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Abstract The ecological impact of artificial light at night (ALAN) on phenological events such as reproductive timing is increasingly recognized. In birds, previous experiments under controlled conditions showed that ALAN strongly advances gonadal growth, but effects on egg-laying date are less clear. In particular, effects of ALAN on timing of egg-laying are found to be year-dependent, suggesting an interaction with climatic conditions such as spring temperature, which is known have strong effects on the phenology of avian breeding. Thus, we hypothesized that ALAN and temperature interact to regulate timing of reproduction in wild birds. Field studies have suggested that sources of ALAN rich in short wavelengths can lead to stronger advances in egg-laying date. We therefore tested this hypothesis in the great tit (Parus major), using a replicated experimental setup where eight previously unlit forest transects were illuminated with either white, green, or red LED light, or left dark as controls. We measured timing of egg-laying for 619 breeding events spread over six consecutive years and obtained temperature data for all sites and years. We detected overall significantly earlier egg-laying dates in the white and green light versus the dark treatment, and similar trends for red light. However, there was a strong inter-annual variability in mean egg-laying dates in all treatments, which was explained by spring temperature. We did not detect any fitness consequence of the changed timing of egg-laying due to ALAN, which suggests that advancing reproduction in response to ALAN might be adaptive.
Artificial light at night, in interaction with spring temperature, modulates timing of reproduction in a passerine bird


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Buildings designed in the Brutalist style—raw concrete fronted structures built between the 1950s and 1980s—are often overlooked gems among Toronto's diverse urban landscape. Blue Crow Media, in partnership with local heritage specialists ERA Architects have teamed up to create the "Concrete Toronto Map"—a guide to forty-seven of the city's most notable concrete structures. The two-sided guide features original photography by Jason Woods and a map that details where to find it all, along with details of the structures' significance and heritage.
What began as a post-war experimental medium in Toronto and elsewhere, concrete is found in most of the structures we interact with daily, but it's not always expressed on the exterior of buildings, and is most often covered with other materials. The Concrete Toronto Map celebrates the buildings that celebrate the medium, usually where care has been taken to leave patterns and texture. From clustered concrete tower blocks, like Viljo Revell's New City Hall to the sculptural structures like the University of Toronto's Robarts Library by Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, the map highlights the buildings that remain as symbols of the brutalist period. The Concrete Toronto Map joins an existing series from the publisher which includes Chicago, Tokyo, and several other major cities.
As many concrete and Brutalist buildings around the world are either being demolished or under threat, this map seeks to highlight and solidify the role of concrete architecture in Toronto's celebrated cityscape. A statement from the editor reads "Toronto is beginning to redefine itself through its concrete heritage – the fabric of our post-war growth – the architecture of our schools, universities, libraries and mass housing. Many are developing a cult following as a new type of landmark; and some are finding a second life through new investments and restorations. However, most are under threat. This map provides a calling card at this crucial moment of the city's understanding of its concrete legacy."
The Concrete Toronto Map is available through Blue Crow Media's website. Have a particular interest in brutalist architecture? Let us know by leaving a comment in the space provided below.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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A treatment model designed to accommodate the beliefs and concerns of Chinese immigrants increased the percentage of depressed patients entering treatment nearly sevenfold.
Culturally sensitive treatment model helps bring depressed Chinese immigrants into treatment
Understanding patients' beliefs and attitudes allows clinicians to address misconceptions, stigma
A treatment model designed to accommodate the beliefs and concerns of Chinese immigrants appears to significantly improve the recognition and treatment of major depression in this typically underserved group. In a report in the December American Journal of Public Health, a Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) research team describes how their model for screening and assessing patients for depression in a primary care setting increased the percentage of depressed patients entering treatment nearly sevenfold.
"Ours is the first study to incorporate a culturally sensitive interview into a collaborative care model in order to address disparities in mental illness treatment among ethnic minorities in primary care," says Albert Yeung, ScD, MD, of the MGH Department of Psychiatry, lead author of the AJPH report. "The model appears to be a promising way to treat this population, which highly underutilizes mental health services."
Yeung and his co-authors note that, while major depression is just as common among Asian Americans as in the overall U.S. population, a lack of familiarity with mental illness and a cultural stigma against psychiatric disorders lead to most cases of depression among Asian Americans going unrecognized and untreated. Language barriers, a tendency to seek medical care for physical symptoms only, and lack of cultural sensitivity among health care providers can further exacerbate the disparity.
To overcome these barriers, the MGH team devised a culturally sensitive collaborative treatment model that incorporates systematic depression screening at all primary care visits, contacting those who screened positive for depression to recommend assessment, and an assessment protocol designed to explore patients' cultural beliefs. Patient who chose to enter treatment received either usual care or care management, which included regular telephone contact with a care manager along with depression treatment by a primary care physician, psychologist or psychiatrist.
The study tested this model among patients of the South Cove Community Health Center in Boston's Chinatown, where Yeung is on staff. Completion of a bilingual health questionnaire has been part of routine primary care at the health center for over a decade, and the research team reviewed screening results for 4,228 adult Chinese immigrants who came to South Cove for primary care visits between late 2004 and early 2007. The almost 300 patients who screened positive for depression were contacted within two weeks of their screening by investigators, who informed patients of their results, told them about the study and recommended more focused psychiatric assessment.
While more than half the contacted patients declined further treatment, 122 came in for the assessment. In addition to a standard survey of depression symptoms, the assessment asked participants how they would describe their symptoms, what they believed caused them, how symptoms affected their daily lives, and what they hoped that treatment would accomplish. Based on participants' answers, the assessing clinicians were able to communicate information about depression in more comprehensible ways, using the participants' language and illness beliefs. Of the 104 participants whose depression diagnosis was confirmed in the assessment, 100 agreed to enter treatment – 96 percent of those with a confirmed diagnosis and 43 percent of those who had screened positive on the original questionnaire. Prior to this study, only 6.5 percent of South Cove patients with a positive depression screening result entered treatment.
Participants – who could choose to receive treatment from their primary care physician or from a psychiatrist or other therapist at the health center – were randomized to receive either usual depression care or care management. At the end of the 24-week study period, more than half the participants in both treatment groups had symptom improvement rates as good or better that those reported by several large-scale depression treatment studies. While there were no significant differences in response between the usual and managed care groups, the authors believe that could be explained by the high percentages of both groups who chose to receive care from South-Cove-based psychiatrists.
"Our model appears to be very promising, but it needs to be tested at other centers," says Yeung, an assistant professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. "Similar models could be designed and tested to help other minority populations who have cultural barriers that prevent receiving mental health services." Additional co-authors of the AJPH report are Irene Shyu, Lauren Fisher, Shirley Wu, MD, Huaiyu Yang, MD, MPA, and senior author Maurizio Fava, MD, all of MGH Psychiatry. The study was supported by a grant from the National Institute for Mental Health.
Massachusetts General Hospital, established in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the United States, with an annual research budget of more than $600 million and major research centers in AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine.
Media Contacts: Sue McGreevey, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
Marty Ray, _PHONE_, _EMAIL_
U.S. News & World Report ranks Mass General the #1 hospital in America based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 different specialties. Learn more about why we're #1.
Search the archive for previously published news articles, press releases and publications.
Departments and Centers at Mass General have a reputation for excellence in patient care. View a list of all departments.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Cyprus[edit]
The women in Northern Cyprus are inhabitants of the internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, where they have been contributors to the fields of science, law and justice.[49]
South Ossetia[edit]
In 2010, the Caucasian Knot described the women of South Ossetia as females who can transmit change and reinstatement of "trust and peace" between the peoples of South Ossetia and Georgia. They have the capability and competence to defend and preserve their rights as women and to participate as activists and peacemakers. South Ossetian women experienced situations of armed conflict in their regions.[24][50] The main organization that promotes and safeguards the status of South Ossetian women is the Association of South Ossetian Women for Democracy and Human Rights (sometimes referred to as Association of Women of South Ossetia for Democracy and Defence of Human Rights) and is currently headed by Lira Kozaeva-Tskhovrebova.[24][50]
Main article: Women in Transnistria
Women in Transnistria are women who live in or are from Transnistria (may also be spelled as Transdniestria; and also known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, abbreviated as PMR). Although still an country with limited recognition internationally, and although Freedom in the World 2012 had described that "[w]omen are underrepresented in most positions of authority", the current Transnistrian government includes 8 women and 6 men. 4 deputies of Prime Minister of Transnistria out of 5 are also women (Tatiana Turanskaya, Natalia Nikiforova, Nina Shtanski and Maija Parnas). Women are widely presented in Presidential Administration of Transnistria: both the head of Administration (Nadezhda Baranova)[51] and all the 5 presidential advisors (Alyona Klyus, Nadezhda Zablotskaya, Natalia Garbar, Anna Yanchuk and Galina Sandutsa)[52] are women.
European women in dependencies and other territories[edit]
Main article: Women in Åland
Faroe Islands[edit]
Women in the Faroe Islands are European women who live in or are from the Faroe Islands, an north Atlantic island group and archipelago that is under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark. Traditionally, Faroese women have a high standing in the society of Faroe Islanders. Legally, women of the Faroe Islands share equality with men. In terms of labor, tradition dictates that women do household work and are responsible for the welfare of cows. Most care given to children come from the women of the Faroe Islands. When the family have guests at home, the women of the household frequently serve and offer food and drinks to the visitors. During the late 19th century, women in the Faroe Islands became wage-earners by participating in jobs such as fish processing and by becoming teachers. In 1915, they obtained women's suffrage. Eventually, Faroe Islander women were able to hold governmental positions.[53]
Main article: Women in Gibraltar
Main article: Women in Guernsey
Main article: Women in Jersey
Isle of Man[edit]
Main article: Women in Svalbard
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Women in Europe, Knowledge Center, Catalyst
 2. ^ a b Bilefsky, Dan. "Albanian Custom Fades: Woman as Family Man". The New York Times. NYTIMES.com. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
 3. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Albania". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
 4. ^ "Andorra". Freedom House (2012). Retrieved 2 November 2013.
 5. ^ Itano, Nicole. Quota Law Puts More Women in Armenia's Election. WeNews. May 10, 2007.
 6. ^ Domestic Violence Against Women in Armenia. United Human Rights Council (UHRC). May 26, 2010.
 7. ^ Lewis, Jone Johnson. Austria: Status of Women, Encyclopedia of Women's History, December 1993.
 8. ^ a b Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Azerbaijan (2011). United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2011). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
 9. ^ Belarusian Women as seen Through an Era, United Nations in Belarus.
 10. ^ a b c d e f g France, everyculture.com
 11. ^ De Lannoy, Jean and Ruben A. Lombaert. "Belgium". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
 12. ^ In post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina, women are a driving force for change, IFAD
 13. ^ a b Bosnia and Herzegovina gender profile, IFAD, 5 March 2007.
 14. ^ Dimitrov, Bojidar et al. "History of Bulgaria". The Bulgarian National Museum of History. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
 15. ^ "Czech Republic - HISTORY". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
 16. ^ Ferber, Marianne A. and Phyllis Hutton Raabe. "Women in the Czech Republic: Feminism, Czech Style". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society Vol. 16, No. 3, Toward Gender Equity: Policies and Strategies (Spring, 2003), pp. 407-430. JSTOR, Springer. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
 17. ^ Alho, Olli. A guide to Finnish customs and manners, November 2002/March 2010
 18. ^ a b c Women in Business in Finland, worldbusinessculture.com
 19. ^ Women In German Society, German Culture, germanculture.com
 20. ^ Scott, Michael. The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece, History Today, Volume: 59 Issue: 11 2009
 21. ^ Hitton, Shanti. Social Culture of Greece, Travel Tips, USA Today
 22. ^ _URL_
 23. ^ a b c d e f g _URL_
 24. ^ a b c MACEDONIA: How Are Women Faring In Macedonia?, AWID, September 12, 2009, peacewomen.org
 25. ^ Ward, Claire (August 19, 2011). "How Dutch women got to be the happiest in the world". Macleans. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
 26. ^ "Polish women". polishmarriage.org. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
 27. ^ "Portugal-Women (data as of 1993)". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
 28. ^ a b Arnold, M. Cameron. "San Marino". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
 29. ^ edited by Anne Shutt, CS Monitor Correspondents,. "Women lose ballot battle in republic of San Marino". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
 30. ^ _URL_
 31. ^ _URL_
 32. ^ The right to vote, swissworld.org
 33. ^ Wilton, Isabelle. Women still climbing to the top in business, swissinfo.ch, March 7, 2011
 34. ^ Ukraine profile, BBC News
 35. ^ Kyivans join global rally to end violence against women, Kyiv Post (14 February 2013)
 36. ^ a b A Guide to English Culture and Customs, page 3 and 5.
 37. ^ "DAUGHTERS OF THE TROUBLES: BELFAST STORIES". Director's Notes. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
 38. ^ Only 32 women in Vatican City, Herald Sun, March 02, 2011.
 40. ^ Garb, Paula. The Mediators, Indigenous Conflict Resolution, "Mediation in the Caucasus", Anthropological Contributions to Conflict Resolution, London and Athens, University of Georgia Press. Vol. 29. 1996, 1999.
 43. ^ An Approach to the Kosovo Post-War Rehabilitation Process from a Gender Perspective, QUADERNS DE CONSTRUCCIÓ DE PAU Nº 2, escola de cultura de pau, page 5.
 44. ^ First Female Elected President, Kosovo
 45. ^ Koha, "Në krye të Policisë së Kosovës, Atifete Jahjaga" Shqip TIME.mk 16 October 2010 (accessed 6


