Oncologist-approved cancer information from the American Society of Clinical Oncology
Printer Friendly
Download PDF
Familial Non-VHL Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
This section has been reviewed and approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 10/2013
Overview
What is familial non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinoma?
Familial non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is a hereditary condition that increases the risk of the clear cell type of renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer). Currently, no other types of cancer or non-cancerous health problems are known to be associated with familial non-VHL CCRCC. The name separates this condition from von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), which is the most common cause of hereditary risk for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
What causes familial non-VHL CCRCC?
Familial non-VHL CCRCC is a genetic condition. This means that the risk of clear cell renal cell carcinoma can be passed from generation to generation in a family. A specific gene causing familial non-VHL CCRCC has not yet been discovered. Some families who appear to have familial non-VHL CCRCC have a translocation (rearrangement) involving chromosome 3. A translocation occurs when pieces of two or more chromosomes break off and reattach on another chromosome. Chromosome translocations can be passed down from generation to generation in a family. Research is ongoing to learn more about familial non-VHL CCRCC.
How is familial non-VHL CCRCC inherited?
Normally, every cell has two copies of each gene: one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. Although a specific gene has not been discovered, familial non-VHL CCRCC appears to follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, in which a mutation happens in only one copy of the gene. This means that a parent with a gene mutation may pass along a copy of their normal gene or a copy of the gene with the mutation. Therefore, a child who has a parent with a mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting that mutation. A brother, sister, or parent of a person who has a mutation also has a 50% chance of having the same mutation.
How common is familial non-VHL CCRCC?
Familial non-VHL CCRCC is considered to be very rare. The number of people and families who have familial non-VHL CCRCC is unknown.
How is familial non-VHL CCRCC diagnosed?
Familial non-VHL CCRCC is suspected when multiple family members have clear cell renal cell carcinoma, but no other symptoms of VHL.
What are the estimated cancer risks associated with familial non-VHL CCRCC?
The specific risk of clear cell renal cell cancer in families with familial non-VHL CCRCC is unknown.
What are the screening options for familial non-VHL CCRCC?
There are no specific screening guidelines for families suspected of having familial non-VHL CCRCC. Individuals in these families are encouraged to talk with their doctor about screening options for kidney cancer, including an ultrasound (which uses sound waves to create a picture of the internal organs), computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan (which creates a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body with an x-ray machine. A computer then combines these images into a detailed, cross-sectional view that shows any abnormalities or tumors), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (which uses magnetic fields, not x-rays, to produce detailed images of the body).
Screening options may change over time as new technologies are developed and more is learned about non-VHL CCRCC. It is important to talk with your doctor about appropriate screening tests.
Learn more about what to expect when having common tests, procedures, and scans.
Questions to ask the doctor
If you are concerned about your risk for kidney cancer, talk with your doctor. Consider asking the following questions of your doctor:
 - What is my risk of developing kidney cancer?
 - What can I do to reduce my risk of cancer?
 - What are my options for cancer screening?
If you are concerned about your family history and think your family may have non-VHL CCRCC, consider asking the following questions:
 - Does my family history increase my risk of developing kidney cancer?
 - Should I meet with a genetic counselor?
 - Should I consider genetic testing?
Additional resources
Guide to Kidney Cancer
What to Expect When You Meet With a Genetic Counselor
National Cancer Institute
_URL_
American Cancer Society
_URL_
CancerCare
_URL_
To find a genetic counselor in your area, ask your doctor or visit the following websites:
National Society of Genetic Counselors
_URL_
National Cancer Institute: Cancer Genetics Services Directory
_URL_
© 2005-2014 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). All rights reserved worldwide.
Connect With Us:


text:
|Free Books / Gardening & Planting / Vegetable Gardening /|
Chapter XXVI. Suggestions On Laboratory Work
A course in vegetable gardening cannot be fully satisfactory without suitable laboratory work accompanying the lectures or recitations. Laboratory work is essential for three reasons: (1) It is the most effective means of teaching; (2) it creates enthusiasm; (3) it inspires confidence. When the laboratory work is properly managed the student not only learns methods, but he grasps principles and soon possesses a much clearer knowledge of the subject than is possible without such exercises.
Laboratory work in vegetable gardening may be classified as follows: (1) Special exercises in seed testing, sowing, transplanting, spraying, constructing hotbeds and cold frames, preparing vegetables for market, etc. (See 706.) (2) Work for which the student is held daily responsible. A course in vegetable gardening should be conducted the second half of the college year, since it will then be possible for the student to acquire experience in the starting of early plants and in the making of a home or a commercial vegetable garden. This idea should be carried out whenever facilities will permit. At the beginning of the course each student should be informed as to the dimensions of the plat which he will be expected to plant and cultivate. Give him to understand that it is his problem; that he is expected to plan his work and then work his plan. A map showing the arrangement of the planting should be submitted by the student and approved by the instructor. It is necessary, of course, that the student be provided with seeds, plants, transplanting tools and other equipment, but he must be held absolutely responsible for all details of the work which requires almost daily attention from seed sowing until the close of the college term. The students usually become very much interested in garden making, and under favorable conditions succeed remarkably well, considering that only a small portion of their time can be devoted to this work. (See Figures 108, 109 and no.) Numerous plans of intercropping may be employed in student gardens. (3) Frequent problems should be given in connection with courses in vegetable gardening. The students should be required to prepare definite plans and directions for the planting of home gardens, market gardens and truck farms. There is no limit to the num-ber of practical problems that may be assigned relating to every phase of garden work. For example, what are the seed, hotbed and cold frame requirements to grow enough plants for 10 acres of early cabbage intercropped with lettuce? And again, how much and what kinds of fertilizers will be needed for a typical truck farm of 100 acres to supply the nearast city market? Problems in companion and succession cropping and rotation are exceedingly valuable. Work of this character may constitute a part of the laboratory practice, although most of it should be done between class periods.
Fig. 108. student gardens at the pennsylvania state college.
As the character of the work undertaken will vary exceedingly in various localities, the following notes must be regarded as merely suggestive.
If there are different soil types in the community they should be inspected, if possible, to determine their adaptability for garden crops.
(1) Plow part of the garden plat in the fall and the remainder early in the spring. Note the difference in the moisture supply and in other physical properties. (2) Study the various types of tools on the premises or at local supply houses. (3) If possible, make an actual test of the important types of hand and horse implements.
(1) Make applications of various classes of manure for a few important vegetables. Demonstrations with fresh and rotten manure should prove especially valuable. (2) Make a compost pile of manures and other materials if available.
Study the character and extent of top and root growth of different classes of green manures and cover crops growing in the vicinity.
(1) Determine the fertilizer requirement of the plat to be planted. (2) Each student should mix and apply the materials which have been determined for his particular plat. (3) Apply nitrate of soda at different stages of growth. Various methods of application may also be tested.
Study the various parts used in the overhead system of irrigation.
(i) Study the various types of nozzles and pumps. (2) Prepare spraying mixtures, unless this experience has been gained in previous courses. (3) Make the necessary applications for the control of insects or diseases in the assigned plats.
Fig. 109. students at work IN the gardens of the pennsylvania state college.
If possible the student should have actual experience in frame construction.
(i) Sow seeds under glass for the early plants needed in the student gardens. Special care should be exercised in preparing soil for this work, and the seed beds should be cared for daily. (2) Sowing in the student plats. (3) Demonstrations under favorable and unfavorable conditions.
(1) Practice exercises, using different methods. (2) Transplant seedlings to be used in garden plats, and care for them daily. (3) Transplant in the student gardens at the proper time.
The full responsibility in growing the plants needed for the student gardens is essential in the training of efficient gardeners. Ventilation of frames should be managed by an employee, because students are often engaged in other college duties when this work must be done. It is also usually important for an assistant to attend to placing and removing mats. All watering in the greenhouse or frames should be done by the student.
(1) Any part which the students can take in harvesting and preparing produce for market will be excellent training. (2) The various types of packages should be exhibited and their merits discussed.
It may be possible for the students to gain practical experience in the storing of vegetables by various methods.
The student garden plats afford ample opportunity for practice in the growing of vegetables. Emulation among the students should be encouraged. The plat work should be conducted in a systematic manner. There should be close adherence to the principles as taught in the class room. The college garden is a different proposition from the graded school garden. It is a miniature but real commercial enterprise in which science is brought to bear at every point. Food and moisture requirements are considered; planting distances determined; habits of growth studied; insect and fungous enemies combated and products harvested and prepared for market.
The gardens should not be larger than can be properly cared for by the student in the time available for this work; 20 x 50 feet is about right for a two-hour laboratory period weekly. Much of the work will be done at odd times by the students. This is important, because rainy weather or an excessive supply of soil moisture often prevents work at the scheduled hours.
Fig. 110. students at work in the gardens at the pennsylvania state college.
No allusion has been made in this chapter to the systematic study of vegetables. The student gardens, however, afford a large amount of excellent material for this work, but such study should be treated in a separate course, as indicated in the introductory remarks.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


