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Lasers set to replace spark plugs in car engines
bang pew pew, blow, suck
Spark plugs in petrol engines are set to be replaced by laser ignition systems, following development of new manufacturing techniques by Japanese boffins.
The new research is to be presented to the world at an optics conference in Baltimore next month by Takunori Taira of Japan's National Institutes of Natural Sciences and his colleagues. Taira and his team have been working with spark-plug firms and Toyota subsidiaries to address the problems facing ordinary petrol-engine ignition.
At the moment, as any automotive fule kno, the fuel-air mixture in a petrol engine's cylinder is ignited by a plug which generates a spark between its electrodes using high-voltage electricity. The spark plug is the limiting factor on how "lean" - how low in fuel - the mixture can be: in order to ignite a leaner mixture the spark must be hotter, and past a certain point this destroys the electrodes.
But designers would like to make leaner-running engines as this would improve fuel economy and cut down on emissions.
Lasers would potentially offer hotter ignition, and they have other advantages too. The timing of ignition would be more precise than with sparkplugs - on the very brief timescales over which cylinder mixtures change, the exact point at which a plug will spark is quite unpredictable.
"Timing – quick combustion – is very important," says Taira. "The more precise the timing, the more efficient the combustion and the better the fuel economy."
Ignition by photon beam would also offer the option of focusing the hot spot in the centre of the cylinder rather than generating it at the top. This would allow the "flame front" of the exploding mixture to spread out in all directions and act more efficiently.
All in all, then, laser-ignition engines would be a boon. But the trouble thus far has been that the necessary laser machinery is large. It can't practically be deployed at the cylinder head, and there's no option to pipe the laser pulses in as they are of such frequency and energy as to destroy optical hardware.
"In the past, lasers that could meet those requirements were limited to basic research because they were big, inefficient, and unstable," Taira says.
But not any more. The Japanese boffins have come up with a way of making small, high-power lasers out of ceramics. Their protoype unit is made from two yttrium-aluminum-gallium (YAG) segments, one doped with neodymium, the other with chromium. It is just 9mm in diameter and 11mm long, and by using bursts of pulses less than a nanosecond in duration it can ignite a volume of lean fuel-air mix at two points simultaneously - this develops power more quickly and efficiently than lighting at just one point.
The ceramic laser material is thought to be easily tough enough to stand up to conditions in a running car engine. The tech ought to permit much more efficient, lower-emission petrol cars in years to come - perhaps swinging the pendulum back towards petrol and away from diesel engines, which in recent times have become the fuel-sipping low-emissions choice.
As petrol is somewhat cheaper than diesel to buy, and petrol engines are somewhat cheaper to make, this could be very popular.
Taira and his colleagues will present full details of their work at the 2011 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics in Baltimore on 2 May. ®


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Fraction interpolation walking a Farey tree
We present an algorithm to find a proper fraction in simplest reduced terms between two reduced proper fractions. A proper fraction is a rational number m/n with m1. A fraction m/n is simpler than p/q if m <= p and n <= q, with at least one inequality strict. The algorithm operates by walking a Farey tree in maximum steps down each branch. Through monte carlo simulation, we find that the present algorithm finds a simpler interpolation of two fractions than using the Euclidean-Convergent [Matula 1980] walk of a Farey tree and terminating at the first fraction satisfying the bound. Analysis shows that the new algorithms, with very high probability, will find an interpolation that is simpler than at least one of the bounds, and thus take less storage space than at least one of the bounds.
- download PDF (150K)
Mosko, M. ; Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. Fraction interpolation walking a Farey tree. Information Processing Letters. 2006 April 15; 98 (1): 19-23.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Boating Under the Influence In South Carolina
The BUI Laws in South Carolina
Boating while impaired by alcohol or drugs is illegal in South Carolina just as it is illegal to drive a car while drunk. Section 50-21-112 of the South Carolina statutes specifies "operation of moving motorized water device or water device under sail while under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol to the extent that the person's faculties are materially and appreciably impaired." The statute also clarifies that a "drug" may be legal or illegal, or may be a combination of alcohol and a legal or illegal drug.
What are the Open Container Laws in South Carolina?
Be safe and avoid boating under the influence on South Carolina lakes and rivers
While the law is clear in regard to operating a boat while impaired, that still leaves questions related to the use of alcohol and the presence of open containers on boats. Specifically:
 - Can you have open alcohol containers on a boat in South Carolina?
 - Can you drink while boating on a South Carolina lake?
We've previously addressed this topic in a blog post and noted:
"South Carolina law doesn't expressly prohibit open containers of alcohol on boats within the state. Presumably, this means that the occupants of a boat can enjoy a beer as they enjoy cruising on a lake or river.
[However], just because a person might be able to have an open container of alcohol on a boat doesn't mean that drunk driving laws don't apply. Much like the laws that apply to drivers on land, boat operators face a legal blood-alcohol content limit of 0.08 percent.
Always be responsible and stay safe while having fun on the water."
Penalties & Consequences of Boating Under the Influence in South Carolina
Penalties for boating under the influence in South Carolina
If you have been charged with boating under the influence (BUI) of drugs or alcohol in South Carolina and are convicted, you face:
 - First offense: A fine of $200 or imprisonment for 48 hours or more. Public service can take the place of imprisonment.
 - Second offense: Penalties rise to $2,000 to $5,000 and imprisonment between 48 hours and one year. Ten days or more of public service may take the place of imprisonment.
 - Third offense: These subsequent convictions may result in fines of $3,500 or more and imprisonment lasting 60 days to three years.
A conviction on drunk boating charges can also have the same types of devastating long-term effects as a drunk driving conviction. These include:
 - Driver's license suspension
 - Difficulty obtaining employment or housing
 - Potential professional discipline or loss of professional licenses
 - Stigma and shame
 - Long-lasting negative consequences to career and other areas of life
If you've been arrested on suspicion of BUI, know this: you have options, and we can help. At Drennan Law Firm, we are prepared to take up the fight on your behalf. We have experience handling all types of difficult DUI/BUI cases in the Charleston area, and have helped clients throughout the region keep BUI charges from ruining their lives.
Know How Alcohol Affects Your Boating Abilities
A man who knows not to drink and boat
When you are out on the water, you might want to have a few drinks with your friends. Before you do that, you should know that you can face criminal charges for boating under the influence. You should also know that just because you can usually have a specific number of drinks and are fine, that might not be the case on the water because alcohol can affect you differently when you are out on the lake in a boat.
The natural effects of being on a boat can induce fatigue, which is also known as boater's hypnosis. The vibration of the boat, motion of the waves and exposure to the sun can all have these effects. Alcohol will intensify these effects, so you likely won't be able to consume as much alcohol as you would on land before you start to become impaired.
Your reaction time is likely going to be slower after you have been drinking. As you know, it isn't possible to stop your boat on a dime in the water. You need to have as much time and mental capacity as possible if you have to make an evasive maneuver while driving the boat.
Alcohol can also affect your balance, which could mean that you are at an increased risk of falling overboard. It can also affect your judgement, which could cause you to take risks you would normally avoid.
All of these are very good reasons to save the alcohol for a time after you dock your boat and won't have to drive anywhere. If you end up facing drunk boating charges, be sure to explore all of the options you have for a defense.
3 Reasons to Avoid Boating Drunk
Avoid boating under the influence in Charleston Harbor
Just about everyone loves to head out on the water in the summer months. The breeze is fantastic, and it's a great time to spend an afternoon with your family and friends. Perhaps you like to go out on your own and go fishing or prefer to take a tour in the evening to go dolphin watching. Whatever it is you like to do when boating, this is the season to enjoy it.
One problem with boating is that some people believe it's safe to drink alcohol and drive a boat. That could not be further from the truth. The reality is that much like any other vehicle, a boat has the potential to crash and malfunction. A driver who is impaired won't be able to respond to an emergency in the way he or she should, and could cause a serious crash on the water. Here are three other reasons to avoid getting drunk while at sea or on a lake.
1. You'll Get Dehydrated Quickly
If you're not drinking water and are spending time in the sun, it's more likely for you to become dehydrated. Combined with the risk of intoxication, you're more likely to suffer symptoms like headaches or disorientation, which could put you in danger.
2. You Could Cause a Crash
This is a serious reason never to drink behind the wheel of a boat. When you're boating, you're not alone on the water. Even though the waterways are more freeing and have more space to travel, it's likely that you'll come across other boaters. Some will have larger vessels, and others will have small, personal vessels. The last thing you want to do is to hit someone or to have someone hit you. By avoiding alcohol, you'll be in a better position to avoid causing or becoming part of a crash.
3. You Could Lose Your License (and Suffer Penalties)
Finally, remember that a boat is still a vehicle, so you can get a BUI if you drive drunk. Boating under the influence is a crime similar to driving under the influence. Boating while intoxicated increases the risk of fatalities by up to 34 percent, according to the U.S. Coast Guard, so you can be penalized for doing so with fines or the loss of your boating license. You could even go to prison if a crash results in a person's death.
Avoiding alcohol when you're boating is a good idea. By playing it safe, you'll enjoy time on the water without the fear of repercussions.
Boating Under the Influence Defense Strategies
The boating under the influence defense strategy you choose can have a big impact on your case. Our lawyers can help you to look into the options that you have so that you know what you might do.
Decide on the Purpose
Our South Carolina boating under the influence lawyers need to determine the purpose of your defense. This can be challenging but it is a crucial part of your plan. If you know for a fact that you weren't drunk while you were boating, you might work to prove that you were innocent. If you know that you were drunk, your focus might be to minimize the penalties. In either case, you should make sure that you aren't delaying your defense by putting off getting started.
Look into the Circumstances
A look into the circumstances surrounding your arrest can let you know how you are going to proceed. You need to try to find points in the prosecution's defense that you can question. Each question you raise might put you one step closer to the goal of your case. Remember that you have to be convicted beyond a reasonable doubt, so raise all the doubt you can.
We know that you might need to get some questions answered. We can answer your questions, help you to learn what options you have for your defense, and develop a strategy for your drunk boating defense case.
Contact a Charleston BUI Attorney for a Free Initial Consultation
Stop worrying about what to do and get your boating DUI case underway as soon as possible. Contact us by phone or email to request a FREE initial consultation with a Charleston, South Carolina boating under the influence lawyer with no further obligation.


