text:
Definitions for capitonym
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word capitonym
A word that changes sound and meaning when the case is changed; a case-sensitive word.
Origin: capital + -onym
A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym. It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – also of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized, there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used. Although some pairs, such as march and March, are completely unrelated, in other cases, such as august and catholic, the capitalized form is a name that is etymologically related to the uncapitalized form. For example, August derives from the name of Imperator Augustus, who named himself after the word augustus, whence English august came. Likewise, both Catholic and catholic derive from a Greek adjective meaning "universal". Capital letters may be used to differentiate between a set of objects, and a particular example of that object. For instance in Astronomical terminology a distinction may be drawn between a moon, any natural satellite, and the Moon, to be specific the natural satellite of Earth. Likewise, Sun with a capital may be used to emphasise that the sun of Earth is under discussion.
Find a translation for the capitonym definition in other languages:
Select another language:


You are on page 1of 1
ABSTRACT
In contemporary situation, circumstances in a computing system where
received information needs to be compared with a piece of stored data to locate the identical
entry, e.g., cache tag array lookup and translation look-aside buffer matching. Currently the
consistency issues of memory are Event Upsets (EUs), which are able to invert the stored
logical value in memory cells. This issue is more severe when the exaggerated memory cells
are part of the configuration memory used for programming the circuit functionality. The
consequences may be alterations of the circuit functionality causing errors which may only be
corrected by reprogramming the device. A novel architecture for identical the data protected
with an error-correcting code (ECC) is proposed in concise to decrease latency and
complexity. The proposed architecture is based on the fact that the codeword of an ECC is
usually represented in a systematic form consisting of the raw data and the parity information
generated by encoding, and the proposed architecture parallelizes the comparison of the data
and that of the parity information. To further reduce the latency and complexity, in addition,
a new butterfly-formed weight accumulator (BWA) is proposed for the efficient computation
of the Hamming distance. Grounded on the BWA, the proposed architecture examines
whether the incoming data matches the stored data, and if not it aims to locate the erroneous
bit and they are corrected. The empirical evaluation proves that the proposed methodology
discovers the best examine for consistency issues of memory.


text:
Multiobjective Control Strategies of a Novel Multifunction Electrically Interconnected Suspension
IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics
Vehicle vibration from the road significantly affects ride comfort and vehicle handling; on the other hand, the considerable energy in the vibration process shows potential for energy saving, especially for electric vehicles. In this article, we propose a novel multifunction electrically interconnected suspension (MFEIS) that utilizes two H-bridge circuits to control the energy flow. The novel suspension can operate in three modes, i.e., semiactive mode, energy-harvesting mode, and self-powered mode. Thus, the vehicle suspension can reduce vibration and harvest energy at the same time. The energy flow and detailed control procedures of each mode are studied, respectively. Based on the characteristics of each working mode, we propose two multiobjective control strategies to balance ride comfort and energy recovery performance of the MFEIS by switching the suspension working modes. An active vibration control algorithm is used to obtain the ideal control current for reducing vibration. The multiobjective control strategies, with different current tracking methods, are used to make the MFEIS generating currents that can track the ideal current. Furthermore, simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategies have advantages in ride comfort improvement and energy harvesting. The MFEIS can harvest energy from vibration and apply the harvested energy to suppress vibration, which has great potential in future applications.
Open Access Status
This publication is not available as open access

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Volume Snapshots
Volume snapshots are immutable, point-in-time images of the contents of one or more volumes.
FlashArray User Guide.
All Pure Storage® FlashArray devices support volume snapshots. Because of the innovative technology used to implement the volume snapshots, snapshot creation and its lifecycle management does not impact an array's performance. Generally snapshots are classified as crash consistent or application consistent. Crash consistent snapshots preserve the data at the moment of snapshot but without the application awareness that snapshot is created. It is conceivable that open files will not be properly protected with a crash consistent snapshot. Application consistent snapshots ensure that all pending transactions and file system operations are completed at the time the snapshot is created. Application consistent snapshots provide reliable means of full data recovery.
MongoDB Replica Sets
MongoDB has been designed and developed with high availability features which are provided by replica sets. A replica set duplicates database data across all replica set members. At a minimum, three servers are required to configure the replica set. One of the replica set members serves as a primary with two or more secondaries (slaves). By default, the primary replica set member is responsible for read and write database operations. In the event of a primary failure, the remaining members elect a new primary. MongoDB 4.0 supports up to fifty nodes in a replica set with seven members participating in the primary member election. Besides high availability, the replica set model provides great flexibility in situations where software and hardware updates are required. Nodes can be safely evacuated from a replica set without impacting database performance and availability. Moreover, delayed replica set members can be utilized for a database point in time recovery operations or backups. Replica set members can be geographically dispersed and located in different data centers. An example of a five node MongoDB replica set is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Taking Advantage Of FlashArray Data Services With MongoDB
In most cases, MongoDB replica sets have been deployed on servers with Direct-Attached Storage (DAS). While using servers with DAS offers some benefits, there are also many challenges associated with this deployment model such as lack of integrated data services (data reduction and snapshots). The benefits of FlashArray data reduction are covered in MongoDB: (Disk) Space The Final Frontier blog. To determine how volume snapshots can benefit MongoDB FlashArray deployments, let us examine the replica set member failure or scheduled maintenance activity and corresponding recovery scenario. In a MongoDB replica set, the primary node maintains oplog (operations log) which is a rolling record of all inserts and updates. Secondary nodes also posses the oplog copy which is asynchronously updated from the primary. If the secondary node is unavailable for an extended period of time, the oplog on the primary may be overwritten without being duplicated to the secondary. Once the oplog has been overwritten or the disk subsystem on the failed node has been corrupted or lost, content of the entire database must be copied from another surviving node. This process, depending on the size of the database, workload and the network throughout can be time consuming. During the replication process, MongoDB replica set is at higher risk of failure should another node or nodes malfunction.
This risk can be easily reduced or mitigated if MongoDB data files are stored on FlashArray. By utilizing volume snapshots, the failed node may be recovered much faster than copying database files across the network. The possible MongoDB replica set with a FlashArray deployment is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
MongoDB Replica Set Node Recovery Using FlashArray Snapshots
By utilizing MongoDB's replica set high availability features and FlashArray snapshots, the failed node recovery process is simple and efficient. The steps outlined below provide a general MongoDB replica set node recovery guidelines where database disks (dbpath) are located on FlashArray volumes. See Figure 3 (animated).
 1. Secondary Replica Set Member B: down for maintenance or failed
 2. Secondary Replica Set Member A: flush writes to disk and lock the database (db.fsyncLock())
 3. FlashArray: Snapshot database volume or volumes connected to Secondary Replica Set Member A locked in step 1 (purevol snap)
 4. Secondary Replica Set Member A: Unlock the database locked in step 1 (db.fsyncUnlock())
 5. FlashArray: Copy snapshot to volume/volumes or overwrite from snapshot existing volume/volumes which are connected to the recovering node (purevol copy)
 6. Secondary Replica Set Member B: Start mongod process on the recovering node (/usr/bin/mongod)
 7. Verify the replica set status (rs.status() and rs.printSlaveReplicationInfo())
Note: If the volume snapshot (step 3) is not required for longer term retention, volume copy with overwrite option (purevol copy –overwrite) may be executed eliminating step 5.
Figure 3 (animated).
Replica Set Secondary Node Recovery Test
The criterion for successful recovery was when the tested node reached the SECONDARY state. The node status can be obtained by executing rs.status() command.
In Pure Storage lab, the recovery of a 230 GB idle (no workload) database on the secondary replica set member with an empty dbpath (no database files) using MongoDB replication mechanism took approximately eighteen minutes. Recovering the same secondary node using FlashArray snapshots completed in less than a minute after starting mongod process.
Repeating the same test scenario with database under load (50% reads 50% updates) the recovery time on node with an empty file system (dbpath) took approximately twenty five minutes. Restoring identical node with FlashArray snapshot, the node state change from STARTUP2 to SECONDARY occurred in less than a minute. See table below.
MongoDB Replication FlashArray Snapshot Improvement
No Workload 18 minutes 1 minute 18x
Workload (50%reads 50% updates)
25 minutes 1 minute 25x
All data services such as snapshot, Snap to NFS, CloudSnap, data reduction, synchronous and asynchronous replication are included with all FlashArray models. By taking advantage of volume snapshots, MongoDB replica set instances can be quickly recovered reducing the node downtime and without increasing the network congestion and bandwidth requirements. Furthermore, adding a new replica set node will be also greatly simplified and significantly faster than native MongoDB replication.
As an additional benefit, utilizing Snap to NFS or Purity CloudSnap™ and MongoDB delayed replica set members, FlashArray volume snapshots can be offloaded to another media providing convenient and inexpensive (lower storage cost) means of maintaining multiple point in time database recovery options.


XORRISO
NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
EXAMPLES
FILES
ENVIRONMENT
SEE ALSO
BUGS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT
CREDITS
NAME
xorriso - creates, loads, manipulates and writes ISO 9660 filesystem images with Rock Ridge extensions.
SYNOPSIS
xorriso [settings|actions]
DESCRIPTION
xorriso is a program which copies file objects from POSIX compliant filesystems into Rock Ridge enhanced ISO 9660 filesystems and performs session-wise manipulation of such filesystems. It can load the management information of existing ISO images and it writes the session results to optical media or to filesystem objects.
Vice versa xorriso is able to copy file objects out of ISO 9660 filesystems.
A special property of xorriso is that it needs neither an external ISO 9660 formatter program nor an external burn program for CD, DVD or BD but rather incorporates the libraries of libburnia-project.org .

