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In the Carolina Piedmont of the USA, agricultural and forest management in the 19th and 20th centuries has greatly altered soil organic nitrogen (N). The objective of this study is to evaluate effects of two centuries of land use on N in upland Piedmont soils that are derived from the region's most common bedrock, granitic gneiss. Effects of agriculture on total soil N were examined by comparing soils cropped mainly for cotton since about 1800 with soils that remained under hardwood forest without cultivation or fertilization. Effects of forest regrowth on the N of old-field soils were examined in eight permanent plots resampled on seven occasions from 1962 to 1997 at the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina.
Together, the soil-comparative study and the four-decade field experiment illustrate how soil N in the southern Piedmont has been altered by agricultural management during the 19th and 20th centuries. Not only have agricultural harvests removed considerable N from Piedmont soils, but soil organic matter has been enriched in N by agricultural fertilization, a practice that has now contributed greatly to N cycles of many old-field forests in the region.
In old-field pine stands (Pinus taeda) at the Calhoun Experimental Forest, 40 years of forest growth accumulated 366 kg ha−1 of N (CV=9.3%) in tree biomass and 740 kg ha−1 (CV=9.7%) in forest floor between planting in 1957 and the last sampling in 1997. In the four decades, mineral-soil N was diminished by 823 kg ha−1 (CV=39.5%), a reduction in N accompanied by substantial decreases in mineralizable N as well. On the other hand, N accretion in the whole forest ecosystem averaged 5.9 kg ha−1 per year over this period (significant at a probability of <0.07), an accretion attributed mainly to atmospheric N deposition rather than N2 fixation. Despite the N accretion and legacy of agricultural fertilization, the 40-year-old Calhoun forest has grown into a state of acute N deficiency. Future N research should include support for a network of long-term field studies which investigates N dynamics in forest floor and logging slash, and estimates N-use and N-retention efficiencies of fertilized pine-forest ecosystems.
Richter, Daniel D., Daniel Markewitz, Paul R. Heine, Virginia Jin, Jane Raikes, Kun Tian, Carol G. Wells (2000): Legacies of agriculture and forest regrowth in the nitrogen of old-field soils. Forest Ecology and Management 138 (1-3): 233-248. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00399-6


Sculptures and installations
Shape in Space
– Viktor Mitic's enigmatic interactive sculptures
Viktor Mitic's cut aluminum sculptures have a post-Pop flair. Inspired by the likes of Frank Stella, they animate space by combining car paint colour with shaped metal forms. Shapes and spaces between create a multi-level depth effect, animating space. The references could be to the industry and the machine, but Mitic interprets these forms as contrasting and assembling so they become a pure language where forms, shapes, each unique, inter-act and inter-relate. The result is to build a composite spatial dynamic. Drawing in space, presenting a series of 3-dimensional points of reference, builds scale structurally into an imagined and infinite scape. Mitic's gestural object sculptures materialize conceptions into a very real sculptural presence.
We can see that Viktor Mitic has moved beyond the purely linear to a more engaged mechanistic poetry. Blue lines curve, yellow lines curve, almost in parallel to one another, but at different depths. The depths are theatrical, close to the spirit of construction, and the huge, exaggerated, rivet-like attachments play on appearance and reality, giving the illusion that these are indeed mechanisms of the imagination.
The positive shapes used in one large-scale piece, and the left over negative cuts recycled into yet another, build a dialogue on presence and absence, on form, on utility and the projected imagination.
Viktor Mitic's latest sculptures explore a continuity, and this continuity makes his work integral and physical, emphasizing a structuralist worldview. His sculptures have to do with the way we visualize forms in space, and how sculptures as objects guide us to understand the infinite nature of our relation to environments.
– John K. Grande, Writer/Art Critic


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Vitim volcanThe Vitim Plateau volcano is a vast volcanic field northeast of the Baikal Lake. Cinder cones and associated lava flows are spread over an area of about 10,000 sq km.
Introduction:Volcanism in the Vitim Plateau dates back to the Miocene. The most voluminous activity was between the Miocene and the Pleistocene. A second second phase occurred during the Pleistocene and Holocene.
Most of the volcanic centers are located in the NW part of the volcanic field, parallel to the axial part of the Baikal Rift Zone, which lies about 200 km to the west. Mantle zenoliths are found in several locations.
Source: Smithsonian Institution / GVP
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (Conference/Workshop/Seminar)
John B. Asbury, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, will present a seminar entitled, "Quantum Confinement, Materials and Molecules: Pathways to High Efficiency Solution Processable Solar Cells".
Everyone is welcome!
Many emerging electronic materials targeting high throughput low temperature processing are molecular in nature. Examples include solution processable organic and colloidal quantum dot materials for photovoltaic and flexible display technologies. The Asbury group has pioneered the development of ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy techniques to examine electronic processes in materials with particular focus on the influence that underlying molecular structures have on those properties.
This seminar will focus on understanding the influence that ligands have on the efficiency of colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photovoltaic materials. CQDs are rapidly emerging as a third generation photovoltaic technology that promises a solution processable equivalent to silicon solar cells. They combine bandgap tunability to capture all of the solar spectrum with large area solution processability for low cost hight speed manufacture. Like traditional inorganic semiconductors, for which understanding the mechanisms of charge transport was critical to such advances as modern computing and solar cell technologies, progress in CQD photovoltaic efficiency has occurred through development of methods to control charge transport. The mechanism of charge transport in colloidal quantum dot solids has, until now, been controversial. Using ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy in partnership with leaders in the CQD photovoltaic field, we have identified the nature of electrical transport states that are principally responsible for charge transport in CQD solids and elucidated the role that ligands have in determining the properties of these states. Insights from the findings provide new understanding of current limitations and give direction to ongoing efforts to realize yet higher efficiency CQD solar cells.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Wendy J. Leach _EMAIL_
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9781740303965 _PHONE_ at Audiobooks Survival Teenagers 1999 Unabridged ed. 1999 Unknown value: nsr Tomorrow, when the war began Fiction War stories Seven Australian teenagers return from a camping trip in the bush to discover that their country has been invaded and they must hide to stay alive. en 55849916 When the war began Young adult works Talking books for children 2001 Young adult fiction Teenagers--Australia Survival--Australia Tomorrow, when the war began series ; Bolinda Audio Guerrillas Dougherty Suzi Dougherty, Suzi. Blind--Books and reading. Guerrillas--Australia Juvenile Australia Talking books for children. Audiobooks. Blind--Books and reading Melbourne, Australia Marsden John Marsden, John, 1950- 1950 War Friendship


Jul 17 2018
Universities Partner with Cities to Boost Budgets for Technology Projects
Higher education institutions look to collaborate with cities to develop state-of-the-art innovation hubs.
Public-private partnerships are a growing interest for institutions looking to encourage student exploration into the latest technological innovations but do not have the budget to reach their goals.
While endowments, loans or donations can be a good way to overcome financial obstacles, some universities are partnering with city governments to establish innovative campuses for the technologically curious.
Across the country, university administrators and city officials are combining resources and knowledge to create technology centers, offering students the opportunity to push the boundaries of innovation and enticing entrepreneurial graduates to move to cities ready to become the next Silicon Valley.
City Partnerships Expand University Capabilities
Combining the resources of a city government with the plans and ideas from higher education administrators can lead to some incredible feats.
University of California, Davis, and the city of Sacramento recently announced the establishment of Aggie Square, a 25-acre playground for the digitally curious. Outfitted with 1 million square feet of research, incubator and accelerator space, members of UC Davis and government officials see this as a stepping stone for all parties involved.
This is not the first partnership of its kind. Standing in midtown Atlanta, Technology Square is a symbol of the collaboration between the city and Georgia Institute of Technology to foster a new generation of tech-savvy graduates.
Inside the center, students have access to resources like credits through Google Cloud for Startups and Microsoft for Startups, helping them grow their strengths and hone the skills employers seek.
In Durham, N.C., Duke University and city officials have seen their project, the Chesterfield Building, grow into a thriving innovation hub nestled in the downtown area.
Microsoft recently announced it would invest in a new innovation hub within the building, offering research tools through its Azure cloud software to help Duke affiliates in their academic pursuits.
How to Initiate Collaboration with Local Officials
Creating a state-of-the-art technology hub is possible for many institutions, but it can be difficult to know where to start.
Organizations like MetroLab Network offer pathways to connect cities with higher education institutions specifically for technology-based projects.
For example, through MetroLab Network, New Jersey Institute of Technology and the city of Newark have embarked on a journey to incorporate smart city technology across both the campus and the city, utilizing tools from corporate sponsors such as IBM and Panasonic for Internet of Things and internet hardware.
Additionally, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) has a 10-step checklist for universities planning to develop their own technology hub space.
"A [public-private partnership] can give you access to essential real estate and market expertise, along with a source of financing, and can be designed to transfer risk from your institution to the private partner," the JLL authors write.
skyNext/Getty Images


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Fetomaternal medicine is a specialty in gynaecology and obstetrics. It involves applying special knowledge and skills to pregnant women who are at risk when giving birth, and to cases where the health of unborn babies is at risk.
Specialists recognise and manage both normal and high-risk births, and carry out high-risk obstetric operations. Fetomaternal medicine also involves giving psychological care to women in labour and knowing how to relieve pain during birth.
Further areas of fetomaternal medicine:
- Identifying malformations and diseases of the foetus, giving expert advice to parents and carrying out pre-natal diagnostic procedures and treatments.
- Providing psychological counselling to pregnant women, conducting preliminary assessments and carrying out abortions after the 14th week of pregnancy.


