text:
Sent in by:
Brooke of Alberta, Canada and Nirav of Pleasanton, CA
Play it again, Sam.
- 3 glasses of each of 3 different sizes and shapes (9 glasses total)
- 4 glasses of the same size and shape
- different liquids like vinegar, water, milk, tomato juice, maple syrup, oil or apple juice
- Check with a grown-up before you begin.
- In the ZOOMsci, Glass Xylophone, and in the online gizmo, Tunes & Spoons, you can experiment with the different sounds made by glasses holding different amounts of the same liquid.
- Now's your chance to experiment with other variables like the kind of liquid in the glass or the size and shape of the glass itself.
- First, find out if different kinds of liquids change the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon.
- Pour the same amounts of different kinds of liquids into the same kind of glass. Try liquids that are thick and gooey like maple syrup as well as liquids that are runny like water.
- Tap the same spot on each glass. Do the different liquids produce different sounds? How are the sounds different?
- Touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. Do the vibrations from each glass feel different? What is it about each liquid that might change the sound the glass makes?
- Next, find out if the shape or size of the glass makes a difference in the sound made by tapping the glass with a spoon.
- Pour the same amount of the same liquid into three glasses of different sizes and shapes. Tap each glass with the spoon. Does it make a different sound than the other glasses? How are the sounds different?
- Touch the glass after you tap it with the spoon. Do the vibrations from each glass feel different? What is it about the shape and size of the glass that changes the sound?
Ready for the science scoop? When an object vibrates, it sends a disturbance through the air in the form of waves. These are called sound waves. It's like when you drop a pebble into water and the waves ripple out in all directions. Sound waves in the air are sort of like waves in the water in the way that they move farther and farther out from the center where the disturbance was created.
When you tap a glass filled with liquid, the liquid slows down the vibrations or sound waves. Different liquids slow down the sound waves by different amounts. The differences in the sounds you hear are called pitch. The pitch of a sound depends on how fast the object making the sound vibrates (how fast the sound waves move away from the object.) A glass that vibrates slowly produces slow sound waves and a low pitch sound. A glass that produces a high pitch vibrates quickly, making sound waves move fast.
See how many different pitches you can make using glasses and liquids. Can you play a song with them? Give it a try and send your results to ZOOM!
Shayla, age 10 wrote:
It made high sounds
Tre, age 14 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
The glasses made different sounds no matter what the variable was. If the liquids were different, but the glasses were the same, it was different. If the liquids were the same, but the glasses were different, it was still different. When everything was different, it was completely different.
We used glass containers and glass cups and they were all different sizes. We used oil, vinegar, and water. The oil was the thickest and the vinegar was the thinnest. The water was in between. We tried to use all three liquids in three different glasses and put the sounds in order. It sounded like a messed up xylophone. When we put the same liquids in three different glasses then the sounds were different. We did different liquids in the same type of glass. They all made different sounds. The oil made the lowest sound and the vinegar mad the highest sound. The water was in between. It was fun!
Nicki, age 11 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
It made different sounds depending on the glasses we used. We used vinegar, water, and used vegetable oil. The vinegar was the highest because it was the thinest, the water was in the middle and the used vegetable oil made the lowest sound. The glasses we used were 3 tiny wine glasses, 3 glass tostitos salsa containers, and 3 regular glass cups.
Roslyn, age 13 of Jefferson City, MO wrote:
Well when we did it, we could almost play a song from a commercial. It was really fun. Even though our xylophone wasn't all the way in order, it was good enough.
Clara, age 11 of Bexley, OH wrote:
I just used water but at different levels and it made sounds that were higher when I had less water in them and sounds that were lower when I had more water in them. Also, I had a tall and a short glass and they were both filled up to the top and I tapped them and the taller one made a lower sound and the shorter one made a higher sound.
Nicole, age 13 of NY wrote:
I used water, syrup, and water as my liquids. I poured them in the same type of glass and they all sound the same.
Madeline, age 12 of Davison, MI wrote:
That the glass that had the most water was the lowest sound and the least water was the higher sound.
Marylin of Las Cruces, NM wrote:
It made these crazy sounds all over the place.
Ellie, age 11 of Colorado Springs wrote:
It was neat it made all different types of sounds!!!
Lily, age 11 wrote:
It was really cool because it sounded great! My little sis said that I should become a musician when I grow up.
Ethan, age 4 of Villa Park, IL wrote:
It was fun. I used milk, vinegar, water, and cherry juice. They made different sounds.
Mallory, age 10 wrote:
I tried the glass xylaphone part 2 and found out that when you wet your finger and go around the top of the glass it makes a squeaky noise but I aldo found out that it doesnt work on plastic glasses.
Amelia, age 5 of Centennial, CO wrote:
We tried using a wine glass with some water and some ice in it to make a sound when you rub your finger around the rim. It didn't make a sound.
Alyana, age 9 of Manchester, CT wrote:
I tried it when I was on Spring break it was very messy, but fun. I tried it with the same amount of diffent liquids and they didn't sound diffent and I thougt it was cool. Then I tried it with diffent amount of liquids. IT WAS FUN!!! TRY IT!!!
Briseida, age 11 of Houston, TX wrote:
When I performed the experiment, different sounds came from each of the glasses. Also, different kinds of liquids make different kinds of sounds.


5 Replies Latest reply: Oct 30, 2007 12:19 PM by 807592 RSS
 Image edge detection
 Not strictly Java, but any Java code would be fine as an answer.
 How do you move from using an edge detection kernel which highlights edges within an image, to being able to store within a program values for where a circle is within the image? Or a line if that's simpler.
 Thanks for any suggestions.
 - 1. Re: Image edge detection
 There are several posible approaches. It gets trickier depending on how ambiguous the image is likely to be.
 One I've used recently is to scan a 4 x 4 box over the image classifying each box into states like "top left corner", "left vertical side", "edge crossing" etc. and hooking them up into polygons accordingly. Or you could have a small window actually follow an edge arround the picture.
 Inevitably though you're going to wind up with polygons or paths which you will then probably have to further classify.
 - 2. Re: Image edge detection
 Thanks, I suppose it'd help to say then that it would be an iris - so I'm looking for the pupil outer edge, the iris outer edge and enough width of the upper and lower eyelid to extend across the iris should they cover the iris in part.
 - 3. Re: Image edge detection
 for finding circles/ elipses you may want to consider performing a Circle Hough transform (either
 in the real or frequency domain). This is a very robust algorithm that can handle partial occlusions.
 Its a bit slow though. (Basically it can be implemented as a convolution). Better performance is
 often obtained if yourun an edge enchancement filter (a high pass filter) over your image before
 performing the circle hough transform.
 The result of the Hough transform is an image in which the largest values correspond to the
 centre points of circles that match your template/pattern and their mangatude is proportional to
 the size of the circle that was matched.
 - 4. Re: Image edge detection
 I've been working on cleaning up the image before looking for the circles and testing it against an applet (mark someone's... it's easy enough to find in a google).
 It's great for what I want, but now I'd like to move past this stage which means I need code to incorporate into my own app. I don't really want to use the code from the applet - it doesn't start with a buffered image, it uses a mediatracker which requires a component and as I understand it that means I can't use it in a console app... etc and basically his code is too bloated for me to understand and slim down.
 Can you (anyone) offer me a simple implementation of a circle Hough transform starting with a BufferedImage? I'm really after something that's specifically just the HT so I can get my head around the basic concepts before I start optimising it.
 Very grateful for any help, thanks!
 - 5. Re: Image edge detection
 Hey. I saw your posts about adge detection and detecting objects in an image back in 2004. I am working in a similar project were i have to detect the pupil and the iris from an image. Did you have any progress with your project. Did you aquired any useful knowledge that you could tell me?


text:
Address 1: 829 Grayson Highland Lane
City: Mouth of Wilson
Open all Year: Yes
Number of Sites: 96
Electric Water: 60
Full Hook: Yes
This mountain park is next to the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area in the Jefferson National Forest. Grayson Highlands State Park was originally named Mount Rogers State Park and was established in 1965. Pets are allowed in the park but not allowed inside public facilities including the bathhouses, visitor center and office.
Grayson Highlands provides access to the Appalachian Trail (AT), hence backpacking is a popular activity. In fact, the park averages 4,000 backpackers a year. The park, however, also can have unusual and harsh weather, so it's important for those planning to access the AT's trailhead here to be familiar with Grayson Highland's severe weather policy and associated procedures. Here are a few links that will help.
Nearly 10 miles of wild trout stream lie within Grayson Highlands State Park. The cool mountain streams offer those fishing breathtaking scenery while angling for native brook and wild rainbow trout. Several park streams are designated "Special Regulation Wildlife Trout Streams" thus require the use of a single hook and artificial lures, and all trout less than nine inches long must be released unharmed. All required state fishing licenses and creel limits apply to fishing within the park. A National Forest Permit is required when fishing on national forest property.
Guided canoe trips are offered from Memorial Day through Labor Day, depending on the water level of the river. The trips can accommodate groups of from a minimum of six to a maximum of 14. The trip takes placeon the New River through "a land that time forgot." Take in cliffs, shaded pastures, lush woodlands and crisp, clear water. It's a six-mile trek and takes about six hours. Participants should bring lunch, drinking water and closed-toe shoes.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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How to Use Hibernate Criteria
Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) provides many ways to retrieve data from database. Criteria is one of the efficient and easy way to query database. This tutorial will show you how to generate and use Criteria to retrieve data in Visual Paradigm.
Compatible edition(s): Enterprise, Professional, Standard
 - February 18, 2010
 - Views: 13,305
 - PDF
Generating Criteria
 1. Open CriteriaTest.vpp in Visual Paradigm.
 2. Select Tools > Hibernate > Generate Code... from the application toolbar.
 3. The Database Code Generation window appear. Keep the option Generate Criteria selected. Click OK to start generating ORM code.
 Generate criteria
 4. If you don't have any default database chosen, you are now asked to select one. Select the DBMS you use and fill in the connection settings in the Database Configuration window, and then confirm.
 Select MySQL in database configuration
 5. Criteria classes are generated for each ORM persistable class.
Using Criteria
 1. Execute the Java class CreateOrmDatabaseSchema in the generated ormsamples package to create database tables.
 2. Download the sample java code Create.java. You can also find this file at the bottom of this tutorial.
 3. Execute the Java class Create to create sample data.
 4. Create a class with the following code to retrieve all open order, sort by descending order data:
 OrderCriteria orderCriteria = new OrderCriteria();
 orderCriteria.status.eq(Order.STATUS_OPEN);
 orderCriteria.orderDate.order(false);
 Order[] listOrder = orderCriteria.listOrder();
 SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("dd/MM/yyyy hh:mm:ss");
 for (int i = 0; i < listOrder.length; i++) {
 System.out.println(listOrder[i].getCustomer().getAccountNo() + ", "
 + dateFormat.format(listOrder[i].getOrderDate()) + ", "
 + (listOrder[i].getStatus() == Order.STATUS_OPEN));
 }

