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Encouraged by the progress made in a recently posted MO problem, here is a "conceptually related" problem originating from a 2003 joint paper of Sergei Konyagin and myself.
Suppose we are given $n$ points $z_1,...,z_n$ on the unit circle $U=\{z\colon |z|=1\}$ and $n$ weights $p_1,...,p_n\ge 0$ such that $p_1+....+p_n=n$, and we want to find yet another point $z\in U$ to maximize the product $$ \prod_{i=1}^n |z-z_i|^{p_i}. $$ How large can we make this product by the optimal choice of $z$?
Conjecture. For any given $z_1,...,z_n\in U$ and $p_1,...,p_n\ge 0$ with $p_1+...+p_n=n$, there exists $z\in U$ with $$ \prod_{i=1}^n |z-z_i|^{p_i} \ge 2. $$
Here are some comments.
 - If true, the estimate of the conjecture is best possible, as evidenced by the situation where the points are equally spaced on $U$ and all weights are equal to $1$.
 - We were able to resolve a number of particular cases; say, that where the points $z_i$ are equally spaced on $U$, and also that where all weights are equal to $1$.
 - The case $n=2$ is almost trivial, but already the case $n=3$ is wide open.
 - In the general case we have shown that the maximum is larger than some absolute constant exceeding $1$.
 - Although this is not obvious at first glance, this conjecture is actually about the maxima of polynomials on the unit circle.
I would be very interested to see any further progress!
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Just a small remark. The case $p_i=1$ was Problem 2 on the 1991 Hungarian Schweitzer Contest, see Problem G47 in this book: openlibrary.org/books/OL792783M/Contests_in_higher_mathematics – GH from MO May 7 '11 at 17:08
Interesting question. I see the lower bound 1, though 2 seems much more delicate. – Pietro Majer May 7 '11 at 17:57
4 Answers 4
up vote 25 down vote accepted
Let's create a proof a la Koosis. All the techniques used below can be found in his book "The Logarithmic Integral".
Take $a>1$ and put $f(z)=a\prod_j(1+z/z_j)^{p_j}$. That is a nice analytic function and, while its absolute value is somewhat hard to understand, its argument is very simple: it is an $n$-piece piecewise linear function on the circle with slope $\frac 12 n$ (with respect to the usual circle length) and jumps at $z_j$. Let $I$ be the image of one of the arcs between two adjacent points $z_j$ and $z_{j+1}$ under the mapping $z\mapsto \operatorname{arg}f(z)$. We can transplant all functions defined on the circle arc $[z_j,z_{j+1}]$ to $I$ using this mapping. Note that the integral of any function over the arc with respect to the circle length is just $2/n$ times the integral of its transplant over $I$ with respect to the line length.
Let $\Phi$ be the transplant of $|f|$. Assume that $\Phi<2$ on $I$. The transplant of $f$ is then just $F(t)=\Phi(t)e^{it}$. The key observation is the following: $$ \int_I \log|2-F(t)|dt\ge \log 2(|I|-\pi). $$ Assuming that it is true, we conclude that the full integral of $\log|2-f|$ over the unit circle is at least $2/n$ times the sum of the right hand sides over the intervals corresponding to all arcs, which is $0$. On the other hand, if $a>1$, then $\log|2-f(0)|=\log|2-a|<0$, so $2-f$ must have a root inside the disk and the maximum principle finishes the story.
Now let us prove the observation claim. The only thing we really know about $\Phi$ is that it is log-concave and, thereby, unimodal. Fortunately, that's all we need. So, in what follows, $\Phi$ will be just any unimodal function on $I$ with values in $[0,2]$. Since we can always extend $\Phi$ by $0$ outside $I$, we can switch to any larger interval we want without making the inequality easier. So, WLOG, $I=[-2\pi n-\frac\pi 2,2\pi n+\frac\pi 2]$
Now, let us observe that for every fixed $t$, the integrand is minimized for $\Phi(t)=2\max(0,\cos t)$ (that is just the nearest point on the line) and that the farther we go away from this optimal value, the larger the integrand is. Therefore, to minimize the left hand side, we need to stay as close to the black regime on the picture (the graph of $2\cos_+ t$) as we can.
Regime comparison
Suppose that the actual $\Phi$ is given by the blue line. Then, replacing $\Phi$ by the red line $\Psi$, we come closer to the optimum at every point. But the red line consists of several full periods (horizontal pieces) and several pieces that together constitute one full positive arc of $\cos t$. Now, each full period means running over some circle around the origin, so the average value of $\log|2-\Psi(t)e^{it}|$ over each full period is exactly $\log 2$. At last, the $2\cos t$ part gives $\int_0^\pi\log (2|\sin t|)dt=0$, which is exactly the loss of $\pi \log 2$ compared to $\log 2$ times its length $\pi$.
That's it. Feel free to comment and/or ask questions.
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Wow, that's pretty. – David Speyer May 24 '11 at 19:00
It looks to me like you didn't use that $\Phi<2$ in proving the "key observation"; even if the blue curve went above the top horizontal line, you could still replace the blue curve by the red curve and get your bound. So your argument shows $2-f$ has a root inside the disc (given that $f(0)$ is a real number $>1$). Am I right, or did I miss something? – David Speyer May 24 '11 at 19:46
You are right, of course. I just wanted to make it easy to switch from the picture to formulae if anybody wants such translation and to avoid questions of the kind "what if your intersection points are missing?". – fedja May 24 '11 at 19:54
Took me a while but, having eventually read carefully -- an amazing argument! You should publish it. It would be interesting to analyze what configuration of points $z_i$ and weights $p_i$ the red line corresponds to. Are there any extremal configurations other than that where the points are equally spaced, and the weights are all equal to $1$? – Seva Jun 4 '11 at 20:40
No. The extremum is unique (up to rotation, of course). As to publishing, if there are other people interested in such things, I'll probably make a short writeup and put it on ArXiV. :) – fedja Jun 5 '11 at 0:59
Here is a second proof. Let $$H(z)=\prod_j|z-z_j|^{p_j}.$$ Let $$F(z)=\prod_j\left((z-z_j)(1/z-\bar{z}_j)\right)^{p_j/n},\quad |z|\geq 1.$$ It is easy to see that: $$|F(z)|=H^{2/n}(z),\quad |z|=1,$$ and that $F$ maps conformally the exterior of the unit disc on the exterior of a "star" consisting of $n$ straight segments $[0,a_j]$ with some complex $a_j$. Moreover, $F(z)\sim z$ as $z$ tends to infinity.
Now we see that the result is equivalent to the following theorem of Dubinin: Let $K$ be the union of some intervals of the form $[0,a_j]$, and suppose that capacity of $K$ is $1$. Then $\max_j|a_j|$ takes its minimal value when the star is symmetric: all |a_j| are equal and the angles between adjacent intervals are equal.
The reference is Dubinin, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk (=Russian Math. Surveys), 49 (1994). Fedja's proof is much simpler, so it is a new proof of Dubinin's


One AI Recipes Overview
One AI Recipes make creating a predictive model as easy as choosing the outcome you want to predict and answering a series of questions.

One AI Recipes were created to bridge the gap between the way data is modeled for a people analytics platform and the way it is modeled for machine learning. They make creating a predictive model from your people data as easy as choosing the outcome you want to predict and answering a series of questions about the data you would like to leverage to make the predictions. The end result is a predictive model based on robust, clean, and properly structured data. This result is achieved without having to engage a Data Engineer or a Data Scientist.

Video Overview of One AI Recipes

Steps to Use a One AI Recipe to Create a Predictive Model

 1. From the Data menu in the navigation bar select Augmentations
 2. Select the + Add Machine Learning Model button
 3. Give the model a name. Please note that models cannot be re-named once they are saved
 4. Select the One AI Recipe option from the Using Data From section and Configure One AI Recipe
 5. Select a recipe from the What are you interested in predicting? dropdown
 Note: Until you make selections in a recipe, you can switch between recipes. Once you begin making selections, you can only switch to "Custom / Advanced Model"
 6. Answer each of the questions using the inline help for guidance if necessary
 7. Select the Save icon
 8. Scroll to the bottom of the Augmentation Configuration screen and select Create
 Note: Do not forget this step or you will lose all of the selections you made

