- Community groups or institutions
When should you honor colleagues?
Although any time is a good time to honor colleagues, there are some occasions when it's particularly appropriate.
Special occasions
These may have to do with the life of the organization, the life of the person being honored, or both. Some examples:
 - Retirement. Unfortunately, the reality is that most organizations and groups seldom honor colleagues until they leave.
If it is worth honoring a colleague, it is worth doing it before she is about to move on. It's great to have support for your work after it's done, but it's a lot better to have that support while the work is going on.
 - A significant anniversary. A number of years on the job, for instance, or a particular anniversary of the organization itself.
The staff members of an organization decided to honor their director, who had been in his position for ten years. To thank him for his leadership, his support and mentoring of staff, and his activism in the field, they held a reception to which they invited not only everyone in the organization, but directors of many other similar organizations, funders, and state bureaucrats - colleagues from several different contexts. The staff and others presented him with gifts, and many of the guests spoke of his contributions to the field and to their lives.
 - A personal milestone - a birthday, a wedding, the birth of a child.
We tend to think of pleasant occasions as the appropriate ones to honor colleagues, but others may provide a truer test of our respect for them. To have the support of colleagues at a funeral or while going through a difficult divorce may be honor of a different kind, but it's the kind that isn't forgotten.
 - The attainment of a personal or professional goal - a long-sought degree, a promotion, a certification.
The conclusion of something successful, or the achievement of a goal
The opening of a new facility, the culmination of a fundraising campaign, the passage of a favorable town ordinance - all might be good times to honor the colleagues who made them possible.
Regularly scheduled occasions
The annual meetings of coalitions, organizations, community groups, and professional associations are often times when colleagues are recognized or given awards for the work they've done in the past year. The adult education coalition mentioned earlier is a prime example, but the Human Resource Center and the North Quabbin Community Coalition, just to cite organizations that appear in other sections in this chapter, did or do the same thing. When reviewing a year's accomplishments, people often find it fitting to honor those responsible for them.
To say thank-you for a job well done or for support and mentoring
Despite the fact that there are particularly appropriate times to honor colleagues, sometimes it's right to honor colleagues simply because you want to. The realization that a particular colleague has been working effectively for a long time with no acknowledgement, or that she has been consistently helpful and supportive to others over a long period, might lead to a gift, or to some formal ceremony. This sort of appreciation is often the most powerful, because it is so obviously sincere.
Honoring colleagues doesn't have to be formal. It can happen every day in small ways. One coalition director used to send "thank-you" postcards to people to let them know she had appreciated something they did, or their ongoing work. A spoken word of praise, an acknowledgement of someone's hard work - perhaps most prized when that work hasn't yielded much - can make someone's day or week or year. Everyone needs to know she's valued, and it's important, both to an organization and the individuals who work in it, to remember and act on that as much as possible.
How do you honor colleagues?
There are a variety of ways to honor colleagues, but there are some general guidelines that apply to all of them.
General guidelines
Make it personal
Unless this is an award presented by a national or statewide organization to someone most of the members don't know personally, honoring colleagues is, in fact, highly personal. By honoring her, people in an organization or field are telling a colleague, someone they work with closely, that they appreciate her and consider her worthy of special recognition. Feelings of affection, gratitude, mutual dependence, and respect all come into play to varying degrees.
That being the case, any ceremony, gift, or simple recognition should be tied to the person receiving it as closely as possible. It's often a good idea to involve those closest to the honoree - close family, colleagues, mentors - and to make sure that the occasion includes stories about the person's significant accomplishments, about her personality, and about her as a human being. A gift should be something that fits both the person and the occasion. Every effort should be made to show that you're honoring this particular person, not just her achievements.
Give the honoree something
It may be a meaningful or significant gift (a photo of her with participants, a beautiful book or print, a super-light backpacking tent, etc.), a plaque or certificate, or a humorous gift with a personal story behind it. Whatever it is, there should be something material that the honoree can keep and look at later to remember the occasion.
A gift like this can be almost anything. At one celebration, the director of an organization was given a number of hats - a chef's hat, a baseball cap, a football helmet, etc. - to represent the different hats he had to wear to do his job. Another director, who collected them, was presented with a number of small, inexpensive wind-up toys that did silly things (a walking building, a tiny Godzilla that lurched and breathed sparks, a marching band of gorillas).
Obviously, whatever you give will be limited by your resources. Organizations sometimes collect from each staff member to buy a gift for an honoree, where that's appropriate (more common for a personal occasion - retirement, birthday, etc. - than for an organizational or professional award). Resources also have to be considered when deciding what kind of ceremony or celebration to have.
Record the occasion
Not only is this an important part of the work life of the person honored, but it's important in the life of the organization as well. Make sure to take photographs, or make a video or audiotape of the occasion, and give the honoree a copy, as well as keeping copies for the organization. If you have a digital camera or digital video camera, you can easily put photos or video on computer disks or CD's.
Think about the guest list
Whom will you invite? Who are the important people in the honoree's life? Will you invite dignitaries - politicians, people important in the field - or will you restrict the list to those who have real personal and/or professional connections to your colleague? Will you invite people he doesn't like because they "should" be there?
Consider inviting the media
If you want to publicize this occasion or award, if you want to use it to draw attention to your work or your organization, then the media should definitely be there. If honoring your colleague is a more private issue, and you feel that using the occasion for publicity would be exploitation, then you probably would not invite the media to be present. That doesn't mean, however, that you shouldn't issue a press release or try to get a media story about the honor after the fact. It's both a further honor to your colleague and a chance to let people know more about what you do.
Specific ideas
There are as many ways to honor colleagues as there are those who deserve to be honored and organizations or groups to do the honoring. Your options are really limited only by your budget and your imagination (and some considerations of taste: mud wrestling is probably out).
Make a personal gesture to show your colleague you appreciate him or her
A mention at a staff meeting and in the newsletter, a small gift left on a desk or chair, or an e-card are all ways to say "thank you" to a valued colleague. Small, personal gestures - especially if they're sincere, and not just a means to keep people satisfied - are an important way to let colleagues know you appreciate the work they do.
Present an award. There are really two choices here:
 - An award presented at regular intervals (usually annually) for a general purpose - Teacher of the Year, Innovation in Youth Work, etc.
 - A special award presented to the specific person for his unique contributions to the organization or the field
An annual award is usually more formal, more competitive (in that only one person a year gets it, although many may be worthy), and more prestigious. The other type may be more meaningful to the honoree, however, because it recognizes his personal talents, skills, and value to the presenting group.
Sometimes, a group may combine the two by occasionally presenting, along with its "regular" awards, a special recognition award to someone whose accomplishments don't necessarily fit into any category, or who has achieved something extraordinary. One coalition, at its annual awards ceremony, always presented several personalized awards to unsung colleagues who had made a difference that year in the life of the community.
Give a gift
We discussed gifts above, and the possibilities here are almost limitless.
In addition to the expected or ordinary, there are gifts you may not have considered:
 - Name something for them. A room, a program, a scholarship, a grant, an award - any of these and a host of other prospects might be fitting candidates to be named for an honoree.
 - Have a day in their honor proclaimed by the legislature, the county or city council, the Board of Health. In many states, the governor, if asked by the legislature, or the legislature itself, can proclaim a single day to be named


text:
SMYRNA, Tenn. - A retiree in Smyrna got the surprise of her life recently. Betty LeMaster discovered that the rock she'd been using as a doorstop for 16 years was actually a 450-million-year-old fossilized coral.
LeMaster found what she first thought was just a unique rock in her front yard more than a decade ago, but always thought there was something more to it.
After her husband reassured her it was probably nothing more than a unique-looking rock, she decided to keep it, and use it as a doorstop inside her home.
But recently, she said while she was watching an episode of the geological TV series "America Unearthed," she thought to get the rock checked out by a geologist to find out about it.
The geologist, MTSU professor Alan Brown, said he immediately could tell what it was: not a rock, but a ten-pound fossilized coral, estimated to be about 450-million years old.
"I couldn't believe it, and my daughter looked at me and said, 'You used it as a door prop for 16 years!'," LeMaster said. "Needless to say its not a door prop anymore."
Brown said 450 million years ago, Tennessee was part of a shallow sea bed, so old fossils aren't that hard to find, but a fossil the size of Betty's is.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
|Authors: ||A. Tenaye, E. Geta, E. Hebana|
The cabbage tree moringa (Moringa stenopetala) is a deciduous plant cultivated in the southern part of Ethiopia.
It is indigenous to Ethiopia, distributed in the lowland ecology of the southern part of the country.
The plant is used for food, fodder, shade, windbreak, cash and medicine.
It is a contingency crop in frequently drought-affected lowland areas with its high yielding capacity under drought condition and it can be harvested all year round.
This study was conducted with the objectives of analyzing the production, utilization and marketing systems of this cabbage tree in the region, and identifying constraints and opportunities for its production, utilization, and marketing.
This study is based on data collected from Derashe, Konso, Arba Minch, Gofa and Humbo woredas with a total of 97 sample households interviewed to collect the primary data.
In addition, focus group discussions and secondary data collection were undertaken to supplement the primary data.
Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to analyze the data.
The result showed that moringa plays a significant role in household food security.
According to the results of group discussions with farmers, 20-50 moringa trees are enough to support a family with 10-15 members by providing food supply even in situations when no other sources of food are available.
Farmers in the areas are using moringa during both dry and wet seasons in their diet.
Moringa plays a vital role for household food security, as source of income, medicine, fodder, fuel and shade tree all year round.
Download Adobe Acrobat Reader (free software to read PDF files)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


