Tiny heat engine may be world's smallest
Feb 02, 2011 By Lisa Zyga feature
(Left) This illustration shows the entire heat engine and its electrical connections. (Right) A modified electron-microscope image shows the heat engine in motion. The amplitude of the motion in the figure is exaggerated. Image credit: P. G. Steeneken, et al. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
(PhysOrg.com) -- Steam engines, combustion engines, and diesel engines are all different types of heat engines, which operate by converting heat energy into mechanical work. Although heat engines have existed for a long time, reducing their size down to the microscale is very difficult since both their efficiency and power density greatly decrease when their size decreases. In a new study, scientists have designed and built a miniature heat engine with a displacement volume of just 0.34 cubic micrometers, possibly making it the smallest heat engine ever built.
This video is not supported by your browser at this time.
In this slow-motion video, the right side of the silicon heat engine can be seen to oscillate. Video credit: P. G. Steeneken, et al. ©2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
In their study, Peter Steeneken and coauthors from in Eindhoven, The Netherlands, explain that, instead of using a fuel to generate heat, this heat engine uses to generate heat, which it then converts into mechanical power.
The basis of the heat engine is a solid piece of micrometer-sized silicon crystal that has two short beams jutting out from one end. When 1.2 milliamps of DC current is applied to one of the beams, the beam heats up as a consequence of its, and expands due to thermal expansion. As a result of the piezoresistive effect, the resistance of the beam decreases when it expands so that it cools again, forcing it to contract. The mechanical power from the beam's expanding and contracting is used to drive the entire silicon crystal into sustained up-and-down oscillation. As a result of its small dimensions, the crystal oscillates at a high frequency of 1.3 MHz, moving back and forth more than a million times per second.
"The key [to making such a small working engine] is that we use a new operation mechanism that enables silicon to be used as a working substance," Steeneken told PhysOrg.com. "Silicon can be structured using lithographic techniques which are optimized in the semiconductor industry. This allows much smaller device dimensions. At the same time, the heat capacity of silicon is much higher than that of gases or liquids, which also helps in reducing the device size. The way we transport energy to the engine using electrical interconnects also helps, because electrical wires can be made much thinner than pipes to transport gases or fluids (the viscous friction of a pipe or tube becomes very high when its diameter is reduced).
"From a scientific view, the main significance of the work is that the feedback mechanism that converts the electric current into sustained oscillating mechanical motion is new. We have demonstrated it in silicon, but it is expected to play a role in many other materials. The motion is generated by a heat engine mechanism. Similar to an internal combustion engine in a car, fuel is converted into heat and the heat is converted into motion. In the silicon heat engine we have made, the fuel is electricity, and the heat is generated in a silicon beam."
While this heat engine is extremely tiny, it's difficult to determine whether it is the absolute smallest, since that depends on which parts of the engine are measured. The space occupied by the working mechanism (in this case, the beam) is defined as the engine displacement volume, which is 0.34 cubic micrometers and would be the smallest heat engine to date. But the entire silicon resonator is a little over 1,000 cubic micrometers, which would not make the heat engine the smallest in the world.
"The power to drive the motion is generated in a tiny, 280-nm-thick silicon beam," the researchers wrote in a summary. "The beam has about the same volume as an average-size bacterium like E. coli. Because in this case the power (1 mW) is concentrated in a silicon resistor beam of very small volume, it generates an enormous heating power per volume in the beam (2 petaWatts/m3, or 2x1015 W/m3). If the same power per volume would be applied to a larger sized crystal it would melt before the oscillation phenomenon could be observed, which is probably one of the reasons why this type of heat engine has not been reported before in larger structures."
The researchers found that the new heat engine has a very good power density if calculated using the engine displacement volume. The power density is almost 1,000 times higher than that of a modern car engine, meaning that, if a car engine and its power were scaled down to the same volume as the silicon beam, the silicon heat engine would generate 1,000 times more power. The new heat engine's power density is also significantly higher than that of other microengines. On the other hand, calculating the power density using the volume of the total structure yields a less favorable power density than other engines. The researchers expect that modifying the new heat engine's design could further improve the, as well as the efficiency, which is currently low compared to other heat engines.
As the researchers explained, the tiny heat engine could have applications as a small clock or mechanical oscillator. Currently, most accurate clocks are made of a quartz crystal that determines the frequency in combination with a circuit of transistors in a silicon crystal that generate the oscillation power from a battery. The advantage of using the heat engine as a clock is that both the quartz crystal and the transistors are not needed, thus making the device much smaller, simpler and cheaper to produce. In addition to watches, the small clocks could be used to generate high-frequency RF signals for wireless communication devices or to generate the clock-frequency of a microprocessor in a computer chip.
In their experiments, the researchers also showed that the heat engine could act as a refrigerator when the thermodynamic cycle is inverted. In order to do this, the engine beam is connected to a voltage rather than a current, which decreases any oscillations in the device, cooling its surroundings. The researchers demonstrated that the refrigerator could decrease its temperature to 70 K (-200°C). However, the cooling power is very small and probably won't be useful for cooling large quantities of matter. But the refrigerator could have applications in sensitive detectors where Brownian motion needs to be eliminated as much as possible because it is a source of noise that reduces sensitivity.
More information: P. G. Steeneken, et al. "Piezoresistive heat engine and refrigerator." Nature Physics. Advance Online Publication. DOI: 10.1038/NPHYS1871
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User comments : 10
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1 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
All sorts of ideas racing through my head - eg. fabrication on a massive scale using many of these in a multi-array micro-tubular application to generate thrust in ion-plasma engines - the ramifications are enormous.
4.5 / 5 (2) Feb 02, 2011
what about fatique? most materials tend to break/crack if the load is repeated a few million times, which is a few seconds in the case of this cantilever
2 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
jkbgbr: where do you get that information? piezo-electric crystals don't break down over many years of use. I'm not suggesting that the density of the engine be increased. Plus, using the heat energy in that way actually creates a drain, so that thresholds can be manipulated.
3 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
They say its cooling power is small, but what if you put one of these next to every transistor in a microchip? Isn't heat the limiting factor on clock speed these days?
3 / 5 (1) Feb 02, 2011
You would create a processor that takes an enormous area on silicon, and consequently would cost your left kidney to manufacture. Considering that as the area of the chip increases, tiny faults in the manufacturing process affect a greater area of the silicon disc that contains all the chips being made, because if a single transistor in a chip doesn't work it has to be thrown away.
4.3 / 5 (3) Feb 02, 2011
"... which is probably one of the reasons why this type of heat engine has not been reported before in larger structures"
Not true. About 20 years ago, an Australian electronics magazine published an article on a heat engine that used the thermal expansion of steel balls in a ball bearing as the motive force. It's also described on the web -


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Mexican Immigrants to Hutchinson, Kansas, _PHONE_: How a Temporary Haven Became Home
Date of Graduation
Master of Arts in History
The Mexican-American community in Hutchinson, Kansas, is small but members are an active and accepted part of the city. This paper looks at how and why hundreds of Mexicans immigrated to this central Kansas community during the early twentieth century seeking a refuge from their troubled homeland, and their struggle to overcome waves of prejudice against non-white immigrants that repeatedly swept the country. Based on U.S. Census data, local directories, newspapers, public records, and memoirs and interviews with long-time residents, the paper concludes that the immigrants persevered because of their tenacity, the staunch support of the railroads that employed them, and the frequently sympathetic and helpful residents of Hutchinson.
© Kathie Hinnen
Hinnen, Kathie, "Mexican Immigrants to Hutchinson, Kansas, _PHONE_: How a Temporary Haven Became Home" (1998). MSU Graduate Theses. 813.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The ancient rustic town of Mangalore is the chief port of the state of Karnataka that was a renowned port in the south of India as early as the 6th century. Even in the present times this is a bustling commercial centre and the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada.
The name Mangalore is derived from a famous deity here of the Mangaladevi Temple. Ancient folklore says that a princess Parimala from Kerala who married Matsyendranath, the founder of Nath tradition was brought to Mangalore and was later renamed Mangaladevi and converted to the Nath sect. Following her death, a temple was built here in her honour called the Mangaladevi Temple. Mangalore is the anglicized version of 'Mangalooru' made up of two words 'Mangala' and 'ooru' meaning Mangala's abode.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
NASA Aerospace Academy
Fresno State is one of nine institutions nationwide, funded by NASA, to implement an Aerospace Academy. A major purpose of the Academy is to increase interest and involvement of K-12 students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The program offers 36 hours of STEM engagement, using NASA-themed, problem-based curriculum. The family involvement component include family nights and take-home projects to promote collaboration between students and family members.


