Clave Conundrum: Which View To Choose?
By Jeff Salisbury
After being fortunate enough to have seen a number of the most influential Latin percussionists of our time play simply astounding music, I encountered a sort of musical puzzle. The polyrhythmic prevalence of 3 over 2 and 3 over 4 has intrigued me and prompted me to document a combination I had yet to see on paper. By superimposing 3-2 Rumba Clave over 6/8 clave where 8th note= 8th note, a cycle of either 6 bars of 4/4 time or 8 bars of 6/8 is derived. When I wrote it both ways I wondered which look is more "user friendly". No instruments are specified and I did not use any x's or alternative noteheads, which might be preferred.
The logical extension of the clave combination for me was fleshing it out to be Bembe/Cascara. Then the possibilities of notation increased. Is it easier to read in ¾ time? What about 6/8 or 4/4? Is the top line easier when corresponding to the time signature, or does that matter? How about a rudimental look? Regardless of the view, they all amount to the same interaction of the rhythms and are not inherently more or less difficult to play.
This led me to wonder how our brains work when presented with different perspectives of the same musical situation. Based on my experience, I found it easier to play certain versions sooner than others. Try them out and have fun. I'd love to hear what other drummers experience when reading through these and which views are preferable.


text:
This September, Larry Crumpler, a research colleague at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, and I were able to fly in the back seats of two weight-shifting ultralight aircraft during a two-hour flight over the McCartys lava flow in central New Mexico. This flow is 3,000 years old and over 47 km (29 miles) long, one of the longest fresh lava flows in the continental United States. It has been the subject of on-going research by Larry, other colleagues, and me as part of my research grant funded by NASA through the Planetary Geology and Geophysics program.
Larry made contact with the ultralight pilots through his museum in Albuquerque, and following some field work on the McCartys flow this past April, Larry and I were able to make the first ultralight flight over the lava flow. Pilots Jeff Gilkey and Paul Dressendorfer are very experienced ultralight pilots, both having flown hundreds of times over the many natural wonders that abound in New Mexico and neighboring states. The April flight convinced both Larry and I that ultralights could represent a wonderful platform from which to obtain low-altitude stereo photographs, which should show much more detail than could be obtained from either commercial aerial photographs or satellite images.
For the September flight, I attached a Canon Eos Rebel digital camera to a monopole, with a remote trigger taped to the pole, plus two separate safety lines that attached the pole to me in a way that still allowed for easy movement. As we flew over the lava flow, the camera was held out from the side of the two-person open cockpit, oriented to point straight down. I was able to collect over 1,800 vertical photographs, including ones taken while following several GPS-specified lines to provide aerial coverage of places that we have investigated extensively on the ground. Meanwhile, Larry took photos from the second ultralight (for safety reasons, the pilots prefer to fly in pairs), providing context information of the mapping ultralight.
A quick check of the vertical photos has confirmed the great scientific value contained within low-altitude, low-speed aerial photographs. The stereo photographs should provide many new insights about the McCartys lava flow during the coming months, and they will also be included in future proposals to support research of lava flows in the New Mexico area.
Jim Zimbelman is a geologist in the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the National Air and Space Museum.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Five traditional dishes to deliciously commemorate Kuwait's National Day
kuwait food
Today marks the 59th Kuwait National Day, or Liberation Day, and what better way to celebrate than how the Kuwaiti's themselves do it: close to family, around carefully prepared food. Choosing from an array of vibrant and flavorful options, here is a top five from the traditional recipes.
The nation-wide holiday marks Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah's ascension to the throne in 1950, still celebrated ardently, serving as an opportunity for Kuwaitis to gather with their family members, enjoying recipes that have endured through the decades.
For a country with a subtropical climate, it may be surprising to learn that that traditional Kuwaiti cuisine consists of quite heavy rice-based dishes and thick soups. Many dishes call for seafood, as the country follows the fish-dense coastline of the Persian Gulf. Most importantly, they are all made to share and savour as a group.
1. Harees
Harees is a staple food that can be found in almost all Kuwaiti homes during Ramadan. It also goes by the name of jareesh, areesa or harissa, in neighboring countries, as it is served throughout the Middle East.
This thick porridge-like dish consists mainly of wheat, soaked overnight, cooked with lamb, chicken, or mutton as a possible delicacy. The totality of the ingredients are cooked on stovetop and the pounded into a homogeneous purée and finally topped off with cinnamon, cumin or cardamom.
Despite its dull appearance, it is extremely filling and dear to Kuwaiti's, serving as a fantastic comfort food and has kept its' spot at the table for most special occasions.
2. Machboos Laham
Machboos is the quintessential Kuwaiti meal, proudly presented as the national dish of the small nation by its people.
The dish relies on the careful execution of three parts; the meat (chicken, mutton or fish), slow-cooked until tender, the basmati rice toasted and boiled in the spiced meat stock, and the stuffing which is consists of split beans, raisins and onion.
3. Mutabbaq Samak
Mutabbaq Samak is made from whole, local, fried fish served on a large bed of fragrant rice.
The most commonly used fish for this traditional dish is pomfret (zubaidi), which is seasoned, partly boiled, and then coated in flour before finally being fried until crispy.
The rice is cooked separately with turmeric, onions, garlic, sumac, and parsley. The fish is always served on top of the rice, and the whole dish is usually garnished with fresh herbs, as well as raisins and nuts.
4. Murabyan
This rice dish, topped with juicy locally sourced shrimp, has earned considerable popularity throughout the nation.
What gives the shrimp their distinct flavor are the sauteed onions; turmeric, coriander and the special ingredient: dried loomi, which is dried black lime.
To get the tangy, sweet result, with a rich fermented aroma, the limes are boiled and then left in the strong sun to dry. In addition to the addictively complex flavor, died loomi has a series of health benefits ranging from anti-cancer properties to promoting a healthy digestion.
5. Gers Ogaily
Given the alias "perfume cake", Gers Ogaily is the perhaps most beloved dessert in Kuwait. It is easily recognized by its rich yellow color and love for its deep, layered aromas coming through from the saffron, cardamom and rose water.
This sponge cake is typically baked in large bundt pan and occasionally in smaller baking molds, creating a cupcake-like dessert, but both versions have the same ingredients and coated in beautifully tasted sesame seeds.


Why Your Agroforestry Project Will Fail & How To Succeed Instead
Why Your Agroforestry Project Will Fail & How To Succeed Instead
4-minute read
I'm about to share with you some simple ways that can keep your agroforestry projects from failing.
Having launched my own businesses and projects on multiple occasions, I always remain positively "stung" by my failures. I celebrate my successes— but my greatest educational moments come from my failures.
I never thoroughly examine the reasons for my successes in the same way I look at my failures. When we succeed, we "put the trophy on the shelf" and hardly take the time to examine it in great detail.
Failures have kept me up at night and stressed me out. I learn so much more from these failures than I do from my successes because I don't think about why I failed twice—I think about why I failed a thousand times, thoroughly examining different hypothetical causes.
Failures hurt.
When you have invested time, money, energy, and relationships into your project, your desire for project success increases proportionately with your investment. When your project fails, there's a painful sense of loss and there's also a learning opportunity knocking on your door— and you are better to answer the door and pay attention.
Here are some key reasons your agroforestry project can fail:
 1. using non-native species (bio-regionally inappropriate) species
 2. non-community-centered business model
 3. poor crop layout design
 4. poor marketability
 5. poor accessibility/distribution
 6. not knowing your margins
Continue below↓↓↓ to figure out what you can do about them ↓↓↓
1) What we all need to know about using non-native species:
Years and years of botanical studies have taught me that there are numerous characteristics, requirements, and ecosystem functions that a plant has, and depending on its influence on the surrounding biodiversity, this non-native plant may or may not be appropriate.
We often are attracted to non-native species because they are high-value crops. Some examples of inappropriate use are: growing avocados/oranges in arid climate regions (these crops are subtropical/tropical with high-water requirements), or growing invasive eucalyptus in chaparral ecosystems.
Some essential items to consider are:
Is the plant invasive?
 - If yes, can it be controlled with minimal inputs?
 - What is potential systemic net harm if we lose control of the plant?
Does the plant produce chemicals (i.e., allelopathic, etc.) that are harmful to neighboring flora and fauna?
 - What is the hypothesized impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services if this plant is used?
Does the plant have evapotranspiration properties that are harmonious with the local watershed cycle's habits?
 - Plants that exhibit hyper-evapotranspiration can dry out local ecosystems and destroy local flora and fauna.
Does the plant have compatible water and soil nutrient requirements with the local watershed cycles and soil type(s)?
 - If requirements are higher/lower, this poses a necessity for more significant human intervention, increasing input costs, and shrinking profit margins
It's fine to use non-native species depending on the context. If the context is ultimately not appropriate, there is a risk of crop failures, regional water security issues, and biodiversity loss. Conduct an ecosystem services review of impacts and dependencies to help you evaluate appropriateness— or send me a message, and I'll see if I can help you.
2) A Non-Community-Centered Business Model
Simply put, there is almost nothing on this planet that is neutral. Everything is taking or giving. A business model can contribute to community welfare by creating shared value, or it can increase community struggle by concentrating its value.
A healthy and sustainable business model will improve both the social and natural capital of the community it is impacting. Some of the ways this can take shape is:
Ensuring that a sufficient amount of the end product(s) is founded on the local community's culture (restorative culture and local ownership)
 - If a community's culture does not inherently embrace the product, the likelihood of local and environmental resistance is significantly increased
Investing in community capacity development (training and education)
 - increasing social capital supports greater economic, social and ecological health
Promoting holistic stewardship of natural capital (living assets— like trees, the local watershed, etc.)
 - people are only as healthy as their ecosystems
Encouraging communal participatory decision-making and involvement (increases transparency and stakeholder trust)
Encouraging local ownership of the business model (shared equity)
 - creates local ambassadors and communal support
The more of these approaches that are adopted by a business model, the more robust, resilient, and successful the business/project will be in the long-term.
agroforestry community
3) Poor Crop Layout Design
Having a poor layout of your agroforestry system can create significant financial, economic, and environmental issues. In horticulture, we all know the phrase "Right plant in the right place." This summarizes the numerous functions, requirements, and characteristics exhibited by each plant species. One must consider all environmental factors (i.e., climate, water requirements, soil types, fertility requirements, bloom periods, root profiles, canopy heights, spacing, accessibility, and many more attributes).
 "An ounce of planning is worth a tonne of work."
4) Poor Marketability
Have we verified that the market wants what we are producing?
What sources of information are we using to answer that question?
So many great ideas fail because of blind trust with zero validation.
Perform sufficient market research.
5) Poor Accessibility
Wonderful. After lots of market research, we have determined that there is significant market demand for our product that is not being currently satisfied by competitors, thus creating an opportunity for us to supply that demand.
Do we have the necessary resources to get our product to our demanding clients/consumers? Have we verified that we can get our product to the required markets and distribution centers?
6) Not Knowing Your Margins
So many of us entrepreneurs "fly by the seat of our pants". We make things up as we go, spending more time doing, and not enough time thinking, researching, and planning.
Let's say we scored 100% positive on the first five items I have listed in this article. Even if everything was perfect, it is still possible to not have the necessary profit margin to keep the business/project operational.
Accounting and finance management. Do them, or get someone to do it with/for you.
agroforestry community
Plan. Plan. Plan. Do.
So much pain and struggling can be avoided with preparation done through planning. I can promise you that. Hire experts where necessary. It will save you time and money, and if you think hiring an expert is expensive, try hiring an amateur. The amateur's mistakes will cost you much more.
May your projects flourish in success and provide many opportunities for learning and growth.
If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to my newsletter to get the next one. Thank you for reading.