text: 3 good reasons to study Aviation Technology with Pilot Studies at Salford: •Combine flying skills with aviation technology •Investigate the business aspects of running aviation operations at a local airport •Accredited by the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) and Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) The course is engineering focused towards aircraft performance, aircraft handling qualities and flight systems, together with an aviation management theme which includes a hands-on aviation operations and flight practice dimension. The main emphasis is on the engineering issues associated with aircraft performance, handling qualities and flight systems. This is achieved through modules on flight dynamics and control, aircraft propulsion and performance, and avionics. Aviation management skills are developed through modules on aviation business enterprise, airline and airport management, airport design and aircraft maintenance. You have the option to follow a structured pilot training programme and sit the appropriate ground school examinations needed for the award of a Private Pilot Licence. We also encourage you to take a sandwich year which can be pursued either in Europe or the UK. A year's experience in industry has a number of benefits. When completed you will be awarded with a Certificate of Professional Studies.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Maryland Department of Transportation Office of Public Affairs
David Broughton, _PHONE_
Jim Joyner, _PHONE_
MDOT Also Publishes First-Ever Carbon Reduction Strategy This Month
HANOVER, MD (November 22, 2023) – Maryland Transportation Secretary Paul J. Wiedefeld released the following statement regarding the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration's final rule issued today that establishes a greenhouse gas performance measure to provide State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations a national framework to track transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions along with the flexibility to set their own targets for reduction:
"Achieving Maryland's bold climate goals will require leadership by the Maryland Department of Transportation. A first step to cutting carbon pollution from the transportation sector is measuring emissions and setting specific and declining emission reduction targets tied to our investment program.
"That's the cornerstone of any credible strategy to tackle climate change and I thank USDOT Secretary Pete Buttigieg and Federal Highway Administrator Shailen Bhatt for charging states and metropolitan planning organizations with the responsibility to lay the foundation by making a final greenhouse gas performance measurement rule.
"Maryland will lead the nation by example by implementing this commonsense rule right away. In fact, we just took a big step forward this month by publishing the Maryland Department of Transportation's first-ever Carbon Reduction Strategy, detailing just how we'll curb carbon pollution."


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HERITAGE GOES GREEN
Upgrading Windows in Heritage Buildings
Conserve Energy & Heritage at the Same Time
Climate change action is something everyone is concerned with today. The BC government has pledged to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. A new BC Green Building Code is coming that will require higher energy efficiency standards for both new construction and rehabilitation projects. Can heritage buildings measure up to these new demands without sacrificing the very qualities that we value in them?
Many energy upgrades (such as installing energy star appliances) do no harm to vintage buildings. Some, however, such as window replacement, can have a significant negative impact:
"We tend to take windows for granted. Yet we recognize that heritage buildings whose windows have been replaced have been diminished. The depth and thickness of frames and sills, the width and visual weight of sash components, the materials, the colour and the pattern of light reflecting off the glass—all complement and elaborate the architectural style, texture and age of a building. Much of this character is lost when windows are replaced with modern versions that lack these features."
— Craig Sims and Andrew Powter: Repair or Replace: Windows in Historic Buildings - Arriving at a Sustainable Solution
The BC Heritage Branch recently hired a University of Victoria Engineering student to research and design window energy conservation solutions that would not harm heritage character. Here are some of her suggestions:
National Resources Canada (NRC) also offers these tips on repair, draft proofing and insulation to improve window energy efficiency:
NRC provides specific advice on caulking and weatherstripping:
Ongoing maintenance is a very important part of the building use and care, and good window conservation is no exception. Windows in historic buildings have usually been in service for a long time – often 100 years or more – proving their durability, functionality and worth. A good overhaul and retrofit will ensure their longevity and upgrade their functionality for another 100 years. This is more likely to provide long term solutions than inserting a replacement window and throwing out the original frame, sash and glass. Most of today's manufactured replacement windows carry warranties of about 8-10 years and failures are usually not repairable. Maintenance and conservation are very green behaviors.
For current news articles about Sustainability
Read more about residential upgrades
BY JENNIFER IREDALE, BC HERITAGE BRANCH
Maintenance and conservation of heritage windows are very green behaviors.


- _PHONE_
 - _EMAIL_
Kovacs Heavy Duty Drone
Kovacs Heavy Duty Drone.
Heavy Duty Drone
Budapest, Hungary
Robert Kovacs is an industrial, automotive and aeronautical designer based in Hungary. He is a prolific designer making futuristic concept consumer products, automobiles, motorcycles and electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. His online portfolio features the eVTOL multicopter prototype, LIFT.
The aircraft is a futuristic design which would look welcome in any urban area, industrial plant, railroad yard, ship yard or construction site. Even though there is no information on whether this is an all-electric VTOL or hybrid-electric VTOL, one can guess, based on today's battery technology, that it's a hybrid-electric aircraft. As battery technology gets better, this concept aircraft, if ever made into a production model would most likely be changed over to an eVTOL aircraft due to the cost of electric versus fuel is about 2 to 1. Saving half the cost of energy to fly an aircraft would be worth the cost of converting a hybrid-electric VTOL aircraft into an eVTOL aircraft.
Kovacs has not provided an estimated cruising speed or flight range for the eVTOL aircraft. He also has yet to provide any information on how the aircraft lands, though it may be surmised that the landing gear is retractable. For a cargo drone to be fully functional, it would be any cargo company's advantage to have a cargo aircraft with retractable wheeled landing gear so the aircraft could be easily moved on the ground or the aircraft could taxi over a cargo container to attached the container to the aircraft. However, due to the nature of the design as an VTOL aircraft, the aircraft could certainly have retractable legs and would simply fly over a container to pick it up.
 - Aircraft type: eVTOL or hybrid-electric VTOL cargo aircraft
 - Piloting: Unknown, either piloted or autonomous
 - Cargo loading and offloading: Articulated hydraulic grabbing arms to lift and lock cargo containers underneath the aircraft
 - Capacity: 500 kg (1,102 lbs)
 - Cruise speed: Unknown
 - Range: Unknown
 - Ducted fans: 3
 - Electric Motors: 3
 - Windows: Full front and side windscreen for pilot
 - Landing gear: Unknown


RAPID, CATASTROPHIC DECAY OF BUILDING LIMESTONES: IMPLICATIONS FOR MASONRY SELECTION AND LIFETIME BEHAVIOUR
Lead Research Organisation: University of Oxford
Department Name: Geography - SoGE
Abstract
Stone is widely recognised as a sustainable construction material and as a store of much of the world's tangible cultural heritage. With this recognition has come an understanding that stone has a finite life that can be drastically curtailed when it is placed in the often-aggressive urban environments. In particular, many common building limestones experience seemingly unpredictable, episodic and sometimes catastrophic breakdown as stone strength is exceeded by gradual decay, the slow accumulation of internal stresses and/or subjection to extreme external stresses such as a severe frost. Episodes of rapid decay may be interspersed with periods of relative stability marked by, for example, the formation of pollution-derived calcium sulphate crusts. To control potential catastrophic decay it is therefore necessary to understand why rapid retreat is triggered, what allows it to continue, how it can be halted and how the causes can be avoided in the first place. This is particularly true where inappropriate conservation could accelerate decay, and where choices have to be made between possible replacement stone and stone selection in relation to new structures. To achieve this understanding four questions need to be asked.1. What processes are responsible for rapid retreat?2. What physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics determine stone susceptibility to rapid retreat and how do these properties change during decay?3. How do microclimatic conditions at and beneath the stone surface change as stone retreats and how do these influence decay mechanisms?4. What permits continued weathering despite rapid loss, of weathered material in which, for example, damaging salts are concentrated?This interdisciplinary project will examine these questions through field studies of stone structures in Oxford and nearby areas built of oolitic limestone (e.g. Bath and Cotswold limestones) that is prone to rapid retreat. Linked to this will be the development of fibre optic sensors that will allow moisture and salt movement within individual blocks to be monitored in relation to environmental conditions, including temperature, relative humidity and surface wetting. These data, and the same sensor technology will be combined with analyses of weathered stone to design laboratory experiments using different varieties of Bath Stone to simulate breakdown patterns and the dynamics of salt and moisture movement as blocks retreat and are progressively sheltered. Results from field studies and controlled laboratory experiments will be combined to explain (model) the factors that determine overall susceptibility to either rapid retreat or stability and the operation of the processes responsible for decay. In particular, results will be used to determine what triggers positive and negative feedbacks that respectively accelerate and decelerate change within the stone decay system. This understanding will be used, in discussion with end-users, to develop protocols for limestone conservation and the selection of new and replacement stone matched to specific environmental conditions.
Publications
10 25 50
publication icon
Smith B (2008) Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage in Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
publication icon
Viles H (2013) Durability and conservation of stone: coping with complexity in Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology

Description The understanding of stone decay mechanisms provided by this project has improved knowledge of the environmental and material controls on rapid decay in an important group of limestones. Our results have illustrated that many limestones suffer from catastrophic decay when conditions of moisture ingress, former pollution histories, and other factors come together to produce positive feedbacks. A range of new measurement techniques (2D resistivity, laser scanning) combined with innovative laboratory experimentation and field monitoring has demonstrated the complexities involved. Close working with architects and conservators during the project has enabled our results to have practical benefits.
Exploitation Route Our findings have led to longer term collaborations with architects, conservators, engineers and equipment manufacturers to develop better monitoring of deterioration and moisture dynamics in masonry walls.
Sectors Construction,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
URL _URL_