More Examples on Criteria
 - Join multiple tables with conditions:
 OrderLineCriteria orderLineCriteria = new OrderLineCriteria();
 // quantity less than 5
 orderLineCriteria.quantity.lt(5);
 // join order table
 OrderCriteria orderCriteria = orderLineCriteria.createOrderCriteria();
 orderCriteria.status.eq(Order.STATUS_OPEN);
 // join customer table
 CustomerCriteria customerCriteria = orderCriteria.createCustomerCriteria();
 customerCriteria.accountNo.eq("C1232122");
 OrderLine[] listOrderLine = orderLineCriteria.listOrderLine();
 for (int i = 0; i < listOrderLine.length; i++) {
 System.out.println(listOrderLine[i].getItemNo() + ", " + listOrderLine[i].getQuantity());
 }

 - Calculate the total quantity of all open orders:
 OrderLineCriteria orderLineCriteria = new OrderLineCriteria();
 // join order table
 OrderCriteria orderCriteria = orderLineCriteria.createOrderCriteria();
 orderCriteria.status.eq(Order.STATUS_OPEN);
 orderLineCriteria.setProjection(Projections.sum(OrderLine.PROP_QUANTITY));
 System.out.println(orderLineCriteria.uniqueResult());

 - Controlling the first and number of results, useful for pagination:
 OrderCriteria orderCriteria = new OrderCriteria();
 orderCriteria.setFirstResult(11);
 orderCriteria.setMaxResults(10);
 Order[] listOrder = orderCriteria.listOrder();
 for (int i = 0; i < listOrder.length; i++) {
 System.out.println(listOrder[i].getID());
 }

创造美好 共同成长


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Prioritization Schemes for V2V Broadcast Content in Caches
EasyChair Preprint no. 13066
14 pagesDate: April 22, 2024
Abstract
 With the proliferation of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication systems, the efficient allocation of limited cache space in vehicles for broadcasting content becomes crucial. This abstract proposes various prioritization schemes aimed at optimizing the utilization of cache space while ensuring the timely dissemination of relevant information to vehicles.
The prioritization strategies discussed encompass multiple factors including urgency, relevance to specific locations, and prevailing traffic conditions. Urgent messages, such as emergency alerts or real-time hazard warnings, are given precedence to ensure immediate dissemination and enhance safety on the road. Furthermore, content relevance to specific locations is considered, allowing vehicles to store and broadcast information pertinent to their current or upcoming routes.
Traffic conditions also play a significant role in prioritization, with congestion-related updates and alternative route suggestions being prioritized during peak traffic periods. Additionally, the scheme may dynamically adapt based on the available cache space, reallocating resources to accommodate the most critical information at any given time.
By implementing these prioritization schemes, V2V communication systems can optimize cache utilization, ensuring that vehicles receive and broadcast the most relevant and timely information while efficiently managing limited resources. Such prioritization enhances overall system efficiency, traffic safety, and user experience in connected vehicular environments.
Keyphrases: cache management, Prioritization Schemes, relevance, resource allocation, traffic conditions, urgency, V2V communication
BibTeX entry
BibTeX does not have the right entry for preprints. This is a hack for producing the correct reference:
@Booklet{EasyChair:13066,
 author = {Dylan Stilinki and Louis Frank},
 title = {Prioritization Schemes for V2V Broadcast Content in Caches},
 howpublished = {EasyChair Preprint no. 13066},
 year = {EasyChair, 2024}}
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of skills.
This idea of combining two skills to become even more unique and in demand comes from Scott Adams, who was able to combine his ability to tell jokes and draw pictures to create the comic strip Dilbert, one of the most popular comic strips of all time.
Scott Adams Dilbert comic strip
One of my favorite Dilbert comic strips
In Scott's own words:
"My combined mediocre skills are worth far more than the sum of the parts. If you think extraordinary talent and a maniacal pursuit of excellence are necessary for success, I say that's just one approach, and probably the hardest. When it comes to skills, quantity often beats quality."
So, don't just learn one difficult skill. Try to learn two or three. Then, see if you can combine those skills in unique ways to earn an even higher income.
The Takeaways
Here are the main takeaways from this post:
1. The harder a skill is to learn, the more income you can earn. Keep in mind that most people quit easily when they're faced with problems they don't know how to solve. This is especially true when it comes to learning a new programming language or any other difficult skill. That's an advantage for you. More quitters = less competition.
2. You don't need to take a course or read a textbook to pick up a new skill. Instead, I suggest trying to build something with that skill that you find interesting. When you get stuck, simply use the power of Google and YouTube to find the answers to your questions.
3. Combine your skills to boost your income even more. When you learn a difficult skill, you become more valuable as an individual and can command a higher income for your time. When you learn two or more difficult skills and combine them, you become even more valuable and can command an even higher income for your time.
Latest posts by Zach (see all)
11 Replies to "The Harder a Skill is To Learn, the More Income You Can Earn"
 1. A very good post!
 I'm self learning JavaScript as a hobby now, but working my way towards being a developer of sorts.
 May I know some of the resources you used to pick up this skill?
 Thanks for being inspiring.
 1. I've never found it easy to learn programming via YouTube videos. I like a more hands-on approach where I can actually type code and simply use Google when I get stuck. That's not to say that other people may learn better with videos and guided instruction, though.
 2. Great post! I will prove your point: I actually abandoned my initial business major in favor of an English degree in large part because of that required intro statistics class!!! It all worked out for the best. You are a rare combination of analytical and communication traits, Zach; both sides of your brain are firing. You will go far in life!
 1. I know many people who also altered their college courseload/major to avoid stats classes as well! It seems pretty common haha. Thanks for the kind words, Lin! Always appreciate your feedback 🙂
 3. Exactly why I chose chemical engineering, there just aren't many people with the particular mind slant to succeed in getting that degree but industry needs a lot of them. We aren't as exciting at parties as you statistics guys though. Consequently I had my pick of dozens of companies that wanted to interview me before I graduated. The idea of combining skills worked for me too. I used my ability to write, act and speak to become a lobbyist and influencer in DC for my industry. And after I early retired I still take on both technical engineering and government regulations side gigs to stay sharp. Having multiple skill sets really can result in synergies that separate you from your peers. Really enjoyed this post. I think far too many people focus too narrowly in life, your success shows how mad skills in more than one area are priceless!
 4. Love the article and I'm so glad that your forward thinking and foresight made a huge income impact!
 I think the key word is "demand" for whatever you're learning. A lot of skills can be learned and combined but without demand, it may not be a income source. It may be useful in your life, but research it and see if it may be substantial in someone else's life so you can make some $.
 5. SO MUCH GOLD in this post. Mostly, it can apply to anyone young or old. Of course, the younger the person who applies the lesson from this post, the more return they'll reap.
 I remember my office's "secret weapon" (aka a programmer hired specifically in-office/in-house) to create IT solutions for operational efficiency. He was hired for a v. special/niche department whereby the apps/programs he created could be implemented at the office level without having to go thru the numerous, bureaucratic, national IT levels for approvals.
 His bargaining power is so strong, he once quit because he disagreed with how smthn should be done, and the company begged him to come back. Pretty unheard of right?
 Oh yea, he also automated his first job that was primarily data processing.
 Like my "secret weapon" colleague told me over lunch once, "the higher the barrier to entry, the more job security there is, the less replaceable, and naturally the higher pay for the job".
 One of the challenges for technical ppl my VP mentions tho is their lack of people management skills. As you move up in pay grades, you'll eventually reach management pay grade. No co will keep paying you manager pay grade for just taking on senior staff's responsibilities.
 Many technical employees find a lot of challenge coaching, mentoring, deploying human capital resources most efficiently, and handling with politics (all in a manager's day work).
 Many technical ppl (data scientists, programmers, engineers, actuaries, accountants) HATE the ppl management side of things. They're great at understanding difficult concepts few ppl comprehend, but lack patience in translating difficult, technical concepts into easily understandable language for everyone else.
 If you can grasp this skill set early on, which I absolutely think u can based on your work on this site, your career is pretty unstoppable (think C-suite) my young, bright friend. You're going far friend!
 Thank you for your fantastic posts!
 1. "The higher the barrier to entry, the more job security there is, the less replaceable, and naturally the higher pay for the job". Love that quote! It's exactly what I'm getting at in this post. The more you can differentiate yourself from the field with valuable skills, the more income you can earn and often the more flexibility you can have in your job because you're such a valuable asset. Glad you enjoyed this post and thanks for the feedback 🙂
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Top Five Historical Events
Top Five most popular Historical events
JFK assasination
Vietnam War
Iraq wars
Moon landing
Fall of Berlin wall
JFK assasination. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States. He was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. The date was November 22, 1963 and located in Dallas, TX. This is the most popular historical event.
The Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This was the second most popular historical event.
The Iraq War. The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the most post-invasion Iraqi government. This was the Third most popular historical event.
The Moon Landing. A Moon Landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the moon. This includes both crewed and robotic missions. The first human made object to touch the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2, on 13 September 1959. The United States Apollo 11 was the first crewed mission to land on the moon, on 20 July 1969. This was the fourth most popular historical event.
The Fall of Berlin Wall. The Berlin wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic on 13 August 1961. The wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. This is the fifth most popular historical event.


