See DescribeConnectorRequestRequestTypeDef
describe_custom_plugin
A summary description of the custom plugin.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").describe_custom_plugin method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def describe_custom_plugin(
 self,
 *,
 customPluginArn: str,
) -> DescribeCustomPluginResponseTypeDef: # (1)
 ...
 1. See DescribeCustomPluginResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: DescribeCustomPluginRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "customPluginArn": ...,
}
parent.describe_custom_plugin(**kwargs)
 1. See DescribeCustomPluginRequestRequestTypeDef
describe_worker_configuration
Returns information about a worker configuration.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").describe_worker_configuration method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def describe_worker_configuration(
 self,
 *,
 workerConfigurationArn: str,
) -> DescribeWorkerConfigurationResponseTypeDef: # (1)
 ...
 1. See DescribeWorkerConfigurationResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: DescribeWorkerConfigurationRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "workerConfigurationArn": ...,
}
parent.describe_worker_configuration(**kwargs)
 1. See DescribeWorkerConfigurationRequestRequestTypeDef
generate_presigned_url
Generate a presigned url given a client, its method, and arguments.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").generate_presigned_url method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def generate_presigned_url(
 self,
 ClientMethod: str,
 Params: Mapping[str, Any] = ...,
 ExpiresIn: int = 3600,
 HttpMethod: str = ...,
) -> str:
 ...
list_connectors
Returns a list of all the connectors in this account and Region.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").list_connectors method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def list_connectors(
 self,
 *,
 connectorNamePrefix: str = ...,
 maxResults: int = ...,
 nextToken: str = ...,
) -> ListConnectorsResponseTypeDef: # (1)
 ...
 1. See ListConnectorsResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: ListConnectorsRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "connectorNamePrefix": ...,
}
parent.list_connectors(**kwargs)
 1. See ListConnectorsRequestRequestTypeDef
list_custom_plugins
Returns a list of all of the custom plugins in this account and Region.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").list_custom_plugins method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def list_custom_plugins(
 self,
 *,
 maxResults: int = ...,
 nextToken: str = ...,
) -> ListCustomPluginsResponseTypeDef: # (1)
 ...
 1. See ListCustomPluginsResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: ListCustomPluginsRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "maxResults": ...,
}
parent.list_custom_plugins(**kwargs)
 1. See ListCustomPluginsRequestRequestTypeDef
list_worker_configurations
Returns a list of all of the worker configurations in this account and Region.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").list_worker_configurations method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def list_worker_configurations(
 self,
 *,
 maxResults: int = ...,
 nextToken: str = ...,
) -> ListWorkerConfigurationsResponseTypeDef: # (1)
 ...
 1. See ListWorkerConfigurationsResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: ListWorkerConfigurationsRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "maxResults": ...,
}
parent.list_worker_configurations(**kwargs)
 1. See ListWorkerConfigurationsRequestRequestTypeDef
update_connector
Updates the specified connector.
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").update_connector method. boto3 documentation
Method definition
def update_connector(
 self,
 *,
 capacity: CapacityUpdateTypeDef, # (1)
 connectorArn: str,
 currentVersion: str,
) -> UpdateConnectorResponseTypeDef: # (2)
 ...
 1. See CapacityUpdateTypeDef
 2. See UpdateConnectorResponseTypeDef
Usage example with kwargs
kwargs: UpdateConnectorRequestRequestTypeDef = { # (1)
 "capacity": ...,
 "connectorArn": ...,
 "currentVersion": ...,
}
parent.update_connector(**kwargs)
 1. See UpdateConnectorRequestRequestTypeDef
get_paginator
Type annotations and code completion for boto3.client("kafkaconnect").get_paginator method with overloads.