Description One of the project partners, Consarc Design, noted that the collaborative project worked extremely well and has proven to be highly significant intellectually and, ultimately financially. Consarc was able to support the Belfast and Oxford teams in obtaining further EPSRC funding to explore the impacts of increased time of wetness on masonry. In addition, the demonstration in the project of the value of repeat laser survey as a monitoring tool lean to Consarc supportinga new KTP project to integrate this with other survey techniques into a commercially viable condition assessment tool. This is also in direct compliance with objective 7 of the project regarding the development of informed condition assessment protocols for industry.
First Year Of Impact 2009
Sector Construction,Culture, Heritage, Museums and Collections
Impact Types Economic


Black and white - Graphic design
BrainLit Alven is the world's first personal, connected, dynamic and free-standing LED luminaire-powered BioCentric Lighting™ system. It instantly alters the emotional character of its environment and delivers a more natural light to its user. Regardless of your industry, Alven helps synchronize your daylight needs and supports beneficial health outcomes.
Deliver a better start to the day for both patients and staff through lighting that supports better sleep, higher alertness, and increased cognitive performance.
Provide personal, optimal lighting for your staff throughout the day wherever they are working from, increasing engagement and well-being.
Help your guests recover from jetlag and get the most out of their events by placing Alven in reception areas, guest rooms, and conference or meeting areas.
Energize your athletes and optimize their performance by placing Alven in key areas of your training grounds and facilities.
Light as you need it want it know it
Light affects all species on earth, especially humans. Evolution has made the natural variation of light essential for humankind, a need that hasn't changed despite the changes in human behaviour.
Today most people spend 21 out of the day's 24 hours indoors, exposed to static and insufficient light. There are many well-documented negative consequences stemming from exposure to poor light and how the lack of daylight affects our biology. These were the premises that led to the start of BrainLit and the invention of BioCentric Lighting™ (BCL).
BrainLit's BioCentric lighting™ System creates an optimal natural lighting environment, with proper variations of light intensity and color at the right time of the day, to synchronize the body's circadian rhythm and the production of the necessary hormones (e.g., cortisol and melatonin) to keep your body system in balance.
Alven light settings
BrainLit Alven delivers light in the form of recipes and scenes. Recipes are dynamic light settings with varying levels of light intensity and color, while scenes are more static and intended for shorter time periods.
The AutoLit recipe with 100% intensity is the default setting that best helps you maintain your circadian rhythm
Boost increases your alertness and stimulates your cortisol levels, giving you a refreshing effect.
Relax creates a natural light environment that feels more neutral to your eyes but does not change dynamically.
For example, you wake up one morning but feel a bit slow. This would be an optimal time to use the Boost scene for a short time to energize you for the day ahead.
In the afternoon when you want a break, the Relax scene can be manually activated to create a calmer ambience for a short period of time.
We recommend using AutoLit with 100% intensity during the majority of the day to maintain synchronization with your circadian rhythm.


Reward Quarter No. 3: Pay Benchmarking
A quick summary
No. 3 Pay Benchmarking
Our definition of pay benchmarking is obtaining robust data on typical reward packages for comparable roles in the external market.
What does good pay benchmarking look like?
Good pay benchmarking is both reliable (based on a large sample) and valid (based on a relevant sample).
So it's important that your data source is defendable, your job matching is accurate, and the data's statistical methodology is robust.
Benchmarking is a process to provide you with data to enable sound, fair and transparent reward decisions that are right for your business.
What are the steps?
1.Choose your data source
The main ways to obtain data:
 - Job adverts: using one, or a handful, of job adverts lacks reliability as the samples are extremely small. Pay often being an 'up to' figure which is related to the very specific role described. Your role may have the same title but could be very different in scope and accountability. The salary stated is designed to attract and may not be what is subsequently offered.
 - Crowd-sourced: lots of social media sites offer pay data. It is collated from users and usually self-reported. Although this information can be very up to date, matching is based on job title and pay is in danger of being inflated or misquoted. Data is often reported as an average which may mask extremes of pay in the sample such as regional variances and difference in job role.
 - Published surveys: data is collected directly from employers, usually by a third party and they can be cross-industry or sector specific. You will usually need to buy these but some are published for free. The better surveys have a large participant group and a robust matching methodology so that companies and roles of all sizes can be matched in using more than just job titles. Clear data cleansing and mathematical processes enable reporting of a variety of statistics. You will often be required to participate by submitting your data before getting some back. The surveys may also provide additional data such as total cash and typical benefits.
 - Private or club surveys: these are similar to the published surveys above but participation is restricted to particular group of organisations. The participants themselves may pay for and steer the survey but an independent third party will usually manage the data and reporting. Private surveys are particularly useful for industry groups where roles are specialist and therefore unlikely to be found in a general survey, or specific locations.
We recommend the use of surveys rather than job adverts or crowd-sourced data. We often review the survey market for our clients to find the best one for their needs. You can ensure the quality of any data source by checking it meets the reliable, valid, defendable and robust tests I've listed above.
2. Match your roles
Matching your roles into a survey can be a laborious task but it's important to get right if you want your survey results to be accurate and accepted within the business (and of course if you want the survey to be reliable for other participants!).
Survey methodologies vary but the principle here is don't match by job title alone. Understand the role content and level, and match accordingly. If you're able, check your matches with line managers. If they are involved in the process, they are more likely to accept the outcomes.
3. Analyse
A good survey will give you a number of data points: percentiles, quartiles, median and averages. This gives insight into the range of pay for your roles. Understand your market positioning on base pay and total cash (base + bonus) and what it might cost the organisation to make any necessary adjustments to pay.
4. Interpret
The important thing is to interpret the data in line with what's happening in your sector, your business and against your reward strategy. For example, should your reward budget be directed to particular hot skills, certain groups such as high performers or flight risks?
Golden rule
Our golden rule is that the market median is not the answer. It is simply what other companies pay other people for doing roles that are similar (but not exactly the same) as the one you are looking at.
All it provides is an indication of a competitive range of pay. You'll need to decide how much to pay and this depends on other factors as detailed in your reward strategy as well of course as affordability.
Need help pay benchmarking?
Robust pay benchmarking is essential for informed pay decisions. If you need help with it, we'd be delighted to hear from you.
This short blog is part of the Verditer Reward Quarter. It's where we bring clarity to specific topics that combine to create the world of reward. Think of it like exploring the distinct cultural zones (or Quarters) that make up a city.
Click here for more:
Reward Quarter No. 1: Reward Strategy
Reward Quarter No. 2: Job Evaluation
At Verditer we make pay and reward more effective. Do get in touch if you'd like help with your pay benchmarking.
Photo: The Muslim Quarter in Jerusalem by Luxerta


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Collaborative, case-based learning: How do students actually learn from each other?
*Subscription may be required
The value of collaborative, case-based, and problem-based learning has received Increased attention In recent years. Several studies have documented veterinary staff and students' generally positive feedback on group learning activities, but one largely unaddressed question Is how students actually learn from each other. This study examined how second-year veterinary students learned from each other during a collaborative, case-based learning project. Data were students' written reflections on their learning In the veterinary course and the specific learning experience, and a matched pre-and post-task questionnaire. Consistent with prior research describing veterinary students as Individualistic learners, only a third of students spontaneously mentioned learning from each other as one of their most effective strategies. However, when prompted to describe a time when they felt that group members were really learning from each other, students reported highly valuable collaborative learning processes, which they explicitly linked to learning and understanding benefits. Questionnaire data were consistent, showing that students became more positive toward several aspects of the activity as well as toward group work In general. One unexpected finding was the lack of a relationship between students' self-evaluation of their learning and how well group members knew each other. These findings provide strong support for the educational value of collaborative, case-based learning. In light of other research evidence (using observation data) that the amount of time students actually engage In high-level collaborative processes may be rather limited, this article points to the need for veterinary teachers to better prepare students for group learning activities.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Education
School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
|Publisher:||Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges|
|Copyright:||© 2009 AAVMC.|
|Item Control Page|

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


have kamikita-gun, higashi-tsugaru-gun etc.). Larger cities (Tokyo, Osaka, Sendai, etc.) are divided into wards or ku (Tokyo has Oota-ku, minato-gu, setagaya-ku etc.) while gun/districts are divided into towns (machi or cho) or villages (mura). The difference between machi and cho usually depends on whether the town is historically free-standing, or whether it is a conglomeration of older, smaller divisions. For example, next to my town, rokunohe-machi, is oirase-cho which used to be split into shimoda-machi and momoishi-machi.
Scriptkitty, whether you use higashi or tou for east depends on whether the word is part of a compound, or an adjective describing an existing place name. For example, Tokyo (a better transcription would be Toukyou) literally means Eastern Capital, so, being part of a compound the onyomi or "chinese" pronunciation of tou is used. In the example of higashi-tsugaru-gun, however, higashi is used to distinguish the eastern portion of the tsugaru region. To supplement what youve already posted, the onyomi for west is sei and for south is nan (or nam before p, b, n, or m). These onyomi can also be combined into quarter directions-- tohoku for northeast, seinan for southwest etc. but notice that e/w comes before n/s. As for "central" Chuuou means the center of something, so cities might have a chuuou-ku (central ward) or chuuou-dori (central avenue), but its not really found in place names. Naka is the kunyomi of the chuu portion of chuuou (中) and simply carries the meaning "middle". Kami (上) and Shimo (下) can also be used to mean upper and lower respectively. In Aomori-ken we have the kamikita (upper north) and shimokita (lower north) regions.
Many place names in japan are made out of the few geographic words (ishi-stone, yamamountain, kawa or sawariver etc.) but the region i live in also has a cirlcle of towns and cities named Xnohe. where X is a number 1-9 (except 4 which is homophonous with death) and he means door or gate (no is the possesive particle). Because the area used to be used for raising horses, the different paddocks/pastures through which the animals would rotate gave their name to a ring of towns. You could do the same thing with ports (ichinokou ninokou sannokou) or castles (ichinojou, ninojou, sannojou).
Another layer of Japanese naming are the many places in northern honshu and on hokkaido whose names come from the language of the native Ainu people. For example theres a city near me called towada, which is written with kanji (十和田) meaning "ten peaceful fields" but the actual Ainu meaning is lost-- the kanji only gloss the original pronunciation. You could transform foreign place names into Japanese though, as in Chicago becoming Shikagou (鹿郷) --Deer Township. This isnt how modern japanese deals with foreign place names, but is still kind of fun.
The best way to familiarize yourself with japanese place names and place name conventions is probably just to surf google earth or wikipedia-- pick a prefecture and go through the links to its constituent cities/districts/towns etc. The kanji are usually written right and the top, and you can look them up from there.


