Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?
Juror announcing decision
moodboard/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
The trend of jurors asking questions while a trial is going on is becoming more popular in courtrooms across the country. There are some states that now require it by law, including Arizona, Colorado, and Indiana.
Many times highly technical testimony may alienate the average juror to the point where they stop paying attention and begin faking that they understand what is being said. Due to this, lawyers have become more reluctant to take cases where they risk verdicts that are derived from uninformed and bored jurors who do not understand the applicable laws.
Case studies of trials that have been reviewed have shown that when jurors could ask questions during the trial, there were fewer incidents of verdicts that lacked a sound understanding of the evidence that was presented.
CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines
Experimentation has been done to gauge the effectiveness of permitting jurors to ask questions during trial. An example was in the "CEATS Inc. v. Continental Airlines" trial.
Chief Judge Leonard Davis asked jurors to write down questions that they had after each witness testified. Out of earshot of the jury, the lawyers and judge then reviewed each question, which did not identify which jury member asked it.
The judge, with attorney input, selected the questions to ask and informed the jurors that the selected questions were decided by him, not the lawyers, to avoid a juror getting insulted or holding a grudge because their question was not selected.
The attorneys could then expound on the questions, but were specifically asked not to include the jurors' questions during their closing arguments.
One of the major concerns of allowing jurors to ask questions was the amount of time it would take to review, select, and answer the questions. According to Alison K. Bennett, MS, in the article "Eastern District of Texas Experiments with Jurors' Questions During Trial," Judge Davis said that the additional time added about 15 minutes to the testimony of each witness.
He also said that the jurors appeared more engaged and invested in the proceedings and that the questions asked showed a level of sophistication and understanding from the jury that was encouraging.
The Pros of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
Most jurors want to render a fair verdict based on their understanding of the testimony. If jurors are unable to obtain all the information that they need to make that decision, they may become frustrated with the process and ignore the evidence and testimony that they could not decipher. By becoming active participants in the courtroom, jurors get a more in-depth understanding of courtroom procedures, are less likely to misunderstand the facts of a case and develop a clearer perspective on which laws apply or do not apply to the case.
Jurors' questions can also help lawyers get a feel for what they are thinking and can influence how lawyers continue to present their cases. It is also a good tool to reference when preparing for future cases.
The Cons of Allowing Jurors to Ask Questions
The risks of allowing a jury to ask questions can mostly be controlled by how the procedure is handled, although there are still other problems that may arise. They include:
 - A juror who wants to display their superior understanding of the case or one that talks too much could become taxing and annoying to other jurors as well as add unnecessary time to the trial proceedings. It also puts lawyers and judges at risk if they display signs of fatigue or annoyance with trying to control someone with these characteristics. The fallout could result in the juror feeling alienated and resentful which could have a harmful effect on jury deliberations.
 - A question could be asked that jurors feel essential, but in reality, has little legal significance to the outcome of the trial. Such a question could end up carrying too much weight when jurors begin their deliberations.
 - There is also a risk that the questions not asked by a jury could imply that they do not understand the evidence being presented or realize the significance of the evidence presented. Alternatively, it may mean that they do not have additional questions because they completely understand what has been presented. This could put lawyers at a disadvantage. If the jury does not understand the evidence enough to ask questions, a lawyer may change their strategy and spend more time with testimony that helps explain the evidence. However, if the jury does have a full understanding of the evidence, additional time spent on the same information could be viewed as repetitive and boring and the lawyer risks being audibly muted by jurors.
 - The risk of a witness answering a juror's question that has been rendered inadmissible.
 - Jurors may take the position of being an adversary of a witness rather than being interested in all of the facts of the case.
 - Jurors may rate the importance of testimony if a judge does not elect to ask a witness a juror's question. They may feel it is not an important testimony because it was not worthy of additional time spent to review it.
 - A question may be allowed by a judge by mistake and become the reason the verdict is later appealed.
 - Lawyers fear losing control over their case and trial strategy, especially if a question is asked by a juror that lawyers have purposely avoided mentioning during a trial. There is a concern that jurors with questions may decide on their verdict too early.
Procedure Determines Success of Jury Questions
Most of the problems that could develop from jurors asking questions can be controlled by a strong judge, through careful review of the questions and through using a proactive process through which jurors can submit questions.
If the judge is reading the questions, and not the jurors, a garrulous juror can then be controlled.
Questions that do not have significant importance to the overall outcome of the trial can be skipped.
Questions that appear to appear bias or are argumentative can be reworded or discarded. However, it does give the judge an opportunity to review the importance of jurors remaining impartial until the trial is over.
Cases Studies of Jurors Asking Questions
Professor Nancy Marder, director of IIT Chicago-Kent's Jury Center and author of the book "The Jury Process," researched the effectiveness of juror questions and determined that the justice is fully served when a jury is informed and understands all the mechanisms that go into their role as juror, including testimony given, evidence shown and how laws should or should not be applied.
She goes on to emphasize that judges and lawyers can benefit by taking a more "jury-centric" approach to court proceedings, which means considering questions that jurors may have through the juror's perspective rather through their own. By doing so will improve the performance of the jury as a whole.
It can also enable a jury to remain present and focused on what is going on, rather than have them obsess on an unanswered question. Unanswered questions could promote a feeling of apathy towards the remainder of the trial if they fear that they have failed to understand important testimony.
Understanding the Dynamics of a Jury
In Marder's article, "Answering Jurors' Questions: Next Steps in Illinois," she looks at the pros and cons of several examples of what can happen when jurors are permitted or legally bound to ask questions, and one major point that she mentions is in regards to the dynamics that occur among a jury.
She discusses how within groups of jurors there is a tendency for those who failed to understand testimony to look to other jurors who they deem as being better informed. That person ultimately becomes an authority figure in the room. Often their opinions carry more weight and will have more influence over what the jurors decide.
When jurors' questions are answered, it helps create an environment of equality and each juror can participate and contribute to the deliberations rather than being dictated to by those who appear to have all the answers. If debate does arise, all jurors can inject their knowledge into the discussion without feeling uninformed. By doing this, jurors are more likely to vote independently, rather than to be overly influenced by a single juror. According to Marder's research, the positive results of jurors moving out of passive roles of observers to active roles that allow them to ask questions have far outweighed the more negative concerns of lawyers and judges.
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Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, Montaldo, Charles. (2021, February 16). Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials? Retrieved from Montaldo, Charles. "Can Jurors Ask Questions During Trials?" ThoughtCo. (accessed July 27, 2021).


