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1.cooling, washing and lubrication, keep cooling and […]
1.cooling, washing and lubrication, keep cooling and lubrication clean, control the grinding heat within the allowable range, and prevent thermal deformation of the workpiece. Improve the cooling conditions during grinding, such as the use of sinking wheels or internal cooling wheels. The cutting fluid is introduced into the center of the grinding wheel. The cutting fluid can directly enter the grinding area to effectively cool down and prevent burns on the surface of the workpiece.
2. Minimize the quenching stress after heat treatment, because the meshed carbonized structure under the quenching stress and the grinding force causes the structure to undergo phase transformation and easily cause the workpiece to crack. In order to eliminate the residual stress of high-precision mold grinding, low temperature aging treatment should be carried out after grinding to improve toughness.
3. In order to eliminate the grinding stress, the mold can be immersed in a salt bath at 260～315℃ for 1.5min, and then cooled in 30℃ oil, which can reduce the hardness by 1HRC and the residual stress by 40% ~ 65%.
4. For precision grinding of precision molds with dimensional tolerances within 0.01mm, attention should be paid to the influence of ambient temperature and constant temperature grinding is required. According to calculations, when the temperature difference is 3℃, the material changes about 10.8m (10.8=1.2×3×3, and the deformation per 100mm is 1.2m/℃), and the influence of this factor should be fully considered in each process. The finishing process.
5. Electrolytic grinding is used to improve mold manufacturing accuracy and surface quality. In the electrolytic grinding process, the grinding wheel squeezes the oxide film instead of grinding the metal. Therefore, the grinding force is small, the grinding heat is small, and there will be no burrs, cracks, burns, etc. Generally, the surface roughness can be better than Ra0.16 m. In addition, the grinding wheel wear is very small. For example, when grinding cemented carbide, the amount of wear of a silicon carbide grinding wheel is about 400% to 600% of the weight of the cemented carbide. In electrolytic grinding, the wear amount of the grinding wheel is only 50% to 100% of the grinding amount of cemented carbide.


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Actually, that's a very good question.
From The Laws of Form by G. Spencer Brown:
"If a content is of value, a name can be taken to indicate this value. Thus the calling of the name can be identified with the value of the content."
We name things in order to be able to refer to them without having to explicitly state their characteristics and the nature of their interactions with other things in the world around them. If you are conversant in Special Relativity, I can jot down E=MC**2 and you will know that I'm referring to the fact that a given quantity of matter contains a potential amount of energy that's equal to the mass of the matter times the square of the speed of light in a vacuum.
So having explained the nature of the unification of mind and body via words, exercises and practical demonstrations, and named it ki, I can tell a student to "extend ki" and she will immediately know what I am looking for and how to do what I am asking her to do without me having to explain it every time.
It would be better not to use an ambiguous word like ki.
It is clear from what I've written, David, that I agree with you (although Ron makes a strong point); what other words/phrases might we use?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Product Overview
Herbs of Gold Tyrosine 1000 provides high strength tyrosine in a convenient tablet form. Tyrosine is an essential precursor for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, thyroid hormones and melanin, the pigment found in hair and skin.
- Healthy mood
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- Maintains alertness
- Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid (synthesised from the essential amino acid phenylalanine) and is an essential precursor for a wide range of diverse and far-reaching biochemical reactions in the body.
- Tyrosine 1000 helps maintain healthy nervous system function, positive feelings of wellness and a healthy balanced mood.
- Tyrosine 1000 helps support neurotransmitter production for the regulation of a healthy mood and supports a normal, healthy stress response.
- Tyrosine 1000 helps maintain alertness and attention.
- Tyrosine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, helping to maintain healthy thyroid function and normal metabolic rate.
- Tyrosine 1000 helps support normal melanin production, the pigment responsible for hair and skin colour, helping to maintain hair colour.
- Tyrosine 1000 provides antioxidant properties and assists in the maintenance of general wellbeing.
Adults – Take 1 tablet, once or twice daily, with food, or as directed by your healthcare practitioner.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Friday, March 1, 2013
System Design: Effective Avionics Backlighting
|Typical turn-key lighted panel design from Anodyne Electronics
Manufacturing (AEM), Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, includes digital display,
tacticle switches and backlit rubber keyboard.
Backlit panels and controls are a critical part of cockpit design because they enable equipment settings and control positions to be easily determined at night. The idea of projecting light through a panel or knob to make markings visible in the dark is an amazingly clever and simple concept, but it has a very complex physics package and rich history behind it.
Instruments and legends were initially illuminated in aircraft via post lights (tiny masked lights often fed through instrument mounting holes), or via small spot illuminators around the pilot's head or panel corners. Many tricks were employed; some quite ingenious, such as small UV floods and fluorescent paint markings, to get panel items to illuminate at night. Many of the pioneering early techniques were created and manufactured by Grimes in the 1930s, who also made external strobes, navigation lights and similar illumination inside and outside the aircraft. Grimes is now part of Honeywell, and these lighting products still live on, especially post and map lights.
Panel lamps and indicators, including the earliest "through-panel illuminators" and press-to-test types were mainly provided by Dialco, now called Dialight, and generally were built using ruggedized miniature T-1 ¾ midget flanged lamps like the ubiquitous 327 lamps from GE or Chicago Miniature Lamp (now CML Innovative Technologies). Many of these designs are incredibly sophisticated mechanically, such as dimmable press-to-test indicators, and remain in significant use in military and civil aircraft today. These individual cockpit indicators were eventually consolidated into warning panels and legend light assemblies by makers such as Korry (now Esterline), Master Specialties' Roto-Tellite (now Eaton) and Aerospace Optics, which pioneered the transition of these indicators to true sunlight readable and light emitting diode (LED) status indicators in very small spaces.
These indicators were complimented by the co-development of two important technologies, trans-illuminated knobs (knobs that light up to show their position), and backlit panels to allow the letting of the legends themselves to illuminate. Lighted panel technology has become very mature and is covered in detail in MIL-P-7788, later MIL-DTL-7788, along with a special standard for Night Vision Compliant panels, MIL-STD-3009. These two standards provide a wealth of useful information for the design and fabrication of lighted panels and general illumination.
Colors have changed considerably over the years. Initial night panel lighting was mainly red (which has the lowest impact on the eye's night vision externally). There is a famous story about red cockpit lighting that goes as follows: During World War II, British pilots had red cockpit lighting, and German pilots had white lighting. Because the red lighting had no impact on the British pilot's night vision, their accuracy during night bombing was very good, while the Germans had difficulty resolving landmarks in the dark. This simple design item had a major impact on crew effectiveness. If captured, British pilots were advised to say they ate a lot of carrots to account for their better night vision. Red illumination remains a favorite of infantry, maritime and vehicular designers today, when night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility is not required.
The red illumination eventually lead to "aviation blue-white" to allow all instrument colors to be correctly seen, and to emphasize red as a warning only in the cockpit area. ANVIS/Night Vision compatible green (A or B) is the most recent trend to permit compatibility with Night Vision Goggles to improve the external night vision of the flight crew. In the interim, manufacturers have used many lamp and LED techniques, often covering the entire range of red-yellow-green-white for backlighting and panel indicators as the mood suited them, and as LED technology advanced. The use of yellow and red has been strongly disapproved by FAA and Transport Canada for anything other than warning indications, so the general trend has now moved firmly to white (blue-white) and green for most cockpit and legend illumination.
It is worth noting that colors have specific cockpit meanings, and all designers should be aware of them. Red is for serious danger only (or as one Eurocopter staffer commented during a design meeting I attended, "land now, even if in a schoolyard") and yellow/amber is for alerts or cautions (land soon, but not in a schoolyard). Green is for normal status indication, blue or white for informational messages. Backlighting should be either aviation blue-white, (some special military tasks are still done in red to protect the eye's natural night vision), or genuinely compatible night-vision-system green. (Red and IR emission must be suppressed there, not a simple task, even with LEDs). There are no standards for any other colors of backlighting, and equipment with other methods will certainly not blend in well with other instruments and systems in the cockpit.
How do you know if your lighting is even close to being correct, either too bright or too dim or even working over the correct range? As luck would have it, there is a very inexpensive way to quickly test this. Common lighting busses are 28V, 14V and 5V. The full lighting bus (maximum intensity) is that full value, and typical night flying is 50 percent of that value. If you use the ubiquitous 327 lamp as a reference for 28V lighting (330 lamps for 14V and 328 for 5V), and slip a aviation blue white or other AMP/Hexseal Silikrome cover on it, you now have a highly reliable "standard" for illumination, and its intensity should track your system over the bus range.
Light intensity tracking is also a critical element, and on a 28V dimmer bus, full control and illumination is required below 9V, which is a common NVG setting. Care is required in the design of lighting, especially when LEDs are series-connected, to make certain that series LED strings do not abruptly cut off visually before this threshold. This is a very common design error in LED illuminated backlighting, when driven right from the dimmer bus.
Many companies offer turn-key panel backlighting services to design and fabricate lighted panels, such as Canada-based Anodyne Electronics Manufacturing (AEM); Astronics, of East Aurora, N.Y.; Korry (Esterline), of Everett, Wash.; IDD Aerospace, of Redmond, Wash.; and others, and they can provide full capability for you. They can also include illuminated keys and keypads, switches and displays as part of the complete design.
Many cockpit lighting applications do not require full blown mil-spec panel fabrication, and often the task you have is to simply make a few buttons, knobs or legends illuminate on a piece of avionics equipment, this is what we are going to examine here. In our test case, we want to make some panel indicators and legends light up, and perhaps the position of a level control.
Should we use lamps or LEDs? This is not a trivial question, and both techniques have their own perils and benefits. The origin of all cockpit lighting is incandescent lighting, so "standards" all mimic this performance, and it is useful to understand the implications of this method. "Aviation blue-white" lamp illumination is typically the same as the 6500-8000 K white LED range, slightly blue in tint, or cold-white.
First, lamps have one enormous advantage, they are SPHERICAL emitters, meaning light is emitted essentially in every direction. This makes flooding the back of a lighted panel very simple, and reflected light reaches all areas easily, especially if the panel is coated white on the inside surface for reflection. In contrast, all LEDs are CONICAL emitters, outputting a relatively small cone of light, all basically forward, with almost no side pattern emission at all. This distinction means LEDs usually must directly flood the specific legend to be lit, and very little light can be counted on to reflect and fill in any other areas. This is a major mechanical issue in the panel design. LEDs emit near-coherent light, with all radiation forward, and even special concave lens designs provide mediocre fill results when compared to lamps. LED light is also very difficult to diffuse, and optical surface techniques that work well with lamps, usually fail with LEDs when trying to make even legend illumination with a single source.
In addition, the LED's cone diameter of emission is directly proportional to the distance from the front surface (the farther away, the bigger the illuminated disk), so this means very little front area will be lit if panels with the standard 0.25 inch total thickness are made. Retracting the LED behind the front panel can offer a much wider lit area with the same number of LEDs, as even 0.1-inch of additional depth has a major impact on the flood diameter. In addition, many 3mm and 5mm conventional LEDs often have a black spot in the center when projected to a flat surface at short distances. This often shocks first time users, and has given rise to the term "dark-emitting diodes" in some circles.
Here's a great tool that is almost free for checking your planned backlight scheme:
1. Position a piece of common printer paper at the font surface height above your LED pcb array (about 0.2 inch), the exact (and usually very disappointing) flood illumination pattern will appear on the paper.
2. Move the paper up or down to see the immediate impact on height. Note that small wide angle chip LEDs can actually illuminate a bigger


