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Bean coloring (Posted on 2015-07-13) Difficulty: 4 of 5
Start with a bag containing 5 white beans. Randomly draw one at a time employing the following rule:
If the bean is white, color it black and put it back in the bag;
If the bean is black, keep it out.
What is the probability that at some point there will be a single white bean in the bag?
Generalize to start with N beans.
Does the probability converge, and if so, to what value?
No Solution Yet Submitted by Jer
Rating: 4.0000 (1 votes)
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Solution computer aided solution | Comment 1 of 11
After 2*(n-1) draws, there will be either two black beans or one white bean remaining. All cases of just one white bean and nothing else remaining occur at this stage. Thus we keep track of the chain of probabilities of each possible state of number of black and white beans, for 2*(n-1) draws and find the probability of state (0,1) at that point.
DefDbl A-Z
Dim crlf$
Function mform$(x, t$)
 a$ = Format$(x, t$)
 If Len(a$) < Len(t$) Then a$ = Space$(Len(t$) - Len(a$)) & a$
 mform$ = a$
End Function
Private Sub Form_Load()
 Form1.Visible = True

 Text1.Text = ""
 crlf = Chr$(13) + Chr$(10)
 For n = 2 To 10
 ReDim oldstate(n, n, 1) ' black,white
 oldstate(0, n, 0) = 1 ' numerator
 oldstate(0, n, 1) = 1 ' denominator
 For draw = 1 To 2 * (n - 1)
 ReDim newstate(n, n, 1)
 For black = 0 To n
 For white = 0 To n
 If oldstate(black, white, 0) > 0 Then
 If white > 0 Then If newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 1) = 0 Then newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 1) = 1
 If black > 0 Then If newstate(black - 1, white, 1) = 0 Then newstate(black - 1, white, 1) = 1

 If white > 0 Then ' choose white
 lcd = lcm((black + white) * oldstate(black, white, 1), newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 1))
 num = newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 0) * lcd / newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 1) + white * oldstate(black, white, 0) * lcd / oldstate(black, white, 1) / (black + white)
 den = lcd
 g = gcd(num, den)
 newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 0) = num / g
 newstate(black + 1, white - 1, 1) = den / g
 End If

 If black > 0 Then ' choose black
 lcd = lcm((black + white) * oldstate(black, white, 1), newstate(black - 1, white, 1))
 num = newstate(black - 1, white, 0) * lcd / newstate(black - 1, white, 1) + black * oldstate(black, white, 0) * lcd / oldstate(black, white, 1) / (black + white)
 den = lcd
 g = gcd(num, den)
 newstate(black - 1, white, 0) = num / g
 newstate(black - 1, white, 1) = den / g
 End If

 End If
 Next white
 Next black
 For black = 0 To n
 For white = 0 To n
 oldstate(black, white, 0) = newstate(black, white, 0)
 oldstate(black, white, 1) = newstate(black, white, 1)
 Next
 Next

' If n = 5 Then
' For black = 0 To n
' For white = 0 To n
' If newstate(black, white, 1) = 0 Then newstate(black, white, 1) = 1
' Text1.Text = Text1.Text & mform(newstate(black, white, 0) / newstate(black, white, 1), "##0.000000")
' Next
' Text1.Text = Text1.Text & crlf
' Next
' Text1.Text = Text1.Text & crlf
' End If

 Next draw
 Text1.Text = Text1.Text & n & Str(newstate(0, 1, 0)) & "/" & (newstate(0, 1, 1)) & " ~= " & newstate(0, 1, 0) / newstate(0, 1, 1) & crlf
 Next n

 Text1.Text = Text1.Text & crlf & " done"

End Sub
Function gcd(a, b)
 x = a: y = b
 Do
 q = Int(x / y)
 z = x - q * y
 x = y: y = z
 Loop Until z = 0
 gcd = x
End Function
Function lcm(a, b)
 lcm = a * b / gcd(a, b)
End Function
finding
n probability
2 1/2 ~= 0.5
3 7/18 ~= 0.388888888888889
4 97/288 ~= 0.336805555555556
5 54997/180000 ~= 0.305538888888889
6 460463/_PHONE_ ~= 0.284236419753086
7 51185279267/190591380000 ~= 0.26856030564971
8 200170674968477/780662292480000 ~= 0.256411353406832
9 2.8197972562852E+15/1.143286897536E+16 ~= 0.246639514750182
10 2.75730948120933E+15/1.15582791307704E+16 ~= 0.238557094011412
So for n=5, the solution is 54997/180000 ~= 0.305538888888889.
Up to n=8, the denominators are A121564 (Denominator of Sum[i=1..n] i!/(i^i)):
n a(n)
1 1
2 2
3 18
4 288
5 180000
6 _PHONE_
7 190591380000
8 780662292480000
9 46097327708651520000
10 28810829817907200000000
11 747278726094210559615027200000000
12 747278726094210559615027200000000
The mismatch beyond n=8 might be the result of the limited precision available interfering with GCD calculation; note the exponential default display format.
But a search for the numerators is unsuccessful.
Simulation:
n hits trials
2 49877 100000
3 39145 100000
4 33726 100000
5 30691 100000
6 28302 100000
7 27000 100000
8 25567 100000
9 24486 100000
10 23847 100000
11 22950 100000
12 22562 100000
13 22044 100000
14 21667 100000
15 21159 100000
16 20870 100000
17 20597 100000
18 20247 100000
19 19922 100000
20 19651 100000
...
40 17015 100000
50 15927 100000
...
100 13968 100000
...
1000 10584 100000
...
10000 8102 100000
Indeed the probability seems it must converge: that is, it seems to be monotonically decreasing and there's a least value that it can be, zero. If it indeed is monotonically decreasing it must coverge to some finite value, possibly zero.
Simulation from:
DefDbl A-Z
Dim crlf$
Private Sub Form_Load()
 Form1.Visible = True

 Text1.Text = ""
 crlf = Chr$(13) + Chr$(10)
 For n = 2 To 20
 Randomize Timer
 hitct = 0: ct = 0
 For tr = 1 To 100000
 white = n: black = 0
 Do While white + black > 0
 r = Int(Rnd(1) * (white + black) + 1)
 If r <= white Then
 black = black + 1: white = white - 1
 Else
 black = black - 1
 End If
 If white = 1 And black = 0 Then hitct = hitct + 1: Exit Do
 Loop
 ct = ct + 1
 Next tr
 Text1.Text = Text1.Text


text:
Have you ever faced that awkward moment, when you sent an SMS to a wrong person and felt ashamed? I wish you have not! Be proactive and save yourself from such an embarrassing situation. We have an option available for you to get control over a sent message. You can still cancel the delivery of an SMS even when you have sent it. This thing happens on smartphones usually when you have installed message apps more than one, and they get conflicted.
No doubt, you can't cancel a sent message with an android system. So you need another system or more advance app to help you operate even when you have sent an SMS wrongly. And with the help of TigerText app you can make it happen! TigerText is an SMS app, which can be used in place of default SMS app of an android system. This is not like Whatsapp, so if your contacts can't have it they will still receive your text messages. So, stay relaxed when you are texting or doing some work, TigerText will help you in number of ways.
TigerText can help you protecting your messages as well as canceling of the sent SMS. Doesn't it sound like you are reading a dream come true type post? Do you want to know how does it work? Let's figure out:-
- Type your text after selecting new message.
- Now, send the message and long press when sending message
- You can now select the Recall option. This should be done before the opening and reading of the message by the recipient.
- This is the time you will see that green icon does not exist anymore, so the message was sent successfully.
So, tell us how you found TigerText. Did it work for you? Share you good or bad experiences in the comment section below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This range is designed as supplementary feeds for cattle and sheep and do not contain copper. Most are high protein pellets or liquid feeds fed at lower feeding rates to balance pastures.
RIVERINA LAMB FEEDLOT PELLETS are for fattening lambs and sheep in penned or paddock environments and must be fed with a roughage source.
- Barley, wheat, maize, sorghum, bran and pollard, urea, vegetable protein meals, molasses, vegetable oil, limestone, sodium bentonite, dicalcium phosphate, buffer, ammonium sulphate, salt, mould inhibitor, Bovatec®, Riverina ruminant vitamin & mineral premix.
- Base raw materials may gradually change seasonally.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
- THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE FEED. It has been designed to supplement good quality hay and/or pasture feeding.
- During the introduction period it is critical there is enough feeder space to allow all lambs to eat at the same time.
- When introducing stock to RIVERINA LAMB FEEDLOT PELLETS, feed intakes should be increased gradually over a 2 to 3 week period to minimise the risk of acidosis.
- When using self feeders the adjustment of the slides is very important so that the target intakes below are achieved.
- The slides should be adjusted to a pencil width when feeding starts.
- Always ensure stock have access to clean, cool, fresh water at all times.
- Good quality hay or pasture must be available at all times to ensure lambs and sheep have good roughage intakes.
- Sample program for self feeders/troughs.
|Feeding Period||Target Pellet Intake||Roughage Intake|
|Day 1& 2||Nil||Ad Lib|
|Day 3||100g||Ad Lib|
|Day 4||200g||Ad Lib|
|Day 5||300g||Ad Lib|
|Day 6||400g||Reducing slowly to at least 10% of total intake by day 13|
|Day 13+||Ad Lib|
For more information on successful lamb feedlotting or pasture supplementation of this product, contact your local Riverina representative.
- This feed provides a wide range of essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance.
- RIVERINA LAMB FEEDLOT PELLETS are suitable to be fed to all types of lambs and sheep. By supplying the right balance of nutrients and fed in conjunction with roughage this ration will promote rapid growth.
- RIVERINA LAMB FEEDLOT PELLETS can also be fed as a supplement to pasture or as a maintenance ration in times of drought.
- Buffers are included to reduce the risk of acidosis.
- Contains acidifiers to reduce the incidence of "water belly".
- Manufactured to strict quality control standards for incoming raw materials and the finished product.
- Formulated in accordance with current research into ruminant nutrition.
This feed contains Bovatec® which supplies lasalocid sodium at 33 mg/kg to aid in the reduction of faecal shedding of coccidia, for improved liveweight gains and feed conversion efficiency.
Meat – Nil.
Wool – Nil.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


