How To Make a "Falling Sand" Style Water Simulation
Have you ever wondered how all those "falling sand" games work under the hood? If so, read on. Today I will discuss one of the possible ways how you could implement the "falling" part of the game – sand particles falling under the effects of gravity, water (or other liquids) flowing down a hillside, and so on. Source code and a live demo are also available. This tutorial is along the same vein as my previous fluid simulation post that dealt with pseudo-compressible fluids and pressure, but the specific algorithm is much simpler (and probably quite a bit faster, too).
Side-note : No, I haven't been completely consumed by an inexorable desire to build fun graphical toys instead of practically useful software, why do you ask? 🙂 In fact, there'll be some WordPress-related announcements later this week…
Learning To Fly Fall
Falling water movementWhile I can't claim intimate familiarity with the algorithms the aforementioned games use to simulate fire or explosions, it's pretty easy to come up with a way to implement falling sand/flowing water. First, you need to figure out under what conditions something can fall/flow downwards. For a basic simulation this could be just a small set of very simple rules :
 - For each entity that is affected by gravity
 - If there's an empty space below it, move it down.
 - If there's an empty space down and to the left, move it down and to the left.
 - If there's an empty space down and to the right, move it down and to the right.
Next, you need to decide how to represent the simulation world and all the objects (like immovable walls, moving water particles et cetera) that it contains. One of the most common solutions is to use a two-dimensional array where each array element is an numeric ID of the material contained in that map tile. For example, 0 = air (or an empty square), 1 = wall, 2 = water, and so on.
Map array
In most falling sand games each array element would correspond to a single pixel on the game's screen. However, in my example application I used 20×20 pixel tiles instead to make the underlying simulation behaviour easier to see.
If possible, use byte or char as the array element datatype. Using int's might seem more straightforward, but it would also take up at least four times more memory and hurt performance. It's also a good idea to make the array just a bit bigger than the actual map dimensions and create a single-tile "buffer zone" around the map so that you can avoid checking for boundary conditions during the simulation.
Finally, during the simulation step we just loop over the entire array and apply the simple rules I mentioned above to each tile that contains material that should be affected by gravity.
Getting It Right
Now that's just silly.If you go ahead and implement the above algorithm as written, you will get a simulation that kind-of works, but quickly grinds to a halt on big maps and sometimes behaves in unexpected ways. For example, you might see sand tiles that seem to "teleport" to the bottom of the map instead of falling gradually and water that always flows left after hitting a free-standing ground tile (even though there's a perfectly suitable channel available on the right side). Lets see what we can do about that.
Keeping track of updated tiles
The "teleportation" behaviour can happen if our simulation algorithm doesn't keep track of which tiles it has already moved around during the current simulation step. For example, first it loops over the top row of the map, finds a water tile A and moves it downwards one row. Then it loops over the second row, finds the tile A, moves it again, goes to the third row, moves the same water tile again… and so on, until the water tile A hits a solid tile or falls off the map.
To prevent this bug we need to somehow remember which tiles have been updated already. Since I wanted to keep the memory use low, I used the most-significant bit of each map array element to indicate whether that tile was last updated on an even-numbered simulation step (0) or an odd-numbered step (1). Then, at the start of each step, the algorithm calculates what the flag should be for tiles updated in that step :
update_mask = byte ( ( simulationFrameCount & (long)1 ) << 7 );
//this basically takes the modulo of frame-count / 2 and shifts the result 7 places to the left
…then sets the msb of each tile it updates to that value and automatically skips tiles that have it already set to that value.
Pseudo-random movement
When a falling particle hits a free-standing fixed tile on a 2D map it has two choices – it can either move down and left, or down and right. In the naive algorithm I discussed above it will always try to move left first, leading to weirdness. Obviously we want it to choose at random, but on a big map generating a new random number for each tile would be slow. Instead, lets use the same approach as for the "teleportation" problem and move it either diagonally left if the current simulation step is even-numbered and or diagonally right if it's odd-numbered. This can still introduce some artifacts in the simulation behaviour, but they're rarer and and significantly less noticeable.
Speaking of optimization, we don't really need to update each gravity-enabled tile every time. Many of them will eventually end up in a situation where they can't move anywhere (e.g. water at the bottom of a puddle or sand resting on a flat surface), so it would be nice if we could quickly skip them and not waste our time trying to apply the simulation rules to these static tiles. This would help performance quite a bit.
The way I implemented is with the help with another bit-flag. If the simulation algorithm discovers that it can't move a tile in any direction, it will set the tile's "static" bit-flag. It will also skip any tiles that have the "static" bit-flag set.
There's some additional book-keeping we need to do to make this work as intended. When an empty space is created somewhere in the map (e.g. by a water tile moving down) we need to re-activate any gravity-enabled tiles that are directly above the newly created hole, so that they can fall/flow down into that space.
Possible Improvements
The result is a pretty basic and plain simulation that is useful to explain the basic principle, but it wouldn't really qualify as a full game. Here are some ideas you could use to improve it :
 - Make water flow horizontally if there's another water tile on top of it. Consider adding a simple pressure model [link to my prev. article].
 - Implement fluid density. This one is easy – if the current tile is more dense than the tile below it, swap them.
 - Add tile generators, e.g. a faucet that creates a water tile below itself on each simulation step (included in my demo application).
 - To improve performance, use a quadtree to keep track of which regions of the map have interacting tiles and quickly skip inactive regions.
 - Explore the source code of existing games and look for interesting ideas. Some open-source examples : wxSand, SDL Sand.
Live Demo & Source
Like my previous fluid simulation app, this one was also written in Processing. In addition to a working implementation of the algorithm discussed above it also lets you draw and erase water/ground/faucet tiles using your mouse, pan around the map with the WASD keys, zoom in/out with the mouse wheel and more. However, be warned that the map rendering code is not very optimized so the simulation will degenerate into a slideshow if you zoom all the way out, regardless of how fast your system is.
Related posts :
16 Responses to "How To Make a "Falling Sand" Style Water Simulation"
 1. Ross Shannon says:
 Good tutorial, thanks. I don't understand the problem with particles teleporting downwards though — it seems to be that the only reasonable way to program this is to do the simulation updates bottom-to-top. Otherwise, if you update top-to-bottom, when you update the game state array, any particles that have another particle above them will be overwritten by the top particle falling into their position?
 2. White Shadow says:
 You are correct, updating bottom-to-top is a good approach. I didn't mention it in the post, but that's exactly what my demo app does.
 However, that alone wouldn't be enough to prevent "teleportation" in a more complex simulation. For example, if you added a rule like "if this fluid particle has another fluid particle above it, move this one sideways" (i.e. a very basic pressure factor), you'd get particles teleporting left or right depending on the direction of your X loop. So tracking which particles have been updated still makes sense.
 3. Henk says:
 Neat tutorial, I followed it on a bored friday evening :). I implemented the teleporting thing using a simple 'updated' boolean 2d array that sets fields to true if they've been updated during that round, but that's mainly because I'm not much of a bit twiddler.
 Haven't got the water going horizontal right yet though. It'd probably become either very complex, or need to be rewritten if I ever add other materials.
 4. Grant says:
 There is a very easy fix for the "teleporting" problem. Before the main loop (updating every tile), copy the entire


text:
Instructor: Laura Buske
Community: Grade 2, School Setting, 30 minutes
Plan Creation Date: June 17, 2015
Yoga Calm Principle/Lesson Goal: Grounding
- Breath Work – Sit in a circle with the Hoberman Sphere. Begin breathing in and out with the movement of the sphere. Repeat 4 times. Ask for a leader to come up to the front. How many breaths do you we need to do? Pick be between 5 and 10. Have the leader pick a counter. Breath with the sphere. Ask for 2 compliments for the leader. Ask the leader to compliment the counter.
- Mountain – root your feet to the ground, raise your arms to the sky and shine out through your heart.
- Tree Pose – Root your left foot and big toe into the ground. Draw your right foot to your left leg. Spread out your branches and extend your leaves to the sky.
- Forward Bend – fold your body over and touch the earth.
- Mountain– rise your body up with feet firmly planted to the ground, raise your arms to the sky and shine out from your heart.
- Tree Pose – Root your right foot and big toe into the ground. Draw your left foot to your right leg. Spread out your branches and extend your leaves to the sky.
- Forward Bend – fold your body over and touch the ground.
- Block Creek – Have all students walk across the blocks on their own. How did that feel? Have all students walk across the creek with 2 people on either side of them. How was that different or the same?
- Tree Circle – Root your feet to the earth; draw right foot to kickstand on left ankle. Spread your branches and reach out to your neighbor for support. Repeat with left side.
- Relaxation – Read Boat Ride Relaxation

