text:
Amnis ImageStreamX: BMSB J538
The ImageStream X (ISX) combines the quantitative power of Flow Cytometry with high content image analysis. It quantifies both the intensity and the location of fluorescent probes and can analyse highly heterogeneous samples and rare cell subpopulations at a rate of above 1000 cells per second. The ISX provides new insights into the co-localisation of proteins, cell-cell interactions, internalisation, targeted immunotherapy, parasitaology or cell cycle/cell death related questions.
A unique six-channel CCD camera and a novel velocity detection system work in concert to collect 1,000 times more light than conventional technology. The technique is called Time Delay Integration. The result is high resolution imagery with fluorescence sensitivity superior to flow cytometry.
The ImageStreamX system combines a bright field lamp, and 3 excitation lasers (405nm, 488nm, 658nm). Cellular imagery is split into six component colors through a unique spectral decomposition element. The result is a bright field image, a dark field image, and multiple fluorescence images of every cell. The ImageStream uses IDEAS software.


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I have created several large tables in Excel and MATLAB. Since it is very time-consuming to manually copy and paste these tables in LaTeX, I would like to include them as figures in LaTeX. I would really appreciate it if someone could help me with the following questions:
 1. Is it possible to include tables from MATLAB or Excel without having to manually copy and paste the cells in LaTeX?
 2. If I import a table as a figure into LaTeX, how can I change the caption from "Figure" to "Table" and have it listed in the "List of Tables" instead of "List of Figures"?
Thank you very much in advance for your time and help.
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2 Answers
Part 2 is easier. If you include your table inside a table environment (\begin{table}\end{table}), it will appear in the \listoftables. Nothing will stop you from inserting a figure with \includegraphics inside the environment.
For Part 1, I usually print foreign information to PostScript and use \includegraphics from the graphicsx package. You may need to process the file in a drawing application to crop the boundaries.
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Thank you so much for your response. I really appreciate your help. Shabnam – SHA Mar 1 '12 at 19:17
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To answer question 1: There is a Matlab function that exports the data from a Matlab matrix to LaTeX tabular format, check it out here: _URL_
Simple example: In Matlab, type:
matrix2latex(mymatrix,'myfilename.tex') % Creates a file named myfilename.tex
 % with a tabular environment containing
 % the data from mymatrix
In you LaTeX document use:
To include the table in your document as a table.
There is also a similar thing for Excel, a macro if I remember correctly: _URL_
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text:
Location: Paris, France
Architect: Paul Abadie (originally)
Material: Travertine from Château-Landon
The decision to construct the Sacré-Cœur Basilica was not only a religious one: Building a church was a symbol of the belief that the loss of France in the war against the Prussians in 1870 was a moral condemnation of the sins of Paris.
A competition was conducted, and the goal was to build an imposing Basilica true to Christian traditions. The winner was an architect named Paul Abadie, who designed the Basilica in the Roman-Byzantine style. Construction started in 1875, and Abadie was the lead architect until his death in 1884, after which Lucien Magne took over.
Owing to the Basilica located on the Montmartre hill, it overlooks the city of Paris. The highest point of Sacré-Cœur is higher than the tallest point of the Eiffel Tower, making it one of the most noticeable landmarks in Paris.
Even in such a city with an abundance of air pollution, the Basilica has managed to keep its pure white colour. This is mainly credited to the use of Château-Landon stones, which were used for its construction. When this stone reacts with rainfall, the calcite content acts like a bleacher.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Riverside Park, Dawson Springs
Dawson Springs' Riverside Park, sometimes called Tradewater Park, was originally built in 1914 to serve as a spring training park for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1914 to 1917. This is the only known baseball park in Kentucky to have hosted a major league team since the Louisville Colonels folded in 1899. While the original stadium was destroyed in a flood in the 1930s, it was later rebuilt in 1999. The park was reconstructed out of wood, just like the original stadium. It is the only ballpark of its kind in Western Kentucky. Riverside Park is now home to the Tradewater Pirates.
- Flood 1.1
- Rebuilding the park 1.2
- The Tradewater Pirates 2.1
- Accommodations 2.2
- Trivia 3
- External links 4
Dawson Springs is home to a mineral spring that was believed by many to have medical healing qualities. This led to Dawson Springs becoming a huge resort town. Thousands of people came to drink and bathe in the spring. Forty hotels sprung up to accommodate the health seekers. The large crowds that came to Dawson Springs was one of the reasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates to make it their spring training home.
Riverside Park was built in 1914 and served as the Spring Training Home of the Pirates from 1914 until 1917, when they moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas. The entire ballpark was made entirely from wood, from the grandstand to the dugout. Local citizens then constructed a large indoor pavilion for spring training and exhibition games and an additional wing was built onto the New Century Hotel to accommodate the players.
Some records from the era show that the Boston Red Sox and Cincinnati Reds also played expedition games there until the early 1920s. Teams came from all around to test the Pirates. They consisted of other major league squads, American Association teams, colleges, semi-pro teams, and even teams formed by local mining companies and businesses. Some teams came all the way from St. Louis, Chicago, Kansas City, Louisville, Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Philadelphia, as well as minor league squads from Columbus, Ohio and Toledo, Ohio to play at Riverside Park. However, once professional baseball left Dawson Springs, Riverside Park, while still hosting many local teams, among them members of the Kentucky-Illinois-Tennessee League (the Kitty League), continued to provide baseball for western Kentucky.
Sometime in the 1930s a devastating storm flooded a river that runs alongside the field's first base line, and washed away the entire stadium in a violent flood. In the decades following the flood, residents in Dawson Springs were only left with the memories of the ballpark.
Rebuilding the park
In 1999 Tradewater Park was rebuilt, as Riverside Park using the exact blueprints from 1914. Dawson Springs' Mayor Stacia Peyton funded a public project to rebuild the park. Public opinion reflected the need for the city to fund other civic needs instead of rebuilding an old ballpark. However Peyton pressed ahead with the plan, knowing how important the park was to the history of the city. The goal of the project was to make the stadium as authentic as possible to the original. Still, many locals believed the venture to be well-intended, but ill-fated. The largest stumbling block for the engineers reconstructing the park was in using only wood. The seats, roof, and beams were all made from wood, just like in 1914, to create a one-of-a kind ballpark. It is the only completely wooden ballpark in the region.
The Tradewater Pirates
The stadium was used until 2012 by the Tradewater Pirates of the KIT League and then the Ohio Valley League. The team was founded in 1999 and joined the KIT League in 2007. The Pirates' first game at Riverside was on July 4, 1999.
In 2008, the team celebrated its 10th anniversary. They are currently one of the most respected summer collegiate baseball programs in the nation.
Riverside Park also features the Hardball Cafe, featuring a menu of ballpark foods, flame-grilled meats, and a taco salad. The park is open daily from 9:00 a.m. to sunset, whenever no events are scheduled.
Honus Wagner and his buddies often went fishing at the Old Mill Dam, located right beside Riverside Park and a short walking distance from the New Century Hotel.
- Dawson Springs Online
- Digital Ballparks
- The Times Leader
- Madisonville Tradewater Pirates


text:
HOME | LAWS | ORGANIZATIONS | CASES | LEGISLATION | HEADLINES
Montana Schools E-Learning Consortium
Senate Bill 170, signed into law by Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer on March 30, 2005, changed the instruction requirements for homeschool students. Prior law required the homeschool to provide at least 180 days of pupil instruction, or the equivalent in hours, as required for public schools. The new law eliminates the days of instruction requirement and substitutes the "minimum aggregate hours" established for public schools. The revised law requires 720 hours of instruction per year for grades 1–3 and 1,080 hours for grades 4–12. Graduating seniors are only required to complete 1,050 aggregate hours in their final year of high school. Only 360 aggregate hours of pupil instruction must be conducted for a kindergarten program. The school fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30.
Parents are still required to maintain attendance records under the revised law. They also should log the number of hours of instruction in order to document compliance with the new requirements.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Wednesday, July 8, 2020
Watermelon Month
When I was growing up nothing seemed to make the day better than a cold slice of watermelon on a hot day. My dad would often call us to the back yard where he had a large melon waiting on us. There was no silverware or plate needed no we all ate the large slice that we wold receive leaving only the rind behind. Perhaps you have such stories like mine.
Now that you know a bit of my history concerning watermelon let me share a bit of history about the melon itself. Watermelon is thought to have begun around the Kalahari Desert in South Africa. In fact a relative melon still grows there but it is has a bad bitter taste and possesses a lot of seeds. Perhaps it was a surprise to those that first raised watermelon that it tasted so grand because the melon is thought to have been cultivated for the water it possess.
Travelers in ancient days would carry watermelons with them rather than water. It may have been easier to know that there was water in the melon rather than having the water where all could see. Egypt nearly 5,000 years ago was the first recorded use of the watermelon. In fact seeds from a watermelon were found in the tomb of King Tut. Thus for thousands of years the watermelon has been working on its taste getting sweeter as time went on.
The watermelon may have first been cultivated in Africa but thank goodness it did not stay there. China and other parts of Asia by the late 9th and early 10th century had started to grow watermelons as well. There is also thought to be a trade route that went from Egypt to other Mediterranean countries where trading ships helped spread the good taste of the melon. African slaves and British colonist would help originate the watermelon seeds in the United States.
 - more than 1,200 varieties of watermelons are grown all over the world in 96 countries
 - watermelons come in shapes of oval, round as well as flesh colors ranging from yellow to red.
 - watermelon is the most consumed melon in the U.S.
 - July in National Watermelon month
consider sharing this post
 1. I am a huge watermelon fan and even now there is nothing that I want more on a really hot day then some nice cold watermelon.
 2. I had no idea about watermelon being so varied! Thanks, tweeted this post.
 3. There's nothing nicer than eating watermelon on a really hot day so refreshing.


