Feature interaction problem
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Feature interaction is a software engineering concept. It occurs when the integration of two features would modify the behavior of one or both features.
The term feature is used to denote a unit of functionality of a software application. Similar to many concepts in computer science, the term can be used at different levels of abstraction. For example, the plain old telephone service (POTS) is a telephony application feature at one level, but itself is composed of originating features and terminating features. The originating features may in turn include the provide dial tone feature, digit collection feature and so on.
This definition of feature interaction allows one to focus on certain behavior of the interacting features such as how their response time may be changed given the integration. Many researchers in the field consider problems that arise due to change in the execution behavior of the interacting features. Under that context, the behavior of a feature is defined by its execution flow and output for a given input. In other words, the interaction changes the execution flow and output of the interacting features for a given input.
Example[edit]
In the context of telephony, a telephone line (the system) typically offers a set of features that include call forwarding and call waiting. Call waiting allows one call to be suspended while a second call is answered, while call forwarding enables a customer to specify a secondary phone number to which additional calls will be forwarded in the event that the customer is already using the phone.
To illustrate the example, we consider a telephone line provided to a customer, and we assume that both call forwarding and call waiting are enabled on the line. When a first call arrives on the line, the phone rings and is answered. Since neither feature is activated by the first call, there is no noticeable problem. When a second call arrives before the first has terminated, the telephone system has a decision to make: whether the call should be forwarded to the secondary number (call forwarding) or the person who answered the first call should be notified that another call has arrived (call waiting). Since this decision has no obvious correct answer, the optimal answer depends on the needs of the customer. This feature interaction is a specific example of a general and common problem that has become prevalent due to increasing system complexity.
In this situation, it is possible that the system's decision will be made in a non-deterministic fashion due to race conditions and other design factors. The consequences of feature interactions can range from minor irritations to life-threatening software failures, and therefore there is ongoing research that aims to find ways of detecting as well as resolving feature interactions.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
Workshops and conferences[edit]
 - The series of Feature Interaction Workshops (FIW) and the International Conferences on Feature Interaction (ICFI) are the primary venues devoted to this problem:
Event Location Co-chairs
FIW'92 St. Petersburg, USA N. Griffeth, Y.-J. Lin
FIW'94 Amsterdam, The Netherlands L.G. Bouma, H. Velthuijsen
FIW'95 Kyoto, Japan K.E. Cheng, T. Ohta
FIW'97 Montreal, Canada P. Dini, R. Boutaba, L. Logrippo
FIW'98 Lund, Sweden K. Kimbler, L.G. Bouma
FIW'00 Glasgow, Scotland M. Calder, E. Magill
FIW'03 Ottawa, Canada D. Amyot, L. Logrippo
ICFI'05 Leicester, UK S. Reiff-Marganiec, M. D. Ryan
ICFI'07 Grenoble, France F. Ouabdesselam, L. du Bousquet
ICFI'09 Lisbon, Portugal S. Reiff-Marganiec, M. Nakamura
Research groups[edit]
Papers[edit]


text:
India observes August 13 as the 'Organ Donation Day'. Every year 2,00,000 people in India need a new kidney and 100,000 need a new liver. However, only 2-3% of the demand for new organs is met. Health experts have revealed that only 1% of Indians donate their organs after death while in western nations around 70-80% of the people pledge their organs.
Dr. Ankur Garg, a liver transplant expert at BLK superspecialty hospital, said, "Mostly the causes for lack of organ donation is prevalence of myths and superstitions. There is a need for the country to bring in changes to organ donation laws to alleviate the situation. In the last couple of years there has been almost no improvement in the organ donation situation of India. Things have not changed at all. People are not ready to part with organs of their loved ones even after death."
Dr. Priyanshu Raina, a senior surgeon with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), said, "The situation globally is much better than in India. The scenario in western countries is better as after the death of the individuals the state becomes the custodian of the dead body. This helps them take out the organ so that they can be transplanted to a needy person's body."
The Organ Retrieval Banking Organization of AIIMS revealed that over 22,500 people across the country have registered since 2010 to donate their organs after their death. Dr. Raina also said, "In a country like India religious leaders can be roped in to aware people of the importance of organ donation, as a lot of people do not donate organ considering it a sin."
Dr. Reetu Sahani of Kolkata-based Down Town hospital said, "Only formulation of norms for organ donation can solve the solution. Even if an individual agrees to donate his organ, the relatives refuse to donate his organs after his death, which is a colossal barrier."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Trichechus senegalensis is a poorly studied species, and much of the information about their behavior and reproduction has been inferred based on their close similarity to the very well studied Trichechus manatus. They are capable of reproducing throughout the year; however, a peak in calving tends to occur in late spring or early summer (CMC 1997). Females are sexually mature as early as three years of age. A female in estrus is joined by a dozen or more males. Together they form a mating group in which copulation appears to occur at random (Save the Manatee Club 1997). Gestation lasts about 13 months and usually a single calf is born at a time, but twins do occur occasionally. Calves are born tail first, and they can swim on their own (CMC 1997). They feed from a pair of pectoral mammary glands. Trichechus senegalensis are believed to live to about 30 years of age, and females can bear young every three to five years (Sikes 1974 and CMC 1997).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Readers ask: How To Set Up A Snack Machine To Accept Tokens?
How do vending machines accept money?
How does a token machine work?
Token machines may dispense the ticket in the form of a token which has the same function as a paper or electronic ticket. The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either cash, credit/debit card or smartcard.
How do vending machines know what coin you put in?
" Vending machines use light sensors to measure the size of a coin and electromagnets to detect the metal type to determine what kind of coin it is," Chan writes. "If you 're not shaped like a quarter and built like a quarter, you ain't a quarter in their book."
How do you use a snack vending machine?
Put your hands on the sides of the vending machine and grip it firmly. Push the machine slightly to one side and then let it drop. Anything that's loose or stuck should drop down to the bottom. If you can't move the machine with your hands, try standing on one side of the machine and pushing your body weight into it.
You might be interested: FAQ: What Is A Heart Healty Crunchy Snack?
Can vending machines detect fake money?
Good quality fake bills can closely resemble the real ones and the electronic sensors on slot machines may not be able to catch the difference. Some vending machines use ultraviolet scanners to measure the glow from a bill to verify it is real. Real currency bills are also printed using magnetic ink.
How do you trick a bill acceptor?
This usually involves attaching a mylar tail to the bill. I have seen lots of these over the years. Sometimes only a small strip of the original bill is used, and other times the bill has strategic cuts placed in it to cheat the acceptor. Then the bill is retrieved by the theif by pulling on the tail.
How do automatic ticket vending machines work in train stations?
Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVM) was introduced by Indian Railways to reduce passengers queuing up at the Ticket counters at the Railway Stations. ATVMs are touch screen based ticketing kiosks operated using Smart cards. The passenger can purchase and recharge the Smart cards from nominated ticket counters.
Do self checkouts detect fake money?
Yes. The scanner that checks the value of the bill note does that.
Does the coin and string trick work?
What is the problem with vending machines?
Stuck items are among some of the most common vending machine issues. Selections can get stuck on their way to the bottom of the machine, which is not only terribly frustrating for the purchaser, but can cause them to not want to use a machine again.
You might be interested: How To Make A Homemade Wasabi Seaweed Snack Like Ocean's Halo Recipe?
Can you trick a vending machine?
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and improvements in network connectivity speeds, updating a PS3 has become much more streamlined, taking only a matter of minutes.
Time to hit the reset button and give your PS3 a fresh start, because sometimes turning it off and on again really is all the advice you need.
Reset the PS3 System Settings
To clear any freezing issues with your PS3, restoring the system settings can be a helpful solution. This action will reset the console back to its original settings without deleting any data from your storage devices. Follow the steps below for guidance:
 1. Turn on the PS3 and navigate to the settings menu.
 2. Select "System Settings," followed by "Restore Default Settings."
 3. Choose "Yes" to confirm and wait for the system to complete the process.
Restoring default settings on your PS3 is an easy fix for any freezing problems you may encounter. Once completed, try using your PS3 to ensure that gaming and streaming tasks are running smoothly.
It's worth noting that when you restore system settings, network connectivity information may be deleted alongside other saved passwords. It is recommended that you have this information stored beforehand to avoid any inconveniences in future usage.
According to Techspirited, Sony's PlayStation 3 (PS3) takes around 2 minutes and 10 seconds to boot up fully from turning it on.
Safe Mode: because sometimes you just need to give your PS3 a time-out like a misbehaving child.
Use Safe Mode
To troubleshoot a freezing PS3, it is recommended to boot the system in a protected mode. The following steps should be taken to utilize Safe Mode.
 1. Turn off the console and hold down the power button for several seconds until you hear two beeps.
 2. Plug your controller into the USB port on your PS3.
 3. Select option three on the screen that appears and follow relevant prompts.
By using Safe Mode, users can carry out maintenance operations such as restore file systems, rebuild databases or update software. It may also be beneficial to switch on a Scan for Corrupted Data option under Safe Mode's menu when faced with persistent errors.
It has been reported that over 50% of PS3 problems could have been resolved simply by using Safe Mode effectively. Utilizing this tool prior to seeking out technical support can save time and money while providing an easy DIY fix for minor issues.
Keep your PS3 cool as ice and prevent freezing by giving it some TLC with these maintenance tips.
Maintenance Tips to Prevent PS3 Freezing
To prevent PS3 freezing, maintenance is key. Keep your console cool, clean it regularly, and keep the system software updated. These three maintenance tips will ensure your PS3 runs smoothly and prevent any frustrating freezes.
Keep the PS3 Console Cool
To prevent PS3 freezing, it is vital to maintain the right temperature around the console. High temperatures can cause overheating leading to failure or worse – permanent damage. Here are five ways to keep the PS3 console cool and functional for long periods:
 - Ensure adequate ventilation
 - Keep the console away from direct sunlight or heat sources
 - Use cooling fans or AC units near the console
 - Clean any dust accumulation around/beneath the console regularly
 - Regularly check for malfunctioning fan(s) of the PS3 and replace, if necessary.
In addition to preventing PS3 freezing, ensuring optimal performance also means protecting your investment. Remember that regular maintenance includes keeping up with firmware/software updates and avoiding excessive gameplay sessions on consecutive days.
Once, a friend had purchased a brand new PS3 but left it running overnight without proper ventilation. The next morning, he woke up to a completely dead console that refused to turn on. He had not considered proper heat regulation during gameplay or handling his device post-usage. Ultimately, he had to buy another one after paying exorbitant repair costs. It was an expensive lesson learned – maintaining ideal temperatures in any electronic device and taking care of it remains crucial in preserving its longevity.
Don't let your PS3 collect more dust than your Tinder matches – give it a good cleaning regularly.
Clean the PS3 Console Regularly
In order to maintain optimal performance of your PS3 console, it's essential to regularly clean and maintain it. Dust and debris can accumulate over time, causing freezing and other issues with the system.
To ensure your PS3 stays in top shape, follow this 5-step guide to cleaning your console:
 1. Unplug the PS3 from the power source.
 2. Gently remove any dust or debris from the vents using a soft, dry cloth.
 3. Carefully clean the exterior of the console with a damp cloth, being sure not to get water inside any of the ports or openings.
 4. If needed, use compressed air or a vacuum cleaner on low settings to remove stubborn dust stuck in hard-to-reach areas.
 5. Plug the console back into its power source and turn it on to check for any further issues.
READ ALSO: How To Get Gta Rp On Ps4 - A Comprehensive & Detailed Guide
It's also important to note that keeping your PS3 in a well-ventilated area can help prevent dust buildup. A regular cleaning schedule can go a long way towards extending the lifespan of your PS3.
Additionally, storing game discs properly can also help prevent freezing. Avoid leaving them out in direct sunlight or heat sources, as well as keeping them away from areas with high moisture levels.
By taking these precautions and regularly maintaining your PS3 console, you can prevent freezing and other common issues and enjoy a smooth gaming experience for years to come.
Updating your PS3 software is like giving it a virtual spa treatment, making sure it stays refreshed and rejuvenated.
Keep the PS3 System Software Up-to-Date
To ensure the proper functioning of your PS3 console, it is crucial to keep its system software up-to-date. Updating your PS3 system software comes with several benefits, including improved performance, bug fixes and enhanced features.
Here is a simple five-step guide on how to keep the PS3 system software up-to-date:
 1. Connect your PS3 console to an Internet connection
 2. Select 'Settings' from the XMB menu and then scroll down until you find 'System Update'
 3. Select 'Update via Internet' and press 'X'
 4. Wait for the update process to complete
 5. Restart your PS3 console when prompted after the update process
It is advisable to repeat this process periodically as Sony occasionally releases updates for their operating systems. In doing so, you can ensure that your console remains free of bugs and glitches that may lead to freezing.
In addition to updating the PS3 system software accordingly, changing network settings can also improve connectivity.
A friend of mine had been experiencing frequent freezes while playing FIFA on his PlayStation 3 despite trying all sorts of supposed solutions. It was not until he followed my advice on updating his console's system software that he managed to resolve this problem – The PS3 system software should always be up-to-date!
A well-maintained PS3 is the key to a happy gaming life; neglect it and you'll end up with a frozen nightmare.
Conclusion: Achieving a Smooth and Functional PS3 Gaming Experience
To ensure an uninterrupted and seamless gaming experience on your PS3, it is essential to follow certain guidelines.
 1. Keep your console updated with the latest firmware to fix bugs and performance issues.
 2. Ensure proper ventilation by placing it in a cool and well-ventilated area to prevent overheating.
Finally, clean the internal components regularly to remove dust and debris that may affect its functionality.
Additionally, check for any damaged cables or peripherals that may interfere with signal transmission. Furthermore, avoid overcrowding the hard disk by deleting unnecessary files regularly. Overall, following these tips will guarantee a smooth and functional PS3 gaming experience.
When using your PS3 for extended periods without rest, you may experience freezes caused by an overheated system. The best way to prevent this is by shutting down your console periodically for a few hours before resuming gameplay.
In the past, there have been multiple reports of freezing issues with PS3 consoles worldwide. Sony had issued a statement acknowledging the problem and released firmware updates addressing the issue. This has helped resolve most freezing cases reported since then.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why does my PS3 keep freezing?
There are several reasons why your PS3 may be freezing, including overheating, outdated software, or hardware problems.
How can I fix my frozen PS3?
First, try unplugging the console and letting it cool down. If that doesn't work, try updating the software or resetting the system. If the problem persists, you may need to seek professional repair.
How can I prevent my PS3 from freezing in the future?
Make sure the console has proper ventilation and is not overheating. Keep the software updated and avoid downloading or using unauthorized programs or software. Also, avoid using the console for extended periods of time.
Can a dirty or damaged disc cause my PS3 to freeze?
Yes, if a disc is dirty or scratched, it can cause problems with the console's ability to read the data and can lead to freezing. Try cleaning the disc or using a different one to see if the problem persists.
I've tried everything, but my PS3 still keeps freezing. What should I do?
If you've tried all the troubleshooting methods and the problem persists, it may be time to seek professional repair.
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Hey there, I'm Ethan, a tech enthusiast and copywriting expert. With a passion for all things tech, I've had the privilege of working with various tech blogs


