text:
Genetic Resources of Corn
The genetic material for any crop plant is extremely valuable. Before the early 20th century, those genetic resources were contained in farmers' fields and renewed each season when the crop grew and the seeds harvested. The Virginia Gourdseed corn grown on George Washington's Mount Vernon farm or the "criollo" corn that the Mayans grew in Chiapas, Mexico were all part of the global storehouse for the genes of corn.
Development of Genetic Resource Conservation in the US
During the 19th century, the practice of developing and maintaining particular varieties of crop plants became common. In the United States, Congress created the Department of Agriculture in 1862 "to procure, propagate, and distribute...new and valuable seeds and plants". In 1901, the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction was created in the Department of Agriculture. Its mission was to find seeds and plant material that could be useful to US agriculturalists. With the rediscovery of Mendel's principles of genetic inheritance in 1900, the science of plant breeding and the value of diverse genetic material grew.
In 1946, Congress passed the Research and Marketing Act, which established four centers that would perform research on new and useful crops, including those that could be used in chemical and manufacturing industries. There were four centers created: Ames, Iowa; Geneva, New York; Experiment, Georgia; and Pullman, Washington. Each station was responsible for plant breeding research as well as collecting and maintaining genetic materials from around the world for several crop species. The North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station in Ames, Iowa preserves the corn collection, containing over 20,000 accessions. Seeds intended for distribution are kept at 5ºC and 30% relative humidity.
In 1958, the National Seed Storage Laboratory (now called the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation) began operating in Fort Collins, CO. This center provides an additional safekeeping site for many crop plants and their wild relatives. It keeps backup samples of materials from the regional Plant Introduction Centers as well as seeds from other governmental agencies, botanical gardens, national genebanks in other countries, international genebanks, nongovernmental agencies and Native American tribes. Samples are kept under conventional storage conditions (-18ºC, low humidity) and also under cryogenic storage (in canisters of liquid nitrogen at -160ºC). Seeds stored under conventional methods can remain viable for decades and seeds maintained under cryogenic conditions should be viable for hundreds of years.
Other active collections that are not part of the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) exist in private or institutional collections at colleges, universities, and state agricultural experiment stations. Still other collections are held by industry, nonprofit organizations, botanical gardens, and arboreta. There is no precise information regarding the number, size, or condition of many of these mostly private collections, but it has been suggested that they probably represent a substantial germplasm pool (Office of Technology Assessment, 1985), some of which may be of considerable importance. For example, commercial crop breeders, such as DeKalb Seeds or Pioneer keep their own collections for developing hybrid seed lines.
International Genetic Resource Conservation
CIMMYT (Centro Internacional por Manteniento de Maize Y Trigo/ International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), in El Batan in the highlands of Mexico, is an important center for the storage of maize genetic materials, especially those from tropical countries. Over 28,000 landraces are maintained at the CIMMYT facility, which was established in 1963. Scientists at CIMMYT developed many crop varieties of the Green Revolutionan effort to create high yielding hybrid varieties that would eliminate hunger in the developing world.
The newest seed preservation facility is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault near Longyearbyen, Norway. Located on island archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, the center is located under a mountain in permafrost. Seeds are maintained at -18ºC under low oxygen conditions, and the permafrost provides additional protection for seeds in case of power failure. Seeds are kept only as safe storage; there are no loans of materials. Svalbard has 17,347 accessions of Zea (corn and related wild species). The Seed Vault provides backup for seed collections from around the world.
Maintaining Healthy Seed Collections
What happens to the seeds in the storage collections? Seeds, even those kept in good storage conditions, eventually lose the ability to germinate and grow. At the Plant Introduction Stations, samples from every accession undergo germination testing about every 5 years. When seeds designated for public distribution show less than 85% germination success, the accession must be "grown out" to preserve viability. In the growout, each sample or accession is planted and pollinated under controlled conditions so that plants only breed within that accession and the gene sample remains pure to that type.
All of the storage collections described above are called ex-situ storage. This means that a representative sample of seed from a particular locality was collected and preserved in a location away from the original growing site. This is an important method to preserve materials, because duplication of samples at several storage sites decreases the risk of loss from a catastrophic event (fire, weather, or even sabotage). But there are negative aspects of ex situ storage. For example, each time an accession is regenerated, there is a risk of losing some genetic variation due to random sampling. For example, if a genetic variation is rare (for example, only 1 of 100 seeds has that characteristic), then if only 250 plants are used in the growout, it is possible that gene variant might be missed. This is especially important for characteristics not visible to the eye. The other problem with ex situ storage is that the samples are staticthey are a sample of the genes at a particular time, but do not reflect any changes or responses to the environment.
For these reasons, many people believe that in situ or on-farm conservation is also important. In situ collections grow in the places where they historically occurred. These collections may be the varieties used by Andean farmers in Ecuador or the dent corn grown for generations by southern US farmers for making grits. Climate change as well as evolution of plant pests are reasons why keeping a dynamic, evolving collection of in-situ materials is important.
Anyone can help preserve crop genetic resources. In your own community, you may find families that grow a type of corn that has been in their family for generations. Farmers markets or local feed stores can be a source of information. One national organization to help get started is the Seed Savers Exchange in Decorah, Iowa. Members of this group grow varieties that may be family heirlooms and exchange them with other members.
Discovering more online:
Seed saving groups
Maintaining genetic resources at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation
Maintaining maize genetic resources at the international center at CIMMYT


text: The Thai amulets that created in an image of Lord Buddha meditation were made to explain the Dharma of Buddha and believed to bless every life in this world for good karma. Phra Somdej Wat Rakhang amulet is the top of the five most famous Thai amulets. There are many molds with various compositions. In this work, it was the first time that X-ray fluorescence spectrometry methods; scanning electron microscope cooperated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) were carried out to analyze their compositions. Two samples were collected from different molds. Results revealed C, Ca and Si were main composition. The differences in their compositions have been used to identify and characterize for each molds.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Version: 2019.2
Define a list of colors in the MinMaxGradient, to be chosen from at random.
The gradient is evaluated at a random point. The color returned is uninterpolated between color keys. Each color key in the gradient effectively changes the gradient to a fixed color for values between that key and the following key.


How many people in the United States die from snake bites every year?
 1. 0 Votes
 The United States has an extremely low fatality rate from snakebites – only 10 or fewer people die each year. In other countries, however, the rate is much, much higher. In Sri Lanka, for example, about 421,000 people are bitten by poisonous snakes each year, and of those at least 20,000 people die. In the U.S., about 7,000 or 8,000 people are bitten per year, but of those only about 1 in 500 actually die of the bite.
 2. 0 Votes
 The number is small. Only 12 people a year die from snakebites.
Please signup or login to answer this question.


