text:
The two-year project has involved researching and cataloguing technical material in the Motoring Reference Library and Object Collection and inspired the development of a range of fun, creative educational and outreach activities to explore these magical mechanisms.
Supported by the Arts Council England Designation Development Fund and sponsored by the Shell Heritage Art Collection and Caravan and Motorhome Club, the Creative Fun sessions will take place in the museum on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from August 1st - 24th, from 11am - 3pm.
Young visitors can explore the theme of Automotive Steampunk and discover more about the vehicles when they use the special family trail in the museum. They can draw inspiration from those exhibits to build their own Steampunk LEGO vehicle, use the collection's magical mechanisms to design a Steampunk-style Shell poster or create a flip book of a car to find out how cars are constructed. Families can also design their own Steampunk caravan and build a tunnel book of a famous Victorian caravan.
Participants can enter their fabulous creations into the Creative Fun Competition to win great prizes from Shell Heritage Art Collection and the National Motor Museum.
The prizes also include four limited edition brick custom mini-kits of the record-breaking LEGO caravan which is on display in the museum. The life-size LEGO caravan, which holds the Guinness World Record as the 'largest caravan built with interlocking plastic bricks', was commissioned by Freedom to Go. The leisure vehicle and park industry campaign was launched to raise awareness of the lifestyle benefits leisure vehicle ownership offers – see _URL_ for more information.
Creative Fun activities are included in the standard Beaulieu admission ticket, which includes entrance to the National Motor Museum, World of Top Gear, On Screen Cars, Palace House, Beaulieu Abbey and the picturesque grounds and gardens.
Showing off their finished tunnel books
Tickets to Beaulieu can be bought in advance online here.
No booking is required for the sessions, just drop in and join the exciting activities. Click here for more details.


text:
The Thickness of Aluminum Foil Lab
In the study of Chemistry, we encounter very large and very small numbers. For example, the size of a molecule or thin layer of molecules is very, very small and difficult to measure directly.
In order to "measure" such numbers, we often use one measured quantity and another known property to calculate the unknown value. In this experiment, we will use this approach to calculate the thickness of various types of aluminum foil, a quantity whose direct experimental determination is not possible with common laboratory equipment.
By measuring the mass of a piece of foil and by calculating its area, the thickness of the foil can be obtained from these quantities and the known density of aluminum, 2.70 g/cm3.
Show your work and express answers with the correct number of significant figures and proper units.
1. Find the volume of a block with the dimensions L = 9.16 cm, W = 3.65 cm, H = 1.01 cm.
2. If the density of a substance is 0.734 g/cm3 and the volume of the substance is 21.45 cm3, find its mass.
3. Determine the thickness of a rectangular piece of paper with an area of 45.3 cm2 and a volume of 7.7 X 10-3 cm3. (Hints: rewrite the formula for volume as length X width X thickness. Also, what is the formula for area?)
1. Cut 2 rectangular pieces of regular aluminum foil and 2 rectangular pieces of heavy-duty aluminum foil. Be sure that the dimensions are at least 10 cm on each side. Record the type (e.g. Reynolds Heavy Duty, Schnucks Regular) of each piece of aluminum foil in the data table below.
2. Using the ruler, carefully measure the length and width of each piece of foil. Record the measurements in your data table. Take care to record your measurements with the appropriate number of significant figures. Record the length and width of each piece of aluminum foil in the data table below.
3. Using a balance, find...
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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As a restoration professional, you are well aware of the guidelines for mold removal. Airborne mold requires removal by air scrubbers and HEPA vacuums. Surfaces require wiping down with appropriate products. With all of this effort, why do we keep on failing to pass tape and air clearance tests?
It's not due to cutting corners or poor workmanship. We've all suffered the frustration and incurred the costs associated with failed tests. The reasons tend to revolve around hidden reservoirs of mold that are extremely difficult to address and deal with. Spore Lock is a new technology developed to improve air and surface sampling test results.
Three Unique Modes of Action:
Spore Lock is neither a biocide nor a disinfectant. It is nanotechnology designed to trap mold spores on surfaces and inhibit the growth of airborne mold that may land on treated surfaces.
Spore Lock is powered by the Aegis Microbe Shield. Its three modes of action include:
- Trapping and destruction of mold spores on contact through its unique organosilane binding structure
- Destruction of cell wall through "electrocution"
- Destruction of air borne spores through physical penetration of cell wall
The Aegis Microbe Shield is registered in Canada for on-site treatment to impart durable, broad spectrum antimicrobial protection to existing non food contact surfaces (porous and non porous) to control and/or prevent microbial growth.
Spore Lock Application:
- Applied via cold fogger as a final step in the remediation process as a complement to existing protocols.
- Quick and easy to apply. Save time and effort.
- Complete and thorough. Reach hidden reservoirs of mold that traditional approaches may not completely address.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Arthur Berson (1859 - 1942)
Arthur Berson und Umberto Nobile
Arthur Berson and Umberto Nobile (source: Bundesarchiv, picture 102-01-016, photographer: unknown, licence CC-BY-SA 3.0)
Arthur Berson (1859–1942) was a German meteorologist and a pioneering aerologist. He set a German track record as a balloonist in 1894, flying from Berlin to Denmark in 18 hours and 35 minutes. Berson completed several spectacular balloon trips to research the Earth's atmosphere. Amongst other things, he was the first balloonist to successfully cross the Baltic Sea. Berson saw meteorology as the physics of the atmosphere. He worked at the aeronautical observatory in Berlin-Tegel and the observatory in Lindenberg.


What is the use of allow_soft_placement and log_device_placement in ConfigProto in Tensorflow?
allow_soft_placement
This option allows for elastic device allocation, but it only works if your tensorflow is not GPU compiled. If your tensor stream supports GPUs, the operation is always performed on the GPU, whether or not you set the device to CPU, whether or not you set allow_soft_placement. However, if you set it to false and set the device to GPU but the GPU is not found on your computer, an error is thrown.
log_device_placement
This configuration tells you which device is assigned the action when building the drawing. It always finds the best device with the best performance on your machine. It seems to just ignore your settings.
SUMMARY:
allow_soft_placement allows dynamic allocation of GPU memory,
log_device_placement prints out device information

On a typical system, there are multiple computing devices. In TensorFlow, the supported device types are CPU and GPU. They are represented as strings. For example:
 - "/cpu:0": The CPU of your machine.
 - "/device:GPU:0": The GPU of your machine, if you have one.
 - "/device:GPU:1": The second GPU of your machine, etc.
Using GPUs
Supported devices
On a typical system, there are multiple computing devices. In TensorFlow, the supported device types are CPU and GPU. They are represented as strings. For example:
 - "/cpu:0": The CPU of your machine.
 - "/device:GPU:0": The GPU of your machine, if you have one.
 - "/device:GPU:1": The second GPU of your machine, etc.
If a TensorFlow operation has both CPU and GPU implementations, the GPU devices will be given priority when the operation is assigned to a device. For example, matmul has both CPU and GPU kernels. On a system with devices cpu:0 and gpu:0gpu:0 will be selected to run matmul.
Logging Device placement
To find out which devices your operations and tensors are assigned to, create the session with log_device_placement configuration option set to True.
# Creates a graph.
a = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[2, 3], name='a')
b = tf.constant([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], shape=[3, 2], name='b')
c = tf.matmul(a, b)
# Creates a session with log_device_placement set to True.
sess = tf.Session(config=tf.ConfigProto(log_device_placement=True))
# Runs the op.
print(sess.run(c))
You should see the following output:
Device mapping:
/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0 -> device: 0, name: Tesla K40c, pci bus
id: 0000:05:00.0
b: /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0
a: /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0
MatMul: /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0
[[ 22. 28.]
 [ 49. 64.]]


text:
Start the Discussion
The goal of M.I.understanding is to create a community of support. We believe in the art of storytelling to start a conversation.
Working with community partners, the stories have been developed to increase awareness and understanding, and give families, schools and caregivers the tools to comfort, encourage and support children struggling with anxiety.
We are not a mental health organization. M.I.understanding ( mental illness understanding) is a communication tool designed to educate families and connect them to the resources available to support children who are experiencing mental health issues. Our Videos are designed to start a conversation. Watch as a group, as a family, or send to a friend. Early intervention is the key. Through storytelling, M.I.understanding's goal is to help build empathy, understanding, and resiliency. Let's start a conversation that makes everyone feel supported.
M.I. understanding (mental illness understanding) is looking to change the way we think about mental health in kids. 70% of childhood mental health can be treated if caught early and yet most families are embarrassed or unaware their child needs help. Many kids suffering with mental health issues are labeled as naughty or difficult. Empathy and understanding will go a long way to helping these children develop the tools they need to deal with mental health issues as teenagers.
This project consists of a series of videos along with accompanying resources on a website channel dedicated specifically to childhood mental health. The concept is endorsed by Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre, (Child and Adolescent Mental Health Program) as well as the Thames Valley District School Board (Mental Health Strategic Planning Committee).


unctad.org | UNCTAD's Carbon Neutral Initiative
UNCTAD's Carbon Neutral Initiative
Forrest office
DigitalVision/Getty Images
UNCTAD's Secretary-General announced a Carbon Neutral Initiative for the trade and development organization in a memo to staff on 28 August 2007. Supachai Panitchpakdi said an expert would conduct an in-house greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory on UNCTAD's carbon footprint related to its operations, stating the total of emissions in units of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent.
A carbon mitigation strategy will be developed by the end of 2007.
Your suggestions can be conveyed to _EMAIL_


Teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue
When the star of a series, especially one of adventure and mystery is built, there is always the temptation to do too perfect. It is the most handsome of all, the smartest, the nicest and most empathy with others, the more proficient with technology, the best pilots a ship and shoot a weapon, the more fun … Such characters have a quite specific name. Mary Sue
It is true that, if they refer to a male character, called Marty Stu (or Gary Stu), but the Mary Sue term is more entrenched, especially because female characters encompasses that are built a way to escape the traditional clichés in which usually fall, as being only the bride, or the best friend, and end up falling in other different.
The origin of the Mary Sue
Where does use this name when defining what we could say that is a pluperfect a bluestocking? Apparently, its first use was in 1973, in a parody account of ' Star Trek ' called "A Trekkie's tale 'and written by Paula Smith. In it, the main purpose of satire were the fanfics of the series and, especially, the introduction of characters too perfect and did everything right.
The heroine of" A Trekkie's Tale 'is Mary Sue, who describes himself as the youngest Starfleet lieutenant, fifteen and a half years but Captain Kirk falls in love immediately and saves the crew of the Enterprise with many skills. It's so pluperfect and so beautiful that obviously has to be parodic, but is an archetype that may be difficult to resist.
The example often given of character that's folded to the terms of a Mary Sue It is actually a Marty Stu and Wesley Crusher, the wunderkind ' Star Trek. The new generation '. He was intelligent, always had a solution for everything, the writers gave great importance … Although viewers did not fall too well. Wesley was the closest thing to the child repellent Vicente of popular expression.
A character too perfect
How can recognize a Mary Sue? Generally, because they a set of skills that can border on the unbelievable, everyone constantly talks about how brilliant and great it is, and they claim in this post Cinelin about why Felicity Smoak is the largest of all Mary Sue.
"The goal of a Mary Sue is not in the making, but in how others react to her / him a Mary Sue exists to be praised; an object that idolize her. / He inspires others with her infectious goodness and makes the hero fight harder, even if Mary Sue actually never does anything remarkable. "
As you can see, the term is used in a derogatory manner and to criticize the series in particular. If, for example, you start to accuse Daisy / Skye to be a Mary Sue, it's because you're emphasizing defect ' Agents of SHIELD ', a character in which the writers are too reflected and pamper to the point of making it unlikely.
How is the Mary Sue has evolved considerably since the 70, and their perception is one of the more subjective all the usual tropes of fiction. Was Karen in 'Smash' a Mary Sue? Can you apply that term to players as Supergirl? And they can fall into that trap the strong female characters Buffy or Sydney Bristow type, and are almost becoming their own archetypes?
Mary Sue (or Marty / Gary Stu) can be a symptom of personal weakness of the writers, of a lazy characterization of a character or it may be simply conditioned by the preconceptions of viewers to certain characters. Their identification is not as clear or follow a predetermined pattern. Mary Sues can be some interesting characters, and even "redemption".
Tele Go! | teléfilo Dictionary
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News teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue was originally published at Go Tele by Such Marina.
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Teléfilo Dictionary: Mary Sue
Source: english
December 21, 2015
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ROC to be honored at US war cemetery
MAKING A MARK:：The memorial marker is scheduled to be installed today in a Hawaii cemetery in memory of ROC servicemen who died in World War II, Korea and Vietnam
Mon, Aug 19, 2013 - Page 3
After agreeing to set up memorial markers for South Korea, Vietnam and the Philippines at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (NMCP) in Honolulu, Hawaii, the US is now preparing to set up a memorial headstone for Republic of China (ROC) servicemen, the Veterans Affairs Commission said.
The cemetery is dedicated to the men and women who served in the US armed forces during World War I, World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Officials said the request to have an ROC memorial marker set up in the cemetery was made in 2011 by former Veterans Affairs Commission minister Tseng Jing-ling (曾金陵) when he attended the 112th Annual Convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States in San Antonio, Texas.
Tseng had previously visited the cemetery to lay flowers as a token of respect and was escorted by a detail of US honor guards that fired a 21-gun salute in tribute to fallen soldiers.
Officials said Tseng told US authorities that the cemetery should include a memorial marker for the ROC because of the contributions made by ROC servicemen during World War II, adding that the headstone would also symbolize the longstanding military ties between the two nations.
"Many of our armed forces personnel lost their lives in World War II, as well as in the Vietnam and Korean wars," Tseng said.
As defined by the US Navy, the Pacific theater of World War II included China, Southeast Asia and the Central and Southwest Pacific areas. China became involved in the Pacific theater when the Second Sino-Japanese War it was fighting with Japan at the time merged into the World War II front following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
Despite not being able to participate actively in the Korean War or the Vietnam War due to US intervention, the ROC government sent many volunteers to serve as translators with the UN intervention force on the Korean Peninsula.
The ROC took a more active role in Vietnam, where it trained South Vietnamese commandos and coordinated logistics.
The commission said that the US Department of Veteran Affairs announced it had accepted Tseng's proposal in June, adding that both sides had agreed to install the marker at the cemetery today.
According to the commission, Tseng — although retired — paid for his own plane ticket to Hawaii to attend the inauguration ceremony.
Commission Deputy Secretary-General Sung Hai-sheng (宋海笙) and Chang Chih-fan (張志範), chief of the oversea affairs section, will be the commission's official representatives at the event.
The commission said the marker was made in Taiwan and shipped to Hawaii by sea, adding that it featured the Taiwanese and US national flags, as well as the commission's logo.
The marker is inscribed with a dedication written in Mandarin and English reading: "We Salute Those RIP in NMCP. Your Gallantry In Preserving Peace of Asia and Pacific Region Will Always Be Remembered."


text: Source: _URL_ På svenska Abstract of presentation at Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 2005-12-06; and The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2005-12-08 A nuclear waste repository located below a regional groundwater recharge area may provide significant hydrogeologic safety advantages in Sweden, adding to the safety provided by the engineered barrier system. This concept of multiple-barrier waste isolation has been an essential element of the repository system to be implemented in Sweden. At a recharge-area repository location, should the unlikely event of engineered barrier failure occur, escaping radionuclides would follow extremely long and deep subsurface paths, allowing most radionuclides to decay to harmless levels before reaching the surface. In contrast, a nuclear waste repository located within a groundwater discharge area has very short paths, possibly allowing escaping radionuclides to reach the surface in a short time. Because most coastal areas of Sweden are within or near the primary discharge areas for regional ground-water flow, a coastal repository may provide a lower margin of the hydrogeologic safety component in the multiple-barrier system than a repository located below a major inland recharge area. The international principle of containment system 'optimization' might then lead to selection of an inland recharge-area site, if one could be identified, and if this is a sociallyand economically-feasible option. There are two major difficulties in reliably locating major groundwater recharge areas in Sweden. First, high-density brines exist at depth in the bedrock, and the groundwater flow field is driven in a complex manner by both topographic relief and by variable-density forces in the fluid. Second, because of the extreme heterogeneity of the fractured bedrock, the internal hydrogeologic structure and bedrock properties will remain unknown at required spatial scales making it impossible to ascertain the subsurface flow pattern. Despite these difficulties, groundwater recharge-area sites with long flow paths may be revealed through the prospective use of variable-density ground-water flow simulation to evaluate the possible range of flow patterns in the bedrock. A simulation is required for each potential bedrock description that can be envisaged. Then, the most advantageous sites are those that remain major recharge areas in all simulations, irrespective of the modeled bedrock description.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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On July 23, our volunteers were once again working in the Ancient section of the cemetery, uncovering inscriptions hidden by moss and dirt and discovering footstones that have be buried for years.
On the morning of June 11, 2023, the Duck River Cemetery restoration team met to reset, mend, and stabilize the gravestone of Phebe M. Greenfield, in the Ancient Section of the cemetery.
Members of Boy Scout Troop 26 gathered at Duck River Cemetery on May 25, 2023, to place 500 new flags at the gravesites of Old Lyme veterans prior to the May 29 Memorial Day ceremony.
On May 21, volunteers cleaned 30 gravestones, excavated five, straightened five, and reset one mended stone.
On October 22, some 25 members of the Old Lyme Historical Society gathered on a spectacular autumn afternoon for a tour of Duck River Cemetery led by Jim Lampos and Michaele Pierson.
Work parties held in the Ancient section of the Duck River Cemetery in August and September made significant progress in cleaning, mending, and resetting damaged gravestones.
The Old Lyme Memorial Day Parade took place on Monday, May 30, and ended in the Duck River Cemetery with a ceremony hosted by VFW Post 1467 to honor the country's fallen Veterans
Beginning in September 2021, volunteers have been working in the Ancient Section of the Duck River Cemetery to preserve and restore early gravestones.


