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Framework for scalable DeepLabCut based analysis including 3D tracking
Project description
Anipose is a framework for scalable DeepLabCut-based analysis. It supports both 2d and 3d tracking, handles calibration and processing all files within a group of folders.
The name Anipose comes from Animal Pose, but it also sounds like "any pose".
(NOTE: This is not yet ready for production, still some issues to fix to make the experience smooth )
Getting started
 1. Setup DeepLabCut by following instruction here
 2. Install Anipose through pip: pip install anipose
Input specification
Ideally someone who is collecting data should just be able to put all the videos into a single folder during a data collection run.
Different data collection sessions (e.g. on different days) are usually placed into different folders.
We'll need a config file to specify what to use for tracking and post-processing. However, it's cumbersome to remember to put a new config file for each new session, especially if the config doesn't really change from session to session.
It would be nice to be able to place a separate config file into each session though, to override the experiment config as needed.
It would be extra nice to reprocess the data if any of the config parameters change.
layout of folder for videos for 2d tracking
layout of folder for videos for 3d tracking
Example config file for 2d/3d tracking:
# Project name
project = "flypose"
# Change this to match deeplabcut folder (one with trained network)
model_folder = '/Data/Videos/DLC_Analysis/Running-Brandon-2019-01-29'
# How many folders are nested in structure?
nesting = 1
# Settings for a threshold filter
# Removes data outside threshold (probably errors in tracking), and interpolates
enabled = true
medfilt = 13
offset_threshold = 25
score_threshold = 0.8
spline = true
# labeling scheme...specify lines that you want to draw
scheme = [ ["head", "thorax", "abdomen"], ["thorax", "leg-1"] ]
Output specification
The output structure should match the input structure, with additional files resulting from the tracking.
The structure should be as follows:
Where FOLDER is a folder storing the output of a specific processing step.
It can be one of the following values:
 - videos-raw = input videos
 - pose-2d = 2d tracking for each of the input videos
 - pose-2d-filtered = filtered version of 2d tracking
 - calibration = camera parameters obtained from 3d calibration, along with calibration videos
 - pose-3d = 3d tracking for each group of input videos
 - angles = computed angles from 3d tracking
 - videos-labeled = videos labeled with the 2d tracking
 - videos-3d = 3d videos generated from 3d tracking
 - config = computed configuration for each session
Outline of processing plan
For each experiment, for each session
 1. Compress the videos into videos-raw
 2. Place the configuration files into config (based on defaults and session config)
 3. Perform the 2d tracking based on the configuration
 4. Label the individual videos with 2d tracking
 5. If 3d tracking is enabled
 1. Perform camera calibration
 2. Perform triangulation of 2d tracking
 3. Compute angles, if needed
 4. Generate 3d videos
Using the pipeline in the field
Ideally, there should be one repository with all the code, and the data is held separate. Each data folder should come with a configuration file of its own. The user should be able to invoke some pipeline script to process everything, and separate pipeline scripts for each step.
Perhaps something like:
anipose calibrate # run calibration of intrinsics and extrinsics
anipose label # label the poses for each video
anipose label-videos # create videos for each pose
anipose run-data # run only the data portion (no viz)
anipose run-viz # run only the visualization pipeline
anipose run-all # run everything (run-data then run-viz)
The program anipose should parse out the config within the folder, and figure out all the appropriate parameters to pass to the functions underneath.
Computing angle estimates
Although it's very useful to get 3D tracking estimates, we also need angle estimates.
However, not all angles make sense, it is up to the user to specify which angles she cares about.
This may be specified in the config.toml file as follows:
L1_CF = ["L1A", "L1B", "L1C"]
L1_FTi = ["L1B", "L1C", "L1D"]
L1_TiTa = ["L1C", "L1D", "L1E"]
The key above is the [angles] header, which specifies that whatever follows is an angle.
Next, each angle is specified by a name on the left, and by a list of 3 joints on the right.
Summarizing the data
After computing the whole pipeline for all videos, the final outputs of interest (the 3d pose coordinates and angles, possibly the 2d coordinates) are scattered across a lot of folders.
For further processing and analysis, it is often useful to have one central file with all the data. Hence, Anipose provides the command "summarize", which summarizes everything into a "summaries" folder. The output csv for each of angles, 3d, and 2d tracking coordinates has all the data from all sessions, and a few extra columns to show where the data comes from.
Configuring the standardized 3D pose
In order to properly compare across different trials, different animals, and different setups, the 3D coordinates must be standardized relative to a common reference frame.
Anipose should allow configuration of this by specifying 2 sets of points to use as axes, and which axes these should be.
The algorithm to determine the axes is as follows:
 - the first axis is taken as given
 - the second axis is orthogonalized with respect to the first
 - the third axis is the cross product of the first two axes
An axis is specified as a pair of points, with the axis going from the first to the second point.
Furthermore, it is often useful to set the zero to a standard reference point. Anipose allows this too.
An example configuration:
axes = [
 ["x", "L1A", "L3A"],
 ["z", "L1B", "L1A"]
reference_point = "L1A"
Calibration marker configuration
Anipose uses ArUco markers for calibration. They are superior to checkerboards in that they are more robust to blurring, rotation, and cropping. This makes them ideal for calibrating arbitrary camera setups.
In order to configure this, it should be possible to specify which ArUco board was used to calibrate the cameras. What should be configurable:
 - The type of board (ArUco / ChArUco)
 - the size of the board (number squares in X and Y directions)
 - ArUco marker dictionary (number of bits and number of markers in dictionary)
 - Length of marker side in appropriate unit (triangulation is set to this unit)
 - Length of marker separation (for ArUco) or square side (for ChArUco), in same unit
# aruco / charuco
board_type = "aruco"
# width and height of grid
board_size = [2, 2]
# number of bits in the markers
board_marker_bits = 5
# number of markers in dictionary (less is best)
board_marker_dict_number = 50
# length of marker side
board_marker_length = 4 # mm
# If aruco, length of marker separation
board_marker_separation_length = 1 # mm
# If charuco, square side length
# board_square_side_length = 8 # mm
Calibration: how to actually calibrate
TODO: Document how to calibrate cameras
TODO: Document where to place the calibration folder and how this is processed
