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Gone are the days of a simple "short back and sides" and limited choices for eyewear. In today's world of style, understanding how different face shapes influence your look is paramount. Your hairstyle and choice of glasses can either accentuate your features or leave you wishing for a more flattering outcome.
Consider This: rocking John Lennon frames on a round face? Not the best idea. Opting for a skin fade with a diamond-shaped face? Think twice. To truly elevate your style game, you need to grasp the nuances of face shapes and how they play a pivotal role in crafting a look that suits you perfectly.
If navigating the intricacies of face shapes feels as perplexing as escorting a vegan to Nando's, fret not. We've got you covered with a fail-safe guide to help you confidently answer the age-old question, 'what is my face shape?' It's time to unlock the secrets of your unique profile.
Face Shape Chart
The diverse realm of face shapes encompasses seven unique profiles, as depicted in the chart below. If identifying your face shape isn't as straightforward as a quick glance, or you find yourself wavering between categories like round and square, don't worry. We'll guide you through a precise and detailed method to measure your face accurately, enabling you to confidently determine your distinctive face shape.
How to Measure Your Face?
STEP 1: The Essential Tools
While you might have a trusty builder's tape measure somewhere in your toolbox, it's not exactly the ideal choice for measuring your face shape. To make the process easier and more accurate, equip yourself with a flexible tape measure akin to those used by tailors. With this tool in hand, along with a notebook, you're ready to embark on your face shape measurement journey.
STEP 2: Measuring Your Forehead
To determine your face shape, it's crucial to identify the dimensions of your facial features – whether they are long, short, or perfectly balanced. We'll begin with the forehead, a key area. Measure across the widest section, usually located approximately halfway between your eyebrows and your hairline. This measurement serves as the foundation for understanding your unique face shape.
STEP 3: Measuring Your Cheekbones
Your cheekbone width is a critical factor in selecting the right hairstyle. An incorrect choice can significantly impact the balance of your features, including the relative proportions of your ears.
To measure your cheekbones accurately, position the tape measure across the most prominent part, which is typically just below the outer corner of each eye. This measurement is essential for a precise understanding of your face shape and subsequent hairstyle recommendations.
STEP 4: Measuring Your Jawline
Regardless of your build, your jawline is a defining feature worth measuring. To locate it, measure from the tip of your chin to just below your ear, at the spot where your jaw begins to angle upward. Keep in mind that you have a jawline on both sides of your face, so remember to multiply the obtained measurement by two to determine your jawline length accurately. This measurement plays a pivotal role in deciphering your face shape and making informed decisions about your hairstyle.
STEP 5: Measuring Your Face Length
The distinction between a rectangular face and a square face is a mere two inches—no joke, it's a fact.
To determine your face length, place the tape measure from the center of your hairline and extend it down to the tip of your chin. For individuals with shaved or bald heads, estimate the point where your hairline would naturally be. This final measurement provides a comprehensive understanding of your face shape, enabling you to make well-informed choices regarding your ideal hairstyle.
Deciphering Your Face Shape
After obtaining these measurements, the largest among the four will serve as the telltale sign, guiding you to your distinct face shape. Compare your measurements with the profiles provided below to pinpoint the shape that best defines your face:
Oval Face Shape
- Characteristics: Face length surpasses cheekbone width, and forehead length exceeds jawline.
- Jawline: Rounded.
Square Face Shape
- Characteristics: All measurements are relatively similar.
- Jawline: Sharp, not rounded. Often considered the masculine ideal.
Rectangle/Oblong Face Shape
- Characteristics: Face length is the longest measurement; forehead, cheekbones, and jawline are similar in size. Are you wanted to know which hairstyles would suit on your oblong face shape? Check this guide of stylish haircuts for long face men.
Round Face Shape
- Characteristics: Cheekbones and face length measurements are similar and larger than the forehead and jawline.
- Jawline: Soft, less defined.
Diamond Face Shape
- Characteristics: Face length is the largest measurement, followed by cheekbones, forehead, with the jawline being the smallest.
- Chin: Pointed.
Heart Face Shape
- Characteristics: Forehead measures greater than cheekbones and jawline, and the chin is pointed.
Triangle Face Shape
- Characteristics: Jawline surpasses cheekbones, which, in turn, are larger than the forehead.
Understanding your face shape empowers you to make informed decisions about various aspects, including your hairstyle, beard, and sunglasses, to enhance your overall look.
FAQs About Face Shapes
How Can I Determine My Face Shape?
Determine your face shape by measuring your forehead, cheekbones, jawline, and face length. Then, compare these measurements to the defining features of each face shape.
Which Face Shape Is Considered Best for Men?
Some consider the square face shape ideal for men due to its traditional masculine look, characterized by a well-defined jawline and sharp features. However, you can use your hairstyle, beard, accessories, and style to enhance your natural features.
Do Round Faces Age More Gracefully?
Indeed, they do! Round faces have a natural advantage as they tend to store more fat in the cheeks, contributing to a more graceful aging process. So, even if you possess a round face, remember that aging can be on your side.


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Apr 11, 2012 / ENERGY GLOBE Award
Project presentation - "Solar houses for Siberia"
Low energy houses which do not require additional energy for heating are almost state of the art here in Austria. But how is the situation in the icy regions of the Russian Far East, like in Vadivostok, with records being minus 68 degrees, chilling winds and a soil that is always frozen?
People in Russia usually heat their homes with millions of tons of oil, gas, coal, and firewood, but still houses get no warmer than 14 degrees. On average, every Russian uses 50 % more energy than any citizen of the EU. Saving energy is an unknown concept.
An innovative architectural design developed by the Far Eastern Federal University of Vladivostok is tackling these challenges and brings a new quality of live into the living rooms of people: the "Eco House" for everyone has an overall heat insulation made of a special material not only for the roof and walls but also, and especially, for the foundations.
So the house stays warm even in the most icy winter, and no longer sinks into the ground, which normally happens when too much heat softens the permafrost soil. With its windbreak architectural form and thanks to solar collectors and heat storage systems now a comfortable 22 degrees can be reached and the house needs only very little energy from external sources even in very cold conditions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Chalta or elephant apple is a fruit that is said to be native to China. The fruit thrives in swamps and semi -tropical forests in deep soil and humid atmosphere. The fruit is also said to possess tonic and laxative properties, and is used for abdominal pains. The bark and leaves are astringent. Dried leaves are used as a substitute for sand paper in polishing ivory and horn. Ripe fruits are gathered at maturity.
Fleshy sepals form the edible portion. Though the fruits contain enough sugars, still these taste pleasantly sour due to predominance of acid. These are seldom eaten raw and are mostly used as flavouring in curries and are also made into jams and jellies. The fruit contains carbohydrates and proteins. It is also rich in beta-carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, thiamine, and riboflavin.
Rubbing the fruit's gummy substance in the scalp is believed to treat dandruff and hair shedding. The fruit of the elephant apple tree is enclosed in a hard husk, which must be cracked to get at the fruit. This can be accomplished by hurling the fruit at a hard surface or by using a hammer to crack the husk open. The natives of Ambikapur and Jashpur region confirmed that the Elephants are fond of this fruit.
These regions have wild population of Elephants. Although Chalta is a common tree in different parts but it is a matter of surprise that the traditional healers are not much aware of its traditional medicinal uses and properties. Besides fruits, they use its leaves and bark in treatment of common diseases.
In Indonesia, chalta is mixed with honey and eaten for breakfast. In Thailand, they eat the leaves in salads while in India the pulp is used in savoury chutneys. The thiamine, riboflavin, and beta-carotene make it an important ingredient in medicines for the heart and liver. An infusion of the bark and stem can reduce heart palpitations and hypotension.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Potential increases in the yield of agronomic crops through enhanced light interception have led many growers to consider using narrow rows in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). However, no information is available on how narrow row spacing affects weed management or fits into an integrated pest management strategy. To address this, field studies were conducted in Delaware and Maryland in 1996 and 1997 to evaluate the effects of row spacing (38 vs. 76 cm) on weed control, and on yield and quality of lima bean. Weed management inputs were also evaluated with labeled or reduced pre-emergence rates of metolachlor plus imazethapyr applied broadcast or banded. Only 76-cm rows were cultivated according to the standard practice for this production system. In general, row spacing, herbicide rate, and herbicide application method had no effect on lima bean biomass or yield, on weed density, control, or biomass production, or on economic return. However, weed control consistency was improved when wide rows were used, even with reduced herbicide rates, possibly because of cultivation. Using reduced herbicide rates and band applications resulted in 84% less herbicide applied without affecting weed control. Chemical names used: 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide (bentazon); 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1Himidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid (imazethapyr); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Purpose: Although new teachers' induction is a key issue of principals' work, there's still little research on this. Occurring within the frame of a EU project, the goal of the study was to perceive the main needs of principals to support beginning teachers in Belgium (Flanders), Finland and Portugal.
Research method: It built on a questionnaire applied to 1654 principals in three countries. 261 principals replied to the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used, and a comparative test involving the countries under analysis was performed.
Findings: The most relevant needs referred to professional/organizational development and pedagogical leadership, comprising implementation of supervisory devices and ICT integration in the classroom. Principals stressed the need to support new teachers to promote differentiated pedagogy, critical reflection and collaborative practices. Moreover, we found significant differences between countries: Belgians presented the highest scores in all dimensions, followed by the Portuguese and the Finish, respectively.
Conclusions: There's a consensus on the relevance of principals' action as pedagogical leaders, with a great focus on collaboration as a methodology of work among teachers, and reflection as an opportunity for professional growth and learning. Traditionally, this issue concerned only teachers. Currently, there seems to be a shift towards a commitment of principals to become more directly involved in driving teachers' practices and teaching processes. Nevertheless, this consensus is not total, as they value differently, in breadth and depth, the other dimensions, which must be analyzed in the light of the idiosyncrasies of each educational system.
school management, school principal; pedagogical leadership; new qualified teachers' induction; professional and organizational development