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A Reference Resource
Robert Lansing (1915–1920): Secretary of State
Robert Lansing was born on October 17, 1864, in Watertown, New York. He attended Amherst College, graduating in 1886, before becoming a lawyer in his father's practice.
Lansing entered the world of diplomacy when his father-in-law, Secretary of State John Foster, brought him along to the Bering Sea Fur Seal Arbitration; Lansing himself would serve as private counsel for the Chinese and Mexican diplomatic delegations. In 1906, Lansing founded the American Society of International Law. and with it, the American Journal of International Law. Four years later, and despite Lansing's affiliation with the Democratic Party, President William Howard Taft named him U.S. counsel for the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration Panel at The Hague.
Having been appointed counselor to the Department of State by President Woodrow Wilson in 1914, Lansing took over as secretary of state in June 1915 following the resignation of William Jennings Bryan. Though he was cut out of negotiations involving the House-Grey memorandum, Lansing would be involved in various initiatives, including interventions in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Russia. Wilson asked for his resignation following Lansing's convocation of a cabinet meeting -- without Wilson's approval -- during the period in which Edith Wilson presided over her husband's affairs.
Lansing left the cabinet on February 13, 1920. Thereafter, he would write two books: The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Memoir, and The Big Four and Others of the Peace Conference. Robert Lansing died in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 1928.


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American English Video Vocabulary Builder
Lesson 42. Body parts - 7. Past tense, 3rd person
Lesson 43. Body parts - 1. Future tense, 1st person
Lesson 44. Body parts - 2. Future tense, 1st person
Lesson 45. Body parts - 3. Future tense, 1st person
Lesson 46. Body parts - 4. Future tense, 1st person
Lesson 48. Body parts - 6. Future tense, 1st person
Lesson 49. Body parts - 7. Future tense, 1st person
Learn new English words and grammar at the same time!
To help you learn how to conjugate English verbs, we created several versions of each lesson: in past, present and future tense, as well as in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person. This way, you will learn the English ways to say "I listen to music," "I listened to music," "I will listen to music," "You listen to music," etc.
All lessons have English subtitles.
As of today American English vocabulary builder includes 63 video lessons for a total duration of more than 2 hours. This is an ongoing project. We constantly add new lessons.
In order to get access to all lessons, you need to buy the subscription Premium.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Gladstone has been plagued with sewer overflow problems for years. On Jan. 19, the city experienced the biggest overflow in recent memory. Unfortunately, the Gladstone City council learned Tuesday night there is no easy or cheap fix.
Gladstone engineer Pat Sisul instead suggested six small projects to ease some of the flooding.
For $64,000, the city could create three new connections that would divert one cubic foot of flow per second each. That, added with repairing or improving two existing main lines could total 11.5 cubic feet per second of flow.
Sisul found that problems occurred during 72-hour rains. Many of the existing pipes are at least 100-year-old clay pipes that were designed to handle sanitary and storm water at the same time. Even with modifications to be just sewer pipes, the pipes still suffer from cracks, leaks and allowing groundwater into the system.
Normally, the system can handle almost six cubic feet per second of water, but when heavy rains hit, a capacity of eight to 14 is necessary.
The city already took steps toward helping the problem by cleaning out the pipes under Hereford Street that were plugged with concrete.
Sisul Engineering and city staff plan to investigate Clarendon, Arlington and Dartmouth streets and examine the pipes to see what solutions can be found and gauge a more exact dollar amount to fix them.
"It's a complicated problem, there's not an easy solution," Sisul said. "It has a complicated solution, unfortunately."