text:
Most figures are made from the same types of plastics so the following also applies to other dolls such as other types of action figures and Barbie dolls.
Bodyparts made from ABS are not likely to pick up stains as long as the surface of the ABS plastic is undamaged. If ABS is scratched or sanded it will pick up dye from clothing as can be seen on the next picture. The seams on the legs shown on the picture had been sanded smooth, within a years time the sanded areas had picked up dye from black pantyhose.
The stains are only on the surface of the ABS, so these can be removed with some more careful sanding. To prevent sanded ABS from picking up stains it needs to be sealed with a coat of solvent or paint. 'Car Bumper Primer' is a clear colorless paint often sold in spray cans that is suitable for this. ABS parts can also be sealed with a thin coat of liquid plastic cement or a suitable clear varnish (preferably one that is UV resistant).
Soft PVC parts such as headsculpts and hands do pick up stains when put into contact with sources of dyes such as fabrics or PVC clothing. As a rule of thumb: the more flexible the PVC part is, the easier it will pick up stains.
Two main sources of stains are dyes from clothing and pigments from incompatible paints.
|To deal with the stain, first remove the source of the dye.
In case of contact between a piece of clothing and a part of the figure, putting a piece of clear polythene or saran wrap ('cling film') between the clothing and the figure is usually sufficient.
If the stained part is very flexible (a headsculpt for instance) time might be the best cure to get rid of the stain as the following sets of pictures illustrate:
|Using a piece of clear polythene to protect this head from getting stained by the black pleather collar.|
|ZC Eve bodice out of softened PVC with multiple stains from factory clothing|
|Same bodice four years later, only some faint purple stains remain visible|
The plasticisers that cause the material to be flexible also make it easy for dye molecules to migrate through the material.
The dye molecules strive to spread evenly throughout the material, resulting over time in an even color.
In case of a ZC Eve bodice, the PVC is softened but not by as much as a headsculpt so it will take longer for the dye molecules to spread.
Although I'm not keen on using chemicals on plastics, persistent stains can be removed with substances containing small amounts of peroxide such as zit-creams or Remove-zit.
Main drawback is that peroxides will alter the composition of the plastic (it breaks down plasticizers and long molecule chains), making it change color (often more pale) and leaving the plastic more prone to cracking.
PVC hand with stain caused by sleeve cuff, the PVC of the hand is not as soft so dye molecules will not migrate as fast as with softer PVC.
Left on its own a stain on material like this will remain visible for years, to remove it a chemical substance such as a zit-cream is needed.
Note that this particular hand is coated with flat varnish, the varnish will be damaged by the zit-cream as well !
Pleather consists of a very thin layer of PVC applied to a woven fabric material (often polyester).
If there are any metal objects close to deteriorating PVC these will become corroded by the acidic vapours, often even before the PVC starts looking deteriorated.
|Example of corroded brass details caused by acidic vapours of pleather deteriorating. In this case the figure was kept in the box for too long.|
The metal can be carefully polished, further deterioration of the pleather can be slowed down with proper ventilation.
Since pleather contains plasticizers, it needs to be kept away from painted surfaces and types of plastics that are sensitive to plasticizers.
I made this mistake myself by leaving Patty, dressed in black pleather pants, sitting on the seat of a motorbike model for some time. The seat was made out of polystyrene, which is sensitive to plasticizers. The plasticizers from the pleather melted the surface of the seat, now the pleather is firmly stuck to the seat.
Apart from transferring plasticizers, pleather can also transfer dye to other plastics, for example black pleather clothes will stain a pleather covered couch.
So better keep contact between pleather and plastics like polystyrene or softened PVC limited to a few hours.
Putting a piece of saran wrap ('cling film') between the pleather and the other plastics will stop the transfer of dye and plasticizers.
Pleather can also pick up dye from other sources such as clothing, the boots on the picture got stained by dye from the black pantyhose inside. This also can be prevented by wrapping the pantyhose inside the boots in saran wrap.
A lot of the knowledge of preserving plastics and insight in how plastics behave when deteriorating comes from this book:
"Plastics, collecting and conserving", Anita Quye and Colin Williamson, NMS Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1-901663-12-4.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Simple introduction to Fork-Join Framework in Java 7
Fork-Join Framework was added as part of Java 7 which makes use of the ExecutorService interface to distribute tasks to the worker threads in the thread pool. The difference in Fork-Join is that the ideal worker threads can steal queued subtasks from the other tasks and execute them.
also read:
There are a few important classes you should be aware of:
 - ForkJoinPool
 - RecursiveTask
 - ForkJoinTask
 - RecursiveAction
ForkJoinTask:
This represents the abstract task which runs within the ForkJoinPool. They are lightweight threads in the sense quite a lot of tasks can run withing few threads with some restrictions. There are two methods: fork() and join(). fork() is used to spawn new tasks, where as join() waits for the completion of the task. There are two extensions of ForkJoinTask- RecursiveTask and RecursiveAction. RecursiveTask is used when the task is expected to return some value, while RecursiveAction is used when the task preforms some action but doesn't return any value. It is recommended to extend either RecursiveAction or RecursiveTask and not directly extend ForkJoinTask.
RecursiveTask:
This is a subclass of ForkJoinTask whose compute method returns some value.
RecursiveAction:
This is a subclass of ForkJoinTask whose compute method doesn't return any value.
ForkJoinPool:
It is an ExecutorService for running ForkJoinTasks and also managing and monitoring the tasks. It employs worker-stealing algorithm where in idle threads can pick subtasks created by other active tasks and execute them. In this way there is efficient execution of tasks spawned by other tasks.
Lets see how we can find sum of some 1000 integers using ForkJoin framework. This is quite a trivial example and not worthy of being implemented as ForkJoin. The main motive behind this is to throw some light of the implementation aspects of ForkJoin.
In this example we will divide the array of integers into half and assign each half to a RecursiveTask. If the array size is less than 20 elements then we assign it to another RecursiveTask which would return the computed sum of those array elements.
RecursiveTask for computing the sum
//Task for computing the sum of array elements.
class SumCalculatorTask extends RecursiveTask<Integer>{
 int [] numbers;
 SumCalculatorTask(int[] numbers){
 this.numbers = numbers;
 }

 @Override
 protected Integer compute() {
 int sum = 0;
 for (int i : numbers){
 sum += i;
 }
 return sum;
 }
}
The compute method has to be overridden with the actual task to be performed. In the above case its iterate through the elements of the array and return the computed sum.
RecursiveTask for dividing the array
We create a RecursiveTask for dividing the array into two parts and assign each part to another RecursiveTask for further dividing. We continue dividing the array and stop dividing when the array has less than 20 elements.
class NumberDividerTask extends RecursiveTask<Integer>{
 int [] numbers;
 NumberDividerTask(int [] numbers){
 this.numbers = numbers;
 }
 /*
 * If the array has less than 20 elements, then
 * just compute the sum, else split the array further.
 */
 @Override
 protected Integer compute() {
 int sum = 0;
 List<RecursiveTask<Integer>> forks = new ArrayList<>();
 if ( numbers.length > 20){
 NumberDividerTask numberDividerTaskFirst =
 new NumberDividerTask(Arrays
 .copyOfRange(numbers, 0, _URL_
 NumberDividerTask numberDividerTaskSecond =
 new NumberDividerTask(Arrays
 .copyOfRange(numbers, numbers.length/2, numbers.length));
 forks.add(numberDividerTaskFirst);
 forks.add(numberDividerTaskSecond);
 numberDividerTaskFirst.fork();
 numberDividerTaskSecond.fork();
 }
 else{
 SumCalculatorTask sumCalculatorTask = new SumCalculatorTask(numbers);
 forks.add(sumCalculatorTask);
 sumCalculatorTask.fork();
 }

 //Combine the result from all the tasks
 for ( RecursiveTask<Integer> task : forks){
 sum += task.join();
 }
 return sum;

 }
}
Each of the above task spawns either 2 other NumberDividerTask or a SumCalculatorTask. Each task keeps a track of the sub tasks it has spawned in the forks. At the end of the task we wait for all the tasks in the forks list to finish by invoking join() method and add the return values from each of the subtasks.
To invoke the above defined tasks we make use of ForkJoinPool and create a NumberDividerTask task by giving it the array whose sum we wish to compute.
public class ForkJoinTest {
 static ForkJoinPool forkJoinPool = new ForkJoinPool();
 public static final int LENGTH = 1000;
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 int [] numbers = new int[LENGTH];
 //Create an array with some values.
 for(int i=0; i<LENGTH; i++){
 numbers[i] = i * 2;
 }
 /*
 * Invoke the NumberDividerTask with the array
 * which in turn creates multiple sub tasks.
 */
 int sum = forkJoinPool.invoke(new NumberDividerTask(numbers));

 System.out.println("Sum: "+sum);
 }
}
The output: Sum: 999000.
This is just a basic, trivial example of using ForkJoin framework. I know this sum computation could have been implemented sequentially, but the idea here is to understand the working of the ForkJoin. In future I would try and post a ForkJoin version of some Divide and Conquer algorithm.
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About Mohamed Sanaulla
In his day job he works on developing enterprise applications using ADF. He is also the moderator of JavaRanch forums and an avid blogger.
Comments
 1. nicely explained
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March 18, 2019
The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago announces a new publication in print and online—complimentary download: The Great Hypostyle Hall in the Temple of Amun at Karnak (OIP 142), by Peter J. Brand, Rosa Erika Feleg, and William J. Murnane. Standing at the heart of Karnak Temple, the Great Hypostyle Hall is a forest of 134 giant sandstone columns enclosed by massive walls. Sety I built the Great Hypostyle Hall ca. 1300 BCE and decorated the northern wing with exquisite bas reliefs. After his death, his successor Ramesses II completed the southern wing mostly in sunk relief. This volume provides full translation, epigraphic analysis, and photographic documentation of the elaborate wall reliefs inside the Hall. This vast trove of ritual art and texts attest to the richness and vitality of Egyptian civilization at the height of its imperial power. The present volume builds upon and serves as a companion to an earlier volume of drawings of the wall scenes made by Harold H. Nelson in the 1950s and edited for publication by William J. Murnane in 1981.


