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Definition
bitwise
Contributor(s): Matthew Haughn
Bitwise is a level of operations that involves working with individual bits, which are the smallest units of data in a computer. Each bit has a single binary value: 0 or 1. Although computers are capable of manipulating bits, they usually store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. Most programming languages manipulate groups of 8, 16 or 32 bits.
Bitwise operators are characters that represent actions to be performed on single bits. A bitwise operation operates on two-bit patterns of equal lengths by positionally matching their individual bits:
A logical AND (&) of each bit pair results in a 1 if the first bit is 1 AND the second bit is 1. Otherwise the result is zero. Among other uses, AND (represented as &) can be used to test individual bits in a bit string to see if they are 0 or 1.
Here's an example in C/C++:
IsOdd = (ValueToTest & 1) != 0;
A logical OR (|) of each bit pair results in a 1 if the first bit is 1 OR the second bit is 1. Otherwise, the result is zero. A logical XOR (~) of each bit pair results in a 1 if the two bits are different, and 0 if they are the same.
Logical NOT is represented as ^. Left shift (<<), right shift (>>) and zero fill right shift (>>>>) are sometimes referred to as bitwise operators and sometimes called bit shift operators.
See an introduction to bitwise operations in Java:
This was last updated in July 2016
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Potting Soils for a Bonsai
Bonsai trees don't grow in the potting soil normally used for other potted plants, which is designed to retain water and be a dense source of nutrients. Bonsai soil is mixed specifically for container-bound trees, having increased drainage and aeration to encourage a dense network of fine roots to grow in small containers. Bonsai soil particles are also much larger than normal soil, sifted to be around 3/16 inch in size.
Inorganic vs. Organic
Bonsai growers from different parts of the country disagree over whether bonsai soil should be 100 percent inorganic or if it should also contain some percentage of organic materials. Learning to correctly water bonsai trees is more difficult with organic components in the soil because overwatering is a danger. Once the watering technique is learned, however, increased water retention decreases the watering maintenance required to keep trees healthy in extended heat waves or while the grower is on vacation.
Traditional Japanese bonsai uses akadama as the primary component in bonsai soils. Akadama is a dried mineral similar to clay that is found only in Japan. It is imported into the United States, but it is very expensive. Fired-clay products serve in a similar capacity and are available locally. Landscape supply stores sell inexpensive fired-clay products as soil amendments. Small lava rocks and pumice also display water-retention properties similar to fired clay and akadama.
Inert Grit
Inert grit does not retain any water and serves only to aerate the soil. Inorganic bonsai soils are made entirely of inert grit and akadama substitutes. When organic components are used, grit makes up 40 to 50 percent of bonsai soil and fired clay or pumice around 25 percent of the soil. Grit can be any clean substance that will not break down over time. River pebbles, coarse sand and decomposed granite are popular options.
Organic Options
As long as there are no water-retaining additives, almost any organic component with the correct particle size can be used to make up the remaining percentage of bonsai soil. Bonsai growers who use organic components often use composted pine bark because it decomposes more slowly than other options. Leaf mulch and old compost are also used, and some even use garden soil. Fresh composts that are still decomposing will burn bonsai roots.


Advantages & Disadvantages Of Mechanical Keyboard: Explained
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mechanical Keyboard
Whether it is about their precision-engineered keycaps or their high-end switches, mechanical gaming keyboards have turned the spotlight towards them lately.
The market is witnessing new varieties of space-saving designs from this keyboard niche to take the gaming experience to an elite level.
Some brands even go one step forward to offer durable metal construction coupled with crystal clear uniform backlighting to dominate their presence in the gaming market.
However, amongst all these hypes, intelligent users don't forget to question the real worth of these mechanical keyboards.
The forums are getting flooded with queries on these keyboards durability under tough gaming conditions.
Indeed mechanical keyboards cost way more than standard keyboardsthat put first-time buyers even in more difficult situations while choosing the right one.
So, let's ease this out. Let's have a basic understanding of what these keyboards are, and some pros and cons further to address your concerns.
What is a Mechanical Keyboard?
Mechanical keyboards use physical mechanisms to operate. While membrane keyboards use rubber-domes beneath the keys, mechanical keyboards include spring-attached mechanical switches.
When you press a key, the spring touches the circuit, which signals the circuit to register a keystroke.
Alternatively, in membrane keyboards, you will find a rubber dome beneath the keys.
Since both keyboards consist of the same type of keycaps, you might not recognize the difference with bare eyes.
However, if you use them, you can clearly feel the immaculate difference between them both.
Mechanical keyboards come with varieties, all targeted to the specific use of the user.
Linear Switches
Linear Switche
Keyboard with linear switches simply goes up and down, without generating any clicky noise or feedback.
It allows you to reach faster actuation with smooth keystrokes with each keypress. For gaming, you can go for them.
Tactile Switches
Tactile Switche
Keyboard with tactile switches makes you feel a noticeable bump on your finger when you press a key.
The bumpy feeling helps you get the idea that your device has registered a key. Moreover, it also helps in limiting bottoms out.
For examplewhen you use membrane keys, you have to press more to register a key. Pressing a key too hard makes them bottom out, leading to technical issues.
Since tactile switches register keystrokes faster, such issues never usually occur in mechanical keyboards.
Clicky Switches
Clicky Switche
Such switches offer the same benefits as tactile switches plus offering a unique clicky sound when activated. The click sound is an extra addition to the tactile feedback.
Meaning, you get more response to a keypress, leading to more accuracy in typing and gaming.
Apart from technical differences, you will have other variances in mechanical keyboards like wired/wireless, tenkeyless, detachable wrist rests, and many more.
Advantages of Mechanical Keyboard
1. Better typing and gaming performance
Any professional programmer or gamer will surely prefer mechanical keyboards in terms of speed and precision.
Usually, in a membrane keyboard, you need to reach at least 4mm of actuation point to register a keypress.
However, in mechanical keyboards, the number goes down to less than 2 mm. With such advantages of a mechanical keyboard, you have to apply less pressure to achieve accuracy.
Therefore, once you get familiar with the new mechanism of a mechanical keyboard, you can type twice as fast in the long run.
The actuation force used to register a key in membrane keyboards is usually lower than mechanical keyboards.
However, as we mentioned earlier, the actuation point in the membrane remains twice as higher as mechanical ones.
As a result, in membrane keyboards, you have to apply more pressure to register a key, which messes up the whole ergonomics.
Therefore, people working with rubber dome keyboards often end up with finger fatigue within a small duration.
2. Customizable
Typing style of a person varies from person to person. For examplePeople with big fingers tend to make typing errors compare to people with smaller hands.
However, this rule does not apply to everyone. Therefore, manufacturers of mechanical keyboards allow you to customize your keyboard according to your typing style, hand size, and force you utilize while typing.
i. Scenario 1: Big hands – Many Misclicks
If you have big hands and often make typing mistakes, then you can go for keyboards with activation points higher than 2mm. Actually, the farther you keep the activation point, the more you have to press to activate the key.
Also, make sure the operation force of the keyboard remains 55cN or higher. This works great if you tend to apply more pressure while typing.
In other words, you have to put slightly more pressure to activate a key, which helps you avoid misclicks.
You might be thinkingwhy not go for membrane keyboards as they provide higher actuation points. In reality, a higher activation point alone cannot help you reduce your misclicks, you also need a keyboard that accommodates heavy operating force.
Since membrane keyboards contain rubber domes and lightweight bodies, they simply cannot withstand heavy operating force in the long run.
ii. Scenario 2: Big hands – light typing habit
If you have large hands but type lighter, then you can enhance your typing speed and accuracy by switching to mechanical keyboards with activation points around 1.4 or higher.
Considering your light typing skills, we can assume that you have already learned how to control the strength of your fingers. Therefore, you can restrict the operating force from 55 to 75 cN.
Also, as a light typing, the chance of the key's bottom out remains minimal. You have the natural tendency to identify the bump during keypress and move to the next key. Therefore, you can go for tactile or clicky switches.
iii. Scenario 3: Small to medium size hands – Bottoms out
If you have small to medium-size hands, but still face bottoms out issues, then consider buying speed switches. These switches are great for gaming as well as for typing. These switches come with a short activation point, enabling the device to register keypress faster than ever.
iv. Scenario 4: Heavy smashers
If you love or can't help but put excessive pressure on keyboards, then simply go for mechanical keyboards with an operating force higher than 75cN.
3. Economical In The Long Run
With membrane keyboards, you cannot make such critical customization. However, with mechanical keyboards you can remove your key switches and replace them with other switches in the future.
For exampleif a key of your mechanical keyboard stops working after a few years, then you don't have to throw the whole thing away. You just have to buy a new key, pull the old key, and replace it with the new key. This is also beneficial in cases where you want to upgrade the tactile force and actuation force of your keyboard.
4. Durable
Apart from offering a 50 – 100 keystrokes lifecycle, mechanical keyboards come with a highly durable build and superior technology.
Most mechanical keyboards feature heavy-duty materials like ABS and aircraft-grade anodized aluminum. In addition to that, mechanical keyboards also include advanced dust-proof and spill-resistant features that add a few more years to it.
5. Anti-Ghosting property
The Anti-ghosting technology is among the top advantages of mechanical keyboards you will receive as a programmer/gamer. If you do not know, ghosting refers to the process when your keyboard fails to recognize a few keys when you press them together.
Such circumstances often occur when you type faster. With anti-ghosting, you get more precision with typing, leading to fewer typing errors. Besides, mechanical keyboards offer super durability as they often come with a hard metal, dust-proof and spill-resistant body.
Disadvantages of Mechanical Keyboard
Every product comes with some downside and mechanical keyboards are no exception.
1. A bit loud
If you are using a mechanical keyboard for the first time, then you might feel distracted by the noise. Most mechanical keyboards such as tactile and clicky switches often can be a bit louder than other keyboards. If you cannot bear the noise, you can go for silent models or use O-rings to decrease the sound.
2. Heavy
Any keyboard with a durable body and mechanical key switches will feel heavy on the hands. However, considering its lightning-fast response, you would hardly feel the weight, unless you decide to keep the keyboard on your lap instead.
3. Expensive
Mechanical keyboards are usually expensive when compared to membrane keyboards. Any good quality keyboard with a durable body, RGB lighting, and genuine MX switches will cost you $100 at a minimum. Meanwhile, you will also find some quality mechanical keyboards under $40.
How long do mechanical keyboards last?
A mechanical keyboard lasts around 10 years on average. However, the longevity of a mechanical keyboard completely depends upon your usage rate and maintenance. Generally, a mechanical keyboard comes with a life of around 50-100 million keystrokes, which counts as 10-20 times a regular membrane keyboard.
Several factors come to play while deciding the lifecycle of a mechanical keyboard. However, the major factor behind a long-lasting mechanical keyboard remains its strong key switches. For exampleeach key switch stays independent of each other, unlike the rubber dome from the membrane keyboard.
Most mechanical keyboards are repairable & upgradable, which means, with regular maintenance you can enhance its lifecycle even further.
Is a mechanical keyboard better for programming?
In one word, yes, mechanical keyboards offer the best programming experience you will ever have. Whether it's due to lack of marketing or too much focus on the gaming industry, most people consider mechanical keyboards as a gaming device. However, to bust the myth