SPFieldType Enumeration
Specifies a field type for a field.
Namespace: Microsoft.SharePoint
Assembly: Microsoft.SharePoint (in Microsoft.SharePoint.dll)
Syntax
Public Enumeration SPFieldType
Dim instance As SPFieldType
public enum SPFieldType
Members
Member name Description
Invalid Not used. Value = 0.
Integer Specifies positive or negative integer values. Corresponds to the Integer field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 1.
Text Specifies a single line of text. Corresponds to the SPFieldText class and to the Text field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 2.
Note Specifies a field that can contain multiple lines of text. Corresponds to the SPFieldMultiLineText class and to the Note field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 3.
DateTime Specifies date and time values. Corresponds to the SPFieldDateTime class and to the DateTime field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 4.
Counter Specifies an integer used for internal ID fields. Corresponds to the Counter field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 5.
Choice Specifies a predetermined set of values that can be used to enter data into the field. Corresponds to the SPFieldChoice class and to the Choice field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 6.
Lookup Specifies references to values in other lists. Corresponds to the SPFieldLookup class and to the Lookup field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 7.
Boolean Specifies Boolean values that are stored in the database as 1 or 0. Corresponds to the SPFieldBoolean class and to the Boolean field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 8.
Number Specifies floating point numbers. Corresponds to the SPFieldNumber class and to the Number field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 9.
Currency Specifies currency values formatted based on a specific locale. Corresponds to the SPFieldCurrency class and to the Currency field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 10.
URL Specifies hyperlinks. Corresponds to the SPFieldUrl class and to the URL field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 11.
Computed Specifies an abstract field type that depends on other fields for its content and definition. Corresponds to the SPFieldComputed class and to the Computed field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 12.
Threading Specifies a field that is used in the creation and display of threaded Web discussions. Corresponds to the Threading field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 13.
Guid Specifies GUIDs. Corresponds to the Guid field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 14.
MultiChoice Specifies multiple values per list item. Corresponds to the SPFieldMultiChoice class and to the MultiChoice field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 15.
GridChoice Specifies a Choice field for a data sheet. Corresponds to the SPFieldRatingScale class and to the GridChoice field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 16.
Calculated Specifies calculated values. Corresponds to the SPFieldCalculated class and to the Calculated field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 17.
File Specifies files. Corresponds to the SPFieldFile class and to the File field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 18.
Attachments Specifies attachments. Corresponds to the SPFieldAttachments class and to the Attachments field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 19.
User Specifies users of a SharePoint site. Corresponds to the SPFieldUser class and to the User field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 20.
Recurrence Specifies a field that is used in calendars for recurring events and abstract field type that, like computed fields, depends on other fields for its content and definition. Corresponds to the SPFieldRecurrence class and to the Recurrence field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 21.
CrossProjectLink Specifies a link between projects in a Meetings Workspace site. Corresponds to the SPFieldCrossProjectLink class and to the CrossProjectLink field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 22.
ModStat Specifies Content Approval status. Corresponds to the SPFieldModStat class and to the ModStat field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 23.
Error Specifies errors. Value = 24.
ContentTypeId Specifies a content type ID. Corresponds to the ContentTypeId field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 25.
PageSeparator Inserts a page break in a survey list. Corresponds to the SPFieldPageSeparator class and to the PageSeparator field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 26.
ThreadIndex Specifies the ID that indicates the relative position of a message within a conversation thread. Corresponds to the ThreadIndex field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 27.
WorkflowStatus Specifies workflow status. Corresponds to the SPFieldWorkflowStatus class and to the WorkflowStatus field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 28.
AllDayEvent Specifies an all day event. Corresponds to the SPFieldAllDayEvent class and to the AllDayEvent field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 29.
WorkflowEventType Specifies a workflow event type. Corresponds to the WorkflowEventType field type that is specified on the Field element. Value = 30.
MaxItems Specifies the maximum number of items. Value = 31.
See Also
Reference
Microsoft.SharePoint Namespace


text:
The Eurofound report Working
conditions in the European Union: Work organisation which is based on secondary analysis of the European
Working Conditions Survey data has identified four main types of work
organisation: the 'discretionary learning', 'lean production', 'Taylorist',
and 'traditional' or 'simple structure' forms of work organisation.
Discretionary-learning forms of work organisation: workers (38%) experience high levels of autonomy at work, learning and problem solving, task complexity, self-assessment of quality of work and, to a lesser extent, autonomous teamwork.
Lean production forms of organisation: workers (26%) experience higher level of teamwork and job rotation, self-assessment of quality of work and quality norms, and the various factors constraining work pace.
Taylorist forms of work organisation: workers (20%) report having low autonomy at work - particularly in methods of work - few learning dynamics, little complexity, significant constraints on the pace of work, repetitiveness and monotony of tasks, and quality norms.
Traditional or simple-structure forms of work organisation: workers (16%) experience similar constraints as in the Taylorist forms of work organisation, and methods are largely informal and non-codified.
Key research findings:
- The adoption of discretionary-learning forms of work organisation, compared with lean production and Taylorist forms, can result in better working conditions in the sense of lower work intensity, less exposure to physical risks, fewer non-standard working hours, better work–life balance and lower levels of work-related health problems.
- Discretionary-learning forms of work organisation are also associated with higher perceived intrinsic rewards from work, better psychological working conditions related to HRM policies and social integration at work, along with higher overall levels of employee satisfaction with working conditions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
PreVAiL, which stands for Preventing Violence Across the Lifespan, was an international research collaboration of over 60 researchers and partners from Canada, the US, the UK, Asia, Europe and Australia, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute for Gender and Health (2009-2017) and by the Public Health Agency of Canada (2017-2019).
April 2019 saw the conclusion of PreVAiL's funding. This site will be sustained through 2019 to allow ongoing access to key PreVAiL documents and links. Thank you for visiting, and for your interest in preventing violence across the lifespan.
To view a summary of our Final Report, click here: PreVAiL Canada Final Summary.
Our goal was to bring together researchers and decision-maker partners to produce and share knowledge that will help children, women and men exposed to child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV).
PreVAiL had three main objectives:
- to increase knowledge about the links between mental health impairment, gender and exposure to child maltreatment and IPV, both in Canada and internationally;
- to develop interventions to prevent or reduce child maltreatment, IPV and related mental health problems; and
- to develop and use proven methods of knowledge translation and exchange to ensure that our research findings reach those who make decisions in these areas; a specific focus since 2017 has been supporting Canadian public policy development through focused knowledge mobilization.
PreVAiL was organized according to three theme areas:
- Theme 1 – Gender, Mental Health and Violence Network
- Theme 2 – Understanding and Fostering Resilient Mental Health Outcomes in the Context of Violence across the Lifespan
- Theme 3 – Innovations in Knowledge Translation & Exchange Strategies and Research Methods Specific to Mental Health, Gender and Violence across the Lifespan

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
(Early-life exposure to…)
Prenatal and early childhood exposure to the chemical solvent tetrachloroethylene (PCE) found in drinking water may be associated with long-term visual impairments, particularly in the area of colour discrimination, according to a new study.
The research by epidemiologists and biostatisticians at Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), working with an ophthalmologist from the BU School of Medicine, found that people exposed to higher levels of PCE from gestation through age 5 exhibited poorer colour-discrimination abilities than unexposed people.
The study recommends further investigation into the visual impairments associated with PCE exposure.
The research team assessed visual functioning among a group of people born between 1969 and 1983 to parents residing in eight towns in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts.
The towns all had PCE in their drinking water because of pipes outfitted with a vinyl liner that was improperly cured. Previous studies led by Ann Aschengrau, professor of epidemiology at BUSPH, have found associations between PCE exposure and cancer, as well as reproductive and developmental outcomes.
Increases in the risks of breast cancer and certain birth defects were seen in the team's prior studies.
PCE is a known neurotoxin that was used to apply the vinyl liner of some drinking water pipes.
Surveys have estimated that more than 600 miles of such pipes were installed in nearly 100 cities and towns in Massachusetts, mainly during the 1970s.
Exposure to PCE from drinking water occurs by direct ingestion, dermal exposure during bathing, and by inhalation during showering, bathing and other household uses.
The pipes no longer leach PCE, but the chemical is still widely used in dry cleaning and metal degreasing solutions and is a common drinking water contaminant.
In testing vision, Aschengrau and colleagues found that people exposed to PCE made more major errors in colour discrimination than those not exposed.
The levels of colour confusion were greatest among people with high exposure levels. PCE previously has been implicated in deficiencies in color discrimination, mainly among adults with occupational exposures.
The new study is the first to assess "the associations between prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE and adult vision," Aschengrau said.
The findings suggest "the effects of early life PCE-exposure on colour discrimination may be irreversible."
The study was recently published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.


