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Accuracy of landmark scalp blocks performed during asleep-awake-asleep awake craniotomy: a retrospective study
To the Editor,
Awake craniotomy (AC) is often performed in patients with brain tumors that are present in regions linked to language processing to minimize any damage to language functioning [1]. During ACs, scalp blocks affecting the supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, greater and lesser occipital nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, and zygomaticotemporal branch nerve enable safe surgical procedure during the awake phase of ACs [1, 2]. If the scalp block is not effective, it becomes difficult to perform any awake tasks with the cooperation of the patient, as performance is hindered due to headache.
Scalp blocks in ACs are often performed under general anesthesia; however, at our hospital, we perform scalp blocks before the patient is anesthetized to achieve less headache during the awake phase [3]. If the block effect is insufficient as no sensation reduction is demonstrated by the cold test after blocking, an additional dosage of local anesthetic can be administered. To date, no study has considered the accuracy of scalp blocks performed by landmark methods. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the accuracy of scalp blocks performed using the landmark method in ACs.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University (Approval number: 2020-0108). We investigated retrospective cases of ACs (n = 103) performed at Nagoya University Hospital from January 1, 2016, to May 30, 2020. We performed all scalp blocks bilaterally by landmark methods as described previously with 0.375% ropivacaine [1, 3]: 1.5–2 mL for supraorbital/supratrochlear nerves, 2–2.5 mL for greater/lesser occipital nerves, 3–5 mL for auriculotemporal nerve, and 3–5 mL for zygomaticotemporal branch nerve (total number, 206). After all of the scalp blocks were performed, we assessed the number of block failures on each side by using the cold test before induction. We compared the number of block failures using Cochran's Q test. The statistical analyses were performed with EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University [4]). All data were analyzed using Cochran's Q test and McNemar test with the post hoc Bonferroni test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The rates of failure in the scalp blocks were as follows: supraorbital and supratrochlear nerve (n = 5, failure rate 2.4%), greater and lesser occipital nerve (n = 15, 7.2%), auriculotemporal nerve (n = 23, 11.1%), and zygomaticotemporal branch (n = 34, 16.6%).
Among these blocks, the zygomaticotemporal nerve block failure rate was significantly higher than in other nerves (P < 0.001, at the Cochran's Q test, versus supraorbital and supratrochlear nerve (P < 0.001), greater and lesser occipital nerve (P < 0.001), auriculotemporal nerve (P = 0.015)).
This study revealed the failure rate for zygomaticotemporal nerve blocks was higher than that of the other nerve blocks. The zygomaticotemporal nerve is distributed deep below the surface of the skin and can have anomalies [5, 6]; therefore, it can be difficult to anesthetize using the anatomical landmark method. Patients often suffer headaches during AC, and as the zygomaticotemporal nerve is a nerve responsible for the sensation in the surrounding temple [6], it may be the cause of temporal pain during an AC.
To improve the success rate of the zygomaticotemporal nerve, further studies assessing different blocking techniques, such as using ultrasounds, are required in the future.
Availability of data and materials
They are available as an Excel® file upon reasonable request.
 1. 1.
 Costello TG, Cormack JR. Anaesthesia for awake craniotomy: a modern approach. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:16–9.
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 Darreul S, Martin S. Awake craniotomy: anesthetic considerations based on outcome evidence. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32:546–52.
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 Sato T, Okumura T, Nishiwaki K. Preanesthesia scalp blocks reduce intraoperative pain and hypertension in the asleep-awake-asleep method of awake craniotomy: a retrospective study. J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109946.
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 Janis JE, Hatef DA, Thakar H, et al. The zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve: Part II. Anatomical variations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126:435–42.
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Author information
TS wrote the manuscript and contributed to the research conception and design, acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data. NK contributed to the drafting of the article. The two authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Takehito Sato.
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Our study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University Hospital (Approval number: 2020-0108). Because of the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent was waived.
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Not applicable.
Competing interests
All authors did not receive financial aid for this work and declare no conflicts of interest.
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Sato, T., Nishiwaki, K. Accuracy of landmark scalp blocks performed during asleep-awake-asleep awake craniotomy: a retrospective study. JA Clin Rep 7, 8 (2021).
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text:
Tags:The First Noel violin lesson,christmas music,how to play The First Noel in violin,Paul Huppert,_URL_
Grab video code:
Hi, this is Paul Huppert with OnlineLessonVideos.com. In this lesson we'll be working on the timeless Christmas tune The First Noel. It will be in the key of D major and we'll be covering two different octave ranges. I hope you enjoy the lesson.
Keep in mind when playing this arrangement of The First Noel that essentially we're using allegato stroke throughout or very singing like tone rather like if you have a paintbrush on your hand you want a lot of pliability or flexibility in the wrist and fingers which tends to soften the bow changes somewhat and make everything a little more seamless. Let's start at the beginning.
And here open A is perfectly fine. You can placendo a bit to this point as the down beat of measure seven and then after that you can taper finishing off the phrase.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Speech Trek
Speech Trek, is an AAUW California project that begins on the branch level with a speech tournament for local high school students and culminates with three top statewide finalists performing their five-minute speeches at the AAUW California convention/annual meeting in April. AAUW Morgan Hill participates by inviting high school students to participate in our own local contest.
Mission Statement
To promote understanding and communication of gender-equity issues among high school students through their research, preparation, and presentation of high-quality speeches, while promoting the value of public speaking as a life and leadership skill.
Speech Trek was established by AAUW CA in 2007. In 2009, it was renamed the Eleanor Stem Allen Memorial Speech Trek Contest in honor and memory of an AAUW member and teacher who recognized the importance of public speaking skills in teaching students about issues that matter to AAUW, and in gratitude to her family for providing ongoing financial support for the project.
 Morgan Hill Speech Trek
The Morgan Hill branch held its first annual Speech Trek contest in 2014. Contestants are limited to 5-6 minutes to express their thoughts on the given year's topic. (See contest details below.) Prizes are awarded to the top three contestants.
2020 Speech Trek winners. L-R: Margaret McCann (coach), Danielle Chaisson (3rd place, Sobrato HS), Diya Khandra (2nd place, Sobrato HS), Gelasia Tiwana (1st place, Sobrato HS), Joanne Rooney (contest organizer)
Why Speech Trek? From a a past participant
Why Speech Trek? From a a past participant
2020 winning speech, by Gelasia Tiwana
Speech Trek is open to all high school students in California. Girls and boys enrolled in any public or private high school, as well as home schooled students, are eligible to participate.
2020-21 Contest Details
Past contestants tell why Morgan Hill high school students should participate this year.


Learn_4) بلوکها و ایجاد مکانیزم با آنها,Blocks
Overview of sketch blocks
In many assembly designs, rigid shapes are repeated. You can use sketch blocks to capture such shapes as a fixed set, and place instances of the set where needed.
You can define nested sketch blocks and place flexible instances of these blocks. These flexible instances retain specified degrees of freedom that allow them to simulate kinematic subassemblies.
Sketch blocks are created in 2D part sketches and can be comprised only of sketch objects. Sketch block definitions are contained in the Blocks folder while sketch block instances reside under the parent sketch. You can control the appearance and format of block definitions and instances.
Use sketch blocks to represent components in your top-down design layout. After you create a sketch block, you can add instances of the block to your layout. This method for adding components in multiple locations in the design is quick and associative. Any changes to the block definition are propagated to all block instances.
دیدگاهتان را بنویسید
نشانی ایمیل شما منتشر نخواهد شد. بخش‌های موردنیاز علامت‌گذاری شده‌اند *


text:
[Breaking Down Wooo UT] 19 Lamps? Surprised at Odd Number [Part 6]
Nikkei Electronics Breakdown Team started analyzing the ultrathin backlight unit. After observing the optical sheets, we looked into the light source.
The thickness of an LCD panel greatly depends on what light source and what locating method are employed. Hitachi explained it had employed an EEFL (external electrode fluorescent lamp), a kind of fluorescent tube, for the light source and used the "direct method," which locates the lamps behind the panel.
That gave us a hint. We thought we would surely find multiple lamps (EEFLs) under the optical sheets. To confirm it with our own eyes, we removed the four sheets and the diffuser panel. It certainly was the direct method. There was an array of slim lamps beneath the display.
"What? Nineteen?" cried an engineer, breaking the silence of the Breakdown Team, which was impressed that the sight was exactly as expected.
Apparently, 19 lamps were used in it. We heard most 32-inch LCD TVs use 10 to 14 lamps. Is the engineer being amazed at the larger number of lamps in there? To reduce the thickness of a backlight unit, however, it is a sure formula to increase the number of lamps.
The engineer continued, "An odd number of lamps is rare."
I see. He was surprised that the odd number of lamps was used.
The engineer began to guess why Hitachi had chosen to use the odd number of lamps.
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] Hitachi's 35mm LCD TV Arrives [Part 1]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] 'It's So Simple' - Rear Chassis Removed [Part 2]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] Mysterious Cream-colored Sheet [Part 3]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] 'Stunned' by Ultrathin Power Board [Part 4]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] '4 Sheets' in Ultrathin Backlight [Part 5]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Two Single-Phase And One Sum of Phases
See MS-18-WNB-Pulse-Option-2N1.pdf for a detailed explanation.
Option 2N1 specifies two single-phase outputs and one sum-of-phases output. Specifically, the pulse output channels P1, P2, and P3 report the following:
- P1 – Phase A positive real energy
- P2 – Phase B positive real energy
- P3 – Positive real energy (sum of all phases: A, B, and C)
The primary application for this model is in cases where you might be monitoring two single-phase branch circuits or one multi-phase (two or three) circuit, but you aren't sure of the mixture of single-phase to multi-phase circuits and don't want to have to pre-order some regular Pulse WattNode models and some with Option P3. With Option 2N1, one WattNode Pulse model can be used for monitoring either two single-phase circuits or one multi-phase circuit, simplifying ordering, stocking, and installation.
As with other Pulse WattNode models and options, each monitoring phase can be connected to the same or different mains phases. For example, you might connect phase A to L1 and phase B to L2. Or, you might connect phase A, B, and C to L1 to monitor three different branches all powered from L1. The only requirement is that all three phases have the same nominal line-to-neutral voltage and that you make sure to match the current transformer (CT) monitored phases to the mains phases (i.e. don't connect phase A to L1, but then put the CT around an L2 conductor or vice versa).
This option is intended for use with wye models of the WattNode meter (those containing "-3Y" in the model number).


