Examples & Recipes
How to Track Pageviews in a React-Redux app
The following example shows how you can use Redux Beacon to track page views in an React app that uses Redux for state management, and React Router for navigation.
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import { LOCATION_CHANGE } from 'react-router-redux';
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import { createMiddleware } from 'redux-beacon';
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import GoogleAnalytics, { trackPageView } from '@redux-beacon/google-analytics';
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const eventsMap = {
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[LOCATION_CHANGE]: trackPageView(action => ({
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page: action.payload.pathname,
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})),
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};
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const gaMiddleware = createMiddleware(eventsMap, GoogleAnalytics());
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 - Click here for instructions on how to apply the middleware to your store.
 - Click here for a runnable example.
How to Track Pageviews in an Angular-ngrx app
The following example shows how you can use Redux Beacon to track page views in an Angular app that uses ngrx/store for state management.
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import { ROUTER_NAVIGATION } from '@ngrx/router-store';
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import { createMetaReducer, EventsMap } from 'redux-beacon';
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import GoogleAnalytics, { trackPageView } from '@redux-beacon/google-analytics';
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const eventsMap: EventsMap = {
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[ROUTER_NAVIGATION]: trackPageView(action => ({
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page: action.payload.routerState.url,
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})),
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};
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const gaMetaReducer = createMetaReducer(eventsMap, GoogleAnalytics());
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 - Click here for instructions on how to apply the meta reducer to your store.
 - Click here for a runnable example.
How to Send Analytics to Multiple Targets
There is no limit to the number of middlewares or meta reducers you can create and use. So, to send analytics to multiple targets, create a middleware or a meta reducer for each target:
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import { createMiddleware } from 'redux-beacon';
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import Amplitude from '@redux-beacon/amplitude';
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import GoogleAnalytics from '@redux-beacon/google-analytics';
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import { amplitudeEvents, gaEvents } from './my-event-definitions';
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const amplitudeMiddleware = createMiddleware(amplitudeEvents, Amplitude());
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const gaMiddleware = createMiddleware(gaEvents, GoogleAnalytics());
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// Apply both middlewares to the store
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Likewise, for createMetaReducer:
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import { createMetaReducer } from 'redux-beacon';
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import Amplitude from '@redux-beacon/amplitude';
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import GoogleAnalytics from '@redux-beacon/google-analytics';
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import { amplitudeEvents, gaEvents } from './my-event-definitions';
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const amplitudeMetaReducer = createMetaReducer(amplitudeEvents, Amplitude());
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const gaMetaReducer = createMetaReducer(gaEvents, GoogleAnalytics());
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// Add both meta reducers to the store
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How to Create Your Own Target
Both createMiddleware and createMetaReducer require a target as their second parameter. A target is a function that Redux Beacon calls with an array of generated analytics events. What a target does with the array of generated events is up to the target's author, although the assumption is that the target will send those events to an external analytics service.
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function myCustomTarget(events) {
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// - do something with the events.
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// - an event is usually an Object ({}), but doesn't have to be.
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// - an event should be serializable.
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// - events are what's returned from event definitions that you pair to action types.
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}
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Most targets leverage an existing JavaScript sdk from an analytics service (e.g. Google Analytics), but some might post their own server requests.
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// import an sdk, or install it as a global module
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function myCustomTarget(events) {
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events.forEach(event => {
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switch (event.type) {
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case 'some_event_type_you_define':
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window.mySDK.someMethod(event.paramA, event.paramB);
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break;
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case 'some_other_event_type':
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window.mySDK.someOtherMethod(event.paramA);
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break;
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case 'yet_another_event_type':
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fetch('_URL_ {
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method: 'POST',
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body: JSON.stringify(event.data),
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headers: new Headers({
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'Content-Type': 'application/json',
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}),
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});
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break;
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default:
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break;
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}
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});
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}
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If your target relies on an SDK attached to window, it is good practice to first check that window exists to avoid issues during server side rendering.
If you decide to publish your target, please let us know so we can link to it in our docs.


with reference $A=(a_1,\ldots,a_m)$ and a convex polygonal obstacle $B = (b_1,\ldots,b_n)$. The Minkowki sums which can be obtained by 1) flipping $A$ about the $x$ and $y$ axes to obtain $-A$, 2) tracing the flipped shape about the edges of $B$, and 3) determining the outer edges of the traced paths.
In the convex case, the C-obstacle can be shown to be convex with at most $m+n$ edges. One brute-force way to compute it is to calculate all extrema $a_i + b_j$, $i=1,\ldots,m$ and $j=1,\ldots,n$, and then computing the convex hull. With an appropriate convex hull algorithm, this can take $O(mn \log mn)$ time. There is however an optimal $O(m + n)$ algorithm that constructs the Minkowski sum. Briefly, this technique marches about the edges of each polygon and outputs an extremal vertex for each vertex of either polygon encountered in CCW order. In the general non-convex case, however, the Minkowski sum may have $O((mn)^2)$ complexity, and may have holes.
C-obstacles for rotational motion
C-obstacles for rotational motion are much more complex. Consider, for example, a translating and rotating convex polygon with polygonal obstacles. The C-space is SE(2) and consists of configurations $q=(x,y,\theta)$. Imagine it as a volume with $\theta \in [0,2\pi)$ the vertical axis.
Then, for any fixed rotation $\theta$, if we were to consider only the translation components of the configuration, this would be a horizontal slice through configuration space. The slice of C-obstacle at height $\theta$ can be determined by the Minkowski difference of the obstacle and the robot reference polygon rotated by angle $\theta$: $$\{ (x,y) \quad |\quad (x,y,\theta) \in \mathcal{C}O \} = O \ominus R(0,0,\theta)$$ where $R(0,0,\theta)$ is the rotated robot reference polygon. This is a convex polygon.
However, as we slide $\theta$ slightly, the vertices of each slice rotate along a helix. At some points along the range $[0,2\pi)$, these helical paths will merge or split as different combinations of obstacle and robot vertices enter and leave the boundary of the Minkowski difference. This causes the C-obstacle to become a relatively complex shape.
Motion planning in SE(2)
Although some geometric techniques have been developed for planning in SE(2), it is more common to adopt resolution-complete techniques to handle the rotational DOF. As an example, grid search can be applied fairly easily.
To apply grid search, the $\theta$ dimension is split into several divisions on a grid over $[0,2\pi)$, in addition to the $x$ and $y$ dimensions. This gives a 3D grid graph that can be handled via search. To properly handle the topology of SO(2), vertices just below $\theta=2\pi$ are connected to the ones at $\theta=0$. Specifically, suppose we have constructed a grid $(x_i,y_j,\theta_k)$ with indices $i=1,\ldots,m$, $j=1,\ldots,n$, and $k=1,\ldots,p$. We have $x_i = (i-1)\Delta x$, $y_j=(j-1)\Delta y$, and $\theta_k= (k-1)\Delta \theta$, with $k=2\pi/p$. Then, for each $i=1,\ldots,m$, $j=1,\ldots,n$ and $k=1,\ldots,p$, the graph has an edge from each $(x_i,y_j,\theta_k)$ to $(x_{i+1},y_j,\theta_k)$ and $(x_i,y_{j+1},\theta_k)$ (as long as that incremented index does not exceed the limit), and $(x_i,y_j,\theta_{k+1\mod p})$. This leads to at most 6 connections per vertex. Diagonal motions can also be added, which results in 26-connected vertices (each vertex can be thought of being in the center of a $3\times 3\times 3$ box).
Note that when applying search, a cost function needs to be assigned to each edge. Because translation is measured in different units (say, meters) than orientation (degrees or radians), it may not make much sense to use Euclidean distance as the cost! As an extreme example, let us assume that orientation is measured in degrees and translation in meters, and suppose the robot would need to turn $90^\circ$ to pass through a narrow gap, then rotate back $90^\circ$ to reach a goal 1 m away. A planner using Euclidean distance would prefer to take a roundabout path (up to 180 m longer!) to get to the goal without reorientation. At a different extreme, let us assume that orientation is measured in radians and translation in millimeters. Then, the robot would prefer to pass through the gap even when there exists a slightly longer path that does not require reorientation.
As a result it is usually prudent to adopt a weighted metric as cost, such as the following: $$c((x,y,\theta),(x^\prime,y^\prime,\theta^\prime)) = \sqrt{(x-x^\prime)^2+(y-y^\prime)^2+w_\theta diff(\theta,\theta^\prime)^2}.$$ Here, $diff$ is the geodesic angular distance in SO(2), and the weight term $w_\theta$ should be chosen to balance the tradeoff between translation and rotation. One reasonable choice is to set $w_\theta = R^2$ where $R$ is the radius of the robot. For axis-aligned motions, this weighted cost bounds the maximum distance that a point on the robot could move during a straight line motion $(x,y,\theta)\rightarrow (x^\prime,y^\prime,\theta^\prime)$.
Cell decomposition can also be extended in a resolution-complete fashion to SE(2) by splitting $\theta$ into discrete values, and thinking of the $(x,y)$ plane as a "layer" in 3D space. The C-obstacle for that layer can be computed using Minkowski sums, and then its cell decomposition computed. Then, an edge is added to connect cells on adjacent layers whose $(x,y)$ projections overlap. This layered cell graph can then be searched to connect any two points in SE(2).
Path planning with curvature constraints
We have not yet described how a path could be followed. Supposing the robot was reasonably shaped like a disk, and could move forward and turn in place (e.g., a mobile robot with differential drive such as the iRobot Roomba, or a skid steer) any 2D polygonal path could be followed by a sequence of forward motions and turns. This strategy could also be followed by humanoid robots performing indoor navigation. If the robot were not disk-shaped, but could still move forward and turn in place, we could perform planning in SE(2) and follow the path just as easily.
However, for car-like ground vehicles and aerial vehicles, turning in place is not an option. The limited turning radius of the vehicle means that at maximum steering angle, the path follows a circular arc. No path of smaller turning radius is permitted (a vertex of a polygonal path can be thought of as a circular arc of radius 0). This places a constraint on the maximum curvature of the path. There are three general approaches for handling such constraints:
 - Expand C-obstacles by the turning radius, and plan a path. This is only appropriate if the turning radius is small compared to the size of narrow passages between obstacles.
 - Plan paths with straight line segments connected by minimum-radius arcs. The Reeds-Shepp curves can beextended to handle obstacle avoidance in some simple cases.
 - Define a set of curvature-constrained primitive maneuvers, and perform search.
Here we will expand on the latter approach, since it is quite commonly used for autonomous vehicles and can also be adapted to handle lane following and other dynamic constraints. The state lattice approach defines a search graph on an $(x,y\theta)$ grid in which each connection corresponds to a primitive maneuver guaranteed to satisfy the curvature constraint. Each maneuver may move more than one unit along each axis. Usually, only a few values of $\theta$ (4 or 8) are allowed to take advantage of


