text:
During the event »5G Way of communication of the car with everything " organized 5GAA – Automobile Association, Pirelli introduced "The world's first advanced services ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) 5G" showing usage smart buses that can detect and share pavement information on a 5G network.
The demonstration was held in collaboration with Ericsson, Audi, Tim, Italdesign and KTH on the Lingotto rooftop test track where the car is equipped Pirelli Cyber Tire – sensor tires and connected to a 5G network, he was able to transfer the risk of re-scheduling detected by the buses to another incoming vehicle using the ultra-wideband and low 5G latency.
Tire, the note says "Is the only element of contact between the car and the road, and thanks to the technology that Pirelli is improving, it interacts with the vehicle, with the driver and, tomorrow, thanks to the 5G potential, with the entire road infrastructure."
Using a Pirelli Cyber Tire tire equipped with a sensor in the near future will provide the car with data regarding the model of pavement, mileage, dynamic load and, for the first time, potentially dangerous road surface situations, from water availability to poor adherence.
Based on this information, the car will be able to adapt your driving control and assistance systems significantly improving safety, comfort, performance levels and can also provide the same readings for other vehicles and infrastructure.
This is not the first time experiments have been conducted on smart tires. In recent months, in fact, we have seen technology capable of restore kinetic energy is produced tire deformation, tires that adapt to Uptis weather conditions, and Michelin airless tires that do not puncture and last longer.


text:
x = [ 2 -1 -3]
y = [1.5 -1]
First N Perfect Squares
Reverse the vector
sum of non-primes
Volume and area of a sphere
Create a two dimensional zero matrix
Calculate the integral of the polynomial
Find the minimum element of the matrix
calculate linear convolution two vectors
Calculate the derivative of a polynomial
generate a matrix of Legendre polynomials
Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select:.
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Introduction to Child Witnesses in Criminal Cases
Most everyone knows what happens when a witness is called to testify in a criminal case: that witness must swear to "tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth" before he or she is allowed to testify. In fact, this is only part of the story: Before a witness is permitted to testify, he or she must be capable of understanding this oath or obligation and agree to carry it out. For most adults, this is not a difficult hurdle to surmount. However, in child abuse and child sex crime cases, the prosecution's "star witness" is often the underage child victim who may or may not be old enough to understand an oath or what it means to "promise to tell the truth."
Child Witnesses Must Be Able to Understand the Nature of the Oath
When a child witness is called to testify in a criminal case (often by the prosecution), the prosecution is taking a major risk. Testifying about abuse or sexual contact can be difficult for adults, much less children. The trauma of testifying is further magnified by the fact that the child is being asked sensitive questions in front of adult strangers and may be testifying against a family member. However, before any of these concerns arise comes a more basic problem: Does the child understand what it means to be a witness?
Courts have inherent power to declare that certain individuals – including children – are not qualified to testify as witnesses in cases. To determine whether a particular child in a specific case should be disqualified because the child cannot understand the witness's oath, a judge and/or the parties are permitted to ask questions of the child. For example, some judges will ask the child if the child understands the difference between the "truth" and a "lie." The judge may also ask the child which the child should tell in court – a "lie" or the "truth." Other judges may give the child an example of a truthful statement and a false statement and ask the child to indicate which statement is true and which is false. So long as the judge is ultimately satisfied that the child understands the difference between truth and falsehood and promises to tell the truth, the court can allow the child to testify. See the article on child witness examination by the Arizona Bar Association.
A Child Witness Who Is Not Able to Testify May Be "Unavailable"
Defendants in criminal cases alleged to have been committed against children should not rejoice prematurely just because the child victim in their case is found not able to testify. In many cases, a child who is not able to understand the difference between truth and falsehood (and, therefore, who cannot be a witness) is declared "unavailable." If this occurs, the prosecution may be able to admit the statements the child made concerning the alleged criminal act without the child needing to be present to testify. This can be especially harmful to a criminal defendant because:
- The jury does not get to see the child's demeanor while testifying;
- The defendant does not get to cross-examine the child about the veracity of the statement;
- The defendant is not able to ask the child any questions about the context of the statement.
Handling a child witness in a criminal case is a tricky matter. A judge may allow a child to testify as a witness so long as the judge is convinced the child knows the difference between truth and a lie and the child promises to tell the truth. While the experience of testifying can be traumatic to a child, having a child declared "unavailable" makes the defendant's task of combatting the child's statements much more difficult.


perform(get("/hello/init"))
 .andExpect(model().attribute("message", "hello!"));
 }
The test code is also very simple, and as you can see from the part ʻandExpect (model (). Attribute ("message", "hello!")) ', It is almost the same as stuffing into the actual Model. You can also write test code.
image.png
If you actually look at the result, you can see that the Model part is correctly packed with values.
If it is a simple object, the property is only one level, so it can be written simply. However, if you take a closer look at the results, you will find that the value value is written in a dubious string. It represents the instance of the object itself. Of course, there are times when you want to verify that an object isn't null, but most of the time you want to know if a particular property in the object has the expected value.
Below we'll look at validating a Model packed with these nested properties.
(2) Is the value of the userName property of the user Entity packed in the Model as expected?
Now, verifying nested objects makes the test code a bit more complicated, but it's much simpler than interpreting annotations, so let's explore each one.
Here, regarding the processing of model.addAttribute ("user ", user);, verify whether the property "userName" of the "user" instance is as expected (here, the value "test0"). To go.
Anyway, let's start by looking at the actual test code.
HelloControllerTest.java(Excerpt)
@Test
User Entity is stored in the model by void init processing() throws Exception {
 this.mockMvc.perform(get("/hello/init"))
 .andExpect(model()
 .attribute("user", hasProperty(
 "userName", is("test0")
 )
 )
 );
 }
Suddenly the structure changed drastically. This is not the Spring Boot test code, but rather the processing by the framework that handles the so-called "Matcher" that verifies the validity of the test called "Hamcrest".
The method hasProperty for validating the properties of an object is used in static import, so it has a structure of HasPropertyWithValue.hasProperty to be exact.
And this method has the following roles. (Quoted from the official)
Creates a matcher that matches when the examined object has a JavaBean property with the specified name whose value satisfies the specified matcher.
Somehow an esoteric English sentence came out, but I think that it will come nicely if you look at an actual example. assertThat(myBean, hasProperty("foo", equalTo("bar")) This means that the object "myBean" has a property called "foo" and the value of the foo property is "bar". That's exactly what we want to verify in this test. A simple example of this example would be ʻassertThat (user, hasProperty ("userName", is ("test0")); '. Since the return value of hasProperty belongs to the Matcher type, you can also write the property in a nested manner.
Verification of nested properties inevitably lengthens the code and makes it difficult to understand the correspondence between parentheses, so I think it is necessary to take some measures to make it easier to read, such as devising indentation as in the above example.
Anyway, this makes it possible to handle complicated models. As an example of the final Model, let's take a look at the test code for the List object.
Supplement: What is Matcher? Matcher has come out as a matter of course, but if you haven't touched JUnit, you may not be familiar with it, so I will briefly touch on it as a supplement. Matcher itself is an interface, designed to describe the validation process in a test (equal or not equal, all conditions ...) in a simple and easy-to-read format.
For example, the commonly used "assertThat" method is written in the form ʻassertThat (1 + 1, is (2));'. This is to write the test code in an easy-to-read English format, similar to the perform process above. And what you specify in the second argument of the assertThat method represents "Matcher". If you actually follow the contents of the assertThat method, ʻIf (! matcher.matches (actual)) {Processing when there is no match} ' Here, the matches method of the Matcher type instance specified in the second argument is called. Since this result is a boolean, I think it's a good idea to roughly interpret Mathcer as a boolean value for storing the success or failure of verification.
Even if it's a nested property, in the end it's just verifying that the specific property value at the bottom layer is equal to what you expected, so you may be able to understand it unexpectedly if you think simply and not be too prepared. ..
Reference
③ Does the list packed in Model hold the expected properties?
Let's look at the final Model pattern, which is nested and has a list structure. As a common example of model.addAttribute ("dbForm ", form);, verify that the "list of users in the Form object" is what you expect. As an example, first write the code below.
HelloControllerTest.java(Excerpt)
 //For list elements, access the list in any order with hasItem and verify whether there is an element whose specified property has the specified value.
 //Make test green only if present
 @Test
User list is stored in the model form by void init processing() throws Exception {

 this.mockMvc.perform(get("/hello/init"))
 .andExpect(model().attribute("dbForm", hasProperty(
 "userList", hasItem(
 hasProperty(
 "userName", is("test1")
 )
 )
 )));
 }
A new method called hasItem has appeared. Official It is said that it can be used only for list format objects. I am. And the method used here has Matcher as an argument.
In other words, roughly speaking, we are verifying that there is at least one that satisfies the Matcher passed as an argument in the list to be executed by the hasItem method. In this example, we want to verify that for each user element in the user list, there is at least one with the "userName" property set to "test1".
Since the list in the example has a small number of elements such as "2", it is possible to examine all the contents, but in the actual application, a list packed with hundreds or thousands of elements is often passed. .. It's hard to verify all this, though it can be coded. In such a case, it seems that reliability can be guaranteed to some extent if it is possible to verify whether the elements near the beginning, middle, and end meet the specifications. Therefore, instead of verifying all the elements of the list, it is only necessary to verify only a part as a representative element, so I think it is better to provide some test cases with the hasItem method.
By the way, it has become quite long because it was mixed with various supplementary explanations, but the level 1 test code is now verified. By completing Level 1, you can do the following:
Next, at Level 2, I would like to look at the verification of the database, which is the core of the application.
Level2. Test database operations
In the unit test with Spring Boot, we use something called "DbUnit" to verify the database. If you write it like this, even though Spring Boot alone is full, you will have to study more ... but I think that it is enough to learn how to use DbUnit easily. The important thing is to be aware of "what kind of work will be easier" by combining DbUnit and Spring Boot.
If you suddenly write about DbUnit in a mess, the image will be difficult to understand, so let's first follow the flow of how database operations are replaced from manual tests to automated tests.
Manual test
First, consider manually testing your database operations. I think that the test will proceed in the following flow.
The pros and cons of manual testing are left here, but here we will focus on "test reproducibility". If you are developing as a team, the result of SELECT will change from moment to moment, and UPDATE and DELETE processing will require some advance preparation if you want to meet the same conditions. If the tests executed are not reproducible, it will be difficult to identify whether or not degradation has actually occurred when repeated tests such as refactoring and regression tests are performed.
Now let's devise a little more about manual testing.
Manual construction of test state
In order to ensure reproducibility, I tried to incorporate the following process into the above manual test.
This ensured the reproducibility of the test. If this is the case,