In what capacity have you known the applicant
Discussion in 'English Only' started by nasridine, Jan 29, 2008.
 1. nasridine Senior Member
 Chinese, China
 A friend of mine who was hunting a job asked me to be one of her references. So recently, I got this reference form from one of the companies she interviewed. There is this blank "In what capacity have you known the applicant" which I don't quite understand what to put in. Does it refer to "quality" and "personality" or what?
 2. cuchuflete
 cuchuflete Senior Member
 Maine, EEUU
 It is a common and somewhat ambiguous question. It usually means one or more of the following:
 1) What were the circumstances in which you have known the applicant?
 For example, did you know her from work, as a friend since childhood, or as a
 member of a choir or sports team?
 2) What was the applicant's function or employment during your acquaintance?
 For example, the applicant was one of your teachers at university, or was your piano student.
 3. nzfauna
 nzfauna Senior Member
 Wellington, New Zealand
 New Zealand, English
 "How do you know the applicant, and what is your current relationship".
 4. nasridine Senior Member
 Chinese, China
 I guess your first explanation makes more sense here, because the previous question happens to be "how long have you known this applicant".
 5. Harry Batt
 Harry Batt Senior Member
 USA English
 The hiring company will give more weight to a close relationship. Thus, if the friend is known in several capacities it would be worth while to cite all of them. Eg."I knew him during the four years we were in law school together. When I became a judge he appeared before me and we were active in the bar association together. I married him to his second wife when we were in the National Guard together."
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text:
the volunteers praise and feedback (the psychological equivalent of a salary).
- Use the data volunteers collect.
- Be flexible, open, and realistic with volunteers.
Including these seven basic ingredients in the development of a volunteer monitoring program has produced many success stories across the United States. The latest edition of the National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs (RISG and USEPA, 1994) documents a total of 772 programs currently in operation. The National Directory also provides a list of volunteer organizations around the country engaged in monitoring rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, wetlands, and ground water. The National Directory can be found at _URL_ In addition, EPA's Volunteer Monitoring web site provides information on various monitoring programs as newsletters that contain information on bacterial methods and how they are used by various volunteer groups. This information is currently available at _URL_
A frequent criticism of volunteer monitoring programs is that using the services of volunteers yields data of less certainty than the data obtained when professionals do the job. In general, however, if the seven "basic ingredients" of a successful program are included, data quality should be the same for both groups. Putting this theory to the test for any particular program includes running parallel water sampling tests that compare data collected by professionals those collected by volunteers. Periodic parallel testing serves two purposes. First, it assures the sponsoring agency that volunteers' data are reliable and can be used for the program's purposes. Second, it helps identify areas where the volunteer program can be improved, especially if the results indicate there is a difference in quality between the volunteers' data and the professionals' data.
EPA's volunteer monitoring guide also discusses several other ways to maintain volunteers' interest:
- Sending volunteers regular data reports.
- Keeping volunteers informed about all uses of their data.
- Preparing a regular newsletter.
- Making program officials easily accessible for questions and requests.
- Providing volunteers with educational opportunities.
- Keeping the local media informed of the goals and findings of the monitoring effort.
- Recognizing the efforts of volunteers through certificates, awards, or other means.
- Providing volunteers with opportunities to grow with the program through additional training, learning opportunities, and changing responsibilities.
- RISG and USEPA. 1994. National Directory of Volunteer Environmental Monitoring Programs, 4th ed. EPA 841-B-94-001. Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1990. Volunteer Water Monitoring: A Guide for State Managers. EPA 440/4-90-010. U.S. Environmental Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
- USEPA. 1991. Volunteer Lake Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 440/4-91-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.


text:
Determining the Electron Structure
The classical electron radius
Before going further some points need to be made about something called
the classical electron radius. This is a calculated radius based on an
assumption that the mass-energy potential of an electron is fully contained within a
certain radius. It has a value of 2.82x10-15 m.
Falling through the Earth
Imagine you bored a hole through the Earth straight down through its centre and out the other side. Next you dropped a stone at the entrance. The stone would fall rapidly at first, gaining in speed until it reached terminal velocity. It would then continue toward the Earths centre and past it. Once beyond the mid-point it would decelerate as it neared the other side. The stone would then oscillate several times until it came to rest at the Earths centre.
Lets assume instead that there was no air and the stone was able to
move all the way from one side of the Earth to the other and back again, much like a
pendulum. What would be its precise motion of oscillation, and how long would it take for
a full swing?
Where M is mass of Earth, m is mass of an object (the stone in this case) and r is distance from the centre. Below the surface the force follows a linear function:
Where R is the radius of the Earth. If we were to plot this it would show (setting, G=M=m=R = 1, and including force direction):
A simple spring oscillator
To understand what this means well look at a simple spring oscillator.
Above we see an object with mass m attached to a spring.
The spring has a stiffness of K meaning that, e.g. if K
was 5 N/m then every 1 metre of stretch would require 5 Newtons of force. Assuming we are
in a zero-gravity environment and the mass could move below the baseline, what function
would describe the position of the object with respect to time?
Where x(t) is the height of the object at any time t
and x(t) is its double derivative i.e. its
Where A is the initial height and we assume the object to be initially motionless. In other words, the object oscillates as a pure sine wave. The frequency of oscillation will be:
And the period of oscillation will be the reciprocal: T=1/f.
Inserting values for G, M and R, and taking the reciprocal we get a period of 5060 seconds, or 1 hour 24 minutes. Thus it will take just under one and a half hours for the stone to return to its starting point.
Falling through an electron
What does any of this have to do with electron-positron interactions?
Well, gravity is a good analogy to the electric force because it varies in inverse
proportion to distance. If we think of an electron as spherical and assume that its charge
is uniformly distributed then its force function (exerted on a positron) would be very
similar to Earths gravitational field, namely:
Where k is Coulombs constant, e is an electrons charge and r is distance from centre. Inside the electron the force would follow a linear function:
Where R is the electrons radius. If the positron were to oscillate only within the electron this would produce a sine-wave motion. Does it oscillate within the electron? The below chart shows a simulation of the event:
In this diagram a positron (red line) falls from a height equal to 10
electron radii. As can be seen the VDCL
(Velocity Dependent Coulombs Law) causes much
dampening during the initial fall, causing the oscillations to lie fully within the
electron (blue lines). Thus we can calculate the motion of oscillation based on the forces
within the electron and ignore the force function outside it.
Meaning that frequency of oscillation will be:
Solving the two body problem
At this point it would be tempting to plug values in and calculate a value of R that corresponded to the observed frequency. However theres something else that needs to be taken into account; namely that is we are not dealing with a stone falling through the Earth. Rather, we are dealing with two earths falling through each other, or in this case, an electron and positron oscillating through each other.
Determining the force function for two spheres is going to be more complicated. As it happens, the force function will be same as the normal Coulomb force when the spheres are outside each other, i.e. not overlapping. When they are overlapping the function becomes very complex but heres what it looks like:
The x-axis represents the distance from the mid-point of the two spheres because this is the point that the spheres will be mirrored on. As can be seen the force function is rounder than the single sphere situation and is not a straight line. Here is a comparison between the two functions:
The blue line is the two-sphere force function, red is the single sphere situation (shown for comparison), and the green dotted line represents half the gradient of the red line. As can be seen the force function for when the spheres overlap closely approximates half the strength of the single sphere situation. Thus we can relate this back to our simple spring oscillator and find that:
Meaning that frequency of oscillation will be:
We know that this frequency must correspond to the one calculated from quantum mechanical and relativistic energy equations, namely:
Where h is Plancks constant. Next we match these two frequencies together:
Isolating the radius term we get:
Substituting the standard values for e, h, k and c, we find that radius of an electron R comes to: 5.94x10-14 m.
This is disappointing. We wanted a radius at least a hundred or so times
smaller than a proton. Instead we calculate one fifty times larger. Its hard to
believe that this number reflects the true electron radius.
Is the frequency correct?
The first possibility is a question of frequency. The frequency of gamma
radiation arising from electron-positron annihilation is quoted as 1.24x1020
Hz. But this is not a measurement, only a calculation based on the physical constants;
namely frequency = mc2/h. It is not possible to measure
frequencies this high, e.g. by electronic counting, because we have no instrument that can
keep up with the oscillation rate.
A radio antenna comparison
Some interesting analogies can be drawn between the high frequencies of
gamma rays and the low frequencies of radio transmission. We know that a radio
receivers antenna is most effective when its length matches half the wavelength of
the transmission frequency. For example a Wi-Fi wireless computer network operating on 2.4
GHz uses antennas around 6 cm in length because the wavelength of that frequency is 12.5
Energy/frequency conversion formula
When determining the gamma ray frequency, we did so from its energy using
the formula E=hf; where E is energy, f
is frequency and h is Plancks constant. This formula is used to
calculate the energy of a photon based on frequency, especially photons created when
electrons transit between atomic shells.
So what is the answer?
Unfortunately this lack of information regarding frequency has left us unable to determine the size of an electron. However jumping ahead to the information given in chapters on particle physics and nucleon structure it should be possible to estimate an electrons diameter based on a protons. Without giving away the story in advance, based on this I estimate the radius of an electron to be approximately 10-16 metres.
The fixed-frequency radiation emitted during electron-positron
annihilation indicates that an electron has a spherical structure and its charge is
uniformly distributed within.
Copyright © 2010 Bernard Burchell, all rights reserved.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