Overview of features:
Operates on an existing ISO image or creates a new one.
Copies files from disk filesystem into the ISO image.
Copies files from ISO image to disk filesystem (see osirrox).
Renames or deletes file objects in the ISO image.
Changes file properties in the ISO image.
Updates ISO subtrees incrementally to match given disk subtrees.
Writes result either as completely new image or as add-on session to optical media or filesystem objects.
Can activate ISOLINUX and GRUB boot images via El Torito and MBR.
Can perform multi-session tasks as emulation of mkisofs and cdrecord.
Can record and restore hard links and ACL.
Content may get zisofs compressed or filtered by external processes.
Can issue commands to mount older sessions on GNU/Linux or FreeBSD.
Can check media for damages and copy readable blocks to disk.
Can attach MD5 checksums to each data file and the whole session.
Scans for optical drives, blanks re-useable optical media.
Reads its instructions from command line arguments, dialog, and files.
Provides navigation commands for interactive ISO image manipulation.
Adjustable thresholds for abort, exit value, and problem reporting.
Note that xorriso does not write audio CDs and that it does not produce UDF filesystems which are specified for official video DVD or BD.

General information paragraphs:
Session model
Media types and states
Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing
Libburn drives
Rock Ridge, POSIX, X/Open, El Torito, ACL, xattr
Command processing
Dialog, Readline, Result pager
Maybe you first want to have a look at section EXAMPLES near the end of this text before reading the next few hundred lines of background information.

Session model:
Unlike other filesystems, ISO 9660 (aka ECMA-119) is not intended for read-write operation but rather for being generated in a single sweep and being written to media as a session.
The data content of the session is called filesystem image.
The written image in its session can then be mounted by the operating system for being used read-only. GNU/Linux is able to mount ISO images from block devices, which may represent optical media, other media or via a loop device even from regular disk files. FreeBSD mounts ISO images from devices that represent arbitrary media or from regular disk files.
This session usage model has been extended on CD media by the concept of multi-session , which adds information to the CD and gives the mount programs of the operating systems the addresses of the entry points of each session. The mount programs recognize block devices which represent CD media and will by default mount the image in the last session.
This session usually contains an updated directory tree for the whole medium which governs the data contents in all recorded sessions. So in the view of the mount program all sessions of a particular medium together form a single filesystem image.
Adding a session to an existing ISO image is in this text referred as growing.
The multi-session model of the MMC standard does not apply to all media types. But program growisofs by Andy Polyakov showed how to extend this functionality to overwriteable media or disk files which carry valid ISO 9660 filesystems.
xorriso provides growing as well as an own method named modifying which produces a completely new ISO image from the old one and the modifications. See paragraph Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing below.
xorriso adopts the concept of multi-session by loading an image directory tree if present, by offering to manipulate it by several actions, and by writing the new image to the target medium.
The first session of a xorriso run begins by the definition of the input drive with the ISO image or by the definition of an output drive. The session ends by command -commit which triggers writing. A -commit is done automatically when the program ends regularly.
After -commit a new session begins with the freshly written one as input. A new input drive can only be chosen as long as the loaded ISO image was not altered. Pending alteration can be revoked by command -rollback.
Writing a session to the target is supposed to be very expensive in terms of time and of consumed space on appendable or write-once media. Therefore all intended manipulations of a particular ISO image should be done in a single session. But in principle it is possible to store intermediate states and to continue with image manipulations.

Media types and states:
There are two families of media in the MMC standard:
Multi-session media
are CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD+R/DL, BD-R, and unformatted DVD-RW. These media provide a table of content which describes their existing sessions. See command -toc.
Similar to multi-session media are DVD-R DL and minimally blanked DVD-RW. They record only a single session of which the size must be known in advance. xorriso will write onto them only if command -close is set to "on".
Overwriteable media
are DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, BD-RE, and formatted DVD-RW. They offer random write access but do not provide information about their session history. If they contain one or more ISO 9660 sessions and if the first session was written by xorriso, then a table of content can be emulated. Else only a single overall session will be visible.
DVD-RW media can be formatted by -format "full". They can be made unformatted by -blank "deformat".
Regular files and block devices are handled as overwriteable media. Pipes and other writeable file types are handled as blank multi-session media.
These media can assume several states in which they offer different capabilities.
Blank
media can be written from scratch. They contain no ISO image suitable for xorriso.
Blank is the state of newly purchased optical media. With used CD-RW and DVD-RW it can be achieved by action -blank "as_needed". Overwriteable media are considered blank if they are new or if they have been marked as blank by xorriso. Action -blank "as_needed" can be used to do this marking on overwriteable media, or to apply mandatory formatting to new media if necessary.
Appendable
media accept further sessions. Either they are MMC multi-session media in appendable state, or they are overwriteable media which contain an ISO image suitable for xorriso.
Appendable is the state after writing a session with command -close off.
Closed
media cannot be written. They may contain an ISO image suitable for xorriso.
Closed is the state of DVD-ROM media and of multi-session media which were written with command -close on. If the drive is read-only hardware then it will probably show any media as closed CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.
Overwriteable media assume this state in such read-only drives or if they contain unrecognizable data in the first 32 data blocks.
Read-only drives may or may not show session histories of multi-session media. Often only the first and the last session are visible. Sometimes not even that. Command -rom_toc_scan might or might not help in such cases.

Creating, Growing, Modifying, Blind Growing:
A new empty ISO image gets created if there is no input drive with a valid ISO 9660 image when the first time an output drive is defined. This is achieved by command -dev on blank media or by command -outdev on media in any state.
The new empty image can be populated with directories and files. Before it can be written, the medium in the output drive must get into blank state if it was not blank already.
If there is a input drive with a valid ISO image, then this image gets loaded as foundation for manipulations and extension. The constellation of input and output drive determines which write method will be used. They have quite different capabilities and constraints.
The method of growing adds new data to the existing data on the medium. These data comprise of new file content and they override the existing ISO 9660 + Rock Ridge directory tree. It is possible to hide files from previous sessions but they still exist on the medium and with many types of optical media it is quite easy to recover them by mounting older sessions.
Growing is achieved by command -dev.
The write method of modifying produces compact filesystem images with no outdated files or directory trees. Modifying can write its images to target


text:
We recently came across Anita Lillie's beautiful music visualization and MusicBox projects. The music visualization project was especially intriguing to us, since it was the only music visualization project we'd seen that did not require video playback—the visualizations were strictly in 2D. Unfortunately, the source code for Lillie's visualizations was not available, so we decided to build our own.
Our goal was to build a 2D visualization that could be approached like one of Edward Tufte's sparklines: a quick, snapshot overview with high information density. In addition, having an image snapshot of a song could be useful for visually-minded people who often find themselves thinking of music as in spatial or pictorial terms. In the same way that Cicero used different rooms in his home to memorize different sections of his oratories, a 2D song-picture could provide a memorable structure for interpreting and contextualizing moments in a piece of music.
Here is the fruit of our labors. The top segment represents volume across the duration of the song. The bottom segments represent the 12 pitches of the song's primary key, and the weight of each block corresponds to that pitch's volume at that point in the song. Details, including Echo Nest integration and source code, are below.
The Echo Nest has developed a brilliant piece of software called Analyze. It "listens" to music as if it were human, and extracts information about rhythm, tone, pitch, etc. The amount and quality of information available is stunning. A simple web service API provides anyone with access to its vast power.
Adam Lindsay has written a fantastic overview of the API service.
Our code, below, requires the Python Imaging Library, aggdraw, and Echo Nest Remix with a valid API key. This is a rough sketch of what is possible, and there are probably bugs, so don't be surprised if something breaks.
Please feel free to use and modify this code as you see fit, we'd just ask that you provide a link back to this site if you happen to use our code in any of your projects.
import echonest.audio as audio import Image import aggdraw import math def main( input_filename, output_filename, width=None, height=None ): """ Simple song visualization using Echo Nest published by Chris Mueller, _URL_ """ audio_file = audio.LocalAnalysis( input_filename ) segments = audio_file.analysis.segments if width is None: width = int( math.ceil( audio_file.analysis.duration ) ) * 2 width_scale = float( width ) / audio_file.analysis.duration if height is None: height = 216 height_part = height/3 img = Image.new( "RGBA", ( width, height ), "_TAG_" ) draw = aggdraw.Draw( img ) draw.setantialias( False ) brush = aggdraw.Brush( "#0088aa", 255 ) pen = aggdraw.Pen( "_TAG_", 1, 0 ) for segment in segments: left = width_scale * segment.start right = width_scale * ( segment.start + segment.duration ) rect = ( left, height_part, right, segment.loudness_max * -1 ) draw.rectangle( rect, pen, brush ) for i in xrange( len( segment.pitches ) ): # assumes a constant key pitch_loudness = segment.pitches[ i ] pitch_brush = aggdraw.Brush( "#0088aa", int( 255 * pitch_loudness ) ) pitch_height = 2 * height_part * ( 1.0 / 12.0 ) top = height_part + i * pitch_height rect = ( left, top, right, top + pitch_height ) draw.rectangle( rect, pen, pitch_brush ) draw.flush() del draw img.save( output_filename, "PNG")
This is only scratching the surface of possible 2D music visualizations. We look forward to exploring this concept more in the future. Many thanks to Echo Nest for their great service.


text:
What is occupational health & safety and what can occupational health & safety software help with?
Occupational Health & Safety is the term used to describe a workplace that is designed, maintained and operated to prevent injury or illness.
One of the main goals of these rules is to ensure that deterioration in employee performance caused by time pressure – rather than an inherent error in the process steps being performed – does not result in injury.
One way to accomplish this is to use work planning or health and safety software such as Secova health and safety software online, which helps organizations and companies manage projects through visual modeling methods. For example, it can help identify project risks based on past experience or undesirable changes in the project's state. It also helps to identify, check, verify dependencies between different activities and plan their sequence for optimal use of time.
Get to know Secova's occupational safety and health software online now.


