text:
Make Clay Idioms a "Piece of Cake"!
"That test was a piece of cake!" "It's clean as a whistle!" Idioms, well-known words or phrases that have figurative meanings different from their literal ones, can be found everywhere from the books we read to our everyday conversations. That's why it's important that your child understands the figure of speech he's using. Luckily, an idiom is more than just an expression. It is also the inspiration for this fun, hands-on art activity!
In this activity, your child will use modeling clay to represent the literal meaning of an idiom which can then be compared to how we use the phrase when we talk or write. To complete this activity, your child will brainstorm all the idioms he knows and think creatively about how to represent his favorite one using clay. Above all, he'll discover that practicing English grammar can be fun!
What You Need:
- Sheet of paper
- Modeling clay (can be found at any craft store)
- Internet access (only if you need help brainstorming)


Skip to main content
Pedras: Modal mineralogy approximations from assay data using Bayesian inference
Mineralogy evaluation is critical to understand a deposit's mineralogical variability, and inform decisions associated with ore beneficiation. Elemental-to-mineral conversion techniques (EMC) are a popular method to rapidly estimate a sample's modal mineralogy from an assay dataset. EMC techniques are based in the principle that the bulk chemistry of a sample is proportional to the product of its modal mineralogy and the mineral's elemental composition.
In this work, we present a Baeysian framework to infer modal mineralogy from compositional data, Pedras. It builds upon the works of Escolme et al. (2019) and Berry et al. (2011), an EMC method that uses linear programming to minimize coefficients representing the energy required to generate a given mineral assemblage. The minimization process implies thermodynamic equilibrium, which is rarely the case for hydrothermal environments. Instead, the thermodynamic coefficients are defined as a logistic probability distribution function, centred at the mineral assemblage's equilibrium, which relaxes the thermodynamic coefficient's minimization.
The framework is tested on synthetic alteration assemblages within a porphyry copper deposit and applied to a geochemical dataset from the Wainaulo porphyry copper deposit (Fiji). The results show that by relaxing thermodynamic minimization constraint, accurate modal mineralogy can be approximated at different stages of hydrothermal alteration in porphyry copper deposit systems. Major mineralogical domains are obtained from mineral approximations, reflecting different lithotypes, alteration and mineralization patterns. The modal mineralogy outputs also provide invaluable insights of mineral associations that vector towards mineralization, The method's accuracy is enhanced when prior knowledge is objectively included in the modelling stage.
Details
Author
Angela Afonso Rodrigues1, Lachlan Grose1, Laurent Ailleres1, Scott Halley2, Angela Escolme3, Robin Armit1, Mehrtash Harandi1, Matthew Cracknell3
Institutionen
1Monash University, Australia; 2Mineral Mapping Pty; 3University of Tasmania
Veranstaltung
GeoBerlin 2023
Datum
2023
DOI
10.48380/2r85-w395


text:
River Plume Liftoff Dynamics and Surface Expressions
Published Web Locationhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026475
The water surface expression of liftoff and its dependence on discharge are examined using numerical simulations with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Liftoff is the process by which buoyant river water separates from the bed and flows over denser saltwater. During low-discharge conditions liftoff occurs in the river and is accompanied by a change in the surface slope. During high-discharge conditions liftoff occurs outside the mouth and generates a ridge on the water surface. The location and height of the ridge can be described by analytical equations in terms of discharge, shelf slope, and river mouth aspect ratio. The offshore distance and height of the ridge are proportional to the river discharge and vary inversely with river mouth aspect ratio. For steep shelf slopes liftoff occurs close to the river mouth and generates a large ridge. The ridge is modified, but not eliminated, by the presence of tides. The water surface slope change at the ridge peak is large enough to be detected by the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter and can be used to identify the liftoff location during high discharge. However, during low discharge the water surface slope change at the liftoff location is too small to be detected by SWOT. These results indicate that remote measurements of the presence or absence of the ridge may be useful to distinguish between low and high flows, and remote measurements of the ridge location or height could be used to estimate freshwater discharge.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Early life
Few clear records remain of Princess Rotrude's early life. She was educated in the Palace School by Alcuin, who affectionately calls her Columba in his letters to her. When she was six, her father betrothed her to Constantine VI of Byzantium, whose mother Irene was ruling as regent. The Greeks called her Erythro and sent a scholar monk called Elisaeus to educate her in Greek language and manners. However, the alliance fell apart by 786 when she was eleven and Constantine's mother, Irene, broke off the engagement in 788.
Later life
Rotrude eventually became a nun, joining her aunt Gisela, abbess of Chelles. The two women authored a letter to Alcuin of York, who was at Tours at the time, requesting that he write a commentary explaining the Gospel of John. As a result, Alcuin eventually produced his seven-book Commentaria in Iohannem Evangelistam, a more accessible companion to the gospel than St. Augustine's massive and challenging Tractatus in St. John. Commentators have dated the letter to the spring of 800, four years before Alcuin's death and ten before Rotrude's.
In contemporary views of history, most scholars discriminate between the two phases of Rotrude's life. Political histories of her father Charlemagne discuss her as a princess who was potentially a pawn and a woman of questionable morals, while religious histories discuss her as the second nun in the letter from Chelles.
|Ancestors of Rotrude|
- Gaskoin, C. J. B. Alcuin: His Life and His Work. New York: Russell & Russell, 1966
- Runciman, Steven. "The Empress Irene the Athenian." Medieval Women. Ed. Derek Baker. Oxford: Ecclesiastical History Society, 1978.
- "Epistola Christi Familarum Gislae atque Rechtrudae ad Albinum Magistrum." Patrologia Latina 100:738D-740C.
- Ed. Dümmler, Monumenta Germanicae Historica: Epistolae aevi Carolini II, pp 323-325

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Sheet Metal Bend Deduction
Bend Deduction Explained [With Formula and Calculator]
In my previous post, I discussed the Bend Allowance (BA). In today's post, I am going to discuss Bend Deduction. Just like BA and K-factor, Sheet Metal Bend Deduction is also a very important part of sheet metal design terminology. First of all, let me explain why and where you need to use this Bend Deduction.
Suppose you have designed a sheet metal component for fabrication. And, you have all the dimensions of the final component in your design. But this is not enough for the fabricator to fabricate your component. He will have to create a flat pattern first. After that, he will make all of the forming operations, whether it is punching, bending or any other.
If you just provide the design of the final component, it will not be possible for the fabricator to create or produce the flat pattern for your component. Then how will he fabricate the final component?
So my point here is to establish the fact that it is necessary to design the flat pattern also, along with the design of your final or finished component.
And, the interesting and surprising thing is that the total length of the bent sheet is always greater than the length of the unfolded piece of the sheet. In other words, you can say that the total length of the flanges of the bent sheet is always greater than the length of the flat sheet or flat pattern.
The reason behind this is that the material along the bend undergoes deformation (stretched and compressed) when you bend it. It means that you can not just use the length of your final component in your design of the flat pattern for that component.
Then how to calculate that exact length of the flat pattern which will give you the required flange length in the final component? Here comes the role of Bend Deduction. You can calculate the length of the flat sheet by deducting or subtracting Bend Deduction from the total length of flanges of the finished component.
Note:- The length of the flat pattern can be calculated by BA also as I mention my previous post.
What is Bend Deduction
Bend Deduction is actually the measurement of the length that you will have to deduct from the total length of the flanges of the final sheet metal component, in order to get the correct length of the flat pattern that you need to create for that component.
 Fig.1 Sheet Metal Bend
As you can see in the fig.1 above, 'A' and 'B' are the flange lengths of the final component. 'a' and 'b' indicate the leg lengths of the component. 'T' indicates the thickness of the sheet. And, 'R' is the inside radius of the bend. Inside Radius is generally equal to the radius of the bending tool.
Bend Deduction
 Fig.2 Bend Deduction
In Fig.2, you can see the Bend Deduction (BD) indicated with the orange color. 'L' is the length of the flat pattern of the finished component. This figure clearly indicates that the length of the flat pattern (L) is equal to the difference between the sum of the flange lengths (A & B) and the value of the Bend Deduction (BD).
Now the question is how to calculate this value of Bend Deduction. Now I am coming to this point. You can calculate this value for different values of the available parameters (Sheet Thickness, Bend Angle, Inside Bend radius, etc.) Keep reading…
Bend Deduction Calculator
Bend deduction can be easily calculated if you have a formula for it. Below I have shared that formula. You just have to collect some required data like K-factor, sheet metal thickness, bend angle and inside radius of the bend. If you have the values of these variables, you can simply put them in the formula and calculate the final value by using this Bend Deduction Calculator.
Bend Deduction Formula
Bend Deduction (BD) = (2xOSSB) – BA
Here, OSSB = Outside Set Back
BA = Bend Allowance
And, as we know that the formula for calculating BA (as I explained in this post) is
bend allowance formula