text:
Dinosaurs of Eastern Iberia
Price includes NZ wide delivery!
Ships from USA supplier
|Format:||Hardback, 336 pages|
|Other Information: ||292 colour illustrations, 5 maps|
|Published In: ||United States, 25 October 2011|
Written for the general reader, this book is both a colourful introduction to the history and study of dinosaurs and an eye-opening survey of dinosaur discoveries in Spain. At the time of the dinosaurs, Iberia was in the process of becoming a peninsula of Continental Europe and looked very different than it does today. Eastern Iberia contains one of the richest fossil records of Mesozoic vertebrates in Europe. This record spans an 80-million-year period that includes key moments in Earth's history, such as the extinction events at the Jurassic-Cretaceous and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundaries. Dinosaurs of Eastern Iberia tells the story of Iberia's tumultuous geological history and presents a detailed synthesis of the region's dinosaur discoveries, with fact sheets and reconstructions of each species found there. This volume also describes the flora and fauna that made up the ancient ecosystems and explores the paleobiogeography of this dynamic region.
Table of Contents
Preface: The Dinosaurs of Eastern Iberia /Angel Galobart Acknowledgements 1: Paleontological Discoveries and Studies /Angel Galobart, Andres Santos-Cubedo, Maite Suner and Jose Ignacio Canudo; 2. The Geological Context: The Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous /Carlos de Santisteban and Andres Santos-Cubedo; 3. The Geological Context: The Upper Cretaceous Peninsula /Oriol Oms, Violeta Riera and Carlos de Santisteban; 4. History and Classification of Dinosaurs /Bernat Vila, Josep Marmi and Marc Furio; 5. Origin and Diversity of Dinosaurs /Bernat Vila, Marc Furio and Josep Marmi; 6. The Study of Dinosaur Fossils /Bernat Vila, Maite Suner, Begona Poza, Josep Fortuny, Elena Nieto and Angel Galobart; 7. Saurischians through Time /Bernat Vila, Maite Suner, Andres Santos-Cubedo, Jose Ignacio Canudo, Begona Poza and Angel Galobart; 8. Ornithischians through Time /Rodrigo Gaete, Jose Ignacio Canudo and Andres Santos-Cubedo; 9. Fauna and Flora in the Age of Dinosaur /Josep Marmi, Carles Martin-Closas, Xavier Delclos and Begona Poza; 10. Global Distribution and Dinosaur Environments of Eastern Iberia /Josep Fortuny, Bernat Vila, Marc Furio, and Carlos de Santisteban; 11. Mass Extinctions and the End of Dinosaurs /Bernat Vila, Andres Santos-Cubedo, Angel Galobart and Rodrigo Gaete; 12. The Reconstruction of Dinosaurs and their World /Oscar Sanisidro Sites, Museums, and Paleontological Research Centers in Eastern Iberia; References; Contributors
A vivid introduction to the dinosaurs of Spain
About the Author
Angel Galobart is the director of the research group on Mesozoic Fauna at the Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont.
Maite Suner is Lecturer in Biological Sciences at the University of Valencia.
Begona Poza is a paleontologist at Consorci Ruta Minera.
"A beautifully illustrated book that covers... spectacular sites, and very interesting specimens... I am unaware of any comparable treatment. I suspect that many will buy the book for the artwork alone!" James O. Farlow, co-editor, The Complete Dinosaur "Overall, I highly recommend this book to any dinosaur enthusiast. It not only delivers up-to-date research on the vertebrate paleontology in Eastern Iberia, but it also is very comprehensive and systematically steps through the science behind the dinosaurs. ... What a great read!" - Priscum: Newsletter of the Paleontological Society
|Publisher: ||Indiana University Press|
|Dimensions: ||22.07 x 24.33 x 3.38 centimeters (1.41 kg)|


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Volume 18 Supplement 1
19th Annual SCMR Scientific Sessions
Debt-free cardiac health
Background
Predicting cardiac prognosis and outcome is important. As the heart progresses towards failure, it is known that the ventricular-vascular coupling (VVC) progresses from the optimal range (0.5 to 1.2) to values as high as 10 in severe failure. However, even hearts close to failure may exhibit a VVC in the normal range and thus its future predictive value is low. Here we consider the cardiac energy usage derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to better utilize VVC data. To accomplish this we consider the difference between internal energy (EInternal) and external energy (EExternal) which we term energy debt (EDebt).
Objective
To establish the relationship between EDebt and VVC and show that EDebt adds to the assessment of cardiac health.
Methods
CMR volumetric image data were collected in patients (n = 90) undergoing functional evaluation to measure; end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), stroke volume (SV), blood pressure and heart rate. From the end-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) (Figure 1) the EInternal is calculated as:
EInternal = ½ ESV.Pes (equ 1)
Where Pes is considered to be approximated to the mean arterial pressure:
MAP = [DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP)] (equ 2)
The EExternal is calculated as:
EExternal = SV x Pes (equ 3)
VVC is calculated as:
VVC = ESV/SV (equ 4)
EDebt is calculated as:
EDebt = EInternal - EExternal (equ 5)
By substitution and arrangement:
EDebt = ½ Pes x SV x (VVC-2) (equ 6)
figure1
Figure 1
Results
The plot of VVC vs. EDebt is fitted to a log curve (Figure 2). As is apparent from equ 6 and Figure 2, when the EDebt transitions from positive to negative the VVC exceeds 2. Further, note the high steepness of the curve for values when EDebt is positive.
figure2
Figure 2
Conclusions
Here we consider the net difference between internal and external ventricular work derived from non-invasive PV loops acquired during routine CMR exams. By regarding internal work as a negative burden and external work as a positive expression of cardiac function, we show that hearts with a net energy debt cross over to failure, while hearts with a net positive energy expression function normally. Thus, EDebt provides additional information, since even when the VVC is within the optimal working range, the heart may be close to crossing the debt line, masquerading dysfunction. Once crossed, the curve indicates that rapid acceleration to a high VVC may imminently follow. Importantly, we show that even hearts with a healthy VVC value, heretofore believed to be advantageous, may be close to failure by the net energy debt criteria.
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Correspondence to Victor Farah.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (_URL_ applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Cite this article
Farah, V., Doyle, M., Rayarao, G. et al. Debt-free cardiac health. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 18, P247 (2016). _URL_
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Keywords
 - Stroke Volume
 - Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
 - Pressure Volume Relationship
 - Severe Failure
 - Cardiac Health


