text:
"left" for a change.)
In electrical devices the assignment of $+$ and $-$ is called the polarity of the device, so it's not too much of a stretch to call dancers with specific roles for their $+$ left and $-$ right hands polar dancers... at least as long as you realize it has nothing to do with how cold it is outside!
I should mention in advance that these random polar dancers have a lot of features in common with water, the most common of all solvents. That is why I'm bothering with these odd complications. Water molecules are close to being ideal molecular polar dancers, in fact, since they are hard to break and have a quite strong difference in real electric charge between the two hydrogen atoms ($+$) and the oxygen atom ($-$). The fact that they have two hydrogen atoms -- roughly the equivalent of having an extra left arm -- also allows water molecules to "network" better with each other as they dance. You might stare at a three-handed dance partner a bit, but those extra hands make for a tighter overall dance!
Red States and Blue States?
With this new and more detailed model of a solvent, it's time to go back to my original example of "dissolving" both Elephants and Dragons into a randomly moving crowd of people.
Originally, I dissolved the Elephants and Dragons into what amounted to a simple non-polar gas, as represented by a random texting crowd. So what happens if you try to dissolve the same Elephants and Dragons into a crowd of random polar dancers with their more complicated mixing rules?
First it's important to clarify two points. The first is that Elephants have no hands. The second point is that since the Dragons are actually a bunch of humans holding up a costume, they have lots and lots of hands. We're going to assume that their particular dragon costumes allows them to make full use of those hands, and that their hands follow the same $+$ left and $-$ rules as the polar dancers. So what happens in both cases?
The first sharp difference is that the elephants are now actively repelled by the crowd! Since Elephants have no hands with which to bond to members of the random polar dance, the dance crowd reacts to them just as they would an open space: They form a surface at which they hold hands with each other, but not with the elephant... which has none. The result is that the polar dancers end up pushing back against the Elephants and trying to keep them out of the dance. (Some advice if you should ever find yourself in this situation in real life: Do not push on the elephant.)
The situation I just described is remarkably similar to what happens if you drop oil into water. An oil molecule has no "polar hands," which for areal molecule means no molecular-scale excesses of $+$ and $-$ electrical charge on different parts of its surface. That in turn means it doesn't have any easy handles for the dancing water molecules to grab hold of. The highly polar water molecules thus end up joining hands with each other and resisting the intrusion of the "elephantine" oil molecules. It's not that you can't force an elephant into the crowd -- or an oil molecule into water. It's just that the oil molecule will never be accepted very well, and so will always be subjected to forces of molecular-scale surface tension that will try constantly to push it back out to other oil molecules or any nearby surface.
Peas and Carrots
So, what about the other case of the Dragon? What happens to Dragons in random polar dances?
Just the opposite of the Elephant! A Dragon is welcomed into the dance easily, since its many human hand beneath the costume make it resemble an expanded, chain-like version of a water molecule.
You can see this effect whenever you dissolve sugar in water. Ironically, sugar is internally similar to oil, since both typically have large chains of carbon atoms for backbones. However, in the case of sugar, each carbon is "decorated" with the two parts of a water molecule. One part is a hydrogen atom, and the other is an oxygen-hydrogen piece (called a hydroxyl radical). This similarity to water is why sugar is called a "carbo" (carbon backbone) "hydrate" (decorated with water, as in "fully hydrated").
Annie Get Your Cat
All of this is fine, but what about salt? Wasn't the original question about salt, not oil or sugar? Yes, and that require a couple new characters to hand over to the random polar dance. What is needed is this: One-handed robots!
Each of these one-handed robots has only $+$ left hand or $-$ right hand. Since they are manufactured by a small company called Ion Technologies, we'll just call these robots "ions" for short. The company has a sense of humor, incidentally, so it puts pictures of the company cat (named Cat) on its $+$ left-handed robots, and pictures of their founder, Annie, on its $-$ right-handed robots. That resulted in the lefties being called "Cat Ions" (or "cations" for short), and the righties being called "Annie Ions" (or "anions" for short). So, if I happen to say cation I just mean a $+$ or left-handed robot, and if I say anion I just mean a $-$ or right-handed robot.
Breaking Up is Hard To Do... Sometimes
So, if a random polar dance crowd bumps into a squadron of equal numbers of cations and anions, what will happen? Will they be permitted to join the dance, as the Dragon was?
Sure! At least in most cases, that is.
The first problem is that if you have lot of cations and anions together, they will unavoidably lock hands with each other, and likely tightly. However, since the polar dancers have strong polarity themselves and are moving bout pretty quickly, they can easily have enough pull and energy break up even quite tight grips between the cations and anions. Once that happens, the cations and anions can be pulled in to the same wild dance as the polar dancers, and in general, a great time will be had by all.
This situation is of course the one that is analogous to salt dissolving into water. And not just the kind of salt we put on tables, but "salt" in the broader meaning of any compound composed of small, positively charged (usually metal) and negatively charged components, or ions. One of the reasons why water is such a great solvent is that its highly polar molecules can break up nearly any kind of salt or ionic solid into individual ions that then can joint into their dance.
And finally, at last, it's time to return to the original question: Why is it that when a solution of salt (or other substances) in water (or other solvents) is cooled down enough, the salt begins to separate out? And why does the water form crystals that, if he cooling is done slowly enough, contain little or no salt? Or more informally, why does the formerly close friendship between water and salt also seem to cool down dramatically as the temperature drops?
The answer boils down to this: The random dancers aren't always random. That is, if they start moving ever more slowly and ever more cautiously -- the crowd equivalent of dropping the temperature -- you will sooner or later reach a point when a good handshake dominates over a good dance, and the dancers no longer have enough energy to break that handshake.
The reason that happens is that when random motion departs, geometry takes over as king. In this case, geometry dictates that at cold enough temperatures, repetition and monotony will always win out over randomness and diversity. Cold likes to simplify things.
To explain why this is it's necessary to explain why crystals form in the first place. In the case of the two-handed polar dancers the easiest form of crystal to make is as long chain. However, since chains aren't very good at pushing and the goal here is to show how crystals can push things around, I'll make one more addition to the rules of the polar dancers.
The rule is this: The dancers all have big sheets of Velcro on their backs. So, when things start getting slow and chilly, the first thing that happens to the dancers is they start getting stuck to each other in back-toback pairs. The results is pairs of dancers with alternating $+$ and $-$ hands sticking out like the four direction on a map. I should emphasize that this is not what happens with water, although you could construct compounds that behave like this. My goal here is just to give a version of the polar dancers that likes to take up a lot of dance floor space when they get together.
So the first step is the formation of these four-handed dance pairs. Then, as temperatures drop still further and the stuck-together dancers grow even more lethargic, the pairs begin to lock hands with nearby pairs for longer and longer periods of time. The situation finally reaches a point where if one pair grasps the hand of another pair, the bond is likely to last for a very long time indeed. That is just what happens to molecules in many of the more remote parts of our world (or universe) in which cold dominates and is unlikely to reverse anytime soon.
Now if you imagine these four-handed pairs linking up with each other, it's important to notice that because they are formed from dancers who are all the same size, the distances between their remaining hands becomes both exact and repetitious. For example, if you had two long east-west chains of these dancer pairs, then all of their north-facing and south-facing hands will be exactly lined up and perfectly spaced to enable strong grips. That's very different from what happens if the spac


text:
In 2009-10 the gross value of total Victorian agricultural production was $10,347.3 million, an increase of 1.4% (or $146.8 million) from 2008-09. At the same time, the local value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 0.7%.
In 2009-10 livestock disposals contributed 29.0% to the total gross value of Victorian agricultural production, followed by livestock products with 24.2% and fruit with 11.7% respectively.
Do you know how the value of your state or territory's agricultural output is determined?
The gross value of agricultural commodities produced (VACP) is the value placed on recorded agricultural production at the wholesale prices realised in the market place.
The local value is the value placed on commodities at the point of production (i.e. farm gate). It is calculated by deducting marketing costs from the gross value of commodities produced. Marketing costs may include freight, cost of containers, commission and other marketing charges.
Quantity data for most agricultural commodities are collected from ABSagricultural surveys or the Agricultural Census. Remaining commodity data are obtained from non-ABS sources, and are comparable across time.
These documents will be presented in a new window.
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


