text:
Dual Guidance for Drinking Water
The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) calculates the quantity or amount of a contaminant in water that will not harm a person who drinks the water. The amount of contaminant is called "health-based guidance." MDH lists guidance values in the "Human Health-Based Water Guidance Table."
Some guidance values for contaminants that have been found in Minnesota groundwater can also be promulgated as a rule (the Health Risk Limits for Groundwater rule). Rulemaking occurs approximately every two years and guidance is developed in-between rulemaking and may update an older rule. As a result, both rules and guidance values may be available for a contaminant (dual guidance) and the two values may be different.
MDH is currently publishing both HRL rule values and newer guidance values (Health-Based Values or Risk Assessment Advice) on the MDH website in the Human Health-Based Water Guidance Table. Both values are available and useful for risk evaluations and risk management. Descriptions of the differences and similarities between values adopted into rules and MDH guidance are described on the MDH website (see MDH Guidance).
Displaying both the old HRL value and new guidance for a chemical is a temporary situation. At the first rulemaking opportunity MDH intends to either replace the old value with a new HRL value or repeal the old value without replacement. Once the new rule is promulgated the guidance table will show only the new HRL value or the guidance if no new HRL was promulgated. This will eliminate dual advice for that chemical. However, as MDH continues to reevaluate existing HRL values for more chemicals, new guidance will be developed and posted. MDH anticipates that the guidance table will always contain a few chemicals that will have information on both an old HRL value and new guidance.
All guidance values (HRLs, Health-Based Values, and Risk Assessment Advice) are available to state programs. Some state regulatory programs may be restricted to using HRLs or prefer to use HRLs because the values are promulgated into rule. MDH guidance is only one of many considerations that risk management programs use to determine appropriate responses to contamination issues. In particular, site specific situations may raise questions for the risk manager regarding which value to apply. Knowing the reason why a newer value was developed or knowing the populations at particular risk and how each value protects those populations may be an important consideration for choosing one value over another. While the selection and use of values is the responsibility of programs that are applying MDH rules and guidance, MDH staff are available for consultation concerning the basis and potential use of MDH values.


10 Scary Facts Indicating South Africa Is Becoming The Next Venezuela
10 Scary Facts Indicating South Africa Is Becoming The Next Venezuela
South Africa has squandered its opportunities and is on the path to becoming a failed state. Government profiteering, race tensions, and shortages are ruining the country.
It has been a quarter-century since South Africans of all colors and creeds lined up with each other to patiently wait their turn to vote for their first government that was not dependent on brutal racial engineering.
In 1994 the country was a coiled spring ready to unleash enormous latent economic and human potential. As South West Africa became Namibia and the legal edifices of apartheid were swept away, South Africa suddenly had the opportunities and goodwill that had been denied it for the better part of 30 years.
All that promise is gone. South Africa has squandered its opportunities and is on the path to becoming a failed state. These are the top ten reasons, in no particular order, why South Africa is becoming the next Venezuela.
1. Greedy European Arms Merchants
Even before South Africa celebrated its first all-race election, armaments vultures from Europe descended on the country and began corrupting key players and institutions. The government had proposed an $8 billion military modernization plan. It ballooned to $100 billion with $300 million paid in bribes to the African National Congress (ANC) and its senior leaders.
A commission of inquiry into the arms deal was completed in 2016, but it was a cynical smokescreen to protect President Jacob Zuma. To this day, almost nobody has been held accountable in either South Africa or Europe. America has turned a blind eye because many of the culprits are tied to U.S. defense interests.
2. Blue Light Convoys
South Africa's post-apartheid politicians quickly developed a taste for blinged-out and frequently upgraded German luxury cars, right down to the level of provincial and municipal functionaries. Taking their privilege to the next logical step, politicians arranged to be ferried around at high speed by gun-waving police escorts known as the "blue light brigade."
The reasons to drive fast and recklessly surrounded by armed thugs are obvious when you have abandoned one-quarter of your citizenry to chronic unemployment that has reached a 15-year high; the 9th-worst unemployment rate in the world.
3. Imitating Brazil's Carwash Corruption Scandal
South Africans have been enthralled by the live proceedings of the Zondo Commission of Inquiry into State Capture. Two families have systematically looted the treasuries of government entities and state-owned enterprises.
The Watson family corporation won inflated government contracts by ferrying plastic bags filled with cash to corrupt officials. A measure of justice has arrived with the arrest of some offenders.
That is more than can be said for the Guptas, an Indian family with extraordinary talents for mendacity and corruption. The Guptas entirely corrupted the many-wived President Zuma, to the point that they were reportedly hiring and firing cabinet ministers from a cartoonishly tasteless compound in Johannesburg. The family may yet be extradited to South Africa from Dubai after they did a bunk in the dead of night via private jet.
4. White Shoe Mercenaries
South Africa has an unfortunate history of foreigners exfiltrating its wealth. In the post-apartheid era, one of the earliest foreign corporate buccaneers was Bain Capital co-founder Coleman Andrews.
Andrews still pretends he led a "turnaround" of South African Airways (SAA) that resulted in a five-fold increase in its "market value" in two and a half years. The reality is that he navigated SAA toward bankruptcy, where it remains today. He eventually pulled the ripcord on a tax-free golden parachute worth some $25 million as he bolted back to the United States. His successors had learned well: they flew SAA deeper into trouble, by turns looting it and using it for virtue-signaling projects that have reduced its international services to a pitiful third-class offering.
One of the consulting companies involved was McKinsey and Company. The flashy consultants moved onto bigger things than SAA as they started paling around with the Guptas—yes, the very Guptas mentioned above. McKinsey ignored hundreds of red flags waving in its face as it chased a $700 million payday consulting for several state companies. McKinsey's partners have paid back the ill-gotten gains in a show of contrition, but that's cold comfort to the organizations that are in their death throes.
Not to be outdone, Bain clamped its jaws around the national tax agency, South African Revenue Service (SARS), and left it crippled. Just like McKinsey, Bain ignored trainloads of warnings about bad actors and dodgy dealings as it engineered a pompous and superfluous "restructuring" of SARS for the sake of a R187 million contract ($20 million).
KPMG, one of the "Big Four" global auditors, is crying crocodile tears now, but not before it rampaged across South Africa. KPMG got involved in state intelligence machinations, signed off on the financial statements of a bank looted into oblivion, allegedly laundered money for the Gupta kleptocrats, and helped drive the tax agency to its knees.
Described by the New York Times as "Britain's most audacious public relations firm," Bell Pottinger was both foreign agitator and profiteer. The firm eagerly signed up to gaslight South Africans and ignite a race war at the behest of the Guptas and their purchased politicians. Bell Pottinger plotted a neo-imperialist fantasy from its swanky London headquarters. The echoes of the infamous Jameson Raid were not lost on South Africans.
5. Promising Anti-White Genocide
We've not called for the killing of white people, at least for now. I can't guarantee the future," said Julius Malema, leader of the clownish Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). Malema is a champagne socialist with a penchant for incendiary behavior and race-baiting. He has encouraged the ruling party to make a similar play by promising land redistribution without compensation.
When politicians promise race wars in Africa, they should not be patted on the head by paternalists in Georgetown and Brussels. The net result is a massive new exodus as South Africans with talent and means flee to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
6. Switching Off the Lights
South Africa has gone from a surplus of cheap electricity to rolling blackouts and astronomical price increases. After long periods of sporadic blackouts in 2008 and 2015, the country is again facing an indefinite period in the dark.
Years of mismanagement, incompetence, and astonishing venality are to blame. It has piled up R419 billion in debt ($30 billion) with no possible way to service it. There is hardly an area of Eskom's business that is not tainted by bribery and corruption, often in collusion with senior politicians.
7. Retirement Delayed
The Public Investment Corporation (PIC) amounts to South Africa's sovereign wealth fund, investing the retirement savings of government employees. It is now emerging that PIC is an amateur and potentially rogue investor that has dangerously concentrated its risk, overpaid for assets, and made improper investments. It has the potential to collapse the country on its own.
8. Virtue-Signaling and Vanity Projects
South Africa's foreign policy tests the limits of satire, but there is no doubting the country's insufferable superiority complex on the world stage.
President Nelson Mandela cancelled South Africa's dual recognition of Taiwan and China in 1998, unable to resist Chinese mainland thuggery despite fresh memories of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. So much for Mandela's great moral courage, and little wonder that South Africa has abandoned its pretense at occupying the moral high ground. Its voting record at the UN is every dictator's dream.
9. Education Quackery
South African school children are routinely abused as laboratory rats for the world's crackpot curriculum fads. Immediately after 1994, the overlords determined to throw out the basics in favor of outcomes-based education promoting nebulous ideas of peace, prosperity, non-sexism, non-racialism, and democracy.
Every peer ranking confirms the total failure of South Africa's relentless education experimentation. Its kids rank at or near the bottom of comparative international tests, and academic standards have been lowered to improve appearances—school students need only score 20 percent in mathematics to secure a passing grade.
Universities have been beset by violent protests that have produced even lower standards, more student indebtedness, and less discipline. Students have demanded the "decolonization of education," including the perfectly reasonable idea of replacing Western science with African witchcraft.
10. Affirmative-Action Absurdities
Racial quotas are a sacrament in the New South Africa—fine filaments of prejudice strangling every aspect of the society from sport to mining licenses to medical school access.
Modern race engineering offers Kafkaesque absurdities. The national rugby team is required to field a side that is "55% black" rather than 100 percent competitive. Since each team comprises 15 men, at least 8.25 of them must be black to satisfy the quota police. It is entirely unclear how the fractions will be settled—possibly by juggling injury substitutions or manipulating DNA tests.
The corrosiveness of quotas and the low expectations it engenders are everywhere apparent as South Africa slides closer to an abyss littered with the corpses of failed states that have gone before it.
Andries Lehong is a pseudonym. He lives and works in Colorado after emigrating from South Africa,


text:
- About UHD
- Distance Education
- Financial Aid
- Student Life
The following page is a blank template with a header that contains a quicklinks jump menu and the search UHD function. Page sections are identified with headers. The footer contains all required links, contact and emergency information.
How to play Common Core Hangman. To play hangman you must first be familiar with the General Common Core for the State of Texas. A player/team attempts to determine a secret word made up from the General Core for a college-educated person. For each letter guessed that is contained in the word, the letter is revealed. For each letter guessed that is not in the word, the UHD avatar is approached more and more by alligators. If all letters in the word are guessed before the gators are upon the avatar, you win the game. If not, you lose. But don't give up, try again.
The General Education Program provides those experiences which define what it means to be a college-educated person, while the discipline major attempts to provide those experiences which define what it means to be a part of that discipline. The assumption behind a general education program is that the phrase "college-educated" has its own meaning, that it signifies a type of intellectual breadth and perspective which all students should exhibit regardless of their major. Part of the general education requirements, the Core Curriculum defines what is central to the college experience and the common standards used to measure the intellectual development of all students.
Page maintained by: University College Webmaster
Last updated or reviewed on 11/4/09