Available Recipes:
Voluntary Attrition Risk
Description: One AI will help you predict the likelihood of a person in a selected population voluntarily terminating within a selected period of time. In order to do this, One AI will consider a number of attributes and will train the model on the population at a defined point in the past.
Algorithm Type: Classification (Binary)
Objective: Drivers and Predictions
Involuntary Attrition Risk
Description: One AI will help you predict the likelihood of a person in a selected population involuntarily terminating within a selected period of time. In order to do this, One AI will consider a number of attributes and will train the model on the population at a defined point in the past.
Algorithm Type: Classification (Binary)
Objective: Drivers and Predictions
Binary Promotion Analysis
Description: One AI will help you predict the likelihood of a person in a selected population being promoted within a selected period of time. In order to do this, One AI will consider a number of attributes and will train the model on the population at a defined point in the past.
Algorithm Type: Classification (Binary)
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New Hire Success / Failure
Description: One AI will help you predict the Success or Failure at a specified amount of time after the hire date of employees hired during a specified time period. In order to do this, One AI will consider a number of attributes and will train the model on the hires from a time period prior to the prediction data.
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Objective: Drivers and Predictions
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text:
By J. R. Cooper, Ph.D, NeoTech Aqua Solutions, Inc.
The NeoTech Aqua ReFleX™ water purification chambers are the most efficient and compact units available today. They require an order of magnitude less energy and less than 25% of the system volume to achieve the same or better purification result as competing chambers. This is the first in a series of three white papers explaining the benefits of these systems. This paper explains in detail the theory behind the operation of these chambers, including some computational examples of performance. The second paper presents both in-house and third party data demonstrating that performance in full scale systems as well as describing the protocols under which those data were taken. The final white paper presents an analysis of those results which show that the unique optical nature of the ReFleX™ chamber leads to the capability to measure the dose delivered to a target contained within the chamber simply by measuring the intensity of the ultraviolet light at a single point on the chamber wall and the water flow through the chamber.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Computational model offers insight into mechanisms of drug-coated balloons.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--An MIT scientist and colleagues have found the first direct evidence that metal particles carried in the wind from industrial sources are involved in forest decline in the mountains of New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire.
Heavy metals like copper, cadmium and lead have been implicated before in the death and damage of trees, but until now there has not been a direct link. Past studies have only shown that patterns of where metal pollutants are deposited correspond to patterns of damaged trees.
In the new work, reported in the May 2 Nature, the researchers measured the concentration of a compound produced by all plants, from redwoods to yeast, that is an indicator of metal stress. The concentrations of this compound, known as phytochelatin, matched observations of tree health: higher amounts were found in sicker stands.
The researchers are James E. Gawel, a doctoral student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and lead author of the paper; Beth A. Ahner and Francois M. M. Morel of Princeton, and Andrew J. Friedland of Dartmouth.
"Phytochelatins are produced by the plants themselves in response to metals that actually get into the cell," Mr. Gawel said. The compounds bind to the metals to keep them from poisoning the plant. As a result, they serve as "physiological markers" for exposure to heavy metals. The higher the phytochelatin concentration, the more metal stress the plant is facing.
Key to the research was a sensitive test developed by Dr. Ahner when she was a doctoral student at MIT in Professor Morel's lab (both are now at Princeton). The test measures phytochelatins at very low levels. Working with Dr. Friedland at a Dartmouth research facility at Whiteface Mountain in New York, Mr. Gawel used the test to measure phytochelatin concentrations in the needles of red spruce and balsam fir. He found that phytochelatin levels in red spruce were consistently higher than in balsam fir. "That was very interesting to us because spruce are in decline and fir are not," Mr. Gawel said.
The scientists also found a correlation between phytochelatin concentration in red spruce and altitude. "The phytochelatin concentration increased very strongly with elevation," Mr. Gawel said. The number of dead and damaged trees also increases with elevation.
When the scientists extended the study to red spruce on nine other mountains in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire, they got similar results. In addition, higher phytochelatin concentrations and more tree decline were found in the Adirondack mountains of New York and the Green Mountains of Vermont than in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
"The New York and Vermont mountains receive more pollution from the Midwest," explained Mr. Gawel. By the time the winds reach the White Mountains, a large percent of the pollutants have already been deposited on the other mountains.
Mr. Gawel is currently studying how the metals get into the trees (whether through roots or leaves), and what their full impact is. "We haven't yet been able to show to what degree heavy metals are only part of the problem or are an essential causative factor in general," Mr. Gawel explained. Acid rain and ozone are also thought to be important factors in forest decline.
"We expect that the metals by themselves aren't killing the trees," Mr. Gawel continued. "Rather, they're predisposing trees to damage from other sources, such as harsh winters." The production of phytochelatins themselves, for example, is known to deplete stocks of another important compound. This depletion "results in an increased sensitivity to oxidative damage" from other pollutants, the authors write. "In the mountain environment, anything that puts a tree under stress will impact its ability to survive," Mr. Gawel concluded.
In continuing work, Mr. Gawel is growing red spruce seedlings in the lab to study the effects of known concentrations of one heavy metal, cadmium, on tree health. Laurel A. Schaider, a junior in civil and environmental engineering, is working with him through the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program.
The work is supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the NSF, the EPA, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the US Forest Service Northern Stations Global Change Research Program.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Understanding the need for tactfulness and passing it on to your kids are two different things.
The definition of tact is: "Acute sensitivity to what is proper and appropriate in dealing with others, including the ability to speak or act without offending."Â
I really didn't give this much thought until my girlfriend got her hair cut and asked my 9-year-old son how he liked it. He smiled his charming smile and said, "It's cute, but it makes your face look chubby."Â
I stood stunned. If I had the power to vanish into thin air, I would have done it. Luckily, the woman is a good friend, and she took the comment in stride.
It was a perfect opportunity for a lesson in tactfulness. The problem I faced is the fact that he was being truthful. The haircut did make her face look chubby, so the answer was honestâ€¦just not tactful. I needed to find a way to help him learn how to answer truthfully, but tactfully.Â
When we were home later that evening I brought it up. "How do you think Joy felt when you told her that her face looked chubby?"Â
He looked at me with wide blue eyes and was silent for a minute. "Probably not good," he finally said.Â
"Can you think of another way you could have answered that was honest but wouldn't hurt her feelings?"Â
His mouth pulled to the side in concentration. "I could have just said it was cute."Â
"But I liked her hair better before she cut it."Â
We talked more about it, and while we didn't have a perfect answer, I used the opportunity as a lesson in tactfulness.
To my surprise, he brought it up about a week later, and decided he should have just said it was cute, but he liked her hair more the other way.
The fact that he thought about it was encouraging. He may not know the definition of tact, but he is learning the meaning of tactfulness.Â
Photo credits: dbrekke


text:
Concerted evolution is the tendency of the different genes in a gene family or cluster to evolve in concert. This means that each gene locus in the family comes to have the same genetic variant.
The a globin genes of primates illustrates the principle:
All primates have two alpha globins; we can therefore assume that the common ancestor of primates had two alpha globin genes. The sequence of each alpha globin gene differs between primate species; in the great apes any two species differ by about 2.5 amino acid substitutions in each gene. If one gene accumulates about 2.5 amino acid changes in the time between two species, then two different genes (alpha1 and alpha2) which have been separated for maybe 300 million years should have accumulated many more changes if they have been evolving independently. The conclusion is that they have not evolved independently; they have evolved in concert.
Figure: a phylogeny of the human globin genes. The genes multiplied by gene duplications, and the dates on the figure are the times of the duplications as inferred from the molecular clock. In fact, as the text explains, the inferred dates are untrustworthy. From Jeffreys et al. (1983).
Why does concerted evolution take place?


PubAg
Main content area
Rapid determination of ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, and total vitamin C by electrochemiluminescence with a thin-layer electrochemical cell
Author:
Takahashi, Fumiki, Jin, Jiye
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2009 v.393 no.6-7 pp. _PHONE_
ISSN:
_PHONE_
Subject:
ascorbic acid, beverages, dehydroascorbic acid, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemistry, oxidation, pH, phosphates
Abstract:
This paper reports on a rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (H₂A), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), and total vitamin C by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) using a thin-layer electrochemical cell. Significant ECL signals can be generated by the anodic oxidation of Ru(bpy)₃ ²⁺ in the presence of H₂A or DHA in pH 8.8 phosphate buffer solution. Because of the extremely small dead volume of the thin-layer cell (approximately 1.5 μL), almost all amount of H₂A is assumed to be completely oxidized to DHA with a short pre-electrolysis step. As a result, it is possible to determine the reductive vitamin C (H₂A) by square wave voltammetry before the pre-electrolysis step, while total vitamin C (sum of H₂A and DHA) is able to be determined at a subsequent ECL step. The method was employed for the determination of vitamin C in commercial beverages with the analytical results in good agreement with the certified values. [graphic removed]
Agid:
_PHONE_


What Does It Mean To Be A Commercial Film Production Company in 2020?
Posted Aug. 26, 2019
What is a production company anyway? What role does it play in 2020, and who is all involved? We answer a few common questions in this breakdown all about companies.
Suggested Reads
What Is A Commercial Film Production Company?
Although the landscape is changing for film production companies, the traditional model is based around making it easy to organize video shoots. Advertising agencies or brands hire commercial film production companies to execute creative scripts once they've been signed off by a client. Usually the scripts are for television commercials, online ads, ads that play in movie theatres and now more than ever, ads for social media.
In the past, companies used to specialized in Broadcast or Online content only.
Now, there are many more hybrid commercial film production companies. Some of them help write scripts, some of them provide creative directors to oversee the ideation, and some of them work beyond the film medium, and produce theatre, PR stunts, VR and AR projects that are non-traditional. Many of these non-traditional mediums has led to the rise of a new term, content studio, that has begun to take rise.
How Do Commercial Film Production Companies Operate?
On one hand, commercial film production companies work on the basis of project bids. Usually there are multiple bids per project, and clients must weigh various criteria points including cost, creative, track record and expertise and service experience. A production company is selected based on the criteria set out by the client, as well as the director attached to the bid.
The involvement of the director is to envision the creative aspect of the project bid, while the producer must envision the logistic aspect of the project bid. The two go hand in hand, and the production company has the task of insuring the bid.
What Role Do Directors Play at Commercial Film Production Companies?
Director Farhad Ghaderi setting up a shot for Virtuous Circle.
What Role Do Directors Play at Commercial Film Production Companies?
Most commercial production companies in 2019 represent a roster of directors. This means that this roster is the pool from which a client or agency can choose for project bids. By being on a commercial roster, a director can have the benefit of a sales team whose job it is to showcase the director to various new stakeholders. Furthermore, it adds a level of weight to a director's name if they are being backed up by a much larger company.
Once directors are being selected to pitch for a project bid, their role involves lots of writing and research to create a treatment and various other pre-production documents should they win the bid.
Who Do I Talk To For A Job At A Commercial Film Production Company?
Farhad Ghaderi (left) and Shelby Manton, Executive Producer for BOLDLY
Commercial production companies are usually made up of at least one Executive Producer, a Production Manager, and several coordinators and sales people to maintain all the moving parts of bidding, pre-production, production, and wrapout.
If you are looking to speak to someone in a decision-making position at a production company, you're better off speaking to the Executive Producer. Their job is to onboard new directors, manage existing rosters, and work with clients, agencies and other stakeholders during all facets of commercial production.
What Is A Production Service Company?
Commercial Production Companies are usually based in a specific city. So when they need to film global campaigns or move from one country to another for a shoot, they often engage local experts: enter the Production Service Company or 'Fixer'.
This is a company that has expertise on the ground for below the line crew, equipment, vehicles, transportation, locations and more to help a Production Company realize its creative goals in a new territory. This is great because anyone can hire a production service company if they need to film in another country.
Thanks for reading!
As always, if you liked this breakdown, share it with your friends in film. And if you have more questions that are unanswered, don't hesitate to reach out and ask us. We love to make our blog better, so your feedback is greatly appreciated.
Get in touch with Sebastien Galina


