text:
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Jesus lizard is a nickname given to the common basilisk lizard, also called the green basilisk. The nickname is derived from the lizard's unique ability to walk across water, referencing the biblical story of Christ crossing the Sea of Galilee. Its natural habitat is in the rain forests of Central and South America, usually near bodies of water such as rivers and streams.
This water-walking lizard gets its messiah-like power thanks to flaps of skin on the feet that unfurl when in the water. This increases the surface area of the lizard's feet. When running, the flaps hit the water hard, creating small air pockets that keep the lizard from sinking long enough for it to move forward. Thanks to these specially designed feet, the basilisk can sometimes run as far as 15 feet (4.5 meters) across the surface of the water before eventually submerging. Adding to the uncanny sight, some basilisks do this on two feet, giving them an humanoid appearance and further leading credence to the Jesus lizard nickname.
The walking on water ability of the basilisk is typically used when fleeing larger predators. The Jesus Lizard is low on the food chain in its natural habitat, and is frequently preyed upon by birds and snakes. When the water-walking ability has taken them as far as it can they dive into the water. The basilisk can move fast underwater as well as on top of it. In captivity a basilisk can live up to 10 years, but they rarely make it that long in the wild as they are pursued by so many predators.
The basilisk is an omnivore, meaning it will eat both plants and animals. Common prey for the Jesus lizard includes small insects, fish and vertebrates as well as various fruits and plant matter. Like many other lizards, the basilisk grows perpetually from birth to when it dies. They can get as large as 30 inches (75 centimeters), but they are more frequently seen around 12 inches (30 centimeters) or less. Aside from its ability to walk on water, this lizard's other defining characteristics include a large crest on its head, and sharp claws that adorn each toe.
The Jesus lizard is a popular pet lizard for many reptile aficionados. They are typically kept in a large aquarium or a lizard cage, either solitary or in groups, and require a good amount of heat and humidity in order to stay healthy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Jesus Lizard and why is it called that?
The Jesus Lizard, also known as the common basilisk, is a species of lizard famous for its ability to run on water, a trait that has earned it its biblical nickname. This remarkable ability is due to the lizard's specialized hind feet and unique gait, which create air pockets to keep it afloat for short distances.
How does the Jesus Lizard run on water?
The Jesus Lizard runs on water by rapidly churning its legs in a bicycling motion, which, along with its fringed toes, creates enough lift and surface tension to prevent it from sinking. According to researchers, this lizard can sprint at a velocity of about 1.5 meters per second across the water's surface.
Where can the Jesus Lizard be found in the wild?
The Jesus Lizard is native to Central and South America, thriving in tropical rainforests near bodies of water such as rivers, streams, and ponds. They are often found in areas with high humidity and ample vegetation, which provide ideal conditions for their insect-based diet and water-running behavior.
What do Jesus Lizards eat?
Jesus Lizards are omnivorous, primarily feeding on insects like beetles, grasshoppers, and flies. They also consume other small invertebrates, fruits, and occasionally small vertebrates. Their diet varies with availability and age, with juveniles tending to eat more insects compared to adults.
Are Jesus Lizards endangered?
As of the current knowledge cutoff, the Jesus Lizard is not considered endangered. However, habitat destruction and pollution pose threats to their populations. Conservation efforts are important to maintain their natural habitats and ensure the species' survival.
How do Jesus Lizards reproduce?
Jesus Lizards are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. Females lay clutches of 10-20 eggs, which they bury in moist soil or leaf litter. The eggs incubate for about two to three months before hatching. The hatchlings are independent from birth and are able to run on water within a few hours.


I've read that modern OSes rely on hardware-powered process isolation to prevent processes (and/or users) from clobbering each others' RAM. But on Intel processors, this hardware was first included in the 80286 (protected mode), so Linux required a minimum of a 80386 to run.
Was there a way to run a memory safe POSIX on a 8086 or 80286?
 - 1
 well on pure SW solution the only safe option I can think of would be interpreted processes... so not compiled executables but interpretable source code would run instead... In such OS/Environment you could create memory protection but the result would be really slow.... in comparison to HW implementation + compiled executables – Spektre Aug 8 '18 at 20:54
 - _USER_ - you can make a system safely run compiled code without hardware protection if you have a single compiler that's always used (so compile on installation, perhaps from bytecode), you trust that compiler not to have any bugs (!), and the language implemented by the compiler is memory safe. Recent examples of this approach include Microsoft Singularity (where the compiler was an extended version of C#) and a number of systems based on Java. – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 21:04
 - 3
 _USER_: And not yet really "retro", but much older than your examples: the IBM AS/400. The AS/400 actually does both things you cite: native OS/400 code is delivered in bytecode and compiled by the OS on first execution. POSIX code is run in the PASE (Portable Application Solutions Environment, although the P is also often interpreted as "POSIX"), which provides a partially interpreted, partially cleverly implemented POSIX API. – Jörg W Mittag Aug 8 '18 at 23:25
10 Answers 10
The short answer would be "No", since there is no way to prevent a user process from accessing privileged address space (of the OS or other processes) without some form of memory protection. Usually, this memory protection has to be implemented in hardware of the processor, such as you pointed out with 80286 protected mode.
Some alternatives would be:
 1. A hardware implementation of memory protection outside of the 8086 microprocessor. This was done, for example, with the Altos Series.
 2. A strict software convention for user processes that would (barring coding bugs) ensure they only access parts of memory they specifically "owned".
Since POSIX is built on the older C-standard for heap usage (i.e. malloc/free), it would be possible to have user processes that cooperate on an 8086, through these API's, to guarantee they only access their own memory. Of course, bugs being a reality, this would not be as good as hardware protection of memory. Systems such as the Amiga and Macintosh (using the Motorola 68000) that used this strategy of software convention suffered with stability problems created by memory access bugs.
 - 1
 "A hardware implementation of memory protection outside of the 8086 microprocessor. I don't know of any systems that did this."... I just went looking, on the basis that it seemed that it would be reasonably simple to implement such a system so figured somebody must have done it, and found this system (also described in Wikipedia here). – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:54
 - _USER_ Excellent find! I added a link to the answer. – Brian H Aug 8 '18 at 21:05
 - You know you can just type in a memory-smashing x86 binary into vi right? – Joshua Aug 9 '18 at 4:04
 - 1
 Oh. I misread the answer as implying you could have actual security by restricting what binaries can be run. – Joshua Aug 9 '18 at 13:27
 - 1
 The Wikipedia page about Xenix also mentions Seattle Computer Products and Intel's "System 86" which seems to imply the later also had an MMU (Intel did sell special boards with MMU). – DarkDust Aug 10 '18 at 7:59
A computer using an 8086 can provide memory protection by using an external memory management unit. This would be a chip or a circuit that sits between the CPU and the memory and provides an additional layer of memory translation, sends interrupts if out-of-range memory is accessed, and so on. I don't know if this was commonly done on the 8086 (I've never seen such a system described, but then I've not looked for one either), but was very common for workstations based on early revisions of the 68000.
(Edit: at least some systems were produced that used this approach, although as _USER_ points out in the comments it was a little easier on the 68000 due to specific support designed into the processor, which is probably why it was more common there.)
For an 80286, the standard 286 protected mode provides all the isolation that you'd need to run a POSIX compliant operating system with memory safety.
(It wouldn't be a very good POSIX system, because memory allocations would need to be limited to 64K to fit inside segment limits, but POSIX allows for sizes to be limited as low as _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX, which is defined as 32KiB, so this is fine)
There have been a number of Unix-like operating system that run on the 8086 and 80286, including Minix, which is usually considered the forerunner of Linux (it is the system that Torvalds used at the time he developed the first versions of Linux and influenced the early development quite a bit) and Xenix. There is also a port of Linux to 16-bit systems called ELKS, although I don't know whether it supports memory protection or not (looking at the source suggests it probably does, but I've never really done anything with it so can't be sure).
 - 3
 The 68000 had one feature that made MMUs work that the 8086 didn't have, separate user and supervisor modes. There's no way for an MMU on a 8086 to distinguish between memory accesses of different processes. I don't know if POSIX actually requires process isolation. MINIX ran on 8086s. – user722 Aug 8 '18 at 20:29
 - 1
 _USER_ - an 8086 MMU can easily distinguish the location of running code (the S1 and S0 lines are both low during code fetch cycles), so could identify privileged code from that. It could also use the same approach to prevent arbitrary jumps into privileged code. It'd be quite tricky, I agree, but not beyond possibility. – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:32
 - 1
 (in fact, you'd probably set a specific location in memory that when fetched as executable code triggers a switch to supervisor mode; that'd be fairly simple to implement; then you'd vector system calls and interrupts through that point to make sure they ran as supervisor mode. Dammit... going to have build an 8086 system with memory protection now. As if I don't have enough projects!). – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 20:37
 - 3
 _USER_: A solution for that was to have a system with two 68000 processors, only one of which was allowed to run at any given time. A page fault would stall one CPU and wake up the other, which could then process it. Perhaps a similar approach could work using the 8086. Probably easier than any other approach for allowing tasks to have some of their memory swapped to disk out at any given time and having it "transparently" get swapped back in, but a system may be useful even without such abilities. – supercat Aug 9 '18 at 18:24
 - 3
 Xenix wasn't just "Unix-like", it was a Unix. It ran on a number of 8086-systems with external MMU although there also was a version for MMU-less systems later on. – DarkDust Aug 10 '18 at 8:04
Technically yes because the 8086 instruction set is Turing-complete. Here is Linux running very slowly on an ARMv5 emulation on an 8-bit RISC microcontroller (also mentioned here). But if you want process isolation, I would look for other, less extreme solutions first!
 - 5
 Ah, the Turing tarpit argument. Nice. :) – Jules Aug 8 '18 at 22:25
 - 1
 _USER_ For completeness if nothing else. – snips-n-snails Aug 8 '18 at 23:36
 - 1
 The argument "it's Turing-complete, so everything can be done" is not even true: Turing-completeness does not even say this: A Turing-complete programming language for example is not necessarily able to access files on the hard disk (counter-example: Brainfuck). – Martin Rosenau Aug 9 '18 at 5:25
 - The turing machine in brainfuck can emulate the hard disk, as it can emulate the isolation that the 8086 itself is missing. As well as with added hardware - in either case it is not the 8086 that is providing the isolation. Thus:


