(5 Minutes)
FMV vs OLV vs FLV when selling Mass Spec, Chromatography or Lab Gas Generators
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While the automotive industry can quickly point to Parkers Guide for current and depreciated values, unfortunately, putting a firm value figure on used Mass Spec, Chromatography, or Lab Gas Generator equipment has no similar benchmark for reference.
Moore's Law (the observation that the number of transistors in a dense, integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years), combined with rapidly developing software, and seemingly endless development of models and manufacturers are just a few of the factors keeping the Parkers Guide level of ease out of reach.
Of course, anyone thinking of selling asks, "What is my analytical system worth?" and would love to have an immediate answer with as many zeros on end as possible. However, the points raised above, combined with the circumstances of your decision to sell, means that, unfortunately, the complete response to this question requires even more questions to be asked.
Below we break down the key questions to help you understand what to expect as you bring your used Mass Spec, Chromatography or Lab Gas Generator equipment to market.
Fair Market Value vs Orderly Liquidation Value vs Forced Liquidation Value
If this is your first trip to the land of equipment valuation, there are a couple of terms you'll need to know:
 - Fair Market Value (FMV)
 - Orderly Liquidation Value (OLV)
 - Forced Liquidation Value (FLV)
Here are quick definitions of these three terms for you:
Fair Market Value
FMV is an estimated market value of an instrument, based on what an end-user buyer (knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured) would likely pay for it to a seller (knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured) in the market. In FMV sales, negotiating the logistical costs is either part of the final price or a discount off the top of the final price. In short, a deal with no time or location restraints. Advertising of the system(s) and collection of money would be down to the seller. In addition, the buyer and seller would negotiate Decommissioning, Crating, Transportation, Warranty costs etc. Generally, these are the responsibility of the buyer.
Orderly Liquidation Value:
This is the value of your equipment if it sold today; as-is, where-is to someone likely to sell it on. It may not be the highest value you could achieve. However, it gets sale done and over quickly and generally puts the onus for decommissioning and transportation squarely on the purchaser. This type of sale is a transaction with a single seller given a reasonable amount of time to find one or more purchasers of a liquidation sale and should be somewhere between an FLV and FMV.
Forced Liquidation Value
This is the amount of money that a company will receive if it sold its assets in an auction immediately. It is based on the assumption that the business will sell its assets in the quickest time possible, which will usually lead to a low price. These types of sales often go to auction sites as they purchase an entire laboratory.
As mentioned - there's no official guide for analytical equipment, but KRSS is about as close as you can get. With 100's years of combined employees experience and offices in both the UK and Mainland Europe, our knowledge is broad and global, and our understanding of FMV vs OLV vs FLV runs deep.
Key Valuation Questions
The following are some questions you'll likely get when seeking equipment valuation. Your answers will help determine whether you'll be best served by an FMV, OLV, FLV or something in between, such as KRSS selling on your behalf.
What's the age/condition of the system?
These basic details are essential for anyone hoping to give an accurate and fair valuation; date of manufacture, age of critical components (if they've ever been replaced), level of volume/usage, etc. Additionally, many systems can be upgraded over time. Knowing if the equipment or its software has received upgrades/revisions could significantly affect market value. Is the system under warranty? Is it still in use?
What's your time frame?
If the circumstances of your sale demand a quick turnaround, you may be better served by offering it at, or around, OLV. It's not top value, but when time is of the essence, a concession on price can speed things along.
How much time do you have? Selling to an independent such as KRSS will undoubtedly result in a quicker sale than trying to find someone yourself to purchase it. However, if time is no object, then FMV is the way to go.
Do you intend to replace what you're selling?
While replacement is a typical endgame for equipment sales, various other circumstances bring used systems to the market. One thing we are reasonably sure of is that the OEM will offer you less on trade-in than an independent company such as KRSS would offer. The manufacturer will often provide you with a trade-in value against the new system if you purchase replacement instruments. Still, the reality is they will scrap the trade-in, and you would get the same discount anyway.
Will your valuation results be presented to a bank? Or are they solely for liquidation purposes?
Some customers only need an e-mail valuation for a given exercise. In contrast, others require a more formal document with pictures, equipment specifications, etc., to present to a bank or board meeting. KRSS is willing to support your FMV / OLV /FLV needs.
The Sound Bite
KRSS can provide Fair Market Values (FMVs), Orderly Liquidation Values (OLVs), Forced Liquidation Values (FLVs) depending on your needs.
Some of our clients seek assistance with values to sell their equipment to another site. Others reach out for valuations for insurance or asset values. Other clients need a complete valuation analysis to decide how to sell their instruments.
While these are a few examples of standard requests, KRSS stands ready to customize an equipment valuation to meet your specific needs.
If you have an instrument that you are looking to sell, please speak to KRSS using the link below, and we will assist you however we can. We offer several routes to sell your instrument: Cash Purchase (OLV), Sell on your behalf (somewhere between FMV and OLV), trade-in against a newer or other technology or trade-in against consumables with our sister company Chromatography Direct (FMV).