And, the formula for Outside Set Back is
Outside Set Back Formula

Hence,
Bend Deduction Formula

So this is the final formula to calculate the Bend Deduction.
Here, R and IR (Both are same) = Inside Bend Radius
T = Sheet Thickness
B = Bend Angle
K = K-Factor (It is different for different material and depends on the physical properties of the material)
MT = Material Thickness or Sheet Thickness
[Note:- Bend Angle is not the included angle. It is actually excluded angle.]
And, If you don't want to calculate this value by yourself, you can also use ready-made Bend Deduction Chart also. This chart will provide you BD value for different values of all of the parameters.
Conclusion
What will you prefer for calculation of the length of the Flat Pattern, BA or BD? What is your opinion? Let me know in the comments below.
So, this is all about today's topic. I hope you got all the points I mentioned above. If you are still struggling to understand anything, please let me know that as well, in the comments below. I will try to respond quickly.
I have some other articles for you to read next:
Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Explained [with Formula and Calculator]
Sheet Metal K Factor (with Calculator and Formula)
Sheet Metal Fabrication Process [Step-By-Step Explained]

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Difference Between Two Timestamps
Easy, right? Perhaps not as straightforward as you'd think.
Method #1: use EXTRACT
extract(day from (x-y))*24*60*60 + extract(hour from (x-y))*60*60 + extract(minute from (x-y))*60 + extract(second from (x-y))
Method #2: use CAST
( CAST( x AS DATE ) - CAST( y AS DATE ) ) * 86400
The difference? Method #2 is faster (my tests indicate faster by a factor of 3), but does not include fractional seconds. Method #1 is a bit slower, but includes fractions of a second. See the SO link for details.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


I haven't done anything even slightly resembling the legwork it would take to prove or disprove this hunch, but I suspect that there might be more footage of Ingmar Bergman working on the set of his movies than any other filmmaker of the pre-home video generations. He has been the subject of a remarkable number of documentaries about his career and specific films, during his life and after his death, and no fewer than five of his films received feature-length documentaries made up more or less exclusively of on-set footage - two of them rather considerably longer than the films they were documenting (those would be Ingmar Bergman Makes a Movie, about Winter Light, and The Making of Autumn Sonata.*) The most special of these five, though not the most informative, is the one assembled by Bergman himself from footage shot by Arne Carlsson during the filming of Fanny and Alexander.
The film that he cut together premiered in 1984, but didn't become widely available until 1986, when it was first broadcast on Swedish television, under the title Dokument Fanny och Alexander. Which is, importantly, not the same as The Making of Fanny and Alexander, which it has almost universally been known as in English. I ask any readers who know more Swedish than I do (which takes very little knowledge of Swedish) to correct me, but my understanding is that the word that would be most analogous to the way and English speaker would refer to a "making-of" documentary is bakomfilm. Dokument is exactly what it looks like: "document". And this does matter, because Dokument Fanny och Alexander isn't really about how Fanny and Alexander was made, as such. Rather, it explicitly introduces itself as an artistic interpretation of the emotions involved in being on that set, and specifically Bergman's own emotions; in the first of a great many intertitles that pop up throughout the movie (arguably, an annoying number of intertitles, in fact), the director tells us that no film is going to actually replicate the truth of all the work that goes into making a movie, so a series of impressionistic snapshots is the best he could do. Whether that actually ends up earning the word "document" any more than it earns the phrase "making of" is, I suppose, in the eye of the beholder.
By any name, The Making of Fanny and Alexander is a marvelous collection of moments, one that finds Bergman in an avowedly sentimental mood. This was a period of much introspection in the filmmaker's life: after having loudly and persistently announced that Fanny and Alexander was his last film (which was almost immediately not true, and already not true by the time that The Making of Fanny and Alexander had come out, but whatever, let him have it), he seems to have become much less interested in examing the cosmos for evidence of God's indifference, much more interested in thinking about the insides of his own brain. Hence his autobiography, The Magic Lantern, which he started around the same time; hence his small experimental documentary about his mother, Karin's Face, which was completed sometime by the end of 1983, though it was not publicly screened until 1986. And hence this film, which ends up being 110 minutes built around the idea that Ingmar Bergman was a jolly old soul who liked children.
That is certainly a reductive way of talking about something that feels very honest and not a tiny bit like a filmmaker trying to manage his brand - by 1984, what management could possibly be worth doing? - but it does get to the peculiarity that this is a remarkably cheerful, charming, friendly film. In a shoot that lasted as long as this one did - more than half a year! - it's impossible to imagine that there wasn't a single disagreement or even blow-up, but the most we ever get are a couple of places where cinematographer Sven Nykvist corrects Bergman on some matter in a tone of voice that isn't entirely free of fatigue and impatience. Instead, we just get scene upon scene of the set being a warm, supportive, creatively fruitful place; because this is how Bergman remembered it, presumably, or at least because this is how he is choosing to remember it. And there's something said for choosing to remember something as consequential as the filming of your very last movie as being a happy, productive time.
The resultant footage is very engaging and even, at times, deeply moving. The film is segmented by which scene from the finished movie we're watching them make, not by topic or anything else, but it does feel like it's grouped loosely into four major movements, or at least three movements, the first of which has two parts. Initially, we simply watch the crew find its footing on some of the early material, and see as Bergman enthusiastically pitches himself into the room with his child actors as he helps them choreograph a pillow fight (the director will grow less physically active across the movie, presumably because he was not a young man and film shoots are hard, long shoots especially); this shades into some nuts and bolts "here's what I do on set" material, mostly focused around an extensive, detailed sequence of how one particular scene got blocked, rehearsed, and blocked again, followed by the take that they ended up using in the finished film.
All of this material is built around a pair of twinned ideas that we see over and over again: first, that Bergman loved working with his actors, becoming visibly animated with joy as he starts to visualise how they need to move around the space and with each other, and growing rapt as they give their performances (we also learn that Bergman referred to almost all of his actors by their character names, with the significant exception of the legendary Gunn Wållgren, and I cannot help but assume this is his sign of respect for her impressive career). Though never so rapt that he isn't also clearly evaluating the performance every second as he watches. Indeed, watching Bergman watching performances with the enthusiastic trained eye of a connoisseur responsible for directing an absurdly disproportionate number of the best performances ever given onscreen. Second, how the reason Bergman was able to do all of this is because he could rely completely on Nykvist, who emerges in this first part of the film as the anchor for the entire production. This is never spelled out, but every time the cinematographer appears onscreen, looking as serious and professional as it gets, the sense that he's an immovable rock is reinforced.
The other movements of the film are both about working with specific actors. There is an extended sequence in which Bergman gently helps the aging, ailing Gunnar Björnstrand give one last performance for this most wonderful, long-lived collaboration (we see much more of Björnstrand here than in even the longer cut of Fanny and Alexander itself). It's unabashedly sentimental, with Björnstrand's frustration at himself and his fear at his mind slipping away while he watches coming through around the edges of his crisp professionalism while Bergman observes him with a cool expression that very much reads as someone who is sad and doesn't want to show it, because he knows it would just make things worse. It's a lovely tribute to the most prolific acting collaboration of Bergman's film career, and it forms an anchor in the film's second half much as Nykvist does in the first.
That leaves, then, just the last movement, though it occurs throughout the movie: Bergman's utter delight at working with Bertil Guve and Pernilla Allwin, who play Alexander and Fanny themselves. And this is where the film seems to become it truest self, a portrait of the pleasure of being on set and feeding on the collaborative energy coming from everybody working together. Bergman laughs, and he smiles, and he has an unabashedly proud, fatherly relationship to Guve that's blatantly obvious just from his body language and tone of voice. The film's last very long sequence is all about Bergman watching the two young performers find their way through a fairly simply exchange of dialogue, with the director clearly entranced by seeing them coalesce around ideas of how to act and move through the set in real time.
The whole movie, though, is a bit entranced; it is all about filmmaking as emotionally nourishing and exciting, a way to work with gifted collaborators, spending lots of time obsessing over little tiny details so that the great big emotional waves can come crashing over you. One learns very little about the art of filmmaking from The Making of Fanny and Alexander, but one learns a great deal about Ingmar Bergman and his love of the medium; it's perhaps not necessarily worth all that much to have learned this, but it does make for an enormously pleasurable two hours. And unexpectedly, it's the most unabashedly uplifting film of the director's entire career.
*The other two are both television specials of a little more or less than one hour: Tystnad! Tagning! Trollflöjten!, about The Magic Flute, and I sällskap med en clown, about In the Presence of a Clown - ironically, the name of the documentary is much closer to "in the presence of a clown" than the literal translation of the Swedish title of the film.


text:
Why buy boring plain envelopes when you can make and decorate your own? Follow these easy instructions to make your own envelopes.
Choose your Paper
Envelopes are best made from a medium weight paper. If it's too thin and flimsy (newsprint or lightweight copy paper) it may fall apart or tear. Try a few different weights to find the feel that you like best.
If you're decorating your envelope, take a moment to decide when it's best to do this.
If I'm printing onto my envelope, I cut the shape and print onto that. We like to print with fruit and vegetables to make envelopes, as it's incredibly easy and it's a good way to involve children. Another favourite way to decorate an envelope is to print using a Jelly Plate. If you have no idea what Jelly Printing is, read this!
If I'm adding illustrations or lettering, I wait until I've assembled the envelope.
In the print studio, we often make envelopes out of scrap paper and try to position the template to get the best bit of the print and use paper printed on both sides for an even more decorative envelope. If you have a big pile of paper, find more creative recycling ideas for using scrap paper here.
Remember that you need to leave a blank space to write the address. Alternatively, you can stick on a piece of blank paper or label.
Cut out your envelope
There are three easy ways to make a pattern for your envelope.
1 Dismantle an envelope of a suitable size, lay it flat and draw around the outside.
2 Use this Envelope Template, which is the right size for a postcard and is the same width as an A4 sheet of paper.
3 Use a nifty Envelope Punch Board. Cut your paper to size and then use the measuring guides to punch out the shape. [Definitely the easiest option.]
When you've cut out your envelope shape, score along the fold lines, fold the paper and use glue or double-sided sticky tape to hold your envelope together.
Fasten the flap with glue, sticky tape or a sticker. Make your own washi or decorative tape using these instructions.
You might also be interested in Printing Your Own Stationery, which includes instructions for making Fold & Send Mail.