text:
Another coronavirus vaccine may appear in Kazakhstan
The domestically produced QazVac vaccine may soon be used abroad. The head of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, announced today the organization's readiness to consider the possibility to include the vaccine in the list of medicines recommended by the WHO for use in emergencies during an online meeting with the President of our country. The head of the WHO praised the efforts of Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev in countering the pandemic.
"Two million vaccinated already is a very significant figure, many countries have not yet reached such level. Your ambitious goals to vaccinate 55 percent of the country's population deserve respect," said the WHO head.
Meanwhile, another coronavirus vaccine may appear in Kazakhstan. The drug is being developed at the International Vaccinology Center, which operates at the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University located in the capital.
"Since this is a serious enough process, the preclinical part of the study has already been carried out on laboratory animals at the Masgut Aikimbayev scientific center. It is also planned to study immunogenic properties on primates. This is a very serious study. Let's wait," said Zhannat Satybaldiyeva, expert at the National Center for Expertise of Medicines and Medical Devices.
Translation by Assem Zhanmukhanova
Editing by Galiya Khassenkhanova

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
While all curriculum areas share some of the same issues and concerns, individual curriculum areas seem to also have concerns specific to them and their courses. This list looks at the top ten concerns for social studies teachers.
1. Breadth vs. Depth
Social studies standards are often written so that it is virtually impossible to cover all the required material in the school year. For example, in World History
, the National Standards require such breadth of material that it is impossible to do more than just touch on each topic.
2. Dealing with Controversial Topics
Many social studies courses deal with sensitive and at times controversial issues. For example, in World History
teachers are required to teach about religion. In American Government
, topics like abortion and the death penalty can sometimes lead to heated debates. In these instances, it is important for the teacher to maintain control of the situation.
3. Making Connections to Students' Lives
While some social studies courses like Economics
and American Government
lend themselves well to making connections to students and their lives, others do not. It can be tough to connect what was going on in Ancient China
to a 14 year old's daily life. Social Studies teachers have to work very hard to make these topics interesting.
4. Need to Vary Instruction
It can be very easy for Social Studies teachers to stick to one method of instruction. There is a tendency to give a great deal of lectures
. It can be very tough to cover the depth of material without relying on lectures and whole group discussions. Of course, there are some teachers who go to the other extreme and have mainly projects and role playing experiences. The key is to balance the activities.
5. Staying at the Lower Level of Bloom's Taxonomy
Because much of teaching social studies revolves around names, places, and dates, it is very easy to create assignments and tests that do not move beyond the Recall level of Bloom's Taxonomy
6. History Is InterpretationThere is no such thing as "history" because it is truly in the eye of the beholder. Social Studies texts were written by humans and therefore are biased. A perfect example is two American Government texts that my school was considering adopting. It was obvious throughout that one was written by a conservative and the other by a liberal political scientist. Further, history texts might describe the same event in a different way based on who wrote them. This can be a tough one for teachers to deal with at times.
7. Multiple PrepsSocial Studies teachers are often faced with having to teach multiple preps. This can be especially tough for the newer teachers who have to prepare so many new lessons from scratch.
8. Too Much Reliance on TextbooksSome social studies teachers rely too much on their textbooks in class. Unfortunately, there are ditto masters out there who basically assign the students to read from their text and then answer a particular number of questions.
9. Some Students Have a Dislike of HistoryMany students come into a Social Studies class with a particular dislike of history. Some will complain that it has nothing to do with their lives. Others will just say it's boring.
10. Dealing With False KnowledgeIt is not rare for students to come into your class with inaccurate historical information that they were either taught at home or in other classes. This can be really hard to combat. One year I had a student who swore that Abraham Lincoln had slaves. There was really nothing I could to dissuade them of this belief. They had learned in in 7th grade from a teacher they loved. This can be really difficult to handle at times.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Peppermint box (Eucalyptus odorata Behr) is an arboreal species belonging to the Myrtaceae family.
From a systematic point of view it belongs to:
Species E. odorata.
The terms are synonymous:
– Eucalyptus cajuputea Benth. Miq .;
– Eucalyptus fruticetorum F.Muell. ex Miq. Pp;
– Eucalyptus odorata var. angustifolia Blakely;
– Eucalyptus odorata var. erythrandra F. Muell. ex Miq .;
– Eucalyptus odorata Behr var. odorata;
– Eucalyptus odorata var. refracta Blakely;
– Eucalyptus polybractea auct. not RTBaker.
The term Eucalyptus comes from the Greek ἐῧ éu true, well, to perfection and κᾰλυπτός kalýptos to cover, to hide: for the lobes of the chalice and the joined petals they form a cap that completely encloses the closed buds.
The specific epithet odorato comes from odóro exhale perfume: fragrant, perfumed, with a pleasant smell.
Geographic Distribution and Habitat –
Eucalyptus odorata is an endemic tree of southern Australia and in particular eastern southern Australia and western Victoria.
This plant grows in a variety of habitats, but most commonly in hilly environments up to altitudes of 600 meters.
Eucalyptus odorata is a small tree that typically grows to a height of between 2 and 12 meters.
It has a rough, hard bark on the trunk and larger branches; the bark is smooth grayish on the thinnest branches.
Young plants and in the growth of the coppice have lanceolate leaves 40–105 mm long and 4–23 mm wide. Adult leaves have the same shade of glossy green on both sides when mature, lance-shaped, 55-140 mm long and 6-20 mm wide; these taper down to the petalle, which is 5-15 mm long.
The flowers, white in color, are arranged in the axils of the leaves in groups of seven, nine, or eleven on an unbranched peduncle, individual sessile buds, or on peduncles up to 6 mm long.
Ripe buds have an oval shape, 4-8 mm long and 2-4 mm wide with a conical operculum.
Flowering occurs between March and October.
The fruit is a cylindrical barrel-shaped woody capsule, 4-8 mm long and 4-7 mm wide, with the valves near the edge.
Eucalyptus odorata, as mentioned, is a plant of the mild, warm temperate climate of Australia. In these areas, it rains mainly in winter, with an average annual rainfall of 375 to 750 mm. There are, generally, about 5 to 15 frosts per year.
This species, like other eucalyptus trees, generally requires a sunny location, succeeding in a wide range of soils, provided the pH is close to neutral, well-drained and of low to moderate fertility.
The plant develops a woody tuber that begins to develop near the base of the seedlings and can become massive in mature plants of some species. It has built-in vegetative buds, which allow the plant to regenerate following the destruction of the canopy, for example after a fire.
This species does not have a deciduous habit and continues to grow until it is too cold to do so. This makes it more susceptible to damage from sudden colds. If temperature changes are more gradual, such as in a forest, the plants have a chance to stop growing and become dormant, making them more resistant to cold. To prevent soil from freezing around the roots, a vegetable mulch can be useful.
However, this species quickly adapts to new environments and there may be a significant increase in the robustness of subsequent generations, propagated by seed.
Propagation occurs by seed with surface sowing in the late winter – early spring in a sunny position and in a greenhouse.
Species that come from high altitudes appreciate the cold stratification of 6 – 8 weeks at 2 ° C.
Transplanting of young seedlings, in the field, must be carried out at the beginning of the summer, providing for the repair of the young plants from the cold in the first winter.
The seed can also be sown in early summer; in this case the young trees are planted in their final positions in the late spring of the following year. The seed has a long vitality.
Customs and Traditions –
The Peppermint box is a plant of which virtually everything is used both for medicinal purposes and for the use of wood and biomass.
The crushed leaves of this plant have a sweet aroma.
The resin from the trunk, can be used for medicinal purposes and is very astringent. Diluted, it can be internally treated as an effective treatment for dissentry; this is not absorbed at all by the stomach and only very slowly by the intestine, and is thus able to directly treat the lower part of the intestine.
It can be used as a gargle and mouthwash to treat throat and tooth problems.
Applied externally as a wash, it is an effective hemostatic and can be used to treat cuts and skin problems.
Among other uses, it is recalled that an essential oil rich in cineole is obtained from the leaves. The leaves contain about 1.9% essential oil, of which up to 83% is 1,8-cineole.
The resin is rich in tannins and are very astringent. It is water soluble and can be used medicinally; in tanning; as well as preserving and dyeing natural fibers. When boiled in an iron pot, it produces a thick, dark liquid that can be used as ink.
The resin flows naturally from the wounds in the trunk and can be tapped by making incisions in the bark. It is a thick liquid at first, but soon hardens with exposure to air and sun, drying to an amber-like consistency, consisting of dark red angular fragments, rarely larger than a pea.
This resin, which takes the name of kino, as soon as it exudes, is more effective than the one that has remained on the tree for a long time, since the soluble part can be more or less washed and the action of the sun can alter its chemical composition.
The wood of this plant, which is light brown in color, is dense, fine and straight-grained. It is very hard, resistant and considered of decent quality even if it never reaches large dimensions. It has been used for purposes such as aisles, railings, slabs, fence posts and more.
Wood is also used as a fuel.
Preparation Mode –
From Eucalyptus odorata, the resin can be used for medicinal purposes due to its astringent capacity.
It can be taken diluted against dysentery or as a raw material for gargles and mouthwashes to treat throat and tooth problems.
It can also be used externally as a hemostat and can be used to treat cuts and skin problems.
– Acta Plantarum – Flora of the Italian Regions.
– Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
– Useful Tropical Plants Database.
– Conti F., Abbate G., Alessandrini A., Blasi C. (ed.), 2005. An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora, Palombi Editore.
– Pignatti S., 1982. Flora d'Italia, Edagricole, Bologna.
– Treben M., 2000. Health from the Lord's Pharmacy, Advice and Experiences with Medicinal Herbs, Ennsthaler Editore.
Caution: Pharmaceutical applications and alimurgical uses are indicated for informational purposes only, they do not represent in any way a medical prescription; therefore no responsibility is taken for their use for curative, aesthetic or food purposes.


