passed to server.
 Best regards,
 ChrisRaven
 - wwwhack
 I'll second ChrisRaven's point. I'm using a plugin (DataTables) that requires an echo parameter be returned from the server with the same value. Access to the query string would be important for this sort of thing.
 - jdsharp
 Hi Chris,
 There is! Here's a gist that shows how: _URL_
 Essentially you plugin in data: {} for mockjax to inspect against. It'll do deep inspection.
 Cheers,
 – Jonathan
 - jdsharp
 I just replied to Chris' comment. (here's the gist _URL_
 - ChrisRave


text:
This paper proposes an acoustic resonant imaging technique for visualizing the acoustic properties and thickness of a polymer film on a substrate. When ultrasound passes through a thin layer, transmission and reflection coefficients of sound pressure attain their extreme values at the resonant frequency. By obtaining the area information of the extreme value and resonant frequency and matching them with a theoretical model, the acoustic properties and thicknesses of a polymer film on a substrate can be visualized. Herein, this technique was applied to a photoresist film coated on a Si wafer, and in addition to visualizing fluctuations in film thickness, the differences in the film hardness that may have occurred during the curing process were successfully detected as the differences in the acoustic impedance of the film. The acoustic resonant imaging technique was successfully used to determine the frequency dependence of both the transmission and reflection coefficients.
ASJC Scopus subject areas

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
West Greenland Current
The West Greenland Current is a weak cold water current that flows to the north along the west coast of Greenland. The current results from the movement of water flowing around the southernmost point of Greenland caused by the East Greenland Current.
According to Lloyd et al., 2007, the WGC is a WARM current connected to a broader scale North Atlantic climate via the combined influences of Atlantic water from the Irminger Current (IC) and polar water from the East Greenland Current.
Paleoclimatology records derived from foraminifera abundance show that periodic influxes of warm subsurface temperatures and near-bottom temperatures occurred throughout the Late Holocene epoch, particularly during the Holocene climatic optimum. The increased flow from the nearby East Greenland Current was associated with increased glacial iceberg calving from the large Jakobshavn Isbrae glacial outlet within the western Greenland Ice Sheet, causing rapid melting and destabilization events. Following the Neoglaciation, the Jakobshavn outlet formed a floating ice tongue around 2000 years before present.
See also
- Labrador Current
- Baffin Island Current
- Gulf Stream
- Jakobshavn Isbrae
- Ocean current
- Oceanic gyres
- Physical oceanography
- Source: Llyod, J., Kuijpers, A., Long, A., Moros, M., and Park, L. 2007. Foraminiferal reconstruction of midto late Holocene ocean circulation and climate variability in Disko, Bugt, West Greenland. The Holocene: 17: _PHONE_.
- Andresen, Camilla S.; David J. McCarthy, Christian Valdemar Dylmer, Marit Solveig Seidenkrantz, Antoon Kuijpers and Jerry M. Lloyd (September 27, 2010). "Interaction between subsurface ocean waters and calving of the Jakobshavn Isbræ during the late Holocene". The Holocene 21 (2): 221–224. doi:10.1177/0959683610378877. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
|This article about a specific ocean current is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This Greenland-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Definitions for masticophis
The noun masticophis has 1 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. Masticophis, genus Masticophis
How to Cite Songs in APA Format
Precise Language and Strong vs. Weak Verbs in Writing
How Is the GRE Exam Scored?
Why Do Students Need to Learn How to Write?
Post-Bachelor Teacher Certification
How to Write a Thesis for a Process Analysis Essay
Synonym.com © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see


Request PDF on ResearchGate | Bore finishing—The ballizing process | The ballizing process is a relatively new microfinishing process that involves the forcing. Request PDF on ResearchGate | A Study of the Ballizing Process | The ballizing process which involves the forcing of a precision ground tungsten carbide ball. PDF | Ballizing is a method of finishing an internal diameter. This process involves the forcing of a precision-ground metallic ball through a slightly undersized.
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Uploader: Mugul
What is Burnishing Balls or Ballizing? It is a metal-displacement process, in which an oversize ball is pushed through an undersize hole.
There was a problem providing the content you requested
The ball expands the hole by displacing an amount of material equal to the interference fit. The ball displaces metal by plastic flow leaving a layer of denser metal on the ID wall. In some materials, the ID is work hardened by cold-work ballizing, and wear life of the Balliizng wall increases.
Burnishing in manufacturing There are several forms of burnishing processes, the most common are roller burnishing and ball burnishing ballizing. In both cases, a burnishing tool rubs against the workpiece and plastically deforms its surface. The workpiece proccess be at ambient temperature, or heated to reduce the forces and wear on the tool. The tool is usually hardened and coated with special materials to increase its life.
Ball burnishing, burnishing balls, or ballizing, is a replacement for other bore finishing operations such as grinding, honing, or polishing. A ballizing tool consists of one or more over-sized balls that are pushed through a hole. The tool is similar to a broach, but provess of cutting away material, it plows it out of the way.
Ball burnishing is also used as a deburring operation. It is especially useful for removing the burr in the middle of a through hole that was drilled from both sides.
Roller burnishing, or surface rolling, is used on cylindrical, conical, or disk shaped workpieces. The tool resembles a roller bearing, but the rollers are fixed so they slide against the workpiece surface instead of rolling. It is simultaneously rotated and pressed into the workpiece. Typical applications for roller burnishing include hydraulic system components, shaft fillets, and sealing surfaces.
Burnishing balls also occurs to some extent in machining processes. In turning, burnishing occurs if the cutting tool is not sharp, if a large negative rake angle is used, if a very small depth of cut is used, or if the workpiece material is gummy.
As a cutting tool wears, it becomes more blunt and the burnishing effect becomes more pronounced. In grinding, since the abrasive grains are randomly oriented and some are not sharp, there is always some amount of burnishing.
This is one reason the grinding is less efficient and generates more heat than turning. Results you can depend on The results of burnishing balls are predictable and nearly foolproof. This compares favorably to most reaming and grinding operations.
Industrial Tectonics, precision ball manufacturer, offers balls in a variety of sizes and tolerances. We can help you determine the type of ball you need, taking into consideration your workpiece and the degree of precision you require.
Ballizing, ball burnishing with tungsten carbide balls | ITI Ball
Because ballizing uses only a precision ball for sizing and finishing, and not a complex tool assembly, small holes often are easier to ballize than to grind, hone, or roller burnish. In fact, you can ballize a hole as small as 0.
Defective parts are almost impossible profess produce. Consequently, the process lends itself to automation. Please contact us for more information or you may get a custom quote online for your burnishing ball or ball burnishing questions or needs.


text:
What is Difference Between Active Data Guard and Physical Data Guard?
By: Chandan Singh Parihar | 17 Mar 2015 3:45 pm | 747 times viewed | 4 Comments
I want to know the following difference:
what is difference between active data guard and physical data guard?
SAP Collaborates with Google Inc. for Enhanced Workflows in Both Companies.With complete focus on managing customer relations and business operations with the aid of the best technological inputs, SAP (Systems Applications and Products) serves as one of the best known and largest inter-enterprise software organization in the contemporary technology scene. It has a global...
SAP Energises Extreme Sailing SeriesMost of us can only relate to Sailing as an adventurous activity which leads to massive adrenalin rush however "Sailing" also is related to the various activities which are specifically meant for cloud computing and data analytics. Sailing is just not restricted to the high yachts which can be...
Accounting Entries1.1 All the Inventory transactions will look for the valuation class and the corresponding G.L. Accounts and post the values in the G.L accounts.For Example: during Goods ReceiptStock Account DrG/R I/R Account ...
Top 27 SAP BASIS Interview Questions and Answers for IBM1. What is private mode? When does user switch to user mode?Ans: Private mode is a mode where the heap data is getting exclusively allocated by the user and is no more shared across the system. This happens when your extended memory is exhausted.2. How can I restrict the user from printing? (What...
Why is SAP Considered as one of the Highest Paid Jobs?Candidates who are looking for employment wants to acquire SAP certification as it offer extraordinary compensation. The most widely used ERP system currently is SAP due to which a SAP consultant gets lots of opportunities. The extensive use of SAP (Systems, Applications, Products in Data...
Active Data Guard
Hello Experts, I am in need of expert opinion Here is the source configuration :- 1 x 40 Cores Linux server - Hosts two DB instances - Each instance generates 1GB / minute of REDO logs ...
Problem Occurred When Configuring Data Guard
Hello Experts, I have this query that when I configure data guard below problems are occure. 1. RMAN-03002:Faliure of Duplicate db command 2.RMAN-03015:error occured in stored script Memory...
Difference Between NETCA & NETMGR.
Hello Everyone, What is difference between NETCA & NETMGR. Both Utilities work on oracle 10g and 11g. Then what is the differences ? Please share your valuable thoughts.
Oracle Database Server and Licensing Requirement
Dear expert friends, My ORACLE Database server specification is as under: HP DL560 Gen8 CTO Server HP E5-4650 DL560 Gen8 FIO Kit HP E5-4650 DL560 Gen8 Kit HP E5-4650 DL560 Gen8 Kit HP E5-4650...