open source distribution.
The same API is also designed for using the engine in a SyncML server, but this part of the API is not completely implemented at this time. The code for the server role exists and is used in Synthesis' server products. It is mostly identical with the code that is used by clients.
The engine uses the same XML-based configuration mechanism in both roles. Data format support is not hard-coded in the engine. Instead, the XML configuration defines datatypes and their mapping to the standard formats. So, when using Synthesis for both client and server, the definition of a custom data format has to be written only once. The engine can automatically store data defined this way in a relational database using the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) API, so it might not even be necessary to write C or C++ code.
Because of the shared engine, clients automatically have some of the features normally found only in SyncML servers, like interpreting device information and intelligently updating only those properties of an item really supported by a peer. With well written peers, this goes a long way towards solving problems four (making assumptions about the peer) and five (getting incomplete items back). For cases where the information provided by a peer is insufficient, the engine also has possibilities for making item parsing and generation depend, for example, on the peer name and/or firmware version.
The engine itself does not implement a particular message transport, which minimizes system dependencies and allows adding custom transports without changing the engine. The client calling the engine is responsible for receiving messages, which are then processed by the engine, and for sending messages generated by the engine. SyncEvolution provides that part for HTTP(S), using either libsoup or libcurl, depending on how it was configured during compilation. It also provides a command line tool, which configures a client and runs a sync session, something which is currently missing in the Synthesis open source release itself. The SyncEvolution 0.9 beta 1 source tar ball includes a copy of the engine source and compiles everything with one "configure; make; make install" invocation. This is the most convenient way of getting started using the source code.
Originally, SyncEvolution was a tool for the Evolution mail and PIM application, but it was always meant to be more flexible and can be compiled without depending on Evolution or GNOME. The Evolution backend is just one of many. Plain files (used for KDE synchronization) and Mac OS X Address Book are also supported. More backends could be added as described in a blog article. The file backend synchronizes files inside a directory and is portable, so it can always be compiled. When adding these backends, your author dodged the bullet of having to rename the project by reinterpreting the name as "SyncEvolution - the missing link"….
Another important component of SyncEvolution is a CPPUnit-based testing system, which runs local database access tests, as well as integration tests with real SyncML servers. With the help of the "synccompare" comparison tool, it checks for data modifications when importing and exporting items locally and sending items back and forth.
Data Modeling and Handling
After introducing Synthesis and SyncEvolution, there is still the question: how are the tricky PIM data handling issues solved?
At the core of each kind of data (contacts, calendar items, notes) is a Synthesis "field list". This list has to define the information that the engine is expected to handle for each item completely.; Iinformation which is not declared will be ignored, and may be removed when modifying data locally. The format of a field list is a more or less flat key/value mapping with unique keys, which is easier to process than complex structured information, like a vCard. Items are exchanged between the engine and DB plug-ins as one field list per item. This allows interfacing with local data storage without having to deal with the more complex formats. In cases where the local storage is based on these formats, it is also possible to ask the engine to exchange the data as a string. This is how SyncEvolution backends operate. They cannot access the field list given the current SyncEvolution API, but this could be added.
Each key refers to a value of a certain built-in type, or arrays of such values for properties which can occur multiple times. Arrays of complex types and multi-dimensional arrays are avoided.
A complete description of the format is available in the "XML Configuration Reference for Synthesis SyncML Server&Client Products". Here is a simplified example from the "syncclient_sample_config.xml":

The names can be chosen arbitrarily. The "compare" attribute determines how the engine uses the field when comparing items. I: in this example, the full name is used as the primary key to find matches during a slow sync (problem one). The other properties are only used only when resolving conflicting changes during an incremental sync. Individual fields can be configured in a similar way to handle merging.
There are many different supported types. The "telephone" type, in this example, is different from "string" because the comparison is relaxed and only uses relevant digits (ignores separators like spaces, dashes, or slashes).
The conversion to and from external, standardized formats is again entirely driven by the XML configuration. A "mimeprofile" defines how these fields map to properties in a vCard. Both the standardized MIME profile and the slightly different legacy vCard 2.1 and vCalendar 1.0 formats are supported. In addition, plain text and RFC 822 mail formats are supported. Other formats like XML are possible, but have not been implemented.
Simple properties have a 1:1 mapping to fields. More complex properties, like the one which lists name components in a vCard, map to multiple fields. Repeating properties like phone numbers map to arrays. The same profile can be used for legacy and standard formats and for different peers, by enabling or disabling properties depending on the context in which the profile is used. Therefore there are two ways to define different external representations: it is possible to disable parts of a profile conditionally as define multiple profiles which use the same field list. Then data conversion is done by parsing with one profile and encoding with another.
The semantic associated with a profile definition is sufficient to generate the SyncML Device Information from that profile automatically. When receiving data, the engine uses the peer's Device Information to determine which properties in the profile are supported by the peer and only modifies those locally. This way, fields which are not supported by a profile (no mapping) or not supported by a peer (mapping not enabled) are preserved when receiving an update (problem five).
There are cases that even the rather flexible profiles cannot handle. For these cases, the engine invokes scripts defined in the XML configuration for specific situations, like post-processing an item just received from a peer. Such a script has access to global variables of the session, as well as the field list. For example, this script sanitizes summary and description of an event by stripping trailing and leading spaces with the help of a built-in function:
Open Issues + Ideas
High on the list of items to work on next is to integrate a SyncML server into the Linux desktop. Synthesis offers a "traditional" http server for Linux and Windows, but this is designed for interaction with remote devices over the Internet. For a local desktop, Bluetooth is perhaps more important. Such a desktop server could also offer a GUI that the user can use to control it and interactively influence its operation. During merge operations, current Internet-based SyncML servers are limited to executing hard coded heuristics and have the difficult choice between duplicating or dropping information. A local server could ask the user to help with merging conflicting items.
The data conversion routines in the Synthesis Engine are currently tied to a SyncML session context. After some non-trivial, but doable, code refactoring, these routines could also be exposed as a set of simple API calls. This may be useful in various projects, like OpenSync.
The goal is to continue with SyncEvolution and Synthesis, not just as open source, but also as open projects, with as much communication on public channels as possible. We are actively seeking involvement and feedback as we get these projects going.


text:
Numbers in a fields or variable will always contains a value. 4D does not have a null value for numbers. The number 0 (zero) is considered a value. One consequence for this is that a number will always display with a value.
On the other had, if an alpha field has a value of no characters, it will displayed as blank. If you want to display a "numeric" field with no characters displayed when the number has a value of 0, it is possible to display the number in an alpha field. This is done by simply by converting the data to a string.
An example of code to do this is:
Note, the number data types 4D supports are, Integer, Long Integer and Real.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


_vars in the context where you want to use the variables' values, taking care that variables that were global when exported will be redeclared as global. If you want to read back the values within a function and export them, you can declare a temporary alias or function. In zsh:
restore_and_make_all_global () {
 alias typeset='typeset -g'
 . ./some_vars
 unalias typeset
}
In bash (which uses declare rather than typeset):
restore_and_make_all_global () {
 alias declare='declare -g'
 shopt -s expand_aliases
 . ./some_vars
 unalias declare
}
In ksh, typeset declares local variables in functions defined with function function_name { … } and global variables in functions defined with function_name () { … }.
Serialize some — POSIX
If you want more control, you can export the content of a variable manually. To print the content of a variable exactly into a file, use the printf builtin (echo has a few special cases such as echo -n on some shells and adds a newline):
printf %s "$VAR" >VAR.content
You can read this back with $(cat VAR.content), except that the command substitution strips off trailing newlines. To avoid this wrinkle, arrange for the output not to end with a newline ever.
VAR=$(cat VAR.content && echo a)
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo 1>&2 "Error reading back VAR"; exit 2; fi
VAR=${VAR%?}
If you want to print multiple variables, you can quote them with single quotes, and replace all embedded single quotes with '\''. This form of quoting can be read back into any Bourne/POSIX-style shell. The following snippet works in any POSIX shell. It only works for string variables (and numeric variables in shells that have them, though they'll be read back as strings), it doesn't try to deal with array variables in shells that have them.
serialize_variables () {
 for __serialize_variables_x do
 eval "printf $__serialize_variables_x=\\'%s\\'\\\\n \"\$${__serialize_variables_x}\"" |
 sed -e "s/'/'\\\\''/g" -e '1 s/=.../=/' -e '$ s/...$//'
 done
}
Here's another approach which doesn't fork a subprocess but is heavier on string manipulation.
serialize_variables () {
 for __serialize_variables_var do
 eval "__serialize_variables_tail=\${$__serialize_variables_var}"
 while __serialize_variables_quoted="$__serialize_variables_quoted${__serialize_variables_tail%%\'*}"
 [ "${__serialize_variables_tail%%\'*}" != "$__serialize_variables_tail" ]; do
 __serialize_variables_tail="${__serialize_variables_tail#*\'}"
 __serialize_variables_quoted="${__serialize_variables_quoted}'\\''"
 done
 printf "$__serialize_variables_var='%s'\n" "$__serialize_variables_quoted"
 done
}
Note that on shells that allow read-only variables, you'll get an error if you try to read back a variable that's read-only.
 - This brings in variables such as $PWD and $_ - please see your own comments below. – mikeserv Jun 15 '14 at 22:17
 - @Caleb How about making typeset an alias for typeset -g? – Gilles Jun 16 '14 at 11:20
 - @Gilles I thought of that after Stephanie suggested the function method, but I wasn't sure how to portably set the necessary alias expand options across shells. Maybe you could put that in your answer as a viable alternative to the function one I included. – Caleb Jun 16 '14 at 11:28
0
Much thanks to @stéphane-chazelas who pointed out all the problems with my previous attempts, this now seems to work to serialise an array to stdout or into a variable.
This technique does not shell-parse the input (unlike declare -a/declare -p) and so is safe against malicious insertion of metacharacters in the serialised text.
Note: newlines are not escaped, because read deletes the \<newlines> character pair, so -d ... must instead be passed to read, and then unescaped newlines are preserved.
All this is managed in the unserialise function.
Two magic characters are used, the field separator and the record separator (so that multiple arrays can be serialized to the same stream).
These characters can be defined as FS and RS but neither can be defined as newline character because an escaped newline is deleted by read.
The escape character must be \ the backslash, as that is what is used by read to avoid the character being recognized as an IFS character.
serialise will serialise "$@" to stdout, serialise_to will serialise to the varable named in $1
serialise() {
 set -- "${@//\\/\\\\}" # \
 set -- "${@//${FS:-;}/\\${FS:-;}}" # ; - our field separator
 set -- "${@//${RS:-:}/\\${RS:-:}}" # ; - our record separator
 local IFS="${FS:-;}"
 printf ${SERIALIZE_TARGET:+-v"$SERIALIZE_TARGET"} "%s" "$*${RS:-:}"
}
serialise_to() {
 SERIALIZE_TARGET="$1" serialise "${@:2}"
}
unserialise() {
 local IFS="${FS:-;}"
 if test -n "$2"
 then read -d "${RS:-:}" -a "$1" <<<"${*:2}"
 else read -d "${RS:-:}" -a "$1"
 fi
}
and unserialise with:
unserialise data # read from stdin
or
unserialise data "$serialised_data" # from args
e.g.
$ serialise "Now is the time" "For all good men" "To drink \$drink" "At the \'party\'" $'Party\tParty\tParty'
Now is the time;For all good men;To drink $drink;At the 'party';Party Party Party:
(without a trailing newline)
read it back:
$ serialise_to s "Now is the time" "For all good men" "To drink \$drink" "At the \'party\'" $'Party\tParty\tParty'
$ unserialise array "$s"
$ echo "${array[@]/#/$'\n'}"
Now is the time
For all good men
To drink $drink
At the 'party'
Party Party Party
or
unserialise array # read from stdin
Bash's read respects the escape character \ (unless you pass the -r flag) to remove special meaning of characters such as for input field separation or line delimiting.
If you want to serialise an array instead of a mere argument list then just pass your array as the argument list:
serialise_array "${my_array[@]}"
You can use unserialise in a loop like you would read because it is just a wrapped read - but remember that the stream is not newline separated:
while unserialise array
do ...
done
 - It doesn't work if the elements contain non-printable (in the current locale) or control characters like TAB or newline as then bash and zsh render them as $'\xxx'. Try with bash -c $'printf "%q\n" "\t"' or bash -c $'printf "%q\n" "\u0378"' – Stéphane Chazelas Apr 29 '16 at 9:31
 - darn tootin, you are right! I'll modify my answer to not use printf %q but ${@//../..} iterations to escape white space instead – Sam Liddicott Apr 29 '16 at 10:06
 - That solution depends on $IFS being unmodified and now fails to restore empty array elements properly. In fact, it would make more sense to use a different value of IFS, and use -d '' to avoid


