The Frick Collection: Usability Research on In-Gallery Devices
August 16, 2018 - All
By Alanood Al-Thani, Katie Curran and Shannon Mish
Garden Court at The Frick Collection
The Frick Collection is a staple of New York's Fifth Avenue museums, it was founded in 1919 and holds a rich collection of old master paintings, and European decorative arts. Unlike some of the white-cube museums around the City, The Frick Collection looks like a home. The museum walls lack labels and room names. The museum's lack of signage is one of the ways it tries to keep the spirit of the original building, a home for the museum founder and the wealthy industrialist Henry Clay Frick, alive.
Homepage for downloadable (left) and loan (right) devices
The lack of wall-text and information is a hurdle the museum has tried to overcome through the use of their downloadable app and its current audioguide, which is provided by Acoustiguide.
The museum is hoping to develop their current audioguide into a new loan device that is more in-line to its downloadable app.
There are two main features the museum's future loanable-device and the existing downloadable app offer, and that is the map and object information. As part of our usability research into the museum's current and future in-gallery digital offerings, we tested two main features by asking museum visitors to do two simple tasks:
First, we tested the map feature by asking users to locate the Living Hall.
Second, we tested the content on each device by asking users to pick an artwork of their choosing and use the device to gain information about the piece. We then asked users to switch devices and repeat the second task.
The Testing Area at The Frick Collection
Testing Methods:
As part of our research, we tested The Frick Collection devices with seven museum visitors using both devices. Users were recruited at the museum and screened to ensure this is their first visit to the museum and they haven't used the downloadable app prior to the visit. This was to ensure that users were not using their prior experience at the museum or their experience using the downloadable app to assist them in completing the tasks. Users were given one primary device to complete both tasks then users were asked to repeat the second task using an alternate device. Hence, all users were provided with the opportunity to try both devices.
Throughout the task, users were encouraged to talk aloud and their thoughts were recorded and assessed. The screens used during the test were recorded and further quantitative data including duration and number of clicks were extracted. Moreover, after every task, users were asked about what they thought and their reactions and opinions were recorded through writing and audio recordings. Finally, users were asked to fill a post-test questionnaire.
Results for The Post-Task Usability Rating
Overall, experiences with the devices differed from user to user, however, many similarities were observed:
Most users had difficulty with Task 1 because they had trouble using the map, and figuring out where they were in-relation to the Living Hall. Therefore, most users did not know how to start the task. Many of the users commented that the map isn't like a familiar interface, Google Maps, and one user insightfully said:
"Your reference point is, I think, Google Maps, because that is what everyone else is using but this doesn't act like Google Maps, so you are creating a new metaphor while the whole world has already adopted that metaphor."
Some users using the downloadable app or loan device misunderstood or were unfamiliar with the icons used. On the homepage, users found the "Explore" icon to be particularly confusing. Additionally, on the object page, users were unable to locate certain buttons and mistook some. Users found the "i" icon for app information instead of object information; instead users clicked on the static page description "Artwork Details" for further information.
- Even though the loanable devices used (iPod) had a larger screen then the current audioguide, users still found the text, images and map to be too small.
Overall, most users said they did not have a preference between the two, but would ultimately choose the loanable device even though the downloadable app has additional features including favoriting and sharing images. It's important to note, the museum does not allow photography, and they see the sharing and saving of images on the currently published app as a way to provide the experience of sharing one's visit with friends a good alternative to taking their own photography.
To find the app go to:
Three main recommendations were suggested:
Recommendation A: Users loved access to The Frick Collection's content but wanted clarified signifiers (arrows, icons, boxes, hyperlinks and anything else that showed that something was clickable) through straightforward text, icons and buttons to help them quickly understand the functions of the app.
Recommendation A: Clarify Signifers — Make The Guests Want to Click
Recommendation B: Added Interactive Features — Match Current and Familiar Mobile Abilities
Recommendation B: Include interactive imagery: It is suggested to include imagery and icons that are clear, ensure pinch-zoom & auto-rotation functions are supported, font size flexibility is also ensured to better mimic familiar and popular mobile features.
Recommendation C: The map was seen to be a bit static so it is recommended to include interactive map features such as a "You Are Here" icon, responsive directions and permanent landmarks such Garden Court or Central Park to help visitors orient themselves. Both visitors and The Frick Collection recognize this is a necessary feature for the app and so the institution is on the right track on this point. The only hurdle left is to find and hone the necessary technology needed.
Recommendation C: Add Interactive Features to the Current Map — "Your reference point is … Google Maps"
As you can see below, the changes to the interfaces are minimal but ensures that The Frick Collection can provide content in a clear and interactive way. The Frick Collection was found to be very close to a perfect final product and so only a few recommendations were made.
Current Interface
Recommended Interface
The test highlighted that users who participated in the Usability Test of by using both the downloadable app and loan devices thoroughly enjoyed using each interface. Users enjoyed having absolute power over their consumption of information, along with the features each device provided them. Specifically, users enjoyed being able to read about each piece, seemed pleasantly surprised by the fact that there was an audio guide function, and found using either interface as enjoyable as a scavenger hunt.
Even though, the findings presented in this report did lead to three key recommendations, the Frick Collection's future loanable device and current downloadable application already provide a great offering for visitors.
Author Bio: The authors of this article and report are Alanood Al-Thani, Katherine Curran, and Shannon Mish. They are all graduate students in the Museums and Digital Culture program at Pratt Institute.
The Frick Collection: Usability Research on In-Gallery Devices was originally published in Museums and Digital Culture – Pratt Institute on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
› tags: digital culture / museums /


Power of Eloquence
When saying "Hello World!" isn't enough anymore
Working With CSV File Using NodeJS
| Comments
I worked with CSV data some years back and I'm always curious to know how well NodeJS handles CSV filesystem in the backend compare with the likes of Java, .NET, Ruby or PHP environments.
As it turns out, I figured you can do things with it in the smallest possible way, by importing the following modules.
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let fs = require('fs');
let fastcsv = require('fast-csv');
We have the fast-csv module to handle the CSV data(especially if it's fairly large dataset thus the chosen module has to be performant-driven) when reading it from the FileStream input like so.
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let readableStreamInput = fs.createReadStream('./some-csv-table.csv');
let csvData = [];
fastcsv
 .fromStream(readableStreamInput, {headers: true})
 .on('data', (data) => {
 let rowData = {};
 Object.keys(data).forEach(current_key => {
 rowData[current_key] = data[current_key]
 });
 csvData.push(rowData);
 }).on('end', () => {
 console.log('csvData', csvData);
 console.log('total rows of table', csvData.length);
 })
In here, what we're saying is as follows:
 - First, we create and open up some ReadableStream object readableStreamInput on our CSV file so we can perform some type of file manipulation within the filesystem.
 - We then use npm module fastcsv to read up on our readableStreamInput in fromStream method. In the same method, I want to include headers in the dataset because I want to reference each row fields' values to their corresponding field names when parsing.
 - Then within our data callback handler, our fastcsv module will look at each line of the CSV input stream so we can decide what to do with them. Normally, we can perform a number of interesting operations here, especially when refining and parsing CSV input data. In this case, I'm creating new rowData object for each new line that comes through. At the same time, I want to capture each row's field data and store them individually as object properties by using its respective field name current_key.
 - Once I'm done parsing all the column fields in the row, I add the same row instance to my csvData array.
 - And then repeat the process for the rest of the 'rows' in the CSV table file.
What's cool with this is you can immediately serve up this parsed CSV data on the front end as JSON format without adding other web server middleware to be configured in backend - just by adding just a few lines of code.
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let http = require('http');
let server = http.createServer((req, resp) => {
 resp.writeHead(200, {'content-type': 'application/json'});
 resp.end(JSON.stringify(csvData));
})
server.listen(5050);
console.log('Server listening on port: 5050');
And that's it!
With this, it leaves room for other possibilities in your web stack application such as encapsulating your JSON data representation into some ORM model such as non-relational databases ie MongoDB, MySQL, Cassandra as well as relational ones ie MySQL, Postgres etc. And then design your RESTFUL endpoints layer on top of it. Thus you will end up with a perhaps, unsophisticated, but light-weight architecture you can start with and scale your web app without much friction accordingly.
Using libraries inside NodeJS ecosystem certainly takes care all of the nitty gritty complicated stuff on streaming, fetching and serializing data online for users to consume. Their rich packages certainly offer plenty of useful and, often, simpler abstractions to make you write reliable code.
Happy Coding!
Comments


DOI QR코드
DOI QR Code
A CHARACTERIZATION OF CONCENTRIC HYPERSPHERES IN ℝn
 - Received : 2012.12.24
 - Published : 2014.03.31
Abstract
Concentric hyperspheres in the n-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$ are the level hypersurfaces of a radial function f : $\mathbb{R}^n{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$. The magnitude $||{\nabla}f||$ of the gradient of such a radial function f : $\mathbb{R}^n{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$ is a function of the function f. We are interested in the converse problem. As a result, we show that if the magnitude of the gradient of a function f : $\mathbb{R}^n{\rightarrow}\mathbb{R}$ with isolated critical points is a function of f itself, then f is either a radial function or a function of a linear function. That is, the level hypersurfaces are either concentric hyperspheres or parallel hyperplanes. As a corollary, we see that if the magnitude of a conservative vector field with isolated singularities on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a function of its scalar potential, then either it is a central vector field or it has constant direction.
Keywords
gradient;conservative vector field;central vector field;hypersurface;principal curvature;radial function
References
 1. R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methods of Mathematical Physics. Vol. II, Partial differential equations, Reprint of the 1962 original, Wiley Classics Library, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1989.
 2. L. A. Caffarelli and M. G. Crandall, Distance functions and almost global solutions of eikonal equations, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 35 (2010), no. 3, 391-414. _URL_
 3. M. P. do Carmo, Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1976.
 4. T. L. Chow, Mathematical Methods for Physicists: A concise introduction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
 5. M.W. Hirsch and S. Smale, Differential equations, dynamical systems, and linear algebra, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 60, Academic Press, New York-London, 1974.
 6. D. Khavinson, A note on entire solutions of the eiconal [eikonal] equation, Amer. Math. Monthly 102 (1995), no. 2, 159-161. _URL_
 7. K. Nomizu, Elie Cartan's work on isoparametric families of hypersurfaces, Differential geometry (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Vol. XXVII, Part 1, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1973), pp. 191-200, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, R.I., 1975.
 8. O. N. Stavroudis and R. C. Fronczek, Caustic surfaces and the structure of the geometrical image, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 66 (1976), no. 8, 795-800. _URL_
 9. J. A. Thorpe, Elementary Topics in Differential Geometry, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York-Heidelberg, 1979.
Cited by
 1. Various centroids and some characterizations of catenary rotation hypersurfaces vol.42, pp._PHONE_, 2018, _URL_


