text:
Effect on garlic greening and thermal stability of 1-(2′-hydroxybenzene-1′-carboxy-ethyl) pyrrole
- 175 Downloads
1-(2′-Hydroxybenzene-1′-carboxy-ethyl) pyrrole (P-Tyr) was synthesized to study its effect on garlic greening. The puree of freshly harvested garlic bulbs turned green after being soaked in solutions of P-Tyr, and with increasing concentration, the green color of the puree became deeper. The thermal stability of P-Tyr was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the conversion of P-Tyr followed an Arrhenius relationship, where the delta enthalpy (H) and activation energy (Ea) were 399.102 J/g and 82.137 ± 3.243 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the relationships between the degree of conversion of P-Tyr and time or temperature were reported. This study demonstrated that the evaluated P-Tyr is stable over a wide range of temperatures and time.
Keywords1-(2′-Hydroxybenzene-1′-carboxy-ethyl) pyrrole Garlic Green pigment Thermal stability
This work was supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (20100470789) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31000786).
- 8.Adams JB, Brown HM (2007) Discoloration in raw and processed fruits and vegetables. Food Sci Nutr 47:319–333Google Scholar
- 9.Lukes TM (1986) Factors governing the greening of garlic Puree. J Food Sci 51(1577):1581–1582Google Scholar
- 15.Zamora R, Hidalgo FJ (1995) Linoleic acid oxidation in the presence of amino compounds produces pyrroles by carbonyl amine reactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1258:319–327Google Scholar
- 20.Gloede J, Poduška K, Gross H, Rudinger J (1968) Amino acids and peptides. LXXX. α-Pyrrolo analogues of α-amino acids. Collect Czechoslov Chem Commun 33:1307–1314Google Scholar
- 21.Sircar L, Winters RT, Quin J III, Lu GH, Major TC, Panek RL (1993) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. I. Synthesis and in vitro structure-activity relationships of 4-[[[(1H-pyrrol-1-ylacetyl) amino] phenyl] imidazole derivatives as angiotensin II receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 36:1735–1745CrossRefGoogle Scholar


text:
The reforestation will consolidate a large forested block along the Embarrass river south of Charleston Illinois at the Warbler Ridge Conservation Area owned by Grand Prairie Friends, a land trust in east central Illinois. Together with the adjacent Fox Ridge State Park, over 3,000 forested acres are preserved, a rarity in this heavily agricultural area. This forested block is regionally important for neotropical migratory songbirds such as cerulean warblers as well as the bat species targeted in the restoration.
Eco Logic developed a planting plan and tree lists based on soil type for the floodplain and upland fields in the project area. Guidelines for sequencing, installation of seed and trees, and maintenance were included in the plan.
In former floodplain agricultural fields along the Embarrass River, Eco Logic started planting the first round of container-grown trees in the fall of 2018. Additional tree plantings occurred in spring of 2019, fall 2019 and spring of 2020. All plantings received a seeding of Virginia wild rye to initiate the establishment of a native herbaceous layer. The fall plantings were relatively small plots of containerized trees installed in flood prone areas, while the spring plantings were bareroot trees that covered the majority of the acreage. The trees suffered significant deer browse in 2019, so Eco Logic worked with Grand Prairie Friends to develop a solar powered electric fencing plan to protect the trees from further deer browse.
Several upland fields totaling approximately 40 acres will be planted with bare-root trees in the spring of 2021. This will conclude the initial reforestation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


One of the features missing from Visual Basic 2005 was support for what is known as friend assemblies. We are currently working on enabling Friend Assemblies for the next version of Visual Basic (code named Orcas). I wanted to share with you some of the nice things about friend assemblies and some of the gotchas. Much of the discussion applies equally well to C#, which supported friend assemblies in Visual C# 2005.
Declaring another Assembly as your friend
To declare another assembly A as your friend, simply insert the attribute InternalsVisibleTo("A"). I recommend that you put this in assemblyinfo.vb, where the rest of the assembly attributes go.
One of the rules regarding friend assemblies is that if the declaring assembly is a strong name assembly (that is, that it specifies a key file/container), then you can only declare friends that are also strong name assemblies. This means that you must specify the entire 128 bit public key in the InternalsVisibleTo attribute: InternalsVisibleTo("A, PublicKey=<128-bit Key>").
This prevents a strong name assembly from declaring friendship to any random assembly "A", and having any weak named (thus un-trusted) assembly named "A" reference your friend data.
See the following for more information on InternalsVisibleTo attribute.
NUnit, Unit tests, and Friend Assemblies
One of the scenarios enabled by such the friend assemblies feature is unit testing with NUnit (and other TDD frameworks that rely on being able to see privates). Note that VSTS does not rely on this feature, and VSTS code gens reflection stubs to get access to friend/private data.
This means that with Visual Basic Orcas, you can define your assembly A, and a test assembly TestA, and in assembly A, you declare TestA your friend, and TestA will now be able to access the friend members of A.
This attribute tells the compiler to emit code that makes TestA, with the public key MyKey, your friend. This will instruct the CLR to allow TestA to access friend members and fields in your assembly.
Inheritance and Friend Assemblies
Inheritance provides a unique problem for friend assemblies. Without friend assemblies, the scoping rules of classes (Public, Friend, or Private) are applied throughout the inheritance chain. Consider the following example, all classes defined in the same assembly:
Public Class A
Friend Overridable Sub Foo()
End Sub
End Class
Public Class B : Inherits A
Friend Overrides NotOverridable Sub Foo()
End Sub
End Class
Public Class C : Inherits B
Friend Overrides Sub Foo()
End Sub
End Class
In this case, the compiler will generate an error in class C because Foo is trying to override a method that was marked NotOverridable. So far, so good.
Now what if these classes were defined in three assemblies, A, B, and C (the names correspond to the classes)? Now, class B in assembly B cannot override Foo since it cannot see the Foo declared Friend in class A in assembly A.
But now, with friend assemblies, it is possible for assembly A to declare both assembly B and C as its friend. So now, class B can override Foo in class A, since it can see it. But what happens to class C? Class C in assembly C doesn't see the friend method in assembly B, and so it happily overrides Foo...oops. This will throw an exception at runtime, since B was "in the inheritance chain" but C, lower in the chain, could not see all the members it needed to see!
This is a unique problem introduced by friend assemblies.
What we did in the compiler was to dig through the class hierarchy and ensure that no hidden classes were changing the overriding semantics, and to generate a compiler error in this scenario.
There are other scenarios with the same idea; you can imagine that a hidden class seals a method but then provides another overridable method of the same name. I think we have taken care of all of these issues in the Visual Basic Orcas compiler; feel free to give the Visual Studio Orcas CTP a try and let me know if it doesnt work as you expect! tags:,
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Build Your Own Dictionary
Browse Alphabetically
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: someone who insists on eating chocolate with everything else
 Example Sentence: The chocolatarian put chocolate between her french fries.
 1. Function: verb
 Example Sentence: I chocolatatized my hot chocolate.
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: especially yummy chocolate
 Word History: My friend always wants a chocolatay!
 Example Sentence: I love chocolatay!
 1. Function: verb
 Definition: to dip something in chocolate
 Example Sentence: I just chocolatized a strawberry.
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: the study of chocolate
 Example Sentence: Chocolology is not yet studied around the world.
 1. Function: noun
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: an extreme desire for chocolate
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: having a craving for chocolate
 2. Function: adjective
 Definition: being in the mood for hot chocolate
 1. Function: noun
 Definition: a person who is crazy for chocolates
 Word History: chocolate + fanatic
 Example Sentence: She's a choconatic. She'll always eat the chocolate stuff first.
 Submitted by: Anonymous from Phillipines on 01/01/2008 09:03
 1. Function: adjective
 Definition: being a mix of chocolate and vanilla
 Example Sentence: My Dad bought a choconilla birthday cake for me.
 Submitted by: Stephen from Minnesota, USA on 07/10/2013 01:18
 2. Function: noun
 Definition: a combination of chocolate and vanilla flavors in something
 Example Sentence: I like to mix chocolate and vanilla ice cream together to make choconilla.
 Submitted by: Megan from NC, USA on 03/05/2008 07:52