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Social Security Number
A Social Security Number (SSN) is a unique, 9-digit number used for taxpayer identification, income reporting, and record-keeping purposes. Once issued, the number is valid for a lifetime. You should keep it safe and provide only as needed to U.S. government agencies or credible financial institutions.
Who can apply?
F-1 and J-1 students who are authorized for employment can apply for an SSN. More specifically:
- F-1 and J-1 students who are working on-campus at CC
- F-1 students authorized for CPT (Curricular Practical Training), OPT (Optional Practical Training), work with an international organization, or economic need employment
- J-1 students authorized for Academic Training
When to apply?
The application must be made before:
- your job at CC starts or
- your off-campus work authorization expires
You may not apply earlier than 30 days before your work start date. F-1 students applying for an SSN on Optional Practical Training can apply at the same time as your OPT application with USCIS using the Form I-765.
How to apply?
1. After you have received an offer to work on-campus, submit a request to your supervisor for an on-campus employment verification letter.
2. Bring the employment offer letter (from your supervisor) to ISSS for a Social Security Number eligibility verification letter.
3. Bring the following documents to the SSA (Social Security Administration) office:
- Employment offer letter from your supervisor (on letterhead)
- SSN eligibility verification letter (from ISSS)
- F-1 students: Current Form I-20 / J-1 students: Current Form DS-2019
- Current I-94 admission record (print at _URL_)
4. When you arrive to the SS office, you will need to complete an SSN application form.
Note: For Question #5, you should mark "Legal Alien Allowed to Work"
5. Be prepared to spend 1-2 hours at the SS office as wait times vary.
6. Your SS card will be mailed to you within 1-2 weeks. Once you receive the card, please sign it and visit the Tax and Compliance Manager in the Spencer Center so that they can update your Social Security Number information in the campus payroll system and in your GLACIER (Nonresident Alien Tax Compliance System) record.
7. Protect your SS card and number from loss and identity theft. DO NOT carry your SS card with you. Keep it in a secure location and only take it with you when you must show the card: e.g., to obtain a new job, open a new bank account, or to obtain benefits from certain U.S. agencies. Use caution in giving out your Social Security number to others, particularly during phone, mail, email, and internet requests you did not initiate.
Frequently Asked Questions: Social Security Number (SSN)
Do I need a Social Security Number (SSN)?
If you are planning to work while you are a student at Colorado College, you must apply for a Social Security Number (SSN). Only those students who have been authorized to work, and who have a job offer, will be eligible for a number.
When can I get a Social Security Number?
You are only eligible to apply for a Social Security number after you have received a job offer.
I have a job offer, how do I apply for a Social Security Number?
For a full overview on how to apply for a SSN, please see the SSN Overview for International Students
Will I need a SSN for any other purpose?
Some banks will ask for your Social Security Number in order to open a bank account. If you explain that you are an international student, they usually are willing to accept your Colorado College student identification number instead. Also, if you wish to apply for a Colorado state driver's license, you will either need to have a Social Security Number, or provide proof that you are not eligible for one (see ISSS for more information).
Will I need to have a SSN before I start working?
You are not required to have a SSN before you start work. However, you will need to apply for one as soon as you have been offered a job.
How long does it take to receive my SSN?
You will receive a Social Security card with your number by mail. It normally takes between 1-2 weeks to receive this card.


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Talk:- Influence of Massive Neutrinos with a Finite Chemical Potential on the Cosmic Expansion History and Large Scale Structure
Due to their high abundance, massive cosmic neutrinos would have a significant influence on cosmology, especially in terms of large scale structure. Ever since the discovery of neutrino oscillation, which confirmed that neutrinos have finite masses, many efforts have been made to constrain neutrino masses from cosmology. However, none of them has considered the possibility of a finite chemical potential, if the neutrinos are not majorana fermions. The work would be the first one to analyse the combined effect of masses and chemical potentials of neutrinos on matter power spectrum of large scale structure, through two physical processes, their influence on the cosmic expansion history, and the neutrino free-streaming. The result would serve as a correction to the constraints of neutrino masses from large scale structure.
-Ming Chung Chu


Risk Assessment and Alcohol Awareness Project
The RAAAP at The College of Saint Rose seeks to enhance the Saint Rose community through increasing the awareness of the impact of alcohol consumption and its associated consequences. This program supports the overall goals of the The College of Saint Rose, where we strive to provide a safe environment that supports academic excellence, critical thinking, values formation and responsible citizenship by encouraging responsible and healthy choices.
Tasks of the Project
 - Develop a comprehensive campus-wide education plan utilizing a systems level approach
 - Increase awareness of the Saint Rose culture as it relates to alcohol consumption and abuse
 - Develop a campaign that focuses on students' perceptions and realities of alcohol use
 - Expand alternatives to alcohol use
 - Commitment to a centralized and coordinated plan for risk assessment and alcohol awareness
 - Determine what is currently offered
 - Development of a systems level 3-5 year strategic plan specific to alcohol and other drug education and prevention programming (including measurable goals and objectives)
Campus Security / _PHONE_


Pore-Scale Modelling of Fluid-Rock Chemical Interactions in Shale during Hydraulic Fracturing
Hossein Fazeli, Veerle Vandeginste, Arash Rabbani, Masoud Babaei
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
During the hydraulic fracturing process in unconventional shale gas reservoirs, chemical interactions between the hydraulic fracturing fluid (HFF) and the shale rock could result in mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions, potentially influencing the gas transport by dissolving or clogging the fractures. The pore-scale distribution of the minerals, especially the highly reactive ones such as calcite, in the shale matrix can impact the structural evolution of the shale rocks. In the present study, a pore-scale reactive transport model is built to investigate the impact of the pore-scale distribution of calcite on the structural alteration of the shales. The alteration of the shales is caused by the barite precipitation, and the dissolution of calcite and pyrite. The simulation results show that the calcite dissolution leads to a permeability enhancement. The permeability enhancement for the shales with coarser calcite grains is more pronounced than that for the shales with finer grains of calcite. The results also indicate that the extent of the permeability enhancement is even more noticeable if the HFF is injected with a higher velocity. The fluid chemistry analysis indicates that the fluid pH for the shale with the fine grains of calcite is higher than that of the shale with the coarse calcite grains and that the injection of the HFF with a higher flowrate leads to the lower pH values. The calcite dissolution observed in the simulations mainly occurs near the inlet. For the shale with the finer calcite grains, barite precipitation also occurs mostly close to the inlet but for the shale with coarser calcite grains, barite precipitation extends more into the domain. This penetration depth increases when the HFF is injected with a higher velocity. In addition to the effect of the calcite distribution, we also used the pore-scale model to study the effect of the calcite content on the structural evolution of the shales. The results from these simulations showed that a higher calcite content can result in higher pH values, higher permeabilities, and also more barite precipitation in the domain.
Original languageEnglish
JournalEnergy & Fuels
Publication statusAccepted/In press - 3 Jun 2021
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On 22 April, Sixth Form students gathered in the Vanbrugh Theatre to hear testimony from Holocaust survivor, John Dobai.
John, who was born in Budapest in 1934, joined us virtually as part of a visit organised by the Holocaust Educational Trust (HET) as part of their extensive Outreach Programme, which is made available to school across the UK.
The testimony was followed by a question and answer session to enable students to better understand the nature of the Holocaust, and to explore its lessons in more depth.
Head of Enrichment, Mr Bircham, arranged the visit for the Sixth Formers.
He said: "It was a privilege for us to welcome John Dobai virtually into school today. His testimony will remain a powerful reminder of the horrors that so many experienced.
"We are grateful to the Holocaust Educational Trust for co-ordinating the visit and we hope that by hearing John's testimony, it will encourage our students to learn from the lessons of the Holocaust and make a positive difference in their own lives."
Karen Pollock MBE, Chief Executive of the Holocaust Educational Trust added:
"The Holocaust Educational Trust educates and engages students across the UK, from all communities about the Holocaust and there can be no better way than through the first-hand testimony of a survivor. John's story is one of tremendous courage during horrific circumstances and by hearing his testimony, students heard where prejudice and racism can ultimately lead.
"At the Trust, we impart the history of the Holocaust to young people, to ensure that we honour the memory of those whose lives were lost and take forward the lessons taught by those who survived."


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Tczew (chĕf) [key], Ger. Dirschau, town (1992 est. pop. 60,000), Pomorskie prov., N Poland, a port on the Vistula River. It is a rail junction, with railroad workshops and shipyards located there. Chartered in 1260, Tczew became part of Poland in the late 13th cent. but was held by the Teutonic Knights from 1308 until 1466, when it reverted to Poland. It passed to Russia in 1772 and was not reincorporated into Poland until 1919.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Polish Political Geography


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In this paper, we consider the problem of detection of changes and degree estimation of these changes in a dynamically changing binary image. The authors introduce the numerical characteristic degree of change areas in dynamically changing binary images based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient. To calculate this characteristic, the authors developed an original architecture of a twodimensional cellular automaton with the diffusion dynamics. We establish that cellular automaton configurations converge to a stationary configuration. The stationary configuration of a cellular automaton defines the desired characteristics for each area in dynamically changing binary images. The result can be presented as a grayscale image, which greatly facilitates the visual analysis of the dynamics of changes in binary images. The suggested approach can be used to detect and numerically estimate changes in the case when a number of brightness gradation comprises more than two values.
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Kashkin, V.B. and Sukhinin, A.I., Distantsionnoe zondirovanie Zemli iz kosmosa. Tsifrovaya obrabotka izobrazhenii (Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space. Digital Image Processing), Moscow: Logos, 2001.
Preston, K.J., Duff, M.J.B., Levialdi, S., Norgren, P.E., and Toriwaki, J., Basics on cellular logic with some applications in medical image processing, Proc. IEEE, 1979, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 826–857.
Preston, K. and Duff, M., Modern Cellular Automata. Theory and Applications, Plenum Press, 1984.
Rosin, P.L., Training cellular automata for image processing, Image Anal., Lect. Notes Comput. Sci, 2005, vol. 3540, pp. 195–204.
Toffoli, T. and Margolus, N., Cellular Automata Machines, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987.
Weickert, J., Theoretical Foundations of Anisotropic Diffusion in Image Processing, Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1998.
Borisenko, G.V. and Denisov, A.M., Nonlinear source in diffusion filtering methods for image processing, Comput. Math. Math. Phys., 2007, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1631–1635.
Bandman, O.L., Cellular automata models of spatial dynamics, in Sistemnaya informatika (System Informatics), Novosibirsk, 2006, vol. 10, pp. 59–113.
Korotkin, A.A. and Majorov, V.V., A neural network with diffusive interaction between elements for selecting changes in a dynamic image, Comput. Math. Math. Phys., 2000, vol. 40, pp. 287–292.
Marmanis, H. and Babenko, D., Algorithms of the Intelligent Web. Manning Publications Co., 2009.
Kaneko, K., Theory and Application of Coupled Map Lattices, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1993.
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Original Russian Text © A.A. Korotkin, A.A. Maksimov, 2014, published in Modelirovanie i Analiz Informatsionnykh Sistem, 2014, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 64–74.
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Korotkin, A.A., Maksimov, A.A. Cellular-local algorithm for localizing and estimating of changes in binary images. Aut. Control Comp. Sci. 50, 453–459 (2016). _URL_
- image comparison
- cellular automaton


