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In the late 1930s, the Great Depression was in full swing. Many families raised rabbits in pens in their backyards to supplement the backyard garden or meager grocery budget. They would gather grass or spent vegetables to feed their rabbits. As we can learn from our parents and Grandparents, rabbits can be a good source of protein for your family during tough times. They multiply quickly, don't need much space, don't eat much food, produce excellent manure, and are easy to handle and butcher.
Rabbits are one animal that most anyone can start raising right now, and keeping them with worms adds a double punch to your preps. A rabbit-worm combo cage give you several advantages. Not only does it mean less cage cleaning, but it makes a complete ecosystem. The rabbits feed the worms, the worms feed the garden, and the garden feeds the rabbits. You can be built a rabbit-worm cage out of inexpensive wood or even pvp pipe.
Building The Cages & Care
A generously sized rabbit pen is two feet square. The rabbit hutch should be positioned at least 3 foot above the ground and use ½ inch wire mesh floor so rabbit droppings can fall through easily but their legs cannot get stuck. You will need at least two pens. One for the male rabbit (buck) and one for the female (doe) and her babies as adult rabbits are extremely territorial and will kill each other in defense of their territory. If you live in the south make sure you place your cages in a shady spot in the back yard. They can stand cold temperatures fairly well, but will die quikly trapped in a cage in the hot sun on a summer day.
Underneath your small rabbit hutchs build an inexpensive wood frame worm bed about 12 inches deep. Add bedding material to the bed: Good bedding can be any combination of carbon: shredded paper products, decomposing leaves, hay, straw, peat moss etc. Start with a 3 to 4 inch layer on the bottom for your worm bed. Moisten the bedding with water and let your rabbits do their thing until the surface is covered with 1 to 2 inches layer of rabbit manure.
Mix the rabbit manure and bedding material together and wet it down thoroughly. Also note that the worms cannot eat dry, piled-up rabbit manure. Maintain moisture levels so that you can squeeze one to two drops of water out of a handful of bedding. Be sure to keep your rabbits dry when wetting down the beds or they could get sick.
Breedin', Feedin', And Eatin'
Rabbits are very fast and heavy breeders. A doe can produce five to six (five being more common) litters a year. An average litter is seven to eight bunnies. Expect 35-40 rabbits per doe per year. Butcher the bunnies at eight weeks old, after that the food-to-meat ratio drops and the meat gets tougher.
Most people feed rabbits commercial pellets as they are convenient and fairly inexpensive to feed. But in tough times you will have to raise your rabbits on forage alone. Remember the rabbit-worm-garden ecosystem I was talking about eariler? The problem is, today's rabbits have been bred to thrive on a pellet diet. You'll have to grow or forage a few extras for your rabbits to make up for this - weeds, green twigs cut from safe trees, garden refuse, grains and hay are all good for your herd.
Remember that a diet of rabbit meat alone will cause diarrhea, due to its leanness. Be sure to balance your diet with fresh vegetables, chickens, or other sources of fats and nutrients to avoid "rabbit starvation" (also known as protein poisoning), which can cause death in less than a week. Also eating excessive protein forces your body to use more water than usual, which can lead to dehydration. Make sure you have plenty of water and fats avaliable if you choose to make rabbit one of your survival meats.
Related Post: Butchering Homegrown Rabbits For Meat
What are you going to do when your pmedicinal preps run out, or you come upon a sickness you have not though of? I included the below guide to help you better understand herbs and how to use them. There's no feeling like knowing how to find and grow your own medicine. This article is only a basic primer, there's sooo much more that needs to be said but it just cannot be explained online because of size limitations. You need at least two good books on herbal medicines (to compare the two together before proceding). By far the two books I go to most ofen in my medicinal hobby/preparations are Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs and The Herbal Medicine-Maker's Handbook.
Wild Herbs You Can Find
These herbs occur naturally in the wild and are readily avaliable if you know what you're looking for.
Honeysuckle Honeysuckle makes a great substitute for Elderberry (see below). Honeysuckle can be used as an external wash for boils, infected wounds, swelling, scabies, tumors, and rheumatism. The flowers are traditionally used for bacterial dysentery, urinary disorders, eliminating toxins from the body, colds, fevers, flu, asthma, coughs, chest congestion, and laryngitis. The flowers have components that help to lower blood cholesterol, as well as being anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-tuberculostatic.
How to use it: You can make a tea from the flowers. The berries, however, are toxic. So stay away from those. The leaves are fine as well, however the flowers are much more potent.
Tincture: Fill a mason jar with flowers, cover with brandy. Shake once a day, keeping in a cool, dark place, for around 5-6 weeks. Strain though a cheesecloth or a T-shirt.
Syrup: The same way as the elderberry syrup, only fill the entire jar with flowers.
Red Clover Red Clover relaxes the nerves, and the entire nervous system. Can be used as a sedative. It has also been used quite successfully to fight cancer. It is a marvelous preventative for health problems, and a great wash for sores. It is especially good for whooping cough, and it can be consumed freely. It is also wonderful externally for burns, sore, athlete's foot, and ulcers. An anti-spasmodic and expectorant, also good for asthma.
How to use it: Tea: made from the blossoms. Place 4-5 blossoms in a cup of hot water. Steep for 20 minutes. Sweeten if desired.
Tincture: Fill a mason jar with only the blossoms (the other parts are not harmful, however, it is the blossoms that are the most potent), cover with vodka. Let sit in cool, dark spot for 4-6 weeks, shaking daily. Strain through cheesecloth or old T-shirt.
Preserve the flowers by drying.
Mullein Mullein grows throughout the Northern tier and Eastern half of the United States. It is a strong, self-sowing biennial. Dr. Christopher states that it is the "only herb known to man that has remarkable narcotic properties without being poisonous or harmful. Great painkiller and nervous soporific, calming and quieting all inflamed and irritated tissues."
Like most herbs, each part of the Mullein plant has different uses.
- The leaves are used for asthma, allergies, bronchitis, coughs, croup, pulmonary diseases, mild sedative, antihistamine, swelling, pain, and the list goes on.
- The seeds rapidly pass through the intestines and have been used successfully in intestinal obstructions. However, some say that with repeated use they can be toxic. They have a pretty strong narcotic effect as well. They are also used in asthma and infantile convulsions.
- The Flowers are excellent for earaches and ear infections.
How to use it: Poultice from the leaves. Tear a few leaves pretty finely, pour just enough hot water to barely wet. When it cools enough to touch, apply to affected area.
Tea: Put one or two leaves in hot water and allow to steep for around 20 minutes. Remove the leaves, and sweeten if you need to.
Infusion: For the flowers – gather the flowers every day (there will be new buds each day) and place in olive oil. Place in a warm spot, but not to where the sunlight is hitting it directly. What I do is place it either in the sun under a cardboard box, or in my car under a blanket or cardboard box. Shake daily and allow to infuse for about 3-4 weeks. Strain though a cheesecloth or old T-shirt. This is what you use for ear infections. Works like a charm!
Preserve the leaves by allowing to dry. Just KEEP THEM OUT OF SUNLIGHT. I cannot emphasize this enough. It applies to all herbs, but mullein especially. It is very important because the sun creates oxidation, which eventually leeches out all the minerals and nutrients in the herb.
Blackberry Blackberry is well known for stopping gastric bleeding and is known to prevent fluid loss during dysentery. Regular consumption of the berries (can make a tincture) can aid in killing off the free radicals that are linked with the development or heart disease and cancer. Blackberry is an astringent, tonic, alterative, anti-emetic, hemostatic, anti-abortive, parturient (leaves). However, the leaves and roots are useful too.