PVC Compound – Exactly What Are The Benefits Of PVC Granules?
Once the recommended pvc compound is more spherical than cylindrical, the ideal choice is an underwater popular-face cutter. Having a potential cover anything from from about 20 lb/hr to many plenty/hr, this product is relevant to all of resources with thermoplastic behavior. Functioning, the polymer burn is split into a ring of strands that stream with an annular perish in to a cutting holding chamber filled with method h2o. A rotating slicing mind in the water source reductions the polymer strands into pellets, that are immediately communicated from the reducing holding chamber. The pellets are transported as a slurry on the centrifugal dryer, where these are split up from h2o through the affect of rotating paddles. The dried out pellets are dismissed and supplied for succeeding processing. This type of water is filtered, tempered, and recirculated back to the process.
The key parts of the machine-decreasing mind with reducing chamber, expire platter, and begin-up valve, all with a frequent assisting structure-is one main set up. All of those other program factors, including method-drinking water circuit with sidestep, reducing holding chamber discharge, sight glass, centrifugal dryer, buckle filtration, h2o pump motor, warmth exchanger, and transport process can be selected from the extensive array of accessories and merged in to a career-particular system.
In each and every under the sea pelletizing system, a breakable temperature stability is out there in the reducing holding chamber and pass away dish. The expire dish is each continually cooled from the method water and heated up by expire-head heating units as well as the hot burn flow. Decreasing the vitality damage through the expire plate for the approach drinking water results in a far more stable handling problem and elevated product or service high quality. To be able to reduce this warmth damage, the central processing unit might go with a thermally insulation perish dish and/or change to a liquid-heated up die.
Many materials can be rough, resulting in considerable wear on make contact with pieces like the rotating blades and filtration displays from the centrifugal dryer. Other materials may be responsive to mechanised affect and make extreme dust particles. For these two particular resources, a fresh kind of pellet dryer deposits the moist pellets on a perforated conveyor belt that trips throughout an aura knife, properly suctioning from the drinking water. Use of unit components as well as problems for the pellets may be reduced compared to an effect dryer. Due to the short property time around the buckle, some type of post-dewatering drying out (for example having a fluidized bed furniture) or additional cooling down is usually needed. Great things about this new no-effect pellet-drying out answer are:
-Lower generation expenses because of lengthy life time of all parts coming into contact with pellets.
-Gentle pellet dealing with, which guarantees substantial merchandise quality and less dust technology.
-Reduced energy ingestion simply because no further electricity provide is necessary.
Another pelletizing functions are somewhat strange in the compounding industry. The simplest and cheapest strategy for lowering plastic materials to an correct dimensions for additional finalizing generally is a straightforward mincing procedure. Even so, the producing particle size and shape are incredibly irregular. Some crucial merchandise qualities may also suffer unfavorable influence: The large denseness will substantially decrease along with the free-stream components in the large would be bad. That's why this kind of materials will only be acceptable for second-rate apps and must be promoted at quite inexpensive.
Dicing had been a frequent size-decrease procedure since the early on 20th Century. The necessity of this technique has steadily decreased for up to thirty years and presently creates a minimal contribution to the present pellet marketplaces.
Under water strand pelletizing is a innovative auto procedure. But this technique of creation is utilized generally in a few virgin polymer generation, such as for polyesters, nylons, and styrenic polymers, and contains no common program in today's compounding.
Oxygen-cooled die-face pelletizing is really a process applicable just for non-tacky goods, particularly Pvc material. But this product is much more commonly compounded in batch mixers with air conditioning and discharged as free of moisture-mixes. Only minimal levels of Pvc material compounds are turned into pellets.
Drinking water-band pelletizing is additionally an automatic operations. But it is also perfect only for less sticky materials and finds its principal program in polyolefin recycling as well as in some minimal apps in compounding.
Choosing the right pelletizing process requires concern greater than pellet shape and throughput quantity. For instance, soft pvc granule and recurring moisture content are inversely proportional; that is, the better the merchandise temperatures, the reduced the residual moisture content. Some ingredients, like various types of TPE, are tacky, particularly at elevated temps. This result might be calculated by checking the agglomerates-twins and multiples-in a bulk of pellets.
Inside an under water pelletizing system this kind of agglomerates of tacky pellets can be created in two techniques. Initially, immediately after the lower, the surface temperatures in the pellet is merely about 50° F on top of the procedure temperature of water, while the core of the pellet remains molten, and the average pellet heat is merely 35° to 40° F beneath the melt temperature. If two pellets enter into speak to, they deform somewhat, developing a contact surface area between your pellets which might be free from pvpcule drinking water. In this make contact with zone, the solidified skin area will remelt immediately as a result of warmth transported in the molten central, and the pellets will fuse to each other.
Second, soon after discharge from the pellets from the clothes dryer, the pellets' area heat boosts due to heat carry in the primary for the area. If soft TPE pellets are stored in a container, the pellets can deform, cozy speak to surfaces involving individual pellets grow to be bigger, and adhesion increases, top rated again to agglomerates. This trend might be intensified with smaller pellet size-e.g., mini-pellets-because the rate of surface area to amount boosts with smaller sized size.
Pellet agglomeration can be reduced by adding some wax tart-like product towards the process h2o or by powdering the pellet types of surface just after the pellet dryer.
Executing a variety of pelletizing test runs at regular throughput amount will provide you with an idea of the most sensible clear pvc granule heat for this fabric sort and pellet sizing. Anything previously mentioned that temperatures will raise the amount of agglomerates, and nearly anything beneath that temperature improves left over humidity.
In some situations, the pelletizing functioning might be expendable. This is correct only in programs where virgin polymers may be changed directly to done merchandise-immediate extrusion of Dog sheet coming from a polymer reactor, as an example. If compounding of preservatives as well as other components provides actual value, even so, primary conversion process is not really probable. If pelletizing is essential, it is usually better to know your options.


