text:
Executive Assistant to the Spokesperson
Taku River Tlingit First Nation
Posted On: Jan 1, 2023
Advertised Until: Mar 1, 2023
Hours: 72hr pay period
Wage: $25-$35 hourly
Availability: Full Time
Location: Atlin, BC
Contact Name: Taku River Tlingit First Nation
Apply With: Resume
By Email: _EMAIL_
POSITION: Executive Assistant to the Spokesperson
- Provides comprehensive and confidential administrative support to the Spokesperson.
- Oversees the arrangement and scheduling of the Spokesperson's calendar.
- Coordination and planning of all internal and external meetings for Spokesperson
- Prepares all meeting agendas, supporting documents, and records meeting minutes and subsequent decisions for any meetings involving the Spokesperson such as the Joint Clan, CDC, Community and Manager's meetings, etc.
- Books all travel for Spokesperson aligned with organizational policies.
- Post-travel reconciliation of expenses with receipts and submits to Finance for processing and reimbursement.
- Design, prepare, edit, and format internal and external communication, including newsletters, memos, emails, presentations, etc.
- Conducts data analysis and prepares weekly and monthly reports as directed.
- Setup remote calls/virtual meetings through audio-visual tools such as Zoom and TRTFN's teleconferencing system.
- Answers inquiries from members and the public, providing appropriate information and forwarding to the applicable department.
EDUCATION, SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE:
- Post-secondary education in Business Administration or related field
- Minimum 3 years of experience in an office administrator position in a First Nations environment
- Experience and knowledge of First Nation culture and working with First Nations and citizens is essential.
- Excellent interpersonal, communication, and presentation skills
- Intermediate to advanced proficiency in MS Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Publisher)
- The capability to foster and maintain strong relationships both internally and externally.
- Proven experience in project management, with the ability to complete assignments on time, high standard, and within budget.
- Able to work independently with minimal day-to-day supervision as well as working within a collaborative team framework.
- Critical thinking and problem-solving skills
- Ability to maintain a high level of accuracy preparing and editing letters, notices, minutes, reports, etc.
- Class 5 driver's license
- Satisfactory Criminal Record Check
- Work is performed primarily indoors in an office environment.
- Flexibility to work evenings to attend Council and Community Meetings
- Occasional travel is required to attend meetings or training.
- Included after 3 months of probationary period.
- Benefits include extended medical, eyewear, dental coverage as well as an RRSP matching plan.


text:
International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies (IJCSMS)
The earth quake is the disaster that is handled in this paper. The location of the earth quake can be finding by using the various localization process available in the WSN. This paper firstly discusses the localization techniques then the proposed technique that is used to get the accurate position of the earth quake. Node localization refers to determine the accurate and precise physical location of each node in the network. To measure significant data, the authors need location information of the sensor nodes. Node localization is required to answers questions about the network coverage, report queries about sensors and origin of event occurs.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Special Holiday Episode!" It's Mother's Day in cyberspace - and Hacker is determined to ruin it for everyone, especially Motherboard, by derailing the train that picks up the rare and colorful Madre Bonitas. This beautiful flower symbolizes Mother's Day, and it must be harvested on this one day only. It's a race against time, as the kids and Digit try to repair the breaks in the line and save Mother's Day. The Big Idea: Use a decimal point to join tenths with whole numbers and you have a decimal system you can use to easily record, compare and combine whole numbers with fractions. Math Topic: Decimals; NCTM Links: Number and Operations.
Visit the Website: _URL_
Episode #206 / Length: 28 minutes

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Around 140 million litres of water has been released from Rosslynne Reservoir into the Maribyrnong River System (VIC).
The release took place over seven days to benefit the stretch of Jacksons Creek, between Gisborne and the confluence with Deep Creek at Bulla.
The release mimics a natural 'low flow fresh' that would have occurred naturally after occasional summer storms.
Environmental flows aim to mimic a river's natural process by maintaining water quality, flushing sediment and organic material from the river bed, maintaining habitat for bugs and fish life, and ensuring native vegetation along the river bank receives enough water when the river is otherwise low.
Jacksons Creek is home to a significant population of platypus that is recovering well since the end of the drought in 2010. This release will benefit platypus by improving water quality and habitat for water bugs, which are their main food source.
During this release, river levels between Rosslynne Reservoir and Bulla will increase by up to 10-20cm, which is within the river's usual level of variance.
Detailed planning and close monitoring of water levels during the release period will ensure flooding and erosion do not occur.
Melbourne Water is working with the Victorian Environmental Water Holder and Southern Rural Water in relation to this release and will monitor the response of the river and aquatic life closely following the event to inform future releases.


The Stacks project
27.20 Locally free modules
On any ringed space we know what it means for an $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module to be (finite) locally free. On an affine scheme this matches the notion defined in the algebra chapter.
Lemma 27.20.1. Let $X = \mathop{\mathrm{Spec}}(R)$ be an affine scheme. Let $\mathcal{F} = \widetilde{M}$ for some $R$-module $M$. The quasi-coherent sheaf $\mathcal{F}$ is a (finite) locally free $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module of if and only if $M$ is a (finite) locally free $R$-module.
Proof. Follows from the definitions, see Modules, Definition 17.14.1 and Algebra, Definition 10.77.1. $\square$
We can characterize finite locally free modules in many different ways.
Lemma 27.20.2. Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module. The following are equivalent:
 1. $\mathcal{F}$ is a flat $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module of finite presentation,
 2. $\mathcal{F}$ is $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module of finite presentation and for all $x \in X$ the stalk $\mathcal{F}_ x$ is a free $\mathcal{O}_{X, x}$-module,
 3. $\mathcal{F}$ is a locally free, finite type $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module,
 4. $\mathcal{F}$ is a finite locally free $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module, and
 5. $\mathcal{F}$ is an $\mathcal{O}_ X$-module of finite type, for every $x \in X$ the stalk $\mathcal{F}_ x$ is a free $\mathcal{O}_{X, x}$-module, and the function
 \[ \rho _\mathcal {F} : X \to \mathbf{Z}, \quad x \longmapsto \dim _{\kappa (x)} \mathcal{F}_ x \otimes _{\mathcal{O}_{X, x}} \kappa (x) \]
 is locally constant in the Zariski topology on $X$.
Proof. This lemma immediately reduces to the affine case. In this case the lemma is a reformulation of Algebra, Lemma 10.77.2. The translation uses Lemmas 27.16.1, 27.16.2, 27.19.1, and 27.20.1. $\square$
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text:
Since genetic algorithm-based optimization methods are computationally expensive for practical use in the field of structural optimization, a resizing technique-based hybrid genetic algorithm for the drift design of multistory steel frame buildings is proposed to increase the convergence speed of genetic algorithms. To reduce the number of structural analyses required for the convergence, a genetic algorithm is combined with a resizing technique that is an efficient optimal technique to control the drift of buildings without the repetitive structural analysis. The resizing technique-based hybrid genetic algorithm proposed in this paper is applied to the minimum weight design of three steel frame buildings. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, optimum weights, computational times, and generation numbers from the proposed algorithm are compared with those from a genetic algorithm. Based on the comparisons, it is concluded that the hybrid genetic algorithm shows clear improvements in convergence properties.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


Some people fry their bacon, some roast it—and some cook it with a laser, supervillain-style. At least that's what Tokyo Mathematical Science professor Kentaro Fukuchi did when looking for an innovative new cooking technique.
For the Munchies series "Food Hacking," Fukuchi teamed up with tech innovator and film producer Hiroshi Takai to combine technology with culinary tradition. In this case, the tech was a laser cutter and the tradition was eating raw meat. Using the laser, they singled out just the strips of fat for frying while leaving the meaty parts cold. They were able to achieve this by using imaging software to create a "map" of each strip. This instructed the computer-guided laser on which sections to burn and which to avoid.
[h/t: Engadget]


text:
The project seeks to encourage nonmotorized transportation to Auraria Higher Education Center, a campus shared by three institutions of higher learning in downtown Denver. Two pavilions were constructed to provide secure bicycle and skateboard storage, a place for commuters to fix their bikes, and public space for the community, including the students, faculty, and staff of the three colleges; patrons of the Auraria Library; the homeless community being served a daily lunch at St. Elizabeth's Church; and residents and visitors to the lower downtown area of Denver. Twenty-six students from ColoradoBuildingWorkshop designed and built the two pavilions.
The primary issues the project addresses are security, sustainability, and community. The building responds to the need for more secure bike and skateboard parking in the area. This project considered a multifaceted approach to sustainability that included tally software to assess carbon, design for disassembly, regional planting and rainwater diversion, and waste diversion.
The project also seeks to expand public space. The Curtis Street location reimagines a neglected plaza between the church and the campus library as a vibrant gathering space. The Larimer location near the new campus dormitories gives students a safe place to park their bikes overnight and public benches to mingle with their friends.
A diverse group of constituents—university planners, architects, landscape architects, police, maintenance and facilities staff, the campus COO, sustainability officers, and construction professionals—were actively involved from schematic design through construction. Students administered surveys, held public design sessions, and collected large quantities of data during predesign to guide their design decisions. One outcome of this collaboration was the police sharing valuable information on crime prevention through environmental design. Their critique over two separate design sessions helped inform the structures' transparency. Another example of collaboration was the innovative dry-stacked limestone louver assembly designed by the students with help from the structural engineer and a local stonemason.
There are three main components to the pavilions: secure storage, bike fix-it areas, and the public space. Miscellaneous bike parts can be found at both locations, showing use of the bike fix-it areas, but a more thorough postoccupancy evaluation will need to be conducted to assess full use of these areas. The social space, especially at the Curtis Street location, has been active and vibrant. It receives daily use from people eating lunch at St. Elizabeth's Church.