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Page last updated at 08:43 GMT, Tuesday, 24 November 2009
What's my brain's motivation?
By Nick Higham
Today programme
Coloured CT scan of a healthy brain
For an actor, the performance conditions weren't exactly ideal: flat on her back in a large machine, under strict instructions to lie as still as possible, speaking in short bursts interspersed with the shrill sound of a magnetic resonance imaging scanner.
But last week Fiona Shaw, one of Britain's leading actresses - who has in her time played everything from the tragic heroine Medea to Shakespeare's Richard II - volunteered in the cause of science to spend an hour having her brain scanned while "acting".
Fiona Shaw
Fiona Shaw's brain appears to be adapted to acting
Professor Sophie Scott of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London wanted to know what happens physically in an actor's head when they pretend to be someone else.
She hoped that scanning Fiona's brain in action would be able to tell us.
The scanner works by measuring blood flow to different parts of the brain. The harder a part is working, the more blood flows into it.
The parts of the brain that control speech are well known: what Prof Scott wanted to know was whether other parts of the brain would also "light up" when actors speak in character rather than as themselves.
The results of the experiment will be on display as part of the Wellcome Collection's new exhibition on identity.
Prof Scott, who is also a Wellcome senior fellow, says our speech and the way we use language are important components of our identity - and one of the ways actors seek to convince their audience that they are another person is of course by changing their voice.
For the experiment, Fiona Shaw performed snatches of T S Eliot's poem The Waste Land. (Appropriately enough, given the circumstances, Eliot's original title for the poem was He Do the Police in Different Voices.)
Fiona's right brain while counting
The poem's second section, A Game at Chess, includes a dialogue between a married couple, and a passage in which a Cockney woman gossips in a pub near closing, interrupted by the voice of the landlord shouting "Hurry up please it's time!".
The text was cut up into sections lasting just a few seconds each. Fiona read them in character, then stopped while the machine scanned her brain.
Then she'd do some counting, so the machine could register what her brain was doing when she was merely speaking; and then she'd do nothing, so the machine could scan her brain at rest.
Fiona Shaw herself says that when performing she uses visual images to help conjure up a character. And sure enough, when the results of the scan were analysed, several parts of her brain were "recruited" to help with her performance beyond those employed when she was speaking neutrally.
One of the accompanying animations shows, in green, the three main parts of her brain which Fiona used when she was simply counting: they are the part which controls the movement of the lips and tongue, the part associated with hearing and a third part involved in planning what she was going to say.
Fiona's right brain while acting
The second animation shows the parts, in yellow, which she also employed when "performing". Towards the front of the brain there is a part associated with "higher order" control of behaviour. Towards the top of the brain is a section which controls the movement of the hands and arms - even though she wasn't waving her arms about, she was apparently thinking about doing so.
And towards the back of the head is an area associated with complex visual imagery, even though she wasn't performing a complex visual task.
The scan backs up work Sophie Scott has done with professional impressionists, whose brains also conjure up visual images of the people they're imitating. What's significant is that a serious actor uses the same technique, even when she's not trying to imitate a real person.
Quite what all this tells us about our identity I'm not so sure. Perhaps it's just this: that convincing people you're someone you're not by changing your voice is hard work - a lot harder than simply being yourself.
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text:
||Exacter of Justice
PRAXIDIKE (or Praxidice) was the goddess or spirit (daimona) of exacting justice. She and her two daughters Arete (Virtue) and Homonoia (Concord) formed a divine triad known as the Praxidikai.
In the Orphic Hymns Praxidike is equated with Persephone, Soter with Zeus, and the Praxidikai with the goddess Erinyes. She was probably also associated with the daimona Poine (Retribution).
PRAXI′DICE (Praxidikê), i. e. the goddess who carries out the objects of justice, or watches that justice is done to men. When Menelaus arrived in Laconia, on his return from Troy, he set up a statue of Praxidice near Gytheium, not far from the spot where Paris, in carrying off Helen, had founded a sanctuary of Aphrodite Migonitis (Paus. iii. 22. § 2). Near Haliartus, in Boeotia, we meet with the worship of Praxidicae, in the plural (ix. 33. § 2), who were called daughters of Ogyges, and their names are Alalcomenia, Thelxinoea, and Auilis (ix. 33. § 4; Suid. s. v.; Steph. Byz. s. v. Tremilê). Their images consisted merely of heads, and their sacrifices only of the heads of animals. With the Orphic poets Praxidice seems to be a surname of Persephone. (Orph. Argon. 31, Hymn. 28. 5.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Orphic Hymn 29 to Persephone (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Hymn to Phersephone... Zeus' holy offspring, of a beauteous mien, Praxidike (avenging Goddess), subterranean queen. The Eumenides' [Erinyes'] source, fair-haired, whose frame proceeds from Zeus' ineffable and secret seeds."
Suidas s.v. Praxidike (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Praxidike (Exacter of Justice): A deity whose head alone is venerated. Mnaseas [Greek C2nd B.C.] in his treatise On Europe says that Soter (Saviour) and his sister Praxidike (Exacter of Justice) had a son Ktesios (Household) and daughters Homonoia and Arete, who were called Praxidikai (Exacters of Penalties) after their mother."
- The Orphic Hymns - Greek Hymns C3rd B.C - C2nd A.D.
- Suidas - Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Improving the Identification, Handling and Storage of 'Difficult' Seeds
Focusing on Africa, the 'Difficult' Seeds project worked with crop genebanks to improve the identification, handling, storage and use of 'difficult' seeds - so-called because they cannot be readily conserved and/or easily used. Difficulties were related to recalcitrant storage behavior, dormancy problems, or inappropriate handling.
Funded by the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and delivered by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBG Kew), in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), the project addressed the need to build capacity to conserve plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.
Stakeholder workshops held in 2006 identified a list of around 220 'difficult' species, and produced guidelines for future project activities.
Four training workshops were held in 2007-8, in Kenya, Burkina Faso, Botswana, and Morocco, benefitting 60 participants from 48 institutes in 38 countries. The workshops included a 2-day mini-workshop for local farmers and community representatives, with the aim of supporting and facilitating gene banks to engage with farmers. Eighty farmers from the four host countries attended these workshops. The training workshops were highly successful and received positive feedback from participants.
The 'Difficult' Seeds Project website draws together key information on the seed biology of 160 'difficult' species, most of them food plants. The training resources developed by the project are also available, together with resources and information for farmers and community seed projects. It is hoped to make the training resources available in French.
Project partners and collaborators
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
Conferences and workshops
Scientific Symposium on Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets, Rome, Italy, Nov 2010