Un tratado inédito sobre la idea de nobleza atribuido a Francisco de Rades y Andrada
Dacosta Martínez, Arsenio
Mota Placencia, Carlos
Full Text
This article presents an edition and commentary of what appears to be the opening chapters of a treatise on the idea of nobility (and the definition of several concepts related to it) attributed to Francisco de Rades y Andrada, chronicler of the military orders. The text, written before 1599, is contained in a manuscript of the National Library of Spain in the company of several significant texts related to the genealogy and history of the Sarmiento family (that of the dedicatee of the treatise, don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña ) and Renaissance copies of two medieval texts quite relevant in the history of reflections on nobility in Spain: a) the Spanish translation of a famous speech by Alonso de Cartagena at the Council of Basel in 1434; b) the Spanish version by Charles, Prince of Viana, of De vera nobilitate (written by Buonaccorso da Montemagno ca. 1429, translated into Italian by Angelo Decembrio for Íñigo López de Mendoza, Marqués de Santillana). These, together with a list of Knights of Calatrava admitted to the order between 1535 and 1595, could be supplementary material for Rades' Chronicle of the Military Orders (1572), and look very congenial with the activities and attitudes of Rades as historian: always faithful to legislation and medieval documents and contemptuous of the fantasies and philological and historical inaccuracies frequently found in SixteenthCentury Spanish writers on the concept and implications of nobility


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Amir Salehi Lashkajani successfully completes PhD
QUASAR Amir Salehi Lashkajani successfully passed his PhD defence on the 2nd of August 2022, with Prof. Tim Greenshaw and Dr Pavel Karataev (RHUL) as his examiners.
The development of particle colliders at the energy frontier has necessitated research into new methods to diagnose the accelerated beams. In particular, non-invasive beam monitoring techniques are highly sought after as they enable online monitoring of the beam properties without affecting accelerator operation or vacuum quality. Amir's research focused on the design and optimisation of a novel beam profile monitoring technique for the Hollow Electron Lens (HEL) project of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This technique utilises the supersonic gas curtain technology and beam-induced fluorescence and is minimally invasive to the accelerated beam and the surrounding vacuum environment.
This project was a collaborative effort between the Cockcroft Institute, University of Liverpool, CERN and GSI. On the basis of this work, two additional monitors became part of the baseline design of the High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC). His results have demonstrated the applicability of this monitor to a wide range of high-intensity, high-power accelerators, thus establishing a versatile new beam monitoring method.
Amir was supervised by Dr Hao Zhang and by Prof Carsten P. Welsch from the University of Liverpool / Cockcroft Institute.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
Great Northern Diver
|Great Northern Diver|
| Gavia immer|
The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.
This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater. It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch, sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.


January Expeditions to Antarctica, Falklands, and South Georgia
Ashton Palmer
January Expeditions to Antarctica, Falklands, and South Georgia
Ashton Palmer
For most travelers, visiting the 'White Continent' is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. So, why not do it right the first time and include South Georgia—our travelers never regret it!
Top 5 Reasons to visit Antarctica, Falkland Islands, and South Georgia in January:
1. Best time of year: January is mid-summer in Antarctica, when weather, ice conditions, and wildlife viewing are most conducive to exploration. This is by far the BEST time of year to visit both South Georgia and Antarctica.
A January expedition that includes South Georgia is rare and quite special in our books! Generally speaking, there are very few Antarctica, Falklands, and South Georgia trips in January. Reason being, it is more profitable for shipping companies to schedule in multiple Antarctica Peninsula-only voyages during prime season (January) rather than one or two longer programs that include South Georgia. Voyages to South Georgia are therefore typically early or late in the season, when conditions are not at their most advantageous for several activities.
2. Penguin chicks on Antarctic Peninsula: Your heart will undoubtedly melt at the first sight of these precious baby animals! During January, the chicks are still with their mothers in the rookeries, so you will see hundreds of penguin chicks throughout your expedition. Comical and naturally photogenic, these sweet creatures are hands-down one of the most entertaining highlights on these voyages.
3. Sea ice level: You will see sea ice in Antarctica, but there should not be so much to hinder exploration plans by the captain and expedition leader. Less sea ice also means the start of whale season! The whales cannot feed if there is too much ice. Enjoy spectacular whale watching from the ship or at close proximity from your Zodiac--amazing!!
4. Time to relax and acclimate: It takes a few days to get into a trip and over the jetlag. By doing the longer trip (17/18 days) you will have more than adequate time to rest and acclimate yourself, allowing you to better enjoy the experiences of each destination.
5. Elephant Island: You may have an opportunity to visit Elephant Island where Shackleton and his men were stranded after their ship, The Endurance, was trapped by the ice. January is the best month to attempt a landing here, as conditions during other months are often too dangerous to visit the island. For many travelers, this is truly a wonderful highlight!
My friend Brent Houston, one of the leading seabird biologists in the world, once said that if he only had five days left to live he would spend two of them on South Georgia. Of course, people always ask him where he'd spend the other three. "Getting there!" he answers.
It's true that reaching South Georgia is no easy feat. However, the reward is undisputable. A spectacular wildlife hotspot, those who have visited South Georgia have described it as "an experience of a lifetime," and "beyond imagination..." and even "a different realm." You may ask why there are not more trips going there then? The reality is that most people find it too difficult to be away for 3+ weeks. The shorter trips to the Antarctic Peninsula, therefore, operate more frequently and appeal to more travelers. Plus, simply put, the shipping companies make more money by doing several Antarctica-only trips verses just a few Antarctica, Falklands, South Georgia trips.
So why is South Georgia so special? In my experience, there are only a handful of places on the planet that offer such an incredible wildlife experience, and South Georgia is one of those places. Imagine stepping onto a sandy beach and being welcomed by tens of thousands of king penguins as far as the eye can see....none of them the least bit bothered by your arrival. If anything, you are somewhat of a novelty. South Georgia offers the chance to see several wildlife species that you will not likely see in Antarctica: king penguins, macaroni penguins, thousands of fur and elephant seals, nesting wandering albatross, light mantled sooty albatross, and the list goes on.
Not only is the wildlife abundant, fearless and absolutely stunning, but it inhabits one of the most visually spectacular places on earth. Imagine the jagged peaks of the Swiss Alps, laced with the massive glaciers of Alaska's Glacier Bay, surrounded by Hawaii's verdant green valleys, and you might start to understand the visual topographic feast that is South Georgia. Sparkling sandy beaches and black rocky coastline, this island truly is a jewel of the Southern Ocean.
South Georgia has a rich history, and was home to whalers of the Southern Ocean. Today, there are still a few locations where the hulking whale processing factories and a few retired whaling ships now rest, abandoned. Famed explorer Ernest Shackleton is buried at the former whaling station of Grytviken, a popular landing stop for visitors.
Following are a few memories I have of my time visiting...
- Experiencing the thrill when standing in amongst 100,000 king penguins...The sound, sight, even smell takes your breath away. It's like starring in your own National Geographic documentary!
- Traveling by Zodiac around the rocky coastline to watch young fur seal pups playing in the seaweed. The sea lions are so numerous that at times it seems the water is boiling with these playful marine mammals!
- Hiking up to see the wandering albatross on their nests. These birds often spend years at sea and only occasionally return to the place they were born to nest. Seeing these birds on land gives you incredible perspective on their size. Their wing span measures about 12 feet—the largest of any bird in the world.
- Toasting Sir Ernest Shackleton who was laid to rest in the cemetery in Grytvicken Harbor. It's hard not to be impressed by the accomplishments of 'The Boss' as you retrace his footsteps and voyages throughout the region.
- Hulking elephant seals belching and wallowing, fighting and grunting. These massive marine mammals may seem awkward on land but exhibit some of the most impressive deep diving and swimming techniques of any animal on the planet. And, while the adults may not be described as the most attractive animals, their offspring are adorable little sausage packages with big curious eyes. Who could not be moved by the gaze of an elephant seal pup!
- The graceful courting flights of the light mantled sooty albatross gliding over the tussock grass. These birds mate for life and court by flying in unison. Truly one of the most beautiful things to see, their light brown and white plumage are like a watercolor artist's masterpiece.
- Experiencing nature at its most raw and primal state—huge glaciers gouging smooth valleys, jagged snowy peaks, clouds, sun, wind. Feel the elements, breath in the majestic scenery...get in touch with nature.
- Watching the king penguins for hours, whether the young courting pairs, the fuzzy chicks, or the strutting show-offs. The king penguins breeding cycle is a year and a half and it overlaps year-round. The result is visitors will always have opportunities to see chicks, courting, nesting, and fledging.
- A myriad of colors, South Georgia boasts a rainbow of green, red, and yellow that you will not find in Antarctica. These vibrant colors offer a dramatic contrast to the ice of the Antarctic Peninsula.
South Georgia is a pinch yourself, "am I really here?", life-changing experience. As one of our travelers put it: "Knowing what I do now, this was easily the best travel experience I have ever had. No matter where I travel, I probably will never surpass the experience." – Louise Traige; Los Angeles, CA


