Open Data Program
Cyclone Idai
Cyclone Idai first made landfall in Mozambique on Thursday, March 14, 2019, affecting thousands of people across the country and neighboring Malawi. The Ngangu Township in Chimanimani and the Rusitu Valley communities were the hardest hit. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated that the impact is yet to be established, however reports indicate loss of life and significant damage, with extreme flooding causing loss of roads, homes and infrastructure. Officials estimate the severe flooding will impact 1.5 million people in Mozambique and Malawi, with more than 150 people reportedly killed and hundreds more missing.
For this Open Data Program activation, DigitalGlobe provided preand post-event WorldView optical imagery, MDA RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperture radar imagery, and Ecopia Building Footprints powered by DigitalGlobe, which are high-precision, GIS-ready building footprints created using's proprietary artificial intelligence algorithms combined with DigitalGlobe's current, high-resolution commercial satellite imagery, resulting in a greater than 95% accuracy rating, a uniquely high percentage in the industry. In this Building Footprints dataset, each building is represented by a center point, creating a map of infrastructure that was built before Cyclone Idai made landfall.
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Harvest, moose and cane transport
The cane harvest in the geographic valley of the Cauca River is carried out at an approximate cultivation age of 13 months and through two systems: semi-mechanized and mechanized
The semi-mechanized harvest consists of making manual cutting of the stem at ground level by cutters, who remove the bud and leaves when the cut is made in green. The long cane is left in neat jets on the ground, then it is collected by lifting machines and deposited in transport wagons. The performance of the cutters is reported between 2-4 t / man / day for semi-clean cane and between 5-7 t / man / day for previously burned cane.
Lifter in semi-mechanized harvest system.
In the mechanized harvest, integral self-propelled machines are used, which have different mechanical and hydraulic systems to cut the bud, make the basal cut, chop the stems, remove the leaves and raise the harvested cane to deposit it in transport wagons. Combine yield is reported in 24-25 ton / h in semi-clean cane. At present about 50% of the harvested cane in the geographical valley of the Cauca River is carried out through the mechanical system.
Mechanized harvesting system with self-propelled combine, articulated tract and HD 20000 wagon.
Cenicaña has conducted research on the impact of the use of both semi-mechanized and mechanized harvesting equipment in different cane varieties. Based on the results obtained, some recommendations have been made to mills and suppliers:
- Make use of freight wagons of less weight and capacity to transport the cane inside the lots.
- Correlate the dimensions of the wagons with the field design.
- Correlate the size of the wagons and the capacity of the tractors.
- Supervise harvest work.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Editing layout's modifiers table is another major function of the Low level editor. The entire lower half of the Low level window is dedicated to this task.
Modifier keys do not produce any characters themselves, but their combined state (on/off) defines which (if any) characters are generated by character-producing keys. KbdEdit supports four standard modifiers: SHIFT, CTRL, ALT and the less known KANA modifier.
Active vs. Unused modifier combinations
Combined state of all modifier keys defines a modifier combination. As each modifier can have two states (on/off), the total number of all possible combinations is 2 ^ . For the most common case of 3 enabled modifiers (SHIFT, CTRL, ALT), there are 8 theoretically possible combinations.
Depending on a particular layout, not all possible combinations are actually needed. For instance, standard US English keyboard uses only 4 combinations (BASE, SHIFT, CTRL and SHIFT+CTRL). ALT combinations are not used at all, and most keys do not even have a CTRL or CTRL+SHIFT mapping. The layouts that do use ALT do so only for a limited number of ALT combinations, typically only ALT+CTRL and sometimes SHIFT+ALT+CTRL.
To avoid redundant empty high-level mappings for unneeded combinations, a list of used combinations can be defined, separating them from the unused ones.
Modifier combinations that are valid for a given layout are displayed in the Active modifier combinations list. The combinations shown here are available for mapping in the High level editor. Remaining combinations are listed in the Unused modifier combinations.
Combinations can be moved from one list to the other using the buttons '←' (left arrow) and '→' (right arrow). The number of active combinations is limited to 10 for practical reasons.
When a combination is removed from the "active" list, all of its "high-level" mappings are lost too. In this case KbdEdit will prompt you to confirm this potentially destructive operation.
Modifier combinations appear in the High level view in the same order as in the "Active modifier combinations" list. This order too can be changed: the buttons '↑' (up arrow) and '↓' (down arrow) move the current combination up and down.
BASE combination (no modifier pressed) is somewhat special: it is always active, and must be the first element in the list of active combinations.
Modifier virtual codes
For standard SHIFT, CTRL and ALT modifiers separate virtual codes exist for "left" and "right" versions: left SHIFT is represented by VK_LSHIFT, right SHIFT by VK_RSHIFT, and the same goes for VK_LCTRL/VK_RCTRL and VK_LMENU/VK_RMENU. The distinction between "left" and "right" variants is immaterial to the end user; it exists only to make it easier for Windows to handle keyboard input.
ALT modifier's virtual code is named VK_xMENU instead of something like VK_ALT. The reason is historical: initially, the primary function of the ALT key was keyboard navigation through Windows menus.
KbdEdit allows KANA virtual code to be set to either VK_KANA or VK_OEM_8. This is done through the KANA mapped to combo box, which is enabled if KANA is enabled. KANA modifier is special in that it behaves differently depending on which virtual key it is mapped to:
KbdEdit does not check if the necessary modifier virtual codes are actually mapped to physical keys – it is up to the user to verify that the low-level mappings are correct. If CTRL is enabled, but no physical keys are mapped to VK_xCTRL, this modifier will effectively be turned off, which might or might not be the intent.
Each modifier can be turned on/off using a checkbox placed next to its name. If a modifier is turned off, all combinations it is part of are removed from "Active" and "Unused" lists. All "high-level" mappings for the removed "Active" combinations are also deleted.
You should keep in mind that even if you deactivate the "modifier" function of a modifier key (by turning its check box off), the modifier key's virtual code will still keep its non-modifier functions. For instance, if you deactivate ALT modifier, Windows system shortcuts involving the Alt key will still be accessible (task switching using Alt+Tab, application menu access through Alt+ etc).
To completely disable a modifier key, including all keyboard shortcuts it is part of, it is necessary to remove the modifier virtual code from the underlying physical key(s). This is done either by assigning an "empty" code to the physical key (as described in Editing virtual key mappings), or by assigning it a different virtual code which effectively changes the key's function.
Using the same example, ALT key is completely disabled by removing the underlying virtual keys VK_LMENU and VK_RMENU from the layout. The physical keys can be either disabled (assigning VK__none_), or their function can be changed by assigning a virtual code other than VK_LMENU / VK_RMENU / VK__none_.
Three special flags enable additional modifier-related fine tuning: "Uses AltGR", "SHIFTLOCK" and "LRM RLM".
As stated above, ALT modifier is rarely used alone. It is almost always used in conjunction with CTRL, treating the combination CTRL+ALT as a "virtual" modifier key called ALTGR.
If Uses AltGr is checked, "ALTGR" is shown instead of "CTRL+ALT" throughout the KbdEdit GUI. This is not a mere cosmetic change: in "Uses AltGr" layouts, right ALT is also treated differently by Windows: pressing it has exactly the same effect as pressing CTRL and (left) ALT together.
A less known special flag SHIFTLOCK can be used to change the interplay of SHIFT and Caps Lock: if SHIFTLOCK is checked, Caps Lock is turned off by pressing SHIFT (normally, Caps Lock is turned off by pressing the Caps Lock key again).
The default effect of Caps Lock on SHIFT is somewhat counter-intuitive: the SHIFT state is effectively inverted while Caps Lock is On (see Caps Lock-related special settings). SHIFTLOCK can be used to correct this problem: it makes SHIFT behave in a predictable fashion independently of Caps Lock state.
LRM-RLM flag is useful for languages like Arab or Hebrew which are written from right to left. If LRM-RLM is checked, two special shortcuts are activated which enable the keyboard to be used in bidirectional mode:
Back to Low-level editor
Copyright © KbdSoft 2007-2013

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Building density information is fundamentally important for urban design, planning and management and for urban environmental studies. This paper demonstrates that Building Coverage Ratio (BCR), Floor Area Ratio (FAR), and other building density indicators can be numerically and automatically derived from high-resolution airborne LiDAR data. An object-based method is proposed to process the LiDAR data for the building density information. The method consists of a sequence of numerical operations: generating the normalized Digital Surface Model (nDSM), extracting building objects, deriving object attributes, associating objects with the corresponding land lots, and computing building density indicators at land lot and urban district scales. The algorithms for these operations have been implemented as an ArcGIS extension module. The object-based method is applied to the processing of airborne LiDAR data over downtown Houston. Various attributes have been derived to quantify the building density, urban physical structure, and landscape morphological characteristics of the downtown area at three different spatial scales.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Open doors into science!
More than 2000 visitors attended the Long Night of Science at the University of Ulm on July 14, 2023. Different faculties opened their doors and put on more than 80 different program items for visitors.
During the BioNight, the Department of Biology once again celebrated their 50th anniversary and put together an exciting program, from lectures on bumblebee breeding to a science slam.
The Exploratories also had a booth where visitors could get information about our project and insights into ecological field research.