3,3,2]) = [1,4,3,2]
def destutter(list):
 l = []
 for i in range(len(list)):
 if list[i] != list[i+1]:
 l.append(list[i])
 return l
This code looks pretty straightforward, but it has a bug: it doesn't properly handle the end of the list. Here's one way of fixing it:

def destutter(list):
 l = []
 for i in range(len(list)):
 if i + 1 >= len(list) or list[i] != list[i+1]:
 l.append(list[i])
 return l
Now let's see what happens when writing more or less the same function in OCaml, with more or less the same bug:

let rec destutter l =
 match l with
 | [] -> []
 | x :: y :: rest ->
 if x = y then destutter (y :: rest)
 else x :: destutter (y :: rest)
This uses OCaml's pattern-matching syntax to get access to the elements of the list. Here :: is the list constructor, and [] indicates an empty list. Thus, the [] case matches the empty list, and the x::y::rest case matches lists that have at least two elements, x and y. The variable rest refers to the (potentially empty) remainder of the list.
Like the Python example, this code fails to contemplate what happens when you get to the end of the list and have only one element left. In this case, however, you find out about the problem not at runtime but at compile time. The compiler gives the following error:

File "destutter.ml", line 2, characters 2-125:
Warning 8: this pattern-matching is not exhaustive.
Here is an example of a value that is not matched:
_::[]
The missing case, _::[], is a list with a single element.
You can fix the code (and satisfy the compiler) by adding a handler for the missing case:

let rec destutter l =
 match l with
 | [] -> []
 | x :: [] -> x :: []
 | x :: y :: rest ->
 if x = y then destutter (y :: rest)
 else x :: destutter (y :: rest)
The error here is a trivial one that would be found easily by testing. But the type system does just as well in exposing errors that are hard to test, either because they show up only in odd corner cases that are easy to miss in testing, or because they show up in complex systems that are hard to mock up and exercise exhaustively.
Straight out of the box, OCaml is pretty good at catching bugs, but it can do even more if you design your types carefully. Consider as an example the following types for representing the state of a network connection:

type connection_state =
| Connecting
| Connected
| Disconnected
type connection_info = {
 state: connection_state;
 server: inet_addr;
 last_ping_time: time option;
 last_ping_id: int option;
 session_id: string option;
 when_initiated: time option;
 when_disconnected: time option;
}
The connection_state type is a simple enumeration of three named states that the connection can be in; connection_info is a record type containing a number of fields describing different aspects of a connection. Note that the fields that have option at the end of the type are essentially nullable fields. (By default, values in OCaml are guaranteed to be non-null). Other than that, there's nothing about this code that's all that different from what you might write in Java or C#.
Here is some information on the individual record fields and how they relate to each other:
* server indicates the identity of the server on the other side of the connection.
* last_ping_time and last_ping_id are intended to be used as part of a keep-alive protocol. Note that either both of those fields should be present, or neither of them should. Also, they should be present only when state is Connected.
* The session_id is a unique identifier that is chosen afresh every time the connection is reestablished. It also should be present only when state is Connected.
* when_initiated is for keeping track of when the attempt to start the connection began, which can be used to determine when the attempt to connect should be abandoned. This should be present only when state is Connecting.
* when_disconnected keeps track of when the connection entered the Disconnected state, and should be present only in that state.
As you can see, a number of invariants tie the different record fields together. Maintaining such invariants takes real work. You need to document them carefully so you don't trip over them later; you need to write tests to verify the invariants; and you must exercise continuing caution not to break the invariants as the code evolves.
But we can do better. Consider the following rewrite:

type connecting = { when_initiated: time; }
type connected = { last_ping : (time * int) option;
 session_id: string; }
type disconnected = { when_disconnected: time; }
type connection_state =
| Connecting of connecting
| Connected of connected
| Disconnected of disconnected
type connection_info = {
 state: connection_state;
 server: inet_addr;
}
We now have a combination of product and sum types that more precisely represents the set of allowable states of a connection. In particular, there is a different record type for each of the three states, each containing the information that is relevant just to that state. Information that is always relevant (in this case, just the server) is pushed to the top-level record. Also, we've made it explicit that last_ping_time and last_ping_id are either both present or both absent by representing them as last_ping, which is an optional pair.
By doing all of this, we've embedded into the type many of the required invariants. Now that the invariants are part of the types, the compiler can detect and reject code that would violate these invariants. This is both less work and more reliable than maintaining such invariants by hand.
The example uses algebraic datatypes to encode invariants, but OCaml has other tools for doing the same. OCaml's module system is one example, allowing you to specify invariants in the interface of a module. Unlike most object-oriented languages, OCaml makes it possible to express complex joint invariants over multiple different types. More generally, OCaml's modules are a powerful tool for breaking down a codebase into small, understandable pieces, where the interactions between those pieces is under the programmer's explicit control.
The type system's ability to catch bugs is valuable even for small solitary projects, but it truly shines in a collaborative environment where multiple developers work together on a long-lived codebase. In addition to finding bugs, type signatures play a surprisingly valuable role as a kind of guaranteed-to-be-correct documentation. In the context of an evolving codebase, invariants enforced by the type system have the benefit of being more durable than those enforced by convention, in that they are less likely to be broken accidentally by another developer.
Limitations
None of this is to say that OCaml is without its flaws. There are, of course, all of the problems associated with being a minority language. OCaml has a great community that has generated a rich set of libraries, but that collection of libraries pales in comparison with what's available for Python, C, or Java. Similarly, development tools such as IDEs, profilers, and debuggers are there, but are considerably less mature and featureful than their cousins in more mainstream languages.
Another limitation of OCaml has to do with parallelism. The OCaml runtime has a single runtime lock, which means that one must use multiple processes to take advantage of multiple cores on a single machine. For the most part, this fits our development model well: we prefer message passing to shared-memory threads as a programming model for parallelism, since it leads to code that is easier to reason about and it scales better to systems that cross multiple physical machines. The tools available in the wider OCaml world for doing this kind of multiprocess programming, however, are still maturing.
But OCaml's limitations are not fundamental in nature. They have more to do with the details of the implementation or the popularity of the language and not with the language itself. In the end, that's what I find most puzzling. I am now quite convinced that the core ideas behind OCaml are enormously valuable, as evidenced by the fact that OCaml itself, whatever its limitations, is a profoundly effective and powerful tool. Yet, those ideas remain stubbornly outside of the mainstream.
Perhaps this is finally on the verge of changing. Languages such as F# and Scala are bringing some of the ideas behind OCaml and Haskell to a wider audience by integrating themselves within the Dotnet and Java ecosystems, respectively. Maybe 10 years from now, we'll no longer need to ask why these ideas have failed to catch on in the wider world. But there's no reason to wait.


text:
a Citizen Astronomy Campaign
Zuluaga et al
In July 5th 2014 an occultation of Mars by the Moon was visible in South America.
Citizen scientists and professional astronomers in Colombia, Venezuela and Chile performed a set of simple observations of the phenomenon aimed to measure the speed of light and lunar distance.
This initiative is part of the so called "Aristarchus Campaign", a citizen astronomy project aimed to reproduce observations and measurements made by astronomers of the past.
Participants in the campaign used simple astronomical instruments (binoculars or small telescopes) and other electronic gadgets (cell-phones and digital cameras) to measure occultation times and to take high resolution videos and pictures.
In this paper we describe the results of the Aristarchus Campaign.
We compiled 9 sets of observations from sites separated by distances as large as 2,500 km. We achieve at measuring the speed of light in vacuum and lunar distance with uncertainties of few percent.
The goal of the Aristarchus Campaigns is not to provide improved values of well-known astronomical and physical quantities, but to demonstrate how the public could be engaged in scientific endeavors using simple instrumentation and readily available technological devices.
These initiatives could benefit amateur communities in developing countries increasing their awareness towards their actual capabilities for collaboratively obtaining useful astronomical data.
This kind of exercises would prepare them for facing future and more advanced observational campaigns where their role could be crucial.
Read nore at _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


\<bookmark_value\>importing; LibreOffice Math formulas\</bookmark_value\>
Import Formula from File
This command opens a dialog for importing a formula.
The Insert dialog is set up like the Open dialog under File. Use the Insert dialog to load, edit and display a formula saved as a file in the Commands window.
You can import MathML files created by other applications as well. The MathML source must have a math element with an xmlns attribute with value "_URL_ The languages MathML and StarMath are not fully compatible, therefore you should revise the import result. For details about the language MathML see its specification.
כדי לגשת לפקודה הזאת…
Choose Tools - Import Formula
Import MathML from Clipboard
This command transforms MathML clipboard content to StarMath and inserts it at the current cursor position.
If the transformation fails, nothing is inserted.
כדי לגשת לפקודה הזאת…
Choose Tools - Import MathML from Clipboard
This command handles only MathML content. If you have copied a LibreOffice Math formula to clipboard, insert it using the command Paste under Edit.
Please support us!