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The goal of developing a strong maternal identity throughout a woman's lifetime was
the basis of Dr. Ramona Mercer's Maternal Role Attainment Theory. She began developing
the model in the 1970s while she was a doctoral student at the University of Pittsburgh
and was inspired by her instructor and mentor, Reva Rubin.
Since its inception, Dr. Mercer has revised and expanded her theory and in 2004,
renamed it as Maternal Role Attainment: Becoming a Mother. This takes the theory to a
final goal of continued growth of mothering throughout a woman's lifetime. The concepts
form a framework that centers on developing a bond between the mother and child and
enhance the role of motherhood.
The nursing theory was first developed to meet the needs of nontraditional mothers
and to provide nursing interventions that would allow them to grow and have strong
maternal identities. The primary concept is an interactional process that occurs
over a period of time.
A number of psychologists and philosophers including Urie Bronfenbrenner, a Russian
American psychologist who developed the Ecological Systems Theory, influenced Mercer's
early work. His theory proposed that each person is in an interconnected relationship
with other people and environments. He illustrated this theory with the image of nested,
Russian dolls in which the smallest system is the individual, but all are connected to
the greater whole.
This theory inspired Mercer to develop a graphic of interconnected circles to represent
her model of maternal role attainment. Within these circles are various aspects of
family relationships that are all interdependent. Included are the mother and father
relationship, mother and child characteristics, maternal role identity and child
outcome. Other factors in these nested circles incorporate family functioning, stress,
social support, cultural consistencies, parents' work settings, day care and school.
Dr. Mercer's theory is a middle range, evidence-based theory that has a specific focus
rather than being abstract. It is concerned mainly with maternal and child nursing but
can be used with many ages and in many situations and environments. Other disciplines
such as psychology, sociology and education have incorporated the philosophy into their
maternal and parenting applications.
- Maternal role attainment is the process by which the mother becomes emotionally involved with her child, becomes a capable caregiver and finds satisfaction in her role.
- A positive self-concept includes self-esteem and acceptance of self.
- Attachment is the process of forming emotional commitment and fondness for another individual.
Four Stages of Becoming a Mother
These stages can overlap but usually progress in a predictable, orderly manner. They
are usually completed about four months after the birth of the baby.
- The anticipatory stage occurs during pregnancy when the mother makes psychological and committal adjustments and prepares for her new role.
- The formal stage begins with the birth of the child and the role of motherhood is taken on and learned within the framework of her social system.
- The informal stage is when the mother integrates motherhood with her own lifestyle rather than fitting social norms.
- The personal stage occurs when the mother internalizes her mothering role and reaches a state of confidence and harmony.
Global Nursing Concepts
These concepts build on each other and illustrate the fact that maternal health is
influenced by many factors. The nature of the newborn affects the identity of motherhood.
The psychosocial and emotional needs of newborn cannot be overlooked. The nurse is the
primary caregiver and is in the position to provide integrated care and education,
especially in the first 12 months of motherhood. The maternal role attainment in
the first year of motherhood will have an impact on the entire life of the family.
- Human beings see themselves as individuals and separate from other people. Values, morals, self-esteem and self-confidence play a part in maternal self-concept.
- The environment plays a role in the maternal concept. Mothers need to balance outside influences with the needs of the family.
- Health is a vital factor in motherhood. The health history of both mother and father needs to be addressed as well as lifestyle factors.
- Nursing and nurses play a very important role in the maternal cycle. Nurses have the responsibility to promote growth and educate mothers and families before, during and after pregnancy. They make a huge impact on the outcome of childbirth.
Publications related to Maternal Role Attainment Theory
- Transitions in a Women's Life: Major Life Events in Developmental Context (Springer Series, Focus on Women)
- Perspectives on Adolescent Health Care
- Mercer, Ramona. Theoretical Models for Studying the Effect of Antepartum Stress on the Family, Nursing Research, 1986
- Mercer, Ramona. Predictors of Parental Attachment During Early Parenthood, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1990
- Mercer, Ramona. Becoming a Mother versus Maternal Role Attainment, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2004
- Miles, M.S., Holditch-Davis, D., Burchinal, M.R. and Brussen, S. Maternal Role Attachment with Medically Fragile Infants, Research in Nursing and Health, 2011

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
AFTER heavy rainfall soaked the Gold Coast last week, Southeast Queensland's water security is high, with the 12 key dams now sitting at a healthy 92%.
An average of 125 to 300mm of rain fell across the catchments with parts of the Gold Coast receiving some of the heaviest falls, topping up dam levels that had dropped over the dry summer months.
Hinze Dam, the main drinking water supply for the city, is now at 95.2%.
ARTICLE CONTINUES AFTER THIS ADVERTISEMENT
Little Nerang Dam is still spilling after last weeks drenching, receiving significant inflows and having increased by more than 20%.
Inflows to South East Queensland's dams were the highest since early 2013, with almost two months of water supply flowing into the Grid 12 dams.
Despite the heavy rainfall, dam release operations were not required from Wivenhoe, Somerset, North Pine or Leslie Harrison dams. Operational releases from Somerset Dam into Wivenhoe were undertaken to keep Somerset below full supply level.
Based on current catchment conditions, it's estimated between 10mm to 30mm of rainfall is needed to saturate the ground before any runoff to dams could be expected.
Less than 10mm of rain is forecast to fall across the region over the coming days.
Seqwater closely monitors rainfall, catchment conditions and dam levels throughout the year.
To be notified of dam releases or spilling dams, register for Seqwater's free dam release notification service. Visit _URL_ to register and receive updates straight to your mobile phone, email or landline phone.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


stored in
 the database in a compressed form. Both options should be set to the name
 of an SQL scalar function registered using [sqlite3_create_function()]
 that accepts a single argument.

 The compress function should return a compressed version of the value
 passed to it as an argument. Each time data is written to the FTS4 table,
 each column value is passed to the compress function and the result value
 stored in the database. The compress function may return any type of SQLite
 value (blob, text, real, integer or null).

 The uncompress function should uncompress data previously compressed by
 the compress function. In other words, for all SQLite values X, it should
 be true that uncompress(compress(X)) equals X. When data that has been
 compressed by the compress function is read from the database by FTS4, it
 is passed to the uncompress function before it is used.

 If the specified compress or uncompress functions do not exist, the table
 may still be created. An error is not returned until the FTS4 table is
 read (if the uncompress function does not exist) or written (if it is the
 compress function that does not exist).
<codeblock>
 -- Create an FTS4 table that stores data in compressed form. This
 -- assumes that the scalar functions zip() and unzip() have been (or
 -- will be) added to the database handle.
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE papers USING fts4(author, document, compress=zip, uncompress=unzip);
</codeblock>

 When implementing the compress and uncompress functions it is important to
 pay attention to data types. Specifically, when a user reads a value from
 a compressed FTS table, the value returned by FTS is exactly the same
 as the value returned by the uncompress function, including the data type.
 If that data type is not the same as the data type of the original value as
 passed to the compress function (for example if the uncompress function is
 returning BLOB when compress was originally passed TEXT), then the users
 query may not function as expected.
<tcl>hd_fragment *fts4content {FTS4 content option}</tcl>

The content= option

 The content option allows FTS4 to forego storing the text being indexed.
 The content option can be used in two ways:

 The indexed documents are not stored within the SQLite database
 at all (a "contentless" FTS4 table), or

 The indexed documents are stored in a database table created and
 managed by the user (an "external content" FTS4 table).

 Because the indexed documents themselves are usually much larger than
 the full-text index, the content option can be used to achieve
 significant space savings.

 Contentless FTS4 Tables

 In order to create an FTS4 table that does not store a copy of the indexed
 documents at all, the content option should be set to an empty string.
 For example, the following SQL creates such an FTS4 table with three
 columns - "a", "b", and "c":
<codeblock>
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t1 USING fts4(content="", a, b, c);
</codeblock>

 Data can be inserted into such an FTS4 table using an INSERT statements.
 However, unlike ordinary FTS4 tables, the user must supply an explicit
 integer docid value. For example:
<codeblock>
 -- This statement is Ok:
 INSERT INTO t1(docid, a, b, c) VALUES(1, 'a b c', 'd e f', 'g h i');
 -- This statement causes an error, as no docid value has been provided:
 INSERT INTO t1(a, b, c) VALUES('j k l', 'm n o', 'p q r');
</codeblock>

 It is not possible to UPDATE or DELETE a row stored in a contentless FTS4
 table. Attempting to do so is an error.

