教師資料查詢 | 類別: 期刊論文 | 教師: 王三郎 WANG SAN-LANG (瀏覽個人網頁)
標題：Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by spray drying and their antibacterial activity
學年102
學期2
出版（發表）日期2014/04/01
作品名稱Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles by spray drying and their antibacterial activity
作品名稱（其他語言）
著者La Thi Kim Ngan; Wang, San Lang; Đinh Minh Hiep; Luong, Phung Minh; Vui, Nguyen Tan; Tran Minh Đinh; Dzung, Nguyen Anh
單位淡江大學化學學系
出版者Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands
著錄名稱、卷期、頁數Research on Chemical Intermediates 40(6), pp.2165-2175
摘要Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared from chitosan with different molecular weight by spray drying method. The morphology of chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by SEM and size distribution and zeta potential values were determined. Effect of chitosan solution concentrations, molecular weight of chitosan (MMW, HMW and VHMW) and size of spray dryer nozzles on average size, size distribution and zeta potential values of chitosan nanoparticles were investigated. Moreover, the effect chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan nanoparticles/amoxicillin complex on Staphylococcus aureus was also tested. The results showed that the average size of chitosan nanoparticles were in the range of 95.5 to 395 nm and zeta potential values of 39.3 to 45.7 mV depended on concentration and molecular weight of chitosan. The lower concentration and molecular weight of chitosan were used, the smaller size of chitosan nanoparticles and the higher zeta potential values were obtained. The testing for antibacterial activity against S. aureus indicated that chitosan nanoparticles strongly inhibited the growth of bacteria with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 20µg/mL, which were lower than that of chitosan solution and amoxicillin. The antibacterial capacity of chitosan nanoparticles also depended on size, zeta potential values and molecular weight of chitosan. Complex of chitosan nanoparticles/amoxicillin could improve antibacterial activity of amoxicillin.
關鍵字Chitosan nanoparticles;Antibacterial activity;Amoxicillin;Staphylococcus aureus
語言英文
ISSN1568-5675;0922-6168
期刊性質國外
收錄於SCI;
產學合作
通訊作者Wang, San-Lang; Nguyen Anh Dzung
審稿制度
國別荷蘭
公開徵稿
出版型式,電子版,紙本
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Reduction capability of soil humic substances from the Rio Negro basin, Brazil, towards Hg(II) studied by a multimethod approach and principal component analysis (PCA)
Data de publicação2007-03-15
Direito de acesso
MetadadosExibir registro completo
This paper characterizes humic substances (HS) extracted from soil samples collected in the Rio Negro basin in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, particularly investigating their reduction capabilities towards Hg(II) in order to elucidate potential mercury cycling/volatilization in this environment. For this reason, a multimethod approach was used, consisting of both instrumental methods (elemental analysis, EPR, solid-state NMR, FIA combined with cold-vapor AAS of Hg(0)) and statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and a central composite factorial planning method. The HS under study were divided into groups, complexing and reducing ones, owing to different distribution of their functionalities. The main functionalities (cor)related with reduction of Hg(II) were phenolic, carboxylic and amide groups, while the groups related with complexation of Hg(II) were ethers, hydroxyls, aldehydes and ketones. The HS extracted from floodable regions of the Rio Negro basin presented a greater capacity to retain (to complex, to adsorb physically and/or chemically) Hg(II), while nonfloodable regions showed a greater capacity to reduce Hg(II), indicating that HS extracted from different types of regions contribute in different ways to the biogeochemical mercury cycle in the basin of the mid-Rio Negro, AM, Brazil. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Jan 23, 2012
A satellite defense system based on quantum dot technology
(Nanowerk Spotlight) In January 2007, China successfully tested an Anti-satellite (ASAT) missile system by destroying their own defunct LEO satellite, which generated huge amounts of space debris. This ASAT test raised worldwide concerns about the vulnerability of satellites and other space assets and possibility of triggering an arms race in space. In order to meet emerging challenges posed by such ASAT missile systems, military strategists and researchers are developing novel technologies to protect their space assets.
In view of the above, Raytheon Company has developed a counter measure system using quantum dots to protect space assets such as satellites from missile attacks. They have developed a decoy consisting of quantum dots of different sizes and shapes that are engineered to emit radiation having a radiation profile similar to that of the asset.
This decoy is found to be more accurate in mimicking the radiation profile of the asset, thereby diverting the anti-satellite weapons from the target more efficiently than the existing conventional counter measure systems which use pyrolytic materials like Magnesium-Viton-Teflon (MVT) flares to generate intense radiation by means of an exothermic reaction. Such conventional counter measure systems are usually limited by the availability of oxygen in the space environment (for exothermic reactions) and they are inadequate in many aspects as new devices like Long Wavelength Infrared sensors (LWIR) are now able to easily differentiate between the decoy and the target spacecraft.
Protection systems for the growing number of satellites and other space assets against hostile threats and collisions should have the ability to precisely replicate the spectral signature of the target to act as an effective decoy. Quantum dots are well known for their size-dependent electro-optical properties, and by controlling the geometrical size, shape and the strength of the confinement potential, they can be easily tuned to emit radiation at desired wavelengths.
These quantum dots can be engineered to produce any kind of spectral signature by mixing different kinds (InSb, PbTe, HgTe, HgSe, CdTe, CdSe and CdS) and sizes in the required ratio so as to mimic the exact spectral signature of the target (Fig. 1).
Fig 1: Emission range of various quantum dot materials: Left end of each bar represents the resonant emission peak corresponding to a quantum dot of 3 nm size and the right end corresponds to the same material in bulk.
The researchers propose that such a mixture of quantum dots, when dispersed like a cloud in space, may act as an efficient decoy, making even the advanced sensor devices unable to differentiate between the target and the decoy. The cloud of quantum dots can be created either by exploding a small pack of quantum dots suspended in an inert gas (Argon/Helium) or by just spraying them from a storage tank.
Fig. 2 is a schematic of a counter measure system employing quantum dots to divert the missile attack from a spacecraft or a satellite. As can be seen, the space asset that is to be protected is monitored for threats by a ground tracking system which sends early warnings about a detected missile to the space control centers which in turn can activate the guardian satellite (a nanosatellite of less than 100 kg) orbiting in the co-orbit of the space asset. Upon activation the guardian satellite releases the cloud of quantum dots so as to trick the missile into seeking the decoy instead of the protected asset.
Fig 2: Schematic of a countermeasure system: Anti-satellite weapon seeks the decoy cloud of quantum dots instead of the target satellite.
Besides the above said set-up, this counter measure system employing quantum dots can also be implemented in any communication set-up that uses different sensors and warning systems.
By I. Sophia Rani and Dr. Yashwant Mahajan, CKMNT. This article will be published in the upcoming January 2012 Issue of Nanotech Insights. For further information you may contact Yashwant Mahajan at _EMAIL_ or _EMAIL_.


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model, scale 1:12, of a 20 hp wagon boiler, _PHONE_.
The 'wagon' boiler, so-called because of its similarity in shape to a covered horse-drawn wagon, was widely used to provide steam at low pressures to early engines. The boiler itself was made from wrought iron plates riveted together, and surrounded by a brick setting, which supported it and allowed for the provision of flues around the outside of the boiler, to maximise the heating area and thus the amount of heat conveyed to water within. The boiler design remained in use for as long as engines operating on low steam pressures survived. However, from the mid-nineteenth century it was supplemented and replaced by new designs such as the Lancashire boiler.


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Here in North America, Coleman Fuel (naphtha or "white gas" as it's also called) has been the fuel of choice for camp stoves and lanterns since the dawn of time. It's been so popular that if you go into any old garage you are bound to find a rusty tin container of the fuel under the workbench against the back wall.
According to Frank Schmidt a Senior Project Engineer at The Coleman Company, the fuel was developed in the early 1950's as small motor fuel for lawnmowers, outboard motors as well as an industrial cleaning agent.
The popularity of Coleman Fuel as motor fuel declined in the late 1950's with advancement of other, better fuel technologies but it has since remained the go-to choice for heating camp coffee in the morning.
So what is Coleman Fuel made of? In its simplest form it's a petroleum product either derived from natural gas or distilled from oil, coal tar or peat (partially decayed vegetation matter) due to its high carbon content. It also has a several other chemicals mixed in which include cyclohexane, nonane, octane, heptane, and pentane.
Coleman Fuel is ideal for small stoves and lanterns due to its refined purity and high heat output. It also doesn't give off the black smoke and toxic fumes that regular gasoline or kerosene does.
Though it's almost as flammable as gasoline, don't put it in your car's tank as the lack of some additives will cause engine knocking and eventually destroy your engine valves. Both of those are generally not good things.
How long does Coleman Fuel last before it loses its octane punch? A Coleman rep on a message board said this:
An un-opened container of Coleman Fuel stored in a dry area with no rapid extreme changes in temperature will remain viable for five to seven years. An opened container stored in the same area will remain viable for up to two years though will be at its best if used within a year.
More info on backpacking fuels: fuel.papo-art.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Fluorescent Boron Difluoride Diketone Polymers
Fluorescence technology is an integral part of new scientific assays and imaging methods in addition to its omnipresence in our everyday lives. The inventors have designed a novel polymer that coordinates boron difluoride with diketone ligands which results in a highly fluorescent compound. The applications of this technology are virtually limitless and are unique in that the polymer has high quantum yields in the 400-550 nm range. Furthermore, this innovative polymer acts as a chromophore that is sensitive to solvent polarity and can therefore be useful as probes of local environments. In addition to the solvatochromic utility of this unique material are applications including but not limited to:
1. Fluorescent paint for safety applications, painting exit signs, airplane safety signs, any application that requires some guidance if power fails 2. The polymers can be woven into textiles for firefighting, emergency personnel, sportswear or essentially anything requiring night or obscured lighting visibility 3. Incorporation of the polymer into glow in the dark toys and novelty items 4. Fluorescent paint for signs, markings on machinery, other heavy industrial uses 5. Bioimaging agents and tracers 6. Laser dyes
This blue fluorescing compound is especially desirable as many existing fluorophores emit in either the green, yellow or red spectrum. Moreover, the biocompatibility and wide range of uses for this polymeric compound make it a potential staple of the future of fluorescence technology.
Type of Offer:
« More Material Science Patents