text:
Police culture and organisation
The British police has become a more controversial institution over the last 30 years, during which period the interest of social scientists in the nature of policing has intensified accordingly. As knowledge has accumulated, researchers have increasingly sought to influence the policy-making process through their findings and recommendations. One aspect of policework which remains poorly understood, yet whose illumination is crucial to the success of these efforts, is the process whereby policy is implemented within the organisation. This study addresses this issue through an analysis of relations of power and influence within four Scottish Divisions. Attention is centred upon the main 'line' organisation connecting uniform patrol to the divisional hierarchy, and in particular, upon the role of the patrol sergeant as a crucial intermediary rank. It is argued that, against a background of an indeterminate mandate and a rigid bureaucratic framework, recent changes in public attitu des and expectations, in the political and legal environment of policing, in its organisational and task structures, and in police officers' orientations to work and authority, have eroded the basis for consensus between ranks and exacerbated mutually instrumental attitudes. This more instrumental climate is self-perpetuating, frustrating attempts at all levels to maintain or re-establish harmonious relations. For the sergeant, these problems emerge as a set of strategic and existential dilemmas which requires them to manipulate a declining resource, namely trust, in balancing the demands of seniors for effective and legitimate performance, and those of juniors for feasible working targets and protection of operational discretion. Sergeants employ many devices to this end, with only limited success. The transformation of inter-rank relations such as to reconcile these aspirations requires instead a broader package of reform measures, with the restructuring of the system of police accountability as its centrepiece.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Four steps for testing housing material performance
When exposed to commonly used aggressive disinfectants and drugs, many materials used in medical devices can crack, craze, discolor, and become sticky. Currently, there are no industry standards for evaluating surface compatibility. That's why Eastman developed a 4-step test method based on ASTM standards to better understand why plastics fail and how different plastics perform in the real world.
 1. Select the appropriate jig.
 2. Load flex bars onto jig.
 3. Apply chemicals to the flex bars.
 4. Perform reverse side impact test.
Step 4 is the differentiating step in this testing protocol. While visual inspection after step 3 may reveal changes in some plastics, there may be cracks or crazes that are not visible to the naked eye or identified by weight or dimensional changes. By performing Step 4, you are better able to predict the reliability of a device after exposure.
Read our Disinfect with Confidence brochure for more details on each step of the process, and check out this video.
Ultimately, this test should help you confidently choose the best material for your next project.
Learn more about Eastman's medical grade polymers for medical device housings and hardware at


text:
THURSDAY, Feb. 17 (HealthDay News) -- The area of the brain
responsible for visual reading doesn't actually require vision, a
finding that suggests the brain is a "task machine" instead of a
"sensory machine," according to researchers.
Using functional MRI brain scans, the researchers measured
neural activity in eight blind people while they read Braille. The
participants, who had been blind since birth, showed activity in
the exact same part of the brain (visual word form area -- VWFA)
that's activated when sighted people read.
The study appears online Feb. 17 in the journal
The findings challenge the conventional theory that the brain is
divided into regions that are specialized for processing
information arriving via one sense or another, said the study
"The brain is not a sensory machine, although it often looks like one; it is a task machine," Amir Amedi of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, said in a journal news release. "A brain area can fulfill a unique function, in this case reading, regardless of what form the sensory input takes."
He noted that reading is a recent invention (about 5,400 years
old) and Braille has been in use for less than 200 years.
"That's not enough time for evolution to have shaped a brain module dedicated to reading," Amedi said.
The American Foundation for the Blind has more about


text:
Sarah Wightman's practice focuses on environmental, natural resources, and land use litigation and compliance, as well as product and environmental counseling. She helps public and private clients navigate complex legal issues such as endangered species and habitat protection, environmental cleanup, clean water regulations, zoning and land use, product safety and stewardship, environmental insurance, and renewable energy development.
Sarah earned her Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School, where she was the Editor-in-Chief of the Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law. While at the University of Michigan Sarah also earned a Master of Science in Natural Resources and Environment, specializing in environmental policy and planning. In addition, Sarah worked as a law clerk for the U.S. EPA, while also completing legal research and writing projects for the National Wildlife Federation, the Graham Sustainability Institute, and the cities of Flint and Detroit.
Prior to law school, Sarah wrote and managed a watershed-based plan as part of a multi-year, multimillion-dollar federal grant, ensuring the project's regulatory compliance with federal and state agencies. Sarah earned her Bachelor of Science, summa cum laude, from the University of Kentucky in natural resource conservation and management.


SupportAllMyNotes Organizer manual ‹ Topic: How to Create a Folder
How to Create a Folder
To Create a Folder:
1. In the Outliner, highlight any item by clicking it once. New items you create are placed below the item highlighted in Outliner.
 Note: If highlighted item is an expanded folder, a new item will be created as a child of it
2. Press F11 and start typing Folder name
3. Press ENTER to finish, or, click on any other place using mouse
You can organize your data in many ways. For example, you might wish to organize your data into customers, vendors, advertisers, sales leads, correspondence, and personal data. To organize this way you would create a separate Folder for each category. A CEO might organize the Outliner by department; a Chef by the food type; a Salesperson by region and suchlike. Find what works best for you as you enter your daily information. Structuring your data is an ongoing process. Don't worry if the structure you choose is not perfect at first. Your structure can always be changed and improved as you learn and enter more information.
See also: How to Edit a Folder
See also: Outlining Intro
See also: Outlining Tips
📗 ← Back to Contents 📗 ←
# # #
All My Notes Organizer screenshots - the best OneNote alternative!


callback: (data: number) => void) {
 keys.add(key);
 keysToCallback.push({
 key, callback
 });
 //const keyPromise = new Promise();

 if (isFirstCall) {
 setTimeout(() => {
 $.ajax({
 path: '/read?keys=' + [...keys].join(',')
 }).then((values) => {
 //keyPromise.resolve(keysAndValues);
 // Object.keys
 keysToCallback.foreach((value) => {
 [key, callback] = value
 callback(values[key])
 })
 }, () => {
 // Log