checked.
Rear fog lamp
This symbol is lit when the rear fog
lamp is on.
High speed
This symbol flashes when the
direction indicators are used and
the trailer is connected. If the symbol does not flash then one of the
lamps on the trailer or the car is
faulty.
02
If the car is moving faster than
about 7 km/h then the symbol illuminates and one of the texts indicated in the previous paragraph
appears in the display at the same
Indicator symbol for trailer
Alternator not charging
If this symbol illuminates while
driving, a fault has occurred in the
electrical system. Contact an
authorised Volvo workshop.
Stop the car safely as soon as possible and
close the door or bonnet.
time.
Tailgate reminder
If the tailgate is open, TAILGATE OPEN will
appear on the display.
Stability system STC or DSTC
Engine preheater (diesel)
This symbol illuminates during
engine preheating. Preheating
occurs when the temperature is
below 2 °C. The car can be started
once the symbol goes out.
Parking brake applied
The symbol illuminates when the
parking brake is depressed.
Always depress the parking brake
to the bottom position.
NOTE
The symbol illuminates irrespective of how
hard the parking brake is depressed.
For information on the system's
functions and symbols, see
page 142.
Reminder – doors not closed
If one of the doors or the boot lid is not properly
closed the driver will be reminded of this.
Low speed
If the car moves at a speed less than
about 7 km/h then the information symbol illuminates and DRIVER DOOR OPEN,
PASSENGER DOOR OPEN, LEFT REAR
DOOR OPEN or RIGHT REAR DOOR
OPEN is shown in the display at the same time.
49
02 Instruments and controls
Information display
Messages
Message
Specification
Message
Specification
STOP SAFELY
Stop the car in a safe
manner and turn off
the engine. Serious
risk of damage.
TIME FOR REGULAR SERVICE
STOP ENGINE
Stop the car in a safe
manner and turn off
the engine. Serious
risk of damage.
SERVICE URGENT
Have the car
checked by an
authorised Volvo
workshop immediately.
Time for regular
service at an authorised Volvo workshop. The timing is
determined by the
number of kilometres driven, number
of months since the
last service and
engine running time.
SOOT FILTER
FULL SEE MANUAL
Diesel particle filter
requires regeneration, see page 130.
STC/DSTC SPIN
CONTROL OFF
The function of the
stability and traction
control system is
reduced, see
page 141 for more
variants.
G026979
02
When a warning or indicator symbol illuminates, it is supplemented by a message
appearing on the display.
±
Press the READ button (A).
Switch between messages with the READ button. Fault messages are stored in the memory
until the fault is rectified.
NOTE
If a warning message appears while you are
using the trip computer, the message must
be read (press READ) before the previous
activity can be resumed.
50
SEE MANUAL
Read the owner's
manual.
SERVICE
REQUIRED
Have the car
checked by an
authorised Volvo
workshop as soon
as possible.
02 Instruments and controls
Switches in the centre console
Switch
G026944
02
Child safety locks in the rear doors*
NOTE
The order of the buttons may vary.
Air conditioning in the rear of the
passenger compartment*
Press the button to activate the
air conditioning in the rear of
the passenger compartment.
Rear passenger compartment
air conditioning is deactivated
when the ignition is switched
off.
Retractable power door mirrors*
Activating or deactivating the
electric child safety locks in the
rear doors. The ignition key
must be in position I or II. When
the child safety locks are activated, the lamp in the button
illuminates. A message is shown in the display
when the child safety locks are activated or
deactivated, see page 119.
Used to fold in the door mirrors
if they are folded out or to fold
them out if they are folded in.
Proceed as follows if a door mirror has been
accidentally folded in or out:
1. Manually adjust the appropriate door mirror to its normal position.
2. Turn the ignition key to position II.
''
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
51
02 Instruments and controls
Switches in the centre console
02
3. Fold the door mirror inward and then outward using the button.
The door mirrors have now returned to their
original fixed positions.
Park Assist*
The system is always activated
when the car is started. Press
the button to deactivate/reactivate the parking assistance
system. See also page 143.
Deactivation of the deadlocks* and
detectors
Use this button when you wish
to switch off the deadlock function (doors cannot be opened
from the inside when locked).
This button can also be used
when deactivating the alarm
system's movement and tilt detectors*. The
lamp illuminates when these systems are shut
down/deactivated, see pages 118 and 122.
Active Bi-Xenon lights, ABL*
The ABL headlamps' headlamp
pattern follows the movements
of the steering wheel during
driving. The function is activated automatically when the
car is started and can be deactivated/activated by pressing the button. The
lamp in the button illuminates when the function is activated
Shifting headlamp pattern for right/lefthand traffic
Hold the button depressed for at least 5 seconds. The car must be stationary when the
headlamp pattern is shifted. The message
DIPPED BEAM SETT. F. RIGHT TRAFFIC or
DIPPED BEAM SETT. F. LEFT TRAFFIC is
shown in the display. For more information and
adapting headlamp pattern for halogen or BiXenonheadlamps, see page 161.
Electric socket, (standard)/Cigarette
lighter*
The electrical socket can be
used for 12 V accessories, such
as mobile phone chargers and
coolers.
Auxiliary lamps*
Use this button to switch the
auxiliary lamps on with main
beam or to switch them off.
The ignition key must be at least in position I
so that the socket can supply power.
52
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
The cigarette lighter is activated by pushing in
the button. The button pops out when the
lighter is hot. Pull out the lighter and light a cigarette on the heated coils. For safety reasons,
always keep the cover in place when the
socket is not in use. Maximum current tap 10 A.
WARNING
Always leave the plug in the socket when
the socket is not in use.
BLIS - Blind Spot Information System*
Press the button to deactivate
or reactivate the function. see
page 145 for further information.
02 Instruments and controls
Switches in the centre console
Hazard warning flashers
Rear window and door mirror defrosters
Use the defroster to quickly
remove misting and ice from
the rear window and the door
mirrors. Press the switch to
start defrosting the rear window
and door mirrors. The lamp in
the switch illuminates. The light
in the switch is lit Defrosting is
automatically disconnected
after about 12 minutes.
AM FM
CD
LUM
VO E
POWER
*
3
DEF
5
6
JKL
MNO
8
9
TUV WXYZ
0
#
G027096
2
ABC
1
4
GHI
7
PQRS
02
Use the hazard warning flashers (all direction
indicators flash) when the car is stopped where
it could be a traffic hazard or obstruction. Press
the button to activate the function.
Heated front seats
For heated front seats, see
page 84 or 86 for further
information.
NOTE
Regulations regarding the use of hazard
warning flashers vary from country to country.
53
02 Instruments and controls
Lighting panel
Headlamps
Position
02
Specification
Position/parking lamps can be switched on
irrespective of ignition key position.
Automatic/deactivated dipped
beam. Only main beam flash.
Position/parking lamps
G027100
Automatic dipped beam. Main
beam and main beam flash
work in this position.
Light switches
Fog lamps*
Thumbwheel for headlamp levelling
Automatic dipped beam*
Dipped beam comes on automatically when
the ignition key is turned to position II, except
when the headlamp control (1) is in the centre
position. If necessary, the automatic dipped
beam can be deactivated by an authorised
Volvo workshop.
Automatic dipped beam, main beam
Rear fog lamp
1. Turn the ignition key to position II.
Thumbwheel for adjusting instrument lighting
2. Dipped beam is activated by means of
turning the headlamp control (1) clockwise
to the end position.
3. Main beam is activated by means of moving the left-hand stalk switch towards the
steering wheel to the end position and
releasing it, see page 56.
The lamps are switched off automatically when
the ignition key is turned to position I or 0.
54
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
Position/parking lamps
±
Turn the headlamp control (1) to the centre
position.
When the ignition key is in position II the position/parking lamps and number plate lighting
are always on.
Headlamp levelling
The load in the car changes the vertical alignment of the headlamp beam, which could dazzle oncoming motorists. Avoid this by adjusting
the height of the beam.
1. Turn the ignition key to position II.
2. Turn the headlamp control (1) to one of the
end positions.
3. Roll the thumbwheel (3) up or down
respectively to raise or lower beam alignment.
Cars with Bi-Xenon headlamps* have automatic headlamp levelling, so there is no thumbwheel (3).
02 Instruments and controls
Lighting panel
Instrument lighting
The instrument lighting is switched on when
the ignition key is in position II and the headlamp control (1) is in one of the end positions.
The lighting is automatically dimmed during the
day and can be controlled manually at night.
The rear fog lamp indicator symbol on the combined instrument panel and the light in the
button ill