text:
There are few things more disappointing than watching beautiful oranges ripen only to cut into them and find that the oranges are dry and flavorless. The question of why an orange tree produces dry oranges has plagued many home owners who are fortunate enough to be able to grow oranges. There are many reasons for dry orange fruit, and hopefully this article will help you pinpoint the causes of dry oranges on your trees.
Possible Causes of Dry Oranges
Orange fruit drying on the tree is technically referred to as granulation. When oranges are dry, there are many factors that can be responsible.
Over-ripened fruit – A common cause of dry orange fruit is when the oranges are left too long on the tree after they are fully ripe.
Underwatering – If a tree receives too little water while in fruit, this can cause dry oranges. The basic goal of any tree, not just an orange tree, is to survive. If there is too little water to support both the orange tree and the orange fruit, the fruit will suffer.
Too much nitrogen – Too much nitrogen can cause dry orange fruit. This is because nitrogen will encourage rapid growth of foliage at the expense of the fruit. This does not mean that you should eliminate nitrogen from your orange tree's fertilizing schedule (they need nitrogen to be healthy), but make sure that you have the proper amount of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Weather stress – If your weather is unseasonably warm or unseasonably cold while the orange tree is in fruit, this can be a cause of dry oranges. When a tree is under stress from weather conditions, the fruit will suffer while the tree works to survive the unexpected conditions.
Immature orange tree – Oftentimes, the first year or two that an orange tree produces fruit, the oranges are dry. This is because the orange tree is simply not mature enough to properly produce fruit. It is for this reason that some growers will prune away any fruit that appears the first year an orange tree blooms. This allows the tree to focus on maturing rather than on inferior fruit production.
Poor rootstock selection – Though uncommon, if you find that you have dry orange fruit almost every year, it may be that the rootstock that was used for your tree was a poor choice. Almost all citrus trees are now grafted onto hardier rootstock. But if the rootstock is not a good match, the result can be poor or dry oranges.
Regardless of the causes of dry oranges, you will often find that fruit harvested later in the season will be more affected than orange fruit harvested earlier in the season. In most cases, the reason why an orange tree produced dry oranges will correct itself by the following season.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) — If you think this summer has been unusually hot, you're right. Two months late and one to go, it was the hottest on record.
The National Weather Service announcement that June and July were the hottest two consecutive months in the city's recorded history. And July was the hottest month on record in Tampa. and beyond. With an average temperature of 86.3 degrees Fahrenheit at Tampa airport, the month beats its closest competitor (September 2018) by far – 0.5 degrees.
During July 10, records were either tied or broken – mostly morning lows. And it's no coincidence, it's part of a very robust regional trend.
So WFLA climate scientist Jeff Berardelli decided to dig into the local data. What he discovered is astonishing. 57% of Tampa's hot morning records have occurred since 2015. Given that Tampa's records date back 132 years, the likelihood of this remarkable statistic being chance is almost non-existent.
Since 1970, Tampa's morning lows have risen 3.7 degrees F. That's significantly more than the average daily temperature which has risen 1.7 degrees F.
This therefore raises the following question: why does the climate, and more particularly in the mornings, warm up so quickly? There are two answers to this.
The first involves what is known as the urban heat island effect. Simply put, urban areas tend to generate and trap more heat. The more buildings and asphalt an area has, the darker the surfaces, the more heat is trapped.
The Tampa Bay area has grown significantly over the past few decades. Since 1970 the the population has increased from about 1 million people to 3 million people. This is accompanied by a more densely built-up urban area. In Tampa, the official temperature is measured at the airport. The airport has also become more built up and therefore some of the extra heat is likely attributable to this.
On a larger scale, climate change is to blame. Summers have warmed significantly around the world and here in the United States due to increases in heat-trapping greenhouse gases.
And warmer mornings play an outsized role. In the image below, from the first half of July 2022, you can see how climate change has made the majority of warm nights at least twice as likely (and often 5 times as likely) in the southern half from the country.
So why are the nights warming up faster than the days because of climate change? There are several reasons, but the main one is the extra water vapor in the air. As temperatures warm, the air can hold more water vapour. Water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas. The extra moisture in the air traps more heat. This is especially true at night.
During the day, the sun heats the ground and surface air temperatures. At night, this heat is radiated back into space. But when there is more humidity and clouds, that heat sinks back down to the ground, keeping temperatures warm. You can think of this as having a thicker blanket.
Ultimately, as temperatures continue to warm due to human-induced climate change, we should expect these record summers to only get hotter.


text:
Yes, there is a slight difference (although it appears there's no complete consensus on this).
A classifier, in linguistics (not just in Mandarin), is a word or morpheme used to express that a countable noun belongs to a semantic class. Here "semantic class" means a category of referents with some common traits; if we think about how classifiers work in Chinese, this is easy to understand.
For example, the classifier 条 is used for long, narrow and flexible objects. So when we say:
we are implying that the fish belongs to a class of things that, more or less, share the same properties: long, narrow and flexible. That is the semantic class, and that's why the classifier is called classifier.
Therefore, by using a different classifier, we offer a different classification of that object. When we say:
we are conveying that fish belongs to the category, or class, of things that go in "groups" (in "schools" actually!!!).
Now, English does have measure words: these are mostly nouns with their own meaning that work as units of measurement for mass nouns, which are not countable. They come in the form
a something of . Let's consider the word water. In English we can't count it ("one water", "two waters"). So when we need to quantify a certain amount of water, we have to use a word that describes a precise unit of measurement, for example:
a drop of water
a liter of water
an ocean of water
This definition of measure words works in Chinese too. The difference being that in Chinese there are classifiers proper and measure words. So what's actually the difference?
Classifiers are not standalone words, they don't have meaning on their own; and as in English, they still can't accompany mass nouns (consider 两个水 vs 两升水)
Measure words are words with a precise meaning, which can also work as units of measurement; and they can accompany mass nouns.
Her and Hsieh, On the Semantic Distinction between Classifiers and
Measure Words in Chinese propose also the following definitions, based on tests to appraise whether a certain counter word is a classifier or a measure word:
Classifiers classify or categorize nouns by highlighting some salient or inherent properties of the noun and thus contribute no additional meaning.
Measure words, on the other hand, play a substantive role in denoting the quantity of the entity named by the noun.
So, saying 一条鱼 does not add new information to what we already know about a fish. A fish is inherently a long and flexible object (mostly; an inflated puffer fish maybe is not "long"). Hence, 条 is a classifier proper. Whereas saying 一箱鱼 does add new information, we are saying that the fish comes in crates, where fish, in itself, doesn't inherently come in crates. Hence, in this example 箱 is a measure word.
In conclusion, classifiers proper stress the existence of an essential feature of the counted noun, whereas measure words stress a transient, not inherent (accidental) numerical feature.


text:
Skip to Main Content
A report on the world radio conference held in Geneva, Switzerland, during the last four months of 1959 is presented. The Conference was held under auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, the specialized agency of the United Nations which deals with radio and other telecommunication matters at international level. The organization of the conference is described, to show the mechanism by which engineers and telecommunication administrators from many nations work together to produce what amounts to international legislation in a highly technical field. The four principal work areas of the conference were: Radio spectrum allocations; frequency management techniques; definition of technical terms and establishment of technical standards; and operating regulations in the aeronautical and maritime radio services. Major decisions of interest to engineers in the United States are summarized, including new terminology which engineers will be expected to learn gradually in the years ahead.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Phialophora: A mitosporic fungal genus. Phialophora verrucosa is a cause of chromomycosis (CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS). Ophiobolus is the teleomorph of Phialophora.
Source: MeSH 2007
Source - MeSH 2007
The following list attempts to classify Phialophora into categories where each line is subset of the next.
Search to find out more about Phialophora:
Search Specialists by State and City


text:
Anna Mlynarczyk1, Marco Gruwel2, Piotr Kulinowski1, Krzysztof Jasinski1, Przemyslaw Dorozynski3, Boguslaw Tomanek, 12, Wladyslaw P. Weglarz1
1Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; 2Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
MR microscopy was applied for study of water mobility and concentration in tablets, used for drug delivery. The tablets made of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-HPMC with and without addition of a drug substance of different solubility (L-dopa and ketoprofen) were tested. Two-dimensional T2 and proton density (PD) maps and their histograms were obtained. Spatial T2 and PD distributions along a tablet radius were also analyzed. Different mechanisms of tablets hydration were observed due to composition of the formulations, eg. for formulation with ketoprofen (low solubility of 0,24 mg/mL) the hydrogel formation was negligible.


text:
||Senior Information Manager
|Temp or Perm:
NRL currently have an opportunity for a Senior Information Manager to join my client on a large nuclear framework. This is an initial 12 month contract position based in Warrington.
Under broad direction, applies detailed knowledge of IM and EPC project execution to lead, promote, and organize effective communication of project information comprising documentation and data using advanced engineering design tools, information systems and technology to support collaborative global working. Develops and documents IM specifications, strategy and plans for implementing and applying IM solutions. Leads the implementation of effective and efficient work processes for document/data and 3D model management. Manages the handover of electronic deliverables to appropriate customers (Construction, Commissioning, Operations etc.). Responsible for implementing procedures for assurance of the quality of project data, documents, and 3D models.
You will need:
What's in it for you?:
- Must be a good communicator, confident, assertive, self-motivated, goal orientated, innovative and proactive and forward looking.
- Must be able to accept responsibility and understanding accountability.
- Able to identify & facilitate the effective resolution of problems, making optimal use of available resources.
- Must be able to positively influence the culture of the Information Management Group.
- Must be able to interact at all levels of the organisation.
- Working knowledge of CFIHOS or other equivalent class libraries an advantage.
- Long term contract
- High profile framework


Government Agency
Unlike some law firms that only do work for or against government agencies, the Pierce Law Firm handles cases for individuals, elected officials and public entities. We handle a wide range of issues unique to government agencies. In addition to our Property Rights practice involving eminent domain, inverse condemnation, zoning and land use, our government practice includes: the Brown Act; the Public Records Act; conflict of interest issues; entitlements; development impact fees; administrative and traditional mandate; as well as disputes between public entities.
Litigation against the government or between government agencies is fraught with special rules, procedures and deadlines. Additionally, disputes with public entities often involve political issues and increased media scrutiny. We have successfully handled numerous cases involving public agencies, including bitterly contested cases between public agencies, in court, before administrative judges, through mediation and on appeal.
A quick note about writs:
Administrative Mandamus (CCP §1094.5) is used to review a final determination made as a result of a proceeding where: 1) a hearing is legally required; 2) evidence must be taken; and 3) discretion in the determination of facts is vested in the agency or body holding the hearing. These are adjudicatory or quasi-judicial.
Traditional Mandamus (CCP §1085) is used to compel performance of a duty where: 1) the responding party has a duty; 2) the petitioner is beneficially interested; and 3) there is no other adequate remedy. These are ministerial, administrative or legal duties to be performed.
Whether owners have disputes with government entities or neighboring owners, we are prepared to meet their needs.
Our eminent domain practice overlaps with our property rights and government work; however, because eminent domain comprises 90% of our practice.
Mediation, arbitration and negotiation are almost always the most cost effective and expedient method to resolve disputes.