text:
|Part of a series on|
The Askew Codex (a.k.a. Codex Askewianus) is a parchment manuscript in quarto size of 21 x 16,5 cm now held by the British Library (BL Additional MS 5114) which contains Coptic translations of the Gnostic Pistis Sophia and parts of what G. R. S. Mead referred to as "extracts from The Books of the Savior." It was purchased from the heirs of Dr. Anthony Askew by the British Museum (now British Library) in 1785. The origin is most probably from Egypt but it is not known where it was found or how this Manuscript ended up in England. The codex contains 178 leaves or 356 pages. The manuscript is in excellent condition but two leaves (pp. 337–344) are missing. The complete manuscript was written by two different hands. Both hands used different inks and different page numberings and a different way to mark corrections. Both writers seem to be of the same period.
Until the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945, the Askew Codex was one of three surviving codices containing all of the gnostic writings that had survived until recent times; the other two being the Bruce Codex and the Berlin Codex.
- Moritz Gotthilf Schwartze; Pistis Sophia, opus gnosticum Valentino adiudicatum e codice manuscripto Coptico Londinensi, descripsit et latine vertit M. G. Schwartze, edidit J. H. Petermann, Berolini, 1851. First edition of the Coptic Text with a translation into Latin. The work of Schwartze was published postum by Petermann.
- Carl Schmidt; Koptisch-gnostische Schriften. Bd. I. Die Pistis Sophia. Die beiden Bücher des Jeû. Unbekanntes altgnostisches Werk (Leipzig), 1905.. First German translation, with nummerous corrections of the edition of Schwartze.
- Pistis Sophia; A Gnostic Miscellany: Being for the most part extracts from the Books of the saviour, to which are added excerpts from a cognate literature; Englished by G. R. S. Mead. London: J. M. Watkins . English translation with an introduction and description of the manuscript.


text:
Monoprinting with Angela Matera
Monoprinting is a form of printmaking that has images or lines that can only be made once, unlike most printmaking, where there are multiple originals.
There are many techniques of monoprinting.
Monoprints are known as the most painterly method among the printmaking techniques; it is essentially a printed painting. The characteristic of this method is that no two prints are alike. The beauty of this medium is also in its spontaneity and its combination of printmaking, painting and drawing media.


text:
Why the asterisk is a new symbol of pride
When academics generate data on race in higher education, they often include an asterisk next to the Native American category. That little mark lets researchers know the population is "statistically not significant," usually meaning roughly less than 1 percent of the student population.
In March, Stylus Publishing will release what is perhaps the most comprehensive collection of writing by Native American scholars to date: "Beyond the Asterisk: Understanding Native Students in Higher Education." With contributions from more than a dozen leading Native Americans in higher education, the new book examines the Native American college experience from almost every angle — from the first-year experience, to tribal colleges, to Native American Greek organizations and culturally sensitive housing.
"One of the things that constantly came up [for the Native American academics] was this concept of invisibility: in scholarship, research, data, curriculum and on the campuses," says Heather J. Shotton, the lead editor of the book. Shotton is a professor at Oklahoma University and a member of the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. "For us, the idea was to offer some perspective on Native students, from Native professors."
Shotton is quick to point out that the Native experience is different from other minority groups.
"I think what separates Native students is that Native people are not just a racial or ethnic group. We are also considered a political group," she says. "We are citizens of sovereign nations — tribal nations, but also citizens of the United States."


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In Henry V, Shakespeare dramatizes England's invasion of France and King Henry's success at the Battle of Agincourt (1415). Does the play glorify war and justify Henry's actions, or does it reveal the horrific realities of medieval warfare? These are questions that often divide audiences and literary critics, but there's plenty of evidence to support both views. Shakespeare portrays a wide range of attitudes in the play – from Henry's aggressive stance that war will bring England honor and glory, to the common soldiers' skeptical obedience and desire to simply make it home safely. Regardless of whether or not we believe Shakespeare glorifies Henry's invasion of France, one thing is certain – Henry V shows us that warfare (justifiable or not) has some devastating consequences that go beyond the horrific field casualties to generations of families: "the widows' tears, the orphans' cries, / The dead men's blood, the pining maidens' groans, / For husbands, fathers, and betrothed lovers" (2.4.2).
By delivering motivational speeches to his troops, Henry V glorifies warfare.
Although the play glorifies warfare at times, it also goes out of its way to show the devastating consequences of war.


text:
Zoning meaning in Urdu is Halqa bandi. Similar words of Zoning are also commonly used in daily talk like as Zone. Pronunciation of Zoning in roman Urdu is Halqa bandi and Translation of Zoning in Urdu writing script is حلقہ بندی Zone meaning in Urdu is Ilaqa. Similar words of Zone are also commonly used in daily talk like as Zoned, Zones and Zonesthesia. Pronunciation of Zone in roman Urdu is Ilaqa and Translation of Zone in Urdu writing script is علاقہ
There are always several meanings of each word in Urdu, the correct meaning of In A Zone in Urdu is میں ایک علاقہ, and in roman we write it. The other meanings are ZONING MEANING IN ARABIC Zoning meaning in Arabic is التقسيم. Check out Zoning similar words like Zone; Zoning Urdu Translation is التقسيم . meaning in Hindi. 1. It will be a remarkable moment. The United States glories in the full flower of public opinion with regard to taxes, schools, and property. Activists organize voluntary associations, citizens turn up at town hall meetings, associations lobby elected representatives. यह एक. Zoning Glossary. Applicant: Person (s) applying to rezone a property. Anyone can submit an application for a rezoning for any property. The only requirements are to pay the application fee, have a pre-application conference with the Planning Department staff, and hold a neighborhood meeting. Built Environment: All the physical, human-made.
The Urdu Word خاکہ Meaning in English is Outlining. The other similar words are Khaka, Naqsha and Mukhtasir Byaan. The synonyms of Outlining include are Banding, Bordering, Bounding, Circumscribing, Delimiting, Girdling, Marking and Zoning. Take a look at this page to find out more Kacha Meanings in English Land Use Information. Land Use Ordinances A land use ordinance adopts, amends or repeals provisions of the Washington County Comprehensive Plan, which includes the Transportation System Plan, the Community Plans, the Community Development Code and/or related maps, or otherwise directly governs the use of the land Outlining Meaning In Urdu. Outlining Meaning in English to Urdu is خاکہ, as written in Urdu and Khaka, as written in Roman Urdu. There are many synonyms of Outlining which include Banding, Bordering, Bounding, Circumscribing, Delimiting, Girdling, Marking, Zoning, etc
Article II - Establishment of Zoning Districts . A) Districts - For the purpose of this Ordinance, the Town of Waterville Valley is divided into the following nine Zoning Districts, hereafter referred to as Districts: 1) A Lower Density Residential (LDR) district. 2) A Higher Density Residential (HDR) district Spanish words for zoning include parcelar en zonas, zonación, zonificando, zonificaciones and zonaciones. Find more Spanish words at wordhippo.com A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Introduced in 1963, the basic format consisted of five digits. In 1983, an extended ZIP+4 code was introduced; it included the five digits of the ZIP Code, followed by a hyphen and four digits that designated a more specific location.. The term ZIP is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan; it was chosen to suggest that.
For the purpose of this resolution the following terms, phrases, words, and their derivation shall have the meaning given herein: A. Enforcement Authority - Rutherford Co. Sheriffs Department or the Director of Building Codes for the County of Rutherford, Tennessee, or his duly authorized representative or persons designated by the County. Figure 1: A snapshot of the zoning districts near Constitution Avenue and Murray Boulevard. Each property within the City of Colorado Springs is part of a zone district, which is a delineated area in which all land and structures are governed by a specific group of use and development standards. The City is organized into residential. . Zoning and land use planning help promote growth and redevelopment in the City in a sustainable and orderly way. Descriptions of zoning districts, use regulations, and other detailed information is available in the Zoning Ordinance.You can view the City of Kalamazoo Zoning Map by utilizing the GIS Property Mapping Service.Select Property Mapping and then click the I Want.
Zoning definition is - the act or process of partitioning a city, town, or borough into zones reserved for different purposes (such as residence or business); also : the set of ordinances by which such zones are established and regulated. How to use zoning in a sentence Zoning Code sections prior to adoption of Chapter 39, which became effective on November 24, 2018. Chapter 33: West Hills Rural Plan Area (2.27 MB) Chapter 34: Sauvie Island/Multnomah Channel Rural Plan Area (1.88 MB) Chapter 35: East of Sandy River Rural Plan Area (2.37 MB) Chapter 36: West of Sandy River Rural Plan Area (2.3 MB Zoning is a method of urban planning in which a municipality or other tier of government divides land into areas called zones, each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones. Zones may be defined for a single use (e.g. residential, industrial), they may combine several compatible activities by use, or in the case of form-based zoning, the differing. zoning definition: 1. the act of deciding, or the decision that has been taken about, what particular use an area. Learn more
The City of Hickman Planning and Zoning Department is responsible for reviewing all development applications for areas within the City and its one-mile extra-territorial jurisdiction (ETJ). This includes applications for changes of zone, subdivisions, special use permits, conditional use permits, corridor overlay reviews, sign permits, floodplain management, changes to either the Zoning. Need to translate zoning industriel from French? Here's what it means
4.1.1 General Use Districts Established. (A) Establishment. (B) Hierarchy of General Use Districts. 4.1.2 Relationship to Conditional Use Districts and Overlay Districts. 4.1.3 Annexed Lands and Lands Added to the Town's Extraterritorial Jurisdiction. (A) Zoning Designation. (B) Effect of Zoning Designation on Nonconforming Lot Status When a member of the opposite sex (usually one you want to hook up with) declares you to be just a friend, thereby ruining all potential chances of sex Overview. The Department of Planning and Zoning's Zoning and Public Service Division is responsible for Zoning Code Enforcement, Zoning Administration and the County's Zoning Regulations. Tags. Planning & Zoning Definition of URD in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of URD. What does URD mean? Information and translations of URD in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web Context sentences for zoning industriel in English These sentences come from external sources and may not be accurate. bab.la is not responsible for their content. French L'Union a aussi contribué à l'aménagement du zoning industriel de Trafford Park, créant ainsi plus de 15 000 emplois
2. County zoning permit must first be obtained from the Walworth County Zoning Deputy in the Town of East Troy before applying for a building permit from the Building Inspector of the Town of East Troy. (2008 code § 14.01) 15.05.020 State Electrical Code applies. 1. Authority The Department of Planning and Zoning shapes the growth and future of Howard County by facilitating the development of safe, healthy, equitable, connected, and sustained communities, while respecting individual rights and protecting the County's natural environment, historical integrity and character
Planning in Weld County. The Weld County Planning Department is organized into two service divisions including Building Inspection and Planning Services. The planning process is designed to provide a consistent review of individual land-use matters through chapters adopted into the Weld County Code. The County Code ensures that each proposed. Land: A single-family home has no shared property but is built on its own parcel of land. The area around the building is for the private use of the owner, says Kevin Adkins, CEO of Kenmore.
A-1 Zoning Ordinance Amendment The Stafford County Board of Supervisors and the Stafford County Planning Commission held a joint public hearing on October 29, 2020, to consider amendments to the Zoning Ordinance and Comprehensive Plan relating to allowed densities in the A-1, Agricultural Zoning District At the end of it, you suddenly realise your zoning and snap out of it, coming back to the real world Zoning..... is where you stare at something, completely oblivious to the world around you, and oblivious to the fact that you are staring at something, whilst either thinking about nothing and being in a kind of trance, or being in deep thought Zoning Officer: David J. Benedetti, PP, AICP 500 Pemberton-Browns Mills Rd. Pemberton, NJ 08068 Phone: _PHONE_ Facsimile: _PHONE_ Zoning Map When submitting Zoning Permits that Do Not require a fee, they may be emailed to: _EMAIL_ Spanish words for zoning include parcelar en zonas, zonación, zonificando, zonificaciones and zonaciones. Find more Spanish words at wordhippo.com
The Zoning Department encourages the development and preservation of sustainable land uses which promote the health, safety, quality of life and overall general welfare of