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From Ohio History Central
Cass Gilbert was a well-known American Architect in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Gilbert was born in Zanesville, Ohio, on November 24, 1859. His father died in 1868, and Gilbert found a job working as a surveyor in a local architect's office. It was there that he gained an interest in architecture. He studied for a year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before traveling to Europe to obtain additional training.
Gilbert began to make a name for himself as an architect after designing Minnesota's new state capitol building in 1896. His design was chosen for a new United States Customs building in New York City, and he designed the Woolworth Building as well. In 1908, Gilbert was elected president of the American Institute of Architects. Later in his career, he was chosen to be president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, an honorary member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and a member of the French Legion of Honor. He also served on the National Commission of Fine Arts. Gilbert's best-known design was the United States Supreme Court building in Washington, DC.
Cass Gilbert died in England in 1934.


with code first
Diagram of tab order, with design first
Diagram of tab order, with design content as placeholder?
Distinct approaches varying what content is prioritized: Code (in Examples) first, Design first, or a sensitizing example above tabs altogether
IBM Carbon values examples revealing Code first and foremost, leaving design details for Usage and Style to subsequent tabs. Hudl's Uniform system reverses priority, telling the Design before Code, relegated to a second tab with a content taxonomy that's similar but not exactly the same. Salesforce's Lightning Design System presents a sensitizing example as a component explorer above a default Developer Guidelines tab, yet Implementation Notes and Design Guidelines tabs remain curiously empty.
Depending on an organization, additional sections — often, Accessibility — also emerge as a peer, perhaps before or after a Design tab.
Takeaway: Start with an Introduction and position Examples prominently. Beyond that, prioritizing Design or Code guidance varies by organization and how they value their audiences and storytelling.
For Longer Pages, Anchor Readers with Persistent Local Navigation
The longer your page, the more important it is to signal what's there and where you are. Vertical local navigation in a right rail works effectively: ever present, tracking page location as you scroll, and expanding to reveal sub-headers along the way.
Screenshot of Morningstar component page content
Morningstar Design System organizes local navigation along a page's right rail with two levels of hierarchy.
Takeaway: The UI — across tabs or in a single scrollable view — can be a matter of taste, although many sites trend towards a vertical navigation that sticks. Ask your audience, know your content, maximize usability, and no matter what: keep section names and order consistent across the library.
Showing Design OR Code Or Both?
The more design and code thread together, the more audiences interested predominantly in one over the other will ask to refine the page's interface to suit what they want to see.
Consider a toggle to hide design or code concerns. This requires classifying each content type as relevant to one, the other, or both audiences, such as:
In a similar vein, Hudl's Uniform implemented a page toggle to distinguish design and code, serving as a defacto tab to orient users one way or the other:
Hudl Uniform screenshot of design page
Hudl Uniform screenshot of code page
Hudl's Uniform design system distinguishes guidance for Design and Code via a page-level toggle (upper right).
The implementation is smooth and yet comes with a cost: build the UI and manage content effectively. Other clients I've served have sought a similar breakdown, finding my heart with acknowledging the separate yet open borders between design and engineering.
Takeaway: Filtering based on content types is a content management challenge more than a technical one. The stricter your IA, the better chance you've got, but it depends on an effective authoring workflow and separation of concerns that may challenge the notion of content relevant for both sides.
So, you have a strong sense of your audiences, know the kinds of content to produce, and agree on a high-level page structure. It's time to get to work.
Next → #2. Introductions
Need help with your system?


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The script can be reduced in code for general usage and without comments it is only a few lines.
The advantages of using a script:
- The output format can be customized.
- It can be written to output the statistic either to a message box, a new file, to output window, or even into the file itself.
- The statistic output can be produced also for the entire file, or only selected text, or for selected text and entire file.
- The word delimiters can be customized and it is possible to filter the word list before counting, for example to ignore strings with a single character like a or I.
Summarized, using a script gives a user with good skills in writing scripts the possibility to customize the statistic output to personal needs. If such a customization is not required or a user has no skills in writing scripts, calling the word count tool is definitely the better solution.


authorea Authorea 10.36227/techrxiv.20272434.v1 Nature-Inspired Intelligent α-Fair Hybrid Precoding in Multiuser Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems 0000-0002-8757-0377 Koc Asil
McGill University
0000-0002-9308-8894 Le-Ngoc Tho
30 10 2023 This preprint is available at _URL_
This paper proposes a novel nature-inspired α-fair hybrid precoding (NI-αHP) technique for millimeter-wave multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output systems. Unlike the existing HP literature, we propose to apply -fairness for maintaining various fairness expectations (e.g., sum-rate maximization, proportional fairness, max-min fairness, etc.). After developing the analog RF beamformer via slow time-varying angular information, the digital baseband (BB) precoder is designed via the reduced-dimensional effective channel matrix seen from the BB-stage. For the α-fairness, we derive the optimal digital BB precoder expression with a set of parameters, where optimizing them is an NP-hard problem. Hence, we efficiently optimize the parameters in the digital BB precoder via five nature-inspired intelligent algorithms. Numerical results present that when the sum-rate maximization is the target, the proposed NI-αHP technique greatly improves the sum-rate capacity and energy-efficiency performance compared to other benchmarks. Moreover, NI-αHP supports different fairness expectations and reduces the rate gap among UEs by varying the fairness level (α).
communication, networking and broadcast technologies hybrid precoding massive MIMO nature-inspired optimization power allocation α-fairness


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What level of LabVIEW user are you—a developer, engineer, or architect? Is it even important?
Absolutely. These categories make it easy for NI to tailor helpful resources to your individual needs. By visiting the LabVIEW Skills Guide, you can see what defines these levels and which trainings or guides we recommend each use to help them develop successful applications faster.
Here are a few examples of skills you can learn from the latest guide:
For Technicians or Basic Developers
- Troubleshoot and debug LabVIEW code
- Apply key LabVIEW elements for relating data (such as arrays, clusters, and typedefs)
- Apply design patterns and templates
For Software Engineers
- Optimize reuse of existing code for your projects
- Design, implement, document, and test code modules for each task
- Derive a task list and high-level flowchart to guide design and development
For Software Architects
- Analyze, critique, and improve the architecture of a LabVIEW application
- Optimize code and resources to effectively reduce development time and costs
- Design an application using object-oriented design principles
Best of all, many of these resources are free or available at a discounted price for students. Questions? Post your comments below and we'll follow up on them personally.


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Singapore BMI Calculator
* Adjusted to lowered BMI ranges
Singapore BMI calculator is tuned to particularities of oriental life style and food preferences. Calculator is adjusted to lowered BMI ranges. Severe underweight is considered only if calculator shows index lower than 15. If the values of calculator are between 18.5 and 22.9, the risk of health problems is low. People with BMI of 27.5 and higher are found at increased risk of heart disease and diabetes.


Explore Related Concepts
what math word starts with the letter j
Best Results From Yahoo Answers
From Yahoo Answers
Question:I'm doing a project where we have to define and give examples of a math word, sorta like a dictionary, but i can't find words for these letters... I'm in math analysis
Answers:From S. Krantz dictionary: assuming you don't include names: j: j-algebra, join( lattice theory), join irreducible element, joint proportion, joint spectrum k:k3 surface, k-compact group, k-complete scheme, kernel, k-isomorphism, k-form, k-rational divisor, k-rank, k-rational point, k-split, (most of these are from algebraic geometry) w: weak dimension, weak global dimension, weak convergence, wedge product, weight, weight group, weight function, well-behaved derivation, whole number, word, From CRC dictionary: jump( Turing jump) k-perfect number, well-ordered set, well-ordering,well-founded set, woset
Question:need to know a word related to math that starts with the letter j.
Answers:Julia set
Question:Im only in 8th grade and im doing an ABC book for math and i cant find j! I cant use realy complicated words. they have 2 be alegebra ones that are my level. It can be the first second or even third letter. first or second would be preffered. i realy need help! pleasee! thank you for your answers =] Not too difficult like realy easy words remember. like one on the 8th grade mcas if you know what that is
Answers:joint probability function A function that gives the probability that each of two or more random variables takes at a particular value. joint variation A variation in which the values of one variable depend upon those of 2 or more variables. Jordan curve A simple closed curve. Jordan matrix A matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal (and nonzero) and whose elements above the principal diagonal are equal to 1, but all other elements are 0. joule A unit of energy or work. jump discontinuity A discontinuity in a function where the left and righ-hand limits exist but are not equal to each other.
Question:it could be nay math term as long as it starts with the etter j thatnks so much for all your help......o yah and could u also help me were to look thanks bye lol....xoxoxoxx


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The first birthday of a child in Korea is known as "dol" and is very special. In the past, a child was not seen by anyone other than his family for the first 100 days of his life. This was because of high child-mortality rates. Therefore, the dol is an important milestone and marks the first time for friends and family to celebrate. There are a number of traditional presents to give.
Gold is a precious gift to give on a first birthday. The metal is a sign of good health and fortune in Korean culture. It is believed to bring prosperity and a long life to any baby who receives it. Traditionally, a 24-karat gold ring is given on a first birthday. Small rings are available to buy throughout South Korea specifically for this celebration. Gold rings were used as currency in the past and used to pay for a child's education. In modern times, a gold ring is kept until a child grows up and is cashed in for money to pay for her education.
Although Western countries see the gift of money as impersonal, in Korea, it's acceptable to give it as a gift. It is an alternative if you can't afford a gold ring but still want to give a gift that signifies prosperity and longevity. The money is given to the parents on the birthday for safekeeping. Money collected from friends and family usually is spent later for education.
On her first birthday, a child follows tradition by being dressed in bright clothing, quilted socks and hat. Parents welcome clothes as a practical gift. Appropriate clothing to give may include long robes and dresses in bright colors, a bokkeon (hat), tosu (wrist covers) and pastel-colored outfits. Traditional clothing has a child's name and symbols hand-sewn onto the fabric.
Dol Ceremony Items
During the dol, a variety of items are placed on a ceremonial table. These include thread, books, rice, scissors and a pencil. Friends and family watch as a child reaches for an item. Whichever item he reaches for is supposed to predict his future. For example, reaching for a book signifies he will be a scholar, a thread means long life, and a pair of scissors symbolizes talented hands. These ceremonial items can be given as a birthday gift so guests can participate in helping a child choose his future.