text:
How low can you go? Why signal to noise ratios are important in programming high voltage power supplies.
Virtually all Spellman power supplies are programmable; usually a 0 to 10 volt ground referenced analog programming signal is proportional to 0 to 100% of full scale rate voltage and/or current. Modular supplies typically only accept a remotely provided signal, while rack units also have front panel mounted multi-turn potentiometers to provide local programming capability.
Let's look at two example units, where 0 to 10 volts of voltage programming equates to 0 to 100% of output voltage. The first unit is an SL100P300 (100kV maximum) and the second unit is an SL1P300 (1kV maximum).
If a rather low output voltage of 100 volts was desired, let's look at the level of programming voltage each unit requires.
|(100/100,000) (10) = 10mV
|(100/1000) (10) = 1 volt
The SL100P300 needs a programming signal of 10mV, while the SL1P300 needs a programming signal of 1 volt to achieve the same 100 volt output.
Noise is present in most electrical systems; it's the low level background signal that is due to switching regulators, clock circuits and the like. Ideally zero noise would be desired, but some amount is present and must be dealt with. In a power supply like the SL Series 25mV of background noise on the analog control lines is not uncommon. Ideally we would like to have the programming signal as large as possible, so the noise signal has the least amount of influence. Let's see how that noise affects the signals of our two example power supplies.
|Signal = 10mV
|Signal = 1000mV (1 volt)
|Noise = 25mV
|Noise = 25mV
|s/n ratio: signal is smaller than noise!
|s/n ratio: signal is 40X larger than noise
It's easy to see that getting a stable, repeatable 100 volt output from the SL100P300 will be quite difficult, while this is easy to do with the SL1P300.
When low output voltages are needed think about the programming signals required and how they compare to the system noise levels. Doing so will provide a stable, repeatable output where noise has minimal effect.


30 Day Get Healthy Challenge, Day 30
30 Day Get Healthy Challenge, Day 30
Gibsonia Chiropractor
It's the last day of our 30 day journey. How are you making out?
Our last tip is to keep your nervous system free and clear of interference.
When you think about it, everything you've ever experienced in life was processed through your nervous system. Every cell, tissue, and organ in your body depends on a nerve supply for survival. As you've probably heard me say, the only difference between a cow and a steak is a nerve supply.
If you're going to commit to getting up earlier, moving your body daily, feeding it the right stuff, etc., you better make sure you have the right vessel to put it all in.
The tendency is to jump right into exercise and diet, but you have to have your priorities in order first. Living life chronically subluxated minimizes the effectiveness of other therapies applied to the body, whether exercise, diet, massage, stretching, or anything else. It's like putting the highest quality gasoline into your gas tank while leaving the fuel line kinked.
Remember that you are designed to work perfectly. Your innate power is always on the job and expresses itself through your nervous system. How healthy you are depends on how clear your nerve pathway is.
Struggling through life out of adjustment is like living as a shut-in and never seeing the sun. It's time to draw back the curtains!
Dr. Joseph Tsai, D.C.


Novitra Cold Sore Treatment
Novitra Cold Sore Treatment
If you're struggling to control cold sore outbreaks, you have many different products to choose. Novitra is a popular choice, but you need to know how it works and if it's safe.
How Does Novitra Work?
Novitra is a clinically tested cold sore cream that relieves itching, blistering, tingling and pain. Novitra uses zincum oxydatum, a common anti-itching cream, to help control cold sore symptoms. Randomized double-blind clinical studies have proven Novitra effective. Novitra is cruelty-free and not tested on animals.
The active ingredient in Novitra is zincum oxydatum. This chemical is normally produced synthetically and is used in food as a source of zinc. Zincum oxydatum is used in calamine lotion and baby powder to reduce itching, and in sunscreen to prevent UV damage. The chemical is not absorbed into the skin and is non-allergenic. Because zincum oxydatum is used in many food and beauty products, it is very safe and poses no threat to human health.
Novitra is an effective way to get rid of unsightly blemishes caused by cold sores. Your symptoms will be reduced and your cold sore will heal more quickly, although you will still need concealer or other make-up if you want to hide your sore completely.


2.9. Patterns
2.9.1. Introduction
Patterns and pattern-matching are at the very heart of Cypher, so being effective with Cypher requires a good understanding of patterns.
Using patterns, you describe the shape of the data you're looking for. For example, in the MATCH clause you describe the shape with a pattern, and Cypher will figure out how to get that data for you.
The pattern describes the data using a form that is very similar to how one typically draws the shape of property graph data on a whiteboard: usually as circles (representing nodes) and arrows between them to represent relationships.
Patterns appear in multiple places in Cypher: in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE clauses, and in pattern expressions. Each of these is described in more detail in:
2.9.2. Patterns for nodes
The very simplest 'shape' that can be described in a pattern is a node. A node is described using a pair of parentheses, and is typically given a name. For example:
(a)
This simple pattern describes a single node, and names that node using the variable a.
2.9.4. Patterns for labels
In addition to simply describing the shape of a node in the pattern, one can also describe attributes. The most simple attribute that can be described in the pattern is a label that the node must have. For example:
(a:User)-->(b)
One can also describe a node that has multiple labels:
(a:User:Admin)-->(b)
2.9.5. Specifying properties
Nodes and relationships are the fundamental structures in a graph. Neo4j uses properties on both of these to allow for far richer models.
Properties can be expressed in patterns using a map-construct: curly brackets surrounding a number of key-expression pairs, separated by commas. E.g. a node with two properties on it would look like:
(a {name: 'Andy', sport: 'Brazilian Ju-Jitsu'})
A relationship with expectations on it is given by:
(a)-[{blocked: false}]->(b)
When properties appear in patterns, they add an additional constraint to the shape of the data. In the case of a CREATE clause, the properties will be set in the newly-created nodes and relationships. In the case of a MERGE clause, the properties will be used as additional constraints on the shape any existing data must have (the specified properties must exactly match any existing data in the graph). If no matching data is found, then MERGE behaves like CREATE and the properties will be set in the newly created nodes and relationships.
Note that patterns supplied to CREATE may use a single parameter to specify properties, e.g: CREATE (node $paramName). This is not possible with patterns used in other clauses, as Cypher needs to know the property names at the time the query is compiled, so that matching can be done effectively.
2.9.6. Patterns for relationships
The simplest way to describe a relationship is by using the arrow between two nodes, as in the previous examples. Using this technique, you can describe that the relationship should exist and the directionality of it. If you don't care about the direction of the relationship, the arrow head can be omitted, as exemplified by:
(a)--(b)
As with nodes, relationships may also be given names. In this case, a pair of square brackets is used to break up the arrow and the variable is placed between. For example:
(a)-[r]->(b)
Much like labels on nodes, relationships can have types. To describe a relationship with a specific type, you can specify this as follows:
(a)-[r:REL_TYPE]->(b)
Unlike labels, relationships can only have one type. But if we'd like to describe some data such that the relationship could have any one of a set of types, then they can all be listed in the pattern, separating them with the pipe symbol | like this:
(a)-[r:TYPE1|TYPE2]->(b)
Note that this form of pattern can only be used to describe existing data (ie. when using a pattern with MATCH or as an expression). It will not work with CREATE or MERGE, since it's not possible to create a relationship with multiple types.
As with nodes, the name of the relationship can always be omitted, as exemplified by:
(a)-[:REL_TYPE]->(b)
2.9.7. Variable-length pattern matching
Variable length pattern matching in versions 2.1.x and earlier does not enforce relationship uniqueness for patterns described within a single MATCH clause. This means that a query such as the following: MATCH (a)-[r]->(b), p = (a)-[*]->(c) RETURN *, relationships(p) AS rs may include r as part of the rs set. This behavior has changed in versions 2.2.0 and later, in such a way that r will be excluded from the result set, as this better adheres to the rules of relationship uniqueness as documented here Section 1.4, "Uniqueness". If you have a query pattern that needs to retrace relationships rather than ignoring them as the relationship uniqueness rules normally dictate, you can accomplish this using multiple match clauses, as follows: MATCH (a)-[r]->(b) MATCH p = (a)-[*]->(c) RETURN *, relationships(p). This will work in all versions of Neo4j that support the MATCH clause, namely 2.0.0 and later.
Rather than describing a long path using a sequence of many node and relationship descriptions in a pattern, many relationships (and the intermediate nodes) can be described by specifying a length in the relationship description of a pattern. For example:
(a)-[*2]->(b)
This describes a graph of three nodes and two relationship, all in one path (a path of length 2). This is equivalent to:
(a)-->()-->(b)
A range of lengths can also be specified: such relationship patterns are called 'variable length relationships'. For example:
(a)-[*3..5]->(b)
This is a minimum length of 3, and a maximum of 5. It describes a graph of either 4 nodes and 3 relationships, 5 nodes and 4 relationships or 6 nodes and 5 relationships, all connected together in a single path.
Either bound can be omitted. For example, to describe paths of length 3 or more, use:
(a)-[*3..]->(b)
To describe paths of length 5 or less, use:
(a)-[*..5]->(b)
Both bounds can be omitted, allowing paths of any length to be described:
(a)-[*]->(b)
As a simple example, let's take the graph and query below:
Figure 2.2. Graph
alt
Query.
MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend)
WHERE me.name = 'Filipa'
RETURN remote_friend.name
Table 2.30. Result
remote_friend.name
2 rows
"Dilshad"
"Anders"
Try this query live. CREATE (a {name: 'Anders'}), (b {name: 'Becky'}), (c {name: 'Cesar'}), (d {name: 'Dilshad'}), (e {name: 'George'}), (f {name: 'Filipa'}), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(c), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(d), (b)-[:KNOWS]->(e), (c)-[:KNOWS]->(e), (d)-[:KNOWS]->(f) MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend) WHERE me.name = 'Filipa' RETURN remote_friend.name
This query finds data in the graph which a shape that fits the pattern: specifically a node (with the name property 'Filipa') and then the KNOWS related nodes, one or two hops away. This is a typical example of finding first and second degree friends.
Note that variable length relationships cannot be used with CREATE and MERGE.
2.9.8. Assigning to path variables
As described above, a series of connected nodes and relationships is called a "path". Cypher allows paths to be named using an identifer, as exemplified by:
p = (a)-[*3..5]->(b)
You can do this in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE, but not when using patterns as expressions.