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The Meaning Behind "Don't Go Chasing Waterfalls": Exploring the Symbolism and Message
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" is a well-known phrase that gained popularity through the iconic song "Waterfalls" by the American music group TLC. The lyrics contain a powerful message, urging listeners to exercise caution and make wise choices in life. In this article, we will delve into the meaning behind "Don't go chasing waterfalls," exploring its symbolism and the valuable life lessons it imparts.
1. The Origin of the Phrase:
The phrase "Don't go chasing waterfalls" gained widespread recognition with the release of TLC's hit song in 1994. Written by Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Marqueze Etheridge, and Organized Noize, the song resonated with audiences around the world, topping the charts and becoming an anthem of its time.
2. Symbolism of Waterfalls: Wat
erfalls, in this context, serve as a metaphor for the pursuit of elusive and unrealistic dreams or desires. Just as waterfalls represent a mesmerizing and captivating sight, they can also be unpredictable, dangerous, and difficult to reach. The symbolism of waterfalls encourages individuals to exercise caution and consider the consequences before pursuing certain paths in life.
Symbolism of Waterfalls
3. Choosing a Balanced Approach:
The message behind "Don't go chasing waterfalls" emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balanced approach to life. It advises against recklessly pursuing unattainable goals or getting caught up in the allure of instant gratification. Instead, it encourages individuals to make thoughtful decisions, considering both the risks and rewards associated with their choices.
4. Embracing Realistic Expectations:
The phrase encourages individuals to set realistic expectations for themselves and their aspirations. It reminds us that not all dreams are feasible or beneficial for our overall well-being. By focusing on attainable goals and embracing a realistic perspective, we can avoid disappointment and make more meaningful progress in our lives.
Embracing Realistic Expectations
5. Learning from Life's Lessons:
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" urges individuals to learn from their experiences and the mistakes of others. It emphasizes the importance of wisdom gained through observation and reflection. By understanding the potential pitfalls and challenges that others have faced, we can make informed decisions and navigate our own paths more effectively.
6. Resisting Temptation and Distractions:
The phrase advises against succumbing to temptations or distractions that may hinder personal growth and progress. It reminds us to stay focused on our true aspirations and avoid getting swept away by fleeting desires or temporary pleasures. By maintaining clarity of purpose, we can make choices that align with our long-term goals.
7. Finding Contentment and Appreciation:
"Don't go chasing waterfalls" also encourages individuals to find contentment and appreciation for what they already have. It reminds us to value the present moment and the blessings in our lives. Instead of constantly seeking external validation or chasing unattainable desires, the phrase encourages us to find joy in the journey and appreciate the beauty of our current circumstances.
8. Empowering Personal Responsibility:
Ultimately, "Don't go chasing waterfalls" emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility. It encourages individuals to take ownership of their actions, choices, and the outcomes they seek. By exercising discernment and making informed decisions, we can shape our lives in a way that aligns with our values and leads to personal fulfillment.
The phrase "Don't go chasing waterfalls" holds a profound message that transcends its musical origins. It serves as a reminder to approach life with wisdom, balance, and realistic expectations. By resisting the allure of unattainable dreams and focusing on personal growth, we can find contentment, make informed decisions, and navigate our paths with purpose. Ultimately, this timeless advice encourages individuals to embrace personal responsibility and find fulfillment in the journey itself.


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In aqueous solution, Gd3+ and thiacalixarene-p-tetrasulfonate (TCAS) form the complex [Gd3TCAS2]7-, in which a trinuclear Gd3+ core is sandwiched by two TCAS ligands. Acid-catalyzed dissociation reactions, as well as transmetalation and ligand exchange with physiological concentrations of Zn2+ and phosphate, showed [Gd3TCAS2]7- to be extremely inert compared to other Gd complexes. Luminescence lifetime measurements of the Tb analogue Tb3TCAS2 allowed estimation of the mean hydration number q to be 2.4 per Tb ion. The longitudinal relaxivity of [Gd3TCAS2]7- (per Gd3+) was r1 = 5.83 mM-1 s-1 at 20 Hz (37 °C, pH 7.4); however, this relaxivity was limited by an extremely slow water exchange rate that was 5 orders of magnitude slower than the Gd3+ aqua ion. Binding to serum albumin resulted in no relaxivity increase owing to the extremely slow water exchange kinetics. The slow dissociation and water exchange kinetics of [Gd3TCAS2]7- can be attributed to the very rigid coordination geometry.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The Georgian parliament has passed a package of laws regulating the local financial markets and amendments to the capital market legislation, following close cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). The EBRD welcomed the decision as an important new chapter, in terms of developing the Georgian capital market.
The new law came as a result of the EBRD's technical assistance, which was provided to the National Bank of Georgia for the drafting of the package and capacity-building. Experts, funded by the EBRD-managed Shareholder Special Fund, worked with the National Bank of Georgia and local market participants on the legal reform. This project was also coordinated with, and supported by, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA).
The new law provides for the enforceability of derivatives transactions, including netting, close-out netting and financial collateral, amends a number of laws and reinforces the key related concepts, such as settlement finality. The new law puts Georgia on the derivatives' and netting map, allowing companies to safely and efficiently hedge their risk and exposure, including foreign exchange and interest rate, contributing to the development of a local currency financial market.
Catarina Bjorlin Hansen, Regional Director for the Caucasus, said: "The adoption of these laws marks a milestone in Georgia's reform efforts and confirms the country's continued commitment to the development of its capital markets. It will improve the investment climate, and we are grateful to the National Bank for our fruitful cooperation and we look forward to working on many more exciting initiatives."
Koba Gvenetadze, Governor of the National Bank of Georgia, added: "The purpose of the new law is to create the appropriate legal framework for the development of the derivatives market. Georgia has been very successful in advancing its money and capital markets, supported by government reforms and the international donor community. The time has come for creating better hedging and risk management capabilities, through the use of derivatives, where a legal foundation is essential. Derivatives will significantly improve the management of the risks arising from fluctuation in interest or exchange rates. The reform will also provide a green light for a cross-border derivatives transaction, which will attract additional financial resources to the country. We are grateful to the EBRD and ISDA for their continued support in the process."
The EBRD has worked closely with the National Bank of Georgia to improve the functioning of financial markets in the country, strengthen the local capital market and increase local currency lending. The new law will contribute to the creation of a prospering derivatives market in Georgia. The EBRD, under its Local Currency and Capital Markets initiative, is working on similar projects in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Latvia, Morocco and Ukraine.
The EBRD is a leading institutional investor in Georgia. Since the start of its operations in the country, the Bank has invested over €3.6 billion in 249 projects in the financial, corporate, infrastructure and energy sectors, with 89 per cent of these investments in the private sector.
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"We hold rather comfortable shares on the market " – Does TBC Bank want to Buy Cartu?
Interview with Ahmed Bin Sulayem - Executive Chairman and CEO of DMCC


