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Chapter 1: the chicken or the egg
According to reliable accounts, it was the egg that came first. In fact, it's hard to make an omelet out of a chicken. It wasn't until 1743 that tomatoes were added sparking controversy in the royal court.
However, Queen Isabella of Portugal, during a royalty semi-formal, turned the Spanish queen on to the new style of omelet by betting her she could hold a keg stand longer than anyone at the party. When the dust settled, the two were seen in the corner, passed out, with bits of egg all over their pantaloons.
After a brief scandal in which each throne flirted with the idea of invasion over the name of said omelet, the newly christened Spanish omelet was spread to the people and there was much wailing and gnashing of teeth.
In the early days, it was the royal court and aristocracy that controlled the omelet, but soon dissent spread through the people and several underground movements were established.
Chapter 2: the underground egg
Although historical records vary on the exact date, they do agree on the place: Barcelona. This city became the epicenter of the Underground Omelet Movement and it was here that garlic was first introduced to the recipe. Many claim to have been the mastermind behind what became known the 'The Garlic Faction,' but reliable accounts have been lost with time. What is known, however, is that garlic began being consumed in such quantities that a royal tariff was imposed on its sale.
The tariff raised such tumult that Joanna of Castile was called in to "handle the populace." Possession of garlic without a permit became punishable by death, and chants of "pica el ajo muy fino!" were heard at all hours of the day and night. Unfortunately, Joanna's iron-fist style of martial law only exacerbated the already inflamed anger of The Garlic Faction and riots spread throughout Barcelona. As an interesting aside, it was during these riots that much of Barcelona was destroyed, requiring rebuilding leading to the ornate architecture seen today.
Eventually, a compromise was reached when the queen realized just how delicious garlic made the omelet, and lead-based wig powder was distributed to the masses in an act of contrition.
Chapter 3: the spread of the egg
Even though Marco Polo is credited with carrying the Spanish omelet to the Asia-pacific, it was actually his retarded half cousin Mervin who "dropped his eggs in Marco's sack," according to the memoirs of Marco's mother. Marco, of course, took credit and when Mervin came forward, all historical record of him ceases. We can only assume he was somehow silenced, as it is currently common knowledge that Polo had ties to the Venetian crime families.
Marco's dissemination of the omelet recipe shocked the nation of Spain. Public opinion was that allowing the secrets of the egg to move past national borders was tantamount to treason. However, due to his ties to the Venetians, Polo was placed under protective custody until the Summit of the Omelet in 1803. At this watershed meeting, a trade agreement between Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the eastern kingdoms of south Asia was reached. Remarkably, after the garlic fiasco of the preceding decades, arguments arose over the transport and use of basil and cilantro. Cilantro especially became highly sought after when King Philip IV reportedly stated he used it as "anal floss." What was meant by this statement is still hotly debated by modern-day scholars, though it is this writer's opinion it couldn't have been anything good.
Chapter 4: enter the French
Quite oblivious to the goings on in the omelet world, royalty in France and England had recently concluded their 100 year war and returned to their respective lands to find the people protesting the woeful lag in their respective breakfast technologies. France of course responded with the crepe, while England began the Secret Government Eggo Project. Unfortunately for the British, it was many years and thousands of pounds before this project was even started, and they failed to play any role in this pivotal time of the Spanish omelet.
The French crepe, however, gained in popularity but due to a clever marketing campaign by Spain's dignitaries painting all French people as "smelly, hairy, frog suckers" the crepe never made it outside national borders with any enthusiasm until the early 1920s.
With the unsurprising defeat of the French, the Spanish omelet quickly became the breakfast of choice in the European regions and the influence of the omelet eventually spread worldwide.
Chapter 5: modern omelets
Today, the Spanish omelet is most often eaten during the awkward morning after a one-night stand.
From Around the Web


Probability Theory and Related Fields
, Volume 75, Issue 4, pp 459–485 | Cite as
Reflected Brownian motion with skew symmetric data in a polyhedral domain
 - R. J. Williams
Article
Summary
This paper is concerned with the characterization and invariant measures of certain reflected Brownian motions (RBM's) in polyhedral domains. The kind of RBM studied here behaves like d-dimensional Brownian motion with constant drift μ in the interior of a simple polyhedron and is instantaneously reflected at the boundary in directions that depend on the face that is hit. Under the assumption that the directions of reflection satisfy a certain skew symmetry condition first introduced in Harrison-Williams [9], it is shown that such an RBM can be characterized in terms of a family of submartingales and that it reaches non-smooth parts of the boundary with probability zero. In [9], a purely analytic problem associated with such an RBM was solved. Here the exponential form solution obtained in [9] is shown to be the density of an invariant measure for the RBM. Furthermore, if the density is integrable over the polyhedral state space, then it yields the unique stationary distribution for the RBM. In the proofs of these results, a key role is played by a dual process for the RBM and by results in [9] for reflected Brownian motions on smooth approximating domains.
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References
 1. 1.
 Brondsted, A.: An introduction to convex polytopes. New York Heidelberg Berlin: Springer 1983Google Scholar
 2. 2.
 Chung, K.L., Williams, R.J.: Introduction to stochastic integration. Boston: Birkhäuser 1983Google Scholar
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 Durrett, R.: Brownian motion and martingales in analysis. Belmont: Wadsworth 1984Google Scholar
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 Getoor, R.K., Sharpe, M.J.: Naturality, standardness, and weak duality for Markov processes. Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheor. Verw. Geb. 67, 1–62 (1984)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Hall, P., Heyde, C.C.: Martingale limit theory and its application. New York: Academic Press 1980Google Scholar
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 Harrison, J.M.: The diffusion approximation for tandem queues in heavy traffic. Adv. Appl. Probab. 10, 886–905 (1978)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Harrison, J.M.: Brownian motion and stochastic flow systems. New York: Wiley 1985Google Scholar
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 Harrison, J.M., Reiman, M.I.: Reflected Brownian motion on an orthant. Ann. Probab. 9, 302–308 (1981)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Harrison, J.M., Williams, R.J.: Multidimensional reflected Brownian motions having exponential stationary distributions. Ann. Probab. 15, 115–137 (1987)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Lions, P.L., Sznitman, A.S.: Stochastic differential equations with reflecting boundary conditions. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 37, 511–537 (1984)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Nagasawa, M.: The adjoint process of a diffusion with reflecting barrier. Kodai Math. Sem. Rep. 13, 235–248 (1961)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Nagasawa, M., Sato, K.: Remarks to "The adjoint process of a diffusion with reflecting barrier". Kodai Math. Sem. Rep. 14, 119–122 (1962)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Reiman, M.I.: Open queueing networks in heavy traffic. Math. Oper. Res. 9, 441–458 (1984)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Revuz, D.: Markov chains. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1984Google Scholar
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 Stroock, D.W., Varadhan, S.R.S.: Diffusion processes with boundary conditions. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 24, 147–225 (1971)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Sznitman, A.S., Varadhan, S.R.S.: A multi-dimensional process involving local time. Probab. Theor. Rel. Fields 71, 553–579 (1986)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Tanaka, H.: Stochastic differential equations with reflecting boundary conditions in convex regions. Hiroshima Math. J. 9, 163–177 (1979)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Varadhan, S.R.S., Williams, R.J.: Brownian motion in a wedge with oblique reflection. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 38, 405–443 (1985)MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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 Wenocur, M.: A production network model and its diffusion approximation. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Statistics, Stanford University 1982Google Scholar
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 Williams, R.J.: Brownian motion with polar drift. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 292, 225–246 (1985)MATHGoogle Scholar
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 Yosida, K.: Functional analysis. New York Heidelberg Berlin: Springer 1978Google Scholar
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 Zelicourt, C. de: Une méthode de martingales pour la convergence d'une suite de processus de sauts markoviens vers une diffusion associée à une condition frontière. Application aux systèmes de files d'attente. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré 17, 351–375 (1981)MATHGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag 1987
Authors and Affiliations
 - R. J. Williams
 - 1
 1. 1.Department of MathematicsUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaUSA
Personalised recommendations