text:
In celebration and gratitude for area communities' support and collaboration during the 75-year history of Olympic National Park, Superintendent Sarah Creachbaum invites the public to an open house at the Olympic National Park Visitor Center.
"We've been very honored by the outpouring of congratulations and well-wishes during the park's 75th anniversary year," said Olympic National Park Superintendent Sarah Creachbaum. "We hope our neighbors and fellow community members will stop by the open house so that we can honor and thank them for their years of support for Olympic National Park."
Members of area communities are warmly invited to stop by the Olympic National Park Visitor Center between 5:30 and 7:00 p.m. on Thursday, August 29. No formal remarks or presentations are planned, but Superintendent Sarah Creachbaum and other members of the Olympic National Park staff will be on hand to greet and thank all attendees. Olympic National Park was established 75 years ago, on June 29, 1938, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill that founded the park.
As defined in the bill establishing the park, the purpose of Olympic National Park is to:
"… preserve for the benefit, use and enjoyment of the people, the finest sample of primeval forests of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Douglas fir, and western red cedar in the entire United States; to provide suitable winter range and permanent protection for the herds of native Roosevelt elk and other wildlife indigenous to the area; to conserve and render available to the people, for recreational use, this outstanding mountainous country, containing numerous glaciers and perpetual snow fields and a portion of the surrounding verdant forest together with a narrow string along the beautiful Washington coast."
Olympic National Park protects 922,651 acres of three distinctly different ecosystems — rugged glacier-capped mountains, more than 70 miles of wild Pacific coast, and magnificent stands of old-growth and temperate rain forest.
More information about Olympic National Park, including images and a timeline tracking its first 75 years, is available at the park's website, _URL_
Olympic National Park News Release

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: (self-designation, Pihsiehk'a), a people in China. The T'uchia, who live in Hunan and Hupeh provinces, number 549,000 (1953 census). Their origin is traced to peoples of the Ti-beto-Burman linguistic group. The T'uchia are highly sinicized and speak Chinese; they have retained only a few traits of their original culture. Their primary occupations are forestry (tung tree and tea) and the farming of rice, corn, and sweet potatoes.


text: Phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) belong to a family of 4-methylideneimidazole-5-one (MIO) cofactor dependent enzymes which are responsible for the conversion of L-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Under conditions of high ammonia concentration, this deamination reaction is reversible and hence there is considerable interest in the development of PALs as biocatalysts for the enantioselective synthesis of non-natural amino acids. Herein the discovery of a previously unobserved competing MIO-independent reaction pathway, which proceeds in a non-stereoselective manner and results in the generation of both L- and D-phenylalanine derivatives, is described. The mechanism of the MIO-independent pathway is explored through isotopic-labeling studies and mutagenesis of key active-site residues. The results obtained are consistent with amino acid deamination occurring by a stepwise E1cB elimination mechanism.


Module: Paperclip::ClassMethods
Defined in:
lib/paperclip.rb
Instance Method Summary collapse
Instance Method Details
#has_attached_file(name, options = {}) ⇒ Object
has_attached_file gives the class it is called on an attribute that maps to a file. This is typically a file stored somewhere on the filesystem and has been uploaded by a user. The attribute returns a Paperclip::Attachment object which handles the management of that file. The intent is to make the attachment as much like a normal attribute. The thumbnails will be created when the new file is assigned, but they will not be saved until save is called on the record. Likewise, if the attribute is set to nil is called on it, the attachment will not be deleted until save is called. See the Paperclip::Attachment documentation for more specifics. There are a number of options you can set to change the behavior of a Paperclip attachment:
 - url: The full URL of where the attachment is publicly accessible. This can just as easily point to a directory served directly through Apache as it can to an action that can control permissions. You can specify the full domain and path, but usually just an absolute path is sufficient. The leading slash must be included manually for absolute paths. The default value is "/system/:class/:attachment/:id_partition/:style/:filename". See Paperclip::Attachment#interpolate for more information on variable interpolaton.
 :url => "/:class/:attachment/:id/:style_:filename"
 :url => "_URL_

 Note: When using the s3 storage option, the url option expects particular values. See the Paperclip::Storage::S3#url documentation for specifics.
 - default_url: The URL that will be returned if there is no attachment assigned. This field is interpolated just as the url is. The default value is "/:attachment/:style/missing.png"
 has_attached_file :avatar, :default_url => "/images/default_:style_avatar.png"
 User.new.avatar_url(:small) # => "/images/default_small_avatar.png"

 - styles: A hash of thumbnail styles and their geometries. You can find more about geometry strings at the ImageMagick website (_URL_ Paperclip also adds the "#" option (e.g. "50x50#"), which will resize the image to fit maximally inside the dimensions and then crop the rest off (weighted at the center). The default value is to generate no thumbnails.
 - default_style: The thumbnail style that will be used by default URLs. Defaults to original.
 has_attached_file :avatar, :styles => { :normal => "100x100#" },
 :default_style => :normal
 user.avatar.url # => "/avatars/23/normal_me.png"

 - keep_old_files: Keep the existing attachment files (original + resized) from being automatically deleted when an attachment is cleared or updated. Defaults to false.
 - preserve_files: Keep the existing attachment files in all cases, even if the parent record is destroyed. Defaults to false.
 - whiny: Will raise an error if Paperclip cannot post_process an uploaded file due to a command line error. This will override the global setting for this attachment. Defaults to true.
 - convert_options: When creating thumbnails, use this free-form options array to pass in various convert command options. Typical options are "-strip" to remove all Exif data from the image (save space for thumbnails and avatars) or "-depth 8" to specify the bit depth of the resulting conversion. See ImageMagick convert documentation for more options: (_URL_ Note that this option takes a hash of options, each of which correspond to the style of thumbnail being generated. You can also specify :all as a key, which will apply to all of the thumbnails being generated. If you specify options for the :original, it would be best if you did not specify destructive options, as the intent of keeping the original around is to regenerate all the thumbnails when requirements change.
 has_attached_file :avatar, :styles => { :large => "300x300", :negative => "100x100" }
 :convert_options => {
 :all => "-strip",
 :negative => "-negate"
 }

 NOTE: While not deprecated yet, it is not recommended to specify options this way. It is recommended that :convert_options option be included in the hash passed to each :styles for compatibility with future versions. NOTE: Strings supplied to :convert_options are split on space in order to undergo shell quoting for safety. If your options require a space, please pre-split them and pass an array to :convert_options instead.
 - storage: Chooses the storage backend where the files will be stored. The current choices are :filesystem, :fog and :s3. The default is :filesystem. Make sure you read the documentation for Paperclip::Storage::Filesystem, Paperclip::Storage::Fog and Paperclip::Storage::S3 for backend-specific options.
It's also possible for you to dynamically define your interpolation string for :url, :default_url, and :path in your model by passing a method name as a symbol as a argument for your has_attached_file definition:
class Person
 has_attached_file :avatar, :default_url => :default_url_by_gender
 private
 def default_url_by_gender
 "/assets/avatars/default_#{gender}.png"
 end
end
197
198
199
# File 'lib/paperclip.rb', line 197
def has_attached_file(name, options = {})
 HasAttachedFile.define_on(self, name, options)
end


Calorific value
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
These pieces of charcoal have a calorific value of 7543 KCal/kg. They burned for almost 4 hours.
The calorific value of a substance is the amount of energy that is released when burning a given amount of the substance. This energy is released in the form of heat, when the substance is burned in standard conditions.


text:
THE ZENITH EFFECT: A CASE STUDY
Published on 22nd October 2022
The nature of asset inspection is that each presents individual challenges. Many solutions have been promised over recent years, yet most haven't lived up to the hype. However, today's technology brings a whole different level to NDT testing, such as that proven by Interactive Ariel's innovative inspection camera, Zenith.
The following looks at a typical example of how this vertical space inspection instrument can overcome many of the historical issues associated with closed space and/or working at height inspection.
The asset in question was a 22 ft (6.7 m) sphere tank used to store vinyl fluoride. Legislation demanded regular inspections of the tank, something that had previously been actioned by the erection of interior complex scaffolding. Once done, inspectors carried out the work, manually inspecting the walls of the tank for any cracks, damage or deterioration. This took up to two days, after which the scaffolding needed to be removed.
The total time to carry out the process took four days, something that site owners, DuPont, were keen to reduce. They also wanted to remove the need for dangerous human entry to a confined space and the need for scaffolding.
Interactive Ariel was keen to show how Zenith could overcome all of the traditional challenges. The inspection camera has been designed for just such a task, using a combination of advanced systems to allow fast, safe operation that returned superior inspection data.
Zenith consists of a stabilised camera that's lowered from a multi-configuration tripod into a vertical space. The construction of the tripod is such that even entry points that are offset to where the camera is set up are easy to overcome, something that was necessary for this particular task. The camera can capture 4k video, 18Mp images and has a 30x optical zoom. This is further complemented by integral lighting of 10,000 lumens, enough for even the darkest of areas.
The camera was lowered into the asset using its battery-powered Smart Winch system, meaning no manual operation is needed during the inspection. Working with an intuitive handheld controller, the inspector can stand up to 900 metres away and watch real-time images on an HD screen. The camera can be rotated around 360o, focusing on any required area. The advanced operation of Zenith allowed the inspector to capture images with the same zoom level and frame overlap accuracy, even though the camera was at varying distances from the walls, due to the asset's spherical shape.
The results were exactly what DuPont had hoped for, and included:
- A reduction of asset downtime from four days to only 30 minutes (for the actual inspection to take place)
- 100% inspection coverage of the tank's interior
- No need to break the plane for confined space entry
- A dramatic reduction in inspection costs – saving three days downtime and $25,000 (US dollars) in scaffolding costs
This is just one example of how effective Zenith can be for vertical inspections. In addition, the system is simple to use and can be operated by anyone, with no need for prior training.
Advanced robotic solutions are certainly the way forward for what are now antiquated inspection processes. Companies that are embracing such methods are reaping the benefits. In a world where industry competitiveness is more complex than ever, the reduction of time and cost of inspection tasks is essential. Never has the time been so right to discover how to overcome your business challenges. Zenith is but one solution. Are you aware of what else is out there?