text:
Leiden Institute of Chemistry
To achieve a more sustainable society, it is important to move away from cradle-to-grave applications, and to develop a more circular economy, wherein reusability and recycling are part of the development of any new product. In that context, the currently undergoing change of chemical feedstocks from fossil fuels to biomass and CO2, and the electrification of our infrastructure, represent important developments of modern chemistry. Catalysis plays a crucial role in developing the corresponding transformations, and mechanistic understanding of these catalytic transformations requires advanced spectroscopic techniques that can resolve the corresponding reactions with high temporal, spatial and/or chemical resolution.
The LIC offers excellent opportunities for interactions with experimental groups (e.g., spectroscopy and imaging, including NMR (BPOC/SSNMR group), NAP-XPS, STM, electrochemistry, catalysis and surface chemistry (CASC group), and coordination chemistry (MCBIM group) as well as with the theoretical and computational chemistry (THEOR group) group, which can help to tackle the aforementioned challenges.
The Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC) aims to hire a spectroscopist within the framework of "Fundamentals of Science". The position will be embedded in and should strengthen the Energy & Sustainability cluster of our institute. While showing synergy with the existing research at the LIC, the successful candidate will come with expertise in advanced spectroscopy, which may include (but are not limited to) time-resolved (pump-probe) spectroscopy, spatially resolved (single-molecule) spectroscopy, and light-induced reactions, with the aim to unravel the mechanism of reactions relevant to renewable cyclic chemistry. The researcher is expected to develop an independent research line that fits into the local, national and international research landscape. A collaborative mind-set is important to integrate into and further enhance the strengths of the Energy & Sustainability cluster and the entire LIC.
The Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC) is located in a brand new building and has all the facilities required for modern synthetic chemistry, (spectro-)electrochemistry, photochemistry, computational chemistry, and organometallic/coordination chemistry. The Faculty also houses the Fine Mechanical Service for the design of specialised equipment, and has close ties to the Leidse Instrumentmakers School.
The LIC is responsible for the bachelor programmes "Molecular Science & Technology" and "Life Science & Technology" (jointly with the Delft University of Technology), and for the master programmes "Chemistry" and "Life Science & Technology". The candidate is expected to develop and teach (advanced) courses in advanced spectroscopy and physical chemistry.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Volcanic Eruptions Multiple Choice Questions and Answers 5 PDF Download
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text:
WWII US Army Camo Shirt -
The United States armed forces fought extensively in the islands of the South Pacific during
WWII. The hot tropical weather demanded the development of a lighter weight uniform than
those used during WWI. Another
requirement was that of being able to blend better with the thick foliage. These demands
puched for the birth of the camouflage uniform.
The US Army began using camouflaged uniforms for the first time in the Pacific theater during
WWII. Due to the experimental nature of the concept their use was not very widespread, Making
the uniforms hard to obtain. The US Marine Corps
employed camouflage uniforms in far larger numbers.
The camouflaged shirt featured here was employed by the US Army during WWII. It was manufactured
from Herring bone twill
The design of the tunic consisted of two pocket construction. A flap was provided to secure the
pocket shut via the use of plastic brown
buttons. Once closed,
the buttons were out of view.
The front of the camouflaged shirt was closed using a series of plastic brown buttons.
Many of these buttons were lost While in the field. As seen on this uniform, the colors and
construction of the plastic buttons do not match. This is a common problem with any uniform.
When the shirt was buttoned up, a flap would cover the buttons. This feature was created so that
when walking through the jungle branches would not get snagged on the buttons. This design feature
was carryed onto the Vietnam war
This page is a recognition and identification guide for WWII US military uniforms.
Multiple detailed photos of a specific sample are provided. Descriptions point out
clearly defined points that should be noted.
One of the most commonly asked questions is "How much is my WWII US uniform worth?".
A price guide is included here to address this question. The value of the uniforms is
reviewed over a period of several years. A trend can be observed. The present worth
of the American military uniforms in the collector's market is illustrated.
This service is provided free of charge to the visitor/enthusiast courtesy of
a company dedicated to the preservation of military history and to providing quality
military antiques and collectibles to museums, institutions and the general public.
The uniform has two oversized (very long) pockets. This style was discontinued because of the
difficulty of finding small items that fell to the bottom of the pocket.
The cuffs of most fatigue unforms always show wear. This example is no exemption. The cuffs are
always among the first things to be frayed. The uniform does not have any
tags or markings.
The tunic did not have any
This WWII US uniform may be currently
It is becoming more difficult to be able to tell the fake ones from the real ones because
the quality of the reproductions is improving. The collector must become familiarized with
the construction style and materials employed in the manufacturing of this item.
Attention to the details is critical in order to be able to determine the authenticity of
If you have an interest is seeing other WWII US uniforms, you can do so by going to our
American Military Uniforms Price Guide.
Where we cover Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps and other organizations.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Supported interface languages
Language support for data server interfaces can be categorized into server group languages and client group languages.
Server group languages will translate most messages, help, and graphical interface elements. Client group languages will translate the IBM® Data Server Runtime Client component, which will include most messages and certain help documentation.
Server group languages include: Brazilian Portuguese, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, and Traditional Chinese.
Client group languages include: Arabic, Bulgarian, Croatian, Dutch, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, and Turkish.
Do not confuse languages supported by the data server product with languages supported by the interface. Languages supported by the data server product means the languages in which data can exist. These languages are a superset of languages supported by the interface.