Is violence against virtual animals an ethical issue?
Players can kill, hunt or hurt animals in popular games ranging from Animal Crossing to Grand Theft Auto. The rise of this (increasingly realistic) trend in games, along with people's tendency to go along with it, raises important questions.
Is violence against virtual animals an ethical issue? Image via Shutterstock.
The Conversation
Tuesday 20 October, 2020
Violence against humans in video games has long been contentious – underpinned by the never-ending debate over whether on-screen violence begets the real thing. But violence against animals in video games has attracted considerably less attention.
'I kill humans in games all the time. Why would I care about animals?'
In a recently published paper, we argue there is good reason to think violence against animals in video games is problematic – perhaps even more so than in-game violence against humans. We think game violence against animals is more likely to promote disrespect for their living counterparts.
The jury is out
In 2005, Australia banned a first-person shooter game called Postal 2, in which players could mutilate and desecrate (virtual) human bodies. Australia has controversially banned several games available in other countries because of depictions of violence and other potentially objectionable themes.
Players evidently have varying views on harming virtual animals. Some express concern or remorse — one gamer wrote on a forum: 'It's weird how bad I feel about killing animals in the game … I will actively try and shoot guys off horses instead of just shooting the horses.'
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) – itself a somewhat troubled organisation – has criticised games it says 'promote hurting and killing' animals. Examples include whale-hunting in Assassin's Creed, and fishing and catching bugs in Animal Crossing: New Horizons.
Other players have no such qualms, however, with one writing: 'I kill humans in games all the time. Why would I care about animals?'
Many share this view. Video game 'amoralists' say abusing animals (or humans) in video games can't be wrong, as the 'victims' are virtual and no living being is hurt.
It's not clear exactly why players feel so differently about in-game violence. Attitudes towards in-game violence may be shaped by personal views, social mores, gaming culture and also the amount someone plays violent games.
If video games can promote particular ethical messages, could certain games encourage disrespect for living things?
First-person shooters, such as Call of Duty, have been around for more than 45 years now. They're some of the most popular video games today. CC BY-NC-SA
A moral dilemma in plain sight
Social scientists have long debated whether violent video games cause antisocial attitudes towards other people. Some think they might, but conclusive evidence for a causal link is lacking. The moral issue of violence against animals in video games has received much less philosophical attention.
Both animals and humans are often portrayed as objects to kill and harm for fun in gaming. However, animals are presented in even more disposable ways. They are often mere tools for players to kill to complete quests, or to gain materials and trophies.
This is true even for games in which players are encouraged to reflect morally on their in-game actions. In Dragon Age: Inquisition, the game's characters will approve or disapprove of a wide variety of player actions. But harming non-aggressive wild animals is not one of the things that prompts a moral reaction.
While societal respect for animals is growing (albeit slowly), animals today are routinely treated very badly. We confine them to factory farms, put them on live export ships where many suffer (and even die) and 'humanely' kill unwanted companion animals.
Many of us ignore these realities. Morally speaking, animals are relatively invisible to society – whereas other humans generally are not. In this context, depicting animals as disposable commodities in video games could reinforce disrespect towards them, at least for many players.
Some games may help normalise the mistreatment and moral invisibility of animals.
Examining our prejudices
So if video games can, in fact, reinforce disrespect for animals, does this mean we should ban or boycott them? We don't advocate that. However, it would be useful for scientists to investigate whether video games do help or hinder social respect for animals.
Game designers may also consider depicting animals in ways that encourage (or at least don't inadvertently discourage) respecting them. Some already do this. In Red Dead Redemption II, killing your horse leads to the same loss of 'honour' points as killing an innocent person.
In the Red Dead game series, 'honour' is a system that measures the social acceptability of the main character in his world. Specific in-game actions are considered honourable or dishonourable. ekkun on Flickr, CC BY-NC
Finally, players themselves could choose to become more aware of how animals are portrayed in the various games they spend hours of their lives absorbed in.
Given the enormous popularity and ongoing transformation of video games, there is an opportunity here for all of us to reassess our often unjust treatment of animals.
Simon Coghlan, Senior Research Fellow in Digital Ethics, Centre for AI and Digital Ethics, School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne and Lucy Sparrow, PhD Candidate in Human-Computer Interaction, University of Melbourne
The Conversation
About the author


Dev
How to use factory-based middleware activation in ASP.NET Core
When building an ASP.NET Core application, you can draw on various middleware components to inspect, route, or modify the request and response messages that flow through the pipeline. You can also write your own custom middleware in ASP.NET Core.
Usually, you have a chain of middleware components in the application pipeline in ASP.NET Core. In this article, we'll examine middleware in ASP.NET Core and how we can work with the convention-based and factory-based approaches.
To use the code examples provided in this article, you should have Visual Studio 2022 installed in your system. If you don't already have a copy, you can download Visual Studio 2022 here.
Create an ASP.NET Core 7 Web API project in Visual Studio 2022
First off, let's create an ASP.NET Core 7 project in Visual Studio 2022. Follow these steps:
 1. Launch the Visual Studio 2022 IDE.
 2. Click on "Create new project."
 3. In the "Create new project" window, select "ASP.NET Core Web API" from the list of templates displayed.
 4. Click Next.
 5. In the "Configure your new project" window, specify the name and location for the new project.
 6. Optionally check the "Place solution and project in the same directory" check box, depending on your preferences.
 7. Click Next.
 8. In the "Additional Information" window shown next, leave the "Use controllers (uncheck to use minimal APIs)" box checked. We won't be using minimal APIs in this project. Leave the "Authentication Type" set to "None" (the default).
 9. Ensure that the check boxes "Enable Open API Support," "Configure for HTTPS," and "Enable Docker" remain unchecked as we won't be using those features here.
 10. Click Create.
We'll use this ASP.NET Core 7 Web API project to work with factory-based middleware activation in the sections below.
Understanding middleware in ASP.NET Core
Middleware are the software components that comprise the request/response processing pipeline in ASP.NET Core. Incoming requests flow through each middleware component in the pipeline, and each of those components can either process the request or forward it to the next component in the pipeline.
There are lots of things middleware can do, including authentication, authorization, logging, exception handling, routing, caching, and response compression. You can modularize the functionality of your application into individual components and add, remove, or rearrange middleware to tailor the request and response processing pipeline to your application.
Traditionally, you had to configure your middleware components using the UseMiddleware extension method in the Startup class or the Program.cs file when using a newer version of ASP.NET Core. In contrast, factory-based middleware activation lets you define and configure middleware components using factories, which provide greater flexibility in activation.
Note that if you don't write your custom middleware factory class, the default middleware factory will be used. In ASP.NET Core, you can activate your middleware in two different ways: convention-based middleware activation and factory-based middleware activation. Let's now examine both approaches.
Convention-based middleware in ASP.NET Core
Convention-based middleware activation in ASP.NET Core is a feature that allows you to automatically apply middleware to the request/response pipeline based on predefined conventions, rather than explicitly configuring each middleware component. The following code listing illustrates how you can create a convention-based middleware component.
public class ConventionalMiddleware
 {
 private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
 public ConventionalMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
 => _next = next;
 public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
 {
 Trace.WriteLine("Inside the Conventional Middleware.");
 await _next(context);
 }
 }
You can add this middleware to the request processing pipeline usng the following piece of code in the Program.cs file.
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseMiddleware<ConventionalMiddleware>();
app.Run();
Factory-based middleware in ASP.NET Core
Factory-based middleware activation in ASP.NET Core provides a more flexible and dynamic way to configure and activate middleware components. With factory-based middleware activation, you can customize the middleware instantiation process based on your application's needs.
Factory-based middleware allows you to inject dependencies having a scoped lifetime using the constructor of the your middleware class—a feature not supported by convention-based middleware. A scoped lifetime means that the service is created once per client request, and disposed at the end of the request.
Factory-based middleware has the following advantages over traditional-style or convention-based middleware:
 - While convention-based middleware is created once when starting the ASP.NET Core application, factory-based middleware is created with each request.
 - Because factory-based middleware provides per-request activation support, you can inject scoped services into the middleware's constructor.
 - Factory-based middleware promotes strong typing of the middleware type.
To use factory-based middleware activation, you should follow the four steps outlined below.
 1. Create a class that represents your middleware component and implements the IMiddleware interface.
 2. Implement the InvokeAsync method in your middleware that defines the logic for the middleware.
 3. Add the middleware to the DI container using the AddSingleton or AddScoped method.
 4. Configure the middleware pipeline by using the UseMiddleware extension method and specifying the type of your middleware component.
The following code listing illustrates how you can write a factory-based middleware component.
 public class FactoryActivatedMiddleware : IMiddleware
 {
 public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context,
 RequestDelegate next)
 {
 Trace.WriteLine("Inside the Factory Activated Middleware.");
 await next.Invoke(context);
 }
 }
You should register the middleware in the services container using the following piece of code.
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddTransient<FactoryActivatedMiddleware>();
You can now add this middleware much the same way we added middleware in the convention-based middleware example.
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseMiddleware<FactoryActivatedMiddleware>();
app.Run();
Each call to the UseMiddleware extension method checks whether or not the middleware implementation in question conforms to the IMiddleware interface. If this condition is met, the instance of IMiddlewareFactory registered in the service container is used to resolve the IMiddleware interface implementation instead of the convention-based middleware implementation. This middleware is registered as a transient or scoped service within the services container.
The IMiddlewareFactory interface defines two methods, namely the Create(Type) and Release(IMiddleware) methods. While the Create(Type) method is used to create a middleware instance for each request, the Release(IMiddleware) method releases an IMiddleware instance at the end of a request. The default implementation of the IMiddlewareFactory is available in the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.MiddlewareFactory class.
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text:
Chocolate Makes Snails Smarter
Posted on October 01, 2012 at 02:01:32 pm
Despite his misgivings, Lukowiak and Fruson decided to concentrate on a group of compounds -- the flavonoids -- found in a wide range of'superfoods' including chocolate and green tea, focusing on one particular flavonoid, epicatechin (epi). However, figuring out how a single component of chocolate might improve human memory is almost impossible -- too many external factors influence memory formation -- so Lukowiak turned to his favourite animal, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, to find out whether the dark chocolate flavonoid could improve their memories.
They recently published their discovery that epi improves the length and strength of snail memories in The Journal of Experimental Biology.
-ADVERTISEMENT-According to Lukowiak, the molluscs can be trained to remember a simple activity: to keep their breathing tubes (pneumostomes) closed when immersed in deoxygenated water. He explains that pond snails usually breathe through their skins, but when oxygen levels fall, they extend the breathing tube above the surface to supplement the oxygen supply. However, the snails can be trained to remember to keep the breathing tube closed in deoxygenated water by gently tapping it when they try to open it, and the strength of the memory depends on the training regime.
First, Fruson identified an epi concentration -- 15 mg m1 pond water -- that didn't affect the snails' behaviour; 'We have to be sure that we're not looking at wired animals', chuckles Lukowiak. Then, the duo tested the molluscs' memories. Explaining that a half-hour training session in deoxygenated water allows the snails to form intermediate-term memories (lasting less than 3 h) but not long-term memories (lasting 24 h or more), Fruson and Lukowiak wondered whether epi would improve the snail's memories, allowing them to form long-term memories after shorter memory training. Amazingly, when Fruson plunged the molluscs into deoxygenated water to tested their memories a day later, they remembered to keep their breathing tubes closed. And when the duo provided the snails with two training sessions, the animals were able to remember to keep their breathing tubes shut more than 3 days later. Epi had boosted the molluscs' memories and extended the duration, but how strong were the epi-memories?
Lukowiak explains that memories can be overwritten by another memory in a process called extinction. However, the original memory is not forgotten and if the additional memory is stored weakly, it can be lost and the original memory restored. So, Fruson and Lukowiak decided to find out how strong the epi-boosted memory was by trying to extinguish it. Having trained the snails, the duo then tried to replace it with a memory where the snails could open their breathing tubes. However, instead of learning the new memory, the epi-trained snails stubbornly kept their breathing tubes shut. The epi-memory was too strong to be extinguished.
The duo also found that instead of requiring a sensory organ to consolidate the snails' memories -- like their memories of predators triggered by smell -- epi directly affects the neurons that store the memory. So, Lukowiak is keen to look directly at the effect that epi has on memory neurons and adds that the cognitive effects of half a bar of dark chocolate could even help your grades: good news for chocoholics the world over.