=head1 NAME ictags - Interchange Tags Reference =head1 DESCRIPTION =head1 Interchange Tag Reference Interchange functions are accessed via the Interchange Tag Language (ITL). The pages in a catalog may be mostly HTML, but they will use ITL tags to provide access to Interchange's functions. ITL is a superset of MML, or Minivend Markup Language. Minivend was the predecessor to Interchange. These tags perform various display and modification operations for the user session. There nearly 100 standard predefined tags, and the UserTag facility allows you to create tags that perform your own functions and can be just as powerful as the built-in tags. This document covers Interchange versions 4.7 through 4.9. =head1 Tag Syntax ITL tags are similar to HTML in syntax, in that they accept parameters or attributes and that there are both I and I tags. We will call an attribute a I if it may be called positionally or if it must be included (see the I and I sections below). A standalone tag has no ending element, e.g.: [value name] This tag will insert the user's name, providing they have given it to you in a form. A container tag has both a beginning and an ending element, as in: [if value name] You have a name. It is [value name]. [/if] =head2 Standard Syntax The most common syntax is to enclose the tag with its parameters and attributes in [square brackets]. If the tag has an end tag, the tag and its end tag will delimit contained body text: [tagname parameters attributes]Contained Body Text[/tagname] BSome macros look like tags or end tags. For example, [/page] is a macro for. This allows you to conveniently write [page I]Target[/page], but 'Target' is not treated as contained body text. When using the [tagname...] syntax, there must be no whitespace between the left bracket ('[') and the tagname. If a tag name includes an underscore or dash, as in [I], a dash is just as appropriate (i.e. [item-list]). The two forms are interchangeable, except that an ending tag must match the tag (i.e., don't use [item-list] list [/item_list]). =head2 HTML-Comment ITL also allows you to use '' as interchangeable alternatives to plain square brackets: [tagname] and C< Note that you must include whitespace between the HTML comment delimiters and the square brackets if you wish to actually comment out tag output in the browser. For example, if [value name] expands to 'Bill': '' becomes 'Bill' '' becomes '' Technical notes While '' with ']' unless it also sees'$10.00 [price code="99-102" discount=1] --> $9.00 See I. I I =head2 process This is a shortcut for the 'process' action, expanding to your catalog URL and session ID. It is analogous to the area tag for the 'process' page, but is more limited. The following expansion is S [process target=targetframe] --- _URL_ id=6CZ2whqo" TARGET="targetframe (the trailing backslash indicates continuation, i.e., the result should be only one line) Note the mismatched quotes in the expansion. Your surrounding HTML should supply the containing quotes, like S... Aliases: B, B Summary [process target secure] [process target=targetframe secure=1 other_named_attributes] Parameters Description Default target The target frame or window None secure Boolean. If true (secure=1), the URL will link to your secure server.No Attributes Default interpolate (reparse) No Other_Characteristics Invalidates cache No Container tag No B [process targetframe 1] --- _URL_ id=6CZ2whqo" TARGET="targetframe B $Tag->process( { target => 'frametarget', secure => 1, } ); or similarly with positional parameters, $Tag->process($target, $secure, $attribute_hash_reference); =head2 process-search This is an exact alias for [area]. =head2 query Passes SQL statements through to SQL databases, or allows SQL queries via Interchange's database abstraction into non-SQL databases and text files. The latter requires the Perl I module (included with Bundle::Interchange from CPAN). Summary [query sql] [query sql="SQL_query_text" other_named_attributes] Parameters Description Default sql The SQL statement.Passed directly through to an SQL database.For a non-SQL table, the tag interprets your SQL first. See the SQL Statement module for limitations and detail.none query Alias for sql none Attributes Default table products base (alias for table) products type (row_count, html, list, textref)none: uses arrayref="" if no type arrayref arrayref="" if no type given hashref none more (type=list) No xx form var. abbrev. (type=list) see form variable (type=list) sql list_prefix (type=list) list random (type=list) No safe_data (type=list) No label (type=list) current form (type=list) none wantarray No interpolate No reparse Yes Other_Characteristics Invalidates cache No Container tag Yes Has subtags Yes Nests No B This will list sku, description and price for ten products per page, followed by hyperlinks to the other pages of the list. Note that you may interpolate Interchange tags in the usual way if you double-quote the SQL statement. [query sql="select sku, description, price from products where price < [value mv_arg]" type=list more=1 ml=10] [on_match]Matched
[/on_match] [no_match]Not Found
[/no_match] [list] [sql-code] [sql-param description] [sql-price] [/list] [more_list] Matches [matches] of [match-count] shown.
[more] [/more_list] [/query] B my $sql = "select * from products order by price"; my $result_array = $Tag->query( { sql => $sql, }, $body ); my ($same_results, $col_name_hash, $col_name_array) = $Tag->query( { sql => $sql, }, $body ); my $result_hasharray = $Tag->query( { sql => $sql, hashref =>'my_results', }, $body ); or similarly with positional parameters, $Tag->query( $sql, $attribute_hash_reference, $body); Description The query tag allows you to make SQL queries. If you are using an SQL database table, the tag will pass your SQL statement directly to the database and return the result. If your table is not in an SQL database (for example, GDBM, text, LDAP, and in-memory tables), Interchange will internally convert it to an Interchange search specification with the Perl I module (included with Bundle::Interchange from CPAN). This means that you can use simple SQL queries regardless of the underlying database implementation. I For list queries (type=list), the following subtags are available: Subtag Usage on_match [on_match] do this if something matched [/on_match] no_match [no_match] do this if nothing matched [/no_match] list [list_prefix] do this for each matched item [/list_prefix]The 'list' subtag defines a region where you can use any of the looping subtags that work in array-list context (see Looping tags and Sub-tags).The default looping tag prefix will be'sql'. Note however that you can override this by setting the prefix attribute in the enclosing query tag.Similarly, the list_prefix attribute renames the [list] subtag itself to the value you set (see list_prefix below). more_list [more_list] [more] [/more_list]The'more_list' and'more' subtags are used when paginating the query results (see'more' attribute). The [more] subtag will expand to a list of links to the other pages of the query results. See also the example at the end of the Summary section above. Perl and ASP usage If you are calling $Tag->query within a perl tag (or whenever the code is secured by the I module), you must be sure to set the tables attribute properly in the enclosing perl tag (see the perl tag documentation for detail). The I that return text to a page (i.e., row_count, html, and textref) work as usual, returning an appropriate string. Note that you may also have access to the results as an array reference in $Vend::Interpolate::Tmp->{''} for the life of the page. If you do not set a I, the tag will return a reference to an array of array references, since the default with no I is arrayref="". If you call $Tag->query in scalar context and set I or I, it will return your results as a reference to an array of either arrayrefs or hashrefs, respectively (i.e., the same data structures you would get from Perl's DBI.pm module with fetchall_arrayref). In list context, the first returned element is the aforementioned reference to your results. The second element is a hash reference to your column names, and the third element is an an array reference to the list of column names. The following examples should be S [perl tables=products] my $sql = "select sku, price, description from products where price < 10 order by price"; my $results = $Tag->query( {


text:
Environmental Aspects Review : A Case Study of Two Sawmills in Etsako-West, Edo State Nigeria
The forests are essential for healthy environment. Trees which are part of theforest help to stabilize the forest soil, improve soil fertility, reduce the velocity ofwind, protect watershed and reduce the amount of carbon released into theatmosphere. Many industries use trees as raw materials and in most cases impactthe environment, but there are great differences in the impact they make. There isa need therefore to continually evaluate the operational activities of theseindustries to ensure that the environment is protected. The use of environmentalmanagement systems like ISO and EMAS standards has helped in the evaluationof organizations and industries.In this thesis, two sawmills Iretunde and Irepodun in Etsako-West localgovernment area Edo state Nigeria were evaluated with the aim to determine theiroperational activities and how the environment is being affected by them. Subaimswere to determine the most significant environmental aspects of the sawmilland their organizational structure. In actualizing the aim of this thesis, literaturereview, site investigation as well as oral interview of the staff and management ofboth sawmills were conducted. In the evaluation of the environmental aspects, thedetailed method of environmental impact evaluation by Ammenberg (2004) wasused were each environmental aspect that was weighted against nine identifiedcriteria.The result obtained from the environmental aspect evaluation of both sawmillsshows that the use of raw materials and emissions to air are the most significantenvironmental aspects. In conclusion, it was observed that the both sawmills arewell structured and carry out their operational activities effectively. Neither ofthem has registered under any environmental management system but there is aneed for them to do so in order to help check their operational activities in order toreduce their environmental impact.
School:Högskolan i Gävle
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:environmental review aspects iso14001 sawmills emas nigeria
Date of Publication:09/24/2008