text:
Silicon Valley Education Foundation believes in improving public education by establishing effective partnerships with local school districts, the private sector and other community organizations to support students and educators. A critical means by which we, as a community, can improve public education is by empowering our educators through valuable resources such as our Teacher Innovation Grants, Lessonopoly online curriculum and professional development programs.
We have researched and gathered over 100 links to conveniently provide teachers with some of the most valuable online resources. Here you will find professional sites for credentials and similar information, general teacher sites for lesson plans and standards/frameworks, federal government sites with thousands of classroom materials, subject area sites and organizations, and teacher sites keyed to all of California's state adopted texts. Check out how these resources can help you with developing new lesson plans or planning your professional development needs.
Teacher Innovation Grants are now available. The deadline for applications is Wednesday, March 27, 2013. Learn more about our guidelines to prepare an application.
Read about our KBAY Teacher of the Month program and learn how Teacher Innovation Grant awardees have used their grants to inspire and challenge students in new ways of learning.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Education / Sustainable
Design competition entry
Archasm School Without Classrooms Competition Entry
Collaboration with Lauren Peterson
People as gardeners. One of the most basic and fundamental roles of mankind, but unfortunately one that is often forgotten. As caretakers of the earth and the resources therein, we are in need of redemption. The focus of this school – in theory, program, and design – is to focus the education of future generations on ecology and conservation.
In the Ecological Conservation Academy, formal classrooms are eliminated. Open floor plans allow education to happen organically and specifically for each group, individual, or topic. Unique applications of sustainable practices are incorporated throughout the enclosure of the tower – the building acts as both a sustainable machine and an educational resource.
Rooting the base are planters and agriculture, which engage and connect the Academy with the entirety of the Freizeitgelande Tempelhofer Field. Here, students tend to plants and crops, working in the dirt as gardeners. Water collection and filtration happens in the middle tier of the tower. Bird habitats are incorporated towards the top of the tower, along with air purification.
This proposal reaches beyond the site of the school to integrate the entire Freizeitgelande Tempelhofer Field into the educational mission of the Academy. Through doing so, this open space is repurposed for community use. Portions of the old airport are maintained and improved for public entertainment, recreation, and gardening – functions that are informally served currently. The majority of the open green space is converted to a forest preserve for both public enjoyment and educational use.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Kerodon
$\Newextarrow{\xRightarrow}{5,5}{0x21D2}$ $\newcommand\empty{}$
$\Newextarrow{\xhookrightarrow}{10,10}{0x21AA}$
3.4.7 The Seifert van-Kampen Theorem
Let $X$ be a topological space containing a pair of subsets $U,V \subseteq X$. If $X$ is covered by the interiors $\mathring {U}$ and $\mathring {V}$, then Theorem 3.4.6.1 guarantees that the diagram of Kan complexes
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U \cap V) \ar [r] \ar [d] & \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U) \ar [d] \\ \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(V) \ar [r] & \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X) } \]
is a homotopy pushout square. In this section, we apply this assertion of recover several classical results in algebraic topology.
Theorem 3.4.7.1 (Seifert-van Kampen). Let $X$ be a topological space containing a pair of subsets $U,V \subseteq X$ which satisfy the following conditions:
$(1)$
The topological spaces $U$, $V$, and $U \cap V$ are path connected.
$(2)$
The interiors $\mathring {U} \subseteq U$ and $\mathring {V} \subseteq V$ comprise an open covering of $X$.
Then, for every point $x \in U \cap V$, the diagram
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \pi _{1}( U \cap V, x) \ar [r] \ar [d] & \pi _{1}(U,x) \ar [d] \\ \pi _{1}(V,x) \ar [r] & \pi _{1}(X,x) } \]
is a pushout square in the category of groups.
We will deduce Theorem 3.4.7.1 from the following variant of Brown ([MR0220279]), which does not require any connectivity hypotheses.
Theorem 3.4.7.2 (Seifert-van Kampen, Groupoid Version). Let $X$ be a topological space, and let $U,V \subseteq X$ be subsets whose interiors $\mathring {U} \subseteq U$ and $\mathring {V} \subseteq V$ comprise an open covering of $X$. Then the diagram of fundamental groupoids
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \pi _{\leq 1}(U \cap V) \ar [r] \ar [d] & \pi _{\leq 1}(U) \ar [d] \\ \pi _{\leq 1}(V) \ar [r] & \pi _{\leq 1}(X) } \]
is a pushout square in the (ordinary) category $\operatorname{Cat}$.
Proof. Let $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ be a category; we wish to show that the diagram of sets $\sigma :$
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Cat}}( \pi _{\leq 1}(U \cap V), \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) & \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Cat}}( \pi _{\leq 1}(U), \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) \ar [l] \\ \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Cat}}( \pi _{\leq 1}(V), \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) \ar [u] & \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Cat}}( \pi _{\leq 1}(X), \operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) \ar [u] \ar [l] } \]
is a pullback square. Replacing $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ by its core $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}^{\simeq }$ (Construction 1.2.4.4), we may assume without loss of generality that $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$ is a groupoid. Let $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ denote the nerve of $\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}$, so that we can identify $\sigma $ with the diagram
\[ \xymatrix@R =50pt@C=50pt{ \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Set_{\Delta }}}( \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U \cap V), \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) ) & \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Set_{\Delta }}}( \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U), \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) ) \ar [l] \\ \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Set_{\Delta }}}( \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(V), \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) ) \ar [u] & \operatorname{Hom}_{\operatorname{Set_{\Delta }}}( \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X), \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}}) ). \ar [u] \ar [l] } \]
Let $K$ denote the pushout $\operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U) \coprod _{ \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(U \cap V) } \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(V)$, which we regard as a simplicial subset of $\operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X)$. Unwinding the definitions, we must show that every morphism of simplicial sets $f: K \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ extends uniquely to a map $\overline{f}: \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X) \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$. Note that the inclusion $K \hookrightarrow \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X)$ is a weak homotopy equivalence (Theorem 3.4.6.1) and therefore anodyne (Corollary 3.3.7.5), so the existence of $\overline{f}$ follows from the observation that $\operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ is a Kan complex (Proposition 1.2.4.2). To prove uniqueness, suppose that we are given a pair of maps $\overline{f}, \overline{f}': \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X) \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ satisfying $\overline{f}|_{K} = f = \overline{f}'|_{K}$. It follows that there exists a homotopy $h: \Delta ^1 \times \operatorname{Sing}_{\bullet }(X) \rightarrow \operatorname{N}_{\bullet }(\operatorname{\mathcal{C}})$ which is constant when restricted to $\Delta ^1 \times K$. Note that $\overline{f}$ and $\overline{f}'$ can be identified with functors $F,F': \pi _{\leq 1}(X) \rightarrow \operatorname


text:
Moner Alo is a clinic run by Dr. Rituparna Dasgupta, a renowned psychiatrist in Kolkata. The clinic was unable to manage patient calls and appointments. Moner Alo also was unable track patient's calls or book appointments after office hours. All this combined with multiple office numbers was making it difficult to manage the clinic.
Healthcare industry is considered as one of the most noble sector. But, with the increase in ease of communication, patients demand more efficient interaction with the doctors. Therefore, it is important to install a management system which can help hospitals and clinics not miss out on the calls from their patients.
Using a call management system Moner Alo wanted to achieve the following goals:
- Have a single number catering to every call requirement.
- Keep a track of all the appointments.
- Stay 24×7 available, even after clinic hours and ensure timely response.
MyOperator provided Moner Alo with a Virtual number. This enabled them to manage their calls and reach back to them to confirm and reschedule patient appointments. Also, the extension numbers and voicemail facility helped patients connect with doctors in case of emergency.
Moner Alo enjoyed the following benefits:
- Ensured customer availability after office hours.
- Tracked and ensured timely follow up with patient calls.
- No appointments were missed.
Availability of call recordings, tracing of place from which the call is made is good. Reminders about renewals and console is very good. Overall very good experience.


text:
Local Supply for Chipped Stone Tools from the Site of Rug Bair
This paper presents the results of the analyses of raw material used in the production of chipped stone tools collected during the excavation of Rug Bair. Through the analyses of the stone artefacts, an attempt was made at constructing a more comprehensive picture of the raw materials and petrologic characteristics of the chipped stone industry at Rug Bair. The stone tools from Neolithic sites in the Republic of Macedonia have not been thoroughly analyzed in terms of raw materials. The absence of this analysis complicates the identification of the raw materials that were used by the inhabitants within the Neolithic settlements in Macedonia, including their provenance, the geographical distribution area in which the residents were moving, as well as the question of interaction with other simultaneous populations.
Reference: DIMITROVSKA. V., Local Supply for Chipped Stone Tools from the Site of Rug Bair, Haemus journal Vol. 1 (2012), Skopje, 11-28.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Nasty Pesticide Broken Down by Probiotic Used In Culturing Food• _URL_, By Sayer Ji
A compelling study published in Letters in Applied Microbiology shows that a commonly used food probiotic known as Lactobacillus plantarum is capable of degrading dangerous pesticide residues in wheat (pirimiphos-methyl), confirming the traditional fermentation-based food-processing technique known as culturing can significantly improve the safety of conventional food.
The researchers found that Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced the degradation of the pesticide from 15-34%, a close to 81% enhancement. The significance and impact of the study was described as follows:
"Pesticide residues are an unavoidable part of the environment due to their extensive applications in agriculture. As wheat is a major cultivated cereal, the presence of pesticide residues in wheat is a real concern to human health. Reduction in pesticide residues during fermentation has been studied, but there is a lack of data regarding pesticide residues dissipation during cereal fermentation. Present work investigates the dissipation of pirimiphos-methyl during wheat fermentation by L. plantarum. Results are confirmation that food-processing techniques can significantly reduce the pesticide residues in food, offering a suitable means to tackle the current scenario of unsafe food."