The following is taken from a practice GRE question:
Two experimental techniques determine the mass of an object to be $11\pm 1\, \mathrm{kg}$ and $10\pm 2\, \mathrm{kg}$. These two measurements can be combined to give a weighted average. What is the uncertainty of the weighted average?
What's the correct procedure to find the uncertainty of the average?
I know what the correct answer is (because of the answer key), but I do not know how to obtain this answer.
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 $\begingroup$ Forget that it is an average. Do you know how to combine errors for sums (and products)? $\endgroup$ – genneth Sep 29 '11 at 1:22
 - $\begingroup$ I added homework tag because it is of that nature even though it is not literally homework $\endgroup$ – genneth Sep 29 '11 at 1:23
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, but doing this, I arrive at $\sqrt{5}/2$. According to the practice test, this is incorrect. $\endgroup$ – Jonathan Gleason Sep 29 '11 at 2:12
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 $\begingroup$ The people who make up these tests at ETS are usually incompetent, and it is often impossible to read their minds. You should just say what answer they got, so people can try to work backwards to extract whatever flawed reasoning they used. There is no other way to solve ETS problems other than learning the psychology of the testers. $\endgroup$ – Ron Maimon Sep 29 '11 at 3:51
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 $\begingroup$ This is a rather specific question, sort of on the verge of being closeable as "too localized," but I edited it a little to try and keep it general enough to stay open. The thing is, because the answer key is wrong, there's not much to say in an answer except explaining the general procedure for combining uncertainties, and I'm pretty sure that's already covered by other questions here and on many other sites. $\endgroup$ – David Z Sep 29 '11 at 4:56
I agree with _USER_ Maimon that these ETS questions are problematic. But this is (i think) the reasoning they go with. Unlike _USER_'s assumption you should not take the normal average, but as stated in the question the weighted average. A weighted average assigns to each measurement $x_i$ a weight $w_i$ and the average is then
$$\frac{\sum_iw_ix_i}{\sum_i w_i}$$
Now the question is what weights should one take? A reasonable ansatz is to weigh the measurements with better precision more than the ones with lower precision. There are a million ways to do this, but out of those one could give the following weights:
$$w_i = \frac{1}{(\Delta x_i)^2},$$ which corresponds to the inverse of the variance.
So plugging this in, we'll have
$$c = \frac{1\cdot a+\frac{1}{4}\cdot b}{1+\frac{1}{4}}= \frac{4a+b}{5}$$
$$\Delta c = \sqrt{\left(\frac{\partial c}{\partial a}\Delta a\right)^2+\left(\frac{\partial c}{\partial b}\Delta b\right)^2}$$
$$\Delta c = \sqrt{\left(\frac{4}{5}1\right)^2+\left(\frac{1}{5}2\right)^2}=\sqrt{\frac{16}{25}+\frac{4}{25}}=\sqrt{\frac{20}{25}}=\sqrt{\frac{4}{5}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt5}$$
which is the answer given in the answer key.
Why $w_i=1/\sigma_i^2$
The truth is, that this choice is not completely arbitrary. It is the value for the mean that maximizes the likelihood (the Maximum Likelihood estimator).
$$P(\{x_i\})=\prod f(x_i|\mu,\sigma_i)=\prod\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_i}}\exp\left(-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\left(x_i-\mu\right)^2}{\sigma_i^2}\right)$$. This expression maximizes, when the exponent is maximal, i.e. the first derivative wrt $\mu$ should vanish:
$$\frac{\partial}{\partial\mu}\sum_i\left(-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\left(x_i-\mu\right)^2}{\sigma_i^2}\right) = \sum_i\frac{\left(x_i-\mu\right)}{\sigma_i^2} = 0 $$
Thus, $$\mu = \frac{\sum_i x_i/\sigma_i^2}{\sum_i 1/\sigma_i^2} = \frac{\sum_iw_ix_i}{\sum_i w_i}$$ with $w_i = 1/\sigma_i^2$
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 $\begingroup$ luksen explained how to find a weighted average, but I did not see a direct answer to the question. If the weighted average is calculated by the precision of each measurement do we still find an error? Or because we used error to find the weighted average, it is included in the result? $\endgroup$ – Tsangares Jan 25 '17 at 1:20
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 $\begingroup$ So what is the answer to the question? $\endgroup$ – ProfRob Apr 27 '17 at 18:37
It would be highly unreasonable to obtain the uncertainty of the average of the measurements to be greater than the uncertainty of any one measurement (√5/2 > 1). After all, what's the point in taking averages if it just makes your readings more uncertain?
I believe the ETS people used the argument that the harmonic sum of the individual variances should give the reciprocal of the average's variance i.e. 1/v = 1/v1 + 1/v2, as detailed here: _URL_
Since other questions as well as Google point to this question, I would like to extend the already existing answer from luksen by a motivation from the stochastic for using the error propagation equation.
Let's assume we have $n$ random measurements $X_i$, typically denoted by $E\{X_i\} \pm \sigma_i$ (or $x_i \pm \Delta x_i$), whereas $E\{\cdot\}$ and $\sigma_i$ denote the expected value and the standard deviation, respectively. According to the question, we are interested in the weighted average of these measurements, calculated by $Y = \frac{\sum_i w_i X_i}{\sum_i w_i}$ ($=c$). Thanks to the linearity of the expected value, it is rather easy to get $$E\{Y\} = E\left\{\frac{\sum_i w_i X_i}{\sum_i w_i} \right\} = \frac{\sum_i w_i E\{ X_i\}}{\sum_i w_i}.$$ For the variance $\sigma^2$, we need a few more lines but no hacky tricks. $$\begin{align} \sigma^2 &= E\left\{(Y-E\{Y\})^2\right\} = E\left\{\left(\frac{\sum_i w_i X_i}{\sum_i w_i} - E\left\{\frac{\sum_i w_i X_i}{\sum_i w_i} \right\} \right)^2\right\} \\ &= \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} E\left\{ \left(\sum_i w_i X_i\right)^2 - 2 \left(\sum_i w_i X_i\right) \left(\sum_j w_j E\{X_j\}\right) + \left( \sum_i w_i E\{X_i\} \right)^2 \right\} \\ &= \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} E\left\{ \sum_{i,j} w_i X_i w_j X_j - 2 \sum_{i,j} w_i X_i w_j E\{X_j\} + \sum_{i,j} w_i E\{X_i\} w_j E\{X_j\} \right\} \\ &= \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} \sum_{i,j} w_i w_j \left( E\{X_i X_j\} - 2 \cdot E\{X_i\} E\{X_j\} + E\{X_i\} E\{X_j\} \right) \\ &= \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} \sum_{i,j} w_i w_j \left( E\{X_i X_j\} - E\{X_i\} E\{X_j\} \right) \\ &= \frac{1}{(\sum_i w_i)^2} \sum_{i,j} w_i w_j \cdot Cov(X_i, X_j) \end{align}$$ The