 });
 isFirstCall = true;
 }, 1000);

 isFirstCall = false;
 }

 // keyPromise.then((values) => {
 // return values[key];
 // });
}
Name Matching - Checkr - Adjudication - Full Stack - 11/19/21
/******************
 * Name Matching
 *
 * At Checkr, one of the most important aspects of our work is accurately matching records
 * to candidates. One of the ways that we do this is by comparing the name on a given record
 * to a list of known aliases for the candidate. In this exercise, we will implement a
 * 'nameMatch' method that accepts the list of known aliases as well as the name returned
 * on a record. It should return true if the name matches any of the aliases and false otherwise.
 *
 * The nameMatch method will be required to pass the following tests:
 *
 * 1. Exact match
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone", "Al Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gabriel Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Al Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * 2. Middle name missing (on alias)
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gabriel Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alexander Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * 3. Middle name missing (on record name)
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone") => false
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alexander Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * 4. More middle name tests
 * These serve as a sanity check of your implementation of cases 2 and 3
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone", "Alphonse Francis Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gabriel Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Edward Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * 5. Middle initial matches middle name
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone", "Alphonse F Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse G Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse E Capone") => false
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Edward Capone") => false
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gregory Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * Bonus: Transposition
 *
 * Transposition (swapping) of the first name and middle name is relatively common.
 * In order to accurately match the name returned from a record we should take this
 * into account.
 *
 * All of the test cases implemented previously also apply to the transposed name.
 *
 *
 * 6. First name and middle name can be transposed
 *
 * "Gabriel Alphonse Capone" is a valid transposition of "Alphonse Gabriel Capone"
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Gabriel Alphonse Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Gabriel A Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Gabriel Capone") => true
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Gabriel Francis Capone") => false
 *
 *
 * 7. Last name cannot be transposed
 *
 * "Alphonse Capone Gabriel" is NOT a valid transposition of "Alphonse Gabriel Capone"
 * "Capone Alphonse Gabriel" is NOT a valid transposition of "Alphonse Gabriel Capone"
 *
 * knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone"]
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Capone Gabriel") => false
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Capone Alphonse Gabriel") => false
 * nameMatch(knownAliases, "Capone Gabriel") => false
 */
function hasMiddleName(name) {
 let splitName = name.split(' ');

 return splitName.length === 3;
}
function nameWithoutMiddleName(name) {
 if (hasMiddleName(name) {
 return [splitName[0], splitName[2]].join(' ');
 }
 return name
}
function nameWithMiddleInitial(name) {
 if (hasMiddleName(name) {
 return [splitName[0], splitName[1][0], splitName[2]].join(' ');
 } else {
 return name
 }
}
function nameMatch(knownAliases, name) {
 // Implement me
 let hasExactMatch = knownAliases.includes(name);

 if (hasExactMatch) {
 return hasExactMatch;
 }

 // Find a match with the middle name missing on the provided name
 let hasFuzzyMiddleNameMatch = knownAliases.includes(nameWithoutMiddleName(name));
 if (hasFuzzyMiddleNameMatch) {
 return hasFuzzyMiddleNameMatch;
 }
 // Find a match with the middle name missing on the provided aliases
 let aliasWithoutMiddleName = knownAliases.map((alias) => nameWithoutMiddleName(alias))
 let hasFuzzyAliasMiddleNameMatch = aliasWithoutMiddleName.includes(name);
 if (hasFuzzyAliasMiddleNameMatch) {
 return hasFuzzyAliasMiddleNameMatch;
 }
 let hasMiddleInitialMatch = knownAliases.includes(nameWithMiddleInitial(name));
 if (hasMiddleInitialMatch) {
 return hasMiddleInitialMatch;
 }
 let aliaswithMiddleInitialName = knownAliases.map((alias) => nameWithMiddleInitial(alias))
 let hasAliasMiddleInitialNameMatch = aliaswithMiddleInitialName.includes(name);
 if (hasAliasMiddleInitialNameMatch) {
 return hasAliasMiddleInitialNameMatch;
 }

 return false;
}
/** Tests **/
function assertEqual(expected, result, errorMessage) {
 if (result !== expected) {
 console.log(errorMessage);
 console.log('expected: ${expected}');
 console.log('actual: ${result}');
 console.log('');
 }
}
function test() {
 let knownAliases;
 knownAliases = ["Alphonse Gabriel Capone", "Al Capone"];
 assertEqual(true, nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gabriel Capone"), "error 1.1");
 assertEqual(true, nameMatch(knownAliases, "Al Capone"), "error 1.2");
 assertEqual(false, nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone"), "error 1.3");
 knownAliases = ["Alphonse Capone"];
 assertEqual(true, nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Gabriel Capone"), "error 2.1");
 assertEqual(true, nameMatch(knownAliases, "Alphonse Francis Capone"), "error 2.2");
 assertEqual(false, nameMatch(knownAliases, "


text:
1 in 8 NJ Children Attend Nonpublic Schools; Saves Taxpayers Nearly $2.8 billion per year
(TRENTON) – Assemblyman Gary S. Schaer (D-Passaic/Bergen) today highlighted two separate bills he has sponsored which would increase long-stagnant funding for technology and nursing services in private and parochial schools.
The first bill (A-238) provides a supplemental appropriation of $7 million to the state Department of Education (DOE) to reinstate nonpublic technology initiative aid.
Prior to 2009, nonpublic school technology aid was appropriated at $40 per student but was eliminated entirely in the FY09-10 budget. Although the governor's recently proposed budget provides $20 per pupil in this area, it is simply not sufficient to meet the technology demands all New Jersey students deserve. A-238, originally introduced in November 2009 and currently sponsored by eight bi-partisan members of the Assembly, increases total expenditures to the previous level of $40 per pupil
"Over the past few years, this critical funding, which allows private and parochial schools to offer the technology necessary to succeed in today's world, has been eliminated," said Schaer. "Our world and New Jersey's economy depends on the latest technological innovations. All of our state's students must have access to the technology that will enhance their education and better prepare them to compete as they pursue higher education and eventually enter the workforce."
The second bill (A-2657), currently sponsored in a bi-partisan manner by ten members of the Assembly, would appropriate $3.963 million from the general fund to the state DOE for nonpublic school nursing services aid. In the _PHONE_ school year, per pupil funding for nursing services was set at $61.44 and was supposed to increase each year at the rate of the consumer price index (CPI). During this time, the CPI has increased 67 percent while this funding has only seen a 6.7 percent rise.
"In 2010, 1 out of 8 or 166,000 New Jersey children attended parochial and private schools saving taxpayers nearly $2.7 billion per year and employing nearly 20,000 people. Providing state funding for technical and nursing services augments the educational experience of these students and affords parents who are paying for their tuition some economic relief," said Schaer. "In these tough economic times, this is not only welcomed, but vital."


text:
Dogs may use Earth's magnetic field to navigate
A team of researchers from Czech University of Life Sciences, Virginia Tech and Barry University has found evidence that suggests dogs may use Earth's magnetic field as a navigational aid. In their paper in the eLife Sciences initiative, the group describes their study of dog navigation and what they learned from it.
Prior research has shown that dogs tend to orient themselves in a north-south position when urinating a finding that suggests they may have the ability to sense the Earth's magnetic field. In this new effort, the researchers conducted two experiments to further study magnetic field sensing in dogs and whether they use it for navigation.
The two experiments were essentially the same, they both involved attaching GPS sensors to multiple dogs, taking them out into a natural environment and releasing to run about. In all cases, the dogs soon returned to the person who had released them. The only difference in the experiments was the number of dogs involved, in the first, it was just four, and in the second it was 27.
In studying the routes the dogs took, both when heading out on an expedition and when returning, the researchers found they used one of two types of return. The first was called tracking, which meant a dog made its way back by following the same path it had taken out presumably using its nose. The team called the other type of return scouting, because the dogs followed an unfamiliar path to get back to where they had begun their adventure. The researchers also found something else, for a large percentage of the scouting returns, the dogs first engaged in an odd behavior. They ran north-south along a 20-meter length a few times before heading back to their starting point, doing so appeared to help the dogs get their bearings, as those that did it were more efficient in their return.
The researchers suggest the north-south running is evidence of the dogs using the magnetic field to orient themselves in unfamiliar surroundings, which in turn helps them find their way home. Further testing involved the owner hiding as the dog made its trek, testing wind direction and speed and noting the gender of the dog. No other factors made a difference in improving navigational efficiency, further supporting the idea that the dogs were able to use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate.
Bob Yirka, Phys.org