to generated VXML? This seems an almost impossible task at first, yet the solution is relatively simple and elegant: The Torus interaction dispatcher design pattern. Do not search that anywhere as this is a name I personally came with (based on the mathematical figure lower).
This design pattern is named as such since the mathematical name of a donought is a Torus, but we could as well have named it the donought interaction dispatcher.
Here are some interesting properties around this design pattern:
 - The donought's outside is composed of all IVR interactions.
 - Each interaction must reproduce or gather one and only one element of data. This may mean there are <nomatch> or <noinput> in the process, yet it resumes the dispatcher only once it reproduced or gathered such element of data.
 - The donought's hole relates to the dispatcher which is a suite of ecmascript functions.
 - The dispatcher sequences interactions where 'interaction 2' does not necessarily follows 'interaction 1', yet all interactions are accessible to the dispatcher.
 - The dispatcher may contain a rule processor that is influenced by data acquired. For example, the web-interface defining the VXML may state that an elite customer is always transferred to an agent right away, but the IVR needs to determine if a caller relates to an elite account and only can do so once it acquired the account number. The account number acquisition is an interaction and the dispatcher will invoke it upon the caller's connection (note that ANI may also have been used). Once the account number was acquired, a database REST request is made to determine if the account is elite and then it's back to the dispatcher again. The dispatcher would then perform a rule cycle and the elite rule would trigger in this case that would result in transferring the call right away.
 #25: Use the Torus interaction design pattern to achieve equivalent flexibility within static VXML as with generated VXML.
Points of Interest
There is still much more to be said about cloud computing intersecting with IVR, yet this is first pass at exposing some opportunities and how to address challenges. Many protocols did not have in mind cloud computing when they were agreed upon, and it is my hope there revisions to come will include provisions to further expand possibilities and elegance.
As part of a VXML 3.0 wish-list:
 - A means by which VXML could signal the entrance and exit of sensitive data acquisition (such as credit-card number capturing) and corresponding masking would occur at all levels (call-logs, MRCP requests, etc.)
History
 - Original version produced on January 4 2014.
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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About the Author
Roy, Philippe
Software Developer (Senior)
Canada Canada
Philippe Roy was a key contributor throughout his 20+ years career with many high-profile companies such as Nuance Communications, IBM (ViaVoice and ProductManager), VoiceBox Technologies, just to name a few. He is creative and proficient in OO coding and design, knowledgeable about the intellectual-property world (he owns many patents), tri-lingual, and passionate about being part of a team that creates great solutions.
Oh yes, I almost forgot to mention, he has a special thing for speech recognition and natural language processing... The magic of first seeing a computer transform something as chaotic as sound and natural language into intelligible and useful output has never left him.
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QuestionMy vote of 5 Pin
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,
totalAmount: z.number(),
items: z.array(
z.object({
description: z.string(),
quantity: z.number(),
unitPrice: z.number(),
}),
),
});
// Define the order form schema
const orderFormSchema = z.object({
orderNumber: z.string(),
customerName: z.string(),
products: z.array(
z.object({
productName: z.string(),
quantity: z.number(),
}),
),
shippingAddress: z.string(),
});
async function extractDocument(ocrText: string) {
// Step 1: Classify the document
const { object: classification } = await generateObject({
model: openai("gpt-4"),
schema: classificationSchema,
prompt: 'Classify the following OCR text as either an invoice or an order form:\n\n${ocrText}',
});
// Step 2: Route to the appropriate schema based on classification
if (classification.documentType === "invoice") {
const { object: invoice } = await generateObject({
model: openai("gpt-4"),
schema: invoiceSchema,
prompt: 'Extract invoice information from the following OCR text:\n\n${ocrText}',
});
return { type: "invoice", data: invoice };
} else {
const { object: orderForm } = await generateObject({
model: openai("gpt-4"),
schema: orderFormSchema,
prompt: 'Extract order form information from the following OCR text:\n\n${ocrText}',
});
return { type: "orderForm", data: orderForm };
}
}
// Usage example
const ocrText = 'INVOICE
Invoice #: INV-2023-001
Date: 2023-05-15
Total Amount: $500.00
Items:
1. Widget A - Qty: 2, Price: $100.00
2. Widget B - Qty: 3, Price: $100.00';
const result = await extractDocument(ocrText);
console.log(result);
Increasing Speed
While a large part of use cases for turning unstructured data into structured data is async/not time-sensitive, there are still cases where speed is critical. Examples include an application that parses your resume in order to provide actionable insights or an application that parses your invoice in order to provide you with a summary of expenses.
Parallel Processing
A trick commonly used in traditional computing is to use parallel processing to speed up the operation. This can also be used in the LLM world. Split your schema into multiple independent schemas and generate multiple JSONs in parallel. Merge them afterwards.
Parallel processing
Example code in TypeScript using ai library:
import { generateObject } from "ai";
import { openai } from "@ai-sdk/openai";
import { z } from "zod";
// Define the subschemas
const subSchemaOne = z.object({
name: z.string(),
});
const subSchemaTwo = z.object({
age: z.number(),
});
// Generate multiple JSONs in parallel
const responses = await Promise.all(
[subSchemaOne, subSchemaTwo].map((subschema) => {
const { object } = generateObject(subschema, {
model: openai("gpt-4o"),
schema: subschema,
prompt: "John is 25 years old. What's his name or age?",
});
return object;
}),
);
// Merge the responses into a single JSON object
const merged = responses.reduce((acc, curr) => ({ ...acc, ...curr }), {});
Caveats
Be careful though. As I mentioned before, the sequence of fields and their co-presence does matter in the LLM world. Make sure that your groups are independent logically and that they don't have any dependencies on each other. In a practical example - if you have an invoice, you can split it into the following independent subschemas: Recipient, Sender, Items.
Moreover, like classical computing, this is also subject to Amdahl's law or the law of diminishing returns with a slight twist:
This represents the fixed cost of processing the prompt and input. It's non-reducible and applied to every request, regardless of parallelization.
This factor represents the complexity of the schema. Higher values indicate a more complex schema that takes more time to process but can benefit more from parallelization.
This graph illustrates LLM parallel processing with subschemas. The base cost is fixed for all requests, while the total schema processing cost increases with the number of subschemas. Adjust the sliders to see how changing these factors affects speedup, total cost, and efficiency as parallelization increases.
Cost: Multiplied input tokens usage.
Reducing Costs
Prompt Caching (also reduces latency)
In traditional LLM-based JSON generation pipelines, a common pattern emerges: the prompt structure and schema remain constant, while only the input data varies. This means that a significant portion of the prompt—often the largest part—remains unchanged across multiple requests. Prompt caching leverages this consistency to optimize performance and reduce costs.
This option isn't available in OpenAI APIs but it is available in Anthropic APIs and Google Gemini.
These two providers employ different approaches to prompt caching:
Feature/AspectAnthropic Prompt CachingGoogle Gemini Context Cache
Cost ReductionUp to 90%Halves the cost per prompt; $4.50 per million tokens per hour storage cost
Latency ReductionUp to 85%Improved efficiency; specific percentage not provided
Cache Lifetime5 minutes1 hour by default, adjustable
Minimum Cachable Tokens1024 tokens (Claude 3.5 Sonnet & Claude 3 Opus)32,000 tokens
Cache Writing Cost25% more than base input token price$1 per million tokens per hour (storage cost)
Use Case SuitabilitySuitable for short-term, small document cachingBetter for long-term, large document or codebase caching
Token Storage FlexibilitySmaller cache, shorter duration; good for quick tasksLarger cache, adjustable duration; good for extended tasks
Cheaper & Smaller models
Another option is to use cheaper & smaller models. In order to maintain accuracy, you need to invest in a solid evaluation and validation process.
But this is not always the case. If running your own inference endpoints is an option, smaller OSS models like Microsoft's Phi-3 in conjunction with Outlines can even beat much larger models like GPT-4o.
Found this insightful? If you're interested in my AI consulting, please reach out to me via email or on X


