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Gemstone Bracelets(955 items)
Discover the unique designs in our Gemstone Bracelet Collection that NOVICA artisans have crafted for you:
The Village Council
Your answers straight from the village experts
Artisans the world over utilize the natural materials at their disposal to create beautiful, sustainable jewelry. Wood, bamboo and dried gourds. Coconut shells, rattan and terra-cotta. Even natural grasses lend themselves to a jewelers creativity while art glass beads and pendants can be made from discarded bottles. Some artisans reclaim precious silver from photographic negatives. Colorful magazine pages can become tightly-rolled beads protected by a coat of varnish. Always creative, artists craft their bracelets out of innovative, eco-conscious materials.
Handmade womens bracelets each have their own unique characteristics. Color, texture, size and design all vary. Often, the technique alone will tell you, for example, hand-knotted, braided or woven bracelets. Leather bracelets with cutout motifs or embossing are usually crafted by hand.Thai jewelry by Karen silversmiths shows hand-stamped geometric or floral motifs and beads are usually made of fine silver, which is more malleable than sterling. Similarly, filigree jewelry is a meticulous handcrafted process. Most bracelets with natural, sustainable or recycled materials are handmade. Even some of the most sophisticated and modern gold and silver may be signed by the artist who made it.The most common indicator that a bracelet is handmade is the detailed and intricate design. Novica artisans demonstrate their techniques in the many videos on _URL_ youll find the links on their product descriptions and also on the artisan bio page.
Traditional bracelet-making techniques have been passed down over generations around the world. Womens bracelets in gold and silver are usually crafted with the lost wax technique. The image is sculpted in wax and enveloped in a mold materia. As molten gold or silver is poured into the mold, the wax image melts and the metal takes its place. However coiling fine strands of metal results in Andean filigree jewelry. Balinese artistry applies polished spirals and tendrils as well as tiny globes known as jawan to sleek silver jewelry. And a few contemporary artisans even weave or crochet the slender silver strands.Jade was highly prized by the Maya and still has an important place in modern Guatemalan jewelry. Amber from the rich mines in southern Mexico adorns the womens bracelets, necklaces, and earrings of the area. Macrame and beading are popular everywhere for boho style. And West Africas handmade beadwork is renowned the world over.
Womens bracelets carried immense cultural significance in ancient times and they still do. In Perus pre-Hispanic societies, gold represented the sun, and jewelry indicated social status and identity, as it also did among the Maya of Mexico and Central America. In India, bangles or kangans showed a woman was married and are a part of the 16 adornments customarily worn by a Hindu bride. Traditional West African beads are a sign of cultural identity. Each one has a meaning and tells a story.Today, womens bracelets are still culturally significant. In India, jewelry often depicts religious symbols and meditative mantras. Balinese bracelets may also depict dragons, thought to be the protectors of the gods, or the Hindu Barong deity, also a protection symbol. Motifs stamped into Karen hill tribe silver encourage living in harmony with nature. The hand-knotted bracelets of Guatemala symbolize friendship but evolved from a silent protest for loved ones missing during the countrys armed conflict. Today, friends each tie a bracelet on the others arm and make a wish. The bracelet is worn until it wears out and falls off so the wish will come true.
Silver, gold, brass and copper have been popular for thousands of years and are often set with colorful gemstones. Artisans in different regions of the world take advantage of unique local resources, such as Brazilian golden grass, leather and coconut shell from Thailand, and carved bone jewelry from Bali. Intricate openwork carving, known as jali, can be seen in bangles from India. West Africa has a long tradition of beadwork, with beautiful beads made from recycled glass and even plastic becoming popular in recent years.
Featured Reviews on Gemstone Bracelets
This is a favorite. Garnet and pearl bracelet.
Love this bracelet. Garnet is my birthstone and pearls my favorite. Their jewelry is gorgeous and I support their artisans. I just purchased two sterling necklaces. Waiting to receive.
Dainty, Refined, Beautiful
Rectangular Blue, lapis lazuli cuff bracelet is adjustable. Looks like the photo. Wear the bracelet with Sea Facets, ring made by Guillermo Arregui. The ring and bracelet are small, but very eye catching because of quality of the craftsmanship, high shine finish and color of the gemstones. Happy with purchase.
My bracelet is absolutely beautiful. Thank you so much in your gift of art. I will treasure it always. sheri
Giri Tasmana Handcrafted sterling silver and gemstone jewelry
"Indonesia is rich in flora and fauna species and these inspire my designs."
I'm single, and like travel and adventure.
I'm the older of two children and my father is Komang Suartra, another featured artisan. I want to... read more
Popular Gemstone Bracelets
Black Cultured Pearl and Garnet Hill Tribe Starfish Bracelet, "Dark Starfish Love"
Matta celebrates the sea with a stunning bracelet. Black cultured pearls evoke the night as they alternate with garnet globes. A silver starfish charm suspends elegantly, showcasing the fine craftsmanship of the Thailand's hill tribe silversmiths.
Hand Made Jade and Garnet Gemstone Beaded Bracelet, "Honey Jade"
Thai artisan Tipa hand threads the honey-colored jade beads on this sweet beaded bracelet in warm hues. The jade beads are crafted with a subtle lotus flower motif, and alternate with tiny round garnet gemstones on a stretchable elastic cord.
Hill Tribe Garnet Beaded Bracelet from Thailand, "Antique Hill Tribe"
Given a combination of finishes for an antiqued aesthetic, this bracelet is strung with cylindrical beads of Karen hill tribe silver alongside natural garnet gems and sterling silver beads. Thailand's Siranya designs this bracelet, which features a dangling floral silver charm at the clasp.
Balinese Blue Topaz Bracelet with Sterling Silver Naga Chain, "Double Naga"
Twin ropes of sterling silver naga chain are joined by a pendant in this bracelet by Balinese artisan Nyoman Rena. The pendant features open work and oxidization using patterns that are traditional to Indonesian jewelry. At the center, a bezel-set faceted blue topaz weighing over four carats sparkles brightly.


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Several modern Raman setups consist of a double monochromator in the additive dispersion mode and a multichannel detector system like a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera or a photodiode array. The benefits of multichannel detection for spectroscopy have been discussed widely in the literature in the last decade. However, in comparison to the situation with the single-channel technique (e.g., photomultiplier tube detection), which employs narrow middle slits, the stray light introduces problems when multichannel detector systems are used in combination with grating spectrometers with additive dispersion, since in order to illuminate the whole detector area the middle slit(s) between the two monochromator stages must be opened widely. This arrangement results in a poor stray light rejection. To reduce the latter, researchers have tried several approaches employing optical edge or notch filters. The main drawbacks, however, are the still limited bandwidth and the limited spectral range of these filters. This method also requires a set of such filters for various laser lines used, for instance, in resonance Raman spectroscopic studies. Clearly, the best solution for Raman spectroscopy employing multichannel detection systems is to use a triple monochromator, in which the first two stages are in the subtractive mode, acting as an efficient stray light rejection filter, and the third stage is used as a spectrograph to disperse the frequency shifted light.
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|Series||Oeec Technical Assistance Mission -- 28|
: United States' Foreign-Trade Zones: Overview, Policies, and Procedures (Trade Issues, Policies and Laws) (): D'onofrio, Raffaele: Books. A Foreign Trade Zone is the United States' version of a Free Trade Zone. Essentially, a free trade zone is a geographical area which can provide cost savings for companies involved in import and export activities. In the United States, a Foreign Trade Zone must be in or adjacent to a Port of Entry. The geographical area refers to an area. "In a world where trade barriers increase, foreign trade zones become more valuable," said former U.S. trade negotiator Matt Gold. 16 As the realm of import-export trade changes – sometimes in favor of trade protectionism – tariffs can increase and longtime free trade agreements might become vulnerable. Tiefenbrun, Susan () "U.S. Foreign Trade Zones of the United States, Free-Trade Zones of the World, and their Impact on the Economy," Journal of International Business and Law: Vol. Iss. 2, Article
Free Trade Zones Around the World Foreign-trade zones (FTZs)1 are the U.S. version of free trade zones scattered around the world. Zones elsewhere are called by many different names (See Text Box.) Free trade zones are a specific type of restricted access (e.g., fenced-in) industrial park housing concentrations of production. Foreign Trade Zones Manual. EOOFO Document Posting Date: Ma This document may qualify as a "guidance document" as set forth in Executive Order and interpretations thereof; such guidance documents are not binding and lack the force and effect of law, except as authorized by law or as incorporated into a contract. Zones are listed by state and include contact information. How to Apply Forms, guidelines, instructions and everything you need to know about FTZ applications. Already in a Zone? Information for grantees, operators and users, including Annual Report information and more. FTZ Production Center. Foreign Trade Zones are federally designated, secure locations in the United States that are considered outside of the commerce of the U.S. The major advantage of merchandise admitted to an FTZ is that it is treated as though it were located outside the United States for customs duty purposes.
US Foreign Trade Zones US Foreign Trade Zones An explanation of Foreign Trade Zones and how exporters can utilize them. This information is from "A Basic Guide to Exporting" provided by the U.S. Commercial Service to assist U.S. companies with exporting. Last Published: 10/20/ The benefits the Foreign Trade Zones program can offer importers, distributors, manufacturers and processors located in the United States are numerous. The primary benefits include: Weekly Customs entry savings Duty deferral until import is delivered from zone Duty elimination on waste, scrap, and yield loss Duty elimination on rejected or defective parts Duty elimination. US Foreign Trade ZonesUS Foreign Trade Zones An explanation of Foreign Trade Zones and how exporters can utilize them. This information is from "A Basic Guide to Exporting" provided by the U.S. Commercial Service to assist U.S. companies with exporting. TEXAS FOREIGN-TRADE ZONES 7 Operator: Foreign Trade Zone Operating Co. of Texas P.O. Box , Dallas, TX Terry Parent () Fax () FTZ No. Liberty County Grantee: Liberty County Economic Development Foreign-Trade Zone P.O. Box , Liberty, TX John Hebert () Fax () Houston.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines.
In simpler words, parallax is a visual effect you experience when moving. Objects closer to you appear to move past more quickly than objects that are farther away. For example, when riding in a car, if you look out the side window, a tree by the side of the road will move through your field of vision much faster than a barn in the distance behind it. This effect is utilized within software to convey a sense of depth.
The most recent incarnation of the Foursquare iPhone App employs a parallax effect in which information on the screen scrolls on a plane above the map.
This GIFF doesn't do it justice, of course, but a still image wouldn't convey it at all. The effect is purely aesthetic, but it feels good. It's an enjoyable microinteraction.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Founding Fathers envisioned what is now called Citizen Science: when everyday people volunteer to record and share local observations or analyze data to help scientists answer questions they can't answer alone. As a citizen scientist, Thomas Jefferson (and later, his recruits including Lewis and Clark) documented biodiversity and changes in seasons. Benjamin Franklin recorded and shared daily weather patterns which aided martime transits. Today, millions of citizen scientists (people just like you!), are turning their curiosity into impact by sharing observations and analyzing data in collaboration with scientists around the world.
Here's your chance to continue the legacy of the Founding Fathers by becoming a Citizen Scientist!
This page features a self-guided, online "Introduction to Citizen Science" module and select thematic projects to help you get started. Find thousands of additional projects using the SciStarter Project Finder.
Click on a project below to find step-by-step instructions.