text:
Ground station antenna
For SOUTHCOM Chief, International Partnerships Key to Out-Competing China in Latin America
U.S. Army Gen. Laura Richardson, head of the U.S. Southern Command, participated in a Center for Strategic and International Studies event on Friday, where she said partnerships with Latin American countries in space could help push back against the threat China poses.
Richardson, who had accompanied NASA Administrator Bill Nelson during his recent tour of South America, said such partnerships, which she described as "like-minded democracies working together," would help the United States out-compete its adversaries, the Department of Defense website reported.
A 2022 CSIS study says that China has established multiple ground stations in South America. Ground stations are the terrestrial component of space infrastructure and work to enable the operation of various spacecraft, including satellites.
The proximity of China's ground stations to the United States, however, has raised fears they may be used for civilian as well as military and espionage purposes.
Among the South American countries hosting Chinese space facilities is Argentina, which signed on to the Artemis Accords during Nelson's recent visit.
Tags: Artemis Accords Bill Nelson China CSIS Department of Defense Laura Richardson NASA space US Southern Command


in ∀'x < M.' φ, where 'M' and φ are (simple or complex) expressions that evaluate to a number and a boolean, respectively. We limit ourselves to *bounded* quantification so that the fragment we're dealing with can be "effectively" or mechanically decided. (As we extend the language, we will lose that property, but it will be a topic for later discussion exactly when that happens.) As I mentioned in class, I will sometimes write ∀ x : ψ. φ in my informal metalanguage, where the ψ clause represents the quantifier's *restrictor*. Other people write this like '['∀ x : ψ ']' φ, or in various other ways. My notation is meant to parallel the notation some linguists (for example, Heim & Kratzer) use in writing λ x : ψ. φ, where the ψ clause restricts the range of arguments over which the function designated by the λ-expression is defined. Later we will see the colon used in a somewhat similar (but also somewhat different) way in our programming languages. But that's foreshadowing. ### Let and lambda ### So we have bounded quantification as in ∀ 'x < 10.' φ. Obviously we could also make sense of ∀ 'x == 5.' φ in just the same way. This would evaluate φ but with the variable 'x' now bound to the value '5', ignoring whatever it may be bound to in broader contexts. I will express this idea in a more perspicuous vocabulary, like this: 'let x be 5 in' φ. (I say 'be' rather than '=' because, as I mentioned before, it's too easy for the '=' sign to get used for too many subtly different jobs.) As one of you was quick to notice in class, when I shift to the 'let'-vocabulary, I no longer restrict myself to just the case where φ evaluates to a boolean. I also permit myself expressions like this: let x be 5 in x + 1 which evaluates to '6'. That's right. I am moving beyond the ∀ 'x==5.' φ idea when I do this. But the rules for how to interpret this are just a straightforward generalization of our existing understanding for how to interpret bound variables. So there's nothing fundamentally novel here. We can have multiple 'let'-expressions embedded, as in: let y be (let x be 5 in x + 1) in 2 * y let x be 5 in let y be x + 1 in 2 * y both of which evaluate to '12'. When we have a stack of 'let'-expressions as in the second example, I will write it like this: let x be 5; y be x + 1 in 2 * y It's okay to also write it all inline, like so: 'let x be 5; y be x + 1 in 2 * y'. The ';' represents that we have a couple of 'let'-bindings coming in sequence. The earlier bindings in the sequence are considered to be in effect for the later right-hand expressions in the sequence. Thus in: let x be 0 in (let x be 5; y be x + 1 in 2 * y) The 'x + 1' that is evaluated to give the value that 'y' gets bound to uses the (more local) binding of 'x' to '5', not the (previous, less local) binding of 'x' to '0'. By the way, the parentheses in that displayed expression were just to focus your attention. It would have parsed and meant the same without them. Now we can allow ourselves to introduce λ-expressions in the following way. If a λ-expression is applied to an argument, as in: '('λ 'x.' φ') M', for any (simple or complex) expressions φ and 'M', this means the same as: 'let x be M in' φ. That is, the argument 'M' to the λ-expression provides (when evaluated) a value for the variable 'x' to be bound to, and then the result of the whole thing is whatever φ evaluates to, under that binding to 'x'. If we restricted ourselves to only that usage of λ-expressions, that is when they were applied to all the arguments they're expecting, then we wouldn't have moved very far from the decidable fragment of arithmetic we began with. However, it's tempting to help ourselves to the notion of (at least partly) *unapplied* λ-expressions, too. If I can make sense of what: '('λ 'x. x + 1) 5' means, then I can make sense of what: '('λ 'x. x + 1)' means, too. It's just *the function* that waits for an argument and then returns the result of 'x + 1' with 'x' bound to that argument. This does take us beyond our (first-order) fragment of arithmetic, at least if we allow the bodies and arguments of λ-expressions to be any expressible value, including other λ-expressions. But we're having too much fun, so why should we hold back? So now we have a new kind of value our language can work with, alongside numbers and booleans. We now have function values, too. We can bind these function values to variables just like other values: 'let id be' λ 'x. x; y be id 5 in y' evaluates to '5'. In reaching that result, the variable 'id' was temporarily bound to the identity function, that expects an argument, binds it to the variable 'x', and then returns the result of evaluating 'x' under that binding. This is what is going on, behind the scenes, with all the expressions like 'succ' and '+' that I said could really be understood as variables. They have just been pre-bound to certain agreed-upon functions rather than others. ### Containers ### So far, we've only been talking about *atomic* values. Our language will also have some *container* values, that have other values as members. One example are **ordered sequences**, like: [10, 20, 30] This is a sequence of length 3. It's the result of *cons*ing the value '10' onto the front of the shorter, length-2 sequence '[20, 30]'. In this made-up language, we'll represent the sequence-consing operation like this: 10 & [20, 30] If you want to know why we call it "cons", that's because this is what the operation is called in Scheme, and they call it that as shorthand for "constructing" the longer list (they call it a "list" rather than a "sequence") out of the components '10' and '[20, 30]'. The name is a bit unfortunate, though, because other structured values besides lists also get "constructed", but we don't say "cons" about them. Still, this is the tradition. Let's just take "cons" to be a nonsense label with an interesting back-history. The sequence '[20, 30]' in turn is the result of: 20 & [30] and the sequence '[30]' is the result of consing '30' onto the empty sequence '[]'. Note that the sequence '[30]' is not the same as the number '30'. The former is a container value, with one element. The latter is an atomic value, and as such won't have any elements. If you try to do this: [30] + 1 it won't work. We haven't discussed what happens with illegal expressions like that, or like ''true + 1'. For the time being, I'll just say these "don't work", or that they "crash". We'll discuss the variety of ways these illegalities might be handled later. Also, if you try to do this: 20 & 30 it won't work. The consing operator '&' always requires a container (here, a sequence) on its right-hand side. And '30' is not a container. We've said that: [10, 20, 30] is the same as; 10 & (20 & (30 & [])) and the latter can also be written without the parentheses. Our language knows that '&' should always be understood as "implicitly associating to the right", that is, that: 10 & 20 & 30 & [] should be interpreted like the expression displayed before. Other operators like '-' should be understood as "implicitly associating to the left." If we write: 30 - 2 - 1 we presumably want it to be understood as: (30 - 2) - 1 not as: 30 - (2 - 1) Other operators don't implicitly associate at all. For example, you may understand the expression: 10 < x < 20 because we have familiar conventions about what it means. But what it means is not: (10 < x) < 20 The result of the parenthesized expression is either ''true' or ''false', assuming 'x' evaluates to a number. But ''true < 20' doesn't mean anything, much less what we expect '10 < x < 20' to mean. So '<' doesn't implicitly associate to the left. Neither does it implicitly associate to the right. If you want expressions like '10 < x < 20' to be meaningful,