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The Building Industry Consultative Council (BICC), together with Philip A. Tabone Ltd., today organised a conference on Concrete, held at the Westin Dragonara Resort. The conference was held under the patronage of the Faculty for the Built Environment and supported by Kamra tal-Periti and BASF.
The Hon. Censu Galea, Chairman of the BICC, opened the conference and spoke about the importance of the collaboration between industry and the professionals in the field, where knowledge sharing is essential in achieving better performance, new ideas and cutting edge technologies.
Vince Cassar, President of Kamra tal-Periti and Alex Torpiano, Dean of the Faculty for the Built Environment, both stated that the collaboration between the Industry and the professionals is an integral part of the evolution of the profession. Having a number of students or graduates working in close collaboration with key suppliers of materials and technologies should be further strengthened in order for the students to have a more holistic learning experience.
The speakers of the Concrete conference were a mix between graduates presenting their research work as well as foreign speakers who have shared their experience on.
Mr. Clint Camilleri, a graduate from the Faculty for the Built Environment, dealt with the concerns of the disposal of construction and demolition waste and explored his assessment of the performance of ceramic tiles as a replacement for crushed local aggregate.
Mr. Steve Scicluna, also a graduate from the Faculty for the Built Environment, investigated the possibility of exploiting the shredded or crumb rubber obtained from waste tyres in the production of concrete, in order to address waste management.
Ms. Adriana Zammit, who is a fresh graduate from the Faculty for the Built Environment, explained her findings when lower coralline limestone and globigerina limestone waste were considered in the production of aerated concrete. The aim of her project was to achieve a lower density concrete with sufficient strength meaning lighter materials for lighter constructions.
Guest foreign speakers were Dr. Ivan Torresan, Ing. Giovanni Borsa and Ing. Christian Prilhofer. Dr. Torresan presented a lecture on zero energy construction and the sustainability in buildings. The use of mixtures and certain materials in the use of concrete enabled manufacturers and architects to optimise the carbon footprint when producing cement by reducing the quantity of clinker used in cement and in concrete. In this regard concrete admixtures help in giving an important positive contribution.
Ing. Prilhofer discussed the success that precast technology is achieving at the international level. He explained that this is due to a variety of reasons including the lack of skilled labour and large demands in terms of time and resources, which make traditional building methods not feasible. The answer to these problems, he explained, was in the industrial production and hollow core systems have an important role in this scenario.
Ing. Giovanni Borsa from BASF Construction Chemicals, Italy, has explored the concept of using composite materials with polymeric matrix FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymers) for the reinforcement of structures. The design of reinforced concrete structures with FRP materials needed to be addressed through an integrated approach, Ing. Borsa said, where each problem is associated with the application of specific solutions / products. It was explained that FRP products can also be used in combination with lime-based mortars in masonry structures.
James Schembri, a graduate from the Faculty for the Built Environment, spoke about how Recycled Pet fibres can be used effectively in the production of concrete. The research concerned the investigation of the use of locally processed fibres manufactured from recycled PET, to enhance the ductility and crack resistance of the concrete. The use of recycled PET in concrete locally not only improves the performance of the material, but also helps reduce the energy demands associated with transportation and recycling of the current local PET waste procedure.
Lara Mifsud, another graduate, discussed the combination of precast, prestressed concrete elements and in-situ topping as becoming an increasingly popular structural system of choice. However, for this structural system to be fully effective a sufficient bond between the two elements must be ensured. The study presented focused on how the surface treatment affects the overall behaviour of such elements when subjected to a bending action.
Michela Francalanza, also a graduate, explored the use of textiles as replacement to steel rebars as the main reinforcement in concrete being considered to be an innovative concept. The study addressed the performance of panels composed of a fine-grained concrete matrix, reinforced with three different materials; An alkali-resistant glass fibre mesh, a high density polyethylene mesh, and a wire mesh. The study also briefly examines the microscopic relationship resulting between the fine-grained concrete and the textile reinforcing materials.
The Hon, George Pullicino, Minister for Resources and Rural Affairs, who closed the seminar noted that there were two of the papers today which proposed the use of recycled material in the production of concrete namely crushed ceramic tiles and waste tyre rubber. He welcomed initiatives which seek to utilise recycled materials by integrating them in the material used for construction. Minister Pullicino also announced that in the coming weeks the new regulations aimed at reducing the possibility of damage to third party property from construction will be introduced.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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In a November 2012 UK study by a team of veteran CM/SM researchers of 12 cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari-like malformation, they found that all of these conditions increased over time: syrinx width, height of the foramen magnum, length of cerebellar herniation, and caudal cranial fossa volume. The increase in the volume of the cranial fossa may be due to resorption of the supraoccipital bone as syringomyelia progresses. They conclude: "We hypothesise that active resorption of the supraoccipital bone occurs due to pressure from the cerebellum. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and variable natural clinical progression of CM and syringomyelia in CKCS."
Details at _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Abstract
Technologies cannot help improve personal health if individuals do not use them. Information systems discipline has a strong heritage of technology adoption research. This case study introduces a behavior change support system (BCSS) aimed at improving health and well-being. Hermeneutics is used as a methodological approach to analyze open-ended responses from participants who had had an electronic health check but did not activate the following electronic health coaching. The data consist of textual feedback from a total of 2543 respondents. This article investigates the anomalies related to consumers' non-adoption of a BCSS. The research question addressed in this study is: What can anomalies reveal about BCSS acceptance? According to our findings, a positive attitude toward the system does not automatically increase acceptance. Usefulness of the electronic health system can be seen from a self-development perspective rather than from instrumental value. Credibility of the system, usability, and technical issues are also important for BCSS acceptance. This study brings new insights to the research fields of technological acceptance and persuasive technology; additionally, it provides a valuable example of a hermeneutics methodology and how new knowledge can be retrieved studying anomalies.
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18 March 2020
Rediscovered: Clara Peeters
"Someone arranged them in 1620.
Someone found the rare lemon and paid
 a lot and neighbored it next
to the plain pear, the plain
apple of the lost garden, the glass of wine, set down
 mid-sip -
don't drink it, someone said, it''s for
the painting."
 - excerpt from "Still Life" by Marianne Boruch
The voice that speaks in Marianne Boruch's poem was not around when Clara Peeters painted Still Life with Cheeses, Artichoke and Cherries (circa 1825?). Someone unseen had already left marks on the artist's subjects. The perpetrator's knife is positioned at the center front of the picture, its effects on the butter, cheese, bread, and artichoke visible. Peeters made a veritable tower of local produce, artfully displayed (butter perched atop a blue plate) and richly articulated (shaved fragments of a cheese wheel). Butter and cheese, emblems of Dutch pride in their dairy farms were by-products of milk, known as "the noble liquid"
But there is another arrangement, anchored by the pewter charger, painted with a high glaze. The cherries are reflected and, in turn, reflect the unseen light source to the left on the canvas. My eye was drawn immediately to the exquisite realism of the artichoke section. The stem of a cherry may be a nod to the vanitas (from the Latin vanus for emptiness), a type of painting that portrayed of the transience of life and the emptiness of pleasure
Still life as a stand-alone genre emerged during the early decades of the seventeenth century when increasing prosperity brought a new abundance to ordinary people. Ontbijtjes or "breakfast pieces," pictures that showed the ingredients of a simple meal were very popular. Clara Peeters, one of the few female painters of the time, is credited as a founder of the genre. Her distinction is not owed to the genre itself but to her meticulous brushwork and elegant arrangements. There were fewer than a half dozen Dutch paintings of food that have been identified from the years before Peeters painted her first known work
About the life of Clara Peeters (1594? - 1657?) we have very little information. She lived in Antwerp and may also have lived in Amsterdam and The Hague. Her earliest works have been dated to 1607 and 1608. It is not known who taught Peeters but speculation has come to rest on Osian Beert (circa _PHONE_) of Antwerp as Peeters' teacher; certainly there are similarities in their style for a genre that was just taking shape. Objects are arrayed on a table that extends beyond both edges of the canvas; beyond is only inarticulate darkness. Her earliest works have been dated to 1607 and 1608. Although Peeters worked mostly with still life, in a painting dated about 1610 she included a figure that is assumed to be a self-portrait, holding a pen in one hand and a timepiece in the other. The arrangements of objects could to be interpreted symbolically as a vanitas. (from the Latin vanus for emptiness), an expression of the transience of life and the emptiness of pleasure
We know more about her compatriot Judith Leyster (_PHONE_) who was much admired by her contemporaries but who, like Peeters, faded from memory after her death; many of Leyster's works were attributed to Frans Hals because it was thought that they were too good to be the work of a woman.
Clara Peeters - Still Life with Cheeses, Artichoke and Cherries, circa 1625?, oil on board, Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Hels said...
There was an exhibition at the Prado of Peeter's works a few years ago. I didn't see it, but you might like to get hold of the catalogue. The Chief Curator of Flemish and Northern School Painting at the Museo del Prado also wrote the two essays called Reflections on the art and culture of Clara Peeters.
Some of her works were simple and missing colour, but some were stunning.
Jane A Librizzi said...
Hels, thank you for that information, and not just for myself.
Peeters was


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PRLog (Press Release)
- Apr. 10, 2012 -
Many are not aware that on the day Titanic collided with an iceberg in the North Atlantic, the ship had received no less than six wireless transmissions describing the extent of the dangerous ice fields and bergs, but that not all of these messages made it to the bridge and that the captain therefore had an incorrect mental picture which did not match the reality on the ocean in front of him. Author David Warner Mathisen, a professional analyst and former US Army Infantry officer, observes that this type of failure to "connect the dots" is well known in the Army, and that military concepts such as "situational awareness" and Clausewitz's phrase "the fog of war" are valuable tools for extracting lessons from the disaster that we can apply today. He points out that in many situations, the information that is needed to enable accurate analysis of the situation is actually available, but overlooked or not placed into the proper framework or context, so that the dots are not connected, something that happens so often that we can conclude that gaining true situational awareness is actually exceedingly difficult, even though it might at first appear to be simple. He then goes on to argue that the data we may be overlooking from a civilizational perspective may be creating a dangerous "false picture" that creates potentially serious danger, which should encourage greater efforts to "connect the dots" using tools that can facilitate better analysis. While many various theories of greater or lesser merit have been put forward to explain the 1912 Titanic disaster, including some recent analysis that the position of the earth in relation to both the moon and the sun may have played a role, ultimately the sinking and the tragic loss of life were the result of a lack of situational awareness – not just prior to the collision but in the fatal aftermath as well.
# # #
David Warner Mathisen is a professional analyst and former US Army officer, and the author of the book "The Mathisen Corollary" and of the recently-released essay "Titanic and the Fall of Civilizations."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How do I create a grid of objects in Boardmaker Studio?
You can create a rectangular or circular grid of identical objects using the Spray Tool or Circular Spray Tool.
 1. Select the triangle beside Spray Tool in the toolbar.
 2. Select:
 - Spray Tool to create a rectangular grid
 - Circular Spray Tool for a circular grid
 3. Position the cursor over the object you would like to duplicate.
 4. Click and drag diagonally to create a grid of identical objects.
 5. Release the selection when the grid is the desired size. Note: You can reposition the grid while the grid objects are still selected (they will have dotted outlines).
 6. Click and drag any selected object to reposition the entire grid. Note: If you have assigned properties to the original object (symbol, style, actions, etc.), they will be copied to the other objects in the grid.
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Datum
A datum is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system. Geodetic systems or geodetic data are used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems. In engineering and drafting, a datum is a reference point, surface, or axis on an object against which measurements are made.


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Comments : 0
Queensland Laboratory (a division of the OCTIEF Consulting Group) was engaged by Seven Network Operations Limited to conduct monitoring of the air inside an asbestos work enclosure in order to determine an estimate of the concentration of asbestos fibres within the workers breathing zone. Air monitoring was conducted during a number of different simulated home renovation scenarios including cutting asbestos cement with a circular saw and sanding asbestos cement with an electric sander.
Following the monitoring process, the membrane filters were analysed using phase contrast microscopy in accordance with The National Guidance Note on the Membrane Filter Method for Estimating Airborne Asbestos Dust [NOHSC: 3003 (2005)].
The concentrations of asbestos fibres in the workers breathing zone during these two tasks were up to 32 times the national exposure standard of 0.1 fibres per ml.
For all asbestos related enquiries, please call our specialist staff on 1300 138 366


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Obviously, one is a sphere and one isn't, but would the inhabitants of either world be able to rule out the possibility that their world might actually be the other?
We humans knew that our world was spherical because of its curvature, but the larger the sphere the less the curvature of its surface so it stands to reason that in an infinitely large sphere there should be no curvature (or rather it is infinitely small and indistinguishable from none).
Since they can't coexist with infinitely large worlds, assume that either there are no celestial bodies (sun, stars, other planets etc.) or that they depend on the location of the observer (there will always be a sun visible exactly above one's head, or perhaps the world has a luminous "ceiling" above the atmosphere)
Assume no space travel but arbitrarily precise measuring instruments and arbitrarily high resources dedicated towards finding out whether their world is a sphere or a plane.
Assume earth-like conditions (gravity etc.), on the sphere gravity will pull towards the center, on the plane it will pull down.