FBAA Code of Ethical Conduct
 1. This Code of Ethical Conduct (Code) applies to Members of the Federation of Bloodstock Agents Australia (FBAA).
 2. The purpose of this Code is to specify enforceable rules and standards of ethical conduct for Members of the FBAA.
 3. The Code includes ethical business practices and specific industry requirements. It should be interpreted broadly, rather than by narrow and strict interpretation.
 4. The objects of this Code are to ensure that:
 (a) Members meet a high standard of integrity and transparency;
 (b) the interests of the Principal are protected when using the services of a Member; (c) the standing of the FBAA represents best practice in thoroughbred transactions.
 5. The Code is developed in consultation with stakeholders. The Code is reviewed annually to ensure it remains effective and current. Provisions of this Code of Conduct may be amended from time to time as specific industry expectations and business practices change, by majority agreement of the Members. Amendments shall have effect from the date on which the FBAA Members Agreement is signed by Members.
 6. Members should inform clients of the Code (in a manner reasonable for the circumstances, such as on Member's website) and their right to report a breach of the Code to the FBAA.
 1. In this Code of Conduct the following terms have the meaning assigned to them:
 'Associate Member' means a specific company with a representative invited to attend certain FBAA meetings on occasion.
 'Bill of Sale' means a written statement attesting to the sale of Bloodstock to a buyer dated and signed by both the buyer and the seller or a designated representative thereof.
 'Bloodstock' means all or any interest in a thoroughbred, stallion share or stallion nomination. 'Member' means any bloodstock agent who is an official Member of the Federation of Bloodstock Agents Australia, it also includes the company and its employees.
 'Principal' means a person or entity who, either formally or informally, appoints a Bloodstock Agent to represent and or advise them in the sale or purchase of bloodstock, stallion share or nomination as in the definition above.
 'Principal Racing Authority' means the body that supervises and controls thoroughbred racing in each Country, State and/or Territory.
 'Rules of Racing' means the Australian Rules of Racing approved by the Australian Racing Board to ensure thoroughbred horse racing in all States and Territories of Australia is conducted according to the same general practices, conditions and integrity. It also means the rules that are issued by Principal Racing Authorities specific to each State and Territory.
 1. FBAA Members must not engage in:
 (a) illegal or unlawful conduct;
 (b) professional misconduct;
 (c) unsatisfactory professional conduct2 of the standard and diligence that a member of the public is entitled to expect of a Member; or
 (d) would bring the integrity of the bloodstock industry into disrepute.
 2. Members must disclose any transaction commission, rebate or payment, received or shared with third parties, to the Principal.
 3. When a member is in receipt of commission from a seller (including any stud in relation to the sale of a stallion nomimation) they must disclose to the seller and Principal if that commission is split with a third party and the amount of the split.
 4. Members must at all times act in accordance with the best interests of their Principal. This means that Members must:
 (a) not communicate any false or misleading information to anyone that may impact the value or perception of a horse they know to be under the Principal's consideration and
(b) relay to their Principal any offer in its entirety that they receive to purchase a horse in respect of which they are acting as a selling Agent for the Principal.
Conflicts of Interest
 1. Members must not place themselves in a position where:
 (a) their personal interests conflict with the obligations that they owe to a Principal; or
 (b) the obligations that they owe to one Principal conflict with the obligations that they owe to another Principal;
 unless prior consent is obtained after full disclosure has been made to the Principal.
 2. Members must minimise the potential adverse impact of conflict of interest by disclosing business interests to the Principal. Specific disclosure includes, but is not limited to:
 (a) bloodstock in respect of which they are acting as an Agent for: (i) themselves;
 (ii) any Member of their immediate family;
 (iii) their company or any Member of their company; or
 (iv) an entity in which they have an ownership interest (other than a listed public company).
 (b) third parties with whom they have a retainer; or
 (c) third parties with whom they engage in regular dealings; or
 (c) where they are or should reasonably be aware they will or are likely to benefit,
 this requires ethical judgement to be made by the Member as to whether a real or perceived conflict of interest may adversely arise.
 3. Regarding bloodstock advice to a Principal, Members must not: (a) knowingly make any statement that is false or misleading; or
 (b) engage in any conduct, or enter into any arrangement, that is intended to falsely alter the price at which it is sold, or which is likely to have that effect.
 1. Members must take reasonable action to ensure they have sufficient understanding of the rules governing racing and other knowledge to properly undertake their business activities.
 2. Members must only undertake work in which they are competent and maintain competency in their work through continuing professional development.
Fair Trading
Members must compete fairly in the market and not attempt to displace or compete with another member by any improper or unfair means.
 1. Members must ensure that where they act for a Principal the terms of their engagement are disclosed in written or verbal form unless the Principal verbally waives
 such requirement as time does not allow for it.
 2. Members must complete a written Bill of Sale for all private transations which is dated and signed by both the buyer and the seller or a designated representative
 thereof. The completed and signed Bill of Sale must be provided by the Member to the Principal in a timely manner.
 1. When acting for a Principal, Members must preserve the confidentially of the Principal's information and any information as to the existence of a Bloodstock
 transaction or negotiations in connection with it; and all information (in whatever form) contained in any discussions, reports, papers or analyses relating to the
 Bloodstock transaction.
 2. Confidential information relating to the Principal or the Bloodstock transaction must only be disclosed as authorised by the client or with the Principal's consent, or as
 required by law, or any relevant Rules of Racing.
 1. When a Member knows of illegal Bloodstock conduct they are obliged to report it to an appropriate Principal Racing Authority, in accordance with the law, where
 their disclosure is protected by law.
 2. Collectively, Members are responsible for upholding the standards of the Association and should report breaches of the Code to the FBAA Complaints Advisory
 1. Breaches of the Code will be dealt with through the FBAA Conduct Review and Disciplinary System. It is intended that the system is accessible, independent, reasonable, fair, effective and accountable. A breach of the Code includes non-compliance with the Code's rules and guidelines, illegal or unlawful conduct, unsatisfactory professional conduct and professional misconduct not specified in the Code.
 2. A complaint about bloodstock industry misconduct that does not involve a Member can be made to the FBAA Complaints Advisory Panel, who will direct it to the appropriate Principal Racing Authority.
 Complaints Advisory Panel
 3. If any Principal or Principal's representative who has sold or purchased bloodstock (complainant) considers that a Member involved in the sale or purchase (respondent) has failed to comply with this Code, the complainant may make application to the Complaints Advisory Panel (the Panel) for assistance to resolve the dispute.
 4. The Panel will comprise three persons who have the following qualifications:
 (1) an experienced legal practitioner, who will chair the Panel;
 (2) the appointed President of the FBAA;
 (3) an independent person held in high esteem and character in the thoroughbred industry, with significant relevant experience and high business integrity.
 5. Advisory Panelists 27.(1) and (3) will be appointed by Member poll, from a shortlist of eligible and willing persons collated by the President after consultation with Members, within two [2] weeks of a vacancy coming available.
 6. The Complaints Advisory Panel will be reviewed annually to ensure Panelists are eligible and willing persons for the role.
 7. If a Panelist has a conflict of interest with the complainant or respondent, they will be replaced for this complaint report;
 (a) Panelist 27.(1) will be replaced by a different person who fits the criteria of 27.(1);
 (b) Panelist 27.(2) and 27.(3) will be replaced by a different person who fits the criteria of 27 (3);
 as agreed by the two remaining panelists.
 8. A complaint report may be filed using the online form or in person to a Member of the Panel.
 9. If the Panel receives a complaint it will:
 (a) disclose the complaint report to the respondent within five [5] days;
 (b)


text:
The high voltage modules (HV-modules) made by m-u-t are designed for driving Avalanche photodiodes, photomultipliers, laserdiodes, piezo actors and similar products, which require operating voltages up to 3 kV.
High precision Output voltage control
Depending on the selected high voltage modules (HV-module), the output voltage can be adjusted from 50 V to 3 kV (either positive or negative). With the short circuit resistant output voltage monitor, the output voltage can be controlled within limits of ± 0.1%. This high stability of the output voltage ensures precise operation of the connected devices.
Short Circuit resistant output current
The output current is limited to 0.2 mA or 1mA. To protect the high voltage module (HV-module) and the electronic unit against short circuits, the output current is limited to 103% specified max current for all high voltage modules (HV-modules).
- Slim design
- Precise output voltage
- Short circuit protected
- Output voltage monitor
- Logical on/off switch
- Optional temperature compensation

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Pulsing Zombie
What Does Pulsing Zombie Mean?
A pulsing zombie is a degradation-of-service attack that occurs when a hacker maliciously targets a system and compromises computer security by sending a steady stream of attacks over a long period of time. Pulsing zombie attacks generally occur without the website users' knowledge. Although pulsing zombie attacks weaken system performance, they do not shut down systems like with a typical denial-of-service attacks.
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Techopedia Explains Pulsing Zombie
Pulsing zombies are designed to degrade website operations and efficiency. Pulsing zombies intermittently barrage a targeted website with traffic, impacting website performance and creating noticeably compromised user capabilities. Although the individual barrages are short-lived, pulsing zombies slow responsiveness of the target.
They are difficult to disarm because of their potential to continue for long periods of time without detection. In addition, pulsing zombie attacks appear to be benign because they do not inflict catastrophic harm.
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Margaret Rouse
Margaret Rouse is an award-winning technical writer and teacher known for her ability to explain complex technical subjects to a non-technical, business audience. Over the past twenty years her explanations have appeared on TechTarget websites and she's been cited as an authority in articles by the New York Times, Time Magazine, USA Today, ZDNet, PC Magazine and Discovery Magazine.Margaret's idea of a fun day is helping IT and business professionals learn to speak each other's highly specialized languages. If you have a suggestion for a new definition or how to improve a technical explanation, please email Margaret or contact her…