Shear Force
Last updated: February 15, 2019
What Does Shear Force Mean?
Shear force is the force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance, acting in a direction to a planar cross section of a body.
Shear force is the summation of the effect of shear stress over a surface, and often results in shear strain. Bending moment and shear force calculations are essential while designing any structural members.
Shear force is also known as shearing force.
Corrosionpedia Explains Shear Force
Shear force is an internal force in any material which is usually caused by any external force acting perpendicular to the material, or a force which has a component acting tangent to the material. Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.
For example, a force of 10 newtons (N) is exerted at the edge of a beam. This is an external force. Since the beam is a rigid structure, the force is internally transferred all along the beam. This internal force is known as shear force. The shear force between one end and the other is usually plotted on a shear force diagram. Compared to tensile and compressive stress and strain, shear forces act over an area which is in line with the forces.
Using these diagrams, the type and size of a member of a given material can be easily determined. Transverse loading also induces shear forces that cause shear deformation of the material and increase the transverse deflection of the member.
Shearing Force
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We have this very cool report from Michael Gochfeld, author with Joanna Burger of "Butterflies of New Jersey: A Guide to Their Status, Distribution, Conservation and Appreciation" (Rutgers University Press,1997):
Giant Swallowtails Appear in New Jersey
The Giant Swallowtail, a southern species of butterfly, that rarely visits New Jersey, is showing up in unprecedented numbers in many north Jersey localities in recent weeks.
Butterfly watchers from the North American Butterfly Association have been seeing Giant Swallowtails in various favorite butterflying haunts since early August, and numbers continue to increase, as new individuals arrive from the south. Several butterfly species tend to migrate northward in late summer, but some of the Giant Swallowtails may be the offspring of the few that were seen in New Jersey in 2007.
Although called "Giant", this swallowtail is only slightly larger than the very familiar and common Tiger Swallowtail from which it can be distinguished, by its entirely yellow under surface, and the broad yellow band across the black upper wing surface.
In the south the Giant Swallowtail caterpillars feed on various types of citrus, but in New Jersey their main plant host species is the Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum (which is not an ash at all). This bush is common in northern and western New Jersey, and Giant Swallowtails have been seen laying eggs which may give rise to future generations.
These striking butterflies can turn up anywhere in the state. Several butterfly-gardeners have reported individuals in central and even southern New Jersey, where Giant Swallowtails have been photographed nectaring at butterfly bush.
The "Butterflies of New Jersey" book by Michael Gochfeld and Joanna Burger considers this a vagrant, with only one or two records per decade, although it occurred more regularly fifty years ago. It was one of the victims of widespread pesticide use in the 1950s and 60s to control mosquitoes in residential communities and gypsy moths in state forests.
hi, tb -
this video was actually part of a larger story that appeared in print on Sunday. Hardy varieties were identified in that story, with details concerning their origin and culture contained in a graphic. click here to read the story:
or go to the nj.com home page and search on "palms."
We plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. Reader Pat Winecker of Flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish.
Here is something to do with those green tomatoes, don't throw them on the compost pile.
Sweet Green Tomato Relish
2 quarts of chopped green tomatoes
2 chopped green pepppers
2 cups of chopped onion
1 pint of vinegar
1/4 cup of salt
3 cups of sugar
1/2 mixed pickling spices tied in a bag
The tomatoes don't need to be peeled, just coarsely chopped. This recipe is from WWII and was one that my mother made every summer with the red tomato chili.
Mix all ingredients together in a large pot and bring to a boil. Turn heat down and simmer slowly for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. Remove the spice bag and pack the relish into pint or half pint jars. Process in a hot water bath** for 10 minutes. Yield about 4 pints.
**A hot water bath means putting the jars in a single level in a large flat bottom pot, cover the jars with water and bring to a boil, turn the heat down to simmer for 30 minutes. Lift the jars out of the water and allow them to cool, you'll know they sealed when each lid clicks or stays depressed in the center.
NOTE: I realize this may seem daunting to today's working woman, but it is very simple and requires no special equipment. Canning jars are available in supermarkets and the half pint jars with pretty lids make a terrific hostess gift. This relish tastes like the kind of green relish you put on hot dogs, only better!!


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Runoff Water: Woodchips Bioreactors
Authors:Jorge Rubalcava, Jorge Rubalcava
Mentor:Monica Palomo, Assistant Professor, California State Polytechnic University Pomona
Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties utilize man-made channels to transport runoff water to recharge basins. The runoff water carries pollutants that impair water quality. Suspended solids, Fecal coliforn, pH, and turbidity at approximated levels of 5.8 mg/L, 350 cfu/100 mL, 10.1 and 9.3, respectively, have been reported by IEUA and San Bernardino Flood control district. Due to the water quality, recharge basins currently require yearly scouring and maintenance because deposition of suspended particles and algae grow reduces infiltration rates over time.The algae layer is formed from high levels of nitrate in runoff water.
The goal of this research is to develop a low maintenance cost effective system to treat the runoff water before it reaches the basins. Improvement of the water quality will increase the operational life of the basins and reduce maintenance costs. Past research has shown the effectiveness of woodchips to remove nitrate present in water Woodchips were selected because they are readily available, relatively inexpensive, and sustainable to treat water.
Surface water runoff was collected close to the inlet of Chris and Turner basins, both located in Ontario, Ca. Two different contact times were used, 8 hrs and 11 hrs for Turner and Chris, respectively. Samples were taken in the influent and effluent lines and were tested for nitrate concentration. Influent nitrate results from Chris and Turner basins ranged from 5 mg/L to 30 mg/L. Treatment resulted on effluent showing complete or nearly complete removal of nitrate. Removal efficiency increased at higher concentrations. Comparisons of the detention times revealed that the effluent nitrate concentrations have an inverse relationship with the retention time. Our results demonstrate that woodchips bioreactors can be successfully used to improve the quality of runoff water which will be improve recharge operation of both basins.


text:
SN Applied Sciences
Detecting potential issues in naturally captured images of water is a challenging task due to visual similarities between clean and polluted water, as well as causes posed by image acquisition with different camera angles and placements. This paper presents novel deep invariant texture features along with a deep network for detecting clean and polluted water images. The proposed method first divides an input image into H, S and V components to extract finer details. For each of the color spaces, the proposed approach generates two directional coherence images based on Eigen value analysis and gradient distribution, which results in enhanced images. Then the proposed method extracts scale invariant gradient orientations based on Gaussian first order derivative filters on different standard deviations to study texture of each smoothed image. To strengthen the above features, we explore the combination of Gabor-wavelet-binary pattern for extracting texture of the input water image. The proposed method integrates merits of aforementioned features and the features extracted by VGG16 deep learning model to obtain a single feature vector. Furthermore, the extracted feature is fed to a gradient boosting decision tree for water image detection. A variety of experimental results on a large dataset containing different types of clean and stagnant water images show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in terms of classification rate and accuracy.
Xue, Minglong; Shivakumara, Palaiahnakote; Wu, Xuerong; Lu, Tong; Pal, Umapada; Blumenstein, Michael; and Lopresti, Daniel, "Deep invariant texture features for water image classification" (2020). Journal Articles. 17.


text:
ct signals for circuit switching and packet switched user data at 16 kbps or 64 kbps.
- The D-channel also permits multiple logical channels to be established for use in packet communications.
- The H-channel carries high-speed user information such as high-speed facsimile, video, high-speed data, etc. H channels do not carry signaling information for circuit switching by the ISDN.
- Table 1 outlines these three channel types and characteristics.
Table 1: Channel Types and Characteristics
|Channel Type||Bit Rate||Function|
|B||64 kbps||· To carry user information
· Circuit switchingmode and packet switching mode
|· To carry signaling information for circuit switching|
|H||H0: 384 kbps
H11: 1536 kbps
H12: 1920 kbps
|· To carry high-speed packet data such as facsimile and video
· An H channel does not carry signaling information for circuit switching by the ISDN
|Note :||· H0 : 64K X 6 = 384 kbps
· H11 : 64K X 24 = 1536 kbps
· H12 : 64K X 30 = 1920 kbps
3) Typical Interface Structures
- Basic Interface
- This interface is primarily for home use.
- The basic interface is set at a transmission speed of 144 kbps. This provides two (2) 64 kbps B-channels for user information exchange and a 16 kbps D-channel for signaling and control. The interface is thus referred to as 2B+D.
Fig.15 shows the basic interface structure.
- Primary Group Interface
- These interfaces are primarily for business use. The primary group interface for the ATT system consists of a 1.544 Mbps line. This line can thus provide up to 23 B-channels at 64 kbps and a single D-channel at 64 kbps.
- In Europe and other countries using CEPT system standards, the primary group is 2.048 Mbps and the interface is 30B-channels and single 64 kbps D-channel. This line is used for PABX etc.
- Fig 16 shows the primary group interface structure.
- Table 2 shows the typical user network interface structure.


Physiology- Cellular mechanism that has to do with the thyroid regulating body temp
The paper should be 1 page long and have 3 sources. Describe just one cellular mechanism related to your topic. Your essay must describe some cellular mechanism that goes BEYOND what was (or will be) covered in class, and it will be very likely that you will have to consult additional resources to clarify necessary details of your mechanism. (Feel free to check with you instructor to ensure your mechanism goes beyond course content and isn't just covered later in the semester!) Remember, a mechanism is a detailed cellular process that explains HOW a physiological phenomenon happens in your body. For example, the mechanism of a muscle contraction begins when a somatic motor neuron releases Ach onto the motor end plate, where it binds with nicotinic Ach receptors, which open to allow Na+ ions to enter the myofiber…etc.
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text:
2015 年 18 巻 4 号 p. 535-541
Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a soil amendment with potential for biofuel production. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate techniques for application of SSB and the effect of incorporation of inorganic fertilizer (IF) on the production of komatuna (Brassica rapa) plants. SSB was applied to the surface of the plant or incorporated into soil. The N fate of IF was evaluated by using 15N-labeled IF. The combination of surface application of SSB and incorporation of IF to soil decreased the N uptake by komatsuna plants but increased dry weight, whereas the incorporation of IF and SSB gave lower komatsuna dry weight than IF treatment alone. Moreover, the application of SSB tended to increase the N distribution from IF to komatsuna with decreased N loss from the plant-soil system. These results showed that surface application of SSB is effective for increasing crop production due to reduction of N loss and improved N use efficiency.