text: This Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Edition™ includes a glossary and reader's notes to help the modern reader contend with Hawthorne's complex approach to the human condition. Arguably Nathaniel Hawthorne's most famous novel, The Scarlet Letter probes the very root of the age-old question, "What is good?" Can there be redemption in a society where the only good is the avoidance of sin? Through the characters of the beautiful and independent Hester Prynne, the pious yet guilt-ridden Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and the vengeance-obsessed Roger Chillingworth, Hawthorne explores the range of human response to sin and the deadly consequences of the inability to forgive oneself and others. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne peers into the shadows of the soul to reveal the doubt, fear, and guilt that, try as we might to deny them, form the foundations of our existence.


WallslotRobot enables us to construct underground spaces without disruption of above-ground activities.
The concept involves boring micro-tunnels and work from there, largely hidden from the eye of the public.
Amazing: while we work, the city can continue to live its normal life.
Creating underground space anywhere
One aspect of WallslotRobot is plain productivity: you can finish one segment of a wall in just two days (instead of a week using traditional methods) and the neighbouring segment can be excavated consecutively.
Another aspect is humanitarian: WallslotRobot avoids constructors having to send people down the shaft to carry out excavation works in an intimidating tiny space underground. But WallslotRobot is so much more than that.
With the combination of micro-tunnelling and automated excavation, the impossible becomes reality. You can construct large underground parking spaces without the need for a huge excavation ruining your urban space for years. What's more, WallslotRobot allows you to carry out excavation works below groundwater level, meaning that you avoid subsidence due to draining the site. In short, with WallslotRobot you can create valuable underground space almost anywhere, including beneath historic monuments, busy main roads and bustling marketplaces.
Automated excavation from a micro-tunnel
WallslotRobot is simple but smart. It combines micro-tunnelling with automated trench excavation. First, we bore a 3-metre diameter micro-tunnel and equip it with rails. Then, from an opening in the micro-tunnel, we drive reinforced concrete ctngs (about 1 by 3 metres) into the ground while an excavator attached to the bottom casing digs up the soil. A worker in the micro-tunnel operates a crane and gripper to take up the soil and have it removed via rail. Once the entire shaft is finished, we remove the excavator, put reinforcement bars into the shaft and cast concrete in place.
A new concept in constructing walls underground
In the past few years, Denys has developed a revolutionary semi-automated underground construction concept called WallslotRobot. It is designed to construct 20 to 30-metre walls underground in densely built-up areas where there is limited room for manoeuvre above ground. Think historic town centre in need of extra underground parking space, something like that.


text:
What does POT mean in Educational?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand POT in the Community field in general and in the Educational terminology in particular.
Find a translation for POT in other languages:
Select another language:
What does POT mean?
- metal or earthenware cooking vessel that is usually round and deep; often has a handle and lid


Java Logging: Handlers
Jakob Jenkov
Last update: 2014-06-23
A Handler is a component that takes care of the actual logging to the outside world.
You can add one or more Handler's to a Logger. When messages are logged via the Logger, the messages are eventually forwarded to the Handler's, if not rejected by a Filter or the minimum log level of the Logger.
Here is how you add a Handler to a Logger:
logger.addHandler(new ConsoleHandler());
Handlers and Formatters
A Handler typically uses a Formatter to format the message before logging it. You can either create your own Formatter or use one of the two built-in Formatter's. To learn more about Formatter's see the text on Formatters.
Here is how you get and set a formatter on a Handler:
ConsoleHandler handler = new ConsoleHandler();
handler.setFormatter(new SimpleFormatter());
Formatter formatter = handler.getFormatter();
For some built-in Handler's the formatter can also be set via the configuration file. See the text on configuration for more details.
Built-in Handlers
You can create your own Handler if you want, but Java comes with 4 built-in Handler's already:
 1. ConsoleHandler
 2. FileHandler
 3. StreamHandler
 4. SocketHandler
 5. MemoryHandler
You will most often use the FileHandler, but each of these built-in Handler's are explained briefly in the following sections.
ConsoleHandler
The ConsoleHandler logs all messages to System.err. By default the ConsoleHandler uses a SimpleFormatter to format the messages before writing them to System.err. Here is how you create a ConsoleHandler:
ConsoleHandler handler = new ConsoleHandler();
FileHandler
The FileHandler writes all messages to file. This can either be a single file, or a set of rotated files. If rotated files are used, each file is filled to a certain size limit, after which a new file is created. Each file name is composed of a base name and a sequence number. For instance mylog.0.txt, mylog.1.txt etc.
By default the FileHandler uses the XMLFormatter to format all messages before writing them to a file.
Here are the various constructors you can use to create a FileHandler:
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler();
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler(String pattern);
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler(String pattern, boolean append);
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler(String pattern, int limit, int count);
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler(String pattern, int limit, int count,
 boolean append);
The first constructor creates a default FileHandler. This FileHandler is fully configured via the configuration file.
The second constructor creates a FileHandler with a predefined pattern for generating file names for the log files.
The third constructor creates a FileHandler with a file name pattern, and a boolean telling whether the FileHandler should append to any existing files or not. There is no file size limit, and file count is set to 1.
The fourth constructor creates a FileHandler with a file name pattern, a file size limit, and a file count. When the log files reach the given file size limit a new file is created, until the maximum of the file count is reached. Then the FileHandler starts over with the first file again, deleting it and logging to it from scratch.
The fifth constructor creates a FileHandler with a file name pattern, a file size limit, a file count, and a boolean telling whether the FileHandler should append to any existing files or not.
Here are a few examples:
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler("myapp-log.%u.%g.txt");
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler("myapp-log.%u.%g.txt",
 true);
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler("myapp-log.%u.%g.txt",
 1024 * 1024, 10);
FileHandler handler = new FileHandler("myapp-log.%u.%g.txt",
 1024 * 1024, 10, true);
File Name Pattern
The file name pattern is a string containing a file name plus one or more special codes, telling the FileHandler how to generate the file names. The special codes you can use are:
Code Meaning
/ The file name separator of the system. Typically either \ or / .
%t The temp directory of the system.
%h The user home directory of the system.
%g The generation number that distinguishes the rotated log files from each other.
%u A unique number to avoid naming conflicts.
%% A single percent sign, in case you want to use that in your file name.
If no %g code has been specified and the file count of the FileHandler is greater than 1, then the generation number (file sequence number) will be appended to the end of the file name, after a dot (.) .
The %u code is usually set to 0. If a file already exists with that name which is in use by another process, the %u code is set to 1, 2 etc. until an unused base file name is found. If no %u code is used in the file name pattern, and a conflict over the file name is found with another process, the unique number is appended to the end of the file name, after any automatically added generation number. Note: The use of %u to generate unique numbers for base file names is only guaranteed to work on a local file system.
Here are a few examples:
File Name Pattern Meaning
logfile.txt The file is called logfile, and is located in the current directory of the application.
logfile%g.txt The file is called logfile, and is located in the current directory of the application. A generation number is inserted after the text "logfile" in the file name. For instance, logfile0.txt, logfile1.txt etc.
logfile%u.%g.txt The file is called logfile, and is located in the current directory of the application. A unique number and a generation number is inserted after the text "logfile" in the file name. For instance, logfile0.0.txt, logfile0.1.txt etc.
StreamHandler
The StreamHandler writes the log messages to an OutputStream. Here is an example of how you create a StreamHandler:
StreamHandler handler = new StreamHandler();
StreamHandler handler = new StreamHandler(outputStream, formatter);
The first constructor creates an empty StreamHandler with no OutputStream. You must set one using the method setOutputStream() before using the handler.
The second constructor creates a StreamHandler with an OutputStream and a Formatter The outputStream parameter should be some OutputStream you either create or obtain from some other object. For instance, it could be a FileOutputStream.
The Formatter should be whatever formatter (built-in or custom implementation) you want to use. The StreamHandler uses a SimpleFormatter by default (if you use the zero-arg constructor).
SocketHandler
A SocketHandler writes the log messages to some network address via a socket. The log messages are sent across the network raw (as text). They are not wrapped in an HTTP request or anything like that.
Here is how you create a SocketHandler:
SocketHandler socketHandler = new SocketHandler(host, port);
The host parameter should be a string pointing to a domain name (host). The port parameter should be the TCP port to connect to.
Here is an example that uses concrete values in the constructor:
SocketHandler socketHandler = new SocketHandler("jenkov.com", 80);
MemoryHandler
A MemoryHandler is a handler that keeps the LogRecords internally in a buffer. When the internal buffer is full, new LogRecords start overwriting the oldest ones in the buffer.
When a certain trigger event occurs, the LogRecord's in the internal buffer are flushed to a target Handler which will write the LogRecords to an external system. For instance, when a LogRecord of some minimum log level is logged, the whole buffer of LogRecord's could get pushed.
You can also call the push() method to force the LogRecord's in the buffer to be flushed to the target Handler.
Here are two examples creating a MemoryHandler:
MemoryHandler handler = MemoryHandler();
MemoryHandler handler = MemoryHandler(
 targetHandler, bufferSize, pushLevel);
The first constructor creates a MemoryHandler that uses the configuration obtained from the configuration file.
The second constructor creates MemoryHandler with a target Handler, a specific internal buffer size, and a minimum push level that gets LogRecord's pushed to the target Handler.
Here is an example using concrete values for the buffer size


