Isometric projection
In isometric projection, the projection plane forms three equal angles with the co-ordinate axis. Thus, considering the isometric cube in Figure 2.4, the three cube axes are foreshortened to the same amount, i.e. AB = AC = AD. Two things result from this, firstly, the angles a = b = 30° and secondly, the rear (hidden) corner of the cube is coincident with the upper corner (corner D). Thus, if the hidden edges of the cube had been shown, there would be dotted lines going from D to F, D to C and D to B. The foreshortening in the three axes is such that AB = AC = AD = (2/3)°6 = 0.816. Since isometric projections are pictorial projections and dimensions are not normally taken from them, size is not really important. Hence, it is easier to ignore the foreshortening and just draw the object full size. This makes the drawing less complicated but it does have the effect of apparently enlarging the object by a factor 1.22 (1 -50.816). Bearing this in mind and the fact that both angles are 30°, it is not surprising that isometric projection is the most commonly used of the three types of axonometric projection.
The method of constructing isometric projections is shown in the diagrams in Figures 2.5 and 2.6. An object is translated into isometric projection by employing enclosing shapes (typically squares and rectangles) around important features and along the three axes. Considering the isometric cube in Figure 2.4, the three sides are three squares that are 'distorted' into parallelograms, aligned with the three isometric axes. Internal features can be projected from these three parallelograms.
The method of constructing an isometric projection of a flanged bearing block is shown in Figure 2.5. The left-hand drawing shows the construction details and the right-hand side shows the 'cleaned up' final isometric projection. An enclosing rectangular cube could be placed around the whole bearing block but this enclosing rectangular cube is not shown on the construction details diagram because of the complexity. Rather, the back face rectangle CDEF and the bottom face ABCF are shown. Based on these two rectangles, the construction method is as follows. Two shapes are drawn on the isometric back plane CDEF. These are the base plate rectangle CPQF and the isometric circles within the enclosing square LMNO. Two circles are placed within this enclosing square. They represent the outer and inner diameters of the bearing at the back face.
The method of constructing an isometric circle is shown in the example in Figure 2.6. Here a circle of diameter ab is enclosed by the square abed. This isometric square is then translated onto each face of the isometric cube. The square abed thus becomes a parallelogram abed. The method of constructing the isometric circles within these squares is as follows. The isometric square is broken down further into a series of convenient shapes, in this case five small long-thin rectangles in each quadrant. These small rectangles are then translated on to the isometric cube. The intersection heights ef, gh, ij and kl are then projected onto the equivalent rectangles on the isometric projection. The dots corresponding to the points fhjl are the points on the isometric circles. These points can be then joined to produce isometric circles. The isometric
Figure 2.5 Example of the method of drawing an isometric projection bearing bracket
Bracket Isometric
Figure 2.5 Example of the method of drawing an isometric projection bearing bracket
Engineering Drawing Examples
circles can either be produced freehand or by using matching ellipses. Returning to the isometric bearing plate in Figure 2.5, the isometric circles representing the bearing outside and inside diameters are constructed within the isometric square LMNO. Two angled lines PR are drawn connecting the isometric circles to the base CPQF. The rear shape of the bearing bracket is now complete within the enclosing rectangle CDEF.
Returning to the isometric projection drawing of the flanged bearing block in Figure 2.5. The inside and outside bearing diameters in the isometric form are now projected forward and parallel to the axis BC such that two new sets of isometric circles are constructed as shown. The isometric rectangle CPQF is then projected forward, parallel to BC that produces rectangle ABST, thus completing the bottom plate of the bracket. Finally, the web front face UVWX is constructed. This completes the various constructions of the isometric bearing bracket and the final isometric drawing on the right-hand side can be constructed and hidden detail removed.
Any object can be constructed as an isometric drawing provided the above rules of enclosing rectangles and squares are followed which are then projected onto the three isometric planes.
Pencil Drawing Beginners Guide
Pencil Drawing Beginners Guide
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Responses
 - PIIA ASPLUND
 How to draw circle in isometric projection?
 6 years ago
 - amina
 How to draw isometric drawings by hand?
 6 years ago
 - juhani
 How do you produce isometric projection?
 5 years ago
 - kaija
 How do you hand draw an isometric rectangle?
 5 years ago
 - JAMES UNDERWOOD
 HOW TO DRAW A BEARING IN ISOMETRIC?
 5 years ago
 - john
 How to construct an isometric circle?
 5 years ago
 - cotman grubb
 How do u draw circles on isometric drawings?
 2 years ago
 - lasse myllyniemi
 How to draw a circle in the rectangular square engineering drawing?
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 - uta
 How to draw circle in isometric drawing?
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 - mirrin kelly
 How to draw isometric projection pensil?
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 - marcel
 How to draw an isometric circle in a rectangle?
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 - nina
 How to draw isometric blocks with circular bases?
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 - Pimpernel
 What are the methods of construction of isometric projection?
 5 months ago
 - GIULIA MANNA
 What are the method of constructing isometric projection?
 5 months ago
 - proserpio
 What are the methods of constructing an isometric projection in technical drawing?
 5 months ago
 - Elizabeth
 How to draw an isometric drawing of an object which is not truly rectangular?
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 - jimmy kizer
 How to construct an isometric projection?
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text: The aim of this research was to explore why workers in health and social services embarked on a Certificate in Community Care Practice and the extent to which they felt knowledge learnt related to their every‐day work practice. The objective was to indicate how useful more academic courses are for health and social care staff, and to find out the kinds of barriers to practicing theory learnt in the classroom students face in their 'real world' of work. Data was collected from 25 mature students (over half were between the ages of 41–50 years), 3 of whom were men from a range of professional backgrounds including; support staff working in residential and domiciliary services and informal (unpaid) carers for people with learning disabilities, mental health difficulties as well as older people. Quantitative (an adapted questionnaire) and qualitative (focus group session which was an integral part of classroom learning about research methodology) methods were employed. Data was analysed using SPSS and thematic analysis. Findings indicated that the main motivators for study was to gain a qualification and for personal development. Students reported their increased desire to link theory learnt which they found highly relevant to their everyday practice, but organisational barriers sometimes precluded them from doing so. The paper ends with policy and practice recommendations.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
We are your Full Stack RTLS Service Provider
ZIGPOS is a provider of the entire product chain from hardware to software to planning, support and deployment of your real-time location service.
The application is very simple: The location area will be equipped with satellites. These will be distributed spatially and create a radio sensor network. Within this area ZIGPOS badges and other compatible devices can be located. The position of the devices is determined every second in the Edge Gateway and made available via interfaces. After the browser connects to the Gateway, anything important can be identified, located and tracked. There is no program or app to install. Maps are loaded as background images and can be scaled. Satellites can be easily placed. ZIGPOS badges are assigned to real objects by name, order number, image or optical codes, for example. Whole fleets and huge inventories can be categorized and managed this way. By setting up geo-zones, events are generated upon entry/exit, which can be easily processed by standard logistics or management software.
The ZIGPOS RTLS Server coordinates the positioning of the registered devices and determines positions probalistically using Monte-Carlo Localization, Multidimensional Scaling or simple Triangulation, depending on the desired configuration.
ZIGPOS provides numerous tools for operation, maintenance and analysis of an RTLS installation.From Grafana monitoring to battery status monitoring to over-the-air firmware updates or even a management for updating the latest versions.
ZIGPOS helps you to plan your installation: from the definition of the Customer Success Story to the placement of the satellites and the integration possibilities into your existing IT infrastructure.
ZIGPOS provides a RTLS GUI for setting coordinates, managing devices and maps and setting up geozones. All setup steps can also be realized via API calls, so that operation in server clusters is possible.
ZIGPOS provides support before launch and during operation of the real-time location system. From consulting to 24/7 support, all support levels for a smooth operation of our RTLS are possible.
The ZIGPOS real-time location system is a wireless sensor network that enables highly accurate location-based applications in GPS inaccessible areas. The wireless location system consists of mobile and fixed devices. An edge gateway controls the network and provides both applications and interfaces centrally.
…is a universal communication and location device that turns everyday things into smart IoT objects. Like a smartphone for the Internet of Things, it is the "missing link" between the analog and digital worlds. As a mobile platform, it enables sensor data to be transmitted in both directions within the ZIGPOS wireless network. With its sensors and e-paper display, it is readable by machines as well as humans and can be written over the air.More
…is a fixed point in the real world. It measures signal travel times to mobile devices such as the ZIGPOS Badge. The determined distances then become positions. ZIGPOS satellites can be powered by battery, PoE, µUSB or DC. The user himself can install the handy device in less than a minute. Neither calibration nor electricians or IT experts are required. Large-scale applications can be started immediately with it!More
The ZIGPOS RTLS software handles the sensor network data from satellites and badges and determines the position of the devices in three-dimensional space to within a few centimeters. The software allows updating of the e-paper displays of the ZIGPOS Badges and over-the-air firmware updates of all devices. Numerous standardized interfaces enable easy integration into existing IT infrastructure. Based on this, the ZIGPOS RTLS GUI provides a graphical user interface for the RTLS software and simplifies the use of the RTLS for end users.
The ZIGPOS RTLS GUI visualizes the RTLS installation, allows easy configuration and operation. The GUI can be accessed with any modern browser and allows, among other things, the setting and display of positions and geozones. It offers analysis possibilities as well as update of the e-paper displays of the ZIGPOS badges.
The ZIGPOS Positions History Analysis allows a visualization of the positions of all devices stored in the database. A heat map represents the most frequent locations of the devices.Demo Video
Omlox, as the first global industry standard for indoor locating, enables cross-vendor compatibility of location systems.
ZIGPOS hardware is omlox compliant, it can be seamlessly combined with other omlox location systems over the Air Interface.
The ZIGPOS Software is compatible to the omlox hub and can be combined with other location providing systems like RFID, BLE or GPS.
ZIGPOS offers consulting and installation services related to real-time localization systems at scale. We help with the planning of the installation, the system design, the integration and adaptation of interfaces as well as the launch. During ongoing operation, we are available as a partner for support and permanent operation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
- Can I use 208V instead of 240V?
- Why are neutral and ground tied together?
- Does a neutral wire carry voltage?
- Why do you get 208 volts?
- How do you hook up 208V single phase?
- Is there a 208V single phase?
- How do I get 208V from 480V?
- Can you get 240V from 120 208V?
- Whats the difference between 208V and 240V?
- Do you need a neutral for 3 phase?
- What does 120V 208V mean?
- Why is a neutral wire not needed in 208V or 240V?
- What is the difference between 208V and 220V?
- Is 208V single or three phase?
- What is the difference between 120V and 208V?
- What is the purpose of the neutral wire?
- Can I plug a 208V into 120V?
- Does 208V single phase have a neutral?
- Does 208V 3 phase have a neutral?
Can I use 208V instead of 240V?
208V is *not* the same as 240V.
208V is the voltage between phases of a 3-phase "Y" circuit that is 120V from neutral to any hot.
480V is the voltage between phases of a 3-phase "Y" circuit that's 277V from hot to neutral..
Why are neutral and ground tied together?
The reason they're bonded at the panel is to ensure that we have no current flowing between neutral and ground relative to each other throughout the house. It's the same reason we bond to the plumbing system, CATV, telephone, etc so there's no potential between different electrical components.
Does a neutral wire carry voltage?
Neutral and grounding wires are often confused outside of the electrical trade, since both conductors have zero voltage. Actually, if you connect the grounding wire as a neutral by mistake, most devices will operate correctly.
Why do you get 208 volts?
For 2 lines each carrying 120 volts, the calculation for this is 120 volts times 1.732, and the result is rounded up to 208 volts. That's why we call it a 208 volt three-phase circuit, or a 208 volt 3 phase line. A 400 volt three-phase circuit means that each of the 3 lines is carrying 230 volts.
How do you hook up 208V single phase?
When you run 120/208V single phase power into an isolation transformer, the two individual hot conductors of 120V are combined into one 208V waveform….208V 3 Phase Power Panel WiringInstall a 1 Pole Circuit Breaker (CB)Connect (1) 120V 1 Phase power wire to the 1 Pole CB.Connect (1) Neutral wire to the Neutral Bar.Mar 14, 2020
Is there a 208V single phase?
Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. … For example, on a 120/208 three-phase system, which is common in North America, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 120 volts and the phase-to-phase voltage is 208 volts.
How do I get 208V from 480V?
For Example: Given a 480V to 208V Delta > Wye, with an input voltage of 460V and a tap set for 480V would yield: (460/480) X 208 = 199.33V. In order to yield 208V this tap setting would be insufficient. You would have to use a tap setting that was lower, such as 456V.
Can you get 240V from 120 208V?
The medium answer is YES, BUT! The long answer is the following: Single phase power that typically comes to a home has two hot legs of 120v each. You can use either leg to power 120v devices or combine both hot legs to power a 240v appliance or motor (e.g. for a well-pump).
Whats the difference between 208V and 240V?
They require two legs of power from the power utility, whereas 240v motors and appliances only use one. You will commonly see 208v present in three-phase buildings when "single-phase" equipment (like an AC condenser) is wired to two legs of three-phase wye power.
Do you need a neutral for 3 phase?
Advantages. As compared to a single-phase AC power supply that uses two conductors (phase and neutral), a three-phase supply with no neutral and the same phase-to-ground voltage and current capacity per phase can transmit three times as much power using just 1.5 times as many wires (i.e., three instead of two).
What does 120V 208V mean?
120/208VAC means that power distribution is 3 phase with neutral connection (Y System). 120V represents voltage of each phase to neutral point and 208V represents voltage between any two phases. For balance systems, line to neutral voltage is line to line voltage divided by 1.73 (Sq.
Why is a neutral wire not needed in 208V or 240V?
The grounded (neutral) conductor is connected to the center of the coil (center tap), which is why it provides half the voltage. Therefore, if a device requires only 240V, only two ungrounded (hot) conductors are required to supply the device.
What is the difference between 208V and 220V?
In North America, the terms 220V, 230V, and 240V all refer to the same system voltage level. However, 208V refers to a different system voltage level. … With electrical loads, the voltage will drop, hence the common reference to voltages below 120 and 240, such as 110, 115, 220, and 230.
Is 208V single or three phase?
120/208V single phase is derived from 208V three phase power. If viewed on an oscilloscope, the three voltage waveforms on the three "hot" conductors all peak at different times: each one is 120 degrees behind the next.
What is the difference between 120V and 208V?
Capacity: The main difference between 120V and 208V is that 208V circuits have more power and density, therefore requiring less PDU's needed in the rack. For example, here's the two most common circuits at 80% total power: 15A at 120V circuit has capacity for 1.8kW at 80%, equaling 1.44kW.
What is the purpose of the neutral wire?
Neutral wire carries the circuit back to the original power source. More specifically, neutral wire brings the circuit to a ground or busbar usually connected at the electrical panel. This gives currents circulation through your electrical system, which allows electricity to be fully utilized.
Can I plug a 208V into 120V?
Most 208v motors do not utilize a neutral, so the odds of a neutral being available at the receptacle is quite slim. If you are lucky enough to have a neutral, then you can tap a single hot leg to supply a 120v receptacle.
Does 208V single phase have a neutral?
In a single phase 208V circuit with no neutral, the two voltage lines are alternating from negative to positive in voltage and they are doing so at opposite times with respect to each other. That is why current flows without a neutral.
Does 208V 3 phase have a neutral?
208V 3 Phase power has 3 electrical legs (phases) evenly spaced in a circle (360 degrees / 3 phases = 120 degrees) around a center (neutral). … 208V 3 Phase power also goes by the names 208V 3 Phase 4 Wire and 208Y/120V. These are technically more accurate because they refer to the neutral.