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This week at the station
This week at Mawson: 10 January 2014
The highs and lows of Mawson weather in 2013
Luc De Pauw is part of the meteorology team at Mawson. This week Luc has provided Mawson's 'Year in numbers' or the yearly weather summary for 2013.
To create a comprehensive list of data and facts about the weather at Mawson for the calendar year 2013.
Wind run definition = the measure of the total distance of the travelled wind during a period of 24 hours.
Conclusion 2013 was windy. The average wind run per day was 8.3% above the long term mean. A total wind run of 382,700 km results in an average wind speed of 43.7 kph during every hour of the year!
Record broken: Highest wind run measured for the month January = 36606 km during. (Previous record was set at 35278 km for the month of January)
Conclusion: Air pressure was pretty much the same as the long term mean pressure.
No air pressure records broken during the year.
Conclusion: During the year we had nearly 20% less hours of sunshine compared to the long term mean.
Due to the geographic location the sun didn't rise from 14 June 2013 till 29 June 2013 and didn't set from 30 November 2013 till 13 January 2014. Although the sun did not set through this period the plateau did shade the station for a few hours each night.
Even though the sun didn't set, its intensity when less than 5 degrees above the horizon is too weak to register on the sunshine recorder, hence the maximum amount of sunshine for any day during the year stands at 17.2 hours instead of the theoretically 24 hours.
No sunshine records broken during the year.
Blowing Snow – Visibility reduced to less than 1 km due to blowing snow.
Strong Wind – A Strong Wind day has wind in excess of 41 km/h
Gale – A Gale is wind in excess of 63 km/h.
Blizzard – When all the following conditions exist, it is termed a blizzard:
- Blowing snow
- Gale force winds (34 knots or more) and persisting for at least one hour
- Air temperature less than 0°C
- Visibility 100 metres or less
Note: Only the wind has time-based criteria and all weather elements MUST be observed "at time of observation".
From our figures we can conclude 2013 was slightly warmer than the long term mean. Both Mean Daily Max and Mean daily Min are 0.4°C above the long term mean. No temperature records were broken during the year. The year 2013 was about average in pressure, slightly warmer in temperature, 10% windier and 20% less sunny compared to the long term mean. We had many more days of Snow, days of Strong wind and Gale force winds compared to the long term mean. We also had three more days of blizzards.
Cleaning out the fuel tanks, somebody has to do it!
As part of the yearly maintenance for the plumbers, it is our duty to ensure that at least five 90 000 litre fuel tanks are cleaned here on station. In the past this job has been known to be plagued with problems as new laws and procedures are introduced or equipment does not meet the standards. However this year Pete Layt (our Building Site Supervisor) in conjunction with Kingston and many others, has ensured everything was in order to complete our quota.
In a classic example of working together to achieve a result we enlisted the help of the diesel fitters to operate the crane, capture fuel and sludge and change valves/plugs. The electrician was on hand to disconnect the high level switches, isolate equipment and provide temporary power for equipment. That left the plumbers; one inside the tank, one as a spotter on top and the other as the coordinator of the whole operation.
The job is simple despite the mountains of paperwork. Lift the lids off, ventilate, set up the swing arm/rescue device, drop a ladder down, do the confined space gas recordings and continually monitor while the cleaner goes down with a breathing apparatus and brooms the sludge out, valves and plugs are serviced.
Once dressed up, I could have easily been mistaken for Neil Armstrong when he first walked on the moon. With disposable overalls on, gumboots, rescue tank behind, breathing apparatus mask, air line attached and harness I looked very much the part. This job felt like "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"... after all we are in Antarctica.


text:
Swumanoid's body is packed with instruments (Image: Tokyo Institute of Technology)
The form of the robot is based on digital scans of human swimmers (Image: Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Swumanoid is designed to reproduce a human swimmer's movements (Image: Tokyo Institute of Technology)
With the swimming program of the London Olympics now completed and medals awarded, many will now be casting their attention to Rio in 2016 and how competitors can be helped to swim faster, how they can be made stronger, and what swimwear can be developed to improve their performance. Researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology are hoping to answer these questions by developing a humanoid robot able to reproduce realistic swimming strokes.
Other Images from this Gallery


text: The problem of interest is the detection of transient signals in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) in the presence of missing signal observations (samples). Specifically, a fusion center aims at detecting the presence of transient signals by collecting measurements from individual sensors through erasure channels. Under the assumption that the fusion center can control the sampling procedure through a feedback channel, a strategy is proposed to adapt the sampling rate in response to sample missing with the goal of achieving accurate and timely decisions with the minimum communication cost measured by sampling rate. The proposed strategy is flexible in that it can be configured to suit different performance requirements. Compared with fixed-rate sampling, the proposed strategy achieves better tradeoff between Quality of Detection (QoD) and communication cost through dynamic adaptation.


Struct vs primitive type?
#1
When should I use primitive types over structs and why?
Here is a concrete example:
I am working with a C code and there is a UInt32 called LATCH that is interpreted in fancy ways. E.g. so me of its bits are flags and other bits encode two very small integers.
I need to interface with this C code and want an analogous julia type with same memory layout. There are to options:
struct Latch
 data::UInt32
end
primitive type Latch 32 end
Which one should I choose? What are the advantages/disadvantages?
#2
If you are just working on the type in julia code, it doesn't matter. All operations are most easily done on the UInt32 and it's the difference between using reinterpret and field access.
If you are passing this to/from C, then the argument and return type must be primitive type (assuming it's a uint32_t in C). Using a primitive type is easier in this case though there's nothing wrong with passing a UInt32 to C and convert that to your struct in julia either.


text:
Nufarm significantly expands innovation and development capability in western Canada with Olds College Smart Farm partnership
- The Nufarm technology development station partnership with Olds College will dedicate substantial investment over the next five years. It is a significant milestone in the advancement of commercial scale-applied research in support of Canada's agriculture and food sectors.
- Internal research capacity will allow the intricate evaluation and development of new technologies unique and proprietary to Nufarm including traditional crop protection products, biologicals and new emerging technologies.
- Nufarm celebrates 25 years in Canada in 2024 with one of broadest and fastest growing portfolios of crop protection solutions in Canada.
- Nufarm Canada plans to launch over 20 new products and technologies in the next 3 years.
[Calgary, AB] Nufarm Canada is doubling down on its commitment to provide growers and those who support them with the powerful tools they need to continue enhancing yield and quality through a collaboration in the research, development, and testing of agriculture technologies and products at the Olds College Smart Farm. The announcement was made during Olds College of Agriculture & Technology's annual AgSmart event. This agreement marks a significant milestone in the advancement of Nufarm's commercial scale-applied research in support of Canadian growers.
The Alberta-based technology development station will provide Nufarm researchers with access to up to 80 acres of land for trials, as well as access to Olds College expertise and leadership in ag tech research. The renowned Olds College Smart Farm is made up of 3,600 acres of land for crop and forage production including state-of-the-art equipment and technology, access to greenhouses, labs, incubator space, plus additional infrastructure. The Smart Farm creates a place for producers, industry partners, students, and faculty to look at the opportunities and challenges facing the agriculture industry and investigate solutions to evolve agriculture practices. Nufarm expects to begin research and development trials for the 2024 growing season.
Nufarm Canada has made significant investments in the innovation required to develop and offer a wide range of leading-edge crop protection products, seed genetics, and other solutions tailored to the specific needs of farmers based on crop variety and soil zone. The Olds partnership establishes a strategic framework for the development and testing of agriculture technologies, plot trials of chemistry and biological technologies, seed genetics, agronomic training, and applied research projects related to smart agricultural technology.
Boyd Bergstrom, country lead, Nufarm Canada, said the development signals Nufarm Canada's continued growth as a credible provider of innovative technologies as growers face increased weed resistance issues, weather and soil pressures, and evolving sustainability practices.
"We are thrilled to partner with Olds College, a renowned institution with a strong commitment to agricultural excellence, as we make significant investments in our applied research on behalf of the growers we serve," said Bergstrom. "Nufarm's expertise in crop protection and seed technologies, combined with Olds College's innovative approach creates a powerful synergy to drive the development and adoption of cutting-edge agricultural solutions."
Graham Collier, product success lead for Carinata with Nuseed, said with this agreement Nufarm's innovation and development capability more than doubles in western Canada, adding to its existing research footprint in Saskatchewan, as well as co-op trials throughout the region. "Our innovation program is growing rapidly as we develop new crop protection products and invest in new segments like biologicals. Our efforts are focused on providing growers with soil-specific solutions and using our data to support local, regional, and global projects that advance our crop yields and quality."
Farmers in western Canada have faced prolonged drought, resulting in significant kochia pressure again this season, said Collier. "One of the most exciting results from our localized approach to research is a powerful new herbicide you will be hearing a lot about later this fall. We have a unique solution to help farmers take back control in the fight against weed resistance, specifically kochia."
Dr. Ben Cecil, President, Olds College, commented, "Nufarm shares our commitment to advancing agricultural innovation, and together we will harness the full potential of our Smart Ag Ecosystem. Through collaborative research, transformative education, and sustainable practices, we will shape the future of Canadian agriculture."
For More Information:
Holly Nicoll | Head of Marketing | Nufarm Canada | [email protected]
Robyn Soper | Sr. Marketing & Communications Advisor | Olds College of Agriculture & Technology | [email protected]
About Olds College of Agriculture & Technology:
Olds College of Agriculture & Technology is known for high-tech, hands-on agriculture education and innovative applied research that lays the foundation for solving real-world problems in farming, food, and land. The College offers programming in Agriculture, Horticulture, Land and Environment Management, Animal Science, Food Production, Business, Trades and Apprenticeships. Olds College Centre of Innovation and Smart Farm are accelerating the development and adoption of technologies and practices that result in improved productivity, profitability and sustainability of the agriculture and agri-food industry through industry-driven applied research. Olds College of Agriculture & Technology has been recognized as one of Canada's top 50 research colleges by Research Infosource. As Canada's smart agriculture college, Olds College of Agriculture & Technology is working to achieve its social purpose of transforming agriculture for a better world.