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P M Dinil Prasad, 28, from Kannur, who won the award for his excellent performance in the fisheries sector, has been undertaking cage fish farming under the guidance of the CMFRI.
The newly described one is the fifth queenfish from Indian waters. All over the world, three queen fishes were extinct earlier.
Approximately 200 tonnes of baby black clams were released in Keecheri and Chakkathukadu areas of the Vembanad Lake under the technical guidance of CMFRI
The administration has started farming species like indigenous red algae, Gracilaria edulis and Acanthophora spicifera in nearly 2500 bamboo rafts involving 10 women's self-help groups

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Introduction
The Linode API provides the ability to programmatically manage the full range of Linode products and services.
This reference is designed to assist application developers and system administrators. Each endpoint includes descriptions, request syntax, and examples using standard HTTP requests. Response data is returned in JSON format.
This document was generated from our OpenAPI Specification. See the OpenAPI website for more information.
Download the Linode OpenAPI Specification.
Changelog
View our Changelog to see release notes on all changes made to our API.
Access and Authentication
Some endpoints are publicly accessible without requiring authentication. All endpoints affecting your Account, however, require either a Personal Access Token or OAuth authentication (when using third-party applications).
Personal Access Token
The easiest way to access the API is with a Personal Access Token (PAT) generated from the Linode Cloud Manager.
All scopes for the OAuth security model (defined below) apply to this security model as well.
Authentication
Security Scheme Type:HTTP
HTTP Authorization Schemebearer
OAuth
If you only need to access the Linode API for personal use, we recommend that you create a personal access token. If you're designing an application that can authenticate with an arbitrary Linode user, then you should use the OAuth 2.0 workflows presented in this section.
For a more detailed example of an OAuth 2.0 implementation, see our guide on How to Create an OAuth App with the Linode Python API Library.
Before you implement OAuth in your application, you first need to create an OAuth client. You can do this with the Linode API or via the Cloud Manager:
 - When creating the client, you'll supply a label and a redirect_uri (referred to as the Callback URL in the Cloud Manager).
 - The response from this endpoint will give you a client_id and a secret.
 - Clients can be public or private, and are private by default. You can choose to make the client public when it is created.
 - A private client is used with applications which can securely store the client secret (that is, the secret returned to you when you first created the client). For example, an application running on a secured server that only the developer has access to would use a private OAuth client. This is also called a confidential client in some OAuth documentation.
 - A public client is used with applications where the client secret is not guaranteed to be secure. For example, a native app running on a user's computer may not be able to keep the client secret safe, as a user could potentially inspect the source of the application. So, native apps or apps that run in a user's browser should use a public client.
 - Public and private clients follow different workflows, as described below.
OAuth Workflow
The OAuth workflow is a series of exchanges between your third-party app and Linode. The workflow is used to authenticate a user before an application can start making API calls on the user's behalf.
Notes:
 - With respect to the diagram in section 1.2 of RFC 6749, login.linode.com (referred to in this section as the login server) is the Resource Owner and the Authorization Server; api.linode.com (referred to here as the api server) is the Resource Server.
 - The OAuth spec refers to the private and public workflows listed below as the authorization code flow and implicit flow.
PRIVATE WORKFLOWPUBLIC WORKFLOW
1. The user visits the application's website and is directed to login with Linode.1. The user visits the application's website and is directed to login with Linode.
2. Your application then redirects the user to Linode's login server with the client application's client_id and requested OAuth scope, which should appear in the URL of the login page.2. Your application then redirects the user to Linode's login server with the client application's client_id and requested OAuth scope, which should appear in the URL of the login page.
3. The user logs into the login server with their username and password.3. The user logs into the login server with their username and password.
4. The login server redirects the user to the specificed redirect URL with a temporary authorization code (exchange code) in the URL.4. The login server redirects the user back to your application with an OAuth access_token embedded in the redirect URL's hash. This is temporary and expires in two hours. No refresh_token is issued. Therefore, once the access_token expires, a new one will need to be issued by having the user log in again.
5. The application issues a POST request (see below) to the login server with the exchange code, client_id, and the client application's client_secret.
6. The login server responds to the client application with a new OAuth access_token and refresh_token. The access_token is set to expire in two hours.
7. The refresh_token can be used by contacting the login server with the client_id, client_secret, and refresh_token to get a new OAuth access_token and refresh_token. The new access_token is good for another two hours, and the new refresh_token, can be used to extend the session again by this same method.
OAuth Private Workflow - Additional Details
The following information expands on steps 5 through 7 of the private workflow:
Once the user has logged into Linode and you have received an exchange code, you will need to trade that exchange code for an access_token and refresh_token. You do this by making an HTTP POST request to the following address:
_URL_
Make this request as application/x-www-form-urlencoded or as multipart/form-data and include the following parameters in the POST body:
PARAMETERDESCRIPTION
client_idYour app's client ID.
client_secretYour app's client secret.
codeThe code you just received from the redirect.
You'll get a response like this:
{
 "scope": "linodes:read_write",
 "access_token": "03d084436a6c91fbafd5c4b20c82e5056a2e9ce1635920c30dc8d81dc7a6665c"
 "token_type": "bearer",
 "expires_in": 7200,
}
Included in the reponse is an access_token. With this token, you can proceed to make authenticated HTTP requests to the API by adding this header to each request:
Authorization: Bearer 03d084436a6c91fbafd5c4b20c82e5056a2e9ce1635920c30dc8d81dc7a6665c
OAuth Reference
Security Scheme TypeOAuth 2.0
Authorization URLhttps://login.linode.com/oauth/authorize
Token URLhttps://login.linode.com/oauth/token
Scopes
 - account:read_only - Allows access to GET information about your Account.
 - account:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your Account.
 - domains:read_only - Allows access to GET Domains on your Account.
 - domains:read_write - Allows access to all Domain endpoints.
 - events:read_only - Allows access to GET your Events.
 - events:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your Events.
 - images:read_only - Allows access to GET your Images.
 - images:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your Images.
 - ips:read_only - Allows access to GET your ips.
 - ips:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your ips.
 - linodes:read_only - Allows access to GET Linodes on your Account.
 - linodes:read_write - Allow access to all endpoints related to your Linodes.
 - lke:read_only - Allows access to GET LKE Clusters on your Account.
 - lke:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to LKE Clusters on your Account.
 - longview:read_only - Allows access to GET your Longview Clients.
 - longview:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your Longview Clients.
 - nodebalancers:read_only - Allows access to GET NodeBalancers on your Account.
 - nodebalancers:read_write - Allows access to all NodeBalancer endpoints.
 - stackscripts:read_only - Allows access to GET your StackScripts.
 - stackscripts:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your StackScripts.
 - volumes:read_only - Allows access to GET your Volumes.
 - volumes:read_write - Allows access to all endpoints related to your Volumes.
Requests
Requests must be made over HTTPS to ensure transactions are encrypted. The following Request methods are supported:
METHODUSAGE
GETRetrieves data about collections


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Cousteau died on 25 June 1997. The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.
RV Calypso is a former British Royal Navy Minesweeper converted into a research vessel for the oceanographic researcher Jacques-Yves Cousteau, equipped with a mobile laboratory for underwater field research. She was severely damaged in 1996, and is undergoing a complete refurbishment in 2009-2011. The ship is named after the Greek mythological figure Calypso.
In June 2010 the BBC reported that the Calypso was to be relaunched to mark the centenary of Jacques Cousteau's birth. According to one of the ship's former crew who visited the shipyard, the vessel was still being stored in several pieces in the same hangar as of 11 June 2010 - the official date of the centenary - and is unlikely to sail any time soon.
Guinness leased it to Cousteau for one franc per year and Simone sold her furs and jewelry to outfit the ship with the equipment they needed. The story began. Captain Jacques Cousteau, Simone La Bergere and Calypso sailed together in the Mediterranean for the first time. They would continue to explore the seas together for the next forty years.


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A 20-cent commemorative stamp honoring the Library of Congress was issued on April 21, 1982, in Washington, DC. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held at the Library of Congress.
The Library of Congress complex consists of three buildings and is located on Capitol Hill. The Thomas Jefferson Building was completed in 1897 and was heralded as the largest library building in the world at that time. The John Adams Building was opened in 1939, and the James Madison Memorial Building in 1980.
Bradbury Thompson of Riverside, Connecticut, based his design for the stamp on a photograph of the Thomas Jefferson Building taken in 1898 from the Capitol by the Detroit Publishing Company. It is believed that the photograph was taken in connection with the opening of the building. The modeler of the stamp was Clarence Holbert. The stamp was printed in the intaglio process and issued in panes of fifty stamps.
Postal Bulletin (March 18, 1982).


