Fairlight (video game)
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ZXSpectrum Fairlight.png
Fairlight in-game screen
Developer(s) Edge Games
Publisher(s) Edge Games
Designer(s) Bo Jangeborg
Engine Grax
Platform(s) Amstrad CPC by Trevor Inns, Amstrad PCW by Trevor Inns, Commodore 64 by Trevor Inns, ZX Spectrum
Release date(s) 1985 (ZX Spectrum)
1986 (Other platforms)
Genre(s) Arcade adventure
Mode(s) Single player
Distribution Cassette, Floppy disk
Fairlight is an isometric projection arcade adventure video game developed by Bo Jangeborg and Jack Wilkes at EDGE Games and released in 1985. Developed in seven months, Jangeborg created the GRAX game engine using some prior code and components from his earlier project, graphics package The Artist. Wilkes contributed art assets towards the game, including enemy sprites and the title screen. The game was well received critically and commercially, selling over 50,000 copies, a sequel Fairlight II was released in 1986.
The game revolves around the protagonist Isvar, and his quest to find the Book of Light for the court sorcerer, in order for them to escape Castle Avars.
The ZX Spectrum version was one of the first (along with Technician Ted) to have an interactive loader - instead of the usual yellow/blue loading bars, a counter at the bottom of the screen ran backwards indicating how long until the game had loaded.
The player controls an adventurer named Isvar that can be moved in a castle which is not only three-dimensional isometric view, but realistic in terms of the way objects behave. Each object has its own physical properties and resultant characteristics in terms of how much else can be carried alongside it. Certain objects have special uses (e.g. keys open certain doors), and there is a puzzle element to the game to discover how some of these objects relate to the world in order to help the player solve the game.
In addition to carrying objects, they could also be stacked on top of each other to enable Isvar to climb up to rooms above him or to reach important objects perched high above on platforms. There are also a number of secret areas in the castle that are not visually obvious to the player and can only be discovered through exploration.
During Isvar's exploration of the castle he is accosted by its guards and monsters - trolls, monks, guards, tornadoes, man-eating plants, bubbles, etc. all of which weaken Isvar's energy. Fortunately the castle also contains food and magical potions which will restore his health. In addition, certain game objects can affect the enemies, (by either killing them, distracting them, or freezing them, depending on the object and the type of enemy they are used upon)
Once defeated in combat a guard disappears leaving only his helmet behind. Helmets can be picked up and carried by Isvar, and placed somewhere else out of harms way (or into the path of a tornado, that destroys any object it touches). If Isvar leaves the room, the guard will regenerate from the helmet.
 - Edge refused to pay Bo Jangeborg for Fairlight unless Bo signed up to make more games for Edge[1]
 - Fairlight II was released without Bo's approval[1]
 - The game won the awards for best arcade adventure, best graphics and best music of the year according to the readers of Crash magazine.[2]
Preceded by
UK number-one Spectrum game
January 1986
Succeeded by
"Monty on the Run"
 1. ^ a b TIGSource message by user Raiten recounting his interview of Bo Jangeborg [1]
 2. ^ _URL_
External links[edit]


if asking the question Do these two air samples differ in the amount of suspended silica? then a lab procedure could be done on five replicate subsamples from each air sample. However, if the question is Do silica mines pollute the air? then the experiment might require collecting 10 replicate air samples at each of 10 replicate sites near each of 10 replicate mines and also 10 replicate control locations on 10 different replicate days, and then running five replicate lab analyses on each sample. The number of replicates required at each level depends on how much the measured parameter varies at that level and is often not known until the samples are measured.
3. Repetition, Repeating a procedure:
Doing something multiple times.
When there is no way to test whether the outcome of repeating a procedure is the same every time it is done, then the concept of reproducibility does not apply.
Building and modifying devices
Following someone else's instructions to build or modify a device is not reproducing a result unless a test can be done to determine if some predetermined specifications have been met. If such a test is available, then building or modifying a device can become part of an experiment. If the above requirements of an experiment are met, then the test can be used to determine if the build or modification has reproduced the results of the original. Multiple builds might be required because each would be a replicate in the experiment.
In most cases, the requirements of an experiment are not met when people follow instructions to build something, often because there are too many variables to control. However, anything can be part of an experiment if careful planning is done and replication is sufficient to account for the inherent variability.
Environmental monitoring
If five people each use their Riffle to monitor the water temperature in a stream near their house, this is repetition. It might be difficult to argue that these activities are part of a single experiment or are replicates or are reproducing a result. It's just five people more or less repeating the same activity. Additional measurements, restrictions, replications, or controls could allow this type of activity to be part of an experiment, but monitoring by itself is not an experiment and often the results cannot be reproduced (environmental variation can make this difficult).
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Is replication the same as reproducing the result of an experiment?
The answer to this question is messy because the term replication is used to refer both to experimental replicates and to replicate experiments. An experimental replicate is a unit of study (e.g., one of five random study plots) and a replicate experiment is when an entire study is repeated to see if the same result is achieved.
But there are two different types of "replicate" experiments. The obvious one is when every detail of the original experiment is repeated. For several very good reasons, this almost never happens. The only thing you can learn from this is whether the original experiment might have been flawed in some way. When research has been peer reviewed, we assume it is not very flawed, so repeating the exact same experiment rarely tells us anything worthwhile. (The assumption that peer reviewed research is robust apparently does not apply to some fields of research.)
The more common response to earlier research is to do a similar study designed to apply a different test of the greater question at hand. So a new study can be done with some important variables changed. It can be done with a different organism, or at a different place, or at a different time of year. A different technique can be used to measure the important thing in the study, or a different but related thing can be measured. The goal is not to search for flaws, but to see if the results of the new study are consistent with the results of the original study.
For example, consider a study that tested the hypothesis that precipitation events carry nutrients from fertilized fields down the watershed toward streams. Three streams downhill from fertilized fields were sampled every two hours for nitrogen in the water, and precipitation events were recorded. The result was that nitrogen in the water increased significantly two hours after big rain events compared to two hours before rain events. This is consistent with the stated hypothesis that precipitation caused the movement of nutrients from fields toward streams.
Replicating this study just requires copying everything that was done the first time. But reproducing the original result (confirming the hypothesis) can be done with many different studies. For example, phosphorus could be measured instead of nitrogen. Water could be sampled while it is running across the ground instead of after it enters the stream. Isotopically labeled nitrogen can be added to the fields to see if those very molecules can be detected in the streams. Shallow ground water can be extracted from soil in transects from the fields down to the streams and analyzed for nutrients. The study can be repeated in spring instead of fall, or after bigger rain events or after snow melt events. The nutrient content of streamside plants could be measured near streams downhill from fertilized fields and also near streams far from fields.
Unlike the simple approach of repeating the original study, these studies can add important new information while also reproducing the results (confirming the hypothesis) of the original study. These new studies can strengthen our confidence that nutrients (do or don't) move from field to stream, and do so far more effectively than just repeating what the first researcher did. This is what usually happens in science.
This is why the idea of "replicating" a study needs clarification. The more important goal is to "reproduce the result" of a study, not just repeat the study. The term "reproducibility" can refer to this idea of confirming the big hypothesis with a strategically designed new study. That is the primary way that science advances, and the reason that in this context the term "replication" is misleading and should probably be avoided.
 - Replicating an experiment: Repeating an experiment to see if an earlier implementation of it was flawed.
 - Reproducing the results of an experiment: Performing a similar or related experiment to test the hypothesis confirmed by an earlier experiment and increase our understanding of the study system.
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When DevOps engineers deploy a stateful application with a persistent volume claim, vSphere with Tanzu creates a persistent volume object and a matching persistent virtual disk. As a vSphere administrator, you can review details of the persistent volume in the vSphere Client. You can also monitor its storage compliance and health status.
Procedure
 1. In the vSphere Client, navigate to the namespace that has persistent volumes.
 1. From the vSphere Client home menu, select Workload Management.
 2. Click the namespace.
 2. Click the Storage tab and click Persistent Volume Claims.
 The vSphere Client lists all persistent volume claim objects and corresponding volumes available in the namespace.
 3. To view details of a selected persistent volume claim, click the name of the volume in the Persistent Volume Name column.
 4. On the Container Volumes page, check the volume's health status and storage policy compliance.
 1. Click the Details icon, and switch between the Basics and Kubernetes objects tabs to view additional information for the Kubernetes persistent volume.
 To monitor volume health status using the kubectl command, see Monitor Volume Health in a vSphere Namespace or Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster.
 Basic tab displays such details as the pod, datastore, and storage policy related to the PVC
 2. Verify the health status of the volume.
 Health Status Description
 Accessible The persistent volume is accessible and available for use.
 Inaccessible The persistent volume is inaccessible and cannot be used. The persistent volume becomes inaccessible if the datastore that stores the volume cannot be reached by the hosts that connect to the datastore.
 3. Verify the storage compliance status.
 You can see one of the following in the Compliance Status column.
 Compliance Status Description
 Compliant The datastore where the virtual disk backing the volume resides has the storage capabilities that the policy requires.
 Out of Date This status indicates that the policy has been edited, but the new storage requirements have not been communicated to the datastore. To communicate the changes, reapply the policy to the volume that is out of date.
 Noncompliant The datastore supports specified storage requirements, but cannot currently satisfy the storage policy. For example, the status might become Noncompliant when physical resources of the datastore are unavailable. You can bring the datastore into compliance by making changes in the physical configuration of your host cluster, for example by adding hosts or disks to the cluster. If additional resources satisfy the storage policy, the status changes to Compliant.
 Not Applicable The storage policy references datastore capabilities that are not supported by the datastore.
 4. If the compliance status is Out of Date, select the volume and click Reapply Policy.
 PVC appears as Out of Date
 The status changes to Compliant.