Tech firm helps district with computer lessons
2013-02-13T00:00:00Z Tech firm helps district with computer lessonsJamar Younger Arizona Daily Star Arizona Daily Star
February 13, 2013 12:00 am •
Ava Bemer watched over her seventh-grade science class at Sierra Middle School early Thursday afternoon as the students completed an assignment on earthquakes.
The class was mostly quiet as the students studied the difference between a seismograph and a seismometer, and attempted to describe what "magnitude" is.
Instead of flipping through textbook pages to find the answers, however, the students watched a video and viewed images on their individual laptop computers before completing the assignment.
The videos, images and accompanying text are the result of a partnership between the Sunnyside Unified School District and Discovery Education, which provided digital textbooks and an accompanying science curriculum to the school district.
Discovery Education, which is part of the media company that owns the Discovery Channel and Animal Planet, is pitching in to assist Sunnyside's latest effort to enhance its One-to-One computing program, which provides a laptop computer to a every one of the 8,500 district students in fourth through ninth grades.
Discovery Education continues to work with the district to develop its science, technology and math programs, after charging $58,000 for the digital textbook.
In this, the first year the district implemented the Discovery Education program, it is being used in sixththrough eighth-grade science classes, said Pam Betten, director of middle schools and the One-to-One program.
The district adopted the program because of Discovery's reputation as well as its focus on the new state-adopted Common Core standards, which are expected to better prepare students for college and careers by teaching them to think more critically.
"Unlike a traditional textbook, you can actually engage the students into seeing these science concepts in real time," said Steve Holmes, assistant superintendent for curriculum and instruction.
District officials still face many challenges with its technology, ranging from maintaining the equipment and online content to figuring out how the computers and programs can lead to better academic achievement.
"Of course we want the growth of the learning to show on tests. We also want to be able to capture how kids are beginning to think and what that looks like," Betten said.
Options for learning
In Bemer's class, students had different options for reviewing the lesson and answering the questions.
In addition to the video, the lesson includes photos, diagrams and captions that read aloud when students clicked on the paragraph.
The home page is similar to what's found in a college course, with an overview of the class along with previous and current assignments.
When students are done with a lesson, they click a "submit" button at the end of the assignment instead of leaving a piece of paper on the teacher's desk.
If students don't finish the assignment in class, Bemer allows them to finish the work and submit it from home.
When children complete a test, they receive their grades immediately.
"It shows kids where they did poorly," Bemer said. "It's easier for students to see how they're doing. They can go back and look at grades."
It's easier for Bemer to give students feedback on their work, she said.
Bemer does not view the program as a replacement for a textbook, but rather as a supplement that can help students, especially those with learning disabilities, she said.
Some of the students who use the program see advantages as well.
"It's much easier to use the website than using normal textbooks and having the teacher explain it," said seventh-grader Oscar Fuentes, 12.
Fuentes said seeing the videos and images helps him remember the lessons better than just reading the information in a textbook.
"Once I see the videos and diagrams, it gets stuck in my head," he said.
For seventh-grader Julissa Reyes, the program allows her to better understand the class assignments, she said.
"I like that it's really organized," said Reyes, 13.
Ongoing challenges
Although district officials, teachers and students have benefited from the increased technology, there are still challenges associated with relying on computers and the Internet.
"It's cool, but it's presented new challenges for us," said Holmes, the assistant superintendent. "Like what happens when one breaks? How do we take care of them?
"Unlike a textbook, where a page gets ripped out and you can figure it out. If you break your computer, we have to go through a whole series of troubleshooting."
Teachers have also had to learn how to teach in a classroom where usually every student has his or her own computer with Internet access. Bemer described the changes as an "evolution in classroom management."
"It's keeping them on focus. We've learned how to spot the kids on the wrong websites," she said.
One of the bigger challenges will involve using the increased technology and online curriculum to improve academic results in the district, which received a C grade from the state department of education in 2011-12.
Sunnyside started giving laptops to students in fifth grade three years ago and has added grades each year since, Betten said.
The district is making the transition to the Common Core standards, along with the new Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) assessment.
The state will phase out the AIMS graduation test by 2017. Students will be evaluated using the PARCC assessment in 2015, while the Common Core standards will be fully implemented next year.
On StarNet: Find education-related resources and special reports at
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text:
Please boost your Plan to download papers
Fatigue design consideration in columns under wave cyclic loading. - Research Paper Example
Engineering and Construction
Pages 11 (2761 words)
Designing of structures, particularly, columns and beams are measures that require several factors to be kept in focus. One of the most important factors of these is the fatigue design considered for columns under cyclic wave loading…
Studies reveal that there are significant calculations and estimations that need to be considered to determine the effects of wave conditions on these structures. The present study focuses on these factors, and the types of fatigues that are possible. This would bring into light the necessity for experts to consider an extensive study on the structures, the materials employed and the conditions of the waves such that effective measures may be applied in the process of construction. Introduction: Considering the issue of cyclic wave loading, it is necessary to understand that both cyclic strains and residual strains or strains that are permanent in nature are developed when a sequence of cyclic loads affect the underground soil. The permanent or residual strains stay behind at the end of each cyclic load reflecting a growing effect that gets accumulated with the effects left by earlier storms. Greater attention has been provided to evaluations of peak cyclic displacements that occur along with a storm. However there are greater needs for studies on issues of permanent displacement. While considering these issues, it is also necessary to take into consideration the relationships among the properties of the soil, cyclic loading as well as well as the residual strains and the shear stress (Marr et al, 1981, pp._PHONE_). ...
Not exactly what


idspopd - Fotolia
What is the difference between RAM and cache memory?
Cache memory and random access memory both place data closer to the processor to reduce latency in response times. Learn why cache memory can be the faster option.
One response to the difference between RAM and cache memory question might be one of a real estate agent's old...
favorites: "Location, location, location!"
Cache is usually part of the central processing unit, or part of a complex that includes the CPU and an adjacent chipset, while memory is used to hold data and instructions that are most frequently accessed by an executing program -- usually from RAM-based memory locations.
In the classic von Neumann computer, RAM was the "chalkboard" where processors did the math of a program. Placing this data store closer to the processor itself, so data requests and responses didn't have to traverse the motherboard bus, reduced the wait time or latency associated with processing and delivered better than average latency and faster chip performance.
RAM, by contrast, tends to include permanent memory embedded on the motherboard and memory modules that the consumer can install into dedicated slots or attachment locations. These memories are accessed via the mainboard bus (channels or conduits etched into the motherboard that interconnect different devices and chipsets).
Cache defined
The term cache generally refers to hardware or software used to temporarily store recently and frequently accessed data. It provides a faster way to access data, but tends to be more expensive than other types of memory and storage in a computer, including hard drives and SSDs.
CPU cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to the CPU request.
The cache provides a small amount of faster memory that's local to cache clients, such as the CPU, applications, web browsers and OSes, and is rapidly accessible. Cache memory is usually volatile memory where data will not persist if power is lost.
All types of cache memory are used to reduce data access times and latency while also improving I/O. Because almost all application workloads depend on I/O operations, caching improves application performance. By speeding up data access and I/O, the cache also improves computer performance.
The relationship between cache memory and RAM
Cache memory includes extremely fast L1 cache, which is built directly into a computer's CPU. L2 cache is also sometimes built into the processor. However, L2 cache is more frequently placed on a chip adjacent to the CPU, as is L3 cache. As a result, L2 and L3 cache can be somewhat slower than L1.
Cache memory
See how cache memory works.
Dynamic RAM, or DRAM, on the other hand, is the main memory in a computer where the OS, applications and data in use are temporarily kept to enable the CPU to access them quickly. RAM is built into the motherboard and is accessed by the CPU across a motherboard backplane.
Speed and cost
When it comes to speed, there's a good bit of difference between RAM and cache memory. Because it's built into the CPU or on a chip adjacent to the processor, CPU cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to the CPU request. When the CPU accesses RAM across the computer's motherboard, the system bus limits its speed. RAM data access is, however, faster than read-only memory and mechanical storage devices, such as hard disks and tape. Magnetic media delivers I/O at rates measured in milliseconds.
RAM vs. Cache memory
Cache memory's greater speed comes at a price. Another key difference between RAM and cache memory is that cache memory is more expensive than RAM.
It should be noted that slower flash memory is being used to provide an additional cache at the magnetic media level -- on disk controllers -- in an effort to change the latency characteristics of disk, especially as disks expand in capacity and access to data increases. Considerable ink has been spilled to suggest that flash -- or SSDs -- will at some point in the future displace magnetic hard disks altogether as a production storage medium.
Cache technology is used to make computer operations more efficient. With cache memory, the CPU gets faster access to frequently used instructions for the operation of programs and to frequently accessed data. Because it's built directly into the CPU, cache memory provides the fastest possible access to memory locations, supporting faster CPU performance. Adjacent chips that hold L2 and L3 memory usually have a direct pathway to the CPU to optimize performance.
A key difference between RAM and cache memory is RAM is used as a place to keep the OS, applications and data that are in use. RAM provides the CPU with quick access to those programs and data.
But RAM has its limits. Once a computer's RAM fills up, its processor must create virtual memory to compensate for the shortage of physical memory. Virtual memory is created by temporarily transferring inactive data from RAM to disk storage, using active memory in RAM and inactive memory in hard drives to form contiguous addresses that hold an application and its data.
Next Steps
How to choose the right type of server-side flash
How to avoid problems when using SSD for write caching
See how memory sizing and CPU capacity affect application performance
Dig Deeper on Flash storage for applications


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, NOT the contents of any memory address residing in the register; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the source is a register and not a memory location destination: %edi; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to; after copying, the address stored in the %edi register is incremented or decremented according to the DF flag
stosb: move a single byte
stosw: move 2 bytes
stosl: move 4 bytes
rep: Repeating an operation so you can move strings more easily
This will continue executing the movsb operation and decrementing the ECX register until it equals 0. So if you wanted to copy a string in its entirety, you could follow this pseudo-code:
* set ESI to the memory address of the source string * set EDI to the memory address of the destination string * set ECX to the length of the source string * clear the DF flag so ESI and EDI will be incremented for each call to movsb * call rep movsb
movl $HelloWorldString, %esi movl $DestinationUsingRep, %edi movl $25, %ecx # because HelloWorldString contains 24 characters + a null terminator cld rep movsb
Here we have movsb being called 25 times (the value of ECX). Because movsb increments both the ESI and EDI register you don't have to concern yourself with the memory handling at all. So at the end of the example, the values are..
%esi: $HelloWorldString+25 %edi: $Destination+25 %ecx: 0 DF: 0 HelloWorldString: "Hello World of Assembly!" Destination: "Hello World of Assembly!"
More to Come
I hope you enjoyed reviewing data types and mov operations. Stay tuned for more assembly tips!