 Contentless FTS4 tables also support SELECT statements. However, it is
 an error to attempt to retrieve the value of any table column other than
 the docid column. The auxiliary function matchinfo() may be used, but
 snippet() and offsets() may not. For example:
<codeblock>
 -- The following statements are Ok:
 SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
 SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE a MATCH 'xxx';
 SELECT matchinfo(t1) FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
 -- The following statements all cause errors, as the value of columns
 -- other than docid are required to evaluate them.
 SELECT * FROM t1;
 SELECT a, b FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
 SELECT docid FROM t1 WHERE a LIKE 'xxx%';
 SELECT snippet(t1) FROM t1 WHERE t1 MATCH 'xxx';
</codeblock>

 Errors related to attempting to retrieve column values other than docid
 are runtime errors that occur within sqlite3_step(). In some cases, for
 example if the MATCH expression in a SELECT query matches zero rows, there
 may be no error at all even if a statement does refer to column values
 other than docid.

 External Content FTS4 Tables

 An "external content" FTS4 table is similar to a contentless table, except
 that if evaluation of a query requires the value of a column other than
 docid, FTS4 attempts to retrieve that value from a table (or view, or
 virtual table) nominated by the user (hereafter referred to as the "content
 table"). The FTS4 module never writes to the content table, and writing
 to the content table does not affect the full-text index. It is the
 responsibility of the user to ensure that the content table and the
 full-text index are consistent.

 An external content FTS4 table is created by setting the content option
 to the name of a table (or view, or virtual table) that may be queried by
 FTS4 to retrieve column values when required. If the nominated table does
 not exist, then an external content table behaves in the same way as
 a contentless table. For example:
<codeblock>
 CREATE TABLE t2(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, a, b, c);
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t3 USING fts4(content="t2", a, c);
</codeblock>

 Assuming the nominated table does exist, then its columns must be the same
 as or a superset of those defined for the FTS table. The external table
 must also be in the same database file as the FTS table. In other words,
 The external table cannot be in a different database file connected using
 [ATTACH] nor may one of the FTS table and the external content be in the
 TEMP database when the other is in a persistent database file such as MAIN.

 When a users query on the FTS table requires a column value other than
 docid, FTS attempts to read the requested value from the corresponding column of
 the row in the content table with a rowid value equal to the current FTS
 docid. Or, if such a row cannot be found in the content table, a NULL
 value is used instead. For example:
<codeblock>
 CREATE TABLE t2(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, a, b, c, d);
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE t3 USING fts4(content="t2", b, c);

 INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(2, 'a b', 'c d', 'e f');
 INSERT INTO t2 VALUES(3, 'g h', 'i j', 'k l');
 INSERT INTO t3(docid, b, c) SELECT id, b, c FROM t2;
 -- The following query returns a single row with two columns containing
 -- the text values "i j" and "k l".
 --
 -- The query uses the full-text index to discover that the MATCH
 -- term matches the row with docid=3. It then retrieves the values
 -- of columns b and c from the row with rowid=3 in the content table
 -- to return.
 --
 SELECT * FROM t3 WHERE t3 MATCH 'k';
 -- Following the UPDATE, the query still returns a single row, this
 -- time containing the text values "xxx" and "yyy". This is because the
 -- full-text index still indicates that the row with docid=3


text:
Conference on Censers in Bern, organised by Beate Fricke together with Ittai Weinryb
The burning of incense is one of the most pervasive religious practices today and throughout history. The fragrant smoke filling the air can be witnessed in any tradition, whether polytheistic or monotheistic, whether in the Ancient Near East, Modern US, or Medieval Europe. Censers are ubiquitous among religious paraphernalia, and on a truly global scale. Surprisingly, however, little scholarly attention has been given to censers and the rituals they facilitate. In this conference we propose to explore these commonly used yet seldom studied objects from a comparative perspective. This investigation entails consideration of the material fabrication of censers themselves and their subsequent significations, as well as the role of the incense itself as it vaporizes in the course of religious ceremonies. By comparing we aim to unveil resemblances and differences across various religions that at the same time can give evidence to the particularities of a specific tradition. Through these objects we also hope to interrogate dominant narratives in Art History defined by exclusive categories like "the era of art" or by retrospectively defined periods or artistic developments aligned with dynasties.
The study of censers is particularly timely in the fields of History of Religion, History of Art, Archaeology, material culture and Anthropology, and not only for filling gaps in the objects' documentation. The combination of the solid censer and the ephemeral smoke produced by the burning of incense offers a fertile ground for examining questions central to these fields of study regarding the relation between the material and the immaterial, and between artifacts, biotic substances, and codified practices. Centering on the censer thus not only places the object in a constellation of other religious artefacts, but also relocates the importance of rituals that have long been placed at the margins of the study of religion, art, and ritual. Emerging from this, we hope, is a better grasp of the role of sensorial elements in the fostering of the devotional practices of world religions. Acknowledging the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the profound questions provoked by the censer as object and as site, the project aims to unite scholars from different fields of study in an exploration of the censer and its materiality, ontology, and presence.


text:
Chicago's many fountains are gems of art, history, politics and culture. Their stories often overlooked.
Sure, we all know Buckingham Fountain and the Crown Fountain. But what about the Nelson Algren Fountain at Division Street and Ashland and Milwaukee Avenues? Or the Drexel Boulevard Fountain, originally named the Thomas Dorsey Fountain, after the South Side musician considered to be the father of gospel music?
Author Greg Borzo explores various fountains in his newest book "Chicago's Fabulous Fountains," with photos by Debra Shore.
A news officer covering science at the University of Chicago, Borzo also volunteers to give tours of the "L" and often was asked about the fountains they passed on the route.
"I realized that people knew about the Chicago Fire and World's Columbian Exposition which was held in Chicago in 1893 but they didn't know anything about Chicago's fountains," says Borzo.
Because Borzo likes to chronicle the city's intriguing icons, he began extensively researching Chicago's fountains, past and present. In the process he inspired his friends, who he dubbed "fountain finders," to join in the search.
"They got a fountain buzz going and they'd say there's one at such and such" says Borzo. "As I found out about fountains, I began to realize it's about the artists, the ethnic groups, the politics—it's so much more than just a pretty fountain."
Immersed in fountain lore, Borzo connects the historic dots or should we say splashes of water.
"People are very interested in the 1893 Fair and what I found is there are four fountains directly related to the fair—which were built for the fair or part of the fair," he says. "The Rosenberg Fountain on Michigan Avenue and 11th Street was built in time for the Fair but was built near the Illinois Central Station that used to stand at 11th and Roosevelt so people getting off the train could get a drink."
The fountain was a gift to the city by Joseph Rosenberg, a former paperboy who used to get thirsty while on his route. To prevent that from happening to others, the fountain had metal drinking cans attached by a chain.
The Women's Christian Temperance Union was also worried about thirsty people and wanted to provide water instead of having them stop at a bar for a whiskey.
"Fountain Girl was located at the fair and people could take one of the tin cups chained to the fountain to get a drink," says Borzo. "After the Fair, they moved Fountain Girl to the Women's Christian Temperance Union skyscraper in the downtown area and when that got torn down the fountain was moved again to Lincoln Park. The city didn't ban shared drinking cups until 1911. The Illinois Humane Society had about 60 fountains with shared cups, two still at Chicago and Michigan. Now they're cute fountains, but instead of the cups they have troughs for water for carriage horses."
Borzo says fountains were moved quite frequently. Researching the 125 existing outdoor fountains in the city wasn't easy.
"There's no record of many of them," he says, noting there are records of "lost" fountains that no longer exist. Others are slipping away.
Does Borzo have a favorite fountain?
"My favorite is the one I'm spending time with at the moment," he says, but then relents. "There are six fountains at the base at the AON Center. The nice thing is you don't have to pay admission and at night they're lit. It's fountain heaven."