text:
Background and objectives:
The intensive urbanization process in Mexico has created many social and economic obstacles to sustainable and inclusive urban development. Mexico is predominantly an urban country and it is estimated that in 25 years 85 per cent of the country's population will be living in cities. The metropolitan regions are clearly affected by social inequality. More than 10 per cent of the urban population does not have piped water; 25 per cent lack sewerage or adequate sanitation facilities, and more than 60 per cent does not have stormwater drains.
The project objectives have been to contribute to reducing urban poverty in order to improve sustainable urban development and also promote partnerships with state and local governments.
The main activities included:
- Participation in the Technical Committee of Best Practices Award evaluation in Mexico, and transfer cases of best practices from four Mexican cities
- Training and technical assistance to SEDESOL in urban policy development
- Development of urban information systems, especially local urban observatories
- Promotion of gender inclusive strategies in programmes and projects of SEDESOL.
The results achieved were:
- More than 40 local urban observatories established, under the overall coordination of SEDESOL, conforming a national network
- Several technical workshops for training of staff from municipalities, state governments and their partners in the civil society for building local urban indicators and organizing monitoring systems
- Best Practices National Programme – elaborated methodology for selection of the best practices; dissemination of best practices on urban poverty reduction in Mexico to cities and local authorities.
- Initiated National Campaign for Social Participation on Urban Development with SEDESOL participation
- Advanced discussions for the incorporation of two state governments and several municipal governments into this national strategy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Unofficial Holiday of October 30th: National Candy Corn Day
It's known for its tri-color appearance and dominating retail shelves on Halloween: candy corn!
Candy Corn dates back to the late 19th century, where each piece was originally made by hand. Candy Corn is mostly made of sugar, corn syrup, wax, artificial coloring and various other ingredients.
The confection is commonly sold on Halloween, although there are other variants such as "Reindeer Corn" and "Bunny Corn" made for other major holidays.
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Help Center
Epics are a theme of work that contains several issues, or sub-tasks. Epics and are the best way to group related issues together into larger goals that span sprints (typically 2-6 weeks).
The concept stems from the agile principle that tasks should be broken down into small, manageable chunks; that way, you're able to ship impactful changes more often and ultimately gain more control over the release cycle. In agile development, a "user story" is the smallest unit of work, and an epic is essentially a "big" user story. We do this in ZenHub by creating an epic to map out bigger goals, then adding related GitHub issues to flesh it out.
What's in an epic?
Three main concepts work together to form an epic. In agile, we know these as epics, user stories and sub-tasks. In GitHub and ZenHub these concepts are reflected as epics, GitHub issues, and markdown checklists.
But first, a note on ZenHub sprints and ZenHub epics. While they seem similar at first glance, their purpose is different. In fact, they function best when used together!
You can also learn more about agile concepts in GitHub and ZenHub to master your ZenHub workflow.
Epic or GitHub issue?
Not sure whether a GitHub issue should become an Epic instead? First, consider its complexity and the time it takes to complete a task. If an issue is too complicated (if multiple tasks are required to finish it), it's probably better as an epic. Splitting tasks into easily completed pieces of work will help you ship valuable changes more often and reduce technical debt. Also, issues should be completed in the smallest amount of time possible. If an issue will take weeks or months to finish, it should probably be an epic.
The difference between epics and sprints
One of our most common questions is how do sprints and epics interact. Sometimes they're even confused for one another. ZenHub sprints and epics aren't interchangeable; in fact, they work best when used together!
In an agile framework, a sprint is typically 2-4 weeks of work with a goal of shipping workable code by the end. These iterative changes are a cornerstone of agile development. Working in sprints move teams toward a goal of shipping business value (features) to the user. ZenHub sprints allow teams to automate their sprint planning process. Learn more here
Since sprints are tied to short iterations of work, they contain issues related by time, and not necessarily related by subject. The scope of work is fixed once a sprint begins.
In contrast, epics contain issues related in subject, and the scope is flexible. Issues can be added or removed as teams discover more about the bigger goal.
Epics are intended to give you a broad understanding of larger initiatives. When paired with ZenHub sprints, you're able to work towards these bigger goals in manageable iterations. This means you deliver more business value (e.g. workable code) more frequently. Pairing sprints with epics gives you a granular way to plan and achieve your product backlog. It clarifies both the big picture and the minute details that make it up, providing everything necessary to ship better projects faster.
Creating epics in ZenHub
To create epics in ZenHub, select the + icon next to the New Issue button located at the top right of the board. From here you can give your epic a title and description.
Adding issues to your epic
Once you have created an epic, the best way to add issues to your epic is by:
1. Using multi-action on the board
To use multi-action, hover over the avatar for any issue card on the board to select the Issue. From here, you can select as many issues as you'd like and then perform updates to those issues at once. Choose the Set Epic option to quickly add these issues to your epic:
2. Quickly creating new issues from the epic page
Select to view the epic on the Board. You can select the + icon located below the progress bars to quickly capture scope requirements for the epic:
Viewing your epic on the Board
Once created, you'll see epics on your board as they have some distinguishing factors:
1. A purple line down the left side of the epic card
2. A purple epic flag next to the assignee avatar
3. A epic label and a filter on the epic card (Filter by Epic Issues) that can be used to filter the board by all stories and tasks in that epic.
Quickly creating new issues directly from the epic page
When opening an epic page from the board, you'll get a new list view that will show all stories and tasks within the epic, which pipeline they are currently in, as well as associated information for these issues such as their estimate, assignees, and labels. From this page, you can quickly create new issues to capture new scope requirements that may have been surfaced. Select the + icon located below the progress bars to create issues:
When viewing an epic you may also see a heading named Issues not in this Workspace. Issues that are a part of the epic but not a part of a repo in the current workspace you are viewing will be listed here. Issues within the current workspace will continue to be listed under their respective pipeline name.
Setting and removing epic dates
When viewing an epic from the board, you'll have the option to set both a start date and end date. You can also remove epic dates using the calendar view:
This will automatically add the epic to ZenHub roadmaps which provides an at-a-glance progress report for your epics. Learn more about getting started with roadmaps here
At the top of the epic is also a progress bar. There are two bars: one for issues completed and another for story points completed. Learn more about estimating issues with ZenHub here.
As you start to interact with issues, complete work, and go about daily activities such as stand-up or daily to-do planning, you can leverage the board epic filter to drill down on story or project work that's been rolled-up into your newly created epic:
How do I convert a GitHub issue to an epic?
If an existing story or issue needs to be converted into an epic, get started by opening the issue page for that issue. On the sidebar of the issue is the epics dropdown. Once selected, at the top of the dropdown is an option to Convert to epic.
How do I convert a GitHub Issue to an Epic?
When converting an issue to an epic, this new epic will be nested within any epics the issue was originally in.
Need to convert an epic back to an issue?
You can convert an epic back to an issue by opening up the epic and selecting the epics option in the issue sidebar. You can then choose Convert to issue:
Nested epics and epic lists
When you nest epics, teams get a complete understanding of the intricate nature of how work intertwines. Developers understand how a small user story rolls up into a larger piece of work; while Project and Product Managers can track overall progress, visualize where in the workflow work is, and spur conversations around blockers, or potential roadblocks that might be impeding progress.
To create that additional layer of hierarchy and nest epics you must :
1. Create the parent level epic which represents the highest level of hierarchy
2. Create the children epic/s which you'd like to roll up to the parent epic
3. Add the relevant issues to each child epic
3. Nest the epics by adding the children epic/s to the parent level epic ( see below)
Example: As seen below, we have created our nested structure by adding the children epics ( Quarterly ReleasePhase 1 and Quarterly ReleasePhase 2 to the Parent Epic Q3 Release Overview:
This makes it easy to tackle roadblocks, focus on what's up next, and visualize what other epics are impacting project progress. When viewing an epic, if there's a nested epic, it will default to being collapsed within the list view. Simply click on Show Epic Issues to view all issues belonging to the nested epic.
Epic points vs. story points
Epic points are the sum of all estimated story points from all the Issues within the epic, including any nested epics. The Epic points completed status indicator summarizes all completed story points across the project. (Learn more about story points and estimates here).
Epic points give a summary of complexity of all issue estimations that belong within a single epic. At the top of the parent epic, the Epic points completed represent the total story points of all nested epics and issues.
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text:
Meet Marty Travis, a seventh-generation farmer in central Illinois who watched his land and community fall victim to the pressures of big agribusiness. Determined to create a proud legacy for his son, Marty transforms his profitless wasteland and pioneers the sustainable food movement in Chicago.
Sustainable explores the economic and environmental instability of America's food system, from the agricultural issues we face — soil loss, water depletion, climate change, pesticide use — to the community of leaders who are determined to fix it. It's a film about the land, the people who work it, and what must be done to sustain it for future generations. See the trailer
August 26, 7:30pm
Fireside Room, Unitarian Universalist Church of Palo Alto
505 E Charleston, Palo Alto

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Influencing public awareness and education
One of the ways that the National Osteoporosis Society works to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is through better awareness and education.
Educating young people
The National Osteoporosis Society considers working with young people to be vital for the prevention of osteoporosis in later life. It is important that children start learning about their bones from an early age; the earlier children start making healthy dietary and lifestyle choices, the better the chance of preventing osteoporosis becoming a disease of future generations.
Along with the creation of new resources for young people, we also aim to influence the national curriculum across the UK to ensure it includes bone health messages at both primary and secondary level.
You can find out more about our work with young people by visiting our educational website _URL_
Further information for professionals working with young people can also be found in the professional section of our website.
Influencing government public health campaigns
Whereas the NHS provides services for people who need healthcare, public health is about helping people to stay healthy and prevent illness. The National Osteoporosis Society works to influence public health campaigns delivered in all four UK countries, so that they reflect our own messaging on the steps needed to build and maintain healthy bones. As part of this work, we liaise with NHS Choices, Change4life and Health Challenge Wales.
From April 2013, public health services in England will be the responsibility of local authorities, co-ordinated by Public Health England. Councils will be able to choose which health priorities they tackle from a menu set out by the UK Government in the Public Health Outcomes Framework. This menu includes indicators on hip fractures in people over the age of 65 and falls and fall injuries in people over the age of 65.
Councils will have the option to work with the NHS through Health and Wellbeing Boards to reduce local hip fracture rates. Fracture Liaison Services (FLSs) are proven to prevent fragility fractures and produce net cost-savings for the NHS and local authorities where they are in place.
The full Public Health Outcomes Framework document can be accessed here.