TODO: document how to specify ROIs
TODO: provide example python/matlab code to automatically generate toml files
Here are some references for DeepLabCut and other things this project relies upon:
 title={DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning},
 author = {Alexander Mathis and Pranav Mamidanna and Kevin M. Cury and Taiga Abe and Venkatesh N. Murthy and Mackenzie W. Mathis and Matthias Bethge},
 journal={Nature Neuroscience},
 title = {DeeperCut: A Deeper, Stronger, and Faster Multi-Person Pose Estimation Model},
 author = {Eldar Insafutdinov and Leonid Pishchulin and Bjoern Andres and Mykhaylo Andriluka and Bernt Schiele},
 booktitle = {ECCV'16},
 url = {}
Project details
Download files
Files for anipose, version 0.2.1
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P. 4171. A generator produces electrical power of 40 kW, when operating at a voltage of 2 kV. The load is connected to the generator through a transmission line of resistance 10.
a) How much power is dissipated during the transmission of electrical energy?
b) Find the efficiency of the transmission of electrical energy.
c) What are the above asked values if at both ends of the transmission lines an ideal transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage. Both transformers can step up or down the voltage by a factor of 10.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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β𝛽\displaystyle\beta =2+5absent25\displaystyle=2+\sqrt{5} γ𝛾\displaystyle\gamma =2absent2\displaystyle=2 δ𝛿\displaystyle\delta =3+5absent35\displaystyle=3+\sqrt{5}
for which βγ2γ1=αδ2δα1𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1𝛼superscript𝛿2𝛿𝛼1\frac{\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1}=\frac{\alpha\delta^{2}}{\delta-\alpha-1}. The derivation of these values is presented in the appendix.
This gives us βγ2γ1=4(2+5)𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1425\frac{\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1}=4(2+\sqrt{5}) so the simultaneous approximation ratio is
(1+ϵ)λ(8+45).1italic-ϵ𝜆845(1+\epsilon)\lambda(8+4\sqrt{5}).
Now,
 - Using the best randomized approximation λ=2.8𝜆2.8\lambda=2.8, and the ratio is 47.45 with high probability.
 - Using the best deterministic approximation λ=3.28𝜆3.28\lambda=3.28, and the ratio is 55.58.
 - If the algorithm is allowed to run in exponential time λ=1𝜆1\lambda=1, and the ratio is 16.95.
The 2.8-approximation of Eisenbrand et al. [EGRS10] actually provides a slightly stronger guarantee on Risubscript𝑅𝑖R_{i} and Bisubscript𝐵𝑖B_{i}, and we can use Corollary 3.3 to get a tiny improvement in the approximation ratio at the cost of a more complex derivation:
Theorem 4.5.
There is a randomized polynomial time algorithm that finds a 47.07 simultaneous approximation with high probability.
Proof.
Lemma 2 and Theorem 5 in [EGRS10] prove that
E[Ri]2Ri+.807xMiBiEdelimited-[]subscript𝑅𝑖2superscriptsubscript𝑅𝑖.807𝑥subscript𝑀𝑖superscriptsubscript𝐵𝑖\displaystyle\textrm{{E}}[R_{i}]\leq 2R_{i}^{*}+\frac{.807}{x}M_{i}B_{i}^{*} E[MiBi]ρ(x+ϵ)Ri+ρMiBiEdelimited-[]subscript𝑀𝑖subscript𝐵𝑖𝜌𝑥italic-ϵsuperscriptsubscript𝑅𝑖𝜌subscript𝑀𝑖superscriptsubscript𝐵𝑖\displaystyle\textrm{{E}}[M_{i}B_{i}]\leq\rho(x+\epsilon)R_{i}^{*}+\rho M_{i}B_{i}^{*}
where ρ=1.39𝜌1.39\rho=1.39 is the Steiner tree approximation ratio and x(0,1]𝑥01x\in(0,1] is a parameter. Applying Corollary 3.3 with
μR=2subscript𝜇𝑅2\displaystyle\mu_{R}=2 μB=.807xsubscript𝜇𝐵.807𝑥\displaystyle\mu_{B}=\frac{.807}{x} νR=ρ(x+ϵ)subscript𝜈𝑅𝜌𝑥italic-ϵ\displaystyle\nu_{R}=\rho(x+\epsilon) νB=ρsubscript𝜈𝐵𝜌\displaystyle\nu_{B}=\rho
the simultaneous ratio is bounded by
(1+ϵ)max{2αδ2δα1+ρ(x+ϵ)βγ2γ1,.807αδ2x(δα1)+ρβγ2γ1}1italic-ϵ2𝛼superscript𝛿2𝛿𝛼1𝜌𝑥italic-ϵ𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1.807𝛼superscript𝛿2𝑥𝛿𝛼1𝜌𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1(1+\epsilon)\max\left\{\frac{2\alpha\delta^{2}}{\delta-\alpha-1}+\frac{\rho(x+\epsilon)\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1},\frac{.807\alpha\delta^{2}}{x(\delta-\alpha-1)}+\frac{\rho\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1}\right\}
Using
x=.5995𝑥.5995\displaystyle x=.5995 α=1.5495𝛼1.5495\displaystyle\alpha=1.5495 β=α+1α1𝛽𝛼1𝛼1\displaystyle\beta=\frac{\alpha+1}{\alpha-1} γ=2𝛾2\displaystyle\gamma=2 δ=2α+2𝛿2𝛼2\displaystyle\delta=2\alpha+2
yields a simultaneous ratio of 47.07. The parameters are derived in the appendix. ∎
We leave as an open question the problem of exploiting Corollary 3.3 to substantially improve the ratio.
4.1 Runtime
Let t(n,m)𝑡𝑛𝑚t(n,m) be the running time of our SSRoB approximation on a graph with n𝑛n vertices and m𝑚m edges, which must be at least Ω(n)Ω𝑛\Omega(n) to write down the output. When ϵitalic-ϵ\epsilon is constant, running the SSRoB approximation for each i𝑖i takes O(t(n,m)logD)𝑂𝑡𝑛𝑚𝐷O(t(n,m)\log D). Subsequent loops in Algorithm 1 take O(nlogD)=O(t(n,m)logD)𝑂𝑛𝐷𝑂𝑡𝑛𝑚𝐷O(n\log D)=O(t(n,m)\log D).
For each of the O(logD)𝑂𝐷O(\log D) iterations of Algorithm 2 we need to do a graph contraction and run the LAST algorithm, which requires computing the MST and shortest path trees. The computation of the shortest path tree takes O(m+nlogn)𝑂𝑚𝑛𝑛O(m+n\log n) and dominates the other steps. Combining the two algorithms, the total time is O((t(n,m)+m+nlogn)logD)𝑂𝑡𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝐷O((t(n,m)+m+n\log n)\log D).
5 Open Problems
We have answered the open questions posed by Goel and Estrin and Goel and Post [GE03, GP09], but there are several avenues for further work. Our simultaneous ratio of 47.45 already surpasses many algorithms for normal SSBaB and is only a factor of 2.33 away from the best. It would be nice to eliminate this gap or, alternately, prove that a gap exists between the approximation achievable for fixed f𝑓f and the best simultaneous ratio. We know of no lower bounds on what simultaneous ratio may be possible, so any progress in this direction would also be interesting. Generalizing the settings in which O(1)𝑂1O(1) simultaneous ratios are possible would be interesting, but may be unlikely given that one must contend with lower bounds for metric tree embedding [Bar96] and multi-sink buy-at-bulk [And04].
Acknowledgements
We thank the anonymous reviewers for many helpful comments that improved the presentation and for suggesting Corollary 3.3 and Theorem 4.5.
References
Appendix A Derivation of optimal parameters
Here we derive the optimal values for the parameters used in the proofs of Theorems 4.4 and 4.5.
Parameters for Theorem 4.4.
We need to minimize the expression
max{βγ2γ1,αδ2δα1}𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1𝛼superscript𝛿2𝛿𝛼1\displaystyle\max\left\{\frac{\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1},\frac{\alpha\delta^{2}}{\delta-\alpha-1}\right\} (3)
The easiest parameters to fix are γ𝛾\gamma and δ𝛿\delta. For γ𝛾\gamma:
ddγ[βγ2γ1]=β(2γ)(γ1)γ2(γ1)2=0γ(γ2)=0γ=2𝑑𝑑𝛾delimited-[]𝛽superscript𝛾2𝛾1𝛽2𝛾𝛾1superscript𝛾2superscript𝛾120𝛾𝛾20𝛾2\frac{d}{d\gamma}\left[\frac{\beta\gamma^{2}}{\gamma-1}\right]=\beta\frac{(2\gamma)(\gamma-1)-\gamma^{2}}{(\gamma-1)^{2}}=0\Longrightarrow\gamma(\gamma-2)=0\Longrightarrow\gamma=2
For δ𝛿\delta:
ddδ[αδ2δα1]=α2δ(δα1)δ2(δα1)2=0𝑑𝑑𝛿delimited-[]𝛼superscript𝛿2𝛿𝛼1𝛼2𝛿