I've been interested in object-relational mapping in Zope for a
while. I see this as the keystone of a proper enterprise-grade
application server, and I've been investigating existing tools and what
can be done with them. Here's a quick rundown.
ZSQL methods
Using ZSQL methods (a standard feature of Zope), you can have your
application talk to an SQL database, but you're not really dealing with
object-relational mapping, there are no transparently persistent
objects. So let's skip it.
SQLObject / sqlos
SQLObject is a pure python
mapper, and it is used in Zope 3 through sqlos. They provides
declarative mapping for your classes where you can write for instance:
class Person(SQLOS):
implements(IPerson)
_columns = [StringCol("username", length=20, notNull=True),
StringCol("firstname", length=20, notNull=True),
StringCol("lastname", length=20, notNull=True)]
Then any instance of a Person will actually be stored in SQL behind
your back. A unique id is generated for each Person and also stored in
SQL. There are various facilities to provide relations between
tables, and map them to lists in the python objects.
Archetypes + SQLStorage
SQLStorage
is an Archetypes storage
that uses SQL as a backend. You can write an Archetypes schema such as:
schema = BaseSchema + Schema((
StringField("username", required=1, primary=1, searchable=1,
storage=PostgreSQLStorage(),
index="FieldIndex",
),
StringField("firstname", required=1,
storage=PostgreSQLStorage(),
),
StringField("lastname", required=1,
storage=PostgreSQLStorage(),
),
)) + TemplateMixin.schema
class PersonSQL(TemplateMixin, BaseContent):
archetype_name = "Person SQL"
schema = schema
SQLStorage relies on the Archetypes UIDs to uniquely identify
objects. A Relation field can be used to have relations to other objects.
Note that Archetypes objects stored through SQLStorage still have a
presence in the ZODB, which means it's not a solution if you totally
want to get rid of Data.fs bloat.
As you can see in the way things are declared, both SQLObject and
Archetypes require you to specify in your code that you will
use SQL for some objects. Things are not "transparent" from the
programmer's point of view.
Ape
Ape (Adaptable Persistence Engine) is a framework to
do object-relational mapping at a lower level than the above two
solutions, because it works at the ZODB Storage level. Ape is used as a
ZODB Mount Point inside Zope. In fact, Ape is not tied to SQL but is
designed to do configurable and flexible mapping to anything; storing to
the filesystem is another option provided by default.
Ape relies on the ZODB framework, and especially its classes for
persistence and transaction management, backed by the storage APIs
themselves. This means that from the programmer's point of view, there's
no difference when using Ape than when using a FileStorage or a ZEO
ClientStorage. Everything is transparent.
This is a big advantage for the programmer, but the downside is that
the structure of the tables in the SQL database is chosen by the
framework. However Ape's default SQL mapper already tries hard to
provide data mapping in a natural way; for instance all properties are
made available in a natural manner, object titles or containment
relationship are also naturally expressed.
Hornet
Hornet is an SQL
bridge (alpha software for now) that also works at the ZODB layer. In
contrast to Ape, it is much more geared toward existing datasets, or
regular SQL access to tables. It requires you to define schemas in code
too, but once this is done object access is totally transparent, as in
Ape. You have to use code like:
PySchema(fieldsets=(
FieldSet("employee_type", label="Employee Type", widgets=(
StringWidget("code", label="Employee Code"),
StringWidget("description", label="Description"),
)),
))
This is then used by the mount point and the underlying Hornet
framework for a given table to decide how to map table lines to objects.
(The schema is also used to autogenerate forms.)
I want more
To me Hornet and Ape are promising because I believe they integrate
at the right level. Ape is better because it doesn't require explicit
schema declaration, and that's very important when you have flexible
objects where the users add new fields on document instances (which
happens all the time in CPS using FlexibleTypeInformation-based content
objects).
I believe a large part of the success of the infamous Rails has been
that it makes it trivial to interface to an existing SQL database,
provided it's regularly named. And I want to bring Zope to that level,
but that's just going to be a side effect of a number of other goals.
First, I want to get rid of the catalog and move it to its proper
place, which is in a relational database. The ZCatalog is a hack (a
successful one I must admit) that tries to bring into the ZODB world
something that has been working much better for ages in the relational
world. The ZCatalog indexes use a truly gigantic number of small
persistent objects to work. Querying an index trashes the ZODB cache
which could be used for better things (to cache the objects the user is
really accessing). Also the ZCatalog fails to provide any relational
features, like JOIN queries. The sorting is weak (you cannot sort on
something that's in a full-text index without adding another index).
Finally, the "metadata" is duplicating lots information that can be
found elsewhere.
If you store your data in SQL, then you can dump the ZCatalog
implementation and delegate indexing and searching to SQL.
Second, I want to store blobs in the filesystem. This can be done at
the application level by various products such as CPS DiskFileField,
Archetypes ExternalStorage, chrism's Blob product, and others.
It can also be done transparently at the ZODB storage level using Ape,
and that's a much simpler way to do it.
Finally I want my application-specific data (document metadata,
document hierarchy, versioning information, various customer specific
record-like objects, user definitions, access rights, etc) to be stored
in SQL because most of them really live naturally in SQL tables. And
because I want to do aggregates on them, like sums and means.
To achieve this, I plan on using the most flexible (and underused)
framework available, which is Ape. I'll write various classifiers, and
mappers so that a typical CMF or CPS site can be mapped naturally to
SQL. I'll also replace the catalog by an implementation that does SQL
queries. This will not be a simple endeavour, but I feel this is the
only way to get what I truly need in the end, without sacrifying any
flexibility.
If Ape proves to hard to work with (because it imposes its own
framework of mapping), I'll go the Hornet way of writing a storage directly, with
flexible enough policies for the mapping to SQL or the filesystem (or LDAP for that
matter).
It goes without saying that this will apply to Zope 3, because
that's part of what I think an ECM system should provide. But there's no
reason not to make it work in Zope 2, and that's probably where I'll
start.
Update: I was asked how this would fit with the "do things in python" philosophy that Martijn has been rightly pushing. Ape is first a pure python library that provides a new database class for use with ZODB (which itself can be considered independent of Zope). Ape also provides Zope-specific mappers that know how to best deal with a number Zope-specific classes. Whenever possible, I'd like to keep to that organisation (also keep in mind that a good separation will make it reusable both by Zope 2 and Zope 3).