text:
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is employed to characterize the evolution of local electrochemical surface activity during lithium-based conversion layer formation on legacy aerospace aluminium alloy AA2024-T3. Initially, three types of studied intermetallic particles - S-, θ- and constituent phases - act as active cathodic areas. Subsequently, θ- and constituent phases show passivation preceding that of S-phase particles during the later conversion layer formation stages. The entire surface, including the matrix region, shows a higher reactivity at the beginning and then gradually shows decreasing reactivity. Hydrogen evolution-generated bubbles attach to the alloy surface and locally hinder the conversion layer formation, weakening the corrosion protection the conversion layer provides at those locations.
- Aluminium alloy
- Lithium-based conversion layer

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
|Slate Mask with weeping eye motif
WHAT'S nEW AT THE MUSEUMS?
Presently on exhibit at the Native American
Culture Museum is an impressive collection of stone ceremonial
masks and pipes dating as far back as 6000 BC. You'd be
hard-pressed to find a better display of these amazing artifacts
anywhere else in the state! We continue our exhibit of trade
beads and peace medals along with a palmetto hut and everyday
items used by the Native Americans.
AND FOR THE KIDS!
Both museums have an activity area where children can learn to crochet, weave, make a pot holder, go on a scavenger hunt, sit in a rocking chair to read a book, color a Native American design, or take a peek in the Palmetto hut.
Each Saturday the docents in the Native American Museum help the children with a project. They make either a necklace, bracelet, or a clay pot that they take home with them.
Check out our education page
for special opportunities for Young Historians>>
download or printing


text:
There is quite the nice article at the English Wikipedia on the topic, also explaining the meaning of the term in German.
I was actually right with my guess that the English usage originates in Nietzsche's "Übermensch":
The crossover of the term "über" from German into English goes back to
the work of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. [...] The term was
brought into English by George Bernard Shaw in the title to his 1903
play Man and Superman. During his rise to power, Adolf Hitler
bastardized Nietzsche's term, using it in his descriptions of an Aryan
master race. It was in this context that American Jewish comic book
creator Jerry Siegel encountered the term and conceived the 1933 story
"The Reign of the Super-Man", in which "Superman" is "an evil
mastermind with advanced mental powers".[...] Throughout the following
decade, Siegel, and Joseph Shuster, recast Superman into the iconic
American hero he subsequently became. It is through this association
with Superman the hero that the term "über" carries much of its
English sense implying irresistibility or invincibility.
So there is a very big difference between the usage of those terms in English and German, they're really "false friends".


function form_load_include
7.x form.inc form_load_include(&$form_state, $type, $module, $name = NULL)
Ensures an include file is loaded whenever the form is processed.
Example:
 // Load node.admin.inc from Node module.
 form_load_include($form_state, 'inc', 'node', 'node.admin');
Use this function instead of module_load_include() from inside a form constructor or any form processing logic as it ensures that the include file is loaded whenever the form is processed. In contrast to using module_load_include() directly, form_load_include() makes sure the include file is correctly loaded also if the form is cached.
Parameters
$form_state: The current state of the form.
$type: The include file's type (file extension).
$module: The module to which the include file belongs.
$name: (optional) The base file name (without the $type extension). If omitted, $module is used; i.e., resulting in "$module.$type" by default.
Return value
The filepath of the loaded include file, or FALSE if the include file was not found or has been loaded already.
See also
module_load_include()
Related topics
1 call to form_load_include()
form_test_load_include_custom in drupal/modules/simpletest/tests/form_test.module
Menu callback for testing custom form includes.
File
drupal/includes/form.inc, line 605
Functions for form and batch generation and processing.
Code
function form_load_include(&$form_state, $type, $module, $name = NULL) {
 if (!isset($name)) {
 $name = $module;
 }
 if (!isset($form_state['build_info']['files']["$module:$name.$type"])) {
 // Only add successfully included files to the form state.
 if ($result = module_load_include($type, $module, $name)) {
 $form_state['build_info']['files']["$module:$name.$type"] = array(
 'type' => $type,
 'module' => $module,
 'name' => $name,
 );
 return $result;
 }
 }
 return FALSE;
}


text:
Immersive, inquiry based learning.
WELCOME TO THE KINSHIP PROGRAMME
The Kinship Programme facilitates immersive, inquiry-based and play-based learning in wild nature for children aged 3 - 11 years. We have four seasons a year that correspond with school term times. Our sessions run for 2hours, from 2-4pm, and most children attend on a weekly basis. At the end of each season we offer an overnight adventure that mums and dads are welcome to join for.
We charge a seasonal fee that is billed either monthly or for the full season upfront.
It works out to cost R200 per child per session.
It is possible to join for a drop in session at the cost of R200.
We offer a sibling discount of R170 per child as well as a season discount for upfront payment.
Why are we going outside?
Urbanisation, industrialization, fears for safety and technological advancements have led to the majority of our time being spent indoors, predominantly in front of screens. There are growing concerns about a lack of physical exercise, poor mental well-being and issues of climate change and environmental degradation. Studies illustrate that green spaces and natural landscapes have a positive influence on children's cognitive and psycho-social development, including emotional regulation, perceived self-worth, creativity, concentration, motivation and motor skills. Children that engage immersive with nature have better abilities to assess risks and confidence to confront challenges later in life.
It is believed that the split with nature is at the heart of our environmental crisis. There are several studies illustrating that childhood experiences in nature have led to the development of increased nature-connected individuals who tend to champion conservation and sustainable development. The Kinship program offers the opportunity for our children to develop the empathy and love of nature that our world requires, in a safe yet wild environment.


Insurance Agent Certification and Licensing Information
Essential Information
Insurance agents sell policies to individuals, groups and companies. They also help clients file claims. Types of insurance include life, health, product and property, disability, long-term care and casualty insurance. Some agents work for insurance companies, while others are independent and sell the policies of several insurers. Insurance agent certification and licensing standards vary by state and the type of insurance product.
Required Education High school diploma or equivalent
Required Skills Customer service, analytical and communicative skills
Exam Requirements Completion of pre-licensing coursework (for most states), passing score on licensing exam
Projected Job Growth (2012-2022) 10%*
Median Salary (2014) $47,860*
'Source: *Bureau of Labor Statistics
Certification for Insurance Agents
The American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter (AICPCU) and the Insurance Institute of America (IIA) jointly offer several certification and designation programs. The most well known program is the Certificate in General Insurance, which covers fundamental insurance principles and types of coverage. Other certifications offered by these organizations include Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter (CPCU), Associate in Claims (AIC), Associate in Insurance Services (AIS), Associate in Personal Insurance (API) and Accredited Advisor in Insurance (AAI).
Licensing Information
Each state requires insurance agents to hold a license to sell policies. Most states require separate licenses to sell property and casualty insurance versus life and health insurance. The majority of states also require licensed insurance agents to complete continuing education programs every two years. Agents may take continuing education courses to learn more about various policies or to keep up with changing tax laws and government regulations that impact the insurance industry.
Licensing Requirements
Most states require prospective insurance agents to complete pre-licensing coursework before taking state licensing exams. States typically require a specific number of pre-licensing class hours for each type of insurance. In many states, applicants who hold certain certifications from other states or specific professional designations may be exempt from some pre-licensing requirements. There is no requirement that insurance agents hold a college degree to obtain a license, but most employers prefer to hire applicants who hold an associate's or bachelor's degree in fields such as business, accounting, economics, math or finance.
Education for Licensing
Pre-licensing training courses that prepare individuals for state certification exams are offered by special schools for insurance agents and some insurance companies. Additionally, the AICPCU, IIA and the National Alliance for Insurance Education and Research (NAIER) provide pre-licensing courses and seminars. The curriculum for insurance agent certification and licensing courses includes commercial insurance, property and casualty, life and health, liability and government regulations.
Employment Outlook
Due to the growing diversity of the United States, there is an increasing need for insurance agents who can speak languages other than English. The burgeoning elderly population is also expected to spur growth in some insurance products, including long-term-care and health insurance. College graduates with good people skills and knowledge of several insurance and financial products will have an edge in the job market. The number of insurance sales jobs is expected to grow 10% between 2012-2022, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ( Insurance agents earned a median annual salary of $47,860 in May 2014.
Related to Insurance Agent Certification
Search Degrees, Careers, or Schools


text: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been used to increase the osmotic pressure of fluids used to cleanse the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about its osmotic activity. To investigate this activity systematically, solutions of PEG of differing molecular weights were made and subjected to measurement of osmolality by both freezing point depression and vapor pressure osmometry. Measured osmolality was increasingly greater than predicted from average molecular weight as PEG concentration increased. Measurement of sodium activity in NaCl/PEG solutions by means of an ion-selective electrode suggested that the higher than expected osmolality could be due in part to interactions that, in effect, sequestered water from the solution. Osmolality was consistently greater by freezing point osmometry than by vapor pressure osmometry. To determine which osmometry method reflected biologically relevant osmolality, normal subjects underwent steady-state total gut perfusion with an electrolyte solution containing 105 g/L of PEG 3350. This produced rectal effluent that was hypertonic by freezing point osmometry but isotonic by vapor pressure osmometry. Assuming that luminal fluid reaches osmotic equilibrium with plasma during total gut perfusion, this result suggests that the vapor pressure osmometer accurately reflects the biologically relevant osmolality of intestinal contents. We conclude that PEG exerts more of an osmotic effect than would be predicted from its molecular weight. This phenomenon may reflect interactions between PEG and water molecules that alter the physical chemistry of the solution and sequester water from the solution.