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Taking money out of a limited company
There are a number of ways a director can extract money from their limited company.
The money can usually be withdrawn in one or more of the following ways. For most directors, the optimum way to minimise personal tax liabilities will be using a combination of these methods.
 1. Salary, expenses and benefits
 2. Dividends
 3. Director's loan
Salary, expenses and benefits
Directors must ensure they are employed as an employee of their company and their salary is paid via PAYE. Most directors prefer to take a smaller salary and take a larger share of their pay in dividends. This is usually the most tax efficient method, but care needs to be taken based on individual circumstances.
The tax-free dividend allowance is currently £2,000. The tax rate for dividends received in excess of the dividend tax allowance are taxed at: 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers, and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.
To pay a dividend, the company must:
Also, dividends can only be paid if there are sufficient retained profits to cover the payment.
Director's loan
A director's loan account is created when a director (or other close family member) 'borrows' money from their company. Many companies, particularly 'close' private companies, pay for personal expenses of directors using company funds.
Usually, when directors have overdrawn loan accounts, they do not have to pay tax, as long as the sum is repaid to the company within 9 months and one day of the account's reference date.
However, the rules are further complicated if the loan is for more than £10,000 as interest must be charged. There are also further Income Tax costs if the loan is written off or'released' (not repaid) by the company.
Bron: HM Revenue & Customs | 11-05-2021


[ Tcllib Home | Main Table Of Contents | Table Of Contents | Keyword Index | Categories | Modules | Applications ]
math::probopt(n) 1 tcllib "Tcl Math Library"
Name
math::probopt - Probabilistic optimisation methods
Table Of Contents
Synopsis
Description
The purpose of the math::probopt package is to provide various optimisation algorithms that are based on probabilistic techniques. The results of these algorithms may therefore vary from one run to the next. The algorithms are all well-known and well described and proponents generally claim they are efficient and reliable.
As most of these algorithms have one or more tunable parameters or even variations, the interface to each accepts options to set these parameters or the select the variation. These take the form of key-value pairs, for instance, -iterations 100.
This manual does not offer any recommendations with regards to these algorithms, nor does it provide much in the way of guidelines for the parameters. For this we refer to online articles on the algorithms in question.
A few notes, however:
The collection consists of the following algorithms:
The various procedures have a uniform interface:
 set result [::math::probopt::algorithm function bounds args]
The arguments have the following meaning:
The result of the various optimisation procedures is a dictionary containing at least the following elements:
DETAILS ON THE ALGORITHMS
The algorithms in the package are the following:
::math::probopt::pso function bounds args
The "particle swarm optimisation" algorithm uses the idea that the candidate optimum points should swarm around the best point found so far, with variations to allow for improvements.
It recognises the following options:
 - -swarmsize number: Number of particles to consider (default: 50)
 - -vweight value: Weight for the current "velocity" (0-1, default: 0.5)
 - -pweight value: Weight for the individual particle's best position (0-1, default: 0.3)
 - -gweight value: Weight for the "best" overall position as per particle (0-1, default: 0.3)
 - -type local/global: Type of optimisation
 - -neighbours number: Size of the neighbourhood (default: 5, used if "local")
 - -iterations number: Maximum number of iterations
 - -tolerance value: Absolute minimal improvement for minimum value
::math::probopt::sce function bounds args
The "shuffled complex evolution" algorithm is an extension of the Nelder-Mead algorithm that uses multiple complexes and reorganises these complexes to find the "global" optimum.
It recognises the following options:
 - -complexes number: Number of particles to consider (default: 2)
 - -mincomplexes number: Minimum number of complexes (default: 2; not currently used)
 - -newpoints number: Number of new points to be generated (default: 1)
 - -shuffle number: Number of iterations after which to reshuffle the complexes (if set to 0, the default, a number will be calculated from the number of dimensions)
 - -pointspercomplex number: Number of points per complex (if set to 0, the default, a number will be calculated from the number of dimensions)
 - -pointspersubcomplex number: Number of points per subcomplex (used to select the best points in each complex; if set to 0, the default, a number will be calculated from the number of dimensions)
 - -iterations number: Maximum number of iterations (default: 100)
 - -maxevaluations number: Maximum number of function evaluations (when this number is reached the iteration is broken off. Default: 1000 million)
 - -abstolerance value: Absolute minimal improvement for minimum value (default: 0.0)
 - -reltolerance value: Relative minimal improvement for minimum value (default: 0.001)
::math::probopt::diffev function bounds args
The "differential evolution" algorithm uses a number of initial points that are then updated using randomly selected points. It is more or less akin to genetic algorithms. It is controlled by two parameters, factor and lambda, where the first determines the update via random points and the second the update with the best point found sofar.
It recognises the following options:
 - -iterations number: Maximum number of iterations (default: 100)
 - -number number: Number of point to work with (if set to 0, the default, it is calculated from the number of dimensions)
 - -factor value: Weight of randomly selected points in the updating (0-1, default: 0.6)
 - -lambda value: Weight of the best point found so far in the updating (0-1, default: 0.0)
 - -crossover value: Fraction of new points to be considered for replacing the old ones (0-1, default: 0.5)
 - -maxevaluations number: Maximum number of function evaluations (when this number is reached the iteration is broken off. Default: 1000 million)
 - -abstolerance value: Absolute minimal improvement for minimum value (default: 0.0)
 - -reltolerance value: Relative minimal improvement for minimum value (default: 0.001)
::math::probopt::lipoMax function bounds args
The "Lipschitz optimisation" algorithm uses the "Lipschitz" property of the given function to find a maximum in the given bounding box. There are two variants, lipoMax assumes a fixed estimate for the Lipschitz parameter.
It recognises the following options:
 - -iterations number: Number of iterations (equals the actual number of function evaluations, default: 100)
 - -lipschitz value: Estimate of the Lipschitz parameter (default: 10.0)
::math::probopt::adaLipoMax function bounds args
The "adaptive Lipschitz optimisation" algorithm uses the "Lipschitz" property of the given function to find a maximum in the given bounding box. The adaptive variant actually uses two phases to find a suitable estimate for the Lipschitz parameter. This is controlled by the "Bernoulli" parameter.
When you specify a large number of iterations, the algorithm may take a very long time to complete as it is trying to improve on the Lipschitz parameter and the chances of hitting a better estimate diminish fast.
It recognises the following options:
 - -iterations number: Number of iterations (equals the actual number of function evaluations, default: 100)
 - -bernoulli value: Parameter for random decisions (exploration versus exploitation, default: 0.1)
References
The various algorithms have been described in on-line publications. Here are a few:
Keywords
mathematics, optimisation, probabilistic calculations
Category
Mathematics


text:
Audrey Riffenburgh is the Senior Health Literacy Specialist at the University of New Mexico Hospitals. Before deciding to focus her health literacy work in one organization, she was president of Plain Language Works, LLC, based in Albuquerque, for 18 years. Since 1994, Audrey has guided professionals in the medical, public health, and disability communities in opening doors to more people with clear communication and easier-to-use systems. She is a founding member of the Clear Language Group and co-founder of the Health Literacy Summer Institute in Maine.
Audrey is passionate about addressing the cultural, societal, and organizational factors that contribute to health disparities. Her work focuses on making vibrant health a possibility for everyone.
Audrey's work at UNM Hospitals includes:
- Developing a process to create, review, archive, and provide easy access to reader-friendly print materials for patients and families
- Educating employees and health care providers about health literacy
- Finding ways to make the system's processes easier for patients to navigate
Projects and achievements by Audrey and Plain Language Works before 2012 include:
- Serving as contributing author and plain language editor for Plain Language Pediatrics, published by the American Academy of Pediatrics
- Conducting a national field test of poison safety materials in English and Spanish
- Consulting and training as a Pfizer Health Literacy Visiting Lecturer seven times
Audrey holds a Master of Arts in adult learning and is pursuing a doctoral degree in health communication.


Demetrius J. Karos, Ltd.
act now to schedule a consultation
2 ways people violate tax law while thinking that they aren't
| Feb 22, 2021 | Tax Law
Taxes can affect just about every area of your financial life. From your retirement savings and life insurance to the gifts you give to your family members, there are many tax liability issues that are easy to overlook. Those with significant resources can sometimes run afoul of federal tax laws without trying to do so.
Behaviors that people think are legal could actually put those individuals at risk of criminal charges if they get caught or face an audit in the future. If you have engaged in either of the two questionable financial practices below, you might be in a vulnerable position during an audit.
1) Holding money in offshore accounts does not protect you from taxation
People have long used international banking as a means of avoiding taxes on the capital taxes on their assets. However, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires that those subject to federal taxation disclose not only accounts held in domestic banks but also the balances in foreign bank and investment accounts.
Some people intentionally choose to bank with countries whose strict privacy laws often mean that their banking records aren't easily accessible to the IRS. The Cayman Islands, Switzerland and Singapore are favorite locations for such accounts. However, if the IRS does find out about the account or audits you and discovers the money trail leading to those accounts, you could face allegations of tax evasion and major financial penalties.
2) Giving people physical property doesn't sidestep text requirements either
If you give a loved one a lot of money, eventually they will have to pay gift taxes on those resources. The bigger the amount that you give, the more likely it is that they will have to fill out paperwork at the bank before depositing the cash or the check you provide.
Giving someone valuable physical assets seems like a way to avoid paying taxes on a transfer. Handing over a $10,000 tennis bracelet to a child is an action that is hard to track. However, during an audit, such transfers could come to light. While they may not be financial gifts, valuable property transfers to your family members still require tax filings or put you and the recipient at risk of allegations of tax evasion.
Violating the law in an attempt to hide assets or transfer them without paying tax on them could be a risky decision whose consequences far outweigh the short-term benefit. Talking about your tax minimization strategy with a lawyer can help you avoid making mistakes that might violate the law and leave you vulnerable.
Building Img
Make an appointment at one of our conveniently located offices today.
Make an appointment at one of our conveniently located offices today.