VirtualBox 5: Saving the State of the Machine

Saving the Virtual Machine State:
To close virtual machine, users can simply click the x in the top right corner, or press the host key + Q.
After closing the virtual machine window, VirtualBox will ask if you want to save, send the shutdown signal, or power off the VM.
The close virtual machine screen.
The three options given are critical:
 1. Save the machine state: The virtual machine will be "frozen" and VirtualBox entirely saves its state to the user's local disk. The virtual machine will resume in the same position that you left in when you start it again. The user's computer will resume operation and the programs will still be available.
 2. Send the shutdown signal: For this option, the virtual machine receives an ACPI shutdown signal. This is the equivalent of pressing the power button on an actual computer. If the virtual machine is running a reasonably contemporary OS, this should be an appropriate way to shutdown the virtual machine.
 3. Power off the machine: This option also permits the virtual machine to stop running, but it does not save the state of the VM. In comparison to a real computer this option is similar to pulling the power cord. When restarted, the system will have to go through an extensive inspection of the virtual disks. This option should be avoided as much as possible, due to a potential loss of information.
The same results as powering off the machine will be achieved when pressing the Discard button in the main window of VirtualBox.
Referenced from: Virtualbox.org

13463
2/15/2018 2:13:51 PM


text:
Requirements for proficiency in Norwegian
The Norwegian language is the primary language of instruction at Norwegian institutions of higher education. Some foreign students learn Norwegian before they continue with further studies in Norway. Below is an overview of the language requirements for foreign students applying for courses where the language of instruction is Norwegian.
If applying for a course taught in Norwegian, or for general acceptance into an institution, applicants outside of the Nordic countries must meet one of the following requirements:
- Successfully passed 'Norwegian as a second language' from upper secondary school.
- Sucessfully passed Level 3 in Norwegian at a university.
- Successfully passed one-year study in Norwegian language and society for foreign students from a university college.
- Successfully passed test in Norwegian at higher level, 'Bergenstesten', with a minimum score of 450.
In certain cases, institutions may accept other types of documentation. Please contact the institutions directly for details.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
One strange creature that we find is the whale. Surprisingly whales are genetically far more similar to other mammals than to fish even though they look like fish. Whales may look like fish on the outside, but they are far different on the inside, and are actually mammals.
Whales have hair, a trait found in mammals not fish. Whales give birth to live young and don't lay eggs like fish. They feed their young with breast-milk which is a mammal trait not seen in fish. Whales have smooth skin not fish scales. Whales move their tails up and down when swimming, a mammal trait. Fish move their tails side to side. Whales have pelvises just like mammals, and have a hand structure in their front fins unlike fish.
The below links show the fish and whale skeletons compared.
The most important feature of all is that whales have lungs instead of gills. This would be comparable to making a monkey with gills instead lungs. This monkey would live and eat up in the trees, but from time to time they will have to rush back in the water to breathe. Dolphins are also mammals that look like fish.
Whales also have a four-chambered stomach which is a super-stomach meant to grind up grass and leaves that most other animals can't really use. However whales don't eat grass or leaves but they do eat tiny sea creatures called krill, and zooplankton. They also eat tiny single-celled algae, fish, squid, shrimp, marine mammals and birds. Of course different whales have different specialized diets. Whales do not need four-chambered cattle stomachs to eat sea creatures, so a four-chambered stomach is very unnecessary. Having a four-chambered stomach is like cutting paper with a chain saw.
This makes sense from an evolutionary view because whales are most related to cattle which eat grass and leaves, and so inherited their stomachs. The closest land-mammals relative of the whale, the hippo lived mostly in the water, exhibiting a life-style maybe very near that of the ancestors of whales, and eats grass.
The reason for this is that millions of years ago, some land animals that lived in shallow water began adapting themselves more and more for water with fins and the like, until they could not live in the water any-more. This is why whales look like mammals dressed up like fish. The hippo a close relative of whales hints at the possible lifestyle of these ancestors.
In fact we find transitional fossils of land animals evolving into whales.
The above image shows the evolution of whales with more whale-like creatures in higher geological strata. This evolutionary series starts out in 50 million year old strata and becomes more and more whale-like as we approach 35 million year old strata. We find these fossils in Pakistan.
The above link shows the skeletons of the transitionals.
Notice how the front arms are becoming reduced as we go into higher strata. Also notice how the back legs disappear and the pelvis becomes small and distant from the spine. Indeed Dorudon has a transitional pelvis between that of a normal mammal and that of a whale. Notice also how the transitionals increase in size over time.
Richard Dawkins on whale evolution This two minute video shows how the nose of the mammal ancestors of the whale starts moving up the forehead to become the blow-hole of the whale as we look at more and more whale-like fossils.
Looking at the whale pelvis, we see that it is vestigial. It is tiny and just sitting separated from the spine in the whale. Lets take a closer look on this pelvis.
As you see, it still has the femur which is a leg bone. This is an astounding piece of evidence for evolution.
It is doubtful if this pelvis has any function at all, although it might have some minor function. It is vestigial because it has lost its former function (holding the legs solidly).
29+ evidences for evolution and dolphin embryos Indeed in the above link, we find that some dolphin species still develop leg bugs in embryonic development. What evolution did was keep the leg buds from developing further into legs; in the dolphins. The embryonic evidence is screaming out who the ancestors of whales are.
Evolution and atavisms Edward t Babinski on whales and atavisms The most astounding thing of all is that sometimes unlucky whales and dolphins will develop atavistic legs on their vestigial pelvises! Atavisms are traits formed from ancestral genes that were turned off, but through some mutation is turned back on in a descendent. Often these genes will allow something which started in embryonic development (leg buds) to continue to develop and not stop.
Everything about the whale screams of its origins. The fossil record shows the ancestry of the whale. Whales are strong evidence for the theory of evolution.


text:
Definition of Underweighted
Usually refers to recommendation that leads an investor to reduce their investment in a particular security or asset class. The reduction is usually with respect to a benchmark. Suppose that U.S. equities compose 40% of the benchmark portfolio. If one thinks the U.S. will underperform, the investor may reduce the exposure to U.S. equity to less than 40%.


text:
Improved Gas Sorption Analyzer Conformance Testing
Improved Conformance Testing of Gravimetric Gas Sorption Analyzers
Hiden Isochema has introduced a NIST traceable method for assessing the combined pressure, uptake and temperature measurements of gravimetric sorption systems.
An in-situ densitometry procedure is used to simultaneously determine mass and volume of an externally calibrated float. The volume is measured within 0.001 cc across the analyzer pressure range and is equivalent to a 1 µg (microgram) air displacement at standard temperature and pressure.
A specific tolerance is calculated from the test conditions and the sensor specifications of a given analyzer to yield a clear pass / fail condition for certification. The method also enables both the absolute combined accuracy and linearity to be quantified in specific operating conditions since it can be applied to any species including non-ideal gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
This rigorous conformance testing is applied as standard to all new IGA and XEMIS series analyzers and also during routine instrument servicing. A test kit and accompanying software protocol are also offered for user conformance testing to suit the requirements of their site quality management system.
Hiden Isochema's Managing Director, Dr Mike Benham, said "The recent improvements in our conformance testing methods add further to the confidence Hiden Isochema, and in turn, our customers, have in the accuracy of data measured using our gravimetric sorption analyzers. This unprecedented tolerance level is a further demonstration of Hiden Isochema's commitment to the quality of both our instruments and our testing protocols."
Hiden Isochema is recognised as an established leader in sorption instrumentation with over 20 years' experience in gravimetric sorption analyzer design and development. Our full product range includes fully automated gravimetric and manometric sorption analyzers, unique climate control systems and dedicated breakthrough analyzers.
Download a PDF copy of this article here: ISOPR1201 – Committing to Accuracy Hiden Isochema Press Release


text:
MITIGATING AND MANAGING FRAUD RISK IN THE ENERGY & NATURAL RESOURCES SECTOR
RC: In your opinion, what is extent of fraud risk currently facing organisations operating in the energy & natural resources sector?
Clement: Whenever we are confronted with an economic downturn, companies are forced to look for savings and adjust their strategic plans from aggressive growth to survival. This results in cutbacks at all levels of the organisation, inclusive of personnel within audit departments, thereby requiring everyone to undertake more with less. The recent drop in oil & gas prices has had a direct impact on output and with the current market we are confronted with a situation of oversupply. All of this results in less information being available with which to ensure appropriate governance within the organisation. On top of this, most organisations still remain vulnerable to cyber crime and its associated fraud scheme risks.
Prado: In Brazil, we need to bear in mind that 'energy & natural resources' encompasses different sectors with very different levels of risk and legal frameworks. For instance, the water resources sector – which includes both water collection and wastewater disposal – seems to have a low level of risk, probably because it is not seen as a profitable area. However, the mining sector may face higher levels of risk, since the applicable legal framework is outdated, and lacks clear and transparent dispositions regarding the granting of mining rights. Furthermore, recent developments have exposed the involvement of Petrobras – the Brazilian oil & gas state owned company – in several cases of fraud, basically related to the downstream shipping industry and refining companies, but also regarding upstream oil & gas exploitation. Power generation, transmission and distribution is another sector that may be considered low risk, probably because most companies in the sector were privatised during the 1990s and also because the sector benefits from a modern, transparent, more efficient and independent regulatory regime, regardless of the fact that there are some specific cases under investigation.
Apr-Jun 2016 Issue
Clement Advisory Group
Koury Lopes Advogados
Ropes & Gray


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Our District
Corporal Punishment, Restraint, and Physical Confinement and Detention
State law forbids school employees from using corporal punishment against any student. See Board Policy #503.05. Certain actions by school employees are not considered corporal punishment. Additionally, district employees may use "reasonable and necessary force, not designed or intended to cause pain" to do certain things, such as prevent harm to persons or property. Employees are provided annual training on this law.
State law also places limits on district employees' abilities to restrain or confine and detain any student. If you have any questions about this state law, please contact your student's school. The complete text of the law and additional information is available on the Iowa Department of Education's website:


text: Microwave imaging has seen an increasing amount of clinical trials in the last two years, including ongoing and planned commercial development. The rapidly increasing number of studies with patient imaging is encouraging researchers to focus on the challenges of translating microwave imaging algorithms to clinical use. A large number of imaging algorithms have been proposed for radar-based imaging, however few detailed comparisons of these algorithms using realistic experimental or patient data have been published. This paper looks at two leading radar-based algorithms in experimental phantoms with and without tumours present. It shows that although some algorithms improve image quality when the tumour is present, the algorithms can also increase false positives in breast phantoms containing glandular structures.