Writing a paper pitition
Writing a paper pitition
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Who would you write a business letter to, a paper pitition writing
Previous engagement with the writing process (including components like drafting, revision, peer response, instructor feedback, and self reflection), and.At the onset of a lawsuit, complaints and petitions are considered pleadings.In the divorce petition, your spouse provided basic information about your marriage and family and asked the court to end your marriage.1 First you need to research your cause for writing the petition.The first step in writing a petition is to research, develop, and write a clear and specific goal statement.Write a short headline that grabs attention and creates an immediate connection Writing a Simple Petition Letter (with Sample) Use this sample petition letter as a template for your formal petition letter.Write a short headline that grabs attention writing a paper pitition and creates an immediate connection All academic and business writing simply has to have absolutely perfect How To Write A Overloading Petition Essay grammar, punctuation, spelling, formatting, and composition.If it is a small goal, like salsa in the cafeteria, you only need one or two sentences.At the end of the petition you must type this line: "I declare under penalty of perjury that all assertions made within this petition are complete, truthful, and accurate.Make this realistic and concrete Writing a Petition Letter for College [with Sample] By andre bradley / April 2, 2021 / Other Letters.Instructor and the paper was returned to you, you revised the paper, and then the paper was handed in again for final grading.A writ petition can be filed in high court under article 226 and in the supreme court under article 32.Review the divorce petition carefully.To write a petition letter, it is essential to state the main goal of the letter clearly and concisely.You are advancing a statement based on values in order to gain a platform in which you can speak to your reasoning in detail.A petition is just another word for prayer or a request or a freewheeling letter to the Universe.The research will help you build up your arguments on the request You are able to use a petition to lead to real changes with just a pen and a bit of paper, so long as you have sufficient people ready to sign it.It is filed typically at the start of a lawsuit.Turn the paper and write out your full name across the petition writing a paper pitition the same number of times directly on top of the petition words.There are many different types of petitions.A petition letter can either accompany a formal petition or request a change in the status of a particular situation.Create a signer's form on a separate sheet for paper petitions.How to Write a Petition: Craft a Compelling Message!Mar 27, 2019 - A petition is a request or wish written on a piece of paper.THe Norse used rune staffs to cast magic spells.2 The second step is the process of writing the petition.In a digital world, it's crucial to understand the best practices for building a dynamite petition.Experience reading academic sources (not including textbooks).Our managing editor – an award-winning journalist – has spent the past 7 years refining our roster.And that is primarily because of writing a paper pitition the nitty-gritty involved in their formulation.
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Giant Hogweed by John C. Mannone
Giant Hogweed
John C. Mannone
Their evolution:
like caustic words,
the burning lye
coursing through
their green veins,
in their sap-stem
stained purple,
warted like sin
branching out
to all the world,
white lacy umbels
reaching to sun
to soak sarcastic
light slaked
with promises
of contempt
for any living thing
approaching them.
Cut them
down, burn
the indignant
plant. Its phylogeny
must never be
allowed to flower
and flourish.
All the world is
at risk ever since
humans mutated
into giant hogweed
sprouting, sprawling
Author's note: The poem was inspired after reading about this dangerous plant: Note also that furocoumarin or furanocoumarin are carcinogenic and teratogenic:
Giant Hogweed by John C. Mannone 1
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Transitioning to Trauma Program Manager: Growing from Clinical Expert to Trauma Program Management (live webinar)
Transitioning to Trauma Program Manager: Growing from Clinical Expert to Trauma Program Management
The Trauma Program Manager is the cornerstone of the trauma center and in a distinct position from other managers in the hospital. They are often put in the position of trauma program manager (TPM) because of their clinical expertise but receive little to no handover or orientation and often fill a position that has been vacant for some time. In many cases, this exceptional bedside nurse is transitioning to a management position for the first time. Although they may have been an expert in their clinical role, they are beginning a new cycle as a novice in this new role. During this webinar, we will explore the challenges of this transition and identify the key attributes that will lead to success.
Attendees will be able to:
 1. Describe the challenges of transitioning from bedside nurse to management of the multiple pieces of a trauma program.
 2. Identify the stages and process of moving from novice to expert in a circular versus linear manner while managing the numerous aspects of an efficient trauma program.
 3. Recognize the attributes of effective and successful trauma program managers as leaders.
Summary
Availability: No future session
Cost: FREE
Credit Offered:
1 CE Credit
1 COP Credit
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text:
Providing the right information at the right time for decision making
Richard Gunn has over 40 years ' experience of nuclear characterisation across a wide range of sites and applications. This has included providing radiometric measurement support for process operations, facility decommissioning and waste management, as well as R & D. More recently he has been involved in Characterisation Strategy and Planning development. He is a Principal Consultant with Cavendish Nuclear Ltd.
The Characterisation Planning Process To be effective, characterisation must be planned. Current industry guidance and good practice recommend the use of a step-wise systematic planning process. This helps ensure that everything is done in the right Createc, Ltd System order, and nothing is missed. It also ensures that the information obtained is of an appropriate quality and quantity Gamma. An Reality example is shown below : Inc System
The Systematic Planning Process
What is Characterisation?
Characterisation is the process of gathering information on the characteristics of a material, item or waste. This characteristic information may include a wide range of properties : physical, chemical or radiological. Characterisation is all about delivering the right information at the right time for decision making.
In decommissioning, information is needed to help decide how the approach can be optimised and may include details of the hazards from which operatives must be protected.
For waste management, information is needed on what categories of waste are present and whether there are opportunities to divert waste for recycling or landfill disposal. Evidence may be required that the waste fully complies with the Conditions for Acceptance for a disposal or treatment facility.
Information on the characteristics of the land beneath a site may be needed to ensure that it meets acceptable " endstate " criteria following decommissioning and remediation.
During the planning process, it is important to ensure that relevant stakeholders are engaged, and to agree a clear set of objectives or goals at the outset. Other important steps include determining what information we have already, potentially reducing the need to collect new data.
Optimising the Approach The basic approaches to gathering characterisation data fall into three main groups, shown as the three corners of the triangle on the next page :
16 Radiation Protection Today www. srp-rpt. uk