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Behavior-Driven Development with NBehave
, 13 Jan 2009
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A BDD tutorial using NBehave and MbUnit.
Contents
Introduction
This article is a pithy introduction to the concept of Behavior-Driven Development. In it, I present the way that the C# model of a bank account, with its trademark Deposit() and Withdraw() methods, can be created using BDD techniques. To do this, I will use the NBehave framework for BDD, and MbUnit as the underlying test framework.
Please note that for this introductory article, I'm avoiding the issue of mock objects – something that shouldn't be avoided in real projects, of course. Also, I will not talk about the issue of code coverage which is, of course, also important if you want to get your tests to cover all possible scenarios.
What's BDD?
Okay, you know what TDD is, right? TDD, also known as Test-Driven Development, is a very simple concept. In TDD, you write a Unit Test for some not-yet-implemented functionality, see it fail, add the necessary functionality, then see it succeed. Using TDD, your Unit Test for a withdrawal from a bank account might look like this:
[Test]
public void WithdrawalTest()
{
 Account a = new Account(100);
 a.Withdraw(30);
 Assert.AreEqual(a.Balance, 70);
 Assert.Throws<InsufficientFundsException>(a.Withdraw(100));
}
This Unit Test is fine, but it tells you very little about what you are actually testing. What's essentially happening above is a comparison of states. For example, after the first withdrawal, you're comparing the Balance state of the account with the value 70. There's no notion of "the balance being reduced by the amount withdrawn" here. This test is very mechanical, and is not particularly descriptive.
Enter the notion of BDD. Basically, BDD is designed around the idea that, instead of describing the code under test as some sort of final state machine, you actually give it qualities related to its behavior. What this means is that you describe, in English, what each step in the Unit Test does, and associate the particular code with this step. You also provide additional metadata about the user story, i.e., what the particular user would want to happen in this test, and why it's important for them.
Sounds confusing? We'll take a look at a practical example in a moment, but before that, let's briefly discuss the libraries you need to add BDD to your application.
Tools of the Trade
First of all, you need NBehave, the library that actually allows BDD in the first place. Although the NBehave homepage is here, you should get the latest version from their Google Code repository. This is essential, because only version 0.4 contains the support for MbUnit that we need. If you get an earlier version, you won't be able to get MbUnit and NBehave to play together.
NBehave runs on top of a 'conventional' Unit Testing framework, and I'm going to use MbUnit for this article. You can get MbUnit here, as part of the Gallio automation framework. The download link is right on the front page, so I'd just go for that.
As with conventional Unit Testing, you need some sort of test runner to actually run the tests and report results. If you have ReSharper, you've got nothing to worry about, since Gallio comes with a ReSharper plug-in for running all sorts of Units Tests, MbUnit included. If you haven't got ReSharper, you can use Gallio itself as it comes with its own test runner. All you have to do is open the assembly containing your Unit Tests, and you're set.
Example: Bank Account
Let's define an entity that models a bank account. It will have the following features:
 - A Balance property.
 - A Withdraw(int amount) method for withdrawing money from the account. If the amount of money is insufficient, we'll throw an InsufficientFundsException.
 - A Deposit(int amount) method for depositing money to the account.
 - A static Transfer(Account from, Account to, int amount) method for transferring money from one account to another.
For the above methods, let us also agree to throw an ArgumentException if the amount passed to any function is non-positive.
This very simple model is enough for us to get started with. In fact, I can code the interface for this class right now, since we need it anyway (without an interface, we cannot write tests – even failing ones).
public sealed class Account
{
 private int balance;
 public int Balance
 {
 get { return balance; }
 set { balance = value; }
 }
 public void Deposit(int amount)
 {
 }
 public void Withdraw(int amount)
 {
 }
 public static void Transfer(Account from, Account to, int amount)
 {
 }
}
For the sake of completeness, here is the InsufficientFundsException class:
public class InsufficientFundsException : Exception
{
 public InsufficientFundsException(int requested, int available)
 {
 AmountAvailable = available;
 AmountRequested = requested;
 }
 public int AmountRequested { get; set; }
 public int AmountAvailable { get; set; }
}
With the model in place, we can finally get started with BDD! Hooray!
Tests
Overview
Let's get started by adding the references to the project:
First, add a reference to the MbUnit assembly. It's in the GAC, so no searching is required. We only need the MbUnit.Framework namespace from this assembly for some essential attributes, such as [SetUp] – everything else is handled directly by NBehave.
We need three assemblies from NBehave – these are NBehave.Narrator.Framework, NBehave.Spec.Framework, and NBehave.Spec.MbUnit. The first of these assemblies imports the API for the so-called Narrator – an interface which mimics a narrator telling the user story. Basically, you'll be using the code to say things like "as a user, I want account withdrawal to work properly". The second framework contains the base definition of a SpecBase class – this class is important because our test classes will need to derive from it. Finally, the third framework is – you've guessed it – a bridge between MbUnit and NBehave. In actual fact, this framework relies on NBehave.Spec.Framework, in that it contains a specialization of SpecBase for MbUnit.
One thing to note about NBehave.Spec.MbUnit is that, in addition to the SpecBase class, which we simply subclass and forget about (for the most part), this assembly also contains extension methods that mirror, to some extent, the Assert functionality of MbUnit. Here's what I mean:
// in MbUnit, we write this
Assert.AreEqual(a.Balance, 70);
// but in NBehave, we write this
a.Balance.ShouldEqual(70);
The above statements are equivalent, but NBehave's version is perhaps more clear in expressing what it actually means. Please note, however, that at the moment, the extension methods which enable this behavior do not, at the time of this writing, cover every single functionality of MbUnit's Assert class. Thus, however nice this syntax is, you won't always be able to use it – particularly, if you rely on the more advanced functionality of MbUnit.
The Test Class
To cut the story short, here is the skeleton of my test class:
[
 Author("Dmitri", "_EMAIL_"),
 Wrote("Account operation tests"),
 TestsOn(typeof(Account)),
 For("Banking system")
]
public class AccountTest : SpecBase
{
 public Account account;
 public Account account2;
 [SetUp]
 public void Initialize_before_each_test()
 {
 account = new Account();
 account2 = new Account { Balance = 100 };
 }
}
There isn't anything interesting happening here. Our test class derives from SpecBase, and is decorated with fairly standard MbUnit test attributes that have been redefined (see the next section) to make them more readable. In the test class itself, I create two accounts – one empty, and one with $100 on it. You'll notice that although I'm using the old-fashioned [SetUp] attribute, the method name is a bit strange. In fact, it's one of TDD conventions to have method names that actually describe what's going on, in English rather than some shorthand notation. So, that's precisely what's being done here.
Stories
It all begins with a story. Once upon a time, NBehave developers wrote the (somewhat clever) class they called Story. This class was designed to describe a particular set of usage scenarios which you are trying to test. For example, the story would describe the Deposit action on the account as follows:
[Story, That, Should("Increase account balance when money is deposited")]
public void Deposit_should_increase_account


PostgreSQL 1000
The error warns of potential data loss due to a bug in the system. It advises users to back up their data before upgrading.
How It Affects Your App
The PostgreSQL 1000 WARNING can have a significant impact on an application. It can cause the application to become unresponsive, slow down, or even crash. This can lead to data loss, disruption of services, and a decrease in user satisfaction. It is important to address this issue quickly to prevent further damage to the application.
How To Fix
1. Identify the root cause of the PostgreSQL 1000 error:
SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state = 'idle in transaction';
2. Terminate the idle transaction:
SELECT pg_terminate_backend(pid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state = 'idle in transaction';
3. Check the PostgreSQL logs to identify any other issues:
SELECT * FROM pg_log;
4. Increase the number of connections allowed in PostgreSQL:
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = '1000';
5. Increase the shared memory size:
ALTER SYSTEM SET shared_buffers = '128MB';
6. Increase the number of background workers:
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_worker_processes = '10';
7. Use an automated database observability tool to monitor and fix the PostgreSQL 1000 in question:An automated database observability tool can help monitor and fix PostgreSQL 1000 errors by providing real-time visibility into the performance of the database. It can detect and alert on any issues, such as slow queries, deadlocks, and connection errors, and provide detailed insights into the root cause of the issue. This can help identify and fix the issue quickly and efficiently.
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text: Doctors without borders are on the frontline of the current Syrian refugees situation. The escalating tension between local government and Syrians finally in the last hours break out into violent clashes between refugees and police forces. The tension was caused by a domino of border shutdowns across the Balkans that cut off any route to central and western Europe. Today, 300 refugees received treatment by the charity volunteers. Unsurprisingly the situation had actually been predicted by the DWB, which has ground knowledge of the situation. While committing resources and effort on their difficult mission, they also managed to adopt an effective policy of accountability, updating constantly through social media donors and public about not just the situation, but also their humanitarian efforts. Using in particular YouTube as preferred platform, through short, clear and poignant videos they are demonstrating how "transparency", as the value to connect with stakeholders and public, can have a bigger and more effective meaning that just spending budgets. Here is Angelique, a Doctors Without Borders logistician, reflection before three days of the clash that happened on Sunday.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