text:
In the realm of gardening and landscaping, the star jasmine plant, scientifically known as Trachelospermum jasminoides, stands out as a popular choice for its fragrant and delicate white flowers. However, for those considering adding this charming plant to their outdoor spaces, a common question arises: How long do star jasmine flowers last? Understanding the lifespan of these blossoms is crucial for garden enthusiasts and professionals alike. In this comprehensive article, we delve into the intricate details surrounding the longevity of star jasmine flowers, exploring factors that influence their bloom duration and offering insights to maximize their beauty in your garden.
Exploring the Life Cycle of Star Jasmine Flowers:
Star jasmine, native to China and Japan, boasts clusters of small, star-shaped white flowers that emit a sweet, intoxicating fragrance. These blooms typically appear in late spring to early summer, carpeting the vines with a stunning display of white petals against glossy green foliage. The duration of the flowering period largely depends on various environmental factors, plant health, and maintenance practices.
Temperature, sunlight, and moisture levels play pivotal roles in determining the lifespan of star jasmine flowers. In regions with mild climates and consistent temperatures, the flowering period tends to be more prolonged compared to areas with extreme weather fluctuations. Adequate sunlight exposure, preferably in partial shade to full sun conditions, promotes healthy growth and enhances the longevity of blooms. Additionally, maintaining optimal soil moisture without overwatering or allowing it to become waterlogged is crucial for sustaining flower production.
Plant Health and Maintenance:
The overall health of the star jasmine plant significantly impacts the duration and abundance of its flowers. Proper planting techniques, soil preparation, and regular fertilization contribute to vigorous growth and robust blooming. Pruning is another essential aspect of maintenance, as it helps remove dead or damaged foliage, encourages new growth, and stimulates flower production. However, excessive pruning or improper timing can disrupt the natural blooming cycle and diminish flower longevity.
Understanding the Bloom Cycle:
The blooming cycle of star jasmine flowers follows a predictable pattern, beginning with bud formation, followed by flowering, and culminating in seed production. Bud formation typically occurs in early spring, heralding the imminent arrival of blossoms. As temperatures warm and daylight hours increase, the buds gradually unfurl into exquisite white flowers, releasing their captivating fragrance to attract pollinators. Once pollinated, the flowers give way to seed pods, signaling the end of the blooming phase.
Factors Influencing Flower Longevity:
While star jasmine flowers possess inherent beauty and resilience, several factors can influence their longevity and overall vibrancy. These include:
1. Environmental Stressors: Exposure to harsh environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, drought, or excessive moisture can shorten the lifespan of star jasmine flowers.
2. Pest and Disease Management: Infestations of pests or diseases, if left unchecked, can damage foliage and compromise flower production, reducing the duration of blooming.
3. Nutrient Deficiencies: Inadequate soil nutrition or imbalances in essential nutrients can affect the plant's health and vitality, impacting the longevity of its flowers.
4. Pruning Practices: Improper pruning techniques or excessive removal of flower-bearing stems can disrupt the natural blooming cycle and diminish the lifespan of star jasmine flowers.
Prolonging Flowering Period:
While the natural lifespan of star jasmine flowers is finite, gardeners can employ various strategies to extend the duration of blooming and maximize floral beauty:
1. Adequate Watering: Maintain consistent soil moisture levels by watering the plant deeply but infrequently, ensuring thorough saturation without waterlogging.
2. Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of the plant to conserve moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress weed growth, fostering optimal conditions for prolonged flowering.
3. Fertilization: Provide the star jasmine plant with a balanced fertilizer formulated for flowering vines to promote healthy growth and sustained flower production.
4. Pest and Disease Control: Implement proactive measures to prevent pest infestations and fungal diseases, such as regular inspection, cultural practices, and targeted treatments as needed.
5. Pruning Techniques: Adopt proper pruning techniques to remove spent flowers, deadwood, and excess foliage, promoting airflow, light penetration, and continuous blooming throughout the growing season.
The lifespan of star jasmine flowers is influenced by a myriad of factors, including environmental conditions, plant health, and maintenance practices. While the natural blooming period occurs in late spring to early summer, gardeners can prolong the duration of floral display through strategic care and attention. By understanding the intricacies of the bloom cycle and implementing effective gardening techniques, enthusiasts can enjoy the beauty and fragrance of star jasmine flowers for an extended period, adding a touch of elegance to their outdoor landscapes.


The devil may be in the details for some shoppers – but not for all of them, new research shows.
The study by professors at Brown University and the University of Colorado-Boulder found that consumers widely differ when it comes to the level of detail that makes them feel they understand a product or service and in turn want to buy it.
The research found that thoughtful "explanation fiends" are more motivated when a product was explained, while more intuitive "explanation foes" felt confident in their understanding when the explanation was superficial. For those shoppers, deeper detail eroded their understanding and ultimately their willingness to pay for the product.
Colorado assistant professor Philip Fernbach, the study's lead author, said despite their differences, both groups are similar in that they feel the need to understand how a product works before it will gain their trust.
Steven Sloman, a Brown University professor and one of the study's authors, said it is up to marketers to figure out how to reach each type of detail-driven consumer.
"The fact is that people differ," Sloman said. "Your advertising, your marketing and your understanding of people has to be guided by an appreciation of who you are talking to."
The researchers reached their conclusions after conducting a series of experiments, including one that presented subjects with products and explanations of how they worked. Some were shown only shallow explanations of four products and then were asked to rate their understanding and their willingness to purchase the products. The subjects were then asked to how much they'd be willing to pay and asked to generate their own explanation of the product based on their level of understanding.
The experiment found that explanation foes readjusted how much they would pay for the product from $8 to less than $6 after realizing they didn't understand as much as they thought they did. At the same time, explanation fiends raised the amount they were willing to pay for a product by $2.50 after being asked to explain the products.
"We were actually shocked by how powerfully the data came out," Sloman said.
The study, which was coauthored by Brown undergraduates Robert St. Louis and Julia Shube, was recently published online in the Journal of Consumer Research.


text:
While a young architectural apprentice, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, the son of a Glasgow policeman, attended evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art, where he met Herbert MacNair, Frances Macdonald, and her sister Margaret Macdonald (who would later become Mackintosh's wife). Together they formed "The Four," producing watercolors, poster designs, and small decorative objects that were published in "The Studio." In 1889 Mackintosh was hired as a draftsman at the architectural firm of Honeyman and Keppie, where he would remain until 1914. It was there that he developed a unique design idiom based on the forms and materials of traditional Scottish architecture. Mackintosh undertook all aspects of a design commission, providing every element, from an architectural setting to small decorative objects and textiles. His best-known commissions include a building for the Glasgow School of Art (built in two phases, 1897–99 and 1907–09) and Hill House (1902–04), the Walter Blackie residence in the Glasgow suburb of Helensburgh.
Perhaps frustrated by a lack of success at Honeyman and Keppie, Mackintosh left Glasgow in 1914, and by 1920 he had completely abandoned his architectural career. He increasingly turned to watercolor, a medium he continued to explore until his death.
Mackintosh designed this washstand as part of the furnishings for the Blue Bedroom in Hous'hill, an eighteenth-century residence in a suburb of Glasgow he remodeled for Kate Cranston (Mrs. Cochrane) and her husband. Miss Cranston, one of Mackintosh's most important clients, was the proprietress of a group of highly successful tearooms in Glasgow, many of which she had Mackintosh design. With its uncompromising shape and brilliant abstract panel of glass, the washstand shows the architect/designer at the height of his creative powers.