Wikia
Tractor & Construction Plant Wiki
Midibus
15,897pages on
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Bedford JJL
Early version of a midibus, the Bedford JJL
First London OOL53110 and OOS53704
Two Optare Solo midibuses
ToyamaChitetsuBus 517
A Hino Rainbow midibus
A midibus is a classification of single-decker minibuses which generally are larger than a traditional minibus but smaller than a full-size single decker and can be anywhere between 8 metres (26 ft 3 in) and 11 metres (36 ft 1 in) long. While used in many parts of the world, the midibus is perhaps most common in the United Kingdom, where operators have found them more economical, and to have a sufficient number of seats compared to full size single-decker buses.
Midibuses are often designed to be light weight to save on diesel fuel (e.g. smaller wheels than on larger buses), making them not as durable as heavier 'full size' buses. Some midibuses, such as the Scania OmniTown, are heavier and therefore more durable.
Recently Europe has seen the introduction of the Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and VDL SB200, both predominantly aimed at the UK market which, while being full size buses (in the fact that they are about 12 metres (39 ft 4 in) long), are related to midibuses in being light weight.
US designsEdit
The term "midibus" is not in common use in the United States, such smaller and lighter-duty buses not being employed in public transit roles there except in some very specialized instances. San Francisco, for example, has some buses much smaller than its regular Orion transit buses for the routes that include some of the steeper and curvier hills.
In charter / tour roles, there is indeed a gap between the minibus (12-28 seats) and the touring coach (47-50 seats). Several shuttle bus companies such as Goshen Coaches and Crystal have manufactured rear-engined vehicles that have 30–35 seats, but no generic term has ever been applied to them. They are usually lumped together with their smaller "minibus" brethrens and called "minibus", or "shuttle bus". The only other alternative was to import a "short" (two-axle) version of European touring coaches, known often as "baby coaches", around 30 feet (9.1 m) long and equipped with some 30–32 seats.
In the early 2000s, ABC Companies did introduce a "mid-sized coach", the M1000 series, which was based on the Freightliner Trucks large truck frame. Compared to regular touring coaches, this mid-sized coach was about half the price ($150,000 as opposed to $300,000), but offers no luggage space under the cabin (any luggage space must be carved out of the main cabin) and which had a maximum of 40 seats (without any luggage). It was also front-engined, making it somewhat noisier than rear-engined vehicles.
Other manufacturers, including Goshen and Crystal, introduced similar vehicles based on other large truck frames, such as the GMC design.
Models of midibusEdit
Related busesEdit
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TV report transcript
U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao has repeated her support for the fight against trafficking in human beings. She spoke at a meeting of representatives of the United States, Canada and Mexico on trafficking in Persons in North America.
U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao outlined the international scope of human trafficking during a conference in Washington DC. She demanded a vigorous and sustained international effort to rescue victims and protect future generations.
"There is nothing more demeaning and debilitating to the dignity of the human spirit than for a man, woman and children to be trafficked. It is a form of modern day slavery."
Every year over 600,000 people are trafficked across international borders to be used as labor or sexual slaves. More than 17,000 of them are in the United States. U.S. Labor Secretary Elaine Chao said the U.S. government is waging war against the traffickers.
"A lot, including children, are trafficked into the sex trade underworld and many others are exploited as laborers with no rights, no pay and no way to escape. The problem is worldwide and it is daunting."
The Conference is part of the ongoing cooperative activities among the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States.


text:
ELECTRON BACKSCATTER DIFFRACTION (EBSD)
The MES Surface Characterization lab provides Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) to characterize crystallographic properties of metal samples and thin films. Proprieties that can be determined by this technique include: grain size, grain shape, grain orientation, grain boundary orientation, spatial distribution of phases, local deformation, and texture.
EBSD can be combined with Scanning Electron Microscopy, WDS, EDS or X-ray diffraction (XRD) services to provide a complete picture of your materials.
MES provides rapid inspection results at an affordable price. As an A2LA ISO 17025 accredited service provider, quality is our focus.
Texture Analysis in exact locations
Visualization of microstructure with spatial coordinates
Grain Size and Orientation Analysis
Grain Boundary Analysis
Highly polished flat surface


North Dakota Century Code Title 44. Offices and Officers § 44-04-18. Access to public records--Electronically stored information
1. Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, all records of a public entity are public records, open and accessible for inspection during reasonable office hours. As used in this subsection, "reasonable office hours" includes all regular office hours of a public entity. If a public entity does not have regular office hours, the name and telephone number of a contact person authorized to provide access to the public entity's records must be posted on the door of the office of the public entity, if any. Otherwise, the information regarding the contact person must be filed with the secretary of state for state-level entities, for public entities defined in subdivision c of subsection 13 of section 44-04-17.1, the city auditor or designee of the city for city-level entities, or the county auditor or designee of the county for other entities.
2. Upon request for a copy of specific public records, any entity subject to subsection 1 shall furnish the requester one copy of the public records requested. An initial request need not be made in person or in writing, and the copy must be mailed upon request. A public entity may require written clarification of the request to determine what records are being requested, but may not ask for the motive or reason for requesting the records or for the identity of the person requesting public records. A public entity may charge up to twenty-five cents per impression of a paper copy. As used in this section, "paper copy" means a one-sided or two-sided duplicated copy of a size not more than eight and one-half by fourteen inches [19.05 by 35.56 centimeters]. For any copy of a record that is not a paper copy as defined in this section, the public entity may charge a reasonable fee for making the copy. As used in this section, "reasonable fee" means the actual cost to the public entity of making the copy, including labor, materials, and equipment. The entity may charge for the actual cost of postage to mail a copy of a record. An entity may require payment before locating, redacting, making, or mailing the copy. The public entity may withhold records pursuant to a request until such time as a requester provides payment for any outstanding balance for prior requests. An entity may impose a fee not exceeding twenty-five dollars per hour per request, excluding the initial hour, for locating records, including electronic records, if locating the records requires more than one hour. An entity may impose a fee not exceeding twenty-five dollars per hour per request, excluding the initial hour, for excising confidential or closed material under section 44-04-18.10 from the records, including electronic records. If a public entity receives five or more requests from the same requester within seven days, the public entity may treat the requests as one request in computing the time it takes to locate and excise the records. If the entity is not authorized to use the fees to cover the cost of providing or mailing the copy, or both, or if a copy machine is not readily available, the entity may make arrangements for the copy to be provided or mailed, or both, by another entity, public or private, and the requester shall pay the fee to that other entity. This subsection does not apply to copies of public records for which a different fee is specifically provided by law.
3. Automation of public records must not erode the right of access to those records. As each public entity increases its use of and dependence on electronic recordkeeping, each agency must provide reasonable public access to records electronically maintained and must ensure that exempt or confidential records are not disclosed except as otherwise permitted by law. A public entity may not enter into a contract for the creation or maintenance of a public records database if that contract impairs the ability of the public to inspect or copy the public records of the agency, including public records online or stored in an electronic recordkeeping system used by the agency. An electronic copy of a record must be provided upon request at no cost, other than costs allowed in subsection 2, except if the nature or volume of the public records requested to be accessed or provided requires extensive use of information technology resources, the agency may charge no more than the actual cost incurred for the extensive use of information technology resources incurred by the public entity. "Extensive" is defined as a request for copies of electronic records which take more than one hour of information technology resources to produce.
4. Except as provided in this subsection, nothing in this section requires a public entity to create or compile a record that does not exist. Access to an electronically stored record under this section, or a copy thereof, must be provided at the requester's option in either a printed document or through any other available medium. A computer file is not an available medium if no means exist to separate or prevent the disclosure of any closed or confidential information contained in that file. Except as reasonably necessary to reveal the organization of data contained in an electronically stored record, a public entity is not required to provide an electronically stored record in a different structure, format, or organization. This section does not require a public entity to provide a requester with access to a computer terminal or mobile device. A public entity is not required to provide a copy of a record that is available to the requester on the public entity's website or on the internet. The public entity shall notify the requester the record is available online and direct the requester to the website where the record can be accessed. If the requester does not have reasonable access to the internet due to lack of computer, lack of internet availability, or inability to use a computer or the internet, the public entity shall produce paper copies for the requester, but may charge the applicable fees under this section.
5. A state-level public entity as defined in subdivision a of subsection 13 of section 44-04-17.1 or a political subdivision as defined in subsection 11 of section 44-04-17.1, may establish procedures for providing access from an outside location to any computer database or electronically filed or stored information maintained by that entity. The procedures must address the measures that are necessary to maintain the confidentiality of information protected by federal or state law. Except for access provided to another state-level public entity or political subdivision, the state or political subdivision may charge a reasonable fee for providing that outside access. If the original information is keyed, entered, provided, compiled, or submitted by any political subdivision, the fees must be shared by the state and the political subdivision based on their proportional costs to make the data available.
6. Any request under this section for records in the possession of a public entity by a party to a criminal or civil action, adjudicative proceeding as defined in subsection 1 of section 28-32-01, or arbitration in which the public entity is a party, or by an agent of the party, must comply with applicable discovery rules or orders and be made to the attorney representing that entity in the criminal or civil action, adjudicative proceeding, or arbitration. The public entity may deny a request from a party or an agent of a party under this subsection if the request seeks records that are privileged under applicable discovery rules.
7. A denial of a request for records made under this section must describe the legal authority for the denial, or a statement that a record does not exist, and must be in writing if requested.
8. This section is violated when a person's right to review or receive a copy of a record that is not exempt or confidential is denied or unreasonably delayed or when a fee is charged in excess of the amount authorized in subsections 2 and 3.
9. It is not an unreasonable delay or a denial of access under this section to withhold from the public a record that is prepared at the express direction of, and for presentation to, a governing body until the record is mailed or otherwise provided to a member of the body or until the next meeting of the body, whichever occurs first. It also is not an unreasonable delay or a denial of access to withhold from the public a working paper or preliminary draft until a final draft is completed, the record is distributed to a member of a governing body or discussed by the body at an open meeting, or work is discontinued on the draft but no final version has been prepared, whichever occurs first.
10. For public entities headed by a single individual, it is not an unreasonable delay or a denial of access to withhold from the public a working paper or preliminary draft until a final draft is completed, or work is discontinued on the draft but no final version has been prepared, whichever occurs first. A working paper or preliminary draft shall be deemed completed if it can reasonably be concluded, upon a good-faith review, that all substantive work on it has been completed.
11. A disclosure of a requested record under this section is not a waiver of any copyright held by the public entity in the requested record or of any applicable evidentiary privilege.
12. A public entity may allow an individual to utilize the individual's own personal devices for duplication of records and, if so, shall establish reasonable procedures to protect the integrity of the records as long as the procedures are not used to prevent access to the records.
13. If repeated requests for records disrupt other essential functions of the public entity, the public entity may refuse to permit inspection of the records, or provide copies of the