Quick Answer: What Colour Is Snake Poop?
What do snake feces look like?
Snakes will have a fur, teeth, nails, and bones in their feces.
It will be wet and soft.
Unlike a bird's droppings, snake poo will not have the look of a splatter.
Despite the significance of the white excrement, it can be very difficult to find and identify snake poo..
How often does a snake poop?
Poop consists of everything that couldn't, for whatever reason, be extracted. Rat snakes defecate approximately every two days; bush vipers defecate every 3-7 days. A good rule of thumb is that if a snake eats frequently, it will defecate frequently. If a snake eats infrequently, it will defecate infrequently.
Can you smell a snake?
The smells are often reminiscent of those of rotting animal carcasses. They generally depend on the specific variety of snake, however. Garter snakes (genus Thamnophis) emit odors that are overwhelmingly cloying. Rattlesnakes (genera Sistrurus and Crotalus) emit odors that are intensely musky and strong.
What snake smells like rotten eggs?
Snake musk can smell as bad as that of a skunk. Different snake species produce different smells. Most people describe snake musk as smelling like rotten eggs, or more generally, a really foul smell. The northern water snake, for example, is famed for having a particularly potent form of musk.
What color is a fart?
Originally Answered: Does a fart have a color? Yes. Smell can remind you of certain memories of other things. Some farts are definitely brown, while others are green, and few are yellow.
Can you smell a snake in your house?
Signs of Snakes in Your Home However, there are some signs you can look for around your house: … Slither tracks: If you're inspecting a dusty area or crawlspace, you might notice tracks that indicate where a snake has come by. Odor: A lot of snakes have a very distinctive smell.
Do snakes poop?
Snakes poop through their Cloaca, in less technical terms this is the bum, the poo. Since male and female snakes' sexual organs are internal, the poo and wee comes from the same area. As snakes digest their food whole, this takes much longer to breakdown with stomach acids. … And the uric acid which is the snake's urine.
What color is ball python poop?
A healthy ball python will produce feces that is light brown to black in color. If you are feeding rodents, you should expect to see some hair in the feces, since hair does not break down easily in the digestive tract.
Do snakes fart?
And Rabaiotti did find that fart answer for her brother: yes, snakes fart, too. Sonoran Coral Snakes that live across the Southwestern United States and Mexico use their farts as a defense mechanism, sucking air into their "butt" (it's actually called a cloaca) and then pushing it back out to keep predators away.
Why does snake poop smell so bad?
Some snakes have much smellier poop than others. A snake's poop can also smell worse than usual if it has a gut problem, such as an infection. Normally, you won't notice a smell until you open your snake's tank. You may also notice large whitish or yellowish lumps in your snake's enclosure.
Can snakes show love?
Snakes don't have the intellectual capacity to feel human emotions like love or affection. So no, they can't feel affection for you. They can, however, feel an affinity for you as a non-threatening creature that cares for it. … Snakes make amazing pets, even if they don't feel affection the same way humans do.
What animal Cannot fart?
How do snakes get pregnant?
A females cloaca is shallow. The first snake to successfully wrap his tail around the female and meet at the right point for intercourse to occur gets to mate. Male snakes have a pair of sex organs called hemipenis and these extend and release the sperm into the female snake.
How can you keep snakes away?
Home Remedies to Keep Snakes Away:Eliminate Food Supplies. Snakes are often found in areas where rodents are present as this is one of their primary food sources. … Eliminate Hiding Places. … Change Up Your Landscaping. … Use Natural Predators. … Smoke Them Out. … Utilize Natural Products.
Why does my snake keep pooping on me?
Some snakes do this to deter anyone from picking them up. My young Cal King for instance does the same thing (plus tail rattling). Just be mindful of when they last ate and keep handling them. If they poo on you then clean it up but don't put the snake back.


krige: Spatial prediction, or Kriging
krigeLgmR Documentation
Spatial prediction, or Kriging
Description
Perform spatial prediction, producing a raster of predictions and conditional standard deviations.
Usage
krigeLgm(formula, data, grid, covariates = NULL,
 param,
 expPred = FALSE, nuggetInPrediction = TRUE,
 mc.cores=getOption("mc.cores", 1L))
Arguments
formula
Either a model formula, or a data frame of linear covariates.
data
A SpatVector containing the data to be interpolated
grid
Either a SpatRaster , or a single integer giving the number of cells in the X direction which predictions will be made on. If the later the predictions will be a raster of square cells covering the bounding box of data.
covariates
The spatial covariates used in prediction, either a SpatRaster stack or list of rasters.
param
A vector of named model parameters, as produced by likfitLgm
expPred
Should the predictions be exponentiated, defaults to FALSE.
nuggetInPrediction
If TRUE, predict new observations by adding the nugget effect. The prediction variances will be adjusted accordingly, and the predictions on the natural scale for logged or Box Cox transformed data will be affected. Otherwise predict fitted values.
mc.cores
passed to mclapply if greater than 1.
Details
Given the model parameters and observed data, conditional means and variances of the spatial random field are computed.
Value
A raster is returned with the following layers:
fixed
Estimated means from the fixed effects portion of the model
random
Predicted random effect
krige.var
Conditional variance of predicted random effect (on the transformed scale if applicable)
predict
Prediction of the response, sum of fixed and random effects. If exp.pred is TRUE, gives predictions on the exponentiated scale, and half of krige.var is added prior to exponentiating
predict.log
If exp.pred=TRUE, the prediction of the logged process.
predict.boxcox
If a box cox transformation was used, the prediction of the process on the transformed scale.
If the prediction locations are different for fixed and random effects (typically coarser for the random effects), a list with two raster stacks is returned.
prediction
A raster stack as above, though the random effect prediction is resampled to the same locations as the fixed effects.
random
the predictions and conditional variance of the random effects, on the same raster as newdata
See Also
lgm
Examples
data('swissRain')
swissAltitude = unwrap(swissAltitude)
swissRain = unwrap(swissRain)
swissRain$lograin = log(swissRain$rain)
swissRain[[names(swissAltitude)]] = extract(swissAltitude, swissRain, ID=FALSE)
swissFit = likfitLgm(data=swissRain,
 formula=lograin~ CHE_alt,
 param=c(range=46500, nugget=0.05,shape=1,
 anisoAngleDegrees=35, anisoRatio=12),
 paramToEstimate = c("range","nugget",
 "anisoAngleDegrees", "anisoRatio")
)
myTrend = swissFit$model$formula
myParams = swissFit$param
swissBorder = unwrap(swissBorder)
swissKrige = krigeLgm(
 data=swissRain,
 formula = myTrend,
 covariates = swissAltitude,
 param=myParams,
 grid = squareRaster(swissBorder, 40), expPred=TRUE)
plot(swissKrige[["predict"]], main="predicted rain")
plot(swissBorder, add=TRUE)
geostatsp documentation built on Sept. 23, 2023, 1:06 a.m.


text:
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) is essential when painting classic cars. This video tutorial takes you through the potential hazards and the safety equipment you will need to prevent damage to your health. Michael Coman will show you everything you need for painting classic cars from overalls, goggles, safety glasses, gloves and ear defenders. Crucially he will show you the differences between dust masks, cartridge masks and air fed masks, their filters and best practice in use.
In the final class of our course on classic car electrics, Ed teaches you about the ignition system on your car. He discusses the two halves of the ignition system, explains how the system is wired to the rest of a car, and then shows you how to trace faults.Watch Now >>
There are multiple reasons why you'd need to remove the cylinder head from the engine of your classic car. Ed Hughes teaches you what to look for when deciding whether to remove the head, and then demonstrates the proper technique for doing so.Watch Now >>
In the previous class, Ed showed you how to clean the valves and prepare them for reinsertion into the head. Now, you'll learn how to lap in the valves using grinding paste and then decoke the engine in order to increase its efficiency and ensure top-notch engine performance for another several thousand miles. Ed introduces the tools you need to complete this process and then shows you how to use them.Watch Now >>
In this class, Ed teaches you four new techniques pertaining to ignition maintenance for an engine's distributor on a classic car, including:
Setting and changing contact breakersWatch Now >>
Making sure a condenser is working properly
Timing the ignition