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EPD - Instructor Resources - Types of Learning & Interaction
EPD Instructor Resources
Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning
Synchronous learning requires real-time interaction between learners and instructors, where they need to be together at the same time whether it be online, in a web or video conference, or in the same physical classroom.
Asynchronous learning enables learners and instructors to interact with one another in a more distributed fashion, and does not require them to be physically together or virtually online at the same time. This provides the flexibility of anytime anyplace learning. Although it should be noted that guidance and constraints should be put on asynchronous learning: for example, learners may be required to complete a given assignment or course within a timeframe.
Blended learning provides a mix of both synchronous and asynchronous learning.
Some characteristics and examples of each of these are provided in the following table.
|Synchronous Learning||Blended Learning||Asynchronous Learning|
|The learner is online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.||For at least some of the time, the learner is online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.||The learners is not online at the same time as an instructor or other learners.|
|The course is highly facilitated by the presenter or instructor and often delivered live to students.||A blend of synchronous and asynchronous.||More self-directed study by the learner, although the instructor plays an important role of establishing pace, supporting learners, and keeping students on-task through various communications.|
|The learner gains immediate feedback from the instructor and other learners in real-time.||The learner can gain both immediate and delayed feedback.||The learner gains feedback from the instructor either not at all, or after a delay.|
|Examples: classroom, chat groups, virtual classrooms, videoconferences, teleconferences||Examples: uses any of the examples from both synchronous and asynchronous modes||Examples: learning management system, email communications, online forums, discussion lists|
Having discussed the types of interaction, it is important to note that each category of instruction and type of interaction has implications for methods of delivery. Learning can be presented and delivered o the learner in many different ways and for a range of purposes. A few things to consider when beginning to think about delivery options are the role of the instructor, whiter the learning is blended or not, and what instructional technologies and strategies will be used to deliver the course.
Ideally, all teaching and learning should be effective, engaging, and efficient (Merrill, 2009). Learning should be designed to allow interaction between the instructor, the course materials, and other learners. Students should also be able to obtain clear and consistent feedback on their progress and get assistance whenever it is required. However, the degree of interactivity in learning depends on the goals of the course or module, how the course has been developed, and is dependent on the choices made during the design and development of the course, in the type of instruction and the chosen delivery options.
Broadly speaking, learning can be looked at as having three categories, depending on the degree of interactivity involved. The following table summarizes different types of instruction and interactivity, and provides some examples of each. The best instruction has a mix of all three.
|Category A: (Primarily low interactivity - mainly text, multimedia, or graphic one-way communication)||Category B: (Moderate to high interactivity - has some degree of interaction between learners, instructors, and content)||Category C: (High interactivity - includes learner to learner and learner to instructor interaction)|
|Primarily asynchronous where the learner interacts with the content. Learner consumption of PowerPoint presentation, websites, e-books, podcasts, video, audio, other media.||Interactive resources, quizzes, test, reflective learning, games, simulations, demonstrations, discussions, and forums.||Face-to-face, classroom-based, virtual classrooms, group games, video/web/audio conferences, chat groups, email lists, discussion groups/forums, blogging, wikis.|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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In 1860 John Pyle, a white widower farmer of 65 in Kaufman Co, TX, held two enslaved women and four boys. The women, ages 38 and 28, were classified by the census enumerator as black. Their boys, ages 19, 14, 6 and 2 months old, were all classified as mulatto. I believe all those boys were Pyle's natural sons. John Pyle had been widowed since 1851.
In the 1870 census, after Pyle's death, a 10-yr-old black boy named Tom Pyle was included in the household of John's oldest son Samuel Pyle, also in Kaufman Co, TX. Tom was listed "at home". No mother was listed with him. I think this is the last son of John Pyle. Samuel Pyle was his white half-brother and took care of him. Other white half brothers in Kaufman County were James and Jonathan Pyle. In 1880 in the town of Kaufman, TX, a young black man of 20, named Jefferson Pyle, was listed as boarding with a black couple and going to school. I believe he was the same person as Tom Pyle. Perhaps his full name was Thomas Jefferson Pyle, or perhaps he named himself Jefferson as a young man. It was exciting to see that he went on to school.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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We report on a new method to identify active galactic nuclei (AGN) among unidentified INTEGRAL sources. This method consists of cross-correlating unidentified objects listed in the fourth IBIS survey with infrared (IR) and radio catalogues to look for possible counterparts and then verifying, by means of X-ray and optical follow-up observations, the likelihood of these associations. In particular we discuss here a sample of eight objects, six of which have been possibly identified as AGN.
|Publicación||Proceedings of Science|
|Estado||Publicada - 2011|
Áreas temáticas de ASJC Scopus

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Colorimetric method for the determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid in foodstuffs and other materials.
The "Yellow line" kits are produced by Roche Diagnostics, previously Boehringer Mannheim, with more than 40 years experience in the production of the enzymes, which are the key element of each test. The Roche test kits have been used and validated worldwide for several decades, with many corresponding publications. They have been selected as reference methods by many international organizations (e.g. AOAC, IFU, IDF, ISO and OIV) and they are still the gold standard today.
- Reference quality for more than 40 years.
- Approved by national and international organizations.
- 31 tests for all requirements in the food industry.


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The one sentence summary
Many organisations are caught up in a stupidity paradox: they employ smart people who end up doing stupid things.
- Why do smart people do stupid things at work? Welcome to the idea of functional stupidity. It can be catastrophic for companies, or just manifest itself in absurd everyday examples of idiotic, unsustainable management fads and daft working practices.
- And yet a dose of stupidity can be useful and produce good, short-term results, nurturing harmony, and encouraging people to get on with things without questioning everything.
- Functional stupidity has three main facets:
- Not thinking about your assumptions (absence of reflexivity)
- Not asking why you are doing something (justification)
- Not considering the consequences or wider meaning of your actions (substantive reasoning)
- There are five main types: Leadership-induced, Structure-induced, Imitation-induced, Branding-induced, and Culture-induced.
- Managers encourage it by using authority, seduction, naturalisation and opportunism. It helps to stamp out negative capability – the ability to tolerate ambiguity and work out how to resolve problems effectively.
- It can be solved by observing, interpreting, questioning. Try introducing reflective routines, devil's advocates, post-mortems, pre-mortems, the views of newcomers, outsiders and critics, and an anti-stupidity task force.
WHAT'S GOOD ABOUT IT
- Many people actually don't want to use their brains. One study showed that over 50% of people would rather give themselves electric shocks than sit and just think for 6 to 11 minutes.
- It's not imbeciles or bigots who do the most stupid things – you need to be relatively intelligent to be functionally stupid. Knowing too much can be frustrating and stressful – wilful ignorance is easier.
- The K word is the knowledge economy. Companies describe themselves as knowledge intensive to disguise the fact that the jobs are actually dull – it's just a confidence trick.
- Most jobs require less skill than the people doing them – automation has created a new generation of bullshit jobs, part of a new age of stupidity. This often involves skilled incompetence, in which supposed experts fall back into defensive routines to justify doing what they have always done.
- Meanwhile there has been a massive McDonaldisation of jobs – a huge increase in mindless, low paid work.
- When ex-Amazon employees move to other companies, they often take with them grindingly critical work practices, earning themselves the nickname 'Amholes'.
WHAT YOU HAVE TO WATCH
- Not much – it's well argued and suitably provocative.


The approach to evaluating dyspnea in terminally ill patients is different from other clinical settings because almost all of patients in palliative care have known incurable advanced diseases which clearly contribute to many of their symptoms including dyspnea. New or worsening dyspnea warrants looking for the causes with the aim of improving the patient's quality of life. The decision to pursue aggressive workups or interventions should carefully be weighed against the patient's dying trajectory and the goals of care.
Evaluation of Dyspnea
Is the patient constantly breathless or is the breathlessness precipitated by certain activities?
When did the patient first notice being breathless?
How does the patient rate the intensity of dyspnea?
Consider using self report measures like the Visual Analog Scale or the numerical scale (Can you please rate your breathlessness on a scale of 0-10, with '0' being no breathlessness and '10' being the worst breathlessness you have ever had in your life?) (CF-10) similar to pain assessment.
Intensity of dyspnea in terminally ill patients can be assessed by bedside observation (e.g. unable to talk, or eat uninterruptedly for breath) and by caregiver reports.
The American Thoracic Society's Functional Dyspnea Scale is useful.
Two potentially useful tools in terminally ill patients may be number counting and breath holding (Wilcock 1999) (Taskar 1995).
See Assessment Tools.
Many other assessment tools have been developed, but usefulness in a terminally ill patient population is often limited.
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This four-part jig is called "Lanxtrum's Pony" in The Gunn Book (Fermanagh, 1865), a collection of one hundred and seventy-eight dance tunes compiled by the fiddler John Gunn, an ancestor of John McManus, author of Irish Ceili and Set Dances (1992).
The tune may appear to be pretty complicated, but it is less so than it seems — appearances don't usually account for chunking. The idea of chunking is to focus on one small part of the tune at a time, and take that part phrase by phrase, or further break that down into pieces as small as you like. Work on the chunks, and build up to the whole tune. Take your time and work through each part. So, when a tune seems at first overwhelming, you know what to do. Chunk it! It sometimes helps to work backwards, starting from the concluding phrase of a tune. That is, focus on the last phrase of the last part, and then the penultimate phrase, etc. That way you will play what you have previously learned each time you learn a new phrase. Note, that the last phrase of every part in this tune is pretty much the same each time, so by starting at the end you will have learned quite a bit of the tune already! A nice version of this tune is on the CD Snug in the Blanket (2004) with Paddy O'Brien (Accordion), Jamie Gans (Fiddle), and Dáithí Sproule (Guitar). Interestingly, the tracks were recorded by O'Brien and Gans in 1993, Sproule added his accompaniment ten years later!
D A / A / D A / G / D A / A / D A / G 😐
A D / A / A G / G / A D / A / D A / G 😐
A / / G / / D A / D A / D A / G 😐
A / / / G / A / / D A / G 😐