Le blog GlueTalk
Self full of cheese packed in food safe flexible packaging.
A General Overview of Packaging Food Safety
Posted 07/24/2019 by Justine Hanlon, Market Manager, Americas Adhesives Flexible Packaging
Food safety is an important subject in packaging, both globally and regionally. The role of packaging in food safety continues to grow as consumers eat more meals outside of the home and expect packaged foods to remain safe for extended periods of time. Adhesive suppliers and other manufacturers of packaging materials must monitor regulations and requirements as consumer safety is more closely examined. Consumer packaged goods (CPG) manufacturers should expect considerable support in food safety compliance from their packaging suppliers.
Flexible packaging, and the adhesives used in the construction of flexible packaging, plays a significant role in the global food safety conversation. The materials that make up flexible packaging help ensure that fatty foods, such as meat, cheese and seafood, are safe for consumption. Although adhesives generally make up less than 5 percent of flexible packaging, unintentional food contact may occur by migration through the packaging.
How EU Flexible Packaging Regulations Affect North America
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the use of adhesives in food packaging. The FDA's adhesive rules focus on the manufacturer's responsibility to use a suitable, approved adhesive for food packaging. FDA regulations for indirect food additives tend to focus on the food contact substance itself. Regulatory compliance for adhesives focuses more on the manufacturers of food packaging and finished food products that contain adhesives. FDA-compliant adhesives must follow FDA regulations 175.105 and 175.300, and be manufactured from pre-approved raw materials. Adhesive formulators create products from FDA's section 175.105-approved substance list.
A company may ask the FDA to review new adhesives under its Food Contact Notification Program. If the components of an adhesive do not meet the regulation requirements, and they migrate into the food contained in the packaging, the food is considered to be contaminated. Determining what is safe and fit for use in food packaging is an important and oftentimes long process for adhesive suppliers.
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, used in conjunction with FDA regulations, are intended to keep from transferring anything to the food contained in the packaging. This is achieved by ensuring that all adhesives used in flexible food packaging are adequately cured, ensuring no adhesive components will migrate through the packaging and cause anything that could be hazardous to health or that changes the taste, odor or composition of the food.
Primary Aromatic Amines (PAA)
Primary aromatic amines (PAA) is a potential toxicological issue because of its identification as a carcinogenic substance. PAA is a potential, non-intentionally-added substance (NIAS) that can be found in flexible packaging and needs to be monitored to ensure it doesn't migrate into food at detectable levels. Adhesives, inks and coatings that contain polyurethanes are common components within the flexible packaging industry. PAA, although not a component of adhesive formulas, can be formed during the curing process. Trace amounts of adhesive isocyanate monomer within the adhesive formulation can react with existing moisture and create PAA that can then migrate into food and be consumed by the end user.
There are different reasons why a laminate might not end up fully cured, most often as a result of poor processing conditions. For example, low humidity and very cold temperatures could cause a package to cure more slowly or not at all. That is why understanding the total packaging process – from the handling of the materials, laminating, pouching, and final filling – is necessary to create a truly food safe package.
One-Day Food Safety and Nylon Technology
Migration Studies
Components of adhesives for use in food packaging that are not the subject of a food additive regulation may still be used if they are not reasonably expected to become a component of the food. A migration study (a lab test to see if a detectable amount of the chemical can be extracted into the food simulant) can be conducted to determine if a new raw material or adhesive will become a component.
In order to design a successful migration study, suppliers must:
 - Define which chemicals are likely to migrate;
 - Identify potential chemical material hazards;
 - Verify an appropriate detection limit based on potential exposure.
In order to successfully plan a migration study, the intended final use of the adhesive is required. Testing samples must be prepared under the same manufacturing conditions as the end use and take into account the type of food, processing temperatures, film types and thickness, amount of adhesive used, adhesive composition, and cure times.
Time, temperature and food type are important in interpreting how end use affects migration. As time and temperature in a package increases, migration potential also increases. Fatty foods, such as meat and cheese, enhance the migration of chemical substances.
Determining the potential for migration requires an understanding of the end use or type of food and the packaging structure. Adhesive safety is in part dependent on the packaging structure or barrier film used. Different films have different barrier properties depending on thickness, temperature, and food type.
Adhesive testing is usually tested on a final formulation and packaging type, not on individual raw materials or pure adhesive. Testing on specific structure and packaging type ensures that migration does not change due to changes in curing times, conditions, adhesive, and packaging type. Migration testing typically requires 10 or more days to conduct and usually employs sophisticated, computer-controlled instrumentation.
To learn about our flexible packaging solutions, click here. You can also learn more about food safe packaging here.
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text:
1 (in criminal law) The person who actually carries out a crime. (Formerly, the actual perpetrator was known as the principal in the first degree and a person who aided and abetted was called principal in the second degree, but the former is now known as the principal and the latter as the secondary party.) The law on principals and accessories is codified in the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 s 8 (as amended by the Criminal Law Act 1977) for indictable offences and the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 s 44 for summary offences. A person can be a principal even if he does not carry out the act himself; for example, if he acts through an innocent agent, such as a child, or if he is legally responsible for the acts of another (e.g. because of vicarious liability). Note also that even if for some reason the secondary party is incapable of committing the offence as a principal he can still be convicted of the offence: in Ram v Ram 17 Cox CC 609 a woman was found guilty of aiding and abetting in a rape (even though a woman cannot commit rape as a principal).
2 (in the law of agency) The person on whose behalf an agent acts.
3 (in finance) The sum of money lent or invested, as distinguished from the interest.
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The molecular formula of succinic acid coursework
The molecular formula of succinic acid coursework, Succinic acid is a colourless crystalline solid with a melting point of 185 -187 c physical and chemical properties the general formula is hooc(ch 2.
Succinic acid: succinic acid, , a dicarboxylic acid of molecular formula c4h6o4 that is widely distributed in almost all plant and animal tissues and that plays a. Chapter 2: amount of substance and 215 relative formula mass of succinic acid could be part of molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each. Search results for succinic acid at sigma-aldrich advanced search cas 110-15-6, ec number 203-740-4, chemical formula hoocch₂ch₂cooh, for. The molecular formula of succinic acid the relative formula mass is the mass of 1 molecule of succinic acid compared with 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12 this is obtained by adding together the relative atomic masses of the atoms within the molecule according to its written formula. 1 succinic acid occurs in fungi and lichens its empirical formula is c 2 h 3 o from chm 2045 at fau.
How many carboxylic acids have the molecular formula how many carboxylic acids have the molecular a glutaric acid b oxalic acid c succinic acid d. The molecular formula of succinic acid problem 'describe in detail how you would determine the relative formula mass of succinic acid' the relative formula mass is the mass of 1 molecule of succinic acid compared with 1/12th of. Butanedioic acid formula: c 4 h 6 o 4 molecular weight: much more physical and chemical property data is available from the following ef, jr, succinic acid. Find here succinic acid molecular formula, succinic acid density, succinic acid properties, succinic acidcas no, succinic acid msds,succinic acid companies.
Percent composition, empirical and molecular formulas chemists create new compounds for example 5: what is the molecular formula of succinic acid. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for: succinic acid, 110-15-6, hooc-ch2-ch2-cooh. Succinic acid malic acid is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula c h 3 ch 2 ch 2-cooh low-molecular-weight esters of butyric acid.
 - In treato you can find posts from all over the web from people who wrote about eyeball and succinic acid.
 - Can succinic acid be an effective treatment for abortion it is safe or dangerous to use succinic acid while suffering from abortion 3 discussions on treato.
 - The formula of succinic acid succinic acid is a diprotic, which means it donates two protons per molecule succinic acid can be completely neutralised by sodium hydroxide the indicator most suitable for this experiment is phenolphthalein, it is colourless in acids and pink in alkalises.
 - Material safety data sheet succinic acid msds butanedioic acid chemical formula: (ch2cooh)2 physical and chemical properties.
The molecular formula of succinic acid introduction: i have been provided with a sample of anhydrous succinic acid and my task is to determine via titration its true. Substance information (ec and cas number) and/or the molecular formula succinic acid succinic acid trade names biosuccinium. Succinic acid ( ) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (ch)(coh) the name derives from latin succinum, meaning amber in living organisms, succinic acid.
The molecular formula of succinic acid coursework
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text:
Okakura Tenshin (Kakuzo)Educator / Critic
Died: 2 September 1913
Birthplace: Yokohama, Japan
Best known as: Author of The Book of Tea
Okakura Tenshin, also known as Kakuzo Okakura, was a Japanese writer and art curator whose most famous work is The Book of Tea (1906). Okakura grew up in Yokohama, and his family's prosperity allowed him to study at the Tokyo Imperial University and to eventually earn a Masters in Arts degree in 1880. For years he worked collecting and writing about Japanese art and culture with Ernest Fenollosa, becoming a well-known critic of the trend toward westernization. In 1898 he was dismissed from his position at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts and lost government support, but he went on to found Nihon Bijutsuin (the Japan Art Institute). For financial support he travelled to the United States to sell artifacts and found an appreciative audience in Boston. He became a friend and advisor to art collector Isabella S. Gardner, and in 1904 began working at Boston's Museum of Fine Arts, later becoming curator of their Japanese and Chinese collections. An art expert who wrote his best known books in English, Okakura is credited with "explaining" Asian art to American intellectuals. His most famous works are The Ideals of the East (1903) and The Book of Tea.
Extra credit: Some sources list his birth year as 1863, but the City of Yokohama and the Tenshin Memorial of Art, Ibaraki say 1862.
Copyright © _PHONE_ by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
More on Okakura Tenshin Kakuzo from Fact Monster:
Information Please® Database, © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.