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Soil Nailing Systems
Soil nailing systems are utilized to support top-down excavation methods in certain soil conditions, and are most effective in very dense granular soils and cohesive soils. SNS can be designed and utilized in both temporary and permanent applications.
The excavation progresses in vertical increments of approximately five (5) feet. The exposed soil is then covered by a layer of shotcrete having an approximate thickness of four (4) to eight (8) inches, depending upon design requirements. In conjunction with each tier of shotcrete, a row of soil nails is drilled into place on a horizontal spacing ranging from four (4) to six (6) feet. Once the shotcrete and soil nails are installed at each level, the above process is repeated in subsequent vertical increments until design subgrade elevation is reached.
Soil nailing systems are advantageous in many circumstances. First, where construction schedules are critical, the general excavation can begin immediately prior to and in tandem with the soil nailing operation, thereby reducing the overall project schedule. Second, soil nailing can be performed within soils that are too dense to be penetrated with conventional driven earth support systems. Finally, soil nailing is also beneficial at sites where rock is at or above subgrade elevation, where additional "toe" would otherwise be required for conventional earth support systems.
Typical Applications for Soil Nailing Systems
Temporary and Permanent Earth Support


Athletic Dept. needs to dispel nepotism
Athletic Dept. needs to dispel nepotism
Eli Hartman-Seeskin, Sports Columnist
The Athletic Dept. and Boosters claim to provide teams with proportionally equitable funding, but the current system leaves athletes feeling disadvantaged and needs to be adjusted for greater transparency and equity.
Currently, every team is allocated a flat amount from the athletic department supply account. According to athletic director Chris Livatino, this amount ranges from $500 to $3,800, to cover the basic needs of each sport, regardless of gender. On top of that, teams can fundraise and coaches can make up to two special allocation requests per year from Boosters. The Boosters decide which equipment and programs they can fund each year, based on those requests.
The issue arises when students perceive a bias in how funds are distributed. Some student athletes believe that their sport gets less money if they have fewer spectators or if they do not have a family member on Boosters to vouch for them.
While Livatino vehemently denied any nepotism in funding, the fact remains that some teams get more money than others, and some athletes justifiably feel their sports are being slighted.
From the Athletic Dept. and Boosters' perspectives, each sport has different needs that need to be accounted for in funding. It is logical to give football more money than cross country, because football equipment is far more expensive than running uniforms. At the same time, if certain coaches never make special allocation requests, their team will never get the extra equipment that the same sports receive at other schools.
While it is not the athletic department's fault if coaches do not ask for the gear players want or need, it is a sign that the current system needs to be fixed.
There needs to be better communication directly between athletes and the athletic department. If a coach does not believe in requesting additional equipment, players should be able to make a request directly to the school.
The current system leaves athletes in the dark and breeds jealousy between teams. As long as some sports get more money than others and as long as parents on Boosters have the opportunity to provide special allocations to their own child's sport, the possibility for and perception of corruption will remain.
The solution is greater transparency. Making information available on how teams use their funding and why they need more or less than other teams would show athletes where the money is going. It will help student-athletes realize how much more the school is investing in their sport than they know, or provide an explanation of why another team needs more money than they do.
Publishing the equipment and operational costs of each sport is one measure the Athletic Dept. can take to reassure students. Further, allowing players to submit special allocation requests to their coaches and the Boosters would help athletes understand if it is their coach who is denying their request rather than the Boosters. Finally, if the Boosters want to dispel perceptions of nepotism, publishing their responses to each special allocation requests can show students whether Boosters gives more attention to certain sports.


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fist ball is a setback play for two crews with five players each.
table of contents
fist ball is a setback play, with which two crews on two half fields face each other, similarly as with the Volleyball. They are separate those by a center line and a cord (also line called), between two posts into 2m height is strained. Each crew consists of five players, who try, in such a way to strike a ball with the arm or with the fist over the line into the opposing half field that it is not attainable for the other crew.
The ball may jump up between each contact by a player once on the soil, however only within the playing field. Per play course it may by maximally three different players be affected, must then however at the latest by the third player over the line to the opponent be rewound.
The line was replaced in the last years of the better visibility because of by 5 cm a broad netlike volume. It may be affected neither by a player nor by the ball (errors). The ball becomes with the defense and with passes on with the inside of the stretchedLower arm easily, with the attack with the fist struck. If it affects the stretched palm or other parts of the body than the arm, it is rated as error.
is played to points. If a crew makes an error, the other one gets one point, even ifit no impact had. The crew, which committed the last error, makes the next impact. Won the crew, which decided first three (with championships or tournaments sometimes two) sentences for itself. A sentence ends at 20 points, whereby at least 2 points differenceto be must. The sentence is however at the latest at 25 points to end (25: is thus possible for 24). In some play classes or with tournaments also a play is on time possible (z. B. two half times à 10 minutes).
as most important errors (and with itPoint for the opposing crew) are rated:
- The ball or a player the line or the posts affect.
- The ball affects the soil outside of the playing field.
- The ball affects the soil twice one behind the other, without a contact was by a player between them.
- The ball becomeslaterally to the post past or underneath the line in the opposing field easily. It may be played only above the line and between the posts extended mental upward in the opposing half field.
- More than three players of a crew affect the ball during a play course (at the latestthe third player must carry the ball in the opposing half field).
- A player affects for the second time within a play course the ball. If three ball contacts take place, it must be three different players.
- The breaking open player affects or crosses with the impact the 3-m-Linie (service line).
- The ball affectsanother part of the body than the upper or lower arm or the fist. Just as little may be affected the ball with the palm.
field and resounding season
fist ball is no seasonal sport. In the summer (field season) one plays it in the free one on the sports field (field size 50x 20 m). In the winter (resounding season) in resounds played, whereby the drawn in hand ball field is then used as Spielfläche (field size 40 x 20 m). In is each wall contact resounds by the ball an error. The cover may be affected, except with the attempt, thatBall over the line in the opposing field to strike (errors).
the playing field
with the field fist ball is fixed the playing field size on 50 x 20 m (25 x 20 m per half field). With the resounding fist ball the rule sees a shorter field of 40 x 20m forwards (20 x 20 m per half field). There this the regular size of a hand ball field corresponds usually the external lines existing for it is used. The service line is in each case 3 m far away from the center line. It may not be affected with the impact. The lines belong toField, D. h. if the ball affects the line, is this no error and it is further-played.
The line or the volume is strained between two posts. The upper edge is in 2 m height (men) and/or. 1.90 m (women). To the playing field also one belongscertain discharge zone, which is drawn in in the free one (8 m to the rear; to 6 m at the sides), in resounds however by the wall and/or. Grandstands is limited (minimum: 1 m to the rear and 0.5 m at the sides).
the fist ballis hollow, air-filled and consists of leather. It must be evenly round and tautly inflated. For the play in and for different joke run gene in the Freifeld offers the trade of balls with different surfaces resounds on (z. B. Nature leather, plastic coating, rubberized surface).
Its weight can varybetween 320 350 gr (women) and 350 380 gr (men). Its extent must amount to 65 68 cm, its air pressure between 0,55 and lie 0,75 bar. It is thereby in approximately as hard as a match football (0.6 0.7 bar) and somewhat harderas a Volleyball (0.29 0.32 bar). Also its extent is similar to that of a football and/or. Volleyballs.
The ball can reach 100 120 km/h with a full strike. Its care is a science for itself. Each crew has its own care methods (z. B. grease,grow, treat with care sprays), in order to adapt it to own play tactics as well as the outside play conditions.
contrary to the Volleyball, where the players rotate and after each impact changeanother position take, has in the fist ball each player its firm position. It may be exchanged in the play at will, but this is rather uncommon, since usually each player is a specialist on its position. A further difference to the Volleyball is that that the fistball game fieldmuch more largely, a fist ball crew however a player is less has than a Volleyballmannschaft, whereby each individual player must take off much more area, in order balls to erlaufen. However the ball may jump up between each contact of a player once on the soil.
Dependent on the underground (resoundsor lawn, fast or slow soil, z. B. on wet roads) the list changes. In the illustration two different lists are to be recognized:
Crew A shows the typical list in the field season (W-form). The Zuspieler takes the front centre zone off, around briefly playedTo be able to erlaufen balls directly behind the line. However it must take with the fact in purchase that it has a short response time with straight-line, hard strikes by the center only for the defense.
Crew B shows the typical resounding list (U-form). There the ball in thatResounds is rather calculable and thus short attack balls are not so effective, the Zuspieler withdraws itself to the rear Auslinie for the defense. However it has to carry thereby the largest Laufpensum out, since it to pass on again and again forward run must.
On international levelalso in the field usually in the U-form one plays, since it offers better defense possibilities, which possess player however sufficient basic speed against hard attack balls, in order to be able to still erlaufen briefly into the center struck balls.
To be exchanged may arbitrary on each play position, but only with ownImpact or one time out, whereby each crew per sentence can take a time-out up.
the instruction (impact)
impact force, accuracy and an optimal course of motion are necessary, around the instruction (also impact called) to the full effect cometo leave. The server tries to obtain a direct point to make or at least the structure of play more difficult with the opponent. The ball is met usually with the inner surface of the fist. Full force reaches the ball however, if one it with the hand edge clenched to the fistmeets. The risk to the miss is larger thereby because the impact surface is smaller than with the inner surface of the fist.
A variant, which control only few, is the so-called round impact. The stretched arm describes a round movement from the rear forward, meeting places is the interior lower armor the fist top side. The flight path of the ball is hardly to be foreseen for the opponent, and the round impact permits also steeply struck balls on the opposing aggressors.
With the indication the Schlagmann behind the service line (3-m-Linie) must stand. If it takes approach, then the first ground contact must directlyafter the ball contact (and/or. with a jumped instruction the landing) likewise behind the line take place, otherwise it is rated as false indication.
it gives different impact variants:
- straight-lined with full force into the gap between Zuspieler and defense players,
- with side cut, so that itself the ballbetween aggressors and defense players in-turns,
- strongly down begun to cut and briefly behind the line put,
- as Aufsetzer before the legs of the opponent,
in order to call only some.
The indication and/or. the impact is, as with many ball plays, often pure nerve thing. If it is too bad, it facilitatesthe structure of play of the opponent. Also a linen contact or a Ausball can be easy the result with to high risk. An impact ASS can serve however a crew come into arrears as motivation and leads thereby pretty