What Is The Sense Of Rapid Application Development?
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a model that developers use to develop functions. Here, each function is built separately as though each one of them was a subproject. Once these functions are built separately, they are assembled into a prototype. RAD model makes it easier for developers to adjust features of the model at any point of the development stage.
Besides, compared to traditional methods, it is much easier to rapidly change a product with a RAD model in case developers or users change their mind way into the process. Therefore, more modern creatio application developers prefer the model due to the short time within which it delivers products. The rapid application development process, therefore, improves both developer and customer experiences.
As a more adaptive approach to app development, RAD is therefore giving the old plan-based methods a big run as developers opt for the new rapid methods. The model is more flexible and easily adaptable.
Besides, RAD puts more emphasis on design processes together with the knowledge it delivers. User feedback and prototype development are therefore key steps in this software development approach. Therefore, unlike the traditional development methods that do not incorporate user feedback into the process, RAD tunes the end-user into the entire building process.
RAD Methodology
RAD methodology is a four-stage process. Here's what each step entails.
 1. Outlining The Requirements: At this stage, stakeholders plan and agree on project requirements. RAD sets a broad number of requirements to remain flexible to suggestions within the app transition time. Here, challenges that are likely to be faced in the process are also outlined and suggestions are made on how to mitigate.
 2. User Input: At this stage, users work closely with software developers to build one or more models or prototypes that are in line with the suggested requirements. This is however a continuous process and continues through prototype development to project completion.
 3. Construction: Developers incorporate user feedback into the app-building process. While working hand in hand with users, this step uses the feedback given to construct an all-inclusive software. The second stage can be repeated several times with back and forth between the second and the third phases until a final product that is fully approved by users is delivered.
 4. Finalization: The final RAD process is the finishing process. At the finalization step, the product is tested several times before it can be put to use. Also, training of users is done to ensure there is a full understanding of the end product. Once it is adequately assessed for longevity and stability, it is launched and delivered to users.
The Rapid Application Development Life Cycle
If you clearly understand what the RAD methodology looks like, it's time now to dip deeper into what the RAD model lifecycle looks like. This section outlines, in brief, the key steps in the RAD life cycle that supports app delivery in a seamless rapid way.
 1. Planning: The actual sense of Rapid Application Development begins with planning. Planning and project requirements are set here. Also, feasibility assessment for the project is done at this stage with the involvement of all users and developers.
 2. Analysis: This stage examines the project goals. Depending on the goals set, project needs are created and examined before the project can be taken into the next stage.
 3. Design: At the design stage, mapping is done with a well-developed flow diagram delivered. Features such as program rules, features, and screen layouts are designed.
 4. Implementation: Here, the project undergoes several software development processes until the application is ready for use. Various consultations are done between developers and users to incorporate all design changes and adjustments until the whole project is in line with the goals set earlier and within the project requirements.
 5. Testing: Once the software is delivered, testing is done to ensure it conforms well with user needs and it is ready for inception.
 6. Evaluation: Once the project is delivered and users are well trained, a continuous evaluation is carried out to assess possible shortcomings.
Pros of RAD Model
Some of the key advantages that drive more sense of Rapid Application Development
are:
 1. Flexibility: RAD makes it easier to change the functions and features of the software while still at the testing stage.
 2. Timed Operations: RAD tools are automated and this makes it a rapid and easier way to make and test prototypes.
Cons of RAD Model
 1. Cost: RAD is a high-cost model and may not benefit small enterprises.
 2. Rigid: The project cannot begin before requirements are known.
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text:
This application note describes how silicon germanium enhances IC performance in RF applications. A Giacoleto model is used to analyze noise effects. Wider gain bandwidth of SiGe technology is shown to provide lower noise performance. The impact of SiGe on linearity is explored.
Three parameters are increasingly important for cellular handsets and other digital, portable, wireless communication devices. Low power consumption and lightweight batteries lend autonomy to the device, higher front-end sensitivity increases the reception distance, and greater front-end linearity has a directimpact on the admissible dynamic range. This last parameter is gaining emphasiswith the advent of nonconstant-energy modulation schemes such as π/4DQPSKand 8QAM.
Silicon Germanium (SiGe) is the newest innovation for simultaneously improvingthe power consumption, sensitivity, and dynamic range of a receiver. GST-3 isa new high-speed IC process technology based on silicon germanium (SiGe), whichfeatures a transition figure (fT) of 35GHz. A typical front-end blockdiagram (Figure 1) shows the performance possible with Silicon Germanium technology(1.9GHz) for a combination mixer and low-noise amplifier (LNA).
Figure 1. Typical radio input circuitry includes a low-noise amplifier and mixer.
The main contribution to noise figure in the down-conversion link is noisecreated by the LNA's first transistor input stage. Noise figure (NF) servesas a figure of merit for networks, to compare noise in the actual network withthat in an ideal noiseless network. The noise factor (F) for an amplifier orother network with power gain (G) equal to G = POUT/PINcan be expressed as:
NF is a measure of the degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) betweenthe input and output ports of a network, typically expressed in dB: NF = 10log10F.Therefore,
|F||= Input SNR/Output SNR|
|= NOUT/(NIN. G)|
We are concerned with thermal noise (also called Johnson noise or white noise)and shot noise (also called Schottky noise). A detailed high-frequency equivalentmodel for the bipolar transistor (the Giacoleto model—see Figure 2) helps inunderstanding how this noise is generated. The model also shows how SiGe technology can help reduce the LNA's front-end noise figure.
Figure 2. This detailed npn-transistor model (the Giacoleto model) simplifies the analysis of frequency effects.
Silicon Germanium Thermal and Shot Noise
Within a conducting medium whose temperature is above absolute zero (0°K),the random motion of charge carriers produces random noise-producing voltagesand currents. A rising conductor temperature increases the charge-carrier velocityof these random motions, which increases the noise voltage. The thermal noisegenerated by parasitic base resistance (Rbb') in a transistor is Vn(f)= 4kTRbb', where Vn(f) equals the voltage spectral noise density in V²/Hz.The k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38×10-23 Joules/Kelvin),and T is the absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin (°C + 273°).
Shot noise is a consequence of the particle-like nature of charge carriers. DC current flow in a semiconductor is often regarded as constant at every instant, but any current consists of individual electrons and holes. Only the time-average flow of these charge carriers appears as constant current. Any fluctuation in the number of charge carriers produces a random current at that instant, which is known as shot noise.
The spectral noise density for shot noise in the base current is Inb(f) = 2qIb = 2qIc/β , where Inb is the current spectral noise density in I²/Hz, Ib is the base dc-biasing current, q is one electron charge (1.6×10-19 coulombs), and β is the transistor's DC current gain. Thus, the total noise spectral density generated by the transistor's input stage is the sum of the thermal and shot noise:
γn = 4kTRbb' + RSOURCE 2qIc/β
Maxim's new SiGe process, GST-3, was created as an extension of GST-2 (a bipolar process with a transition frequency of 27GHz) by doping the transistor bases with germanium. The result was an important decrease in Rbb' and a significant increase in the transistor beta. The combined effect of these two changes is better noise figure for the SiGe transistor (vs. that of a silicon transistor with similar collector current). Typically, the transistor noise figure is expressed as:
Because RSOURCE = Vn(f)/Inb(f) gives a minimum noise figure for Si-bipolar as well as Silicon Germanium technology, the full benefits of the SiGe process can be obtained by designing an LNA with source impedance close to this value.
Another important aspect of wireless design is the derating of noise figure vs. frequency. The power gain of a typical transistor is similar to the upper curve in Figure 3. This curve is not surprising, considering the equivalent transistor circuit of Figure 2. In effect, the model is an RC lowpass filter whose gain falls off at 6dB per octave. The maximum theoretical frequency for which the common-emitter current gain (β) is unity (0dB) is called the transition frequency (fT). An LNA's gain (G) depends directly on β, so the derating of noise figure [F = NOUT/(NING)] begins with the rolloff of gain.
Figure 3. Silicon Germanium (SiGe) bipolar transistors exhibit high gain and low noise.
To see how the GST-3 SiGe process improves noise figure at high frequencies, consider that adding germanium to the p-silicon base of a transistor reduces the bandgap by 80mV to 100mV across the base, creating a strong electric field between the emitter and collector junctions. By rapidly sweeping electrons from the base into the collector, this electric field reduces the transit time (tb) required for carriers to cross the narrow base. If all other factors are held constant, this reduced tb provides an approximate 30% increase in fT.
For identical-area transistors, the Silicon Germanium device achieves a given fT with one-half to one-third the current required in a GST-2 device. Higher fT reduces high-frequency noise, because the β rolloff occurs at a higher frequency.
Ultra-low-noise SiGe Amplifier (MAX2641)
The Silicon Germanium MAX2641 offers advantages over silicon-bipolar LNAs, whose NF falls off for frequencies approaching the 2GHz limit (i.e., 1.5dB at 1GHz vs. 2.5dB at 2GHz). High reverse isolation in the SiGe device also allows tuning of the input-matching network without affecting the output matching, and vice versa.
The Silicon Germanium MAX2641 is optimized for operation in the 1400MHz to 2500MHz range, with typical performance that includes 14.4dB gain, -4dBm input IP3 (IIP3), 30dB reverse isolation, and a 1.3dB noise figure at 1900MHz (Figure 4). Available in 6-pin SOT23 packages, it operates from a +2.7V to +5.5V single supply, draws 3.5mA, and is internally biased. The only external components typically required are a two-element input match, input and output blocking capacitors, and a VCC bypass capacitor.
Figure 4. Note the very low noise figure for this Silicon Germanium integrated-circuit low-noise amplifier.
In addition to noise and finite bandwidth, communication systems are limited by signal distortion. The system's usefulness depends on its dynamic range (i.e., the signal range it can process with high quality). Dynamic range is dictated by noise figure, whose lower limit is defined by the sensitivity level and whose upper limit is defined by the acceptable maximum level of signal distortion. Achieving the optimum dynamic range involves trade-offs among power consumption, output signal distortion, and the level of input signal with respect to noise.
A typical receiver block diagram (Figure 1) shows the relative importance of noise figure and linearity for the LNA and mixer. Because the LNA input is supplied directly by a very low-level signal from the antenna, its NF is the dominant parameter. For the mixer, fed by an amplified signal from the LNA output, linearity is the dominant parameter.
The output is never an exact replica of the input signal because no transistor is perfectly linear. The output signal always includes harmonics, intermodulation distortion (IMD), and other spurious components. In Figure 5, the second term of the POUT equation is called the second harmonic or second-order distortion, and the third term is called the third harmonic or third-order distortion. Both are characterized by driving the device input with a signal consisting of one tone or two pure sinusoidal tones closely spaced in frequency. Third-order intermodulation distortion for the MAX2681, for example, is characterized with a -25dBm signal consisting of tones at 1950MHz and 1951MHz.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Russian Phenakite is paricularly powerful and 'buzzy', with a strong directional energy (Heaven - Earth). The effect is transformational, but can be quite uncomfortable to use.
Alternative Names: Alt. Spelling, Phenacite
Origin: notably Brazil, Burma, Russia, Madagascar and U.S.A.
Mineral Species: Phenakite
Mineral Group: Silicates
Chemical Formula: Be2SiO4
Crystal System: Trigonal
Colour: Usually colourless to white
Typical Appearance: Usually massive crystalline aggregates, however individual crystals are notable from Burma, Brazil, Madagascar and U.S.A.
Chakra Alignment: Crown and Upper Crown
Explore collections of crystal bracelets here.


text:
The KOBOLD SMN Flow Switches are used when extremely low flow switching points are required in combination with minimum pressure loss at high flow rates. Typical applications include the control of water and cooling circuits, high pressure cleaning devices, control of contaminated media in effluent and heating systems and a wide variety of other flow control systems.
The KOBOLD SMN, with all-metal wetted parts, works on the float principle. However, it does not use the standard conical metering tube or slotted measuring nozzle. Instead, a float with an integral magnet is suspended within a cylindrical measuring tube. The float is moved by the flow stream against the magnetic field of an opposing magnet mounted in the top of the instrument. The magnetic field produced by the float activates a reed contact at the switch point. The reed contact is mounted on the outside of the SMN body.
The special construction of the SMN float and flow tube means that only a low flow is required to raise the float and thus close the contact. When the float reaches the top of its travel, an additional flow path opens, allowing high flow rates without a significant increase in pressure loss. When the flow is interrupted, the float is moved back down the flow tube by the opposing magnetic field and the contact opens.
We're open 8:00 am to 5:30 pm ET