Bamboo Botanicals Logo
Bamboo Anatomy And Growth Habits
Bamboo Culm
Bamboo is a perrenial evergreen that is part of the grass family (a very tall and woody grass that is). Similar to grass, bamboo is characterized by a jointed stem called a culm. Typcally the culms are hollow but some species of bamboo have solid culms. Each culm segment begins and ends with a solid joint called a node. Nodes are are characterized by a swelling encircling the ends of the culm segments. The segments between the nodes are called internodes. From the nodes grow leaves and branches. Similar to the culms, the branches are also segmented with nodes and internodes.
Bamboo Culm Anatomy
Anatomy Of A Bamboo Culm
Bamboo Culm Cut-away Section
Bamboo Culm Cut-away Section
Bamboo Rhizome And Root System
The underground root system of bamboo is very similar to that of the culm. It can be described as an underground culm growing hortizontally in the soil. This underground culm is called a rhizome. The only difference is that instead of producing branches and leaves, the rhizomes produce roots and shoots at the nodes. Bamboo is a very shallow rooted plant. Bamboo rhizomes typically grow within the first 6" below the surface of the ground. The rhizomes produce feeder roots that grow further down into the soil. Typically the roots don't grow anymore than 20" (50cm) below the surface of the ground. For most bamboos, rhizome development and growth takes place late summer to early fall.
Bamboo rhizomes grow in two unique characteristics. They either grow in a clumping formation or they can grow in a running habit. The rhizome growth patterns classify bamboo either as a clumping bamboo or a running bamboo.
Clumping Bamboo
Clumping Bamboo rhizomes in the soil
Clumping Bamboo rhizomes in the soil
Clumping bamboos have Pachymorph rhizomes that grow upwards developing into a new culm. New rhizomes emerge from buds on an existing rhizome and so forth. This accumulative effect causes the grove to expand slowly around the perimeter. This growth behaviour gives the bamboo a 'clumping' habit.
It's predictable growth behaviour makes it easier to maintain without having to apply containment methods that a running bamboo may need. For most clumping bamboos, they expand only a few inches per year around the main plant. This depends on the species and the maturity of the bamboo. The slow expansion of the clumping bamboo grove will eventually reach a boundary (ie. property line, fence, etc.), at which time root pruning will need to be done.
The clumping habit also gives clumping bamboos a desireable trait for growing in pots or containers. Clumping bamboos tend to last a lot longer in a pot before they get root bound and need re-potting.
Clumping Pachymorph Bamboo
Clumping (Pachymorph) Bamboo
Running Bamboo
Running bamboos have Leptomorph rhizomes that run horizontally under the ground. New buds and roots emerge from the nodes of the rhizomes. Most buds remain dormant but may develop into a new culm or it may develop into another new rhizome. Any new rhizomes will also run horizontally underground and produce more news culms and rhizomes. This growth behavior gives the bamboo a 'running' habit.
Running Leptomorph Bamboo
Running (Leptomorph) Bamboo
Running Bamboo Rhizome
Running Bamboo Rhizome (soil removed)
Running bamboos with Leptomorph rhizomes typically require methods to control their spreading habit. See Controlling Bamboo Spread.
Bamboo Shoots And Culm Growth
Bamboo Shoots
The buds that develop into shoots play a dramatic role in the growth of a new culm.
New bamboo shoots can grow at staggering rates. Some species of bamboo have been clocked at growing over 3' (90cm) in one day. That is over 1.5" (3.8cm) in 1 hour! The entire growth period from new shoot to a full height culm can typically be completed in 30 days.
For most bamboos, the shooting season takes place during the spring season through early summer. As the shoot elongates, it develops into a new culm. New branches and leaves grow from the nodes of the new culm.
Leaves from existing older culms drop and grow new leaves during this period as well. Spring is the Autumn season for bamboo as the foliage gets renewed.
Unlike regular hardwood trees where the diameter of the trunk gets wider with age, a bamboo culm remains the same thickness for its entire life. The diameter of a new shoot somewhat governs the thickness of the new culm. If you have a 1" diameter shoot, the new culm will be 1" diameter. A 6" diameter shoot will produce a 6" diameter culm... and so forth. As well, the culm never grows any taller throughout its life span.
Bamboo Growth - 24hr Time Lapse Video


How Are Silicon Carbide Wafers Obtained?
How Are Silicon Carbide Wafers Obtained?
Silicon carbide has very stable characteristics, so that it can work stably in some harsh environments. Because of the stable chemical bonds, the technical threshold for silicon carbide production is very high. The growth conditions of silicon carbide crystal ingots are harsh, requiring high temperature (~2600℃) and high pressure (>350MPa) growth environment; crystal growth speed is slow, production capacity is limited, and quality is relatively unstable. Limited by the size of the wafer growth furnace, the size of the crystal ingot is restricted. Silicon carbide is a hard and brittle material. The hardness is second to that of diamond. Cutting is difficult, and the grinding accuracy is difficult to control. Therefore, the silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process slicing from silicon carbide ingot is very difficult.
1. Industry Requirements for Silicon Carbide Wafer Production
Corresponding industry requirements are put forward for silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process:
Process Parameters Requirements
Single crystal growth Size ＞4 inch
Crystal form 4H-SiC
Microtubule density ＜2/cm2
Resistivity 0.015~0.03Ω*cm(Conductive N type)
10^5 Ω*cm(Semi-insulated)
Processing requirements TTV ＜15 μm
Bow ＜40 μm
Warp ＜60 μm
Ra ＜0.3 nm
* The silicon carbide(SiC) wafers produced by Xiamen Powerway Advanced Materials Co., Ltd.( short for PAM-XIAMEN) meet the industry requirements. For more details, please visit: _URL_
The parameters of TTV, bow, warp, and Ra in the above table are not as easy to achieve. The reasons are listed as follows:
The quality of the crystal itself determines the subsequent processing;
The hardness of silicon carbide is 9.2, which can only be processed by diamond;
If you simply use diamond processing, too much stress will cause damage to the silicon carbide wafer substrates.
2. Silicon Carbide Wafer Manufacturing Process
For above reasons, the entire silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process is designed as shown in the Figure below:
silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process
Silicon Carbide Wafer Manufacturing Process
Diamond wire multi-wire cutting is used to control warp, bow, and TTV; double-sided grinding is used to remove the cutting damage layer and raise warp, bow, TTV and LTV; double-sided polishing is used to reduce the roughness less than 2nm. Chemical mechanical polishing is used to improve the surface quality, make the roughness＜0.2nm and no scratches. SiC wafer cleaning and SiC wafer packaging require no stickiness under strong light.
The all procedures generate the corresponding key technology of SiC wafer processing:
# Technique
# Multi-wire saw
# Control warp/bow/TTV/LTV
# CMP
# Wafer cleaning
The silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process is described in detail below.
2.1 Dicing Silicon Carbide Ingot by Multi-wire Cutting
To prevent warpage, the thickness of the wafer after dicing is 350um. Generally, it will be thinned after it is fabricated into a chip.
2.2 Silicon Carbide Wafer Grinding
Use diamond slurry for grinding. The particle size of the diamond powder in the slurry affects the removal rate and the surface damage layer. Using the method that combine the coarse grinding with a larger particle size and fine grinding with a smaller particle size can achieve better grinding results. The rough grinding disc is a resin copper disc/glass disc, and the fine grinding disc is a tin disc.
Grinding pressure and grinding disc speed also affect the SiC wafer grinding quality:
when the grinding pressure is high, the grinding speed is fast, but the TTV value will increase accordingly;
when the pressure is small, the grinding speed becomes slower;
increasing the grinding disc speed within a certain range can improve the removal rate, but the higher the speed, the worse the flatness of the substrate surface.
The grinding pressure is generally controlled at 0.5-0.8 kN (0.025 MPa), the grinding head speed is 60-80 r/min, and the grinding disc speed is about 60 r/min.
The grinding disc needs to be sharpened during the grinding process to ensure the removal rate of the silicon carbide single crystal substrate. The grinding disc dressing system can make the grinding liquid evenly distributed and ensure the grinding removal effect. When the removal rate of the grinding disc is decreased and the removal rate cannot be guaranteed by online dressing, the grinding disc needs to be trimmed offline.
powerwaywafer
2.3 SiC Wafer Polishing by Chemical Mechenical During Silicon Carbide Wafer Manufacturing Pocess
Using mechanical action (pressure) and chemical/oxidation (hydrogen peroxide, pH value) to work together to make the surface smooth and clean. The balance between chemical action and mechanical action should be paid more attention. The type of polishing fluid, polishing pad, polishing pressure, polishing disk speed and many other conditions will determine the polishing quality:
 1. Influence of polishing solution concentration: the higher the concentration of polishing solution, the stronger the polishing removal ability.However, the substrate surface roughness will increase, the surface quality will decrease. The concentration decrease, the polishing removal ability will decrease, and the efficiency will be low;
 2. Harder polishing pads can get a better flatness, and softer polishing pads can get a surface with fewer defects;
 3. Increasing polishing pressure or rotation speed canimprove the material removal rate, but at the same time, it will increase the surface roughness of the material and the sub-surface damage layer, which will affect the surface quality.
When the removal amount is too large, due to the high hardness of the silicon carbide material, the abrasive particles of the grinding wheel are gradually rounded and dull under the action of friction and extrusion. Grinding debris embedded in the pores on the surface of the grinding wheel will cause blockage of the diamond grinding wheel, resulting in a decrease in the grinding capacity and efficiency of the grinding wheel, and unevenness on the surface of the workpiece.
In order to solve this problem, the SiC wafer grinding process has been improved, and the oilstone online dressing process has been added. On the one hand, it can remove the abrasive debris clogged on the surface of the grinding wheel and make the abrasive particles protrude to the surface; on the other hand, when the grinding wheel becomes blunt, it can be sharpened again by sharpening, making the grinding and cutting process easier.
Maximum cutting thickness=2*workpiece speed/(grinding wheel speed*grinding wheel particle size number)*√(radial feed/grinding wheel diameter)
The smaller the feed of the grinding wheel, the better the surface roughness of the workpiece, and the higher the surface accuracy. During the machining process, you can choose the appropriate feed according to the surface roughness to be achieved.
The general grinding process is divided into: high-speed feed stage, empty feed stage, P1 stage, P2 stage, P3 stage, and high-speed return stage.
The material removal amount can be obtained through measuring the quality of silicon wafers before and after polishing by Sartorius CP225D precision electronic balance. The surface morphology characteristics of the silicon carbide wafers are analyzed by Olympus OLS4100 optical microscope. Measure the surface roughness of the silicon carbide wafer by Zygo Newview5022 Surface Profiler, and take 3 equal points on the 1/2 wafer diameter circle to measure the average value. After fine polishing, the surface roughness of the silicon carbide wafer is measured by XE-200 atomic force microscope.
2.4 Silicon Carbide Wafer Cleaning
The steps of RCA cleaning silicon carbide are:
 1. Use acetone (C3H6O) for 15min ultrasonic cleaning;
 2. Use deionized water for 3 times of ultrasonic cleaning, 10 minutes each time;
 3. After boiling a solution of H2O2+NH3H2O:H2O with a volume ratio of 1:1:5 for 15 minutes, clean the wafer(the concentration of H2O2 is 30%);
 4. Use deionized water for 3 times of ultrasonic cleaning, 10 minutes each time;
 5. After boiling a solution of H2O2+HCl:H2O with a volume ratio of 1:1:5 for 15 minutes, clean the wafer(the concentration of HCl is 37%);
 6. Use deionized water for 3 times of ultrasonic cleaning, 10 minutes each time;
 7. After taking out the wafer, dry it with high-purity nitrogen
RCA treatment can effectively remove the contamination layer and other impurities remaining on the surface of the silicon carbide wafer after annealing, and it will not affect the structure of the silicon carbide wafer surface.
PAM-XIAMEN strictly obeys silicon carbide wafer manufacturing process, aiming to provide customers with high-quality silicon carbide wafer.
For more information, please contact us email at _EMAIL_ and _EMAIL_.
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In this study we propose a new cooling concept using encapsulated phase-change particles flowing in a parallel-plate mini-channel. This novel concept is inspired by the gas exchange process in alveolar capillaries, where red blood cells (RBCs) flow with blood plasma, yielding very high gas transfer efficiency. Another important characteristic of alveolar capillary blood flow, which is related to the high efficiency of the lungs, is the snug fitting of the RBCs into the capillary. Hence, we conjecture that using particles similar to RBCs, i.e. with diameter similar to the spacing between the parallel plates, is likely to lead to high heat transfer efficiency as well. We report here experimental results of preliminary tests performed with octadecane paraffin (C18H38), a phase-change material, encapsulated in a thin melamine shell, flowing with water through a heated parallel-plate channel test module. We measured the temperature distribution along the heated surface of the channel for various water flow rates, with and without particles, and varying the number of particles. Results are reported in terms of the channel heated surface average temperature and the average Nusselt number.
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Somatic Movement, Costume and Performance Research
How does what we wear affect
how we move and perceive
and what we create and perform?
Read more
BETWIXT is an international interdisciplinary collaborative duo consisting of visual artist/costume designer Charlotte Østergaard (DK) and somatic dance/theatre artist Sally E. Dean (USA/UK). Together they aim to create a total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk) where the costume and choreographic material co-create both the movement and the costume itself. How does the material of the costume move/shape the body and how does the body move/shape the costume
Read more
The Kolaborasi Project Research
"Kolaborasi" means "collaboration" in the Indonesian language. How do the principles and stylistic elements from more than one cultural and technical background meet? In this process, what questions emerge about performance training and making? How does our cultural background affect our perceptions of performance itself?
Read more