text:
Photolysis of CpW(CO)3Me (1) in n-heptane generates mostly the solvated intermediate CpW(CO)2Me…n-heptane (2), detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR). The reactions of 2 with CO, PPh3, and N2 have been studied and appropriate second-order rate constants obtained. A small amount of the radical CpW(CO)3• (5) is also generated on photolysis of 1 and can be characterized by the photolysis of [CpW(CO)3]2 (6).
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


highlight map in point convolution layer is just the result highlight map produced by the depthwise convolution in the thick square, not the superposition of the result highlight guides of the relative multitude of past layers.
Fig. 10 Diagram of the Dense2 MobileNet Model
In Dense2-MobileNet model, just one information include map needs to overlay the result highlight guide of point convolution in the upper depthwise distinct convolution layer. In view of the less combined seasons of underlying component maps, the quantity of result include guides of all layers in a thick square is additionally less aggregate; thus, it isn't important to diminish the channel of element maps by a 1 ∗ 1 convolution. In the wake of superimposing the result include maps created by the past divisible convolutions, the size of the component guide can be diminished by the depthwise convolution with step 2; along these lines, the Dense2-MobileNet model doesn't add other change layers as well. The MobileNet model is at last pooled universally and associated straightforwardly to the result layer. Tests show that the grouping precision of the worldwide normal prepooling depthwise divisible convolution with thick association before the worldwide normal pooling is higher than that of two-layer depthwise distinguishable convolution without thick association. Along these lines, the depthwise divisible convolution layer before worldwide normal pooling is additionally thickly associated.
Alternatives to separable convolution
While separable convolution is one of many convolution techniques out there, one can choose from a list of different convolution techniques that specialize in specific domains. Alternatives to separable convolution are:
 - Transposed Convolution (Deconvolution, checkerboard artifacts)
 - Dilated Convolution (Atrous Convolution)
 - Flattened Convolution
 - Grouped Convolution
 - Shuffled Grouped Convolution
 - Pointwise Grouped Convolution
In this article we have discussed about the Mobilenet architecture theoretically in next article i.e. 5.2 and 5.3 we will have hands on experience with Keras and PyTorch API's.
Stay Tuned !!! Happy Learning :)
Need help ??? Consult with me on DDI :)
Special Thanks:
As we say "Car is useless if it doesn't have a good engine" similarly student is useless without proper guidance and motivation. I will like to thank my Guru as well as my Idol "Dr. P. Supraja" and "A. Helen Victoria"- guided me throughout the journey, from the bottom of my heart. As a Guru, she has lighted the best available path for me, motivated me whenever I encountered failure or roadblock- without her support and motivation this was an impossible task for me.
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ResNet: Link
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Minnesota reported another 779 novel coronavirus infections on Friday across 64 counties, where local leaders and residents are now eyeing case growth as a determining factor in if or how their schools will open this fall.
The Minnesota Department of Health on Friday also reported six deaths from COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the virus. State totals since the start of the pandemic are now 1,600 deaths and 54,463 lab-confirmed infections.
Growth in lab-confirmed infections as usual was largest in Hennepin County, where the addition of 227 such cases brought the county total to 17,316.
Hennepin is teetering at an infection rate of above 20 per 10,000 people per two weeks — a key threshold in Gov. Tim Walz's new school reopening plan for whether students will have classes in the fall that are live, remote or a combination of the two.
Another single infection was reported Friday in southwestern Pipestone County, which has the state's highest rate in the last two weeks of 70 cases per 10,000 residents. Schools in that county would be encouraged to conduct all classes online at that rate — though that rate could change dramatically in the next month.
Health officials for weeks have urged Minnesotans to wear masks, practice social distancing and cover coughs in public to reduce the spread of the virus that is particularly harmful for the elderly and people with underlying health conditions.
More than 80% of COVID-19 deaths have involved people 70 and older, even though they make up only 9% of the lab-confirmed infections. Five of the deaths reported Friday involved people 70 or older, but one involved someone from Olmsted County in the 20s age range.
Now, state officials said Minnesotans have the added incentive of using these strategies to reduce case growth that in turn could lead to more in-school classes for students. The state threshold is fewer than 10 cases per 10,000 people per two weeks for schools to consider all in-person classes.
"This plan alone won't work if community spread accelerates," Walz said.
Health officials remain concerned that recent increases in lab-confirmed infections could result in more deaths and hospitalizations — as has happened in Southern and Western states. The state on Friday reported that 312 Minnesotans with COVID-19 were admitted to hospitals, and that 151 of them needed intensive care due to breathing problems or other complications. That is the highest ICU number reported since June 27.
Case growth has increased in part due to more diagnostic testing. The state reported 16,660 more test results on Friday. However, the positivity rate of tests has increased to nearly 5%, which suggests the virus is spreading more broadly as well.
Case growth also started increasing after the June 10 limited reopening of indoor bars and restaurants, which have been the sources for numerous outbreaks among young adults. Lab-confirmed infections have increased 116% overall since June 1, but 155% among children 0-5, 257% among youth aged 6 to 19, and 177% among young adults in their twenties.
Recent research out of South Korea and other nations influenced the new school reopening strategy, said state Health Commissioner Jan Malcolm. The results showed that teens can spread the virus widely like adults, but that younger children are mostly getting infected by adults and are not significant spreaders of the virus themselves.
The new school reopening guidance would consequently encourage in-person classes for elementary schoolchildren in counties with moderate levels of COVID-19 activity, but not for high school students.
"When we talk about kids not being at risk for severe disease themselves or not being transmitters of the virus, we need to be more specific about the fact that that differs in some important ways by age group," Malcolm said.
Walz said the variations in transmission by age explain why he pursued a county-by-county response strategy for school reopenings amid the pandemic, but a statewide strategy for the shutdown last spring and the gradual reopening of businesses this summer.
"As we learn more and we get better at controlling the transmission and we get better at identifying who spreads it faster ... that can influence how we can go about making some of these decisions," Walz said.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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I'm trying a simple definition of a set.
My try: $M=\{x\,|\,1\le x\le p-2\}$
Is there a more comfortable way of getting a little space before and after the |? I'm thinking of something like the \mod which does the spacing on its own.
share|improve this question
The correct command to use is \mid: \{x\mid 1\le x\le p-2\}. Many people add thin spaces (that is, \,) after \{ and before \} when using \mid. – egreg Sep 5 '13 at 8:48
quite like \mod in fact: \mid :-) – David Carlisle Sep 5 '13 at 8:48
2 Answers 2
up vote 7 down vote accepted
The vertical bar is usually produced by using \mid, which prints the same symbol as | (or \vert, which is a synonym).
The difference is that \mid is treated as a relation symbol, so it will have thick spaces on its sides:
$M = \{ x \mid 1 \le x \le p-2 \}$
Many people (including Knuth) recommend adding thin spaces in order to detach the braces when using a condition with \mid:
$M = \{\, x \mid 1 \le x \le p-2 \,\}$
$X = \{1,2,3,4\}
when listing elements. Take your pick. For a small number of set denotations in the document this should not be a problem; but when there are many of them it's better to add a command, in order to ensure uniformity:
 \{\, #1 \mid #2 \, \}%
(the % aren't really necessary in this case) so you can call
$M = \Set{x}{1\le x\le p-2}$
and forget about the details. You'll also have the advantage that, if a fussy copy editor says they want colons and not vertical bars, it will be just a matter of changing \mid into : in the definition of \Set.
In a paper I was fine tuning for publication in a conference proceedings volume, sets were denoted in three different ways: sometimes the separation was with the bar, sometimes with a colon, sometimes with a semicolon. Being consistent in notation is a necessity, not an option.
share|improve this answer
An interesting option for you may be to load the braket package and use its commands \set and \Set. The lowercase-spelled version, \set, uses fixed-size (small) curly braces and central vertical bars; the uppercase-spelled version lets the "fence" symbols grow automatically with the material they enclose.
You could thus enter an expression such as
$M=\set{x|1\le x\le p-2}$
and let the package do the job of formatting the expression properly.
share|improve this answer
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text:
Evaluating a selection of tools for extraction of forensic data: disk imaging
MetadataShow full metadata
The evaluation of digital forensic tools evaluation has been recognised as a challenging, and insufficiently examined research topic in the field of digital forensics. The mainstream digital forensic tools deployed in law enforcement and the private sector are close-sourced and expensive commercial packages. Open-source digital forensic tools are the alterative option for organisations with less funding. The reliability of digital evidence that is collected, analysed and presented using those digital forensic tools has been challenged. There are very few organisations that conduct validation research on digital forensic tools. Software vendors may conduct their own validation tests on the software but their findings are usually not available to the public. Three areas related to digital forensic tools have been reviewed in this study, namely overview of the digital forensic environment, legal and technical implications of digital forensic tools and evaluation of disk imaging tools. Imaging the disk drives is a critical process in forensic investigation and disk imaging tools are the subject of this research. The review of relevant literature has guided the research to study the validity of disk imaging tools. A research model is designed and implemented with the aid of testing specifications, requirements, assertions, case scenarios and test sets. The model hypothesises that the completeness and accuracy of image data affect positively the validity of the disk imaging tools. A set of selected tools is subjected to validation to analyse if the disk imaging tools generate complete and accurate results. Various case scenarios are designed and the selected tools are validated under a set of forensically-sound procedures that are defined according to the test specifications. The validation has exposed problems and issues of the selected disk imaging tools that have been evaluated. Some issues of software usability have also been pointed out and discussed. The study has shown that the attributes completeness and accuracy positively affect the validity of the disk imaging tools. The research findings will be valuable for law enforcement and the legal community where forensic disk imaging tools must produce consistent, complete and accurate results. Software developers should focus on ensuring completeness and accuracy of the imaging data when building disk imaging tools. The usability of the tools should not be underestimated. The test result from this study could be used by software developers to improve their tools and by making the necessary changes. Also, this study could enable law enforcement communities or other interested parties to understand the capabilities of the software and become fully aware of the identified shortcomings and issues.


careertrend article image
Finance Officer Job Description
Growth Trends for Related Jobs
The duties of a financial officer are an important part of the operation for any organization, nonprofit or commercial. The financial officer is the person who controls the spending, and sometimes the funding, of an operation.
The financial officer of a company is the person who is in charge of finances, accounting and investment activities of the company. A financial officer can have many titles but is mostly referred to as the Chief Financial Officer, or CFO.
The financial officer's duties include administration of the financial system, employee pay records and benefits and approval of payouts. This includes monitoring all expenses and budgets within the company to comply with approved policies.
Specific Duties
Specific duties include approving invoices, issuing receipts and creating overall budget projections. Other specialized duties can include maintaining the required government documentation and ensuring the delivery of financial records in a timely manner.
Corporate Rank
Depending on the organization, the financial officer can be as high as a Vice President reporting to the CEO or further down as someone strictly in charge of overall accounting. In nonprofit organizations, the financial officer can also be head of human resources or fundraising efforts.
The financial officer's ability to carry out her duties can directly impact the ability for an organization to finance daily operations or raise funding. Her ability to follow government oversight also impacts the amount of government involvement in the business should the organization become financially unstable.


Nofima rapportserie
Mapping the local-global wine chain from Europe to China: Towards shared standards and benchmarks in wine traceability and authenticity
Elde, Silje; Sørdahl, Patrick Berg; Svorken, Marianne; Nyrud, Thomas; Boéchat, Céline; Cordeiro, Cheryl Marie; Olsen, Petter
Utgiver: Nofima AS
Utgave: 10/2021
Antall sider: 42
Internasjonale standardnumre:
Trykt: 978-82-8296-674-0
Open Access: green
When investigating food authenticity and potential fraud, there are two main options. One approach is to focus on determining the chemical, physical, or sensory characteristics of the food samples themselves and check if they match the description provided; the other approach is to analyse the supply chain, and try to identify discrepancies in the recorded data. The work outlined in this report employs the latter approach to investigate wine exported from the Bordeaux region in France and imported to China. The mapping and analysis of the supply chain, and the indication of where fraud might happen was partly based on existing scientific literature, reports, and news stories, and partly on a number of interviews conducted with supply chain actors in France and in China.