Car Multimedia Basics: How to Build an In-Car Multimedia Experience
Audio, Video, and Pulling It All Together
What to Know
 - There are three basic categories of gear you'll need to look at: audio gear, video equipment, and media sources.
 - Audio gear includes: head unit, speakers, amplifier, sound processor, crossovers, and headphones.
 - Video gear includes: video head unit, flip-down screens, headrest-mounted screens, and portable screens.
This article explains how to build an in-car multimedia system. Additional information covers examples of each type of gear.
car multimedia flip-down screen
Don Mason / Blend Images / Getty
There are dozens of different pieces of equipment and gear that all need to work together in car multimedia, but they all fit into three basic categories:
 - Audio gear: This is the traditional car stereo equipment that's been around forever. You need a head unit and speakers at a bare minimum, and the head unit needs to be able to handle video inputs.
 - Video equipment: The video component of an in-car multimedia system can take a lot of different forms. Common implementations include video head units, headrest-mounted screens, and ceiling-mounted screens.
 - Media sources: An in-car multimedia system can rely entirely on physical media, like DVDs and Blu-ray discs, you can go digital, or a hybrid of the two.
Car Audio Multimedia Components
The audio portion of an in-car multimedia system typically consists of the existing sound system, though there are a couple differences. Some of the audio components that are typically found in car multimedia systems include:
 - Head unit: This is the heart of the system, and it controls everything else. You've probably heard the term car stereo used more often, but the component in your dash that you use to control your car stereo system is actually the head unit.
 - Speakers: Great speakers are also key, but the speakers in a multimedia system don't have to be any different from the speakers in a regular car audio system.
 - Amplifier: Every in-car multimedia system, and every car audio system in general, needs an amplifier. Most head units have an amp built right in, but higher-end systems use one or more external amps.
 - Sound processor: This is a component found in higher-end car audio systems, and it can also come in handy if you want your multimedia system to sound as good as possible.
 - Crossovers: This is another component that's found in higher-end car audio systems that's useful in improving sound quality.
 - Headphones: Most car audio systems rely entirely on speakers, but multimedia systems can include headphones as well. This is a really useful feature if you have kids.
Headphones can be found in regular car audio systems, but they are much more commonly used in conjunction with car multimedia. Wired headphones require a headphone jack in the head unit, video player, or elsewhere, while wireless headphones can make use of IR or RF signals.
Most of these audio components are very similar to those found in traditional car audio systems, with a few exceptions like the head unit. While a regular car stereo can be used in a multimedia setup, video head units are much better suited to the purpose.
Car Video Multimedia Components
Every car multimedia system needs at least one video component, but they can also have a lot more than that. Some of the more common car video multimedia components include:
 - Video head units: This is the easiest way to turn a car audio system into an in-car multimedia system. Double DIN video head units have the biggest screens by default, but some single DIN units also have pretty big flip-out screens.
 - Flip-down screens: These displays mount to the ceiling and flip down during use. They're mainly useful to allow all of the rear passengers to watch the same video all at once.
 - Headrest-mounted screens: These displays mount on, or in, the driver and passenger headrests. They allow the rear passengers to watch the same video on both screens, or different videos if you have multiple video sources.
 - Portable screens: These aren't as highly integrated into the multimedia system, but they're more convenient. Some portable screens can be plugged into an in-car multimedia system and then removed and used elsewhere for convenience. You can also use a tablet depending on the system you're trying to build.
While the head unit is the heart of any car sound system, it can also function as a video component of a multimedia system. Some single DIN head units have small LCD screens or large flip-out screens, and there are also double DIN head units that include large, high-quality LCD screens.
Multimedia head units also need auxiliary inputs and video outputs in order to handle additional video sources and remote screens. Some head units are also designed to work with headphones, which can be especially useful with multimedia systems.
Car Multimedia Sources
In addition to audio and video components, every car multimedia system needs one or more sources of video and audio. These sources can be virtually anything, but the most common ones are:
 - CD players: Limited to audio, and slowly fading away from OE dashboards, CD players remain one of the best ways to listen to music and other audio content in your car.
 - DVD players: A head unit that has a combo CD/DVD player opens up your entertainment options, and may include a built-in screen or outputs you can use to hook up an external screen. You won't get an HD picture, but the low cost of DVD players and DVDs makes this a great choice for in-car entertainment.
 - Blu-ray players: Some head units give you the ability to play Blu-rays instead of just DVDs and CDs. The picture quality is great, but it isn't really necessary when you're using a small screen.
 - MP3/WMA-compatible head units: If you want to be able to burn your own CDs at home, look for a head unit that can play digital media files like MP3s and WMAs.
 - Media servers: The heart of your system, if you want to bring a bunch of digital media wherever you go, is going to be a media server. Most people can safely skip this component, but the best in-car multimedia systems need some way to store and serve a large library of digital music and video.
 - Video game consoles: If you're working on a budget and have an old video game console sitting around, it can make a surprisingly decent start for an in-car multimedia system. Some consoles are capable of playing digital music and video in addition to video games, with the only caveat being that you'll have to figure out a 12-volt power supply.
 - Wireless TV: Why not take your TV on the road? There are a bunch of ways to get this done if it sounds interesting.
 - Internet radio: Some head units come with internet radio built right in, and you can also buy add-on devices if you aren't interested in replacing your head unit. This is especially good for long road trips since you don't have to find a new station every few hours.
 - Mobile television: A box of DVDs is fine for most road trips, but consider an unlimited data subscription, tethered phone or hotspot device, and a subscription to an on-demand television service for a totally wireless TV experience.
It's also possible to use an iPod, smartphone, tablet, laptop, or other portable media device as an audio or video source. Some head units are specifically designed for use with an iPod, and others include one or more auxiliary inputs that can accept external audio or video signals.
Bringing it all together
Building a great car multimedia system can be a complicated task due to the variety of components that have to mesh together, so it may be helpful to consider the different components individually. If you build a great audio system, it will probably work fine when you start adding video components.
However, it can also pay to think ahead. If you're building an audio system, and you plan on adding a video component later, then it might pay off to choose a video head unit.
In that same vein, it's also a good idea to think about all of the media sources you want to take advantage of when you're building the audio system. If you want to use a media server, watch wireless TV, or play video games, then you'll want to make sure to find a head unit that has enough auxiliary inputs to handle everything.
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text:
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to airspace: airspace classification
air·spaceor air space (âr′spās′)
1. The portion of the atmosphere directly above the land or water, used by aircraft or by earth-based structures such as skyscrapers.
2. The airspace of a particular jurisdiction, such as a nation.
(Military) the atmosphere above the earth or part of the earth, esp the atmosphere above a country deemed to be under its jurisdiction
1. a space made for or occupied by air.
2. the region of the atmosphere above an area of land, esp. the region above a nation over which it has jurisdiction.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||airspace - the space in the atmosphere immediately above the earth|
atmosphere, air - the mass of air surrounding the Earth; "there was great heat as the comet entered the atmosphere"; "it was exposed to the air"
space - an area reserved for some particular purpose; "the laboratory's floor space"
|2.||airspace - the atmosphere above a nation that is deemed to be under its jurisdiction; "the plane was refused permission to enter Chinese airspace"|


API not returning full table
Hi
I have a longer list of data, which I am asking gpt to put into a data table. It does fine until some 50 rows where i get this
"…[Please note that the table continues as per the list provided, maintaining the format and including all wines listed.]…"
I am not sure how I get the remaining text via the API?
Blockquotedef
ask_gpt_question(extracted_text, question):
response = openai.ChatCompletion.create(
model="gpt-4-turbo-preview",
messages=[
{
"role": "user",
"content": [
{
"type": "text",
"text": question
},
{
"type": "text",
"text": extracted_text
}
]
}
],
max_tokens=4096
)
print(response) # Print the response for debugging purposes
parsed_text = response["choices"][0]["message"]["content"]
return parsed_text.strip()
Blockquote
1 Like
welcome to the community
It seems like you're facing a challenge when dealing with longer lists of data and trying to structure it into a data table using the GPT model through the API. The issue you mentioned, with the response indicating that the table continues, might be due to token limitations in the model's response.
To address this, you can modify your code to handle longer lists by dividing them into smaller chunks and processing them sequentially. Here's a general approach:
def create_data_table(data_list):
# Split the data into chunks of manageable size
chunk_size = 10 # Adjust this based on your requirements
chunks = [data_list[i:i+chunk_size] for i in range(0, len(data_list), chunk_size)]
# Initialize an empty result string
result = ""
# Iterate through chunks and generate responses
for i, chunk in enumerate(chunks):
 # Format the chunk into a message for GPT
 message = f"Create a data table with the following rows:\n{', '.join(chunk)}"
 # Make an API call
 response = ask_gpt_question(message, "Create a data table with the following rows:")
 # Extract content from the response
 parsed_text = response.strip()
 # Append the parsed text to the result
 result += parsed_text
return result
This approach splits your data into smaller chunks, processes each chunk separately, and then concatenates the results. Adjust the chunk_size variable based on your specific needs and token limitations.
1 Like
Yep, when you see AI text and code too many times, you know exactly what it looks like…
1 Like
I'm new, it's good to know that you explain how to use chatgpt
The issue which you are facing is this model not having the "lazy" fixed in it. It will do just about everything possible to terminate output at around 800 tokens from its supervised training.
If you have a task that clearly should not stop mid-output, thus taking your money, I would use a full and real GPT-4 model, such as gpt-4-0613. This is also likely a task that gpt-3.5-turbo-0301 could also complete without devolving into an incomplete output that tells you to do the rest yourself or acts like it is only writing an example output.
1 Like
@_j Your answer is very good, it will help here
:+1:
1 Like