Grammar Lesson of the Day: because
Grammar Lesson of the Day: because.
Some years ago I began to notice that my college freshmen had all gotten a very strange idea. They had been taught that one must never begin a sentence with the word because. I have no idea where high school teachers came up with this one. It is like alligators in the Manhattan sewers, or aliens landing in Roswell. Some kook huddled in a condemned building says it, and all at once everybody "knows" it, though it is not in the slightest bit true.
There's nothing special about the word because. It's a subordinating conjunction, like a hundred others. Any of them may begin a sentence – so long as it's a sentence they are beginning. A sentence, whether it begins with because or if or since or although or whenever or while or whatever or whatever, requires a main clause. This is not a sentence:
Because I could not stop for death.
But it's because it lacks a main clause. Let Emily Dickinson supply one:
The "rule" that the teachers have promulgated, besides being in itself utterly absurd, reveals something about all the other grammatical rules and "rules" that our students learn (or "learn"). That is, since grammar is no longer taught systematically, as a coherent discipline that makes sense of how we make sense, it disintegrates into a set of arbitrary directives, some of them incorrect at that, each separate from the other, without rhyme or reason. It is why I say that, unless they've studied Latin or German, none of my college freshmen has been taught grammar.
In any case, why would you want to begin with because? Well, you might want to emphasize the main clause, leaving it to the end, if that contains the idea you are going to develop. That's what Emily Dickinson wanted to do; she wanted to focus on Death's stopping by to give her a ride. But maybe you want to emphasize the material in the subordinate clause. Then you will probably place it after the main clause:
We're off to see the Wizard,
The wonderful Wizard of Oz!
We hear he is a whiz of a wiz
If ever a wiz there was!
If ever if ever a wiz there was
The Wizard of Oz is one because
Because because because because because –
Because of the wonderful things he does!
We're off to see the Wizard,
The wonderful Wizard of Oz!
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 - Jamie
 Could this be a lack of trust on the part of the professors? I was once told by a pediatrician (no longer our pediatrician) not to kiss my baby's face. As if I could stop. I'm sure she meant "please don't kiss your baby's face if you have pneumonia, or if you have crumbs in your mustache, or if you have just inhaled cigarette smoke." But she can't trust a non-professional bumbling mother or father to understand all the exceptions, so to be safe, she just laid down the law for all time. I imagine that professors find it easier to say "don't start a sentence with because, alright?" than to explain what a sentence fragment is.
 - Tony
 I don't think so, Jamie. It isn't professors who gave out that advice, but schoolteachers. I think they do not know what they are talking about. It's just flat ignorance.
 - Nancy de Flon
 Tony, part of the problem is that not only has none of your freshmen been taught grammar, but also, if you consider the age of many high school and elementary school teachers, they have probably not taught grammar either. We have a situation parallel to that in the Church in which religious ed is being taught to kids by uncatechized catechists. We are hurtling toward a cultural Dark Age.
 - Victor Gallerano
 It seems to me that there is less here than meets the eye: Our fourth graders are taught that they should not begin a sentence with because because they are just coming to terms with simple sentences. Subordination of clauses is too abstract to make sense at that level. In 6th and 7th grade, we correct that notion. "We are moving on, class, now you are able to understand why and how to use a subordinate clause (whether begun by because or some other subordinate conjunction). In the late 7th and 8th grades we teach the various rhetorical values of the syntactical choices one makes in writing.
 I can't speak for "all" your freshmen (really???) but, perhaps some of them weren't listening in the 6th grade when we corrected the because rule. (Has their listening gotten any better, by the way?)
 At any rate, this level of grammar is appropriate to grammar, not high school. The only time grammar is taught "systematically" in high school is during 9th grade when they are trying to re-mediate any gaps or weaknesses in the new freshmen. Needless to say, 9th grade goes to the low-man on the teaching totem pole…and usually the one with gaps and weaknesses of his or her own.
 - _URL_ Manny
 "why would you want to begin with because? Well, you might want to emphasize the main clause"
 Actually it emphasizes both clauses becuase it inverts the normal sequence. It gives the entire sentence a charge. If anything the first half of the Dickenson line is what's memorable to me, "Because i could not stop for death…" If she had gone with the normal sequence niether halves would be memorable.
 - _URL_ F.R. Duplantier
 Why am I responding to this article? Because I want to. And that's a perfectly grammatical, if elliptical sentence. The rules of grammar are intended for people who have no idea what they're doing, to help them make a better impression and avoid embarrassing themselves too much. They're like paint-by-number canvases or Arthur Murray dance lessons. No one who's any good at anything pores over rule books.


Classification
Difference Between Classification and Prediction
Classification is the method of recognizing to which group; a new process belongs to a background of a training data set containing a new process of o...
Difference Between Classification and Regression
Fundamentally, classification is about predicting a label and regression is about predicting a quantity. ... That classification is the problem of pre...
Difference Between Classification and Tabulation
Classification is a process of statistical analysis. It is the process of grouping data according to their characteristics. Tabulation is a process of...


text:
North Carolina in the early 20th century: Primary sources and readings explore North Carolina in the first decades of the twentieth century (1900–1929). Topics include changes in technology and transportation, Progressive Era reforms, World War I, women's suffrage, Jim Crow and African American life, the cultural changes of the 1920s, labor and labor unrest, and the Gastonia stirke of 1929. (Page 5.2)
A café, whose windows label it as the Farmers Cafe — Quick Lunch, has separate entrances labeled "White" and "Colored."
LEARN NC, a program of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education,
finds the most innovative and successful practices in K–12 education and makes them available to the teachers
and students of North Carolina — and the world.


text:
Sparse Approximate Inverses in a Finite Element Framework
My thesis describes a method for constructing sparse approximate inverses (SPAI) of blocks of matrices arising in the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs), discretized using the finite element method (FEM). The matrices have a 2 by 2 block form, which in this case is obtained via refinement of the discretization mesh and classification of the nodes as coarse and fine. The SPAI matrix is assembled from small matrices, obtained by manipulation of the local stiffness matrices; a procedure that is fully parallelizable.
The framework can be used recursively on a sequence of meshes and is suitable for constructing of algebraic Multi-Level preconditioners of block-multiplicative type.
As an illustration, numerical results of using this method to solve the Poisson problem are presented, both serial and parallel. The serial test results show that this preconditioning method is robust with respect to problem size and to discontinuity of the coefficients of the PDEs, when the areas corresponding to different coefficients are aligned with the coarse mesh. The method is not fully robust to anisotropy. Parallel tests show that the performance of the method is independent of the number of processors used to solve the problem, and that the method is highly scalable with excellent parallelization properties.


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1.
DIFFRACTION GRATINGS FORMED BY BENT-CORE LIQUID CRYSTALS IN THE TWIST – BEND NEMATIC PHASE
Muhammad Ali, 2021, doktorska disertacija
Opis: In this thesis, we study the structure and optical transmission properties of the twist-bend nematic liquid crystalline phase, made of bent dimers, confined in thin planar cells. Confinement leads to the formation of a periodic modulated structure, the formation of which is explained as follows. The twist-bend nematic phase is characterized by a heliconical modulation of the molecular long axes. Due to a short pitch of modulation (approximately 10 nm), the twist-bend nematic phase behaves as a pseudo-layered medium. At temperatures below the nematic – twist-bend nematic phase transition, the heliconical pitch and thus the thickness of the pseudo-layers reduces, which leads to a two-dimensional undulation of pseudo-layers in the direction perpendicular to the cell surfaces and along the surfaces. The undulated structure is responsible for a stripe texture observed under a polarizing microscope and acts as a diffraction grating. We constructed theoretical models to predict the pseudo-layer structure of a confined twist-bend nematic phase and to describe the properties of light diffracted on such cells. The free energy of the two-dimensional pseudo-layer structure of the twist-bend nematic phase is expressed in terms of the nematic director field, by which we describe the direction of the heliconical axis, and a complex smectic order parameter, the gradient of which gives the direction of the layer normal. At first, we assume that pseudo-layers are perpendicular to the surfaces (bookshelf geometry) and find a stable structure by assuming an ansatz for the pseudo-layer displacement from the bookshelf geometry and then minimizing the free energy at a very strong and very weak surface anchoring. In this way a threshold condition for the onset of the modulated structure is obtained, as well as the amplitude and period of modulation. Next, we assume that, at the onset of the twist-bend nematic phase, pseudo-layers are formed at some angle (pre-tilt) with respect to the surface. We find that in both cases, the bookshelf and pre-tilted one, the calculated period of modulation far from the phase transition is always approximately twice the cell thickness, which agrees with experimental observations. The properties of light diffracted by the spontaneously formed grating were studied both experimentally and theoretically. We measured the intensity and polarization properties of the first two orders of the diffracted light and the temperature dependence of the polarization of the second order diffraction peaks. To predict the observed properties of the diffracted light and to simplify the description of such gratings, we consider different preliminary models of a one-dimensional spatial variation of the optic axis, the direction of which is given by two angles. A transfer matrix method is used and a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is obtained. In a more comprehensive approach, we determine the spatial variation of the optic axis direction from the modeled structure. The electric field in the diffracted light is obtained by using the transfer matrix method and beam propagation method. In the case of a pre-tilt of the pseudo-layers and very strong surface anchoring both methods give good qualitative agreement with experimental results, only in the case of the temperature dependence of the second order diffraction peaks, a more complex beam propagation method is superior to the transfer matrix method. The thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part, we focus on the physical properties of the twist-bend nematic phase and its structure in thin planar cells. In the second part, a continuum model is proposed and finally, the properties of diffracted light are discussed and theoretically predicted by using the beam propagation method and transfer matrix method.
Ključne besede: Bent-dimer liquid crystals, twist-bend nematic phase, undulation of pseudo-layers, polarization, diffraction grating, beam propagation method, transfer matrix method.
Objavljeno: 21.10.2021; Ogledov: 146; Prenosov: 23
.pdf Celotno besedilo (10,65 MB)
2.
Impact of curvature on nematic topological defects
Luka Mesarec, 2018, doktorska disertacija
Opis: Topological defects (TDs) appear almost unavoidably in continuous symmetry breaking phase transitions. The topological origin makes their key features independent of systems' microscopic details; therefore TDs display many universalities. Because of their strong impact on numerous material properties and their significant role in several technological applications it is of strong interest to find simple and robust mechanisms controlling the positioning and local number of TDs. There are strong evidences that in physics the fields are fundamental entities of nature and not particles. If this is the case then topological defects (TDs) might play the role of fundamental particles. An adequate testing ground to study and gain fundamental understanding of TDs are nematic liquid crystals. We present a numerical study of TDs within effectively two dimensional closed soft films exhibiting in-plane orientational ordering. Popular examples of such class of systems are liquid crystalline shells and various biological membranes. We analyze the impact of extrinsic and intrinsic curvature on positions of topological defects (TDs) in two-dimensional (2D) nematic films. We demonstrate that both these curvature contributions are commonly present and are expected to be weighted by comparable elastic constants. A simple Landau-de Gennes approach in terms of tensor nematic order parameter is used to numerically demonstrate impact of the curvatures on position of TDs on 2D ellipsoidal nematic shells. We introduce the Effective Topological Charge Cancellation mechanism controlling localised positional assembling tendency of TDs and the formation of pairs (defect,antidefect) on curved surfaces. Furthermore, we estimate a critical depinning threshold to form pairs (defect,antidefect) using the electrostatic analogy. Finally, we show how one could efficiently switch among qualitatively different structures by using a relative volume of ordered shells, which represents a relatively simple naturally accessible control parameter. In doctoral thesis, we developed theoretical model of erythrocyte membrane by using a hybrid Helfrich-Landau type mesoscopic approach, taking into account in-plane membrane ordering. We demonstrate that the derived extrinsic membrane energy term, which strongly depends on the local orientations of the molecules, is essential for the predicted broadening of the range of the relative volumes corresponding to the stable discocyte shapes, which is otherwise very narrow if only intrinsic curvature energy term dominates.
Ključne besede: Topological defects, Continuum fields, Nematic liquid crystals, Biological membranes, Nematic shells, Landau-de Gennes formalism, Topological charge, Nanoparticles, Gaussian curvature, Electrostatic analogy, Intrinsic curvature, Extrinsic curvature, Crystal growth nucleation, Relative volume
Objavljeno: 09.03.2018; Ogledov: 1318; Prenosov: 110
.pdf Celotno besedilo (23,66 MB)
3.
Effective topological charge cancelation mechanism
Luka Mesarec, Wojciech Góźdź, Aleš Iglič, Samo Kralj, 2016, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: Topological defects (TDs) appear almost unavoidably in continuous symmetry breaking phase transitions. The topological origin makes their key features independent of systems' microscopic details; therefore TDs display many universalities. Because of their strong impact on numerous material properties and their significant role in several technological applications it is of strong interest to find simple and robust mechanisms controlling the positioning and local number of TDs. We present a numerical study of TDs within effectively two dimensional closed soft films exhibiting in-plane orientational ordering. Popular examples of such class of systems are liquid crystalline shells and various biological membranes. We introduce the Effective Topological Charge Cancellation mechanism controlling localised positional assembling tendency of TDs and the formation of pairs {defect, antidefect} on curved surfaces and/or presence of relevant "impurities" (e.g. nanoparticles). For this purpose, we define an effective topological charge Δmeff consisting of real, virtual and smeared curvature topological charges within a surface patch Δς identified by the typical spatially averaged local Gaussian curvature K. We demonstrate a strong tendency enforcing Δmeff → 0 on surfaces composed of Δς exhibiting significantly different values of spatially averaged K. For Δmeff ≠ 0 we estimate a critical depinning threshold to form pairs {defect, antidefect} using the electrostatic analogy.
Ključne besede: topological defects, topological charge, numerical studies, orientational ordering, nematic liquid crystals, liquid crystalline shells, biological membranes, nanoparticles, Gaussian curvature, electrostatic analogy, annihilation, topology
Objavljeno: 23.06.2017