3 Reasons You Are More Than Your Job
By Jennifer Holder on 27 June 2016 0 comments
In a society where work means everything, retirement can sometimes lead to depression. Many Americans say they can't wait to retire, but the reality is that among men especially, retirement can mean loss — of identity, values, and more. When a retired person can't attach that identity to something else, he or she needs to find an outlet like gardening, traveling, or the like. Unfortunately, sometimes that feeling doesn't translate.
That's why you should make sure that your identity isn't wrapped up in your work, no matter what stage you're at in your career. Don't let it define you, because when it's over, you'll feel lost, and like you don't belong anywhere. You see this played out a lot in sitcoms, when women let the men they're dating determine their identity. It's similar. You want to find your identity and then go after what you're passionate about professionally, not the other way around. It's hard when you're a fresh college graduate and you aren't sure what your future holds.
But there is hope. Here are a few reasons that you should not let your job determine your identity. Just let it be a small part of what fulfills you.
You Have Other Interests
While you should always take pride in your work, you shouldn't let it determine how you feel about your life. The most important parts of your life are the things you love. Whether it be your friends or family or traveling or food, find a passion in something rewarding, but not necessarily financially feasible. You have to find something else that gets you out of bed every morning. And if what you're most passionate about does get you out of bed every morning, make sure you have a balanced life after work.
It Can Always Come to an End
You will never realize that your life is your job until you lose it. When you lose your friends, your after-work activities, and your lunchtime connections, it becomes harder to regain your composure and self-worth. Make time to have hobbies outside of work — volunteer, play sports, find a church, synagogue, or mosque — whatever might connect you with others. That way if something does happen, you have a support system to fall back on.
You Have to Put Yourself First
When the company you work for gets mixed up in something or is blamed for something and it hits the press, people think of you. And sometimes if you go to bat for the company, you are entangled in whatever is happening. This has happened to me before, especially when I worked with people who were litigious. Make sure you don't let how people feel about the place you work translate to how they feel about you. Business is just that, and you need to protect yourself, above all else.
All of this is hard to stomach because, as Americans, we spend most of our lives thinking about what we want to be when we grow up, what we would rather be doing when we finally do grow up, and how we wish we had done one thing or another after we retire. Live life now, while you still can. Travel, read, and experience new adventures. Don't let your 9-to-5 take over your life, just let it fund your life.
How do you determine your identity?
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January 2011 in Network Rail and Suppliers
Trees overhanging the line in Scotland are a concern for one reporter. It has been noted that large trees overhang the line between Dunkeld & Birnam station and Inverness, creating a tunnel effect in some areas.
It is felt by the reporter that Network Rail have done very little to address the issue, even since a train struck a tree in the area on 7 September. The reporter would like to see the affecting trees in the area removed before snowfall increases the risk of trees/branches fouling the line. Please comment.
The tree that was struck in the Dunkeld area had come from
beyond Network Rail's boundary. On the day in question our Lineside
Engineer attended on site and identified other trees that were at
risk and subsequently these have been removed.
Network Rail has commissioned a national lineside survey that is surveying all trees within and beyond our boundaries. This survey ranks all trees deemed to be at risk and then these are removed within a defined timescale. The route in question is currently having this survey carried out.
Over and above the national lineside survey Network Rail has a robust inspection and reporting regime in place to manage lineside vegetation and issues arising from these inspections.
Network Rail works closely with government agencies; local councils and Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Prior to any tree cutting works, we also make certain that our lineside neighbours are advised when all tree cutting takes place.


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The Significance of Saugus Iron Works
To the United States and the World:
Saugus lron Works is a reconstruction of the ﬁrst successful, integrated iron works in the New World. It produced wrought iron and cast iron products from 1646 to approximately 1670, utilizing the most advanced iron making technology in early Colonial times. On April 5th, 1968 the site was renamed Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site and became part of the National Park System because of its significance to the character, development and history of the United States.
Elements of Significance:
The Massachusetts site is nationally signiﬁcant because it is considered the birthplace of the iron and steel industry in Colonial America, initiating and sustaining an advanced iron making technology in the New World. The subsequent dispersal of former workers and their descendants to other parts of Colonial America, where they established other iron producing centers, was critical to the development of industry and technology in the emerging country. Saugus Iron Works demonstrates the crucial role of iron making to the 17th century settlement of the Colonies and its legacy in shaping the history of the nation.
Restored by noted preservationist Wallace Nutting in 1916, the site's 1680's Iron Works House is a prominent example of the Colonial Revival and Twentieth- Century American Preservation Movement.
The National Register of Historic Places calls the Saugus lron Works "the ﬁrst chapter in America's book." With its requirement for a large labor force, the iron works served as a conduit, fowarding the movement of technology and people from the Old World to the New. Through the experiences of Puritans, English freemen, and Scots prisoners engaged for its operation, the iron works traced the British immigrants' journey in the New World, and recorded their stories of assimilation.
Saugus lron Works serves as a learning laboratory to understand and explore the stories of archaeology, Native American settlement, and life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The interrelationship of humans in the natural environment and the ecological effects of industrial development are clearly evident and understood.
In recognition of its signiﬁcance as the birthplace of the iron and steel industry in America, the American iron and Steel institute reconstructed the primary elements of the original iron works after extensive archaeological excavations beginning in the 1940s. Saugus lron Works Restoration opened to the public in 1954 and was operated as a private museum until the National Park Service began its administration "to preserve in public ownership the ﬁrst sustained integrated ironworks in the Thirteen Colonies." The site was donated by the lron and Steel institute.
Last updated: March 10, 2021