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A follow-up study was conducted of a double-blind trial in Argentina designed to assess the effect of calcium supplementation on incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Six hundred fourteen women received 2 g per day of calcium or placebo from week 20 of gestation until delivery. Dental examinations were performed on 195 randomly selected children whose mothers participated in the study. The researchers who performed the dental exam were blinded to the mothers treatment assignment. The proportion of children who had at least 1 decayed, missing, or filled tooth was significantly lower in the calcium group than in the placebo group (63.3% vs. 86.6%; p < 0.001). The mean number of decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces was also significantly lower in the calcium group than in the placebo group (3.1 vs. 4.4; p < 0.001).
Comment: Calcium plays an important role in tooth development The results of the present study indicate that calcium supplementation during pregnancy can reduce the incidence of dental caries in the offspring at 12 years of age.
See Calcium Liquid with Magnesium for kids
14 November 2011


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Volatile Excel Functions
|Smart Recalculation||Evaluation Circumstances||Calculation Process||Dependency Trees|
|Controlling Calculation||"CALCULATE" in Status Bar||Calculation Methods||Calculating from VBA|
|Volatile Functions & Actions||User-Defined Functions||Repetitive Calculation||Version Timing Comparison|
A Volatile Function in a formula in a cell makes that cell be
always recalculated at each recalculation even if it does not
appear to have any changed precedents.
FastExcel measures Workbook Volatility by comparing the time for a Recalculation to the time for a full calculation, and allows you to measure worksheet volatility by comparing the sheet recalculate time with the sheet full calculate time.
Excel's Volatile Functions.
Some of Excel's functions are obviously volatile: RAND(), NOW(), TODAY()
Others are less obviously volatile: OFFSET(), CELL(), INDIRECT(), INFO()
Some are volatile in some versions of Excel but not in others: INDEX()became non-volatile in Excel 97.
A number of functions that are documented by Microsoft as volatile do not actually seem to be volatile when tested:
INDEX(), ROWS(), COLUMNS(), AREAS()
and CELL("Filename") IS volatile although a MSKBN article says its not.
One particular syntax of SUMIF is volatile in Excel 2002 and subsequent versions. This occurs when the size of the first range argument is not the same as the second (sum_range) argument.
For example =SUMIF(A1:A4,">0",B1) is volatile whereas =SUMIF(A1:A4,">0",B1:B4) is not volatile. Both of these formulae will reference cells B1:B4.
Presumably this volatile behaviour was added to give correct results when B2:B4 were changed. Thanks to Luke Wisbey for letting me know about this behaviour.
Using a volatile function in a formula will flag the cell containing the formula as volatile, even if the volatile function never gets executed:
=IF(1<2,99,NOW()) will always return
99 and the volatile NOW() function will never be called, but the cell
containing the IF formula will be treated as volatile, (thanks to
Stephen Bullen for pointing this out).
You can download volatileFuncs.zip for a test workbook that you can use to test if a function or formula is volatile.
Dependents of Volatile functions.
Direct dependents of volatile functions are always
Indirect dependents of volatile functions are not
IF(), CHOOSE(), AND(), OR()
The IF and CHOOSE functions only execute ONE of the available choices. This is called short-circuiting:
If you create UDFs One, Two and Three each of which contain a debug.print or MsgBox statement so that you can see what is being executed then:
The AND and OR functions always execute ALL the available choices:
If the One(), Two() and Three() UDFs return 1,2 and 3 respectively then:
Volatile only at Workbook Open
References to UDFs where the UDF itself is located in an XLA or external workbook are flagged as dirty when the workbook containing the reference is opened: if calculation is Automatic they will be recalculated at workbook open, if calculation is Manual they will be recalculated at the next recalculation.
Using INDEX as the second part of a range reference, for example A$2:INDEX(A$2:A$8,7,), will also cause the reference to be flagged as dirty when the workbook is opened. (Thanks to Bill Wood for spotting this).
Because a cell has been flagged as dirty the workbook will also be flagged as Unsaved so you may get an unexpected prompt to Save the workbook when closing it.
Conditional Formats are volatile.
Because conditional formats need to be evaluated at each calculation any formulae used in a conditional format is effectively volatile. Actually conditional formats seem to be super-volatile: they are evaluated each time the cell that contains them is repainted on the screen, even in Manual calculation mode, although VBA functions used in conditional formats will not trigger breakpoints when executed by the repaint.
Volatile Actions: Actions that trigger calculation
Selecting any filtering criteria when using Autofilter will flag ALL the formulae in the autofilter range as uncalculated, even if none of their precedents have changed and even if you select exactly the same filter criteria as before. This can cause Autofilter calculation to be extremely slow.
Clicking Row or Column Divider
If calculation is set to Automatic clicking or doubleclicking a row or column divider will trigger a recalculation. But manually changing the height or width of a column or row will NOT trigger a recalculation.
In Manual mode these actions do not flag the workbook as requiring calculation.
Inserting or Deleteing Rows, Columns or Cells, or Moving Cells
Insert or Delete Rows or Columns or Cells, or moving Cells (using
Drag/Drop or Cut/Paste) anywhere on a Sheet, even to the right or
below the Used Range.
Then these cells become flagged as uncalculated.
Adding, Changing or Deleting Defined Names
Any action taken to add, delete, change or alter a defined name or its refersto property will trigger a recalculation.
Renaming Worksheets and Changing Worksheet Position
Changing the name of a worksheet or moving it will trigger a recalculation
in Automatic mode.
Deleteing Worksheets, but not Adding Worksheets
In Automatic mode deleting a worksheet will trigger a recalculation, but adding a worksheet will not.
Hiding or Unhiding Rows in Excel 2003
In Excel 2003 hiding or unhiding rows will flag the selected rows as uncalculated, even if no rows were actually hidden or unhidden. If calculation is automatic this will trigger a recalculation. This behaviour is a change from previous versions. Hiding or unhiding columns does NOT flag the column as uncalculated.
Probably the reason for the change is that the SUBTOTAL function in Excel 2003 has an option to include or ignore hidden rows, so Excel needs to be able to trigger a dependency recalculation by dirtying the cells when a row is hidden or unhidden.
Opening a.CSV file
Whenever you open a.CSV file, either through VBA or File-->Open, a recalculation of all open workbooks will be triggered, even if calculation is in Manual. Switching off.EnableEvents does not stop this recalculation. The only way I have found to prevent this recalculation from happening is to use VBA to switch Worksheet.EnableCalculation to False for each worksheet that you do NOT want to be calculated.
Each iteration of Goal Seek triggers a recalculation.
See evaluation circumstances for the circumstances that will cause a formula to be evaluated.


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A driver who was arrested for driving under the influence often believes that they have few – if any – options available to them. The fact of the matter is that you do have options. In some cases, pleading guilty to a charge of "wet reckless" may be the best option. Keep reading to learn what this term means and how it may apply to your case, then contact Law Office of Michael L. Fell at _PHONE_ for a free legal consultation.
What is a "Wet Reckless"
There is no official "wet reckless" crime you can plead guilt to. Instead, it is a term that is used to describe a plea agreement between a driver who was under the influence of alcohol. Essentially, it allows you to plead guilty to reckless driving with alcohol involved. This generally comes with lesser consequences, lower costs, and fewer obligations compared to pleading guilty to a DUI.
Qualifying for a Wet Reckless
The prosecution does not allow just anyone to plead to a wet reckless. For example, if you have a criminal history then you are unlikely to be allowed to plead to this lesser charge. It is also more likely that you will be able to plead to a wet reckless if your blood alcohol content was just over the.08% requirement. Additionally, if there is property damage, you attempted to evade the police, or other special circumstances, the prosecution is not likely to allow a wet reckless.
Potential Penalties for a Wet Reckless Charge
If you are convicted of a DUI, the probation period after the charge is likely three to five years. For a wet reckless, the period of probation is usually one year but never more than two years. It is also important to note that a wet reckless can be expunged after the sentence is completed. This essentially removes it from your criminal record.
Your Wet Reckless Will Count as a First DUI
The main advantage to pleading guilty of wet reckless is that you will pay less in fines and will likely serve not time in jail. However, if you are arrested in the future for a DUI, and it is within ten years of your wet reckless charge, then your wet reckless will be treated as a first DUI. As a result, your new charge will be treated as a second DUI even though you did were not convicted of a DUI.
Insurance Rates Can Rise More Than You Would Think
Most people would likely assume that a person with a DUI on their record would pay more for insurance than a person with a wet reckless conviction. This is false. The truth is that statistics show that a person who has a wet reckless on their record is more likely to get into an accident than a person with a DUI on their record. As a result, wet reckless leads to higher insurance rates.


13.7.5.17 SHOW ENGINES Syntax
SHOW [STORAGE] ENGINES
SHOW ENGINES displays status information about the server's storage engines. This is particularly useful for checking whether a storage engine is supported, or to see what the default engine is. This information can also be obtained from the INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES table. See Section 20.6, "The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table".
SHOW TABLE TYPES is a synonym, but is deprecated and is removed in MySQL 5.5.
mysql> SHOW ENGINES\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
 Engine: MEMORY
 Support: YES
 Comment: Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 2. row ***************************
 Engine: MyISAM
 Support: DEFAULT
 Comment: Default engine as of MySQL 3.23 with great performance
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 3. row ***************************
 Engine: InnoDB
 Support: YES
 Comment: Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys
Transactions: YES
 XA: YES
 Savepoints: YES
*************************** 4. row ***************************
 Engine: EXAMPLE
 Support: YES
 Comment: Example storage engine
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 5. row ***************************
 Engine: ARCHIVE
 Support: YES
 Comment: Archive storage engine
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 6. row ***************************
 Engine: CSV
 Support: YES
 Comment: CSV storage engine
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 7. row ***************************
 Engine: BLACKHOLE
 Support: YES
 Comment: /dev/null storage engine (anything you write »
 to it disappears)
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 8. row ***************************
 Engine: FEDERATED
 Support: YES
 Comment: Federated MySQL storage engine
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
*************************** 9. row ***************************
 Engine: MRG_MYISAM
 Support: YES
 Comment: Collection of identical MyISAM tables
Transactions: NO
 XA: NO
 Savepoints: NO
The output from SHOW ENGINES may vary according to the MySQL version used and other factors. The values shown in the Support column indicate the server's level of support for the storage engine, as shown in the following table.
ValueMeaning
YESThe engine is supported and is active
DEFAULTLike YES, plus this is the default engine
NOThe engine is not supported
DISABLEDThe engine is supported but has been disabled
A value of NO means that the server was compiled without support for the engine, so it cannot be enabled at runtime.
A value of DISABLED occurs either because the server was started with an option that disables the engine, or because not all options required to enable it were given. In the latter case, the error log file should contain a reason indicating why the option is disabled. See Section 5.2.2, "The Error Log".
You might also see DISABLED for a storage engine if the server was compiled to support it, but was started with a --skip-engine_name option. For the NDBCLUSTER storage engine, DISABLED means the server was compiled with support for MySQL Cluster, but was not started with the --ndbcluster option.
All MySQL servers support MyISAM tables, because MyISAM is the default storage engine. It is not possible to disable MyISAM.
The Transactions, XA, and Savepoints columns were added in MySQL 5.1.2. They indicate whether the storage engine supports transactions, XA transactions, and savepoints, respectively.