October 17, 2017 Hangry
How to Get Students to Respond to Surveys
In order to create the ultimate student experience, campuses need to know what the student wants. However, standard surveys, suggestion boxes and substantial feedback are hard to come by—especially from students. This prevents campuses from making the necessary improvements to improve overall campus life. Here we'll be listing 3 ways you can go about capturing valuable feedback.
1) Highlight the effectiveness of their participation
If students can directly see the results of survey participation, they might be inclined to partake as well. This can be done by posting results on social media, or with any medium that you know will generate high visibility. Using the Hangry Campus Branded app, you are able to send students push notifications directly to their phone which can include survey results, and how their feedback led to significant changes or improvements.
2) Provide Incentive
Millennials and GEN Z students are all about convenience, and what benefits they can receive. By providing incentive for filling out surveys, you will generate more participation and results. A great way to do this is through the Hangry Loyalty and Rewards feature. Through this feature, you can place points on virtually any action within your app. Therefore, you can reward students' points every time they participate in a survey or review a product/service. These points can then be redeemed in your mobile rewards store for campus prizes and experiences. This double-edged sword allows you to increase student participation in surveys, and promote campus retail, events, etc. through your mobile rewards store.
3) Keep it Simple, and Part of the Student Experience
The best way to ensure a student will never fill out your survey is to make it long and filled with boring questions. If you want to ensure students will fill out a survey, you need to keep it brief and fly under the radar. How do we accomplish this? Well, your first step is to state your goals to the student. An example of this would be a survey titled, 'Want your experience to be better next time? So do we. Let us help'. Letting them know you have their best interest at heart will cover your introduction (colloquial language is encouraged as it will give off a more personably approach). From there, you want to keep the survey very short and not too detailed.
Finally, you want to ensure the survey is blended into the student experience. With Hangry's Campus Branded App, you are able to strategically place surveys right into the daily app usage of each student. The survey could come after a mobile ordering experience, or it could be advertised as a content to earn points or meal plan credit.
Want to know how Hangry analyzes the student dining experience? Click here.
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text:
.95 0.067 0.188 Turnips 0.93 0.034 0.130 Watermelons 0.94 0.034 0.110
Although a bushel of apples weighs about 45 pounds, we will assume a weight of 50 pounds to take into account the weight of the container, which must also be cooled. The amount of field heat that must be removed is:
0.87 Btu/lb X (80 F - 32 F) X 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 417,600 Btu
Since the apples are to be cooled to 32 F in one day, the hourly field heat load is 417,600 Btu divided by 24 hours, or 17,400 Btu per hour.
On the last day of harvest, the storage facility will contain 1,800 bushels of cool apples and 200 bushels of fieldwarm apples. At this time the respiration heat load generated by the stored crop will be the largest. Table 5 shows that field-warm summer apples pro-duce about 0.340 Btu per pound per hour, whereas properly cooled summer apples produce only 0.018 Btu per pound per hour. Thus field-warm apples pro-duce nearly 19 times as much heat by respiration as do cool apples. Since the freshly harvested (warm) apples will be cooled to their proper storage temperature within one day, the heat of respiration used in the calculation will be the average of the values. The average is:
0.340 + 0.018 ------------- = 0.179 Btu/lb/hr 2
The weight, W, of the 1,800 bushels of cool apples is approximately:
W = 1,800 bu X 50 lb/bu = 90,000 lb
The heat of respiration of the cool apples, HRc, is:
HRc = 90,000 lb X 0.018 Btu/lb/hr = 1,620 Btu/hr
The weight, W, of the 200 bushels of warm apples is approximately:
W = 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 10,000 lb
The average respiration rate, as given previously, is 0.179 Btu per pound per hour. Therefore the heat of respiration for the warm apples, HRw, is:
HRw = 10,000 lb X 0.179 Btu/hr = 1,790 Btu/hr
To obtain the total heat of respiration, HRt, we add the value for cool and warm apples:
HRt = 1,620 Btu/hr + 1,790 Btu/hr = 3,410 Btu/hr
SL = 0.10 X (6,504 + 17,400 + 3,410 Btu/hr) = 2,731 Btu/hr
The total heat load is the sum from all four sources, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Total Heat Load for Example Cooling Facility
1. Heat conductance Walls 3,864 Ceiling 1,534 Floor 1,106 6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 200 bushels per day at 80 F 17,400 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 200 bushels warm apples 1,790 1,800 bushels cold apples 1,620 3,410 Btu/hr Subtotal 27,314 Btu/hr 4. Service load 10% of subtotal 2,731 Btu/hr Total heat load 30,045 Btu/hr
The approximate proportion of the total heat load contributed by each of the four sources is:
Heat conduction.... 21.6 percent Field heat....... 57.9 percent Heat of respiration.. 11.3 percent Service load...... 9.1 percent
As discussed previously, refrigeration systems are rated by how much heat they will move or displace in a given length of time. The standard unit of rating is the ton. Since 1 ton of refrigeration equals 288,000 Btu per 24 hours, or 12,000 Btu per hour, the refrigeration capacity, RC, for a unit that would just handle the heat load in the previous example under the conditions described would be:
30,061 Btu/hr RC = ----------------- 12,000 Btu/hr ton = 2.51 tons
A 2.51-ton refrigeration unit would need to run continuously to keep the temperature in this storage facility at 32 F under the conditions listed above. If the conditions used in this calculation were changed, a 2.51-ton unit could be either too large or too small to maintain the desired storage temperature. The capacity needed to maintain a temperature of 32 F would increase if:
For example, if harvesting were increased to 400 bushels of apples per day, the total heat load would increase to nearly 51,000 Btu per hour. A 4 1/4-ton unit running continuously would be required to maintain a storage temperature of 32 F under these conditions.
In practice, it is advisable in selecting a refrigeration system to add reserve capacity to the calculated rating as a protection against overloads. Of particular interest is the fact that refrigeration systems, for reasons to be discussed later, are operated for a total of only 16 to 20 hours per day. The total capacity of the system must be increased, therefore, to compensate for the "off time." For example, if the system described in the example were to operate for only 16 hours per day, it would need to be 24/16, or 1.5 times as large--that is, 3.77 tons instead of 2.51 tons.
Furthermore, it is good practice to increase the capacity of the system by a chilling rate factor. The rate at which heat is removed from the produce is not constant during the cycle but is greatest at the beginning. If the capacity of the system is not sufficient to overcome the thermal inertia of the produce, cooling time may increase above the specified limits for the product. To compensate, a chilling rate factor of 1.5 is applied to most fresh fruits and vegetables. This factor is applied in addition to the on-time factor. Thus the actual refrigeration system capacity, RC, required for the example facility would be:
RC = 2.51 X 1.5 X 1.5 = 5.65 tons
In the example, field heat accounts for 58.9 percent of the total heat load. Once field heat has been removed from the crop, much less refrigeration capacity is required to maintain the storage temperature. While 5.65 tons of refrigeration are needed to cool the apples in the example, about 2 1/2 tons are needed to maintain a constant temperature after they have reached 32 F. Therefore, anything that can be done to lower the temperature of the crop brought into the storage facility will significantly reduce the initial heat load, thus reducing the cost of the refrigeration equipment needed and the electrical energy to operate it.
Harvesting early or late in the day or even at night helps reduce refrigeration cost. Some large growers of highly perishable crops have started harvesting "under the lights" to reduce cooling costs and preserve quality. Although not usable for all crops, hydrocooling is an effective way to remove the first 20 to 30 degrees of heat quickly, lessening the load on the system. Even cooling with well water is a very energy efficient method of precooling produce before it is placed in the cooling room. Note, however, that some types of produce are sensitive to wetting, which encourages the growth of microorganisms.
If the 200 bushels of apples in the example facility were cooled just 20 F before entering the cooling room, the total heat load would be reduced to about 22,080 Btu per hour, or 26 percent. In this case, only 4.14 tons of refrigeration would be required instead of 5.65. Table 7 shows the calculations involved.
Table 7. Total Heat Load at a Field Temperature of 60 F
1. Heat conductance6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 10,158 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 3,410 Btu/hr ------------- Subtotal 20,072 Btu/hr 4. Service load 2,007 Btu/hr ------------- Total heat load 22,079 Btu/hr
Although doubling the insulation value in the walls, ceiling, and floor would reduce the heat conductance by one-half from 6,504 to 3,252 Btu per hour, the percentage reduction of the total heat load would be small. The only way to reduce the heat load substantially is to start the refrigeration cooling process with fruit as cool as possible.
Condensation and Humidity. The cooling coils of the refrigeration system (Figure 4) must be colder than the air in the room if the air is to be cooled. The larger the temperature difference, the greater the rate of heat transfer and the smaller (and less expensive) the cooling coils. However, the colder the coil surface, the more water vapor from the air will condense on the coils, either as a liquid or as ice. Evaporator coil condensation represents wasted refrigeration capacity and should be minimized. Allowing hot, humid air to enter the cooling room is particularly costly because the refrigeration system must not only cool the air but also condense the additional water