text:
Give the main theme or central idea of the poem 'Small Pain in My Chest' written by Michael Mack. / What is the poem Small Pain in My Chest all about? / What is the poet's message here?
The poem A Small Pain in My Chest begins with a soldier boy calling the narrator and asking his help. The narrator approaches the injured soldier boy and extends his help by offering him some water. After that that two have a conversation about how the boy got injured in war last night. The soldier boy expresses his feelings and thoughts in the course of the chat. But he could not survive his injuries that he calls "a small pain" in his chest, and finally died. The narrator was shocked at his death.
So, the poem is all about a soldier's confessions, thoughts and feelings before death, and the narrator's feelings at his death. Through this poem, the poet actually wants to evoke the pity of war in our minds and raise a war against war. The poem is an anti-war poem.


text:
SCIENCE & TECH / ENVIRONMENT
Topic: General Studies 3:
- Science and Technologydevelopments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
- Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation
Technology and Conservation: Elephants counted from Space
Context: Scientists are using very high-resolution satellite imagery to count and detect wildlife species, including African elephants.
A team of researchers from the University of Oxford Wildlife Conservation Research Unit and Machine Learning Research Group detected elephants in South Africa from space using Artificial Intelligence with an accuracy that they have compared to human detection capabilities.
So, how did scientists track the elephants?
- Earlier Methodology relied on manned aircrafts: Before researchers developed the new technique, one of the most common survey methods to keep a check on elephant populations in savannah environments involved aerial counts undertaken from manned aircraft.
- Limitations of earlier method: However, this method does not deliver accurate results since observers on aircraft are prone to get exhausted, are sometimes hindered by poor visibility and may even succumb to bias. Further, aerial surveys are costly and logistically challenging.
- Satellites Imagery Utilized: To test the new method, researchers chose the Addo Elephant National Park in South Africa, which has a high concentration of elephants. Researchers used the highest resolution satellite imagery currently available, called Worldview3.
- Leveraging Artificial Intelligence Technology: At first, the satellite images appear to be of grey blobs in a forest of green splotches – but, on closer inspection, those blobs are revealed as elephants wandering through the trees. And all the laborious elephant counting is done via machine learning – a computer algorithm trained to identify elephants in a variety of backdrops.
Significance of using Satellite & AI Technology in counting Elephants
- Accurate Count improves Conservation: In order to conserve the species, it is important for scientists to track elephant populations. This is because inaccurate counts can lead to misallocation of conservation resources, which are already limited and have resulted in misunderstanding population trends.
- Helps arrest Declining Population: The population of African elephants has plummeted over the last century due to poaching, retaliatory killing from crop-raiding and habitat fragmentation. The scientists say better counting & monitoring could be used in anti-poaching work.
- Useful in International borders: This approach of using satellites and AI could vastly improve the monitoring of threatened elephant populations in habitats that span international borders, where it can be difficult to obtain permission for aircraft surveys.
- Cost effective: Scientists used satellite imagery that required no ground presence to monitor the elephants. The breakthrough could allow up to 5,000 sq km of elephant habitat to be surveyed on a single cloud-free day.
- Suited in Pandemic Situation: Also since these images are captured from space, there is no need for anyone on the ground, which is particularly helpful during these times of coronavirus
Did You Know?
- But, this is not the first study of its kind to initiate tracking of elephants using satellites. In 2002, Smithsonian scientists started using geographic information systems (GIS) technology to understand how they could conserve Asian elephants.
- At the time, scientists launched the first satellite-tracking project on Asian elephants in Myanmar.


Product Administration Guide > Technical Reference >
Revising the System Default Cardinalities
When a you create a relationship in a customizable product, you can specify a minimum, maximum, and default cardinality. If you do not specify cardinalities, the system uses the following defaults:
 - Minimum cardinality = 0
 - Default cardinality = 0
 - Maximum cardinality = 999
If you do not specify cardinalities this means that users are not required to select any items from the relationship and are limited to selecting a maximum of 999 items.
You can change these defaults as needed. For example, you can set the maximum system default cardinality to a number larger than 999.
To revise the system default cardinalities
 1. In Siebel Tools, locate the Complex Product Structure BusComp.
 2. Within the business component, locate the desired field: Default Cardinality, Max Cardinality, or Min Cardinality.
 3. Display the user properties for the field.
 4. Set the Pre Default Value user property to the desired amount.
 The amount should be an integer that is greater than or equal to 0.
Product Administration Guide


encoding
package
Version: v0.0.0-...-d88c8b5 Latest Latest
Warning
This package is not in the latest version of its module.
Go to latest
Published: Feb 9, 2021 License: Apache-2.0 Imports: 6 Imported by: 0
Documentation
Overview
Package encoding defines an interface for character encodings, such as Shift JIS and Windows 1252, that can convert to and from UTF-8.
Encoding implementations are provided in other packages, such as golang.org/x/text/encoding/charmap and golang.org/x/text/encoding/japanese.
Index
Constants
View Source
const ASCIISub = '\x1a'
ASCIISub is the ASCII substitute character, as recommended by _URL_
Variables
View Source
var ErrInvalidUTF8 = errors.New("encoding: invalid UTF-8")
ErrInvalidUTF8 means that a transformer encountered invalid UTF-8.
View Source
var UTF8Validator transform.Transformer = utf8Validator{}
UTF8Validator is a transformer that returns ErrInvalidUTF8 on the first input byte that is not valid UTF-8.
Functions
This section is empty.
Types
type Decoder
type Decoder struct {
 transform.Transformer
 // contains filtered or unexported fields
}
A Decoder converts bytes to UTF-8. It implements transform.Transformer.
Transforming source bytes that are not of that encoding will not result in an error per se. Each byte that cannot be transcoded will be represented in the output by the UTF-8 encoding of '\uFFFD', the replacement rune.
func (*Decoder) Bytes
func (d *Decoder) Bytes(b []byte) ([]byte, error)
Bytes converts the given encoded bytes to UTF-8. It returns the converted bytes or nil, err if any error occurred.
func (*Decoder) Reader
func (d *Decoder) Reader(r io.Reader) io.Reader
Reader wraps another Reader to decode its bytes.
The Decoder may not be used for any other operation as long as the returned Reader is in use.
func (*Decoder) String
func (d *Decoder) String(s string) (string, error)
String converts the given encoded string to UTF-8. It returns the converted string or "", err if any error occurred.
type Encoder
type Encoder struct {
 transform.Transformer
 // contains filtered or unexported fields
}
An Encoder converts bytes from UTF-8. It implements transform.Transformer.
Each rune that cannot be transcoded will result in an error. In this case, the transform will consume all source byte up to, not including the offending rune. Transforming source bytes that are not valid UTF-8 will be replaced by '\uFFFD'. To return early with an error instead, use transform.Chain to preprocess the data with a UTF8Validator.
func HTMLEscapeUnsupported
func HTMLEscapeUnsupported(e *Encoder) *Encoder
HTMLEscapeUnsupported wraps encoders to replace source runes outside the repertoire of the destination encoding with HTML escape sequences.
This wrapper exists to comply to URL and HTML forms requiring a non-terminating legacy encoder. The produced sequences may lead to data loss as they are indistinguishable from legitimate input. To avoid this issue, use UTF-8 encodings whenever possible.
func ReplaceUnsupported
func ReplaceUnsupported(e *Encoder) *Encoder
ReplaceUnsupported wraps encoders to replace source runes outside the repertoire of the destination encoding with an encoding-specific replacement.
This wrapper is only provided for backwards compatibility and legacy handling. Its use is strongly discouraged. Use UTF-8 whenever possible.
func (*Encoder) Bytes
func (e *Encoder) Bytes(b []byte) ([]byte, error)
Bytes converts bytes from UTF-8. It returns the converted bytes or nil, err if any error occurred.
func (*Encoder) String
func (e *Encoder) String(s string) (string, error)
String converts a string from UTF-8. It returns the converted string or "", err if any error occurred.
func (*Encoder) Writer
func (e *Encoder) Writer(w io.Writer) io.Writer
Writer wraps another Writer to encode its UTF-8 output.
The Encoder may not be used for any other operation as long as the returned Writer is in use.
type Encoding
type Encoding interface {
 // NewDecoder returns a Decoder.
 NewDecoder() *Decoder
 // NewEncoder returns an Encoder.
 NewEncoder() *Encoder
}
Encoding is a character set encoding that can be transformed to and from UTF-8.
var Nop Encoding = nop{}
Nop is the nop encoding. Its transformed bytes are the same as the source bytes; it does not replace invalid UTF-8 sequences.
var Replacement Encoding = replacement{}
Replacement is the replacement encoding. Decoding from the replacement encoding yields a single '\uFFFD' replacement rune. Encoding from UTF-8 to the replacement encoding yields the same as the source bytes except that invalid UTF-8 is converted to '\uFFFD'.
It is defined at _URL_
Source Files
Directories
Path Synopsis
Package unicode provides Unicode encodings such as UTF-16.
Package unicode provides Unicode encodings such as UTF-16.
Package internal contains code that is shared among encoding implementations.
Package internal contains code that is shared among encoding implementations.
identifier
Package identifier defines the contract between implementations of Encoding and Index by defining identifiers that uniquely identify standardized coded character sets (CCS) and character encoding schemes (CES), which we will together refer to as encodings, for which Encoding implementations provide converters to and from UTF-8.
Package identifier defines the contract between implementations of Encoding and Index by defining identifiers that uniquely identify standardized coded character sets (CCS) and character encoding schemes (CES), which we will together refer to as encodings, for which Encoding implementations provide converters to and from UTF-8.
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text:
Flexibility to give your teams options on how they listen or observe in different environments.
There are situations when some of the things whispered can be even more important than those things that are shouted. With the flexibility to give your teams options in how they listen in on conversations or observe different environments, Tech Works intercom takes your audio and listening capabilities to another level. This complete intercom package allows your team to customize how they speak, scan, or listen in on any room they choose.
With the interview and observation intercom system, your teams can:
Communicate across multiple environments
With a touch of the button you can communicate directly to doors, rooms, or across the facility.
Manage pages from one central location
From one location, this programmable intercom lets your team select where all pages in your facility go, including options for console or telephone paging.
Know that your system maximizes communications and sound management
Provide a consistent and intelligible output when you pick up sound on any level from a whisper to a shout.
Control who is listening
With both private and public listening options, your team can control who is listening inside the rooms you are observing.
Be flexible in how they scan and listen to rooms
Simple programming choices allow you to automatically select listening options including which room, when, and for how long.
Keep costs down with a complete intercom package
This cost-effective and versatile solution is a complete package that allows you to communicate anywhere within your facility.
Record the key information that you need
With a broadcast quality feed, your system is configurable to allow recording of what was heard, or what either or all parties said to be maintained as evidence, or future review.
Microphone / Speaker Interface
Maximize the audio in your room, with distortion free automatic level control ensuring clear audio from a whisper to shout.
Your team can choose from a variety of microphones to determine what makes the most sense in each individual room (Options include shotgun, miniature boundary, hanging cardioid condenser, hidden, operator consoles, table, and much more).
Headsets and Speakers
Choose what listening options you would like for each location. Whether it is headsets for private conversations or your choice of speakers to meet the needs of the any room.
Interview & Observation Benefits
- Select and control listening options
- Integrate with other microphones
- Private listening options
- Reliable two-way communications
- Automatic audio level control
- Programmable zone paging and scanning
- Flexible and simple to use
- Communicate across multiple environments
- User friendly operation
- 36-month limited warranty