Farmers Receive No-Interest Loans To Help Overcome Pandemic Losses
WAMC, May 14, 2020
Several farms in western Massachusetts have been thrown a financial lifeline as they look to build back their business during the pandemic.
Community Involved in Sustaining Agriculture announced this week that no-interest loans totaling $183,000 have made to 13 farms. Applications for additional loans from a revolving emergency fund will be taken starting June 1. WAMC's Pioneer Valley Bureau Chief Paul Tuthill spoke with CISA Executive Director Philip Korman.
Farms are considered — they need to be essential businesses in any pandemic or non-pandemic situation because our farms are growing the food that we can put on our tables and feed our families. What really did impact farms was other sectors of the economy that needed to shut down. So farms lost markets when it came to restaurants, when it came to institutions and colleges, and even our winter farmers markets closed down because they were inside spaces, and that was in February and we had not yet figured out how to do things safely when it came to purchasing food.
So how does the emergency fund help in this situation?
So the emergency farm fund which has been around now since the end of 2011 provides no interest loans to farms, and farms don't have to pay any part of it back for the first six months. So it's providing loans in conjunction with the Franklin County CDC, ranging from $5000 to $25,000. So, it's enabling farms to keep going even though they have bills to pay as they figure out the new markets, and as we start heading into the growing season in a serious way.
Will the opening of the farmers' markets and the farm stands, will that help?
It will certainly help a lot of farms when they are able to sell directly to their neighbors and a lot of farms are based on those markets. So when farms open up their farm stands—and by the way, right now there are a lot of farms that do have small farm stores like small grocery stores, and that domain of what they can grow and sell has increased. So it's giving–these loans are giving farmers a chance to shift their focus and their attention to try to open up new markets and sell more to the markets they have already. You know, I think a lot of us are realizing that it's been our local neighbors who are farmers who are making the difference for us and feeding our families during this epidemic. And the supply chain of when that strawberry or asparagus is picked that gets to our table, so many fewer hands are touching that produce. I just hope that all of us are focusing on our farms right now and understand how deeply dependent we are on their good work that they do every day.
How many farms were helped out in this latest round, and what are your plans for the emergency farm fund for the future?
So, the emergency farm fund for COVID-19, we were able to do, 13 farms received loans totaling over $180,000. We're going to open up the fund for a second round starting June 1st. And applications will be due by June 22nd. And we anticipate that we might spend the remaining $220,000 in no interest loans then.
Where does the money for the fun come from?
The money from the fund comes from, in terms of CISA from the community. We've raised that money from amazing members of the community who understand how important our local food supply is, how important it is our neighbors who are farmers. So CISA is providing 150,000 of the total $400,000 the Franklin County CDC which has been an amazing partner in this round of emergency farm fund. They've had investors who had set up The Pioneer Valley Grows Investor Fund. And those monies are coming from that investment fund.
Now, this is the first time that this emergency fund has been used for a non-weather related emergency. So did the criteria change for getting a loan?
It's accurate to say that this is the first pandemic we've experienced to this degree and 100 years and every single farm—business has been impacted. So we have opened it up for all farms to apply. We do ask them to say how they've been impacted. But the criteria otherwise it's the same in the past. It was a single weather event and you would just show why Hurricane Irene impacted your farm. So in a way, it's the same you're showing how COVID-19 has impacted your farm.
And these are farms all up and down the valley, right? It's not just one region?
Correct. It's the three-county area of Hampshire, Hamden and Franklin counties and the range of farms included farms that focused on maple syrup, or flowers, or vegetables, or hard cider, or mushrooms, or fruit. It was it was a wide range of farms that applied.
And I think you mentioned this but, you're going to be taking applications again beginning when?
Applications will be taken again starting on June 1st, and all the information will be up before then at via


text:
Title of Project
Response of solar panel array structural system to wind loading
Name of Advisor/s
College of Science & Engineering
Summary of Project
The Cyclone Testing Station at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia has been carrying out research and testing on wind loading and structural response since 1977. This work has produced data for codes and standards and is used widely by the building and insurance industries worldwide.
Ground mounted solar panel arrays (Solar Farms) are being constructed in large numbers around the world. These panels are mounted on fixed or single axis tracking structural support systems. Design wind loading data for these types of structures is limited. Large scale failures of these systems have been observed during windstorms. These structural systems may be prone to wind induced dynamic excitation resulting from spatially and temporally varying net pressures on the panels. This project will study the wind loading and structural response (including the dynamic effects) from wind tunnel model studies and fundamental structural dynamics analysis. Results will be used to produce design data for inclusion in wind loading codes and standards.
Would suit an applicant who
You will have a relevant BE Honours degree in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering or equivalent.


Difference between Supercomputer and Mainframe Computer
0
Difference between Supercomputer and Mainframe Computer
Difference between Supercomputer and Mainframe Computer
Supercomputer and Mainframe Computer: –Today, computers are built in different sizes, with different prices, and with different power, memory, and throughput.
Computers are built differently because different organizations or computers use different computers for their specific task. Small companies want computers with low capacity and features, whereas large companies require large computers with high capacity and features.
We shall discuss two powerful computers in this article: the supercomputer and the mainframe computer.
In addition, both computers are different from each other, but both are powerful computers compared to other computers. They possess powerful abilities that can serve many users and can process huge data and information at a very high speed.
Want to know more about the Supercomputer and Mainframe computers?
Jump In!
Basic Differences:-
What is a Supercomputer?
Invented by Seymor Cray in the 1960s, it is the largest and most powerful computer designed and developed until now. Hence, it is also the most costly computer you can find.
The first Supercomputer built by Seymor Cray is CRAY-1 which is 6 feet in height and 8 feet in diameter. It was built using more than 200,000 computer chips, 3400 integrated circuit boards, and almost 60 miles of wiring.
The speed of supercomputers is very high, which can execute billions of instructions within a second and consists of large memory, and a high execution rate. Therefore, these supercomputers are usually used for large and complex mathematical computations.
Read Also –
What is a Mainframe Computer?
Mainframe computers are general-purpose computers that cost less and are small in size compared to Supercomputers. They are mostly used in organizations where it is used to serve many users at the same time.
The first Mainframe Computer developed was by IBM in 1964. In addition, the mainframe computer can be small as a cabinet or large as a well-sized room.
Compared to Supercomputers, mainframe computers are small, but they are also large computers. They are expensive and can cost several thousand dollars to tens of millions of dollars.
Mainframe computers have exceptionally powerful problem-solving abilities, and their memory is measured in gigabytes. Also, their operating system handles multiple applications at the same time.
Speed Differences: –
In terms of performance and storage, mainframe computers are one step behind supercomputers. The Supercomputer is specially designed like that to execute billions of information in a second.
The processing speed of a Mainframe computer is about 3-4 MIPS, whereas the processing speed of a Supercomputer is about 100 MIPS or more. In addition, the processing speed is measured in floating-point operations per sec.
Purpose Differences:-
A mainframe computer is designed to handle large amounts of input, output, and storage. It is specially used for solving simple calculations and computations involving many external data.
On the other hand, a Supercomputer is a special-purpose computer designed for specific tasks that take a large amount of memory and storage.
Application Differences:-
A mainframe computer is used for receiving and switching computers in national networks. Also, it works as a database server that handles the input and output of the terminals connected to it.
Usually, the mainframe computer is used in insurance industries, education industries, and other institutions.
The Supercomputer is usually used for scientific research from anatomy to physics, mathematics to weather predictions, and many more.
Summary Comparision Chart Between Supercomputer and Mainframe Computer
S. No.SupercomputerMainframe Computer
1.Supercomputers are large and cost more.Smaller in size and costs less than Supercomputer.
2.They are used for solving large and complex mathematical computations.They are usually used as storage for large databases and can serve multiple users simultaneously.
3.The speed of a Supercomputer is more than a mainframe computer, which can execute billions of information in a second.The speed of a Mainframe computer is less than Supercomputer but can execute millions of information in a second.
4.The Supercomputer is a purpose-built computer that is designed for specific tasks.The Mainframe computer is a general-purpose computer.
5. The first Supercomputer developed was by Seymour Cray, which was CRAY-1.The first mainframe computer was developed by IBM.
6.The processing speed of a supercomputer is about 100 MIPS or more.The processing speed of the mainframe computer is about 3-4 MIPS.
7. It has Linux operating system and other operating systems too.It can have multiple operating systems at the same time.
Conclusion:-
Supercomputer computers and mainframe computers come in the category of powerful machines but are differentiated by different factors.
The Supercomputer is a powerful computer that is used for a specific purpose and which can execute complex computations which other computers cannot handle, whereas the mainframe computer is a general-purpose computer that is used to handle simple computations.
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One Ring to Log In All
The YubiKey is a device that adds a layer of security to logging into online accounts. Google engineers are experimenting with YubiKeys and other schemes for added protection.
CREDIT: From "YubiKey NEO - World's first NFC enabled one-time password tokenM" by Yubico on YouTube
Google is working on small devices — including one designed as a ring — that people would need to log onto all of their online accounts, Wired reported. Such devices could add a layer of security to online email, banking and other accounts, but they could also add another necessity for people to carry around in their purses or wallets.
Google's security team are experimenting with extra log-in hardware because they thought passwords aren't enough to deter hackers anymore, Wired reported. Because of the increasing sophistication of hacks, everything that is now password-protected might in the future require some kind of personal key, too, the Google researchers thought.
Google has experimented with YubiKey, a small card that plugs into computers' USB ports. They also imagined that tomorrow's Internet keys could be built into rings or smartphones, which would eliminate the need to carry around an extra device. The jewelry and smartphone-based keys could work with a tap.
One of the major challenges now is to convince other websites to agree to a unified log-in system.
Google's ideas for increasing the security of online accounts are alternatives to another popular idea, adding biometrics such as iris or fingerprint scans to people's personal devices.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Executing NuoDB SQL Statements
The NuoDB SQL client, nuosql, is a command line tool for executing SQL statements against a database. You can experiment with nuosql by executing statements on the SQL QuickStart sample database that contains hockey data. By default, the database is named test on your local machine, with a user named dba whose password is goalie. This user has administrator privileges.
Note: If you did not already create the SQL QuickStart test database. go to Running the SQL QuickStart and then return here.
Open a terminal window. To start the nuosql command line tool, enter the following command. Substitute as necessary if you customized any parameters when you created the sample hockey database (test).
$ nuosql test@localhost --user dba --password goalie
SQL>
If you are successful then you see the SQL> prompt. On some platforms, specification of @localhost is optional.
After nuosql starts, you can execute standard SQL commands as you normally would with any SQL database. To see what tables are in the HOCKEY schema, try the following:
SQL> USE hockey;
SQL> SHOW tables;
 Tables in schema HOCKEY
 HOCKEY
 PLAYERS
 SCORING
 TEAMS
 VW_PLAYER_STATS is a view
SQL>
HOCKEY, PLAYERS, SCORING, and TEAMS are the sample tables and VW_PLAYER_STATS is the view created when you execute the SQL QuickStart.To display what is in the TEAMS table, run the following command:
SQL> SELECT * FROM teams ORDER BY name;
YEAR TMID CONFID DIVID RANK PLAYOFF G W L T OTL NAME
----- ----- ------- ------ ----- -------- -- -- -- -- ---- -------------------------------------
1916 TOB 0 0 4 0 14 7 7 0 0 228th Battalion
1972 ALB 0 WW 5 0 78 38 37 3 0 Alberta Oilers
2010 AND WC PC 2 CQF 82 47 30 0 5 Anaheim Ducks ...
Type help to display a list of NuoDB SQL commands:
SQL> HELP
ALTER SEQUENCE Change definition of a sequence
ALTER TABLE Change definition of a table
ALTER TRIGGER Change definition of a trigger
ALTER USER Change definition of a user
...
Furthermore, you can type HELP followed by a command to get more information about that command:
SQL> HELP UPDATE
NAME
 UPDATE
SYNOPSIS
 UPDATE [schema.]table SET column = expression [, ...]
 [WHERE condition ]
DESCRIPTION
 UPDATE changes the values of the columns specified for all rows that meet
 the requirements specified by the WHERE condition clause. You are required
 only to specify the columns to be modified.
 Columns not specified by SET remain unchanged.
 You must have write access to the table in order to modify it, as well as
 read access to any table whose values are specified in the WHERE condition.
SQL>
Exit nuosql by typing quit at the SQL> prompt:
SQL> quit
For more information: SQL Statements.