text: Data replication increases data availability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). Preventing data loss and increasing data availability in MANETs is a nontrivial problem due to their low-cost hardware, harsh working environments, node mobility, failure of mobile devices from battery exhaustion and node compromise attacks. In addition, different routing algorithms and larger size of the network can cause communication links to fail creating several disjoint partitions which causes data loss. The typical fault-tolerant systems would fail in these conditions. Existing approaches fail due to the limitations caused by their dependence on lower node mobility or constrained by node distribution, unpredictable partitions and routing mechanisms. In this paper, we propose Combinatorial Replication and Partition (CORP) of data which is a combinatorial arrangement with pair wise balanced design property to prevent data loss and increase data availability. Our scheme provides low access latency and reduces communication overhead. By partitioning and replicating data in such a combinatorial arrangement, our scheme directly supports object-oriented constructs in distributed fault-tolerant networks.


Advanced Hole Inspection 341
"Advanced Hole Inspection" provides an overview of hole inspection using noncontact instruments. Holes that require a specific type of fit, either clearance, interference, or transition, also require a higher degree of accuracy. Noncontact hole inspection devices provide this, as well as an ability to measure fragile parts and high volumes of parts. These more sophisticated variable hole inspection devices include coordinate measuring machines, measuring microscopes, optical comparators, borescopes, laser systems, and air gages.
Job specifications, part dimensions, and feature size all determine which hole inspection device to use on holes requiring a certain fit. Choosing a tool without a high degree of accuracy could result in an out-of-tolerance hole passing inspection. After taking this class, users will be able to describe advanced methods for inspecting hole dimensions and geometric features in a lab setting.
Class Details
Class Name:
Advanced Hole Inspection 341
Number of Lessons:
Class Outline
 - Advanced Hole Inspection
 - Tolerances
 - Clearance and Interference Fit
 - Transition Fit
 - Noncontact Instruments
 - Inspection Facts
 - Borescopes
 - Air Gages
 - Inspecting with an Air Gage
 - Laser Systems
 - Hole Inspection Instruments
 - The Optical Comparator
 - Measuring Microscopes
 - The Coordinate Measuring Machine
 - CMM Hole Inspection
 - Advanced Hole Inspection Review
 - Explain the purpose of advanced hole inspection.
 - Identify methods of describing tolerance.
 - Explain the allowance for clearance and inference fits.
 - Explain the allowance for a transition fit.
 - Describe the characteristics of noncontact instruments.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using a borescope.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using an air gage.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using a laser system.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using an optical comparator.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using a measuring microscope.
 - Explain how to inspect holes using a coordinate measuring machine.
Job Roles
Vocabulary Term Definition
air gage A variable, noncontact instrument that uses pressurized air to pneumatically inspect a hole's inside diameter. Air gages are best for measuring features with tight tolerances.
allowance The difference between the smallest permissible hole and the largest permissible shaft. An allowance creates a certain kind of fit between mating parts.
axial movement Movement that occurs along or parallel to the axis of a part. A clearance fit allows for axial and/or radial movement.
bilateral tolerances A tolerance method using an equal plus and minus deviation from the specified dimension. Bilateral tolerances are preferred if deviation in either direction risks exceeding the absolute limits and can be equal or unequal.
binocular For use with both eyes simultaneously. A binocular eyepiece consists of two eyepieces fitted together side by side through which the user views the magnified object being inspected.
bore gage A handheld mechanical or electronic contact variable measuring instrument that provides very accurate readings of hole sizes. A bore gage makes three points of contact within the hole.
borescope A variable, noncontact inspection instrument that uses light and magnification to optically inspect a hole's ID without taking dimensional measurements. A borescope inspects deep holes and cavities visually for flaws using a tube fitted with a lens at one end and an eyepiece through which an inspector can view the part.
clearance fit A fit that allows intentional space to exist between a hole and the shaft inserted into it. For a clearance fit, the shaft diameter is designed to be slightly smaller than the hole.
contact probes A type of probe that directly contacts the surface of the part it is measuring. Contact probes are the most common type of CMM probes.
continuous analog scanning CAS. A method of gathering coordinates that requires the stylus to stay in constant contact with the part's surface. CAS is especially useful for performing reverse engineering.
coordinate measuring machine CMM. A sophisticated measuring instrument with a flat polished table and a suspended probe that measures parts in three-dimensional space. CMMs operate using either contact or noncontact methods.
eyepiece The part of an instrument through which the inspector views the interior of the part. A borescope has either an eyepiece or a video screen through which an inspector examines the inside diameter of a hole.
fiber-optic cables A group of thin, flexible glass or plastic optical fibers that are bundled together in a single cable and used to transmit light. Borescopes often use fiber-optic cables to connect the eyepiece to the probe.
indicator A device that displays a measurement. An indicator may be a dial with a needle or a digital readout.
inside diameter ID. The interior surface of a cylindrical workpiece or round hole. A borescope visually inspects a hole's inside diameter.
interference fit A tight fit designed so that the smallest permissible shaft is larger than the largest permissible hole. Force is required to assemble parts with an interference fit.
laser probe A measuring device that uses a narrow beam of light to take measurements. On a CMM, the laser projects onto the part's surface, and a lens on the probe then reads the beam's position.
laser system A variable, noncontact inspection instrument that optically measures the distance between a light source and a hole's inside diameter. The laser system sends out a single light wave in a straight beam that is detected by sensors and converted into an electrical signal.
light wave The pulsation in space that transmits light energy. Laser light waves are a form of visible energy which is detected by sensors.
limit dimensions A tolerancing method using an absolute maximum and minimum allowable dimension. Limit dimensioning specifies a range of acceptable measurements instead of a target dimension.
measuring microscope A variable, noncontact inspection instrument that uses light and magnification to optically measure part features, such as holes. Also called a toolmaker's microscope, the measuring microscope is useful for inspecting smaller parts and features.
monocular For the use of only one eye. A monocular eyepiece consists of a single eyepiece through which the user views the magnified object being inspected.
noncontact probes A type of probe that measures a part without directly contacting the surface of the part. A laser probe is one type of noncontact probe.
optical comparator A sophisticated measuring instrument that projects an image of a part onto a screen to compare the shape, size, and location of its features to the original. Also called optical projectors, they can measure both surface and profile features of either the length and width of a part but not the depth.
out-of-round An irregularly shaped hole that is not totally round. Many out-of-round conditions are caused by lobing.
pneumatic instrument A device that uses a pressurized gas, such as air, to function. An air gage is an example of a pneumatic inspection tool.
probe A device on an inspection instrument that gathers measurement data from a part. On a borescope, the probe is the lens end that is inserted into the hole. On a CMM, the probe uses either contact or noncontact methods.
radial movement Movement that occurs perpendicular to the axis of a part. A clearance fit allows for axial and/or radial movement.
regulator A device that monitors the pressure level of the air in a pneumatic instrument. A regulator is one of the components in an air gage.
reticle A grid of lines displayed in the eyepiece of an optical instrument. A reticle is used to measure part features on a measuring microscope.
rotary laser A laser system that consists of a small revolving device attached to a probe which projects a light wave on the surface of the part being inspected. A computer then measures the distance between the center of the light source and the inside diameter surface.
software The programs and instructions that control the computer hardware functions and operations. Operators use software on a computer to calculate measurements on a CMM.
stylus A precision tip. On a CMM, the stylus is the spherical portion of the contact probe that is mounted on the shaft and makes contact with the part.
tolerance An unwanted but acceptable variation or deviation from a desired dimension of a part. A part within tolerances will meet specifications and pass inspection.
tolerance limits A boundary of allowable variation from a specified dimension. Each machining operation has a different expected range of tolerance limits.
touch trigger probe A type of contact probe that detects a feature on a part and generates an electronic signal to record its dimension. Touch trigger probes are the most accurate and commonly used probes on the CMM.
transition fit A fit with an allowance that permits both a clearance and an interference fit. For a transition fit, a clearance fit occurs with the smallest shaft diameter and the largest hole diameter, but an interference fit occurs with the largest shaft diameter and the smallest hole diameter.
unilateral tolerances A tolerancing method using a deviation in only one direction, either plus or minus, from the specified dimension. Unilateral tolerances are used if variation in only one direction risks exceeding the absoulte limits.
variable inspection A type of inspection that reveals the degree of variation from a given standard. Variable inspection gives the actual measurement of a part feature that can be compared with its specifications.
video probe A measuring device, also known as a vision probe, that takes a digital image of the part. The image is then broken up into tiny dots, which are measured and counted by the software.