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Why Do Dogs Roll In Feces?
Rolling in dog, cat, cow, horse, coyote, and other animal feces is very common for dogs. There are several theories on this, and here is the one that seems most plausible. The primal, ancient instinct of dogs is to mask their scent for hunting. This would enable the dog to sneak up on his prey Read More


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Publication Date:February 15, 2012
News Source:Scientific Certification Systems
Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) has validated Anthrotect's Chocó-Darién Corridor carbon offset project to the Climate, Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Project Design Standards. The project, located in northwestern Colombia near the Panama border, was awarded CCB Gold Level status for its exceptional social and environmental benefits. These include measures for adapting to climate change, empowering globally poorer communities, and conserving one of the world's most unique ecosystems.
The project will help local Afro-Colombian and indigenous landowners generate income from carbon credits through the payment for ecosystem services through a program called REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation). The sale of these credits will provide an alternative source of income to logging and agriculture.
Forest Carbon Markets 2012
Forest Carbon in the News
The Jakarta Post (May 22, 2013)
Forests News - CIFOR (May 22, 2013)
Stock Journal (May 22, 2013)
The Guardian (May 21, 2013)
Congo Basin Forest Partnership (May 21, 2013)
REDD Vietnam (May 21, 2013)
Phys.org (May 21, 2013)
The Diplomat (May 20, 2013)


Biotect David Benjamin and his firm, The Living, have completed the MoMA 'Hy-Fi' tower using mushroom brick technology based on a technique developed by Ecovative.
Consisting entirely of farm waste and a culture of fungus that is grown to fit a brick-shaped mold, the tower is reportedly the world's first large scale structure made using the organic bricks.
The biodegradable material, which is generally used to make packaging, has been used to grow 10,000 bricks and stacked to create three merging cylinders.
The formation is designed to draw breezes through the structure, cooling and shading the Hy-Fi's interior, while a top layer of steel molds have been covered in a special light-refracting film invented by 3M.
The tower was designed as part of MoMA's Young Architects Program and will provide shade, seating and water for visitors attending a Summer music festival held at the courtyard site.
Courtesy Arch Daily


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Another Civil War Arkansas entry from the Encyclopedia of Arkansas, this one on Desertion in the Civil War by Steven L. Warren of Overland Park, Kansas. 1,380 more words
Sarah Handley Cousins has an article at Nursing Clio about Sgt. Bergdahl. While the furor over Sgt. Bergdahl's return has died down, questions about his release still remain. Cousins approaches Sgt. Bergdahl from a different perspective. She asks what role mental illness has played not just in the desertion of Bergdahl, but of other soldiers from United States in previous wars. We are finally beginning to understand the devastating impact of post traumatic stress disorder on soldiers. It is possible that PTSD played in role in Bergdahl's case.


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Galveston was the first weather office west of the Mississippi River.
Galveston Weather History for the Previous 24 Hours Show weather for: Previous 24 hours June 5, 2020 June 4, 2020 June 3, 2020 June 2, 2020 June 1, 2020 May 31, 2020 May 30, 2020 May 29, 2020 May 28, 2020 May 27, 2020 May 26, 2020 May 25, 2020 May 24, 2020 May 23, 2020 May 22, 2020 May 21, 2020
This climate is considered to be Cfa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.
The first weather office and climatological gathering point for the city of Galveston was located at 67-69 Strand. The average surface water temperature in Galveston is decreasing during September, falling by 4°F, from 85°F to … The March weather guide for Galveston, Texas shows long term weather averages processed from data supplied by CRU (University of East Anglia), the Met Office & the Netherlands Meteorological Institute.Find out … Galveston Island is a historic beach town located on the Gulf of Mexico just 50 miles from Houston.
The office was commissioned by the Signal Corps on April 1, 1871 (weather data for 1871 is incomplete). Galveston climate summary The Galveston lies on 9m above sea level Galveston's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Galveston. NOAA National Weather Service Houston/Galveston, TX.
Check average temperature, sunshine & rainfall plus more to Galveston, Texas Galveston is located near a large body of water (e.g., ocean, sea, or large lake). Galveston's Current Weather & 7-Day Forecast. Weather Underground provides local & long-range weather forecasts, weatherreports, maps & tropical weather conditions for the Galveston area. 17°C sea temperature; Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec. Data was collected at this location through August 31, 1874. Galveston Island's Climate. These average ocean temperatures for Galveston are calculated from several years of archived data. Be prepared with the most accurate 10-day forecast for Galveston, TX with highs, lows, chance of precipitation from The Weather Channel and Weather.com
Galveston, Texas - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts.
This section reports on the wide-area average surface temperature of that water.
Map showing location of Galveston (29.301350, -94.797700) Locations nearby Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. Cristobal - Latest information from the National Hurricane Center; May 2020 Regional Climate Summary Galveston's climate is classified as humid subtropical, with long and hot summers June – September and temperatures regularly over 90°F and indexes over 100°F and nighttime lows still in … Galveston Weather averages for holidays in 2020/2021.
The island is best known as a vacation destination, offering 32 miles of beaches, a variety of family attractions, Texas's premier cruise port and one of the largest and well-preserved concentrations of Victorian architecture in the country.
GALVESTON Current & 7-Day Forecast.
Galveston Weather Forecasts.
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The title is probably a bit too broad. I frequently encountered the following situation: suppose I need to select a solution to a linear equation from a compact set. Can I make this selection continuous?
Formally, let $S \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be a compact set. Let $A$ be a $k \times n$ matrix ($k < n$), which we view as a linear function $A: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^k$. Let $T = A(S)$ be the range of $A$ on $S$. Is there a continuous function $g: T \to S$, such that $A g(y) = y$?
To construct $g$, we only need to pick a value from the solution set $A^{-1}(\{y\}) \cap S$, which is compact. The question is: can we choose it in a continuous way? It is easy to see that we can choose $g$ to be Borel measurable, say, choose $g$ to be the one with the minimum Euclidean norm from the solution set.
share|improve this question
alright. I think this is impossible in general. Example: $n = 2, k =1$. $S = [-1,0] \times $ {1} $\cup$ $[0,1] \times $ {0}. Then T=[-1, 1]. There is a problem at y=0 – mr.gondolier Apr 6 '10 at 3:56
I think what is lacking here is convexity. Otherwise, one can make use of this selection theorem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_selection_theorem – mr.gondolier Apr 6 '10 at 4:20
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A systematic review of prevalence and risk factors associated with playing related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) in pianists.
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Background Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) are a recognized problem amongst instrumental musicians. Although pianists are prominent in data regarding prevalence of PRMDs, there is poor understanding of piano-specific risk factors associated with PRMDs. Aim To synthesize published literature on the prevalence of and risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists. Methods Thirty-eight databases were searched. Eligible studies were those investigating prevalence of or risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists, using an appropriate methodology according to a hierarchy of evidence. Information regarding study population, operational definition of PRMD, risk factors investigated, statistical tests used and outcomes was extracted and narratively synthesized for all eligible papers above an arbitrarily chosen quality score. Results The literature search identified 482 citations. Fifty-two papers were ranked in a hierarchy of evidence; 12 were eligible for evaluation using a quality assessment tool. Common methodological limitations included sampling/measurement biases, inadequate reporting of reliability/validity of outcome measures, lack of operational definition of PRMD and no statistical significance testing. Prevalence rates for PRMDs in pianists varied widely (26–93%). Four authors demonstrated statistically significant risk factors; however, no authors combined a clear operational definition of PRMD with statistically established risk factors. There was no consensus between authors regarding risk factors. Conclusions Current evidence does not provide sufficient information regarding prevalence of and risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists. Future studies should provide an operational definition of PRMD, use valid, reliable measurement tools, utilize a prospective cohort study design and perform appropriate statistical tests.
PRE2009-Health Information Systems (incl. Surveillance)


text:
Sorghum is the second most cultivated crop in Africa and is a staple food source of many
African communities. Exploiting the associated plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) has
potential as an agricultural biotechnology strategy to enhance sorghum growth, yield and
nutritional properties. Here we use Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP)
and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) to evaluate the factors that
potentially shape rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial communities associated with sorghum
farmed in South Africa. Microbial diversity was typically higher in the rhizosphere and
rhizoplane compared to the endophytic zones (root, shoot and stem). Geographical location
was one of the main drivers in describing microbial community assemblages found in
rhizospheric and endophytic sorghum-linked niches. NO3-N, total nitrogen and pH were
clearly identified as the main abiotic factors shaping sorghum-associated soil communities.
Our results also suggest that specific bacterial taxa with potential N-fixing capacities
(Acetobacter sp., Azospirillum sp., Pantoea sp., Bacillus sp. and cyanobacteria) are
consistently detected in sorghum-created rhizospheric and endophytic environments,
irrespective of environmental factor effects.