text:
As global and local environmental changes continue to reshape precipitation patterns, wildlife behaviors and public health issues, the City of East Lansing is tackling a slew of projects aimed at increasing public awareness and minimize damage.
East Lansing Environmental Specialist Cliff Walls provided an update on several city environmental services and projects at the Oct. 18 city council meeting. While most council members seemed content to simply receive the information, council member George Brookover raised pointed questions about the city's recycling program.
The city looks after the municipal sections of the East Lansing Urban Forest.
East Lansing celebrated its 35th year as "Tree City, USA" by planting an oak tree at Green Elementary School on Arbor Day. Walls said the city is on track to plant about 110 or 120 trees this year. This figure is similar to previous years, but he would like to increase plantings in the future.
In contrast, the city will remove about 50 trees this year. Walls said the withdrawal was a last resort, but sometimes necessary.
"It breaks my heart every time," he said. "We only remove trees when they are diseased, dying, or a threat to public safety or infrastructure."
Last year, for example, the city decided to shoot down three mature honey locusts in front of the East Lansing Public Library because they were damaging the sidewalk and clogging roof drains.
To reduce the number of removals required in the future, new trees are carefully selected based on the size they will be when fully grown to ensure there are no conflicts with nearby infrastructure , Walls said. In practice, this often means small trees where large trees used to flower.
The walls focused on city actions, but hundreds of trees in East Lansing have been felled over the past decade due to BWL's tree-cutting program after the devastating 2013 ice storm. Diseases like the emerald ash borer have wiped out thousands more. As ELi reported last year, oak trees in the region are now threatened by oak wilt.
ELi has heard from a number of readers who note that the loss of large trees means greater water drainage problems. A mature oak tree, for example, can handle 40,000 gallons of water in a year.
Walls highlighted the city's online forums where residents can request that a tree on public land be removed if it is diseased, damaged or poses a threat. The city also has guidelines for planting trees.
Beyond simple recycling, the city is considering compacting, composting and education.
Walls then discussed areas where the city's recycling program was making progress.
First, he introduced "Recycle Coach," a website, widget, and mobile app that can help East Lansing residents know where and when to recycle what. The online tool can be used to receive notifications when collections for things like recycling or yard waste are imminent.
Recycle Coach also lets residents know where they can recycle certain materials like plastic foam and batteries. Hopefully, Walls said, Recycle Coach will reduce the volume of calls to the Department of Public Works.
Walls also said there are two projects underway through grants given to East Lansing and Lansing. The first is research on the development of a composting program. It is unclear how the information will be used, but it could be used to implement a local program or marketed to private companies who wish to implement a composting program in another community.
The second grant, also in partnership with Lansing, is to develop a recycling education center.
"The idea behind it is to have a place to bring students, lawmakers, just to have a place in the capital where there can be conversations and education around [recycling]Murs said.
Walls told Council the city is pursuing another grant with funding of more than $320,000 to add two 40-yard compaction units for DPW to compact cardboard. Walls said the compactors could allow the city to reduce staff time and truck miles traveled (including carbon emissions) by 10 times.
In addition, the grant would fund a polystyrene densifier, which removes 98% of the air in polystyrene and can turn a truckload of polystyrene into a pallet. The product created can then be sold for special uses.
Contamination of recyclable materials is a big problem. The city is using the AI to try to fix it.
Walls also provided an update on the city's pilot program to reduce contamination in curbside recycling bins. When people put things that aren't recyclable in recycling bins, it can contaminate entire loads and send them to landfill. Also, just because something is labeled as recyclable doesn't mean the city's materials recovery facility will accept it. (A material recovery system is where recycling materials are sent to be prepared for sale to buyers. East Lansing uses the Emterra facility in Lansing.)
"We recognize that it's very confusing," he said. "Something says it's recyclable, it's marketed as recyclable, it has a recycling symbol on it. It doesn't necessarily matter. This is what is accepted and what technology exists at your local material recovery facility to deal with it.
The City has a contractual obligation with its Materials Recovery Center to maintain a contamination threshold below 8%. But East Lansing's contamination level is over 15%. This not only sends "recycled" materials to landfills, but it increases East Lansing's costs, as the city has to pay for disposal.
Council member Brookover posed a series of questions, in response, about what the recycling program is costing the city and whether there are cheaper alternatives. City Manager George Lahanas said he would get that information.
Regarding contamination, Walls explained that Lansing asks workers to check what's in recycling bins to communicate directly with residents if they put trash in their bins. However, it is time-consuming, weather-dependent, leaves incomplete data, and is expensive.
As an alternative, East Lansing has partnered with The Recycling Partnership, the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy (EGLE), and Prairie Robotics to launch the first municipal campaign pilot in the United States that uses artificial intelligence to try to reduce contamination through recycling. .
For the program, which was announced this fall, cameras have been installed in recycling trucks that identify large items that contaminate recycling. The cameras also look for plastic bags, plastic wraps and other "tangles" that can damage recycling equipment.
Artificial intelligence identifies these contaminants so that a postcard with a photo of the contaminant can be sent to the address where the problem occurred. The postcard also links to the Recycle Coach website so the resident can learn more. The Ohio State University is studying the effectiveness of this approach.
Brookover expressed concern about the prospect of having a camera to take pictures of people recycling.
But Lahanas noted that anything put in the trash becomes public and said if people are worried they should shred sensitive documents. Added walls, non-trash items are blurred, and photos are taken in low resolution.
Impermeable "hot spots" are identified using a new system.
Walls highlighted East Lansing's involvement in the Catalyst Communities Leadership Circle, a cohort of Michigan communities seeking to be leaders in sustainability. Through the program, the city received a grant that allowed it to hire a graduate student on a scholarship for 10 weeks and 40 hours per week.
The fellow was a GIS expert who spent his time mapping impermeable surface hotspots in the city. Impermeable surfaces are surfaces that cannot absorb water. The project can be helpful in mitigating flooding and determining areas most in need of new infrastructure.
Walls said the project has garnered a lot of attention across the state because such information is usually very expensive to obtain. The fellow was able to train the algorithm to be "90%" efficient, giving a municipality a first look at areas that need attention.
The city is betting on more renewable energies.
Walls told the Council that the city was still in talks to develop a solar panel at the Department of Public Works on State Road. He said that with the amount of space available, the solar panel could cover 330% of the department's energy costs.
"If we could do something like this, it would really help us achieve our goal of 100% renewable electric power by 2030," he said.
Walls said there are still hurdles to making the solar panel, such as working with utility partners to lift restrictions.
Walls concluded his presentation by talking about two grant opportunities.
The first runs through EGLE and would address flooding, stormwater management and extreme weather through green infrastructure and nature-based solutions. There is $14.25 million up for grabs in this pool, with a maximum request limit of $1.5 million.
An additional $50 million is being made available by the Michigan Public Service Commission, funds to be used for the development and improvement of low-carbon energy infrastructure.
"We need to know more, but there is potentially a funding stream for something like the DPW solar panel or other projects like that," Walls said.


Data archiving
Some improvements and bug fixes were made to the observing data tracking and archiving system. One of the main advantages is that it can be started from anywhere, e.g., DVD production can be started from the Residencia before going to the telescope, and everything can be ready by the time you arrive at the telescope. Some more improvements of the archiving system are planned (reprinting of covers, burning more than one night to one DVD, dealing with shared nights, etc)
At the sea-level office a mass data storage system has been set-up to copy all the data from the archive (CDs and DVDs). As a first step this will be the more modern MEF format data, where the plan is to convert older data to a more modern format before saving it. Software is being written to make the process of copying the data from the disks as easy as possible. In the long run the storage system can act as online archive and be integrated with a Virtual Observing system.
Thomas Augusteijn 2010-05-27


text:
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Audio (US) (file)
aftertaste (plural aftertastes)
- A taste of something that persists when it is no longer present.
- The persistence of the taste of something no longer present.
- Many people think certain artificial sweeteners have an unpleasant aftertaste.
- Of wine, finish.
The persistence of the taste of something no longer present
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.


text:
07:53 08th Jul, 2016
Beware! Your Smartwatch Can Reveal Your ATM PIN
And here's why you may want to take it off…
Cyber criminals can easily exploit wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers to steal sensitive information like your ATM PIN or passwords for electronic door locks, according to a new research.
Researchers at Binghamton University have published the research paper titled "Friend or Foe?: Your Wearable Devices Reveal Your Personal PIN" reveal hackers who know what they're doing, it's surprisingly easy to steal access codes.
"Wearable devices can be exploited. Attackers can reproduce the trajectories of the user's hand and recover secret key entries to ATM cash machines, electronic door locks and keypad-controlled enterprise servers," said Yan Wang from Binghamton University in the US.
The researchers combined data from embedded sensors in wearable technologies such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, along with a computer algorithm to crack private PINs and passwords with 80 percent accuracy on the first try and more than 90 percent accuracy after three efforts.
The team conducted 5,000 key-entry tests on three key-based security systems, including an ATM, with 20 adults wearing a variety of technologies over 11 months. They were able to record millimetre-level information of fine-grained hand movements from accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometres inside the wearable technologies regardless of a hand's pose.
Those measurements lead to distance and direction estimations between consecutive keystrokes, which the team's "Backward PIN-sequence Inference Algorithm" used to break codes with alarming accuracy without context clues about the keypad. "The threat is real, although the approach is sophisticated," Wang said in the paper presented at the "11th ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security" conference in China recently.
The researchers did not give a solution for the problem but suggest that developers "inject a certain type of noise to data so it cannot be used to derive fine-grained hand movements, while still being effective for fitness tracking purposes such as activity recognition or step counts".
Wang co-authored the study along with Chen Wang from the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey.
(With inputs from the agencies)
- Unbox Robotics, an early stage startup from the maiden cohort of Entrepreneur First, receives initial round of funding
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- Global debut of Redmi Note 9 Pro Max and Redmi Note 9 Pro in India
- POCO announces 'Head for Red' sale for Phoenix Red POCO X2
- Xiaomi India launches new Mi Dual Driver In-Ear Earphones
- Xiaomi to bring NavIC technology from ISRO to several smartphones in 2020
- Bobble celebrates 'Namaste Trump" with new GIFs, and Stickers
- Fujifilm unveils the new X100V camera with high performance and advanced functions along with two new XC 35mm F2 and GF 45-100mm F4 lens
- boAt audio launches new range of earphones & speakers at the recently concluded Lakmé Fashion Week


text:
Tutorial: Building a basic chat server#
In this tutorial we will build a very basic chat server. It will allow anyone to send messages to everyone else currently connected to the server.
This tutorial is meant to serve as an introduction to WebSockets in Quart. If you want to skip to the end the code is on Github.
1: Creating the project#
pip install poetry
We can then use Poetry to create a new chat project:
poetry new --src chat
Our project can now be developed in the chat directory, and all subsequent commands should be in run the chat directory.
2: Adding the dependencies#
We only need Quart to build this simple chat server, which we can install as a dependency of the project by running the following:
poetry add quart
Poetry will ensure that this dependency is present and the paths are correct by running:
3: Creating the app#
We need a Quart app to be our web server, which is created by the following addition to src/chat/__init__.py:
from quart import Quart app = Quart(__name__) def run() -> None: app.run()
To make the app easy to run we can call the run method from a poetry script, by adding the following to pyproject.toml:
[tool.poetry.scripts] start = "chat:run"
Which allows the following command to start the app:
poetry run start
4: Serving the UI#
When users visit our chat website we will need to show them a UI which they can use to enter and receive messages. The following HTML template should be added to src/chat/templatest/index.html:
This is a very basic UI both in terms of the styling, but also as there is no error handling for the WebSocket.
We can now serve this template for the root path i.e.
/ by adding
the following to src/chat/__init__.py:
from quart import render_template _USER_.get("/") async def index(): return await render_template("index.html")
5: Building a broker#
Before we can add the websocket route we need to be able to pass messages from one connected client to another. For this we will need a message-broker. To start we'll build our own in memory broker by adding the following to src/chat/broker.py:
import asyncio from typing import AsyncGenerator from quart import Quart class Broker: def __init__(self) -> None: self.connections = set() async def publish(self, message: str) -> None: for connection in self.connections: await connection.put(message) async def subscribe(self) -> AsyncGenerator[str, None]: connection = asyncio.Queue() self.connections.add(connection) try: while True: yield await connection.get() finally: self.connections.remove(connection)
Broker has a publish-subscibe pattern based interface, with
clients expected to publish messages to other clients whilst
subscribing to any messages sent.
6: Implementing the websocket#
We can now implement the websocket route, by adding the following to src/chat/__init__.py:
import asyncio from quart import websocket from chat.broker import Broker broker = Broker() async def _receive() -> None: while True: message = await websocket.receive() await broker.publish(message) _USER_.websocket("/ws") async def ws() -> None: try: task = asyncio.ensure_future(_receive()) async for message in broker.subscribe(): await websocket.send(message) finally: task.cancel() await task
_receive coroutine must run as a separate task to ensure that
sending and receiving run concurrently. In addition this task must be
properly cancelled and cleaned up.
When the user disconnects a CancelledError will be raised breaking the while loops and triggering the finally blocks.
To test our app we need to check that messages sent via the websocket route are echoed back. This is done by adding the following to tests/test_chat.py:
import asyncio from quart.testing.connections import TestWebsocketConnection as _TestWebsocketConnection from chat import app async def _receive(test_websocket: _TestWebsocketConnection) -> str: return await test_websocket.receive() async def test_websocket() -> None: test_client = app.test_client() async with test_client.websocket("/ws") as test_websocket: task = asyncio.ensure_future(_receive(test_websocket)) await test_websocket.send("message") result = await task assert result == "message"
As the test is an async function we need to install pytest-asyncio by running the following:
poetry add --dev pytest-asyncio
Once installed it needs to be configured by adding the following to pyproject.toml:
[tool.pytest.ini_options] asyncio_mode = "auto"
Finally we can run the tests via this command:
poetry run pytest tests/
If you are running this in the Quart example folder you'll need to add
-c pyproject.toml option to prevent pytest from using the Quart
The message-broker we've built so far only works in memory, which means that messages are only shared with users connected to the same server instance. To share messages across server instances we need to use a third party broker, such as redis via the aioredis library which supports a pub/sub interface.