text:
Links to blogs and models, partly coming from the discussion forum:
New formats for publishing science:Modular formats for Science Publishing:
Basically, these propose to go to a more granular level of the scientific paper; aka'smallest publishable unit' being smaller than the size of a full paper.
Modeling Science (Especially Biology) as Triples:
- Modular Physics Paper: University of Amsterdam (1999).
A modular form for Physics papers: by investigating a collection of papers, a more fine-grained structure for science papers and an extensive relationships taxonomy is proposed
- LiquidPub. EU Project, U Trento and others (2008- 2011)
A 'liquid' format for science papers is proposed, that consists of a set of research objects, connected by links.
- 'Coarse-grained rhetorical structure', work done in the HCLS SiG of the W3C, 2009 - now.
This group aims to define a 'rhetorical structure' for scientific papers, to use in authoring or mark-up tools. They are trying to come to a definition of such a format; have an intermediary proposal of their own and are beginning to make an overview of existing publisher's proposals.
- The abcde format - Utrecht University, 2007
The abcde format is a proposal for a simple, structured format for conference papers in computer science, that is based on LaTeX. Each paper consists of three sections: Background, Contribution, and Discussion, and three added elements: A = Annotation, Dublin Core annotation; E = Entities, these are RDF-formatted entities of interest, including references, and (no contribution to the acronym) Core Sentences: these are sentences that are marked up by the author to be core elements. They can be extracted to form a structured abstract.
- Nanopublications - NBIC, the Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre
The notion of a 'nanopublication' is basically a general scientific assertion, written using semantic-web standard formats with additional meta-data concerning provenance.
The main idea is that science should be represented as a set of triples. There is a special interest in this representation within biology and life sciences. Some intiiatives include:
Hypothesis/Claim-Based representation of the Argument Structure of a Scientific Paper:
- The Structured Digital Abstract, Seringhaus/Gerstein, 2008
This paper basically proposes to include a'structured XML-readable summary of pertinent facts'
- FEBS Letters SDA, 2008 - now
The journal FEBS Letters adds curator-created triples on Protein-Protein interaction to every appropriate paper
- CWA Nanopublications - 2010
The Concept Web Alliance proposes to model scientific research as sets of triples; the first definition of the format The Anatomy of a Nanopublication has just been published
These projects all start with the assumption that a scientific paper is, at heart, a persuasive text that makes a number of claims, that are backed by research data and references. The paper is then represented with a set of hypotheses, linked to evidence (in the form of data or references)
Semantic Publishing Initiatives and enriched forms of publication
- Cohere, KMI, 2007- now
The Cohere project, which builds on the earlier 'ClaiMaker' project, offers a web-based interface to create claims, hypotheses, or statements, and relate these to other claims using an open set of relationships. It is usable for science, but also for structuring online debateson other topics.
- SWAN, Alzheimer's Network, Harvard IIC, 2006 - now:
The SWAN project adds a collection of hand-curated hypotheses to a research paper, which are then related through a set of discourse relationships. They can be browsed and relations between claims, as well as support networks for a specific claim, are made and visualised.
- SALT, DERI, 2008
SALT is a LaTeX-based authoring tool that allows authors to identify Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST-)relations between sentences in their paper. It offers the author the opportunity to define main and secondary (sattelite) sentences and create relations between them.
- aTags, DERI, 2009- now
aTags aTags ("associative tags") are snippets of HTML that capture the information that is most important to you in a machine-readable, interlinked format. aTags works with any Web text and can store and connect any textual element that is highlighted in a browser.
- Hypotheses in Biology, UvA, 2009
A methodology and set of proto-ontologies in OWL for capturing different aspects of a text mining experiment: the biological hypothesis, text and documents, text mining, and workflow provenance.
- HyBrow, Stanford, 2008
A prototype bioinformatics tool for designing hypotheses and evaluating them for consistency with existing knowledge
- HypER: 2009 - now
HypER Is an ad-hoc group of researchers who all represent scientific communications as a set of hypotheses, with relations to evidence. It includes representatives of LiquidPub, Cohere, SWAN, SALT, aTags and abcde work. The main focus of HypER has shifted to the W3C HCLS work on Scientific Discourse structures.
- The Semantic Biochemical Journal - 2010:
Using Utopia, an innovative PDF reader, this allows enrichment of the PDF with interactive figures and active data
- Article of the Future, Cell, 2009:
Tabbed and hyperlinked presentation of the article; Graphical Abstract and Highlights on the landing page
- Prospect, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009:
RSC editors annotate compounds, concepts and data within the articles and linking these to additional electronic resources such as biological databases
- Adventures in Semantic Publishing, Oxford U, 2009:
A hand-marked up version of paper in Epidemiology with data enhancements and better browsing and reference linking
- Open Access journals published by Pensoft come with semantic enhancements. Example: PhytoKeys.
Authoring Tools that support semantic applications
Rhetorical relations between scientific papers:
Various efforts to create relationship taxonomies/links between citing/cited papers:
- SWAN/SIOC/CIto alignment, 2010, HCLS SiG of W3C:
This is an effort to align two citation relationship ontologies: SWAN, used for the SWAN project and SIOC
Two other ontologies are being considered: CiTO and relations to the publisher-centric PRISM standard
- OpenCitations.org: Modelling literature citations as RDF (2010 onward)
A public RDF triplestore of biomedical literature citations encoded as Open Linked Data, and characterized using CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology.
Structuring Methods and Experiments:
- this is the precursor of the Cohere work; the relationship ontology is available in RDF
Several initiatives aim to structure Methods and Experiments to include in papers. Some of these include:
Computational Linguistics/Text Mining Efforts:
- My Experiment:
a platform to create and exchange experimental workflow components
- Knowledge Engineering from Experimental Design (KEfED)
A structured way of constructing 'observational assertions' based on statistical relationships from experiments. The model is general-purpose and forms a basis for reasoning over experimental data.
- Ontology of Biomedical Investigation
A broad-based community effort to develop an ontology that provides a representation for biomedical experiments.
Investigation/Study/Assay (ISA) infrastructure is a general-purpose format and freely available desktop software suite targeted to curators and experimentalists that assists in management of experimental metadata, engages with minimum information checklists and ontologies and formats studies for submission to international public repositories (ENA for genomics, PRIDE for proteomics and ArrayExpress for transcriptomics).
- VisTrails: an open-source data analysis and visualization tool that supports the creation of documents whose results have deep captions that point to their provenance, and thus can be reproduced and verified. Provenance-rich results derived by VisTrails can be included in LaTeX, Wiki, Microsoft Word and PowerPoint documents.
- crowdLabs: a platform for sharing and executing computational tasks
There is a large amount of work in this area, a few projects include:
- Hypothesis identification at Xerox:
Using the Xerox Integrated Parser, trying to find key statements in biology research papers
- Argumentational Zoning, work by Simone Teufel and others:
- In-Context Summaries, Macquarie University in Australia:
Providing a summary of referred-to materials, weighted by the referring sentence
- Metaknowledge annotation of biomedical events, NaCTeM, University of Manchester
- Annotation of interpretative information for biomedical events along 5 different dimesions: Knowledge Type (fact, analysis, observation, etc), Certainty Level, Polarity, Manner and Source.
- Automatic recogntion of sentence types in biomedical abstracts (Tsujii lab, University of Tokyo) - title, conclusion, method, objective, result - see MEDIE (advanced search) for demo
- GENIA (Tsujii Lab, University of Tokyo) and GREC (NacTeM, University of Manchester)- corpora of anotated with biomedical events - allow systems to be trained to automically idenify and structure relevant information in biomedical documents.
- AcroMine (NaCTeM, University of Manchester) - automtically determines full forms of acronyms
- Linking to biomedical Named Entities in document to related database entries - such links are provided in the BioLexicon. Examples of search engines providing such links are MEDIE and UKPMC
- U-Compare - An integrated text mining/natural language processing system based on the UIMA Framework, allowing documents to


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How do cranes eat crabs?
In the wild, the crane parents teach the chick by showing and doing. On the larger crabs, a crane first pulls off the claws. It picks up the blue crab by one claw and then flings it so the claw rips off. The crane repeats that step until the crab is clawless. They usually carry the clawless crab to very shallow water or to the bank at the edge of the pond, drop the crab upside down, and then peck it apart from the softer underside. Not all of the shell is eaten; at this point they just eat all the insides. On smaller crabs (smaller than the palm of your hand) cranes may just swallow the whole crab. The youngsters learn these techniques by watching Mom and Dad.
But who teaches the youngsters who have no parents except an ultralight airplane?
When the ultra-chicks arrive in Florida, the "costumes" get some crabs. They use the puppet to show the chicks how to break the shell and find the good part. It doesn't take long before the youngsters catch on and hunt for their own crabs.