text:
By Samuel Ouma
Kenya, Somalia, Uganda, Zanzibar, Mozambique and Seychelles have united to contrive policies aiming at safeguarding their marine and aquatic resources so as to improve their economies.
The heads of these states in addition to the African Union chairperson Mousa Faki among other leaders are holding a three day Global Sustainable Blue economy Conference in Nairobi.
Speaking during the inauguration of the conference yesterday, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta revealed four new measures Kenya will implement to boost its blue economy. The measures are: adoption and introduction of new policies, head-on confrontation of waste management and plastic pollution in waters, responsible and sustainable fishing and security in the seas.
The Head of the State also announced the formation of the Blue Economy Implementation Standing committee to enlarge institutional governance mechanism to improve coordinated management of the blue economy.
Upgrading of the Kenya Maritime School, revival of maritime transport and adoption of a programme to accelerate the development of fisheries are the strategies that are expected to complement the measures.
The leaders noted that blue economy will stimulate trade, increase revenue and create jobs. Kenyatta appealed to the leaders to be keen on the impact of human action on the health and productivity of maritime resources.
"We have paid inadequate attention to the impact of human action on the health and productivity of our waters and as a result, many of the ocean systems are under immense stress. Their ability to act as a climate regulator and as a key engine for economic and sustainable development is being progressively eroded," Kenyatta said.
His Ugandan counterpart Yoweri Museveni suggested the removal of those who have invaded riparian land. He gave an example of how his country is using eccentric means to eject those leaving in wetlands.
"We are trying to bribe our people who encroached wetlands to get out. It is a type of a bribe but it is better than using crude methods because we might lose votes if they are violently evicted," he said.
The stakeholders are expected deliberate on the opportunities and challenges and practical actions that can be taken to help the world change to change to blue economy.
The conference comes just one week after President Kenyatta launched Coast Guard Services at coastal region to protect maritime resources.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Golang program to check given number is EVEN or ODD
Here, we are going to learn how to check given number is EVEN or ODD in Golang (Go Language)?
Submitted by Nidhi, on February 16, 2021
Problem Solution:
In this program, we will read an integer number from the user and check the given number is EVEN or ODD.
Program/Source Code:
The source code to check the given number is EVEN or ODD is given below. The given program is compiled and executed successfully.
// Golang program to check given number is
// EVEN or ODD.
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
 var num int=0
 fmt.Printf("Enter number: ")
 fmt.Printf("Number is EVEN")
 fmt.Printf("Number is ODD")
Run 1:
Enter number: 10
Number is EVEN
Run 2:
Enter number: 11
Number is ODD
In the above program, we declare the package main. The main package is used to tell the Go language compiler that the package must be compiled and produced the executable file. Here, we imported the fmt package that includes the files of package fmt then we can use a function related to the fmt package.
Here, we created the main() function. The main() function is the entry point for the program. In the main() function, we created the variable num, which is initialized with 0. Then we read the value from the user. After that, we checked the given number is divisible by 2. If the given number is completely divisible by 2 then the given number will be an EVEN number otherwise number will be ODD.
Golang Basic Programs »
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RF-ADC Decimation Filters (Gen 3/DFE) - 2.6 English
Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC RF Data Converter Gen 1/2/3/DFE LogiCORE IP Product Guide (PG269)
Document ID
PG269
Release Date
2022-10-21
Version
2.6 English
The following diagram shows the decimation stages in Gen 3/DFE devices.
Figure 1. Decimation Filters Hierarchy (Gen 3/DFE)
There are four stages of decimation filters cascaded; each decimation stage can be bypassed independently. The FIR1 stage contains 3 decimation filters—FIR1a (2x), FIR1b (3x), and FIR1c (5x)—only one of them can be enabled for a specified configuration. The FIR2, FIR3, and FIR4 blocks all have a decimation factor of 2. Using a combination of filters the following shows all possible decimation factors:
1x (bypass), 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 10x, 12x, 16x, 20x, 24x, 40x
Note: The signal flow direction of the DDC is: FIR4->FIR3->FIR2->FIR1.
The IP configuration and driver API choose the high order FIR combinations automatically. For example, FIR2 and FIR1a are chosen for a 4x decimation.


text:
In-the-ear calibration of sound pressure level may be problematic at frequencies above 2 kHz, because the pressure can vary significantly along the length of the ear canal, due to reflection of sound waves at the eardrum. This issue has been investigated by measuring behavioral thresholds to tones in a group of human subjects (N = 61) for two different insertion depths of an insert earphone. The change in insertion depth was intended to alter the distribution of pressure in the ear canal, shifting the frequency at which spectral notches occur. The inset earphone or 'probe' (Etymotic ER-10C) also contained a calibrated microphone, allowing the recording of sound pressure levels in the ear canal. Prior to the threshold measurements in each subject, the Thevenin acoustic source characteristics of the probe were determined by a special calibration procedure. This calibration allowed the expression of the sound level at threshold in terms of acoustic intensity (W/m2). The impact of changes in insertion depth was determined by measuring behavioral threshold at each depth. Because cochlear sensitivity remained constant, the level of sound entering the ear at threshold should have been the same (within measurement error) for both insertions. The difference in sound pressure level (SPL) at threshold between the two probe insertions was greatest at the notch frequency of the first insertion. At this notch frequency, the SPL at threshold increased by an average of 11.4 dB. The change in sound intensity level (SIL) at threshold was almost always less than the change in SPL. At the notch frequency, the SIL decreased, on average, by only 0.5 dB. These results suggest that SIL may be a better indicator than SPL of the sound level entering the ear, especially for frequencies in the 4-8 kHz range.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics


text:
A regex that can be used in perl to test for primality.
The full code is
perl -e 'print "PRIME" if (1 x shift)!~ /^(11+)\1+$/' xxxx
where xxxx is the number who's primality
you wish to test.
This one liner
first appeared on comp.lang.perl.misc, posted by Abigail.
Now if you're not a perl monk
(and I'm certainly not), you're probably quite confused as to how on earth this works. Seeing a few perl
one-liners has probably convinced some people that perl scripts are written by monkey
s running along people's keyboard. This particular one isn't that bad however.
The first part, perl -e is just the incantation necessary to get perl to run a script passed to it on the command line. The next part is equally simple, it says print 'PRIME' if a certain condition is met. The magic starts here.
In perl, shift takes the first value off an array and returns it. If shift is not given an argument, it operates on the array _USER_, which is the array of arguments passed to the current function, so in this case, shift will return the parameter we passed, i.e. the number who's primality we wish to test.
The binary x operator, returns the string obtained by taking its left argument and repeating it the number of times specified by the right argument. So (1 x shift) evaluates to a string of ones, of length the number passed as an argument.
!~ /^(11+)\1+$/ is the heart of the script.!~ means that the result of this is true if what is on the left (our long string of ones) does not match the regex that follows. Lets break down the regex.
The 2 slashes are just there to mark the beginning and end of the regular expression. ^ and $ have special meanings, respectively the start and the end of the string being matched. This means for a string to match this pattern, the entire string must match the pattern (11+)\1+.
The pattern 1 is just the character 1. The + means "one or more times". So 11+ is 2 or more 1's
The brackets around the 11+ create a capture buffer. \1 refers to the 1st capture buffer, i.e. (11+) (it's known as a backreference). And lastly, the + means that we want \1 to be repeated one or more times.
Why this works should now become apparent. If a string matches this pattern, it means that we can take a string of 2 or more characters, repeat it 2 or more times and get the whole string. What we have done is found a divisor of the length of the string, i.e. a divisor of the number passed to the perl script. And so if the string does not match this pattern, it means that there are no divisors greater or equal to 2 and such that the quotient is greater or equal to 2, i.e. the number is prime.
There are two problems with this script. The first, admittedly minor one, is that it declares 1 to be prime, which only matters because I'm a pedantic maths student. The second is that it is slow.
On my machine it could deal with 5 digit numbers in a few seconds at most. One of the 6 digit numbers i tried took almost 2 minutes, but another took only a fraction of a second. The reason this wide range of run times occur is that the + quantifier is greedy: it will try an match the longest string possible. This in turn means that the script will try and find the greatest factor of the number. The end result is that it is relatively fast with numbers with lots of small factors, but the presence of even one big factor will drive up the run time. For example:
time perl -e 'print "PRIME" if (1 x shift)!~ /^(11+)\1+$/' 243235
time perl -e 'print "PRIME" if (1 x shift)!~ /^(11+)\1+$/' 294824
If you look at the prime decomposition
s of these numbers, you will find that 243235=5 * 48647 and 294824=23
*137*269. As expected the number with the large factor is slower, by a factor of over a 1000.
Despite it being impractical in real world use, this does show that Perl regexes are more expressive than finite state machine: It is possible to match things that are not regular languages.(Thanks to pfft for pointing this out)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Why are anti-condensation heaters used with electrical equipment.
Condensation in a generator, motor or transformer typically forms when the temperature of moist ambient air is rising.
As the temperature of the moist air rises, the dew point of the air also rises.
The iron and copper is a thermal mass that is slow to change temperature.
When the dew point of the air rises past the much slower rising temperature of the iron and copper, you have condensation, often deep within the machine where you least want it.
The anti condensation heater keeps the temperature of the thermal mass of the machine above the ambient temperature.
What is a typical temperature setting for an anti-condensation heater?
Condensation may form at any ambient temperature.
Never use a thermostat with an anti-condensation heater.
For condensation protection you want to heat the iron mass of the generator 24/7/365.
We used anti condensation heaters on our generators in the tropics.
Supply voltage to anti-condensation heaters.
The heaters are typically connected for one half of rated voltage.
eg: 240 Volt rated heaters supplied with 120 Volts.
This combines economy of use with extremely long life.
Mounting of the heater.
The heater may be directly attached to the iron core.
Often the heater is mounted in an air duct close to and below the iron core.
Even though it is mounted in an inch or so away from the core the purpose is to heat the core.
But I saw a thermostat in a switch-gear cabinet.
Switch-gear mounted outside in cold areas is a special case.
You will often see an anti-condensation heater such as described above, with-out a thermostat, energized 24/7/365.
In addition the switch-gear often has moving parts that by act slowly in very cold weather.
A second heater may be fitted to keep the internal temperature of the cabinet above freezing.
The anti-freezing heater will have a much higher rating than the anti-condensation heater and will have a thermostat.
An anti-condensation heater energized 24/7/365 without a thermostat.
A much larger anti-freezing heater with a thermostat.