text:
Workshop 1: Integrative and Collaborative Strategies in Learning and Teaching
Teaching and the teacher's role in the 21st century is changing. In this session the focus is on varied methods of collaborative and integrative teaching as collaboration is one of the 4Cs. Participants will reflect on and design different ways to collaborate with colleagues. Integrative teaching is seen as a deeper form of collaboration.
Key Learning Points:
· Experiences about collaboration: How have you collaborated in teaching (co-teaching) with your colleagues?
· Co-teaching plan: How could you / how are you going to co-teach during the distance learning period?
· Draft of integrative teaching: How can you teach a chosen topic to enable students grasp a holistic picture?
· Quality of co-teaching
· Methods of integrative strategies


Saturday, 2 July 2011
Binding Images to GridView from a Folder where image info defined in Text file
Today, in this post I am going to post binding images from folders where the image file names are mentioned in the text file. The text file contains list of file names with the path which is stored. It also contains image urls which is accessible from internet/internet.
There are two different scenarios I am taking to implement considering the image path stores in a text file. They are –
 1. There is a text file stored in application which contains list of file name with path. The application required to fetch the file name from the text file and bind the imaged to the GridView.
 2. Same as above post, but addition to this the text file also contains some information about each image (Ex: Title of the Image, Description). So when showing images, the system also needs to show the information about the images.
The implementation of the first scenario is follows:
The Text file contains list of image file name with path, full Image url which can be accessible by http/https.
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\229106_ed3b12ba0e_m.jpg
_URL_
_URL_
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\3622179267_69fea7ef95_m.bmp
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4131887507_7c11155e59_m.png
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4435962715_99f6ac0332_m.gif
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4436467516_9ca99b4d24_m.png
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4785868505_636c34bcd2_m.tif
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4785869969_e66764603a_m.jpg
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4785873427_8d791da8d2_m.bmp
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4785875511_6f4b8c3af3_m.tif
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4790347242_1108fc076d_b.jpg
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\4790347242_1108fc076d_m.jpg
D:\Blog\FolderImage\FolderImageTextFile\FolderImageTextFile\Images\5020712476_5cf2997f38_m.gif
GridView Script
<asp:GridView ID="grdImages" runat="server" BorderStyle="None"
 ShowHeader="false" AutoGenerateColumns="False" Width="61">
 <Columns>
 <asp:TemplateField>
 <ItemTemplate>
 <asp:Image ID="Image1" runat="server" ImageUrl='<%# Eval("FileName") %>' Width="240" Height="160" />
 </ItemTemplate>
 </asp:TemplateField>
 </Columns>
</asp:GridView>
C# Code behind
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
 string[] fileContent = System.IO.File.ReadAllLines(HttpContext.Current.Request.PhysicalApplicationPath + @"Data/Temple.txt");
 IList<ImageFileInfo> ImageFileList = new List<ImageFileInfo>();
 foreach (string strFileInfo in fileContent.ToList<string>())
 {
 if (strFileInfo.StartsWith("http"))
 ImageFileList.Add(new ImageFileInfo { FileName = strFileInfo });
 else
 ImageFileList.Add(new ImageFileInfo { FileName = ResolveUrl(strFileInfo.Replace(Server.MapPath("/"), "~/")) });
 }
 grdImages.DataSource = ImageFileList;
 grdImages.DataBind();
}
The Entity Class for holding file name with path of the image.
public class ImageFileInfo
{
 public string FileName { get; set; }
}
The implementation of the second scenario is follows:
The text file contains not only the image file name with path (or url), it also contains Title of the image and some description of each image. Our requirement is to show list of image in the ASP.NET page with the information provided in the text file for each image.
Text File
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\220px-Brihadeshwara_front_right.jpg||Brihadeshwara temple, Tamil Nadu, India||Rajarajeswaram, also known as Brihadeshwara temple built by Chola emperor Rajaraja-I Thanjavore. Fully constructed in granite, the temple tower measures 216'. At time of its construction, it was the tallest Hindu temple in the world.
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\220px-Mamallapuram1a.jpg||Shore Temples, Tamil Nadu, India||Raajasimmeswaram, Kshatriya Simmeswaram - popularly known as shore temples in Mamallapuram built by Rajasimha Pallava - I. (c. eighth century C.E.)
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\280px-Temple_Tangore_1.jpg||Chidambaram Temple, Tamil Nadu, India||Chidambaram Temple (Tamil: சிதம்பரம் கோயில் - Tillai Chidambaram Natarajar Kovil) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the heart of the temple town of Chidambaram, 78 km south of Pondicherry and 60 km north of Karaikal in Cuddalore District, the east-central part of the Tamil Nadu state of southeastern India. The Sangam classics list chief architect Viduvelvidugu Perumtaccan, respected clan of traditional Vishwakarmas, as directing the temple's renovation. There have been several renovations in its history, particularly by Pallava and Chola emperors in the ancient and pre-medieval periods.
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\280px-Kailasanathar_temple.jpg||Kailasanath Temple, Tamil Nadu, India.||The Kailasanath temple is located in the temple town of Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu, India. It was built by the Pallavas in the early 8th century CE. It is famous for its splendid vimana. It also contains numerous panels showing lord Siva as Nataraja in various postures.This temple was built by Pallava King Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimhan).
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\280px-Kanchi_Kamakshi_temple22.jpg||Kamakshi Amman Temple, Tamil Nadu, India.||The Kamakshi Temple is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Kamakshi, one of the forms of the goddess Parvati. It is located in the historic city of Kanchipuram, near Chennai, India and is popularly associated with Sankaracharya, one of the greatest Hindu gurus. The Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, the Akilandeswari temple in Thiruvanaikaval near Tiruchirappalli and this Kamakshi are the important centers of worship of Parvati as the mother goddess, in the state of Tamil Nadu. The temple was most probably built by the Pallava kings, whose capital was Kanchipuram, around 6 C.E
D:\Blog\FolderImage\ImageWithInfo\ImageWithInfo\Images\280px-Kapaleeswarar1.jpg||Kapal


text:
Fabian Brambach conducts research on the dynamics of plant diversity under the different land-use regimes in the EFForTS project region. Building on the progress made during the first two project phases, he and the B06 team focus on the phylogenetic and functional dimensions of plant diversity from plot- to landscape scale. He holds a leading role in the Landscape Assessment field work and coordinates the ongoing collection of plant material for phylogenetic functional trait analyses in close cooperation with B04 and B14.
Aiming to overcome the general lack of knowledge about Sumatra's flora, Fabian is responsible for the correct identification of plant species and develops tools for plant identification including rapid colour guides and the continuous improvement of the EFForTS Sumatra Plant Database.
Fabian is Postdoctoral Speaker of Group B
Fabian is also Social Media representative