Photo Alan Murphy
Crabs are in the mud at the bottom. The crane probes the mud with its beak and pulls out the unlucky crab it found. Those long legs and long, sharp beaks are helpful!
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text:
For a radical new perspective on immigration, picture the US as an ancient tree
With the overheated rhetoric around immigration dominating the political sphere, an imaginative, historically rooted perspective can be something of a tonic. This short video from Pedro M Cruz, a data-visualisation designer and assistant professor at Northeastern University in Boston, uses nearly two centuries of United States census data (_PHONE_) to convey the country's population growth through immigration. Cruz depicts these accumulating figures as an ageing tree trunk, with each new ring accounting for a decade of population growth, and each coloured cell representing 100 immigrants from a cultural-geographical region. According to Cruz, the tree metaphor 'carries the idea that these marks in the past are immutable' and it 'embodies the concept that all cells contributed to the organism's growth'. As with so many renderings of US history, indigenous populations are conspicuously absent from the tableau. Still, Cruz's skilfully deployed data doubles as a resonant work of cultural commentary, offering a rich and often surprising look at the ever-evolving makeup of the country.


to create a secondary select that allows users to choose a county or state as appropriate. However, we'd want that secondary select to be accessible to the keyboard user immediately, so we should insert it in the correct place — after the first label, before the button:
var button = document.getElementById('save-button');
button.parentNode.insertBefore(newselect, button);
This example assumes that the new selector and label has already been created, and saved to the object reference newselect.
Drag 'n' Drop
Drag 'n' Drop functionality requires complicated scripting at the best of times, whether or not you're trying to make it accessible! At first glance, the task of making this functionality accessible looks impossible, because the dynamo of drag 'n' drop is the mousemove event, for which there is no keyboard equivalent. But with a bit of lateral thinking, it can be done!
Imagine our application contains a vertical list or column of boxes that users can drag 'n' drop to re-order. The user's mouse picks up an object, moves it, then snaps it to a new position; the end result of the actions is simply a change in the order of the objects — the one the user dragged has moved up or down by x number of spaces. Couldn't we achieve that same outcome using commands generated by the up and down arrow keys?
Indeed we could, but to do so, we'd need a trigger element for the keyboard: a focusable element (either the dragable object itself, or something inside it) that can handle events from the arrow keys.
In the image below, you can see a box that indicates mouse behaviors. The darker strip at the top is the trigger element for the mouse. Users click on this area and move their mice in order to drag the box around; hence, the principle active event for this behavior is mousemove:
1559_portfolio1
Now if we add a link or button inside the dragable element, and style it to look like a graphical icon, that icon can be used the trigger element for the keyboard. Given this line of reasoning, the principle active event for the behavior is keypress:
1559_portfolio2
From this example, we can see the futility of event pairing. There is very little functional similarity between mousemove and keypress events, yet those were the two events we needed to provide for mouse and keyboard users. The conceptual journey we stepped through in order to make this functionality work for the keyboard showed how we can achieve the ultimate goal — equivalent functionality. The details of implementation are just that — details.
These pictures are taken from an actual script, which is too large to reproduce here, but if you'd like to download and play with it you can find it on my web site.
Accessibility is not a Feature
In my imagination, there is no complication.
— Kylie Minogue
Designing for accessibility is like building the foundations of a house — easy if you do it from the start, but very difficult to hack in afterwards.
Clearly the best approach is to consider accessibility right from the project's initiation — to recognize that accessibility is a design consideration, not a feature. Indeed, Joe Clark's evaluation of Basecamp's accessibility makes the point that if you look at accessibility as a feature, you'll probably just leave it out. "Most developers are gonna leave it out anyway; most developers don't know the first thing about accessibility or even that it's important." That's skeptical, sure, but nonetheless, it's true.
With that quote in mind, I'd like to finish by giving you an example of something cool and inspirational, something that really does exemplify best practice in this area. It isn't new (it's more than a year old, having been developed and presented by Derek Featherstone at Web Essentials 2005), but its sheer grace and simplicity still bowl me over: it's the Semantic, Accessible Crossword Puzzle.
We can't all be as talented as Derek! But on a practical, everyday level, I hope I've begun to demonstrate that device-independent scripting really isn't that difficult or complex. It may be different from the way we're used to working, but all it really takes is a little extra thought.
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Nathan H. Dize deposited Intervening in French: A Colony in Crisis, the Digital Humanities, and the French Classroom in the group Race and Aesthetics in French and Francophone Culture on MLA Commons 3 years, 11 months ago
This essay explores the use of *A Colony in Crisis: The Saint-Domingue Grain Crisis of 1789* in the French literature classroom and how it helps address gaps in digital humanities and French language pedagogy while interrogating the colonial positionality of the French Revolution's digital archive. In 2015, the Newberry Library received a Digitizing Hidden Special Collections and Archives grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) to digitize 30,000 French language pamphlets, a portion of which pertains to the period before, during, and after the French Revolution. As the digital archive of the French Revolution rapidly grows, the need to draw attention to the broader context of revolution in the French Empire–particularly in the Caribbean–has become even more urgent. One of the most effective ways of addressing the marginalization of the Caribbean in colonial archives is through pedagogical interventions and course design. While digital humanities pedagogy has become somewhat normalized in the anglophone literature classroom, the French language classroom has been slow to adapt to the use of digital tools and pedagogy beyond the introductory language course.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Crate text_splitter
source ·
Expand description
§text-splitter
Docs Licence Crates.io codecov
Large language models (LLMs) can be used for many tasks, but often have a limited context size that can be smaller than documents you might want to use. To use documents of larger length, you often have to split your text into chunks to fit within this context size.
This crate provides methods for splitting longer pieces of text into smaller chunks, aiming to maximize a desired chunk size, but still splitting at semantically sensible boundaries whenever possible.
§Get Started
Add it to your project with
cargo add text-splitter
§By Number of Characters
The simplest way to use this crate is to use the default implementation, which uses character count for chunk size.
use text_splitter::TextSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§With Hugging Face Tokenizer
Requires the tokenizers feature to be activated and adding tokenizers to dependencies. The example below, using from_pretrained(), also requires tokenizers http feature to be enabled.
cargo add text-splitter --features tokenizers
cargo add tokenizers --features http
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Can also use anything else that implements the ChunkSizer
// trait from the text_splitter crate.
use tokenizers::Tokenizer;
let tokenizer = Tokenizer::from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", None).unwrap();
let max_tokens = 1000;
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(ChunkConfig::new(max_tokens).with_sizer(tokenizer));
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§With Tiktoken Tokenizer
Requires the tiktoken-rs feature to be activated and adding tiktoken-rs to dependencies.
cargo add text-splitter --features tiktoken-rs
cargo add tiktoken-rs
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Can also use anything else that implements the ChunkSizer
// trait from the text_splitter crate.
use tiktoken_rs::cl100k_base;
let tokenizer = cl100k_base().unwrap();
let max_tokens = 1000;
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(ChunkConfig::new(max_tokens).with_sizer(tokenizer));
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§Using a Range for Chunk Capacity
You also have the option of specifying your chunk capacity as a range.
Once a chunk has reached a length that falls within the range it will be returned.
It is always possible that a chunk may be returned that is less than the start value, as adding the next piece of text may have made it larger than the end capacity.
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Will fill up the
// chunk until it is somewhere in this range.
let max_characters = 500..2000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§Markdown
All of the above examples also can also work with Markdown text. If you enable the markdown feature, you can use the MarkdownSplitter in the same ways as the TextSplitter.
cargo add text-splitter --features markdown
use text_splitter::MarkdownSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Can also use a range.
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size.
// Can also use all of the same tokenizer implementations as 'TextSplitter'.
let splitter = MarkdownSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("# Header\n\nyour document text");
§Code
All of the above examples also can also work with code that can be parsed with tree-sitter. If you enable the code feature, you can use the CodeSplitter in the same ways as the TextSplitter.
cargo add text-splitter --features code
cargo add tree-sitter-<language>
use text_splitter::CodeSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Can also use a range.
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size.
// Can also use all of the same tokenizer implementations as 'TextSplitter'.
let splitter = CodeSplitter::new(tree_sitter_rust::language(), max_characters).expect("Invalid tree-sitter language");
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your code file");
§Method
To preserve as much semantic meaning within a chunk as possible, each chunk is composed of the largest semantic units that can fit in the next given chunk. For each splitter type, there is a defined set of semantic levels. Here is an example of the steps used:
 1. Split the text by a increasing semantic levels.
 2. Check the first item for each level and select the highest level whose first item still fits within the chunk size.
 3. Merge as many of these neighboring sections of this level or above into a chunk to maximize chunk length. Boundaries of higher semantic levels are always included when merging, so that the chunk doesn't inadvertantly cross semantic boundaries.
The boundaries used to split the text if using the chunks method, in ascending order:
§TextSplitter Semantic Levels
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Ascending sequence length of newlines. (Newline is \r\n, \n, or \r) Each unique length of consecutive newline sequences is treated as its own semantic level. So a sequence of 2 newlines is a higher level than a sequence of 1 newline, and so on.
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§MarkdownSplitter Semantic Levels
Markdown is parsed according to the CommonMark spec, along with some optional features such as GitHub Flavored Markdown.
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Soft line breaks (single newline) which isn't necessarily a new element in Markdown.
 6. Inline elements such as: text nodes, emphasis, strong, strikethrough, link, image, table cells, inline code, footnote references, task list markers, and inline html.
 7. Block elements suce as: paragraphs, code blocks, footnote definitions, metadata. Also, a block quote or row/item within a table or list that can contain other "block" type elements, and a list or table that contains items.
 8. Thematic breaks or horizontal rules.
 9. Headings by level
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§CodeSplitter Semantic Levels
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Ascending depth of the syntax tree. So function would have a higher level than a statement inside of the function, and so on.
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§Note on sentences
There are lots of methods of determining sentence breaks, all to varying degrees of accuracy, and many requiring ML models to do so. Rather than trying to find the perfect sentence breaks, we rely on unicode method of sentence boundaries, which in most cases is good enough for finding a decent semantic breaking point if a paragraph is too large, and avoids the performance penalties of many other methods.
§Feature Flags
§Document Format Support
FeatureDescription
codeEnables the CodeSplitter struct for parsing code documents via tree-sitter parsers.
markdownEnables the MarkdownSplitter struct for parsing Markdown documents via the CommonMark spec.
§Tokenizer Support
Dependency FeatureVersion SupportedDescription
rust_tokenizers^8.0.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take any of the provided tokenizers as an argument.
tiktoken-rs^0.5.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take tiktoken_rs::CoreBPE as an argument. This is useful for splitting text for OpenAI models.
tokenizers^0.19.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take tokenizers::Tokenizer as an


text:
kind of treatment.
Evaluation of Aversion therapy.
Aversion therapy is used for some individuals who have serious behavioural problems.
-It can be extremely unpleasant for the person who has the treatment. -Ethical issues: balanced against the possible benefits to the person.
It is not always sucessful overtime. People find that it reduces it for a period, unless they have additional support, they are likely to go back to their addictive behaviour once the treatment stops.
Token Economy programmes.
There are many things that can act as rewards or positive reinforcers.
Primary Reinforcer: a reward, such as Food and Water - ESSENTIAL.
Secondary Reinforcer: a reward such as Money or a token - something that someone can exchange for a primary reinforcer.
Evaluation of token economy programmes
-improvements in the behaviour and self care of patients who have been in hospital for a long time.
-criticised: patients focus on the rewards rather than wanting there own behaviour to improve, change may not last in the outside world.
-if the reward is not immediate then the association between the reward and action is lost, which means that the behaviour is not being reinforced.