text:
Partitions of Zn into Arithmetic Progressions
William Y.C. Chen, David G.L. Wang, and Iris F. Zhang
Abstract: We introduce the notion of arithmetic progression blocks or AP-blocks of Zn, which can be represented as sequences of the form (x, x+m, x+2m,..., x+(i-1)m) (mod n). Then we consider the problem of partitioning Zn into AP-blocks for a given difference m. We show that subject to a technical condition, the number of partitions of Zn into m-AP-blocks of a given type is independent of m. When we restrict our attention to blocks of sizes one or two, we are led to a combinatorial interpretation of a formula recently derived by Mansour and Sun as a generalization of the Kaplansky numbers. These numbers have also occurred as the coefficients in Waring's formula for symmetric functions.
AMS Classification: 05A05, 05A15, 11B50
Keywords: Kaplansky number, cycle dissection, m-AP-partition, separation algorithm


Books tagged: long barrow
Found 2 results
Wayland's Smithy
Ten thousand year old boats found on Britain's hillsides
Price: Free! Words: 4,040. Language: English. Published: July 1, 2014. Category: Nonfiction » History » History of things
On the hillsides of Britain are chalk and stone remnants of monuments that are between five and ten thousand years old. These monuments are curious for they are long and thin in shape, surrounded by moats and our ancestors placed their dead inside for their last journey - the problem is these symbolic images were built thousands years before ships were supposedly invented.


Microsoft Office Tutorials and References
In Depth Information
Removing Items from the Context Menu
Removing Items from the Context Menu
Over time, your context menus can become cluttered with program entries from
old programs that you may not use anymore. You might experience programs that
take over all your context menus. Compression apps such as WinZip, WinRAR,
or Picozip always end up adding program entries to all the context menus. I have
Picozip installed on my computer and every time I right-click any file or folder,
I see five entries from Picozip giving me different compression options. This
can be a convenient feature, but if you don't compress and extract zip files very
often, you might not need the added convenience. Instead, you could remove
these entries from your context menu, which will give your system a cleaner
interface as well as a small performance boost if you have a lot of extra entries
in your context menu.
Removing these programs from your context menus can be a little tricky
because they can be spread in different places in the registry. The only way to
remove these types of entries is to edit the registry directly. Follow these steps:
1. Open the Start screen, type regedit and then press Enter.
2. When the Registry Editor appears, expand the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT folder.
A list of the file types set up on your computer displays.
3. If the entry that you want to remove from the context menu appears in
all context menus, such as the preceding Picozip example, you have to
expand the * folder. Otherwise, expand the folder with the file extension
you want to modify.
4. After expanding the correct folder, expand the ShellEx and ContextMenuHandlers
folders. Your registry path should be HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\*\ShellEx\
ContextMenuHandlers.
5. Look through the list until you find the entry that you want to remove.
Right-click the entry and select Delete. Identifying some of the programs
is easy. For example, WinRAR is labeled WinRAR, as shown in Figure 9-5.
However, you may run into some items that are listed using their
application/class ID or a vague name. For those, do a registry search of the
class ID (Ctrl+F), which is formatted as {XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-
XXXXXXXXXXXX} , to find other references that give you clues to what the
ID belongs to. If that does not work, try doing a search on Google to see
whether that turns up anything.
6. After you are finished removing all the entries from your context menus,
close Registry Editor and you are finished. Your changes will be in effect
immediately.

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text:
Learning from Experiments When Context Matters
- (pp. 471-75)
AbstractSuppose a policymaker is interested in the impact of an existing social program. Impact estimates using observational data suffer potential bias, while unbiased experimental estimates are often limited to other contexts. This creates a practical trade-off between internal and external validity for evidence-based policymaking. We explore this trade-off empirically for several common policies analyzed in development economics, including microcredit, migration, and education interventions. Based on mean-squared error, non-experimental evidence within context outperforms experimental evidence from another context. This advantage declines, but may not reverse, with experimental replication. We offer four reasons these findings are of general relevance to policy evaluation.
CitationPritchett, Lant, and Justin Sandefur. 2015. "Learning from Experiments When Context Matters." American Economic Review, 105 (5): 471-75. DOI: 10.1257/aer.p20151016
- C90 Design of Experiments: General
- G21 Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
- O16 Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance


This paper summarizes and discusses the results of a survey on country practices in the management of sovereign assets and liabilities. Twenty-eight countries, mostly high-income economies, responded to the questionnaire. The survey responses provide detailed information about various approaches to the sovereign asset and liability management framework in terms of balance sheet production as well as objectives, priority areas, and challenges associated with integrated management. In addition to the survey results, where possible and relevant, this paper provides insight through prominent country examples. The survey results confirm that the number of countries that have developed such a framework is limited. Although most of the respondents indicated that they regularly produce an accounting balance sheet, the objective of this exercise is often limited to monitoring sovereign assets and liabilities rather than determining mismatches between them. In the cases where a sovereign asset and liability management framework is implemented, there are significant differences across countries. Most countries include state-owned enterprises in the sovereign balance sheet, but only a minority also considers central banks, in some cases only international reserves and sovereign funds. The challenges cited include institutional arrangements, uncertain or lacking mandate, coordination between institutions, data availability, and valuation of assets. Most of these challenges are related to the implementation of the approach. The development of sound practices for sovereign asset and liability management could benefit governments and facilitate the implementation of a holistic approach to manage their balance sheets and related risks, increasing their resilience to shocks.


text:
ASTM International - ASTM D1640/D1640M-14
Standard Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
|Publication Date:||1 December 2014|
|ICS Code (Organic coatings):||25.220.60|
significance And Use:
3.1 These test methods can be used to determine the various stages and rates of drying, curing, and film formation of organic coatings for comparing types of coatings, assessing the impact of... View More
3.1 These test methods can be used to determine the various stages and rates of drying, curing, and film formation of organic coatings for comparing types of coatings, assessing the impact of compositional changes on drying time, or for assessing drying/curing time in the shop or field. Low temperature can significantly slow the drying rate of coatings so low temperature curing agents, catalysts and/or accelerators are often available to aid drying and film formation under cooler temperatures. Method B is designed to evaluate these components and/or to determine the effect of cooler temperatures on drying rates. Conversely, the drying/curing rate of certain coatings can be accelerated under elevated temperature/humidity
3.2 Test Methods A, B and C are limited to a comparison of paints/coatings applied to smooth, non-absorbent substrates and do not reflect the effect of absorption of the paint vehicle into the substrate material.View Less
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the various stages and rates of film formation in the drying or curing of organic coatings under laboratory controlled conditions of air temperature, (low, ambient and/or elevated) and/or humidity. Procedures for assessing drying under prevailing conditions of temperature and humidity in the shop and field are also described.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


text:
Q.19:- A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a speed of 20 cm/s. How much work has to be done to stop it?
Radius of the hoop, r = 2 m
Mass of the hoop, m = 100 kg
Velocity of the hoop, v = 20 cm/s = 0.2 m/s
Total energy of the hoop = Translational K.E. + Rotational K.E.
ET = (1/2)mv2 + (1/2) I ω2
Moment of inertia of the hoop about its centre, I = mr2
ET = (1/2)mv2 + (1/2) (mr2)ω2
But we have the relation, v = rω
∴ ET = (1/2)mv2 + (1/2)mr2ω2
= (1/2)mv2 + (1/2)mv2 = mv2
The work required to be done for stopping the hoop is equal to the total energy of the hoop.
∴ Required work to be done, W = mv2 = 100 × (0.2)2 = 4 J.