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Optimal Design And Distribution Of Viscous Dampers For Shear Building Structures Under Seismic Excitations
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.MetaDataShow full item record
Viscous dampers (VDs) are effective and widely used passive devices for the protection of civil structures, provided that appropriate design is carried out. For this purpose, optimal design and optimum distribution of VDs method are presented for a shear building under the critical excitation by using random vibration theory in the frequency domain. In the optimization, by using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and the top floor displacement are evaluated as objective functions taking into consideration upper and lower limits of VDs damping coefficients, so that optimal damper placement and properties of the shear building can be determined. In this design, the VDs-shear building system is tested under the three different ground motions being compared to some methods in the literature and uniformly distributed VDs placed at each story. It is shown that the results of the study are both compatible and very successful in reducing the response of the structure under the different ground motions. © 2019 Cetin, Aydin and Ozturk.


Everything About Mac
Resetting Bluetooth Module on Mac: How to Fix Connection
Erik Blandford,
Macs like other devices use Bluetooth for wireless connecting with such things as mice, keyboard, trackpad etc. It is assumed to be a reliable way but sometimes there is a chance you have a problem when establishing a Bluetooth connection. Many of such problems may be easily fixed just by unpairing and changing batteries. After that reboot your Mac (use SMC reset) and done! But if it does not work, do not worry. A great way out will to reset network settings and here is how.
Quick Solution
There are two specific problems with connectivity that users usually experience:
 1. Bluetooth devices which are not able to pair with yours.
 2. Bluetooth devices that paired successfully, but are not working for some reason.
In both cases, the possible reason is the corruption of the preference list your Mac uses for storing Bluetooth devices and the present state of these devices. However, the fix is easy: create a backup of your data and just delete the bad preference list.
How to Reset Bluetooth Module
Before you proceed with resetting, remember that if your setup uses just Bluetooth to communicate with your mouse and keyboard, then you may temporary lose this connection (use the wired option if needed). So what should you do?
 1. Hold the shortcut commander Shift + Option (Alt), then press the Bluetooth symbol located in the top-right corner of the menu bar. (If you cannot find it there, then click Show Bluetooth in menu bar in your settings)
 2. Press Reset the Bluetooth module.
 3. Reboot your Mac.
That is it. As you can see, everything is easy. And what do you think?
READ ALSO How to Free Up Memory on Mac – the Essential Things You Should Know


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Clean Upholstery Sofa
The article about Clean Upholstery Sofa was uploaded on February 1, 2018 at 9:37 pm. It is uploaded at the Upholstery category. Clean Upholstery Sofa is tagged with Clean Upholstery Sofa, Clean, Upholstery, Sofa..
Cleanclean (klēn),USA pronunciation adj., -er, -est, adv., -er, -est, v.
- free from dirt;
unstained: She bathed and put on a clean dress.
- free from foreign or extraneous matter: clean sand.
- free from pollution;
pure: clean air; clean water.
- habitually free of dirt: Cats are considered clean animals.
- characterized by a fresh, wholesome quality: the clean smell of pine.
- free from all writing or marking: a clean sheet of paper.
- having few or no corrections;
easily readable: The publisher demanded clean proofs from the printer.
- free from roughness or irregularity: He made a clean cut with a razor.
- not ornate;
forceful and simple;
streamlined: a clean literary style; the clean lines of a ship.
unqualified: a clean break with tradition.
- morally pure;
honorable: to lead a clean life.
- showing good sportsmanship;
fair: a clean fighter.
- inoffensive in language or content;
- (of a document, record, etc.) bearing no marks of discreditable or unlawful conduct;
listing no offenses: a clean driver's license.
- innocent of any crime.
- not having a criminal record.
- carrying or containing no evidence of unlawful activity or intent, as controlled substances, unlicensed weapons, or contraband: The agents searched the car for drugs, but it was clean.
- not using narcotics.
- (of a nuclear weapon) producing little or no radioactive fallout.
- not radioactive.
- (of a document or financial instrument) free from qualifications or restrictions: a clean bill of lading.
- free from defects or flaws: a clean diamond.
- free from encumbrances or obstructions.
- neatly or evenly made or proportioned;
trim: a clean profile.
- made without any unanticipated difficulty or interference: The bank robbers made a clean getaway.
- [Chiefly Biblical.]having no physical or moral blemish or carrying no taboo so as to make impure according to the laws, esp. the dietary or ceremonial laws: a clean animal; clean persons.
- dexterously performed;
adroit: a clean serve in tennis.
- (of a jump over an obstacle) made without touching the obstacle.
- having no direct associations, business interests, etc., that could prejudice one's official acts or decisions: The new governor is clean because he's sold his construction business and doesn't owe political favors to anyone.
- without money or funds.
- (of wine) having a taste that is unusually refreshing and smooth.
- (of an anchorage, harbor, etc.) free of obstructions or hazards (opposed to foul).
- (of the legs of a horse) free from injury or blemish, as capped hocks, splints, or scars.
- [Foreign Exchange.](of currency floats) not influenced by exchange-rate manipulation (opposed to dirty).
- in a clean manner;
cleanly: Nobody wants to box with him because he doesn't fight clean.
- so as to be clean: This shirt will never wash clean.
quite: The sharp carving knife sliced clean through the roast. In a year, he had gone clean through his inheritance.
- clean full, [Naut.]
- (of a sail or sails) filled with wind;
- (of a sailing vessel) with all sails full of wind;
- come clean, [Slang.]to tell the truth, esp. to admit one's guilt.
- to make clean: Clean those dirty shoes.
- to remove or consume the contents of;
clear: She sat down to dinner ravenous and within five minutes had cleaned her plate.
- to dry-clean.
- to remove the entrails and other inedible parts from (poultry, fish, etc.);
- to take away or win all or almost all the money or possessions of (often fol. by out): The cards were marked and I got cleaned.
- to remove the seams from (a casting) by filing or grinding.
- [Philately.]to delete intentionally the cancellation from (a postage or revenue stamp).
- to perform or undergo a process of cleaning: This kind of fabric cleans easily. Detergents clean better than most soaps.
- to get rid of dirt, soil, etc. (often fol. by up): to spend the morning cleaning.
- clean house, to wipe out corruption, inefficiency, etc., as in an organization: It's time for the city government to clean house.
- clean out:
- to empty in order to straighten or clean.
- to use up;
exhaust: He had cleaned out his savings.
- to drive out by force.
- to empty or rid (a place) of occupants, contents, etc.: Eager customers cleaned out the store on the first day of the sale. The thief cleaned out the safe.
- [Slang.]to cause to lose all or almost all one's money or possessions.
- clean up:
- to wash or tidy up.
- to rid of undesirable persons or features: They cleaned up the local bars.
- to put an end to;
finish: to clean up yesterday's chores.
- to make a large profit: They cleaned up in the stock market.
- clean up one's act. See act (def. 10).
Upholsteryup•hol•ster•y (up hōl′stə rē, -strē, ə pōl′-),USA pronunciation n., pl. -ster•ies.
- the materials used to cushion and cover furniture.
- the business of an upholsterer.
Sofaso•fa (sō′fə),USA pronunciation n.
- a long, upholstered couch with a back and two arms or raised ends.
This post of Clean Upholstery Sofa have 9 photos it's including Upholstery Cleaning.jpg, Marvelous Clean Upholstery Sofa #2 Upholstery Cleaning, Office Couch Cleaning NYC, Medium Size Of Sofa:surprising Clean Upholstery Sofa Cleaning Stunning Clean Upholstery Sofa Cleaning1, How To Clean Upholstery With The Rug Doctor Upholstery Tool - YouTube, Clean Upholstery Sofa #6 Upholstery Cleaning In Perth, Carpet Cleaning Melbourne, Sofa-cleaning-zimmber, Upholstery Cleaning Chicago Sofa Love Seat 98 95. Here are the images:
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Social Question
ragingloli's avatar
Speculation time: Why do you think there is such a fundamental difference between visual art, and music?
Asked by ragingloli (33676 points ) January 22nd, 2013
When you look at the visual art that is most popular, they are almost exclusively depictions of objects known in the real world, or objects that resemble real life counterparts or combinations thereof. Even the most recent pinnacle of visuals, Avatar, is an example of that. Trees, animals, tall blue people, people, machines.
When you look at music however, it is mostly an arrangement of sounds that are not found in nature, and humans invented instruments to produce these sounds, from violins and pianos to modern electronic music where these sounds are further distorted.
If music where like visual art, it would be an arrangement of sounds found in the real world, like dog barks, bird song, thunder, wind, water, car engines, gun shots, wolf howls, etc, but instead they are all sounds that have been invented by humans.
Conversely, if popular visual art were like music, it would be abstract art, and Avatar would have been animated abstract art, abstract colours and shapes that have no connection to the real world moving around and morphing into different shapes.
Why do you think there is this obvious fundamental difference in the natures of visual art and music?
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7 Answers
tom_g's avatar
Great question. The best I can do is guess. Could it be that our musical instruments do in fact stimulate a response similar to things in nature? For example, might certain notes and frequencies stimulate areas of the brain that are activated during the cries of a baby or thunder or the roar of a predator? If so, it might not be that music and visual arts are so different. Rather, maybe music's route to the stimulation of pleasure, fear, etc is more direct and less apparent to us.
When we hear a baby's cry, we often associate the strong physiological response to the sound, but only as it relates to the visual baby. In other words, we don't say "that 1500 Hz frequency at 60 dB is creating a feeling of extreme discomfort in me, and I want to act in a way that will make it stop." Instead, it seems that we hear the sound, feel the discomfort, and are focused on fixing things in our "visual world". But your question leads me to ask why if I am to create art expressing the discomfort of parenthood, will a painting likely feature a baby, while a piece of music might contain violins or guitar (and no baby). Again, I'm just speculating, but I would imagine that we are using violins and guitars to stimulate the same area of the brain (or attempting to), while the only visual tools we know of involve painting/drawing/sculpting visual models of the object.
Of course, this is excluding all other areas of modern visual art. I imagine that much of this work is designed to elicit the emotional response that a visual representation of the object has traditionally done. I suspect that there are people who view this art (say, a canvas with a red dot on it) and have it go straight to those areas that we get while we listen to music. So, to summarize – my complete guess on all of this is that music is a more abstract form of art in general and a more direct route to the emotional centers in our brain, and the instruments that create this music are likely to create frequencies that we associate subconsciously with things in nature. The result of this direct path is that we are likely to miss what it is that is causing us to feel a certain way. But with visual art, most of us are "on to it". That is, we feel we can see the path that a piece will take as it makes its way into our experience of it.
Shippy's avatar
Aside from the obvious, that certain sound frequencies are more appealing to the brain, perhaps more sounds are taken from nature than we know. Rippling water, rainfall, thunder etc., all have their own rhythm. It's a great question I have no flipping idea! (Perhaps a dog bark is enjoyable, and so it is repeated in music and abstracted?).
burntbonez's avatar
I think music does use the fundamentals found in nature. The relationships between the notes are found in nature. The rhythms are found in nature. You mention the howls of dogs, among other things (car engines and gun shots are not found in nature), and you find that rise and fall of pitches and the relative pitches at various points in a howl are things that humans imitate constantly. You may not recognize it out of context. Interesting fact: many animal pitches are in the key of D minor.
Anyway, since I can't agree with your premise, I can't answer your question.
zenvelo's avatar
It is said the violin is the closest man can come to replicating the human voice. But rather than be representational, much of music is emotional. Yet something like Vivaldi's "Storm" is both.
And I am not sure there is quite the difference offered as the basis for the question. "Avatar" is junk, a cartoon. But what is classical art as anything more than emotional representation? The Venus of Willendorf is not exactly representational but an ideal and a fetish, Nude Descending a Staircase is like no nude I have ever had the pleasure of seeing.
flutherother's avatar
Great question. I think vision is the primary sense we rely on to construct a mental representation of the world. Those bits of the brain that process visual information are (I'm guessing) much more developed and sophisticated than the bits that process auditory, and other information. What we hear is important but secondary and only adds detail to the existing model of the world created by our eyes.
That being the case visual art has the richness to create the illusion of something real in our minds in a way that the representation of natural sounds can't do.
Music is different, it isn't natural but it has something of the richness of the visual experience. Why this should be is a mystery.
Unbroken's avatar
I see your point but I felt your portrayal of music left these aspects out.
When I am needing relaxation or to work on mental states I largely go to new wave or sounds of nature with underlying frequencies which aid in my entering that desired state of mind.
There are people people with perfect pitch that can tell you exactly what note a specific sound is and there is a website that where everyone records sounds from their corner of the world and people can listen to the "music."
Also instruments like drums can mimic a heart beat or running feet pounding on anything from hardened turf to wobbly floors or crisp cement. Rain and percussion are startlingly similar and the list goes on. There is a particular artist that comes to mind Marian Call that uses things like a typewriter as instruments, but really the idea is old.. washboards, spoons, glasses, bottles, chimes, bells, some artists have had their children do background "vocals" or use telephones, pink floyd, or have used animals and laugh tracks to emphasize their music. The list goes on.
To me the visual experience is fundamentally different from the musical in that it is much harder to fully immerse oneself in. The art has to either capture you so you focus or it has to fully surround you. For me a musical experience of being carried away by the music can simply be in a car or a room with good speakers, a concert hall, or simply earbuds/headphones.
mattbrowne's avatar
Humans are visual creatures. Of all the brain's resources dedicated to processing sensory input, about 80% is allocated to handling visual input.
Yet to our brain, only music is as enjoyable as sex. Visual art can't do that.
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text:
- Historic Sites
Fort Mulligan At Petersburg
Federal or Confederate troops occupied this hill and its surrounding area beginning at least as early as August 1861, and were on the ground for at least part of every year of the war. Federal forces time and again tried to use this strategic point as a choke hold against raids on the B&O to the north, and as a "jumping-off" point for their own raids further south. The reasoning is clear and is twofold: First, the intersection of the road network at Petersburg and Moorefield and second, the support of the civilian population and Homeguard units in the ridges to the west and north provided a sharp counterpoint to the hostility of the civilians in Petersburg and Moorefield and areas east and south. The Fort as it exists today, was constructed August-December 1863, by troops under the command of Colonel James A. Mulligan, from Chicago, Illinois. Infantry, cavalry and artillery from West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Illinois carried out the backbreaking labor. The rugged earthworks bear silent witness to the sacrifices of the thousands of Americans who marched, dug, fought, froze and died here during the war. The tide of war ebbed and waned across the South during the war, but when troops were in the South Branch, they were always "at the front."