text:
If you are really serious about this, you can calculate it.
First, obtain the macronutrient counts per 100 g of ingredient you are adding. For example, lentils have 26 g of protein per 100 g.
Second, weigh everything you are adding. Let's say you want to cook 200 g lentils.
Third, calculate the total amount of nutrients you added. With my nice round numbers, it will be 52 g proteins from the lentils.
Fourth, weigh the prepared dish. (it doesn't help to sum up the raw ingredients only, because water will evaporate during cooking). Let's say you end up with 700 g of cooked lentils.
Fifth, calculate the new protein amount per 100 g. 52 g protein per 700 g lentils makes it around 7.4 g protein per 100 g.
Now you are ready. You only get a small amount of error when some nutrients are destroyed by cooking, for example a maillard reaction will involve both proteins and carbohydrates as input and produce carbohydrates only. But it is a very small error; the variability of nutrient levels between batches of the same food are much greater than this error. (You don't believe that every lentil kernel around the world has exactly 26% protein, right? The data you see on labels is an average of a few measurements, and the single batches can vary a lot).
Note that you can't do this for micronutrients, because many of them are affected by cooking.
Also, don't even attempt to do it using volume measures. Once you mix two different liquids, the volume of the mixture isn't always the same as the sum of the two volumes you started with. Also, solids can absorb liquids without changing their volume much, etc.
And of course, you have to do it separately for each recipe to get a reasonable degree of precision. You can't just rely that lentils cooked in pure water will absorb the same amount of water as lentils cooked in a, say, soup soured with tomato juice.
If you still think this all is worth it, go ahead and do it. Most people don't need such a minute control over their diet, especially when they cook by themselves and know (roughly) what goes into their meals.


Macaulay2 » Documentation
Packages » GraphicalModelsMLE :: checkPSD
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checkPSD -- returns positive semidefinite matrices from a list of symmetric matrices
Synopsis
Description
This function takes a list of symmetric matrices (or a single symmetric matrix) and returns the sublist of its positive semidefinite matrices.
Note that the function does not check whether the matrices in the original list are symmetric.
If there are no positive semidefinite matrices in the list, it returns an empty list.
i1 : L={matrix{{1,0},{0,1}},matrix{{-2,0},{0,1}},matrix{{sqrt(-1),0},{0,sqrt (-1)}},matrix{{0,0},{0,0}}}
o1 = {| 1 0 |, | -2 0 |, | ii 0 |, 0}
 | 0 1 | | 0 1 | | 0 ii |
o1 : List
i2 : checkPSD(L)
o2 = {| 1 0 |, 0}
 | 0 1 |
o2 : List
Ways to use checkPSD :
For the programmer
The object checkPSD is a method function with options.


text:
Get the Men's Doublet and Hosen pattern for everything you'll need for the late Middle Ages.
Buy our full size paper pattern for Men's 15th century Doublet and Hosen. Pattern includes Doublet with Plain (A) or Balloon-Top Sleeves (B), and Hosen with straight (C) or Italianate slanted back seams (D). Detailed instructions. Embellishment suggestions. Historical notes.
Hosen: wool twill (gabardine, wool flannel)
DO NOT use wool jersey
Doublet: wool twill or heavy silk
(optional) Lining: 3-5oz linen or light (8mm) silk
(optional) Interlining: heavy linen or buckram
Hosen 2 yds 60" wide
Doublet 3 yds 60" wide
Let us help you! At Reconstructing History, we want to see you wearing the best garments you are capable of making. Call us Monday through Friday from 8am until 6pm Eastern Time (or email us around the clock) and we will answer any questions you might have!
Below is an excerpt from the historical notes you will receive as part of this pattern:
Doublets and Hosen in the 15th century
The history of doublets and hosen must begin with a brief history of hosen since the doublet evolved for the function of holding them up.
In the early Middle Ages and probably for some time before, leg coverings were supported by garters around the knees or cross-gartering along their whole length. This is an easy way to keep knee-high hose from falling down. However when the hose extend much past the knee, the flexion of that joint poses a problem. Every time the knee bends, it loosens the leg covering around it. And the more it loosens, the less it stays up when the leg is straightened. This would cause great difficulty for a working man in particular.
So as hose lengthened, another method of suspending the hose was tried. The most successful method was tying the tops of the hose (usually cut in points due to their being cut on the bias) to a belt tied around the waist. This early "garter belt" held up the hose adequately and was in use for some time.
However in the late 14th century when men's fashions began to show the gluteus maximus, this method of suspension was not enough. Although the hose were still fastened securely, the man's anatomy between the two hose legs, front and rear, could now be seen. The solution was to sew the hose legs together and cover the front opening with a removable flap soon to be known as a "codpiece".
As these joined hosen came to be worn more regularly, it was discovered that two points on the front of the thighs was not sufficient to hold them up. So more points were added all around the waist of the hosen. Soon the belt was not enough to handle the strain and a new invention was needed — the pourpoint (literally "for pointing to"). The first pourpoints were vest-like garments to which the hosen were pointed around the lower edge. But soon, the pourpoint would evolve into a garment all by itself. When lined, it came to be called a "doublet" (for its double thickness of fabric) and along the way, it acquired sleeves and closures of its own.
In the 16th century, the doublet evolved into outerwear and was seen commonly worn by noblemen and commoners alike paired either with hosen or the new breeches. However in the 15th century (and even the early decades of the 16th), the doublet was an undergarment that was not meant to be seen. The best evidence of what doublets looked like in this period are pictures of builders and other manual labourers. And executioner from Dieric Bouts the Elder's "The Execution of the Innocent Count" circa 1460 (shown at left) gives great detail of the doublet as a functional garment. His hosen are obviously held up by it as evidenced by the ties at the tops of his thighs. But the rest of the doublet, though form-fitting, is insubstantial and the shirt shows through at the elbows, front opening and above the hose. Since the figure is carrying the decapitated head of the Count, it could be suspected that he removed his outer layer of clothing so it wouldn't get dirty.
This idea is substantiated by other paintings of executions of saints and the beheading of John the Baptist in particular. The men doing the dirty work are in their doublets and hose. Sometimes their overgowns are even shown on a nearby gatepost.
Another source of views of doublets comes from depictions of construction scenes. Ercole de' Roberti's "Predella of the Griffoni Polyptych: Miracles of St Vincent Ferrer" in 1473 shows quite a few men working in their doublets. The detail, right, show a worker bent in his duties. This and other such workers in the painting give great information on how the doublet moved as a garment when the wearer was working. The separation of the front and sleeves easily accommodated movement and we can see why this garment was seen as underclothing and not outer wear.
Another workman in Fouquet's "Life of Etienne Chevalier" shows the usual attachment of hosen to the doublet. For the hosen to look well-fit, they had to be trussed up tightly when standing upright. But this makes a tendency for the back points to blow out when the wearer bends over. It is common to see men with the back points undone while they are working. Only the side and front points are essential for keeping the hosen on the body. The others only allow a better fit while standing.
Another interesting feature of mid-15th century doublets are the ball shoulders. At first glance, these strangely-shaped decorations do not seem to serve any purpose. On a garment whose primary function is to hold up the hosen, they seem out of place and extraneous.
However, if we look at the fashions worn over them, a purpose emerges. The illustration below from "The Court of Law" shows a gentleman in the garment of a scholar or older man. Younger and more fashionable men wore version of the same gown, but kneeor thigh-length. Two elements mark this gown as representative of the style worn in Burgundy in the mid-15th century — it is heavily pleated and the shoulders stand out as if they are propped up in some way.
And so they are. Another detail illustration from The Court of Law (right) shows a younger man about to get into a brawl. His gown is sleeveless, so we can see the sleeves of his doublet. They have this protruding stuffed ball at the tops. An examination of men's gowns of this period will show that these ball-topped sleeves were necessary to hold up the dense fabric of the sleeves of the Burgundian-style men's gown.
For more, purchase this pattern.
This information © 2006 Kass McGann and Reconstructing History


text:
From Stone Age tools to the Large Hadron Collider, there's always the potential for catastrophe when it comes to science. And what better way to get your middle schoolers psyched about scientific leaps than challenging them to avoid disaster? Each chapter of the book describes a scientific breakthrough and the consequent catastrophes associated with it. Experiments are rated from Low (no risk of catastrophe) to High (involves the use of fire, hot liquids, or hazardous substances, making adult supervision required). Kids will love the hands-on experiments and researcher parents will revel in preventing potential calamity.
The Book of Potentially Catastrophic Science: 50 experiments for daring young scientists by Sean Connolly
$13.99 from ThinkGeek.com