SECRET OF CSS
How to Use Password Fields in Java
A password field is a text component used to input a password. This Java Swing component allows a user to input their password while shielding it with black dots whenever the user types a character.
Java provides the JPasswordField class in its API that developers can use to create a password field. JPasswordField inherits from the JTextComponent class, which itself is a subclass of JComponent.
JTextComponent is the base class for all Swing text components. It provides customizable features such as a model, a view, and unlimited redo and undo to its subclasses.
In this programming tutorial, developers will learn how to create a password field in Java and get a user's input and password.
Looking to learn Java in a classroom or online course setting? We have a tutorial listing some of the Best Online Courses to Learn Java to help get you started.
How to Use JPasswordField in Java
To create a password field, Java programmers need to instantiate the JPasswordField class, like so:
JPasswordField passwordField = new JPasswordField();
In JPasswordField's constructor, you can pass an int argument to define the size of the field (columns) that you would like to be shown on the screen. In the event you are using a layout manager, such as BoxLayout, with your button, the value in the constructor will be ignored or overridden.
Here is some example Java code showing this in action:
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

class SimplePassword{

 public static void main(String args[]){

 JFrame frame = new JFrame();
 JPasswordField passwordField = new JPasswordField();
 JLabel label = new JLabel("Password field is below"); // line 10

 frame.setLayout(new BoxLayout(frame.getContentPane(), BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
 passwordField.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.red));
 passwordField.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(75, 25));
 passwordField.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(150, 25));
 passwordField.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(250, 25));

 frame.add(label); // line 18
 frame.add(passwordField);
 frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
 frame.setSize(400,400);
 frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
 frame.setVisible(true);
 }
}
The code above creates a password field with a red border line:
Java Password Field Example
Take note of lines 10 to 18 of the code above; your code would still be able to run without these lines. However, you would not really be able to see the password field on your program window. The only thing that would help you identify it would be the blinking cursor on your screen.
Therefore, to help a user easily identify where the password field is, you need to set a colored border for it. Otherwise, it will blend in with the window's background, making it unseeable. The setborder() method helps achieve this.
Additionally, you need to set the minimum, preferred, and maximum size of your password field using setMinimumSize(), setPreferredSize(), setMaximumSize(), respectively. If programmers do not set these values, they will have sizing issues with their password field. You can try commenting out these methods in the code above to see how your passfield resizes.
If it is the only component on the frame, you may not even be able to identify where it is if these sizes are not set.
Read: Best Tools for Remote Developers
Handling Events on Password Fields in Java
From the previous example, if you tried entering a password and then pressing the Enter key, you will notice that nothing happens. This is because no action has been configured for when a user has finished entering their password.
In a practical scenario, your user should be able send their password to a database or file for storage or verification. You can add a button to listen for events and associate them with a password field to handle this procedure.
To achieve this, you need to ensure that your event handling class implements the ActionListener interface. Next, you need to register an instance of this class to the button using addActionListener().
Finally, you need to provide the code that will handle the input password in the actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) method. This method is always called whenever an event is fired up from an associated component (e.g a button).
The Java code example below demonstrates the above concepts. It displays the input password on the terminal whenever a user presses the Submit button:
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.BorderFactory;

class PasswordField implements ActionListener {

 private JPasswordField passwordField = new JPasswordField();

 PasswordField (){

 JFrame frame = new JFrame();
 JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter Password");
 JButton button = new JButton("Submit");
 button.addActionListener(this);

 frame.setLayout(new BoxLayout(frame.getContentPane(), BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
 passwordField.setBorder(BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.red));
 passwordField.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(150, 25));
 passwordField.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(250, 25));

 frame.add(label);
 frame.add(passwordField);
 frame.add(button);

 frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
 frame.setSize(400,400);
 frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
 frame.setVisible(true);
 }

 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

 char[] pass1 = passwordField.getPassword();
 System.out.println(pass1);
 }

 public static void main(String args[]){

 PasswordField passwordObj = new PasswordField();
 }
}
This creates the graphical output:
Java Password Field Tutorial
Final Thoughts on Java Password Fields
Password fields are used to capture private information. This means that developers need to pay particular attention to the security of their class members. One way of doing this is to use the private visibility modifier to ensure that other classes do not unnecessarily access members of this class.
Read more Java programming and software development guides.
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permeabilities £j, i = 1,2,..., n. The effective dielectric constant £ef f can be defined from:
<D) = £eff <E), (9)
where D is the electric displacement and the symbol <•) denotes averaging of corresponding values. If we introduce quantities fj characterizing volume part of the j-th layer and fo = 1 — J2 fj for the matrix, then the average electric displacement and electric field are given by:
nn
<D) = £ fj£j<Ej) + fo£oEo, <E) = £ fj<Ej) + foEo. (10)
j=i j=i
By the linearity of the electrostatic problem, the values of average electric field strength are proportional to the external electric field <Ej) = pj <Em) with coefficients of proportionality pj. According to Eqs. (9)-(10) the expression for the effective dielectric permittivity is approximately given by:
n
^ ^ fj £jpj + fm£m
£eff = -. (11)
fjpj + fo
j=1
For n =1 Eq. (11) is known as the Maxwell-Garnett formula [5]. More accurate results can be obtained with the T-matrix method [13]. In the case of concentric circles and n = 2 we have [7]
pi =_2£m(£1 + £2)_
(£l + £2)(£o + £i) + (r2/ri)2(£i — £2)(£o — £l)
p = _4£m£l__(13)
(£l + £2)(£o + £i) + (r2/ri)2(£i — £2)(£o — £i). It is possible to define the polarizability of a two-layer system as a p = (plfl + p2f2)/(fl + f2). Exactly this quantity is included in Eq. (11) for the effective dielectric constant. After performing numerical averaging of the series (7) and taking into account [12]
c2
dxdy = ----■-^adg, (14)
(cosh a + cos p)2
we find the polarizability p. The dependencies of p on the distance between the cylinders centers and relative dielectric constants £l/£o are shown in Fig. 2.
From these graphs follows that if the distance between the cylinders centers d is not too large, then the polarizability p(d) is close to its value p(0) for the concentric cylinders. Significant changes in polarizability have place only in the case where the outer and inner circles are almost touching each other. The proximity of
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
0.5
cx
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
5 10 15 20
£i/£o
Fig. 2. The dependence of the polarizability p on the ratio ei/e0 for the different relative distance d between the cylinders centers
the cylinders boundaries leads to a noticeable decrease in the polarizability. The polarizability dependence on the dielectric constant of the inner cylinder is shown in Fig. 3.
0.9..............................
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
e2/e0
Fig. 3. The dependence of the polarizability p on the ratio e2/e0
3. Conclusion
We have presented a new approach to describe the effective characteristics of a periodic set of eccentric cylinders. If the distance between the axes of the cylinder is small (d/dmax < 0.997), the effective dielectric constant depends only on volume fractions of fillers. In this case it is possible to use the Maxwell-Garnett approximation. In turn, if the cylinders are almost touching each other (d/dmax > 0.003), then the Maxwell-Garnett method cannot be employed and the effective dielectric constant depends on the interaxial distance d. This
i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 _ .....j.
_____________ :
,v / //
: /y
// >' ......d/dma,-0.997 :
// a — d/dm,x-0.998 ;
>! n li u : i — d/dma,=0.999 : — d/dmex=l :
N - S
/
i ______5
i ...—— ..................
dependence allows one to control the permittivity of composites. Perhaps, such a mechanism is realized in living cells. The cell nucleus might move inside the cell volume [14] and change its thermal and electrical conductivity when approaching the cell surface.
Also note that the dependence of the properties of eccentric cylinders on d specifies the need for major modifications of classical averaging methods as Maxwell-Garnett, Bruggeman, etc. In these techniques, the effective dielectric constant depends only on the specific volume of the composite component. In more complex cases, however, the surface area of each component also can be taken into account (the Maxwell-Wagner effect). The change in the effective dielectric constant, as discussed in this paper, occurs at identical volumes and surface areas of each component. In addition, in our opinion, the angles of the edges and vertices at the boundaries of the various components need to be entered in the generalization of the formula for the effective permittivity of composites. Since no assumptions about the reality or positivity of cylinder dielectric constants (ei and e2) have been made, the resulting expressions are applicable for calculation of the metal cylinders with a complex permittivity and cylinder of metamaterials. It is also important also to emphasize, that the solution of piezoelectricity equations for eccentric circular fibrous composites under the generalized anti-plane shear deformation [15] may be constructed in precisely the same manner.
Acknowledgements
The research leading to the results exposed has received funding from the Government of Russian Federation, Grant 074-U01.
References
[1] Lagarkov A. N., Matytsin S. M., Rozanov K. N., Sarychev A. K. Dielectric properties of fiber-filled composites. J. Appl. Phys, 1998, 84(7), P. 3806-3814.
[2] Dang Z. M., Yuan J. K., Zha J. W., Zhou T., Li S. T., Hu G. H. Fundamentals, processes and applications of high-permittivity polymer-matrix composites. Progress in Materials Science, 2012, 57(4), P. 660-723.
[3] Alekseev A. V., Predtechenskiy M. R. Aluminum foil reinforced by carbon nanotubes. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2016, 7(1), P. 185-189.
[4] Khodke M. R., Joshi S. V. An investigative study on application of carbon nanotubes for strain sensing. Nanosystems: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, 2016, 7(4), P. 755-758.
[5] Garnett J. C. M. Colours in metal glasses, in metallic films, and in metallic solutions. II Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 1906, 203, P. 237-288.
[6] Rayleigh L. LVI. On the influence of obstacles arranged in rectangular order upon the properties of a medium. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1892, 34(211), P. 481-502.
[7] Zhang H., Shen Y., Xu Y., Zhu H., Lei M., Zhang X., Xu M. Effective medium theory for two-dimensional random media composed of core-shell cylinders, Opt. Comm., 2013, 306, P. 9-16.
[8] Starkov I. A., Starkov A. S. Effective parameters of nanomatryoshkas. Journal of Nanophotonics, 2016, 10(3), P. 033503-033503.
[9] Grinberg G. A., Selected Topics in the Mathematical Theory of Electrical and Magnetical Phenomena. Acad. of Sci. USSR, Leningrad, 1948, 733 pp.
[10] Chaumet P. C., Dufour J. P. Electric potential and field between two different spheres. Journal ofelectrostatics, 1998, 43(2), P. 145-159.
[11] Balagurov B. Y. On the polarizability of a pair of cylinders in a transverse electric field. Technical Physics, 2003, 48(8), P. 945-951.
[12] Lebedev N. N., Skalskaya