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Saxon "offa" means "open", while "uffern" is oven, inferno, volcano. (The village is referred to in the Domesday Book as Uffintone. [A. D. Mills, "A Dictionary of English Place-Names," Oxford University Press, 1991]).
Dragon Hill and the horned beast seem to be linked with such expressions. The WH Hill itself is shaped like a vent with the animals seeming to leap upwards on the summit.
Is it possible that the Otherworld lay at the foot of the hill and there were funerals held in the top enclosure? There are no objects found there to indicate a military use of the site, but it lies on the border of 2 Celtic lands, perhaps suggesting the remote location of the Otherworld and passage there at death.
Maybe the chalk beast is the daughter of the volcano-living Echidna dragon, the goat-horned lion known as Beaufort Yale, who was the Chimera connected with a volcanic vent south of Celtic Galatia in Asia Minor...that's a long story....

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Book Image
Deep Learning with Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit Quick Start Guide
By : Willem Meints
Book Image
Deep Learning with Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit Quick Start Guide
By: Willem Meints
Overview of this book
Cognitive Toolkit is a very popular and recently open sourced deep learning toolkit by Microsoft. Cognitive Toolkit is used to train fast and effective deep learning models. This book will be a quick introduction to using Cognitive Toolkit and will teach you how to train and validate different types of neural networks, such as convolutional and recurrent neural networks. This book will help you understand the basics of deep learning. You will learn how to use Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit to build deep learning models and discover what makes this framework unique so that you know when to use it. This book will be a quick, no-nonsense introduction to the library and will teach you how to train different types of neural networks, such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, autoencoders, and more, using Cognitive Toolkit. Then we will look at two scenarios in which deep learning can be used to enhance human capabilities. The book will also demonstrate how to evaluate your models' performance to ensure it trains and runs smoothly and gives you the most accurate results. Finally, you will get a short overview of how Cognitive Toolkit fits in to a DevOps environment
Table of Contents (9 chapters)
What is CNTK?
Building a neural network from scratch is a big undertaking—something I would not advise anyone to start with unless you're looking for a programming challenge. There are some great libraries that can help you build neural networks without the need to fully understand the mathematical formulas.
Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit (CNTK) is an open source library that contains all the basic building blocks to build a neural network.
CNTK is implemented using C++ and Python, but it is also available in C# and Java. Training can only be done in C++ or Python, but you can easily load your models in C# or Java for making predictions after you've trained your neural network.
There is also a variant of CNTK that uses a proprietary language called BrainScript. But for the purpose of this book, we'll only look at Python for the basic features of the framework. Later on, in Chapter 7, Deploying Models to Production, we'll discuss how to use C# or Java to load and use a trained model.
Features of CNTK
CNTK is a library that has both a low-level and high-level API for building neural networks. The low-level API is meant for scientists looking to build the next generation of neural network components, while the high-level API is meant for building production-quality neural networks.
On top of these basic building blocks, CNTK features a set of components that will make it easier to feed data into your neural network. It also contains various components to monitor and debug neural networks.
Finally, CNTK features a C# and Java API. You can use both of these languages to load trained models and make predictions from within your web application, microservices, or even Windows Store apps. In addition, you can use C# to train models should you want to do this.
Although it is possible to work with CNTK from Java and C#, it is important to know that at this point not all features in the Python version of CNTK are available to the C# and Java APIs. For example: models trained for object detection in Python do not work in C# with version 2.6 of CNTK.
A high-speed low-level API
At the core of CNTK, you'll find a low-level API that contains a set of mathematical operators to build neural network components. The low-level API also includes the automatic differentiation needed to optimize the parameters in your neural network.
Microsoft built the components with high performance in mind. For example: it included specific code to train neural networks on graphics cards. Graphics cards contain specialized processors, called GPUs, that are capable of processing large volumes of vector and matrix math at very high speeds. You can typically speed up the training process of a neural network by at least a factor 10.
Basic building blocks for quickly creating neural networks
When you want to build a neural network for production use, you typically use the high-level API. The high-level API contains all kinds of different building blocks of a neural network.
For example: there's a basic dense layer to build the most basic kind of neural network. But you will also find more advanced layer types in the high-level API, such as the layer types needed to process images or time series data.
The high-level API also contains different optimizers to train neural networks, so you don't have to manually build a gradient-descent optimizer. In CNTK, the optimization process is implemented using learners and trainers, where the learner defines which kind of gradient-descent algorithm to use while the trainer defines how to implement the basics of backpropagation.
In Chapter 2, Building Neural Networks with CNTK, we'll explore how to use the high-level API to build and train a neural network. In Chapter 5, Working with Images, and Chapter 6, Working with Time Series Data, you'll learn how to use some of the more advanced layer types to process images and time series data with CNTK.
Measuring model performance
Once you've built a neural network, you want to make sure that it works correctly. CNTK offers a number of components to measure the performance of neural networks.
You will often find yourself looking for ways to monitor how well the training process for your model is doing. CNTK includes components that will generate log data from your model and the associated optimizer, which you can use to monitor the training process.
Loading and processing large datasets
When you use deep learning, you often need a large dataset to train neural networks. It is not uncommon to use gigabytes of data to train your model. Included with CNTK is a set of components that allow you to feed data into the neural network for training.
Microsoft did its best to build specialized readers that will load data into memory in batches so you don't need a terabyte of RAM to train your network. We'll talk about these readers in greater depth in Chapter 3, Getting Data into Your Neural Network.
Using models from C# and Java
The main CNTK library is built in Python on top of a C++ core. You can use both C++ and Python to train models. When you want to use your models in production, you have a lot more choice. You can use your trained model from C++ or Python, but most developers will want to use Java or C#. Python is much slower than these languages when it comes to runtime performance. Also, C# and Java are more widely used in corporate environments.
You can download the C# and Java version of CNTK as a separate library from NuGet or Maven central. In Chapter 7, Deploying Models to Production, we'll discuss how to use CNTK from these languages to host a trained model inside a microservice environment.