text:
Concept Cars > Bizzarrini Veleno Concept
The Bizzarrini Veleno is a futuristic and imaginative concept vehicle which was created by Coventry University Transport Design graduate Borys Dabrowski. The concept was his final year project, and also a homage to the famed automotive engineer and designer Giotto Bizzarrini.
The Bizzarrini Veleno concept's shape was inspired by nature, in particular poison dart frogs. The name "Veleno" is actually Italian for Venom, and the eerie green lighting and highlights perfectly suit the car's amphibian theme. The Veleno was designed for the year 2030, and as such it features a number of technologies which would be difficult, if not impossible, to implement on a production car today. The main structure of the car is composed of a new composite material called CentrAL - currently being researched for use in aircraft manufacture. CentrAL uses layers of aluminium and glass fibers to form an incredibly strong, light, and fatigue resistant material.
Powering the Bizzarrini Veleno concept is an electric motor and a biohydrogen reactor. The Hydrogen would be generated from a hybrid algae which produces more hydrogen than naturally occurring algae. Although from Dabrowski's description it's unclear whether the hydrogen would be used to fuel an internal combustion engine which acts as an electricity generator, or used to fuel and engine which works in conjunction with the electric motor.
The wheels of the Bizzarrini Veleno concept are another oddity. Instead of one single wheel, at each corner are a number of curved rollers. These allow the car to move laterally as well as forwards and backwards, effectively allowing for 360 degrees of movement.
The complicated opening mechanism of the doors was inspired by the way a flower opens its petals. Inside are three seats, two up front for the driver and a passenger, and one located in the middle of the car slightly further back for a second passenger. The futuristic and hi-tech design of the interior nicely matches the car's exterior. The dash panel is characterised by its clear lack of physical instrumentation, leading to the possibility of a comprehensive heads-up display which works in conjunction with the small steering wheel-mounted screen.


text:
Submitted to: HortScience
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: April 29, 1996
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: The development of acceptable commodity treatments for pest control and quality maintenance is important for the export and marketing of agricultural commodities. Cold treatment is a very safe and effective quarantine treatment for citrus, but its use is hampered by chilling injury to the fruit. We determined if oils in the rind of lemon play a role in causing fruit chilling injury. The rind was severely pitted after 3 weeks or more of storage at 1C. Curing the fruit at 15C for 1 week prior to cold treatment greatly reduced the amount of injury. Chilling-injured fruit released from the rind larger amounts of oils than noninjured fruit. The internal structure of the rind and oil glands did not reveal any abnormal changes as a result of chilling injury. A better understanding of the release of oils from chilling-injured fruit would assist in lessening injury in lemons for export.
Technical Abstract: Essential oils release, localization and concentration in chilling-injured and noninjured lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) fruit were investigated to enhance understanding of how chilling injury occurs in lemon. Chilling injury in the form of moderate to severe pitting of the flavedo was initially apparent after 3 weeks exposure to 1C, followed by a gradual increase in severity until termination of the experiment after 7 weeks of storage at 1C. Curing the fruit at 15C for 1 week prior to cold treatment greatly reduced the severity of injury. Release from the fruit of d- limonene, a major component of essential oil in lemon, increased with increasing amounts of chilling injury. Studies of the internal anatomy of the flavedo using confocal microscopy indicated that essential oils were present inside of the oil gland and in oil bodies outside of the gland in abundant quantities. Chilling-injured flavedo exhibited no obvious disruption of either the oil glands or the oil bodies. Extraction and quantification of d-limonene from chilling-injured and noninjured flavedo indicated that quite similar amounts of oil were present in the tissue, regardless of injury. Damage to the flavedo after 3 weeks at 1C was noted in the form of flattened or collapsed cells between the top of the gland and the epidermis, whereas collapse of the oil gland only was observed in later stages of injury development.


idbr: access the US Census Bureau International Data Base in R
Today's post is by Kyle Walker, a professor of geography at Texas Christian University. I've been a fan of Kyle's work for a while. When I saw that he wrote a package for accessing the Census Bureau's International Data Base, I asked him to write a guest post about it.
The US Census Bureau's International Data Base (IDB) is one of the best resources on the web for obtaining both historical and future projections of international demographic indicators. I've long used the IDB in my teaching, generally using its web interface to download data extracts. However, the Census Bureau also makes the IDB accessible via its API, which makes it much more convenient for programmers to access the data. Earlier this year, I wrote the R package idbr ( to help R programmers use the IDB in their projects.
[content_upgrade cu_id="2669″]Bonus: Download the code from this post![content_upgrade_button]Download[/content_upgrade_button][/content_upgrade]
In this post, I'll go over the basics of the idbr package and illustrate its functionality with animated GIF visualizations of IDB data using ggplot2 and gganimate.
idbr is available on CRAN, and can be installed with the command install.packages('idbr'). Once installed, start up your idbr session with the following code:
idb_api_key('Your API key goes here')
To use the US Census Bureau API, you'll need to get an API key from It is free and doesn't take long for you to get the key. Supply the key to the idb_api_key function to set your API key as an environment variable in your R session; you only need to do this once per session.
There are two main functions in idbr: idb1 and idb5. idb1 taps into the 1-year-age-band IDB dataset; this dataset includes population counts for single years of age, optionally for specific age ranges or by sex. At its simplest, a user can request data for a given country in a given year. Countries are identified by their FIPS 10-4 codes, which can be looked up with the countrycode package if you don't know the code for your country of interest.
countrycode('Canada', '', 'fips104')
[1] "CA"
The country code for Canada is "CA"; this can now be supplied to the idb1 function.
ca <- idb1('CA', 2016)
Source: local data frame [6 x 6]
(dbl) (dbl) (chr) (dbl) (chr) (dbl)
1 0 _PHONE_ Canada 361796 CA 2016
2 _PHONE_ Canada 361650 CA 2016
3 2 _PHONE_ Canada 361299 CA 2016
4 3 _PHONE_ Canada 360863 CA 2016
5 4 _PHONE_ Canada 360321 CA 2016
6 5 _PHONE_ Canada 360143 CA 2016
The function returns a data frame with the default variables available in the 1-year dataset.
More demographic indicators are available via the idb5 function, which includes population data by 5-year age bands as well as measurements of birth, death, and migration rates. Variables are accessible by supplying a variable name or a concept, which refers to a group of variables. To get a list of available variable and concept names, call idb_variables() or idb_concepts().
For example, we can specify the concept "Fertility rates" to get all of the fertility variables for Canada in 2016:
idb5('CA', 2016, concept = 'Fertility rates')
Source: local data frame [1 x 12]
ASFR15_19 ASFR20_24 ASFR25_29 ASFR30_34 ASFR35_39 ASFR40_44 ASFR45_49 GRR SRB TFR FIPS time
(dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (dbl) (chr) (dbl)
1 13.8 53.3 101.9 101.4 41.7 7.1 0.3 0.7767 1.0563 1.5972 CA 2016
The idb5 function as called above returns age-specific fertility rates for five-year age bands, as well as the gross reproduction rate, sex ratio at birth, and total fertility rate.
These demographic indicators are even more useful, however, when you can compare them across countries or over time. You can supply a vector of years to the idb1 function to get single-year-of-age population counts over multiple years; idb5 accepts both a vector of country codes and a vector of years. From here, you can design analyses or data visualizations to examine these temporal or cross-country comparisons.
Two animated examples with code are below. The examples use the gganimate extension to ggplot2 which wraps the animation package, so to reproduce the examples, you'll need ImageMagick installed on your machine and on your system PATH.
Animated population pyramid of Nigeria, _PHONE_ (projected)
idb_api_key("Your key goes here")
male <- idb1('NI', 1990:2050, sex ='male') %>%
 mutate(POP = POP * -1,
 SEX = 'Male')
female <- idb1('NI', 1990:2050, sex = 'female') %>%
 mutate(SEX = 'Female')
nigeria <- rbind(male, female)
g1 <- ggplot(nigeria, aes(x = AGE, y = POP, fill = SEX, width = 1, frame = time)) +
 coord_fixed() +
 coord_flip() +
 geom_bar(data = subset(nigeria, SEX == "Female"), stat = "identity", position = 'identity') +
 geom_bar(data = subset(nigeria, SEX == "Male"), stat = "identity", position = 'identity') +
 scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-_PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_),
 labels = c('5m', '2.5m', '0', '2.5m', '5m'),
 limits = c(min(nigeria$POP), max(nigeria$POP))) +
 theme_minimal(base_size = 14, base_family = "Tahoma") +
 scale_fill_manual(values = c('#98df8a', '#2ca02c')) +
 ggtitle('Population structure of Nigeria,') +
 ylab('Population') +
 xlab('Age') +
 theme(legend.position = "bottom", legend.title = element_blank()) +
 labs(caption = 'Chart by _USER_ | Data source: US Census Bureau IDB via the idbr R package') +
 guides(fill = guide_legend(reverse = TRUE))
gg_animate(g1, interval = 0.1, ani.width = 700, ani.height = 600)
Life expectancy at birth by sex in the former USSR, _PHONE_ (click the image for a clearer version)
ctrys <- countrycode(c('Russia', 'Ukraine', 'Belarus', 'Moldova', 'Georgia', 'Kazakhstan',
 'Uzbekistan', 'Lithuania', 'Latvia', 'Estonia', 'Kyrgyzstan',
 'Tajikistan', 'Turkmenistan', 'Armenia', 'Azerbaijan'),
 '', 'fips104')
idb_api_key("Your API key here")
full <- idb5(country = ctrys, year = 1989:2016,
 variables = c('E0_F', 'E0_M'), country_name = TRUE)
tmp <- full %>%
 filter(time == 1989) %>%
ord <- as.character(as.vector(tmp$NAME))
dft <- full %>%
 mutate(diff = E0_F - E0_M, ease = 'cubic-in-out') %>%
 select(-FIPS) %>%
 rename(Male = E0_M, Female = E0_F) %>%
 tween_elements(time = 'time', group = 'NAME', ease = 'ease',
 nframes = 500) %>%
 gather(Sex, value, Male, Female, -diff, %>%
 mutate(.group = factor(.group, levels = ord))
g <- ggplot() +
 geom_point(data = dft, aes(x = value, y =.group, color = Sex, frame =.frame),
 size = 14) +
 scale_color_manual(values = c('darkred', 'navy')) +
 geom_text(data = dft, aes(x = value, y =.group, frame =.frame,
 label = as.character(round(dft$value, 1))),
 color = 'white', fontface = 'bold') +
 geom_text(data = dft, aes(x = 80, y = 1.5, frame =.frame,
 label = round(dft$time, 0)), color = 'black', size = 12) +
 theme_minimal(base_size = 16, base_family = "Tahoma") +
 theme(panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
 panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank()) +
 labs(y = '',
 x = '',
 color = '',


Heroin Addiction in Kunduz Province
The population in the Kunduz province in Afghanistan is 800,000. According to the province's drug treatment center, there are up to 30,000 people who are addicted to drugs in the province. 40 percent of the addicts are women and children.
Across Afghanistan, the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime estimates that there were 1 million drug addicts in the country in 2010. The most commonly used drug is opium, followed by heroin.
5,800 tons of opium was produced in Afghanistan in 2011.
(More heroin addiction facts and statistics.)
Source: Bethany Matta, "Afghan women, children held in addiction's grip," USA Today, June 4, 2012.


node: Neighbors
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Scripts > Class elements and c++ instructions > Interpreted C++ instructions > node / dnode > node: Neighbors

By the following functions you can get nodes, which are in certain positions relatively to another node:

node root() const
node parent() const

node firstChild() const
node lastChild() const

node nextSibling() const
node prevSibling() const
node firstSibling() const
node lastSibling() const

node bottomFirstChild() const
node bottomLastChild() const

node next() const
node follow() const
node prev() const

If you know the names and relations of the nodes as explained in the glossary, the names of most of these functions are self-explanatory. Each function returns the neighbor node according the name of the function.