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= "medium">medium <input type = "radio" name = "size" value = "large">large
The interesting thing about radio buttons is the way they are named. There are three radio buttons, but they all have the same name. This little trick groups the radio buttons so they act as expected. As soon as the user selects one item in a radio group, all other radio elements on the page with the same name are automatically selected. Each of the radio objects has a distinct value. Your programs will be able to determine the value of whichever radio button in the group was selected.
Another common user interface trick is to use some kind of drop-down list. These devices allow the user to choose from a list of options, but the various options only appear when the user is choosing from the list. This is especially useful when screen real estate is an issue or you want to keep the interface clean. Drop-down lists are made with two different elements. The main object is the select object. It contains a series of option objects. (This is analogous to the way li objects appear inside a ul or ol object.) The code for building a drop-down list box will make it all clear.
<select name = "selColor"> <option value = "red">red</option> <option value = "orange">orange</option> <option value = "yellow">yellow</option> <option value = "green">green</option> <option value = "blue">blue</option> <option value = "indigo">indigo</option> <option value = "violet">violet</option> </select>
The select object has a name attribute. Each option has its own value attribute. Your program will use the value attribute of whichever element is returned. The value property of an option button doesn't display anywhere. Place the text you want to have visible on the page between the <option> and </option> tags.
One more selection element can be useful in certain situations. This isn't really a new object at all, but a variation of the drop-down list. The code for the last element in selectForm.html is shown below:
<select name = "lstColor" size = 7 multiple> <option value = "red">red</option> <option value = "orange">orange</option> <option value = "yellow">yellow</option> <option value = "green">green</option> <option value = "blue">blue</option> <option value = "indigo">indigo</option> <option value = "violet">violet</option> </select>
The code looks identical to the previous (drop-down) list except for a few differences in the select tag itself. By setting the size attribute to a value of 7, I indicated that seven lines of the list should be shown at any time. This is useful when you want the user to be able to see all (or many) of the choices all the time. The other interesting thing about this type of list box is it can allow for multiple selections if the multiple attribute is included. A multi-selection list box lets the user choose more than one element using standard multiple selection rules (for example, Shift+Click to select a range of contiguous options or Ctrl+Click to add or remove a particular element from the range of selections).
The last major form element is the button. Buttons are important because the user is accustomed to clicking on them to make things happen. Your programs will take advantage of this conditioning. Figure 1.11 shows a page containing three distinct buttons.
All three button types are variants of the basic input tag you've used so much in this chapter. The code for the buttonForm.html page illustrates this clearly:
  <title>Button Demo</title>
Button Demo
 <form> <textarea rows = 5> Change the text here to see what happens when you click on the reset button. </textarea>

 <input type = "button" value = "regular button">

 <input type = "reset" value = "reset button">

 <input type = "submit" value = "submit button">

 </form>
The reset button is used to let the user reset the page to its default condition. This is a handy feature to add to a program, because it lets the user back up if the page got messed up. It isn't necessary to write any code for the reset button, because the browser automatically handles the resetting behavior.
The Submit button style is by far the most important kind of button for server-side programming that we will do in this book. The Submit button provides the link between Web pages and your programs. Most interactions in server-side programming involve sending an HTML page with a form to the user. When the user has finished making selections and typing values into the various form elements, he or she presses the Submit button, which essentially bundles up all the data in the form elements and sends them to a program. In the next chapter, you'll learn how to make this actually work, but for now it's important to know how to add a Submit button to your forms, because many pages will use this type of element.


text:
Table of contents
About this book
This volume provides current methods and protocols for gene and protein delivery based on both lentivirus-generated and spontaneously released nanovesicles. Lentiviral Vectors and Exosomes as Gene and Protein Delivery Tools guides readers through methods on macromolecule delivery and chapters describe the LV-based protocols of gene engineering. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biologyseries format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Authoritative and cutting-edge, Lentiviral Vectors and Exosomes as Gene and Protein Delivery Tools aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.
Editors and affiliations
- DOI _URL_
- Copyright Information Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
- Publisher Name Humana Press, New York, NY
- eBook Packages Springer Protocols
- Print ISBN 978-1-4939-3751-6
- Online ISBN 978-1-4939-3753-0
- Series Print ISSN _PHONE_
- Series Online ISSN _PHONE_
- Buy this book on publisher's site


root.
How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported

Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
The Perl interpreter can be regarded as a closed box: it has an API for feeding it code or otherwise making it do things, but it also has functions for its own use. This smells a lot like an object, and there are ways for you to build Perl so that you can have multiple interpreters, with one interpreter represented either as a C structure, or inside a thread-specific structure. These structures contain all the context, the state of that interpreter.
One macro controls the major Perl build flavor: MULTIPLICITY. The MULTIPLICITY build has a C structure that packages all the interpreter state. With multiplicity-enabled perls, PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT is also normally defined, and enables the support for passing in a ''hidden'' first argument that represents all three data structures. MULTIPLICITY makes multi-threaded perls possible (with the ithreads threading model, related to the macro USE_ITHREADS.)
Two other ''encapsulation'' macros are the PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT and PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT_PRIVATE (the latter turns on the former, and the former turns on MULTIPLICITY.) The PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT causes all the internal variables of Perl to be wrapped inside a single global struct, struct perl_vars, accessible as (globals) &PL_Vars or PL_VarsPtr or the function Perl_GetVars(). The PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT_PRIVATE goes one step further, there is still a single struct (allocated in main() either from heap or from stack) but there are no global data symbols pointing to it. In either case the global struct should be initialized as the very first thing in main() using Perl_init_global_struct() and correspondingly tear it down after perl_free() using Perl_free_global_struct(), please see miniperlmain.c for usage details. You may also need to use "dVAR" in your coding to ''declare the global variables'' when you are using them. dTHX does this for you automatically.
To see whether you have non-const data you can use a BSD (or GNU) compatible "nm":
 nm libperl.a | grep -v ' [TURtr] '
If this displays any "D" or "d" symbols (or possibly "C" or "c"), you have non-const data. The symbols the "grep" removed are as follows: "Tt" are text, or code, the "Rr" are read-only (const) data, and the "U" is <undefined>, external symbols referred to.
The test t/porting/libperl.t does this kind of symbol sanity checking on "libperl.a".
For backward compatibility reasons defining just PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT doesn't actually hide all symbols inside a big global struct: some PerlIO_xxx vtables are left visible. The PERL_GLOBAL_STRUCT_PRIVATE then hides everything (see how the PERLIO_FUNCS_DECL is used).
All this obviously requires a way for the Perl internal functions to be either subroutines taking some kind of structure as the first argument, or subroutines taking nothing as the first argument. To enable these two very different ways of building the interpreter, the Perl source (as it does in so many other situations) makes heavy use of macros and subroutine naming conventions.
First problem: deciding which functions will be public API functions and which will be private. All functions whose names begin "S_" are private (think ''S'' for ''secret'' or ''static''). All other functions begin with ''Perl_'', but just because a function begins with ''Perl_'' does not mean it is part of the API. (See ''Internal Functions''.) The easiest way to be sure a function is part of the API is to find its entry in perlapi. If it exists in perlapi, it's part of the API. If it doesn't, and you think it should be (i.e., you need it for your extension), send mail via perlbug explaining why you think it should be.
Second problem: there must be a syntax so that the same subroutine declarations and calls can pass a structure as their first argument, or pass nothing. To solve this, the subroutines are named and declared in a particular way. Here's a typical start of a static function used within the Perl guts:
 STATIC void
 S_incline(pTHX_ char *s)
STATIC becomes ''static'' in C, and may be #define'd to nothing in some configurations in the future.
A public function (i.e. part of the internal API, but not necessarily sanctioned for use in extensions) begins like this:
 void
 Perl_sv_setiv(pTHX_ SV* dsv, IV num)
"pTHX_" is one of a number of macros (in perl.h) that hide the details of the interpreter's context. THX stands for ''thread'', ''this'', or ''thingy'', as the case may be. (And no, George Lucas is not involved. :-) The first character could be 'p' for a prototype, 'a' for argument, or 'd' for declaration, so we have "pTHX", "aTHX" and "dTHX", and their variants.
When Perl is built without options that set PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT, there is no first argument containing the interpreter's context. The trailing underscore in the pTHX_ macro indicates that the macro expansion needs a comma after the context argument because other arguments follow it. If PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT is not defined, pTHX_ will be ignored, and the subroutine is not prototyped to take the extra argument. The form of the macro without the trailing underscore is used when there are no additional explicit arguments.
When a core function calls another, it must pass the context. This is normally hidden via macros. Consider "sv_setiv". It expands into something like this:
 #ifdef PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
 #define sv_setiv(a,b) Perl_sv_setiv(aTHX_ a, b)
 /* can't do this for vararg functions, see below */
 #else
 #define sv_setiv Perl_sv_setiv
 #endif
This works well, and means that XS authors can gleefully write:
 sv_setiv(foo, bar);
and still have it work under all the modes Perl could have been compiled with.
This doesn't work so cleanly for varargs functions, though, as macros imply that the number of arguments is known in advance. Instead we either need to spell them out fully, passing "aTHX_" as the first argument (the Perl core tends to do this with functions like Perl_warner), or use a context-free version.
The context-free version of Perl_warner is called Perl_warner_nocontext, and does not take the extra argument. Instead it does dTHX; to get the context from thread-local storage. We "#define warner Perl_warner_nocontext" so that extensions get source compatibility at the expense of performance. (Passing an arg is cheaper than grabbing it from thread-local storage.)
You can ignore [pad]THXx when browsing the Perl headers/sources. Those are strictly for use within the core. Extensions and embedders need only be aware of [pad]THX.
So what happened to dTHR?
"dTHR" was introduced in perl 5.005 to support the older thread model. The older thread model now uses the "THX" mechanism to pass context pointers around, so "dTHR" is not useful any more. Perl 5.6.0 and later still have it for backward source compatibility, but it is defined to be a no-op.
How do I use all this in extensions?
When Perl is built with PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT, extensions that call any functions in the Perl API will need to pass the initial context argument somehow. The kicker is that you will need to write it in such a way that the extension still compiles when Perl hasn't been built with PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT enabled.
There are three ways to do this. First, the easy but inefficient way, which is also the default, in order to maintain source compatibility with extensions: whenever XSUB.h is #included, it redefines the aTHX and aTHX_ macros to call a function that will return the context. Thus, something like:
 sv_setiv(sv, num);
in your extension will translate to this when PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT is in effect:
 Perl_sv_