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text:
- To accelerate the time it takes to transform your vision into reality
- Leverage experts' education, experience and contacts
- Saves you time – experts have 10,000 hours invested in their expertise
- Saves you money – experts continually invest in educating themselves
- The BIG reason most people don't consider is – hiring an expert saves your reputation – experts try many ways to accomplish their goals, they experience many failures in the process so you can save your reputation by learning from their mistakes and successes!
1. Review their history
2. Testimonials from previous clients
3. Education – do they stay current in their area of expertise?
4. Organizations they belong to and their roles in those organizations – do they take leadership roles or admin roles, how involved are they? Are they over extended?
5. Blogs, Articles, and Social Sharing they have written
6. Watch their videos
7. Their frequently asked questions
8. Their Photo gallery – who do they know?
9. Do they collaborate with other experts - create solutions
10. Interact with the expert before hiring them
- Engage with them via their blogs and social media
- Converse on an online chat, phone, or email
- Skype video call
- Face to face interview
- Check their references
- Interview candidate – explain what you want to accomplish, give a dead line and ask them to explain to you what they understand your needs to be
- Ask for a written proposal
- Payments in increments – when accomplish milestones
- Engage and review regularly – 30 days, 90 days, etc. depending on project/event
1. Hire your brother-in-law
2. Many people tell others their idea and they say great – I'll help you – well if you both don't have any experience it will take a long time to implement
3. Get discouraged
4. When you tell others your ideas many small thinkers will laugh at you and tell you that you are crazy – many people give up before they get started
5. Ever give up – remember it's not how many ideas you start to implement – it is how many you finish that count!
You can't always be an expert, you can't always know an expert but you can always hire an expert.
Content from: _URL_


other sources.
For More Information About The Origin Of Body Lice:
 - Kittler, R., M. Kayser and M. Stoneking. 2003. "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing." Current Biology 13: 1414 - 1417.
References:
 1. Evans, A.V. 2007. Field Guide to Insects and Spiders of North America. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. New York, New York.
 2. Hogue, C.L. 1993. Insects of the Los Angeles Basin. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
Return To WAYNE'S WORD Home Page
Return To NOTEWORTHY PLANTS Page
Go To Biology GEE WHIZ TRIVIA Page
Go To The LEMNACEAE ON-LINE Page


Sir Norman Angell
Sir Norman Angell
English economist and worker for international peace who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1933.
After an education in France, London, and Geneva, he spent several years (1890-98) in the United States, working as a cowboy, a prospector, and finally a journalist for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat and San Francisco Chronicle. Upon his return to Europe, other editorial posts followed, notably editorship of Galignani's Messenger (_PHONE_) and Foreign Affairs (1928-31).
Angell's most famous work, The Great Illusion (1910), translated into more than a score of languages, tried to establish the fallacy of the idea that conquest and war brought a nation great economic advantage and insured its living space and access to markets, trade, and raw materials. The Great Illusion, 1933 (1933) explored the economic developments and ideas of the 23 years since publication of the first edition. Angell's literary output was great, producing sometimes more than one book a year. He also invented the Money Game, a series of card games using paper money to teach the fundamentals of currency and credit.


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All dairy industry professionals understand that the daily difficulty of the job lies in the finer details.
Temperature monitoring in particular plays a key role at various points in the supply chain. Not only do cattle have a small window of comfort when it comes to maintaining their internal heat, but the milk produced is defined as a potentially hazardous food by Food Standards Australia (FSA) and needs to be treated as such.
Automated temperature data logging is becoming a key component of dairy industry operations as technology has made the process of collecting information about environmental surroundings much simpler.
Creating a controlled environment
While a cow's core body temperature is largely sustained through eating and digesting food, external factors such as the temperature of its setting can become contributing factors, according to the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Ideally, cattle temperature shouldn't drop below 38.6 °C or rise above 39.3 °C.
A report from the University of Kentucky found body temperature to be the most important component of understanding the impact environmental factors have on lactation and reproduction. Utilising a data logger like the testo Saveris 2 can allow agricultural specialists to keep track of conditions in an effort to analyse optimal settings for cow enclosures.
Ensuring food safety
Another key aspect of dairy industry professionals' job is maintaining healthy food storage temperatures for the product. Standard 3.2.2 of the Australian Food Standards (FSA) Code mandates that foods which can be contaminated by bacteria through improper care are required to be stored under 5 °C or over 60 °C, the FSA reported.
The testo Saveris 2 data logger is ideal for maintaining the temperature during the storage and transport of dairy products. The system allows for remote monitoring of the environment while simultaneously transmitting data through WiFi, which can then be accessed on the cloud. Users are notified immediately of any fluctuations in temperature through text or email, both of which support a quick response time that's often the difference between food becoming contaminated.
Businesses must be able to show proof of their methods of maintaining the integrity of potentially hazardous foods, and the Saveris 2 can do just that. With a system and software flexible enough to be displayed in multiple places and still provide highly accurate data, it's a perfect fit for an industry where improper care of dairy products can have a disastrous impact. Contact a Testo representative today to learn more.


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Beekeepers fear loss of forage
Loved by beekeepers, the star thistle is an invasive, exotic weed being targeted for biocontrol.
The purple spotted knapweed flower is attractive to bees and a good nectar producer: However, once it gains a foothold, spotted knapweed kills competing vegetation and creates conditions for its own spread.
Photo by James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org photo Inset by Marisa Williams, University of Arkansas, Bugwood.org
Michigan beekeepers have added one more item to the list of things threatening their industry—a gradual reduction in a major bee forage crop they call star thistle.
In August, the state Department of Agriculture approved the release of two biocontrol agents—beetles—that feed on spotted knapweed, an exotic, invasive weed species that has spread over much of North America since it was brought here from Europe and Asia about 120 years ago.
Spotted knapweed which many beekeepers call by the more romantic name of star thistle, has spread over much of northern Michigan in the last 50 years. In July and August, the sandy northland, much of it state-owned and not adaptable to farmland, turns purple, and over the years, many beekeepers have established bee yards to collect the nectar.
Star thistle honey from Michigan is a name brand, like tupelo honey from the South.
Michigan beekeepers use their bees to pollinate the state's fruit and vegetable crops each spring and then move to star thistle and its large nectar flows in late summer. The state ranks in the top ten in colony numbers, with about 72,000 of the nation's 2.3 million colonies.
Terry Klein, a beekeeper with 1,000 colonies in eastern Michigan near Saginaw, has been vocal in opposition to the release of the biocontrol agents. He says the Michigan bee industry is highly dependent on star thistle, and that without it the industry might not be able to sustain itself and provide the pollination services Michigan fruit and vegetable growers need. About 42 percent of the crop income of Michigan farmers comes from specialty crops, and supplemental bees are needed in cucumbers, sweet and tart cherries, apples, blueberries, and other crops.
Ken Rauscher, head of the Michigan Department of Agriculture's Pesticide and Plant Pest Management Division, said the department has been keenly aware of the beekeepers' reliance on star thistle. In the past, the department has not supported biocontrol plans—even as other states were adopting them—because of the beekeepers' concerns. But land managers in other units of state and local government—those who manage state forests and parks and other property—have increasingly wanted to strike back at star thistle, which has been displacing native plant species for many years and converting their "natural" areas into weed-infested wastelands.
Spotted knapweed is an aggressive plant, Rauscher said. It gets a start in disturbed soil, along roadsides and in old fields that are no longer tilled (of which northern Michigan has many). Once started, it releases a chemical that keeps other plants out and creates conditions for more knapweed. It just keeps moving into new territory.
The Michigan Department of Agriculture became convinced last summer that both beekeepers and those who want to control spotted knapweed could be winners, Rauscher said. Michigan State University entomologist Doug Landis, who has managed a successful biocontrol program against the exotic marshland invader purple loosestrife, proposed a pilot program in which star thistle would be attacked in selected sites. As a vital part of the plan, native species of wildflowers that bloom in the star thistle period would be planted in the release sites. The idea is that as star thistle retreats, these wildflowers will advance, and there'll be no net loss of forage for Michigan beekeepers.
It won't take place overnight, Landis said, nor will it result in complete elimination of spotted knapweed. "It will begin to show impacts after three to five years as the biocontrol beetles become established, and there will be a slow decline of knapweed. Eradication or elimination is not possible or a goal of this program," he said.
The six sites where the releases were made last August are on public lands, and the land managers involved are now evaluating a list of 17 native plant species that bloom at the same time as knapweed to decide which ones will be frost-seeded this spring.
Landis noted that beekeepers themselves are not comfortable relying on a monoculture of star thistle. In some years, it has a crop failure with a resulting large impact on honey production. "Beekeepers are very reliant on a single plant species," Landis said of star thistle. "We think replacing it with a diversity of plants will add reliability to the nectar flow and be a win-win for everybody."
One beekeeper who endorsed the plan is Roger Hoopingarner, a retired Michigan State University entomologist who led the entomology department's bee program for many years and is now president of the Michigan Beekeepers Association.
There's been a big exchange of letters on the beekeepers' Web site between Hoopingarner and beekeepers who think he didn't defend their interests. Hoopingarner and Landis agree that biocontrol is a good idea, that the phase-in program is a good plan, and that biocontrol was coming whether or not Michigan wanted it.
The biocontrol beetles have been released in several other nearby states, including Minnesota and Wisconsin, where they have become established and are moving to other spotted knapweed-infested areas. In fact, Landis said, several less-highly-publicized releases had also been made in Michigan. In the West, spotted knapweed is a major problem on cattle pastureland. Cattle don't like it, it is somewhat toxic if they eat it, and it crowds out native grasses. The West has adopted the biocontrol option wholeheartedly.
Beekeeper Klein questions how it will work. If the beetles kill the knapweed, but the knapweed chemicals persist in the soil, the plan might produce bare ground rather than new native species. Landis sees the process as taking a longer time frame. Part of his research will look at how well plants move back into areas as knapweed is removed.
Klein says the beekeepers have enough problems, with predator mites and Colony Collapse Disorder. But Landis sees the biocontrol program not as another epidemic, but a gradual program in which spotted knapweed gets rolled back and new, nicer flowering plants return to the landscape from which knapweed drove them.
The pilot program will be evaluated, and Michigan officials don't expect to release more biocontrol insects until they see favorable results. Landis noted that several federal and state programs are now available to help landowners pay the cost of planting native wildflowers on private land. If the beetles are successful, they won't stay on publicly owned land.