Activate the Database Collector
Activating a broker VM with a Database Collector applet enables you to collect data from a client relational database directly to your log repository.
Ingesting logs and data from external sources requires a
Cortex
XDR
Pro per TB license.
The broker VM provides a Database Collector applet that enables you to collect data from a client relational database directly to your log repository for query and visualization purposes. After you activate the Database Collector applet on a broker VM in your network, you can collect records as datasets (
<Vendor>_<Product>_raw
) by defining the following.
 - Database connection details, where the connection type can be MySQL, PostgreSQL, MSSQL, and Oracle.
 Cortex
 XDR
 uses Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) to access the databases.
 - Settings related to the query details for collecting the data from the database to monitor and upload to
 Cortex
 XDR
 .
Complete the following task before you begin setting up the FTP Collector applet.
Activate the Database Collector.
 1. In
 Cortex
 XDR
 , select
 Settings
 Configurations
 Data Broker
 Broker VMs
 and locate your broker VM.
 2. Right-click the broker VM and select
 Database Collector
 Activate
 .
 3. Configure your Database Connection.
 1. Configure the
 Database Connection
 settings.
 - Connection
 —Select the type of database connection as
 MySQL
 ,
 PostegreSQL
 ,
 MSSQL
 , or
 Oracle
 .
 - Host
 —Specify the hostname or IP address of the database.
 - Port
 —Specify the port number of the database.
 - Database
 —Specify the database name for the type of database configured. This field is relevant when configuring a
 Connection Type
 for
 MySQL
 ,
 PostegreSQL
 , and
 MSSQL
 .
 When configuring an
 Oracle
 connection, this field is called
 Service Name
 , so you can specify the name of the service.
 - Enable SSL
 —Select whether to
 Enable SSL
 (default) to encrypt the data while in transit between the database and the broker VM.
 - Username
 —Specify the username to access the database.
 - Password
 —Specify the password to access the database.
 - Test Connection
 —Select to validate the database connection.
 2. Configure the
 Database Query
 settings.
 - Rising Column
 —Specify a column for the Database Collector applet to keep track of new rows from one input execution to the next. This column must be included in the query results.
 - Retrieval Value
 —Specify a
 Retrieval Value
 for the Database Collector applet to determine which rows are new from one input execution to the next. The first time the input is run, the Database Collector applet only selects those rows that contain a value higher than the value you specified in this field. Each time the input finishes running, the Database Collector applet updates the input's
 Retrieval Value
 with the value in the last row of the
 Rising Column
 .
 - Unique IDs
 —(
 optional
 ) Specify the column name(s) to match against when multiple records have the same value in the
 Rising Column
 . This column must be included in the query results. This is a comma separated field that supports multiple values. In addition, when specifying a
 Unique IDs
 , the query should use the greater than equal to sign (
 >=
 ) in relation to the
 Retrieval Value
 . If the
 Unique IDs
 is left empty, the user should use the greater than sign (
 >
 ).
 - Collect Every
 —Specify the execution frequency of collection by designating a number and then selecting the unit as either
 Seconds
 ,
 Minutes
 ,
 Hours
 , or
 Days
 .
 - Vendor
 and
 Product
 —Specify the
 Vendor
 and
 Product
 for the type of data being collected. The vendor and product are used to define the name of your XQL dataset (
 <Vendor>_<Product>_raw
 ).
 - SQL Query
 —Specify the
 SQL Query
 to run and collect data from the database by replacing the example query provided in the editor box. The question mark (
 ?
 ) in the query is a checkpoint placeholder for the
 Retrieval Value
 . Every time the input is run, the Database Collector applet replaces the question mark with the latest checkpoint value (i.e. start value) for the
 Retrieval Value
 .
 - Generate Preview
 —Select
 Generate Preview
 to display up to 10 rows from the
 SQL Query
 and
 Preview
 the results. The
 Preview
 works based on the Database Collector settings, which means that if after running the query no results are returned, then the
 Preview
 returns no records.
 - Add Query
 —(
 optional
 ) To define another
 Query
 for data collection on the configured database connection, select
 Add Query
 . Another
 Query
 section is displayed for you to configure.
 4. (
 optional
 )
 Add Connection
 to define another database connection to collect data from another client relational database.
 5. (
 optional
 ) Other available options.
 As needed, you can return to your Database Collector settings to manage your connections. Here are the actions available to you.
 - Edit the connection name by hovering over the default
 Collection
 name, and selecting the edit icon to edit the text.
 - Edit the query name by hovering over the default
 Query
 name, and selecting the edit icon to edit the text.
 - Disable
 /
 Enable
 a query by hovering over the top area of the query section, on the opposite side of the query name, and selecting the applicable button.
 - Delete a connection by hovering over the top area of the connection section, on the opposite side of the connection name, and selecting the delete icon. You can only delete a connection when you have more than one connection configured. Otherwise, this icon is not displayed.
 - Delete a query by hovering over the top area of the query section, on the opposite side of the query name, and selecting the delete icon. You can only delete a query when you have more than one query configured. Otherwise, this icon is not displayed.
 6. Activate
 the Database Collector applet.
 After a successful activation, the
 Apps
 field displays
 Database Collector - Active
 .
 7. (
 Optional
 ) To view metrics about the Database Collector, hover over the
 Database Collector
 link in the Apps field.
 Cortex
 XDR
 displays
 Resources
 , including the amount of
 CPU
 ,
 Memory
 , and
 Disk
 space the applet is using.
 8. Manage the Database Collector.
 After you activate the Database Collector, you can make additional changes as needed. To modify a configuration, right-click your broker VM and select.
 - Database Collector
 Configure
 to redefine the Database Collector configurations.
 - Database Collector
 Deactivate
 to disable the Database Collector.
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text:
Quality and conservation of riparian forest in a mountain subtropical basin of Argentina.
The aims of this work were to describe the conservation status of riparian forests located in a mountain subtropical basin of Tucumán province, Argentina, and assess how the quality of riparian forests is related with altitude, plant species richness, proportion of exotic species, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in adjacent rivers. Composition and species richness of riparian forests were studied at 16 sites located along an altitudinal gradient and TSS was determined from water samples collected in each site. In order to evaluate conservation status of riparian forests, we calculated an index of Quality of Yungas Riparian Forests (QBRy). We recorded 90 plant species at all sites, from which 77% were native. QBRy index was mainly associated with altitude and varied from riparian forests with good preservation or slightly disturbed to those with extreme degradation. At lower altitude, forests were more disturbed, more invaded by exotic plant species, and closer to urban and cropped areas. QBRy was not correlated with species richness or TSS. Like other riparian forests of Argentina, plant species invasion increased their degradation; therefore, future studies should focus on native riparian forests conservation and on the management of invasive plant species, which affect their quality.


Applications of Tube Notching Machines in Fabrication
Applications of Tube Notching Machines in Fabrication
Tube notching machines play a crucial role in the field of fabrication, offering several applications that enhance precision and efficiency in various industries. These machines are specifically designed to notch tubes, providing clean and accurate cuts for seamless assembly and welding. Here are some key applications of tube notching machines in fabrication:
Joint Preparation: Tube notching machines are widely used for preparing joints in tubes and pipes. They ensure precise notches, allowing for seamless connections and welds between tubes of different sizes and angles.
Frame Construction: In the fabrication of frames for structures, such as furniture, automotive chassis, or industrial equipment, tube notching machines are employed to create the necessary cuts for assembling tubes into sturdy and reliable frameworks.
Exhaust Systems: Fabrication of exhaust systems for vehicles and industrial machinery requires precise tube notching. These machines enable the creation of accurate angles and joints, ensuring optimal performance and airtight connections in exhaust systems.
Handrails and Balustrades: Tube notching is essential in the construction of handrails and balustrades, where tubes need to be accurately cut and notched to achieve secure and aesthetically pleasing installations. This is especially important in architectural and construction applications.
Custom Fabrication: Many industries require custom solutions in fabrication. Tube notching machines facilitate the creation of unique designs by allowing precise cuts and notches to be made in tubes, meeting the specific requirements of diverse projects.
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The Slow Growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors
 - Sara Godon
 - Sophia Yimei Li
 - Wendy Wang
 - Teresa Yuen
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green unicellular algae that plays a significant role in the aquatic food chain and in particular, as a food source for many salmon species. C. reinhardtii is a unique organism that can grow through both photosynthesis as well as heterotrophic means by absorbing nutrients through their cell surface. Recent studies have used C. reinhardtii in fixing CO2 due to their rapid photosynthetic capabilities. The focus of our study was to determine how different light wavelengths influence the growth patterns of C. reinhardtii for use in green technology. In particular, three light wavelengths were used to examine the growth rate of C. reinhardtii. The control used for this study was a white light treatment which was compared against the red and blue light treatments. Red light has a longer wavelength compared to blue light, whereas white light comprises all the wavelengths in the visible spectrum. This study was conducted over a 10 day growth period, where samples were collected every two to three days for a total of four sampling days. A hemocytometer was used to conduct the cell counts over the duration of this study and these values were used to determine the growth rate of C. reinhardtii. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the overall growth rates of C. reinhardtii to determine if there were any significant differences in the growth rate between treatments. Growth rates for the white light, red light, and blue light treatment yielded averages of 0.0114 [cells/mL]/day, 0.1793 [cells/mL]/day, and 0.1047 [cells/mL]/day respectively. The statistical analysis yielded a p-value greater than 0.05, indicating that there was no difference found between the growth rates of each treatment. Despite our non-significant findings, further research in this field should be pursued for benefiting future green technology.
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Published
2022-07-18
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Section
Articles