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Passions–political and otherwise–fly in this, the second novel in Fletcher's Carolina Series. Against a local backdrop of political and religious dissent and conflict with the Tuscaroras, the action in this novel reminds readers how connected the Carolina colony was to England in this period. The novel opens in 1710 as three men contend for the governorship of the fledgling colony. Three women pull at the heartstrings of the main character, wealthy planter Roger Mainwairing. Mainwairing had planned to marry a young bride from England, but his attention is diverted by the mysterious exile Lady Mary, who may or may not be the illegitimate daughter of an English king.
Check this title's availability in the UNC-Chapel Hill Library catalog.


Bodies revealed by the Queiq river's receding waters. Photo: Thomas Rassloff/EPA
It's a picture that begs so many questions: who were these men? How did they die. Why? What does their story tell us about the wretched disintegration of Syria? A Guardian investigation has established a grisly narrative behind the worst – and most visible – massacre to have taken place here. All the men were from neighbourhoods in the eastern rebel-held part of Aleppo. Most were men of working age. Many disappeared at regime checkpoints. They may not be the last to be found. Locals have since dropped a grate from a bridge, directly over an eddy in the river. Corpses were still arriving 10 days after the original discovery on January 29, washed downstream by currents flushed by winter rains.
The grate over the Queiq river in southern Aleppo, which locals have placed hoping to catch the bodies that flow downstream see clip in full article
Just after dawn on 29 January, a car pulled up outside a school being used as a rebel base in the Aleppo suburb of Bustan al-Qasr with news of the massacre. Since then a painstaking task to identify the victims and establish how they died has been inching forwards. The victims, many without names, were mostly buried within three days — 48 hours longer than social custom dictates, to allow for their families to claim them.
Ever since, relatives have been arriving to identify the dead from photographs taken by the rescuers. Each family member who has made the journey to a makeshift office, set up inside a childcare centre, brings with them accounts of when they last saw their father, son, cousin, or brother and where he had travelled before he was murdered.
There are no women on the grisly slideshow of dead men that is replayed in melancholy slow motion every time a relative arrives. Nor are there more than a handful of males aged over 30. Most of the dead dragged from Aleppo's Queiq River were men of working age.
Another thread strongly unites the fate of the river massacre victims; each of them had either been in the west of the city, or had been trying to get there. They had to pass though checkpoints run by the Syrian army, or their proxy militia, the Shabiha. The process involved handing over identification papers that detailed in which area of the city the holder of the papers lived.
Full article here


text: Philippines, South Cotabato Province, c. 800-1200AD., an tall and narrow ancient limestone sculpture called a "Likha". Believed to represent an ancestral spirit. Figure standing with his left arm down at his side, his right ar and hand held on his belly. This was likely carved for the first anniversary of a chieftains death when the bones were washed and reburied in a ritual along with the "Likha". This example is larger than the typical examples which are usually 9"-10" tall. This one is 12.5" tall and in excellent condition with a nice old patina throughout. See "The People and Art of the Philippines", 1981, Museum of Cultural History, University of California Los Angeles, #43.. Springfield, MA Collection.


text:
A Novel Blue-Violet Emitting Mechanoluminescent Material with Calcium Aluminosilicate
We have demonstrated a novel blue-violet emitting mechanoluminscent(ML) material with calcium aluminosilicate(CaAl2Si2O8:Eu2+). The ML was clearly visible to the naked eye in the atmosphere and showed a similar spectrum to photoluminescence with a peak at 430nm. In order to enhance the ML intensity, various rare earth ions were selected as co-dopants including La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. It was found that the intensity of ML was strongly dependent on the kinds of the codoped rare earth ion, especially the co-doping of Ho3+ was found to greatly enhance the ML intensity. From the results of thermoluminescence(ThL) measurements, the enhancement of the ML intensity was closely related with the filled trap concentration and trap depth.
Kazumi Kato, Tadashi Takenaka, Masasuke Takata and Kazuo Shinozaki
L. Zhang et al., "A Novel Blue-Violet Emitting Mechanoluminescent Material with Calcium Aluminosilicate", Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 388, pp. 277-280, 2009


CNCSimulator Pro
user guide
×
Menu
Index
11.2. Variables
A variable is like a box that you can put numbers in. The box has a name that cannot be changed once given. The inside of the box, the value of the variable, can be changed though.

A variable is named using a hash sign (#) followed by a number.

This is a variable:

#100

If we want to assign a value to the variable (put a number in the box) we write like this:

#100=12.5

From now on, we can use the variable instead of a fixed number in our CNC program.

Like this:

G00 X50 Y#100

Besides numbers, a variable can also be NULL. It means it has not got a value assigned to it. NULL and 0 is not the same thing.

There are different ranges of variables.

Variable range
Type
Function
#0
NULL
#0 is read-only and cannot be given another value than NULL. It is used to set other variables to NULL or to compare variables.
#1 - #33
Local variables
These are used to pass arguments to macros and are local to the macro only.
#100 - #199
Common variables
These are common variables that are shared between macros and main programs. They will be cleared to NULL when a new program starts or when you exit the simulator.
#500 - #999
Common permanent variables
These variables are remembered between runs and even when you exit the simulator.
#300 - #399
Simulator specific reserved range
In this range, which is not used by the Fanuc controller, we store some system values specific to the simulator.
#1000 - #9999
System variables
These variables contain information from the CNC controller or in this case, the simulator. We have made them empty so users can assign simulator values to any numbers for maximal flexibility. On a Fanuc controller, they are fixed.

In your programs, you typically use the common variables. Only use the local ones when you fully understand their behavior. For example, how they change when using nested macros. Be very careful with system variables if you are going to run the program on a real machine, as they can change things in the CNC controller in unexpected ways. In the simulator, you normally use these to read values like the current position, feed and tools for example.


text:
The recent slowdown of bank lending in Spain: are supply-side factors relevant?
AbstractUsing information of the balance sheets of Spanish banks between 1995 and 2009, we estimate the average impact of current and anticipated changes in banks' capital on firm lending. We isolate the role of credit supply factors using the variation in capital growth associated to the bank-specific historical exposure to real estate development –measured 10 years before the outburst of the financial crisis- and its interaction with the change in housing prices in the provinces where they operate. We further control for the quality of borrowers by using industry fixed effects. Our main results suggest firstly that lagged exposure to real estate development and its interaction with prices explain banks' capital growth and the overall doubtful loans ratio after 2008 – in turn, a determinant of anticipated changes in capital. And, secondly, that the deterioration of banks' capital position has had a negative, although of a limited magnitude, effect on the supply of loans to non-construction firms. Our interpretation is that banks that have experienced capital shortfalls or banks that have increased their capital but without reaching the level that is demanded by financial markets might have had no option but to reduce their lending. The relatively small magnitude of credit supply factors may be explained by the weakness of loan demand in a context of a deep recession
Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by Banco de Espa�a in its series Banco de Espa�a Working Papers with number 1206.
Length: 50 pages
Date of creation: Jan 2012
Date of revision:
Bank lending; bank capital; loan supply; instrumental variables;
Find related papers by JEL classification:
- E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
- G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Gambacorta, Leonardo & Mistrulli, Paolo Emilio, 2004. "Does bank capital affect lending behavior?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 13(4), pages 436-457, October.
- Michael Ehrmann & Leonardo Gambacorta & Jorge MartÃ¬nez-PagÃ¨s & Patrick Sevestre & Andreas Worms, 2001.
"Fynancial Systems and the Role of Banks in Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro area,"
Temi di discussione (Economic working papers)
432, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
- Sevestre, Patrick & Martinez-Pages, Jorge & Gambacorta, Leonardo & Ehrmann, Michael & Worms, Andreas, 2001. "Financial systems and the role of banks in monetary policy transmission in the euro area," Discussion Paper Series 1: Economic Studies 2001,18, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre.
- Michael Ehrmann & Leonardo Gambacorta & Jorge Martínez-Pagés & Patrick Sevestre & Andreas Worms, 2001. "Financial Systems and the Role of Banks in Monetary Policy Transmission in the Euro Area," Banco de Espaï¿½a Working Papers 0118, Banco de Espa�a.
- Ehrmann, Michael & Gambacorta, Leonardo & Martinéz Pagés, Jorge & Sevestre, Patrick & Worms, Andreas, 2001. "Financial systems and the role of banks in monetary policy transmission in the euro area," Working Paper Series 0105, European Central Bank.
- Skander Van den Heuvel, 2006. "The Bank Capital Channel of Monetary Policy," 2006 Meeting Papers 512, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Wako Watanabe, 2007. "Prudential Regulation and the "Credit Crunch": Evidence from Japan," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(2-3), pages 639-665, 03.
- Skander J. Van den Heuvel, 2002. "Does bank capital matter for monetary transmission?," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue May, pages 259-265.
- William Francis & Matthew Osborne, 2009. "Bank regulation, capital and credit supply: Measuring the Impact of Prudential Standards," Occasional Papers 36, Financial Services Authority.
- Alfredo Martín-Oliver & Sonia Ruano & Vicente Salas-Fumás, 2012. "Effects of equity capital on the interest rate and the demand for credit. Empirical evidence from Spanish banks," Banco de Espaï¿½a Working Papers 1218, Banco de Espa�a.
- Alfredo Martin-Oliver & Sonia Ruano & Vicente Salas-Fumas, 2013. "Banks' Equity Capital Frictions, Capital Ratios, and Interest Rates: Evidence from Spanish Banks," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 9(1), pages 183-225, March.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Mar�a Beiro. Electronic Dissemination of Information Unit. Research Department. Banco de Espa�a).
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