Articles advice from Josh
/ How To Do Needy Things Without Appearing Needy
Here are 6 ways to take needy actions without seeming needy to women.
Those of you who subscribe to my newsletter will have received an article about neediness and how it is pretty much the biggest turn off to women. However, sometimes, we simply need to (or want to) take some action that is needy. For instance, confirming a date. Confirming a date is, technically, a needy task; however, it is also a necessity given how flaky women generally are. Here are 6 common needy actions we like to take and how you can do take them in a non-needy way.
1. Confirming a date
Confirming a date is a necessity. Unfortunately, it is also needy behavior. How do you get around appearing needy when confirming a date. The best way to confirm a date without being needy is to make a small change in the actual date and use that as the excuse to make contact. For example, if you planned a date at 8pm at XYZ, text her the day off with a message like this: "Hey there, I'm running a bit behind today, let's do 8:15 instead of 8pm." You don't have to ask if the date is still on to confirm a date, you simply need to ping her with a reminder which will then prompt her to either confirm or flake. Don't ever call someone to confirm a date because if she doesn't pick up you will be left in a nebulous situation of wondering if she will check her messages, being super needy by calling again or doing what you should have done in the first place, which is just sending a text.
2. Ask a girl out
Asking a girl out is sometimes a source of extremely needy behavior but it shouldn't be. The proper way to ask a girl out is first to attract her (see my article on asking a girl out) and then worrying about how to actually go about it. The general rule is, once you establish some interest in meeting up, to propose a time and a place. Don't ask when she is free or what she wants to do (though sometimes this does make sense (see point 3 below), simply suggest a time and place and see how she responds.
3. A date at your place
Asking a girl out is one thing, but getting a girl to come over is another. I generally try to arrange a second date at my apartment. However, sometimes this might come off as "too forward" which can be misconstrued by women as "needy". (Yes, sometimes being overly aggressive can be mistaken for neediness). When I am trying to get her to meet at my place, the way I do it without neediness is to either propose two options (one at my place one somewhere else nearby) or to first ask her "if she has anything in mind" for the second date. Her response will almost always be "I'm up for whatever" which then makes it much easier to propose meeting at your place and makes it much harder for her to say no.
4. Buying Gifts
Gift buying, while nice, can often come off as very needy if not done at the right time. Read my article about gift buying to learn how to do this without appearing too needy. The general rule (and it is a good one to follow) is sex before any gift giving.
5. Refusal to escalate physically
If things in the sex and intimacy department are moving too slowly for you, there are needy and non-needy ways to address it. "Begging" or begging like behavior to get sex is very unattractive and will probably lower your odds of getting further. The best way to increase intimacy is arranging dates at your place and if she doesn't want to, play it cool, agree to a date elsewhere, but then cancel. She will get the message. If the problem occurs once you are in the bedroom, don't beg, either stop hooking up cold turkey making it seem like it was your idea to not go further or appeal to her comfort level (ask her why she isn't comfortable with you or what she is afraid of, not why she doesn't want to hook up).
6. Texting, IMing, and calling
A lot of men ruin it with women because they start texting, IM'ing, and calling the girl they had one date with more than they do their own mother or best friend. This is a very easy way to scare a woman off. The obvious solution to this problem is to simply not engage in random back and forth texts and instead only text, IM, or call to set up the next date. If she is the one who initiates, don't fall into the trap of engaging too often. Keep conversations short and try to turn them into arranging meetings.
There are many behaviors that are canonically needy and there is no good way to be "non-needy" about them. However, the 6 actions above can appear needy or non-needy, depending on how you execute. Always execute in the non-needy manner.
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Overview
Update time: 2023/09/27 17:19:49
API call description
In this document, all requests of calling the NetEase YunXin server interface should be verified by this rule.
API checksum verification
The following parameters should be placed in the Http Request Header
Parameter Parameter Description
AppKey Appkey assigned by the developer platform
Nonce Random number (maximum length 128 characters)
CurTime Current UTC timestamp, in seconds, since 0:0:0 a.m. on January 1, 1970 (String)
CheckSum SHA1(AppSecret + Nonce + CurTime), string concatenated by three parameters, SHA1 hash calculation, converted to hexadecimal characters (String, lowercase)
CheckSum validity: for security reasons, the validity of each checkSum is 5 minutes (calculated by CurTime), and we recommend to generate a new checkSum for each request. Please make sure that the server initiating the request is synchronized with the standard time, such as NTP service.
CheckSum will return a 414 error code if the verification fails. See details for the code status table.
Important tip: All interfaces provided in this document are developer server calls, and AppSecret used to calculate CheckSum should be kept by the developer, stored and used on the application server, but should not be stored or transferred to the client, nor should it be embedded in front-end code such as webpages.
An example of java code for calculating CheckSum is as follows ( see interface example below for examples in other languages).
import java.security.MessageDigest;
public class CheckSumBuilder {
 // Calculate and get CheckSum
 public static String getCheckSum(String appSecret, String nonce, String curTime) {
 return encode("sha1", appSecret + nonce + curTime);
 }

 // Calculate and get md5 value
 public static String getMD5(String requestBody) {
 return encode("md5", requestBody);
 }
 private static String encode(String algorithm, String value) {
 if (value == null) {
 return null;
 }
 try {
 MessageDigest messageDigest
 = MessageDigest.getInstance(algorithm);
 messageDigest.update(value.getBytes());
 return getFormattedText(messageDigest.digest());
 } catch (Exception e) {
 throw new RuntimeException(e);
 }
 }
 private static String getFormattedText(byte[] bytes) {
 int len = bytes.length;
 StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(len * 2);
 for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
 buf.append(HEX_DIGITS[(bytes[j] >> 4) & 0x0f]);
 buf.append(HEX_DIGITS[bytes[j] & 0x0f]);
 }
 return buf.toString();
 }
 private static final char[] HEX_DIGITS = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5',
 '6', '7', '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' };
}
Interface description
 1. All interfaces of the IM server only support POST requests.
 2. All interfaces request Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8.
 3. All interfaces are returned by JSON, while UTF-8 encoding is performed.
Interface example
The NetEase YunXin server interface is a simple http interface, and supports various languages. We also provide some simple examples to the development for reference. Interface example of NetEase YunXin Server
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text:
What You Need to Know About Benne
Benne was an essential medicinal and kitchen garden plant during our Colonial and Antebellum Eras. It was grown in all great Carolina kitchen gardens, in particular in the forbidden subsistence gardens of African slaves who brought benne to Carolina and introduced it to the region's nascent rice culture and cuisine. Planted between field peas, corn, and other human food crops in late spring, and harvested in late summer, benne provided near magical enhancements by improving soil quality and protecting nearby plants from harmful pests. In those days, benne was grown specifically for its vital nutrients and culinary versatility.
When rice plantations transitioned their kitchen benne to commodity fields for commodity oil production, "benne" became "sesame." As sesame, benne did not escape heavy pressure for yield, and Southern growers drifted away from an interest in the seeds' culinary diversity, instead focusing exclusively on oil production. In time, raw benne seeds became nearly flavorless, and they were only slightly more interesting when toasted. In fact, modern American sesame bears no resemblance to Antebellum benne.
Much of benne's unique flavor profile and nearly all of the extraordinary derivative foods associated with the seeds have been lost. Here are some examples: Benne leaves were cooked as soup greens and, if pounded prior to adding, worked as a thickener. Benne seeds, raw or toasted, were tossed into stock or water, their oil adding enrichment (the flavor impact in this application was thought to be extraordinary). A handful of benne seeds was simmered in water, and then the water poured into a pot with dry rice; the cooked rice possessed exceptional flavor—served with benne greens it was nearly perfect food. After the oil and water were poured off, the remaining seeds were dried and pounded in a mortar. The resulting flour was called bennecake (the term "bennecake" meant flour made from benne seeds after oil extraction). Bennecake, the central ingredient in benne bread, benne biscuits, and benne cakes, is powerful, its flavor reminiscent of toasted peanuts, but intertwined with a wildflower tang, and a sensation of verdancy and vigor.


Dipole spectrum structure of nonresonant nonpertubative driven two-level atoms
TitleDipole spectrum structure of nonresonant nonpertubative driven two-level atoms
Publication TypeJournal Article
Year of Publication2010
AuthorsPicón, A, Roso, L, Mompart, J, Varela, O, Ahufinger, V, Corbalán, R, Plaja, L
JournalPhys. Rev. A
Volume81
Pagination033420
Date PublishedMar
Abstract
We analyze the dipole spectrum of a two-level atom excited by a nonresonant intense monochromatic field under the electric dipole approximation and beyond the rotating wave approximation. We show that the apparently complex spectral structure can be completely described by two families: harmonic frequencies of the driving field and field-induced nonlinear fluorescence. Our formulation of the problem provides quantitative laws for the most relevant spectral features: harmonic ratios and phases, nonperturbative Stark shift, and frequency limits of the harmonic plateau. In particular, we demonstrate the locking of the harmonic phases at the wings of the plateau opening the possibility of ultrashort pulse generation through harmonic filtering.
URLhttps://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033420
DOI10.1103/PhysRevA.81.033420
Campus d'excel·lència internacional U A B


text:
How to Remove Offsets From a Haworthia Attenuata
Commonly called zebra plant, Haworthia attenuata is a cold-sensitive succulent species grown for its eye-catching, green and white textured leaves. It is hardy within U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 10 and above and will produce an abundance of offshoots, or pups, once established in a sunny bed. The offshoots provide a simple and highly effective means of propagating new zebra plants if they are carefully removed and potted in a suitable growing mix. However, they should only be removed in spring or autumn when the plant is not actively growing, to reduce stress to both the offshoots and the parent plant.
Locate the rooted offsets around the base of the zebra plant. Carefully scrape away the soil from around the base of the offshoots and look for small, pale pink or white roots.
Insert the blade of a gardening knife into the soil midway between the parent plant and the rooted offshoot. Slide the blade through the soil to sever the connecting root.
Etch out a 2-inch radius in the soil around the base of the rooted offshoot using the tip of your gardening knife. Dig down along the radial line to a 5-inch depth using a small handheld spade.
Insert the blade of the handheld spade at an angle underneath the rooted offshoot. Carefully pry it loose from the soil and remove it. Fill in the hole left by the offshoot to protect the parent plant's roots.
Crumble off half the soil from around the offshoot's rootball. Pot it in a small, 3- to 4-inch nursery container. Use a potting mix made up of 2 parts perlite, 2 parts coarse sand and 1 part sterile compost.
Place the potted zebra plant offshoot where it will receive bright, diffuse light and temperatures above 68 degrees Fahrenheit, such as in a glasshouse, cold frame or indoors near a south-facing window.
Withhold watering for the first three days. Water only until the soil feels barely moist in the top inch. Maintain light, even moisture in the soil mixture, but allow it to dry out for a day or so once a week.
- Garden knife
- Handheld spade
- 3- or 4-inch nursery container
- Coarse sand
- Sterile compost
- Unrooted zebra plant offsets can be rooted in pure perlite or coarse sand before planting, but they are subject to a high rate of die-off.