text:
The present post is a follow-up to this one, which discussed grammatical similarities between the word poor and adjectival swearwords. Given the subject matter, this post will use (or, rather, mention) offensive language rather copiously. If you don't like that, don't read it.
In my earlier post, I mentioned that adjectives like poor and fucking are subject to unusual grammatical restraints — but only when a particular sense of the word is intended. To recap, consider these examples.
- The genius is fucking.
- Never interrupt a genius who is fucking.
- The man's a fucking genius.
- That fucking genius thinks he's so much better than us.
Sentences (1) and (2) use the literal meaning of "engaging in sexual intercourse." In sentence (3), the word is not used literally, but neither is it being used to curse someone; it does not imply scorn or hatred but merely serves to underscore the word genius. Only in sentence (4) is the word used to communicate the speaker's emotional attitude towards the genius in question; this is what I'm going to call the attitudinal sense of the word.
The situation is similar with poor.
- The gardener is poor.
- This fertilizer is beyond the means of a gardener who is poor.
- He's a poor gardener.
- The poor gardener had to pick all the dandelions out of the lawn by hand.
In sentences (5) and (6), poor can only mean "impoverished." In (7) it could mean either "impoverished" or "lacking in ability." In (8), it could have either of those meanings, but it would more likely be interpreted in a third, attitudinal sense — as an expression of the speaker's pity or sympathy for the gardener.
When an adjective is used in the attitudinal sense, it does not predicate anything at all of the referent of the noun which it is modifying. That is why that annoying cat is not synonymous with that confounded cat. The former is predicating something of the cat — namely, that it causes feelings of annoyance. The truth-value of that predication may be a matter of subjective opinion, but the phrase is still meant to say something about the cat itself. In contrast, that confounded cat says nothing about the cat itself but merely serves to express the speaker's attitude toward it. For a similar reason, the pitiable boy is no substitute for the poor boy. Pitiable makes a statement about the boy — that he deserves, or at least tends to elicit, pity — but poor is simply an expression of the speaker's own feeling of pity.
In addition to poor and various execratory terms, there are several other candidates for the category of attitudinal adjectives (or adjectives which can be used in an attitudinal sense).
One of these — actually a phrase rather than a single adjective is good old. Consider these examples.
- *John is good old.
- John is good and old.
- John is a good old person.
- You can always count on good old John.
- Good old John!
The pattern is familiar from our previous discussion of poor and fucking. Sentence (9) is ill-formed because only attributive adjectives (those used before the noun, rather than in the predicate) can be strung together without a conjunction. It's nearest well-formed equivalent, (9) can only mean that John is an elderly gentleman of high moral caliber — which is predicating something of John and is thus not attitudinal. The sense of (11) depends on which word is stressed. If you stress old, it means the same as (10) — or it could mean that John is in some sense "good at being old"; perhaps old age becomes him, or perhaps he is an actor who is good at playing elderly characters. If instead the word person is stressed, good old can be interpreted in the attitudinal sense — but the attitude conveyed is an attitude towards people in general, not John in particular. Here's an example of a (rather contrived) context in which that reading might make sense:
"I spent all morning observing the chimp colony. Harry and Bonzo were squabbling all morning, with Joey joining in from time to time. I was going crazy trying to catch everything they were doing and write it down. Then finally John showed up and they all quieted down."
"Who's John? The alpha?"
"No, no, he's not a chimp. John is a good old person, one of the other researchers. Boy was I ever glad to have another human being to talk to for a change!"
Sentences (12) and (13) would both be interpreted in the attitudinal sense — conveying the speaker's attitude towards John rather than predicating anything of John himself.
Note that for the good old in (11) to be interpreted attitudinally, we must construct a context in which it could be used in passing. If we take it for granted that John is person, then the main point of (11) is to say that John is good and old. If we imagine a context in which one might assume that John is a chimpanzee, then the main point of the sentence is to say that John is a person; good old is then used in passing and can be interpreted attitudinally.
Adjectival curse words generally have three possible senses: the literal, the emphatic, and the attitudinal. However, not all curse words have all three senses.
Curse words which are noun-participle compounds, such as goddamn(ed) and motherfucking, have no literal sense. That seems like a strange thing to say, since anyone can tell you that goddamned literally means "condemned to hell by God" and that the literal meaning of motherfucking is "having sexual relations with one's mother." However, if you try to use either word literally in a sentence, you'll find that it can't be done. Even in a sentence like Oedipus was the motherfucking king of Thebes, the curse word will be understood in its emphatic sense (the alleged literal sense will also be salient, of course, but only as a sort of pun). Likewise, Let's burn that goddamned heretic carries the attitudinal sense and is not interchangeable with Let's burn that heretic who has been condemned to hell by God. The same is also true of cotton-picking, in my judgment; it would be hard (but perhaps not impossible?) to interpret a sentence like Look at all those cotton-picking migrant workers as a non-attitudinal description of the agricultural task in which the workers in question are engaged.
Curse words which (as I have heard them used) have no emphatic sense include confounded and blasted. When these words are used non-literally, they always carry an attitudinal meaning; they cannot be used for mere emphasis. You can say I'm a goddamn American Jedi, but you can't really say I'm a confounded American Jedi.
Most other adjectival curse words, though, have both an emphatic and an attitudinal sense — and the distinction seems to be based on the same "used in passing" criterion I identified for the attitudinal sense of poor.
- Now this is a motherfucking plane!
- I have had it with these motherfucking snakes on this motherfucking plane!
Sentence (14) is clearly emphatic in meaning; it serves to emphasize the word plane and has no execratory meaning. Sentence (15) uses the word twice in its attitudinal sense, expressing exasperation with the snakes and the plane, and does so in the familiar "in passing" manner.
No sentence with the same grammar as (14), but using poor in place of motherfucking, could be interpreted in the attitudinal sense, which supports the distinction between emphatic curse words and truly attitudinal ones.