Lint Rule Reference
More information
Want a lint that isn't here? We're looking to our community to add lints that leverage Flow's type system. (Tutorial blog post coming soon!)
Available Lint Rules
all
While all isn't technically a lint rule, it's worth mentioning here. all sets the default level for lint rules that don't have a level set explicitly. all can only occur as the first entry in a .flowconfig or as the first rule in a –lints flag. It's not allowed in comments at all because it would have different semantics than would be expected. (A different form of comment with the expected semantics is in the works.)
sketchy-null
Triggers when you do an existence check on a value that can be either null/undefined or falsey.
For example:
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const x: ?number = 5;
if (x) {} // sketchy because x could be either null or 0.
const y: number = 5;
if (y) {} // not sketchy because y can't be null, only 0.
const z: ?{foo: number} = {foo: 5};
if (z) {} // not sketchy, because z can't be falsey, only null/undefined.
Setting sketchy-null sets the level for all sketchy null checks, but there are more granular rules for particular types. These are:
 - sketchy-null-bool
 - sketchy-null-number
 - sketchy-null-string
 - sketchy-null-mixed
The type-specific variants are useful for specifying that some types of sketchy null checks are acceptable while others should be errors/warnings. For example, if you want to allow boolean sketchy null checks (for the pattern of treating undefined optional booleans as false) but forbid other types of sketchy null checks, you can do so with this .flowconfig [lints] section:
[lints]
sketchy-null=warn
sketchy-null-bool=off
and now
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function foo (bar: ?bool): void {
 if (bar) {
 ...
 } else {
 ...
 }
}
doesn't report a warning.
Suppressing one type of sketchy null check only suppresses that type, so, for example
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// flowlint sketchy-null:warn, sketchy-null-bool:off
const x: ?(number | bool) = 0;
if (x) {}
would still have a sketchy-null-number warning on line 3.
sketchy-number
Triggers when a number is used in a manner which may lead to unexpected results if the value is falsy. Currently, this lint triggers if a number appears in:
 - the left-hand side of an && expression.
As a motivating example, consider this common idiom in React:
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{showFoo && <Foo />}
Here, showFoo is a boolean which controls whether or not to display the <Foo /> element. If showFoo is true, then this evaluates to {<Foo />}. If showFoo is false, then this evaluates to {false}, which doesn't display anything.
Now suppose that instead of a boolean, we have a numerical value representing, say, the number of comments on a post. We want to display a count of the comments, unless there are no comments. We might naively try to do something similar to the boolean case:
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{count && <>[{count} comments]</>}
If count is, say, 5, then this displays "[5 comments]". However, if count is 0, then this displays "0" instead of displaying nothing. (This problem is unique to number because 0 and NaN are the only falsy values which React renders with a visible result.) This could be subtly dangerous: if this immediately follows another numerical value, it might appear to the user that we have multiplied that value by 10! Instead, we should do a proper conditional check:
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{count ? <>[{count} comments]</> : null}
untyped-type-import
Triggers when you import a type from an untyped file. Importing a type from an untyped file results in an any alias, which is typically not the intended behavior. Enabling this lint brings extra attention to this case and can help improve Flow coverage of typed files by limiting the spread of implicit any types.
untyped-import
Triggers when you import from an untyped file. Importing from an untyped file results in those imports being typed as any, which is unsafe.
unclear-type
Triggers when you use any, Object, or Function as type annotations. These types are unsafe.
unsafe-getters-setters
Triggers when you use getters or setters. Getters and setters can have side effects and are unsafe.
For example:
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const o = {
 get a() { return 4; }, // Error: unsafe-getters-setters
 set b(x: number) { this.c = x; }, // Error: unsafe-getters-setters
 c: 10,
};
nonstrict-import
Used in conjuction with Flow Strict. Triggers when importing a non @flow strict module. When enabled, dependencies of a @flow strict module must also be @flow strict.
deprecated-declare-exports
Note: This lint was removed in Flow version 0.68, along with the declare var exports syntax.
Triggers when the deprecated syntax is used to declare the default export of a declared CommonJS module.
Before Flow version 0.25, the way to declare the default exports looked like this:
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declare module "foo" {
 declare var exports: number; // old, deprecated syntax
}
In version 0.25, we introduced an alternative syntax:
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declare module "foo" {
 declare module.exports: number;
}
The new syntax is simpler and less magical. The old syntax will be removed in a future version of Flow.
This lint is enabled by default. If you see an error, you should try to rewrite the offending declaration. If you are unable to rewrite the declaration (for example, if it's part of a node_module dependency), you can disable the lint in your .flowconfig.
To disable this lint, add a line to the [lints] section of your project's .flowconfig file.
[lints]
deprecated-declare-exports=off
However, note that this syntax will be removed soon, so you should file issues with any projects that still use it.
unnecessary-optional-chain
Triggers when you use ?. where it isn't needed. This comes in two main flavors. The first is when the left-hand-side cannot be nullish:
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type Foo = {
 bar: number
}
declare var foo: Foo;
foo?.bar; // Lint: unnecessary-optional-chain
The second is when the left-hand-side could be nullish, but the short-circuiting behavior of ?. is sufficient to handle it anyway:
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type Foo = {
 bar: {
 baz: number
 }
}
declare var foo: ?Foo;
foo?.bar?.baz; // Lint: unnecessary-optional-chain
In the second example, the first use of ?. is valid, since foo is potentially nullish, but the second use of ?. is unnecessary. The left-hand-side of the second ?. (foo?.bar) can only be nullish as a result of foo being nullish, and when foo is nullish, short-circuiting lets us avoid the second ?. altogether!
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foo?.bar.baz;
This makes it clear to the reader that bar is not a potentially nullish property.
unnecessary-invariant
Triggers when you use invariant to check a condition which we know must be truthy based on the available type information. This is quite conservative: for example, if all we know about the condition is that it is a boolean, then the lint will not fire even if the condition must be true at runtime.
Note that this lint does not trigger when we know a condition is always false. It is a common idiom to use invariant() or invariant(false, ...) to throw in code that should be unreachable.
deprecated-utility
Triggers when you use the $Supertype or $Subtype utility types, as these types are unsafe and usually just equivalent to any. If the utilities were being used in a sound manner, the desired behavior can usually be recovered through the $Shape utility or bounded generics.
dynamic-export
Triggers when a dynamic type (usually any) appears in a position exported from a file. Note that this is a very noisy lint, and can be triggered even when exporting types that are defined in our library definitions to include any types. For this reason we recommend turning it on on a per-file or even per-line basis using flowlint comments rather than for your whole repository in the flowconfig.
Was this guide helpful? Let us know by sending a message to @flow


January 26, 2021
Why Functional Threshold Pace Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
The Functional Threshold Pace (FTPa) field test is useful for determining training zones and tracking fitness progression. Here's how to do it.
Related Articles
Why MAF Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
Do This! Performance Directives For Endurance Athletes
How To Calculate Heart Rate Zones
If you want a way, outside of racing, to track improvements in your running performance, Functional Threshold Pace (FTPa) field testing could be just what you're looking for.
The best thing about this test is that it's free, anyone can do it, and it can be done almost anywhere and at any time. It's similar to the MAF Test we talked about previously, but where the MAF Test tracks your aerobic progress, this test tracks your (as the name implies) Functional Threshold.
Besides providing a way to track your fitness progression, the test's output also allows you to calculate training zones specific to your current level of fitness.
What Is Functional Threshold Pace?
Simply put, FTPa is the best average pace you can currently sustain for around 60 minutes. It's a measure of both your speed and endurance, and it provides useful feedback about your current fitness across all distances from 5km to marathon.
Knowing your threshold running pace is valuable for three reasons:
 1. It indicates your current running fitness.
 2. You can use it to determine your training zones.
 3. You can use the test results to help predict your time or pace for other races.
Three Common Ways To Determine Functional Threshold Pace
There are three common methods that runners and triathletes use to determine their FTPa.
 1. Lactate testing in a lab.
 2. 60-minute field test.
 3. 20-minute field test.
Lactate testing is my preferred method, but not everyone has access to a lab or wishes to invest the money. The 60-minute test is arguably the next most accurate behind the lactate test, but it puts a tremendous load on your body. It can interfere significantly with your training due to the recovery needed post-test.
The final option is the 20-minute test, my preference when lactate testing is not an option, and that's the focus of the remainder of this article.
Factors To Consider Before Your Test
Before deciding when to run an FTPa field test, you need to consider certain factors to maximise your run and get the most reliable result to establish your training zones.
Below are the factors that you have control over, and that can influence your test. Please consider each carefully and aim to keep things as consistent as possible between tests.
Physical Condition
The 20-minute test is challenging and puts a tremendous strain on your body. Do not attempt this test if you are ill or suffering from any form of niggle. You want to be in good condition when you run this test.
Time Of Day
Depending on where you live, we recommend that you conduct this test early morning or late evening when it is cooler. That way, you can avoid the added stress of heat and humidity.
Make sure you adequately hydrate before the test. If you are conducting the test in the morning, you will wake from sleep dehydrated. Preload with sodium (300-500mg) to assist your cardiovascular system 30-minutes before you start. The same applies if you run late in the evening. Hydrate well throughout the day and preload with added sodium 30-minutes before you start your run.
When conducting this test, you must run on a flat surface. Research a route near you beforehand where you know there is little to no change in elevation. The test must be continuous and uninterrupted, so plan a course that does not have traffic lights in your way. Stay away from tall buildings to avoid GPS and pace errors because they can cause interference with your monitor that could put your results at
risk. If you run on a treadmill, set the gradient to 1.5%.
Hours Of Sleep
Getting enough sleep is paramount when it comes to assisting your body. Aim for 7+ hours the night before the test. A lack of sleep will force your body to work harder than usual to manage the test's applied stress. This fatigue can lead to elevated heart rate, reduced output, and a false result.
Heart Rate Monitor
We strongly encourage you to use a heart rate strap for this test. Straps provide more accurate and reliable measurements and increase the validity of your results.
If that's not possible, use your wrist-based monitor, but ensure it's tight and reading as accurately as possible before you begin.
Cut Race Times, Not Corners.
Racing at your potential and enjoying training is easy when you're following the right programme.
How To Do A 20-Minute Functional Threshold Pace Field Test
 - Before the test, run Easy for 10 – 15-minutes, with Accelerations (optional), to warm-up adequately. An effective warm-up is essential to maximising your performance and minimising your injury-risk.
 - Next, run a 20-minute time trial all by yourself (no training partners and not in a race). Running alone is crucial for ensuring the most accurate result.
 - Run the test as if it was a race for the entire 20-minutes – that is, hard. You should run all 20-minutes at the maximum pace you can sustain for 20-minutes.
 - Aim to run an even pace throughout. If you end up slowing down significantly towards the end, then you pushed too hard at the start, and you should adjust for future tests.
 - Upon completion, do an Easy 10min jog to cool down properly. We also recommend you do some light stretching to aid in recovery.
What Now?
Upon completing the test, take your average heart rate and pace of the entire 20-minute time trial. Subtracting 5% from each number will give you an approximation of your lactate threshold pace and heart rate.
With lactate threshold pace and heart rate established, you can plug those numbers into an online calculator to determine your training zones.
You can also compare your results to past results or races to gauge how your fitness progresses over time.
When To Test Again
Testing every 8 – 10-weeks is a good guideline, although you should not be dogmatic and should set your testing schedule to suit your goals and current physical condition.
Related Articles
Why MAF Testing Is Useful (And How To Do It)
Do This! Performance Directives For Endurance Athletes
How To Calculate Heart Rate Zones
Ben Pulham
Ben Pulham is the founder of Coached, a personalised training programme that helps runners & triathletes optimise, track and enjoy their training.