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In the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, violent crime is composed of four offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Violent crimes are defined in the UCR Program as those offenses which involve force or threat of force.
The data presented in Crime in the United States reflect the Hierarchy Rule, which requires that only the most serious offense in a multiple-offense criminal incident be counted. The descending order of UCR violent crimes are murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, followed by the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Although arson is also a property crime, the Hierarchy Rule does not apply to the offense of arson. In cases in which an arson occurs in conjunction with another violent or property crime, both crimes are reported, the arson and the additional crime.
- In 2010, an estimated 1,246,248 violent crimes occurred nationwide, a decrease of 6.0 percent from the 2009 estimate.
- When considering 5- and 10-year trends, the 2010 estimated violent crime total was 13.2 percent below the 2006 level and 13.4 percent below the 2001 level.
- There were an estimated 403.6 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010.
- Aggravated assaults accounted for the highest number of violent crimes reported to law enforcement at 62.5 percent. Robbery comprised 29.5 percent of violent crimes, forcible rape accounted for 6.8 percent, and murder accounted for 1.2 percent of estimated violent crimes in 2010.
- Information collected regarding type of weapon showed that firearms were used in 67.5 percent of the Nation's murders, 41.4 percent of robberies, and 20.6 percent of aggravated assaults. (Weapons data are not collected for forcible rape.) (See,, and the.)


text:
integrating clean energy at scale
Wolmaransstad Survey Solutions' mission is to enable pumped hydroelectric storage to become the dominant form of utility-scale energy storage the world over. In an innovative twist, we plan to incorporate large scale solar and wind energy to further capitalise on Southern Africa's energy mix potential.
The key difference between our approach and traditional pumped storage is the use of sea water close to desert coastline when wind speeds are greatest and solar irradiation is at its highest.
Based on our analysis of Southern African topography, we have identified a number of high potential sites in desert areas along the coast, where it would be ideal for integration with wind and solar, which are both notoriously intermittent.
We are currently in the analysis and R&D phase, with a view to commence the Environmental Impact Assessment process and infrastructure development in the latter part of 2023.
We have team members and consulting experts in the field and work out of Cape Town, South Africa, with some of the best minds in the business from around the globe. If you'd like to chat pumped storage, renewables or debate the merits of machine learned algorithmic salt water dam scanning, drop us a line or email _EMAIL_.


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Given the following reactions Fe2O3 + 3CO ---> 2Fe + 3CO2 DeltaH = -28.0kJ 3Fe + 4CO2 ---> 4CO + Fe3O4 DeltaH = 12.5kJ the enthalpy of the reactions of Fe2O3 with CO 3Fe2O3 + CO ---> CO2 +2Fe3O4 what is DeltaH for this equation? ________ kJ 2. Relevant equations DeltaH = H(products) - H(reactants) 3. The attempt at a solution I've tried to switch the equations around to isolate certain solutions but I've had no luck at all, I would really appreciate some help on this problem.


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In the present paper a mathematical model for a mini-channel heat exchanger is proposed. Multiobjective optimization using genetic algorithm is performed in the next step in order to obtain a set of geometrical design parameters, leading to minimum pressure drops and maximum overall heat transfer coefficient. Multiobjective optimization procedure provides a set of optimal solutions, called Pareto front, each of which is a trade-off between the objective functions and can be freely selected by the user according to the specifications of the project. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to study the effects of different geometrical parameters on the considered functions. The whole system has been modeled based on advanced experimental correlations in matlab environment using a modular approach.
Mathematical Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Mini-Channel Heat Exchanger Via Genetic Algorithm
Manuscript received December 11, 2012; final manuscript received February 19, 2013; published online July 18, 2013. Assoc. Editor: Zahid Ayub.
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Selleri, T., Najafi, B., Rinaldi, F., and Colombo, G. (July 18, 2013). "Mathematical Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Mini-Channel Heat Exchanger Via Genetic Algorithm." ASME. J. Thermal Sci. Eng. Appl. September 2013; 5(3): 031013. _URL_
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Inspire4Nature fellow Sean Jellesmark led a new article entitled A counterfactual approach to measure the impact of wet grassland conservation on UK breeding bird populations, co-authored by Malcolm Ausden, Tim M. Blackburn, Richard D. Gregory, Mike Hoffmann, Dario Massimino, Louise McRae and Piero Visconti.
Measuring how conservation actions impact target populations is impeded by a lack of appropriate control groups. In this study, the authors demonstrate how counterfactual control groups can be created from monitoring data and apply this approach to evaluate the impact of wetland reserves on breeding trends for five wetland bird species.
Jellesmark, S., Ausden, M., Blackburn, T.M., Gregory, R.D., Hoffmann, M., Massemino, D., McRae, L., Visconti, P. (2021) A counterfactual approach to measure the impact of wet grassland conservation on UK breeding bird populations. Conservation Biology. _URL_


text: Xylitol is anti-fungal and can help control thrush, sore tongue or denture sore mouth. Debilitated and sick people often have sores at the corners of their mouth (angular cheilitis), a condition that xylitol can also help. A solution of 4 grams of granular xylitol in 16 oz. of warm water can be made and sipped throughout the day and night. This solution may alternatively be sprayed into the mouth or wiped onto teeth with a cloth or sponge.


used golf cart, it's essential to transfer the ownership to your name. This process may vary depending on local regulations, but generally involves submitting the bill of sale and other required documents to the appropriate authorities, such as the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV).
Completing the ownership transfer ensures that you are legally recognized as the owner of the golf cart and can enjoy its use without any ownership disputes. Additionally, it helps prevent any potential issues with insurance or liability in case of an accident.
Local Regulations and Safety Requirements
Before operating a used golf cart, it's essential to familiarize yourself with local regulations and safety requirements. These regulations may vary by municipality or state and can include restrictions on where and how golf carts can be operated, as well as specific safety equipment that must be used.
By adhering to these regulations, you can ensure that you are operating your golf cart safely and responsibly, minimizing the risk of accidents or legal violations. Staying informed about local laws and ordinances can help you avoid fines or other penalties.
Maintenance and Repair Costs: Used Golf Carts For Sale By Owner In Lyon, Minnesota
Maintaining and repairing used golf carts is crucial for ensuring their longevity and performance. The average annual maintenance and repair costs vary depending on factors such as age, usage, and condition.
Common maintenance tasks include battery replacement, tire rotations, and brake inspections. These tasks typically cost between $50 and $200, depending on the specific service and the golf cart's make and model.
Factors Influencing Repair Costs
 - Age:Older golf carts may require more frequent repairs due to wear and tear.
 - Usage:Heavily used golf carts may experience more mechanical issues and require more frequent repairs.
 - Condition:Golf carts in poor condition may require extensive repairs, which can significantly increase the cost.
Accessories and Upgrades
Used golf carts offer a blank canvas for customization, allowing owners to enhance their functionality and aesthetics. A wide range of accessories and upgrades are available, providing options to tailor the cart to specific needs and preferences.
Popular upgrades include lift kits, which raise the cart's ground clearance for off-road adventures; custom wheels, which enhance both appearance and performance; and sound systems, which provide entertainment on the go.
Accessories for Enhanced Functionality
 - Cargo racks:Extend the cart's storage capacity for hauling gear, groceries, or equipment.
 - Enclosed cabs:Provide protection from the elements, allowing year-round use.
 - Rear seats:Increase passenger capacity, making the cart suitable for family outings or group transportation.
 - Extended roofs:Offer shade and protection from sun or rain.
Upgrades for Enhanced Aesthetics
 - Custom paint jobs:Personalize the cart's appearance with unique colors and designs.
 - LED lighting:Improve visibility and enhance the cart's style.
 - Custom seats:Upgrade the comfort and style of the seating.
 - Chrome accents:Add a touch of sophistication and shine to the cart's exterior.
Benefits and Costs of Upgrades
The benefits of upgrades vary depending on the specific accessories or modifications chosen. Lift kits enhance off-road capabilities, custom wheels improve handling and performance, and sound systems provide entertainment. However, it's important to consider the costs associated with upgrades, which can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars.
Before making any upgrades, it's advisable to research the available options, consider the benefits and costs, and ensure that the modifications align with the intended use of the golf cart.
Insurance Options
Protecting your investment in a used golf cart is crucial, and obtaining insurance provides peace of mind and financial security. Insurance coverage shields you from unforeseen events, such as accidents, theft, or damage.
There are various types of insurance coverage available for golf carts:
Liability Insurance
This covers you in case of injuries or property damage caused to others while operating your golf cart.
Collision Insurance
Protects your golf cart against damage or loss resulting from a collision with another vehicle or object.
Comprehensive Insurance
Provides broader coverage, including protection against theft, vandalism, fire, and natural disasters.
Medical Payments Coverage
Covers medical expenses incurred by you or your passengers in case of an accident, regardless of fault.
Insurance costs for golf carts vary based on factors like coverage level, location, driving history, and the age and value of the golf cart. It's advisable to compare quotes from multiple insurance providers to secure the best rates.
Final Review
As you embark on your search for a used golf cart in Lyon, Minnesota, remember the insights and strategies Artikeld in this guide. By understanding market dynamics, evaluating condition, negotiating wisely, and exploring local sales channels, you'll be well-equipped to find the perfect golf cart that fits your budget and lifestyle.
Happy golfing!