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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
Alaska from a Kid's Point of View
The objective of this entry is to help kids all over the country and the world who are studying about Alaska in Social Studies. We want to let them know what it is really like to be a kid in Alaska. They can find lots of facts about Alaska in other places, but we couldn't find any other source that could help kids know what it is like to really live here.
We want to inform kids about our lifestyles and hobbies because even though we live very different than most kids, we are the same in a lot of ways. If kids are doing reports, this is a fun place they can look up information they probably can't find anyplace else. It might help kids understand how exciting it is to live in Alaska if they can read about our adventures.
We want to tell kids about things they didn't even know existed so they will want to come to Alaska someday and see for themselves.
19 & under
Geography & Travel > North & Central America > United States > Alaska
Social Sciences & Culture > Cultures


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PPS 6: Planning, Archaeology and The Built Heritage
Annex C: Grading of Listed Buildings
C9 Buildings listed by the Department are divided into three grades; A, B+ and B to give an indication of their relative importance. The gradings are not statutory but they are used by the Department as a management tool to help in administering levels of grant to owners of listed buildings. The categories contained within the list can be briefly defined as follows:
Grade A : buildings of greatest importance to Northern Ireland including both outstanding architectural set-pieces and the least altered examples of each representative style, period and grouping. There are 193 buildings in this category (June 1997).
Grade B+ : buildings which might have merited grade A status but for detracting features such as an incomplete design, lower quality additions or alterations. Also included are buildings that because of exceptional features, interiors or environmental qualities are clearly above the general standard set by grade B buildings. A building may merit listing as grade B+ where its historic importance is greater than a similar building listed as grade B. There are 388 buildings listed in this category (June 1997).
Grade B : buildings of local importance and good examples of a particular period or style. A degree of alteration or imperfection of design may be acceptable. There are 7,439 buildings in this category (June 1997). Since 1987 the Department has been banding Grade B buildings into two groups namely B1 and B2.
C10 Generally B1 is chosen for buildings that qualify for listing by virtue of a relatively wide selection of attributes. Usually these will include interior features or where one or more features are of exceptional quality and/or interest. B2 is chosen for buildings that qualify for listing by virtue of only a few attributes. An example would be a building sited within a conservation area where the quality of its architectural appearance raises it appreciably above the general standard of buildings within the conservation area.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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WELCOME to Ms. Kasai's Webpage!
Ms. Kasai teaches 2 levels of math classes at Platt Middle School.
M25 Connected Math
M-25 is the 8th grade Connected Math class which covers a number of topics including linear relationships, Pythagorean Theorem, exponential relationships, statistical analysis, and solving linear equations.
M35 Algebra 1 Advanced
Algebra 1 Advanced is an in-depth study of algebraic symbolism, systems of equations, graphing, problem-solving, and probability and statistics. The students will build upon their previous knowledge to further understand the characteristics and representations of various functions and relations, including first degree equations and inequalities, polynomials, exponential and radical expressions, quadratic equations complex numbers, and rational algebraic expressions. This course is designed for highly motivated and mathematically talented students.


Category: Africa
Ghana As a Tourism Country
Ghana As a Tourism Country
Ghana is in many ways a warm tourist destination. The heat of more than 30 degrees does not compare to the warm kindness of the locals.
Ghana in Western Africa is not one of the most traditional tourist destinations, but Ghana has a lot to offer for those interested in wildlife bonga, the tropics and fiery food, among other things. In Ghana, you can also go on a cruise to the world's largest dam lake.
Ghana 2
Versatile Ghana
According to countryaah, the Republic of Ghana is a former British colony in West Africa on the Atlantic coast. The country is home to about 24 million people and is bordered by Togo, Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. The main exports of Ghana, which became independent in 1957, are gold and cocoa, and tourism plays only a small role in the country's economy.
Ghana is especially known as a cultural and nature tourism destination. Ghana is diverse in its terrain, with deserts and savannas as well as river landscapes and rainforests. Ghana is located in more than one natural park, of which the most significant are Molen and Kakumin national parks.
There are also cultural attractions in Ghana. There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country: Ghana's castles and fortresses and the Ashanti buildings. Many tourists start exploring Ghana from the country's capital, Accra.
Ghana's climate
Ghana has a tropical warm climate. Daytime temperatures in the country often rise to around 30 degrees and there is little seasonal variation in temperatures.
There are some regional differences in Ghana's climate. There are two rainy seasons on the coast of the country, spring and autumn. The spring rainy season falls in April-June and the autumn rainy season in September-October. The shorter autumn rainy season does not extend to the central parts of the country. During the rainy seasons, it can rain a lot, especially in the interior of the country.
Friendly Ghana
Short for GH by abbreviationfinder, Ghana is a very friendly country and locals often greet tourists on the street and in the shops. It is very rude not to respond to people's happy greetings. For example, in the marketplace of the city of Kumas, which is very diverse in terms of population, where goods and food change hands, happy greetings are heard from the right and the left.
In addition to its friendly atmosphere, Ghana is known for its nature. In the country, for example, there is a large dam lake Volta, which is led by a river of the same name. On the Volta River and the islands of Lake Volta, such as Dod, Dwarf and Kporve, tourists can also visit by cruise ship.
Ghana's Natural Parks offer plenty to see for tourists interested in savannas and rainforests. Ghana is the largest natural park in Mole National Park, but the country also found in numerous other, smaller parks. Many local tour operators and park guides organize nature excursions and sightseeing tours.
Cheap shopping and hot food
Ghana is an affordable country, so shopping is worth it, and especially the food is worth enjoying to the fullest. In Ghana's shops, you can buy, for example, beautifully patterned local fabric and beautiful handicrafts. The best shopping and the biggest shopping can be found in the capital Accra.
Ghana has plenty of dining options, from hotel restaurants and expensive sophistication to small cupboards and food carts across the street. Ghanaian food is quite hot, so you should taste the snacks carefully at first. In Ghana, you should also try a homemade pit drink.
The busiest nightlife in Ghana is Accra, which has sports bars and Irish pubs along the streets and around the hotel. There are also a few trendy nightclubs in the city.
Good to know about Ghana
Ghana is a peaceful country and its administration is stable. Ghana also has a high standard of living in Africa. As a tourist destination, Ghana is relatively safe, but common sense is always good to follow.
Ghana is fluent in English, whose official language status dates back to British colonial times.
Before traveling to Ghana, it is advisable to visit a doctor to discuss the necessary vaccinations. For example, anti-malarial medication and yellow fever vaccine should be treated before traveling to Ghana.
Flights to Ghana
There are no direct flights to Ghana from Finland, but you can fly to the country via a major European city, such as Brussels or Frankfurt.
Ghana has several airports, but the country is usually reached via Kotoka International Airport. Kotoka Airport is located about ten kilometers from Accra.
Flights to Ghana cost around € 800-100.
Hotels and accommodation in Ghana
Ghana has a lot of good-value and mid-range hotels, especially in major population centers like Accra. The city also has luxury accommodation and five-star hotels. Luxury hotels often have a swimming pool and good facilities.
On average, a hotel night in Ghana costs about 60-80 euros and at its cheapest you stay in the country for 10-40 euros. The level of the cheapest accommodation can be really modest.
Getting around in Ghana
Buses are the most convenient and reliable way to get around Ghana. The bus company Vanef-STC provides connections between major cities and other bus companies operating in the country include OSA, Kingdom Transport Services (KTS), City Express and GPRTU.
If you want to travel to smaller destinations and have good nerves, you should hop on a minibus aboard the tro-tron. The tro-trot does not move according to schedules but on demand, so the cars are packed full of passengers before departure. Finding a tro-tron to the right destination can be difficult for a traveler, so it's worth asking locals which route takes you anywhere. Tro-trot are a really affordable ride and the shortest trips cost just a few cents. Tro-trots also run in local urban traffic.
The capital of Accra
The capital of Ghana, Accra, is the largest city in the country with a population of a couple of million people. Accra is located on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea. In the city you can visit, for example, the National Museum of Ghana and Christianborg Castle, originally built by the Swedes.
Mole National Park
Mole National Park is Ghana's largest natural park and it is located in the northwestern part of the country about 670 kilometers from Accra. The park is home to numerous exotic animal species such as elephants and lions. Mole National Park is a popular ekoturismikohde Ghana.
Kakumi National Park
Mole National Park considerably less Kakum is located approximately 170 kilometers from Accra. The park is known for its long suspension bridge, from the heights of which you can observe the animals of the rainforest. The park is home to many species of animals such as monkeys and parrots.
Ghana Fortress
Ghana's colonial forts were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979. There are several forts around Ghana. The oldest of the fortresses is the 15th century Elmina Castle, located in Elmina. The most famous of the castles are the castles of Cape Coast and Christianborg.
Ghana 3
The best attractions in Ghana
 1. Mole National Park
 2. Cape Coast
 3. Kumas
 4. Christianborg Castle
 5. Kakumi National Park
Namibia – Known for its Safari Destinations
Namibia – Known for its Safari Destinations
Situated on the edge of two deserts, Namibia charms the traveler with dramatic scenery. There are more than enough popular nature hiking destinations in the country. In addition to wildlife, a tourist interested in culture can also get to know the millennia-old culture.
Namibia 2
A classic of safari destinations
According to countryaah, Namibia is located in southern Africa, bordering Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zambia. Located on the southwest corner of the continent, the country borders on the western edge of the Atlantic Ocean.
Namibia's long and multi-stage history is still evident today. The country's population is ethnically diverse and the influences of German colonization, for example, are particularly evident in the country's capital, Windhoek. Namibia gained independence from South Africa in 1990.
The landscapes of Namibia are considered by many to be unparalleled and the country is especially known as a destination for safaris and nature trips. Namibia is home to several nature parks and protected areas, including Fisher River Canyon and the prestigious Etosha National Park.
In Namibia which is short for NA by abbreviationfinder, you can also learn about ancient cultures, for example in the petroglyphs of Twyfelfontein.
Heat and drought
Namibia has a predominantly hot and dry climate, with an average daytime temperature of 30 degrees. Indeed, there are two desert areas in the country: the Namib and Kalahari deserts.
The hot rainy season lasts from January to March. The driest, on the other hand, is from July to September. The most pleasant travel time is often between these periods. The best travel time for safari tourism is during the dry season from May to September.
A fabulous safari destination
Nature tourists thrive in Namibia, as the country is especially known for its magnificent safari destinations. There are several nature parks in the country, such as the deserted Namib-Naukluft National Park and the Waterberg National Park, known for its animals.
However, Namibia's most famous natural park is Etos