Handling in Calvin
Exceptions or error codes? That seems to be question. Exceptions are the standard error reporting mechanism in C++, but there are many valid reasons for avoiding them. In this regard, I took the route that the Boost libraries did and give the programmer an option.
Depending on the value of the NO_CALVIN_EXCEPTIONS macro at compile time, either an exception (of type calvin_exception) is thrown, or the function calvin::throw_exception is called. If the function option is chosen, then the programmer must define a function by that name to handle any errors. The function should take a single parameter of type calvin_exception.
calvin_exception is a subclass of std::exception, and uses the what parameter to store the cause. Call calvin_exception.what() to see the error string.
To the Persistent Go the Spoils!
That's it for using Calvin. I've been using Calvin in my own applications for several months now with nary a problem. Then again, I know it and tend to perhaps skirt its warts unintentionally. It should be considered 0.1 software. I would welcome any bug fixes.
Calvin isn't done yet though. Current plans to extend it are to include a ZIP archive and an XML archive. The next article will be a tutorial on creating new archives by subclassing stream buffers. If you'd like a deeper explanation on the inner workings of Calvin, e-mail me and I might write up another article talking about the template type matching that makes Calvin work.
In the meantime, peruse the source code. It's compact, simple, and pretty straightforward. I've included it here and written this article hopefully so that you can use it and extend it to suit your needs. The example/test program included with this article requires that Boost version 1.31 or later be installed in the calvin subdirectory. Also, the Boost file system library should be built and available to the test program for linking.
Calvin is copyright by myself, Jay Kint, and licensed for use under the MS-PL license. It should be considered "as-is" and no warranty is intended or implied.
The author would like to thank John Olsen for his contributions and feedback on this article.
1A value type is one that isn't a pointer or a reference. If you can assign from one variable to a second variable, assign something else to the first variable, and the second variable hasn't changed, then those variables types are considered value types. For example:
// value type pseudo code
T x, y;
x = something;
y = x;
x = something_else;
print x;
print y;
If T is a value type, then x should print something_else and y should print something. If x and y print something_else, then T is not a value type.
 1. Boost
 2. Specifically the serialization library, type traits, shared pointers, and file system libraries. Lots of other good things are there as well. If you don't know the boost libraries, check them out.
 3. Eternity
 4. Great little persistence library, which was my first choice, until I started running into the limitations that prompted Calvin.
 5. Holub, Allen; MSJ, June 1996
 6. Every persistence library I've run across has mentioned this article as a source. Worth the read just for an idea of what should be in a persistence library whether you're a user or designer.
 - 1/29/2005
 - First draft posted for review.
 - 2/5/2005
 - Second draft posted for review.
 - 2/8/2005
 - Article submitted to CodeProject.
About the Author
Jay Kint
Web Developer
United States United States
Jay Kint has been a software engineer/hacker for most of his life, starting with 8 bit Ataris. After a lengthy stint in the game industry, he now works at Microsoft in SQL Server.
Comments and Discussions
QuestionI can't bulid it via vc9, can you guys give some help? Pinmemberltn61422-Jun-09 5:21
AnswerRe: I can't bulid it via vc9, can you guys give some help? PinmemberDavid J Ward2-Sep-09 6:14
AnswerRe: I can't bulid it via vc9, can you guys give some help? PinmemberMember 381982126-Jan-11 2:12
me either. looked like a great lib too...
GeneralThanks PinmemberThVoidedLine9-Nov-07 14:02
GeneralSupport for map (code included) [modified] PinmemberWeird Alexis13-Sep-06 0:00
QuestionHow to run this? PinmemberVikas Gandhi31-Mar-06 2:53
QuestionHow about boost serialization? PinsussAnonymous14-Feb-05 19:16
AnswerRe: How about boost serialization? PinmemberJay Kint15-Feb-05 5:05
Generaloverloaded ^ operator PinsussArno Nym13-Feb-05 7:13
GeneralRe: overloaded ^ operator PinmemberJay Kint13-Feb-05 12:31
GeneralRe: overloaded ^ operator Pinmemberpeterchen24-Jan-13 23:06
GeneralRe: overloaded ^ operator PinmemberJay Kint31-Jan-13 12:54
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text: line shift measurements that both provide irrefutable evidence of singlet pairing of the inner tetramer spins, and their activation as the temperature is raised. This activation energy is consistent with spin interaction determined from a non-local methods. For the BoNO compound, a plethora of characterisation methods has been done, including the cooperation with chemistry department and Ruđer Bošković Institute, but also the heat capacity measurement setup made in-house. In the scope of this thesis, Luttinger liquid region of the phase diagram has been studied. It was shown that inside the Luttinger liquid region of the phase diagram the interaction is attractive, as was theoretically predicted for the Haldane chain system. These findings will provide a good basis for the start of measurements at low temperature and high magnetic field facilities, required to fully understand this compound. Additionally, Appendix A contains specifics of the calculations for the eigenvalues and eigenstates for the SeCuO_3 tetramer model.


text:
On the eve of Independence Day, the Shrink turns to post-election stress.
There are three things you can do with your post election stress. The first two are:
- Speak out
- Shut upBoth of these methods work to some extent, but can also cause stress. Speaking out can cause stress when there is no positive effect, so people often try the second method; but that causes stress when they feel cut out of the conversation. Luckily, there's a third method. Rather than choosing or alternating between the two, you combine the two. I call this method:
Here I am in a video in the Speaking for Justice Series of Higher Group Productions. I briefly talk about post-election stress and statescraft.


text:
Maryland State Police Celebrates National Aviation Maintenance Technician Day
(MIDDLE RIVER, MD) – The iconic green and black helicopters of the Maryland State Police Aviation Command (MSPAC), bearing the State flag across the tail, are an easily recognized focal point for the Department's commitment of service.
However, many people who have seen these state-of-the-art helicopters traverse the Maryland skies are probably unaware what it takes to keep the Department's fleet of 10 AgustaWestland-made helicopters mission ready. Thousands of hours are dedicated each year to inspections and upkeep of the fleet of highly sophisticated aircraft.
Today, on May 24, 2022, the Maryland State Police honors the 24 men and women of the Aviation Command's Maintenance Division for their unwavering dedication and professionalism as part of the nationwide Aviation Maintenance Technician (AMT) Day. Without their expertise, the MSPAC would not be able to tackle its nearly 1,800 missions each year.
Forty-five states in the country recognize AMT Day. The date coincides with the birthdate of Charles Edward Taylor, who built the engine used to power the airplane of the Wright Brothers in 1903. The U.S. House of Representatives proposed a resolution 15 years ago for AMT Day in recognition of the individuals who ensure the successful and safe flight of aircraft.
The Department's fleet of AW-139 helicopters play a pivotal role in emergency response for Maryland 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 365 days a year. The Aviation Command's values focused on safety, excellence, commitment, teamwork and leadership are in support of the Department's Core Values of Integrity, Fairness and Service. The Command operates from seven strategically-placed bases around the State to conduct medevac, law enforcement, search and rescue, homeland security, and disaster assessment missions. The mission profile of the Aviation Command takes a team effort; the maintenance technicians are truly the unsung heroes who complete complicated and painstaking behind-the-scenes work to keep the fleet ready to tackle a myriad of calls.
The Department's AMTs are highly skilled, extremely knowledgeable and tremendously dedicated as they diagnose problems and repair the Command's turbine-powered aircraft. They perform duties in accordance with stringent Federal Aviation Administration regulations, and do so in service to all Marylanders.
The Maryland State Police Aviation Command is always looking to identify qualified Aviation Maintenance Technicians to join our team. If you or anyone you know is interested in joining the ranks of our Maintenance Division, please use the below link to find out more information about the application process or email Christina Blake of our Human Resources Division at _EMAIL_.
Contact: F/Sgt James Lyles – Helicopter Field Operations Central Region _PHONE_


text:
Familia Ona de viage
Selk'nam man, woman and children wrapped in guanaco hide robes, wearing conical hats, walking through clearing in underbrush. The man and boy carry a bow and arrows
Father Alberto Maria De Agostini, Non-Indian, _PHONE_
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego; Tierra del Fuego Province, Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region XII; Argentina, Chile
Father Alberto María De Agostini was an Italian missionary and a dedicated mountaineer, explorer, geographer, ethnographer, photographer and cinematographer; his missionary work was based in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. This and other images of Father De Agostini's were published as postcards, probably during the 1930s. No other collection history information available.
3.25 x 5 in.
Click on the image or the magnifying glass to see a larger view; click again to close the pop-up window. Scroll through Other Images and Media to see other views of this item; click on any image to make it appear in the larger window. Catalog card scans are provided to illustrate the information that originally accompanied the objects. Please recognize that unacceptable or offensive terminology represents historic data and not NMAI's current usage.