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Last week, Jean-François Sauvage (from the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales and the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille) has been invited by STScI to come to the Makidon Lab to implement and test the COFFEE wavefront sensor on HiCAT data, with the HiCAT team: his PhD student Lucie Leboulleux, Christopher Moriarty, Keira Brooks, Peter Petrone, and Rémi Soummer.
COFFEE stands for COronagraphic Focal-plane wave-Front Estimation for Exoplanet detection and is a focal plane wavefront sensing method that can, with or without coronagraph, reconstruct the pupil aberrations. It requires two sets of images from the science camera: one with the pupil plane DM being flat, one with a known focus.
In our case, we had the Iris-AO (segmented mirror) set on HiCAT, in addition to the two deformable mirrors, and it provided us very original conditions: segment gaps, huge local phase differences, and cophasing errors.
In particular, we could reconstruct piston, tip, and tilt errors that we were applying on purpose on the Iris-AO to validate the reconstruction. The direct mode of COFFEE (without coronagraph) worked extremely smoothly, and after a few days the coronagraphic mode could also be validated (see images below). This result is particularly impressive since no prerequisite was required from COFFEE about this particular pupil: COFFEE was not aware that the pupil was segmented! Furthermore, COFFEE can not only reconstruct the cophasing errors, but also the print-through of the DM actuators that generate high-frequency effects.
Left: phase reconstructed by COFFEE, in direct mode (no coronagraph). Right: theoretical phase obtained from the commands sent to the Iris AO.
Left: phase reconstructed by COFFEE, in coronagraphic mode. Right: theoretical phase obtained from the commands sent to the Iris AO.


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29 Measure Bearing Forces Right Click on revolute joint, Select Joint: JOINT_1 MeasureEnter.Webcutter_Asm.Bearing_Force_1 in Measure Name text fieldSelect Force from Characteristic pull down menuChoose mag radio button next to Component.Click OKbcdae
30 Measure Angles of Links with Respect to Ground Click Build Measure Orientation New.Select.Webcutter_Asm.link_2_O2 for To Marker (Marker on Link 2)Select.Webcutter_Asm.ground.MARKER_4 for From Marker (Marker on the Ground)Click OKbcad
31 Measure Angular Velocity and Acceleration Right Click link_3, Select Part: link_4 MeasureEnter Webcutter_Asm.Ang_AccelerationChoose CM Angular Acceleration select ZPress ApplyEnter Webcutter_Asm.Ang_VelocityChoose CM Angular Velocity select ZPress OKbecfadg
32 Results To create and view plots Click Review Postprocessing (F8) A new window will openSelect all measure and Click Add curves.b
33 Export Data to Excel Click File Export Table. Enter Webcutter in File Name text fieldSelect plot_1 (or whichever plot you are trying to export) in Plot text fieldSelect spreadsheet from Format pull down menuClick OKRename file from Webcutter.tab to Webcutter.xlsabcde
34 Creating a Step funciton Right-click motion, seect Motion: MOTION_1 ModifyClick button next to Function (time) tet fieldEnter STEP(time, 0, 0d, 1, 720d) in Define a runtime fucntion text fieldClick VerifyClick OKacbdfeNote: The step function created is in the form:STEP(variable, starting time, starting position, ending time, ending position)
35 Verify and Simulate Verify you model Run a simulation: Duration = 2.0, Step Size = 0.01 baNote: the model will stop running at 1sec, due to the STEP function
36 Topics Covered In this tutorial, you will learn how to: Start Adams Change Grid Size and SpacingSet material PropertiesCreate Extruded PartModify PartRenameModify ViewCreate MarkerAdd Revolute JointAdd Rotational joint MotionVerify ModelRun SimulationSave/ExportRotate PartsAdd 2 Body, 2 Location Revolute JointSave Assemled ModelModify Material PropertiesMeasure Torque, Force, CM Angular Acceleration/VelocityMeasure Angle With Respect To GroundExport Data to Excel
37 Best PracticesMake sure the revolute joint is in the correct direction.Check dimensions of your parts to make sure they are correct.Check mass properties to make sure they are correct.Check orientation of the part to make sure it is correct.Make sure your model verification is successfulMake sure the measures are set properly.Make sure the plot is displaying the correct set of results.


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Benefits of XQuery
The principal benefits of XQuery are:
- Expressiveness - XQuery can query many different data structures and its recursive nature makes it ideal for querying tree and graph structures
- Brevity - XQuery statements are shorter than similar SQL or XSLT programs
- Flexibility - XQuery can query both hierarchical and tabular data
- Consistency - XQuery has a consistent syntax and can be used with other XML standards such as XML Schema datatypes
XQuery is frequently compared with two other languages, SQL and XSLT, but has a number of advantages over these.
Advantages over SQL
Unlike SQL, XQuery returns not just tables but arbitrary tree structures. This allows XQuery to directly create XHTML structures that can be used in web pages. XQuery is for XML-based object databases, and object databases are much more flexible and powerful than databases which store in purely tabular format.
Unlike XSLT, XQuery can be learned by anyone familiar with SQL. Many of the constructs are very similar such as:
- Ordering Results: Both XQuery and SQL add an
order byclause to the query.
- Selecting Distinct Values: Both XQuery and SQL have easy ways to select distinct values from a result set
- Restricting Rows: Both XQuery and SQL have a WHERE X=Y clause that can be added to an XQuery
Another big advantage is that XQuery is essentially the native query language of the World Wide Web. One can query actual web pages with XQuery, but not SQL. Even if one uses SQL-based databases to store HTML/XHTML pages or fragments of such pages, one will miss many of the advantages of XQuery's simple tag/attribute search (which is akin to searching for column names within column names).
Advantages over XSLT
Unlike XSLT, XQuery can be quickly learned by anyone familiar with SQL. XSLT has many patterns that are unfamiliar to many procedural software developers. Also, whereas XSLT is good for using as a static means to convert one type of document to another, for example RSS to HTML, XQuery is a much more dynamic querying tool, useful for pulling out sections of data from large documents and/or large number of documents.
The Debate about XQuery vs. XSLT for Document Transformation
There has been a debate of sorts about the merits of the two languages for transforming XML: XSLT and XQuery. A common misconception is that "XQuery is best for querying or selecting XML, and XSLT is best for transforming it." In reality, both methods are capable of transforming XML. Despite XSLT's longer history and larger install base, the "XQuery typeswitch" method of transforming XML provides numerous advantages.
Most people who need to transform XML hear that they need to learn a language called XSLT. XSLT, whose first version was published by the W3C in 1999, was a huge innovation for its time and, indeed, remains dominant. It was one of the very first languages dedicated to transforming XML documents, and it was the first domain-specific language (DSL) to use advanced theories from the world of functional programming to create very reliable, side-effect free transformations. Many XML developers still feel strong indebted to this groundbreaking language, since it helped them see a new model of software development: one focused around the transformation of models and empowering them to fuse both the requirements and documentation of a transformation routing into a single, modular program.
On the other hand, learning XSLT requires overcoming a very substantial learning curve. XSLT's difficulty is due, in part, to one of the key design decisions by its architects: to express the transformation rules using XML itself, rather than creating a brand new syntax and grammar for storing the transformation rules. XSLT's unique approach to transformation rules also contributes to the steepness of the learning curve. The learning curve can be overcome, but it is fair to say that this learning curve has created a opening for an alternative approach.
XQuery has filled this demand for an alternative among a growing community of users: they find XQuery has a lower learning curve, it meets their needs for transforming XML, and, together with XQuery's other advantages, it has become a compelling "all-in-one" language. Like XSLT, XQuery was created by the W3C to handle XML. But instead of expressing the language in XML syntax, the architects of XQuery chose a new syntax that would be more familiar to users of server-side scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, or Python. XQuery was designed to be similar to users of relational database query languages such as SQL, while still remaining true to functional programming practices. Despite its relative youth (XQuery 1.0 was only released in 2007 when XSLT had already reached its version 2.0), XQuery was born remarkably mature. XML servers like eXist-db and MarkLogic were already using XQuery as their language for querying XML and performing web server operations (obviating the need for learning PHP, Perl, or Python).
So, in the face of the XSLT community's contention that "XSLT is best for transforming documents and XQuery is best for querying databases", this community of users was surprised to find that XQuery has entirely replaced their need for XSLT. They have come to argue unabashedly that they prefer XQuery for this purpose.
How does XQuery accomplish the task of transforming XML? The primary technique in XQuery for transforming XML is a little-known expression added by the authors of XQuery, called "typeswitch." Although it is quite simple, typeswitch enables XQuery to perform nearly the full set of transformations that XSLT does. A typeswitch expression quickly looks at a node's type, and depending on the node's type, performs the operation you specify for that type of node. What this means is that each distinct element of a document can have its own rule, and these rules can be stored in modular XQuery functions. This humble addition to the XQuery language allows developers to transform documents with complex content and unpredictable order - something commonly believed to be best reserved for the domain of XSLT. Despite the differences in syntax and approach to transformation, a growing community has actually come to see the XQuery typeswitch expression as a valid, even superior, way to store their document transformation logic.
By structuring a set of XQuery functions around the typeswitch expression, you can achieve the same result as XSLT-style transforms while retaining the benefits of XQuery: ease of learning and integration with native XML databases. Even more important for those users of native XML databases, the availability of typeswitch means that they only need to learn a single language for their database queries, web server operations, and document transformations. These XQuery typeswitch routines have proved easy to build, test, and maintain - some believe easier than XSLT. XQuery typeswitch has given these users a high degree of agility, allowing them to master XQuery fully rather than splitting their time and attention between XQuery and XSLT.
That said, there is still a large body of legacy XSLT transforms that work well, and there are XSLT developers who see little benefit from transitioning to a typeswitch-style XQuery. Both are valid approaches to document transformation. A natural tension has arisen between the proponents of XQuery typeswitch and XSLT, each promoting what they are most comfortable with and believe to be superior. In practice you might be best served by trying both techniques and determining what style is right for you and your organization. Without presuming a background or interest in XSLT, this article and its companion article help you to understand the key patterns for using XQuery typeswitch for your XML transformation needs.