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ACTIVITIES will start at 10 AM
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The March for Science is a celebration of our passion for science and the many ways science serves our communities and our world. The March for Science is an unprecedented global gathering of scientists and science enthusiasts joining together to acknowledge the vital role science plays in our lives and the need to respect and encourage research that gives us insight into the world.
A continuous focus on science and how scientific findings impact public policy has put a spotlight on the scientific community and their research. We accept that science, as a field of knowledge and way of thinking, is not swayed by opinions; it is nonpartisan and all-inclusive. This is the time for us to come together as one community, take a stand, and lead a new conversation.
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of using the arithmetic Sharpe Ratio vs the geometric Sharpe Ratio? Is one more correct? Or is one better in certain circumstances?
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4 Answers
In addition to John's answer and just to make things clear:
The arithmetic mean is given by
$$\mu_a = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n x_i$$
The geometric mean is given by
$$\mu_g = \sqrt[n]{\prod_{i=1}^n (1+x_i)} -1$$
And we have that
$$\mu_g \leq \mu_a$$
So not only would the geometric sharp ratio would be taking into account the "actual" return of the portfolio, but it is also a more conservative measure.
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Where can I find a demonstration that $$\mu_g \leq \mu_a$$ – Marco Demaio Mar 4 at 20:50
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I'm not sure it makes sense to think of one as more correct than another. However, they do have significant differences. It may help to distinguish between ex-post evaluation of a strategy and ex-ante prediction of what the strategy's performance will be.
For simplicity, let's assume the log returns of the strategy are approximately i.i.d. univariate normal and the risk-free rate is a constant. If you were a mean-variance investor deciding between the risk-free rate and the strategy, you would estimate the mean and variance of the log returns, project it to the investor's horizon, and convert the normal to lognormal to obtain the arithmetic returns. So if you were calculating a Sharpe ratio that is consistent with the way it was originated in financial theory, i.e. the slope of the efficient frontier, would be this arithmetic ex ante expected Sharpe ratio.
However, the Sharpe ratio is also used in performance evaluation in different ways. I think one major reason that the geometric version is used is that the numerator will correspond with what the investor actually earned, the CAGR. This might be useful to some people, but personally I prefer to look at the CAGR by itself rather than in the Sharpe ratio. Further, the CAGR is the median of the lognormal distribution under some assumptions. I find it more intuitive to use the mean and keep ex-post consistent with ex-ante, which would bring me back to the arithmetic Sharpe.
Another reason to use the geometric version might be that it avoids the distributional issues with the lognormal distribution (since it has skewness/kurtosis). However, Opdyke (2007) provides the asympototic distribution of the Sharpe ratio under fairly general assumptions.
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There are many variants proposed; some useful, some not so much. As an investor, the most important thing is to compare the exact same ratio, calculated in the exact same way, for each prospect. As the prospect/fund the most important thing is to be clear about the statistic you are reporting so your investors make well informed decisions. So let's start with some definitions specific to your question.
 - Sharpe ratio, sometimes called the "Modified Sharpe" ratio, is the arithmetic average of excess returns divided by the standard deviation of those returns, $r_t\in R$.
 $Sharpe Ratio = \frac{E[R_t - R_{free}]}{\sigma}$
 where $R_t\in[-1,\infty)$, which is a percentage, and $R_{free}$ is the risk-free return rate, typically taken as the current T-Bill rate.
 It is commonly calculated over annual periods, but monthly, or daily periods are common too. It is a class of signal-to-noise ratio indicating the expected reward per unit of risk. This is the most commonly cited variant and is the measure proposed by professor Sharpe in 1994.
 - The Geometric Sharpe ratio is the geometric average of compounded excess returns divided by the standard deviation of those compounded returns. This is equivalent to the arithmetic average and standard deviation of $log(1+r_t)$, which is the more convienient calculation.
The difference is mostly in the use of the average of the excess returns for the period or the compounded returns. Because the log returns are generally smaller, the "Geometric Sharpe ratios" generally suggests a higher number; about 12.5% higher for samples from a uniform distribution. Naturally, it is completely bogus to compare dissimilar ratios...so be sure you know which measure you are digesting.
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For any real world applications, the difference between the arithmetic and geometric Sharpe ratios is likely to 'fall under the noise floor', i.e. be smaller, typically much smaller, than a standard error. This is even under the generous assumptions of stationarity and absence of omitted variables.
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and each subjid has many records? How can I obtain last but one record for each patient?
Proc sort data=old;
By subjid;
Data new;
Set old;
By subjid;
If first.subjid;
proc sort data=old out=new nodupkey;
by subjid;
Can you get some value of a data step variable to be used in any other program you do later in the same SAS session? How do you do that?
Use a macro… with a %PUT statement.
What would you do if you have to access previous records values in current record?
Using ampersand sign…. &var.
What is a p value? Why should u calculate that? What are the procedures you can use for that?
If the p-value were greater than 0.05, you would say that the group of independent variables does not show a statistically significant relationship with the dependent variable, or that the group of independent variables does not reliably predict the dependent variable. Note that this is an overall significance test assessing whether the group of independent variables, when used together reliably predicts the dependent variable, and does not address the ability of any of the particular independent variables to predict the dependent variable. Using the PROC FREQ, PROC ANOVA, PROC GLM and PROC TTEST we cal calculate the p-value.
What do you usually do with proc life test?
PROC LIFETEST is used to obtain Kaplan-Meier and life table survival estimates (and plots). Using a strata statement in Proc Lifetest, which compare survival estimates for different groups.
Can you get survival estimates with any other procedures?
PROC LIFEREG and PROC PHREG can also be used to get the survival estimates along with PROC LIFETEST.
Can you write a code to get the survival estimates?
proc lifetest data=data method=km outsurv=newdata;
time survival*status(0);
strata study;
What is the difference between stratum and by statement in Proc Lifetest?
You can specify a BY statement with PROC LIFETEST to obtain separate analyses on observations in groups defined by the BY variables.
The BY statement is more efficient than the STRATA statement for defining strata in large data sets. However, if you use the BY statement to define strata, PROC LIFETEST does not pool over strata for testing the association of survival time with covariates nor does it test for homogeneity across the BY groups.
The STRATA statement indicates which variables determine strata levels for the computations.
The strata are formed according to the non-missing values of the designated strata variables. The MISSING option can be used to allow missing values as a valid stratum level.
Which procedure do you usually use to create reports?
Proc Report, proc Tabulate and Data _null_.
What do you do, if you had to get the column names and some title in every page of your report when you create it using data_null_?
Give your data _null_ titles the "proc print" and "proc report" feel
The more you can make your "data _null_" behave like "proc print" or "proc report", when it comes to titles, the better. If the "byline" option is set then put out a dashed "byline". If not, then don't. Does your "by" variable have a label? If so, then your dashed byline should have the text of your variable label in it on the left of the equals sign. If the variable has no label then it should just be the variable name. If that's the way "proc report" or "proc print" does it then do it that way with your "data _null". Get it to interface with _TAG_ and _TAG_ entries if they exist. Give people the feel that "data _null_" reporting is no different to using "proc print" or "proc report" and you will have less opposition to your "data _null_" reports. How you do this is already in those two pages. You are going to find yourself in a situation whereby you really must do the report using data _null_ but other people are not comfortable with it because they feel it is "too different" than using "proc report". The more you can give it the same feel, the more easily you can dip into "data _null_" when you have to without people worrying.
How do you use the macro which is created by some other people and which is in some other folder other than SAS?
With SAS Autocall library using the SAS Autos system.
Can you tell me something regarding the macro libraries?
Macro libraries are the libraries, which stores all the macros required for developing TLG's of the clinical trial. These are very are necessary in controlling and managing the macros. With the help of a %INCLUDE statement; the stored macros in the macro library can be automatically called.
Can you show me how the efficacy table looks like?
Can you show me how the safety table looks like?
Did you use ODS?
Yes, I have used the ODS(Output Delivery System), which normally used to make the output from the Tables, Listings and graphs looks pretty. ODS creates the outputs in html, pdf and rtf formats.
General syntax:
Start the output with:
Ods output---format ;
SAS statements……………..
Ods output-format close;
Your resume says you created HTML, RTF, PDF? Why you had to create three?? Can you tell me in specific why each form is used?
There are several ways of format to create the SAS output.
To publish or to place the output on the Internet we need to create the output in HTML format, by converting the output into HTML files. We generally create the SAS output in RTF, because the RTF can be opened in Word or other word processors. If we need to send the printable reports through email, we need to create the output in PDF. PDF output is also needed when we send documents required to file an NDA to FDA.
What are the graphs you created?
Survival estimate graphs.
What are the procedures you used to create them?
Can you generate statistics using Proc SQl?
Yes, we can generate the statistics like N, Mean, Median, Max, Min, STD & SUM using PROC SQL. But SQL procedure cannot calculate all the above statistics by default, as it is the case with PROC MEANS.
When do you prefer Proc SQl? Give me some situation?
The SQL procedure supports almost all the functions available in the DATA step for the creation of data as well as the manipulation of the data.
When we compare the same result, obtained from SQL and with the Data step, PROC SQL requires less code and, more importantly it requires less time to execute the code.
How do you delete a macro variable?
If the macro variable is stored in the library then it is a easy to delete it. Multiple variables may be deleted by placing the variable names in the DELETE statement:
Why do you have to use proc import and proc export wizards? Give me the situation?
Safety Datasets Examples:
Following 16 datasets are the examples for safety datasets.........
 - Adverse Events,
 - (Prior and) Concomitant Medications,
 - Comments,
 - Demographics,
 - Disposition/End of Study,
 - Drug Accountability,
 - ECG,
 - Exposure,
 - Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria,
 - Lab,
 - Medical History,
 - Physical Examination,
 - Protocol Violations,
 - Subject Characteristics,
 - Substance Use, and
 - Vital Signs.
Anonymous said...
Very helpful for people trying to land a job in clinical trial field. Thank you so much.
RAM said...
Can Anybody say entire procedure to follow any study from the scratch as a programmer.
I mean PLease take any recent clinical study you gone thru and explain how to proceed as soon as u recieve DATA and PROTOCOL.
I just want to know how all diferents reports can be derived from rawdata.
AND also please explain layouts/formats of safety and efficacy reports..
PLease help me..
sarath said...
Ram..... read these white papers..
SAS programmer work environment and guiding principles
The Changing Nature of SAS Programming in the Pharmaceuticals Industry
Clinical Trials Terminology for SAS Programmers
Anonymous said...
Hi this is Suresh,
plz tel me how to proceed after getting SAP for sas programmers.....Thank u
Anonymous said...
Hi this is nanditha...
I have a question about SAS. Is there any practica site in SAS clinical trails.
for interviw base point which topics I have to put concentrate. I sudied base SAS and I started clinical trail material.
Thank you
Anonymous said...
Hi can any one tell what you need to know as a Pk/PD programmer.I heard phase I of clinical trial needs this programmer.what do i need to know.plz help.
pooja said...
nice work....i have one suggestion and request.i tried SAS Sample Projects...They are good now i want to test my code and result for all projects if it is right or wrong.... how can i do this?
sarath said...
You can post your code here or else send it to me at I will take a look at your code.
Reena said...
Do we need to follow Test plan and Functional Specification document while performing validation for sas programs and TLF's or we just do the validation directly without any documents.. plz let me know answer for this
sarath said...
It all depends on the company you are working for. Many of them (Small Companies) don't even have a Test Plan or Functional Specification Document. Big Pharmaceutical Companies and CRO's maintains these kind of documents. In the


text:
You say sheet like "sheets", what's wrong with you
The one is wrong is your ear
thanks for correction. :)
Ku kira The Seat
What is the different of Sheets and Seats In the Spelling?
The sheet = seprai.
Bed sheet = seprei
In English we use sheet to mean bed sheet. Any other use of sheet requires clarification, sheet of paper, sheet of metal etc. If we just say sheet then we mean bed sheet.


text:
Skip to Main Content
Prevalence of hematozoa infections among breeding and wintering Rusty BlackbirdsAuthor(s): William H. Barnard; Claudia Mettke-Hofmann; Steven M. Matsuoka
Source: The Condor 112(4):849–853
Publication Series: Scientific Journal (JRNL)
PDF: View PDF (106.75 KB)
DescriptionThe Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) has declined precipitously over the past several decades,and stressors on both the breeding and wintering grounds are suspected causes. Over 3 years, we collected blood samples from breeding birds in Alaska and Maine and from wintering birds in Mississippi and Arkansas to determine the prevalence of hematozoan infections at different times of the year. The prevalence of hematozoa (percent of birds infected) in Alaska was 44% of 43 birds, lower than previously reported from Newfoundland and Ontario (83% of 23 birds). Blood parasites were found among 67% of 12 Rusty Blackbirds sampled in Maine, not different from the prevalence in Newfoundland and Ontario. Leucocytozoon was the most common parasite; few breeding birds were infected with Plasmodium or Trypanosoma sp. During the winter in Mississippi and Arkansas, the overall prevalence of hematozoa was 49% over three years. In winter as in summer, Leucocytozoon was the most commonly encountered parasite (n = 62 birds), followed by Haemoproteus (n = 5), microfilaria (n = 2), Trypanosoma (n = 2), and Plasmodium (n = 1). The prevalence of hematozoa among wintering Rusty Blackbirds was much higher than expected because winter is generally a time when there are few transmissions and in most birds blood parasites are absent from the peripheral circulation. This high prevalence might indicate a nonseasonal relapse of hematozoan infections among wintering birds; possibly due to high levels of stress, which are known to lower the immune response and trigger nonseasonal relapses.
- You may send email to _EMAIL_ to request a hard copy of this publication.
- (Please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address.)
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationBarnard, William H.; Mettke-Hofmann, Claudia; Matsuoka, Steven M. 2010. Prevalence of hematozoa infections among breeding and wintering Rusty Blackbirds. The Condor 112(4):849–853.
KeywordsRusty Blackbird, hematozoa, blood parasites, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, Trypanosoma, microfilaria
- Geographic and seasonal variation in mercury exposure of the declining Rusty Blackbird
- Migratory connectivity in the Rusty Blackbird: Isotopic evidence from feathers of historical and contemporary specimens
- Competition and habitat quality influence age and sex distribution in wintering Rusty Blackbirds
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text:
ODU Libraries Offers New Digital Collection of School Desegregation Materials
The Old Dominion University Libraries have a new digital collection, "School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia," documenting the "massive resistance" to desegregation following the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954, which led to the closing of six Norfolk public schools and left 10,000 students out of school. The Web site is available at _URL_
"School Desegregation in Norfolk, Virginia" provides access to nearly 3,000 pages of primary source documents, including correspondence, news articles, reports, speeches and legal papers. Oral history interviews with some of the major figures of the time, including Vivian Carter-Mason, Ruth James and ODU Professor Emeritus Robert Stern, are also included.
A special feature of the Web site is a tribute to the Norfolk 17, the 17 African-American students who entered six previously all-white middle and high schools that had been closed by order of the Governor to prevent desegregation. Brief biographical sketches of these individuals are included.
In addition to the material in this digital exhibit, University Libraries' Special Collections has approximately 35,000 pages of documentation on Norfolk school desegregation in 14 collections.
Primary source materials from the Special Collections of the Old Dominion University Libraries document the activities of several prominent citizens in their efforts to reopen the public schools. Highlights of these materials are now available digitally, and include the activities of the Norfolk School Board, the Norfolk Committee on Public Schools, an attorney representing the plaintiffs in lawsuits initiated to reopen the schools and a teacher. Information on Virginia's reaction to the Supreme Court's decision as a whole is also included.
More information on these collections can be found at: _URL_
This article was posted on: July 22, 2008
Old Dominion University
Office of University Relations
Room 100 Koch Hall Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0018
Old Dominion University is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution.