text:
ERIC Number: ED364052
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1989
Reference Count: N/A
Destrezas de Matematica: Curriculo Basico. Guia para el Maestro (Mathematics Skills: Basic Curriculum. Teacher's Guide).
Puerto Rico State Dept. of Education, Hato Rey. Office of Special Education.
The fundamental importance of basic mathematics to daily life is emphasized in this teacher's guide for special education teachers in Puerto Rico. While it is necessary for the teacher to determine the needs and abilities of each student and adapt the curriculum accordingly, this guide presents, in Spanish, a set of lesson plans, each with an objective and suggested activities toward the objective. Activities are chosen for their practical relevance. Skills are presented in the following areas: (1) numeration, including cardinal, ordinal, and Roman numerals; (2) basic mathematics operations, including fractions and decimals; (3) measurement of time, temperature, volume, weight in the English and metric systems, and the monetary system; and (4) principles of geometry. An appendix provides specific guidance in teaching basic mathematical operations. (Contains 12 references.) (SLD)
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Computation, Daily Living Skills, Disabilities, Elementary Secondary Education, Fractions, Geometry, Lesson Plans, Mathematical Concepts, Mathematics Curriculum, Mathematics Instruction, Mathematics Skills, Measurement, Metric System, Monetary Systems, Numbers, Spanish Speaking, Special Education, Teaching Guides, Teaching Methods, Time, Volume (Mathematics), Weight (Mass)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
Authoring Institution: Puerto Rico State Dept. of Education, Hato Rey. Office of Special Education.
Identifiers: Puerto Rico


text:
Machine learning electron density in sulfur crosslinked carbon nanotubes
JM Alred and KV Bets and Y Xie and BI Yakobson, COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 166, 3-9 (2018).
Mechanical strengthening of composite materials that include carbon nanotubes (CNT) requires strong inter bonding to achieve significant CNT-CNT or CNT-matrix load transfer. The same principle is applicable to the improvement of CNT bundles and calls for covalent crosslinks between individual tubes. In this work, sulfur crosslinks are studied using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD). Atomic chains of at least two sulfur atoms or more are shown to be stable between both zigzag and armchair CNTs. All types of crosslinked CNTs exhibit significantly improved load transfer. Moreover, sulfur crosslinks show evidence of a cooperative self-healing mechanism allowing for links to rebond once broken leading to sustained load transfer under shear loading. Additionally, a general approach for utilizing machine learning for assessing the ground state electron density is developed and applied to these sulfur crosslinked CNTs.
Return to Publications page


text:
Dictionaries tell us that the interjection/exclamation hallelujah is pronounced ˌhælɪˈluːjə (or -lə-). However, this is a word probably more often sung than spoken, and we all know that in singing strange things happen to pronunciation.
From the point of view of English, hallelujah is a strange word anyway. Apart from foreign proper names, it is the only word in which the spelling corresponds to the pronunciation j (palatal semivowel). It has an alternative form, alleluia, which comes to us via Greek rather than direct from Hebrew and lacks this spelling oddity.
In the choir I belong to we are already gearing up for our Christmas show, and one of the works we will be performing is Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, which is why I am thinking about this word. (The title itself is phonetically interesting, since it normally undergoes so-called stress shift to ˈHallelujah ˈChorus, in accordance with the usual rule.)
One thing that happens in singing is that vowels that would be weak in ordinary speech tend to become strong. So the second syllable of hallelujah is sung with eɪ (or an italianate monophthongal e), the final syllable with ɑː (or a).
The other thing that happens is that suprasegmental features (length, stress) have to be modified to fit in with the music. In Handel's masterpiece we mostly get the usual (ˈ)halleˈlujah, but sometimes the special stressing halˈleluˈjah. In the fragment below, from the score as adapted for male voices only, you can see that at one point, while the tenor 1s and the basses are singing reigneth and the baritones have rapid normally-stressed hallelujahs, the tenor 2s stress the le syllable.It all sounds magnificent. If you're in or near London, do come and hear us in December.


it's not beyond your reach. By leveraging browser extensions and exploring analytical tools you can still gauge viewer reception effectively.
Embrace these methods to maintain insight into feedback while adapting to the evolving digital landscape of content creation. Remember the power of constructive engagement lies in understanding both praise and criticism. Happy YouTubing!
Frequently Asked Questions
Why did YouTube decide to hide dislike counts on videos?
YouTube aimed to protect creators from harassment and reduce 'dislike attacks' by hiding the dislikes. This change was intended to promote a healthier, more supportive environment for video creators and viewers.
How can I still view dislike counts on YouTube after their removal?
To view dislike counts post-removal, you can use browser extensions like "Return YouTube Dislike" or visit third-party analytics websites such as Social Blade or VidIQ which provide detailed engagement statistics including dislikes.
What are the benefits of hiding dislike counts on YouTube?
Hiding dislike counts helps in reducing targeted harassment and discouraging negative behaviors. It encourages constructive feedback through comments rather than simple dislike clicks, fostering more meaningful interactions between viewers and creators.
Are there any tools available for detailed analysis of YouTube video performance?
Yes, tools like Social Blade or VidIQ offer detailed analytics including views, likes/dislikes ratio, engagement rate, and other performance indicators that help creators understand audience reception beyond just likes or dislikes.
What should I do if the "Return YouTube Dislike" extension is not working?
If the "Return YouTube Dislike" extension isn't working:
 1. Ensure it is updated to the latest version.
 2. Check if your browser supports the extension.
 3. Clear your browser cache or try reinstalling the extension.
 4. If issues persist, consult support forums or consider using an alternative method like third-party analytics services mentioned above.
These FAQs aim to address common inquiries related to recent changes on YouTube regarding viewing dislikes and assessing content performance effectively.
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text:
Today, both Google and IBM announced their intentions to join hands in a collaboration effort intended to bring mirth and merriment to computer science students around the world. The new initiative will be piloted at a few Universities in the U.S., and is aimed at better educating students in how to develop, on a long term scale, large-scale distributed software. With the advent of multi-core processors being in more desktops than ever and even low-cost servers having dozens of CPUs available to them, it makes sense that new generations of programmers will need exceptional parallel programming skills.
To show their devotion to such an endeavor, IBM and Google are sponsoring a massive cluster of computers, including both Google servers and IBM BladeCenter / System x servers. The cluster will be reachable over the Internet
, and will rely on Linux along with XEN virtualization. They are also backing it with their own set of open-source software tools and assisting in the management of the projects it spawns.
Some schools participating include the University of Washington and Carnegie Mellon. Both IBM
have said their own bits about the project, which seems like a very ambitious one indeed.


text:
Of the 34 states with the death penalty, Alabama is the only jurisdiction where judges routinely override jury verdicts of life to impose capital punishment. Since 1976, Alabama judges have overridden jury verdicts 107 times. Although judges have authority to override life or death verdicts, in 92% of overrides elected judges have overruled jury verdicts of life to impose the death penalty.
Twenty-one percent of the 199 people currently on Alabama's death row were sentenced to death through judicial override. Judge override is the primary reason why Alabama has the highest per capita death sentencing rate and execution rate in the country. Last year, with a state population of 4.5 million people, Alabama imposed more new death sentences than Texas, with a population of 24 million.
Override is legal in only three states: Alabama, Delaware, and Florida. Florida and Delaware have strict standards for override. No one in Delaware is on death row as a result of an override and no death sentences have been imposed by override in Florida since 1999. In Delaware and Florida, override often is used to overrule jury death verdicts and impose life -- which rarely happens in Alabama.
From the Equal Justice Initiative via the Sentencing Law and Policy Blog.
The study will, very likely, be the basis of court challenges to and efforts to legislatively change the practice.