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Undergraduate candidates should begin the process of gaining admission to the teacher education program, upon successful completion of 45 hours of credit. Admission to the teacher education program is required before candidates are allowed to enroll in 300- or 400-level courses.
Graduate-level candidates seeking certification should begin the process of gaining admission within the first semester of coursework at HLGU. Admission to the teacher education program is required before candidates are allowed to enroll in a second semester of graduate coursework.
To gain admittance, the following requirements must be met/fulfilled:
- Completion of the HLGU Teacher Education Program Application form, including agreement with the provided confidentiality statement. The online application requires submission of the following:
- A recent photograph for identification purposes only (the photo will not be used in the evaluation process for admission)
- A typed letter, demonstrating professional writing skills, to the Teacher Education Committee requesting admittance into the teacher education program. This letter should include a brief autobiographical sketch, and an explanation of your desire to become a teacher
- Favorable recommendation from faculty member outside teacher education (Dispositions Assessment: University Classroom form)
- Favorable recommendation from faculty member in teacher education (Dispositions Assessment: University Classroom form)
- Current Cumulative, Professional Education, and Content Area Grade Point Averages (GPAs)
- A CGPA of 2.50 or higher on a 4.0 scale (includes all transfer credit)
- A CGPA of 2.75 or higher on a 4.0 scale in all Professional Education Requirements and Content Area Certification Requirements (some of which may overlap with General Education courses)
- Verification that all portions of the Missouri General Education Assessment (MoGEA) have been passed in three attempts or less. Teacher candidates must seek written permission from the teacher education committee prior to registering for a fourth attempt. (Graduate students seeking certification are not required to take the MoGEA.)
- Favorable recommendation from field experience cooperating teacher completed in HLGU's Field Experience I or II (Dispositions Assessment: Early Clinical Placement form). Students transferring credit for Field Experience I or II must supply a favorable recommendation from a previous field experience's cooperating teacher to the Teacher Education Division.
1. The teacher education program requires a grade of C or higher for all professional education and content area courses. Additionally, students must earn a grade of C or higher for the following general education courses: College Algebra, English Composition I, English Composition II, and Introduction to Speech Communication.
2. GPAs will be verified by checking the student's official transcript.
3. Teacher candidates transferring from another institution are responsible for providing the required MoGEA documentation.
4. Candidates may be requested to appear personally before the teacher education committee during the tentative admission period for any reason the committee deems necessary.
5. Background checks will be required for field and student-teaching experiences and again for certification in the state of Missouri. Teacher candidates pay all fees incurred. Applicants who have been convicted of a felony must identify themselves on the HLGU application form and provide the appropriate documents to the teacher education committee. Applicants who fail to disclose a personal felony conviction will be removed from the teacher education program.
6. Upon committee recommendation, candidates will be denied admission, granted probationary admission with suggested corrective measures, or be granted admission and allowed to continue in the program, provided they maintain the following:
- Minimum academic status required for admission
- Campus/community citizenship that reflects moral character and sincere interest in teaching
7. When applying for student teaching, the student must meet the following CGPA requirements:
- A CGPA of 2.75 on a 4.0 scale (includes all transfer credit)
- A CGPA of 3.00 on a 4.0 scale in all "professional" education requirements and content area certification requirements (some of which may overlap with general education courses)
8. Graduate-level candidates seeking certification should begin the process of gaining admission within the first semester of coursework at HLGU. Admission to the teacher education program is required before teacher candidates are allowed to enroll in a second semester of graduate coursework. Graduate-level candidates seeking certification are required to take the Missouri Content Assessment (MoCA) in the appropriate certification area within the first semester of coursework at HLGU. Passage of the MoCA is required prior to applying for student teaching.
Candidates must be formally admitted into the teacher education program prior to enrolling in 300-level or 400-level professional education courses.
Teacher candidates must comply with DESE certification requirements in effect at the time of program entrance/completion and must possess current knowledge of best practices in education. Reapplying to the teacher education program is necessary following readmission to HLGU. Transcripts will be evaluated and courses may need to be retaken if degree and certification requirements have not been completed within a reasonable period of time. Education methods courses can be no more than five years old to count towards certification.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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instead initiated internally.
The method number, in this case method=128, indicates which LDAPv3 bind method was used by the client. There are three possible bind method values:
0 = no authentication
128 = simple bind with user password
sasl= SASL bind using external authentication mechanism
The version number, in this case version=3, indicates the LDAP version number (either LDAPv2 or LDAPv3) that the LDAP client used to communicate with the LDAP server.
The error number, in this case err=0, provides the LDAP result code returned from the LDAP operation performed. The LDAP error number 0 means that the operation was successful. For a more comprehensive list of LDAP result codes see "LDAP Result Codes".
The tag number, in this case tag=97, indicates the type of result returned, which is almost always a reflection of the type of operation performed. The tags used are the BER tags from the LDAP protocol. Commonly used tags include:
tag=97 for a result from a client bind operation
tag=100 indicates the actual entry for which you were searching
tag=101 for a result from a search operation
tag=103 for a result from a modify operation
tag=105 for a result from an add operation
tag=107 for a result from a delete operation
tag=109 for a result from a moddn operation
tag=111 for a result from a compare operation
tag=115 indicates a search reference when the entry you perform your search on holds a referral to the entry you require. Search references are expressed in terms of a referral.
tag=120 for a result from an extended operation
tag=100 and tag=115 are not result tags as such. It is unlikely that you will see them in your access log.
Number of Entries
The number of entries, in this case nentries=0, indicates the number of entries that were found matching the LDAP client's request.
Elapsed time, in this case etime=1000, indicates the amount of time (in seconds) that it took Directory Server to perform the LDAP operation. An etime value of 0 means that the operation actually took milliseconds to perform. If you want to have microsecond resolution for this item in the access log, enter a value of 131328 (256+131072) in the nsslapd-accesslog-level configuration attribute.
LDAP Request Type
The LDAP request type indicates the type of LDAP request being issued by the LDAP client. Possible values are:
LDAP Response Type
The LDAP response type indicates the LDAP response being issued by the LDAP client. Possible values are:
REFERRAL=referral or search reference
Unindexed Search Indicator
The unindexed search indicator, notes=U, indicates that the search performed was unindexed, which means that the database itself had to be directly searched instead of the index file. Unindexed searches occur either when the All IDs Threshold was reached within the index file used for the search, when no index file existed, or when the index file was not configured in the way required by the search.
An unindexed search indicator is often accompanied by a large etime value, as unindexed searches are generally more time consuming.
Extended Operation OID
An extended operation OID, in this case either EXT oid="2.16.840._PHONE_.108.40.206" or EXT oid="2.16.840._PHONE_.127.116.11", provides the OID of the extended operation being performed. Table 8-1 provides the list of the LDAPv3 extended operations that are supported by Sun ONE Directory Server 5.2, and their OIDs.
Table 8-1 LDAPv3 Extended Operations Supported by Sun ONE Directory Server 5.2
Extended Operation Name
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x Start Replication Request
Sent by a replication initiator to indicate that a replication session is requested.
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x Replication Response
Sent by a replication responder in response to a Start Replication Request Extended Operation or an End Replication Request Extended Operation.
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x End Replication Request
Sent to indicate that a replication session is to be terminated.
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x Replication Entry Request
Carries an entry, along with its state information (csn and UniqueIdentifier), and is used to perform a replica initialization.
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x Bulk Import Start
Sent by the client to request a bulk import together with the suffix being imported to and sent by the server to indicate that the bulk import may begin.
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.x Bulk Import Finished
Sent by the client to signal the end of a bulk import and sent by the server to acknowledge it.
Change Sequence Number
The change sequence number, in this case csn=3b4c8cfb000000030000, is the replication change sequence number, indicating that replication is enabled on this particular naming context.
The abandon message, in this case, [06/Aug/2002:11:39:52 -0700] conn=12 op=2 ABANDON targetop=1 msgid=2 nentries=0 etime=0, indicates that an operation has been aborted, where nentries=0 indicates the number of entries sent before the operation was aborted, etime=0 indicates how much time (in seconds) had elapsed, and targetop=1 corresponds to an operation value from a previously initiated operation (that appears earlier in the access log).
There are two possible log ABANDON messages depending on whether the message ID succeeds in locating which operation was to be aborted or not. If the message ID succeeds in locating the operation (the targetop) then the log will read as above. However, if the message ID does not succeed in locating the operation or if the operation had already finished prior to the ABANDON request being sent, then the log will read as follows:
[06/Aug/2002:11:39:52 -0700] conn=12 op=2 ABANDON targetop=NOTFOUND msgid=2
where targetop=NOTFOUND indicates that the operation to be aborted was either an unknown operation or already complete.
The message ID, in this case msgid=2, is the LDAP operation identifier, as generated by the LDAP SDK client. The message ID may have a different value to the Sun ONE Directory Server Operation Number, but identifies the same operation. The message ID is used in the context of an ABANDON operation and tells the user which client operation is being abandoned.
The Sun ONE Directory Server operation number starts counting at 0. In the majority of LDAP SDK/client implementations the message ID number starts counting at 1. This explains why the message ID is frequently equal to the Sun ONE Directory Server operation number plus 1.
SASL Multi-Stage Bind Logging
Sun ONE Directory Server 5.2 logging for multi-stage binds is now more explicit. Each stage in the bind process is logged and, where appropriate, the progress statement SASL bind in progress is included.
The authenticated DN (the DN used for access control decisions) is logged in the BIND result line and not in the bind request line:[06/Aug/2002:11:39:55 -0700] conn=14 op=1 RESULT err=0 tag=97 nentries=0 etime=0 dn="uid=coulbeck,dc=example,dc=com"
For SASL binds, the DN value displayed in the BIND request line is not used by the server and is, therefore, not relevant. However, given that the authenticated DN is the DN which, for SASL binds, must be used for audit purposes, it is essential that this be clearly logged. Having this authenticated DN logged in the BIND result line avoids any confusion as to which DN is which.
Access Log Content for Additional Access Logging Levels
This section presents the additional access logging levels available in the Sun ONE Directory Server 5.2 access log.
In Code Example 8-2, access logging level 512, which logs access to entries and referrals, is enabled. In this extract, 6 entries and 1 referral are returned in response to the search request in bold.
Code Example 8-2 Access Log Extract with Entry Access and Referral Logging Level (Level 512)
[06/Aug/2002:16:43:02 +0200] conn=306 op=0 ENTRY dn="ou=Special Users,dc=example,dc=com"
[06/Aug/2002:16:43:02 +0200] conn=306 op=0 ENTRY dn="cn=Accounting Managers,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"
[06/Aug/2002:16:43:02 +0200] conn=306 op=0 ENTRY dn="cn=HR Managers,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"
[06/Aug/2002:16:43:02 +0200] conn=306 op=0 ENTRY dn="cn=QA Managers,ou=groups,dc=example,dc=com"
In Code Example 8-3, access logging level 4, which logs internal operations, is enabled.
Code Example 8-3 Access Log Extract with Internal Access Operations Level (Level 4)
[06/Aug/2002:16:45:46 +0200] conn=Internal op=-1 SRCH base="cn=\22dc=example,dc=com\22,cn=mapping tree,cn=config"scope=0 filter="objectclass=nsMappingTree"attrs="nsslapd-referral" options=persistent
06/Aug/2002:16:45


text:
There are many different people in the world; fat and thin, polite and impolite, cheerful and gloomy etc. So we will star to talk about tall people and advantages and disadvantages of being tall
Tall people could bump one's head against anything which is lower than they are. For example a bar in the bus or a chandelier if it too low. They couldn't wear whatever they want because they often couldn't find their size of clothes in shops. Fortunately there are some specialized shops with clothes for tall people. And if it rains they always have wet legs because their umbrella is too high. So that was disadvantages. And what about advantages?
Tall people can do some sports which are very difficult to do for short people. For example basketball, volleyball, high jump etc. They can reach that things that anyone else couldn't so they do not need to ask the shop assistant to put the goods from the highest shelves. And tall people seem to be strong so they are respectable.