Getting by on seaweed
 The silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus is found in the south Pacific and feeds exclusively on macroalgae.
The silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus is found in the south Pacific and feeds exclusively on macroalgae.
The southern hemisphere has a number of marine fish that exclusively eat macroalgae (seaweeds). Red, green and brown algae are rather different to each other (and land plants) in terms of their nutritional value, and many of the algal components are indigestible to vertebrates. What are these herbivorous fish really eating (are they targeting specific algal species?), and how do they gain energy and nutrition from such a diet? Do these fish rely on gut microbes to digest their algae diet, similar to ruminating animals on land? During my MSc I worked with Kendall Clements and Sue Turner at the University of Auckland to answer some of these questions.
 Even juvenile silver drummer are almost entirely herbivorous, which is very uncommon for marine fish.
Even juvenile silver drummer are almost entirely herbivorous, which is very uncommon for marine fish.
The first part of the project was characterising the stomach contents of silver drummer (adult and juvenile pictured above) of different sizes throughout the year in the Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. Silver drummer appear to be fairly strict herbivores from an early age. This is rather unique for marine fish. The juveniles eat mostly red and green macroalgae, but gradually consume more brown macroalgae as they grow. Most of the red macroalgal species the larger fish consumed are epiphytes of brown macroalgae.
 The result of many days work staring down the microscope at small pieces of macroalgae from stomachs of silver drummer.
The result of many days work staring down the microscope at small pieces of macroalgae from stomachs of silver drummer.
Red and green algae tend to have more digestible carbohydrates compared to brown algae. It appears that the juvenile silver drummer eat a diet higher in starch-like carbohydrates compared to the adults. Not surprisingly, the activity of starch degrading enzymes in the intestine of juveniles was found to be higher than larger fish. So, how are the adults digesting their diet? Other researchers have suggested that some fish are able to digest their food using symbiotic gut microbes, much like terrestrial animals do. Do silver drummer use microbes to digest their apparently indigestible diet? Well, silver drummer certainly do have long digestive tracts! This is also characteristic of land animals that use microbes to digest plant material.
 Like terrestrial herbivores that digest via microbial fermentation, adult silver drummer have very long guts.
Like terrestrial herbivores that digest via microbial fermentation, adult silver drummer have very long guts.
If silver drummer use microbes for digestion, one might expect to find short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestine. These end-products of microbial fermentation can be absorbed by vertebrates, and are an important nutritional source for many terrestrial herbivores. There were indeed significant concentrations of SCFA present in the intestine of silver drummer, and the concentrations increased in adults.
SCFA.jpg
I worked with Sue Turner at the University of Auckland to characterise the microbes in the gut of silver drummer using molecular genetic techniques. I sampled intestinal contents of fish of different sizes, and used T-RFLP to assess microbial diversity, and DNA sequencing to identify the predominant microbial groups. The T-RFLP results showed that the diversity of bacterial groups (operational taxonomic units, OTU's) increases with fish size, and to a lesser degree, increases down the length of the gut.
 Changes in bacterial diversity in different sections of the gut and at different ages.
Changes in bacterial diversity in different sections of the gut and at different ages.
DNA sequencing was used to identify the dominant bacterial groups present in the T-RFLP analysis. Most of the bacteria were found to be related to members of the genus Clostridium. Several species of Clostridium are known to help terrestrial herbivores digest their food via the process of fermentation.
 Clostridia bacteria are common in the guts of many animals. The blue blocks represent bacteria from the gut of silver drummer.
Clostridia bacteria are common in the guts of many animals. The blue blocks represent bacteria from the gut of silver drummer.
Interestingly, a study by Isabel Pasch showed that these bacteria were also present in the guts of other herbivorous marine fish species found in New Zealand. Butterfish (greenbone, Odax pullus) have a similar diet to silver drummer (brown and red macroalgae), while marblefish (Aplocatylus arctidens) eat mostly red and green macroalgae.
 Comparison of bacteria isolated from the guts of three different herbivorous fish species.
Comparison of bacteria isolated from the guts of three different herbivorous fish species.
Summary of the results:
(1) as the silver drummer grows it changes from a diet containing digestible starch-like nutrients (red and green macroalgae), to a diet high in nutrients that are indigestible to the fish (brown macroalgae).
(2) silver drummer decrease the activity of enzymes that digest starch during growth
(3) the diversity of gut bacteria and concentrations of SCFA increases with age
(4) many of the gut bacteria in silver drummer (and two other herbivorous fish species) are related to Clostridium, a group of bacteria known to ferment plant material in the guts of many terrestrial herbivores
These findings suggest that juvenile silver drummer rely on their own digestive capacity to digest their diet, but as they grow they gradually switch diet and rely on bacteria to ferment the nutrients into SCFA, which the fish can then absorb.
This research has been published:
Moran, D; Clements, K.D. (2002). Diet and endogenous carbohydrases in the temperate marine herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus. Journal of Fish Biology 60:_PHONE_.
Moran, D; Turner, S; Clements, K.D. (2005). Ontogenetic development of the gastrointestinal microbiota in the marine herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus. Microbial Ecology 49:590-597.
Clements, K.D.; Pasch, I.B.Y.; Moran, D.; Turner, S. (2005). Clostridia dominate 16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from the hindgut of temperate marine herbivorous fish. Marine Biology 150:_PHONE_.
This research was funded by a Marsden Fund grant awarded to Kendall Clements.