text:
The benchmark class, also referred to as a "harness hook" is the actual program or script that defines the process of executing the benchmark. Every benchmark deployment requires a benchmark class. However, if your benchmark is written using the Faban harness, the class com.sun.faban.harness.DefaultFabanBenchmark2 will be your default harness hook and the benchmark class is optional. DefaultFabanBenchmark2 defines the process of how to run a benchmark written using the Faban driver framework. A benchmark class is annotated using annotations. They are defined in the package com.sun.faban.harness. Since annotations are not inherited when subclassed, we need to explicitly annotate the relevant methods if you extend DefaultFabanBenchmark2.
Your own benchmark class is only required if you are using a non-Faban benchmark or if you want to customize and control the behaviour of a Faban benchmark that is different from the default. The sample web101 benchmark includes a hook in src/samples/web1/harness/WebBenchmark.java. The hook is a java class that extends com.sun.faban.harness.DefaultFabanBenchmark2 and adds annotated methods to configure and post process the benchmark run. You can customize, configure or subclass the other annotated methods to include any additional tasks that need to be done prior to or after these operations. For example, if the benchmark requires that some script be executed (say to clean out some files) before the start of a run, the start() method can be modified to execute the script before calling super.start(). This can also be done in the method annotated with _USER_ (see the next section).
The benchmark class can be created in the package of your choice and must be placed into the Java source tree of your project. The provided build script will pick up all classes in the source tree and compile and package them properly for deploying into the Faban harness.
The benchmark class is implemented as a plain old Java object (Pojo) with annotated methods and referenced in the benchmark deployment descriptor benchmark.xml explained later under Benchmark Deployment. The benchmark annotations used for the benchmark class are defined in com.sun.faban.harness. The followings are the annotations used:
The method annotated with _USER_ is called for validating the benchmark configuration file. It is the first method called when the benchmark starts after initialization of the benchmark class. No other facility or remote Faban agents are started before or while the validate method is in progress. The validate method is used to validate the benchmark configuration to ensure that it is not only syntactically valid (done by the xml parser) but also semantically valid. It also the only place you may, edit, change, or complete the configuration file.
For integrations of existing benchmarks or workloads, it is a
practice to use XSL
stylesheets to translate the configuration file into the target
benchmark's configuration file. Thus it makes sense to translate the
configuration files in the validate method and this is
also a way to ensure the configuration file is correct. Such code can
be found in the SPECWeb2005
integration example provided in the samples directory of the
The method annotated with _USER_ is the one that gets called after the Faban infrastructure, including remote agents are set up. Having these in place allows you to make remote calls to configure or set up the benchmarking environment. This method is however called before the services, if any are started. The method implementation will commonly contain logic to prepare and reconfigure remote servers or other supporting processes to run the benchmark. For benchmarks written using the Faban driver framework, you may want to subclass the DefaultFabanBenchmark2 and provide a method with this annotation to prepare your rig.
The method annotated with _USER_ is called just before starting the run. The method implementation will commonly contain calls to prepare and reload data required to run the benchmark, etc. Those functions will need all the services to be up and available. Off-line data reload may be better done in configure. For benchmarks written using the Faban driver framework, you may want to subclass the DefaultFabanBenchmark2 and provide a method with this annotation.
The method annotated with _USER_ actually starts the benchmark driver. You will need to ensure all the driver processes on all driver systems get started, and - if feasible - enter the rampup state before returning from this method as the tools timer will get started immediately after this method terminates.
Generally, benchmarks written using the Faban driver framework will not need to override this method. However, in rare circumstances - such as starting processes not controlled by the driver framework, i.e. emulators, - you'll want to override this method. Just make sure you make a call to super.start().
The method annotated with _USER_ is called sometime after the
terminates. The implementation of the end method must wait for the
driver processes to terminate before proceeding.
The method annotated with _USER_ is called after the end method. This may do some post-processing of the benchmark and/or tools results. For benchmarks written using the Faban driver framework, you may want to subclass the DefaultFabanBenchmark2 and provide a method with this annotation.
The method annotated with _USER_ is used by the Faban harness to signal premature termination of the benchmark. It provides the opportunity to cleanup after the benchmark run. Most commonly, the kill method is left empty. Processes started by Faban's execution facilities are automatically terminated, except for daemons or other server processes over which Faban does not have control. Such processes may require explicit termination calls.
The RunContext is the central point for getting information about the run. All methods in RunContext are static. We suggest a static import of all methods in this class:
Then you'll be able to call the RunContext without referring to the RunContext class, which looks just like function calls. You can use the RunContext to obtain information about the benchmark run as well as executing commands on local or remote agents.
The ParamRepository represents the XML configuration file and allows obtaining configuration parameters using an XPath pointing to the parameter. It also allows manipulating and modifying the configuration file (effective only in the validate method) and saving it back to the run using the setParameter and save methods. To obtain the ParamRepository, just call getParamRepository(). This is a method of the RunContext. With the static import above, the benchmark class can refer to this method without providing a reference to the RunContext class.
The ParamRepository provides several methods to access the XML structure within it. Most accesses require an XPath string to locate the parameter. It also provides methods that automatically parse list of strings in the elements, or even parse host:port pairs in the hostport fields frequently used for addressing server instances. Please refer to the ParamRepostory javadocs for more detail, and the configuration file documentation for specific fields used by different Faban components, such as the host:port fields.
The RunContext provides two sets of methods for execution: 1) The exec methods can be used to execute any operating system or shell command. 2) The java methods are used to execute java commands inheriting the classpaths and other java command line parameters from the Faban environment. Both methods make use of the Faban command infrastructure to remotely start processes and execute commands. To construct a command, you will need to create a new Command object. The Command object constructor takes 3 types of parameters:
For any given command, the execution search path for scripts and binaries are as follows, in order:
Please also note that the commands may be re-mapped on an OS-specific command map infrastructure. If a command is mapped, the result follows the search path above.
The command map allows mapping commands called by the Faban harness and the benchmark class to some OS-Specific commands. The command map file is an XML file located at the following location:
The following is an example command map file we use for Solaris. It resides in the $FABAN_HOME/config/SunOS/cmdmap.xml directory:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Solve the riddle and give this word scramble a try.
Did you know that it requires 15 trees with a diameter of 10 inches at chest height to produce a cord of wood. A cord is a stack of cut fuel wood measuring 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet.
One cord of wood yields 7,500,000 (seven million five hundred thousand) what?
Here's how to play:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


each subsequent activity launch will use the same group id. This means files to be shared for all instances of an activity must be made group-accessible.
File Access
Home Directory
Since each activity is run as a different user, it gets a different home directory on each invocation. In release 8.2, the home directory for an activity equals the $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/instance/ directory (see below). For data such as config files to survive and be accessible by all future activity invocations, they must not be stored in $HOME but rather $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/data/ should be used.
Hint: A trick to help porting legacy software which expects its config files to be in the home directory is to export HOME=$SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/data in an activity's launch script. --Bert
Writable Directories
All writing to the file system is restricted to subdirectories of the path given in the SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT environment variable. This directory has three subdirectories with different policies:
This directory is used similar to a traditional home directory, for persistent activity data such as configuration files. Make sure files in there are group readable and writable (see users and groups). The directory itself is group-writable. Files stored here will survive reboots and OS upgrades.
This directory is used similar to a /tmp directory, being backed by RAM. It may be as small as 1 MB. This directory is deleted when the activity exits (specifically, as soon as all children of the activity's first process die). This directory is only accessible to the activity and its children; not even to Sugar.
This directory is used similar to a /var/tmp directory, being backed by flash rather than by RAM. It is unique per instance. It is used for transfer to and from the datastore (see keeping and resuming). This directory is deleted when the activity exits (specifically, as soon as all children of the activity's first process die)
As of version 8.2, all the activity root directories are created in /home/olpc/isolation and can be examined there with the Terminal activity. However, activities MUST use the $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT variable because the isolation directory layout is expected to change.
Multiple instances of an activity may communicate with one another through their shared 'data' directory; however, since each instance runs as a different user, some care must be taken (#5476) when sending messages to other activities through this shared medium.
External Media
External media (USB drives, SD cards) are auto-mounted by the Journal and appear in /media/*. No access restrictions are applied currently (up to release 8.2). If activities use these external media directly (rather than through the Journal, see mount points), they need to take care of ensuring data integrity since the user may (and will) remove the medium at any time.
An activity will have to be cryptographically signed to allow secure activity upgrades once they are on the machines. Tools for this will be provided soon. See discussion of contents.sig.
to be detailed
Permissions Declarations
Permission declarations will enumerate which special permissions (camera access? microphone access? non-Tubes network access? etc.) your activity may need for its normal operation. See and generally Bitfrost.
to be detailed
Collaboration plays a large role in Sugar. Still, the presence and sharing APIs are still somewhat rough. There are attempts to explain sharing, see Activity sharing. The following are the bare essentials.
Activities must support sharing using the Presence Service (PS). It is accessible on the D-Bus:
Service: org.laptop.Sugar.Presence
Interface: org.laptop.Sugar.Presence
Object Path: /org/laptop/Sugar/Presence
If the activity was not yet shared but the user clicked the Share button, sharing is initiated by calling ShareActivity():
activity = PS.ShareActivity(activity_id, bundle_id, name, properties)
The bundle id is used for the icon and to launch the same activity when someone joins it. The name will be shown in the mesh view and should generally be the same as the title of the datastore object (see above). The properties argument is not used currently (but see #4660) and should be an empty dictionary.
Note that sharing will be private (invitation-only) by default, that is, the icon will not be visible in the mesh. To share publicly, set the 'private' property to False:
activity.SetProperties({'private': False})
Another way of starting a shared session is by inviting a buddy from the mesh view. The Invite() method of the activity is called (see above). Then the activity should be shared privately, and the buddy must be invited using the key that was passed to Invite():
buddy = PS.GetBuddyByPublicKey(buddy_key)
activity.Invite(buddy, message)
When launching, the PS must be consulted to see if this instance was shared by someone else, meaning it was launched by the user is trying to join it:
activity = PS.GetActivityById(activity_id)
This yields an error if this instance (identified by its activity id) was not shared, in which case a regular non-shared startup should be performed. Otherwise, the activity object held by the PS is returned, and this activity instance needs to join:
It should continue by establishing a communication channel with the originating instance (see below)
To leave a shared activity (e.g. because it is closing) you need to inform the PS:
The activity object created by either sharing the current activity or joining an existing activity is used to establish means of communication between these instances. The joined XOs can be accessed to start communicating with them:
buddies = activity.GetJoinedBuddies()
To get notified of buddies joining or leaving, listen to these signals:
BuddyJoined (o: buddy)
BuddyLeft (o: buddy)
"Tubes" are the transport medium of choice on the XO, provided by the Telepathy framework. There are "D-Bus Tubes" allowing remote D-Bus calls, and "Stream Tubes" which forward sockets (similar to ssh forwarding). Tubes are collected in a "Channel", and channels are associated with a "room", one per shared activity instance.
First, get the Telepathy connection from the shared activity object:
 (tp_service, tp_connection, channels) = activity.GetChannels()
where tp_service and tp_connection is the D-Bus service name and object path for the Telepathy connection. An array of channels pre-created in the activity room is returned, too. There is at least a text chat and a tubes channel at
Service: (tp_service)
Object path: (channels[i])
Interface: 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel'
Use GetChannelType() to tell the channels apart:
if (channel.GetChannelType() == 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel.Type.Tubes')
elseif (channel.GetChannelType() == 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel.Type.Text')
Stream Tubes
A stream tube forwards a socket to a remote host (similar to ssh forwarding, but not encrypted). The activity can set up a listening socket by whatever means and then create a tube to forward it:
tube_id = channel.OfferStreamTube( # sa{sv}uvuv -> u
 'service-name', # well-known TCP service name conforming to RFC 2782, see [1]
 {}, # dict of params
 2, # socket type (0=Unix, 2=IPv4, 3=IPv6)
 ('', 12345), # socket address (depends on type)
 0, 0) # access control & params
You can forward Unix, IPv4, or IPv6 sockets. Access control is restricted to localhost by default.
New tubes are announced by a signal:
NewTube ( u: tube_id, u: initiator, u: type, s: service, a{sv}: parameters, u: state )
and you can list all available tubes:
tubes = channel.ListTubes() # -> a(uuusa{sv}u), same as in NewTube signal
To connect to a tube:
address = channel.AcceptStreamTube( # uuuv -> v
 2, # socket type to return (0=Unix, 2=IPv4, 3=IPv6)
 0, 0) # access control & params
which returns an address struct of the specified type, e.g., ('', 45679). Then just connect a socket to that address and you are ready to share data.
D-Bus Tubes
to be continued. In the mean time, see olpc:Presence Service D-Bus API and Tubes