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Indonesia, Jawa Tengah, Banjarnegara, Naturalization Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
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Verb: implement im-plu-munt
 1. Apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design
 "implement a procedure"
 2. Ensure observance of laws and rules
 - enforce, apply
 3. Pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue
 "He implemented a new economic plan";
 - follow through, follow up, follow out, carry out, put through, go through
Noun: implement im-plu-munt
 1. Instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to effect an end
Derived forms: implements, implemented, implementing
Type of: apply, compel, complete, employ, finish, instrumentality, instrumentation, obligate, oblige, use, utilise [Brit], utilize
Encyclopedia: Implement


Home | Assyrian People
Dr. David Barsum Perley (_PHONE_)
by Frederick A. Aprim
Posted: Sunday, July 08, 2001 at 11:51 AM CT
Dr. David Barsum Perley (_PHONE_)David Barsum Perley was born in Kharpoot, Turkey, in 1901. He is the son of the late Vartar and Barsum and the second youngest of their six children. His family was known for being active within the Kharpoot Assyrian community. David studied for one and a half years in the High School of the Euphrates College.
On May 1, 1914, Turkish authorities arrested David's father and a number of leading Assyrians, including the venerable Professor Ashur Yousuf, without a warrant and without an indictment. They were tortured in jail until July 1, 1914, then they were tied together in chains and deported to one of the scenes where the Christians' (Assyrians, Armenians and Greeks) massacres took place, never to be seen or heard from again.
David was forced to flee from his home accompanied by other male Assyrians fearing for their lives. The flight of David and his companions led them through the Dersin Mountains into Russia, thence eastward taking two years before they reached the United States where his sisters, brothers and other relatives resided, chiefly in Massachusetts.
David Perley's foremost ambition was the continuance of his education. His educational achievements included:
 1. Academy of the American International College, 1922
 2. College of Liberal Arts, Boston University, 1926
 3. School of Law, Boston University, 1928
 4. New York University, Postgraduate Law, 1933
Admissions to the Bar Association (Law):
 1. Massachusetts, 1933
 2. New Jersey, 1935 & 1940
 3. Illinois, 1947
 4. New York, 1967
Dr. Perley married Miss Rose Kazanchy of Paterson, New Jersey and established his office in the Law Building at 64 Hamilton Street, Paterson. The couple was blessed with one child named Penna who married Richard Redvanly, M.D. Richard and Penna had three children and resided in Patchogue, New York, where Dr. Perley was living at the time too.
After the tragic massacres of Assyrians in Simel, Iraq, in August 1933, the need for an Assyrian national organization forced itself on the Assyrian national scene. Dr. Perley was one among the founding fathers of the new Assyrian National Federation, needed to organize the force to protest legally the inhumane, unjust massacres of the Assyrians and to submit the appropriate demands in order to protect the Assyrians' rights to live in peace, freedom and safety within the countries of their residence and homeland.
Dr. Perley has served as Vice President, President, Secretary and legal advisor in the Executive Councils of the Assyrian National Federation (now known as the Assyrian American National Federation). He has been the most prominent expressive exponent in defense on behalf of the Assyrians and their cause. His timely articles, journalistic masterpieces, book reviews, subjects concerning the Assyrian question whether in the Assyrian or American press on various national subjects have been his innumerable contributions.
Among the wealth of his classic addresses and literary achievements were:
 1. Whither Christian Missions? Reflections on the works of a Missionary and On the Assyrian Case by David Barsum Perley, J.S.D., 1943.
 2. "Lest We Perish," 1947.
 3. Petition -- "In Behalf of the Assyrians of Iran" -- in behalf of His Holiness, the Late Mar Eshai Shimun, bless His soul, to the United Nations.
 4. "Kurdistan, Reflections of the Assyro-Kurdish Relations".
 5. Editor-in-chief of the "New Beth Nahreen," during the 1940s.
 6. Collaboration, formulation, completion, printing of the Constitution and By-laws of the Assyrian National Federation, 1934.
 7. On June 5-6, 1947, the School of Education, New York University, invited Dr. Perley to participate in a Symposium on the "Problems of the Middle East." He was assigned the text, "National and Religious Minorities." He spoke on the topic, "The Assyrians," which later was published by NYU under the title of "Problems of the Middle East," where the Assyrian problem covered pages 60-66.
 8. Collaboration and completion of the first Assyrian National Directory in America (1960).
 9. Collaboration, translation, printing into English, the manuscripts and publication of the "British Betrayal of the Assyrians," 1935, by the immortal Yousef Malek.
 10. Many articles in the Assyrian Star and the Assyrian American Educational Association's Christmas Sea's letters and others.
In defense of the Assyrians of Antiquity, Dr. Perley replied to Historian J. Arnold Toynbee and other western historical writers for their evils of jounalism to "select the ancient Assyrians as the only prototype of unusual cruelty." He replied to Dr. Leo Oppenheim of Chicago for published comments in the November 31, 1972 copies of the Wall Street Journal, questioning the genealogy of the Assyrians, Dr. Perley challenged Dr. Oppenheim to a public debate and also suggested that no further statements be made in this connection. For decades Dr. Perley answered the call when the Assyrians were in need for a defender. He has argued the Assyrian cause from the inception of the League of Nations. Deservedly, he was awarded the highest Assyrian national honor, "The Star of Ashur," by the Congress of the Assyrian Universal Alliance held in Yonkers, New York, April 1973.
Lillian S. Pera dedicated this eloquent verse to Dr. David Perley during a Testimonial Dinner in his honor.
Assyria! My Heritage
I am here!
But still the question broods within That will not die!
Why here?
Above the noise of earthly din There sounds this cry!
You were not always here;
You came from out a vast procession
Of ancient people,
Infinite influence, priceless knowledge,
Urged upon you in endless succession.
If there be something backward
From where we have slowly moved,
Why not something equally forward,
By which our growth be proved?
I am here!
But only as a starting place,
The inner voice within my heart Urges on the race Stirring, insistent, reaching,
In a review in The Assyrian Star, 9/10/1967, page 10, Dr. Perley wrote an article under the title: "The Assyrian Nationhood," the Mystic Echoing of Ten Thousand Years. Here is a passage from the article which speaks loud for itself: "One's being an Assyrian is a synthesis of heritage, religion and culture, and emotional consciousness that transcends all diversities, theological, demographic, and otherwise. Those who honor truth for its own sake will have no difficulty in the comprehension of my meaning, and they will surely remember the lapsed Assyrians in a sunny Assyrian day. The Assyrians have but one nationhood, and the distinction is very clear. When a person is of Assyrian blood, he retains his birthright, self-esteem, and the heritage of his fathers. It is for this very reason that he may be called a Jacobite-Assyrian, Nestorian-Assyrian, Assyrian-Presbyterian, or Chaldean-Christian. Calling someone a Jacobite-Assyrian should be no more amazing than calling someone else an Irish-Catholic. It is a mere matter of hyphenated description, not a hyphenation or division. A hyphen does not divide; it unites. The use of the term Nestorian-Assyrian is the simplest way of designating a Nestorian, who comes from, or who has, an Assyrian background. The term Assyrian is ONE SINGLE UNITY. The approach of this oneness of all Assyrians regardless of their religious adherence, is through the avenue of blood, and through the majesty of common memories. Religion is a faith acquired and is changeable. Nationality is one's flesh and blood; it is his total nature. Even death cannot undo it."
In Dr. Perley's first anniversary memoriam, Dr. Eden Naby Frye said: "We come here to do honor to a man who was above all generous in the widest sense of that word... a man who did not hide his talents but let them shine forth. As far as his Assyrian people were concerned, his talent, born of many years of often difficult experience, led him to speak and write for his people and to carry his people's heritage and hope to the reading public. Death has not diminished him but confirmed him as an Assyrian hero. His example of persistence and buoyancy will serve all of us as a reminder to use our talents for the good of our Assyrian people, our fellow human beings and for the glory of God..."
It is not enough to speak of the late Dr. Perley's services and sacrifices in the fields of literature and nationalism, for the more we speak about him the more there is to say. Dr


Chechebsa/ Kita Firfir
Chechebsa (ጨጨብሳ)
Chechebsa is sometimes called (Kita Firfir). It is one of the most popular breakfast dishes in the Ethiopian tradition. Chechebsa starts with preparing a batter that's fried to make a large flatbread called Kita. The kita is then torn into small pieces and is mixed with berbere (spiced red pepper powder) and Niter Kibbeh (spiced butter) until it's a moist and soft mixture. Chechebsa is usually served warm served with hot coffee or chai spiced tea.Ingredients:
 - 1tbsp of oil to prevent sticky pan
 - 1cup of Flour (whole wheat, all purpose, teff, or a mixture of some or all the flours)
 - 1/2tsp Salt
 - 2tsp Spiced red paper powder
 - 4tbspSpiced butter (Nitir Kibbeh)
 1. Heat the pan with the oil on it if
 2. Mix the flour with the salt
 3. Add 1/2 cup water and keep whisking, adding 2 Tbsp more water at a time as needed, and whisking until smooth like a thin pancake batter.
 4. Pour the batter into the hot pan over medium heat. Spread the batter into a single layer to form a large pancake. Cook 2 to 4 minutes or until bottom is lightly browned. Flip the Kita, and cook other side another 1 to 2 minutes or until lightly browned and cooked through. Set the cooked Kita aside for a few minutes, to cool.
 5. Tear the flat bread (Kita) into small pieces.
 6. Melt the butter on a pan and mix it with the spiced red pepper powder.
 7. Add the small pieces of the flat bread to the butter-pepper powder pan and ix thoroughly.
 8. Scoop it to a bowl or plate and serve it with hot tea or hot coffee.
For more information, please watch the YouTube video below.