text:
Bursten's Channel Cleaning Brushes are specially designed for thorough and efficient cleaning of surgical instruments and medical devices with internal channels. These high-quality brushes ensure optimal performance and longevity of your instruments, while maintaining the highest standards of cleanliness and patient safety.
Channel Cleaning Brushes are ideal for use in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities, where they can be employed to clean a variety of surgical instruments and medical devices, such as:
2. Laparoscopic instruments
3. Suction tubes
4. Biopsy forceps
1. Enhanced cleaning efficiency: Effectively removes debris and contaminants from internal channels, ensuring proper instrument function.
2. Improved patient safety: Reduces the risk of cross-contamination and infection by maintaining a high level of cleanliness.
3. Prolonged instrument life: Regular cleaning with these brushes helps prevent damage and extends the lifespan of your valuable instruments.
4. Wide range of sizes and styles: Designed to accommodate various instrument types and channel sizes for maximum versatility.
5. Easy to use: Ergonomic design and compatibility with standard cleaning equipment make these brushes a user-friendly choice.
1. Durable construction: High-quality materials ensure long-lasting performance and reliability.
2. Flexible design: Easily navigates through curved and narrow channels for thorough cleaning.
3. Nylon or stainless steel bristles: Choose the appropriate bristle type for your specific instrument cleaning needs.
4. Color-coded sizing: Simplifies brush selection and ensures the correct size is used for each instrument.
5. Autoclavable: Can be sterilized for reuse, ensuring a consistent level of cleanliness.
Call to Action:
Don't compromise on the cleanliness and safety of your surgical instruments and medical devices. Choose Key Surgical's Channel Cleaning Brushes for optimal performance and patient safety. Visit our website or contact our sales team today to learn more about our range of high-quality cleaning solutions and place your order. Experience the difference that Key Surgical's Channel Cleaning Brushes can make in your healthcare facility.


text:
Letters Section Editor: Stephen J. Lurie,
MD, PhD, Senior Editor.
To the Editor: Dr Owsley and colleagues1 found that adults with cataracts were less likely
to be involved in motor vehicle crashes if they underwent cataract surgery.
Owsley et al acknowledge that their study was not designed to measure the
potential impact of unilateral vs bilateral cataract surgery on risk of motor
vehicle crashes. It is possible, however, that having dissimilar vision in
the 2 eyes may actually increase the likelihood of crashes. For instance,
Felson et al2 found an increased risk of
falls and fractures among subjects with good vision in one eye and poor vision
in the other.
Javitt JC. Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes in Patients With Cataract Surgery. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2262-2263. doi:10.1001/jama.288.18.2262


text:
Folk Tales/Storytelling: Past and Present Project
Folk Tales/Storytelling: Past and Present is an iEARN project that aims to encourage students between the ages of five and eighteen to read folktales from their heritage and afterwards, have students of different cultures exchange stories with each other. This project makes sure to take full advantage of the technology available to them by sharing stories with the global community through Skype, the Collaboration Center, and digital media presentations as well as more traditional methods of storytelling such as simply sitting in a circle and listening to each other, drawings, and acting. Folk Tales/Storytelling hopes to engage students in exploring their own cultures and traditions while also learning about and understanding the cultures of others from around the world.
If you would like to learn more about this project, please visit: _URL_


text:
This article is written for users who have deployed Virtual Appliances but they are not registered on the Dashboard. No errors are apparent on the Virtual Appliance Console.
- Virtual Appliance is not showing up in Sites & Active Directory.
- The Virtual Appliance Console is not reporting errors and is showing the status is ok.
- Devices on your network pointed to the Virtual Appliance are able to resolve DNS queries but your AD policy or Internal Networks policy is not being applied as expected.
This error is most commonly the result of an Umbrella Administrator in your organization deleting the Virtual Appliances from the Dashboard which results in them running without registration to an organization. This may also be caused by cloning a Virtual Appliance. Registration for the Virtual Appliance is completed on initial deployment. Virtual Appliances that are cloned or left running in an organization will not re-register themselves.
In order to resolve this issue, you will be required to re-deploy your Virtual Appliances.
- Power off the Virtual Appliances on your VM Host machine.
- Delete the Virtual Appliances from the VM Host machine.
- Re-download the Virtual Appliance components from the Umbrella Dashboard.
- Re-deploy your Virtual Appliances.


text:
Installation of the Building Water Distribution System.
§ 18-29-606.1 Location of full-open valves.
Full-open valves shall be installed in the following locations:
- On the building water service pipe from the public water supply near the curb;
- On the water distribution supply pipe at the entrance into the structure;
- On the discharge side of every water meter;
- On the base of every water riser pipe in occupancies other than multiple family residential occupancies that are two stories or less in height and in one- and two-family residential occupancies etc.;
- On the top of every water down-feed pipe in occupancies other than one- and two-family residential occupancies;
- On the entrance to every water supply pipe to a dwelling unit, except where supplying a single fixture equipped with individual stops;
- On the water supply pipe to a gravity or pressurized water tank;
- On the water supply pipe to every water heater.
§ 18-29-606.2 Location of shutoff valves.
Shutoff valves shall be installed in the following locations:
- On the fixture supply to each plumbing fixture except one- and two-family or multiple family residential occupancies, or individual guestrooms that are provided with unit shutoff valves in hotels, motels, boarding houses and similar occupancies;
- On the water supply pipe to each sillcock;
- On the water supply pipe to each appliance or mechanical equipment; and
- On water services 1 1/2 inches (40 mm) or larger requiring meters either in the building or in a meter vault, valves shall be installed on the inlet and outlet sides of the meter and as near as practicable thereto. Meters on 1-inch (25 mm) services have a valve on the inlet side only. Valves located in the meter vault shall not eliminate the need for the valve in the building. All such valves shall be accessible for operation at all times.
§ 18-29-606.3 Access to valves.
Access shall be provided to all required full-open valves and shutoff valves.
§ 18-29-606.4 Valve identification.
Service and hose bibb valves shall be identified. All other valves installed in locations that are not adjacent to the fixture or appliance shall be identified, indicating the fixture or appliance served.
§ 18-29-606.5 Water pressure booster systems.
Water pressure booster systems shall be provided as required by Sections § 18-29-606.5.1 through § 18-29-606.5.10.
§ 18-29-606.5.1 Hydropneumatic system, booster pump system, gravity tank.
When the water pressure in the city water main is insufficient to furnish an adequate water supply for any purpose in any building, structure or premises, a hydropneumatic system, booster pump system, or gravity tank shall be installed.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.1 Requirements.
All hydropneumatic systems shall consist of a water pump or pumps and a pressure tank and shall be provided with controls to insure complete automatic operation. The material and construction of the tank shall be in accordance with the ASME Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII dated 1973.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.1.1 Pressure relief valve.
Each pump serving such tanks shall have a pressure relief valve on the discharge side capable of relieving water pressure in excess of the designed working pressure of such tanks.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.1.2 Compression tank.
Each compression tank shall be so connected that the air content thereof shall be no less than 25 percent of its total capacity. Each compression tank shall be provided with a sludge drain pipe which shall be connected to such tank at the lowest level of the bottom section thereof and shall discharge through an indirect connection into the drainage system with a minimum air gap of 6 inches (150 mm).
§ 18-29-606.5.1.1.3 Sludge drain pipe.
Each sludge drain pipe shall be equal in size to the inlet pipe but need not exceed 2 inches (50 mm) and shall be provided with a control valve having a clear waterway equal in area to that of the sludge drain pipe.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.2 Booster pump system.
Booster pump systems may be of the constant speed type or the variable frequency drive type. Each pump or pumps shall have sufficient capacity to furnish an adequate supply of water for any purpose. When one pump is installed it shall run continuously or when a multipump system is installed the lead pump shall run continuously. A pressure reducing valve shall be installed on the discharge side of each constant speed pump.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.2.1 Gravity tanks.
Gravity tanks operating at atmospheric pressure shall be installed as required by Section § 18-29-606.5.4.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.2.2 Total pressure.
The water piping system and equipment supplied by the systems enumerated in this section shall be capable of withstanding the total pressure developed by any such system at any elevation in which these pressures occur.
§ 18-29-606.5.1.2.3 Low pressure cutoff.
When a pump is directly connected to a city water main, a low pressure cutoff switch on the pump shall be installed to prevent the creation of pressures less than 5 psi (35 kPa) on the suction side of the water system and within 5 feet (1525 mm) of the pump suction inlet, and a pressure gauge shall be installed between the shutoff valve and pump.
Exception: Fire pumps.
§ 18-29-606.5.2 Surge tank for pumps.
When a water system in any building, structure or premises is supplied with other than city water or is equipped for service other than from the city mains or which is supplied with city water which has been previously used for any purpose, each service from the city water system shall enter through a receiving tank for the purpose of preventing water from the secondary system from flowing back into the city mains.
§ 18-29-606.5.3 Check valves required.
Check valves which are noiseless in their operation and air chambers of sufficient air cushion capacity shall be installed in the suction pipe and the discharge pipe of each house pump, or other water pressure increasing device. Where such check valves are of the slow-acting type and the operation thereof entirely eliminates the shocks, strains, stresses, and excess noises caused by the operation of such pump or device, the installation of air chambers may be dispensed with.
§ 18-29-606.5.3.1 Approval required.
No check valve shall be installed unless the design and construction thereof shall first have been approved by the commissioner of water.
§ 18-29-606.5.4 Equipment required for tanks receiving city water.
All surge tanks, receiving reservoirs, gravity storage tanks, house storage tanks, or tanks of any description used for receiving or storing city water at atmospheric pressure, shall be supplied an approved slow-acting automatic control valve. The discharge outlet of the control valve shall be directly connected to the receiving unit at a distance of 6 inches (150 mm) above the top of a horizontal overflow pipe. For a vertical overflow pipe, the distance shall be 6 inches (150 mm) plus the diameter of the overflow pipe. The overflow pipe connection shall have an area of not less than twice that of the supply opening.
§ 18-29-606.5.4.1 Sludge drain pipe.
Each tank used for receiving or storing city water shall be provided with a sludge drain pipe which shall be connected to the tank at the lowest level of the bottom section thereof and shall discharge through an indirect connection to the drainage system with a minimum air gap of 6 inches (150 mm).
§ 18-29-606.5.4.2 Size.
Each sludge drain pipe shall be equal in size to the inlet pipe but need not exceed 2 inches (50 mm) and shall be provided with a control valve with a clear waterway equal in area to that of the sludge drain pipe.
§ 18-29-606.5.4.3 Covers and support.
Such tanks shall have bolted watertight covers of the same material as the tank and shall be located and housed to prevent external pollution. The building commissioner shall approve the support for all such tanks before the permit is issued.
(Amend Coun. J. 3-5-03, p. 104990, 48; Amend Coun. J. 11-13-07, p. 14999, Art. II, 1)
§ 18-29-606.5.5 Recycling system for vehicle wash installations.
All new or newly remodeled commercial and industrial vehicle wash installations shall be equipped with a water recycling system to conserve water. The system shall be composed of a water reuse tank and all necessary piping to insure the cycling of water for more than one washing operation.
§ 18-29-606.5.6 Potable water inlet control and location.
Potable water inlets to gravity tanks shall be controlled by a ball cock or other automatic supply valve to prevent the tank from overflowing. The inlet shall be terminated as to provide an air gap not less than 4 inches (100 mm) above the overflow.
§ 18-29-606.5.7 Tank drain pipes.
A valved