text:
by Oregon. Dept. of Energy .
Written in English
|Statement||Oregon. Dept. of Energy.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||84 p. $0.00 C.1.|
|Number of Pages||84|
Amended Oregon State Energy Conservation Plan (). prepared in response to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of (PL ), and the Energy Conservation and Production Act of (PL ). United States: N. p., Web. New state construction must exceed the energy conservation provisions of the Oregon State building code by 20% or more. In addition, the Oregon Legislature passed HB, which requires that public entities spend % of the total contract price of a public improvement contract for new construction or major renovation of a public building on solar energy technology. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of (EPCA) (Pub.L. 94–, 89 Stat. , enacted Decem ) is a United States Act of Congress that responded to the oil crisis by creating a comprehensive approach to federal energy policy. The primary goals of EPCA are to increase energy production and supply, reduce energy demand, provide energy efficiency, and give the executive Enacted by: the 94th United States Congress. Hot Topics. ODOE's Salem office is closed to the public until further notice to reduce the spread of the COVID virus. Our services re main open – contact us.; ODOE's Implementation Report for Gov. Brown's Executive Order directing state agencies to take actions to reduce and regulate green house gas emissions. ODOE launches new Oregon Solar + Storage Rebate Program.
To build smart and conserve energy, Oregon has developed energy codes and standards for buildings. Oregon's building codes are administered by the state Building Codes Division, including the: Oregon Zero Energy Ready Commercial Code: The OZERCC became fully effective January 1, after a 3 month phase-in period. Adopted energy codes and standards. The division works with building officials, technical committees, advisory boards, and the public to adopt, amend, and interpret the Chapter 13 energy efficiency provisions of the Oregon Structural Specialty Code (OSSC) and the Chapter 11 energy efficiency provisions of the Oregon Residential Specialty Code (ORSC). The Building Codes Division adopts, amends, and interprets 11 specialty codes that make up the Oregon State Building Code. The division administers each code through specialized code programs. Program staff members work with local building officials, industry professionals, advisory boards, and the. State of Oregon Energy Plan State and National Energy Highlights Oregon's Nuclear and Thermal Energy ouncil is formed to ensure that nuclear and coal-fired power plants met health, safety and environmental standards. The OPEC oil embargo led to U.S. energy shortages.
In Oregon, the Oregon Department of Energy (Department) is responsible for regulating activities related to energy development and conservation. The Department was created pursuant to ORS § , and is the central agency for collection of data on energy resources. The department works with stakeholders across Oregon to help implement the state's energy goals and policies. The work is diverse—from helping Oregonians improve the energy efficiency of their homes, businesses and schools, to overseeing the state's interests in the cleanup project at the Hanford nuclear site in Washington. The SC Energy Standards started as House Bill (Act ) and became effective 7/6/ The standards were adopted as state law and were applicable and mandatory in every municipality and county in South Carolina. In , the State Standard referenced "the current addition of Appendix J Energy Conservation' of the The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approved the year revision of the Oregon Conservation Strategy in August The Oregon Conservation Strategy is now available in an interactive website at the new website to quickly search for specific Strategy Species and Strategy Habitats, see how they are impacted by statewide Key Conservation .

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


list of stepdicts, sorted by number, via Deferred Get all steps in the given build, in order by number. .. py:method:: addStep(self, buildid, name, state_string) :param integer buildid: the build to which to add the step :param name: the step name :type name: 50-character :ref:'identifier ' :param unicode state_string: the initial state of the step :returns: tuple of step ID, step number, and step name, via Deferred Add a new step to a build. The given name will be used if it is unique; otherwise, a unique numerical suffix will be appended. .. py:method:: setStepStateString(stepid, state_string): :param integer stepid: step ID :param unicode state_string: updated state of the step :returns: Deferred Update the state string for the given step. .. py:method:: finishStep(stepid, results, hidden) :param integer stepid: step ID :param integer results: step result :param bool hidden: true if the step should be hidden :returns: Deferred Mark the given step as finished, with ''complete_at'' set to the current time. .. note:: This update is done unconditionally, even if the steps are already finished. .. py:method:: addURL(self, stepid, name, url) :param integer stepid: the stepid to add the url. :param string name: the url name :param string url: the actual url :returns: None via deferred Add a new url to a step. The new url is added to the list of urls. logs ~~~~ .. py:module:: buildbot.db.logs .. index:: double: Logs; DB Connector Component .. py:class:: LogsConnectorComponent This class handles log data. Build steps can have zero or more logs. Logs are uniquely identified by name within a step. Information about a log, apart from its contents, is represented as a dictionary with the following keys, referred to as a *logdict*: * ''id'' (log ID, globally unique) * ''stepid'' (step ID, indicating the containing step) * ''name'' free-form name of this log * ''slug'' (50-identifier for the log, unique within the step) * ''complete'' (true if the log is complete and will not receive more lines) * ''num_lines'' (number of lines in the log) * ''type'' (log type; see below) Each log has a type that describes how to interpret its contents. See the :bb:rtype:'logchunk' resource type for details. A log is contains a sequence of newline-separated lines of unicode. Log line numbering is zero-based. Each line must be less than 64k when encoded in UTF-8. Longer lines will be truncated, and a warning logged. Lines are stored internally in "chunks", and optionally compressed, but the implementation hides these details from callers. .. py:method:: getLog(logid) :param integer logid: ID of the requested log :returns: logdict via Deferred Get a log, identified by logid. .. py:method:: getLogBySlug(stepid, slug) :param integer stepid: ID of the step containing this log :param slug: slug of the logfile to retrieve :type name: 50-character identifier :returns: logdict via Deferred Get a log, identified by name within the given step. .. py:method:: getLogs(stepid) :param integer stepid: ID of the step containing the desired logs :returns: list of logdicts via Deferred Get all logs within the given step. .. py:method:: getLogLines(logid, first_line, last_line) :param integer logid: ID of the log :param first_line: first line to return :param last_line: last line to return :returns: see below Get a subset of lines for a logfile. The return value, via Deferred, is a concatenation of newline-terminated strings. If the requested last line is beyond the end of the logfile, only existing lines will be included. If the log does not exist, or has no associated lines, this method returns an empty string. .. py:method:: addLog(stepid, name, type) :param integer stepid: ID of the step containing this log :param string name: name of the logfile :param slug: slug (unique identifier) of the logfile :type slug: 50-character identifier :param string type: log type (see above) :raises KeyError: if a log with the given slug already exists in the step :returns: ID of the new log, via Deferred Add a new log file to the given step. .. py:method:: appendLog(logid, content) :param integer logid: ID of the requested log :param string content: new content to be appended to the log :returns: tuple of first and last line numbers in the new chunk, via Deferred Append content to an existing log. The content must end with a newline. If the given log does not exist, the method will silently do nothing. It is not safe to call this method more than once simultaneously for the same ''logid''. .. py:method:: finishLog(logid) :param integer logid: ID of the log to mark complete :returns: Deferred Mark a log as complete. Note that no checking for completeness is performed when appending to a log. It is up to the caller to avoid further calls to ''appendLog'' after ''finishLog''. .. py:method:: compressLog(logid) :param integer logid: ID of the log to compress :returns: Deferred Compress the given log. This method performs internal optimizations of a log's chunks to reduce the space used and make read operations more efficient. It should only be called for finished logs. This method may take some time to complete. buildsets ~~~~~~~~~ .. py:module:: buildbot.db.buildsets .. index:: double: Buildsets; DB Connector Component .. py:class:: BuildsetsConnectorComponent This class handles getting buildsets into and out of the database. Buildsets combine multiple build requests that were triggered together. An instance of this class is available at ''master.db.buildsets''. .. index:: bsdict, bsid Buildsets are indexed by *bsid* and their contents represented as *bsdicts* (buildset dictionaries), with keys * ''bsid'' * ''external_idstring'' (arbitrary string for mapping builds externally) * ''reason'' (string; reason these builds were triggered) * ''sourcestamps'' (list of sourcestamps for this buildset, by ID) * ''submitted_at'' (datetime object; time this buildset was created) * ''complete'' (boolean; true if all of the builds for this buildset are complete) * ''complete_at'' (datetime object; time this buildset was completed) * ''results'' (aggregate result of this buildset; see :ref:'Build-Result-Codes') .. py:method:: addBuildset(sourcestamps, reason, properties, builderids, external_idstring=None, parent_buildid=None, parent_relationship=None) :param sourcestamps: sourcestamps for the new buildset; see below :type sourcestamps: list :param reason: reason for this buildset :type reason: short unicode string :param properties: properties for this buildset :type properties: dictionary, where values are tuples of (value, source) :param builderids: builderids specified by this buildset :type builderids: list of int :param external_idstring: external key to identify this buildset; defaults to None :type external_idstring: unicode string :param datetime submitted_at: time this buildset was created; defaults to the current time :param int parent_buildid: optional build id that is the parent for this buildset :param unicode parent_relationship: relationship identifier for the parent, this is is configured relationship between the parent build, and the childs buildsets :returns: buildset ID and buildrequest IDs, via a Deferred Add a new Buildset to the database, along with BuildRequests for each builder, returning the resulting