text:
What is the treeline?
If you go high enough up a tall mountain there is a point where trees disappear and you transition into low alpine vegetation. The same holds if you travel toward the North Pole, where the boreal forest gives way to the tundra. This is the treeline. It is one of the most classic concepts in biogeography.
Some simple universal rules seem to describe the treeline, often described as the limit of tree growth (where trees reach 3 or more metres tall). The mean temperature of the warmest month must be 10°C or more. Below this threshold it is too cold for trees to maintain growth. Interestingly, it seems that amongst the most cold-tolerant trees (which come from diverse families) the ultimate limits of tree growth are relatively consistent.
While the coincidence between tree limits and the 10°C isotherm for the warmest month has been shown to be an oversimplification at fine scales, there are clear relationships between this and other variables such as the mean temperature of the growing season (the length of which varies between sites), soil temperature, wind damage and water stress (due to lack of available water in frozen conditions). So we know what factors are correlated with the treeline, but few studies have looked at causal factors.
The limits to tree growth
Why are trees more limited than shrubs and other smaller plants? Firstly, trees are subject to more severe conditions than plants growing closer to the ground. Air temperatures can be several degrees cooler in a tree canopy than near the ground, and soil temperatures are lower under the shade of a tree canopy. These microclimatic vertical differences in temperature within the forest can be equivalent to 100-300 m elevation difference in free air temperature. Outside the growing season, a winter snowpack is often present at treeline sites, which insulates and protects lower growing plants. Secondly, there is considerable energetic cost in growth and maintenance for large organisms like trees. When there is only a short summer growing season, just maintaining a positive carbon balance becomes a critical limitation and this is what those air temperature correlates of treelines reflect. This explains why seedlings of tree species grow well above the treeline, sometimes maturing into a shrubby growth form called krummholz, which can live for hundreds of years as a stunted 'tree'.
Some angiosperms (higher plants) other than trees can survive with growing temperatures of just 5°C and at these limits to plant growth the microclimate becomes critical. Foliage temperatures in a sheltered sunny spot on a mountain summits or in high latitude tundra can be several degrees higher than the air temperature. Cushion plants and other low-growing plants take full advantage of these microclimates in between long periods of dormancy.
In deciduous trees, the timing of bud burst when new leaves appear in spring allowing photosynthesis to begin is finely tuned to avoid the risk of damage to new leaves by late frosts, but later bud burst means a shorter growing season. When growth is so marginal any additional pressures such as loss of foliage and branches due to wind breakage or winter desiccation can be enough to eliminate trees, which is why treelines on a mountain are sometimes at higher elevations in more sheltered locations.
Not all treelines are the same
Like most topics in ecology, as more research is carried out a more complex story emerges. Treelines in Mediterranean climates such as northern Chile and Spain occur at lower elevations than the more widely studied temperate treelines. Low rainfall during the summer growing season means that drought is the more critical limiting factor for trees to achieve positive carbon balance (in other words, to grow new tissue).
Most treeline research has been done in Europe and North America. Alpine treelines occur even in the tropics where mountains reach sufficient elevation but are more common at higher latitudes where they occur at lower elevations. Where the treeline reaches sea level it is termed the Arctic treeline since it is the northern limit of tree growth on Earth. The equivalent zone in the Southern Hemisphere falls almost entirely on the Southern Ocean. Consequently, the 'Antarctic treeline' occurs only on southern islands of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. Here, Hoste Island supports the southernmost trees on Earth. The few oceanic islands at these far southern latitudes are treeless, but is that due to climate or to isolation and consequent lack of tree seed dispersal?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Análise Estrutural de Redes Viárias Usando Ciência das Redes
(Structural Analysis of Road Networks Using Network Science)
Alvaro M. A. Garcia (_EMAIL_)1, Rodrigo P. Monteiro (_EMAIL_)1, Carmelo J. A. Bastos Filho (_EMAIL_)1
1Universidade de Pernambuco
This paper appears in: Revista IEEE América Latina
Publication Date: Oct. 2016
Volume: 14, Issue: 10
The way the streets and avenues are organized in a city may have a huge impact on the traffic flow. This paper presents a methodology to analyze topological characteristics of road networks. The study was performed by using two groups of neighborhoods divided according to the historical traffic problems. These areas were represented using graphs, thus making possible the application of some network metrics. The main goal of this process is to identify patterns associated with each one of these groups. It was observed that some parameters such as entropy, centrality and input and output node degree distribution can provide the indication of features that are directly related to the criticality of the traffic jam in the road structures.
Network science, Traffic modeling, Traffic jam, Human Mobility
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Home » Biology » Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Both epidemics and pandemics are words that are used to describe the widespread of diseases.
What is an Epidemic?
An Epidemic is generally defined as the process of rapidly spreading of infectious diseases within a short period of time into a large number of people in a given population and spread over to several countries or continent.
An Epidemic is derived from a Greek word which refers to upon or above people.
Bubonic plague, Cholera, Influenza, SARSand Smallpox, are some of the common examples of Epidemics.
Also Refer: Symptoms of Various Diseases
What is Pandemic?
A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease. A pandemic is a larger version of an epidemic. In other words, when an epidemic goes out of control, it is known as a pandemic. If an epidemic covers many countries spreading through continents, it is likely to be a pandemic. There are different types of pandemics.
HIV or AIDS is one of the best examples for the most destructive global pandemics in history.
The main causes of Epidemic and Pandemic are the pathogenic or harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and other parasites that can spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another through the air, water, and other modes of transmissions.
Also Refer: Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases
Let us look at the differences between epidemic and pandemic given in a tabular column below to understand both these terms in-depth.
Epidemic vs Pandemic
An epidemic is an outbreak of disease that affects many in a population and begins to spread rapidly.Pandemic is a larger epidemic. A pandemic covers several countries or spreads from one continent to another.
An outbreak of disease is considered an epidemic if it affects a certain number of people within a short period of time, typically within 2 weeks.In pandemic outbreaks, the number of people affected or killed doesn't matter as much as the rate of spread and how far it has spread.
One of the few examples of epidemic diseases is the West African EbolaA few examples of pandemic diseases are HIV AIDS, Asian Influenza and Cholera
This was a brief introduction to Epidemic and Pandemics.
Learn more in detail about Epidemic and Pandemic and other related topics on infectious diseases @ CoolGyan's Biology


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Hello everybody. For a purpose of consolidation of some result I am trying to set down, I need to construct an example to sustain the theory and I am looking for symplectic and Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms. So does someone can help me writing some non-trivial explicit examples of symplectic and Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms on compact surface? (at least examples for $S^2$ and $T^2$ ) NB : By surface I mean 2-dimensional manifold. Thanks a lot
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Sorry, what is a symplectic diffeomorphism on a manifold on which you haven't specified a symplectic structure? Do you mean a symplectic diffeomorphism of the cotangent bundle? – Qiaochu Yuan Jul 29 '11 at 15:45
The standard area forms on the torus and $S^2$ are symplectic structures. I assume those would be good for explicit examples. – Elizabeth S. Q. Goodman Jul 30 '11 at 8:24
In fact as long as you endow a symplectic structure, it doesn't matter which one it is because they are all isotopic up to a scaling. For example if you give two symplectic structures $\omega_i$, $i=0,1$ which represent the same cohomology class, which can always be done by scaling, then you just apply standard Moser's trick on $\omega_t=(1-t)\omega_0+t\omega_1$. You can see everything gets through because of the dimension reason. – Weiwei Jul 30 '11 at 17:36
Thanks all for your interest to my question. First of all, sorry for not being precise. So could use on $S^2$ $\sin\varphi d\theta\wedge d\varphi)$ in spherical coordinate or $d\theta\wedge d z$ in cylindrical coordinate. Feel free to consider the one that can be helpful. Besides, for $T^2$, $d\theta\wedge d\varphi$ where $\theta, \varphi \in S^1$ are general angular coordinates. – Tatou Papora Aug 1 '11 at 15:43
3 Answers 3
On an orientable 2-manifold (such as $S^2$ or $T^2$), the symplectic 2-form $\omega$ can be given by the signed area. In this case, symplectic diffeomorphisms are just those which preserve area and orientation.
Now, let's set aside the difference between diffeomorphisms and flows of vector fields (which is a complicated enough issue by itself), and just focus on the difference between symplectic and Hamiltonian vector fields.
A vector field $X$ is Hamiltonian if $ i_X \omega = dH $ for some Hamiltonian function $H$ (where $i_X$ is the contraction by $X$ and $d$ is the exterior derivative). On the other hand, $X$ is symplectic if the Lie derivative $L_X \omega$ vanishes. Applying Cartan's "magic formula" $L_X \omega = di_X \omega + i_X d \omega = d i_X \omega$ (since $\omega$ is closed), this means that $X$ is symplectic when $d i_X \omega = 0$. In summary, $X$ is Hamiltonian when $i_X \omega$ is exact, and symplectic when $i_X \omega$ is closed. The difference between these is given by the 1st de Rham cohomology of the manifold in question.
So, as Weiwei said, "symplectic" and "Hamiltonian" are identical on $S^2$, since $S^2$ is simply connected. On the other hand, they're not the same on $T^2$, since the torus has nontrivial 1st cohomology. Putting coordinates $(\theta,\phi)$ on $T^2$, the vector fields $\partial/\partial \theta$ and $\partial/\partial \phi$ are both symplectic but not Hamiltonian.
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The difference between hamiltonian diffeomorphism and symplectomorphism that is isotopic to the identity is quite small and describe by the flux homomorphism (The breakthrough by Banyaga). So any symplectic isotopy (path to identity in the group of symplectiomorphisms) with zero flux is ended by an Hamiltonian diffeo. Precisely speaking, the isotopy can be made homotopic to hamiltonian isotopy having the same ends. – Tatou Papora Aug 1 '11 at 16:01
For $S^2$ all symplectic diffeomorphisms are hamiltonian, and the symplectomorphism group is homotopy equivalent to $SO(3)$. For other surfaces, I find the papers by Andrew Cotton-Clay helpful, for example _URL_ But of course, if you just want some hands-on non-trivial symplectomorphisms, I think Dehn twists would be interesting enough.
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Sure. More than being homotopy equivalent it deformation retracts to $SO(3)$. One can find the proof in Mu-Tao's paper _URL_-005/2001-008-005-007.pdf. But the interst here is to handle an explicit diffeomorphism like one can write for example $f:\mathbb R\longrightarrow \mathbb R, x\mapsto \frac{x}{x^2+4}\sin(x)$ and whatever. – Tatou Papora Aug 1 '11 at 15:52
Sorry about the confusion. The point I mentioned this homotopy equivalence is to demonstrate that there aren't any specifically interesting Hamiltonians on $S^2$, and all hamiltonian are connected to one another. So unless you have further restrictions, e.g. requiring the symplectomorphism fixing a couple points etc., rigid motions are basically what you need to consider. But maybe you have more specific goals in your mind. – Weiwei Aug 1 '11 at 18:51
Ari's answer is good because you can see how even flowing along a symplectic vector field is not enough, but you could add a nice touch to the picture. Because a Hamiltonian diffeomorphism is exact, a simple closed curve $\gamma$ on a torus is non-displaceable: i.e., under a Hamiltonian flow $\phi^t$ the image $\phi^t(\gamma)$ will intersect $\gamma$, because together the two curves will bound a region of zero signed area. (If you're curious, the concept for this comes from symplectic quasi-states and quasi-measures, which tell you when subsets can be displaced by Hamiltonian flows. I haven't learned much about them.)
On the other hand, again as mentioned, rotation along one of the two angles of the torus is a perfectly good symplectic action that can never be Hamiltonian because it displaces simple closed curves. (I was saddened to hear that because this action is not Hamiltonian, the torus is not a toric manifold.)
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text:
Objective: To compare the effects of contralesional sensory cueing and limb activation with that of sham control in the treatment of unilateral neglect after stroke.
Design: A randomized, single-blinded, sham-controlled pilot study.
Setting: Two rehabilitation hospitals.
Subjects: Forty subacute left hemiplegic stroke inpatients with unilateral neglect.
Interventions: Participants were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups. The experimental group wore a wristwatch cueing device over the hemiplegic arm for three hours a day, five days per week, for three weeks, and also underwent conventional rehabilitation. Patients were encouraged to move their hemiplegic arm five consecutive times after each prompt. The sham group underwent the same rehabilitation process, except they wore a sham device.
Main measures: Neglect, arm motor performance, and overall functioning were assessed pre- and posttraining, and at follow-up.
Results: There were no significant differences between groups in outcome measures except the neglect drawing tasks (p = 0.034) (the mean gain score from baseline to follow-up assessment was 5.2 (3.7) in the experimental group and 1.9 (3.5) in the sham group), across three time intervals. The experimental group showed greater improvement in arm motor performance than did the sham group.
Conclusion: The results did not confirm that sensory cueing and limb activation treatment is effective when compared with those receiving placebo to reduce unilateral neglect, but it might be useful for promoting hemiplegic arm performance in stroke patients.
Keywords: Sensory cueing; hemiplegic upper extremity; limb activation; subacute stroke; unilateral neglect.