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HISTORY OF PASCO COUNTY
This page was last revised on Sept. 21, 2012.In a 1937 newspaper article, A. S. Gower recalled that as mill superintendent he sawed the first log at Fivay in 1904 and the last one in 1912. Gower said the saw mill equipment included four separate mills, 14 locomotives, 75 miles of tram road, 50 log cars, two big steel loaders, big steel skidder, and 150 mules. He said the town of Fivay had three hotels, a club house, a 100,000 gallon 100 foot water tank with electric lights and running water in all the houses. One big commissary with a stock of $40,000 provided a shopping place for the citizens.
According to MacManus, "At its peak in 1910 Fivay was probably the largest sawmill operation in Florida. At that time, the town had a population of 1,500. Employees worked round-the-clock in day and night shifts to keep the boilers operating continuously."
Walter I. McNatt recalls: "In the early 1900s, five men whose last name started with an 'A' settled in the Griffin Park vicinity. They built a big saw mill and a railroad where Fivay Junction is now. Named Tucker at the time, the junction took its name from the five men. The town had a population of about 2,300 including children and was less than a square mile in size. When the supply of lumber was exhausted in 1914, the mill was closed, and the railroad track removed."
The names of the five men for whom the town was named are here.
A newspaper article datelined May 30, 1901, reported, "John J. McDonough, of [Savannah, Ga.], has just concluded a deal by which he secures 175,000 acres of heavily wooded timber lands in Hernando and Pasco counties, Florida. The price paid is in the neighborhood of $500,000. The land is said to be among the best wooded in the state, and will cut not less than two billion feet of lumber. Mr. McDonough does not propose to manufacture this timber into lumber himself, but will sublease timber privileges to sawmills. Ten mills will probably be put into operation in the tract shortly. The land covers approximately twenty by twenty-four miles."
Aripeka Saw Mills was incorporated under the laws of Georgia on Sept. 17, 1903.
On Sept. 19, 1903, the Atlanta Constitution reported, "Judge J. H. Lumpkin granted a charter to the Aripeka saw mills in the superior court yesterday. The petitioners for the charter were H. M. Atkinson, John J. McDonough, Martin F. Amorous and P. S. Arkwright. The concern is capitalized at $500,000, and under the charter granted has the privilege of increasing this to an amount not exceeding $3,000,000. The chief office of the company will be located in Atlanta. W. B. Stovall is attorney for the concern."
The Fivay post office was established on Sept. 23, 1904. The first postmaster was Mrs. Alice Gregg. Subsequent postmasters were Sallie M. Perkins, Oct. 2, 1907; and Daisy V. Gower, July 11, 1911.
An article in the Atlanta Constitution on July 7, 1905, reported: "Macon, Ga., July 6 — (Special) — Sidney J. and Bartow Stubbs are the purchasers of large interests in the Aripeka Lumber Company at Fivay, Fla. The purchase was made through a deal closed with Atlanta attorneys and over half a million dollars is invested by the new purchasers. They will take charge of the new business on August 1. Both men are well-known Macon capitalists and are also experienced in the lumber business."
On Aug. 10, 1905, the Tampa Weekly Tribune reported, "F. B. Stubbs and S. J. Stubbs, of Macon, Ga., with their associates, C. E. McRae and P. J. Curry, have purchased the controlling interest in the Aripeka mills at Fivay, on the B. & H. railroad. They are men of vast experience in the milling interest."
On Apr. 15, 1907, the Ocala Evening Star reported: "The big mill at Fivay, Hernando county, 30 miles west of Brooksville, was destroyed by fire Friday night. Loss $90,000; insurance $37,000. Besides the saw mill the planing mil, and dry kiln went up in smoke."
On July 2, 1907, the Ocala Evening Star reported:
Carter H. Dame, the untiring organizer for the Woodmen of the World, returned from Fivay, Hernando county [sic], Saturday, where he put in a camp of twenty-five members. He said the big saw mill at that place which was destroyed by fire in the spring, is being rebuilt. In fact, two mills are going up in place of the one burned. The capacity of the mills will be 250,000 feet a day and the company has enough timber to last for ten years. Fivay is a hive of industry. Last week $2000 was paid out to employes. Labor is in great demand. Unskilled workmen receive $1.50 a day, while those who are handy receive from $2.50 to $5 a day. V. B. Potts, late of Martel, contractor and builder, is now at Fivay, and is engaged in erecting a Woodmen's hall building 30x60 feet, two stories high.
In 1907 Fivay had a population of 1500, according to a 1937 newspaper article.
On July 25, 1908, the Ocala Evening Star reported, "As is generally known, the stockholders of the Tampa Northern own the large mills at Fivay. These mills are cutting quantities of lumber now and are storing it against future demands, and it will be shipped to the east and to other sections through this port."
On Sept. 30, 1908, a meeting was held at the office of the Aripeka Saw Mills Co. for the incorporation of the town of Fivay. The following officials were selected: Mayor, W. H. Hope; Council members: Ernest Christian, Ed S. Haines, J. T. Donaldson, C. A. Blatchford, M. E. Sperry, T. A. Hughes, T. H. Martin. Town Marshall: Robert Nix. Treasurer: L. E. Thornton. Assessor: T. J. Pearce. Collector: J. F. Gardner, M. D. Clerk: C. G. Puleston. Hope was sworn in as Mayor on Oct. 2; the others were sworn in the following day. The election was overseen by J. S. Calow, J. H. Smith, and A. A. McCullom. The eligible voters were: T. H. Martin, T. J. Pearce, L. E. Thornton, E. C. Baughman, C. H. Cook, W. C. James, W. C. Wills, J. T. Donaldson, W. P. Taylor, W. G. Perkins, A. A. McCallum, C. A. Blatchfort, W. H. Hope, T. A. Hughes, C. Deason, J. B. Kennedy, C. E. Marsh, J. L. Waite, H. S. Harman, J. T. Gardner M. D., J. S. Spaws, Irb Sessions, T. H. Hovard, A. B. Porter, D. B. Whittle, M. L. Wingate, W. C. Ray, W. A. Walden, John L. McCreery, J. B. Perry, Ernest Christian. The town was centered at what is now the intersection of Little Road and S. R. 52. It consisted of these quarters of sections in T25, R16E: SE 1/4 of S2, SW 1/4 of S1, NE 1/4 of S11, NW 1/4 of S12. Mayor W. H. Hope was presumably William H. Hope, who was 24 years old in the 1910 census. Information in this paragraph was provided by Jeff Cannon.
On Nov. 6, 1908, the Ocala Banner reported:
The dedication of the No. 2 Aripeka saw mill was quite an event on Saturday afternoon, the 25th of this month, there being no larger mill than this one in the south. The celebration was attended by a really large crowd from Brooksville and Hudson, and also from Fivay. C. A. Blachford. Mr. Blachford had but very little to say, he however, expressing his appreciation to Mr. Martin for praising his work so highly. He also said he had put the work before the public, and didn't know anything more to say. His plans on everything were carried out to a successful conclusion. J. Carraway took the floor next and gave quite an interesting talk on farming, also how the farmers were pleased to


text:
Definitions of puddle:
- noun: a mixture of wet clay and sand that can be used to line a pond and that is impervious to water when dry
- noun: something resembling a pool of liquid
Example: "His chair sat in a puddle of books and magazines"
- noun: a small body of standing water (rainwater) or other liquid
Example: "There were puddles of muddy water in the road after the rain"
- verb: make a puddle by splashing water
- verb: mess around, as in a liquid or paste
- verb: work a wet mixture, such as concrete or mud
- verb: dip into mud before planting
Example: "Puddle young plants"
- verb: subject to puddling or form by puddling
Example: "Puddle iron"
- verb: wade or dabble in a puddle
Example: "The ducks and geese puddled in the backyard"
- verb: make into a puddle
Example: "Puddled mire"
- verb: mix up or confuse
- verb: eliminate urine
Search for puddle at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster
Copyright © 2015 Datamuse


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We numerically study the propagation of Gaussian beams under superprism refraction conditions inside two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystals. We employ two-dimensional finite difference time domain calculations, and compare them with theoretical predictions based on plane-wave method calculations. The discrepancies are analyzed in terms of the light propagation in a dispersive negative refraction medium.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Journal||Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics|
|State||Published - Jul 15 2005|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Condensed Matter Physics

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


「備えとアオサギ」 (Sonae to Aosagi)
"Preparations and Herons"
On this very special episode of Houkago Teibou Nisshi we learn about the safety precautions of both staying safe if you fall into the water and making sure to properly dispose of the waste you might produce while fishing. But the anime still manages to make it all easy-to-digest without it feeling too much like an infodump as it gives the girls more to work with by giving us better glimpses of their mindsets, especially from Sayaka, Ohno, and Hina's perspectives.
It was impressive to see that Sayaka is still a formidable instructor in spite of being shown as a boozehound for the majority of her screen time in past episodes. She actually gives good advice as far as keeping yourself afloat and safe in the water goes considering that she was a lifeguard and uses her experience to teach the girls about ways to float up through posture and floatation devices. Indeed, it's been ages since we've seen her eyes.
This section of the episode also gives Ohno some development as she has to brave jumping into the water to take part in Sayaka's lesson. Although she was worried for the entire time, she had a moment of clarity where she went for the dive as soon as she realized it would provide a larger problem if she never learned to float and drowned while the club was fishing. It gave her a moment of reflection that was refreshing because of how rare it is to get as much development from SOL characters beyond learning a new trade.
At the same time, we get some commentary on littering and water pollution as Hina's unfortunate run-in with a hungry heron causes her to notice that the seabird has fishing line wrapped around its leg. In a unique twist, she actually looks up informative articles on the damage that pollution causes to seabirds with the bodily harm she witnesses causing her to make it her goal to find the same bird and get the line off of its feet.
Again, it's not in your everyday SOL that you get scenes that involve directly addressing issues in the outside world beyond a sport or hobby that the creator enjoys. It's pretty neat that, in the process of teaching viewers how to fish in murky rainwater or how to fend off your catch from seabirds, they are able to address the hazardous effects of ocean dumpage.
 1. Informative slice of life anime succeed because they strike that balance between the comfy piece and giving viewers something useful to walk away with. Winter's Koisuru Asteroid did something very similar. The fact that it's set in the real world also really helps, too. Another blogger out there managed to find the location that inspired Natsumi's house in episode seven. It turns out it's not in Sashiki, and instead, is about 15 miles away.
 Radiant Arrow
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Memory Alpha
Project 705
39,339pages on
this wiki
Mirror Universe
(coexisting on another dimensional plane)
Project 705
A Project 705 class submarine
The Project 705 (or Alfa-class) was a type of military submarine used in the mirror universe on Earth during that planet's 20th century. (ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly")
Although not mentioned by name, the Project 705 submarine (pictured, right) appeared in the opening credits, indicating the craft was manufactured and used in that universe. It was reused footage from the film The Hunt for Red October.
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Indian and Himalayan Art
Pillared Temple HallMade in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Asia
Artist/maker unknown, India
1919-714Gift of Susan Pepper Gibson, Mary Gibson Henry, and Henry C. Gibson in memory of Adeline Pepper Gibson, 1919
The granite pillars, brackets, and slabs that form this temple hall (mandapa) come from the Madanagopalaswamy Temple, a sixteenth-century building complex in the south Indian city of Madurai. (The complex is dedicated to Krishna, an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, and is still used for worship today.) The architectural elements installed here were purchased in 1912 by Adeline Pepper Gibson of Philadelphia while on a visit to Madurai. They are believed to have come primarily from a freestanding hall that once stood in front of the main shrine and was probably dismantled in the mid-nineteenth century.
The eight stone slabs between the pillars' lion brackets depict scenes from the Ramayana, the epic tale of the hero Rama, another avatar of Vishnu. The slabs were originally part of a larger relief series that ran around the inside of the hall and narrated the entire Ramayana. The life-sized figures projecting from the central-aisle pillars are deities and characters from both the Ramayana and another major Hindu text, the Mahabharata. These include Garuda (the bird-man vehicle of Vishnu) and Hanuman (the monkey-general of the Ramayana). A variety of small relief images of divine and human figures also ornament the pillars, including Krishna as a baby, a couple making love, royal donors, and even the temple architect with his measuring stick.
Social Tags [?]highlight [x] hindu temple [x] indian and himalayan art [x] rama temple [x] [Add Your Own Tags]
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.