Scientists Make Temperature-Regulating Coffee Mug
[via physorg] Researchers Klaus Sedlbauer and Herbert Sinnesbichler from the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics have created the temperature-regulating mug using phase change material (PCM). PCM is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of heat by changing its phase, such as changing from a solid to a liquid.
To design the new mug, the researchers first created a hollow porcelain shell filled with ribbons of highly conductive aluminum. The formed a honeycomb structure, which the researchers filled with solid PCM. When the mug is filled with a hot beverage, the PCM absorbs the heat and melts like wax into a liquid. This process cools the beverage down to the optimal temperature. As the beverage cools over time, the PCM slowly releases the stored heat back into the drink, maintaining the optimal temperature for up to 30 minutes.
As the scientists note, different drinks have different optimal temperatures. Warm drinks such as and are best enjoyed at 58° C (136.4° F), beer tastes best at 7° C (44.6° F), and ice-cold drinks are best at -12° C (10.4° F). Since different types of PCM have different chemical properties and melting temperatures, the scientists can make different mugs for different. The downside for the consumer is that there is not a single mug for hot and cold drinks.
The researchers hope that, if they can find a business partner, the PCM mugs could be on sale by the end of the year. However, despite the fact that PCM is relatively inexpensive, the mugs will still probably cost significantly more than most mugs.
Besides mugs, PCM could have other interesting applications. For instance, researchers are investigating the possibility of using it to keep perishable foods from spoiling, and even putting it on museum walls to protect paintings in the case of a fire, since PCM is non-flammable. PCM already has commercial uses in construction materials, where it is embedded in walls and ceilings to maintain a comfortable room temperature. Some winter jackets also contain PCM for providing greater warmth. In addition, due to their long-term memory capabilities, PCM could be used for storing computer data without the need for an electric current.
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Baltic Chemical Complex (Gas Chemical Complex) is part of the Ethane–Rich Gas Processing Complex (ERGPC) being constructed in the north-west of the Russian Federation – a flagship investment project of the modern Russia on creation of one of the world's largest clusters for raw hydrocarbons deep conversion.
Baltic Chemical Complex Project provides for construction of a polyethylene production complex with a design capacity of up to 3 million tons per year in Kingisepp District of Leningrad Region.
The Gas Chemical Complex (GCC) under construction is part of the Ethane-Rich Gas Processing Complex of Baltic Chemical Complex LLC and is designed to produce high-quality high-density polyethylenes, low-density linear polyethylenes and low-density metallocene polyethylenes.
The following is provided as the Complex basis:
- Ethane Fraction Crackers Complex;
- Ethylene Polymerization Units and Linear Alpha-Alefins Production Complex, as well as UI&O auxiliary facilities necessary for GCC safe and sustainable functioning.
The Cooling Water Supply Units (tit. 16160, tit. 26160) are auxiliary facilities and are not designed for marketable products output. The operation of the water supply units ensures preparation of the cooling water for 2nd water supply system necessary for cooling or condensation of the technological products at various facilities of the Complex.
Within of the Cooling water Supply Units, the following is provided:
- fan cooling towers for cooling the recycled water of the process units;
- pumping stations for supply of the cooling water of the process units;
- Distribution Transformer Substation with an instrument technical room.
Scope of the project works:
- detail engineering (release of the detail design documentation);
- development of a 3D model of the facility;
- package supply of all process equipment of the unit;
- start-up and adjustment works and putting it into operation;
- training of the customer's personnel.


Rainforest Jasper
Rainforest Jasper is a special kind of Rhyolite Lava found in volacnic areas all over the world. With it's brown-green background with orange highlights it resonated and earthy feel. Quartz Crystals are commonly found in the stone along with other minerals.
Rainforest Jasper is known for it's subdued and subtle earth energy attracting grounding and pleasant energy to ones life. It can give you a deep connection with Mother Earth and natural environments.


text:
Adam Pendleton: 'Black Dada' (video portrait of Yvonne Rainer)
Just Back from Los Angeles: A Portrait of Yvonne Rainer had its premiere tonight at Anthology Film Archive. From the program, excerpted from Performa Institute:
Begun in 2008, Black Dada is a conceptual paradigm for a body of work, which includes ideas, paintings, sculptures, wall works, videos, a manifesto, and a reader. Black Dada references social and historical conditions through the formal methods of conceptualism, producing a point of convergence — the artwork, which sieves and questions matters pertaining to the freedom of abstraction in language and visual art, the animating force of blackness, and the strategies of experimental avant-gardes. Black Dada instigates and relies upon the possibilities realized through the melding of contradictions and aligning of seemingly incommensurable parts, references, and forms.


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2 years of undergraduate course work- Generally, students take two years of prerequisite coursework at UNL, apply to dental hygiene programs, and complete the second two years of the Bachelor's Degree in Dental Hygiene at an accredited dental hygiene program.
How long does it take to be a dental hygienist in Nebraska?
The Dental Hygiene associate of applied science degree requires a maximum of 81 credits of course work, including prerequisite courses that must be completed prior to admission to the program. The program can be completed in three years, including six semesters and one summer session.
How long is a dental hygienist program?
Dental hygienists typically need an associate's degree in dental hygiene. Programs typically take 3 years to complete. All states require dental hygienists to be licensed; requirements vary by state.
Is getting a dental hygienist degree hard?
Dental hygiene classes require a high level of commitment. You will need to learn a great deal of course material in a short period. Being a dental hygienist is a gratifying job, but it can be a bit difficult. It's nothing that you can't handle with the proper degree of motivation, and patience.
Do dental hygienist make more than rn?
Registered nurses and dental hygienists both earn promising salaries. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, registered nurses earn an average salary of $75,330 per year. Meanwhile, dental hygienists earn a median annual salary of $77,090 in the United States.
What is a dental hygienist vs dentist?
Basically, a dentist is a doctor. A hygienist is not. But hygienists can still do more than an assistant. The dentist examines and treats your teeth, the dental hygienist cleans your teeth and helps you prevent disease, and the dental assistant helps the dentist (and sometimes the hygienist.)
What do dental hygienist do?
Dental hygienists examine patients for signs of oral diseases, such as gingivitis, and provide preventive care, including oral hygiene. They also educate patients about oral health.
How much do dental assistants make?
A mid career Dental Assistant with 4-9 years of experience earns an average salary of R 95 000, while an experienced Dental Assistant with 10-20 years of experience makes on average R 117 000. Dental Assistants with more than 20 years of experience may earn more than R 130 000 yearly.
Is 40 too old to become a dental hygienist?
When you're an over-40 worker looking for a career with flexibility for balancing work and family, health care is usually a good field to consider, according to Seattle Pi. One particularly solid choice: dental hygienist, where you clean teeth and educate patients about oral hygiene.
Is it worth becoming a dental hygienist?
Yes, dental hygiene is a good career, and this article focuses on what makes it tick. A dental hygienist, as you might be aware, helps dentists in performing various procedures such as cleaning and polishing teeth, making dental casts, and educating patients on how to maintain good oral health.
Are dental hygienists rich?
The median salary for a dental hygienist is $73,000 a year, according to the U.S. Labor Department. That's higher than the median salary of $69,000 for a registered nurse. In big cities, dental hygienists can earn six figures.
What state pays the highest for dental hygienist?
Here are the top five states that pay dental hygienists the highest based on annual mean wage:
- Alaska — $115,050.
- California — $109,970.
- Washington — $95,450.
- Nevada — $89,360.
- New Jersey — $88,150.
Is medical school harder than dental school?
Medical school is more difficult to get into. Average GPA's are higher, students have more research experience and the MCAT is longer and covers more subjects than dental. Dental students will tell you they take the same classes that medical school students do.
Who gets paid more dental assistant or hygienist?
Dental hygienists receive a higher median pay than dental assistants. While the median dental assistant salary reached about $40,000 in 2019, the median dental hygienist salary exceeded $76,000. This salary gap reflects the additional training and licensure requirements for dental hygienists.