text:
Human sound localization of speech stimuli was tested using an accurate head-pointing task in three sound conditions: (i) broadband (22 Hz to 16 kHz); (ii) low-pass (22 Hz to 8 kHz); (iii) spectrally-smeared broadband. The experiments were conducted in virtual auditory space (VAS) so that reduced frequency selectivity (a consequence of cochlear hearing loss that has effects similar to spectral smearing) could be simulated in normally-hearing listeners. Broadband noise localization provided a control. Results show that broadband speech is not localized as accurately as broadband noise and that there is a significant reduction in localization accuracy for both the low-pass and spectrally-smeared sound conditions. The data show that accurate high-frequency spectral information is important for speech localization.
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text:
The aerospace and defense industries are some of the most highly regulated business sectors, with requirements that impact operators, suppliers, and other third-party manufacturing partners. To help coordinate activity across the entire supply chain, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) was established. This organization provides important documentation to help ensure compliance and assist companies in achieving a high benchmark for product and service quality.
Aerospace parts suppliers have an especially challenging task of not only meeting the regulatory requirements but also providing complete traceability for their products. The ability to track parts is necessary for the airline and defense industries due to the high stakes associated with a potential product failure. In this post, we'll review five important ways that aerospace manufacturers can improve traceability within their operations. Regularly pursuing incremental improvements can have a dramatic impact on Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) operations for suppliers, customers, and their partners.
While AS 9100 certification is not a specific requirement, it is highly recommended throughout the aerospace and defense industries. The traceability process included in these regulations follows a "Plan-Do-Check-Act" framework for tracing each component back to its point of origin. In many cases, the customers of an aerospace supplier may highly influence the company's decision to pursue certification. This is especially true for suppliers that provide parts to federal organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The AS 9100 quality standards are based upon ISO:9001 and represent industry best practices for safety and high-quality manufacturing processes. Each company must choose the exact way in which to align production capabilities with the requirements specified in the documentation. To reduce the risk associated with product failures, a company should streamline its processes in a way that provides auditors and customers with complete part-level visibility throughout the production, assembly, upkeep, and decommissioning phases of the product life cycle.
One of the key tenets of traceability is being able to find product information when you need it. Any delays can result in equipment downtime and lost revenue for customers. Since the typical aerospace supplier must work with several industry partners, it is important to coordinate document and part tracking to ensure there is no failure during hand-offs.
Documentation can now be managed in digital work systems that provide redundancy to data plates and printed documentation that accompanies any shipments. Tracking documents in real-time helps logistics coordinators ensure that the right documentation is present at the right points in the supply chain. This not only speeds up the process but also reduces additional work that must be done by staff to find and secure the right paperwork.
With the high degree of visibility that modern Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platforms provide, it's no surprise that they have become a critical resource for aerospace manufacturers. These systems integrate compliance, production, and quality functions in a way that is especially useful for traceability purposes. With a modern ERP system, a company can manage supplier policies, coordinate regulatory needs, and develop end-to-end traceability for each part.
Another important software program for many aerospace manufacturers is the Manufacturing Execution System (MES). Many suppliers are now taking advantage of 3D printing technology by implementing additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Using AM adds additional tracking complexity due to the need for prototyping and the creation of streamlined processes. Manufacturers that pursue additive manufacturing practices can often benefit from the use of an MES system to supplement ERP tracking and traceability.
All aerospace manufacturers must maintain a rigorous audit schedule to ensure that their products and organizational capabilities are performing as expected. In addition to specific regulatory requirements, it is also recommended to fully verify ERP software functions and any other systems used to automate inventory and resource management. It can be easy to focus on optimization and improvements while missing some fundamental checks. Reviewing and improving your audit checklists will help you more easily identify potential points of failure within the entire operation.
One certainty for manufacturers of all types is that technology will only continue to evolve. Several emerging capabilities show great promise for improving the quality of traceability in the aerospace industry. One of these is blockchain, which may be able to add a new level of trust and reliability to part tracking throughout complex supply chains. As an aerospace manufacturer, it is important to stay informed of these latest developments and create plans for assessing, testing, and implementing solutions that work for your operation.
Manufacturers of aerospace equipment and components compete in highly regulated industries that offer huge rewards for suppliers that can meet the challenges. Traceability for modern aerospace components requires careful planning and investment in quality technology tools. As these capabilities continue to evolve it is up to each supplier to determine their own path to success.


Time machine for Java
5 minute read
This article describes a tool developed to support unit-testing of time-dependent logic in Java applications. Originally it has been written for Devexperts' blog.
It is not always simple to write unit tests for time-dependent functionality. In straightforward situations simply replacing a method which returns the current time with a custom implementation will work. However, it is not enough for real programs testing. Let's try to understand why such solutions do not work and what do we really want in order to test time-dependent logic.
Here is a simple method counting the number of days before the end of the world:
fun daysBeforeDoom() {
 return doomTime - System.currentTimeMillis()) / millisInDay
Replacing all invocations of System.currentTimeMillis() with either an existing tools (one, two) or by writing a system specific code transformer using ASM or AspectJ framework will often suffice.
However, there are other cases where this approach is insufficient. Imagine we want our code to wake up each day and display " days left until the doomsday" as in the following code snippet.
while (true) {
 println("${daysBeforeDoom()} days left till the doomsday)
How can we test this code? How do we assert that it is invoked every day and that it displays the correct message? Using the simple approach described above and replacing System.currentTimeMillis() only allows us to test the correctness of the message. However, we would need to wait for a whole day to test it.
This way, it is practically impossible to test such code without additional tools. Let's try to create one!
Currently we have two methods that return the current time: System.currentTimeMillis() and System.nanoTime(). We also have several time-dependent methods that wait for an event with an optional timeout: Thread.sleep(..), Object.wait(..), and LockSupport.park(..).
In order to manage time, we want to create a new method increaseTime(..) which can change the current time and wake up waiting threads by virtual timeout.
To enable this, all of the existing time-dependent methods are need to be replaced with custom implementations. Let's see how this may work.
Test example:
You might have noticed that this test creates a potential race condition between our check message and the actual time it takes to complete the print operation. Of course, one approach is to add a pause.
Repaired test:
Thread.sleep(500 /*ms*/)
In regular practice, this test will almost always work but it is not guaranteed that checkMessage() is invoked after the message is printed. This can occur due to the complexity of the test logic or simply having the code executed on an overcommitted server. You might be tempted to increase the timeout but this makes the tests slower and still offers no guarantee of correctness.
Instead we need a special method that waits until all woken up threads have been completed.
Test we would like to write:
waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(1_000/*ms, timeout*/)
The inherent challenge is that we want to support all time-dependent methods during testing, but we also want a waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(..) method and it is not simple to support both.
Working at Devexperts I have developed time-test tool for testing time-dependent logic. Let's look at how it works.
Time-test is implemented as a Java agent. To utilize it you should add javaagent:timetest.jar and include it in the classpath. The tool transforms byte-code and replaces all time-dependent method invocations with our specific implementations. However, writing a good java agent sometimes is not simple so I have developed a JAgent framework at Devexperts to simplify java agents development.
When creating your time dependent tests you should enable TestTimeProvider. It implements all required time-dependent methods (System.currentTimeMillis(), Thread.sleep(..), Object.wait(..), LockSupport.park(..), …) and overrides their default implementations. In most tests, you do not need to actually manage the underyling time so the tool internally continues to utilize the default time-dependent methods wrapped inside the overloaded method. After starting TestTimeProvider you can use the TestTimeProvider.setTime(..), TestTimeProvider.increaseTime(..) and TestTimeProvider.waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(..) methods.
long timeMillis();
long nanoTime();
void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
void sleep(long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException;
void waitOn(Object monitor, long millis) throws InterruptedException;
void waitOn(Object monitor, long millis, int nanos) throws InterruptedException;
void notifyAll(Object monitor);
void notify(Object monitor);
void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);
void unpark(Object thread);
As previously described, the primary challenge of the TestTimeProvider implementation is supporting both the time-dependent methods along side the additional waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(..) method. Thus on every time change all required threads are marked as resumed and only then are woken up. At the same time, waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(..) waits until all threads are in the waiting state and none of them are marked as resumed. With this approach threads wake up, reset their resumed mark, perform their task and then return to a waiting state before waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(..) recognize them as complete.
Test with TestTimeProvider:
public void setup() {
 // Use TestTimeProvider for this test
 TestTimeProvider.start(/* initial time could be passed here */);
public void reset() {
 // Reset time provider to default after the test execution
public void test() {
 TestTimeProvider.increaseTime(60_000 /*ms*/);
 TestTimeProvider.waitUntilThreadsAreFrozen(1_000 /*ms*/);
There is another complexity with the time virtualization. The described approach works well if you need to control the time among the whole JVM. However, you usually want to make it possible not to affect testing library (e.g. JUnit) work, GC thread and other not related to your testing code things. Therefore, you need to understand if you are executing in the testing code to decide must you virtualize time here or not. For this purpose, time-test have to know entry points to the testing code (usually, test classes). After that, time-test traces new threads starts and marks them as ours too, which means that the virtual time should be used for them. However, there are some problems if you use shared scheduler like ForkJoinPool because it is started not from the testing code. In order to work with such constructions as well, the definition of entry points has to be expanded.
I think now you understand that it is not simple to test time-dependant functionality and hope that the time-test tool will make your life easier. The tool is open-sourced and available on GitHub.


text:
FRED has just added 70 monthly series from the Midwest Economy Index from the Chicago Fed, including these two headline series: The Chicago Fed Midwest Economy Index measures Midwest nonfarm business activity growth, and the Chicago Fed Relative Midwest Economy Index measures nonfarm business activity growth relative to national growth.
- Teaching About Diversity in Data | Bring FRED into the Classroom | February 2023
- Teaching About Adjusting for Inflation | Bring FRED into the Classroom | January 2023
- FRED Expands Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey
- Changes to Freddie Mac Dataset in FRED
- Teaching About Income and Wealth Inequality | Bring FRED into the Classroom | November 2022


text: III-nitride light emitters, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs), have been demonstrated and studied for solid-state lighting (SSL) and visible-light communication (VLC) applications. However, for III-nitride LEDbased SSL-VLC system, its efficiency is limited by the "efficiency droop" effect and the high-speed performance is limited by a relatively small -3 dB modulation bandwidth (<100 MHz). InGaN-based LDs were recently studied as a droop-free, high-speed emitter; yet it is associated with speckle-noise and safety concerns. In this paper, we presented the semipolar InGaN-based violet-blue emitting superluminescent diodes (SLDs) as a high-brightness and high-speed light source, combining the advantages of LEDs and LDs. Utilizing the integrated passive absorber configuration, an InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) based SLD was fabricated on semipolar GaN substrate. Using SLD to excite a YAG:Ce phosphor, white light can be generated, exhibiting a color rendering index of 68.9 and a color temperature of 4340 K. Besides, the opto-electrical properties of the SLD, the emission pattern of the phosphor-converted white light, and the high-speed (Gb/s) visible light communication link using SLD as the transmitter have been presented and discussed in this paper.