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The Gopher applied positive jing in battle in concurrence with Toph's utilization of neutral jing.
Jing is a term that describes the myriad of options toward which one can direct his or her energy, both internally and externally. According to Bumi, they correspond to tactics and strategies in battle.[1]
Known types
According to Bumi, there are, at least technically, eighty-five distinct types or "degrees" of jing, although only the main three have been mentioned:
 - Positive jing, corresponding to advancing or attacking.
 - Negative jing, corresponding to retreating or evading.
 - Neutral jing, corresponding to waiting and listening, or, as Bumi described it, "doing nothing".[1]
Positive jing
Octopus form
The octopus form is one of the many techniques in waterbending that allows waterbenders to maintain a balance between positive and negative jing.
Positive jing is an aggressive expression of chi. As such, it complements the more aggressive tactics of firebenders during combat. Firebenders typically prefer action to inaction or conflict avoidance, relying heavily on preemptive strikes to overwhelm their opponents with sheer power. These positive jing attributes are also found in the attitudes and personalities that are common among the people of the Fire Nation.
Negative jing
Negative jing is mostly exercised in airbending, reflecting the Air Nomads' pacifistic lifestyle and their philosophy that all life is sacred; they assert that fighting is only to be used as a last resort when conflict cannot be avoided.[2] Airbenders are more mobile fighters compared to earthbenders and possess a highly dynamic fighting style; to "avoid and evade" is recognized as a typical airbender tactic.[3]
In the case of waterbending, common maneuvers involve following the moon and the ocean's example of "push and pull".[4] As such, waterbenders will alternate between and maintain a balance of both positive and negative jing in combat, allowing them to turn defense into offense as they use their opponent's force against them while conserving their own.
Neutral jing
Toph's vision
Seismic sense is a specialized technique under earthbending which utilizes concepts involved with neutral jing.
Neutral jing is stated to be the key to earthbending. Fundamentally, neutral jing involves listening, though seemingly doing nothing, and waiting for the right moment to strike. When in combat, earthbenders are more stationary combatants, usually waiting for their opponent to come to them, while standing their ground and meeting their opponents' attacks head-on, before delivering a deadly strike of their own. Neutral jing forms the basis of true earthbending, and is the concept used by the first earthbenders, the badgermoles. The idea is also fundamental in seismic sense, a perceptive fighting style used by select benders, one of whom was Toph.[5]
As highlighted, someone who has mastered neutral jing is someone who waits and listens before striking. Bumi relied on neutral jing while earthbending, to the extent that he refused to flee Omashu even when Aang came to his rescue. His desire to wait for an opportune moment to strike was initially baffling to his soldiers and to Aang, although the Avatar later accepted Bumi's decision.[1] The monarch eventually freed himself during the Day of Black Sun, recognizing it as the precise moment to strike as his captors were defenseless without their firebending.[2]
Discussion about the concept of jing between Avatar Aang and King Bumi:
"I don't understand. Why didn't you free yourself? Why did you surrender when Omashu was invaded? What's the matter with you, Bumi?"
"Listen to me, Aang. There are options in fighting, called jing. It's a choice of how you direct your energy..."
"I know! There's positive jing when you're attacking, and negative jing when you're retreating!"
"... and neutral jing when you do nothing!"
"There are
three jings?"
"Well, technically, there are eighty-five, but let's just focus on the third. Neutral jing is the
key to earthbending. It involves listening and waiting for the right moment to strike."
"That's why you surrendered, isn't it?"
"Yes, and it's why I can't leave now."
"I guess I need to find someone else to teach me earthbending."
"Your teacher will be someone who has mastered neutral jing. You need to find someone who waits and listens before striking.
Aang and Bumi.[1]
 - Jīng or Jīn (勁) means "power" or "energy" in Chinese.
 - Knowledge of jing seems to have been well known or was at least common knowledge prior to the Hundred Year War, as Aang and Bumi seem to understand its ideas with relative ease, while many modern earthbenders fail to exhibit knowledge of the concept.
 - The concept of jing, while it can be reflected as the differences of options open to a person in battle, actually also corresponds to all aspects of a person's life and not just on the battlefield.
 - A parallel to the series' concept of jing would be the "fight or flight" response in psychology; certain personality types are more inclined to act in accordance to a particular jing.
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Pre-Irradiation Grafting of Styrene into Modified Fluoropolymers
Authors
Abstract
Summary: The grafting of styrene into commercially available fluoropolymer films by the pre-irradiation method has been investigated. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoropropylvinyl ether) (PFA) and poly(tetrafluorethylene-co-ethylene) (ETFE) were chosen as the base polymer material. The influence of the base material, the pre-irradiation dose, and the storage time between the irradiation and the grafting step on the yield of grafting was examined. The base materials were pre-treated by irradiation in the molten state under oxygen-free conditions in order to create branches and cross-links. The effect of pre-treatment on the yield of grafting was studied.
Ancillary


text: The Southeastern Black Sea coastal region in Turkey and Georgia is under threat of severe coastal erosion and shoreline recession. The main reason for this problem is the response of the coast to human activities. While water discharge rates were reduced by dams by approximately 7% only, about 98% of the suspended sediment is being captured by the dams, leading to reservoir siltation over time in the southern Black Sea Region Rivers in Turkey. About 83% of the total suspended sediments are carried by the Coruh River to its mouth, which determines the characteristics of the river and the shape of the coastal region. In this study, the effect of water runoff and sediment transport to the Black Sea Coast was investigated.


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SystemC Components
(SystemC using transactional-level modelling (TLM/ESL) is in a later section).
SystemC is a free library for C++ for hardware SoC modelling. »Download from _URL_
It includes (at least):
Originally aimed as an RTL replacement, for low-level hardware modelling.
Now being used for high-level (esp. transactional) modelling for architectural exploration.
Also now being used as an implementation language with its own synthesis tools.
Problem: hardware engineers are not C++ experts but they can be faced with confusing C++ error messages.
Benefit: General-purpose behavioural C code, including application code and device drivers, can all be modelled in a common language.
1: (C) 2008-11, DJ Greaves, University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory.