text:
The main difference between certain spectral problems for linear Schrödinger operators, e.g. the almost Mathieu equation, and three-term recurrence relations for orthogonal polynomials is that in the former the index ranges across ℤ and in the latter only across ℤ+. We present a technique that, by a mixture of Dirichlet and Taylor expansions, translates the almost Mathieu equation and its generalizations to three term recurrence relations. This opens up the possibility of exploiting the full power of the theory of orthogonal polynomials in the analysis of Schrödinger spectra.
Aforementioned three-term recurrence relations share the property that their coefficients are almost periodic. In the special case when they form a periodic sequence, the support can be explicitly identified by a technique due to Geronimus. The more difficult problem, when the recurrence is almost periodic but fails to be periodic, is still open and we report partial results.
The main promise of the technique of this article is that it can be extended to deal with multivariate extensions of the almost Mathieu equations. However, important theoretical questions need be answered before it can be implemented to the analysis of the spectral problem for Schrödinger operators.
Kato Clarification cosB Lora
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Cycon H. L., Froese R. G., Kirsch W., Simon B. Schrödinger Operators. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.MATHGoogle Scholar
Derfel G. A., Molchanov S. A. Spectral methods in the theory of differential-functional equations. MatematichesJce Zametki Akad. Nauk USSR, No. 3 47: 42–51, 1990.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
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Geronimo J. S., van Assche W. Orthogonal polynomials with asymptotically periodic recurrence coefficients. J. Approx. Th., 46: 251–283, 1986.MATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Gesztesy F., Holden H., Simon B., Zhao Z. Trace formulae and inverse spectral theory for Schrödinger operators. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 29: 250–255, 1993.MathSciNetMATHCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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text:
The Watchtower is the outer space headquaters of DC legends known as the Justice League. It has been portrayed as either a moon base like headquarters and as an orbiting satellite.
During Grant Morrison's run on the Justice League in April of 1997 he debuted the Watchtower which would then on be a staple in justice league comic lore. in Morrison's tale he tells that the Watchtower is constructed from technology of various races including but not limited to the Martians, kryptonian, and Thanagarians. The arrival of Orion and Big Barda during Grant's run even brought technology from New Genesis and Apokolips to the Watchtower. It was at this time the Watchtowers location was the moon.
A decade later writer Ed Benes gathered a new justice league team and with it he moved the moon base from the surface of the moon to simply orbiting around the earth. Artist and current Co-Publisher Jim Lee of DC comics was commissioned to design the orbiting satellite. This version of the watchtower has been the standard ever since and even featured in the cartoon Justice league Unlimited.
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WILMINGTON — The Climate Action Campaign and the Union of Concerned Scientists hosted a virtual press conference with advocates and experts on Thursday to highlight recent extreme weather in …
WILMINGTON — The Climate Action Campaign and the Union of Concerned Scientists hosted a virtual press conference with advocates and experts on Thursday to highlight recent extreme weather in Delaware.
They also recognized Sen. Tom Carper for his climate leadership and call on the rest of Congress to follow suit and pass the Build Back Better Act.
Just days after the Eastern seaboard experienced heavy rain, severe flooding and other impacts from Hurricane Ida, the speakers discussed an alarming new report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well as the impacts of coastal storms, flooding and sea level rise in Delaware.
The speakers called for federal action from the Biden administration and Congress, pointing to the extreme weather impacts in the president's home state as a prime example of the climate crisis.
The event included Rep. John Kowalko, D-Newark; Dr. Kristina Dahl, a senior climate scientist for the Union of Concerned Scientists; and Senior Fellow for Climate Security David Haines with the American Security Project.
"State and local communities can't wage this fight alone," Rep. Kowalko said. "We need federal support to transform our energy output, put people to work in family-sustaining clean energy jobs, and upgrade our infrastructure."
Dr. Dahl said the extreme weather events of the past couple of years in the First State are far from normal.
"In Delaware, communities are directly exposed to severe flooding and worsening tropical storms, driven by climate change and rising temperatures," Dr. Dahl said. "These extreme weather events fueled by climate change are not normal and are only going to increase in frequency and severity.
"We need big, bold investments to protect vulnerable communities, reduce pollution and stop this problem at the source."


text:
Bulacan is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region and is one of the most economically prosperous provinces in the country The province is known for its wide range of tourist attractions and historical sites, many of which are related to the Spanish colonial period. It is also home to several key industries and holds an important place in Philippine culture.
Essay topics about Bulacan can explore many interesting aspects of the region. Here are five essay topic ideas that can explore different areas of this fascinating region:
1. Exploring the Historical Sites of Bulacan: This essay topic will explore some of the most important sites in Bulacan that are related to the Spanish colonial period, including Paseo de Santa Isabel, Barasoain Church, and Biak-na-Bato National Park.
2. Examining the Economic Development of Bulacan: This essay would look at the history of economic development in the province, from the establishment of the country's first industrial park to the booming business and commercial sector that has been established in the region.
3. Examining the Religious Culture of Bulacan: This essay would explore the religious culture of Bulacan, from the traditional Christian churches that have been in the region for centuries to the new religions that have sprung up in recent years.
4. Exploring Bulacan's Unique Cuisine: This essay would look at some of the classic dishes from Bulacan, including the popular "bulalugaw" dish, as well as some of the unique dishes that have been created in the province by its creative chefs.
5. Analyzing the Tourism Industry in Bulacan: This essay would discuss the growth of the tourism industry within the province, from the classic attractions that have made it a popular destination to the modern activities and venues that are now drawing visitors from all over the world.


text:
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New electrically propelled passenger trains use AC propulsion with induction traction motors and variable voltage, variable frequency drives. Benefits include higher performance, reduced starting energy use, regenerated braking energy, lower maintenance, and a broadened range of operating conditions. However, some transit operators have found that new trains have not fully delivered the economic benefits of regeneration. An effective energy storage system (ESS) can capture the full energy savings benefit of regenerative braking and will reduce the peak power usage which incurs high peak power demand charges. Candidate ESS technologies include flywheels, supercapacitors, and batteries. This paper provides a set of typical requirements for a transit wayside ESS, and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate technologies against the requirements. Primary ESS benefits are energy savings and peak power reduction. The authors calculated potential savings for a generic ESS at two typical transit systems: a dense US heavy rail system with 10-car trains, and a US light rail line that runs trains of two to four light rail vehicles (LRVs). In the heavy rail case study, a properly sized ESS will provide energy savings of up to 4.4 kWH per train start/run/stop cycle. This is a savings of 3.6 MWH per day per ESS, or 21% of the total energy. In the light rail case study, ESS will reduce the peak power demand by up to 119 kWH/H, or 23% of the total peak demand.


text:
Few times, actors who have real good experience and great fan base end up making some choices which leave all of us questioning them.
Moreover, what even made the casting directors cast these actors for these roles?
And what is the obsession of making white people play roles of Asians, or any other race. Why can't Hollywood just cast people true to the roles roots?
Here are the most controversial castings that Hollywood has ever done
1. Ben Kingsley In and As Gandhi
Even though Ben Kingsley is of Indian descent played Gandhi. But he obviously is fair and had to wear dark brown face and body make up.
2. Scarlett Johansson In Ghost In The Shell
Scarlett Johansson, a white woman was roped in for the role of Motoko Kusanagi who actually a Japanese character
3. Jared Leto In Dallas Buyers Club
Jared Leto a cisgender man played Rayon, a trans woman . Why didn't they just hire a trans woman?
4. Elizabeth Taylor In Cleopatra
Hollywood being Hollywood, Elizabeth Taylor a white woman played Cleopatra the queen of Egypt.
5. Emma Stone In Aloha
Emma Stone again a white woman played Captain Allison Ng, a character who had Hawaiian and Chinese decent.
6. Jake Gyllenhaal In Prince of Persia : The Sands Of Time
A white man, Jake Gyllenhaal played Dastan a character who's descended from Persia which is present day Iran. Like why?
7. Laurence Oliver In Othello
Another white man Laurence Oliver played Othello which is a famous black character in Shakespeare's catalogue. He wore a blackface for the role and even adopted a "camp"accent.
8. Nat Wolff In Death Note
Death Note is an amazing series/ manga based in Japan. Of course Hollywood had to make a live adaption and worse to add, they casted a white man aka Nat Wolff to play Light a Japanese character.
9. Angelina Jolie In A Mighty Heart
Another white woman playing the role of an Afro Cuban descent (Marianne Pearl) and she was made to wear darker make up and a kinky wig to set in the look.
10. Jim Sturgess and Kate Bosworth in 21
The movie 21 was based on a true story about MIT Blackjack Team which consisted entirely of all Asian students but two white actors Jim Sturgess and Kate Bosworth were casted for it.
11. Rooney Mara in Pan
Tiger Lily was a Native American character but they cased a white woman Rooney Mara for the same.
12. Zoe Saldana As Nina Simone
Zoe Saldana a woman of Hispanic , Lebanese and Haitian descent played Nina Simone in a biopic. She ended up wearing darker make up and to top it off she also had to wear a nose prosthetic


text:
Grass for Biogas
Grass for Biogas/Making energy from grass
Varieties and mixtures for biogas production
Festulolium and red clover
100 % Festulolum HYKOR or Tall Fescue KORA
80 % Festulolium HYKOR + 20 % Red Clover
100 % Festuloium ACHILLES
80 % Festulolium ACHILLES + 20 % Red Clover
The (economic) value of an agricultural crop for biogas is determined by the amount of gas produced per hectare, the costs involved in harvest, transport and handling and the degradability of the biomass in the digester.
Tall fescue and festulolium are together with red clover species having a very high yield potential and they can in many places compete with maize.
Grass and clovergrass fits very well in an anerobic digester together with slurry where it improves the yield of gas. Grass is a perennial crop with a good environmental profile, grass brings health to the crop rotation and long time benefits to soil fertility.
Yield, DM (t) and gas, festulolium Hykor and Achilles +/- Red Clover Amos
|DM/ha 1st yr.||DM/ha 2nd yr.||Nm3 gas/t OM||Nm3 gas/ha|
|Hykor + Amos||18.0||16.9|
|Achilles + Amos||18.5||14.4|
3 cuts per year, 2008 and 2009. Gas production average of entries (only 2008). Danish Agricultural Advisory Service