text:
This case concerned the famous Brompton bicycle which can be folded to carry away after use (Case C‑833/18, SI, Brompton Bicycle Ltd. v. Chedech / Get2Get). The bike was once protected by a patent and, following its expiry, the defendant (Chedech/Get2Get) embarked on selling a similar bike in Belgium (the designs of the two bikes are depicted in the AG Opinion linked above). Brompton then sued for copyright infringement. In Belgium, the multiplicity of shapes theory, according to which a shape is not considered necessary to achieve a technical result if there is proof that other possible shapes are available which allow the same technical result, applies in copyright law. Unsure whether this complied with EU law, the Tribunal de l'Entreprise of Liège referred the matter to the Court of Justice, asking the following questions:
"(1) Must EU law, in particular Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, which determines, inter alia, the various exclusive rights conferred on copyright holders, in Articles 2 to 5 thereof, be interpreted as excluding from copyright protection works whose shape is necessary to achieve a technical result?
(2) In order to assess whether a shape is necessary to achieve a technical result, must account be taken of the following criteria:
– The existence of other possible shapes which allow the same technical result to be achieved?
– The effectiveness of the shape in achieving that result?
– The intention of the alleged infringer to achieve that result?
– The existence of an earlier, now expired, patent on the process for achieving the technical result sought?"
After discussing these questions, Advocate General Campos Sanchez-Bordona ('the AG') suggests that the court answers the questions as follows:
"(1) Articles 2 to 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society do not provide for copyright protection of creations of products with an industrial application whose shape is exclusively dictated by their technical function.
(2) In order to determine whether the specific features of the shape of a product are exclusively dictated by its technical function, the competent court must take into account all the relevant objective factors in each case, including the existence of an earlier patent or design right in the same product, the effectiveness of the shape in achieving the technical result and the intention to achieve that result.
(3) Where the technical function is the only factor which determines the appearance of the product, the fact that other alternative shapes exist is not relevant. On the other hand, the fact that the shape chosen incorporates important non-functional elements which were freely chosen by its creator may be relevant."
The AG's opinion starts with rather long preliminary observations (paras 31-45). Even if the bicycle was never protected by a design but only by a patent, the AG considers design law to answer the national court's question. In essence, the AG repeats the caveats already stated by AG Szpunar and repeated by the court in Cofemel v G-Star Raw. The AG stresses the differing goals of copyright on the one hand and patent/design protection on the other hand and emphasises that patents and designs both promote innovation and competition, have a short duration, must be new and are published and thus allow competitors to know the scope of protection (the last characteristic admittedly only for registered designs). If copyright (which has a longer term and subsists without registration) were allowed to cut across patent and design laws' goals of promoting technology and fostering competition, the careful balance of the latter protections would be disturbed. Thus, while cumulation is possible, its force is reduced by these caveats.
After these 25 paragraphs, the AG turns to the questions asked by the referring court.
On the first question, AG Campos again relies heavily on Cofemel. He summarises the court's case law on originality, repeating that aesthetic considerations should not be taken into account to judge a work's originality (para. 60) and referring to the court's case law on functionality, namely BSA and Football Dataco v Yahoo! UK. It follows from this case law that: "as a general rule, works (objects) of applied arts whose shape is dictated by their function cannot be protected by copyright. If the appearance of a work of applied art is exclusively dictated by its technical function, as a decisive factor, it will not be eligible for copyright protection" (para. 65, original emphases). That said, if "a design merely has a number of functional aspects, that does not deprive it of copyright protection" (para. 67) but "if the functional elements predominated over the artistic elements to the extent that the latter became irrelevant" then copyright should not subsist (para. 68). On this AG Campos refers later to Lego Iuris v OHIM, which he proposes to apply by analogy (para. 71-74). The AG explains that the rule he proposes, or that in fact arises implicitly from his analysis, which can be derived from the BSA and Football Dataco cases, is the same as that in both design and trademark law (i.e. art. 8(1) design regulation and 7(1) trade mark regulation and corresponding articles in the design and trade mark directives), adopting therefore the principle of negative convergence between copyright, design and trade mark law on this point. He concludes this part by stating that if the national court (as he understands to be the case) believes that the shape of the bicycle is necessary to achieve the technical result then it should not benefit from copyright protection.
The AG then moves on to the four sub-questions of the national court's second question. As to the existence of an earlier patent, the AG adopts a similar line of argument to that in paragraph 10 of the European Copyright Society's (ECS) opinion, namely that an expired patent is useful to determine the functionality of the work in question but in no way dictates that the shape is excluded – it will depend on the facts in each case. As to the existence of other possible shapes which allow the same technical result to be achieved, the AG recommends adopting the court's test in Doceram. He thus rejects the multiplicity of shapes theory and adopts the causality approach. According to this latter theory, the exclusion applies when the features of appearance of the shape in question are solely owed to technical considerations, without regard to other considerations, whether they are aesthetic or not. However, he adds that "[i]n the case of designs where the intersection of art and design is particularly striking, there will be greater opportunities for creative freedom to shape the appearance of the product." So it "will be possible to separate, at least in theory, aspects which reflect functional considerations from those which simply reflect the free (original) choices of the creator, which may be protected by copyright" (para. 85, fn omitted). This confirms his answer to the first question. In view of the referring court's strange question about the intention of the infringer, the AG gives a straightforward answer (it is not relevant) but then moves on, obiter, to discuss the intention of the designer. The AG relies on Doceram to assert that this can be taken into account in the criteria to determine the copyrightability of the 3D work (paras 92-93). This is bizarre since the intention of the designer is clearly a subjective criterion and the court in Doceram only refers to objective considerations, without citing, as AG Saugmandsgaard Øe had done, this criterion. AG Campos then adds, even more obiter so to speak, that criteria such as the design's exhibition in museums or its recognition through awards are irrelevant. This is to be applauded but it contradicts the previous finding, as these are, like the designer's intention, subjective criteria. Lastly, as to the effectiveness of the shape in achieving a technical result, the AG does not add much as the referring court does not provide explanations as to this sub-question.
The opinion ends on two final remarks. First, AG Campos relies by analogy on AG Saugmandsgaard Øe's opinion in Doceram, stating that the four criteria given by the Liège court to determine whether a 3D work is copyrightable are not exhaustive. Second, he states that even if the shape of the bicycle was to be excluded from copyright protection, it could potentially be protected by parasitic or slavish imitation in some Member States, as this aspect of unfair competition law is not yet harmonised at EU level.
Overall, the opinion is a mixed result. It makes some good points but also some ill-judged ones. These will be discussed in more detail in Part II of this post.
 See AG opinion in Cofemel at paras 50-52 and Court, paras 50-52.
 On negative convergence, see A. Quaedvlieg, 'Concurrence and Convergence in Industrial Design: Three-Dimensional Shapes excluded by Trade Mark Law', in W. Grosheide and J. Brinkhof (eds), Intellectual Property Law, Articles on Crossing Borders between Traditional and Actual (Antwerpen, Intersentia 2004) 23.
 For a full illustration of the criterion and references, see the Opinion of AG Saugmandsgaard Øe, para. 21.


text:
If you've ever blamed the weather for a splitting headache, you might be right. A new University of Cincinnati study finds that lightning may affect the onset of headache and migraines.
"What we found was that on days with lightning around the patients' homes there was approximately a 30-percent increase in headache activity, or headache occurrence, and also a 30-percent increase in migraine," said fourth-year medical student Geoff Martin, one of the researchers.
The study looked at chronic headache sufferers. There are a number of ways lightning might be a trigger.