What are matrix synthesis reactions. Why are they called that?
This is a synthesis of complex polymer molecules in living cells, based on the cell's genetic information encoded on a matrix (DNA, RNA). Matrix synthesis occurs during DNA replication, during transcription and translation. It underlies the process of reproducing oneself like that.
Remember: The process of learning a person lasts a lifetime. The value of the same knowledge for different people may be different, it is determined by their individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, knowledge is always needed at any age and position.


text: Yeast systems have been a staple for producing large amounts of proteins for industrial and biopharmaceutical use for many years. Yeast can be grown to very high cell mass densities in well-defined medium. Recombinant proteins in yeast can be over-expressed so the product is secreted from the cell and available for recovery in the fermentation solution. Proteins secreted by yeasts are heavily glycosylated at consensus glycosylation sites. Thus, expression of recombinant proteins in yeast systems historically has been confined to proteins where post-translations glycosylation patterns do not affect the function of proteins. Several yeast expression systems are used for recombinant protein expression, including Sacharomyces, Scizosacchromyces pombe, Pichia pastoris and Hansanuela polymorpha.


text:
This innovative exhibition brings together the works of artists Rachel Armstrong, Robert Lisney and Imogen Stidworthy. 'Common Ground' examines a sense of community and the evolution of this 'sense' in a world where influences; invited and uninvited, work to redefine it. This 'sense' is built as much upon experiences of difference as it is by place, language and lives in common. This understanding is reflected in the host venue, The Liverpool Climbing Hangar. The three artists are all engaged at different levels with activities at The Hangar and its emerging communities.
June 1st/6.30-9.30/The Climbing Hangar, 6 Birchall St, L20 8PD/0151 _EMAIL_
DJ: Liam Greene

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Skip to Main Content
This paper is concerned with modelling background audio online to detect foreground sounds in complex audio environments for surveillance and smart home applications. We examine and expand upon previous work in the audio and video domains, and propose a new implementation of an audio background modelling algorithm, addressing the complexities of audio data. A number of audio features characterizing different aspects of the audio content were analysed to determine the factors relevant to the determination of the background audio. We test the algorithms on three audio data sets of varying complexity. The new approach was successful in modelling the background audio for the test data.


text:
Research Reveals Fathers Are Happier Parents Than Mothers
Over the past decade, there has been a significant amount of evidence collected that suggests that having children does not make people happy.
However, according to a study by a group of psychologists from the University of British Columbia, UC Riverside, and Stanford, there is a psychological benefit to parenting — particularly among fathers.
Researchers say they found that, "parenthood was associated with greater satisfaction and happiness only among fathers," and that mothers were not actually happier than women without children.
In fact, married fathers seemed to be the happiest of them all.
If parenting is associated with more joy than misery, dads appear be capitalizing on the "joy" portion of the experience.
Even though fathers appear to be happier, researchers say the one consistent psychological benefit consistent in both parents across the board appeared to be "a stronger sense of meaning in life" than people without children.
Researchers admit that studies like this one may actually cause parents to overestimate their well being because of widespread beliefs about the desirability of parenting.


text:
The National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska,says drought has produced an above-normal wildfire potential this season along the leeward sides of all the Hawaiian Islands, including the western third of Hawaii Island. Most of our state has received above-normal precipitation, but not parts of Hawaii Island. The result: the danger of out-of-control brush fires is significant.
Elsewhere on the United States mainland, the situation is similar. The NDMC says snowpack was disappointing in many states–in Colorado and Utah, they had only half the usual snowpack. Colorado had its first wildfire of 2012 last month in a conflagration that took 700 firefighters more than a week to control the fire. January and February were the driest on record in California.
Hawaii County Fire Department warns residents to clear brush from near their houses, and to have an evacuation plan should there be a fire. They also warn that tossing lit cigarettes out of cars is not only illegal, but not trigger a fire.
The National Drought Mitigation Center says areas on Hawaii Island and elsewhere that have not had soakings of brush, grass, and trees, and the wildfire fuels don't have water and cannot resist fire. Hawaii Island's west side usually has a rainy summer season and there have been some mauka showers, with residents hoping for more. Hilo has gotten lots of rain this winter, but other areas around the island vary in how much rain they've received.
The NDMC, established in 1995, is based in the School of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The organization helps people and institutions develop and implement measures to reduce societal vulnerability to drought, stressing preparedness and risk management rather than crisis management. It works with several different agencies to collaborate on drought issues–United States Department of Agriculture, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Geological Survey, the National Climate Data Center, and international organizations, among others.


loop
for (i = 0; i < strlen(string); i++) {
 :
}
This is a C version of a loop that I recently bumped into while copy-pasting some code. In the above loop strlen(string) is called strlen(string) times instead of just once (unless the length of string changes while in the loop):
int len;
:
len = strlen(string);
for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 :
}
Unless the compiler detects this and optimizes the loop, this is very bad practice. Yes, most of the compilers do detect this, but this does not mean that the programmer must rely on the compiler's optimizations. What if it does not get optimized in the end?
This is not a rant about wasted CPU cycles. It is mostly a rant about laziness in our thinking.
The Slow Loop
8 thoughts on "loop
 1. If the first code snippet does not work as fast as the second one, it is a compiler problem. A programmer should work around it only if it is crucial for the performance of its program, otherwise the first one is more readable.
 Every decent compiler should "cache" the results of a function which gets called with a specific argument many times, at least when this function does not have side effects (like strlen).
 PS: Plus, I don't like assignments. If you insist on the second one, it should be imho:
 int len = strlen(string);
 // …
 2. One should adapt his coding idioms to the specific of the language and the environment of it (compiler, debug tools etc) but also to general aesthetics. Regarding the latter, the first version is much more elagant and compact. Furthermore, optimizing this loop is trivial for a C compiler. Maybe it is laziness but in this case it feels like the first version is the right thing to do.
 On the other hand, if we were talking about e.g. PHP which is notorious for not optimizing the specific loop, I would have to completely agree with you.
 3. The original loop was in Java and called string.length(). According to my Java goto guy, it does not always get optimized. I chose the example to be in C, because when I started programming in C (1990) such optimizations were not obvious, and are not even today in some embedded systems, with processors and whole systems being obsoleted in ~1 year after initial deployment (I happened into such a case last year, and it was on an educational ARM board).
 4. It's a bit sad that we don't have compilers "smart enough" to optimize the first version.
 Seeing that the body of the block-statement is empty, this seems equivalent to i = strlen(string). If the text of the string is actually used through string[i], then it might be nice to have "smart enough" compilers to find the loop invariant.
 Then there are cases where actually thinking a bit about the effects of the loop is a very good idea. The classic example of a tiny loop that may benefit a lot from a bit of thinking is the initialization of an array with a randomized copy of the numeric sequence [0 .. (n-1)]:
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 #define SIZE 10

 int
 main(void)
 {
 size_t j, k, vsize;
 int *vec;

 vsize = SIZE;
 vec = malloc(vsize * sizeof(*vec));
 for (j = 0; j < vsize; j++)
 vec[j] = j;

 /* Randomization loop with a few non-obvious properties. */
 srand(0);
 for (j = 0; j < vsize; j++) {
 int tmp;

 k = rand() % vsize;
 tmp = vec[j];
 vec[j] = vec[k];
 vec[k] = tmp;
 }

 for (j = 0; j < vsize; j++)
 (void)printf("%d", vec[j]);
 putchar('\n');
 (void)fflush(stdout);
 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 }

 The code looks straight-forward and easy to read. There are a few gotchas hidden in there though, e.g.:
 – Is the number of swaps done to vec[n] for each n in [0.. (vsize-1)] "normalized" for the entire set of indexes?
 – Is there a better way to write the loop so that each vec[n] for n in [0..(vsize-1)] swapped exactly *once* with another index?
 – Is it better to use arc4random() instead of srand() and rand()?
 My understanding so far is that we can definitely strive for better compilers and smarter ones at that, but we also have to actually think about all the characteristics of the code we are writing. So the best of both worlds lies somewhere in the middle, gray area between the two extremes: super-smart compilers that think for us before we do, and having to manually specify every tiny detail of our programs in excruciatingly painful detail.
 1. My interpretation of the original code is that 'string' has actually 'const char *string' semantics. And this is exactly the case where you expect the compiler to optimize version 1.
 Of course, if the hardware platform/compiler/project has a one year expiration date, one would assume that the least of your problems is this type of coding mannerisms and compiler optimizations.
 I don't believe that the questions Giorgos arises can be answered in a general context. For example, is this code part of a Monte Carlo simulator or a cryptographic application ? Depending on the answer rand() can be acceptable or plain disaster.
 5. Ah, the good old times…
 Why use strlen, and integer i, in the first place? The real C programmers do it with pointers.
 for (s=string; s; s++) {
 }
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text:
tiny white flies when cutting the grass on the lawn
Early morning when cutting the grass tiny and I mean tiny white flys by the hundreds maybe thousands fly off the grass leaves. Are these called "White flys" and if so what do you use to get rid of them. I would assume they are laying eggs in the grass. Are they harmful to the grass or just bothersome.