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Mississippi Confederate Veterans and Widows Pension Applications (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
|This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.|
Access the records: Mississippi Confederate Veterans and Widows Pension Applications, _PHONE_ .
This Collection will include records from 1863 to 1974.
This collection includes applications for state pensions filed by Confederate veterans and by widows of Confederate veterans living in Mississippi.
In 1889 Mississippi began granting pensions to Confederate veterans. their widows and dependents. In most states the pension system began with providing pensions to injured veterans and then later expanded to include veteran's widows or other dependents. In addition to Mississippi, Confederate pensions were also granted in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
For an alphabetical list of names currently published in this collection, select the Browselink from the collection landing page.
Pension applications were created to provide a way for veterans or their widows to obtain financial assistance after serving in the military.
Censuses were created to keep track of veteran's (or their families) receiving compensation for their service.
The information in these records is generally reliable.
The information will vary depending upon the record and may include any of the following:
- Name of soldier, widow, or dependents
- Date and place of birth
- Dates and places of enlistment and discharge
- Company in which served and its captain
- Length of service
- Name of regiment and its commander
- Details on wounds received
- Sworn statements on proof of service by comrades
- War Department service abstracts
- Place and length of residency in the state
- Date and place of marriage
- Date and place of the veteran's death
How to Use the Record
To begin your search it is helpful to know the following:
- Soldier's name
- Widow's or dependent's names
- Approximate birth date or other identifying information
Search the Collection
To search the collection by image
⇒Select the Browse link in the initial search page
⇒Select the "Beginning name - Ending name" category which takes you to the images
Search the collection by image comparing the information with what you already know about your ancestors to determine if the image relates to them. You may need to look at several images and compare the information about the individuals listed in those images to your ancestors to make this determination.
As you are searching it is helpful to know such information as your ancestor's given name and surname, some identifying information such as residence and age, and family relationships. Remember that there may be more than one person in the records with the same name as your ancestor and that your ancestor may have used nicknames or different names at different times.
Using the Information
When you have located your ancestor's record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. The pieces of information in the record may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family. This information will often lead you to other records. For example:
- Death dates may lead to death certificates, mortuary, or burial records.
- Use the age to calculate an approximate birth date.
- Use the birth date or age along with the residence or place of birth of the deceased to locate census, church, and land records.
Tips to Keep in Mind
- Compile the entries for every person who has the same surname as the deceased; this is especially helpful in rural areas or if the surname is unusual.
- Continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives who may have been seeking the pension.
- When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
- When searching for an application keep in mind that in some cases the applications were filed under the name of the widow or other dependent who submitted the application.
- Applications were sent to and processed by the state where the veteran or family member lived at the time, which was not always the state in which the soldier had served.
|Don't overlook FHL Keyword Mississippi, Civil War items in the FamilySearch Library Catalog. For other libraries (local and national) or to gain access to items of interest, see the wiki article Mississippi Archives and Libraries. For additional information about this state see the wiki article Mississippi.|
| This section is incomplete.
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|We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.|
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the information for collections published in FamilySearch.org. Source citations include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
- "Mississippi, Confederate Veterans and Widows Pension Applications, _PHONE_" Images. FamilySearch. _URL_ : accessed 2013. Citing Chancery Courts. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.
- This page was last modified on 20 December 2014, at 04:53.
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text:
PLoS Neglevted Trop Dis, Nov 2012
Chrysomya putoria, a Putative Vector of Diarrheal Diseases
Steven W. Lindsay, et al.
Author Summary – While it is well recognized that the house fly can transmit enteric pathogens, here we show the common African latrine fly, Chrysomya putoria, is likely to be an important vector of these pathogens, since an average latrine can produce 100,000 latrine flies each year. Our behavioral studies of flies in The Gambia show that latrine flies are attracted strongly to human feces, raw beef and fish, providing a clear mechanism for faecal pathogens to be transferred from faeces to food. We used PCR techniques to demonstrate that these flies are carrying Shigella, Salmonella and E. coli, all important causes of diarrhea. Moreover our culture work shows that these pathogens are viable. Latrine flies are likely to be important vectors of diarrheal disease, although further research is required to determine what proportion of infections are due to this fly.
Background – Chrysomya spp are common blowflies in Africa, Asia and parts of South America and some species can reproduce in prodigious numbers in pit latrines. Because of their strong association with human feces and their synanthropic nature, we examined whether these flies are likely to be vectors of diarrheal pathogens.
Methodology/Principal Findings – Flies were sampled using exit traps placed over the drop holes of latrines in Gambian villages. Odor-baited fly traps were used to determine the relative attractiveness of different breeding and feeding media. The presence of bacteria on flies was confirmed by culture and bacterial DNA identified using PCR. A median of 7.00 flies/latrine/day (IQR = 0.0–25.25) was collected, of which 95% were Chrysomya spp, and of these nearly all were Chrysomya putoria (99%). More flies were collected from traps with feces from young children (median = 3.0, IQR = 1.75–10.75) and dogs (median = 1.50, IQR = 0.0–13.25) than from herbivores (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–0.0; goat, horse, cow and calf; p<0.001). Flies were strongly attracted to raw meat (median = 44.5, IQR = 26.25–143.00) compared with fish (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–19.75, ns), cooked and uncooked rice, and mangoes (median = 0.0, IQR = 0.0–0.0; p<0.001). Escherichia coli were cultured from the surface of 21% (15/72 agar plates) of Chrysomya spp and 10% of these were enterotoxigenic. Enteroaggregative E. coli were identified by PCR in 2% of homogenized Chrysomya spp, Shigella spp in 1.4% and Salmonella spp in 0.6% of samples.
Conclusions/Significance – The large numbers of C. putoria that can emerge from pit latrines, the presence of enteric pathogens on flies, and their strong attraction to raw meat and fish suggests these flies may be common vectors of diarrheal diseases in Africa.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This web page contains links to documentation, source code, and input data for the stand-alone version release of CLM2.1. Links to the CAM2.0.1 (Community Atmosphere Model) stand-alone version release and coupled CCSM2.0.1 (Community Climate System Model) release can be found at the bottom of the page.!!NOTE!!: This code currently does not work with CAM2.0.1, however, a new release of CAM (CAM2.0.2) incorporating CLM2.1 is imminent.
CLM2.1 incorporates new hierarchical subgrid data structures and produces only roundoff level changes when compared to CLM2.0.
In what follows, we provide a brief summary of the new CLM2.1 data structures. The subgrid hierarchy in CLM2.1 is composed of gridcells, landunits, columns and plant functional types (pfts). Each gridcell can have a different number of landunits, each landunit can have a different number of columns and each column can have multiple pfts. This results in efficient memory allocation, and allows for the implementation of many different types of subgrid representation.
The first subgrid level, the landunit, is intended to capture the broadest spatial patterns of subgrid heterogeneity. These broad patterns include the physically distinct surface types that were treated as special cases in the previous versions of CLM2.0 (e.g. glaciers and lakes). In terms of CLM2.0 variables, the central distinguishing characteristic of the landunit subgrid level is that this is where physical soil properties are defined: texture, color, depth, pressure-volume relationships, and thermal conductivity. In CLM2.1, landunits are used to represent the special landcover types (e.g. glacier and lakes), with a single additional landunit for the gridcell vegetated area.
The second subgrid level, the column, is intended to capture potential variability in the soil and snow state variables within a single landunit. The central characteristic of the column subgrid level is that this is where the state variables for water and energy in the soil and snow are defined, as well as the fluxes of these components within the soil and snow. Regardless of the number and type of pfts occupying space on the column, the column physics operates with a single set of upper boundary fluxes, as well as a single set of transpiration fluxes from multiple soil levels. These boundary fluxes are weighted averages over all pfts.
The third and final subgrid level is referred to as the plant functional type (pft), but it also includes the treatment for bare ground. It is intended to capture the biophysical and biogeochemical differences between broad categories of plants, in terms of their functional characteristics. All fluxes to and from the surface are defined at the pft level, as are the vegetation state variables (e.g. vegetation temperature, canopy water storage, and carbon and nitrogen states for the leaf, stem, and roots).
In addition to state and flux variable data structures for conserved components at each subgrid level (energy water, carbon, nitrogen, etc.), each subgrid level also has a physical state data structure for handling quantities that are not involved in conservation checks (diagnostic variables). For example, soil texture is defined through physical state variables at the landunit level, the number of snow layers and the roughness lengths are defined as physical state variables at the column level, and the leaf area index and the fraction of canopy that is wet are defined as physical state variables at the pft level.
This subgrid hierarchy is implemented in CLM2.1 as a set of nested derived types. Extensive use is made of pointers, both for dynamic memory allocation and for simplification of the derived type referencing within subroutines. The use of pointers for dynamic memory allocation ensures that the number of subgrid elements at each level in the hierarchy is flexible and resolved at run time, thereby eliminating the need to statically declare arrays of fixed dimensions that might end up being sparsely populated. The use of pointers for referencing members of the derived data type within the subroutines provides a coherent treatment of the logical relationships between variables (e.g., the user cannot inadvertently change a pft-level variable within a subroutine that is supposed to operate on the column states and fluxes), and a more transparent representation of the core algorithms (it is easy to tell when the code is in a column or pft loop).


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Title: Sublimation systems and associated methods
A system for vaporizing and sublimating a slurry comprising a fluid including solid particles therein. The system includes a first heat exchanger configured to receive the fluid including solid particles and vaporize the fluid and a second heat exchanger configured to receive the vaporized fluid and solid particles and sublimate the solid particles. A method for vaporizing and sublimating a fluid including solid particles therein is also disclosed. The method includes feeding the fluid including solid particles to a first heat exchanger, vaporizing the fluid, feeding the vaporized fluid and solid particles to a second heat exchanger and sublimating the solid particles. In some embodiments the fluid including solid particles is liquid natural gas or methane including solid carbon dioxide particles.
Authors:
; ;
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
_PHONE_
Report Number(s):
9,254,448
12/938,967
DOE Contract Number:
AC07-05ID14517
Resource Type:
Patent
Resource Relation:
Patent File Date: 2010 Nov 03
Research Org:
Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
Sponsoring Org:
USDOE
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
03 NATURAL GAS; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE


How to Build a Current Sensor Circuit

How to Build a Current Sensor Circuit
Current
In this circuit, we will show how to build a current sensor circuit.
A current sensor circuit is a circuit that can sense current going through it. If the current reaches a certain threshold, then an indicator, such as an LED, will turn on.
This is not an ammeter circuit, where we know or are measuring the amount of current going through. That's a different thing entirely.
This is a current sensor circuit, where if we get to a certain level of current, then the output will turn on.
And we can build a current sensor circuit, simply by exploiting ohm's law.
Ohm's law states that, I= V/R, where I is the current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
Say, we want to detect 5mA of current. We want 10mA to be the threshold. Any current 10mA or higher will trigger on the output of the circuit. So, we choose a resistor value of, say, 1KΩ. Now, rearranging ohm's law, V=IR, which means that V= (5mA)(1KΩ)= 5V.
So if you're a 1KΩ resistor in our circuit and it reaches a voltage of 10V, then we know, based on ohm's law, there is 10mA of current flowing through the resistor in the circuit. By monitoring the voltage, we can monitor the current because voltage has a direct relationship with current (V=IR). Therefore, to measure current, all we have to do is measure voltage.
So when we have our output voltage, we can know the current.
So, back to the circuit, we know that if the voltage is 10V, then this means that 10mA is flowing through it.
So we take this voltage and input it into a voltage comparator chip. If the voltage comparator detects 10V or higher, then we know that the current is 10mA or higher.
And this is how we can built a current sensor circuit with a voltage comparator chip. You can calculate any current threshold you want based on ohm's law formula and obtain the voltage that will produced with the current threshold you want.
Components
 - LM741
 - 1KΩ resistor
 - 470Ω resistor
 - LED
You can really use any voltage comparator chip that you have.
In this circuit, we will use the general LM741 operational amplifier to act and function as a voltage comparator.
The LM741 is an 8-pin chip.
If you would like to understand all the pin connections of the LM741 op amp, see LM741 Op Amp- Pinout Connections. This article explains all of the 8 pins of the LM741 and what each one does.
The LM741 pinout is shown below.
LM741 Pinout Diagram
How this chip functions a voltage comparator and how all voltage comparators work is we feed 2 voltage signals into each of the inputs of the op amp. An op amp has 2 inputs, the + input, or the noinverting input and the - input, or the inverting input.
If the voltage at the noninverting terminal is greater than at the inverting terminal, then the output will go HIGH to the voltage supplied at VCC of the chip.
If the voltage at the noninverting terminal is less, then the output will be LOW or at the level of V-.
Current Sensor Circuit
The current sensor circuit that we will build is shown below.
Current sensor circuit
If you want to see this circuit shown from the IC itself, see the following: Current Sensor Circuit shown from the LM741 IC.
The breadboard schematic of the above circuit is shown below.
Current sensor breadboard circuit
So the LM741 chip is an 8-pin. We only connect 5 out of the 8 pins.
Pin 1 is a NC (Not Connect) and pins 1 and 5 are offset nulls, which we don't connect for this circuit.
Now to power the circuit, we connect V+, pin 7, to 10V and V-, pin 4, to ground. This establishes power to the LM741 chip.
Next, we have the 2 inputs of the op amp of the Lm741.
We connect our reference voltage to the inverting terminal, which is pin 2. Since we want 10mA of current to be the threshold current that we want to detect and we're using a 1KΩ resistor, this means that our reference voltage will be 10V (V= IR= (10mA)(1KΩ)=10V).Thus, our reference voltage to detect for 10mA or higher is 10V. So we connect 10V to pin 3, the inverting terminal.
To the noninverting terminal, we connect a 1KΩ resistor and our current signal that we want to test to check if it reaches or is above the threshold current.
And, lastly, to the output pin of the LM741, which is pin 5, we connect our output which in this case is an LED along with a 470Ω current-limiting resistor so that the LED doesn't blow out.
This completes all the connections for our circuit.
How the Circuit Works
So, we have our reference voltage of 10V.
If the current being input into the noninverting terminal of the op amp is less than 10mA, the voltage at the inverting terminal will be less than 10V. This is because the resistor we are using is a 1KΩ resistor. Doing the math of ohm's law shows that, 9mA, for instance will produce a voltage of, V=IR= (9mA)(1KΩ)=9V.
As long as the voltage at the noninverting terminal is less than at the inverting terminal, the output of the LM741 will be LOW. Therefore, the LED will not light up.
The voltage the noninverting terminal must be greater than the voltage at the inverting terminal for the LED to light up. Since the voltage at the inverting terminal is 10V, the voltage at the noninverting terminal must be greater than 10V. This only happens when the current being fed into the inverting terminal is greater than 10mA. For instance, if it's 10.5mA, this produce a voltage of, V=IR= (10.5mA)(1KΩ)= 10.5V. So, in this instance, the voltage at the inverting terminal is greater, and the output will go HIGH, so the LED will turn on.
And this is how a current sensor can detect any level of current input.
When designing a current sensor, you can set any threshold current level that you want. Once you know the desired current that you want, then you just have to decide on the resistor value. And then from that, you can calculate the voltage.
when deciding on the value of the resistor that you're going to use, you have to consider the other parameters of current and voltage. You cannot choose a resistor value that is too low or too high. There has to be somewhat carefully chosen. For example, if you chose a resistor value of 100KΩ and you want a current threshold of 10mA, this would be bad choice, because in order to get 10mA with a 100KΩ resistor, you would have to use 1000V. Where you would get 1000V from? It wouldn't work. And even if you got 1000V, you wouldn't be able to incorporate it into a voltage comparator chip, because it can only handle about 20V or so, definitely not 1000V. Therefore, you have to use a much lower resistor value so that you can use a voltage that isn't ridiculous. Same thing for using a resistor value that is too low. If you use a 10Ω resistor and you want 10mA of current, this would need a voltage of, V=IR= (10mA)(10Ω) 0.1V. This is too small for a voltage comparator to work with. You want to have a more spaced out voltage than using tenths of a volt, which is difficult to manage. So carefully considering voltage and current needs dictates the resistor value that is appropriate for the circuit. You don't always have to use the 1KΩ resistor that is used in this circuit, but you do have to consider current and voltage needs.
And you can also do variations to this circuit. If you don't just want a single fixed current threshold, you can place a potentiometer in between either noninverting terminal or the inverting terminal. This will allow you vary threshold levels. The potentiometer you choose should be within a resistance range that fits in well with your voltage and current requirements.
Related Resources
How to Build a Current Source Circuit
How to Build a Voltage Sensor Circuit
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"The love of one's country is a splendid thing. But why should love stop at the border?" –Pablo Casals
Bansuri § Yatri is an upcoming concert project (18 June 2013) being given at the Royal Academy of Music in London, in which I hope to share my discoveries of different music from around the world, particularly music concerning the flute. My goal is to capture the essence of these varying genres with my own video documentation of traditional ensemble performances and also with repertoire from the instrument I have been trained to play for most of my life: the Western classical flute. Though one might initially associate the Western flute with the works of Bach, Gaubert, Fauré, and many other European composers, this instrument is capable of playing much more and is slowly growing a repertoire of pieces based on the music of other countries outside of Europe. This concert, with the Hindi words of 'bansuri' (meaning 'flute') and 'yatri' (meaning 'traveller') in its title, essentially depicts who I believe I am as a musician… one who constantly wants to explore how music works in our daily lives and what we can learn from each other in the way we express ourselves through music.


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L'Architecture de l'environnement bien tempéré
Today's architectural thinking is focused on the major issues of ecology, environmental standards, growth and urban management. Now published for the first time in French, The Architecture of Well-Tempered Environmentis a classic of architectural criticism on the relation between environment and architecture. Published in 1964 and revised in 1984, this book makes an important contribution to current debate on contemporary architecture, in which the rapport between ecology and habitat is transforming the definition of architecture...
Architecture as "environment"
Will the discipline of ecology and the necessity of protection environment lead to a transformation of architecture in the 21st century? In this book, Reyner Banham advocates for the reconciliation of architecture and environment. He raises this question from a technological and aesthetic point of view. The author takes as the starting point for his analysis the idea that architecture is a place of experimentation and acquired experience rather than the simple construction of monuments. In his view, what matters are not individual buildings considered separately but the context, the environment and the relationship between skin and networks. This original ecological approach to architecture thought of as environment, developed by the Archigram group in the 1960s, now serves as a conceptual and aesthetic reference for many architects, artists and theoreticians.


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A hot week in central Louisiana continued Wednesday and, in some cases, the heat intensified.
Morning lows were once again in the lower to the middle 70s. Union Hill-Glenmora came in with the lowest temperature at 71 degrees. Hagewood was the warm spot with a low of 77 degrees. The daily average is 73 degrees. Special note: one of the great cool spells of summer continued in 1931 with a record low of 57 degrees.
High temperatures for the day ranged through the 90s; in fact, a couple of stations hit the century mark. Bellwood and Hagewood reached 100 degrees for the highest temperature in central Louisiana today. Peak heat indices reached 110 degrees. Natchez, Miss. continued its reign as the "cool" spot with a high of 92 degrees. The daily average high is 92 and the record is 101 set during that brutally hot summer of 1998.
Very little coverage of rain was observed around central Louisiana today. However, a lone thunderstorm dumped about one-half inch on Jena during the early evening.
Thursday promises higher rain chances but little or no relief from the heat.


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Updated: Nov 12
The New Moon on January 2, 2022, @ 1:33 pm occurs in the Moon Mansion of Purva Ashadha, "The Invincible Star" and the zodiac sign of Sagittarius. Ruling energies are Venus, Jupiter, and Apas, "The Cosmic Waters."
Happy New Year!!!!! Our first New Moon of 2022 lands in the Moon Mansion of Purva Ashadha, "The Invincible Star," and the zodiac sign of Sagittarius. Here, the thought of "defeat" ceases to exist. However, it will require you to have a "Come to Jesus" moment.
A come to Jesus moment is described as an epiphany in which one realizes the truth of a matter; a sudden, intuitive perception of or insight into the reality or essential meaning of something; coming clean and admitting failures; realizing the true weight or impact of a negative situation or fact; an acknowledgment that one must get back to core values; an aha moment; a moment of reassessment of priorities; turning point; life-changing moment.