text:
For the last few years, there's been discussion within the agriculture community about a shortage of food animal veterinarians and finding solutions to help generate interest in the profession. Since then enrollments in many veterinary schools are up, but an American Association of Bovine Practioners' committee report says there actually is not a shortage of food animal veterinarians, but rather an issue of rural economies being able to sustain large animal practices.
Since the first reports on the shortage of food animal veterinarians, the economy has taken a downturn, including serious financial losses in the dairy segment, shrinking herd sizes and agriculture in general continuing to consolidate, explains Christine Navarre, Louisiana State University Extension veterinarian and AABP president. And some graduates are finding it difficult to find jobs.
"With the changing economy, the job market in general is tough," she explains. "This report served as a reality check, and found that there are pockets of under served rural areas but not necessarily a shortage of veterinarians to fill those needs."
The problem is that those under served rural areas are not able to sustain a veterinary practice. She explains it's similar to rural issues with human healthcare, and requires some examination of alternative solutions to serving those communities rather than flooding the food-animal veterinary field with qualified graduates and limited job openings.
To address the issue of providing veterinary care in under served rural areas, the AABP has set up three new subcommittees that will:
- Identify alternative and sustainable business models in rural areas.
- Develop tools to help veterinarians hone business skills.
- Look at the role of veterinary technicians to fill this gap.


text:
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Occupational Therapist, Cat Gregory and her partner, Aaron Venables kindly volunteer to take care of the maintenance and wellbeing of the tropical fish tank in the Inpatient Unit Lounge at the Hospice.
The aquarium at the Hospice has been a feature since the new Hospice opened in 2016. It currently contains one Angelfish (a recommendation from a previous patient who had a white Angelfish at home), five bright blue Cardinal Tetras, several Swordtails and three Siamese Algae Eaters.
Cat reminded us of the importance of the fish tank:
"Patients, their families, visitors and staff all appreciate a few moments of distraction, peace and meditation with the fish. A patient that had been in bed for a number of weeks was hoisted into a chair, and when she saw the fish she took so much joy from seeing them, pointing out the angel fish."
Aaron shared why he likes the fish tank:
"I am a CEO and Chair of Trustee's for a Charity, so I am busy – the fish give me an opportunity to sit with a coffee and disappear into the fish tank. I have had fish all my life, I find them so peaceful and great for your mental health."
Aaron explained more about the fish:
"Most of these fish originate from the free flowing Amazon River, so the tank is an artificial environment for them that requires regular maintenance.
When choosing fish there are several considerations to make:
- Choose different fish that swim in the three different layers of the tank – for example the Swordtails swim at the top, the Cardinals in the middle and the Siamese Algae Eaters at the bottom.
- They all have their own likes and dislikes, such as you should only have one Angelfish in a tank like this, as it may get territorial and fight with any other Angelfish.
- However, the Swordtails and Cardinals are shoaling fish and want to be together.
- The plants are essential for consuming waste from the fish and the three Siamese Algae Eaters always like to hide in them.
- Some types of fish live for 4-5 years and others around 10-12 years.
Caring for the fish and aquarium takes time, patience and a certain amount of skill. It took Cat and Aaron three hours to change the water last week and this needs to be done every two weeks. The water also needs to be regularly tested with special chemicals to check the pH and ensure minimum levels of Nitrites or Nitrates, both of which are toxic to the fish.'
"Lots of our visitors to the Inpatient Unit quickly become fond of the fish. Many of the patient's visitors enjoy getting involved with the feeding of the fish and find helping to keep the glass clean of algae – using the magnetic glass cleaner, therapeutic too."
Cat and Aaron have two fish tanks at home, which have their own Instagram account: aaca.aquarium and the last post about the aquarium at the Hospice, had over 2,000 views!
If you would like to volunteer for Arthur Rank Hospice Charity, please visit the volunteers opportunities page: _URL_


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I seldom read the minstrel stories so I had a hard time guessing the answers to these. Lol. But seriously, who would like to read the long bard stories? Anyway, I compiled the answers to the Glast Heim (GH) Quest Minstrel Belmond Ellen's Questions here.
Before you proceed, take note that the Glast Heim Quests, including Minstrel Belmond Ellen's Quests, will only be unlocked on Level 80.
Dark Falls Questions – Talk to Minstrel Belmond Ellen (Answer: 2-1-3)
- Who is the master of Hollgrehenn the blacksmith in Prontera?
- In Eremes' story, which monster gained control over Eremes' father?
Answer: The Dark Illusion
- In Solo Took's story, what's the name of Solo Took's wife?
King Schmitz Questions – Talk to Minstrel Belmond Ellen (Answer: 2-1-1)
- In Yarsuharka the Sabertooth's story, which term of Kobold prophet did Yarsuharka serve as?
Answer: The First
- Reyen, Morgan, and Maria have one mentor. What's her name?
- Which guild did Los Rabil belong to before joining in the Hand of Goddess?
Answer: The Assassins' Guild
Wisdom Family Questions – Talk to Minstrel Belmond Ellen (Answer: 3-1-2)
- In Sibigay's story, what is Sibigay's profession?
- In Lavure's story, what magic did Lavure cast?
Answer: Ancient Magic
- In Elke's story, what did Elke want to exchange the Goddess necklace for?
Answer: Goddess's Tear


text:
Vibrational Relaxation of O3(v2) by O(3P)
Journal of Physical Chemistry A
Laboratory measurements of the rate coefficient for quenching of O3(v2) by ground state atomic oxygen, kO(v2), at room temperature are presented. kO(v2) is currently not well-known and is necessary for appropriate non-local thermodynamic equilibrium modeling of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In this work, a 266-nm laser pulse photolyzes a small amount of O3 in a slow-flowing gas mixture of O3, Xe, and Ar. This process simultaneously produces atomic oxygen and increases the temperature of the gas mixture slightly, thereby increasing the population in the O3(v2) state. Transient diode laser absorption spectroscopy is used to monitor the populations of the O3(v2) and ground vibrational states as the system re-equilibrates. Relaxation rates are measured over a range of quencher concentrations to extract the rate coefficient of interest. The value of kO(v2) was determined to be (2.2 ± 0.5) x 10-12 cm3 s-1.
Castle, Karen. "Vibrational Relaxation of O3(v2) by O(3P)." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 118, no. 25 (2014) : 4548.
This document is currently not available here.


text:
Whistleblower protection is essential for safeguarding the public interest, for promoting
a culture of accountability and integrity in both public and private institutions,
and for encouraging the reporting of misconduct, fraud and corruption wherever it
occurs. While many countries are increasingly developing legal frameworks to protect
whistleblowers, more can be done to mainstream integrity and promote open organisational
cultures. This report analyses whistleblower protection frameworks in OECD countries,
identifies areas for reform and proposes next steps to strengthen effective and comprehensive
whistleblower protection laws in both the public and private sectors.
Implement whistleblower protection broadly, covering all who carry out functions related
to an organisation's mandate.
Clearly communicate the processes in place and raise awareness through training, newsletters,
and information sessions about reporting channels and procedures to facilitate disclosures.
Encourage countries to develop review mechanisms to identify data, benchmarks, and
indicators relative to whistleblower protection systems and the broader integrity
framework in order to evaluate effectiveness and monitor performance.