Tips on Searching Models
 1. Case doesn't matter in your field entries.
 2. Yo'll notice that each search criterion is in a horizontal bar. To get to a particular search option (e.g. "Name"), simply click on that title or bar and it will open up to give you an entry box.
 3. If there is a checkbox shown along with your search option (i.e. for categories with drop-down lists), always check it, as well as selecting from the drop-down listif it's not checked the site won't search by that option, regardless of whether you've picked an item from the list.
 4. Under the ID section, you can only enter one type of ID for search. If you enter more than one, it will use only the one closer to the bottom for the search.
 5. If you search by a range of IDsmake sure the first ID number is less than the second, otherwise the search will fail. Also, If searching for multiple UMIDs, if you make the first number an 'LR' number and the second an 'SF', you will get a LARGE range of results!
 6. Under the General Model Information section though, you can choose one or multiple categories to search by (e.g. Vehicle type=car, AND Vehicle Make=Ford). This section always uses "AND" logicit will match only those models that meet all of the criteria entered.
 7. Note that all "generic" modelsthose made up by Matchbox/Mattel are entered with a Vehicle Make of "Matchbox" and Country of "US".
 8. Unreal models (i.e. half of the 2004 lineup or Batmobile) are listed with Vehicle Type of "Fantasy".
 9. The "Text on the Model" section will look for any models that have the entered text on their Body (i.e. as part of their design). It doesn't include text on the base of the model.
 10. If you select "Text on the Model" and don"t get a match, try entering less text, or more prominent text. Don't use punctuation.
 11. If you make selections in both the ID and General Model Info sections, it will search based on the General Model Info only. Similarly if you select "Text on the Model", it will search only by that text.
 12. Once you've entered criteria, click on the "Search" button to execute the search.
 13. Clicking on the Clear button will clear out whatever has been entered/selected on the page, giving you a clean slate.
 14. Once you've run a search and are on the models page, you can return to the search page in 2 ways:
 1. Click on the "Return to Model Search" menu option; this gives you a blank search page for your next search
 2. Click on the browser back button. This will leave whatever you last search info was on the search page, which may give you unexpected results if you don't notice it. If you do use the back arrow, best to hit Clear before entering your next search, unless you want to return to the same search criteria (i.e. if you searched on vehicle type and want to search again on vehicle type, hitting back arrow will leave that box checked and you can choose your next type from the dropdown).
 15. If you are not getting the results you expect, please send me a comment and I will check the database- I could easily have made a typo!
Note Regarding Regular Wheels Variations & Releases
 1. Unlike the later Superfast models, Regular wheels models and variations were not carefully tracked by Lesney by year of production and release. As a result, the organization I 'impose' on Regular wheel variations and releases is somewhat artificial. It is based it on information gleaned from a viariety of sources, but...DO NOT TAKE IT AS GOSPEL!
 2. For example, Lesney tended to use whatever boxes they had available for a model/variation. So although it seems logical that a 'B' box would come in a year before a 'C' or 'D' box (and I've organized the releases that way here), in truth any box possibly could show up any year of a model's run. Similarly, variations tended to intermix rather than succeed one another, though I've laid them out as though when var 'b' comes out it replaces var 'a'.
 3. So, please bear in mind that the years listed for Regular wheels variations and releases are based on best estimate, and there will be plenty of exceptions.


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HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation
OpenVMS System Manager's Manual
19.8.3 System Load Test Phase
The purpose of the system load test is to simulate a number of terminal users who are demanding system resources simultaneously. The system load tests, directed by the file UETLOAD00.DAT, create a number of detached processes that execute various command procedures. Each process simulates a user logged in at a terminal; the commands within each procedure are the same types of commands that a user enters from a terminal. The load test creates the detached processes in quick succession, and the processes generally execute their command procedures simultaneously. The effect on the system is analogous to an equal number of users concurrently issuing commands from terminals. In this way, the load test creates an environment that is similar to normal system use.
The load test uses the logical name LOADS to determine the number of detached processes to create. When you initiate the UETP command procedure, it prompts for the number of users to be simulated (see Section 19.4.3) and consequently the number of detached processes to be created. Your response, which depends on the amount of memory and the swapping and paging space in your system, defines the group logical name LOADS.
The UETP master command procedure deassigns all group logical names assigned by its tests as part of the termination phase. The group logical name LOADS remains assigned only if the UETP package does not complete normally.
The command procedures executed by the load test can generate a large amount of output, depending on the number of detached processes created. For each detached process (or user), the test creates a version of an output file called UETLOnnnn.LOG (nnnn represents a string of numeric characters). The console displays only status information as the load test progresses.
Whether the load test runs as part of the entire UETP or as an individual phase, UETP combines the UETLOnnnn.LOG files, writes the output to the file UETP.LOG, and deletes the individual output files.
If DECnet for OpenVMS software is included in your OpenVMS system, a run of the entire UETP automatically tests DECnet hardware and software. Because communications devices are allocated to DECnet and the DECnet devices cannot be tested by the UETP device test, UETP will not test the Ethernet adapter if DECnet for OpenVMS or another application has allocated the device. The DECnet node and circuit counters are zeroed at the beginning of the DECnet test to allow for failure monitoring during the run.
The DECnet for OpenVMS test will work successfully on OpenVMS systems connected to all DECnet supported node types, including routing and nonrouting nodes and several different types of operating systems (such as RSTS, RSX, TOPS, and RT). To copy files between systems, the remote systems must have some type of default access. The DECnet phase tests the following nodes and circuits:
No limit exists on the number of communication lines supported by the tests. A test on one adjacent node should last no more than two minutes at normal communications transfer rates.
184.108.40.206 How the DECnet Phase Works
19.8.5 Cluster-Integration Test Phase
The cluster-integration test phase consists of a single program and a command file that depend heavily on DECnet for OpenVMS software. This phase uses DECnet for OpenVMS software to create SYSTEST_CLIG processes on each OpenVMS node in the cluster and to communicate with each node. SYSTEST_CLIG is an account that is parallel to SYSTEST, but limited so that it can only be used as part of the cluster-integration test. The following restrictions on the SYSTEST_CLIG account are necessary for a correct run of the cluster test phase:
These items are necessary to ensure the security and privacy of your system. If the test cannot create a SYSTEST_CLIG process on an OpenVMS node, it gives the reason for the failure and ignores that node for the lock tests and for sharing access during the file test. Also, the test does not copy log files from any node on which it cannot create the SYSTEST_CLIG process. If a communication problem occurs with a SYSTEST_CLIG process after the process has been created, the test excludes the process from further lock and file sharing tests. At the end of the cluster-integration test, an attempt is made to report any errors seen by that node.
UETCLIG00.EXE has two threads of execution: the primary and the secondary. The first, or primary thread, checks the cluster configuration (OpenVMS nodes, HSC nodes, and the attached disks that are available to the node running the test). For selected OpenVMS nodes, the primary thread attempts to start up a SYSTEST_CLIG process through DECnet software. If the primary thread was able to start a SYSTEST_CLIG process on a node, the node runs the command file UETCLIG00.COM, which starts up UETCLIG00.EXE and runs the secondary execution thread.
The process running the primary thread checks to see that it can communicate with the processes running the secondary threads. It then instructs them to take out locks so that a deadlock situation is created.
The primary thread tries to create a file on some disk on selected OpenVMS and HSC nodes in the cluster. It writes a block, reads it back, and verifies it. Next, it selects one OpenVMS node at random and asks that node to read the block and verify it. The primary thread then extends the file by writing another block and has the secondary thread read and verify the second block. The file is deleted.
The secondary processes exit. They copy the contents of their SYS$ERROR files to the primary process, so that the UETP log file and console report show all problems in a central place. DECnet for OpenVMS software automatically creates a NETSERVER.LOG in SYS$TEST as the test is run, so that if necessary, you can read that file later from the node in question.
During the test run, the primary process uses the system service SYS$BRKTHRU to announce the beginning and ending of the test to each OpenVMS node's console terminal.
You can define the group logical name MODE to the equivalence string DUMP to trace most events as they occur. Note that the logical name definitions apply only to the node on which they were defined. You must define MODE on each node in the cluster on which you want to trace events.
|Using the Error Formatter (ERRFMT)||Section 20.3|
|Using ERROR LOG to produce reports||Section 20.4|
|Using DECevent to report system events||Section 20.5|
|Setting up, maintaining, and printing the operator log file||Section 20.6|
|Using security auditing||Section 20.7|
|Using the Monitor utility to monitor system performance||Section 20.8|
This chapter explains the following concepts:
|System log files||Section 20.1|
|Error logging||Section 20.2|
|Error Log utility (ERROR LOG)||Section 20.4.1|
|DECevent Event Management utility||Section 20.5.1|
|Operator log file||Section 20.6.1|
|OPCOM messages||Section 20.6.2|
|Security auditing||Section 20.7.1|
|Monitor utility (MONITOR)||Section 20.8.1|
In maintaining your system, collect and review information about system events. The operating system provides several log files that record information about the use of system resources, error conditions, and other system events. Table 20-1 briefly describes each file and provides references to sections that discuss the files in more detail.
|Log File||Description||For More Information|
|Error log file||The system automatically records device and CPU error messages in this file.||Section 20.2|
|Operator log file||The operator communication manager (OPCOM) records system events in this file.||Chapter 2 and Section 20.6|
|Accounting file||The accounting file tracks the use of system resources.||Chapter 21|
|Security audit log file||The audit server process preallocates disk space to and writes security-relevant system events to this file.||Section 20.7|
The error logging facility automatically writes error messages to the latest version of the error log file, SYS$ERRORLOG:ERRLOG.SYS. Error log reports are primarily intended for use by Compaq support representatives to identify hardware problems. System managers often find error log reports useful in identifying recurrent system failures that require outside attention.
Starting with OpenVMS Version 7.2, DECevent Version 2.9 or later is required for analyzing error log files. DECevent Version 2.9 provides a separate utility, the Binary Error Log Translation utility, in the DECevent kit. This utility converts the new Common Event Header (CEH) binary error log file into a binary error log file whose header format and structure can be read by earlier versions of DECevent and by the older Error Log utility.
For more information about the Binary Error Log Translation utility, refer to its documentation, which is included in the DECevent kit shipped with the OpenVMS kit.
The error logging facility consists of the parts shown in Table 20-2.
|Executive routines||Detect errors and events, and write relevant information into error log buffers in memory.|
|Error Formatter (ERRFMT)||
ERRFMT process, which starts when the system is
booted, periodically empties error log buffers, transforms the
descriptions of


text:
Card cover in VGC. Well illustrated, mainly in colour.
This remarkable book presents enthralling accounts of 1001 life-changing events that have taken place around the world since the Big Bang. From the foundation of Rome on 21 April 753BCE to the Charlie Hebdo shootings in January 2015, and from the Battle of Marathon on 21 September 490BCE to the discovery of the Higgs Boson, 1001 Days That Shaped Our World tells the history of the world through extraordinary moments, decisive encounters, memorable incidents, and natural disasters. Compiled by historian, Peter Furtado, and written by an international team of historians, journalists, and scientists, the book features a detailed and informative account of every event, together with an assessment of the longer term physical, cultural, social or economic impact. Evocative paintings and dramatic photographs complement the incisive text to make this book the one essential guide you'll need to understand just why the world is what it is today.