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This video shows a Level 300 Student teaching Shapes and Space in Mathematics at Dambai D.A. Basic Six on 3rd April, 2017.
The focus of this practice of Model teaching adopted by the college is to allow teacher trainees put into practice the teaching competencies learnt.
Lesson observation guide is used to assess the student teacher's performance in the lesson preparation, delivery and evaluation and provide him with the feedback for improvement where necessary. This feedback tool looks at Lesson Preparation, Lesson Delivery and Lesson Evaluation as the main areas of observation.
Your comments are welcome


text:
Stem Cell Therapy Takes Recovery into the Future
Stem cells and stem cell therapy for the treatment of soft tissue injuries in racehorses has made a lot of ground – from experimental to a proven treatment.
By: Jennifer Morrison |
Very often, soft tissue injuries can be career-ending for racehorses. Over the last decade, however, with the evolution of stem cell therapy as a treatment option, more horses are beating the odds and recovering.
This Canadian Thoroughbred article looks at an early success story in the case of Dream Alliance, the subject of the 2016 award-winning documentary Dark Horse. Dream Alliance, a Welsh steeplechaser, came back in winning form to take the Welsh Grand National in 2009, after receiving a relatively new procedure that injects stem cells into the injury to rejuvenate tissue.
Today, stem cell therapy has advanced beyond experimental phase, with studies and procedures being conducted around the world to show that it is a proven treatment in the repair of tendon and ligament injuries in knees and stifles, allowing a horse to return to competition.
Find out more about stem cell therapy, how it works, and the current research being conducted right here in Canada at the Ontario Veterinary College, for example.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Inferior pincer grasp – We have learned about the pincer grasp stage, where the infant is able to feed himself, learn to write, read, draw and complete many activities, as he is capable and has learned the art with the developing stages of palmar and raking grasp. The stage within the pincer grasp, where the child is learning the complete ability of learning, writing, drawing etc is called the inferior pincer grasp.
In the initial stages, the infant starts learning the art of grasping things. In the age of 0-6 months, the child learns to grasp things when placed at the palm. During the course of this stage, the child's fingers become loose and they try to grasp things on their own. When he reaches the age of 5 months, he will try to scratch the table and try to hold his favorite toys.
In the second stage between the 6 to 9 months, the tooth developing starts and the child now opens the fingers and tries to grasp the objects. In this stage, the child starts developing the inferior pincer grasp, when he makes an attempt to hold small objects.
In the tenth month, the child develops the inferior pincer grasp. He will try to hold small objects and put them in his mouth. In the inferior pincer grasp stage, the child also develops the skill of pointing out his index finger and may even poke with it to indicate something. This is because the child is developing the motor skills.
Between the ages of 9 to 10 months, the baby is under the inferior pincer grasp stage, as he is learning to hold the smaller objects. He may even keep dropping it at times. As he develops his skills in the inferior pincer grasp stage, he will become more perfect and refined in the pincer grasp stage by the tenth month.
In the inferior pincer grasp stage, the child will be learning and exploring the environment and the surroundings. He will understand the surrounding with the help of taste. He will try to pick all the objects and put it in his mouth to taste and hence, it becomes the responsibility of the parents to make sure the house is clean and keep a check on the baby every time so that he doesn't put anything harmful in his mouth.
As the baby grows and is of a year old, he has developed all the skills and has mastered the art of grasping. He learns how to coordinate with the objects and how to pick them up. He will be taking help of his forefinger and thumb to pick the objects which is called as inferior pincer grasp. He will slowly learn how to hold the spoon and fork and will also try to feed himself using the spoon or the fork.
It is also important for the parents to understand that they give the baby complete freedom of practicing the grasping skill, rather than feeding them. This will encourage the child to feed himself and also hold another object in his hand. This will help the infant increase their coordination ability.
Infants have an innate ability to reflexively close their hands when touched in the palm. By the time the baby reaches three months of age, his hands appear loose and he attempts to reach for a toy.
At five months, the baby attempts to scratch on the table and can hold a cracker or his favorite rattle. As the teething stage starts, the baby would have developed the inferior scissor grasp and rakes small objects or cheerios with the index finger.
He will be able to hold his feeding bottle. By the time the baby reaches ten months, he would be developing the inferior pincer grasp. He will be able to grasp small objects and also tries to shove them into his mouth. He may also poke and point with the index finger, as he is developing fine motor skills.
At this stage, the baby would have developed the inferior pincer grasp, but is prone to dropping objects. But gradually, the inferior pincer grasp would be polished into a perfect pincer grasp by the time the baby reaches ten months of age.
This is a stage when the baby is exploring the surroundings by tasting various objects, that he learns to put into his mouth, with the inferior pincer grasp. Therefore, it is important to childproof the home and make sure that you keep an eye on the baby at all times.
What is Pincer grasp?
The Pincer grasp is an important developmental milestone, as it is the first step towards learning to grasp things. With this skill, the baby gradually learns to do important things like feeding, writing, drawing and self care.
A newborn baby has the innate ability to grasp objects, and this explains why your baby wraps his tiny hand around your finger. A pincer grasp helps the baby to pick up and hold tiny objects within his fingers. Grasping ability starts developing right from the time of birth, and the baby learns to enhance the skills with each passing phase.
By the time the baby is one year old, he would have mastered a neat pincer grasp. He is developing coordination skills, as he picks objects with his thumb and forefinger known as the inferior pincer grasp. Gradually, he learns to hold the fork or spoon and feed himself. Although, sometimes the food may not reach his mouth but instead reaches for the floor.
But, as a parent it is important to avoid taking the spoon and feeding the baby yourself. Instead it is important to let the baby learn through practice. Thus, with increased coordination, the baby will also learn to hold the utensil with one hand while feeding himself with the other.


DockManager.VisibilityChanged Event
Fires after the visible state of any dock panel owned by the dock manager has been changed.
Namespace: DevExpress.XtraBars.Docking
Assembly: DevExpress.XtraBars.v20.1.dll
Declaration
[DXCategory("Docking")]
public event VisibilityChangedEventHandler VisibilityChanged
<DXCategory("Docking")>
Public Event VisibilityChanged As VisibilityChangedEventHandler
Event Data
The VisibilityChanged event's data class is VisibilityChangedEventArgs. The following properties provide information specific to this event:
Property Description
OldVisibility Gets the previous visible state of the panel.
Panel Gets the processed dock panel. Inherited from DockPanelEventArgs.
Visibility Gets the current visible state of the panel.
Remarks
A panel's visible state is specified by its DockPanel.Visibility property. Changing this property's value raises the VisibilityChanged event. This event is fired either when end-users close or show dock panels or when they enable or disable their auto hide functionality.
This event handler receives a parameter of the VisibilityChangedEventArgs type. It allows the previous and current visible states of the panel to be determined. The panel whose visible state has been changed is identified by the event parameter's DockPanelEventArgs.Panel property.
See Also


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Mining Programs at Ontario Colleges
What to expect from a Mining Career
The mining industry is always looking for skilled professionals. Whether it's filling specialized roles in geological management or heading into the mines, there are plenty of career opportunities available. Mining programs at Ontario colleges prepare students with both mining techniques and widespread knowledge of geology and earth resources, so they can enter the mining career of their choice.
If you're interested in starting an in-demand career in the mining and geology industry, here's what you need to know. More
There are a few types of mining programs available, each with different focuses or different levels of training. These include:
- Mining Techniques. Mining techniques programs are introductory one-year certificate programs that prepare students for entry-level work in the mining industry or for continued mining education. Students learn basic geology, surveying and drafting skills along with a variety of mining methods that will prepare them for both underground and office work in core sampling, mapping, prospecting and more.
- Mining Engineering Technician / Technology. Mining engineering technician and technology programs are more advanced than the techniques programs. Both technician and technologist programs give students a broader and deeper understanding of geology and resources and may offer training on a larger variety of mining equipment. Mining-related skills, such as drilling and blasting, may also be introduced. Technician programs are typically two-year diploma programs while technology programs (offering the most comprehensive training) are generally three-year advanced diploma programs.
Some mining-related programs have specific focuses, like earth sciences and natural resources. These programs have a geotechnical focus and are made up of courses including (but not limited to) mineral studies, geophysics, soil studies and other earth science topics. Students learn to operate geological equipment that can be used in some mining and geological industry practices, such as geotechnical and environmental assessment.
General Mining Program Requirements
Ontario college mining programs typically require an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent. Academic requirements will vary depending on the program, but generally include senior math and chemistry or physics courses. A grade 12 English credit is often required for technician and technology programs.
Mining Jobs and Salaries
Depending on your chosen program, jobs in the mining industry range from entry-level to more advanced positions, and will include roles such as:
- Mine Manager or Production Supervisor
- Underground Mining Worker
- Surveyor, Project Manager / Engineer
- Geologist Assistant
- Mining Administration
The average starting salary for graduates of mining programs at Ontario colleges is $36,000 a year, with the potential to earn much more. Experienced mine managers and mine workers typically have salaries between $60,000 and $90,000 a year, or even higher depending on the location and type of mining.
Ontario Colleges Offering Mining Programs
Use the left-column navigation to refine your search by College, Program Availability, Program Start Date and more, or see the table below for a complete list of mining programs at Ontario colleges. Less
|Program Title||College||Campus||Availability||Program Length||Start Date||Website|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Wife of Two Crows, a Hidatsa woman painted by artist George Catlin in 1832
Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Knife River region has been home to people for perhaps 11,000 years. Very few objects remain for us to learn from the cultures who lived here, but early written records and large quantities of cultural material document how the Hidatsa lived in earthlodge villages overlooking the Knife and Missouri Rivers for 500 years. They developed a prosperous way of life in harmony with nature and the cycle of the seasons.
The Mandan and Arikara joined the Hidatsa in settled villages south along the Missouri River. Together these three groups pioneered agriculture on the Northern Plains while still hunting bison and gathering wild edibles. Despite their links as earthlodge peoples, conflict and competition were not unknown between these three communities.
Tribes from across the Northern Plains journeyed to these permanent villages to trade, socialize, and make war. The Sioux, Cheyenne, Crow, Assiniboin, and Ojibwe along with white traders, explorers, and artists made the Knife River Indian Villages an exciting and cosmopolitan place. Foreign visitors also brought new diseases that dramatically altered communities and cultures and led to the end of the traditional lifestyle in the Knife River region.
Did You Know?
There were 3000 people living at the Knife River villages in 1804? That's more people than were living in St. Louis, Missouri at the same time!