text:
Students research online an influential woman, then create on the computer a quilt block with text and graphics. Quilt blocks are then printed and combined to form a quilt of connections.
women's history, quilt
Although research for this project can be done using books and other printed materials, the following grade-appropriate resources are available online.
Help your K-8 class celebrate Women's History Month with this research and drawing project.
Note: This lesson can be modified for any grade level from K through 8 simply by changing the information students must research and write about.
Before beginning the lesson, open the drawing software (see Materials Needed above) and create a large rectangle with a black border, but no fill color. Make the rectangle big enough to fill most of an 8 " x 11" piece of paper without spilling over the edges. Click Print Preview (in Appleworks, click File>Print, and then click Preview; in Microsoft Paint, click File>Print Preview) to make sure the rectangle fits.
Save the rectangle to your Desktop or Documents folder as a template with the name "quiltblock." (When you click File>Save in most programs, you will see an option under File Format to save it as a template. Be sure to change the location to which you're saving the rectangle to Desktop or Documents; it will try to save it in the Templates folder, which is hard to find.) Finally, put the rectangle file on each student computer, or save it to a floppy or to the server so students can access it later. The quilt block template will ensure that students' drawings are a uniform size.
Note: If you're using TuxPaint for K-2, don't worry about the rectangle. Just let them draw, then print and cut out the picture to fit.
Start the lesson by asking students to name famous American women in history and explain what they did to become famous. Tell students that they are going to research a famous American woman and then create a quilt block illustrating that woman's achievements. The blocks will be attached to one another to form a quilt that will be displayed _____. (You pick the location -- in the classroom, the hallway, the cafeteria, the office.)
Make sure students understand what a quilt is. To illustrate that a quilt is made up of many connected pieces, show your students some of the quilts at European American Quilting Traditions.
Next, follow the steps below to help students create a quilt block about Shirley Chisholm.
Students now should be able to follow these steps themselves:
Display your quilt on the classroom wall, or in the hallway, office, or cafeteria. You might even invite parents and other students to see the work. Make sure students have an opportunity to share their information with one another.
AssessmentStudents are evaluated based on their
Lesson Plan Source
FINE ARTS: Visual Arts
GRADES K - 4
NA-VA.K-4.1 Understanding and Applying Media, Techniques, and Processes
NA-VA.K-4.2 Using Knowledge of Structures and Functions
NA-VA.K-4.3 Choosing and Evaluating A Range of Subject Matter, Symbols, and Ideas
NA-VA.K-4.6 Making Connections Between Visual Arts and Other Disciplines
GRADES 5 - 8
NA-VA.5-8.1 Understanding and Applying Media, Techniques, and Processes
NA-VA.5-8.2 Using Knowledge of Structures and Functions
NA-VA.5-8.3 Choosing and Evaluating A Range of Subject Matter, Symbols, and Ideas
NA-VA.5-8.6 Making Connections Between Visual Arts and Other Disciplines
SOCIAL SCIENCES: U.S. History
GRADES K - 4
NSS-USH.K-4.3 The History of the United States: Democratic Principles and Values and the People from Many Cultures Who Contributed to Its Cultural, Economic, and Political Heritage
GRADES 5 - 12
NSS-USH.5-12.1 Era 1: Three Worlds Meet (Beginnings to 1620)
NSS-USH.5-12.2 Era 2: Colonization and Settlement (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.3 Era 3: Revolution and the New Nation (1754-1820s)
NSS-USH.5-12.4 Era 4: Expansion and Reform (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.5 Era 5: Civil War and Reconstruction (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.6 Era 6: The Development of the Industrial United States (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.7 Era 7: The Emergence of Modern America (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.8 Era 8: The Great Depression and World War II (_PHONE_)
NSS-USH.5-12.9 Era 9: Postwar United States (1945 to early 1970s)
NSS-USH.5-12.10 Era 10: Contemporary United States (1968 to the Present)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Are you interested in using decorative baking tubes, or have you purchased these baking tins? These can be a fun, unique way to bake bread and other baked goods. You simply bake the food in the tin, then cut it into pieces when it has cooled. Try star-shaped banana bread or round slices of bread with the baking tubes.
It's not always an easy process, though. Using these baking tubes may require a little trial and error for the ideal baking time depending on the tube, your oven, and the recipe.
What You'll Need
How to Use
Here are the directions for using decorative baking tubes along with some general tips:
- Spray nonstick cooking spray inside the tube and inside caps prior to using. This will prevent your dough from sticking.
- Place a double-thick piece of parchment paper or foil over the bottom of the tube and then put the cap on.
- Only fill the tube about halfway. Once you see how the recipe takes to the tubes, you could fill it about 3/4 of the way in the future if filling it halfway doesn't completely fill out the tube. How the tube fills during the baking process depends on your ingredients, so it can take a few tries to learn how to make your favorite recipes in these tubes. For bread dough that includes yeast, only fill the tube halfway to allow space for rising the dough before baking it.
- Bake, with top cap in place, in the vertical position in a pie plate or other pan with sides. The batter may seep out of the bottom or flow over the top, so you want to have something beneath the tube to catch any spills.
- Baking time is usually around an hour at 375 F to 400 F. Follow the recipe as usual.
- Test for doneness with a long cake tester or uncooked spaghetti noodle. A toothpick can't get all the way into the middle of the tube the way it does in a traditional cake pan, so you need something longer. Once it comes out clean, the tube is done.
- Cool your item. For yeast bread, cool in the pan for 10 minutes. Remove the loaf and place it on a rack so it can finish cooling. For quick bread loaves, let them cool in the tube for 15 to 20 minutes. Then place them on a cooling rack so they can cool off.
- To maintain baking tubes, follow the directions. Most are not dishwasher-safe and require you to hand-wash them immediately after using them so they do not rust.
- Once your baked goods are cooled, you can slice them into pieces and enjoy the fun shapes that the tin creates.
- For frozen bread dough, remember that each tube holds approximately 1/2 to 3/4 of 1 pound loaf.
- The tube will hold about half of a loaf or a full loaf of refrigerated bread dough.
- Only use a thick batter for quick bread and cakes. Be sure to grease and flour the baking tubes for easy removal.
- If the dough or batter did not completely fill the pan during baking, you may wind up with odd shapes on the end. Cut them off so you can display the baked good in its true shape, which should be throughout the middle of it.


text:
Flying drones is an exciting and immersive experience, especially when maneuvering through trees and capturing amazing views. However, if you are a beginner, you might be hesitant about flying your drone near trees, more so if you ever noticed some loss of drone signal when flying your drone through or around them. This brings us to our question: Do trees block drone signals?
Trees can interfere with the signal between the drone and remote controller and even block it. However, you can avoid this issue by correctly calibrating your drone compass or flying your drone higher. This will ensure that the transmission of signals between your drone and its remote controller is not blocked.
How trees block drone signals
It's actually the high water content of trees that causes a reflection and absorption of radio signals. This is seen in the trunks, leaves, and branches, although you will notice signal interference more during the spring and summer seasons when the foliage is at its height.
During fall and winter when trees shed their leaves, the water content and thus the radio signal interference is minimized.
Trees can cause signal disruption in a number of other ways as well. See the discussion below to learn how trees and other types of obstacles can interfere with your drone's radio signal.
What causes interference with drone signals?
Several factors cause the signal of your drone to degrade. Here is a discussion of some of them.
This is an occurrence that takes place when the electromagnetic waves of your drone signal encounter an obstacle. The obstacle can cause a split of the waves, causing them to continuously spread in different directions. The obstacle can be trees, buildings, or a wall.
When this happens, the diffracted signals begin to bend around the obstacle. In most cases, rounded objects cause more signal loss than sharp ones.
This occurs when a signal bounces back towards its source after encountering an obstacle. Most drone signals are subjected to reflection to some degree, and this will cause them to be lost temporarily.
An excellent example of signal reflection is when your aircraft receives signals that do not come directly from a remote controller but instead from a signal that is bouncing off a tree. Some of the signal will reflect towards the remote controller, and as a result, there will be an interference between the drone's and controller's communication. At worst, this can cause the aircraft to crash land or at best cause a temporary loss of signal.
In this scenario, a wireless signal is diffused or spread apart after encountering the surface of an uneven object. The primary signal dissipates into double reflection signals once it strikes the rough surface.
Scattering causes a substantial degradation or even complete loss of signal. Some elements that are likely to cause your drone's signal to disperse include smoke, dust, tiny water drops, or plant leaves.
The signals of your drone have to navigate through the atmosphere. Therefore, the farther they travel, the more they will lose their strength. This is why it is critical to ensure that your drone doesn't fly past the recommended range of operation.
Your drone's signal is likely to be affected by anything that has a communication frequency of 2.4 GHz. However, the strength of the aircraft's signal can also be affected by other factors, including the smart controller's transmission distance.
This is a reduction of your drone's signal strength once it passes through an object that has no radio signal transparency. Absorption might cause you to lose control of your drone so long as the object remains in between your drone and controller.
This is another factor that dramatically affects drone signals. In this case, the radio signals that are reflected split and get to the receiver through several different paths. In some cases, there might be an interference between the path and the main signal, thus causing a downgrade of the drone's signal.
How to prevent drone signal blocking?
You can easily minimize magnetic interference by calibrating your drone's compass. However, make sure you are at a distance from any magnetic field for best results.
Also, avoid calibrating your aircraft near a dense forest or a building. It's best to do the compass calibration in a place that's isolated or empty.
Here are some other ways you can prevent drone signal blocking.
Don't take off or land on magnetic surfaces
Drone signal interference can cause issues when your drone is landing or taking off. For this reason, you should fly your drone in areas with low magnetic interference. Some of the surfaces your drone should not land or take off from include wet wood, concrete, or places with metal pipes buried underground.
Additionally, make sure to fly your drone at least a distance of 90 yards (80 meters) from power lines with high voltage.
If you are having a hard time finding a perfect spot, consider using a drone pad to quickly launch your aircraft while it remains portable and compact.
Check your MOCA to set the correct RTH altitude
MOCA stands for Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude. It is used to identify the tallest buildings in your area. Your observation should go beyond construction equipment.
Once you establish your MOCA, you should set your Return to Home Altitude above the MOCA. This will prevent crashing your drone when it's flying back.
Avoid flying your drone in GPS mode between tall buildings
Tall buildings are great contributors to drone signal interference. Flying your drone in GPS mode between tall buildings is likely to cause signal loss. The signal will reflect on the tall buildings, resulting in a degraded signal. In this case, the drone has a high chance of flying into a building.
Set the drone to hover in case of signal loss
When flying your drone around trees, you should anticipate possible signal loss. So in case it happens, you should adjust the settings of your drone to land at a particular spot, hover it in an area, or automatically return home using the RTH feature.
However, even though flying the drone home using the RTH is usually the best idea, it depends on the GPS reception quality. A good GPS signal might be challenging in areas with many trees or tall structures because your drone might lose orientation and fly in the wrong direction.
Setting your drone to hover will prevent such an incident from happening since it will pause and hover in place, and you can move yourself to restore the signal. This will give you a chance to reconnect with your drone and prevent a flyaway or crash.
Trees block drone signals due to water content. When combined with the presence of trunks, leaves, and branches, this issue causes a reflection of and absorption of radio signals. Winter is the only season that trees pose little risk of signal disturbance because there is no foliage to block your drone's signal.