text:
Modifiers are used to add variations and flexibility to your product offering without creating an excessively large menu.
You are able to create modifiers manually or en masse using Excel. This article will walk through the process of adding and editing your modifiers using the Import/Export feature.
Please Note: Import/Export is only possible with Excel.
- Exporting the Modifier Spreadsheet
- Working in the Modifier Spreadsheet
- Importing the Modifier Spreadsheet
Exporting the Modifier Spreadsheet
The first step to add/edit modifiers via a spreadsheet is to export the sheet. To do this:
- From the Management Console ([yoursubdomain].revelup.com), go to Products.
- Click Import/Export and choose Modifiers from the menu:
- You will now be on the Export Modifiers page. For Export Type you can select Basic, Advanced, or Empty Template:
- Basic: This spreadsheet contains the minimum amount of modifier details like name, price, cost, and active status. The basic export will contain your existing modifiers, which you can edit and/or add new modifiers with this spreadsheet.
- Advanced: This spreadsheet contains all of the columns in the basic export plus Additional Fields like color code, kitchen print name, and printers. Similar to the basic spreadsheet, this will export your existing modifiers so you can edit them and/or add new modifiers with this sheet:
- Empty Template: This spreadsheet contains all of the columns in the basic export, but it does not export your existing modifiers. This is the best export type to use if you only want to add new modifiers and you do not want to edit your existing modifiers. This selection also lets you choose Additional Fields if you want to add advanced details to your modifiers:
Working in the Modifier Spreadsheet
The basic exported modifier spreadsheet works using the fields listed below.
NOTE: In order to successfully upload your modifier spreadsheet, fields with a * MUST be filled out; italicized items are optional:
- Lines 1-19 in the spreadsheet provide instructions on how to use the sheet. You can leave them there or delete them, but no action is required for those lines.
- Modifier Class Name*: Column A; This is the grouping that your specific modifiers will fall under. For example, Cheese Types, Size, and Dressing Choice could all be modifier classes.
- Modifier Name*: Column B; This is the name of the specific modifier. For example, Pepper Jack, Medium, and Ranch.
- Description: Column C; Here you can provide more details about the specific modifier. The modifier description is accessible on the Point of Sale. This is an optional field.
- Price*: Column D; The amount the customer will be charged upon purchase of the modifier. The price can be left at 0 if it is a free modifier.
- Cost: Column E; The amount it cost your business to purchase one single unit of this modifier.
- SKU*: Column F; If the modifier has a specific Stock Keeping Unit associated with it, put that here. OR
- Barcode*: Column G; If the modifier has a specific barcode associated with it, put that here. Please Note: Modifiers MUST have a barcode OR a SKU. If your modifier does not need a specific SKU or barcode, it can be an arbitrary number.
- Active*: Column H; If the active status is Yes, the modifier will be available for use on the Point of Sale. If the status is No, it will not appear on the Point of Sale but can still be accessed on the Management Console.
- Sort Order: Column I; The order in which the modifiers will appear on the Point of Sale within the modifier class:
Additional fields that may appear with the Advanced export include:
- Color Code
- Display in Kiosk (applies to both Kiosk 1.0 and Kiosk XT)
- Display on online and 3rd party applications
- Do Not Print
- Dynamic cost
- Image URL
- Is Hot
- Is Quick
- Kitchen Description
- Kitchen Print Name
- Reset Barcode
- Reset SKU
- Third Party Name
Importing the Modifier Spreadsheet
Once you have filled out the spreadsheet following the instructions above, save your file. Then, follow these steps:
- On the Management Console, go to the Products tab.
- Click the Import/ Export button and choose Modifiers.
- You will be back on the same screen from which you exported the list. Scroll down to the Import Modifiers section.
- Click Choose File and attach your saved spreadsheet.
- Then, click Import:
- The upload process occurs offline. You will receive an email with the results of the import. If the email states any errors occurred, fix the issue in the spreadsheet and upload it again.
NOTE: New modifiers that have been added through an import are NOT attached to products. To attach modifiers to products, you can do so:


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"finally" clause in C++
, 15 Oct 2012 CPOL
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finally like clause in C++
This article aims to help a programmer who has the need to use "finally" like clause (like in Java) in C++.
There are many cases where such need for finally clause arises, mostly as I can see it, it always happen when a programmer uses a third party or legacy "C oriented" library that deals with resources in a procedural way like open/close file or connect/disconnect a service.
For example, MFC library solves the problem with the introduction of wrapper classes like CWaitCursor, where the cursor is a resource reclaimed back on destruction of the object. The destruction of the object is deterministic and happens on the event of getting out of scope (block end).
What I'm going to show is a solution for an already existing code that needs to be more deterministic and clean, but yet written in a procedural way.
Another reason to use this "finally" like construct is for external resources that should be reclaimed no matter what happened after they were successfully claimed. For example, deterministic log-out of a remote service no matter what happens after a successful log-in to that service. That way prevents the remote dangling service from waiting for a log-out until some time-out routine will close the remote socket...
This solution is not a replacement for a superior design like using RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), see "Why doesn't C++ provide a "finally" construct?".
For beginners, I strongly suggest to read briefly the following items in the C++ reference:
 1. Lambda Functions in C++11 - the Definitive Guide
 2. Function objects
 3. std::function
 4. std::bind
It is possible to use the example ahead without deep knowledge of what is lambda or what is function object.
Using the Code
The code will run only on C++11 compiler and maybe some C++0x compilers!
For Beginners
It is very easy to use:
 FILE *file = fopen("test","w");
 finally close_the_file([&]{
 cout << "Finally you close the file." << endl;
The [&] {...} is the code I suspect is not well understood for beginners, but it doesn't matter, as long as you accept the "unreadable" set of brackets, everything should be OK.
Let's explain:
 1. Opening a file the C way using stdio library, this is an old way of using files, but it is used here for the sake of the explanation. I consider the file opening as successful!
 2. Next line, there is a declaration of object named close_the_file of a class finally and then there is lambda expression that should run on the event of exiting the scope. basically you can copy and paste the class finally (see ahead) and put somewhere in one of your libraries headers for later use.
The "finally" Class
The finally class provides a means of running commands upon leaving the block by using the destructor of the class.
class finally
 std::function functor;
 finally(const std::function &functor) : functor(functor) {}
Somehow the example file hasn't been uploaded so I decided to write a little example just to show how it works. Try this:
 try {
 cout << "Open a file" << endl;
 finally close_the_file([&]{
 cout << "do something before exception" << endl;
 throw("Some exception");
 cout << "do something after exception!?" << endl;
 catch(char *ex)
 cout << ex << endl;
 ; //do nothing
 1. First revision
 2. Alternative example to the example file
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GeneralMy vote of 5 Pinmembermagicpapacy22-Oct-12 17:27
GeneralMy vote of 4 Pinmemberkosmoh16-Oct-12 8:09
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Questionfinally? PinmemberSelvin15-Oct-12 16:11
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GeneralRe: finally? PinmemberCpp For All16-Oct-12 0:11
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AfriGeneas Caribbean Research Forum
[PUERTO RICO] African Slaves in puerto rico/esclavos
Names of African Slaves in Puerto Rico/
Puerto Ricans are West Indians also, for Puerto Rico is part of the West Indies once owed by Visoguth colonizers, they took the land from the original people name Taino who they subjugated and made the taino slaves, Some Taino survived and are still in Puerto Rico and many Puerto Ricans are mixed with Taino and mixed with the blood of the African whether they are black skinned or white skin. Puerto Rico is the Spanish West Indies, but in reality it is the land of the Taino. The African was taken to Puerto Rica as slaves.
Stripped of their identity and African Homeland and taken to Puerto Rico, these are the slaves, that brought the soul, the sounds of the drums, the dance, the knowledge, the science of healing, the religion of yaruba, islam, african christianity,and brought the beauty of the falani, mandingo, and hundreds of other beutiful african tribes to puerto rico. Gone But not Forgotten, their ancient advance civilizations lives on in puerto rico history, black and beutiful, your souls live on. here are some of their names: From: Ponce,San Anton, Puerto Rico Esclavos(slaves) born in Africa.
Esclavos birth place Africa
More slaves names from other barrio will be coming soon.
Messages In This Thread