PragmaticPhil
Published © GPL3+
IoT-Based Quiz App for Multiple micro:bits
Run a quiz by connecting a bunch of BBC micro:bits, via Wi-Fi, to the Ubidots IoT platform using a single XinaBox IoT Starter kit.
BeginnerFull instructions provided45 minutes369
IoT-Based Quiz App for Multiple micro:bits
Things used in this project
Hardware components
CW01
XinaBox CW01
Wi-Fi Core (ESP8266/ESP-12F)
×1
BM01
XinaBox BM01
A bridge to connect your XinaBox xChips to a micro:bit
×1
IP01
XinaBox IP01
An interface module equipped to power and program other modules via a USB A connector.
×1
XC10
XinaBox XC10
This SKU is a 10 pack - we only need 2 for this project, although I use 3. These are standard uBus connectors.
×1
BBC micro:bit board
BBC micro:bit board
You need 1 to act as a gateway then 1 or more others to send data to the gateway
×2
Software apps and online services
Ubidots
Ubidots
You will need an UbiDots account - I use a free 30 day trial account in this blog
Story
Read more
Code
Code for the Classroom Micro:bit
MicroPython
Edit then flash this microPython code onto one of the classroom micro:bits you are using
from microbit import*
import radio
radio.on()
radio.config(length=64, queue=8, channel=11, power=6)
# NOTE - radio settings are identical to those in the gatewayMicrobit.py code
thisMicrobitID = 0
# EDIT GUIDELINES: remember to name each classroom microbit with a unique integer. Start from 0 and count upwards.
while True:
 display.show(str(thisMicrobitID))
 if(button_a.was_pressed()):
 radio.send(str(thisMicrobitID) + "_a")
 display.show("a")
 sleep(500)
 if(button_b.was_pressed()):
 radio.send(str(thisMicrobitID) + "_b")
 display.show("b")
 sleep(500)
Code for Micro:bit Gateway
MicroPython
Work through the code and edit is where you see "# EDIT GUIDELINES:~. Then flash it on to your micro:bit gateway.
from microbit import *
import radio
radio.on()
radio.config(length=64, queue=8, channel=11, power=6)
# NOTE: radio settings are identical to those in the classroomMicrobit.py code
uart.init(baudrate=9600, bits=8, parity=None, stop=1, tx=pin20, rx=pin19)
# NOTE: gets the uart (serial / USB) port on the micro:bit ready to communicate with the CW01
numberOfClassroomMicrobits = 10
# EDIT GUIDELINES: change the '10' above - enter the number of classroom microbits in your network
# NOTE: start numbering your clssroom microbits at 0. so, if you have 3 in total their 'thisMicrobitName' will be 0, 1 and 2 and you must enter 3 above.
global countOfButton_A # NOTE: Count the number of classroom mirobits that have sent a message indicating their a-button was pressed. Similar below.
global countOfButton_B # NOTE: For these counts we restrict each microbit to 1 'vote'. Counts and votes are reset when the A-button is clicked.
countOfButton_A = 0
countOfButton_B = 0
global voteRecorded # NOTE: Use this list to keep a check on who has voted & prevent repeat.
voteRecorded = [numberOfClassroomMicrobits]
for i in range(0, int(numberOfClassroomMicrobits)): voteRecorded.append(False)
global testMode
testMode = True
# NOTE: each classroom micro:bit can only vote one time per separate quiz... only 1 time until the a-button is clicked.
# NOTE: but, for testing purposes and to set up our dashboard we want lots of data to be sent to Ubidots
# NOTE: so, when testMode = True we allow each classroom micro:bit to vote as many times as they like.
# NOTE: set this to False to limit each to 1 vote per quiz.
def resetVoting(numberOfClassroomMicrobits): # NOTE: when the a-button on the gateway is clicked voting resets.
 global voteRecorded

 # NOTE - there is no point resetting if no votes have been cast;
 if((countOfButton_A + countOfButton_B) == 0): return

 sendMessageToCW01("+4@YOURMICROBIT@resetVote@1$") # NOTE: tells Ubidots a new vote is starting
 sendMessageToCW01("+4@YOURMICROBIT@CountOf_A@0$")
 sendMessageToCW01("+4@YOURMICROBIT@CountOf_B@0$")

 # NOTE: below is a workaround - in Ubidots when we trigger an event it is easy to show the last value receieved.
 # NOTE: so we send it a value we can use in our email alert:
 percVotesForA = countOfButton_A / (countOfButton_A + countOfButton_B) *100
 sendMessageToCW01("+4@YOURMICROBIT@SummaryOfVote@" + str(percVotesForA) + "$")
 sendMessageToCW01("+4@YOURMICROBIT@SummaryOfVote@-1$") # NOTE: reset the value that triggers our email.
 for i in range(0, int(numberOfClassroomMicrobits)): voteRecorded[i] = False
def sendMessageToCW01(parm):
 display.clear()
 uart.write(parm)
 sleep(500)
 data = uart.readline()
 while(data is None):
 data = uart.readline()

 if(len(str(data)) >0):
 uartMessageID = getIntegerFromString(data[:1])
 if(uartMessageID == 1): display.show(Image.YES) # NOTE: a tick is displayed when data is being transmitted correctly to the CW01
 else: display.show(Image.NO) # NOTE: this means that a cross is displayed when an attempt to send data fails
 sleep(500)
def processRadioSignal(radioSignal, numberOfClassroomMicrobits): # NOTE: a 'valid' signal looks like this "0_a" or this "11_b"
 global testMode

 if(len(str(radioSignal)) < 3): return False # NOTE: valid radio signals are at least 3 or more characters long

 locationOfUnderscore = getLocationOfUnderscore(radioSignal)
 if(locationOfUnderscore == -1): return False # NOTE: valid radio signals contain an underscore
 currentMicrobitID = getIntegerFromString(radioSignal[0:locationOfUnderscore])
 if(currentMicrobitID < 0): return False # NOTE: valid radio messages begin with an integer starting at 0.
 if(currentMicrobitID >= numberOfClassroomMicrobits): return False # NOTE: IDs should go from 0 to (numberOfClassroomMicrobits - 1)
 # NOTE: In the line below you will see why we named the classroom microbits as integers - it allows us to use currentMicrobitID as a list reference.
 # NOTE: this also means we need to be very careful using them - the validation above prevents an invalid list reference being passed in.
 if((not testMode) and voteRecorded[currentMicrobitID]): return False
 # NOTE: the above line ensures that the same classroom microbit can't vote twice for the same quiz, UNLESS we are in testMode

 # NOTE: If we've reached this point of the code the radioSignal has passed all our validation checks. It is 'safe' to process it.
 return sendValidMessageToCW01(radioSignal, locationOfUnderscore, currentMicrobitID)
def sendValidMessageToCW01(radioSignal, locationOfUnderscore, currentMicrobitID):
 global voteRecorded
 global countOfButton_A
 global countOfButton_B
 messageType = str(radioSignal[locationOfUnderscore +1 : locationOfUnderscore +2])
 # NOTE: you could experiment with sending new types of data from the classroom microbit - how about temperature ("0_c_25")

 sendMessageToCW


text:
In 2019, a joint committee on community pediatrics and adolescent health published, "The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health," a policy statement calling on medical professionals to take decisive steps to both end racism and take better care of people impacted by it. Published in the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) journal Pediatrics, the statement labeled racism as a "socially transmitted disease."
The diagnosis fits. Racism infects institutions and interpersonal relationships. It is suffocating and relentless and omnipresent in hospital delivery rooms and doctor's offices, school classrooms and admissions offices, police stations, courtrooms, places of business, and bank lending offices. The damage wrought by racism is visible, quantifiable, and traceable through generations.
But what is often lost in discussion is the physiological toll it carries. Racism, asserts the AAP policy paper, is a "determinant of health that has a profound impact on the health status of children, adolescents, emerging adults, and their families." And it turns out that perhaps the most pernicious symptom of racism is the stress and stress-related illnesses it causes.
Read the complete article at: Fatherly


text:
If you go back into the history of the NY style, you will see that the basic NY style pizza was made using flour, water, fresh yeast and salt. The flour originally was all-purpose flour but over time pizza operators used bread flour and high-gluten flour as they became available and popular for that style. The bread flour and high-gluten flour were commonly bleached and bromated. Sometimes they were just called "pizza flour". There was no sugar or oil used in the dough, and the dough was mixed by hand (before Mr. Hobart invented the commercial mixer) and fermented at room temperature (commercial refrigeration had not yet been invented). Dry yeast products such as ADY and IDY had not yet been invented (IDY was invented just after World War II and IDY was invented in the 1970s), so the yeast used was fresh yeast. The pizzas were typically baked in high-temperature coal fired ovens. When deck ovens were invented and became commercially available, oil and sugar started to be added to the dough. When refrigeration became commercially viable for cold fermenting dough, it allowed pizza operators to make dough and be able to use it for more than one day. The end product pizzas were typically quite large, with 18" being typical. In some cases, they were even larger than 18".
Today, if you were to investigate what NY style pizza operators are doing, you would find that all of the above measures are being used by someone somewhere. However, over time, there has been a movement toward the use of high-gluten flours and the regular use of oil in the dough. The flour is most likely to be bleached and bromated. Sugar might also be added to the dough, especially if the dough is to be cold fermented for more than a few days. And dry yeast products are regularly used. Most of the NY style pizzas today are likely to be baked in deck ovens, although there are still coal-fired ovens being used to make the earlier NY style pizza, often called the "elite" style to differentiate those pizzas from the "NY street" style. The elite style pizzas come in the larger sizes although the NY street style pizzas can come in a wide range of sizes, including 12", 14", 16" and 18", with the most common size still being the 18" size. There is also a wide range of toppings for the NY street style and bake times also tend to be on the high side, much longer than would be used to make the Neapolitan style, which are typically baked in very high temperature wood-fired ovens with bake times of under about 2 minutes and often under a minute. Also, the Neapolitan style pizzas rarely get above 10"-12" in size. And, as John noted, the flour used for that style is usually an unbromated, unbleached, unmalted flour such as the 00 flour, there is no sugar or oil used in the dough, and the pizzas are sparsely topped. The sauce is typically made from Italian San Marzano tomatoes and the cheese can be fresh mozzarella cheese of buffalo mozzarella cheese. The NY style pizzas typically use canned domestic tomato products and processed mozzarella cheeses.