;
 if (order[i] > total){
 order[i] -= total;
 order[i] += 1;
// apply the new order
Now, some explanation:
As stated in the comment, in order to reorder the pages, you will need to know on what page number your table of contents starts. In order to do that, you need to store the page number as a variable when you add the table of contents:
int toc = writer.getPageNumber();
Once you have finished adding all your content to the PDF, call:
If you are reordering pages, it is a requirement to add a new page. The page will not actually be inserted into your document.
To grab the total number of pages in the document run:
int total = writer.reorderPages(null);
Then we are going to create an array of integers:
int[] order = new int[total];
These integers are going to be our page numbers.
We are going to loop through each page. To keep the title page as page one, we will set the first integer in the array to 1 (page 1).
 if (i == 0){
 order[i] = 1;
Next, we will make the second integer in the array the first page of the table of contents.
else if (i == 1){
 order [i] = toc;
Essentially, we are saying, if we are at page 2, set it to page x (x being the first page of the table of contents).
For each subsequent page, we have to check if it is an additional page in the table of contents section, or if it is the rest of the actual document.
else {
 if (order[i] > total){
 order[i] -= total;
 order[i] += 1;
What we are doing here is looking at the index of the array, subtracting one so the pages of the table of contents will remain sequential. Imagine we have ten pages, and the last three pages are the generated table of contents. Index 0 is page 1. Index 1 is page 8. Now, the next index is 2 (what will be the third page), so we are going to add the index to the table of contents page number to increment through the table of contents. 2 +8 is 10, not 9. So until we have finished going through the table of contents, we have to subtract 1 from the index. Otherwise we skip a page, and we will end up missing a page in the end. Actually, the code will just fail.
We check to see if the table of contents is finished by asking if the page number at index "i" is greater than the total number of possible pages. The last page of the document is the last page of the table of contents. So if the page number exceeds the total, then we are going to subtract the total from the current page number. Again, in our ten page PDF example: Index 4 - 1 is 3. Then we add the toc page number (8) to get 11. That is now the current page number of index 4. When we check to see if that page is outside the total possible pages, we find that it is. So we subtract the total possible pages (10). Then we are left with index 4 equalling page number 1. But we are already referencing page 1 in index 0. Remember we subtracted one from the index in the previous operation? Well, we are just going to add that back now that we are finished iterating through the table of contents. So index 4 is now correctly referencing page 2.
Once we have iterated through the entire array, we set this new order (using our 10 page example, the new order would be: 1, 8, 9, 10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) as the order of the document using this method:
Then we close the document and go about our merry way.
 2010-09-21T07:01:54-04:00 _URL_ When I was 9, I pictured my life very differently at this point. According to my nine year-old desires, my daily activities should include preforming heart surgery in the morning, teaching a class of fifth graders in the afternoon, and polishing off the next great American novel. As I age, I constantly think my years of creation and productivity are gone. I know, I know. This is naive of me, and completely unfounded. In fact, it's somewhat insulting to those I admire and respect around me. The world is replete with examples of individuals who stretched themselves well into adulthood. Maybe it's Hollywood, but I have this misconception that has been percolating in my subconscious that the only time I will do anything truly groundbreaking and lasting is in my twenties. Oh, how awful this world would be if that single decade of transitioning adult years was the only time we could follow our passions.
Television shows like American Idol and others show the young phenoms out there. We drool over individuals who are preternaturally gifted at a young age. The three year-old who can play the drums like John Bonham. Or the 10 year-old opera singer. We shower praise on the golfer who has been playing since he was three, and many are left in the shadow of the 18 year-old drafted to the NBA straight out of high school. And of course, who can forget the 23 year-old billionaire? Seeing the many examples of early stardom, I sometimes get stuck with this feeling that if I didn't steel/invent Facebook by the time I was 20, then I should settle down as a happy cog in someone else's world.
We don't have to settle for who we have become, because we have complete control over who we are going to be.
But the world is also filled with examples of people who are more like the rest of us. As Marge Simpson says, "Slow and steady wins the race." Don't pay attention to the 14 year-old phenom– get out there and make it happen! Who do you look up to who had a "late start" in their new careers?
At 37Signals, there was an article that mentioned Vincent Van Gogh. They pointed out that:
He wasn't some child prodigy (he was 27 when he started painting), he learned his craft by hard work.
He only practiced art for the last 10 years of his life. Granted, at that point, he suffered from mental illness and died penniless. So I am not saying we should emulate every aspect of the guy's life, but look at what he was able to achieve. This really struck me because growing up in Holland, I always pictured this man painting and drawing obsessively as a child, but that was not the case. He worked at his craft, poured his soul into it, but not until he was older. Do you have to be insane, though, to do what Van Gogh did? No.
How many of us can say we have truly poured ourselves into a craft with same gusto as Van Gogh? Whether it be academic study, or learning to sew, or becoming more focused, or learning to program? Is it ever too late to start? No. It's not.
 2010-03-02T23:46:16-05:00 _URL_
I find myself consuming far more than I produce. We live in a world, or a nation at least, of constant intake. It would be interesting to personally figure out how much time I (not a statistical model of me) spend looking at the television screen watching movies, TV shows, reading blogs or books, playing games. You could even boil it down to how much time do I spend in front of a screen. In fact, as I write, I am watching Caprica on the screen behind the screen on which I am typing.
I wake in the morning and open a laptop screen on which I can spend upwards of an hour or two reading about what other people are doing: retro video game decorations for your bedroom, game design articles, video processing algorithms, insurgent militia actions in the Middle East, death squads in Dubai, using the telephone wires in your home to make a whole-house stereo system, geeky comics about math and computers, finding movies to watch online. Since I work during the day and have a 3-month old in the house, my time in the morning is pretty much the only time I have to pursue my personal dreams and interests (and that time will become increasingly more valuable and precious as my family grows). Yet I spend ALL THAT TIME consuming other people's ability to do, while letting mine languish in the lost time of an ever-increasing digital diet. I suffer from media obesity.
Taking in more calories than you burn will cause your body to become soft. Does consuming more content than you produce make your brain soft?
I hate those people that tell me that television shows are pointless or movies a waste of time, I don't believe that at all. If I spend my time ingesting a lot of junk-food content, however, I essentially fill up faster on empty calories. I remember listening to an interview with director Edgar Wright of Shuan of the Dead fame (


text:
Radiologic Sciences - Invasive Cardiovascular Technology
An Invasive Cardiovascular Technologist is typically employed in a hospital to assist physicians with cardiac catheterization procedures and provide direct patient care. Clinical and laboratory assignments for the Invasive Cardiovascular program require certain physical demands that are the technical standards of admission. These standards are based upon the minimum tasks performed by graduates of the program. Listed below are the technical standards which all applicants are must meet in order to participate and complete the ICVT program.
- Sufficient visual acuity to read catheterization procedure prescriptions and charts, observe conditions of the patient and evaluate hemodynamic monitoring equipment.
- Sufficient auditory perception to receive verbal communication from patients and members of the healthcare team and to assess the health needs of people through the use of monitoring devices such as intercom systems, cardiac monitors, respiratory monitors and fire alarms.
- Sufficient gross and fine motor coordination to respond promptly and to implement skills related to the performance of imaging exams, such as movement of patients and equipment.
- Sufficient communication skills (verbal, reading, writing) to interact with individuals and to communicate their needs promptly and effectively, as may be necessary in the patient's/client's interest.
- Sufficient intellectual and emotional function to plan and implement patient care.
Examples of specific technical standards the Invasive Cardiovascular Technology student must be able to meet are:
- Lift, transfer and/or move patients from wheelchair/stretcher to procedure table.
- Lift, move, reach or push equipment.
- Manual dexterity and ability to bend/stretch.
- Physical agility: sitting (4-7 hours), standing (4-7 hours).
- Carry 12-30 pounds (lead aprons) while working.
- Distinguish colors and shades of gray.
- Demonstrate effective interpersonal relation skills, including patient instruction
- Physical and mental abilities to handle moderate and frequent exposure to infectious agents (blood, urine, etc.) and moderate exposure to frequent ionizing radiation.
- Read and extract information from the medical chart or patient requisitions
- Explain the clinical study verbally and/or in writing


Considerations for Designing and Running an App in the Cloud
Page last updated:
App Design for the Cloud
Apps written in supported frameworks often run unmodified on Cloud Foundry if the app design follows a few simple guidelines. Following these guidelines facilitates app deployment to Cloud Foundry and other cloud platforms.
The following guidelines represent best practices for developing modern apps for cloud platforms. For more detailed reading about good app design for the cloud, see The Twelve-Factor App.
For more information about the features of HTTP routing handled by the Cloud Foundry router, see the HTTP Routing topic. For more information about the lifecycle of app containers, see the App Container Lifecycle topic.
Avoid Writing to the Local File System
Apps running on Cloud Foundry should not write files to the local file system for the following reasons:
 - Local file system storage is short-lived. When an app instance crashes or stops, the resources assigned to that instance are reclaimed by the platform including any local disk changes made since the app started. When the instance is restarted, the app will start with a new disk image. Although your app can write local files while it is running, the files will disappear after the app restarts.
 - Instances of the same app do not share a local file system. Each app instance runs in its own isolated container. Thus a file written by one instance is not visible to other instances of the same app. If the files are temporary, this should not be a problem. However, if your app needs the data in the files to persist across app restarts, or the data needs to be shared across all running instances of the app, the local file system should not be used. We recommend using a shared data service like a database or blobstore for this purpose.
For example, instead of using the local file system, you can use a Cloud Foundry service such as the MongoDB document database or a relational database like MySQL or Postgres. Another option is to use cloud storage providers such as Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, Dropbox, or Box. If your app needs to communicate across different instances of itself, consider a cache like Redis or a messaging-based architecture with RabbitMQ.
If you must use a file system for your app because for example, your app interacts with other apps through a network attached file system, or because your app is based on legacy code that you cannot rewrite, consider using Volume Services to bind a network attached file system to your app.
Cookies Accessible across Apps
In an environment with shared domains, cookies might be accessible across apps.
Many tracking tools such as Google Analytics and Mixpanel use the highest available domain to set their cookies. For an application using a shared domain such as example.com, a cookie set to use the highest domain has a Domain attribute of .example.com in its HTTP response header. For example, an app at my-app.scapp.io might be able to access the cookies for an app at your-app.scapp.io.
You should decide whether or not you want your apps or tools that use cookies to set and store the cookies at the highest available domain.
Port Considerations
Clients connect to apps running on Cloud Foundry by making requests to URLs associated with the app. Cloud Foundry allows HTTP requests to apps on ports 80 and 443. For more information, see the Routes and Domains topic.
Cloud Foundry also supports WebSocket handshake requests over HTTP containing the Upgrade header. The Cloud Foundry router handles the upgrade and initiates a TCP connection to the app to form a WebSocket connection.
To support WebSockets, the operator must configure the load balancer correctly. Depending on the configuration, clients may have to use a different port for WebSocket connections, such as port 4443, or a different domain name. For more information, see the Supporting WebSockets topic.
Cloud Foundry Updates and Your App
For app management purposes, Cloud Foundry may need to stop and restart your app instances. If this occurs, Cloud Foundry performs the following steps:
 1. Cloud Foundry sends a single termination signal to the root process that your start command invokes.
 2. Cloud Foundry waits 10 seconds to allow your app to cleanly shut down any child processes and handle any open connections.
 3. After 10 seconds, Cloud Foundry forcibly shuts down your app.
Your app should accept and handle the termination signal to ensure that it shuts down gracefully. To achieve this, the app is expected to follow the steps below when shutting down:
 1. App receives termination signal
 2. App closes listener so that it stops accepting new connections
 3. App finishes serving in-flight requests
 4. App closes existing connections as their requests complete
 5. App shuts down or is killed
See the Sample HTTP App GitHub repository for an implementation of the expected shutdown behavior in Golang.
Ignore Unnecessary Files When Pushing
By default, when you push an app, all files in the app's project directory tree are uploaded to your Cloud Foundry instance, except version control and configuration files or folders with the following names:
 - .cfignore
 - _darcs
 - .DS_Store
 - .git
 - .gitignore
 - .hg
 - manifest.yml
 - .svn
In addition to these, if API request diagnostics are directed to a log file and the file is within the project directory tree, it is excluded from the upload. You can direct these API request diagnostics to a log file using cf config --trace or the CF_TRACE environment variable.
If the app directory contains other files, such as temp or log files, or complete subdirectories that are not required to build and run your app, you might want to add them to a .cfignore file to exclude them from upload. Especially with a large app, uploading unnecessary files can slow app deployment.
To use a .cfignore file, create a text file named .cfignore in the root of your app directory structure. In this file, specify the files or file types you wish to exclude from upload. For example, these lines in a .cfignore file exclude the "tmp" and "log" directories.
 tmp
 log
The file types you will want to exclude vary, based on the app frameworks you use. For examples of commonly-used .gitignore files, see _URL_
Run Multiple Instances to Increase Availability
Singleton apps may become temporarily unavailable for reasons that include:
 - During an upgrade, Swisscom Application Cloud (APC) gracefully shuts down the apps running on each Diego cell and then restarts them on another Diego cell. Single app instances may become temporarily unavailable if the replacement instance does not become healthy within the cell's evacuation timeout, which defaults to 10 minutes.
 - Unexpected faults in CF system components or underlying infrastructure, such as container-host VMs or IaaS Availability Zones, may cause lone app instances to disappear or become unroutable for a minute or two.
To avoid the risk of an app becoming temporarily unavailable, developers can run more than one instance of the app.
Using Buildpacks
A buildpack consists of bundles of detection and configuration scripts that provide framework and runtime support for your apps. When you deploy an app that needs a buildpack, Cloud Foundry installs the buildpack on the Diego cell where the app runs.
For more information, see the Buildpacks topic.
View the source for this page in GitHub