Use of NHS Liverpool Care Pathway Expanded to Kill Children
In a disturbing article, The Daily Mail reports that NHS hospitals now put children on the Liverpool Care Pathway, withholding food and fluids from young patients and severely disabled newborns. Critics say that it is impossible to say when a patient will die. Using the Liverpool Care Pathway makes death become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
To see how its defenders think, see this letter from Margaret McCartney in the BMJ. Dr. McCartney repeats the intent of the protocol, slams the messenger, and states that "Dying well should be a priority for healthcare professionals and managers."
In response to a columnist who wrote that the protocol for withdrawing food or water is "starving or dehydrating someone to death. And that is not helping them to die, but killing them." Dr. McCartney protests that the pathway does not preclude artificial hydration and accuses the columnist of insisting that "doctors must provide ineffective and potential [sic] harmful interventions of no value and at all costs."
Comments (9)
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 1. Thomas says:
 For shame if these claims are legitimate.
 2. Slater says:
 What an alarming story. It definitely wakes me up to the realities of the health care industry.
 3. August says:
 If you read the rest of the article you get to this…
 "Death has too often been regarded as medical failure rather than an inevitable consequence of life. The Liverpool care pathway was developed because of the acknowledgment that many terminally ill people were dying on general medical wards rather than in hospices or at home. The pathway focuses on control of symptoms, comfort, and alleviation of distress"
 "More than 20 organisations, professional and voluntary, issued a statement backing the use of the Liverpool care pathway in October,11 and statements of support have also emerged from the Christian Medical Fellowship and from a chaplain writing for the Catholic Herald."
 4. Cindy says:
 Sad. But I'd imagine it's a wrenching decision either way when you're faced with end-of-life care. It seems as though it should really be a matter of choice for the individual and for their families.
 5. Sebastian Alexander says:
 This story tears you apart, for sure. Nevertheless, we are at a point in medical technology where you could keep a severely disabled newborn baby alive "forever" if we committed the resources to do it.
 On the one hand, it is better that the policy is transparent and discussed in the medical journals than taking place "underground." But that is not good enough.
 You can't just starve and dehydrate a baby because it's taking up too many resources. The matter needs to be debated and voted on in Parliament, not just come about within the profession and bureaucracy.
 As an economist, I'm also forced to ask the calculating question of how these deaths will be reported to the OECD for the purpose of international comparisons of infant mortality. I think that they need to be reported as their own category, so that we can see the consequences of these policies.
 6. cheyenne says:
 @ August I am not sure what the point is to be made by your comment. So what if 20 organizations support it, and when does anybody give any credence to what the Catholic church says these days? A majority approval of something does not necessarily make it right. Even if the Liverpool Pathway is the ethical thing to do, why allow a baby to shrivel and die? Wouldn't it be more humane to lethally inject the infant and let it die quickly. Geez, Texas death row inmates get better treatment than this.
 7. Spencer says:
 This is so incredibly disturbing. If they goal is to "help" a newborn or a kid die, then why do it the slowest possible way?! by starving and dehydrating them to death they are only making the process more painful and horrifying for the patients. Nowadays, if physicians really wanted to try and keep these patients alive, they would find one way or another to make it happen through all the medical advances there are. If what they want to is to get rid of sick patients faster (not saying I agree with this by any means), then they could also do it the most efficient possible way if they put their heart to it. It almost seems like they just want these kids to suffer. Horrible.
 8. Life of Pi says:
 Disturbing, what is the reasoning behind making someone suffer at such intense levels.
 9. Jordan says:
 This is so disturbing as to make me skeptical.


text:
Scrabble word: CUTAWAY
In which Scrabble dictionary does CUTAWAY exist?
Definitions of CUTAWAY in dictionaries:
- noun - a representation (drawing or model) of something in which the outside is omitted to reveal the inner parts
- noun - a man's coat cut diagonally from the waist to the back of the knees
- A man's formal daytime coat, with front edges sloping diagonally from the waist and forming tails at the back.
- A brief shot that interrupts the visual continuity of the main action of a film, often to depict related matter or supposedly concurrent action.
- A model or diagram of an object with part of the outer layer removed so as to reveal the interior.
- noun - a type of coat
There are 7 letters in CUTAWAY: A A C T U W Y
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to CUTAWAY
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word CUTAWAY plus a wildcard: CUTAWAY?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word CUTAWAY
Images for CUTAWAY
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.


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Over the last couple of years, instrumentation has come on in leaps and bounds. It is just as important to note the data communication has not been left behind, and has rightfully kept pace with all the requirements of the modern plant. There is an increased tendency towards better data communication (especially in the industrial environment), and the aim of this GLOMACS Data Communication & Fieldbus System training seminar is to take all the mysticism out of the data communication systems, in existing (and future) networks.
This GLOMACS Data Communication & Fieldbus System training seminar covers all aspects of data communication, starting from an overview perspective and then delves individually into all the major aspects that are considered important to current users. Special attention is also given to the hybridized systems (i.e. HART) as well as the all-important fieldbus options that currently play such an important role in communicating with field devices. This GLOMACS training seminar is presented in a manner which is easy to understand and grasp, even for novices and those new to the field of data communication and fieldbus, as well as those that wish to improve / refresh their current knowledge.
This GLOMACS training seminar will highlight:
- Data communication and basic principles
- Communication standards
- Communication media
- Communication protocols
- Fieldbus and how it ties in with the modern instrumentation
- Understand the basics of cabling utilized with data communication and fieldbus systems
- Have a full understanding of industrial protocols
- Distinguish between physical communication standards (232, 423, 422, 485)
- Examine the various aspects of the OSI model
- Compare, contrast and debates network architecture and hardware pertaining to data communication and fieldbus systems
Participants will be taken from basics, and built up in their ability to deal with all the major types of data communication and fieldbus systems. The most important components of the work are covered in a theoretical manner, but the instructor will also ensure that delegates are individually assessed on a regular basis. This GLOMACS Data Communication & Fieldbus System training seminar will make use of pre-and post-seminar tests, individual and group-based exercises, open discussions and make use of proven adult learning methodologies and facilitation techniques. The whole focus is on the transfer of vital data. The sharing of information, between delegates and participants, is encouraged.
Delegates will return to their place of work, equipped with the skills and knowledge required to maximize the performance of the current data communication networks, and the competency skills to guide decision-makers in the planning and implementation of future data communication and fieldbus strategies.
The organizational impact would include:
- Having people with comprehensive knowledge pertaining to data communication and fieldbus systems
- Having staff with knowledge that has been built up on a solid foundation
- Having staff members that can effectively communicate about the subject matter with their peers
- Having staff that can identify possible problems that may occur, and what the solutions might need to be
- Having people with an understanding of all the hardware associated with data communication and fieldbus systems
- Having people who can assist in the specification of data communication and fieldbus additions to current and existing networks
Participants will gain knowledge, enhance / hone their skills and learn to apply themselves fully in their workplace. Improved knowledge often equates to better career prospects within the organization, and recognition that the participant can play a more meaningful leadership role in their field of expertise.
Personal impact would include:
- Building up their own levels of self-confidence in the subject matter
- Communicating effectively with their peers, operators, management and supervisory staff
- Enhancing the knowledge and understanding of the subject matter
- Giving them the peace of mind to participate in meaningful discussion and analysis pertaining to data communication and fieldbus systems
- Reduce the amount of time in problem solving, because of better understanding of the subject matter. This should equate to improved time management
- The ability to show the organization that they are a valuable team member, and that they can develop within their current careers
Who Should Attend?
This GLOMACS Data Communication & Fieldbus System training seminar would be particularly aimed at people who are involved either in the maintenance and installation of data communication and fieldbus equipment, or those that actively take part in the assessment, selection and purchasing of these devices. But, it is not specifically aimed only at these individuals, but also to cater for the needs of all levels of personnel, regardless of their working background, who have an interest in the field of data communication and fieldbus systems.
In this sense, this GLOMACS training seminar is suitable to a wide range of professionals but will greatly benefit:
- Instrumentation Personnel
- Personnel involved in data communication and networked topologies
- Artisans from other fields, who may assist, or be interested in data communication and fieldbus systems
- Financial People involved in the purchasing of data communication and fieldbus equipment
- Commissioning Engineers
- Process Control Engineers
- Health and Safety Representatives
- Administration Staff
- Foremen and Supervisors who oversee staff performing functions on the data communication and fieldbus equipment
- Lower Middle and Top Management
- Engineers from Non-instrumentation Disciplines