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Subqueries and JOINs
A subquery can quite often, but not in all cases, be rewritten as a JOIN.
Rewriting Subqueries as JOINS
A subquery using IN can be rewritten with the DISTINCT keyword, for example:
SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col1 FROM table2);
can be rewritten as:
SELECT DISTINCT table1.* FROM table1, table2 WHERE table1.col1=table2.col1;
NOT IN or NOT EXISTS queries can also be rewritten. For example, these two queries returns the same result:
SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE col1 NOT IN (SELECT col1 FROM table2);
SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT col1 FROM table2 WHERE table1.col1=table2.col1);
and both can be rewritten as:
SELECT table1.* FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id=table2.id WHERE table2.id IS NULL;
Subqueries that can be rewritten as a LEFT JOIN are sometimes more efficient.
Using Subqueries instead of JOINS
There are some scenarios, though, which call for subqueries rather than joins:
 - When you want duplicates, but not false duplicates. Suppose Table_1 has three rows {1,1,2} and Table_2 has two rows {1,2,2}. If you need to list the rows in Table_1 which are also in Table_2, only this subquery-based SELECT statement will give the right answer (1,1,2):
SELECT Table_1.column_1
FROM Table_1
WHERE Table_1.column_1 IN
 (SELECT Table_2.column_1
 FROM Table_2);
 - This SQL statement won't work:
SELECT Table_1.column_1
FROM Table_1,Table_2
WHERE Table_1.column_1 = Table_2.column_1;
 - because the result will be {1,1,2,2} and the duplication of 2 is an error. This SQL statement won't work either:
SELECT DISTINCT Table_1.column_1
FROM Table_1,Table_2
WHERE Table_1.column_1 = Table_2.column_1;
 - because the result will be {1,2} and the removal of the duplicated 1 is an error too.
 - When the outermost statement is not a query. The SQL statement:
UPDATE Table_1 SET column_1 = (SELECT column_1 FROM Table_2);
 - can't be expressed using a join unless some rare SQL3 features are used.
 - When the join is over an expression. The SQL statement:
SELECT * FROM Table_1
WHERE column_1 + 5 =
 (SELECT MAX(column_1) FROM Table_2);
 - is hard to express with a join. In fact, the only way we can think of is this SQL statement:
SELECT Table_1.*
FROM Table_1,
 (SELECT MAX(column_1) AS max_column_1 FROM Table_2) AS Table_2
WHERE Table_1.column_1 + 5 = Table_2.max_column_1;
 - which still involves a parenthesized query, so nothing is gained from the transformation.
 - When you want to see the exception. For example, suppose the question is: what books are longer than Das Kapital? These two queries are effectively almost the same:
SELECT DISTINCT Bookcolumn_1.*
FROM Books AS Bookcolumn_1 JOIN Books AS Bookcolumn_2 USING(page_count)
WHERE title = 'Das Kapital';
SELECT DISTINCT Bookcolumn_1.*
FROM Books AS Bookcolumn_1
WHERE Bookcolumn_1.page_count >
 (SELECT DISTINCT page_count
 FROM Books AS Bookcolumn_2
 WHERE title = 'Das Kapital');
 - The difference is between these two SQL statements is, if there are two editions of Das Kapital (with different page counts), then the self-join example will return the books which are longer than the shortest edition of Das Kapital. That might be the wrong answer, since the original question didn't ask for "... longer than ANY book named Das Kapital" (it seems to contain a false assumption that there's only one edition).
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Market-based control: the solution to slow progress with patient safety?
 1. Richard G Thomson
 1. Professor Richard G Thomson, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; richard.thomson{at}
Statistics from
In this issue of Quality and Safety in Health Care, there is a paper that should stimulate considerable debate (see page 99);1 indeed, we have published three commentaries alongside the paper24 to initiate this and a further response from the authors (see page 90).5 Despite major initiatives to improve patient safety, there is a perception that attempts to improve safety have made slow progress. Hence, Coiera and Braithwaite argue for the implementation of market based control mechanisms as an incentive to promote patient safety. Their proposal is modelled on the "cap and trade" approach to creating a market in emissions trading, a key component of the Kyoto protocol that allows organisations that are successful in reducing carbon emissions to sell credits to organisations that have been less successful.
The parallel between emissions trading to improve the environment and patient safety event trading to improve healthcare safety is fascinating; each of our commentators is intrigued by the proposal. However, each of them believes that the model, while intriguing, is unlikely to be implemented or effective. Coiera and Braithwaite have responded to these commentaries with a further robust argument!
Chin and Wilkes2 are concerned that a market of this type will lead to further widening of inequalities through a variety of mechanisms including lobbying power, resource constraints, ability to pass or shift costs and gaming. If market mechanisms were to enhance inequalities, this would be unacceptable (see page 88). While Chin and Wilkes believe that measurement of patient safety and holding healthcare organisations accountable in a fair manner, consistent with Coiera and Braithwaite's proposals, are important, neither is unique to market solutions.
Donaldson3 expresses a fundamental concern—he argues that healthcare is not a public good in the same way as the environment (see page 87). He also points out that the introduction of quasimarkets in healthcare has been largely unsuccessful in addressing issues of quality and safety. Instead he calls for more explicit and better developed methods to determine priorities for investment in constrained healthcare systems. He also, quite rightly, raises the question as to whether the emissions trading model has yet shown itself to be effective—indeed, Coiera and Braithwaite themselves accept that it is too early to evaluate that.
Meltzer4 points out that incentives for patients and payers to avoid errors through competitive market forces already exist, in contrast to carbon emissions prior to trading, thus making the argument less compelling (see page 86). He highlights the challenge of measurement and of how an appropriate level of adverse events might be set. He also believes that such a system is likely to increase healthcare costs. Meltzer flags up one element of the proposal that he describes as compelling; that is the underlying assumption that some level of harm is appropriate or acceptable because reducing harm is costly.
In addition to the concerns expressed in these commentaries, I believe there are several other issues that need to be considered before pursuing an MBC approach. First, this approach is very top down; it appears to ignore the importance of engagement of healthcare staff in improving safety. The mantra of "first do no harm" is embedded within the culture of most healthcare professionals, and when patient safety incidents occur, they are rarely due to negligence or intended actions but largely reflect the inevitabilities of human error and the inadequacies of systems. A top-down model such as that proposed here is likely to provoke resistance among professional groups.
It is also likely to provoke resistance among patients and the public. What level of acceptability would this engender within the public domain, particularly given Meltzer's comments that an underlying implication is that there is a level of acceptable harm? One of the challenges to patient safety has been the fact that the value placed upon harm produced by healthcare is often quite different to the value placed upon injury or ill health arising de novo. Fundamentally, patients access healthcare with the expectation that it will make them better and find the concept that it might make them worse very difficult to understand.
Another issue of relevance is the complexity of healthcare. The issue of carbon emission is arguably much more straightforward in both its measurement and its aetiology than harm caused by healthcare. This complexity in healthcare may explain why some of the methods of quality and safety improvement that have been effective in industrial settings are more difficult to apply in healthcare. Market-based control is likely to be similar in this respect.
A key problem, also flagged up by our commentators, is that of measurement. We know that incident reporting significantly under-reports for a variety of reasons. Equally, there is evidence to suggest that those organisations that report more incidents have a better and more effective safety culture.6 Any market-based mechanism that penalised higher rates of incidents would have the potential effect of switching off the tap of reporting, upon which much safety improvement depends. The approach would be replete with perverse incentives. Furthermore, the use of measures of safety or quality from routine information systems, such as the AHRQ indicators suggested by Coiera and Braithwaite, would need to take account of the fact that routine data quality and completeness are hugely variable, not only across different healthcare systems but also within countries, again emphasising the considerable challenge of measurement of safety within this proposal.
In conclusion, this is a fascinating and intriguing proposal that merits wide debate. But is this proposal something that healthcare systems should take seriously and consider testing?
Could this approach dramatically improve safety within healthcare systems, or should we once again heed HL Mencken's view that "For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong"?
 - Competing interests: None.
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OUR ULTIMATE COVID BOOKING GUARANTEE. FIND OUT MORE
Switzerland and Italy are moving ahead with plans to create a new trans-border protected area. After signing an international treaty with the Italian government, the Swiss Federal Council recently announced its plan to put the Locarnese National Park to a vote. If the vote is successful, the park will become Switzerland's second national park and Italy's 23rd.
The proposed Locarnese National Park sits in the southern canton of Ticino and would include the Valle dei Bagni in Italy. The trans-border park would cover a vast and diverse landscape and include sites of cultural importance and natural beauty, from deep canyons to dense, age-old forest.
The new park would join the Swiss National Park, which was created back in 1914 in the canton of Graubünden. This park is renowned as one of the best places to hike and see Switzerland's wildlife. Italy currently has 22 national parks, protecting around 5% of its total land area.
In 2016, a similar motion to create a park across several of Switzerland's southern cantons and part of Italy was defeated due to a lack of local support. The Parc Adula project had been 16 years in the making and had the backing of conservation NGOs, such as Pro Natura and WWF. However, many local people feared that the national park would disrupt their livelihoods, creating more bureaucracy and putting up barriers for local businesses. In the end, their vote ended the initiative.
According to SwissInfo, the Locarnese National Park project now has strong local support and is seen as a "park of national importance" by many in the region. So, this time round it may be successful. "However, this will only come into force if the Ticino municipalities concerned accept the creation of the park and if the Confederation grants the Park the 'park' label," the Federal Council noted.
Local communities are expected to vote on the creation of the Locarnese National Park later this year.