text: The gene expression parameters. These parameters (Table 2) were estimated by using the EM-algorithm (see "gene expressions" in the implementation section). The vertical lines constitute a stem-plot of the data. The red, green and blue curves indicate down-, not-, and up-regulated genes, respectively. The black curve is a combination of the three curves and, hence, the distribution of the logratios.


text:
Step 1: Make the Rig
You will want to dig this in the hottest part of the ground you can, not shade.
Step 2: Pee in Your Hole
Once you have this up and running for real, you can take the poncho off and the container out any time you have to pee.
Might as well put it to use than peeing on a tree, dont you think?
Step 3: Put the Container in the Middle of the Hole
Step 4: Place the Plastic Over the Hole
A side note is, it is a good idea to use some of the soil to cover the edges, thus sealing it from critters and such, and keeping it weighed down a bit on the edges.
Step 5: Place a Rock/soil in the Middle of the Poncho
Step 6: Wait
You won't get a full waterbottle, but you will get some, which isn't such a bad deal, concidering you dont have to put any effort into it other than building it.
Step 7: How This Works
What happens is, the sun's heat evaporates only the pure water from the moist soil. The water vapor rises to the poncho where it condenses into water drops. After a while of this, the water drops build up and roll down the the middle of the poncho where they then fall into the container.
This gives you pure water from your urine.


PIC16f877 based simple calculator project
This PIC microcontroller tutorial provides a simple calculator implementation for PIC16F877 microcontroller. This is a simple one digit[1] calculator which implements only 4 functions addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(x) and division(/). The code for PIC16F877 is written in C language using MPLAB with HI-TECH C compiler. You can download this code from the 'Downloads' section at the bottom of this page.
PIC16f877 based simple calculator
In this post, it is assumed that you know,
 - How to interface keypad with PIC16F877 microcontroller. If you don't then please read this page.
 - How to interface LCD with PIC16F877 microcontroller. If you don't then please read this page.
The following diagram (made in Proteus) shows the PIC microcontroller circuit diagram.
PIC16f877 based simple calculator schematic
Figure 1. Circuit diagram for implementing calculator on PIC16F877
In the above figure, we can see that a result of "2+2=4" is shown on the screen. To achieve this result, first press '2' from the keypad. Then press '+' and then press '2' again. After that, on pressing '=' from the keypad the result '4' is automatically displayed on the screen.
Features of this calculator
 - You can give any single digit input from 0 to 9.
 - You can press 'ON/C' button at any time to reset the calculator.
 - 4 functions are implemented i-e addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
 - Error messages are displayed if wrong input is detected. For example, if calculator is expecting a number, but a function key is pressed then 'Wrong Input' message is displayed. Similarly, 'Wrong Function' message is displayed if wrong key is pressed instead of a function key.
Main function code
The code for the main function is shown below.

/* Name : main.c
 * Purpose : Main file for calculator code for PIC16F877.
 * Date : 25-11-12
 * * Revision : None
 */
#include "Includes.h"
// Configuration word for PIC16F877
__CONFIG( FOSC_HS & WDTE_OFF & PWRTE_ON & CP_OFF & BOREN_ON
 & LVP_OFF & CPD_OFF & WRT_ON & DEBUG_OFF);
// Main function
void main(void)
{
 char key; // Key char for keeping record of pressed key
 int num1 = 0; // First number
 char func = '+'; // Function to be performed among two numbers
 int num2 = 0; // Second number
 InitKeypad(); // Initialize Keypad
 InitLCD(); // Initialize LCD
 while(1)
 {
 //get numb1
 key = GetKey();
 ClearLCDScreen(); // Clear LCD screen
 WriteDataToLCD(key); // Echo the key pressed to LCD
 num1 = get_num(key); // Get int number from char value, it checks for wrong input as well
 if(num1!=Error) // If correct input then proceed, num1==Error means wrong input
 {
 //get function
 key = GetKey();
 WriteDataToLCD(key); //Echo the key pressed to LCD
 func = get_func(key); //it checks for wrong func
 if(func!='e') //if correct input then proceed, func=='e' means wrong input
 {
 //get numb2
 key = GetKey();
 WriteDataToLCD(key); //Echo the key pressed to LCD
 num2 = get_num(key); //Get int number from char value, it checks for wrong input as well
 if(num2!=Error) //if correct input then proceed, num2==Error means wrong input
 {
 //get equal sign
 key = GetKey();
 WriteDataToLCD(key); //Echo the key pressed to LCD
 if(key == '=') //if = is pressed then proceed
 {
 switch(func) //switch on function
 {
 case '+': disp_num(num1+num2); break;
 case '-': disp_num(num1-num2); break;
 case 'x': disp_num(num1*num2); break;
 case '/': disp_num(num1/num2); break;
 }
 }
 else //key other then = here means error wrong input
 {
 if(key == 'C') //if clear screen is pressed then clear screen and reset
 ClearLCDScreen(); // Clear LCD screen
 else
 DispError(0); //Display wrong input error
 }
 }
 }
 }
 }
}
/*
 * Functions used inside main for
 * making calculator are shown below
 */
int get_num(char ch) //convert char into int
{
 int num = 0;
 switch(ch)
 {
 case '0': num = 0; break;
 case '1': num = 1; break;
 case '2': num = 2; break;
 case '3': num = 3; break;
 case '4': num = 4; break;
 case '5': num = 5; break;
 case '6': num = 6; break;
 case '7': num = 7; break;
 case '8': num = 8; break;
 case '9': num = 9; break;
 case 'C': ClearLCDScreen(); num = Error; break; //this is used as a clear screen and then reset by setting error
 default: DispError(0); num = Error; break; //it means wrong input
 }
 return num;
}
char get_func(char chf) //detects the errors in inputted function
{
 if(chf=='C') //if clear screen then clear the LCD and reset
 {
 ClearLCDScreen(); //clear display
 return 'e';
 }
 if( chf!='+' && chf!='-' && chf!='x' && chf!='/' ) //if input is not from allowed funtions then show error
 {
 DispError(1);
 return 'e';
 }
 return chf; //function is correct so return the correct function
}
void DispError(int numb) //displays differet error messages
{
 ClearLCDScreen(); //clear display
 switch(numb)
 {
 case 0: WriteStringToLCD("Wrong Input"); break;
 case 1: WriteStringToLCD("Wrong Function"); break;
 default: WriteStringToLCD("Wrong Input"); break;
 }
}
void disp_num(int numb) //displays number on LCD
{
 unsigned char UnitDigit = 0; //It will contain unit digit of numb
 unsigned char TenthDigit = 0; //It will contain 10th position digit of numb
 if(numb<0)
 {
 numb = -1*numb; // Make number positive
 WriteDataToLCD('-'); // Display a negative sign on LCD
 }
 TenthDigit = (numb/10); // Findout Tenth Digit
 if( TenthDigit != 0) // If it is zero, then don't display
 WriteDataToLCD(TenthDigit+0x30); // Make Char of TenthDigit and then display it on LCD
 UnitDigit = numb - TenthDigit*10;
 WriteDataToLCD(UnitDigit+0x30); // Make Char of UnitDigit and then display it on LCD
}