SparkFun WiFi IR Blaster Hookup Guide
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Contributors: jimblom, Englandsaurus
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Introduction
Note: Please note that this tutorial is for WRL-15031. If you are using SPX-15000, please refer to this tutorial.
With the advent of WiFi-connected "smart" devices, IR remotes are quickly becoming a thing of the past. Why sort through a coffee table-full of remotes when you probably have a much smarter, WiFi-connected device device sitting conveniently in your hand?
The WiFi IR Blaster is designed to connect all of those old, legacy IR-controlled devices to a WiFi network -- exposing them to a new method of control. Want to control your TV via a web-browser? Want to ask Alexa to mute your stereo? Want to schedule triggers to your IR-controlled LED strip? These are all applications that the WiFi IR Blaster is perfect for.
SparkFun WiFi IR Blaster (ESP8266)
SparkFun WiFi IR Blaster (ESP8266)
WRL-15031
$19.95
The WiFi IR Blaster combines an ESP8266 -- a powerful WiFi/microcontroller SoC -- with IR emitters and receivers. With built-in WiFi support, the ESP8266 can be programmed to provide an interface between HTTP, MQTT, TCP, etc. and infrared-controlled devices.
This tutorial will explain how to assemble the WiFi IR Blaster and it will detail how to program the ESP8266 using the Arduino IDE. Once complete, you'll have a simple web server than can emit infrared signals at the click of a browser-page.
Required Materials
The WiFi IR Blaster includes the board, an infrared emitter and an infrared receiver. You'll need a handful of other tools and components to get it powered and programmed:
Break Away Headers - Straight
Break Away Headers - Straight
PRT-00116
$1.50
20
SparkFun Beefy 3 - FTDI Basic Breakout
SparkFun Beefy 3 - FTDI Basic Breakout
DEV-13746
$15.95
8
Infrared Remote Control
Infrared Remote Control
COM-14865
$3.95
Break Away Male Headers - Right Angle
Break Away Male Headers - Right Angle
PRT-00553
$1.95
4
The SparkFun Beefy 3 - FTDI Basic Breakout is primarily used to program the ESP8266, but it's also able to supply the 3.3V/300mA power required by the Blaster. Although you can use any 3.3V USB-to-serial converter, this is the one we recommend.
Headers -- either right-angle or straight are the recommended interface between your board, the programmer, a breadboard, perfboard, etc.
If you don't have an IR remote handy, the SparkFun IR RemoteControl is a useful tool for testing. It may even accidentally work with your TV!
In addition to those components, you'll need a soldering iron, solder, and general soldering accessories.
To add, you'll also need a local WiFi network that you can connect your ESP8266 up to. It also helps to have a second device -- smartphone or computer -- that's also connected to that network.
Suggested Reading
If you aren't familiar with the following concepts, we recommend checking out these tutorials before continuing.
How to Solder: Through-Hole Soldering
This tutorial covers everything you need to know about through-hole soldering.
IR Communication
This tutorial explains how common infrared (IR) communication works, as well as shows you how to set up a simple IR transmitter and receiver with an Arduino.
IR Control Kit Hookup Guide
How to get the most out of the infrared receivers and transmitters included in the IR Control Kit.
Hardware Overview
The WiFi IR Blaster is based around the ESP-12S ESP8266 module. This module equips the ESP8266 with a crystal, 4Mb flash, and PCB antenna -- just about everything it needs to get going. The antenna sits under the SparkFun logo, so try not to place anything that may interfere with WiFi signals near that area.
Top of IR Blaster board
Supporting the ESP8266 are a reset and general purpose button, a user LED, and an array of pin breakouts.
General and reset buttons, LED pin, and array of use case pins
Of course, there's also the IR emitter and detector. These components are packaged with the board, but not soldered in place. This allows you to solder both components at any angle your project requires. It also leaves the option to customize the board and spec out your own emitter and/or receiver.
IR emitter and receiver
The IR emitter is a Lite-ON LTE-302. It's driven by an NPN transistor, which helps amplify the current through the LED.
The IR receiver is a TSOP38238. This is a simple IR receiver hard-coded to receive IR signals modulated at 38kHz.
Assembly Tips
Time to whip out a soldering iron! The IR emitter and receiver do not come soldered onto the WiFi IR Blaster. You'll also need to solder headers for programming and power supply pins.
IR Components and headers assembled
While you have your iron out, you may also want to solder headers into the 6-pin serial header and the 8-pin power/GPIO header. Which headers you solder into the board ultimately depends on your application. I like soldering in a male right-angle header to the 6-pin header, which makes attaching the USB-to-serial board easier. Straight male headers work well for plugging the board into a bread- or perf-board.
Powering the WiFI IR Blaster
The WiFi IR Blaster includes a 3.3V low dropout regulator which can supply up to 600mA and handle voltage inputs up to 6V. To use this regulator, connect your power source to the VIN pin.
Alternatively, a pair of 3.3V pins are broken out on both headers. This pin directly supplies the ESP8266, so it should remain regulated to the range of ESP8266: 3.0V-3.6V.
⚡Powering via FTDI Header
The WiFi IR Blaster can be powered via the 3.3V pin on the 6-pin serial header. Voltage supplied to this pin should be regulated to 3.3V. Your power source will need to be able to supply at least 300mA, which most FTDI boards cannot do. We recommend the Beefy 3 FTDI Basic Breakout which can supply up to 600mA.
Removing the Standoff Edge
A pair of standoffs are provided towards the bottom of the WiFi IR Blaster. If you don't need these standoffs, and want to save some space, the standoff board can be removed by breaking it along the v-score line.
Standoff Board Snap Area
Standoff Board Snappable Area
Programming the ESP8266
The WiFi IR Blaster's ESP8266 is designed to be programmed with a 3.3V FTDI Basic or a similar 6-pin USB-to-Serial converter. We recommend a Beefy 3 FTDI Basic Breakout if you're powering the Blaster with the FTDI (see the note in the previous section for more information).
Plug your USB-to-serial converter in making sure you match the "GND" and "DTR" signals on the edge.
USB-to-serial converter connected to IR blaster board
Click the image for a closer look.
Arduino Board Support
Note: This example assumes you are using the latest version of the Arduino IDE on your desktop. If this is your first time using Arduino, please review our tutorial on installing the Arduino IDE. If you have not previously installed an Arduino library, please check out our installation guide.
Before programming the WiFi IR Blaster's ESP8266, you'll need to install the ESP8266 Arduino board definitions. The board definitions can be found in the ESP8266 Arduino GitHub repository. For installation instructions, check out this section of the README.
The WiFi Blaster board definition is not included with the Arduino ESP8266 board files, but it can be uploaded to as a Generic ESP8266 Module. Verify your settings look like below:
Board: Generic ESP8266 Module
BoardGeneric ESP8266 Module
Flash ModeQIO
Debug LevelNone
Reset Methodck
CPU Frequency80 MHz
Flash Size4M (1M SPIFFS)
Debug PortDisabled
lwIP Variantv2 Prebuilt (MSS=536)
Crystal Frequency26 MHz
Flash Frequency40MHz
Upload Speed115200
Arduino board selection
Auto vs. Manual Reset Into Bootloader
In addition to the RX and TX pins, the FTDI's DTR pin is used to reset the ESP8266 and get it into bootloader mode. The board includes circuitry to automatically reset and bootload the board; in most cases, you shouldn't have to do anything special to program it


text:
Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of extract of ginkgo biloba (EGB) in treatment of diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in rats.
Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China from June 2009 to December 2009. In this study, the rat model of NASH was produced by feeding high-fat diet. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Normal group: normal diet, drinking water; Model group: high-fat diet, single-distilled water 10 ml/kg gavage once a day for 12 weeks; and Treated group: high-fat diet, EGB 6 mg/kg gavage once a day for 12 weeks. At the end of 12 weeks, all rats were killed. The serum biochemical, fibrosis markers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), the pathological changes, and the expression levels of nuclear factor KB (NF-κB)p65 protein in the liver were observed.
Results: The contents of serum alanine transaminase aspartate aminotransferase, fibrosis markers, and pathological grading of liver fibrosis and the staining intensity of NF-κBp65 protein in the liver of rats in treated group were significantly lower than those in the model group. Activities of superoxide dismutase were elevated, but levels of malondialdehyde were decreased in the treated group as compared with the model group.
Conclusion: Extract of ginkgo biloba has antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects and can inhibit liver fibrosis in rat of NAHS.