text:
1. To add your bank, start by clicking the "Accounts" icon in the upper right corner.
2. Use the search box to look for the bank you want to connect. Click "+ Add Account" to bring up the search box if you already have another account connected.
3. Search for your financial institution by name or website address. For example, you could search for Bank of America or bankofamerica.com
4. Enter the login information for your online bank and answer any security questions your bank may need.
5. Click "Connect."
*Remember to enter your information exactly as if you were signing into your bank's website. Don't enter your EveryDollar username and don't let your browser auto-fill the info for you.
- When you log in, you'll see a list of all of the accounts you have open at this bank (checking, savings, money market account, credit cards, etc.). *Note that all the transactions from these accounts will automatically import into EveryDollar for the current month's budget.
- If you don't want EveryDollar to connect to one or more of the accounts, click the down arrow beside the account you wish to remove for more options.
- To remove the unwanted account, just click "Delete this account." If you would like to see the balance of this account but don't wish to import transactions from it, then simply uncheck the "Sync Transactions" button.


Psychological Implications of Motherhood and Fatherhood in Midlife: Evidence from Sibling Models
Pudrovska, Tetyana
Working paper no. 2007-02
Using a sample comprising full, twin, half-, step-, and adopted siblings, I examine psychological consequences of motherhood and fatherhood in midlife. My analysis includes between-family models that treat siblings as independent observations, and within-family models accounting for unobserved shared genetic and environmental endowments that may confound the relationship between parenthood and well-being. Further, I examine whether the psychological impact of parenthood varies based on siblings' genetic similarity. The findings reveal that parenthood has similar psychological implications for middle-aged mothers and fathers. The main differences arise from specific structural contexts of parenthood. The association between parenthood and mental health at midlife partly reflects shared and nonshared genetic influences. In contrast, shared early-life environment does not explain the psychological impact of parenthood.


text:
The Contour tool is used for normal editing of the contours. It is the default tool in Fontlab VI, and the first item on the toolbar. It is selectable using the A key or the Contour arrow on the Toolbar.
Always use the Contour tool instead of the Element tool, unless you are sure you need to work at the Element level!
The functions of the Contour tool require that you already have outlines drawn. You need to either create a font, or open an existing font, before using this function.
Temporarily Activating the Contour tool»
There are two methods to temporarily activate the Contour tool while you are using another tool: holding down the A key, or holding down the Cmd key. The first mode is active by default, and that means that you can press and hold the A key while using most tools to temporarily activate the Contour tool. To use the Cmd key mode, open the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box and turn on this option:
When this option is active, you can temporarily activate the Contour tool by pressing the Cmd key on the keyboard. Releasing the Cmd key will return to the tool you were using before.
Hit-to and Snap-to Distances»
When you need to select a node or any other object on any of the layers, you need to click it with the mouse. You don't need to click the object precisely, but you must be within a certain distance for the object to get selected. This distance is called the "hit-to distance".
By default the hit-to distance is set to 3 screen pixels for nodes and 4 screen pixels for guidelines, but you can change it on the Distances page of the Preferences dialog box.
If you are moving an object close to another object, for which the Snap-to feature View > Snap is activated, the first object snaps to it even if you don't move the first object precisely to touch the latter. By default, the snap-to distance is set to 5 screen pixels, but you can change it on the Distances page of the Preferences dialog box.
Selecting Nodes and Contours»
To select an individual node, move the mouse cursor close to it and click. The selected node will appear red in color.
To select several nodes, Shift-click on them. Segments between selected nodes will be selected as well. To remove nodes from the selection, Alt-click (or Cmd-click) on selected nodes.
To select an individual segment, move the mouse cursor close to it and click. The selected segment with two nodes will appear red in color. You can turn this off on the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box.
To marquee select part of a contour, click in the empty space and drag around the area which you need to select. Use Shift to add to the selection or remove from it. Alt-drag for a freeform marquee selection. Marquee selection does not select handles (off-curve points), but this can be changed on the Editing page of the Preferences dialog box.
To select the whole contour, double-click on the contour or Alt-click on the white space near the contour. Use Shift to add to the selection or remove from it.
To move individual nodes:
If nodes are hidden, switch nodes on with the View > Show > Nodes command, or click on the node to select it. If you miss, and accidentally select an incorrect node, use the Page Up and Page Down keys to move to the correct node.
Drag the node to its new place. It will stick to the other objects if they are visible and snap-to those objects, where that feature is activated (View > Snap menu). Hold down the Shift key to move it vertically or horizontally.
While you are dragging the node you may see red dotted lines with arrows at their ends. These are snapping suggestions which help you position objects better:
Press Ctrl at any time when dragging points to temporary disable snapping and snapping suggestions.
If you are moving a node that is connecting two PostScript (Bézier) curves you have the following options:
If the connection of the curves is smooth, press the Alt key to constrain movement to a line between the curves' control points:
If the connection is sharp, press the Alt key while dragging the node to move it without moving the adjacent control points:
If the connection is smooth, press the Alt and Cmd keys to keep the connection's curvature optimised. All 4 control points will be involved in the process:
Press the Alt and Shift keys to slide the node along a segment. The control points will be recalculated to keep the current shape of the segment:
When you are editing control points of a Bézier curve, press the Shift key before clicking the button to keep the direction of the control vector unchanged:
If you are moving a control point of a curve with a sharp connection, press the Alt key to temporarily change the connection type to smooth, so that the adjacent control vector will be collinear.
If you have a node or handle that is nearly aligned (in either X or Y) with an adjacent node, Shift-double-click on the node or control point and it will shift to become aligned.
Do not forget that you can press the ' key (usually the key between Shift and Z) at any time to get an instant high-quality preview of the glyph outline as it will print.
Changing Node Types»
The type of connection between segments is very important in maintaining the smoothness of contours. Connections can be of two types: smooth and sharp (non-smooth).
To make connection marks visible, click on the button on the Toolbar.
If a connection is smooth, the direction of the adjacent curve control vectors or of the curve control vector and line is collinear and the contour is smooth at the connection.
To change the type of connection, double-click on the node or Ctrl-click the node and select the connection type in the popup menu:
Sometimes you may want to modify a contour in a more flexible way than by moving nodes. For example, to adjust the shape of a curve in node editing you would usually make the control points of a curve visible and move them to modify the curve. A more intuitive way would be to "grab" the curve somewhere between the nodes and move this imaginary "inside" point. The curve's shape changes accordingly. We call this method "non-node editing". This means that you can not only move nodes, but every point of a glyph's contour. You can even switch off nodes and still be able to edit the contour as you wish.
To modify a curve or line segment using the non-node editing method:
- Move the mouse cursor onto the place on the segment that you want to move.
- Press the mouse button. You will see a small color point that will show you the temporary point that you are moving.
- Drag the mouse and observe how the shape of the curve changes. After a few experiments (which can be undone) you will have enough experience to use this method of editing.
Several notes that you should remember:
- In non-node editing, guiding objects are sticky. So, temporary points snap to the grid, guidelines, hints or anything else.
- If you choose a temporary point near one of the ends of a curve, you will move that end, not just change the curve's shape. This is a useful method to locate a curve's endpoints.
- When you press the mouse button to begin non-node editing you will see that the endpoints of the curve as well as the control vectors appear, simplifying the editing of this segment.
- If you drag a "point" on a curve, its control vectors may change direction.
CtrlAlt-click near a line segment to convert the segment to a curve segment. CtrlAlt-click near a curve segment to Balance the segment (make both handles proportionally the same length). To convert a curve segment to a line segment, simply remove one of its handles using Edit > Delete (Backspace).
To insert a new node on a segment with the Contour tool:
- Position the mouse cursor on the segment where you want to insert the node.
- CtrlAlt-click where you want the node to be inserted or ShiftCtrlAlt-click on a segment to add an extremum node to that segment.
You can also use the Knife tool to insert nodes.
Deleting Nodes and Handles»
To delete nodes and handles using the Contour tool, click on the node or the control point to select it, and press Backspace (or Del key on small keyboards). The node or the handle will be removed. Or Ctrl-click on the node and select the Delete node command in the context menu for the same result. In these two cases, FontLab VI tries to keep contours closed. On the other hand, using the Del key (FnDel keys on small keyboards) doesn't delete the selected node, but breaks the contour.
Another one way to delete the handle is to ShiftAlt-click on it.
To delete a line or a curve, click on it with the Contour tool and then select the Delete command in the Edit menu (Backspace key). This method removes the segment with both its nodes but doesn't break the contour. On the other hand, if you wish to leave both end nodes intact, but break the counter, then you can delete the segment using the Del (FnDel) key as well.
- Hold Ctrl at any time when dragging Points (Handles or Nodes) to disable snapping and snapping suggestions.
- Tap ShiftC key or use the Contour > Power Nudge menu item to toggle the Power Nudge mode. With Power Nudge on, when you drag some points, FontLab will automatically guess which other points should be moved. This works well most of the time. If Power Nudge is off, you can enable it temporarily (while dragging) when you hold the C key (without Shift).
- Tap L key or use the Contour >