Use Functions in CMD Script
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Functions in CMD Scripts
The below code will allow you to use functions in your RouterOS CMD scripts. I was finding myself using the same code snippet multiple times, in multiple scripts. This was not only inconsistent, but also time consuming, as I had to adapt the code each time it was inserted into a new script. If I wrote a routine that needed to be changed, I would have to change it (and remember where) in every script that used it.
By using functions, you're able write one piece of code and "call" that code from any other script. If you need to make a change to a it, you only need to do it once, at the function's source. Functions also provide consistency, as you're not copying and pasting each time you need to use the same piece of code.
Here is the main function library. You could also separate function libraries, say Functions-Text, Functions-Firewall, etc...
# Script name: Functions
# Functions script library
# Remember: ' $ ' (dollar sign), ' " ' (double-quote), and ' \ ' (backslash) must be escaped with preceding backslash '\' to when used in functions
# Function input array is passed from calling script using:
# string: ":local input \"<input1,input2,...>\"; "
# command output: ":local input [/path/to/command get <item property>];"
# Function output array is stored in function's local $output variable
# Functions should always end with ; (semi-colon) - this makes it easier when calling from another script
#
# Ex. To call MyFunc with input "1,2,3,4", storing function's output in global var MyOutput
# From calling script:
# Code
# /system script run "Functions"
# :global MyFunc
#
# :global MyOutput ""
# :local runFunc [:parse (":global MyOutput;" . \
# ":local input \"1,2,3,4\";" . \
# $MyFunc . \
# ":set MyOutput \$output")
# ]
# $runFunc
# End Code
#
# The global variable $MyOutput now contains an array of output values from function
# To display output:
# :put [:pick $MyOutput 0]
# :put [:pick $MyOutput 1]
# :put [:pick $MyOutput 2]
# :put [:pick $MyOutput ...]
# Functions
#------------
# UniqueNumGen: Generates a fairly unique number from date, time, mem-free, and cpu-load
# Input array: none
# Output array:
# 0 = number generated
:global UniqueNumGen ":local output \"\"
 :set output (\$output . [:pick [/system clock get date] 7 11])
 :set output (\$output . [:pick [/system clock get date] 4 6])
 :set output (\$output . [:pick [/system clock get time] 0 2])
 :set output (\$output . [:pick [/system clock get time] 3 5])
 :set output (\$output . [:pick [/system clock get time] 6 8])
 :set output (\$output . [/system resource get free-memory])
 :set output (\$output . [/system resource get cpu-load])
 :set output [:tonum \$output]
 :set output [:toarray \$output];"
# DateToNum: Converts a given date (mmm/dd/yyyy) to numeric date (yyyymmdd)
# Input array:
# 0 = string date "mmm/dd/yyyy"
# Output array:
# 0 = numeric date yyyymmdd
:global DateToNum " :local output \"\"
 :set input [:toarray \$input]
 :if ([:len \$input] > 0) do={
 :local input1 [:tostr [:pick \$input 0]]
 :local months [:toarray \"jan,feb,mar,apr,may,jun,jul,aug,sep,oct,nov,dec\"]
 :local mon 0
 :for x from=0 to=([:len \$months] - 1) do={
 :if ([:tostr [:pick \$months \$x]] = [:tostr [:pick \$input1 0 3]]) do={
 :if (\$x < 9) do={ :set mon (\"0\" . (\$x + 1)) } else={ :set mon (\$x + 1) } } }
 :set output ([:pick \$input1 7 11] . \$mon . [:pick \$input1 4 6])
 :set output [:tonum \$output]
 :set output [:toarray \$output]
 };"
# TimeToNum: Removes ':' from given time (hh:mm:ss) -> (hhmmss)
# Input array:
# 0 = string time "hh:mm:ss"
# Output array:
# 0 = numeric time hhmmss
:global TimeToNum " :local output \"\"
 :set input [:toarray \$input]
 :if ([:len \$input] > 0) do={
 :local input1 [:tostr [:pick \$input 0]]
 :for x from=0 to=([:len \$input1] - 1) do={
 :if ([:tostr [:pick \$input1 \$x (\$x + 1)]] != \":\") do={
 :set output (\$output . [:tostr [:pick \$input1 \$x (\$x + 1)]]) } }
 :set output [:tonum \$output]
 :set output [:toarray \$output]
 };"
# -----------------
# End Functions
Here is a demo to show how functions can be used in your CMD scripts:
# Script name: DemoFunctions
# Demo of function library
# Import Functions script and functions we are using
/system script run "Functions"
:global UniqueNumGen
:global DateToNum
:global TimeToNum
# Demo: UniqueNumGen
:global DemoUniqueNum 0
:local runFunc [:parse (":global DemoUniqueNum;" . \
 $UniqueNumGen . \
 ":set DemoUniqueNum \$output")
 ]
$runFunc
:put ("Unique number: " . [:pick $DemoUniqueNum 0])
# Demo: DateToNum
:global DemoDate 0
:local runFunc [:parse (":global DemoDate;" . \
 ":local input [/system clock get date]; " . \
 $DateToNum . \
 ":set DemoDate \$output")
 ]
$runFunc
:put ("Date to number: " . [:pick $DemoDate 0])
# Demo: TimeToNum
:global DemoTime 0
:local runFunc [:parse (":global DemoTime;" . \
 ":local input [/system clock get time]; " . \
 $TimeToNum . \
 ":set DemoTime \$output")
 ]
$runFunc
:put ("Time to number: " . [:pick $DemoTime 0])
Feel free to contribute your functions here as well.
More Functions
Recursive function in CMD script: This function will list all possible three character combination of numbers 1, 2, and 3.
:local runFunc
:global output ""
:global recurseFunc (":global recurseFunc;
 :global output;
 :local runFunc;
 :if ([:len \$base] < 3) do={
 :foreach c in=[:toarray \"1,2,3\"] do={
 :set output (\$output . \",\" . \$base . [:tostr \$c])
 :set runFunc (\":local base \\\"\" . \$base . [:tostr \$c] . \"\\\"; \" . \$recurseFunc)
 :set runFunc [:parse \$runFunc]
 :put \$runFunc
 }
 }; ")
:set runFunc (":local base \"\"; " . $recurseFunc)
# To see how the function will be interperted, uncomment next line
#:put $runFunc
:set runFunc [:parse $runFunc]
:put $runFunc
:foreach char in=[:


. On the other hand, there exists a simple stationary solution. After applying the key renewal theorem (Ross, 1996), the following stationary value ( t → ∞ ) of the expected quality QES can be derived: ∞
QES =
1 F ( x)Q( x)dx , m ∫0
(4.33)
where m is the mean that corresponds to the Cdf F (t ) . ~ Another important performance characteristic is the probability that Q (t ) exceeds some acceptable level of performance Q0 . Assume that Q(t ) is strictly decreasing and that Q(∞) < Q0 < Q(0). Similar to Equation (4.33), the stationary probability of exceeding level Q0 is
Point Processes and Minimal Repair
87
t
1 0 F ( x))dx , m ∫0
PS (Q0 ) =
(4.34)
where t0 is uniquely determined from the equation Q(t0 ) = Q0 . Example 4.4 Let F (t ) = 1 − exp{−λt}; Q(t ) = exp{−αt}, α > 0 . Then QES = −
PS (Q0 ) = λ
λ , λ +α
(4.35)
ln Q0
α
λ
exp{−λx}dx = 1 − Q0α .
(4.36)
0
Let Qt , t ≥ 0 be a stochastic process with decreasing continuous realizations and let it be independent from the considered renewal process of system failures (repairs). Equations (4.33) and (4.34) are generalized in this case to ∞
QES =
1 F ( x) E[Qx ]dx m0
(4.37)
and ∞
PS (Q0 ) =
1 F ( x) Pr[Qx ≥ Q0 ]dx , m0
(4.38)
respectively. For obtaining PS (Q0 ) , we need the distribution of the first passage time S ( x, Q0 ) i.e., the distribution function of time to the first crossing of level Q0 . Therefore, ∞ 1 PS (Q0 ) = ∫ F ( x)(1 − S ( x, Q0 ))dx . m0 Example 4.5 Let F (t ) = 1 − exp{−λt}, Q(t , Z ) = 1 − exp{− Zt}, where the random variable Z is uniformly distributed in [0, a] , a > 0 . Then t≤d ⎧0, ⎪ , S (t , Q0 ) = ⎨ ln Q0 ⎪1 + at , t > d ⎩
where d = − ln Q0 / a . Finally, λ
PS (Q0 ) = 1 − (Q0 ) a + λd ∫ d
exp{−λx} dx . x
88
Failure Rate Modelling for Reliability and Risk
Remark 4.3 The discussion in this section can be considered a special case of the renewal reward processes (Ross, 1996). 4.6.2 Imperfect Restoration of Quality
The results of the previous section were obtained under the assumption that the repair action is perfect. Therefore, after the perfect repair of the described type, the system is in an as good as new state: the Cdf of the current cycle duration is the same as for the previous cycle and the quality of the performance function is also the same at each cycle. Following Finkelstein (1999), consider now a generalization of the Brown– Proschan model of Section 4.5. As in this model, the perfect repair performs the renewal in a statistical sense and restores the quality function to its initial level Q(0) , whereas the minimal repair, defined in statistical terms by Definition 4.7, performs this restoration to a lower (intermediate) level to be specified later. We will call this type of repair the minimal-imperfect repair: it is minimal with respect to the cycle distribution function and is imperfect with respect to the quality function. As a special case, the quality function could be restored to the level it was at just prior to the failure (minimal-minimal repair), but a more general situation is of interest. We will combine the results of Sections 4.5 and 4.6.1. Equation (4.30) defines the Cdf of the time between consecutive perfect repairs. Therefore, the renewal process of instants of perfect repairs is defined by the interarrival times with the Cdf Fp (t ) . We will consider only the stationary value of the quality function in this case, but an analogue of Equation (4.32) can also be derived easily. It follows from Equations (4.30) and (4.33) that the stationary value of the quality function is QES =
∞ ⎧⎪ x ⎫⎪ 1 exp ⎨− ∫ p(u )λ (u )du ⎬ E[Qˆ ( x)]dx , ∫ mP 0 ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
(4.39)
where m p is the mean defined by the Cdf Fp (t ) and Qˆ ( x) is the value of the performance function in x units of time after the last perfect repair. This function is now random, as a random number of minimal-imperfect repairs was performed since the last perfect repair. Different reasonable models for Qˆ ( x) can be suggested (Finkelstein, 1999). The following model is already defined in terms of the corresponding expectation and is probably the simplest: x ⎧⎪ x ⎫⎪ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ x E[Qˆ ( x)] = exp⎨− λ (u )du ⎬Q( x) + λ ( y ) exp⎨− λ (u )du ⎬Q( x, y )dy . ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎩ y ⎪⎭ 0
(4.40)
The first term on the right-hand side of Equation (4.40) corresponds to the event when there are no minimal repairs in [0, x) . The integrand of the second term defines the probability that the last minimal-imperfect repair occurred in [ y, y + dy ) , multiplied by a quality function Q( x, y ) , which depends now on the time since the last perfect repair x and on the time of the last minimal-imperfect repair y . The simplest model for Q( x, y ) is
Point Processes and Minimal Repair
Q ( x, y ) =
C ( y) Q( x − y ) , Q(0)
89
(4.41)
where C ( y ) is the level of the minimal-imperfect repair performed at time y after the last perfect repair. We also assume that the function C ( y ) is monotonically decreasing and C ( y ) > Q( y ); y > 0; C (0) = Q(0) . Example 4.6 Let Q( x) = exp{−α1 x}; C ( y ) = exp{−α 2 }, α1 > α 2 . Then Q( x, y ) = exp{−α1 x}exp{−(α1 − α 2 ) y} .
Let λ (x) ≡ λ and p( x) ≡ p . Performing simple calculations in accordance with Equations (4.39)–(4.41) results in QES =
λp α1 − α 2 − λ
⎡ α1 − α 2 ⎤ λ − ⎢ ⎥. ⎣ λ + λp + α1 2α1 − α 2 + λp ⎦
(4.42)
If α1 = α 2 = α and p = 1 , Equation (3.42) reduces to QES = λ (λ + α ) , which coincides with Equation (4.35). Similar to Equation (4.38), the stationary probability of exceeding the fixed level Q0 can also be derived (Finkelstein, 1999).
4.7 Minimal Repair in Heterogeneous Populations Chapters 6 and 7 of this book are entirely devoted to mixture failure rate modelling in heterogeneous populations. The discussion of minimal repair in this section is based on definitions and results for mixture failure rates of Chapter 6, which are essential for the presentation in this section. Therefore, it is reasonable to read Chapter 6 first. Some of the relevant equations were also given in the introductory Example 3.1. Note that generalization of the notion of minimal repair to the heterogeneous setting is not straightforward, and we present here only some initial findings (Finkelstein, 2004c). For explanatory purposes, we start with the following reasoning. Consider a stock of n substocks of 'identical' items, which are manufactured by n different manufacturers, and therefore their failure rates λi , i = 1,2,..., n differ. Assume that at t = 0 one item is picked up from a randomly chosen (in accordance with some discrete distribution) substock. It is put into operation, whereas all other items are kept in a 'hot' standby. It is clear that the lifetime Cdf of the chosen item can be defined by the corresponding discrete mixture. The following scenarios for repair (replacement) actions are of interest: •
We do not (or cannot) observe the choice (the manufacturer, or equivalently, the value of λi ). An operating item is replaced on failure by the standby one, which is chosen in accordance with the same random procedure (as at t = 0 );
90
Failure Rate Modelling for Reliability and Risk
- •
The same as in the first scenario, but the failed item is replaced with one of the same make; The initial choice is observed as we 'observe' i , and therefore we 'know' λi and use items from this stock for replacements.
Thus,