Nation Centered vs. State Centered Federalism
For example, if a state wants its legal drinking age to be 18 instead of the federal government age of 21, the federal government can threaten to withhold funds for that state's highway fund.
The benefits and disadvantages of federalism are closely related to its strengths and weaknesses.
1. Federalism manages social and political conflict by dispersing political power within and among governments. This is accomplished with geographic diversity, ethnicity, language, religious preferences and other differences that are represented in state and local government groups.
2. Administrative efficiency in the form of fiscal incentives:
a. Categorical grants - money is provided for specific state projects, with federal agencies overseeing exactly what to fund.
b. Block grants for general purposes such as education or welfare.
c. Revenue sharing -funds were provided to states based on a specific formula such as population, tax effect and income levels.
3. Innovation. States and local governments customize policies to accommodate demands a
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Overview | Moving Average | Exponential Smoothing | Sales Profile | VRS
The fancy name for a moving average is called ARIMA, or auto-regressive integrated moving average. In statistics, any time you use history to forecast the future, it is called "auto-regressive". A typical method used by JDA allocation, a moving average is a basic forecasting method that uses a user-defined time period, or a rolling time period of history, averages the values together, and uses it to estimate the future. The equation is simple:
Example: Say we have 3 sales periods, 100, 120, and 230. The average would be these three values divided by 3, or 150. Now let's say the next period sales is 40. A moving average will take the last three periods, or 120, 230, and 40, or 130.
If sales are relatively flat from period to period, without any seasonal trend then a moving average is a good bet. In retail apparel this is not a particularly helpful method unless the time period you average is from a year ago for the same time period you're trying to forecast. In statistics, this is called the ARIMA model. The moving average also is challenged by trend effects, especially if the time period being used for the average is from a year ago.
We'll create a retailer with February as their first fiscal month. Let's try to forecast our retailer's February sales of the new fiscal year for 2016 using a moving average. Say we have the following sales by month for 2014 and 2015. One way we can forecast is to take a rolling average (non-seasonal). The other is to take an average of the same time period from both years (seasonal).
Here are the monthly sales (click to enlarge). We will be using a standard 4-5-4 NRF calendar.
The seasonal moving average, means we take the sales from February 2014 and February 2015 and average them together to predict 2016, or (379,762 + 373,141) / 2 = 376,452.
To obtain a regular moving average let's take the last three months. But first we'll need to convert the monthly sales into average weekly sales so we can compare months which have different numbers of weeks. Click to enlarge.
So, if we take November 2015, December 2015, and January 2015, average them together we get (162,319 + 156,690 + 64,895) / 3 = 127,968. Now we convert it back to monthly figure by multiplying this value times 4 since February is a 4 week month and we get 127,968 X 4 = 511,872. With just a minimal amount of analysis we can see this forecast is going to be unreasonable. Non-Seasonal moving averages on seasonal data is generally not a good idea and now you can see why.
The actual sales for February 2016 is 326,181 as shown in this bar chart.
Part I: Moving Averages
Part II: Exponential Smoothing
Part III: Sales Profiles
Part IV: Variable Response Smoothing


Overcome Controlling Behavior
Controlling behavior can get out of control and is negatively affecting the people around them. However, once a person realizes this, they can start figuring out why they are so controlling and how to overcoming this behavior.
The first step to working on your controlling behavior is to realize how and when you are controlling. Make a list of when you have been controlling and situations where this behavior is amplified. Ask family members and friends for help with this list-part of the battle is to know when you're acting this way.
When you are controlling around loved ones, ask them to come up with a code word that will help you notice your behavior. This will help you become more aware of your surroundings and patterns in your behavior.
Consider why you like things a certain way or why you are exhibiting controlling behavior. The best relationship advice is to work towards having a equal relationship with your loved ones-this is a time to consider not only how your controlling behavior is affecting the people in your life but where this behavior comes from.
Brainstorm ways to work through your controlling behavior. When you feel the need to correct someone or to ask about their plans, instead give them a compliment or count to ten so that you can think about whether you really need to say what you're thinking. A lot of people are controlling because they are anxious or angry, so when you feel a spell coming on, take a time out, squeeze a stress ball or try wearing a rubber band around your wrist so that you can play with it instead of falling into old behaviors.
If you feel as if you can not deal with your controlling behavior, consider counseling. You may need professional help to cope with a lifetime of controlling behavior. It just might help you keep your loved ones from running away from you.
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text:
Sediment Cells - These are lengths of coastline where the movement of sediment is self contained (the same). If the movement is affected then the next sediment cell should not be affected.
Shoreline Management Plans are plans about how the coastline is managed in one sediment cell.
Why have Shoreline Management Plans?
They are here to:
- Coordinate activities between coastal authorities
- Adress the conflicts between coastal activites
- Make a sustainable defence strategy
- Make a defency strategy which is compatable with adjacent coastal areas
- Take into account natural coastal process and humans
- Encourage cooperation between coastal stakeholders
The four managment options
Do Nothing-This is where they put no defences in place apart from those for safety. They monitor the situation but allow nature to take its course
Hold the Line-This is where they do put defences, keeping them in the same place so that the land does not retreat any more
Advance the line-Here they move defences further into the sea but this is a very rare decision
Retreat the line/Managed Retreat-They move defences further into the land
Examples of Management Options
Do nothing-East Barton-Low value of land-Golf Course
Hold the Line-Central Barton-Property but no new developments allowed
Managed retreat-West Barton
-Abbots Hall Farm
Criteria for management plan
FeasibilityWill the plan be succesful and work? Are you able to follow that management plan there?
Cost effectiveness-Tested by cost benefit analysis
Appropiateness-Is it appropiate for it here? Decided from environmental impact and risk assesments.
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)
This is where they take into account the sustainability of ecomoic and social activity and protecting the coastal environment.
It brings together all of the stakeholders involved and their interests and responsibilies.
It takes into account as the geographical context of a coast been
- River Catchments draining into coastal areas
They recognise the importance of sediment cells.


Ask Joey ™ a Question
What is the difference between Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K?
The key difference is that Regulation S-X focuses on financial information while Regulation S-K focuses on nonfinancial information. The two visuals below outline what is required under each regulation:
You might also be interested in...
 - What is regulation S-K?
 Regulation S-K governs the form and content of all nonfinancial statement related disclosures that are related to the financial statements. The visual below outlines the key nonfinancial disclosures that are required.
 - What is regulation S-X?
 Regulation S-X governs both the form and content of the financial statements and the financial statement disclosures. The visual below outlines what is required under Regulation S-X for the annual financial statements (10-K) and interim financial statements (10-Q).


text:
Selecting a house painting contractor can be a daunting task and choosing a painter on price alone can be a very costly mistake. Here, is a list of four major risk factors and ten questions you can ask to help you decide which painting contractor represents the best value for your particular needs and your tolerance for risk.
The four risk factors are:
1- Assessing Financial Risk:
Not every painting contractor represents the same level of financial risk to you. Do they carry liability and workmen's comp insurance and do they have their own employees, instead of subcontractors? If the answers are yes, your financial exposure is much lower. Additionally, it is important to note that if the painting contractor is a small operator and will work hands-on as a painter on your project, he/she most likely is excluded from the policy; in which case, the risk would falls back on you if he/she is injured on your painting project. So asking if the owner-painter is excluded from the policy is a good idea as well.
2- Assessing Reliability and Professionalism:
Does the painting contractor belong to PDCA (Painting and Decorating Contractors of America)? Are they accredited as contractors by PDCA? Do they perform background checks and drug testing? If the answers are yes, this painting company has invested in being knowledgeable about the painting business and is committed to operate in a professional manner.
3- Assessing the Likeliness of a Successful and On-Time Project:
Does the house painting contractor have an Employee Training Program and a Safety Program? If they do, their employees will likely perform at a higher level and in a more consistent manner, while using safe work practices. These factors will contribute substantially to a successful outcome for your house painting project.
4- Assessing the Likeliness of a Long-term Relationship:
Is it important to you for the painting contractor you choose to be someone you can call "My Painter for Life"? If so, ask the following three questions. Are they a member of their local Chamber of Commerce? Do they warranty their painting work? Do they have an up-to-date website? If the answers are yes, you have a painter who takes a long view about their business and is more likely to value a long-term relationship with you as a customer.
As a consumer, when you compare painting contractors, you assess their TRUE Value to you, based on what is most important to you.
Painting in Partnership, Inc. has developed an easy-to-use form you can download from our website. It enables you to actually quantify your risk in choosing a painting contractor. Click here to download the form.