text:
What is the correct answer?
To store pressure energy which may be supplied to a machine later on
To increase the intensity of pressure of water by means of energy available from a large quantity of water at a low pressure
To lift larger load by the application of a comparatively much smaller force
All of the above


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In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model for minimizing the anticipated regret in combinatorial optimization problems with distributional uncertainty in the objective coefficients. The interval uncertainty representation of data is supplemented with information on the marginal distributions. As a decision criterion, we minimize the worst-case conditional value-at-risk of regret. The proposed model includes the standard interval data minmax regret as a special case. For the class of combinatorial optimization problems with a compact convex hull representation, a polynomial sized mixed integer linear program (MILP) is formulated when (a) the range and mean are known, and (b) the range, mean and mean absolute deviation are known while a mixed integer second order cone program (MISOCP) is formulated when (c) the range, mean and standard deviation are known. For the subset selection problem of choosing $K$ elements of maximum total weight out of a set of $N$ elements, the probabilistic regret model is shown to be solvable in polynomial time in the instances (a) and (b) above. This extends the current known polynomial complexity result for minmax regret subset selection with range information only.
View A Probabilistic Model for Minmax Regret in Combinatorial Optimization


Alterations in Bone Mineral Density in Marfan Syndrome and Homocystinuria
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Homocystinuria and Marfan syndrome represent distinct genetic conditions that share phenotypically similar skeletal features. An overview of the current understanding of genetic and physiologic contributing to the etiology of these conditions is summarized. The focus of this review is to explore the present understanding of the pathophysiology of Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria relative to the occurrence of osteoporosis in both conditions. Osteoporosis has been reported in association with homocystinuria. However, evidence supporting an association of osteoporosis with Marfan syndrome is equivocal and sources of ambiguity are critically reviewed. Advisability and approaches to bone mineral density monitoring in patients with Marfan syndrome or homocystinuria to inform clinical management are discussed. Finally, future research foci are proposed which will improve understanding of association of osteoporosis with Marfan syndrome or homocystinuria.


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On Monday I had the chance to train with Nagato sensei and Oguri sensei and once again the complex simplicity (or the simple complexity) of their movements was amazing. I come to Japan three times a year and I still see the distance in levels between the Japanese Shi Tennô understanding and mine. The margin for progression seems huge (and I do not speak about Hatsumi sensei's level)…
Last Friday Hatsumi sensei made one of his usual puns speaking of "budô" and "mudô" and even if it was the title for my last post on this blog I forgot to explain its meaning.
The kanji for "bu" (武) used for "budô" can also be pronounced "mu". But "mu" (無) means "without, nothing, empty, emptiness"; like in Zen "mushin", the no spirit no thinking attitude.
So when sensei said "budô is mudô" he said that "the path of budô was the path of no path". This new pun playing with the sound emphasized once again the importance of listening to what he is actually saying in his teaching and understanding our budô from a much deeper perspective.
Budô being the path of no-path the bujinkan budô is the path itself and it cannot be expressed in words. The bujinkan arts beyond the mechanical aspect of the waza is simply a kankaku (感覚), a feeling. Training here at the hombu with Sôke is the only way to become able to "read between the lines" as he is pushing us to do regularly. The shidôshi not travelling to Japan to get their knowledge directly at the source, miss an extraordinary opportunity to develop themselves completely. Budô is more than a series of techniques, it is really a way of realization, a true art.
At lunch time on Sunday, sensei repeated his intention to build a jinja (神社), a shrine for the bujinkan and he was not speaking of religion here but of creating a place where the practitioners would find a training place building their taijutsu as well as their "shinjutsu" written 心術 (and not 針術 – acupuncture). If we see budô as the science of growing flowers, we can see the difference existing between learning to plant a seed, caring it, feeding the germ and making the flower blooming; and the art of Ikebana (生花) where the art is to express life through a special flower arrangement based on the tenchijin.
Moving from the physical world to the spiritual world is not the only possible through religions but also through budô.
"Budô is mudô" then makes sense. Our budô is nature and nature is without intention. Being is the solution and attending the classes with sensei transforms us into true human beings.
Nature is simplicity but a complex simplicity. This is exactly the same when you train here with sensei and the Japanese shihan. You watch their movements, you find them easy to reproduce and then you find yourself unable to reproduce them. This is the state of mind in which I was yesterday when training with Nagato sensei and Oguri sensei. One word to summarize that: "WYSINWG" (What You See Is Never What You Get.
Their movements yesterday were based on very simple basic techniques such as: omote gyaku, ura gyaku, katamune dori, ô gyaku but the way the expressed them were beyond the mechanical realm. They were "holistic"!
As I previously wrote it in my other entries on this blog, my words cannot express them correctly so this time I will not try to do so. Only if you were attending the classes can you have a slight chance of getting it. The classes in Japan are like the wind, you don't see it but you see the movements of the leaves on the trees. Maybe this is why we say: "bufû ikkan".
This trip I am becoming aware, more than usual, of the unicity of their movement. A way to express that could be: "bujinkan budô is unity in multiplicity". Natural movement deals with everything at the same time: uke, tori, the terrain, the feelings, the angles, the bones, the intentions. In fact you must get the general image in order to move simply and efficiently.
Let me state a few rules to make you understand what natural movement is (or should be):
- the technique is always adapted to the body type of uke,
- the body moves in one as the tenchijin is united,
- the angles of the bones of both uke and tori are in harmony,
- tori is never "doing it" uke is creating the conditions of his fall,
- strength is useless as softness triggers uke to react more,
- there is no technique only opportunities,
- a book will never fight.
So let's study ikebana and plant the seeds of our taijutsu to get into the world of shinjutsu. An remember that the meaning of this year's kihon happô speaks about a new germination, sprouting (happô – 八方).