text:
CHICAGO – March 3, 2016 – STATS LLC, the world's leading sports technology, data and content company, will have newly appointed Director of Data Science, Patrick Lucey, presenting a paper at the 2016 MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference Research Track Final.
The paper, written by Felix Wei, Patrick Lucey, Stuart Morgan, Machar Reid and Sridha Sridharan, is a collaboration between STATS newly-formed Data Science Team, the Australian Institute of Sport, Tennis Australia and Queensland University of Technology. The paper will be presented as a finalist in the conference's prestigious Research Paper Competition.
The paper, entitled The Thin Edge of the Wedge: Accurately Predicting Shot Outcomes in Tennis Using Style and Context Priors, aims to discover patterns of player movement and ball striking which are indicative of changing the probability of winning a point. Using optical-tracking data it is possible to form a representation of a player's style, enabling researchers to personalize interactions between players based on match context. This approach facilitates more accurate point prediction and an enhanced understanding of how points are won through the manipulation and exploitation of space on the court.
"In professional sport, there is an enormous amount of tracking data available. This paper showcases some methods we can use to maximize the value of it," said Lucey, Director of Data Science at STATS. "Even though the paper focuses on tennis, similar ideas can be applied across other sports. Considering how much of this data we have at STATS, and the charter of the Data Science Team is to generate new technology using this data, it is a very exciting time."
Each year the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference Research Paper Competition presents exciting insights and fresh perspectives on a wide range of sports. An opportunity to highlight new research in front of an audience of industry decision-makers, the competition is an important platform for contributing to the analytical discourse in professional sports.
To arrange a meeting with STATS MIT Sloan, click here.


text:
Diversity of endophytic fungi of single Norway spruce needles and their role as pioneer decomposers
The diversity of endophytic fungi within single symptomless Norway spruce needles is described and their possible role as pioneer decomposers after needle detachment is investigated. The majority (90%) of all 182 isolates from green intact needles were identified as Lophodermium piceae. Up to 34 isolates were obtained from single needles. Generally, all isolates within single needles had distinct randomly amplified microsatellite (RAMS) patterns. Single trees may thus contain a higher number of L. piceae individuals than the number of their needles. To investigate the ability of needle endophytes to act as pioneer decomposers, surface-sterilized needles were incubated on sterile sand inoculated with autoclaved or live spruce forest humus layer. The dry weight loss of 13–17% found in needles after a 20-week incubation did not significantly differ between the sterilized and live treatments. Hence, fungi surviving the surface sterilization of needles can act as pioneer decomposers. A considerable portion of the needles remained green during the incubation. Brown and black needles, in which the weight loss had presumably taken place, were invaded throughout by single haplotypes different from L. piceae. Instead, Tiarasporella parca, a less common needle endophyte, occurred among these invaders of brown needles. Needle endophytes of Norway spruce seem thus to have different abilities to decompose host tissues after needle cast. L. piceae is obviously not an important pioneer decomposer of Norway spruce needles. The diversity of fungal individuals drops sharply when needles start to decompose. Thus, in single needles the decomposing mycota is considerably less diverse than the endophytic mycota.


text:
This is an exert from The Original Australians by A. A. Abbie published by London, Muller 1969:
It is the term used to describe penile subincision, the process of urethrotomy, where the bottom of the penis is cut and the urethra is slit open, from the urethral opening to the base. The slit length can vary.
This is an old Australian tradition that used to be referred to as Mika or the Terrible Rite.


text:
En Route is a school assignment for the course Devine at University Howest Kortrijk. -June, 2014
En Route is an association that organizes art and poet tasks for youth groups. The idea was to create an app where kids can discover a city by doing tasks in group. On a website they can see the tasks they did and share it with their friends.
The city from this app is 'Antwerp', a beautiful city in Belgium that has a big mix between old and modern.
This is a short promo video about 'En Route' that explains the app and website.
Music in background: Beirut - scenic world, voice-over by Quindo
In the app the user can view the route and see where the tasks are located by checkpoints. A few parts of the city are locked and when a task is fulfilled it will be unlocked. There are also small tasks to make the walk more interesting and fun, instead of walking from point A to point B.
The app makes use of the camera (imagepickercontroller & GPUimage), the microphone and MapBox (_URL_) to customize the map.
On the website the kids can see the results from the tasks they did. The website stays up-to-date and it always shows the most recent entry. Every user can see all the tasks that are completed and can filter by school (everyday there's another school that plays this game).
Teachers can subscribe their school on a certain date to come and explore the city with En Route.


text:
Gifts of Gold: The Art of Japanese Lacquer Boxes will introduce viewers to the medium, functions, decorative techniques, and symbolic associations of Japanese lacquer by presenting approximately twenty exquisite works ranging from the 15th through the 21st centuries, complemented by a few select paintings. The exhibition will consist of four groupings with the following themes: 1) forms in black and red 2) seasonal and auspicious motifs 3) poetic and literary associations 4) materials and techniques. Objects in the exhibition are drawn from institutional and private collections, as well as featuring a 19th century writing box recently acquired by the Fairfield University Art Museum.
In Japan, true lacquerware is created through a time-consuming process wherein the sap of the lacquer tree is harvested, refined, and pigmented before being applied in successive layers to a substrate, often of wood. Each layer of lacquer cures and hardens, rendering the vessel waterproof and durable. Although many wares are left plain to showcase the glossy black or red finish, the art reached heights of decorative potential with developments in the 16th and 17th centuries in techniques of "sprinkled picture" (maki-e) decoration. In these uniquely Japanese techniques, small particles of gold and other metals are sprinkled onto lacquer in abstract and pictorial designs, rich with seasonal, poetic, and literary allusions. Although lacquer objects were ultimately functional – writing boxes, storage boxes, tea caddies, tables, and dining utensils – the expense and decorative richness ensured that some objects were rarely used. Lacquer boxes therefore also became markers of status, taste, and wealth. Tebako, or cosmetics boxes, were important elements of a bride's trousseau, and writing boxes (suzuribako) stored the implements used for calligraphy; such boxes could also be presented as gifts on important and auspicious occasions, such as the New Year. Moreover, small seal and medicine cases (inrō) with exquisite designs were worn suspended from the belts of men's traditional dress and displayed the height of fashion in the Edo period (_PHONE_). Borrowing from – and in turn influencing – other arts in Japan, the lacquer tradition stands in conversation with arts such as textile design, ceramics, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture.