What Do Prairie Dogs Eat?
Prairie dogs eat mainly green leafy plants, insects and prairie plants. Prairie dogs are not dog species but are instead a type of rodents. They usually come out from their burrows to get food in the wild.
2 Additional Answers
Prairie dogs eat insects, grasses, leafy vegetables, leaves and other plants. They are opportunistic feeders in that for the most part they will eat what is available to them. You can find more information here: _URL_


text:
iPDC is a free Phasor Data Concentrator based on IEEEC37.118 synchrophasor standard. It also has Database Server for iPDC and PMU Simulator modules. The objective of iPDC project is to create a IEEE C37.118 Synchrophasor standardized Phasor Data Concentrator
and PMU Simulator, on which research students and developers can develop and test their algorithms and applications. The purpose of iPDC released as a Free Software to its availability for users without any restriction regarding its usage and modification,
also to get the contribution from community users and developers all around the world.
- iPDC is compliant with IEEE C37.118 Synchrophasor standard.
- iPDC capable of receiving the data from
PMU and iPDC.
- iPDC would generate combined data frame by performing time aligning, sorting for each timestamps.
- iPDC able to send data frames to other iPDC's as well as other applications.
- iPDC directs the received data frames to MySQL database server for storage.
- The iPDC-database server may run on the local or remote machine.
- iPDC has option to connect via TCP or UDP.
- iPDC has a file structure, that stores all the connection and CFG details as being iPDC status.
- iPDC Setup File can be reload at restarting of iPDC.
- iPDC is a multi-threaded application, hence the performance is optimistic.
- iPDC has user friendly Graphical Interface.
- iPDC is built on free and open source technologies.
- PMU Simulator is compliant with IEEE C37.118 and successfully tested with the
PMU Connection Tester.
- PMU Simulator is configurable for both TCP and UDP communication protocols.
- PMU Simulator has option to read the PMU measurements from the
csv file and generate Data Frames.
- PMU Simulator has options to introduce different errors in STAT Word at run time.
- With single installation multiple PMU simulators can be run on a single machine simultaneously.
- PMU Simulator could be configurable for both 50 & 60 Hz of frequency system.
- It also has the configuration modification option like add/remove phasor channels at run time.
- PMU Simulator is a multi-process and multi-threaded application, hence the performance is optimistic.
- PMU Simulator has user friendly Graphical User Interface.
- PMU Simulator is built on free and open source technologies.
- iPDC on SourceForge, and
- Wide Area Frequency Measurement system (WAFMS) by
- If you get into problems, find this application useful or find bug in the software, just feel anything except nothing about it. Please feel free to contact us through bug report on
ISSUE TRACKER or email. Our motivation for further work grows with every mail.
- Subscribe the iPDC project to get the latest updates about iPDC and PMU Simulator.
- For report any issue regarding project or websites please email


text:
zzgl. 19% MwSt. zzgl. Versandkosten
Sofort versandfertig, Lieferzeit ca. 1-3 Werktage
- Artikel-Nr.: DST-50N
IMADA digital force gauge 50 Newton capacity, model DST-50N, DST Series.
Digital force gauge DST-50N is simple model with great cost performance with 50N capacity. Its light body and compact design and useful functions contribute to high usability.
- You can connect maximum 4 pcs of DST to a PC at the same time, for easier management. (You need a dedicated optional software.)
- Using a supplied software (Force Logger) and USB cable, you can easily transfer data from DST to PC.
-DST-2N/5N/20N/50N has a mechanical stopper for preventing overload.
- You can charge DST from a PC or a mobile battery.
- Battery life lasts 30 hours at maximum when its backlight is off.
Digital force gauges feature easiness for data managements and analyses, preventing from reading errors etc. The advantages of IMADA digital force gauges are the high accuracy and the high operability. The many equipped functions (Peak hold, Data memory, etc.) offer high operability for your force measurements. When using with an optional software, graph drawing is possible. You can analyze the force measurement results in detail.
A Force Gauge is a measuring instrument of force. It measures force by loading tension or compression force on the tip of the gauge. It is used in QC and R&D fields of a lot of industries such as electric/mechanical component, car, medical, food, packaging and more. See the applications on each industry:
|Function||Peak hold (Tensile or compression) / Comparator (OK Judgement) / |
Sensitivity(3 steps) / Reversible display /Overload alarm
|Accuracy||±0.2% F.S 1digit|
|Unit||N(mN,kN) , kg(g), lbf|
|Sampling rate||Max. 1000 data / sec (1000Hz)|
|Battery||Approx.30 hours (when back light is off)/ Approx. 14 hours (when back light is on)|
|Power||Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (NiMH battery) |
USB charge (PC, mobile battery, AC adapter)
|Operating environment||Temperature: 0 – 40C, Humidity: 20 – 80%RH|
|Country of Origin||Japan|


Bloab Rotspawned
From Age of Sigmar - Lexicanum
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Bloab on Bilespurter
Bloab Rotspawned the Lord of the Daemon-Flies [1]
He was first a great mortal champion of a tribe that worshipped the Chaos god Nurgle, however his divine patron was offended by his constant sadistic treatment of small animals and insects. In response the god sent a mass of daemon-flies into the champions cave whne he was slumbering, whilst their thousands of eggs were laid within him and the emerging maggots began to consume his flesh. Hollowed out, the fleshy sack was unable to perish - a painful lesson that was learned well by the champion. Bloab now spreads teeming, pestilent life throughout the Mortal Realms, even granted a Maggoth steed, Bilespurter.[1]
Tornus the Redeemed slew the him during the Realmgate Wars but he arose anew, and it is said as long as the swarm survives, so does he.[1]
Nurgle Rotbringers
Armoury - Artwork - Miniatures


Variants
A variant is another version of your content.
For an API or a library, this has two advantages:
 - Your readers can still access older versions of your documentation, while you work on the latest one
 - You can improve and correct errors in older versions of your documentation even after releasing new versions of your product.
Documenting different versions of your product using variants
Variants are also be used to offer several translations of your documentation.
🎭 Create a variant
To create a variant, click on New page in the ToC (left sidebar), then pick "New variant" in the popover.
When you create a new variant in the editor, GitBook duplicates all pages you had and puts them in the new variant.
Afterwards, any changes applied to a page of variant B will not affect the pages in variant A.
🧠 Note: Each variant contains independent pages organized in an independent table of content. Variants evolve independently.
After creating a variant, you can edit its name. A variant's name will appear in URLs pointing to that variant. It will also serve as branch names when using the GitHub integration.
🧙♂ Tips: You can simply switch to another variant using the dropdown at the top of the table of content, and you will see all your content for that variant.
GitHub integration and variants
When using the GitHub integration, all variants will be mapped to branches on GitHub. When creating a new variant from the GitBook editor, a matching branch will be created on GitHub. When creating a branch on GitHub, it will be imported as a release on GitBook if it matches your branch filter settings (see the GitHub integration setup).
🧠 Note: A GitBook variant is not the same thing as a GitHub release or tags. GitBook variants are mapped to GitHub branches.
Example: Starting from GitBook
Let's assume you have created a space with two variants:
 - "Stable" (the main variant), with a path set to master
 - "Dev", a secondary variant, with a path set to dev
Now you set up the GitHub integration for the first time on an empty repository, and choose to start working on your content on GitBook. The two variants will be exported as branches to your repository, master and dev. Any updates on GitHub to these branches will be reflected in the matching GitBook variant. Any changes on GitBook will update the matching branches.
Example: Starting from GitHub
Let's assume you already have a repository on GitHub with two branches:
 - The default branch master
 - A branch v2 for a new version you are working on
Now you create a brand new space and decide to set up the GitHub integration for the first time, and choose to start working on your content on GitHub. If you configure your branch filter as master v* the master branch will be synced, as well as all branches starting with v, this includes the second branch v2. So both branches will be exported as variants on GitBook. The branch master is the default branch of your repository and will be the main variant.
Example: Creating branches and creating variants
As the last example, let's say you have already set up the GitHub integration with a branch filter set to master v* and with the following variant:
 - "Stable" (the main variant), mapped to the branch master
 - "v1", mapped to a branch v1
Now, if you create a new variant with a name beta, it will create a beta branch on GitHub. Any changes made to the beta branch will be tracked, even if its name does not match the branch filter.
If you create a branch v2 on GitHub, it will be imported as variant, because it matches the branch filter, and it will be tracked.
If you create a branch alpha on GitHub, it will be ignore by GitBook, because it does not match the branch filter.