text:
Native or Introduced:
Nutrient Removal Rating:
Rooted or Floating:
Full sun to part shade
Maximum Water Depth:
Arrow arum produces thick roots that serve as underground storage organs. Clusters of basal leaves arise from a short stem.
Leaf petioles are green to purple-green, growing to 2 feet in length. Leaf blades are medium green, arrowhead-shaped, and measure 10-18 inches in length. Lobes are rounded rather than pointed.
Inflorescences are 2.5-10 inches across and consist of a green spathe tube that opens at flowering to reveal a spadix that can be nearly as long as the spathe. Flowers are borne on the spadix and are pale green to greenish white in color. Flowering occurs from spring to late summer. Following flowering, green berries form attached to the spadix. Fruits mature during the summer and fall.
Arrow arum lives in wetland areas such as bogs, swamps, freshwater tidal marshes, and ditches. Additionally it inhabits the edges of ponds, lakes, and rivers. It is most commonly found in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The range of this species is currently expanding.
Flowers of arrow arum are pollinated by a specialist pollinator - the chloropid fly. This insect uses inflorescences for mating sites and larval food sources. Female flys lay eggs in the inflorescence. After hatching, the larvae feed on the rotting male portion of the flowering structure.


text:
Putting dirty bong water on your plants is a bad idea. The concept may seem crazy to some people, but others swear that it works on their plants. Bong water is essentially water with resin, mold, and bacteria, which will not help your plants grow. In fact, the bong water will stop plants from growing altogether.
So, what exactly is in bong water? What do plants need to survive and grow healthy and strong? Why is it that bong water is not suitable for plants? Can you add bong water to your compost pile for houseplant fertilizer?
So, is bong water good for plants or not? Here is the complete breakdown of using bong water for house plants.
What is Bong Water?
A bong is a device that people use to smoke cannabis. The device begins by putting clean water at the bottom of the structure and then placing dry plant material where you put the lighter. As the user lights up the dry material, they (the smoker) inhales the smoke from the water. That leftover water at the bottom of the bong is where the bong water sits.
Bongwater generally consists of dirty water, resin, bacteria, THC, CBD, and ash. As the old bong water sits for an extended period, it becomes stagnant water, which means excess bacteria grow at the bottom.
What Do Plants Need to Survive?
A plant's health depends on adequate sunlight, water, and soil. In addition, plants also need nutrients like phosphorus, carbon dioxide, oxygen, calcium, and potassium. Finally, plants need to be put into the proper temperature conditions to survive.
Why Do People Think Bong Water is Good for Houseplants?
People think that bong water is good for houseplants because it contains water. In addition, bong water has decomposing plant matter from when the filtration occurs on the dry leaves and water, so having that in the water would be suitable for plants. Finally, after a smoke session, you might think that bong water on plants is an excellent way to reduce waste that might go down the drain.
Why is Bong Water Not Good for Plants?
While some may enjoy the smoking experience that bongs provide and think there is a good use for that excess water at the bottom of the device, plants won't want it. The bacteria build-up in the water will be harmful to plants. Mold, resin, ash, and more are not elements that plants seek to grow healthy and robust.
One of the biggest problems that bong water has is resin, which will clog your soil if you dump that on your houseplant. Plant roots need to grow naturally in the ground to reach nutrients and water, and the resin can block that path. By blocking the way for roots, you will stop the growth of plants and ultimately have them wilt if they are unable to gather the nutrients they need.
If drinking bong water is a bad idea for people, it is bad for plants. Bottom line, the question "is bong water good for plants" comes out to a no.
Is Bong Water Good for Weed Plants?
Now that we know that bong water doesn't help grow plants, you might wonder if you can use it on your weeds. The truth is that you are better off removing the weeds manually or using boiling water to kill the roots of the weed. However, if you wanted to experiment using bong water on weeds to see if it will remove them faster, it is worth a try. The bong water won't help grow the weeds, but there are better alternatives to removing them than bong water.
What are some Alternatives to Bong Water for Plants?
- Distilled Water: Distilled water does not contain anything except water. That means that it does not contain any chlorine or other similar chemicals that you would find in tap water.
- Rain Water: Rainwater is excellent for plants because it is free. However, some rainwater won't be as clean as others, depending on where you live. If you are concerned about the rainwater in your area, consider leaving a bucket outside to collect the water and test it for toxins.
- Bottled Water: Bottled water works well for plants because it is cleaner than tap water. Unlike tap water, bottled water doesn't contain fluoride or chlorine, which can cause problems for plants. However, while bottled water is a good choice for plants, it can become costly.
- Tap Water: First-time plant growers will use tap water directly on their plants because of its convenience. While tap water is good, the general rule is not to use ice cold tap water on your plants since that can cause shock. Consider letting the water sit out for a few hours before giving it to your plants to drink.
- Rice Water: If you are cooking rice over the stove, consider using that water on plants. What might sound crazy at first really isn't so. Rice water contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, all essential nutrients that plants need.
Can Bong Water Be Used in a Compost Pile for Plants?
While putting bong water directly on plants isn't a great idea, you can add a bit of the mixture to a compost pile. Bong water has components and materials that can help decompose other items in your bin, like tea bags, banana peels, and eggshells. By adding some bong water to the compost pile, you can remove unnecessary waste that goes down the drain and instead put it to good use.
Conclusion: Is Bong Water Good for Plants?
In summary, using bong water on plants is not a great idea. Bong water contains harmful toxins that can cause severe issues to the plant if you dump the water directly on them. The toxins cause problems with plant growth, and they can also stop the roots from reaching nutrients due to the resin that bong water contains.
However, you can use bong water in your compost pile for houseplant fertilization. The water from the bong can help naturally decompose material like eggshells, coffee grounds, tea bags, and more, which speeds up when you can use that pile as fertilizer.