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February 23: Agriculture experts and scientists of Nepal have established the National Food Bank Limited with an investment of Rs 2 billion to industrialize the agricultural sector of the country.
The food bank has been established with the objective of industrializing the agriculture sector in the near future by properly managing the necessary knowledge, skills, seeds and fertilisers required for this sector.
The bank has been established by skilled manpower, experts and agricultural scientists working in the field of agriculture. The main objective of the organization is marketing of agriculture sector by making its presence in all 77 districts of the seven provinces. The bank is carrying out its plan to increase employment, increase production and to move the country towards self-reliance through big investments in agriculture.
Speaking at a press conference in Kathmandu on Monday, chairman of the food bank Shankar Nath Upreti claimed that the bank would play an important role in supporting the government's campaign of 'Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali'. According to him, the bank will itself produce food grains, nuts, green vegetables, fruits, milk, yogurt, fish, meat, tea, herbs and other food items.
Moreover, the bank aims to cooperate with farmers across the country as well as with agricultural companies, cooperatives, groups and all organizations related to the agricultural sector.
The bank plans to produce agricultural products by renting unused land including private, government institutions and 'guthi' land. So far, the work of leasing the land and producing has started in Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Dhanusha, Chitwan, Rupandehi and other districts.
The food bank, which is working with short-term, mid-term and long-term objectives, has given priority to the production of paddy, wheat, maize, millet, potato, mustard and nuts in the first phase. In the second phase, production of fish, meat, fruits, milk, vegetables, etc. will be emphasized and in the third phase, these products will be exported to different countries by storing, processing, grading and packaging.
According to government data, Nepal has imported rice worth Rs 56 billion, lemon worth Rs 7 billion and onion worth Rs 7 billion in the last two years. Referring to this data, Chairman Upreti said that the food bank would play an important role in increasing exports by reducing imports.


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From the chapter on FlyWeight Pattern inside Gang of Four the FlyWeight pattern is applicable when most object state can be made extrinsic.
What does extrinsic state mean ? I get the feeling that this pattern is used for sharing of objects . If objects are to be shared , then how can that object even have any state at all ?
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2
Extrinsic state means external to the objest – Cratylus Jan 20 '13 at 14:55
3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Whatever the specific wording in that bulleted list, it is important to understand the message: Flyweight applies to the case where an important part of data can be shared among many objects because it is immutable. The example with font faces makes this quite clear; an example from everyday Java is java.util.regex.Pattern, the flyweight, vs. Matcher, which holds extrinsic state. Many Matchers can exist in parallel, all reusing the compiled regex on the inside.
This quote makes things clearer than the one from your question:
The more flyweights are shared, the greater the storage savings. The savings increase with the amount of shared state. The greatest savings occur when the objects use substantial quantities of both intrinsic and extrinsic state, and the extrinsic state can be computed rather than stored. Then you save on storage in two ways: Sharing reduces the cost of intrinsic state, and you trade extrinsic state for computation time.
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what you mean by client facing objects ? – Geek Jan 20 '13 at 14:58
1
Can you please provide an example in your answer to clarify your overall answer ? I am specifically not clear on how an external objects state is not owned by the object itself. – Geek Jan 20 '13 at 15:10

but why do they say that if most state can be made extrinsic the applicability of FlyWieight pattern becomes practical ? – Geek Jan 20 '13 at 15:22

let us continue this discussion in chat – Geek Jan 20 '13 at 17:03

Still some confusion prevails here . I thought that sharing (thus in a sense reusing) can be done only for intrinsic state . Extrinsic state can not be shared and hence reused . It is the state that varies from object to object. So why most state have to extrinsic for the applicability of this particular pattern is what is confusing me . – Geek Jan 20 '13 at 17:24
Let's take an example of a Word processor:
A Word processor deals with Character objects. The state of Character objects is the character content, the font, style,location etc (as far as the Word processor is concerned). Different documents use different instances of a character. Assuming we are just dealing with a-z chars, different documents use letters from a-z pool but might apply a different font/style. So, if we separate the content of the character from the font/style we can share these characters and this makes sense because the total different types of characters are less (26 in our case but a constant otherwise) compared to different instances of characters used in different documents. Sharing these character instances would mean to share the Character instances content wise and apply context like font/style externally to these characters. Character content is intrinsic state and font/style is extrinsic state. Separating state into intrinsic and extrinsic states led to huge storage savings in the above example.
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extrinsic - state that belongs to the context of the object (external) or unique to that instance
intrinsic - state that naturally belongs to the 'FlyWeight' object and thus should be permanent or immutable (internal) or context free.
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Growers Ark Root Tonic
Growers Ark Root Tonic will encourage healthy root systems and improve overall plant health. Plants treated with Root Tonic will have a greater resistance to stress from lack of water, heat/cold or transplantation. Root Tonic can be used on it's own or added to your regular feed, it can also be used as a foliar spray. Why/how it works Growers Ark Root Tonic contains three main ingredients, Potassium humate, a seaweed extract and amino acids.


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Do marble fireplace stain when used with gas fires?
December 15, 2010
Marble fireplaces will not typically stain when they are used with any gas fire. Marble is a popous material, however it has been used in fireplaces for many centuries.
What would make a marble fireplace stain?
1. If a gas fire causes the marble to change colour then there is usually excessive heat behind the back panel that is burning the marble. This is typically caused by an over sized builders opening. The cut out in a marble back panel is usually 16.25 inches (wide) x 22.25 inches (high). If the builders opening (opening in chimney) is much larger and has not been correctly installed then the heat behind the back panel can cause an air pocket and cause the marble to stain or change colour.
2. Marble will stain if any bleach products are applied to the surface of the stone. The polish of a marble fireplace is affected by bleach which causes irreversable staining.
3. Some harsh household multi cleaners can cause the surface of the marble to change colour as they contain strong detergents and colours. Similar discolouration would also occur on natural wood furniture.


text:
It may not have been the most sophisticated piece of machinery ever constructed but the Gnome Pixie Flex was that rarest of optical beasts: a Welsh camera. Manufactured in Cardiff circa 1951 it was a pseudo TLR camera with fixed focus and fixed aperture. It had a crinkled black enamelled metallic body with chromed front edges. Variants included the Gnome Pixie and the Baby Pixie. But who exactly were Gnome?
The Welsh company actually had its roots in pre-war Stuttgart. It was there that Heinrich Loebstein set up a small factory that produced photographic equipment. His enlargers, viewers and projectors were of fine quality and exported to various parts of the world, including Cardiff.
The rise of the Nazi regime in Germany meant that Loebstein, a jew, was subject to punitive anti-semitic measures and faced the prospect of life in a concentration camp. In 1938 he fled, bringing his family to south Wales where he had previously established strong business contacts.
His arrival in Wales coincided with the setting up of Britain's first industrial estate at Treforest. The Treforest complex was meant to encourage new types of industries to south Wales which was still suffering the harsh economic blight of Depression. Gnome was one of the very first companies to establish itself there.
Eighteen months after the outbreak of WW2 the Ministry of Aircraft Production took over his new factory at Treforest and Gnome relocated to Cardiff. There they produced enlargers for the Admiralty for use in aerial reconnaissance. It must have been satisfying for Loebstein to contribute to the fight against fascism in such a positive way, using technology he had begun to develop in Germany.
After the war Gnome moved into new premises on Caerphilly Road, Cardiff, which became their home for many years to come. They continued to manufacture enlargers and projectors, taking out various patents along the way. In fact Loebstein helped to popularise photography in the UK. Hitherto enlargers had been expensive but in 1948 he revolutionised the industry by introducing large batch production. This brought the unit price down from an average of £40 to £11 – well within the financial grasp of the amateur.
By 1960 80% of enlargers sold in the UK were produced by Gnome. They exported their goods to 72 different countries. Also in 1960 they became a public company issuing 400,000 shares. By this time Loebstein had repossessed his old factory in Stuttgart but nothing was produced there – it was used instead as warehouse for Gnome's exports to Germany. Heinrich Loebstein lived in Cyncoed.