text:
||Cambridge University Press
|Related course codes
This book is about the economy of the Carolingian empire (753–877), which extended from the Pyrenees and the northern shores of the Mediterranean to the North Sea, and from the Atlantic coast to the Elbe and Saale rivers. It is the first comprehensive evaluation of the topic in English in over twenty years. The study of the Carolingian empire as an economic rather than a political entity can be justified both because of the major interference of political authority in the economy, and because of the distinctive economic characteristic of growth; and while some regions within the empire had a much more developed economy than others, the whole period is basically one of economic expansion, in parallel with the cultural upheaval of the 'Carolingian Renaissance'.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Tamil Nadu Village Habitations Improvement (THAI) Scheme
THAI schemes was introduced by the state Government during 2011-15. Now THAI II Scheme focused on the following works during 2016-17.
- Improvements and Modernization of Minor Irrigation Tanks
- BT Roads
- Basic Amenities
- Water Supply
- Street / Lane Improvement
- Improvements to Burial Ground
- Approach Road to Burial Ground
Improvements and Modernization of Minor Irrigation Tanks
The main objective of the programme is to ensure comprehensive rehabilitation of Minor Irrigation Tanks which are under the control of Panchayat Union so as to restore the tanks to their full capacity, increase ground water recharge, prevent surplus runoff and breaches in the water bodies and also to regulate the storage of water for drinking and agricultural purposes, to achieve the goal of uninterrupted drinking water supply and increased crop productivity with area irrigated.
Basic Infrastructure Amenities and Roads
THAI II Scheme concentrates its focus on the critical gaps identified in providing basic infrastructures especially in tribal Habitations, SC habitations, SC colonies and certain major habitations and also the new habitations developed due to interventions in terms of Housing Schemes. The priorities are water supply, street lights, streets and lane improvement, improvements to burial ground and pathway to burial ground. Special focus is given to roads i.e Upgradation of the Non-BT roads to BT standards, Strengthening of Existing damaged roads, Maintenance of Existing damaged BT roads which require renewal.
People of the rural area.
Basic amenities to rural area


text:
Learning form Italian Success in Developing Electricity with CPO
CRUDE Palm Oil (CPO) is known to be the most widely-used vegetable oil in the world.
CRUDE Palm Oil (CPO) is known to be the most widely-used vegetable oil in the world. As a source of energy, it is not only used for fuel on transportation vehicles, but also on power plant to produce electricity.
PT PLN (Persero) for instance, is attempting to use palm oil-based green diesel or CPO on their diesel-fueled power plant. Moreover, Ignasius Jonan, Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources has demanded PLN to replace diesel fuel with CPO on at least 1.800 MW power plant.
The use of renewable energy such as CPO on power plants has been proven to be effective and give satisfactory result. In some respect, power plant operated by FRI-RL Acerra in Italy can be recognized as a good example of how CPO can be used for generating electricity.
In his visit to Italy, Thursday (8/11/2018), Jonan made a visit to see the CPO-fueled power plant. FRI-EL Acerra power plant located in the outskirts of Napoli and has been operating since 2008.
Since 2011, 50% of its shares are owned by Sinar Mas Agribusiness and Food, an Indonesian palm oil company which also operates CPO-fueled power plants in the country. For almost two hours, Jonan and delegation have witnessed the power plant operation.
The delegation included officials from Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Indonesian Special Taskforce for Upstream Oil and Gas Business Activities (SKK Migas), Indonesian Ambassador for Italy Esty Andayani, directors of PLN, directors of Pertamina, businesspeople in palm oil and energy sectors such as Sinar Mas Group, Wilmar, and Triputra. They were welcomed by Director of Orange Capital/Sinar Mas Cristian Banfi, FRI-EL Acerra Power Plant Manager Giuseppe Augello, and Chief Financial Officer of Fri-El Liquid Biomass S.p.A, Paolo Giardino.
Jonan and the delegations were informed that in 2017, about 34% of electricity supply in Italy was covered by renewable energy. Italy is planning to be the third largest bioenergy user for power plant in European Union by 2020. This country was also targeting to cover 55% of its electricity need by renewable energy by 2030. To meet the target, Italian government has been implementing various incentives scheme for electricity producers.
The government also gives priority to them to sell their electricity product for national demand. "In that case, there's no risk we can't sell our outputs," Cristian Banfi said.
Italy has around 300 biofuel power plants with 1 Giga Watt in capacity. Power plant run by FRI-EL Acerra is the biggest liquid biofuel power plant in Italy, and in some respect it is the biggest of the kind in the world. It has 74,8 MW in capacity and produces 600 MW electricity per year, which is enough to supply to 40 thousand household consumers. Its operation need 125 thousand tons every year in peak load. All CPO need is supplied by Sinar Mas Agribusiness and Food imported directly from Indonesia. *** (Sumber: Kumparan)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The purpose of MSE in AIS with a specialization in Instructional Facilitator is to prepare teachers to provide instructional support to their fellow teachers. This support could include developing and demonstrating alignment of instruction with curriculum standards and instructional strategies, developing and implementing training, choosing standards-based instructional materials, and integrating technology into instruction. The specialty consists of five Educational Leadership courses (15 hours) and one elective (3 hours).
Instructional Facilitator Specialty Courses
EDL 6213 Organizational Leadership
EDL 6223 Supervision and Educational Leadership
EDL 6623 Curriculum Strategies for Instructional Leaders
EDL 6633 Curriculum Alignment and Assessment
EDL 6693 Technology for School Leaders
Instructional Facilitator Degree Plan


Legal Guide
Home > Legal Guide
What is a 995 motion to dismiss in California?
If you are charged with a felony, or with a felony and misdemeanour, in California, your defense attorney may make a 995 motion to dismiss, in certain circumstances. You should speak to a Los Angeles DUI Lawyer, or criminal attorney, to discuss your case. We are going to take a look at the 995 motion in more detail.
This motion, the California Penal Code 995 motion to give it its full title, is used to ask a judge to dismiss one or all charges. The motion is made after the initial hearing, if the court decides to refer the case for trial.
Why is the 995 motion used?
The idea of having a pre-trial hearing in a case which involves a felony charge, is to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to refer the case for trial. If the judge decides that the evidence is sufficient, the case is referred for trial. It's at this point that a 995 motion can be filed, if the defense feels that the judges decision should be looked at again. The defense has to provide probable cause for the request. This has to be based on either:
 - The decision to refer the case for trial was not legal.
 - The case was referred for trial without probable cause.
What are these reasons for a 995 motion; let's look at them in more detail.
The committal to trial was made illegally
A defendant has certain rights which must be adhered to, during the pre-trial hearing. If any of these rights were not adhered to the committal to trial is not legal. Rights include, the opportunity to be represented by a lawyer and the chance to present witnesses and evidence.
There is no probable cause for committal
During the pre-trial hearing, the judge has to establish that there is probable cause to refer the case for trial. This does not mean that guilt has to be established at this point; that happens during the trial. It simply means that there has to be enough evidence to suggest that a reasonable person may be able to find the defendant guilty. If there is not sufficient evidence in place, the judge should not refer the case for trial.
You can see that a pre-trial hearing is intended to be the time and place where cases are only referred for trial if sufficient evidence is in place. If mistakes are made during this part of the process, a defendant could be unfairly committed for trial. This is why the 995 motion exists. It provides the opportunity for the defense to ask for the findings of the initial judge to be reconsidered.
The hearing for a 995 motion normally only lasts for around an hour and the judge normally provides a decision there and then; although they may sometimes take extra time. If the motion is granted then the related charge is dismissed. The prosecution can then appeal the decision or re-file the charge. It's important to note that most charges have a two dismissal rule attached. Once a charge has been dismissed twice it cannot be re-filed.
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text:
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Follow the Drinking Gourd by Jeanette Winter
From the bookflap: "Winter's story begins with a peg-leg sailor who aids slaves on their escape on the Underground Railroad. While working for plantation owners, Peg Leg Joe teaches the slaves a song about the drinking gourd (the Big Dipper). A couple, their son, and two others make their escape by following the song's directions. Rich paintings interpret the strong story in a clean, primitive style enhanced by bold colors. The rhythmic compositions have an energetic presence that's compelling. A fine rendering of history in picturebook format."
Author: Jeanette Winter
The author is also the illustrator.
Topics from the book:
Visit each topic page for downloads, lessons, etc. specific to that topic.
Quilt to Freedom
Students will gain understanding of a portion of African-American history. They will explore the concepts of slavery, respect, and giving time or talent to improve the lives of others. Grades K,1,2
Follow the Drinking Gourd Classroom Guide
Created as an on-site for the Northern Stars Planetarium (Grades 1-3)
Underground Railroad--People Get Ready...There's a Train a Comin'
Students will recognize that philanthropy is a vital part of the African American History through the roles individuals played in the Underground Railroad. Grades 3,4,5
Discovering the Underground Railroad
Junior Ranger Activity Book from the National Parks Service
Why are we featuring this book?
Follow the Drinking Gourd is a book featured in Five in a Row, a literature-based unit study curriculum. Many families use FIAR for all but the grammar/reading and math, and others use it in conjunction with other resources. Above is information about the author and illustrator, story summaries, and links to lesson plans and websites that are great go-alongs for Follow the Drinking Gourd. Please note that these resources are meant to complement, not replace, the Five in a Row units. The Five in a Row volumes are inexpensive and well worth the investment.