an integral number.
 2834. However, this clock frequency is used by the In-Application-Programming (IAP)
 2835. routines of the LPC2000 family only, which seems to be very tolerant concerning
 2836. the given clock frequency, so a slight difference between the specified clock
 2837. frequency and the actual clock frequency will not cause any trouble.
 2838. @item @b{Command Order} Do I have to keep a specific order for the commands in the configuration file?
 2839. Well, yes and no. Commands can be given in arbitrary order, yet the
 2840. devices listed for the JTAG scan chain must be given in the right
 2841. order (jtag newdevice), with the device closest to the TDO-Pin being
 2842. listed first. In general, whenever objects of the same type exist
 2843. which require an index number, then these objects must be given in the
 2844. right order (jtag newtap, targets and flash banks - a target
 2845. references a jtag newtap and a flash bank references a target).
 2846. You can use the ''scan_chain'' command to verify and display the tap order.
 2847. @item @b{JTAG Tap Order} JTAG Tap Order - Command Order
 2848. Many newer devices have multiple JTAG taps. For example: ST
 2849. Microsystems STM32 chips have two taps, a ''boundary scan tap'' and
 2850. ''CortexM3'' tap. Example: The STM32 reference manual, Document ID:
 2851. RM0008, Section 26.5, Figure 259, page 651/681, the ''TDI'' pin is
 2852. connected to the Boundary Scan Tap, which then connects to the
 2853. CortexM3 Tap, which then connects to the TDO pin.
 2854. Thus, the proper order for the STM32 chip is: (1) The CortexM3, then
 2855. (2) The Boundary Scan Tap. If your board includes an additional JTAG
 2856. chip in the scan chain (for example a Xilinx CPLD or FPGA) you could
 2857. place it before or after the stm32 chip in the chain. For example:
 2858. @itemize @bullet
 2859. @item OpenOCD_TDI(output) -> STM32 TDI Pin (BS Input)
 2860. @item STM32 BS TDO (output) -> STM32 CortexM3 TDI (input)
 2861. @item STM32 CortexM3 TDO (output) -> SM32 TDO Pin
 2862. @item STM32 TDO Pin (output) -> Xilinx TDI Pin (input)
 2863. @item Xilinx TDO Pin -> OpenOCD TDO (input)
 2864. @end itemize
 2865. The ''jtag device'' commands would thus be in the order shown below. Note
 2866. @itemize @bullet
 2867. @item jtag newtap Xilinx tap -irlen ...
 2868. @item jtag newtap stm32 cpu -irlen ...
 2869. @item jtag newtap stm32 bs -irlen ...
 2870. @item # Create the debug target and say where it is
 2871. @item target create stm32.cpu -chain-position stm32.cpu ...
 2872. @end itemize
 2873. @item @b{SYSCOMP} Sometimes my debugging session terminates with an error. When I look into the
 2874. log file, I can see these error messages: Error: arm7_9_common.c:561
 2875. arm7_9_execute_sys_speed(): timeout waiting for SYSCOMP
 2876. TODO.
 2877. @end enumerate
 2878. @node TCL Crash Course
 2879. @chapter TCL Crash Course
 2880. @cindex TCL
 2881. Not everyone knows TCL - this is not intended to be a replacement for
 2882. learning TCL, the intent of this chapter is to give you some idea of
 2883. how the TCL Scripts work.
 2884. This chapter is written with two audiences in mind. (1) OpenOCD users
 2885. who need to understand a bit more of how JIM-Tcl works so they can do
 2886. something useful, and (2) those that want to add a new command to
 2887. OpenOCD.
 2888. @section TCL Rule #1
 2889. There is a famous joke, it goes like this:
 2890. @enumerate
 2891. @item Rule #1: The wife is always correct
 2892. @item Rule #2: If you think otherwise, See Rule #1
 2893. @end enumerate
 2894. The TCL equal is this:
 2895. @enumerate
 2896. @item Rule #1: Everything is a string
 2897. @item Rule #2: If you think otherwise, See Rule #1
 2898. @end enumerate
 2899. As in the famous joke, the consequences of Rule #1 are profound. Once
 2900. you understand Rule #1, you will understand TCL.
 2901. @section TCL Rule #1b
 2902. There is a second pair of rules.
 2903. @enumerate
 2904. @item Rule #1: Control flow does not exist. Only commands
 2905. @* For example: the classic FOR loop or IF statement is not a control
 2906. flow item, they are commands, there is no such thing as control flow
 2907. in TCL.
 2908. @item Rule #2: If you think otherwise, See Rule #1
 2909. @* Actually what happens is this: There are commands that by
 2910. convention, act like control flow key words in other languages. One of
 2911. those commands is the word ''for'', another command is ''if''.
 2912. @end enumerate
 2913. @section Per Rule #1 - All Results are strings
 2914. Every TCL command results in a string. The word ''result'' is used
 2915. deliberatly. No result is just an empty string. Remember: @i{Rule #1 -
 2916. Everything is a string}
 2917. @section TCL Quoting Operators
 2918. In life of a TCL script, there are two important periods of time, the
 2919. difference is subtle.
 2920. @enumerate
 2921. @item Parse Time
 2922. @item Evaluation Time
 2923. @end enumerate
 2924. The two key items here are how ''quoted things'' work in TCL. TCL has
 2925. three primary quoting constructs, the [square-brackets] the
 2926. @{curly-braces@} and ''double-quotes''
 2927. By now you should know $VARIABLES always start with a $DOLLAR
 2928. sign. BTW, to set a variable, you actually use the command ''set'', as
 2929. in ''set VARNAME VALUE'' much like the ancient BASIC langauge ''let x
 2930. = 1'' statement, but without the equal sign.
 2931. @itemize @bullet
 2932. @item @b{[square-brackets]}
 2933. @* @b{[square-brackets]} are command subsitution. It operates much
 2934. like Unix Shell 'back-ticks'. The result of a [square-bracket]
 2935. operation is exactly 1 string. @i{Remember Rule #1 - Everything is a
 2936. string}. These two statments are roughly identical.
 2937. @example
 2938. # bash example
 2939. X='date'
 2940. echo "The Date is: $X"
 2941. # TCL example
 2942. set X [date]
 2943. puts "The Date is: $X"
 2944. @end example
 2945. @item @b{''double-quoted-things''}
 2946. @* @b{''double-quoted-things''} are just simply quoted
 2947. text. $VARIABLES and [square-brackets] are expanded in place - the
 2948. result however is exactly 1 string. @i{Remember Rule #1 - Everything
 2949. is a string}
 2950. @example
 2951. set x "Dinner"
 2952. puts "It is now \"[date]\", $x is in 1 hour"
 2953. @end example
 2954. @item @b{@{Curly-Braces@}}
 2955. @*@b{@{Curly-Braces@}} are magic: $VARIABLES and [square-brackets] are
 2956. parsed, but are NOT expanded or executed. @{Curly-Braces@} are like
 2957. 'single-quote' operators in BASH shell scripts, with the added
 2958. feature: @{curly-braces@} nest, single quotes can not. @{@{


text:
Definition of Pultures
1. pulture [n] - See also: pulture
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Pultures Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Pultures
Literary usage of Pultures
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1875)
"... objects held by them in veneration and associated with their work and hopes. (m) Leaden Crosses found in Tonibe.—L'Abbé Cochet, in his "Sépultures..."
2. A Collection of Curious Discourses by Thomas Hearne (1771)
"... motts, or remembrances engraved or fixed upon fepultures, tombes, or monuments, where the bodies of valiant and moft worthy men have been buried...."


Projects with Dad: Creating Cardboard Castles
As father's day fast approaches I have found myself reminiscing about all the fun things I did with my dad as a child. My absolute favorite were the projects; whether it was building a pillow fort or making wooden swords, I loved spending time with my Dad while we worked on some project or another. As the modern world seems to get busier and busier it can be hard for parents to find time to spend with their child. It is even harder to spend quality time when you are competing with video games and tv programs for your child's attention.
cardboard castle daddy place htm 225x300 Projects with Dad: Creating Cardboard CastlesIn case anyone doubted, recent studies have proven the importance of imagination in a child's development. It is not just playing, imagination actually helps them learn how to understand their world and empathise with others. So, why not suggest a project that you and your child can do together? Why not choose something that will help kick start their imagination and allow you to spend time with them as they develop? Why not suggest building a cardboard castle large enough to play in or a Cardboard Color House Projects with Dad: Creating Cardboard Castles? A cardboard castle can be easy, fast and cheap to build. Your child can let their imagination run wild in a cardboard castle whether they decide to take care of their horses there, become a princess, a knight, a cook, or all of them by turn. Castles are an ideal setting for imaginative play because they allow so many possibilities while instantly transporting the inhabitants to another time and place. Here are a few ideas for starting your cardboard castle project.
Gathering Supplies
With the right attitude, hunting down loads of cardboard can be an adventure, a treasure hunt, or a mission. You can use any and all of your old cardboard boxes but you will probably need more. You can probably ask your neighbours for cardboard and if you check some businesses and universities may be willing to give you their cardboard rather than recycle it. You will need a fast-setting glue that is safe to handle. Tape will likely be useful as well. If you are planning on painting your castle walls a nice grey stone colour you will need paint, but you can then use any type of tape you wish. If you plan to leave your walls unpainted you may want to use clear packing tape in places it will be visible. Knives are the easiest tools for cutting cardboard but if you want to let your children help you may want to give them scissors. All other accessories can be made out of cardboard or an imaginative appropriation of objects for different uses.
Designing is Key
The amount of work you are willing to put into the project and your imagination are really the only limits to your design. Let your child help you design the castle. See where their imagination takes them and how much of it is really feasible. Problem solve with them. Can you tape things to the walls in your room, or proposed building site? Is rearranging the furniture an option? Teach them how to work within limitations. You may be amazed at how much fun even the design process can be.
If you have a room with closets and low-hanging air-ducts that create a narrow entryway to the room you could build a castle façade there before the room widens out beyond it. This way the door to the room can open onto the moat. You can enter the rest of the room through a door in your castle and the whole room can now be your castle interior. If your building site does not have such an entryway, you can create one artificially with some furniture that you build your façade between, or you can build a free standing castle. Your castle can have three walls and be pushed against a walls or piece of furniture or it can have four and be completely self-contained. It is your castle it is up to you.
Castle Walls
cardboard castle walls daddy place htm 300x225 Projects with Dad: Creating Cardboard Castles Layering at least two layers of cardboard together will produce the sturdiest castle walls. When you are constructing your walls pay attention to where the old bends in the cardboard are. For instance, if you glue two pieces of cardboard together that bend in the same exact place your walls will have a tendency to flop over. Making sure you reinforce your walls properly could involve cutting. Allow your child to help you layout and cut the pieces as well as glue. If you are making walls that involve you to piece to together large sections of cardboard, try to overlap them to make them sturdy.
If you are building a castle façade for an entryway you have several options. You can tape it to the walls, or furniture, or barring that, you can build it small side walls to make it stand on its own. In order to attach side walls there are probably a number of ways that would work. One method you could use is to cut strips of cardboard and put one bend in them. Then you can use them like L-brackets and glue your walls together that way. Another idea is to cut notches into one wall and attach tabs to another and piece your walls together like an over-sized dovetail. This would allow you to take the castle down and put it back up.
Lastly, your walls will need some crenellation. This will give them a nice castle effect and it wouldn't really be a castle without a few hints at its defensive purpose. You can cut crenellation into long pieces of cardboard or use individual blocks. Simply attach them to the top of your walls for effect.
Decorating Your Castle
Now that you have a castle it needs decorating. Let your child decide how to decorate their new castle. Should it have pointed gothic windows or cross-shaped arrow slits? You can use small pieces of left over cardboard to provide trim for your windows and doors. Should the castle be painted or left as brown cardboard. If you are artistically inclined you can paint details such as fireplaces or tapestries on the castle walls. You can also let your child decorate the castle walls with their own drawings.
If you have lots of extra cardboard after creating an entryway façade castle, you could even panel the entire room with it. Then the whole room can be the castle and can be decorated and drawn on. Of course, you may want to remind your child that the walls in the rest of the house are still not to be drawn on.
cardboard castle 2 daddy place htm 225x300 Projects with Dad: Creating Cardboard CastlesSit down with your child and design your own individual devices to go on cardboard crests. Pick symbols and things that are meaningful to you and then hang them proudly on the castle walls. If your castle walls are large enough you can create cardboard brackets and hang foam, or even cardboard swords from them. Use up extra cardboard by creating shields for you and your child to defend the castle with against foes and dragons. You could even stage mock battles with your child, or create defense strategies.
Luxurious Castle Accessories
Speaking of defense, no castle is complete without a moat, and moats must be crossed by drawbridges. You can always imagine one or use a long rug for one, but if you are so inclined, you can create a working drawbridge out of cardboard. To do this you would attach strings, or cords or what-have-you, to the top edge of the drawbridge. These will be the strings that raise and lower the drawbridge and will need to be run through holes at the top edge of your castle walls. You should have at least a narrow flap at the edge of your drawbridge that you can stand on, or tape to the floor if that is an option. This will prevent the drawbridge from sliding when you pull on the strings to raise and lower it.
In case you are very worried about your castle's defense you can go even further and add wooden blinds to your doorway to act as a portcullis. Simply put two holes on either side of the castle doorway and run strings through them to tie the blinds to your castle wall. You will need to make sure the walls are sturdy enough to support the weight first. Make sure that you also supervise play and ensure you child is old enough to use blinds properly without danger.
Torches can be made out of empty toilet paper rolls. For flames a bit of computer paper coloured with reds and oranges can be crumpled up for texture and then glued to the top of the toilet roll. For torch holders you can colour some cardboard strips black to look like iron and glue them together to form a metal basket for your castle wall.
Any castle worth its salt must have a moat. You can simply add a bit of wavy blue paper to the bottom of your castle walls to suggest its presence, or you can go all out. A blue sheet or large towel spread underneath the drawbridge, or lots of blue paper, will create a marvelous effect. You can even add moat monsters. Discuss with your child what sorts of monsters are needed to make the castle completely secure. Draw some of them on computer paper or extra cardboard and place them in your moat, or maybe at the bottom of the castle's wall. Good thing you built a drawbridge, Dad!
The decoration of your castle can be as simple or as elaborate as you wish. You can always do the decorating in stages of projects. The beautiful thing about building a cardboard castle is that it is cheap. If it gets destroyed in a siege you can repair it with some more pieces of cardboard or you can simply recycle it. So, grab your child and some cardboard and start having fun creating things together!
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text:
This week's interesting word is porraceous. I will buy an imaginary drink for anyone who knows what it means without looking it up – and a bonus imaginary packet of crisps if you have used it in everyday conversation.
Porraceous means 'resembling a leek'. It is typically used to mean that something is leek-green in colour. (In many cases the something is vomit.)
It is early 17th century in origin, and stems from the Latin word porrāceus (itself from porrum meaning 'leek' and āceus meaning 'of the nature of').
"Martians, according to general sci-fi ethnobotany, are always small, hydrocephalic, intelligent, and seem a sort of porraceous green."
– Alexander Theroux, The Secondary Colors, 1996
Isn't the English language brilliant?