text:
Discovering Amsterdam's Oldest Bridge: A Look at Torensluis
Torensluis is not just a bridge; it's a piece of Amsterdam's history. As the oldest bridge in the city, it has seen centuries of change and development. From its unique design to its cultural and historical significance, there is much to explore and discover about Torensluis.
The Torensluis is a historic bridge over Amsterdam's Singel Canal that has stood the test of time. It is the oldest original stone bridge in Amsterdam and the widest of its kind.
Bridge number 9 (Brug Negen) Torensluis is an arch bridge over the Singel in the centre of Amsterdam near Dam Square and at 42 meters it is one of the widest in the city. The reason for this is that previously there was a tower on the bridge, the Jan Roodenpoortstoren.
Another reason it is quite wide is that originally in 1648 during the design of the bridge the plan was to build shophouses on the wide bridge similar to the Rialto Bridge in Venice and bridges across the Thames in London. It is not clear if this plan ever came to fruition though it seems unlikely as except for a couple of houses there is no documentary evidence for this.


Variables
Variables overview
What are variables?
Variables are reusable pieces of data that can be referenced in Solution, Question, Custom and Component texts throughout the Web App and visible to the enduser in the Widget or used to auto-answer questions on behalf of the user.
It is a placeholder for information that the bot will know about each end-user for personalised experience.
Types of variables
We distinguish 2 types of variables - Context variables and User variables that are different in the way they are integrated and secured.
- Context variables User variables
Use case 👥Information that is not necessarily related to the identity of a single user. 👩Information is about a single user and is related to the user identity. This usually implies that it is about sensitive data.
Security 🔓None 🔒Encoded via jwt
Integration effrot 📉Low 📈Medium
Variable value Injected from the frontend with a function in Solvemate Integration script Fetched from jwt protected user data API (provided by Solvemate customer)
Availability Available now (From the Professional plan and up) Coming soon! (From the Customer 360 plan and up)
Examples language selected, full or partial URL email address, last order Id, full name, customer number
The main difference for both types of variables is level of Security and how the value of the variable is set.
After the configuration there is no difference of where/how both types of variables are used in the Web App and their behaviour during chatflow.
Usage in chatflow
After either Context variable or User variable is set up, it is globally available throughout Workspace.
Text input Availability
Solution description
Solution title
Question description
Question title
Question Custom button text
Question choices
Component description
Component title
Component Custom button text
Component Confirmation question button text
Routine code
Custom texts
Form drop-down choices
Pre-fill form fields Coming soon!
Auto-answer conditions of questions Coming soon!