.
Maximum likelihood estimates under the model (2) can be obtained by maximizing the likelihood for each factor separately: since these are all standard models, this is easily done. The likelihood ratio test (or deviance) statistic for testing G E 0 under G E 1 when E 0 E 1 is 2 ( l ̂ 0 l ̂ 1 ) , where l ̂ 0 and l ̂ 1 are the maximized log-likelihood values under G E 0 and G E 1 . Under G E 0 the deviance has an asymptotic χ f 2 distribution where f is the difference in the number of parameters of the two models.
An important special case occurs when E0and E1 differ by one edge only, say T →g. Observe that in (2), removing (T g) only affects the component f ( x g | x pa G ( E ) ( g ) ) . Thus a test for the removal of the edge Tg from G E 1 is a test of
x g x T | x S versus x g x T | x S
(3)
where S = pa G g . That is, it is a test of the hypothesis, say H g , that x g is conditionally independent of x T given the parents of g in G . It is natural to evaluate such a test in the conditional distribution of x g given x S { T } [22, p.110-2]. This follows a linear regression model for x g with covariates x S and a discrete term for x T , and so to test H g we test whether the coefficient(s) of the discrete term are zero in this model. This is a classical F-test (or when T is binary, a t-test) which is valid in small samples under the usual distributional assumptions. Since it does not depend on which other edges are in E1, we can associate each edge Tgwith an F-test. This is in contrast to, for example, variable selection in linear models where evidence for the presence or absence of a term depends on which other terms are taken to be present in the model.
Testing the conditional independence of each gene and treatment, given the parents of the gene in the network can be regarded as a simple modification of conventional methods for differential expression analysis that are based on tests of marginal independence between treatment and genes. To compare and contrast the conditional and marginal approaches, consider the two models relating a treatment T to the expression levels of two genes, g1 and g2 shown in Figure 1. Conditioning increases power when there is a direct treatment effect, and reduces type II error when there is an indirect but no direct effect, so making the inference more precise.
Figure 1
Comparison of marginal and conditional tests. Comparison of conditional and marginal tests for two models. Under (a), where T has a direct effect on g2, T ̸ g2and T ̸ g2 | g1, but the conditional test will generally have greater power than the marginal test, since using g1as a regressor will explain some proportion of g2's variation. Under (b), where T does not have a direct effect on g2, T ̸ g2but Tg2 | g1. Hence the conditional null hypothesis holds, and the Type II error of the conditional test is less than α, the Type I error of the test. In contrast, the marginal hypothesis is more likely to be rejected, and the Type II error is inflated.
Note also that the marginal approach can be regarded as the special case of the conditional approach that occurs when G = ( V , ) , so that pa G ( g ) = for all gV.
Since multiple hypotheses are tested, use of conventional significance level thresholds would inflate the false positive rate. Many approaches to correct for multiplicity are available [24]. When the number of genes in the network is large, control of the false discovery rate may be desirable. However, when the number of genes is small, most methods for control of false discovery rate perform badly [25], and other methods have been suggested [26, 27]. One option is to use a classical multiple test procedure such as Holm's step-down procedure [28], as we illustrate in the next section.
Results
In this section we describe two applications of the method.
Hepatotoxicity and the PPAR pathway
Here we describe the analysis of data taken from a hepatotoxicity study in rats (Rattus norvegicus) available from the Gene Expression Omnibus [29], a public data repository under the auspices of the National Center for Biological Information. The study has ID GSE24363.
The stated objective of the study was to use microarray gene expression data acquired from the liver of rats exposed to hepatotoxicants to build classifiers for prediction of liver necrosis. In the study 418 rats were exposed to one of eight compounds (1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, monocrotaline, N-nitrosomorpholine, thioacetamide, galactosamine, and diquat dibromide). All eight compounds were studied using standardized procedures, i.e. a common array platform (Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 microarray), experimental procedures and data retrieving and analysis processes. For each compound, four to six male, 12 week old F344 rats were exposed to a zero dose, low dose, mid dose(s) or a high dose of the toxicant and sacrificed at 6, 24 or 48 hrs later. At necropsy, liver was harvested for RNA extraction, histopathology, and clinical chemistry assessments.
For simplicity we use the subset of data from the study pertaining to 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and compare active with control treatments (ignoring the effects of dose and exposure time). The preprocessing steps are described on the GEO website. In all there were 46 arrays in the subset: 12 animals were in the control group, and 34 animals were exposed to active drug.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors, playing essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism of higher organisms. Several types have been identified, denoted PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ. The signalling pathway controlling the expression of the PPARs and their targets has been well-studied. We are interested in studying the effects of the hepatotoxicant on this pathway.
We obtained a copy of the KEGG [5] PPAR signalling pathway for Rattus norvegicus using the SPIA package [30]. All edges correspond to transcription factor/ target gene relations. Excluding genes that are not present on the array, we obtain a DAG with 78 nodes and 287 edges, which is used in the analysis.
To examine the effect of treatment on the network, the network-based tests of x T x g | x pa ( g ) for each gene g were compared to marginal t-tests, that is, of x T x g . In both cases, to correct for multiplicity we use Holm's step-down procedure [28] to obtain simultaneous (i.e., multiplicity-adjusted) p-values, denoted { p g ~ , g V } . If we reject precisely those hypotheses H g for which p ~ g < α , the family-wise error rate is controlled, i.e. the probability that this procedure results in any false rejections is less or equal to α. This is true irrespective of which hypotheses in H = { H g , g V } are true or false. Here false rejections equate to false edge inclusions. This is a cautious approach, that aims to identify the edges which are certainly present in E: see [31].
Using the network-based tests, p ~ < 0 . 05 for seven genes, but none using the marginal tests. Figure 2 shows the augmented PPAR pathway showing the seven genes affected by treatment. Using the same criteria, the marginal analysis detects no treatment effects. Thus in this example, conditioning on the parents of each gene in the network results in a substantial increase in power.
Figure 2
Augmented PPAR pathway. An inferred PPAR pathway showing the effects of treatment (multiplicity-adjusted p-values less than 0.05). Transcription factors are shown in red.
The effects of smoking
Here we describe the analysis of data taken from a study of the effects of cigarette smoke on the human oral mucosal transcriptome [32]. These are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus [29]: the study has ID GSE17913. In all 40 current smokers and 40 age- and gender- matched never smokers participated in the study, the primary objective of which was to determine the effects of smoking on gene expression in oral epithelial cells. One subject was excluded from the analysis due to poor data quality. For further information on the study and data preprocessing we refer to [32] and [29].
Here we use the data to characterize the effect of smoking on gene expression, making use of a global transcription network constructed using information on human transcription factors (TFs) and their putative target genes (TGs) obtained from the TRANSFAC database [33]. Using the GSEABase package [34] we downloaded data on 95919 (TF,TG) pairs for in all 615 putative TFs


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The President Friedrich Ebert Foundation Memorial
Friedrich Ebert was the first democratically elected head of state in German history. The purpose of the "President Friedrich Ebert Foundation Memorial", which was set up in 1986 by the Bundestag (German Parliament), is "to remember the life and work of the first German President Friedrich Ebert and to foster a better understanding of the German history of his time".
Discovering and living history
The museum as a place that makes history come alive: With its exhibition "From Workers' Leader to President – Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925)" the Friedrich Ebert House in the old town of Heidelberg, which attracts around 60,000 visitors a year, retraces the steps of the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert that ultimately led him to the highest office in the land, and offers a biographical perspective of the tumultuous German history from the time of the German Empire to the Weimar Republic created in 1918/19. Why not join us on this journey through time and experience German history with all its upheavals and crises in a place that is genuinely authentic? Special exhibitions and numerous events together with a large range of didactic aids offered by the museum invite you to delve deeper into the German history of democracy. Complete with library and archives, the Friedrich Ebert House is also a place of research into Friedrich Ebert and his time.
Opening hours
Tuesday - Sunday 10:00 AM - 6:00 PM, Thursday 10:00 AM - 8:00 PM, guided tours by prior arrangement
Admission and guided tours free
Additional information
Pfaffengasse 18
D-69117 Heidelberg
Phone +49 (0) 6221 - 910-70
Web _URL_


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Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·
Medical restraints are a subset of general physical restraint used for medical purposes. Unlike some other forms of restraint, medical restraints are designed to restrain their wearer without causing pain.
Physical restraint in mental health settingsEdit
When dealing with patient violence appropriate physical restraint may be neccessary and should be applied by trainewd personnel only
Safety and medical restraintEdit
Many kinds of mild, safety-oriented medical restraints are widely accepted. For example, the use of bed rails is routine in many hospitals and other care facilities, as the restraint prevents patients from rolling out of bed accidentally. Newborns frequently wear mittens to prevent accidental scratching. Some wheelchair users use a belt or a tray to keep them from falling out of their wheelchairs. In fact, not using these kinds of restraints when needed can lead to legal liability for preventable injuries.[1]
Medical restraints are generally used to prevent people with severe physical or mental disorders from harming themselves or others. A major goal of most medical restraints is to prevent injuries due to falls. Other medical restraints are intended to prevent a harmful behavior, such as hitting people.
Although medical restraints, used properly, can help prevent injury, they can also be dangerous. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimated in 1992 that at least 100 deaths occur annually in the U.S. from their improper use in nursing homes, hospitals and private homes. Most of the deaths are due to strangulation. The agency has also received reports of broken bones, burns and other injuries related to improper use of restraints.
Because of the potential for abuse, the use of medical restraints is regulated in many jurisdictions.
Types of medical restraints Edit
There are many types of medical restraint:
 - Lap and wheelchair belts, or trays that clip across the front of a wheelchair so that the user can't fall out easily, may be used regularly by patients with neurological disorders which affect balance and movement.
 - Safety vests and jackets can be placed on a patient like any other vest garment. They typically have a long strap at each end that can be tied behind a chair in order to prevent the patient from getting out of the chair, or to the sides of a bed to keep the patient in bed. Posey vests are commonly used with elderly patients who are at risk of serious injury from falling.
 - Limb restraints are used to prevent activity in various limbs. They are wrapped around the wrists or ankles, and tied to the side of a bed, to prevent patients from harming themselves or others by preventing the patients from using their arms or legs.
 - Mittens to prevent scratching are common for newborns, but may also be used on psychiatric patients.
 - NVCI (Non-Violent Crisis Intervention) techniques from CPI (Crisis Prevention Institute) have physical restraint techniques that keep both the person(s) restraining and the person being restrained safe during the restraint. One technique featured is the two person sitting technique where the people restraining sit down next to the person being restrained and lock their arms around the person being restrained arms until the person being restrained is rational and calm.
Laws pertaining to medical restraints Edit
Current United States law requires that most involuntary medical restraints may only be used when ordered by a physician. Such a physician's order, which is subject to renewal upon expiration if necessary, is valid only for a maximum of 24 hours.[2]
See also Edit
External links Edit
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text:
Description: In Progressive Enlightenment, Leslie Tomory examines the origins of the gaslight industry, from invention to consolidation as a large integrated urban network. Tomory argues that gas was the first integrated large-scale technological network, a designation usually given to the railways. He shows how the first gas network was constructed and stabilized through the introduction of new management structures, the use of technical controls, and the application of means to constrain the behavior of the users of gas lighting. Tomory begins by describing the contributions of pneumatic chemistry and industrial distillation to the development of gas lighting, then explores the bifurcation between the Continental and British traditions in distillation technology. He examines the establishment and consolidation of the new industry by the Birmingham firm Boulton & Watt, and describes the deployment of the network strategy by the entrepreneur Frederick Winsor. Tomory argues that the gas industry represented a new wave of technological innovation in industry because of its dependence on formal scientific research, its need for large amounts of capital, and its reliance on business organization beyond small firms and partnerships--all of which signaled a departure from the artisanal nature and limited deployment of inventions earlier in the Industrial Revolution. Gas lighting was the first important realization of the Enlightenment dream of science in the service of industry.
Place and publisher: Cambridge: MIT Press
Date of publication: 2012
Number of pages: 360