Definitions for
Overview of noun gratuity
The noun gratuity has 2 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. gratuity, tip, pourboire, baksheesh, bakshish, bakshis, backsheesh
(a relatively small amount of money given for services rendered (as by a waiter))
2. gratuity
(an award (as for meritorious service) given without claim or obligation) © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see disclaimer
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text:
Why would researchers place a worm's mind into a Lego robot body? Why, fo' science! [cue stage lightening]
In a project called OpenWorm, researchers have coded the mind of a roundworm and combined that software with a Lego robot. They were able to watch what was happening within the software while the robot moved around. The robot did, apparently, continue to behave the same as a roundworm.
Of course this will continue to move into a place where human minds are uploaded into software. It is inevitable. Why? The god of science demands it. Demands it!
The god of science, in case you aren't aware, is Cthulhu.


text:
SB 1236 - The act modifies several definitions, including changing the definition of dam to include appurtenant works and dams six feet or more in height with a storage volume of at least fifty acre-feet of water, and dams twenty-five feet or more in height with a storage volume of at least fifteen acre-feet of water. The act defines "high hazzard" to mean that if the dam were to fail, a loss of human life is probable, and "significant hazard" to mean that if the dam were to fail, no loss of human life is expected but significant economic loss is probable. The act defines "operating permit" to mean a permit issued to an owner of a high or significant hazard dam for a period of up to five years.
The act modifies the membership of the dam and reservoir safety council to include one member who is an owner of a high or significant hazzard dam or reservoir. The act requires the council to establish fees for permits required for renewal, design review, and inspection of high and significant hazzard dams and review these fees once every three years.
The act directs that all high and significant hazard dams be inspected periodically to determine if they constitute a threat to public safety. The act directs the chief engineer, the head of the dam and reservoir safety program at the Department of Natural Resources, to make recommendations concerning construction permits for high and significant hazard dams and operating permits for these structures.
All owners of high or significant hazard dams shall first apply for a construction permit prior to beginning work on any such structure. Any such application shall include the signature of an experienced engineer registered in Missouri.
The act removes the language exempting agricultural dams and those constructed for soil and water conservation, irrigation, or wildlife conservation, from the provisions of the act.
All owners of high or significant hazard dams shall notify the council upon completion of any construction related to high or significant hazard dams and shall subsequently, apply for an operating permit.
The act requires that every dam constructed after the effective date of this act that is not registered, shall do so within six months of the effective date and those owners of high and significant hazard dams shall apply for an operating permit no later than one year after the effective date of the act. Those owners licensed under the Federal Power Act shall apply for an operating permit no later than three months after the effective date of the act.
The act asserts that if downstream conditions change the hazard classification of any dam or reservoir, the owner shall notify the council of the change within three months of the event.
The act directs that if a high or significant hazard dam is found to present a threat to public safety, the permits shall be suspended until such time the owner has completed all necessary alterations to ensure the protection of public safety.
The act allows the transfer of any operating permit to a successive owner of a dam or reservoir along with the notification of the current hazard classification of the dam. Failure to notify the council of the transfer shall result in the prior owner retaining responsibility for the dam and being subject to the provisions of the act.
Violations of the provisions of the act are punishable as a misdemeanor and subject to fines up to ten thousand dollars or jail time of no more than one year.


Sun Cluster Overview for Solaris OS
Failure Fencing
A major issue for clusters is a failure that causes the cluster to become partitioned (called split brain). When this situation occurs, not all nodes can communicate, so individual nodes or subsets of nodes might try to form individual or subset clusters. Each subset or partition might "believe" it has sole access and ownership to the multihost disks. Attempts by multiple nodes to write to the disks can result in data corruption.
Failure fencing limits node access to multihost disks by preventing access to the disks. When a node leaves the cluster (it either fails or becomes partitioned), failure fencing ensures that the node can no longer access the disks. Only current member nodes have access to the disks, ensuring data integrity.
The Sun Cluster system uses SCSI disk reservations to implement failure fencing. Using SCSI reservations, failed nodes are "fenced" away from the multihost disks, preventing them from accessing those disks.
When a cluster member detects that another node is no longer communicating over the cluster interconnect, it initiates a failure-fencing procedure to prevent the failed node from accessing shared disks. When this failure fencing occurs, the fenced node panics and a "reservation conflict" message is displayed on its console.


Masks and hand sanitizer are tax deductible, IRS says
Because of a delivery bottleneck for professional face masks during covid-19 pandemic a lot of people started to organize DIY production of face masks at home. (Getty)
(NEXSTAR) — The Internal Revenue Service said on Friday that face masks, hand sanitizer and sanitizing wipes used to prevent the spread of COVID-19 are tax deductible.
According to the notice, "personal protective equipment, such as masks, hand sanitizer and sanitizing wipes for the primary purpose of preventing the spread of coronavirus" are considered deductible medical expenses.
Amounts paid for such expenses are eligible to be paid or reimbursed using flexible health spending accounts, medical savings accounts, reimbursement arrangements and other health savings accounts.
According to the IRS guidance, eligible purchases "are treated as amounts paid for medical care under § 213(d) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). Therefore, amounts paid by an individual taxpayer for COVID 19 PPE for use by the taxpayer, the taxpayer's spouse, or the taxpayer's dependent(s) that are not compensated for by insurance or otherwise are deductible under § 213(a) provided that the taxpayer's total medical expenses exceed 7.5 percent of adjusted gross income."
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text:
Herschel 221 (NGC 4258)
Herschel 221 (NGC 4258) is a galaxy located within the constellation Canes Venatici. Herschel 221 is best viewed during Spring, is magnitude 8.3, and can be viewed with binoculars.
Herschel 221 is also listed in the Messier catalog as object M106.
- Herschel #:
- Canes Venatici
- Messier reference:
- 12h 19.0m
- +47° 18'
Find your inner astronomer. Your complete guide to amateur astronomy.


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Definitions for earliest
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word earliest
(comparative and superlative of 'early') more early than; most early
"a fashion popular in earlier times"; "his earlier work reflects the influence of his teacher"; "Verdi's earliest and most raucous opera"
with the least delay
"the soonest I can arrive is 3 P.M."
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'earliest' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4802
Images & Illustrations of earliest
Find a translation for the earliest definition in other languages:
Select another language:


text:
Keep detailed records of locations of sprays, amount, date and time of application, and then calculate cost per acre.
The Spray records app/Pesticide Record Keeping app is designed to assist agricultural applicators, orchard applicators, crop advisers and growers with record keeping around tank mixing sequence of crops. It also captures product use rates and application information and conveniently maintains comprehensive, accurate spray logs for easy record keeping.
Keep time cards across your organization in one place and allow each employee to check in and out from their smartphones and tablets.
Document the results of hydrostatic or pneumatic pressure systems to investigate pipeline reliability, maximum capacity, leaks, pressure, and more.


text: Independence diagrams are a graphical way of expressing the conditional independence relationships among a set of random variables. They cannot encode every possible form of conditional independence but they go a long way toward this end. They are also called ''Bayesian networks,'' which unfortunately suggests inappropriate comparisons to neural networks. This paper discusses how to read and write independence diagrams. The presentation is based on Pearl (1988).


text:
Online solutions help you to manage your record administration along with raise the efficiency of the workflows. Stick to the fast guide to do Form W-8ECI, steer clear of blunders along with furnish it in a timely manner:
How to complete any Form W-8ECI online:
- On the site with all the document, click on Begin immediately along with complete for the editor.
- Use your indications to submit established track record areas.
- Add your own info and speak to data.
- Make sure that you enter correct details and numbers throughout suitable areas.
- Very carefully confirm the content of the form as well as grammar along with punctuational.
- Navigate to Support area when you have questions or perhaps handle our Assistance team.
- Place an electronic digital unique in your Form W-8ECI by using Sign Device.
- After the form is fully gone, media Completed.
- Deliver the particular prepared document by way of electronic mail or facsimile, art print it out or perhaps reduce the gadget.
PDF editor permits you to help make changes to your Form W-8ECI from the internet connected gadget, personalize it based on your requirements, indicator this in electronic format and also disperse differently.
Video instructions and help with filling out and completing Form w-8eci instructions
Instructions and Help about Form w-8eci instructions
Hello and welcome back to the dividend experiment today we're going to talk about the w8 Bend for and why you need to fill it out if you're an American or US citizen then you probably don't know what a wa8 pen form is and you don't need to in fact you can just skip this video feel free to leave a like because I just saved you Americans some time okay so if you are still here then this video is going to explain just how important filling out that w8m form is a dividend investors if you are not a US citizen you are still permitted to buy US stocks on the US stock exchange think of all those great companies that call the USA at home they have some of the biggest and best companies in the world the huge rich market as foreign investors we should consider ourselves very fortunately they allowed us to buy these companies however the US government isn't just letting us buy these stocks out of the kindness of their heart oh they want their cut too they want to take 30% of the money we receive from our US income sources now this is not ideal for us dividend investors at all let's take a look at exactly what it means a 1 percent yield becomes an or point 7 percent yield a tube senyu becomes a one point four percent yield a five percent yield becomes a three point five percent yield and a ten percent yield becomes a seven percent yield and well yeah you get a point so what can we do about this while this is where the w8 been form comes in if we fill in one of those then we cut the third percent withholding tax in half bring it to the much more manageable 15 percent ideally we would be paying zero of course but 15 percent is worth the exposure to US companies in my opinion especially on the dividend experiment where we're looking at the highest starting else to begin with so how do we fill in one of those w8 Bend forms well luckily for me I use Hargreaves Lansdown stocks and shares icer and you only need to answer a few questions and they will be filled in for you the broker website won't actually let you buy US shares unless you fill in the form if you're using another online broker with a stocks and shared eisah then they'll probably be the same it will be a case of answering a few questions and the broker will take care of the rest however if you really are required to fill it in yourself and I've attached a link with the form and the instructions in the pinned comment below as you can see filling in a w8 ban form will be really beneficial to the gains we get in the future thanks for watching I would love and.