text:
Kids Speed Training
There are many strategies that are going to determine how you set up a kids speed training program.
There are many strategies that are going to determine how you set up a kids speed training program. You must take in to consideration not only the chronological age of athletes that you are training, but also their biological age.
A great book that goes into detail about different training parameters during the stages of development in adolescence is by Jozef Drabik called Children and Sports Training.
Taking into account the level and ability of your athlete, here are a few tips that must go into your childrenís sports speed program.
- Warming up Put together a long and full warm-up that reaches all muscles. The exercises should not be strenuous or fatiguing at all.
- Simple to complex For your warm-up or for any of your structured exercises that your kids are going to perform, use this basic formula. Simple to complex. Start with the most basic exercises and move to the more difficult ones.
- Slow to fast Again, a very basic concept. Start with your slower movements, whether itís a flexibility drill or a running drill, and go to your quicker movements.
- Vary your exercises With developing children you want to add coordination exercises. That being said, make sure you do not use the same exercises at the same time every training day. Switch up the exercises so you challenge the young athlete
- Rest intervals Rest and recovery is extremely important with young athletes. Many drills can be extremely challenging to most athletes especially when you are adding highly coordinated drills that are used in speed training.
- Use sport specific movements Combine speed exercises with the techniques used in their sport or sports. Cutting drils, add football, soccer ball, etc. to exercises.
- Learning first You can practice at sub-maximal efforts before you perform drills and exercises at full speed. The key is to have your athletes be comfortable and be able to flawlessly perform every drill. Itís more important to have perfect form then to try and perform drills as fast as possible.
- Breaking down exercises Break down your exercises into parts. You can perfect techniques of the Ďpartsí of exercises then put them together so that the athlete can comfortably perform the entire motion of specific exercises.
Those are just a few tips and techniques that you can take and add immediately to your kids speed training program. Good luck!
Training Workouts Strength
Training for Speed


text:
San Francisco, California
London, United Kingdom
Engage in the 'tasting' then sip your wine in the botanical gardens to the strains of our strolling musicians; talk with the local artists of the mixed media show featuring oils, watercolors, photography, and garden sculpture . Stroll the gardens with docents telling you tales of the history of the historic hacienda. Or just sit, take a deep breath and inhale the garden perfume.
When & Where
La Señora Research Institute
La Señora reconnects our community to its history via interactive, historically accurate and intriguing educational programs designed to encompass all age and demographic groups. La Senora enticies the diverse elements of the historical community into collaborative endeavors.
Exploring pur cultural heritage layers unearths the changes each Era has brought to one small Mexican Rancho. From Alta California as we move into the early 19th Century our focus narrows to an artistic and social mecca--a single Hacienda built on what was once Rancho land designed by one of Edison's Three Tenors. The perfect acoustics of Jose Mojica's Music Salon enhances our chamber music, and the 1930-40's brought the room Anita Loos' eclectic salons filled with the creative, intellectual and famous people from around the world; until Lyle Wheeler (David Selznick's Art Director) made the hacienda his home. The over 600 films produced by these "Old Hollywood" Legends are screened along with those of their friends in our 50-seat theater.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
If you have a child that is on drugs or dealing with behavioral issues, there are different treatment options available for them. One thing you should consider is wilderness treatment. Below is some information about how this treatment plan works so you can determine if it is right for your child.
The first stage of wilderness treatment is cleansing. Your child is in an unhealthy environment when they are out with their friends that also do drugs. With wilderness treatment, they are brought into the wilderness away from anything that will influence them to do drugs. With many wilderness treatment programs, your child will learn how to eat healthy foods, exercise each day, and taught basic survival skills.
This first stage is important, as it starts your child on the course of learning how to be responsible for their actions. This learning continues throughout their treatment.
Responsibility for Their Actions
The second phase of this treatment plan is learning what the results are of their actions. The counselors will take the children on long hikes, and then teach them how to set up camp once they arrive at the location. The children will be taught how to start a fire without using any kind of matches or lighters, and then how to cook their own food.
- Don't forget about our directory, featuring a list of WTC's in every state, for example Texas.
If your child refuses to learn how to do these things, they will sit out in the cold and/or rain while everyone else is sleeping warm in their tents. They will also have to eat cold food because they didn't learn how to start a fire. This will push them to learn how to do these things so they will not have to go through this the next night.
Your child will be taught social skills by communicating with the other people in their group and their field instructors. They will be expected to talk about their drug problem, what got them started, and how much they are struggling with quitting. Learning how to open up is an important part of any drug treatment program. This allows the counselor to understand what your child is going through, so they can provide them with best type of treatment.
Get Ready to Go Home
When the wilderness training is completed, your child must learn how to take their new learning home with them. Your family may be asked to take some training classes so you can help your child continue their healthy behaviors once they get back home. You may also take some educational classes so you can have a better understanding of how your child is feeling.
The wilderness camp may set your child up with a counselor or other types of support resources once they get home so they can continue their therapy, and not fall back into their old habits.
Now that you have learned how wilderness treatment works, you can compare it to other types of drug treatment programs to help you decide which one is best for your child.


text:
Helium induced swelling and tritium trapping mechanisms in irradiated beryllium : A comprehensive approach
The effects of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of beryllium were studied with the aid of a computer code describing the most important mechanisms of helium and tritium retention and release. The analysis of irradiated beryllium was carried out following a mechanistic scheme, whereby microscopic properties of the atomic lattice, the metallographic structure of the material and the geometrical design parameters of the specimens are considered. A model describing the trapping effects on tritium due to chemical reactions with beryllium oxide and capture in helium bubbles was also included in the code. The results of the numerical calculations referring to gas distribution, helium-induced swelling and tritium release from beryllium are compared with corresponding experiments. The good agreement between calculated and experimental data obtained so far constitutes a significant step in validation of the predictive capability of the code. Moreover, preliminary analyses were performed concerning a proposed EC water cooled ceramic blanket for the ITER fusion reactor and for the European BOT DEMO solid breeder blanket with the aim of providing an estimation of the operational and off-normal behaviour of this component.
Bibliographic Reference: Article: Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 27 (1995) pp. 275-282
Record Number: 199511045 / Last updated on: 1995-08-18
Original language: en
Available languages: en


text:
To modern ears, "cruciferous" is all about vegetables. But the word's rich history shows that it was formerly used in a much broader sense.
By Eric Rumsey, Janna Lawrence and Xiaomei Gu
In a Google search for the word "cruciferous," 9 out of the top 10 retrievals contain the phrase "cruciferous vegetables." This certainly does fit the predominant modern usage of the word. As a game show host might say, "what do you think of when I say 'cruciferous'?" Well, of course, "vegetables"! But it hasn't always been this way. As the Google Ngram chart below shows, the phrase "cruciferous vegetables" only came into prominent use about 1980. Before that, the word "cruciferous" was widely used in other contexts.
To understand the real meaning of the word, it's important to understand what these other contexts are. This is important for more than simply historic reasons; it's also important to understand the meaning of the word to understand its connections to nutrition, and because it helps to search for the subject in databases such as PubMed (as we've discussed in a companion article). Additionally, it's a surprisingly interesting story.
The key to understanding "cruciferous" is a knowledge of its rich botanical history. The chart below gives a hint of this. The chart is a comparison of the use of the words Cruciferae and Brassicaceae. These are names that have been assigned to the plant family that contains "cruciferous vegetables" and many other plants as well. As the chart indicates, Cruciferae was the name of the family until the early 20th century, when it was officially changed to Brassicaceae. Since then, botanists have gradually been switching the word they use, with continuing widespread use of the older name Cruciferae.
This seemingly arcane naming distinction is important because when the family name was Cruciferae, the word cruciferous was used to include all plants in the family, not just the edible species that we call "cruciferous vegetables," which helps explain the common use of the word in the chart above. (Examples from Google Books of the broad botanical use of the word "cruciferous" in the 19th century are here, here, and here.) The significance of this is magnified by the fact that the family is very large, containing 372 genera and 4060 species, making it one of the largest flowering plant families. This and other details of the family are well-covered by a Wikipedia article on it. Another detail that gives an idea of the size and variety of the family and helps explain the widespread use of "cruciferous" is that, in addition to cruciferous vegetables, it also includes decorative flowers, weeds, and Arabidopsis thaliana ("a very important model organism in the study of the flowering plants").
Relating to the image of three flowers at the top of the article, another help in understanding "cruciferous" is the etymology of the word itself. The word comes from the word "cross," because the 4-petaled flowers have the appearance of a cross. The flowers in the image above are (from left) Raphanus sativus (Wild radish weed), Brassica oleracea (Broccoli) and Arabidopsis thaliana. (Images are from Wikipedia).
In conclusion, the word "cruciferous" is confusing because the word has its origins in a time when the large family Brassicaceae was called Cruciferae, which meant that all of the plants in the family (most of which are not edible) were referred to as "cruciferous." In the last generation, as botanists have switched to calling the family Brassicaceae instead of Crucuferae, and as people have become more aware of nutrition, the word "cruciferous" has gradually come to be used most commonly in the context of "cruciferous vegetables." As we'll discuss in a companion article, it's important to know about this history and the taxonomic relationships of cruciferous vegetables in order to do successful searches in research databases like PubMed.