Example:

{{
node root("label_00", "value_00");
root.add("label_11", "value_11");
root.add("label_12", "value_12");

node pos = root.firstChild();
while(pos != node::npos)
{
out << "label: " << pos.label() << ", "
 << "value: " << pos.value() << endl;
pos = pos.nextSibling();
}
}}

results in:

label: label_11, value: value_11
label: label_12, value: value_12

After the execution of this assignment nChild is equal to the first child node of the node nParent. If nParent has no child, the following is valid

nChild == node::npos

Further explanation is needed for:

node bottomFirstChild() const

First child of the first child ...

node bottomLastChild() const

Bottom last child of the last child

node next() const
node prev() const

next returns the next node in descending direction. prev teturns the next node in ascending direction.

node follow() const

follow returns the next node in descending direction, which follows on the last child node. This is either the nextSibling of the actual node or the nextSibling of the first of the parent nodes, which has a nextSibling or node::npos.

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text:
Automatic Fuel Switch & Marine Diesel Fuel Cooler Unit
A solution for safe low sulphur fuel adoptation for vessels operating in Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA).
Vessels operating in SECAs need to reduce Sulphur Oxide (SOX) emissions in accordance with the revised Marpol Annex VI, which contains regulations on the prevention of air pollution from ships. The Wärtsilä Automatic Fuel Switch and Marine Diesel Fuel (MDF) Cooler Unit is a solution for low sulphur fuel adoption for vessels operating in SECAs, switching from the use of HFO to continuous or temporary operations using LFO. An uncontrolled changeover may cause severe damage to the injection equipment and increase maintenance and spare part costs. In worst case scenarios, it may cause a complete loss of propulsion power.
The Automatic Fuel Switch, which controls the temperature change before the fuel injection equipment is, together with the MDF Cooler Unit, a solution for switching from HFO to LFO fuel, and vice versa. The MDF Cooler Unit, which ensures controlled cooling, and the correct fuel oil injection viscosity and temperature, is a solution for continuous LFO operation.


text:
- Planning & project engineering
- Fire curtains are space-saving compared to fire protection doors
Fire protection curtains - advice, installation & maintenance
Fire curtains are textile flexible systems (textile fire protection closures) for fire barriers in an open room design. They are installed concealed in the ceiling and roof area. In normal operation a fire curtain is rolled up to save space and is only lowered in the event of a fire. The automatic closing of the fire curtain directly counteracts the spread of dangerous smoke and fire gases. Fire curtains are made of a special glass fabric and are available in different fire resistance classes.
Fire protection curtains are mainly used when an open room design is desired for architectural reasons or when retrofitting is required, e.g. in shopping centres, museums, event locations, hotels, office buildings or other public buildings.
Types of fire curtains:
- Smoke apron (DIN EN 12101-1, or 1634-3): holds back smoke in an emergency
- Smoke protection closure (DIN 18095-3, or DIN EN 1634-3): Similar to the smoke curtain with stricter requirements, i.e. it is used in the area of escape and rescue routes
- Fire protection closure (DIN EN 1634-1, or 13501-02 and 1634-3): retains smoke as well as fire
Fire resistance classes for fire protection curtains:
- T30 or E30
- T60 or E60
- T90 or E90
- T120 or E120
Furthermore, CWS fire curtains meet all important standards: These include DIN EN 12101, DIN 18095, DIN 1634 and DIN 13501.
Maintenance of fire curtains: Every 12 months a safety inspection and maintenance of the fire curtains by an expert, such as CWS Fire Safety, is mandatory. We offer you advice, installation, and regular inspection of fire curtains from one source.
- Curtains are installed in a visually sophisticated way
- Retrofitting is easily possible
- Surface can be designed as desired


text:
- Clean the outside of the pipette using a soft lint-free cloth and 70 % EtOH.
- Complete Order Form/Decontamination Report carefully and place the printout in the package with the pipette(s). List all the pipettes being sent in for service, and the accompanying extras, such as other brand tips and chargers. Be sure to decontaminate the pipette if it has been used for any blood or serums, body fluids, pathological specimens, carcinogens, toxins, hazardous chemicals or radioactive substances.
- Pack the instruments, and accompanying accessories with suitable packaging material to prevent the contents from getting damaged during transportation. Include the completed Order Form/Decontamination Report.
- Address the package.
- Dispatch the package.


text:
Cairney P & Kwiatkowski R (2017) How to communicate effectively with policymakers: combine insights from psychology and policy studies. Palgrave Communications, 3 (1), Art. No.: 37. _URL_
To communicate effectively in policymaking systems, actors need to understand how policymakers process evidence and the environment in which they operate. Therefore, we combine psychology and policy studies to produce a three-step strategy. First, do not bombard people with evidence. Human beings have too much information to process, and they use heuristics to filter information to make decisions quickly. Synthesise and frame evidence to help you tailor it to the ways in which policymakers demand and understand information. Second, find the right time to act. Timing matters during key individuals' patterns of thinking and the alignment of conditions in political systems. Third, engage with real world policymaking rather than waiting for a 'rational' and orderly process to appear. To present evidence during mythical stages of a 'policy cycle' is misguided, and to 'speak truth to power' without establishing legitimacy and building trust may be counterproductive. Our overall message is pragmatic, not Machiavellian: effective communication requires the suppliers of evidence to see the world from the perspective of their audience and understand the policy process in which they engage.
Palgrave Communications: Volume 3, Issue 1


text:
Spring is a time for athletic field managers to focus on control of summer annual weeds such as crabgrass and goosegrass. These species complete their life cycle in 1 year, germinating from seed in spring, growing throughout summer, and finally setting seed in fall. If left uncontrolled, both crabgrass and goosegrass can reduce the aesthetic and functional quality of warm- and cool-season athletic field turf.
Preemergence herbicide use on athletic fields
Spring is a time for athletic field managers to focus on control of summer annual weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). These species complete their life cycle in 1 year, germinating from seed in spring, growing throughout summer, and finally setting seed in fall. If left uncontrolled, both crabgrass and goosegrass can reduce the aesthetic and functional quality of warm- and cool-season athletic field turf.
Research conducted at the University of Tennessee Center for Athletic Field Safety (CAFS) in 2012 illustrated that high-use areas of fields comprised of predominately crabgrass lose approximately 10% cover after each traffic event compared to only 1% for those containing predominantly Tifway hybrid bermudagrass (C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis). These losses in cover were associated with increases in surface hardness (measured as Gmax), a property linked with head injury incidence.
An effective means for controlling summer annual weeds is the use of preemergence herbicides. A list of preemergence herbicides labeled for use on warm- and cool-season turfgrasses commonly found on athletic fields is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. List of active ingredients labeled for preemergence control of annual grassy weeds in warm- and cool-season turfgrasses commonly used on athletic fields.
† Active ingredients may be available under multiple trade names. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. The omission of a particular trade name is not intended to reflect adversely, or to show bias against, any product or trade name not mentioned.
‡ FL = flowable; WG = water dispersible granular; EW = concentrated emulsion; WP = wettable powder; WSP = water soluble powder; SC = soluble concentrate; G = granular (not on fertilizer).
¶ Many preemergence herbicides are sold on granular fertilizer carriers. Be sure to follow label instructions to ensure that the correct rates of active ingredient and nutrients are supplied to turf when using these materials.
Keys to success
There are two keys to effectively controlling summer annual weeds with preemergence herbicides. First, be sure to apply these materials before weeds have emerged from soil (i.e., before they are visible). These herbicides do not prevent weed seed germination; rather they prevent germinated seedlings from developing into mature plants. Considering that the timeframe between germination and emergence can be quite short, it is often recommended that these herbicides be applied once soil temperatures are favorable for crabgrass seed germination. Athletic field managers should make their first preemergence herbicide application as soon as soil temperatures (at approximately 2 inches) measure ≥ 55°F for a minimum of three days in spring.
Ornamental forsythia plants can be a helpful indicator of when this benchmark soil temperature has been reached. Forsythia plants produce distinctive yellow blooms at soil temperatures similar to those that facilitate crabgrass seed germination. Thus, the presence of yellow petals on forsythia plants serves as an indicator of when preemergence herbicides for summer annual weed control should be applied in spring. Athletic field managers should be sure to apply preemergence herbicides before forsythia plants have completed flowering.
A second key to effectively controlling weeds with preemergence herbicides is to water them into the soil after application. Most labels require that 0.25 to 0.50 inches of irrigation or rainfall be applied within 24 to 48 hours after application. These herbicides are absorbed by germinating seedlings in the soil profile so moving them into the rootzone is critical. Failure to irrigate after application can also lead to material being lost due to volatilization. On fields without irrigation, try to time preemergence herbicide applications around a period of rainfall.
Split (also referred to as "sequential") application programs of preemergence herbicides tend to provide more consistent control of summer annual weeds throughout a growing season. These programs typically apply the total amount of active ingredient for the season in two applications spaced 8 to 10 weeks apart. A single herbicide application in spring for preemergence control of crabgrass will slowly be broken down by soil microbial activity over the course of a summer often leading to crabgrass breakthrough by fall. Split application programs delivering active ingredient two times throughout a season tend to provide a longer period of control. Additionally, split application programs will control species germinating later in the year than crabgrass (e.g., goosegrass, etc.).
Research conducted at CAFS in 2012 evaluated the effects of mowing height on the efficacy of single and split applications of preemergence herbicides for crabgrass control. A total of six different herbicides were evaluated. At a 0.6 inch mowing height, split application regimes provided greater crabgrass control than single applications regardless of product. When mowing height was increased to 2 inches, no significant differences were detected between single and split application regimes regardless of product (Figure 1).
Five of the six herbicides tested provided greater crabgrass control when applied to turf maintained at 2 inches compared to 0.6 inches regardless of application regime. While this experiment will be repeated again in 2013, these preliminary results indicate that split application regimes provide better control than single applications at low (0.6 inch) heights of cut. Additionally, increasing mowing height can improve the efficacy of preemergence herbicides for crabgrass control. Increases to 2 inches may reduce the need for split application programs altogether; however, this height of cut may not be acceptable on all athletic fields.
Figure 1. Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control 5 months after initial preemergence herbicide treatment at CAFS in Knoxville in 2012. Means from the 0.6 inch (15 mm) and 2 inch (50 mm) heights of cut were pooled across six different herbicide chemistries.
Concerns over traffic tolerance
It is well documented that many of the preemergence herbicides used to control annual grassy weeds can inhibit bermudagrass root growth. Reductions in root growth in the uppermost portion of the soil profile could potentially compromise bermudagrass traffic tolerance and recovery; thus, rendering the benefits of effective weed control moot.
Research was conducted at CAFS during 2009 and 2010 evaluating the effects of four preemergence herbicides on Tifway hybrid bermudagrass traffic tolerance and recovery. Over the course of the 2-year study, no differences in smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control were detected among herbicide treatments after being subjected to athletic field traffic in spring; control measured 95 to 99% by 5 months after treatment. Moreover, no differences in Tifway traffic tolerance or recovery were reported in either year.
We hypothesized that this response was due to Tifway recovering predominately from below ground rhizomes rather than stolons. Follow-up research was initiated in 2012 evaluating the effects of preemergence herbicide applications in spring on Tifway traffic tolerance in fall. After the first year of the study, no differences in fall traffic tolerance were detected due to herbicide treatment in spring. To date, these findings illustrate that use of preemergence herbicides to control weeds on bermudagrass athletic fields does not affect traffic tolerance or recovery.
Numerous preemergence herbicides are available for controlling annual grassy weeds on athletic fields. Always refer to the product label for specific information on proper use, tank-mixing compatibility and turfgrass tolerance. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the University of Tennessee's Institute of Agriculture. For more information on turfgrass weed control, visit the University of Tennessee's turfgrass weed science website at _URL_.
J.T. Brosnan is assistant professor, turfgrass weed science; G.K. Breeden is an assistant specialist; J.C. Sorochan is associate professor, turfgrass science & management; and A.W. Thoms is research leader, all at the University of Tennessee.