Chapter 1. Introduction
Hugs and GHC provide a common set of libraries to aid portability. This document specifies the interfaces to these libraries and documents known differences. It is the hope of the GHC team that these libraries in the long run become part of every Haskell system.
1.1. Naming Conventions
The set of interfaces specified in this document try to adhere to the following naming conventions:


user has the option to suppress screen printing thereby saving a great deal of time. Note that any time screen output is selected, the history file (DR_6502.HST) is updated as per its user selected output option. When the screen output is suppressed, the history file is not written to either. (Search /Option 'H'/) Trace Controlled Screen Output: The simulator has a control option (Search /Option 't'/) where the screen output is enabled and disabled based on the position of execution in the subroutine calling tree. This option is called the trace option because it can be used to trace the execution of a particular routine, performing all of the calculations in subroutines without displaying them. The speed of execution of the simulator is not effected whether operating under the trace mode or not however as the trace option changes execution modes, the speed changes accordingly. Break Point Set: If the 'processor' encounters the one user selected break point address during any memory access (OpCode fetch, read, write etc) the simulation will stop and await user prompting. If there is no break point set then no check of addresses will be done. (Search /Option 'b'/) Mode 1: Break Point and No Output --------------------------------- The fastest execution occurs when a break point has been set and no output is selected. In this mode the 'processor' blasts along at maximum speed scanning for the ' key which indicates switching back to full user output. Without user input the program will run'silently' until the breakpoint address is reached. At maximum, the program is currently capable of simulating about 166 MCPS (machine cycles per second) or one second of 6502 CPU time in about 1.67hr of XT (8Mhz) execution time which is 1/6000th real speed. With delay loops disabled, this mode can move very rapidly though the program, executing about one page of assembly source code per second. Since most every computer owned by students is many times faster than an XT, the simulation will be that much faster on their machine at home. If the break point address is reached, the program will switch to Mode 4: Stopped Mode. page 5 Mode 2: No Output, No Break Point --------------------------------- The program still scans for the ' key because with no break point this is the only means of returning the program to full output mode. Since the program will run indefinitely in this mode, the user needs to know at what stage the program is so that it may be stopped near points of interest. The program prints the current program counter value to the screen after each program step to let the user know where the program is. This mode runs at about 118 MCPS, that is 70% of the speed of mode 1. Mode 3: Full Output ------------------- In this mode the program prints the values of all registers after every program step. If there is a break point set then the current fetch and program addresses will be compared to the break point address at each program step. If the program reaches the break point address it will go into Mode 4: Stopped Mode. Running with full output with or without a breakpoint is very slow but still faster than the average human is able to absorb the information flipping past on the screen. For this reason the program builds a DR_6502.HST history file on disk that records any program steps that are displayed on the screen. In this mode the simulator executes about 16 MCPS or about 1/10th the speed of mode 1 including all disk and screen output. In this mode the program is scanning for user input. To transfer to modes 1 or 2 press the ' key. To stop the execution (go to Mode 4: Stopped Mode) press the's' key (stands for 'STOP'). Mode 4: Stopped Mode -------------------- In this mode the program does not execute program steps but waits for user input. To go back to each of the other modes from mode 4, the user must input: Mode 1: Enter a [new] break point address. Press the ' key. Mode 2: Press the ' key. Mode 3: Press the 'g' key (stands for GO) To remain in stopped mode but advance by one program step, the user can press the's' key (stands for STEP). The other command options available are explained in the next section. page 6 3) Stopped Mode Simulator Command Options ========================================= Since there are several avenues open to the user under the stopped mode, no command prompt is displayed but the program will react to keystrokes. The following is a list of the keystrokes and the commands they initiate. The more complete description of what each of the commands does is given in below. The reader can use a word search or find option searching for /Option 'x'/ where x is the keystroke to be searched. Key | Function ==================================================================== | b | Set the break point address | t | Trace on, Full screen output for this level subroutine | only. Screen output is disabled upon JSR and is | re-enabled after the matching RTS is executed. | T | Trace off | d | Dump memory data to a disk file in hex, TASM or block | format | R | Read a disk data file in block format into memory | * D | Dump Disassembled Program to a Disk file in TASM format | p | Poke values into memory (good for simulating I/O, sensors) | * P | (Re)Program: Disassembles a Page of Program Memory and | Offers the following sub-menu | | Key Function | ========================================================== | u move Up a line in the program | d move Down a line in the program | c Change the code - begin reprogramming in assembly | code | s Save current page | r Reread current page discarding any changes | + read and disassemble the next memory page of the | program | p read and disassemble a different Page | m Make space for new assembly code to be inserted | i Symbol information | a Assign a Symbol | l Label current line with a symbol | b toggle display of Branch line labels | n modify Notepad | q Quit Program module - do not save the current page | | page 7 m | Monitor an address (variable) | r | Change the contents of the processor Registers including | the flags | v | View memory in hex dump format to the screen | n | Display and edit the notepad | l | List a text file to the screen - copy to notepad | f - find text | ESC - quit | h | History, display the short history that is maintained in | memory | H | Change the history file and short history format |! | RESET the processor - all memory remains | i | Set interrupt frequency (Available only in software | simulation mode) | e | End the simulation - Check DR_6502.HST for a log of that | run |? | HELP - List the Keystrokes available to the user | ==================================================================== * Segments contained in the second overlay. Upon initiating the command the simulator will stop for a few moments to transfer in 'OVERLAY1.EXE'. These segments of the program utilize the symbol information if present to enhance their operation. Please see section 5) DRSYM and the Symbolic Debugging. page 8 4) After The CRASH: Simulator Command Options ============================================= After the simulator has flagged some condition that would lead to a malfunction of a real 6502 system, the mode of operations changes to the post crash analysis. The user has many option available to analyze memory and processor status to discover where things went wrong. The user also has the option to direct the simulator to return to normal operations after some adjustments to registers or data has been made. The following is a list of commands available in the post crash analysis. Key | Function ==================================================================== | d | Dump memory data to a disk file in hex, TASM or block | format | * D | Dump Disassembled Program to a Disk file in TASM format | p | Poke values into memory (good for simulating I/O, sensors) | * P | (Re)Program: Disassembles a Page of Program Memory and | Offers the following sub-menu | | Key Function | ========================================================== | u move Up a line in the program | d move Down a line in the program | c Change the code - begin reprogramming in assembly | code | s Save current page | r Reread current page discarding any changes | + read and disassemble the next memory page of the | program | p read and disassemble a different Page | m Make space for new assembly code to be inserted | i Symbol information | a Assign a Symbol | l Label current line with a symbol | b toggle display of Branch line labels | n modify Notepad | q Quit Program module - do not save the current page | | r | Change the contents of the processor Registers including | the flags | v | View memory in hex dump format to the screen | n | Display and edit the notepad | h | History, display the short history that is maintained in | memory | page 9 H | Change the history file and short history format |! | RESET the processor - all memory remains | e | End the simulation - Check DR_6502.HST for a log of that | run |? | HELP - List the Keystrokes available to the user | j | Jump Start the simulation - Direct the simulator to resume | ==================================================================== * Segments contained in the second overlay. Upon initiating the command the simulator will stop for a few moments to transfer in 'OVERLAY1.EXE'. These segments of the program utilize the symbol information if present to enhance their operation. Please see section 5) DRS


text:
The appearance and texture of tomato or strawberry can tell you if they are ripe or not. But how do you know when corn is ready to pick?
Because freshly picked corn is a delight and tastes far better than corn from the grocery store, gardeners are ready to invest their time and garden space in cultivating it. Continue reading for information about corn harvesting that will assist you in determining when to pick corn.
How Do You Know When Corn is Ready to Pick?
One day you'll be staring up at stalks of corn that are now taller than you and wondering if it's time to cut those ears off for tonight's dinner. Here are the hints you need to know to make the critical choice. What do the silks at the top of the corn cob look like first?
Are they withered, dried, and brown? Or are they still shiny and light yellow? Tassels at the top of the stalk will fertilize the corn silks and wither as the ears develop. Three weeks after the silks form, this occurs. At about the same time, the silks turn brown and shrink, and the maize kernels ripen.
Check the kernels themselves to ensure you aren't picking an ear too early. Make a tiny vertical cut through the husk of one of the ears. Keep the cut small so that you don't unintentionally make it easier for pests to creep in, even though you do want to get the kernels.
Pick a kernel that is a few kernels down from the top of the ear. You're looking for corn kernels that are compact and full. To pierce a kernel, use your fingernail. They are not ripe if the liquid emerges clear and watery.
The corn is ready to pluck if you can see through the drink, but it still appears milky. Additionally, if the liquid is opaque, you've waited too long (you cannot see through it). You'll get extremely adept at determining the freshness of your corn simply by looking at the kernels after a season or two of experimenting and guesswork.
Experienced gardeners have long practiced boiling corn as soon as possible after harvesting since you only have around three days after they mature before the kernels' sugars change to starch. However, some of the more recent supersweet varietals have lessened that concern.
How to Harvest Corn
When is corn ready to harvest? You can legally harvest dent corn when it reaches the "milk stage," when the kernels begin to bleed a milky sap.
After germination, corn harvest time is usually 70 to 80 days later. But why would you do that when sweet maize is in existence for that reason?
Alternatively, try letting your corn on the plant for 100 to 120 days or until it has completely dried out in the field. To the touch, the stalks and silks should feel brown and crisp. You should break cobs off the stalks and hang them by the husks to finish drying in a warm, dry environment.
Use a hand-held thresher to shuck the corn after a week or two. If a corncob is sufficiently dry, the kernels should easily separate from the cob without clogging the thresher. If they stick, continue drying the grains for a further week.
Until you're ready to make cornmeal, keep the kernels you've separated from the cobs in an airtight container. Making coarse cornmeal or finely ground corn flour in a powerful blender like a BlendTec or Vitamix is simple. You can start cooking after putting a cup or two of kernels in the blender and pulsing them to the right consistency.
Harvest Sweet Corn
Harvesting sweetcorn is an activity you can enjoy. Sweetcorn that you cultivate at home is a delicious treat. You should know when to harvest corn properly. You must harvest it properly. It is important to know signs that sweet corn is ready.
When the tassels (also known as the silks) at the top of your sweetcorn cobs become a cocoa brown color, it's time to harvest them. Peel back the outer leaves covering the cobs of sweet corn to access the cob's kernels.
If one yields a milky sap when you press it with your fingernail, the cobs are mature and ready for harvest. The cobs are not yet ready if the kernels create a watery liquid. Put the leaves back on the plant, keep it well-watered, give it a weekly dose of liquid tomato fertilizer, and check on it again in a week or two.
After preparation, twist the bottom of the cob and pull it downward to free it from the plant. You should pluck sweetcorn cobs only when you are ready to cook them. They quickly lose their freshness. When the cob is ready for harvesting, try to do so just as the water on the cooker is boiling.
This will ensure that they are as fresh as possible. If you have a block of sweetcorn plants serving as a windbreak and not already, leave the plant alone after harvesting. If not, pull the plants up, use some garden loppers to cut them up into little pieces, and then put the entire plant matter into the compost pile.
Fresh Corn Storing Information
Once you pluck corn, it quickly loses its sugars. For this reason, attempt to consume it right away. If you can't use it straight away, you can keep it undamaged for a few days in the refrigerator.
Try to blanch your corn cobs as soon as you harvest them if you are growing corn to preserve and enjoy all year long. Place the shucked ears in a pot of boiling water, cook them for four minutes, and then remove them immediately. Please put it in freezing water to stop the cooking, and then use a knife to remove the kernels.
You have two options at this point: freezing or canning. Wait until the corn kernels are firm to the touch and the husks are dry and papery if you plan to dry your corn. Check an ear to see if the grains come out readily by picking them up. You store this as kernels in glass jars or other tightly sealed containers.
Making dry cans is a fantastic way to keep food fresh. Keep in mind that dry maize is vulnerable to insect damage when storing.
How to Identify the Type of Corn You are Growing
There are several varieties of corn, and they are into groups according to how you intend to use them. What kind would you like to grow? Here is a summary of the different types of corn:
Z. mays var. saccharata or Z. mays var. rugosa, sometimes known as sweet corn, is the kind you plant for fresh corn on the cob. Picked just after the silk goes brown, the kernels start to leak a milky liquid when they mature. It is essential to have information on how to know when sweet corn is ready.
The maize that you can use to produce homemade corn tortillas is dent corn (Zea mays var. indentata). You can use this to feed livestock. It is also called field corn.
You can use the variety of hues of flint corn (Zea mays var. indurata), often known as Indian corn, to make cornmeal or to feed animals.
To create corn flour, Z. mays var. amylacea is typically in use.
Popcorn (Z. mays var. everta): The preferred corn at your neighborhood cinema!
FAQs on Corn
How Many Times Can You Harvest Corn in a Year?
If you plant your corn all at once, you may typically only harvest it once during the growing season in the US. Nevertheless, depending on your climate, planting succession crops—starting fresh seeds every week or a few weeks—can result in many harvests in a single year.
Does Corn Grow Back After You Pick It?
No. Just a few corn ears will grow from a corn stem. Picking it won't stimulate the growth of any more ears.
The chance to eat fruits, corn, and vegetables when they are at their freshest and greatest is one of the biggest reasons to have your garden. Some veggies, which are practically hard to buy at their best because they only reach their top for a very short period, are particularly rewarding for growers. Read our article and find out What Temperature Is Too Cold For Plants?
One good example is sweet corn (Zea mays subsp. mays). The only real way to savor sweet corn at its best is to plant it in your backyard and know the right time when maize is picked.