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Benefits of a National Survey on Water Demand: Existing Data and Reporting Recommendations
The nation faces tremendous costs required to maintain and improve its water and wastewater infrastructure. Effective management of water delivery and treatment systems would benefit from a regular national water demand data collection effort that captures consumption by economic sector as well as by end use. A water demand survey would provide the data necessary to better understand water demand trends, and ultimately to assess implications for water infrastructure needs and the U.S. economy. This report summarizes current publicly available water demand information and recommends data parameters for a national water demand survey.


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Frequently Asked Questions
In this section one finds a number of FAQ answered.
1. How many casualties fell during the May War in the Netherlands?
The Dutch army lost 2,300 men KIA during the five days of war in the Netherlands (including the eight days in the province Zeeland). The number of WIA is not specifically known, but over 7,000 men were treated for wounds suffered during the war days. Probably a significant number suffered only light wounds and were not registered at all.
The German army losses during the battle for the Netherlands were almost identical to the Dutch losses. About 2,100 registered KIA, perhaps slightly higher.
The number of German military WIA is unknown. The benchmark ratio KIA:WIA gives an average of one KIA to 3,5 to 4 WIA, which would lead to a German WIA ratio of 7,000 - 8,000 men.
The Dutch expedited around 1,300 German POW's to the UK. These men were German write-offs for the duration of the war. The bulk of this number comprised Luftwaffe personnel as well as airlanded infantry of 22nd Infantry Division and airbornes from the Hague theatre of operations.
The French army lost 206 registered KIA in the Netherlands. In Noord-Brabant 62 and in Zeeland 154. The number of wounded is unknown, as is the number of POW's. Numbers of 800 WIA are mentioned in the buzz, but have up to now not been substantiated by reliable sources. Some estimates say that around 3,000 Frenchmen were captured in the Netherlands during the periode 10-18 May 1940. But these estimates are non-substantiated either and probably too low.
2. What were the strengths of the opposing forces?
The Dutch army had a total force of around 280,000 men under arms in May 1940. Often foreign sources erroneously mention figures of 350,000 - 400,000. That is wrong and very inaccurate.
The Dutch army comprised 240,000 men and around 40,000 men in other branches (army air force, coastal artillery defences, volunteer formations). The navy and marines (in the Netherlands) had some 10,000 more, not included in the 280.000.
The Dutch army was only partially organized in field army units. Often foreign sources only mention the major field army units, being eight infantry divisions (organised in four army corpses), one independant division (Peel-division) and one light (mobile) division. Besides these large units there were three field army brigades (A, B and G) and 30 independant border infantry battalions and companies. The fortress army had no divisional structure. It was organised in companies, battalions and regiments only. The fortress army, that occupied the defences within the Fortress Holland and Zeeland province, contained the bulk of elder reservists.
The Dutch army had 48 infantry regiments (2,200 - 2,500 men each), 24 independant Border Infantry Battalions (around 700 men each), a number of Border Infantry Companies and two regiments of bicylce infantry. Furthermore 2 regiments of motorbike-infantry, 6 regiments of cavalry (partially horse, partially bicycle mounted), 15 independant regiments of artillery comprising three battalions each, 4 independant regiments of artillery comprising two battalions each and 8 independant artillery battalions. The total number of active artillery pieces was 692 (excluding the obsolete 8-staal guns; excluding 6-veld and AT guns).
Next to these combattant forces there was a large representation of non-com formations, like engineers, pioneers, logistics, medical troops, etc.etc..
For further specifics we refer to the Introduction chapter on this website.
The German army assigned the 18th Armee to the Dutch theatre. This army comprised 10.Corps (two infantry divisions, two SS regiments, one occupational division of brigade strength), 26. Corps (six divisions, including one tank division and one SS division) and the independant 1st Cavalry Division. The Luftwaffe provided the 7th Flieger Korps comprising the (two regiments strong) 7th Airborne Division and the 22.Infantry Airlanding Division (reinforced by a battalion of IR.72). The strength of the 18.Armee was about 180,000 men. The combined Airlanding Corps had an operational strength of about 12,000 men (3,500 airbornes; 8,500 airlanding troops).
On the first two days of the invasion two divisions of the 6th Armee covered the left flank of the 26.Corps in Noord-Brabant. Furthermore the bulk of the 6th Armee crossed the most southeastern province of the Netherlands (Limburg), where on the first day some units opposed the few Dutch battalions defending the Meuse region in Limburg. Although these numbers are significant, they should not be added to the invasion force for the Dutch theatre, for they were designated to invade Belgium.
All in all the strength of the German invasion force opposing the Dutch was around 200,000 men landforces (including Students' Airlanding Corps).
3. Who were the most principal commanders on either side?
The Dutch Commander in Chief was General Henri G. Winkelman. He was commander of the Dutch land-, airand navy forces in the homeland. He had become CiC in February 1940. His was preluded by General I.H. Reynders, who was sacked in January 1940 over a dispute (with the Dutch cabinet) on the defense strategy.
The commander of the Field Army was Lieutenant-General J.J.G. (Baron) van Voorst tot Voorst. His younger brother General-Major H.F.M. (Baron) van Voorst tot Voorst was chief of the army staff. Commander Fortress Holland was Lieutenant-General J. van Andel.
Commander of the Air-Defence and Army Air Force was Lieutenant-General. P.W. Best.
The commander of the Dutch navy was the chief of navy staff Vice-Admiral J.T. Furstner.
The four army Corpses were led by General-Major N.T. Carstens [1.Corps], General-Major J. Harberts [2.Corps], General-Major A.A. van Nijnatten [3.Corps] and General-Major A.R. van den Bent [4.Corps].
The German Commander in Chief of the operations in the Netherlands was the commander of the 18.Armee, General der Artillerie Georg von Küchler. His direct superior was the Commander Heeresgruppe B, Generaloberst von Bock.
The operations of the 7th Fliegerkorps [commanded by Generalleutnant der Flieger Kurt Student] in Fortress Holland were developed and led by the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Hermann Göring (and his staff), and the Commander Luftflotte 2, Generalleutnant von Kesselring was commander of the Luftwaffe operations in the Netherlands.
The most principle German units were commanded by Generalleutnant K. Student [7th Airborne Corps and commander of 7th Flieger Division], Generalleutnant Graf von Sponeck [22.ID], General-major Kurt Feldt [1.Cav.Div.], General der Artillerie Christian Hansen [10.Corps], General der Artillerie Albert Wodrig [26.Corps], Generalleutnant Schmidt [commander of 39.Corps, which was activated as of 13 May 1940] and Generalmajor Ritter von Hubicki [9.Panzer Division].
4. Was the Lex Belli [or Ius in Bello, law of war] often infringed by the belligerents, or was it generally respected?
The internation code, mainly given shape by Geneva and Hague conventions, was mandatory to and (generally) respected by all belligerents in May 1940 in the Dutch theatre.
There were the inevitable occasional infringements too. The Dutch and the Germans both recorded some infringements of the other side and for both sides there is proof of some incidents that were mild, or occasionally gross, infringements in itself. Here and there a prisoner of war was abused, assaulted or even shot on the spot (both sides were guilty of those occasional attrocities), and quite a number of incidents were recorded where either side abused the white flag or the international sign of the red cross.
There is one remarkable exception, where the Ius in Bello was quite generally disregarded by one particular German unit. This occurs during the operations of the SS regiment Der Führer during the three days' battle of the Grebbeberg. There is sufficient proof that the laws of war were poorly adhered to (to say the least) during the SS operations on 11, 12 and 13 of May 1940. There were several incidents involving massacres in the trenches (especially on the 11th of May), systematic abuse of POW's and particularly the common use of POW's as human shields against opposing fire. These infringements were reported and sometimes proven in such an overwhelming quantity that it is very likely that some sort of methodical abuse was applicable. This only applies