text:
Spring 2022 in Berlin and Brandenburg was characterized by little precipitation, relatively mild temperatures and numerous hours of sunshine. With only around 55 liters of precipitation per square meter from March to May, the capital was the driest area in Germany, as the German Weather Service (DWD) announced on Monday. For comparison: the long-term average was around 132 liters per square meter.
According to initial calculations by the DWD, the average temperature in Berlin was 9.9 degrees, above the long-term average of 8.7 degrees, so that the capital was classified among the comparatively warm regions. The sun showed up for more than 680 hours (507 hours).
Coal phase-out, climate change, sector coupling: The briefing for the energy and climate sector. For decision makers
According to the data, Brandenburg was the second driest federal state this spring with a rounded up of 60 liters of precipitation per square meter. With locally less than 40 liters per square meter, the Uckermark and the Oderbruch were among the regions with the lowest rainfall.
The DWD climate experts calculated an average temperature of 9.1 degrees for the country, which was also well above the long-term average of 8.2 degrees. In addition, the sun also shone much longer in Brandenburg – namely 685 hours.
Nationwide, spring 2022 was clearly too warm again, after temperatures that were clearly too cool last year interrupted a series of springs that were too warm in Germany.
[If you want to have all the latest news live on your mobile phone, we recommend our app, which you can download here for Apple and Android devices.]


Wednesday, June 20, 2012
>Apus alexandri (Cape Verde Swift)
Cape Verde Swift

Cape Verde Swift
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Apodiformes
Family:Apodidae
Genus:Apus
Species:A. alexandri
Binomial name
Apus alexandri
Hartert, 1901
The Cape Verde Swift or Alexander's Swift (Apus alexandri) is a small bird of the swift family found only in the Cape Verde Islands. It has been recorded from all the islands except Santa Luzia although it probably breeds only on Santiago, Fogo, Brava, Santo Antão and São Nicolau. It is generally common with a stable population and is not considered to be threatened. It can be seen flying over all habitats and hunts in flight for insects, foraging in flocks over gullies and along cliffs and shorelines.
It is 13 cm long with a wingspan of 34 to 35 cm. The plumage is dark grey-brown with a large pale throat-patch. Compared to other swifts recorded from the islands it is smaller with shorter wings and a shallower fork to the tail. Its flight action is weaker and more fluttering. It has a high-pitched, screaming call with a buzzing quality.
The nest is built in a crevice in a cliff, in a cave or in the roof of a building. It is saucer-shaped and made of grass and feathers. The eggs are white and a clutch size of two has been reported.
The name Alexander's Swift commemorates Boyd Alexander, an English ornithologist who led two expeditions to the islands in 1897.
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text: Real-time navigation services, such as Google Maps and Waze, are widely used in daily life. These services provide rich data resources in real-time traffic conditions and travel time predictions; however, they have not been fully applied in transportation modeling. This paper aims to use traffic data from Google Maps and applying cutting-edge technologies in maximum likelihood estimation to model traffic networks and travel time reliability. This paper integrates Google Maps travel time data for routes and traffic condition data for links to model the complexities of traffic networks. We then formulate the Fisher information matrix and apply the asymptotic normality to obtain the probability distribution of the travel time estimates for a random route within the network of interest. We also derive the travel time reliability by considering two levels of uncertainties, i.e., the uncertainty of the route's travel time and the uncertainty of its travel time estimates. The proposed method could provide a more realistic and precise travel time reliability estimate. The methodology is applied to a small network in the downtown Baltimore area, where we propose a link data collection strategy and provide empirical evidence to show data independence by following this strategy. We also show results for maximum likelihood estimates and travel time reliability measures for different routes within the network. Furthermore, we use the historical data from a different network to validate this approach, showing our method provides a more accurate and precise estimate compared to the sample mean of the empirical data.


text:
Launch Date: December 02, 1997
Mission Project Home Page - _URL_
EQUATOR-S was a low-cost mission designed to study the Earth's equatorial magnetosphere out to distances of 67000 km. It formed an element of the closely-coordinated fleet of satellites that compose the IASTP program. Based on a simple spacecraft design, it carries a science payload comprising advanced instruments that were developed for other IASTP missions.
Unique features of EQUATOR-S were its nearly equatorial orbit and its high spin rate. It was launched as an auxiliary payload on an Ariane-4, December 2nd, 1997. The mission was intended for a two-year lifetime but stopped transmitting data on May 1, 1998.
The idea of an equatorial satellite dates back to NASA's GGS (Global Geospace Science) program, originally conceived in 1980. The equatorial element of the program was abandoned in 1986 and several subsequent attempts to rescue the mission failed, leaving a significant gap in both NASA's GSS and the international IASTP programs.
The Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) decided to fill this gap because of its interest in GSS and the opportunity for a test of an advanced instrument to measure electric fields with dual electron beams. In addition to MPE-internal funds and personnel, the realization of EQUATOR-S was possible through a 1994 grant from the German Space Agency DARA (meanwhile part of DLR).


IceBot
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PAGE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
The IceBot is a large scale 3D printer that is still in the development stages. Some parts and areas of the design change from day to day while others have remained the same since the initial phase of design.
The IceBot is set to have a printable area of 3'-0" cubed. Thats 3'-0" in in the XYZ directions. This printer is not being designed to move around much but to have a stationary spot in my shop.
Currently the printer will be using a Gantry system to move the extruder head on the XY axis. This design is similar to the Ultimaker. The Gantry design allows for fast and accurate printing due to low momentum and weight of the extruder head. The weight of the extruder is further reduced by the use of a Bowden extrusion system. The Bowden system allows for the motor pushing the plastic filament to be mounted to the frame as opposed to the printer head.
The Gantry system of the IceBot will use Torqspline Screws as opposed to the traditional belt method. This is due to the size of the printable area as well as the cost of belts large enough to accommodate movement along the axis'.
'''Z Axis'''
The Z Axis of the IceBot is the part that has changed the most both in design and concept. ABS and PLA plastics are both light weight and functional materials when used with smaller scale printers. The IceBot has the opportunity to do large prints of heavier materials such as Wax. Because of this the Z Axis has been redesigned many times in order to try to accomidate the possibility of 50 pound+ prints.
The current design uses 2 upright Acme screws placed at the center edge of the Z platform. In order to help stabalize the platform 4 smooth steel rods will be placed at each corner. These 4 rods will be removable in order to help remove objects from the printer.
Influences and References
The Ultimaker
 [1]
The Makerbot
 [2]


text:
Commercial real estate is a complicated industry, yet there are some things that are quite simple…and this is one of them. Here are two questions that every commercial real estate investor should be asking themselves prior to beginning a project. Commercial real estate, or CRE, deals with complicated, valuable assets. You may think that the most important questions a CRE investor can ask themselves revolve around financing or accounting. In actuality, the two best questions serious investors must ask themselves are a combined total of just five words. When asked at the right time, these five words help investors better understand wants, needs, and how to achieve their goals.
Two Questions Every Commercial Real Estate Investor Should Ask
Ask Yourself "Why"
The word "why" can be a powerful one. Experienced investors and advisors will tell you that they use it to gain deeper insights about a CRE project. The answer to the "why" helps investors get closer to the information they need to take the appropriate actions to achieve their investment goals. Here are some examples on when to ask this simple, yet powerful, question of "why?"
- I bought this CRE asset to hold it long term. Why?
- I will manage the CRE asset myself. Why?
- I prefer my tenants to operate on short-term leases. Why?
As long as the answer to the question isn't completely obvious (and sometimes if it is, too!), "why" is one of the most powerful questions that you can ask. It can also be a good follow-up and, with the addition of a few words here and there, can even be used a few times in a row. Here's an example:
"I prefer my tenants to operate on short-term leases." Why? "Because I have been burned in the past when e-commerce took off and brick and mortar retail stores tanked." Why is that a concern now? "I prefer low vacancy rates, and to keep a steady, consistent income stream."
What if You Don't...
Investors, developers, and advisors can reveal true motivations by asking the second question: "What if you don't.." This question is important in determining motivations of buyers, sellers, investors, and developers. For example, if a developer is considering selling their asset or building, they should ask themselves "What if you don't sell the building?" This question will generally lead to two possible outcomes. The first, the building owner will say they are fine holding onto the asset. The other outcome is that they will reveal that the option to sell now is too attractive to pass up. Whatever the reasoning, the answer to "What if you don't…" will help investors determine the next appropriate step in the investment or development process.
Casey Development, Ltd: Commercial Real Estate Advisors in Central Texas
These two questions are at once both simple and difficult to ask. Though they are simple, they carry weight and are powerful. At Casey Development, we're committed to helping our clients uncover the motivations as to the why and the what if you don't scenarios. If you're interested in learning more about our commercial real estate development services in Central Texas, contact our team today.