KOPS - Das Institutionelle Repositorium der Universität Konstanz
Local Topographic and Electronic Structure of Mixed Surface Alloys : Anderson Localization of Electronic States
Local Topographic and Electronic Structure of Mixed Surface Alloys : Anderson Localization of Electronic States
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Prüfsumme: MD5:73e39bd2509a2a4c7e7438061978fa3d
ZINSER, Fabian, 2012. Local Topographic and Electronic Structure of Mixed Surface Alloys : Anderson Localization of Electronic States [Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz
@phdthesis{Zinser2012Local-24429, title={Local Topographic and Electronic Structure of Mixed Surface Alloys : Anderson Localization of Electronic States}, year={2012}, author={Zinser, Fabian}, address={Konstanz}, school={Universität Konstanz} }
terms-of-use 2013-09-19T09:43:04Z Zinser, Fabian In this work, the atomic and electronic structure of mixed surface alloys is studied using a scanning tunneling microscope with variable temperature. The examined class of surface alloys is formed by substitution of every third atom of a Ag(111) surface with the elements Bi, Pb or Sb. While the pure surface alloys consist of only one substituent, mixed surface alloys consist of several substituents with an arbitrary ratio.

For the mixed surface alloys it is possible for the first time to demonstrate the localization of electronic states due to atomic disorder (Anderson localization) on a local scale by comparing topographic and corresponding electronic structures. Using a tight-binding model for disordered lattice structures, the experimental results can be directly reproduced in simulations.

The topographic studies of the mixed surface alloys reveal that the particular substituents retain their individual relaxation even when different substituents are mixed, and so an analysis of the chemical composition of the surface with atomic resolution is possible. The statistical distribution of the particular substituents in the mixed surface alloys is disordered but not fully random. A small, attractive effective pair interaction between substitutional atoms of the same element is demonstrated by a comparison with Monte-Carlo simulations.

A distinct difference in the behavior of the examined mixed surface alloys can be demonstrated for the development of the monolayer phase in the case of an excess of substituents. It can be shown for the growth of the pure surface alloy Bi/Ag on a thin, heteroepitaxial Ag/Pt(111) film, that the presence of bismuth strongly influences the growth of the Ag/Pt(111) film.

The variety of pure surface alloys with individual electronic properties, which can be combined with arbitrary ratio into mixed surface alloys, makes it possible to extend experimental studies of the Anderson localization of electronic states to a wide range of parameters and to examine the influence of of different effects, such as spin-orbit interaction. Lokale topographische und elektronische Struktur gemischter Oberflächenlegierungen : Anderson-Lokalisierung elektronischer Zustände 2013-09-19T09:43:04Z 2012 Local Topographic and Electronic Structure of Mixed Surface Alloys : Anderson Localization of Electronic States Zinser, Fabian eng
Dateiabrufe seit 01.10.2014 (Informationen über die Zugriffsstatistik)
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The word Sprite is derived from the Latin spiritus ("spirit"), via the French esprit. Variations on the term include spright and the Celtic Spriggan. The term is chiefly used in regard to elves and fairies in European folklore, and in modern English is rarely used in reference to spirits.
sprite lives often near waterfall
Water sprites are similar to Undines or Nixen and can be found in nature in and near water streams.
The belief in beings such as Sprites, Elves, Fairies, etc. has been common in many parts of the world and still exists. The sprite is sometimes believed to be the Elemental spirit of air and identical to the Sylph. Elemental spirits are nature spirits dwelling in an Elemental realm, like the Salamanders in Fire, The Undines or Nixen in Water and the Gnomes in Earth and mountains.
According to alchemist Paracelsus, a Water sprite (also called a Water fairy or Water faery) is a general term for an Elemental spirit associated with water. Water sprites are said to be able to breathe water or air and sometimes they can fly. They are considered mostly harmless unless threatened.
These creatures exist in mythology of various groups. Ancient Greeks knew water nymphs in several types such as Naiads (or Nyads), which were divine entities that tended to be fixed in one place and so differed from gods or physical creatures. Slavic mythology knows them as Vilas.
Water sprites differ from corporeal beings, such as Selkies and Mermaids, as they are not purely physical and are more akin to local deities than animals.
Fairy Mythology 1
The Spriggan is a creature of Cornwall folklore, particularly from western Penwith. They are ugly and grotesque creatures living in the ruins, as well as in the burial mounds: they are buried with treasures and serve as fairy guardians. Usually small in size, they are known to be able to grow to a gigantic size, and are sometimes considered as ghosts of giants.
In tales, they are people who hate humans and cause misfortune to those who offend them. They trigger storms to destroy crops and steal children and replace them with Changelings. In a tale, an elderly woman scares a gang of Spriggans away by lifting her clothes and placing her hands on her behind.
Fairy Mythology 2
You may also like to read:
Witches ointment
Why did Witches Want to Ride their Broomsticks?
The incubus or succubus – nightmare or astral sex date?
Hecate – The Calling of the Crossroad Goddess
The Ancient Witch-Cult of The Basques
Walpurgis Night
Stefan Eggeler: Walpurgis Night witches, Kokain (Cocaine) and other illustrations
Witchcraft paintings – Dutch 17th century
Rosaleen Norton, Daughter of Pan
Mysteries of the Ancient Oaks
Black Cat Superstitions
The Mystical Mandrake
Little Secrets of the Poppy
Datura stramonium or jimson weed or zombi-cucumber
Mountain spirits
Wild Man or Woodwose
Claude Gillot's witches' sabbat drawings


Tolkien Gateway
This article is about the animals. For the music band, see Camel (band).
War Camel portrayed by Angus McBride for MERP
Camels are animals native to the Southern lands. These animals are only mentioned in linguistic writings dating from the early versions of the legendarium.[1][2]
[edit] Etymology
The Qenya name of "a camel" is ulun(t).[1][2]
[edit] Portrayal in adaptations
1982-97: Middle-earth Role Playing:
Camels, level 4 animals, are called devevi (sing. deve) in Apysaic (a language of south-western Endor). There are both oneand twohumped variants of the beast.[3] Staibir is the name of a War Camel appearing in an adventure set in Southwestern Middle-earth.[4]
[edit] References
 3. Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, Peter C. Fenlon, Jr. (1994), Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition) (#2012), "Riding and Draft Animals"
 4. Jessica Ney (ed.; 1990), Angus McBride's Characters of Middle-earth (#8007), pp. 26-7


text:
Printable social studies worksheets. This pack includes a set of printable booklets th.
Free i spy simple machines flip book this is a fun way to learn check and explore level pulley free i spy simple machines printable pack you can use these free printable simple machines mini book to teach kids about simple machines.
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How to know whether a micro-hospital is the right investment
September 11, 2018
 As inpatient volumes lag and profit margins shrink, hospitals have continued to look to alternative sites of care—such as the micro-hospital—to capture growth.
 Health systems have turned to micro-hospitals as a way to expand their geographic footprint, tap into outpatient demand, and generate downstream revenue while avoiding the overhead associated with full-scale facilities. But how can you judge if the site is right for you? Here are 3 questions to ask yourself before adding a micro-hospital to your system portfolio:
 1. What are your goals?
 2. If you're looking to expand your geographic footprint, fill care gaps, or fend off competition, the micro-hospital could be an effective strategy.
 For example, Dignity Health partnered with Emerus to build four "neighborhood" micro-hospitals in Las Vegas. Their North Las Vegas facility filled gaps in primary and specialty care, and offered flexibility in responding to market demand. Their South Las Vegas micro-hospital helped defend against competition with consumer-oriented care. Dignity also saw success downsizing some of their full-scale hospitals to micro-models.
 If your primary goal is to control the cost of care, generate downstream admission revenue, or guard against regulation uncertainty, alternative ambulatory sites may be a better fit.
 3. Are there better alternatives?
 4. Now that you know your goals, consider if a different site is a better alternative.
 Ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs), freestanding EDs, urgent care centers, and medical offices are models to consider when scoping a micro-hospital investment. These facilities vary in their potential to generate revenue, control costs, influence quality, avoid regulations and undercut future risks:
 5. Can your market support the investment?
 6. If you're still thinking "micro," size the opportunity by estimating latent demand and considering what business you're able to divert from competitors.
 Then, account for the dynamics of your population and region. Micro-hospitals have seen success in urban, suburban, and rural markets as long as they are tailored to specific inpatient needs. Your ability to derive an ROI will largely depend on your population's demographics. Areas with higher incomes and high projected population growth relative to nearby markets offer a more favorable and immediate return on investment.