text:
The results of a recent study on orographic cloud seeding could shed light on rainfall and water resource availability in the Western Cape for the upcoming winter season.
The study was conducted by Middleburg based Water Analytical Services (WAS) and its international partner Weather Modification International (WMI) over a period of two months and included a simulation which revealed that if cloud seeding was deployed at Theewaterskloof Dam in the Western Cape; precipitation would increase by potentially 40%-50% thereby bolstering the water levels at the dam and its associated reservoir.
Weather Modification International conducted several simulations in 2017 within three areas that experience similar weather patterns to the Western Cape. The results show immense potential for boosting rainfall in the Western Cape during the 2018 winter season.
The results of the US based studies determined that the client saw a cost-benefit ratio of 25:1. The achievement of results similar to these by means of cloud seeding would have a significant impact on current water levels in the Cape.
"These studies support the interest that we are seeing coming out of both the public and private sectors who are excited at the prospect of utilising cloud seeding as a way to increase winter rainfall, thereby alleviating the pressure on water supply and demand that is currently being experienced," explains Franco van der Merwe, Managing Director at WAS.
A progressive solution
Cloud seeding is the process of applying natural occurring materials such as dry ice or silver iodide to clouds that enhances the natural process in stimulating precipitation, thereby creating rainfall.
"The process has been repeatedly proven to be 100% safe for the environment and to have no effect on water quality or the causing of excessive rainfall which some fear may result in flooding. We have also proven that encouraging rainfall in one area will have zero effect on the natural rainfall in nearby surrounding areas.
"The fact that we are looking at cloud seeding on a seasonal basis is proof that it is a highly precise process and that it has progressed to the point that it is far more accurate than it was a few years ago," van der Merwe concludes.


IMPLEMENTATION OF PATCH BASED INPAINTING METHOD
 - S N Lakshmi Malluvalasa
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Inpainting is an emerging field in image processing research area. Inpainting is the retouching process which is used to remove or change the deteriorated/destroyed parts of an image and make the image real visualization to human eye in a plausible way. Different algorithms are proposed for this image inpainting to get quality in image and also time taking to process the inpainting technique. It is more useful in the areas of digital photography, films too. Many algorithms had proposed for this inpainting method and from those algorithms Exemplar Based Inpainting has got more popularized algorithm. Different approaches had applied to get reduce the time complexities in achieving the realistic appearance of the image. In this we presenting a new approach algorithm which makes the exemplar approach will be little faster than previous algorithms by using patch-based.
Keywords: Inpainting, Exemplar based, digital Photography, algorithms, image Processing
Statistics
471 Views | 826 Downloads
How to Cite
Malluvalasa, S. N. L. (2016). IMPLEMENTATION OF PATCH BASED INPAINTING METHOD. Innovare Journal of Education, 4(4), 1-4. Retrieved from _URL_
Section
Review Article(s)


text:
Washington Post Features Ragosta Oped
By Vige Barrie
Contact: John Ragosta _PHONE_
January 16, 2013
An opinion piece titled "Something to Celebrate on Religious Freedom Day" and written by Visiting Assistant Professor of History John Ragosta appeared on the Washington Post website as well as the Religious News Service. The essay was published on Religious Freedom Day, Jan. 16, which is defined as a day to celebrate the adoption of Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom.
Beginning with an examination of religious discrimination and persecution in the years before the statute's passage, Ragosta reviewed the history around the day. The statute, which created a separation of church and state, became the foundation for the First Amendment.
Ragosta wrote, "Why celebrate? Because history has shown that religion and government prosper best when the two realms are kept separate. 'We have solved, by fair experiment, the great & interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government, and obedience to the laws,' Jefferson wrote in 1808, 'and we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely & openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason & the serious convictions of his own enquiries.'"
Ragosta is the author of the forthcoming book, Religious Freedom: Jefferson's Legacy, America's Creed.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Last edited by Gorr
Wednesday, August 12, 2020 | History
3 edition of Control statement syntax and semantics of a language for parallel processors found in the catalog.
Control statement syntax and semantics of a language for parallel processors
Robert B. Wilhelmson
Control statement syntax and semantics of a language for parallel processors
by Robert B. Wilhelmson
 - 81 Want to read
 - 26 Currently reading
Published in Urbana .
Written in English
 Subjects:
 - Programming languages (Electronic computers)
 - Edition Notes
 Statementby Robert B. Wilhelmson.
 Classifications
 LC ClassificationsQA76 .I4 no. 298
 The Physical Object
 Paginationviii l., 80 p.
 Number of Pages80
 ID Numbers
 Open LibraryOL5741545M
 LC Control Number70650710
 ment of an executable modeling language in the con-text of a homogeneous codesign methodology featuring the synthesis, reuse and validation ow. A C based language called SpecC+ is proposed as an attempt to achieve these goals. The syntax and semantics of the language is presented and compared with existing HDLs and we conclude it is. Semantics and Performance Considerations of Kedama, a GUI-based Massively Parallel Programming Language Conference Paper February with 10 Reads How we measure 'reads'Author: Yoshiki Ohshima.
 Parallel Computing 2 () North-Holland Synchronization and control of parallel algorithms Paul O. FREDERICKSON * Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , U.S.A. Rondall E. JONES ** Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM , U.S.A. Brian T. SMITH *** Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL , U.S.A. Received April by: Computation of Language: An Essay on Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics in Natural Man-Machine Communication (Symbolic Computation / Artificial Intelligence) [Hausser, Roland] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Computation of Language: An Essay on Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics in Natural Man-Machine Communication (Symbolic Computation / Artificial Intelligence)Format: Paperback.
 Kenneth Louden and Kenneth Lambert's new edition of PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, 3E gives advanced undergraduate students an overview of programming languages through general principles combined with details about many modern languages. Major languages used in this edition include C, C++, Smalltalk, Java, Ada, ML, Haskell, Scheme, and . This paper aims at introducing a mechanism of exceptions in a parallel programming language, giving them a formal concurrent semantics in terms of preemptible and composable high-level Petri nets. We show that, combined with concurrency, exceptions can be used as a Cited by: 8.
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Country notes
Country notes
Zanimatelʹnai︠a︡ mifologii︠a︡
Zanimatelʹnai︠a︡ mifologii︠a︡
Papal primacy in ecumenical dialogue
Papal primacy in ecumenical dialogue
Control statement syntax and semantics of a language for parallel processors by Robert B. Wilhelmson Download PDF EPUB FB2
In this paper, we describe a simple language for parallel programming. Its semantics is studied thoroughly. The de-sirable properties of this language and its de ciencies are exhibited by this theoretical study. Basic results on parallel program schemata are given.
We hope in this way to make a case for more formal (i.e. mathematical) approach File Size: KB. In the control parallel language SuperPascal [13] the for- all statement is used to denote an array of parallel processes.
A severe restriction is imposed on the forall body to prevent. language constructs, in the context of language design, and how to reason formally about semantic properties of programs. Lectures •Introduction. Transition systems. The idea of structural operational semantics.
Transition semantics of a simple imperative language. Language design options. •Types. Introduction to formal type systems.
Various language features, such as the use of statement terminators versus separators, reserved versus key words, and the use and syntax of comments, are considered in the context of Core.
At the end of this chapter, students are assigned, among other things, the task of writing a Core reference manual. This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm.A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program.
A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Programming Language Syntax and Semantics David Anthony Watt, Muffy Thomas The timely rain travels in new Tibet, Roma Gelder,Tibet (China), pages The classic manual for "survivors" everywhere has now been updated, expanded, reillustrated and published for the first.
A programming language is a formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of mming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms. Most programming languages consist of instructions for are programmable machines that use a set of specific instructions, rather than general programming languages.
Language Processors "A language processor is a software which bridges a specification or execution gap". The program form input to a language processor as the source program and to its output as the target program. The languages in which these programs are written are called source language and target language, Size: KB.
JKDIGIT, a program to control a digitizing board for geologists, written in BASIC for an IBM Personal Computer / (Washington: U.S.
G.P.O. ; Denver, CO: For sale by the Branch of Distribution, Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, ), by John O. Kork (page images at HathiTrust). Parallel Programming Languages and Systems Murray Cole Parallel Programming Languages and Systems.
1 system and we haveno choicebut to express and control it. Systems Programming:when it isconceptually simplerto think of a system as The parallel activities in a simple co statement are separated by // (so we use ## to indicate comments File Size: KB.
There are two ways to describe a language: by its syntax or by its syntax of a language is a set of rules that defines what strings of characters (sentence or statements) belong to this language; the semantics of a language describe the meaning of a given statement.
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time.
There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. SQL> show parameter parallel NAME TYPE VALUE fast_start_parallel_rollback string LOW log_parallelism integer 1 parallel_adaptive_multi_user boolean TRUE parallel_automatic_tuning boolean TRUE parallel_execution_message_size integer parallel_instance_group string parallel_max_servers integer 80 parallel_min_percent integer.
There are multiple types of parallel processing, two of the most commonly used types include SIMD and MIMD. SIMD, or single instruction multiple data, is a form of parallel processing in which a computer will have two or more processors follow the same instruction set while each processor handles different data.
Start studying Programming Language Syntax. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. tion to interface with the system of syntax, semantics, or even pragmatics, we can provide good solutions for some puzzling English agreement phenomena, within a principled theory.
Chapter 7 covers raising and control phenomena, and provides insights into the properties of the two. A language processor is a software program designed or used to perform tasks such as processing program code to machine code.
Language processors are found in languages such as Fortran and COBOL. Examples of language processors. There are two main types of language processors: Interpreter - allows a computer to interpret, or understand, what a software program needs the. Fortran (/ ˈ f ɔːr t r æ n /; formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.
Originally developed by IBM in the s for scientific and engineering applications, FORTRAN came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous.
Given the semantics of one programming language we have the option of describing other programming languages in terms of that base language.
So, one way to specify the semantics of a programming language is to relate it to another language. However, this creates a bootstrapping problem: what to use for the original base language.
It's followed by a second argument, concerning syntax and semantics, which I call the Syntax-and-Semantics Argument (SSA). The SSA was hinted at in the paper, but only elaborated later. Searle tends to conflate these two arguments, not giving the second argument a separate name, and sometimes switching from the CRA