In The Witch of Blackbird Pond, what is a charter?
Asked on by dmctigue
2 Answers | Add Yours
Top Answer
pohnpei397's profile pic
pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted on
The previous answer gives you a number of possible definitions of a charter, but does not tell you which one applies in this book. In this book, the charter that the colonists have is like a constitution. This goes along with the first definition of charter as a noun in the answer above.
English colonies in the new world were typically given charters. These documents spelled out the rules for how the colonies would be governed. They specified what rights the colonists would have. In this book, the English government is trying to change the terms of the charter to reduce the degree to which the colonists' rights will be respected.
bbgirl101's profile pic
bbgirl101 | Student, Grade 9 | (Level 1) eNoter
Posted on
used as a noun
1. a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its right and privileges defined
2. a written constitution or description of an organization's functions
3. the reservation of an aircraft, boat, or bus for private use
4. an aircraft, boat, or bus that is reserved for private use
5. a trip made by an aircraft, boat, or bus under charter
used as a verb
1. grant a charter to (a city, college, or other institution)
2. reserve (an aircraft, boat, or bus) for private use
We've answered 319,844 questions. We can answer yours, too.
Ask a question


text: We describe a novel system for focusing X-rays based on the eye of a lobster and a method for fabricating such optics using microchannel plates which have pores with square cross sections. Lobster eye optics will enable us to construct X-ray telescopes capable of simultaneously viewing a large fraction of the sky, making possible a new class of X-ray astronomy survey and monitoring missions. We have tested the X-ray optical properties of one of the first available square pore MCP's. We find that the angular resolution of the MCP lense is 5 arcminutes (FWHM). The resolution is limited by misalignment of the pore surfaces.


text:
Fluorescence of Beta-2-microglobulin in the Spent Dialysate
The aim of the study was to determine if fluorescence chromatography can be used to measure modified beta-2-microgobulin (B2M) from the spent dialysate. Amyloid B2M is the main pathogenic component of dialysis-related amyloidosis. This component is in our sphere of interest being one of the fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGE). AGEs are potential uremic toxins that can cause amyloidosis and cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney failure patients.
Two haemodialysis patients with high levels of B2M were selected for this study. Their spent dialysate samples were collected 10 minutes after the start of the dialysis process and less hydrophilic compounds were concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE) column. Sediment from the concentrate and spent dialysate were analysed with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) MicrOTOF-Q II coupled to high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) Dionex UltiMate 3000 RS. The sediment was analysed with Poroshell 120 ECC18 column and spent dialysate with Kinetex C18 100A column. MagTran was used to interpret mass spectra.
Brown coloured fluorescent sediment of the concentrate was identified as amyloid B2M on the basis of MS and fluorescence spectra. AGE modified B2M was also found from spent dialysate. However the fluorescence intensity was very low compared to overall fluorescence of spent dialysate.
In summary, the study revealed that the fluorescence of AGE modified B2M is possible to detect in spent dialysate. However, the measuring system needs high selectivity and sensitivity for detection due to low contribution of AGE modified B2M to overall fluorescence.
KeywordsAdvanced glycation beta-2-microgobulin fluorescence mass spectrum dialysate
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.


text:
Europe has its own natural resources, world-class deposits and still major potential. Today, the European mineral raw materials industry occupies no more than a fraction of 1% of the land surface on a temporary basis. Raw-material supply makes use of geological anomalies that cannot be moved from where they are found. Deposits may be situated in remote (and relatively pristine) areas.
Metals and minerals from the mining and recycling industrial ecosystem are crucial drivers for transition to a sustainable low carbon economy. Safeguarding supply of critical metals/minerals is essential for strategic autonomy of the EU economy (which does not fully depend on providers outside Europe).
Looking ahead, considering increasing pressures on land use in and around cities, protection of and support for biodiversity is to become increasingly important for all sectors, particularly including the mining industry.
Euromines supports the preparation of EU nature restoration targets in 2021. The different policies like the Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and the Zero Pollution Action Plan, but also other related policies like the Industrial Strategy and the list of Critical Raw Materials, must be coherent. A proactive dialog between our sector and EU decision makers is key to let our sector interact as source for EU businesses within the unique EU framework of nature protection. The European mineral raw materials industry can contribute with its best practices of biodiversity conservation.
Due to its long mining history, Europe has developed unique competence in rehabilitation and eco-system management and the European mining sector actively supports the conservation of biodiversity.


,sub1,mat out1$; dont_reset,sub2,mat out2$)
 - FL – The file handle for the already opened file in question.
 - MAT F$ - Work array with a size that corresponds to the number of string elements in the record (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - MAT F – Work array with a size that corresponds to the number of numeric elements in the record (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - MAT fm$ - Array of Forms statement. FM$(FL) must be the form statement for this file (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - Sub1 – Subscript of the element to return in the first array.
 - MAT out1$ - Array in which to return the data. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file.
 - Dont_reset – By default the array will clear the contents of the arrays that are passed in. This Boolean flag will instruct the function to not empty the passed in arrays.
 - Sub2 – Subscript of the element to return in the second array. This is optional. If it is specified, you must give MAT out2$, or BR will return an error.
 - MAT out2$ - Array in which to return the second (optional) parameter. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file. This parameter MUST be provided when Sub2 is given (non-zero). This parameter will not be used if Sub2 is not given or is given as 0.
fnReadFilterKeys
This function by Mikhail Zheleznov is a modification of the above functions. Like its predecessors, it reads an entire file, populating the specified arrays with data from all or some of the records in the file. The given subscripts specify which fields to return from each record. The key given specifies search criteria for the records. The filter specifies filtering criteria that can be preformed on the data before it is returned.
FnReadFilterKeys(Fl,Mat F$,Mat F,Mat Fm$,Key$,Keyfld,Sub1,Mat Out1$;Filter$,Filter_Sub,Readlarger,Sub2,Mat Out2$, Sub3, Mat Out3$, Sub4,Mat Out4$)
 - FL – The file handle for the already opened file in question.
 - MAT F$ - Work array with a size that corresponds to the number of string elements in the record (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - MAT F – Work array with a size that corresponds to the number of numeric elements in the record (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - MAT fm$ - Array of Forms statement. FM$(FL) must be the form statement for this file (this is calculated automatically in the Open statement, if you used this library to open the file).
 - Key$ - The key to search for in the read statements
 - Keyfld – the subscript of the key field in the data file. This must match the key field specified in the data file otherwise the function won't work.
 - Sub1 – Subscript of the element to return in the first array.
 - MAT out1$ - Array in which to return the data. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file.
 - Filter$ – This optional parameter identifies matches to search for in the records. It works in conjunction with Filter_Sub
 - Filter_Sub – This parameter specifies which field to look for in the records for matches to Filter$. Only records which have Filter$ in the specified field will be returned.
 - Sub2 – Subscript of the element to return in the second array. This is optional. If it is specified, you must give MAT out2$, or BR will return an error.
 - MAT out2$ - Array in which to return the second (optional) field. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file. This parameter MUST be provided when Sub2 is given (non-zero). This parameter will not be used if Sub2 is not given or is given as 0.
 - Sub3 – Subscript of the element to return in the third array. This is optional. If it is specified, you must give MAT out3$, or BR will return an error.
 - MAT out3$ - Array in which to return the third (optional) field. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file. This parameter MUST be provided when Sub3 is given (non-zero). This parameter will not be used if Sub3 is not given or is given as 0.
 - Sub4 – Subscript of the element to return in the fourth array. This is optional. If it is specified, you must give MAT out4$, or BR will return an error.
 - mat out4$ - Array in which to return the fourth (optional) field. This array will be resized to match the number of records in the file. This parameter MUST be provided when Sub4 is given (non-zero). This parameter will not be used if Sub4 is not given or is given as 0.
This function was written by Mikhail Zheleznov for the fileIO library.
fnReadDescription$
fnReadDescription$(Fl,Subscript,key$,mat F$,mat F,mat Form$)
 - Fl – File Handle for file to use (Route File).
 - Subscript – Index of field in record to use (should be taken from file layout) (RT_NAME, which should equal 2 after opening routefile (unless we change the file layout later)).
 - key$ - Item that should match a key in this file somewhere (in this case it is the route code from the farm record).
 - mat F$ & mat F - Work Variables to hold a file record from the file we are reading they have to be dimensioned properly, which is why we use our colorcat$ and our colorcat for these parameters.
 - mat Form$ - This will need to be our array of form statements, so the function can read the file properly.
Lets take a look at how this function works:
In the example program I used above, I am reading the Color File to get details about each color. The color file contains a colorcat code field, but I want to display the colorcat description. The colorcat file contains a few details about a color category, and it is indexed based on colorcat code:
 route.dat, RT_
 route.key, CODE
 recl=512
 ===================================================
 CODE, Routing Code, C 6
 NAME, Routing Name Description, C 30
 MOFT, T/A/C (truck/air/courier), C 1
 SHIPPINGDAY, Day of Week for Shipping, C 7
Now, as you know, in the above example, we have already opened the ColorCat File, and we have opened and read a Color record.
 04020 let colorfile=fnopen("color",mat color$,mat color,mat form$)
 04030 let colorcatfile=fnopen("colorcat",mat colorcat$,mat colorcat,mat form$,1)
 30120 read #colorfile, using form$(colorfile) : mat color$, mat color eof Ignore
 30180 LET ccode$=color$(CO_CODE) !:
 LET Name$=color$(CO_NAME)
Now all that's left to do is to take the Color File's ColorCat code and use it to look up the ColorCat File's description.
 30190 LET ColorCat$ = fnReadDescription$(ColorCatFile, CC_NAME, Color$(CO_CATEGORY),
 mat ColorCat$, mat ColorCat, mat form$)
fnReadUnopenedDescription$
This function accomplishes the same thing as fnReadDescription except that it opens the data file for you. It is slower then FnReadDescription$, but it is easier to use.
FnReadUnopenedDescription$(Layout$,key$*255;Field)
 - Layout$ - the layout of the file we are reading
 - key$ - the value of the key field in the record to be read
 - Field - the element of the data file to return. If not given, this defaults to 2, so sometimes it is a good idea to design your data files so that string field number two is a descriptive field, like Name or Description.
This function only works on the first key file for each data file. This function is a convenience function but it is slow because it opens the file and closes it for each call. Opening a file is one of the most time consuming program operations.
fnReadNumber
fnReadNumber does the same thing that ReadDescription does except it reads a numeric field instead of a description.
Lets take a look at how this function works:
fnR