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FRINATEK-Fri prosj.st. mat.,naturv.,tek
Mid-IR ultra-short pulsed laser technology for science and green industry (MIR)
Alternative title: Mid-IR ultrarask laserteknologi for vitenskap og grønn industri (MIR)
Awarded: NOK 12.5 mill.
The primary goal of MIR is development of advanced mid-infrared (mid-IR) fine laser material processing tools for 3D micro-structuring of advanced materials for fundamental science and green industry. On the fundamental science side, the novel laser technology will advance our understanding of the chemical reactions on the atomic level by allowing to build a compact X-Ray light source in water window, that can be applied in biomedicine. The Mid-IR lasers can be further applied in life and environmental sciences for ultra-sensitive real-time monitoring of pollutants, viruses, bacteria and early diagnostics of diseases and cancer. Finally, they will be applied to nuclear and atomic physics, advancing our understanding of Bose-Einstein condensate of positronium and positronium based gamma-ray laser. The intensive interdisciplinary collaboration between the scientists in the fields of lasers, photonics, materials, and energy under close guidance of the Norwegian Industrial Advisory Board (NORSUN, BEYONDER and ATLA Lasers) will provide the critical mass and complementary competence. This will lead to the creation of the immediate value for both, society and the Norwegian industry. Based on the proof-of-principles and laser prototypes demonstrated by the project partners and enhanced by interdisciplinarity and large scale format MIR will enable ultra-precise rapid (1 m/s) and user-friendly tool for 3D micro-fabrication in silicon, other semiconductors and novel composite materials for solar cells and Li-batteries, and many other industrial applications. These laser tools will help manufacturing such sustainable materials for the energy sector, such as kerf-less silicon wafers for photovoltaic applications, novel micro-structured battery materials, a variety of MEMs for microelectronics or an ultra-sensitive Si-detector for XUV, just to name a few. Following the completion of the project the developed laser technology will be transferred to the Norwegian industry.
The primary goal of MIR is development of advanced mid-infrared (mid-IR) fine laser material processing tools for 3D micro-structuring of advanced materials for fundamental science and green industry. These tools are based on power-scaling of the novel ultra-short pulsed mid-IR laser technology developed in two NFR projects in Nanomat and ENERGIX programs. The methodology from the newly granted SFI-Phys Met and UNLOCK projects will be used to provide the critical mass necessary for such large scale multidisciplinary international projects as MIR. Based on the proof-of-principles demonstrated in these projects and enhanced by interdisciplinarity and large scale format MIR will enable: - An ultra-precise, rapid (1 m/s) and user-friendly tool for 3D micro-fabrication in silicon, other semiconductors and novel composite materials for solar cells and Li-batteries - advanced and sustainable materials, such as kerf-less silicon wafers for photovoltaic applications, novel micro-structured battery materials, a variety of MEMs, an ultra-sensitive Si-detector for XUV - Si micro-structures for production and cooling of positronium in Si - a path towards Bose-Einstein (BEC) condensation of positronium and gamma-ray laser - 3D micro-structures to be used at CERN LHC collider for atomic interferometry for measuring local gravitational field or probing physics at the highest energy scales Besides the new horizons that ultrafine micro-structuring brings, the novel laser technology enables: - Table-top X-Ray source in water window for biomedicine - to understand chemical reactions on the atomic level - Ultra-sensitive real-time monitoring of pollutants, viruses, bacteria and early diagnostics of diseases and cancer - Theoretical model of the energy-harvesting mechanisms in laser-amplifier systems based on mode-area scaling and spatiotemporal dynamics on fs time scale - Photonic "metaphorical modeling" tool for studying BEC of positronium and positronium based gamma-ray laser
Activity:
FRINATEK-Fri prosj.st. mat.,naturv.,tek


I will make an effort to interpret answers based on wave functions, but I am a senior pursuing a bachelor's degree in Biology, so I don't have the background in quantum physics for a purely mathematical answer to make intuitive sense.
I would appreciate any partial answers which cover only carbon or only silicon, as well as partial answers that give the height and width of only the small node or only the large node of the sp3 orbital. I am asking about the width of the large and small nodes at their widest points, not at their center of electron density.
I am aware the sp3 hybrid orbitals only form when these atoms are bonded to four other atoms, so there are no empirical observations showing the height of sp3 orbitals from isolated atoms (for this question, assume a tetrahedral lattice composed purely of carbon or silicon). That said, any estimates based on halving bond lengths should account for orbital overlap in these bonds so that the height of the orbital from each bonding atom is not underestimated.
Pieces of information that I would find very useful as an addendum to answering my main question are estimates of the electric potential energy, kinetic energy, and total energy (constant) of an electron as it travels in the largest ellipse contained within the sp3 orbital of either a carbon or silicon atom in a lattice – including the large and small nodes, and assuming this ellipse does not move from one bonded atom to another.
Thank you!
EDIT to update: Having taken organic chemistry I and II, I am also aware that orbitals are simply the 95% confidence interval for finding an electron. I am also aware that the common understanding of electron movement in orbitals is that they can move between states of equal energy without occupying all of the states in between. In my question about an electron moving in an elliptical path, I am asking for answers to assume that the electron is following such a path, and that this path is a planar ellipse which corresponds to a cross-section of the outer edge of the 95% confidence interval. Smaller elliptical paths would have lower energy, and I'm asking this because it is the highest energy path an electron would take in the orbital if it were following a planar elliptical path.
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ Please realize that those pretty pictures in the books are not real. Think of them as some kind of contour plot to give you the general idea of what the electron distribution looks like. To get a better (but more difficult picture) you can start with the Laplace spherical harmonics, and then hybridize them to sp3. You will then have to determine what you mean by 'width' by defining a differential probability distribution. $\endgroup$ – Jon Custer Mar 14 '16 at 13:15
 - $\begingroup$ You just can't assume that electron is running along elliptical path. True, there was once so-called Bohr-Sommerfeld model which managed (by a combination of serendipity and sheer luck) to get some things right. But that model would not let you describe hybridization, or even atoms with more than one electron, let alone molecules. Also, sp3 hybridization does not require 4 other atoms, sometimes 3 are enough, and you may "see" a "naked" sp3 orbital. But it does not have anything like "height" or "width". $\endgroup$ – Ivan Neretin Mar 14 '16 at 18:11
So, after I get past the shock and awe that you are asking us to describe a fictional object,
this page has some pictures which will be suitable for you to construct visualization: Orbital mixing].
I eyeball it as about 4 times larger in all three dimensions for the 2s/2p level. The radial distribution function for 3s/3p has its highest density about 2.2 times further away from nucleus as the 2s/2p level Radial Distribution Function]
Your Answer


1. Can children outside Needham join the Summer Program?
Answer: Yes. Last year, we had children participate from Wellesley, Dover, Natick, Weston, Medfield, Dedham, West Roxbury, Newton, Sharon, Millis, and other towns.
2. What are the responsibilities of a parent volunteer?
Answer: We welcome all parents to become volunteers - at either or both of the regular evening sessions and at our special events. No track and field experience is required. Program volunteers may travel around with their child's age group and assist in the event logistics. Other jobs for volunteers include first aid, refreshments, scoring, and information table. We ask all program volunteers to commit to help out at least 6 nights. Special event volunteers (Great Bear Run, Needham Youth Classic, Home Meet, All-Star Meet) are welcome to help out at running or field events or at awards or registration tables. Volunteers must join the USATF, pass a background check, and take an on-line safety course.
3. Are guests allowed in the program?
Answer: Yes, there is a nightly fee for guests and guests may only attend two sessions as a guest without signing up for the program.
4. My child is in high school and too old for the Summer Program. How do they become a Counselor or a CIT?
Answer: Counselors are high school or college age children to help in the logistics of the nightly sessions and work the summer track meets to earn community service credit or scholarships. Coaches-in-Training (CITs) are those who have completed 8th grade and work as volunteers See Counselor / CIT Program
5. What's the difference between age groups and teams?
Answer: For pre-school and Cyclone children there is NOT this distinction. In the Young Runners program, children belong to both a team and an age group. They spend most of their evening with their age group where children are very close in age to each other. This promotes fair competition in the events. Teams are made up of children of all ages and play a role in certain relay events and in the team scoring.


text:
Iowa Officials Describe Point System For Guiding COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies
Editor's Note: This post has been updated to reflect the updated map released by state health officials on Monday, April 6.
Gov. Kim Reynolds and public health officials this week described their six-region point system to guide their decisions about COVID-19 mitigation strategies.
After Reynolds repeatedly declined to give specific information about the data she said she is using to support her decision to not issue a formal shelter-in-place order, the Iowa City Press-Citizen obtained a document showing the state's point system.
The document takes into account the percentage of the population over 65 years of age, the percentage of identified cases requiring hospitalization, the infection rate per 100,000 population in the past 14 days, and the number of outbreaks at long-term care facilities.
Each metric is assigned a value, and then those numbers are added up. A sum of 10 or greater on the 12-point scale would trigger a formal shelter-in-place order, according to the document.
State officials then released a map of Iowa divided into six regions. As of Thursday, each region had a rating between five and seven.
Reynolds has indicated she may consider certain measures such as shelter-in-place orders that would only apply to certain regions rather than the entire state.
"It allows us to have some flexibility to continue to not only address the supply chain, but to make sure that those essential workers that are on the line know that they are appreciated and feel comfortable continuing to come to work," Reynolds said.
Dr. Rossana Rosa, an infectious disease specialist with UnityPoint Health, said the metrics themselves sound reasonable.
"I do think, though, that one has to acknowledge that some of the ways we go about collecting the data that goes into those metrics remains in flux, and also remains with limitations," Rosa said.
She said a lot of the information depends on the amount of testing that's happening, which has improved, but is still limited.
"So what would worry me is what goes into feeding those metrics," Rosa said. "How do we ensure that those metrics remain accurate?"
Rosa said she is happy to hear Reynolds and state health officials say they are constantly analyzing the data and their metrics, and that they are open to hearing input from the medical community.
She added that staying home, truly only going out for essentials, and physically distancing from others is the only way Iowa can get through this.
Reynolds has resisted calls to issue a formal shelter-in-place order from the Iowa Board of Medicine, the Iowa Medical Society and some of Iowa's top Democratic elected officials. She said the measures she has put in place, such as ordering schools and certain businesses to close and banning gatherings of more than ten people, are about the same as a formal shelter-in-place order.
Reynolds and state health officials provided additional information Friday about the development of the point system.
Reynolds said State Medical Director Dr. Caitlin Pedati developed the metrics, and said Pedati is "in daily consultation with her team of epidemiologists…and other experts in Iowa and across the country."
Iowa Department of Public Health Deputy Director Sarah Reisetter said the six-region map mirrors one developed by IDPH in 2016 to strengthen regional disaster response.
"The regional medical coordination center map is data-driven and based on information that tells the story of where patients in different parts of our state go to receive care when they are experiencing a health emergency," Reisetter said.