failed the game
No doubt they would have risked too much on any given trial. They could have had a string of seven or more losing trades that would have made it impossible for them to recover their initial starting balance? Or It could have been that some participants had only one, two, or three HUGE LOSSES that reduced their account down to extremely low levels.
Also, some participants probably tried to increase their stake size after one, two or three losses hoping that they could recover the loss. (Martingale strategy). Problems with martingale strategies develop when the streak of consecutive losses causes the risk / reward ratio to blow out of proportion. What happens when there is a streak of fifteen losses in a row? (Is it logical to risk losing $700 by trying to save $100?)
On the other hand if the participants had used Anti-martingale strategies, which means increasing the amounts they risked on each trial after winning streaks they would have done better.
The lesson's from the experiment with the 40 Ph.D.s is loud and clear.
1.Do not risk too much money on any one position due to unknown timing and length of losing streaks.
2.There is a correct (Optimum) amount of money to risk on each trial. (position size). This amount can be calculated dependent on the rules of the game /system.
In case you are wondering what was the correct answer to the position size in the above experiment. The optimum amount to achieve the maximum gain was for the participants to risk 20 percent of their new equity each time. The balance of their accounts would have grown to about $7,500.
For trading purposes risking 20% of your closing balance would be regarded as a very high risk strategy. Very poor money management. Lets look at the effect on our account should we start with a string of consecutive losses.
Our starting account balance $1,000
less 20% loss number1 -$200 $800
less 20% loss number2 -$160 $640
less 20% loss number3 -$128 $512
less 20% loss number4 -$102 $409
less 20% loss number5 -$82 $327
less 20% loss number6 -$65 $262
less 20% loss number7 -$52 $209
After a bad string of 7 losses our account is now down to $209. We now need to make 378.5% to recover. See how risking 20% of our account balance is way to much.
Risk between 1% to 3%
Jack Schwager's book Market Wizards (1989) day and trend follower Larry Hite says about money management;
"Never risk more than 1% of the total equity on any trade. By only risking 1%, I am indifferent to any individual trade."
The general consensus on money management is that a trader should limit his risk up to about 3% maximum on any one position.
Does this seem reasonable?
Let check it out with the above previous seven in a row loss.
Our starting account balance $10,000
less 3% loss number1 -$300 $9,700
less 3% loss number2 -$291 $9,409
less 3% loss number3 -$282 $9,127
less 3% loss number4 -$274 $8,853
less 3% loss number5 -$266 $8,587
less 3% loss number6 -$258 $8,329
less 3% loss number7 -$250 $8,079
After our bad string of 7 losses our account is now down to $8,079. We now need to make 23.8% to recover.
Using our maximum money management 3% risk rule shows a recovery from a shocking 7-in-a-row loss situation is very feasible. Only 23.8% to recover compared to our earlier example of 378.5% if we risked 20% of our balance per trade. See how good money management can protect us!
As you noticed, we had to increase our account size from $1,000 to $10,000 to make our stop loss sizes reasonable. This shows that the smaller your account the more difficult it will be to apply proper money management rules.
To Learn more indepth details about money management - specifically; position sizing methods go here
See also the article section dealing with money management here.
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text:
Preserving a Local Landmark
Witherspoon & Sons
LSW Architects completed a major remodel of the historic Witherspoon & Sons building in Downtown Portland, Oregon, transforming it into an inspiring, creative, and flexible workspace.
Total Square Footage
The four-story Witherspoon & Sons building was constructed in the 1890's, at a time when many of Portland's historical landmarks were being developed. Since then, it has seen a variety of uses and changes, reflecting the city's evolution over one hundred and twenty-five years.
One of our main objectives was to preserve and enhance elements of the building's original character, creating a textural contrast between past and present. We accomplished this by exposing the brick walls and wood-framed ceilings. Reclaimed wood plank flooring is used throughout the building, while natural daylighting is provided by frameless glass and open stud walls.
Custom casework provides storage and layout for the various tenants. The countertops for the casework islands were milled from wood joists that had been demolished when seismic modifications had been made to the first floor. Tile mosaics at the new entries greet visitors and encourage them to "Be Brave".
Changes were made throughout the building to provide universal access to all areas. This included leveling out floors and restructuring the front third of the building, providing sidewalk access to the front door.
Most of the project budget was geared toward life safety improvements. As part of a seismic retrofit, huge footings and piers were installed around the perimeter to stabilize the unreinforced masonry building. Also included were extensive fire separations, a new fire sprinkler system, and a new exit stair for upper levels.
New electrical, lighting, plumbing and HVAC systems were installed to raise the overall level of comfort. Shower rooms on two levels coupled with bike storage facilities provide flexibility for users.
A new storefront façade responds to the era of the building, providing transparency to those on the street and a point of entry for the entire building.
To make sustainability a key consideration with every project, we organize our efforts into the following categories: Energy Efficiency, Embodied Carbon, Human Health, and Resource Conservation. Each category is associated with goals, processes, and metrics that we use to hold ourselves accountable to our clients, our community, and to current and future generations. In alignment with our sustainability benchmarks for projects, the following features were implemented at the Witherspoon & Sons building:
The first-floor storefront façade provides increased daylight into the space; Daylighting has been increased by opening these floors to the existing light well at the rear of the building
Improvements include electrical service replacement and HVAC improvements
Access to public transportation: the building is within easy walking distance of multiple light-rail and bus stops, making mass transit a convenient option for building users
For commuters, bike storage is provided in the basement
A new elevator provides improved access for building users
A new plan improves access to the first floor tenant space and creates consolidated access to the upper floors via a main building entry and lobby area
The second and third floors are accessible by stairs and the new elevator
Interior materials have been also selected to meet stringent VOC requirements
The project's urban location provides many sustainable benefits for the project. Rather than building on a greenfield site, the owner chose to capitalize on an existing site to keep development centralized
Efforts were made to keep as much of the existing structure as possible to save valuable resources and eliminate construction waste
Much of the construction waste generated on the project was recycled or salvaged for re-use
Interior finishes focus on sustainable, natural building materials such as reclaimed wood flooring
Much of the existing brick, concrete, and wood structure have been left exposed to highlight its natural beauty and reduce use of additional finish materials
To read more about sustainability at LSW, download our Sustainability Action Plan here.


How serious is a pericardial cyst?
How serious is a pericardial cyst?
How serious is a pericardial cyst?
Pericardial cysts are rare benign mediastinal masses usually detected in asymptomatic individuals. Rare complications include compression of the bronchi, ventricular outflow tract, rupture with tamponade and sudden death. Treatment in symptomatic individuals includes surgical resection or percutaneous aspiration.
Should a pericardial cyst be removed?
Most happen to be found by medical checkup, and a roentgenogram shows a round homogeneous radiodense lesion at the cardiophrenic angle, which is most likely to occur in the right cavity. In principle, a pericardial cyst only requires follow-up, however, growing cases or symptomatic cases require surgical removal.
What is the treatment for a pericardial cyst?
Pericardial cysts rarely require invasive management 1, 2. Treatment options include surgical removal, video-assisted thoracic surgery, or percutaneous echocardiography-guided aspiration and depend strongly on the characteristics and location of the cyst and the patient's surgical risk 1, 2, 6.
How are pericardial cyst diagnosed?
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the imaging techniques of choice to diagnose pericardial cysts. The removal of pericardial cysts is restricted to the cases with an uncertain diagnosis or in the presence of symptoms.
How common are pericardial cyst?
Pericardial cysts are rare with an incidence of about 1 in every 100,000 persons and one in 10 pericardial cysts may actually be a pericardial diverticulum. Pericardial cysts and diverticula share similar developmental origin and may appear as an incidental finding in chest roentgenogram in an asymptomatic patient.
What size pericardial cyst is considered large?
Pericardial cysts are usually unilocular, smooth, and smaller than 3 cm in diameter (5). Cyst size varies from 2 to 28 cm (1). In our patient, the cyst size was 13 × 8 × 5 cm in diameter that is one of the largest cysts we have found in the literature (9) (Table 1).
Can a pericardial cyst grow back?
Recurrence rates of pericardial cyst after aspiration is about 33%. There are no available data regarding the adhesion formation or recurrence after alcohol sclerosis. Otherwise, surgical options include surgical resection of the cyst via thoracotomy, sternotomy, VATS, or mediastinoscopy.
Is pericardial cyst a heart condition?
Pericardial cysts are congenital, benign intrathoracic lesions thought to be remnants of a defect in embryologic development of the pericardium. Prenatal diagnosis has been reported. They usually involve the left or right costophrenic angle although they may be found adjacent to any cardiac structure.
What size is considered a large pericardial cyst?
How rare is a cyst on the heart?
Pericardial cysts are benign uncommon lesions located in the middle mediastinum, and occur in 1 person per 100,000 [1,2].