text: [en] Hydrothermal vent environments, particularly those associated with the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila, are believed to be among the highest chitin-producing systems. In order to elucidate the chitin cycle in these environments, we estimate the in situ chitin degradation rates of tube-worm exoskeletons. Our in situ experiments show that the tubes of Riftia are highly stable structures. Comparative measurements of the degradation rates of Riftia tubes and crab shells immersed at deep-sea vents show that the tubes would be degraded within 2.5 years, whereas the time for the total degradation of the vent crab (Bythograea thermydron) carapaces would not exceed 36 days. The importance of the microbial participation in this degradation was estimated for Riftia tubes. Based on previous work, we calculated chitin production by a population of Riftia tubes of about 750 g m(-2) year(-1) (763). From our in situ experiments, we estimated a microbial chitinolysis rate of about 500 g m(-2) year(-1) (496) (65% of the chitin produced). Exoskeletons containing beta-chitin appear more stable in natural environments than those containing alpha-chitin and would thus be less available as carbon and nitrogen sources. In contrast, isolated beta-chitin was hydrolysed faster than alpha-chitin during in vitro degradation experiments; for instance, Riftia beta-chitin was degraded about 3- to 4-fold faster than Bythograea alpha-chitin. A stabilization process by disulfide bonds of the proteins-chitin link, rather than the crystalline form of the chitin (alpha/beta), accounts for the resistance of Riftia tubes to enzymatic attacks.


text: In new product designs increasing effort is needed to observe and prove failure mechanisms or process marginalities. For advanced failure analysis Soft Defect Localization (SDL) and Time Resolved Emission (TRE) [2,3] have now become a standard analysis method. Both techniques require a close co-operation between designers and analysts. In this paper we will discuss a comprehensive study to find the mechanism behind a speed problem in the digital part of an audio signal processor. The additional delay was related to unwanted routing through poly-silicide in timing critical circuitry.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: The U-Pb thermochronology of titanite, apatite, and rutile from a crustal profile through a Mesozoic magmatic arc in Fiordland, New Zealand, is used to constrain the timing and duration of significant vertical movements during arc construction and evolution. Titanite data from deep-crustal (12–13 kbar) basement and cover rocks of central Fiordland imply that contractional arc thickening (∼25 km) occurred by 111.1–113.4 Ma, within a few million years of a major phase of midto deep-crustal magmatism. This finding suggests that this cycle of magmatism, arc thickening, and high-grade metamorphism occurred in ≤6.2 m.y. In contrast to rapid burial, significant unroofing of the central Fiordland granulites was more protracted, requiring an additional 40–45 m.y. These new data are consistent with continued residence of the granulites in thickened arc crust for 15–20 m.y., with subsequent major unroofing recorded by rutile cooling to <450 °C by ca. 70 Ma. Such temporal constraints are essential for comprehensive models of the growth, modification, and unroofing of magmatic arc systems.


text:
O estatuto da reflexão em Sartre
Souza, Luiz Henrique Alves de
MetadataShow full item record
The reflection is the fundamental method in Phenomenology. And that isn t different considering Sartre s thought: only through the reflexive method his philosophy is possible. But reflection isn t an infallible process at all: your reach and rights must be investigated. So a phenomenology and an ontology of reflection must be done to determine in what way is possible a phenomenology and an ontology through reflection. Thus also determines itself the relation of reflection with the relieve methods and to morals character of reflection.


text:
Palace of HolyroodhouseEdit profile
Holyrood Palace is built beside the earlier Holyrood Abbey where Kings of Scotland were crowned. The abbey, the remains of which can still be seen (to the left of the Palace) was built by King David I in 1128. Much altered over the centuries, reroofing in 1758 with stone slab caused the vaulting to collapse ten years later. The abbey has been a ruin ever since.
In the 15th century, the Abbot's guest house became used by the Kings of Scotland as their Edinburgh residence in prefernce to Edinburgh castle which was deemed uncomfortable. In the 16th century it became the main Royal residence with the abbey becoming the Chapel Royal.
The Palace as we see it today, is a product of the late 17th century. It was rebuilt as a Viceregal Residence. The Palace has two eleborate gateways, one to the bottom of the Royal Mile and another leading towards Arthur's Seat. Still in use today, the Palace is open to the public and is the official residence in Scotland of Her Majesty The Queen. During The Queen's Holyrood week, which usually runs from the end of June to the beginning of July, Her Majesty carries out a wide range of official engagements in Scotland.


1. 首页
 2. 易语言 - EasyLanguage
 3. 设定分析技术，只能在某台电脑上运行 Restricting access to a PC
本文描述如何实现让您的分析技术只能在某一太电脑上运行。 This page describes how to restrict studies so that they can only be run on a particular PC. To restrict your code fully you need to add this functionality and then see the Protecting EasyLanguage Code page.
Using the CustomerID allows you to restrict access to one account. However, that account holder can still use the code on multiple computers. The Network ID allows you to restrict access to EL code to a specific computer.
The first thing to do is get the Network ID from the person you will be sending the strategy/indicator to. The Network ID is found from the main 'Help' menu, under 'About TradeStation x.x'…
Access to the Network ID is not available directly from EasyLanguage. But here is a DLL that will return the Network ID to an EasyLanguage program.
This DLL can be placed in your computer's equivalent to this subdirectory: \WINDOWS\system32\. If preferred, it can also be placed into your \TradeStation (Build WXYZ)\Program\ subdirectory.
The DLL function ELNETWORKID can be called using EasyLanguage code like the following:
external: "ELNetwork.dll", int, "ELNETWORKID", IEasyLanguageObject ;
 MyNetworkID( 678910 ) ;
if CurrentBar = 1 then
 MyNetworkID = ELNetworkID( self ) ;
Plot1( MyNetworkID, "NetworkID" ) ;
Note that you put the Network ID in a variable (not an input) and you put the begin…end loop around your entire code (except the Inputs: and Variables: declarations).
The following code is not needed for EasyLanguage. It is the C++ code for the above DLL in case you're interested:
_TAG_ "C:\Program Files\TradeStation 8.1 (Build 3159)\Program\tskit.dll" no_namespace
BOOL __stdcall DllMain(HANDLE hModule,
 DWORD ul_reason_for_call,
 LPVOID lpReserved
 switch( ul_reason_for_call )
 return TRUE ;
int __stdcall ELNETWORKID( IEasyLanguageObject* pEL )
 return pEL->Platform->NetworkID ;
更新于 2020年5月15日


text:
Australia had the hottest summer on record earlier this year, and with an ever-increasing need for energy due to our growing population, the pressure placed on the electricity network grid continues to grow.
Defence organisations are always facing new challenges.
As the implementation of industry 4.0 technologies becomes a reality for more and more manufacturers, the full potential benefits these advancements have for the defence supply chain have yet to be realised.
'Perfect production' with zero breakdowns, zero defects and zero accidents may seem like a dream. But the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) approach is bringing manufacturers closer to making this a reality.
The biggest challenge faced by local government when implementing smart city initiatives is understanding the strategy to drive actions to practical benefits.
Councils are increasingly seeking out smarter asset management methods that improve resource allocation and ultimately public services.
The 2019 World Economic Forum (WEF) placed Australia 43rd out of 115 advanced economies ready to transition to renewable energy.
Nowadays our electricity bills, bank statements, and even government systems like Medicare are becoming paperless. It seems everyone is pushing for a paperless world, and the benefits extend far beyond the positive environmental impact, especially for industrial companies…
For more than thirty years, companies have widely adopted a Lean manufacturing mindset to continuously improve their operations. Now with the merger of digital and physical systems as part of the Industry 4.0 transition, businesses can use both ideas concepts to take operational excellence to a new level.