The temperature on mountains becomes colder the higher the altitude gets. Mountains tend to have much wetter climates than the surrounding flat land. Mountain weather conditions can change dramatically from one hour to the next. For example, in just a few minutes a thunderstorm can roll in when the sky was perfectly clear, and in just a few hours the temperatures can drop from extremely hot temperatures to temperatures that are below freezing.
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text:
What is the purpose of the report?
As with all members of society, our life experiences can affect our mental health, and the armed forces community is no exception to this. British military personnel face unique occupational risks and some require specific mental health services tailored to their needs.
Armed forces charities play an important role in providing mental health support to the armed forces community. Yet, prior to DSC's research, little data had been gathered on these charities. This report provides the first comprehensive overview of the subsector of armed forces charities providing mental health support.
As part of the Focus On series, this report provides more specific analysis of the work of armed forces charities across the UK – in this case, armed forces charities providing mental health support.
In this report, we examine provision made across three areas of mental health: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, and substance misuse. It is acknowledged that other mental health issues exist; however, the above topics were chosen according to the prevalence of charities reporting on supporting these common areas.
The report aims to provide the reader with:
- Exploration of mental health support offered by charities
- Insights into the beneficiary population
- Assessment of expenditure on mental health provision
- Collaboration, evaluation and standards of practice
In addition, the report includes several case studies to demonstrate the work undertaken to provide mental health support.
This is a unique resource for charities, practitioners, government, policymakers and researchers to understand what armed forces charities do to support members of the armed forces community with mental health.
- This research identified 76 armed forces charities in the UK which clearly provide mental health.
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- Counselling services were the most commonly provided service.
- Less than one-fifth (18.4%) of charities provide a clinical service (services administered by a registered healthcare professional).
- Armed forces charities providing mental health support currently serve in the region of 7,000-10,000 beneficiaries per year.
- Relatively few charities which deliver mental health services themselves report implementing or working towards common guidelines or standards.
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Applied Astrology
We are born and exist under an established astrological pattern. Can we transform the energies that determine our life?
Relationships and Love - Prosperity and Abundance - Magnetism - Studies - Health and Vitality - Power – Karma.
Adriana Workman creates a program that involves individual classes where she works on a specific theme in each session. The program includes: conscious creation and movement of energy, breathing techniques, exercises based on light, guided meditations, introspection, body movements, etc.
The purpose of these exercises is to unblock, release, activate, settle, and/or transmute the energies associated a particular aspect, and to allow a fuller and more self-conscious life.


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Unformatted text preview: r the production casing, rig personnel continuously monitored fluids being pumped into and flowing out of the well. The rig crew calculated the quantity of fluids pumped into the well using the pump's piston volume output and efficiency. Piston volume is calculated using the pump's liner inside diameter and stroke length efficiency. Sensors on the pump measure how fast the pump is moving instead of directly measuring the volume of fluid being pumped. Flow out of the Macondo well could be measured several ways, including by monitoring pit volumes, 136 monitoring Transocean's flow paddles, 137 or monitoring the sonic and radar sensors (flow‐
out meters) located in the return flow line. 138 Monitoring the return flow line would provide the most accurate measure of fluid volumes out of the well. The flow‐out meter has a 10 percent margin of error and must be based on properly calibrated devices. Recalibration of the flow‐out meter is frequently necessary due to rig movement, ballasting, crane operations,...
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Mental Maths Year 6 Boot Camp
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How to choose different processing methods for the production process of Polyester Printed Fabric for different products?
The world of textile production is an intricate tapestry where choices in processing methods significantly impact the outcome of the final product. When it comes to Polyester Printed Fabric
, the decision-making process extends beyond design preferences to include considerations such as dye materials, printing processes, and the desired characteristics of the end product. In this article, we unravel the complexities of choosing different processing methods for polyester printed fabrics, exploring the nuances that dictate decisions in this vibrant and dynamic industry.
Diversity in Dye Materials:
Polyester Printed Fabric production begins with the selection of dye materials, a choice that sets the foundation for the entire printing process. The variation in dye materials leads to distinct types of printing, including pigment printing, reactive printing, and disperse printing. Each of these printing methods offers unique characteristics, influencing the final appearance, hand feel, and color fastness of the printed fabric.
Pigment Printing: Known for its versatility, pigment printing involves the use of color pigments that are mechanically attached to the fabric. This method is lauded for its vibrant colors and durability, making it a popular choice for a wide range of polyester products.
Reactive Printing: Reactive printing utilizes dyes that chemically react with the fabric, forming a permanent bond. This method often results in a soft hand feel and excellent color fastness, making it suitable for products where comfort and durability are paramount.
Disperse Printing: In disperse printing, dyes are dispersed in a liquid and then applied to the fabric. This method is particularly effective for polyester fabrics, offering vivid colors and good resistance to fading.
Diverse Printing and Dyeing Processes:
Beyond dye materials, the choice of printing and dyeing processes further refines the production of Polyester Printed Fabric. Different processes include flat screen printing, circular screen printing, transfer printing, and digital printing. Each method introduces distinct characteristics to the fabric, shaping the visual appeal and functionality of the end product.
Flat Screen Printing: This traditional method involves using a flat screen to transfer the desired pattern onto the fabric. Flat screen printing is known for its precision and is suitable for intricate designs.
Circular Screen Printing: In contrast to flat screen printing, circular screen printing utilizes a cylindrical screen. This process is advantageous for continuous patterns and large-scale production, offering efficiency without compromising quality.
Transfer Printing: Transfer printing involves creating a design on a paper or film and then transferring it onto the fabric through heat and pressure. This method is celebrated for its ability to reproduce intricate details and is often employed for complex and colorful designs.
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Considering the End Result:
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LandSkills West Midlands
LandSkills West Midlands is a branch of the regional development agency Advantage West Midlands (AWM), which is part of the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE).
The RDPE 2007-13 is jointly funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and defra and has a budget of £3.9 billion. £3.3 billion of this budget will help farmers to manage the land more sustainably and deliver important outcomes on biodiversity, landscape and access, water quality and climate change.
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nLab
exact sequence
Contents
Context
Category theory
Homological algebra
homological algebra
(also nonabelian homological algebra)
Introduction
Context
Basic definitions
Stable homotopy theory notions
Constructions
Lemmas
diagram chasing
Homology theories
Theorems
Contents
Idea
An exact sequence may be defined in a semi-abelian category, and more generally in a homological category. It is a sequential diagram in which the cokernel of each morphism is equal to the kernel of the next morphism.
Definition
Definition in additive categories
Let 𝒜\mathcal{A} be an additive category (often assumed to be an abelian category, for instance 𝒜=R\mathcal{A} = RMod for RR some ring).
Definition
An exact sequence in 𝒜\mathcal{A} is a chain complex C C_\bullet in 𝒜\mathcal{A} with vanishing chain homology in each degree:
n.H n(C)=0. \forall n \in \mathbb{N} . H_n(C) = 0 \,.
Definition
A short exact sequence is an exact sequence, def. of the form
00ABC00. \cdots \to 0 \to 0 \to A \to B \to C \to 0 \to 0 \to \cdots \,.
One usually writes this just "0ABC00 \to A \to B \to C \to 0" or even just "ABCA \to B \to C".
Remark
A general exact sequence is sometimes called a long exact sequence, to distinguish from the special case of a short exact sequence.
Proposition
Explicitly, a sequence of morphisms
0AiBpC0 0 \to A \stackrel{i}\to B \stackrel{p}\to C \to 0
is short exact, def. , precisely if
 1. ii is a monomorphism,
 2. pp is an epimorphism,
 3. and the image of ii equals the kernel of pp (equivalently, the coimage of pp equals the cokernel of ii).
Proof
The third condition is the definition of exactness at BB. So we need to show that the first two conditions are equivalent to exactness at AA and at CC.
This is easy to see by looking at elements when 𝒜R\mathcal{A} \simeq RMod, for some ring RR (and the general case can be reduced to this one using one of the embedding theorems):
The sequence being exact at
0AB 0 \to A \to B
means, since the image of 0A0 \to A is just the element 0A0 \in A, that the kernel of ABA \to B consists of just this element. But since ABA \to B is a group homomorphism, this means equivalently that ABA \to B is an injection.
Dually, the sequence being exact at
BC0 B \to C \to 0
means, since the kernel of C0C \to 0 is all of CC, that also the image of BCB \to C is all of CC, hence equivalently that BCB \to C is a surjection.
Definition
A split exact sequence is a short exact sequence as above in which ii is a split monomorphism, or (equivalently) in which pp is a split epimorphism.
In this case, BB may be decomposed as the biproduct ACA \oplus C (with ii and pp the usual biproduct inclusion and projection); this sense in which BB is 'split' into AA and CC is the origin of the general terms 'split (mono/epi)morphism'.
Definition in pointed sets
It is also helpful to consider a similar notion in the case of a pointed set.
Definition
In the category Set *Set_* of pointed sets, a sequence
(A,a) f (B,b) g (C,c) \array{ (A, a) & \overset{f}{\to} & (B, b) & \overset{g}{\to} & (C, c) }
is said to be exact at (B,b)(B, b) if imf=g 1(c)im f = g^{-1}(c).
For concrete pointed categories (ie. a category 𝒞\mathcal{C} with a faithful functor F:𝒞Set *F: \mathcal{C} \to Set_*), a sequence is exact if the image under FF is exact.
In the case of (abelian) categories like AbAb and RModR-Mod, the two notions of exactness coincide if we pick the point of each group/module to be 00. Such a general notion is useful in cases such as the long exact sequence of homotopy groups where the homotopy "groups" for small nn are just pointed sets without a group structure.
Properties
Computing terms in an exact sequence
A typical use of a long exact sequence, notably of the homology long exact sequence, is that it allows to determine some of its entries in terms of others.
The characterization of short exact sequences in prop. is one example for this: whenever in a long exact sequence one entry vanishes as in 0C n\cdot \to 0 \to C_n \to \cdot or C n0\cdot \to C_n \to 0 \to \cdots, it follows that the next morphism out of or into the vanishing entry is a monomorphism or epimorphism, respectively.
In particular:
Proposition
If part of an exact sequence looks like
0C n+1 nC n0, \cdots \to 0 \to C_{n+1} \stackrel{\partial_n}{\to} C_n \to 0 \to \cdots \,,
then n\partial_n is an isomorphism and hence
C n+1C n. C_{n+1} \simeq C_n \,.
Exactness and quasi-isomorphisms
Proposition
A chain complex C C_\bullet is exact (is a long exact sequence), precisely if the unique chain map from the initial object, the 0-complex
0C 0 \to C_\bullet
is a quasi-isomorphism.
Short exact sequences and quotients
The following are some basic lemmas that show how given a short exact sequence one obtains new short exact sequences from forming quotients/cokernels (see Wise).
Let 𝒜\mathcal{A} be an abelian category.
Lemma
For
ABC0 A \to B \to C \to 0
an exact sequence in 𝒜\mathcal{A} and for XBX \to B any morphism in 𝒜\mathcal{A}, also
AB/XC/X0 A \to B/X \to C/X \to 0
is a short exact sequence.
Proof
We have an exact sequence of complexes of length 2
0 X id X 0 A B C 0 \array{ 0 &\to& X &\stackrel{id}{\to}& X &\to& 0 \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow & & \downarrow & & \downarrow \\ A &\to& B &\to& C &\to& 0 }
and the exact sequence to be demonstrated is degreewise the cokernel of this sequence. So the statement reduces to the fact that forming cokernels is a right exact functor.
Lemma
For
0ABC 0 \to A \to B \to C
an exact sequence and XAX \to A any morphism, also
0A/XB/XC 0 \to A/X \to B/X \to C
is exact.
Examples
Specific examples
Example
Let 𝒜=\mathcal{A} = \mathbb{Z}Mod \simeq Ab. For nn \in \mathbb{N} with n1n \geq 1 let n\mathbb{Z} \stackrel{\cdot n}{\to} \mathbb{Z} be the linear map/homomorphism of abelian groups which acts by the ordinary multiplication of integers by nn. This is clearly an injection. The cokernel of this morphism is the projection to the quotient group, which is the cyclic group n/n\mathbb{Z}_n \coloneqq \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}. Hence we have a short exact sequence
0n n. 0 \to \mathbb{Z} \stackrel{\cdot n}{\to} \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}_n \,.
Remark
The connecting homomorphism of the long exact sequence in homology induced from short exact sequences of the form in example is called a Bockstein homomorphism.
Classes of examples
References
A standard introduction is for instance in section 1.1 of
The quotient lemmas from above are discussed in
in the context of the salamander lemma and the snake lemma.
Last revised on January 8, 2018 at 21:28:31. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.