Connecting people with earth
Mindful acts of listening in nature can be a good way of calming the mind and learning about biodiversity. This project worked with a group of local participants and focused on birds and plants in nearby woodlands. The participants used sensory observational methods, such as listening and foraging for natural materials, to interact with the natural world. The creative responses included voice, audio, sound drawings, and nest sculptures.
"The propensity of our indigenous brothers and sisters to consult the animate earth around them, listening close to the land-carefully watching the patterned movements of other animals, attending to their diverse songs, signs, and gesturesall this in an obvious consequence of the expansive experience of language as a property that belongs to all things, and not solely to humankind."
David Abram Becoming Animal


text:
Natural Water Storage on the East Fork of Divide Creek
The Big Hole Watershed Committee (BHWC) is reversing a trend of stream downcutting along the East Fork of Divide Creek by installing beaver mimicry structures along 3 reaches (8,000 feet) of the upper-most privately-owned section of the creek. The project is linked to the installation of 16 structures in breached beaver dams in a meadow on national forest land immediately upstream. Both projects used nearby conifer material to reduce conifer encroachment and promote aspen stands. BHWC is using drone surveys, piezometers, and pressure transducers to estimate changes in water availability.


Actions: Navigation
go screen
Switches the visible screen to the specified screen.
Argument Description
Screen Select a Variable or a ScreenName to tell Appli where to navigate.
Variable: The variable may contain either a screen ID (UUID) or a screen name.
ScreenName: Select a screen from a list of screen names.
launch url
Allows APPLI to launch a URL to their respective applications. It opens the default applications based on the custom URL schemes. .
Argument Description
URL Given URL scheme (sms:, tel:, http:, https:, file:) that is handled by the default app (variable, input, text or field element).An example of an URL scheme to open the phone app would be tel:_PHONE_.
http: and https: URLs, which launch in the default browser application if available.
file: URLs, which open the file in the associated application if available.
tel: URLs, which open the dialer with a given phone number.
Other examples:
On macOS you can open the system preferences and jump to the Privacy tab.
launch url"x-apple.systempreferences:com.apple.preference.security?Privacy_Automation"
On mobile you can send an SMS:
launch url("sms:"tMobile"?body="tMessage)
Useful links that provide other examples:
_URL_
_URL_
Launching URLs will take your user to another app if the app is installed.
Output Optional status message that checks if an application exists to handle the URL scheme.
This chapter was last updated on Fri 13 Sep 2024 12:57:31 BST


text:
Chief EditorJ. S. Sandhu
Print ISSN 0250-5371
Online ISSN 0976-0571
NAAS Rating 6.67
Impact Factor 0.8 (2023)
Analysis of morphological characters inter-relationships in the germplasm of mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilezek] in the hot arid climate
First Online |
The 38 indigenous and exotic accessions of mungbean were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates during summer and kharif seasons of fragile climate of Rajasthan to estimate the presence of genetic variability, inter-characters associations, to identify a suitable short duration accession for cultivation during summer and to compare the relative performance of the genotypes in two seasons. The high degree of genetic variability was estimated during both seasons for seed yield per plant (g), 100-seed weight (g.), number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, plant height (cm.), number of days to 50% flowering and number of days to maturity. The moderate to high heritabilities coupled with moderate to high expected genetic advance were observed for all studied traits. Number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of clusters per plant, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity had positive and significant correlations with seed yield per plant. The accession IC 39289-P4 had been identified to be of short duration of 50 days. The accessions PLG 62, EC 520035, IC 305291, IC 39383, IC 39333, IC 39403 during summer season and EC 511379, PLM-14, IC 324021, EC 511371, IC 370497 during kharif seasonexhibited superiority in terms of seed yield over best check.
- Arshad, M., Aslam, M. and Irshad M. (2009). Genetic variability and character association among morphological traits of mungbean genotypes. J. Agric. Res,. 47(2):367-70.
- Aslam, M., Ajmal, S.U. (2002). Genetic variability and character association of yield componentsin mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Pak. J. Arid Agric.,5(2):69-72.
- Dikshit, H.K., Singh, B.B., Dua, R.P. (2002).Genetic variation in mungbean. Indian J. Pulse. Res., 15(2):125-127.
- Empig, L.T., Lantican, R.M. and Escuro, P.B. (1970). Heritability estimates of quantitative characters inmungbean [Vignaradiata(L.) Wilczek].Crop Sci., 10:240-241.
- Imrie, B.C., Butler, K.L. (2005). An analysis of variability and genotype environment interaction in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)] in southeastern Queensland. Australian J. Agric. Res.,33:523–30.
- Kumar, R., Kant, R. and Ojha, C.B.(2004). Character association and cause of effect analysis forspring season genotypes of mungbean. Legume Res., 27:32-36.
- Rahim, M.A., Mia, A.A. Mahmud, F., Zeba, N. and Afrin, K.S. (2010). Genetic variability character association and genetic divergence in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)]. Plant Omics Journal, 3(1): 1-6.
- Rahman, M.M. and Hussain. (2003). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in mungbean.Asian J. Plant Sci., 2(17):_PHONE_.
- Siddique, M. (2006).Genetic divergence, association and performance evaluation of different genotypes of mungbean. Inter. J. Agric. Bio., 8(6):793-795.
- Singh, R.K. and Chaudhry, B.D. (1985). Biometrical methods inquantitative genetic analysis. Kalyani Pub.Ludhiana, New Delhi, India.
- Srivastava, R.L. and Singh, G. (2012). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)].Ind. J.L. Sci., 2(1): 61-65.
- Verma, P.and Garg, D.K.(2001). Estimation of genetic parameters among a set of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek] genotypes.Annals of Agri. Res., 2(4):334-337.
- Vyas, G.D. and Chauhan, G.S. (1994). Estimates of variability, heritability and correlation for yieldand its components in mungbean genotypes (Vigna radiata (L.) (Wilczek]. J. Indian Bot.Soc.,73(6):125-126.
- Yaqoob, M. (1995). Study of induced genetic variability,correlation co-efficient and path co-efficient analysis in mungbean (Vigna radiate L) PhD Thesis,to Sindh Agric, Univ. Tando jam.
- Yaqoob, M., Malik, A.J., Malik, B.A., Khan, H.U. and Nawab K. (1997). Path coefficient analysis in some mungbean genotypes under rainfed conditions. Sarhad J. Agric., 13(2):129-133.
- Yimram, T., Somta, P. and Srinivas, P. (2009). Genetic variation in cultivated mungbean germplasm and its implication in breeding for high yield. J. Agro., 112:260-266.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Canada Nicotine Cap
by Daniel Lofchick on May 26, 2021
The current nicotine cap in Canada is 66 mg/ml. Health Canada is proposing lowering that cap to 20 mg/ml - the limit set in the European Union.
Their rationale is simple - there has been a sharp increase in youths vaping, and they want to curb that increase. Health Canada identified the availability of high nicotine vaping products as one of the reasons that youth vaping has increased.
This article presents an analysis of both sides of this argument, and some alternative proposals to the nicotine cap. Before we begin, however, it's worth noting that we're not writing this with a totally impartial tone; the nicotine cap is something we're not sold on.
There is strong evidence that vaping can help smokers quit. This evidence is so strong that Health Canada, itself, notes that completely switching from smoking to vaping reduces your exposure to harmful chemicals.
We'll delve more deeply into that point as we go along, but one can't help but think that by reducing the amount of nicotine that's allowable in vaping products, the Government may actually discourage smokers from switching to vapes. Cigarette addiction is a massive burden on our public health resources. One hopes the Government could find a way to minimize youth vaping without dissuading smokers who are trying to quit by vaping instead.
The rise in youth vaping
The dramatic rise in youth vaping is, indeed, cause for concern. Vaping among Canadian teens doubled over the course of 2 years (from 2017-2019). The study which found the increase in teen vaping also found that similar trends can be observed in the U.S., but not in the U.K. One of the study's conclusions was that this was the result of stricter nicotine laws in the U.K. (among other things).
That's a pretty frightening increase in the number of teens who are vaping. Some have blamed the popularity and accessibility of JUUL - nicotine salts can have higher concentrations of nicotine than traditional e-juice, and they're what JUULpods use.
There's a whole complicated discussion to be had about how nicotine is absorbed by the body, but this isn't the time or place for that (though it is interesting). JUULs are popular, and they use e-juice with a high concentration of nicotine. A study found that this may contribute to youth vaping. Let's leave it at that for now.
Where things get interesting is how the rate of cigarette use by youth has been affected. While vape use has increased, cigarette use has decreased - and given that cigarettes are much more harmful than vaping, that's a good thing. Obviously, we'd rather our youth use no nicotine products at all, but if it's one or the other, it's better that they vape.
For a more thorough breakdown on the reports, their methodology, and some of the flaws in thinking, check out Clive Bates' analysis of Canada's approach to youth vaping. Note that Clive isn't exactly an unbiased actor - a lot of his posts are him criticising anti-vaping laws - but his breakdown of the papers is thorough. He brings up some very relevant points.
How will this affect the vaping industry?
A point of clarity: the regulations limiting the amount of nicotine to 20 mg/ml have not yet come into effect. We're still not sure whether or not they ever will.
There are two ways, then, that we can evaluate how these regulations could affect the vape industry. First, the threat of regulation could produce a chilling effect. Manufacturers might limit the supply of vape juice over 20 mg/ml that they produce for the Canadian market, in anticipation that the product will soon be outlawed. In the same vein, vape shops may also limit the amount of product they purchase for resale.
Should regulations limiting nicotine levels come into effect, the vaping industry will lose money. This is accounted for in Health Canada's own assessment of the situation (found in the Canada Gazette). Their assessment is quite candid about estimated losses to the industry:
"The proposed Regulations would result in total incremental costs for the vaping industry estimated at $452 million present value (PV) over 30 years (or $36.4 million annually). The monetized costs to the vaping industry are associated with the disposal of their stocks of vaping products above 20 mg/ml nicotine, as these would no longer be sold or distributed, and potential industry profit losses."
What are industry associations and advocates saying?
Given the millions of dollars in yearly losses that Health Canada itself estimates will occur, you won't be surprised to learn that industry associations and advocates are not for this change.
Here's a cynical take: industry advocates are against the change because they don't want to lose money.
And a less cynical take: industry advocates are against the change because they don't want people to turn away from vaping and start smoking cigarettes.
Vaping advocates almost always advocate for its uses as a healthier alternative to cigarettes, and as a quitting aid. You're reading this article on the website for a business called "Cold Turkey" - a name that's obviously alluding to quitting.
Most industry advocates feel that there are better ways of going about harm reduction, including more restrictive rules about advertising to youth.
Are flavours the next to go?
At this rate, it's pretty likely. JUUL has already stopped selling all but two flavours in Canada. The two flavours they still sell? Nicotine and mint, the flavours that can traditionally be found in cigarettes.
There are new regulations in Ontario banning the sale of most flavoured vape juices in all except specialty shops. The flavours that are exempt? Tobacco, mint, and menthol. You get the picture.
This is just one writer's opinion, but honestly? The Ontario model seems like a good one to follow. Limit available flavours, make them harder to purchase outside of specialty shops, and limit advertising. Reducing nicotine content? That seems like a good way to get people to turn back to cigarettes.
For now? You can still buy nic salts and pods with higher concentrations of nicotine. We have some available at our Saint James vape shop - get them while you can.