rand, M.; Rodriguez-Hidalgo, M.C.
 2010-01-01
 This paper presents a numerical model of single-effect absorption cycles with ammonia-lithium nitrate solution as the working pair and incorporating an adiabatic absorber. It is based on UA-ΔT lm models for separate regions of plate-type heat exchangers and it assumes an approach factor to adiabatic equilibrium. The results are offered as a function of external temperatures. A loop circuit with a heat exchanger upstream the absorber produces subcooling for facilitating absorption process. The effect of the mass flow rate recirculated through the absorber is studied. Results show a diminishing return effect. The value at which the recirculation mass flow yields a reasonable performance is between 4 and 6 times the solution mass flow. With a heat transfer area 6 times smaller than with a conventional diabatic shell-and-tube type absorber, the adiabatic absorber configured with a plate heat exchanger yields a 2% smaller maximum COP and a 15-20% smaller cooling power.
 7. Behaviors of tribrachial edge flames and their interactions in a triple-port burner
 KAUST Repository
 Yamamoto, Kazuhiro
 2015-05-01
 In a triple-port burner, various non-premixed flames have been observed previously. Especially for the case with two lifted flames, such configuration could be suitable in studying interaction between two tribrachial flames. In the present study, the flame characteristics have been investigated numerically by adopting a reduced kinetic mechanism in the triple-port burner. Four different types of flame configurations, including two attached flames, inner lifted/outer attached flames, inner attached/outer lifted flames, and twin lifted flames, were successfully simulated depending on the flow conditions. The representative edge propagation speed of a single lifted flame or an upstream lifted flame in the case of twin lifted flames increased as the liftoff height became higher. In the twin lifted flames, the inner lifted flame was affected appreciably when the other flame was located further upstream such that the lifted flame located further downstream encountered the axial velocity acceleration induced by the gas expansion from the lifted flame located upstream, while thermal effects were not observed since the temperature of the incoming flow toward the lifted flame was not affected. A unique flip-flop behavior between the inner and outer flames, observed experimentally previously, was successfully captured in the simulation such that the inner lifted flame became attached to the nozzle as the liftoff height of the outer lifted flame grew higher with an increase in the outer air velocity.
 8. Thermoelectric Effects under Adiabatic Conditions
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 George Levy
 2013-10-01
 Full Text Available This paper investigates not fully explained voltage offsets observed by several researchers during the measurement of the Seebeck coefficient of high Z materials. These offsets, traditionally attributed to faulty laboratory procedures, have proven to have an irreducible component that cannot be fully eliminated in spite of careful laboratory procedures. In fact, these offsets are commonly observed and routinely subtracted out of commercially available Seebeck measurement systems. This paper offers a possible explanation based on the spontaneous formation of an adiabatic temperature gradient in the presence of a force field. The diffusion-diffusion heat transport mechanism is formulated and applied to predict two new thermoelectric effects. The first is the existence of a temperature gradient across a potential barrier in a semiconductor and the second is the Onsager reciprocal of the first, that is, the presence of a measureable voltage that arises across a junction when the temperature gradient is forced to zero by a thermal clamp. Suggested future research includes strategies for utilizing the new thermoelectric effects.
 9. Isomer-specific combustion chemistry in allene and propyne flames
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Hansen, Nils; Miller, James A. [Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551 (United States); Westmoreland, Phillip R. [Department of Chem. Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (United States); Kasper, Tina [Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551 (United States); Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D-33615 Bielefeld (Germany); Kohse-Hoeinghaus, Katharina [Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D-33615 Bielefeld (Germany); Wang, Juan; Cool, Terrill A. [School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States)
 2009-11-15
 A combined experimental and modeling study is performed to clarify the isomer-specific combustion chemistry in flames fueled by the C{sub 3}H{sub 4} isomers allene and propyne. To this end, mole fraction profiles of several flame species in stoichiometric allene (propyne)/O{sub 2}/Ar flames are analyzed by means of a chemical kinetic model. The premixed flames are stabilized on a flat-flame burner under a reduced pressure of 25 Torr (=33.3 mbar). Quantitative species profiles are determined by flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry, and the isomer-specific flame compositions are unraveled by employing photoionization with tunable vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The temperature profiles are measured by OH laser-induced fluorescence. Experimental and modeled mole fraction profiles of selected flame species are discussed with respect to the isomer-specific combustion chemistry in both flames. The emphasis is put on main reaction pathways of fuel consumption, of allene and propyne isomerization, and of isomer-specific formation of C{sub 6} aromatic species. The present model includes the latest theoretical rate coefficients for reactions on a C{sub 3}H{sub 5} potential [J.A. Miller, J.P. Senosiain, S.J. Klippenstein, Y. Georgievskii, J. Phys. Chem. A 112 (2008) 9429-9438] and for the propargyl recombination reactions [Y. Georgievskii, S.J. Klippenstein, J.A. Miller, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 (2007) 4259-4268]. Larger peak mole fractions of propargyl, allyl, and benzene are observed in the allene flame than in the propyne flame. In these flames virtually all of the benzene is formed by the propargyl recombination reaction. (author)
 10. Impact of Vitiation on a Swirl-Stabilized and Premixed Methane Flame
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 Mao Li
 2017-10-01
 Full Text Available Vitiation refers to the condition where the oxygen concentration in the air is reduced due to the mix of dilution gas. The vitiation effects on a premixed methane flame were investigated on a swirl-stabilized gas turbine model combustor under atmospheric pressure. The main purpose is to analyze the combustion stability and CO emission performance in vitiated air and compare the results with the flame without vitiation. The N2, CO2, and H2O (steam were used as the dilution gas. Measurements were conducted in a combustor inlet temperature of 384 K and 484 K. The equivalence ratio was varied from stoichiometric conditions to the LBO (Lean Blowout limits where the flame was physically blown out from the combustor. The chemical kinetics calculation was performed with Chemkin software to analyze the vitiation effects on the flame reaction zone. Based on the calculation results, the changes in the temperature gradient, CO concentration, and active radicals across the flame reaction zone were identified. The time-averaged CH chemiluminescence images were recorded and the results indicated the features of the flame shape and location. The CH signal intensity provided the information about the heat-release zone in the combustor. The combustion LBO limits were measured and the vitiation of CO2 and H2O were found to have a stronger impact to elevate the LBO limits than N2. Near the LBO limits, the instability of the flame reaction was revealed by the high-speed chemiluminescence imaging and the results were analyzed by FFT (Fast Fourier Transfer. CO emission was measured with a water-cooled probe which is located at the exit of the combustor. The combustion vitiation has been found to have the compression effect on the operation range for low CO emission. However, this compression effect could be compensated by improving the combustor inlet temperature.
 11. Flame synthesis of zinc oxide nanocrystals
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Merchan-Merchan, Wilson, E-mail: _EMAIL_ [School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 (United States); Farahani, Moien Farmahini [School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 (United States)
 2013-02-01
 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We report a single-step flame method for the synthesis of Zn oxide nanocrystals. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Diverse flame positions lead to a variation of Zn oxide nanocrystal growth. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The synthesized crystals have polyhedral, pipet- and needle-like shape. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer High length-to-diameter aspect-ratio crystals appear in a


text:
ORTHOPHOS® XG 3D
The new ORTHOPHOS XG 3D, a hybrid solution from Sirona.
The new ORTHOPHOS XG 3D combines the advantages of 2D and 3D into one comprehensive unit. With an extensive selection of panoramic and cephalometric programs to choose from, the right 2D diagnostic images are now augmented with the ability to capture 3D X-ray.
The new hybrid unit from Sirona requires about the same space as a traditional 2D X-ray machine, but now provides the advantages of 2D and 3D together in your practice while encouraging the lowest possible effective dose for the patient.
- Simple patient positioning - the operator has a clear visual of the area to be scanned
- The Auto-Positioner enables the operator to take images with confidence
- Intuitive control with the Easypad touchscreen makes program selection fast and easy
- Automatic sensor rotation eliminates the need for manual sensor change
- Multiple 3D scan regions allow the operator to scan only the region of interest
- A short scan time ensures patient movement during the scan is kept to an absolute minimum
- Easy navigation of the 3D volume allows you to scan the volume quickly and with confidence


