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Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters
The key function of a battery in a PV system is to provide power when other generating sourced are unavailable, and hence batteries in PV systems will experience continual charging and discharging cycles. All battery parameters are affected by battery charging and recharging cycle.
Battery State of Charge (BSOC)
A key parameter of a battery in use in a PV system is the battery state of charge (BSOC). The BSOC is defined as the fraction of the total energy or battery capacity that has been used over the total available from the battery.
恒大彩票网址是多少Battery state of charge (BSOC or SOC) gives the ratio of the amount of energy presently stored in the battery to the nominal rated capacity. For example, for a battery at 80% SOC and with a 500 Ah capacity, the energy stored in the battery is 400 Ah. A common way to measure the BSOC is to measure the voltage of the battery and compare this to the voltage of a fully charged battery. However, as the battery voltage depends on temperature as well as the state of charge of the battery, this measurement provides only a rough idea of battery state of charge.
Depth of Discharge
恒大彩票网址是多少In many types of batteries, the full energy stored in the battery cannot be withdrawn (in other words, the battery cannot be fully discharged) without causing serious, and often irreparable damage to the battery. The Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a battery determines the fraction of power that can be withdrawn from the battery. For example, if the DOD of a battery is given by the manufacturer as 25%, then only 25% of the battery capacity can be used by the load.
Nearly all batteries, particularly for renewable energy applications, are rated in terms of their capacity. However, the actual energy that can be extracted from the battery is often (particularly for lead acid batteries) significantly less than the rated capacity. This occurs since, particularly for lead acid batteries, extracting the full battery capacity from the battery dramatically reduced battery lifetime. The depth of discharge (DOD) is the fraction of battery capacity that can be used from the battery and will be specified by the manufacturer. For example, a battery 500 Ah with a DOD of 20% can only provide 500Ah x .2 = 100 Ah.
Daily Depth of Discharge
恒大彩票网址是多少In addition to specifying the overall depth of discharge, a battery manufacturer will also typically specify a daily depth of discharge. The daily depth of discharge determined the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the battery in a 24 hour period. Typically in a larger scale PV system (such as that for a remote house), the battery bank is inherently sized such that the daily depth of discharge is not an additional constraint. However, in smaller systems that have a relatively few days storage, the daily depth of discharge may need to be calculated.
Charging and Discharging Rates
恒大彩票网址是多少A common way of specifying battery capacity is to provide the battery capacity as a function of the time in which it takes to fully discharge the battery (note that in practice the battery often cannot be fully discharged). The notation to specify battery capacity in this way is written as Cx, where x is the time in hours that it takes to discharge the battery. C10 = Z (also written as C10 = xxx) means that the battery capacity is Z when the battery is discharged in 10 hours. When the discharging rate is halved (and the time it takes to discharge the battery is doubled to 20 hours), the battery capacity rises to Y. The discharge rate when discharging the battery in 10 hours is found by dividing the capacity by the time. Therefore, C/10 is the charge rate. This may also be written as 0.1C. Consequently, a specification of C20/10 (also written as 0.1C20) is the charge rate obtained when the battery capacity (measured when the battery is discharged in 20 hours) is discharged in 10 hours. Such relatively complicated notations may result when higher or lower charging rates are used for short periods of time.
恒大彩票网址是多少The charging rate, in Amps, is given in the amount of charge added the battery per unit time (i.e., Coulombs/sec, which is the unit of Amps). The charging/discharge rate may be specified directly by giving the current - for example, a battery may be charged/discharged at 10 A. However, it is more common to specify the charging/discharging rate by determining the amount of time it takes to fully discharge the battery. In this case, the discharge rate is given by the battery capacity (in Ah) divided by the number of hours it takes to charge/discharge the battery. For example, a battery capacity of 500 Ah that is theoretically discharged to its cut-off voltage in 20 hours will have a discharge rate of 500 Ah/20 h = 25 A. Furthermore, if the battery is a 12V battery, then the power being delivered to the load is 25A x 12 V = 300W. Note that the battery is only "theoretically" discharged to its maximum level as most practical batteries cannot be fully discharged without either damaging the battery or reducing its lifetime.
Charging and Discharging Regimes
恒大彩票网址是多少Each battery type has a particular set of restraints and conditions related to its charging and discharging regime, and many types of batteries require specific charging regimes or charge controllers. For example, nickel cadmium batteries should be nearly completely discharged before charging, while lead acid batteries should never be fully discharged. Furthermore, the voltage and current during the charge cycle will be different for each type of battery. Typically, a battery charger or charge controller designed for one type of battery cannot be used with another type.


Сапожников Александр Михайлович
Избранные публикации
 1. Boyko A.A., Azhikina T.L., Streltsova M.A., Sapozhnikov A.M., Kovalenko E.I. (2016). HSP70 in human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes: comparison of the protein content and transcriptional activity of HSPA genes. Cell Stress Chaperones , [+]
 Cell-type specific variations are typical for the expression of different members of the HSP70 family. In circulating immune cells, HSP70 proteins interact with units of signaling pathways involved in the immune responses and may promote cell survival in sites of inflammation. In this work, we compared basal HSP70 expression and stress-induced HSP70 response in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear human leukocytes. The intracellular content of inducible and constitutive forms of HSP70 was analyzed in relation to the transcriptional activity of HSPA genes. Hyperthermia was used as the stress model for induction of HSP70 synthesis in the cells. Our results demonstrated that granulocytes (mainly neutrophils) and mononuclear cells differ significantly by both basal HSP70 expression and levels of HSP70 induction under hyperthermia. The differences were observed at the levels of HSPA gene transcription and intracellular HSP70 content. The expression of constitutive Hsс70 protein was much higher in mononuclear cells consisting of monocytes and lymphocytes than in granulocytes. At the same time, intact neutrophils showed increased expression of inducible Hsp70 protein compared to mononuclear cells. Heat treatment induced additional expression of HSPA genes in leukocytes. The most pronounced increase in the expression was observed in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes for HSPA1A/B. However, in granulocytes, the induction of the transcription of the HSPA8 gene encoding the Hsc70 protein was significantly higher than in mononuclear cells. These variations in transcriptional activity of HSPA genes and intracellular HSP70 content in different populations of leukocytes may reflect specified requirements for the chaperone activity in the cells with a distinct functional role in the immune system.
 ID:1663
 2. Shevchenko M.A., Troyanova N.I., Servuli E.A., Bolkhovitina E.L., Fedorina A.S., Sapozhnikov A.M. (2016). Study of immunomodulatory effects of extracellular HSP70 in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY(Moscow) 81 (11), 1384–1395 ID:1659
 3. Troyanova N.I., Shevchenko M.A., Boyko A.A., Mirzoyev R.R., Pertseva M.A., Kovalenko E.I., Sapozhnikov A.M. (2015). Modulating Effect of Extracellular HSP70 on Generation of Reactive Oxigen Species in Populations of Phagocytes. Russ. J. Bioorgan. Chem. 41 (3), 271–279 [+]
 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytic cells of the innate immune system play an important role in the first line of defense protecting the host from pathogens. The NADPH oxidase multi-subunit complex is the main source of ROS in all types of the phagocytes. Formation of the membrane-associated enzyme complex and its activity are dependent on many different factors controlling both intensification and suppression of the ROS production rate. However, the evidences are emerging in recent years indicating existence of poorly studied mechanisms of restriction of ROS generation level in phagocytes directed at protection of host tissues in the sites of inflammation from destruction caused by the oxygen free radicals. Our previous data and results of other authors demonstrate that a mechanism of the limitation of ROS production by phagocytes may by connected with immunomodulating activity of extracellular pool. of HSP70. In the present work, we used inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and in vitro cultures of different phagocytes to study a possible relationship between down-regulating effect of exogenous HSP70 on ROS generation and the interaction of the protein with the enzyme subunits. Our results confirmed the literature data concerning the ability of extracellular HSP70 to modulate NADPH oxidase activity and demonstrated for the first time an inhibitory effect of the protein on intracellular ROS generation in phagocytes.
 ID:1502
 4. Israel L.L., Kovalenko E.I., Boyko A.A., Sapozhnikov A.M., Rosenberger I., Kreuter J., Passoni L., Lellouche J.P. (2015). Towards hybrid biocompatible magnetic rHuman serum albumin-based nanoparticles: use of ultra-small (CeLn)3/4+ cation-doped maghemite nanoparticles as functional shell. Nanotechnology 26 (4), ID:1152
 5. Semenkov V.F., Michalski A.I., Sapozhnikov A.M. (2015). Heating and ultraviolet light activate anti-stress gene functions in humans. Front Genet 6, 245 [+]
 Different environmental factors (i.e., toxins, heavy metals, ultraviolet (UV) rays, and X-radiation) cause damage to DNA, cell membranes and other organelles and induce oxidative stress, which results in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes. All types of cell stress are accompanied by the activation of anti-stress genes that can suppress ROS synthesis. We hypothesized that different environmental factors would affect organisms through the activation of anti-stress genes by autologous serum (AS) proteins, followed by the synthesis of molecules that increase cell resistance to oxidative stress. The goal of this work was to study the influence of AS on ROS production by peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from donors in different age groups. Neutrophils were isolated from 59 donors (38-94 years old). AS was heated at 100°C for 30 s. or irradiated by UV light at 200-280 nm and 8 W for 10 min. Neutrophils were exposed to heat shock at 42°C for 1 min. (short-term heating stress) or 43°C for 10 min., followed by the determination of the chemiluminescence reaction induced by zymosan. AS can increase or decrease ROS production by neutrophils depending on the structure of the proteins in the serum; these structures can be changed by heating or UV treatment and the temperature of their interaction (4 or 37°C). We propose that the effect of environmental factors on AS proteins can cause an adverse increase in oxidative stress levels due to the functional reduction of anti-stress genes. We found a negative correlation between the quantity of intracellular Hsp70 and levels of intracellular ROS production following 10 min of heat shock at 43°C. Short-term heating stress (1 min) at 42°C was followed by a prominent reduction in ROS production. This effect may be a result of the impact of the hormone adrenaline on the functions of anti-stress genes. Indeed, the same effect was observed after treatment of the neutrophils with adrenaline at concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-5) M. In contrast, dexamethasone from the other stress hormone group did not evoke the same effect at the same concentrations.
 ID:1500
 6. Kovalenko E.I., Boyko A.A., Semenkov V.F., Lutsenko G.V., Grechikhina M.V., Kanevskiy L.M., Azhikina T.L., Telford W.G., Sapozhnikov A.M. (2014). ROS production, intracellular HSP70 levels and their relationship in human neutrophils: effects of age. Oncotarget 5 (23), 11800–12 [+]
 ROS production and intracellular HSP70 levels were measured in human neutrophils for three age groups: young (20-59 years), elders (60-89 years) and nonagenarians (90 years and older). Elders showed higher levels of spontaneous intracellular ROS content compared with young and nonagenarian groups, which had similar intracellular ROS levels. Zymosan-induced (non-spontaneous) extracellular ROS levels were also similar for young and nonagenarians but were lower in elders. However, spontaneous extracellular ROS production increased continuously with age. Correlation analysis revealed positive relationships between HSP70 levels and zymosan-stimulated ROS production in the elder group. This was consistent with a promoting role for HSP70 in ROS-associated neutrophils response to pathogens. No positive correlation between ROS production and intracellular HSP70 levels