text:
Dictionary Meaning and Definition on 'Idiom'
- a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language [syn: parlance]
- the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people; "the immigrants spoke an odd dialect of English"; "he has a strong German accent" [syn: dialect, accent]
- the style of a particular artist or school or movement; "an imaginative orchestral idiom" [syn: artistic style]
- an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up [syn: idiomatic expression, phrasal idiom, set phrase, phrase]
- Idiom \Id"i*om\, n. [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr.?, fr.? to
make a person's own, to make proper or peculiar; prob. akin
to the reflexive pronoun?,?,?, and to?,?, one's own, L.
suus, and to E. so.]
- The syntactical or structural form peculiar to any language; the genius or cast of a language. Idiom may be employed loosely and figuratively as a synonym of language or dialect, but in its proper sense it signifies the totality of the general rules of construction which characterize the syntax of a particular language and distinguish it from other tongues. --G. P. Marsh. By idiom is meant the use of words which is peculiar to a particular language. --J. H. Newman. He followed their language [the Latin], but did not comply with the idiom of ours. --Dryden.
- An expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language; in extend use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having a sense peculiar to itself and not agreeing with the logical sense of its structural form; also, the phrase forms peculiar to a particular author. Some that with care true eloquence shall teach, And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech. --Prior. Sometimes we identify the words with the object -- though be courtesy of idiom rather than in strict propriety of language. --Coleridge. Every good writer has much idiom. --Landor. It is not by means of rules that such idioms as the following are made current: ''I can make nothing of it.'' ''He treats his subject home.'' Dryden. ''It is that within us that makes for righteousness.'' M.Arnold. --Gostwick (Eng. Gram. )
- Dialect; a variant form of a language. Syn: Dialect. Usage: Idiom, Dialect. The idioms of a language belong to
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Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Idiom'
An "idiom" is a word or phrase which means something different from what it says - it is usually a metaphor. Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meanings are not literal, but are figurative and only known through their common uses.
Because idioms can mean something different from what the words mean it is difficult for someone not very good at speaking the language to use them properly. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behavior or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people.
Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. Slang is usually special words that are known only by a particular group.[See more about Idiom at Dictionary 3.0 Encyclopedia]
Words and phrases related to 'Idiom'


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Human-Machine Interactions in Pricing: Evidence from Two Large-Scale Field Experiments
34 Pages Posted: 12 Apr 2024
Date Written: March 18, 2024
While many companies use algorithms to optimize their pricing, additional human oversight and price interventions are widespread. Human intervention can correct algorithmic flaws and introduce private information into the pricing process, but it may also be based on less sophisticated pricing strategies or suffer from behavioral biases. Using fine-grained data from one of Europe's largest e-commerce companies, we examine the impact of human intervention on the company's commercial performance in two field experiments with around 700,000 products. We show that sizeable heterogeneity exists and present evidence of interventions that harmed commercial performance and interventions that improved firm outcomes. We show that the quality of human interventions can be predicted with algorithmic tools, which allows us to exploit expert knowledge while blocking inefficient interventions.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer-Interaction, Uniform pricing
JEL Classification: C93, D22, L2, L81
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


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Organic silicon, derived from silicon and carbon compounds, serves as the foundation for deep-processing products. Extracted from sources like sand or quartz, raw organic silicon undergoes a series of advanced processing techniques to unlock its full potential. Deep processing involves refining, purifying, and transforming organic silicon into specialized materials tailored for specific applications.
Organic silicon deep-processing yields a wide array of products available in diverse forms. From fluids and gels to elastomers and resins, the versatility of these processed materials allows for customization to meet the exact requirements of various industries. The ability to create different forms enhances the adaptability of organic silicon in addressing specific challenges across sectors.
Through deep processing, organic silicon undergoes chemical modifications that enhance its inherent properties. These modifications may include altering molecular structures, introducing additives, or combining organic silicon with other materials. The result is a spectrum of deep-processed products with improved chemical stability, resistance to bad conditions, and enhanced performance characteristics.
Deep-processed organic silicon finds extensive use in the electronics and semiconductor industries. The materials produced are integral to the manufacturing of high-performance electronic components, such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. The enhanced chemical properties contribute to the reliability and efficiency of electronic devices.
In the construction sector, deep-processed organic silicon products play a vital role in sealants, adhesives, and coatings. These materials provide waterproofing, weather resistance, and durability, ensuring the longevity of structures. The versatility of organic silicon allows for the creation of advanced construction materials that withstand diverse environmental conditions.
The automotive and aerospace industries benefit from organic silicon deep-processing in the production of specialized coatings, lubricants, and elastomers. These materials contribute to the efficiency of engines, enhance fuel economy, and provide thermal stability in bad conditions. Deep-processed organic silicon is also employed in aerospace sealants and adhesives.
In the medical field, organic silicon deep-processing products find applications in the development of medical-grade silicones. These biocompatible materials are used in medical devices, implants, and pharmaceutical applications. The versatility and safety of deep-processed organic silicon contribute to advancements in healthcare technologies.
Consumer goods, ranging from household items to personal care products, incorporate deep-processed organic silicon. Sealants, adhesives, and coatings enhance the durability and performance of everyday items. Additionally, the cosmetic and personal care industry utilizes organic silicon in skincare products for its smooth texture and compatibility with skin.
Deep-processed organic silicon plays a pivotal role in the energy sector, particularly in solar technology. Silicon wafers, derived from organic silicon, are essential components in solar cells. The efficiency and reliability of these materials contribute to the harnessing of solar energy for sustainable power generation.
Deep-processed organic silicon exhibits remarkable thermal stability, making it suitable for applications in high-temperature environments. This feature is particularly advantageous in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics, where components may be exposed to bad heat.
The chemical inertness of deep-processed organic silicon makes it resistant to corrosion and degradation when exposed to various chemicals. This property is crucial in applications where materials must withstand contact with acids, solvents, or aggressive substances.


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Definition of aconitine in English:
A poisonous alkaloid obtained from monkshood and related plants.
- These herbs contain highly toxic alkaloids, including aconitine, which activate sodium channels and over-stimulate cell membranes.
- Excessive amounts of these materials, which contain diterpene alkaloids particularly aconitine, can produce toxic effects and occasional fatalities.
- The final tests have shown that in various samples of prepared aconite (fu zi) the aconine and benzoyl aconine were 1/2000 or 1/250 that of aconitine respectively.
Definition of aconitine in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Antônio de Castro AlvesArticle Free Pass
Antônio de Castro Alves, (born March 14, 1847, Muritiba, Braz.—died July 6, 1871, Salvador), Romantic poet whose sympathy for the Brazilian abolitionist cause won him the name "poet of the slaves."
While still a student Castro Alves produced a play that brought him to the attention of José de Alencar and Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian literary leaders. Having studied for the law, he soon became a dominant figure among the Condoreira (Condor) school of poets, likened, for their dedication to lofty causes and for their preference for elevated style, to the highest flying birds in the Americas. His romantic image was heightened by his sense of being foredoomed by a wound incurred in a hunting accident. He lived and wrote at fever pitch while the wound worsened and eventually led to amputation of his foot. Tuberculosis set in, and he died at 24. Espumas flutuantes (1870; "Floating Foam") contains some of his finest love lyrics. A cachoeira de Paulo Afonso (1876; "The Paulo Afonso Falls"), a fragment of Os escravos, tells the story of a slave girl who is raped by her master's son. This and Castro Alves' other abolitionist poems were collected in a posthumous book, Os escravos (1883; "The Slaves").
What made you want to look up "Antonio de Castro Alves"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Exploring the important role louvres play in improving the energy efficiency of healthcare buildings, and why getting the correct specification is vital
As well as playing an important role in improving the energy efficiency of a building, louvre systems also optimise natural ventilation and improve air flow, so less power is required to move the volumes of air needed. In this article we look at why hospitals need to consider a wide range of factors when specifying solutions
Louvre systems can clearly improve a building's energy efficiency, providing natural ventilation and airflow to building systems
Specifying a louvre system is a compromise between air flow and water ingress. Poor specification can lead to rainwater ingress, not enough ventilation, wasted energy and poor performance, not only of the equipment being ventilated, but that of the building as a whole.
Traditionally, louvres are specified based on free area, typically 50%, which is calculated by measuring the clear distance between the blades and multiplying it by the width of the louvre panel, or the height if the blades are arranged vertically.
However, as louvre design has changed in response to the demand for better water protection, performance characteristics have also changed, exposing the limitations of specifying louvres purely on free area.
Simon Hunter, product manager of louvres at Construction Specialities, explains: "Free area is clearly dictated by the size of the louvre. Industry commonly uses a 1mx1m louvre when quoting free area. But, in reality, louvres are never precisely this size. In fact, the smaller the louvre, the lower the proportion of free area as it is affected by the space taken up by the louvre frame elements - head, cill, jambs and mullions. Free area is also affected by other factors, such as additional structural support or if bird screens or insect meshes are fitted."
Traditionally a 1m by 1m louvre is used to quote free area. However, the smaller the louvre, the lower the proportion of free area, as it is affected by the space taken up by the head, cill, jambs or mullions. Other factors, including prevailing weather conditions and the location and exposure, should be considered when specifying louvre systems
Perhaps, most importantly, free area does not take into account how the air flows through a louvre.
Hunter said: "All louvres restrict the passage of air and this resistance is called the pressure drop. This dictates how much air gets through and therefore how much can effectively be used. Too high a pressure drop and not enough air will be allowed through, which can cause a rapid temperature rise inside a building, in turn causing problems with plant such as generators and HVAC equipment.
"As a result, louvre specification needs to move away from free area alone and consider a number of factors, including site location; prevailing weather conditions, in particular wind direction; and the location and exposure of the louvres, which will dictate airflow rate and the amount of potential wind-driven rain.
"These factors should then be balanced with the required airflow, the maximum acceptable pressure drop, the degree and depth of acceptable water penetration and, finally, the building's exterior design, which can dictate where louvres can be placed and how they fit into the aesthetics."
While aesthetics need to be considered, it is important that performance criteria is not compromised. For example, louvres can be hidden behind features or perforated panels, which can also act as bird and insect screens, but this can increase resistance to air flow.
Consideration of all these factors will decide the type of louvre needed: screening louvres, standard drainable louvres, or storm-resistant (or performance) louvres.
Screening louvres are suitable where water penetration will not cause significant problems and economy is the primary consideration, such as screening of rooftop plant or in a multi-storey car park. These typically have simple blade shapes, allowing good airflow, but giving limited defence against rain.
Advances in louvre technology mean building designers, architects and engineers should move away from simple specification and consider a wide range of factors
Standard drainable blades give good airflow and some rain defence, but do not perform so well with wind-driven rain. They are used when occasional ingress is not a major concern and where some drainage of cascading water is required.
Storm-resistant, or performance, louvres, typically provide moderate to good airflow with excellent defence against wind-driven rain. These are used when high levels of ventilation and maximum rain protection is needed for sensitive equipment such as HVAC plant.
Hunter said: "Louvre systems can clearly improve a building's energy efficiency, providing natural ventilation and airflow to building systems. However, advances in louvre technology mean building designers, architects and engineers should move away from simple specification using free air and consider a wide range of factors to ensure the best performance and protection from the weather is achieved."
Standard drainable louvres, such as Construction Specialties' A4080 system, give good air flow and some rain defence, but do not perform so well with wind-driven rain. They are used when occasional ingress is not a major concern and where some drainage of cascading water is required