the Healing Crisis.
A Healing Crisis usually takes place within the first three to eight weeks of a conscious and sustained, total body cleansing effort. The average duration is from three to five days. It is often initiated by a therapeutic fast or cleansing diet. This allows an immutable principle of nature to kick in which is often referred to as 'the law of cure.' This principle teaches that:
1. The natural cure of any disease state starts deep within the body and works out toward the skin.
2. The natural cure of any disease state starts with the head and moves downward toward the feet.
3. The natural cure of any disease state takes place in reverse order as the symptoms originally appeared in the body.
A disease state such as arthritis follows a certain path or stages of deterioration and degradation and a predictable path to recovery. When an arthritis sufferer engages in some type of systemic waste removal and adopts a biologically friendly fasting regimen or a cleansing diet, that person will often begin to go through a re-visitation of the same symptoms experienced at different stages while the ailment was developing.
It is at this exact point that nature, by way of a Healing Crisis, can walk a person back through the degenerative, chronic, sub-acute and acute stages of their rheumatic ailment until the original condition of acute irritation is reached. Reversal of the disease state at its foundation can often be achieved if the person continues to allow the great immutable principle of nature to operate unhindered throughout the body.
From there it is simply a matter of following a sensible dietary program and adopting certain lifestyle modifications to achieve the desired goal of partial or complete reversal of the rheumatic disorder. What many biologically oriented practitioners have known for years and what some of our contemporary health professionals are discovering is that without a Healing Crisis and the disease reversal process there can be no complete recovery from disease.
Fitness Benefits of Swimming
Do you know the tremendous swimming health benefits? There are different health advantages that you can appreciate while you go swimming. Swimming is often recommended as an substitute way of training for those who cannot execute heavy workouts. Sufferers with Osteoarthritis are motivated to go swimming as a therapy choice to get comfort from the discomfort. What are the top swimming health benefits?
Building Cardiovascular Endurance
Swimming is valuable for those who have weak cardiovascular fitness. According to research, swimming increases your stamina. It has also been investigated that those men and women of average age who go swimming for 12 weeks obtained an increase in lung capacity by 10%. The stroke volume that indicates heart strength is found to improve by 18%.
Swimming has low impact effect, hence is valuable to the osteoarthritis patients
If you have osteoarthritis or you have elderly people in your home who are experiencing osteoarthritis, then swimming sessions are an excellent form of exercise. In fact, it is one of the best substitute healthcare options for the osteoarthritis individual. The primary reason is that there is a very low impact on the swimmer, so you are not getting any pressure on your joint parts. In fact, different types of water actions like water exercises are also good for those who have osteoarthritis problems.
Great for All Ages
You can proceed swimming for period of your time, and because there is no hefty effect on the joint parts from diving, people can proceed this action provided that they want. A swimmer can proceed the action until old age. There are also confirmed information of people who proceed until the age of 93 and above.
Burns Lots of Calories
Can you get rid of plenty of calorie consumption while you swim? You might think that swimming is low impact and therefore does not get rid of fat, but plenty of calories are used during swimming. In fact, it is more than you might expect. If you want to get rid of 500-650 calories in an hour, swimming is one of the best options.
Beat the Heat
You can take a relaxing break and defeat summer time season heat in the cool water. You will feel refreshed and ready to go. So, along with taking a positive mindset, cold beverages, and other summer time activities, you can also plan to participate in some swimming activities. Regular swimming will not only ease and renew you, but also it helps to get rid of fat and improves your cardio-respiratory capacity.
Psoriatic Arthritis - More Than Just Joint Pain
What could be worse that this awful joint pain and stiffness, you wonder as you try to will yourself out of bed. While the pain and fatigue that goes along with rheumatoid arthritis can be excruciating and is without a doubt a possibly debilitating condition, there is actually a form of arthritis that is worse. Psoriatic arthritis is a form of the disease that affects not only the joints, but also the skin, and possibly the tendons, eyes, spine, heart and lungs.
In most people who suffer from psoriatic arthritis, the first sign that something is wrong is the inflammation of the skin. Patients can develop psoriasis on their elbows, knees, scalp, and area around the navel and around the anus or genitals. Psoriasis causes red, raised areas of scaly skin. The signs of the skin disease are first seen in the forties or fifties and generally precede joint pain by several months to years. Once the joint pain starts, it generally involves the joints in the feet, ankles and knees. Inflammation can cause the joints to become red, hot and swollen. Often toes and fingers swell so badly they can resemble sausages. Psoriatic arthritis can also affect the spine.
In addition to skin inflammation and joint pain, psoriatic arthritis also attacks the ligaments and tendons of the body. One of the most common tendons to become affected it the Achilles tendon. This Achilles tendonitis causes the patient to have pain when walking and when climbing steps. Along with affecting the tendons in the heels, the arthritis can also inflame the chest wall and the cartilage that links the breast bone and ribs. This inflammation can cause chest pain and shortness of breath.
Along with the joints and tendons, psoriatic arthritis can also affect the major organs of the body such as the heart and lungs. The lungs can become inflamed causing both shortness of breath and chest pain, especially with deep breathing. If the heart becomes inflamed by the disease, the aortic valve can leak. This leak could result in breathing trouble as well as heart failure.
In its rampage on the body, psoriatic arthritis can also damage the eyes. Redness and itching are common results of the condition. The iris or colored area of the eye can also become painfully inflamed, especially when exposed to bright light. Often the only way to relieve this irisitis is to inject cortisone directly into the eye.
Psoriatic arthritis can often be difficult to diagnose especially in the early stages. One common symptom of this form of arthritis, however, is the pitting of finger or toe nails. Sometimes the disorder can cause the nails to turn loose and fall off completely.
Like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis results from the body's own immune system turning against itself. Unlike the rheumatoid variety, however, psoriatic arthritis can affect not only the joints, but also the skin, eyes and many of the major organs of the body. Left untreated this disease can progress until it become debilitating and sometimes even life threatening.
Treating German Shepherds With Arthritis
For most doggie fans, there is certainly 1 particular breed of dog which holds your heart and soul and does not let it go. For an estimated fifty thousand pet owners within the United states of America, that particular breed of dog is the robust, smart and agile German Shepherd.
The German Shepherd is the 3rd preferred dog breed within the United States. Popular for their functioning capacity, German Shepherds are usually connected with law enforcement and also army functions in addition to search and recovery. They've also been used as functioning guide canines for the impaired and handicapped and also, as their particular titles attest, shepherding.
In spite of this particular hard-working popularity, German Shepherds are also generally known as caring and faithful dogs. They react good to dog obedience training, get friendly quickly together with other dogs and assist as pleasant pets for the whole household, particularly kids.
Regrettably, this hard-working and also reliable canine is actually vunerable to various bone and also joint complications. Most of these complications include things like osteochrondritis dissecans (OCD), panosteitis and also hip and elbow dysplasia. Almost all 3 are genetically related and can't be healed, however panosteitis, which impacts young dogs, is generally outgrown within a month or perhaps 2. The sole alternative for dogs troubled by OCD and dysplasia is usually discomfort management.
German Shepherds are usually distinctly vulnerable to OCD. This problem is recognized by bone in fact falling apart underneath cartilage, mainly in the ankles, elbows and shoulder blades. The problem occurs while in the 1st year or so of existence and young puppies whose father and mother experienced the problem will certainly go through it too.
Hip dysplasia is, probably, the very best recognized joint trouble in medium and also big pet dogs, and it is linked to German Shepherds. Basically explained, dysplasia arises whenever a bone will not match properly inside the joint socket. Dysplasia speeds the standard wear around the cartilage guarding the