Wednesday, September 28, 2016 12:09
Feeling Cold All the Time
Tagged with:
Posted by on Wednesday, March 9, 2011, 2:19
This news item was posted in C category and has 0 Comments so far.
Do you wonder that when others around you seem to be enjoying the nice breeze, why do you have to wrap yourself up in a sweater? Well, I am sure the people around you might wonder or feel perplexed with your behavior. Even you might have wondered and asked yourself this question. Why am I feeling cold all the time? Well, feeling cold all the time might be linked to certain medical conditions. The human body's response or sensitivity towards cold might vary from person to person. If you are one of those people who stay wrapped in extra clothing even when others around you might be comfortable in light clothes, you must look into your lifestyle in order to ascertain the factors that are responsible for you feeling cold all the time. Read more on why am I always cold.
Feeling Cold All the Time
Feeling Cold All the Time
Causes of Feeling Cold All the Time
Nutritional Deficiencies
Do you have a habit of skipping meals? If yes, then your body's ability to keep itself warm might be affected in an adverse manner due to certain nutritional deficiencies. Skipping meals or eating an unhealthy diet can certainly affect your body's response to cold. So, for those who are feeling cold all the time, it is very important to look into their dietary habits and bring about changes.
Weight Loss
Are you under weight? If yes, then you are definitely more prone to experiencing symptoms of feeling cold all the time. Do you shiver more often? Our muscle mass and fat are greatly responsible for keeping us warm and cozy. Larger mass will generate more heat and fat will help in retaining the body heat. In case you have lost a lot of weight recently, it might have led to increased sensitivity to cold.
Hypothyroidism
If you are feeling cold all the time, you must get yourself checked for hypothyroidism. You must get TSH test done. If the thyroid stimulating hormones is not within the normal range, you must start taking the medications for treating this medical condition.
Anemia
Those who are anemic might also experience this feeling. Generally people who are anemic complain of feeling cold all the time. A simple blood test can be used to determine if you are anemic or not. Anemia is caused when the number of healthy red blood cells in our body decrease. These red blood cells are responsible for carrying adequate oxygen to our tissues. In case of people suffering from anemia, the red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Read more on anemia symptoms and treatment.
Raynaud's Disease
Women between the age of 20 and 40 are prone to this condition. This is a medical condition which can be triggered by cold temperature and emotional stress. During an attack, the patient's blood vessels become constricted and this affects the blood circulation. One of the most common symptoms of Raynaud's disease is tingling sensation in fingers and toes. Generally people who are suffering from this condition react to slightest change in temperature. Read more on Raynaud's syndrome.
Hormonal Problems
Hormonal imbalances can also be responsible for the increased sensitivity to cold temperature. In case of women, the fluctuation in the levels of estrogen might play a great role. Women who are pregnant or those going through menopause might also complain of feeling cold all the time due to hormonal changes.
Aging
Aging can bring about a lot of changes in the body. Many old people have this complaint of feeling cold all the time. Aging can be accompanied with weakened immunity and that can increase the sensitivity of people towards cold.
Now that you are aware of the causes of feeling cold all the time, you can tackle this problem by getting yourself medically examined. In case you are suffering from nutritional deficiencies or anemia, you must improve your dietary habits. Stress can also trigger certain hormonal imbalances, therefore, you must stay stress-free. As far as hypothyroidism is concerned, you will need to follow the advice of your doctor. Once the medical condition is treated, you might find changes in your body's reaction to cold. So, if you are amongst those who are feeling cold all the time, get yourself medically examined and make some lifestyle changes to tackle this condition.
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Greater Than Less Than Worksheets 1St Grade. Entire libraryworksheetsfirst grademathgreater than, less than, equal to. Less than greater than work sheets generator.
Entire libraryworksheetsfirst grademathgreater than, less than, equal to. Some of the worksheets for this concept are greater lesson 122 work 1 equal or not equal than, comparing numbers up to 2 digit s1, greater than less than preschool math work, identifying which number is. Such a fun way to practice comparing numbers to 100.
Look into the relevant standards here, or dig.
If your preschooler easily recognizes all numbers between 1 and 10, this is the next natural progression. Top 10 1st grade greater than, less than kids activities. He often knew which number was the the worksheets below build upon those themes. First and second grade christmas math worksheets.


What Is Dandy Walker Syndrome Symptoms?
What Is Dandy Walker Syndrome?
People with Dandy-Walker syndrome have various abnormalities in their brains:
 1. The small brains are not well developed.
 2. There's a cyst (bladder) in the fourth brain room. Sometimes the cyst is so great that the cerebrospinal fluid is not sized passable. This creates a water main.
 3. The other ventricles are larger than normal.
 4. Sometimes there is no corpus callosum. The two hemispheres may not work well together.
By brain disorders, people with Dandy-Walker syndrome usually many problems. Especially moving is difficult. But it also happens that someone has few complaints.
Half of the people has a mental disability. Sometimes there are other symptoms such as trouble breathing, seizures, congenital heart defects or cleft lip.
Dandy-Walker syndrome is very rare. The pediatrician sets diagnosed with an ultrasound, sometimes before birth. She also makes a CT scan or an MRI scan. Then you can see the clear brain abnormalities.
There are hereditary and non-hereditary forms of Dandy-Walker syndrome.
The syndrome is not curable. Only some of the symptoms, the doctor can do something.
It is important that children with Dandy Walker syndrome good physiotherapy.
Walker syndrome have various abnormalities in their brains What Is Dandy Walker Syndrome Symptoms?
What Is Dandy Walker Syndrome Symptoms?
Symptoms associated with Dandy-Walker syndrome include:
 1. slow development (late sitting, walking, etc.);
 2. jerky walk;
 3. balance disorders;
 4. spasticity;
 5. hydrocephalus;
 6. a great mind;
 7. epilepsy;
 8. sleep apnea;
 9. abnormal breathing;
 10. Swooping eyes.
About half of the people has a mental disability. Sometimes people with Dandy-Walker syndrome also:
 1. polycystic kidney disease;
 2. congenital heart disease;
 3. cleft lip and palate;
 4. extra fingers and / or toes or fused vingens and / or toes;
 5. cataracts;
 6. deterioration of the retina of the eyes.
But it also happens that someone has very few symptoms.
Dandy Walker syndrome Treatment
Healing of the Dandy-Walker syndrome is not possible. The doctors can only treat the symptoms.
 1. At a water main will get your child one or more tubes in his head to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. The tubes you should regularly have it checked at the specialist. They may not become clogged.
 2. The cyst doctors can unfortunately not evict it. Around the cyst are major blood vessels. The risk that the surgeon touches such a blood vessel in the operation is great. Therefore, it is not possible to operate the cyst.
 3. Does your child epilepsy than get the medications. Thus are the symptoms usually well under control.
 4. For moving physical therapy is important. By many game, your child will get stronger muscles. Also helps physical therapy against muscle cramps.
 5. The mental you can stimulate your child's development with vroeghulp (for example, small steps).
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How can an object control its own reproduction?
The information surrounding the production of a typical product tends to be quite guarded: plans and techniques are protected by patent and "owned" as the intellectual property of a single company or manufacturer.
Cloning Objects presents an alternative scenario in which a collection of products are each embedded with all of the information needed for their own reproduction. Scanning the object with a software interface allows a user to "inspect" the components of an object, revealing the digital 3D-definition, files for reproduction with digital fabrication tools, information and schematics for electronic components, and the source-code for any software used to control the object.
Distributing this information within the objects allows them to be reproduced and distributed without a structured, formal network. The autonomous objects and their components are made accessible on an individual level, and can be freely shared, modified, and redistributed.
Cloning objects is made in collaboration with Leonaro Amico, Tilen Sepič, and Thibault Brevet. It is an extension of the Hacking Households project originally presented at BIO 50. The project was made possible with support from Timelab and the Creative Industries Fund NL.
For more information and press kit, visit hackinghouseholds.com


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Ἀνδρεία, Τόλμα, Θράσος - Male and Female Courage in Classical Greek Literature
Sammanfattning: This thesis discusses the differences in the descriptions of and the attitudes towards female courage in the literature of the Classical period. Male authors of this period wrote extensively of the martial and virtuous courage of men, andreíā, yet in some instances instead labelled courage as tólma or thrásos. Tólma and thrásos are even more commonly used in descriptions of female courage, audacity or rashness. How these three words could be used in relation to men and women is discussed, and the fundamental belief of the Classical period that women were not capable of courage is encountered. As courage was outside the nature, phúsis, of a woman, her actions were always more likely to be viewed as tólma or thrásos. To what extent the literature of the period can reflect the lived experience of the ancient Athenian is unknown. However, it is concluded that literary works both impact and are impacted by social and cultural values, such as the view that women should not or could not be courageous.
HÄR KAN DU HÄMTA UPPSATSEN I FULLTEXT. (följ länken till nästa sida)


2.13.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
This section describes how to rebuild a table. This can be necessitated by changes to MySQL such as how data types are handled or changes to character set handling. For example, an error in a collation might have been corrected, necessitating a table rebuild to update the indexes for character columns that use the collation. (For examples, see Section 2.13.3, "Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt".) It might also be that a table repair or upgrade should be done as indicated by a table check operation such as that performed by CHECK TABLE, mysqlcheck, or mysql_upgrade.
Methods for rebuilding a table include dumping and reloading it, or using ALTER TABLE or REPAIR TABLE.
shell> mysqldump db_name t1 > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql
shell> mysqldump db_name > dump.sql
shell> mysql db_name < dump.sql
shell> mysqldump --all-databases > dump.sql
shell> mysql < dump.sql
To rebuild a table with ALTER TABLE, use a null alteration; that is, an ALTER TABLE statement that changes the table to use the storage engine that it already has. For example, if t1 is a MyISAM table, use this statement:
If you must rebuild a table because a table checking operation indicates that the table is corrupt or needs an upgrade, you can use REPAIR TABLE if that statement supports the table's storage engine. For example, to repair a MyISAM table, use this statement:
mysql> REPAIR TABLE t1;
For storage engines such as InnoDB that REPAIR TABLE does not support, use mysqldump to create a dump file and mysql to reload the file, as described earlier.
For specifics about which storage engines REPAIR TABLE supports, see Section, "REPAIR TABLE Syntax".
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --databases db_name...
shell> mysqlcheck --repair --all-databases
For incompatibilities introduced in MySQL 5.1.24 by the fix for Bug #27877 that corrected the utf8_general_ci and ucs2_general_ci collations, a workaround is implemented as of MySQL 5.1.62, 5.5.21, and 5.6.5. Upgrade to one of those versions, then convert each affected table using one of the following methods. In each case, the workaround altering affected columns to use the utf8_general_mysql500_ci and ucs2_general_mysql500_ci collations, which preserve the original pre-5.1.24 ordering of utf8_general_ci and ucs2_general_ci.