EXEC_SINGLE_NODE_ROWS_THRESHOLD Query Option (CDH 5.3 or higher only)
This setting controls the cutoff point (in terms of number of rows scanned) below which Impala treats a query as a "small" query, turning off optimizations such as parallel execution and native code generation. The overhead for these optimizations is applicable for queries involving substantial amounts of data, but it makes sense to skip them for queries involving tiny amounts of data. Reducing the overhead for small queries allows Impala to complete them more quickly, keeping admission control slots, CPU, memory, and so on available for resource-intensive queries.
Type: numeric
Default: 100
Usage notes: Typically, you increase the default value to make this optimization apply to more queries. If incorrect or corrupted table and column statistics cause Impala to apply this optimization incorrectly to queries that actually involve substantial work, you might see the queries being slower as a result of remote reads. In that case, recompute statistics with the COMPUTE STATS or COMPUTE INCREMENTAL STATS statement. If there is a problem collecting accurate statistics, you can turn this feature off by setting the value to -1.
Internal details:
In CDH 5.5 / Impala 2.3 and higher, where Impala supports the complex data types STRUCT, ARRAY, and MAP, if a query refers to any column of those types, the small-query optimization is turned off for that query regardless of the EXEC_SINGLE_NODE_ROWS_THRESHOLD setting.
For a query that is determined to be "small", all work is performed on the coordinator node. This might result in some I/O being performed by remote reads. The savings from not distributing the query work and not generating native code are expected to outweigh any overhead from the remote reads.
Added in: CDH 5.13
A common use case is to query just a few rows from a table to inspect typical data values. In this example, Impala does not parallelize the query or perform native code generation because the result set is guaranteed to be smaller than the threshold value from this query option:
SELECT * FROM enormous_table LIMIT 300;


text:
NGFS Scenarios Phase III
The NGFS scenarios provide a framework to assess and manage climate-related risks, by exploring the transition and physical impacts of climate change. In this third vintage, the NGFS scenarios have been brought up to date with an updated set of climate scenarios, including the most recent country-level climate commitments made at the COP26 in 2021, and the latest GDP and population pathways. NiGEM is used to convert the IAM output into macro-economic impacts.
Summary & aims
The climate scenarios were originally designed to provide policymakers with advice on the risks from climate change and identify possible solutions. They form a key part of scientific assessments such as those conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since 2020, they have been adapted by the NGFS to help central banks and supervisors explore the possible impacts on the economy and the financial system. They are regularly made available as a public good and have a number of useful applications.
NIESR joined the consortium in 2019 and have used NiGEM to bridge the gap between Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) and macro-economic impacts of climate risks, both physical and transition.
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
- University of Maryland (UMD)
- Climate Analytics (CA)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ)
This project directly links IAM data with the expanded version of NiGEM which deals with climate channels in a macro model to provide the impacts of various NGFS scenarios.
In order to match IAM starting points, a forecast base is created within NiGEM for each IAM, referred to as a climate neutral base as no transition or physical effects from climate are used in this forecast.
The transition shock consists of both a carbon price shock and a recycling shock. The IAM scenario data is imported exogenously into NiGEM for the carbon pricing scenarion which then executes under standard rational expectations to provide final macro economic impacts. The revenue generated from the carbon price is then used to provide the effects of the government use of this revenue, for example through tax relief etc.
Finally, the GDP damage for each temperature profile in the various scenarios is considered. In NiGEM, physical damages are modelled as both demand and supply (where the productive capacity of an economy is affected) shocks. The combination of these shocks must mimic the GDP effects supplied by the damage functions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
From the Lab
Bigeye tuna dive deep with the moon
CSIRO scientist Karen Evans has tagged tunas, billfish, sharks, seabirds, seals and whales from the tropics to Antarctica. She develops and deploys tags, and analyses their data to see how top order predators move, feed and behave.
Karen led the data analysis and reporting of a project that tagged 161 bigeye tuna with archival tags and 269 with conventional (spaghetti) tags in the Coral Sea. Sixty-six conventional tags and 17 archival tags were returned, from fish that had travelled 10 to 8000 nautical miles from where they were tagged. Daily fish positions estimated from archived light levels and sea surface temperatures (from satellite) showed most bigeye did not migrate long distances. They spent their days 250–500 metres deep, their nights at less than 200 m, and tolerated waters from 2.5–22°C. Some fish dived deeper on the full moon. This wide-ranging diving behaviour enables bigeye to locate scarce prey while minimising competition with other tuna species.
Bigeye tuna are caught by pole and line and purse seine fisheries in the western and central Pacific Ocean, and in Australia's Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery. Tagging studies help scientists account for fluctuations in fishery catch records in order to better estimate fish stocks. Spikes in catches can be due to shifts in fish diving behaviour and their availability to fishing gear, rather than rises or falls in overall numbers. For example, when bigeye dive deeper on the full moon their habitat range overlaps with night-time sets of fishing gear resulting in higher catches.< previous | next >