text:
The goal of the ABPA project is to implement an AI-based, automated monitoring of paths used by bicycles. By using AI-based analysis, the conditions of bicycle paths can be evaluated and assessed. The system thus enables area-wide data collection and provision and contributes to the development of new opportinities for bicycle logistics, the optimization of path maintenance and improved digital driven route planning.
Was ist das Forschungsprojekt ABPA?
Video: Mobility Hub | HFU
Problem statement and background
Bicycles, e-bikes and cargo bikes have become indispensable in the development of new mobility concepts. With the continuing increase in the number of cyclists, the demands on bike paths and all other paths used by bicycles are increasing. To date, there is no automated and continuous real-time analysis of cycle paths and their conditions in Germany. The provision of relevant information on cycling infrastructure is an important part of the future development of the cycling sector and contributes to an environmentally friendly mobility transition.
The aim of the project is to get a better understanding on AI-based monitoring of the condition and state of cycle paths. In addition to analyzing the current state and defining the target state of the data availability, possibilities of an automated, AI-based analysis for the usability of the paths will be investigated, prototypically implemented and evaluated. Furthermore, a digital provision of information on the road surface and obstacles, the development of applications for bicycle logistics and bicycle route planning and a process optimization of path maintenance are planned.
Photo: FH Furtwangen
How detailed is the digital data availability on the properties and surface condition to the bike path infrastructure in Germany?
How can more detailed statements be made about the usability and characteristics of paths used by bicycles through analyses of data recorded with optical and other sensors?
How can an area-wide data collection be guaranteed with the application of a mobile system?
How can a reliable information provision on the usability of paths by bicycle or cargo bike be ensured?
How can continuous inspection and maintenance of the cycle paths be ensured?
How can the analyzed data be used to improve the processes of the authorities and ensure continuous maintenance of the paths in order to avoid accidents involving cyclists?
How can existing digital maps be enhanced with the help of the analyzed data and thus create added value?
How can transport routes be better planned and implemented by means of detailed information on the usability of cycling paths?
Which added values can be created for bicycle logistics from a more detailed and better documented cycle path network infrastructure?
The role of Outdooractive
Data on the condition and quality of bike paths is not yet available on larg scale and can only be partially gathered, although it is an important factor for bike route planning. As an industrial partner, Outdooractive supports this research project with expertise in the field of geodata management and cycle route planning and analyzes the actual/target state of the existing and necessary geodata infrastructure. The industrial research tasks include the areas of evaluation, exploitation, scaling and implementation of the generated data and demonstrators. In terms of mobility transition, the project aims to bring the topic of cycling even more into the public focus. Based on project results, recommendations will be made for the future data strategy of the BMVI with regard to the development of a digital data infrastructure for the German cycling route network.


text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Find the length of the curve r(t)= between points (1,0,1) and (e^(2pi), 0, e^(2pi)) 2. Relevant equations Length of curve=∫(llv(t)ll Where the limits of integration are the distance between the given points. 3. The attempt at a solution First, to know what my limits are. I would like to assume they're from 1 to e^(2pi), but something tells me I have to calculate the distance somehow. Would that distance be D=√(Δx^(2)+Δy^(2)+Δz^(2)). Is this correct? That's the only part I'm confused on. The integral itself isn't so bad.


text:
Variogram maps from LiDAR data as fingerprints of surface morphology on scree slopes
Abstract. Herein, an aerial LiDAR topographic dataset is analysed and interpolated by means of geostatistical techniques in order to examine the morphology of a scree slope area in the Eastern Italian Alps. The LiDAR-derived digital terrain model (DTM) is analysed using variogram maps as spatial continuity indexes. This allowed for evaluation of the reproduction of spatial variability of topography and for the characterization and comparison of different morphological features occurring in the study site. The results indicate that variogram maps efficiently synthesise the spatial variability of topography in a local search window, representing suitable "fingerprints" of surface morphology.


text:
Learning more about Australia's children
- Minister for School Education
- Minister for Early Childhood and Youth
This week more than 7500 government and non-government schools across Australia will start taking part in the world's most comprehensive collection of information about the development of Australia's children.
Minister for Early Childhood and School Education Peter Garrett today visited the Mount Rogers Early Links to Learning Playgroup in Canberra to launch the second data collection for the Australian Early Development Index (AEDI).
"Australia is the first country in the world to have collected comprehensive and population based data on young children across the entire nation," Mr Garrett said.
"The second national AEDI data collection is ground breaking because, for the first time, governments and communities will be able to track progress in their work to improve the health, education, social competence and emotional development of children across Australia.
"It's a vital tool for educators, Governments and the community, as it helps us understand the importance of early intervention and provides information about the support children and families need.
"It's time to get the basics of early learning right, because we know that by supporting children in the years before school we greatly increase their chance of a successful transition to school as well as being happy and productive in their later years," Mr Garrett said.
The AEDI measures five key areas of young children's development: physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills and general knowledge.
Mr Garrett said the Gillard Government made an important investment with the first national implementation of the AEDI in 2009 and has committed to collecting this data every three years with an investment of $28 million for each cycle.
"We're already seeing some incredible programs being delivered across Australia as a direct response to the 2009 results, including the Early Links to Learning playgroup in Canberra, which offers literacy and numeracy support to children before primary school at no cost to parents," Mr Garrett said.
"The AEDI is just one part of the Gillard Government's national reforms to early childhood; from our commitment to giving all children access to 15 hours of early childhood education and care for 40 weeks a year by a university-trained teacher by 2013, to improving staff to child ratios in child care and the qualifications of those staff."
The 2012 AEDI data collection will occur from May to 31 July 2012, during which time teachers in schools across Australia will complete the AEDI Checklist for all children in their first year of full-time school. Results of the data collection are expected in 2013.
For more information on the AEDI go to _URL_.


text:
Do rebelliousness, emotional control, toughness and thrill-seeking still make up the essence of coolness?
Can performers James Dean and Miles Davis still be considered the models of cool?
Research led by a University of Rochester Medical Center psychologist and published by the Journal of Individual Differences has found the characteristics associated with coolness today are markedly different than those that generated the concept of cool.
"When I set out to find what people mean by coolness, I wanted to find corroboration of what I thought coolness was," said Ilan Dar-Nimrod, Ph.D., lead author of "Coolness: An Empirical Investigation." "I was not prepared to find that coolness has lost so much of its historical origins and meaningthe very heavy countercultural, somewhat individualistic pose I associated with cool.
"James Dean is no longer the epitome of cool," Dar-Nimrod said. "The much darker version of what coolness is still there, but it is not the main focus. The main thing is: Do I like this person? Is this person nice to people, attractive, confident and successful? That's cool today, at least among young mainstream individuals."
In research that has developed over several years, Dar-Nimrod, currently a post-doctoral fellow in the Medical Center's Department of Psychiatry, and his colleagues recruited almost 1,000 people in the Vancouver, British Columbia, area, who completed an extensive questionnaire on the attributes, behaviors and individuals they associated with the word cool.
In the journal article, the research is described as the first systematic, quantitative examination of what characteristics recur in popular understandings of the cool personality.
The researchers conducted three separate studies. In Study 1, participants generated characteristics that they perceived to be cool. In Study 2, two samples of participants rated dozens of these characteristics on two dimensions:
|Contact: Michael Wentzel|
University of Rochester Medical Center