How To Enable PBO On MSI Motherboard
How To Enable PBO On MSI Motherboard
To enable Precision Boost Overdrive (PBO) on an MSI motherboard, first enter the BIOS, navigate to the "OC" or "Overclocking" menu, and look for the PBO option. Enable it and adjust the settings to your preference. Save your changes and exit the BIOS to activate PBO.
Precision Boost Overdrive is AMD's automatic "overclocking" system that will boost the clock frequency on one or more cores as high as they can safely go at any given time. Even as straightforward as it may sound, the process involved in enabling
PBO, especially on an MSI motherboard, can be confusing.
You also want to remember that this action can increase CPU temperatures and require additional cooling measures because this overclocking system considers voltage, heat, and power amount.
In the rest of this article, I will show you the step-by-step process to enable PBO on your MSI motherboard. First, we must understand how safe or ideal it is to enable PBO on your motherboard.
Is it ideal to enable PBO on the MSI motherboard?
The answer is yes and no. Enabling PBO on your motherboard will give you extra performance in FPS games. So it is ideal to enable this system if you run things like gaming. Conversely, you won't miss out on anything when PBO is disabled if you do tasks like basic computing, rendering, or encoding.
So, it depends on your usage.
For example, in my case, I use a Ryzen 5600x/3080 combo, and enabling Precision Boost Overdrive in the BIOS environment of my MSI motherboard increased my Port Royal score from 10500 to 11400.
While you can get a boosted clock frequency from activating PBO on your motherboard, you should also ensure adequate cooling and ventilation.
P.S.: I use the Hwinfo64 program to check the temperature of your CPU and various other components. So I recommend it.
The PBO is better left "off" if you want your system to use less power and run quieter, but the tradeoff is a little improved performance.
How to enable PBO on MSI Motherboard: Step-by-step
If you are familiar with the BIOS interface on the MSI motherboard, things will look a lot easier. In this section, you will see how to enable PBO and verify if it's enabled. These steps apply if you use other motherboard brands too.
Meanwhile, there are ways to enable the PBO from the Ryzen Master, but doing it through the BIOS seems a popular option that many get confused about.
Here's how to go about it:
Step 1: Restart your system.
Step 2: As your system boots, continuously press the DEL key to access BIOS (some MSI motherboard models may require different critical prompts for this function, but it leads to the same results)
Step 3: Once you're in the BIOS, find and select the "Overclocking Settings." On my MSI B450 Tomahawk, this option is located on the far left side of the screen.
Step 4: Inside the "overclocking settings," select "Advanced CPU configurations"
Step 5: This will lead you to the interface where you will find the Precision Boost Overdrive (PBO) option
Step 6: By default, this function is set to 'Auto"
Step 7: Change it to "Enable" and press F10 to save your changes. By now, your system should have restarted.
Once your PC boots, go to the Ryzen master to confirm that the OC mode is set to PBO.
What happens after you enable the PBO on the MSI motherboard?
Enabling the PBO mode changes the Package Power Tracking (PTT), the Thermal Design Current (TDC), and of course, the Electrical Design Current (EDC).
That said, the PBO allows the CPU or motherboard to run the CPU to specific limits for boosting. It is perfectly safe to run and will not harm anything.
While conducting stability testing is crucial when implementing a new system, enabling PBO on your system won't require additional testing beyond what you would typically perform.
Other options include the curve optimizer, which is part of PBO2. The curve optimizer allows you to make a voltage offset, typically negative, to reduce temperatures and increase performance, particularly in
multi-core scenarios.
While not necessary, using the curve optimizer can result in more performance gains.
Meanwhile, the curve optimizer offers two options: set the same value for all cores or set a value for each core individually.
I prefer to keep it simple and set the same value for all cores. I recommend testing each setting for every core to ensure stability, but not everyone has the time for that.
The bottom line is that you should consider your specific needs and workloads before implementing PBO and Curve Optimizer on your MSI system.
What is the difference between PBO and PB?
Ryzen desktop processors integrated Precision Boost Overdrive, starting from the Threadripper chips.
However, it is essential to note that Ryzen 3000 employs Precision Boost 2.
There is often confusion between Precision Boost Overdrive and Precision Boost, two separate entities.
Unlike Precision Boost, which boosts a limited number of cores when possible, Precision Boost Overdrive offers different features.
While Precision Boost considers three factors—PPT, TDC, and EDC—along with temperature and the chip's maximum boost clock to determine the number of cores that can boost, Precision Boost Overdrive requires manual activation. It is not enabled on a stock CPU.
Also, Precision Boost Overdrive does not exceed the advertised CPU clock frequency, which is a crucial point often misconstrued.
Despite the confusion, it is clear that Precision Boost Overdrive offers an additional
layer of control and customization for Ryzen desktop processors, making them even more versatile and efficient.
But is enabling PBO on the MSI motherboard worth it?
PBO allows more power to flow through the CPU, which is controlled by temperature and limiters.
For instance, I recall running PBO at default settings and the CPU having higher voltages and more watts at 75 degrees than 85 degrees on a 5900X.
Shifting away from the MSI gist, PBO is not enabled by default on the Dark.
Unlike Precision Boost (PB), the hero motherboard is always enabled by default.
Neither the Dark Hero with a 5900X nor the Aorus Elite with a 5800X/X570 board enable it by default. AMD has set a 142W limit for PBO, so it is unlikely that anyone can use PBO by default.
My findings…
I found that the default PBO gains were insufficient to justify its use.
Instead, I opted for the default PB for everyday usage. I only overclock my system to test its limits and see results before returning to the motherboard and GPU defaults.
In my testing with borderline stable overclocks the maximum gains in particular case scenarios were at most 10%, with PBO only providing a 6-7% increase in all-core workloads, accompanied by a temperature increase of around 20 degrees Celsius.
With PBO enabled, I achieved a 7% performance gain, averaging at around 74 degrees Celsius, approximately 4.6 GHz all-core frequency, and 211 watts of power consumption.
On the other hand, with PB only, my system remained stable at high-end cooling with pumps and fans running at high speeds, averaging around 55 degrees Celsius, approximately 4.3 GHz all-core frequency, and 140 W power consumption.
What this should mean to you
When it comes to overclocking, there are two ways to go about it:
 - Either switch on amps to all cores and set different voltages and frequencies for your CCDs
 - Or use Precision Boost Overdrive (PBO) with Curve Optimizer.
However, we can conclude that other motherboards besides MSI (and perhaps the Dark Hero) have amp-switching capabilities.
Using PBO alone can be underwhelming. Most gains will be in heavy
workloads where most cores are used, such as in encoding or encryption.
For gaming, default PB will yield similar or slightly better results, as PBO may cause a decrease in single-core performance, while PB can boost relatively high on a few core loads, with the GPU often being the limiting factor.
While the MSI motherboard (the X570-A PRO, for example) has overbuilt VRMs that aren't an issue, some other motherboards may have low VRM capacity or inadequate cooling, making it essential to monitor VRM temperatures when using PBO.
Parting words
In a nutshell, enabling Precision Boost Overdrive (PBO) on an MSI motherboard is a simple and effective way to boost your CPU's performance.
However, as with any overclocking or performance-enhancing feature, caution should be exercised to avoid damaging your hardware. Keep an eye on your CPU temperatures and ensure that your cooling system can handle the additional load.
With suitable adjustments and proper monitoring, PBO can unlock your processor's full potential and take your system to the next level.
So try it, but remember: with great power comes great responsibility (and great CPU temperatures).
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What is the DEC Environmental Dispute Resolution Program?
The Environmental Dispute Resolution Program, which is overseen by the DEC Office of Hearings and Mediation Services, was begun in 1996. This program uses a consensus-based process in which a mediator helps parties who are involved in an environmental dispute reach a mutually acceptable decision. The mediator does not make any decision about the case. The results of the structured negotiation are up to the parties. The parties craft the result through their negotiations, with the assistance of a mediator. This program has proved successful in resolving conflicts in a number of situations, including disputes over environmental permits, allocation of environmental resources, and regulatory rule development. For more information, please visit DEC's web site.
Environmental Dispute Resolution Program
Information about the Office of Hearings and Medications Environmental Dispute Resolution Program


text:
Can Parties Contract Out of Legislation
When parties enter into a contract, they often feel a sense of security in knowing that their agreement is backed by the force of the law. However, many may wonder if it is possible to contract out of legislation. Put simply, can parties agree to override laws that are meant to protect them?
The answer is not a straightforward one, as it depends on the particular laws in question and the jurisdiction in which the contract is being executed. In many cases, it is not possible for parties to contract out of legislation, as certain laws are designed to be mandatory and apply to all parties regardless of their agreements.
For instance, employment laws are often non-negotiable. This is to ensure that employees are protected from exploitation and are granted basic rights such as minimum wage, safe working conditions, and protection from discrimination. Any contract that attempts to sidestep these laws would be unenforceable and potentially illegal.
Similarly, consumer protection laws are often mandatory, ensuring that consumers are granted certain protections and rights when engaging in commercial transactions. Therefore, any contract that seeks to override consumer protection laws would be considered unenforceable and potentially illegal as well.
However, in some cases, parties may be able to contract out of certain legislation if it is permissible under the law. For example, parties may be allowed to agree to certain limitations of liability, or to waive certain rights that would be granted under the law. However, it is important to understand that such agreements are usually subject to strict requirements and scrutiny, such as requirements for informed consent and a clear and specific agreement between the parties.
It is also important to note that even where parties are allowed to contract out of certain laws, they cannot do so in a manner that would be considered illegal or against public policy. This means that parties may not agree to conduct that is illegal or unethical, even if such conduct would be permissible under their contract.
In conclusion, the ability of parties to contract out of legislation depends on the particular laws and jurisdiction in question. While some legislation may be negotiable, many laws are not and are designed to protect parties from harm and exploitation. It is therefore essential for parties to consult with legal counsel to ensure that their contracts are legally enforceable and do not run afoul of any laws or public policy.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
An independent evaluation of the Government's national NHS 111 pilots says the new service may never deliver the reduction in emergency care activity it was designed to achieve.
The final report from researchers at the University of Sheffield said the service - designed to simplify access to non-emergency care - had 'not delivered the expected benefits' in terms of improving patient satisfaction or stemming the flow of patients being directed to emergency care.
They also warned it 'cannot be assumed' that the scheme will produce the expected benefits with increased use and time, and that they expected it to be more costly than current arrangements.
The report analysed the first year of operation of NHS 111 across four pilot sites and compared it with other matched control sites without NHS 111.
It found 'no statistically significant change' in emergency ambulance calls, emergency department attendances or urgent care contacts/attendances in pilot sites.
There was a statistically significant reduction in calls to NHS Direct of 193 calls per 1,000 NHS 111 triaged calls per month, but emergency ambulance service incidents increased by 29 additional incidents per 1,000 triaged calls per month.
The Government had stated that the introduction of the three-digit urgent care number would help to reduce the number of unnecessary ambulance journeys, reduce avoidable A&E attendances and unscheduled admissions from A&E, and reduce the number of 999 calls for non-emergency issues.
But the researchers identified a 'low probability of cost savings to the emergency and urgent care system', estimating the service would cost an extra £307,000 per month.
Each site operated a slightly different model, but the report concluded that all four 'seemed to produce the same lack of measurable benefit in terms of improving urgent system user satisfaction and reducing use of emergency care services.'
The Government has already pre-empted the publication of the report by scheduling a national rollout of the new telephone-based service from April 2013, despite calls from the GPC for ministers to wait for the full findings before proceeding. The service is already up and running in 13 locations across England.
The report found that overall satisfaction with the service was good, with 73% of respondents to a survey of users reporting they were very satisfied, and a further 19% quite satisfied. But it highlighted that 'there was no evidence that NHS 111 improved satisfaction with urgent care generally'.
All four sites exceeded the national quality standards for the number of calls answered within 30 seconds.
The authors said those involved in designing and implementing NHS 111 'were generally enthusiastic about the service and believed that patient benefits could be achieved, but were less confident about the likely impact on the wider emergency and urgent care system.'
They authors concluded: 'The lack of impact of NHS 111 in its first year in the pilot sites could be explained by the small "dose" of NHS 111 within the emergency and urgent care system or the early stage of development at which it was evaluated (one year).
'It takes time for early problems to be identified and resolved, for a new service to become established with users, and for reflection on how the service can be improved.
'However, it cannot be assumed that increase in use, and time, will produce expected benefits.'
The evaluation said the likelihood of achieving the anticipated benefits could be increased by reviewing the call assessment process 'to ensure relevant questions are asked [and] pathways are improved, particularly those resulting in the need for an emergency ambulance'.
It also suggested focussing attention on further integration with other services, and exploring how the service will deal with 'increased and probably different demand' when it replaces the NHS Direct 0845 number.
Health minister Lord Howe said: 'This report shows that NHS 111 is benefiting patients by improving access to urgent care services and ensuring they get to the right service, first time, to meet their medical needs.
'Of course, it is early days for NHS 111 and this report is based on the first four pilot sites. There are now thirteen sites up and running and we expect to see NHS 111 have a greater impact as more areas go live.'