that it appears to be circular. However, this
apparent circularity is really just a shorthand for a recursive definition.
For example, the empty set is a P-name, because all the members of the empty
set certainly satisfy the required property. Then, once we know that the
empty set is a P-name, we can build other sets that are P-names using the
definition.
A P-name x is supposed to name some set X that is related to G, but x is
designed for discussion of facts that are true "in general" for all G, so
the members of x (or more precisely, of dom(x)) are not, as we might at
first expect, the names of all the elements of X---that's "too specific."
Rather, the members of x are the names of everything that is *potentially*
in X. Now, if I happen to know exactly which particular G I'm interested
in, then I should be able to figure out *exactly* which set x names. To
this end, each member of x is "tagged" with an element of P. If I know G,
then I can go through each member of x, and whenever the "tag" is actually
in G, then I transform the potential membership into actual membership,
whereas if the tag is not in G, then I discard the potential member.
Formally, the "value of a P-name x with respect to G," written val(x,G), is
defined to be
val(x,G) = {val(y,G) : <y,p> is in x for some p in G}
This is again a recursive definition. The value of the empty set is always
the empty set, and we can build up other values from this.
One thing that may still seem obscure in this definition is the role of P.
Couldn't we simply replace "P" by "M" everywhere? Why do we need P? It is
true that we could define names and their values without reference to P, but
there are two reasons for including it: (1) to prove the main theorems of
forcing, we will need to impose a certain structure on P, which we cannot in
general impose on M itself, and (2) after we finish building the machinery
and want to apply it, having the extra degree of freedom of choosing a good
P will be very valuable in constructing c.t.m.'s with special properties.
The names construction is quite powerful. For example, let us, now and
throughout the rest of this article, require that P always contain a
distinguished element called "1" and let us also require that G always
contain 1. (We previously used "1" for the set {{}} but there should be no
confusion because we will have no further occasion to mention {{}}.) Then
there is a name---in fact, a "canonical" name---for every element X of M.
This can be proved by recursion: if every element Y of X has a name Y*, then
we can formulate the name X* = {<Y*,1> : all Y in X}. Then since 1 is always
in G, it follows that val(X*,G) = X. (Furthermore, this construction turns
out to be absolute, so X* is in M.) From this we can deduce that G has a
name too, the "diagonal" name G* = {<X*,X> : all X in P}. Chasing the
definition, we see that the value of this name is the set of values of X* as
X runs over all elements of G, i.e., val(G*,G) = G.
We can now fill in one blank in the Fundamental Theorem. Given M, P, and G,
the formal definition of M[G] is:
M[G] = {val(x,G) : x is a P-name in M}.
We would like to claim is that M[G] is a c.t.m. if M is. However, this
turns out to be false without further conditions on P and G. Why this is so
is the topic of the next section.
4. A naive attempt to prove that ZFC is true in M[G]
The ideas presented so far, while not sufficient to prove that M[G]
satisfies ZFC, do buy us *some* of the axioms of ZFC. In particular, M[G]
satisfies the Pairing and Union axioms of ZFC. I didn't define what these
axioms are, but they are easy to state. For example, Pairing says that for
every X and Y in M[G] there exists Z in M[G] such that X E Z and Y E Z. To
see this, suppose that X and Y are in M[G]. By definition of M[G],
X = val(x,G) and Y = val(y,G) for some P-names x and y in M. Now set
z = {<x,1>, <y,1>}. This is a P-name, and it is also in M (the latter
fact requires proof, but it is essentially because M satisfies Pairing).
So Z = val(z,G) = {X,Y} is in M[G] and it has the desired property (remember
that "E" denotes membership). Pairing is so easy that we don't even need
most of the power of the concept of names to prove that it is true in M[G].
Trouble arises, however, with other axioms of ZFC, such as the Powerset
axiom. Suppose X is in M[G], and let x be a P-name in M such that
val(x,G) = X. We need to find a P-name y in M such that Y = val(y,G)
contains every subset of X that lies in M[G]. The following definition
is a natural try:
y = {<z,1> : z is a P-name in M and dom(z) is a subset
of dom(x)}
Now suppose Z is a subset of X in M[G]. There must exist a P-name z in M
such that Z = val(z,G). We would love to be able to say that dom(z) must be
a subset of dom(x), because val(z,G) would then be in Y, and we would be
done. But unfortunately, this need not be true. The problem is that z
might contain a lot of "potential" elements that are not in dom(x) but that
"disappear" when you take the value, because they are tagged with elements
of P that are not in G. So it seems we're stuck.
All is not lost, though. Different P-names in M may actually have the same
value; although an arbitrary z that names Z might not have a domain
contained in dom(x), perhaps a careful choice of z will.
But how do we find such a z? Answering this question leads us (finally!) to
the concept of forcing, to which we now turn.
5. Forcing
To make progress we need to investigate further the idea that some facts
about G are specific to G while other facts are "true in general." For
example, whether or not the empty set is a member of G is something that is
very specific to G. In contrast, consider the following statement: If the
empty set is a member of G, then G is nonempty. This is something that can
be said about G *without* knowing anything specific about G. For a slightly
less trivial example, we can also say that if omega is a member of G, then
the union of all the members of G is an infinite set. More generally,
without any knowledge of facts that are particular to G, it is possible to
construct quite sophisticated statements of the form, "*If* G contains a
certain element p, *then* such-and-such must be true." Let us now define
forcing:
Let p be an element of P and let phi be any sentence
whose nouns are P-names. Then we say that "p ||- phi"
(read: "p forces phi") if, for any subset G of P
[satisfying technical conditions], p being a member
of G implies that phi is true in M[G] (i.e., phi is
true when the names are replaced by their values).
This definition requires some explanation. First, it is not actually the
true definition of forcing, unless the technical conditions are inserted (we
will return to this later; ignore it for now). The main part of the
definition is best clarified by example. Write 0 for the empty set, and let
G* be the canonical name of G. Let phi be the sentence, "G* is nonempty."
Then "0 ||- phi" states that for any G, 0 being a member of G implies the
following statement: "G is nonempty" (I have replaced, in phi, the name G*
by its value, G). This is true. On the other hand, if omega* is the
canonical name of omega, then we would not expect "0 ||- omega* is in G*" to
be true; that is, we would not expect the fact that 0 is in G to imply that
omega is in G


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Like many Indian cities, Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate bordering on a hot semi-arid climate. The best time to visit Hyderabad is from October to March. Temperatures are mild with abundant sunshine during this time, and average temperature range from a low of 15°C (59°F) to a high of 29°C (85°F). March to June is hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms. Highs can reach 45°C (113°F) or more and lack of air-conditioning can make it feel very uncomfortable. July to October can be quite warm and humid and low pressure systems from the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season can cause heavy rain for days.
- Winter (November to February) is pleasant with the temperature running between 14°C to 32°C making it suitable for sightseeing and outdoor activities in Hyderabad.
- Summer (March to May) is severely hot especially the months of April and May, with the temperature being always above 30°C and soaring as high as 45°C. Sightseeing becomes very difficult due to the hot sun.
- Monsoon (June to September) offers medium to heavy rains and may be associated with heavy winds. The monsoon months are not preferable for travelling around Hyderabad.
Events & Festivals in Hyderabad
It is worth scheduling a visit to Hyderabad during one of their fairs or festivals that are held on a grand scale as the city is the most colourful and liveliest at this time. The Hindu religious festival of Deepavali and the Muslim religious festival of Id-ul-fitr occurs during October; these are the two most important days in this region and are celebrated with much enthusiasm and colorful processions. Be prepared for throngs of tourists, both local and foreigners, during this time.
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Winton, Burning of
Winton, the seat of Hertford County, was burned by Federal troops on 20 Feb. 1862. It was the first North Carolina town burned by Union forces during the Civil War and the only one burned completely. On 19 February a flotilla of eight Union gunboats steamed up the Chowan River. As the vessels approached Winton's wharf, Confederate artillery and infantry opened up from the river bluff, but the boats sustained no serious damage.
When the flotilla returned the next morning, Winton was deserted, but several buildings had clearly been used for Confederate billeting and storage. These were torched, resulting in a blaze that left only one small house standing. The Hertford County Courthouse had been destroyed in 1830, and virtually all records from 1830 to 1862 were consumed in this fire, along with several dozen houses, stores, and other buildings. The cooperation of Union army and navy forces in the action constituted one of the first amphibious operations in the history of the American military.
Thomas C. Parramore, "The Burning of Winton in 1862," NCHR 39 (Winter 1962).
"Burning of Winton." Courtesy of the North Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina libraries. Available from _URL_ (accessed May 18, 2012).
"Ruins of Winton." Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, October 24, 1863. Courtesy of North Carolina Collections at the University of North Carolina Libraries. Available from _URL_ (accessed May 18, 2012).
1 January 2006 | Parramore, Thomas C.


text: A webinar on "Augmented Reality and its Industrial Applications" was conducted on 22nd July 2020 by the Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, PSG iTech through the online platform, Google Meet. Dr.S.Balamurugan, Director (R&D), Intelligent Research Consultancy Services (iRCS), Coimbatore was the resource person for the webinar. The webinar intended to explore the Augmented Reality (AR) and its industrial applications. The resource person briefed about AR along with several other real-time applications. He explained the variations between AR and virtual reality (VR). The session concluded with a Q&A session. This webinar was coordinated by Ms.S.Hemkiran, Asst. Professor (Sr.Gr.), Dept. of CSE, PSG iTech.


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(1) A term t is directly referential iff the semantic content of t is the designatum of t.
(2) The semantic content of a term t is X iff for every linguistic environment E, the semantic content that t contributes to E(t) is X [i.e Semantic Innocence].
(3) Thus, a term t is directly referential iff for every linguistic environment E, the semantic content that t contributes to E(t) is the designatum of t.
(4) In a bound environment (e.g. ∀xFx) a variable does not contribute its designatum (since 'Fx' must contribute a set of assignments).
(5) Thus, variables are not directly referential.
I'm interested in how people who advocate direct reference theory maneuver out of this argument. Denying either premise (1) or premise (2) are really the only options for not accepting the conclusion.
Premise (1) is an attempted definition of "direct reference". So perhaps I got the rough definition wrong. One alternative idea that would avoid the conclusion is this: a term t is "directly referential" iff the designatum of t is "directly" determined by the interpretation or assignment function, in the sense that its designatum is assigned independently of the world and time parameters. But to my ear this is a definition of rigidity de jure---it's a fact about a terms designatum across worlds/times and how it is built in by law that it be independent of worlds/times. Direct reference, however, is supposed to make a further claim about "semantic content". Kaplan defines it thusly: "When what is said in using an indexical in a context c is to be evaluated with respect to an arbitrary circumstance, the relevant object is always the referent of the indexical with respect to the context c." It's a familiar point that "direct reference" simply amounts to rigidity de jure, unless we construe it in terms of Russellian structured contents. But I'm not sure how one might want to tinker with the definition to avoid the conclusion.
In any case, I think the real action is with premise (2). And it seems that many will somehow want to deny it, and thus deny semantic innocence (e.g. see Salmon's "A theory of bondage", which develops a Fregean referential shift semantics for variable binding (although he doesn't exactly endorse the occurrence-based semantics he outlines)).
But if a term can be "directly referential" even though the value it contributes across all environments (i.e. its compositional semantic value) isn't its designatum, what is the significance of calling the term "directly referential"? For example, the direct reference theory of names is controversial precisely because of its commitments on embedded occurrences, e.g. names embedded in belief reports. (Perhaps this is where the distinction between Millianism and Direct Reference is important.) Can one accept that 'Hesperus' and 'Phosphorus' are directly referential (and thus have the same "semantic content" in some important sense) even though the semantic content of their occurrences in belief contexts are different? It's hard for me to get a grip on "semantic content", if it is detached from the semantic contribution an expression makes to the complex expressions of which it is a constituent.
I'm left wondering what "direct reference" is exactly and what important (and plausible) thesis about language it is committed to. Any ideas?