text:
gpmapreduce configuration file.
%YAML 1.1 --- VERSION: 126.96.36.199 DATABASE: dbname USER: db_username HOST: master_hostname PORT: master_port
DEFINE: - INPUT: NAME: input_name FILE: - hostname:/path/to/file GPFDIST: - hostname:port/file_pattern TABLE: table_name QUERY: SELECT_statement EXEC: command_string COLUMNS: - field_name data_type FORMAT: TEXT | CSV DELIMITER: delimiter_character ESCAPE: escape_character NULL: null_string QUOTE: csv_quote_character ERROR_LIMIT: integer ENCODING: database_encoding
- OUTPUT: NAME: output_name FILE: file_path_on_client TABLE: table_name KEYS: - column_name MODE: REPLACE | APPEND
- MAP: NAME: function_name FUNCTION: function_definition LANGUAGE: perl | python | c LIBRARY: /path/filename.so PARAMETERS: - nametype RETURNS: - nametype OPTIMIZE: STRICT IMMUTABLE MODE: SINGLE | MULTI
- TRANSITION | CONSOLIDATE | FINALIZE: NAME: function_name FUNCTION: function_definition LANGUAGE: perl | python | c LIBRARY: /path/filename.so PARAMETERS: - nametype RETURNS: - nametype OPTIMIZE: STRICT IMMUTABLE MODE: SINGLE | MULTI
- REDUCE: NAME: reduce_job_name TRANSITION: transition_function_name CONSOLIDATE: consolidate_function_name FINALIZE: finalize_function_name INITIALIZE: value KEYS: - key_name
- TASK: NAME: task_name SOURCE: input_name MAP: map_function_name REDUCE: reduce_function_name EXECUTE:
You specify the input, map and reduce tasks, and the output for the Greenplum MapReduce gpmapreduce program in a YAML-formatted configuration file. (This reference page uses the name gpmapreduce.yaml when referring to this file; you may choose your own name for the file.)
The gpmapreduce utility processes the YAML configuration file in order, using indentation (spaces) to determine the document hierarchy and the relationships between the sections. The use of white space in the file is significant.
Keys and Values
Required. The version of the Greenplum MapReduce YAML specification. Current supported versions are 188.8.131.52, 184.108.40.206, and 220.127.116.11.
- Optional. Specifies which database in Greenplum to connect to. If not specified, defaults to the default database or $PGDATABASE if set.
- Optional. Specifies which database role to use to connect. If not specified, defaults to the current user or $PGUSER if set. You must be a Greenplum superuser to run functions written in untrusted Python and Perl. Regular database users can run functions written in trusted Perl. You also must be a database superuser to run MapReduce jobs that contain FILE, GPFDIST and EXEC input types.
- Optional. Specifies Greenplum master host name. If not specified, defaults to localhost or $PGHOST if set.
- Optional. Specifies Greenplum master port. If not specified, defaults to 5432 or $PGPORT if set.
- Required. A sequence of definitions for this MapReduce document. The
DEFINE section must have at least one INPUT
- Required. Defines the input data. Every MapReduce document must have at least
one input defined. Multiple input definitions are allowed in a document, but each
input definition can specify only one of these access types: a file, a
gpfdist file reference, a table in the database, an
SQL command, or an operating system command. See gpfdist
for information about this reference.
A name for this input. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as map function, task, reduce function and output names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- A sequence of one or more input files in the format: seghostname:/path/to/filename. You must be a Greenplum Database superuser to run MapReduce jobs with FILE input. The file must reside on a Greenplum segment host.
- A sequence identifying one or more running gpfdist file servers in the format: hostname[:port]/file_pattern. You must be a Greenplum Database superuser to run MapReduce jobs with GPFDIST input.
- The name of an existing table in the database.
- A SQL SELECT command to run within the database.
- An operating system command to run on the Greenplum segment hosts. The command is run by all segment instances in the system by default. For example, if you have four segment instances per segment host, the command will be run four times on each host. You must be a Greenplum Database superuser to run MapReduce jobs with EXEC input.
- Optional. Columns are specified as: column_name [data_type]. If not specified, the default is value text. The DELIMITER character is what separates two data value fields (columns). A row is determined by a line feed character (0x0a).
Optional. Specifies the format of the data - either delimited text (TEXT) or comma separated values (CSV) format. If the data format is not specified, defaults to TEXT.
Optional for FILE, GPFDIST and EXEC inputs. Specifies a single character that separates data values. The default is a tab character in TEXT mode, a comma in CSV mode. The delimiter character must only appear between any two data value fields. Do not place a delimiter at the beginning or end of a row.
- Optional for FILE, GPFDIST and EXEC inputs. Specifies the single character that is used for C escape sequences (such as \n,\t,\100, and so on) and for escaping data characters that might otherwise be taken as row or column delimiters. Make sure to choose an escape character that is not used anywhere in your actual column data. The default escape character is a \ (backslash) for text-formatted files and a " (double quote) for csv-formatted files, however it is possible to specify another character to represent an escape. It is also possible to disable escaping by specifying the value 'OFF' as the escape value. This is very useful for data such as text-formatted web log data that has many embedded backslashes that are not intended to be escapes.
- Optional for FILE, GPFDIST and EXEC inputs. Specifies the string that represents a null value. The default is \N in TEXT format, and an empty value with no quotations in CSV format. You might prefer an empty string even in TEXT mode for cases where you do not want to distinguish nulls from empty strings. Any input data item that matches this string will be considered a null value.
- Optional for FILE, GPFDIST and EXEC inputs. Specifies the quotation character for CSV formatted files. The default is a double quote ("). In CSV formatted files, data value fields must be enclosed in double quotes if they contain any commas or embedded new lines. Fields that contain double quote characters must be surrounded by double quotes, and the embedded double quotes must each be represented by a pair of consecutive double quotes. It is important to always open and close quotes correctly in order for data rows to be parsed correctly.
- If the input rows have format errors they will be discarded provided that the error limit count is not reached on any Greenplum segment instance during input processing. If the error limit is not reached, all good rows will be processed and any error rows discarded.
- Character set encoding to use for the data. Specify a string constant (such as 'SQL_ASCII'), an integer encoding number, or DEFAULT to use the default client encoding. See Character Set Support for more information.
- Optional. Defines where to output the formatted data of this MapReduce job. If
output is not defined, the default is STDOUT (standard output of
the client). You can send output to a file on the client host or to an existing
table in the database.
- A name for this output. The default output name is STDOUT. Names must be unique with regards to the names of other objects in this MapReduce job (such as map function, task, reduce function and input names). Also, names cannot conflict with existing objects in the database (such as tables, functions or views).
- Specifies a file location on the MapReduce client machine to output data in the format: /path/to/filename.
- Specifies the name of a table in the database to output data. If this table does not exist prior to running the MapReduce job, it will be created using the distribution policy specified with KEYS.
- Optional for TABLE output. Specifies the column(s) to use as the Greenplum Database distribution key. If the EXECUTE task contains a REDUCE definition, then the REDUCE keys will be used as the table distribution key by default. Otherwise, the first column of the table will be used as the distribution key.
- Optional for TABLE output. If not specified, the default is to create the table if it does not already exist, but error out if it does exist. Declaring APPEND adds output data to an existing table (provided the table schema matches the output format) without removing any existing data. Declaring REPLACE will drop the table if it exists and then recreate it. Both APPEND and REPLACE will create a new table if one does not exist.
- Required. Each MAP function takes data structured in (key, value) pairs, processes each pair, and generates zero or more output (key, value) pairs. The Greenplum MapReduce framework then collects all pairs with the same key from all output lists and groups them together. This output is then passed to the REDUCE task, which is comprised of


text:
It's my body: calls to ChildLine Scotland about sexual health and wellbeing
MetadataShow full item record
The last decade has seen increasing efforts by central and local government to target sexual health services and initiatives at young people in order to improve their sexual health. However, for Scotland's Sexual Health Strategy and associated initiatives to be effectively implemented, more information is needed about children and young people's own views, concerns and experiences regarding their sexual health and well-being. This briefing reports on a research study funded by the Scottish Executive and carried out by the Centre for Research on Families and Relationships (CRFR) and ChildLine Scotland to explore over 14,000 calls made to the helpline in this area. Calls to ChildLine Scotland about sexual health and well-being issues, including sexual abuse, have increased steadily over the years and are the primary reason for calling in over a quarter of all calls. These calls reflect children's own agendas, supporting an approach which treats children and young people as competent reporters on their own lives.


Secondhand hardback copy - condition Great (book has been read)
Olivier is an aristocrat, the traumatized child of survivors of the French Revolution. Parrot the son of an itinerant printer who always wanted to be an artist but has ended up a servant. Born on different sides of history, their lives will be brought together by their travels in America. When Olivier sets sail for America, ostensibly to study its prisons but in reality to save his neck from one more revolution - Parrot is sent with him, as spy, protector, foe and foil. As the narrative shifts between the perspectives of Parrot and Olivier, and their picaresque travels together and apart - in love and politics, prisons and the world of art - Peter Carey explores the adventure of American democracy, in theory and in practice, with dazzling wit and inventiveness.
Publisher: Faber & Faber
ISBN: 9780571253296
Number of pages: 464
Weight: 726 g
Dimensions: 241 x 161 x 37 mm
Parrot and Oliver in America by Peter Carey
SKU: 9780571253296


Leicester attacked by Prince Rupert
(71 words)
Historical Context Note
Prince Rupert of the Rhine, King Charles' nephew, made his attack on Leicester at the end of May 1645 primarily as a divisionary tactic. The Parliamentarians had attacked Oxford, one of Charles's strongholds, and Rupert decided to attack the Midlands town of Leicester to draw forces away from Oxford. The Royalists used their artillery to bombard the city walls, and after successfully breaching the walls, they took the city with little difficulty.
Related Groups
 1. English Civil War


text:
Loudoun County Public Schools science programs are designed to actively engage students in the process of science and use reasoning processes that build scientific thinking. These programs teach students to know, use, and interpret scientific explanations of the natural world; to generate and evaluate scientific evidence and explanations; to understand the nature and development of scientific knowledge; and to participate productively in scientific practices and discourse.
The middle school science program continues to provide active, inquiry-based, and student-centered science experiences for students. Science instruction in the middle schools is built around the framework of the LCPS Core Experiences scientific investigations carried out by every middle school student. The CEs are aligned to the VA SOL, emphasize building student conceptual understanding and understandings of scientific practice, develop scientific habits of mind and scientific skills, and give students experiences with authentic scientific equipment.
Stone Hill Middle School • 23415 Evergreen Ridge Drive Ashburn, VA 20148 • P:_PHONE_ • F: (571) 223 - 0585


text:
Gregarines on a Diet: The Effects of Host Starvation on Gregarina confusa Janovy et al., 2007 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) in Tribolium destructor Uyttenboogaart, 1933 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Larvae
Date of this Version
This study was designed to explore the nutritional relationship between Gregarina confusa (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) parasites and its coleopteran host, Tribolium destructor, by measuring the cytoplasmic density of gregarines in continuously fed larvae, starved larvae, and larvae refed after starvation. Cultures were maintained in a standard media (whole wheat flour:commercial wheat germ:yeast [30:10:1]). Larvae from control and experimental groups were dissected daily for three days then allowed to feed or starve for an additional three days. On day 6, the remaining experimental larvae were divided and placed into two groups; one group remained starved while larvae from the second group were fed a WheatiesR flake. Photographs were taken of the parasites daily and analyzed using ScionImage™. Gregarines from starved larvae were significantly longer and skinnier than those from fed controls, and there was also a significant difference between gregarine deutomerite cytoplasmic densities. Parasites from refed larvae regained cytoplasmic density within 24 hr and showed morphological similarities to those from fed larvae. This study shows that the Tribolium destructor–Gregarina confusa relationship can be manipulated easily through alterations of host diet and thus is an excellent model for use in the study of chemical relationships between parasites and their hosts.