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


IT infrastructure monitoring
Note:
Build confidence that your ArcGIS systems will be available and performant through proactive IT infrastructure monitoring (ITIM).
Modern enterprise systems are expected to be performant and reliable by all levels of use. Any disruption in service could result in significant financial and operational loss. To reduce the possibility of service disruption, even the most well-architected IT infrastructure requires continuous monitoring to detect unexpected service demands and component failures. This practice enables IT professionals to minimize negative impacts on business operations through automatically detecting and reporting potential issues with the performance, availability, and resource utilization of your enterprise GIS system components.
Recommendations
 1. Monitor all components related to your ArcGIS Enterprise systems
 2. Establish monitoring practices in all environments (development, test, and production)
 3. Analyze historical metrics to discover utilization trends and causes for spikes and failures
 4. Consider the benefits of ArcGIS Monitor which provides specialized monitoring capabilities to detect, diagnosis, report, and provide remediation recommendations
Monitor all components
ArcGIS Enterprise comprises four components that are configured to work together:
 - Portal for ArcGIS
 - ArcGIS Server
 - ArcGIS Data Store
 - ArcGIS Web Adaptor
These components can be hosted by multiple servers, on-premises or by a cloud provider and are dependent upon several computing resources, such as servers, DBMS, network, file systems, and so on. The unavailability or performance degradation of any of these resources can disrupt business operations.
With the above in mind, establishing proactive measures to automatically detect overuse or unavailability of each resource can provide early notification of potential problems, enabling IT Professionals to respond to issues quickly and provide guidance on how to remediate the issue.
Establishing automating monitoring and remediation steps for each component is required to build confidence that business operations will not be available. Establishing and maintaining a complete system architecture diagram is critical to determine all dependent components and computing resources.
This guidance aligns with the need to provide full redundancy in highly available (HA) configurations, enabling your system to function well in the event of the failure of any dependent resources or ArcGIS Enterprise components. While HA configurations prevent business processes from being immediately disrupted, the failure does leave a vulnerable component and quick restoration of the failed component is needed to maintain your redundant environment. Establishing monitoring of both primary and redundant components is important to maintaining the confidence throughout your organization that the system can maintain your organization's Service License Agreement (SLA).
Monitor all environments
Establishing monitoring practices for all environments (production, staging, test, and development) instills confidence that the system will be available for all users. Full monitoring of the production environment establishes confidence that business operations will remain available and performant and typically needs little justification. Monitoring test and staging environments provide IT professionals two advantages:
 1. Access to solid metrics of the computing resource consumption of new capabilities or upgraded system to assist in capacity planning
 2. An environment to practice detecting and reporting resource usage and availability anomalies such as a server not being available or a web service not responding.
Monitoring the development environment not only has the benefit of providing a reliable system for your development and GIS analysts, but also can provide valuable insight as to the system resource utilization of experimental processes such as long running geoprocessing tools.
Analyze historical metrics
Modern monitoring tools not only detect potential issues in real-time but also collect metrics for the various components. Configuring the analysis of these metrics over time can provide valuable insight into the system's activity, usage, and performance, leading to the discovery of utilization trends and causes for spikes and failures. Such analysis can highlight which enterprise GIS component has the most activity, which web service are most or least active, or what services are more active during specific time periods. This insight can then be used to justify and design changes to system resources and to anticipate spikes in usage.
Consider Esri provided monitoring tools
Each of these components deliver essential services with different system dependencies. For example, GIS based applications often consume web services hosted by ArcGIS Servers to deliver the business information and capabilities. Diagnosing performance and outage issues of these services can be difficult due to the number of dependencies. Esri has developed specialized monitoring product called ArcGIS Monitor designed to detect, diagnosis, and report issues as well as provide remediation guidance specific to the ArcGIS system. ArcGIS Monitor complements ArcGIS Enterprise by providing tools to monitor the health of your enterprise GIS implementations.
Conclusion
Implementing effective IT infrastructure monitoring is essential for maintaining optimal performance and reliability of your ArcGIS deployment. By following these best practices, you can proactively identify issues, optimize resource allocation, and ensure a seamless experience for ArcGIS users.
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If you want to engrave a beautiful photo on the wood, you need to complete three steps: select the photo, process the photo, and set the laser operating parameters. Only by doing these three points, you can achieve the best results.
The material used for engraving photos is white plywood with some texture on the surface. In order to improve the contrast and sharpness of the engraving effect, the picture needs to be processed into a sketch before engraving, and whether the picture is suitable for laser engraving can be judged based on the effect of the sketch picture. We use the following two pictures as examples.
First, determine the picture and software processing
1. Open the picture processing software and import the picture into it
2. Adjust the contrast of the picture
3. Click the "Art" button to turn the picture into a sketch
4. Adjust sharpness, enhance line contours, and save.process-the-photo02
Figure 1 The final sketch
After using another image, the effect turns to this:
We can compare the difference between picture 1 and picture 2. The outline of picture 1 is clear, and the contrast between the subject and the background color is high, which meets the requirements of laser engraving. However, the contour of Figure 2 is blurred, and the contrast between the subject and the background color is not enough, which does not conform to the laser engraving.
Second, set the laser operating parameters
Note: The following parameter is mainly used for standard parameters of 80W machines. If you are using other power lasers, the power and speed parameters need to be adjusted according to the actual laser tube wattage. And when using the standard head of the AMOR laser, the focal length must be aligned at 6mm.
After selecting the picture, we can set the engraving parameters.
First: The power is set to 8%
Second: The speed is set to 500mm/s
Third: Choose a blow to better protect the lens
Fourth: Since the plywood is a rough material, the engraving interval can be set to 0.08mm.
Fifth: Click BMP, the resolution is set to 1500, the frequency is set to 70，Set up BMP
This is a picture carved after the above processing, we can see that the effect is very good.
Now, let us summarize the points of laser engraving of plywood:
First: To select a picture with high definition and high contrast between the subject and background color;
Second: In the software to deal with the picture of the sketch effect
Third: Set parameters such as speed and power of laser work.


next up previous contents index
Next: 3.4.2 Other Line Segment Up: 3.4 Line Segments Previous: 3.4 Line Segments
3.4.1 Basic Line Segment Rasterization
Line segment rasterization begins by characterizing the segment as either x-major or y-major. x-major line segments have slope in the closed interval ; all other line segments are y-major (slope is determined by the segment's endpoints). We shall specify rasterization only for x-major segments except in cases where the modifications for y-major segments are not self-evident.
Ideally, the GL uses a ''diamond-exit'' rule to determine those fragments that are produced by rasterizing a line segment. For each fragment f with center at window coordinates and , define a diamond-shaped region that is the intersection of four half planes:
Essentially, a line segment starting at and ending at produces those fragments f for which the segment intersects , except if is contained in . See Figure 3.4.
To avoid difficulties when an endpoint lies on a boundary of we (in principle) perturb the supplied endpoints by a tiny amount. Let and have window coordinates and , respectively. Obtain the perturbed endpoints given by and given by . Rasterizing the line segment starting at and ending at produces those fragments f for which the segment starting at and ending on intersects , except if is contained in . is chosen to be so small that rasterizing the line segment produces the same fragments when is substituted for for any .
When and lie on fragment centers, this characterization of fragments reduces to Bresenham's algorithm with one modification: lines produced in this description are ''half-open,'' meaning that the final fragment (corresponding to ) is not drawn. This means that when rasterizing a series of connected line segments, shared endpoints will be produced only once rather than twice (as would occur with Bresenham's algorithm).

Figure 3.4: Visualization of Bresenham's algorithm. A portion of a line segment is shown. A diamond shaped region of height 1 is placed around each fragment center; those regions that the line segment exits cause rasterization to produce corresponding fragments.
Because the initial and final conditions of the diamond-exit rule may be difficult to implement, other line segment rasterization algorithms are allowed, subject to the following rules:
 1. The coordinates of a fragment produced by the algorithm may not deviate by more than one unit in either x or y window coordinates from a corresponding fragment produced by the diamond-exit rule.
 2. The total number of fragments produced by the algorithm may differ from that produced by the diamond-exit rule by no more than one.
 3. For an x-major line, no two fragments may be produced that lie in the same window-coordinate column (for a y-major line, no two fragments may appear in the same row).
 4. If two line segments share a common endpoint, and both segments are either x-major (both left-to-right or both right-to-left) or y-major (both bottom-to-top or both top-to-bottom), then rasterizing both segments may not produce duplicate fragments, nor may any fragments be omitted so as to interrupt continuity of the connected segments.
Next we must specify how the data associated with each rasterized fragment are obtained. Let the window coordinates of a produced fragment center be given by and let and . Set

(Note that t=0 at and t=1 at .) The value of an associated datum f for the fragment, whether it be R, G, B, or A (in RGBA mode) or a color index (in color index mode), or the s, t, or r texture coordinate (the depth value, window z, must be found using equation 3.3, below), is found as

where and are the data associated with the starting and ending endpoints of the segment, respectively; and are the clip w coordinates of the starting and ending endpoints of the segments, respectively. for all data except texture coordinates, in which case and ( and are the homogeneous texture coordinates at the starting and ending endpoints of the segment; results are undefined if either of these is less than or equal to 0). Note that linear interpolation would use

The reason that this formula is incorrect (except for the depth value) is that it interpolates a datum in window space, which may be distorted by perspective. What is actually desired is to find the corresponding value when interpolated in eye space, which equation 3.2 does. A GL implementation may choose to approximate equation 3.2 with 3.3, but this will normally lead to unacceptable distortion effects when interpolating texture coordinates.
next up previous contents index
Next: 3.4.2 Other Line Segment Up: 3.4 Line Segments Previous: 3.4 Line Segments
David Blythe
Sat Mar 29 02:23:21 PST 1997