text:
|Primary outflows||Pili river|
In 1912, Gorewada lake was developed by the water works department as the primary drinking water source for Nagpur's 1.01 lakh population. Bordered by thick forest, Gorewada lake and its surrounding is the habitat for avian species and some wild life.
|This Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
Definition: An elegant program is the shortest program that produces a given output. In other words, a program P is elegant if no program shorter than P produces the same output as P.
NOTE: "Program" here means code plus input data. Every elegant program produces a single, unique (but possibly infinite) output. Some obvious but important consequences of this definition are 1) every output from an elegant program is computable and 2) there are an infinite number of elegant programs, one for each possible computable output.
Theorem (Chaitin): It is not possible in general to determine whether or not a given program is elegant. (In particular, it is not possible to determine whether or not a program P is elegant if P is larger than a certain threshold size.)
Proof by reductio:
Assume that there exists en elegance-testing program ET. ET accepts as input a program P and outputs true if P is elegant and false if P is not elegant.
Construct a program B that takes as input a number N and enumerates all possible programs Pk longer than N. B runs the elegance tester ET on each enumerated program Pk in turn until it finds some Pk which ET claims is elegant. B then runs that Pk, thus producing the same output as that Pk.
Lemma: B must produce some output.
Proof: There are an infinite number of elegant programs, as noted earlier. So if ET works as assumed, B must eventually find one of those elegant programs whereupon it will produce that program's output.
Now run B with N set to the length of B plus 1 (See note 1). (This is the "threshold size" mentioned in the theorem.) B now will produce the same output as some program Pk which ET claimed was elegant. But Pk is longer than B, so Pk cannot be elegant because B, which is shorter, produced the same output. Therefore, ET was wrong when it claimed Pk was elegant. QED.
1. Strictly speaking we have to set N to the length of B plus the length of the bitwise representation of N, i.e. N=length(B) + ceiling(log2(N)) + 1. Showing that this is possible regardless of how long B turns out to be is left as an excercise for the reader.
2. J. P. Lewis wrote an interesting paper on some practical consequences of this result.
3. If you really want to blow your mind, read this, particularly the last paragraph.
Assume that there exists a program H that solves the halting problem, that is, H takes two input parameters, a program P and an input I and returns true if P halts when run on input I, false otherwise.
Construct a program B that does the following: B accepts as input a program P and computes H(P,P), that is, it calls H as a subroutine to determine if program P halts when run on a copy of itself as the input. If the result from H is true then B enters an infinite loop, otherwise B halts (that is, B does the opposite of what P would do when run on a copy of itself).
Now consider what happens if we run B on a copy of itself. B will halt iff H(B,B) is false. But H(B,B) is false iff B doesn't halt, which is a contradiction. Therefore, our assumption is false, and H is impossible. QED.
Turing's original proof of this theorem was remarkable (and complicated) because in his day there were no computers. Not only did Turing have to more or less invent the idea of a program, but he had to conceive of the rather mind-bending idea of running a program with a copy of itself as input. Nowadays this is commonplace. The unix command "cat 'which cat'" is one of the simplest examples of a program operating on itself as input. A compiler that compiles itself is another.


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|Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List|
|Criteria||ii, iii, iv, vi|
|UNESCO region||Arab States|
|Inscription||1985 (9th Session)|
Hatra (Arabic: الحضر al-Ḥaḍr) is an ancient city in the Ninawa Governorate and al-Jazira region of Iraq. It is known as al-Hadr, a name which appears once in ancient inscriptions, and it was in the ancient Persian province of Khvarvaran. The city lies 290 km (180 mi) northwest of Baghdad and 110 km (68 mi) southwest of Mosul.
Hatra was founded by ancient Arab tribes some time in the 3rd century BCE. A religious and trading centre under the Parthian empire of Iran, it flourished during the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE. Later on, the city became the capital of possibly the first Arab Kingdom in the chain of Arab cities running from Hatra, in the northeast, via Palmyra, Baalbek and Petra, in the southwest. The region controlled from Hatra was the Kingdom of Araba, a semi-autonomous buffer kingdom on the western limits of the Parthian Empire of Iran, governed by Arabian princes.
Hatra became an important fortified frontier city and withstood repeated attacks by the Roman Empire, and played an important role in the Second Parthian War. It repulsed the sieges of both Trajan (116/117) and Septimius Severus (198/199). Hatra defeated the Iranians at the battle of Shahrazoor in 238, but fell to the Iranian Sassanid Empire of Shapur I in 241 and was destroyed. The traditional stories of the fall of Hatra tell of an-Nadira, daughter of the King of Araba, who betrayed the city into the hands of Shapur. The story tells of how Shapur killed the king and married an-Nadira, but later had her killed also.
Hatra is the best preserved and most informative example of a Parthian city. It is encircled by inner and outer walls nearly 4 miles (6.4 km) in circumference and supported by more than 160 towers. A temenos (τέμενος) surrounds the principal sacred buildings in the city's centre. The temples cover some 1.2 hectares and are dominated by the Great Temple, an enormous structure with vaults and columns that once rose to 30 metres. The city was famed for its fusion of Greek, Mesopotamian, Syrian and Arabian pantheons, known in Aramaic as Beiṯ Ĕlāhā ("House of God"). The city had temples to Nergal (Babylonian and Akkadian), Hermes (Greek), Atargatis (Syro-Aramaean), Allat and Shamiyyah (Arabian) and Shamash (the Mesopotamian sun god). Other deities mentioned in the Hatran Aramaic inscriptions is the Aramaean Ba'al Shamayn, and the female deity known as Ashurbel, which latter is perhaps the assimilation of the two deities Ashur and Bel, despite their being individually masculine.
List of rulers
In inscriptions found at Hatra, several rulers are mentioned. Other rulers are sporadically mentioned by classical authors. They appear with two titles. The earlier rulers are called mrj' (translation uncertain), the later ones mlk -king.
|Nashrihab||mrj'||AD 128/29 - 137/38|
|Naṣru||mry'||128/29 - 176/77|
|Wolgash I||mry' and mlk - King|
|Sanatruq I||mry' and mlk - King||AD 176/177||ruled together with Wolgash I|
|Wolgash (II?), son of Wolgash (I.)|
|Abdsamiya||mlk - King||AD 192/93 - 201/202||Supported the Roman emperor Pescennius Niger|
|Sanatruq II||mlk - King||AD 207/08 - 229/230|
Modern Hatra
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hatra|
- _URL_ BBC Chronicle "Lost Kings of the Desert"