text:
on Use of CCA-Treated Timber
on Use of CCA-Treated Timber
2004, the use of CCA-treated timber has been severely curtailed
with an amendment of the European Union Commission Directive 76/769/EEC.
This amendment now states that arsenic compounds may not be used
'in the preservation of wood. Furthermore, wood so treated
may not be placed on the market'. The only exceptions are
wood to be used in industrial installation that 'the structural
integrity of the wood is required for human or livestock safety
and skin contact by the general public during is service life is
unlikely'. The following uses are specifically not allowed
(Commission Directive 2003/2/EC, 6 January 2003):
- in residential
or domestic constructions, whatever the purpose,
- in any
application where there is a risk of repeated skin contact
agricultural purposes other than for livestock fence posts and
any application where treated wood may come into contact with
intermediate or finished products intended for human and/or animal
amendment therefore restricts the marketing and use of both the
CCA chemical as well as timber treated with CCA, and will also apply
to imported treated wood and waste wood in re-use. In addition,
it is anticipated that from 2007, CCA preservatives will require
authorisation according to The Biocidal Products Directive (BPD)19
(Enviros Consulting et al, 2004). The EU regulations, however, do
not apply to CCA-treated wood already in service. CCA-treated timber
has not been as extensively used in Europe as it has in Australia
amendment is the consequence of a risk assessment by the European
Commission Enterprise Directorate General that identified a number
of unacceptable risks, including risks to children from CCA-treated
timber play equipment, environmental risks from combustion and disposal
(including leaching in landfill) and to aquatic organisms, and health
risks from use of CCA-treated timber (cited in DEFRA, 2003).
Communities' Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity
and the Environment (CSTEE) evaluated this risk assessment, and
determined that no threshold exists for the carcinogenic effects
of arsenic (which is also known to be genotoxic). The CSTEE could
not establish the arsenic-related risks of landfill disposal of
CCA-treated timber, which is classified as a hazardous waste by
the Commission in 2000, and thus concluded that it was appropriate
to apply the precautionary principle and, in the absence of proof
of harm, reduce the production of CCA-treated timber as much as
possible because it is likely to cause serious harm (CSTEE, 2003).
timber industry has responded to these Directives by considering
alternative treatments in order to maintain their market share over
other materials. A representative from Arch Timber Protection UK,
has boasted that since moving away from arsenicand chromium-based
timber preservatives in the mid-1990s, 'companies embraced
the challenge and through the change to copper based preservatives,
aggressively marketed own brands and unique features of their products.
Contrary to many forecasts, the industry has flourished and benefited
from the changes as treated wood continues to be the material of
choice' (Connell, 2004).
after a consultation process by the Department of Environment, Food
and Rural Affairs, Great Britain adapted the above EC regulations
(DEFRA, 2003). This resulted in closer attention being put on the
timber treatment industry, with legal action being taken against
a CCA timber treatment company for improper and unsafe use of pesticides
and a fine of £30,000. Anglian Timber was found guilty of
machining timber within 48 hours of treatment, transporting wet
(unfixed) timber, and not providing personal protective equipment
for employees (EHN Online, 2004).
in Northern Europe the use of chromium-based preservatives is also
being restricted and they are banned in Denmark (Connell, 2004).
M. (2004), 'Issues Facing Preservative Suppliers in a Changing
Market For Treated Wood', Paper presented to COST Action
E22: Environmental Optimisation of Wood Protection, Lisboa œ
Portugal, 22- 23 March.
(Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment)
(2003), 'Commission Directive 2003/2/EC of 6 January 2003
relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic (tenth
adaptation to technical progress to Council Directive 76/769/EEC)',
Official Journal of the European Communities, January 9, L 4/9.
(2003), Consultation on the transposition of the 10th adaptation
to technical progress of Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC
relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of arsenic in
England, Scotland and Wales (Great Britain), August, Department
for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Great Britain.
Online (2004), 'Timber firm exposed employees to pesticides',
Environmental Health News Online, _URL_
Consulting and The BioComposites Centre, University of Wales (2004),
Treated Wood Waste: Assessment of the Waste Management Challenge,
The Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), UK.


NewList Method
Description
Creates a list of objects according to the specified filter.
Syntax
Visual Basic
Public Function NewList( _
 ByVal Filter As String _
) As List
Parameters
Filter
A TDFilter.Text defining the criteria for filtering items in the factory. If an empty string is passed, the returned list contains all the child items of the current factory object.
Remarks
Lists created with factory NewList calls are cached for several seconds. If your application is expected to change the contents of the list, instruct the server to refresh the data by passing [force_refresh] as the leading characters of the filter.
See Also


text:
Archaeologists in Mexico have found 4,926 well-preserved cave paintings in the north-eastern region of Burgos.
The images in red, yellow, black and white depict humans, animals and insects, as well as skyscapes and abstract scenes.
The paintings were found in 11 different sites - but the walls of one cave were covered with 1,550 scenes.
The area in which they were found was previously...
(Read more in original post)


text:
Propalock is a vital solution for construction projects, especially those involving temporary support structures where safety is a concern. These structures often rely on adjustable telescopic steel props, a common practice that has raised safety issues identified by health and safety organizations.
Propalock addresses these safety concerns effectively. It is engineered using high-quality Polyamide 6 with 30 percent glass fiber filler, maintaining strength while reducing manufacturing costs, making it an attractive option for cost-conscious construction projects.
The use of Propalock not only saves costs but also enhances safety by preventing unauthorized tampering with steel props. It's a locking system that can only be operated by a designated site supervisor, ensuring consistency in management and significantly reducing the risk of accidents.
The goal of Propalock is to translate the extensive paperwork and safety recommendations regarding temporary support structures into practical action. By doing so, it promotes better health and safety practices on construction sites globally, ultimately improving workplace safety in temporary work situations.


text:
50 degrees south and discover
its hidden secrets
The story of Campbell Island is also the story of the Island's human history from historical accounts and historic sites. We aim to search for evidence of pre-European contact; review existing sources of Campbell Island history, search for new historic sites and assess their status and future management requirements; document the history, scale, and impact of historic sealing and whaling.
No one is sure when the outlying islands of the New Zealand region were first occupied by people. Research has found up to 650 year old settlement sites of Maori origin on some other Subantarctic Island. Was Campbell Island also discovered much earlier than 1810? Archaeological investigation of coastal locations and rock shelters suited to human habitation may provide the answer and shed light on the limits of Polynesian voyaging.
The stories of sealers, whalers and farmers tell us of a turbulent and hard life that was carved out on the stormy shores of Campbell Island. For the first time ever in the history of Campbell Island this expedition will provide a qualified assessment of historic site importance – an urgent task now that scrub regrowth is overwhelming many sites.
A search for the location and remains of sealing camps can tell the history of sealing on this island and bring to life the sense of hardship and remoteness that will have been the lot for sealers in this wild and windy place.
Whaling stations at North West Bay and North East Harbour were the last shore whaling operations in New Zealand waters. The field archaeology of these stations will be examined to describe the period of change between historical 19th century technology and 20th
Century factory operations, and also unique whaling methods that were used at this unusually remote and southerly location.