Capital punishment in Puerto Rico
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Capital punishment is forbidden by law in Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. However, a number of people were executed in the territory before abolition.
From the 16th century until 1898, Puerto Rico was a part of the Spanish Empire. The number of people executed in Puerto Rico by the Spanish authorities is:
 - 16th Century: 289
 - 17th Century: 70
 - 18th Century: 44
 - 19th Century: 159[1]
In result of the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico became U.S. territory. 27 people were executed under American administration during the 20th century. The authorized method of execution was hanging, although in 1900, the American military authorities executed at least five convicted murderers using the garrotte method that was a legacy of Spanish rule.[2]
The last person executed in Puerto Rico was Pascual Ramos, hanged for murder in 1927. Two years later, in 1929, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico abolished the death penalty.[3][4] The Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating "The death penalty shall not exist".[5]
Despite these provisions, the death penalty can still be applied in Puerto Rico under the federal government, which is a subject of considerable controversy in the territory.[6]
See also[edit]
Capital punishment in the United States


Lecture 18: Physical Simulation (23)
GKohavi
How will this type of structure act exactly? Basically act rigid in one direction and springy the other?
ayushsm
I think so, because if you look a couple slides ago, they talk about how we're trying to consider the strain between them. From an intuitive standpoint, it makes sense for these to stretch differently from our bottom left to top right corners than from our bottom right to top left corners. There exists that extra bond, so there would be a different strain between those if we stretched in those different directions.
You must be enrolled in the course to comment


text:
designate idiolectal lexemes by indicating, first, their principal component with an italic capital and then their secondary component(s) with an italic lower-case superscript; for example, Sa signifies Sahidic influenced phonetically (and to some extent, but irregularly, phonologically) by Akhmimic.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Anticipatory grief refers to a grief reaction that occurs in anticipation of an impending death. While this term is usually used in connection with spouses, other people and even dying people can experience anticipatory grief themselves.
This emotional phenomenon can include some of the usual symptoms of grief, including depression, and extreme concern for or attention to the dying person, but recovery and acceptance do not occur. It does not speed the grieving period after death.
Anticipatory grief is the subject of controversy. To the extent that grief requires loss by definition, anticipatory grief primarily is mourning over the immediate loss of everyday security and normalcy, instead of the future loss of the terminally ill person.
Anticipatory grief does not always occur, and may be quite rare. While many people use this term very loosely, typical feelings of sadness or being overwhelmed by the needs of a terminally ill person are not usually accepted as an actual grief reaction by researchers.
Some people believe that the anticipation of loss frequently intensifies attachment to the person.
- ↑ Definition of Anticipatory grief
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Anticipatory grief, National Cancer Institute
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


The Charmed Wiki
Power Absorption
4,677pages on
this wiki
Power Absorption
Power Information
To absorbs magical powers leaving the original owner without any of their powers.
 - Point hand at target
 - Through touch (may involve killing the victim or when using artifacts)
Defensive Power
Image Gallery
Power Absorption is the ability to absorb magical powers, leaving the original owner without their powers. It is often accomplished by killing the power's original host and then taking the power, but has been done without killing the original host.
Methods of Power AbsorptionEdit
Warlocks absorb the powers of other magical beings by killing the host and naturally obtaining their magic. Their most common targets are witches, though they go after demons and whitelighters as well.
The Slime Demon used this power to feed on the magic of other beings for survival, as did the Spider demon along with her Life Draining power. However, they used different methods: for example; The Slime Demon would engulf the foe with its slimy figure and digests them, while The Spider Demon would wrap her victims in a cocoon of webs and drain their powers through her hands
The Dogan had the power to absorb the Essence of other magical beings, good or evil by killing them, absorbing their powers and the beings themselves through his hands in the process. The method used by Zankou was the same.
The Titans had the power to absorb the abilities of other magical beings by pointing both hands at them.
Cole Turner was also able to absorb powers through touch while he was in the Demonic Wasteland. Though it's unknown if he can do that outside of Wasteland.
Parasite Demons were a duo of demons cursed by a witch, reducing them to a powerless state, forcing them the absorb other beings' life force and powers to live.
Sirk had the power to absorb the abilities of other magical beings, by killing them. He gained Paige Matthews ability to access magic school when he killed her. He also gains random powers for each kill, whether his victim is magical or not.
All warlocks have the innate ability to absorb the power of the beings they kill by stabbing them with an athame. However, Matthew Tate had the ability to copy the powers used on him without killing the victim.
Certain Athames are able to naturally absorb a being's powers into the blade and then into the wielder. It is commonly used by Warlocks to kill witches and steal/store their powers.
The Hollow can absorb all powers that it comes in physical contact with. Once the Hollow is contained, the powers are returned.
The Crystal Sword was a formidable magical weapon formerly owned by Gabriel Statler which could absorb the powers and skills of other magical beings.
Drake dè Mon, a former Mercury demon, once made a Deal with a Sorcerer to be made human, with a soul, but if Drake used his powers in an offensive manner, they would be forfeit to the Sorcerer.
Spells and RitualsEdit
A witch can use a spell to extract the power of Empathy from someone: To Relinquish an Empath's Power. However, the power will find a new host, the spell caster, if physical contact is established during the spell. However, the power of empathy will drive the witch insane if they were never meant to have it, and will die within 24 hours unless the power is withdrawn.
A witch can also use a spell to steal another witch's magic: To Separate a Witch from Her Powers. While witches can use this spell to take someone's magic into themselves, they can also redirect it to someone they intend to give the power to. Gail Altman, Amanda and Helen used this spell to deliver the Charmed Ones' powers to the demon Cryto. The spell is used once again by the Stillman sisters to steal the Charmed Ones' powers for themselves.
In the spell to separate a witch's power, there is also a potion required for the spell to work properly. Zankou used this potion to steal the Charmed Ones' powers. However, the potion is useless if the witch it targets is in astral mode.
Offensive UsageEdit
Power absorption is mostly used to weaken one's opponents, draining them and leaving them powerless to fight while adding the absorbed powers and magic to one's own arsenal. In the case of the Hollow or the Parasite Demons, they absorb the magic of the powers or potions used on them, granting them a form of immunity towards attacks, but they vary in the fact that The Hollow can automatically absorb the powers used on it or its host(s) but the Parasite Demons have to do it consciously, leaving them vulnerable to attack when caught off-guard.
List of UsersEdit
Original power
Through artifacts, potions, etc.
 1. Through the use of an Athame.
 2. Through the Crystal Sword.
 3. While in the the Demonic Wasteland.
See AlsoEdit
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki


text:
En*force"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. enforcement.]
The act of enforcing; compulsion.
He that contendeth against these enforcements may easily master or resist them.
Sir W. Raleigh.
Confess 't was hers, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her.
A giving force to; a putting in execution.
Enforcement of strict military discipline.
That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.
The rewards and punishment of another life, which the Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law.
© Webster 1913.


text:
Flat panels are necessary when making many types of solar cookers. These panels are normally made from cardboard, wood, or metal. The panels are covered with reflective material. This page serves to discuss other possibilities.
See also Waterproofing.
Parabola with paper mache:[Low cust parabola in PlenoSol]
Papercrete is a recently developed construction material which consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added. First patented in 1928, it has been revived since the 1980s. Although perceived as an environmentally friendly material due to the significant recycled content, this is offset by the presence of cement. The material lacks standardisation, and proper use therefore requires care and experience. Eric Patterson and Mike McCain, who have been ascribed with independently "inventing" papercrete (they called it "padobe" and "fibrous cement"), have both contributed considerably to research into machinery to make it and ways of using it for building. Its R-value is reported to be within 2.0 and 3.0 per inch. [From Wikipedia Papercrete article]


From WikiRaider
Revision as of 20:31, 29 August 2012 by Tombraidergirl (talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of Russia
Russia is located in the Northern hemisphere in Europe and Asia. It is the largest country in the world with an area of 17,075,400 km². Of other countries Lara has visited, Russia shares borders with Kazakhstan and China, as well as maritime borders with Japan, and the USA (Alaska).
Russian Levels in Tomb Raider Chronicles
Main article: Russia Section
The Base
During World War II a German U-Boat carrying the legendary Spear of Destiny sank somewhere in the North Atlantic. A Russian crime organization headed by Sergei Mikhailov is out to retrieve it, and towards that end they have bribed a captain of the navy into using his submarine. Lara is closely on their tail. Here she must infiltrate the Zapadnaya Litsa port and sneak on board a nuclear submarine. Underwater the excavation of the wreck is done using an armoured diving suit. The stages in Russia are of an average difficulty.
Lara in Siberia
In Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Lara must make her way to Siberia to find the lost city. While in Siberia she has numerous modes of transportation including plane, boat, and Siberian Huskies. Lara also encounters a mysterious young girl with whom she converses in Russian and the girl appears to know alot about Lara's father, Richard.


text:
Played today: 1
All times played: 1633
Use up to 12 different shapes to fill up empty gray gap placed in the middle of the screen. Move, rotate or even mirror the shapes until you find the solution how to fill up the gap. There are 12 different shapes and every shape is composed of five colored squares.
Use the mouse to click and select shape and then to drag and drop where ever you want. R to rotate, M to mirror.