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The libdw reader already supports type units and DW_FORM_ref_sig8,
since 0.148. For iteration and direct lookup there is dwarf_next_unit
(generalization of dwarf_nextcu) and dwarf_offdie_types.
Any reference can be encoded as DW_FORM_ref_sig8, and then this
means the single chosen DIE inside the DW_TAG_type_unit with that
signature (called the "primary type" in the specification wording).
There are several questions about .debug_types stuff that I have not
gotten around to asking on dwarf-discuss (or directly of Cary Coutant,
who invented it, or perhaps by grokking what GCC actually emits). We
ought to figure out the answers to these, but at this point I am not
likely to drive that discussion myself.
1. What does DW_FORM_ref_addr mean inside .debug_types DIEs?
I take it to mean it's always a pointer into .debug_info (that's
how dwarf_formref_die implements it). The other possible answer
is that when it appears in .debug_types, it means an offset into
.debug_types rather than into .debug_info--but that's not what the
specification says. So there is no way to have a reference from
outside a type unit into a particular DIE in that type unit. DIEs
inside a type unit can use the CU-relative ref forms to point
elsewhere in the same TU. But the only way for another TU or any
CU to point into a type unit is with ref_sig8.
2. What exactly is the plan for cases where a pointer to inside a
type unit would seem to make sense?
Now somewhere in some scope in some CU, you have:
What is the DW_AT_type of each of those DW_TAG_variable entries?
If there is only "o", it is straightforward enough. You have:
<variable name="o" type="#sig8_A"/>
and then you have inside .debug_types:
0x123: <class_type name="outer">
To look up that DW_AT_type you see DW_FORM_ref_sig8, you go find
the type unit header with type_signature A, and you look at the
DIE where that header's type_offset points, and there you have it.
But what about "i"? There is no way that a CU can point to any
DIE inside that type_unit except for 0x123.
My best guess is that you are supposed to emit two type units,
one for "outer" and one for "inner", i.e.:
0x123: <class_type name="outer">
<class_type name="inner" declaration="1"
0x234: <class_type name="inner">
Then you can have:
<variable name="o" type="#sig8_A"/>
<variable name="i" type="#sig8_B"/>
3. Are type_units intended to be enumerated in the top level like
compile_units are, e.g. for by-name searches? Or are they meant
only to be used by reference, like DW_TAG_partial_unit CUs?
Say you are just trying to resolve user input of "ns::outer".
You iterate through all the CUs looking for a type or namespace
named "ns" that contains an entity named "outer". Do you also
look through all the TUs? If not, then how do you find it?
4. Is DW_FORM_ref_sig8 valid for any reference?
The specification describes DW_FORM_ref_sig8 as a type of
reference that could appear in any attribute. But perhaps
the real intent is that it only appears in DW_AT_signature.
What might be the sensible answer is that a type_unit is really only
meant to be used as the referent of a DW_AT_signature attribute.
That is, each CU using a type would contain:
<class_type specification="1" signature="#sig_A"/>
So that would mean that the CU is considered to contain "ns::outer"
and you'd find it by name (or enumeration) only when you scan that CU.
Should this class_type DIE have a DW_AT_name of "outer", then? If it
does, does that mean it should be enclosed in a DW_TAG_namespace of
its own to make its scoped name right? (It would seem to make more
sense if it appears on its own at top level and has no name, so that
its entire scope and name and all details come entirely from the
referent in the type_unit.)
Is it then that no DW_AT_type attribute should use DW_FORM_ref_sig8
directly, and instead they should point to the declaration="1" type
If that's not the answer, then must we iterate across all type units
as if they were first-class compile_units too, when looking for types?
Our dwarf_output algorithm today assumes that each compile_unit forms
a closed graph of references. So, if any reference is a ref_sig8 then
it will bomb out because the tree walk never encountered the referent.
If any such referent must appear in the DW_AT_signature of some
specification=1 entry inside the compile_unit, then we could handle
that and not really break our current model. In essence, we would
treat that class_type above as a stand-in for the real class_type
inside the TU, similar to how we'd treat an imported_unit entry. It's
not quite the same, since that entry stands for the whole tree inside
the type_unit (in the example, the "ns" DIE), while references to that
entry instead stand for references to the type_offset entry in the
type unit with matching signature (in the example, the "outer" DIE).
If a CU can contain DW_FORM_ref_sig8 attributes to a type that is not
anywhere in that CU's tree even by stand-in reference, then we have to
rethink our whole model somehow. Note that in the example above, an
attribute pointing directly to "inner" is still OK, because by
recursive grafting of stand-in referents we'd find it inside the
"outer" tree that our own CU has a stand-in for.
AFAICT, type units in final links are strictly inferior to imported
units. To have attributes referring to inner types (which is certainly
common in C++) you have to have lots of type units being grafted
together, and each one repeats all the container DIEs of its scope. To
look up DW_FORM_ref_sig8, you have to do a dynamic search across all
type units (in libdw, it's implemented with a hash table). Doing it
instead with a partial_unit, you only have the unit header overhead for
the largest granularity of sharing since ref_addr can point directly to
a DIE at any depth inside a partial_unit. To follow ref_addr you have a
zero-cost direct pointer rather than a search.
The benefit of type units is at link time and before, when they are
produced as COMDAT section groups with group names derived from the
signatures so that the linker (with no DWARF knowledge) consolidates the
duplicates by the vanilla COMDAT logic. But, frankly, I don't
understand why .debug_types was introduced at all. This COMDAT plan was
the original intent of partial_unit/imported_unit as well. I don't see
why the compiler doesn't just produce a partial_unit in a COMDAT group
with a name derived by the same "signature" algorithm and imported_unit
grafts referring to that (both the imported_unit's import attribute and
any other references from outside CUs would use ref_addr values with
relocations to named symbols, those names being similarly chosen by a
signature-hashing algorithm--since using section-relative relocations
implies the unsafe presumption that every separate compiler run that
produced DWARF under the same COMDAT group name produced completely
identical data with exactly the same byte offsets of everything inside).
That's exactly what Appendix E describes, albeit it talks about
different schemes for coming up with the group name/signature than the
So I think we want a writer than never produces .debug_types at all.
Instead, compression can just read references to type units as if they
were references to the stand-ins where the primary type inside a type
unit is grafted. When writing, we produce partial_unit for the largest
granularity of true sharing and imported_unit for grafts.
But perhaps I am missing something about .debug_types that makes it


Location-dependant Object controller
Personal.UniversalViewer History
Hide minor edits - Show changes to markup
Changed lines 40-41 from:
We would implement location awareness through RFID tags, with the reader taped onto the tablet (Nic did this with his Shared Phidgets project).
to:
We would implement location awareness through ARTags (as with HOme Window), with RFID tags with the reader taped onto the tablet (Nic did this with his Shared Phidgets project), or even with the Vicon if we want a fine degree of information and control.
Changed lines 7-8 from:
A location-dependan object controller (yes, its a horrible name)is an untethered mobile device with a reasonable size screen (e.g., tablet, or a PDA). If a person approaches a 'controllable' object (it could be digital or real world), the controller senses that object (e.g., through RFID or bar codes) and links to a view of that object. The person can then see information related to that object, and perhaps even control its properties.
to:
A location-dependan object controller (yes, its a horrible name)is an untethered mobile device with a reasonable size screen (e.g., tablet, or a PDA). If a person approaches a 'controllable' object (it could be digital or real world), the controller senses that object (e.g., through ARTags, RFID, or bar codes) and links to a view of that object. The person can then see information related to that object, and perhaps even control its properties.
If the sensing system gives you proximity information (e.g., ARTags, Vicon), then the view of that information as well as the degree of control would be a function of proximity.
May 09, 2007, at 05:14 PM by 24.64.76.194 -
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Return to Idea Sketches
May 09, 2007, at 03:07 PM by 24.64.76.194 -
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A location-dependan object controller (yes, its a horrible name)is an untethered mobile device with a reasonable size screen (e.g., tablet, or a PDA). If a person approaches a 'controllab object (it could be digital or real world), the controller senses that object (e.g., through RFID or bar codes) and links to a view of that object. The person can then see information related to that object, and perhaps even control its properties.
to:
A location-dependan object controller (yes, its a horrible name)is an untethered mobile device with a reasonable size screen (e.g., tablet, or a PDA). If a person approaches a 'controllable' object (it could be digital or real world), the controller senses that object (e.g., through RFID or bar codes) and links to a view of that object. The person can then see information related to that object, and perhaps even control its properties.
May 09, 2007, at 10:31 AM by 24.64.76.194 -
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to:
We would implement location awareness through RFID tags, with the reader taped onto the tablet (Nic did this with his Shared Phidgets project).
Risk
 - flavours of this have been done before, but I am not sure if its been done as comprehensively as suggested here. Need to gather the background research. Rob Diaz started this once...
 - Some devices we would want to control do not have network capability, e.g., my home thermostat, my stove, my car. We would have to simulate this (or make our own appliances using phidgets )
May 09, 2007, at 10:28 AM by 24.64.76.194 -
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Implementation
Brad Myers describes an XML-based method to show and communicate relevant information between devices, where the device tries to generate an interface from it. An early version of VNC (Get Reference) actually had devices use the VNC protocol to generate a richer interface. Perhaps a better option is to have each device be associated with a web handle, where it publishes / subscribes to information in that handle (e.g., shared dictionary). Associated with that handle is also a program - perhaps a java applet - that can be downloaded automatically to the tablet.
May 09, 2007, at 10:26 AM by 24.64.76.194 -
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(:title Location-dependant Object controller :) This is an idea I had several years ago, but had trouble finding a student to take it on.
Basic premise.
A location-dependan object controller (yes, its a horrible name)is an untethered mobile device with a reasonable size screen (e.g., tablet, or a PDA). If a person approaches a 'controllab object (it could be digital or real world), the controller senses that object (e.g., through RFID or bar codes) and links to a view of that object. The person can then see information related to that object, and perhaps even control its properties.
Motivation
Many devices in our real world are small - too small to provide a reasonable view into the information it may contain. As well, interactions with that device are often compromised due to cost, size etc (think of, for example, your digital watch, your home thermostat, an ambient display, etc.). Why not bring larger screens with better viewing and interaction facilities to the device?
Examples
Ambient displays
The purpose behind most ambient displays is to provide awareness information about something. These devices are usually located in some context amenable to that dispaly e.g., so it is easily seen as people walk by. The catch is that it is sometimes difficult to move from awareness to exploration and even interaction with that information. For example, imagine we had a figurine (connected to an Instant Messenging system) that lights up to different degrees when a particular person is online. While we know that that person is there, actually moving into conversation requires a much more complex interface. Instead, we would approach the figuring with our controller, and the controller would immediately display more information about that person, the ability to chat with them, and also the ability to reassign who that figurine represents. A version of this is presented in a video (see Harrison's work; look up reference).
Location-dependand displays
Similarly, Katherine Elliot's location dependant devices can be viewed in further detail. Currently, one needs to swipe an RFID card to assign a function to these devices. But our controller could do this in a richer way, and perhaps give people further options as to how information (and what information) is assigned to these devices.
Universal controller
There are already many devices that we control by remotes: televisions, cd players, ipods, dvd players, etc. The display could fuse these into a single control by being aware of what appliances are in a room. Brad Myers did some work on Universal controllers.
Purchasing
If you approach a vending machine, you can buy things through your controller. This is already done with cell phones (often very badly!); the interface is often terrible due to the cell phone interface (many menus / buttons).
Home inspection
We have many warning lights that tell us when things go right or wrong. These are often presented as crypted LEDs (a green flashing may mean ok, but time for a checkup) or uninformative messages in cars (in my Suburu, there is a 'check engine' message; however, I don't know if its a serious problem or not). The controller can present this information in a much more meaningful way, and perhaps give me some options of what to do about it (e.g., connect to google and find local service people)
Consumer information
Given a product, find out more information about it .e.g, when shopping (Marc Smith did this; get reference).
and on and on.