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Mothering › Mothering Forums › Mom › Parenting › Multicultural Families › How do you speak to your kids in many languages?
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How do you speak to your kids in many languages? - Page 2
post #21 of 25
I really think this is *so* dependent on the specific situation: on the languages used and on the personalities and talents of the parents and children.
I kind of agree with Taqah that 'just speaking' with one parent will usually not be enough for fluency. (Eclipsepearl I'd say that frequent trips to English-dominant areas fulfilled that extra-reinforcement need for your kids.)
I also think that the differences between languages are quite important. Teaching a widely used language like English or Spanish is a different ballgame than trying to teach a less common one. Availability of media (books DVDs etc), availability of speaking communities for exposure, and obvious motivation for the children to learn (vs the backlash of language rejection bc it is 'not-cool' to speak the language of your funny-sounding immigrant parent) are huge.
Also teaching a language that has many commonalities/cognates with the community language is different than teaching one with a totally different alphabet, grammar and vocab.
Eg a kid with one Spanish-speaking parent who is growing up in the US in a neighborhood with lots of Latinos might well become fluent with no more effort required from the parent than just using the language consistently. Another kid growing up in the same neighborhood with one Croatian parent... not so much.
post #22 of 25
Definitely going places where English is spoked have helped but it would have been possible without. We didn't spend enough time on each visit to make a huge difference but it helped psychologically. They often made slight improvements after each time but our language success was not solely dependent on those visits.
My children would still be fluent in English, even if we hadn't made so many trips, because that's the only language we use on a daily basis together. I personally know quite a few families where the child is fluent in only one parents' language.
Remember too, we are talking about the ability to speak the language. The example you gave of a Croatian child, perhaps growing up in N. America, would be a good example. They still can be fluent, if the Croatian speaking parent is consistent and tries to expose the child to the language through other mediums (books, DVD's, Skype, etc.)
The new technologies are really making this task so much easier! No more hunting down English language cassettes (just switch the DVD) and communication with friends and family is so much better than just 10 years ago.
If you took that child and placed him directly in a Croatian language school in Croatia, probably he would not be able to pick up the material right away nor would test at age level. I know mine would have difficulty if we suddenly moved to the States.
Most international parents at least make a few visits, if not, family come to visit them (especially in say, a refugee situation). Where I'm from, there are a lot of people originally from Iran. Their children still speak Farsi, even with only one parent from there but visits to that country are out of the question. So it's actually rare to have a child completely isolated from the culture and people of that language (although I'm sure it exists, I don't know any cases like that).
So success, if you measure it by the fact the child speaks the language, is possible. You may not have a completely, equally bilingual child as you would if you, for example, lived in Southern California or Texas and spoke Spanish. My kids don't have the level of vocabulary or the writing ability of American children their age. They also make mistakes children their ages wouldn't, but they speak English with an American accent. New words and writing ability are something that can be worked on later on.
The advantage children have when little is to learn to speak another language without an accent, without relying on their stronger language to communicate. I may have to listen to a whole minute of "the thing that you use to...that looks like..." because she doesn't know what an egg timer is called in English but she's explaining it without an accent in English.
post #23 of 25
I think it best if the both of you speak in your mother tongues to your children. They have an opportunity to grow up being trilingual. To this day I regret that my parents did not do this but instead just spoke English with me.
post #24 of 25
Originally Posted by Eclipsepearl View Post
You certainly can't just expect to speak a language to your child and expect that this will be enough.
LoL! I actually did just this. I spoke only English and always English to them. They were in normal French schooling. I did have plenty of videos, English language toys, books and we made frequent trips to the U.S. and England to reinforce it. I also joined organizations and participated in events, even if it was just to show them I wasn't the only one who spoke English in the world!
I only speak English to them, in public, in front of my non-English speaking parent. We're not rude and it's usually obvious what we're saying We don't have big conversations in front of French speakers and often switch to include anyone when we do say something interesting/funny/important.
I did put my kids in local schools. While it's a bilingual program, it's French and German. Only my son has had to take English and not until he was 10. He's kind of bored. Many think we're nuts but it worked. They're trilingual! Their English is not as good as their French but not far behind. None have accents.
So OPOL with only one person speaking the minority language can work. I have three little proofs of my efforts. You just have to stick to it.
Ditto to everything. Except my kids are only with me about 30% of the time, so they really have only one person in their life to speak English with (and learn English from) and not everyday by a long shot. (although when they were little, they were with me nonstop and heard English and learned to speak in English ahead of their other two languages).
Anyway, OPOL definitely works. My kids speak both of the local languages (their school is in Swedish which is a minority language in Finland, but their dad is part of that minority) as well as English, all fluently, and without an accent.
I strongly feel that you should conduct your relationship with your child in your mother tongue, period. My dad did not (he's from Iran), he just spoke English to me, and I have always wished he had spoken Farsi with me, as my Farsi is weak at best now that I don't have his mother around to speak with anymore (my grandmother never picked up English so she taught it to me when I was little). I think it really sucks to have a relationship with a parent with a language barrier between us.
To the OP, the only way to teach Russian to your child (if you are his only source of exposure to the language) is to be a purist about it. If you want him to learn English, it will need to be from elsewhere.
post #25 of 25
Had to laugh when I read that. Not to get OT but I know a guy here in France. He uses Swedish with the kids but since they're not growing up in Finland, they're not learning Finnish. So funny how they have to constantly explain that they're Finnish citizens but speak... Swedish lol!
I took Scandinavian Politics in college and they talked about the Swedish minority in Finland. It's held up as a model example of the treatment of a minority group... Anyway, when I met him, I saw him start to explain and I popped in with "Oh you're Swedish minority Finn!" and the look of relief that he did not, yet again, have to explain it all...
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Can someone explain the percentile function
This is a discussion on Can someone explain the percentile function within the Excel Questions forums, part of the Question Forums category; Dont know what it does and microsoft help doesnt help much. An example of how it calulates and whta its ...
 1. #1
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 Dont know what it does and microsoft help doesnt help much. An example of how it calulates and whta its used for would be great
 Thanks for the help
 2. #2
 MrExcel MVP Tom Urtis's Avatar
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 Percentile is not Excel's most-oftenly used function, so to anyone reading this, please chime in with where my understanding of it is incorrect.
 As you know, a percentile is a relative standing. It describes where a number (such as a student's test score, or a company's price earnings ratio) ranks among other students' test scores, or other companies' price earning ratios.
 The percentile function confuses some people, because it does not return a percentile rank. Instead, it returns the value of what a given percentile rank would be.
 Why would someone want to know what the Percentile rank would return? Usually, in order to set (or know ahead of time) a threshold of acceptability or rejection of a given percentile's rank among a range of numbers (such as test scores or PERs).
 Here's an example of how the Percentile function can be used, taken right out of Patrick Blattner's book, "Microsoft 2000 Functions in Practice" (which in my opinion, ranks in the 80th percentile of Excel books...I've read worse, but not bad):
 Range D5:D16 contains the price earnings ratios of 12 different companies. Those ratio numbers are (starting in D5) 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 22, 31, 34, 38, 60.
 In F6 is a percentile number that you enter. Let's say you enter the number 0.7, to represent 70%.
 The syntax is PERCENTILE(Range, xValue)
 In G6 you enter the formula
 =PERCENTILE(D5:D16,F6).
 This would return the number 28.3
 What G6 now demonstrates is that the price earnings ratio of 70% of the companies are less than 28.3, and the other 30% of the companies have a price earnings ratio of greater than 28.3.
 Hope this helps.
 3. #3
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 Since QUARTILE is just a specialized version of PERCENTILE... the 1st quartile is equivalent to the 25th percentile and the 3rd quartile is equivalent to 75th percentile... perhaps, you'd be interested in the algorithm used for calculation of the QUARTILE function. If so, see _URL_
 [ This Message was edited by: Mark W. on 2002-04-16 07:33 ]
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text:
The municipal project of retrofitting the Połczyńska Park+Ride will have a total budget of nearly US$ 1 million. It shall comprise the following main elements:
- 1) Installing photovoltaic modules producing clean electricity (up to 192 kWp in total);
- 2) Installing a heat pump producing clean heat energy and construction of heating installation;
- 3) Modernising electric installations, internal lighting and external lighting (with the addition of LED lamps);
- 4) Constructing 4 charging points for electric vehicles (22 kW each);
- 5) Constructing an energy bank for storage of electricity;
- 6) Installing a energy management system;
- 7) Initialising an educational programme for citizens about sustainable transportation and related developments;
- 8) Creating new connection to the local electric grid;
- 9) Building a rainwater retention tank and green spaces.
What is the project? How does it work?
This retrofitting project will include and integrate innovative solutions that are so far unprecedented in Poland and rarely achieved across the world. These solutions will not only reduce GHG emissions and air pollutants, but will also help the city adapt to climate change thanks to the project's rainwater retention.
The project will mainly comprise of investments made into the physical structures supporting transportation infrastructure, new buildings and better energy efficiency. In addition, it will also deliever "soft" measures as well in the form of an educational programme to inform the public on these technical solutions.
The developments planned for the Połczyńska are planned to function as a synergetic whole. The clean renewable energy produced by the site's PV modules shall assist in powering EV chargers, as well as other on-site installations. However, since solar energy is not available 24/7, its storage in the energy bank will be critical for the better balancing between the supply and consumption of electricity.
The integrated management system connecting all installations on-site are present to ensure that energy is not wasted, but rather utilised in the most efficient manner possible.
What are the CO2 reduction goals?
The retrofitying of the Połczyńska Park+Ride site will be completed in 2022. Therefore, the project will reduce CO2 emissions by 33 tonnes per year starting in 2023.
This project will act as a testbed for future retrofitting plans at all other 15 Park+Rides already operational in Warsaw, as well as at upcoming sites in the city.
Fig. 1: Graphic of the planned parking site
Air and Climate Department, City of Warsaw
Tel. +48 22 325 96 00
Director Marcin Morawski _EMAIL_
Deputy Director Jacek Kisiel _EMAIL_
ZTM Public Transport Authority, City of Warsaw
Tel. +48 22 45 94 323
Jacek Bogusz _EMAIL_
- September 2019
- Initial Investments
- US$ 13,200 in 2020 (for preparatory works), US$ 263,250 in 2021 and US$ 697,600 in 2022. Total budget: US$ 974,050.
- Financial Savings
- Around US$ 10,000 per annum (including income from charging fee for electric vehicles that is under consideration)