text:
Are you looking to improve the performance of your team in specific areas? Would you like a detailed insight into how your team members handle situations that involve conflict, problem solving, or written communication?
Exemplar Global has partnered with psychometric experts to offer standalone behavioural and self-coaching assessment modules to provide targeted and specific self-coaching insights into areas including conflict management, problem solving, and written communication skills.
The assessment modules are available independently or can be added on to the Work Style Assessment or Leadership Assessment.
The following self-coaching assessment modules are available:
The Conflict Management self-assessment module measures an individual's ability to approach and manage difficult situations. The assessment provides insight into individual conflict management style with direct reports, peers, and managers.
Insights provided by the Conflict Management self-assessment include:
· How to utilize strengths
· Areas for improvement
· How to approach difficult conversations
Understanding and solving problems is part of every business day to day.
The Business Reasoning self-assessment measures an individual's ability to interpret and solve business problems from a both verbal and numerical perspective.
The English Proficiency self-assessment module measures an individual's ability to read and understand written English, use correct grammar, and typing ability.
By understanding an individual's English proficiency, the employer can ensure that proper communication is established, which will reduce workplace error and risk.
The English Proficiency self-assessment module evaluates the following characteristics:
· Error identification
· Sentence completion
· Typing accuracy
Want to learn more?
Contact Kaylon Soertsz at


text:
A wharf or quay (pron.: //, US also // or //) is a structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring locations), and may also include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the ships.
A wharf commonly comprises a fixed platform, often on pilings. Commercial ports may have warehouses that serve as interim storage areas, since the typical objective is to unload and reload vessels as quickly as possible. Where capacity is sufficient a single wharf with a single berth constructed along the land adjacent to the water is normally used; where there is a need for more capacity multiple wharves, or perhaps a single large wharf with multiple berths, will instead be constructed, sometimes projecting into the water. A pier, raised over the water rather than within it, is commonly used for cases where the weight or volume of cargos will be low.
Smaller and more modern wharves are sometimes built on flotation devices (pontoons) to keep them at the same level as the ship, even during changing tides.
In everyday parlance the term quay is common in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and many other Commonwealth countries, and the Republic of Ireland, whereas the term wharf is more common in the United States. In some contexts wharf and quay may be used to mean pier, berth, or jetty.
King Henry's Wharves, typical London wharves converted to apartments
Wharf by Marriott/Pacquereau Bay on St. Thomas
The word wharf comes from the Old English hwearf, meaning "bank" or "shore", and its plural is either wharfs or wharves; collectively a group of these is referred to as a wharfing or wharfage. "Wharfage" also refers to a fee charged by ports for the cargo handled there.
In the northeast and east of England the term staithe or staith (from the Norse for landing stage) is also used. For example Dunston Staiths in Gateshead and Brancaster Staithe in Norfolk. However, the term staithe may also be used to refer only to loading chutes or ramps used for bulk commodities like coal in loading ships and barges. It has been suggested that wharf actually is an acronym for ware-house at river front,but it is actually a backronym created by Thames river boat guides.
Another explanation may be that the word wharf comes from the Dutch word "werf" which means "yard", an outdoor place where work is done, like a shipyard or a lumberyard.
See also
|Look up wharf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- "Quay - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
- "Quay". American Heritage Dictionary/Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 Feb 2010.
"Wharf". American Heritage Dictionary/Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 Feb 2010.
- Craig, Charles; Diprose, Graham; Seaborne, Mike (2009). London's Changing Riverscape. London: Frances Lincoln Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7112-2941-9.
- "Chav... [page 4]". London-se1.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
- "Word wharf meaning. Word wharf definition. Free crossword dictionary". Wordnavigator.com. Retrieved 2012-10-19.


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University of Wisconsin Madison College of Engineering
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Fusion experiment back on track
Raymond J. Fonck
Raymond J. Fonck (large image)
The newly remodeled Pegasus laboratory
After nearly two years of planning and upgrades, the Pegasus Plasma Experiment is back online and better equipped to address the challenges facing low-aspect-ratio toroidal fusion experiments.
A fire in a power diode sidelined Pegasus in late-spring 2002, damaging the lab's superstructure and rendering the experiment's capacitor banks unusable. Cleanup and reconstruction began in summer 2002. "We took a very long look at it and with the help of the college and the state insurance company, we came up with a solution that is far, far better," says Professor and Pegasus Director Ray Fonck.
What once was a crowded laboratory now is airy and organized. A major part of the solution involves the experiment's power supplies. Gutting the lab, the group moved the old capacitors out-for good-and replaced inactive high-voltage transformers in an adjacent exterior underground vault with new nonflammable power supplies.
In the resulting lab space, an enclosed room now safely shields all of the cabling and control equipment from electrical noise and interference from the high power of the experiment itself.
With help from University of Washington fusion scientists (some of whom are UW-Madison alumni), the group installed advanced switching technologies on the lab's mezzanine. Those technologies will enable Pegasus researchers to break new ground in university fusion research. "We're making very flexible, high-energy, high-power energy supplies that give us what we call waveform programmability," says Fonck. "That allows us to control in real time what the currents and the magnets are doing."
Because of the infrastructure needed, it's a capability typically found in the national laboratories and Fonck says he hopes Pegasus will be a prototype for a new generation of university experiments. "The big difference between the small experiments and the national labs has always been how much control do you have over the magnetic structure and how much variability do you have," he says. "And these start to give us the tools to do that."
In addition to the new switches and power supplies, his group added a new interlocking magnet to the high-magnetic-field magnet in the experiment's center. The change is key to conquering plasma instabilities that previously held the researchers back. It also gives Pegasus a unique capability: "We can, in a few milliseconds, change our magnetic-field strength dramatically," says Fonck. "It allows us to sit at a very high magnetic field and make a high-quality plasma and then slam that field down. That gets us into the special high-pressure regime."
After the fire, Fonck had the unenviable task of breaking the news to several top-notch graduate students who had just joined the program. To his delight, they chose to attend UW-Madison anyway and with the lab's technical staff, have shouldered much of the reconstruction effort. "The really positive side is that the students are experiencing everything from the ground up," he says. "It's something that most people in large physical science laboratories don't get."
During the reconstruction, the group's $2.7 million Department of Energy grant remained intact. Now, in its place as the third-largest experiment of its kind in the world, Pegasus still will adhere to its mission, which is to test basic theoretical ideas about magnetic geometry and the ability to confine plasmas at very high pressure, says Fonck.
But the door of possibility is wide open. "From our point of view, because we've changed the magnetic structure and the power supplies are completely changed and we have a new generation of graduate students, this is a new program for us," he says.
The group will "catch up" within the context of the world fusion community and then embark on a new research direction by the end of 2004. "We have to stabilize these instabilities that were holding us back, we have to go beyond them and we have to get to very high-pressure plasmas in a regime where no one else has been," says Fonck. "We think we can do it with these tools."


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Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro joined the foundation in 2016 as a research fellow at the Center for Computational Astrophysics. His research interests range from cosmology to galaxy formation and its work is focused on understanding the impact of massive neutrinos on the cosmological observables and on the usage of the intensity mapping technique as a cosmological tool to study the large-scale structure of the Universe. To conduct his research, Villaescusa-Navarro runs numerical simulations on supercomputers and analyzes the results using numerical tools he develops. He completed his Ph.D. at the Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular in Valencia, Spain and then held a postdoctoral position in Trieste, Italy.
Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Valencia, Spain