Quick Answer: Does Tile Adhesive Colour Matter?
How long after adhesive can I grout?
24 hoursYou should wait at least 24 hours before grouting the tiles.
Don't be fooled by this.
Can I use tile adhesive instead of mortar?
Which cement is best for floor tiles?
but OPC 53 cement have high strength comparison to 43 grade of cement but it is used in RCC work. For tile fixing like flooring tile and wall tiles I recommended go through the use of 43 grade of cement.
Does ready mixed tile adhesive go off?
The shelf life on tile adhesives is usually around 6-12 months, depending on the type of adhesive you are using (ready-mixed or powder). … The reason adhesive has a shelf life is because it might begin to set over time (whether opened or not).
What is the best tile adhesive for large tiles?
Simple! choose a good quality powdered adhesive, preferably a polymer modified one such as granfix fastset flexible. To explain the advice above consider that in general, tile adhesive can be split into 2 types; ready mixed and powdered.
What is the difference between white and GREY tile adhesive?
For this reason white tile adhesive is usually used for fixing wall tiles, as it's more often than not subsequently grouted in a light colour. Using a grey mortar, with possible contaminants, is liable to cause unsightly discolouration to either the porous natural stone or the grouting itself.
How thick should the tile adhesive be?
1. Apply the adhesive to the surface with an appropriate notch trowel: as a general guide use a 6mm notch trowel to achieve a 1mm bed thickness for walls; 10mm notch to achieve an approximate 1.5mm bed thickness for concrete floors; 12mm notch trowel to achieve a 2.5mm bed thickness for timber floors.
Can you put adhesive on tile?
Try not to work on more than one square metre at a time, as the adhesive could start hardening before you've put all the tiles in place. Choose a suitable tile adhesive for your tiles: for ceramic tiles use a ready-mixed tile adhesive or powder adhesive and a powder tile adhesive for porcelain tiles.
What is the difference between tile adhesive and grout?
Tile adhesive and grout is used for bonding and sealing tiles. Tile adhesive is applied first to fix tiles to wall or floor surfaces. Grout, also known as grout sealer, is applied afterwards to fill in gaps and seal tiles by affectively forming a fluid concrete.
Can we mix cement with tile adhesive?
Cement can be used as an adhesive and is used as a base material in many commercial tile adhesive products. Tiles can be laid bonded with adhesive, so cement can be used, however mixing cement and adhesive, as implied in the question, is a matter of trial and error and has questionable merit.
Which adhesive is best for tiles?
MYK LATICRETEMYK LATICRETE® Tile Adhesive is a factory made cementitious dry powder which is mixed with water or special liquid additive to form a paste, providing problem-free, full bedding tile/stone installation. MYK LATICRETE® thin-set adhesives have high bonding strength allowing the tiles to directly fixed to the substrate.
Can I use tile adhesive to level floor?
Thick Bed FlexiRapid is a pourable and flexible rapid setting cement based floor tile adhesive. … It is ideal for fixing tiles of uneven thicknesses, for fixing to uneven surfaces and it can also be used to level uneven floors.
Should you wet tiles before laying?
Why Tiles Are Soaked In Water Before Installation The purpose of soaking tile before laying is to make the pores fully absorb water, so as not to cause hollowing, shedding, or even cracks. … Especially for the wall paving, before the wall tiles laying, it is necessary to sprinkle water on the wall.
How long does tile adhesive take to set?
approximately 24 hoursTile adhesive dries in a way that is very similar to concrete. The substance starts out as a powder and then, when mixed with water, it becomes a substance with a thick consistency. Under normal circumstances, you will need to let it dry for approximately 24 hours after installation before you can walk on the tile.
What is the difference between floor adhesive and wall adhesive?
Although it has worked well for some people, the real answer to this question is no. Unlike floor tile adhesives, you can only use wall tile adhesives for holding tiles on a vertical surface. The floor tile adhesive is strong and can withstand horizontal pressure as people move.
What adhesive will stick to ceramic tile?
Is ready mixed tile adhesive any good?
Ready-mixed is generally easier to use, but it has limitations attached to it. Here at Dunlop, we would never recommend using a ready-mixed product when using porcelain, large-format tiles and tiling floors, or wet areas.
Which is better tile adhesive or cement?
Laying tiles by using tile adhesive with notched trowel requires less amount of material. Adhesive layer is a lot thinner than the mixture of sand-cement, and this leads to lighter load to building structure. A bag of 20 kg tile adhesive can be used to lay tiles on the average area of 4 – 5 m2.
Can I use adhesive instead of grout?
Dispersion adhesive will not be fine used as a grout it will let water pass through it and offer no resistance. the water will then pass in to the sub-straight and start to damage it. if you leave it uncorrected in 6 months time you will have big problems so remove the adhesive and use grout.
Can you lay tile and grout in the same day?
You should wait at least 24 hours before grouting the tiles. You may notice that the edges of the thinset or the thinset showing through the grout lines looks dry. The thinset under the tiles isn't receiving as much air as the edges and is therefor not fully cured.


Next: , Previous: Revision Control, Up: Merging with patch
10.3 Applying Imperfect Patches
patch tries to skip any leading text in the patch file, apply the diff, and then skip any trailing text. Thus you can feed a mail message directly to patch, and it should work. If the entire diff is indented by a constant amount of white space, patch automatically ignores the indentation. If a context diff contains trailing carriage return on each line, patch automatically ignores the carriage return. If a context diff has been encapsulated by prepending ' to lines beginning with '-' as per Internet RFC 934, patch automatically unencapsulates the input.
However, certain other types of imperfect input require user intervention or testing.


text:
This paper considers the potential of multiway partitioning in Quickselect.
Unlike for sorting, producing many segments is not necessarily helpful in selecting order statistics, but with small samples, using two pivots reduces the amount of memory transfers.
We analyze two scenarios (that require different analytical tools):
- The sought rank is random.
- The sought rank is $\alpha n$ for a fixed $\alpha\in(0,1)$.
In the first scenario, the distributional master theorem developed in my dissertation can be used to obtain expected costs for a generic version of Quickselect.
For the linear ranks, we obtain a recurrence in $n$ and $\alpha$ that in general seems too hard to solve. An asymptotic approximation is possible by solving an integral equation. We give the first elementary proof that the solution of this equation is indeed an asymptotic solution of the bivariate recurrence.


What does R/O mean on a medical document?
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I would think that File > Print would work, but if not, try using the snipping tool in W8. You can capture the page, save it, open it, and print from there. It would be an image rather than text.


PublicShow sourcepairs.pl -- Operations on key-value lists
This module implements common operations on Key-Value lists, also known as Pairs. Pairs have great practical value, especially due to keysort/2 and the library assoc.pl.
This library is based on discussion in the SWI-Prolog mailinglist, including specifications from Quintus and a library proposal by Richard O'Keefe.
author
- Jan Wielemaker
See also
- keysort/2, library(assoc)
Source pairs_keys_values(?Pairs, ?Keys, ?Values) is det
True if Keys holds the keys of Pairs and Values the values.
Deterministic if any argument is instantiated to a finite list and the others are either free or finite lists. All three lists are in the same order.
See also
- pairs_values/2 and pairs_keys/2.
Source pairs_values(+Pairs, -Values) is det
Remove the keys from a list of Key-Value pairs. Same as pairs_keys_values(Pairs, _, Values)
Source pairs_keys(+Pairs, -Keys) is det
Remove the values from a list of Key-Value pairs. Same as pairs_keys_values(Pairs, Keys, _)
Source group_pairs_by_key(+Pairs, -Joined:list(Key-Values)) is det
Group values with equivalent (==/2) consecutive keys. For example:
?- group_pairs_by_key([a-2, a-1, b-4, a-3], X).
X = [a-[2,1], b-[4], a-[3]]
Sorting the list of pairs before grouping can be used to group all values associated with a key. For example, finding all values associated with the largest key:
?- sort(1, @>=, [a-1, b-2, c-3, a-4, a-5, c-6], Ps),
 group_pairs_by_key(Ps, [K-Vs|_]).
K = c,
Vs = [3, 6].
In this example, sorting by key only (first argument of sort/4 is 1) ensures that the order of the values in the original list of pairs is maintained.
Arguments:
Pairs- Key-Value list
Joined- List of Key-Group, where Group is the list of Values associated with equivalent consecutive Keys in the same order as they appear in Pairs.
Source transpose_pairs(+Pairs, -Transposed) is det
Swap Key-Value to Value-Key. The resulting list is sorted using keysort/2 on the new key.
Source map_list_to_pairs(:Function, +List, -Keyed)
Create a Key-Value list by mapping each element of List. For example, if we have a list of lists we can create a list of Length-List using
 map_list_to_pairs(length, ListOfLists, Pairs),