What Do Glofish Eggs Look Like
When glofish breed, they produce hundreds of tiny white eggs. The fertilized ones drop to the bottom of the tank and the unfertilized ones stay above the water's surface. The males fertilize each other's eggs, causing many of them to have the same clutch. Once a female releases her eggs, many males will attempt to fertilize them. The fertilized eggs have a black dot in the center, indicating that they are fertilized. The unfertilized ones are whitish and cream colored.
The glofish egg is a plain, white egg. The glofish's eggs are similar to those of the original species. They are tiny, spherical, and translucent, and about a millimeter in diameter. The fluorescent gene inside glofish eggs causes them to glow, but their color is very pale. The hatching process is similar to that of other types of glofish.
The glofish egg looks very similar to that of other species, but it's easy to tell that a Glofish is pregnant by the color of its body. It's difficult to tell by appearance, but you can watch for behavioral cues. The female waits until she's about 3/4 of an inch long to lay her eggs. Then, when the male comes back, she will begin mating, and the two will wiggle and push together.
The glofish egg doesn't hatch. Instead, it develops tiny body parts as the yolk sac is consumed. Once it develops, the glofish will hatch. Ultimately, it takes on the form of a fry. They aren't live-bearing fish, but they are fertile. And as the fry develop, they'll continue to grow in size until the sperm and embryo are ready for breeding.
The glofish egg is the same as the zebra danio egg. The zebra danio's eggs are the same as glofish danio eggs. The glofish barb's eggs are white, spherical, and about one millimeter in diameter. They can lay 150 to 200 eggs during a breeding season, but the sperm and egg are only few, which means there is a small chance that it'll survive the entire period.
Unlike other types of eggs, the glofish egg is not a real egg. It looks very much like the eggs of its original species. It is small and round, and it is not very colorful, but it contains a fluorescent gene. The glofish egg will not grow into a fry. A normal betta will develop into an adult. The male betta will watch the sperm and the glofish embryo.
Unlike the eggs of their original species, glofish eggs are similar to regular fish eggs. They are white, spherical, and don't glow. They are not colored, but they are a spherical ball. They do not develop into adult bettas. And unlike the betta, the glofish fry can survive in a variety of environments, including freshwater aquariums.
The glofish egg is the only one of the tetras that can lay eggs. They are not actually able to hatch, but instead, they develop into tiny, white fry. Their egg is not the same as the original, but it is not uncommon for a glofish to produce a rainbow of glofish colors. Similarly to tetras, glofish will also eat its own eggs.
Unlike most other fish, glofish eggs do not hatch. They develop tiny body parts as the yolk sac engulfs the globules. During this stage, they're white, spherical, and about a millimeter in diameter. Despite the fact that a glofish has no embryo, it can lay 150-200 eggs per breeding season. The solitary female lays only a few eggs.
Glofish spawning is a three- to four-hour process. The baby glofish, in turn, looks like a miniature version of the adult. As a result, the baby glofish has a pink coloration when it is pregnant, and a blue glofish mate with a purple one. The resulting babies are green, blue, and purple. If they mate with the same sperm, they will produce the same color as the parents.
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A part of Preston Lower farm
This field called Cow Leaze (Parcel 134) was a large field of Preston Lower Farm and was also known as First Sleight. The name 'cow leaze' simply means pasture land on which cows were grazed, while 'sleight' comes from the Old English sloeget, meaning a sheep pasture. Anciently the leghs (later corrupted to sleights) meant large, noble grounds or pastures.
The 1848 Preston Tithe Apportionment described Parcel 134 as 'Cowleaze & Barton'. In the context of the Tithe Apportionment entries, the term 'barton' is as given in FT Elworthy's 'West Somerset Word Book' of 1886; "That part of the farm premises which is specially enclosed for cattle, very frequently called the 'straw barton' because it is here that large quantities of straw are strewed about to be eaten and trodden into manure". The Preston Tithe Map shows that a small section of the field (0a 0r 20p) had been partitioned as Parcel 135, a dwellinghouse and garden, occupied in 1848 by French national Couly de Chavelle.
The Apportionment noted that Cow Leaze was owned by Robert Tucker and occupied by Joseph Roberts. It was described as pasture, with an area measured at 16a 2r 10p. It had a small lake towards its northwest corner.
Cow Leaze (Parcel 134) was bounded on the north by Preston Lane (today's Preston Road), on the west by Lower Farm farmhouse (Parcel 132) and Home Orchard (Parcel 133), to the south by the Old Mill Leat and Long Mead (Parcel 136) and to the east by Seven & Eight Acres (Parcel 139) and Second Close (Parcel 137).
As seen from the 1901 Ordnance Survey map below, Preston Grove was newly-constructed in the northeast corner of Cow Leaze and by 1927 the aerial photograph shows that the northeast corner of the field cut off by the new road had been filled with houses and gardens.
By 1946 the aerial photograph shows that the remainder of Cow Leaze, apart from the small area of allotments that would become Preston Park, had been filled with houses and gardens of Preston Road along the northern edge, Preston Grove in the northeast and Westbourne Grove to the south.
For details on historic land measurement (ie acres, roods and perches) click here.
MAPS & Aerial Photographs
The 1849 Preston Tithe Map. Cow Leaze is at left.
The 1849 Preston Tithe Map overlaid on a modern map.
The 1889 Ordnance Survey shows Lower Farm at lower left with extensive fields labelled 'Preston Grove' stretching eastwards. The field in which the words 'Lower Farm' appear, and much of which later became Preston Park, was called Cow Leaze or First Sleight. The dotted line across the fields, indicating a footpath, was the line of the later road, also called Preston Grove.
This map, based on the 1901 Ordnance Survey, shows Lower Farm and its outbuildings. Preston Grove has, by this time, been laid out but no houses have yet been built.
An aerial photograph of 1927, looking southeast. Preston Road runs across lower left and Watercombe Lane is at lower right while Westland's airfield is at top right and relatively newly-built Preston Grove runs up the left of the photograph. Preston Lower Farm is at centre bottom with the two streams running from lower right to top centre. The boundary of Cow Leaze is shown in red, but by this time combined with Second Sleight at top left.
An aerial photograph of 1946 showing the approximate boundary of the former Cow Leaze shown in red and by this time all but completely filled with the houses and gardens of Preston Grove at top right and Westbourne Grove running from bottom right to centre left. What would become Preston Park was being used as allotments.
The last remaining part of the former Cow Leaze is Preston Park - here looking south. The sunken area at left is the filled-in pond. Photographed in 2015.
Preston Park looking north towards Preston Road. Photographed in 2015.


Bark at Me
Pet Expert Q&A
By Donna Chicone
The 4th of July is a fun holiday to celebrate. However, many dogs do not enjoy the loud noises that accompany fireworks. Dogs can startle and run away. July 4 is the day the most dogs are identified as lost. Some dogs will escape the noise by hiding under beds or a space that feels safe. They may tremble in fear and anxiousness. Thunderstorms any time of year can also be distressing for dogs.
 Pet Parent Question
"My dog physically shakes and hides under the chair when he hears any loud noise. What can I do to help him?"
Answer: Many dogs react to loud noises. Close the windows and doors and play soothing music, or watch TV to mask the noise outside. Give your dog a food toy with treats to occupy him. You can purchase a Thundershirt, in most pet stores, that swaddles your dog.
T-Touch is a form of touch and stroking that can be of comfort. If necessary, contact your veterinarian for help and possible medication. Acknowledging that this is a real issue for your dog and doing what you can to help him is the most important thing.
Bathing and grooming our dogs can be costly, but it is important for their overall health. Dogs need their ears cleaned and nails trimmed regularly. If a dog does not shed, it means he has hair (not fur), and if the hair is not washed and brushed it will matt and cause discomfort. If a dog sheds, regular grooming with designated products can help reduce shedding.
Bathing a dog outside with cold water from the hose is not a good idea. Use warm water and only shampoo products designed for dogs.
Pet Parent Question:
"I know my dog needs a bath, but how often should I bathe him?"
Answer: You can determine how often to groom your dog with input from your groomer and your pocketbook. Every 4 to 6 weeks is a good starting frequency.
Most dogs do not like to be bathed. Try to make it a fun experience for your dog. Be sure to rinse thoroughly so soap does not build up on the skin and cause itchiness. Dogs can air-dry in warmer weather. Those with hair should be dried with a doggie dryer so their hair does not mat.
Reward your dog with a fun treat for being a good dog during his bath. A clean dog often means a happy pet parent.
Woofs & Smiles!
Donna Chicone is an award-winning author, TEDx speaker and advocate for dogs. She is a former nurse, family and addictions counselor, 23-year corporate America professional, and host of Jazz and Jive's TV Show. She is a devoted pet parent to her two Portuguese water dogs, Jazz and Jive, and is an advocate for the humane treatment of animals. She lives in Minnesota with her husband. When she is not writing or speaking about dogs, she's engaged in pet assisted therapy work and K9 Nosework with Jazz and Jive.


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What Is a Credit FacilityWritten by pradeep
Home » Finance and Investing
There are many definitions of credit facility. It is commonly known as a loan, which is taken from a financial institution and a person who is in need of the credit. Credit facilities consist of different types of credit that ranges from revolving credit to a credit that is used as a backup for the company. When a person asks for a credit from the bank, he should pledge immovable property to the bank in the form of collateral. This is a mandatory in all the banks, unless it is a small amount. There are various types of credit facilities, which the banks provide. This article will discuss about these facilities.
- credit cardthis is a device, which the bank issues to its account holder. The cardholder can use this card to make credit purchases from shopping. At the end of every month, the cardholder has to pay the bill, which he has accumulated with the use of the credit card. The car holder has the advantage of paying this amount in installments. He will have to pay interest on the amount unpaid by him. However, he should pledge collateral to get a credit card based on which his card limit will be set.
- Bank overdraftthis is a type of credit facility, which only the current account holder can take. When the person has a current account in the bank, he has the right to withdraw a few extra thousands exceeding the balance in his account. For this amount exceeding the balance in his account, he should pay interest as per the interest rate that the bank charges.
- Payday loansthis is one of the popular credit facilities, which is being used by many people today. As the name suggests, this is a loan, which is given to you based on your salary. However, you should repay the loan to the institution on the day that you receive you pay from your employer. This is a loan, which does not require you to pledge any collateral and thus, is easily available to all. They do not even ask for any credit background, which is why the high rate of interest.
However, any bank, which provides loans, will ask you for your credit background. The interest rate on which the loan is given will depend upon the credit background. If you have a good background, which is free of all problems, the interest rate will be low. Else, the interest rate will be high. Thus, you should keep all these documents ready while applying for a loan.
Credit facility is flexible in nature. It is not necessary that the facility is just used according to business wants but you can use this facility wherever the funds are required.