text:
Middle micron fibre or fibre of 19 to 22 micron ~ A Review
The term middle micron fibre was coined to cover fibre which falls outside generally accepted definitions of cashmere and mohair. The large bulk of the merino wool clip falls within the 19 to 22 micron range, yet the quantities of goat fibre in this range are relatively small. A number of attempts to characterise or promote this fibre or some subset of type within the middle microns have met mixed success and much confusion remains. However, middle micron fibre is generally of mean fibre diameter between 19 and 22 microns and has characteristics intermediate between cashmere and mohair.
Generally accepted definitions of cashmere include fibre with a mean fibre diameter finer than 19 microns which in the raw state has two fibres; a fine cashmere component and a coarse hair component which is removed on dehairing. The cashmere component is crinkled in appearance.
Mohair, for the purposes of this review may be considered a single fleeced animal; that is all fibres within the fleece are of mohair type and relatively uniform in appearance. Mean fibre diameter may range from 20 microns upward. Australian mohair originating from before introductions of stock from Texas and southern Africa had a relatively straight appearance when single fibres were teased from a staple. Australian mohair of more recent times has more of a wavy or broad crinkled appearance.
A type called Cashgora, from a combination of the words Cashmere and Angora, recognising the intermediate appearance of the fibre between cashmere and mohair which comes from the Angora breed of goat. The Cashgora type was established by the Australian Cashmere Growers Association with a definition of three types of fibre present in the fleece. A fine crinkled cashmere component, a stronger relatively straight mohair-like component and hair similar to the hair present in raw cashmere fleece. This type reflected the hybrid mohair-feral or mohair-dairy origin of the animals from which much of this fibre was derived. Straight mohair-like fibres were present in the fleece, probably as a result of the use of pre-importation Australian mohair animals in the parentage. Some fleece with the three types of fibre present may be finer than 19 um, but because of the presence of fibres with a straight or mohair-like appearance, the fibre would be classed as Cashgora. Some fibre with mean fibre diameter stronger than 22 microns would also be classed as Cashgora because of the presence of the three fibre types within the fleece.
More recently, Cashgora also included some fleece with down and hair content outwardly similar to cashmere, that is of crinkled appearance, but of mean fibre diameter too high and of handle not consistent with fibre in the cashmere type. This type of fibre generally arises from animals which produce fibre within the cashmere range as young animals, but have started to produce stronger fibre with increasing age or good nutrition.
Middle fibre may be produced from a number of sources within Australia. Originally it was considered to originate from animals of with some mohair parentage, but it is now apparent that Cashmere, Boer, and some Dairy crossbreds may also produce fibre falling in the middle category. In New Zealand, an active program of development of Cashgora fibre production during the 1980's led to rapid gains in production from herds of mostly hybrid Mohair-feral origin.
Fibre in the middle category also originates from traditional cashmere producing regions in Mongolia and Iran from time to time. Production of middle fibre in these regions is thought to increase when high cashmere prices lead to the retention of older or wether animals in order to increase production. This fibre generally has a Cashmere-like or crinkled appearance and is relatively free from straight or mohair-like fibres. When noticed, this stronger Cashmere-like fibre is priced at a discount relative to the traditional type Cashmere.
Production of middle fibre in Australia and New Zealand has been sporadic with the result that processors have been reluctant to base processing on availability of an unreliable source of raw material. The raw material is also highly variable with several types evident within the cashgora category, but because of the small quantities, processors have tended to place the types together for processing. Production in New Zealand increased dramatically in response to an interested and enthusiastic processor purchasing fibre. However, production declined to almost nothing in the mid 1990's response to price signals of cashgora relative to cashmere.
Middle fibre still needs to be dehaired using a similar process to that employed to remove the hair from cashmere fleece. It is speculated that some types of cashgora may be more difficult to dehair than cashmere because they contain a continuous distribution of fibre in diameters between cashmere type, through mohair types and on to hair. It is thought that the intermediate fibres which approach the fibre diameter of hair may make the removal of hair difficult or more costly. In addition, at times when fine kid mohair is competitively priced, the dehairing cost associated with cashgora may make it less attractive for purchase, particularly for those types with some mohair-like characteristics.
Some commentators have suggested that coarse fibre of cashmere appearance should be marketed and sold as cashmere. Conversely a number of processors have suggested that a strategy such as this runs the risk of perpetuating the myth that Australian cashmere is coarse and of mohair-hybrid type. In particular at least one major international processor has stated that marketing this fibre as cashmere is fraudulent.
The fibre with a cashmere appearance, particularly if it falls in the range of mean fibre diameter 19 to 20 um, does however appear to have a number of attractive features. It is distinctly different to kid Mohair, it has a handle somewhat akin to cashmere, but with a sleeker, smoother surface and generally higher lustre. It generally has greater length and higher tensile strength than finer fibre. These attributes suggest that high quality fabric for suiting could be made using the worsted spinning process. It is likely that attempts will again be made to popularise this fibre, since it will continue to be produced in Australia, New Zealand and internationally from time to time, and perhaps deliberately encouraged if found desirable. However, work remains to be done on its description and marketing. Attempts to call this fibre cashmere are likely to continue to be met with resistance from proponents of the existing definitions of cashmere.
© 2000 ACGA


spatial and algebraic" are notationally confused.. some pepople take the word "vector" to mean a track!
share|improve this answer
Accordingto John Robinson (2days ago) vectors... elements(points) of vector spaces are different from points – kozenko May 3 '14 at 3:43
Assuming you're happy with $dy/dx$, when it becomes $\ldots dy$ and $\ldots dx$ it means that it follows that what precedes $dy$ in terms of $y$ is equal to what precedes $dx$ in terms of $x$.
"in terms of" = "with reference to".
That is, if "$a \frac{dy}{dx} = b$", then it follows that "$a$ with reference to $y$ = $b$ with reference to $x$". If the equation has all the terms with $y$ on the left and all with $x$ on the right, then you've got to a good place to continue.
The phrase "it follows that" means you haven't really moved $dx$ as in algebra. It now has a different meaning which is also true.
share|improve this answer
protected by mixedmath Mar 23 '14 at 18:41
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?


text:
Words With Regive In Them | 5 Scrabble Words With Regive
A list of words that contain Regive, and words with regive in them. This page finds any words that contain the word or letter you enter from a large scrabble dictionary. We also have lists of Words that end with regive, and words that start with regive.
Regive is a playable Scrabble Word!
The highest scoring words with Regive
Want to go straight to the words that will get you the best score? Here are all the highest scoring words with regive, not including the 50-point bonus if they use seven letters.
|Top words with Regive||Scrabble Points||Words With Friends Points|
5 Scrabble words that contain Regive
FAQ on words containing Regive
What are the best Scrabble words with Regive?
The highest scoring Scrabble word containing Regive is Caregivers, which is worth at least 16 points without any bonuses. The next best word with Regive is caregiver, which is worth 15 points. Other high score words with Regive are regives (11), regive (10), and
How many words contain Regive?
There are 5 words that contaih Regive in the Scrabble dictionary. Of those 2 are 7 letter words, 1 is a 6 letter word, 1 is a 10 letter word, and 1 is a 9 letter word.


text:
Tritons making an impact: UOG extension agents
As a land-grant university, one of the University of Guam's core missions is to share knowledge with the broader
community — in particular those outside of the walls of higher education — that is
of relevance to their daily lives. UOG carries out this mission through its Cooperative Extension & Outreach office and its many extension specialists, who interact with community members daily.
By holding workshops, creating publications and resources, and being available to
offer expertise, UOG's extension professionals are a prime example of UOG's work in
"Transforming Lives and Advancing Communities."
Below we highlight eight of UOG's extension specialists and just one of their many projects making a direct impact on the community.
Extension Agent Mark Acosta helped implement the Community Healthy Living/Walk to Wellness Program, which identified a walking trail in five villages and trained 133 participants on the importance of physical activity and a healthy diet. Over a 12-week time span, the participants competed by village for the most steps, averaging 225 miles per person, and for the most knowledge gain, determined through pre- and post-program tests. Participants also planted 400 fruit trees and vegetable plants as a nutritional food source for their families. The Walk to Wellness Program has renewed funding to bring the program to 4-6 more villages.
In teaching workshops and producing publications, Dr. Jian Yang brings knowledge to the local population about new and creative ways to utilize an abundance of locally grown crops. By creating these "value-added" products, such as breadfruit flour and mango marmalade, farmers and residents are learning how to prolong the shelf-life and enhance the market value of the foods they grow. Yang's work is improving food security on the island and teaching island residents to reduce reliance on food imports.
When the COVID-19 pandemic affected the global food supply chain and the ability of local farmers to sell their usual quantities of produce, Dr. Kuan-Ju Chen helped launch the Curbside Farms Initiative with the Farmers' Co-op. The project divided farmers' produce into family-sized bags that residents could purchase and pick up curbside on a weekly basis. The initiative sold 100 bags per week from May to December 2020, totaling $2,000 in produce sales per week. The bags continue to be available even after the lockdown. The model also inspired DPHSS to enter a $21,000 contract with the Farmers' Co-op for a spinoff program in which produce bags are delivered to senior citizens at home.
With a specialty in horticulture and sustainable agriculture, Extension Agent Joseph Tuquero has conducted several vegetable variety trials, in which he grows multiple varieties of in-demand crops in Guam to see which grow the most successfully in the local environment. The trial results are shared with local plant growers and farmers as well as technical recommendations to improve their vegetable yields. Additionally, with his broad knowledge of native plants in the Marianas, Joe produces fact sheets on the natural habitats and cultural and ecological importance of these plants as quick-reference guides for local residents.
In his 27 years as an extension specialist, the recently retired Dr. Robert Schlub produced a number of agriculture manuals and fact sheets on how to grow vegetable crops, diagnose plant diseases, and manage soil fertility and nutrient levels in reducing plant diseases. His "Eggplant, Pepper & Tomato Production Guide for Guam," first produced in 2002 and revised in 2016, features the knowledge of more than 15 subject-matter experts from UOG. It is a widely distributed resource among local growers and has become a standard resource book in agriculture courses at the University of Guam.
With a genuine passion for helping people, Extension Associate Phoebe Wall offers a variety of workshops and writes a regular column in the Pacific Daily News to help people learn how to start and maintain various types of gardens. She trains students, community gardeners, and even inmates at the Department of Corrections how to successfully start their own gardens, what to grow, when to plant, how to overcome common pests, and what type of garden, such as container or raised-bed gardens, would work best.
Dr. Tanisha Aflague and her team are working to make the healthy choice the easy choice for Guam residents and families. Dr. Aflague coordinates both the Supplement Nutrition Assistance Program – Education (SNAP-Ed) and the Expanded Food & Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP), which conduct informational campaigns, like the 5-2-1 Almost None campaign, and provide workshops and resources to help community members make healthy food choices, stretch their grocery budgets, keep food safe for consumption, and cook healthy meals with local produce. Together, the programs are impacting the lives of children, adults, and families through direct education as well as initiating changes to policies, systems, and the environment to support healthy behaviors.
Healthy choices are hard to make when they aren't available. That's been a key task of Extension Associate Rynette Perez, who assists Dr. Tanisha Aflague in coordinating the 5-2-1 Almost None campaign under the SNAP-Ed Program. The campaign makes healthy eating and physical activity accessible to residents in their villages and daily lives by placing signage on grocery stores shelves to highlight healthy snack options, painting physical activity gameboards on school playgrounds, developing maps of walking trails, and helping mayors' offices, neighborhoods, and schools find ways to help their own communities.