Readers ask: How To Make Your Headphones Louder?
Here are EIGHT ways to make your headphones louder:
 1. Adjust The settings Of The Device.
 2. Adjust The Headphones Volume.
 3. Clean The Headphones.
 4. Get Headphone Amplifier.
 5. Get a Volume Increasing App or Adjust The EQ Setting.
 6. Enhance Volume Through The Volume Mixer.
 7. Get a Better Pair of Headphones.
 8. Connect to Bluetooth.
How can I increase my headphone volume?
Top 5 Ways To Boost Your Earphones Sound
 1. Check the Volume of Your Earphones.
 2. Use Higher Quality Music Streaming Service.
 3. Using Developer options.
 4. Using 3rd Party Applications to Boost Loudness.
 5. Clean Your Earphones.
 6. Use DAC (Digital-to-Analogue Converter)
 7. Use High Quality Earphones.
How can I make my iPhone headphones louder?
How to make your iPhone headphones louder by adjusting the Volume Limit
 1. Open your iPhone's Settings app.
 2. Scroll or search for "Music."
 3. Under the "Playback" category select "Volume Limit." The Music settings allow you to control various aspects of headphones audio.
 4. Turn Volume Limit off, or raise the set limit.
Why are headphones so quiet?
A common reason why Bluetooth headphones are so quiet is that Android, Apple, and Windows devices have software limits on the volume output. These software caps limit the decibel output that your headphones can achieve in order to protect the hearing of their users.
You might be interested: How To Pair Skullcandy Wireless Headphones To Android?
How do you fix low headphone volume?
Click on Sound Settings. On the Sound Settings window, under Output, adjust the Master volume accordingly. For audio balancing, click on Device properties, which can be found on the same window. Adjust the sliders to change the audio balance of the left and right speakers of your headphones accordingly.
Can you make AirPods louder?
If you're more comfortable the other way around, Apple allows users to change the direction of rotation to adjust the volume. Head on to Settings > Bluetooth, and then tap the "i" button next to your AirPods Max on the screen. Tap Digital Crown and, under "Increase Volume By Rotating," choose either one of the options.
Why are my iPhone headphones so low?
IPhones have an option to set a volume limit for music, and if this is active and set low, it makes your headphones quieter. Go to "Settings" and then "Music." Look for "Volume Limit" under the "Playback" header. If this option is on, click on it to go to another page that has a "Max Volume" slider.
How do I max the volume on my iPhone?
In the Settings app, scroll down and tap the "Music" app. Find "Volume Limit" and make sure it's turned off. If it's on, tap "Volume Limit" and slide the volume control all the way to the right.
Do headphones lose volume over time?
Aside from the usual wear and tear, headphones can eventually lose volume. This is due to the sound waves produced by it. The sound will then degrade, losing its qualities like bass and volume. Over time, the volume will become low, and you'll hear a lot of buzzing.
You might be interested: FAQ: When I Plugin My Headphones It Doesn't Work?
How do I make Spotify louder?
To get to the equalizer on Android: Go to Your Library on the far bottom right, and then hit the gear icon on the upper right for settings. Scroll nearly all the way down Settings and you'll see "Equalizer" (this time spelled the good ol' American way).
How do I make Spotify louder 2021?
Here's how to change it:
 1. Open Spotify on your Phone and go to the Home page.
 2. Tap on the cog icon on the top right, scroll down to Normalize volume.
 3. Under the Normalize volume, there's a volume level option. To make the Spotify sound louder, choose the Loud option, then the volume level will be normalized to loud.
How do you clean ear wax out of headphones?
If you see any earwax in the holes, use a toothpick to wedge it out. Then, cover the end of a toothpick with an alcohol wipe and carefully swab out each hole. Make sure to let the earbuds dry completely before you store them or wear them. Since alcohol dries quickly, you shouldn't need to wait more than 60 seconds.
Why are my headphones not as loud as before?
Adjust Playback Settings One of the most common reasons people ask, "Why aren't my headphones loud enough?" is due to a simple configuration that caps the volume limit. First, go into your settings, and select > Sounds > Volume. From here, you're able to see all of the volume levels for different functions.
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FAQ: How Many Decibels Iphone Headphones?
The top volume on an Apple music player, like the iPhone, is 102 decibels, about as loud as a leaf blower. Keeping the volume at 70 percent, or 82 decibels, is safe for eight hours a day. Contents1 How loud is too loud for headphones iPhone?2 How many decibels are headphones?3 How many decibels is […]
FAQ: How Long Does It Take For Beats Wireless Headphones To Charge?
It takes about 2 hours to fully charge a dead battery using the AC adapter. It may take longer if you're charging via USB from your laptop or other device. If your headphones aren't charging properly, reset your Studios. Contents1 How long do you charge Beats Wireless headphones?2 How do you know when your Beats […]


Elder Scrolls
Dragonborn (Lore)
36,202pages on
this wiki
For other uses, see Dragonborn.
First Dragonborn
Miraak, said to have been the first Dragonborn.
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
A Dragonborn, (Dovahzul: DOVAhKIiN Dovahkiin, which can mean both "dragon-born" and "dragonkind-hunter-born"), is a rare individual who has been born with the blood and soul of a dragon, but the body and frailties of a mortal. They can naturally learn and speak the ancient and powerful tongue of the Dov, called the Thu'um.
Dragonborn scarcely exist, and it is rare for more than one to appear within an era. They can belong to any race or gender, since dragons have no inherent concept of gender, and the dragon blood (transliterated from DOVAhSOS to Dovah Sos) is a gift bestowed to certain mortals favored by Akatosh. Despite their divine souls, Dragonborn possess mortal free will and may serve as champions for either the Nine Divines or the Daedric Princes. It is unknown if the Daedra claim the souls of their Dragonborn champions as they do with their other servants. Their mortal bodies also subject them to mortal vulnerabilities; old age, death, and disease all affect Dragonborn as they do common mortals.
Some Dragonborn individuals have knowledge of the Thu'um, and can consume a slain dragon's soul and absorb its knowledge, allowing them to learn Words of Power instantaneously, and then use the power of a slain dragon's soul to unlock that Shout.[1] It is said that the Blades have always guided, protected, and served the Dragonborn, whom they consider "The Ultimate Dragon Slayer."[2] The Greybeards, however, see the Blades as ambitious assassins who seek to mold the Dragonborn into a weapon for their own ends.[1]
The Prophecy of the Dragonborn, generally attributed to the Elder Scrolls, and sometimes to the ancient Akaviri, tells that, at the end of time, in the wake of the World-Eater, the wheel will turn upon the "Last Dragonborn."[3]
Dragonborn in historyEdit
The first Dragonborn in history was Miraak, a Dragon Priest from the Merethic Era. Instead of using his Voice to fight Alduin, Miraak decided to serve the Daedric Prince Hermaeus Mora instead, making himself an enemy of the Dragon Cult he once served. He was eventually defeated by the dragons and hid in Apocrypha. He was later encountered and destroyed in the Fourth Era by the Last Dragonborn.[4]
The next Dragonborn was purportedly Saint Alessia, the Nedic slave queen who was blessed by Akatosh and given the Amulet of Kings to seal the covenant between them. This began the tradition of all legitimate rulers of the Cyrodilic Empire referred to as Dragonborn, as only they could wear the Amulet of Kings and light the Dragonfires in the Temple of the One.[3][5][6]
Reman Cyrodiil was considered to be the next Dragonborn after Alessia. Upon their defeat, the Akaviri invaders recognized him as Dragonborn and swore unceasing loyalty to him.[3]
King Wulfharth was also said to be Dragonborn.
Tiber Septim, founder of the Septim Dynasty of Tamriel, was the next individual to be recognized as Dragonborn. His heirs continued the tradition and were all considered Dragonborn Emperors. This lineage ended with the death of Martin Septim during the Oblivion Crisis.
Notable DragonbornEdit
Possible DragonbornEdit
 - To address the confusion that arose from the existence of a Dragonborn predating Alessia, Michael Kirkbride, former writer at Bethesda, revealed "Alessia didn't have the power to absorb dragon souls. Hers was a much more nuanced power: to dream of liberty and give it a name and on her deathbed make Covenant with the Aka-Tusk."[OOG 1]
 - The Nerevarine was referred to as "Dragon-born" in The Lost Prophecy, but the explanatory notes of this text claim this means they were part of the Empire.
 1. - Michael Kirkbride's forum post
Start a Discussion Discussions about Dragonborn (Lore)
 - Where does your character go after they die?
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 - Hmm my dark elf is owned by pretty much all daedric lords... but I don't think any of them will attempt to take me... you see they are scared...
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text: The family Vitaceae has a wide distribution, occurring in temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates. Vine members of the family thrive in different types of vegetation. Currently, the family includes five recognized tribes: Ampelopsideae, Cisseae, Cayratieae, Parthenocisseae, and Viteae. This study describes the pollen morphology of representatives of Ampelopsideae, Cayratieae, and Parthenocisseae. The other tribes are not described because they have been the subject of previous studies. The aim was to assess the relationships among the five tribes using multivariate analysis and to reconstruct the evolution of pollen characters using existing phylogenetic hypotheses. Specimens representing the three tribes were obtained from herbaria, treated by the acetolysis method, measured, photographed, and described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pollen grains are medium (25–50 µm) in size, isopolar, tricolporate, and subprolate to prolate. Ornamentation varies between species. Multivariate analysis was based on quantitative characters, of which pollen diameters, apocolpium side, and polar area index were the most significant. Tracing of pollen characters showed that size, shape, and ornamentation are an evolutionary trend within the family. This investigation expands the palynological knowledge on representatives of Vitaceae tribes, contributing to future palynotaxonomic and evolutionary studies.