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|Title:||Discharge coefficient of lateral diversion from trapezoidal channel||Authors:||Cheong, Hin-Fatt||Issue Date:||Jul-1991||Citation:||Cheong, Hin-Fatt (1991-07). Discharge coefficient of lateral diversion from trapezoidal channel. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117 (4) : 461-475. ScholarBank@NUS Repository.||Abstract:||The discharge coefficient of a lateral opening in a prismatic trapezoidal main channel is determined for subcritical flow conditions from considerations of the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum. The latter requires an empirical relationship for the local downstream component of the spillage velocity with the local downstream velocity in the main part of the channel. The discharge coefficients obtained by both considerations for a broad range of Froude numbers, combination of both side slopes of 1V: mH with m = 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, and different lengths of lateral opening are found to be nearly the same. The measured water depth just downstream of the lateral opening is not recommended for use in the numerical determination of the discharge coefficient and the reasons are discussed in detail. The discharge coefficient is found to be related to the upstream Froude number and this relationship is empirically established.||Source Title:||Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering||URI:||_URL_
|Appears in Collections:||Staff Publications|
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01892 822994 [email protected]
Goodnestone Serpentine Walk and Avenue, Kent
Goodnestone is a grade II* park and garden near Canterbury, famous for its association with Jane Austen. It also has a celebrated walled garden and an equally good woodland garden. As part of the restoration of the historic landscape and the development of the site as a visitor attraction, acta restored a walk leading from the garden, around the park boundary, past the façade of the restored ice house and back to the mansion. This required detailed tree and shrub specification, preparation of contract documents and site supervision. The walk is now a popular feature of visits to the park. In a later piece of work we established a new 500m-long plane tree avenue, leading from the mansion to the village.
Client - Lord Julian Fitzwalter
 1. Substantial sections of the walk have abundant daffodils, probably planted between the wars in a previous version of the walk
 2. The walk takes its name from a formal section laid out in the eighteenth century as a sequence of regular curves. This could not be traced on the ground and our alignment followed a straightened-out later version
 3. Ice house
 4. Later section
 5. Avenue


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The National Mesothelioma Virtual Bank (NMVB) is scheduled to receive $5.5 million in grant funding to help it continue to fight for a cure for mesothelioma.
According to Grants.gov, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) plans to provide the fund, which will last throughout 2021. The grant comes at a much-needed time for NMVB as it will allow scientists and researchers the funding to continue to develop and test novel medications to help mesothelioma patients. According to the associate director of NIOSH, Dr. Ainsley Weston,
"It's often difficult to pull enough material together for [researching] a disease like this. This project provides access to the tools that researchers need to make progress."
With additional funding, not only can NMVB continue to test novel drugs, but it can also continue to develop advanced diagnostic tools and therapies that can be shared with mesothelioma researchers and physicians around the world.
So far, there are thousands of biospecimens and mesothelioma cases as NMVB. With the additional funding, the organization plans to:
- Enroll more patients in the tissue bank and enter them into the virtual registry
- Conduct additional studies
- Maintain an accurate record of requests from other researchers and scientists who requests samples from the tissue bank
- Record all presentations and publications
- Seek out collaborations with other medical facilities and researchers who have the same of goal of trying to cure mesothelioma
There still remains limited funding on finding a cure for mesothelioma, which is why the news is so uplifting for NMVB that they received the grant. In addition, since it's still considered a rare disease, it's often difficult for researchers to recruit enough participants to help out during clinical trials and other studies. This problem may be solved with the funding from NIOSH as it will help researchers develop new, innovative ideas. Dr. Weston indicated that the research doesn't necessarily always need additional patients with mesothelioma, as long as the researchers are dedicated to the cure.
"A researcher with a great idea but no direct access to these types of tissues can get them here. This promotes the research."
More about NMVB
Established in 2006, NMVB is a a virtual biospecimen registry that helps researchers have advanced understanding of mesothelioma. NMVB researchers work to discover new preventative measures, novel treatment options for mesothelioma, and accelerating the discovery the preventative measures. The research is then put into a virtual database, using a Model-Driven Development framework, which allows other researchers from across the world to tap into it and get information on:
- Histiopathic type and grade
- Stages of mesothelioma
- Vital status and nodal status
- Recurrence information, and much more
Additional Help and Resources for Asbestos Victims
If you or a loved one have been diagnosed with mesothelioma or asbestos-related lung cancer, you may be eligible for substantial compensation. There is currently over $30 billion in asbestos trust funds, set up for those who are victims to asbestos-related diseases. Use our free Asbestos Attorney Locator Tool today to find a leading mesothelioma attorney in your area. If you need additional assistance, contact us toll-free at _PHONE_.


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Yes. VWO Surveys allows a user to trigger a survey if a visitor scrolls a certain amount on a page. A user can define the number of pixels or percentage of page height a visitor needs to scroll either from the top or bottom of the page to trigger a survey. Percentage of page height is useful for webpages with fixed height. For infinitely scrolling pages such as search results on an e-commerce webpage, actual pixels scrolled is a more reliable way.
Articles in this section
- What are some example use cases where can I use custom trigger to show a survey?
- Can I schedule a survey to start or end at a specified time?
- Is the Thank you screen always displayed?
- If a visitor closes the survey, does it appear again?
- How can I reorder the sequence of questions?
- How many questions can I add in a survey?
- How to Track Wistia Video Plays using VWO
- Is there a limit on the number of responses?
- Can I trigger a survey for a specific variation of an existing A/B Test campaign in VWO?
- What does the "Ask your respondents for email" checkbox do?


Basic+ Word of the Day: dark
dark (noun, adjective) LISTEN
Glow in the dark clothes
The dark is when there is no light—for example, at night.
 - When I was little, I was scared of the dark.
If something is dark, it means that there isn't a lot of light there.
 - The room was dark because the curtains were closed.
If a color is dark, it means that it is closer to black than white.
 - The sea was dark blue.
 - My hair is dark, but my sister's is blond.
Did you know?
If something is glow in the dark, it means that you can see it in the dark. Glow in the dark things are usually very bright colors like yellow, orange and green. In the picture at the top of this page you can see a man wearing glow in the dark clothes!
In pop culture
At some restaurants you can eat your food in the dark. People do this because it's fun and you can taste the food better. In this video, two women are trying it for the first time, but one of them is scared of the dark! Would you like to try it too?
There are other meanings of dark.
Print Friendly, PDF & Email
Word of the Day is released Monday through Friday.
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Yes, aspiring is a Scrabble word!
Aspiring is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definitions of the word 'aspiring'
The meaning of aspiring
2 definitions of the word 'aspiring'.
 1. Desiring or striving for recognition or advancement
 1. Have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in aspiring?
8 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
2 Anagrams of Aspiring
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to aspiring:
Unscramble the letters in aspiring
There are 6 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'aspiring'.
More words that can be made using the letters in aspiring


[XML-SIG] xmlpickle.py ?!
M.-A. Lemburg _EMAIL_
Mon, 07 Aug 2000 15:49:44 +0200
I'm currently looking into writing a xmlpickle.py module
with the intent to be able to pickle (and unpickle) arbitrary
Python objects in a way that makes the objects editable through
a XML editor or convertible to some other format using the
existing XML tools.
After looking at the archives of this SIG, I found that the
idea was already tossed around a few times, but I couldn't
find any downloadble outcome.
I've looked at pickle.py a bit and realized that the extensible
nature of the pickle mechanism would probably cause trouble
because the DTD would have to be generated as well (not a good
idea). There are two alternatives to this though:
1. add an element which handles all non-core Python object
 types (the ones registered through copy_reg)
2. use an abstract DTD altogheter
Example for 1:
<PythonPickle version="1.0">
<Dictionary>
 <String name="aString">abcdef</String>
 <List name="aList">
 <Integer>10</Integer>
 <String>abc</String>
 </List>
 <Instance name="aInstance" module="test" classname="test">
 <String name="instvar">value</String>
 </Instance>
 <Object name="myObject" constructor="mx.DateTime.DateTime">
 <Tuple>
 <Integer>2000</Integer>
 <Integer>8</Integer>
 <Integer>6</Integer>
 </Tuple>
 </Object>
</Dictionary>
</PythonPickle>
Example for 2:
<PythonPickle version="1.0">
<Object type="dictionary">
 <Object name="aString" type="string">abcdef</Object>
 <Object name="aList" type="list">
 <Object type="integer">10</Object>
 <Object type="string">abc</Object>
 </Object>
 <Object name="aInstance" type="instance" module="test" classname="test">
 <Object name="instvar" type="string">value</Object>
 </Object>
 <Object name="myObject" type="datetime">
 <Object type="tuple">
 <Object type="integer">2000</Object>
 <Object type="integer">8</Object>
 <Object type="integer">6</Object>
 </Object>
 </Object>
</Object>
</PythonPickle>
Variant 1 has the nice feature of making the basic Python
explicit and the DTD could also carry some context sensitive
information. Variant 2 is much easier to extend and has
a very simple DTD, but conversion tools would have to know
much about the mechanism behind it to generate correct
documents.
BTW, I'm very new to XML... what's the general rule in XML
on where to put the object value ? ... into an attribute
or the tag content ?
Thoughts ?
Thanks,
--
Marc-Andre Lemburg
______________________________________________________________________
Business: _URL_
Python Pages: _URL_


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The Jompy Water Boiler, designed by David Osborne, is an innovation in the developing field of water purification for use in poor communities around the world. Traditionally the water is heated separately when cooking, by fuel fired stoves. Osborne, a plumber from Scotland, theorized that water purification could be integrated with cooking food over open flame stoves, as well as by using the sun's energy. By placing a an aluminum alloy coil between the flame and the cooking pot, water can be circulated across the top of the stove.
Cold water goes into one end, and thanks to the large surface area of the device it can be heated quickly to boiling point before it comes out of the other end. While it's being used, a normal pan can be placed on top of it to cook as normal, meaning that you don't have to use as much fuel. The device can also be used to heat water with the sun. Filling it full of water and leaving it out in direct sunlight should raise the internal temperature to about 80°C over the course of about 20 minutes. The hot, uncontaminated water that comes out can then be used to drink or to clean safely. An off-the-shelf digital thermometer can be placed into the output tube from the coil to monitor required temperatures for pasteurization.
The Jompy boiler weighs 700g and, over a fire, it can raise a liter of water every minute to about 86 °C -- hot enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and diarrhea. Rugid in design, it can withstand extended use. The device has been tested in Kenya and India earlier this year, and Kenyan president Mwai Kibaki has personally endorsed the Jompy, which is being rolled out around the country in supermarkets and through charities like the Red Cross.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Oct. 1, 2010 The role of a key nutrient which prevents cataracts in salmon has been revealed by eye specialists at the University of East Anglia.
Research published September 30 in the American Journal of Physiology -- Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology shows how the nutrient histidine, when added to the diet of farmed salmon, stops cataracts (clouding of the lens in the eye) from forming.
Following fears over BSE in the early 1990s, blood meal was removed from the diet of farmed salmon. This coincided with a large increase in the incidence of cataracts which cause economic losses and fish welfare problems.
Lead author Dr Jeremy Rhodes, from the Norwich Eye Research group at UEA, said: "The international research team of which we are a part have identified a key nutrient (histidine) that is present in high quantities in blood meal but was deficient in the post 1990s diet. We also found that by adding histidine to the salmon's diet, cataract could be prevented.
"During the life cycle of salmon the young salmon parr spend the early part of their life in fresh water before they enter the sea as salmon smolts where they grow to maturity before returning to fresh water to spawn.
"In this paper, the latest of several from the project, we show that histidine has a protective role in the lenses of salmon enabling them to withstand the considerable environmental stresses that their life cycle demands. When histidine is deficient in the diet, these environmental stresses lead to the development of cataract."
Salmon farming is worth $11 billion worldwide and Norway is the largest producer with a 33 per cent share. Fish farming is Norway's third largest exporter after oil and metals.
A multi-centre collaboration between the research labs of the University of East Anglia's Norwich Eye Research Group and the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES) in Norway and industrial partners Biomar Ltd (Scotland) and Marine Harvest (Norway) was set up in 2004 to investigate the cause of the cataract outbreaks in farmed salmon.
The Norwich Eye Research Group at UEA has been a key member of this team and in addition to their vital research into the mechanism of the cataract formation has hosted scientists from the NIFES labs in Norway and sent scientists to Norway to help with collection of samples and the development of new techniques.
The work of this collaborative group has had a global impact on the salmon farming industry and the dietary histidine content of farmed salmon has been increased as a direct result of this work.
A synthetic histidine compound has recently been approved for use within the EU and work from the group was quoted in the conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority.
The research has been funded jointly by the Norwegian Research Council and the industrial partners.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
- J. D. Rhodes, O. Breck, R. Waagbo, E. Bjerkas, J. Sanderson. N-Acetylhistidine, a Novel Osmolyte in the Lens of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2010; DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00214.2010
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