Difference between revisions of "Debugging Makefiles"
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== remake ==

== remake ==
"remake", is "A patched GNU make with a debuger,
+
''remake'' is a patched GNU make with a debugger,
better tracing and error reporting" (based on GNU make 3.81 now).
+
better tracing and error reporting. The latest version is based on GNU make version 3.82 released sources.

See: _URL_

See: _URL_
 +
 +
Use the option ''--debugger'' (short form is ''-X'') in your make invocation. For example:
 +
 +
$ remake --debugger
 +
 +
But much of the time you may be able to get by using just the better tracing that is given.
 +
For that use option ''--trace'' (short form is ''-x''). For example:
 +
 +
$ remake -x

== Debugging a kernel build ==

== Debugging a kernel build ==
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when you want to build for multiple architectures from the same source, or when you wish to avoid cluttering up

when you want to build for multiple architectures from the same source, or when you wish to avoid cluttering up

the source tree with object files, libraries and other generated files (to make diffs easier).

the source tree with object files, libraries and other generated files (to make diffs easier).
 +
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[[Category:Development Tools]]
 +
[[Category:Tips and Tricks]]
Revision as of 07:21, 11 May 2011
Here is some information on debugging Makefiles:
showing symbol values, and showing file dependencies
There's a good Dr. Dobbs article on this topic, by John Graham-Cumming, at:
or printable, all-in-one page, at _URL_
This article describes some macros you can put in your Makefiles to show you the values of symbols, and to show the dependencies that led to a particular target being built. This is handy if you have a complex Makefile that you are trying to debug.
Makefile Debugger
John has also written a Makefile Debugger.
The following articles describe the debugger and how to use it:
The following resources are needed to use the debugger:
Expand the tarballs from these, and place __gmsl, gmsl and gmd in the directory with the Makefile you wish to debug.
Add the following lines to your Makefile:
include gmd
and
all:
 $(__BREAKPOINT)
remake
remake is a patched GNU make with a debugger, better tracing and error reporting. The latest version is based on GNU make version 3.82 released sources.
See: _URL_
Use the option --debugger (short form is -X) in your make invocation. For example:
$ remake --debugger
But much of the time you may be able to get by using just the better tracing that is given. For that use option --trace (short form is -x). For example:
$ remake -x
Debugging a kernel build
Verbose options
There are several Kernel makefile tricks which are helpful for debugging a kernel build.
Try "make V=1 [<rest of make args...>]" to see all the full-length commands used to build the kernel.
Sometimes, if a particular step is breaking and you don't understand why, you can copy-and-paste from this verbose command output (to the shell command line). To do this you need to make sure you are in the correct source directory, and that all required files are present.
To see why a particular target is being build, use "make V=2". This is quite useful when a small change results in much more being build than you expected.
Building in a separate directory
Use the variable KBUILD_OUTPUT either as an environment variable or on the make command line, if you wish to put the build output into a separate directory from the source. This can be useful for several reasons, including when you want to build for multiple architectures from the same source, or when you wish to avoid cluttering up the source tree with object files, libraries and other generated files (to make diffs easier).


\lambda$ bindings into the context. The \texttt{intro} and \texttt{introName} tactics operate on a goal of the form $\fbind{\vx}{\vS}{\vT}$, introducing $\lam{\vx}{\vS}$ into the context and updating the goal to $\vT$. That is, a goal of this form is solved by a $\lambda$-binding. \texttt{introName} allows a user specified name choice, otherwise \Ivor{} chooses the name. % \begin{verbatim} intro :: Tactic introName :: Name -> Tactic \end{verbatim} % For example, to define our addition function, we might begin with \DM{ \Axiom{ \hole{\VV{plus}}{\Nat\to\Nat\to\Nat} } } Applying \texttt{introName} twice with the names $\vx$ and $\vy$ gives the following proof state, with $\vx$ and $\vy$ introduced into the local context: \DM{ \Rule{ \AR{ \lam{\vx}{\Nat}\\ \lam{\vy}{\Nat} } } {\hole{\VV{plus\_H}}{\Nat}} } \subsubsection{Refinement} The \texttt{refine} tactic solves a goal by an application of a function to arguments. Refining attempts to solve a goal of type $\vT$, when given a term of the form $\vt\Hab\fbind{\tx}{\tS}{\vT}$. The tactic creates a subgoal for each argument $\vx_i$, attempting to solve it by unification. % \begin{verbatim} refine :: IsTerm a => a -> Tactic \end{verbatim} % For example, given a goal \DM{ \Axiom{ \hole{\vv}{\Vect\:\Nat\:(\suc\:\vn)}} } \noindent Refining by $\Vcons$ creates subgoals for each argument, attaching a guess to $\vv$: \DM{ \Axiom{ \AR{ \hole{\vA}{\Type}\\ \hole{\vk}{\Nat}\\ \hole{\vx}{\vA}\\ \hole{\vxs}{\Vect\:\vA\:\vk}\\ \guess{\vv}{\Vect\:\Nat\:(\suc\:\vn)}{\Vcons\:\vA\:\vk\:\vx\:\vxs} } } } \noindent However, for $\Vcons\:\vA\:\vk\:\vx\:\vxs$ to have type $\Vect\:\Nat\:(\suc\:\vn)$ requires that $\vA=\Nat$ and $\vk=\vn$. Refinement unifies these, leaving the following goals: \DM{ \Axiom{ \AR{ \hole{\vx}{\Nat}\\ \hole{\vxs}{\Vect\:\Nat\:\vn}\\ \guess{\vv}{\Vect\:\Nat\:(\suc\:\vn)}{\Vcons\:\Nat\:\vn\:\vx\:\vxs} } } } \subsubsection{Elimination} Refinement solves goals by constructing new values; we may also solve goals by deconstructing values in the context, using an elimination operator as described in section \ref{elimops}. The \texttt{induction} and \texttt{cases} tactics apply the $\delim$ and $\dcase$ operators respectively to the given target: % \begin{verbatim} induction, cases :: IsTerm a => a -> Tactic \end{verbatim} % These tactics proceed by refinement by the appropriate elimination operator. The motive for the elimination is calculated automatically from the goal to be solved. Each tactic generates subgoals for each method of the appropriate elimination rule. %% A more general elimination tactic is \texttt{by}, which takes an %% application of an elimination operator to a target. %% \begin{verbatim} %% by :: IsTerm a => a -> Tactic %% \end{verbatim} %% The type of the term given to \texttt{by} must be a function expecting %% a motive and methods. An example of \texttt{induction} is in continuing the definition of our addition function. This can be defined by induction over the first argument. We have the proof state \DM{ \Rule{ \AR{ \lam{\vx}{\Nat}\\ \lam{\vy}{\Nat} } } {\hole{\VV{plus\_H}}{\Nat}} } Applying \texttt{induction} to $\vx$ leaves two subgoals, one for the case where $\vx$ is zero, and one for the inductive case\footnote{c.f. the Haskell function \texttt{natElim :: Nat -> a -> (Nat -> a -> a) -> a)}}: \DM{ \Rule{ \AR{ \lam{\vx}{\Nat}\\ \lam{\vy}{\Nat} } } { \AR{ \hole{\VV{plus\_O}}{\Nat}\\ \hole{\VV{plus\_S}}{\fbind{\vk}{\Nat}{\fbind{\VV{k\_H}}{\Nat}{\Nat}}} } } } By default, the next goal to solve is $\VV{plus\_O}$. However, the \hdecl{focus} tactic can be used to change the default goal. The $\VV{k\_H}$ argument to the $\VV{plus\_S}$ goal is the result of a recursive call on $\vk$. \subsubsection{Rewriting} It is often desirable to rewrite a goal given an equality proof, to perform equational reasoning. The \texttt{replace} tactic replaces occurrences of the left hand side of an equality with the right hand side. To do this, it requires: \begin{enumerate} \item The equality type; for example $\TC{Eq}\Hab\fbind{\vA}{\Type}{\vA\to\vA\to\Type}$. \item A replacement lemma, which explains how to substitute one term for another; for example\\ $\FN{repl}\Hab\fbind{\vA}{\Type}{ \fbind{\va,\vb}{\vA}{ \TC{Eq}\:\_\:\va\:\vb\to\fbind{\vP}{\vA\to\Type}{ \vP\:\va\to\vP\:\vb}}}$ \item A symmetry lemma, proving that equality is symmetric; for example\\ $\FN{sym}\Hab\fbind{\vA}{\Type}{ \fbind{\va,\vb}{\vA}{\TC{Eq}\:\_\:\va\:\vb\to\TC{Eq}\:\_\:\vb\:\va}}$ \item An equality proof. \end{enumerate} The \Ivor{} distribution contains a library of $\source$ code with the appropriate definitions and lemmas. Requiring the lemmas to be supplied as arguments makes the library more flexible --- for example, heterogeneous equality~\cite{mcbride-thesis} may be preferred. The tactic will fail if terms of inappropriate types are given; recall from sec. \ref{sec:devcalc} that the development calculus requires that incomplete terms are also well-typed, so that all tactic applications can be typechecked. The type is: \begin{verbatim} replace :: (IsTerm a, IsTerm b, IsTerm c, IsTerm d) => a -> b -> c -> d -> Bool -> Tactic \end{verbatim} The \texttt{Bool} argument determines whether to apply the symmetry lemma to the equality proof first, which allows rewriting from right to left. This \hdecl{replace} tactic is similar to \Lego{