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The world in which your business operates is constantly changing. Capturing the state of your business once a month may not reflect the reality of your situation. Fortunately, in Microsoft Excel you can add fitted curves and trendlines to help you track gradual changes in your business conditions rather than only large shifts.
Open an existing Microsoft Excel spreadsheet containing the data you wish to graph and fit to a curve, or create a new spreadsheet and enter your data.
Open the "Insert" tab and select "Chart" to create a chart containing the individual data point on which you will plot the fitted curve. Common formats include the XY Scatterplot, Column and Area.
Select the data columns in your spreadsheet corresponding to the X (dependent) and Y (independent) values of the data. The X-axis commonly corresponds to time and the Y-axis commonly corresponds to a value such as sales, cost, profit or revenue.
Open the "Chart" menu and select "Add Trendline." This will plot a line showing the trend of the data on the graph calculated using a moving average or similar algorithm. This helps you see how the data evolves over time without the effort and constraint required to fit the data to a statistical model. Select and then right-click on the trendline to change the format.
Select the "Display equation on chart" option under the Fit Trendline dialog box to change the model used to calculate the trendline. You can choose from lineal, exponential, logarithmic and polynomial models to match your data. Least-squares curve fitting is used to calculate the optimal model fit to the data.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images


text:
A New Approach to Water Education: Children's Water Festivalsby Darell D. Zimbelman, (F.ASCE), Colorado Water Conservancy District, Loveland, United States,
Brian R. Werner, Colorado Water Conservancy District, Loveland, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems
Abstract: A number of Colorado water agencies, school districts, and municipal utilities have combined efforts recently to coordinate a relatively new concept in water education - Children's Water Festivals. The Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District has organized five of these, has participated in at least six others, and is currently coordinating additional festivals throughout its service area in northeastern Colorado. Started as a means to better educate and inform elementary-age children about the importance of water these festivals have done just that. The end result is to have these students become better informed citizens in the future, particularly as they regard water issues.
Subject Headings: Water management | Municipal water | Education | Water supply systems | Water resources | Municipal wastewater | Water conservation | Lifeline systems | North America | Colorado | United States
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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text:
We report on the development of dual-color photon-counting histogram (PCH) analysis. Dual-color PCH is an extension of regular PCH and considers the photon counts received in two detection channels instead of one. Because each detection channel records a different color, dual-color PCH distinguishes fluorescent species not only by differences in their brightness, but also according to their color. The additional discrimination by color increases the sensitivity of PCH in resolving a mixture of species considerably. Most dual-color fluorescence fluctuation experiments are performed on fluorophores with overlapping emission spectra. This overlap results in spectral cross talk between the detector channels, which reduces resolvability. Here, we demonstrate that dual-color PCH is able to resolve binary dye mixtures in the presence of cross talk from a single measurement without any additional information about the sample. We discuss the effect of sampling time on the fit parameters of dual-color PCH. Differences between dual-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and dual-color PCH will also be addressed. We quantitatively resolve a mixture of the two fluorescent proteins CFP and YFP, which is challenging because of the strong spectral overlap of their emission spectra. Dichroic mirrors are needed to direct the light into the two detection channels. We quantify the influence of these filters on dual-color PCH analysis and determine the optimal transition wavelength of the dichroic mirror for the CFP-YFP pair.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||16|
|State||Published - Mar 2005|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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So according to fred99 a large % of people are racist because they assume a white person is boss over an indian if that is the case and most people are racist why even bring it up?
You don't understand there's a difference between conscious and unconscious racism?
Yes - most people are unconsciously racist. That can be proved with psychological tests.
So Trump is unconsciously racist or consciously racist in your opinion?
It doesn't matter. It's racism. One is no better than the other.
But according to what fred is referring to everyone being racist why just point out trump?


text:
Outside firewood is prohibited in Prince William Forest Park, unless it is certified USDA 'bug free' firewood. Dead and downed wood may be collected from designated areas for use while in the park. Help us protect the forest from invasive species!
Warm Wet Spring = More Ticks
Please check yourself and your pets for ticks continually during and after your visit. Ticks are less prevelent if you stay on trail or in mowed areas. Wearing light colored clothing helps you spot them before the attach.
Temp. Closure C-Loop Bathroom
Due to sequestration cuts, the C-Loop bathroom at Oak Ridge Campground will remain closed. Please use the B-Loop restroom, a short walking distance away. We apologize for the inconvenience.
White-tailed deer can be found throughout Prince William Forest Park. They one of the shier members of the deer family and can be identified by white fur that is found on the underside of their tail. They wag their tail from side to side when they are nervous or fleeing. White-tailed deer are extremely swift and can run through thick forests at speeds of 30 mph. Their coats are reddish in the summer months, and in the winter their fur turns grayer, helping them blend in during the more colorless winter months.
The male deer, or buck, grows a new set of antlers every spring. Their antlers have a velvet coating on them which protects it during growth. The deer will rub the velvet off by rubbing their antlers on trees. The males use their antlers to fight each other during the fall mating season. By late winter, their antlers fall off, only to be replaced by a new set of antlers the following spring.
All members of the deer family, such as, elk and moose, lose their antlers every year. Antlers are a bone and not a horn. Animals that have horns, such as goats, cattle and bison, never lose them and they do not form branches. In fact, antlers are one of the fastest growing tissues in the animal kingdom, as they may grow up to ½ an inch each day. This has led scientists to study the growth rate of antlers, to unlock the mysteries of fast growing cancer cells.
Did You Know?
Prince William Forest Park protects the federally threatened orchid Isotria medeoloides, small whorled pogonia, of which several colonies have been identified in the park.


Mars Retrograde 2087
Mars is a fiery planet that is usually termed as a fighter of the aggressive type. It is associated with our sex drives, career moves and energy levels. Mars retrogrades very rarely, say once for every two years when it goes on a back-drive for about 10 weeks. And this period is going to be a hell lot if we are not familiar with Mars retrograde effects.
Mars retrograde is not a time to initiate any love or marriage relationship as your sexual life would be affected altogether. Also not a good time to initiate a job too. Anything started during Mars retrograde would lose steam very soon, there would be a lack of energy. However there would be a craving for a new job or a new relationship with the natives. Mind you these would take you nowhere.
When Mars goes retrograde it would be staying for about 6 months in a sign, normally it would be there for about 2 months time. Hence people with strong planetary placements where the Mars retrograde happens seems to feel the pinch more. To put it in a nutshell, Mars retrograde does not imply your downfall, instead it is a time of frustration.
Mars Retrograde Calendar
Legend :
- Mars Retrograde Period
Mars Retrograde Dates
 - During the year 2086, Mars Retrograde period is from 17 November 2086 to 02 February 2087.
 - In the year 2086, Mars Retrograde can be found in the month November and February.


text:
More than 22,500 people apply to be next ESA astronaut
More than 22,500 people have applied to become the European Space Agency's (ESA) next astronauts.
This includes 1,979 British applicants and 270 applications from Irish candidates.
During ESA's last call for astronauts in 2008, the number of applicants who provided a medical certificate and finalised their online application form was 8,413.
Between four and six career astronauts will join the ESA workforce as permanent staff members, and there will be a reserve of up to 20 people who will not immediately be hired by the agency but will remain with their current employers until a flight opportunity is identified for them.
In the latest recruitment round, 257 people applied for the newly-established parastronaut vacancy.
It is a long process, but it's probably one of the most exciting jobs everyone can think of, and I'm very thrilled having seen these numbers
Around 5,400 (24%) of all applicants identify as female – compared to a figure of 15.5% in 2008.
The 2021 astronaut selection is the first time ESA has issued a vacancy for an astronaut with a physical disability.
The successful candidate will work with the ESA to determine the adaptations required for such an astronaut to serve as a professional crew member on a future space mission.
Applications were received from all the ESA member and associated member states.
There are six stages to the recruitment and the successful astronaut will be announced in late 2022.
The first of these stages is screening where applications will be assessed on the basis of all documents submitted, the application form and the screening questionnaire completed as part of the application process.
Applications for the parastronaut position will also undergo medical screening.
At the end of each stage, candidates will be told whether they have been successful and are progressing to the next step.
But they will have to be patient, as the entire selection process will take one and a half years.
ESA director general Josef Aschbacher said: "My first reaction is it is: 'Stunning.'
"This is probably historic – having so many applications, for at the end, a handful of jobs.
"I think this is really showing that the competition is high, but I really wish every single applicant all the best of luck.
"It is a long process, but it's probably one of the most exciting jobs everyone can think of, and I'm very thrilled having seen these numbers.
"I think it also shows that space is very high on the agenda of young people, it is a dream job – being an astronaut – and this is the best proof of what we have seen.
"So yes, it's fascinating to see these numbers."
ESA director of human and robotic exploration, David Parker, said: "It is pleasing to see an increase in the gender distribution of applicants to this astronaut selection, but the numbers also show there is more to be done to achieve gender balance in the space sector.
"Representing all parts of our society is a concern that we take very seriously.
"I'm looking forward to seeing which of these applicants will join our existing astronaut corps and help contribute to that representation both on Earth and in space."
The ESA is still also using its existing pool of astronauts for missions, and British astronaut Major Tim Peake is expected to make his second flight in around 2024/2025.
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cf. Old Saxon lettian "to hinder," Old Norse letja "to hold back," Old High German lezzen "to stop, check," Gothic latjan "to hinder, make late," Old English læt "sluggish, slow, late"); see late.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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text:
The study concerns the hydrogeology of the Verzegnis group Mt. (Western Carnian Prealps). To define the hydrogeological characteristics of the lithology and the water drainage conditions, geological surveys were conduct also in caves. In the studied area 26 springs were identified. The most important of which were investigated for a two years period (2003 – 2004). Water temperature, water conductivity and discharge measures were monthly performed. To determine hydrochemical characteristics, δ18O and radon concentration, water samples were monthly collected. δ18O values were measured also on precipitations collected during the monitored period in three collection sites. The data obtained permitted to have a preliminary characterization of drainage networks relative to the most important springs fed by Verzegnis Mt. hydrostructure.
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