Here's Why An Octopus Doesn't Get All Tangled Up (VIDEO)
05/18/2014 08:46 am ET | Updated May 18, 2014
The hundreds of suckers on an octopus's eight arms leech reflexively to almost anything they come into contact with — but never grasp the animal itself, even though an octopus does not always know what its arms are doing. Today, researchers reveal that the animal's skin produces a chemical that stops the octopus's suckers from grabbing hold of its own body parts, and getting tangled up.
Octopus arms have a built-in mechanism that prevents the suckers from grabbing octopus skin," says neuroscientist Guy Levy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the lead author of the work, which appears today in Current Biology. It is the first demonstration of a chemical self-recognition mechanism in motor control, and could help scientists to build better bio-inspired soft robots.
To find out just how an octopus avoids latching onto itself, Levy and his colleagues cut off an octopus's arm and subjected it to a series of tests. (The procedure is not considered traumatic, says Levy, because octopuses occasionally lose an arm in nature and behave normally while the limb regenerates.)
The severed arms remained active for more than an hour after amputation, firmly grabbing almost any object, with three exceptions: the former host; any other live octopus; and other amputated arms. "But when we peeled the skin off an amputated arm and submitted it to another amputated arm, we were surprised to see that it grabbed the skinned arm as any other item," says co-author Nir Nesher, also a neuroscientist at the Hebrew University.
And when the researchers presented amputated limbs to their former owners, the octopuses often behaved in an unusual way, dancing around their limb and rubbing it, but not attaching any suckers. (Intact octopuses also displayed this behaviour toward amputated arms.) When an octopus spotted the exposed flesh where the limb had been severed, it sometimes grabbed the flesh, but then held it only with its beak and only by the exposed flesh — as if it were licking its wounds. The rest of the limb was left dangling freely, untouched by the other arms.
Identity parade
The research also shows that octopuses are able to identify their own arms, even after amputation, says Binyamin Hochner, another neuroscientist at the Hebrew University, and the principal investigator in the study, as "they grabbed amputated arms of other octopuses as food items significantly more often than their own arms". In many of those cases they actually ate the severed limb. Octopuses of this species, Octopus vulgaris, are known to be cannibalistic.
Octopuses' brains don't constantly monitor the exact position and motion of all of their arms; this would be very difficult because each arm has almost infinite degrees of freedom. Instead, each arm has its own'motor controller' — a set of neurons that can control its motion independently of the rest of the body.
But sometimes the brain does step in. The fact that octopuses did eventually grab an amputated arm, but that a severed arm would never touch an octopus, suggests a conflict between what the arm is 'programmed' to do and what the brain sometimes decides to do. "We believe that the decision of the brain is much more complex and perhaps even involves high-level cognition," says Levy.
The findings also demonstrate that vision is not the dominant sense for the octopus, and that chemical sense and touch are vital, says psychologist Jennifer Mather of the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, who was not involved in the study. "It gives us a window into the central-peripheral coordination that makes up an octopus's motor control," says Mather.
But the study is "just a start", she adds. "The tests are pretty crude. We don't know anything about the chemicals themselves... We don't understand either the type or the location of the interactions between central and peripheral control. But we can see where we should look."
This story originally appeared in Nature News.
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For 44 years, the schoolhouse served the community of Mt. Trumbull. Homesteaders arrived in this remote valley about 1917 to farm and raise livestock. The schoolhouse, built in1918, served not only as a school, but also as a church, dance hall, and town meeting site. Population peaked at 200–250 in the 1930s, when a drier climate forced residents to switch their livelihood from crops to cattle and sheep. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 changed the face of ranching on the Arizona Strip as a complex system of permits and regulations precluded use of the range by many newly established homesteaders. People gradually drifted away until the last full-time resident departed in 1984.
As the population around the schoolhouse dwindled, it fell into disrepair. In 1966, its doors closed. In 1990, restoration efforts began and were completed four years later, restoring the schoolhouse to its near original condition. The schoolhouse once again opened its doors to the public. In July 2000, arsonists burned the historic Mount Trumbull schoolhouse. A restoration committee made the decision to build a schoolhouse replica. The restoration was completed in partnership with some of the descendents of the first settlers of Mt. Trumbull, the BLM, and contributions from the public. Mount Trumbull Schoolhouse was re-dedicated on October 13, 2001 and continues to be a symbol of the pioneer spirit of the Arizona Strip.
The schoolhouse doors are never locked, so walk inside to enjoy the photographs and artifacts that capture the life and times of the people whose lives revolved around this structure. Abandoned houses stand empty, along with some houses that are inhabited seasonally. No trespassing is allowed on private lands, but you can get some good photos from the main roads.
The site is 60 miles southeast of St. George, Utah.
From St. George, take River Road to the Arizona Stateline. Follow BLM Route 1069 up Quail Hill where the route turns into County Road 5. The schoolhouse will be easily seen on County Route 5 after about 2 hours of driving from St George.
Learn about the history of the area and settlers through interpretive panels and artifacts.
Permits, Fees, Limitations
Donations are appreciated.
Open year-round. The school house has one step to enter it; however, the interpretive panels and restrooms are wheelchair accessible.
Camping and Lodging
Food and Supplies
Available in St George, Utah.
The nearest medical care is available in St George, Utah.
Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument
345 East Riverside Drive
St. George, UT 84790-6714
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_
Monument Manager: Pam McAlpin
Hours: 7:45 a.m. – 5:00 p.m., Monday-Friday
10:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m., Saturday


text:
Learning from a Living Archive: Rejuvenating Child and Youth Rights and Participation
This working paper reflects the findings of the first phase of the REJUVENATE project, which set out to understand and map approaches to integrating children, youth, and community participation in child rights initiatives.
In this paper, we:
- present a user-friendly summary of the existing tradition of substantive children's participation in social change work;
- share case studies across various sectors and regions of the world;
- highlight ongoing challenges and evidence gaps;
- showcase expert opinions on the inclusion of child rights and, in particular, child/youth-led approaches in project-based work.
Grounded in an understanding of child rights as 'living rights', we propose building on the 3Ps of the UNCRC (protection, provision and participation) towards the 3Ss – space, support and system change.
We offer a set of field principles (REJUVENATE) to guide substantively participatory work with children and young people, underpinned by our Ndoro Ndoro model, which refers to intergenerational, community-driven approaches that put children and youth at the centre, while being accountable to them.
We recognise that this paper is far from exhaustive, and we intend it to be a springboard for further work that substantively recognises the importance of children's participation in work to further child rights, and to enrich and rejuvenate the societies of which children are a part.


text:
We evaluated the dynamics of walleye Sander vitreus population size structure, as indexed by the proportional size distribution (PSD) of quality-length fish, in Escanaba Lake during 1967–2003 and in 204 other lakes in northern Wisconsin during 1990–2011. We estimated PSD from angler-caught walleyes in Escanaba Lake and from spring electrofishing in 204 other lakes, and then related PSD to annual estimates of recruitment to age-3, length at age 3, and annual angling exploitation rate. In Escanaba Lake during 1967–2003, annual estimates of PSD were highly dynamic, growth (positively) explained 35% of PSD variation, recruitment explained only 3% of PSD variation, and exploitation explained only 7% of PSD variation. In 204 other northern Wisconsin lakes during 1990–2011, PSD varied widely among lakes, recruitment (negatively) explained 29% of PSD variation, growth (positively) explained 21% of PSD variation, and exploitation explained only 4% of PSD variation. We conclude that population size structure was most strongly driven by recruitment and growth, rather than exploitation, in northern Wisconsin walleye populations. Studies of other species over wide spatial and temporal ranges of recruitment, growth, and mortality are needed to determine which dynamic rate most strongly influences population size structure of other species. Our findings indicate a need to be cautious about assuming exploitation is a strong driver of walleye population size structure.
Additional publication details
Effects of recruitment, growth, and exploitation on walleye population size structure in northern Wisconsin lakes