Blogging for Thinking…The next step
Virginia and I are continuing our inquiry project with our students, two groups of students in district gifted programs. This is the Kidpost entry given to our students to allow us to be very specific about the learning intentions of our blogging project.
Blogging for Thinking
 1. What am I learning?
 2. Why does it matter?
 3. Where am I going next with my learning?
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
I depend on others for almost alldecisions about what,
I demonstrate personalresponsibility to take charge of what, how and when I learn but I need the teacher to provide specific options to choose from. I exercise thoughtfullyinformed judgments in the pursuit of agreed-upon targets and self assess my work according to teacher provided rubrics.. I put a lot of thought and planning into setting goals and a plan to reach them. I self evaluate how my learning is going and where I want to go next.
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
I report back what I heard, did, or read during class or out of school learning experiences. I report back what I heard, did, or read. I make connections between my learning experiences at school or home. I consistently describe my learning and express why my learning matters. I understand where I am going next with my learning and come up with an efficient and effective plan of action. I understand the value of my learning and where I want to go next with my learning. My plan, conclusions & opinions are based on careful analysis of my experiences and a variety of evidence.
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Pedal Power Showdown: Alloy Cranks vs. Carbon – Which is Right for You?
When it comes to choosing the right cranks for your bike, there are a lot of factors to consider. One of the most significant decisions is whether to go with alloy or carbon cranks. Both materials have their advantages and disadvantages, and it's essential to understand the differences to make an informed decision.
Alloy cranks are made from a blend of metals, typically aluminum, and are the most common type of cranks on the market. They are known for their durability, affordability, and ease of maintenance. Carbon cranks, on the other hand, are made from carbon fiber, a lightweight and strong material that is commonly used in high-performance applications. Carbon cranks are known for their stiffness, weight savings, and vibration dampening properties.
Key Takeaways
 - Alloy cranks are durable, affordable, and easy to maintain.
 - Carbon cranks are lightweight, stiff, and have vibration dampening properties.
 - The choice between alloy and carbon cranks ultimately comes down to personal preference and the intended use of the bike.
Understanding Alloy Cranks
Composition of Alloy Cranks
Alloy cranks are made from a combination of metals, usually aluminum, magnesium, and/or zinc. These metals are melted down and cast into molds to create the shape of the crank. The resulting alloy is then heat-treated to increase its strength and durability.
Aluminum is the most common metal used in alloy cranks. It is lightweight, strong, and resistant to corrosion. Magnesium is also used in some alloy cranks because it is even lighter than aluminum, but it is more expensive and can be more brittle. Zinc is sometimes added to alloy cranks to improve their strength and durability.
Benefits of Alloy Cranks
One of the biggest benefits of alloy cranks is their affordability. They are generally less expensive than carbon cranks, which makes them a popular choice for budget-conscious riders. Alloy cranks are also more durable than carbon cranks and can withstand more abuse without cracking or breaking.
Alloy cranks are also easier to maintain than carbon cranks. They are less likely to get damaged during transport or storage, and they can be repaired if they do get damaged. Carbon cranks, on the other hand, are more fragile and can be more difficult to repair if they are damaged.
Another benefit of alloy cranks is their versatility. They can be used for a variety of riding styles, from road cycling to mountain biking. They are also available in a wide range of sizes and styles, so you can find the perfect crank for your bike and your riding style.
Overall, alloy cranks are a great choice for riders who want a durable, affordable, and versatile crankset that can handle a variety of riding styles and conditions.
Understanding Carbon Cranks
Composition of Carbon Cranks
Carbon cranks are made from a combination of carbon fiber and resin. The carbon fiber is a strong, lightweight material that is used to make the crank arm, while the resin is used to bond the fibers together. The resulting composite material is both lightweight and strong, making it a popular choice for high-performance bike components.
The manufacturing process for carbon cranks involves laying up the carbon fibers in a specific pattern, then coating them with resin. The resulting composite material is then cured in an oven to create a solid, rigid structure. The pattern of the carbon fibers can be adjusted to provide different levels of stiffness and strength, which allows manufacturers to tailor the cranks to specific applications.
Advantages of Carbon Cranks
One of the biggest advantages of carbon cranks over alloy cranks is their weight. Carbon cranks are significantly lighter than alloy cranks, which can help reduce the overall weight of your bike. This can make a big difference in terms of performance, particularly when it comes to climbing and acceleration.
Another advantage of carbon cranks is their stiffness. Carbon fiber is an incredibly stiff material, which means that carbon cranks are able to transfer power more efficiently than alloy cranks. This can result in a more responsive and efficient ride, particularly when you're putting down a lot of power.
Finally, carbon cranks are also more durable than alloy cranks. While alloy cranks can be prone to cracking and breaking over time, carbon cranks are able to withstand more punishment without failing. This means that they can last longer and require less maintenance over time.
Overall, carbon cranks are a great choice for anyone looking to improve the performance of their bike. They offer a number of advantages over alloy cranks, including reduced weight, increased stiffness, and improved durability. If you're looking to upgrade your bike, carbon cranks are definitely worth considering.
Comparative Analysis
When it comes to choosing between alloy cranks and carbon cranks, there are several factors that you need to consider. In this section, we will provide a comparative analysis of these two types of cranks to help you make an informed decision.
Durability Comparison
One of the most important factors to consider when choosing cranks is durability. In general, alloy cranks are more durable than carbon cranks. Alloy cranks can withstand more impact and abuse, and they are less likely to crack or break under stress. Carbon cranks, on the other hand, are more prone to damage from impacts and may crack or break if subjected to excessive stress.
Weight Comparison
Another important factor to consider is weight. Carbon cranks are generally lighter than alloy cranks. This can be an advantage for riders who are looking to shave off weight from their bikes. However, the weight difference between the two types of cranks may not be significant enough to make a noticeable difference in performance for most riders.
The table below compares the weight of alloy and carbon cranks:
Crank TypeWeight
Alloy700g
Carbon485g
Stiffness Comparison
Stiffness is another factor that can affect performance. In general, carbon cranks are stiffer than alloy cranks. This means that they transfer power more efficiently from the pedals to the chainring, resulting in better acceleration and more responsive handling. However, some riders may prefer the slightly more forgiving feel of alloy cranks, especially on rough terrain.
In conclusion, both alloy and carbon cranks have their advantages and disadvantages. Alloy cranks are generally more durable, while carbon cranks are lighter and stiffer. Ultimately, the choice between the two types of cranks will depend on your personal preferences and riding style.
Application Scenarios
Alloy Cranks in Racing
Alloy cranks are an excellent choice for racing scenarios. They are lightweight, durable, and can handle high power output. The stiffness of the alloy cranks makes them ideal for sprinting and accelerating quickly. They are also cost-effective, making them a great option for those on a budget.
In addition to their performance benefits, alloy cranks are also easy to maintain. They do not require special care or attention, and they can withstand harsh riding conditions. This makes them an ideal choice for racing scenarios where time is of the essence, and you need to focus on your performance rather than maintenance.
Carbon Cranks in Mountain Biking
Carbon cranks are an excellent choice for mountain biking scenarios. They are lightweight, which makes them ideal for climbing and maneuvering through technical terrain. The stiffness of carbon cranks also provides excellent power transfer, making them ideal for aggressive riding styles.
Carbon cranks are also known for their durability. They can withstand harsh riding conditions, such as rocks, roots, and drops. This makes them an ideal choice for mountain biking scenarios where you need a crankset that can handle whatever the trail throws at you.
However, carbon cranks do require special care and attention. They cannot handle the same level of abuse as alloy cranks, and they can be more expensive. If you are a serious mountain biker who wants the best performance and is willing to invest in your equipment, carbon cranks are an excellent choice.
Overall, the choice between alloy and carbon cranks depends on your specific needs and riding style. Alloy cranks are ideal for racing scenarios, while carbon cranks are ideal for mountain biking scenarios. Consider your budget, riding style, and maintenance preferences when choosing between the two.
User Preferences
When it comes to choosing between alloy and carbon cranks, user preferences play a significant role. Some riders prefer the traditional look and feel of aluminum, while others prefer the futuristic and modern look of carbon. Here are a few factors that may influence your preference:
Aesthetics
Some people prefer the aesthetics of carbon components and buy them for the looks rather than functional quality. Carbon cranks can give your bike a high-end look, while aluminum cranks may look more traditional. If you're someone who values aesthetics, carbon cranks may be the way to go.
Stiffness
Some riders claim that carbon cranks are stiffer and thus result in a more efficient transfer of power. However, this claim is not universally accepted, and some riders may not notice a significant difference in stiffness between alloy and carbon cranks. If you're someone who values stiffness, you may want to consider carbon cranks.
Weight
Weight is another factor that may influence your preference. Carbon cranks are generally lighter than aluminum cranks, which can make a significant difference in the overall weight of your bike. However, the weight difference may not be significant enough to justify the higher cost of carbon cranks. If you're someone who values weight, you may want to consider carbon cranks.
Durability
Durability is another factor to consider when choosing between alloy and carbon cranks. Carbon cranks can be more brittle than aluminum cranks and may be more prone to damage from impacts. However, carbon cranks are generally more resistant to corrosion than aluminum cranks. If you're someone who values durability,


Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary EducationHSC Science Class 11
Discuss how ripples are formed in still water. - Physics
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Answer in Brief
Discuss how ripples are formed in still water.
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Solution
 1. Suppose we drop a stone in a trough of still water, we can see a disturbance produced at the place where the stone strikes the water surface.
 2. We find that this disturbance spreads out (diverges out) in the form of concentric circles of ever-increasing radii (ripples) and strikes the boundary of the trough.
 3. This is because some of the kinetic energy of the stone is transmitted to the water molecules on the surface.
 4. Actually, the particles of the water (medium) themselves do not move outward with the disturbance.
 5. This can be observed by keeping a paper strip on the water surface. The strip moves up and down when the disturbance (wave) passes on the water surface.
 6. This shows that the water molecules only undergo vibratory motion about their mean positions.
Concept: Introduction to Waves
 Is there an error in this question or solution?
Chapter 11: Waves - Evaluation [Page 277]
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Santa Maria Volcano, Guatemala
The interior of a stratovolcano is dramatically revealed in a 1-km wide crater created on the SW flank of Guatemala's Santa Maria volcano during an eruption in 1902.
The 1200-m-high wall exposes thin, light-colored lava flows that are interbedded with deposits of fragmental material produced during growth of the volcano.
The 1902 eruption, the first in historical time at Santa Maria, was one of the world's largest during the 20th century.
PHOTO SOURCE: Dick Stoiber 1969 Dartmouth Collge, courtesy of the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, used with permission.
NOTE: The information regarding Volcano on this page is re-published from other sources. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Volcano information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Volcano photos should be addressed to the copyright owner noted below the photo.
- Please bookmark this page (add it to your favorites).
- If you wish to link to this page, you can do so by referring to the URL address below this line.
This page was last modified 20-MAY-10
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Lee Kyouhong: Breathing of Light
Soluna Fine Art is delighted to present Breathing of Light, the first solo exhibition of the Korean glass artist Lee Kyouhong in Hong Kong. Within the exhibition Soluna Fine Art will present seven new mixed-media works highlighting Lee's current practice and exploration of the material and metaphorical qualities of glass.
In this latest series, Lee has created works that explore the materiality and phenomenological metamorphosis of glass to examine the concept of '정중동' '靜中動' (movements in stillness). Titled, Breathing of Light, these works predominantly work with a base layer of flat painted mirror and laminated glass primarily utilising red, yellow and blue, with three dimensional wedges of glass arranged irregularly on the surface. This compositional form confers Lee's perception of harmonic beauty in a chaotic situation, and visually describes his search for balance in life. The thematic juxtaposition of harmony in chaos is furthered by the contrast in textures of the glass elements. In this regard, despite the rough configuration of the wedges, they lie upon the flat surface like droplets of water making no physical indentation or impression on its serenity.
2019年4月27日 - 2019年5月22日
開放時間: 10:00 - 18:00 (二至日)/ 10:00 - 16:00 (六）