game animation middleware. They can be combined with animation blend trees as the most of the animation systems are offering them. Usually they are created manually by the animation specialists.
There are some other animation controllers like motion graphs, parametric motion graphs or reinforcement learning based animation controllers. Each of which have their own specifications and they should be discussed separately. Just note that all of these controllers can be implemented on top of an animation state machine which can offer animation blending, transitioning, time offsets within transitions and hierarchical states. I can mention Unreal Engine 4 animation system as a good one which have most of these features (not all).
Animation controllers might face a problem when they have to manipulate many animations. The problem is the high dimensionality of the state space. The controller has to create many states so it can respond well to the input parameters. When state space become high dimensional, the transitions between states grow as an order of power of two. Having a high dimensional state space will lead the system to become impractical, memory consuming and very hard to be manipulated.
In this post I want to introduce a paper based on a research I made about 1.5 years ago. The paper is published about 9 months ago. The research was about reducing state parameters in a Reinforcement Learning based animation controller which was used for locomotion planning. Although RL-based animation controllers are used less in gaming industry but they are finding their way through, because they can offer an almost automatic workflow to connect separate animations within an animation database to fulfill different motion tasks and create a continuous space out of separate animations.
I'll try to write another post to show how you can reduce states in a manually created animation state machine since manually created animation state machines are being used most widely in gaming industry. However this post is about reducing the dimensions of state space in a RL-Based animation controller.
Here is the abstract:
"Motion and locomotion planning have a wide area of usage in different fields. Locomotion planning with premade character animations has been highly noticed in recent years. Reinforcement Learning presents promising ways to create motion planners using premade character animations. Although RL-based motion planners offer great ways to control character animations but they have some problems that make them hard to be used in practice, including high dimensionality and environment dependency. In this paper we present a motion planner which can fulfill its motion tasks by selecting its best animation sequences in different environments without any previous knowledge of the environment. We combined reinforcement learning with a fuzzy motion planer to fulfill motion tasks. The fuzzy control system commands the agent to seek the goal in environment and avoid obstacles and based on these commands, the agent select its best animation sequences. The motion planner is taught through a reinforcement learning process to find optimal policy for selecting its best animation sequences. To validate our motion planner‟s performance, we implemented our method and compared it with a pure RL-based motion planner."
You may want to read the paper here.
Monday, May 25, 2015
Combining Ragdoll and Keyframe Animation to Achieve Dynamic Poses
Combining Keyframe Animation and Ragdoll
A Simple Case Study
Saturday, February 14, 2015
Skeletal Animation Optimization Tips and Tricks
Skeletal animation plays an important role in video games. Recent games are using many characters within. Processing huge amount of animations can be computationally intensive and requires much memory as well so to have multiple characters in a real time scene, optimization is highly needed. There exists many techniques which can be used to optimize skeletal animations. This article tends to address some of these techniques. Some of the techniques addressed here, have plenty of details, so I just try to define them in a general way and introduce references for those who are eager to know the details.
This article is divided into two main sections. The first section is addressing some optimization techniques which can be used within animation systems. The second section is from the perspective of the animation system users and describes some techniques which can be used by users to use the animation system more efficiently. So if you are an animator/technical animator you can read the second section and if you are a programmer and you want to implement an animation system you may read the first section.
This article is not going to talk about mesh skinning optimization and it's just going to talk about skeletal animation optimization techniques. There exists plenty of useful articles about mesh skinning around the web.
1. Skeletal Animation Optimization Techniques
Optimizing Animation Tracks
So based on these information, we can remove scale and translation keyframes for those animation tracks that do not own these two. The animation tracks can become light weighted and allocate less memory and calculation by removing unnecessary translation and scale keyframes. Also if we use uniform scale, the scale keyframes can just contain one float instead of a Vector3.
Another technique which is very useful for optimization of animation tracks, is animation compression schemes. The most famous one is curve simplification. You may know it as keyframe reduction as well. It reduces the keyframes of an animation track based on a user defined error. With this, the consecutive keyframes which have a little difference can be omitted. The curve simplification should be applied for translation, rotation and scale separately because each of which has their own keyframes and different values. Also their value difference is calculated differently. You may read this paper about curve simplification to find out more about it.
Representation of a Skeleton in Memory
As mentioned in previous sections, a skeleton is a tree data structure. As animation is a dynamic process, the bones may be accessed frequently while the animation is being processed. So a good way is to keep the bones sequentially in the memory. They should not be separated because of the locality of the references. The sequential allocation of bones in memory can be more cache friendly for CPU.
Using SSE Instructions
To update a character animation, the system has to do lots of calculations. Most of them are based on linear algebra. This means that the most of calculations are with vectors. For example the bones are always being interpolated between two consecutive keyframes. So the system has to LERP between two translations and two scales and SLERP between two quaternion rotations as well. Also there might be animation blending which leads the system to interpolate between two or more different animations based on their weights. LERP and SLERP are calculated with these equations respectively:
Where 't' is the angle between Q1 and Q2 and 'a' is interpolation factor and it is a normalized value. These two equations are frequently used in keyframe interpolation and animation blending. Using SSE instructions can help you to achieve faster and more efficient results. I highly recommend to see the hkVector4f class from Havok physics/animation SDK as reference. The hkVector4f class is using SSE instructions very well and it's a very well designed class. You can define translation, scale and quaternion similar to hkVector4f class.
You have to note that if you are using SSE instructions, then your objects which is using it, have to be memory aligned otherwise you will run into traps and exceptions. Also you should consider your target platform and see that how it supports these kind of instructions.
Multithreading the Animation Pipeline
Imagine you have a crowded scene full of NPCs in which each NPC has bunch of skeletal animations. Maybe a herd of bulls. The animation can take much time to be processed. This can be reduced significantly if the computation of crowds become multithreaded. Each entity's animations can be computed in a different thread.
Updating Animations
4- Update Just When They Are going To Be Rendered: Imagine a scene in which some agents are following you. You try to run away from them. The agents are not in the camera frustum but their AI controller is monitoring and following you. So do you think we should update the skeleton while the player can't see them? Not at most cases. So you can ignore the update of skeletons which are not in camera frustum. Both Unity3D and Unreal Engine4 have this feature. They allow you to select whether the skeleton and its skinned mesh should be updated or not if they are not in camera frustum.
2. Optimized Usage of Animation Systems
So far, some techniques have been discussed to implement an optimized animation systems. As a user of an animation system, you should trust the system and assume that it is well optimized. You assume that the system has many of the techniques described above or even more. So you can produce animations which can be friendlier with an optimized animation system. I'm going to address some of them here. This section is more convenient for animators/technical animators.
Do not Move All Bones Always
Figure1: A smoothed animation curve
Figure2: Two linear consecutive keyframes
Using additive and partial animations instead of full body animation
Animation blending has different techniques. Two of them which are very good at both functionality and performance are additive and partial animation blending. These two blending schemes are usually used for asynchronous animation events. For example when you are running and decide to shoot. So lower body continue to run and the upper body blends to shoot animation.
Using Motion Retargetting
A motion retargetting system promises to apply a same animation on different skeletons without visual artifacts. By using it you can share your animations between different characters. For example you make a walk for a specific character and you can use this animation for other characters as well. By using motion retargetting you can save your memory by preventing animation duplication. But just note that a motion retargetting system has its own computations. So it's not just the basic skeletal animation and it needs many other techniques like how to scale the positions and root bone translation how to limit the joints, ability to mirror animations and many other things. So you may save animation memory and animating time, but the system needs


Questioning the Wisdom of Combined Androgen Therapy
One of the questions that often come up is how long a man should use an antiandrogen drug like Casodex along with a GnRH agonist like Lupron or Zoladex? There is no question that an antiandrogen needs to be used before the first dosage of the agonist (Lupron), but should the antiandrogen be stopped or should it be continued along with the agonist (combining an antiandrogen along with the GnRH agonist is often referred to as a combined androgen blockade)?
The concept of using a combined androgen blockade has been debated since the 1990s. A literature search reveals that there were at least 27 randomized trials evaluating the usage of an antiandrogen in combination with castration. The surprise is that just three of these showed an improvement in survival, leading many doctors to be skeptical of the concept of combining an antiandrogen with a GnRH agonist.
To understand the problem, as with much research, we need to dig behind the studies. At the time these studies were completed, what was not well appreciated and taken into consideration is the concept of the antiandrogen withdrawal phenomenon.
We now know that men who are on long-term, continuous antiandrogen therapy will stop being positively affected by the drug and will experience prostate cancer disease progression. This leads us to wonder how even three of the studies mentioned above increased survival.
We are still faced with the question, how long, if at all, should a man continue taking an antiandrogen once they start therapy with drugs like Lupron or Zoladex?


Fraction multiplication as scaling
Scaling or resizing means comparing the size of the product to the size of one factor on the basis of the size of the other factor, without performing the multiplication. Scaling a number by a fraction less than 1 will be lesser then the original number. Scaling a number by a fraction greater than 1 will be greater than the original number. Multiplication is denoted by a cross sign '×'. Fractions are numbers that can be expressed in the p/q form. Here p the numerator and q is the denominator of the fraction.
Example 1: Smith's family ate three fourths of all the cookies in 4 cookie boxes. Write the equation of the quantity they ate and is it lesser than or greater than 4?
Solution: Number of cookie boxes = 4.
The fraction of cookies eaten from all the boxes = 3/4.
The amount to cookies eaten = 4 x 3/4. (This is the equation)
Now checking for the multiplication as scaling.
We have 4 x 3/4 < 4 (Because the fraction 3/4 < 1)
Hence the amount eaten by the Smith's family is less than 4 boxes.
Question: Multiple choice question (Pick the correct option.)
Without multiplying the numbers which one will have the product greater than 2?
a) 2 x 5/4 b) 2 x 1/4 c) 2 x 4/4 d) None of these.
Correct answer: option a.
Explanation: The fraction 5/4 >1. Multiplying a number to a fraction greater than 1 will be greater than the given number.
Hence 2 x 5/4 > 2.
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Altova MobileTogether Designer
Within a table row, if a column repeats, then these repetitions can be displayed via the dynamic columns feature. The column is associated with a repeating element of a page source. When the table is rendered, the number of columns will correspond dynamically to the number of occurrences of the associated element.