Dragon Saga Movement Speed Calculations
Dragon Saga Movement Speed Calculations by SharpEye
Disclosure: If you have a high school education, you should be able to understand the simple math involved in this.
The Method
From the simple equation V = dP/dt, we can derive Vt = (P1? P0) assuming V is constant.
This leads to V = D/t, D being the displacement from Position 0 to Position 1. Since we?re going to be traveling in a straight line in ONE direction, D is also distance.
Now this equation isn?t that useful, so we?ll put it in a ratio: V2/V1 = t1/t2. (The distances cancel out)
This is equivalent to two objects traveling across the same distance D with object 1 moving at velocity V1 and taking time t1 to get across the distance and object 2 moving at velocity V2 and taking time t2 to get across the distance. This simple ratio is what we?ll be using to empirically determine BASE movement speed.
I?ll be using a grenadier with +50 mspeed (and none from equipment/cash bonuses) and a harlequin (haha rogue, no) with +0 mspeed (same deal-o). I?ll explain my character choice in a bit.
Assuming x is base movement speed:
The grenadier?s mspeed will be (x + 50)
and the harlequin?s will be x
So (x+50)/x = t2/t1
Using frames as a measure of time, we can almost precisely determine the ratio of velocities; the only possible errors in calcuation is the estimation of when a character?s movement actually begins and when it has stopped. I will explain how I minimized these later on.
The Data
Here are two videos (I encourage you non-believers to download each one and analyze the frames yourself if you don?t trust my calculations).
The harlequin starts running between frames 776 and 777
The harlequin stops running between frames 1314 and 1315
The grenadier starts running between frames 601 and 602
The grenadier stops running between frames 1005 and 1006
The calculations
The harlequin takes t2 = 538 frames to go distance D
The grenadier takes t1 = 404 frames to go distance D
This arrives at the equation of one variable: (x+50)/x = 538/404
Now we?ll look at the fraction 538/404. If you divide it out, the value turns out to be 1.33168??. We?ll approximate this with 4/3. This approximation could be risky in that the ratio isn?t that solid, however I want it to be. By simple math we know 4/3 = 200/150. Given that (x+50)/x = 200/150, we quickly
determine x to be 150 movement speed.
The conclusion
The conclusion here is surprisingly that there is no conclusion yet. (WHAT A TWIST? M. NIGHT SHAMAMALSYALYN)
We have to determine if different classes have different base movement speeds.
The data, part 2
We?ll be using two different archers this time.
Archer 1 has mspeed x + 20
Archer 2 has mspeed x
If the calculated movespeed from this is the same as that of the first part, we have evidence that the base movement speed is the same across all classes. If not, f me in the butt.
Archer 1:
Archer 2:
Archer 1 begins moving at frame 808 and ends at 1079
Archer 2 begins moving at frame 569 and ends at 876
The calculations, part 2
(x+20)/x = 307/271
If we?re right about a mspeed of 150, x+20 = (307/271) * x. We plug in x = 150 and we have?.
170 = 169.92619926199261992619926199262.
Now i?ll be darned. I don?t get a buttf-ing tonight 😀
Minimization of error
The first possible source of error is the starting position. This is simple to minimize.
I use moonwalk/backdash with HQ/Archer respectively to go as close to the edge as possible. (I don?t want to factor in turning time if there is any)
The second possible source of error is the ending position. This is hard to minimize.
The first thing I did to minimize this is using frames. A large amount of frames will make the error (in frames) almost insignificant.
The second thing I did was use the little circle thing?s position relative to the wall. If two frames have the same circle position, I recorded the first frame as the ending frame.
Video files
Archer 1: http://www.mediafire?13eskr1a4kqxeoq
Archer 2: http://www.mediafire?ax58g7bqdrz4ugp
Gren : http://www.mediafire?tjkbpzfbyw04c05
HQ : http://www.mediafire?axizk1sy9n1a0a6
Effect of +% mspeed on movement speed
We?re going to assume a character moving with 0 bonus mspeed and 0% bonus mspeed moves with 150 movement speed. The previous calculations have assumed bonus mspeed is additive to movement speed. That is, given X bonus mspeed and 0% bonus mspeed, a character moves with 150 + x mspeed. We?ll assume this is correct for the next part, the effect of +% mspeed on movement speed.
Now I can see two ways this will work. Assuming X bonus mspeed and Y% bonus mspeed:
movement1 = 150*(1 + Y/100) + X
movement2 = (150 + X)*(1+Y/100)
= 150*(1 + Y/100) + X + XY/100
We can see by substitution that:
movement2 = movement1 + XY/100
These three equations will be used later on in the calculations.
We will also use the ratio from the previous run: V2/V1 = t1/t2
V1 will be the velocity of the character WITHOUT any bonus mspeed
V2 will be calculated from V1*t1/t2, and compared to theoretical values calculated from movement1 and movement2
The Data
We?ll be using:
HQ with 10% mspeed vagabond boots (and no other equips)
Gren with 10% mspeed vagabond boots and +50 mspeed (from skill tree)
Gren with 10% mspeed Vagabond boots, +50 mspeed (from skill tree), and +24 mspeed from set
The third scenario is just to determine if bonus mspeed from skill tree differs from mspeed from set
Gren #1:
Gren #2:
The Calculations
HQ starts at frame 851 and ends at frame 1341
Gren #1 starts at frame 773 and ends at frame 1149
Gren #2 starts at frame 1006 and ends at frame 1344
From the previous run, the HQ took 538 frames to travel distance D.
In this run, the HQ took 490 frames to travel distance D.
V2 = V1*t1/t2 = 150*538/490 ~= 165
movement1 = 150*(1 + 0.1) + 0 = 165
movement2 = 165 + 0*10/100 = 165
This runthrough was just a sanity test 🙂
From the previous run, the Gren took 404 frames to travel distance D.
In this run the Gren #1 took 376 frames to travel distance D.
V2 = v1*t1/t2 = 200*404/376 ~= 215
movement1 = 150*(1 + 0.1) + 50 = 165 + 50 = 215
movement2 = movement1 + 50*10/100 = 220
This runthrough gave more evidence to movement1 (that % bonus mspeed is only applied to base mspeed)
and then?
Gren #1 took 376 frames to travel distance D
Gren #2 took 338 frames to travel distance D
If we?re correct about the assumption that both mspeed from skill tree and mspeed from equipments are treated equally, then
(1.1*150+74)/(1.1*150+50) = t1/t2
239/215 = t1/t2
(1.1*150+74+7.4)/(1.1*150+50+5) = t1/t2
246.4/220 = t1/t2
t1/t2 = 376/338 = 1.1124260355029585798816568047337
239/215 = 1.111627906976744186046511627907
246.4/220 = 1.12
The Conclusions
It still may be too early to conclude which equation describes movement MORE correctly, however I would put my money on movement1.
The complete movement equation would then be:
Variable X? Bonus + movement speed
Variable Y? Bonus % movement speed
Movement Speed = 150*(1+Y/100) + X
Video files
HQ: http://


text: determined LILFU is capable of remotely and noninvasively exciting neurons and network activity. Our results illustrate that LILFU can stimulate electrical activity in neurons by activating voltage-gated sodium channels, as well as voltage-gated calcium channels. The LILFU-induced changes in neuronal activity were sufficient to trigger SNARE-mediated exocytosis and synaptic transmission in hippocampal circuits. Because LILFU can stimulate electrical activity and calcium signaling in neurons as well as central synaptic transmission we conclude US provides a powerful tool for remotely modulating brain circuit activity.