text: In this paper a digital invisible image watermarking technique is proposed based on the numerical simulation of optical Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE). This technique utilizes the capability of the DRPE to spread the energy of the input information in both the space and the spatial frequency domains using two diffusers. The watermark is in the form of a digital barcode image which is numerically encrypted using a simulation of the optical DRPE process. This produces a random complex image, which is then processed to form a real valued random image with a low number of quantization levels. This signal is added to the host image. Extraction of the barcode, involves applying an inverse DRPE process to the watermarked image followed by a low pass filter. The results presented indicate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed method and it is demonstrated that even when using very few quantization levels, i.e. 2-levels, the watermark can still be extracted with very small errors. Â© 2012 SPIE.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
|01-08-2012, 04:57 AM||#1|
Join Date: May 2011
Mysterious Radio "Blast" Before Colorado Massacre
The GWEN tower network (Ground Wave Emergency Network) was a command and control communications system intended for use by the United States government to facilitate military communications before, during and after a nuclear war. Specifically, GWEN was constructed to survive the effects of a high-altitude nuclear explosion electromagnetic pulse to insure that the United States President or his survivors can give a launching order to strategic nuclear bombers.
GWEN transmitters were placed 200 miles apart across the US to allow specific frequencies to be tailored to the geomagnetic-field strength in each area, allowing the magnetic field to be altered. They operate in the Low Frequency (LF) range, with transmissions between LF 150 and 175 KHz. They also emit waves from the upper VHF to the lower UHF range of 225 - 400 MHz. The LF signals travel by waves that hug the ground rather than radiating into the atmosphere.
A GWEN station transmits in a 360 degree circle up to 300 miles, the signal dropping off sharply with distance. The entire GWEN system consists of from 58 to 300 transmitters spread across the US with the largest concentration of them being in Colorado and Pennsylvania. Each tower is 299-500 ft high having 300 ft copper wires in spoke-like fashion fan out from the base of the system underground, interacting with the Earth, like a thin shelled conductor, that radiates radio wave energy for very long distances through the ground.
The GWEN system was banned by the US Congress in 1994 over fears it could be used for "mind control" of the American population though many of its existing towers (including the one in Pueblo, Colorado) still exist and are said to be tasked with different missions.
The most outspoken critic of the GWEN system was Dr. Andrija Puharich (_PHONE_) [photo bottom left] who as a US Army officer in the 1950's participated, and frequently oversaw, what are known as The Edgewood Arsenal Experiments (also known as Project 112) said to be related to or part of CIA mind-control programs after World War II, such as MKULTRA.
American journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the US National Archives, revealed that eight Nazi German scientists worked at Edgewood, under Project Paperclip: see "Secret Agenda: the United States Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip" St. Martin's Press, 1991; ABC PrimeTime Live, Operation Paperclip, 1991, and hearings before the House Judiciary Committee, 1991. The experiments were performed at the Edgewood Arsenal, northeast of Baltimore, Maryland, and involved the use of hallucinogens such LSD, THC, and BZ, in addition to biological and chemical agents.
Dr. Puharich presented to US military and political leaders in the early 1960's the potentially catastrophic mental effects of ELF waves on human minds, but it is said they did not believe him. He then gave this information to certain dignitaries of other Western nations who then passed it on to the former Soviet Union who used it against the US Embassy in Moscow on 4 July 1976 when they bombarded it with electromagnetic-waves (known as the "Russian Woodpecker Incident"), varying the signal, including focusing on the 10 Hz range said to cause the most instability in the human mind.
Important to note about Dr. Puharich is that he is credited with starting what is now known as the "psychedelic age" when during a 1961 broadcast of the popular American television programme on the paranormal One Step Beyond he conducted an experiment on that shows host John Newland using hallucinogenic mushrooms. (See video of show:
In his 1974 book The Sacred Mushroom: Key to the Door of Eternity, Dr. Puharich explained that 7.83 Hz (Earth's pulse rate) made a person feel good, producing an altered-state, 10.80 Hz causes riotous behavior and 6.6 Hz causes depression.
This report further states that a review of this mysterious frequency "blast" showed it having appeared only once before on 8 January 2011 when the GWEN tower in Phoenix, Arizona was "activated" at nearly the same time Jared Loughner killed 6 people and wounded 14 including US Representative Gabrielle Giffords.
To if these mysterious "blasts" can be conclusively tied to these mass shootings this report doesn't say. What is important to note, however, and as we noted in our report Colorado Massacre Linked To Historic Bank Fraud, the US government has long been suspected of using these types of horrific incidents to institute major policy and/or law changes designed to disarm the American people.
As the chief suspect in the Colorado massacre, James Holmes is reported to have written and worked on mind control projects and is presently claiming amnesia as he has no knowledge of his actions, all signs pointing to this being a false flag operation appear to be worth additional investigation..
With the Democrat allies of President Obama slipping a new gun control law into the cybersecurity bill late last night, and due to be voted on soon, the "real reason", perhaps, for this latest shocking massacre may be in plain sight. Unfortunately, and as is always the case, the American people still prefer their simple "mainstream" news fictions rather than the most always more complicated truth.
Source url: _URL_
|01-08-2012, 10:01 AM||#2|
Join Date: Jun 2009
Location: Over the hill and round the bend
The SOD's sacred muchrooms appear to be nuclear!
And who can say if that is the real James Holmes? His family is involved according to info on the DI site!
When you know who you're not allowed to criticize, you know who is in control! Points taken!
|colorado massacre, elf waves, mind control, obama, ordo ab chao|


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What is the best method for finding impulse peaks (dirac delta) in a 2d matrix.
More specifically, I would like to find the harmonic frequencies of a given image and so I need to find impulse peaks in the image absolute value DFT.
I thought of using findpeaks but there's no 2d version. I also saw earlier posts regarding finding ordinary peaks using imdilate and/or imextendedmax but those find all the peaks in a 2d matrix whereas I am only interested in impulse peaks. I am sure DSP people have a common recipe for this...
Please Help,
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Define an "impulse peak". – Oli Charlesworth Nov 21 '10 at 23:23
I'm looking for frequencies in which the Fourier Transform absolute value takes a value of a Dirac delta function at that frequency (infinity). Obviously, for a DFT you don't expect to see infinity but a major peak. Problem is how to find those peaks in 2d and how to distinguish them from normal (lower, non impulse) peaks. – smichak Nov 22 '10 at 5:28
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
What you want to do is find peaks with high contrast. Thus, you need a way to identify local maxima, plus a way to measure the difference between the peak and the surrounding values. Thresholding on this difference will identify the impulse peaks for you.
Assuming your input signal is called signal
%# dilate to find, for every pixel, the maximum of its neighbors
dilationMask = ones(3);
dilationMask(5) = 0;
dilSignal = imdilate(signal, dilationMask);
%# find all peaks
%# peaks = signal > dilSignal;
%# find large peaks peaks by thresholding, i.e. you accept a peak only
%# if it's more than 'threshold' higher than its neighbors
peaks = (signal - dilSignal) > threshold;
peaks is a logical array with 1's wherever there is a good peak. You can use it to read peak heights from signal with signal(peaks), and to find coordinates using find(peaks).
share|improve this answer
OK - that's a start... but how do I choose threshold? I assume it should depend on the input signal. Is there a good method /rule of thumb for choosing it? – smichak Nov 22 '10 at 20:50
They're Dirac peaks, so the threshold is infinity :P. Joking aside, there is no single best way of choosing a threshold. You can try and run graythresh on signal-dilSignal if there are two clear peaks, one for signal and one for noise. You can also set the threshold as 3 robust standard deviations (median absolute deviation) of the signal. Maybe you can even decide on a fixed value if all your data is very consistent, and the height of the peak has an easily identifiable meaning. – Jonas Nov 22 '10 at 22:26
OK - that sounds promising... I will go with that. – smichak Nov 23 '10 at 5:53
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This paper I wrote contains Matlab source code for fast local peak detection in 2D. It works similar to imregionalmax() in Mathworks Image Processing Toolbox but allows you to specify a local neighborhood radius: bigger radius -> sparser peaks.
Since you expect sparse impulses, the nonmaxsupp_scanline() function may be suitable for you.
share|improve this answer
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The findpeaks() algorithm is pretty trivial; if an element is bigger than both its neighbours, then it is a peak. Writing a 2D version of this should be pretty simple.
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Your Answer


text:
Help the astronaut put stars in her backpack.
1. to begin.
2. Use to record your thinking
3. read the word problem.
4. Use to put the stars in her backpack.
5. Use to write to sum.
6. Click to save your work.
Students will edit this template:


text:
A.2 Caltech and the Earthbyte Project
Use of Equation 2 relating the Circumferential Stress to the Radius of Eccentricity
Title of publication – An analysis of the effects of Angular Momentum and Tectonic Plate Movement
The Earth's center of gravity is dynamic, and its location varies based on exertions of mass on the crust on behalf of continental plates. These shifts, however minute, over a long enough period of time have significant influence on periodic axial rotation, convection cell dynamics, and continental rotation. This investigation considers a number of dimensions influenced by dynamic changes in rotation, angular momentum and gravitational influence through the use of mathematical modelling of the Earth's rotation using an Euler-Liouville formula as described by Akulenko 57. in 2007, the variations in the Earth's periodicity of acceleration by the application of a Morlet wavelet transform proposed by Duhau58 in 2006, a geographic information system with raster data visualization capabilities and plate tectonic reconstruction software that was developed by an international team from the Earthbyte Project, the Geological and Planetary Sciences Division at Caltech, and the Center for Geodynamics at the Norwegian Geological Survey: and a modified form of the equation for the center of mass of an obsculating sphere as used by Maurer 200145.
The results of this modelling show that seismic activity and tectonic activity increase with fluctuating periods of acceleration in the Earth's rotational velocity, and that the aggregation of plates has a significant impact on the Earth's centre of mass, confirming the hypothesis that gradual changes in the Earth's rotational axis and velocity, largely ignored in plate tectonics, have a significant impact on seismic events and tectonic movement.
CALTEC-Earthbyte Project used Equation 2 to derive this table


Big Figure
DEFINITION of 'Big Figure'
The stem, or whole dollar price, of a price quote. The term "big figure" is most often used in international currency markets, where it is often abbreviated to "big fig." In the U.S., big figure is also referred to as the "handle." The big figure is generally omitted when traders provide quotations in very fast-paced markets, such as the interbank currency market, because the assumption is that it is common knowledge and does not need to be specified.
For example, assume that the Japanese yen is trading versus the US dollar in the interbank spot market at 85.50 (bid) / 85.55 (offered). While the big figure here is 85, interbank traders will quote the price as 50 / 55.
While omitting the big figure is accepted practice in interbank and institutional markets, it is seldom done when dealing with retail investors. Even in the interbank markets, traders may need clarification on the big figure in cases where the exchange rate is moving very rapidly, as for instance, during currency intervention by central banks. The big figure may also need to be clarified when the exchange rate approaches round numbers, such as 86.00 yen or 1.3500 euros to the US dollar.
 1. Pip
 The smallest price change that a given exchange rate can make....
 2. Interbank Market
 3. Forex - FX
 4. Interbank Rate
 5. Handle
 The whole number part of a price quote. In a quote the handle...
 6. Dead Cat Bounce
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Long Yang NGO is committed to the preservation and revival of an original Buddhist practice path from the Himalayas. Therefore, we create places and possibilities to make the spiritual and medical knowledge of Buddhist traditions from the Himalayas accessible to people from all over the world. The main focus of our work is the establishment of Akasha Academy Munich and Nepal according to the vision of Tulku Khyungdor Rinpoche. At the same time we engage in various social and ecological projects supporting sustainable development in the region.
Beyond Long Yang e.V.