Dynamic columns can occur in two types of row contexts:

Static rows, dynamic columns: In this situation, the table grows horizontally rather than vertically (compare table below with table containing dynamic rows). In this case, the leading column acts as a "header"; it can contain the names of the rows. (A leading column can be added when the table is first created, but since the column is static can also be created subsequently).

<Person>
<Person>
<Person>
<First>

<Last>

<Phone>

Dynamic rows, dynamic columns: The table can grow both vertically (additional rows) and horizontally (additional columns). To create this kind of table, the number of column element occurrences in the page source must be the same for all rows. For example, in the table below, each of the four week elements (each corresponding to a row in the table) contains exactly three day elements (the columns of the table). If any week element contains some other number of day elements than three, then the table cannot be correctly drawn. Note also that, typically: (i) column elements occur within row elements, both in the page source and in the table design; (ii) the names of row elements are the same and the names of column elements are the same. However, neither of these two points is a necessary condition for building this kind of dynamic table: (i) column elements can occur outside row elements, and (ii) the names of rows/columns can be different.

<day>
<day>
<day>
<week>

<week>

<week>

<week>

Note:A data stream can be generated from an XPath/XQuery expression and can be used as a data source. However, this kind of data source is created for current use only and cannot be accessed as a page source for use elsewhere in the document.

Example: dynamic columns for days inside dynamic rows for weeks
The screenshot below shows a calendar element that contains four week elements, with each week element containing seven day elements. We can make a table containing dynamic rows for week elements and dynamic columns (inside each week element) for the day elements. Notice that in the data structure (i) the day elements are inside the week elements, and (ii) the number of day elements inside every week element is the same: seven.
MTDTablesDynamicColsEx01

Creating dynamic columns inside dynamic rows
Drag a table control into the design and drop it at the location where you want to create it. In the New Table dialog (screenshot below), select the options for dynamic rows and dynamic columns. Select the number of rows and columns that should be repeated for each occurrence of the element that, respectively, corresponds to the row and column. Leading/Trailing columns correspond to Header/Footer rows. Note that you can add Append/Delete controls for dynamic rows, but not for dynamic columns.
Click to expand/collapse
The table will be created in the design. The screenshot below shows the completed design of a table with dynamic rows and columns. Note the following points:

The fields representing the table's dynamic rows and columns are indicated by icons that, respectively, show a row and column.
These fields must be associated with the page source nodes that will provide the data for the table's rows and columns. The element associated with the column must, in the page source, be contained within the element associated with the row. In the design, however, notice that the row field is placed within the column field.
MTDTablesDynamicColsExDes01
Also note the XPath expressions that are used to associate the row and column fields with page source nodes. The expression that selects the element for the row field must select all instances of the corresponding element. The XPath expression in the screenshot above selects all the week child elements of the calendar element: \$XML1/calendar/week. The XPath expression for the column field, however, must select only the column element within the current row. So, an XPath expression such as \$XML1/calendar/week/day would not work because it would select all the day child elements of all week elements. Note also that the XPath context node for the column field is the element that is associated with the row. In our example, the context node of the column field is week. As a result, an XPath expression of day would select the day child elements of the current week element.
In the design there is a single cell located at the intersection of the row and column fields. The context node of this cell is the element corresponding to the row field (in our example, the week element). XPath expressions in this cell must be constructed within this context. When the table is created, then within each "row element" (the week element in our example), a cell is created for each column. The XPath expression is evaluated for each column's cell within the context of the current row. To reach the contents of the element that corresponds to the column field, a special variable is available: \$MT_TableColumnContext, which, at runtime, contains the element that corresponds to the current column (in our example the current day element within the current week element). All this is best explained with an example. In the screenshot above, the cell in the design that is at the intersection of the row and column fields contains a label control. This control has text that is provided by an XPath expression: concat(@id\$MT_TableColumnContext/@id). The concat() function concatenates two strings: the ID of the current week—obtained by @id— and the ID of the current day within the current week—obtained by \$MT_TableColumnContext/@id. Since the context node of the entire XPath expression is the week element (associated with the rows) @id provides the value of the current week/@id attribute, while the \$MT_TableColumnContext/@id expression fetches the content of the current day/@id attribute within the current week element.

The output of the table design that is shown in the screenshot above will look something like this:
MTDTablesDynamicColsExSim01
Each week element in the page source is displayed in a row (W1 to W4).
Each day element within a week is displayed within the appropriate column (D1 to D7).
The concatenation of the two IDs is executed separately for the 28 cells from W1D1 to W4D7.

For information about spanning dynamic columns,see the section Row/Column joining and spanning.

© 2017-2023 Altova GmbH


text:
The night before a recent outdoor field trip to the Santa Clara River, questions flew between Isbell Middle School teachers and volunteer environmental leaders if heat or wind or power outages would cancel the trip. But going to the River, and a rare chance to stand at the water edge, is a strong draw and the two scheduled science classes stuck to the plan.
All day the meaning of watershed came alive for the students. Standing in the Hanson nature preserve they could look upstream to see that the river flowed from a huge valley, they could look downstream where farms drained into the river, and they could look at the adjacent mountainsides where rain also flowed into the river. The Hanson nature preserve is one of very few locations to take classes for outdoor education on the Santa Clara River. It is an absolutely fantastic area containing restored riparian native plant habitat, land and avian animals, trails, and a huge wetland. (Hanson is accessible with pre-approval from The Nature Conservancy, a close partner of Friends of the Santa Clara River.)
During the trip, volunteer leaders, from Sierra Club and Ventura County Wildlife Trackers, let the students explore through constructive activities. Fun learning included use of clue cards to discover native plants, flags placed at animal tracks, and binoculars to spot birds and scan the watershed features. "Seeing the watershed, standing in the riparian area, smelling the plants, touching the ground formations," remarked Nina Danza, volunteer leader, "provides learning insights not possible from a picture in a classroom."
Students asked to visit the water and seeing it made the River come alive. The experience at the water's edge reinforced the lesson that it is a watershed, not just flow rate, defines the river.


text:
Research and Publications
Label Confusion: The Groucho Effect of Uncertain Standards
2011, Management Science
Rick Harbaugh, John W. Maxwell, Beatrice Roussillon
Labels certify that a product meets some standard for quality, but often consumers are unsure of the exact standard that the label represents. Focusing on the case of eco-labels for environmental quality, we show how even small amounts of uncertainty can create consumer confusion that reduces or eliminates the value to firms of adopting voluntary labels. First, consumers are most suspicious of a label when a product with a bad reputation has it, so labels are often unpersuasive at showing that a seemingly bad product is actually good. Second, label proliferation aggravates the effect of uncertainty, causing the informativeness of labels to decrease rather than increase. Third, uncertainty makes labeling and non-labeling equilibria more likely to coexist as the number of labels increases, so consumers face greater strategic uncertainty over how to interpret the presence or absence of a label. Finally, a label can be legitimitized or spoiled for other products when a product with a good or bad reputation displays it, so firms may adopt labels strategically to manipulate such information spillovers, which further exacerbates label confusion. Managers can reduce label confusion by supporting mandatory labeling or by undertaking investments to make certain labels "focal".
Harbaugh, Rick, John W. Maxwell, and Beatrice Roussillon (2011), "Label Confusion: The Groucho Effect of Uncertain Standards," Management Science, Vol. 57, No. 9, September, pp. _PHONE_.