text:
Coriander & Coconut Salmon. Coriander is an herb that's commonly used to flavor various international dishes. In the United States, Coriandrum sativum seeds are called coriander, while. ? Coriander. Coriander is a member of the parsley family.
Coriander Seeds, Coriandrum sativum is rich in Copper and Iron support for Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Antidepressant and Antimutagenic activity. coriander; cilantroBowl of coriander fruits next to cilantro leaves, both of which are from the plant Coriandrum coriander flowerCoriander (Coriandrum sativum) in bloom. Have you ever caught up with gripping stomach pain? Drinking a few sips of extraction obtained from coriander seeds, dill, caraway, fennel, and aniseed from your. You can make Coriander & Coconut Salmon using 10 ingredients and 1 steps. Here you go how you cook it.
Ingredients of Coriander & Coconut Salmon
- Prepare 150 g of rice cooked according to the instructions on the packet.
- You need 2 of salmon steaks.
- Prepare 2 of tsps fish sauce.
- It's 1/2 tsp of ground ginger.
- You need 125 ml of coconut milk.
- You need 1 of garlic clove minced.
- Prepare 5 g of fresh coriander leaves.
- Prepare 1 tbsp of brown sugar.
- You need 1 tbsp of lime juice.
- It's of Salt and pepper for seasoning.
Are they the same or two totally different things? We have here stumbled upon a prime example in the words coriander and cilantro. Coriander is a spice made from the seeds of the cilantro plant. Known for its light, lemony flavor The term "coriander" is often used to refer a spice made from the dry fruit of the Coriandrum sativum plant.
Coriander & Coconut Salmon Instructions
- Preheat the oven to 180 oC Place the salmon steaks in a casserole dish Put the fish sauce, ginger, coconut milk, garlic, coriander, brown sugar, lime juice and seasoning in a blender Blitz until smooth Pour over the salmon and bake in the oven for 15 minutes or until your salmon is cooked Serve with your cooked rice.
Coriander is one of the world's most commonly used herbs – in spite of the fact that the name comes from the Greek, koris, meaning bed bug! Coriander seeds are studied for their ability to manage diabetes, aid digestion, promote heart health, and improve menstrual health. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), commonly known as Cilantro or Dhania, is a powerful herb with many health benefits. This plant is rich in micronutrients and nutritional elements. An aromatic annual Eurasian herb in the parsley family.


text:
(28 February 2017) STAT!Ref has an online study tool for board certification called BoardVitals. BoardVitals brings together content from major publishers, universities, and top healthcare professionals into a single platform, creating the largest training ecosystem in health and medicine.
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- Publications
 - Influence
Genetic interactions and dosage effects of Polycomb group genes of Drosophila
TLDR
The phenotypes of adult flies heterozygous for every pairwise combination of Pc group genes are examined in an attempt to subdivide the Polycomb (Pc) group functionally and the results support the idea that Additional sex combs, Pc, Polycomblike (Pcl), Posterior sex Combs (Psc), Sex combs on midleg (Scm), and Sex combes extra (Sce) have similar functions in some imaginal tissues. Expand
Mutations in somePolycomb group genes ofDrosophila interfere with regulation of segmentation genes
TLDR
A role for Polycomb (Pc) group genes in regulation of some segmentation genes is supported, and it is suggested thatesc may act differently from other Pc group genes. Expand


text:
George Fisher Baker
George Fisher Baker (March 27, 1840, in
Troy, New York– May 2, 1931) was a U.S. financierand philanthropist. He provided much of the initial funding for Harvard Business School. Beside that, he made several large donations to charitable causes throughout New York Cityand funded the construction of Baker Field, Columbia University's primary athletic facility. He also provided $2 million for Baker Memorial Libraryat Dartmouth College, which has since become one of the school's symbols. A co-founder of the First National Bank of New York in 1863, he became the Bank's President in 1877 and Chairman of the Board in 1909. Mr. Baker's 20,000 shares in the First National Bank were worth twenty million dollars. He was also the largest stockholder in the Central Railroad of New Jersey. He was a director in 22 corporations, which, together with their subsidiaries, had aggregate resources of $7,272,000,000 and he presumably had stock in at least as many corporations.
Baker, born in
Troy, New York, was the son of George Ellis Baker and Eveline Stevens. He married Florence Tucker Baker (daughter of Benjamin Franklin Baker and Sophronia J. Whitney) in 1869, and was the father of:
* Evelyn Baker (1870–1936) m. 1891 Howard Bligh St. George
* Florence Bellows Baker (1876–1936) m. William Goadby Loew
* George Fisher Baker Jr. (1878–1937) m. Edith Brevoort Kane
His son George Fisher Baker, Jr.'s daughter Edith married
John M. Schiffof Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
Top Hat LaBaron Pierce-Arrow
In 1929 George Baker commissioned the construction of a one-of-a-kind
Pierce-Arrowtown car, built by LeBaron, for the wedding of his daughter. The cars uniquely high roof line (5" taller than standard models) was specifically requested by Mr. Baker who wished to wear his top hat while riding. At the time this car was finished, Mr. Baker was one of the 10 richest men in the United States and easily one of the wealthiest individuals in history up to that time.
The vehicle, having been owned by such a prominent figure in American history, has significant historical value. The car was rediscovered in 1978 in a barn in Ohio alongside a Rolls Royce Boat Tail Speedster formerly owned by
Fred Astaire.Fact|date=January 2008
The unique features of the car reflect the affluence of its former owner. Trim lining the rear compartment of the car is made of 24 carat gold, as are the perfume dispensers and intercom.
The car is currently part of the
White Glove Collection, located in La Crosse, Wisconsin.
The April 14, 1924, Edition of "
Time Magazine" had this to say about Baker:
The March 26, 1934, "Time" magazine magazine article called Baker Quotation|the richest, most powerful and most taciturn commercial banker in U. S. history [cite news
title="All Paths Unite!"
A 1934 article in "
Newsweek" describes him as one of the most imposing figures in banking history. In the November, 1994 issue of " Worth" magazine, in an interview with James Grant, editor of a financial newsletter, Baker is described as the hidebound turn-of-the-century banker who always got his loans repaid and was one of Grant's heroes.
* [_URL_ George F. Baker's 1929 Pierce Arrow Top Hat LaBaron at White Glove Collection]
* cite news
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Look at other dictionaries:
George Harold Baker — Pour l'article homonyme, voir Baker. George Harold Baker (4 novembre 1877 2 juin 1916) fut un avocat et homme politique fédéral du Québec. Né à Sweetsburg en Montérégie, M. Baker entama sa carrière politique en devenant député du… … Wikipédia en Français
George Harold Baker — Infobox CanadianMP | name=George Harold Baker cabinet = term start =1911 term end =(1914, Killed in Action in World War 1 on June 2, 1916) predecessor =Sydney A. Fisher successor =Andrew Ross McMaster birth date =November 4, 1877 birth place… … Wikipedia
Baker, George Fisher — ▪ American financier born March 27, 1840, Troy, N.Y., U.S. died May 2, 1931, New York, N.Y. American financier, bank president, and philanthropist who endowed the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard. When the national… … Universalium
George Baker — may refer to:*George Pierce Baker (1866–1925), U.S. drama professor *George Fisher Baker (1840–1931), U.S. banker and philanthropist *George Baker (politician) (born 1942), Canadian Senator *George Barnard Baker (_PHONE_), Canadian politician… … Wikipedia
Baker Memorial Library — Fisher Ames Baker Memorial Library is the main library at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The fresco, The Epic of American Civilization , was painted by José Clemente Orozco in the lower level of Baker Library. Baker s tower,… … Wikipedia
George Vancouver — Retrato de George Vancouver (artista desconocido) … Wikipedia Español
George W Bush — George W. Bush (2003) George Walker Bush [ˈdʒɔɹdʒ ˈwɔːkɚ bʊʃ] ?/Info/IPA, meist abgekürzt George W. Bush (* 6. Juli 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut), ist ein US amerikanischer Politiker der … Deutsch Wikipedia
George Walker Bush — George W. Bush (2003) George Walker Bush [ˈdʒɔɹdʒ ˈwɔːkɚ bʊʃ] ?/Info/IPA, meist abgekürzt George W. Bush (* 6. Juli 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut), ist ein US amerikanischer Politiker der … Deutsch Wikipedia
George W. Bush — (2003) George Walker Bush … Deutsch Wikipedia
George Voinovich — United States Senator from Ohio In office January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2011 … Wikipedia