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Gas Secretion and Absorption
One clear advantage of having a swimbladder is that little to no extra energy is necessary in order to remain stationary at a constant level of water. Only a slight control by use of the pectoral fins is required to balance out the propulsive force of water exiting the gills. Fish with no swimbladder on the other hand, such as mackerels, sharks, and rays must expend energy by constantly swimming in order to keep from sinking.
| Another advantage of swimbladders is
oxygen storage. Physoclists and physostomes alike may occasionally
use the oxygen present within their bladder as an emergency backup in times
of urgent need, although, this emergency store can only be of aid for a
few minutes (Jones 1957).
Finally, swimbladders in some fish are known to increase hearing abilities. With the presence of inner earswimbladder connections, these fish have exhibited greater sensitivity to sound, however it is not yet clear whether there is also an increase in frequency selectivity (Coombs & Popper 1982a)
Site questions? Email me: _EMAIL_


text: Nowadays systems can evolve quickly, and to this growth is associated, for example, the production of new features, or even the change of system perspective, required by the stakeholders. These conditions require the development of software testing in order to validate the systems. Run a large battery of tests sequentially can take hours. However, tests can run faster in a distributed environment with rapid availability of pre-configured systems, such as cloud computing. There is increasing demand for automation of the entire process, including integration, build, running tests and management of cloud resources.This paper aims to demonstrate the applicability of the practice continuous integration (CI) in Information Systems, for automating the build and software testing performed in a distributed environment of cloud computing, in order to achieve optimization and elasticity of the resources provided by the cloud.


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basic scale of 1, 2, 4, 5.
All of these multiples can be seen in Table 2b, which also shows the frequencies at different ratios as well as the value to log2(weight) for different nominal weights.
Again there are fractional ratios, this time a third and a sixth as well as a half, with the fractional ratio of a sixth having a frequency of only one. The collection on the grid line at 6.17 are weights at half the unit value.
Here also there are odd ratios. These are the fractional ratios of a third and a sixth and the ratios 2.5, 3, 6, 8, 25, 30, 150, 250. The frequency at ratio of 25, like that at one third, is surprisingly high. In all, there are 70 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 861 specimens.
Chart 2b is a histogram of the Qedet system. The collection ranges from 0.93 to 1.06 of the normalised values of the weights. The peak frequency occurs at 0.98 of the normalised value.
The Stater system compromises 396 specimens. The unit value of weights ranges from 132.0 grains to 140.3 grains and their average value is 135.3 grains.
Chart 3a is a log plot of these weights. The vertical scale is adjusted so that the value of 7.08 (= log2(135.3)) falls on a grid line.
Table 3 shows the ratios of the Stater weight system. The scale of 1, 2, 5 better describes the system as there are specimens with multiples of tens of this scale up to a ratio of 1000.
While there are 3 specimens at ratio 4, there are none at ratios 40 and 400. Similarly, ratios 3 and 25, with respectable counts, do not have any at higher multiples. All these ratios, along with the sixth, the third and 8 and 150 are odd to the basic ratio of 1, 2, 5. In all, there are 62 of these odd ratios out of the total collection of 396 specimens.
The Stater system of weights is an odd one out of the three systems being analysed in that its basic scale is different from the other two and it is also the most accurate of the three. This can be seen from the histogram, Chart 3b. This shows the distribution ranging from 0.98 to 1.04 of the normalised values. This in spite of a large number of specimens with odd ratios.
The analysis of each weight system is based on Petrie's assignment of ratio to each specimen from which a value of the unit of the system is derived. The histogram or frequency distribution of the weight system is based on the average of the derived values of the unit. The frequencies at each ratio listed in the Table of Ratios are obtained from the weight tables. The Log Charts are based solely on the weight of specimens which Petrie determined using a balance and set of grain weights4 specially manufactured for the purpose.
A set of weights manufactured to a specific value will display a spread about that specific or intended value. The number of specimens at the intended value is the highest and the distribution of the rest is symmetrical about it. The distribution trails away from the peak. The distribution is shaped like a bell and is known as the Normal distribution.
The frequency distribution for the Peyem and the Qedet systems, Charts 1b and 2b, presents a challenge. The peak frequency is not at the centre of the distribution. Frequencies away from the nominal value do not trail off as expected for a Normal distribution. The frequency distribution of the Stater system, however, is much closer to that expected for a Normal distribution.
These histograms are fairly compact, the range of spread of the weights about the nominal values is mostly less than 5%. The Stater system displays the narrowest range, with most of the collection accommodated within 2% of the nominal values.
Histograms can be examined for slightly different values of the unit weight. For the Peyem and Qedet systems, the distribution will roll along, with the frequencies rippling along the top. No unit value can give a distribution with a single peak frequency. But for the Stater system the matters are different. A slightly higher value of the unit weight is found that produces an almost symmetrical distribution with the peak frequency occurring at the nominal value. Chart 3b1 shows the distribution of the Stater system for two different values of the unit weight: at the average value of 135.3 grains in blue, and at 135.8 grains in red.
All the systems examined here include ternary and quinary ratios as well as the usual binary and decimal ratios found in many of the ancient weight systems. The quinary ratio can be explained as an intermediate stage of a decimal scale. The ternary ratio is not so easily explained. Binary submultiples are a standard feature of each weight system. Also, a few ternary submultiples are present in two of the weight systems examined but none of the systems has any quinary submultiple.
Removing the weights of the ternary scale alters the picture. Both total frequency and distribution are affected. However, reassigning weights of the ternary scale to the nearest ratio applicable alters the frequency distribution only.
Examination of the weight systems presented here is based on weights recovered nearly 100 years ago. Addition of newer finds could alter the picture. A larger collection will give a better value of the unit of the weight system. It should also provide a better view of the ratios that existed in different weight systems.
Special thanks are due to Norman J. Street for providing access to certain books without which this paper would not have been possible.
1. Ancient Weights and Measures by Flinders Petrie, Department of Egyptology, University College, London. 1926
2. An Analysis of the Petrie Collection of Weights by A. S. Hemmy in
The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 23 No. 1 (June 1937), p 42
3. The Statistical Treatment of Ancient Weights by A. S. Hemmy, in Ancient Egypt, December 1935. Page 86.
4. Ancient Weights and Measures, op cit, p3
© 2012 Chandrakant Doshi