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Learn to Augment: Joint Data Augmentation and Network Optimization for Text Recognition
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Mar 14, 2020
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Handwritten text and scene text suffer from various shapes and distorted patterns. Thus training a robust recognition model requires a large amount of data to cover diversity as much as possible. In contrast to data collection and annotation, data augmentation is a low cost way. In this paper, we propose a new method for text image augmentation. Different from traditional augmentation methods such as rotation, scaling and perspective transformation, our proposed augmentation method is designed to learn proper and efficient data augmentation which is more effective and specific for training a robust recognizer. By using a set of custom fiducial points, the proposed augmentation method is flexible and controllable. Furthermore, we bridge the gap between the isolated processes of data augmentation and network optimization by joint learning. An agent network learns from the output of the recognition network and controls the fiducial points to generate more proper training samples for the recognition network. Extensive experiments on various benchmarks, including regular scene text, irregular scene text and handwritten text, show that the proposed augmentation and the joint learning methods significantly boost the performance of the recognition networks. A general toolkit for geometric augmentation is available.
* Accepted to Proc. IEEE Conf. Comp. Vis. Pattern Recogn. (CVPR) 2020
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text:
Online resource for academics new to teaching at ACU
Published: Wednesday 30th August 2017
The Learning and Teaching Centre is pleased to launch a resource to support those academics at ACU who are new to teaching. The Introduction to Learning and Teaching (ILAT) self-guided resource is available via the ACU Learning and Teaching webpages.
This resource was developed in consultation with colleagues who provided feedback about the types of information that academic teachers new to ACU needed to succeed in their teaching roles. This feedback has now informed the development of a resource that will be available to access at any time.
Who should benefit from this resource?
Academics new or returning to teaching at ACU will find this a useful tool to find information and support services for their teaching roles.
What is included?
This resource is an information package and provides links to relevant information on learning and teaching policies and the Teaching Criteria and Standards Framework as well as professional development opportunities at ACU. The resource is divided into three key areas:
1. Exploring your role as a teaching academic or leading teaching academic; 2. Providing a dual track enabling academics new or experienced and new to ACU to choose the pathway that suits their situation; and finally 3. Preparation for Teaching: is a section on preparing for classes before you commence, at the start of the teaching period, during teaching and at the end.
Each section contains frequently asked questions and links to appropriate support on the ACU web site that will help new academics self-select the information they need. It may be accessed via the ACU Learning and Teaching webpages under the Professional Development tab.
For further information please contact Marie Fisher, National ILAT Academic Co-ordinator at the following email address: _EMAIL_


text:
Warm rain rates inferred from AMSR/E & AMSR/2 89 GHz passive microwave brightness temperatures trained using CloudSat rain rate observations
Ryan Eastman, Matthew Lebsock, Robert Wood
Rain rate estimates are inferred from brightness temperature (Tb) as sensed by the AMSR/E and AMSR/2 89 GHz passive microwave sensors. Warm Tb is associated with more intense rain rates, a warmer sea surface, modified surface winds, and increased atmospheric water vapor. A training algorithm is developed and applied here: rain rates, as quantified by the CloudSat rain-profile product, are compared against co-located AMSR/E Tb values within ~4x6 km pixels. Comparisons are done within bins of constant wind speed and sea surface (from ERA5 reanalysis) and within bins of constant column integrated water vapor (from AMSR/E). Within each bin, a power law curve is fit to the rain rate-Tb relationship, and this power law is then applied to all Tb values across the AMSR swath for each bin, producing rain rate estimates for all available Tb values equatorward of 50° N and S. The probability of rainfall is inferred from Tb values via a logit curve.
Figures from Eastman et al. (2019)
Four data products are available for the 89 GHz Tb values observed at each pixel center. These include: 1) Probability of precipitation based on how frequently CloudSat senses rain for a given Tb within a given bin, 2) The mean rain rate observed by CloudSat for that Tb value and bin, 3) The mean rain rate when raining for all raining CloudSat observations for a given Tb value and bin, and 4) the maximum rain rate seen by CloudSat for a Tb value. Products 3 and 4 are produced to better characterize the distribution of rain rates seen for a given Tb. Occasionally, a Tb value exceeds the highest seen in our training data, making the rain statistic associated with that Tb uncertain, and so it is assigned the maximum value for that product observed within that bin and flagged with a negative sign.
The presence of overlying ice clouds is tested for, and regions with an above-threshold amount of cold cloud are excluded from the training and from the final product.
Bins where our training dataset lacked enough data to produce a robust power law fit are also excluded from the product.
The relationship between CloudSat rain rates and AMSR Tb is assumed to be equivalent for AMSR/E and AMSR/2.
Data are available in daily files for day and night separately for years 2003-2021. The larger AMSR/2 data files are split into western and eastern hemisphere portions in order to keep file sizes manageable. File sizes are ~338 Mb per daily hemispheric AMSR/2 files, and ~400 Mb per daily global AMSR/E files. Data are stored in vector format at the swath level, with values at each pixel center. Pixel sizes for AMSR/E are ~4x6 km, with scans spaced 10 km apart in the along-track direction and 5 km apart in the across-track direction, with 486 pixels available across the arc-shaped scan. Pixel sizes for AMSR/2 are ~3x5 km, with scans spaced 10 km apart in the along-track direction and 5 km apart in the across-track direction, again providing 486 pixels per arc-shaped scan. There are two 89 GHz scans available for AMSR/2 (overlapping A and B scans are both used here), which roughly doubles the data resolution in the along-track direction. Observation times are for approximately 0130 and 1330 local times, matching A-Train equator crossing times.