text:
RESPIRATION OF BACTERIA
We at Columbus Instruments developed very sensitive O2/CO2 RESPIROMETER
(Micro-Oxymax) which measures bacteria respiration with 0.2 microliter
With optional CO2, CH4, H2 , H2S and NH3 sensors can be used for anearobic
situations. It monitors 1 to 80 samples which can be liquid or solid. It
is based on
monitoring head space gas by one set of external sensors having 0.001%
resolution. It is currently being used for testing biodegradation of oil,
plastic polymers, TNT, creozote, respiration of algea, soil respiration,
coffee oxidation, toxicity etc.
It operates on closed chamber principle with periodic air (or ather gas)
It can also operate in open flow principle for monitoring high bioactivity
or sludge, fermentation etc.
Samples can be of any size from grams to many kg.
We have number of application papers ( and catalog) which we can send on
If interested please send E-mail with your street address to:
Jan Czekajewski Ph.D.
Columbus Instruments, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Internet: 75144.2413 at compuserve.com


text:
Freediver Malta offers a 2 day course in spearfishing. Spearfishing in Malta is a growing sport, although one does not need a license to own a speargun, there are still laws governing the sport.
During the course you will learn about:
- Breath holding
- Safety while spearfishing including gun handling
- Different species of fish in Malta and fish behavior
- Best use of equipment
- Learn different types of spearfishing techniques
- Relaxing, posture and shooting stance
- Right places for spearfishing according to temperature, underwater signs and weather.
The course will be held in different locations around the Maltese Islands. You may also choose to do the entire course while living on a sailing boat !


Legal Dictionary
Legal Definition of divorce
 1. The final, legal ending of a marriage, by court order.
Definition of divorce
 From Old French divorce, from Latin dīvortium, from dīvertere ("to turn aside"), from dī- ("apart") + vertere ("to turn"); see verse.
 - IPA: /dɪˈvoʊrs/, /dɪˈvɔrs/
 - Rhymes: -ɔː(r)s
divorce (plural divorces)
 1. The legal dissolution of a marriage.
 Richard obtained a divorce from his wife some years ago, but hasn't returned to the dating scene.
 2. A separation of connected things.
 The Civil War split between Virginia and West Virginia was a divorce based along cultural and economic, as well as geographic, lines.
 - (legal dissolution of a marriage): divorcement
 - (separation of connected things): partition, separation, severance
to divorce (third-person singular simple present divorces, present participle divorcing, simple past and past participle divorced)
 1. (transitive) To legally dissolve a marriage between two people.
 A ship captain can marry couples, but cannot divorce them.
 2. (transitive) To end one's own marriage in this way.
 Lucy divorced Steve when she discovered that he had been unfaithful.
 3. (transitive) To separate something that was connected.
 The radical group voted to divorce itself from the main faction and start an independent movement.
 4. (intransitive) To obtain a legal divorce.
 Edna and Simon divorced last year; he got the house, and she retained the business.
 - (to legally dissolve a marriage): split up
 - (to separate something that was connected): disassociate, disjoint, dissociate, disunite, separate
Further reading
Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the final termination of a marriage, canceling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between married persons. In most countries, divorce requires the sanction of a judge or other authority in a legal process.
In western countries, a divorce does not declare a marriage null and void, as in an annulment, but divorce cancels the marital status of the parties. Where monogamy is law, this allows each partner to marry another. Where polygyny is legal, divorce allows the woman to marry another.
Divorce laws vary considerably around the world. Divorce is not permitted in some countries, such as in Malta and in the Philippines, though an annulment is permitted.
The legal process for divorce may also involve issues of spousal support, child custody, child support, distribution of property and division of debt, though these matters are usually only ancillary or consequential to the dissolution of the marriage.
1. scienter
2. quorum
3. AORO
4. adjudication order
5. appellant
6. lex patriae
7. Miranda warning
8. lex causae
9. lex domicilii
10. lex situs


text: Figure 2. Climate and malaria suitability data for the Kericho area from the global gridded climatology data, including meteorologic and malaria suitability time series. Minimum (bottom), mean (middle) and maximum (top) monthly temperature (a) total monthly precipitation (b) and mean vapor pressure (c) are all plotted with a 25-point (month) moving average (bold) to show the overall movement in the data. The number of months per year suitable for malaria transmission (d) are also plotted. Suitability was determined if rainfall exceeded 152 mm and temperature exceeded 15°C in any month (1,4). The significance of these movements is presented in Table.


text:
New Cape Henry Lighthouse
in Our Lighthouses
July 25, 2011
Today, the old Cape Henry Lighthouse silently guards the entry way into the Chesapeake Bay. Standing near the spot where in 1607 Captain Newport raised a cross to offer thanks for their safe crossing of the Atlantic, the Lighthouse is opened to the public on a seasonal schedule.
The architectural integrity of the tower is representative of one of John McComb's best and most important constructions. The Light also symbolizes the first bold steps the nation's new government took to fulfill its obligations to its people. With the construction of the Cape Henry Lighthouse, the waters of the Chesapeake Bay became navigable and safe ensuring steady trade and commerce on the Virginia and Maryland coasts.
Department: Museums & Historic Resources


text:
343. Integer Break
On This Page
Given a positive integer
n, our task is to divide it into the sum of
k positive integers, where $k \geq 2$, in such a way that the product of these integers is maximized. Our goal is to determine the maximum possible product.
A straightforward or naive way to solve this would be to consider all potential combinations to divide the number
n and calculate the product for each division. This method, while comprehensive, would be inefficient and impractical for larger values of
Hints & Tips
- Try to break down
ninto smaller parts and observe the pattern of the results.
- The number 3 plays a significant role, so try to understand its impact on the problem.
A pattern emerges when observing how the number can be broken down to maximize the product: the number 3 becomes significant. This realization stems from the fact that 3 multiplied by any number $x \geq 3$ is always greater than $x \times 2$ and $x \times 1$.
The only exception is 4, where $2 \times 2$ is preferable to 3 and 1.
Therefore, the optimized approach becomes:
When $n = 2$, the answer is 1 (because $1 \times 1 = 1$).
For $n = 3$, the answer becomes 2 (as $2 \times 1 = 2$).
If $n = 4$, the result is 4 (as $2 \times 2 = 4$).
For any $n > 4$, we can repeatedly subtract 3 from
nand multiply the resulting product by 3.
After all the 3s are extracted, the remaining
n(which will be less than 4) will contribute its optimal value to the product (either 1, 2, or 4).
def integerBreak(n: int) -> int: if n == 2: # base cases return 1 if n == 3: return 2 if n == 4: return 4 product = 1 while n > 4: # As long as n is greater than 4, product *= 3 # increase the product by a factor of 3 n -= 3 # and keep reducing n by 3 product *= n # Multiply the remaining value of n to the product return product