text:
Definition of legateship
n. - The office of a legate. 2
The word "legateship" uses 10 letters: A E E G H I L P S T.
No direct anagrams for legateship found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after legateship (in bold), or to aeeghilpst in any order:
s - legateships
All words formed from legateship by changing one letter
Browse words starting with legateship by next letter


text:
Ounce vs Troy Ounce
Ounce is a unit of measurement of weight and is used in many countries. Roughly equal to 28 grams, ounce is used in many systems but two more popular systems are avoirdupois ounce and troy ounce. Avoirdupois ounce is simply known as ounce and used in all parts of the world but it is troy ounce that holds significance when it comes to measurement of weights of precious metals. Let us see the difference between ounce and troy ounce as any mistake on the part of a buyer can cost him in hundreds of dollars when it comes to gold and silver.
For everyday weighing, it is avoirdupois ounce that is commonly used. If you weigh yourself on a scale, you get your weight in pounds and ounces that are avoirdupois ounces and avoirdupois pounds.
1 avoirdupois ounce =437.5 grains or 28.35 grams
1 avoirdupois pound contains 16 ounces, which makes it 453.6 grams.
Troy ounce is heavier than the ounce used in a grocery store. It is used in precious metals. So when you buy an ounce of gold or silver, you are getting a troy ounce and not ordinary, everyday ounce. It weighs 10% more than common ounce and has 31.1 grams in comparison to ounce that has 28.35 grams.
It is believed that troy ounce is older than an ounce and was used in Troyes France in the Middle Ages. We know that a troy ounce is heavier than an ounce. But since a troy pound contains 12 troy ounces and an avoirdupois pound contains 16 ounces, a troy pound is lighter than an ordinary pound.
So we know now that a troy ounce weighs 31.1 gm whereas an avoirdupois ounce weighs 28.35gm. The formula to convert grocery ounce into toy ounce is as follows.
Regular ounceX0.912 = troy ounces.
- Ounce is a unit of measurement of weights while a troy ounce is especially used for the measurement of precious metals
- Troy ounce is heavier than ordinary ounce
- While ordinary ounce contains 28.35 gm, a troy ounce contains 31.1 gm


Abstract
Three closely associated travertine deposits that have been precipitated from hot springs occur near Wellsville, Colorado. Field relations suggest that hot waters dissolved carbonate from underlying Ordovician dolomites and migrated to the surface along faults that border each deposit. Conformity of the deposits to present topography plus several nearby tepid springs date the deposits as very recent. A post-Sangamonian(?) age is indicated by their occurrence on river gravels of Sangamonian(?) age.
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text:
Trusses are Installed: Raised-Heel Trusses Save Energy in Attics
- Conventional sloped attic framing or trusses are inherently shallow at the roof eaves, leaving inadequate space for comprehensive insulation, and resulting in excessive thermal losses and gains along the roof edge.
- Raised-heel trusses differ from conventional trusses in that they are raised higher, extending up from the perimeter wall plate, raising the truss from the top of the perimeter wall and providing some vertical space between the wall plate and the top chord of the truss.
- Framing a new home with raised-heel trusses improves structural and energy performance and offers many labor and energy savings.
Framing with raised-heel trusses allows full height attic insulation to extend all the way to the attic eaves. Better insulation here translates to drier walls and lower HERS scores; improved ceiling insulation eliminates the cold spots at the top of exterior walls that conventional trusses create, resulting in a more stable temperature and a more comfortable home. Used in combination with exterior walls that are fully sheathed with plywood or OSB, raised-heel trusses help improve structural and energy performance.
- Increased spans can eliminate some internal load-bearing walls.
- The additional space allows for the full specified depth of insulation, better ventilation, and more flexibility in the choice of insulation.
- Overlapping the heels with continuous plywood or OSB sheathing eliminates the need for blocking to prevent uplift during inclement weather and saves money in materials.
- The design helps prevent ice dams, which occur at the eaves of conventional roofs where insulation at the wall and truss intersection is thinnest and is often compressed and where R-value is already reduced.
- Though extra material is used to create the trusses' raised design, the extra cost can be offset by the need for less insulation, and energy efficiency is still not compromised.


text:
Have you ever poured yourself a cup of milk and instead of a smooth liquid, all you get is clumps? This is usually a sign that the milk has gone bad. And if it smells sour, it probably has. But the physical process of what happened to the milk is called coagulation, which is the mechanism that occurs when proteins in the milk clump. Although you do not necessarily want this in your milk, without coagulation (or curdling) there would be no cheese or yogurt, which is why it is a very important process in the food industry. Wonder how you can make milk curdle—without having it be spoiled? Try this activity to find out!
Humans have turned milk into a multipurpose liquid. By itself, milk is a nutrient-rich beverage. But when you start treating milk in various processes, all kinds of other products can be created such as butter, yogurt, buttermilk and cheese. Milk mostly consists of fat, protein, lactose (a kind of sugar) and water. The milk fat is suspended in the water as fine droplets, which makes it an emulsion. Milk also contains a lot of proteins that, in this case, are mostly whey and casein. Because casein is poorly soluble in water, its proteins build spherical structures called micelles that allow them to stay in suspension as if they were soluble.
With both fat and proteins in suspension, the milk is a white liquid as we know it. The micelle structures, however, can easily be disrupted or changed, and once altered they cannot be reformed. Because the micelle holds the casein protein in suspension, without it the micelles will clump together and the casein comes out of the solution. The result of this process of milk coagulation, or curdling, is a gelatinous material called curd.
The processes for making many other dairy products such as cottage cheese, ricotta, paneer and cream cheese start with milk curdling. This is why cheese producers want the milk to curdle. There are different ways to start milk coagulation. You can do it with acid or heat as well as by letting the milk age long enough or with specific enzymes (which are proteins that perform a specific chemical reaction). Chymosin, for example, is an enzyme that alters the casein micelle structure to make milk curdle. Proteases are other enzymes that disrupt the casein micelle structure by chopping up proteins, causing milk to curdle. In this activity you will try two different methods of making milk curdle—and produce some cheesy results!
- Lemon (fresh)
- Pineapple (fresh)
- Lemon squeezer
- Food grater, juicer or blender
- Cutting board
- Two pieces of cheesecloth or cotton fabric
- 10 small transparent and microwavable cups (that each hold about two ounces)
- Paper towels
- Permanent marker
- Adult helper
- Workspace that can tolerate spills
- Timer (optional)
- Mark four of the small cups with the labels "pineapple juice," "pineapple juice (heated)," "lemon juice," and "lemon juice (heated)."
- Take a fresh pineapple and with the help of an adult cut off the rind on a cutting board. Only use about one fifth of the pineapple. Cut the flesh in smaller pieces and grate it. Alternatively, you can use a juicer or blender. Then, place the grated fruit in a piece of cheesecloth and squeeze at least one teaspoon of juice into each cup that you labeled with "pineapple juice."
- Put the cup that you labeled "pineapple juice (heated)" into the microwave and heat it just long enough to get it boiling (about 10 to 20 seconds). When it starts to boil, carefully take it out of the microwave and let it cool down.
- Take a fresh lemon and use the lemon squeezer to make lemon juice. Add at least one teaspoon of juice into each cup that you labeled with "lemon juice."
- Again, put the cup labeled "lemon juice (heated)" into the microwave and heat it for 10 to 20 seconds. Once it starts boiling, carefully take it out and let it cool down.
- Label four of the remaining cups "1" to "4."Fill each of these cups with about one tablespoon of milk.
- Label the last two cups "curd" and "whey."
- Place the cup that you labeled "1" in front of you. It should contain one tablespoon of milk. How does the milk look? What happens if you gently swirl the milk in the cup? Do you notice anything unusual?
- Use a clean teaspoon to add one teaspoon of the freshly squeezed lemon juice to your milk in cup 1. Swirl the cup slightly. Does the milk change when you add the lemon juice? If yes, does the change occur immediately or after awhile? When you swirl the cup a little bit, what do you observe at the wall of the cup?
- Take your second cup of milk and this time add one teaspoon of the heated lemon juice. Do you see the same reaction happening as before? How does the milk change? Is the reaction as fast as the previous one?
- Use your third cup of milk, and with a clean teaspoon add one teaspoon of pineapple juice to the milk. Observe what is happening for about five minutes. Does the milk curdle with pineapple juice? Is the reaction fast or slow compared with that of the lemon juice?
- To the fourth cup of milk add a teaspoon of heated pineapple juice and swirl the cup slightly. Again, observe the cup for about five minutes. Do you get a similar result again or is it different? If yes, how is it different? What do you think happened? Can you explain your observations?
- Choose the cup with milk that gave you the greatest amount of curd. Then, place your second cheesecloth over the cup labeled "whey" and carefully pour the curdled milk mixture onto the cloth. Fold the cloth over the curdled milk and squeeze the liquid from the mixture into the cup. Do you see a lot of liquid coming out of the cheesecloth? What does the liquid look like? Is it clear, does it have a color or does it still look like milk? What do you think the liquid is?
- Once you have squeezed out all the liquid, open the cheesecloth and scoop the curd into the cup labeled "curd." How much curd did you get, and what does it look like? Does it remind you of a cheese product? How does it feel if you touch it with your fingers? What parts of the milk do you think are inside the curd?
- If you want (and only if you used clean materials!), you can taste a little bit of the whey and curd. Does it taste similar to milk? Is it sweet, sour, creamy or salty? Does it remind you of a particular food?
- Extra: What other solutions can make milk curdle? Try out different fruit juices or other edible liquids that you find in your kitchen and test how your milk reacts to these. Remember that acidity (how sour something is) and enzymes are good ways to make milk curdle!
- Extra: How much pineapple or lemon juice is necessary to make milk curdle? To find out you could repeat this activity, but this time change the amount of juice that you add to your milk. Is one drop enough or do you need 10? How many drops does it take to make the milk start to curdle?
- Extra: In this activity you tested one kind of milk. Do you think other milks such as fat-free and lactose-free milk or coconut and almond milk will give you the same or similar results? There is only one way to find out: test it!
- Extra: Do you want more cheesy results? Then use this activity to make some real cottage cheese. An example recipe is given below in the "More to explore" section.
Observations and results
Did you see some nice clump formation in your milk? Whereas regular milk looks smooth and white, it changes very fast when you add a teaspoon of lemon juice. It almost immediately gets thicker in consistency, and you see white clumps forming that stick to the cup wall when you swirl the milk slightly. The clumps, or curd, consist of casein proteins that are usually in solution where they form micelle structures. These structures are very fragile, and when you change the conditions of the solution, they can easily break up and form clumps of casein proteins. This can happen if you change the pH, or acidity, of the milk, which means making it sourer. Lemon juice is very acidic, and that is why you see the casein proteins clumping once you add it. Heating the lemon juice does not affect its acidity, which means when you added heated lemon juice to your milk, the exact same reaction should have occurred.
Pineapple juice, on the other hand, is not acidic enough to break the micelle structure of the casein proteins. Your milk still clumps when you add it, however. This time, it is not the acidity but special enzymes within the pineapple that make the milk curdle. The pineapple contains an enzyme extract called bromelain, which contains a protease enzyme that chops up the casein proteins, destroying their micelle structure. You might