{smcl} {* 18sep2002}{...} {.-} help for {cmd: mifit warning *} {.-} {title:Warning message from mifit} {p 8}Number of observations differs across datasets. {title:Explanation} {p 8 8}The number of observations is different across the multiple datasets. The maximum and minimum number of observations are displayed at the top of the Overall Estimates table. {p 8} You can see results from each of the multiple datasets by using the {cmd:indiv} option in {help mifit}.


Publ: Python API
Last updated:
Library calls
The publ library provides the publ.Publ class. Its constructor is called as follows:
 - Publ(name, cfg): Creates a Publ application object.
 name is the internal name for the application; this is more or less arbitrary although it's useful if you're setting up multiple Publ applications for some reason (Note: multiple Publ apps are not currently supported). Generally you just pass in __name__ for this.
 cfg is the configuration options for Publ; it is a dictionary which holds the following values:
 - database_config: The parameters sent to PonyORM's db.bind() method. Defaults to an in-memory sqlite database.
 - index_rescan_interval: How frequently Publ should do a maintenance rescan of the content files. Defaults to 7200 (2 hours); set to 0 or None to disable.
 - index_wait_time: How long to wait to start updating the index after a change is detected, in seconds. Defaults to 1.
 - content_folder: The directory which contains the root of your site's content files. Defaults to content
 - template_folder: The directory which contains the root of your site's template files. Defaults to templates
 - static_folder: The directory which contains the root of your site's static files. Defaults to static
 - static_url_path: The root path that browsers will be directed to for static content files. Defaults to /static. If you want to use a separate CDN/image server/etc., you would configure this to be the URL that would correspond to your static asset directory for the public (and configure some other mechanism for that external service to actually retrieve your origin content).
 - image_output_subdir: The subdirectory of static_folder that will be used to store the image rendition cache. Defaults to _img.
 Be careful not to set this to a directory you want to store static files in, as they risk being deleted.
 - image_cache_interval: How frequently to clean the image rendition cache, in seconds. Defaults to 7200 (3 hours).
 - image_cache_age: The maximum age of image renditions to keep, in seconds. Defaults to one month.
 - image_render_threads: The maximum number of threads to use for image rendering; defaults to the number of CPUs in the system. Set this to None to use the Python default for ThreadPoolExecutor.
 - timezone: The timezone to use for dates with no specified time zone. Defaults to the server's local timezone.
 - cache: A dictionary with the page caching configuration; see the deplyment guide for more information. Defaults to {} (i.e. no caching).
 - markdown_extensions: A list of extensions to use with the Markdown processor; see the misaka documentation for a list of accepted values. Defaults to ('tables', 'fenced-code', 'footnotes','strikethrough', 'highlight','superscript','math').
 Generally you will only want to configure this globally, but you can also override these settings at the template level by passing markdown_extensions in as configuration to the entry properties (entry.body, entry.text, entry.title, etc.).
 - layout: Default layout parameters to send to all templates on the site to use for entry.body, entry.more, and entry.footnotes; for example,
 'layout': {
 'max_width': 1024,
 'quality': 80,
 'heading_link_class': 'toc'
 will make the default arguments to entry.body equivalent to:
 {{entry.body(max_width=1024, quality=80, heading_link_class='toc')}}
 - auth: The configuration values for the authentication system. Defaults to no configuration.
 - user_list: The filename of the configuration file that stores the user configuration. Defaults to users.cfg
 - admin_group: The name of the user group that will have administrative access; defaults to admin
 - auth_log_prune_interval: How frequently to clean out the authentication log, in seconds. Defaults to 3600 (one hour).
 - auth_log_prune_age: The maximum age of authentication log entries to keep, in seconds. Defaults to one month.
 - ticket_lifetime: How long a Ticket Auth ticket can stay in-flight, in seconds. Defaults to 60 (one minute).
 - token_lifetime: How long a Ticket Auth token will remain valid, in seconds. Defaults to one month.
 - search_index: The directory to keep the full-text search index data in; defaults to None, disabling full-text search.
Application object
A Publ application object is an extension of a Flask application object; you can do all the same things to it as you could to a Flask object, although it's a good idea to not modify any of the configuration values that Publ expects to see.
This mostly exists to provide the _USER_ decorator and its related add_path_regex function; here is an example from my site, used to remap legacy URLs (like /d/20060606.php) to newer URLs (like /comics/?date=20060606):
app = publ.publ(__name__, {})
def redirect_date(match):
 return flask.url_for('category', category='comics',, True
The path alias function takes a re.match object and returns a tuple of (url, is_permanent). This function can also make use of the various Flask request context things (e.g. request.args) and if it doesn't want to redirect after all it can return (None,None).
Note that you can also use _USER_.route like any typical Flask application, but due to Flask routing rules it may not work with variadic routes. For example:
def favicon():
 """ Static route should work """
 return flask.send_file('favicon.ico')
def redirect_foo(path):
 """ Dynamic route will likely fail, as the 'category' route is a stronger match """
 return "We are invisible: {}".format(path)
is unlikely to work. Currently Flask doesn't provide any clean mechanism for adjusting a routing rule's priority; this StackOverflow question discusses the issue and some possible workarounds.
This is based on the that configures It configures basic logging, sets the in-process cache to store up to 500 items for up to 300 seconds, and only does a maintenance rescan once per day. It also maps a bunch of legacy URLs as well as forwarding ActivityPub requests to's handler.
""" Main Publ application """
import os
import logging
import logging.handlers
import publ
import flask
if os.path.isfile('logging.conf'):
 if not os.path.isdir('logs'):
 'logs/publ.log', when='D'),
 format="%(levelname)s:%(threadName)s:%(name)s:%(message)s")"Setting up")
APP_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
config = {
 'database_config': {
 'provider':'sqlite',
 'filename': os.path.join(APP_PATH, 'index.db')
 'timezone': 'US/Pacific',
 'cache': {
 'CACHE_TYPE':'simple',
 'CACHE_THRESHOLD': 500
 } if not os.environ.get('FLASK_DEBUG') else {},
 'index_rescan_interval': 86400
app = publ.publ(__name__, config)
def favicon():
 """ Send the favicon.ico file directly from this directory """
 return flask.send_file('favicon.ico')
def redirect_date(match):
 ''' legacy comic url '''
def redirect_blog_entry(match):
 ''' missing blog entry -- put up the apology page '''
 return flask.url_for('entry', entry_id=7821), False
def redirect_bridgy(match):
 ''' support ActivityPub via '''
 return '' + flask.request.full_path, False
if __name__ == "__main__":'PORT', 5000))
Flask endpoints
If you're writing Python code that extends Publ, you might need to use flask.url_for. Here are Publ's usable endpoints:
 - category: Routes to a category page; options are:
 - entry: Routes to an entry page; options are:
 - entry_id: The numeric ID of the entry (this is the only one that's useful to specify in url_for)
 - slug_text: The SEO slug text
 - category: The category the entry lives in
 - login: Routes to the login page; options are:
 - redir: The path to redirect to after login completes.
 Note that this must not start with a /. Typical usage will be something like:
 {# login and redirect back to this page #}
 {{ url_for('login', redir=request.full_path[1:]) }}
 {# login and redirect to a specific entry #}
 {{ url_for('login', redir=url_for('entry', entry_id=12345)[1:])}}
 The [1:] is to trim the initial / off the path.
 - me: An identity to initiate sign-in as. This is equivalent to submitting the login form with this value set, and is only really useful for testing.
 - logout: Routes to the logout page; takes the redir option with the same usage as login.
 login and logout have a helper available in publ.utils.auth_endpoint, which simplifies the usage of the endpoints; it takes an endpoint name and returns a function which routes to that endpoint with an optional redirection parameter. If no redirection parameter is provided, it defaults to flask.request.full_path.
 import publ.utils
 # get the login helper
 login_helper = publ.utils.auth_endpoint('login')
 # log in and