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- frangible •
Pronunciation: fræn-jê-bêl • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: Breakable, capable of being broken.
Notes: Frangible objects are breakable though not necessarily fragile, which implies delicacy and fineness. The difference between breakable and frangible is one of context: ordinary things tend to be breakable (breakable toys) while museum pieces tend to be frangible. The noun for this word is frangibility. Anything that is unbreakable is infrangible.
In Play: It always helps in avoiding chores to impress your parents with your vocabulary. Try this sometime: "Dad, I said I'd clean the garage if I had time Saturday; I didn't sign an infrangible contract." I would have happily cleaned the garage in exchange for knowing that my teenage son had mastered infrangible. However, today's Good Word is not just for joking; it can be used sternly, too: "Lionel, be careful; that vase is sturdy but still quite frangible."
Word History: Today's Good Word first appeared in 1391, a borrowing from Latin frangibilis "breakable" from frangere "to break". The root of this word is a piece of PIE: bhre(n)g- "break" with our old friend, the Fickle N, which comes and goes as it pleases. It doesn't show up in English break or Lithuanian brasketi "crash, crack". Fickle N came and went in Latin, for the past participle of frangere is fractus, the origin of English fraction. (Initial PIE [bh] became [f] in Latin; compare English burn with Latin borrowing furnace.) Sassafras, a plant whose root provides the flavor of root beer, comes from the same root (word root, that is). Sassafras is a reduction of Latin saxifragus "rock-breaking", a name it earned from its ability to grow in the cracks of rocks. (Rather than break our tradition of recognizing those who suggest our Good Words, let's thank Chris Berry for sending in this one.)


Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
 1. Present participle of gob.
gobbing (plural gobbings)
 1. (mining) The refuse thrown back into the excavation after removing the coal; gob stuff.
 (Can we find and add a quotation of Brande & C. to this entry?)
 2. The process of packing with waste rock; stowing.


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of the bow see diagram.
Repeat this on the other side of the same end of the bow, and then join them. (See below) Repeat this at the other end of the bow. You could also put horn nocks on the ends, you can purchase these or you can make by hand.
Now that you have created the bow and put nocks on it, you need to teach the wood to bend. This is very important, because if you don't teach the wood to bend the first time you draw the bow it will snap (LOUDLY).
To teach the wood to bend, you will need to put a string on your bow that is NOT under tension. (See below) and use a tiller see instructions below to make one.
The way a tiller works, is the bow is placed into the space at the top so that it is horizontal with the back, of the uppermost part of the bow. Then pull the bow string slowly down to the first notch. While the string is in this position, examine the bow checking that it is not pulling to one side and that the overall curve is smooth with no straight areas. Mark these stiff areas with a bit of charcoal, gently release the string to its natural position remove the bow fr-om the tiller unstring it and trim the areas marked with charcoal.
Restring the bow put it back onto the tiller and take it to the first notch again. Repeat this as many times a necessary until no stiff areas remain on the bow and the bow curves smoothly. Once you are satisfied take the string to the next notch and perform the same checks/actions.
It is a good idea to let the wood rest for about 15-20 minutes between visits to the tiller so that the sinews within the wood do not start to break.
Once you have reached the fourth notch on the tiller, you can add a little bit of tension to the string. Repeat the slow progression through the notches of the tiller, checking for and trimming any stiff areas until you once again reach the fourth notch. It is very important that these stages are not rushed, or the wood will strain too quickly, the sinews will start to snap and your bow will not reach its full potential or will simply break in half.
Again add a little more tension to the string repeat the checking until you reach the fourth notch. At this point you can put the string under full tension (see below) and work down the tiller. Once you have reached the draw you required for your bow you can put a couple coats of boiled linseed oil on it to protect it fr-om the weather.
Tensioning the Bow
To have a string that is not under tension, simply extend the string so that it is firmly attached in the nocks at both ends of the bow, but the wood itself does not bend.
Tension can be increased by slightly shortening the string, so that the bow bends a little when strung. It is best to shorten the string an inch at a time to increase the tension slowly.
When the bow is at full tension, the distance between the middle of the bow (i.e. where you hold it) and the bowstring, should be the same as your clenched fist with the thumb stuck out.
When buying bow strings, it is important to remember that three main types are available. These are no loops, one loop and two loops. Personally I have found that one loop strings are best because it is possible for the archer to set the length of the string to be perfect length for their own use. To tie the second loop (for the bottom of the bow) you will need to use a bowers knot (see below). But I prefer to make my own strings.
Testing the Poundage
To test the poundage of a bow, attach a fishing scale to the string while the bow is on the tiller and slowly add weights to it until the string reaches the draw that you require. This will give you the X pounds draw at Y inches required when checking your bow for competition or combat.
If the finished bow is a higher poundage than your require (i.e. you want to use it in combat and it's too strong), then evenly trim the bow and go back through the routine of checking it on the tiller. On the tiller you will need to draw the bow an inch further than your draw length, this is to ensure that when you fully draw the bow it will not snap.
Making a Tiller
A tiller is the piece of equipment used to train the bow to bend without breaking. It is a vertical piece of wood with a number of notches cut into it at fixed intervals with a semi circle cut out at the top which the bow can rest in. The whole thing is supported on a suitable base.
Bellow is a guide to making a permanent tiller, however you can make them simply fr-om a piece of scrap wood, and this would be cut in accordance to the instructions below and then held in a vice.
To make a tiller you will need a hardwood plank (1.5″ x 2″ x 8′) and either screws or dowels to join the pieces together.
The first notch should be 7.5″ fr-om the top of the tiller. There should be a distance of 1.5″ between the top of one notch and the top of the next notch and enough notches to draw it to your draw length.
Join all the pieces together as per the diagram above, except for the 1.5″ x 1.5″ block which is tied onto the base piece to prevent the arm fr-om falling over. If this piece is attached, then the tiller will not fold flat.
Safety Tips for Long Bow handling
- Always remember that a loaded bow is a deadly weapon
- Never show your skill by using a human target or permit someone to hold a target for you
- Be sure no one is standing in front of or to the sides of the archer while bow is drawn
- Shoot only at the target. Try first shots at closer distances until comfortable
- Never use arrows that are too short
- Replace bowstring when it becomes worn or frayed
- Always sting your bow properly
- Always use finger and arm protectors
- Never use a target that cannot stop an arrow
Congratulations, you have made your first bow, go out and enjoy it.
Additional Resources and Further Reading
The very first thing I'd recommend you do if you're serious about bow-making is pick up a copy of Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia: 2nd Edition (you can get it here fr-om Amazon for a nice discount) by Dan Bertalan, it really is not only THE bow-building encyclopedia, but it's precisely what you need if you're just getting started, it's an excellent guide. Another excellent series of books (there are 4 volumes) I recommend is Jim Hamm's "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", here's volume 1 (Amazon has all 4 volumes): The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 1.


Principle 3: Competence
A Stamford Privee member shall provide services to clients competently and maintain the necessary knowledge and skill to continue to do so in those areas in which the designee is engaged.
One is competent only when he or she has attained and maintained an adequate level of knowledge and skill, and applies that knowledge effectively in providing services to clients. Competence also includes the wisdom to recognize the limitations of that knowledge and when consultation or client referral is appropriate. In addition to assimilating the common body of knowledge required and acquiring the necessary experience, we shall make a continuing commitment to learning and professional improvement.


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al-TREN-o-jest - Pronunciation guide
- Regu-mate Solution
Regu-Mate (altrenogest) Solution 0.22% produces a progestational effect in mares.
Altrenogest is used for suppression of estrus. The mare will experience a predictable occurrence of estrus following drug withdrawal. This allows a regular cycle during the transition from winter anestrus to the physiological breeding season in mares with active ovaries. By managing the reproductive cycle, horse owners have more control over breeding procedures and the timing of the arrival of foals.
In some cases, Regu-Mate Solution is used for pregnancy maintenance. It is also used for reduction of aggressive behavior in stallions.
Dosage and Administration
(click row for calculator)
|Oral||0.044 mg/kg||2.2 mg/ml||15 days||NA|
No recognized side effects are reported in horses when Regu-Mate is used according to label directions.
If Regu-Mate is added to feed, any medicated feed left over should be destroyed and should not be given to other animals.
Regu-Mate should not be handled by women of child-bearing age. Protective clothing and gloves should be worn when handling Regu-Mate.
Regu-Mate should not be administered to immature animals, or animals with diabetes, uterine infection, history of vaginal discharge, or reproductive abnormalities.
Regu-Mate is not for use in horses that are intended for human consumption.
Regu-Mate is FDA-approved for use in horses. It is a prescription drug restricted to use by or on the lawful written or oral order of a licensed veterinarian. It may be permitted in mares at FEI competitions. It is important to check with the proper individual regulatory body.
Rifampin may increase the speed of metabolism of Regu-Mate.
Check manufacturer's directions.
The drug labels on this website represent drug information listings as submitted to the FDA.The drug labels on this website have not been altered or modified by EquiMed. The drug labels on this website may not be the most current or identical to the current labels shipped with the product. Contact your veterinarian or the manufacturer for the latest information on this drug or medication prior to use.