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Enopi Park Ridge Learning Center
About this program
The E. nopi program consists of E. nopi Math, which includes basic and critical thinking math. E. nopi English which includes 4 main concepts; reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
E. nopi Math has two main sections: Basic Thinking Math and Critical Thinking Math. In Basic Thinking Math, students focus on the arithmetic part of mathematics (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). In Critical Thinking Math, students focus on patterns and relationships, geometry, problem solving, measurement and reasoning. Students are assigned to their levels based on test results, not by their grade levels (hence the "eye level" name).
E. nopi English focuses on four main fundamental skills: Reading, Listening, Writing, and Speaking. Within the program, students have the ability to reinforce their English skills with such activities as Active Listening, writing prompts, and phonics.
Another popular option: Tutors
Park Ridge, IL
Throughout my years at high school, I was a part of the mentors program. This required tutoring students in middle...


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Automatic Land Drainage Pump
The Barrel & Pump is used to solve drainage problems in gardens, cellars or driveways where no fall to surface drain or soakaway is available by submerging the barrel underground where water struggles to drain away and it automatically removes it from the flooded area using a pump fitted with a float switch. If the Barrel is linked up to an outlet pipe the water can be drawn off and used to water gardens, allotments and so on. Please note the water is NOT suitable to be used as drinking water.
- Simple to install
- Water can be pumped up to 200 meters
- Lid gives easy access to pump for simple servicing in future years
- Water can be used in other areas of the garden for watering plants


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Dry season pasture budget: a guide for stocking rates
As we all know, over-stocking causes stress on stock, pastures, soil and in the long term bank balances. Estimating the carrying capacity of your land and stocking according to it reduces these risks. There are two main types of carrying capacity—long-term carrying capacity or short-term carrying capacity, otherwise known as forage or dry season pasture budgeting. Both involve matching pasture supply to cattle feed intake requirements.
It is common practice to estimate the amount of feed that will be available over the dry season for stock and adjusting stocking levels in April or May, i.e. going into winter. A dry season pasture budget aims to estimate feed available for the dry season and compares it with estimated feed intake of the cattle. It should also allow for the return of organic matter to the soil for healthy pastures and pasture consumed by native and feral animals. The two methods described below provide a guide that can complement your current approaches for setting stocking rates.
Approach 1: Using Stocktake photo standards and a safe stocking rate calculator
One simple approach is to estimate standing feed using photo standards specific to your pasture system. Figures 1 and 2 are examples of photo standards for black speargrass in south-east Queensland. A full range of photo standards is available in the Stocktake workshop manual.
1. Estimate the amount of pasture available using the appropriate photo standard for your pasture type.
2. On the Safe Stocking Rate Calculator draw a line joining the class of cattle to be grazed and the amount of pasture available.
3. Continue this line to the right axis and read off the Safe Stocking Rate Calculator.
Using the photo standards the pasture on offer is estimated to be 2,500kg/ha.
The cattle to graze the paddock are two-year-old steers.
By joining these two points on the Safe stocking rate calculator the safe stocking rate is one steer to four hectares.
Figure 1. Black speargrass dry matter pasture yield 830kg/ha (south-east Queensland)
Figure 2. Black speargrass dry matter pasture yield 2,450kg/ha (south-east Queensland)
Figure 3. Safe stocking rate calculator for cattle in the semi arid zone
Approach 2: Cut and measure standing feed and calculate intakes
This approach involves estimating kilograms of feed per hectare using pasture cuts and then using your own estimates of feed intake to calculate stocking rate. An advantage is that you can create your own photo standards. The following steps are required:
1. Cut, dry and weigh pasture samples of a representative area and calculate 'kilograms per hectare'. See the text box for details. This example arrived at 2,900kg of dry matter per hectare.
2. Consider how much of the pasture will be useful to stock, allowing for unpalatable species. For example, assume 80% of the pasture is useful, so 80% of 2,900 = 2,400kg.
3. Estimate a utilisation figure to allow for pasture health, competition from other animals, return of organic matter to the soil, stock trampling, etc. Generally utilisation is about 30% for native pastures and 40% for sown pastures. For example, 30% of 2,400kg/ha = 720kg dry matter. This is the amount of pasture available per hectare to be eaten by stock. In more fragile native pastures, or if you are planning to burn reduce the utilisation figure, to leave more grass.
4. Estimate the budget period, for instance the number of days from the end of effective rainfall in autumn to the start of effective rainfall the following spring. For example, a dry season from the end of May to the end of November is 210 days. You can use past rainfall records to estimate when you can reliably predict rainfall in quantities over 30mm. You may choose to be more conservative and allow for the latest recorded start for reasonable spring rains. The Rainman package can help predict these dates.
5. Estimate stock intakes. Stock intakes vary considerably with the size of the animal, the digestibility of feed and the animal's stage of production, such as growing, pregnant or lactating. Young animals eat a higher percentage of body weight than older stock. As a guide, cattle eat about 2.5–3% of body weight in dry matter on highly digestible feeds such as fresh pasture and grain and as low as 1% of body weight on poor feeds. Providing a supplement that supplies the nutrient(s) that is limiting production will increase intake. Consider a 450kg beast that maintains its weight over the dry season and consumes 1.8% of live eight per day. 1.8% of 450kg = 8kg dry matter per day for 210 days = 1,700kg dry matter per head.
6. We have estimated a supply of 720kg dry matter on one hectare and demand of 1,700kg dry matter per head per dry season, so 1,700kg demand divided by 720kg supply = 2.4ha. This is the area needed per beast to provide 1,700kg dry matter. A 50ha paddock under this scenario would support 20 head (50 divided by 2.4ha).
Steps in calculating pasture dry matter
1. Select a sample representative of the average paddock situation.
2. Use a 50cm x 50cm square (¼m²) quadrant to cut five pasture samples close to the ground.
3. Weigh each sample. This is the fresh or 'wet matter' weight.
4. Dry a sample in the oven or microwave to get a dry matter weight. Weigh the sample periodically. When the sample no longer loses weight after a drying process it is dry. If using a microwave include a glass of water in the oven to avoid the grass catching on fire when it becomes very dry.
6. Calculate dry matter: If a sample weighs 100g fresh and 80g dry, it is (80 divided by 100) multiplied by 100 = 80% dry matter and the remaining 20% is water.
7. Convert the wet weights to dry matters by taking the average of the five 'wet weight' samples and multiply by the dry matter percentage, following this example:
Sample 1. Weighs 92g
Sample 2. Weighs 84g
Sample 3. Weighs 98g
Sample 4. Weighs 86g
Sample 5. Weighs 95g
Average wet weight is (92 + 84 + 98 + 86 + 95) divided by 5 (the number of samples) = 91g
Conversion to dry matter: 91g of wet grass per ¼m² multiplied by 80% = 72.8g dry matter per ¼m²
8. To convert from grams per quarter square metre (g/¼m²) to kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) multiple by 40.
There is 72.8g in ¼m², so there is 72.8g x 4 = 291.2g per m² x 10,000m² in 1ha, then divide by 1,000 to get kilograms = 2,912kg dry matter per hectare.
Roger Sneath, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries.


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Python deployment automation helper functions built into leroy
Leroy's built-in python interpreter has some additional functions that we have added to it that are commonly used in deployment automation. The problem we are solving is that when creating automated deployments, it is not enough to simply stop and start services. We must also loop and check if services are in-fact started or stopped. This action causes redundant scripting. Leveraging the embedded python interpreter in each agent, building such functions were fairly easy to make. The functions we have created are as follows:
checkForPid and checkForNotPid are used when we know the PID of the service that we have started or killed and we want to know if it has in-fact started, or died.
checkPortListening and checkPortNotListening is when we know what TCP port a given service will be listening on and we want to confirm if it has in-fact started or stopped.
checkHttpString and checkHttpNotString are used when we start a service that presents some web / http type interface. With it, we can poll this url for an amount of time to check if a string or perhaps 1 of 2 strings exist in the web page. This is most commonly used in post-deployment checks to ensure that an application has completely deployed. A great way to take advantage of this is to develop a special url in your application that performs internal checks and produces a unique string on success.
checkRunningLogForStrings is a very special function that we welcome as a nice cross platform utility. This works like you are performing a "tail -f" on a running log and we stop when we see a special string. Certain JBoss applications would enjoy using such a mechanism for example.
In order to make use of any of these functions we need to import Leroy inside our workflow first, here's an example:

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by: Epic Force


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A leak on a premises can be identified in several ways, for example, the wholesaler's network monitoring or through observed abnormalities in consumption values.
A leak on a property may require either physical access to the property by the wholesaler or the wholesaler may provide a leakage notice to the customer.
Obligations under the codes
Leakages are governed largely outside of the codes. However, retailers can request a volumetric adjustment to a customer's charge as a result of a burst or leak. Process H1 of the Operational Terms describes this in greater detail.