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"milne" family name, ancestry, and history
Milne is a surname of Scottish origin, and may refer to: In military: * Sir Alexander Milne, 1st Baronet, British admiral * Archibald Berkeley Milne (1855–1938), admiral of the Royal Navy * Sir David Milne, British admiral * Duncan Grinnell-Milne (1896–1973), English First World War pilot * George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, British field marshal * John Theobald Milne, English first world war flying ace * MacGillivray Milne, United States Navy Captain, and the 27th Governor of American Samoa * William Johnstone Milne, Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross In science: * Edward Arthur Milne, British mathematician and astrophysicist * John Milne, English geologist * William Grant Milne (?–1866), Scottish botanist * James Stuart Milne American mathematician In politics: * Charles Black Milne (1879–1935), Scottish politician, Unionist Party Member of Parliament for West Fife * Christine Milne, Australian politician * David Milne (Ontario politician) * Duane Milne, Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 167th legislative district * Eddie Milne (1915–1983), British Labour Party Member of Parliament for Blyth, later re-elected as an independent candidate * John Milne (politician) (1839–1922), Canadian Senator and businessman * John Wardlaw-Milne (1879–1922), British Conservative Party politician * Lance Milne (?–1996), Australian Democrats member of the South Australian Legislative Council * Lorna Anne Milne, Canadian senator * Michael John Milne, 34th Baron of Corstorphine * Nanette Milne, Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party politician * Robert Milne (Canadian politician) (1881–1953), Member of Parliament * Ross Milne (Canadian politician) (born 1932), retired Canadian politician * Sir William Milne (politician) (1822–1895), Australian politician * William Ross Milne, Canadian politician In literature: * A. A. Milne, author of Winnie the Pooh * Carly Milne, Canadian writer * Christian Milne (1773–?), Scottish poetess of the Romantic Era * Christopher Robin Milne, son of A. A. Milne, appearing as Christopher Robin in Winnie the Pooh * Drew Milne, British poet and academic * Ewart Milne, Irish poet who was in the Spanish Civil War * Mary Christianna Milne Lewis, a popular British mystery writer and children's author who wrote as Christianna Brand * Robert Duncan Milne (1844–1899), American science fiction writer In sports: * Alec Milne, Scottish footballer who played for Cardiff City * Alec Milne (footballer born 1889), footballer who played in the Football League for Doncaster Rovers and Stoke * Andrew Milne (born 1990), professional footballer * Arthur Milne (footballer) (1915–1997), Scottish association football player, played for Dundee United, Hibs and St. Mirren * Athol Milne, former Australian rules footballer who played with University * Billy Milne, Scottish footballer who played for Arsenal * Brian Milne (born 1973), former American football fullback in the National Football League * Callum Milne (born 1965), Scottish former footballer who played as a right back * Cordy Milne (1914–1937), American motorcycle speedway rider * David Milne (rugby league), Australian Rugby League player * David Milne (rugby union), former Scottish international rugby union player * Elizabeth Milne (born 1990), New Zealand football player who represented her country * Fiona Milne, Canadian rower * Gordon Milne (born 1937), English former footballer and football manager * Herbert Milne (born 1884), Australian rules footballer * Iain Milne (born 1958), former Scotland rugby union footballer * Jack Milne (1907–1995), international speedway rider * Jimmy Milne (football), Scotland player and manager * Kenny Milne (rugby union) (born 1961), former Scotland rugby union player who was capped 39 times * Kenny Milne (born 1979), Scottish professional footballer playing for Scunthorpe United * Lachie Milne (born 1978), Australian slalom canoer who has competed since the mid 2000s * Leslie Milne (born 1956), former field hockey player from the United States * Malcolm Milne (born 1948), former Australian Olympic skier * Pete Milne, former Major League Baseball outfielder * Ralph Milne, Scottish footballer who played for Dundee United and Manchester United * Ray Milne, former Scottish–U.S. soccer defender * Riley Milne, Australian rules footballer currently playing for the Hawthorn Hawks * Robert Milne (footballer), Scottish-born footballer who played for Ireland * Ross Milne, Australian Olympic downhill skier * Shawn Milne (born 1981), American road bicycle racer * Stephen Milne, Australian rules footballer * Steven Milne (footballer) (born 1980), Scottish footballer * Vic Milne (1897–1971), footballer who played Aston Villa * Wilfred Milne (born 1899), English former professional footballer * William Milne (sport shooter) (born 1852), British sport shooter who competed in the Olympic Games In other fields: * Alasdair Milne, former Director-General of the BBC * Alex Milne, a comic book artist * Alexander Milne, British civil servant * Alexander Milne, entrepreneur * Andy Milne, Canadian jazz pianist and composer now based in New York * Anna-Louise Milne, specialist of Twentieth Century Parisian History and Culture * Bruce Milne (born 1957), Australian music entrepreneur closely linked to the Melbourne post-punk scene * Christopher Milne (born 1950), Australian actor and award winning writer * Dan Milne, British actor/director who is possibly best known for his role in EastEnders * David Brown Milne (1882–1953), artist * David Milne (artist) (1882–1953), Canadian painter * Ethel Marian Milne, mother of singing legend Judy Garland * Glenn Milne, a News Ltd journalist and vice-president of the National Press Club of Australia * Hamish Milne, a British pianist and a professor of Music * Lawrence Arabia, real name James Milne, solo artist and bassist for Okkervil River * James Lees-Milne (1908–1997), English writer and expert on country houses * Jennifer Keeler-Milne (born 1961), Australian contemporary artist * Jimmy Milne (trade unionist), STUC General Secretary * John Alden Milne, filmmaker * John Milne (journalist), retired BBC Scotland presenter * Joshua Milne (1776–1851), English actuary * Kevin Milne (born 1949), New Zealand television presenter * Leslie Milne (anthropologist) (1860–1932), English lady who traveled extensively and wrote about the ethnic peoples of the Shan State in Northern Burma * Paula Milne, British screenwriter who has been active since the 1970s * Robert Lyon (Australian settler), advocate of Australian Aboriginal rights (born Robert Milne) * Robert Milne (telecommunications consultant), see Inmos * Ronald Milne (born 1957), British librarian and administrator * Seumas Milne (born 1958), British journalist and writer * Stewart Milne (born 1950), successful businessman from Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland * Tom Milne (1926–2005), British film critic * Walter Milne (died 1558), the last Protestant martyr to be burned in Scotland * William Milne (missionary) (1782–1834), British Protestant missionary to China * William J. Milne (educator) (1843–1914), American educator
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text: At present, several countries, such as Germany and India, have employed a pool testing method on the nucleic acid testing of COVID-19 for the shortage of detection kits. In this method, the testing is performed on several samples of the cases together as a bunch. If the test result of the bunch is negative, then it is shown that none of the cases in the bunch has been infected with the novel coronavirus. On the contrary, if the test result of the bunch is positive, then the samples are tested one by one to confirm which cases are infected. We verified that the pool testing method of COVID-19 is effective in the situation of the shortage of nucleic acid detection kits based on probabilistic modeling. Moreover, the following interesting results are also obtained. (1) If the infection rate is extremely low, while the same number of detection kits are used, the expected number of cases that can be tested by the pool testing method is far more than that by the one-by-one testing method. (2) The pool testing method is effective only when the infection rate is less than 0.3078. While the infection rate decreases from 0.3078 to 0.0018, the optimal sample sizes in one bunch increases from 3 to 25. In general, the higher the infection rate, the smaller the optimal sample size in one bunch. (3) If N samples are tested by the pool testing method, while the sample size in one bunch is G, the number of detection kits required is in the interval (N/G, N). Additionally, the lower the infection rate, the fewer detection kits are needed. Therefore, the pool testing method is not only suitable for the situation of the shortage of detection kits, but also the situation of the overall or sampling detection for a large population.


text:
This is an alpha release and should NOT be used with worlds you intend to keep.
Added Tilt pages. These can be used with the new "Tinted Sun" page to tilt the sun's trajectory through the sky.
Added a new "Tinted Sun" page. This page is meant to replace the default "Normal Sun" page, though you can keep both pages available. They are each just as likely to be chosen by the Mystcraft grammar filler. A Tinted Sun is very similar to a Normal Sun, but is accepts several more modifiers:
- Color pages can be used to color the sun.
- Size pages can be used to specify the size. It only accepts one page: mini, small, medium, large, and huge.
- Tilt pages can be used to tilt the sun's trajectory through the sky. There will still be a 180° angle between the rising and setting points, just like a Normal Sun. Mutilple tilt pages can be combined to make a custom tilt. "No Tilt" is equal to 0°, "Half Tilt" is equal to 45°, and "Full Tilt" is equal to 90°.