C4-Mean)^2 Variance: =SUMPRODUCT(SqDevs,Probs) Standard Deviation: =SQRT(Var) We see that the mean return is 15.3% and the standard deviation is 5.3%. What do these mean? Analyzing the Summary Measures: Analyzing the Summary Measures First, the mean or expected return does not imply that the most likely return is 15.3%, nor is this the value that the investor "expects" to occur. The value 15.3% is not even a possible market return. We can understand these measures better in terms of long-run averages. If we can see the coming year repeated many times, using the same probability distribution, then the average of these times would be close to 15.3% and their standard deviation would be 5.3%. Slide23: Derived Probability Distributions Background Information: Background Information A bookstore is planning on ordering a shipment of special edition Christmas calendars that they will sell for $15 a piece. There will be only one order, so if demand is less than the quantity ordered the excess calendars will be donated to a paper recycling company if demand is greater than the quantity ordered, the excess demand will be lost and customers will take their business elsewhere The bookstore estimates that the demand for calendars will be between 250 and 400. DERIVED.XLS: DERIVED.XLS This file contains the probability distribution that the demand for calendars will follow. These estimates have been derived from subjective estimates and historical data. If the bookstore decides to order 350 calendars, what is the probability distribution of units sold? What is the probability distribution of revenue? Derived Distributions of Units Sold and Revenue: Derived Distributions of Units Sold and Revenue Solution: Solution Let D, S,and R denote demand, units sold, and revenue. The key to the solution is that each value of D directly determines the value of S, which in turn determines the value of R. S is the smaller of D and the number ordered, 350, and R is $15 multiplied by the value of S. Therefore we can derive the probability distributions of S and R with the following steps: Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued Calculate Units sold : =MIN(B10,OnHand) Calculate Revenue for each value of units sold: =UnitPrice*B20 Transfer the Derived Probabilities for demand: =C10 Calculate Means of demand, units sold, and revenue: =SUMPRODUCT(Revenues, DerivedProbs) Calculate the Variances and Standard Deviations of demand, units sold and revenue. First, calculate the squared deviations of revenues from their mean in Column F, then calculate the sum of the products of these squared deviations and the revenue probabilities to obtain the variance of revenue. Finally, calculate the standard deviation as the square root of the variance. Summary Measures for Linear Functions: Summary Measures for Linear Functions When one random variable is a linear function of another random variable X, there is a particularly simple way to calculate the summary measures of Y from the Summary measures of X. Y = a + bX for some constant a and b then: mean: E(Y) = a + bE(X) variance: Var(Y) = b2 Var(X) standard deviation: bStdev(X) If Y is a constant multiple of X, that is a=0 then the mean and standard deviation of Y are this same multiple of the mean and standard deviation of X. Slide30: Distribution of Two Random Variables: Scenario Approach Background Information: Background Information An investor plans to invest in General Motors (GM) stock and gold. He assumes that the returns on these investments over the next year depend on the general state of the economy during the year. He identifies four possible states of the economy: depression, recession, normal and boom. These four states have the following probabilities: 0.05, 0.30, 0.50, and 0.15. Background Information -- continued: Background Information -- continued The investor wants to analyze the joint distribution of returns on these two investments. He also wants to analyze the distribution of a portfolio of investments in GM stock and gold. GMGOLD.XLS: GMGOLD.XLS This file contains the probabilities and estimated returns of the GM stock and the gold. Relating Two Random Variables: Relating Two Random Variables There are two methods for relating two random variables, the scenario approach and the joint probability approach. The methods differ slightly in the way they assign probabilities to different outcomes. Two summary measures, covariance and correlation, are used to measure the relationship between two variables in both methods. The Summary Measures: The Summary Measures We have discussed summary measures with the same names, covariance and correlation, earlier. The summary measures we are looking at now go by the same name but are conceptually different. In the past we have calculated them from data; here they are calculated from a probability distribution. The random variables are X and Y and the probability that X and Y equal xi and yi is p(xi, yi) is called a joint probability. Summary Measures -- continued: Summary Measures -- continued Although they are calculated differently, the interpretation is essentially the same as we previously discussed. Each indicates the strength of a linear relationship between X and Y. If X and Y vary in the same direction then both measures are positive. If they vary in opposite directions then both measures are negative. Covariance is more difficult to interpret because it depends on the units of measurement of X and Y. Correlation is always between -1 and +1. The Scenario Approach: The Scenario Approach The essence of the scenario approach in this example is that a given state of the economy determines both GM and gold returns, so that only four pairs of returns are possible. These pairs are -0.20 and 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20, 0.30 and -0.12, and 0.50 and 0.09. Each pair has a joint probability. To calculate means, variances and standard deviations, we treat GM and gold returns separately. Calculating Covariance and Correlation: Calculating Covariance and Correlation We also need to calculate the covariance and correlation between the variables. To obtain these we use the following steps: Deviations between means: To calculate the covariance we need the sum of deviations from means, so we need to calculate these deviations with the formula =C4-GMMean in B14 and copy it down through B17. We also calculate this for gold. Covariance: Calculate the covariance between GM and gold returns in cell B23 with the formula =SUMPRODUCT(GMDevs,GoldDevs,Probs) Calculating Covariance and Correlation -- continued: Calculating Covariance and Correlation -- continued Correlation: Calculate the correlation between GM and gold returns in cell B24 with the formula =Covar/(GMStdv*GoldStedev) The negative covariance indicates that GM and gold returns tend to vary in opposite directions, although it is difficult to judge the strength by the magnitude of the covariance. The correlation of -0.410 is also negative and indicates a moderately strong relationship. We cannot infer too much from this correlation though because the variables are not linear. Simulation: Simulation A simulation of GM and gold returns help explain the covariance and correlation. There are two keys to this simulation: First we must, simulate the states of the economy, not - at least not directly - the GM and gold returns. We simulate this be entering a RAND function in A1 and then by entering the formulas VLOOKUP(A21,LTable,2) in B21 and VLOOKUP(A21,LTable,3) in C21. This way uses the same random number, hence the same scenario, to generate both returns in a given row, and the effect is that only four pairs of returns are possible. Simulation -- continued: Simulation -- continued Second, once we have the simulated returns we can calculate the covariance and correlation of these numbers. We calculate these in cells B8 and B9 with the formulas COVAR(SimGM,SimGOLD) and CORREL(SimGM,SimGold). These are built-in Excel functions. A comparison of these summary measures with the previously calculated summary measures shows that there is reasonably good agreement between the covariance and correlation of the probability distribution and the measures based on the simulated values. The agreement is not perfect but will improve as more pairs are simulated. Simulation of GM and Gold Returns: Simulation of GM and Gold Returns Portfolio Analysis: Portfolio Analysis The final part of this example is to analyze a portfolio consisting of GM stock and gold. We assume that the investor has $10,000 and puts some fraction of this in GM stock and the rest in gold. The key to the analysis is that there are only four possible scenarios -- that is, there are only four possible portfolio returns. In this case we calculate the entire portfolio return distribution and summary measures in the usual way. Portfolio Analysis -- continued: Portfolio Analysis -- continued One thing of interest is to see how the expected portfolio return and standard deviation of portfolio return change as the amount the investor puts into GM stock changes. To do this we use a data table or mean and stdev of portfolio return as a function of GM investment. A graph of these measures show that the expected portfolio return steadily increases as more and more is put into GM. Portfolio Analysis -- continued: Portfolio Analysis -- continued However, we must note that the standard deviation, often used as a measure of risk, first decreases, then increases. This means there is trade-off between expected return and risk (as measured by the standard deviation). The investor could obtain a higher expected return by putting more of his money into GM; but past a fraction


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PITCHf/x, created and maintained by Sportvision, is a system that tracks the speeds and trajectories of pitched baseballs. This system, which made its debut in the 2006 MLB playoffs, is installed in every MLB stadium.[1] The data from the system is often used by broadcasters to show a visual representation of the pitch and whether or not a pitch entered the strike-zone. PITCHf/x is also used to determine the type of pitch thrown, such as a fastball, curve, or slider. MLB uses the data from PITCHf/x in its Zone Evaluation System which is used to grade and provide feedback to umpires. Sabermetric analysts note that umpire accuracy has improved after the technology was introduced to MLB.
PITCHf/x is a system using three permanently mounted cameras in the stadium to track the speed and location of a pitched baseball from the pitcher's mound to home plate with an accuracy of better than one mile per hour and one inch. With PITCHf/x, statistics such as the pitcher with the fastest fastball, or the pitcher with the sharpest-breaking curve, etc., can be analyzed. It calculates the "movement" of pitches caused by the Magnus force.[2]
The PITCHf/x data is used in MLB's online Gameday webcast to show the path and speed of each pitch, as well as the location with respect to the strike zone as the pitch crossed the front of home plate. Gameday presents two values from PITCHf/x to characterize the deflection of the pitch trajectory. The BRK quantity represents the amount of bend in the trajectory at its greatest distance from a straight line. A curveball will have a larger value of BRK than a fastball. The PFX quantity represents the deflection of the baseball due to the spin and drag forces from the path it would have taken under the influence of gravity alone. For example, a fastball would have a small value for BRK but a large value for the spin displacement PFX because of the rising action of the fastball caused by backspin. Conversely, a curveball or slider will have a significant break measurement, but lower spin displacement.[3]
Major League Baseball Advanced Media, which owns the data used in Gameday, releases the data every day in XML format. Several privately owned websites display this information, often with sorting functions and visual displays.[4]
According to University of Illinois professor Alan M. Nathan, the PITCHf/x system allows analysts to "record with unprecedented precision such quantities as the pitch speed and the location at home plate. But even more importantly, we have measures of quantities that we never had before. As a result, we now have new and novel ways to study the art of pitching."[5]
PITCHf/x data is generally consistent across ballparks, but there have been instances of apparent discrepancies in the data gathered at certain ballparks. (For example, a pitcher's fastball speed might be 1–2 mph faster at home than on the road.)[6] PITCHf/x uses algorithms to automatically classify every pitch by type, but these algorithms are imprecise.[7]
For the 2017 season, PITCHf/x was deprecated and replaced by TrackMan, a component of Major League Baseball's Statcast platform.[8][9]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ DiMeo, Nate (August 15, 2007). "Pitch f/x, the new technology that will change baseball analysis forever. - Slate Magazine". Slate. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
 3. ^ Newman, Mark (October 2, 2007). "Pitch-f/x adds insight to watching games". MLB.com. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
 4. ^ Allen, Dave (March 5, 2010). "How Can I Get My Hands on the Pitchf/x Data?". Baseball Analysts. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
 5. ^ Nathan, Alan M. (October 18, 2012). "Determining Pitch Movement from PITCHf/x Data" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2012.[permanent dead link]
 6. ^ Fast, Mike (June 17, 2010). "The Internet cried a little when you wrote that on it". The Hardball Times. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
 7. ^ Brooks, Dan (February 3, 2012). "Yes, we actually classified every pitch". The Hardball Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
 8. ^ "Did any pitchers actually throw harder on Opening Day?". Pinstripe Alley (SB Nation). Vox Media. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
 9. ^ "Estimating Release Point Using Gameday's New Start_Speed". Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 7 April 2017.