text:
Now you can answer the telephone without anyone recognizing your voice.Press a button and completely change your voice. A man can sound like a stranger, a woman like a man, or a grand-dad like a child. With the Voice Transformer's pitch slider, you can control pitch independently, while its formant slider works to effectively control the vocal cords and shape of the vocal tract. So it can change a male voice into a female or even a child's voice, yet sound completely natural.
10 different voices (5 High and 5 Low)
Easy to use, Just Plug and Play
*Note: This unit must be directly connected to a telephone in order to work


☰ menu
Doppel Your Pleasure
A German beer cellar filled with wooden barrels
In the Bible it's said that man cannot live by bread alone. However, it may be possible to temporarily survive on doppelbock, a brawny German beer that's nicknamed "liquid bread."
The hearty doppelbock resides in a category of strong German lagers called bocks. Its lager cousins curtail fall's first chill, but winter's icy clutch requires the warming prowess of a true doppelbock ("double bock"). It's a fairly hefty beer style, with an ABV hovering between 7 and 10 percent and, typically, a hue that ranges from rich gold to a ruby brown. As for flavor and aroma, top billing goes to malt, with notes of toffee, caramel, dark fruits, and chocolate along for the sweet ride; bitterness hides in the backseat.
As for its liquid-bread designation, allow me to explain: As with any alcoholic beverage, beer contains calories. The stronger a beer, the higher its caloric count. Thus, a lager of sizable potency could theoretically sustain men—like the food-shunning monks who fast during the 46 days of Lent (excluding Sundays) that lead up to Easter. In the seventeenth century the brothers of Munich's St. Francis of Paula (a.k.a. the Paulaner monks) received a papal dispensation to brew a brawny beer suited for consumption during Lent. The beer was known as Sankt Vaterbier, or Holy Father Beer, until the name was corrupted into Salvatorbiere—that is, Salvator, or "savior."
A hearty, refreshing glass of doppelbock.
In time the style's popularity spread beyond monastery walls. The brothers began illegally selling the beer, before receiving proper permits in 1780. Too bad Napoleon rolled into Munich at the end of the eighteenth century and banned churches from owning property or earning money. The monastery and brewery were shut down. Doppelbock as the hearty style came to be named, seemed doomed.
Salvation came in 1806. The Bavarian state rented the brewery to secular brewer Franz Xaver Zacherl, who licensed rights to produce the doppelbock. Salvator climbed in popularity, especially around Easter, and competing breweries soon borrowed the name. It nearly became as generic as Band-Aid, but Zacherl's successors trademarked the Salvator name in 1896. Competitors' response was to attach the "-ator" suffix to the name of their doppelbocks, a tradition that endures for both American and German brewers.
With regard to cheese pairings, the sweet doppelbock is an excellent match for many styles. Try it with a Swiss-style wedge, such as DCI Cheese Company's Stella Swiss or the namesake of Iowa's Swiss Valley Farms. The strong beer also complements an earthy, bloomy Camembert, such as Marin French Cheese Company's Rouge et Noir or Ferme de la Tremblaye, a farmstead Camembert from France. Additionally, doppelbocks have an affinity for stinky, pungent Limburger cheese, such as the version made by America's sole producer, Wisconsin's Chalet Cheese Cooperative. Fittingly, it's a match made in heaven.
Paulaner Brauerei Salvator
 The original doppelbock has not dulled over the centuries, still offering up a rich riot of fruit, caramel, and a bit of bitter chocolate to boot. The copper-colored beer tastes a bit like fresh-baked bread drizzled with toffee.
Brauerei Aying Ayinger Celebrator
 My favorite doppelbock is Celebrator, a delightful mocha-brown brew that delivers a nose of Christmas fruitcake and cocoa. Celebrator slides down nice and silky, with lovely flavors of chocolate, coffee, and sun-baked dark fruit.
Samuel Adams Double Bock
 This doppelbock is a malt bomb, with around half a pound of barley required for each 12-ounce bottle. As you'd expect, there's oodles of rich, chewy sweetness—think molasses, caramelized sugar—that's balanced by a subtle bitterness.
Tröegs Brewing Company Troegenator Double Bock
 Given the Pennsylvania brewery's location in Hershey, it's a no-brainer that they'd brew this big, sweet, ruby-brown beauty. There are flavors of chocolate and figs, but I like the gentle spiciness that pairs well with its stomach-stoking warmth.
Smuttynose Brewing Company S'muttonator
 Around 30 hours of brewing time is required to craft S'muttonator, a muscular testament to malt. Pour a snifter, and savor the interplay of molasses, toffee, and brown sugar, with a bready and fruity profile. You could have this doppelbock for dinner.
Joshua M. Bernstein
Photographer Michael Harlan Turkell
Sign up for cheese


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Warren could mean:
Animal husbandry [change]
- Warren, a rabbitry or fixed establishment of cuniculture, the breeding and raising of domestic rabbits. (The domestic use of warren is imprecisely extended to rabbit or hare burrows in the wild.)
Forest law [change]
- Warren (free) ("Free warren"), a type of hunting franchise under the Anglo-Norman Forest law
- In metaphoric use, warren refers to a tight agglomeration of inferior accommodations, such as a slum.
- Warren abstract machine, a Prolog (software) engine
- Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy
- Warren Cup, a Roman antiquity
- Warren's Gate, an archaeological site
- Warren's Skipper, a type of butterfly
- Warren Wagon Train Raid, historic incident in Texas
Other pages [change]
|This disambiguation page lists articles with similar titles.
If a link brought you here, you can go back and fix it so it goes straight to the right page.