sppn.info Laws Basic Computer Knowledge Books Pdf
BASIC COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE BOOKS PDF
Saturday, June 15, 2019
And there's over 30 books to choose from. do together-. Basic. The PDF version of the Computer Knowledge Virus Tutorial should be.. r Macro r Companion r. PDF | 4 hours read | On Nov 9, , Jeleel Adekunle ADEBISI and others published FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER STUDIES. Book · November with , Reads 5. to know some basic things about the computer and the world. INTRO personal information from being sent out without your knowledge. The software is the instructions that makes the computer work. Software is held either on your computers hard disk, CD-ROM,. DVD or on a diskette (floppy disk) .
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Take advantage of this course called Basic Computer course book download to improve your Others skills and better understand computer. A computer is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and A computer system (fig) consists of mainly four basic units; namely Basic computer Organization b. .. Internet, or people in your address book, search for. Arihant Computer Awareness in PDF Free download Arihant COMPUTER AWARENESS की LEARN, REVISE PRACTICE लेकर आए है यह book IBPS, SBI (BANK PO Basic Computer Knowledge in Hindi PDF Download.
Hardware is any part of the computer that you can touch. The seeming miles of wires that get tangled on your desk, the CD drive, the monitor are all hardware. Software is a set of electronic instructions consisting of complex codes Programs that make the computer perform tasks.
Windows is a software, so is any other program that runs on your computer. While there are thousands of parts even in the smallest computers that make up its hardware, you are not required to know them all. You only need to know about basic computer hardware. Basic computer hardware consists of the following parts: 1.
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It performs all types of data processing operations, stores data, intermediate results and instructions program.
It controls the operation of all parts of computer. A CPU has 3 components as listed below. The ALU thinks in bits i. It is made up of a group of memory locations built directly into the CPU called registers.
These are used to hold the data binary information that are being processed by the current instruction. C Memory Primary memory is memory that is part of the computer itself and necessary for its functioning.
As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. RAM is volatile. Volatile means that the data stored in memory is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. There are different types of RAM available. Some of them are described below. The term dynamic indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed or it loses its contents.
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This type of memory is more economical. The term static is derived from the fact that it does not need to be refreshed like DRAM. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture.
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A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. The different types of ROM are given below. The MROM cannot be programmed by the user. EPROM is erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds. Secondary Storage External Storage Devices Floppy diskettes, hard disk, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external storage devices or ancillary storage devices. These devices are very sensitive to environmental conditions humidity and temperature as well as to external magnetic fields and need to be stored carefully.
Information on a floppy disk is recorded in the magnetized states of particles of iron oxides evenly placed upon concentric circles known as tracks. It contains a stack of metal platters, each coated with iron oxide, that spin on a spindle and the entire unit is encased in a sealed chamber. C Magnetic Tape This is plastic tape, usually made of Mylar that is coated with iron oxide, thereby enabling the introduction writing ; retention memory and reading of magnetically recorded information. Icons A tiny picture that represents a program, folder, or program function.
There is a bar that is usually at the bottom of the desktop, however it may also be on any other side. If you cannot see it, then move the cursor to the edge where it is and it will come up. It is called the task-bar. Taskbar The taskbar is the bar along one side of the desktop. It is used for launching programs or opening the window of an open program. This area is called the system tray.
On the main part of the task-bar there is sometimes a small group of icons, this is called the quick-launch bar. Clicking on one of these icons opens whatever it represents. On the opposite side of the task-bar from the clock and the system tray is a button. A button or command button is just like a real button, when it is pushed clicked it does something.
Some buttons have text on them that say what they do, and some have icons representing what they do. Some have both. Command Buttons Buttons do something when you click on them. They may be labeled by text, an icon, or both. The quick-launch icons are also buttons. Some buttons are raised to look like real buttons and some only raise up when you hover put the cursor on top of them. The button on the other side of the start-bar from the clock and system tray is called the start-button.
When you click the start-button it opens the start-menu. The start-menu has icons for more programs and data collections, although it is usually programs.
Start button The Start button is a button that opens the start-menu. Start menu The Start menu contains icons for all installed programs and data collections, usually for programs. The icons that are on the desktop, the quick-launch bar, and the start-menu are usually shortcuts. On the desktop shortcuts are often indicated by a small symbol on top of the icon. Icons represent all data collections and programs even if they are not shortcuts, however normally the ones on the desktop and in the start-menu are shortcuts.
Shortcuts Icons that are only links to the things those icons represent. The difference between icons and shortcuts is important so be sure you understand it. An icon is any picture that is meant to convey what something is.
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The icon on the start-button represents the fact that it is a major part of Windows, which is why it is a Windows logo. Shortcuts are a link to a program or data collection; the icon on a shortcut represents whatever the shortcut opens, however the same icon would be on the real thing as well.
A Venn Diagram can maybe better show this, see Figure 2. You open whatever is linked to by each shortcut on the start-menu by clicking on it.
If any icon has a right-arrow beside it, then hovering over it or clicking on it will make a sub-menu a menu inside a menu come out with more shortcuts on it. Everything we just talked about is part of the Windows interface. An interface is just anything that goes between two or more things. This interface goes between you and the computer, you could also say that the Operating System is the interface between the hardware and software. Interface An interface, just as the name suggests, is anything that acts as or creates a medium of interaction or communication between multiple things.
A user-interface is the means of interaction between you the user and the computer. There are some standard things that are on most user-interfaces.
We have already talked about one, buttons. These things are called controls. Below is a table of some of the more common controls, starting with buttons: Name of control and picture Description Buttons also called command buttons do something when clicked.
You might also like: BEGINNING VISUAL BASIC EBOOK
Check box A check box turns something on or off. There is a check in the box if it is on, to change it click on it. Text box Also called edit boxes, these boxes let you type text in them.Secondary Storage External Storage Devices Floppy diskettes, hard disk, tapes and optical disks come under the category of external storage devices or ancillary storage devices.
How to design and implement a stripped-down version of an interpreter for the BASIC language was covered in articles by Allison in the first three quarterly issues of the People's Computer Company newsletter published in and implementations with source code published in Dr.
We hope this article helped you to find the best book for getting you started with computer programming.
Top 5 Best Computer Programming Books For Beginners
It controls the operation of all parts of computer. The most common replacement Operating System is called Linux. The Apple II and TRS each had two versions of BASIC, a smaller introductory version introduced with the initial releases of the machines and a more advanced version developed as interest in the platforms increased.
D Printer Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
This section should help students who are not familiar with the basic concepts to understand the rest of this document. This interface goes between you and the computer, you could


FileType Field
FileType Field
The FileType represents a file input in your form.
Rendered as input file field
Options
Overridden options
Inherited options
Parent type FormType
Class FileType
Basic Usage
Say you have this form definition:
use Symfony\Component\Form\Extension\Core\Type\FileType;
// ...
$builder->add('attachment', FileType::class);
When the form is submitted, the attachment field will be an instance of UploadedFile. It can be used to move the attachment file to a permanent location:
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use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;
public function uploadAction()
{
 // ...
 if ($form->isSubmitted() && $form->isValid()) {
 $someNewFilename = ...
 $file = $form['attachment']->getData();
 $file->move($directory, $someNewFilename);
 // ...
 }
 // ...
}
The move() method takes a directory and a file name as its arguments. You might calculate the filename in one of the following ways:
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// use the original file name
$file->move($directory, $file->getClientOriginalName());
// compute a random name and try to guess the extension (more secure)
$extension = $file->guessExtension();
if (!$extension) {
 // extension cannot be guessed
 $extension = 'bin';
}
$file->move($directory, rand(1, 99999).'.'.$extension);
Using the original name via getClientOriginalName() is not safe as it could have been manipulated by the end-user. Moreover, it can contain characters that are not allowed in file names. You should sanitize the name before using it directly.
Read How to Upload Files for an example of how to manage a file upload associated with a Doctrine entity.
Field Options
multiple
type: Boolean default: false
When set to true, the user will be able to upload multiple files at the same time.
Overridden Options
compound
type: boolean default: false
This option specifies whether the type contains child types or not. This option is managed internally for built-in types, so there is no need to configure it explicitly.
data_class
type: string default: File
This option sets the appropriate file-related data mapper to be used by the type.
empty_data
type: mixed default: null
This option determines what value the field will return when the submitted value is empty.
Inherited Options
These options inherit from the FormType:
disabled
type: boolean default: false
If you don't want a user to modify the value of a field, you can set the disabled option to true. Any submitted value will be ignored.
error_bubbling
type: boolean default: false unless the form is compound
If true, any errors for this field will be passed to the parent field or form. For example, if set to true on a normal field, any errors for that field will be attached to the main form, not to the specific field.
error_mapping
type: array default: []
This option allows you to modify the target of a validation error.
Imagine you have a custom method named matchingCityAndZipCode() that validates whether the city and zip code match. Unfortunately, there is no "matchingCityAndZipCode" field in your form, so all that Symfony can do is display the error on top of the form.
With customized error mapping, you can do better: map the error to the city field so that it displays above it:
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public function configureOptions(OptionsResolver $resolver)
{
 $resolver->setDefaults([
 'error_mapping' => [
 'matchingCityAndZipCode' => 'city',
 ],
 ]);
}
Here are the rules for the left and the right side of the mapping:
 - The left side contains property paths;
 - If the violation is generated on a property or method of a class, its path is the propertyName;
 - If the violation is generated on an entry of an array or ArrayAccess object, the property path is [indexName];
 - You can construct nested property paths by concatenating them, separating properties by dots. For example: addresses[work].matchingCityAndZipCode;
 - The right side contains the names of fields in the form.
By default, errors for any property that is not mapped will bubble up to the parent form. You can use the dot (.) on the left side to map errors of all unmapped properties to a particular field. For instance, to map all these errors to the city field, use:
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$resolver->setDefaults([
 'error_mapping' => [
 '.' => 'city',
 ],
]);
label
type: string default: The label is "guessed" from the field name
Sets the label that will be used when rendering the field. Setting to false will suppress the label. The label can also be directly set inside the template:
 - Twig
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 {{ form_label(form.name, 'Your name') }}

 - PHP
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 echo $view['form']->label(
 $form['name'],
 'Your name'
 );

label_attr
type: array default: []
Sets the HTML attributes for the <label> element, which will be used when rendering the label for the field. It's an associative array with HTML attribute as a key. This attributes can also be directly set inside the template:
 - Twig
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 {{ form_label(form.name, 'Your name', {
 'label_attr': {'class': 'CUSTOM_LABEL_CLASS'}
 }) }}

 - PHP
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 echo $view['form']->label(
 $form['name'],
 'Your name',
 ['label_attr' => ['class' => 'CUSTOM_LABEL_CLASS']]
 );

label_format
type: string default: null
Configures the string used as the label of the field, in case the label option was not set. This is useful when using keyword translation messages.
If you're using keyword translation messages as labels, you often end up having multiple keyword messages for the same label (e.g. profile_address_street, invoice_address_street). This is because the label is build for each "path" to a field. To avoid duplicated keyword messages, you can configure the label format to a static value, like:
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// ...
$profileFormBuilder->add('address', AddressType::class, [
 'label_format' => 'form.address.%name%',
]);
$invoiceFormBuilder->add('invoice', AddressType::class, [
 'label_format' => 'form.address.%name%',
]);
This option is inherited by the child types. With the code above, the label of the street field of both forms will use the form.address.street keyword message.
Two variables are available in the label format:
%id%
A unique identifier for the field, consisting of the complete path to the field and the field name (e.g. profile_address_street);
%name%
The field name (e.g. street).
The default value (null) results in a "humanized" version of the field name.
Note
The label_format option is evaluated in the form theme. Make sure to update your templates in case you customized form theming.
mapped
type: boolean default: true
If you wish the field to be ignored when reading or writing to the object, you can set the mapped option to false.
required
type: boolean default: true
If true, an HTML5 required attribute will be rendered. The corresponding label will also render with a required class.
This is superficial and independent of validation. At best, if you let Symfony guess your field type, then the value of this option will be guessed from your validation information.
Note
The required option also affects how empty data for each field is handled. For more details, see the empty_data option.
Form Variables
Variable Type Usage
type string The type variable is set to file, in order to render as a file input field.
This work, including the code samples, is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.