do the conversions automatically if you use any of these. Be careful not to exceed the 32 bit signed integer limit (if you're using 32bit versions) as it will cause your script to fail.
Changelog for post_max_size
Version Description
5.3.4 post_max_size = 0 will not disable the limit when the content type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or is not registered with PHP.
5.3.2 , 5.2.12 Allow unlimited post size by setting post_max_size to 0.
auto_prepend_file string
Specifies the name of a file that is automatically parsed before the main file. The file is included as if it was called with the require function, so include_path is used.
The special value none disables auto-prepending.
auto_append_file string
Specifies the name of a file that is automatically parsed after the main file. The file is included as if it was called with the require function, so include_path is used.
The special value none disables auto-appending.
Note: If the script is terminated with exit(), auto-append will not occur.
default_mimetype string
By default, PHP will output a media type using the Content-Type header. To disable this, simply set it to be empty.
PHP's built-in default media type is set to text/html.
default_charset string
In PHP 5.6 onwards, "UTF-8" is the default value and its value is used as the default character encoding for htmlentities(), html_entity_decode() and htmlspecialchars() if the encoding parameter is omitted. The value of default_charset will also be used to set the default character set for iconv functions if the iconv.input_encoding, iconv.output_encoding and iconv.internal_encoding configuration options are unset, and for mbstring functions if the mbstring.http_input mbstring.http_output mbstring.internal_encoding configuration option is unset.
All versions of PHP will use this value as the charset within the default Content-Type header sent by PHP if the header isn't overridden by a call to header().
Setting default_charset to an empty value is not recommended.
input_encoding string
Available from PHP 5.6.0. This setting is used for multibyte modules such as mbstring and iconv. Default is empty.
output_encoding string
Available from PHP 5.6.0. This setting is used for multibyte modules such as mbstring and iconv. Default is empty.
internal_encoding string
Available from PHP 5.6.0. This setting is used for multibyte modules such as mbstring and iconv. Default is empty. If empty, default_charset is used.
always_populate_raw_post_data mixed
Warning
This feature was DEPRECATED in PHP 5.6.0, and REMOVED as of PHP 7.0.0.
If set to TRUE, PHP will always populate the $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA containing the raw POST data. Otherwise, the variable is populated only when the MIME type of the data is unrecognised.
The preferred method for accessing raw POST data is php://input, and $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is deprecated in PHP 5.6.0 onwards. Setting always_populate_raw_post_data to -1 will opt into the new behaviour that will be implemented in a future version of PHP, in which $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is never defined.
Regardless of the setting, $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA is not available with enctype="multipart/form-data".
See also: magic_quotes_gpc, magic_quotes_runtime, and magic_quotes_sybase.
Paths and Directories
Paths and Directories Configuration Options
Name Default Changeable Changelog
include_path ".;/path/to/php/pear" PHP_INI_ALL
open_basedir NULL PHP_INI_ALL PHP_INI_SYSTEM in PHP < 5.3.0
doc_root NULL PHP_INI_SYSTEM
user_dir NULL PHP_INI_SYSTEM
extension_dir "/path/to/php" PHP_INI_SYSTEM
extension NULL php.ini only
zend_extension NULL php.ini only
zend_extension_debug NULL php.ini only Available before PHP 5.3.0.
zend_extension_debug_ts NULL php.ini only Available before PHP 5.3.0.
zend_extension_ts NULL php.ini only Available before PHP 5.3.0.
cgi.check_shebang_line "1" PHP_INI_SYSTEM Available since PHP 5.2.0.
cgi.discard_path "0" PHP_INI_SYSTEM Available since PHP 5.3.0.
cgi.fix_pathinfo "1" PHP_INI_SYSTEM PHP_INI_ALL prior to PHP 5.2.1.
cgi.force_redirect "1" PHP_INI_SYSTEM PHP_INI_ALL prior to PHP 5.2.1.
cgi.nph "0" PHP_INI_SYSTEM Available since PHP 5.3.0.
cgi.redirect_status_env NULL PHP_INI_SYSTEM PHP_INI_ALL prior to PHP 5.2.1.
cgi.rfc2616_headers "0" PHP_INI_ALL
fastcgi.impersonate "0" PHP_INI_SYSTEM PHP_INI_ALL prior to PHP 5.2.1.
fastcgi.logging "1" PHP_INI_SYSTEM PHP_INI_ALL prior to PHP 5.2.1.
Here's a short explanation of the configuration directives.
include_path string
Specifies a list of directories where the require, include, fopen(), file(), readfile() and file_get_contents() functions look for files. The format is like the system's PATH environment variable: a list of directories separated with a colon in Unix or semicolon in Windows.
PHP considers each entry in the include path separately when looking for files to include. It will check the first path, and if it doesn't find it, check the next path, until it either locates the included file or returns with a warning or an error. You may modify or set your include path at runtime using set_include_path().
Example #1 Unix include_path
include_path=".:/php/includes"
Example #2 Windows include_path
include_path=".;c:\php\includes"
Using a . in the include path allows for relative includes as it means the current directory. However, it is more efficient to explicitly use include './file' than having PHP always check the current directory for every include.
Note:
ENV variables are also accessible in .ini files. As such it is possible to reference the home directory using ${LOGIN} and ${USER}.
Environment variables may vary between Server APIs as those environments may be different.
Example #3 Unix include_path using ${USER} env variable
include_path = ".:${USER}/pear/php"
open_basedir string
Limit the files that can be accessed by PHP to the specified directory-tree, including the file itself. This directive is NOT affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off.
When a script tries to access the filesystem, for example using include, or fopen(), the location of the file is checked. When the file is outside the specified directory-tree, PHP will refuse to access it. All symbolic links are resolved, so it's not possible to avoid this restriction with a symlink. If the file doesn't exist then the symlink couldn't be resolved and the filename is compared to (a resolved) open_basedir .
open_basedir can affect more than just filesystem functions; for example if MySQL is configured to use mysqlnd drivers, LOAD DATA INFILE will be affected by open_basedir . Much of the extended functionality of PHP uses open_basedir in this way.
The special value . indicates that the working directory of the script will be used as the base-directory. This is, however, a little dangerous as the working directory of the script can easily be changed with chdir().
In httpd.conf, open_basedir can be turned off (e.g. for some virtual hosts) the same way as any other configuration directive with "php_admin_value open_basedir none".
Under Windows, separate the directories with a semicolon. On all other systems, separate the directories with a colon. As an Apache module, open_basedir paths from parent directories are now automatically inherited.
The restriction specified with open_basedir is a directory name since PHP 5.2.16 and 5.3.4. Previous versions used it as a prefix. This means that "open_basedir = /dir/incl" also allowed access to "/dir


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Transit rail stations that are compliant with requirements under the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) (box 6-C) increased 178 percent from just 553 stations (out of 2,452) in 1993 to 1,537 stations (out of 2,799) in 2003 (figure 6-6). Yet, the rate at which compliance increased at commuter-rail, light-rail, and heavy-rail stations differed (figure 6-7).
The percentage of light-rail stations that are ADA accessible rose the fastest among the transit rail modes, from 24 percent compliant (92 stations) in 1993 to 76 percent (466 stations) in 2003 (figure 6-7). During the same time period, commuter-rail station accessibility grew from 23 percent (242 stations) to 56 percent (643 stations). Heavy-rail riders also experienced an increase in ADA-compliant stations, from 22 percent (217 stations) in 1993 to 41 percent (416 stations) in 2003.
Transit buses are also subject to ADA requirements. As of 2003, 95 percent of all transit buses were equipped with lifts or ramps to make them accessible to disabled riders.1
1. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database 2003, available at _URL_ as of April 2005.
1 For more information on accessible buses, see Transportation Statistics Annual Report, September 2004.


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It seems like we can find almost everything we need through Google Maps — even the best place to put a new wind farm or a solar power plant. Renewable energy prospectors can now assess potential sites with the click of a mouse using 3TIER's high-resolution maps of the earth's solar radiation, wind speeds and hydro power capacities. The company showed off its new seamless, high-resolution solar map of the western hemisphere this week at the International Solar Power conference.
3TIER is working on mapping the entire world with its "REmapping the World" initiative which it hopes will help developing countries assess their renewable energy resources and "leap frog" past fossil fuels. Many of the places that need renewable energy the most don't have the resources to synthesize millions of satellite photos. 3TIER offers a free look on their web site for consumers and sells comprehensive, custom full site analysis reports, complete with GIS data layers to energy developers.
3TIER says its new solar maps offers three times the resolution of existing industry standards. And while you might have thought sunlight just beams straight down, 3TIER's solar map displays information on global horizontal irradiation, direct normal irradiation and diffuse irradiation so you can tell how much radiation might actually power your panels. The wind energy map also provides a huge amount of detail and clicking through the wind velocity at elevations of 20, 50 and 80 meters quickly illustrates that higher speed winds are higher up in the atmosphere.
Founded in 1999, 3TIER displays its data using Google Maps, which makes us wonder: What if Google were to acquire 3TIER? It could be a perfect fit. Google.org has made investments in solar and wind energy companies which could certainly make use of high-resolution energy maps. 3TIER's maps could perfectly compliment Google's recent grant to Southern Methodist University Geothermal Laboratory to update a very similar geothermal energy map. And Google Earth has been adding layers of data about renewable energy for quite some time now. But then again, we're still waiting for Google to acquire the Earth2Tech portfolio of green maps.
Images courtesy of 3TIER.


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There are indicators of psychopathy that can be monitored in children, even though children cannot be accurately diagnosed as a psychopath until the age of 18. Yet some child psychologists think psychopathy can be identified in children as young as 5. With troubled children, there are clues that indicate they are on a path to violence and destruction. For others, it's a bit more subtle and not as clear. In the famous example of Beth Thomas, the "Child of Rage," psychologists received criticism for presenting the 6-year-old as a "psychopath" due to her young age - despite her alarming behavior. If you've ever wondered how to tell if a child may be developing a personality disorder, this list includes behavioral traits psychologists consider when counseling those who display signs of psychopathy in childhood.
Not Laughing With Other Kids
A 2017 study conducted by UCL (University College London) shows that children who display traits of psychopathy do not find laughter as contagious as other children. While most children hear the sound of laughter, their brain responds sharply, and they will also have the urge to laugh.
Additionally, laughter is a form of bonding for children and a child who displays hints of psychopathy does not usually have the desire to bond unless it is beneficial to them in some way. Lacking the social cue for laughter is an indicator of psychopathy.
Harming Or Attempting To Harm Animals
For most, the thought of harming animals is disturbing and beyond forgivable. For others, it's something they do for fun and one of the highest warning signs of future criminal behavior. When looking into the backgrounds of offenders, there is proof that animal abuse can progress to extreme violence toward humans.
While young children may experiment with animals at a younger age when their empathy has not started to develop, others may have a full understanding of what they are doing and have intentions of harming the animal. Additionally, some children will exhibit the same behavior through inanimate objects, such as stabbing stuffed animals.
Urinating On Furniture
A child who urinates on furniture, despite knowing how to use the toilet, may be a sign of psychopathy. It is believed that the child will do this to show dominance. Just like animals who mark their territory, a child showing signs of psychopathy may also mark their territory.
Psychopaths tend to behave in many ways that give them a sense of control, and urinating on furniture is one of the ways.
Inflicting Harm On Smaller Children
A strong indication that a child may become a psychopath is if they inflict pain on others, often a younger child. Children who fit in this pattern seem to get pleasure from watching others suffer. While it may be a natural instinct to comfort others in pain, some like to cause the pain and enjoy watching others hurt.
Children showing signs of psychopathy will often experiment and test the limits with others. They want to see how far they can take things and what reaction they get.