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Drunk-Driving Enforcement in South Africa
No published studies are available of the implementation of random breath testing in a developing country. However, some data are available on a campaign to increase drunk-driving enforcement in South Africa, a strategy that has often shown some effects, although weaker and less lasting than those of random breath testing.
The minister of finance launched a short-term campaign, ARRIVE ALIVE, for the period October 1997 to January 1998, in response to the high rate of traffic fatalities and injuries. The campaign's main aim was to mobilize all available traffic policing, control, and education resources to reduce traffic accidents on South African roads by at least 5 percent, especially in the Western Cape, Gauteng, and KwaZulu Natal provinces, because 75 percent of all accidents occurred in those provinces. The ARRIVE ALIVE campaign targeted, in turn, what were considered the three critical factors having the greatest impact on injuries: failing to wear seat belts, drinking and driving, and speeding. Unofficially, the campaign came to be called "belts, booze, and bats out of hell."
As many of the parties interested in road safety as possible were involved, with funding drawn from a variety of government and business sources. The campaign included a number of components particularly relevant to alcohol use. New equipment purchased by the provinces included alcohol screening devices, alcohol evidentiary units, and so-called booze buses (vehicles containing all the technology needed to check breath and blood alcohol levels). Sentences were increased to underline the point that traffic violations are serious offenses, with a three-month suspension of a driver's license and an increased maximum fine for a first conviction for drunk driving and with license suspension for one to five years for second offenders. Traffic supervisors underwent intensive training courses before the start of the campaign.
Because the aim of the campaign included educating road users, advertisements covering aspects of the campaign were run on the radio, on television, and in movie theaters throughout the country. Supplements were published in national and provincial newspapers. Private companies, such as a supermarket chain and an automobile manufacturer, also promoted the campaign. A national transportation center, established to collect and collate data from local and provincial authorities, operated for 12 hours every day throughout the campaign. Traffic authorities staffed an additional 80 roadside communications points, and at selected points on certain routes, road signs were erected and updated to display the percentage of speed limit and drinking-and-driving violations and the rate of seat belt use in that area.
A total of 776 enforcement points were set up on 195 strategic routes in the selected provinces. Posters, pamphlets, key rings, and license decals were produced for distribution and display at roadblocks in the three provinces. Between October 1, 1997, and January 17, 1998, 6,674 notices of prosecution were issued for alcohol-related traffic offenses, 83 percent of which were issued in the intervention provinces.
Comparison studies showed a decrease in the drinking rate of drivers in the three provinces, whereas the other six provinces, as a group, showed an increase. KwaZulu Natal had the lowest drinking rate of all drivers throughout the campaign (3 to 7 percent), and the Western Cape had the most dramatic decrease (from 12.0 to 9.3 percent in October). Except for in Gauteng, the drinking rates for pedestrians decreased from more than 15 percent to less than 7 percent. Overall, during the months targeted, drinking-and-driving rates decreased by 2 to 4 percent, as measured by breath testing. The total number of crashes decreased by 8 percent, and fatalities dropped by 9 percent. The ratio of benefits to costs for the intervention was estimated as 4 to 1, based on an investment in the campaign of R50 million, or about US$4.4 million at 2002 rates (ARRIVE ALIVE Campaign 2000).
Despite the potential inconvenience of roadblocks and other enforcement activities, the public generally perceived the campaign positively. The liquor retail and hospitality industries complained about decreased sales, and tow truck operators complained about reduced business.
Even though driver behavior improved during the focus months, violations often increased after the focus was changed, for example, from drunk driving to seat belt use. This finding emphasizes the need for sustained enforcement as opposed to ad hoc campaigns. (This example was summarized from ARRIVE ALIVE Campaign 2000 and Cerff and Plüddemann 1998.)
Implementation of Brief Interventions in Several Developing Countries
In the first phase of the WHO Collaborative Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol Related Problems (Saunders and Aasland 1987), a screening measure suitable for use in both developing and developed countries—the alcohol-use disorders identification test—was developed to identify people at risk for alcohol problems among those attending primary health care services. In the second phase, a multicenter clinical trial of brief intervention procedures designed to reduce the health risks associated with hazardous alcohol use was carried out in primary health care settings in Australia, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe (Babor and others 1994).
The project's aims were to study the influence of simple advice and brief counseling, to examine the moderating role of reduced consumption on the prevention of alcohol-related problems, and to evaluate the cross-national generalizability of brief intervention techniques. The project's hypothesis was that the amount of change in alcohol consumption over a nine-month period would be proportional to the intensity of the intervention provided by a trained primary health care professional. The results showed a significant effect of interventions on both consumption and intensity of drinking among males, but the intensity of the intervention was not related to the amount of change in drinking behavior; 5 minutes of simple advice turned out to be as effective as 20 minutes of brief counseling (Babor and Grant 1992). The female sample was too small for the results to attain significance, and the intervention did not significantly affect men's frequency of dependence symptoms, problems related to alcohol, or concern expressed by others (WHO Brief Intervention Study Group 1996).
The findings suggest that in a population of high-risk drinkers, behavior change is more a function of motivational factors and social influence than of the moderation skills and social learning techniques that behavioral self-control training packages typically use. Changes in drinking were not attributable solely to the small number of patients who achieved an abstinence goal, nor to the small number who gave up daily or almost daily drinking. Rather, changes seem to have been distributed across a broad spectrum of the drinkers who reduced their consumption by small, but clinically meaningful, amounts.
Research and Development Agenda
Research and development needs in the area of alcohol consumption are large and multidimensional. The work reported in this chapter represents best estimates from the available data, some of which were developed to fill the needs of the analysis; however, we cite few figures for the developing world for which we can say that the underlying data are so good that they could not usefully be improved. Nevertheless, more and better data are available on alcohol than on many other health topics.
The health and social burdens of alcohol are clearly extremely large in most developing societies. Thus, the most urgent focus should be on development and evaluation projects to study the outcomes of various policy and program interventions. The projects must necessarily be attuned to what is politically feasible in a particular time and place. They are likely to include natural experiment studies, where the research tracks the effects of changes that governments undertake, whether those changes are expected to increase or to decrease the extent of alcohol problems. Where possible, the projects should include experimental and quasi-experimental studies, whereby the effects of a change at intervention sites are studied in comparison to outcomes at control sites, with random assignment where possible. Costing data should be included to permit cost-effectiveness analysis.
Also important are process studies—that is, research on how policy makers decide on policy changes, how they implement them, and what the reactions and sequelae are. For example, deciding to introduce a new alcohol tax may be the easiest part of an initiative, but actually implementing it in a developing society with a great deal of unrecorded alcohol in the informal market and with poorly guarded borders may be much more difficult. Currently, no international mechanism or nexus exists for developing and disseminating practical knowledge about implementing effective alcohol control strategies between developing countries.
At this time, nearly all studies of alcohol interventions come from a limited range of developed countries. Extending knowledge and experience in and between developing societies is urgently needed.
A secondary need, but one that is also important, is to extend the epidemiological database in developing societies on levels and patterns of drinking and on the health and social consequences of drinking. To this end, better estimation of unrecorded alcohol consumption is needed. Which dimensions of drinking patterns matter for what kinds of outcomes needs to be studied in the context of different kinds of developing societies. Studies of the effects that the interaction of drinking levels and patterns with poverty and social exclusion have on the extent of alcohol-related problems are also necessary. Because most of our knowledge about the health effects of drinking concerns mortality, studies of alcohol's role in various kinds of morbidity should be emphasized. Another area where data are lacking is the social harm arising from drinking, for which we cannot presently make the kinds of estimates that are possible to make for harm to health. Developing and reaching consensus on ways to measure the social harm caused by drinking is a substantial agenda for both the developed and the developing world.
Developing the epidemiological database can provide clues to etiology to be pursued further by biomedical and social researchers and, thus, offers hope for the development of new treatments or preventive interventions. It can provide information on the distribution of drinking patterns and problems in subpopulations that can be used to guide targeting and prevention and treatment priorities. However, from