) is widely distributed in permafrost regions around the arctic and subarctic. The moisture content of the moss layer affects the thermal insulative capacity and preservation of permafrost. It also controls the growth and collapse history of palsas and other peat mounds, and is relevant, in general terms, to permafrost thaw (thermokarst). In this study, we test and calibrate seven different soil moisture sensors for measuring the moisture content of Sphagnum moss under laboratory conditions. The soil volume to which each probe is sensitive is one of the important parameters influencing moisture measurement, particularly in a heterogeneous medium such as moss. Each sensor has a unique response to changing moisture content levels, solution salinity, moss bulk density and to the orientation (structure) of the Sphagnum relative to the sensor. All of the probes examined here require unique polynomial calibration equations to obtain moisture content from probe output. We provide polynomial equations for dead and live Sphagnum moss (R2 > 0.99. Copyright ?? 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
 8. Measuring the 14C content in liquid scintillators
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Enqvist, T.; Barabanov, I. R.; Bezrukov, L. B.; Gangapshev, A. M.; Gavrilyuk, Y. M.; Grishina, V. Yu; Gurentsov, V. I.; Hissa, J.; Joutsenvaara, J.; Kazalov, V. V.; Krokhaleva, S.; Kutuniva, J.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Kuzminov, V. V.; Kurlovich, A. S.; Loo, K.; Lubsandorzhiev, B. K.; Lubsandorzhiev, S.; Morgalyuk, V. P.; Novikova, G. Y.; Pshukov, A. M.; Sinev, V. V.; Słupecki, M.; Trzaska, W. H.; Umerov, Sh I.; Veresnikova, A. V.; Virkajärvi, A.; Yanovich, Y. A.; Zavarzina, V. P.
 2016-05-01
 We are going to perform a series of measurements where the 14C/12 C ratio will be measured from several liquid scintillator samples with a dedicated setup. The setup is designed with the aim of measuring ratios smaller than 10-18. Measurements take place in two underground laboratories: in the Baksan Neutrino Observatory, Russia and in the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. In Baksan the measurements started in 2015 and in Pyhäsalmi they start in the beginning of 2015. In order to fully understand the operation of the setup and its background contributions a development of simulation packages has also been started. Low-energy neutrino detection with a liquid scintillator requires that the intrinsic 14C content in the liquid is extremely low. In the Borexino CTF detector at Gran Sasso, Italy the 14C/12C ratio of 2 × 10-18 has been achieved being the lowest 14C concentration ever measured. In principle, the older the oil or gas source that the liquid scintillator is derived of and the deeper it situates, the smaller the 14C/12C ratio is supposed to be. This, however, is not generally the case, and the ratio is probably determined by the U and Th content of the local environment.
 9. Noninvasive technique for measurement of glucose content in body
 NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
 Agapiou, George; Theofanous, N. G.
 1998-07-01
 This work is focused on the measurement of glucose in various diluted solutions and aims to be implemented in testing the glucose content in the anterior chamber of the eye by means of an electro-optic modulation method. By using solutions containing only glucose concentrations, a calibration curve displaying the dependence of the glucose concentration on a DC field, applied to a modulator, was obtained.
 10. Total Water Content Measurements with an Isokinetic Sampling Probe
 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
 Reehorst, Andrew L.; Miller, Dean R.; Bidwell, Colin S.
 2010-01-01
 The NASA Glenn Research Center has developed a Total Water Content (TWC) Isokinetic Sampling Probe. Since it is not sensitive to cloud water particle phase nor size, it is particularly attractive to support super-cooled large droplet and high ice water content aircraft icing studies. The instrument is comprised of the Sampling Probe, Sample Flow Control, and Water Vapor Measurement subsystems. Analysis and testing have been conducted on the subsystems to ensure their proper function and accuracy. End-to-end bench testing has also been conducted to ensure the reliability of the entire instrument system. A Stokes Number based collection efficiency correction was developed to correct for probe thickness effects. The authors further discuss the need to ensure that no condensation occurs within the instrument plumbing. Instrument measurements compared to facility calibrations from testing in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel are presented and discussed. There appears to be liquid water content and droplet size effects in the differences between the two measurement techniques.
 11. Measurements of the kaon content in tau decays
 SciTech Connect
 Ronan, M.T. )
 1992-02-01
 Results on measurements of the kaon content in one-prong and three-prong [tau] decays are presented for data taken by the TPC/2[gamma] detector at PEP. Using a self-consistent procedure to measure exclusive and inclusive decays, the one-prong analysis extends previous work to kaon decay modes. Three-prong results [ital K][pi][pi], [ital K][pi] and [ital KKK] decay modes provide improved branching ratios and a first look at strange axial-vector couplings in [tau] decays.
 12. Uracil content of 16S rRNA of thermophilic and psychrophilic prokaryotes correlates inversely with their optimal growth temperatures
 PubMed Central
 Khachane, Amit N.; Timmis, Kenneth N.; dos Santos, Vítor A. P. Martins
 2005-01-01
 We report here the finding of a highly significant inverse correlation of the uracil content of 16S rRNA and the optimum growth temperature (Topt) of cultured thermophilic and psychrophilic prokaryotes. This correlation was significantly different from the weaker correlations between the contents of other nucleotides and Topt. Analysis of the 16S rRNA secondary structure regions revealed a fall in the A:U base-pair content in step with the increase in Topt that was much steeper than that of mismatched base-pairs, which are thermodynamically less stable. These findings indicate that the 16S rRNA sequences of thermophiles and psychrophiles are under a strong thermo-adaptive pressure, and that structure–function constraints play a crucial role in determining their 16S rRNA nucleotide composition. The derived relationship between uracil content and Topt was used to develop an algorithm to predict the Topt values of uncultured prokaryotes lacking cultured close relatives and belonging to the phyla predominantly containing thermophiles. This algorithm may be useful in guiding the design of cultivation conditions for hitherto uncultured microbes. PMID:_PHONE_
 13. Changes in Oleic Acid Content of Transgenic Soybeans by Antisense RNA Mediated Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing
 PubMed Central
 Zhang, Ling; Yang, Xiang-dong; Zhang, Yuan-yu; Yang, Jing; Qi, Guang-xun; Guo, Dong-quan; Xing, Guo-jie; Yao, Yao; Xu, Wen-jing; Li, Hai-yun; Li, Qi-yun; Dong, Ying-shan
 2014-01-01
 The Delta-12 oleate desaturase gene (FAD2-1), which converts oleic acid into linoleic acid, is the key enzyme determining the fatty acid composition of seed oil. In this study, we inhibited the expression of endogenous Delta-12 oleate desaturase GmFad2-1b gene by using antisense RNA in soybean Williams 82. By employing the soybean cotyledonary-node method, a part of the cDNA of soybean GmFad2-1b 801 bp was cloned for the construction of a pCAMBIA3300 vector under the soybean seed promoter BCSP. Leaf painting, LibertyLink strip, PCR, Southern blot, qRT-PCR, and fatty acid analysis were used to detect the insertion and expression of GmFad2-1b in the transgenic soybean lines. The results indicate that the metabolically engineered plants exhibited a significant increase in oleic acid (up to 51.71%) and a reduction in palmitic acid (to <3%) in their seed oil content. No structural differences were observed between the fatty acids of the transgenic and the nontransgenic oil extracts. PMID:25197629
 14. Changes in oleic Acid content of transgenic soybe


text:
From Wikipedia's article on JSON
SyntaxError: Unexpected token ILLEGAL? That doesn't make any sense! It's just a regular object literal, how can that be a SyntaxError?
Try the same code in a proper JSON parser. No problems at all.
Of course it's not just a regular object literal. There's a sneaky little Unicode character in there too: Right between "ro" and "cks!" there's a tiny U+2028. Your browser probably doesn't display it because it's whitespace: LINE SEPARATOR, but it's still there. If you replace the character with a U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) you would have the exact same issue.
JSON + U+2028 = ☺
According to the JSON specification, you can safely use this character in any string. It's not a quote, not a backslash, and not a control character. It's just a weird Unicode whitespace character:
DoubleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter but not double-quote " or backslash \ or LineTerminator \ EscapeSequence SingleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter but not single-quote'or backslash \ or LineTerminator \ EscapeSequence
And what is a line terminator? Let's have a look at 7.3 Line Terminators:
The following characters are consider to be line terminators:
\u000ALine Feed
\u000DCarriage Return
\u2028- Line separator
\u2029- Paragraph separator
In most applications, you won't notice this issue. First of all, the line separator and the paragraph separator aren't exactly widely used. Secondly, any proper JSON parser will have no problems with parsing it.
Luckily, the solution is simple: If we look at the JSON specification we see that the only place where a U+2028 or U+2029 can occur is in a string. Therefore we can simply replace every U+2028 with
\u2028 (the escape sequence) and U+2029 with
\u2029 whenever we need to send out some JSONP.
It's already been fixed in Rack::JSONP and I encourage all frameworks or libraries that send out JSONP to do the same. It's a one-line patch in most languages and the result is still 100% valid JSON.


text:
Explore the advantages of wordless picture books
A suggestion to bookshops and libraries! Add something valuable to your selection by featuring a range of Wordless Picture Books! These wordless books manage to do something amazing: they let the illustrations do all the talking, leaving it entirely up to the reader to think about what is happening in the story. As a result, wordless picture books hold a never-ending number of possible stories.
By having a story told without words, children and readers of any age are encouraged to use the power of imagination to work out what they think is happening. This lets each reader really explore and create their own story in their mind, which can encourage children to really push their boundaries and think outside the box. It also means that individual readers can connect with the books slightly differently, because they have the freedom to explore, interpret and imagine in any way that they might want, leaving them feeling more fulfilled at the end of the story.
From being used in teaching foreign languages to art projects and prompting discussions on wider themes, wordless picture books are ideal for encouraging classroom discussion. Take the witty and wonderful story of our latest picture book Caged for example. With it's strong message of freedom and retribution, it can open up a range of questions about liberation, environmentalism and helping others, as well as discussion about the gorgeous artwork and design.
Wordless picture books are able to be inclusive in a way that written words are not because they are accessible to such a range of reading levels, and readers who come from all backgrounds! Every reader has a unique experience when they read a wordless picture book, and sharing our thoughts about them with each other helps us to better understand different ideas and points of view. Whether it is at home or in a classroom, these books encourage readers to be imaginative and creative! Children love wordless picture books, because it allows them to experience adventure and excitement by themselves, and gives them the chance and the confidence to be a storyteller of their own.
We have a new addition to our wordless picture books on its way! Joining the dreamy Chalk Eagle and whimsical Little Eli is the fantastic tale of Caged! We hope that wonderful wordless picture books like these soon fill the shelves of bookshops and libraries, so that all children could experience their benefits!
- Meet the author of Caged, Duncan Annand! Watch the interview here!
- Watch the beautiful book trailer for Chalk Eagle
- Download free book posters for Caged, Chalk Eagle and Little Eli!
- Read about our Wordless Picture Book Campaign
Buy Chalk Eagle
Buy Little Eli
Visit our bookstore
Download book posters
Limited edition prints
Subscribe to Tiny Owl on YouTube!