In the main code, firstly keypad and LCD are initialized. Then the code waits for the first number[1] from the keypad. After getting this number LCD screen is cleared. And this number is displayed on the LCD. After that, code waits for the function key[2] from the user. After getting the function key, code waits for the second number[1] and then the equal sign. After getting the equal sign, according to the desired function the result is calculated and displayed on the screen.
You can leave your comments in the comment section below.
Notes and References
[1] You can give any single digit input from 0 to 9.
[2] You can select any function i-e '+' or '-' or 'x' or '/'.
Downloads
The calculator code for PIC16F877 was compiled in MPLAB v8.85 with HI-TECH C v9.83 compiler and simulation was made in Proteus v7.10. To download code and Proteus simulation click here.


text:
The Top 3 Reasons Why the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is Ideal for the Processed Meat Industry
In the highly competitive and stringent world of processed meat production, ensuring product safety and quality is not just a priority; it's a necessity. As consumers become increasingly aware of food safety, manufacturers are turning to advanced technologies to meet these expectations. Among these technologies, the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector stands out as a leading solution for the processed meat industry. Here are three compelling reasons why:
- Exceptional Sensitivity and Accuracy
The first and foremost reason the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is preferred in the processed meat industry is its exceptional sensitivity and accuracy. Processed meats often contain a high degree of product "effect," a term used to describe the phenomenon where the type of product being scanned affects the metal detector's ability to identify contaminants. The Fortress technology is designed to differentiate between the product effect and actual metal contaminants, such as ferrous, non-ferrous, and stainless steel metals, with remarkable precision.
This is particularly important in the processed meat industry, where the presence of salts and varying product conditions can significantly interfere with metal detection. The advanced digital signal processing of the Fortress detectors adjusts for these product effects, ensuring that even the smallest metal contaminants are detected without false rejections. This level of sensitivity is crucial for maintaining the highest standards of product safety and compliance with food safety regulations.
- Robust and Hygienic Design
The processed meat industry demands equipment that not only performs exceptionally but also adheres to strict hygiene standards. The Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector meets these requirements with its robust and hygienic design. Made from high-quality stainless steel, the detectors are built to withstand the harsh, wet environments often found in meat processing plants. The design also facilitates easy cleaning and maintenance, crucial for preventing bacterial contamination and ensuring long-term reliability.
Moreover, the compact and customizable design of these metal detectors allows them to be easily integrated into existing production lines without significant modifications. This adaptability ensures that meat processors can implement advanced metal detection capabilities without disrupting their operations, maintaining efficiency while enhancing safety.
- Advanced Data Collection and Connectivity
In today's digital age, the ability to collect and analyze production data is invaluable for continuous improvement and compliance. The Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector excels in this area by offering advanced data collection and connectivity options. This feature enables processed meat manufacturers to monitor, record, and analyze detection events and test results in real-time, providing invaluable insights into product safety and quality.
With the integration of these metal detectors into a plant's overall quality management system, manufacturers can proactively address potential safety issues, optimize their production processes, and adhere to the stringent record-keeping requirements of food safety standards such as the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI).
In conclusion, the Fortress Pipeline Metal Detector is an indispensable tool for the processed meat industry, offering unmatched sensitivity and accuracy, a hygienic and robust design, and advanced data management capabilities. By incorporating these detectors into their safety and quality assurance programs, meat processors can not only comply with regulatory standards but also exceed consumer expectations for safe, high-quality products.


text:
Leet (1337) is an alphabet of ASCII characters used by 'elite' internet users. Purposes for using Leet can vary, but I find it particularly useful for creating passwords. Here's an example:
Leet sentence: 1337 |$ \/3|2′/ |_|$3|o5|_|1 |o50|2 [|2347||\|9 |o4$$\/\/0|2|)$
Plain English: Leet is very useful for creating passwords
Basically, Leet is just another way to write words using numbers and symbols. I know, incredibly geeky, but it can be a lot of fun! There are several different ways to write Leet, so you kind of have to settle on a standard format for your own use, or you may find yourself using 20 different versions of "M". For a complete chart, click here.
Like I said, Leet can be used for just about anything, but I like to create passwords using Leet. Reason for doing so, is simply more security. Symbols and characters add a whole new level of security to passwords. It's not for everyone, but I find 1337 intriguing.
Have you heard of 1337? Do you use it for anything?


text:
Designing Participatory Sessions for Large Scale Knowledge Sharing Meetings
This online presentation provides the user with guidance on designing effective, participatory knowledge sharing sessions as a part of large scale knowledge sharing meetings.
The user will:
Learn about important considerations for designing and hosting a 90 minute knowledge sharing session
Identify key participatory techniques to consider using within the session
And identify useful engagement and time management strategies for hosting a successful session


此为 Mathematica 7 文档，内容基于更早版本的 Wolfram 语言
查看最新文档(版本11.2)
Mathematica 教程|教程 »
Reducing Expressions to Their Standard Form
The built-in functions in Mathematica operate in a wide variety of ways. But many of the mathematical functions share an important approach: they are set up so as to reduce classes of mathematical expressions to standard forms.
The built-in definitions for the Plus function, for example, are set up to write any sum of terms in a standard unparenthesized form. The associativity of addition means that expressions like (a+b)+c, a+(b+c) and a+b+c are all equivalent. But for many purposes it is convenient for all these forms to be reduced to the single standard form a+b+c. The built-in definitions for Plus are set up to do this.
Through the built-in definitions for Plus, this expression is reduced to a standard unparenthesized form.
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[1]=
Whenever Mathematica knows that a function is associative, it tries to remove parentheses (or nested invocations of the function) to get the function into a standard "flattened" form.
A function like addition is not only associative, but also commutative, which means that expressions like a+c+b and a+b+c with terms in different orders are equal. Once again, Mathematica tries to put all such expressions into a "standard" form. The standard form it chooses is the one in which all the terms are in a definite order, corresponding roughly to alphabetical order.
Mathematica sorts the terms in this sum into a standard order.
In[2]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[2]=
flat (associative)f[f[a,b],c] is equivalent to f[a,b,c], etc.
orderless (commutative)f[b,a] is equivalent to f[a,b], etc.
Two important properties that Mathematica uses in reducing certain functions to standard form.
There are several reasons to try to put expressions into standard forms. The most important is that if two expressions are really in standard form, it is obvious whether or not they are equal.
When the two sums are put into standard order, they are immediately seen to be equal, so that two f's cancel, leaving the result 0.
In[3]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[3]=
You could imagine finding out whether a+c+b was equal to c+a+b by testing all possible orderings of each sum. It is clear that simply reducing both sums to standard form is a much more efficient procedure.
One might think that Mathematica should somehow automatically reduce all mathematical expressions to a single standard canonical form. With all but the simplest kinds of expressions, however, it is quite easy to see that you do not want the same standard form for all purposes.
For polynomials, for example, there are two obvious standard forms, which are good for different purposes. The first standard form for a polynomial is a simple sum of terms, as would be generated in Mathematica by applying the function Expand. This standard form is most appropriate if you need to add and subtract polynomials.
There is, however, another possible standard form that you can use for polynomials. By applying Factor, you can write any polynomial as a product of irreducible factors. This canonical form is useful if you want to do operations like division.
Expanded and factored forms are in a sense both equally good standard forms for polynomials. Which one you decide to use simply depends on what you want to use it for. As a result, Mathematica does not automatically put polynomials into one of these two forms. Instead, it gives you functions like Expand and Factor that allow you explicitly to put polynomials in whatever form you want.
Here is a list of two polynomials that are mathematically equal.
In[4]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[4]=
You can write both of them in expanded form just by applying Expand. In this form, the equality of the polynomials is obvious.
In[5]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[5]=
You can also see that the polynomials are equal by writing them both in factored form.
In[6]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[6]=
Although it is clear that you do not always want expressions reduced to the same standard form, you may wonder whether it is at least possible to reduce all expressions to some standard form.
There is a basic result in the mathematical theory of computation which shows that this is, in fact, not always possible. You cannot guarantee that any finite sequence of transformations will take any two arbitrarily chosen expressions to a standard form.
In a sense, this is not particularly surprising. If you could in fact reduce all mathematical expressions to a standard form, then it would be quite easy to tell whether any two expressions were equal. The fact that so many of the difficult problems of mathematics can be stated as questions about the equality of expressions suggests that this can in fact be difficult.