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HP Labs Technical Reports
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Automated Link Creation in a Hypertext-based Software Reuse Library
Tsien, Christine L.
Abstract: The goal of this project is to explore techniques for making software reuse effective. As the development of large software systems continues, the idea of reusing software from previous applications becomes attractive as a means for improving productivity and increasing software quality. Important to such goals is the availability of software components which are well-documented, readily accessible, understandable, and reliable. Software reuse libraries are designed to maintain such components. Because of the large amount of information that may potentially be in a software reuse library, however, a user needs to be able to quickly find, retrieve, and understand a particular software component if reuse is to be fully taken advantage of. PP In this project, I aim to make information access, in the context of an existing software reuse library, more efficient. I begin by defining a set of catalogue conventions for the software components of the library. I then develop a system which incorporates these conventions into the library search process. Relevant pieces of information within the library are connected together, or linked, to allow easy reference amongst similar subjects. This is achieved by providing a means for automatically generating hypertext links at library creation time.
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In the discussion below, we describe our emergent understanding of elements of the Andean worldview and ceremonial tobacco use in the Pachamama ceremony and how each of these thematic constructs might be used in smoking prevention strategies. We discuss four emergent themes below: historical continuity, cosmological beliefs (holism, reciprocity, and balance), the hierarchy of social relations and respect for elders and tradition, and norms governing ceremonial tobacco use. These results are summarized in. We then turn to a discussion of how youth characterize secular, recreational use of tobacco in contrast to ceremonial use and close with a discussion of how our results can be integrated into smoking prevention programs for Andean youth.
Ceremonial and recreational smoking among Andean youth
Andean youth are reared with an understanding of the ancient origin and historical continuity of the Pachamama ceremony. As these young men indicate, offerings to Pachamama transcend time and ensure the continuity of life across generations.
I was told that it is a ritual that comes from long time ago. (Rural male, age 18, smoker)
Pachamama, I have heard that it comes from generation to generation. People get together, feed Mother Earth, praise her, and pray to have good fortune and progress for the coming year. (Urban male, age 17, non-smoker)
Youth perceptions of the historical continuity of the Pachamama
ceremony are relevant since they provide a sense of coherence and belonging, a critical factor in the establishment of group identity during adolescence (Phinney 1990
). This kind of identity has been described as a feeling of being at home in your body, knowing where you are going, and experiencing an inner assuredness of recognition from those who are important to you (Erickson 1968
). Group identity plays a role in behavioral patterns of substance use among youth. In particular, ethnic or cultural identity can foster the development of anti-drug use norms (Love 2006
; Marsiglia et al. 2004
) or increased drug use (James et al. 2000
), indicating that its effect may be mediated by other factors like social and familial influences or peer subcultures (Dornelas 2005
; Jessor et al. 1998
The Andean world view encompasses several core constructs that include the unity of material and spiritual realms, social reciprocity, and the complementary nature of opposite forces such as the interplay of good and evil or hot and cold (Van den Berg 1992
). These core elements of the Andean worldview emerge from young people's descriptions of the Pachamama
ceremony. The accounts of different respondents about the experience and meaning of the ceremony demonstrate coherence and convergence, providing evidence that their beliefs about traditional ceremonies are grounded in a core set of collectively constructed and shared meanings about holism, reciprocity, health and illness, hierarchy, and respect each of which is discussed below.
There are no inanimate objects in the Andean worldview. Rather, material and spiritual aspects coexist in each and every element of the universe – including human beings, animals, plants, and minerals and this embodies holism (Polia Meconi 1996
). The land, Pachamama
, provides material sustenance, but it also possesses the attributes of a deity or a spiritual entity that can fill a person with joy:
"Pachamama means time and space, the time of our lives and the space we occupy…each of us has her in our own being…she makes me feel happy," (Rural male, age 18, smoker).
In Andean societies, the activities of daily life are infused with spiritual meaning. The offerings used in propitiatory practices, including tobacco, are perceived to posses both a material and a spiritual nature. This belief in the dual nature of tobacco stands in stark contrast to its treatment as a commodity in Western society, providing a basis for critique of its portrayal in advertisements and the profit-making aims of tobacco companies.
Households in the Andes rely on family members to provide labor and skills for subsistence activities. Andean institutions that ensure mutual assistance have existed for thousands of years. Such reciprocity and solidarity take on a variety of forms (Osorio Acuña 1992
). The ayni
is a system of reciprocity involving an exchange of labor that cannot be reciprocated with money, only with work (Harris 1987
). Reciprocity is a core concept in the Andean belief system that provides the social basis for the Pachamama
We give things to the Earth, we venerate her, because the majority of the people believe that in doing so we will receive more food, all things come from her, our crops. (Urban Female, age 15, smoker)
Thus, the Pachamama ceremony reinforces the pervasive theme of reciprocity and interrelatedness of the land, the people, and the cosmos. Among Andean peoples this results in an emphasis on the common good over individual success, a construct that could be enlisted to justify the protection of non-smokers from exposure to second hand smoke.
The complementary nature of opposite forces, much like the concept of yin and yang in Chinese philosophy, explains the dynamics of the ever-changing life energy in the universe. Respondents explained the dual nature of good and evil and the need to balance such forces.
Pachamama is a ritual to keep the house in harmony, so you feel better, so evil will go away. That is what one believes, and one feels better. (Urban male, age 14, smoker)
The idea of balance is crucial to the health belief system. In the Andes, as in many cultures, health is conceived as the maintenance of a state of harmony with nature and the universe within the context of a constant interplay of the forces of good and evil and hot and cold. Thus, Pacha, Mother Earth, is both a source of healing and of illness. This is also true for the ceremonial offerings made to her, including tobacco. Health is also contingent on maintaining harmony in social relationships by observing social norms and meeting social obligations. Maintaining harmony with nature especially through ritual offerings is especially important, hence the importance of the Pachamama ceremony. In this world view, the land provides life and sustenance but it can also take life away if it is not properly appreciated and attended to through rituals and offerings:
Sometimes the earth takes you away, takes your life away. (Rural male, age 13, smoker)
These cosmological beliefs can be enlisted in prevention of tobacco use by highlighting the interplay between good and evil forces. Each ritual element has a power that cures and a power that kills (Polia Meconi 1996
). This concept can be used to explain the positive and negative aspects of using psychoactive substances such as tobacco and to modify beliefs about the social acceptability of recreational smoking. Tobacco could be framed dualistically as a substance that can have negative health effects when used outside of the ritual context.
Hierarchy and Respect
Youth refer to two elements in the Pachamama ceremony that manifest their knowledge and acceptance of the hierarchical social relations of Andean society, adult leadership and age-based participation order as the following passage illustrates.
My grandmother, she starts praying, she prays for everybody. Then, she starts giving (Pachamama) the food, then the drinks, then she lights a cigarette. That is the ritual that we do. (Urban male, age 17, smoker)
Although all participants must take a turn giving offerings to Mother Earth, there is a strict ordering sequence; elders first, adults next, and children last. The acceptance of the hierarchical order of the ceremony could serve to reinforce the authority of adult family members in conducting family life. Enlisting the aid of ceremonial leaders, elders, and parents could be used to legitimate campaigns to change perceptions of tobacco and its recreational use.
Study respondents said that they approach the Pachamama ceremony with a respectful attitude. This is a cultural practice that has been internalized with a positive affect.
With my family I always ask something from Pachamama. I simply ask that she helps me and I respect her at the time when I am doing these things. (Urban female, age 16, smoker)
An attitude of respect facilitates compliance with the norms and rules that guide the ceremony and the use of its ritual elements. Respect for the ancestors and tradition is related to historical continuity and contributes to the maintenance of a sense of coherence and belonging. It is likely that youths who profess respect might be more prone to value the teachings of adults and role models.
Ceremonial tobacco use
In the ritual context, tobacco acquires magical and supernatural characteristics. The power of tobacco is visualized, felt, and internalized as adults perform the rituals or, on occasion, explain the properties of tobacco. Lit cigarettes set around the ceremonial opening provide a venue for communication with Mother Earth. At this time the magical forces of tobacco are released in the smoke and require respect and care in handling. As the smoke diffuses upward, it carries messages to and from the spiritual world. Humans ask for good fortune, and the response of the spirits materializes in the shape of the ashes. Elders have the knowledge to interpret the ashes and decipher their signs to foretell the future.
The tradition is to set the cigarette standing around the opening. According to my father if it burns to the bottom you are going to be fine. If the cigarette is not burning it is a bad omen. (Urban male, age 17, non-smoker)
My grandmother would help us set the cigarettes on the Earth and when they were consumed she would read (in the ashes) how long you were going to


Tasks screen - Keep track of downloading, processing and sharing
Brief explanation:
Tasks panel allows you to see progress in your downloads, time estimation for active actions, and completed requests, such as Save to Camera Roll, Share (so as Stitch Panorama, Create Quickshot video and so on).
Tasks (items in the queue) are PAUSING whenever you pull the USB cable or turn off DJI drone or Osmo. However, items are automatically resuming once the connection is re-established with the same device and the same micro SD.
Illustration 1. Tasks Panel in the action
Let's get deep into Tasks:
Download and processing of media from DJI device is not ultra-fast. Also, we allow downloading while you are continuing to organize footage or while an app is working in the background. That's why we developed a special panel where you can keep track of all your requests. As soon as you start downloading photos or videos - the app immediately creates the task and places it on this screen.
You can access panel with the Tasks at any time just pulling Tasks tag, located on the right side of the screen. The tag itself displays current progress and estimation of the remaining tasks.
Tasks are divided into sections presenting DJI device or devices (if you link multiple). Each section contains device name, connection status, battery level and actual progress with the estimation. Also, you can open a context menu for the section and cancel tasks (or remove completed tasks).
Note: "Storage" section is used when you perform Share actions for media items already transferred to App Storage.
Tasks are auto resumable and if you want to finish download later or swap battery, or connect another DJI device - once you establish link again - Tasks will resume from the point they've been stopped (at this point, we hope you are impressed :)). Moreover, they are running even if you minimize Sync for DJI - the app maintains the connection with the drone/Osmo while there are things to download. You'll be guided with push notifications about milestones or changes in the downloading queue. For the best asynchronous results, we use Location service (read more about it here).
Protip: download multiple media items from DJI device using Multiselect Mode. In this case, selected files will be combined into one task.
Each task has context actions once it is completed. Use swipe to the left on item row (iOS) or long tap on a row (Android). You can Share to other apps or hide task.
Note: Successful tasks (if they do not require further action) will be erased from the list after the next launch of an app.
Estimation of the remaining time:
Starting with iOS 12.1 - we use prediction algorithms altogether with machine learning to estimate how much time is required for pending Tasks. We also calculate how much battery will be drained. You'll see a warning icon on Tasks tag in case of such a situation. Estimation is unique to each DJI device and mobile device you use for synchronization and requires some time for the calibration.
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_
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How To - Remaining time for Active Tasks


text:
VDOT Response To Citizen Complaints Concerning Traffic Situation at Main Street and Curtis Drive and Graham Park Road and Fraley Blvd.
This email is in response to your comments with regards to the recent operational improvements at the Route 1 (Jefferson Davis Highway/Main Street) & Route 1107 (Graham Park Road)/NIS (Curtis Drive) intersection.
This intersection, along with the northbound Route 1 & Graham Park Road intersection, were recently studied as part of a pedestrian improvement project. The analysis included a review of the existing intersection volumes, lane assignment and operations for minimally evasive and cost effective improvements. Based on the current vehicular traffic volumes and turning movement counts, modifications were made between these two intersections to help improve the overall operations and minimize delay and congestion. These improvements are expected to be an interim measure prior to the Town's upcoming widening and improvement project adjacent to this intersection.
As a result of the study, It was decided that rather than provide for short back to back left turn lanes on Graham Park Road between the Route 1 approaches, analysis showed that converting to a full two lane eastbound approach would help ease congestion and delays within the intersection and eliminate the often seen lane usage concerns expressed by the town.
The modification altered westbound Graham Park Road reducing the approach from a shared through/left turn lane and a dedicated right turn only lane to a single shared left turn/through/right turn lane. As with other intersections, turn restrictions are not present for this approach, therefore pavement markings depicting the lane usage is not necessary. However, a new lane use sign has been placed overhead on the mast arm.
Furthermore, left turns from Graham Park Road to southbound Route 1 are permitted from this lane as is through traffic to Curtis Drive and right turns to northbound Route 1 Main Street. Additionally, left turns movements to and from the Triangle Shopping Plaza continue to be permitted.