Credit Balances and Government Overpayments
Credit Balances and Government Overpayments
Credit Balances and Government Overpayments
On February 12, 2016, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released the Medicare Programme; Reporting and Returning of Overpayments Final Rule (Final Rule) governing the investigation, identification, refunding, and reporting of Medicare Parts A and B overpayments. The Final Rule provided much-needed detail and clarity to Parts A and B associated obligations created by its statutory counterpart, Section 6402(a) of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, some uncertainty, which will be addressed below, persists.
In 2010, Section 6402(a) of the ACA created Section 1128J(d) of the Social Security Act, which requires Medicare and Medicaid providers and suppliers, as well as Parts C and D health plans, to report and return government overpayments within 60 days of either the date on which the overpayment was identified or the date any corresponding cost report is due, if applicable. However, many key terms, concepts and logistical issues went unaddressed by the new section. For example, the statute neither defined "identified" nor articulated a proactive duty to investigate potential overpayments, despite appearing to create liability for acts of "deliberate ignorance" or "reckless disregard." Although the Final Rule addressed many of the questions arising from the legislation, it has been received by providers and suppliers with ambivalence, articulating new requirements for them while reducing their uncertainty.
Challenges Explained
Identification Defined
The Final Rule provided long overdue clarity for the identification concept:
A person [provider or supplier] has identified an overpayment when the person has, or should have through the exercise of reasonable diligence, determined that the person has received an overpayment and quantified the amount of the overpayment. A person should have determined that the person received an overpayment and quantified the amount of the overpayment if the person fails to exercise reasonable diligence and the person in fact received an overpayment. (42 CFR § 401.305(a)(2), 2016)
Providers and suppliers were happy to see the inclusion of quantification in the Final Rule. The 60-day clock does not start merely when they have determined that they were overpaid, but only when they have determined how much they were overpaid. Often, significant levels of effort are required to determine the amount of an overpayment, even after one learns that an overpayment was received.
Identification is defined, but a new concept is introduced: "reasonable diligence." "Reasonable diligence" is not defined within the text of 42 C.F.R. § 401.305. However, CMS did include the following in the commentary published within the Final Rule:
We believe that compliance with the statutory obligation to report and return received over-payments requires both proactive and reactive activities. (81 FR 7653, p. 7659)
Here, the expectation is articulated by CMS for participating providers and suppliers to take the initiative in finding and returning the overpayments the providers and suppliers have received. However, there is no prescriptive guidance as to what or how many compliance activities are sufficient to reach a "reasonable" level of proactivity.
Worthy of separate consideration is the investigatory or reactive component of "reasonable diligence." The commentary above introduces the "credible information of a potential overpayment" standard. The guidance continues later:
We believe credible information includes information that supports a reasonable belief that an overpayment may have been received.... Determining whether information is sufficiently credible to merit an investigation is a fact-specific determination. (81 FR 7653, pp. 7662-3)
Once again, CMS establishes a standard which leaves room for interpretation. However, the guidance does go on to note that the following scenarios might be examples of credible information:
 - Unusually high profits in relation to hours worked or the relative value units associated with the work
 - Hotline calls
 - Audit findings (even those over a limited time period would trigger the obligation to investigate a broader time period if the audit found overpayments and the cause of the overpayments was or might have been a factor over the broader time period)
 - Medicare contractor overpayment determinations
Also introduced in the reactive component of "reasonable diligence" is the "timely manner" concept for "good faith" investigations. The guidance goes on to say that providers and suppliers have, at most, six months from the receipt of "credible information" to determine the existence of and quantify any over-payments, except in "extraordinary circumstances." According to the commentary, "extraordinary circumstances" might include disasters and investigations of extreme complexity, such as violations reported through the Self-Referral Disclosure Protocol.
Other Key Provisions and Omissions
Six-Year Lookback
The first victory for providers and suppliers was the reduction of the lookback period from 10 years (as was originally proposed) to six. The six-year period aligns with key statute of limitations provisions in both the False Claims Act and the Social Security Act as well as with many federal and state record retention requirements. Despite shortening the lookback period considerably from the Proposed Rule, the lookback period will certainly cause pain for many providers and suppliers for reasons such as patient accounting and/or medical record system conversions and changes.
Reporting and Returning Logistics
"This final rule states that providers and suppliers must use an applicable claims adjustment, credit balance, self-reported refund, or another appropriate process to satisfy the obligation to report and return overpayments." The Proposed Rule required the use of the "voluntary refund process" as described in the Medicare Programme Integrity Manual. Sole reliance on this method would have proved inefficient for reporting and returning overpayments for singular claims and would have likely required the sending of a check in all cases.
No Relief on Small-Dollar Overpayments
CMS went out of its way to expressly dismiss any notion of an overpayment too small to be investigated: "We believe adopting a regulatory de minimis standard would be susceptible to abuse, especially in the context of claims-based overpayments." The resolution of small-dollar overpayments, especially those residing in credit balance populations, will prove burdensome and aggravating to many providers and suppliers. Fortunately, the Final Rule expressly allows for the use of statistical sampling and extrapolation for quantifying an overpayment amount for populations of accounts.
Our Point of View
Credit Balances as Credible Information
Although it is not mentioned as a specific example in the Final Rule, we believe the existence of credit balances on Medicare-related accounts (i.e., accounts on which Medicare Part A or B has made a payment) would constitute "credible information of a potential overpayment," triggering the requirement of a good faith and timely investigation. Across the industry, approximately one-third of credit balances are believed to be the result of overpayments. Therefore, unless a provider or supplier has an evidence-based reason to believe its credit balance population is extremely divergent from the national average and that a far smaller percentage of credit balances are caused by overpayments, the existence of a credit balance on a Medicare-related account would seem to easily meet the standard of being a "potential overpayment." Additionally, because of the ease with which credit balance reports can be pulled, attempts to assert non-negligent ignorance would seem dubious.
Not only do providers and suppliers have to worry about False Claims Act lawsuits for hanging on to overpayments, but they can also be fined by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) with a civil monetary penalty (CMP) for knowingly retaining an overpayment.
As healthcare organisations continue to experience increased scrutiny and fines for failing to identify and refund governmental payor-related overpayments, well-defined and efficient practices and processes become increasingly important. There are multiple steps that should be taken to ensure you are being proactive in handling credit balances and potential overpayments. We recommend robust credit balance resolution and overpayment refunding processes for Medicare providers and suppliers that kick the tires on your organisation's processes:
 1. Assess and understand your processes
 2. Identify and analyse your current credit balance population (past six years)
 3. Determine the presence of governmental overpayments
 4. Determine the methodology used to assess "reasonable diligence" for identifying and quantifying overpayments (e.g., population analysis, sample-based audits, statistical sampling and extrapolation)
 5. Perform a sample-based audit of your population or audit your entire population
 6. Understand audit results and resolve gaps
 7. Plan and execute a cleanup (if necessary)
 8. Implement ongoing monitoring efforts
Prior to beginning this exercise, ensure that you have the appropriate resources and personnel who are qualified and well-trained in credit balance resolution. In addition, verify you have in place quality assurance and root cause analysis processes, sufficient and effective controls around escheatment and other state requirements, and accurate and valid reports used for management and compliance oversight.
Ready to work with us?


Author: Alan Katzman
Alan Katzman, CEO and Founder of Social Assurity, is a leading advocate for teaching effective social media use at all educational levels. Social Assurity offers a combination of online education courses and presentations to students (both high school and college) providing them with the necessary tools to better position themselves on social media for both college admissions and hiring managers.As a well-respected industry expert, Katzman has published several industry-related articles on this topic with articles appearing in publications such as Business Insider and Social Media Today. When not refining the courses offered by Social Assurity, Alan can often be found as a motivational speaker at high schools, colleges and student organizations where he raises awareness of the importance of social media as a positive tool for creating educational and professional opportunities.He is also Founder and President of the Coalition of Digital Educators, a 501(c) organization where members have a unique opportunity to be an active voice for defining the future of digital education, ethics, and citizenship.Prior to forming Social Assurity, Alan served as executive legal counsel for several start-up and Fortune 500 technology companies where he managed the law, compliance and administrative functions for these firms.


ché la decrittografia dei dati durante il download nel client.The Azure Storage Client Library for .NET Nuget package supports encrypting data within client applications before uploading to Azure Storage, and decrypting data while downloading to the client. La libreria supporta anche l'integrazione con l'insieme di credenziali delle chiavi di Azure per la gestione delle chiavi dell'account di archiviazione.The library also supports integration with Azure Key Vault for storage account key management. Ecco una breve descrizione del funzionamento della crittografia lato client:Here is a brief description of how client side encryption works:
 - Azure Storage Client SDK genera una chiave di crittografia del contenuto (CEK) che funziona come chiave simmetrica monouso.The Azure Storage client SDK generates a content encryption key (CEK), which is a one-time-use symmetric key
 - I dati del cliente vengono crittografati con la chiave CEK.Customer data is encrypted using this CEK
 - Viene quindi eseguito il wrapping della chiave CEK mediante la chiave di crittografia della chiave (KEK).The CEK is then wrapped (encrypted) using the key encryption key (KEK). La chiave KEK è identificata con un identificatore di chiave e può essere costituita da una coppia di chiavi asimmetriche o da una chiave simmetrica. Può essere gestita localmente o archiviata nell'insieme di credenziali delle chiavi di Azure.The KEK is identified by a key identifier and can be an asymmetric key pair or a symmetric key and can be managed locally or stored in Azure Key Vault. Il client di archiviazione non ha mai accesso alla chiave KEK.The Storage client itself never has access to the KEK. Richiama solo l'algoritmo di wrapping della chiave fornito dall'insieme di credenziali chiave.It just invokes the key wrapping algorithm that is provided by Key Vault. Volendo, i clienti possono scegliere di usare provider personalizzati per il wrapping o la rimozione del wrapping delle chiavi.Customers can choose to use custom providers for key wrapping/unwrapping if they want
 - I dati crittografati vengono quindi caricati nel servizio Archiviazione di Azure.The encrypted data is then uploaded to the Azure Storage service. Per informazioni dettagliate sull'implementazione, vedere i collegamenti riportati nella sezione dei riferimenti.Check the links in the references section for low-level implementation details.
Crittografare le informazioni personali o i dati sensibili scritti nell'archivio locale del telefonoEncrypt sensitive or PII data written to phones local storage
TitoloTitle DettagliDetails
ComponenteComponent Client per dispositivi mobiliMobile Client
Fase SDLSDL Phase CompilareBuild
Tecnologie applicabiliApplicable Technologies Generico, XamarinGeneric, Xamarin
Attributes (Attributi) (Attributi)Attributes N/DN/A
RiferimentiReferences Gestire impostazioni e funzionalità nei dispositivi con i criteri di Microsoft Intune, Keychain ValetManage settings and features on your devices with Microsoft Intune policies, Keychain Valet
PassaggiSteps
Se l'applicazione scrive le informazioni sensibili, come le informazioni personali dell'utente, vale a dire messaggi di posta elettronica, numero di telefono, nome, cognome, preferenze e così via, nel file system del dispositivo mobile, le informazioni devono essere crittografate prima della scrittura nel file system locale.If the application writes sensitive information like user's PII (email, phone number, first name, last name, preferences etc.)- on mobile's file system, then it should be encrypted before writing to the local file system. Se si tratta di un'applicazione aziendale, valutare la possibilità di pubblicare l'applicazione tramite Microsoft Intune.If the application is an enterprise application, then explore the possibility of publishing application using Windows Intune.
EsempioExample
Per proteggere i dati sensibili, è possibile configurare Intune con i criteri di sicurezza seguenti:Intune can be configured with following security policies to safeguard sensitive data:
Require encryption on mobile device
Require encryption on storage cards
Allow screen capture
EsempioExample
Se non si tratta di un'applicazione aziendale, usare l'archivio chiavi offerto dalla piattaforma e i portachiavi per archiviare le chiavi di crittografia, tramite l'operazione di crittografia che può essere eseguita nel file system.If the application is not an enterprise application, then use platform provided keystore, keychains to store encryption keys, using which cryptographic operation may be performed on the file system. Il frammento di codice seguente mostra come accedere alla chiave dal portachiavi usando Xamarin:Following code snippet shows how to access key from keychain using xamarin:
 protected static string EncryptionKey
 {
 get
 {
 if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(_Key))
 {
 var query = new SecRecord(SecKind.GenericPassword);
 query.Service = NSBundle.MainBundle.BundleIdentifier;
 query.Account = "UniqueID";
 NSData uniqueId = SecKeyChain.QueryAsData(query);
 if (uniqueId == null)
 {
 query.ValueData = NSData.FromString(System.Guid.NewGuid().ToString());
 var err = SecKeyChain.Add(query);
 _Key = query.ValueData.ToString();
 }
 else
 {
 _Key = uniqueId.ToString();
 }
 }
 return _Key;
 }
 }
Offuscare i file binari generati prima della distribuzione agli utenti finaliObfuscate generated binaries before distributing to end users
TitoloTitle DettagliDetails
ComponenteComponent Client per dispositivi mobiliMobile Client
Fase SDLSDL Phase CompilareBuild
Tecnologie applicabiliApplicable Technologies GenericoGeneric
Attributes (Attributi) (Attributi)Attributes N/DN/A
RiferimentiReferences Crypto Obfuscation For .NetCrypto Obfuscation For .Net
PassaggiSteps È necessario offuscare i file binari generati, ovvero gli assembly all'interno di APK, per impedire che gli assembly siano sottoposti a reverse engineering. A questo scopo, è possibile usare strumenti come CryptoObfuscator.Generated binaries (assemblies within apk) should be obfuscated to stop reverse engineering of assemblies.Tools like CryptoObfuscator may be used for this purpose.
Impostare clientCredentialType su Certificate o su WindowsSet clientCredentialType to Certificate or Windows
TitoloTitle DettagliDetails
ComponenteComponent WCFWCF
Fase SDLSDL Phase CompilareBuild
Tecnologie applicabiliApplicable Technologies .NET Framework 3.NET Framework 3
Attributes (Attributi) (Attributi)Attributes N/DN/A
RiferimentiReferences FortifyFortify
PassaggiSteps L'uso di UsernameToken con una password in testo normale tramite un canale non crittografato espone la password a utenti malintenzionati che potrebbero eseguire lo sniffing dei messaggi SOAP.Using a UsernameToken with a plaintext password over an unencrypted channel exposes the password to attackers who can sniff the SOAP messages. I provider di servizi che fanno uso di UsernameToken possono accettare le password inviate in testo normale,Service Providers that use the UsernameToken might accept passwords sent in plaintext. ma l'invio di password in testo normale tramite un canale non crittografato può es