text:
The availability of suitable building material was of great importance to Nebraska's pioneer settlers. Here in Jefferson County, native limestone was used for building and the stone was burned in kilns to produce lime for mortar and whitewash. The U.S. Army reportedly operated the first kiln in this area during the 1848 construction of Fort Kearny on the Platte. During the 1870's and 1880's, the limestone industry flourished in Jefferson County and numerous kilns and quarries were located near here.
The limekiln which survives on this site was built in 1874 by Woral C. Smith who had settled in the county the previous year. Much of the limestone from Smith's quarries was used locally, but after the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad built a siding to the kiln, limestone products were shipped throughout the region. In 1876, Smith constructed the nearby house with limestone from his quarters.
Today, commercial limestone production continues in several areas of Nebraska. Although the old limekilns have largely disappeared, the Smith kiln and limestone house remain as examples of this important pioneer industry.
Jefferson County Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
US 136 west of Fairbury


text:
Phillipson C, Bernard M, Phillips J & Ogg J (1999) Older people's experiences of community life: Patterns of neighbouring in three urban areas. Sociological Review, 47 (4), pp. 715-743. _URL_
This paper examines changes to the community life of older people living in three urban areas of England: Bethnal Green, Wolverhampton and Woodford. All three were the subject cf classic community studies in the 1940s and 1950s, these providing rich material about the lives of groups such as elderly people. Using this earlier research as a baseline, the paper presents data on how the experience cf living in urban neighbourhoods has changed for older people in the intervening years. The article reviews the relationship between elderly people and their neighbours, drawing on quantitative as well as qualitative data. In conclusion, the paper identifies a number of general arguments pointing to the value of a community and locality perspective for understanding the impact of social changes on later life.
Sociological Review: Volume 47, Issue 4


text:
Preparing Vietnam for Malaria Elimination
Location(s): Viet Nam
Support the Vietnam National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE) to accelerate progress toward achieving Vietnam's national goal of malaria elimination. The project is directed towards:
1) Improving malaria intelligence (surveillance and data analysis/usage) in two districts (Quang Tri and Phu Yen).
2) Generating evidence to support informed decision‐making about both the use of existing control tools, and novel strategies to achieve and maintain malaria elimination in Vietnam.
3) Aligning and refining spatially‐targeted elimination strategies that can be scaled in Vietnam.
These project components will be examined through a diverse set of project activities, including retrospective data collection, use of spatial‐decision support systems, and a range of field surveys to determine high‐risk groups.


text:
Corrosion Failure of Aluminum Heat Exchanger Tubes
This paper investigates the corrosion failure of aluminum tubes on a heat exchanger user to remove heat from the windings of an electric motor. Only the tubes on the perimeter (bottom, top, and sides) at the air inlet location were affected, which is associated with the heat distribution. This investigation concludes that the observed corrosion on the tube is caused by increased chloride concentration from dry out or alternate wetting and drying of the protective aluminum oxide which breaks down, forming a saturated solution of aluminum chloride. The initial aqueous chloride solution is formed by condensation and the high salt content of the inlet air from a marine environment which is then gradually concentrated as it dried out due to heat from the hot nitrogen side of the tube, hence the observed white powder at the tube inlet and vicinity. The concentrated aluminum chloride with an acidic pH of approximately 3.5 becomes very corrosive to the aluminum tubes resulting in the observed pitting and intergranular corrosion. The failure may be seasonal, based on ambient air conditions and the operating temperature of the tube inlet end. Recommendations for prevention are fourfold: change of process/design e.g., dehumidification of the inlet air in order to prevent condensation on the outer tubes; change of material (e.g., use of Incoloy 625 tubes); application of internal coating to prevent condensation (e.g., blast cleaning and coating with a solvent-free epoxy); and replacement of corroded tubes with annual cleaning to remove salts. Selection of the preferred option should involve evaluation of the relative advantages/disadvantages.


Instruction book AUDI A1
 Audi MMI First steps General operation Other settings
Select: Function selector button MENU > control button Setup MMI > Language.
The language of texts shown on the MMI display and the driver information system as well as the language of the navigation guidance and speech dialogue system can be altered.
You can select the languages English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Czech, Russian and Polish.
The speech dialogue system does not support voice entries or commands in Czech or Polish Link.


Zinc Countertops: Pros and Cons
A zinc countertop is hip, trendy, and very cool. But is it worth the price?
Image: Mio Metals/Copperworks
Zinc is an industrial-looking countertop material that's got unique characteristics. Primarily, zinc develops a patina with age that some home owners really like.
Zinc reacts with water, fingerprints, lemon juice, and all sorts of other things that land on a kitchen counter. Eventually, the marks blend together and leave the countertop with a beautiful, dark blue-gray patina. But that can take a year — a long time if you cringe at seeing a spot.
Zinc is also bound to disappoint if you try to keep a shiny new look by polishing the countertop frequently. It's possible, but why do so much work? You'd be better off with stainless steel, since it stays shiny with no special effort.
What's Likeable About Zinc?
1. Zinc is a less-pristine alternative to stainless steel because it's a "living metal" that changes color over time in reaction to its surroundings.
2. It's naturally non-porous, so you can clean it with just soap and water.
3. It has anti-bacterial properties similar to copper, making it a great surface for prepping food.
4. The metal is easy to work with, so it's easy to include decorative edges in various shapes and styles. Fabricators also can create an integral zinc sink by welding parts together and grinding seams smooth, making cleanup a breeze.
What's Not to Like?
1. Zinc is soft, so it scratches easily if you cut directly on it. Be sure to have cutting boards handy.
2. It can warp if someone sets down a pot hotter than about 300 degrees (set down a red-hot iron pot and the zinc could melt). Be sure to tell guests not to set hot items on your zinc countertop! Keep trivets nearby.
3. Price is an eye-opener. A zinc countertop costs $150 to $200 per sq. ft., depending on the thickness of the metal (you'll want 15-gauge material that's at least.060 thick). Stainless steel costs less, and granite is even cheaper.
Other Cost Considerations
1. Zinc is an expensive material that's not for everybody. Make sure your decision to install a zinc countertop is in line with the style and features of other homes in your neighborhood. Less-expensive options may have a better return on your investment.
2. You'll pay an additional 10% to 15% installation charge for unusual or complex countertop shapes.
3. Be sure to get several bids before committing to a zinc countertop. Ask if your countertop fabricator has had experience making zinc countertops, and ask to see examples of their work. Try getting bids from sheet metal fabricators, not just companies that specialize in installing countertops.
4. Some zinc sheets are "seconds" — meaning they already have stains and discolorations. If that kind of patina isn't objectionable, you can save 10% to 20% on your countertop by opting for seconds.


Baroque, Loving It and Playing in Jakarta
By webadmin on 05:04 pm May 27, 2012
Category Archive
Katrin Figge
Never heard of Baroque music? Don't care much for classical music in general?
An upcoming performance by Le Poeme Harmonique, a chamber ensemble and orchestra formed in 1998, just might change your mind.
The ensemble was started by French lutist Vincent Dumestre, a musician who studied art history and classical guitar before turning his attention to the lute, Baroque guitar and theorbo, a plucked string instrument. After participating in concerts around the world, he decided to help revive early music by bringing together a group of talented musicians, and Le Poeme Harmonique was born.
For his efforts and hard work, Dumestre was named a "Young Talent of the Year" by acclaimed French music magazine Diaspon in 1999, one year after the ensemble was formed.
Le Poeme Harmonique uses rare instruments from past centuries and presents a vocal and instrumental repertoire of early music, with a special focus on the 17th and early 18th centuries. With musicians from different backgrounds and nationalities, the critically acclaimed ensemble has toured the world.
"This is total art, refined in the extreme, and wonderfully alive," French newspaper Le Monde once wrote of the group.
On Tuesday, Le Poeme Harmonique will take the stage in Indonesia for the first time. The ensemble will celebrate the Italian city of Venice, with music by Claudio Monteverdi and Francesco Manelli, both active during Baroque's golden age.
Baroque music, which began in the early 17th century and dominated for more than 150 years, is associated with renowned composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Antonio Vivaldi and Henry Purcell.
In Florence, a group of intellectuals known as the Florentine Camerata helped catalyze the movement when they came together during the late Renaissance and paved the way for new trends in music and drama, leading to the establishment of opera as a music genre.
Le Poeme Harmonique has dedicated itself to ensuring that Baroque music does not disappear, and perhaps finds its way to a broader audience.
Its Jakarta concert promises to be unique. The ensemble will perform on a stage bathed in candlelight, inviting audience members to take a stroll through Venetian castles and go on a gondola ride through the city's canals.
The concert is part of Le Printemps Francais (French Springtime), an annual festival organized by French cultural center Institut Francais d'Indonesie. The festival presents French art and cultural performances at different locations around the country and runs until July.


text: ||The application of Rubbersoil-Primer to fill slope protection against rainfall infiltration was first initiated in 2004. The engineering properties of Rubbersoil-SB, Rubbersoil-LGM and Rubbersoil-Primer were studied by the former researcher and the capability of Rubbersoils in protecting loose fill slopes were justified by the rainfall model test and a full scale field test in Sau Kei Wan. This thesis serves as a continuation to investigate the function of Rubbersoil-Primer as an interface material for controlling the hydraulic conditions of loose fill slopes and the engineering properties of a new Rubbersoil ------ Rubbersoil-Impermeable Primer were investigated in this thesis. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of Rubbersoil-Primer and Rubbersoil-Impermeable Primer ranging from unconfined compressive strength, saturated and unsaturated permeability, soil water characteristics to confined and unconfined shrinkage were studied by a series of laboratory tests. The performances of Rubbersoil fill slope under hypothetical and real rainfall condition were examined by the rainfall model test, numerical simulation and a full scale field test in Tuen Mun. In light of the fact that the soil-water characteristic (SWCC) measures the water storage capacity of the soil under a given soil suction and it is an essential hydraulic parameter for computing transient seepage in unsaturated soils, an indirect and a direct test making use of MIP (mercury intrusion porosiometry) and modified pressure plate were conducted to determine the SWCC of Rubbersoil-Primer of various densities. The measured SWCC together with the generated permeability functions were used as an input parameters for simulating the transient seepage analysis. Parametric study on the influences of the density and the thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer, the angle of slope inclination and the rainfall pattern on the pore water pressure distribution were performed. The numerical simulation results show that the matric suction of the loose fill soil can be maintained with the use of Rubbersoil-Primer over the density range from 1300 kg/m3 to 1700 kg/m3 and the pore water pressure distribution is found to be insensitive to the thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer. The numerical modeling results suggest that there is a room for reduction to the original design density and thickness of Rubbersoil-Primer..It is also found that there is no significant change in the pore water pressure distribution with respect to the change in the fill slope inclination and the matric suction of the fill soil is maintained under a 10 hour black rain event as well as a real rainfall event which triggered the 1976 Sau Mau Ping landslide. The capability of Rubbersoil-Primer in protecting fill slope under rainfall infiltration was also assured by the physical rainfall model test and the full scale field test. The matric suction of the loose fill soil was maintained over a 2 hour intense rainfall in the rainfall model test. The lateral and vertical settlements of the fill slope in Tuen Mun Ching Lung Nursery over 1 year monitoring period were also found to be far below the alert level.