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Getting corners square when building a deck is quite challenging. Although we don't hope the corners to be perfectly square, it should be as square as possible.
Sometimes when you lay out tile or carpet, but unfortunately it is off from one side to another side of the room. In this case, you can take the 3-4-5 technique into consideration as it can help you absolutely!
Here are all about how to square a deck using the 3-4-5 method.
3-4-5 Rule To Ensure Square Layouts
Anyone wants to learn the way to square a deck should know the 3-4-5 method as many builders often use it to make sure they are building a square deck.
Speed squares and framing squares are helpful tools for using in construction, builders often use them to check the layout. However, if the layout is too large, they can't help guarantee accurately.
Builders often use 3-4-5 technique for a number of major projects in remodeling and construction, such as laying a foundation or a wall to make sure the corners are square.
If you want know how to square a deck, you should pay attention to the materials required.
Tools required to square a carpentry project are:
What you have to prepare is just simple, you have already had it on your home.
1. A good tape measure – "Good" here means that it does not easily bend over when you pull it out.
2. A pencil or a sharper pen.
3. A helper – it can be hard work without assistant. You should find a partner, it can be a friend, your lover or neighbor.
And it's time we got to how to square a deck!
Using 3-4-5 Rules
It is not very hard to build a deck, you just base on the 3-4-5 rules. This is a simple technique, it just requires the carpenter to create a right angle by connecting two legs of the triangle.
A right triangle must consist of:
- The length of short triangle leg: 3 feet
- The length of another triangle leg: 4 feet
- The length of the longest leg: 5 feet
The 90 degree angle will be opposite the longest leg. Builders can also organize other multiple of the 3-4-5 rule to improve accuracy on building large walls or structure.
These are some examples of other multiple of the 3-4-5 rules:
- 12- 16-20
Why Is This Technique Useful?
The most recommended way to square a deck is the 3-4-5 method, so let's get to know why does the 3-4-5 method create a perfect square corner?
Almost everyone knows the Pythagorean Theorem, which was discovered by Pythagoras – a mathematician. Every secondary student may know this theory, this is about the relationship between the squares on the two legs of the triangle and the longest legs. Pythagoras pointed out that the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the legs of a right triangle.
What To Do If the Last Measurement is Off?
If you use the 3-4-5 method as a technique to square deck corners, you will have to make some adjustments in case the longest leg is off. What you need to do is moving one side, maybe move the other two leg in or out 3 or 4 feet.
The Bottom Line
You know, squaring the corners is very important and essential if you want your projects to turn out the best. Some people use a framing square but it seem not very accurate since it is so small so that's why we have to learn how to square a deck using a method called 3-4-5. And after reading useful tips about the 3-4-5 method for building a deck, I hope that you can do it on your own successfully.


text:
We have used a scanning tunneling microscope to measure the density of electronic states (DOS) in the vicinity of step edges and twin boundaries on the surface of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. We find that 90° twin boundaries do not perturb superconducting DOS at all; however, near step edges, within a coherence length in the direction perpendicular to step, we find strong filling-in of the energy gap in the DOS. In this region of suppressed superconductivity, for step edges oriented at a 45° degree relative to the CU-O bond direction, the spectra show evidence for the formation of an Andreev bound state, which results in a resonance in the DOS at the Fermi level.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||4|
|Journal||Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics|
|State||Published - Sep 1 2002|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Condensed Matter Physics


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I need to calculate the following
$$20^{_PHONE_} \mod 251$$
I am struggling with that because $251$ is a prime number, so I can't simplify anything and I don't have a clue how to go on. Moreover how do I figure out the period of $[20]_{251}$? Any suggestions, remarks, nudges in the right direction are very appreciated.
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2 Answers 2
Hint: Use Fermat's Little Theorem to find the period of $[20]_{251}$. Then, use this to simplify $20^{_PHONE_}$.
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...and then you're left with $20^{67} \bmod 251$. – Fly by Night Jan 28 '13 at 18:27
Then do some exponentiation by squaring. – Joe Z. Jan 28 '13 at 18:30
How does that help? – Fly by Night Jan 28 '13 at 18:37
If you square 20 six times, then multiply by 400 and then by 20, taking the factor mod 251 each time, you will have calculated $20^{67}$ modulo 251. – Joe Z. Jan 28 '13 at 19:00
If you do not know the little theorem, a painful but -I thinkstill plausible method is to observe that $2^{10} = 1024 \equiv 20$, and $10^3 = 1000 \equiv -4$. Then, we may proceed like this:
$20^{_PHONE_} = 2^{_PHONE_}10^{_PHONE_} = 2^{123456\times 10 + 7}10^{411522\times 3 + 1} = 1280\times 1024^{123456}1000^{411522} \equiv 1280\times 20^{123456}4^{411522}$.
Observe that after one pass, we are still left with the powers of $2$ and the powers of $20$ that we can handle with the same equivalences above.
We still have to make some calculations obviously (divisions etc), but it is at least not as hopeless as before.
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Find me a motor oil
Why it is important for the correct engine oil FIAT Panda 100HP?
The correct engine oil is important for proper performance, so i and a long durability and reliability of the car.
The correct oil namely ensures smooth running of the engine. Oil creates between the mechanical parts of the layer and so prevents the parts to each other directly to spawn and opotřebovávali and protects the engine.
In addition, the oil keeps the vehicle engine FIAT Panda 100HP from dirt and oxidation. Just depends on oil. Oil is produced in different viskozitách. Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction. What is the oil heat, this is the internal friction of the higher rate. For comparison-such as honey has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity directly depends on the ambient and indoor temperatures and must correspond to a specific engine. The viscosity of the oil to find out directly from the designation. Oils are referred to as 5W-30. The first number indicates the viscosity of a cold, which indicates the following letter(W=WINTER).The first number is lower, the oil less viscous. Lower viscosity cold helps the engines better start in cold environments, because it creates less resistance. The second number indicates the viscosity at high temperatures. This, again, must meet the requirements of your engine.
Mineral and synthetic oils are suitable for FIAT Panda 100HP?
There are mineral, partially synthetic and fully synthetic oil. Mineral oils are made from crude oil, which is industrially processed and deprived of impurities and unwanted components such as waxes. Synthetic oils are made more complex chemical process that ensures their purity. Because synthetic oil better protects the engine, particularly when starting, when parts are most stressed. They are also more resistant to heat and are better protected against oxidation. When you move from the nesyntetického to the synthetic oil is, however, in older cars must consider the condition of the engine-synthetic oil better dissolves and can lead to a blockage of the oil filter and Lube the channels and by seizing the engine. Servisovanému the car regularly, which comply with the intervals of the exchange of oil and filters, and use high quality oils, however, there is no such risk.
Especificaciones de FIAT Panda 100HP
Motor oil for FIAT Panda 100HP
Panda 100HP 1.4i 16V (P) (2006-2011)
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 Motor oil Helix HX7 5W-40 fully complies with the specification for the Panda 100HP 1.4i 16V (P) (2006-2011) and is the ideal lubricant for this car FIAT.
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 Motor oil Helix HX7 C 5W-40 is an ideal alternative to the more expensive oils for Panda 100HP 1.4i 16V (P) (2006-2011) But even so, it satisfies the specification for the oils for cars FIAT.
 - Oil change interval: at a minimum, 20000 km, a maximum of 15000 km or at least 12 months, a maximum of 12months
 The capacity of the: 2.9litres


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Ducks and geese may seem similar, but they have essential differences. Ducks are smaller and have shorter necks, while geese are more prominent with longer necks. Additionally, their behavior and habitat preferences vary. In conclusion, ducks and geese may share some similarities, but they are distinct in their ways.
|Medium to large size
|Eat plants, insects, and small fish
|Eat plants, insects, and small fish
|Found in various habitats
|Found in various habitats
Duck vs. Goose: A Comparison of Two Waterfowl Species
Regarding waterfowl, ducks and geese are two of the most common species that come to mind. While they may seem quite similar initially, several differences between ducks and geese set them apart.
This article will explore the characteristics, behavior, habitat, and other key factors that distinguish ducks from geese.
1. Physical Appearance
Ducks and geese have distinct physical features that differentiate them from each other. Ducks are generally smaller in size compared to geese. They have shorter necks and rounded bodies.
Ducks also have webbed feet perfectly adapted for swimming, diving, and maneuvering through the water. Additionally, ducks have various colorful feathers, contributing to their aesthetic appeal.
On the other hand, geese are giants and have longer necks and bodies than ducks. Geese also have longer legs and more prominent, mighty wings that enable them to fly long distances.
2. Behavior and Social Structure
Ducks and geese exhibit different behaviors and social structures. Ducks are known to be more social birds and often form large flocks. They are highly adaptable and can be found in various habitats, including ponds, lakes, rivers, and urban areas.
Ducks are also known for their remarkable ability to dive underwater for food. Geese, on the other hand, tend to be more territorial and form smaller groups or pairs.
They are known for their distinctive honking calls, which they use to communicate with each other. Geese are also highly protective of their nesting sites and will aggressively defend them against intruders.
3. Feeding Habits
Ducks and geese have different feeding habits and preferences. Ducks are omnivorous and have a diverse diet that includes aquatic plants, insects, small fish, and even grains.
They have specialized bills designed for sifting through mud, dabbling in shallow water, or diving for food. Geese, on the other hand, are mainly herbivorous and primarily feed on grasses, grains, and other plant materials.
They have blunt bills that are well-suited for grazing on land. Geese are often seen foraging in open fields or on lawns, where they can graze on grass and other vegetation.
4. Migration Patterns
Both ducks and geese are known for their migratory behavior, but their migration patterns differ. Ducks typically migrate in smaller groups or individually, traveling long distances to find suitable breeding and feeding grounds.
Some duck species may migrate thousands of miles each year. Conversely, Geese migrate in larger flocks and follow well-established migration routes known as flyways.
They fly in a distinctive "V" formation, which helps reduce air resistance and conserve energy during their long journeys. Geese often migrate together, creating an impressive spectacle in the sky.
5. Conservation Status
The conservation status of ducks and geese varies among different species. While some duck species are abundant and not threatened, others face challenges due to habitat loss, pollution, and hunting.
Conservation efforts are focused on protecting and preserving wetland habitats, which are crucial for the survival of many duck species.
Conversely, Geese have generally thrived in urban and suburban areas, thanks to the abundance of parks, golf courses, and open spaces. However, the increasing human-wildlife conflicts due to overpopulation in some areas have led to implementing management strategies to control their numbers.
In conclusion, while ducks and geese belong to the same waterfowl family, they have distinct differences in physical appearance, behavior, feeding habits, migration patterns, and conservation status.
Understanding these differences can help us appreciate the unique qualities of each species and their essential role in the ecosystem.
Whether it's the lively and colorful nature of ducks or the majestic and honking presence of geese, both species contribute to the beauty and diversity of our natural world.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the difference between a duck and a goose?
Ducks and geese belong to the same waterfowl family but have distinct differences in size, appearance, behavior, and habitat.
2. Are ducks and geese the same species?
No, ducks and geese are not the same species. They belong to different genera and have different physical characteristics and behaviors.
3. How big do ducks and geese get?
Ducks are generally smaller, ranging from 16 to 20 inches long and weighing around 0.5 to 3 pounds. Geese are more significant, varying from 30 to 43 inches long and weighing around 6 to 20 pounds.
4. What do ducks and geese eat?
Ducks primarily feed on aquatic plants, insects, and small aquatic creatures. Geese graze on grasses, sedges, and grains and can eat aquatic plants and insects.
5. Where do ducks and geese live?
Ducks can be found in various habitats, including freshwater lakes, rivers, marshes, and coastal areas. Geese prefer open areas near water, such as fields, meadows, and coastal wetlands.
6. Are ducks and geese migratory?
Many ducks and geese are migratory, traveling long distances between breeding and wintering grounds.
7. Do ducks and geese mate for life?
Some ducks and geese mate for life, while others may have multiple annual mates.
8. Can ducks and geese fly?
Both ducks and geese are capable of flying. However, geese are generally stronger fliers and can cover longer distances.
9. Are ducks and geese aggressive?
Some species of geese can be territorial and may display aggression if they feel threatened or if their nesting area is invaded. Ducks are generally less aggressive.
10. Are ducks and geese protected by law?
In many countries, ducks and geese are protected by wildlife conservation laws that regulate hunting seasons, bag limits, and hunting methods. These laws aim to ensure sustainable populations of these waterfowl species.