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(UNDATED) - The local fall harvest is underway. AG professionals are advising farmers to harvest dryer crops first.
Ken Eck is with the local Purdue Extension Service office. He says farmers still have most of the harvest still ahead.
It's still too early to harvest soybeans.
Eck says only 1 soybean field has been harvested in Dubois County.
This is also the time of year that winter cover crops go into the ground. Winter cover crops are grasses, legumes or small grains that are planted during the winter. They help protect and improve the soil during the late fall and winter months.
Eck says winter cover crops need special attention during planting. Eck also says this year's fly-free date for winter wheat planting is October 8th.
Have a question or comment about a news story? Send it to _EMAIL_


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Offshore Banking Unit (OBU)
What it is:
An offshore banking unit is a bank branch in another country.
How it works (Example):
Why it Matters:
OBUs are common in the Caribbean and Asia but are found all over the world. They are far less restricted in terms of their allowed activities because they usually are not subject to many of the financial regulations of the country in which they are located. For this reason, investors may be able to obtain better interest rates from OBUs and they may be able to avoid taxation or retain privacy by moving to an OBU. Secrecy, however, is not guaranteed.


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Artist Charles Sowers specializes in public art works and display of physical phenomena. In Windswept, Sowers displays wind patterns in the actual space.
Windswept is a wind-driven kinetic façade consisting of 612 freely-rotating directional arrows creating a large-scale observational instrument that reveals the complex interactions between the wind and the building. The wind arrows serve as discrete data points indicating the direction of local flow within the larger phenomenon.
Compare this to Fernanda Viegas and Martin Wattenberg's Wind Map or Nicolas Garcia Belmonte's map of wind motion patterns. We're essentially seeing the same data in action, but they're on completely different scales.
[via Visualising Data]


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LGC invited to international anti-doping symposium on standards and metrology
Last week (28 to 29 September), leading scientific experts from metrology (measurement science) and anti-doping gathered in Paris to discuss the role of standards and the importance of measurement accuracy in anti-doping analysis.
The event was jointly organised by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). It provided a unique forum for experts from these two fields to review the latest initiatives in metrology to support the harmonization of analytical practices, as well as highlight emerging measurement challenges.
Two scientists from the Measurement Research team at LGC were asked to present at this invitation-only event.
Chris Mussell demonstrated a bottom-up approach to measurement uncertainty assignment for organic analytes as part of the session on 'Measurement Uncertainty of Determinations of Threshold Substances'. The role of measurement uncertainty, the range or amount of error associated with a measurement, is crucial to quantitative anti-doping analysis. Without an associated measurement uncertainty, the amount of a banned substance cannot be meaningfully compared against the accepted limit and decisions on whether an athlete can continue to compete cannot be effectively made.
Qualitative analytical tests that provide a yes/no-type result present different analytical challenges. In qualitative analysis, a banned substance is identified but not quantified. Dr Steve Ellison discussed approaches for determining and controlling the limits of detection of methods for qualitative organic analysis as part of the session on 'Measurement support for qualitative analyses'.
LGC runs training courses on measurement uncertainty. Please contact us for further information.


text: Climate change and socioeconomic factors have increased the complexity of urban water supply systems. Thus, fresh water sources are being gradually diversified to improve the reliability and resilience of the systems. However, as the number of source blending options grows, optimization tools are needed to design drinking water supply systems that comply with indicators of cost, resilience, and water quality. This paper proposes a pioneering methodological approach, based on an ant-colony-optimization (ACO) algorithm, to optimize the blending of drinking water from different sources to minimize operational costs of a given system originating from a number of impaired water sources while complying with water quality standards. To evidence the potential of the ACO algorithm to solve such a system, a virtual case study was designed that considers eight fresh water sources, including seawater desalination and potable reuse. Seven scenarios were developed with different weightings to service outage, water conveyance and treatment costs while complying with water quality goals in regard to total organic carbon, nitrates, and total dissolved solids. It was shown that the cost per volumetric unit of water can vary considerably depending on the weightings of the three cost items. This paper provides a rigorous scientific approach to propose a methodology supporting the decision-making process of selecting a mixture of different sources to achieve the overall lowest system cost. Hence, this work contributes to improving the resilience and sustainability of urban water supplies.


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Engineering | Fulton Engineering Education Outreach
Challenge | Robot Judging
Overview
The robot presentation is best compared to a professional engineering design review, where teams present their robots to panels tasked with selecting the robots that best exemplify mechanical design, programming, strategy, and innovation, given the size, parts, software, and time constraints. Teams should explain not only the end result, but also the steps used throughout the design process.
Sample Presentation
What to Bring
Teams are suggested to bring the following items to their presentation:
 - Robot Design Worksheet
 - Robot & Necessary Attachments
 - Code Documentation
 - Iteration of attachments (if available)
Important Documents
Judging Sessions Overview Remote events will use this process for the remote judging sessions. For the RePLAY season, the three judging categories will be combined into one session. Link to PDF
Judging Session Rubrics Rubrics for the RePLAY season have been updated to accomodate for remote events. Link to PDF
Sample Questions
 - How often does your robot fall apart? What happens and have you thought of ways to fix it?
 - Would it be possible to use fewer pieces or components for your robot and still accomplish the same missions?
 - Tell us abou how your robot uses attachments or other mechanisms to complete missions.
 - What program do you feel is your best? Why?
 - Do your robot's programs achieve the same result every time? If not, why do you think this might happen?
 - Would you explain which sensors you used, and how and why you used them?
 - What was the greatest design or programming difficulty you encountered? How did you solve the problem?
 - How did your team decide which missions to tackle?
 - What part of your design, program, or strategy do you think is unique to your team?


their colour, flavour and texture. Pretreating also shortens rehydration time and extends shelf life.
Some of the processes for pretreating fruits and vegetables are:
 - Fruit juice soaking. Cut your fruit into slices and soak them for 3-5 minutes into the juice of a lemon, orange or lime. Be aware that this pretreatment will possibly alter the taste of your fruits.
 - Sulfite Dip. For long-term storage, this method works wonders. However, experts do not recommend it for people with asthma or sulfite allergies or sensitivities.
 - Ascorbic Acid. This pretreatment is efficient in stopping browning and does not alter the taste of fruit. Soak sliced fruit into a mixture of one teaspoon of powdered ascorbic acid and two cups of water. Keep inside for 3-5 minutes.
 - Dipping your vegetables in boiling water then moving it fast to cold water can help maintain colour and taste.
Dehydrating Certain Foods
Dehydrating Certain Foods
First, make sure the sauce you want to dry does not have big chunks of tomatoes or any other food in it. If it does, but you love that sauce, then blend it. Spread the composition on a nonstick sheet or parchment paper in a slim, smooth coat. Drying can take up to eight hours at 135°F.
If you want to speed up the process, at about five hours, flip the sauce. In the end, you should have a pliable coat of food that is not by any means gluey.
Grains, rice and pasta
Cook rice and grains as you would usually do. Dry them at 145°F for six to twelve hours. They should be super hard but breakable into pieces. Be careful with the temperature! While rice and grains might dry at lower heat levels (125°F) some bacterias survive this warmth (such as Bacillus cereus).
Cook the pasta ordinarily, drain it, then spread evenly on the dehydrator trays. It should be ready in about six to twelve hours, at a temperature of 135°F.
Dehydrating Fruits
Dehydrated fruit can be an excellent, healthy snack, but you can also add them to your breakfast, mixing them with oatmeal. When drying fruit, you should know that different methods work for different types of fruit.
For examples, bananas, apples, and kiwi dehydrate better when sliced into thin pieces. Pineapple is tastier when cut into small pieces. Raspberries and blueberries dry as a whole, while you can blend fruit mixture to create fruit leathers.
Whatever fruit you have, dehydrate it in a single layer at 135°F. Timing depends on the type of fruit. Apple, for example, dries in six hours. However, dehydrating berries might not be the most exceptional idea, as it can take multiple days.
Test the fruit before storing it by cutting a few pieces in two and squeeze. There should not be any moisture or water coming out.
Vegetables, just like fruit, dry differently depending on their consistency, size, and way of eating. Fibrous vegetables or the ones you would cook before eating should be steamed or blanched before dehydrating. Some examples are corn, carrots, potatoes of any kind, asparagus, etc. Soft vegetables do not need this pretreatment (mushrooms, zucchini, spinach, etc.).
Slice your vegetables into tiny pieces or slices, except corn, peas, and spinach that do not need to be relocated. Using frozen veggies can save you a bunch of time, as they are already sliced and thawed.
The right temperature for vegetables is 125F, and they will take between four and twelve hours to dehydrate, depending on the vegetable and the machine you are using.
Meat and seafood
Dehydrating Meat and seafood
Using canned or pressure-cooked chicken is the best option for improved rehydration. Before drying, wash and dry the canned chicken.
If you decide to cook the meat yourself, do it at 165F, then tear it apart, rinse and dry it. Spread the chicken evenly and dry at 145F. It should be ready in 6-12 hours.
Ground Beef
Ground beef works best with breadcrumbs and dried seasonings. Cook the mixture over medium-high heat, constantly breaking it apart. Once cooked, chop the composition into smaller pieces and sponge with a paper towel to absorb as much fat as possible. Spread the mixture evenly and dry at 145F, 6-12 hours. You can blot the meat again once in a while.
Cook medium-sized shrimps (or buy precooked, frozen ones, but thaw them before drying). Then slice them into small pieces. Spread evenly and dry for about six hours at 145°F.
Storing Dehydrated Food
Storing Dehydrated Food
Harmony House Foods
Before storing the dried fruit, you should take the time and condition it. What does conditioning mean? It is simple, place the cold, dried fruit into an airtight non-plastic container. Let it sit for a week while constantly checking for condensation. If there is any moisture, place the fruit back into the dehydrator. Shake the container to keep the pieces from sticking together.
If there are any signs of mould, throw everything away. If there is no sign of moisture, condensation or mould after one week, you can go ahead and store the fruit.
The whole point of dehydration is to keep food away from moisture to make it last longer. Therefore, you should make sure that the food is completely cool, that the containers are dry and that your hands are clean.
For short-term storage, you can use a zipped bag and place it in the fridge. Before taking the food out of the bag, let it adapt to room temperature to avoid condensation. Do not use this method to store food for more than two weeks.
For a longer period, store your dried food in airtight containers (preferably glass), in a dark and dry place.
One of the best methods for long-term storage is vacuum sealing. Some bags and jars can go through this process. It removes all the oxygen from the container. This way, the food will last longer and will be safer to eat. Another option is using a Mylar Bag, which has an oxygen absorber.
Food For Camping
Dehydrating may take some time, but the result is worth all the fuss. We are not only saving money, but we also contribute to saving the Planet. The process itself is simple, and if you thought about rehydrating your food, do not even worry! You only need water and a source of heat. The fastest way is to soak and simmer, but boiling in a bag works, too (mainly if you use Mylar bags to store the food).
Make sure you stay safe and dehydrate your food in proper conditions. If you do so, enjoy your trip with warm, tasty food!