Fig. 1: Formulation of the EPR paradox as a metrological task. | Nature Communications
From: Metrological complementarity reveals the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox
Fig. 1
a In the standard EPR scenario, Alice's measurement setting X (Y), and result a (b), leave Bob in the conditional quantum states \({\rho }_{a| X}^{{\rm{B}}}\) (\({\rho }_{b| Y}^{{\rm{B}}}\)). Knowing Alice's setting and result allows Bob to choose what measurement to perform on his state, and to make a prediction for the result. In an ideal scenario with strong quantum correlations, Alice's measurement of X (Y) steers Bob into an eigenstate of his observable H (M), allowing him to predict the result with certainty. When H and M do not commute, this seems to contradict the complementarity principle. In practice, an EPR paradox is revealed whenever Bob's predictions are precise enough to observe an apparent violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, see Eq. (1). b In our formulation of the EPR paradox as a metrological task, a local phase shift θ is generated by H on Bob's state. Then, depending on Alice's measurement setting and result, he decides whether to predict and measure H (as before), or to estimate θ from the measurement M. Here, Bob can choose the observable M as a function of Alice's measurement result. The complementarity between θ and its generator H seems to be contradicted if the lower bound on their estimation errors, Eq. (3), is violated. This gives a metrological criterion for observing the EPR paradox. Since the metrological complementarity is sharper than the uncertainty-based notion, this approach leads to a tighter criterion to detect steering. Both results coincide in the special case when Bob estimates θ only from the observable M.
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The Rosen Method with
Initial Session $225
(Sliding Scale available)
The Rosen Method combined with Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a holistic approach that addresses trauma and helps to reclaim physical, spiritual, and emotional healing. The Rosen method with SE is a body centered therapy that uses gentle touch and deep listening to make a space of safety in which you experience and connect with yourself from deeply within. As a Rosen and Somatic Experiencing practitioner, I use heart centered presence and touch to calm your nervous system, while we approach with gentle curiosity the places in your body and mind where traumas and beliefs have been stored. This non-judgmental attention meets and melts the hold of those old patterns, inviting an experience of wholeness and sense of security which was not available before. As each layer of constriction peels away, you begin to transform from who you learned to be for survival, to who you truly are.
Rosen/SE is for you:
*if you feel stuck, wishing to shed old patterns, and habits.
*if you have a history of trauma and wish to live more fully in your body with ease and enhanced vitality.
*if you long to discover healthy touch and safe boundaries.
Ongoing Clients Experience:
* The ability to break free of limiting patterns.
* A grounded sense of self awareness and self confidence.
* Increased honesty and joy in relationships with self and others.
* Less physical pain and more flexibility.
* The courage to face fears and allow them to dissolve.
* The skill to make more fulfilling choices in life, career, and love.
The Rosen Method Bodywork is a unique and powerful mind-body practice that uses touch and responsive words to allow the nervous system to deepen awareness of our living body from within. We learn it is possible to really listen to ourselves and to fully "show up" with others. This gentle and profound work of Marion Rosen, a pioneer in the field of body-oriented therapies, can lead to freedom from emotional and physical discomfort and pain. This ease allows more creativity, passion, and the clarity to make important life decisions. On its own or in conjunction with talk therapy, Rosen Method has a transformative effect on body and mind, and brings balance and ease into one's life.
Somatic Experiencing (SE), developed by Peter Levine, author of Waking the Tiger – Healing Trauma, is a multidisciplinary body oriented approach to the healing of trauma and other stress disorders. It utilizes physiology, psychology, ethology, biology, neuroscience, indigenous healing practices, and medical biophysics. SE is a body first approach to dealing with the problematic (and, oftentimes, physical) symptoms of trauma. This means that therapy isn't about reclaiming memories or changing our thoughts and beliefs about how we feel, but looking at the sensations that lie underneath our feelings, and uncovering our habitual behavior patterns to these feelings. It uses a framework to assess where a person is "stuck" in the fight, flight or freeze responses and provides clinical tools to resolve these fixated physiological states
Julia is a Certified Rosen Method Bodywork Practitioner, Somatic Experiencing Practitioner, Conscious Uncoupling Coach, and Rosen Method Movement Teacher. She has over 20 years of experience as a somatic bodyworker supporting people to grow and flourish through life's challenges. In her Rosen Method/Somatic Experiencing sessions she uses heart centered presence and touch to calm your nervous system, while approaching with gentle curiosity the places in your body and mind where traumas and beliefs have been stored. As each layer of constriction peels away, you begin to transform from who you learned to be for survival, to who you truly are. In the Conscious Uncoupling Coaching journey she brings her many years of body awareness to midwife individuals thru the trauma of broken relationships.
Please contact Julia directly for a free initial phone consultation to see if the work is appropriate for you. or _PHONE_


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Next: , Previous: , Up: Manipulating [Contents][Index]
6.6 Merging
Also see the git-merge(1) manpage. For information on how to resolve merge conflicts see the next section.
m (magit-merge-popup)
This prefix command shows the following suffix commands along with the appropriate infix arguments in a popup buffer.
When no merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features the following commands.
m m (magit-merge-plain)
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current branch. The branch or revision to be merged is read in the minibuffer and defaults to the branch at point.
Unless there are conflicts or a prefix argument is used, then the resulting merge commit uses a generic commit message, and the user does not get a chance to inspect or change it before the commit is created. With a prefix argument this does not actually create the merge commit, which makes it possible to inspect how conflicts were resolved and to adjust the commit message.
m e (magit-merge-editmsg)
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current branch and opens a commit message buffer, so that the user can make adjustments. The commit is not actually created until the user finishes with C-c C-c.
m n (magit-merge-nocommit)
This command merges another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current branch, but does not actually create the merge commit. The user can then further adjust the merge, even when automatic conflict resolution succeeded and/or adjust the commit message.
m a (magit-merge-absorb)
This command merges another local branch into the current branch and then removes the former.
Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists. This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won't get stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being merged. Finally, if magit-branch-pull-request was used to create the merged branch, then the respective remote branch is also removed.
m i (magit-merge-into)
This command merges the current branch into another local branch and then removes the former. The latter becomes the new current branch.
Before the source branch is merged, it is first force pushed to its push-remote, provided the respective remote branch already exists. This ensures that the respective pull-request (if any) won't get stuck on some obsolete version of the commits that are being merged. Finally, if magit-branch-pull-request was used to create the merged branch, then the respective remote branch is also removed.
m s (magit-merge-squash)
This command squashes the changes introduced by another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current branch. This only applies the changes made by the squashed commits. No information is preserved that would allow creating an actual merge commit. Instead of this command you should probably use a command from the apply popup.
m p (magit-merge-preview)
This command shows a preview of merging another branch or an arbitrary revision into the current branch.
When a merge is in progress, then the popup buffer features these commands instead.
m m (magit-merge)
After the user resolved conflicts, this command proceeds with the merge. If some conflicts weren't resolved, then this command fails.
m a (magit-merge-abort)
This command aborts the current merge operation.
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EnSWIn: Environmental Support for Walking In India (pilot)
India is facing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as well as risk factor for NCDs, such as inadequate physical activity (PA). The physical and social environments influence the physical activity patterns, and strategies to promote physical activity should include the creation of physical and social environments conducive to physical activity. The physical and social environments have undergone rapid alterations, including unplanned urbanisation, an explosion in motorized transport, reduced green cover, and increased air pollution, all of which may detract from outdoor physical activity, especially walking, among residents of India.
To understand the perceived environmental (physical and social) support for walking in India.
- determine perceived environmental support for walking;
- assess self-reported physical activity; and
- examine the congruence of reported data on physical characteristics of the environment with Geographic Information System (GIS) data.
This study includes primary and secondary data collection, and uses surveys, photographs, and in-depth exploration of the perspectives of a subset of selected respondents. The findings will shed light on the association between built environment and physical activity in a wide range of adults living in different zones of the 2 study sites. The study will also document case studies of representative as well as unusual respondents in this study, to develop a deep and nuanced understanding of the available built environment support for regular physical activity, particularly walking (a basic activity that does not necessitate special equipment or training, and is highly responsive to the physical environment) in our study sites. Survey instruments that assess perceptions of the physical and social characteristics of the neighbourhood have been adapted for the populations in this study.
Survey data collection completed and data has been checked for completeness. Case study data collection has been initiated.
This study could pave the way to better understanding of, and action on, environmental support for health, particularly for disadvantaged populations who rely on government (and NGO) provision.


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Date of Award
Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) Honours
School of Psychology and Social Science
Computing, Health and Science
Dr Ken Robinson
Dr Ricks Allan
Fluid intelligence and working memory has been improved by training on a visual working memory n-back task (Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides & Perrig, 2008). The present study investigated whether n-back training can improve visual memory using a test of visual recognition. A sample of 47 participants were trained for 20 days on either the single n-back task (n = 26) or a general knowledge and vocabulary task (n = 21). The results showed that training using the single n-back task did not significantly increase scores on a test of visual recognition when compared with general knowledge and vocabulary training. However, when initial scores were compared with final scores at completion of the training period, participants who had a high gain in scores on the vocabulary training task improved their visual recognition scores significantly more than those participants who had a low gain in scores on the vocabulary training task. This pattern was not repeated for those participants who were trained in the n-back task. During debrief, participants in the high gain vocabulary training group described shape recognition strategies which they used to improve their performance. It was concluded that the vocabulary task was more successful at training visual recognition than the n-back task which suggested the vocabulary task had a confounding effect on the results of this experiment.
Prandl, A. (2012). Visual memory improvement in recognition. Retrieved from _URL_


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The company's DeepMind artificial intelligence subsidiary has developed an AI that has learned how to navigate like a human being, the company announced in a blog post. Specifically, DeepMind's AI has developed a system of spacial awareness that mimics human's and other mammal's grid cells–specific cells in the brain that allow for vector-based navigation, which allow us to calculate the direction and a distance to a location even if we've never traveled that route before. What's most impressive about the AI's mimicking of mammalian grid cells is that the AI did it on its own–it wasn't programmed to mimic them. As the company explained in a blog post:
As a first step, we trained a recurrent network to perform the task of localising itself in a virtual environment, using predominantly movement-related velocity signals. This ability is commonly used by mammals when moving through unfamiliar places or in situations where it is not easy to spot familiar landmarks (e.g. when navigating in the dark).
We found that grid-like representations (hereafter grid units) spontaneously emerged within the network – providing a striking convergence with the neural activity patterns observed in foraging mammals, and consistent with the notion that grid cells provide an efficient code for space.
Now that AI has spontaneously learned how to navigate to different places, maybe keep it as far away from those running robots as possible.