text:
Aux or Auxiliary heat is the backup heat that turns on to help the compressor for first stage maintain your temperature setting. During this time both your Auxiliary heat and your compressor may be on at the same time. When the thermostat is in Emergency heat the compressor does not run, only the Emergency heat runs. It is common that the Emergency heat and auxiliary or backup heat is the same source of heat (electric heat strips or fossil fuel).
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text:
Clue: Kind of answer
We have 1 answer for the clue Kind of answer. See the results below.
- Like some questions
- Kind of question
- Having no gray area
- Offering a stark choice
- Simple kind of question
- Type of question often asked in court
- Type of question
- Question variety
- Like "20 Questions" questions
- Type of question with two answers
Last Seen In:
- New York Times - September 16, 1997
Found an answer for the clue Kind of answer that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!


text:
Seed Treatment Options For Onion Products
»Seed treatments and enhancements can improve stand establishment, survival, and quality and appearance of onions.
»Seed enhancements include seed priming and seed coating procedures.
»Seed treatment insecticides and fungicides can protect yield potential from losses to onion pests and diseases.
Onion seed can be treated in several ways prior to planting to improve the quality and yield potential of the resulting crop. The term "seed treatment" typically refers to the application of insecticides and/or fungicides to the seed to help protect the seeds and young seedlings from insect pests and fungal pathogens. On the other hand, the term "seed enhancement" usually refers to other processes, such as seed coatings or pelleting, seed priming, or post-priming procedures that are intended to improve the handling and planting of seed, reduce the time to termination, or increase uniformity of seedling emergence. Seminis sells onion seeds for different markets and growers can purchase seed with seed enhancements or seed treatments or both. Non-treated onion seed is also available.
The first step in germination is the imbibition of water by the seed. This imbibition of water starts the physiological processes that allow the seed to break dormancy and germinate. One way to speed the process of germination after planting is by priming the seed before planting. Seed priming is defined as "pretreatment of seeds by various methods in order to improve seed germination rate, percentage germination, and improve uniformity of seedling emergence by controlling the water available in the seed."1
Typically seeds are soaked in a water solution to start the germination process, but then they are dried before they actually sprout. Once planted, primed seed emerge more quickly and more uniformly than non-primed seed. However, priming usually shortens the shelf-life of the seed, so seed should be planted within six to twelve months of priming.
During the priming process, proteins and sugars that protect seed from damage during dormancy are broken down, as they would no longer be needed if the seed were to continue to germinate. When seed are dried before sprouting, they no longer contain most of these protective proteins and sugars. Post-priming enhancement is a process initiated after priming but before re-drying. It is intended to promote the reforming of these proteins and sugars to help protect the seed after priming. Because onion seed are fairly small and irregularly shaped, they can be difficult to plant mechanically. The application of seed coatings can improve handling and planting by making the seed more uniform and spherical. Coatings can also help applied seed treatment products remain on the seed.
There are three basic types of seed coatings (Figure 1). Film-coats are very thin and do not change the shape, size, or weight of the seed, and they can help reduce water loss.2 Encrustments are somewhat thicker, making the seed more uniform in shape, more spherical, and slightly heavier.
Encrusted seed are easier to plant than non-coated seed when using a vacuum seeder. Pelleted seed have the thickest coatings, are more uniform in size and shape, and are heavier. Pelleted seed are easier to handle and plant in operations using beltor vacuum-seeders. Growers can choose to have a seed treatment applied, and Seminis offers a three coating types for onion with and without seed treatment.
Encrustments and pellets have the added advantage of being able to physically separate seed treatment products from the seed. It has been shown that some insecticides can be phytotoxic, and may result in lower viability and germination if applied directly to the seed. The added layer of material between the seed and product can reduce this problem.
Seed treatment products are applied to the seed to protect seeds and seedlings from insect pests and seed/soilborne pathogens. Seed treatment products are usually applied at very low rates directly to the seed, and they are very cost effective with minimal environmental impact.
Onions planted in the muck soils of the eastern United States and Canada tend to have more problems with soilborne diseases and insects than do onions planted in the more mineral soils of the western states because the conditions for survival and infection are more favorable in these eastern locations. As a result, different seed treatment products are typically used in different planting areas.
The cool wet conditions in the eastern U.S. and Canada promote the development of damping-off diseases caused by pathogens such as species of Pythium, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia. These pathogens reside in the soil and attack seeds and seedlings, both before and after emergence. Seed rots can also result from fungi, such as Aspergillus, Botrytis, and Penicillium species, which are on or in the seed prior to planting, and these fungi colonize and rot the seed when moisture becomes available. Both seed rots and damping-off result in poor stand establishment and reductions in yield.
In the drier growing regions of the western U.S., damping-off and seedling blight caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani tend to be the biggest problems, although, the seed rot and other damping-off pathogens can cause disease under certain circumstances in these areas as well.3
Onion maggot and seedcorn maggot are both insects that feed on and damage onion plants. The insects overwinter as pupae in the soil. Adults emerge in the spring and lay eggs in the soil near onion plants. Larvae burrow into the basal plate of the plant and begin to feed on bulb tissue. Damaged seedlings wilt and can eventually die. Two more generations of the onion maggot insect develop during the season. Seed treatments can protect seedlings from feeding by the first generation larvae, and this can reduce the number of subsequent generations that develop in the field.5
In eastern areas of the U.S., where disease and insect pressures are high, treatment with FarMore® FI500 can be useful. FarMore® FI500 contains the same mix of fungicides found in FarMore® 300 plus the insecticides Regard® and Cruiser®. These insecticides are especially helpful in areas where the insects have developed resistance to previously used insecticides. Cruiser®, in particular, is useful because it can systemically control additional pests, such as aphids, onion thrips, and wireworms. Please note that this seed treatment combination is currently only available in the U.S. and cannot be sold to growers and customers in Canada.
1 National Agricultural Thesaurus and Glossary. _URL_
2 Taylor, A. G., Hoepting, C. A., Nault, B. A., Lorbeer, J. W., and. McDonald, M. R. 2008. Onion seed treatment and coating technologies. Acta Hortic. 782, 129-134.
3 du Toit. L., Holms, B., Twomey, M., Gatch E. 2008. Evaluation of seed treatments for soilborne damping-off pathogens and seedborne fungi of onion. PDMR 3:ST021.
4 Delahaut, K. and Stenenson, W. 2004. Onion disorder: Smut. A3796. University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension.
5 Smith, E. and Nault, B. 2014.Onion maggot Delia antique. Cornell University, NYS IPM Fact sheets for vegetables.
For additional agronomic information, please contact your local seed representative. Developed in partnership with Technology, Development & Agronomy by Monsanto.
Individual results may vary, and performance may vary from location to location and from year to year. The information provided in this communication may not be an indicator of results you may obtain as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. The recommendations in this article are based upon information obtained from the cited sources and should be used as a quick reference for information about growing onions. The content of this article should not be substituted for the professional opinion of a producer, grower, agronomist, pathologist and similar professional dealing with this specific crop.
SEMINIS DOES NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OF ANY INFORMATION OR TECHNICAL ADVICE PROVIDED HEREIN AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY CLAIM INVOLVING SUCH INFORMATION OR ADVICE. 160329062906 042116DME