Music changes perception
Do Lefties Have Superior Spatial Perception?
A new study suggests that Right Handed people perceive their right arms to be longer than their left arms, while left handed people have an accurate perception of arm length. I know it sounds bizarre, but it is a fact. The study suggests that this perception difference is due to the face that in left-handed […]


Category Archives for Podcasts & video's
Negative intention, lecture Anna Timmermans
Negative intention, de jewel of Core Energetics
A lecture of Anna Timmermans about the Lower Self, given in Corona time. You can find the lecture when you klick here.
Podcast: Why I Listen
Why I Listen
Podcast: Why I Listen
Zelino Modesto, student from NICE, Dutch school for Core Energetic Therapists, made interesting podcasts. In Why I listen, he interviews different guests about the concept and qualities of listening. What happens in us when we truly listen and what makes us feel listened to. What is good listening? With the help of various guests connected to therapy, arts, teaching, communication, etc. he explores different perspectives and levels of listening. How do we listen deeply? How do we listen to ourselves and oters? Which part of us is listening in a given circumstance? With his guests he dives into the secrets of communication and relationship and gain more insight on this beautiful quality.
three podcasts are of most interest for us:
S1 E1 – Extraordinary Space with Nuno Salema
S1 E3 – I Sense You with Gees Boseker (of course!!! :))
S1 E10 – Inner Callings with José Abreu
Listen to the podcasts on Spotify.


text: Diffusion-time dependent diffusion MRI (dMRI) has been proposed to characterize tumor microstructure. This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic value of time-dependent dMRI based microstructural mapping to grade and categorize pediatric brain tumor at 3T. Oscillating and pulsed gradient dMRI was performed in 35 pediatric patients. Cell diameter (d), intracellular fraction (fin) and extracellular diffusivity (Dex) were fitted based on the IMPULSED model. Higher cellularity (fin/d) and fin and lower Dex were found in high-grade glioma than low-grade ones. The cellularity further increased in medulobastoma compared with glioma. Cellularity achieved the highest area-under-the-curve than the other dMRI metrics in grading glioma.


main article image
(Debashish Sharma/Twitter)
What's The Deal With This Ridiculous Yellow Turtle Found in India?
For the second time in just three months the Indian Forest Service has announced the discovery of a golden flapshell turtle.
Like a slice of cheese, a slab of butter, or the yolk of an egg, this zesty creature with its vivid yellow shell, head, and limbs looks good enough to eat - and has fast become an internet sensation.
While such aberrations of colour are rare in nature, this bizarre phenomenon is more common than many recognise.
Yellow variants of the Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata) - which typically are brown with yellow spots and a creamy white underside - have been discovered a handful of times over the years in various parts of South Asia, where it is one of the most common aquatic turtle species.
The genetic anomaly doesn't happen often, but when it does, it tends to stand out.
In 1997, a turtle with a uniformly yellow body and pink eyes was discovered in Gujarat on the west coast of India, and other similar examples are said to have been found in Myanmar and Bangladesh, although the data are unpublished.
Just this summer, a golden turtle was snapped in Odisha, an eastern Indian state, and when posted on Twitter, a wildlife biologist in India claimed to have found three such individuals the year before.
Even more recently, a paper was published on the first discovery of a golden flapshell found in Nepal.
While there's little information on the most recent finds, the phenomenon is thought to be caused by a lack of body pigmentation.
It's similar to pure albinism - a genetic disorder that causes a complete lack of pigments in the body - but instead of showing up completely white, in certain cases, yellow pteridine pigments can survive to dominate colour production (along with eye pigments).
This is known as chromatic leucism, and among turtles, researchers say it can produce the most "dazzling" colour variants.
While not exactly rare among flapshell turtles, researchers describe the phenomenon as "relatively uncommon".
In July, when the first golden turtle of the year went viral, herpetologists in India explained that in some cases, if a different pigment makes it through, this species can even appear red. That said, examples of such ruby-coloured turtles are almost impossible to find online.
But while turtles sporting such vivid hues might be cherished as viral phenomena and could be highly prised in the pet trade, in nature lacking your normal colouration can be quite the burden.
"For instance, a normally coloured L. punctata is much better camouflaged in the murky, greenish, aqueous environment the species frequents than a gold-coloured individual," explains the paper written on the Nepal discovery.
Very often, these golden creatures are'rescued' from their natural habitats and relocated to new areas or placed in captivity.
In this new case, the golden turtle was accidentally snared in a fishing net, and as herpetologist Sneha Dharwadkar explains on Twitter, this represents a problem.
"Its almost impossible to relocate flapshells anywhere because 1. they are found in most waterbodies…" she writes, "2. Most places have fishing."
"[W]e need to find an alternative to relocating flapshells," she adds
It's not easy being green, but apparently it's a lot harder being yellow.


Astrophysics

Jiang Number Theory (JNT)
Authors: Laurent Schadeck
Jiang Chun-Xuan2 is a Chinese mathematician who claims to have developed new number theoretic tools consisting mostly in the Jiang function Jn (s #) where s # 2.3.5...p, p n denotes the primorial function to solve fundamental problems in Number Theory such as the Goldbach Conjecture, the Twin Prime Conjecture, the k-tuple Conjecture, and some other 600 basic prime number theorems. The fundamental motivation of Jiang to develop a number theory different from the one we are familiar with (we, number theorists) comes from his recent claim (1997) that the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) which lies at the foundations of all prime number theories, is false, that all calculations done to improve it are misunderstood, and that the entire speculative theory done through it (see Connes, Bombieri, Zagier et al.) are eventually uncertain.3 Our goal in this paper will be to review Jiang's achievements from his disproof of RH to his establishment of the new number theory.
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
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Submission history
[v1] 7 Mar 2008
Unique-IP document downloads: 231 times
Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.
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text: Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) personnel archived and performed quality control of 5-minute average and 10-minute peak wind speeds at each tower adjacent to the main runway at EAFB from _PHONE_. They calculated wind climatologies and probabilities of average peak wind occurrence based on the average speed. The climatologies were calculated for each tower and month, and were stratified by hour, direction, and direction/hour. For the probabilities of peak wind occurrence, MSFC calculated empirical and modeled probabilities of meeting or exceeding specific 10-minute peak wind speeds using probability density functions. The AMU obtained and reformatted the data into Microsoft Excel PivotTables, which allows users to display different values with point-click-drag techniques. The GUI was then created from the PivotTables using Visual Basic for Applications code. The GUI is run through a macro within Microsoft Excel and allows forecasters to quickly display and interpret peak wind climatology and likelihoods in a fast-paced operational environment. A summary of how the peak wind climatologies and probabilities were created and an overview of the GUI will be presented.