String Audition Information
 Two 3-octave scales: two etudes such as Duport or Popper; two movements from solo repertoire
Double Bass
Two 2-octave scales; two studies from an etude book such as Simandl; two movements or pieces of differing styles selected from bass literature
Harp (for Undergraduate Admission)
Technique (one from each category): Major scales, arpeggios and tonic glissandos
Any of the following etudes
 - Conditioning Exercises by Carlos Salzedo
 - Method for Harp - Carlos Salzedo
 - Preludes Intimes - Carlos Salzedo, Bochsa Etudes
One each from the following category:
 - Ballet excerpt: Waltz of the Flowers cadenza from The Nutcracker, opening of Act 2 Giselle - Adophe Adam
 - Orchestral excerpt: Capriccio Espangnol, Rimsky-Korsakov; Scottish Fantasy, Bruch
 - Opera excerpt: Madama Butterfly - Puccini, or any standard excerpt from a Wagner opera
Solo material-choose one or more from the following:
 - Aria in Classic Style - M Grandjany
 - First movement of Concerto in B-Flat - Handel
 - Suite of Eight Dances - C Salzedo
 - Sonatine - M Tournier
 - Colorado Trail - M Grandjany
 - Sonatine - Dussek
 - Sonata in C minor - Peschetti
Harp (for Graduate Admission)
Applicants for admission to the Master of Music or Performer's Certficate should perform a live audition or submit a professional-quality video recording that includes the following:
Twenty to thirty minutes of music with at least 15 minutes memorized. Repertoire should include:
 1. a work from the Baroque period
 2. a work by Handel, Dussek, or Peschetti
 3. a 20th-century solo by Salzedo, Grandjany, Ravel, Faure, Hindemith or other pertinent composer
 4. one orchestral excerpt of your choice
Jazz Bass
Please prepare:
 1. A blues
 2. Two or three jazz standards where you walk, play at least one melody, and be able to solo over these selections
 3. A swing selection
 4. One straight eighth feel composition.
There may also be sight-reading.
Viola (for Undergraduate Admission)
Two 3-octave scales; two or three contrasting selections, to include:
 1. A movement from a 19th or 20th c. viola sonata (e.g. Schubert, Brahms, Hindemith, Clarke) OR concerto (e.g. Walton, Hindemith, Bartok); OR a recital work (e.g. Brcuh "Romanze", Bloch "Suite Hebraique" from this period
 2. One or two movements from Bach's solo cello suites or violin sonatas and partitas, OR another selection in Baroque or Classical style (e.g. movement from Stamitz or Hoffmeister concerto)
Viola (for Graduate Admission)
Three contrasting selections
 1. A concerto movement
 2. A sonata movement or recital work (see above)
 3. One or two movements of solo Bach
Two 3-octave scales; one advanced study (ex. Kreutzer, Dont or Paganini); two movements of a sonata, concerto, or from solo literature


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The NCTR is overseen by a Governing Circle. The Circle includes Survivors and representatives of the University of Manitoba and other partners. The majority of Governing Circle members are First Nations, Inuit and Métis.
The Governing Circle is guided by a Survivors Circle, as well as by Elders and Knowledge Keepers.
Establishing these governance structures were essential to ensuring Survivors and partners are always at the very heart of the NCTR and that the NCTR honours and upholds Indigenous laws and protocols.
For us, as Survivors, it is important that we see the NCTR as our home, where our truths, experiences and lives are validated, honoured and never forgotten. The staff carry the responsibility – both today and tomorrow – to ensure our voices are carried forward in a good way.
~ Eugene Arcand, No. 781, residential school Survivor, and Survivor Circle member, Muskeg Lake Cree Nation
Elders and Knowledge Keepers also play a significant role at the NCTR. From visioning the turtle that sits in front of our building, to the sensitive work of honouring children that never returned home from the residential schools, our work would not be possible without them.
About the Governing Circle
In summer 2014, an 11-person nominating committee selected the first Governing Circle of the NCTR. Governing Circle members:
- Ensure Indigenous people are in control over the materials
- Provide guidance on policies, activities, ceremonies, and protocols
- Provide guidance on ways to increase the Centre's records, materials, and resources and on prospective partners
- Provide support on accessing the Centre's records, materials and resources
Three members of the Governing Circle represent Survivors, their families or ancestors (one First Nation, one Inuit and one Métis) and, at all times, at least four members of the Governing Circle must self-identify as Indigenous. The remaining four members represent the University of Manitoba (UM) and other NCTR partner organizations.
Governing Circle members serve a minimum two-year term, meet quarterly and advise on the NCTR's policies, priorities, activities, ceremonies, protocols and methods. The Governing Circle ensures ongoing Indigenous oversight of the NCTR.
- Meet the NCTR Governing Circle
About the Survivors Circle
Following a national selection process, the NCTR welcomed its first Survivors Circle in 2017. One of their first ceremonial acts was to welcome the TRC's Bentwood Box back to the NCTR after being on display at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights since the TRC's close.
The first Survivors Circle worked closely with staff at the NCTR, providing invaluable expertise and guidance on an array of NCTR actions. Their perspectives were instrumental in the Independent Assessment Process (IAP) records case and development of the enhanced notice program for IAP records. Their direct advocacy efforts resulted in the NCTR's Lessons Learned report and the National Student Memorial Register.
Today, a seven-member Survivors Circle continues to guide the NCTR. These members:
- Ensure that Survivors' voices and perspectives remain central to NCTR programs and policies
- Provide guidance and advice to the NCTR, the Governing Circle, UM and partners on anything important to the broader Survivor community
"It was the Survivors' truth and the power of their statements that changed this country's perception of itself. Having Survivors at the core of the NCTR is essential, not only for respecting the past but also for understanding where we're going." ~ Ry Moran, First Director of the NCTR
- Meet the NCTR Survivors Circle
More Information on Governance
Read our Administrative Agreement (PDF) with the University of Manitoba.
NCTR Annual Reports
NCTR's spirit name – bezhig miigwan, meaning "one feather".
Bezhig miigwan calls upon us to see each Survivor coming to the NCTR as a single eagle feather and to show those Survivors the same respect and attention an eagle feather deserves. It also teaches we are all in this together — we are all one, connected, and it is vital to work together to achieve reconciliation.


Commissioned by Carnegie Hall as part of its 125 Commission Project, Make A Joyful Noize is a multimedia universe that blends music, film, interviews, spoken word and dance to capture the visceral, contagious and unapologetic energy of black joy.
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Behind every movement is a soundtrack that mobilizes change and inspires the leaders for generations to come. Soundtrack '63 is a live, multimedia musical performance exploring the African-American experience in the United States. The production uses immersive video scored by an orchestral ensemble and soul stirring vocalist to tell a story of tragedy, triumph and transcendence.
*Originally commissioned by 651 ARTS in 2012.
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Soul Science Lab's 10 Trane explores the life and evolution of John Coltrane's journey to self-discovery that shook up the world and continues to inspire generations. As a millennial tribute to the icon, the concert covers Coltrane jazz classics, original music and popular hip-hop Coltrane-influenced tracks that tell the story of the musician's transformation.