text:
De Virgilio, the director of the general surgery residency program at Harbor-UCLA, notes that an anomaly in the researchers' findings is that students who received an "honor" recognition during their six to 12-week surgical clerkship were more likely to need remediation than students who did not receive that honor.
"That's counterintuitive," de Virgilio says, and may point to the need to re-evaluate the measures used to determine who such recognition. Also predictive of a student having to adhere to a remediation regimen was a relatively low score in the US Medical Licensing Examination, Step 1.
The fact that 31% of surgical residents needed additional help, however, puts a burden on these academic medical institutions.
The report looked at surgical resident training between 1999 and 2010 at Harbor-UCLA, the University of California Davis Medical Center, Loma Linda University, Stanford University, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, and the University of California Irvine Medical Center
The researchers wrote that the rate of remediation is of concern because it is several percentage points higher than similar studies of this type.


text:
Can LNG be replaced with Liquid Bio-Methane (LBM) in shipping?
As per today (2021), in total some 500 TWh bunker fuel is consumed within the shipping sector annually within EU waters and approximately 25 TWh of this (5%) is LNG (Liquefied natural gas). The fleet of LNG fuelled vessels has grown steadily since the first vessels were introduced around year 2000. Predictions and scenarios indicate that in a couple of years, it is likely that around 15 % of all bunker fuels consumed in shipping will be LNG.Through detailed analyses of present and planned production capacity combined with scenarios built for future potential bio- and electro-methane production, a possibility to replace large amounts of LNG in shipping can be seen from a Swedish perspective.
In total, the analysis shows a maximum scenario for LBM production (Liquefied Bio Methane) in Sweden year 2045 of nearly 30 TWh annually. This potential includes electro-methane production based on carbon dioxide that is naturally formed during the biogas digestion production process. All production, of methane being assessed as potential, is assessed to be based on sustainable sub¬strates and sustainably produced.This report shows that it could be possible to replace fossil LNG as a fuel in shipping with renewa¬ble LBM at a large scale from a Swedish perspective. The total bunkering of ships in Sweden are around 25 TWh per year, varies over time, and is dependant not only on which ships that calls Swe¬dish ports but also with the market competition with bunker suppliers in other countries. Should 15% of that fuel be LNG, it would be some 4 TWh LNG that could be interesting to switch towards renewable LBM.
The potential shift in shipping in Sweden from LNG to LBM at a level of 4-6 TWh is assessed to be a realistic potential, but the shift will not happen unless the society gives the industry incentives that supports that shift and clearly shows the involved stakeholders that there is a long-term strat¬egy to enhance renewable methane production and consumption. It is especially important that pol¬icy instrument in the shipping sector is introduced that connects greenhouse gas emissions with a cost that can be avoided if fuels with low or zero emissions being used.Today, only a small proportion of bio-methane is liquefied to LBM in Sweden, while most of the planned production facilities for biogas will be for LBM, thanks to subsidies in the form of invest¬ment support and the decreased demand of CBG that benefits LBM.This report has chosen to use the expression Liquid Bio-Methane (LBM) due to the fact that the ex¬pression often used Liquid Bio Gas (LBG) does not cover the important part of the methane pro¬duced as an electrofuel based on carbon dioxide from the digestion process and also not really in¬cludes the methanation of syngas from gasification plants.A Swedish production support in combination with the introduction of shipping within the EU emission trading scheme (ETS) seems too possibly even out the cost difference between LNG and LBG as a marine fuel or at least give a significantly smaller barrier to overcome.To establish the environmental rationale of this product, life cycle assessments of the production of LBM and the use in the shipping sector were performed. No previous scientific studies have been identified which look into the performance of using electrofuel pathways of LBM in the shipping sector. The results are presented in the report together with an analysis of potential future issues to observe.


Scottish Borders Council Resilient Community Plans
What was the issue that made you start up this project?
Making communities within the Scottish Borders more resilient and prepared, and more able to recover and restore normality following severe weather or other emergencies.
Who was involved and what did you do?
Representatives from the Council Emergency Planning, Environment and Infrastructure, and Resources Departments formed a team to drive forward our 'Resilient Communities' initiative.
What worked well about the project?
The communication links with Community Councils and the joint working to achieve the implementation of a plan. Links with other key stakeholders in the Scottish Borders with both financial and practical support. The 8 Resilient Communities that have implemented their plans have received first aid and general training from the British Red Cross and Scottish Borders Council.
What did you learn during this project?
That communities and individuals want to become more resilient, and more aware of the risks that they may encounter, and they want to help and assist within their community.
What made it work?
Motivation and determination to get the initiative to work, and financial support.
Contact: or


text:
Dickinson State University (DSU), located on the edge of the North Dakota Badlands, strives to be a premier university in the Upper Great Plains. DSU is also the physical home of the Theodore Roosevelt Center.
To celebrate the centennial year of Theodore Roosevelt's birth in 1958, a Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Commission was created by the United States House of Representatives. The Commission worked with the Theodore Roosevelt Association to coordinate activities to commemorate the anniversary of Roosevelt's life. In observation of the centennial, Dickinson State University, then Dickinson State Teacher's College, organized a symposium to honor Roosevelt's memory and to give recognition to the role North Dakota played in his life. The symposium theme was Responsible Citizenship, and the keynote speakers included Senator John F. Kennedy, Howard K. Beale, Hermann H. Hagedorn, Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, and Theodore Roosevelt McKeldin.
The 1958 Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium collection housed at DSU was digitized and cataloged by TR Center staff and an intern working on-site. The collection includes manuscripts, letters, pictures, newspaper articles, magazine clippings, comics, mementos, speeches and books about the image, life and legacy of Theodore Roosevelt. Highlights in the collection are a copy of a handwritten autobiography and other manuscripts authored by Theodore Roosevelt. Some of the latter are titled "The Home Ranch," "Frontier Types," "Sheriff's Work on a Ranch," and "The Ranchman's Rifle on the Crag and Prairie." The collection includes extensive documentation on the Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium hosted by Dickinson State Teacher's College along with photographs and articles about Roosevelt and his life.
For full details on the 1958 Theodore Roosevelt Centennial Symposium collection, please see the Finding Aid.