text:
Poetry Guide: Habbie Stanza
The habbie stanza (or hobbie stanza) is a popular stanza among Scottish poets.
The first notable poem written in this stanza was the "Lament for Habbie Simpson" by Robert Sempill of Beltrees. The stanza was used frequently by major 18th century Lowland Scots poets such as Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns, and has also been used by subsequent poets. Major poems in the stanza include Burns's To a Louse, Address to the Deil and Death and Doctor Hornbook. The stanza is six lines long and rhymes aaabab, with tetrameter a lines and dimeter b lines. The second b line may or may not be repeated.
Although the "Lament for Habbie" itself is strictly lyrical, subsequent uses have tended to be comic and satirical. The stanza is naturally suited to comic rhymes, as the quoted passage from Burns shows:
- O THOU! whatever title suit thee—
- Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie,
- Wha in yon cavern grim an' sootie,
- Clos'd under hatches,
- Spairges about the brunstane cootie,
- To scaud poor wretches!
- Hear me, auld Hangie, for a wee,
- An' let poor damned bodies be;
- I'm sure sma' pleasure it can gie,
- Ev'n to a deil,
- To skelp an' scaud poor dogs like me,
- An' hear us squeel!
- --"Address to the Deil"


back to article Accessing DB2 UDB with PHP (Part 2)
This topic is closed for new posts.
PHP Advantages over JDBC
PHP has advantages over JDBC in accessing a database.
1. PHP is designed for web applications. A datasource does not have to be configured with a database in an application server.
2. PHP is relatively simpler than JDBC.
3. PHP web applications are faster to develop than a J2EE application.
4. PHP has higher performance than JDBC.
For further reference:
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5,6,7,8 \rbrace$$.
However, in our experiment, when we get a one, we throw the dice again, and we can obtain again a number between $$1$$ and $$8$$.
The smallest result that we can obtain is $$2$$ (if we get a $$1$$ the first time, and another $$1$$ the second time), and the biggest result is $$9$$ if we get a $$1$$ the first time, and $$8$$ the second time). Therefore, our sample space is $$\Omega=\lbrace 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 \rbrace $$.
Note that "$$1$$" is not an elementary event of our experiment, since we will never be able to obtain one as result by adding two throws together.
We cannot obtain a result less than $$2$$, so that $$A=\emptyset$$. That is, $$A$$ is an impossible event.
The events that satisfy $$B$$ are $$5$$ and $$6$$ since if we get any of those, the event is satisfied. Therefore, $$B=\lbrace 5,6 \rbrace$$.
To calculate $$C$$, we have to look at which are the multiples of three of our sample space. In our case, we have $$3,6,9$$. Therefore, $$C=\lbrace 3,6,9 \rbrace$$.


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Sensory accountability – data beyond the symbolic sandbox
Dietmar Offenhuber Associate Professor, Northeastern University
The methods of data driven urbanism are bound to the limits of symbolic representation - they can only begin when data already exist. As a result, data remain largely silent about the conditions and controversies around their creation and are disconnected from the phenomena they describe. Especially when discourses around pollution and environmental justice depend on data sets and computational models, they are frequently subject to questions of truthfulness, authority, and hidden biases. Under the notion of sensory accountability, I will discuss emerging visual and evidentiary practices that respond to these questions by identifying, revealing, and presenting physical traces of invisible phenomena - as a data source, but also to make the process of data collection accountable and the resulting models verifiable through the human senses.
The Lectures in Planning Series (LiPS) is an initiative of the Urban Planning program at Columbia University's Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.


%A Ravi Koppolu and Thorsten Schnurbusch %T Developmental pathways for shaping spike inflorescence architecture in barley and wheat %0 Journal Article %D 2019 %J J Integr Plant Biol %R 10.1111/jipb.12771 %P 278-295 %V 61 %N 3 %U {_URL_ %8 2019-03-01 %X Grass species display a wide array of inflorescences ranging from highly branched compound/panicle inflorescences to unbranched spike inflorescences. The unbranched spike is a characteristic feature of the species of tribe Triticeae, including economically important crops, such as wheat and barley. In this review, we describe two important developmental genetic mechanisms regulating spike inflorescence architecture in barley and wheat. These include genetic regulation of (i) row-type pathway specific to Hordeum species and (ii) unbranched spike development in barley and wheat. For a comparative understanding, we describe the branched inflorescence phenotypes of rice and maize along with unbranched Triticeae inflorescences. In the end, we propose a simplified model describing a probable mechanism leading to unbranched spike formation in Triticeae species.


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So let's compare conduct of EPA and the University of North Carolina with the rules for protecting human subjects that have been set since World War II.
EPA/UNC vs. the Nuremberg Code
- Voluntary and Informed Consent. At no time did EPA inform any study subject about how toxic (i.e., death within hours after any exposure, cancer risk) EPA had determined PM2.5 to be. Consent obtained by misrepresentation and/or fraud is not consent.
- Beneficial and necessary. EPA was already regulating PM2.5 for its lethality when these experiments were conducted. Given the EPA-determined risk and the fact of already existing regulation, it's hard to see how these small experiments with extremely high exposures in highly selective subpopulations would further any regulatory efforts.
- Anticipated Results Justify Experimentation. Did EPA hope to kill or otherwise harm study subjects to validate its extant regulation?
- Avoid Unnecessary Harm. At least one study subject (i.e., the Case Report) was harmed by the EPA experimentation, according to EPA researchers. However, the lives of all study subjects were endangered by the EPA. The harm and risk were unnecessary as EPA had already determined and regulated on the basis that PM2.5 is ultrahazardous.
- No Dangerous Experimentation. PM2.5can kill within hours of exposure, according to the EPA. Enough said.
- Proportional Risk. The experiments solved no problem. EPA risked lives for no purpose.
- Scientist Obligation to Terminate Experimentation. Though the EPA had already determined that PM2.5 exposure was deadly and even after the woman in the Case Report was injured by PM2.5, the EPA continued with the experiments.
EPA/UNC vs. The Common Rule
- Risk must be minimized. The risk of death was present for all study subjects, more so considering many of the study subjects were unhealthy (e.g., metabolic syndrome, asthmatic, elderly and combinations thereof). Even though any exposure to PM2.5 could result in death within hours of exposure, the EPA tested levels of PM2.5 reaching 20 times greater than its own regulatory standards.
- Risks must not be unnecessary. See discussion in Nuremberg Code analysis, above.
- Risks must be reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The human study subjects received no benefits (Note: the subjects' wage of $12 per hour doesn't count as a benefit).
- Informed Consent Requirement.See discussion in Nuremberg Code analysis, above.
- IRB duty to terminate. The UNC IRB failed to terminate the experiments despite the occurrence of the event described in the Case Report. Seventeen more experiments were conducted even though the EPA and IRB knew that cardiac arrhythmias (requiring emergency medical attention) could result from the experiments.
- Minimal risk exceeded. The PM2.5 exposures exceeded minimal risk because: (1) they could cause quick death and (2) they exceeded those that the study subjects would normally have been exposed to in their everyday lives.
EPA/UNC vs. EPA Order 1000.17
- Risk of Substantial Injury. Given the EPA-determined ultrahazardous nature of PM2.5, there was a presumption under EPA Order 1000.17 that the experiment would not be approved without "strongly persuasive additional justification." EPA has so far produced no evidence to show this was done — or that any other part of EPA Order 1000.17 was satisfied.
- Minimal risk. As described above for the Common Rule, these experiments exceeded minimal risk as the experimental PM2.5 exposures greatly exceeded what Chapel Hill, NC-area residents would normally inhale. EPA's failure to protect human subjects from anything more than minimal risk equates to "material non-compliance" of the Common Rule and EPA Order 1000.17.
EPA/UNC vs. North Carolina state laws.
- Battery. The EPA researchers failed to lawfully obtain informed consent from the study subjects before exposing them to a highly lethal/toxic substance.
- Negligence. The EPA researchers failed to disclose the risks of PM2.5 to the study subjects. All study subjects there by unknowingly put their lives in jeopardy. One study subject was, in fact, injured by the experiments according to EPA.
- Fraud. Subject participation was obtained through fraud — i.e., the EPA researchers knowingly omitted the dangers of PM2.5 from the consent forms.
- N.C. Gen. Stat. §90-21.13. The EPA researchers failed to obtain informed consent from the study subjects before undertaking the experiment.
The bottom line is that the EPA and UNC violated every significant provision of every rule set since World War II designed to protect human study subjects. The question now is, can EPA and UNC get away with it?
What have courts said about EPA and human testing?
- In Environmental Defense Fund v. EPA [510 F.2d 1292 (D.C. Circuit, 1975)], a case involving whether certain pesticides were carcinogenic to humans, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit noted that it was appropriate to extrapolate the results of animal testing because:
[T]he ethical problems of conducting cancer experiments on human beings are too obvious to require discussion.
- In Ethyl Corporation v. Environmental Protection Agency [541 F.2d 1. Certiorari Denied June 14, 1976.See 96 S.Ct. 2662, 2663], a case involving the toxicity of leaded gasoline, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit noted:
[S]ignificant exposure to lead is toxic, so that considerations of decency and morality limit the flexibility of experiments on humans that would otherwise accelerate lead exposure from years to months, and measure those results.
As "toxic" as the Court and EPA may have considered lead to be, that level of toxicity pales in comparison to the EPA-claimed toxicity of PM2.5 — as no one has ever contended that ambient levels of lead in the air could cause death in the hours following exposure. Yet the EPA does just that.
- In Glastetter v. Novartis [252 F.3d 986 (2001), at 992], a medical products liability case involving the medication Parlodel, the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals noted,
[Scientists] cannot perform controlled experiments because it would be unconscionable to induce strokes in postpartum women simply to advance the medical community's understanding of Parlodel.
In the 41 human experiments conducted by EPA researchers — experiments in which study subjects risked their lives and health — the EPA conducted them merely to increase, by a small increment, the EPA's understanding of PM2.5. The EPA's experiments provided no chance of health benefits to the human study subjects and, in fact, only involved risk of serious harm — thereby violating, at the very least, a basic ethical principle of acceptable human experimentation.