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Colorized TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) micrograph of a cell of Geobacter sulfurreducens (orange) with its pili (yellow) stretching out like arms and immobilizing the uranium (black precipitate). | Image courtesy of Dena Cologgi and Gemma Reguera, Michigan State University
Bacteria may get a bad wrap, but there are certainly benefits to researching the remarkable capabilities of these often misunderstood microorganisms. A team of researchers at Michigan State University, assisted by scientists at the Energy Department's Argonne National Laboratory, has demonstrated exactly how a family of bacteria known as Geobacter use their arms to clean up nuclear waste and other toxic materials.
Geobacter are the junk food connoisseurs of the bacterial kingdom. They have a healthy appetite for all sorts of unhealthy "foods," including uranium and petroleum compounds like oil. And they also have the ability to turn a form of uranium that dissolves easily in water to a form that does not, which makes it much easier to clean up. (In the same way that it's far easier to pluck a sugar cube out of water than dissolved sugar from a packet.)
Scientists have already been using Geobacter to pull waste out of water. The bacteria cleans up contaminated spaces through a process called bioremediation; however, scientists didn't know how the bacteria were conducting their cleanups, at least until recently. In a paper published in the Sept. 6 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team at Michigan State University, led by Dr. Gemma Reguera, demonstrated that it is the long arms (known as pili) of Geobacter that give them their unique ability to connect to uranium particles and "pull" them out of water. These arms – which can be even longer than the bacteria themselves (imagine having an arm the length of your body… or longer!) – might be better compared to wires, since they can even conduct electricity.
What's more remarkable – as Dr. Reguera's team also showed – is that these electrically-conducting pili actually give Geobacter their ability to clean up uranium. They reach across space, creating an extensive network that allows the bacteria to increase their energy by connecting to multiple uranium particles. The pili also keep the particles of uranium at, well, arm's length, which better protects the bacteria. Equipment at Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, provided additional insights into how Geobacter works, especially through the use of the lab's bright x-ray facility, the Advanced Photon Source.
Understanding how Geobacter's arms work suggests new possibilities for using the bacteria to clean up larger and perhaps even more contaminated sites in the future.
This work was supported by the Office of Science and in part by the Energy Department's Environmental Remediation Sciences Office, within the Biological and Environmental Research Program. For more information on Energy Department's Office of Science, please go to: _URL_


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Photograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic
It's the colors in this abstract photograph that allow us to recognize the birds in flight as macaws. Because macaws have such bright and distinctive colors, photographer Joel Sartore was able to create a successful abstract image, one in which birds of quieter hues would have disappeared. —Annie Griffiths
Photo Tip: Distinct colors can help the viewer recognize objects in an abstract view. When presented with this advantage, the photographer has more leeway to be creative with time exposures and motion while still allowing the subject to read.
Enjoy more photos and buy the book Simply Beautiful Photographs »


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The Windows Script Host Object Model has many useful properties and methods for dealing with files, folders, disks, etc. One common use is for searching for a file in one or more sub-folders. The example function below illustrates how to use the
FileSystemObject along with the
Files, and File objects to iterate through sub folders to find a particular file.
To use this example in your macros you must add a reference to the Windows Script Host Object Model library. To do this select Tools > References, then scroll toward the bottom of the list and select Windows Script Host Object Model.
' 'This function requires a reference to: 'Windows Script Host Object Model (C:\Windows\System32\wshom.ocx)"'Public Function FindFile(ByVal strFileName As String, _ ByVal strStartPath As String, ByRef strFoundPath) As Boolean Dim objFSO As FileSystemObject Dim objFiles As Files Dim objFile As File Dim objFolders As Folders Dim objFolder As Folder strFoundPath = "" 'Set new instance if File System Object Set objFSO = New FileSystemObject 'Get all sub folders in the starting folder Set objFolders = objFSO.GetFolder(strStartPath).SubFolders 'Iterate through all sub folders For Each objFolder In objFolders 'Get all of the files in this sub folder Set objFiles = objFolder.Files 'Iterate through files in this sub folder For Each objFile In objFiles 'If we find the file store the path name and exit If StrComp(strFileName, objFile.Name, vbTextCompare) = 0 Then strFoundPath = objFSO.BuildPath(strStartPath, objFolder.Name) FindFile = True Exit Function End If Next Next FindFile = False End Function


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Accountability Strategies and Checklists: Mentoring Excellence Toolkit #4
Lois Zachary and Lory Fischler created these five toolkits on crucial aspects of mentoring as quick references that mentors and mentees can use to refresh their understanding, prepare for mentoring sessions, grasp key concepts of the process, and improve their overall experiences and strengthen their mentoring relationships. These compact, bound card sets will fit into your purse, briefcase, or pocket for quick review on the go.
Toolkit #4 covers the very important process of setting goals. It offers accountability strategies and checklists for mentoring excellence that can be used during each phase of the mentoring relationship. They can be used to guide mentoring conversations, gauge progress, and promote mutual accountability. These checklists can also be used to determine readiness to move on to the next phase.
The five toolkits include:
#1: Strategies and Checklists for Mentors
#2: Feedback and Facilitation for Mentors
#3: Strategies for Mentees
#4: Accountability Strategies and Checklists
#5: Mentoring Across Generations


Giovanni Dosi Marco Lippi Massimo Riccaboni _EMAIL_ 2011-06-30T14:25:42Z 2011-08-31T14:40:39Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ Dynamic competition in pharmaceuticals: Patent expiry, generic penetration, and industry structure This paper investigates patterns of industrial dynamics and competition in the pharmaceutical industry, with particular reference to the consequences of patent expiry in different countries. We focus on the competition at the level of single chemical entities, distinguishing between original brands and generic products. Quarterly data, spanning from July 1987 to December 1998, on sales of pharmaceutical products in four countries (USA, UK, Germany, and France) constitute the basis of our analysis. All the products containing major molecules whose patent expiration date lies between 1986 and 1996 are included in our sample. We show how diffusion of generics is linked to the characteristics of the market and investigate how price dynamics of original products are affected by generic competition. Our empirical investigation shows that the dynamics of drug prices and the competition by generic drugs vary significantly across countries. This heterogeneity notwithstanding, a clear distinction seems to emerge. On the one hand, systems that rely on market-based competition in pharmaceuticals promote a clear distinction between firms that act as innovators and firms that act as imitators after patent expiry. Here, original products enjoy premium prices and exclusivity profits under patent protection, and face fierce price competition after patent expiry. On the other hand, in systems that rely on administered prices, penetration by generic drugs tends to be rather limited. Its descriptive and preliminary nature notwithstanding, our analysis seems to have relevant implications at different levels of generality, especially for Europe. Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Laura Magazzini Massimo Riccaboni _EMAIL_ 2011-06-30T14:24:57Z 2011-08-31T14:40:39Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ Growth and diversification patterns of the worldwide pharmaceutical industry Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Giulio Bottazzi Angelo Secchi 2011-06-30T14:24:51Z 2011-08-31T14:40:39Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ Pharmaceuticals Analysed through the Lens of a Sectoral Innovation System Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Maureen McKelvey Luigi Orsenigo 2011-06-30T14:24:45Z 2011-08-31T14:40:39Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ Technological Paradigms and the Evolution of Networks: Lessons from the Pharmaceutical Industry Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Massimo Riccaboni _EMAIL_ 2011-06-30T14:23:56Z 2011-08-31T14:40:39Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ The intensity of competition after patent expiry in pharmaceuticals. A cross-country analysis This paper shows that the relationships between the dynamics of drug priees, patent expiry, and competition by multisource drugs vary significantly across countries. A clear distinction seems to emerge. On the one side, systems that rely on market based competition (particularly the US) promote a clear distinction between firms that act as innovators and firms that act as imitators after patent expiry. Original products enjoy premium prices under patent protection, and face fierce price competition after patent expiry. On the contrary, systems that rely on administered prices (particularly France and Italy) nurture strategies of pre-emptive brand proliferation and horizontal differentiation by imitative brand name products, well before patent expiry. Our work confirms that that systems that rely on administered prices have tended to stifle price competition, to protect less efficient companies, and to encourage strategies of incremental innovation and imitation. Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Laura Magazzini Luigi Orsenigo 2011-06-30T14:23:40Z 2011-08-31T14:40:38Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ La distribuzione dei farmaci tra progetti di riforma e incertezze The paper provides a detailed description of the legal and regulatory framework that governs Italian pharmacies and the retail distribution of pharmaceuticals, as well as the government's recent attempts to reform and modernize the system. The picture to emerge is a clear example of an over-regulated market closed to competition; in fact, while the declared intention is to protect the public health and citizens, the regulatory machinery appears designed precisely to favor the interests of incumbent pharmacies and pharmacists. In conclusion, the paper proposes some policy guidelines, also based on the considerations, suggestions and provisions that both the Italian Antitrust and the European Commission have been developing over the past few years. Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Nicola C. Salerno 2011-06-30T14:22:05Z 2011-08-31T14:40:38Z _URL_ This item is in the repository with the URL: _URL_ La distribuzione al dettaglio dei farmaci: tra regolazione efficiente e mercato Fabio Pammolli _EMAIL_ Nicola C. Salerno