text:
Background: Determination of the gonads in men is closely dependent on Sertoli cells differentiation and maturation. Many cases of differences of sex development (DSD) are caused by variations in these processes. The study of the mechanisms underlying these complex conditions is crucial for optimal clinical management and Sertoli cells would be an ideal model for this purpose. Our human Sertoli-like cell model (SLCs) may shed some light on the identification of new genes and common pathways involved in the mechanism of disease in DSD.
Objective and Hypothesis: To explore the transcriptomes of three Sertoli cell models Ntera2 (NT2d1), primary human Sertoli cells (HSerCs) and the new SLCs in order to find significant expression differences and similarities that prove the quality of SLCs as a human Sertoli cell model and highlight new potential genes involved in the development of human Sertoli cells.
Methods: We used RNA-Sequencing to analyze the transcriptome of NT2d1, HSerCs and SLCs. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of the significantly regulated genes (P<0.05, FC>=2) in NT2/D1, HSerC and SLCs, compared to induced pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs) using ToppCluster. Similarities and differences in the transcriptome of the three Sertoli-like cell lines were visualized using Cytoscape.
Results: This approach revealed that SLCs and HSerCs are much more similar among each other (37 upregulated genes in common) than NT2d1 cells (only 3 upregulated genes in common). We observed that SLCs and HSerCs significantly expressed PAX2 and Hox gene complex from the Homeobox family, a renowned sub-family of genes expressed in both fetal and adult reproductive organs. Both Pax2 and Hox genes are linked to multiple steps of urogenital development and bipotential gonad formation. The functional redundancy among members of this large family may be masking a role in sex developmental defects. Of special interest is the observed significant upregulation of TBX18, (member of the T-box family), with some members of this family forming a complex with HOX proteins to initiate Sf1 gene expression during adrenal development.
Conclusion: Sertoli-like cells have proved to be a better model than the commonly used NT2d1 cells to study human Sertoli cells. Moreover, the comparison of high-quality Sertoli cell models highlighted several common genes that may conceal a not yet known role in male gonadal development.
19 - 21 Sep 2019
European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology


text:
Inglewood Sanitary Trunk
City of Calgary
4,0000 x 2,400 mm dia. pipe
Sewage Collection or Processing
The Project scope included the review of a minimum of three proposed alignment
concepts that would satisfy the hydraulic relief objectives. Three hydraulic concepts were
considered in the development of this study. Two of the concepts conveyed flows from the three existing sanitary siphons across the Bow River. In addition, an alternative concept was developed that would intercept flows from the West Memorial and Inner City sewer sheds at an upstream location, thus relieving capacity or "offloading" the existing 15th Street trunks to a sufficient level to accommodate the future Nose Creek inflows.
All of these options include sections of excavated box culverts, circular open cut and
tunneled sections totaling approximately 4,000 meters of approximately 2,400 mm dia. Pipe. They also include necessary shafts and structures for launching and receiving tunneled pipe sections and tie-in and control structures.
MENG Analysis developed $117,055,000 worth of cost saving proposals.


Forum > Other
Pascal origin, where does it come from
<< < (3/14) > >>
Blade:
Interestingly, I found a pdf that introduces Clascal, which later was renamed Object Pascal. Clascal being a play on words of Pascal, as in Pascal with Classes. This talks about the concept of Clascal, what inspired it, and differences between it and versions of Pascal at that time. Also included is a download of the Lisa Pascal manual, as it's referenced in the Clascal document and the extensions were built on top of it.
Download PDF- An Introduction To Clascal
Download PDF- Lisa Pascal Reference Manual
--- Quote from: MarkMLl on August 08, 2020, 09:49:28 am ---Another thing that tends not to be discussed is that Wirth acted as a (AIUI paid) consultant to the Ada design process. It's interesting that later on he appeared to be very hostile to OO, arguing that everything could be done adequately using records.
--- End quote ---
Yes, information about Pascal's and Wirth's connection to Ada is hard to come by too, though in looking at Ada, it becomes readily apparent. Even Wiki makes no mention of Wirth's influence on Ada, though gives a brief mention of Pascal.
As for OOP, there is a famous quote attributed to Wirth, "Nevertheless, I consider OOP as an aspect of programming in the large; that is, as an aspect that logically follows programming in the small and requires sound knowledge of procedural programming."
I can see where Wirth is coming from, because Pascal has records, nested functions, variants, and units. OOP is very much a choice, as oppose to a necessity or forced paradigm like it is in various other languages. From that perspective, OOP is used when appropriate or where it makes sense versus "if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail". Wirth may have seen through the hype early, and knew OOP was not necessarily the "be all, end all". There is composition versus inheritance, modularization in contrast to OOP's take on encapsulation, and polymorphism is not owned by only OOP.
MarkMLl:
--- Quote from: Blade on August 08, 2020, 11:13:50 am ---Yes, information about Pascal's and Wirth's connection to Ada is hard to come by too, though in looking at Ada, it becomes readily apparent. Even Wiki makes no mention of Wirth's influence on Ada, though gives a brief mention of Pascal.
--- End quote ---
But equally, Ada could have been "Child of ALGOL-68" since it has a terminating END on conditionals etc., which is in neither Pascal nor ALGOL-W.
I'm afraid that I've not been through all of OP's references, but an interesting question is whether the original Modula (i.e. predating Modula-2) had an explicit terminating END. The "THEN applies to a single statement" structure is undeniably elegant and is delightfully consistent with the in-expression IF-THEN-ELSE supported by ALGOL, but is a PITA in practice.
It's most unfortunate that the Great Unwashed- which includes 95% of programmers- insists on classifying languages as "Pascal-like" or "curly-bracket" solely on the use of BEGIN vs {
MarkMLl
Blade:
"Larry Tesler worked with Niklaus Wirth to add object-oriented language extensions to the Pascal programming language."
It appears that Larry Tesler (who had an amazing career), was the person at Apple that was directing or creating the extensions (first known as Clascal, then Object Pascal) to Apple's Lisa Pascal (with consultation from Niklaus Wirth).
Among the many interesting things about Larry Tesler, he was the person Xerox assigned to show Steve Jobs around Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center in 1979. Computing legend Alan Kay (designer of Smalltalk and inventor of the term OOP) was the one who hired Tesler for Xerox in the first place, and then it was Steve Jobs who hired him away to work at Apple.
winni:
Hi!
In the 70s Xerox needed urgent new ideas. They started the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) where crazy genious persons should develop new ideas and concepts. Often enough that were Acid dropouts - dont underestimate the influence of LSD in those days. Those persons were not able for daily work but they had great ideas: They invented the Mouse, they invented the GUI, they invented PostScript and they invented the Laser Printer. And they invented the Ethernet.
Where were we now without them??
Winni
Blade:
As we are going down memory lane and doing origins. The Lisa Pascal Reference Manual, for which Clascal (later Object Pascal) is based on, is itself based on and references the Pascal User Manual and Report (the basis of the ISO standard), created by Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth. Presented as viewable PDF.
Pascal User Manual and Report
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Specify path to custom plug-in


" to force a rebuild of embed.h and other auto-generated files.
Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs
If you are printing IVs, UVs, or NVS instead of the stdio(3) style formatting codes like %d, %ld, %f, you should use the following macros for portability
 IVdf IV in decimal
 UVuf UV in decimal
 UVof UV in octal
 UVxf UV in hexadecimal
 NVef NV %e-like
 NVff NV %f-like
 NVgf NV %g-like
These will take care of 64-bit integers and long doubles. For example:
 printf("IV is %"IVdf"\n", iv);
The IVdf will expand to whatever is the correct format for the IVs.
Note that there are different ''long doubles'': Perl will use whatever the compiler has.
If you are printing addresses of pointers, use UVxf combined with PTR2UV(), do not use %lx or %p.
Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer
Because pointer size does not necessarily equal integer size, use the follow macros to do it right.
 PTR2UV(pointer)
 PTR2IV(pointer)
 PTR2NV(pointer)
 INT2PTR(pointertotype, integer)
For example:
 IV iv = ...;
 SV *sv = INT2PTR(SV*, iv);
and
 AV *av = ...;
 UV uv = PTR2UV(av);

Exception Handling
There are a couple of macros to do very basic exception handling in XS modules. You have to define "NO_XSLOCKS" before including XSUB.h to be able to use these macros:
 #define NO_XSLOCKS
 #include "XSUB.h"
You can use these macros if you call code that may croak, but you need to do some cleanup before giving control back to Perl. For example:
 dXCPT; /* set up necessary variables */
 XCPT_TRY_START {
 code_that_may_croak();
 } XCPT_TRY_END
 XCPT_CATCH
 {
 /* do cleanup here */
 XCPT_RETHROW;
 }
Note that you always have to rethrow an exception that has been caught. Using these macros, it is not possible to just catch the exception and ignore it. If you have to ignore the exception, you have to use the "call_*" function.
The advantage of using the above macros is that you don't have to setup an extra function for "call_*", and that using these macros is faster than using "call_*".
Source Documentation
There's an effort going on to document the internal functions and automatically produce reference manuals from them --- perlapi is one such manual which details all the functions which are available to XS writers. perlintern is the autogenerated manual for the functions which are not part of the API and are supposedly for internal use only.
Source documentation is created by putting POD comments into the C source, like this:
 /*
 =for apidoc sv_setiv
 Copies an integer into the given SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See
 L<perlapi/sv_setiv_mg>.
 =cut
 */
Please try and supply some documentation if you add functions to the Perl core.
Backwards compatibility
The Perl API changes over time. New functions are added or the interfaces of existing functions are changed. The "Devel::PPPort" module tries to provide compatibility code for some of these changes, so XS writers don't have to code it themselves when supporting multiple versions of Perl.
"Devel::PPPort" generates a C header file ppport.h that can also be run as a Perl script. To generate ppport.h, run:
 perl -MDevel::PPPort -eDevel::PPPort::WriteFile
Besides checking existing XS code, the script can also be used to retrieve compatibility information for various API calls using the "--api-info" command line switch. For example:
 % perl ppport.h --api-info=sv_magicext
For details, see "perldoc ppport.h".
Unicode Support
Perl 5.6.0 introduced Unicode support. It's important for porters and XS writers to understand this support and make sure that the code they write does not corrupt Unicode data.
What is Unicode, anyway?
In the olden, less enlightened times, we all used to use ASCII. Most of us did, anyway. The big problem with ASCII is that it's American. Well, no, that's not actually the problem; the problem is that it's not particularly useful for people who don't use the Roman alphabet. What used to happen was that particular languages would stick their own alphabet in the upper range of the sequence, between 128 and 255. Of course, we then ended up with plenty of variants that weren't quite ASCII, and the whole point of it being a standard was lost.
Worse still, if you've got a language like Chinese or Japanese that has hundreds or thousands of characters, then you really can't fit them into a mere 256, so they had to forget about ASCII altogether, and build their own systems using pairs of numbers to refer to one character.
To fix this, some people formed Unicode, Inc. and produced a new character set containing all the characters you can possibly think of and more. There are several ways of representing these characters, and the one Perl uses is called UTF-8. UTF-8 uses a variable number of bytes to represent a character. You can learn more about Unicode and Perl's Unicode model in perlunicode.
(On EBCDIC platforms, Perl uses instead UTF-EBCDIC, which is a form of UTF-8 adapted for EBCDIC platforms. Below, we just talk about UTF-8. UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but the details are different. The macros hide the differences from you, just remember that the particular numbers and bit patterns presented below will differ in UTF-EBCDIC.)
How can I recognise a UTF-8 string?
You can't. This is because UTF-8 data is stored in bytes just like non-UTF-8 data. The Unicode character 200, (0xC8 for you hex types) capital E with a grave accent, is represented by the two bytes "v196.172". Unfortunately, the non-Unicode string "chr(196).chr(172)" has that byte sequence as well. So you can't tell just by looking --- this is what makes Unicode input an interesting problem.
In general, you either have to know what you're dealing with, or you have to guess. The API function "is_utf8_string" can help; it'll tell you if a string contains only valid UTF-8 characters, and the chances of a non-UTF-8 string looking like valid UTF-8 become very small very quickly with increasing string length. On a character-by-character basis, "isUTF8_CHAR" will tell you whether the current character in a string is valid UTF-8.
How does UTF-8 represent Unicode characters?
As mentioned above, UTF-8 uses a variable number of bytes to store a character. Characters with values 0...127 are stored in one byte, just like good ol' ASCII. Character 128 is stored as "v194.128"; this continues up to character 191, which is "v194.191". Now we've run out of bits (191 is binary _PHONE_) so we move on; character 192 is "v195.128". And so it goes on, moving to three bytes at character 2048. ''Unicode Encodings'' in perlunicode has pictures of how this works.
Assuming you know you're dealing with a UTF-8 string, you can find out how long the first character in it is with the "UTF8SKIP" macro:
 char *utf = "\305\233\340\240\201";
 I32 len;
 len = UTF8SKIP(utf); /* len is 2 here */
 utf += len;
 len = UTF8SKIP(utf); /* len is 3 here */
Another way to skip over characters in a UTF-8 string is to use "utf8_hop", which takes a string and a number of characters to skip over. You're on your own about bounds checking, though, so don't use it lightly.
All bytes in a multi-byte UTF-8 character will have the high bit set, so you can test if you need to do something special with this character like this (the "UTF8_IS_INVARIANT()" is a macro that tests whether the byte is encoded as a single byte even in UTF-8):
 U8 *utf;
 U8 *utf_end; /