Sign language expo on Oct. 20
Placeholder Image
The event, to be held at the Georgia International Convention Center between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m., is free to the public and will include exhibitions, entertainment and seminars, as well as activities for children.
The ASL Expo tours 10 American cities annually, bringing a mix of entertainment, education and attractions to the deaf, hard-of-hearing and hearing communities alike.
Deaf and hard-of-hearing Expo attendees will be able to learn about the latest technologies, new services that can provide assistance in both their personal and professional life and the history and evolution of ASL. Hearing people can begin to learn sign language, how to become an interpreter and how their businesses can improve communication with deaf customers.
In addition, there are numerous presentations, workshops and seminars on a wide variety of topics, ranging from finances and education to products and services.
The day's entertainment includes magicians and comedians (who tell jokes in American Sign Language).
Sign up for our E-Newsletters


text:
As part of critical maintenance to the water system, the City of Orem is planning to flush fire hydrants beginning the week of March 23, weather permitting. This year's flushing area will be all neighborhoods east of State Street.
Flushing the system has numerous benefits including:
1. Pipe Cleaning – the higher velocities clean the walls of the pipe.
2. Water Circulation – the water at dead-end lines and cul-de-sacs is flushed out.
3. Valve Exercising – both the valves in the road and on the fire hydrant need to be turned so, over time, they don't get stuck.
4. System Check – just like the body needs a physical check-up, flushing the system is like putting the body on a treadmill and monitoring the vital signs.
Flushing the system can cause some temporary inconveniences of low water pressure or slightly discolored water. The discolored water poses no health risk and is part of the process to clean out sediment in the water lines. If you see crews flushing hydrants in your neighborhood, refrain from using water in your home until after the process is complete (usually 15 or 30 minutes). After they leave, turn a cold water tap on for a few minutes to clear out any possible remaining sediment in your own line.
For the safety of both residents and City workers, we ask for the public's help by allowing full access to fire hydrants. Please move parked vehicles away from hydrants and try to keep children at a safe distance.
Even though water is a precious resource and flushing may appear to wastewater, please be assured we are committed to conserving water, energy, and labor by flushing no more than necessary. The personnel flushing fire hydrants are trained in proven water system maintenance practices. Thank you for your cooperation with this project. If you have questions or concerns, please call the Department of Public Works Water Section at _PHONE_.


text:
Graphene-xt and DIIEM To Conduct Research on New Fluids
Wednesday, 20 September 2023
Graphene-XT and the Department of Industrial, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering (DIIEM) of the Roma TRE University have signed a framework agreement to conduct research activities on new generation graphene-based hydraulic fluids.
Experimental activities on pumps and high-pressure hydraulic systems are underway at the DIIEM hydraulic and pneumatic laboratory, coordinated by prof. Fulvio Palmieri
The first experimental campaigns have highlighted huge effects of hydraulic fluids containing exfoliated graphene on the energy performance of hydraulic gear pumps.
Hydraulic fluids containing exfoliated graphene allow significant increases on both torque- and volumetric efficiency, under particularly harsh operating conditions (high pressure and low pump shaft speed), unveiling new perspectives in the power management of hydraulic systems.
Join the Lubricant-Expo… to meet the protagonists of innovation!


text:
Harbor Regional Center opposes segregated employment and sub-minimum wage for people with intellectual and other developmental disabilities; we seek to promote public policy:
- That restricts the expenditure of public funds to businesses who segregate employees with disabilities from the general workforce;
- That ends the ability of employers to pay employees with disabilities a sub-minimum wage;
- That discontinues programs that emphasize moving young adults from the classroom to a segregated or sub-minimum wage employment environment.
Harbor Regional Center seeks to promote and facilitate integrated and comparable wage employment alternatives:
- That strengthen existing and create new government tax incentives for employers to hire employees with disabilities into integrated environments at comparable wages.
- That assist employees with disabilities to find employment in the general workforce in jobs that they choose.
Harbor Regional Center believes the essential ingredients needed to advance competitive integrated employment for people with developmental disabilities are:
- A fierce commitment to make this happen;
- A secondary school education which focuses on the development of functional employability skills, early work experiences, mobility training and a competitive employment goal;
- Frequent and strong collaboration between the regional center, the local education agencies, the department of rehabilitation, clients and families;
- Internship opportunities such as those provided through Project SEARCH as well as paid internships to create opportunities for real world skill development for students as they transition out of school into the world of work;
- Post-secondary programs that provide support for students in certificate and degree programs fully integrated with typical students;
- Flexibility that supports a combination of paid work, volunteering and integrated non-work day activity options to accommodate client choice while promoting paid work options;
- Organized support from the business community;
- Public relations activities designed to showcase successful partnerships with the business community; and
- Supporting families early to foster and build high expectations for their children.


Service: Grid stitching joins separate datasets without creating artifacts
Grid stitching and merging service post image
OUR technique of rapidly and automatedly stitching and merging large gridded datasets permits the almost seamless joining of grid boundaries, even those that, with other techniques, are proving problematic. A case study shows how.
Having one continuous compilation of geophysical data over an exploration area of interest is much more practical than having that data divided across many separate chunks.
One example of the elegance of a single, stitched mosaic map is Geoscience Australia's magnetic anomaly map of Australia, the latest edition of which was released a few months ago. [1] The map represents the merging of 795 separate grids, according to GA. [2]
The grid-stitching methods currently available commercially typically employ polynomial corrections.
An arguable drawback to using polynomials to join grids is the rebound effect. If one part of a grid is forced downward to match part of another grid, then there'll be a popping up elsewhere on the first grid. The effect is similar to pushing down on one area of a stiff but flexible plastic slab, such as a plastic kitchen cutting-board — there'll be an upward movement propagating along another part of the slab. It means unwanted regional trends are introduced into the merged grid.
Difference grids
Rather than using polynomials, Fathom Geophysics' grid-stitching method uses difference grids.
Our fine-tunable technique allows us to locally reshape the boundary of a lower-resolution (or a less certain) grid to precisely conform to a higher-resolution (or a more certain) grid.
If it's warranted, we can make both grids' boundaries move. The boundaries could share equally in movement required to make the join, or that movement could be shared unequally.
When difference grids are used, the grid boundaries you elect to reshape behave more like malleable clay than a flexible slab unit. It means the boundary's movement is localized, with none of the undesirable rebound effect occurring.
The method leaves high-frequency data largely intact, unlike most alternative methods. It does tend to alter low-frequency (long-wavelength) features, but this is not a significant issue for explorers wanting to examine small-scale features in the data.
When grids don't overlap
Note that if the two initial grids only meet side-by-side instead of overlapping, then our typical procedure is to extend the grids by extrapolating out from the boundaries to be joined, before undertaking a difference grid.
We extrapolate values using an in-house grid-filling algorithm. (See more details about our grid-filling and extension service.)
And if there is a gap between the two initial grids, we use grid-filling to interpolate values between the data. Our rule of thumb is that the gap should be no wider than a few pixels.
Whenever any extrapolation or interpolation is done as part of grid-stitching, we can supply a polygon layer that identifies the grid values generated by grid-filling, as distinct from the original grid data.
Performs well under pressure
We've tended to obtain good results when using our grid-stitching technique in situations where a satisfactory join has been difficult or impossible to achieve with another stitching technique.
Some might argue that if two grids don't merge nicely in a straightfoward way upon the first few attempts, then perhaps they shouldn't be merged. We agree with this conservative rule of thumb. The risk of falling prey to the rubbish-in-rubbish-out phenomenon is ever-present, especially when intensive, high-volume calculations are involved. One needs to remain vigilant.
However, sometimes explorers are forced to take on board all or most of the exploration data they can lay their hands on, including data acquired in surveys quite some time ago. This is typically true in frontier greenfields exploration areas where geological mapping is relatively scarce. This is also true of places where the cost of a repeat survey may be prohibitive — such as in remote areas, or difficult terrains, or harsh climates.
As always, whenever older or more uncertain datasets are retained rather than binned, the information they contain should be taken with a grain of salt. Ideally, metadata should be made available to define which datapoints in the merged mosaic are likely to be less reliable and why.
Case study: West Kenya
We found our grid-stitching method worked well on Aviva Corporation Limited datasets.** The grids contain airborne magnetic data for part of Aviva's West Kenya joint-venture project area. The data values represent total magnetic intensity (TMI).
An overview image of the case study area shows the difference between the collection of joins attained with our method and with an alternative method (see Figure 1, top left and top right).
Note that the images obtained via the alternative method have had a Butterworth smoothing filter applied across them, to subdue the large suture-site discontinuities as much as possible. We did not apply a Butterworth filter to the images obtained via our method, so that readers can identify our subtle suture sites. We have the capability to remove our suturing traces by applying local, oriented Butterworth filters. The ability to do this style of Butterworth filtering — in a direction-specific manner over small areas of an image — may be currently unique to Fathom Geophysics.
One segment of the joined boundaries runs in a roughly north-south direction in the west. Here, we experienced difficulties when trying to obtain a satisfactory join using commercially available software. The result we finally achieved there, despite our best efforts, still included a prominent stepwise fault-like artifact in the magnetic signature at the suture site. No such artificial fault was introduced at all when using our stitching method (see Figure 1, middle left and middle right).
Once grids have been stitched together, usually the next step in geophysical data processing is reduction to the pole (RTP). The procedure recalculates data so that it appears to have been measured at the earth's magnetic pole. (For a more detailed explanation of RTPing, see the previous ezine article we released on our differential RTP capabilities.)
The case study area, being located essentially on the earth's geographic equator, has a low magnetic inclination. When low-inclination data are RTPed, magnetic lows in the raw TMI data are transformed into magnetic highs.
It's after the RTP process has been carried out that a poor grid stitch can have a significant effect on magnetic data interpretation.
For example, in our case study area, the joined boundary segment running roughly east-to-west behaves very differently upon RTPing according to the grid-stitching method used.
When an alternative stitching method is used, the whole east-west suture area becomes a large, long-wavelength high (see Figure 1, bottom right). The (incorrect) implication of this high is that a large magnetic body exists beneath the surface. No such spurious high was introduced at all when using our stitching method (see Figure 1, bottom left).
Minimizing the number and size of artefacts introduced via grid-stitching is the logical goal to strive for and may help in avoiding wild goose chases during the exploration targeting phase.
Note that grid-stitching can be used to join other types of potential field datasets (such as gravity data). The method also applies to remotely sensed datasets (such as radiometric data and ASTER data) and geographic datasets (such as topography and bathymetry data).
** Acknowledgement: Fathom Geophysics thanks Glen Edwards, Aviva Corporation Ltd, for permission to discuss the company's West Kenya project and to use images of the project in this case study.
References
[1] Geoscience Australia (2010) Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia, 5th edition, 1:5 million, Government of Australia, _URL_ (redirects to the Geophysical Archive Data Delivery System webpage).
[2] P. Milligan (September 2010) "New magnetic datasets to identify energy, geothermal and mineral resources", AusGeo News, 99, _URL_.
Data stitching and merging service figure 1FIGURE 1: TOP LEFT: Results of the Fathom Geophysics grid stitching. TOP RIGHT: Results of an alternative method of grid stitching. MIDDLE LEFT: Detailed window showing results of the Fathom Geophysics grid stitching. MIDDLE RIGHT: Detailed window showing results of the alternative method of grid stitching. BOTTOM LEFT: Results of reduction to the pole using the Fathom Geophysics method of grid stitching. BOTTOM RIGHT: Results of reduction to the pole using the alternative method of grid stitching.