How do I know that removeEventListener was successful?
Is there a way to confirm that removeEventListener was successful?
Programmatically, as far as I know, it is impossible. The method does not return anything upon success, nor does it cause errors when a target isn't found. See MDN Doc:
However, it is possible to debug in browser, and it so happens that your question was asked on StackOverflow a few years ago. Someone as a response described how you would debug the exact issue of removeEventListener() not being successful.


text:
Impulse Response of Imaging Systems
Understand the effect of the wave nature of light on image formation.
Understand that knowledge of the impulse response of an imaging system is
required to predict the resolution and hence the "sharpness" of the image formed.
Understand the effects of aperture size, wavelength, and focal length on the
Understand how to measure the impulse response of an imaging system.
Image formation is a linear, shift invariant process which can be modeled as a
ui ( x) h( x) oG ( x),
where oG (x) is the geometrical optics prediction for the image field (i.e., subject only to
magnification), u i (x ) is the measured image field, and h(x) is the coherent impulse
response. Your previous studies have shown you that the coherent impulse response for a
circular aperture has the functional form:
h( r )
where D is the aperture diameter, f is the focal length of the lens, is the wavelength
of the light, and r is a radial distance in the focal plane. h(r ) has the appearance of a
bright central core, surrounded by concentric rings of diminishing intensity as r
increases. This pattern is referred to as the "Airy disk". The first zero of the Airy disk
occurs when its argument = 3.83.
Calculate the radius r at which the first zero of the Airy disk arises for the HeNe laser
wavelength (638.8 nm), and several focal lengths and lens diameters available in the
optics kit in the lab. It is also possible to stop down the aperture size D by placing an
iris in front of the lens. Use Matlab to draw some impulse responses. You will find the
"besselj" command in Matlab useful for this.
In this lab you will measure the diameter of the first zero of the coherent impulse
response for several combinations of aperture diameter and focal length. Use the setup
shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Setup for impulse response lab
You will create an expanded and reasonably well collimated beam, and let this fall on a
lens. This corresponds to light arriving at the lens from an infinitely distant point source,
and hence is a -function input. Place the camera detector one focal length behind the
lens (note – remove the lens that comes with the camera and let the light fall on the bare
CCD), and measure the impulse response. Save these images to files for processing later.
Information about the pixel spacing of the detectors will be made available in class.
Use several different focal length lenses for measurements, and compile your data for the
report. Compare your estimate of where the first zero should fall to where it actually
does fall. Also, place an iris directly in front of the lens, and "stop down" the aperture by
reducing the size of the iris. Note the effect on the impulse response. Make
measurements of the impulse response and the iris diameter and compare the impulse
response widths you measure to those you calculate.
Another way to estimate the impulse response is exploit the relationship between the step
response and the impulse response, i.e., a function is the derivative of a step function.
In the optics lab this can be measured by arranging a " 4 f " imaging system – i.e., a sharp
edge is placed 2f in front of the lens, and the image plane is found 2f behind the lens. The
response to the edge (i.e., the "edge response") is then measured, and differentiated to
estimate the impulse response. Suitable edges will be provided in the lab. Make the
necessary measurements, and compare to your measurements with the collimated beam.
Based on your experience with this lab, write a 2-4 page report discussing your technique
and your findings.


Asia, Culture
The Brahui: A Tale of the Mountain Dwellers of South Asia
Every place has a story of a past hidden away from the outside world. Obscure from the modern world, the Brahui group is a part of one such fascinating story from the hills of Pakistan.
Source: ancient pakistan
The tribes of these pastoral nomads live in some of the most isolated and harshest regions of Pakistan. Social isolation has restricted the world in knowing about a group that has survived through centuries. So, what is this ancient group we are talking about? Come, let's find out!
The Brahui: A Diverse Ethnic Group Living in South Asia
Source: balochilinguist
The Brahui is an ethnic group majorly found in South-Asian countries such as Balochistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Brahuis are also found in small numbers in Iran and a few other Middle-Eastern states. This Dravidian-speaking group is quite large, with a strength of about 2.2 million people.
Also called Brohi or Brahvi group, these people mainly occupy Balochistan from Bolan Pass to Ras Muari, Karachi. The Bolan Pass is a mountain range through the Toba Kakar Range of Balochistan province in Western Pakistan. Ras Muari or Cape Monze is a beach located off the shore of the Arabian Sea in Karachi. The Brahui group mostly comprises of Sunni Muslims. Sunni comes from Sunnah, which refers to the behaviour of the prophet, Prophet Muhammad.
Brahui: A Life of Superstition and Religious beliefs
They follow religious practices mentioned in the holy book Qu'ran. Brahui group speaks of a culture involving revered saints or pirs. Every family worship a particular holy being. A few people even store mud from the saint's shrine for religious purposes. The Brahui group is quite superstitious and believes in the practices of exorcism involving evil spirits. This group even conducted events to ward off evil whenever a male child is born in a family.
Oral Folk LiteratureStory of the Mulla and Qadi
Source: wikipedia
The culture of Brahuis is quite rich in oral folk literature. One popular story is of Mulla Mansur who worked for a Qadi. Even though the Mulla served the religious leader with utmost dedication and loyalty, he was treated with a beating over very small things. However, after a couple of years, Mansur left working for the Qadi and traveled to different parts of the world. When he went back home after some time, everyone including the king was in awe of his wife's beauty.
The story takes a different turn when the Qadi tries to entice the Mullah's wife into sexual activity but miserably failed in his endeavors. She then publicly condemned the religious leader's actions. This folk tale represents a culture about leaders who claim to be men of god but indulge in unholy practices.
The Rural "Mountain Dwellers" of South Asia
The mountain dwellers living in the rugged mountains of South Asia have always lured historians and writers into their world. One main point of interest is the mystery behind the origins and very little shreds of historical evidence on the Brahuis. Even though the story to explain that the Brahui language belongs to the Dravidian language family is quite fascinating, a few are of the opinion that the ethnic Brahui group are descendants of people of the Indus Valley Civilization.
What's big than the mystery of how one of the world's first civilizations perished. If writers and historians are to be believed, all those who survived the end, migrated to present-day Baluchistan to ensure the continuity of their ancient language. However, one should not believe this because there is no proper evidence to support the theory.
The rise and fall of the Khanate of Kalat
Source: wikipedia
The dusty pages of a history book mention that the Brahuis first came into picture sometime around the 17th century when the Khanate of Kalat was an independent political entity. It existed from 1666 to 1955. Located in the modern-day province of Baluchistan, Khanate of Kalat was founded by Mir Ahmad Khan. The Khanate's last ruler was Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmadzai.
The self-governing state entered into an alliance with British India in 1839. However, after more than 300 years of independent rule, the Khanate of Kalat acceded into the princely state of Pakistan in 1948. It remained a part of the princely state till 1955 when it was incorporated into the country.
A diverse linguistic connection
One unique thing about this group is the diverse languages spoken amongst its people. A few of the groups speak Brahui, a language spoken in the central part of Balochistan, majorly in Kalat, Khuzdar, and Mastung districts. However, according to reports, many people have stopped speaking Brahui. Some Brahuis are fluent in both Balochi (North-western Iranian Language) and Brahui. Although, there also people who speak only Balochi.
Sarawan Barahuis and Jhalawan Brahuis constitute a significant part of the Brahui group. However, there is another small part of Iltazai, Kalandari, Mirwari, Rodeni, Sumalari, Kambrani, Achmadzai, and Gurguari Brahuis.
Origin based on a Hypothesis
There are many contradicting theories about the origin of the Brahui language. According to a few individuals, the "ethnic" language has only recently been a part of Balochistan. Whereas, others believe it is an old part of a family of Dravidian languages. Professor Josef Elfenbein said that the Brahui was part of a Dravidian "invasion" of North-Western India in the 3rd millennium BC.
In addition to this, Elfenbein told that other than the Dravidians who moved to the Southern region, lived in the Jahlawan and Sarawan since before 2000 BC. Brahui is influenced by other languages spoken in the areaPashto, Persian.
Brahui migrated from Central India?
Source: balochilinguist
Another popular belief is that Brahui migrated to Balochistan from the central part of India after 1000 AD. The non-existence of any older Iranian (Avestan- a language of Zoroastrian scripture) in the Brahui language supports this hypothesis. Brahui language borrows a lot of vocabulary from Balochi. It migrated to this particular area from the West only around 1000 AD. However, some people argue that the migration took place sometime between the 13th or 14th century.
Is Brahui not a Dravidian Language?
According to a hypothesis, Brahui is not a Dravidian language. It can still be connected with other Dravidian languages and Elamite (extinct language) to create the Zagrosian language family, which originated in Southwest Asia (South Iran). It was widely spread in South Asia and a few parts of Eastern West Asia before the Indo-Aryan migration.
So, if you are a traveler intrigued by the way the Brahui group lives, works, and adheres to "societal" norms, pack your bags, and head to the rugged mountains of South Asia.
Curated by Ruchit Rastogi