Cerro Sarisariñama
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Sarisariñama)
Jump to: navigation, search
Cerro Sarisariñama is a tepui, a flat-topped mountain in Jaua-Sarisariñama National Park at the far south-west of Bolívar State, Venezuela, near the border with Brazil. Its altitude range is 300–2,350 metres. The name of the mountain originates from the tale of local Ye'kuana Indians about an evil spirit living in caves up in the mountain and devouring human flesh with a sound "Sari... sari...".[1]
The tepui is in one of the most remote areas in the country, with the closest road being hundreds of miles away.
Size[edit]
Similar to other tepuis, Sarisariñama consists of quartzite of the Roraima formation, belonging to Paleoproterozoan. The summit area of Sarisariñama tepui is 546.88 km² and the slope area is 482 km².[2]
Biology[edit]
Sarisariñama is unique among tepuis, with a 15–25 metre-high forest fully covering the top of it. This isolated ecosystem is especially rich with numerous endemic species of plants and animals.
Sinkholes[edit]
The sinkholes of Sarisarinama
The most distinctive features of this tepui are its sinkholes. There are four known sinkholes. Two, Sima Humboldt and Sima Martel, are visually unusual, huge, and well known, with isolated forest ecosystems covering their bottoms. The largest one, Sima Humboldt, is up to 352 metres wide and 314 metres deep.[3] Another Sarisariñama sinkhole, the 1.35 km long Sima de la Lluvia, has been very important for exploration of the processes of erosion on tepuis.
Exploration[edit]
Sarisariñama became a much sought destination for exploration after 1961, when pilot Harry Gibson noticed both enormous sinkholes.[4] The summit of Sarisariñama was reached only in 1974, with a helicopter. Initial investigations were done at both sinkholes, including a descent to the bottom of Sima Humboldt. A more thorough speleological investigation was done two years later, in 1976 by a joint Venezuelan-Polish expedition. They discovered one more sinkhole, Sima de la Lluvia. For some two decades it was the longest known quartzite cave (1.35 km) in the world and its exploration to a great extent solved the mystery of the formation of these sinkholes.
Currently access to Sarisariñama is restricted to scientific researchers[citation needed].
References[edit]
 1. ^ Lindsay Elms. "Mount Roraima: An Island Forgotten by Time".
 2. ^ _URL_ Roy W. McDiarmid and Maureen A. Donnelly. The Herpetofauna of the Guayana Highlands: Amphibians and Reptiles of the Lost World. University of Chicago Press, 2005.
 3. ^ Miguel Lentino, Diana Esclasans: Áreas Importantes Para La Conservación De Las Aves En Venezuela, in: BirdLife International y Conservation International. Áreas Importantes para la Conservación de las Aves en los Andes Tropicales: sitios prioritarios para la conservación de la biodiversidad., Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (Serie de Conservación de BirdLife No. 14), p. 621-730, 2005.
 4. ^ _URL_ Otto Huber and John J. Wurdack. History of Botanical Exploration in Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela. Smithsonian Institution Press, City of Washington, 1984.
 - Into the Lost World: A Descent Into Prehistoric Time by David Nott, 1975, Prentice Hall
Further reading[edit]
Coordinates: 4°33′N 64°14′W / 4.550°N 64.233°W / 4.550; -64.233


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Rabbi Noach Weinberg: Cheshbon Hanefesh – Spiritual Self-Evaluation
Five Steps of Cheshvon
1. What are you living for? Why?
2. What can you do to achieve this?
3. What does the Torah teach you about the meaning of life?
4. How can you fit into your day?
5. What are you really doing with your day?
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text:
An excerpt from _URL_ archives copyright © 2000 - 2013
Where did the German Riedenau family come from? What is the German Riedenau family crest and coat of arms? When did the Riedenau family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Riedenau family history?
Spelling variations of this family name include: Riedenau, Rednour, Reddenau, Riedenaur, Rietenau, Rednauer and many more.
First found in Prussia, where the name emerged in medieval times as one of the notable families of the region. From the 13th century the surname was identified with the great social and economic evolution which made this territory a landmark contributor to the development of the nation.
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Riedenau research. Another 205 words(15 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Riedenau History in all our PDF Extended History products.
More information is included under the topic Early Riedenau Notables in all our PDF Extended History products.
Some of the first settlers of this family name or some of its variants were: settlers who traveled to the New World and established themselves along the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries..
The Riedenau Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Riedenau Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname.
This page was last modified on 2 October 2003 at 16:12.
houseofnames.com is an internet property owned by Swyrich Corporation.


. Returns false otherwise.
Examplewithindistance( 0.5 , 0.5, {'type':'Polygon','coordinates':[[[0, 0],[0, 1],[1, 1],[1, 0],[0, 0]]]}, 110574.61087757687) returns true because the location specified in terms of longitude and latitude is within the distance of the geoJSONGeometryFence.
Syntax<bool> withindistance (<string> geoJSONGeometry , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence , <double> distance )
Extension TypeFunction
DescriptionReturns true if the area given by geoJSONGeometry is within distance of the geoJSONGeometryFence.
Examplewithindistance( {'type':'Polygon','coordinates':[[[0.5, 0.5],[0.5, 1.5],[1.5, 1.5],[1.5, 0.5],[0.5, 0.5]]]} , {'type':'Polygon','coordinates':[[[0, 0],[0, 1],[1, 1],[1, 0],[0, 0]]]}, 110574.61087757687) returns true because geoJSONGeometry is within the distance of geoJSONGeometryFence.
crosses
Syntax<bool> crosses (<string> id , <double> longitude, <double> latitude , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence )
Extension TypeFunction
DescriptionReturns true when the the specified object of which the location is specified in terms of longitude and latitude crosses the geographic location specified in geoJSONGeometryFence . Returns false when the object crosses out of the location specified in geoJSONGeometryFence .
Example
 - crosses(km-4354, -0.5, 0.5, {'type':'Polygon','coordinates':[[[0, 0],[2, 0],[2, 1],[0, 1],[0, 0]]]} ) returns true.
 - km-4354, 1.5, 0.5, {'type':'Polygon','coordinates':[[[0, 0],[2, 0],[2, 1],[0, 1],[0, 0]]]} ) returns true.
Syntax<bool> crosses (<string> id , <string> geoJSONGeometry , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionReturns true when the object (i.e. geoJSONGeometry ) crosses the specified geographic location (i.e. geoJSONGeometryFence ). Returns false when the object crosses out of geoJSONGeometryFence .
stationary
Syntax<bool> stationary (<string> id , <double> longitude, <double> latitude , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence , <double> radius )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionReturns true when the object (defined in terms of longitude and latitude ) becomes stationary within the specified radius . Returns false when the object moves out of the specified radius.
Example
 - stationary(km-4354,0,0, 110574.61087757687) returns true.
 - stationary(km-4354,1,1, 110574.61087757687) returns true .
 - stationary(km-4354,1,1.5, 110574.61087757687) returns true.
Syntax<bool> stationary (<string> id , <string> geoJSONGeometry , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence , <double> radius )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionReturns true when the object (i.e. geoJSONGeometry ) becomes stationary within the specified radius . Returns false when the objects moves out of the specified radius.
proximity
Syntax<bool,string> proximity (<string> id , <double> longitude, <double> latitude , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence , <double> radius )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionReturns true when two objects (specified in terms of longitude and latitude) are within the specified radius to another object. Returns false when the specified object moves out of the specified radius . The proximityWith optional attribute indicates the ID of the object that the object specified is in close proximity with. proximityID is a unique ID for the two objects in close proximity.
Example
The following return true with ID3.
 - proximity(1, 0, 0, 110574.61087757687)
 - proximity(2, 1, 1, 110574.61087757687)
 - proximity(3, 2, 2, 110574.61087757687)
 - proximity(1, 1.5, 1.5, 110574.61087757687)
Syntax<bool> proximity (<string> id , <string> geoJSONGeometry , <string> geoJSONGeometryFence , <double> radius )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionReturns true when an object (i.e. geoJSONGeometry ) is within the specified radius from another object. Returns false when one or both objects move away from each other and are no longer within the specified radiu s of each other. The proximityWith optional attribute indicates the ID of the object that the object specified is in close proximity with. proximityID is a unique ID for the two objects in close proximity.
geocode
Syntax<double, double, string> geocode (<string> location )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionTransforms a location to its geo-coordinates ( longitude and latitude ) and formatted address.
Examplegeocode(duplication rd) returns the following data with adherring latitude, longitude, and formattedAddress attribute names respectively.
6.8995244d, 79.8556202d, "R A De Mel Mawatha, Colombo, Sri Lanka"
r
This extension allows you to execute R scripts within Siddhi query. Following are the functions of the R extension.
eval
Syntax[<int|long|float|double|string|boolean> output1 , <int|long|float|double|string|boolean> output2, ... ] eval ( <string > script, <string > outputAttributes, <int|long|float|double|string|boolean > input1 , <int|long|float|double|string|boolean> input2 , ... )
Extension TypeStreamProcessor
DescriptionThis runs the R script for each event and produces aggregated outputs based on the provided input variable parameters and expected output attributes.
Parameters
script : R script as a string produces aggregated outputs based on the provided input variable parameters and expected output attributes.
outputAttributes : A set of output attributes separated by commas as string. Each attribute is denoted as <name><space><type>. e.g., 'output1 string, output2 long'
Return ParametersOutput parameters are generated based on the outputAttributes provided.
Example
eval('totalItems <- sum(items); totalTemp <- sum(temp);', 'totalItems int, totalTemp double', items, temp), where the data type of items is int and that of temp is double returns [ totalItems, totalTemp ], where the data type of totalItems is int and that of totalTemp is double.
evalSource
Syntax[<int|long|float|double|string|boolean> output1 , <int|long|float|double|string|boolean> output2, ... ] eval ( <string > filePath, <string > outputAttributes,<int|long|float|double|string|boolean> input1 , <int|long|float|double|string|boolean> input2 , ... )
Extension TypeStream Processor
DescriptionThis runs the R script loaded from a file to each event and produces aggregated outputs based on the provided input variable parameters and expected output attributes.
Parameters
filePath : The file path of the R script where this script uses the input variable parameters and produces the expected output attributes.
outputAttributes : A set of output attributes separated by commas as string. Each attribute is denoted as <name><space><type> . e.g., 'output1 string, output2 long'
ReturnOutput parameters are generated based on the outputAttributes provided.
Exampleeval('/home/user/test/script1.R', 'totalItems int, totalTemp double', items, temp), where the data type of items is int and that of temp is double returns [ totalItems, totalTemp ] where the data type of totalTemp is int and that of totalTemp is double.