text:
Written and performed by Kelly Jones
The Yard Theatre, Hackney Wick, London
Kelly Jones's one woman play which opened at The Yard Theatre, Hackney Wick, is a journey into the childhood memories of the Wales-based writer. Jones is an emerging playwright on the Cardiff scene and this is the first time that her work has been produced outside the Welsh capital. It is a play which Jones developed through National Theatre Wales WalesLab and it is a brave performance in an echoing theatre space created within a disused warehouse.
Mermaids and cornflakes feature prominently in Jones's childhood. From an early age, she believed she was meant to be sitting on a rock in the sea at Southend, combing her long hair. Experiments with cornflake boxes wrapped around her legs with gaffer tape and the indulgence of her beloved Nan encouraged her belief. Swimming through the underwater wonderlands created by Nan from yet more cornflake boxes, Jones knew that when she eventually had the opportunity to truly swim, her legs would finally transform into a mermaids tail. When that moment arrives, and she leaps confidently into the deep end of a swimming pool, we share her experience of drowning. It is that moment of realization: when dreams are broken; when the child learns the truth about Santa Claus; when innocence is broken by the brutality of truth. This is a play about coming of age.
Somewhere along the way, Jones has lost her mermaid skin and developed a fear of water. She captures the grief at losing Nan when she is eight years old. She eats through her teenage years hiding her loss with jam tarts. Finally, as a student, she again tries to find her mermaid skin and walks into the sea at Swansea. The poignancy of the sea's rejection, spitting her out, naked, back onto the shore makes for a moving performance. We are left wondering whether this is a suicide attempt or drunken foolishness. There is an honesty to the writing. Jones wrestles with the fantasy of a perfect vision of herself and the reality of her stretch-marked skin. When she squeezes into a sequin spangled mermaid skirt we are moved by her broken dreams.
Director Anna Poole makes use of a minimalist set, forcing Jones to take possession of a large armchair to deliver her performance. A spillage of cornflakes across the stage cleverly mimics the sound of waves washing over pebbles, as they are steadily ground underfoot. Occasionally, the narrative is a touch too expositional; one of the dangers of the monologue, and while there is a bleakness in the story it is alleviate by moments of unexpected humor. It is clear that Jones's childhood was infused with love. What is particularly refreshing about this story is its told through the relationship of a granddaughter and grandparent. Kelly Jones has a different way of looking at the world and it will be interesting to see what she devises next.


By Antonio G. Papa
What could an indigenous small-scale industry provide for the welfare of a community and its inhabitants? Is it possible to boost their development?
The answer is: Yes. Take a look at kalamay industry in the upland agri-tourism town of Indang in the province of Cavite.
If Los Baños, Laguna is known for the utilization of agricultural products to make their buko pie, then the municipality of Indang does the same in producing "Kalamay Indang," also known as "Kalamay Buna," named after the place where it is originally made: Barangay Buna Lejos, Indang, Cavite.
Kalamay Buna or Kalamay Indang, designated as the area's one-town-one-product (OTOP) by Cavite's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), has been a famous local delicacy for more than a century.
Kalamay Indang is recognized by the DTI as Indang's one-town-one-product (OTOP) commodity. It is also a well-known product of the Philippines reaching various countries worldwide.
This traditional "kakanin" is described as sweet and chewy. It is made of glutinous rice, coconut milk, brown sugar, and fortified with young coconut meat or ripe jackfruit strips. The term "kalamay" can also be spelled thus: "calamay."
The Department of Labor and Employment Regional Office IV-A, in cooperation with the Cavite Provincial Cooperative, Livelihood and Entrepreneurial Development Office (PCLEDO), sponsored the Kalamay Buna Product Development and assisted the Samahan ng Magkakalamay ng Buna Lejos to improve their livelihood project.
The group further enhanced their skills and improved their products through the technical assistance of the DTI and financial support of the municipality of Indang by way of the skills training program and Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB) project, respectively.
Through the DOLE and DTI, their product has been standardized and well-packaged. There are two kinds of packaging: the square box contains 12 pieces of smaller kalamay worth PhP 50 while the rectangular box with 10 pieces of large kalamay is worth PhP 100.
Likewise, the municipality of Indang, under the leadership of Mayor Perfecto V. Fidel and Vice Mayor Ismael dM. Rodil, facilitated the construction of a building near the old Indang municipal hall to serve as an outlet for kalamay. It has been dubbed "Bahay Kalamay" and is the town's "pasalubong" (souvenir) center.
The lifespan of Kalamay Indang is two weeks, even if not refrigerated. Kalamay is a favorite present or pasalubong for loved ones, officemates, and friends. Among the major customers are the relatives of the more than 14,000 students studying in the main campus of the Cavite State University in this busy town.
Kalamay-making in Indang is an old industry. One of its eldest practitioners is Librada T. Costa, a 95-year old native of Buna Lejos and an experienced kalamay producer who learned her skills from her parents. She started making kalamay at age 18. Over more than seven decades in the industry, she was able to send all her seven children to college, and they finished their respective courses.
Indeed, Kalamay Indang is a thriving indigenous industry of the town and has contributed to the economic welfare and development of this agri-tourism first class municipality and its populace.
This appeared in Agriculture Monthly's March 2018 issue.