onfocus event
Fires when the object receives focus.
HTML 4.01 Specification, Section 18.2.3
Event Property object.onfocus = handler;
attachEvent Method object.attachEvent("onfocus", handler)
addEventListener Method object.addEventListener("focus", handler, useCapture)
Event information
Event handler parameters
pEvtObj [in]
Type: IHTMLEventObj
Standards information
When one object loses activation and another object becomes the IHTMLDocument2::activeElement, the HTMLInputFileElementEvents2::onfocus event fires on the object becoming the IHTMLDocument2::activeElement only after the HTMLInputFileElementEvents2::onblur event fires on the object losing activation. Use the focus events to determine when to prepare an object to receive input from the user.
Elements cannot receive focus until the document is finished loading.
For Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 and later, focus on a document, and the IHTMLDocument2::activeElement of a document can be managed separately. The synchronous events HTMLInputFileElementEvents2::onactivate and HTMLInputFileElementEvents2::ondeactivate provide better control for managing activation changes.
As of Microsoft Internet Explorer 5, elebrowserments retain focus within the current history when the user returns to a page. To avoid firing the HTMLInputFileElementEvents2::onfocus event unintentionally for an element when the document loads, invoke the IHTMLElement2::focus method on another element.
Sets focus to an object.
To invoke this event, do one of the following:
The pEvtObj parameter is required for the following interfaces:
See also
Community Additions
© 2015 Microsoft


text:
Researchers at Florida's Institute for Human and Machine Cognition just taught Atlas android, one of the most advanced and expensive robots today, how to do housework.
It cleans and picks up garbage for you, but developers say it's not quite there yet - meaning, they can't really tell how safe it is and how the robot would actually work in a home environment. How would it react to items around him - would he (albeit accidentally) bump into them or smash them? A roboticist also said the robot is still a little too slow and its batteries all but long-lasting. So, at the moment, they are focusing more on testing the robot to see what it can do and how it can be further improved.


Home » Cruise » Water Spout: Are They Dangerous?
Water Spout: Are They Dangerous?
A fully-formed waterspout – a wonder to look at but a deadly force in nature. Photo: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
A fully-formed water spout – a wonder to look at but a deadly force in nature. Photo: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Water spouts can be scary and intimidating even to the most experienced of skippers. They are not as dangerous as their land- based counterparts; the tornado or twister, nevertheless, care should be taken when encountering one of these natural phenomena. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a water spout is a column of water formed by a whirlwind over the sea. Waterspouts can be divided into two categories: fair weather waterspouts and tornadic waterspouts.
Fair weather waterspouts are more likely to occur during late spring to early fall where the summer months offer the right atmospheric conditions of warm, moist and unstable air and a growing cloud aloft. As the name indicates, they typically occur during fair and relatively calm weather with little wind, in the mornings or late afternoons, and develop under the dark flat bottom of rising cumulus clouds. They are short lived and will form quickly, normally dissipating within 20 minutes. Fair weather waterspouts move very little if at all, they start from the surface of the water and move upwards; by the time they are visible they are near maturity.
Tornadic waterspouts are more dangerous and destructive in nature. They form over water or start life as a tornado over land and become waterspouts as they cross the coast. They form under convective storms cells when air rises and rotates around a vertical axis (mesocyclonic in action). They typically occur with afternoon or evening thunderstorms when the warm moist air provides an unstable environment. They can be accompanied by strong winds and large seas. Hail and lightening are common with these severe thunderstorms. These waterspouts develop downward and initially form as a funnel cloud or tuba at the base of the cloud when a column of swirling air starts to rotate, condensing ambient moisture into water droplets extending towards the sea. This revolving motion causes a swirling mass of spray to rise up from the sea. If it continues to develop, the funnel meets the swirling sea spray and forms the column of the spout. These waterspouts have huge potential to be dangerous.
Waterspout Facts
Waterspouts are more commonplace in tropical regions but they can develop anywhere and are also common in many parts of Europe. The average wind speed in a waterspout is approximately 50mph (80kph) but can be as high as 150mph (241kph) and they can travel at speeds of anywhere from one to 80mph (128kph). Contrary to popular belief it is not sea water 'sucked up' that appears to make up the spout but what studies have found to be a swirling mass of condensed water vapor. The diameter of a funnel can range from a few yards to 110 yards (100m). The myth that firing canons or other projectiles into a waterspouts path will break them up has never been substantiated.
Waterspout Safety
Regardless of whether the waterspout is fair weather or tornadic in origin, all sea going vessels should take caution. Never navigate through a waterspout or move closer to it for investigation. To avoid a waterspout, try traveling at right angles to its apparent direction of movement. Darks spots on the water, followed by rings or a sudden shift in wind can be warning signs of a developing waterspout. If a waterspout is in close proximity and you are unable to avoid it, take down any sail, close any hatches and if possible stay below deck. During the summer months, in light winds, look for the telltale signs in the line of flat bottom cumulus clouds or thunderstorms, or in the lines of thunderstorms that can develop any time of year. Although waterspouts are not as destructive as their land based cousins their ability to carry anything in their path makes them dangerous to vessels and small craft. Not only can waterspouts cause havoc to mariners, they can devastate coral reefs and marine organisms that are close to the waters surface.
Sources: _URL_; _URL_; The Cloud Book – The Met Office
Rosie and her husband Sim Hoggarth, both from the UK, have cruised the Caribbean and North America for over eight years aboard Alianna their Corbin39. Visit their blog: _URL_
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A_SmokeTrailer is an action that is used to spawn a trail of Objects of a type determined by Var1 when called repeatedly. In Doom Legacy, this action was originally used to spawn smoke trails for rockets and Lost Souls; the action itself is based on the action A_Tracer from Doom, used for the Revenant's homing missiles, which spawned a smoke trail and followed the tracer. A_SmokeTrailer in comparison reuses only the smoke-spawning code from A_Tracer, hence the name of the action. In SRB2, this is used to spawn smoke trails behind the Snailer's missile and the Sea Egg's torpedo.
The position the Objects are spawned at relative to the actor depends on the speed and direction of the actor's current movement, set up so it will trail behind opposite to the actor's movement direction, and the Objects will only be spawned every 4 tics. The spawned Objects will then rise slowly in the air at a speed of 1 fracunit/tic, and their initial state's duration is randomly reduced by 0-2 tics.
 Actions – Spawners [view]