Rodney Hughes
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Meaning of Last Name
"hughes" family name, ancestry, and history
Meaning: "son of Hugh" & Fire
Origins: Wales, Ireland
Hughes is a patronymic surname of Welsh and Irish origin. Wales - Brythonic Britain In Wales and other Celtic areas of Brythonic Britain, the name derives from the Old Celtic Hu or Huw, meaning "fire" or "inspiration". At the time of the British Census of 1881 [], the relative frequency of the surname Hughes was highest on the Welsh island of Ynys Môn (37.2 times the British average), followed by Gwynedd, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Meirionydd, Montgomeryshire, Ceredigion, Radnorshire and Carmarthenshire. Ireland & Goidelic Britain The surname evolved from the ancient Celt name of Ó hAodha meaning Fire. It's an old Irish name in Gaeltachtaí, which can be Hughes or Hayes.Hughes is the 15th most popular name in Ulster and Northern Ireland although it originates from County Roscommon. It is of similar origin to O'Hea in the Republic of Ireland. It is commonly found in the Counties Wexford, Donegal, Galway and Cork.. There are variant spellings. People with the surname Hughes include: * Aaron Hughes, footballer * Andrew Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Adam Hughes (born 1967), American illustrator * Alex Hughes, cartoonist * Alexander Minto Hughes, English ska and reggae musician (1945–1998) * Andrew Hughes, footballer * Andy Hughes, electronic music producer * Anthony Hughes (born 1948), English judge * Arthur Hughes (artist) (1831–1915), English painter * Arthur Hughes (actor) (1894–1982), American actor and radio personality * Arwel Hughes, Welsh composer and conductor * Barnard Hughes (1915–2006), American actor * Bettany Hughes (born 1968), English historian * Billy Hughes (1862–1952), seventh Prime Minister of Australia * Brendan Hughes (1948–2008), Irish republican * Brian Hughes (musician) (born 1955), jazz guitarist * Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948), United States Secretary of State and Chief Justice of the United States * Chrissy Hughes, American figure skater * Christa Hughes, Australian singer * Chuck Hughes (1943–1971), NFL player * David Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Detrick Hughes (born 1966), American poet * Don B. Hughes (born 1940), Maryland State Delegate * Dorothy B. Hughes (1904–1993), U.S. crime writer * Eddie Hughes (born 1960), American basketball player * Edward Hughes, Catholic priest and exorcist * Edwin Holt Hughes (1866–1950), Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church * Emily Hughes (born 1989), American figure skater * Emlyn Hughes (1947–2004), Liverpool F.C. and England national football team captain * George O. Hughes painter, performance artist, art educator * Glenn Hughes (born 1951), bassist and vocalist * Gregg Hughes (born 1963), better known as "Opie" from the Opie and Anthony radio show * H. Stuart Hughes (1916–1999), American historian, professor and activist * Henry Hughes, nineteenth century British locomotive builder, see Brush Traction * Howard Hughes (1905–1976), American aviator, filmmaker and industrialist * Ian Hughes, Welsh footballer * James Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Jason Hughes (born 1969), English racing driver * Jesse Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * John Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * R. Kent Hughes, Senior Pastor Emeritus of College Church * Langston Hughes (1902–1967), American poet * Larry Hughes (born 1979), American basketball player for the New York Knicks * Mark Hughes (born 1963), Welsh international footballer and football Manager * Mark Hughes (basketball) (born 1966), American basketball player and coach * Mark Hughes (Emmerdale), fictional character on the ITV soap opera Emmerdale * Mark Hughes (English footballer) (born 1986), English footballer * Mark Hughes (fighter) (born 1973), American mixed martial arts fighter * Mark Hughes (journalist), English Formula One journalist * Mark Hughes (Northern Ireland footballer) (born 1983), Northern Irish footballer * Mark Hughes (politician) (1932–1993), MP for the city of Durham, 1970–1983 * Mark Hughes (rugby league) (born 1976), Australian former professional rugby league player * Mark R. Hughes (1956–2000), American entrepreneur, a founder of Herbalife * Mary Vivian Hughes (1866–1956), British educator and author * Mathew Hughes (1822–1882), Victoria Cross recipient * Matt Hughes (writer) (born 1949), Canadian science fiction writer * Matt Hughes (fighter) (born 1973), American professional mixed martial arts fighter * Matt Hughes (rower) (born 1981), American Olympic rower * Meredydd Hughes, Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police * Merv Hughes (born 1961), Australian cricketer * Michael Anthony Hughes (1988–1994) abducted elementary school student * Nerys Hughes (born 1941), Welsh actress * Owain Arwel Hughes (born 1942), Welsh orchestral conductor * Paul Hughes (born 1976), English footballer * Peter Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Phil Hughes (born 1986), American baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees * Rex Hughes, American basketball coach in the NBA * Richard Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Rick Hughes (born 1973), American basketball player * Robert Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Ronnie Hughes - Sunbury On Thames legend * Russell S. Hughes (1910–1958), American TV and film screenwriter [] * Sarah Hughes (born 1985), American figure skater and Olympic gold medalist * Sarah T. Hughes (1896–1985), US district judge who administered oath of office to President Lyndon Johnson * Séamus Hughes (born 1952), Irish Fianna Fáil politician * Simon Hughes (born 1951), English politician * Simon Hughes (cricketer) (born 1959), English cricketer and journalist * Simon Pollard Hughes, Jr. (1830–1906), Governor of Arkansas * Stephen Hughes (Scottish footballer) (born 1982), Scottish footballer * Stephen Hughes (English footballer) (born 1976), English footballer * Tanya Hughes (born 1972), American high jumper * Ted Hughes (Edward James Hughes) (1930–1998), English poet * Ted Hughes (judge), Canadian judge * Terry Hughes (disambiguation) * Tim Hughes, Christian worship leader and songwriter * Thomas Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Tyler Hughes (born 1993), soccer player * Warren Hughes, English racing driver * William Hughes – many people sharing this name, see separate page * Yolanda Hughes, American female bodybuilder
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Difference between short range and long range adaptations
Adaptation is a characteristic feature of all living organisms. The useful structural, functional or behavioural changes developed in a living organism over long period of time so as to adjust itself according to a environment are called adaptations.
On the basis of their nature and role in evolution, the adaptations care classified into two categories: short range (temporary) and long range (Permanent) adaptations.
Short range adaptations:
 1. These are temporary changes
 2. These are developed in response to temporary change in the environment
 3. These are not inherited
 4. DNA is not changed
 5. No role in evolution
black-bear-hibernation-metabolism-surprises_32353_600x450
Examples: During winter season, hibernating animals suspend all their metabolic activities. When favourable conditions come, the animals become active again.
Plant growth response like phototropism, geotropism etc. shown in response to stimuli.
Long term adaptations:
 1. These are permanent changes
 2. These are developed in response to permanent change in the environment
 3. These are inherited
 4. DNA is also changed
 5. Play an important role in evolution
Examples: The white colour and highly scented flowers produced by night blooming plants, to attract pollinators.
Kangaroo adaptation
Kangaroo makes use of its thick tail as fifth limb for balancing the body while running.
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The British Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
In a comparison of nutritional management (NM) and stress management (SM) for treatment of bulimia nervosa, 55 female patients were randomly assigned to either treatment. Therapy consisted of 15 sessions in a group over three months, by the end of which, patients under both treatment conditions showed a significant reduction in the frequency of binge eating and vomiting and a significant improvement in various psychopathological features such as body dissatisfaction and depression. All improvements were maintained over 12-month follow-up NM produced a more rapid improvement in general eating behaviour, a faster reduction in binge frequency and a higher abstinence rate from binge eating. SM led to greater positive changes in certain psychopathological features such as feelings of ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust and anxiety. NM should be regarded as a necessary first intervention in all bulimic patients. Further psychological therapy, such as SM, is indicated as well for some patients, depending on their specific psychological difficulties.