QLED vs OLED – Which Is Best?
OLED displays offer higher contrast ratio, faster response time, wider viewing angles, and better colors, but lower brightness than QLEDs.
Answer:
OLED displays offer infinite contrast ratio, instantaneous response time, wide viewing angles, and superior color accuracy.
However, they cannot get as bright as QLED/LED displays and they are at risk of image burn-in/retention unless properly used.
When comparing QLED vs OLED displays, both technologies have their advantages and disadvantages.
In this article, we'll go over everything you need to know about QLED and OLED displays (both monitors and TVs) so that you can make an informed decision about purchasing your next screen.
What Is QLED?
QLED technology introduces a film layer of quantum dots between a display's LED backlight and its panel which minimizes color crosstalk and light loss in order to increase that display's color gamut and brightness.
These quantum dot nanoparticles can be applied to any LED-backlit panel type: IPS, TN, and VA; however, they are mostly utilized in Samsung's VA-panel desktop monitors and TVs.
There's one TN panel monitor with quantum dots, the Samsung U28H750, but the enhanced film of this display isn't enough to make its picture better than that of equally-priced IPS and VA alternatives; it just provides better colors relative to other TN panel displays.
Nano IPS
What Is Oled
LG is the main manufacturer of IPS panels and they use their own technology called 'Nano IPS' to enhance the LED backlights of their displays.
This technology works by applying nanoparticles directly to the backlight of an IPS panel display; these nanoparticles absorb excessive light wavelengths which allows for wider color gamut (98% DCI-P3/135% sRGB vs 95% DCI-P3/125% sRGB of QLED) in comparison to QLED.
However, VA panels still offer a higher static contrast ratio than IPS displays which results in deeper blacks (image above). This is why two main choices when it comes to high-end TVs consist of Samsung's VA QLED and LG's OLED TVs.
LG's Nano IPS technology is more represented in desktop monitors, particularly in gaming displays such as the LG 34GK950F.
What Is OLED?
What Is Qled
Unlike QLED, OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) is a display technology of its own. It doesn't use a backlight but produces its own light, meaning that it can achieve basically infinite contrast ratio and instantaneous response time (pixel transition) speed.
OLED also offers more accurate color reproduction and wider viewing angles which ensure there are no major alterations in color, contrast, or brightness when looking at the screen at skewed angles.
The main flaws of OLED displays include the risk of image retention/burn-in and lower peak brightness in comparison to LED displays.
Newer OLED TVs have numerous features to prevent burn-in and image retention though, you can learn more about it here.
QLED vs OLED
In the end, if you're on the fence between QLED and OLED TVs, here's what you should know:
QLED TVs have a higher peak brightness which makes for eye-catching details in highlights of the image, but OLEDs have a higher contrast ratio that ensures deeper blacks and an overall better relation between the darkest and the brightest colors.
OLED TVs also offer a faster response time speed, more accurate colors, and wider viewing angles. However, you will have to be more careful with the TV due to the image burn-in risk, although newer models have many automatic features that will help.
For more information, visit our best TV buying guide where we go into details about each popular model ranging from budget to high-end series.
As far as OLED monitors are concerned, they are still in the adaptation phase, more or less. Check out the latest development concerning OLED monitors.
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Rob Shafer
Rob Shafer
Rob is a software engineer with a Bachelor's degree from the University of Denver. He now works full-time managing DisplayNinja while coding his own projects on the side.


Car-a-mel or Car-mel? 3 Reasons for Syllabically Ambiguous Words
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Do you say car-a-mel or car-mel? Is your "fire" closer to fah-yer or fayr? There is a group of words in English that can be pronounced with two different syllable structures, depending on dialect, personal preference, or context of use. While many will insist that one or the other is incontrovertibly correct, there is usually no real basis for pronouncements on the one true syllable structure. Sometimes two things can both be correct. If you need a better authority than me on that, lots of dictionaries accept both pronunciations for all the words discussed below (e.g., Merriam-Webster). What's more interesting than fighting about who's right is understanding why these differences arise. There are three processes that result in syllabically ambiguous words.
1. Diphthongs, r's, and l's
At least in their one-syllable versions. A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another that takes place within one syllable. For example, the vowel sound in "hour" glides from "ah" to "oo." A diphthong is not always represented in the spelling of a word. The vowel sound in "fire" glides from "ah" to "ee."
The sounds that make up the second part of the diphthongs "oo" and "ee" can also serve as consonants when they start a syllable. "Win" starts in the "oo" position, but there, it is the consonant w. "Yes" starts in the "ee" position, but there, it is a y. (In technical terms, w and y are semivowels whose vowel/consonant status depends on whether they are in the nucleus of the syllable or at the edge of it.)
This kind of indeterminacy is all over the place. Think about "mower," "shower," "oil," "hair," "while," or any other diphthong followed by l or r. Think of a one or two syllable pronunciation for each of them. Even if you think one of them sounds totally weird, you can imagine someone saying it.
2. Syncope
One or Two Syllables: orange, poem, crayon
Two or Three Syllables: caramel, mayonnaise, family, chocolate, camera, different, separate, favorite
Three or Four Syllables: interesting, comfortable
Four or Five Syllables: laboratory
3. Epenthesis
Two or Three Syllables: realtor
Three or Four Syllables: mischievous
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text:
I have a polygon shapefile. I want to create points at an interval of 0.125 decimal degrees in this polygon. How can I create a script with python in ArcGIS 10 to automate the process of create points? The start point is the south-west corner and the end point is north-east of the polygon.
If you're interested in additional vertices along your polygon feature, you can use the built-in Densify function:
You already have your answer; you have your start X/Y and finish X/Y, so you have a range and the distance between the points
Calculate the amount of points you will create per axis
Create your point variables
Set the start point
add a point to your point array
move along the x axis and create a point per 0.125 degrees
once the xloop has finished, reset X
and move the yaxis up 0.125
create the point feature
Please note, this si off the top of my head and completely untested, so I am not responsible for it if you use it. However, that should, I think, start you off.
You will have created points outside of the polygon, as I have ensured the MBR is properly represented; you may want to erase features outside of the polygon afterwards.


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Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii facts for kids
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Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Pritchardia remota ssp. aylmer-robinsonii (H.St.John) R.W.Read
Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii is a species of palm tree that is endemic to the island of Niʻihau, Hawaii, United States. It inhabits coastal dry forests at an elevation of 70–270 m (230–890 ft). P. aylmer-robinsonii reaches a height of 7–15 m (23–49 ft) and a trunk diameter of 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in). Harold St. John discovered this species in 1949, and the specific epithet refers to Aylmer Francis Robinson, a member of the family that owned the island. P. aylmer-robinsonii has been reintroduced to the Makauwahi Cave Reserve on Kauaʻi, where the species is believed to have previously ranged.
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text:
Produced in our orchards
Virgin hazelnut oil is made with French hazelnuts produced in our orchards, in the heart of Lot-et-Garonne.
The hazel trees, of the Pautet variety, produce small, well-known fruits:
- for their tasting wealth,
- their nutritional qualities,
- their aromatic power,
- their high content of fatty acids.
An oil rich in vitamin E
The virgin hazelnut oil Gascony Pearls is a highly recommended ingredient in the implementation of cosmetic formulations, recipes or vitamin E-enriched food supplements.
Its high content of vitamin E, 47.5 mg of vitamin E per 100 grams of oil, or 80% of the recommended dietary intakes *, allows it to carry the regulatory functional claim relating to the protection of cell membranes.
* ANC per day for an adult with an average intake of 2000 kcal. These values may vary with age, sex and physical activity.
Source of Omega 9
Composed of 75% oleic acid, hazelnut oil is a concentrate of omega 9. It plays a beneficial role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and acts on cholesterolemia.