Laser-enhanced oxidation of Si
I W Boyd
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
43 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
A scanning cw argon ion laser has been used to rapidly heat Si in a fixed oxygen atmosphere to produce thin oxide layers on the surface. Analysis of the growth rate of these films reveals an enhancement over the normal thermal equilibrium rate of oxidation for silicon dioxide layers grown by furnace in the temperature range _PHONE_°C, and is thought to be a result of the photoionizing effect of the band-gap photon flux. A simple model incorporating this characteristic is shown to qualitatively agree with the experimental results, and clearly indicates the importance of the density of broken Si-Si bonds in the oxidation reaction.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)728-730
Number of pages3
JournalApplied Physics Letters
Volume42
Issue number8
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1983
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- | Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
article by Ryan Storr
Tennis champion Martina Navratilova recently called the participation of transgender women in elite female sporting competitions "insane" and "cheating".
And she's not alone. Several other prominent women athletes have also used social media, mainly Twitter, to voice their concern about the eligibility of transgender women in sport, including former British swimmer Sharron Davies, double Olympic champion Dame Kelly Holmes, and former long-distance runner Paula Radcliffe.
There is an inherent contempt that lies within these statements, and it impacts more than just trans athletes. It can impact the integrity of public discourse by reducing the debate to be about whether trans women are "real women", and we need to move past this crude and destructive rhetoric.
Here, I use the term trans as an umbrella term to include all identities within the trans community, such as transgender and transitioned athletes.
What is the debate really about?
So why have we revisited this discussion in recent weeks? We are witnessing a broader movement against the trans community.
Australian gay rights activists Dennis Altman and Jonathan Symons call it the "queer wars" in their book of the same title. They explain how resistance to LGBTI issues across the globe is being used by governments and religious leaders to uphold traditional values, and increased polarisation towards LGBTI rights.
In recent years, we saw bathrooms used as a platform for division in the US. In 2016, North Carolina became the first US state to introduce a law prohibiting transgender people from using the restroom corresponding to their gender.
Then, in Australia, the Australian Christian Lobby suggested a "yes" vote for marriage equality would lead to boys wearing dresses to the detriment of society.
And the UK saw backlash against a youth trans charity, called Mermaids, where half a million pounds of funding was disputed.
It seems sport is now being used as yet another tool to incite fear and hatred towards the trans community.
Some male commentators have raised concerns that the integrity of women's sport is at risk. But where have these so-called male champions of change been in advancing women's sport in recent years?
Another commonly-cited issue is that men might identify as women to reap rewards in competition. There have been no reported cases of men transitioning to women to earn money and dominate podiums. It is simply a myth.
Do trans polices in sport work?
The introduction of the International Olympic Committee's policy on trans athletes in 2003 – amended in 2013 to remove surgical requirements and introduce a minimal level of testosterone – has led to no publicly out trans athletes competing at the Olympic games.
At the Commonwealth Games, trans weightlifter Laurel Hubbard qualified, but had to withdraw due to injury.
Therefore, the perception that trans women are, and will, dominate women's elite sport is not supported with any clear evidence.
UK research also found, after reviewing a series of trans policies in elite sport: "the majority of these policies were unfairly discriminating against transgender people, especially transgender females".
If we are to start scrutinising the ethics and integrity around cheating and enforcing a level playing field, there are many other places we could start.
Match fixing, illegal gambling markets, substance abuse, and corruption have been found to exist within local grassroots matches in Victoria. Issues around ball tampering, match fixing at various levels of tennis, doping within various sporting codes, and salary cap breaches have also been reported at the elite level.
Particularly in women's sport, there is a disproportionate allocation of funding and resources compared to men's sport, a gross lack of media coverage, and women continue to fight for equal pay.
Advancing trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport
New guidelines and policies are being introduced from various sporting codes in the coming year in Australia.
The Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission led the way with updated guidelines last year, but the most prominent policy to be released soon will be the Australian Human Rights Commission and Sport Australia's guidelines for Trans and Gender Diverse Athletes in Sport. This will likely be adopted by most sporting codes in Australia.
But as the debate continues, it is important we hear from trans athletes. No trans person has the same transition experience and there is great diversity among the trans community. We also need to understand the wider impact of negative commentary against this community.
What we have seen so far from the Olympic movement is promising in promoting trans inclusion in sport. The International Olympic Committee released mini documentariesabout trans athletes in sport, and Tokyo 2020 is set to have gender neutral bathrooms.
We must remember that sport is a human right, and should be accessible to everybody, regardless of gender identity.
Ryan Storr is a Lecturer and Academic Course Advisor n Sport Development at Western Sydney University. He Recently completed his PhD at Victoria University, whereby his thesis explored how community sports clubs respond to diversity and engage in diversity work. He has have led several recent research projects, specifically around LGBTI+ inclusion within sport, with the most recent being a funded evaluation exploring the current level of LGBTI+ inclusion within an Australian sporting code. Ryan is also the co-founder and director of LGBTI+ sport charity Proud 2 Play.
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text:
My house's number can be written
as ABCD but it also equals to
A^B * C^D.
Find the number..-no computer programs!!!
(In reply to Poor BASIC people...
by Federico Kereki)
...who have to use extinct birds for such a little program! In Visual Basic you can use the following:
For A = 0 To 9
For B = 0 To 9
For C = 0 To 9
For D = 0 To 9
If A^B*C^D = A*1000+B*100+C*10+D Then
Text1.Text = Str(A)+Str(B)+Str(C)+Str(D)
That's a whole 2 lines less (as long as I don't declare my variables and include the return statement... ;) )
Posted by Erik O.
on 2004-06-21 16:09:34


text:
A sheath voltage limiter is an arrester that is used to clamp the voltage induced on the sheath of an underground high or medium voltage cable during a fault on the system. It is common practice when applying underground cable to only ground the cable sheath at one end of the cable, and leave the other end open. Leaving one ungrounded reduces circulating currents and losses during steady state operations. IEEE standard _PHONE_ indicates that typically distribution arresters can be used for this function. IEC Application guide 60099-5 soon to be published offers a formula to use to determine the voltage rating of the arrester, but does not offer any guidance regarding the energy handling rating.
The photo below is an SVL on a 69kV underground system in Lakeland Florida. A standard distribution arrester is being used. This is the first ever SVL I have seen on a transmission line riser pole.


text:
The term gang box has two distinct and largely unrelated meanings, although both relate to construction work. A gang box can be a large tool box that is used by several or all members of a work crew. In electrical work, a gang box is a metal or plastic box used to securely hold electrical components.
A gang box toolbox has only a few special characteristics. These boxes are often left on a job site, so durability and security are important in their design, as they need to be able to endure a good bit of abuse and be difficult to break into. These boxes are usually shared by at least a few workers and are usually larger than ordinary tool boxes so that they can store all the needed tools and supplies.
A gang box used in electrical work is one of the various types of box used to safely enclose wiring and other electrical work. This type of gang box will usually be referred to by the number of mounting points for switches or receptacles that it contains. Gang boxes are commonly found in sizes ranging from one to three gang, although larger boxes are not unheard of. Modern electrical practice generally limits the number of individual switches or receptacles that can be installed in a gang box to one per gang, although some exceptions to this rule exist.
Some gang boxes, designed for use primarily with non-metallic sheathed cable, are made of plastic. This type of gang box is the most common in modern residential construction, primarily because of its low cost and ease of installation. This type of box requires the use of a separate ground wire.
Metal gang boxes can be used for almost any type of electrical work, and are more common in older construction, commercial construction, or areas where the electrical work might be exposed to damage, as the metal boxes are much tougher than their plastic counterparts. These boxes come in the same basic sizes as plastic boxes, although metal boxes are often manufactured in such a way that one side of the box can be removed and another box added to create a larger box, making the metal boxes more versatile in some situations. When electrical work is installed using armored cable or metallic conduit, the conduit or cable, combined with the metal boxes, can often legally serve as a ground path without the use of a dedicated ground wire.


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Art of the Americas to World War I
Socorro black-on-white storage jar
Ancestral Pueblo, Socorro black-on-white storage jar, c. 1050–100, clay and pigment, made in New Mexico, United States, 38.1 × 43.2 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art); speaker: Brian Vallo, Director, Indian Arts Research Center School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Created by The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
VALLO: This ancestral Pueblo storage jar was made at a time when there was a period of drought and where it was important for the ancestral Pueblo people to begin storing as much foodstuff as they could in anticipation of a drought. Perhaps some corn, beans, dried meats, breads, different berries. They are still used today in some of the Pueblos in New Mexico and in Arizona. Rain and clouds are key to the survival of our people. The potter probably had a prayer for rain. And so clouds would be the black, and then the lines represent rain. What looks like a hand symbol in the center there might be the maker's signature. In Acoma culture we refer to these pots as kúdíyamunishi. Kúdíyamunishi is a reference to the ancient people, or the original people. So when we utilize and recreate these forms and these designs today, we are paying tribute to our ancestors.