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Share your YouTube video to Facebook with the correct thumbnail and description
Sharing a YouTube video to Facebook is easy, but sometimes Facebook uses an outdated thumbnail or description. Fortunately, you can fix that - or at least make it less likely to happen.
YouTube does not offer any way to automatically post your videos to your Facebook profile or page. Instead you can share the video - yours or anyone else's - from the video watch page or by directly posting the link on Facebook.
Share a YouTube video to Facebook on a desktop computer
You can share a video to Facebook or any of the major social media sites with just a few clicks.
1. Open the video watch page.
2. Below the video click the "Share" icon
3. Click the Facebook icon
4. A window will pop up that lets you write your post and select the post settings
5. Post
Video: How to share YouTube videos
Share a video link directly on Facebook
An alternative to using the YouTube "share" option is to paste a video link directly into a Facebook post.
When you do that, Facebook will automatically grab the YouTube video thumbnail and description.
Help ensure the correct thumbnail and description are displayed on Facebook
Sometimes when you share a YouTube video link, Facebook uses an outdated thumbnail or description. How can you prevent that from happening?
Wait to share the video until you are sure it is:
 - fully processed
 - made public
 - the thumbnail is set on YouTube
 - the description are set on YouTube
If you change the thumbnail or description, outdated details may appear if you (or anyone else) shares the video before Facebook has updated its cache. So slow down and don't rush to post.
What can you do if Facebook is using outdated video details?
If you can't wait for Facebook to update it's cache, there are a few fixes you can try:
More information in the YouTube Help Center: Wrong video description or thumbnail on Facebook
Related: Connect your YouTube channel to Twitter
Posted by Peggy K
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2023 Brings Opportunities for the Utility-Scale Solar Sector
Despite disruptions, uncertainty, and ever-shifting regulations, the utility-scale solar sector again proves its mettle as industry analysts forecast another promising year.
From Oct. 2021 to Oct. 2022, utility-scale solar experienced a 31.5% increase in year-over-year net generation (per 1000 megawatt-hours), according to the latest data from the Energy Information Agency (EIA). With renewable energy resources expected to provide 25% of the country's electricity in 2023, this key sector will play a critical role in achieving the country's decarbonization goals.
Aside from storms demonstrating both the need for and benefits of highly reliable utility-scale solar modules, other factors are creating opportunities for project developers and EPCs, including:
Growing module reliability importance
Increasing n-type i-TOPCon solar module production
Easing supply chain constraints
PV Module Reliability Playing a Larger Role in Utility Solar Installations
Hurricane Ian knocked out power for nearly 2.7 million customers in late September and early October 2022, raising questions about the need for more resilient energy resources. However, one of the state's largest utility providers said the destruction impacted only 0.3% of the company's nearly 15 million solar panels. Thirty-eight of the company's solar systems located directly in Ian's path experienced little to no damage.
The hurricane underscores the importance of highly reliable utility-scale solar systems, particularly in a state prone to natural disasters. Especially as meteorologists forecast an increase in both the frequency and severity of hurricanes in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico — regions with high irradiance levels, making them ripe for utility-scale solar installations.
Developers and EPCs working in hurricane-prone areas need PV modules with proven mechanical performance during extreme weather events. Trina Solar's 210mm Vertex 670W modules consistently demonstrate excellent performance during third-party advanced serial load tests, including extreme wind tunnel testing. The test results highlight that the 670W Vertex modules not only generate super-high power but also possess excellent reliability and can maintain their outstanding performance in the face of a hurricane.
TOPCon Solar Module Production Increasing
Utility-scale project developers and EPCs continue showing a growing interest in PV modules using tunnel oxide passivated contact technology called TOPCon. There's little question why since TOPCon technology improves the traditional PERC solar cell efficiency and lowers degradation to deliver more power for longer.
But as demand increases in response to this growing interest, many developers and EPCs might start wondering whether manufacturers' supplies can keep pace.
In 2022, TOPCon shipments were around 20 GW, with a market share of approximately 7%. Industry analysts expect these numbers to increase in 2023, reaching 60 GW in shipment levels and market shares of 20%. And looking ahead to 2024, TOPCon will likely reach shipment levels beyond 100 GW and a market share of 30%.
As the first mover of 210mm modules, Trina Solar recently put 210mm n-type capacity into mass production, reinforcing the company's competitiveness with next-generation n-type cell technology. Refining 210mm products and n-type technology will improve efficiency and cut costs.
Ideal for utility-scale projects, Trina Solar's Vertex N has a maximum output of 695 W and an efficiency level of 22.4% and will be widely available to meet the growing demand.
Supply Chain Issues Easing
The Solar Energy Industries Association's (SEIA) Q4 2022 Solar Market Insight Report noted that solar installations accounted for 45% of all new electricity-generating capacity to the US grid between January and September 2022. This growth rate happened despite supply chain constraints and exceeded the installation rate of every other electricity source. Furthermore, the report noted that solar panel import shipments should return to normal by the second half of 2023.
However, it's important to note that utility-scale solar projects were more likely to be impacted by supply chain disruptions than residential solar projects because of the difference in overall project components required for each. By easing the disruptions to supply chain constraints, utility-scale solar developers, financiers, and EPCs are the first to benefit.
The Solar Market Insight Report noted that once supply chain disruptions are solved, the utility-scale solar market is forecasted to install 150 GW by 2027, with annual installations ranging between 30-40 GW.
TrinaPro Utility Solutions Backs All Outlooks
From higher power gains to lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), the TrinaPro Solar Solution provides an all-in-one smart energy solution to turn utility-scale solar opportunities into reality. TrinaPro enhances the already-optimistic view of supply chain logistics in 2023 by streamlining the procurement process for project developers and EPCs to mitigate supply-chain and installation risks and increase project value.
2023 is a year of opportunities for utility-scale solar, and we want to partner with you to make the most of them.
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What happens with my health information?
American Airlines manages employee and retiree health benefits. To assist American Airlines has business relationships with third-party vendors, for example Aetna, BCBS, ActiveHealth and Quest Diagnostic. The sharing of health information between these companies is permitted by regulation. For example your medical claims information is sent from the administrator to ActiveHealth. This information is used to identify programs and resources that may be valuable to you. All information provided through Healthmatters remains available for review by you. You may choose to share the information with your doctor and other medical professionals.


How much electricity do LED street lights use?
A high-pressure sodium street light can draw up to 1000 watts, and an incandescent light used in the 1900s needed 320 watts. Some LED street lights require only 73 watts and, according to the U. S. Department of Energy, produce a higher quality of light.
Do LED lights take up electricity?
LEDs consume far less electricity than incandescent bulbs, and decorative LED light strings such as Christmas tree lights are no different. … Safer: LEDs are much cooler than incandescent lights, reducing the risk of combustion or burnt fingers.
How much does it cost to run street lights?
Keeping this in mind, the running cost of the street light would be 40 x 100 x 0.12/1,000 = $0.48 an hour. On the other hand, if you use high-pressure sodium street lamps, halogen lamps, and metal halide lamps, the cost of running the street lights would be $1 an hour.
IT IS INTERESTING: Question: How do you shorten LED rope lights?
How much does a street light cost to run UK?
How much energy does a street light use? Typically, lights on residential roads contain a 35 watt lamp, while those on main roads contain a 150 watt lamp. In simple terms, the electricity consumed by an 'average' light will cost between £25 and £65 a year.
Who pays for the electricity for street lights?
Essential Energy is responsible for the maintenance and billing of around 160,000 streetlights for 85 Councils across NSW and southern Queensland, from Bega Valley in the south to Tweed Heads in the north and Broken Hill in the west.
How much does it cost to run a 1000w LED light?
You need to divide your wattage by 1,000 (1,000 kilowats in 1 watt). So, if we were to run a 1000 watt grow light 18 hours a day with the kWh rate we gave earlier, our formula would be: 1 x $0.1559 x 18 x 30 = $84.186/month.
Can you leave LED strip lights on all night?
How long does it take to install a street light?
On contrary, if you're going to do it by hand, this will take around 15-20 minutes. Beside this, you will also need at least four to five men to help you out in installing it properly. In short, the complete installation will not take longer than 2 hours if done properly and stepwise.
IT IS INTERESTING: Why do my car LED bulbs flicker?
How long do street light bulbs last?
With proper maintenance and renewal, most street lights will last 20 years or longer. The pole that supports a decorative street light can last 90 years with proper maintenance.
How do you calculate lighting consumption?
To find the total wattage of a fixture, add the wattage of each light bulb together.
 1. fixture watts = bulb watts × bulb quantity.
 2. kWh = Power(W) × Time(hrs) ÷ 1,000.
 3. monthly kWh = kWh per day × 30.
 4. price = kWh × cost per kWh.
How many kilowatts does a street light use?
2004. "The lamps used in streetlights vary in both size and consumption (typically between 35 and 250 Watts) depending upon whether they are lighting a residential area, main road or a town centre." "It is generally assumed that the average wattage of a streetlight is about 80 watts." Outdoor Lighting Handbook.
How many street lights are in the UK?
In that case, we will have approximately 2.8 million street lights. Final answer: 2.8 million street lights are there in London.
How many street lights are there in the world?
There are currently 304 million total streetlights in the world. This number will grow to 352 million total streetlights by 2025.
Why do we pay for electricity?
How do street lights turn on?
The most commonly used component in streetlights is called a cadmium sulphide photoresistor, or a CdS cell for short. … When it gets dark, then not much current can flow to the electromagnet so the switch closes and allows electricity to flow to the streetlight, turning it on.
IT IS INTERESTING: Why dont LED bulbs work in my fixture?
Does the government pay for electricity?
Renewable generation is supported by direct subsidies (money for electricity) while generation from fossil fuels is supported via indirect subsidies (tax preferences on fuel production). … Renewables-focused subsidies like the Production Tax Credit and the Investment Tax Credit offer clear benefit to wind and solar.
Lighting blog


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A Smoothed RSI Inverse Fisher Transform by Sylvain Vervoort
This indicator gives clear entry and exit signals, so your trading decisions are easier.
The Fisher transform has been a familiar concept to Stocks & Commodities readers in recent years following its introduction in 2002 by frequent S&C contributor John Ehlers. Its creator, Ronald Fisher, was one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, making major contributions to statistics, evolutionary biology, and genetics. Ehlersí 2004 followup applied an inverse Fisher transform to the relative strength index (Rsi), changing what was a good turning-point indicator to one that fine-tuned the timing of possible entry and exit points. Here is the inverse Fisher transform formula:
y = (Exp(2 * x) - 1)/(Exp(2 * x) + 1)
where x is the input value and y is the transformed value.
Figure 1 shows a plot of the inverse Fisher transform. The transform creates boundaries to keep the output value in the range between ‑1 to +1. Input values larger than 2 generate a result close to 1, while input values less than ‑2 generate a result close to ‑1. This boundary characteristic is useful with any indicator moving between two fixed values, like the relative strength index (Rsi).