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Possible Duplicate:
"Nikki's and Alice's X" vs. "Nikki and Alice's X"
(writers' and teachers' wages) or (writers and teachers' wages)
writers and teachers are both plural
When you have multiple nouns, and all those nouns own the same thing, do you put the apostrophe showing possesion in all the nouns or just the last noun?
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marked as duplicate by coleopterist, MετάEd, jwpat7, Cameron, Jasper Loy Oct 16 '12 at 6:31
This question can be improved by citing reference works you have already consulted to try to answer your own question before asking here. Let us know why you feel the results were inadequate. – MετάEd Oct 16 '12 at 3:28
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
According to The Grammar Bible by Michael Strumpf (page 29), in a section on "Possessive Case":
Sometimes possession is shared by several nouns. In these cases, just make the last word in the series possessive.
 - America and Canada's timber resources are dwindling
 - Thomas and French's discovery shocked the world.
 - Leslie and Eric's lasagna is to die for.
These sentences all contain nouns that show joint ownership. In the first sentence, the resources belong to America and Canada. In the second sentence, the discovery belongs to both Thomas and French. In the third sentence, the lasagna belongs to both Eric and Leslie.
To show individual ownership, apply the possessive sign to each item in the series.
 - America's and Canada's timber resources are dwindling
 - Thomas's and French's discoveries shocked the world. [Note: I personally would have used Thomas' instead of Thomas's.]
 - Leslie's and Eric's lasagnas are to die for.
In these examples, each noun has individual ownership of resources, of a discovery, or of a lasagna. These things are not shared.
In your example, if you followed the above advice, you would write either: The writers and teachers' wages were stagnant. Or The writers' and teachers' wages were stagnant. It depends on if you consider the ownership of wages joint or individual. I would actually recommend rewording this anyway: The wages of the writers and teachers were stagnant.
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+1 As it is according to common sense as well. – Kris Oct 16 '12 at 5:10
I would definitely include the apostrophes on both, to avoid ambiguity. "Writers and teachers' wages have gone up" could be misinterpreted to mean writers themselves have somehow gone up. Most people would probably be able to intuit your meaning, but it might require a quick second reading (which you never want as a writer).
It follows the same sort of rule as suspended hyphens, as in "He had great shortand long-term memory." The first word should carry some punctuation to show its relationship to what follows.
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 - All visitors should complete a Traveler's Health Surveillance Form within the 24 hours prior to arrival into Tanzania.
 - All travellers, whether foreigners or returning residents will be required to present a negative COVID-19 test certificate upon arrival. The test should be based on Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing using a sample collected within 72 hours prior to arrival to Tanzania.
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⛰ Mount Kilimanjaro Facts
Kilimanjaro sits entirely within the borders of Tanzania, just 3 degrees south of the equator.
What's the closest airport to Kilimanjaro?
The closest airport to Kilimanjaro is Kilimanjaro International Airport, airport code 'JRO'. Confusingly, flight booking sites have recently started referring to JRO as 'Arusha'. But actually, there's another airport in Arusha with airport code 'ARK'.
How high is Kilimanjaro?
The altitude of Kilimanjaro's summit, Uhuru Peak, is 5,895 metres or 19,340 feet.
Does it snow on Kilimanjaro?
Yes, it can snow on Kilimanjaro throughout the year from around 4,600 metres and upwards. But snow is primarily associated with Kilimanjaro during the two wet seasons of April to May and November to early December.
Can a beginner climb Kilimanjaro?
There is nothing to prevent a beginner from climbing Kilimanjaro. You don't need any experience of altitude, or even of trekking. There's nothing technical or vertical along any of the routes, and only a couple of metres of scrambling at just one point on the Umbwe Route.
Why is Kilimanjaro famous?
Kilimanjaro's fame is primarily due to its being the highest mountain in Africa and the largest freestanding mountain the world - rising 5,118 metres from it's base.
Why is there snow on Kilimanjaro?
In spite of being so close to the equator, above 5,000 metres altitude the temperature stays below freezing nearly all the time. Because of this, precipitation - which occurs mainly during April, May, November and December - falls as snow.
Do you need oxygen to climb Kilimanjaro?
No. Oxygen is generally only necessary when ascending mountains about 7,000 metres. It is however recommended to carry supplemental oxygen for use in emergencies and to aid safe descents if a climber has succumbed to severe acute mountain sickness or has symptoms of high altitude pulmonary or cerebral oedema.
How cold is Kilimanjaro at the top?
On 'Uhuru', the peak of Kilimanjaro, it's usually around -6°C / 21°F, but with windchill, the temperature will often drop to around -10°C / 14°F.
What animals live on Kilimanjaro?
Commonly seen are the four-striped grass mouse, harsh furred mouse, climbing mouse, mole rat, blue monkey, colobus monkey, bush pig, bushbaby, small-spotted genet, tree hyrax, buffalo.
There are rare sightings of the olive baboon, civet, leopard, mongoose, serval, aardvark and honey badger.
Birds seen are the lammergeyer, scarlet tufted malachite sunbird, streaky seed eater, white-necked raven, Hartlaub's turaco, speckled mousebird, tropical boubou, silvery cheeked hornbill, montane white-eyes, common stonechat, trogan, Ruppell's robin chat, common bulbul, alpine chat, streaky seed-eater, augur buzzard, and crowned eagle.
What does the name 'Kilimanjaro' mean?
None of the locals are really sure what the name 'Kilimanjaro' actually means, but since the tribe that inhabits its foothills is the Chagga, and since the Chagga word for white is very similar to 'njaro', it's a reasonable guess that an earlier form of the language would have rendered 'white mountain' as kilima njaro.
When was Kilimanjaro first climbed?
No-one knows for certain when Kilimanjaro was first climbed. Many locals believe it was climbed by one of the son's of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba! However, in modern history the first people known to have climbed it were Hans Meyer, Ludwig Purtscheller and their guide Yohani Kinyala Lauwo on 6th October 1889.
Who was the youngest person to summit Kilimanjaro?
The youngest person known to have reached the summit of Kilimanjaro is Bran Rees-Evans who was 5 years 136 days old when he summited at 1345 on 26th November 2012. Exactly two weeks earlier he had just become the youngest person to summit Mount Meru at 4,566 metres altitude.
Who was the fastest person to ascend Kilimanjaro?
So far, all speed ascents have started from one of the park gates, which are generally already around a quarter of the way up Kilimanjaro from its base. However, the fastest ascent of Kilimanjaro from the park boundary to the summit was achieved by Karl Egloff in 4 hours 56 minutes.
Team Kilimanjaro is currently planning the first complete speed ascent of Kilimanjaro from a point reckoned to lie on the perimeter of its base, just outside Himo at 777 metres altitude.
Read more facts about Kilimanjaro 👉
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🎬 Ready to climb?
So if you're ready to climb Kilimanjaro or would like some advice or guidance on how to plan your expedition to the most exciting and hospitable country in Africa, then don't delay! Get in touch with TK today.
Contact Team Kili 👉
Since most summit bids start from high camp at around 2300 - 0100, with exact start time usually depending on the guide's assessment of the group's pace over the preceding few days, most of the approach to the summit happens in darkness.
For some climbers this question is almost irrelevant as they will have to fit their climb into whatever dates they can clear from their busy work or family schedules, though for perhaps the majority, this is probably the first question prospective climbers should ask themselves.
You don't need to climb on these dates shown below. We publish them only for those who wish to climb with others they don't already know. The majority of our clients choose their own dates (at no additional cost), though most request us to open up their climbs for others to join - simply so as to have extra company on the trek.