Jacinda Townsend
2017 Hellman Fellow
Assistant Professor, English
UC Davis
Project Title: Kif: a Novel
Kif is told in the voices of an American who "adopts" a Moroccan child and
the young mother, escaped from Mauritanian slavery, who lost her. The novel was inspired by interviews with former slaves and anti-slavery activists in both Morocco and Mauritania. As a Hellman Fellow, Townsend will return to Morocco in order to spend time in Marrakech and points south, interviewing the sub-Saharan migrants who have escaped precarious situations to build new lives in the kingdom of Morocco.
Link to interview:


Learn Photography: Art School Pros and Cons
Learn Photography: Art School Pros and Cons
Some people eat, dream, and breathe photography, so when it comes to pursuing it as a career, it may seem like a natural choice for them to attend "a really good art school". But is art school really worth it? Many experts say, "No," citing that many of the people who are successful in the field are self-taught individuals who do not have any formal education or degrees. Others say, "Yes," citing that majoring in photography can help an aspiring photographer become well-rounded, refine his technique and develop a personal style.
Better knowledge of art history, photography history, and the liberal arts. When you attend a four-year college you will have to take classes in general topics like art history, biology, mathematics, English and the foreign languages.
Refined skills. People go to college to refine their skills, and art school is no different. If you choose to go to art school, you will have the opportunity to refine your natural photography skills and learn from people who have been in the business.
Stronger understanding of lighting and composition technique.
When you take classes that are specifically focused on photography, you will learn how to light, contrast and compose photographs better. This can give you a stronger advantage over someone who has no formal education.
Tuition expense. Four-year art colleges and private universities are extremely expensive, and public universities are increasing in cost. Ask yourself: "Am I prepared to be $120,000 in debt by the time I graduate? Can I afford to live on my own and pay for my own equipment with debt while earning an average starting salary of $26,000?" If you feel comfortable with that decision, you realize that you need to make significant sacrifices before and after university.
Equipment expense.
Photography equipment--especially quality photography equipment--is extremely expensive. A good lens, camera, or simple accessory can cost as much as a subcompact car, and even though you only have to buy these items at least once every few years, they are still a significant expense. Your continuous supplies, such as film, developing chemicals, flash cards, software updates and filters will also cost you a significant amount of money.
Employment is harder to find with a BFA. Employment is not guaranteed with any degree, but a degree in something as specific as photography can limit your skill set. If you want to go to school for photography, then major in business and minor in photography, or take on a double major. Photographers spend 80 percent of their time running their business and 20 percent of their time shooting, so it is more beneficial to an aspiring photographer to have a degree in business and adequate experience in photography.
Possibility of having to pursue more education. If your photography career does not work out--and if you only have a photography degree--teaching may be one of your only options. A post-graduate certificate in education or a Master's of Fine Arts in photography is your only routes in that case.
A Better Plan
You may be better off getting an Associate's degree in photography from a community or technical college, fulfilling your general education requirements, and transferring to a four-year college to pursue a business degree. If you are still passionate, get in touch with a professional in your area and assist him or her during the summers. He or she can help you refine your ability to take pictures, build a portfolio, and foster business sense. This way, if photography does not work out, you have another degree to support you.
Popular P&S Cameras for High Quality Photos:


Why Did Judge Immediately Halt the New Overtime Rule?
Three regulations issued by the Department of Labor (DOL) have been blocked by the courts in the past month.
The latest regulation was the final rule issued by the DOL in May doubling the weekly threshold for salaried workers exempt from overtime pay under the Federal Labor Standards Act to $47,476 annually. The regulation was set to take effect Dec. 1 and included an indexing formula that raised the threshold every three years without another rule-making.
In general, businesses are required to pay overtime for specific classes of specially protected workers (i.e. low wage, demanding physical labor, etc.)who work more than 40 hours a week. Congress however exempted, "any employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity." The Labor Department has traditionally used a 'duties test' to determine exempt workers. The agency proposes to now employ a secondary salary test to help businesses screen out nonexempt workers. Employees that earned less than $23,660 annually—the threshold set in 2004—were unlikely to be engaged in executive or administrative duties.
Many workers earning less than the new $47,476 threshold perform duties—such as fast-food manager or a starting accountant—are also likely to be involved in executive or administrative duties. The DOL estimated that 4.2 million workers and the businesses they work in would be affected under the new labor standard without their duties changing.
Business groups and 21 states sued, arguing that the rule would raise government costs by $115 million. In preparation for new rule implementation, employers have been reclassifying workers, in some cases capping hours, hiring more part-time workers and shifting duties to those that are professionals in the context of their job responsibilities.
U.S. District Court Amos Judge Mazzant noted that the, "significant increase to the salary level creates essentially a de facto salary-only test." This exceeds DOL's, "delegated authority and ignores Congress's intent by raising the minimum salary level such that it supplants the duties test." He determined the rule was, "directly in conflict with Congress's intent."
The judge issued a temporary injunction for all 50 states because, "the scope of the alleged irreparable injury extends nationwide."
For more detailed information on this ruling, please see the following documents:
 1. Complaint Filed to U.S. District Court
 2. Injunction Imposed by U.S. District Court
 3. District Court Judge's Official Ruling


text:
Rizeh is a Persian word that means "tiny," and our Rizeh robot is very small indeed. Driven by two cellphone vibrators, it's very low-cost to build and implement. The robot is able to perform basic linear and circular motions, and with its infrared detectors it can successfully follow a black line on a white background. To our knowledge it's the smallest line-following vibrobot in the world!
We applied some techniques to minimize the electronics needed to control the robot, which is crucial in building small bots. Instead of a motor driver, our control scheme employs the internal PWM capabilities of the microcontroller itself to control the vibrators. The final robot weighs just 5 grams and measures 19mm×16mm×10mm.
Our line-following test includes curves, lines, and corners, and the robot is able to successfully follow the line. Rizeh won first place at RoboCup IranOpen 2013 in the Demo (Freestyle) League. Here's how you can make it.
Special thanks to Prof. Adel Akbarimajd, my partner in this project.


Atlas of the Patagonian Sea
Species
South American Fur Seal
South American Fur Seal
Arctocephalus australis
Regional Nesting Sites: South American Fur Seals are found on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides of South America, from Uruguay to Peru. Most of the population is concentrated in the Atlantic side of the distribution, especially in the Uruguayan islands.
Diet: They mostly feed on anchovy, crustaceans and cephalopods, diving to depths of up to 170 m.
World breeding population: Estimated at 250,000-300,000 animals. Most of the global population is concentrated in Uruguay.
Conservation Status: Least concern (IUCN, 2008).
Main threats: Interaction with fishing activity affects this species, in particular due to competition for resources and being caught in fishing gear.


text:
As spring and summer storms start rolling in it can be helpful to learn more about the weather and rain. Set up this simple rain sensory bin for toddler sensory play, or add in our free printable rain counting cards to extend the idea and work on counting and number sense activities with preschoolers and kindergarteners.
FIND EVEN MORE PLAYFUL LEARNING IDEAS IN OUR PRINTABLE RAIN THEME AND LESSON PLANS.
Materials for Rain Sensory Bin
- Cotton Balls
- Blue Glass Beads (or another rain alternative)
- Sparkly Gold Tinsel Stems (trimmed into thirds and bent into zig zags)
- Optional: Free printable rain counting cards (link below)
For toddlers set up the sensory bin as an invitation to play and explore different textures. They'll work with the materials in a variety of ways. You'll likely notice them lining items up, sorting them, and beginning to make patterns.
For preschoolers and kindergarteners add in the free printable number cards.
In small group or indpendently, kids can count out sets of items to match the number card. As they do so they are working on number recognition and making sets.
For kids who are ready to extend the activity you can incorporate number sense by having them identify the number that is one less than the number on the card and making a set to match that number. Then identify the number that is one more than the number on the card and make a set to match that number as shown above.
More Free Math Printables
Get a full week of playful rain theme learning ideas!
Save time and get right to the playful learning with our printable lesson plan sets. Each set includes over 30 playful learning activities related to the theme, and we've provided different versions for home preschool families and classroom teachers so all activities are geared directly toward your needs.
Get Your Copy
Also available on Teachers Pay Teachers.