text:
Neypayasam Short Story In Malayalam Pdf 160
Neypayasam is a short story written by Kamala Suraiyya Das, also known by her pen name Madhavikutty, who was a famous Indian poet and writer in English and Malayalam. The story was first published in 1977 in the Malayalam magazine Mathrubhumi Weekly. The story is about a family's grief and loss after the sudden death of the mother, and how the father and the children cope with it. The title of the story means "ghee payasam", which is a sweet dish made of rice, milk, sugar and ghee (clarified butter). The payasam is a symbol of the mother's love and care for her children, and also of the sweetness of life that is lost with her death.
The story begins with the father returning home from the cremation ground with his two children, Unni and Rajan. He finds a crystal bowl of payasam that his wife had prepared for them before she died. He decides to feed his children the payasam, as he thinks that it is the last thing that his wife had made for them. He also feels guilty for not being able to save her from the heart attack that killed her. He tries to hide his tears from his children, who are too young to understand the gravity of the situation. Unni and Rajan eat the payasam without knowing that their mother is no more. They praise their mother's cooking and ask their father if he wants some. The father declines, saying that he is not hungry. He then goes to the bathroom to wash his face and cry in private.
The story ends with a poignant image of the father holding the book that his wife had given him as a gift, and sitting silently on the bed. The book is titled "The History of Ancient India", and it is a reminder of his wife's interest in history and culture. The father feels that he has lost not only his wife, but also his companion and friend. He wonders how he will live without her, and how he will raise his children alone.
Neypayasam is a touching story that explores the themes of death, grief, love, memory and family. It shows how a simple dish can evoke powerful emotions and memories in a person. It also shows how a sudden tragedy can change a person's life forever. The story is written in a simple and realistic style, with minimal dialogue and description. The story has been translated into English by V.C. Harris and C.K. Mohamed Ummer. The story has also been adapted into a short film by Oottukkath Ippinetta, which won several awards at various film festivals.
: Neypayasam നയ്പ്പയസ by Kamala Suraiyya Das Goodreads
: Neypayasam Short Story In Malayalam Pdf 16 - iPuducherry
: ദുഖ രുചക്കുന്ന നയ്പയസവു മരണ മണക്കുന്ന വനലന്റ കഥയ


text:
fitzsimons-contributionofmultitenure-2004.pdf (9.12 MB)
Contribution of multi-tenure reserve networks to biodiversity conservation
thesisposted on 2004-01-01, 00:00 authored by James Andrew. Fitzsimons
All multi-tenure reserve networks studied contributed in varying degrees to biodiversity conservation. The aims and restrictions set by or imposed upon the coordinating body, and the biophysical nature of the surrounding landscape and resultant historical land use and tenure pattern were found to be the key factors influencing the current and potential contribution that such networks make.
Paginationxvii, 323 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.


text:
Human insulin refers to synthetic insulin manufactured in laboratories by growing insulin protein with the help of E. coli bacteria. Previously, before human insulin was established as animal insulin, usually a purified form of porcine (pork) insulin was used. It is expected that the market for global human insulin market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.1% from 2016 – 2027.
- Increasing prevalence of diabetic population, rising prevalence of obesity, and rise in geriatric population are major factors driving the growth of the human insulin market
- Strict regulatory requirements for approval of insulin and high cost of insulin analog inhibits the growth of the human insulin market
Segmentation for the global human insulin market comprises of the following types such as
Traditional Human Insulin
- Short Acting Human Insulin,
- Intermediate Acting Human Insulin,
- Premixed Human Insulin.
Modern Human Insulin
- Long Acting Human Insulin,
- Rapid Acting Human Insulin
- Premixed Human Insulin
Request a Sample Copy @ _URL_
Key Players for Human Insulin Market:
Some of the key players for this market are:
- Biocon Ltd(India),
- Tonghua Dongbao Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.,
- Merck & Co,
- Pfizer, Inc,
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company,
- Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc,
- Novo Nordisk A/S
Taste the market data and market information presented through more than 50 market data tables and figures spread in 110 numbers of pages of the project report. Avail the in-depth table of content TOC & market synopsis on "Global Human Insulin Market Research Report – forecast to 2027"
Regional Analysis of Human Insulin Market:
North America is a prominent market for human insulin market and dominated the Global market share. It has been valued at $11,127.9 in 2015 million and is expected to grow over $XX million by 2027. The European human insulin market stands as second largest market which is expected to grow with a CAGR of 12.2% during the forecasted period.
Asia Pacific has emerged as the fastest growing market which has been valued at US $6,298 million in 2015 and expected to reach US $XX million by the end of forecasted period with the CAGR of more than 13.2%.
Browse full report @ _URL_
Table of Content
- Report Prologue
2.2 Scope of The Study
2.2.1 Research Objective
2.3 Market Structure
2.4. Market Segmentation
- Research Methodology
3.1 Research Process
3.2 Primary Research
3.3 Secondary Research
3.4 Market Size Estimation
3.5 Forecast Model
- Market Dynamics
4.4 Mega Trends
4.5 Macroeconomic Indicators
4.6 Important Pointers By Industry Experts
4.6.1 Fastest Growing Market
4.6.2 Growth Prospects
- Market Factor Analysis
5.1 Value Chain Analysis
- Human Insulin Market 2016-2020: By Types (Us $ Million)
6.2 Historic Market Growth
6.3 Market Size (Sub Segments)
6.3.1 Traditional Human Insulin
6.3.2 Modern Human Insulin
- Human Insulin Market, By Region Market Value & Volume Forecast (Us $ Million)
Reasons to Purchase this report:
From an insight perspective, this research report has focused on various levels of analyses—industry analysis (industry trends), market share analysis of top players, supply chain analysis, and company profiles, which together comprise and discuss the basic views on the competitive landscape, emerging and high-growth segments of the Global Human Insulin Market, high-growth regions, and market drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
Key questions answered in this report
- What will the market size be in 2027 and what will the growth rate be?
- What are the key market trends?
- What is driving this market?
- What are the challenges to market growth?
- Who are the key vendors in this market space?
- What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?
Phototherapy Market Information, by devices (firefly, fiber-optic blanket, fiber-optic band) by indication (jaundice, skin disease) by end users (hospitals, clinics, home care) – Forecast to 2022.Know more about this report @ _URL_
About Market Research Future:
At Market Research Future (MRFR), we enable our customers to unravel the complexity of various industries through our Cooked Research Report (CRR), Half-Cooked Research Reports (HCRR), Raw Research Reports (3R), Continuous-Feed Research (CFR), and Market Research & Consulting Services.
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text: Anyone involved in e-learning is certain to have run across the word practice in connection with a number of notable expressions or phrases: communities of practice, best practices, and teaching practices among others. However, there have been few definitions or discussions that address exactly what practice is. This article provides a short overview of the practice approach, focusing first on its origin in the philosophy of Heidegger and the sociology of Bourdieu. It then provides and analyzes examples of everyday conversational practices, exploring how computer technology can work with (or against) the unscripted, improvisational nature of practice. In this way, this article illustrates both how and why this approach can be valuable for research in e-learning.


text:
The Pitch-Key is capable of de-tuning and re-tuning the string very accurately but it is important to make sure that your guitar is properly prepared as follows:-
The use of a low-friction nut is recommended, as are nut slot grease and locking tuning posts. It is important that the Pitch-Key touches only the strings of the guitar so that it does not restrict any natural string movement.
Your guitar will require a minimum 30mm free string length in between the nut and the tuning post for use with the Pitch-Key. Note that slotted headstock instruments may not be suitable due to
the restricted space in between the strings and the headstock.
If preferred, the stabilizer leg gap can be carefully enlarged to suit the diameter of a typical adjacent string. Ensure that the final gap does not fit tightly over the adjacent string. An Occasional application of light oil to the moving parts is recommended for continued smooth operation.
Full demo by master musician and gear expert - Andy Ferreira
Review and amazing real time transposing demo - NeoGeoFanatic


.opmap
Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.
dis.cmp_op
Sequence of all compare operation names.
dis.hasconst
Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.
dis.hasfree
Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that 'free' in this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does not include references to global or builtin scopes).
dis.hasname
Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.
dis.hasjrel
Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.
dis.hasjabs
Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.
dis.haslocal
Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.
dis.hascompare
Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.


text:
Latin for abuse does not take away use.
That is to say, just because something can be (or is) abused does not mean it should be banned, destroyed, denied. (That is abused while there also is prefectly legitimate use for it.)
This is an important legal principle, among others. For example, it would not be correct to ban the Internet because it is possible to use for the dissemination of undesirable information.
The same principle applies to the development of new technology that can be abused. Leonardo da Vinci is said to have invented the submarine and then destroyed the blueprints because he was afraid it would be used for military purposes. Indeed, after it was reinvented in the 20th Century, it was used for military purposes, but it also allowed us to study the ocean in ways impossible before.


text:
What is a rhombille grid?
A rhombille grid is a tessellation of the plain in identical rhombi. (The term was coined by John Conway in his book The Symmetries of Things. He also created The Game of Life.)
One of the earliest games that used an isometric view, Q*bert (1982), used a grid like this to simulate a limited 3D environment. Indeed, with appropriate shading, the tiling resemble a stack of 3D cubes. At the time, the game was praised for its innovative graphics.
Another game that uses a rhombille grid is Rhomboid Slitherlinks, a set of puzzles created by Jim Bumgardner, using tilings supplied by Lars Huttar (Edit: I previously only credited Jim. Lars explains in a comment below how the puzzles came about. I apologize for the omission.). A Slitherlink is a puzzle where the goal is to draw in edges of a grid so that they form a single, continuous line that does not cross itself. Some cells have numbers; these indicate the number of edges of that cell that are part of the solution line.
The rombille grid has another feature that makes them useful for games. Rhombille grids are the edge-grids of hexagonal and triangular grids. In other words, if we are interested in the edges of these types of grids, we could consider them the faces of appropriate rhombille grids. For instance, if we use a rhombus tile with the long diagonal of the rhombus drawn in, the resulting grid will be a triangular grid. If we use tiles with the short diagonal drawn in instead, the resulting grid is a hexagonal grid.
There are not many examples of games played on the edges of these types of grids. There is a version of Dots for hexagonal grids, and hexagonal Sliterlink puzzles. The Settlers of Catan has a road-building mechanic on the edges of the hexes. Another interesting game is Vertex Dispenser, where players play on the edges (really, from vertex to vertex) to gain territory, similar to Dots. Unlike the other examples, this game uses grids on 3D shapes.
When you work with edges for hex or tri grids, there are several advantages to work with rhomb tiles instead of tris or hexes:
- It is easier to draw the edges, since you are not near the edge of the tile. This gives you more freedom to play with the lines.
- Since each edge has it's own tile, you only have to use one tile. In a tri grid such as the one below, you would need two different tiles.
- It is easier to make the edges clickable.
There are many ways in which we can assign coordinates to the cell in a rhombille grid. One technique that works well is to group the rhombi into groups of three, where each group forms a hexagon. We can then make a coordinate from the hex coordinate, and an index that indicates the orientation (and hence also which of the three rhombi in the group we mean).
This is the scheme followed in the image at the top of this post. You will notice that groups of three rhombi with the same colors make up a hexagon (or a cube). The first part of the rhomb coordinate is the hex-coordinate of the hex that it is part of (see Amit Patel's article on grid math for more detail on hex coordinates). The last part is an index indicating it's orientation.
The neighbors of a cell in a rhombille grid is complex.
In the image above, the blue cell has four 1-neighbors (the green cells), four 2-neighbors (the yellow cells) and ten 3-neighbors (the red cells).
If we view the rhomb grid as a edge hex-grid, then the 1-neighbors of a cell are all the edges connected to the edge in that cell. If we view the rhomb grid as a edge tri grid, then the 1-, 2- and 3- neighbors of a cell contain the edges connected to the edge in that cell.
In Q*bert, only "flat" cells are accessible. In this case, neighbors do not share an edge or even a vertex.