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Summary: Believe it or not, the story of the toilet rat is not such an uncommon occurence. Finding their way from the street sewer line into your household plumbing is a fairly simple task for a rat.
It's like the old Psycho shower scene. Nobody wants to think about Norman Bates sneaking into their bathroom while showering, but after you're seen that movie you can't help but think about it.
The same lingering fear holds true for stories about rats coming into toilet bowls while we're sitting there minding our business. However, before you give up the convenience of indoor plumbing and start digging latrine holes in your backyard, please read on.
***image1***How do rats actually get into the toilet? Well, let's assume it did, in fact, come from the inside of the toilet and that it didn't arrive there from other entry points and jump into the toilet looking for a drink. (Rats require water everyday.) One entry point to consider are the vent pipes on the roof. Rats are terrific climbers and jumpers. Placing a vent cap or mesh wire over the vent pipe is not unreasonable especially if you have a lot of over-hanging trees on your property. Rats can easily navigate the trees and jump to your rooftop.
First floor toilets are probably more susceptible to rat invasions than upper level toilets especially if the toilet soil pipe runs horizontally or at a very shallow angle to the sewer. Rats are good underwater swimmers. (They can swim one-half mile in open water and can tread water for up to three days.) It's totally possible for a rat to walk up a horizontal soil pipe from the sewer, swim through the water-filled piping inside the toilet, and surface in the toilet bowl. However, if the soil pipe runs vertically for five or more feet the rat will have difficulty climbing the inside of the slick, wet pipe.
***image3***Most toilets have traps that hold enough water in the connecting pipe to discourage the rats from coming in. However, in unused guest bathrooms and abandoned houses trap water can evaporate.
If a rat actually does happen to get into your toilet, the first thing you should do is shut the lid. They can jump out. With the lid closed, squirt liquid dishwashing soap into the bowl between the opening of the seat and the rim of the toilet. The dishwashing soap makes the bowl and the pipe below it slippery, making it hard for the rat to get any traction. Then flush the toilet. Usually the rat goes down and doesn't come back. Then, call the City and demand that they bait the sewers. Probably wouldn't hurt to call a pest control professional, too.


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How to Type Em Dash (or Long Dash) in Word
Em Dash or Em Rule is also sometimes referred to as Long Dash. It is a type of dash that is three times as long as a hyphen or minus sign (-). This dash is called em dash because it is one em wide.
In today's article, you'll learn about all the available methods you can use to type the Em Dash Symbol in Word using Windows or Mac.
Without any further ado, let's get started.
Em Dash [—] Quick Help
The table below contains all the information you need to type the Em Dash symbol in Word using either your Mac or Windows PC. If you are lazy to use the keyboard, you can as well copy and paste the symbol into your document.
|Symbol Name||Em Dash|
|Shortcut for Windows||Alt+0151|
|Shortcut for Mac||[Option] + [Shift] + [-]|
|Shortcut in Word (Win)||[Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]|
To type the Em Dash symbol in Word for Mac, press [Option] + [Shift] + [-] on your keyboard. If you are on Windows, press and hold the Alt key and type the Em Dash alt code which is 0151 on the numeric keypad, then release the alt key.
The above quick guide provides some useful information about the Em Dash symbol including shortcuts and alt codes you can use on both Windows and Mac. However, below are some other methods you can also employ to insert this symbol into your Word document.
5 ways to type an Em Dash [—] symbol in Word
Microsoft Word provides several methods for typing or inserting symbols that do not have dedicated keys on the keyboard.
In this section, I will make available for you five different methods you can use to type or insert the Em Dash symbol in Word for both Mac and Windows users.
Without any further ado, let's get started.
Using the Em Dash [—] Alt Code (Windows Only)
The Em Dash Symbol alt code is 0151.
Even though the Em dash symbol does not have a dedicated key on the keyboard, it can still be typed using the Alt Numpad Input Method which is also known as the Alt code method. This can be done by pressing and holding the Alt key whilst pressing the Em dash symbol Alt code (0151) using the numeric keypad. This method is for Windows only. And your keyboard must also have a numeric keypad.
Obey the following instructions to type the em dash symbol using the alt code method:
- Place your insertion pointer where you need the symbol.
- Press and hold the Alt key on your keyboard.
- Whilst holding on to the Alt key, press the symbol's alt code (0151). You must use the numeric keypad to type the alt code. If you are using a laptop without the numeric keypad, this method may not work for you. On some laptops, there's a hidden numeric keypad which you can enable by pressing Fn+NmLk keystrokes on the keyboard.
- Release the Alt key after typing the Alt code to insert the Symbol into your document.
This is how you may type this symbol in Word using the Alt Code method.
Using the Em Dash Shortcut (Mac and Windows)
The keyboard shortcut for the Em Dash Symbol is [Option] + [Shift] + [-] for Mac. For Windows users, use the Alt Code method or press [Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]. The [Num -] key means the minus key on the numeric keypad on the Windows Keyboard. This shortcut won't work if you use the minus key that's in line with the Backspace key.
To type the em dash symbol on Mac, obey the instructions below:
- First of all, place the insertion pointer where you need to type the Em Dash symbol.
- Press and hold the Option and the Shift key and hit once on the [-] (Minus or Hyphen) key.
With this keyboard shortcut, you can type the Em Dash symbol anywhere on your Mac computer.
- For windows users, press [Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]. The [Num -] means the minus key on the numeric keypad.
- Alternatively, press and hold the alt key and type 0151 on the number pad.
These are the steps you may use to type this symbol in Microsoft Word.
Copy and Paste Em Dash
Another easy way to get the Em Dash symbol on any PC is to use my favorite method: copy and paste.
All you have to do is to copy the symbol from somewhere like a web page or the character map for windows users, and head over to where you need the symbol (say in Word), then hit Ctrl+V to paste.
Below is the symbol for you to copy and paste into your Word document. Just select it and press Ctrl+C to copy, switch over to Microsoft Word, place your insertion pointer at the desired location and press Ctrl+V to paste.
For windows users, obey the following instructions to copy and paste the em dash symbol using the character map dialog box.
- Click on the Start button and search for Character Map. The Character Map app will appear in the search results, click on it to open.
- The Character Map dialog will appear. Click on the Advanced view check box to expand the dialog box for more options.
- On the advanced view, type Em Dash in the Search box.
- You should now see only the Em Dash on the character map dialog. Double click on the symbol to select it. Alternatively, click on the Select button.
- After you select the symbol by double-clicking on it, it should appear in the Character to copy: field, then click on the Copy button to copy the symbol.
- Switch to your Microsoft Word document, place the insertion pointer at the desired location and press Ctrl+V to paste.
This is how you may use the Character Map dialog to copy and paste any symbol on Windows PC.
Using insert Symbol dialog box
The insert symbol dialog box is a library of symbols from where you can insert any symbol into your Word document with just a couple of mouse clicks.
Obey the following steps to insert the Em Dash Symbol in Word using the insert symbol dialog box.
- Open your Word document.
- Click to place the insertion pointer where you wish to insert the symbol.
- Go to the Insert tab.
- In the Symbols category, click on the Symbol drop-down and select the More Symbols button.
- The Symbol dialog box will appear. In the Subset drop-down list, select General Punctuation to display symbols in this category which includes the Em Dash symbol.
- Select the symbol and click on the Insert button. Alternatively, double click on the symbol to insert it into your Word document.
- Close the dialog.
The symbol will then be inserted exactly where you place the insertion pointer in the beginning.
These are the steps you may use to insert the Em Dash symbol in Word.
Using AutoCorrect to Type Em dash in Word
Another approach you may use to obtain this symbol is through the AutoCorrect feature in Word.
AutoCorrect in MS Word is a facility designed for correcting spelling mistakes like thsi to this.
With this feature, you can assign your own short code to the em dash symbol. This way, you can easily type the em dash symbol using the short code. For instance, if you happen to frequently type the Em Dash symbol, you can assign a short code like EMDASH to this symbol. This way, whenever you type the text EMDASH, Word will think that you actually wanted to type — and will convert it into the Em Dash Symbol automatically.
Without any further ado, below are the steps.
- Go to the insert tab.
- In the Symbols category, click on the Symbol drop-down and select More Symbols.
- The Symbol dialog box will appear. In the Subset drop-down list, select General Punctuation from the list to display the General Punctuation symbols which include the Em Dash symbol.
- Select the em dash symbol and click on the AutoCorrect button.
- The AutoCorrect dialog box will appear. Select the 'Replace text as you type' checkbox.
- In the Replace: box, type EMDASH.
- By default, the With: box will contain the em dash sign. Just in case it is not there, please paste it there.
- Now click on the Add button and hit on OK.
At this point, whenever you type the text EMDASH in Word, it'll convert to the Em Dash symbol.
However, below are some things you should note when you are using the AutoCorrect Method to type this symbol in Word.
- AutoCorrect is case sensitive. Meaning if you type emdash (in lowercase), Word will not autocorrect it for you unless you type EMDASH (in uppercase). Whatever case you used to assign the AutoCorrect text is what Word will recognize.
- If there is any text before or after the AutoCorrect text, Word will consider the AutoCorrect text as part of the text and hence will not do any autocorrection. For example, XEMDASH will not get converted since the EMDASH is joining with another character X. However, X EMDASH will convert to X — since the X is separated from the EMDASH.
As you can see, there are several different methods you can use to type the Em Dash Symbol in Microsoft Word.
Using the shortcuts for both Windows and Mac makes the fastest option for this task. Shortcuts are always fast.
Thank you very much for stepping on this blog.
If you have anything thing to say or questions to ask about the em dash symbol, please drop it in the comments below.