text:
submitted to MIE 2011, Medical Informatics Europe, Oslo, Norway, August 2011
Abstract. Early detection of potential health threats is crucial for taking actions in time. It is unclear in which information source an event is reported first and, information from various sources can be complementing. Thus, it is important to search for information in a very broad range of sources. Furthermore, real-time processing is necessary to deal with the huge amounts of incoming data in time. Event-driven architectures are designed to address such challenges. This will be shown in this paper by presenting the architecture of a public health surveillance system that follows this style. Starting from concrete user requirements and scenarios, we introduce the architecture with its components for content collection, data analysis and integration. The system will allow for the monitoring of events in real-time as well as retrospectively.
To access the complete article, please fill in the form below.


text:
High Tunnels & Hoop Houses
Hoop houses and high tunnels provide ideal growing conditions – not only for plants, but for weeds, too! Once they blow in through open doors or piggy-back on plants or equipment, they can thrive. They'll compete with your crops for nutrients, moisture and space.
If you're looking for an eco-friendly solution, rule out black plastic and chemical herbicides. And manual weeding is both expensive and time-consuming.
The answer: WeedGuardPlus. Our biodegradable paper weedblock is effective, affordable, and especially well-suited to high tunnel and hoop house growing.
Overhead Watering. Unlike black plastic, which requires drip irrigation, porous WeedGuardPlus allows for overhead watering. It's specifically formulated to maintain its integrity even when wet.
Healthy Root Development. Its porous nature also allows for healthy root development, unlike black plastic that can "cook" roots, especially with the elevated temperatures of controlled growing environments.
100% Biodegradable. WeedGuardPlus slowly decomposes over the course of the growing season. After you harvest, it can be incorporated right into the soil, adding beneficial organic matter. What's more, you save on the costs of removing and disposing of black plastic.
A Choice of Options. We offer a variety of products for different needs. Those of greatest benefit to high tunnel and hoop house production include:
- Organic Rolls For manual application, our Light Weight Organic Rolls will work well when growing under cover, and save you money at the same time. For machine application, choose our Standard Weight Creped product. Both are OMRI Listed.
- Organic Pre-Punched Rolls save time with pre-punched planting holes, available in a variety of configurations. They're also OMRI Listed.
- Fertilizer-Enriched WeedGuardPlus incorporates an All-Purpose fertilizer right into the weed block, feeding your plants while simultaneously preventing weeds.
Easy to Apply. All of our products are easy to apply manually, and our creped products are ideal for machine application. Follow the simple instructions, and watch your crops thrive, free of competition from weeds!


Using Catalogs for Validation with PHP's DOMDocument and Libxml2
XML
Powered by libxml2DOMDocument schema and DTD validation in PHP can make use of libxml2's Catalog support feature.
A catalog is basically a XML file which contains information where to obtain the DTD and XSD schema from local disk. That is mapping a "logical" name like -//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en from the common <!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en"> doctype to a concrete file on disk. Or to map a remote URI like _URL_ to a local equivalent of the file.
In the second case this is extremely useful, because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) does add an arbitrary delay of 30 seconds because most libraries (including PHP's DOMDocument extension) do not cache the remote files. This results in millions of hits on their servers each day.
Because of that delay and because you should always use local resources for the validation due to performance reasons, it's technically not feasible to validate against XSD files without having such a catalog.
XML
Setting up the Catalog
The catalog for libxml – the library behind PHPs DOMDocument object – is specified via an environment variable. The variable is called XML_CATALOG_FILES. It must be set within the environment the PHP script will be executed in. It's not enough to set the environment variable in the PHP script like putenv('XML_CATALOG_FILES=...'), that does not work.
The variable also can be used to point to multiple catalog files. The different filenames are separated by space. If a filename contains a space, the workaround is to encode it as file URI:
C:\Documents and Settings\hakre\PhpstormProjects\schema-validation/schema/catalog.xml
file://C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/hakre/PhpstormProjects/schema-validation/schema/catalog.xml
In this example, setting the XML_CATALOG_FILES to file://C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/hakre/PhpstormProjects/schema-validation/schema/catalog.xml will successfully load the catalog.xml.
Defining the Catalog
The catalog itself is a XML file (Wikipedia: XML Catalog). In this little example it makes use of two schemas, XHTML 1.0 and XML. Both xsd files have been stored into the same directory as the catalog.xml file:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
 <system systemId="_URL_
 uri="xhtml1-transitional.xsd"/>
 <system systemId="_URL_
 uri="xml.xsd"/>
</catalog>
This example shows, that you can make use of relative references to the XSD files. With having the environment variable set and the catalog file in place, the validation works now straight forward:
<?php
/**
 * Validate with a catalog
 */
$doc = new DOMDocument();
$doc->load('test-data.xml');
$isValid = $doc->schemaValidate('test-schema.xsd');
var_dump($isValid);
And that's basically it. A workaround is available in PHP by using a callback function to resolve public and system identifiers, however once the catalog.xml file is setup, I found it much better than with the callback function.
See Also
XML
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3 Responses to Using Catalogs for Validation with PHP's DOMDocument and Libxml2
 1. another method is to validate the dom against the root xsd:
 $dom->schemaValidate
 then have xsd on a single folder and use schemaLocation with just the XSD filename.
 2. NAMEREQUIRED says:
 This article is no help because it doesn't state how to set the xml_catalog_files variable correctly. If not done with setenv(), how else?
 - hakre says:
 I'm sorry if that isn't clear from the text on it's own. I write about putenv() which is the PHP funciton: _URL_ . Environment variables are – by their name – variables per a certain environment. libxml needs environment variables of the underlying system, not the thread of the system php runs in, but a differemt area (maybe better said as "a level above"). As libxml is loaded when you intiialize PHP, the environment variable needs to be available at that point. When the PHP code is executed, it's "too late" ™. So add this to your system configuration if you would like to be on the safe side. Contact your system administrator or linux professional and you should be able to have this sorted out for *any* system within no time in cause you have doubts. Otherwise just go through the issue with a pair of fresh eyes. Sorry for the late reply.
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text:
"The Frick offers stirring encounters with figures painted centuries ago. As our temporary display at Frick Madison has shown, these works can look and engage visitors so differently outside of the Frick mansion, in the Brutalist setting of the Breuer building. Here, many of our visitors are new to the Frick, a revelation that has prompted reflection on who the Frick serves, has served, and will continue to serve. This project—the first major museum exhibition and catalogue to focus solely on Hendricks's early period of portraiture—allows us to consider connections the Frick has made with artists since it became a public museum in 1935. Hendricks's astonishing portraits of predominantly Black figures, not represented in the Frick's historic paintings yet who, with their self-assured style, appear right at home among them, grants unprecedented opportunities to celebrate and explore the Frick's collection, Hendricks's groundbreaking innovations, and the bridges between them." —Aimee Ng, Curator, The Frick Collection
"When Aimee and I first began speaking about the Frick and its place in today's world, I suggested an exhibition on Barkley L. Hendricks—obviously because of his interest in historic art as he developed his own style of portraiture of Black subjects, but also because the quality, dignity, and visual impact of his paintings are what I would think Henry Clay Frick might be drawn to if he were collecting now, thinking of future visitors to the museum in another hundred years. The catalogue accompanying the exhibition is an exciting way to highlight and reflect on Hendricks's own legacies, how he has inspired generations of artists and designers and still does today. Presenting Hendricks's art at a storied institution like the Frick pays due tribute to the historic significance of Barkley L. Hendricks, and it also honors the evolving role of the Frick in modern American culture."—Antwaun Sargent, Consulting Curator
Frick Curator Aimee Ng with Consulting Curator Antwaun Sargent, photo: George Koelle.


text:
Aims: Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a role in medial vascular calcification, which can be stimulated by high levels of serum phosphate and inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK) and protein kinase A (PKA) can participate in inorganic phosphate (Pi)- and inflammation response-stimulated SMC calcification. Main methods: We examined the change of Pi- and/or inflammation-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) calcification in the presence and absence of inhibitors or small interfering RNAs. Key findings: Ca levels were increased in HASMCs incubated with 1.5–3.9 mM Pi, but not with 0.9 mM Pi or compared with non-Pi-treated HASMCs. Furthermore, the addition of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) increased pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1α IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in media containing Raw 264.7 cells. Ca levels were significantly increased in HASMCs cultured in IFN-γ-treated medium, compared with non-IFN-γ-treated medium in the presence of Pi (0.9–2.4 mM). The inhibition of p38 MAPK and PKA decreased HASMC calcification stimulated by Pi and IFN-γ-treated medium, though PKA inhibition produced a more significant reduction in calcification than p38 MAPK inhibition. Significance: These results indicate that PKA inhibition can efficiently reduce Pi- and inflammation-stimulated SMC calcification.
!!!All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