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South Language Academy of International Languages is a public K-8 magnet school in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School (CMS) District, the second largest school district in the state. SAIL offers students the unique opportunity to become proficient and literate in a second language. Second language immersion instruction is offered in the elementary school in Chinese, French, German, and Japanese.
From their first days in Kindergarten to the day they complete the program in grade 8, students are immersed in their target languages. This produces students who are proficient in listening, speaking, reading, and writing in a second language. In the elementary school, these intensive language programs are taught in the target language for the majority of the instructional day.
As a public school in North Carolina, the immersion instruction at SAIL strictly adheres to the Common Core State Standards and the Essential Standards for Science and Social Studies as the guiding curriculum for planning, instruction, assessments, and data collection. The program complies with educational mandates formulated by State and Federal regulations to the fullest extent.
We understand that language immersion is an evolving concept in an ever-changing educational setting, driven by a dynamic immersion research platform on the one side and accountability mandates on the other side. The advantages of language, cognitive, and social learning aspects in an immersion learning environment over traditional school concepts are consistently evident in the research.
Language immersion in North Carolina has evolved over many years with currently more than 100 schools. SAIL, the second such program in North Carolina has been one of the finest examples and highest models of best practices of immersion teaching for many other immersion programs and universities in North Carolina, the United States, and internationally. The school was honored in 2012 with the Melba D. Woodruff Award as an Exemplary Elementary Foreign Language Program. The award was sponsored by ACTFL (American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages) in collaboration with the Wright Group/McGraw. SAIL has also consistently been recognized as one of the top magnet schools in the state.
The Language Immersion Philosophy at our school follows four immersion-related goals:
- to achieve proficiency in the target language (listening, speaking, reading, and writing),
- to acquire comparable English Language Arts skills as peers in traditional schools,
- to reach cultural competency in surface features and deep features of cultural perspectives, practices, and products,
- to gain mastery in content areas compared to peers instructed in traditional school.
SAIL offers K-5 students the chance to participate in full language immersion programs in one of four languages: Chinese, French, German or Japanese. (Spanish K-8 immersion programs are offered at Collinswood Language Academy and Oaklawn Language Academy.) Students are admitted to the program in Kindergarten and are chosen through the magnet school lottery. Students who possess advanced second language skills have the opportunity to be assessed by our teachers and may enter the immersion program at any grade level, acceptance is contingent upon space availability in the desired program.
At the middle school level, SAIL allows for students to continue to study their second language and provides the opportunity to begin an accelerated course of study in a third language. Seats are available for incoming 6th grade students who are eager to learn a new language but have no prior language immersion experience. In addition to the languages offered in the elementary immersion program, students may elect to take Spanish in middle school. Middle school students can also choose from a wide range of traditional elective courses, as well as electives that emphasize the different languages and cultures. Middle school students also have the opportunity to participate in the same sports and extra-curricular activities available to all CMS students.
For more information about the individual languages, please see these pages:


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Around −30,700 DR, a thousand Aearee-Krocaa were slain by a much smaller force of lammasu. The Aearee-Krocaa later experimented on domesticated landwyrms to create the first winged wyrms, or wyverns as the aearee named them. They supported their forces with wyvern armies, rapidly expanding the Aearee-Krocaa empire.
Finally, around −30,000 DR, dragons all around Faerûn swarmed, forming the first Flight of Dragons. They assaulted the aearee everywhere, in the skies, on the land, and even underground. Descending on Viakoo from the skies, they completed razed it. This marked the fall of the Aearee Empires, the rise of the Time of Dragons, and the beginning of the Dawn Ages.


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How to know if errors are due to linear or non-linear issue in an optical link?

When the bit error occurs to the system, generally the OSNR at the transmit end is well and the fault is well hidden.
Decrease the optical power at the transmit end at that time. If the number of bit errors decreases at the transmit end, the problem is non-linear problem.
If the number of bit errors increases at the transmit end, the problem is the OSNR degrade problem.
General Causes of Bit Errors
 Performance degrade of key boards
Abnormal optical power
Signal-to-noise ratio decrease
Non-linear factor
Dispersion (chromatic dispersion/PMD) factor
Optical reflection
External factors (fiber, fiber jumper, power supply, environment and others)

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Nice experience shared, but what is the logic here.
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Next, we'll find out how to add event handlers to XBL-defined elements.
As you might expect, mouse clicks, key presses and other events are passed to each of the elements inside the content. However, you may wish to trap the events and handle them in a special way. You can add event handlers to the elements inside the content if needed. The last example in the previous section demonstrated this. In that example,
handlers were added to some buttons.
However, you may want to add an event handler to the entire contents, that is, all the elements defined in the
tag. This could be useful when trapping the focus and blur events. To define an event handler, use the
element. Each will describe the action taken for a single event handler. You can use more than one handler if necessary. If an event does not match any of the
events, it is simply passed to the inner content as usual.
The general handler syntax is as follows:

Place all of your handlers within the
element defines the action taken for a particular event specified by its
focus. Use the event name without the 'on' in front of it.
A common reason to set handlers is to modify the custom properties when an event occurs. For example, a custom checkbox might have a checked property which needs to be changed when the user clicks the checkbox:

When the user clicks and releases the mouse button over the check box, the
mouseup event is sent to it, and the handler defined here is called, causing the state of the checked property to be reversed. Similarly, you may wish to change a property when the element is focused. You might have a need to change whether an element can have the focus or not. For this, you can use a special style property
-moz-user-focus. This property controls whether an element can be focused. (see Focus and Selection)
Handling Mouse Events
For mouse events, you can use the
button attribute to have the handler only trap events that occur from a certain button. Without this attribute, the handler traps all events regardless of the button that was pressed. The
button attribute should be set to either
0 for the left mouse button,
1 for the middle mouse button or
2 for the right mouse button.

Handling Key Events
For key events, you can use a number of attributes similar to those for the
element to match a specific key and match only when certain modifer keys are pressed. The previous example could be extended so that the checked property of the check box is changed when the space bar is pressed.

You can also use the
keycode attribute to check for non-printable keys. The section on keyboard shortcuts provides more information. The modifier keys can be checked by adding a
modifiers attribute. This should be set to one of the values set below:
- The user must press the Alt key.
- The user must press the Control key.
- The user must press the Meta key.
- The user must press the Shift key.
- The user must press the special modifier key that is usually used for keyboard shortcuts on their platform.
If set, the handler is only called when the modifier is pressed. You can require multiple modifier keys by separating them with spaces.
The following alternate syntax can be used when the code in a handler is more complex:
 -- handler code goes here --
The following example adds some key handlers to create a very primitive local clipboard:
Example 1 : Source

The content is a single textbox. A field
clipboard has been added to it to store the clipboard contents. This does mean that the clipboard operations are limited to this single textbox. However, each one will have its own buffer.
Three handlers have been added, one for cut, one for copy and the other for paste. Each has its own keystroke that invokes it. The first handler is the cut operation and is invoked when the Control key is pressed along with the x key. The script within the
action attribute is used to cut the text from the textbox and put it into the clipboard field. For simplicity, the entire text is cut and not just the selected text. The code works as follows:
this.clipboard=document.getAnonymousNodes(this).value;The first element of the anonymous content array is retrieved which gives a reference to the textbox element, which happens to be the first (and only) element within the content element. The value property is retrieved which will provide the text within the textbox. This is then assigned to the clipboard field. The result is copying the text in the textbox into this special clipboard.
document.getAnonymousNodes(this).value=''The text of the textbox is then assigned a value of a null string. This effectively clears the text in the textbox.
A copy operation is similar but does not clear the text afterwards. Pasting is the opposite where the value of the textbox is assigned from the value in the clipboard field. If we were creating a real implementation of these clipboard keyboard shortcuts, we would probably use the real clipboard interface and handle the current selection as well.
In the next section, we'll see how to extend existing XBL definitions.