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Why do different elements produce different colors?
Similarly, why do different salts produce different colors?
Those colors are a result of electrons in the atoms being excited up into higher energy levels by the heat of the flame.
Considering this, what are the different colors emitted by different elements?
Because each element has an exactly defined line emission spectrum, scientists are able to identify them by the color of flame they produce. For example, copper produces a blue flame, lithium and strontium a red flame, calcium an orange flame, sodium a yellow flame, and barium a green flame.
Each electron in an atom has a specific amount of energy. Because no two elements have the same set of energy levels, different elements emit different colors of light. Energy is released when electrons move from higher energy levels to lower ones (visible light).


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Susan Francis is Professor of Physics at Nottingham University. Her research aims to develop advanced quantitative MRI techniques for studies of physiology, neuroscience, clinical imaging and applications. Sue's research includes the development of imaging methods, such as ASL-based perfusion, oxygenation and relaxometry, which a particular emphasis on:
- Using MR measures to study dynamic physiological and metabolic responses, including the response to exercise and applying this to IBD, COPD and frailty, and interventions such as fluid therapy, meal challenges and dialysis treatments.
- Studying the multi-organ pathophysiology of renal and liver disease, and interventions.
Sue also works at ultra-high (7 T) on developing and applying high resolution functional MRI techniques and arterial spin labelling (ASL) methods to measure blood flow and blood volume non-invasively.
Sue co-leads the imaging work packages in the DeLIVER consortia to establish a coordinated program of novel imaging techniques for HCC early detection and risk stratification. The SELiNa study will use novel imaging techniques at the Universities of Nottingham and Oxford Universities to identify small HCC, and to characterise the non cancer liver in the same patients to define the "field effect" of the cirrhotic liver that is associated with cancer transformation.


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Climate Change: What Can Botanic Gardens Do to Help?
It's very hot in the office and we are wondering whether it's a sign that climate change is here to stay - it does seem to be a trend. If we accept that it is happening and that temperatures could rise several degrees over the next few decades, then what are we going to do about it? What are the likely problems, and how can botanic gardens help solve them for the well-being of people and the planet?
Let us know your thoughts - we will publish them (anonymously if you like) in the next issue of Cultivate.
Climate Change Responses
We asked Cultivate readers what they think about climate change and how botanic gardens can be - and are - involved in assessing and mitigating it's impacts. We have had a lot of very interesting responses some of which are published here.
Join BGCI in Protecting Plants for the Planet
BGCI is a membership organisation. We have more than 700 members, institutional and individual, in 118 countries. You too can join us in our global efforts to ensure plants are protected from the many threats facing them today and get some great benefits.
Challenges in Botanical Research and Climate Change
The 2nd World Botanic Gardens Scientific Congresswill be held in Delft, the Netherlands, on 29 June - 4 July 2008. The main themes are Conservation and Climate Change, Bionics, New Systematics and Future Issues. Registration for those wishing to contribute a paper is 15 December
Download the Gran Canaria Declaration on Climate Change as a PDF
In issuing its 'Gran Canaria Declaration on Climate Change and Plant Conservation' the Gran Canaria Group, whose membership is drawn from major biodiversity conservation organisations around the world, calls on the international community to take urgent action to protect global plant diversity.


Should students have to pay to play sports or extra curricular activities?
November 05, 2008|By EVAN SAWYER
North Star
Well, I have to admit, this is an easy one. The answer is no. What would be the point in making students pay? Not only would that lessen the number of students that would participate in the sports or activities, but it would be a disadvantage to the students whose families don't have a decent income.
Many high school students have jobs to supplement their social events. It would truly be a hardship for students to have to work even more hours to supplement their participation in sports. Something would have to give, either activities with friends or high school sports.
In this day and age, students are trying to pay for gas, go to the movies and do other fun activities with their friends that cost money.
Paying just to play in sports or other school related activities would lessen students' time to get together with friends. This would precipitate a decline in our social communication with other people.
So, when asked if students should have to pay to be in sports or activities, I firmly believe that the answer is no.
I do not feel that it is necessary for students to be made to "pay to play." While I understand that sometimes the school district may not be able to cover all funds, how can they expect the students to be able to fit the bill?
Many students play sports for the fact that it is a way to be involved at no cost. Unlike many other community activities, school associated sports are a free way for students to have fun and play a sport they enjoy. Another fact not being considered is that money is already being put forth by the students and their families. Practice clothing, shoes, and transportation are just a few of the considerations that already require money to be put forth by the student and his or her family.
Paying to play would rob some students of the opportunity to be involved in school athletics. Some can not afford the extra cost it would require to play the sports.
There is no reason that makes it absolutely necessary to charge students to play sports.
Whether or not students should have to pay to take part in sports or other school activities is a question that Rockwood has been forced to deal with over the past year. When a tax referendum failed to pass this spring, parents, faculty, and community members banded together for fundraising that kept sports and activities free. For many students, this was a great relief because participation in their respective activities would have been impossible due to the high costs.
However, paying to play might not always be bad, if the cost is not too great. If students had to contribute monetarily toward the activities in which they are involved, it would emphasize that participation in extracurriculars is a privilege, not an automatic right. More students would gain respect for the programs and opportunities that schools provide.
Conemaugh Township
If I had to pay to participate in all of my extracurricular activities, I would be completely broke. The thought of actually charging students to become involved in their school seems utterly ridiculous to me.
I have trouble understanding the point of making students pay to participate. Clubs and sports are certainly able to get the money they need through fundraisers and support by the community. Why should students have to pay from their own pockets to fund their clubs?
Of course, there are certain clubs and organizations in which members are expected to pay dues; although, a student who is just trying to get the most out of his high school years should not be expected to make financial investments in his clubs, especially if that student attends a public school.
Some students may even be forced into making tough decisions, such as deciding which activity to join if they cannot afford to join every club they wish. If this is not an example of financial-status-discrimination, then I do not know what is.
As a teenager, I sometimes hear my elders complain about some students not being involved in school. If schools decided to charge students to participate in activities, this complaint would certainly be heard more often, in addition to robbing students of their rights to freely pursue any extracurricular activity throughout their high school career.
My mother always said, "Money doesn't grow on trees." I strongly agree with that statement. Especially, as a high school student with a minimum wage job, I understand that sports and extracurricular activities do have expenses. Some scholars have their parents pay for their activity of choice. This is fine and dandy, but some participants come from low income families who can't afford excessive expenses such as extracurricular activities. Fundraising is the key to success.
Daily American Articles


Eggs-pert advice on how to have a dog-friendly Easter
With the bank holiday Easter weekend fast approaching, Dogs Trust is reminding owners to keep chocolate out of reach of our four-legged friends.
As Easter eggs and other tasty cocoa treats find their way into homes, the charity hopes to raise awareness of the continued rise that the consumption of chocolate poses to our canine companions.
Dogs Trust is providing top tips and advice for owners on how to have a dog-friendly Easter.
Josie Cocks, Dogs Trust Veterinary Surgeon, explains the importance of not allowing dogs to eat human chocolate: "Chocolate can be poisonous to dogs, so owners should ensure they keep it out of reach of their four-legged friends. Whilst some chocolate is more toxic than others, any amount is potentially harmful to your dog.
"If you suspect your dog has eaten chocolate, we advise owners to contact their vets immediately. Chocolate poisoning can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive thirst, excitability, drooling, seizures and potentially kidney and heart failure."
The charity advises:
 - Never give your pooch any human chocolate as a treat. Ensure that children and visitors understand why and adhere to this rule too.
 - Make sure bins are dog-proof to prevent them scavenging through rubbish.
 - Never leave any chocolate unsupervised, such as cakes cooling on worktop surfaces.
 - Teach your dog the 'leave' command so that if they are about to eat something they shouldn't, you can have confidence that they will move away from it.
 - Keep a close eye on your dog whilst out walking, to avoid them scoffing, discarded food that is potentially harmful.
Although our canine companions shouldn't be eating human chocolate, there are plenty of other ways for them to enjoy the holiday weekend.
Tamsin Durston, Canine Behaviour Officer at Dogs Trust offers some suggestion: "There are plenty of exciting things we can do with our pets over the holiday weekend. Taking them on their own Easter hunt around the house that includes dog-friendly treats instead of chocolate is a great way of bonding and giving our dogs lots of stimulation.
"You could also use the front of Easter egg boxes to teach your dog to do the snoot challenge or use the boxes to hide their toys or treats in them to sniff out. If you want to have a go at something a little bit different, get a couple of boxes set a little distance apart and holding your dog's treats or favourite toy in one hand, slowly start to move them in a figure of eight around the two items, swapping the reward into your other hand at the centre point. Dog owners could also build them their own Easter bunny burrow, or 'Doggy Den' so your furry friend has a cosy and comfortable place to sleep."
For more information and advice visit