Ling; Su, Zhong-Min; Lu, Ying-Hua
 2009-07-07
 The combination of genetic algorithm and back-propagation neural network correction approaches (GABP) has successfully improved the calculation accuracy of absorption energies. In this paper, the absorption energies of 160 organic molecules are corrected to test this method. Firstly, the GABP1 is introduced to determine the quantitative relationship between the experimental results and calculations obtained by using quantum chemical methods. After GABP1 correction, the root-mean-square (RMS) deviations of the calculated absorption energies reduce from 0.32, 0.95 and 0.46 eV to 0.14, 0.19 and 0.18 eV for B3LYP/6-31G(d), B3LYP/STO-3G and ZINDO methods, respectively. The corrected results of B3LYP/6-31G(d)-GABP1 are in good agreement with experimental results. Then, the GABP2 is introduced to determine the quantitative relationship between the results of B3LYP/6-31G(d)-GABP1 method and calculations of the low accuracy methods (B3LYP/STO-3G and ZINDO). After GABP2 correction, the RMS deviations of the calculated absorption energies reduce to 0.20 and 0.19 eV for B3LYP/STO-3G and ZINDO methods, respectively. The results show that the RMS deviations after GABP1 and GABP2 correction are similar for B3LYP/STO-3G and ZINDO methods. Thus, the B3LYP/6-31G(d)-GABP1 is a better method to predict absorption energies and can be used as the approximation of experimental results where the experimental results are unknown or uncertain by experimental method. This method may be used for predicting absorption energies of larger organic molecules that are unavailable by experimental methods and by high-accuracy theoretical methods with larger basis sets. The performance of this method was demonstrated by application to the absorption energy of the aldehyde carbazole precursor.
 7. Effectively calculable quantum mechanics
 OpenAIRE
 Bolotin, Arkady
 2015-01-01
 According to mathematical constructivism, a mathematical object can exist only if there is a way to compute (or "construct") it; so, what is non-computable is non-constructive. In the example of the quantum model, whose Fock states are associated with Fibonacci numbers, this paper shows that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics is non-constructive since it permits an undecidable (or effectively impossible) subset of Hilbert space. On the other hand, as it is argued in the paper, if...
 8. Communication: Ro-vibrational control of chemical reactivity in H+CH₄→ H₂+CH₃: full-dimensional quantum dynamics calculations and a sudden model.
 Science.gov (United States)
 Welsch, Ralph; Manthe, Uwe
 2014-08-07
 The mode-selective chemistry of the title reaction is studied by full-dimensional quantum dynamics simulation on an accurate ab initio potential energy surface for vanishing total angular momentum. Using a rigorous transition state based approach and multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree wave packet propagation, initial state-selected reaction probabilities for many ro-vibrational states of methane are calculated. The theoretical results are compared with experimental trends seen in reactions of methane. An intuitive interpretation of the ro-vibrational control of the chemical reactivity provided by a sudden model based on the quantum transition state concept is discussed.
 9. Molecular structure, spectroscopic properties and quantum chemical calculations of 8-t-buthyl-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one
 Science.gov (United States)
 Koparir, Pelin; Sarac, Kamiran; Orek, Cahit; Koparir, Metin
 2016-11-01
 This study acquaints the 8-t-buthyl-4-methyl-2H-chromen 2-one (II) of by quantum chemical calculations and spectral ways. The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift values of II in the ground state have been calculated utilizing the density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The theoretical vibrational frequencies and chemical shift values display well agreement with experimental values. On the other hand, DFT calculations of molecular electrostatic potentials and frontier molecular orbitals of II were implemented at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory.
 10. The structure and conformations of piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide): Gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations
 Science.gov (United States)
 Ksenafontov, Denis N.; Moiseeva, Natalia F.; Khristenko, Lyudmila V.; Karasev, Nikolai M.; Shishkov, Igor F.; Vilkov, Lev V.
 2010-12-01
 The geometric structure of piracetam was studied by quantum chemical calculations (DFT and ab initio), gas electron diffraction (GED), and FTIR spectroscopy. Two stable mirror symmetric isomers of piracetam were found. The conformation of pyrrolidine ring is an envelope in which the C4 atom deviates from the ring plane, the angle between the planes (C3 sbnd C4 sbnd C5) and (C2 sbnd C3 sbnd C5) is 154.1°. The direction of the deviation is the same as that of the side acetamide group. The piracetam molecule is stabilized in the gas phase by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N9H 2 group and the oxygen O6, bonded to C2. The principal structural parameters ( re, Å and ∠e, degrees; uncertainties are 3 σLS values) were found to be: r(С3 sbnd С4) = 1.533(1), r(C4 sbnd C5) = 1.540(1), r(N1 sbnd C5) = 1.456(1), r(C2 sbnd C3) = 1.520(1), r(N1 sbnd C7) = 1.452(1), r(C7 sbnd C8) = 1.537(1), r(N1 sbnd C2) = 1.365(2), r(C8 sbnd N9) = 1.360(2), r(C2 dbnd O6) = 1.229(1), r(C8 dbnd O10) = 1.221(1), ∠C2 sbnd N1 sbnd C5 = 113.4(6), ∠N1 sbnd C2 sbnd C3 = 106.9(6), ∠N1 sbnd C7 sbnd C8 = 111.9(6), ∠C7 sbnd C8 sbnd N9 = 112.5(6), ∠N1 sbnd C2 sbnd O6 = 123.0(4), ∠C3 sbnd N1 sbnd C7 = 120.4(4), ∠C7 sbnd C8 sbnd O10 = 120.2(4), ∠C5 sbnd N1 sbnd C2 sbnd O6 = 170(6), ∠C3 sbnd C2 sbnd N1 sbnd C7 = 178(6), ∠C2 sbnd N1 sbnd C7 sbnd C8 = 84.2, ∠N1 sbnd C7 sbnd C8 sbnd O10 = 111.9.
 11. Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure and Quantum Chemical Calculation of Novel Compound 1,3-Dimethyl-2-ferrocenylmethylbenzimidazolium Iodide
 Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
 ZHANG Jing; YANG Bing-Qin; ZHU Hai-Yan; LI Tao; WEN Zhen-Yi
 2006-01-01
 A novel benzimidazole derivative, 1,3-dimethyl-2-ferrocenylmethylbenzimidazolium iodide (1) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, MS, 1H NMR and IR spectra. Its crystal structure was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction, and the title compound belongs to monoclinic system with space group P2(1)/c.According to the crystal structure, the quantum chemistry calculation was performed by Gaussian 03 program, and full geometry optimizations of the title compound were carried out with DFT method at B3LYP/6-31G level. Its structure, stability, frontier molecular orbital components and net charge distribution were discussed.
 12. Unusual reaction paths of SN2 nucleophile substitution reactions CH4 + H- → CH4 + H- and CH4 + F- → CH3F + H-: Quantum chemical calculations
 Science.gov (United States)
 Minyaev, Ruslan M.; Quapp, Wolfgang; Schmidt, Benjamin; Getmanskii, Ilya V.; Koval, Vitaliy V.
 2013-11-01
 Quantum chemical (CCSD(full)/6-311++G(3df,3pd), CCSD(T)(full)/6


text:
KYOTO, Japan — It makes no difference if your surgeon is a man or a woman, according to new research out of Japan. Scientists report male and female surgeons had the same rates of death or surgical complications, despite female surgeons often taking on more challenging procedures and high-risk patients.
Study authors are advocating for more opportunities for female surgeons. They note that on a global scale, women are still a minority in the surgical field. On a more positive note, the number of female physicians has increased in recent years.
More specifically, female general surgeons accounted for just 28 percent of Canadian surgeons in 2019, only 22 percent of U.S. surgeons in 2019, and 33 percent of U.K. surgeons in 2017. Meanwhile, women only account for 22 percent of physicians in Japan, and a meager 5.9 percent of surgeons. Still, prior studies in the United States and Canada reveal that the proficiency of female physicians and surgeons is actually equal to or greater than that of their male peers.
Women are more likely to take on high-risk patients
To research this topic further, researchers made use of the Japanese National Clinical Database (NCD), which features data pertaining to 95 percent of all surgeries performed in Japan. Study authors compared that data to surgical outcomes among female and male surgeons between 2013 and 2017. Additionally, they examined the relation between postoperative mortality (within 90 days of surgery) and surgical complication rates (within 30 days of surgery), and the surgeon's licensing terms.
The team placed particular emphasis on three common procedures for stomach and rectal cancer: distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, and low anterior resection. They chose those three because enough female surgeons have performed these surgeries to facilitate an analysis while keeping the surgeons anonymous. The complete analysis featured 149,193 distal gastrectomy surgeries, 63,417 gastrectomy surgeries, and 81,593 low anterior resection procedures.
Study authors found that female surgeons performed only five percent of these procedures and were much less likely than their male counterparts to work in high-volume medical facilities. Yet, hospitals were more likely to assign female surgeons to high-risk patients, defined as patients who were either malnourished, on long-term steroids, or with more severe disease.
Despite all that, there were no overall differences in the rates of death or surgical complications between male and female surgeons. Study authors were sure to account for other patient-related factors as well.
Female surgeons face many obstacles
Female surgeons, on average, had fewer post-registration years, and performed fewer minimally invasive (keyhole) surgeries than male surgeons. The research team speculates this could be the result of fewer training opportunities linked to preferential treatment toward male trainees, or the competing demands of women's traditional societal roles, such as raising a family.
Ultimately, the team notes that this project was observational in nature, meaning they can't make a firm conclusion about cause and effect. Study authors admit that at this time, they cannot rule out the possibility that their results are the result of other factors they did not measure. This project also failed to consider all the details on surgeons' work and personal life conditions, and it may not apply to other types of surgeries or procedures performed by surgeons with other specialties.
However, study authors still argue their findings hold scientific merit and warrant further research. This project featured the use of a highly accurate clinical database in terms of patients' preoperative condition and surgical outcomes and accounted for important patient related factors tied to the individual procedures selected.
"Many aspects can impair the successful development of female surgeons," researchers write in a media release. "Nevertheless, in this analysis, no significant difference existed in the mortality or complication rates of surgeries done by female and male surgeons, suggesting that they are equally successful in developing their surgical skills."
"More appropriate and effective surgical training for female surgeons could further improve surgical outcomes," they add.
Does the medical community need 'rapid change'?
Cherry Koh, a colorectal surgeon based in Australia, adds that these findings don't only apply to Japan; female surgeons all over the world have had similar experiences. She believes that changes across virtually all facets of society are necessary to better support women in the workforce. Leadership at all levels — government ministers, professional surgical societies, hospital managers, and departmental leads — also need to commit to change.
"Only through broad engagement can national regulations (such as targets or quotas supporting gender equity in recruitment, training, and retention) be combined with local measures (such as codes of conduct, safer workplace practices, and mentoring opportunities)," Koh concludes. "Rapid change is needed, in the interest of both clinicians and patients."
The study is published in The BMJ.