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socketpipe dds
An RJ-45 plug coming out of a pipe
Socketpipe
Socketpipe connects over a TCP/IP socket a remote command specified to a local input generation command and/or a local output processing command. The input and output of the remote command are appropriately redirected so that the remote command's input will come from the local input generation command and the remote command's output will be sent to the local output processing command. The remote command is executed on the machine accessed through the login command. The socketpipe executable should be available through the execution path in the remote machine. The braces used for delimiting the commands and their arguments should be space-separated and can be nested. This feature allows you to setup complex and efficient topologies of distributed communicating processes.
Although the initial socketpipe communication setup is performed through client-server intermediaries such as ssh(1) or rsh(1), the communication channel that socketpipe establishes is a direct socket connection between the local and the remote commands. Without the use of socketpipe, when piping remote data through ssh(1) or rsh(1), each data block is read at the local end by the respective client, is sent to the remote daemon and written out again to the remote process. The use of socketpipe removes the inefficiency of the multiple data copies and context switches and can in some cases provide dramatic throughput improvements. On the other hand, the confidentiality and integrity of the data passing through socketpipe's data channel is not protected; socketpipe should therefore be used only within a confined LAN environment. (The authentication process uses the protocol of the underlying login program and is no more or less vulnerable than using the program in isolation; ssh(1) remains secure, rsh(1) continues to be insecure.)
Examples
socketpipe -i { tar cf - / } -l { ssh remotehost } -r { dd of=/dev/st0 bs=32k }
Backup the local host on a tape drive located on remotehost.
socketpipe -l { ssh remotehost } -r { dd if=/dev/st0 bs=32k } -o { tar xpf - /home/luser }
Restore a directory using the tape drive on the remote host.
socketpipe -i { tar cf - / } -l { ssh remotehost } -r { bzip2 -c } -o { dd of=/dev/st0 bs=32k }
Backup the local disk on a local tape, compressing the data on the (presumably a lot more powerful) remotehost.
Download
The current socketpipe version is 1.10. The following pages do not contain navigation links. Following a link will open a new browser window.
Documentation
Source Code Repository
The socketpipe source code repository is available on GitHub. You can clone it by running the following command.
git clone _EMAIL_:dspinellis/socketpipe.git
Diomidis Spinellis home page
(C) Copyright 2003-2015 D. Spinellis. May be freely uploaded by WWW viewers and similar programs. All other rights reserved.


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The visibility of a laser beam is affected by the surrounding lighting, the laser's wavelength, and the colour, humidity and reflectivity of the material. In this blog post, you can read more about how these variables affect the visibility of a laser beam.
The effect of lighting and wavelength on the visibility of a laser beam
A laser beam can be seen in both darkness and bright light. For example, a laser has been used to create a projected user interface for our customer Merivaara's Q-Flow surgical light, which emits 160 times more light than a standard lamp.
Lasers are also suitable for outdoor use, such as marking loading docks. A laser beam will not, however, be visible in bright sunlight. Some kind of shade is required to see it.
The reflection of a laser beam is affected by particulates in the air, localised temperature variations in gas molecules, and humidity. For example, fog affects the direction of light waves and acts as a scattering medium, which will cause the laser to appear as a blurred pattern on a wall of fog.
In challenging conditions, the visibility of laser beams can be improved by choosing a wavelength of 520 nm (green). A green laser is up to six times more visible to the human eye than a red laser. However, due to the sensitivity of the detector, machine vision can often see red lasers best (a wavelength of 660 nm).
The visibility of a laser beam can also be improved by raising the laser's optical power (mW). However, increasing the power can only be done in accordance with laser safety regulations.
The effect of surface colour on the visibility of a laser beam
Everyone has experienced dark clothing heating up faster and more intensely in the sun than pale clothing. There is a physical reason for this: dark colours absorb light, while pale colours reflect light. This same phenomenon causes a laser beam to be more visible against pale colours than dark colours.
A laser beam will appear sharp on a sheet of white paper, but will be far less visible on a piece of dark wood. This is because the dark colour absorbs the light into the porous wood and scatters only a portion of it back, which causes the laser to be reflected on the surface with a blurred outline.
However, surface colour has less impact on solids, as the laser light cannot be absorbed that deeply anyway and will instead be reflected back. A strong reflection creates a sharp line.
The effect of material reflectivity on the visibility of a laser beam
A material's reflectivity depends on its absorption capacity, that is, how well light particles (photons) can be absorbed into the material.
A lightweight fibrous material is an example of a highly absorbent material. These materials absorb light deeply, causing it to be scattered and reflected back weakly to the material's surface. Against fibrous materials, a laser line or other projected image will spread over a wide area and appear blurred around the edges. The same phenomenon will occur if the material is damp.
Weakly absorbent materials have a solid structure. The laser light will be poorly absorbed by the material, yet still to a sufficient extent to enable the light to be reflected and to create a sharp laser line or other pattern on the surface.
If no light at all is absorbed from a laser, it will be reflected away when it hits the surface of the material. This is why 100% reflective materials, such as mirrors and polished steel, are the most challenging with respect to laser visibility.
A laser beam will be sharp:
Black anodised aluminium surface
A laser beam will be visible, but not sharp:
A laser beam will be weak:
A laser beam will be invisible:
Polished steel surface
Bright aluminium surface
Send a material sample to the laser manufacturer
If you are unsure how well a laser beam will stand out against the material you are using, you can send the material to us for testing. You can also send us photos of the area, equipment or device in which you are planning to use the laser. We will provide guidance on choosing the right laser and, if necessary, send you a test laser to try out.
Contact us and ask about lasers!
Product Development Director +358 14 241 488 _EMAIL_


global
And remove it with:
$ librarian-puppet config KEY --global --delete
You can set a key at the local level with:
$ librarian-puppet config KEY VALUE --local
And remove it with:
$ librarian-puppet config KEY --local --delete
You cannot set or delete environment-level config keys with the CLI.
Configuration set at either the global or local level will affect subsequent invocations of librarian-puppet. Configurations set at the environment level are not saved and will not affect subsequent invocations of librarian-puppet.
You can pass a config at the environment level by taking the original config key and transforming it: replace hyphens (-) with underscores (_) and periods (.) with doubled underscores (__), uppercase, and finally prefix with LIBRARIAN_PUPPET_. For example, to pass a config in the environment for the key part-one.part-two, set the environment variable LIBRARIAN_PUPPET_PART_ONE__PART_TWO.
Configuration affects how various commands operate.
 - The path config sets the directory to install to. If a relative path, it is relative to the directory containing the Puppetfile. The equivalent environment variable is LIBRARIAN_PUPPET_PATH.
 - The tmp config sets the cache directory for librarian. If a relative path, it is relative to the directory containing the Puppetfile. The equivalent environment variable is LIBRARIAN_PUPPET_TMP.
Configuration can be set by passing specific options to other commands.
 - The path config can be set at the local level by passing the --path option to the install command. It can be unset at the local level by passing the --no-path option to the install command. Note that if this is set at the environment or global level then, even if --no-path is given as an option, the environment or global config will be used.
Rsync Option
The default convergence strategy between the cache and the module directory is to execute an rm -r on the module directory and just cp -r from the cache. This causes the module to be removed from the module path every time librarian puppet updates, regardless of whether the content has changed. This can cause some problems in environments with lots of change. The problem arises when the module directory gets removed while Puppet is trying to read files inside it. The puppet master process will lose its CWD and the catalog will fail to compile. To avoid this, you can use rsync to implement a more conservative convergence strategy. This will use rsync with the -avz and --delete flags instead of a rm -r and cp -r. To use this feature, just set the rsync configuration setting to true.
$ librarian-puppet config rsync true --global
Alternatively, using an environment variable:
LIBRARIAN_PUPPET_RSYNC='true'
Note that the directories will still be purged if you run librarian-puppet with the --clean or --destructive flags.
How to Contribute
 - Pull requests please.
 - Bonus points for feature branches.
Reporting Issues
Bug reports to the github issue tracker please. Please include:
 - Relevant Puppetfile and Puppetfile.lock files
 - Version of ruby, librarian-puppet, and puppet
 - What distro
 - Please run the librarian-puppet commands in verbose mode by using the --verbose flag, and include the verbose output in the bug report as well.
License
Please see the LICENSE file.


text:
Forests and other natural resources are crucial to the livelihoods of millions of poor people worldwide. But just how important are forests for poverty alleviation? To what extent do forests help lift people out of poverty, or are they mainly useful as gap-fillers and safety nets preventing extreme hardship? How do different management regimes and policies affect the benefits poor people derive from forests? By answering these questions, PEN can provide well-researched advice for enhancing the way natural resource and poverty-related policies and projects are designed and implemented.
No one would claim forests are the ultimate panacea for poverty. But they play an important role for millions of people by providing a safety net during economic downturns, by supporting current consumption and sometimes by being a direct pathway out of poverty.
PEN aims to fill the gap in knowledge through the systematic collection of socio-economic data in a variety of tropical ecosystems, using similar data definitions and methodologies. This will make PEN the world's first global comparative and quantitative review of the role of tropical forests in poverty alleviation.
PEN also represents a new and innovative way of doing research. The core of PEN is the individual field studies, in most cases done by PhD students. The best field studies are often done as part of a PhD thesis. At the same time the value-added of the individual studies can be substantially enhanced by using standardized definitions and methods, which permit comparative analysis. Thus, in addition to their own specific research questions and methodologies, each PhD student/researcher will contribute to the common data set on forests and poverty.