Cambridge Dictionaries online Cambridge Dictionaries online
Definición de "point" en inglés
noun (IDEA EXPRESSED) /pɔɪnt/
B1 [C] an idea, opinion, or piece of information that is said or written: I'd like to discuss the first point in your essay. You made some interesting points in your speech.Ideas, concepts and theoriesOpinions, beliefs and points of view the/sb's point B2 the meaning or most important part of what someone says or writes: The point is, if you don't claim the money now you might never get it. I think you missed (= did not understand) the point of what she was saying. I take your point/Point taken (= I understand that what you are saying is important). Please get to the point (= say the thing that is most important to you). He hasn't got much money, but that's not the point (= that is not the important thing).Ideas, concepts and theoriesOpinions, beliefs and points of view B1 [S] an opinion or fact that deserves to be considered seriously, or that other people agree is true: Yes, I can see your point/you've got a point there. OK, you've made your point (= told us your opinion) - there's no need to go on about it.Opinions, beliefs and points of view beside the point not important or not related to the subject being discussed: The fact that he doesn't want to come is beside the point - he should have been invited.Irrelevant that's a (good) point B2 said to show that what someone has just said is true or important: "We'll take the bus." "But we haven't got any money for the fare." "That's a point."Words and phrases expressing agreement and acceptance
(Definition of point noun (IDEA EXPRESSED) from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Of, relating to, or characteristic of feudalism.
- adj. Of or relating to lands held in fee or to the holding of such lands.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Pertaining to or in the nature of a feud or partizan conflict.
- Pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees; relating to or dependent upon the method of landholding called feud, fief, or fee: as, feudal tenure; feudal rights or services; a feudal lord or vassal.
- Pertaining to the state of society under this system of tenure; characteristic of the relations of lord and vassal.
- adj. of, or relating to feudalism
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees
- adj. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services.
- adj. of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism
- From Medieval Latin feudalis, from feudum. (Wiktionary)
"Although set in feudal Japan, both works contain some modern-day anachronisms."
"First cattle referred to any wealth or property, then more specifically in feudal times it referred to "movable" wealth, which at the time was pretty much limited to livestock."
"Hiro seemed to be in feudal Japan longer than the actual feudal era lasted in history."
Writers' Strike = Better TV? : SF Universe - SF Universe is your Science Fiction central. From SciFi television to movies to books and more. All the latest news, reviews and insights from SciFi experts.
"Absolutely right gentlemen - there were never any socialist parties in feudal societies."
"HMMMMM seems to me its a modern interpretation NOT A ACTUAL REMAKE unless they're planning on putting American and European stars in feudal Japan."
"What was West Side Story if not a "reimagining" of Romeo & Juliet or Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood as Macbeth set in feudal Japan?"
"Hiro is still stuck in feudal Japan; Peter still has amnesia (despite finally learning his true identity); Claire is still playing cheerleader; the south-of-the-border Wonder Twins are still short of arriving in America; Sylar is still a neutered threat; Suresh and Parkman are still playing "My Two Dads" with the last-minute child-hero from last season; Suresh is still doing nothing to take down The Company; Nikki is still... well..."
"I must be the only one, but I LOVED heroes last night!!! my favorite storyline is the hiro in feudal Japan."
"Meanwhile, after landing in feudal Japan, Hiro (Masi Oka) meets his hero Takezo Kensei (David Anders)."
"That thread was the one I wanted to see the most of, and I think they did a nice job introducing the situation in feudal Japan (but how much does modern day Japanese and English sound like their counterparts from way back when?)."
These user-created lists contain the word 'feudal'.
Daily Vocab List
words I read but don't know
2007 Scripps National Spelling Bee Round 2
my favourite era
words related to the peerage; not limited to titles.
Based on a frequency analysis
Looking for tweets for feudal.


about 25.0 g/L, about 25.5 g/L, about 26.0 g/L, about 26.2 g/L, about 26.4 g/L, about 26.6 g/L, about 26.8 g/L, about 27.0 g/L, about 27.5 g/L, about 28.0 g/L, about 28.5 g/L, about 29.0 g/L, about 29.5 g/L, or about 30.0 g/L. In various embodiments, the pyruvate can have a concentration of from about 5 g/L to about 15 g/L. Preferably, the concentration of pyruvate can be about 5 g/L, about 6 g/L, about 7 g/L, about 8 g/L, about 9 g/L, about 10 g/L, about 11 g/L, about 12 g/L, about 13 g/L, about 14 g/L, or about 15 g/L. In various embodiments, the adenine can have a concentration of from about 0.2 g/L to about 2 g/L. Preferably, the concentration of adenine can be about 0.2 g/L, about 0.3 g/L, about 0.4 g/L, about 0.5 g/L, about 0.6 g/L, about 0.7 g/L, about 0.8 g/L, about 0.9 g/L, about 1.0 g/L, about 1.1 g/L, about 1.2 g/L, about 1.3 g/L, about 1.4 g/L, about 1.5 g/L, about 1.6 g/L, about 1.7 g/L, about 1.8 g/L, about 1.9 g/L, or about 2.0 g/L. The phosphate can be a mixture of a monobasic monohydrate salt and a dibasic heptahydrate salt. The phosphate can be a salt of sodium phosphate. The ratio of monobasic salt to dibasic salt can be from about 1:2 to about 1:3. More specifically, the monobasic salt:dibasic salt ratio can be about 1:20, about 1:2.10, about 1:2.15, about 1:2.20, about 1:2.25, about 1:2.30, about 1:2.35, about 1:2.40, about 1:2.45, about 1:2.50, about 1:2.55, about 1:2.60, about 1:2.65, about 1:2.70, about 1:2.75, about 1:2.80, about 1:2.85, about 1:2.90, about 1.295, or about 1:30. The phosphate mixture can have a final concentration of from about 18 g/L to about 22 g/L. More specifically, the concentration of phosphate mixture can be about 18 g/L, about 18.5 g/L, about 19 g/L, about 19.5 g/L, about 20 g/L, about 20.1 g/L, about 20.2 g/L, about 20.3 g/L, about 20.4 g/L, about 20.5 g/L, about 20.6 g/L, about 20.7 g/L, about 20.8 g/L, about 20.9 g/L, about 21 g/L, about 21.5 g/L, or about 22 g/L.
In some embodiments, RBC enhancement composition comprise:
 - (a) about 27 (e.g., 26.8) g/L inosine;
 - (b) about 11 g/L pyruvate (e.g., sodium pyruvate);
 - (c) about 0.7 (e.g., 0.681) g/L adenine; and
 - (d) about 21 (e.g., 20.8) 1 g/L phosphate (e.g., a mixture of about 6.21 g/L monobasic, monohydrate; and about 14.6 g/L dibasic, heptahydrate).
 Preferably, the composition has a pH of from about 6.5 to about 7.5, more preferably from about 6.6 to about 7.4, more preferably from about 6.7 to about 7.1, more preferably from about 6.7 to about 7.0. An RBC enhancement composition useful in the methods of this technology is rejuvesol® Red Blood Cell Processing Solution (rejuvesol® Solution), which has been marketed by Citra Labs, LLC.
Methods of Processing
Methods of the present technology comprise, for example:
 - (1) mixing blood with an RBC enhancement composition; and
 - (2) incubating the mixture of blood and RBC enhancement composition.
The blood processed in the present methods may be obtained from a mammalian subject (a "donor") using methods among those well known in the art. In various embodiments the donor is a human subject. The blood may be allogeneic (i.e., donated by a subject of the same species) or autologous (obtained by the subject to whom the treated blood is to be administered, such as may be drawn in advance of a surgical procedure).
Processing of the blood using an RBC enhancement composition of the present technology may be performed on blood that has been stored or may be performed on "fresh" blood at a time proximate to the time it is withdrawn from the donor. As used herein, a "proximate" time is any time 24 hours or less after an initial event (e.g., donation of blood), such as concurrent with the event, or 18 hours, 12 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 2 minutes, 1 minute, or less, after the initial event. Storage may be, for example, from 1 to 50 days, or longer, as needed. Storage may be at any temperature and other conditions to as to maintain viability of the RBCs for clinically acceptable storage period. For example, storage may be at a temperature of from about 1° C. to about 6° C. In other embodiments, the RBCs may be frozen, at a temperature of about −65° C. or lower, with the addition of conditioning agents that preserve the viability of the RBCs at such low temperatures. Suitable conditioning agents (cryopreservatives) include glycerol. It is understood that such conditioning agents are to be removed from the RBCs prior to administration, such as by methods described below for the removal of cryopreservatives prior to administration.
Incubating the mixture is conducted for a time sufficient to allow RBCs in the blood to assimilate components from the enhancement composition and achieve a desired effect on a biochemical or biomechanical function of RBCs. For example, incubation is conducted for a time sufficient to increase the concentration of ATP and 2,3-DPG in RBCs. The time may vary, depending on such factors as the desired level of increase of ATP and 2,3-DPG, the use of mechanical agitation, the amount of RBC enhancement composition used, and temperature of the blood during incubation. In some embodiments, about 50 ml of RBC enhancement composition is added to RBCs derived from up to about 550 ml of whole blood. Mixing can be performed by swirling, shaking, rotating, or agitating.
In some embodiments, the blood is tested during incubation to determine whether one or more desired biochemical or biomechanical attributes of the RBCs have been attained. Thus, for example, incubation may be conducted until a desired level of ATP, 2,3-DPG, NO or other biochemical marker of RBC function is attained, e.g., essentially equal to levels found in fresh blood.
Methods for measuring such markers of RBC function useful herein include methods among those known in the art. For example, 2,3-DPG can be detected by assay kits that are commercially available. In one such assay, 2,3-DPG from blood is split by phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), when PGM is activated by glycolate-2-phosphate, to produce phosphoglycerate (PG) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Both 2-PG and 3-PG can be formed, but 2-PG is isomerized by PGM to form 3-PG. In the presence of ATP, 3-PG is converted to 1,3-DPG by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Next, 1,3-DPG is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP-DH) and the oxidation of NADH. Glyceraldehyde-3-P is converted to digydroxyacetone-P by triosephosphate isomerase (TIM),