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In 1840 the Jamaica Almanac reports that it consisted of 551 acres and belonged to Emily D. Campbell,
|The Alps is situated on a major geological fault which crosses the karst limestone plateau and which demarcates the western end of the Cockpit Country. The abrupt landscape and the winding road presumably reminded the British colonists of the European Alps.|
|The Alps is "ten miles south of Stewart Town beyond Mahogany Penn, deep into the northern Cockpit Country" (Edward Underhill, 1862: 359-61) quoted in Martha Brae's Two Histories page 108,2002, Jean Besson)|
|The Baptist church was the second to be consecrated in Trelawny; it is really a converted Coffee House which was the only building available to the Rev. William Dexter of the London Baptist Missionary Society who came to Jamaica in 1835. You can clearly see how the stonework has been modified to give gothic (ie "church-window-shaped") frames. Frankly, I think the original stonework was nicer! It is interesting that the Alps coffee farm was already prosperous enough at that time to afford the elegant original building.|
According to the local community, Alps has seven caves. Three of these have not yet been explored. There are also two springs, one lake, and a river. Names of some of the caves: Uncle Sam, Mass Donald, Rat Bat, and Caledonia.


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The prototyping process
Now, more than ever, the rail station is central to urban life. Not only an intermodal hub, it's a place where people feel like spending time, socializing and working. To meet new user demands and anticipate future needs, Transilien undertook to prototype four ways of "updating" the rail station, i.e. developing multiservice concierge set-ups, facilitating work on the go, optimizing intermodal travel and making it easier to sort waste on the station premises. All four aim to improve everyday life and well-being for users by updating the rail station.
3 million passengers take public transportation in the greater Paris area (Ile-de-France)
Today, people are increasingly on the go and connected. As a result, rail stations have become a lot more than places to catch a train. To keep up with new user demands, we assisted Transilien with four projects using a methodology based on field observation and experimentation to translate concepts into practical applications and quickly test them at pilot stations. These projects called for studying user requirements, holding prototyping workshops on site for Transilien teams, designing spaces located within rail stations and making spatial models of same, as well as making recommendations for each project.
Microworking – What if the rail station offered spaces where I could work on the go and save time?
Aware of new trends in favor of working on the go and in shared spaces (public places), weave.air helped Transilien apply the principle of the small, mobile work space to the rail station, from developing the concept and producing 3D models to drafting the specifications.
Optimized waste-sorting at the rail station
While awareness of the importance of recycling and the circular economy is growing, one rarely finds waste-sorting systems in public places in France. weave AIR helped Transilien rethink waste sorting pathways at rail stations, create new signage and develop an event communication strategy to support the roll-out of the new sorting system at rail stations.
"By projecting real-life conditions, stakeholders were able to 'get' what the projects were really all about."
Adrien Beton, Consultant weave.air
"weave AIR had the knowledge, the method and the equipment needed to find concrete solutions and test them very quickly."
Director, Direction Déléguée des Gares Transiliennes


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It doesn't take long when learning to weave until you encounter your first drafts, and it took me a while to figure out what they were and how they worked. I thought I'd write about how I learned to understand a weaving draft.
A draft can be considered to be the equivalent of a knitting pattern. Actually, not really. It's more like a chart in a knitting pattern. Its not enough information for a weaver to start a particular project – details such as sett, yardage, material, finished project dimensions are all absent, but it provides information on how to set the loom up and work it to produce a cloth with a particular interlacement.
Drafts are usually divided into four quadrants. In the draft below of a 2/2 twill, I've labelled the quadrants A to D.
The Threading (A)
This section shows how the harnesses/shafts of a loom must be threaded. (Editor's note: I used the term shafts and harnesses interchangeably without realizing and didn't have time to fix it.) A harnesses job is to raise the threads that are assigned to it so that the weft yarn can pass underneath them. This section tells the weaver what threads each harness lifts and in what order.
The horizontal lines represent each individual harness. The bottom line is the harness closest to you if you're sitting in front of the loom. You can also tell how many shafts your loom has to have to weave the draft by looking at how many rows are in this section.
Though there are many ways to thread the loom, two common ways to thread is straight threading and point threading.
In straight threading, a warp yarn goes through harness 1, the next yarn goes to harness 2 and so on. After you thread a heddle on the last harness, you go back to harness 1 and continue.
In point threading, you also thread harnesses 1 at a time. When you reach the end however, you change direction and thread the harnesses in the reverse order instead of starting back at harness 1. The original draft is shown below, with the only thing changed is the threading from straight to point threading. The diagonal stripes become horizontal zig zags.
The Tie Up (B)
Treadles (the floor pedals of a loom) are used to raise 1 or more shafts at the same time. The treadles on most loomes are usually fully configurable and can be set up to raise any combination of shafts you want it to. By doing so, the treadles provide the weaver a way to quickly raise combinations of shafts that form a pattern without having to think in terms of indiviaual harnesses (which is the case for my table loom). This section tells the weaver how to connect the treadles to the shafts.
Each column in quadrant B represents a treadle. Column 1 is for the first treadle and so on. If a row of that column is marked with a figure (usually an 'O' or its filled in), it means that the treadle needs to be connected to the shaft it is next to.
The Treadling (C)
This section simply tells you what order to press the pedals in to form a particular pattern the cloth. Like the threading, common treadlings are straight and point treadlings – they operate in the same way.
In the example of our 2/2 twill above, if we change the treadling from straight to point, we now get diamond patterns:
You can probably notice by now that by using a point pattern on the threading, treadling, or both, introduces a lines of horizontal and vertical symmetry into the cloth. You can also see in drafts such as this that the pattern in the cloth can be seen in the the tie-up quadrant of the draft.
A final note about our example, you'll notice that in this draft, the threading and the treadling order is exactly the same. You'll see the instruction "tromp as writ" come up from time to time, sometimes in drafts where the treadling is absent. This means to simply treadle in the same order as is threaded, I imagine its an old way of saying "treadle as written".
The Drawdown (D)
This section gives you an idea what the finished cloth pattern will look like – it basically shows you the resulting interesction of the warp and weft yarns, usually with the implicit assumption that the warp is a black yarn and the weft is a white yarn.
Sometimes, more than one repeat is shown in either direction so you can see how one repeat connects with one another when they are laid side by side.
In the diagram below, you can see how you can figure out how to draw this section if you know what's in the other three. I show how the second pick (weft row) is drawn in our 2/2 point twill draft:
- First you look at the tie up associated with the treadle that is being pressed and determine which shafts are being raised.
- Next you look across the shafts and every column that is filled with a number represents the threads that that are being lifted
- Finally, in the current pick that is being drawn, you darken each square that is directly below the squares being lifted.Continue the process for each pick and you're done.
One last note before signing off – what you're seeing in quadrant D is a drawdown, the key word being down. When we weave however, the cloth is actually formed in the other direction (from bottom to top). For that reason, sometimes you'll see drafts with quadrants A and B at the bottom, which will show how the actual cloth will look as it is woven on the loom. For fully symmetrical patterns, the direction doesn't matter. But for other drafts, such as our simple 2/2 twill at the beginning of the post, this will mean that what looks like a twill that travels in the right direction in the draft will actually travel in the left direction when it is woven!