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An optimal design method is presented for dewatering a excavation site. It predicts the optimum number of deep wells, their locations, and the rate of pumping needed to maintain ground water levels below specified elevations at steady and unsteady state. In our proposed method a linear programming method is used to determine the pumping rate at steady state and AIC is used to suggest the optimum deep well locations. This is accomplished by including the finite element analysis of two-dimensional steady seepage flow. Nonlinear least-squares algorithm incorporating finite element analysis of unsteady seepage flow is used to compute the pumping rate required to reach ground water levels below appointed elevation in a prescribed time. The method is applied to several examples of dewatering for a large excavation site in unconfined aquifer models.
|Number of pages||9|
|Journal||Doboku Gakkai Rombun-Hokokushu/Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers|
|Issue number||493 pt 3-2|
|Publication status||Published - 1994|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


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Front Page Titles (by Subject) CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - The Tyranny of Socialism
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CHAPTER I.: COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES. - Yves Guyot, The Tyranny of Socialism
The Tyranny of Socialism, ed. J.H. Levy (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1894).
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COST AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRIKES.
Strikes in France in 1890 and 1891—Cost of Strikes—Strikes in England in 1892—Statistics relating to Arbitration—Losses resulting from Strikes—Displacement of Trade—Trades Unions and Strikes—Mistrust.
According to the information given by the Labour Department, 313 strikes, involving 118,000 workmen, took place in France in 1890; and 267 strikes, involving 108,000 strikers, in 1891. The Departments which have had the most strikes are the Nord, with 61 in 1890, and 68 in 1891; the Loire, with 29 in 1890; the Ardennes, with 28 in 1890; and the Rhone, with 28 in 1890, and 20 in 1891. Only 52 Departments were affected by strikes in 1890, and 54 in 1891.
The results of these strikes were as follows:—
The 91 successful strikes affected 22,400 workmen; the 67 that were partially successful affected 54,200 workmen; those which miscarried affected 32,200 workmen.
The principal causes of these strikes were demands for increased wages, the shortening of the hours of work, and reduction of salaries effected by employers.
One third of the successful strikes lasted for less than one week. When a strike lasted more than a fortnight it seemed to be doomed to failure.
These figures give a very poor idea as to the importance of strikes. The sacrifices which they have cost, both to employers and to men, the value of the advantages gained, and also the pecuniary and mercantile consequences which may have resulted from them, are unknown.
At Anzin, in 1884, it is calculated that the strike cost the workmen 1,135,000 francs (£45,000), and the company 600,000 francs (£24,000), that is, 1,735,000 francs, without counting the damage caused by the stopping of the works.
In England, the total number of strikes and lockouts for the year 1891, was 893, affecting 295,000 persons, either voluntarily or otherwise; for the striking of certain workmen caused a stoppage of work to others. These strikes had an average duration of twenty-four days.
Most of them were caused by questions of wages. In 1890, there were 59 caused by the question of employment of non-unionists, and in 1891, 47. Fifty-one per cent. were checked; 36 per cent. proved successful; the result of the others is unknown. Four hundred and sixty-eight strikes out of 824, in which 120,579 people were implicated out of 263,507, were terminated by compromise, and only 12, affecting 12,100 workmen were settled by arbitration. It is useful to quote these figures in order to destroy the illusion so wide-spread in France, that it is enough to pronounce the word "arbitration" and to pass a law concerning arbitration, to put an end to all these disputes.
The losses to the workmen who were forced by the strikes to abstain from labour for four weeks, are calculated at £1,500,000.
The cost of the Hull strike in 1892, which lasted for eight weeks, is calculated at £9,000 for the town, and £60,004 in loss of wages.
Mr. Bevan, calculating the loss of wages as at 4s. 2d. per day, for five days a week, for 110 strikes in England, from 1870 to 1879, arrives at a figure of £4,468,000. The strike of the Clyde ship-builders cost 7,500,000 francs (£300,000) in 1877; that of the Durham miners in 1879, 6 millions of francs (£240,000).
The Labour Bureau, in the United States, reckoned that the strikes of 1881 to 1887 cost the workmen 260 millions of francs or 50 million dollars. These are only figures to some people; but the consequences to women, to children, and to the health of the workmen themselves, are terrible. Moreover, the position of the employers has been attacked and weakened; funds destined for improvements have disappeared, and the powers of production in an industry that has undergone a strike are restricted. Sometimes a strike suffices even to ruin a trade.
These examples have made Trades Unions prudent as to striking. In 1888, out of 104 Unions, only 39 subsidised strikes; and a certain number of Trades Unions have specified in their statutes, that the vote on this subject shall not be taken according to the majority, but according to a certain quorum. At the Brussels Congress of 1892, an English Delegate was indignant that the Engineers' Union (the strongest and wealthiest of all), had, in 1889, spent over £100,000 on sickness, funerals, retiring pensions, accidents, etc., as against about £1,800 on strikes and the costs of the struggles.
This powerful and wealthy association seems to mistrust the results of strikes.


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1) A CHAZAKAH MADE BY USING ANOTHER PERSON'S PROPERTY
QUESTION: The Mishnah describes acts through which a person is able to make a Chazakah on the property of another person, and that Chazakah serves as proof to his claim that he purchased the rights to use the other person's property for that purpose. The RASHBAM explains that the Mishnah refers to acts done for three years on or with the property of the other person, and the Mishnah means that if one does such acts for three years, then he has a Chazakah of three years.
The Rashbam seems to contradict what he writes earlier. The Rashbam earlier (41a, DH Kol Chazakah), as well as RASHI (or the Hagahah in Rashi, 6b) and TOSFOS (6b, DH v'Iy Chavrei), write that a Chazakah made through the usage of someone else's object takes effect immediately, as soon as the owner fails to protest the usage of his object, and the Machzik can claim that he purchased the rights of usage of that object from the owner. Why, then, does the Rashbam here explain that the Chazakah made through the usage of someone's object is only a Chazakah after three years of usage?
ANSWER: The TUR (CM 153) explains that the Rashbam maintains that when one gives permission to someone to use his property for small usages, it is not the practice to write a Shtar. Therefore, the Chazakah takes effect immediately if the owner does not protest, and the person using the property is believed to claim that he bought the rights to use the property for that purpose. In contrast, it is the practice to write a Shtar for large usages, such as those mentioned in the Mishnah. Therefore, the Machzik can claim only that he bought the rights to that usage after he has used the property for three years, because within three years the owner can demand to see the Shtar.
2) TAKING A SPIRITUALLY DANGEROUS ROUTE
QUESTIONS: The Gemara cites the verse in Yeshayah (33:15) which praises a person who "closes his eyes from viewing evil." Rebbi Chiya bar Aba explains that this refers to a person who does not gaze at women while they are standing at the wash pool washing clothes (when they have to expose parts of their legs to enter the pool). The Gemara asks what situation Rebbi Chiya bar Aba is discussing. If he is discussing a situation in which there is another route to take, then even if the person closes his eyes, he is considered a Rasha for taking this route in the first place! If there is no other route to take, then why does he need to close his eyes? He is an "Ones," and the Torah exempts him! The Gemara answers that, indeed, there is no other route to take, and nevertheless he is required to force himself not to look at the forbidden sites and to turn his head away and close his eyes.
(a) The Gemara says that when there is another route for him to take, he is a "Rasha" for taking the path with the forbidden sites, even if he closes his eyes. The CHAFETZ CHAIM (Sefer Chafetz Chaim, Klal 6, Be'er Mayim Chaim #14) asks that the Gemara in Pesachim (25b) rules that a prohibited form of Hana'ah (pleasure) is permitted when a person could have avoided it, as long as he does not have specific intention to benefit from it ("Efshar v'Eino Mechaven"). Why, then, does the Gemara here call the person a "Rasha" when he could have avoided walking along the path but did not intend to derive pleasure from the forbidden sites there?
(b) The Gemara says that when there is no other route for him to take, he is an "Ones" and there is no reason for the verse to require him to close his eyes. RAV MOSHE FEINSTEIN zt'l (Igros Moshe EH 1:56) asks, why does the Gemara exempt the person with the rule of "Ones"? If there is no other route to take other than the one which contains forbidden sites, then let the person not go at all! Even if he needs to go in order to earn money or for other needs, such necessities do not permit the transgression of Isurim.
(a) The CHAFETZ CHAIM answers that the Isur of Arayos is different, because a person has a strong lust for such Isurim (Chagigah 11b, Makos 23b), and therefore a person must be especially stringent to avoid temptation. Even though he feels that right now he has no desire for such pleasure, nevertheless his Yetzer ha'Ra might overcome him later and, Chas v'Shalom, he might have forbidden thoughts because of the sites that he saw. The IGROS MOSHE (loc. cit.) adds that the Torah itself prohibits one from seeing things which later will cause him to have forbidden thoughts, and it warns a person not to rely on himself to say that he will not have such thoughts: "v'Nishmarta mi'Kol Davar Ra" (Devarim 23:10).
(b) RAV MOSHE FEINSTEIN answers that the problem here is not that the person, by walking there, will certainly sin, but merely that there is a possibility that the person might have forbidden thoughts. Therefore, since it is not a certainty, when there is no other route to take a person is permitted to rely on himself to remove his mind from the forbidden sites, and he is not obligated to lose his money as a result. Only when there is no pressing need for him to walk there is he prohibited to rely on himself to remove his mind from forbidden thoughts.