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Issue No.01 - January (2001 vol.23)
pp: 85-90
ABSTRACT

Abstract—Unsupervised segmentation of images with low depth of field (DOF) is highly useful in various applications including image enhancement for digital cameras, target recognition, image indexing for content-based retrieval, and 3D microscopic image analysis. This paper describes a novel multiresolution image segmentation algorithm for low DOF images. The algorithm is designed to separate a sharply focused object-of-interest from other foreground or background objects. The algorithm is fully automatic in that all parameters are image independent. A multiscale approach based on high frequency wavelet coefficients and their statistics is used to perform context-dependent classification of individual blocks of the image. Unlike other edge-based approaches, our algorithm does not rely on the process of connecting object boundaries. The algorithm has achieved high accuracy when tested on more than 100 low DOF images, many with inhomogeneous foreground or background distractions. Compared with the state of the art algorithms, this new algorithm provides better accuracy at higher speed.

INDEX TERMS
Content-based image retrieval, image region segmentation, low depth-of-field, wavelet, multiresolution image analysis.
CITATION
James Z. Wang, Jia Li, Robert M. Gray, Gio Wiederhold, "Unsupervised Multiresolution Segmentation for Images with Low Depth of Field", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, vol.23, no. 1, pp. 85-90, January 2001, doi:10.1109/34.899949
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How to Eliminate Foul Odor in Hunting Boots
Out there in the wilderness, you need to use the hunting boots in any weather condition. Humid conditions or wet conditions can lead to unhygienic hunting boots. Consequently, there might be a foul odor in your hunting boots. It is essential to maintain the boots in a hygienic condition.
Only once you do so will you be comfortable.
Today we will share the answer to the question of how to eliminate foul odor in hunting boots.
How to eliminate foul odor in hunting boots?
We will share with you a step-by-step way to eliminate such odor from your hunting boots.
 1. The first thing is to wrap a bit of bicarbonate soda in a thin cloth. You have to keep it in your hunting boots. You should keep it in the hunting boots for at least 12 hours.
 2. After doing so, you can place blotting paper inside the shoes. You have to add some cloves to it. It can mask any odor with its own fragrance.
 3. After a few hours, you have to remove the same and keep the shoes in an airtight plastic bag. You have to keep the plastic bag in the freezer for 3 to 4 hours. It will kill the odor-causing bacteria right away.
 4. Once you have done so, you have to dry the shoes in your balcony or in your lawn.
These four simple steps will certainly help you eliminate the foul odor in hunting boots.
Alternative method:
In case your hunting boots can handle water, you can use this alternative method as well. The alternative method will certainly help you clean the boots inside out. Once you do so, you will not have to worry about odor.
 1. You have to first and foremost, rinse your boots from outside. For the inside, you have to use a damp cloth to wipe them clean.
 2. Thereafter, you have to create a mixture of water in commercials and Tiller. You have to spread all over the boots.
 3. Once you do so, you have to let the boots dry for a few hours.
 4. After that, you have to remove the insole and wash them with detergent. You have to make sure that the detergent is scent-free. After that, you have to let the insole dry as well.
 5. If you do not want to spend hours drying the boots, you can buy an extra pair of boots. Once you do so, you will be able to dry the boot in no time.
These are the two methods that you can use to eliminate foul odor from hunting boots.
To prevent foul odor, there are a few precautions that you can take as well.
Precautions to eliminate foul odor in hunting boots:
The precautions that you need to undertake are:
 1. Choosing the right socks:
You always have to choose fresh socks. You have to ensure that there is no odor in the socks. If you wear smelly socks and wear the hunting boots, the boots will develop foul odor.
 1. Allow the boots to dry:
Whenever you wear the boots, socks, or feet get wet; you have to dry them. Only once they are dried, there will be no water and wetness inside the boots.
 1. Inspect your boots from time to time:
Many boots are susceptible to mildew, algae, and so on. You have to inspect the boots from time to time. The purpose of the inspection is to ensure that there is no growth in the boots. If there is any growth, you have to use disinfectants to eliminate it. Doing so will ensure that odor will no longer be a problem.
 1. Regular odor elimination:
At the slightest hint of order, you have to use any of the above two methods to eliminate water. If you do not do so, the odor will become stronger over time. Due to this reason, every time you use your hunting boots, you have to check them for odor.
Once you take these precautions, you will ensure that your hunting boots do not develop any foul odor.
In case they still do, you can use any of the methods we have highlighted above to eliminate odor. Both of these methods are incredibly effective. In a nutshell, after going through this article, you need not worry about water in hunting boots at all. You can always have hygienic hunting boots for your next hunting trip. It certainly eliminates the need to have a spare pair of hunting boots as well.
We will be happy to hear your thoughts
 Leave a reply


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Echuya Batwa, commonly known as pygmies, are an endangered group of people around Echuya Forest Reserve in Kisoro and Kabale Districts of South-Western Uganda. The Echuya is located in the Albertine Rift region recognized as an important eco-region. The Batwa are believed to have migrated from the Ituri Forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo in search of wild animals to hunt, hence the name Kisoro, literally meaning "the area occupied by wild animals". The Batwa live in small huts mainly made from sticks and grass.
"Originally, Batwa were forest-dwelling hunter-gatherers based in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa, and are widely accepted as the original inhabitants of the region. As their traditional forest lands and territories fell under the control of agro-industries and conservation agencies, the Batwa became squatters living on the edges of society. The establishment of the Bwindi and Mgahinga National Parks for Mountain Gorillas in 1991 enabled the authorities to evict the Batwa definitely from the forest. The Batwa in Uganda (today) experience systematic and pervasive discrimination from the government and other sectors of society, and their rights as indigenous peoples are neither recognized nor respected".
Echuya Forest Reserve is located in the most densely populated area where, the average land holding per household is 0.8 ha and population density is 353.9 persons per km2. According to the National Population and Housing Census (2002), Batwa population in Uganda was 3500. Other than Batwa, the forest is surrounded by Bakiga, Hutu and Tutsi who comprise a bigger percentage of the population. Bakiga are commonly referred to by Batwa as Bairu. Batwa comprise about 5% of the population (Plumptre et al. 2004). Their households are scattered in various settlements in villages located adjacent to the forest. They include: Murubindi, Kashasha; Gitebe-Kanaba, Biizi-Rugeshi–Murora, Mukasaayi that comprises two settlements, Karengyere-Rwamahano and Kinyarushengye.
A few Batwa own very little agricultural land, and the least productive, ( less than an acre per household for the few who have access), in designated locations in hard-to-reach hilly terrain near the forest. The land was obtained from development agencies such as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency, BMCT (Bwindi Mgahinga Conservation Trust) and AICM (African International Christian Ministry). However, before the declaration of the Echuya as a central government forest reserve, the forest was heavily encroached upon. Up to now, some activities such as wild hunting, collection of honey, mushrooms, water, bamboo for basket making, building poles, making of bee hives and fire wood are being carried out by both Batwa and non-Batwa dominant ethnic communities. Batwa, illegally hunt in the forest due to lack of alternative sources of proteins. The forest is also of cultural importance to the Batwa, who offer religious sacrifices to their gods. Echuya Batwa were never involved nor considered for consultation and compensation when the decision-making process to exclude them from the forest was being taken. As a result, most Batwa became landless with extreme poverty and have been reduced to a life of destitution, living on non-Batwa's land as squatters. Batwa have been forced to resort to begging, providing cheap manual labor, prostitution and stealing for survival. They can be referred to as marginalized minority people, internally displaced persons or environmental refugees.
The Forestry Nature Conservation Master Plan (FNCMP) of Uganda (1999) underpins Echuya Forest Reserve as one of the forests that have been selected for CFM (Collaborative Forest Management) involving participation of local communities including Batwa in resource protection, management and planning of nature reserves. The 1999 FNCMP further focuses on equitable utilization of forest resources amongst the communities adjacent to the forest. This led to formation of CFM groups at parish and sub-county levels, which are mostly dominated by non-Batwa who for long have marginalized the Batwa. Batwa interests were therefore, not fully met when the communities were being assisted to participate in negotiating, drafting and finally signing CFM agreements with the National Forestry Authority.