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SAMPLE
The SAMPLE clause takes samples evenly in the result set and returns the specified amount of data.
Legacy version compatibility
SAMPLE is a new clause added in Nebula Graph 2.6.0.
SAMPLE can be used in GO statements only. The syntax is as follows:
<go_statement> SAMPLE <sample_list>;
sample_list is a list. Elements in the list must be natural numbers, and the number of elements must be the same as the maximum number of STEPS in the GO statement. The following takes GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "A" OVER * SAMPLE <sample_list> as an example to introduce this usage of SAMPLE in detail.
 - The list sample_list must contain 3 natural numbers, such as GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "A" OVER * SAMPLE [1,2,4].
 - 1 in SAMPLE [1,2,4] means that the system automatically selects 1 edge to continue traversal in the first step. 2 means to select 2 edges to continue traversal in the second step. 4 indicates that 4 edges are selected to continue traversal in the third step. If there is no matched edge in a certain step or the number of matched edges is less than the specified number, the actual number will be returned.
 - Because GO 1 TO 3 STEPS means to return all the traversal results from the first to third steps, all the red edges and their source and destination vertices in the figure below will be matched by this GO statement. And the yellow edges represent there is no path selected when the GO statement traverses. If it is not GO 1 TO 3 STEPS but GO 3 STEPS, it will only match the red edges of the third step and the vertices at both ends.
SAMPLE in GO
In the basketballplayer dataset, the example is as follows:
nebula> GO 3 STEPS FROM "player100" \
 OVER * \
 YIELD properties($$).name AS NAME, properties($$).age AS Age \
 SAMPLE [1,2,3];
+-----------------+--------------+
| NAME | Age |
+-----------------+--------------+
| "Spurs" | UNKNOWN_PROP |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Manu Ginobili" | 41 |
+-----------------+--------------+
nebula> GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "player100" \
 OVER * \
 YIELD properties($$).name AS NAME, properties($$).age AS Age \
 SAMPLE [2,2,2];
+---------------------+-----+
| NAME | Age |
+---------------------+-----+
| "Manu Ginobili" | 41 |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Tim Duncan" | 42 |
| "LaMarcus Aldridge" | 33 |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Tim Duncan" | 42 |
+---------------------+-----+
Last update: October 26, 2021
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text:
Vorticity leads the test team to deploy the largest parachute ever to fly on a Mars mission for the upcoming ExoMars mission that will deliver a rover and a surface science platform to the Red Planet.
Vorticity is delighted to announce that it will be co-hosting IPPW 2019 with the University of Oxford from the 6th to 12th July 2019.
For more information please refer to the IPPW 2019 website _URL_
The SUPERMAX mission (Supersonic Parachute Experiment Ride on a MAXUS rocket) was flown successfully on the MAXUS 9 flight which took place on 7th April 2017. This test parachute deployed at supersonic velocity, demonstrates Europe's capability to land safely from space.
SuperMAX, the test vehicle, is hitching a ride. Unlike the other experiments, the capsule will detach after the Maxus solid-propellant motor burns out. It will travel separately to the highest point of 715 km before falling back under the pull of gravity. It will reach twelve times the speed of sound and see intense aerodynamic heating before air drag decelerates it to Mach 2 at an altitude of 20 km. A 1.25 m-diameter supersonic parachute will then deploy to stabilise it for a soft landing. An onboard computer will record data and images.
The SUpersonic Parachute Experiment Ride on MAXus, or Supermax, has been given a piggyback on Maxus-9, lifting off from Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden 7 April 2017. Sounding rockets are launched to the edge of space and free fall back to Earth, allowing experiments to run in weightlessness before landing.
SuperMAX aims to demonstrate the use of suborbital rockets as platforms for testing supersonic parachutes. Researchers from the UK's Vorticity Ltd and Fluid Gravity Engineering Ltd have already run experiments in wind tunnels. Though effective, wind tunnels and some rockets are expensive to employ. Piggybacking on a sounding rocket could be a more cost-efficient approach for testing future supersonic parachutes.
Picture Credit: SSC Rockets and Balloons


Q
Sum of all percentanges for a customer must be 1
My table is as follows: Preference (login:str(10), symbol:str(20), percentage:real) : (PK: (login,symbol)), where percentage is a fraction of one unit for the corresponding mutual fund designated by symbol. The sum of all percentages (fractions of 1) for a customer (login) must be exactly 1 corresponding to 100%. My question is how to implement this constraint?
My table is as follows: Preference (login:str(10), symbol:str(20), percentage:real) : (PK: (login,symbol)), where percentage is a fraction of one unit for the corresponding mutual fund designated by symbol. The sum of all percentages (fractions of 1) for a customer (login) must be exactly 1 corresponding to 100%. My question is how to implement this constraint?
You've probably discovered that the normal constraints like NOT NULL, UNIQUE and CHECK cannot be used to implement your business rule. So complex constraints like this are normally implemented in a trigger on the table. However, the trigger will check the rows of data, row by row. Since the first row will most likely not sum up to 100%, the trigger will raise an error. Because of this specific business rule, this is probably one of the rare cases where I would code this logic into the application. Before the application sends the rows of data to the database, it should verify the sum of the percentages equals 100%. If not, then raise an error to the end user.
This was first published in October 2006
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text:
Process-based distributed modelling of basin-scale sediment dynamics
2017-01-31T04:49:11Z (GMT) by
In this thesis, we propose a novel Process-based Distributed Sediment Dynamic Model (PDSDM) to estimate watershed sediment budgets at spatiotemporal scales, with due consideration of the suspended loads, bed loads and their interactions within the hillslope and channels. To overcome the limitations of existing approaches, in this model, hillslope and channel sediment dynamics have been modelled separately and the links between hillslope sediment processes and channel sediment dynamics have been strengthened. Fractional sediment loads (bed load and suspended load), their interactions and overall basin-scale sediment budgets have been investigated to represent in-stream sediment dynamics properly. Also, modelling of channel bed level variations has been linked with watershed sediment dynamics and an investigation of climate change conditions on watershed sediment dynamics has been carried out. The PDSDM has been developed by integrating an existing Distributed Hydrological Model (DHM) with newly developed sediment modules for: (i) suspended sediment dynamics at hillslope; (ii) suspended sediment dynamics at channel; (iii) bed load estimation and transport at channel; and (iv) channel bed level variations. In PDSDM, a transport capacity equation is used as one of the key parameters for estimating suspended sediment dynamics whilst the bed load transport rate is calculated by a bed load transport equation. The PDSDM has been upgraded by incorporating options to select from and use different transport capacity equations and bed load transport equations to simulate suspended and bed load transport processes in catchment areas. The model has been applied to two different hydro-climatic areas (the Abukuma River Basin in Japan and the Latrobe River Basin in Australia) to ensure its applicability. The modelling outcomes from the application areas have been found to be consistent in estimating watershed sediment dynamics. Overall, our proposed PDSDM reveals a robust sediment dynamic model that considers all relevant catchment parameters along with a detailed modelling of hillslope and channel areas separately.


text:
To facilitate the use of IT in learning, teaching, research, and administration.
What's in a name?
The name Mapping, Analysis & Design (MAD) reflects the three main components of what we do:
- Mapping - Through tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing, we enable students and researchers to understand a multitude of environmental, economic, and urban issues.
- Analysis - We provide tools (such as computers, statistical analysis software) to allow students and researchers to analyze various problems relating to our natural environment and our communities.
- Design - Through tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), we enable people in the Faculty of Environment to create images and 3D visualizations of various urban environments.


text:
And I was also going to say, what's wrong with the lights dimming when the bass hits anyway? That's like complaining because the rear view mirror blurs.
To get a better idea of what is going on, put an old-school analog voltmeter with a big meter scale across the battery terminals and see how much the voltage dips, and do the same at the amp power terminals. If you see a bigger dip at the amp than at the battery, the power wiring is weak someplace. Next hold the plus lead at the battery + terminal and the minus at the amp + power terminal, and measure the voltage drop through the plus path directly. To check the minus path, hold the + meter probe on the amp - terminal and the - probe on the battery - terminal. Then measure across each connection and find which is the weak link in the chain (highest voltage drop).