Protecting Your Property: Fire Damage Prevention in Minneapolis, MN
Fire damage can be devastating, both emotionally and financially. In Minneapolis, MN, where the risk of fire is a real concern, proactive measures to prevent fire damage are essential. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN understands the importance of fire prevention and offers expertise in safeguarding properties against this threat. Let's explore some key strategies for protecting your property from fire damage.
Assessing Fire Risks
Understanding the potential fire risks specific to your property is the first step in effective fire prevention. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN conducts comprehensive fire risk assessments, identifying potential hazards such as faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, flammable materials, and inadequate fire suppression systems. By pinpointing these vulnerabilities, they can develop targeted strategies to mitigate the risk of fire.
Fire Alarm Systems
Early detection is critical in minimizing the damage caused by fire. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN recommends installing state-of-the-art fire alarm systems that provide early warning of smoke or heat. These systems are equipped with advanced sensors and notification capabilities, alerting occupants and emergency responders at the first sign of trouble. Regular maintenance and testing ensure the reliability of these systems, giving you peace of mind knowing that your property is well-protected.
Fire Suppression Systems
In the event of a fire, having effective suppression systems in place can mean the difference between minor damage and total devastation. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN specializes in the installation and maintenance of fire suppression systems, including sprinklers, extinguishers, and fire blankets. These systems are strategically positioned throughout the property to suppress flames quickly and prevent the spread of fire. By investing in robust suppression systems, property owners can significantly reduce the risk of fire damage.
Electrical Safety Measures
Electrical malfunctions are a leading cause of residential and commercial fires. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN emphasizes the importance of practicing electrical safety to prevent fire hazards. This includes avoiding overloading circuits, using surge protectors, and regularly inspecting electrical appliances and wiring for signs of damage. Additionally, they recommend hiring licensed electricians for any electrical work to ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.
Fire Safety Education
Knowledge is a powerful tool in fire prevention. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN offers fire safety education programs designed to empower property owners and occupants with the information they need to prevent fires and respond effectively in an emergency. These programs cover topics such as fire extinguisher usage, evacuation procedures, and fire prevention best practices. By equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to protect themselves and their property, Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN aims to create safer communities.
Fire damage is a significant threat to property owners in Minneapolis, MN, but with the right precautions and expertise, it can be mitigated. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN offers comprehensive fire damage Minneapolis MN services, helping property owners identify and address fire risks proactively. By implementing strategies such as fire alarm systems, suppression systems, electrical safety measures, and fire safety education, property owners can protect their investments and ensure the safety of their occupants. With Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN as your partner in fire prevention, you can have confidence in the resilience of your property against this formidable threat.
Service Restore Pro
3300 County Rd 10 Minneapolis MN, 55429
_PHONE_
_URL_
Similar Posts
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


text:
7th Sound and Music Computing Conference
The papers presented at the 7th Sound and Music Computing Conference that took place at the UPF from the 21st to the 24th on July 2010 are now online at _URL_ The papers have been published on the smcnetwork.org website under a Creative Commons license.
Interactive Sonification workshop – ISon 2010
The proceedings of the Interactive Sonification workshop – ISon 2010 are now available on-line at _URL_ The proceedings are licensed as an Open Access publication.
SoundEffects – An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience is a
"peer-reviewed online journal that brings together a plurality of theories, methodologies, and historical approaches applicable to sound as both mediated and unmediated experience. The journal primarily addresses disciplines within media and communication studies, aesthetics, musicology, comparative literature, cultural studies, and sociology. In order to push the border of interdisciplinary sound studies into new areas, we also incourage contributions from disciplines such as psychology, health care, architecture, and sound design. As the only international journal to take a humanities-based interdisciplinary approach to sound, SoundEffects respons to the increasing global interest in sound studies in the past decade."
Bengt Emil Johnson was born 1936 in Saxdalen, Dalecarlia, and was one of the pioneers of Swedish text-sound composition and electroacoustic music. He studied piano and composition for Knut Wiggen, but later become more interested in poetry. Johnson worked at Sveriges Radio (the Swedish national radio), and edited the contemporary music journal Nutida Musik for many years. He passed away on July, 14, 2010.
Johnson's text-sound compositions have been released on e.g. Text-Sound Compositions – A Stockholm Festival and The Pioneers (PSCD 63) from Phono Suecia, and some of them are available at UbuWeb. There are also some material available at konkretpoesi.se (in Danish/Swedish).
Update 2010-07-25. Some press voices (in Swedish only):
There is also a recent dissertation (in Swedish) on Johnsons poetry: "Tro mig på min ort" : Oöversättligheten som tematiskt komplex i Bengt Emil Johnsons poesi _PHONE_ by Johan Alfredsson, published by Holzweg.


text:
For infrastructure, resource extractive, or industrial projects that operate under the spotlight of environmental permitting, environmental DNA (eDNA) is a transformative technology.
eDNA approaches map the presence of living organisms through detection of their genetic material in easy to collect environmental samples such as water. The power of eDNA testing is in its extreme sensitivity to detect a species' presence, the reliability of the results, and especially the relative ease with which knowledge about biological distributions can be acquired over large areas and repeatedly through time.
The increased power to gather information using eDNA methods has the potential to create greater clarity around the environmental considerations at a site and increase certainty about balanced and ecologically sustainable management plans and approaches. Applicable to a wide range of projects including mines, ports, roads, pipelines and infrastructure, this technology also reduces the number of people required on site for surveys, which has shown itself to be a major benefit for progressing projects while Covid-19 social distancing rules are in effect.
Presented by Dr. Doug Bright, Head of Environmental Risk Assessment, this webinar will look at some of the innovative ways that we have used eDNA to help clients overcome challenges. The webinar will discuss:
- eDNA technology's ability to increase certainty around environmental considerations and its implications for permitting
- Why the new technology is an improvement over existing survey methods
- Case studies of specific applications in natural resource and infrastructure projects


Documentation Center
 - 評価版
 - 製品アップデート
Create Custom Blocks
You can create custom Receive and Transmit blocks to use with hardware currently not supported by the Vehicle Network Toolbox™.
Vehicle Network Toolbox blocks use a custom CAN data type. To use the blocks you create with other Vehicle Network Toolbox blocks, register this custom CAN data type.
To use the custom data type defined in the Vehicle Network Toolbox, write a C++ S-function.
 Note: You must use a C++ file type S-function (.cpp) to create custom blocks. Using a C-file type S-function (.c) may cause linker errors.
To register and use the custom CAN data type, in your S-function:
 1. Define the IMPORT_SCANUTIL identifier that imports the required symbols when you compile the S-function:
 2. Include the can_datatype.h header located in[MATLABROOT]\toolbox\vnt\vntblks\include\candatatype at the top of the S-function:
 _TAG_ "can_datatype.h"
 Note: The header can_message.h included by can_datatype.h is located in [MATLABROOT]\toolbox\shared\can\src\scanutil\.
 3. Link your S-function during build to the scanutil.lib located in the [MATLABROOT]\toolbox\vnt\vntblks\lib\ directory. The shared library scanutil.dll, is located in the [MATLABROOT]\bin\
 4. Call this function in mdlInitializeSizes to initialize the custom CAN data type:
 5. Get custom data type ID using ssGetDataTypeId:
 dataTypeID = ssGetDataTypeId(S,SL_CAN_MESSAGE_DTYPE_NAME);
 6. Do one of the following:
 - To create a receive block, set output port data type to CAN_MESSAGE:
 ssSetOutputPortDataType(S, portID, dataTypeID );
 - To create a transmit block, set the input port to CAN_MESSAGE:
 ssSetInputPortDataType(S, portID, dataTypeID );
For more information on S-functions, see S-Function Basics.
Was this topic helpful?


Statistics How To
Shape Parameter: Definition and Examples
Statistics Definitions > Shape Parameter
What is a Shape Parameter?
A shape parameter, as the name suggests, affects the general shape of a distribution; they are a family of distributions with different shapes. The parameters are usually known from prior statistical data or they are sometimes estimated from current data.
shape parameter
The Beta Distribution pdf, showing several different shapes with parameters α and β .
For example, the Beta distribution has a shape parameter. Changing this parameter changes the overall shape of the graph.
The exponential distribution
The exponential distribution does not have a shape parameter, so the general shape remains the same. Image credit: Skbkekas|Wikimedia Commons
In contrast, several other distributions do not have these parameters. They include the exponential distribution. Even though the exponential distribution can be squeezed, stretched, or shifted, the overall shape remains the same.
The most important thing to grasp about the shape parameter is that it doesn't change where the graph lies on the horizontal axis (that's the job of the location parameter). Nor does it shrink or squeeze the graph (the job of the scale parameter). It just defines the general shape of the graph for certain distributions.
In some distributions (like the Weibull distribution), the parameter can help define skewness. For example:
This is not a universal rule though, just a general guideline.
Other Parameters that Affect Shapes of Distributions
Some of the other parameters used to define distributions:
 - The Location parameter tells you where the distribution is centered on the horizontal axis.
 - The Scale parameter gives you an idea of the scale on the horizontal axis. For example, the scale parameter on a standard normal distribution is equal to one standard deviation (σ). It usually stretches or squeezes a graph.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Need help with a homework or test question? Chegg offers 30 minutes of free tutoring, so you can try them out before committing to a subscription. Click here for more details.
If you prefer an online interactive environment to learn R and statistics, this free R Tutorial by Datacamp is a great way to get started. If you're are somewhat comfortable with R and are interested in going deeper into Statistics, try this Statistics with R track.
Comments? Need to post a correction? Please post on our Facebook page.
Shape Parameter: Definition and Examples was last modified: October 12th, 2017 by Stephanie


text:
Are you looking for a supercharged learning experience from home? Check out our online learning center with your 12 month pass into the engine fundamentals course.
This comprehensive online course will prepare you for your learning journey to tuning by covering the Basic Engine Fundamentals of internal combustion, airflow, induction, fueling, spark, and knock.
This introduction course also includes:
- 10 video lessons
- Certificate of Completion
- Quizzes and downloadable resources
**DOES NOT INCLUDE TECH SUPPORT**
Want to achieve the best performance, drivability and full economy possible? Come learn from the Worldwide provider of High performance tuning knowledge and industry experts at The Tuning School.