If you are using the legacy VMware vSphere Client on Windows 10 you may have some issues with the VM console that display only a part of the screen and leave blank other parts.
You can use other clients (like the Web Client if you have vCenter or the Host UI if you have at least ESXi 6.0U2), but maybe you will have other issues (for example on ESXi 6.0 host UI console mouse may not work well or not at all).
But if you try to use the vSphere Client console you will have screen like this:
And does not depend by the guest OS or the guest video resolution, there are are just two black bands on the right and at the bottom of the console, making it quite unusable.
Funny, but the solusions is the same the solve the Mouse issues with VMware Workstation 10 and in Windows 8.1 and it's common from Windows 8: when you use a Windows 8-based or Windows 8.1-based computer that has a display that features many dots per inch (that is, a high-DPI display), some desktop applications may appear somewhat blurry when you compare them with other applications on the screen. Alternately, display problems may exist such as truncated text. This behavior occurs in such programs as Internet Explorer, Microsoft Office, Windows Photo Viewer, Windows Media Player, Windows Firewall, the Windows 8 Calendar app, and Windows Journal.
This because, in order to provide an optimal experience on high-DPI displays, desktop applications have to detect the DPI of the display that is being used and then scale their graphical elements, text, and screen layout appropriately. Some applications do not implement this. Therefore, they may not look as sharp. Other applications may attempt to implement this, but may not implement it correctly, causing problems such as truncated text or incorrectly sized graphical elements.
The solutions is change the properties of the vSphere Client icons and disable DPI virtualization for the application. To do this, right-click the application's shortcut and then click Properties. On the Compatibility tab, select Disable Display Scaling On High DPI Settings, and then click OK. This causes the text in the application to appear clearer. However, if the application does not correctly handle high DPI settings, this procedure may have adverse side effects such as truncated text and incorrectly sized graphical elements.
Andrea MauroAbout Andrea Mauro (2532 Posts)
Virtualization & Cloud Architect.
VMUG IT Co-Founder and board member. VMware VMTN Moderator and vExpert (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015). PernixPro 2014. Dell TechCenter Rockstar 2014. MVP 2014.
Several certifications including: VCDX-DCV, VCP-DCV/DT/Cloud, VCAP-DCA/DCD/CIA/CID/DTA/DTD, MCSA, MCSE, MCITP, CCA, NPP.
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What Do Fresh Figs Look Like?
How do you know when fresh figs are bad?
To tell if figs are bad, the best test is the aroma.
An old or overripe fig will have a sour fermented smell.
Placing figs near other fruits and vegetables will cause the others to deteriorate more rapidly because figs, like several other fruits, produce ethylene gas..
Is there a wasp in every fig?
The female wasp crawls inside through a hole so narrow that she loses her wings in the process and becomes trapped. If the fig is a male, she lays her eggs inside. … Luckily for us, the female fig produces an enzyme that digests this wasp completely. The crunchy bits are seeds, not wasp parts.
Should figs be refrigerated?
Ripe fresh figs should be refrigerated. Because they bruise so easily, try putting them on a shallow dish, lined with paper towels. Cover the dish with plastic wrap and the figs will be good for two or three days.
What month do you pick figs?
A. Fresh figs are not tasty until soft and ripe. Therefore, pick them just as the fruit begins to soften. The fig varieties common to Texas usually ripen their fruit during July or August but because of winter freezes, fruit harvest can be delayed until new growth is forced out.
Are figs anti inflammatory?
For such small fruits, figs are an incredible source of fiber and natural sugars. The entire fruit is edible, packed with immune-boosting Vitamins A and C, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. They're also an excellent anti-inflammatory food that aids in digestion, promotes healthy skin, and balances glucose levels.
What is the season for fresh figs?
There are two seasons for domestic fresh figs; the first or "breba" season is the first few weeks in June. The second or "new wood" season typically runs from August through October. The most common variety is the Black Mission fig followed by the Brown Turkey fig and the Green Kadota fig respectivly.
Do FIGS have worms in them?
Figs Have Worms And Dead Wasps Inside Them, And The Reason Why Is Fascinating. … Case in point: figs, which are delicious and a rich source of dietary fiber. Unfortunately, you might not eat them again after watching this!
How long do fresh figs last?
It's important to keep fresh figs cold to slow deterioration. Use them immediately or store in a plastic bag in the coldest part of your refrigerator for up to two days. Fresh figs can be frozen whole, sliced, or peeled in a sealed container for ten to twelve months.
Why do figs fall off before ripe?
Lack of Water Causes Dropping Figs Drought or inconsistent watering is the most common reason that fig fruit falls off the tree. … To correct this, make sure that your fig is receiving enough water. If it's in the ground, the tree should receive at least 2 inches of water a week, either through rainfall or watering.
How do you keep figs from going bad?
Whether you choose to store dried figs in the pantry, fridge or refrigerator, it is best to put them in an airtight container or a tightly sealed plastic bag. Dried figs will last from 6 to 12 months in the pantry. It is important to keep them in a cooler area away from humidity.
What do ripe figs look like?
Fig ripeness cues include sight, touch, and taste. By sight, ripe figs tend to droop while hanging on the tree or bush, have a larger distinguishable size than the immature green fruit, and with the exception of a few varieties have a change in color. By touch, ripe figs should be soft when gently squeezed.
Why are figs not vegan?
These flowers bloom inside the unripe fig-shaped "fruit," which later ripens into the fruit that we enjoy so thoroughly. … Because of their backwards, inside-out nature, figs cannot rely on normal methods, like wind or bees, for pollination.
How many fresh figs should I eat a day?
Consuming at least three figs per day can prove beneficial for weight loss. According to a study conducted on menopausal women, the risk of breast cancer is reduced by 34 percent in women who consume fruits that are high in fiber.
Can fresh figs be frozen?
Figs freeze well with or without sugar, peeled or unpeeled. … Wash ripe figs thoroughly, remove stems, peel if desired, leave whole or cut in half. Freeze with or without sugar syrup. Freeze figs firm-ripe and whole for making preserves later.
What are the side effects of figs?
Figs may cause digestive upset or diarrhea due to their anti-constipation effects. They may also interfere with blood thinners, and some people may be allergic to them.
Are green figs poisonous?
An unripe fig fruit is not only ineffective but it can be toxic and allergic reactions may occur. … Green figs are sweeter than both brown turkey and black mission figs, making them a better choice for desserts and as a dried (candied) fig. Figs are also, of course, great for eating fresh out of hand.
Should you wash fresh figs?
How do you eat a fresh fig?
The best way to enjoy figs is raw, with the skin and seeds intact. You can also remove the peels and scoop out the seeds, if you like, or cook figs by baking, broiling or grilling them. But, the quickest and easiest way to enjoy these gems is by removing the stem and taking a bite right out of the raw fig.
When you eat a fig you eat a wasp?
Figs contain the enzyme ficin that breaks down the female exoskeleton. Well, mostly. When you eat a fig pollinated through mutualism, you are technically eating the wasp, too. But fig wasps are very small, usually only about 1.5 millimeters long.
Can I buy figs at the grocery store?
Dried figs are easy to find year around. You usually find them two ways – packaged up in a ring or available loose in a bulk bin. Stores like Whole Foods and Trader Joe's are great places to look.
Should I remove unripe figs?
Just pick off the smallest, greenest fruit, furthest away from the trunk. This will ensure that the tree sends its energy into ripening the fruit that remains. You'll end up with fewer figs, but they'll be more likely to ripen.