reg


Bug 55715 - RemoteEndpoint.Async#sendText(String, SendHandler) can cause StackOverflowErrors and contradicts Oracle's JavaDoc
Summary: RemoteEndpoint.Async#sendText(String, SendHandler) can cause StackOverflowErr...
Alias: None
Product: Tomcat 8
Classification: Unclassified
Component: WebSocket (show other bugs)
Version: 8.0.x-trunk
Hardware: PC All
: P2 normal (vote)
Target Milestone: ----
Assignee: Tomcat Developers Mailing List
Depends on:
Reported: 2013-10-28 15:34 UTC by Konstantin Preißer
Modified: 2013-10-30 11:24 UTC (History)
0 users
Description Konstantin Preißer 2013-10-28 15:34:56 UTC
See thread on users list [1]:
Tomcat's current implementation of RemoteEndpoint.Async#sendText(String, SendHandler) can cause StackOverflowErrors (and seems to contradict Oracle's JavaDoc).
In Tomcat, Async#sendText(...) seems to implemented so that when it could send all of the data immediately, then it directly calls SendHandler#onResult(...); whereas when it couldn't send the data immediately, the SendHandler will be called from another thread.
Oracle's javadoc for RemoteEndpoint.Async says:
"The completion handlers for the asynchronous methods are always called with a different thread from that which initiated the send."
Now, imagine the case that you want to send 10000 very small text messages to a client (very unlikely, but possibly could happen). With synchronous I/O (RemoteEndpoint.Basic), you would do this in this way:
 RemoteEndpoint.Basic basic = session.getBasicRemote();
 basic.sendText("Hi, Count: " + i);
In this case, there is no problem.
Now imagine you want to do this asynchronously (using a Callback to be informed when sending is completed), then you could do it this way (e.g. put the following code in onOpen() method of Tomcat's EchoEndpoint example):
 final AtomicInteger aint = new AtomicInteger();
 final RemoteEndpoint.Async async = session.getAsyncRemote();
 SendHandler handler = new SendHandler() {
 public void onResult(SendResult result) {
 int nextVal = aint.incrementAndGet();
 if (nextVal < 10000) {
 async.sendText("Hi, Count: " + nextVal, this);
 async.sendText("Hi, Count: " + aint.get(), handler);
The problem here is that because the messages are very short, Tomcat will be able to send them immediately, calling the SendHandler#onResult() directly from Async.sendText(), which will eventually cause a StackOverflowError.
I think if SendHandler#onResult() was always called from a different thread than the one which calls Async.send... (like the Javadoc says), then although the performance would probably be worse, StackOverflowErrors shouldn't occur.
[1] _URL_
Comment 1 Mark Thomas 2013-10-30 11:24:40 UTC
Thanks for the report.
This has been fixed in trunk for 8.0.0-RC6 and 7.0.x for 7.0.48.


text:
Precision in communication is highly important. This is especially true of the type of communication called music, whether you are talking about Mozart or magpie-larks.
Only about three percent of bird species are known to sing duets. In a duet, one mate begins singing, and the other mate begins a half second later. Among Australian magpie-larks, pairs that are newly mated usually lack that precision. However, in pairs that have been together for two years, the lag time of the duet usually varies by only a few hundredths of a second.
Researchers also discovered that this precision serves a purpose. Male magpie larks respond to perceived threats by increasing their singing. When they played the less-precise duets to 12 pairs of other magpie-larks, the males only responded in this way seven times in five minutes. However, the more-precise duets resulted in nine responses in five minutes. In short, other magpie larks are more intimidated by pairs that sing with precision than by those who do not. This is important in preserving an established couple's territory from invasion by new couples.
Communication with precision is yet another fingerprint of God on the creation. In Scripture, the ultimate in precise communication, God even points us to the birds as He urges us to recognize His involvement in the creation.


text:
What is rx quality in telecom?
Answer(s) available: 3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. RxQual is used in GSM and is a part of the Network Measurement Reports (NMR). This is an integer value which can be between 0 and 7 and reflects the quality of voice. 0 is the best quality, 7 is the worst.
RXQUAL is a value that represents the quality of the received signal. The MS determines the Bit Error Rate (BER) of the signal and reports it back to the network.
Good Rx level and bad Rx quality is due to interference as know in GSM/LTE or pollution in WCDMA systems; the latter is due to many servers having almost the
Her Name is...


text:
Using this photo and referring to it is encouraged, and please use it in presentations, web pages, newspapers, blogs and reports.
For any form of publication, please include th link to this page and give the photographer credit (in this case Peter Prokosch)
Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax Atriceps), Antarctic Peninsula
The Imperial Shag, otherwise known as the Imperial Cormorant, hunts in 'rafts', or large groups of hundreds which dive down together in "pursuit-diving" of fish, at up to 25 metres depth.
Given that the Imperial Shag has a small range and is usually found in small populations, pollution or chance extreme weather events can threaten a whole colony.


Tech Tip — ESP8266 ADC
Jan 2018. Obtain consistent ESP8266 ADC readings
Getting consistent ESP8266 ADC readings can be tricky because, as observed and discussed in the community, there is an unknown internal factor affecting expected straight-line readings. Use this code snippet to work around this shortcoming if you can tolerate a 25ms reading.
The code simply takes an average of the lowest sample reading over five windows with five readings each.

int readAnalog() {
 int sum = 0;
 for( byte ix = 0; ix < 5; ix++ ) {
 int lowest = 1000;
 for( byte iy = 0; iy < 5; iy++ ) {
 int sample = analogRead( A0 );
 if( sample < lowest )
 lowest = sample;
 delay(1);
 }
 sum += lowest;
 }
 return sum / 5;
}

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What does ous mean?
ous meaning in General Dictionary
An adjective suffix indicating high in abounding in having possessing the characteristics of like as in gracious abounding in elegance difficult full of ardor bulbous having light bulbs bulblike riotous poisonous piteous joyous an such like
Sentence Examples with the word ous
Ducts, one right and one left, continu ous with the tubular branches of the gonads.
View more Sentence Examples


text:
Volunteers build stag beetle havens in Bushy Park
By Ellie Brown - Local Democracy Reporter
13th Jan 2022 | Local News
EFFORTS to protect insects including the globally threatened Stag Beetle got a boost yesterday thanks to a team of dedicated volunteers at Bushy Park.
The conservation heroes gave up their time to built loggeries - structures made out of sunken logs - which provide minibeasts and bugs with a key food source.
In a post on Facebook, the Royal Parks explained: "These structures help insects who feed on rotting wood, like stag beetles.
"It's a saproxylic smorgasbord..."
The measures will particularly help Stag Beetles which rely on rotten wood for nutrients when they are larva.
The species is officially protected in the UK and a Priority Species under the country's Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework.
Loss of habitat, the tidying up of dead wood in park areas and traffic are all threats to their survival and have been cited as causes of their scarcity.
Environmental conditions mean that the beetle mainly resides in Southern England, with London a national hotspot.
Nearby Richmond Park is a European Special Area for Conservation partly because of stag beetle populations, as is Wimbledon Common, Putney Heath and Epping Forest.
Max Barclay, a beetle expert at the National History Museum, writes: "'Stag beetles are rare and threatened throughout northern Europe and the populations in the Thames Valley are some of the largest in the world. London is a particular stronghold.
"We're lucky that these beautiful and interesting creatures inhabit our city parks and gardens.
"We should make these gentle giants welcome and be proud to have them sharing our living spaces."
A guide for building your own stag beetle loggery has been made by the People's Trust For Endangered Species and can be found at _URL_-content/uploads/2016/11/Build-a-log-pile-for-stag-beetles.pdf
Gardening volunteers in Bushy Park carry out weeding, pruning and planting jobs, as well as helping to save Stag Beetles and other wildlife.
Helpers give up four to six hours per week on these projects and work with Head Gardener Sharon Evans.
For more information and to apply to become a volunteer visit the Royal Parks website at _URL_
Teddington job of the week: become a volunteer ranger in Bushy Park!Teddington: Giant crabs spotted in Bushy Park


text:
|February 7th is this years GKAS Day|
More than 10 years ago the ADA began Give Kids A Smile, celebrated annually on the first Friday in February. The program was launched with these four objectives in mind:
In 2006 the ADA decided to look for ways to expand Give Kids A Smile to "More Than Just A Day". A National Advisory Committee was constituted to guide expansion efforts, focusing on three primary areas: program enhancement, fundraising and promising practices to highlight Give Kids A Smile program. The committee's vision statement is:
Our goal is the elimination of cavities in U.S. five year olds by 2020.
If you know of a child in need, please use the resources below to find the nearest clinic in your area.
|To find out how to donate to the American Dental Association and aid in providing these services to needy children please click on the image|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