text:
A system for Raman spectroscopy involving synergistic interaction between a computer and spectrometer is described which permits complete point by point flexibility in scanning the spectrum. The interface between the computer and the spectrometer and its operation is described together with the basic characteristics of the computer software to operate it. It is shown that significant improvement can be made in spectrum quality and/or run time when statistical considerations are used to program the operation of the system.
Walter F. Edgell, Edward Schmidlin, T. J. Kuriakose, and Paul Lurix, "A Computer-Spectrometer Interactive System for Raman Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 30, 428-439 (1976)
References are not available for this paper.
OSA is able to provide readers links to articles that cite this paper by participating in CrossRef's Cited-By Linking service. CrossRef includes content from more than 3000 publishers and societies. In addition to listing OSA journal articles that cite this paper, citing articles from other participating publishers will also be listed.


text:
Research on Academic Degrees
NIAD-UE is engaged in comprehensive research closely related to its role of awarding degrees in a lifelong learning society. Research activities focus on current topics of higher education as well as on various systems available for obtaining of academic degrees, especially non-traditional degree programs. It makes the results of its research widely available so that they will serve as a reference for universities and higher education institutions.
1 ．The Structure and Prerequisites of Academic Degrees in relation to International Compatibility
Student mobility is growing extensive both in and outside the country while the provision of study programs is becoming diversified, as is evidenced by programs offered collaboratively by two or more institutions or through distance learning including e-learning. In this context, it is much more important for the degree-awarding institutions to ensure the academic standards of credits and qualifi cations, as well as the accuracy of any formal transcript or record of achievement confi rming these. NIAD-UE conducts research on themes concerning the comparability and compatibility of academic qualifi cations and credits, focused on higher education in Japan and other countries.
2 ．The Awarding of Academic Degrees through Credit Accumulation and Transfer
In a globalized and lifelong learning society, learning opportunities are becoming increasingly diverse. From this point of view, research is being conducted to fi nd possible measures for the assessment of learning outcomes, awarding of credits, and granting of degrees based on such diverse learning experiences. Moreover, NIAD-UE conducts research and development focused on the course classifi cation support system, which is a system for supporting eff orts to classify subjects for the awarding of academic degrees, using syllabuses in electronic form.
3 ．Follow-up Surveys of NIAD-UE Degree Recipients
NIAD-UE conducts follow-up questionnaire-based surveys among the recipients of its degrees to improve the process in Scheme I under the NIAD-UE degree-awarding system. These periodic surveys target the same cohort and are conducted at different stages, namely at one year and fi ve years after the degrees have been awarded. The questionnaire focuses not only on the recipients learning processes and patterns, but also on their careers after receiving their degrees.
4 ．Workshops and Symposia
NIAD-UE holds workshops that enable and enhance international dialogues on various topics concerning higher education, particularly credits recognition and quality assurance in degree-awarding. In FY2012, NIAD-UE held its first joint workshop with the Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifi cations (HKCAAVQ), with which NIAD-UE has concluded a memorandum of understanding, providing an opportunity for the gathering of information and the exchange of opinions. It also conducted international seminars to discuss the latest higher education policies especially in Japan, Korea and the United States. Since FY2004, NIAD-UE has held regular research conferences to work in partnership with external researchers in the fi eld of higher education on comparative studies of degrees and credit systems in Japan and overseas.


Overgrown Beak, hook beak, parrot beak
Sometimes a pigeon's upper beak will longer than it should, usually in a downward curve or a hook. This will eventually make picking up seed impossible and the pigeon will become starved.
Beaks can be trimmed or filed to a more acceptable length, but trimming too far back can cause a serious bleed so trim off a tiny bit at a time
On white beaks identifying how much can be trimmed safely is relatively simple as the overgrown bit will be transparent making it easy to see where the blood supply starts, but in dark beaks it is much more difficult and it might be best to ask a veterinary nurse to do the job the first time so that you can observe!.
 If you plan to trim a beak yourself have a supply of Cornflour ready and dip the beak in it if it starts to bleed and trim off only a fraction at a time, wiping your finger over the end of the beak each time. If there is the tiniest trace of blood on your finger, then stop..
File down any rough bitsThe trimmed beak is likely to overgrow again so pigeons with this condition would be better kept as pets or placed in the permanent care of a sanctuary.


Empty lots cannot be considered progress
So far, 2013 has been a tough year in Buffalo for those who appreciate the unique history of our region.
We have witnessed the obliteration of the only surviving physical connection to the Wilkeson family – one of Buffalo's founding families; the needless demolition of a beautiful church in North Buffalo; and now, the destruction of the Bethlehem Steel administration building.
Some will say that these lost pieces of our history were eyesores; that saving them was too expensive; that they stood in the way of progress.
However, these structures became eyesores only after decades of neglect by owners who refused to maintain their properties and municipalities that failed to enforce their laws.
Restoring these structures would have required major investments. However, one only needs to visit the Lafayette Hotel, the Larkin District or the Darwin Martin House to appreciate the financial and cultural return on investment that these historic assets provide.
The Regional Economic Development Council has identified tourism as part of our region's economic revitalization. The exceptional architecture of our built environment draws visitors from around the nation and the world. However, no one wants to see a placard that commemorates a historic structure that is now an empty lot.
Important choices must be made as to how we invest our limited resources. Currently, our region is spending money it can ill afford to subsidize inefficient and costly sprawl development. We can no longer afford to build strip malls and cul-de-sacs on fertile, rural land.
One only has to look to Bethlehem, Pa., to see what is possible when a city values its unique industrial heritage. There, the SteelStacks redevelopment is currently paying cultural and economic dividends. That is real and beneficial progress. Our region, however, is left with more empty lots. How is that progress?
Dan Corbitt


How do i keep a form on top of others
The Form class represents a window within an application. This includes dialog boxes, modeless windows, and Multiple Document Interface client and parent windows. In VB6 you can use a Win32API call to SetWindowPos to get a form to always stay on top. This has been simplified in VB.NET by setting Form's TopMost property as TRUE.
A topmost form is a form that overlaps all the other forms even if it is not the active or foreground form. You can use this property to create a form that is always displayed in your application, such as a MessageBox window.
Public Class Form1
 Dim frm As New Form2
 frm.TopMost = True
 End Sub
End Class (C) 2021 Founded by raps mk
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text:
Much of the allure of New England comes from the rich history that it contains. Part of the story of a place and its people is what they leave behind. But how do we ensure that this part of the story is not lost or pushed aside as development continues?
Salve Regina University and Roger Williams University house nationally-recognized departments of cultural and historic preservation. Their faculty members not only actively work and consult on many different types of projects around the world, but train the next generation of preservationists in how to keep the past alive.
Dr. Jon Marcoux searches for the past
Dr. Robert Russell preserves history, one site at a time
Dr. Jeremy Wells studies the allure of historicity
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text:
The main ingredient in Aquaphor Healing Ointment is petrolatum, an active protecting ingredient. Petrolatum sits on the skin as a semi-occlusive barrier that lets it protect itself while allowing moisture and oxygen in. Inactive ingredients found in Aquaphor Healing Ointment are mineral oil, ceresin, lanolin alcohol, panthenol, glycerin and bisabolol.Continue Reading
Aquaphor Healing Ointment is best known for keeping wounds and scars moist so they can heal, using petrolatum to form an ointment. The lanolin alcohol in Aquaphor (also known as wool wax) has cholesterol and fatty acids that help make the skin smoother. Glycerin is a natural moisturizing factor that helps to keep the wound moisturized. Panthenol, also known as pro vitamin B5, helps to condition the wound and has humectant properties. Bisabolol is derived from the chamomile plant, and it acts as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic.
Aquaphor contains no perfumes, scents, preservatives or dyes. Aquaphor Healing Ointment can be used to treat new or old wounds effectively over time and with daily use. The proper way to apply Aquaphor is by cleaning the wound, applying Aquaphor Healing Ointment and then immediately applying a bandage to the wound. Aquaphor Healing Ointment is sold over the counter at major retail stores.Learn more about Skin Care