Azure Blob
Creating an Azure Blob Write Connector
Prerequisites:
 - Access credentials
 - Data location on Azure Blob
 - Partition column from upstream, if applicable
Connection Settings
Connection Setting specifies the details to connect to the particular Azure Blob location.
Here's an example:
_PHONE_
Figure 1
Storage Account Name
Enter the Storage Account Name for the subscription.
Location
Azure Blob Write Connectors have location settings comprised of:
 - Azure Blob Container: The container name, e.g. ascend-io-dev-container. Do not put in any folder information in this box.
 - Object Prefix: The Azure Blob folders hierarchical prefix, e.g. analytical_results/my_awesome_table. Do not include any leading forward slashes.
 - Partition Folder Pattern: The folder pattern that will be generated based on the values from the upstream partition column, e.g. you can use {{at_hour_ts(yyyy-MM-dd/HH)}} where column at_hour_ts is a partition column from the upstream transform.
❗
Warning
Any data that is not being propagated by the upstream transform will automatically be deleted under the object prefix.
For example; if the write connector produces three files A, B and C in the object-prefix and there was an existing file called output.txt at the same location Ascend will delete output.txt since Ascend did not generate it.
Manifest file (optional)
If selected a manifest file is generated or updated every time the Write Connector gets Up-To-Date and will contain a list of file names for all data files that are ready to be consumed by downstream applications. To create a Manifest File, specify the full path, including the file name, for where the Manifest File should get created at, as well as whether this should be a CSV or a JSON file.
Azure Shared Key
This is the Access Key for the Storage Account that can be located within the Storage Account page under Settings -> Access Keys.
Testing Connection
Use Test Connection to check whether all Azure Blob permissions are correctly configured.
Formatter Settings
The formatter settings specifies what format the files will be generated with.
Here's an example.
822822
Figure 2
XSV Formatter
Ascend supports 3 different delimiters and 9 different line terminators and allows specifying whether a Header Row should be included. The XSV generated is RFC4180 compliant.
🚧
Important
The XSV Formatter will NOT replace newline characters within values. Replace newline characters in the upstream transform if you require XSV files to contain only single line records.
JSON formatter
Will generate a file where each line in the file is a valid JSON object representing one data row from upstream.
🚧
Important
The JSON Formatter will automatically replace new line characters in column values to \n in order to guarantee the JSON file has single line records.
Parquet formatter
Will apply snappy compression automatically to the output files automatically.
Processing Priority (optional)
When resources are constrained, Processing Priority will be used to determine which components to schedule first.
Higher priority numbers are scheduled before lower ones. Increasing the priority on a component also causes all its upstream components to be prioritized higher. Negative priorities can be used to postpone work until excess capacity becomes available.
Here's an example:
219219
Figure 3
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Dolphin Chi
Circle of life, communication, joy and freedom.
Dolphins have long played an important role in human culture due to their intelligence, eagerness to communicate and their essence of pure joy. They represent the binding together of incompatible worlds. Dolphins also incarnate a powerful myth of femininity and are greatly associated with dolphin rider, Aphrodite, who was a Dolphin Goddess. In Greek mythology, Dolphins were considered with welcome since they symbolized a good omen for a smooth voyage. Embodying values such as caring, nurturing, communicating and highly evolved intelligence. Dolphins are an incredibly generous and joyful species. That is why HighChi decided to give away 10% of all profits generated by the Dolphin Chi pendant to, who are committed to saving dolphins and Whales and protecting our oceans. Together we can make a difference. Lets preserve the circle of life.
 Dolphin Chi
thick. 1/16"=2mm
bale 5/16"=8mm
height 1"=25mm
width 1.5"=38mm
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Geologic Map of the Panguitch Lake Quadrangle, Garfield and Iron Counties
By: Robert F. Biek, John J. Anderson, Edward G. Sable, and Peter D. Rowley
The Panguitch Lake quadrangle lies in the central part of the Markagunt Plateau in southwest Utah and includes Panguitch Lake, a popular area of summer and winter recreational use. Despite the plateau's relatively simple structure of a gently east-tilted fault block, the quadrangle contains scenic and instructive exposures of southwest Utah's youngest basaltic lava flows, classic examples of inverted valleys capped by older lava flows, glacial deposits in the Castle Valley area, and the southern margin of the Markagunt Megabreccia. The Megabreccia is the debris of Utah's largest catastrophic landslide deposit, which covers 1300 square miles (3400 km²) of the northern and central Markagunt Plateau.
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text:
It is not difficult to redefine the meaning of the usual arithmetic operators for user-defined types. Normally, this will be a run-time error; if I have a table
t + 1 will give "attempt to perform arithmetic on global 't' (a table value)". However, if that table has a metatable, then Lua will see if a function
__add is defined, and use it instead.
The main question with operator overloading is whether it will make using your objects easier for other programmers. It is similar to user-interface decisions; it really is a good idea to keep to common user-interface conventions for your platform. In interfaces, dull is good, and the unexpected will cause misunderstanding. For instance, you can make the addition operator concatenate lists, but as Paul Graham observed , one tends to misread such expressions as arithmetic.
I'm going to present two cases where redefining operators makes perfect sense, because they are both generalizations of the usual real number arithmetic we use. To add two points with
p1 + p2 is not only convenient, but mathematically correct.
Point class, you will be able to express vector algebra in something like the usual notation. For example,
x = ((p1^p2)..q)*q
p2, get its dot product with
qand multiply the resulting scalar with q.
-- point.lua -- A class representing vectors in 3D -- (for class.lua, see SimpleLuaClasses) require 'class' Point = class(function(pt,x,y,z) pt:set(x,y,z) end) local function eq(x,y) return x == y end function Point.__eq(p1,p2) return eq(p1,p2) and eq(p1,p2) and eq(p1,p2) end function Point.get(p) return p,p,p end -- vector addition is '+','-' function Point.__add(p1,p2) return Point(p1+p2, p1+p2, p1+p2) end function Point.__sub(p1,p2) return Point(p1-p2, p1-p2, p1-p2) end -- unitary minus (e.g in the expression f(-p)) function Point.__unm(p) return Point(-p, -p, -p) end -- scalar multiplication and division is '*' and '/' respectively function Point.__mul(s,p) return Point( s*p, s*p, s*p ) end function Point.__div(p,s) return Point( p/s, p/s, p/s ) end -- dot product is '..' function Point.__concat(p1,p2) return p1*p2 + p1*p2 + p1*p2 end -- cross product is '^' function Point.__pow(p1,p2) return Point( p1*p2 - p1*p2, p1*p2 - p1*p2, p1*p2 - p1*p2 ) end function Point.normalize(p) local l = p:len() p = p/l p = p/l p = p/l end function Point.set(pt,x,y,z) if type(x) == 'table' and getmetatable(x) == Point then local po = x x = po y = po z = po end pt = x pt = y pt = z end function Point.translate(pt,x,y,z) pt = pt + x pt = pt + y pt = pt + z end function Point.__tostring(p) return string.format('(%f,%f,%f)',p,p,p) end local function sqr(x) return x*x end function Point.len(p) return math.sqrt(sqr(p) + sqr(p) + sqr(p)) end
Point is a simple class which can be constructed using call notation (see SimpleLuaClasses):
> p1 = Point(10,20,30) > p2 = Point(1,2,3) > = p1 (10.000000,20.000000,30.000000) > = p1 + p2 (11.000000,22.000000,33.000000) > = 2*p1 (20.000000,40.000000,60.000000)
__tostring, Lua knows how to print out such objects. It's perhaps not a perfect format, but it's easy to modify the code (one could make precision a class property). The simplified constructor syntax makes it easy for vector operations to return
Pointobjects. The decision to use indices 1,2 and 3 for x, y and z components is quite arbitrary; it's easy to change to match your preferences. There are some limitations: although
p*2should be valid, it isn't; the scalar must be first.
One can now define higher level operations. For instance, here is a useful function for finding the minimum distance between a point and a line (very useful if you're doing an editable graphics program):
-- given a point q, where does the perp cross the line (p1,p2)? function perp_to_line(p1,p2,q) local diff = p2 - p1 local x = ((q - p1)..diff)/(diff..diff) return p1 + x*diff end -- minimum distance between q and a line (p1,p2) function min_dist_to_line(p1,p2,q) local perp = perp_to_line(p1,p2,q) return Point.len(perp-q) end
There is a 'gotcha' which you should keep in mind; Lua objects are always passed by reference, so beware of modifying points passed to functions. Use the copy constructor provided, e.g. say
local pc = Point(p) to make a local copy of a point passed as an argument.
Complex numbers are a generalization of real numbers, so they understand all the usual operations, plus some more. If
z is complex, then
1.5 + z and
z + 1.5 are both complex expressions, so
__add must handle the case where one of the arguments is a plain number.
Please note that this Complex Number class is an example, it should not be used for serious applications. It has some problems (which could, in principle, be fixed): division suffers from loss of precision, modulus overflows on some reasonable values, square root is careless with cuts and does not work for real values, pow only computes positive integer powers (and then slowly).
-- complex.lua require 'class' Complex = class(function(c,re,im) if type(re) == 'number' then c.re = re c.im = im else c.re = re.re c.im = re.im end end) Complex.i = Complex(0,1) local sqrt = math.sqrt local cos = math.cos local sin = math.sin local exp = math.exp local function check(z1,z2) if type(z1) == 'number' then return Complex(z1,0),z2 elseif type(z2) == 'number' then return z1,Complex(z2,0) else return z1,z2 end end -- redefine arithmetic operators! function Complex.__add(z1,z2) local c1,c2 = check(z1,z2) return Complex(c1.re + c2.re, c1.im + c2.im) end function Complex.__sub(z1,z2) local c1,c2 = check(z1,z2) return Complex(c1.re - c2.re, c1.im - c2.im) end function Complex:__unm() return Complex(-self.re, -self.im) end function Complex.__mul(z1,z2) local c1,c2 = check(z1,z2) return Complex(c1.re*c2.re - c1.im*c2.im, c1.im*c2.re + c1.re*c2.im) end function Complex.__div(z1,z2) local c1,c2 = check(z1,z2) local a = c1.re local b = c1.im local c = c2.re local d = c2.im local lensq = c*c + d*d local ci = (a*c + b*d)/lensq local cr = (b*c + a*d)/lensq return Complex(cr,


Autonomous Cave Surveying
Autonomous Cave Surveying
This research program develops a method for cave surveying in total darkness using an autonomous aerial vehicle equipped with a depth camera for mapping, downward-facing camera for state estimation, and forward and downward lights. Traditional methods of cave surveying are labor-intensive and dangerous due to the risk of hypothermia when collecting data over extended periods of time in cold and damp environments, the risk of injury when operating in darkness in rocky or muddy environments, and the potential structural instability of the subterranean environment. Although these dangers can be mitigated by deploying robots to map dangerous passages and voids, real-time feedback is often needed to operate robots safely and efficiently. Few state-of-the-art, high-resolution perceptual modeling techniques attempt to reduce their high bandwidth requirements to work well with low bandwidth communication channels. To bridge this gap in the state of the art, this work compactly represents sensor observations as Gaussian mixture models and maintains a local occupancy grid map for a motion planner that greedily maximizes an information-theoretic objective function. The approach accommodates both limited field of view depth cameras and larger field of view LiDAR sensors and is extensively evaluated in long duration simulations on an embedded PC. An aerial system is leveraged to demonstrate the repeatability of the approach in a flight arena as well as the effects of communication dropouts. Finally, the system is deployed in Laurel Caverns, a commercially owned and operated cave in southwestern Pennsylvania, USA, and a wild cave in West Virginia, USA.
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Autonomous Cave Surveying with an Aerial Robot
People
Curtis Boirum
Engineer, 2020. Now at KEF Robotics.
John Yao
PhD, 2020. Now at Shield AI.
Nathan Michael
PI, 2014-2023. Now at Shield AI.
Robots
Rocky
Rocky
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