text:
Mathematical Paintings of Crockett Johnson
Inspired by the allure of the space age, many Americans of the 1960s took great interest in mathematics and science. One of them was the cartoonist, book illustrator, and children's author David Crockett Johnson. From 1965 until his death in 1975 Crockett Johnson painted over 100 works relating to mathematics and mathematical physics. Of these paintings, eighty are found in the collections of the National Museum of American History. We present them her, with related diagrams from the artist's library and papers.


Equity Carve-Outs
In an equity carve-out, also known as an IPO carve-out or a subsidiary IPO, the parent company (ParentCo) sells a portion or all of its interest in a subsidiary (SubCo) to the public in an initial public offering. The carve-out creates a new legal entity with its own management team and board of directors, and provides a cash infusion with proceeds distributed to the parent, subsidiary, or both.
Strategic Rationale
In addition to the strategic rationale for corporate restructuring outlined in our lesson on spin-offs and split-offs, equity carve-outs can be used to achieve the following additional strategic objectives:
 - Cash infusion – Cash proceeds can be distributed to ParentCo, SubCo, or both
 - Preparation for complete separation – Establish a public market valuation for SubCo in preparation for a subsequent spin-off or split-off of ParentCo's remaining interest
Transaction Structure
ParentCo's stake in SubCo sold in a carve-out may consist of primary and/or secondary shares. Primary shares are issued by SubCo, and secondary shares are sold by ParentCo. Although secondary shares are sometimes sold alongside primary shares in a carve-out, they usually represent a small portion of the total shares sold in the transaction.
Similar to monetization techniques employed in spin-offs and split-offs, ParentCo may push down debt to SubCo prior to the IPO, and/or extract a special tax-free dividend from SubCo up to ParentCo's outside basis in SubCo's stock. Cash proceeds from the stock sale might be distributed to ParentCo to pay down debt, to SubCo for growth capital, and/or used by SubCo to repay an intercompany loan from ParentCo, for example.
Equity carve-outs are commonly followed by a tax-free spin-off or split-off of ParentCo's remaining interest in SubCo.
Tax Implications
Whether primary or secondary shares are sold in the carve-out has tax implications. If ParentCo sells secondary shares of SubCo, it recognizes a capital gain or loss equal to the cash proceeds less its outside tax basis in SubCo's stock. However, if primary shares are issued, the transaction is considered a non-taxable event to raise capital. Therefore, selling primary shares is generally preferable to selling secondary shares.
Carve-out do not usually exceed 20% of ParentCo's equity interest in SubCo for several reasons:
 - If ParentCo divests more than 20% of its voting interest in the subsidiary, ParentCo would lose tax control of SubCo and any subsequent spin-off would fail to qualify for tax-free treatment under IRC Section 355.
 - So long as ParentCo retains at least 80% of SubCo, dividends from SubCo to ParentCo are tax-free under the Dividends Received Deduction.
 - If more than 20% of ParentCo's voting interest in SubCo is sold, ParentCo may no longer consolidate SubCo for tax purposes. Tax deconsolidation may result in a tax liability to ParentCo to the extent of any negative basis in SubCo.
By using a dual-class stock structure, however, ParentCo may be able to divest greater than 20% of the value of SubCo, while still retaining at least 80% of its voting interest in the subsidiary.
Accounting for Equity Carve-Outs
The accounting treatment of a carve-out depends on whether or not ParentCo maintains legal control of SubCo following the carve-out, where legal control is generally defined as ownership of at least 50% of SubCo's voting common stock. If ParentCo does not lose legal control, as is most often the case, the accounting gain or loss from the carve-out is recorded either on the consolidated income statement or as additional paid-in capital (APIC) on the balance sheet, depending on whether primary or secondary shares are issued. If secondary shares are sold for an amount exceeding ParentCo's book basis in the shares and ParentCo maintains legal control, ParentCo makes the following journal entry to record the carve-out:
ParentCo Sells Secondary Shares
dr. Cash
cr. Minority interest
cr. Gain on carve-out
If primary shares are sold for an amount exceeding ParentCo's book basis in the shares, ParentCo makes the following journal entry:
SubCo Sells Primary Shares
dr. Cash
cr. Minority interest
cr. Additional paid-in capital (APIC)
If ParentCo does lose legal control of SubCo, it recognizes a gain or loss on its consolidated income statement regardless of whether primary or secondary shares are issued. Also, ParentCo will be required to account for its investment in SubCo using the equity method of accounting rather than the consolidation method:
ParentCo Loses Legal Control of SubCo
dr. Equity investment in SubCo
dr. Minority interest
cr. Net assets of SubCo
cr. Gain on carve-out
Note that when primary shares are sold, regardless of whether or not ParentCo loses legal control, ParentCo recognizes a gain or loss for accounting purposes, but not for tax purposes. This temporary difference gives rise to a deferred tax liability (DTL) that reverses when ParentCo ultimately sells its secondary shares. On the other hand, if ParentCo sells the shares, a gain or loss is recognized for both accounting and tax purposes and no DTL is created. ParentCo makes additional journal entries when SubCo sells primary shares as follows:
Accounting for Tax Effects
dr. Income tax expense
cr. DTL
Timing Considerations
Like a regular IPO, the equity carve-out must be prepared, filed with the SEC, marketed to investors, and priced. The entire process typically takes approximately 4 to 6 months to complete.
Equity Carve-Out vs. Spin-Off
An equity carve-out achieves separation of a subsidiary without losing complete control, and is especially useful when a capital infusion is desired. When SubCo operates in a thriving industry, such as the Internet sector in the late 1990s, it may be preferable to monetize a portion of SubCo in a carve-out transaction to take advantage of high market valuations. However, equity carve-outs are mechanically complex suffer from a lower degree of execution certainty relative to a spin-offs.
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Cichorium spinosum L. (spiny chicory), is one of the most well known wild edible plant (WEP) due to its valuable phytonutrient and macronutrient content. Spiny chicory leaves are harvested in nature for food and phytomedicinal purposes. In the search for sustainable agricultural systems, several studies have focused on deficit irrigation as an option for commercial cultivation of WEPs in marginal conditions. The present study aimed to chemically characterize, by chromatographic methods, the tocopherols, organic acids, and fatty acids content in the leaves of C. spinosum cultivated under three different irrigation levels, namely: drought stress (C1: 50% of field capacity (FC)), full irrigation (C2: 100% FC) and control (C3: rain-fed conditions). Moreover, the individual phenolic compounds profile and bioactive properties (antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity activities) were assessed in the hydroethanolic extracts.
The studied spiny chicory leaves presented only two tocopherol isoforms (α- and γ-), while quinic, oxalic, and succinic acids were the organic acids found in the highest concentrations. Regarding the phenolic profile, flavonoids and phenolic acids were found, mostly O-glycosylated derivatives of quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and caffeoylquinic acids, especially in C1 samples (water stress caused the accumulation of secondary metabolites). Gram-positive bacteria showed greater sensitivity to the C3 hydroethanolic extract; overall, the extracts did not show anti-inflammatory, hepatotoxic, and cytotoxic activities except for the AGS tumour cell line. These results emphasize the influence of water stress on the quality of plants, further underscoring the potential and significant added value of C. spinosum cultivated under marginal conditions.


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SABER M200 VIGILANTE radar introduced for air surveillanceNews
December 13, 2021
BRAZIL. Embraer and the Brazilian Army (EB) presented the SABER M200 VIGILANTE radar during an event at Embraer's Campinas unit. The radar was developed to support the country's anti-aircraft defense units, according to officials.
The company claims that the new Brazilian ground-based radar is designed to meet the needs of the Brazilian Armed Forces in their low-altitude surveillance missions of anti-aircraft defense.
Developed in Brazil by Embraer and the Army Technological Center (CTEx), a military organization part of the Army's Science, Technology, and Innovation System (SCTIEx), the SABER M200 VIGILANTE radar aims to furnish the Ground Force's Anti-Aircraft Artillery Units, powered by the latest radar technologies.
This new development will integrate into the family of Brazilian radars, which includes the SABER M60 radar, focused on the search of air targets and integrated into an Anti-Aircraft Operations Center, and the SENTIR M20 radar, for monitoring ground targets and being used in the Brazilian Border Monitoring System (SISFRON).