text:
Important Time and Work Questions
Important Time and Work Questions. Welcome to the _URL_ online Quant section. If you are preparing for SBI Clerk, SSC CPO, and Railway RRB Group D Exams, you will come across a section on Quantitative Aptitude. Here we are providing you Quant quiz on "Important Time and Work Questions" pattern for your daily practice.
"Time and Work Questions" will help you learn concepts on important topics in Quant Section. This Quant subject quiz based on Important "Time and Work Questions and Answer" is also important for other banking exams such as IBPS PO, IBPS Clerk, SBI Clerk, IBPS RRB Officer, IBPS RRB Office Assistant, SSC CGL/CHSL/CPO, Railway RRB and other competitive exams.
Important Time and Work Questions: Set- 5
1.2 men or 5 women or 7 boys can finish a work in 469 days, then the number of days taken by 7 men, 5 women and 2 boys to finish the work is-
2. 6 children and 2 men complete a certain piece of work in 6 days. Each child takes twice the time taken by a man to finish the work. In how many days will 5 men finish the same work-?
3.(x-2) men can do a piece of work in x days and (x+7) men can do 75%of the same work in (x-10) days. Then in how many days can (x+10) men finish the work?
4. A man, a woman and a girl worked for a contractor for the same period. A man is twice efficient as a woman and a woman is thrice efficient as girl Rs. 10000 were given to all of them. What is the sum of money received by a woman and a girl together?
5.A piece of work can be done by 10 men and 6 women in 18 days. Men work 9 hr per day while women work 7.5 hr per day. Per hr efficiency of a woman is 2/3 of a man's. In how many days 10 men and 9 women complete the work?
6.Tap A can fill a tank in 20 hr, B in 25 hr but tap C can empty a full tank in 30 hr. Starting with A, followed by B and C each tap opens alternatively for one hr period till the tank gets filled up completely. In how many hr the tank will be filled up completely?
- 51 11/15
- 52 2/3
- 24 4/11
- None of these
7. If one pipe A can fill a tank in 20 min, then 5 pipes, each of 20%efficiency of A, can fill the tank in-
- 80 min
- 100 min
- 20 min
- 25 min
8. A, B and C three weavers have to supply an order of 100 Sweater. A can weave a Sweater in 2 hr, B in 3 hr and C in 4 hr respectively. It is known that even being a joint contract each one weaver help to the rest weavers. In how many hr they will complete the order irrespective of day or night?
- 93 hr
- 100 hr
- 92 4/13 hr
- 94 hr
9. A tank is connected with 4 pipes A, B, C and D of which two are filling the tank and other two are emptying it. The time taken by A, B, C and D to finish their jobs are 10hr, 15hr, 20 hr and 30 hr respectively. All four pipes are opened. When the tank was empty, it took 12 hr to fill it completely. Which two are the outlet pipes?
- A and B
- C and D
- A and C
- B and D
10.Himesh and fatima are two different persons, but when they worked together they complete it in 10 days. Had Himesh worked at half of his efficiency and Fatima at five times of his efficiency it would have taken them to finish the job in 50% of the scheduled time. In how many days Fatima can complete the job working alone?
- 15 days
- 24 days
- 15 days
- 30 days


text:
A tuberculin testing trial in cattle was carried out in the Republic of Ireland to compare the specificity for bovine tuberculosis of a human purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin (Weybridge) with that of a bovine PPD (Rotterdam), and to determine whether discrimination between specific and non-specific reactions to mammalian tuberculin is better with doses of tuberculins smaller than those traditonally used for testing cattle. Tests were carried out in 510 cattle, 395 of which were shown by post mortem examination to be tuberculous and 115 non-tuberculous. Three dilutions at five-fold intervals of both mammalian tuberculins were used together with two dose levels of avian tuberculin PPD (Weybridge), and all reactions were measured both by increase in skin fold thickness and by diameter of induration. In the environment of this trial, the bovine PPD was shown to be more specific for bovine tuberculosis than the human PPD, and particularly in differentiating from "skin tuberculosis". There was no indication of greater specificity at lower doses of tuberculin. Measurement of induration diameter proved a satisfactory alternative method of reading tuberculin reactions in cattle under field conditions.
Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center's RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.


text:
The manufacture of medical and aerospace components made of titanium alloys and other difficult-to-cut materials requires the parallel development of high performance cutting tools coated with materials capable of enhanced tribological and resistance properties. In this matter, a thin nanocomposite film made out of AlCrN \r
(aluminum–chromium–nitride) was studied in this research, showing experimental work in the deposition process and its characterization. A heat-treated monolayer coating, competitive with other coatings in the machining of titanium alloys, was analyzed. Different analysis and characterizations were performed on the manufactured coating by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the mechanical behavior of the coating was evaluated through hardness test and tribology with pin-on-disk to quantify friction coefficient and wear rate. Finally, machinability tests using coated tungsten carbide cutting tools were executed in order to determine its performance through wear resistance, which is a key issue of cutting tools in high-end cutting at elevated temperatures. It was demonstrated that the specimen (with lower friction coefficient than previous research) is more efficient in machinability tests in Ti6Al4V alloys. Furthermore, the heat-treated monolayer coating presented better performance in comparison with a conventional monolayer of AlCrN coating.
Mendeley saves you time finding and organizing research
Choose a citation style from the tabs below


text:
Many months ago I was researching robotics and after many hours of watching stanford university lectures I started to draw up loads of diagrams of skeleton stick man who I could use to show my theory of ball bearing robots. This theory works off the Six degrees of freedom (6DoF) which are backwards, forwards, up, down, left, right, pitch, yaw and roll.
If you interlink a robot with ball bearings you will end up with many degrees of freedom because each ball bearing point will contain the Six Degrees of Freedom, this will allow the robot to become very flexible. When we bend our fingers we only have a certain amount of freedom where as a robot built with small ball bearings could in theory curl its finger joint and is able touch behind the knuckle joint.
The diagram below demonstrates how it is possible to use ball bearings to touch the back of a finger.
In reality this is a simple concept but it will take some engineering to make it happen, let me know what you all think in the comments below.


text:
Any responsible pet owner knows that owning pets, especially dogs, is a big responsibility. However, in Costa Rica there is a big dog dilemma.
With thousands of puppy mills, so-called breeders, and pet shops throughout the island nation, dogs are everywhere, yet sadly, an estimated one million dogs are released to the streets each year by owners no longer able to or perhaps no longer want to care for them.
Just as in many other countries, dogs in Costa Rica are used as status symbols, given as gifts to children and loved ones, and brought in as companions. However, when the novelty wears off and the dogs grow, often without proper training or space to live, they can become more work than their owners think they are worth, and the dogs are thrown out into the street.
Dogs once welcomed into homes are just as quickly left to fend for themselves on the streets and even given a new name, "callejeros" or "street dogs".
Animals rescue workers have long urged residents to carefully consider bringing a pet into their home, and to never buy from pet stores, as many of the dogs come from puppy mills that continue to mistreat and over breed dogs, that as many now see just wind up on the streets.
During a recent National Geographic Channel documentary, "Dog Whisperer" Cesar Milan traveled to with Last Chance for Animals (LCA) to take a look inside puppy mills. Lat year, the Cesar Milan Foundation and LCA teamed up to create a PSA in Costa Rica tilted, "Adopt, Don't Shop."
See the Spanish-language PSA here.


Slideshows Images Quizzes
Definition of Radiopaque
Reviewed on 3/29/2021
Radiopaque: Opaque to one or another form of radiation, such as X-rays. Radiopaque objects block radiation rather than allow it to pass through. Metal, for instance, is radiopaque, so metal objects that a patient may have swallowed are visible on X-rays. Radiopaque dyes are used in radiology to enhance X-ray pictures of internal anatomic structures. The opposite of radiopaque is radiolucent.
What causes tooth decay? See Answer
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors


text:
List Price: $4.07
Sale Price: $4.07
(as of 04/27/2016 02:15 UTC)Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product..
Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Free Shipping: Eligible For Free Shipping
The demand for spices in medieval Europe was extravagant and was reflected in the pursuit of fashion, the formation of taste, and the development of luxury trade. It inspired geographical and business exploration,as traders pursued this kind of common spices as pepper and cinnamon and rarer aromatic items, like ambergris and musk. Ultimately, the spice quest led to imperial missions that had been to modify planet historical past. This engaging guide explores the demand for spices: why were they so well-known, and why so expensive? Paul Freedman surveys the history, geography, economics, and culinary tastes of the Middle Ages to uncover the surprisingly varied methods that spices were put to use--in elaborate medieval cuisine, in the therapy of ailment, for the promotion of effectively-being, and to perfume crucial ceremonies of the Church. Spices grew to become symbols of elegance, affluence, taste, and grace, Freedman displays, and their expense and fragrance drove the engines of commerce and conquest at the dawn of the modern day era.
No features available.