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2-2-3 Custody and Visitation Schedule Examples
In the 2-2-3 residential schedule, your child lives with one parent for 2 days of the week, the next 2 days with the other parent, and then 3 days with the first parent. The next week it switches.
This is how the 2-2-3 schedule looks in the calendar.
If you modify your schedule and have it start on a different day of the week you may have a 2-3-2 schedule or a 3-2-2 schedule. These are variations on the same two week repeating schedule.
Custody X Change is software that creates custody schedules and professional parenting plan documents.
The 2-2-3 schedule is pretty structured, but you can customize it so it fits your situation. Here are some sample 2-2-3 schedules.
You can pick any day to start the schedule. Here is a 2-2-3 schedules that starts on a Thursday (this could also be a 3-2-2 schedule that starts on Monday).
You can change the exchange times. This 2-2-3 schedule has exchange times at 9:00 am except on the weekend when the exchange time is moved to 10:00 am. This schedule also starts on Saturday (or it could be a 2-3-2 schedule that starts on Monday).
You can show when your child isn't with either parent by marking 3rd party time. Here is a 2-2-3 schedule with school time shown.
You can use a visitation timeshare calculator to know the percentage of time that each parent has with the child. This can help you give each parent equal time with the child as you customize your 2-2-3 schedule.
- Children are able to spend time with both parents each week.
- Children don't go very long before seeing either parent.
- The schedule is structured and can be easily implemented.
- The schedule can work with unusual employment schedules.
- Both parents have the same amount of time with the and this can reduce conflict.
- This schedule can work for younger children who aren't in school.
- This is a shared parenting schedule and both parents are able to perform daily caretaking.
- There are frequent exchanges which take time and planning.
- Children may not do well changing homes so frequently.
- The schedule doesn't repeat for two weeks so there is a lot to keep track of.
- Parents must take extra effort to keep each other informed about the child's school work and other activities.
- Parents must live close to each other and close to the child's school.
- Parents must be able to communicate well with each other and commit to making the schedule work.


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Issue No.04 - July/August (2002 vol.17)
pp: 64-70
ABSTRACT

The Dragon Promoter Finder is an advanced system for promoter recognition in vertebrates. It uses a collection of models based on multisensor integration, signal processing, and artificial neural networks. The system uses newly developed sensors based on the statistical concept of oligonucleotide positional distributions in specific functional regions of DNA. These distributions are modeled as a set of position weight matrices of the most significant oligonucleotides. The authors calibrated the system to minimize the number of false-positive predictions for various prespecified sensitivity levels. When evaluated on a large and diverse human sequence set, it exhibited several times higher accuracy than several other publicly available general promoter recognition systems.

INDEX TERMS
DNA analysis, promoter recognition, gene finding, multisensor integration, artificial neural networks, composite models.
CITATION
Vladimir B. Bajic, Allen Chong, Seng Hong Seah, Vladimir Brusic, "An Intelligent System for Vertebrate Promoter Recognition", IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol.17, no. 4, pp. 64-70, July/August 2002, doi:10.1109/MIS.2002._PHONE_
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Marketing Automation Platform Marketing Automation Tool


foam creates a soft cushion around the hair, preventing any pulling or breakage.
Soft foam curlers are also versatile, allowing you to create a wide range of curl styles. Depending on the size and technique used, you can achieve tight curls, loose waves, or voluminous curls. This versatility makes soft foam curlers suitable for various hair types and lengths.
Another advantage of soft foam curlers is their convenience. Since they are designed to be worn overnight, you can save time in the morning by simply removing the curlers and enjoying the curls that have been set. This makes them ideal for busy individuals who want to achieve a stylish look without spending too much time on styling.
Types
Soft foam curlers come in different sizes, shapes, and materials. The most common types include:
 1. Regular Soft Foam Curlers: These are the traditional soft foam curlers that come in various sizes, typically ranging from small to large. The foam is often covered with a fabric or mesh material to provide additional hold and prevent slipping.
 2. Spiral Soft Foam Curlers: Spiral curlers have a unique spiral shape that helps create spiral or corkscrew curls. The spirals hold the hair securely in place and produce defined and bouncy curls.
 3. Bendy Soft Foam Curlers: Bendy curlers are flexible foam rods that can be bent and twisted into different shapes. This versatility allows for more creativity in curl styles, such as creating spiral curls or securing hard-to-reach areas.
How to Use
Using soft foam curlers is relatively straightforward, and it doesn't require any special skills. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to use them:
 1. Start with clean, damp hair. Soft foam curlers work best on slightly damp hair, as the hair is more pliable and easier to set.
 2. Divide your hair into small sections. The number of sections will depend on the thickness and length of your hair. Smaller sections will result in tighter curls, while larger sections will give you looser waves.
 3. Take one section of hair and wrap it around the soft foam curler, starting from the ends and rolling it up towards the scalp. Make sure the hair is evenly distributed on the curler to achieve uniform curls.
 4. Secure the curler by bending the ends or using the provided clips or pins. The curlers should be secure but not too tight to avoid discomfort.
 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each section of hair until your entire head is set in soft foam curlers.
 6. Leave the curlers in overnight or until your hair is completely dry. Sleeping on soft foam curlers should be comfortable, but you can also use a soft scarf or hairnet to protect the curlers and prevent them from moving while you sleep.
 7. In the morning, gently remove the curlers one by one, unraveling the hair carefully to avoid causing frizz or disrupting the curl pattern.
 8. Once all the curlers are removed, use your fingers or a wide-toothed comb to gently separate and style the curls. You can also apply a small amount of styling product, such as hairspray or curl-enhancing mousse, for added hold and definition.
Effectiveness
Soft foam curlers are an effective way to achieve curls or waves without subjecting your hair to heat damage or chemical treatments. They work by using the natural flexibility of the hair to create and set curls. The foam provides a soft, cushioned surface that holds the hair in place without causing breakage or tangles.
The effectiveness of soft foam curlers largely depends on factors such as the hair type, length, and thickness, as well as the technique used. Fine hair may hold curls for a shorter period compared to thicker hair, but the overall result is usually natural-looking and long-lasting curls or waves.
It's also worth noting that soft foam curlers are a more gentle option for individuals with damaged or dry hair. By avoiding heat styling tools, you can help restore your hair's health and minimize further damage.
Who Should Use
Soft foam curlers are suitable for anyone who wants to achieve curls or waves without using heat or chemical treatments. They are particularly beneficial for individuals with fine or damaged hair, as they provide a less damaging styling option.
Soft foam curlers are versatile and can be used on all hair types, including straight, wavy, and curly hair. Whether you want to enhance your natural curl pattern, create loose waves, or add volume to your hair, soft foam curlers can help you achieve your desired look.
Individuals who prefer a more natural and low-maintenance approach to hairstyling will also appreciate the convenience and simplicity of soft foam curlers. They require minimal effort and can be worn overnight, allowing you to wake up with beautiful curls or waves.
Precautions
While soft foam curlers are generally safe to use, there are a few precautions to keep in mind to avoid any potential issues:
 1. Do not use soft foam curlers on wet hair. The hair should be slightly damp, not soaking wet, to ensure that it dries completely overnight and doesn't become frizzy.
 2. Avoid pulling or tugging the hair when removing the curlers. Gently unravel the hair from the curlers to prevent breakage and maintain the curl pattern.
 3. If you have very long or thick hair, it may be necessary to use additional curlers or larger-sized curlers to ensure all sections of your hair are properly set.
 4. Be cautious when sleeping with soft foam curlers, especially if you move around a lot during sleep. It's a good idea to use a soft scarf or hairnet to secure the curlers and prevent them from shifting or falling out while you sleep.
Cost
The cost of soft foam curlers can vary depending on the brand, size, and quality. Typically, a pack of soft foam curlers containing multiple pieces can range from $5 to $20, depending on the quantity and additional features.
Keep in mind that the durability and lifespan of soft foam curlers can vary, as some may lose their shape or elasticity over time with frequent use. It's advisable to read user reviews and choose a reputable brand to ensure you're getting a product that will last longer and provide consistent results.
Popular Brands
Several popular brands offer soft foam curlers that are trusted by users for their quality and effectiveness. Some of the well-known brands include:
 1. Conair: Conair is a renowned brand in the haircare industry and offers a variety of soft foam curlers in different sizes and styles. Their curlers are widely available and known for their durability.
 2. Goody: Goody is another brand that offers a range of affordable and high-quality soft foam curlers. They provide various options, including spiral curlers and bendy foam curlers.
 3. Diane: Diane produces a wide selection of hair styling tools, including soft foam curlers. Their curlers come in different sizes and are praised for their comfortable design and longevity.
 4. Tifara Beauty: Tifara Beauty specializes in professional-grade hair tools, including soft foam curlers. Their curlers are loved by many for their durability, ease of use, and affordability.
User Reviews
Soft foam curlers have garnered positive reviews from users who appreciate their ease of use, versatility, and damage-free styling. Users often comment on the natural-looking curls or waves achieved with soft foam curlers and praise them for being comfortable to sleep in.
Additionally, reviewers highlight the convenience of soft foam curlers, noting that they save time in the morning and provide long-lasting results. Many users prefer soft foam curlers over heat styling tools, as they offer a more gentle and healthier alternative for styling their hair.
While the overall user feedback is positive, individual experiences may vary depending on factors such as hair type and technique used. It's always helpful to read user reviews to see if others with similar hair types have achieved the desired results and to gather tips and tricks for optimal curl setting.
Foam Rollers Vs. Soft Foam Curlers
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Application deadline 1 March 2009!
Aims and contents of the summer school
Water is fundamental to life as we know it on
Earth. Among the central issues in astrobiology are the questions:
- How it was water formed in space?
- What role does it play in planet formation
- How did it finally reached Earth's surface
- How did life finally emerge in water
under the extreme conditions
prevailing on early Earth?
The summer school "Water, ice
and the Origin of Life in the Universe", which will be held in
Iceland from 29 June to 13 July 2009, aims to
give participants a thorough high-level introduction into the role of
water in the evolution of life in the cosmos, starting from formation of
water molecules in space and ending with evolution of the first
organisms. Lab work on extremophiles (especially organisms living in
very hot or cold water) will complement the teaching, since a lot can be
learned about the evolution of life under the very harsh conditions
prevailing on early Earth by studying such species.
The Summer School will bring together students
and researchers from a multitude of different science branches, making
it a truly multidisciplinary event. It will be organised by the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate Schools together with the NASA Astrobiology
Institute. Iceland is an ideal venue for such an event,
providing ideal habitats for coldand hot water extremophiles
(subglacial lakes and hot springs).
Please click on the links for the summer school
programme, a schedule in.doc format and information about the teachers.
Participation, funding &
The Summer school is mainly intended for
graduate students and post–docs in astronomy, physics, geology,
chemistry, biology and other related subjects. There will be about 40
Food, accommodation, excursions and teaching
material will be provided free for students accepted
by the Scientific Committee as participants from Nordic
Institutions by the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate Schools and by the NASA Astrobiology Institute
for participants from US institutions. A limited
amount of funding for students from other countries is
Travel allowances (for a maximum of EUR 400,-
for participants from Europe and USD 1000,- for participants from Eastern US as well as USD 1500,- from Western US. Please note: Non-Nordic and non-US participants
studying or employed at universities outside the Nordic countries and
the US will not be eligible for travel allowances. All these people, will however, bee entitled to free accommodation, food excursions and teaching
For successful participation at the summer
school (including successful lab course) 4 ECTS points wil be awarded.
Credit awards for US students will be applied
for by the course organisers. You will be formally registered as a
student at the University
of Iceland, therefore please bring a piece of identity to the
Venue and access
The first (lectured) and third (lab work)
part of the school will be held at the University
of Iceland, Reykjavik. In the mid of the course, a 5-days excursion
to inner Iceland (Hrauneyjar) will be undertaken. For further
information about the venue and the access to it, click here.
Application deadline is
March 1st 2009. Application
forms can be downloaded here.
The summer school will be organised by Karen Meech (University of
Hawai'i, USA) and Wolf D.
of Stockholm, Sweden) in cooperation with the University of Iceland
and the other scientists involved in the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate


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This diversion is a secondary diversion and only supplies water when flows are high enough to divert (typically just a few months out of the year). It was failing due to a passive vertical screen that was out of compliance and could not handle high levels of debris edit.
Since the installation of the Farmers Screen, Three Sisters Irrigation District has become a model of irrigation modernization and fish protection in the Deschutes River basin.
Three Sisters Irrigation District (TSID) diverts up to 160 CFS from Whychus Creek, a tributary to the Deschutes River. TSID has historically diverted water using a stream-spanning, low-head dam and did not have a fish screen in place. The diversion is located on US Forest Service land in the National Forest where a re-introduction of summer Steelhead is occurring.
The dual-design custom Farmers Screen allows for a range of diverted flows from 30 – 160 cfs while still meeting NMFS criteria. This Farmers Screen also has a built-in sediment management system which allows continuous flushing of sediment from under the screen during high sediment times of the year.
The screened water leaves the structure and enters two pipelines that carry it to a reservoir for delivery to farmers and ranchers. By-pass flow carries fish and debris back to Whychus Creek through a pipeline.


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Nandi Hills, Kenya – With a colonial background, Kenya's fertile soil has produced CTC teas for decades. But a few tea farmers are taking a different angle to compete on the global specialty tea market. They see Kenyan Purple Tea as a Healthy Green Choice for the global specialty tea market. Purple tea offers a healthy angle. The purple pigment in the leaf is anthocyanin rich, meaning it has super high levels of antioxidants. Antioxidants provide anti-cancer benefits, improved vision, lower cholesterol, increased metabolism, and anti-aging properties.
We refer to purple tea as our "climate change tea". About 25 years ago, Kenyans knew they had to invest in a tea plant that could withstand the inconsistencies that come with climate change. They developed purple tea, which is a hybrid of camellia sinensis and local Kenyan plants. Purple tea plants respond better to frost, drought and pests. These are all increasing effects of climate change. Purple tea is a healthy, green alternative for tea drinkers. The leaf has a lower caffeine content than black tea and is comparable in taste to green tea.
We've offered purple tea since 2013. As the tea plants mature and the manufacturing techniques develop, the flavor of our purple tea just keeps getting better and better. Drink this tea knowing you are contributing to an industry that is on the offensive for climate change. In addition to purple tea, we also source whole leaf black tea and CTC tea from David.
Updated June 2021 – David was one of our earlier sources for purple tea. Sadly, he died spring 20201 from COVID19. Read his tribute.


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We've covered a lot of Ctrl+D shortcuts previously (fill down in Excel, duplicate slide in PowerPoint, bookmark in IE and Firefox), so it's understandable if you get a little confused about what Ctrl+D does in each application.
But, if you spend a lot of time in Microsoft Word, you might want to memorize this one and practice it today: Ctrl+D brings up the Font dialog box in Word, where you can change the font face, the font size, the font color, and a few other special formatting options. (Don't forget you can press Ctrl+Tab to change the tabs in the dialog box to change character spacing and special effects.)
If you have selected text, pressing Ctrl+D will apply the font changes to whatever's selected. Otherwise, if nothing's selected, it'll affect what you type next.


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|Important||This document may not represent best practices for current development, links to downloads and other resources may no longer be valid. Current recommended version can be found here.|
Defines a class of device-context objects.
The CDC object provides member functions for working with a device context, such as a display or printer, as well as members for working with a display context associated with the client area of a window.
Do all drawing through the member functions of a CDC object. The class provides member functions for device-context operations, working with drawing tools, type-safe graphics device interface (GDI) object selection, and working with colors and palettes. It also provides member functions for getting and setting drawing attributes, mapping, working with the viewport, working with the window extent, converting coordinates, working with regions, clipping, drawing lines, and drawing simple shapes, ellipses, and polygons. Member functions are also provided for drawing text, working with fonts, using printer escapes, scrolling, and playing metafiles.
To use a CDC object, construct it, and then call its member functions that parallel Windows functions that use device contexts.
Under Windows 95/98, all screen coordinates are limited to 16 bits. Therefore, an int passed to a CDC member function must lie in the range –32768 to 32767.
For specific uses, the Microsoft Foundation Class Library provides several classes derived from CDC. CPaintDC encapsulates calls to BeginPaint and EndPaint. CClientDC manages a display context associated with a window's client area. CWindowDC manages a display context associated with an entire window, including its frame and controls. CMetaFileDC associates a device context with a metafile.
CDC provides two member functions, GetLayout and SetLayout, for reversing the layout of a device context, which does not inherit its layout from a window. Such right-to-left orientation is necessary for applications written for cultures, such as Arabic or Hebrew, where the character layout is not the European standard.
CDC contains two device contexts, m_hDC and m_hAttribDC, which, on creation of a CDC object, refer to the same device. CDC directs all output GDI calls to m_hDC and most attribute GDI calls to m_hAttribDC. (An example of an attribute call is GetTextColor, while SetTextColor is an output call.)
For example, the framework uses these two device contexts to implement a CMetaFileDC object that will send output to a metafile while reading attributes from a physical device. Print preview is implemented in the framework in a similar fashion. You can also use the two device contexts in a similar way in your application-specific code.
There are times when you may need text-metric information from both the m_hDC and m_hAttribDC device contexts. The following pairs of functions provide this capability:
|Uses m_hAttribDC||Uses m_hDC|
For more information on CDC, see Device Contexts.


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The Methodist Church is committed to safeguarding as an integral part of its life and ministry.
Safeguarding is about the action the Church takes to promote a safer culture.
- Promote the welfare of children, young people and adults
- Work to prevent abuse from occurring
- Seek to protect and respond well to those that have been abused


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Hundreds of accelerators around the world support early-stage entrepreneurs to grow and secure funding. GALI exists to investigate their effectiveness.
The second major report from GALI, written in collaboration with Deloitte, compares acceleration in emerging markets versus high-income countries. Examining data from more than 2,400 early stage ventures that applied to 43 programs, it finds more similarities between emerging market and high-income country entrepreneurs and accelerator programs than commonly believed.
A collaboration between the Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs (ANDE) and Emory University, the Global Accelerator Learning Initiative has been made possible by its co-creators and founding sponsors, including the U.S. Global Development Lab at the U.S. Agency for International Development, Omidyar Network, The Lemelson Foundation and the Argidius Foundation.