Parameter-reduction of higher level grammars
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
Abstract
A higher level (OI-) grammar is called terminating if for every accessible term t there is at least one terminal term which can be derived from t. A grammar is called parameter-reduced if it is terminating and has no superfluous parameters. For every grammar G of level n0 which generates at least one term we construct grammars R(G) and P(G) such that R(G) and P(G) generate the same language as G but are terminating and parameter-reduced respectively. We introduce a hierarchy of restrictions to the delection capability of the grammars which allow a gradual decrease in the complexity of the algorithms from n-iterated exponential time to polynomial time.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)47-85
Number of pages39
JournalTheoretical Computer Science
Volume55
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 1987
Externally publishedYes
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In Weil's paper
"On a certain type of characters of the idele-class group of an algebraic number field",
Weil introduces a class of characters on the Idele class group (of not necessarily finite order) which take algebraic values. He calls them, characters of type (A) (the (A) probably stands for algebraic, I guess). On the last 3 lines of p. 3, he says that Artin pointed out to him how to use Minkowski's theorem on units (in absolutely normal number fields) to show essentially that all such characters come from CM fields.
Basically, this question boils down to understand the following: For which number fields $K$; collection of integers $f_{\iota}$; and a suitable choice of an integer $m$, is it possible to have $$ \prod_{\iota\in S_{\infty} }\left(\frac{\iota(\epsilon)}{\overline{\iota(\epsilon)}}\right)^{mf_{\iota}}=1 $$ for all $\epsilon\in \mathcal{O}_K^{\times}$? Here $S_{\infty}$ denotes the set of infinite places of $K$.
Q1: Is there a reference in the literature where I can find a proof (or a sketch of a proof) of this result?
Q2: If no such reference exists, then how does one prove it from Minkowski's theorem?
share|improve this question
See Laurent Fargues's great article 'Motives and automorphic forms: the potentially abelian case', available here: www-irma.u-strasbg.fr/~fargues/Motifs_abeliens.pdf It's Proposition 1.12. – Keerthi Madapusi Pera Jan 30 '13 at 14:49
Also, do you mean Dirichlet's theorem, rather than Minkowski's? – Keerthi Madapusi Pera Jan 30 '13 at 14:49
Fargues' article is indeed great in many ways but I don't find his proof of Proposition 1.12 all that clear -- he leaves a lot of checking to the reader. – David Loeffler Jan 30 '13 at 20:16
see Patrikis' 2012 thesis: math.ias.edu/~patrikis/variationsoct2012.pdf (in particular, 5.1.3). the first proof given is the standard one (see Keerthi's answer below), but it also indicates a second proof. – fherzig Jan 31 '13 at 19:37
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Now that I've had the chance to look at Fargues's proof carefully, it seems incomplete for what it claims to prove, but it might answer the question under consideration.
Suppose that you have a collection of integers $f_{\iota}$ indexed by embeddings $\iota:K\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}$ and satisfying for some integer $m$ (this is slightly different from the OP's identity):
$$\prod_{\iota}\iota(\epsilon)^{mf_{\iota}}=1,\text{ for all $\epsilon\in\mathcal{O}_K^\times$}.$$
Then I claim that there exists a CM sub-field $L\subset K$ such that $f_{\iota}$ only depends on $\iota\vert_L$ (for the purposes of this statement, totally real fields are CM).
The assertion that allows us to reduce this to Dirichlet's unit theorem is the following: It suffices to show that, for all $\sigma\in Aut(\mathbb{C})$, $f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$ and $\sigma$.
(EDIT: It was incorrectly stated in the original version that it was enough to require independence from $\iota$ alone).
To see this, we reinterpret this condition as follows: After fixing an embedding $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}\hookrightarrow\mathbb{C}$, we can view the collection $(f_{\iota})$ as an element $f$ of the $G_{\mathbb{Q}}$-module of maps $Hom(K,\bar{\mathbb{Q}})\to\mathbb{Z}$. The Galois action is given by $(\sigma(f))_{\iota}=f_{\sigma^{-1}\iota}$. From this point of view, our claim amounts to: For every complex conjugation $c$ of $\bar{\mathbb{Q}}$, $f_{\iota}+f_{c(\iota)}$ is independent of $c$ and $\iota$. In particular, for all $\sigma\in G_{\mathbb{Q}}$, and all complex conjugations $c$, we have:
$$ f_{\sigma^{-1}\iota}+f_{c(\sigma^{-1}\iota)}=f_{\iota}+f_{c\iota}. $$
Another way to write this is, for all $\iota$:
$$ \sigma(f)_{\iota}+\sigma(c(f))_{\iota}=f_{\iota}+c(f)_{\iota}. $$
So $\sigma$ stabilizes $f$ if and only if it stabilizes $c(f)$, for all complex conjugations $c$. Let $L$ be the fixed field of the stabilizer of $f$ in $G_{\mathbb{Q}}$. We have shown that $L$ is stabilized by all complex conjugations. To show that $L$ is CM we need to now need to know that all complex conjugations have the same action on $L$. This amounts to showing that $f_{c(\iota)}$ does not depend on the choice of $c$. But, since $f_{\iota}+f_{c(\iota)}$ does not depend on $c$ by hypothesis, this is clear.
Let us return to the first identity above. Taking the logarithm of its absolute value gives us:
$$ \sum_{\iota}f_{\iota}\vert \iota(\epsilon)\vert=0. $$
But consider the map
$$ \ell:\mathcal{O}_K^\times\otimes\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\oplus_{v\vert\infty}\mathbb{R}. $$ given by $\ell(\epsilon\otimes 1)_v=\log\vert \epsilon\vert_v$ if $v$ is real and by $\ell(\epsilon\otimes 1)_v=2\log\vert \epsilon\vert_v$ if $v$ is complex. The indexing set here is the set of inequivalent archimedean norms on $K$. Then Dirichlet's unit theorem says that $\ell$ is an isomorphism onto the hyperplane $H$ where the sum of the co-ordinates is identically $0$.
This shows that, for all $(b_v)\in H$,
$$\sum_{v}\frac{f_{\iota(v)}+f_{\overline{\iota}(v)}}{2}b_v=0.$$ Here, if $v$ is complex, $\iota(v)$ and $\overline{\iota}(v)$ are the two complex embeddings inducing $v$. If $v$ is real, they're the same embedding. If one uses the usual basis of $H$ consisting of differences of the basis vectors for the ambient space, one finds that $f_{\iota}+f_{\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$. Applying the same argument to the character $\epsilon\mapsto\prod_{\iota}\sigma^{-1}(\iota(\epsilon))^{f_{\iota}}=\prod_\iota\iota(\epsilon)^{f_{\sigma\iota}}$, one sees that $f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\overline{\iota}}$ is independent of $\iota$ as well.
(EDIT: The remainder of the proof has been changed to reflect the correction in the criterion above.)
Set $w(\sigma)=f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\bar{\iota}}$: this doesn't depend on $\iota$. To finish the proof, we must show that it is independent of $\sigma$ as well. First, let $L$ be as above. From what we have proven already, we find that $L$ is stable under all complex conjugations. Assume that $L$ is totally complex; this implies that $K$ is also totally complex. Then, if $n=[K:\mathbb{Q}]$, we have:
$$ 2nw(1)=\sum_{\iota}(f_{\iota}+f_{\bar{\iota}})=\sum_{\iota}(f_{\sigma\iota}+f_{\sigma\bar{\iota}})=2nw(\sigma). $$
So, in this case, the independence is clear.
To finish, it is enough to show the following: If $L$ has one real place, then $L=\mathbb{


MD Physician & ICU
Dana Shivam is a multi speciality hospital having dedicated Critical / General care unit with Best General Physician in Jaipur who will first study your disease then will diagnose and treat accordingly.
Role of Physician
The role of the physician on a health care team is like a multi-tasker. The physician's duty are based on regulated range of practice. The physician is well qualified to provide leadership in maintaining and supervising the patient's overall health care.
How does a physician diagnose a disease?
A diagnosis is basically based on laboratory reports or on the test results, rather than the physical inspection of the patient body. For example, a total diagnosis of infectious diseases generally requires both an examination of signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory reports of the agent that is responsible for the disease.
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 Dr. C.P. Suthar
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Book Launch: Memoir of a Pilgrimage for Eight, by Philip Adamo
Facebook Live
In the summer of 2017, a group of strangers followed in the footsteps of eight medieval monks, who in 1230 AD traveled north from their priory in France to found three new monasteries in the far reaches of Scotland.
PILGRIMAGE FOR EIGHT is a memoir of that modern-day pilgrimage, told through a historian's eyes. It's a tale of people from diverse backgrounds and cultures undertaking a journey that challenged them physically, emotionally, and spiritually. This newly-created traveling 'family' experienced the joys and trials of communal life and formed deep friendships that would last well beyond their 1300-mile trek.
Phil will discuss the pilgrimage, read excerpts from the book, and answer questions from the audience.


text:
Management of biodiversity in Victoria requires knowledge about our environment, its species and its processes. With the right knowledge we can make informed decisions about what actions will deliver greater benefits, for more species, and across more landscapes in Victoria. However, our knowledge about the environment is incomplete.
To address this challenge, ARI has partnered with the University of Melbourne and other DELWP Biodiversity Division staff to develop the Biodiversity Knowledge Framework. The framework helps prioritise knowledge gaps and set an agenda for environmental research in Victoria.
Underlying the framework is a network of causal models describing how we understand our environment and the relationship of conservation actions to biodiversity. These models were developed by ARI through a series of extensive expert elicitation processes and provide a consistent and transparent evaluation of knowledge gaps. Over time new models will be added and updated to reflect new research and expert feedback.
Through an online, interactive Knowledge Portal, researchers, science investors and land managers can now investigate the detail of the framework and identify areas of uncertainty where new research would be highly valued. As these knowledge gaps are filled, land managers will have a more complete understanding on how they can best manage our environment and support biodiversity.
The portal has been designed for anyone who is interested in delivering environmental research critical for management, including academic researchers, land managers, conservation consultants and policy makers. It allows users to:
- Explore key knowledge gaps for conservation actions
- Test causal relationships and assumptions about conservation actions
- Form research questions that will address key knowledge gaps
Information represented in the framework is aligned with DELWP's biodiversity decision-support tool Strategic Management Prospects (SMP) to support the Victorian Government's 'Protecting Victoria's Environment - Biodiversity 2037' plan. The Knowledge Framework is funded by DELWP Biodiversity Division.
For more information contact: _EMAIL_
Page last updated: 23/06/21


text:
Skip to Main Content
In this paper, a novel two-dimensional direction of arrival (2-D DOA) estimation method is proposed based on a new array configuration when uncorrelated and coherent signals coexist. The DOAs of uncorrelated signals are estimated using the non-zero eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the DOA matrix (DOAM) combined with our proposed criterion. Meanwhile, we can form a new matrix without the information of uncorrelated signals. Then the coherent signals are resolved with the redefined DOAM that is constructed by the smoothed matrices of the new matrix. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. Other arrays that contain multiple identical central-symmetric subarrays (e.g. uniform rectangular arrays) can also be applied with our method.