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Contents:
Finds the value for the domain from a valid URL. Input values must be of URL or String type.
In this implementation, a domain value is all data between 1) the protocol identifier (if present) and the sub-domain and 2) the trailing, top-level domain information (e.g. .com).
NOTE: When the DOMAIN function parses a multi-tiered top-level domain such as co.uk, the output is the first part of the domain value (e.g. co). To return other parts of the domain information, you can use the HOST function. See HOST Function.
Basic Usage
URL literal examples:
derive type:single value:DOMAIN('_URL_' ) as: 'myDomain'
Output: Generates a column containing the value example
derive type:single value:DOMAIN('_URL_' ) as: 'myDomain'
Output: Generates a column containing the value e
Column reference example:
derive type:single value:DOMAIN(myURLs) as: 'myDomain'
Output: Generates the new myDomain column containing the domain values extracted from the myURLs column.
Syntax and Arguments
derive type:single value:DOMAIN(column_url)
ArgumentRequired?Data TypeDescription
column_urlYstringName of column or String or URL literal containing the domain value to extract
For more information on syntax standards, see Language Documentation Syntax Notes.
column_url
Name of the column or URL or String literal whose values are used to extract the domain value.
 - Missing input values generate missing results.
 - Multiple columns and wildcards are not supported.
Usage Notes:

Required?Data TypeExample Value
YesString literal or column reference (URL)_URL_
Examples
Tip: For additional examples, see Common Tasks.
Example - Filter out internal users
Here is some example web visitor information, including the name of the individual and the referring URL. You would like to filter out the internal users, whose referrer values include test-value.
NameReferrer
Joe Guyhttp://www.example.com
Ian Holmeshttp://www.test-_URL_
Nick Knight _URL_
Axel Adams _URL_
Teri Towns _URL_
Transform:
The referrrer values include test-value as a non-domain value and varying URLs from the test-value.com domain. So, you should use the DOMAIN function to parse only the domain versions of these values. The following evaluates the Referrer column values for the test-value domain and generates true/false answers in a new column accordingly:
derive type:single value:IF(DOMAIN(Referrer)=='test-value',true,false) as:'isInternal'
Now that these values are flagged, you can filter out the internal names:
delete row:(isInternal == 'true')
Results:
NameReferrerisInternal
Joe Guyhttp://www.example.comfalse
Axel Adamshttp://www.example.comfalse
Teri Townshttp://www.example.com/test-valuefalse
Example - Domain, Subdomain, Host, and Suffix functions
This examples illustrates how you can extract component parts of a URL using the following functions:
 - DOMAIN - extracts the domain value from a URL. See DOMAIN Function.
 - SUBDOMAIN - extracts the first group after the protocol identifier and before the domain value. See SUBDOMAIN Function.
 - HOST - returns the complete value of the host from an URL. See HOST Function.
 - SUFFIX - extracts the suffix of a URL. See SUFFIX Function.
 - URLPARAMS - extracts the query parameters and values from a URL. See URLPARAMS Function.
 - FILTEROBJECT - filters an Object value to show only the elements for a specified key. See FILTEROBJECT Function.
Source:
Your dataset includes the following values for URLs:
URL
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
some.app.example.com
some.example.com
example.com
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record
_URL_.com?query=khakis&app=pants
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record&q2=broken%20tape&q3=broken%20wrist
Transform:
When the above data is imported into the application, the column is recognized as a URL. All values are registered as valid, even the IPv4 address.
To extract the domain and subdomain values:
derive type:single value: DOMAIN(URL) as: 'domain_URL'
derive type:single value: SUBDOMAIN(URL) as:'subdomain_URL'
derive type:single value: HOST(URL) as:host_URL'
derive type:single value: SUFFIX(URL) as:'suffix_URL'
You can use the Trifacta® pattern in the following transform to extract protocol identifiers, if present, into a new column:
extract col:URL on:'{start}%*://'
To clean this up, you might want to rename the column to protocol_URL.
To extract the path values, you can use the following regular expression:
NOTE: Regular expressions are considered a developer-level method for pattern matching. Please use them with caution. See Text Matching.
extract col: URL on: /[^*:\/\/]\/.*$/
The above transform grabs a little too much of the URL. If you rename the column to path_URL, you can use the following regular expression to clean it up:
extract col:path_URL on:/[!^\/].*$/
Delete the path_URL column and rename the path_URL1 column to the deleted one. Then:
derive type:single value: URLPARAMS(URL) as: 'urlParams'
If you wanted to just see the values for the q1 parameter, you could add the following:
derive type:single value: FILTEROBJECT(urlParams,'q1') as: 'urlParam_q1'

Results:
For display purposes, the results table has been broken down into separate sets of columns.
Column set 1:
URLhost_URLpath_URL
_URL_
example.com/supportexample.com/support
_URL_
_URL_.2.3.4
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
some.app.example.comsome.app.example.com
some.example.comsome.example.com
example.comexample.com
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20recordwww.example.com
_URL_.com?query=khakis&app=pantswww.example.com
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record&q2=broken%20tape&q3=broken%20wristwww.example.com
Column set 2:
URLprotocol_URLsubdomain_URLdomain_URLsuffix_URL
_URL_ wwwexamplecom
_URL_ examplecom
_URL_
http://1.2.3.4http://
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_ www.appexamplecom
_URL_ _URL_
some.app.example.com some.appexamplecom
some.example.com someexamplecom
example.com examplecom
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20recordhttp://wwwexamplecom
_URL_.com?query=khakis&app=pantshttp://wwwexamplecom
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record&q2=broken%20tape&q3=broken%20wristhttp://wwwexamplecom
Column set 3:
URLurlParamsurlParam_q1
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
_URL_
some.app.example.com
some.example.com
example.com
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record{"q1":"broken record"}{"q1":"broken record"}
_URL_.com?query=khakis&app=pants{"query":"khakis","app":"pants"}
_URL_.com?q1=broken%20record&q2=broken%20tape&q3=broken%20wrist{"q1":"broken record", "q2":"broken tape",
"q3":"broken wrist"}
{"q1":"broken record"}

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text:
A CubeSat mission to study the impact of flow incidence angle, surface material and surface roughness on gas-surface interactions on spacecraft in low Earth orbits has been designed. To accomplish this scientific goal the CubeSat deploys a variable geometry aerofoil capable of exposing different surfaces to the flow at different incident angles. By using the on-board GPS measurements and an orbit determination technique the drag experienced by the CubeSat can be estimated. The CubeSat has been designed to be part of the QB50 mission, and hence it carries a sensor that can take in-situ measurements of the atmosphere. This is then used to estimate the atmospheric density and hence to extract information on the drag coefficient. To minimise any bias present in the measurement chain a differential approach is used. Therefore no absolute drag coefficients are estimated, instead, ratios of drag coefficients are computed. This allows direct comparisons of the drag coefficients of different materials, different surface roughness or different incident angles. Simulations indicate that this CubeSat mission will be able to obtain drag coefficient ratios with an uncertainty level of less than 5%. © 2013 IAA.
- Gas-surface interactions


text:
Alpine Start in Mountainering – An alpine start is when climbers embark a elevation ascent in the early hours of the morning or even before midnight. A common alpine start time would be 2 or 3 in the morning to just before sunrise for quick defendants or on short itineraries. Alpine starts, nonetheless, begin in darkness with the climbers wearing headlamps.
Alpine Start Advantages
Alpine Start Allows Climbers to Escape Rockfall : One of the more common the rationale for doing an alpine start is to avoid descending frost and rock and rolls, which tend to catapult down mountain slopes as the daylight heats the face or face in the daylight hours.
Climbers, especially in the high pitched elevations of Asia and South America, will likewise get an alpine start to maximize climbing era, particularly during incantations of good brave, allows them to reaching the mountain summit and still have sufficient dawn to return to tent before nightfall.
Avoid Lightning Squalls With Early Start : In numerous high pitched mountain ranges in the United States like the Colorado Rockies, which has a lot of lightning ten strikes, climbers get an alpine start to avoid thunderstorms accompanied by risky lightning. These storms frequently build up in the morning and then begin their thunderbolt action in the early afternoon.
Start Early on Mt. Everest to Escape Twilight : Climbers usually get alpine starts on itineraries in the European Alps on heydays like the Matterhorn and Mont Blanc as well as the Himalayas and the Karakoram strays in Asia. Climbers on Mount Everest usually leave their high camp at the South Col in the early morning hours so that they can reach the summit and return tonight and it's dangerously frigid temperatures.


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The Benefits of Using a Stress Ball
Image Source: Canva
Feeling stressed? A stress ball can help alleviate some of your tension and provide you with many emotional, physiological and psychological benefits.1
How to Use a Stress Ball2
Using a stress ball is easy! All you have to do is:
 1. Squeeze the ball in your left hand for 30 seconds.
 2. Pulse the stress ball for 30 seconds.
 3. Repeat with the right hand.
Emotional Benefits
 1. Stimulation of Nerves: Using a stress ball can stimulate the nerves that are in your hand. These nerves are connected to parts of your brain that are associated with your emotions. The stimulation works like acupressure where stimulation of one area affects other parts of your body.1
 2. Diversion of Attention: When using a stress ball, you can focus solely on it. This allows you to stop thinking about the source of your stress.1
 3. Mood Enhancement: You can boost your mood! The brain stimulation that is associated with stress ball use can also release endorphins which act as pain relievers and sedatives.1
 4. Tension Release: Squeezing a stress ball tightens the muscles in your hand and wrist. When you release the ball, your muscles relax and you release tension and stress.1
Physical Benefits
 1. Lower Risk of Stress Injuries: Regular use of a stress ball can strengthen finger and hand muscles. Some exercises that you can try:1
 2. To improve wrist strength, you can squeeze for a count of three and release. Repeat 20 times.1
 3. To improve finger strength, you can pinch the ball between your thumb and each finger one at a time.
 4. As a hand strengthening exercise, you can twist the stress ball in both hands. Alternate the direction of twisting to get the full benefit.1
 5. Treatment of Hand Conditions: A stress ball helps with conditions like arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis because it can exercise the fingers and hands. Also, they may prevent the development of these conditions.1
 6. Improve Circulation: Moving your finger and hand muscles enhance the blood flow to the hand and wrist area. This helps remove toxins and other waste products and strengthens function.1
Stress balls are inexpensive and have many benefits. If you are using a stress ball to help with a specific condition, discuss with your physician. Your physician may have information about your treatment regimen or whether you should be using a stress ball.1
Questions?
Call the Tria Health Help Desk at _PHONE_
Sources:
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