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The Valkhof is on a hill overlooking the river. It is the site of a former Charlemagne fortification and the surviving Carolingian elements are quite modest. There are two buildings with a Carolingian element. The first is an octogon chapel built in the style of Aachen in the 8th or 9th century. The initial building was constructed about 1000 and rebuilt about 1400. It used material from Charlemagne's fortification and we think we could identify some of these Caroilingian flat bricks. The second building is the ruin of Barbarossa's chapel that incorporated several Carolingian capitals on Roman pilars in the chapel.References:
The Church of St Donatus name refers to Donatus of Zadar, who began construction on this church in the 9th century and ended it on the northeastern part of the Roman forum. It is the largest Pre-Romanesque building in Croatia.
The beginning of the building of the church was placed to the second half of the 8th century, and it is supposed to have been completed in the 9th century. The Zadar bishop and diplomat Donat (8th and 9th centuries) is credited with the building of the church. He led the representations of the Dalmatian cities to Constantinople and Charles the Great, which is why this church bears slight resemblance to Charlemagne"s court chapels, especially the one in Aachen, and also to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. It belongs to the Pre-Romanesque architectural period.
The circular church, formerly domed, is 27 m high and is characterised by simplicity and technical primitivism.


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A product launch takes a strong focus and a great TEAM to make it a reality. Product launch involves various steps which involves understanding customer needs, product design, testing of the product, marketing & advertising to ensure the product reaches its vast audience. A successful product launch provides a sales momentum for the company that can lead to new innovative products. The PACE team is diversified with market leaders that include expertise in Lean 6 Sigma, Sales, Marketing, Purchasing, Quality Systems, Operations Excellence and Manufacturing sites to provide you with design prototypes that can bring your idea's to life.
The principles for a successful product launch include the following:
-Relating Product Capabilities to Market Needs
-Having a clear positioning and messaging tagline
-Setting clear goals for launch
-Having the power of leverage
-Having a realistic launch timeframe
The steps for a successful launch are as follows:
-Design attractive packaging
-Determine the target segment
-Having a unique slogan or timeline
-Know the potential competitors
-Consulting a public relations firm
-Creating a product sheet having the list of product features. This sheet would explain the product to the customers and make it capable for purchase.
-Launching a website of the company
-Placing ads in several media outlets in order to maximize the reach.
-Finally, a press release addressing the media about the product features, company goals behind it and what is the addressed need.


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Surviving A Disaster DVD
|Item # VC102DVD|
NFPA®'s Surviving A Disaster DVD shows your community what could happen...and prepares people to make critical decisions when every second counts!
Dramatic news accounts of recent devastating disasters set the stage for this compelling program that introduces people to risks we all face -- from severe weather to terrorist acts -- and how to protect our families and homes. NFPA's Surviving A Disaster DVD gives fire departments, schools, and community-based safety and civic organizations a way to communicate basic survival strategies to a broad audience.
Reliable facts are presented in the familiar style of local emergency event coverage.
During and after a natural or man-made disaster, emergency assistance from local officials and relief workers could be hours or even days away. Surviving a Disaster emphasizes the importance of thorough planning as the primary survival strategy for any type of disaster event -- and details how an emergency readiness and evacuation plan will help with safety, security, and comfort.
Life-saving steps that could apply in all types of disasters include:
- Knowing whether to shelter in place or evacuate
- Following the instructions of local emergency personnel
- Assembling a family disaster supplies kit
- And other practices that safeguard the public against loss of life from large and small-scale events
Make sure residents know how to survive!
Use this program as part of your local emergency management strategy. (Grade 6+, Family, 15 min. DVD, Presenter's Guide)
|CUSTOMERS ALSO BOUGHT|
|YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE|


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If you live near a major roadway, you may want to pay close attention. A new study has found a link between the onset of dementia and the proximity of your residence to highway traffic.
It's no secret that common air pollutants, particularly those associated with auto traffic, are bad for our health. But a team of researchers from Public Health Canada wanted to find out how these pollutants affect our brains. For the study, researchers tracked almost 7 million adults between the ages of 20 and 85 who lived in Ontario between 2002 and 2012. Using postal codes, they were able to determine which people lived near major roadways, with "major" defined as the equivalent of an interstate highway based on daily traffic volume. The team then compared this data with each person's medical records, looking specifically for three neurodegenerative conditions — Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and dementia. The team's findings were published in The Lancet.
Researchers didn't find a link between living near a highway and a person's likelihood of developing Parkinson's or multiple sclerosis, possibly because the overall likelihood of developing these conditions is so small. But they did find a connection between living near a major roadway and a person's chances of developing dementia.
"There is something different going on with dementia," said Ray Copes, chief of environmental and occupational health at Public Health Ontario and a co-author of the study.
The numbers make the risk clear
Copes and his team found that living within 50 meters (about 164 feet) of a major roadway increased a person's chances of developing dementia by 4 percent. That likelihood decreased as the residential distance from the roadway increased. Those who lived 100 meters (328 feet) away from a major road were 4 percent more likely to develop dementia while those who lived between 101 and 200 meters (as far as a tenth of a mile away,) had an increased risk of 2 percent. Beyond 200 meters, the increase in dementia risk was negligible.
The link between dementia risk and residential proximity to a major roadway held strong even after researchers adjusted for factors such as education, body mass index, smoking or socioeconomic status. Next up, researchers are hoping to determine if there's one particular pollutant that is responsible for the link, or if noise plays a role.


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RRA LUR empowering Sustainable Urban Mobility in Belgrade
The IV Regional ProSUMP Workshop, organized under the banner of the Open Regional Fund for South-East Europe: Energy, Transport, and Climate Protection (ORF ETC) and moderated from RRA LUR has recently concluded, leaving a trail of insights, collaboration, and strategies aimed at fostering sustainable urban mobility across the Western Balkans. The IV regional workshop, held in Belgrade from October 18th to 20th, 2023, was a pivotal gathering of experts, policymakers, and urban planners dedicated to enhancing the institutionalization of urban mobility in the region.
Regional workshop a result of collaborative efforts between the Open Regional Fund for South-East Europe (ORF ETC) and the Transport Community. It followed the success of prior knowledge-sharing sessions, notably the III Ljubljana workshop, aimed at promoting the exchange of regional expertise and best practices in Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs). Three-day workshop served as a dynamic platform for stakeholders in the field of sustainable urban mobility. Workshop overarching goals were to explore synergies with the Transport Community as participants delved into the intricate relationship between the Transport Community and the ProSUMP component. This exploration illuminated synergies and opportunities for collaboration, highlighting the importance of a unified approach to sustainable urban mobility.
Moreover, workshop delved into the practical aspects of SUMP implementation while comprehensive discussions cantered around the practical aspects of implementing Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, be it on a national, regional, or local level of the entities of Western Balkans. For this purposes, best practices from Slovenia and Ljubljana urban region were presented and potential challenges in Western Balkans were examined, providing valuable insights for successful implementation of SUM. Presentation from Ljubljana urban region underlined the Importance of monitoring and evaluation of mobility practices. Effective monitoring, evaluation, and reporting mechanisms are underscored as vital tools to track progress in Slovenian practices of the 2nd generation of SUMP's on local, regional and national level. This emphasis on data-driven decision-making ensures the efficacy of urban mobility initiatives.
Presentation from Transport Community and JASPERS (European Investment Bank) on the second date advocated for Integrated Transport Planning in WB region. JASPERS delegates underlined the critical need for integrated transport planning and implementation strategies while also observing local context. Emphasizing a holistic approach, the workshop showcased the benefits of a comprehensive outlook to achieve sustainable urban mobility across the Western Balkans. In addition, there is a need to bolster connections to TEN-T network. Participants explored the significance of well-connected urban nodes to the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). A strong emphasis was placed on the importance of a seamlessly connected transport system, be it rail or road.
Following the Urban Mobility days in Sevilla, representatives of WB capitals made and presented Peer-to-Peer presentations on measures that they had learned and would like to transfer on the local level. Urban mobility experts from different Western Balkan countries shared their experiences and lessons learned from the Urban Mobility Days in Sevilla. This cross-country knowledge transfer initiative demonstrates the value of shared experiences and best practices.
The IV Regional ProSUMP Workshop was not just a gathering of minds but a springboard for tangible action in the realm of sustainable urban mobility in Western Balkans area. The insights and collaborative efforts from this workshop are set to drive positive change across the Western Balkans. With a focus on institutionalization, integrated planning, monitoring, and collaboration, the workshop has laid the foundation for a more sustainable and interconnected future for urban mobility in the region. It is evident that these discussions and shared experiences will continue to shape the evolution of urban mobility for the better.