d) lost focus when a Browse was executed. 3) Sequence measure commands with dT/T(%) had erratic behavior. 4) Would get random "Acquisition not finished" messages. b) Changed: 1) Changed look and feel of calibration module - will perform calibration measurements but does not smooth or save results at this time. 2) Replace exclamation mark in query dialog with a question mark. 3) Sequence measure commands description in editor and log file. 4) Give a status message when manual measurement begins cool down phase. 5) Revise the progress display for the timed measurement to be more consistent. 6) Remove extra resitivity measuring message. 7) Graph labels to remove abbreviations. c) Added: 1) Add units to the numbers in the side panel to the graph. Make the graph and the side panel have the same units. 2) Drive limit to 200mA for measuring sample resistivity. 3) Error message when thermometer files are missing or.INI file is missing. Version Beta 2.2 Build 6 a) Fixed: 1) Simulation mode would sometimes get stuck measuring. 2) Use a more precise thermal history in the fitter. 3) Raw conductance and conductance calculations. 4) Possible divide by zero in steady state routine. Version Beta 2.2 Build 5 a) Fixed: 1) Reporting of the resistivity amplitude and std. dev. in the Main form. 2) Sequence Change Datafile would not always work. 3) Sequence Start/Stop measure would not always work. 4) Adaptive excitation for resistivity could produce bad values. 5) Incorrect error reporting for resisivity measurements. b) Changed: 1) Datafile Browse button no longer disabled when a sequence is started. 2) Use avg(Thot^4) - avg(Tcold^4) for radiation computations. c) Added: 1) "Sample Surface Factor = 0.5" to the Tto.ini file. 2) Zero heat point to the raw datafile at the beginning of a measurement. 3) Cooldown time to the resistivity measurements = 1 sec < 4 tau2 < 10 sec. 4) INFO,,APPNAME to the data file to aid customer support. Version Beta 2.2 Build 4 a) Fixed: 1) Seebeck gain problems/crashes 2) Random crash on resistivity reading 3) Occasional problem with excess heater power 4) Occasional problem with temperature stability criteria 5) PPMS status occasionally shows a fractional value in the data file. 6) Occasional crash when exiting MultiVu 7) Problem stopping and starting measuring in a sequence file 8) Problem with switching data files in a sequence b) Changed: 1) Radiation factor correction 2) Use only ACTCAL.CFG in the ACTrans directory c) Added: 1) Sample installation wizard dialog 2) TTO About box 3) Raw conductance to data file 4) Manginin leads correction for Seebeck voltage 5) Calibration dialog in advanced options (prototype)


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Solution to puzzle 75: Car journey
Skip restatement of puzzle.A car travels downhill at 72 mph (miles per hour), on the level at 63 mph, and uphill at only 56 mph The car takes 4 hours to travel from town A to town B. The return trip takes 4 hours and 40 minutes. Find the distance between the two towns.
Let the total distance travelled downhill, on the level, and uphill, on the outbound journey, be x, y, and z, respectively.
The time taken to travel a distance s at speed v is s/v.
Hence, for the outbound journey
x/72 + y/63 + z/56 = 4
While for the return journey, which we assume to be along the same roads
x/56 + y/63 + z/72 = 14/3
It may at first seem that we have too little information to solve the puzzle. After all, two equations in three unknowns do not have a unique solution. However, we are not asked for the values of x, y, and z, individually; but for the value of x + y + z.
Multiplying both equations by the least common multiple of denominators 56, 63, and 72, we obtain
7x + 8y + 9z = 4 · 7 · 8 · 9
9x + 8y + 7z = (14/3) · 7 · 8 · 9
Now it is clear that we should add the equations, yielding
16(x + y + z) = (26/3) · 7 · 8 · 9
Therefore x + y + z = 273; the distance between the two towns is 273 miles.
A unique solution is possible because the speeds are chosen so that a round trip over a sloping section of road takes the same time as that over a flat section of the same length. Had we chosen to write down an equation for the round trip, the answer would have been immediately apparent.
Source: From A to B, on flooble :: perplexus
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The Story of Science Curriculum
Curriculum for The Story of Science was created by Maria Garriott and Cora Teter, who have written history, language arts, and science curricula for the Talent Development programs at The Johns Hopkins University since 1995 and 1999, respectively. Both earned master's degrees in Professional Writing at Towson University. Garriott and Teter were part of a team that created curriculum to accompany Joy Hakim's A History of US and the best-selling PBS video series Freedom: A History of US!
The Talent Development programs were developed at The Johns Hopkins University by researchers, educators, and experienced curriculum writers in collaboration with middleand high-school practitioners. The Talent Development Middle Grades and Talent Development High School models offer research-based organizational, curricular, and instructional strategies and intensive professional development to create respectful, caring, and motivating learning environments that challenge all students to realize their highest academic and human potential. For more than a decade, Talent Development has helped boost student achievement in American schools.
Teacher's Quest Guides include:
- Lesson overview (provides background information)
- Groundwork notes (activate prior knowledge)
- Directed reading (identifies the content to look for when reading to ensure comprehension)
- Class activities (classwide, cooperative, and individual activity options)
- Homework suggestions
- Curriculum links (extension and enrichment options) that focus on cross-disciplinary connections such as:
Download a sample of the Teacher's Quest Guide: Aristotle.
Download a sample of the Teacher's Quest Guide: Newton.
Student's Quest Guides contain:
- Student worksheets including vocabulary, terms, and names
- Quest worksheets


The history of Peyo
Peyo, the very first smurf
A distant descendant of the pirate Robert Culliford, Peyo (whose real name was Pierre Culliford) was born in the Brussels commune of Schaerbeek, on June 25th 1928. No one knows if his first word was 'Schtroumpf'...
Peyo's passport
Peyo's passport
His real first name: Pierre
Last name: Culliford
Spoke: French (and a bit of Smurf)
Lived in: Brussels (Belgium) – the capital of waffles and Manneken Pis
Worked as: a comic artist
Biggest invention: The Smurfs
Is also the father of: Johan and Peewit, Poussy, a clumsy and mischievous cat; Steve Strong, a young boy with an incredible strength who loses this powers when he catches a cold.
The history of Peyo
Peyo's first job
The year is 1928... In New York the first 'talking' film is being projected and Walt Disney is drawing his first sketches of Mickey Mouse.
On June 25th of the same year a baby boy called Pierre Culliford was born in the outskirts of Brussels.
Due to his father's premature death, Peyo had to start earning a living at a young age. His first job was as a movie projectionist in the small 'Le Mirano' cinema. The medieval and science-fiction movies had a profound effect on him and inspired him throughout his career as an artist.
Fun fact: smoking was not allowed in the projection rooms so Peyo invented a technique to avoid getting caught: if his boss came into the room he would hide his lit cigarette in his mouth. An early sign of him being as mischievous as Jokey...
The history of Peyo
Peyo drawing
For his next job he almost became a dentist's assistant (thank goodness he didn't). Luckily, he was hired by a cartoon studio instead where he met and worked with some of Europe's most influential comic book artists such as Franquin (Marsupilami) and Morris (Lucky Luke). It was during a cartoon called 'Le cadeau à la fée' (The gift to the Fairy) that little blue imps with flowers as hats made an appearance as they put together a large cake in a very'smurfy' way! Unfortunately the studio closes down and Pierre Culliford decides to move into comics.
The history of Peyo
Peyo signature Smurfs - Johan and Peewit
Smurfly named Peyo
When he decided to become a full-time comic artist, Peyo, who was still signing his work with his full name, decided he needed a pen name. He found inspiration in his childhood nickname 'Pierrot' or, as one of his younger cousins (who couldn't pronounce the 'r') called him, 'Pe-yot'.
Captain Coky
After several unsuccessful attempts with pirate comics (Captain Coky), Peyo decided to draw what he really loved, stories based in the Middle Ages. He publishes strips in several dailies. He drew some Johan strips for the Belgian daily newspaper 'Le Soir' and then for 'Spirou' magazine.
Johan soon became a huge success and one of the magazine's main characters. The King's page, Johan, and his friend Peewit have fun and countless adventures defending the less-fortunate throughout the kingdom.
The history of Peyo
La flute a six Schtroumpfs
A Smurf is born!
For Johan and Peewit's ninth book of adventures, Peyo needed a group of imps to build a magic flute. He remembers a meal he had with his friend André Franquin (Marsupilami) when he'd wanted to ask Franquin to pass him the salt. But he couldn't remember the word so he says: "Pass me the... uhm... the smurf!". Franquin hands it over and answers: "Here's the smurf. Once you've smurfed with it you can smurf it back to me!" And so the name and language of the little imps were invented and on page 38 a small voice suddenly appears: "Can't you look where you smurf? You nearly smurfed me!" Then a blue skinned imp emerges from behind a rock. And that was the first time anyone ever saw a Smurf!
The history of Peyo
Le faux Schtroumpf
We want Smurf! We want Smurf!
The readers instantly fell in love with these mischievous and charming beings who love having fun, live in mushroom-shaped houses and speak a weird and wonderful language. The readers wanted to see them again in the following episodes.
The history of Peyo
Smurfandising in the 60's
Advertising departments rapidly saw the potential of the Smurf phenomenon and BP, Kellogg's, Côte d'Or and BN were some of the first companies to surf the incredible and increasingly popular Smurf wave.
But it is probably the PVC figurines of the little blue beings, first sold by Bully and then by Schleich, that had the most success.
Smurf toys
The history of Peyo
Smurf flute
The Magic Flute
The Smurfs were first seen on Belgian television in a series of short animated films, made by TVA Dupuis, the television animation studio of Charles Dupuis (the spiritual father of Robbedoes magazine). A couple of years later, in 1975, the Belgian Belvision studio produced a full-length feature based on 'The Magic Flute' which really triggered the Smurfs success. The movie was released in Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
The history of Peyo
Click on the image above to see the video
What's on the Smurf tonight?
In 1981, The Smurfs debuted on the American NBC TV Channel, thanks to the famous cartoons produced by the Hanna-Barbera Studios, who also made 'Tom & Jerry' and 'The Flintstones'. But the success didn't stop there - the Smurfs were quickly aired around the world, even in countries that didn't even know the Smurfs comics! Even now, 30 years later, the Hanna-Barbera cartoons (the Smurfs star in 256 different episodes!) are still broadcast everyday on major TV channels worldwide.
The history of Peyo
Peyo toy
Planetary success
The success of the Smurfs became planetary in the 80's because of the cartoons. There are few regions left where their silhouettes are not recognised at first glance, but their name changes in every country: the Smurfs, die Schlümpfe, Los Pitufos, I Puffi, de Smurfen, les Schtroumpfs...
They are no longer limited to the page and the screen. The merchandising business really explodes. The Smurfs have become techno-music stars, as well as inspiring a steadily increasing collection of popular figurines, video games, toys...and many other derived products. On top of that, many companies made use of their image to promote their own products.
The history of Peyo
The Smurfs movie - trailer Click on the image above to see the video
Where the Smurf are we?
In August 2011, the Smurfs make their return to the big screen again, this time in 3D! The Smurfs Movie - Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation hybrid live-action and animated family comedy - in which the Smurfs get lost in present day New York City - was directed by Raja Gosnell and produced by Jordan Kerner. This event will introduce the beloved blue characters to a whole new generation of kids.
The history of Peyo
Smurf to the limit
Peyo left us on December 24, 1992 but the Smurfs have continued their many adventures and are today looking forward to a bright and even more exciting future, always ready to take on new challenges.
Meet the Smurfs
The village
Each Smurf has his own mushroom shaped house. Seen from the outside they all look the same, but once you go inside you really notice the Smurfs' different personalities.
The village
Johan and Peewit
Johan is a pageboy who defends widows and orphans. Peewit is Johan's friend. He rides a goat called Biquette and enjoys playing pranks on everyone. They're both good friends with the Smurfs.
Homnibus is a great magician and a very good friend of Papa Smurf. They spend long hours together talking about magic and alchemy.
Mother Nature
Mother Nature makes the different seasons come and go in Smurfland. When she's asleep, winter takes over and when she wakes up, so does nature.
The animals
The Smurfs are friends with all the animals (except for Azrael and the Howlibird of course). But some of them are particularly good friends, like the storks and the squirrels.
Gargamel's hut
Gargamel's hut is dangerous for the Smurfs. It's a gloomy and unhappy place where bats swoop around at night. There is nothing much there, except for an old long-dead tree.
Gargamel is a wicked sorcerer who wants to capture the Smurfs to extract their essence. That way he can create the Philosophal Stone which turns metal into gold.
Azrael is Gargamel's cat. His main preoccupation is to catch Smurfs