a small amount of structure (e.g. the map of argument-names to serialized-values) left behind. Exactly how you get the Request object from the Client to the Server (HTTP, TCP, etc.) and the response-data back is up to you as long as you can give Autowire a Future[PickleType] in exchange for its Request.
If you still don't fully understand, and need help getting something working, take a look at the complete example.
Error Handling
Assuming that your chosen serialization library behaves as intended, Autowire only throws exceptions when de-serializing data. This could come from many sources: data corrupted in transit, external API users making mistakes, malicious users trying to pen-test your API.
Autowire's de-serialization behavior is documented in the errors it throws:
package autowire
trait Error extends Exception
object Error{
 * Signifies that something went wrong when de-serializing the
 * raw input into structured data.
 * This can contain multiple exceptions, one for each parameter.
 case class InvalidInput(exs: Param*) extends Exception with Error
 sealed trait Param
 object Param{
 * Some parameter was missing from the input.
 case class Missing(param: String) extends Param
 * Something went wrong trying to de-serialize the input parameter;
 * the thrown exception is stored in [[ex]]
 case class Invalid(param: String, ex: Throwable) extends Param
These errors are not intended to be end-user-facing. Rather, as far as possible they are maintained as structured data, and it us up to the developer using Autowire to decide how to respond (error page, logging, etc).
Autowire only provides custom error handling on the server side, since there are multiple arguments to validate/aggregate. If something goes wrong on the client during de-serialization, you will get the exception thrown from whichever serialization library you're using.
Autowire supports interface methods with default values. When a RPC call's arguments are left out in favor of defaults, Autowire omits these arguments entirely from the pickled request, and evaluates these arguments on the server when it finds them missing from the request instead of throwing an Error.Param.Missing like it would if that particular parameter did not have default.
Why Autowire
The motivation for Autowire is the fact that Ajax requests between client-side Javascript and server-side something-else has historically been a point of fragility and boilerplate, with problems such as:
 - Being stringly-typed and impossibile to statically analyze
 - Prone to getting broken due to typos and incomplete refactoring
 - Needing reams of boilerplate to pickle/unpickle data structures on both ends
 - Using callbacks all over the place, confusing future developers
Autowire aims to solve all these problems:
 - Ajax calls using Autowire are statically checked just like the rest of your program. For example, typos are immediately spotted by the compiler:
[error] /Client.scala:104: value fastOp is not a member of fiddle.Api
[error] Client[Api].fastOp(editor.code).call()
[error] ^
 - Similarly, since Autowire RPC calls are (at least superficially) just method calls, things like find-usages, rename-all, and other such tools all work flawlessly across these calls.
 - Autowire deals directly with Futures; this means that it plays nicely with the rest of the Scala ecosystem, including tools such as async and await, while making it much easier for future developers to reason about than callback soup.
// endpoint definition
def completeStuff(txt: String, flag: String, offset: Int): List[(String, String)]
// somewhere else inside an 'async' block
val res: List[(String, String)] = {
 await(Client[Api].completeStuff(code, flag, intOffset).call())
 - Also shown in the example above, serialization and deserialization of data structures is handled implicitly. Thus you can call functions which return non-trivial structures and receive the structured data directly, without having to fiddle with JSON or other ad-hoc encodings yourself.
Autowire can only serialize and deserialize things that the chosen serialization library can. For example, if you choose to go with uPickle, this means most of the immutable data structures in the standard library and case classes, but circular data structures aren't supported, and arbitrary object graphs don't work.
Autowire does not support method overloading and type parameters on the interfaces/traits used for making the RPCs.
Apart from that, Autowire is a pretty thin layer on top of any existing serialization library and transport layer, and does not project much functionality apart from routing. It is up to the developer using Autowire to decide how he wants to transport the serialized data back and forth, how he wants to respond to errors, etc.
To see a simple example involving a ScalaJS client and Spray server, check out this example:
 - Cross-publish for Scala 2.12 and 2.13
 - Update to Scala-js 1.0.0+
 - Fix deprecated references
 -.call()s now wrap the endpoint using Future() instead of Future.successful, which means exceptions now get caught and propagated inside the Future rather than blowing up the call stack
 - Cross-publish for Scala 2.12.0


text: Due to the inertness of the intrinsic (nondoped) amorphous SiC (i-aSiC) material to the chemical impact, for making it porous by the electrochemical etching method, one must use the electrolyte solution with an appropriate composition. For this purpose we have found that besides the use of solutions containing surface activation agent (Triton X-100 for example), one can use also solutions containing oxidation agent. In this report we present the results obtained with electrolyte solution in which H2O2 plays the role of oxidation agent. Results showed that with appropriate ratio of components in the HF/H2O/H2O2 solution, we can manufacture a porous layer in the i-aSiC thin film with the porosity similar to the porosity of the porous layer obtained by etching in the HF/H2O/Triton X-100 solution with optimal composition. Thin film of i-aSiC material with porous surface layer can be used in different types of sensors.


text:
Effects on the environment
The use of vehicles on natural soils produces at least four results:
- The soil is compacted under the wheel(s).
- The vehicle exerts a lateral force on the surface of the soil.
- The vehicle cuts into the soil on each side of the compacted zone.
- The movement of the vehicle causes horizontal tracks in the soil.


text:
CaC2 is an insulating ionic crystal. However, Y2Br2C2, which can be described as containing C24- ions, is metallic in two dimensions and becomes superconducting at 5K. Describe the possible electronic structure of C24-. In the crystal, monoclinic crystal symmetry leads to distortion of the Y6 surrounding structure. How might this change the electronic structure of the ion?
No related question exists


text:
Assessing the effects of urban canyon's direction on air flow pattern and CO dispersion using CFD (A case study of Tehran)
Air pollution is considered one of the main challenges of environmental sustainability. Metropolises are increasingly facing the problem of air pollution, which seriously affects people's health. There are several factors associated with air pollution in the streets including urban form, ventilation, and air pollution sources. In the present research, the effects of the street canyon direction on the wind behavior and pollutant dispersion have been investigated using CFD and the model has been validated with the wind tunnel.The results show that, the orientation of the urban canyon affects both airflow and air pollutant dispersion patterns. In F3 (α =90°), where the wind direction is perpendicular to the street, ventilation is mostly through the street roofs, so that the amount of pollutant in the roof height is almost 183% of F2 (α=45°) and 347% of F1 (α =0°). Since near the leeward wall the velocity of airflow is decreased to zero, these spaces are highly susceptible areas for pollution accumulation. In F1, ventilation is mostly through the longitudinal displacement of pollutions and dispersion via lateral openings. In this case, the beginning parts of the urban canyon are the most well-ventilated ones, and the end of it has the highest level of pollution concentration. It was also found that the lowest level of pollution occurs in F2. Finally, the diagonal street (F2) has been recognized as the optimal direction for main streets in the residential areas of Tehran which should be taken into consideration in the Sustainable Urban Development Principles of Tehran (SUDPT).
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Copyright (c) 2021 Samira Yousefian, Mohammadreza Pourjafar, Mohammad Moshfeghi, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad
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text: Use this worksheet for 2022 If your spouse1 is the sole beneficiary of your IRA and they're more than 10 years younger than you, use this worksheet to calculate this year's required withdrawal for your (non-inherited) traditional IRA. Deadline for receiving required minimum distribution: For the year you turn age 72 - by April 1 of the following year All subsequent years - by December 31 of that year IRA balance2 on December 31 of the previous year. Your age on your birthday this year Your spouse's age on their birthday this year Life expectancy from Table II at the intersection of your age and your spouse's age Divide line 1 by the number entered on line 4. This is your required minimum distribution for this year from this IRA. Repeat steps 1 through 5 for each of your IRAs. Once you determine a separate required minimum distribution from each of your traditional IRAs, you can total these minimum amounts and take them from any one or more of your traditional IRAs. For additional information, see: Publication 590-B, Distributions from Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs) Retirement Topics – Required Minimum Distributions 1 Generally, your marital status is determined as of January 1 of each year. If your spouse is the beneficiary of your IRA on January 1, they remain a beneficiary only for purposes of calculating the required minimum distribution for that IRA even if you get divorced or your spouse dies during the year. 2 You must increase your IRA balance by any outstanding rollovers from a qualified plan or another IRA that wasn't in any account on December 31 of the previous year. In addition, you must increase your IRA balance by any recharacterized Roth IRA conversions that were not in any traditional IRA on December 31 of the previous year.


Electrohydrodynamic jet-printed zinc-tin oxide TFTs and their bias stability.
Abstract
Zinc-tin oxide (ZTO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated using an electrohydrodynamic-jet (EHD-jet) printing technique at annealing temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C. An EHD-jet-printed ZTO active layer was patterned with a 60 μm width using a 100 μm inner diameter metal nozzle. The electrical properties of an EHD-jet-printed ZTO TFT showed a mobility of 9.82 cm(2)/(V s), an on-off current ratio of 3.7 × 10(6), a threshold voltage of 2.36 V, and a subthreshold slope of 0.73 V/dec at 500 °C. Significantly improved properties were obtained compared to the spin-coated and inkjet-printed ones. Better hysteresis behavior and positive bias stability of the ZTO TFTs were also achieved using EHD-jet printing technology.
DOI: 10.1021/am5009826
9 Figures and Tables
Cite this paper
@article{Lee2014ElectrohydrodynamicJZ, title={Electrohydrodynamic jet-printed zinc-tin oxide TFTs and their bias stability.}, author={Yong Gu Lee and Woon-Seop Choi}, journal={ACS applied materials & interfaces}, year={2014}, volume={6 14}, pages={11167-72} }