Rename Indexes
THIS TOPIC APPLIES TO: yesSQL Server (starting with 2016)yesAzure SQL DatabasenoAzure SQL Data Warehouse noParallel Data Warehouse
This topic describes how to rename an index in SQL Server 2016 by using SQL Server Management Studio or Transact-SQL. Renaming an index replaces the current index name with the new name that you provide. The specified name must be unique within the table or view. For example, two tables can have an index named XPK_1, but the same table cannot have two indexes named XPK_1. You cannot create an index with the same name as an existing disabled index. Renaming an index does not cause the index to be rebuilt.
In This Topic
Before You Begin
Limitations and Restrictions
When you create a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint on a table, an index with the same name as the constraint is automatically created for the table. Because index names must be unique within the table, you cannot create or rename an index to have the same name as an existing PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint on the table.
Security
Permissions
Requires ALTER permission on the index.
Using SQL Server Management Studio
To rename an index by using the Table Designer
 1. In Object Explorer, click the plus sign to expand the database that contains the table on which you want to rename an index.
 2. Click the plus sign to expand the Tables folder.
 3. Right-click the table on which you want to rename an index and select Design.
 4. On the Table Designer menu, click Indexes/Keys.
 5. Select the index you want to rename in the Selected Primary/Unique Key or Index text box.
 6. In the grid, click Name and type a new name into the text box.
 7. Click Close.
 8. On the File menu, click Savetable_name.
To rename an index by using Object Explorer
 1. In Object Explorer, click the plus sign to expand the database that contains the table on which you want to rename an index.
 2. Click the plus sign to expand the Tables folder.
 3. Click the plus sign to expand the table on which you want to rename an index.
 4. Click the plus sign to expand the Indexes folder.
 5. Right-click the index you want to rename and select Rename.
 6. Type the index's new name and press Enter.
Using Transact-SQL
To rename an index
 1. In Object Explorer, connect to an instance of Database Engine.
 2. On the Standard bar, click New Query.
 3. Copy and paste the following example into the query window and click Execute.
 USE AdventureWorks2012;
 GO
 --Renames the IX_ProductVendor_VendorID index on the Purchasing.ProductVendor table to IX_VendorID.

 EXEC sp_rename N'Purchasing.ProductVendor.IX_ProductVendor_VendorID', N'IX_VendorID', N'INDEX';
 GO

For more information, see sp_rename (Transact-SQL).


text:
ABSTRACT: A randomized controlled trial of two different types of web-based instructional methods [Med Teach. 2012] – PubMed – NCBI
Computer-based learning (CBL) is an effective form of medical education. Educators have developed recommendations for instructional design but there is only minimal research that evaluates these recommendations.
To evaluate the effect of case-based questions contained in computer modules on learning efficacy.
The authors conducted a randomized controlled trial in 124 medical students of two CBL PowerPoint modules-based on Medicare. The modules were identical except one contained 11 case-based scenarios followed by multiple choice questions. The primary outcome measurement was a previously validated, 11-item knowledge test taken at the end of the module and at the end of the academic year to test retention.
The students who studied the module with case-based questions answered one more item correctly in the first test (8.9 vs. 10.00 correct answers, p = 0.001). This difference had disappeared by the time of the second test (4.2 vs. 4.7, p = 0.095).
This study shows that computer modules with case-based questions enhance learning in the short-term but at the expense of increased time and so decreased learning efficiency. This learning benefit was not maintained.


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The automatic loading mixer prevents clever tanks
The automatic loading mixer prevents clever tanks
Issue Time:2020-03-19
1. Carrier water reducer: Water reducer is a concrete admixture that can reduce the amount of water used for mixing under the condition that the slump of the concrete is maintained. It can be carried on the vehicle to adjust the concrete very well..
2. Return to the factory to check the amount of water in the tank: Every time when the task of returning to the station is completed, return to the station, check the amount of water in the water storage tank, so that the water in the water tank is full at any time for emergency.
automatic self loading concrete mixer truck
3. Check the quality of the concrete before leaving the factory: The quality of each plate of concrete may change due to different raw materials.
4. Reduce vehicle travel time: The transportation distance of concrete is generally within 30 kilometers in diameter. Plan the route and vehicle traffic before leaving the vehicle.
5. Discharge first to reduce the loss: If it encounters human factors or force majeure factors that cause unloading for a long time, once it is found that the concrete has started to condense, immediately discharge it after reporting to the responsible person to prevent the entire tank from being scrapped..
automatic self feeding and discharging concrete mixer truck
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text:
What is Learning Style?
Learning style refers to the process of efficient acquiring, storing and managing information through learning and teaching based on the individual's style of preference.
Learning style definition
Learning style refers to a process of efficient acquiring, storing and managing information through learning and teaching based on an individual's style of preference.
Learning styles emerged from four different actions: having an experience, reviewing the experience, drawing conclusions from the experience and planning the next steps based on the experience.
Learning style models
1. Converger: for individuals who are prone to abstract concepts, experimentation, practical application of ideas and deductive reasoning.
2. Diverger: includes reflective observation and concrete evidence or experience for individuals who are good at seeing things from a different angle and creative endeavors.
3. Assimilator: for individuals who are good with abstract concepts and reflective observation, inductive reasoning and the use of theoretical models.
4. Accommodator: for individuals who prefer concrete experience and experimentation through engaging with the world to learn rather than study theory.


text:
>> Important Exams
>> IIT JEE Main-Advanced
>> IIT JEE Advanced
>> IIT JEE 2012
>> IIT JEE 2012 Preparation
IIT JEE 2012 Preparation
When to start preparing for IIT JEE 2012 Examination?
- Candidates should ideally start preparing in the beginning of standard 11th. If a student starts preparing in standard 12th, then he/she have to work harder due to additional preparation for 12th Board examinations. This will minimize the chances of getting a high rank in IIT JEE 2012 examination.
- Candidates are advised to understand the concepts.
A Few Tips for IIT JEE 2012
Revision of standard 9th syllabus
- Candidates should begin with revising basic concepts taught in standard 9th.
Study Important Topics
- Important Topics which are scoring and form the basis for other topics should be studied first such as Algebra, Mechanics and Stoichiometry and so on.
No room for Doubts
- Students must not have any doubts regarding any topic. Students should be inquisitive and should clear their doubts in order to be mentally confident while tackling any concept.
Regular Problem solving
- Students should practice problem-solving as it strengthens the concepts and increases mental sharpness for quick responses. Students must go step-by-step. Problems of medium difficulty should be solved initially. After having mastered them, students should solve the intricate ones.
Systematic Study Plan
- Students preparing for IIT JEE 2012 must have a systematic approach to studies. They must regularly study to have a complete understanding of concepts. Problems should be solved regularly for practice.
Do not Memorize Formulas. Understand them!
Tips for Problem Solving
- Instead of memorizing formulas and lessons, students should understand the derivations of the formulas and apply it to solve problems. Students should have a clear idea of all concepts and laws.
- Be analytical. Not intuitive.
- Choose a problem and try to solve it yourself.
- Try to understand what is given and what is required.
- Try to recall what principles, laws, equations may be involved. Don't see the solution as it doesn't help you to learn. Give a second or third attempt before moving to the solutions.
Points to Remember
- Practice new questions similar to of IIT JEE Level.
- Preparing your 'Basics' well.
- Attempt a question fully. Do not jump from one question to another in hurry.
- Read the question carefully and then try to solve it. Do not start solving without realizing what is being asked.
- Time management is very important. Divide your time wisely.
- Prepare as per the given syllabus. Do not waste time on unimportant topics.
- Solve 30-40 problems for every topic or chapter. Also try solving quality and problems with new applications.
- You should have your own strategy.
- Fundamentals of concepts are top practiced, not memorized.
- Practice previous year's papers to have an idea of what types of questions are being asked in the exam.
- Try to complete the paper well before time in order to review your answers.
Best of Luck!


text: This Teaching set explains how the events in Genesis and Exodus foreshadow the course of Biblical and modern history. The events associated with Adam and Eve, Noah, Abraham and Isaac foreshadows the exile of the nation of Israrel into the nations and their redemption through the Messiah. The conflict between Jacob and Esau foreshadows the events of the tribulation or Jacob's trouble. Joseph's separation from his brothers foreshadow the split of the house of Jacob into Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom and there eventual reunification.The judgments upon Egypt foreshadows the judgment upon the nations during the tribulation period. The two signs of Moses foreshadow the death and resurrection of the Messiah The events of the historical Egyptian exodus foreshadows the tribulation, judgment of the nations, and the redemption of Ephraim and Judah.