UC Davis Art Museum. California
Kitchell. WORKac. WRL. images: © Regents of the University of California, Davis campus
A bold, open-faced icon along an outermost edge of UC Davis' campus, the Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art re-imagines the intersections among art, higher education and everyday life.
The Slant
A beacon to students and
visitors alike, the building renders UC Davis' long history of engagement with the arts visible to the campus and city
beyond. Through a careful and innovative reordering of traditional museum conventions, the highly-accessible
building becomes a platform for collective learning, creation and experimentation—a showcase for UC Davis' artistic
legacy and its evolution as a cutting-edge cultural force and an integral and vibrant hub for future student
To emphasize the building's role as a destination for multiple audiences, the team devised a simple and striking
parallelogram form that maximizes opportunities for public space throughout the site. Two corners of the building
are lifted to create distinct facades facing the campus and the adjacent highway, forming a dramatic sloping roof that
houses an array of spaces, views and experiences. The slope of this roof, its orientation and its light metal cladding
together produce an inherently efficient envelope that minimizes solar heat gain and the energy needed to cool the
This roof becomes a graceful canopy extending over a new plaza to create a large shaded public outdoor space,
opening toward the larger campus and further underscoring the public nature of the museum. Continuing the theme
of connecting the museum's activities to the surrounding campus, the proposed landscape is strategically designed to
"stitch" the new building to the site with a series of outdoor rooms—spaces that complement and blend with the
museum's interior
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Electrosorption of pectin onto casein micelles
R. Tuinier, C. Rolin, C. G. de Kruif
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
125 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Pectin, a polysaccharide derived from plant cells of fruit, is commonly used as stabilizer in acidified milk drinks. To gain a better understanding of the way that pectin stabilizes these drinks, we studied the adsorption and layer thickness of pectin on casein micelles in skim milk dispersions. Dynamic light scattering was used to measure the layer thickness of adsorbed pectin onto casein micelles in situ during acidification. The results indicate that the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles is multilayered and takes place at and below pH 5.0. Renneting, i.e., cleaving-off κ-casein from the casein micelles, did not alter the adsorption pH. It did, however, show that pectin arrests the rennet-induced flocculation of casein micelles below pH 5.0. From the findings we concluded the attachment of pectin onto casein micelles is driven by electrosorption. Adsorption measurements confirmed the multilayered nature of the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles. Both the adsorbed amount and the layer thickness increased with decreasing pH in the relevant range 3.5-5.0. The phase behavior of a casein micelles/pectin mixture was determined and could be explained in terms of thermodynamic incompatibility being relevant above pH 5.0 and adsorption, leading to either stabilization and bridging, being relevant below pH 5.0. The results confirm that electrosorption is the driving force for the adsorption of pectin onto casein micelles.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)632-638
Number of pages7
JournalBiomacromolecules
Volume3
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2002
Externally publishedYes
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text:
Security researchers have built a robot with one goal in mind: to crack your smartphone's PIN. Using 3D-printed parts, servomotors, a plastic stylus, an Arduino microcontroller, and a cheap webcam, Justin Engler and Paul Vines created a $200 robot that can automate the entry of numeric smartphone PIN codes, cracking a regular four-digit Android PIN in under 20 hours.
Engler and Vines will unveil their Robotic Reconfigurable Button Basher (R2B2) prototype at the BlackHat USA 2013 conference in Las Vegas later this week, hoping to raise attention to the insecurity of four-digit PINs and the small amount of time needed to gain access to confidential information. Smartphone security may have evolved to include pattern unlocks, face detection, and standard passwords, but four-digit PINs are already standard — you'll punch them in at an ATM, a variety of smartphone apps will use them to protect your data, and Apple uses them to secure iOS devices. Google allows Android users to set a PIN using up to 16 digits and R2B2 demonstrates why people should use them.
"If I'm a CEO, a four-digit PIN is a problem."
While Apple's iOS platform employs safeguards to limit the number of incorrect PIN entries, blocking attempts for hours at a time if the user enters one incorrect PIN too many, R2B2 can crack a device with a four-digit PIN running stock Android in under a day. In contrast, an Android device using a six-digit code could would take over two months. On the Android devices Engler and Vines tested, the software would delay entries for just 30 seconds after every five incorrect guesses.
Moving forward, the researchers plan to keep upgrading the robot so it can work with PINs used in various smartphone apps, and even look into whether it can be used to crack hotel safes, ATMs, or combination locks. Given all three have strict safeguards against brute-force manual attacks — most ATMs, for example, would hold your card after three incorrect entries — we're not sure they'll have much luck. In the spirit of openness, the robots creators will offer the part lists, detailed build instructions, and 3D printer files when they give their BlackHat talk.


attributes, and adds the necessary snap-in files to NWAdmin.
After installing Mailbox Manager, you can upload directory information from an Exchange site directly into NDS eDirectory. To do this, you run the Upload Mailboxes utility from the Tools menu in NWAdmin. You specify the Exchange site and server you want to manage, and the NDS eDirectory context for the Site object in NDS eDirectory. The utility does the rest, using Windows NT account information from NDS Corporate Edition to map Exchange mailboxes to NDS eDirectory user objects.
Although the current release of Mailbox Manager does not automatically update NDS eDirectory when changes are made using Exchange Administrator, you can run the Upload Mailboxes utility at any time to incorporate changes into NDS eDirectory.
Learning and using Mailbox Manager is easy. It has a look and feel very similar to the Exchange Administrator user interface, so you're in familiar territory whether you're more accustomed to that program or to NWAdmin. For example, the Mailbox Manager snap-in to NWAdmin displays a hierarchical list of sites, recipient lists, and distribution lists similar to the corresponding lists shown in Exchange Administrator. The dialog box used to edit user properties is very similar between the two applications.
Mailbox Manager incorporates a few minor differences from the Exchange Administrator user interface, to better reflect the intended purpose of the application and improve usability. For example, there are no tabs for E-Mail Addresses and Protocols because Help Desk staffers should not normally control this information. Also, to make it easy to create and delete Exchange mailboxes, an Exchange Mailboxes page on the User Properties dialog lets you enter information such as the primary Windows NT account, recipient container name, and home server name.
Managing Security on Windows NT
Windows NT domains do not allow a user to be a member of more than one domain, even if trust relationships are defined between domains. This is because the RID is stored as part of the User object. To move a User object to a different domain, the object must first be deleted from the previous domain and then created in the new domain. This affects the user's access to the first domain. If the User object is then created again in the first domain, another new RID is created.
With NDS Corporate Edition, each Windows NT domain is represented by a Domain object in NDS eDirectory. This object behaves similarly to an NDS Group object in that it not only holds information about the domain and users who are members of the domain, but it also contains member objects such as Computers and Groups just as a real domain does. One significant difference, however, is that NDS Corporate Edition stores each user's RID in the NT Domain object and not as part of the User object. This means that one NDS User object can be a member of more than one NT domain or access the resources that used to be available in multiple domains, without the need for complicated one-way trust relationships. Under NDS eDirectory, an NT Domain object functions like a group. Just as a user can be associated with multiple groups, a user can be associated with multiple NT Domain objects.
Another aspect to consider when using NDS Corporate Edition has to do with passwords. Windows NT uses an MD4 password encryption algorithm which creates a fixed-length hash from the user's password. Such hashes are not very secure, as they are susceptible to dictionary attacks. NDS eDirectory, on the other hand, uses the public/private key pair. These keys are created uniquely for each user using the password. The public key can be easily shared and passed around. The private key is held securely within NDS in a vault associated with the User object.
When a user logs in, the password is used to create a secret token that is sent to NDS eDirectory for verification. If the NDS server is convinced that the token has been generated only by the actual user, it allows an authenticated session to be set up. At the same time, the password is also encrypted with the MD4 algorithm and sent to the Windows NT domain controller. This encrypted value is compared to that stored in the domain User object. If they match, the user is authenticated to the NT Server. This authentication process is secure because the encryption process that is performed on each password is irreversible.
With NDS Corporate Edition, both passwords are checked by the respective environments. However, both passwords are stored in NDS eDirectory. The authentication process is equally secure, since the encryption process that is performed on each password is still irreversible.
Managing Security for UNIX Accounts
Most UNIX systems provide a standards-based service layer called Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) Interface library. PAM is a public specification for service providers that can plug into the UNIX environment to handle authentication, account information, and session and password management services. NDS Corporate Edition comes with a plug-in that uses NDS for all these services (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: Managing UNIX accounts with NDS.
Applications that use the PAM Interface continue to work unchanged, including native utilities like login, telnet, ftp, sendmail, passwd, ls, ps, and so on. The PAM standard allows multiple service providers to be stacked or switched at run time without rebooting the system. Therefore, system administrators can choose to locate administrative accounts in /etc files, employee accounts in NDS, and selected accounts in the NIS databases all at the same time. NDS Corporate Edition comes with a migration utility that can extract accounts from existing databases and merge them into NDS. If the account already exists, only the UNIX profile is added or merged.
NDS Corporate Edition can co-exist with NIS, NIS+, and the /etc/passwd databases. The administrator can configure the product in such a way that some users authenticate to both NDS and NIS. Some of the local system administration accounts, such as root, will continue to be stored in /etc/passwd files. This is because these accounts will need to authenticate during times when NDS service is not yet available (such as during operating system installation and operating system initialization). It is recommended that accounts that are used for local administration of the server be left alone in the /etc/passwd files and the corporate user accounts be migrated to the directory. Local accounts like root, bin, sys, and so on can remain in /etc/passwd files.
Figure 9 demonstrates how PAM can be configured to lookup NDS first and then fall back to UNIX files.
Figure 9: Sample /etc/pam.conf file for Solaris hosts.
Single Sign-on Across UNIX Hosts
UNIX hosts allow users to log in to remote hosts or launch applications on other UNIX hosts through a feature called the .rhosts. Because this is a very risky feature for security-sensitive networks, many system administrators ban this facility. NDS Corporate Edition offers an easier and more secure solution for UNIX hosts that use NDS: Single Sign-on. It's important to note that this is not the same product as Novell Single Sign-on that provides single sign-on for NDS-enabled business applications. The Single Sign-on (SSO) feature for UNIX provides a mechanism through which users who have logged in to a UNIX host can seamlessly connect to other SSO-enabled UNIX hosts through telnet, ftp, or rlogin without having to provide a name or password. NDS Corporate Edition will automatically transfer the login credentials to the new host behind the scenes and allow the command to be executed without a password prompt (see Figure 10).
Figure 10: Single Sign-on across UNIX hosts.
Background authentication is accomplished by another PAM module called the pam_ndssso and a daemon called nds_ssod. The pam_ndssso module provides functions for authentication and session management to the SSO daemon. When a user first logs in to a workstation, the credentials are captured and preserved in the SSO daemon. When the user attempts to contact another UNIX host, then the authentication request is intercepted by the pam_ndssso on that host. The SSO daemon on the target host then contacts the SSO daemon on the first host and goes through a background authentication sequence with NDS. If the authentication succeeds, then the user is allowed to operate on the target host. Otherwise, the sequence will fall back to the regular NDS authentication sequence.
In this exchange, the credentials are never transferred to the new host. The SSO daemon only maintains a pointer to the original host that manages the credentials obtained by the initial authentication. All these background operations occur quickly and transparently and give a seamless experience to the user.
Resolving UNIX Account Names in NDS eDirectory
NDS uses a hierarchical name space, while UNIX account names are simple names. NDS Corporate Edition attempts to preserve the existing UNIX names by mapping them intelligently into NDS User object names. The mapping works as follows:
 1. When a UNIX host is added to the tree, a corresponding replica server object is created in NDS in a specific context. One of the attributes of this object is the list of NDS groups whose members are allowed to log in to the host. A UNIX config object is also added at the top of a non-Root partition. This object contains a list of all contexts where UNIX replica server objects may be found.
 2. When a UNIX account name is looked up in the tree, first a