text:
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common innate liver tumor. Due to improved surgical techniques, even extended resections are feasible, and more patients can be treated with curative intent. As the liver is the central metabolic organ, preoperative metabolic assessment is crucial for risk stratification. Sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity characterize body composition and metabolic status. Here we present the impact of body composition on survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Methods: A retrospective database analysis of 70 patients who were assigned for liver resection due to hepatocellular carcinoma was conducted. For assessment of sarcopenia and obesity, skeletal muscle surface area was measured at lumbar vertebra 3 level (L3) in preoperative four-phase contrast enhanced abdominal CT scans, and L3 muscle index and body fat percentage were calculated.
Results: Univariate analysis comparing the survival curves using the score test demonstrated superior postoperative overall survival for sarcopenic (P=0.035) and sarcopenic obese (P=0.048) patients as well as a trend favoring obese (P=0.130) subjects. Whereas multivariate analysis could not identify significant difference in postoperative survival regarding sarcopenia, obesity or sarcopenic obesity. Only large tumor size, multifocal disease and male gender were risk factors for long-term survival.
Conclusions: Sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity are indeed no risk factors for poor postoperative survival in this study. Our data do not support the evaluation of sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity before liver resection in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. (C) 2018 First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine in China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Sarcopenic obesity
- Liver resection
- SKELETAL-MUSCLE DEPLETION
- SARCOPENIC OBESITY
- CRYPTOGENIC CIRRHOSIS
- MASS INDEX
- TUMOR SIZE


It is an asset that serves as a guarantee to support the granting of a loan or bond issue. Something you need to give (which you will usually get back) as proof that you mean to pay back or return something loaned. business dealings that grant a creditor a right in property owned or held by a debtor to assure the payment of a debt or the performance of some obligation in a secured transaction.
Collateral can be divided into 5 categories: consumer goods, equipment, farm products (commodities), inventory, and property on paper. Paper collateral can come in the form of stocks, bonds or other securities. Another type of paper collateral is "chattel paper", which is simply a written document that says the holder is owed and has a security interest in valuable goods associated with the debt.
For example, assume that a car dealership has sold a car to a person who will pay for it in monthly installements. The dealership will keep the title of the car as collateral. The dealership may then use the security agreement with the buyer as collateral for a loan of its own from the bank.


text:
Pinos Altos, then and now
Last updated on Monday, January 13, 2003
Pinos Altos (Tall Pines) is located about six miles north of Silver City on NM Highway 15. The townsite is located along the Continental Divide at an elevation of 7,067 feet at the southern end of the Pinos Altos Mountains. Pinos Altos is a very old mining town; it was Grant County's first county seat.
Photo by Bob Wilson
Gold was first discovered by the Spanish and Mexican miners. The Americans discovered gold in 1859/60. Hank Smith, a German immigrant, described how a placer deposit was found on Bear Creek in 1859, and other prospectors of the Col. Snively party talk of the big find on Bear Creek in 1860 and the naming of Birchville, Pinos Altos' first name, after the prospector who found the first "color."
Pinos Altos' history includes a short time under the flag of the Confederacy when the Confederate States of America invaded the Union Territory of New Mexico. The Confederate legacy was a brief period from February, 1861 until June of 1862. The Southerners were defeated at the Battle of Glorieta Pass east of Santa Fe in March of 1862. The Confederate soldiers were routed back to El Paso by the Union forces from Colorado.
The miners and the mining camp at Pinos Altos were under constant threat from the Apaches and an occasional band of Navajos. The miners and the Indians were not good neighbors. In the spring of 1860 Chief Mangas Coloradas was invited for a "friendly" visit to the Pinos Altos mining camp. The treacherous miners tied him to a tree and lashed him unmercifully with their bullwhips. When the chief recovered from his wounds he enlisted his son-in-law's help. His son-in-law was Chief Cochise, and revenge was an important factor in Chiricahua Apache warfare.
Captain Thomas Marston of the Arizona Scouts led a company of volunteers in defense of Pinos Altos in the revengeful Apache War of September 27, 1861. Captain Marston and many others on both sides died in this battle. The combined forces of the Apaches some 400 strong under the leadership of Cochise and Mangas Coloradas convinced most of the miners that gold was not worth living in fear of the Apaches, and Birchville was nearly abandoned.
Main Street in
Photo by Carla DeMarco
The California Volunteers of the Union forces known as the "California Column," under the command of Brigadier General James H. Carleton arrived in June 1862. Upon arriving General Carleton learned that Pinos Altos was under siege and surrounded by Apaches, being slowly starved out. He immediately sent two wagon loads of provisions with soldiers to relieve the beleaguered town. Realizing the importance of the mines at Pinos Altos, General Carleton ordered General Joseph West to establish a military fort near the Gila River. Fort West was established on January 24, 1863 (about two miles south of Cliff) with four companies of troops to protect Pinos Altos from hostile Indians.
Before Captain Thomas Marston's death he had sold his share of the Pacific Mine to his brother Virgil in the spring of 1861. Virgil never left Pinos Altos with the other miners; he continued mining and developed the Pacific lode. In 1866, he charted the Pinos Altos Mining Company under the laws of the Territory of New Mexico. A stamp mill of 15 stamps, each weighing 700 pounds, were hauled by ox-drawn wagons from St. Louis, Missouri, and erected on site by the company. The Pacific lode crosses the Continental Divide and is rich in silver, gold, lead, zinc and copper. The Pacific Mine alone produced over a million dollars in copper and gold. Sometime after the miners left in 1861 and returned in 1866 the town was renamed Pinos Altos, the original Mexican village name. After the Legal Tender silver mine in San Vincente de La Cienaga was discovered in 1870 Pinos Altos soon lost the county seat to the town renamed Silver City.
The mines at Pinos Altos and the smelter at Silver City, which had belonged to the estate of Senator Hearst, were sold to the Comanche Mining and Smelting Company in 1903. In 1905 it was announced that the company would build a railroad between their smelter in Silver City and the mines in Pinos Altos. A 24 inch narrow-gauge Shay locomotive railroad (about two-thirds of the normal width of a narrow gauge) was completed in April of 1906 between Silver City and Pinos Altos a rail distance of 12 miles. The rail operated only for a short time; the company went bankrupt in the fall of 1907.
Present Day Pinos Altos
The present day Pinos Altos includes an adobe Methodist-Episcopal church built with Hearst money in 1898 and now houses the Grant County Art Guild. One of the many interesting things that you can find there is the funeral hearse of Pat Garrett, a famous western lawman, who killed the outlaw "Billy the Kid."
The Opera House captures the flavor of the Old West. It is an excellent replica of an Old West Victorian frontier theater. It was built in 1969 of salvaged old buildings and fixtures. Inside are displays of Old West photos and artifacts. Year round, Sean O'Hare & Jillian Graves hysterically present an Old West melodrama every Friday and Saturday at 8 p.m.. A show worth seeing!
Photo by Bob Wilson
The Buckhorn Saloon is located just east of the Opera House on Main Street and is an refurbished authentic building from the 1860s. The inside is decorated "tastefully" with bar room paintings, mannequin representing 'ladies of the night' and "Regular" Joe, a mannequin bar patron. There are also many artifacts and early photos of the area. Excellent food is served in the dining room as well.
The Pinos Altos Museum, an old family log cabin built around 1866 with later add-ons, was Grant Counties first school house. Mrs. George Schafer and her son, Bob, run a very interesting museum of old mining artifacts and a gift shop. It is open seven days a week year round. The museum is located on Main Street across from the Buckhorn Saloon.
The McDonald Cabin was built about 1851 before the gold discoveries of 1859/1860. It is probably the oldest cabin in Grant County and is located on Spring Street directly behind the opera house.
The Santa Rita del Cobre Fort and Trading Post is a 3/4 scale of the original fort built at the Santa Rita copper mines in 1804 by the Spanish to protect the miners from Apache attacks. Inside the fort and trading post are many interesting mining and other artifacts of the era along with a replica of an old miner's cave. The actual fort at Santa Rita was renamed Fort Webster in 1851 by the American Army.
Santa Rita del Cobre Fort and Trading Post Photo by Carla DeMarco
The Bear Creek Motel and Cabins are located at the intersection of Main Street and State Highway 15. The cabins are very rustic and shaded by tall pines, with a very serene ambiance.
The old Judge Roy Bean general store site was located next to the present day Post Office. The Judge's store was built in the early 1860s during the gold rush and was run by Roy and his brother Samuel. Trappers Cafe is now located on the site.
The site of the first Grant County Seat and Court House of 1871 is located east of Bear Creek on Main Street. The "hanging" tree in front of the old Court House is said to have brought Western justice during troubled times in Pinos Altos.
The Pinos Altos cemetery, just north of Saint Alexis Catholic Church, dedicated on July 17, 1888, is where Captain Marston and his brother Virgil are buried next to each other. The miners erected the cross on Cross Mountain north of town after an agreement with the Indians - no more killings as long as the cross remained.
Bear Creek Cabins Photo by Carla DeMarco
The Continental Divide RV Park is located across from the Gold Rush Cafe and offers many spaces.
The Gold Rush Cafe is the site of an earlier Post Office and a place to get a good meal for a good price. It is located on the way into or out of town depending on which way you are going.
The present day Pinos Altos Post Office and Ice Cream Parlor was built as the Norton Store around 1890. The Norton Store was built on the site of a two-storied log structure known as the Occidental Hotel. When Gary MacGrumbley became the proprietor of the Ice Cream Parlor and postmaster of Pinos Altos a few years back, his true forte came to the forefront. He enjoys customer relations to the utmost. He asks everyone from out of town the where, what, when, and how they are doing. Not to be nosy, but to be helpful with local sites to see and things to do.
Plan a trip to the mountains to visit Pinos Altos. Enjoy a trip back in time when life was simpler and friendlier. While you are there, enjoy a piece of homemade fudge and the best coffee either side of the Continental Divide at Gary Mac's Ice Cream Parlor, or belly up to the bar at the Buckhorn Sal