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WHO WAS DONALD COCHRANE?
By Ruth Ann Cochrane
Donald Alexander Cochrane was born December 12, 1919 to Henry and Estella Herron Cochrane. He was born on the Herron-Cochrane farm by King Settlement Road in Wilson Township, Alpena County, Michigan. He was the youngest of six children. His siblings included Lorraine, Henry Lee, Oran Alvin and Robert Raymond. One other female sibling was stillborn March 7, 1916.
Donald grew up at the family farm by King Settlement Road and attended the King School, a typical one-room school of its time with no indoor plumbing or central heat.
His education didn't end with high school. He decided to attend Alpena County Normal to become a teacher. After a year of study, he received a diploma and a teaching certificate in 1940. He taught at the Besaw School in Wilson Township during the school year _PHONE_.
March 15, 1941 Donald married Marion LaVasser. Don and Marion had five children, Donald Alvin, Arthur James, Carol Lynn, William David, and Michael David. Together they enjoyed fishing and camping trips among other activities.
In April of 1944, Don was drafted into the Army to serve in WWII. He left his wife and two children behind. He often wondered if he would ever see them again. He was off to basic training near Tyler, Texas and would soon be sent overseas for duty. He was captured while in Germany and spent six months in a prison camp. When he was finally set free, he went to a hospital to receive medical treatment before going home to be released from service. The year was 1945.
Although Don was known as a successful teacher, teaching must not have been his calling. He only taught school one year. He was employed at several places after his stint in teaching. He worked at the Fletcher Paper Company in Alpena for over 25 years. He worked at Alpena's Abitibi and was made foreman. Later he decided to go into the building trade. He worked for other builders before going into business for himself. He was a licensed contractor and master plumber. His business was known as Don Cochrane, Builder. His son, Arthur, worked with him the entire time he was in business. They took much pride in their work. In 1981, Don retired and took on a slower pace.
Among Don's hobbies were woodworking, reading, cooking and hunting. The hunting camp near Hillman meant a great deal to him. Sometimes he would spend two months there in the fall. Family members joined him during deer hunting season and had the opportunity to spend quality time with him.
Don was a member of the Ex-POW's organization. He attended the meetings regularly. The group would often have potlucks and the members looked forward to his homemade bread and other specialties. October 10, 2002 Donald passed away and ended a very eventful life.
A photo of Don Cochrane and Marion LaVasser Cochrane with their two oldest sons, Donald and Arthur. As noted on the photo margin this was shortly after his stint in one of Germany's stalags. He has good reason to be happy: he's home in piece.
|Home||Herron Genealogy Home||Estella Herron - Henry Cochrane Home|


text:
berg, Birger
Case studies of mountain forest wood fuel supply chains from Norway and Italy are presented and compared. Results from previous studies in which greenhouse gas emissions and costs were evaluated using life cycle assessment and cost analysis respectively, are compared. The supply chain is more mechanized in Norway than Italy. Steeper terrain and low road density partly explain the persistence of motor-manual felling in the Italian case. Mechanized forest harvesting can increase productivity and reduce costs, but generates more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than motor-manual harvesting. In both cases, the main sources of GHG emissions are truck transportation and chipping. The total emissions are 22.9 kg CO 2 /m 3 s.o.b. (Norway) and 13.2 kg CO 2 /m 3 s.o.b. (Italy). The Norwegian case has higher costs than the Italian one, 64 €/m 3 s.o.b. and 41 €/m 3 s.o.b. respectively, for the overall supply chain. The study shows that mountain forests constitute an interesting source for fuel biomass in both areas, but are a rather costly source, particularly in Norway. The study also exemplifies the care needed in transferring LCA results between regions and countries, particularly where forest biomass is involved. - Highlights: • We compare two mountain forest wood fuel supply chains in Norway and in Italy. • Transportation by truck generate the highest emissions in both case studies. • The energy use of the Norwegian supply chain was approximately twice as high as the Italian one. • Changes in fuel consumption affect significantly emissions and energy use from transportation and chipping operations. • Cable yarding and transportation by truck were the most expensive phases respectively in the Italian and Norwegian supply chain
Magdalena Warter, Maria; Peeters, Mattias; Kuppen, Emiel; Blok, Kas; Dilly, Lina
Natural parks and protected natural areas provide excellent recreational opportunities for outdoor activities through the richness of the natural environment and the abundance of walking trails. Hiking, mountain biking and running have rapidly gained popularity over recent years increasing concerns about the erosion and degradation of hiking trails caused by (over)use. This is also the case in the Sierra Mariola Natural Park in southeast Spain, which is a popular destination for tourists due to its diverse fauna and flora. The increasing number of tourists together with the negative impacts of climate change necessitates a better understanding of the key soil erosion processes impacting hiking trails. There are 4 scenic trail routes in the Natural Park amounting to 21 km plus an additional network of unofficial trails. Apart from the heavy touristic traffic on the trails there are large trail running events with up to 1000 participants becoming increasingly popular, however local park authorities have voiced concerns about the impacts of these activities on the trails. Despite the popularity of walking trails around the world, there is a paucity of research exploring soil erosion from these features. Therefore, the aims of this study are: 1) to ascertain the amount of erosion that occurs on trails in the Sierra Mariola Natural Park, and 2) determine the key factors that influence soil erosion. Some 100 km of trails were evaluated (both official and unmarked trails), with route segments ranging between 2 and 10 km. A trail classification system was developed to group trail segments based on their surface characteristics (bedrock, gravel, mixed sediment, soil or man-made) and specific erosion features (rills, ditch-shaped, tilted). For each class, the average erosion rate was calculated which ranged from 262 t/ha for soil-based trails to 2006 t/ha for heavily eroded, ditch-shaped trails. The spatial distribution of the different erosion rates and trail types were
Zhang, Yuan; Wang, Zhezhi
Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to compare between the essential oil components from needles of Pinus armandii Franch versus P. tabulaeformis Carr., growing on the same site at Taibai Mountain, China. Under optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 65 and 66 constituents each were identified in P. armandii and P. tabulaeformis, which accounted for 87.9% and 87.1%, respectively, of their oils. Based on their terpene compositions, we concluded that these species belong to a high-caryophyllene chemotype, with sesquiterpenes comprising 54.4% to 54.8% of the total contents. We also determined minor qualitative and major quantitative variations in some compounds. Compared with that from P. tabulaeformis, P. armandii oil had more gamma-muurolene (7.5%), terpinolene (5.8%), and longifolene (5.7%). In contrast, alpha-pinene (8.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.4%) were the dominant compounds in P. tabulaeformis.
Hofmann, R.B.; Ibrahim, A.K.
Several western U.S. strong motion acceleration earthquake attenuation functions are compared to peak accelerations recorded during the 6/29/1992 Little Skull Mountain, Nevada earthquake. The comparison revealed that there are several definitions of site-to-source distance and at least two definitions of peak acceleration in use. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) codes typically estimate accelerations assuming point sources. The computer code, SEISM 1, was developed for the eastern U.S. where ground acceleration is usually defined in terms of epicentral distance. Formulae whose distance definitions require knowledge of the earthquake fault slip zone dimensions may predict very different near-field accelerations when epicentral distance is used. Approximations to achieve more consistent PSHA results are derived
Awad, Louis N; Bae, Jaehyun; Kudzia, Pawel; Long, Andrew; Hendron, Kathryn; Holt, Kenneth G; O'Donnell, Kathleen; Ellis, Terry D; Walsh, Conor J
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects on common poststroke gait compensations of a soft wearable robot (exosuit) designed to assist the paretic limb during hemiparetic walking. A single-session study of eight individuals in the chronic phase of stroke recovery was conducted. Two testing conditions were compared: walking with the exosuit powered versus walking with the exosuit unpowered. Each condition was 8 minutes in duration. Compared with walking with the exosuit unpowered, walking with the exosuit powered resulted in reductions in hip hiking (27 [6%], P = 0.004) and circumduction (20 [5%], P = 0.004). A relationship between changes in knee flexion and changes in hip hiking was observed (Pearson r = -0.913, P Exosuit assistance of the paretic limb during walking produces immediate changes in the kinematic strategy used to advance the paretic limb. Future work is necessary to determine how exosuit-induced reductions in paretic hip hiking and circumduction during gait training could be leveraged to facilitate more normal walking behavior during unassisted walking.
Vías, Jesús; Rolland, José; Gómez, María Luisa; Ocaña, Carmen; Luque, Ana
This paper describes a system for recommending hiking routes to help manage hiking activities in a protected area. The system proposes various routes, based on five criteria that maximize some aspects of hikers' requirements (by analyzing the viability and difficulty of the trails) and also those of protected areas managers (by proposals to relieve congestion in areas already used for hiking and to promote awareness of new ones, as a contribution to environmental education). The recommendation system uses network analysis, multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information system by free software tools: PgRouting, PostgreSQL and PostGIS. This system has been tested in Sierra de las Nieves Nature Reserve (Andalusia, Spain). Of the 182 routes obtained by the system, 62 (34%) are considered viable for hikers in Sierra de las Nieves, taking into account the type of user most likely to visit this protected area. Most routes have a high difficulty level, which is coherent with the mountainous character of the protected area.
The recent Take a Hike event, sponsored by Occupational Health Services, featured a new twist: A Poster Puzzler challenge courtesy of Scientific Publications, Graphics and Media. Participants were asked to identify words on six objects along the Hike path based on photographs that showed the objects with the words blurred out.
Terzi, Stefano; Torresan, Silvia; Schneiderbauer, Stefan
Keywords: Climate change, mountain regions, multi-risk assessment, climate change adaptation. Climate change has already led to a wide range of impacts on the environment, the economy and society. Adaptation actions are needed to cope with the impacts that have already occurred (e.g. storms, glaciers melting, floods, droughts) and to prepare for future scenarios of climate change. Mountain environment is particularly vulnerable to the climate changes due to its exposure to recent climate warming (e.g. water regime changes, thawing of permafrost) and due to the high degree of specialization of both natural and human systems (e.g. alpine species, valley population density, tourism-based economy). As a consequence, the mountain local governments are encouraged to undertake territorial governance policies to climate change, considering multi-risks and opportunities for the mountain economy and identifying the best portfolio of adaptation strategies. This study aims to provide a literature review of available qualitative and quantitative tools, methodological guidelines and best practices to conduct multi-risk assessments in the mountain environment within the context of