0
In a directory, for each file listed by ls -1 . in the default order which is the lexicographic order, I want to do the following
 1. find the next n files starting from and including the file, putting them into an array named train, and copy them into a subdirectory tmp.
 2. find the n+1-th file, putting it into a variable named test
 3. perform some operation on train, test, and tmp. Remove files in tmp.
train and test are reused, and supposed to be overwritten for each file listed by ls.
tmp is supposed to be empty right before starting the above steps for each file listed by ls.
The three steps are performed on each file except the last n files listed by ls, because there is no n+1-th file starting from each of them.
I wonder how to implement the above in bash? Thanks.
For example,
suppose n is 2, and the files listed by ls in the current directory are:
a
b
c
d
e
f
for a, I will find a and b and put them into array train and copy them into dir tmp, and find c and put it in variable test. Then perform some operation on train, test and tmp. Finally, empty dir tmp.
for b, I will find b and c, and put them into array train by overwriting it, and copy them into dir tmp, and find d and put it in variable test by overwriting it. Then perform some operation on train, test and tmp. Finally, empty dir tmp.
Then the above is performed on c and d, but not on e and f, because n=2.
 - If your files name don't contain newline, then ls | tail -n +3 | head -n2 gave you the 3rd and 4th files. – cuonglm Jan 7 '16 at 2:06
 - 1
 Don't parse ls, that's a dirty habit – Sobrique Jan 7 '16 at 14:04
1
#!/bin/bash
declare -a all
all=('ls -1 | grep -v '^tmp$'')
n=2
i=0
while [ $((n+i)) -lt ${#all[*]} ]; do
 declare -a train
 j=0
 while [ $j -lt $n ]; do
 train[$j]=${all[$((i+j))]}
 cp ${all[$((i+j))]} tmp/
 j=$((j+1))
 done
 test=${all[$((i+j))]}
 i=$((i+1))
 # do something:
 echo "loop $i: contents of tmp/ are" $(ls tmp)", test=$test"
 rm -f tmp/*
done
First put all the files in the array all.
Now loop while there's space in the array (offset i plus number n is less than the length of the list of files).
Use a loop to put n filenames into array train starting from offset i, and copy the file into subdirectory tmp. After the loop the next filename is put into test.
Now "do something".
Increment the offset i and loop again.
I personally would use perl for this.
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Progress Bars#
../../_images/progress-bar.png ../../_images/progress-bar-dark.png
Progress bars indicate progress on a task. Unlike spinners, they typically indicate the proportion of the task that has been completed.
Progress bars are most appropriate for indicating the progress of tasks that take a relatively long time (as a rule of thumb, tasks that take over 30 seconds). For tasks that have shorter periods, spinners are often a better choice.
The Bar#
The bar of a progress bar should indicate the amount of time remaining to complete the task.
Ideally, the remaining time should be calculated accurately. However, if this is not possible, then the remaining time can be estimated. Here, overestimation can be handled by having progress pause at 100%, and showing explanatory text such as "Almost done". Underestimation can be handled by having progress skip ahead as necessary.
If it is impossible to estimate the remaining time, then the progress bar can be set to activity mode, which causes it to move back and forth without indicating progress. Activity mode should be avoided wherever possible, particularly for long periods of time.
Progress Text#
Progress bars should have a text label that describes how much of the task has been completed. For shorter tasks, this can be expressed using units which are appropriate to the task. For example, "13 of 19 images rotated" or "12.1 of 30 MB downloaded".
For long-running tasks, it can be desirable to show an estimate of the time remaining, either on its own, or with supplementary progress information. If the time remaining is an estimate, use the word "about". For example, "About 3 minutes left".
Task Stages#
Some tasks can be made up of a series of stages, each of which has a separate time estimation. In these situations, try to create a single composite calculation of the remaining time for the entire task. Only communicate the different stages in a task when it is relevant to users.
In some cases, it is possible to calculate or estimate the time remaining for part of a task, but not another part. In this situation, a progress bar can enter activity mode for part of the task. However, it is best not to show activity mode for long periods of time, and the number of progress bar mode changes should be kept to an absolute minimum.
Subtasks#
Some tasks are comprised of multiple simultaneous subtasks (such as downloading several files at the same time). Here, it is generally advisable to show a single progress bar that indicates combined progress for all tasks.
In rare cases, it might be desirable to show a progress bar for each individual subtask. However, only do this if it is genuinely useful for the user to know progress for each subtask, or if it might be necessary to pause or stop a subtask.
Thin Progress Bars#
../../_images/osd-progress-bar.png ../../_images/osd-progress-bar-dark.png
For situations where task progress happens in the background, and accompanying text isn't as important, a thin progress bar can be used. These are smaller than regular progress bars, don't show accompanying status text, and are attached to the bottom of the header bar.
See the style class documentation for details.
General Guidelines#
 - If an operation is potentially destructive or resource-intensive, consider adding pause and/or cancel buttons to the progress bar.
 - Where possible, progress bars should be displayed inline, and should have a close visual relationship with the content items or controls which represent the ongoing task.
 - In the past, progress windows were a popular way to present progress bars. These secondary windows would appear for the duration of a task, and would contain one or more progress bars. In general, progress windows are not recommended, since the consequence of closing the window can be unclear and they can obscure useful controls and content.
API Reference#


When Chicago Tribune transportation reporter Jon Hilkevitch was 13 years old, he and his grandmother took a ride on the opening day of what is now the Dan Ryan branch of the CTA Red Line -- a branch soon to face massive reconstruction.
In the Tribune newsroom on Thursday, Jon had a button from the line's opening day in his pocket, and the Tribune was preparing to run a story and graphic about the ambitious project to rebuild the Red Line through the South Side.
There's nothing about that button in Jon's pocket that is new -- what used to be the "CTA Dan Ryan Line" on Chicago's South Side hasn't been new since it opened on Sept. 28, 1969. The fare then was 40 cents.
Background on the project
Later to be called the Red Line Dan Ryan branch, the line was built, starting in 1967, in the median of what previously was the South Expressway, which later was renamed to honor Dan Ryan, president of the Cook County Board who died a year before the expressway opened in 1961.
Now, almost 44 years later, the railroad tracks and all supporting systems on the approximately 10-mile branch are at the end of their useful life and need replacing. A whole new railroad will be built starting May 19.
Visualizing the future
A Tribune story by Jon and a graphic by producers Jemal R. Brinson and Kyle Bentle will take readers into the construction zone.
As the CTA prepares to shut down and rebuild such a large portion of the Red Line, Jemal was charged with explaining each phase of the construction, visually, in a diagram.
The process started by interviewing CTA sources on how they will do the work. They sent us images of machines, information and schematics of the process.
The next phase involved sketching, taking photos, and meeting with graphics editors to make sure the focus of the graphic was sound. Jemal then took time to understand each part of the process so he could re-create each sequence accurately.
Jemal used several programs to produce the final images. A 3-D animation program was used to model and render the scenes. This kind of program lets graphics producers focus on specific parts of complicated proccesses.
The final piece of the puzzle involved writing the text describing the steps.
There'll be more explaining to do as the reconstruction begins. Like Jon's button, we've got the past in hand. The key will be in laying out the future.
-- Jon Hilkevitch and Jemal R. Brinson


text:
Info on the web about Moko Mokai
April 7th, 2000
Aussie Museum To Return Maori Heads
WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) - An Australian museum
has agreed to return five tattooed and preserved Maori heads to New
Zealand, a spokesman said Thursday. The return of the heads from the
South Australian Museum in Adelaide later this month marks another
milestone in an ongoing campaign to repatriate all the tattooed heads
of Maori from museums and galleries round the world. Maori, the original
inhabitants of New Zealand, preserved the heads of their dead through
a drying process and often kept the heads of their loved ones around
the home. The South Australian Museum will hand over the heads - known
as ''moko mokai'' -on long-term loan at a ceremony on April 17. The
heads will be held by Te Papa, the Museum of New Zealand, in Wellington,
where dozens of other repatriated heads are stored. The largest collection
outside New Zealand, numbering 35 heads, is at New York's American
Museum of Natural History. Moko Mokai Education Trust spokesman Dalvanius
Prime said final negotiations were under way for the return of the
American Museum of Natural History's collection, and the heads should
be repatriated early next year. Prime also said the tattooed and preserved
head of a white New Zealander was secretly repatriated from Australia
in February and buried on land alongside the Whanganui River 160 miles
north of Wellington. Though Maori often kept the heads of their loved
ones, enemies or slaves were not so revered. Many Maori traded their
tattooed heads for European goods like muskets, meaning many heads
are now in museums around the world.
Preserved Maori heads traded by major-general
The first recorded sale of Maori mokomokai was in 1770,
says a history written by a chief trader and collector, British Army
Major-General Horatio Gordon Robley.
His book, published in 1896, Moko; or Maori Tattooing says Maori head
preservers steamed then carefully dried the body parts. Some heads
received further tattoos after death.
Robley said even dried Maori heads with few lines of moko were valuable,
as were "occasional specimens of dried European heads."
The trade ended "as far as possible" in the 1830s, with
most heads obtained in the last 20 years.
He said: "They are works of art; and it's value is subject to
all the vicissitudes that affect the value of other works of art.
"They are all very scarce and the number in private hands (as
distinct from Museum ownership) is very few."
The Major-General, who dedicated his book: "To those who have
served against the warriors of New Zealand",said among heads
in Museum collections were six at the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,
including a skin mounted on a plaster cast.
Two more were at the Berlin Konigliches Museum fur Volkekunde, one
fitted with glass eyes. This is pictured mounted on a metal pole with
a feather earring. Another four were in Plymouth, England.
He also mentions heads in Museums at Christchurch, Auckland, Sydney,
Gottingen, Germany and at the Royal College of Surgeons, London.
The Museum of New Zealand said last week it has mokomokai in it's
collection but they were not on display. It refused to supply Sunday
News with photographs of the heads because of the sensitivity of the
The many desperate tribes without the much-needed muskets to defend
themselves soon found a way of obtaining these weapons. The European
traders were more than willing to trade muskets for embalmed tattooed
heads. In war, the Maori custom was to take the heads of their victims,
embalm and preserve them, and then present the heads to the family
of the killed warrior. Because of the lucrative trade in dried heads,
with muskets as the end goal, Maori warriors began leading skirmishes
against other tribes uniquely to gain heads for ammunition. Muskets
were always available, but heads began to run short, and soon the
Maori found himself unable to continue supplying dried heads as previously.
News of the head for musket trade reached Britain, and caused an outcry.
As New Zealand was not yet a colony the British were unable to do
much to stop this trade. They were, however, able to pass a law against
the trading of heads to Australia in 1831, and after this date head
trading dwindled rapidly.Hongi Hika died in 1828, following a bullet
wound incurred during a battle in the Hokianga area.


text:
DB2 Server for VSE & VM
DB2 Server for VSE & VM provides powerful relational database capabilities, distributed database access, automation of DBA tasks, numerous backup & recovery options, and more.
- Support for TCP/IP enables you to access your data from any client that supports TCP/IP over DRDA.
- The ability to restart TCP/IP support automatically after a TCP/IP outage keeps your data accessible to your clients.
- Support for stored procedures and stored procedure result sets gives you the ability to reduce the amount of data that flows across your network.
- VM Data Spaces Support (VMDSS) can dramatically increase the performance of DB2 Server for VM.
- The Data Restore Feature provides additional archiving and recovery capabilities.
- The Control Center lets you monitor many aspects of database operation.
- DataPropagator Capture support tracks logged activity on specifed tables, so that the DataPropagator Apply product can propagate those changes to replicas of those tables.