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The idea of the Alma Valley winery project was born in the first decade of this century, when privatization of agricultural land began in Crimea. One of the most promising parcels for new vineyards was found in the Western-Foothills region of Crimea, in the valley of the Alma River. This valley was historically known as a good location for grape growing, as the land of the ancient Scythians, and as the site of the Battle of the Alma in 1854 — a key battle in the _PHONE_ Crimean War.
The climate of Western-Foothills Crimea can be characterized as mild Mediterranean, with moderate influence of the Black Sea and good ventilation by sea breezes. The average rainfall varies between 450-600 mm annually, depending upon the height above sea level. The average annual temperature is 10.4 °С. The winter temperature in the region can fall below -27 °С, so for protection the vines must be plowed under a layer of earth each winter.
The gentle slopes of the hills of Western Crimea are composed primarily of dark brown loam, while the river valleys have concentrations of richer fertile calcareous soils. The underlying rocks here are primarily limestone and a unique, especially dense sort of marl stone, known locally as "white-eyed clay".
Wine was already an important part of the culture of the ancient Scythians. Wine amphorae, dated to the end of the 3rd century B.C.E., have been found in the excavation of a Scythian city near Vilino.
When a resurgence of Crimean wine-making took place in the second half of the 19th-century and beginning of the 20th, the valleys of Western Crimea were investigated in more detail. In the classic work of Alexander Negrul, Viticulture, published in 1955, the region is described as "suitable for quality wine-making" and particularly promising for the production of dry table wines.
Agricultural land in the Alma Valley was successfully used for grape-growing in the 20th century. Unfortunately, after the infamous anti-alcohol campaign of 1985 and the economic crisis of the beginning of the 1990's, the majority of the vineyards fell into disuse.
In 2005, a group of Swiss specialists — agronomists, engineers, and architects — were invited to the Alma Valley to investigate the potential for growing classic European wine grapes, and for planning and construction of a winery.
The first vines were planted on a parcel near Vilino in 2008, and an ultramodern winery began operation in 2013.
The main enologist Alma Valley since 2019 was George Chichinadze - hereditary winemaker with deep wine traditions, open to advanced technology and new experiments.
Thomas DollThe head winemaker of Alma Valley
Vladimir GubinEngineer-technologist for red wine Alma Valley
Marina BurylevaEngineer-technologist for white wine Alma Valley
A company equipped according to the most up-to-date enological ideas, prepared to produce up to 3 million bottles annually;
A winery working on the principle of gravity-fed flow of wine within the winery;
Steel and oak fermentation tanks, allowing fermentation with controlled temperature;
A large stock of barrels of French, American, and Karabakh oak, half of which are replaced each year;
250 hectares of proprietary vineyards with trickle irrigation, which are tended by a team of qualified agronomists;
A wide spectrum of European and indigenous grape varieties (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Blanc, Rieslaner, Petite Arvine, Traminer, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tempranillo, Kefesia, and Dornfelder) which enable the production of wine at the highest level of quality, both single varietal wines and multi-variety blends.
We are happy to present you the wine of Alma Valley — for many, a new wine region of Crimea. The exceptional terroir, with a combination of climatic conditions and soil unlike anywhere else, has been transformed by us, taking into account the traditions of world wine-making and with the help of the most modern technology. In our wines are the winds and aromas of the Crimean steppes, the breath of the Black Sea, the warm southern sun.
Our wines are born surrounded by important historical monuments, such as the villages of the ancient Scythians, the Bakhchisarai Palace with the fountain which Alexander Pushkin wrote about, and the Alma battlefield, one of the most important sites of the Crimean War.
History and modernity unite on the banks of the Alma River, under the arches of our winery. Open a bottle of our wines and travel to us in Crimea!


Shaman Freud: Pascal Lievre's Totem und Tabu, by Stephen Sarrazin revue TsnoK
Voir la vidéo
French artist Pascal Lievre has been a pioneering figure in the practice of performing philosophy and psychoanalysis. The first steps in articulating this project began in 2000 with a video, Lacan Dalida, in which excerpts from Lacan's Livre VIII of the Seminar were sung, set to a hit single by French-Egyptian star Dalida. This was by followed by Mao Abba, and set into play a series of video works quoting philosophers from Nietzsche to Badiou. Just as he had merged a popular form of recitation (karaoke) with a less inclusive text, he expanded this strategy in 2007 by bringing feminist philosophy and gender studies to a mainstream body repertory: aerobics, and the catwalk, emphasizing how the body was conditioned to perform beautifully. Lievre changed both the models and the message.
Already looking through the prism of Judith Butler, he was fleshing out identity construction, and following her lead, emphasized a performative understanding of gender. The catwalks (the first incarnation was launched at the Pompidou Center in Paris) in which men and women model quotes from feminists (activists, thinkers) and philosophers, have since toured cities in France, and Canada.
Most of his videos however (which can be seen on the artist's website, rarely leave his studio and are made up of one single take, no cuts, no camera movements, though he has ventured outside on occasion, for more explicitly political pieces, such as Axis of Evil and Patriotic (set to speeches by George W Bush). Axis of Evil was shot in Canada, while Patriotic, made in Paris, sees Pascal Lievre collaborating with Canadian artist Benny Nemerofsky Ramsay.
His latest video, Totem und Tabu, gathers all his concerns and methods into a singular enterprise that sees him, logically, reaching out to the shaman figure. It acts as well as the third installment forming a Canadian trilogy: the video was shot outside Montreal, Quebec, with Canadian performance artist and shaman, Michael Dudeck, whose own work has been praised by A.A. Bronson and Marina Abramovic.
In his 2010 'Bad Romance' exhibition, Pascal Lievre began using glitter on his paintings. He also sprinkled his performers for his videos, creating mythical bodies covered with sparkle that were closer to the world of Kenneth Anger than they were to drag. Totem und Tabu (in which Freud discussed shamanism) has Dudeck joining this circle of figures, covering himself in white flour, in the manner of a fakir, composing a headpiece of condoms, and attempting to channel Freud. Lievre then lets Dudeck loose, becoming a body that is able to perform all genders. Freud inhabits the shaman, with whom he shares the ability to interpret a dream world while under the influence of drugs.
Dudeck's trance binds Freud to the writings of J.G.Frazer, unknowingly summoned.
What will also strike those familiar with his videos is the narrative use given to camera movements, possibly the first time the artist attempts something explicitly cinematographic. The opening shots are of a presence making its way through a silver birch forest, looking to the sky, creating atmosphere. In the distance, we begin to hear the shaman's mantra, 'totem und tabu', that carries him to a place Lievre doesn't dare follow. But a space that intrigues him nonetheless, one of myth and theater.
In a 2012 video, Lost: portrait of an island, he had removed all human presence from the entire series of LOST.
Totem und Tabu's opening shots mimick those of the series. But here, what is haunting the image is akin to how Butler describes Freud's Melancholia, namely the lost love that the subject is subsequently unable to acknowledge or grieve. A remarkably dark pop 21st century piece.