text:
- class docarray.array.mixins.evaluation.EvaluationMixin#
A mixin that provides ranking evaluation functionality to DocumentArrayLike objects
- evaluate(other, metric, hash_fn=None, metric_name=None, strict=True, **kwargs)#
Compute ranking evaluation metrics for a given DocumentArray when compared with a groundtruth.
This implementation expects to provide a groundtruth DocumentArray that is structurally identical to self. It is based on comparing the matches of documents inside the 'DocumentArray.
This method will fill the evaluations field of Documents inside this DocumentArray and will return the average of the computations
other (DocumentArray) – The groundtruth DocumentArray' that the DocumentArray compares to.
float]]) – The name of the metric, or multiple metrics to be computed
str]]) – The function used for identifying the uniqueness of Documents. If not given, then
str]) – If provided, the results of the metrics computation will be stored in the evaluations field of each Document. If not provided, the name will be computed based on the metrics name.
bool) – If set, then left and right sides are required to be fully aligned: on the length, and on the semantic of length. These are preventing you to evaluate on irrelevant matches accidentally.
kwargs – Additional keyword arguments to be passed to metric_fn
- Return type
The average evaluation computed or a list of them if multiple metrics are required

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


York is the oldest inland town in Western Australia, being situated approximately 97 kilometres by road east of Perth in the Avon Valley, which is one of the most fertile sections of the State.
With the increasing population of the Swan River Settlement in 1829 (the year of Western Australia's foundation), it became evident that suitable land would have to be discovered for the growing of cereal crops needed to provide necessary food.
Ensign Robert Dale, 21 year old Officer of the 63rd Regiment, was assigned the honour of making the first exploratory journey over the Darling Ranges during the winter months of 1830 into what was later to become known as the Avon Valley.
As a result of these explorations, Governor Stirling decided that the new district would be thrown open for selection and this was done by Government Notice on 11 November 1830.
The first explorers saw a resemblance between the valleys traversed and their own country of Yorkshire and it was decided by the Governor that Yorkshire should be the name given to the district and that York should be the name of the first town.
The first settlers in the district reached the valley on 15 September 1831, and immediately set about the construction of huts, the preparation required for their stock and the cultivation of new land.
The first decade of settlement in the Avon Valley, showed steady progress and a clear indication that the whole district should develop into a rich and prosperous farming area.
With the natural increase of population, the township began to take shape and great improvements were noted. Private and Government buildings were erected.
The year 2006 marked the 175th anniversary of the State's oldest inland town of when it was first settled by Europeans in 1831. To mark this important historical occasion the town had a year of celebrations and a wide variety of cultural and community events.
York Residency Museum
York Town HallYork Town Hall


Using Kibana in a production environmentedit
How you deploy Kibana largely depends on your use case. If you are the only user, you can run Kibana on your local machine and configure it to point to whatever Elasticsearch instance you want to interact with. Conversely, if you have a large number of heavy Kibana users, you might need to load balance across multiple Kibana instances that are all connected to the same Elasticsearch instance.
While Kibana isn't terribly resource intensive, we still recommend running Kibana separate from your Elasticsearch data or master nodes. To distribute Kibana traffic across the nodes in your Elasticsearch cluster, you can run Kibana and an Elasticsearch client node on the same machine. For more information, see Load Balancing Across Multiple Elasticsearch Nodes.
Using Elastic Stack security featuresedit
You can use Elastic Stack security features to control what Elasticsearch data users can access through Kibana.
When security features are enabled, Kibana users have to log in. They need to have the kibana_user role as well as access to the indices they will be working with in Kibana.
If a user loads a Kibana dashboard that accesses data in an index that they are not authorized to view, they get an error that indicates the index does not exist. The security features do not currently provide a way to control which users can load which dashboards.
For information about setting up Kibana users, see Configuring security in Kibana.
Enabling SSLedit
See Encrypting communications.
Load Balancing Across Multiple Elasticsearch Nodesedit
If you have multiple nodes in your Elasticsearch cluster, the easiest way to distribute Kibana requests across the nodes is to run an Elasticsearch Coordinating only node on the same machine as Kibana. Elasticsearch Coordinating only nodes are essentially smart load balancers that are part of the cluster. They process incoming HTTP requests, redirect operations to the other nodes in the cluster as needed, and gather and return the results. For more information, see Node in the Elasticsearch reference.
To use a local client node to load balance Kibana requests:
 1. Install Elasticsearch on the same machine as Kibana.
 2. Configure the node as a Coordinating only node. In elasticsearch.yml, set node.data, node.master and node.ingest to false:
 # 3. You want this node to be neither master nor data node nor ingest node, but
 # to act as a "search load balancer" (fetching data from nodes,
 # aggregating results, etc.)
 #
 node.master: false
 node.data: false
 node.ingest: false
 3. Configure the client node to join your Elasticsearch cluster. In elasticsearch.yml, set the cluster.name to the name of your cluster.
 cluster.name: "my_cluster"
 4. Check your transport and HTTP host configs in elasticsearch.yml under network.host and transport.host. The transport.host needs to be on the network reachable to the cluster members, the network.host is the network for the HTTP connection for Kibana (localhost:9200 by default).
 network.host: localhost
 http.port: 9200

 # by default transport.host refers to network.host
 transport.host: <external ip>
 transport.tcp.port: 9300 - 9400
 5. Make sure Kibana is configured to point to your local client node. In kibana.yml, the elasticsearch.url should be set to localhost:9200.
 # The Elasticsearch instance to use for all your queries.
 elasticsearch.url: "http://localhost:9200"


text:
12 Things One Must Know About Cauvery Calling
The main idea underpinning the Cauvery Calling movement is to enable farmers to adopt tree-based agriculture – a simple, scalable, replicable and a powerful farming practice. Its impact on restoring soil, water and economic conditions of impoverished farmers is nothing short of miraculous.
Cauvery Calling is a game changer for the following key reasons:
#1. Large-Scale And Sustainable Eco-Transformation
The immense scale of this on-the-ground effort involves helping 5.2 million farmers to bring 1.61 million hectare (ha) under green cover by planting 2.42 billion trees in the massive Cauvery basin, covering 83,000 square kilometers, over 12 years.
#2. Addresses Nine SDGs
The initiative addresses no fewer than nine sustainable development goals of the United Nations, i.e., goal numbers 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15 and 17. The key project impact can be summarized as below:
- 40% augmentation of Cauvery water flow
- 300 – 800% increase in farmers' income
- 8 - 12% contribution to India's carbon sink target.
- Enhanced fertility of 1.2 - 1.6 million ha of land.
- The perennial river flow will ensure the protection of the Western Ghats - a global biodiversity hotspot
- Potential to infuse Rs 24 trillion into the rural economy
- Ensure soil, water and food security for 84 million people
- Establish a blueprint for the entire tropical world
#3. The movement's ability to achieve its ambitious, long-term goals is supported by two game-changing components:
- In heavily populated tropical countries like India, large tracts of additional land for afforestation simply don't exist. Therefore, the solution is to bring a tree cover onto the vast tracts of private farmlands via an in-part adoption of tree-based agriculture by farmers.
- The long-term sustainability of the initiative will be market-driven. It is already propelled by significant increases in the incomes of otherwise impoverished farmers. As a result, this movement will not be constrained by the lack of charitable contributions.
#4. Two decades of proven ground-work
The Cauvery Calling approach has been painstakingly developed and refined on the ground for more than two decades starting from 1998. The initial decade was spent iterating the model, developing the capabilities, creating the people linkages, and generating favorable word of mouth through widespread, on-the-ground farmer success stories. With that in place, the last three years have been devoted to scaling up the program to its full potential.
Latest project update:
- Farmers Adopted Tree-based Agriculture: 125,000
- Saplings Uptake: 62 Million
- Capacity to Grow Organic Saplings: 32 Nurseries
In recognition of this ground-breaking movement, the organization was awarded India's highest environmental award, the Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar, instituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India in 2010.
Cauvery Calling is a large-scale implementation of Project GreenHands, which was conceived by Sadhguru in 1998 in Tamil Nadu. Project GreenHands was re-launched as Cauvery Calling in 2019 to expand its scope multifold.
#5. All-inclusive people's movement with unprecedented support of the masses
This comprehensive and all-inclusive people's movement was shaped in 2017, on the back of a national-level, public campaign that elicited the support of an unprecedented 162 million people. It was followed by another rally in 2019 to mobilize farmers and urban supporters.
This movement encompasses farmers, civil societies, unions, relevant state governments and NGOs. All of this is underpinned by 23 years of concerted on-the-ground work. The project has a 2-million-strong volunteer base of dedicated individuals, who are inspired to participate in Sadhguru's vision and contribute to something far bigger than themselves.
#6. Strong Governance
Given the large scale and long-term nature of the project, as well as the related techno-commercial complexities, the project has a clear framework for monitoring and evaluation across all levels of implementation. The entire project is guided by an eminent Advisory Board, which includes illustrious members and specialists from India's administrative, judicial, business and ecological spheres. The board provides strategic oversight and governance on all key aspects of the Cauvery Calling project. The board members are:
- Justice Arijit Pasayat, Retired Supreme Court Judge
- Ms. Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, Chairperson & Managing Director of Biocon
- Mr. Ravi Singh, Secretary General & CEO of World Wide Fund for Nature, India
- Mr. Shashi Shekhar, IAS (retired) Former Secretary of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India
- Mr. Pravesh Sharma, IAS (retired), who last served as MD of Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium in the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India
- Mr. B Muthuraman, Former Vice Chairman, Tata Steel;
- Dr. AS Kiran Kumar, Former Chairperson of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
The board is assisted by a Cauvery Calling Panel of highly influential people who are involved in enabling function and execution of the project.
#7. Rural Community Participation
In 2021, 890 rural youth known as "Mara Mitras" (Friends of Trees) were engaged to take the movement to every village in Karnataka's Cauvery basin covering 1,785 Gram Panchayats (Village Council). Their role is to record on-the-ground sapling demand to guide government's on sapling production and subsequent support to farmers at every step, from government program enrollment, sapling uptake, plantation and post-plantation care, and survival surveys for incentive disbursement by the government.
In addition, the Cauvery Calling nurseries employ over 300 rural women who take care of various aspects of its operations.
#8. Leveraging existing Government Programs and Schemes
Cauvery Calling is bridging the gap between the policy makers' desks and actual life transformation for those who need it most. The movement makes sure to create necessary awareness and handholding support at the grassroots level as well as catalyze government efforts to enable existing funding and machinery to impact and transform lives. In two years, volunteers mobilized nearly 25,000 farmers to plant 11 million saplings under the Krishi Aranya Protsaye Yojne (KAPY) scheme run by the Karnataka government to promote agroforestry. The government raised those saplings and provided financial incentives to the farmers.
#9. Technology adoption for large-scale implementation of Government schemes
Cauvery Calling launched a state-of-the-art mobile app to educate farmers about government schemes with the help of the Mara Mitras and register their demand at their door steps. This app also includes a monitoring system to generate geotagged photos of trees planted. Mara Mitras, using this app, registered a demand of 20 million saplings under government schemes alone for 2022.
#10. The Largest Network of Organically Produced Saplings in the Country
Cauvery Calling has a large network of 32 active nurseries with a capacity to produce over 10 million organically grown tree saplings in a year.
#11. World's Largest Farmer Driven Eco-Movement
The program also aims to train farmers to produce high quality, organic saplings. This along with increased farmers' income, farmer-to-farmer peer-training and support mean that many aspects of the project will be self-sustainable and driven by the participants in the long term.
To ensure this, Cauvery Calling is focused on working with the existing model farmers, promoting them in their regions, as well as recruiting new model farmers to form the basis of this on-the-ground movement. Essentially, the long-term viability is ensured by shifting from a centralized project mode to a decentralized farmer movement mode. Currently, the project is engaging over 400,000 farmers on a monthly basis through social media.
#12. Global Partnerships to Establish a Blueprint for the Entire Tropical World
The entire Cauvery Calling project is based on a key premise that only an all-inclusive peoples' movement will shape and sustain a long-term change. The initiative has forged partnerships in order to broaden the scope of its efforts to include the entire tropical world. Accordingly, the following international partnerships have also been shaped:
- UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) accreditation (2019);
- Isha Foundation was granted observer status with UNCCD at COP14 in 2019. As one of the leading NGOs globally engaged in soil and water restoration, an active collaboration is being planned;
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) membership (2020);
- IUCN has formally extended support for the work of Isha Outreach and offered to provide technical assistance for the Cauvery Calling project. Isha Outreach was accepted as a Member of IUCN in February 2020;
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) accreditation (2020);
- Isha Foundation was granted observer status to the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) of UNEP in July 2020.
Mr. Ibrahim Thiaw, the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), in his September 2020 public telecast declared: "I sincerely hope that countries around the world see the potential of this solution - as land restoration and revitalization are solutions to support our planet."
Editor's Note: Save Soil - learn more here. Join the Cauvery Calling movement to restore the lost green cover of the Cauvery basin, save Cauvery River and bring