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For nearly two years, NASA engineers were concerned that the Mars Odyssey orbiter's fuel supply was running low. bringing a tragic end to the precious spacecraft. But it turns out they misjudged what's left in the orbiter's gas tank and that it's good to last another two years, according to NASA.
The Mars Odyssey has been orbiting the Red Planet for more than two decades, covering a distance equivalent to 2.21 billion kilometers in space. When it launched in 2001, the orbiter had 500 pounds (225.3 kilograms) of hydrazine propellant to propel it through its orbital to travel around Mars. Which, however, Odyssey does not do have is a fuel gauge, making things difficult for mission controllers to determine exactly how much fuel the orbiter has left in his tank.
To monitor the orbiter's fuel supply, the team behind the mission would warm up the spacecraft's two propellant tanks and see how long it takes for them to reach a certain temperature. "Like a teapot, an almost empty fuel tank would heat up more quickly than a full one," NASA wrote. It's not perfect, but it still gave mission control a good estimate of how much gas was left in the tank, so to speak.
In the summer of 2021, fuel estimates seemed to indicate that Odyssey was running low with about 11 pounds (5 kilograms) of propellant remaining. Later in January 2022, the team's calculations showed there was only 6 pounds (2.8 kilograms) of hydrazine left, according to NASA. That meant the mission would run out of fuel within a year, sooner than the team expected.
G/O Media may receive a commission
Mission engineers were stunned; either the spacecraft was leaking fuel or their calculations just weren't right. It took them months to figure it out before bringing in an outside consultant, Boris Yendler, who specializes in spacecraft estimation.
After studying the inner workings of Odyssey, Yendler discovered the cause behind the disappearing fuel. The orbiter uses heating elements to keep its parts from freezing in the depths of space, and one of the heating elements, connecting the fuel tanks, caused the propellant to heat up faster than expected. As a result, the team's attempts to estimate how much fuel was left in Odyssey were thwarted because the propellant warmed faster than expected, leading them to believe there was less fuel in the orbiter's tank.
"Our way of measuring was fine. The problem was that the fluid dynamics aboard the Odyssey are more complicated than we thought," Jared Call of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California said in the statement. I mean, that seems a little defensive, but okay.
The team behind the mission went back to the drawing board and calculated how much fuel was left in Odyssey, taking into account the extra heat. As it turns out, the orbiter is good to go until 2025. But that's not to say it guaranteed, as the team is still working on refining the measurements.
"It's kind of like our process for scientific discovery," Call said. "You explore a technical system without knowing what you will find. And the longer you look, the more you discover that you did not expect."
Odyssey is a critical member of NASA's Martian fleet. Not only does the orbiter relay data between NASA's ground control and its rovers on Mars, it has also aided in the discovery of minerals, ice deposits and possible landing sites on the Red Planet. Hopefully, the spacecraft still has some gas in the tank, continuing its 22-year legacy.
More: Curiosity rover finds clear evidence of ancient water on Mars


Ada Salter
Pioneer of Ethical Socialism
ISBN: 9781910448014 Categories:,
Format: Paperback
Publication date: January 1, 2016
Page extent: 289
116 in stock
This rich history tells the life story of Ada Salter, who, in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, had pioneering roles in local politics as well as in feminist and ethical socialist movements. Graham Taylor here shifts the focus, usually on Ada's husband Alfred, to Ada's remarkable work, and her significant impact on Bermondsey and on national politics.
Both in the 'Bermondsey revolution' and nationally, Ada Salter was a pioneer of ethical socialism. Yet her role in the socialist politics of the early twentieth century has for a long time been neglected. This book, based on extensive original research, for the first time tells the story of this remarkable woman, and documents her significance for the history of both socialism and feminism.
Salter was responsible for most of the ideas behind the Bermondsey Revolution, drawing on her experiences in the women's movement and as President of the Women's Labour League. Her groundbreaking ideas on urban development then spread all over London through her work as an LCC councillor, and all over Britain through her role as Chair of the National Gardens Guild.
The book shows how Salter's experiences as a 'Sister of the People' in the London slums eventually led her to the Independent Labour Party, and to the belief that achieving democracy and social justice in Britain required a grassroots alliance between the labour and women's movements. Other women in the ILP had similar ideas, but it was only Ada Salter who actually took political power, implemented her 'utopian' ideas, and won elections by huge majorities.
Ideas of ethical socialism have recently returned to contemporary politics, adding to Ada Salter's importance as a figure of topical historical interest. Her story is thus one that deeply resonates with contemporary political concerns.
1. The twin movements
2. The Sisters of the People
3. The Bermondsey Settlement
4. The break with the Liberals
5. Ada makes history
6. Personal tragedy
7. The Women's Labour League
8. The World War
9. The Bermondsey RevolutionFREE CHAPTER
10. Ada triumphant
11. Death and despair
12. The new world
Appendix: Election Results


text:
Using the Build Hooks in the Release Manager System
Last modified: 7/20/99 5:01 PM
The purpose of the build-hooks functionality within the Release Manager System is to provide to projects a means by which they can effect reasonable alterations to their product base at the four steps of the development process. These steps (for the sake of clarification and definition) are considered to be:
The hook interface as it currently stands is designed to provide simple functionality using available tools and techniques.
Using Make Rules and Actions
The base tool for providing this functionality is the UNIX utility called make. It is almost ubiquitous across UNIX platforms, and a freely obtainable version exists should it be necessary for supporting a machine that lacks the utility. The syntax and semantics are generally already a part of a developer's set of skills.
For each of the four stages itemized above, the tool used to perform the action (which shares its name with the action) will look for the existence of a file named "Makefile" in the top-most directory of the project. If that file is present, The make utility will be invoked, with a target rule of the same name (checkout, release, etc.). If that rule does not exist, the error condition is quietly ignored. If the resultant error is due to a cause other than lack of a given rule, the full error message will be presented to the user running the tool for diagnosis.
In terms of the make utility, a rule is a construct with two parts, the second of which may be empty. The first part is the target, or name. The target need not be unique. If the target appears more than once in theMakefile, then each rule by that name is executed in sequence. The second part of the rule is the action, and it is expressed as a sequence of one or more lines of shell script code (which defaults to the Bourne shell or Korn shell, but can be coerced into using the C shell). The lines may have no blank lines separating them (the blank line is considered a separator by make), and each must be indented with at least one hard tab stop (a sequence of eight space characters is not sufficient). For more detail on how to maximize the usefulness of make and developing Makefiles, consult the book, "Managing Projects with Make", available from O'Reilly and Associates.
A rule's action may also be empty. It is strongly recommended that if aMakefile is added to a project to enable hooks for only one or two of the stages, that the file include rules with empty actions for the remaining targets. This will not only leave the file prepared for future enhancement, but it will bring consistency to the Makefile itself and save processing effort by eliminating "missing rule" errors from make (which are subsequently ignored). Ideally, a prototypical Makefile would start out looking like this:
The doubled colon characters allow for multiple rules to be defined under the same name. In addition, these rules are empty, bypassing error conditions from make. From here, additional instances of rules may be defined for those rules that need actions assigned to them. At the same time, those rules that still require no action remain present.
Mechanics of the Hook Execution
The hooks for make are only attempted if the presence of aMakefile is detected. This file must be in the root directory of the project, where it will eventually be deployed into the document area of the web server during the release operation. At the end of each of the four defined steps, the tool executing that step tests for this file. When it is found, the make command is executed with the step name as the target. The command is executed from within the directory that the Makefile resides in. Any relative file paths will be relative to this directory. For example, the populate step on the machine webdev currently uses the directory /opt/ims/htdocs as the web server documents root, appending the project name for the complete path. For project "phoenix", the full path would be /opt/ims/htdocs/phoenix, and in the presence of a Makefile, the command "make populate" would be run with a working directory of /opt/ims/htdocs/phoenix.
In addition to specifying a target to make, the tool executing the command provides three variable definitions on the command line. These variables and their values are:
The full path of the document directory with regards to the current step. This will be an absolute path.
The full path the CGI directory for this project's executable content. On some steps, the CGI area is a sub-directory of the document area. For other steps, it may be a sibling. This too is an absolute path.
The name of the step being executed. This is exactly the same as the rule being invoked, but is also provided as a make variable for the convenience of any project that needs to use the value within execution of the rule.
The intent is to spare the project the need of hard-coding or guessing at the values of those directory paths. These variables can be assigned default values in theMakefile itself; make will give run-time precedence to the command line values over the hard-coded ones.
NOTE: This functionality does not yet exist on the "release" step, even though that step does currently support theMakefile functionality in general.
If an error is reported by the make utility, it is either ignored or reported back to the same list of e-mail addresses that would receive any other error notification. The only error message that is ignored is the message informing the user that no such rule exists. To avoid saddling projects with the necessity of defining all rules, whether needed or not, these errors are discarded, as are diagnostic messages warning that the executed rule had no actions. Any other content (message text from make) is included in the summary message sent upon completion. For the release step, this is electronic mail. For the other steps, it is simply displayed on the terminal.
As a final note, the release step alone removes (unlinks) theMakefile upon completion of the command. This is to prevent the file being accessed via the web server. The unlink step is not done for any other steps.


text:
To launch a rocket with a neighbor, you should meet the following requirements:
1. You should be neighbours in the game.
2. Both of you should have a launch pad and Mission Control Center of the same kind.
3. Both of you should have the four completed collections for a launch of this rocket.
4. One of you should start a launch, and the other one should choose the friend in the launch start window. To do that, one should charge the collection, press Start, choose the neighbor in the appearing window by tapping on the avatar of the player, and press Join.
Then you will prepare for a launch together by gathering the necessary items.
Have more questions? Submit a request