1. Studies on the kinetics of pyruvate transport into mitochondria by an 'inhibitor-stop' technique were hampered by the decarboxylation of pyruvate by mitochondria even in the presence of rotenone. Decarboxylation was minimal at 6 degrees C. At this temperature the Km for pyruvate was 0.15 mM and Vmax. was 0.54nmol/min per mg of protein; α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor, Ki 6.3 muM, and phenyl-pyruvate a competitive inhibitor, Ki 1.8 mM. 2. At 100 muM concentration, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate rapidly and almost totally inhibited O2 uptake by rat heart mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate. Inhibition could be detected at concentrations of inhibitor as low as 1 muM although inhibition took time to develop at this concentration. Inhibition could be reversed by diluting out the inhibitor. 3. Various analogues of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate were tested on rat liver and heart mitochondria. The important structural features appeared to be the α-cyanopropenoate group and the hydrophobic aromatic side chain. α-Cyanocinnamate, α-cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoate and compound UK 5099 [α-cyano-β-(2-phenylindol-3-yl)acrylate] were all more powerful inhibitors than α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate showing 50% inhibition of pyruvate-dependent O2 consumption by rat heart mitochondria at concentrations of 200, 200 and 50 nM respectively. 4. The specificity of the carrier for its substrate was studied by both influx and efflux experiments. Oxamate, 2-oxobutyrate, phenylpyruvate, 2-oxo-4-methyl-pentanoate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, difluoroacetate, 2-chloropropionate, 3-chloropropionate and 2,2-dichloropropionate all exchanged with pyruvate, whereas acetate, lactate and trichloroacetate did not. 5. Pyruvate entry into the mitochondria was shown to be accompanied by the transport of a proton (or by exchange with an OH-ion). This proton flux was inhibited by α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and allowed measurements of pyruvate transport at higher temperatures to be made. The activation energy of mitochondrial pyruvate transport was found to be 113 kJ (27 kcal)/mol and by extrapolation the rate of transport of pyruvate at 37 degrees C to be 42 nmol/min per mg of protein. The possibility that pyruvate transport into mitochondria may be rate limiting and involved in the regulation of gluconegenesis is discussed. 6. The transport of various monocarboxylic acids into mitochondria was studied by monitoring proton influx. The transport of dichloroacetate, difluoroacetate and oxamate appeared to be largely dependent on the pyruvate carrier and could be inhibited by pyruvate-transport inhibitors. However, many other halogenated and 2-oxo acids which could exchange with pyruvate on the carrier entered freely even in the presence of inhibitor.
This content is only available as a PDF.


text:
- 1. For a beginner, it can be overwhelming trying to learn how to DJ on all of the different software platforms.
- 2. There are a lot of different features to learn and master.
- 3. However, if you break it down into manageable chunks, it becomes a lot easier to learn.
How To Screen Mirror To Roku Without Wifi
How do I stream from my laptop to my Roku TV?
To stream from your laptop to your Roku TV, you need to first install the Roku software on your laptop. Once you have installed the software, open it and sign in with your username and password. Next, click on the "Stream to Roku" button and follow the on-screen instructions.
Can I cast to Roku without WiFi?
Yes, you can cast to Roku without WiFi. To do this, you will need to connect your Roku device to your TV using an HDMI cable. Once the Roku device is connected, open the Roku app on your phone or computer and select "My TV" from the main menu. Next, select "Add new input" and the Roku will automatically connect to your TV.
Why won't my laptop connect to my Roku TV?
There are a few potential reasons why your laptop might not be able to connect to your Roku TV. One possibility is that your laptop and Roku TV are not on the same network. Another possibility is that your Roku TV is not configured correctly for wireless streaming. Finally, it's also possible that there is a problem with your laptop's wireless adapter or router. If you're having trouble connecting, try troubleshooting the issue using these steps:
Try connecting to your Roku TV using a wired connection instead of a wireless one.
Can I cast from my laptop to my Roku TV?
Yes, you can cast from your laptop to your Roku TV. To do this, you will need to have the latest version of the Roku app installed on your laptop. Once you have the app installed, you will be able to open it and click on the "Cast" tab. From there, you will be able to select the device you want to cast to.
How do I connect my laptop to my Roku wirelessly?
To connect your laptop to your Roku wirelessly, you'll need to first install the Roku app on your laptop. Once the app is installed, open it and sign in with your Roku credentials. Next, select the device you want to connect to and click "Connect.
How do I stream Windows 10 to Roku?
There are a few ways to stream Windows 10 to Roku. One way is to use an app like Netflix or Hulu on your phone or tablet and cast it to your Roku. Another way is to use a streaming device like the Roku Express or Roku Premiere+.
Does Roku have Bluetooth?
Roku has Bluetooth for pairing with other devices, like televisions or speakers. This allows you to control them using the Roku app on your phone or tablet. You can also send media from your mobile device to Roku, which will then play it on your television.
Can you stream without Wi-Fi?
Yes, you can stream without Wi-Fi. There are a few ways to do this. One way is to use a streaming service like Netflix or Hulu. Another way is to use a streaming device like an Apple TV or Roku.
Can you connect a laptop to a TCL Roku TV?
Yes, you can connect a laptop to a TCL Roku TV. However, there are a few things to keep in mind before doing so. First, the Roku TV needs to be connected to the Internet in order for the laptop to be able to access the streaming apps and content. Second, the laptop needs to be plugged into an outlet if it is going to be used as a traditional monitor.
Can Roku connect to my computer?
Yes, Roku can connect to your computer. You can use Roku's built-in web browser to access your computer's files or web pages, or you can use a third-party app to stream content from your computer to Roku.
Why is my Roku not casting?
There are a few reasons why your Roku might not be casting. One possibility is that the Roku device isn't connected to the same network as the TV. Make sure both devices are connected to the same Wi-Fi network and that the Roku is turned on and connected to the TV. If you're using a wireless network, make sure the Roku is within range of the wireless network.
Another possibility is that your TV isn't set to output in the HDMI format that the Roku uses.
How do I screencast on Roku?
There are a few different ways to screencast on Roku. The first way is to use the built-in screen capture feature on your Roku device. To do this, hold down the MENU button and then select the SCREEN capture option.
You can also use an external screen capture device to record your screen. This is typically done by connecting the external screen capture device to your Roku device and then using the built-in screen capture feature on your Roku device.


The dating game - Older stallions require thorough evaluations to gague potency
The dating game - Older stallions require thorough evaluations to gague potency
Nov 01, 2004
You have seen the signs little by little, and you are pretty sure that it is about time. The older stallion that you have been managing has had a poor season, and pregnancy rates are unacceptable. You are consulted as to whether or not he should be retired from the breeding shed. Sometimes the answer is easy if the stallion has no libido, very low sperm numbers or such an arthritis problem that mounting is becoming painful. Other times there are only slight problems and no readily apparent answers to explain the drop in conception. The decision to retire a stallion often becomes as much about economics and emotion as it is about science and statistics. Yet, for veterinarians, attention to good, complete semen analysis and the use of some newer tests will allow you to recommend either an early retirement for a particular stallion or a return engagement for next year's breeding season.
When evaluating the fertility of an older stallion, a complete analysis of the stallion, his book of mares and the entire breeding facility is warranted because there are so many places where the reproductive process can break down. Many older stallions slowly fall from the public eye and become less desirable breeders and are replaced by younger, more recognizable, trendier stallions. Additionally, there is the unfounded belief, especially among the racing community, that older stallions produce weaker, poorer-quality offspring. Consequently older stallions do not have their pick of the best broodmares and are often servicing older, poorer quality mares.
Dr. Ernest Baily of the Maxwell Gluck Research Center at the University of Kentucky refutes this belief.
"From an understanding of molecular genetics, there's no reason to expect age of the stallion to have any effect on the performance of the offspring," he says. "There is no basis to say that a horse's genetic contribution will improve or decline with age."
Still, this combination of older mare and older stallion combines for lower reproductive efficiency. One simple way to boost the production of an older stallion is to ensure mating to the best possible mares, preferably younger, proven producers. Older stallions also might become more particular in their preferences and habits. Some stallions will breed better at certain times of the day. Some older stallions prefer mares of a particular color or any number of other idiosyncrasies. Attention to these small details can help improve fertility in these stallions.
Fitness test
A complete physical examination of the older stallion should be the next step in this evaluation process. Medical problems unrelated to the reproductive system can have a significant effect on breeding ability. Dental care and nutritional status should be evaluated. Older horses need additional vitamins and minerals because their digestive systems are not as efficient as they once were. Stallions use tremendous energy and body reserves during the course of a breeding season, and older stallions are more affected by this daily strain. Older stallions should be neither too heavy nor too thin as both extremes will reduce fertility. Many supplements are available claiming to improve fertility, including vitamin E, chromatin and others. More research must be done before the exact relationship is confirmed between many of these products and the possibility of improved fertility. A good-quality diet with a balanced supplement is the best overall nutritional support for older stallions.
The musculoskeletal system of the older stallion also deserves special attention. Osteoarthritis and muscle, ligament and tendon problems all can affect a stallion's willingness and ability to tease and mount. A stallion that has strong libido, mounts (but cannot ejaculate) might be experiencing back pain or hock soreness or any number of other conditions that can manifest themselves as breeding difficulties. A thorough examination done before and after the breeding season will identify any potential problems. The use of glucosamine, chondroitin, various forms of hyaluronic acid and other products can make an older stallion much more comfortable, which translates into better performance in the shed.
The cardiovascular and respiratory system should also be examined. Many older stallions suffer from some form of decreased heart function, and the stress of breeding can be potentially deadly to these horses. Anemia, from many causes, can result in lowered libido and lack of interest in breeding as well.