text:
There's nothing worse than pulling off a bandaid, especially when it yanks nearby hair out with it. Thankfully, researchers have developed a new kind of medical tape that stays attached to your skin, but can be removed without any pain or damage.
Biomedical Engineers from Harvard and MIT have been working with the problem of medical tape. Not only does it hurt, but its adhesive powers can actually damage skin and cause scars in babies and the elderly. So, how do you create a tape that doesn't hurt to pull off? You design it to separate somewhere else.
Traditionally, tapes have an adhesive layer that sticks directly to the skin. That takes a lot of force to pull off. The problem is that some people's skin is weaker than the glue, and that leads to the expected problems. This new medical tape is actually comprised of three layers rather than the traditional two. There's an additional layer between the backing and the adhesive. The materials are designed to be very strong against shear forces, but peel off easily when pulled back 90 degrees. That way they can still hold medical equipment in place, but be easily removed.
So, what happens when you pull off the tape? The tape intentionally breaks between the adhesive and the backing rather than between the adhesive and the skin. This leaves a thin layer of adhesive intact on the skin - and this can then be gently scraped off without damaging even super fragile patients.
"Current adhesive tapes that contain backing and adhesive layers are tailored to fracture at the adhesive-skin interface. With adults the adhesive fails leaving small remnants of adhesive on the skin while with fragile neonate skin, the fracture is more likely to occur in the skin causing significant damage," said one of the study's authors, Dr. Jeffrey Karp, in a release. "Our approach transitions the fracture zone away from the skin to the adhesive-backing interface thus completely preventing any harm during removal."
The authors claim that some 1.5 million injuries are recorded each year from tape removal - but with this new tape, bandaid injuries could be history.


text:
07. 06. 2018 14:31
At its session on Wednesday, Cabinet approved the Education Ministry-sponsored National Programme for Education Development that should shape the Slovak education system for the next ten years. As TASR reports, in addition to the reform document as such, Cabinet also greenlighted an initial Action Plan for the National Programme for 2018-19, while another four action plans were acknowledged by the ministers. The approved document includes ten partial goals (five aimed at regional education and five at university education) and 105 measures, which haven't been further specified yet by Education Minister Martina Lubyová (an SNS nominee).
The national programme pays special attention to so-called cross-sectional goals, including the integration and inclusion of marginalised Roma communities and pupils from socially disadvantaged environments, linking the education system to the needs of the economy and the labour market, and developing the system of lifelong learning.
Unlike the usual legislation process, the reform document wasn't submitted for an inter-ministerial comment phase but was instead commented on directly at the ministries. Lubyová pointed out that the national programme aimed at reforming Slovakia's education system is based on a reform document called 'Learning Slovakia', the Government Manifesto and a report on the situation in the education sector drawn up during Dušan Čaplovič's (Smer-SD) term as education minister.
Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini praised the goals of the reforms. "For instance, the increase in the capacities of nursery schools, mandatory courses for children before they enrol at primary school, salary hikes for starting teachers and a salary increase going up to 85 percent of the [average] level enjoyed by people with higher education in Slovakia," he stated.
The measures are expected to cost around nine billion euro, which is to be the sum for the next ten years. Before being approved by Cabinet, some 50 personalities and educational experts sent an open letter to the education minister welcoming the Finnish model of education, but warned, "the way in which the programme was prepared without inviting key figures involved in the education sector to take part in the process casts doubts on understanding the value and content of what is included."
The opposition party Ordinary People (OĽaNO) voiced its displeasure with the reforms, stating that they won't contribute towards more quality education. "The document contains nothing new, despite the fact that the ministry postponed its release a couple of times," said OĽaNO's shadow education minister Miroslav Sopko.


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 transfer-files-from-computer-to-ipad-10.jpg
 Step 2: Switch to your iPad's Gmail account and locate the file sent earlier in your draft or received email section. Open the file in the email and press the "Share" icon at the top-right corner to choose the "Save to Files" option afterward.
 transfer-files-from-computer-to-ipad-11.jpg
 Part 3. Which Solution for File Transfer Should I Rely On and Why?
 Now that you know various methods to resolve the "How to copy files to iPad from PC" concern, let's infer which is the best. For this purpose, you must first keep your needs and goals in mind, as different approaches best suit different scenarios. Likewise, cloud services and iCloud.com work in synchronization principles that seem easy but become challenging when the file size is large.
 On the contrary, AirDrop appears to be a faster solution, but it is useless when neither device is nearby or if one of the devices is not from Apple. You can also face file size limits and slow transfer problems if you transfer files using email.
 Ultimately, the Avica remote desktop proves a faster, easiest, and secure solution where the device's physical location doesn't matter. This PC-to-iPad file transfer toolbox also doesn't restrict you with the file size limits.
 Conclusion
 This article covered almost all reliable solutions to resolve your query "How to transfer a file from a computer to an iPad." In the end, a comparative analysis was also conducted to help you understand which approach best suits your needs. Hence, it has been proved that Avica remote desktop software is the ultimate solution for migrating data and collaborating on projects remotely, enhancing remote setup experiences.
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 Connect Everything, Work Anywhere
 Copyright © 2024 RAYWING PTE.LTD. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The team at the BBCs programme Trust Me I'm a Doctor have been working with Northumbria University to understand how disinfectants are used in our homes. The results are very interesting and perhaps not quite what you would expect…
I am sure many of us are familiar with antibacterial wipes, the handy solution for a quick clean and the added reassurance of a germ-free kitchen: or maybe not?
The Trust Me I'm a Doctor team measured the bacterial load found on three kitchen worktops following a thorough clean with antibacterial disinfectant wipes. The families involved were asked to avoid using these worktops but, otherwise, to continue daily life in the kitchen as normal.
Just an hour after the disinfectant was used, there was evidence of both bacterial and fungal growth on the worktop. By 12 hours post-clean microbial growth had increased dramatically to a significant level.
So, if the disinfectant effect can't even last for one hour, how do we reduce the growth of harmful bacteria in our homes?
The missing link: 24-7 protection
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Biomaster silver ion technology inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria. Unable to produce energy or replicate, the bacteria landing on the surface can't survive.
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How Kelvin Teos The Neuroscience of Daily Success can help you make change in your life for the better – Best in Australia
Posted: December 7, 2020 at 4:56 am
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The Neuroscience of Daily Success is a publication that is soon to be released, authored by Kelvin Teo. Kelvin Teo was once a 9-5 worker who was paid well, however he was left with no time and failing physical and mental health as a result. The dissatisfaction he felt in his life is a grievance that is shared by many workers across the world. The general formula that has been handed to people is that schooling and a good job with good pay will create satisfaction and happiness. However, many people are now realizing that this is not the case, and the average worker is usually unsatisfied with their life.
Kelvin Teo discovered that by changing his mental filter, his perceived outlook on his life, he was able to create meaningful changes that led to lasting impacts on his overall life. In 2017, Kelvin went on a personal development journey to find the answers amongst all the motivational talks and fluff. What he discovered were neuroscience techniques which had concrete results, and were no nonsense in their science, application and results. Through the application of these methods and techniques, Kelvin explains that you are planting a seed, and while this seed may be small and insignificant at the moment, that seed (or changes) will turn into huge impacts on your life.
For Kelvin, one of those seeds was changing his mental filter, and how he perceived life. This change grew into something significant, because Kelvin ended up leaving his job in order to pursue personal development. Now, he makes a living through his work and helping others to achieve this in their life, as well as being able to spend time with his family and take care of his health.
He has since committed to further changes that have become major impacts on his life. Within his book, he teaches the reader how to understand mentalism better, learn and identify mental filters and how much they can impact your life, understand how to achieve continuous success on a daily basis and to understand how to take full control of your universe through the application of effective mental strategies.
The content written above, featured from the book, is enough for the user to be able to read through the whole book, and then upon finishing it, implement changes into their life that will sprout into significant changes for the better.
For anyone looking for a good read into neuroscience applications on everyday life, or for those searching for personal development journeys and techniques/methods, then look no further than The Neuroscience of Daily Success by Kelvin Teo. It is definitely worth a read.
Samantha is the head of content and politics columnist for Best in Australia. Prior to joining the Best in Au, she was a court and crime reporter at SM.
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How Kelvin Teos The Neuroscience of Daily Success can help you make change in your life for the better - Best in Australia
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December 7th, 2020 at 4:56 am