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Stories are one of the first cultural experiences of childhood. Even newborns can expect a bedtime story.
The Lexington Art League's current exhibition, Tales They Told Us, examines the scale and effect of cultural narratives and mythologies. But what about the stories kids have to tell us grown-ups? Isn't it important to hear their perspectives on the narratives playing out in their lives?
LAL outreach coordinator Mary Beth Magyar collaborated with Common Good, a faith-based nonprofit serving kids in North Lexington, to visually document the stories of nine students in kindergarten through sixth grade, many of whom are Hispanic or black immigrants.
The result is Tales We're Telling You, a companion exhibit on the second floor of the Loudoun House.
Working one on one, each child drew directly onto wood panels with pencil in a series of drawings that reflect themes of family, love, power, bullying and playtime. The drawings were carved into woodblock prints by artist Joel Feldman and then printed by Derrick Riley.
The young artists and collaborators will be signing the works during a reception this spring.
Feldman, a retired professor of printmaking, describes the project as a "true collaboration."
"I kept their characters and their details, but I really developed the image and the space around it and the whole composition so it became a formal print if you will," he says.
"This type of collaboration offers a lot of possibilities for young students because it allows them to work with a professional and to see the results and characters of their ideas really pushed and developed," Feldman says, adding that it can be a unique way to approach issues such as bullying, a subject some of the young artists address.
"Certainly you can handle it through school administration, but if the kids get to actually talk about their reaction to the situation, and then have their images shown in a public place," he says, "it can have an effect and make people think in ways that are a little different."
Feldman hopes the city or perhaps a private citizen will buy the prints and display them in a public setting such as a library, giving the profits to the children.
Candace Chaney is a Lexington-based writer.


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Working Community of the Danube Regions
Presidency of Upper Austria in 2009: "Sustainably Shaping the Future of the Danube Regions"
The year 2009 and the following years are of special importance for the Danube region. The "iron curtain" which has separated Europe over decades fell twenty years ago. Five years ago, the European Union (EU) was successfully enlarged towards the east. The cooperation of the Danube Regions enabled an economic growth that resulted in a prosperity by which all Europe has profited. After Linz in 2009, Pécs was European Cultural Capital in 2010. With Hungary, one of the Danube states held the EU presidency in the first half of 2011.
With Croatia and its two member regions of the Working Community of the Danube Regions, another state of the Danube Region will - presumably on July 1, 2013 - become a member of the European Union.
During this important year 2009, Upper Austria had the presidency of the Working Community of the Danube Regions for the second time after 1994. The presidency had the main topic "Sustainably Shaping the Future of the Danube Regions". Top priorities of the Upper Austrian presidency were, among other things, the overcoming of the recent economic and financial crisis, the EU strategy for the Danube region, and improving the cooperation between the Danube states and regions in the fields of environment and climate protection as well as in the fields of energy, traffic, and transport. During the year 2009, many conferences, meetings, and projects relating to the Danube region were held in Upper Austria.
Conference of the Working Community of the Danube Regions and Donauforum 2009 in Linz
Under the Upper Austrian presidency, on June 29, 2009 the Conference of the Regional Leaders of the Working Community of the Danube Regions, where representatives of eleven regions participated, and the Donauforum 2009 were held in Linz. More information is available under the link "Conference 2009 and Donauforum".
Presidency 2010/2011: City and State of Vienna
On January 1, 2010, the city and state of Vienna took the presidency of the Working Community of the Danube Regions. Also in Vienna the jubilee conference for the celebration of 20 years Working Community of the Danube Regions took place on May 17, 2010. The main focus of the Vienna presidency are the continued effort of the Working Community for the EU Strategy for the Danube Region, the Partnership for Joint Action against Climate Change, and the acknowledgement of the Danube Limes as world cultural heritage of the UNESCO.


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Granted, composting is beneficial to your garden plants and to the environment in general.
And with the innovation in technology, composting today has become easier with compost tumblers.
But for this reason as well, it makes hard to choose which composter tumbler is right for you.
To help you decide, it is best to know the different types of composting tumbler, their features and their drawbacks.
There is a tumbler mounted horizontally on a framework, Known as crank-operated tumbler, it is operated by a crank, which you shall use in turning the tumbler.
It comes with ridges to help the contents mixed inside.
Emptying it is never difficult because it is elevated from the ground.
Nonetheless, for the same feature, it makes crank-mounted tumbler difficult to fill up when you have biodegradable wastes for composting.
There is also a rolling composter tumbler horizontally mounted on a base.
It comes with rollers or points for spinning the tumbler.
While it is good, emptying out the compost is difficult as it cannot be tumbled over.
You need a shovel to take out the humus, which may not be entirely removed.
The roll-around composting tumbler is another type.
It is a large molded ball that needs to be rolled on the ground to mix the organic scraps inside.
Maybe to some, it is fun.
But, the problem is that, the tumbler never rolls into the direction you desire, particularly if it is already full.
Emptying it is another issue because it is just difficult.
The urban compost tumbler is the final type.
It is identical to a crank-operated one in the way that the drum is mounted on a frame, but instead of horizontal, the urban compost tumbler is vertically mounted.
It is easy to operate like all other types of compost tumblers.
To mix the organic material, you only need to tumble the tumbler from left to right or to let it rotate like a ferris wheel does.
To take out the compost, you just have to turn the tumbler over to the ground.
Its drawback is the close proximity or distance of the tumbler from the ground, which requires a lower wheelbarrow so it can be placed directly beneath the opening of the tumbler.
Other than this, urban compost tumblers are the ultimate choice of most people.
Named as Urban, urban compost tumblers are often of smaller size than the other three, which makes it very convenient for the urban lifestyle.
But unlike all the others, an urban composter tumbler is eco-friendly.
It is completely made of recycled plastic materials for that added "green" touch.
And due to its design it is also the most effective for containing the compost odor within the tumbler.
So you don't have to be afraid of killing your next door neighbor with that rotten smell.
Another distinct feature of urban composting tumblers is its Central Aeration System, which is patented.
Among the four elements needed for successful composting, oxygen is the most important.
It is also the most evasive as it needs to be constantly lured into your compost tumblers.
Nevertheless, with urban composting tumbler, your organic materials are given oxygen with its cross-shaped core aeration tube found inside.
The core aeration tube easily and quickly attracts the oxygen from the outside and locks it inside so it is mixed with the scraps during the composting process.
I cannot express in writing just how significant the role of oxygen is in your compost pile.
If you've ever done composting before, you know that it literally can make or break your compost.
Because of its small size, the urban compost tumbler is also very effective for composting small piles without reducing the needed heat, all due to its insulation system design.
Yet, despite its relatively small size, it can still accommodate up to 71 gallons or 270 Liters of waste.
When the lid of your urban compost tumbler is securely placed, it does not only retain moisture during dry season, but it can also keep off the excess moisture during rainy season.
Moreover, pests cannot interfere with your compost pile since it is sealed shut.
In closing, choosing the most suitable compost making equipment for you can be the difference between you looking forward to making compost, since it's so easy, and you dreading and completely ignoring to make compost because it is a handful to do.
So choose wisely.
READ : How To Use Compost Tumbler


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The Laksamana (Jawi: لقسامان) is a position within the armed forces, similar to the position of admiral in Malay sultanates and in present-day countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. The word Laksamana originated from Lakshmana, a figure in the Hindu epic of Ramayana.
The Laksamana in the Malacca Sultanate was in charge for the sea security of the Sultanate, and most importantly, the China-India trade route within the Straits of Malacca. That trade route was the lifeline of the Empire. He was in full command of the Malaccan fleet, outranked only by the Bendahara and the Sultan.
Malacca's most famous Laksamana is Hang Tuah.
In modern times, the word refers to a rank in the Indonesian Navy, Royal Brunei Navy, and in Malaysia by the Royal Malaysian Navy and Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (the Malaysian Coast Guard).
The common grades for "Laksamana" title are:
- Laksamana Pertama (lit. "First Admiral", a one-star rank, Rear Admiral or Commodore)
- Laksamana Muda (lit. "Young Admiral", "Rear Admiral", a two-star rank)
- Laksamana Madya (lit. "Middle Admiral", "Vice Admiral", a three-star rank)
- Laksamana ("Admiral", a four-star rank)
- Laksamana Armada (lit."Fleet Admiral", a five-star rank used by Royal Malaysian Navy)
A five-star rank has been established by Indonesian Navy, known as "Laksamana Besar" ("Grand Admiral"). Nobody has yet been awarded this rank and it is reserved for such a person with a great service and achievement to the Navy. The term has also be used by normal civilians in referring to a person commanding a number of ships.