Toggle Accessibility Tools
Walking to Win (Second Lesson)
Linear Relationships
For CMP2, Problem 2.1 Walking to Win (Day 2 of the Lesson)
For CMP3, Problem 2.1 Henri and Emile's Race
This video captures strategies for creating and soliving alternatives to Problem 2.1. This presents an opportunity to observe a teacher following up on a student suggestion by analyzing what students understand or do not understand, and assessing their mathematical development in terms of the goals of Investigation 2.
The video concludes with the teacher reflecting her planning and the decisions she made during the lesson.
Real time is 1.5 class periods.
As you view the video, consider the following:
 - What is the evidence of students' understanding and reasoning? What prior understandings do you see students using or building upon?
 - What is the evidence of students' use of the mathematical practices from the Common Core State Standards? To what extent are students growing in their sophistication of their use of the practices?
 - Were there any "aha moments" in the video?
 - How is the teacher facilitating the development of students' understanding and reasoning?
 - As a teacher, how would you use the information from this lesson to plan the next lesson?
Full Length Video (32:34) or Video Clips by Chapter (length varies)


text: In order to effectively improve the target detection and recognition ability of IR imagers, based on a 320×256 cooled staring focal plane array(FPA) detector, pixel size 30μm×30μm, a mid-wavelength infrared dual field of view zoom system was designed. In this paper, the working wavelength is 3μm～5μm, the temperature range is -40°C~+50°C, this system can realize 200mm and 400mm dual focal length, the F-number is 2, the full field of view of short focal length is 3.44° and long focal length is 1.72° respectively, satisfy 100% cold shield efficiency. A re-imaging refractive system was adopted in this designed optical system consists of main optics and projection components. First of all, the structural selection and the initial parameter calculation were introduced in detail. Secondly, on the basis of variety of the distance and temperature, a focusing lens was presented in this system to adjust to produce a clear image. Last but not the least, to improve image quality and environment adaptability, the analysis of temperature change and narcissus effect were described particularly. The design results prove that at the spatial frequency of 17 lp/mm, the MTF of the optical system is greater than 0.5(the axis MTF of the optical is greater than 0.6), the system can offer a high resolution and excellent images in whole range of the focal length, and it has the advantages of good adaptability, compact structure, high optical transmission and small size.


text:
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The act of locking together or in combination, as in a railway-switch and signal system. See interlocking system of signals, under interlock, and signaling.
- adj. That interlocks.
- v. present participle of interlock.
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Connected together in such a manner that the parts work together as a single unit, or in a coordianted manner.
- n. the act of interlocking or meshing
- n. contact by fitting together
- adj. linked or locked closely together as by dovetailing
"I think that in our society at the moment we still need a robust defence of the non-Fabian, the pluralist, vision of what a just society might be: a society in which what I call the interlocking, intersecting communities would all have a role in shaping the common good: where these communities would all be potential partners with statuary and government agency, with the ultimate goal not simply of solving problems or meeting needs, but equipping citizens."
"His early works were modernist experiments, but since his popular breakthrough with Tugt og utugt i mellemtiden (1976), most of his works have been present-day or near-future scince fiction in interlocking, alternative versions of his native city of Århus."
"The one which was first called interlocking complexity when it was a predicted consequence of evolution, or one of the other versions?"
"There's something called interlocking (ph) that goes on."
"Sandra Lucore, who directed the room excavation, calls the interlocking-tube construction system "interesting and awkward."
"Yes, so the -- the idea of interlocking power, at that point, was perhaps not the s-- the -- the scandalous thing that it is today."
"Well, probably the most significant one is 385 interlocking, which is a construction loan for a property spec developing in Colorado."
"The tools that underlie GIIRS are the same kind of interlocking gear-like mechanisms that enable other markets to function."
"I would call them "interlocking" and aimed at the same unknowns."
"It's all kind of interlocking cogs and springs that work to turn the hands round at exactly the right speed to mark the hours and minutes and days and so on. "
These user-created lists contain the word 'interlocking'.
a list of words from the indo european root arand variations : to fit together
Looking for tweets for interlocking.


text:
When you use your phone to unlock a Tesla, the device and the car use Bluetooth signals to measure their proximity to each other. Move close to the car with the phone in hand, and the door automatically unlocks. Move away, and it locks. This proximity authentication works on the assumption that the key stored on the phone can only be transmitted when the locked device is within Bluetooth range.
Now, a researcher has devised a hack that allows him to unlock millions of Teslas—and countless other devices—even when the authenticating phone or key fob is hundreds of yards or miles away. The hack, which exploits weaknesses in the Bluetooth Low Energy standard adhered to by thousands of device makers, can be used to unlock doors, open and operate vehicles, and gain unauthorized access to a host of laptops and other security-sensitive devices.
When convenience comes back to bite us
"Hacking into a car from hundreds of miles away tangibly demonstrates how our connected world opens us up to threats from the other side of the country—and sometimes even the other side of the world," Sultan Qasim Khan, a principal security consultant and researcher at security firm NCC Group, told Ars. "This research circumvents typical countermeasures against remote adversarial vehicle unlocking and changes the way we need to think about the security of Bluetooth Low Energy communications."
This class of hack is known as a relay attack, a close cousin of the person-in-the-middle attack. In its simplest form, a relay attack requires two attackers. In the case of the locked Tesla, the first attacker, which we'll call Attacker 1, is in close proximity to the car while it's out of range of the authenticating phone. Attacker 2, meanwhile, is in close proximity to the legitimate phone used to unlock the vehicle. Attacker 1 and Attacker 2 have an open Internet connection that allows them to exchange data.
Attacker 1 uses her own Bluetooth-enabled device to impersonate the authenticating phone and sends the Tesla a signal, prompting the Tesla to reply with an authentication request. Attacker 1 captures the request and sends it to Attacker 2, who in turn forwards the request to the authenticating phone. The phone responds with a credential, which Attacker 2 promptly captures and relays back to Attacker 1. Attacker 1 then sends the credential to the car.
With that, Attacker 1 has now unlocked the vehicle. Here's a simplified attack diagram, taken from the above-linked Wikipedia article, followed by a video demonstration of Khan unlocking a Tesla and driving away with it, even though the authorized phone isn't anywhere nearby.
Relay attacks in the real world need not have two actual attackers. The relaying device can be stashed in a garden, coat room, or other out-of-the-way place at a home, restaurant, or office. When the target arrives at the destination and moves into Bluetooth range of the stashed device, it retrieves the secret credential and relays it to the device stationed near the car (operated by Attacker 1).
The susceptibility of BLE, short for Bluetooth Low Energy, to relay attacks is well known, so device makers have long relied on countermeasures to prevent the above scenario from occurring. One defense is to measure the flow of the requests and responses and reject authentications when the latency reaches a certain threshold, since relayed communications generally take longer to complete than legitimate ones. Another protection is encrypting the credential sent by the phone.
Khan's BLE relay attack defeats these mitigations, making such hacks viable against a large base of devices and products previously assumed to be hardened against such attacks.


text:
Decide whether a graph is bipartite
This function decides whether the vertices of a network can be mapped to two vertex types in a way that no vertices of the same type are connected.
- The input graph.
A bipartite graph in igraph has a
This function simply checks whether a graph could be bipartite. It tries to find a mapping that gives a possible division of the vertices into two classes, such that no two vertices of the same class are connected by an edge.
The existence of such a mapping is equivalent of having no circuits of odd length in the graph. A graph with loop edges cannot bipartite.
Note that the mapping is not necessarily unique, e.g. if the graph has at least two components, then the vertices in the separate components can be mapped independently.
- A named list with two elements:
res A logical scalar,
TRUEif the can be bipartite,
type A possibly vertex type mapping, a logical vector. If no such mapping exists, then an empty vector.
- Bipartite graph
- Two-mode network
## A ring has just one loop, so it is fine g <- graph.ring(10) is.bipartite(g) ## A star is fine, too g2 <- graph.star(10) is.bipartite(g2) ## A graph containing a triangle is not fine g3 <- graph.ring(10) g3 <- add.edges(g3, c(0,2)) is.bipartite(g3)