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Linux learn map
This project should allow students of a Linux curse to get a quick overview of all exercises as well as automatic feedback for completed exercises.
The exercises are described in simple text files, one per execise. To test if an exercise is complete a "check" script is uploaded to a server via SSH and then executed. If the return value is 0 the exercise is complete.
The setup is outlined for a Debian based system:
 1. Install Apache 2 webserver with PHP and SSH2 PHP module:
 apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php5 libssh2-php
 You can use the apache2-mpm-prefork package if you don't have a high load and want to save some memory.
 For local development it can be helpful to set display_errors=On in /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini. Please don't do this on a live system.
 2. Checkout the repository:
 git clone cd linux-learn-map
 3. Make the public directory accessable via the webserver. Either by setting a DocumentRoot to the public directory or by defining an alias.
 The webserver also needs read-only access to most directories in the repository. Easiest way:
 chgrp -R www-data.
 4. Copy the sample.htaccess file in the public directory to.htaccess and configure the access control. For local development a local htpasswd file is useful. For productive deployment you might want to use LDAP authentication.
 5. Create a private/public key pair in the keys directory and configure the paths in config.php. Don't set a password for the private key! The webserver will use the private key to open an SSH connection to the student VM every time a student checks the exercise.
 Add the public key to the authorized_keys file of your student virtual machines.
 6. Thats it for now.
Writing new exercises
By default all exercises are stored in the exercises directory. Each subdirectory that contains a file named check is interpreted as an exercise. No matter how deeply nested the directories are.
A file named exercise.txt in the same directorie contains additional information about the exercise. In the simplest form this file looks like this:
Title: Install an Apache Webserver
Description written in Markdown
How to write Markdown: Markdown introduction, php Markdown Extra
No description, website, or topics provided.
No releases published
No packages published


Aucun résultat pour la recherche
The tikz-external solution
You can use the tikz external library to cache tikz drawings:
Note that the \tikzexternalize command must be given in the main.tex file of the project, for tikz-externalization to work on Overleaf.
You will then need to create a tikz folder in your project. For this to work on Overleaf, the folder you create needs to have a (dummy) file in it—for example, you can add a blank foo.txt file in the tikz folder.
As the externalised tikz PDFs are considered as output files, you will not see them show up in the file list, but they are indeed present within the project. You can view the list of generated files to see them.
Some commands from other packages may cause errors in externalization mode; for example, \includepdf from the pdfpages. To get around this, you will need to "optimise" such commands away:
\tikzexternalize[prefix=tikz/,optimize command away=\includepdf]
There are too many of them!
However, if your drawings are too complex and there are too many of them, you will still get a timeout the first time the externalised files are generated. Building your project incrementally (by commenting different chunks of your project) may help, but bear in mind that all generated files are garbage collected at fixed intervals on the servers. Your project may then fail to compile when you next log in, and you'd have to re-generate them all incrementally again.
Generating the drawings locally
As a workaround, you can generate the files on a local machine first, by downloading your project and compiling it on your own local machine. After the compile completes, you should see the tikz folder containing.pdf,.md5,.dpth and.dpth files for each of your tikz drawings. If you then upload these files to your Overleaf project's tikz folder, your project will then use these files directly, and compilation should be fairly fast. These files won't be deleted by the server, as uploaded file are never garbage-collected.
A caveat: if you change your tikz code in future, you may have to delete the corresponding files in the tikz folder first, so that Overleaf can generate and use a new version. Alternatively, you can re-generate the files on your machine, and re-upload them to Overleaf. Remember that you need to replace all the.pdf,.md5,.dep and.dpth for that particular tikz drawing. On Overleaf v2, these files must be prefixed with output, instead of the filename of your.tex.
Generating the drawings in a separate project
Alternatively you can create a separate project that just contains the figure(s), you can include the output of the figure in your original project by clicking on the "Upload files" icon above the file list panel, and then choosing From another project. Select the project containing the tikz drawings, and then the select from output files option.
That way, you only have to compile the complicated figure once, and then you can include the resulting pdf as a normal figure with \includegraphics[page=1]{drawings.pdf} in your main project.
The separate project containing the tikz drawings can use the standalone or preview package, to produce output PDFs that are tightly cropped.
Here's some sample code using the standalone package:
And here's some sample code using the preview package:
Overleaf guides
LaTeX Basics
Figures and tables
References and Citations
Document structure
Field specific
Class files
Advanced TeX/LaTeX


text:
To inspire more students to excel in STEAM subjects and robotics, NeoRobos conducts various competitions at school and college level, each having its unique format. These STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) and robotics competitions in India encourage the students to learn beyond the curriculum and acquire an innovative mindset.
Participating Grades: Nursery - Sixth
It is a two-stage competition organized to encourage physical, creative, and cognitive development of the participating students. In the preliminary stage, the students from different schools of a city's specific region participate. The second stage is a national event in which the winners of the first stage compete.
As a part of this competition, the students need to use kits like Lego Duplo and Beebot to solve the challenge. It also involves building of models that solve real-life challenges. The prizes include cash rewards, certificates, and trophies, along with participation certificate for each student.
Participating Grades: Sixth – Ninth
It is an integrated event that involves STEAM-based competitions, along with the workshops to teach the cutting-edge technologies in demand. The participating teams build tech projects from scratch in a span of few hours to showcase their STEAM and problem solving skills. This event is also a platform to assess the knack for hands-on learning and programming skills. The challenges and workshops revolve around 21st Century skills, such as automation, robotics, mechanotronics, and electronics.
This annual event takes place at three different levels. At the regional level, various schools from a particular region of India participate. The winners of these annual regional competitions take part in the national event being held annually. The final level is an international event. Each participating student receives an appreciation certificate.
Benefits of participating in STEAM and robotics competitions:
- Encourages the students to understand STEAM concepts and their applications
- The students become adept problem solvers
- Competitive spirit is instilled
- Prizes and certificates boost the morale
- Innovative mindset is developed
- The fear of entrance examinations is minimized
- The students develop interpersonal skills
We also prepare the students for several national and international-level competitions like First Lego League and RoboCup.
Contact us today for more details or visit the website of the respective competitions!


(gdp_australia, gdp_nz)
GDP correlation using plt.scatter
PYTHON
data.T.plot.scatter(x = 'Australia', y = 'New Zealand')
GDP correlation using data.T.plot.scatter
Minima and Maxima
Fill in the blanks below to plot the minimum GDP per capita over time for all the countries in Europe. Modify it again to plot the maximum GDP per capita over time for Europe.
PYTHON
data_europe = pd.read_csv('data/gapminder_gdp_europe.csv', index_col='country')
data_europe.____.plot(label='min')
data_europe.____
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
PYTHON
data_europe = pd.read_csv('data/gapminder_gdp_europe.csv', index_col='country')
data_europe.min().plot(label='min')
data_europe.max().plot(label='max')
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.xticks(rotation=90)
Minima Maxima Solution
Correlations
Modify the example in the notes to create a scatter plot showing the relationship between the minimum and maximum GDP per capita among the countries in Asia for each year in the data set. What relationship do you see (if any)?
PYTHON
data_asia = pd.read_csv('data/gapminder_gdp_asia.csv', index_col='country')
data_asia.describe().T.plot(kind='scatter', x='min', y='max')
Correlations Solution 1
No particular correlations can be seen between the minimum and maximum gdp values year on year. It seems the fortunes of asian countries do not rise and fall together.
Correlations (continued)
You might note that the variability in the maximum is much higher than that of the minimum. Take a look at the maximum and the max indexes:
PYTHON
data_asia = pd.read_csv('data/gapminder_gdp_asia.csv', index_col='country')
data_asia.max().plot()
print(data_asia.idxmax())
print(data_asia.idxmin())
Correlations Solution 2
Seems the variability in this value is due to a sharp drop after 1972. Some geopolitics at play perhaps? Given the dominance of oil producing countries, maybe the Brent crude index would make an interesting comparison? Whilst Myanmar consistently has the lowest gdp, the highest gdb nation has varied more notably.
More Correlations
This short program creates a plot showing the correlation between GDP and life expectancy for 2007, normalizing marker size by population:
PYTHON
data_all = pd.read_csv('data/gapminder_all.csv', index_col='country')
data_all.plot(kind='scatter', x='gdpPercap_2007', y='lifeExp_2007',
 s=data_all['pop_2007']/1e6)
Using online help and other resources, explain what each argument to plot does.
More Correlations Solution
A good place to look is the documentation for the plot function - help(data_all.plot).
kind - As seen already this determines the kind of plot to be drawn.
x and y - A column name or index that determines what data will be placed on the x and y axes of the plot
s - Details for this can be found in the documentation of plt.scatter. A single number or one value for each data point. Determines the size of the plotted points.
Saving your plot to a file
If you are satisfied with the plot you see you may want to save it to a file, perhaps to include it in a publication. There is a function in the matplotlib.pyplot module that accomplishes this: savefig. Calling this function, e.g. with
PYTHON
plt.savefig('my_figure.png')
will save the current figure to the file my_figure.png. The file format will automatically be deduced from the file name extension (other formats are pdf, ps, eps and svg).
Note that functions in plt refer to a global figure variable and after a figure has been displayed to the screen (e.g. with plt.show) matplotlib will make this variable refer to a new empty figure. Therefore, make sure you call plt.savefig before the plot is displayed to the screen, otherwise you may find a file with an empty plot.
When using dataframes, data is often generated and plotted to screen in one line. In addition to using plt.savefig, we can save a reference to the current figure in a local variable (with plt.gcf) and call the savefig class method from that variable to save the figure to file.
PYTHON
data.plot(kind='bar')
fig = plt.gcf() # get current figure
fig.savefig('my_figure.png')
Making your plots accessible
Whenever you are generating plots to go into a paper or a presentation, there are a few things you can do to make sure that everyone can understand your plots.
 - Always make sure your text is large enough to read. Use the fontsize parameter in xlabel, ylabel, title, and legend, and tick_params with labelsize to increase the text size of the numbers on your axes.
 - Similarly, you should make your graph elements easy to see. Use s to increase the size of your scatterplot markers and linewidth to increase the sizes of your plot lines.
 - Using color (and nothing else) to distinguish between different plot elements will make your plots unreadable to anyone who is colorblind, or who happens to have a black-and-white office printer. For lines, the linestyle parameter lets you use different types of lines. For scatterplots, marker lets you change the shape of your points. If you're unsure about your colors, you can use Coblis or Color Oracle to simulate what your plots would look like to those with colorblindness.
Key Points
 - matplotlib is the most widely used scientific plotting library in Python.
 - Plot data directly from a Pandas dataframe.
 - Select and transform data, then plot it.
 - Many styles of plot are available: see the Python Graph Gallery for more options.
 - Can plot many sets of data together.
Content from Lunch
Last updated on 2023-05-02 | Edit this page
Estimated time: 0 minutes
Over lunch, reflect on and discuss the following:
 - What sort of packages might you use in Python and why would you use them?
 - How would data need to be formatted to be used in Pandas data frames? Would the data you have meet these requirements?
 - What limitations or problems might you run into when thinking about how to apply what we've learned to your own projects or data?
Content from Lists
Last updated on 2023-07-24 | Edit this page
Estimated time: 20 minutes
Overview
Questions
 - How can I store multiple values?
Objectives
 - Explain why programs need collections of values.
 - Write programs that create flat lists, index them, slice them, and modify them through assignment and method calls.
A list stores many values in a single structure.
 - Doing calculations with a hundred variables called pressure_001, pressure_002, etc., would be at least as slow as doing them by hand.
 - Use a list to store many values together.
 - Contained within square brackets [...].
 - Values separated by commas ,.
 - Use len to find out how many values are in a list.
PYTHON
pressures = [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
print('pressures:', pressures)
print('length:', len(pressures))
OUTPUT
pressures: [0.273, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
length: 5
Use an item's index to fetch it from a list.
 - Just like strings.
PYTHON
print('zeroth item of pressures:', pressures[0])
print('fourth item of pressures:', pressures[4])
OUTPUT
zeroth item of pressures: 0.273
fourth item of pressures: 0.276
Lists' values can be replaced by assigning to them.
 - Use an index expression on the left of assignment to replace a value.
PYTHON
pressures[0] = 0.265
print('pressures is now:', pressures)
OUTPUT
pressures is now: [0.265, 0.275, 0.277, 0.275, 0.276]
Appending items to a list lengthens it.
 - Use list_name.append to add items to the end of a list.
PYTHON
primes = [2, 3, 5]
print('primes is initially:', primes)
primes.append(7)
print('primes has become:', primes)
OUTPUT
primes is initially: [2, 3, 5]
primes has become: [2, 3, 5, 7]
 -