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The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) aboard the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) has provided the first full-sky linear polarization survey in the near-infrared, at 1.25 $\mu$m, 2.2 $\mu$m and 3.5 $\mu$m. A set of 41 weekly averaged maps include the linear Stokes parameters Q and U and their uncertainties for sky pixels measuring 0.35$\deg$ on a side. These data are best applied to studies of diffuse radiation, principally the zodiacal light. Polarizations of point sources should be derived from the DIRBE time-ordered data file, which includes calibrated intensities for all the polarization and total intensity channels, at a time resolution of 0.125 sec. This presentation describes the DIRBE polarization data products, with emphasis on the advantages and limitations of DIRBE polarimetry for studying the polarization of the diffuse sky and of point sources.
$^*$ The NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the design, development, and operation of the COBE mission. Scientific guidance is provided by the COBE Science Working Group. GSFC is also responsible for the production of the mission data sets. The data products are available from the National Space Science Data Center.
Tuesday program listing


2x2 + 7xz + 3z2 = (x + 3z) (2x
 + z).
 Filling in the gaps which we ourselves have created by leaving
 out z and y, we get E = (x + 2y + 3z) (2x + 3y + z)
 Note:
 This Lopanasthapana method of alternate elimination and
 retention will be found highly useful later on in finding HCF, in
 solid geometry and in co-ordinate geometry of the straight line,
 the hyperbola, the conjugate hyperbola, the asymptotes etc.
 In the current system of mathematics we have two methods
 which are used for finding the HCF of two or more given
 expressions.
 The first is by means of factorization which is not always
 easy and the second is by a process of continuous division like
 the method used in the G.C.M chapter of arithmetic. The latter
 is a mechanical process and can therefore be applied in all
 cases. But it is rather too mechanical and consequently long and
 cumbrous.
 28
 The Vedic methods provides a third method which is
applicable to all cases and is at the same time free from this
disadvantage.
 It is mainly an application of the subsutras or corollaries of
the 11th sutra viz. Vyastisamastih, the corollary Lapanasthapana
sutra the 7th sutra viz. Sankalana Vyavakalanabhyam process
and the subsutra of the 3rd sutra viz.
Adyamādyenantyamantyena.
 The procedure adopted is one of alternate destruction of the
highest and the lowest powers by a suitable multiplication of the
coefficients and the addition or subtraction of the multiples.
A concrete example will elucidate the process.
 Suppose we have to find the H.C.F of x2 + 7x + 6 and x2 –
5x – 6
i. x2 + 7x + 6 = (x + 1) (x + 6) and x2 – 5x – 6 = (x + 1) (x –
 6). HCF is (x + 1). This is the first method.
ii. The second method the GCM one is well-known and need
 not be put down here.
iii. The third process of 'Lopanasthapana' i.e. of the
 elimination and retention or alternate destruction of the
 highest and the lowest powers is explained below.
Let E1 and E2 be the two expressions. Then for destroying the
highest power we should substract E2 from E1 and for
destroying the lowest one we should add the two. The chart is as
follows:
x 2 + 7x + 6 ⎫
 ⎪ x 2 − 5x − 6 ⎫
 ⎪
 ⎬ subtraction ⎬ addition
x − 5x − 6 ⎪
 2
 ⎭ x + 7x + 6 ⎪
 2
 ⎭
 2
 12x + 12 2x + 2x
12) 12x + 12 2x) 2x 2 + 2x
 x +1 x +1
We then remove the common factor if any from each and we
find x + 1 staring us in the face i.e. x + 1 is the HCF. Two things
are to be noted importantly.
 29
(1) We see that often the subsutras are not used under the main
 sutra for which it is the subsutra or the corollary. This is the
 main deviation from the usual mathematical principles of
 theorem (sutra) and corollaries (subsutra).
(2) It cannot be easily compromised that a single sutra (a
 Sanskrit word) can be mathematically interpreted in this
 manner even by a stalwart in Sanskrit except the Jagadguru
 Puri Sankaracharya.
We wind up the material from the book of Vedic Mathematics
and proceed on to give the opinion/views of great personalities
on Vedic Mathematics given by Jagadguru.
 Since the notion of integral and differential calculus was not
in vogue in Vedic times, here we do not discuss about the
authenticated inventor, further we have not given the adaptation
of certain sutras in these fields. Further as most of the educated
experts felt that since the Jagadguru had obtained his degree
with mathematics as one of the subjects, most of the results
given in book on Vedic Mathematics were manipulated by His
Holiness.
 30
Chapter Two
ANALYSIS OF VEDIC MATHEMATICS BY
MATHEMATICIANS AND OTHERS
In this chapter we give the verbatim opinion of mathematicians
and experts about Vedic Mathematics in their articles, that have
appeared in the print media. The article of Prof. S.G. Dani,
School of Mathematics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
happen to give a complete analysis of Vedic Mathematics.
 We have given his second article verbatim because we do
not want any bias or our opinion to play any role in our analysis
[32].
 However we do not promise to discuss all the articles. Only
articles which show "How Vedic is Vedic Mathematics?" is
given for the perusal of the reader. We thank them for their
articles and quote them verbatim. The book on Vedic
Mathematics by Jagadguru Sankaracharya of Puri has been
translated into Tamil by Dr. V.S. Narasimhan, a Retired
Professor of an arts college and C. Mailvanan, M.Sc
Mathematics (Vidya Barathi state-level Vedic Mathematics
expert) in two volumes. The first edition appeared in 1998 and
the corrected second edition in 2003.
 In Volume I of the Tamil book the introduction is as
follows: "Why was the name Vedic Mathematics given? On the
title "a trick in the name of Vedic Mathematics" though
professors in mathematics praise the sutras, they argue that the
title Vedic Mathematics is not well suited. According to them
 31
the sutras published by the Swamiji are not found anywhere in
the Vedas. Further the branches of mathematics like algebra and
calculus which he mentions, did not exist in the Vedic times. It
may help school students but only in certain problems where
shortcut methods can be used. The Exaggeration that, it can be
used in all branches of mathematics cannot be accepted.
 Because it gives answers very fast it can be called "speed
maths". He has welcomed suggestions and opinions of one and
all.
 It has also become pertinent to mention here that Jagadguru
Puri Sankaracharya for the first time visited the west in 1958.
He had been to America at the invitation of the Self Realization
Fellowship Los Angeles, to spread the message of Vedanta. The
book Vedic Metaphysics is a compilation of some of his
discourses delivered there. On 19 February 1958, he has given a
talk and demonstration to a small group of student
mathematicians at the California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California.
 This talk finds its place in chapter XII of the book Vedic
Metaphysics pp. 156-196 [52] most of which has appeared later
on, in his book on Vedic Mathematics [51]. However some
experts were of the opinion, that if Swamiji would have
remained as Swamiji 'or' as a 'mathematician' it would have
been better. His intermingling and trying to look like both has
only brought him less recognition in both Mathematics and on
Vedanta. The views of Wing Commander Vishva Mohan
Tiwari, under the titles conventional to unconventionally
original speaks of Vedic Mathematics as follows:
 "Vedic Mathematics mainly deals with various Vedic
mathematical formulas and their applications of carrying out
tedious and cumbersome arithmetical operations, and to a very
large extent executing them mentally. He feels that in this field
of mental arithmetical operations the works of the famous
mathematicians Trachtenberg and Lester Meyers (High speed
mathematics) are elementary compared to that of Jagadguruji …
An attempt has been made in this note to explain the
unconventional aspects of the methods. He then gives a very
brief sketch of first four chapters of Vedic Mathematics".
 32
 This chapter has seven sections; Section one gives the
verbatim analysis of Vedic Mathematics given by Prof. Dani in
his article in Frontline [31].
 A list of eminent signatories asking people to stop this fraud
on our children is given verbatim in section two. Some views
given about the book both in favour of and against is given in
section three.
 Section four gives the essay Vedas: Repositories of ancient
lore. "A rational approach to study ancient literature" an article
found in Current Science, volume 87, August 2004 is given in
Section five. Section Six gives the "Shanghai Rankings and
Indian Universities." The final section gives conclusion derived
on Vedic Mathematics and calculation of Guru Tirthaji.
2.1 Views of Prof. S.G. Dani about Vedic Mathematics
from Frontline
Views of Prof. S.G.Dani gave the authors a greater technical
insight into Vedic Mathematics because he has written 2 articles
in Frontline in 1993. He has analyzed the book extremely well
and we deeply acknowledge the services of professor S.G.Dani
to the educated community in general and school students in
particular. This section contains the verbatim views of Prof.
Dani that appeared in Frontline magazine. He has given a
marvelous analysis of the book Vedic Mathematics and has
daringly concluded.
 "One would hardly have imagine that a book which is
transparently not from any ancient source or of any great
mathematical significance would one day be passed off as a
storehouse of some ancient mathematical treasure. It is high
time saner elements joined hands to educate people on the truth
of this so-called Vedic Mathematics and prevent the use of
public money and energy on its propagation, beyond the limited
extent that may be deserved, lest the intellectual and educational
life in the country should get vitiated further and result in wrong
attitudes to both history and mathematics, especially in the
coming generation."