next up previous
Next: Ray Tracing Up: Waves in Cold Plasmas Previous: Collisional Damping
Pulse Propagation
Consider the situation under investigation in Sect. 4.12, in which a plane wave, polarized in the $y$-direction, is launched along the $z$-axis, from an antenna located at large positive $z$, and reflected from a cutoff located at $z=0$. Up to now, we have only considered infinite wave-trains, characterized by a discrete frequency, $\omega$. Let us now consider the more realistic case in which the antenna emits a finite pulse of radio waves.
The pulse structure is conveniently represented as
\begin{displaymath}
E_y(t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F(\omega)\,{\rm e}^{-{\rm i} \, \omega \,t}\,d\omega,
\end{displaymath} (622)
where $E_y(t)$ is the electric field produced by the antenna, which is assumed to lie at $z=a$. Suppose that the pulse is a signal of roughly constant (angular) frequency $\omega_0$, which lasts a time $T$, where $T$ is long compared to $1/\omega_0$. It follows that $F(\omega)$ possesses narrow maxima around $\omega=\pm
\omega_0$. In other words, only those frequencies which lie very close to the central frequency $\omega_0$ play a significant role in the propagation of the pulse.
Each component frequency of the pulse yields a wave which propagates independently along the $z$-axis, in a manner specified by the appropriate WKB solution [see Eqs. (569)-(570)]. Thus, if Eq. (622) specifies the signal at the antenna (i.e., at $z=a$), then the signal at coordinate $z$ (where $z<a$) is given by
\begin{displaymath}
E_y(z,t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{F(\omega)}{n^{1/2}(\omega, z)}\,\,
{\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\, \phi(\omega, z,t)}\,d\omega,
\end{displaymath} (623)
where
\begin{displaymath}
\phi(\omega, z,t) = \frac{\omega}{c} \int_z^{a} \!n(\omega, z)\,dz - \omega \,t.
\end{displaymath} (624)
Here, we have used $k_0=\omega/c$.
Equation (623) can be regarded as a contour integral in $\omega$-space. The quantity $F/n^{1/2}$ is a relatively slowly varying function of $\omega$, whereas the phase, $\phi$, is a large and rapidly varying function of $\omega$. The rapid oscillations of $\exp(\,{\rm i}\,\phi)$ over most of the path of integration ensure that the integrand averages almost to zero. However, this cancellation argument does not apply to places on the integration path where the phase is stationary: i.e., places where $\phi(\omega)$ has an extremum. The integral can, therefore, be estimated by finding those points where $\phi(\omega)$ has a vanishing derivative, evaluating (approximately) the integral in the neighbourhood of each of these points, and summing the contributions. This procedure is called the method of stationary phase.
Suppose that $\phi(\omega)$ has a vanishing first derivative at $\omega=\omega_s$. In the neighbourhood of this point, $\phi(\omega)$ can be expanded as a Taylor series,
\begin{displaymath}
\phi(\omega) = \phi_s + \frac{1}{2} \phi''_s(\omega-\omega_s)^2+\cdots.
\end{displaymath} (625)
Here, the subscript $s$ is used to indicate $\phi$ or its second derivative evaluated at $\omega=\omega_s$. Since $F(\omega)/n^{1/2}(\omega,z)$ is slowly varying, the contribution to the integral from this stationary phase point is approximately
\begin{displaymath}
E_{y\,s} \simeq \frac{F(\omega_s) \,{\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\,\phi...
...} {\rm e}^{\,({\rm i}/2)\phi_s''(\omega-\omega_s)^2}\,d\omega.
\end{displaymath} (626)
The above expression can be written in the form
\begin{displaymath}
E_{y\,s}\simeq \frac{F(\omega_s) \,{\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\,\phi_...
...left[
\cos(\pi \,t^2/2)+{\rm i}\,\sin(\pi\, t^2/2)\right]\,dt,
\end{displaymath} (627)
where
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\pi}{2}\, t^2 = \frac{1}{2}\, \phi_s'' \,(\omega-\omega_s)^2.
\end{displaymath} (628)
The integrals in the above expression are Fresnel integrals,[*] and can be shown to take the values
\begin{displaymath}
\int_0^\infty\cos(\pi \,t^2/2)\,dt = \int_0^\infty\sin(\pi\, t^2/2)\,dt
=\frac{1}{2}.
\end{displaymath} (629)
It follows that
\begin{displaymath}
E_{y\,s}\simeq \sqrt{\frac{2\pi\,{\rm i}}{\phi_s''}}
\, \fra...
...omega_s)}{n^{1/2}(\omega_s, z)} \,{\rm e}^{\,{\rm i}\,\phi_s}.
\end{displaymath} (630)
If there is more than one point of stationary phase in the range of integration then the integral is approximated as a sum of terms like the above.
Integrals of the form (623) can be calculated exactly using the method of steepest decent.[*] The stationary phase approximation (630) agrees with the leading term of the method of steepest decent (which is far more difficult to implement than the method of stationary phase) provided that $\phi(\omega)$ is real (i.e., provided that the stationary point lies on the real axis). If $\phi$ is complex, however, the stationary phase method can yield erroneous results.
It follows, from the above discussion, that the right-hand side of Eq. (623) averages to a very small value, expect for those special values of $z$ and $t$ at which one of the points of stationary phase in $\omega$-space coincides with one of the peaks of $F(\omega)$. The locus of these special values of $z$ and $t$ can obviously be regarded as the equation of motion of the pulse as it propagates along the $z$-axis. Thus, the equation of motion is specified by
\begin{displaymath}
\left(\frac{\partial\phi}{\partial\omega}\right)_{\omega=\omega_0} = 0,
\end{displaymath} (631)
which yields
\begin{displaymath}
t = \frac{1}{c} \int_z^a \left[\frac{\partial(\omega \,n)}{\partial\omega}
\right]_{\omega=\omega_0}\, dz.
\end{displaymath} (632)
Suppose that the $z$-velocity of a pulse of central frequency $\omega_0$ at coordinate $z$ is given by $-u_z(\omega_0,z)$. The differential equation of motion of the pulse is then $dt = -dz/u_z$.


text:
Essays about: "Andreas Edhag"
Found 1 essay containing the words Andreas Edhag.
1. Consumption of organic fruits among consumers in Sweden : Theroy of planned behavior and the role of the determinants of intentionUniversity essay from Linköpings universitet/Tema Miljöförändring; Linköpings universitet/Tema Miljöförändring
Abstract : The increased global consumption has a severe effect on the environment. In order to reduce the environmental impact, there is a need for more environmentally friendly consumption choices. READ MORE


November 5, 2021
Real life in Lunteren - no Zoom
Europe/Amsterdam timezone
Combined effective field theory interpretation of $$H\rightarrow WW^*$$ and $WW$ measurements using ATLAS data
Nov 5, 2021, 3:45 PM
20m
de Werelt (room B) (Lunteren)
de Werelt (room B)
Lunteren
Congrescentrum De Werelt Westhofflaan 2 6741 KH Lunteren
Speaker
Bryan Kortman
Description
While LHC physics is entering the precision era, no fatal flaws in the standard
model of particle physics have been revealed. In the years to come, direct searches for new particles will continue to play an important role. However, they will be accompanied by precision measurements of known particles and indirect searches. Using the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) these measurements can be combined and interpreted in a coherent theory framework. This framework can be used to describe a variety of beyond the standard model theories that introduce new-physics states at a high mass scale, potentially exceeding the energy reach of the collider.
In a new combination, using 36.1 fb$^{-1}$ of LHC collision data reconstructed at the ATLAS experiment, effective field theory operators are constrained in a combined analysis of two studies: the measurement of the $H\rightarrow WW^*\rightarrow e^\pm\nu_e\mu^\mp\nu_\mu$ process and a differential cross-section measurement of the $WW \rightarrow e^\pm\nu_e\mu^\mp\nu_\mu$ process. For the first time, two conceptually different measurements styles are combined in a coherent statistical framework, increasing the sensitivity of the interpretation and paving the way for future combinations within ATLAS.
Primary author
Presentation materials


legal pad
Sheet music, c. 1920. From Duke University Special Collections Library.
07_12a_Horowitz_60x76 (1).jpg
Esopus 7 (Fall 2006)
COVER_07_Thumbnail (1).jpg
By Mitch Horowitz
"In the '60s and '70s, Ouija circles sprang up in college dormitories, and the board emerged as a fad among adolescents, for whom its ritual of secret messages and intimate communications became a form of rebellion. One youthful experimenter recalls an enticing atmosphere of danger and intrigue—'like shoplifting or taking drugs'—that allowed her and a girlfriend to bond together over Ouija sessions."—Mitch Horowitz
In this examination of the American anomaly of the Ouija board—a unique mixture of occultist's tool and best-selling family pastime—Mitch Horowitz assesses its impact on American life—and art.
Mitch Horowitz is Editor-in-Chief of publishing house Tarcher/Penguin. Based in New York City, he writes and lectures frequently on spiritual themes and is the author of Occult America: The Secret History of How Mysticism Shaped Our Nation (Bantam, 2010).


text:
Acid Rain (Routledge Revivals)
Rhetoric and Reality
Routledge – 1987 – 272 pages
Series: Routledge Revivals
This title, first published in 1987, provides an authoritative account of both the science and the politics of acid rain. Chris Park places the debates surrounding acid rain in context, and examines the full implications of scientific studies and the effects of acid rain on surface waters, soils and buildings. Evidence is drawn from around the world, including an examination of the damage in Scandinavia and Germany and the effects of acid rain in the U.K. and U.S.A. A comprehensive and relevant work, this is an important guide for students of geography, environment and sustainability and energy policy.
List of Tables; List of Figures; Acknowledgements; Preface; Part I: The Problem of Acid Rain 1. The Acid Rain Debate in Context 2. Sources, Patterns and Processes; Part II: The Science of Acid Rain 3. Scientific Complexities 4. Effects on Surface Waters 5. Effects on Soils and Vegetation 6. Effects on Buildings and Humans; Part III: The Technology of Acid Rain 7. Cures and Remedies; Part IV: The Politics of Acid Rain 8. International Concern and Initiatives 9. Acid Rain in the United States 10. Acid Rain in Britain; Bibliography; Index


text:
This paper discusses a quantitative method for the study of historical keyboard tunings that is based on a measure of the perceived dissonance of the intervals in a tuning and their frequency of occurrence in the compositions of Domenico Scarlatti (_PHONE_). We conclude that the total dissonance of a large volume of music is a useful tool for the studies of keyboard instrument tuning in a historical context, although it is insufficient by itself. Its use provides significant evidence that Scarlatti used French tunings of his period during the composition of his sonatas. Use of total dissonance to optimize a 12-tone tuning for a historical body of music can produce musically valuable results, but must at present be tempered with musical judgment, in particular to prevent overspecialization of the intervals.
This study of possible scales used by Domenico Scarlatti first appeared in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, in April 1997, and some of the ideas are further developed in Tuning Timbre Spectrum Scale,. John has made MIDI recordings of all 500+ of Scarlatti's sonatas, and has generously placed them in downloadable form here.
To get to my homepage, click here.