text: This research explores how land use shapes social relations in the western Highlands of Scotland, a sparsely populated and largely treeless area officially designated as 'wild land.' While the emptiness of this landscape nurtures apparently incompatible visions of conservation and rural development, resource management in wild areas necessitates frequent collaboration between conservationists and local inhabitants. Critical studies of nature have largely dismissed the wild as ideology and have primarily theorized wilderness areas in terms of capitalist value production. Departing from these trends, this research seeks to take wildness seriously as an emergent property of land and to remain curious about value production that exceeds the rational and the economic. In particular, it asks how actors' laboring engagement with Highland landscapes generates particular forms of human-nonhuman relationality, or'socionatural value'. Focusing on the laboring practices that bring humans and nonhumans into relation, this research will contribute to scholarship on more-than-human sociality and the production of landscape.


text:
It aims at management of pest through control in increase of pest population in coconut plantations as pest/insects get trapped and die hence cannot reproduce thus lowering pest incidence even for years to come.
It uses pheromone lure as bait which is directed towards a particular insect only, which produces smell of female insect to which the male gets attracted and are trapped.
How it is women friendly?
It is chemical free, as women does all house chores thus are greatly exposed to get poisoned and poison their family due to physical contact with pesticides, it nullifies threat to health.
Four to six Co-Co traps with lures which last 25-30 can be placed in one acre area, which has been found to be significantly helpful in reducing the pest population
Locale of dissemination/ application:
(i) Puri (Ottrarkera)
(ii) ICAR-CIWA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
- Reduce use of chemical based pesticides.
- Reduces health risks associated with chemicals.
- Environment friendly.
- Saves on costly pesticides.
Limitations if any
Once the RPW and RB beetle has bored into the coconut trunk it is very hard to control the pest as egg laying, cocoon and caterpillar stage spans inside the trunk of the tree.
S.K. Srivastava, et.al. ICAR -Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Year and purpose:
2014 for pest controlling without pesticide use.
Co-co trap @ 94 Lure (RPW)@ 75 Lure (RB) @ 225
Weather further study/ modification are required or not:


Using Java Compiler Tree API to Extract Generics Types
I was looking for some way to extract information about types of elements in Java collections/maps using generics (List, Map) so that the users of the Static JSF Expression Validator wouldn't need to declare the type of the elements manually. One possible way to get this information is to process the source codes with the Sun Compiler Tree API, available since JDK 6.
It might be best to go and check the resulting 263 lines of now. The code is little ugly, largely due to the API being ugly.
 1. JavaCompiler (Compiler API) is used to compile the source codes that should be searched for generics
 2. A custom annotation provider (Java Annotation API) is used during the compilation to process the sources
 3. The processor only delegates to a custom TreePathScanner (Sun Compiler Tree API) whose visitMethod extracts all the information from the MethodTree, using some dark magic to get fully qualified type names of the class and return type
 1. The Compiler must be able to resolve all dependencies (imports) to be able to process the files
 2. It only works with Sun JDK and its tools.jar must be on the class path (the Compiler and Annotation APIs are a part of Java specification but the Compiler Tree API is not and is thus vendor-specific)
 3. The code currently doesn't handle getters inside nested/inner classes (it would need to check that it is such a class and replace the last. with $ in the name)
You'd better check the complete (short) code at GitHub but if it's too far for you :-), here is the crucial piece:
public Object visitMethod(MethodTree methodTree, Trees trees) {
 String typeNameQualified = getEnclosingClassNameIfAvailable(trees);
 // Skip or bad stuff happens (case: inside anonymous inner class)
 if (typeNameQualified == null) {
 return super.visitMethod(methodTree, trees);
 Tree returnType = methodTree.getReturnType(); // null for void method
 if (getter(methodTree) && returnType instanceof ParameterizedTypeTree) {
 assert Tree.Kind.PARAMETERIZED_TYPE == returnType.getKind();
 ParameterizedTypeTree parametrizedReturnType = (ParameterizedTypeTree) returnType;
 TypeCategory category = detectTypeCategory(parametrizedReturnType);
 if (category.isCollectionOrMap()) {
 Tree valueTypeArgument = parametrizedReturnType.getTypeArguments().get(category.getValueTypeArgumentIdx());
 final String qualifiedGenericTypeName = getQualifiedType(valueTypeArgument);
 String methodJsfName = getMethodJsfName(methodTree);
 System.out.println("FOUND " + typeNameQualified + "." + methodJsfName + ".*=" + qualifiedGenericTypeName);
 // Unqualified name: ((IdentifierTree) valueTypeArgument).getName().toString();
 return super.visitMethod(methodTree, trees);
Most of the code has been copied from the article Source Code Analysis Using Java 6 APIs by Seema Richard (4/2008).
It's possible to use the Java Compiler Tree API to get the desired information but it is not exactly easy because the API os overly complex and undocumented. It would likely be better to use some decent open-source Java parser.
Published by Jakub Holý


text:
Background: Decision-making processes in a medical setting are complex, dynamic and under time pressure, often with serious consequences for a patient's condition.
Objective: The principal aim of the present study was to trace and map the individual diagnostic process of real medical cases using a Decision Process Matrix [DPM]).
Methods: The naturalistic decision-making process of 11 residents and a total of 55 medical cases were recorded in an emergency department, and a DPM was drawn up according to a semi-structured technique following four steps: 1) observing and recording relevant information throughout the entire diagnostic process, 2) assessing options in terms of suspected diagnoses, 3) drawing up an initial version of the DPM, and 4) verifying the DPM, while adding the confidence ratings.
Results: The DPM comprised an average of 3.2 suspected diagnoses and 7.9 information units (cues). The following three-phase pattern could be observed: option generation, option verification, and final diagnosis determination. Residents strove for the highest possible level of confidence before making the final diagnoses (in two-thirds of the medical cases with a rating of practically certain) or excluding suspected diagnoses (with practically impossible in half of the cases).
Discussion: The following challenges have to be addressed in the future: real-time capturing of emerging suspected diagnoses in the memory of the physician, definition of meaningful information units, and a more contemporary measurement of confidence.
Conclusions: DPM is a useful tool for tracing real and individual diagnostic processes. The methodological approach with DPM allows further investigations into the underlying cognitive diagnostic processes on a theoretical level and improvement of individual clinical reasoning skills in practice.


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We are using Selenium webservices for our automated functional testing.
I have a test which tests creation of some objects. If I run the same test again, I need to make sure that each test has a different business key - else it will run into unique-constraint violation.
One way, I can fix this is to reset the database before\after every run of test suite so that each test suite doesn't conflict with another. However my individual tests within the same run are not isolated from each other.
How do I get to the point, where all my tests are isolated and do not conflict with each other?
Right now we query the databse to generate random IDs which do not exist in the database. But I am sure there must be a more elegant way of solving this.
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2 Answers 2
You've got several options here. One is, as you mentioned, to reset the database before each run. That's probably a good idea anyway to ensure that you've got the same starting condition and the beginning of the run.
For the individual tests within the run, you can operate a simple counter through the run and use that to generate your business key - that is, your list of objects includes an object number in its data, and your key is generated using that object number.
Some possible options are a timestamp to milliseconds (e.g. 201112081110526) which you save for the test to allow you to check the saved object against your input. An iterator of 1, 2, 3... etc will also give you the same result.
Using something like this will give you a set of tests that aren't going to conflict with each other. Unless you have tests that depend on another object having been created in an earlier test, they should also be independent of each other. Whether your end-of-run database will match your baselines if one test fails will depend on how intelligent your baseline checking is - if you check each object individually after creation, one failed test won't impact baselines, where if all the object checks occur at the end of all creation tests, one failed test could have a major impact. Either way, you'll still have a cleaner test set with known unique IDs that you don't have to run a SQL query to generate.
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Kate's answer was very good. Instead of a simple counter, you could generate a GUID to ensure uniqueness if needed. – Joe Strazzere Dec 8 '11 at 20:24
I like the GUID idea! – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:36
One possibility is to reset the database before every test, not only before every run of the suite.
This will likely make each run take longer. If you can tolerate the increased duration, that's they way I'd go.
And it may require adding setup to tests that now depend on earlier tests to establish their initial conditions. But that's another way of saying that it makes the tests independent, which is your stated goal.
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A part of me thinksthis would be too extreme, but then it would get me the isolation that I am trying to achieve. But honestly, not sure if that level of isolation is necessary or even a good idea. – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:40
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text:
Extensions are additional lengths or dimensions that are added to the original form of something. The natural antonym for the word "extensions" is "reduction" or "decrease", where objects or qualities are diminished or made shorter. Another antonym for "extensions" could be "shortening", where something is reduced in length or size. Additionally, "contraction" is a relevant antonym that denotes the process of shrinking or reducing in size. Opposite terms to "extensions" may also include "curtailment," "limitation," or "restriction", all of which describe limiting, lowering, or minimizing factors. These antonyms provide a range of options for expressing the opposite of the concept of extensions.
Antonym of the day
- accord, affection, agreement.