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M. K. Hurd, ASCE Member
Back to "For the Record"
Civil engineering students from Illinois and Purdue universities in May staged what is believed to be the world's first concrete canoe on the Inland Sea, a tiny lake in east-central Illinois. The Illinois canoe weighted in at 360 lb (163 kg) compared to a mere 125 lb (57 kg) for the Purdue canoe. Although pre-race odds heavily favored Purdue, Illinois emerged the victor winning three of five heats on the 1240 ft (317 m) course. (Note that the conversion is incorrect. But, since 317 m translates to 1040 ft, the "2" was probably a typo.) Fastest time for an individual heat was 2 minutes, 46 seconds. (We travel this distance today in approximately one half that time.) The two schools were about evenly matched as to the number of students dunked in the lake but the Illinois win was attributed to greater expertise with the paddles.
Both canoes were made of ferro cement, a special form of reinforced concrete, made of several layers of small-gage wire-mesh reinforcement embedded in a thin section of rich mortar. (Sounds pretty much like the "adaptive reinforcement" that we use today.) Differing from ordinary reinforced concrete, its behavior approaches that of a homogeneous material, and some designs have been made based on the assumption of equal tensile and compressive strength. (Why didn't we read this before we started in 1986? This is the assertion that we made in our 2001 design report; it only took us 15 years to come to that conclusion.)
The whole affair began nearly two years ago when University of Illinois civil engineering students under the guidance of Professor Clyde Kesler, a fellow of ASCE, built the "Mis-Led." They used #3 reinforcing bars bent and welded at each end of the canoe to make the gunwales and keel. A single rib of #3 bar was welded to the gunwales and keel at mid-length. Four layers of chicken wire (At least we referred to this in the late '80s as a "poultry restraining device" to give our reinforcement's name a high-tech ring.) were placed over this frame.
A stiff mortar was troweled onto the wire mesh. Final thickness of the the hull averaged 0.5 in. (13 mm). No forms were used.
When Professor John McLaughlin, member of ASCE and head of civil engineering at Purdue, told his students of the Illinois achievement, they decided to build their own canoe and to challenge Illinois to a race. With guidance from Charles H. Scholer, and Robert H. Lee, members of ASCE and civil engineering professors at Purdue, the ASCE Student Chapter took on the project, adapting plans for a conventional racing canoe. Unlike the Illinois team, Purdue created a mold of insulating foam plastic to the exact contours of the canoe's interior and covered it with thin plastic sheeting. (Wait a minute! I know a lot of schools who claim to have done this first.) Over this they assembled their reinforcement to the desired shape. They also used four layers of chicken wire netting (There they go again stealing our claim to multi-layered "adaptive reinforcement."), with supplementary reinforcement of #2 bars laid along the keel and gunwales. Their lightweight mortar was plastered onto the mesh to create an average shell thickness of 0.375 in. (10 mm).
Foamed polystyrene plastic blocks, built in at each end and encased within the mortar shell, provided positive buoyancy for the Purdue canoe. (Well, at least we've made some progress in this regard. But, after 30 years, I guess that we should.)
First prize was a slender shaft of exposed aggregate concrete, mounted on a sawed concrete base and topped by a plaster-of-paris canoe model. Another trophy, created by the Purdue ASCE group, was a concrete "life preserver" made of normal weight concrete so heavy that two men were required to lift it. (Hey, I want one of these babies in our trophy case. To heck with those shiny gold cups that they give out now. - Maybe I can get Illinois or Purdue to put them on e-bay and get ASCE to make a bid. These keepsakes would certainly make nice trophies for the 150th anniversary.)
Cheered by the success of this first race, the two student groups expressed the hope that the concrete canoe race might become an annual event with participation by other ASCE Student Chapters within canoe-hauling distance of a point halfway between West Lafayette and Champaign-Urbana. How about it Rose, Notre Dame, Northwestern, etc. (No one could have imagined how far we would come.)
Back to "For the Record"


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Digital animation by Michelle Chang with Helen Han and Temple Simpson.
This animation presents the geometry that is the basis of many of Fuller's key ideas and concepts. At the beginning, twelve spheres are packed as closely as possible around a single central sphere. As the spheres shrink and disappear, they generate a polyhedron in which all edges and all radii are of equal length. This shape is what Fuller called a vector equilibrium. One of the characteristics of a vector equilibrium is its ability to contract by folding in on itself. The animation demonstrates how this simple geometric shape can be transformed to create several complex polyhedra. Next, it produces a different version of a vector equilibrium that Fuller called tensegrity—short for a stable structure of tensional integrity. In the last part of the animation, a map of the entire globe is transferred onto the vector equilibrium, which unfolds to produce a flat map of the earth made from six squares and eight triangles. Unlike conventional world maps, Fuller's vector equilibrium map represents the world with minimal distortions to the relative size of the continents.
For more information on Buckminster Fuller, visit _URL_


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Wave attenuation in partially filled unsteady pipe flow
Much research activity is carried out to reduce water consumption for domestic purposes. This leads to the possibility of reducing the amount of water introduced into building drainage systems. However, an accurate estimation of the flow attenuation within building drainage pipes is of great importance to prevent solid eposition and subsequent blockage. The research is focused on the field of subcritical flow in partially-filled pipes. Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out to study the wave attenuation in the following configurations encountered in drainage pipe systems: i) A simple pipe, ii) A pipe subject to one concentrated lateral inflow, iii) A pipe with gate fixed at the downstream section, generating an interaction between wave and backwater profiles. In the present study the Saint-Venant equations are derived in their general and characteristic forms. A number of numerical procedures for solution of the Saint-Venant equations are reviewed, and the rectangular grid characteristics method, diffusing scheme and Strelkoff's implicit method are chosen to solve the equations. The stability of the finite-difference methods used is investigated for free-outfall and controlled outfall boundary conditions. An experimental installation consisting of 0.105 m diameter uPVC pipe is used to investigate the characteristics of the flow and to form test cases for the numerical methods. Comparisons between computed and observed depth hydrographs, peak depths and depth variations along the pipe are made for subcritical flow in a pipe of slope 1/300. The rectangular-grid characteristics method and the diffusing scheme are also applied to supercritical flow. Flow tests are undertaken for supercritical flow in a pipe of slope 1/200 to validate the use of these methods. The investigation revealed that the attenuation rate of peak depths is affected by the volume of the waves. The implicit method is the most suitable method, dealing efficiently with most problems encountered in drainage pipe systems of flat slope. The diffusing scheme can model the attenuation of supercritical flow within building drainage pipes.


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Cover image for Helpful commands for networks
jmau111
jmau111
Posted on • Originally published at blog.julien-maury.dev
Helpful commands for networks
Networks and ports are probably the first elements hackers enumerate. Let's see useful commands to analyze the situation.
netstat
netstat shows open ports and connections (network statistics):
netstat -ano
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With the above command, you can list active connections, state of the sockets, IP addresses, process IDs. It's available on Windows too.
nmap
The ultimate enumerator and probably the most popular: light, powerful, Swiss knife. The only inconvenience is the extensive range of options and modes that can be overwhelming for beginners, but there are lots of blog posts and documentations available:
nmap -O -sS TARGETED_MACHINE
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 - -O will determine the operating system, which is often needed during analysis
 - -sS is for TCP SYN Scan
arp
The command dumps the ARP cache, a dynamic list of IP and MAC addresses of the routers your computer communicated with recently:
arp -a
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This cache is used by your machine to store information and prevent useless queries every time you communicate with other devices in the same network or external devices.
nslookup
nslookup can query a domain server and resolve associated IP addresses:
nslookup wikipedia.org
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ssh
OpenSSH ssh allows you to connect to a remote host. It's said to be way more secure than the old telnet that transmits all information in plain text.
It checks if the target host is up and encrypts communications. It's quite straightforward:
ssh user@IP
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If your SSH keys (ls ~/.ssh) are authorized on the remote host (cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys), you can connect without your password:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/YOUR_PRIVATE_KEY user@IP
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ping
ping uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send packets to a host and see if it replies:
ping -6 github.com
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The above ping command will ping github.com and force IPv6 instead of IPv4.
traceroute
traceroute is helpful to retrieve the whole path to a source server. It will also list all routers, also known as "hops," on the way.
Unlike ping, the purpose of traceroute is not to send a message to get an echo reply that confirms the host is up. Indeed, it's usually the command you use if ping fails and to determine where packets are lost.
In a security perspective, it can spot anomalies such as unauthorized routers installed by hackers:
traceroute mozilla.org
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N.B: tracert is the equivalent in Windows.
Photo by NASA.
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Garage door repair bowling greenGarage door repair bowling green
Are garage door sensors supposed to be green?
Garage door sensors work using an infrared beam of light. Each sensor will usually have a light. One will have a green light, used to show that the units are powered up, and the other will have a red light to show that there's no obstruction between the sensors and that they're 'seeing' each other.
How much should a garage door repair cost?
Should I repair or replace my garage door?
Your door may have chipped or fading paint, or a large crack may have appeared. If the damage to your door us purely cosmetic, you'll usually get more value out of repairing the door rather than replacing it. If your garage door has structural damage, you'll likely want to look into having the door replaced.
How do you fix a misaligned garage door?
Fixing a Misaligned Garage Door To fix a binding door, begin by loosening the screws that secure the track to the garage door frame. Then, use a rubber mallet to reposition the track to its proper placement. Use a level to ensure the track is straight, then refasten the screws.
Why is my garage door sensor blinking green?
Blinking green sensors generally mean that the door has detected a fault or a safety issue, so it's a way of letting a homeowner know there's a problem. Otherwise, the light is generally on steady green, instead. Often when there's a blinking green light, the door also won't operate with the remote.
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How do you know if your garage door sensors are bad?
Light indicators: An easy way to tell if your garage door sensors are out of alignment is by checking if the exterior LED light blinks when you attempt to close the door. Green lights mean the sensors are working, while red lights indicate the sensors are not aligned.
Does homeowners insurance cover garage door repairs?
Why does my garage door go back up after it closes?
Your Travel Down Setting Needs to be Adjusted Your garage door is programmed to travel a certain distance before it closes. If it closes before that distance has been traveled, it thinks something is wrong — and it reopens to help prevent any damage or safety risk.
What is included in a garage door tune up?
The Sears Garage Door Tune Up includes: A diagnostic inspection focusing on the door sections, track, counterbalance system, hinges, rollers, and weather seals. Inspect and tighten all bolts and screws. Rebalance door when necessary. Examine and adjust garage door travel and safety settings where needed.
How many years does a garage door last?
Estimates on longevity are based around usage, but most experts believe the average garage door should last between 15 – 30 years, depending on construction quality, maintenance and local climate conditions. Automatic garage door openers normally provide 10 – 15 years of reliable service.
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Can you install a new garage door on old tracks?
Can I replace my garage door myself?
While most full-service garage door retailers offer complete garage door installation services — including delivering the new garage door, disassembling and disposing of the old door, and installation of the new garage door — if you're an adept and skilled handyman and want to save a bit of extra money, you can install
How much does it cost to balance a garage door?
Repair almost always means replacement, but you might only need to balance the door and lubricate the springs, which only costs $50 to $100. Materials alone (springs, brackets and hardware) run $30 to $200 for a set of two springs with labor running $75 to $150.
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setActionButton
setActionButton(string $label, string $cssClassIcon,callable $urlCallback[, boolean $newTab])
setActionButton is used when we need to add extra action buttons to the rows of the datagrid. The functionality is simple and it takes the below arguments:
 1. label is the label that the button will have. For example "Photos"
 2. cssClassIcon is css that the icon at the left will have. You can use the default CSS from font-awesome but you can also use your own. For example "fa fa-image"
 3. urlCallback is the callback that it will be called in every row so you can get the custom URL that the button will have. Have in mind that this will redirect you to another page
 4. newTab is a boolean (true or false). The default value is false. This is used in case you need to open the link in new tab
You can see an example of the setActionButton below:
$crud->setActionButton('Avatar', 'fa fa-user', function ($row) {
 return '/view_avatar/' . $row->url;
}, true);
A full working example can be found below:
$crud->setTable('employees');
$crud->setSubject('Employee', 'Employees');
$crud->setRelation('officeCode','offices','city');
$crud->displayAs('officeCode','City');
$crud->unsetDelete();
$crud->setActionButton('Avatar', 'fa fa-user', function ($row) {
 return '#/avatar/' . $row->employeeNumber;
}, false);
You can see the result of the above code here. In order to see the functionality of the action buttons, press the More button in any of the rows.