Explaining Fiber Pigtail in Just Three Minutes
A fiber pigtail is a piece of hardware used to connect a single-mode optical fiber to a connector or connect two fibers together.
The pigtail is typically made out of the same material as the cable it will be connected to, but with a single core instead of multiple cores.
The pigtail contains cladding and an outer jacket layer around the cladding, as well as an adhesive coating that holds it in place.
A fiber pigtail is made of three individual parts: a jacket (the outer casing), strength members (the core), and a buffer coating.
The buffer coating protects the strength members from damage or contamination, while the strength members protect the optical fibers themselves.
The combined components are strong enough to support their own weight, but they're still flexible enough to be bent into a U-shape without snapping.
SC adapters can either have male connectors on them, with the pigtails being female or vice versa—don't worry about it too much if you're not dealing with any actual hardware yourself, as it's not something that's super easy for most people to tell apart just by looking at it.
In any case, there's usually a small gap between the two connectors that allows space for the pigtail's buffers to prevent interference in signal transfer.
Conclusion:
A fiber pigtail is a cable assembly that's made up of a fiber optic connector on one end and a fiber optic cable on the other. It can be used for anything from computer data transmission to medical imaging to communications in space.
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Dynamic Responses of the Powerhouse Structure of Hydropower Stations due to Hydraulic Excitation
As the capacity and water head of large hydropower projects become higher and higher, the flow-induced structural vibration of powerhouse becomes a very important problem for the design and operation process. Especially as the water head and the running speed are much higher for the pump-turbine than the general turbine, the hydraulic exciting vibration is very remarkable. In this paper the simulation results of free-vibration characteristics of powerhouse structure for different types were concluded and the frequency behavior of the pressure fluctuation in spiral case and draft tube were discussed. The structural dynamic responses under hydraulic exciting were presented including the dynamic responses of displacement, velocity, acceleration and stresses. Based on the vibration criterion of the powerhouse structure, the vibration evaluation was made.
Paul P. Lin and Chunliang Zhang
J. Chen et al., "Dynamic Responses of the Powerhouse Structure of Hydropower Stations due to Hydraulic Excitation", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 105-107, pp. 233-237, 2012


text:
Questions and Answers: Part 2 (Fiat Lux), Chapters 18-19
1. How does the text Brother Reader reads describe nuclear weapons?
2. How many monks are needed to make the lamp work, and what do they do?
3. Why is Taddeo upset by the invention of the lamp?
4. Why does Dom Paulo think the officers were drawing the abbey's fortifications?
5. What does Dom Paulo think Taddeo's presentation might accomplish?
1. The text Brother Reader reads describes nuclear weapons as a sun brighter than the sun of heaven.
2. Four monks are needed to make the lamp work. Three work on the treadmill, and a fourth manages the lamp's arc.
3. Taddeo is upset by the invention of the lamp because he thinks the abbey has kept it hidden from the world for centuries. Taddeo is also jealous of the abbey because of the invention, which surpasses anything he has been able to do thus far.
4. Dom Paulo thinks the officers were drawing the abbey's fortifications out of their own professional interest, not to make plans for seizing the abbey. However, he remains aware that the officers may have hostile designs on the abbey.
5. Dom Paulo thinks Taddeo's presentation might reduce tensions between the abbey and Taddeo. By doing this, it might also ease relations between the Church and Hannegan II.


premise is negative, the conclusion must also be.
 - Negative conclusion from affirmative premises: If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be.
 - Existential fallacy: This is a more controversial one. If both premises are universal, i.e. "All" or "No" statements, one school of thought says they do not imply the existence of any members of the terms. In this case, the conclusion cannot be existential; i.e. beginning with "Some". Another school of thought says that affirmative statements (universal or particular) do imply the subject's existence, but negatives do not. A third school of thought says that the any type of proposition may or may not involve the subject's existence, and though this may condition the conclusion, it does not affect the form of the syllogism.[original research?]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Michael Frede, "Stoic vs. Peripatetic Syllogistic", Archive for the History of Philosophy 56, 1975, 99-124.
 2. ^ Aristotle, "Prior Analytics", 24b18–20
 3. ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ancient Logic: Aristotle: Non-Modal Syllogistic
 4. ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ancient Logic: Aristotle: Modal Logic
 5. ^ Hurley, Patrick J (2011). A Concise Introduction to Logic, Cengage Learning, ISBN 9780840034175
 6. ^ Zegarelli, Mark (2010). Logic for Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 9781118053072
 7. ^ Lagerlund, Henrik. [<> "Medieval Theories of the Syllogism"]. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
 8. ^ "Philosophical Dictionary: Caird-Catharsis". 2002-08-08. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
 9. ^ According to Copi, p. 127: 'The letter names are presumed to come from the Latin words "AffIrmo" and "nEgO," which mean "I affirm" and "I deny," respectively; the first capitalized letter of each word is for universal, the second for particular'
 10. ^ a b See Bacon, Francis. "The Great Instauration," 1620. This text can be found (as of the access date of 11/12/13) at the Constitution Society website at the following URL:
 11. ^ George Boole. 1854/2003. The Laws of Thought, facsimile of 1854 edition, with an introduction by J. Corcoran. Buffalo: Prometheus Books (2003). Reviewed by James van Evra in Philosophy in Review.24 (2004) 167–169.
 12. ^ John Corcoran, Aristotle's Prior Analytics and Boole's Laws of Thought, History and Philosophy of Logic, vol. 24 (2003), pp. 261–288.
 13. ^ See, e.g., Evans, J. St. B. T (1989). Bias in human reasoning. London: LEA.
 14. ^ See the meta-analysis by Khemlani, S. & Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2012). Theories of the syllogism: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 427-457.
 15. ^ See the meta-analysis by Chater, N. & Oaksford, M. (1999). The Probability Heuristics Model of Syllogistic Reasoning. Cognitive Psychology, 38, 191–258.
 - Aristotle, Prior Analytics. transl. Robin Smith (Hackett, 1989) ISBN 0-87220-064-7
 - Blackburn, Simon, 1996. "Syllogism" in the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283134-8.
 - Broadie, Alexander, 1993. Introduction to Medieval Logic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824026-0.
 - Irving Copi, 1969. Introduction to Logic, 3rd ed. Macmillan Company.
 - John Corcoran, 1972. Completeness of an ancient logic Journal of Symbolic Logic 37: 696–702.
 - John Corcoran, 1994. The founding of logic. Modern interpretations of Aristotle's logic Ancient Philosophy 14: 9–24.
 - Hamblin, Charles L., 1970. Fallacies, Methuen : London, ISBN 0-416-70070-5. Cf. on validity of syllogisms: "A simple set of rules of validity was finally produced in the later Middle Ages, based on the concept of Distribution."
 - Jan Łukasiewicz, 1987 (1957). Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. New York: Garland Publishers. ISBN 0-8240-6924-2. OCLC _PHONE_.
 - Patzig, Günter 1968. Aristotle's theory of the syllogism: a logico-philological study of Book A of the Prior Analytics. Reidel, Dordrecht.
 - Smiley, Timothy 1973. What is a syllogism? Journal of Philosophical Logic 2: 136–154.
 - Smith, Robin 1986. Immediate propositions and Aristotle's proof theory. Ancient Philosophy 6: 47–68.
External links[edit]


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
coeliac variant of celiac.
coenobite variant of cenobite.
coequal equal in some quality or rank. [2 definitions]
coercive of or using coercion.
coeternal combined form of eternal.
coeval coinciding in time of origin or existence; contemporary. [2 definitions]
coexecutor one who serves as a joint executor.
coexist to exist together at the same time or place. [2 definitions]
coexistence the act or condition of coexisting, esp. in a peaceful manner despite differences in values, customs, political systems, and the like.
coextend to extend equally through space or time.
coextensive coinciding in time, location, or range.
cofavorite combined form of favorite.
coffee a tropical plant that produces beans used to make a dark brown drink. [2 definitions]
coffeecake a sweet, breadlike cake, often containing nuts or raisins and served with coffee.


text:
Indra's InShield has been selected to provide infrared countermeasure protection against surface-to-air missile attacks to Spain's A400M aircraft.
The Spanish Ministry of Defense's €4m contract for the characterisation and verification of its first unit will run until 2018.
Installation of the system will begin next year, following exhaustive testing and evaluation.
Indra's InShield will protect aircraft from attacks by short-range heat-seeking missiles, such as manpads.
Activated by the aircraft's detection system, the Directed Infrared Countermeasure (DIRCM) solution targets the head of the missile, where the guiding sensor is located.
A laser beam confuses the guidance system and diverts the missile from its trajectory, according to Indra.
The InShield can detect and divert multiple missiles simultaneously.
The countermeasure system's capabilities were validated during its maiden flight onboard an INTA aircraft.
Indra said that it completed a number of successful tests, including Nato's so-called EMBOW trials, to evaluate the solution's capabilities for protecting air platforms.
In 2011, the company carried out a series of tests with the support of the French General Directorate for Armament (DGA), which included more than 130 trials, 20 hours of in-flight operations, and 5,000 exercises.
Image: Indra's InShield system will protect Spanish A400M aircraft from surface-to-air missile attacks. Photo: courtesy of Indra.