Adjusting Java applications to screen resolution
Question:
We are developing a Java application which we want to distribute.We want our application main Frame/window to occupy the entire screen. But at runtime how do we adjust the size of our screen tothe resolution at the clients machine. Is there a way in Java to rectifythis problem???ThanksSameer
Answer:
To obtain the current screen size requires interfacing with the nativewindow system. The Java AWT library allows this through the Toolkitclass. The Toolkit class creates the bindings between the AWT classesand their native peers. You can obtain the default Toolkit by using theToolkit.getDefaultToolkit() static method, or you can directly obtainthe Toolkit used by a java.awt.Component derived class by calling itsgetToolkit() method.The Toolkit class has a method called getScreenSize() which returns areference to a Dimension instance that contains the screen width andheight. You can use this information to resize your frame to fill theentire screen or adjust its size to some percentage of the screendimensions.
The following short example prints the screen width and height tostandard output:
import java.awt.*;public final class ScreenSize { public static final void main(String[] args) { Dimension size; size = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize(); System.out.println("Width: " + size.width + " Height: " + size.height); System.exit(0); }}
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Change parent section at runtime (on export)
2 posts, 0 answers
 1. Márcio
 Márcio avatar
 47 posts
 Member since:
 Sep 2006
 Posted 23 May 2011 Link to this post
 I need to "move" a field from the Deatil Section to the Group Section when the user exports to CSV.
 Here's why: When exporting to CSV and opening the document in Excel, every column present in he Group Section is repeated in every line of the CSV file, but the same does not happen to a grouping field that is within the Detail Section (unless it is the data of an unique register). Therefore, in order to make a field from Deatil Section repeat in every line, I have to "move" it to the Group Section when user exports to CSV.
 Is there anyway to perform such action?
 I'd appreciate any help.
 All the best.
 2. Steve
 Admin
 Steve avatar
 10941 posts
 Posted 27 May 2011 Link to this post
 Hi Dias,
 There is no concept for grouping field in the detail section. In fact the behavior you observe is by design and duly noted in our documentation: Design Considerations for CSV Rendering. Namely:
 Group Header Section: Renders its content at the beginning of each detail row after the Report Header content if any.
 The detail section renders a record for each detail row on a new line and this behavior is expected. Note that the main purpose of the CSV format is to transfer data between different information systems (programs). For example you may import it in MS Excel or Word. For this reason the CSV format is not designed to be human-readable and is not "WYSIWYG" as Pdf, Html or Excel formats. More about the idea that lies behind the CSV format can be read here.
 In short, there is no way to "move" a field when exporting to a specific format, and if you need such functionality, our suggestion would be to create a second report with changed layout according to your needs, which would be used for exporting to excel.
 Greetings,
 Steve
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text:
A Brief Look at the Mazda B-Series
Mazda B-Series vehicles have come a long way since its inception in the early 1960s. The first model, Mazda B1500, was produced in 1961, and it served as the foundation that established the automaker's reputation in the truck and utility market. Over the decades, Mazda has continued to explore new frontiers in engineering by introducing various changes and iterations in the Mazda B-Series vehicle models. Thanks to these tweaks, Mazda has been able to maintain a competitive edge in a challenging market. In this article, we'll take a closer look at the evolution of the Mazda B-Series vehicle from its humble beginning to the current day.
First Generation (1961 – 1965):
The Mazda B-Series vehicle became a reality when the automaker decided to diversify into the truck and utility vehicle market in the early 1960s. The first model, Mazda B1500, had a 1.5L water-cooled four-cylinder engine that delivered 60 hp and 95 lb-ft of torque. The engine was paired with a four-speed manual transmission.
The Mazda B1500 had a 7-foot-long pickup bed, which was perfect for hauling cargo around town. The model was popular with farmers and small business owners, who found it convenient for their daily needs. However, the model was not durable as rust was a major issue due to poor construction quality.
Second Generation (1965 – 1977):
The second generation of the Mazda B-Series vehicle was introduced in 1965 and was produced until 1977. It featured a more substantial build than its predecessor and improved on rust prevention. Mazda also increased the engine size to 1.8L, delivering 85 hp and 108 lb-ft of torque. The model received a more significant overhaul in 1972, which saw the introduction of a 2.0L engine that could produce up to 100 hp and 118 lb-ft of torque.
The second-generation of the Mazda B-Series vehicle was available in three trim levels: standard, Deluxe, and Super Deluxe. The Deluxe and Super Deluxe had longer wheelbases and were equipped with more features such as power brakes, front disc brakes, and upgraded suspension components to increase comfort even when hauling heavy loads.
Third Generation (1977 – 1985):
Mazda ushered in the third generation of the Mazda B-Series vehicle in 1977. The third-generation model was available with a 2.0L, a 2.2L diesel, or a 2.6L gasoline engine. The 2.0L engine produced up to 80 hp, the diesel engine delivered 58 hp, and the 2.6L gasoline engine could produce up to 100 hp. The third generation also saw improvements in the suspension, transmission, and safety features.
The Mazda B-Series vehicle third generation also marked the introduction of a four-wheel-drive (4WD) option. The variant was available in either the standard, Deluxe, or Sundowner (later changed to SE-5) trim level. Mazda also decided to offer increased cabin comfort in the 4WD by installing improved heaters.
Fourth Generation (1985 – 1998):
The fourth generation of the Mazda B-Series vehicle debuted in 1985 and continued until 1998. This generation saw significant advancements in design, safety features, and engine power. Mazda replaced the previous generations' engines with multiple engines, which included a 2.0L, 2.2L, 2.3L, 2.5L, 2.6L, or a 4.0L engine. The engines were paired with either a four-speed or five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission.
Mazda introduced the B2600i 4×4 model in 1987, which featured electronic fuel injection. The B2600i 4×4 had an output of 140 hp and 170 lb-ft of torque. It was equipped with front and rear locking differentials, and electronically controlled transfer case shifting.
Fifth Generation (1998 – 2006):
Mazda's fifth-generation B-Series vehicle debuted in 1998 and was an almost identical truck to Ford Ranger, only difference being the unique Mazda grille and taillights. The model was available in several trim levels, including the B2500, B3000, and B4000. The engines options in the fifth generation B-Series vehicle included a 2.3L, 3.0L, and a 4.0L V6 engine. These engines were paired with either a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission and a 2WD or 4WD drivetrain.
Mazda introduced several updates in the fifth generation B-Series vehicle, including the availability of the Dual Sport trim level for the B3000. There was also an Off-Road package with Bilstein shocks, a torsion-bar front suspension, and larger tires.
Sixth Generation (2006 – 2012):
The sixth generation of the Mazda B-Series vehicle was the final one produced by the automaker. It was introduced in 2006, but Mazda rerouted production of Mazda B-Series for North America to a Ford plant in the United States. The sixth generation model had a 2.3L or 4.0L engine. The 2.3L delivered 143 hp and 154 lb-ft of torque, while the 4.0L V6 produced 207 hp and 238 lb-ft of torque.
Mazda didn't make many modifications to the sixth generation B-Series vehicle, except for minor changes in the 2010 model year. The modifications included new wheel designs and updated color options.
The Mazda B-Series vehicle model spans six generations and has undergone significant changes, improvements, and upgrades over the years. Mazda's ability to adapt to different markets and consumer needs has allowed the automaker to remain relevant in the utility vehicle market. The Mazda B-Series vehicle's legacy can be traced back to its humble beginnings in the early 1960s and its significant role in meeting small business, farmers, and ranchers' needs. Even though it may no longer be in production, the Mazda B-Series vehicle remains a symbol of Mazda's innovative approach to engineering and design.