The Beautiful Diversity of Syrian Clothing – Patterns, Designs And Colors
Traditional Syrian clothing
The Beautiful Diversity of Syrian Clothing – Patterns, Designs And Colors
Syria is a moderately large country that includes many different religious and ethnic groups. You will hear of Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Circassians, and Turkmen who differ in cultural traditions. As a result, writing about the subject of traditional Syrian clothing can prove to be challenging. There is more than one Syrian way to dress. It ranges from city to city and from region to region. Also, different tribes and villages have their own distinctive patterns, designs, and colors of clothing.
So how do men and women traditionally dress?
If you go to the cities of Deir ez-Zor, Palmyra, and Raqqah in Eastern Syria, for example, you will probably see more Syrian traditional tribal style of dress. Women typically wear long black garments called abayas that cover them from shoulders to their ankles. They also wear a head and face cover that leaves only the eyes peeking out. Underneath all of these coverings, however, she may be wearing a traditional Arabian dress with intricate beading. Or maybe even the latest fashion from the West.
Men traditionally wear long garments called kaftans. These are often white in the summer and made of darker colors and a heavier fabric in the winter. They also wear a three-piece head cover called a taqiyah. The base of it is a white cap with holes used to hold hair in place. On top is a scarf-like head cover called a gutrah. This is also white in the summer. Men also usually wear a checkered red and white pattern in the winter called a shmak. Both the gutrah and the shmak are used to protect the head from the sun and to cover the mouth and nose in the event of a sandstorm. Topping off all of these is the rigid black circular chord that holds it all in placed called the ogal.
Syrian clothing in other regions
If we head to cities like Idlib and Aleppo, we'll find them to be more modern but generally range from conservative to liberal. Idlib, of course, is the more conservative of the two cities as Aleppo has a more significant number of Christians. Combined with a huge Armenian population, this allows them to usually just dress in Western-style clothing.
Further west, into the cities of Tartous and Latakia, you'll also find a wide range of dress from conservative to liberal. However, actually tend to dress more liberal with no real restrictions on clothing at all.
Finally, there's Damascus, the melting pot of Syria. Because Damascus is a blend of all of the cultures and traditions of Syria, it's here you'll find everything. Women's clothing range from full black veils known as niqab to Western-style.
In conclusion
Did you enjoy this article and want to learn more about Arab culture or maybe even learn Arabic language skills in the Syrian dialect? If so, then head on over to our website where you'll learn more about all things Arabic. You know, recent studies have shown that the best way to learn Arabic is through Arabic learning apps. So, while you're visiting our website, why not download the Kaleela Arabic learning app to your iOS or Android mobile device? Check it out at and start learning Syrian Arabic today!
Download the app:


Jim Bramlett (2 June 2011)
"Is a son of Esau in the White House?"
Dear friends:
Is Barack Hussein Obama a son, or descendant, of the biblical Esau, whom the Bible calls "a fornicator and a profane person" (Hebrews 12:16), and about whom God said He "hated" (Romans 9:13, or NLT: "rejected")?
Esau was the father of the Edomites (Genesis 36:43). Biblical Edom comprised the area currently populated by Jordan and the Palestinians.
Modern Arabs and Muslims are largely descendants of Esau and Ishmael. About Ishmael, the Bible says: "He shall be a wild man; His hand shall be against every man, And every man's hand against him" (Genesis 16:12). We see that clearly today. They hate and kill everybody, including themselves.
Esau was the eldest son of Isaac, and twin-brother of Jacob. Esau's robust frame and "rough" aspect were the types of a wild and daring nature. He was a thorough Bedouin, a "son of the desert." Esau's bitter hatred for his brother Jacob for fraudulently obtaining his blessing appears to have been inherited by his latest posterity. >From Smith's Bible Dictionary.
So, descendants of Esau have always hated the descendants of Jacob, or the Jews. We see that today.
What has all that got to do with Barack Hussein Obama?
Obama's ancestral home, and probably birthplace, is Kenya, in east Africa. For the evidence, see
Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD. Kenya's proximity to the Arabian Peninsula invited colonization, and Arab and Persian settlements sprouted along the coast by the 8th century. Some of the "Arabs", like in much of East Africa, were Afro-Arabs. >From Wikipedia:
I suspect these are the ancestors of Barack Hussein Obama.
Esau's hatred is a trans-generational spirit. It continues today. I believe it drives Obama's anti-Israel and anti-American attitudes and actions.
Bottom line: We may have a son of Esau in the White House! That explains the favor he gives to the Muslims and his disdain for the Jews, and even his own country.
How did this happen? That is the question of the millennium.


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Brief SummaryRead full entry
DescriptionThe Magellanic penguin is named in honour of the maritime explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who first recorded it during an expedition in 1519 (3). A medium-sized penguin, this species can be identified by the distinctive white bands which loop over the eye, down the side of the neck and meet at the throat (4). A thick, black band also runs adjacent to the border of the breast and belly, extending down the flanks to the thighs (2) (4) Aside from these markings, the colouration of the Magellanic penguin is almost entirely uniform black on the upperparts and white on the breast and belly. However, during the breeding season, the adults lose feathers from around the eye and bill, leaving a distinctive patch of pink skin, with an area of dark pigment in the centre. The Magellanic penguin produces a loud call, similar to that of a donkey bray, which is used most commonly by the males when seeking a mate, but also during other activities such as territorial disputes (4).


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During the recent Idul Fitri holidays the Bali Safari and Marine Park (BSMP) in Gianyar opened two new exhibits showcasing two of Indonesia's most prized animal species.
Komodo Dragons - the Varnus komodoensis are found in nature only on the islands of Komodo, Runca, Flores, Gili Motang and Gili Dasami. The largest monitor lizard in the world, the "ĒKomodo Dragons" can grow to 3 meters in length and weigh 100 kilograms. First discovered in 1910, the dragons survive a predators surviving on buffalos, deer and small mammals. While attacks on humans are rare, there have been several known fatalities tied to Komodo encounters with humans.
Bali Starling - the Leucopsar rothschildi, also known as Rothschild's Mynah, is now a critically endangered species with only a limited number of these magnifienct birds still living in the West Bali National Park. The official mascot of Bali, the Bali Starling is being aggressively bred in captivity with 1,000 birds now believed to be held in private collections.
[See the Komodo and Bali Starlings at the Bali Safari & Marine Park]
Discovery Tours. Articles may be quoted and reproduced
if attributed to _URL_.


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Map the public health training courses and programs offered in Latin America, and identify regional training strategies and competencies developed in health workers.
An internet search was conducted to identify public health training courses and programs offered by Latin American institutions. The following data were collected: name, country, and province/state of the training institution; course name; type of institution; educational level; modality; accreditation; year first offered; periodicity; and contact information. The programs and curricula on offer were analyzed by training level using descriptive content analysis, and the main competencies developed were identified.
The mapping identified 2 296 public health training opportunities in all Latin American subregions, distributed across 29 of the Region's 33 countries; these were fairly heterogeneous, both conceptually and programmatically, with uneven geographical distribution within and between countries. In the analysis of curricula and programmatic contents, a need for greater linkage with essential public health functions was detected.
It is necessary to adapt the competencies and skills developed by the courses and programs to the demands of users of the regional health services, programs, and systems in order to achieve programs aimed at tackling the socio-environmental determinants of health and the production and reproduction of inequalities.