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GIS-based irrigation evaluation strategy for a rice production region, A
Water shortage has become an international problem and this is especially true in China. This paper will detail the process of constructing a GIS-based information system to complete large-scale evaluation for water irrigation efficiency in a rice production region in China. A GIS-based system is built to integrate evaluation models and manage irrigation region actively and present the evaluation result in this paper. The research region is divided into several sub-regions and each sub-region is irrigated differently. After comparison of the results of different irritation methods, the suitable ...
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Instruments Made in Germany
Enlarge image Musikwinkel (musical corner) in Saxony (© picture-alliance/ dpa) The centers of German musical instrument making lie hidden in two German border regions. As early as Mozart's time, all orchestral instruments were being manufactured in the "Musikwinkel" (musical corner) of the Vogtland region, in Saxony, near the Czech border. Not far from Garmisch-Partenkirchen, the famous ski resort in the border region to Austria, lies the small town of Mittenwald, which is known for its string instruments.
The Musikwinkel, now also – borrowing on Silicon Valley – sometimes called Musicon Valley, incorporates the towns of Markneukirchen, Klingenthal, Erlbach, Schöneck, and the smaller communities situated between those localities.
Enlarge image Instrument master builder Björn Stoll manufactures premium double basses and cellos. (© picture-alliance/ ZB) In 1677, following the Thirty Years War, religiously persecuted Protestant violinmakers fled the Bohemian town of Graslitz (Kraslice) across the border to Saxony and settled in Markneukirchen. Gradually, more instrument makers migrated to Vogtland – string and bow makers, guitar and zither builders. The construction of musical instruments did not require city centers; rather, makers practiced the craft in their own workshops. The forests in the region supplied the raw material to build wooden instruments; other necessary materials were imported from abroad, particularly from Russia.
The instruments from Vogtland quickly became known beyond the borders of Saxony, and instrument-making developed into the region's most important economic sector. In Markneukirchen alone, the number of master builders climbed from 160 in 1821 to 234 in 1828. Employment and production figures reached mass-production levels in the 19th century, sometimes at the expense of the quality of instruments. Expanding trade was assumed by professional distributors, whose profit margins were so large that there were more than a dozen goldmark millionaires among them. Around the turn of the 20th century, instruments from the musical corner had a global market share of 80 percent; during the Depression, the region still accounted for 50 percent of the market. After World War II, the region became part of the GDR, and the instruments were mostly mass-produced in factories. The number of production plants fell from 700 to 100. Since reunification, the number of smaller and medium-sized companies has, however, begun to rise again. This has the advantage that small operations can better respond to customers' special requests.
Enlarge image A traditional violinmaker's workshop at the violin making museum in Mittenwald (© picture-alliance/ dpa) Direct trade relations with the United States (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) have existed since 1795 through a native of Markneukirchen who immigrated to America. Business relations continuously expanded over the ensuing years. Another émigré from Markneukirchen in 1833 became the founder of C.F. Martin & Company, a guitar company still in existence today in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. Trade with the US was of such great importance that a US consulate was established in Markneukirchen in 1893 and remained in existence until 1916.
Instrument makers living in the musical corner are happy to let visitors see how they practice their craft in their workshops. In Markneukirchen alone, over 100 workshops today employ 1,300 people. The locale is known for its string and wind instruments. The world's oldest accordion factory is located in Klingenthal, and world-renowned guitars come from Erlbach. The secret behind the instruments' perfect tone, which is achieved through the use of certain woods and lacquers, are often closely guarded as family treasures and passed on from father to son. For some years now, the University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau has been offering the opportunity to study musical instrument making in Markneukirchen.
Enlarge image Violinmaker Anton Sprenger works on a violin in his workshop in Mittenwald. (© picture-alliance/ dpa) Only 260 miles south of Vogtland, along an old trade route between Augsburg and upper Italy, lies the city of Mittenwald. Violin-making in Mittenwald is inextricably linked with the Klotz family name. In the 17th century, during the life of the famous Italian violinmakers Stradivari and Amati, the young Mattias Klotz (_PHONE_) moved to Italy to learn the tradecraft of violin-making. On his return, he introduced it in Mittenwald, and until today all subsequent violinmakers follow his tradition. The residence of Mattias Klotz now houses a violin museum, where visitors trace the over 300-year tradition of violin-making in Mittenwald.
String instruments from Mittenwald soon became known well beyond Bavaria. To maintain the high-quality standard practiced there, Maximilian II of Bavaria in 1858 founded a violin making school, which is still widely respected today.
Mittenwald has been holding an international competition in violin and bow construction since 1989. The 6th competition took place in May 2010, and the gold medal in violin bow construction was awarded to American Kot hu-Sheng from Wayne, Pennsylvania.


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Sew elastic on fabric using a narrow zigzag stitch or the stretch stitch. Ensure that you use the correct amount of elastic. The dimensions of the fabric should equal that of the stretched elastic tape after stitching.Know More
To sew elastic on fabric, attach the elastic tape to the wrong side of the fabric using pins. Stretch the elastic tape as you sew. This ensures that the tape and the fabric are of the same length. Pull the fabric behind the presser foot of the sewing machine with your left hand. Hold the fabric that is close to the presser foot with your right hand. Hold the fabric down firmly in place as you start to stitch the elastic to the fabric. While sewing, keep the needle from touching the pins avoid bending or breaking it.
Use a ball point needle when stitching elastic on woven fabric. Switch to a sharp needle if the thread starts to knot and bunch. Stretch the elastic a few times before measuring it, and then cut it for use. This keeps elastic that remains unused for long periods from becoming too loose once it is stitched in place. When sewing elastic on fabric, the quality of the end result depends on the sewing machine that is used for the stitching.Learn more about Sewing
Create a box stitch by sewing a box with an "x" in the center of cut fabric, and tying the thread tails by hand to secure. In addition to fabric and any strapping to be used, you also need a fabric pen, a clear ruler, pins, scissors and thread to complete this project.Full Answer >
To sew a button on pants, thread a needle, and push the needle from the back side of the fabric and through the buttonhole. Pass the needle through the opposite hole, and repeat several more times before securing the thread.Full Answer >
To sew a bow-tie, use a template to cut fabric and interfacing, and sew the pieces together with a narrow seam. Cotton fabric is recommended.Full Answer >
To sew a French seam, pin the fabric together, and sew a seam. Refold the fabric, and then pin it on the other side. Sew along the seam.Full Answer >


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Written by Tom Creswell and Mike Benson, Plant Pathologists, this fact sheet provides information on diseases which can affect azaleas.
This fact sheet provides information on Trichomoniasis (pigeon canker ), which infects approximately 80% of all pigeons.
This fact sheet covers the National Mastitis Council recommended milking procedures; milking order; teat dips; and treating clinical mastitis.
Written by RJ Jones and LF Grand, this fact sheet provides information on the fungal disease ' Dutch elm disease ' .