3 Point Estimate: Triangular Distribution vs Beta Distribution (PERT)
PMP aspirants often come across the 3 Point Estimate when studying for the PMP exam for the first time. There are 2 different formulas for the 3 Point Estimate, and it is generally not clear to most project managers as to which one to use, and when, or why.
I have written about the 3 point estimation technique quite some time back, about the 2 different formulas and how to use them. This article takes it further, to explain some of the basic differences between the two, and make it easy for you to prepare for the PMP exam, as well as apply this useful estimation technique in your projects.
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The Three Point Estimate technique is used to arrive at a better estimate of the time required to complete a particular activity, work package, and can be rolled up to the entire project. Further, this technique can be used for Time as well as Cost also.
Triangular Distribution: (P + O + ML ) / 3
This is like a simple average of the three estimates. When plotted in a chart, it usually results in a sharp peak, thus the name Triangular Distribution.
Beta Distribution (PERT): (P + O + 4ML ) / 6
This is a weighted average. More weight is given to the most likely. If plotted against a chart, this beta distribution will result in an more uniform, bell shaped curve, called a normal distribution. This has been tested in several different industries, across different countries, and over different time periods, but has always turned out to be more accurate than the 3 point estimate. So this method has become the most used and popular method of choice among project managers.
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When do you use PERT and when do you use Triangular Distribution?
However, the Beta Distribution is preferred in cases where we have a lot of historical data, and is more useful for similar type of projects, and experts are providing this based on historical evidence & experience. If we are doing a project for the first time, and there is no previous history of similar projects to fall back on, it may make sense to use the Triangular distribution, as there is no basis to give more weight to a particular estimate. Thus, a Triangular Distribution is more suited for judgemental data estimates. These are most likely not based on a lot of experience or expertise… but are more of a guess-timates.
As with all estimates, the more accurate your estimates, the better the Triangular and Beta Distribution curves, and the better we are able to estimate the project risk and its completion on time and on cost.
For PMP exam, look for subtle clues in the exam question. If they talk about a new project, no experience, or not much reliable data available, then it is best to use Triangular distribution.
And if the team is made of experts, this is a similar to previous projects, we need a more accurate estimate etc. then it is best to go for the Beta Distribution using the PERT formula of weighted average.
Hope this helps in your PMP exam preparation and in your real life projects. Do drop a note in the comment below…
Vinai Prakash
1 thought on "3 Point Estimate: Triangular Distribution vs Beta Distribution (PERT)
 1. I respectfully disagree concerning the accuracy of the PERT estimate vs the Triangular estimate. The PERT "expected value" or mean is usually closer to the most likely value based on the 4x weighting of the most likely value. In my opinion this leads to an understated (optimistic) mean that in practice is almost always LESS than p50. Even the simple mean of the triangular distribution tends to be slightly optimistic usually driven by the asymmetrical (skewed) shape of the distribution. Most estimates using the three point technique set the "worst case" further from the most likely than the best case so you end up with a 10, 20, 40 triangle or something similar. In this example, the PERT EV would be 21.6 and the simple mean 23.3.
 In this case the "Most Likely" value has a probability of 33% The 50% probability comes in around 27.8. so the PERT is more optimistic but both PERT and the simple average are both off the mark. Why? The skewed nature of the distribution.
 The skewed value is an admission that more can go wrong than can go right. The long tail o the right side of the distribution almost screams "lognormal" which I contend would be a better estimator in most cases than the simple triangular distribution or the PERT Beta.
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Getting Started with GigaSpaces in Kubernetes
The topics in this section assume basic knowledge of InsightEdge and the data grid. If you aren't familiar with the data grid (at minimum), review the contents of the general Getting Started section before performing the tasks described here.
This topic describes how to deploy GigaSpaces products in a Kubernetes environment. The integration is packaged as a Helm chart. You can deploy the full InsightEdge Platform, which includes the data grid, using the Helm chart available in the GigaSpaces Helm repository.
Prerequisites
Before beginning to work with the data grid and InsightEdge, ensure that you have the following installed on your local machine or a VM:
This topic describes how to do basic and intermediate-level deployment tasks for the data grid and InsightEdge using simple Helm commands. You can perform these tasks using a Kubernetes minikube, because you only need a single node.
Configuring the data grid for InsightEdge involves the same tasks as configuring the data grid alone. The deployment and maintenance tasks described below use insightedge Helm charts commands. However, you can also perform these tasks using the xap Helm charts commands.
Deploying and Managing a Data Grid
In this topic, you will learn how to do the following:
 - Get the required GigaSpaces Helm charts
 - Start a data grid in Kubernetes
 - Monitor your data grid using Kubernetes tools
 - Delete your data grid
Accessing the GigaSpaces Helm Charts
The Helm package manager is used for installing InsightEdge and XAP in the Kubernetes environment. Helm makes deploying complex applications more portable, supports automatic rollbacks, and is a familiar pattern for developers that is easy to understand. Moreover, since Helm is open source, there are many community charts available with standard configurations for common application services.
Helm supports installing charts in a number of ways. A Helm chart can be used in a variety of formats and locations; packaged, unpackaged, accessed via a remote URL or even in a chart repository. The xap and insightedge Helm charts are published in the GigaSpaces Helm chart repository at _URL_
There are multiple ways to access these charts in order to install a GigaSpaces product in Kubernetes:
 - Install a chart directly from the repo
 - Add the GigaSpaces Helm chart repo to the Helm repo list
 - Unpack the required Helm chart(s) in a local folder
Adding a Helm Repo to the Repo List
You can point to the GigaSpaces Helm repo, so that Helm can locate the xap and insightedge charts for installation:
helm repo add gigaspaces _URL_
After adding the GigaSpaces Helm repo, you can install the required chart(s) by referencing the chart name and product package version. For example, to install InsightEdge, use the following command:
helm install gigaspaces/insightedge --version=14.5.0 --name demo
Fetching the GigaSpaces Helm Charts from the GigaSpaces Repository
Another option is to fetch the GigaSpaces Helm charts that you need and unpack them locally, so you don't have to repeat the repo name and package version in each command (which has the added benefit of making the commands shorter). For example, if you fetch and unpack the Helm chart using the following command:
helm fetch gigaspaces/insightedge --version=14.5 --untar
You must fetch every chart that you will be using (for example: xap, xap-pu and xap-manager) in your GigaSpaces application environment.
The chart is unpacked in a local folder called insightedge, and then you can install the demo by typing:
helm install insightedge --name demo
All of the commands in the examples below assume that the Helm chart was fetched and stored in a local folder, but you can modify the commands to accomodate the other Helm install options (remote location, repo reference, etc.).
Starting a Data Grid in Kubernetes
In the directory where you unpacked the Helm chart(s), run the following Helm command in the command window to start a data grid in Kubernetes. This deploys a Kubernetes cluster called hello, which contains a data grid comprised of one Space in a Data Pod, and one Platform Manager called hello-xap-manager in a Management Pod. The Platform Manager manages the Space, the Manager service, and the headless service. There are no backup instances specified.
To start a data grid:
helm install xap --name hello
To start an InsightEdge data grid:
helm install insightedge --name hello
The rest of the data grid tasks described below use command examples from the insightedge Helm chart. However, you can also perform these tasks using the xap Helm chart.
Monitoring the Data Grid in Kubernetes
You can monitor the hello cluster you deployed using any of the following administration tools.
 - Helm: Run the following command to print the status of the "hello' release in the command window.
helm status hello
 - Kubernetes dashboard: run the following command to open a dashboard in your browser, where you can see all the Pods and services by clicking the various tabs. For example, if you're using minikube:
minikube dashboard
 - Kubectl: run the following command to print the name, description, and status of the Pods in the command window. A list of events is also printed, which can be used for troubleshooting purposes. For example, if you detected a problem in one of the Pods, you can see the Pod termination reason and exit code.
kubectl describe pod
Deleting a Data Grid from the Kubernetes Environment
To delete the hello Space cluster, use the following Helm command. It removes the release, but leaves the logs and data so you can inspect them at a future time. This command will remove both the Platform Manager and the Space.
helm del hello
If you want to remove the release and delete all the hello release data from the server, add the --purge option.
helm del --purge hello
Applying a Product License
The Kubernetes installation comes with a 24-hour trial tryme license, to enable users to perform one-click installation and explore the InsightEdge Platform and XAP functionality. However, if you want a longer trial license, you can apply the evaluation license key that you received in the email that was sent to you after you downloaded your InsightEdge or XAP commercial edition from the Download Center. These instructions are also applicable for applying a your official product license after you purchase a GigaSpaces product.
When the data grid starts, it checks for a valid license. You can apply the license by setting the pu.license property. For example, to apply the license for InsightEdge, use the following Helm command:
helm install insightedge --name hello --set pu.license="<your license key>"
 - You must enclose the license key in quotation marks ("...").
 - If you install a Processing Unit using the insightedge-pu or xap-pu chart, use the syntax --set license="<your license key>".