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About This Image
Mow-way (or Shaking Hand) was a Kotchateka Comanche chief who surrendered at Fort Bascom in 1869. Name and title in period pencil on recto of mount below image. See: Belous and Weinstein, Will Soule: indian Photographer at Fort Still, Oklahoma 1869-74, p.106 (for illustration) and p.112 (for information on Mow-way). He wears a large bear claw in his hair.
William S. "Will" Soule (August 28, 1836 – August 12, 1908) made his way west in 1867. At age 29, he was a wounded Civil War veteran looking for a way to improve his health. Upon his arrival at Fort Dodge in Kansas, he clerked in trader John E. Tappin's post store.
When Soule left for the west, he brought along equipment for landscape and portrait photography. He was well acquainted with photography through his employment, after his injury, with a photographic gallery in Chambersburg, PA, which was destroyed by fire in early 1867; and though his brother, John P. Soule, who established the Soule Photographic Company in Boston before the Civil War.
Soule's photograph of a scalping victim taken near Fort Dodge became his first published work. An engraving was made from his photograph, and it appeared in the January 16, 1869 issue of Harper's Weekly.
Soule left Fort Dodge for Camp Supply, Indian Territory, in the spring of 1869, and arrived in Fort Sill, Indian Territory, in late 1869 or early 1870. Soule became the post photographer at Fort Sill where he would remain for six years. Fort Sill was a military headquarters and an agency for several tribes, including the Kiowa, Wichita, and Comanche. Belous and Weinstein, in their book, Will Soule: Indian Photographer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma _PHONE_ (1969), indicate that most of Soule's Indian portraits were taken at or near Fort Sill, and they date them between 1870 and 1874.
Soule returned to Boston in late 1874 or early 1875, and partnered with W. D. Everett in the photographic business. His brother John P. Soule secured copyrights for many of the Indian portraits through the Library of Congress. Will Soule died in 1908.
According to Belous and Weinstein in their book, Will Soule: Indian Photographer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, _PHONE_, 166 paper prints and 69 glass plate negatives have survived. Other repositories with various collections of Will Soule's work are included in the Huntington Library, the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, the Denver Public Library, and the Bureau of American Ethnology through the Fort Sill Artillery and Missile Center Museum. This collection of photographs was owned by A. A. Hyde of Wichita, a Wichita businessman, philanthropist and inventor of the world-renown ointment, Mentholatum.
Shipping and insurance costs will be added to the price and must be paid for by the buyer. Pennsylvania buyers must pay appropriate local sales tax. International clients are responsible for their VAT and other custom's oriented charges.
Medium Albumen print
Mount on original mount
Photo Date 1870c Print Date 1870c
Dimensions 7-3/4 x 5-3/8 in. (197 x 137 mm)
Photo Country United States (USA)
Photographer Country United States (USA)


Conjunctive expressions
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Définition
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conjunctive expressions
A conjunctive expression is an expression like: size=large and colour in {red, orange}
that is the conjunction of two or more simple predicates like size=large. The term conjunction refers to the presence of the logical operator and, which joins or conjoins the simple predicates. Occasionally the conjunctive expression might just consist of a single predicate.
See also propositional learning systems and covering algorithm.
Source : INWS machine learning dictionary ]


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Carmel Christian STEM Team Receives National Awards and NASA Internships
Carmel Christian School's (CCS) Upper School STEM Research Team attended the 2015 American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR) Conference in Alexandria, Va., where they shared research presentations to a panel of professional, scientific judges. They brought home the following awards:
- 2nd place- Bioluminescence of Penelus stipticus Fungus
- 3rd place- Effects of microgravity on the magnetic qualities of magnetorheological fluids over time
Over the course of two days, students had the opportunity to engage in conversation with Gregory H. Johnson, an astronaut who flew the last flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour. Two teammates secured J-term internships at both the Johnson and Kennedy Space Centers in January 2016 working directly with chief investigators. The CCS J-Term is a weeklong Upper School program designed to enrich classroom learning by providing additional knowledge beyond the classroom for growth.
American Society for Gravitational and Space Research provides a forum to foster research, education and professional development in the multidisciplinary fields of gravitational space biological and physical sciences.


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Before we proceed on exactly how to make a high-grade manganese casting let us initially give you an insight into exactly what it is. A semi-solid steel casting is a process in which a liquid steel is supplied into a mold and mildew, which contains a hollow form mold. The fluid metal after home heating is poured right into the mold and mildew with a hollow network called a sprue. The mold as well as the steel are after that cooled after which the metal part is after that drawn out from the mold. This extracted metal component is called a casting. It is commonly used for making intricate shapes, which is tough or expensive to earn by various other approaches. The manganese casting collaborates with the very same principal as well as makes Mangalloy or Hadfield steel. The Mangalloy is understood for its high impact toughness as well as resistance to abrasion in its hardened state.
Let us proceed to exactly how a premium manganese casting is made.
To make top notch manganese casting it is essential to earn sure the metal can certify for casting. If you have any concerns concerning exactly where and how to use Manganese Casting foundry, you can get in touch with us at our web page. This high manganese steel follows a sequential solidification, the riser, and the pouring system needs to be rightly developed for it to ensure high thickness inside for a good actors.
The composition of top quality manganese casting:
Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Manganese (Mn), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Chrome (Cr), Molybdenum as well as Nickel (NI).
The chemical structure of Hadfield steel:
Phosphorus 0.005 max.
Sulphur 0.005 max.
As a result, when the needs are best and also guarantee the security of making high quality manganese casting, the complying with two actions are followed.
It is vital to make sure that the top quality of liquid steel is right for the process. Dangerous gases like N2, H2 and other nonmetallic inclusions like Al2O3, sio2 as well as mno hat do not show in the spectrometer, should be eliminated. Then the standard Oxidation process is followed to fine-tune the steel. Throughout which, oxygen is blown in as well as upon reacting with the carbon dioxide present in the unsafe gases are eliminated. After which, the decrease duration starts to reduce the oxygen web content in the steel. The next step is to adjust the chemical material as well as after that pouring it out.
Result of pouring temperature:.
HEAT Temp (Celsius)
The warm therapy is the essential procedure of obtaining high manganese steel. During the heat therapy, in the heat of concerning 950 Degree Celsius, the carbide melts as well as is then cooled down to obtain the correct framework. The holding time need to be computed inning accordance with the optimum density of the wall surface of the casting. The moment duration of transfer from the furnace to water must be as very little as feasible. Typically, the weight of water relieving pool must be more compared to 10 times greater than the weight of the casting. It is because, when the temperature level of the casting gets to 700 level Celsius, the solidification procedure ends. As a result of the makeover process being brief, the volume of water must be sufficient.
Please keep in mind that the heating tool of the warmth therapy is electric and managed by a computer system that guarantees the heat to distribute uniformly.
These two procedures is followed to earn excellent quality manganese casting. It is the exact same for different other combinations of metals and making casting.


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Mengo School of Nursing and Midwifery
About Mengo School of Nursing and Midwifery
This is the oldest Nursing and Midwifery School in Uganda. It was the first School for Nursing and Midwifery in Uganda and East Africa as a whole, and is known as the heart of medicine in Uganda. The School was founded by Mrs. Catherine Cook (then wife to Sir Albert Cook, the Founder of Medicine in Uganda.). She started by training 8 Enrolled Midwives in 1919, and in 1928 she started training Enrolled Nurses.
Sir Albert Cook Road,
P.O.Box 7161, Kampala, Uganda
Fax: 041 270223


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Why turkey has the same name as Turkey
sodium lactate
noun, Chemistry
1.
a water-soluble, hygroscopic salt, C 3 H 5 NaO 3 , used in solution in medicine to treat metabolic acidosis, usually by injection.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2014.
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Difficulty index for sodium lactate
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Word Value for sodium
9
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Completely clear all formatting of a range in Excel
In Excel, you can apply the Clear Formats function to quickly clear only the formatting that's applied to selected cells, and it cannot clear the formatting that's applied to the data or contents. But with Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format, you can quickly clear all formatting from a range, no matter the formatting that's applied to the cells or the contents in Excel.
1. Select a range that you want to clear all cell formatting.
2. Click Kutools >> Format Tools >> Clear All Cell Format, see screenshots:
3. Click Yes button. All of the cell formats have been removed completely. See screenshots:
The differences between Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format and Excel's Clear Formats:
In the following screenshot, you will see there are two cells, the cell 1 which has been applied the font color BLUE. But the cell 2 is using the font color BLACK, but the some contents in this cell have been applied to other font colors. See screenshot:
Let's see what will happen after applying both functions.
After applying Excel's Clear Formats:
After applying Kutools for Excel's Clear All Cell Format:
As you can see, the Clear Formats in Excel won't clear the formatting that's applied to the contents.