How Mentoring Can Overcome Tech Management's Big Challenges
What are the biggest challenges in software development? According to a new report, two things in particular dominate development teams' bandwidth and time: Capacity and sharing knowledge. That makes mentoring a crucial skill for teams facing any kind of production or scheduling crunch.
By 'capacity,' Coding Sans' State of Software Development 2020 Report means the ability of a team to handle its workload—an issue that's often solved by hiring more developers (if that's possible) or improving the existing team's skillset.
Sharing knowledge is another huge issue, especially on massive teams with a mix of junior and senior developers. Here's Coding Sans' full percentage breakdown:
"Mentoring is an underutilized tool among software developers; it's worth looking into how to set up a system for it," is what the report suggests for tackling the knowledge-sharing issue. "Beyond that, pair programming and code reviews are the most obvious. You can also use brown bag lunches to move it into a less formal environment or company hackathons to sharpen up your developers while letting them have fun."
Mentoring and knowledge-sharing is key to bringing solid developers aboard a team in the first place. Last year, a national survey from Instructure (and conducted by The Harris Poll) suggested that 70 percent of employees are somewhat likely to accept a job with a company that's known for investing in employee learning and career development. Report after report makes it clear that developers and other technologists are always interested in boosting their skills however they can.
But mentoring effectively is often easier said than done. Senior technologists who find themselves in the role of mentor (and/or team leader) have to go out of their way to make lessons and examples relevant to the junior members they're instructing. "The last thing you want to hear as a mentee is an example that is irrelevant to your experience," Ameesh Divatia, co-founder and CEO of Silicon Valley data security specialist Baffle, told Dice last year in a conversation about mentorship. "You want to have a relatable example. Draw lessons from history, but don't dwell so much on the past."
For mentors, carefully listening to mentees' concerns and issues is also key, even though it can sometimes prove challenging when everyone is rushing toward a tight deadline.
Mentees, meanwhile, must be proactive when it comes to knowledge-sharing; if they don't know something, they need to say that. We only learn through feedback and trying things out; passivity just slows that flow of knowledge throughout the team.
While the stereotypical image of mentoring is a one-on-one relationship between mentor and mentee, there are several other ways to share knowledge, including:
Reverse mentoring: When younger technologists share their knowledge of new technologies with their more-established peers.
Group mentoring: In which younger team members share knowledge among themselves, or rely simultaneously on the same senior member.
Micro-mentoring: Quick mentoring sessions, hosted on an ad-hoc basis, designed to target specific challenges/issues.
Speed mentoring: Somewhat like micro-mentoring, this is when mentees take what knowledge they can from quick meetings with senior technologists—whether within the company, or at larger events such as tech conferences.
With COVID-19 forcing many technologists to work from home, and thus manage teams remotely, it can be difficult to find the time and bandwidth (literally and metaphorically) for mentoring. Nonetheless, the effort can pay off, as mentoring can translate into a group's capacity and collective knowledge.


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The Lockport Community Development Group is proudly presenting the Lockport "First Farmers" Market!
The market will happen every Sunday in summer starting on Sunday, July 10 (with the possibility of starting sooner, we will keep you updated!). You can come enjoy the market from 11:00 am to 5:00 pm. The last date will be September 18.
You can find the market at the Lockport Heritage Park, 23022 PTH 44 in Lockport.
Take advantage of this awesome, community opportunity, as the group is currently looking for more vendors to help make this a success. The cost is $40.00 per 12′ x 12′ site.
Contact Chris for more information _PHONE_.
First Farmers in the Red River Valley
Aboriginal people living on this site in the early 1400s used a wide range of food sources that included the cultivation and harvesting of corn. This represents the earliest known evidence of farming on the Canadian prairies, and the northernmost expressions of pre-European horticulture on the North American continent.
Major population growth between 100 and 1300 A.D. in Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Iowa, followed by several decades of drought, led to the dispersal of local farming communities. People associated with these communities brought the knowledge of horticulture to the Red River Valley.
Archaeological investigations on this site in the 1980s unearthed charred corn kernels, hoes made from the shoulder-blades of bison, underground storage pits (some of which were up to 2 metres deep), and pottery styles that originated among the Native farming, cultures of the upper Mississippi and Missouri river valleys.


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How to Sell Yourself for Cash
Perhaps you've thought about selling your car, your home or your garage-full of accumulated "things," but have you ever considered selling yourself, or, rather, byproducts of yourself, for money?
About 8 million Americans donate their blood in any given year, and the number one reason most donors choose to do so, according to the American Red Cross, is because they want to help others.
donate blood
Donating blood is one of the most common ways to help others by giving a part of yourself -- still, only 5 percent of those who are eligible do so each year.
But blood is not the only human byproduct that can be donated, and it's certainly not the only one that's in demand. Whether you're just curious, are seriously considering or know of someone who's "looking," here are some of the more common ways people can donate, or sell, byproducts of themselves for money.
Blood Plasma
Plasma is used to treat disorders such as hemophilia and immune system deficiencies, as well as to make products to treat and prevent diseases including tetanus, rabies, measles, rubella and hepatitis B.
Components of plasma are also used by hospitals and emergency rooms to treat shock and burn victims.
Plasma can be donated twice in a seven-day period, with a limited number of donations in a year, in a process similar to giving blood. There are about 400 for-profit plasma collection centers in the United States.
Who's Eligible: You must be 18 years old or older, weigh 110 pounds or more, be in good general health, and pass a medical history interview and brief physical examination.
What it Pays: From $9-$35 per donation. Plasma can also be donated, without pay.
Resources: Check the yellow pages for for-profit plasma collection centers near you. College campuses may also have information. On the Web:
Several agencies collect hair donations to make complimentary wigs for children who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy, radiation treatments, alopecia, burns, or other medical situations. It is also possible to sell your hair, at your own risk, via the Web.
Who's Eligible: Hair must be a minimum of 10-12 inches in length, clean and dry, and bundled into a ponytail or braid for donations. Requirements vary for selling on your own.
What it Pays: Varies widely depending on the quality of hair and length, but may range from $200 to several thousand if selling to a private buyer. One online wig company will pay $3-$5 per ounce of "usable" hair.
Sperm banks collect sperm from donors that will later be used to help an individual or couple have a child. People who use donor sperm include single women and lesbian couples, couples in which the man is sterile, or couples who are trying to avoid passing on a genetic disorder carried by male sperm.
Who's Eligible: Men must typically be between the ages of 18 and 45 and pass testing for genetically linked diseases, communicable disease, drug abuse, and general health. Some sperm banks also require that men have attended at least two years at a four-year university.
In order to be approved as a donor, the semen must meet minimum sperm count levels, as sperm is frozen before use and some sperm are lost during this time. Reportedly, only 1 percent to 2 percent of men who apply as donors will be accepted.
Sperm banks typically ask men who are accepted as donors to sign a contract committing to one or two sperm donations a week, for at least six months.
What it Pays: It varies by sperm bank, but typically between $35-$65 per specimen. Payment may be withheld for six months (during which time the specimen is frozen and then retested for disease).
Resources: You should only donate sperm to a state-licensed sperm bank to ensure that your sperm will be used ethically.
Women can donate eggs to help a couple have a child, or for research purposes. It is an involved process that involves taking various hormones for weeks and collecting eggs with a needle inserted through the wall of the vagina into the ovary.
The long-term health risks of egg donations have recently been called into question, as little is known about the effects of egg donation on women's health.
Who's Eligible: Women typically must be between the ages of 19 and 32, be in good health, a non-smoker, not use drugs and must pass a medical history and disease and psychological testing.
What it Pays: Payment for egg donations vary widely, from $3,000 to $25,000 and up, depending on the buyer. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "Although there is no consensus on the precise payment that oocyte [egg] donors should receive, at this time sums of $5,000 or more require justification and sums above $10,000 go beyond what is appropriate."
Giving Yourself Away
Though living organ donation can be done anonymously, it's most often a parent who donates an organ, or part of an organ, to a child.
If you're interested in helping others, there are also ways to give "yourself" away, namely by donating blood, bone marrow or organs to those in need.
Blood Donation
According to the American Red Cross, every two seconds someone in the United States needs blood for emergencies or to treat cancer, blood disorders, sickle cell, anemia and other illnesses, but only 5 percent of the eligible U.S. population donates blood each year.
Who's Eligible: To donate blood you must be healthy, be at least 17 years old, or 16 years old if allowed by state law, weigh at least 110 pounds, and not have donated blood in the last eight weeks (56 days).
Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Cells
Bone marrow and peripheral blood cells are used to help people with leukemia and other blood diseases. Bone marrow is removed with a needle from the back of your pelvic bone, and requires either general or regional anesthesia.
Peripheral blood cells are donated during a process called apheresis, in which your blood is removed through a needle, passed through an apheresis machine that separates out the blood-forming cells, then returns the remaining blood through a needle in your other arm. Donors must also take an injection of a drug to increase blood-forming cells for four to five days prior to their donation.
Who's Eligible: You must be between the ages of 18 and 60, willing to donate to any patient in need and meet certain health guidelines.
Umbilical Cord Blood
A woman can choose to donate her baby's umbilical cord blood to help someone with leukemia, aplastic anemia or other blood diseases. The blood-forming cells found in cord blood are being studied as a new method for treating such patients.
Who's Eligible: Women must be at least 18 years old (16 in some locations), in general good health and live in a community where cord blood donation is available (it's still a relatively new process and not all hospitals take donations at this time).
Note: Donating cord blood is different from privately banking cord blood. If you choose to donate your baby's cord blood, it's available for anyone's use. If you store the cord blood privately, it is reserved for your family's use, and you will usually be charged a fee for storage.
Living Organ Donation
A person can choose to donate an organ (kidney) or a part of an organ, such as the liver, lung or pancreas, to someone in need of a transplant. Though the recipient is usually a close family member, they can also be a more distant relative, friend, spouse or co-worker. However, you can also choose to donate anonymously, or to donate to someone you do not know.
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