text:
Showing 1–4 of 4 titles
This captivating tall tale brings life to an engaging, original character, whose love and concern for her neighbors fills the story with joy.
My Name is Gabito: The Life of Gabriel García Márquez/Me llamo Gabito: la vida de Gabriel García MárquezRaúl Colón's evocative, tropical illustrations pull the eye into Gabriel García Márquez's imaginative world, introducing children to the early life of this celebrated Colombian author in "My Name is Gabito.
- Nonfiction, Literature
- Pura Belpré Youth Illustrator Award 2008 (Honor Title)
- ISBN: 9780873589345
Juan Felipe Herrera celebrates the lives of 20 Hispanic people who up to now have been in the shadows to many despite their significant contributions to American society. These poignant biographical sketches succinctly present the essence of each hero's life and legacy to the future generations of their culture.
- Nonfiction, Biography
- Pura Belpré Children's Author Award 2015 (Honor Title)
- ISBN: 9781501912931


Friday, April 5, 2013
Flores Giant Rat
Papagomys armandvillei
Living isolated on an island can do funny things to a species. Some animals get smaller, to cope with the lack of resources. However... some actually get much larger (especially creatures that are normally small) because they don't have larger predators to contend with and can thus move into a slightly different ecological niche.
The Flores Giant Rat is and example of island gigantism. Th
ese monstrous rodents can grow 18in long, which is double the maximum size of a Brown Rat!
These Rats, like many of their kind, are very adaptable and can be found living in all types of forests, and at a variety of elevations within the Indoenesian island of Flores. They also have an adaptable diet-- they feed on fruits, leaves, insects, and a wide range of other plants and invertebrates.
Interestingly, for a Rat so large they aren't seen very often by scientists. Actually, most of what we know is from collected skeletal remains. The species is currently listed as Near Threatened, as they are hunted for food by the local human populations and by introduced dogs and cats.
IUCN Status : Near Threatened
Location : Flores, Indonesia
Size : Body length up to 18in (45cm)
Family : Muridae -- Genus : Papagomys -- Species : P. armandvillei
Image : Xenohistorian
1 comment:
 1. I hope they don't go extinct! :(
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text:
I ran across Picard categories in a totally different area of mathematics, but maybe it helps.
In short, a Picard category is a group object in the category of groupoids.
Picard categories come up when you study Picard stacks. Roughly, a Picard stack is a sheaf of Picard categories. The classical example is taking a two-term (perfect??) complex of sheaves, and asssociating to such a complex the Groupoid quotient of the one term by the other. This is important when you want to produce a geomteric object from such a complex. This is an important tool in defining virtual fundamental classes as in _URL_
Before I tell you to many things that are not true, here are the references I know of:
Lecture notes of Martin Olsson at _URL_ Lecture 5. You can even watch that on video: _URL_
The definitive reference is Expos'e XVIII of SGA 4. You used to be able to get that at the Grothendieck circle. Now its still availabe on all the usual Russian sites.
And finally there are very friendly and down to earth lectures of Barbara Fanechi Fantechi at _URL_ I think lecture 3 or lecture 4 is about Picard categories.


Next Previous Contents
2. Protect File System
The most important job LIDS do is to protect the file system. It is impletementated in the VFS( virtual File System) layer in the kernel.For that reason, we can protect any kind of filesystem, such as EXT2, FAT.
2.1 Protect important files.
In the LIDS, the protected files are devided into catelog shown below,
2.2 How LIDS protect files in kernel.
In this section, we will view some kernel source let you understand how LIDS protect files.
Linux Filesystem data struct and routines.
Firstly, we must understand the virtual filesytem in linux.
Every file in the linux, whatever the filesytem he reside on, has an inode number, the files system provide the following data struct.
in the /usr/src/linux/include/linux/fs.h
struct inode {
 struct list_head i_hash;
 struct list_head i_list;
 struct list_head i_dentry;
 unsigned long i_ino; ----> inode number.
 unsigned int i_count;
 kdev_t i_dev; ----> device number.
 umode_t i_mode;
 nlink_t i_nlink;
 uid_t i_uid;
 ......
}
Note: <i_ino ,i_dev> used to be a identification of an inode.That means that you can use the pair <i_ino,i_dev> to get a unique inode from the system.
in the /usr/src/linux/include/linux/dcache.h
struct dentry {
 int d_count;
 unsigned int d_flags;
 struct inode * d_inode; /* Where the name belongs to - NULL is negative */
 struct dentry * d_parent; /* parent directory */
 struct dentry * d_mounts; /* mount information */
 struct dentry * d_covers;
 struct list_head d_hash; /* lookup hash list */
 struct list_head d_lru; /* d_count = 0 LRU list */
 struct list_head d_child; /* child of parent list */
 struct list_head d_subdirs; /* our
 ......
}
The dentry is a entry of a file in diretory. Using the dentry, we can easily trave through the file's parent diretory.
For example, if a file's inode is (struct inode *)file_inode, you can use file_inode->d_entry to get its diretory entry and then use file_inode->d_entry->d_parent to get its parent diretory's entry.
LIDS Data Struct for protection.
After the above analyzing of the linux file system, let's have a look at how LIDS uses the VFS to protect files and diretories.
/* in /usr/src/linux/fs/lids.c */
struct secure_ino {
 unsigned long int ino; /* the inode number */
 kdev_t dev; /* the dev number */
 int type; /* the file type */
};
The above struct is used to store the protected file or directorie's inode with the pair <ino,dev>."type" is used to indentify which type the protected inode(file).
LIDS has 4 type,
/* in /usr/src/linux/incluce/linux/fs.h */
#define LIDS_APPEND 1 /* APPEND ONLY FILE */
#define LIDS_READONLY 2 /* Read Only File */
#define LIDS_DEVICE 3 /* Protect MBR Writing to device */
#define LIDS_IGNORE 4 /* Ignore the protection */
With the secure_ino struct, we can easily initial the protected files or diretories into the kernel with the flollowing functions,
/* in /usr/src/linux/fs/lids.c */
int lids_add_inode(unsigned long int inode ,kdev_t dev , int type)
{
 if ( last_secure == (LIDS_MAX_INODE-1))
 return 0;
 secure[last_secure].ino = inode;
 secure[last_secure].dev = dev;
 secure[last_secure].type = type;
 secure[++last_secure].ino = 0;
#ifdef VFS_SECURITY_DEBUG
 printk("lids_add_inode : return %d\n",last_secure);
#endif
 return last_secure;
}
As you can see from the above code, it is very easy to add a given inode into the secure_ino. Protected inodes are initialized during the system boot. The initial routine is init_vfs_security() in /usr/src/linux/fs/lids.c.
And now, let's have a look at how the LIDS check whether an inode is being protected,
/* /usr/src/linux/fs/open.c */
int do_truncate(struct dentry *dentry, unsigned long length)
{
 struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
 int error;
 struct iattr newattrs;
 /* Not pretty: "inode->i_size" shouldn't really be "off_t". But it is. */
 if ((off_t) length < 0)
 return -EINVAL;
#ifdef CONFIG_LIDS
 if (lids_load && lids_local_load) {
 error = lids_check_base(dentry,LIDS_READONLY);
 if (error) {
 lids_security_alert("Try to truncate a protected file (dev %d %d,inode %ld)",
 MAJOR(dentry->d_inode->i_dev),
 MINOR(dentry->d_inode->i_dev),
 dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
 .....................
This is an example that LIDS add checking in kernel. You can see that the function lids_check_base() is one of core functions for the lids protection method.
You can see lids_check_base() in many place where LIDS want to protect, especially in fs subdiretory of linux kernel.
/* in /usr/src/linux/fs/lids.c */
int lids_check_base(struct dentry *base, int flag)
{
 ..................
 inode = base->d_inode; /* get the inode number */
 parent = base->d_parent; /* get the parent diretory */
 .................
----> do {
 if ( inode == parent->d_inode)
 break;
 if ((retval = lids_search_inode(inode))) {
 if ( retval == LIDS_IGNORE ||
 (retval == LIDS_DEVICE && flag != LIDS_DEVICE))
 break;
 if ( flag == LIDS_READONLY ||
 ( flag == LIDS_APPEND && retval >flag ) ||
 ( flag == LIDS_DEVICE && flag == retval )) {
 return -EROFS;
 }
 break;
 }
 inode = parent->d_inode;
 } while( ((parent = parent->d_parent ) != NULL) );
 return 0;
}
lids_check_base() check if the given dentry of a file and it's parent diretories have been protected.
Note: If the its parent diretory is protected, the file is also protected.
For example, if "/etc/" has been protected, the "/etc/passwd" is also protected.
Protected system call in the kernel.
In order to protect the filesystem, LIDS insert a checking in the begin of some critical system call. Therefore, we can protect the system call and restrict user using the filesystem.
Here we list some example,
Next Previous Contents