Fidget Roller
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1. Basic play: Gently push with the palm of your hand, rolling back and forth. When you are familiar with rolling, try to practice rolling in a triangle and square shape.
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Control the FIdget Roller with hands at the same time, rolling over in the shape of square.
3. Expert
play Flip Fidget Roller to left with right hand, catch it and Hover in the back of the left hand.
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Roll the Fidget Roller side by side with one hand
Roll five Fidget Rollers at the same time
4.Play with friends
Battle mode: People sit side by side or site opposite, roll forward to the other side alternately.
Relay mode: Three or more people stand in a row, tumble like marathon relay Material: Plastic, very safe to children
Application: Child over 6 years old and adults


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COLUMBUS — Ever spent hours while doing research wading through reels and reels of microfilm looking for information from old Ohio newspapers? Thanks to the Ohio Historical Society those days are numbered now that the Mount Vernon Democratic Banner is among the first historic Ohio newspapers to be digitized and uploaded to the Library of Congress' Chronicling America Web site at _URL_
The Ohio Newspaper Digitization Project, a part of the National Digital Newspaper Program developed by National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress, will enable the Ohio Historical Society to digitize 100,000 Ohio newspaper pages from _PHONE_. The statewide project will result in historic newspapers from all regions of the state being reformatted for the sake of preservation and accessibility to a wider audience.
"The Ohio Digital Newspaper Program opens up access to a wealth of information in Ohio's historic newspapers. It is truly invaluable to be able to search and read these newspapers online from anywhere at any time, and a tremendous benefit to not only the people of Ohio, but the nation as a whole," said Susan Allen, director of technology services at the Worthington Library in Columbus. "The Democratic Banner reflects the political, social, economic and cultural diversity of the central Ohio region during the first quarter of the 20th century. Students of all ages, genealogists, historians, teachers and everyday citizens interested in learning about the history of their community and the state of Ohio will find this to be a great resource."
Established in April 1838 by Chauncey Bassett and Joel Robb, the Mount Vernon Democratic Banner changed ownership and editorship nine times until it was finally purchased by Lecky Harper in December 1853. Under Harper's 64-year editorship, the Democratic Banner flourished, with increased subscriptions and a distinctive point of view. Harper was a Peace Democrat with a national reputation for being strongly critical of big government, child labor, Whigs and the Civil War. He was also a strong defender of foreigners, having emigrated from Ireland when he was five. Harper often used editorials to criticize the Ohio State Times and the Mount Vernon Republican.
After Harper's death in 1895, his sons, Frank and William, took over the weekly paper. The strong political viewpoint and sensational headlines continued, with a focus on national political news. Readers were kept informed about laws, taxes and politicians. Many articles also related incidents of crime, death, and injury. Yet local news was not forgotten, and several sections of the Democratic Banner, including one titled "County Correspondence," were devoted to local affairs and gossip.
Under subsequent editorship, starting in 1917 when Frank Harper began to lease the paper to Stephen J. Dorgan, the Democratic Banner became more conservative, although it was still considered progressive. National and international news items, especially those relating to World War I, filled the front page of each edition, but overall, the newspaper focused more on local developments. Dorgan included cartoons and sports news in the paper as well. In 1935, the newspaper was sold to the Republican News to form the Republican News Daily Banner, which later changed its name to the Mount Vernon News.
The Ohio Historical Society's Archives/Library at the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus contains the largest collection of Ohio newspapers in existence. The newspaper holdings contain: newspapers published from _PHONE_; 4,500 titles, 20,000 volumes; and nearly 48,000 rolls of microfilm of Ohio titles
Much of the microfilm in the society's newspaper collection was created in 1971 as part of a National Endowment for the Humanities initiative called the United States Newspaper Program. Since then, the information published in the thousands of deteriorating wood-pulp newspaper volumes in the society's collections has been transferred to more than 16,000 rolls of master negative microfilm. The Ohio Newspaper Digitization Project builds upon this earlier effort.
"Thanks to a $353,069 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities last year, the Ohio Historical Society has been able to digitize a select number of historically significant Ohio newspapers," said Sharon Dean, OHS director of collections.
According to Dean, the initial project was limited to a small number of newspapers published from _PHONE_, so an advisory group of journalists, historians, educators, scholars, librarians and archivists selected runs from 13 titles to be digitized. The newspapers eventually will be uploaded to the Chronicling America Web site over the next year.
The 13 selected publications include: Perrysburg Journal, in Perrysburg, from 1880 to 1920; Marion Daily Mirror, in Marion, from 1907 to 1912; Marion Democratic Mirror, also in Marion, from 1880 to 1906; Akron Daily Democrat, in Akron from 1899 to 1902; Stark County Democrat, in Canton, from 1891 to 1910; Knox County Democratic Banner, in Mount Vernon, from 1910 to 1922; Springfield Republic, in Springfield, from 1885 to 1888; Hillsboro News-Herald, in Hillsboro, from 1886 to 1914; Hocking Sentinel, in Logan, from 1886 to 1906; Ohio Democrat, in Logan, from 1886 to 1906, and also the Ohio Democrat-Sentinel from 1906 to 1909; Marietta Leader, in Marietta, from 1896 to 1901; and the Mahoning Dispatch, in Canfield, from 1877 to 1968.
In addition to the Library of Congress site, researchers also will be able to access the newspapers at _URL_. For more information about the Ohio Newspaper Digitization Project, contact Eric W. Schnittke at _PHONE_ or.


If you think a pay bump would make you like your job more, you're probably right. But it's not quite as simple as you might think.
New research from career site Glassdoor suggests that more money can make employees more satisfied with their jobs — but not as much as other factors in the workplace.
The study is based on data from 221,000 Glassdoor users who contributed a salary report and an employer review for the same company since 2014. The users in the study earned up to $200,000 annually.
To be sure, higher salaries were associated with higher employee satisfaction. While 15% of users earning less than $30,000 a year gave their employer one out of five stars, just 10% of users earning upwards of $120,000 gave the same rating. On the flip side, while 40% of users making less than $30,000 gave their employer four or five stars, as many as 51% of users making more than $120,000 gave the same rating.
The caveat? A higher salary only makes employees a little bit happier. A more advanced data analysis revealed that a 10% increase in pay was associated with a mere 1% increase in employee satisfaction. So if you make $50,000 a year and you get a $5,000 raise, your satisfaction would theoretically rise from 75% to 76%.
When it comes to employee satisfaction, other factors could be more meaningful than salary. The researchers looked at different aspects of the workplace and found that employees valued them in this order:
 1. Culture and values
 2. Career opportunities
 3. Senior leadership
 4. Work-life balance
 5. Compensation and benefits
 6. Business outlook
This analysis adds to a growing body of research on the link between money and happiness.One study found that happiness levels off at incomes of $75,000 (or $82,000 in today's dollars). Another study found that the more money you have, the more money it takes to increase your happiness. The Glassdoor research is unique in that it puts salary in the context of other job attributes.
As Forbes' Susan Adams notes, it's likely that people making less than $30,000 would value compensation over other factors. But at the point at which you can take care of your expenses, save some money, and have a little fun, other aspects of your job may matter more than salary.
Ultimately, the difference between a job that pays $50,000 and one that pays $60,000 might not be that significant to your overall happiness. But the difference between a workplace where you'll stagnate and one where you can contribute to a team changing the world may be huge.
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Askar Ibragimov Askar Ibragimov - 4 months ago 33
AngularJS Question
How to handle / prevent browser navigation or reload in angularjs?
I would like to detect in my angular app when a user is navigating away from or reloading a page.
App (that uses some login process) should then distinguish that it was re-loaded, so user won't lose his auth data and app should be able to restore then necessary information from localStorage.
Please suggest some best techniques to "handle" browser reloading / navigation.
Answer
All of your javascript and in memory variables disappear on reload. In js, you know the page was reloaded when the code is running again for the first time.
To handle the reload itself (which includes hitting F5) and to take action before it reloads or even cancel, use 'beforeunload' event.
var windowElement = angular.element($window);
windowElement.on('beforeunload', function (event) {
 // do whatever you want in here before the page unloads.
 // the following line of code will prevent reload or navigating away.
 event.preventDefault();
});