Multiple vulnerabilities in Ezylog photovoltaic management server
Multiple vulnerabilities in Ezylog photovoltaic management server
Title: Multiple vulnerabilities in Ezylog photovoltaic management server
Discovery date: 27/08/2012
Release date: 11/09/2012
Credits: Roberto Paleari (roberto@xxxxxxxxxxx, _USER_)
Ivan Speziale (ivan.speziale@xxxxxxxx)
The vulnerabilities discussed in this advisory affect the Schneider Electric
Ezylog photovoltaic SCADA management server. However, the same management
server is shared among different photovoltaic SCADA products from several
manufacturers, with few customization. Thus, the same vulnerabilities should
also apply to other products as well. All the firmware versions we analyzed
have been found to be affected by these issues.
The software running on the affected devices is vulnerable to multiple security
issues, that allow unauthenticated remote attackers to gain administrative
access and execute arbitrary commands. The details of the vulnerabilities we
found are discussed next.
a) SQL injection vulnerabilities
Many of the web pages included inside the device firmware are vulnerable to SQL
injection (SQLI) issues, and allow attackers to interact with the underlying
MySQL database. In the following we provide just few examples for this
vulnerability class, but the same kind of defect also affects several different
web pages.
Page "dettagliinverter.php" can be accessed with no authentication, with two
GET parameters:
The "inverterselect" argument is subject to a very straightforward SQLI issue,
exploitable both manually or with publicly-available tools. Thus, attackers can
easily leverage this issue to access the content of the SQL table that contains
all valid username/password combinations (passwords are in plain text).
Similarly, page "changelanguagesession.php" is affected by a similar issue,
concerning the POST parameter "lingua".
b) Hard-coded accounts
The web page "login.php" checks user-supplied credentials against the
username/password combinations stored inside the MySQL database. However, the
device also authorizes 2 (or 3, in some setups) hard-coded accounts, when the
user provides a specific password, regardless of the supplied username. These
predefined passwords are hard-coded inside the PHP file, thus they cannot be
changed (or removed) by the user.
The relevant code fragments from "login.php" are reported below:
$password = mysql_escape_string($_POST['password']);
if (crypt($password,salt)=='satIZufhIrUfk'){
$sql_pthr_ = "SELECT user,password FROM account WHERE livello = 0";
if ($password=='astridservice' and $stilecustumization=='astrid'){
if (crypt($password,salt)=='saF8bay.tvfOk'){
$sql_insert="INSERT INTO account(user,password,livello,nome) VALUES ('sinapsi','sinapsi','0','Amministratore Sinapsi')";
We already decoded the encrypted password "satIZufhIrUfk", which corresponds to
the string "36e44c9b64".
c) Command-injection
Attackers can exploit the "ping.php" page to execute arbitrary commands on the
device, with administrative privileges. More precisely, the "ip_dominio" POST
parameter is not sanitize properly, thus it is possible to leverage traditional
command-injection techniques to inject arbitrary commands.
curl "http:///ping.php?ping=ok" -d "ip_dominio= -n 1 %26 dir"
Such an HTTP request forces the device to execute the following command:
ping -n 1 & dir
As the POST parameter is used to build a command-line argument without being
sanitized before, attackers can leverage termination characters (e.g., '&') to
execute arbitrary commands (e.g., "dir").
d) Broken session enforcement
The device software does not verify whether an user who accesses most of the
management web pages (e.g., "ping.php") is associated with a properly
authenticated session. In other terms, the command-execution and SQLI
vulnerabilities discussed in the previous sections can be exploited by
unauthenticated attackers.
We are not aware of an updated firmware that corrects the issues described in
this advisory. Users should avoid exposing the management interface of the
device on the Internet.
* 29/08/2012 - Initial vendor contact.
* 05/09/2012 - No reply from vendor, re-contacting via e-mail.
* 11/09/2012 - Still no reply from vendor. Disclosure.
The authors are not responsible for the misuse of the information provided in
this security advisory. The advisory is a service to the professional security
application or distribution of this information constitutes acceptance AS IS,
Relevant Pages


text:
Trigonometry/Derivative of Inverse Functions
The inverse functions sin-1(x), etc. have derivatives that are purely algebraic functions.
If y = sin-1(x) then x = sin(y) and
If y = tan-1(x) then x = tan(y) and
If y = sec-1(x) then x = sec(y) and
The above results provide an easy way to find the power series expansions of these functions.
This is uniformly convergent if |x| < 1 so can be integrated term by term. The constant of integration is zero since sin-1(0) = 0, so
This is uniformly convergent if |x| < 1 so can be integrated term by term. The constant of integration is zero since tan-1(0) = 0, so
Note that sec-1(x) has no power series expansion about x=0, as it is not defined for x < 1 and has an infinite derivative when x = 1. An expansion about any point x = a > 1 in powers of (x-a) can be found uding Taylor's theorem; it will converge for 1 < x < 2a-1.Last modified on 11 March 2011, at 13:02


text:
Skip to main content
This is an advanced seminar to discuss and examine current issues in research and practice of educational psychology. There are two modules in this course.
The first module focuses on social emotional learning. Students will learn about what is social emotional learning, the applications of social emotional learning in elementary, middle and high schools, the assessment of social emotional learning, teachers' training in social emotional learning and social emotional learning in the Asian contexts.
The second module focuses on a number of selected advanced quantitative methods widely applicable in research in education and psychology. Students will learn about logistic regression analysis, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and path analysis. The focus is on understanding the rationale of these methods, the research and data situations where these methods are applicable, the operational procedures for conducting these analyses, and appropriate interpretation of results of these analyses in research settings.


text:
What, Can Friction Cause Viscoelasticity?
Here is a stress-strain curve from a monotonic compression test. The stress-strain curve looks reasonable, but how do we know if the results are accurate? After all, in all compression tests there will be some amount of friction at the interface between the loading platens and the top and bottom surfaces of the cylindrical specimen. Also, can the friction cause viscoelasticity in the response?
In other words, how much does interface friction influence (pollute) the results in a uniaxial compression test?
This movie shows the results from a FE simulation of a cylindrical specimen (with equal height and diameter) that is uniaxially compressed and then unloaded. In the FE simulation there is a friction coefficient of 0.1 between the specimen and the top and bottom loading platens. The movie clearly shows that the specimen undergoes barrelling during the compression. That certainly does not seem good, but how much does it influence the stress-strain results?
Influence of Friction Coefficient
I studied the influence of the friction coefficient on the stress-strain response using FE simulations. In these simulations the cylindrical compression specimen had a height that was equal to its diameter. The results from the FE study are shown in the following 2 figures. Note that the error that is introduced by the friction can be as large as 10% (or more).
The following figure shows stress contours at an applied engineering strain of -0.3, for the case when the friction coefficient is 0.1. It is quite interesting to see that the max Mises stress is about 5.7 MPa, and the min Mises stress is 1.2 MPa. These values are very different. The stress state is clearly not homogeneous.
Influence of Specimen Aspect Ratio
The influence of the ratio between the specimen height to its diameter is shown in the following figure. As expected, it is better to have a tall specimen in order to reduce the influence of friction. It is not good to have specimens that are too tall, however, as that can lead to buckling problems.
A New Innovative Compression Specimen Geometry
There is no physical reason why compression specimens should be cylindrical in shape. As shown in the figure below, using a different specimen geometry can significantly reduce the influence of friction on the stress measurements. The main challenge here, of course, is that the stress and strain states are very inhomogeneous making it more time consuming to perform the material model calibration. Which in this case has to be done using an inverse method.
Can Friction Cause Viscoelasticity?
Now, back to our starting question: "Can Friction Cause Viscoelasticity?"
If we look at the figure to the right, we see that the stress-strain curve exhibits hysteresis when the compression test contains friction at the loading platens. Also, the amount of dissipated energy can be quite large!
This type of energy dissipation is not the same as viscoelasticity, however. But, it does make it more difficult to interpret experimental compression data. One should be careful when analyzing experimental compression data in order to distinguish between frictional effects and viscoelastic effects.
Another curious effect that can happen during a uniaxial compression test is something called Negative Barrelling. That is, the specimen can get a hourglass shape during unloading. The following movie shows the results from a cyclic compression test with a friction coefficient 0.2. The simulation was performed using Abaqus/Standard with no stabilization. If you look carefully, you can see the negative barrelling towards the end of the simulation.
The MCalibration software supports a "Compression with Friction" load case to help calibrate any material model to uniaxial compression data. If you select this load case type, then you also need to specify the specimen height, diameter, friction coefficient, and the number of FE elements. MCalibration will then create and run a FE model of the actual specimen deformation during the calibration. This works fine, but makes the calibration slower due to the addition computational work. Note that the Compression with Friction load case currently only works with the Abaqus and ANSYS solvers.
- If you run a compression test, then always unload back to zero stress again. Having the unloading portion of the stress-strain curve can be very valuable. See also the following article on smart testing.
- Even if you see hysteresis in the measured stress-strain data, that does not mean that your material is viscoelastic. It can be due to frictional effects.
- Almost all polymers are viscoelastic (or viscoplastic) in their response.
- Obtaining accurate experimental data is not easy!


SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Keywords:
 - community structure;
 - eutrophication;
 - macroinvertebrate;
 - predation;
 - shallow lake
Summary
1. The scale of investigations influences the interpretation of results. Here, we investigate the influence of fish and nutrients on biotic communities in shallow lakes, using studies at two different scales: (i) within-lake experimental manipulation and (ii) comparative, among-lake relationships.
2. At both scales, fish predation had an overriding influence on macroinvertebrates; fish reduced macroinvertebrate biomass and altered community composition. Prey selection appeared to be size based. Fish influenced zooplankton abundance and light penetration through the water column also, but there was no indication that fish caused increased resuspension of sediment.
3. There were effects of nutrients at both scales, but these effects differed with the scale of the investigation. Nutrients increased phytoplankton and periphyton at the within-lake scale, and were associated with increased periphyton at the among-lake scale. No significant effect of nutrients on macroinvertebrates was observed at the within-lake scale. However, at the among-lake scale, nutrients positively influenced the biomass and density of macroinvertebrates, and ameliorated the effect of fish on macroinvertebrates.
4. Increased prey availability at higher nutrient concentrations would be expected to cause changes in the fish community. However, at the among-lake scale, differences were not apparent in fish biomass among lakes with different nutrient conditions, suggesting that stochastic events influence the fish community in these small and relatively isolated shallow lakes.
5. The intensity of predation by fish significantly influences macroinvertebrate community structure of shallow lakes, but nutrients also play a role. The scale of investigation influences the ability to detect the influence of nutrients on the different components of shallow lake communities, particularly for longer lived organisms such as macroinvertebrates, where the response takes longer to manifest.