text:
Guarantee their effective operation.
Ensure the safety of the premises and monitor the equipment, so that maintenance teams can intervene as a preventive measure and not as a curative measure.
A telecom operator must monitor buildings with GSM 3 and 4G antennas (BTS – base stations).
- Check the operation of the air conditioning units. A failure of these systems during severe heat would lead to the shutdown of GSM systems and the loss of the Telecom network for subscribers,
- Monitor the energy consumption of telecom equipment,
- Detect any breakdowns in real time,
- Ensure their proper functioning without the need for regular visits from technicians,
- Control access to these areas.
Maintaining an optimal operating temperature range
Maintain infrastructure equipment within a constant temperature range
Detect a ventilation problem in the area
- Optimal working conditions
- Reduce energy costs
- Reduce maintenance costs
- Customer satisfaction
Detect equipment defects and intrusion alarms
- Detect equipment default and minimize the impact of possible failures
- Avoid accidents due to unauthorized presence
- Optimization of intervention and recovery time in case of failure
- Reduce maintenance costs
- Limitation of the risks of theft or sabotage
Consumption monitoring and phase balancing
The Telecom equipment manufacturer, based on an IoT solution and therefore sensors, must ensure that they work properly and must be able to act remotely on the sensors, in order to ensure the continuity of service of its offer and its supervision.
To do this, it uses the KARE platform.
KARE allows Telecom company teams to remotely control the proper functioning of the sensors and configure products, in order to modify their operating criteria (example: alert trigger threshold).
Real-time monitoring and preventive troubleshooting
Reduced operating costs: travel to the right place at the right time
Strengthened commitment of the company to its customers


text:
On 18 January 2021, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas introduced a new 5,000-peso note featuring Lapulapu, a Filipoino hero who vanquished Portuguese conquistador Ferdinand Magellan and his army in their attempt to colonize Mactan Island. This is a non-circulating legal tender commemorative banknote.
According to Turkmenistan Today, the State News Agency of Turkmenistan, the Central Bank of Turkmenistan plans to issue a family of banknotes to commemorate the country's 25th anniversary of neutrality, celebrated on 12 December 2020. The new notes are like the preceding issues, but with a special commemorative logo at
According to a press release dated 19 November 2019, the Czech National Bank plans to introduce a new 100-koruna note (194 x 84 mm) in March 2022 commemorating the establishment of the Czechoslovak koruna by featuring Karel Engliš, the most important financier of the First Republic. Like the preceding numismatic
According to a press release dated 7 October 2020, the Reserve Bank of Fiji introduced a new 50-dollar legal tender note commemorating Fiji's 50th anniversary of independence on 8 October 2020. It was introduced along with a 50-cent commemorative coin. Special numismatic collector sets are now also available through the
This 1,000-vatu note (overprinted on B210) commemorates the 40th anniversary of independence. Unlike with preceding issues wherein the first two digits of the serial number represent the last two digits of the year of printing, the 40 on these notes represents the 40th anniversary. Courtesy of Pratham Vyas and Claudio


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Blended finance – a term that is being increasingly used amongst the sustainable investment community – refers to the use of catalytic capital from public or philanthropic sources to increase private sector investment in developing countries that is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's). But what exactly does blended finance mean and what does the market look like? Convergence invites you to a Connect and Learn Session where we will look more closely at the definitions and ecosystem of blended finance as well as showcase an innovative case study in the sector. This event offers a platform for experts in the field to exchange ideas while providing the background for new actors to gain a full understanding of how and why blended finance can attract increased volumes of funding towards the SDG's.
- Participants will leave with an increased capacity of what blended finance is and why it is one important tool and opportunity to help address development challenges;
- Gain an understanding of the key players, their roles, and the overall trends in the blended finance landscape;
- Learn from practical examples of blended finance transactions that have reached financial close.
Senior Manager Convergence


You are Here > Home > My Retirement > GEPF: Who receives your pension benefits?
GEPF: Who receives your pension benefits?
Feb 1, 2021
GEPF beneficiary nomination formOne of the questions I receive from most retirement fund members is about who has a claim to their retirement funds if they die in service.
As a member of the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) one of the most important documents you need to keep up to date is your beneficiary nomination form. This will inform the trustees as to who your legal and financial dependants are, as well as their contact details. It will make it easier for the fund to make the relevant payments, ensuring your family receives the urgent financial support they need.
It is important to note that while your nomination form can assist the trustees in identifying and contacting beneficiaries, the trustees are still obliged to identify all legal or financial dependants and ensure that the death benefit is distributed equitably amongst the dependants.
The trustees will do an investigation into the dependence of any surviving legal dependants. Legal dependants include a spouse, parents, children, etc. However, anyone who can prove that they were financially dependent on the deceased has a rightful claim on some of the proceeds. This could include a child from another relationship, a parent, or even another partner who was financially supported by the member.
Once the trustees have identified all the dependants, they distribute the benefits according to the level of dependence. For example, if a member of the fund was married and had one adult child who was employed, then the spouse would receive the full benefit.
However, if the child was still living at home, or studying, and therefore dependent on the deceased, then they could have a claim. This does assume that there were no other dependants. Minor children from other marriages or relationships would also be considered in the dependency assessment.
Benefits are based on how long the member was in service at the time of death. If a member dies with less than ten years' service, the lump sum which will be distributed is based on either the member's final salary (average of last two years per definition) or the value of the member's pension in the fund at that time, whichever is greater.
If a member passes away with more than ten years' service, a lump sum (death-in-service gratuity) is paid to beneficiaries and a monthly pension is paid to the spouse. If the member was a single parent, the minor children receive a child's pension.
What does a beneficiary nomination form do?
A nomination form is completed while you are still alive and can only be changed by the member of the fund. It is used to identify potential legal/financial dependants, or other beneficiaries if you do not have any dependants.
If you are not married and do not have children or any other dependants, your gratuity will still be paid out to anyone you choose – including your parents or siblings.
The nomination form does not, however, supersede the responsibly of the trustees to provide for financial dependants.
If, for example, the nominated beneficiaries are not financially dependent on the deceased and there are other financial dependants not included on the form, the nominated beneficiaries may receive no money. Only in cases where there are no legal or financial dependants do the trustees distribute death benefits in line with the beneficiary nomination.
Make sure that the total percentage provided for each beneficiary adds up to 100%. You cannot, for example, nominate three beneficiaries giving them each 50%.
How does one prove financial dependence?
In the case of a spouse and minor children, financial dependency is assumed ‒ no further proof is needed.
Financial dependence can also be proved by a divorce order or by supplying bank statements proving that the deceased paid for certain expenses.
Tuition fees, bond repayments, medical aid and any other expenses that were paid by the deceased can be used to prove financial dependence.
It is important to understand who does not qualify as a financial dependant as this can become a contested issue, especially if there were relationships outside the marriage.
A financial/legal dependant includes:
 - A spouse. In the case of customary marriage, if there are two valid spouses, both of them will get an equal share of both gratuity and annuity.
 - A child under the age of 18, or a child who is still receiving financial support such as tuition.
 - A parent who is receiving financial support.
A financial dependant does not include:
 - An adult child who is not receiving financial support from the member.
 - A former spouse or partner who has not received any financial support and financial support is not stipulated in the divorce agreement.
If there are no financial dependants and the member has specified the beneficiary on the nomination form, then payment would be made.
Scenario 1: A member has adult children from a previous relationship who are not receiving financial support. The member is married and has young children with the current partner.
Likely outcome: The trustees will only consider the spouse and minor children as beneficiaries for distribution.
Scenario 2: A member has adult children from a previous relationship and is paying their tuition. The member is married and has young children with the current partner.
Likely outcome: The trustees will distribute the retirement fund among the spouse, young children and adult children in relation to level of dependency. As each case is treated individually, it depends on how many adult children there are. Adult children are usually given a percentage not exceeding 20% if still studying. The age of children is taken into consideration when percentages are determined. The gratuity will be shared amongst all dependants and the spouse will also receive a monthly pension.
Scenario 3: The member has adult children from a previous relationship who are not receiving financial support. The member is not legally married but living with a long-term partner.
Likely outcome: The long-term partner needs to apply to be recognised as the life partner of the deceased in order to be recognised. If the life partner's application is approved, he/she will receive a share of the gratuity and the monthly pension. In a case where the life partner is not approved but the partner can prove financial dependency on the deceased, the gratuity will be shared among all qualifying dependants, however the partner will not receive the spousal pension.
Where can members get the nomination form?
The nomination form can be obtained from GPAA regional offices, your HR department, or the GEPF website.
Forms can be submitted at the various regional offices, to your HR department, or can be emailed to
Register your spouse or life partner
As your spouse or life partner is entitled to an annuity when you die, it is important that you register him/her by providing your human resources department with either a certified copy of your marriage certificate, customary union certificate, lobola agreement, civil union certificate, or a certificate confirming your marriage in any other religion.
This article was sponsored by the GEPF.
 1. Good day,
 My dad worked for the city of Cape Town for over 22 years and as such, passed away a few days ago.
 I am 20 years old (turning 21 this year) and was his eldest child from his first (and only) marriage until my mom and him divorced and he also had a partner whom he has 2 children with of which are also younger than 18.
 My question is that my dad's family were never in his life and now that he has passed, they're showing up claiming that I am not due anything even though by word of mouth, it was said that I was nominated to get 50% of whatevers my dad was to be paid out but I am not sure how to go about verifying this?
 Ps. In the same sentence, I was advised that because I hurriedly got married about 6 month ago (customary marriage, not legally) I am not entitled to be paid out anything. Can you advise on this or whom it is I would need to query this info with?
 Any help would be much appreciated.
 - Firstly my condolences on the loss your father. The City of Cape Town fund does not fall under GEPF but the pension fund act rules would apply. This means the trustees of the fund will determine who receives the benefits based on financial and legal dependency. Children under the age of 18 would definitely fall under financial and legal dependency. It would depend on the rules of the fund whether you would qualify (some include children under 21 especially if still studying). The mother of the younger children would possibly have a claim either for the support of the children or if she was a financial dependent in her own right. The best thing to do is to submit your details and provide any evidence if he ever supported you or your mother financially (there may be a provision in the divorce agreement). I do not think whether or not you are married would make a big difference unless it is used to prove that you had no financial dependency on him. I would recommend you just deal directly with the fund and ignore the other relatives – they can can submit their own claims.
 2. I am divorced. I have a minor child [age 17]. I am in a long term relationship currently. I have made my fiancé one of the beneficiaries but was told that he will not be guaranteed his share of my pension because my child has to be looked after first, but yet we are financially dependent of each other and he assist financially to support my child because his biological father does not contribute enough. If I die he will not be able to financially support himself or continue to look after my son, although he is not the biological father. We also were told that the biological father will have all the right to my pension which will go into a trust. So how will my fiancé be able