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Why was "wani" (crocodile or alligator) chosen as a term for a gawker at a konyoku (mixed gender onsen)?
Was it because of the animal's ability to stare, the fact that it is a predator, or was it named after a similarly named onsen?
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Just for consideration, "buaya" is a Malay word that means crocodile that is used (at least in Singapore) as a term for a similar thing (sleazy men). – Flaw Feb 27 '12 at 11:02
_USER_: good point. in English, the term "lizard" or "reptile" can mean a sleazy man. – Andrew Grimm Feb 27 '12 at 11:07
It's interesting to note such cross-language similarities. – Flaw Feb 27 '12 at 11:09
Just a suggestion: You often need to be careful when romanizing ん. konyoku is こにょく. I assume that you mean kon'yoku. – Dono Feb 27 '12 at 11:50
_USER_ I also didn't know this usage. Either way, it's a slang. No problem not knowing it. – user458 Feb 28 '12 at 6:42
2 Answers 2
up vote 8 down vote accepted
I think that modern common sense would assume that men at kon'yoku who wait for women to come would be similar to the crocodile who quietly waits for their prey. However, while easily understandable, think that is folk etymology.
The term is used outside of hot springs as well. Also, you need to remember that crocodiles originally did not originally habitat Japan. The term wani originally referred to another creature, generally thought to be a type of shark.
Early citations for this usage may be found from the early 18th century. It seems that it is an analogy to these ferocious shark predators.
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what's the difference between kon'yoku and konyoku? – Mansuro Mar 1 '12 at 18:40
They are pronounced differently. In the first, there are four mora or beats: ko-n-yo-ku. The medial -n- is the so-called uvular nasal ɴ and is also known as the moraic n. In the later, there are three mora or beats: ko-nyo-ku. The medial -n- is alveolar nasal n and followed by yo in the same mora. And of course they are spelled differently as well: こんよく vs. こにょく. Romanization distinguishes between these two as kon'yoku and konyoku. The'indicates that the previous n ends and that it should not be read along with the following sound. – Dono Mar 1 '12 at 22:18
Crocodiles are ambush predators; they hide mostly inside water and wait for prey to come within striking distance as a means of predation. By analogy to this, men who wait for women in mixed-bathing hot springs are called ワニ.
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Your Answer


. Why can I wire this force dop in and it works, but another force dop will error? Which of the 4 inputs to a pyro node do I wire this resize container into? How do I wire a multisolver into an existing network? Why does this node not have an input, but this other one does? WHY DOES NOTHING MAKE SENSE? *Deep breath* Yet again, its gradually making sense over time, but it super unintuitive diving into it all the first time.
Ok, enough ranting. :)
Basic dop nodes
Nearly all DOP systems work with the same basic ingredients:
 - Source dops either pull geo into the dop network, or create geo.
 - Object dops Are containers for dop systems. For things like smoke sims they represent a voxel cube, for others like particle systems there's no physical container, but its the node that stores the particle data. There's lots of these:
 - popObject for particles
 - rbdObject for rigid bodies
 - wireObject for wire sims
 - groundplane for a static infinite ground plane
 - staticObject to bring in collision geo
 - Solver dops Are where the sims are calculated. Again, many types here for each sim type (pop, flip, smoke, rbd etc)
 - Merge dops look like sop merges, but are used to setup collision relationships. By default left inputs affect right inputs, so you'd merge a static object to the left of a pop solver, to have the particles collide with geo.
 - Force dops handle forces, obviously. Their influence depends on their position relative to the merge nodes. Eg, 2 streams coming into a merge node. Put the force before the merge, it'll only affect one input. Put it after, it affects both.
FInal notes before the examples
 - Dop execution goes top-down, then left-right. Because each frame uses the result of the previous frame, it seems like order isn't important, but yes, order does matter.
 - Maya sims use monolithic nodes that are doing a lot under the hood (eg ncloth, fluid solves). Houdini stays true to form and breaks everything down to atomic steps, so nothing is hidden. This can be overwhelming at first, the shelf tools try and setup networks for you automatically. Because these nodes have to go somewhere, they tend to always put them in the same place, a separate dop network named 'AutoDopNetwork'.
 - As I mentioned earlier, the shelf tools can sometimes make DOPs seem more complicated than they are. This is largely due to the shelf tools try and leave your input geo untouched, and put DOPs in a separate network. This means lots of object merges to pull geo from your network into the dopnet, then another to pull the result of the dopnet back to your geo, but sometimes it doesn't, and sometimes it makes a 3rd object for rendering, and another for previewing.... This back and forth can be a little confusing. Hence my focus on small, self-contained, clean, handmade dopnetworks for these examples.
Ripple solver
Ripple loop.gif
Download scene: File:ripple.hipnc
One of the simplest dop solvers, fun to play with. Nothing fancy, its basically a feedback loop for motion; any deformation on a mesh is propagated to the rest of the mesh as ripples, with basic control over wave speed and energy decay.
That means in this example, all the interaction of the water surface, pig, struts are faked in sops. I calculate the velocity of the pig, attribtransfer v to the water mesh, then push points based on v. Similarly, I attribtransfer a 'struts' attribute from the struts to the water mesh, and use it to drive a sine wave up-down motion on the points near the struts.
The ripple solver takes these simple deformations and triggers ripples. On the ripple solver itself is where I set the wave speed and energy loss to 5 and 0.2 respectively (the defaults of 1 and 1 are too slow and too energetic for my tastes).
What tripped me up initially were the names of the 2 inputs required for the ripple object, 'initial' and 'rest'. To me, rest means the static rest pose, but for the ripple solver, you use rest as the animated target (as well as enabling 'use deforming rest').
To create this dop network just involved putting down a dopnet, then inside creating the ripple object and ripple solver, connecting them together, and pointing the sop inputs on the ripple object to the right sop nodes.
Middle clicking on the solver inputs tell you what goes where, generally dop objects go to the left connection on dop solvers.
Also, cos I don't think I mentioned this elsewhere, a convention in Houdini is to name outputs clearly in capital letters, eg, 'OUT_REST'. Bonus points for making that output a null. There's a few reasons for this:
 - When using the sop mini-lister, capital letters are sorted first
 - Its nice and clear to other users that this geo is meant to be piped elsewhere
 - By putting it on a null, you can change whats feeding into it, and other networks that rely on this output instantly update.
Also also, and this is a tip from Rog at work, you can make houdini show you where indirect connections and channel references are going to/from in the network view. Hit 'd' in the network view, go to the 'Dependency' tab, turn on the first 5, then the last checkbox.
Pops
Pop replicate and hittotal
Pop replicate pig.gif
Download scene: File:pop_simple_replicate.hipnc
My first pop setup! (Which I totally ripped off from Dave at work...)
Initial setup
To make this I setup the inputs (the pig, the emit plane, wrangle to create the @v attrib), then tabbed in a popnet, connected the emit plane to the first input, dived inside.
Here, the popnet has setup a few things already, a solver, an object, a source.
 - Source object - By default reads geo from the first input, creates particles on it. If the input geo has @v, the particles inherit that as velocity. This is where you set the birth rate and lifespan of the particles
 - Pop object - the houdini node that contains the particles. For other dop systems it represents a physical volume in space, for pops, its more of a memory container.
 - Pop solver - the node that does the per-frame stepping, combining of forces etc. Use this node to drive the number of substeps if required, or solver scale (can also do this from the parent dopnet).
Onto this setup I appended a gravity node, which goes after the solver.
Note in the gif you can see a tail behind the particles, which is visualising their velocity. That's enabled with the 'display point trails' viewport button in the middle of the gif, which sits in the middle of the right-side viewport tools.
Collision
To bring in the collision geo, tab in a static geo node, point its sop path to the pig geo. To make it collide, create a merge node, connect the solver and static geo to it. Took a while to understand this, it seemed too simple, but there it is. Merged solvers (or merged static geo and solvers) will collide with each other. Note that the order _is_ important of stuff coming into the merge node; left affects right. In this case, we need the static geo to affect the solver, so if the order is wrong, you can use shift-r to reverse the order of inputs. If there's many inputs, use the parameter pane to do a more careful re-order.
I also added a ground plane, which is a dops virtual representation of an infinite ground plane, also attached that to the merge node (again, keeping it to the left of the solver). Initially I tried using a geometric grid, but particles slipped through it, I'll explain more on that later.
With basic collisions sorted, time to look at how to use collisions to drive colour and replicate particles.
On the solver node, collision behavior, enable 'add hit attributes'. The dopnet will do just that. But how to see them?
Display particle attributes
Go to the geometry spreadsheet, note that its not showing point info anymore, but a odd tree view. Ick. The per-particle info is still in there, just a little hidden. In that tree view will be the popobject, and within there a geometry object. Select it, the right side should now look like the geometry spreadsheet again. Ahhh. Let the scene play until some particles collide, you'll see a bunch of 'hit___' attributes doing stuff.
Hittotal
One of those is 'hittotal', which as expected, tracks the number of times a particle has hit. First trick we'll do is use that to change the particle colour.
After the source node, tab in a pop wrangle, with this expression:
@Cd={1,0,0};
if (@hittotal>0)


Reliable operations of the Natural Gas {Slug catcher} Facility are heavily dependent on flawless operations and also the maintenance system implemented. The maintenance system is driven by the Asset Integrity Management System (AIMS), which incorporates corrosion control, equipment maintenance, pipeline operations and vessel inspection. This system is also supported by continuous monitoring and control using a Process Control System for the natural gas facility. This paper presents an integrated approach to operations of the Slug catcher facility based on AIMS and operational strategies, which are implemented to ensure efficient and effective operations. Additionally, recommendations for further improvement are documented based on a recent Asset Integrity Management Report.
You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.


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Treatment with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells is shown to be effective in controlling hypertension and reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the placenta, in this preeclampsia rat model.
Reprod Sci. 2016 Feb 17. pii: 1933719116630417.
Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia.
OBJECTIVE: To test the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (HU-MSC) transplantation on reversing preeclampsia (PE) symptoms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat PE model.
METHODS: Human umbilical cord MSCs were detected, isolated, and cultured. Human umbilical cord MSC transplantation was conducted. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines in serum and placental tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in inflammatory cytokines, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), laminin receptor 1 (LR1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, and MMP-9 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in placental tissue were recorded by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed for PPARγ detection.
RESULTS: The LPS group exhibited increased blood pressure and proteinuria and decreased fetal weight compared to the normal pregnancy (NP) group (all P <.05). The LPS + MSC group presented lowered blood pressure and higher fetal weight than the LPS group (P <.05). The levels of interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) increased and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 levels decreased in the LPS group compared to the NP group (all P <.05). Tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, IL-12, and ICAM-1 levels decreased and IL-10 level increased in the LPS + MSC group compared to the LPS group (all P <.05). The LPS-MSC group showed lower mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9, and ICAM-1 and higher mRNA expressions of IL-10, PPARγ, and LR1 than the LPS group (all P <.05).
CONCLUSION: In summary, HU-MSC transplantation may be extremely beneficial for PE therapy.
© The Author(s) 2016.