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Prakruti Prakash took care of the tree by watering its roots everyday.
HYDERABAD: A 70-year-old banyan tree which got uprooted due to heavy rains in Rajanna Sircilla district three months ago may get a new lease of life.
A tree lover, Prakruti Prakash, took care of the tree by watering its roots everyday and has now seen the fruit of his labour.
The tree has shown signs of life and he is planning on transplanting it.
Prakash intends to transplant the tree at a school. Since the process may cost around Rs 50,000, he is also looking at like-minded people to chip in to see that the tree regains its lost glory and students will be able to play or study under its shade.
The tree had got uprooted on the outskirts of Suddala village in Konaraopet mandal in the agriculture fields belonging to Burra Bhoomaih Goud and Burra Ramesh Goud.
Prakash noticed that the tree was drying up and got into the act.
"The tree looked majestic when it was standing but now it was fallen," Prakash said.
He took permission from another farmer to draw water from a bore in his agricultural field and began to water the fallen tree.
With the tree coming to see and new leaves seen on it, Prakash's heart revived.


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A doctor will review your order and write you a prescription, if appropriate. This prescription is then forwarded to a pharmacy. The pharmacy will have your medicine delivered to you within one to three working days. Read more about this process here.
What is Fultium-D3?
Fultium-D3 is a dietary supplement. The drops and capsules contain vitamin D3 (colecalciferol), which plays an important role in extracting calcium and phosphate from food. You can order Fultium-D3 through Dokteronline.com, from our partner pharmacies.
What is Fultium-D3 used for?
Vitamin D3 is found in certain foods, such as fatty fish and margarine. It is also produced in the skin after exposure to sunlight. However, some people suffer from vitamin D deficiency. This may be because they do not eat enough of the right foods or do not go outside very often. Pregnant women, children aged under four and the elderly are particularly susceptible. Vitamin D deficiency can cause a variety of medical disorders, including muscle cramps and pain, pain in the bones and osteoporosis (weakened bones). Fultium-D3 prevents these complaints by topping up the body's vitamin D levels.
How to use Fultium-D3?
Fultium-D3 is available as capsules and oral drops. Swallow the capsules whole, with a drink of water. Do not chew them! The drops can be mixed into a spoonful of water, yoghurt or another liquid. You can take Fultium-D3 at any time of day.
Our partner pharmacies supply Fultium-D3 in both capsule and drop form. A doctor can advise you what dosage to take, how frequently and for how long. The general dosage guidelines are as follows, but these may vary depending upon your age and the extent of your vitamin deficiency.
- Adults and children aged 12 and above: usually 1-4 capsules OR 6-60 drops per day.
- Children aged 2-11: usually 6-30 drops per day.
- Children aged under two: usually 6-15 drops per day.
After a few weeks, your doctor may decide to reduce your dose. This is because your vitamin D level has risen sufficiently, and now only needs to be maintained. Fultium-D3 capsules are not suitable for children aged under 12. Always read the enclosed patient information leaflet before use.
Most users have no problems taking Fultium-D3, but side effects do occasionally occur. They can include the following:
- Hypercalcaemia (too much calcium in the blood), which can cause loss of appetite, stomach pain, constipation, excessive thirst or muscle weakness;
- Hypercalciuria (too much calcium in the urine);
- Skin rash, caused by an allergic reaction or sensitivity (this is rare).
Consult a doctor if you experience any side effects, including ones not mentioned in the patient information leaflet.
When not to use Fultium-D3
Fultium-D3 is not suitable for everyone. Do not take it if:
- You are allergic (hypersensitive) to vitamin D or any of its other ingredients;
- You have high levels of vitamin D in your blood (hypervitaminosis D);
- You have high levels of calcium in your blood or urine (hypercalcaemia or hypercalciuria);
- You have kidney stones or another serious kidney condition.
If you have other medical problems, consult a doctor to check whether Fultium-D3 is suitable for you. When ordering this product, always state what other medication you are taking – some drugs, such as laxatives and certain heart medicines, can interact with Fultium-D3.
Pregnancy/ driving ability/alcohol
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, consult a doctor before using Fultium-D3.
Fultium-D3 does not affect your ability to drive and does not interact with alcohol.


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SuperValu is the first retailer to bring vertically farmed hydroponic micro greens to market and the new products, available now on shelves around Ireland, are Signature Tastes Italian Style Microgreen Mix and Signature Tastes Microgreen SuperMix.
The retailer explained that hydroponic vertical farming is an innovative farming method that allows greens to be grown in Ireland all year round, whatever the weather, significantly reducing food miles and the time between farm to shelves.
Hydroponics is the process of growing plants without using soil.
In traditional growing, soil is a major source of nutrients for plants, but with hydroponics, alternatives to those nutrients are directly fed to plants instead, so the use of soil can be removed completely and growing moved indoors.
Ian Allen, managing director, SuperValu, said, "Given the environmental benefits of vertical hydroponic farming we're delighted to be able to offer customers locally grown options, where previously products would have to be transported from countries in warmer climates when they're out of season.
"This is just one of our steps to becoming more sustainable and making positive environmental impacts in every community we operate in around Ireland."|
Signature Tastes Growing Pea
In addition to the Microgreens, the Signature Tastes Growing Pea shoots are also launching in SuperValu stores. These are also grown using innovative soil-free methods, but are grown on a bed of compostable paper.
The zero waste Growing Pea Shoots are a living product, so customers can cut as much as they want and the plant keeps growing.
SuperValu's Signature Tastes Microgreens and Growing Pea shoots are sustainably grown and herbicide and pesticide free.
As they have been grown in a soil-free environment, which reduces strain on land-based resources, customers get great-tasting, nutrient rich greens with fewer negative impacts on the environment.
The new products are already award-winning, with the Signature Tastes Pea Shoots taking home the Chefs Larder Award and the Signature Tastes Italian Style Microgreen Mix winning a PLMA Salute to Excellence Award.
The environmental benefits of hydroponic vertical farming include:
- Less water is used: 70% less water is used than soil-based farming as water is recycled through the system repeatedly.
- No soil degradation: Soil degradation is an issue across the globe. As hydroponic vertical farming does not use soil, there is no negative impact on soil
- Elimination of Pesticides and Herbicides: With the absence of soil there is no need for fertilisers as nutrient solutions are used instead. Herbicides are not needed either as there is no weed growth and as they are grown inside, there is also no need for pesticides. This means a massively reduced run-off, benefitting both the water and soil in the local area.
- Grown locally = less food miles: As hydroponic farming takes place indoors, it doesn't matter what the weather or climate is like outdoors, so products which usually could not be grown in Ireland can now be grown locally. As vertical farming takes up less space than traditional methods, the size of land available is now less of an issue as well. SuperValu's new products are grown in Co Meath by McCormack Family farms and can make it to shelves in less than 48 hours, meaning less fuel waste in transit and minimal loss of freshness.
SuperValu said it will reduce its carbon footprint in Ireland by 70% by 2025, and in addition to moving to sustainable packaging, SuperValu is committed to operating all facilities with 100% green electricity and to sending no recoverable waste to landfill.
Any food surplus in stores is sent to re-distribution charities, so food waste is minimised, as well as helping to alleviate food poverty.


text:
- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Sedge \Sedge\, n. [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; -- probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous, innutritious herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species. [1913 Webster] Note: The name is sometimes given to any other plant of the order Cyperaceae, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants. [1913 Webster] 2. (Zool.) A flock of herons. [1913 Webster] Sedge hen (Zool.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. Sedge warbler (Zool.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; -- called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale. [1913 Webster]


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Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight
Lang, Thomas F., et al. (2006). "Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Skeletal Reloading After Long-Duration Spaceflight." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 21 8: _PHONE_
We studied the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the proximal femoral BMD and structure of astronauts 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. We observed that the readaptation of the proximal femur to Earth's gravity entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of volumetric BMD. Introduction: Bone loss is a well-known result of skeletal unloading in long-duration spaceflight, with the most severe losses occurring in the proximal femur. However, there is little information about the recovery of bone loss after mission completion and no information about effect of reloading on the structure of load-bearing bone. To address these questions, we carried out a study of the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the BMD and structure of the proximal femur 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. Materials and Methods: In 16 crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) making flights of 4.5–6 months, we used QCT imaging to measure the total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the proximal femur. In addition to vBMD, we also quantified BMC, bone volume, femoral neck cross-sectional area (CSA), and femoral neck indices of compressive and bending strength at three time-points: preflight, postflight, and 1 year after mission. Results: Proximal femoral bone mass was substantially recovered in the year after spaceflight, but measures of vBMD and estimated bone strength showed only partial recovery. The recovery of BMC, in the absence of a comparable increase in vBMD, was explained by increases in bone volume and CSA during the year after spaceflight. Conclusions: Adaptation of the proximal femur to reloading entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of vBMD. The data indicate that recovery of skeletal density after long-duration space missions may exceed 1 year and supports the evidence in the aging literature for periosteal apposition as a compensatory response for bone loss. The extent to which this compensatory effect protects against fracture remains to be seen.