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By definition, organic pickles must not contain any artificial colors (nor chemical additives or pesticides, while we're on the subject).
In contrast, mainstream pickle manufacturers often use a synthetic yellow food coloring known as tartrazine to achieve that familiar gherkin color. It's listed as Yellow 5 on food labels, and it's also responsible for processed macaroni and cheese's frightening neon hue.
U.S. Department of Agriculture microbiologists have been researching why commercially packed pickles can turn red and spoil. They recently identified a key chemical culprit: an interaction between tartrazine and the normal lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacilli) that form during the pickling process.
The USDA has also determined that the spoiled Lactobacilli have an interesting environmental application: They can help clean up synthetic "azo" dyes found in textile-industry wastewater. While many of these red, orange and yellow dyes are regarded as nontoxic, research shows some may be capable of mutating into carcinogens.
"If food-grade Lactobacilli capable of degrading a range of azo dyes were identified, they might be organisms of choice for waste-treatment applications," says USDA lead researcher Ilenys Pérez-Díaz, PhD.
Pickle this: Check out the health benefits of organic sauerkraut!
Photos: Maggie Mudd, Peggy Greb/USDA


text: design methods, the proposed technique yields PR (perfect The system based on this optimization algorithm has the low error rate and system delay. The present paper analyses various flexible bandwidth payload architectures as applicable to the multi beam satellite communications catering to the need of providing flexibility in bandwidth. The original speech signal reconstruction is done by detecting the interference band from the subband signals at the output of analysis bank and eliminating it in the synthesis filter bank resulting in a notch filtering. m =an arbitrary positive integer), such that the polyphase However, the increase in computational requirements due to the need to process increasingly wider band signals is paramount. Based on the gradient vector, the conjugate gradient method is utilised to solve the design problem. their modulated filters; a new property used to remarkably reduce the calculation of these functions. It is realized by means of discrete Fourier parameters to be optimized than in the pseudo-QMF (quadrature mirror First Online: 23 February 2020. Requesting that Material be Amended or Removed. The filter bank is implemented using two uniformly modulated DFT filter banks that are frequency shifted by 1/2 channel width. For IIR oversampled filter bank, perfect reconstruction have been studied in Wolovich and Kailath. New generation of satellites, called High Throughput Satellites (HTS), are being designed with Multi-beam payload architecture with manifold frequency re-use and innovative ground technologies. It is shown that all such filters the minimization problem converges very fast since the cost function and 21 Perfect Reconstruction for M Channels There are two ways to get PR for M > 2 Channels: 1. Extend all previous results to general M > 2 case • Same basic ideas but much more complicated • See books on Filter Banks 2. This design method Several design example are given. proposed technique can also be extended to design multidimensional significant when designing long filters for large M . When using for cognitive radios (CR), the traditional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology with its drawback of the spectral leakage will cause interference between neighboring zone and also reduce the primary user signal detection performance. yields PR filter banks with much higher stopband attenuation. cosine-modulated orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. 163-174, March 1994. Unlike cosine modulated filter banks, they cannot cancel alias components caused by decimation of subband signals . Among those filter banks, Cosine Modulated filter banks - are very popular because they are easy to implement and can provide perfect reconstruction (PR). The model will de-multiplex, route and re-multiplex the user signals in accordance with the traffic demand with perfect reconstruction as the major criteria Index Terms-transparent processor, bandwidth flexibility, Multirate signal processing, MDFT filter bank, Perfect reconstruction. Results of computer simulation are presented to support our derivations and analyses. The mirror signal alias (shown in figure 4 (b) named M) should be suppressed in order to form a contiguous filter response. The Modified DFT (MDFT) polyphase filter bank has been introduced. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the OFDM system, prototype functions of MDFT have obvious advantage in spectrum leakage. In terms of PAPR, they have similar performance. The perfect reconstruction condition for an oversampled filter bank can be stated as a matrix inverse problem in the polyphase domain. Cadena_Pico_JE_T_2016.pdf (3.134Mb) Downloads: 3066. This paper has presented multirate filter banks based method for detection and suppression of narrow band interference in a speech signal. In this approach, filter banks having several channels are designed by starting with a filter bank with a small number of channels. In addition, the IFIR filter is tested in both simulated and real communication environments. Such a property ensures freedom from aliasing, amplitude distortion, and phase distortion. 2, pp. the analysis/synthesis system satisfies perfect reconstruction (PR). However, in the previous section, a highly efficient design method have been presented for high-resolution (complexity) cosine modulated filter banks, this algorithm will be improved here to design MDFT filter banks. A simple interpretation is possible in terms of the complex (hypothetical) analytic signal corresponding to each bandpass subband. The number of channels must be a multiple of two. The losslessness Perfect Reconstruction Two-Channel Wavelet Filter-Banks for Graph Structured Data Sunil K. Narang*, Student Member, IEEE, and Antonio Ortega, Fellow, IEEE Abstract In this work we propose the construction of two-channel wavelet ﬁlterbanks for analyzing functions deﬁned on the vertices of any arbitrary ﬁnite weighted undirected graph. An efficient implementation of the filter banks based on a weighted-overlap-add structure is described that allows flexibility in oversampling. the number of dimensions, the complexity of design and, This study presents a novel property of the two-dimensional DFT-modulated filter bank and an efficient algorithm for designing the filter bank with large scale (with a large number of subbands and filters of large spatial support). The prototype filter in the proposed filter banks is derived simply by performing an interpolation of a two-channel QMF filter, which can be obtained easily by computation or table look-up. the number of channels. The de-multiplexing and re-multiplexing is based on the digitally designed modified filter-bank technique which provides the near perfect reconstruction of the communication signals. The modified DFT (MDFT) filter bank is a highly efficient pseudo-QMF filter bank with almost perfect reconstruction. The filter lengths K can be chosen arbitrarily. So a similar method can be used to construct cosine-modulated wavelets. A subset of the presented solutions has dyadic coeffi- cients, leading to multiplierless implementations suitable for low-power mobile computing. In this paper, we introduce an optimized algorithm to implement the MDFT filter bank based multicarrier modulation system. Coeffi- cients, leading to multiplierless implementations suitable for low-power mobile computing formulate filter. By decimation of subband adaptive filtering conditions are imposed on the other hand, the gradient. 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Benchmark experimental gas-phase intermolecular dissociation energies by the SEP-R2PI method
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
The gas-phase ground-state dissociation energy D (S ) of an isolated and cold bimolecular complex is a fundamental measure of the intermolecular interaction strength between its constituents. Accurate D values are important for the understanding of intermolecular bonding, for benchmarking high-level theoretical calculations, and for the parameterization of dispersion-corrected density functionals or force-field models that are used in fields ranging from crystallography to biochemistry. We review experimental measurements of the gas-phase D (S ) and D (S ) values of 55 different M⋅S complexes, where M is a (hetero)aromatic molecule and S is a closed-shell solvent atom or molecule. The experiments employ the triply resonant SEP-R2PI laser method, which involves M-centered (S → S ) electronic excitation, followed by S → S stimulated emission spanning a range of S state vibrational levels. At sufficiently high vibrational energy, vibrational predissociation of the M⋅S complex occurs. A total of 49 dissociation energies were bracketed to within ≤1.0 kJ/mol, providing a large experimental database of accurate noncovalent interactions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Knochenmuss, Richard; Sinha, Rajeev K.; and Leutwyler, Samuel, "Benchmark experimental gas-phase intermolecular dissociation energies by the SEP-R2PI method" (2020). Open Access Archive. 253.


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Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie (19 March 1900 – 14 August 1958) was a French physicist, who shared the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with his wife Irène Joliot-Curie for the discovery of artificial radioactivity.
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- It is because I know all that science can bring to the world that I shall continue my efforts to ensure that it contributes to the happiness of all men, whether they be white, black, or yellow, and not to their annihilation in the name of some divine mission or other.
- Pierre Biquard, translated by Geoffrey Strachan (1966). Frédéric Joliot-Curie: the man and his theories. Eriksson. p. 129.