text: Property market dynamics depend on changes in long run equilibrium and on impediments to adjustment towards equilibrium. One of the most important aspects of property market dynamics is often attributed to the activities in the mortgage market. However, many impediment factors, such as changes in family status, education, neighborhood effects and job relocation, are often unobservable from micro household-level data. Since these omitted variables contribute to moving decisions and therefore to sale and default decisions, utility functions for sale and default are correlated through these unobservable variables; thus, the IIA assumption of the widely used Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) is violated. Under such circumstances, econometric theory suggests that the Nested Logit Model (NMNL) is a better choice, which obviates the limitation of MNL by allowing correlation in unobserved factors across alternatives. This paper empirically investigates the omitted household mobility characteristics problem in mortgage termination, and tests NMNL against MNL. Using loan level micro data, we find significant correlation between sale and default due to omitted borrower mobility characteristics. Our simulations find that NMNL out performs MNL in out-of-sample prediction.


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SAT Subject Test World History with Online TestsAutor William V. Melega, M.Ed.
en Limba Engleză Paperback – oct 2017
- The emergence of early human communities
- The development of agricultural societies
- The emergence of civilizations
- Global exchange among peoples
- The development of industry
- Global demographic, economical, ecological, social, and cultural changes
The chronicle of the world's civilizations is reviewed to the present era. The manual concludes with two full-length model tests with all questions answered and explained.
BONUS ONLINE PRACTICE TESTS: Students who purchase this book will also get FREE access to one additional full-length online SAT World History test with all questions answered and explained. The online exam can be easily accessed by computer, tablet, and smartphone.


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Historic Preservation Planning
West Virginia has a rich and meaningful history that represents where we have been as a state and who we are as its residents. This history is embodied in the tangible things surrounding us, from its elegant and often unique architecture to its remarkable landscapes to its buried archaeological sites. West Virginia's cultural and historic resources help keep its history alive. One method of ensuring that these valued resources will be around for future generations to enjoy is to create a historic preservation plan.
At its most basic level, planning is a process of systematically gathering and analyzing information in preparation for anticipated activities. It allows us to assess where we are as a county, city or state, ascertains where we would like to be in the future and provides guidelines for getting there. Preservation planning is a method that helps us effectively make decisions and set priorities that will result in the protection of our valued historic and cultural resources. The written document that results from this process is called a historic preservation plan. The plan contains a description of the ideas that were agreed upon and defined during the planning process, such as a vision for the future, preservation goals and objectives as well as implementation strategies. An effective plan will ultimately serve as a compelling tool that can be used by preservation advocates and decision makers to protect our resources and maintain our heritage.
As the primary State agency responsible for the stewardship of historic resources in West Virginia, it is part of the State Historic Preservation Office's (SHPO) intention to take the lead in preservation planning. To this end, we maintain and revise on a five-year schedule a Statewide Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan. The plan, which is developed with extensive public input, compiles and outlines such things as issues that challenge historic preservation in West Virginia, the condition of various historic and cultural resources throughout the state, and a series of goals and objectives that will be implemented to further the protection of our valued resources.
The Past (Still) Matters Today: the West Virginia Statewide Historic Preservation Plan 2014-2019
2014-2019 Statewide Historic Preservation Goals and Objectives
The Past Matters Today: the West Virginia Statewide Historic Preservation Plan 2009-2014
2002-2006 Statewide Historic Preservation Plan
2001 Threats
Adobe Acrobat documents allow you to use your computer to fill out the forms, print them out and mail them. You can download the original document and save it to your hard drive, but you can not save the document after you've entered information. The free Acrobat Reader for Windows or Macintosh is available here.


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We demonstrate femtosecond time-resolved dynamic Gabor holography using highly coherent extreme ultraviolet light generated by high harmonic upconversion of a femtosecond laser. By reflecting this light from an impulsively heated surface, we implement a simple and robust single-reflection geometry for phase-sensitive holographic detection at extreme UV wavelengths. Using this setup, we study the ultrafast deformation and subsequent acoustic oscillations within a thin metal film. These measurements exhibit subpicometer spatial sensitivity in the vertical dimension.
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|State||Published - 1 Feb 2007|


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Hello to all,
Does anybody again to share about my new project.
We have 3 drums of welding cable and rotating with each 3 platforms (little bigger than drum dia.). Each drum cable goes into the 3 welding tips respectively. Now, Operators want to know the remaining welding cables inside each drum. The operators remind the machine that it cannot start again once remaining cables are less than to complete one whole welding cycle.
Are there any other sensors to monitor the welding cables inside the drum? Aside, I am planning to put load cell/strain gauge in each platform to measure the weight of the drum. Is my approach correct?
Please give me some ideas about how to measure these drums. Those people in welding industries
will be much appreciated.
Thanks in advance,
I assume that you mean the electrode wire, and not the shunt cable. It is difficult to give a realistic answer without knowing the mechanical parameters in more detail.
However, sensing wire feed is a common application. The most straight forward methods all rely on the length of wire between the spool and the work piece being enough for at least one part. Thus, when the spool itself runs out, there is still enough wire in the system to finish the part. This means you are not trying to measure the wire while it is still on the spool. Instead you are detecting it after it has left the spool (which is much more practical to do).
You then just need to detect either if the wire is present, or if it is moving. Detecting the wire itself reliably is usually not easy. It is usually better to have the motion of the wire turn or move something else (e.g. around a pulley or between a wheel and pinch roller), and then detect that. This also tells you if the wire is broken or jammed somewhere in the system (the wire is not moving when it should be). You will need to make the logic tolerant of timing lags in the system or else you will get a lot of false triggers.
I doubt that weighing the spools would work. There just isn't enough weight difference between "almost empty" and "empty" to weigh accurately. Furthermore, you won't know what that particular spool weighs empty until you actually empty (at which time it is too late to care).
Hello Mr. Griffin,
Your idea is very much appreciated.
Yes, I am reffering to the welding electrodes rotating inside the invisible drums (not a naked spool which also commonly seen and used).
To add some flow of the process, we are welding for a 11 meters long max. continues welding with no stopping between 0-11 meters.
Otherwise repairs will be done and considered downgraded products if not properly repaired.
We are to avoid stopping between 0-11 meters without knowing electrodes present in the drum. Operators should know or automatilcally determine electrodes present in the drum that it is not possible for a complete 1 cycle (0-11 meters) welding. Otherwise change the drum if detects less than 1 complete cycle.
Welding speed, voltage, amperes base on the thickness welded object may affect the lenght of the electrodes. Distance from the drum to the welding tip is 20 meters and I assure this is not possible for a 1 complete welding cycle proceess.
I might be grateful if this will be done,
You might try the simple approach first. Have the controller count how many meters are used. Add to your interface a reset for a new spool or where the new spool meters are entered manually. Then have the control count down or subtract how much you used plus a safety factor, and you shouldn't be having to do rework. You could add a manual input for operators in the event they waste the wire on start up, wire breaks, etc.
Just a thought for a simple approach.
The first parameter you have to determine is how much wire is enough. If 20 metres of wire isn't enough, then what is?
You might consider modifying the feed system such that it gives you more length between the spool and the work piece. You could move the spools further away, or (likely more practical) you could run the wire through some guides to zig-zag it back and forth.
Alternatively, you could try weighing the spools as in your original idea, but I think you will end up throwing out a lot of wire at the end of the spool to avoid the risk of running out. Weighing the wire simply won't be as accurate as actually measuring it.
It is not really possible to make a recommendation though, as this comes down to a matter of economics. Your application is a bit unusual in that the length of your continuous weld is much longer than in typical manufacturing. In most applications people want to avoid wasting wire. You however have to balance a more complex feed system (and more time to change spools) versus wasting wire versus scrapping what sounds like a large and expensive part.