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In 2010 the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) received research funding from the Scottish Government to investigate the acoustic output from wave energy devices operating in a high energy wave climate. This research will facilitate future studies into the effects of the acoustic output of wave energy converter devices on cetaceans, sea mammals and seabirds.
The project involved assessment of available techniques and development of a methodology appropriate to EMEC's Billia Croo wave test site to enable acoustic data collection and analysis, and subsequent use of the methodology to collect data from which an acoustic baseline description of the test site can be formed. The production of this acoustic characterisation of the Billia Croo test site will permit future comparison with data collected by developers testing devices at the EMEC wave test site using the same methodology and equipment.
This document forms the final report to the Scottish Government and comprises four main sections as detailed below, together with an Annex which describes how the methodology was used to measure the acoustic output from an operational wave energy converter device deployed at the Billia Croo test site. Section 1 provides a review of relevant background data, while Sections 2-4 provide details of the measurement methodology developed during the study to characterise noise for operational noise assessment of wave energy converter systems.


Sex Crimes Against Children
Lawyers for Sex Crimes Against Children in Worcester
Massachusetts Criminal Defense Law Office
There are many different actions that could be considered sex crimes against children, and these crimes often carry very harsh penalties as well as felony charges. The Worcester criminal defense attorneys at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP are well versed in the laws regarding sex crimes against children in the state of Massachusetts.
 Call us at _PHONE_ today to learn more about our defense services.
Luring & Enticement of Children
Enticement is one way an adult could commit a sex crime against a child, and this involves luring or attempting to lure a child in order to commit a sexual act with them. This can be done in person or through an electronic means of communication, such as E-mail or a chat room, but the person committing the act must know that the person they are attempting to lure is under the age of legal consent. The Worcester criminal defense attorneys at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP are dedicated to diligent case preparation and can work hard to build a solid defense.
Luring in the state of Massachusetts can be done in various ways. Oftentimes, it involves a meet-up place, such as a car, building, hotel, home, or other location. The crimes related to luring cases may vary, but typically include sexual assault, rape, prostitution, child pornography, or other sexually related illegal activities that the adult wishes to participate in with the child they are attempting to lure.
Child Pornography Charges
In the state of Massachusetts, child pornography involves encouraging, hiring, or allowing a person under the age of 18 to pose nude or commit sexual acts that are being filmed or photographed. A person who films their underage significant other performing an intimate act may be charged the same way as a person who films sexual acts performed by young children. The Worcester criminal defense lawyers at Murphy & Rudolf, LLP have 50 years of combined experience to defend clients in cases of sex crimes against children.
Statutory Rape & Penalties
Statutory rape in Massachusetts is sex with someone who is under 16 years old. While statutory rape is sometimes consensual, the younger person is not legally allowed to give consent to the older individual. This means that a person who engages in sexual activity with a child under the age of 16 may face child rape charges.
Situations that typically carry harsher penalties include:
 - The child is 12 years old or younger, and the adult is at least 5 years their senior
 - The defendant holds a position that obligates them to report child abuse such as a doctor, teacher, or counselor
 - The child is between the ages of 12 and 16 years old and the adult is at least 10 years their senior
The crime of child enticement often comes with a penalty of two to five years in prison and up to a $5,000 fine. Child pornography carries penalties of up to 20 years in prison and a $50,000 fine. In addition, both of these cases require the convicted person to register with the Massachusetts Sex Offender Registry, so it is important to get legal assistance from Worcester criminal defense attorneys as soon as possible.
Contact our office at _PHONE_ today to learn how we can help.
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Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst
NOFA Connecticut Records
The Connecticut branch of the Northeast Organic Farming Association (NOFA) was founded in 1982 by Bill Duesing, the third state-level chapter to organize formally. Today, CT NOFA sponsors twice-yearly conferences and issues a quarterly newsletter, Gleanings. It stands out among NOFA chapters for its emphasis on organic lawn and land care, working cooperatively with the Massachusetts chapter to conduct a formal organic land care program. The goal of this program, according to CT NOFA, is to "extend the vision and principles of organic agriculture to the care of the landscapes where most people live, work, play, and otherwise spend their daily lives," a particularly important goal in a state as densely settled as Connecticut. Chaired by a scientist at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and with ties to several colleges and universities, the Organic Land Care Program makes CT NOFA the most academic branch of NOFA.
Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Samuel Kaymen -- the "NOFA prophet" -- was privy to all the movements and motivations of the 1960s. Like many others in his time, Kaymen felt that his life was spiritually undernourished, and in 1969, he moved from the city to rural Unity, New Hampshire, to start a self-sufficient garden with his wife, Louise.
With no previous experience in agriculture, Kaymen learned all he could from outdated library books, eventually stumbling across Edward Hyams' Soil and Civilization. Hyams argued that "the first thing a civilization loses is its topsoil," and that the fall of all the great civilizations of the past could be linked to agricultural collapse. Kaymen was shocked. "I didn't know that agriculture was important," he wrote, "I thought that food was assembled in the backs of grocery stores!" But with his surprise came inspiration. Kaymen would start an organization of like-minded growers who would farm in an organic, natural, and sustainable way. In 1971, now living in Westminster, New Hampshire, Kaymen founded the Natural Organic Farming Association.
The first meeting of NOFA (which would change the first part of its name to "Northeast" in 1993) took place on June 7, 1971. Kaymen had posted fliers and sent out mailers announcing that NOFA would teach and promote nine principles, including proper composting, seeding, weeding, and other skills necessary for farm production. Conspicuously missing from the list was marketing. "This shows how naive I really was," Kaymen said in 1998. Starting with a budget of $35, Kaymen and the farmers, gardeners, and hippies who attended that first meeting decided that NOFA would sponsor seminars, seed-exchanges, bulk shopping, and apprenticeships. They would also publish a quarterly newsletter named after what Kaymen hoped to be, The Natural Farmer.
Eventually, Kaymen "hooked up with people in New York City who were running daycare centers" and at least once a week, NOFA farmers would load up an old truck in the middle of the night and drive six hours to Manhattan and Harlem to deliver fresh produce to daycare centers and to people on street corners who "hadn't seen fresh collards since they were in the South."
In 1973, Kaymen was given a farm in Cornish, New Hampshire, by a group of people who thought he "was a good organizer... a good speaker and [who] wanted [him] to be a New Hampshire person." Robert Houriet, a farmer and writer living in Hardwick, Vermont, offered to take over The Natural Farmer, and according to Kaymen, "it immediately became a thousand percent better." With Kaymen in New Hampshire and The Natural Farmer reaching more people than it ever had before, NOFA became truly a multi-state organization.
The first NOFA conference, cosponsored by the Biodynamic Farming Association, was held in Wilton, New Hampshire, in 1975. Wendell Berry was the keynote speaker and around 350 people attended, which Kaymen thought was "quite a lot." Win Way, a member of the University of Vermont faculty ("the establishment" as Kaymen called it), brought air of the academy to the 1976 conference which helped transform NOFA from a group of former New York City hippies into an influential organization with scientific backing. The 1978 conference saw the "old timers... come out of the closet" to support NOFA.
Kaymen stepped down from NOFA's presidency in 1981. Since that time, NOFA has grown, now claiming "nearly 4,000 farmers, gardeners and consumers [from] ... chapters in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont." NOFA started as a co-operative promoting and facilitating information sharing and other ways to help growers farm in a natural, organic, and sustainable way. While NOFA still promotes the nine principles Kaymen originally founded it to promote, that tenth item, marketing, now plays a larger role than ever before.


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Some of the things to look for
when walking on Table Mountain
Table Mountain is a floral wonder. In a relatively small area almost 1500 plant species have been recorded. There are more species of plant on this small mountain than in the whole of the British isles!! So it is worth keeping your eyes open on a hike and just looking at the plants around your feet. What adds extra fascination is the difference between both the species of plant and the time of flowering in different areas of the mountain.
Last week I hiked along the 12 Apostels from Llandudno to Kasteelspoort,where we descended. Here are just some of the plants we spotted along the way.


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Resolved questions
怎么说：in the beginning
你讲一个故事的时候，怎么开始？英文，可以说：At first 或者 in the beginning 或者 at the beginning。 中文呢？
For learning: Chinese (Mandarin)
Base language: Chinese (Mandarin)
Category: Language
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 Please enter between 2 and 2000 characters.
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 Best Answer - Chosen by the Asker
 一开始 = in the beginning
 从前= once upon a time
 If you are going to describing some things happened to you. 一开始 will be a better fit. If you are telling a old story/fairy story, 从前 maybe be better. 一开始 is way more common.
 you tell a story by "从前"or "很久很久以前" which means it happened a long time ago.
 eg.: 从前，森林里住着一只大灰狼...
 You can use"从前"which means"once upon a time".
 agree with 1#, it is 很久很久以前/从前/老早个晨光
 my teacher from kindergarten or granny （same as others ppl）ALWAYS start to describe story with words "long long ago" in Chinese, however they just speak it with dialect;)
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Remote Optical Wave Measurement Sensor.
Patent, Filed 6 Feb 90, patented 29 Jan 91,
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
Pagination or Media Count:
A submerged small angle field-of-view optical radiometer which can passively measure ocean surface wave heights, characteristics, and statistics remotely. The mechanism involves measurements of a varying underwater radiant light field and correlation of that light field to surface wave heights. The device comprises a passive optical detector, a narrow band optical filter, a small angle field-of-view limiter and associated electronics for power monitoring and control. The device is housed in a watertight container with an optically transmissive window and is connected to onshore or inboard electronics by a single cable. The cable carries power, monitoring, control and data signals to and from the sensor to the onshore or inboard electronics. The sensor can be bottom mounted on the sea floor or can be mounted on a submerged platform such as a submarine.
- Optical Detection and Detectors