text:
What is the difference between:
Quiero que coma
Is it a certain nuance between saying "I want to eat" and "I want that I could eat?"
I'm a little confused here!
I am a little confused too :))
What you are saying in Spanish: quiero que coma and querer comer don't correspond with the English:
"I want to eat" and "I want that I could eat".
If you mean the difference between "I want to eat" and "I want you to eat", this would be:
Quiero comer (I want to eat)
Quiero que comas (I want you to eat)
The second one using que + subjunctive because it is two different subjects.
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Test your Spanish to the CEFR standard


text:
Bob's Red Mill worked with PCFWC and TripleWin to develop an employee engagement campaign to reduce food waste at its whole grain milling and packaging facility in Milwaukee. The company hosted a pilot program to present employees with ideas for reducing food waste, from milling to packaging, innovation, receiving and quality.
According to Bob's Red Mill, employees submitted a total of 176 food waste reduction ideas. He picked one idea and tested it for the company, which was an immediate win (minimal effort, zero to low cost).
The company said the test required changes to its whole grain packaging line, resulting in more than 70% less food waste per pound of food produced.
"The results have exceeded Bob's Red Mill's expectations, and this is just the beginning of their food waste reduction efforts," the company said. Based on the results of his pilot program, Bob's Red Mill said it formed a food waste reduction team to sort out the ideas of the remaining employees for possible future implementation.
"Already, early returns from the pilot show how one employee idea can make a big difference in reducing food waste on the manufacturing floor," the company said.
According to Bob's Red Mill, the pilot will involve employees on food waste issues while developing zero-cost, low-cost measures to prevent food waste in the company's manufacturing facilities in the short and long term. I tried to identify
The term food waste was applied to leftovers and inedible parts that ended up in landfills, incineration, disposal into sewers, dumping, or spreading on land.
"In short, it's food grown for people but not used for its intended purpose," the company said.


text:
Podcaster: Elizabeth Howell and Monique Hollick
Title: How Dusty Is The Moon? New Science From Old Data Has A Surprise
Music: "A Walk On the Moon" by Styve Bolduc. _URL_
Description: New information from a lunar dust experiment that flew on several Apollo missions reveals the rate of dust accumulation is far greater than previously believed. What are the implications for today's missions?
Bios: NLSI brings together leading lunar scientists from around the world to further NASA lunar science and exploration.
Monique Hollick recently completed an undergraduate degree at the University of Western Australia.
Elizabeth Howell is a freelance space journalist in Ottawa, Canada. Her work appears in publications such as Universe Today, SPACE.com, Space Exploration Network and All About Space.
End of podcast:
365 Days of Astronomy
The 365 Days of Astronomy Podcast is produced by the New Media Working Group of the International Year of Astronomy 2009. Audio post-production by Preston Gibson. Bandwidth donated by libsyn.com and wizzard media. Web design by Clockwork Active Media Systems. You may reproduce and distribute this audio for non-commercial purposes. Please consider supporting the podcast with a few dollars (or Euros!). Visit us on the web at 365DaysOfAstronomy.org or email us at _EMAIL_. Until tomorrow…goodbye.


text:
David R. Harris
This issue of Connecting with Cornell features several articles about things that fly. They include John Hermanson on bats, Timothy DeVoogd on birds, Jane Wang on dragonflies, and Kenneth McClane on butterflies.
Perhaps surprisingly, only one of these articles focuses on flight, and it is not the article about birds. Each illustrates how Cornell researchers find answers to common questions in unexpected places. Hermanson details how he and a group of undergraduate and graduate students have studied the bats of Trinidad to understand something that we don't usually associate with bats—walking.
DeVoogd studies birds to gain insights into something we don't usually associate with birds—learning. It turns out that birds are excellent for studying the neurobiology of learning because the more complex a male's song, the more attractive he is as a mate. DeVoogd and associates have been able to observe the brains of young birds learning complex songs. They have also been able to observe how the brain's capacity for learning responds to environmental conditions.
Jane Wang and her associates are fascinated by the mechanics of flight, a topic that has intrigued humans for millennia. Rather than focusing on birds, however, their research concentrates on a seeming anomaly in the world of flight—dragonflies. From Wang we learn that very little is known about the mechanics of insect flight. How exactly does a dragonfly hover? How does it move forward and turn? In addition to helping us understand this unusual creature, Wang's answers to these and other questions about dragonflies are already yielding insights that will improve aircraft design.
Finally, Kenneth McClane reminds us that in the hands of an artist, butterflies and crows can prompt deep reflection about the mundane and the spiritual.
I hope that you enjoy these examples of how Cornell researchers find answers to common questions in unconventional places. For more, please visit the Cornell website and research portals, such as the Institute for the Social Sciences, the Society for the Humanities, and the Virtual Life Sciences Library.
"I hope you enjoy these examples of how Cornell researchers find answers to common questions in unconventional places."


text:
Manner is a noun. It means a way of doing something.
When used in the plural, manners often refers to etiquette or the prevailing customs, norms, or social conduct of a given culture.
Manor is also a noun. It refers to houses or land and can mean
Link to exercises on manner / manor.


text:
WebMD Medical News
Laura J. Martin, MD
Dec. 2, 2010 -- A significant number of people try to kill themselves in America's 84 national parks every year, and 68% succeed, sometimes by jumping off cliffs or bridges, a study shows.
In the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report for Dec. 3, researchers say 286 suicide attempts occurred in 2003-2009, for an average of 41 per year. Of all attempts, 68% were successful.
Firearms were involved in 33% of the suicide attempts, followed by falls at 19% (many by jumping off cliffs or bridges), suffocations at 9%, poisoning at 7% (included drug overdoses), and cuts and piercings at 6%. Also, in 6% of suicide attempts, people used motor vehicles, which typically involved driving over a cliff. In contrast, nationally, less than 1% of suicide attempts annually are transportation related.
Six of 84 parks had 10 or more suicide events (suicide and attempted suicide), led by the Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia and the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona, both of which reported 21 events during the 2003-2009 period.
For males, the mostly commonly reported method of attempted and completed suicides was firearms (36%). Falls accounted for 19% and suffocations 16%, the study shows.
For females, top causes were firearms at 21%, falls at 19%, and poisonings at 16%.
The CDC says that between 2003 and 2009, the National Park Service averaged 28 suicides and 13 suicide attempts annually.
Among other key findings:
The CDC report says that each death due to suicide in a national park represents a preventable event in a public place. Suicides can lead to major cost burdens for the parks: One case cost $200,000 because it involved searching for a missing person.
The report also says that though park rangers have tried to stop suicides, their ability to do so has been only partly successful, and that training for the federal employees in how to stop people from trying to kill themselves and in how to detect signs of park-goers at risk might prove useful.
Also, the researchers say physical barriers should be considered in places where people jump, or could jump, from a high location.
Physical barriers on some bridges also might be a way to help prevent suicide attempts.
The top 10 national parks for suicide deaths between 2003 and 2009 were:
SOURCE:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Dec. 3, 2010.
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The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of FOX23 News.
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


text:
This is a list of words about family in Somali. You can name people such as your relatives as well as extended family this way.
|Child (m): Wiil yar (ilmo yar oo lab ah)|
|Child (f): Gabar yar (ilmo yar oo dhedig ah)|
|Husband: Seey (xaas)|
|Wife: Marwo (Naag)|
|Cousin (m): Ina adeerka (ina-abti, ina eedo, ina habreed)--
|Cousin (f): Ina habreedeey, ina abtiday, ina eedaday, ina adeertay.|
|Aunt: Eedo, Habaryar |
|Uncle: Adeer, Abti|
|Nephew: Wiila aad habaryarta u tahay, ama eedada, ama abtiga ama adeerka|
|Niece: Gabadha aa habryarta u tahay, ama eedada ama abtiga ama adeerka.|
|Woman: Haweeney (Naag)|
These examples show how family words are used in a Somali sentence. Very useful when socializing with other people. This can also show you how to ask questions.
|What's your brother called?: Waa maxay magaca walaalkaa, ama maxaa walaalkaa loogu yeeraa|
|How old is your sister?: Imisa sano ayay walaashaa jirtaa
|Where does your father work?: Aabahaa xagee buu ka shaqeeyaa |
|Your daughter is very cute: Gabadhaadu way qurux badan tahay
|I love my husband: Waan jeclahay ninkayga (waan jeclahay odaygayga)|
|This is my wife: Tani waa xaaskayga|
With the above list you will be able to discuss how many siblings you have or ask others about their family. Now let's go to the next topic by clicking the "Next" button. Or simply choose your own topic from the menu above.
|Previous lesson:||Next lesson:|