Cornflour oz sugars to gr converter for culinary teaching and diet.
cornflour conversion
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One ounce of sugar of cornflour converted to grain equals to 15,432,358.35 gr
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Amazon Quiz Time Answer 16 October
Amazon Quiz Time Answer 16 October & Win 1000 Amazon Pay Balance
Question 1. How many total squares does a chessboard have?
Answer. 204
Question 2. Podiatrists are medical professional devoted to the study and medical treatment of _?
Answer. FEET
Question 3. Which Indian state is also known as the 'Land of rising sun' because it gets the first sunrise in the country?
Answer. Arunachal Pradesh
Question 4. Who is also called the 'Birdman of India'?
Answer. Satyendra Nath Bose
Hello Everyone All of you are welcome Amazon Quiz Time Answer 16 October and today we have brought for you Amazon Quiz Time Answer 16 October This contest has been asked for a total of 5 question and we have all published for you the correct answer on the uvtimes.
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26 March 2020 00:34
Millions of 15-minute home coronavirus tests are set to be available on the high street or for Amazon delivery to people self-isolating, according to Public Health England (PHE), in a move that could restore many people's lives to a semblance of pre-lockdown normality. Prof Sharon Peacock, the director of the national infection service at PHE, told MPs on the science and technology committee that mass testing in the UK would be possible within days, saying evaluation of the fingerprick tests should be completed this week. The UK government has bought 3.5m tests – which reveal whether someone has had the virus and is therefore thought to have some immunity – and is ordering millions more, it has said. At the prime minister's daily press conference on Wednesday, the government's medical and scientific advisers said they needed to be certain the tests worked before they could be made available. "The key thing for us to do is evaluate – are these tests accurate enough to be used by the general public?" said Chris Whitty, chief medical officer.
The home test, which looks like a pregnancy test, involves pricking a finger to produce a drop of blood, which is then analysed by the device. a new continuous cough - this means you've started coughing repeatedly NHS advice is that anyone with symptoms should stay at home for at least 7 days. If you still have a cough after 7 days, but your temperature is normal, you do not need to continue staying at home. Asked if they would be available in days rather than weeks or months, Peacock said: "Yes, absolutely." If there was a charge for them, she thought it would be minimal, she added. NHS workers or anyone else would be able to know if they have had the virus and are therefore immune, which means they could resume their normal lives, no longer having to work from home or keep their distance from other people.
The Government has announced that Britons will be able to conduct coronavirus antibody tests at home within a matter of days with finger-prick kits that will be available from Amazon and Boots. The test, carried out by a device that pricks your finger for blood, works this out by testing your blood for coronavirus antibodies to see if they have already beaten the virus and gained some immunity to it. The coronavirus test that the Government currently uses can only tell whether a person has the virus, not if they have had it and recovered. An antigen test is effective because it can take a few days for the immune system to build enough antibodies to be detected in a test; however, antigens can be detected almost immediately after infection. The test will enable NHS staff to know if they have been infected with - and have recovered from - the virus so can return to work.
"We want to get hundreds of thousands of tests ramped up in the next few weeks per day," he said. Millions of new coronavirus testing kits could be ready in days, rather than weeks or months, according to Public Health England. It would show whether an individual had antibodies for COVID-19 which, if they did, would mean they could return to work if they were not showing symptoms. Professor Sharon Peacock, director of the National Infection Service at Public Health England, revealed on Wednesday that millions of such a test have been ordered and could be used "in the near future". Prof Whitty said the tests would first need to be evaluated, and then the main priority for testing will be identifying how many people have had COVID-19 without showing symptoms, and which NHS workers are very likely to be immune. Evidence suggests people cannot catch coronavirus twice in quick succession, if they have already been infected and recovered, the government has said. The tests, which look similar to pregnancy tests, could be ordered on Amazon or taken at high street branches such as Boots, Prof Peacock said. A Boots spokesperson has said the company is "keen to work with the government to explore opportunities to support COVID-19 testing". Appearing before the House of Commons science and technology committee via video link, Prof Peacock said the new tests were "rapidly" being evaluated at a laboratory in Oxford with 3.5 million having already been ordered. She added: "In the near future people will be able to order a test so they can test themselves or go to Boots or somewhere similar to have their finger-prick test done." Asked if the availability of the test to the public would be a number of days rather than weeks or months, she replied: "Absolutely." Prof Peacock told the committee there are "two different models", with one possible model being a test that is ordered via Amazon and performed at home before being sent back to see whether someone tests positive or negative for coronavirus. Public Health England will be asking some people to have a second blood test, checked with a "gold standard" test, to make sure the kits are working properly, Prof Peacock said. The home test for coronavirus will involve pricking a finger (PA) Home testing kits for coronavirus will be available from Amazon and Boots within days, according to Public Health England (PHE). The test, which will involve pricking a finger to produce a drop of blood, will crucially be able if a person has already had Covid-19. But Professor Sharon Peacock, director of the national infection service at PHE, told MPs on Wednesday that millions of the tests have been ordered and could be used 'in the near future'. Asked if the availability of the kits will be a matter of days rather than weeks Professor Peacock replied: 'Absolutely.' Professor Peacock said: 'Several million tests have been purchased for use. 'In the near future people will be able to order a test so they can test themselves or go to Boots or somewhere similar to have their finger-prick test done.'


text:
Kizil Irmak (kəzŭlˈ ərmäkˈ) [key], anc. Halys, longest river of Turkey, c.715 mi (1,150 km) long, rising in the Kizil Dağ, N central Turkey, and flowing in a wide arc SW, then N, and then NE into the Black Sea. It has an irregular volume and is not used for navigation. The river is an important source of hydroelectric power.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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text:
For many years locomotive enthusiasts particularly those who favour the LMS have been led to believe the introduction of large-lap valves (long travel valves) represented the zenith of steam locomotive design. However this was a gross simplification of the true situation.
Other factors served to influence locomotive power, performance and economy and long-travel valves represented but one possible improvement.
This book considers the main influences and by means of reasoned analysis gives careful evaluation of their contribution. This same approach is used to demonstrate when large-laps were a benefit and when they were not.
The Great Western appreciated the truth in this for under Messrs Churchward, and Collet the company built as many (if not more) short-lap engines during the '20s and '30s and later than it did large-lap. Many were simply cosmetically improved replicas of Victorian saturated designs. Yet when contemporary LMS engineers did the same, they were criticised by their successors – men who not only should have known better but also thereby misled generations of enthusiasts. Written by a professionally trained steam engineer, albeit marine, this book is an attempt to right that wrong.
97 pages 17 tables 12 diagrams (one folded in a pocket).


Mushroom Plant
Moku, Tani, Aimbe
Rungia klossii F. Acanthaceae
This information on Herbs is provided
free from Isabell Shipard's Herb book.
… … have been used to indicate omitted text.
Please see
Isabell's book of herbs and their uses
 How can I use HERBS in my daily life?
for full text.
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Herb Book Commendations
Description
Perennial, thick clumping bush, to 1 metre, with a glossy, darkgreen leaf canopy. Ovate-shaped leaves to 8cm long, form opposite on soft stems at node-like segments, 3-8cm apart. Leaves can have yellow markings, which actually are in the area of veins. Bright blue, lip-like flowers to 1cm long, form in a 2-row racket 2-3cm long, opening intermittently.
… … omitted text, please see How can I use HERBS in my daily life? for full text.