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Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
ISSN: 2321-581X(Online), 0976-2973(Print)
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Testing the Performance of Pressure Sewer Systems to Reduce Wastewater Overflow
Rahul R. Biswas
Tripti R. Biswas
Rahul R. Biswas1*, Tripti R. Biswas2
1Asset Management and Planning, Christchurch City Council, Christchurch, New Zealand
2Engineering Consultant, Christchurch, New Zealand
Wastewater overflow is one of the major sources of surface water pollution. A pressure sewer system is considered to be effective for reducing wastewater overflow by controlling the operation of pump stations during different storm events. It is a challenge to control pressure sewer systems efficiently and effectively especially in a complex sewer network. In a simple, well-defined sewer network, pressure sewers are highly effective in controlling sewer overflows in the downstream network. But in a complex sewer network pressure sewer systems may, in some cases, even increase the sewage overflows due to complexity in the network and area-wide variation of wet weather response in the network. This paper reviews the pressure sewer systems in post-earthquake Christchurch. The paper examines how reliable a pressure sewer system is in reducing wastewater overflows during different storm events. Hydraulic modelling tools have been used for this research.
Reduce wastewater overflow, modelling pressure sewer, performance of pressure sewer, sewage, water pollution, water quality.
Rahul R. Biswas, Tripti R. Biswas. Testing the Performance of Pressure Sewer Systems to Reduce Wastewater Overflow. Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2017; 8(4): 315-321.
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Metadata Plus: How Libraries Assure Discovery of Locally Created Content
This presentation offers a simple illustration of the ways html code, metadata tagging and other strategies enable content discovery. It contains examples that can be understood by anyone familiar with a bibliographic record. Librarians who grasp these concepts will be well-prepared to convince faculty that the library is both a safe and sustainable archive for their work, and that placing content with the library is more likely to lead to its discovery than any personal web space.
Melanie Feltner-Reichert, Marie Garrett, and Linda L. Phillips. "Metadata Plus: How Libraries Assure Discovery of Locally Created Content," in Pushing the Edge: Explore, Engage, Extend; Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, March 12-15, 2009, Seattle, Washington. Chicago: American Library Association, 2009, pp. 75-80. Available at: _URL_
Slides to Accompany ACRL 2009 Presentation


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New evidence suggests those with autism don't have a normal ability to produce cellular energy, which can damage cells and impair cognitive function. L-carnitine works at the cellular level to convert glucose to energy.
In one study, 30 children aged 2 to 8 with autism took 45 mg of L-carnitine per pound of body weight, or a placebo. After six months, while the placebo group had not improved, the L-carnitine group had better scores in tests of verbal and non-verbal communication, using objects, fear and nervousness, and interpersonal relations. Doctors said L-carnitine
was safe and significantly improved autism symptoms.


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calculation of angles
gatfix at hotmail.com
Fri Dec 17 06:41:39 EST 1999
I see that in many modelling programs
where an angle theta is to be calculated, it is very often
calculated as atan2(sin(theta),cos(theta)), where atan2,
according to the manual,
is a FORTRAN function approximately equal to
I don't understand:
(a) why atan2(y,x) is preferred to atan(y/x);
(b) why one couldn't directly take acos(cos(theta)) or
asin(sin(theta)), instead of having to obtain both sine and cosine.
(the cosine of angle is easy to obtain, but sine is not).
Any help appreciated. Mark
Sent via Deja.com _URL_
Before you buy.
More information about the Molmodel


text:
Charlotte Smith (4 May 1749 – 28 October 1806 / London)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
Sonnet Lxx: On Being Cautioned Against Walking On An Headland Overlooking The Sea, Because It Was Frequented By A Lunatic
Is there a solitary wretch who hies
To the tall cliff, with starting pace or slow,
And, measuring, views with wild and hollow eyes
Its distance from the waves that chide below;
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily.


text: As a result of the 1989 spring flood event on the Red River of the North, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District was tasked with evaluating a hydrologic and hydraulic computer model called UNET. The model required input data accurately positioned to within 1/10 of a foot. The Corps of Engineers contracted with the USGS to conduct a survey using the "STOP AND GO" kinematic mode. The accuracy requirement of the survey dictated that a network of reference bases be distributed throughout the study area and that shore baseline distances be maintained. The GPS survey involved making transects of over 180 miles of roads, excavation spoils banks, and over 300 individual points all with an error of less than 1/10 of a foot.


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Since wholesaling real estate involves getting a property under contract at a very low price and then, without ever making any improvements whatsoever, re-selling the property (or assigning your equitable interest) to another buyer for a higher price, then an ethical issue may exist that is rarely talked about or mentioned. It's the elephant in the room when the topic of wholesaling real estate is discussed but no one is talking about it! Usually, the more common question investors ask is, Is Flipping Real Estate Illegal?. As you learn from that article, in most cases, it is legal. However, law and ethics can be two very different things. So is wholesaling real estate ethical? Let's talk about it.
What's the potential ethical issue with wholesaling real estate?
Sometimes, the only reason why an investor is able to get a property under contract for a low enough price to be able to wholesale it, is because the owner doesn't know any better or has an inaccurate understanding of the value of their property. Are you operating at the highest ethical level if you are getting a seller to agree to a very cheap price for their property when you know in your heart that they are unaware or misinformed as to the actual market value?
This is the potential ethical issue that exists below the surface of wholesaling real estate that investors should evaluate when embarking on this investing technique. Central to this question is the fact that most property owners can simply call up a real estate agent and if that agent markets the property on the MLS correctly, most sellers can get in the ballpark of the market value for their property. Yes, they will have to pay 6% or so in real estate commissions and yes, they may need to drop their price below full market price, but in the end, the amount the seller will net in their pocket will usually be substantially more than what a wholesaler would give them. There is a reason why banks require that their REOs be listed on the MLS by a real estate agent. If banks were really so desperate to unload their REOs and wholesalers gave them such a great deal, why would they list them on the MLS? Why wouldn't they just dump them off to local wholesalers? Because banks want to get top dollar for their foreclosures and they are smart enough to know that the MLS is where the biggest pool of potential buyers are located. Therefore, the MLS is where banks want their REOs to be marketed.
There are two schools of thought on the wholesaling real estate ethics:
- Side # 1 - A Deal is a Deal: These investors take the stance that, "if the seller is happy with what I've offered, then a deal is a deal." Certainly that is a valid point. When you're wholesaling real estate, you're following one of the most tried and true business models in economic history; the wholesale-retail model. For example, look around your home. How did most of that stuff get there? The majority of those items wound up in your home from the following process. First, the manufacturer created the item and sold it to a wholesaler. The manufacturer made a profit by charging more for the item than it cost to manufacture it. Second, the wholesaler sold that exact same household good to a retail store for more than what he paid for it from the manufacturer. The wholesaler made its profit by being the middleman; buying low and selling higher. Third, the retail store sold you the exact same item that they bought from the wholesaler for more than what they paid for it from the wholesaler. The retail store made their profit by being the middleman and buying high and selling higher. Except for the manufacturer, everyone else in the chain made their money by buying and then re-selling the exact same item for more money to the next customer down the line. That is the wholesale-retail model in action and it has been used throughout business history. Therefore, how is it unethical if the seller is satisfied with the sales price you have negotiated with them? What does it matter if you sell it for more, they got what they wanted? You're simply following in the business model footsteps of most businesses.
- Side # 2 - Give the Seller Their Options: These investors think, "If I know that this seller could simply put this property on the MLS and make an extra $10,000 more than selling it to me, then I need to at least share the options the seller has available to them so that they can make an informed decision."
These two opposing viewpoints also carry with them practical issues to wholesaling that can be argued on both sides as well.
The drawback of not educating the seller of all of their options, such as putting the property on the MLS with an agent, is that after the contract is signed, they may begin asking friends and family about their decision. Soon, the owner may realize, even before you've closed, that they are selling their property for far less than they should. Their next move will be to try to get out of their contract with you by any means necessary (legal or otherwise). When a person thinks they are being taken advantage of (or not getting their "fair share"), they will go to great lengths to get things straightened out.
However, by educating a seller on how they can possibly get more for their property than what you are offering, they may opt to not sell to you. So by providing a seller with their options, you may lose deals.
Proponents of educating property owners of their options would also argue that some sellers will actually appreciate the information and then still end up agreeing to sell to you to avoid any future hassles with real estate agents or other people viewing the property. Then, they would be far less likely to back out of the deal. Or, even if they decided to work with someone else, they might so appreciate your helpful advice that they may refer other business to you.
Where do I stand on this debate, you ask? In all transparency, I used to subscribe to the "Deal is a Deal" mentality. Although I am not judging those who think that way, I now personally err on the side of providing property owners with all of their options and then allowing the sellers to make the choice that is best for them. I like being a consultative business person anyway. I try to understand the person's situation fully, then weigh out their options, then let them come to their own conclusion as to the best approach for them, and then give them what they want (or refer the deal to someone who can help that person better than me).
Which side of the argument do you stand? Please add your comments at the bottom. What's your stance on the wholesaling real estate ethical issue?