text:
ORION 3 / Delta III
The Orion 3 broadcast video and data communications satellite was placed into a lower-than-expected orbit after its launch May 4, 1999, on a Boeing Delta III rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. During the flight, the second stage completed its first burn as planned, and the engine restarted for the second burn, but immediately stopped. The second burn lasted less than 1 second versus the planned 2 minutes and 47 seconds. While this burn stopped prematurely, subsequent events continued as programmed including spacecraft separation. The Orion 3 was manufactured by Hughes Space & Communications of El Segundo, Calif.


text:
Transmission of jewelry techniques and symbols within a Hopi family of jewelers
Hellyer, Christine Frances
MetadataShow full item record
This study examined the methods in which the techniques utilized in the creation of Hopi jewelry were transmitted within generations of one Hopi family. The qualitative methodologies of ethnography and narrative inquiry were used to explore the questions: (1) How are the symbols and techniques of the Hopi overlay designs being transmitted within generations of a Hopi family of jewelers?, and (2) How can the teaching methods utilized by this Hopi family of jewelers inform jewelry curriculum in a public school setting? The study was conducted within one family of jewelers to seek understanding of the pedagogical means utilized and to ascertain if the methods employed are applicable to a classroom setting. In an attempt to experience the teaching methods used, I became an active participant and interned with the patriarch of the family. The jeweler had also begun teaching one of his granddaughters so I was able to witness his teaching style as he conducted her lessons as well. In addition to my experience of being an intern, interviews were conducted with three family members and the lessons were also videotaped. Analysis revealed that lessons were not usually conducted in a formal setting as we see in a traditional classroom. Instead, most of the lessons were learned by the younger family members by observing the older family members. The setting was more akin to an apprenticeship and would be very difficult to replicate in a classroom.


text:
- How does the amount of air in a soccer
ball affect how far it travels when struck by the same force? The
amount of air or air pressure in a soccer ball effects how far
the ball will travel when struck by the same force. The
higher air pressure that is put into a soccer ball improves the ball's
rebound off the foot of a player. More energy is transferred to
a "stiff" ball in an elastic collision. In other words, the ball deforms
less during the impact, so there's less energy lost to deformation.
- Does the atmospheric air pressure effect
how far a soccer ball travels when struck by the same force?
The atmospheric air pressure (the air surrounding the ball) also plays a role in how far a ball travels.
At lower pressure, there's less air friction. You can compare
it to kicking the ball in a tank of water to kicking the ball
on the moon. Balls go farther at high altitude because of the reduced drag from the air, which is thinner
as you go higher up. So there's a case where "reduced" air pressure makes
the ball go farther.
Also, the materials that the soccer ball is made out of effects how far the ball will
travel...but that is another question and experiment.
- How much air pressure should I put into a
Use Proper Air Pressure
Do not over or under pressurize a ball. Use
the manufactures recommended air pressure that is printed on
most balls. Most soccer balls have a pressure rating of 6 to 8
lbs. or 0.6 or 0.8 BAR. It is recommended that you use a
pressure gauge to measure the exact amount of pressure in a
ball after inflating and before use.
BAR or PSI or LBS?
Some soccer balls have recommended pressure
values indicated in BAR while others have the values indicated
in PSI or LBS. To convert the pressure values, use the
To convert BAR (KGS) to PSI (Lbs.):
Answer = 14.5037 X The amount of BAR(KGS)
For example: A soccer ball has a recommended
pressure of 0.6 BAR labeled on it. To convert BAR in
Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI), multiply 0.6 times 14.5037. The
answer is 8.7 PSI or Lbs.
To convert PSI (Lbs.) to BAR(KGS):
Answer =.068948 X The amount of PSI(Lbs.)
For example: A soccer ball has a recommended
pressure of 7.9 Lbs. (PSI) labeled on it. To convert
Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) into BAR, multiply 7.9 times
.068948. The answer is 0.545 BAR.
How Do I inflate my soccer balls? Soccer balls lose air pressure over time.
Sometimes over a few days (soccer balls that use butyl bladders keep
air pressure longer than balls that use latex bladders). Be sure to
check the pressure frequently to make sure the ball is properly
inflated. Therefore, invest in a good ball pump, have a supply
of inflation needles and use a low pressure gauge to measure for
Before you first inflate a soccer ball, place a couple drops of silicone
silicone lubricant spray or glycerin oil into the valve. You can purchase
the oils or spray at
your local hardware store. Using one of the lubricants will improve the
life of the valve and lubricate the valve for easy insertion of the
Always moisten the inflation
needle before you insert it into the valve. Preferably, use some
silicon oil, silicon spray or glycerin oil to moisten the needle. However; most people use
spit...yuk, but that is not recommended.
Manufacturers recommend that you reduce the
air pressure in your match balls after a game to reduce
the amount of stress on the ball seams or stitching. Be
sure to inflate the ball back to proper pressure before the
Why do I always have to pump up even
expensive balls? Many balls use bladders made out of latex.
Natural Latex Rubber
bladders offer the softest feel and response, but do not provide the best air
retention. Micro pores slowly let air escape. Balls with natural rubber bladders need to be re-inflated
more often than balls with butyl bladders. Even after one or two
days, the latex bladder will leak enough air so that you will have
to inflate the ball back to recommended pressure. Some balls use carbon-latex
bladders in which the carbon powder helps to close the micro pores.
Soccer balls with carbon latex bladders usually increase air
retention to approximately one week. Of course, check the ball
for punctures that may cause the air to leak out.
Soccer Balls with Butyl bladders or PU
bladders offer an excellent
combination of feel and air retention and can be found in most
middle to upper priced balls. Air retention is significantly
increased to weeks and months instead of days compared to balls
with latex bladders.
Why do some soccer balls get bigger over
time? Many soccer balls do
tend to get larger over time. This
is due to the pressure of the air in the bladder against the linings and
cover. Over time the material and stitching may stretch out
causing the ball to become larger. Also, soccer ball abuse may
cause the stitching to loosen and the ball to expand.
I'm still working on this part...check back soon.


text:
Data Exchange Description
The states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska developed the Pacific Northwest Water Quality Data Exchange to aggregate and access a comprehensive source of high-quality water data in the Pacific Northwest. Working together, the states developed XML schema to share water quality data. Each state then established a secure Network Node and began publishing the data in XML. Simple query tools retrieve information from each Node. Now, each state can query for sampling data from all states that share watersheds such as the Columbia and Snake River basins.
In November 2006, the Snohomish County (WA) Department of Public Works joined the Exchange and became the first county level organization to participate in the Exchange Network. The Samish Indian Tribe (WA) and the Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians joined the Exchange in 2008.
The most recent version of the Pacific Northwest Water Quality Data Exchange is v1.3.