From Age of Sigmar - Lexicanum
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Lykerna, the City of Light, is a city of Tyrion's worshippers in the Realm of Light hidden within mountains and its light concealed from the nearby plains. The city was a sanctuary throughout the Age of Chaos protected by magical maze that nobody but the native-born of this city could traverse. The people of this city believe that the blind are blessed to share the burden of Tyrion.[1]
The khornate lord Graunos, a lost son of Lykerna, led his warband into the city in order to get revenge for his blindness being considered a blessing, rather than acknowledging his plight.[1]


text:
Milestone 3 TuringMachine TrustIdea 1: Distribution of work according to workers' interests
Background and Motivation
The Future of Work, Kittur etal 2013 has shown that Incentives and motivation play a big role in developing sustainable crowd sourcing communities. Workers like to follow their passion and perform the tasks that suits to their skill-sets. This approach helps workers build their resume, career, earn money, and work on projects of their interests.
Match me with the work I am passionate about.
Crowd sourcing systems can be designed to solve large number of problems. The eco-system can involve tasks and work that require different kind of expertise and skills. These tasks can be broken down into various categories as shown in the figure below
Workers who participate in these tasks have different motivation as indicated in the figure below. We envision automated hiring/task recommender algorithm that can match workers with their areas of interest. This will give them a freedom to choose the projects they care about. Previous research in the field of organizational behavior has shown that individuals are more committed to work if the tasks they are performing fall under their area of interests.
Distribution of Work according to interests of workers SVD & Collaborative Filtering Recommender Engine:
- Maintain the Master Profile Map of Tasks according to functionalities.
- Maintain Master Profile Map of Workers' skills, experience, salary history, salary expectations, and interests.
- Develop Clustering/Classification algorithm to maintain categorize of profiles.
- A perfect matching/recommender algorithm to match workers profile with tasks
- The two phase recommendation system using Single Value Decomposition or Collaborative Filtering can be developed. In first phase, we use rating of reviewers against workers hence recommending closest match between requestors and workers. In second phase we design workers against the task ratings. The optimization objective function can be designed using stochastic gradient descent algorithm. Furthermore, we can optimize the algorithm using baseline prediction. Finally, we can aggregate the results depending on users' preferences. In either case the recommender engine can benefit workers and requestors while forming the teams and selecting the tasks.


You are here: Home / Research Projects / Project Details
Project Details
Species and Strain Differences in the Toxicity of the Alga Gambierdiscus: Implications for Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean
Project Status: This project began in January 2011 and was completed in December 2015
The goal of this project is to advance our understanding of toxins produced by different species of the alga Gambierdiscus and how these toxins and their varieties move through the food chain. Project results will increase our understanding of the factors contributing to ciguatera food poisoning and how it may differ between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Simultaneously, we will develop a fast and inexpensive toxin test.
Why We Care
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) causes more human illness than all other harmful algal bloom species combined. Unfortunately, little is known about the different chemical forms (congeners) of marine toxins (ciguatoxins) produced by different species of the alga Gambierdiscus. This study will lead to a better understanding of the differences in toxicity among species of Gambierdiscus, allowing managers to design effective monitoring programs in the short term and develop risk assessments and forecasting capabilities in the long term.
What We Are Doing
We are conducting a comprehensive survey of the differences in toxicity within and among various species of Gambierdiscus in the Caribbean. We will establish the relative per cell toxicity of Gambierdiscus species and varieties (isolates) and provide detailed analyses of the ciguatoxin congeners produced by the most toxic species. This will allow testing of the hypothesis that per cell toxicity increases with latitudinal gradients in the Caribbean, and will also enable comparison of toxin profiles from Atlantic and Pacific strains. We will also assess whether or not a test for the breakdown of red blood cells (hemolytic assays) can be used as a low-cost method for determining relative CFP toxicity among isolates, which will further our understanding of regional differences in toxicity among Gambierdiscus species.
The project team included partners from NOAA/NCCOS and North Carolina State University at Raleigh.
Benefits of Our Work
This project will provide valuable information about ciguatoxins entering the food chain. For the first time, we will systematically address whether the amounts and types of ciguatoxins being produced in the Caribbean are different from those in the Pacific, and whether isolates from lower latitudes are more toxic. This knowledge is crucial for understanding CFP and how it may differ between the Atlantic and Pacific basins. It will also help determine the success of a cell-based monitoring system for predicting CFP risk. Development of a fast and low-cost assay to determine relative CFP toxicity among isolates can help manage CFP risk. Similarly, experiments designed to investigate how growth conditions affect relative toxicity might inform future Gambierdiscus management strategies.
Region of Study: Caribbean Sea
Primary Contact: Marc Suddleson
Research Theme: Harmful Algal Blooms (Ecology and Oceanography)
Related NCCOS Center: CSCOR
Project Products
 Publications
* Printed on May 27, 2017 at 7:26 PM from .


parameter settings).
 Format: PROF num
 Where num is the number of the selected profile.
 Reset
 Requests a reset of the Virtual Call.
 Format: RESET
 Interrupt
 Requests the transmission of an interrupt packet on the Virtual Call.
 Format: INT
 Select
 Requests the establishment of a Virtual Call.
 Format: CALL
 G<nn>,R,T<rpoa>,C,N<nui>-<address><cud>
 Where:
 PAD parameters
 (Ref #16.)
 The following table shows the PAD parameters that are defined in X.25.
 Table 39. PAD parameters
 +===========+================================+================================+
 | Parameter | Meaning | Value |
 | Number | | |
 +===========+================================+================================+
 | 1 | Escape to PAD command state on | 0=Disabled |
 | | receipt of DLE | 1=Escape possible |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 2 | Character echo | 0=Do not echo typed characters |
 | | | to display |
 | | | 1=Echo characters typed to |
 | | | display |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 3 | Data forwarding characters | 00=No data forwarding |
 | | | characters. Data is forwarded |
 | | | only after the 128th character |
 | | | of input. |
 | | | 01=A-Z, a-z, 0-9 |
 | | | 02=CR |
 | | | 04=ESC, BEL, ENQ, ACK |
 | | | 08=DEL, CAN, DC2 |
 | | | 16=ETX, EOT |
 | | | 32=HT, LF, VT, FF |
 | | | Note: Other values can be |
 | | | achieved by combining the |
 | | | above values. |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 4 | Data forwarding on time out | 0=Disabled |
 | | | 1-255=Time out period in |
 | | | 0.05-second units |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 5 | Flow control of terminal by | 0=Disable |
 | | PAD | 1=Use X-ON and X-OFF |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 6 | Suppression of service signals | 0=Suppress messages |
 | | from the PAD | 1=Relay messages to terminal |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 7 | Action on receipt of a Break | 0=No action on receipt of |
 | | from the terminal | Break |
 | | | 1=PAD transmits X.25 Interrupt |
 | | | Packet to Host |
 | | | 2=PAD transmits X.25 Reset |
 | | | Packet to Host |
 | | | 5=PAD transmits X.25 Interrupt |
 | | | Packet and an indication of |
 | | | Break |
 | | | 8=The PAD leaves the Data |
 | | | Transfer State and waits for a |
 | | | command |
 | | | 21=As for 5 but parameter 5 is |
 | | | set to 1 |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 8 | Data delivery to terminal | 0=Normal delivery to terminal |
 | | | 1=Discard data destined for |
 | | | terminal |
 | | | Note: Receipt of a Reset |
 | | | Indication or confirmation |
 | | | sets this parameter to 0. |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 9 | Padding after Carriage Return | 0=No padding characters after |
 | | | CR |
 | | | 1-7=1 Number of padding |
 | | | characters after CR |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 10 | Line folding | 0=No line folding |
 | | | 1-255=Value at which to fold |
 | | | terminal line |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 11 | Terminal speed | Not applicable |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 12 | Flow control of the PAD by the | 0=No use of X-ON and X-OFF |
 | | terminal | 1=Use X-ON and X-OFF |
 +-----------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
 | 13 | Line feed insertion after | 0=No LF insertion |
 | | carriage return | 1=LF inserted after every CR |
 | | | transmitted |
 | | | 4=LF is echoed after every |
 | | | local CR is echoed |
 | | | 5=Combined effect of 1 and 4 |
 | | | 6=LF is inserted after every |
 | | | CR echoed to the terminal and |
 | | | sent to the host |
 | | | 7=Combined effect of 1 and 6 |
 +-----------+--------------------------


Definition of:HiFD disk
HiFD disk
(HIgh Capacity Floppy Disk) A 3.5" diskette introduced in 1998 by Sony and Fuji Photo Film Company that held 200MB. HiFD drives could read and write standard 1.44MB floppy disks. Although the HiFD held 138 times as much as a floppy, it never caught on because Zip disks and CD-R technology became popular.
HiFD Cartridge
HiFD disks held 138 times as much data as a standard floppy, and the drives also supported the common 3.5" diskette.
Requested resource not found


text:
2018, Volume 1, Issue 34, Pages 439-456
AbstractMorphology of the village in the countryside of Abo Gharb model
Geography of rural settlement is on of types of human geography , Which emerged in the second half of the twentieth century , As for the morphology of the village , it is one of the most important topics that study the subject of rural settlement , Because it is studying some of the important elements in the village , such as the village plan , land use and the type of rural housing .
As for the study area , it is the village of Abo Gharb , which is one of the most important villages of the Abbasid district as one of the three agricultural areas of kufa and is the back of the agricultural city of kufa , including the field crops.
The study examined three axes. The first axes came with the plan of the village . The second dealt with the fabric of the village and its dwellings . The third axis examined the uses of rural land inside the village .
The study concludes with a number of conclusions, in order to overcome the difficulties faced by the researcher in the lack of resources around the village.
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