Tec-Alert Newsletter
84880 Emergency Fiber Restoration Tool KitIntroduction
No cable is invulnerable to catastrophic failures or damage. Yet, many times, OSP crews and service managers operate as if this were true. The ONLY way to mitigate the risk is to be prepared. Planning, preparation and training can go a long way toward minimizing downtime in the event of a failure. As we all know, downtime means higher costs and lost opportunity in the form of unhappy customers.
Faced with the reality that cables WILL be damaged, what can you do about it right now? The goal of any emergency restoration effort is to restore service as quickly as possible thus minimizing the impact on customers. In this article we will help you begin a basic plan or strategy to make this goal a reality for your fiber cabling plant.
Make a Plan
The first step in effectively addressing catastrophic failures is to have a planned response in place prior to any failure. This planning involves asking and answering a few key questions:
1. What equipment, training, etc. must be in place BEFORE a failure occurs?
2. How will we know that a failure has occurred?
3. What is our Emergency Response procedure? Steps involved, personnel responsible, etc.
4. Once a failure has been detected, who is trained, stocked and responsible for performing the restoration?
5. How do we assess the success of the restoration? Speed of restoration, completeness of restoration, cost of restoration.
Once answers to these key questions have been determined the next step is to ensure that the "Plan" is ready for execution when needed.
Have Supplies in Place
Personnel: To effect any fiber restoration, you will need to have trained personnel in place who know and understand your procedure and can perform the type of restoration required. These service experts may be your own on staff people or an outside contractor. Regardless, don't take training for granted. The worst case scenario is to attempt a restore and fail due to lack of training.
Supplies: The ideal Emergency Fiber Restoration Kit (EFRK) would contain every type and fiber count replacement cable used throughout your entire plant and all the necessary tools and equipment to install them.
This is usually impractical from a cost standpoint. The next best solution is to have ready at all times an EFRK with all the necessary tools, supplies, consumables and at least 300 feet of cable containing enough fibers to be used almost anywhere in the network.
NOTE: Also, make sure your splice enclosures can accept the required number of spliced fibers as well.
Click here to see our NEW Emergency Fiber Restoration Kit.
Several of these EFRKs should be deployed throughout your network either in specific POPs or in the crew vehicles of all restoration trained personnel. That way the crew or facility nearest the break can respond rapidly and competently without waiting for supplies.
When building or purchasing your EFRK, select components that are easy to use, and provide flexibility for different situations (e.g. buried or aerial deployment). Click here to see our NEW Emergency Fiber Restoration Kit.
Typical Emergency Fiber Restoration Kit Contents:
- Fiber Optic Splice Closures (2 or more).
- Splice Holding Trays for the spliced fibers.
- High Fiber Count Restoration Cable (At least 300ft).
- Enough mechanical splices or fusion splice protectors to splice all the fibers in the cable TWICE (Once at each end of the break).
- Consumables for cleaning the cable and fibers.
- Tools for prepping the cable sheath.
- Tools for stripping and prepping the fibers before splicing.
- Good Quality Fiber Optic Cleaver.
- Mechanical Splicing Kit or Fusion Splicer.
Other equipment that may also be required
Understanding the Emergency Restoration Process
Scenario: A cable has been completely severed by a backhoe at a construction site. The cut is near the middle of a 5000 foot run and there are no splice points nearby.
Emergency Fiber Restoration Process
0. Prepping, cleaning and stripping the restoration cable can often be done in advance. This will save time once your crew arrives onsite.
1. Locate and access the cable break.
2. Remove at least 10m (32 ft) of cable on either side of the break. This helps ensure that the remaining cable is undamaged. Test the remaining lengths using an OTDR to verify they are undamaged.
3. Prep, clean, strip, and cleave the fibers. Here is where having the restoration cable prepared beforehand can save time.
4. Splice the fibers together and load each spliced fiber into the splice enclosure. Often mechanical splicing is preferred because of its simplicity and speed. This temporary restoration will restore critical service rapidly and the system can be taken down later for permanent fusion splicing repairs.
5. Perform the steps 1-4 on the other end of the damaged cable.
6. Check system alarms or test with an OTDR before completely sealing the closures.
7. Close and seal spice closures. Test complete system after final deployment of the cable to confirm successful fiber restoration.
As we have seen, the best way to prepare for an emergency is to plan
ahead! By having a plan, trained personnel and required equipment in
place before a break occurs, your next restoration can be smoother,
faster and a lot less costly!
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text:
If the fake eyelashes you want are seamless, these items are essential!
Eyelash curler, mascara, false eyelashes adhesive, tweezers, eyeliner, perm eyelashes and false eyelashes. The first step in the seamless false eyelash bonding method is to start with mascara at the bottom of the eyelashes, cut your eyelashes, and lightly, otherwise
It is easy to pinch the right angle and the eyelashes will appear stiff. In order to maintain the curling of the eyelashes, the first time you use mascara to shape, pay attention to the dose, to avoid lameness.
Seamless False Eyelash Bonding Step 2: Trimming false eyelashes and trimming their length to the length that best suits their eyes is a rule to ensure that the effect is natural.
Seamless false eyelashes bonding step 3: In order to ensure the matching degree of false eyelashes, it is recommended that you gently bend the false eyelashes twice to create a certain arc shape, which makes it easier to apply false eyelashes. After applying false eyelash glue on the false eyelash stick,
Attach it to the root of the real eyelashes and fine tune its position with tweezers.
Seamless false eyelash bonding step 4: True and false combination, the second application of mascara naturally blends true and false eyelashes, and also prevents true and false eyelashes from being divided into two layers.
Seamless false eyelash bonding method Step 5: Draw eyeliner on the inner root of the eyelash to cover the stem of the false eyelash. In order to achieve the effect of the upper and lower eyelashes, remember to brush the mascara under the lower eyelashes.
Seamless false eyelashes bonding Step 6: Where did your eyelashes come from? This effect can be achieved by using perm eyelashes, which can further merge the true and false eyelashes naturally, just like they were born. At last
A layer of eyeliner retouches the eyes, and false eyelashes are born!


text:
Soldner, Johann Georg
Bornnear Feuchtwangen, (Bavaria, Germany), 16 July 1776
Died13 May 1833
At Munich, Johann Soldner calculated the deflection, due to gravity, of starlight as it grazes the Sun's limb (1801). Thus he is sometimes said to have presaged Albert Einstein; however, because he used Newtonian gravity and a particle theory of light, Soldner's deflection is half of Einstein's 1916 value.


text:
Jean de Court, Marguerite de France as Minerva painted enamel, Limoges, 1555 (IIIF253)
In this remarkable portrait, Marguerite de France (_PHONE_), daughter of François 1 (d. 1547) and sister of Henri II (d. 1559), is depicted as Pallas/Minerva, classical goddess of war and wisdom.
This alludes to her role as protectress of contemporary French culture against 'le vilain monster Ignorance', the mantle bestowed upon her after she defended Pierre Ronsard's poetry against attack in 1549. Poets referred to Henri II's court as the 'Nouvel Olympe' and to Marguerite as 'la nouvelle Pallas'.
Limoges was the principal centre producing painted enamels in the 16th century. The bust of Henri d'Albret (no.24) is typical of mid-century portraits. D'Albret was married to Marguerite's aunt, the authoress Marguerite d'Angoulême. Marguerite's head is after a drawing attributed to François Clouet, now at Chantilly, which may have been the official image of the princess. Portraits in enamel were often modelled on drawings attributed to Clouet's workshop and may have been incorporated into panelling. Marguerite's costume and attributes as Pallas/Minerva are derived from a print by René Boyvin after Luca Penni. The armillary globe alludes to Marguerite's fame and to her motto, 'Wisdom, guardian of the world'. As goddess of war, she wears a breastplate, holds a spear and her shield decorated with the head of the Gorgon Medusa, and has a plumed helmet at her feet. As goddess of wisdom, Marguerite's foot rests on some books surmounted by an owl. Dramatised portraits were an established form of selfpropaganda, but examples in enamel are rare.
The portrait is painted in opaque and translucent enamel colours on a copper base. Silver foil below translucent blue enriches Marguerite's costume. The image was built up in successive kiln firings at diminishing temperatures. For the first firing, both sides of the metal were coated with enamel. Enamelling the back equalises the stress between the metal and the enamel on cooling, minimising distortion. Firing fuses the enamels to the base and produces their vivid colours and glossy surface. The gold, fusing at the lowest temperature, is applied last. This is the only fully signed and dated enamel by Jean de Court, about whom little is known. Art historians have long speculated as to whether he might have had some involvement with a workshop or workshops inscribing enamels 'I C' and 'I D C' (nos. 12, 13, 14 and 15).


troy method.
The @PostConstruct, @PreDestroy annotations are included in the javax.annotation package. @Persist, @PersistState and @Focus are part of the org.eclipse.e4.ui.di package.
Eclipse defines additional behavior annotations for commands and for the application life cycle which are covered in the respective chapters.
Behavior annotations imply that the framework needs to provide the specified parameters to the method, i.e., the framework also performs method dependency injection. If you also add the @Inject annotation, the method is called twice, first during the dependency injection phase and later for the behavior annotation. This is typically undesired and therefore an error.
17.4. Use the @PostConstruct method to build the user interface
It is recommended to construct the user interface of a part in a method annotated with the @PostConstruct annotation. It would also be possible to create the user interface in the constructor, but this is not recommended as field and method injection have not been done at this point.
Creating the user interface in an @PostConstruct method requires that @Inject methods are aware that the user interface might not have been created yet.
Why is the @PostConstruct method not called?
The following description is only valid for Eclipse versions before the Eclipse 4.6 (Eclipse Neon) release. As of Eclipse 4.6 the framework uses the Java version of @PostConstruct and the problem described here, cannot happen anymore.
Before Eclipse 4.6, both Java 7 and the Eclipse platform exposed the @PostConstruct annotation. In your Eclipse application you need to tell the framework that the annotation from the Eclipse platform should be used. org.eclipse.core.runtime exports javax.annotation in the correct version. If, for some reasons, you want to avoid a dependency to org.eclipse.core.runtime, you could define a package dependency to the javax.annotation package and set the version to 1.0.0. See Eclipse 4 RCP FAQ for details on this issue.
18. Exercise: Using @PostConstruct
18.1. Implement an @PostConstruct method
Add the following method to your TodoOverviewPart, TodoDetailsPart and PlaygroundPart classes. In case you created constructors for these classes you can remove them.
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Composite;
// more code
@PostConstruct
public void createControls(Composite parent) {
 System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()
 + " @PostConstruct method called.");
}
18.2. Validate
Run your application and validate that the @PostConstruct method is called.
19.1. Adding menu and toolbar entries
You can add menus and toolbars to your Eclipse application via the application model. These entries can be positioned at various places. You can, for example, add a menu to a window or a part. Each element define, directly or indirectly, one or several links to a class which is responsible for the execution. These classes are responsible for the behavior once the menu or toolbar entry is selected. Such a class is called handler class.
19.2. The usage of commands and handlers
The Eclipse application model allows you to specify commands and handlers.
The usage of the commands and handlers model element is optional. You can use the Direct MenuItem or a Direct ToolItem model elements. These entries define a reference to a class (handler class). An instance of this handler class is created by the framework and its annotated methods are called by the framework if necessary. Menus and toolbars support separators.
A command is a declarative description of an abstract action which can be performed, for example, save, edit or copy.
A command is independent from its implementation details. The Eclipse framework does not provide standard commands, e.g., you have to create all required commands in your application model.
The behavior of a command is defined via a handler. A handler model element points to a class (handler class) via the contributionURI property of the handler. This attribute is displayed as Class URI in the model editor.
Commands are used by the Handled MenuItem and Handled ToolItem model elements.
Prefer the usage of commands over the usage of direct (menu or tool) items. Using commands together with handlers allows you to define different handlers for different scopes (applications or part) and you can define key bindings for the handler's associated commands.
19.3. Behavior annotations and dependency injection for handler classes
In a handler class exactly one method must be annotated with the @Execute annotation. In additional, you can also annotate one method with the @CanExecute annotation. If you annotate more than one method with the same annotation, the framework calls only one of them. The Eclipse runtime uses dependency injection to provide the parameters of the method. The purpose of these annotations are described in the following table.
Table 10. Behavior annotations for handler classes
Annotation Description
@Execute
Marks the method which is responsible for the action of the handler class. The framework executes this method once the related user interface element, e.g., the menu entry, is selected.
@CanExecute
Marks a method to be visited by the Eclipse framework to check if the handler class can be executed. If a handler class returns false in this method, Eclipse disables the corresponding user interface element. For example, the save button is active if the handler class returns true in the @CanExecute method. The default for this method is true, which means, if the handler class can always be executed, it does not need to implement a @CanExecute method.
The following example demonstrates the implementation of a handler class.
package com.vogella.tasks.ui.handlers;
// import statements cut out
// ..
public class ExitHandler {
 @Execute
 public void execute(IWorkbench workbench) {
 workbench.close();
 }
 // NOT REQUIRED IN THIS EXAMPLE
 // just to demonstrates the usage of
 // the annotation
 @CanExecute
 public boolean canExecute() {
 return true;
 }
}
A handler instance does not have its own Eclipse context ( IEclipseContext). It is executed with the Eclipse context of the active model element which has a Eclipse context. In most common cases this is the context of the active part.
All required parameters should be injected into the method annotated with @Execute, as you want the handler class to retrieve its runtime information during execution.
To ensure that you get the expected values from the active context ALWAYS get the required values injected as parameters into your methods annotated with @Execute or @CanExecute.
19.4. Determining the relevant handler for a command
If a command is selected, the runtime determines the relevant handler for the command. The application model allows you to create a handler for the application, a window and a part.
Each command can have only one valid handler for a given scope. The Eclipse framework selects the handler most specific to the model element.
For example, if you have two handlers for the "Copy" command, one for the window and another one for the part then the runtime selects the handlers closest to model element which is currently selected by the user.
19.5. Evaluation of @CanExecute
A method annotated with @CanExecute is called by the framework, if a change in the Eclipse context happens. For example, if you select a new part. If the method returns false, the framework disables any menu and tool items that point to that command.
You can request the re-evaluation of the @CanExecute methods by sending out an event via the event broker.
// evaluate all @CanExecute methods
eventBroker.post(UIEvents.REQUEST_ENABLEMENT_UPDATE_TOPIC, UIEvents.ALL_ELEMENT_ID);
// evaluate a context via a selector
Selector s = (a selector that an MApplicationElement or an ID);
eventBroker.post(UIEvents.REQUEST_ENABLEMENT_UPDATE_TOPIC, s);
//See _URL_ for details
19.6. Mnemonics
The application model allows you to define mnemonics. A mnemonic appears as an underlined letter in the menu when the user presses and holds the ALT key and allows the user to quickly access menu entries by keyboard.
You specify mnemonics by prefixing the letter intended to be the mnemonic with an ampersand (&) in the label definition. For example, if you use the the label &Save, the S will be underlined if the Alt key is pressed.
19.7. Naming schema for command and handler IDs
A good convention is to start IDs with the top level package name of your project and to use only lower case letters.
The IDs of commands and handlers should reflect their relationship. For example, if you implement a command with the com.example.contacts.commands.show ID, you should use com.example.contacts.handler.show as the ID for