text:
Make Perhaps This Out Sense Of Can You
On Exhibit: August 30th - December 16th, 2007
Bob Cobbing (_PHONE_, England) is a Concrete Text-Sound poet whose works are represented in the Sackner Archive of Concrete & Visual Poetry — "Archive" rather than collection because it is a community space. Make Perhaps This Out Sense Of Can You is an intermedia event — a mutual in/de/re/flection of text, sound, image and bodies. During this exhibition, the Rosenwald Gallery becomes a participatory site. In it, a fracture occurs: the word as word, sound, sight & communication as coordination — what Khlebnikov calls "two circles of shooting stars"; a textual cosmology — dissolving the metaphor "a body of language" and giving way to the generative concept that communication occurs as a LANGUAGE OF BODIES.
Wednesday, October 10th, 5:30pm: Exhibition reception


A Relation Taxonomy Creation Module
C.R. Kothari and D.J. Russomanno (USA)
Semantic Web, Ontologies, Relations, Taxonomies
This paper describes the functionality and architecture of the Relation Taxonomy Module (RTM). RTM taxonomically arranges ontology specific relations using relation element values, which describe their intrinsic nature. RTM works in collaboration with the Relation Semantics Prototype (RSEP), which interactively elicits values for relation elements from knowledge providers to describe relations defined within ontologies. RTM generates the relation taxonomies using a technique that is analogous in some ways to using attributes of objects to arrange them taxonomically via the attribute exploration method. Ontology specific relation taxonomies may facilitate knowledge reuse and interoperability on a distributed environment such as the Semantic Web. The functionality and design of the RTM and the results from testing this prototype with a few ontologies are presented and analyzed in this paper.
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text:
RIVERSIDE, Calif. – (_URL_) When ancient Near Eastern civilizations fought their adversaries they used swords, spears and arrows. But how did they make these weapons, how much damage did they do, and how did kings supply their far-flung troops?
A new, multidimensional exhibit at the Western Science Center in Hemet, in partnership with La Sierra University, helps answer these and other questions through a display of ancient weapons and cultural artifacts, audio-visual media and a hands-on weapons replica table. Visitors experience the sights and sounds of ancient war, preparations for battle, learn about the rituals performed before going to war, and ways in which ancient wars impacted history.
The exhibit, "Weapons & War in the Iron Age," is comprised of artifacts from La Sierra's extensive collection, some excavated by La Sierra archaeologists from ancient sites in Jordan, and some from sites in Israel and Palestine. Most of the artifacts, including arrows, spears and swords, date from 1200BC to 600BC during the Iron Age of the Near East when iron became the prevalent material in making tools and weapons.
"Weapons & War in the Iron Age" will run through the fall. Western Science Center admission is adults $8; senior citizens and students $6.50; youth $6; children age four and under free; active-duty military free. The science center is located at 2345 Searl Parkway, Hemet. For additional information call _PHONE_, or visit _URL_. Hours are Tues. – Sun., 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. The Bank of Hemet and Eric and Gisela Gosch are sponsoring the exhibit.
The science center held an opening reception on June 21 attended by La Sierra archaeology professors, science center board directors and visitors.
Bill Marshall, a member of the center's Board of Directors and a retired superintendent of the San Jacinto Unified School District described the Weapons & War exhibit as "fascinating," particularly as it reveals the productivity of past civilizations. "I've always …believed you can learn from what people did in the past. It's wise to know where you came from and what people did prior to you," said Marshall.


Smoker's Lines - The Straight Vertical Lines On Your Upper Lip
Smoker's Lines
Smoker's Lines are straight lines on the upper lip (can also be on the lower lip), going from the end of the lip and towards the nose (or toward the chin for those on the lower lip). The lines are normally slightly tilted outwards.
Why Do Smoker's Lines Appear?
These lines, as most other facial lines, are caused predominantly by muscle movement.
In the case of Smoker's Lines, they are caused by the repeated puckering of the lips, or by the mouth forming a small open circle.
They are called Smoker's Lines because smokers use the lips to grip around the cigarettes to keep them in the mouth. They are therefore very common among smokers.
When this mouth movement is made repeatedly, lines will start to form. If done very frequently, these lines will remain even after the movement is no longer made.
However, Smoker's Lines also appear in non-smokers. Other people who make these movements frequently can also develop Smoker's Lines.
In addition, as we age, we tend to loose collagen and elastin in our skin. With the loss collagen and elastin, our skin normally loses its elasticity and plumpness.
While the lines are formed mainly by muscle contractions in the muscles around the mouth, excessive sunlight can speed up the process of the formation of Smoker's Lines.
That is because the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight can destroy collagen and elastin in the skin. The result is loss of vitality and plumpness.
Smoking, in addition to causing these lines and wrinkles by the way the lips grip around the cigarettes, also contains several toxins that can degrade cells and cell formation. Which can lead to further wrinkles.
The same goes for many forms of substance abuse and for air pollution.
Also, an unhealthy lifestyle, such as an unhealthy diet, can exacerbate line and wrinkle formation. If the skin cells don't have the right building blocks for repairing damaged skin and also for creating new skin, the quality of the overall skin is likely to be in inferior condition.
What Is Normally The Best Treatment For Smoker's Lines?
Smoker's Lines are normally best treated with laser resurfacing. If the lines are minor, a non-ablative laser resurfacing will normally produce good results.
This laser penetrates your skin a damages collagen. By doing so, it encourages collagen to rebuild and become stronger than before.
If the Smoker's Lines are deep, one can expect better results with an ablative laser. This laser treatment burns and removes the outer layers of aged or damaged skin.
By doing this, it creates controlled wounds on the skin, which prompts the skin to heal itself by creating new cells. This treatment however, requires some downtime.
To learn more about laser resurfacing on Treatmywrinkles, please go here.
For severe Smoker's Lines, laser treatment can be combined with a dermal filler for better results. The dermal filler will add volume to the skin below the lines. This will push up and stretch the skin above the injection, and hence smooth out the lines.
Botox is not recommended in this area as partly disabling the ability of the lips to move can impact speech and can cause drooling.


text:
What Does Dry Film Thickness Gauge, Destructive Mean?
Dry film thickness gauge, destructive is a measuring tool used to determine dry film thickness by cutting and removing a cross section, making a precise v-groove or geometric cut on the coating and then measuring it with a scaled microscope. The actual thickness of the cross section sample can also be measured by a micrometer.
Some destructive dry film thickness gauges feature a special v-groove cutting tool and illuminated magnifier to improve the accuracy of preparing the destructive measurement sample.
Corrosionpedia Explains Dry Film Thickness Gauge, Destructive
Using a dry film thickness gauge, destructive requires repairs to the damaged sample areas but the method is considered appropriate in the following instances:
- Non-destructive methods for thickness measurement are not possible or electronic gauges are not available or cannot be used.
- The coating is over wood, plastic, concrete or other non-magnetic substrates where most non-destructive dry film thickness gauges can't be used. The destructive thickness measurement method is applicable for coatings over almost all substrates.
- To measure individual coating thickness in a multi-layer coating.
- To verify or validate the result from a non-destructive dry film thickness gauge.
Commonly used destructive measurement methods are described in the following documents:
- ASTM D4138, Standard Practices for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Protective Coating Systems by Destructive Cross-Section Means.
- ASTM D1005, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers, Procedure D.
The destructive measurement method is generally used only as a last resort. Its accuracy is reduced by human errors in sample preparation and measurement reading.


text:
Rise, shine and slim-down. Read on, ladies.
Research has found 45 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise (stretching in your pajamas doesn't count, people) in the morning can reduce food's appeal, according to a study published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
Curb your (appetite) enthusiasm
After a brisk 45-mintue walking session on the treadmill, 18 normal-weight and 17 obese women, who were recruited from Bringham Young University, US, had their neural activity measured when looking at 240 images of food or flowers.
A week later, the same experiment was conducted but this time without exercise.
They found treadmill time altered the brain's response to food images.
"We wanted to see if obesity influenced food motivation, but it didn't," says Professor James LeCheminant. "However, it was clear that the exercise was playing a role in their neural responses to the pictures of food."
Researchers found morning workouts increased total activity clocked for the day. Additionally, women who exercised didn't feel the need to overcompensate with a second cream cheese bagel for the extra calories burned.
"This study provides evidence that exercise not only affects energy output, but it also may affect how people respond to food cues," says LeCheminant.
Take home message? Readjust your alarm clock, dust off the joggers and get moving. Your appetite will thank you.