Mushroom Plant
Mushroom Plant
Leaves are extremely rich in chlorophyll, therefore, valuable for blood cleansing and building. Mushroom plant leaves have 3% protein (higher in protein than mushrooms); calorie content 33 per 100 grams of leaves, calcium 272mg to 100 grams of leaves (this makes it extremely valuable as a food, as the calcium content is considerably higher than most foods). Other known high sources of calcium in foods are: kale at 249 (p248), almond 234, soybean 226, parsley 203, dandelion leaves 187, watercress 151, chickpeas 150, horseradish 140, sunflower seed 120, wheat bran 119, broccoli 103, fennel 100, spinach 93, lentils 97, raisins 62, Chinese cabbage 43 … which shows us that the mushroom plant is considerably higher in calcium. The plant is also considered to be a rich source of vitamin C, beta-carotene, iron and other vitamins and minerals.
For people who suffer from candida, thrush, and similar ailments and are not able to eat mushrooms due to the fact that they are a fungus, they will find they can enjoy the mushroom plant to their hearts' content, as it is not a fungus. Regular picking is recommended, as this keeps the plant bushy and productive. The plant has excellent potential to be developed as a commercial crop as the stems and leaves carry well when cut.
The mushroom plant is an amazing flavour treat, rich in health-giving nutrients. It sure is a novel way of growing your mushrooms and eating them too, and still having your bush to produce more and more. The old saying "have your cake and eat it too" is a reality with this unique plant!
… … omitted text, please see How can I use HERBS in my daily life? for full text.


text:
Looking for feedback on the new strategic plan
The school board is working through development of a new 5-year strategic plan. The following is proposed content. A designed version will be created once the content is finalized.
We welcome your feedback through email to: [email protected]
Draft 2015-2020 Strategic Plan
Students prepared and empowered for the possibilities of today and tomorrow.
We create dynamic, inclusive educational experiences that develop capable, confident, curious learners who thrive and contribute to their communities.
- Achieving Excellence & Ensuring Equity
- Learning & Leadership
- Public Confidence
ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE & ENSURING EQUITY
- Increase graduation rates and reduce achievement gaps for students not yet at the provincial standard.
- Provide programs and services to help each student achieve success.
- Support all students to be global-minded leaders and learners.
- Develop the elements of well-being for students and employees collaboratively.
- Create welcoming, inclusive, safe and accepting learning environments that optimize students' potential.
- Build the capacity of employees to deliver positive social and emotional learning experiences.
LEARNING & LEADERSHIP
- Collaborate as a learning organization to engage all employees in developing their growth plans.
- Involve students, cultivate student leadership and voice.
- Implement a renewed succession planning process for school and system leaders.
- Ensure effective management of all resources (human, financial, environmental, etc.).
- Operate through good governance.
- Be leaders in public education.
For more information, please contact:
Kerry Donnell, Communications Officer, _PHONE_ or _PHONE_, extension 2354, [email protected]


Anosov $C^{1}$-diffeomorphism. Smale and Williams (see [H(1970)]) proved the following nice theorem. \proclaim {Theorem 4.1} Assume that the set of periodic points of $T$ is dense in $\bom$. If $F$ is a compact invariant subset of $\bom$ satisfying $\text {\rm codim}_\bom\ F \ge 1$, then $\text {\rm codim}_\bom\ F \ge 2 $. \endproclaim The combination of Theorem 4.1 with our weak Lemma 2.1 provides a strong ball-avoiding statement for smooth systems: \proclaim {Corollary} For any $B \neq \emptyset \subset \bom$ open, $A_\Bbb Z(B)$ is a closed set of topological codimension is at least two. \endproclaim \demo {Proof of the Corollary} Topological transitivity, the invariance of $A_\Bbb Z (B)$, and the openness of $B$ imply that $\text {\rm Int} A_\Bbb Z (B) \neq \emptyset$. Proposition 3.3 then proves the claim. \enddemo \qed \demo {Proof of Theorem 4.1} Throughout the whole paper we will denote by $\{\gamma^s\}$ and $\{\gamma^u\}$ the invariant foliations defined by the dynamics in question, and by $\gamma^s_{\varepsilon}(x)$ and $ \gamma^u_{\varepsilon}(x)$ the local invariant manifolds of size $\varepsilon$ through the point $x$. Denote by $\Cal P$ the set of periodic points of $\bom \setminus F$. We use the following simple statements: \noindent {\it Claim 1.} $\Cal P$ is dense in $\bom$. \noindent {\it Claim 2.} If $x \in \Cal P$, then $\gamma^u(x) \cap F = \gamma^s(x) \cap F = \emptyset$. These claims easily provide the truth of the Theorem. Indeed, let $y \in F$ and choose $\varepsilon > 0$ small. The foliations $\{\gamma^u\}$, $\{\gamma^s\}$ define a local product structure and using it we can consider a parallelogram $\gamma^u_\varepsilon (y) \times \gamma^s_\varepsilon (y)$. Moreover, we define $ F_0 = F \cap (\gamma^u_\varepsilon(y) \times \gamma^s_\varepsilon (y))$. By Claim 2, for any $x \in \Cal P$, $(\gamma^u(x) \cup \gamma^s(x)) \cap F = \emptyset$, and, consequently, $F_0 \subset (\gamma^u_\varepsilon (y) \setminus \cup_{x \in \Cal P}\gamma^s(x)) \times (\gamma^s_\varepsilon (y) \setminus \cup_{x \in \Cal P}\gamma^u(x))$. Claim 1 and Proposition 3.3 then say that the factors of the previous product set have codimension at least one each. Hence the Theorem follows by the product theorem (cf. Theorem III.4 of [H-W(1941)]). Let us now prove Claim 1. Take an arbitrary open subset $G$ of $\bom$. The open set $G \setminus F$ is not empty for otherwise we would have $\dim F = n$. Since $\Cal P$ was dense in $\bom \setminus F$, we also have $(G \setminus F) \cap \Cal P \neq \emptyset$. Turn next to Claim 2. We prove $\gamma^s(x) \cap F = \emptyset$ for an arbitrary $x \in \Cal P$. Assume $T^px =x$. Select an open neighbourhood $G$ of $x$ disjoint from $F$. By invariance, $(\cup_{n \in \Bbb Z} T^n G) \cap F = \emptyset$. Now for any $y \in \gamma^s(x)$\ \ $\rho(T^{kp}y, x) \to 0$ if $k \to \infty$, and thus, for $k$ sufficiently large, $T^{kp}y \in G$ implying $y \notin F $. \enddemo \qed \noindent {\bf Remark 4.2.} After the aforementioned result, the study of compact invariant subsets was continued --- among others by Franks [F(1977)], Hancock [H(1978)] and Ma\~n\'e [M(1978)]. Since the sets $A_\br(B)$ provide natural examples of compact, invariant subsets --- in fact, all compact invariant subsets are of this form ---, this description has been used by several authors. In particular, for every $0 \le k \le d-2$, Przytycki [P(1980)] found examples of sets $B_k$ such that $\dim A_\br(B_k) = k$. \heading 5. A Strong Ball-Avoiding Theorem for Hyperbolic Systems (With or Without Singularities) \endheading \bigskip \bigskip For simplicity, we formulate the theorem for discrete time groups $\ddina$ of hyperbolic systems since the generalization to continuous time is straightforward. Our setup is that $\bom$ is a compact $C^\infty$-manifold and $\mu$ is a smooth, invariant probability measure. We also want to permit singularities as it is done in [L-W(1995)] or in [Y(1998)] or in [Ch(1998)]. For saving space, we do not list the conditions formulated in these works since we only use some standard consequences of them. Namely: the $\mu$-a. e. existence of the local invariant manifolds and the absolute continuity of the canonical isomorphism between them, and further the simple fact that if in case of singularities we define trajectory branches as it is described, for instance, in????, then can always be considered continuous on these trajectory branches. On the other hand, the kind of hyperbolicity needed will be implicitly ensured by our assumptions. Start with the corresponding definition. \proclaim {Definition 5.1} A point $x \in \bom$ is called {\sl a zigzag point} if one can find arbitrary small open neighbourhoods $U$ of $x$ such that for every zero-set $A \subset \bom$ there exists another zero-set $A'\supset A$ with the property: for every $y, y' \in U \setminus A'$ there exists a chain (also called Hopf-chain) $$ \g_{\text {loc}}^u(z_0), \g_{\text {loc}}^s(z_1), \g_{\text {loc}}^u(z_1), \g_{\text {loc}}^s(z_2), \dots, \g_{\text {loc}}^u(z_{n-1}), \g_{\text {loc}}^s(z_n) $$ (here $z_0=y, z_n=y'$) of local unstable and stable invariant manifolds inside $U$ such that each intersection $$ \g_{\text {loc}}^u(z_i)\cap \g_{\text {loc}}^s(z_{i+1}) \qquad \qquad \qquad (i=0, \dots, n-1) $$ and $$ \g_{\text {loc}}^s(z_i)\cap \g_{\text {loc}}^u(z_i) =\{z_i\} \qquad \qquad \qquad (i=1, \dots, n-1) $$ consists of exactly one point belonging to $U\setminus A'$. \endproclaim The following theorem generalizes Lemma 4.3 of \kssw, and its proof is also based on its ideas. \proclaim {Theorem 5.2} Assume that \roster \item "{(i)}" the group $\ddina$ is mixing; \item "{(ii)}" for the subset $Z$ of zigzag points of $\bom$, $\bom \setminus Z$ is slim; \item "{(iii)}" $B\neq \emptyset\ (\subset \bom)$ is open; \item "{(iv)}" $H\ (\subset \bz)$ satisfies\ $ \sup H = -\inf H = \infty.$ \endroster Then $A_H(B)\ (\subset \bom)$ is a closed zero-set of codimension at least two. \endproclaim \noindent {\bf Remark 5.3.} For the first glance, condition (ii) of Theorem 5.2, as formulated, might seem too restrictive, but, fortunately, this is not the case. In the case of hyperbolic systems with singularities, with billiards included (cf. [L-W(1995)]), the singularities, to be denoted by $\Cal S$


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