text:
A practical guide to semiconductor manufacturing from process control to yield modeling and experimental design
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Manufacturing and Process Control covers all issues involved in manufacturing microelectronic devices and circuits, including fabrication sequences, process control, experimental design, process modeling, yield modeling, and CIM/CAM systems. Readers are introduced to both the theory and practice of all basic manufacturing concepts.
Following an overview of manufacturing and technology, the text explores process monitoring methods, including those that focus on product wafers and those that focus on the equipment used to produce wafers. Next, the text sets forth some fundamentals of statistics and yield modeling, which set the foundation for a detailed discussion of how statistical process control is used to analyze quality and improve yields.
The discussion of statistical experimental design offers readers a powerful approach for systematically varying controllable process conditions and determining their impact on output parameters that measure quality. The authors introduce process modeling concepts, including several advanced process control topics such as run-by-run, supervisory control, and process and equipment diagnosis.
Critical coverage includes the following:
Graduate-level students and industrial practitioners will benefit from the detailed exami nation of how electronic materials and supplies are converted into finished integrated circuits and electronic products in a high-volume manufacturing environment.


Information about Arkansas and Areacodes (501-336)
Why Booneville and Bentonville are various names for the city, you will wonder. Because each city has its own roads, even though they are called the Arkansas state paths, That's. The streets in the region of the state are numbered and named after Clinton, and the counties of Arkansas, namely Jackson, Jones, Boone, Searcy. These counties are also the individuals who gave birth to the country routes which are still used by the nation. The roads in Bentonville and Booneville are numbered and named after the towns as well. By way of instance, the street number one of Bentonville is numbered 62.
The other two major cities in Arkansas are Bentonville and Booneville. While Booneville was founded on January 7, 1788 bentonville was actually based on July 6, 1784. They are found in the area of the state, where the soil is mostly sandy. The region's soil is one of the major factors that made the town inhabitants so significant. Following the discovery of gold, the inhabitants of the city rose even more.
The region of Arkansas offers quite a diverse and rich assortment of wildlife. There are several animal species that may be found all over the place, but a few are rarer than others. By way of instance, the bear, which can be easily spotted from the regions of the country, is very rare in the northern area. However, it doesn't mean that are important. They're just less often seen, though it has been known to happen. The river otter, for instance, is found in the areas. It's not unusual to observe these mammals.
Caller Information for 501-336-#### Phone Numbers
The +1 501 336 #### place code numbers are situated at Conway, Arkansas. This serviced is offered by Southwestern Bell for Landline telephone numbers. Retrieve caller data such as 501336####, we supply a full reverse phone number report for (501) 336 #### numbers in Arkansas. Reverse Phone Number detailed data for 1-501-336-#### phone numbers!


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Chronic Cough? Could Be Low Iron
Having a chronic cough can be really annoying. The pesky throat scratching kind of cough that lingers even though you don't smoke, or have asthma or throat irritating acid reflux. Well a new study has found that having a low iron count could create a persistent cough.
Iron deficiencies and anemia can cause swelling in the back of the mouth and creating sensitive vocal cords. The heightened sensitivity, along with inflamed mucous membranes, can easily cause coughing and choking from such simple acts a vigorous laughter.
Women are more prone to iron deficiencies than our male counterparts because we menstruate monthly, which taxes our iron reserves, as does pregnancy. Taking an iron supplement can certainly help calm coughs by reducing the inflammation. Having low iron can affect your immune system since iron plays a role in the production of proteins the immune system uses to control inflammation. And that inflammation can make you more susceptible to getting sick and to coughing. It is a vicious cycle. So make sure you are getting enough iron so check out: What Your RDI of Iron Looks Like.
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as tablet emerge from die. 29
Slide 30:
30 Die-wall lubrication Best lubricant has low shear strength & strong cohesive tendencies. Lubricant forms a film of low shear strength at the interface between tabletting mass & die-wall. 30
Slide 31:
31 End of compressional process is when bulk volume = tapped volume & porosity = 0 Decrease in porosity is due to two process: filling of large spaces by Interparticulate slippage Filling of small voids by deformation or fragmentation at high loads. A more complex sequence of events during compression process involves four stage as shown in fig., FIG. Decreasing porosity with increasing compressional force for single ended pressing i) initial repacking ii)Elastic deformation iii)Plastic deformation iv)compression Force volume relationship 31
Slide 32:
32 Heckel plot It follows 1st order The pore in the mass are the reactant. log 1/E = KyP + Kr here, E = porosity P = Applied pressure Ky = material dependent constant Ky inversely proportional to it's yield strength (S) (Ky = 1/3S) Kr = related to repacking stage & hence E0 For cylindrical tablet, P = 4F / ∏×D2 here, P = applied pressure D = tablet diameter F = applied compressional force 32
Slide 33:
33 E = 100×[1 – 4w/ρt ×∏×D2×H] here, w = weight of tabletting mass ρt = true density H = thickness of tablet. Type a:Soft material(e.g., NaCl) Type b:Hard material(e.g., lactose) Crushing strength of tablet is directly proportional to Ky APPLICATION OF HECKEL PLOT: Used to check lubricant efficacy. For interpretation of consolidation mechanisms Duberg & nystom distinguish between plastic and elastic deformation characteristics of a material. 33 FIG. Example of heckel plot.
Slide 34:
34 Kawakita Equation C = Vi – Vp/ Vt = abPa / 1+ bPa here, C = degree of volume reduction, Vi = initial apparent volume, Vp =powder volume under applied pressure Pa, Vt = true volume, a & b = constants. LIMITATION: Compaction process can be described upto certain pressure, above which the equation is no longer linear. Vi – Vp/ Vi – Vt = C2 exp (-K2/Pa ) + C3 exp (-K3/Pa ) here, C2,C3, K2,K3 = constants LIMITATION : Applies only to single component system. Cooper and Eaton Equation 34
Slide 35:
35 Decompression Occurs on removal of applied force after compression. Tablet must mechanically strong to withstand stresses produce during decompression. Plastoelasticity(γ), γ = [Ho / Hm - (Hr-Hm) / Ho - Hm] here, Ho ,Hm, Hr = thickness of tablet mass at onset of loading, at max. applied pressure & on ejection from die γ > 9 produce tablets that are laminated or capped. 35
Slide 36:
36 Compaction profile Monitoring of applied pressure transmitted radially to die-wall gives compaction profile as follow, 36
Slide 37:
37 Energy involved in compaction Tablet machine, roll compactor, extruder requires high input of mechanical work Work involve in various phases of compaction are, 1.To overcome interparticulate friction 2.To overcome friction between machine parts and particles 3.To induce deformation 4.For brittle fracture 5.Mechanical operation of various machine parts Lubrication reduce energy expenditure by 75%. 37
Slide 38:
38 REFERENCES Leon Lachman, Herbert A.Liberman, & Joseph kanig ,THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY, third edition. Herbert A.Liberman, Leon Lachman & Joseph B. Schwartz ,PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS, TABLETS, volume II. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY, second edition,volume-3. C.V.Subrahmanyam ,TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS, second edition. Gilbert S. Banker , Christopher T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics , Fourth Edition. 38
Slide 39:
39 THANK YOU 39
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