access icon free Calibration of triaxial MEMS vector field measurement system
Triaxial MEMS vector field measurement system with triaxial MEMS sensors, such as accelerometer and magnetometer, is typically used to acquire navigation information in strap-down inertial navigation system (SINS). The navigation accuracy of the body is directly affected by the measurement accuracy of the measurement system. This study presents a two-step calibration algorithm for the triaxial MEMS vector field measurement system based on a detailed analysis of the measurement system error model. In the calibration procedure of this method, the first step is to calibrate the triaxial vector sensor error, including bias, scale factors and non-orthogonality using the ellipsoid fitting method; the second step is to calibrate the misalignment between the orthogonal sensor frame and the system body frame using the four-position method. Furthermore, the mathematical analysis of four-position method calibration error is done to study on the factors influencing the misalignment calibration accuracy, numerical simulation and experiments, which are performed for validating the analysis. A series of calibration experiments on a triaxial MEMS accelerometer in the measurement system show signiﬁcant enhancement of the accuracy of three components measurement data in the system body frame.
Inspec keywords: mathematical analysis; measurement errors; magnetometers; accelerometers; microsensors; calibration; inertial navigation
Other keywords: mathematical analysis; measurement system error model; system body frame; magnetometer; two-step calibration algorithm; SINS; ellipsoid fitting method; orthogonal sensor frame; triaxial MEMS vector field measurement system; strapdown inertial navigation system; accelerometer; numerical simulation; four-position method; triaxial MEMS vector sensor
Subjects: Sensing and detecting devices; Measurement standards and calibration; Measurement standards and calibration; Mathematical analysis; MEMS and NEMS device technology; Magnetic variables measurement; Velocity, acceleration and rotation measurement; Velocity, acceleration and rotation measurement; Micromechanical and nanomechanical devices and systems; Microsensors and nanosensors
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 - 11. Qingde, L., Griffiths, J.G.: 'Least squares ellipsoid specific fitting'. Proc. Geometric Modeling and Processing, 2004, 2004, pp. 335340.
 2. 2)
 - 12. Taylor, J.R.: 'An introduction to error analysis: the study of uncertainties in physical measurements' (University Science Books, Sausalito, CA, 1997), pp. 55154.
 3. 3)
 4. 4)
 - 8. Parvis, M., Ferraris, F.: 'Procedure for effortless in-field calibration of three-axial rate gyro and accelerometers', Sens. Mater., 1995, 7, pp. 311330.
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 - 4. Renaudin, V., Afzal, M.H., Lachapelle, G.: 'New method for magnetometers based orientation estimation'. Position Location and Navigation Symp. (PLANS), 2010 IEEE/ION, 2010, pp. 348356.
 12. 12)
 - 2. Ying Kun, P., Golnaraghi, M.F.: 'A vector-based gyro-free inertial navigation system by integrating existing accelerometer network in a passenger vehicle'. Position Location and Navigation Symp., 2004. PLANS 2004, 2004, pp. 234242.
Related content


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Evaluation of experimental bridge [electronic resource] : Massman Drive bridge over Interstate 40 in Davidson County /
Abstract (Summary)The Massman Drive Bridge is a 284ft. two-span continuous steel bridge over Interstate 40 in Nashville, TN. The bridge is an experimental design that unifies the construction economy of simple span bridges and the structural economy of continuous span bridges. The structural system involves bridge girders initially erected with simple supports at the center bent and abutments. Before the deck is placed, an experimental connection is used to rigidly connect the two adjacent girders over the center bent. The experimental connection couples a cover plate in tension and two kicker wedge plates in compression. The kicker wedge plates supply resistance with direct bearing between each other and the compression flanges of the adjacent girders. A total of 84 weldable strain gages were applied to three of the five bridge girders. The majority of the strain gages were placed at the connection on the plates and girder. Data collected during placement of the bridge deck concrete was used to evaluate the bridge performance under dead load. Several live load tests were later performed and will be reported by others. The data indicate that the three girders instrumented were continuous across the experimental connection. The two interior girders were found to exhibit similar behavior. However, the one instrumented exterior girder was found to have a reduced stiffness at the connection, as compared to the two interior girders. The effectiveness of the connection appears to be dependent on the erection of the wedge plates. A rationale for this behavior is presented but is not conclusive. Overall, the conclusion is drawn that the method works, in the sense that continuity over the center bent was achieved under the weight of the freshly cast deck.
School Location:USA - Tennessee
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:bridges iron and steel
Date of Publication:


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Richmond, City of
Volunteer Management Strategy / Demystifying the Volunteer Management Strategy (2011)
The Strategy focuses on five strategic directions:
- Manage volunteers through a technology-based Volunteer Management System.
- Work together with other organizations across Richmond to achieve a synergy and sharing of process, training, tools, costs and volunteers.
- Work in conjunction with other organizations to assist them in building their own capacity to recruit and manage volunteers, without duplicating efforts, but by building a seamless system.
- Raise the profile of volunteers in the community through enhancing recognition programs.
- Develop consistent procedures and standards by centralizing certain activities such as screening, risk management, orientation, evaluation and recognition


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Social Issues in Sport
Title: Social Issues in Sport
Author: Woods, Ronald B.
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Call No.: GV706.5.W655 2007
From the Publisher: Sport is all around us. Yet few of us look critically at how it affects our lives—and even fewer look at how we as a society affect sport. Social Issues in Sport is an outstanding introduction to the multifaceted roles of sport and physical activity in society and the perfect tool for examining sport from a critical perspective. The text's engaging writing style, full-color format, and sound learning tools make it accessible and effective at getting students involved in and excited about the material. A full array of instructor resources make this book a highly functional and enjoyable way for instructors to introduce this subject to their students.
While the book is solidly grounded in research, it does not dwell on theory. Social Issues in Sport is written to whet the appetite of students in sport management and sport studies for a deeper look at the issues, contradictions, and confusion that characterize our love–hate affair with sport. In Social Issues in Sport, students will find heavy emphasis on areas that other texts often overlook—including the role of coaches, importance of lifetime sport and fitness, sport in education, and sport for special populations such as the physically and mentally challenged and the elderly. As a result, students gain a complete view of what constitutes sport and physical activity and a firm grasp of the sociocultural considerations vital to their understanding of sport. Students are encouraged to see the sport world not only with their eyes wide open to the problems but also with an optimistic, encouraging view of its future.
Author Ronald Woods draws on a lifetime in sport as a participant, observer, fan, teacher, coach, administrator, and critic. His wide-lens view of sport helps students make sense of the world of sport and physical activity and, more important, apply it to their own personal and professional lives. Woods' easy-to-comprehend distinction between sport for recreational participation, high performance, and spectating illuminates for students the profound differences in how sport can be viewed and challenges their thinking about their own roles as participants and spectators. Woods' diverse background in sports gives him a unique perspective and allows him to write with a style and clarity that students will appreciate.
This full-color book is organized into four parts that reflect the presence of sports around us. Part I sets the stage for studying sport in society. Part II examines the scope and effect of sport on society. Part III explores sport as an institution and how it functions within other institutions such as schools, colleges, and the Olympic movement. Part IVfocuses on the interaction between our society's culture and sports.
In 19 chapters, the book enthusiastically invites students to explore many issues, such as how a participant, spectator, coach, and administrator may have differing views of sports; how to distinguish between different levels of play, games, and sport when assessing the role of sport; and what trends to expect in the future and how to be part of a positive development of sporting structures.
Social Issues in Sports contains the following features that encourage learning:
-An engaging writing style, rich with examples and pedagogical aids, gets students excited about and invested in the sporting world around them.
-Interesting sidebars include up-close profiles of significant people and organizations (In the Arena With), examples of how sport is viewed in the public (Pop Culture), and insights from those who study the subject extensively (Expert's View).
-Activity Time-Outs, nicely integrated with the text, invite readers to recognize and assess the sociocultural issues that sport raises and apply the book's concepts to their own lives.
-An instructor guide, test package, and presentation package provide instructors with tools and assignment ideas to ensure that students remain engaged.
Social Issues in Sport is an engaging, in-depth, and inspiring resource that will help students understand the value of sport and its limitations and equip them to make choices about the role sports will play in their lives.
About the Author: Ron Woods,Ph.D is a performance coach at the Human Performance Institute in Orlando,Florida and an adjunct professor at the University of Tampa and the University of South Florida. Ron formerly worked for the United States Tennis Association for twenty years as director of player development and community tennis. Formerly, a professor at West Chester University of Pennsylvania in exercise science and coach of men's tennis. He has been honored by the International Tennis Hall of Fame, national coach of the year for United States Professional Tennis Association and was inducted into the athletic Hall of Fame at both East Stroudsburg University and West Chester University.


Short informative article for lawyers about dangers of police transcripts of indistinct audio
I'm pleased and honoured to have been able to collaborate with Prof J Peter French, world renowned expert in forensic phonetics, to write a short and informative article for Australian lawyers about the dangers of providing police transcripts of indistinct covert recordings used as evidence in court.
French, P., & Fraser, H. 2018. Why "ad hoc experts" should not provide transcripts of indistinct forensic audio, and a proposal for a better approach. Criminal Law Journal, 42, 298–302.
Find it at the link below.
Why "Ad Hoc Experts" Should Not Provide Transcripts of Indistinct Forensic Audio, and a Proposal for a Better Approach
by Peter French and Helen Fraser*
Indistinct covert audio recordings frequently figure in criminal trials together with transcripts prepared by police officers who have been accorded the status of ad hoc experts on the basis of their prolonged and repeated exposure to the recordings. Drawing on research in linguistic and phonetic science, we explain why such transcripts are highly prone to be unreliable, why they may mislead juries into misinterpreting the contents of the conversations and why current court procedures for mitigating this risk are inadequate. We conclude by outlining a proposal drawn up and endorsed by senior expert linguists for establishing a process whereby reliable transcripts of indistinct covert recordings can be provided for juries.
* Peter French: Professor of Forensic Speech Science, University of York; Chairman, JP French Associates, England; President, International Association of Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics (IAFPA). Helen Fraser: Adjunct Associate Professor, Linguistics, University of New England, Australia