Recently, I was approached by a member of our Board of Trustees about putting together a primer on institutional advancement. As I thought about the idea, I came to see it as a golden opportunity to educate and inform our Board about what institutional advancement does and why it is important.
Many people think of advancement exclusively in terms of fundraising, and of fundraising only in terms of asking for money. Advancement professionals know that's not the case, but we ought not assume such knowledge among Board members. Each member of the Board brings his or her own unique skills and abilities to the table, but that does not necessarily mean they have an understanding of the aims and functions of advancement, or the various constituencies it serves.
A brief, well-written primer on advancement can benefit Board members in four important ways…
 1. It can inform their understanding of the integrated approach to alumni relations and development.
 2. It can dispel certain myths about fundraising.
 3. It can provide concrete suggestions for how they can get involved with advancement.
 4. It can show them how to become advocates for advancement itself, and why that is important.
The Integrated Approach
In 1792, Yale became the first institution to start formally organizing alumni gatherings. By 1823, Brown University began the first annual development effort with its "Alumni Fund." From the beginning, alumni relations and development led largely separate lives, and often operated in separate buildings on campus. Over time, however, professionals in these fields began to see how the work of each influenced the other. While there are some institutions that still maintain a separation of the two, the modern trend has been towards an integrated model. The goal of a primer should be to show how interdependent alumni relations and development personnel are, and that the success of each requires a carefully coordinated effort.
Dispel Fundraising Myths
One common misunderstanding people have about fundraising is that it is all about asking for money. Advancement professionals have an obligation to explain to their Boards that making "the ask," while important, is only one step in a cyclical process that also involves a number of other critically important steps. It is not necessary to go into lengthy detail a primer. Rather, it is sufficient to simply convey the following…
Fundraising is a continuous and cyclical process
that values the relationship with the donor
more than the size and frequency of gifts.
How one communicates that message can vary, but it needs to be the key takeaway for Board members. The mechanics of fundraising can always be discussed later if needed.
Encourage Involvement
Another important message to communicate is the need for Board members to get involved in the advancement effort in some way. Not everyone is comfortable asking for money, so it is important to suggest other ways one might lend a hand. This might include hosting an alumni event, spreading the word about the organization to as many people as possible, or connecting the institution with potential donors or volunteers with valuable expertise. The goal of a primer should be to list the myriad ways a Board member can be involved with advancement, with or without asking for money.
Advocate for Advancement
One often-overlooked way that Board members can help with advancement is by being advocates for advancement itself. The functions of advancement require adequate staffing and resources in order to be effective. In their oversight capacity, Board members can help ensure advancement's effectiveness by making sure the alumni relations and development operations have all the personnel and resources they need to deliver on desired outcomes.
Question: What are some things you wish your Board knew about advancement, and how would you best communicate them?
Posted by Mark Zobel PhD, CFRE
I help nonprofits accomplish their missions and achieve their visions for a better world through donor-centered fundraising and comprehensive development work.
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text:
FET Decoder Tree Layout for Speed Improvement
Original Publication Date: 1986-Nov-01
Included in the Prior Art Database: 2005-Mar-09
This article relates to a FET (field-effect transistor) decoder circuit design allowing a layout technique in silicon which enhances the capacitive drive output capability without additional input drive requirements or silicon area. Improved speed through additional drive capability with no additional silicon required for layout can be realized when a tree-style arrangement of FET decoder devices is used rather than a conventional NAND approach. Fig. 1a shows a conventional NAND decoder. Fig. 1b is the physical layout of the NAND devices in silicon. A diffusion region 10 is associated with each device source/drain, and a device gate 11 is associated with each address input, i.e., A0, A0 not, A1, A1 not,...etc. All levels of the serial-connected devices, shown in Fig. 1a, have a gate width of W.


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text:
The municipal water system consists of two main raw water sources: Shuswap Lake (85%) and East Canoe Creek (15%), chlorine treatment systems for these and an extensive water pumping, distribution, and storage system. There is also a minor water supply from Rumball Creek for irrigation at the Mt. Ida Cemetery. The water supply consistently meets the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines, BC Drinking Water Protection Act and the Safe Drinking Water Regulations.
Shuswap Water Source
The Shuswap Lake water source has a new water treatment plant that meets the Interior Health Authority water treatment objective for 4-log (99.99 percent) inactivation and/or removal of viruses, 3-log (99.9 percent) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidia, dual treatment (eg. filtration and disinfection), <1 NTU turbidity, and 0 total or fecal coliforms.
East Canoe Creek and Rumball Creek Water Sources
The East Canoe Creek source uses chlorine as its primary disinfectant. The Rumball Creek source has no disinfection as this source is used for irrigation purposes only.
Waterworks and Distribution System
The waterworks system provides water through gravity and pump systems. The waterworks system is complex and is comprised of seven zones, 810 hydrants, six pumping stations, 14 reservoirs, and one dam, with a total storage capacity of 24,538 cubic meters and over 6,900 connections.
The distribution system includes approximately 205 km of water main, varying in diameter from 100 mm to 600 mm and servicing approximately 14,000 people. The system is designed and operated to deliver a minimum acceptable pressure of no less than 210 kilopascals (30 psi) during peak-hour demand. The maximum pressure should not exceed 625 kilopascals (90 psi).
Approximately 25% of the city's customers are on water meters. The average daily water production is 9.6 megalitres (3,500 megalitres per year) with a peak demand during the summer of 22.3 megalitres per day.
Please visit our Request Tracker to advise the city of any maintenance issues.


text:
Alex Intelligent Software (AS SSD) Benchmark is a software utility that provides a benchmark for measuring the performance of a Solid State Drive (SSD) that is connected to the system. It is freeware software supported on the following operating systems: Microsoft Windows 10, 8, 8.1, 7, Vista and XP on either a 32-bit or 64-bit setup. The utility is supported with a simple and easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) to select the hard drive for testing the performance.
The utility is capable of measuring the data speed rates of various data types including the incompressible data types for the selected SSD. Further, the utility provides various types of SSD tests for the user that includes the Copy-benchmark test, the Compression-benchmark test, the 4K test, and the Seq test.
The Copy-benchmark test checks for the speed of the SSD drive to copy the files.
The Compression-benchmark tests checks for the speed of the SSD drive to compress the data.
The 4K tests the speed of the SSD drive to read/write a random 4K blocks of data.
The Seq tests the speed of the SSD drive to read a large application file, with a limit of 1 GB.
Screenshots are not available
– Sequential NVMe measurement more accurate. Especially on older systems.


text:
You don't need to learn programming to provide help messages for your users. Excel's Data Validation feature makes it easy to add a help message to any cell in your worksheet.
For example, suppose you create an application that calculates the amount of money your company must invest in order to attain a certain value at the end of a set period. To create the application with appropriate help messages, follow these steps:
1. In D1, enter Interest Rate.
2. In D2, enter Number of Periods.
3. In D3, enter Future Value.
4. In D4, enter What you need to invest.
5. Click E1.
6. Go to Data | Validation, and then click the Input Message tab.
7. In the Title box, enter Interest Rate.
8. In the Input Message box, type Enter the interest rate per period. For example, enter =10%/4 for a quarterly interest rate of 10%.
9. Click OK.
10. Click E2.
11. Go to Data | Validation, and then click the Input Message tab.
12. In the Title box, enter Number of Periods.
13. In the Input Message box, type Enter the total number of periods in an investment. For example, for a 10-year investment that pays quarterly, you would enter 40.)
14. Click OK.
15. Click E3.
16. Go to Data | Validation, and then click the Input Message tab.
17. In the Title Box, enter Future Value.
18. In the Input Message box, type Enter what you would like to earn from this investment.
19. Click OK.
20. Click E4.
21. Enter =PV(E1,E2,,E3).
Let's say you will need $100,000 to replace the new equipment that will depreciate in 10 years. With a 10% quarterly interest rate, you would enter =10%/4 in E1, 40 in E2, and 100000 in E3. When you click each input cell, a message will pop up, letting you know how to enter each value. As shown in E4, you will need to invest $37,243.06 to reach $100,000 in 10 years.
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