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Match made in heaven


reveals, the deriver is a simple text substituter which relies on the presence of pre-arranged cue symbols embedded in the template. The deriver replaces these symbols with character data taken from its inputs.
The Template
The template is a text vector in the form of a ⎕VR output. Within it, the three graphics symbols "Ú", "?" and "À" are used as insertion cues. The first of the three symbols is the cue for the derived-function id. The others are used as cues for insertions of the input function ids.
Here is the woof defined operator's template variable, KK_woof. As a comparison with the listing of woof given at the head of this article will demonstrate, this template is a manually edited copy of woof's APL2 source statements.
 ∇ ∆z←∆a Ú ∆w;∆A;∆W
[1] ⍝ ---- SIMULATED APL2 DEFINED-OPERATOR: ?woof
[2] ⍝ Compute sum of ⍺ and sum of ⍵, and then ? these sums together.
[3]
[4] ∆W←+/⎕ENLIST ∆w ⍝ Sum ⍵.
[5] →(2≠⎕NC '∆a')/MMM ⍝ If no ⍺, go do the monadic case.
[6] ∆A←+/⎕ENLIST ∆a ⍝ Sum ⍺.
[7] ∆z←∆A ? ∆W ⍝ ? the sums together.
[8] →ZZZ
[9]
[10] MMM: ⍝ MONADIC CASE:
[11] ∆z← ? ∆W ⍝ Just ? the sum of ⍵.
[12]
[13] ZZZ:
[14]
[15] ⍝ THIS FN WAS GENERATED FROM KK_woof VIA ∇derive_fn
 ∇
Here is the simulation frontend for the woof defined operator.
 ∇ ∆z←∆a woof ∆w;∆A;∆f;derived_fn
[1] ⍝ Simulate the "woof" defined operator --- PUBLIC
[2] ⍝ ⍺ is one of:
[3] ⍝ . a character scalar or vector - function id (eg. + xyz )
[4] ⍝ . a 2-item vector comprising
[5] ⍝ ⍺[1] a left-argument to the function to be generated
[6] ⍝ ⍺[2] a character scalar or vector - function id
[7] ⍝ ⍵ is the data on which to operate.
[8] ⍝ ← is the result of the derived function.
[9]
[10] ⎕ERROR (2≠⎕NC'∆a')/'∇woof MUST BE USED DYADICALLY'
[11]
[12] ⎕ERROR (1<⍴⍴∆a)/'∇woof LEFT-ARG MUST BE FN ID OR A 2-ITEM VECTOR'
[13] →((2>≡∆a)^^/' '=⎕TYPE¨∊∆a)/MMM ⍝ If ⍺ is fnid only, monadic use.
[14]
[15] ⎕ERROR (2≠⍴∆a)/'∇woof NON-SIMPLE LEFT-ARG MUST BE A 2-ITEM VECTOR'
[16] (∆A ∆f)←∆a
[17] ⎕ERROR (1<⍴⍴∆f)/'∇woof LEFT-ARG 2ND ITEM MUST BE SCALAR OR VECTOR'
[18] ⎕ERROR (1<≡∆f)/'∇woof LEFT-ARG 2ND ITEM MUST BE SIMPLE'
[19] ⎕ERROR (' '≠⎕TYPE ↑∆f)/'∇woof LEFT-ARG 2ND ITEM MUST BE A FN NAME'
[20]
[21] (é∊∆f) derive_fn 'KK_woof' 'derived_fn' ⍝ Generate ∇derived_fn
[22] ∆z←∆A derived_fn ∆w ⍝ and run it dyadically.
[23] →ZZZ
[24]
[25] MMM:
[26] ⎕ERROR (' '≠⎕TYPE ↑∆a)/'∇woof INVOKED WITH INVALID FUNCTION ID'
[27] (é∊∆a) derive_fn 'KK_woof' 'derived_fn' ⍝ Generate ∇derived_fn
[28] ∆z←derived_fn ∆w ⍝ and run it monadically.
[29]
[30] ZZZ:
[31]
[32] ⍝ (0) APG 04JUN93
 ∇
In this function, the template variable is KK_woof and the derived function is named derived_fn. During the preliminary validation of arguments, messages documenting erroneous invocations of woof are issued; note that these relate to erroneous invocations of the frontend function, not the original defined operator. Finally, here is the derived function produced when use of the woof operator with Divide is simulated.
 ∇ ∆z←∆a derived_fn ∆w;∆A;∆W
[1] ⍝ ---- SIMULATED APL2 DEFINED-OPERATOR: ÷ woof
[2] ⍝ Compute sum of ⍺ and sum of ⍵, and then ÷ these sums together.
[3]
[4] ∆W←+/⎕ENLIST ∆w ⍝ Sum ⍵.
[5] →(2≠⎕NC '∆a')/MMM ⍝ If no ⍺, go do the monadic case.
[6] ∆A←+/⎕ENLIST ∆a ⍝ Sum ⍺.
[7] ∆z←∆A ÷ ∆W ⍝ ÷ the sums together.
[8] →ZZZ
[9]
[10] MMM: ⍝ MONADIC CASE:
[11] ∆z← ÷ ∆W ⍝ Just ÷ the sum of ⍵.
[12]
[13] ZZZ:
[14]
[15] ⍝ THIS FN WAS GENERATED FROM KK_woof VIA ∇derive_fn
 ∇
Performance
In the migrated applications, defined operators were used widely. Some of these uses were nested, meaning that they were coded within the statements which comprised the body of another defined operator. Moreover, some nested operators were used several times within the body of a given defined operator.
These repetitions made it convenient to have the outermost defined operator pre-generate some of its dependents' derived functions and invoke them directly. By doing this, duplicate tours through the generation process were eliminated, which helped to reduce overhead.
Even so, some performance bottlenecks were still attributable to some defined operator simulations. They were cleared by pre-generating all the relevant derived functions as global functions, saving them in the workspace, and recasting all the defined operator calls to reference the derived functions instead.
Where performance was satisfactory, defined operator simulations were left to continue generating their derived functions when required.
Conclusions
The absence of defined operators from the repertoire of the APL*PLUS II/386 interpreter is no barrier to the migration of mainframe APL2 applications. Just write a simple frontend function, recode the defined operator in the form of a template, and point the deriver at it. A little editing of the defined operator invocations is all that is then required.
Reference
 1. [FIDO 1993] When my friend Doreen brought her dog round.
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Perceptron Question
This is a discussion on Perceptron Question within the Tech Board forums, part of the Community Boards category; What exactly is the point of the bias input in a perceptron?...
 1. #1
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 Perceptron Question
 What exactly is the point of the bias input in a perceptron?
 Naturally I didn't feel inspired enough to read all the links for you, since I already slaved away for long hours under a blistering sun pressing the search button after typing four whole words! - Quzah
 You. Fetch me my copy of the Wall Street Journal. You two, fight to the death - Stewie
 2. #2
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 A perceptron is essentially an equation for a hyperplane in the N-dimentional input space. E.g. for two inputs, it describes a line; for three, it describes a plane. After learning, the hyperplane tries to partition the input space into two regions.
 The bias input is needed to create a zeroth-order term, a term which doesn't vary with any inputs. E.g. one form of the generic line equation could be written as Y = MX + B. B is a constant (zeroth order) term.
 Without a bias input, a perceptron couldn't describe an arbitrary hyperplane, because all permutations would inevitably pass through the origin. E.g. no matter what the W vector was, if the input vector was all zero, the output would be all zero, unless you have the bias.
 3. #3
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 The output of a perceptron is determined by the dot product of the input vector with its associated weight vector plus the bias.
 I*W+b > 0 -> 1
 I*W+b <= 0 -> 0
 So, as Cat was saying, it is essentially the constant "shift" in the plane which divides space between "on" and "off" for the perceptron.
 The word rap as it applies to music is the result of a peculiar phonological rule which has stripped the word of its initial voiceless velar stop.
 4. #4
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 But, according to AI Horizon, the bias has a weight itself. Doesn't that mean that the actual value of the bias is irrelevant, as long as it is non-zero, as the weight would compensate?
 Naturally I didn't feel inspired enough to read all the links for you, since I already slaved away for long hours under a blistering sun pressing the search button after typing four whole words! - Quzah
 You. Fetch me my copy of the Wall Street Journal. You two, fight to the death - Stewie
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 There are 2 ways to add a bias:
 1) Addition after the dot product is taken
 2) As a weight (most common method)
 For example, say X and Y are variables, and your perceptron implements:
 2X + 4Y + 8 > 0
 You could do this as:
 I = [X Y], W = [2 4], B = 8
 but then you have to account for B more often, and being as B is updated just like W, it's more convenient to make it the last entry in the W-vector, like this:
 I = [X Y 1], W = [2 4 8].
 In this case, you add another input to the perceptron and fix that input's value at 1. Then the weight associated with this input acts as the bias. This is the more common method of implementing a perceptron; it reduces complexity by treating the bias like any other weight.
 The bias doesn't have a weight, it *IS* a weight in this model.
 6. #6
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 So, if I use the second model, appending the bias to the inputs, the actual value of it is meaningless, as long as it is constant?
 Edit:
 Also, does it matter what the threshold value is as long as it remains constant?
 Last edited by XSquared; 06-16-2003 at 09:01 PM.
 Naturally I didn't feel inspired enough to read all the links for you, since I already slaved away for long hours under a blistering sun pressing the search button after typing four whole words! - Quzah
 You. Fetch me my copy of the Wall Street Journal. You two, fight to the death - Stewie
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 Originally posted by XSquared
 So, if I use the second model, appending the bias to the inputs, the actual value of it is meaningless, as long as it is constant?
 Edit:
 Also, does it matter what the threshold value is as long as it remains constant?
 1) The bias is not the last input, the bias is the last WEIGHT. Technically, you could append any nonzero constant to the input vector, but tradition says use 1.
 2) Technically, it could be anything, but 0 is the normal threshold.
 8. #8
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 I read (and originally posted the link to) the AI Horizon article, and I've read this thread, but it isn't enough for me to really understand what is going on with a Perceptron. Perhaps it's a bit over my head right now, or maybe I just haven't read enough... but has anyone here implemented a program that uses perceptrons for something? The simpler the better, obviously, when trying to learn, but anything will help. So... anyone?
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 Yes, but it was far from simple... I did a MLP (multilayer perceptron) program once for an advanced course in neural networks.
 Dunno how much source I have left, that was years ago under a pretty bad (non-ANSI) compiler.
 The biggest thing is to get a library for vector/matrix math.
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 _URL_ has a small example I believe, as well as a decent introductory article.
 >>> The biggest thing is to get a library for vector/matrix math.
 I'd go with Blitz++.
 The word rap as it applies to music is the result of a peculiar phonological rule which has stripped the word of its initial voiceless velar stop.
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text:
This interesting and unusual surname is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and may be either an occupational name for a watchman, or a nickname for someone who was particularly keen and vigilant. The derivation is from the Olde English pre 7th Century "wacor" (Middle English "waker"), the watchful or vigilant one. It is interesting to note that the Olde English personal byname "Waca", cognate with the Old Norse "vakr", meant "vigilant, alert", and is found as the initial element in the placename Wakefield, near Stony Stratford, Northamptonshire, recorded as "Wacafeld" in the Domesday Book of 1086. The surname Waker first appears on record in the early part of the 13th Century (see below). Job descriptive surnames originally denoted the actual occupation of the namebearer, and later became hereditary. Nicknames were given with reference to a variety of personal characteristics, such as physical attributes, mental and moral characteristics, and to habits of dress and occupation. Richard le Waker, noted in the 1327 Subsidy Rolls of Sussex, may have been employed as a night-watchman. Sarah Waker, an early emigrant to the New World, was recorded on a Census of St. Michael's parish, the Barbados, in 1680. A Coat of Arms granted to the Waker family is a shield divided palewise in three, red, blue and silver, the blue is charged with three red demi roses, cojoined with three silver demi fleur-de-lis, two and one, in chief a gold ducal coronet. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William Waker, which was dated 1230, in the "Pipe Rolls of Berkshire", during the reign of King Henry 111, known as "The Frenchman", 1216 - 1272. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2017


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