WildFires and your Septic Tank 2023.
Fire and your Septic Tank 2023′
backlit breathing apparatus danger dangerous
When it comes to fires and septic tanks, there are a few things to consider. Although septic tanks are typically designed to be resistant to fire, extreme heat and flames can potentially damage them. Here are a few points to keep in mind when thinking or experiencing fires and your septic tank:
 - Risk of damage: In the event of a fire, the intense heat can cause the septic tank piping or components to warp or crack. This can lead to leaks, blockages, or even a complete failure of the septic system. Septic tanks are made of a combination of materials from Concrete to plastic.
 - Septic tanks are made of a combination of materials from Concrete to plastic. Septic tanks can be made from a variety of materials depending on the specific needs and requirements. The materials commonly used for septic tanks are:
 - Concrete: Concrete septic tanks are durable and strong. They are made by pouring a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water into molds. Concrete tanks have a long lifespan and can withstand heavy loads.
 - Plastic: Plastic septic tanks are lightweight and easy to install. They are made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP). Plastic tanks are resistant to corrosion, but they may not be as durable as concrete tanks.
 - Fiberglass: Fiberglass septic tanks are made from a combination of fiberglass strands and a resin mixture. They are lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant. Fiberglass tanks are often used in areas where transportation and portability are a concern.
 - Steel: Steel septic tanks are less common but can be found in some industrial or commercial settings. They are made from steel plates welded together. Steel tanks are strong and can withstand high pressures, but they are susceptible to rust and may require regular maintenance.
 - Protective measures: If you live in an area prone to wildfires, it's important to take steps to help protect your septic tank. These may include creating defensible space around your property by removing combustible materials, using fire-resistant landscaping, and ensuring there are no flammable objects or vegetation in close proximity to the tank.
 - Regular inspection: After a fire incident, it is crucial to have your septic tank system inspected by a professional. They can assess any potential damage and recommend necessary repairs or replacements.
 - Water supply considerations: If the fire destroys nearby infrastructure or power lines, it could impact your water supply, which is crucial for the proper functioning of a septic system. In such cases, you may need to consult with local authorities or professionals to address water supply issues.
WildFires and your Septic Tank. What to do when a wildfire is close to your septic tank. Adding bacterial like bioforce bacterial waste liquefier into your septic tank after a wildfire will help bring back your dead septic tank back to life! SepticTankBacteria.com
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com
What to do do after a wildfire to your septic tank:
After a fire, the use of septic tank bacteria can be beneficial in restoring the normal functioning of your septic system. Here are some steps to consider:
 1. Assess the damage: Before considering the use of septic tank bacteria, it is important to assess the extent of the fire damage to your septic system. Make sure that it is safe to access the area and evaluate any visible signs of damage.
 2. Contact a professional: It is recommended to contact a septic system professional to inspect your septic tank and determine the necessary steps for repair or restoration. They can provide expert advice tailored to your specific situation. You can also hire a Septic Tank Bacteria Consultant.
 3. Pump and clean the septic tank: If your septic tank has been affected by the fire, it may be necessary to pump out and clean the tank. A professional can assist with this process to ensure any debris or contaminants are properly removed.
 4. Introduce septic tank bacteria: Once the septic tank has been cleaned and repaired, you can reintroduce septic tank bacteria to help restore the biological balance in the system. These bacteria aid in breaking down organic solids and maintaining the overall health of the septic system. A starter septic tank bacteria is suggested.
 5. Follow manufacturer's instructions: When using septic tank bacteria, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the dosage and application methods. This will ensure that the bacteria are effective and help restore the normal functioning of your septic system.
Remember, fire damage to a septic system can vary in severity, and it is crucial to consult with professionals who specialize in septic systems and fire restoration for proper guidance and support.
Wildfire and underground septic system piping:
When it comes to septic systems, fire safety and underground piping are important considerations for ensuring the efficient and safe operation of the system. Here are a few key points to be aware of:
Wild Fire Safety:
 - It is essential to keep flammable materials away from septic tanks and their immediate surroundings. This includes avoiding the storage of gasoline, oil, or other combustible substances near the tank.
 - Septic tanks are generally made of materials like concrete, plastic, or fiberglass that are not highly flammable. However, it is important to regularly inspect the tank for any signs of damage or deterioration that could potentially increase the risk of fire.
 - If you have any concerns about fire safety or the proximity of your septic tank to potential ignition sources, consult a professional septic system installer or local fire authorities for guidance specific to your situation.
Inspection of Underground Septic Pipe after a wildfire.
 - The main purpose of underground septic pipes is to carry wastewater from the house to the septic tank and then distribute the treated effluent to the drainfield or leach field. These pipes are typically made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic.
 - It is crucial to properly install and maintain underground septic pipes to prevent leaks, blockages, and contamination of the surrounding soil and groundwater.
 - The depth of the underground septic pipe can vary depending on local regulations, soil conditions, and climate. It is important to consult with a professional septic system installer or local authorities to ensure compliance with applicable codes and regulations.
Please keep this in mind, Your family and their safety MUST COME FIRST! Your septic tank bacteria can be replaced and your is priceless. If there is a wildfire, Get very far away with everybody in your family and that includes your family pets too! Stay Safe!
Why buy septic bacteria from us?
We do not just sit behind a desk and sell septic bacteria products, We have over 40 years of working in the septic tank system field and have gotten our hands dirty by troubleshooting failed septic systems to installing them.We know how septic systems work and can give you a real-world answer to any questions you may have. We know what tank bacteria works,how it works and why it works. We solve failed septic system problems by wearing Dickie uniforms and not a suit and tie.
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)
 key = HGann(i).DB_Object_Symbol;
 if isKey(HGmap,key)
 HGmap(key) = [HGmap(key) HGann(i).GOid];
 HGmap(key) = HGann(i).GOid;
Determine the number of Homo sapiens annotated genes related to molecular function.
ans =
Not all of the 5758 genes on the HuGeneFL chip are annotated. For every gene on the chip, see if it is annotated by comparing its gene symbol to the list of gene symbols from GO. Track the number of annotated genes and the number of up-regulated genes associated with each GO term. Note that data in public repositories is frequently curated and updated; therefore the results of this example might be slightly different when you use up-to-date datasets. It is also possible that you get warnings about invalid or obsolete IDs due to an updated Homo sapiens gene annotation file.
m = GO.Terms(end).id; % gets the last term id
chipgenesCount = zeros(m,1); % a vector of GO term counts for the entire chip.
upgenesCount = zeros(m,1); % a vector of GO term counts for up-regulated genes.
for i = 1:length(huGenes)
 if isKey(HGmap,huGenes{i})
 goid = getrelatives(GO,HGmap(huGenes{i}));
 % Update the tally
 chipgenesCount(goid) = chipgenesCount(goid) + 1;
 if (any(i == up_geneidx))
 upgenesCount(goid) = upgenesCount(goid) +1;
Determine the statistically significant GO terms using the hypergeometric probability distribution. For each GO term, a p-value is calculated representing the probability that the number of annotated genes associated with it could have been found by chance.
gopvalues = hygepdf(upgenesCount,max(chipgenesCount),...
[dummy, idx] = sort(gopvalues);
report = sprintf('GO Term p-value counts definition\n');
for i = 1:10
 term = idx(i);
 report = sprintf('%s%s\t%-1.5f\t%3d / %3d\t%s...\n',...
 report, char(num2goid(term)), gopvalues(term),...
 upgenesCount(term), chipgenesCount(term),...
GO Term p-value counts definition
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 57 / 162 The action of a molecule that contributes to the...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 53 / 219 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with r...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 55 / 244 Functions during translation by interacting selec...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 52 / 220 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with t...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with r...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with t...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a...
GO:_PHONE_ 0.00000 51 / 213 Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a...
Inspect the significant GO terms and select the terms related to specific molecule functions to build a sub-ontology that includes the ancestors of the terms. Visualize this ontology using the biograph function. You can also color the graphs nodes. In this example, the red nodes are the most significant, while the blue nodes are the least significant gene ontology terms. Note: The GO terms returned may differ from those shown due to the frequent update to the Homo sapiens gene annotation file.
fcnAncestors = GO(getancestors(GO,idx(1:5)))
[cm acc rels] = getmatrix(fcnAncestors);
BG = biograph(cm,get(fcnAncestors.Terms,'name'))
for i=1:numel(acc)
 pval = gopvalues(acc(i));
 color = [(1-pval).^(1) pval.^(1/8) pval.^(1/8)];
Gene Ontology object with 13 Terms.
Biograph object with 13 nodes and 14 edges.
Finding the Differentially Expressed Genes in Pathways
You can query the pathway information of the differentially expressed genes from the KEGG pathway database through KEGG's Web Service.
Following are a few pathway maps with the genes in the up-regulated gene list highlighted:
Cell Cycle
Hedgehog Signaling pathway
mTor Signaling pathway
[1] Pomeroy, S.L., Tamayo, P., Gaasenbeek, M., Sturla, L.M., Angelo, M., McLaughlin, M.E., Kim, J.Y., Goumnerova, L.C., Black, P.M., Lau, C., Allen, J.C., Zagzag, D., Olson, J.M., Curran, T., Wetmore, C., Biegel, J.A., Poggio, T., Mukherjee, S., Rifkin, R., Califano, A., Stolovitzky, G., Louis, DN, Mesirov, J.P., Lander, E.S., and Golub, T.R. (2002). Prediction of central nervous system embryonal tumour outcome based on gene expression. Nature, 415(6870), 436-442.
[2] Storey, J.D., and Tibshirani, R. (2003). Statistical significance for genomewide studies. Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci., 100(16), 9440-9445.
[3] Dudoit, S., Shaffer, J.P., and Boldrick, J.C. (2003). Multiple hypothesis testing in microarray experiment. Statistical Science, 18, 71-103.
[4] Benjamini, Y., and Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Royal Stat. Soc., B 57, 289-300.
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text:
has been a teacher in Syracuse, New York; Omaha, Nebraska; and Virginia Beach, Virginia; teaching elementary school, middle school, high school, and in a community college. She has also been a newspaper woman, a general reporter, a business reporter, and an associate editor and editorial writer at Norfolk's Virginian-Pilot.
Hakim earned a bachelor's degree at Smith College and a master's of education as well as an honorary doctorate at Goucher College. Her prize-winning history books A History of US
have a strong narrative and are changing the way many children learn and teachers teach. Hakim hopes that The Story of Science
's narrative will do the same thing.
Hakim's goal in The Story of Science series is to encourage reading–especially nonfiction reading– which is the essential skill of the Information Age. To find a story in a subject is to discover its essence. If we can get our children to write story-centered nonfiction, they'll have to research, do some critical thinking, and organize and use their thoughts. Few things can prepare them as well for the challenges of the 21st century.