text:
Does weed cause acne? Marijuana has become an increasingly popular topic in recent years, with more and more states legalizing its use for both medicinal and recreational purposes.
With this increased popularity comes an increased curiosity about the potential effects of marijuana on the body. One question that often arises is whether smoking weed causes acne.
Acne is a skin condition that affects millions of people around the world, and any potential connection between marijuana and acne is certainly worth exploring.
In this article, we will take an in-depth look at the relationship between smoking weed and acne, analyzing the available scientific research and discussing other potential contributing factors to this common skin condition.
Does Smoking Weed Cause Acne?
As the popularity of marijuana continues to increase, so does the curiosity surrounding its effects on the body.
One question that often comes up is whether smoking weed causes acne.
This is a topic that has been debated for years, with some people claiming that there is a clear link between smoking weed and acne, while others deny any connection.
So, what does the science say?
Before we delve into the relationship between marijuana and acne, it is important to understand what acne is and how it forms.
Acne is a skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.
This blockage can cause pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads to form on the skin.
Acne is most common during adolescence, but it can also affect adults.
The Role of Hormones
Hormones play a significant role in the development of acne.
During puberty, the body experiences hormonal changes that can lead to an increase in oil production.
This increase in oil production can clog the hair follicles, leading to the formation of pimples.
Hormones can also play a role in adult acne, which is often seen in women during their menstrual cycle or pregnancy.
The Link Between Marijuana and Acne
Now, let's talk about the link between marijuana and acne.
Some studies have suggested that smoking weed can increase the production of certain hormones, including testosterone.
As we mentioned earlier, an increase in hormones can lead to an increase in oil production, which can clog hair follicles and cause acne.
However, other studies have found no significant link between smoking weed and acne.
The Role of CBD
One component of marijuana that has been touted for its potential benefits for the skin is CBD.
CBD is a non-psychoactive compound found in marijuana that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.
Inflammation is a key factor in the development of acne, so it is possible that CBD could help to reduce acne symptoms.
However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of CBD for acne.
Other Factors to Consider
When it comes to the relationship between marijuana and acne, there are other factors to consider.
For example, smoking weed can cause dehydration, which can lead to dry skin.
Dry skin can make acne worse, so it is important to stay hydrated if you are a regular smoker. Additionally, smoking anything can cause skin damage, which can make acne more difficult to treat.
One well-known side effect of smoking weed is increased appetite, also known as "the munchies."
While this may not seem related to acne at first, it is important to note that a diet high in processed and sugary foods can contribute to the development of acne.
If you are a regular smoker and find that you are eating more unhealthy foods than usual, this could be a contributing factor to your acne.
Smoking anything can have negative effects on the skin, including damage to collagen and elastin.
These are two proteins that keep skin looking firm and youthful.
When they are damaged, the skin can appear dull, saggy, and wrinkled. Smoking can also cause dehydration, which can lead to dry skin.
Dry skin can make acne worse, so it is important to stay hydrated if you are a regular smoker.
Other Side Effects of Smoking Weed
In addition to its potential effects on acne, smoking weed can have other side effects on the body.
These include impaired memory, decreased coordination, and increased heart rate.
It can also have negative effects on mental health, particularly for those who are prone to anxiety or depression.
It is important to weigh the potential risks and benefits before deciding to use marijuana.
Other Causes of Acne
While smoking weed may contribute to the development of acne for some people, it is important to remember that there are many other factors that can contribute to the condition.
These include genetics, skincare habits, and diet. Stress can also play a role in the development of acne, so it is important to practice stress-reducing activities like exercise and meditation.
Acne Treatment and Remedies
If you are struggling with acne, there are many treatment options available.
These include topical creams, oral medications, and skincare routines that target acne-prone skin.
It is important to talk to a dermatologist to determine the best treatment plan for your individual needs.
In addition to medical treatments, there are also natural remedies that may help to reduce acne symptoms, such as tea tree oil and aloe vera.
|Statement||True or False?|
|Weed causes acne||False|
|Smoking weed can increase oil production in the skin||True|
|THC in weed can lead to increased inflammation in the body||True|
|Weed smoking can cause skin irritation and dryness||True|
|Smoking weed can worsen existing acne||True|
|There is a lack of conclusive scientific evidence linking weed use and acne||True|
FAQ'S Does smoking weed cause acne?
Does weed cause hormonal imbalance?
Marijuana use can affect hormone levels in the body, which can potentially lead to a hormonal imbalance. THC, the main psychoactive compound in marijuana, can impact the production of certain hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol.
Does weed make you gain weight?
Marijuana use can cause an increase in appetite, commonly known as the "munchies," which can lead to overeating and potential weight gain. However, not all users will experience weight gain, and the effects of marijuana on weight can vary depending on individual factors.
Does smoking weed cause cavities?
Smoking weed can cause dry mouth, which can increase the risk of developing cavities. Dry mouth can reduce saliva production, which helps to wash away harmful bacteria that can cause cavities. It is important to practice good oral hygiene if you are a regular smoker.
Does smoking weed cause acne?
While the relationship between smoking weed and acne is not entirely clear, some research suggests that marijuana use may contribute to the development of acne. Hormone changes, smoking, diet, and skincare habits can all play a role in the development of the condition.
How does smoking affect your eyes?
Smoking weed can cause redness, dryness, and irritation in the eyes. THC can lower blood pressure, which can lead to dilated blood vessels in the eyes and a decrease in tear production. This can cause dry eyes and potentially lead to eye infections and other issues.
What can smoking do to your skin?
Smoking, including marijuana use, can have negative effects on the skin, including premature aging, wrinkles, and damage to collagen and elastin. Smoking can also contribute to the development of acne and other skin conditions. It is important to practice good skincare habits and quit smoking to improve skin health.


epsilon \rightarrow 0}\,
a^\mu
\PD{\lr{x^\mu + \epsilon a^\mu}}{F} \\
&=
a^\mu
\PD{x^\mu}{F} \\
&=
\lr{a^\nu \gamma_\nu} \cdot \gamma^\mu \PD{x^\mu}{F} \\
&=
a \cdot \lr{ \gamma^\mu \partial_\mu } F.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
End proof.
Curvilinear bases.
Curvilinear bases are the foundation of the fundamental theorem of multivector calculus. This form of integral calculus is defined over parameterized surfaces (called manifolds) that satisfy some specific non-degeneracy and continuity requirements.
A parameterized vector \( x(u,v, \cdots w) \) can be thought of as tracing out a hypersurface (curve, surface, volume, …), where the dimension of the hypersurface depends on the number of parameters. At each point, a bases can be constructed from the differentials of the parameterized vector. Such a basis is called the tangent space to the surface at the point in question. Our curvilinear bases will be related to these differentials. We will also be interested in a dual basis that is restricted to the span of the tangent space. This dual basis will be called the reciprocal frame, and line the basis of the tangent space itself, also varies from point to point on the surface.
Fig 1a. One parameter curve, with illustration of tangent space along the curve.
Fig 1b. Two parameter surface, with illustration of tangent space along the surface.
One and two parameter spaces are illustrated in fig. 1a, and 1b. The tangent space basis at a specific point of a two parameter surface, \( x(u^0, u^1) \), is illustrated in fig. 1. The differential directions that span the tangent space are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:1040}
\begin{aligned}
d\Bx_0 &= \PD{u^0}{x} du^0 \\
d\Bx_1 &= \PD{u^1}{x} du^1,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
and the tangent space itself is \( \mbox{Span}\setlr{ d\Bx_0, d\Bx_1 } \). We may form an oriented surface area element \( d\Bx_0 \wedge d\Bx_1 \) over this surface.
Fig 2. Two parameter surface.
Tangent spaces associated with 3 or more parameters cannot be easily visualized in three dimensions, but the idea generalizes algebraically without trouble.
Definition 1.5: Tangent basis and space.
Given a parameterization \( x = x(u^0, \cdots, u^N) \), where \( N < 4 \), the span of the vectors
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2120}
\Bx_\mu = \PD{u^\mu}{x},
\end{equation}
is called the tangent space for the hypersurface associated with the parameterization, and it's basis is
\( \setlr{ \Bx_\mu } \).
Later we will see that parameterization constraints must be imposed, as not all surfaces generated by a set of parameterizations are useful for integration theory. In particular, degenerate parameterizations for which the wedge products of the tangent space basis vectors are zero, or those wedge products cannot be inverted, are not physically meaningful. Properly behaved surfaces of this sort are called manifolds.
Having introduced curvilinear coordinates associated with a parameterization, we can now determine the form of the gradient with respect to a parameterization of spacetime.
Theorem 1.4: Gradient, curvilinear representation.
Given a spacetime parameterization \( x = x(u^0, u^1, u^2, u^3) \), the gradient with respect to the parameters \( u^\mu \) is
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2140}
\grad = \sum_\mu \Bx^\mu
\PD{u^\mu}{},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2160}
\Bx^\mu = \grad u^\mu.
\end{equation}
The vectors \( \Bx^\mu \) are called the reciprocal frame vectors, and the ordered set \( \setlr{ \Bx^0, \Bx^1, \Bx^2, \Bx^3 } \) is called the reciprocal basis.It is convenient to define \( \partial_\mu \equiv \PDi{u^\mu}{} \), so that the gradient can be expressed in mixed index representation
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2180}
\grad = \Bx^\mu \partial_\mu.
\end{equation}
This introduces some notational ambiguity, since we used \( \partial_\mu = \PDi{x^\mu}{} \) for the standard basis derivative operators too, but we will be careful to be explicit when there is any doubt about what is intended.
Start proof:
The proof follows by application of the chain rule.
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:960}
\begin{aligned}
\grad F
&=
\gamma^\alpha \PD{x^\alpha}{F} \\
&=
\gamma^\alpha
\PD{x^\alpha}{u^\mu}
\PD{u^\mu}{F} \\
&=
\lr{ \grad u^\mu } \PD{u^\mu}{F} \\
&=
\Bx^\mu \PD{u^\mu}{F}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
End proof.
Theorem 1.5: Reciprocal relationship.
The vectors \( \Bx^\mu = \grad u^\mu \), and \( \Bx_\mu = \PDi{u^\mu}{x} \) satisfy the reciprocal relationship
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2200}
\Bx^\mu \cdot \Bx_\nu = {\delta^\mu}_\nu.
\end{equation}
Start proof:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:1020}
\begin{aligned}
\Bx^\mu \cdot \Bx_\nu
&=
\grad u^\mu \cdot
\PD{u^\nu}{x} \\
&=
\lr{
\gamma^\alpha \PD{x^\alpha}{u^\mu}
}
\cdot
\lr{
\PD{u^\nu}{x^\beta} \gamma_\beta
} \\
&=
{\delta^\alpha}_\beta \PD{x^\alpha}{u^\mu}
\PD{u^\nu}{x^\beta} \\
&=
\PD{x^\alpha}{u^\mu} \PD{u^\nu}{x^\alpha} \\
&=
\PD{u^\nu}{u^\mu} \\
&=
{\delta^\mu}_\nu
.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
End proof.
It is instructive to consider an example. Here is a parameterization that scales the proper time parameter, and uses polar coordinates in the \(x-y\) plane.
Problem: Compute the curvilinear and reciprocal basis.
Given
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:2360}
x(t,\rho,\theta,z) = c t \gamma_0 + \gamma_1 \rho e^{i \theta} + z \gamma_3,
\end{equation}
where \( i = \gamma_1 \gamma_2 \), compute the curvilinear frame vectors and their reciprocals.
Answer
The frame vectors are all easy to compute
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:reciprocalblog:1180}
\begin{aligned}
\Bx_0 &= \PD{t}{x} = c \gamma_0 \\
\Bx_1 &= \PD{\rho}{x} = \gamma_1 e^{i \theta} \\
\Bx_2 &= \PD{\theta}{x} = \rho \gamma_1 \gamma_1 \gamma_2 e^{i \theta} = – \rho \gamma_2 e^{i \theta} \\
\Bx_3 &=


text:
Join us in our living classroom to discover Australia's rich natural and cultural heritage. Explore the connections between people, plants and animals through inquiry based exploration and hands-on learning experiences.
Students can engage with one third of Australia's plants species and a wide range of Australian ecosystems on our 40 hectare site. Investigate the adaptations of Australian rainforest plants as you walk up the east coast from Tasmanian to Queensland in our Rainforest Gully. Compare the arid mallee to the alpine region and how they differ to our grasslands.
Programs are curriculum based and available for pre-school through to tertiary students. We cater for students with special needs or disabilities and the Gardens is wheel-chair accessible. Please book online.
Telephone: (02) 6250 9408
Fax: (02) 6250 9477
Post: Education Services
Australian National Botanic Gardens
GPO 1777 CANBERRA ACT 2601