Is 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD Storage Enough for Your MacBook?
Is 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD Storage Enough for Your MacBook?
Determining whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient depends on individual usage patterns and the specific tasks being performed. For basic computing needs such as web browsing, email, and office productivity, 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD can be adequate. However, for more demanding tasks like gaming, video editing, or running specialized software, these specifications may prove limiting.
RAM (Random Access Memory) plays a crucial role in a computer's performance, as it stores frequently accessed data and instructions for the processor. 8GB RAM is generally suitable for handling most everyday tasks smoothly, but if you frequently run multiple programs simultaneously or work with large files, increasing the RAM capacity can significantly enhance multitasking and overall system responsiveness. SSD (Solid State Drive) storage offers much faster read and write speeds compared to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), resulting in quicker boot times, program loading, and file transfers. 256GB SSD provides ample space for the operating system, essential applications, and a reasonable amount of personal files. Yet, if you store extensive multimedia content, such as videos, music, or large software, you may need to consider a higher storage capacity.
Ultimately, the question of whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD is enough boils down to your specific usage requirements. If you primarily engage in basic computing tasks and have modest storage needs, these specifications can suffice. However, if your workflow involves demanding applications, multitasking, or storing substantial amounts of data, it's advisable to consider upgrading to higher RAM and SSD capacities to ensure optimal performance and a seamless user experience.
Is 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD Enough?
Determining whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient largely depends on individual usage patterns and the specific tasks being performed. Six key aspects to consider include:
 - RAM Capacity: 8GB RAM is generally adequate for basic tasks, but demanding applications and multitasking may require more.
 - SSD Speed: SSDs offer much faster read/write speeds than HDDs, resulting in quicker boot times and program loading.
 - Storage Space: 256GB SSD provides ample space for the OS, essential applications, and basic file storage.
 - Multitasking: 8GB RAM may struggle with handling multiple heavy programs simultaneously, leading to slowdown or freezing.
 - Gaming: Many modern games recommend 16GB RAM or more for optimal performance and smooth gameplay.
 - Content Creation: Video editing, graphic design, and other creative applications often require substantial RAM and storage for seamless operation.
In conclusion, while 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD can be sufficient for basic computing needs, users with more demanding requirements, such as multitasking, gaming, or content creation, may find it beneficial to upgrade to higher RAM and SSD capacities. By carefully considering these key aspects and matching them with individual usage patterns, users can make informed decisions to ensure their computers meet their specific performance and storage needs.
RAM Capacity
The amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) installed in a computer plays a crucial role in determining its overall performance and ability to handle different tasks. When considering whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient, it's essential to understand the significance of RAM capacity.
8GB RAM is generally considered adequate for basic computing tasks such as web browsing, email, and office productivity. These tasks typically do not require extensive memory resources, and 8GB RAM can provide a smooth and responsive experience. However, when it comes to more demanding applications and multitasking, 8GB RAM may prove limiting.
Demanding applications, such as video editing software, graphic design tools, and high-end games, often require substantial amounts of RAM to run efficiently. These applications allocate large portions of RAM to store temporary data, calculations, and frequently used instructions. With only 8GB RAM, running multiple demanding applications simultaneously can lead to performance issues, including slowdowns, freezing, and even crashes.
Multitasking is another factor to consider. Modern operating systems and applications often require significant RAM resources to operate effectively. Running multiple programs, tabs, and background processes simultaneously can quickly consume available RAM. With only 8GB RAM, the system may struggle to handle heavy multitasking, resulting in noticeable performance degradation.
Therefore, while 8GB RAM may be sufficient for basic tasks, users who engage in demanding applications and multitasking should consider upgrading to higher RAM capacities. Increasing the RAM to 16GB or 32GB can significantly enhance performance, ensuring a smoother and more efficient computing experience.
SSD Speed
The connection between SSD speed and the question of whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient lies in the significant performance benefits that SSDs offer over traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). SSDs utilize flash memory technology to store and retrieve data, eliminating the mechanical components and seek times associated with HDDs.
The superior read/write speeds of SSDs translate into several tangible advantages:
 - Quicker boot times: SSDs can significantly reduce the time it takes for a computer to boot up, as they can access and load the operating system and essential files much faster than HDDs.
 - Faster program loading: Applications and software programs load noticeably faster from SSDs, minimizing wait times and improving productivity.
 - Improved overall responsiveness: SSDs enhance the overall responsiveness of a computer, as they can quickly access frequently used files, reducing delays and improving the user experience.
In the context of "Is 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD enough?", SSD speed plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance and user experience. While 8GB RAM may be sufficient for basic tasks, combining it with a 256GB SSD can provide a significant boost in speed and responsiveness. This combination ensures that the computer can quickly load and access the operating system, applications, and frequently used files, resulting in a smoother and more efficient computing experience.
However, it's important to note that SSD speed alone cannot compensate for insufficient RAM. If a computer is running multiple demanding applications or multitasking heavily, 8GB RAM may become a bottleneck, leading to performance issues. Therefore, users should consider their specific usage patterns and the types of tasks they perform when determining whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient for their needs.
Storage Space
The connection between storage space and the question of "Is 8GB RAM and 256gb SSD enough?" lies in the growing demand for storage capacity in modern computing. The proliferation of high-resolution media, large software applications, and personal data has placed a strain on traditional storage solutions, making the amount of available storage a crucial consideration.
A 256GB SSD provides a reasonable amount of storage space for the operating system (OS), essential applications, and basic file storage. The OS typically occupies around 20-30GB, while essential applications such as office suites, web browsers, and productivity tools usually require a few gigabytes each. This leaves a significant portion of the 256GB SSD for storing personal files, including documents, photos, music, and videos.
However, it's important to note that storage needs can vary significantly depending on individual usage patterns. For users who primarily engage in web browsing, email, and basic productivity tasks, 256GB SSD may be sufficient. However, users who work with large files, store extensive media collections, or engage in content creation may find themselves quickly running out of storage space.
For example, a single high-resolution video file can easily occupy several gigabytes of storage. Similarly, large software applications, such as video editing or graphic design tools, often require tens of gigabytes of installation space. Therefore, users who anticipate storing substantial amounts of data or using demanding applications should consider upgrading to a higher storage capacity SSD.
Multitasking
In examining the connection between multitasking and the question of whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient, it becomes evident that multitasking is a key factor to consider when determining the adequacy of a computer's resources.
Multitasking refers to the ability of a computer to handle multiple tasks or programs simultaneously. Modern operating systems and applications often require significant RAM resources to operate effectively, and running multiple programs or tasks concurrently can quickly consume available RAM.
When a computer with only 8GB RAM attempts to handle demanding multitasking, it may encounter performance issues such as slowdown, freezing, or even crashes. This is because the available RAM becomes insufficient to accommodate the memory requirements of all the running programs and processes.
For instance, if a user has multiple web browser tabs open, along with several office applications and a video conferencing tool, the combined memory usage of these programs can easily exceed 8GB RAM. In such scenarios, the computer may struggle to allocate sufficient memory to each program, resulting in performance degradation.
Therefore, when evaluating whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is enough, users should carefully consider their multitasking habits and the types of programs they typically run simultaneously. If multitasking is a common occurrence and involves demanding applications, upgrading to a higher RAM capacity, such as 16GB or 32GB, becomes necessary to ensure smooth and efficient performance.
Gaming
In examining the connection between gaming and the question of whether 8GB RAM and 256GB SSD storage is sufficient, it becomes apparent that gaming is a key factor to consider when determining the adequacy of a computer's resources.
Modern games have become increasingly demanding, requiring substantial amounts of RAM to run smoothly and deliver optimal performance. Many modern games explicitly recommend 16GB RAM or more to ensure a seamless gaming experience without stuttering


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Systematics and Evolution (HA)
Water for a Healthy Country (CSIRO Flagship Project)
Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Murray Darling Basin
Understanding the functional diversity of communities is a crucial component of whole-system analyses of biodiversity and its role in ecological patterns and processes. In this study we will concentrate on the identification of species level functional traits. Ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient cycling, formation of biopores and leaching capability) are moderated by the functional attributes of species in a community. To understand how an ecosystem will function, and its ability to provide crucial ecosystem services as well as its capacity to respond to environmental changes, we need to understand both the functional and species diversity of the community. Knowledge about the functional attributes of the species that comprise an ecosystem is crucial to achieving specific management outcomes. This is particularly the case since the question of how these different attributes of community structure relate to community health and sustainability is still unresolved.