text:
NASA helps launch Angry Birds Space game
Looking for ways to attract new audiences to its space and technology mission a year ago, NASA saw a prime opportunity to fly with some hugely popular birds.
And now the results of NASA's innovative collaboration with mobile game company Rovio Entertainment is approaching lift-off: the Angry Birds Space game created by Rovio with NASA's cooperation debuts on March 22.
Angry Birds is one of the most popular mobile games ever, with the company claiming more than 500 million downloads in two years. Originally created on iPhone, it is also available for Android and other devices. In the game, stylized cartoon birds are launched to destroy pigs.
"The value [of the collaboration] for NASA is in getting people excited about science and space technology," Bob Jacobs, a NASA spokesman, told Federal Computer Week on March 13. 'This could be an important tool to reach new communities. We saw the possibility of reaching a very different audience through a gaming platform," Jacobs said.
In the original game, the player launches the angry birds with a catapult to destroy the structures in which the pigs are hiding. The game reflects the laws of physics, so the player can change the angle and power of the catapult to change the trajectory of the bird.
The new space version of the game applies the laws of physics that exist in outer space. Rovio designers met with NASA engineers to develop ways to demonstrate zero gravity principles in movements within the game. The game also contains a permanent Web link to a NASA website on zero gravity, also known as microgravity.
The collaboration is generating a lot of interest. A jointly-produced video featuring NASA astronaut Don Pettit at the International Space Station has already received more than 4 million views on YouTube. In the video, Pettit demonstrates zero gravity principles in action with a stuffed bird resembling the Angry Red Bird character.
Rovio and NASA debuted the introductory video on March 8 at the South by Southwest conference in Austin, Tex. Pettit can be seen in the video talking about gravity while floating around the station and shooting one of the stuffed birds down a tunnel with the help of a slingshot.
It all started with a tweet
The project started a year ago when Jacobs noticed several tweets mentioning NASA and Angry Birds. "NASA launched a man to the moon. We launch birds into pigs," read a tweet from game consultant George Bray.
There also were tweets circulating about smart phones today allegedly having more computing power than NASA computers back in the 1960s, Jacobs recalled.
Jacobs responded through the _USER_ Twitter account he manages. "Hey, RovioMobile, our computers are a bit better than they were in '69. We might be able to help you launch birds if you can find a pig in space," Jacobs tweeted on March 27, 2011.
Rovio also responded, and a conversation began. "It started with a tweet," Jacobs said. "It sparked a lot of light bulbs going off in people's minds."
The collaboration took off from there, with NASA and Rovio signing a "Space Act Agreement" outlining the terms of the collaboration with Rovio, which is from Finland. The federal agency has many such agreements in which it cooperates with private sector projects, Jacobs said. For example, NASA previously had signed an agreement with Paramount Pictures for allowing the filming of a Transformers movie at the Kennedy Space Center. All such agreements are vetted by NASA management to ensure they comply with regulations.
One of the initial fruits of the NASA-Rovio effort was that a version of Angry Birds released in 2011 had an "outer space" level embedded in it. Rovio debuted that version to coincide with the final space station launch, and the company distributed tee-shirts and other publicity materials.
There are no financial terms in the agreement with Rovio, Jacobs said. NASA has no mechanism to receive funding for such efforts, he added.
Jacobs said the collaboration has been successful, because the goal is to reach new communities, including millions of people likely to play Angry Birds Space.
"We see it as a mutually beneficial relationship that allows us to get NASA mission information into the game," Jacobs said. But he acknowledged that measuring the success of the endeavor might be a bit tricky.
For example, Rovio's YouTube video on the NASA Angry Birds Space announcement has received more than 4 million views. Meanwhile, the NASATelevision version of the introductory video has received only about 38,000 views.
On the other hand, Jacobs said many people have tweeted about, and shared links to, both videos on social websites including Facebook, Google+ and Twitter. NASA is gaining value from that sharing even when people view the video at Rovio's YouTube page rather than NASA's, he asserted, because the people are being exposed to the same principles of science and technology regardless.
"Having a bird and pigs in space are fun and cool ideas," Jacobs said. "We are seeing communities getting excited about it and sharing the information."
Alice Lipowicz is a staff writer covering government 2.0, homeland security and other IT policies for Federal Computer Week.


Authorization with the Restricted Data Token
How to authorize using the Restricted Data Token.
Operations that return restricted data (such as Personally Identifiable information, or PII) are considered restricted operations, and require special authorization in the form of a Restricted Data Token (RDT). An RDT provides authorization to get the PII required to perform functions such as shipping, tax invoicing, or tax remittance services. You authorize calls to restricted operations by passing an RDT in the x-amz-access-token header when calling a restricted operation. This is in contrast to passing the LWA access token in the header, as you do with other SP-API operations. For more information, see Step 3. Add headers to the URI.
How do I get an RDT?
Unless you have a delegatee application (see Terminology in the Tokens Use Case Guide), you get an RDT by calling the createRestrictedDataToken operation of the Tokens API. If you have a delegatee application, you get an RDT from the delegator application that your application is integrated with. For more information about authorizing calls using the RDT, including delegating authorization, see the Tokens API Use Case Guide.


Line integrals: 2. Locally exact forms and singular homology
Navigation: 1. Exact, conservative and closed forms | 2. Locally exact forms and singular homology | 3. Applications to complex analysis
As in part 1, \(E,F\) are Banach spaces and \(U\subseteq E\) is an open set. Recall that a form \(\omega:U\to L(E,F)\) is exact if \(\omega=Df\) for some \(f:U\to F\), closed if it is differentiable and \(D\omega(x)\in L(E,E;F)\) is symmetric for every \(x\in U\), and locally exact if it is closed and for every \(x\in U\) there is a neighborhood \(V\subseteq U\) of \(x\) on which \(\omega\) is exact. Last time we showed that every closed \(C^1\) form is locally exact, and that every closed form on an open subset of \(\mathbb{R}^2\) is locally exact (even if is differentiable but not \(C^1\)).
So far, we have only defined line integrals along \(C^1\) paths and curves. It turns out that for locally exact forms, we can extend the definition to paths that are merely continuous (and not necessarily differentiable).
Let \(\omega\) be a locally exact form on \(U\) and let \(\gamma:[a,b]\to U\) be a path. Since \(\gamma([a,b])\) is compact, there exists a partition \(P=\{a_0,\dots,a_k\}\) of \([a,b]\) and open balls \(B_1,\dots,B_k\) such that \(\omega\) is exact on \(B_i\) and \(\gamma([a_{i-1},a_i])\subseteq B_i\) for each \(i=1,\dots,k\). We define the integral of \(\omega\) along \(\gamma\) by $$
\int_\gamma \omega = \sum_{i=1}^k [g_i(\gamma(a_i))-g_i(\gamma(a_{i-1}))],
$$ where \(g_i\) is any potential for \(\omega\) on \(B_i\).
Lemma 9. The above integral is well-defined.
Proof. Suppose we are given different open balls \(\widetilde{B}_1,\dots,\widetilde{B}_k\) with the above properties, as well as corresponding potential functions \(\widetilde{g}_i\). For each \(i\) the functions \(g_i\) and \(\widetilde{g}_i\) are both potentials for \(\omega\) on the connected set \(B_i\cap \widetilde{B}_i\), so \(g_i-\widetilde{g}_i\) is constant and $$
g_i(\gamma(a_i))-g_i(\gamma(a_{i-1})) = \widetilde{g}_i(\gamma(a_i))-\widetilde{g}_i(\gamma(a_{i-1})).
$$ Next, we show that choosing a refinement of \(P\) does not change the value of the integral. Since any refinement of \(P\) can be obtained by adding finitely many points to \(P\), it suffices to show that adding a single point \(c\) to \(P\) does not change the value of the integral. Let $$
P=\{a_0,\dots,a_{j-1},c,a_j,\dots,a_k\}
$$ where \(a_{j-1} < c < a_j\). We can use the same open balls and potential functions as before, with \(B_j\) being used for the intervals \([a_{j-1},c]\) and \([c,a_j]\). Then the term $$ g_j(\gamma(a_j))-g_j(\gamma(a_{j-1})) $$ is replaced by $$ g_j(\gamma(a_j))-g_j(\gamma(c))+g_j(\gamma(c))-g_j(\gamma(a_{j-1})), $$ which does not change the value of the integral. This completes the proof, for if \(Q\) is another partition of \([a,b]\) then taking the common refinement \(P\cup Q\) does not change the value of the integral. \(\square\) It is easy to check that the fundamental theorem for line integrals (Theorem 2) still holds when \(\gamma\) is a path.
Let \(X,Y\) be topological spaces and let \(f,g:X\to Y\) be continuous maps. A homotopy from \(f\) to \(g\) is a continuous map \(H:X\times[0,1]\to Y\) such that \(H(s,0)=f(s)\) and \(H(s,1)=g(s)\) for all \(s\in[a,b]\). Let \(\gamma_1,\gamma_2:[a,b]\to X\) be paths (i.e. continuous maps). If \(t\mapsto H(0,t)\) and \(t\mapsto H(1,t)\) are constant, we say that \(H\) is a path homotopy. If there is a path homotopy from \(\gamma_1\) to \(\gamma_2\), we say that \(\gamma_1\) is homotopic to \(\gamma_2\).
Theorem 10 (Line integrals along homotopic paths). Let \(\omega\) be a locally exact form on \(U\). If \(\gamma_1,\gamma_2\) are paths in \(U\) that are homotopic, then $$\int_{\gamma_1} \omega = \int_{\gamma_2} \omega.$$
Proof. Let \(H:[a,b]\times[0,1]\to U\) be a path homotopy from \(\gamma_1\) to \(\gamma_2\). Since \([a,b]\times[0,1]\) is compact, there are partitions \begin{align}
a&=s_0\le\cdots\le s_m=b, \\
0&=t_0\le\cdots\le t_n=1
\end{align} such that for each rectangle \(R_{ij}=[s_{i-1},s_i]\times[t_{j-1},t_j]\) there is an open ball \(B_{ij}\subseteq U\) with \(H(R_{ij})\subseteq B_{ij}\) on which \(\omega\) is exact. For each \(j=0,\dots,n\), let \(\gamma^{(j)}(s)=H(s,t_j)\). Since \(\gamma^{(0)}=\gamma_1\) and \(\gamma^{(n)}=\gamma_2\), it suffices to show that $$
\int_{\gamma^{(j)}} \omega = \int_{\gamma^{(j-1)}} \omega
$$ for each \(j=1,\dots,n\). Fix some \(j\). For each \(i=1,\dots,m\), let \(g_i\) be a potential for \(\omega\) on \(B_{ij}\). Since \(g_i\) and \(g_{i-1}\) are both potentials for \(\omega\) on \(B_{ij}\cap B_{(i-


1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 90Ω at20oC and is connected to a 230V supply. By how much mustthe voltage be increased in order to maintain the current constantof the temperature of the coil rises to 60oC? Take thetemperature coefficient of resistance of copper as 0.00428 from0oC.