Grayscale or colored images for computer vision?
Kiskris report abuse
Hi everybody. I'm a software engineer but I recently become interested in computer vision. By learning different tutorials I have noticed that some of them conduct grayscaling of images as a step in preprocessing before training. But other tutorials don't include grayscaling in the image preprocessing. My question is about what is better: leave the image as it is, or transform it to grayscale?
Lu-at-Imaginghub report abuse
Hello _USER_
It depends on the type of objects you want to classify. There is a general question which could help you: "Is the color important for me to classify these objects?"
For example: if you want to distinguish between different type of insects, the color may be important, because the form of bugs can be the same but red bugs belong to one species and yellow bugs belong to another. On the other side, if you want to distinguish between cars body type the color is probably not important.
Best regards, Lu
Kiskris report abuse
But there can be the following situation. I think that the color is not important, but maybe the machine learning model would be able to derive some useful patterns from color. And then by performing grayscaling I will throw away some useful information from my data?
oksifoxy report abuse
When the color is not important it is better to convert images to grayscale because it is easier to work with (both for you and for the model). Accordingly, this can affect the quality of the final results. In any way, you can try both pre-processing with and without converting to grayscale and decide what is better in your case.
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text:
Paradigm versus paradox on the prairie: testing competing stream fish movement frameworks using an imperiled Great Plains minnow.
- Additional Document Info
- View All
BACKGROUND: Movement information can improve conservation of imperiled species, yet movement is not quantified for many organisms in need of conservation. Prairie chub (Macrhybopsis australis) is a regionally endemic freshwater fish with unquantified movement ecology and currently considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The purpose of this study was to test competing ecological theories for prairie chub movement, including the colonization cycle hypothesis (CCH) that posits adults must make upstream movements to compensate for downstream drift at early life stages, and the restricted movement paradigm (RMP) that describes populations as heterogeneous mixes of mostly stationary and few mobile fish. METHODS: We tagged prairie chub with visible implant elastomer during the summer (May-August) of 2019 and 2020 to estimate net distance moved (m) and movement rate (m/d). We tested the hypotheses that observed prairie chub movement would be greater than expected under the RMP and that prairie chub movement would be biased in an upstream direction as predicted by the CCH. RESULTS: We tagged 5771 prairie chub and recaptured 213 individuals across 2019 and 2020. The stationary and mobile components of the prairie chub population moved an order of magnitude further and faster than expected under the RMP during both years. However, we found only limited evidence of upstream bias in adult prairie chub movement as would be expected under the CCH. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are partly inconsistent with the RMP and the CCH, and instead closely follow the drift paradox (DP), in which upstream populations persist despite presumed downstream drift during early life stages and in the apparent absence of upstream bias in recolonization. Previous mathematical solutions to the DP suggest organisms that experience drift maintain upstream populations through either minimization of drift periods such that small amounts of upstream movement are needed to counter the effects of advection or increasing dispersal regardless of directionality. We conclude that the resolution to the DP for prairie chub is an increase in total dispersal and our results provide insight into the spatial scales at which prairie chub conservation and management may need to operate to maintain broad-scale habitat connectivity.
author list (cited authors)
Steffensmeier, Z. D., Wedgeworth, M., Yancy, L., Santee, N., Brewer, S. K., & Perkin, J. S.
complete list of authors
Steffensmeier, Zachary D||Wedgeworth, Maeghen||Yancy, Lauren||Santee, Noah||Brewer, Shannon K||Perkin, Joshuah S


What weight can it take?
 1. Home
 2. Frequently Asked Questions
 3. General
 4. What weight can it take?
The Swytch Motor Wheel is built stronger and tougher than a normal bicycle wheel, so unless you are exceeding 200kg of weight, you will not experience any problems.
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Read European%20and%20American%20Motor%20Connections.pdf text version
TECH TALK
Volume 2 Issue No. 2 May, 2003 EUROPEAN MOTOR CONNECTIONS
Shown below are representations of the wiring connections made to European Motor terminal blocks DUAL VOLTAGE-SINGLE SPEED -6 MOTOR LEADS--6 TERMINALS A. LOW VOLTAGE W2 B. HIGH VOLTAGE U2 V2 1 DELTA 1 WYE Bronze Screws
W2
U2
V2
U1
V1
W1
U1
V1
W1
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
DUAL VOLTAGE-SINGLE SPEED -9 MOTOR LEADS 9 TERMINALS A. LOW VOLTAGE 2 WYE U2
V2 W2
B. HIGH VOLTAGE 1 WYE
U2
V2
W2
U5
V5
W5
Jumper Bars
U5 V5 W5
U1
V1
W1
U1
V1
W1
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
DUAL VOLTAGE-SINGLE SPEED -9 MOTOR LEADS 6 TERMINALS (LAFERT HE/ST Motors) A. LOW VOLAGE 2 WYE
L3 L2 L1
B. HIGH VOLTAGE 1 WYE RED WHITE WHITE RED
L3
L2
L1 W1
U1 U3
V1 V3
W1
U1
V1
W3
Bronze Screws
U2 V2 W2
U3
V3
W3
BLACK
BLACK
U2
V2
W2
Note: U1 = 1, V1 = 2, W1 = 3, U2 = 4, V2 = 5, W2 = 6, U5 = 7, V5 = 8, W5 = 9 ( If numbers are used)
Holland Industrial,518 West Montgomery Street,Henderson,NC.,27536 Tel. _PHONE_, Fax _PHONE_ , E-Mail: sales @ holland-
NEMA
New IEC
3
1
1
W1
U1
U1
3 Lead
3 2
W1
2 6 1
W1 V1 U1 W2 V2 U2 W1 W2 U1
V1
3
1 6 5 4 3 2 5
6 lead
4 2
W1 W2 W5 U5 U2 W5 V5 V2 W2 U2 U5 V2 V1 U1 U1
U2 V1
3
6 9
7 4 8
1 6 9
1 4 7
9 Lead
5 3 2 3 6 9 12 10 11 8 5 2 3 11 1 74 6
85 12 1 4 7
2
V1 W1 W2 W5 U6 W6 V6 V5 V2 U5 U2
W1
V5 V2 W6 U1
V1
U1
12 Lead
9
W5 W2 W1
U2 U5
8 5
10 2
U6 V6 V5 V2 V1
V1
Title:
Wye & Delta Numbering,3 Phase Motors Author: NG Date: 10/21/05 Sheet:
Revision:
Single Speed Motors, 3 Phase, 3, 6 and 9 Leads
Leads Out of Motor 3 6 Lead Markings NEMA 1,2,3, 1,2,3,4,5,6, Possibilities Lead Markings IE Old C Lead Markings IE New C
Across The Line Start
Voltage Delta, or (c)A T wo Voltage m otor(where higher voltage) Star, is 1.73 x Lower Voltage,Delta. or it could be configured (d)as a Soft Start, Wye Start Delta Run
U,V,W,
U1,V1,W1, U1,V1,W1,U2,V2,W2,
(a)Can be a single voltage W ye or (b)Single U,V,W,X,Y,Z,
(a)If single(higher) voltage Wye then If single voltage Wye then L1,L2 and L3 L1,L2 and L3 goes to 1,2,&3 and 4,5,&6 are goes to U,V,& W and X,Y,and Z are joined together joined together (b)If single(lower) voltage Delta then 1&6 are connected to L1, 2&4 are connected to L2 and 3&5 are connected to L3 (c) If tw o voltage motor then for low
voltage(Delta) hook up as (b) above and for high voltage(Wye) hook up as (a) abov e
If single voltage Wye then L1,L2 and L3 goes to U1,V1,&W1 and U2,V2,&W2 are joined together If single voltage Delta then U1&W2 are connected to L1, V1&U2 are connected to L2 and W1&V2 are connected to L3
If single voltage Delta then U&Z are connected to L1, V&X are connected to L2 and W & Y are connected to L3
If Wye Start Delta Run then for Wye Start
L 1,L 2 & L 3 connect to 1,2,& 3 and 4,5&6 are joined together and for Delta Run 1&6 are connected to L 1, 2&4 are connected to L 2 and 3&5 are connected to L 3. T he a bove sequence is carried out by a Wye Delta Starter,consisting of 3 contactors and 1 tim er
If Wye Start Delta Run then for Wye Start L1,L2 & L3 connect to U,V,& W and X,Y,and Z are joined together and for Delta Run U&Z are connected to L1, V&X are connected to L2 and W & Y are connected to L3
If Wye Start Delta Run then for Wye Start L1,L2 & L3 connect to U1,V1,&W1 and U2,V2,&W2 are joined together and for Delta Run U1&W2 are connected to L1, V1&U2 are connected to L2 and W1&V2 are connected to L3
6
1,2,3,7,8,9,
Part Winding Start. On first step T1,T2 & T3 connect to motor leads 1,2 &3 through 1M contactor. On second step I stays M energised and 2M contactor pulls in and connectrs T7,T8 & T9 to motor leads 7,8,& 9 The sequence is carried out by a Part Winding Starter consisting of 2 contactors and 1 timer
(b)Dual voltage Delta connected
9
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (a)Dual voltage Wye connected If (a) dual voltage wy e connected
For high voltage connection L 1 goes to lead 1 , L 2 goes to 2 and L 3 goes to 3, also 4&7 are joined together,5&8 are joined together and 6&9 are joined together. For lo w vo ltag e connectioon leads 1&7 are joined together and connected to L 1,leads 2&8 are joined together and connected to L 2 and 3& 9 are joined together and connected to L 3
If (a) dual voltage wy e connected For high voltage connection L1 goes to lead U1, L2 goes to V 1 and L3 goes to W 3, also U2&U3 are joined together, V 2 & V3 are joined together and W 2 & W 3 are joined together.(1Y conn) For lo w voltage connectioon leads U1 & U3 are joined together and connected to L1,leads V 1& V 3 are joined together and connected to L2 and W1& W 3 are joined together and connected to L3 (2 Y c onn)
If (b) dual voltage delta connected For high voltage connection L1 goes to lead 1,L2 goes to lead 2 and L3 goes to lead 3,also 4&7 are joined together and taped aslo 5&8 are joined and taped and 6&9 are joined and taped For lo w voltage connection leads 1,6,7 are joined L1,leads 2,4,8 are joined to L2 and leads 3,5,9 are joined to L3 Nema 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
N ew U1 V1 W1 U2 V2 W2 U5 V5 W5 U6 V6 W6 IE C Old IE C Also U1 V1 W1 X1 Y1 Z1 U2 V2 W2 X2 Y2 Z2 U V W X Y Z
Title: Single Speed,Three Phase, Motor Connections 3 , 6 and 9 Leads Author: Date: Revision: NG 10/17/05 Sheet: 1
Holland Industrial
Single Speed Motors, 3 Phase, 12 Leads
Leads Lead Markings Possibilities Coming Out NEMA of Motor 12 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 (a) Single voltage Wye connection ,9,10,11,12, (b) Single Voltage Delta Connection (c) Dual voltage Wye connection (d) Dual voltage Delta connection (e) Wye start delta run (a) If single voltage Wye connection then L1,L2 and L3 connect to 1,2,and 3. Also 10