text:
Oracle Programming with PL/SQL Collections, Page 2
The Varray is short for Variable Array. A Varray stores elements of the same type in the order in which they are added. The number of elements in a Varray must be known at the time of its declaration. In other words, a Varray has a fixed lower and upper bounds, making it most similar to collection types from other programming languages. Once it is created and populated, each element can be accessed by a numeric index.
The following statements declare, and then populate, a Varray that will contain 4 elements of the same type as the column genre_name in table book_genre:
DECLARE TYPE genres IS VARRAY(4) OF book_genre.genre_name%TYPE; Fiction_genres genres; BEGIN fiction_genres := genres('MYSTERY','SUSPENSE', 'ROMANCE','HORROR'); END;
We could have declared genres to be of type VARCHAR2(30) because all values here are text. However, in keeping with good Oracle programming practices, you should always prefer to declare variables that are based on table columns with the %TYPE attribute. This allows your code to grow with the database schema. If we were to populate genres with a variable like v_genre (versus a text literal), it would be easy for the column type to change in the database without modifying our code.
All PL/SQL collections contain a number of built-in methods that prove useful when working with them. Table 1 lists these Collection methods.
|Method||Action It Performs|
|COUNT||Returns number of elements in the Collection|
|EXISTS||Returns Boolean true if element at specified index exists; otherwise, false|
|EXTEND||Increases size of Collection by 1 or number specified, ie. EXTEND(n)|
**Cannot use with Associative Array
|FIRST||Navigates to the first element in the Collection|
|LAST||Navigates to the last element|
|PRIOR||Navigates to the previous element|
|NEXT||Navigates to the next element|
|TRIM||Removes the last element, or the last n elements if a number is specified, ie. TRIM(n) |
**Cannot use with Associative Array
|DELETE||Removes all elements of a Collection, or the nth element, if a parameter is specified|
The following code sample demonstrates how to use a few of these methods. We are using a Varray in the example, but the methods function similarly on all collection types. We mentioned that a Varray differs from Nested Tables and Associative Arrays in that you must supply a size during its declaration. This example usese the EXTENDS method to demonstrate that it is possible to modify a Varray's size programmatically.
--Add a new genre. IF adding_new_genre THEN --Is this genre id already in the collection? IF NOT fiction_genres.EXISTS(v_genre_id) THEN --**Add** another element to the varray. fiction_genres.EXTENDS(1); fiction_genres(v_genre_id) := v_genre; END IF; --Display the total # of elements. DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total # of entries in fiction_genres is : '||fiction_genres.COUNT(); END IF;...... --Remove all entries. IF deleting_all_genres THEN Fiction_genres.DELETE(); END IF;
The advantage that Varrays (and Nested Tables) have over Associative Arrays is their ability to be added to the database. For example, you could add the genres type, a Varray, to a DML statement on the library table.
CREATE TYPE genres IS VARRAY(4) OF book_genre.genre_name%TYPE; / CREATE TABLE book_library ( library_id NUMBER, name VARCHAR2(30), book_genres genres); /
When a new library record is added, we can supply values to our genres type, book_genres, by using its constructor:
--Insert a new collection into the column on our book_library table. INSERT INTO book_library (library_id, name, book_genres) VALUES (book_library_seq.NEXTVAL,'Brand New Library', Genres('FICTION','NON-FICTION', 'HISTORY', 'BUSINESS AND FINANCE'));
The query SELECT name, book_genres from book_library returns us:
NAME BOOK_GENRES -------------------- --------------------------------------------- Brand New Library GENRES('FICTION', 'NON-FICTION', 'HISTORY', 'BUSINESS AND FINANCE')
Note how the insertion order of elements in book_genres is retained. When a table contains a Varray type, its data is included in-line, with the rest of the table's data. When a Varray datatype is selected from a database table, all elements are retrieved. The Varray is ideal for storing fixed values that will be processed collectively. It is not possible to perform inserts, updates, and deletes on the individual elements in a Varray. If you require your collection to be stored in the database but would like the flexibility to manipulate elements individually, Nested Tables are a better solution.


text:
Excelling in college courses usually requires a different kind of studying than students did in high school. In order to excel, itís critical for students to understand the difference between studying and learning. One of the best ways to make sure that students are learning, and not just studying, is to introduce the concept of metacognition. This workshop walks students through the basics of metacognition. Using language that students will understand, the expert presenter explains how this concept can be integrated into study strategies and ultimately how it can help students move up Bloomís Taxonomy from lower level to higher level learning.
Students will learn:
- The difference between studying and learning
- The basics of metacognition
- How to use metacognition when studying
- The study cycle learning strategy
- How this study cycle can help you move to higher learning levels


The poisonous element, once used in embalming fluids, could be contaminating drinking water as corpses rot
Live near a cemetery? Better check your drinking water. (The Brett Weston Archive/CORBIS)
If you live near a Civil War-era cemetery, rotting corpses may be on the attack. While there's no need to fear the walking dead, homeowners should watch out for toxins leaking out of old graves that could be contaminating drinking water and causing serious health problems.
When someone died at the turn of the century, it was common practice to bring a photographer in to take death photos. Also, the people who fought and died in the Civil War came from all over the United States, and families who wanted to bury their kin would pay to have them shipped home.
At the time, ice was the only option to preserve a body, but that didn't work very well—and no one wants to see a deceased relative partially decomposed.
"We're talking about the 1800s, so how do you freeze [the bodies] and keep them frozen if they take weeks to transport?" says Jana Olivier, an environmental scientist and professor-emeritus at the University of South Africa.
Thus, embalming in the U.S. became a booming industry during the Civil War era. People willing to try their hand at embalming spent their time following the military from combat zone to combat zone.
"Embalmers flocked to battlefields to embalm whoever could afford it and send them home," said Mike Mathews, a mortuary scientist at the University of Minnesota.
An embalming surgeon is seen at work on a Civil War soldier's body sometime in the early 1860s. (Corbis)
Embalming fluid is effective, but it's also nasty stuff. Many early recipes for embalming fluid were jealously guarded by morticians because some worked so much better than others, but most commonly contained arsenic, Mathews adds.
One popular formula "contained about four ounces of arsenious acid per gallon of water, and up to 12 pounds of non-degradable arsenic was sometimes used per body," according to the 5th Street Cemetery Necrogeological Study.
Arsenic kills the bacteria that make corpses stinky—if you've ever smelled bad meat, you can imagine how important it is for embalming fluid to do its thing and do it well. But the poisonous element doesn't degrade, so when embalmed bodies rot in the ground, arsenic gets deposited into the soil.
"A Civil War-era cemetery filled with plenty of graves—things seldom stay where you want them to," says Benjamin Bostick, a geochemist at Columbia University. "As the body is becoming soil, the arsenic is being added to the soil." From there, rainwater and flooding can wash arsenic into the water table.
That means old cemeteries full of deceased soldiers and civilians present a real problem for today's homeowners. The federal government says it's only safe for us to drink water with 10 parts per billion of arsenic or less. But in 2002, a USGS-sponsored survey in Iowa City found arsenic levels at three times the federal limit near an old cemetery.
"When you have this big mass of arsenic, there's enough to affect literally millions of liters of water at least a little bit," Bostick says.
Soldiers bury Union dead who fell near Fredericksburg, Virginia, during the 1863 Chancellorsville Campaign. (Medford Historical Society Collection/CORBIS)
If humans ingest the contaminated water, it can cause significant health problems over time. Arsenic is a carcinogen that's associated with skin, lung, bladder and liver cancers, says Joseph Graziano, an environmental health scientist at Columbia University. Drinking arsenic-contaminated water has also been linked to cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cognitive deficits in children.
The good news is that arsenic was banned from embalming fluid in the early 1900s. It was causing health problems for medical students who were operating on embalmed cadavers. Also, the presence of so much arsenic made murder investigations almost impossible. Police couldn't distinguish between embalming fluid arsenic and cases of murder by arsenic poisoning.
"The state stepped in and said [morticians] couldn't use arsenic anymore. Boy, they outlawed it real quick," Mathews says. Now, morticians use a combination of gluteraldehyde and formaldehyde—both chemicals that sterilize—to embalm bodies for open caskets, he adds. These chemicals evaporate away before they pose a risk to the water table.
But if you live near an old cemetery, you should get your well water checked for arsenic and other contaminants every few years, Mathews advises.
"Sadly, much of the population today isn't aware of the hazard that arsenic poses," Graziano says. "Any homeowner should be testing their well water frequently. We need to be vigilant about hazards from drinking water."
About Mollie Bloudoff-Indelicato
Mollie Bloudoff-Indelicato
Mollie Bloudoff-Indelicato is a freelance science, health and environment writer based in Washington, D.C. whose work has appeared in National Geographic, NPR, Scientific American, Reuters Health, Science magazine and Nature.
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This tutorial was written in PSPX but will work in all versions. First, if you are planning on a collaboration and want to make items matching the same color scheme for all designers, then as a team you will decide on the colors to use.
But I also like to use swatches to help me keep things consistent with designs. For example, any color swatch on my site has 5 coordinating colors. You would use it the same way you would a collaboration swatch.
Once the color swatch has been created you need to save the swatch to your computer and pull it up with PSP.
Step 1 – Open your PSP and then go to File/Open and select the color swatch. For this tutorial I am opening the color swatch for the Candy Wrapper Blog Train (coming soon).
Step 2 – Select the foreground color swatch on your materials pallet
Step 3 – When the options box pops up, click on the color tab.
Step 4 – Place your mouse on the color in your swatch that you want to use. As you hover over the color you will notice that the RGB values will be displayed.
Step 5 – When you get to the color you want, left click it and the color will be loaded as your current color. Notice how the red is set as the current color in the materials pallet above but it has now changed to blue in the image below.
Now you can use the color you selected from the color swatch to make your elements, papers, patterns, wrappers or whatever. So, if, say for example, you want your paper (background) to be blue, you would select the blue color as shown above. Then when you get ready to add your textbox but want it to be say the maroon color in the swatch, you would select the maroon the same way.
I hope this has been helpful!