text:
The Study of Formulations as a Key to an Interactional Semantics
- First Online:
- Cite this article as:
- Deppermann, A. Hum Stud (2011) 34: 115. doi:10.1007/s10746-_PHONE_-8
- 224 Downloads
As an Introduction to the Special Issue on "Formulation, generalization, and abstraction in interaction," this paper discusses key problems of a conversation analytic (CA) approach to semantics in interaction. Prior research in CA and Interactional Linguistics has only rarely dealt with issues of linguistic meaning in interaction. It is argued that this is a consequence of limitations of sequential analysis to capture meaning in interaction. While sequential analysis remains the encompassing methodological framework, it is suggested that it needs to be complemented by analyzing semantic relationships between choices of formulation in the interaction, ethnography, and structural techniques of comparing selected options with possible alternatives. The paper describes the methodological approach taken to interactional semantics by the papers in the Special Issue, which analyse practices of generalization and abstraction in interaction as they are accomplished by formulations of prior versions of reference and description.


text:
acoustic passive localization的用法和样例：
- Aiming at improving the precision of acoustic passive localization by small size array, we first derived eqs. 1 through 3 to describe the relation between time delay and target location.
- Underwater acoustic passive localization
- Real-time Passive Localization by a Distributed Acoustic Array System
- The computer simulation results obtained and real data analysis indicate that a GCC TDE method can ensure high estimation precision when it is used in passive localization systems.
- A new passive localization estimate algorithm of Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) to improve the accuracy of target localization was proposed, and the ambiguity and unsolvable problem were solved.


text:
South Africa's ruling party, the African national Congress (ANC), is calling for the fast tracking of the project to introduce history as a compulsory school subject in the country, arguing that the proposition will contribute to "building a sense of nationalism, patriotism and national unity."
This comes after the department of basic education released findings of a report on making history a compulsory subject in all South African schools.
"Whilst acknowledging efforts by the Department as well as the Ministerial Task Team to date, we urge them to fast track all avenues of implementation including consultations with the Department of Higher Education and Training, Teacher Unions and other relevant stakeholders."
Here follows the full ANC statement:
The ANC Study Group on Basic Education notes and welcomes the findings of the Basic Education Ministerial Task Team on making History a compulsory subject in South African schools. The report, as presented in Parliament today, reflects the processes taken by the Ministerial Task Team as well as its findings and recommendations with regards to History as a compulsory school subject.
In supporting the recommendation that History be introduced as a compulsory school subject, we recognise the possible challenges that can be faced, especially relating to funding the restructuring of the curriculum, training of teachers as well as the writing, quality assurance and printing of textbooks.
Whilst acknowledging efforts by the Department as well as the Ministerial Task Team to date, we urge them to fast track all avenues of implementation including consultations with the Department of Higher Education and Training, Teacher Unions and other relevant stakeholders.
History as a compulsory subject in our schools is long overdue. It plays a pivotal role in building a sense of nationalism, patriotism and national unity. It also enables South African citizens to learn and understand the struggles that were faced by many in order for this country to gain democracy. History as a school subject must tackle social inequality, speak to issues of social cohesion, national and African identity. It must contribute to our project of decolonising our school curriculum. As a school subject, it will increase the analytical and cognitive thinking of learners which will build learners in a holistic manner.
In understanding that project is work in progress, we look forward to the finalisation of this process to ensure that all our learners are equipped with the necessary knowledge to appreciate the importance of History as a school subject.
Issued by the Chairperson of the ANC Study Group on Basic Education, comrade Nomalungelo Gina.


text:
June 18, 2011
- pell-mell (adverb)
- What does it mean?
- 1 : in confusion or disorder2 : in great haste
- How do you use it?
- When it started raining, my brother and I ran pell-mell toward the house, dropping our stuff behind us as we raced to get under cover.
- Are you a word wiz?
Which of the following words do you think was formed in the same way as "pell-mell"?"Pell-mell" and "shilly-shally" were both formed by starting with one word, copying it with one slight change, then saying it again. Linguists call that process "reduplication," and it has given English terms such as "bow-wow," "helter-skelter," "flip-flop," and "walkie-talkie." "Pell-mell" started with an Old French version of the "mell" part, while "shilly-shally" (which means "to be unable to make up one's mind") began as a single-word compression of the question "Shall I?"


text:
SALT LAKE CITY, Sept. 27, 2010 – If drivers are yakking on cell phones and don't hear spoken instructions to turn left or right from a passenger or navigation system, they still can get directions from devices that are mounted on the steering wheel and pull skin on the driver's index fingertips left or right, a University of Utah study found.
The researchers say they don't want their results to encourage dangerous and distracted driving by cell phone users. Instead, they hope the study will point to new touch-based directional devices to help motorists and hearing-impaired people drive more safely. The same technology also could help blind pedestrians with a cane that provides directional cues to the person's thumb.
"It has the potential of being a safer way of doing what's already being done – delivering information that people are already getting with in-car GPS navigation systems," says the study's lead author, William Provancher, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Utah.
In addition, Provancher says he is "starting to meet with the Utah Division of Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired to better understand how our technology could help those with vision impairments. It could be used in a walking cane for the blind," with a moving button on the handle providing tactile navigation cues to help the person walk to the corner market, for example.
The system also could help hearing-impaired people get navigation information through their fingertips if they cannot hear a system's computerized voice, says University of Utah psychology Ph.D. student Nate Medeiros-Ward, the study's first author. "We are not saying people should drive and talk on a cell phone and that tactile [touch] navigation cues will keep you out of trouble."
Medeiros-Ward is scheduled to present the findings Tuesday, Sept. 28 in San Francisco during the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society's 54th annual meeting.
The study "doesn't mean it's safe to drive and talk on the cell phone," says co-author David Strayer, a professor of psychology at the University of Utah. "It was a test to show that even in situations where you are distracted by a cell phone, we can still communicate directional information to the driver via the fingertips even though they are 'blind' to everything else."
Provancher, Medeiros-Ward and Strayer conducted the study with Joel Cooper, who earned his psychology Ph.D. at the University of Utah and now works in Texas, and Andrew Doxon, a Utah doctoral student in mechanical engineering. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the University of Utah.
'Channels' Carry Information to the Brain
Provancher says the study was based on a "multiple resource model" of how people process information, in which resources are senses such as vision, hearing and touch that provide information to the brain.
"You can only process so much," he says. "The theory is that if you provide information through different channels, you can provide more total information. Our sense of touch is currently an unexplored means of communication in the car."
But does humanity really need yet another way to provide information to drivers who already are blabbering on cell phones, texting, changing CDs or radio stations, looking at or listening to navigation devices and screaming kids – not to mention trying to watch and listen to road conditions?
"The point is, it will help everybody," Provancher says. "We all have visual and audio distractions when driving. Having the steering wheel communicate with you through your fingertips provides more reliable navigation information to the driver."
Provancher says motorists already get some feedback through touch: vibration from missing a gear while shifting or a shimmying steering wheel due to tire problems.
"You can't look at two things at the same time," says Strayer. "You can't look at graphic display of where you should go and look out the windshield. It [touch-based information] is a nicer way to communicate with the driver without interfering with the basic information they typically need to drive safely. They need to look out the window to drive safely. They need to listen to the noise of traffic – sirens, horns and other vehicles. This tactile device provides information to the driver without taking their attention away from seeing and hearing information they need to be a safe driver."
The new study says automakers already use some tactile systems to warn of lane departures by drowsy drivers and monitor blind spots. But these devices generally twist the steering wheel (assisted steering), rather than simply prompting the driver to do so.
Drivers on Cell Phones Often Don't Hear Directions, but Can Feel Them
The study was conducted on a driving simulator that Strayer has used to demonstrate the hazards of driving while talking or texting on a cell phone. Two of Provancher's devices to convey information by touch were attached to the simulator's steering wheel so one came in contact with the index finger on each of the driver's hands.
During driving, each index fingertip rested on a red TrackPoint cap from an IBM ThinkPad computer – those little things that look like the eraser on the end of a pencil. When the drivers were supposed to turn left, the two touch devices gently stretched the skin of the fingertips to the left (counter clockwise); when a right turn was directed, the TrackPoint tugged the skin of the fingertips to the right (clockwise).
Nineteen University of Utah undergraduate students – six women and 13 men – participated in the study by driving the simulator. The screens that surround the driver's seat on three sides displayed a scene in which the driver was in the center lane of three straight freeway lanes, with no other traffic.
Four driving scenarios were used, each lasting six minutes and including, in random order, 12 cues to the driver to move to the right lane and 12 more to move left.
In two scenarios, the simulator drivers did not talk on cell phones and received direction instructions either from the simulator's computer voice or via the fingertip devices on the steering wheel. In the two other scenarios, the drivers talked on cell phones with a person in the laboratory and also received direction instructions, either from the computer voice or from the touch devices on the steering wheel.
Each participant did all four of the scenarios. The results:
- In the two scenarios without cell phones, the drivers' accuracy
in correctly moving left or right was nearly identical for those
who received tactile directions through their fingertips (97.2
percent) or by computerized voice (97.6 percent).
- That changed when the drivers talked on cell phones while operating the simulator. When drivers received fingertip navigation directions while talking, they were accurate 98 percent of the time, but when they received audio cues to turn right or left while talking on a cell phone, they changed lanes correctly only 74 percent of the time.
Strayer says the findings shouldn't be used to encourage cell phone use while driving because even if giving drivers directional information by touch works, "it's not going to help you with the other things you need to do while driving – watching out for pedestrians, noticing traffic lights, all the things you need to pay attention to."
A Touch of Product Development?
Provancher has patents and wants to commercialize his tactile feedback devices for steering wheels and other potential uses.
"If we were approached by an interested automaker, it could be in their production cars in three to five years," he says, noting he already has had preliminary talks with three automakers and a European original equipment manufacturer.
In addition to possible devices for the visionand hearing-impaired, Provancher says the technology could be used in a handheld device to let people feel fingertip-stretch pulses – rather than hear clicks – as they scroll through an iPod music playlist. He also says it might be used as a new way to interact with an MP3 music player in a vehicle, or to control games.
Provancher set the stage for the tactile navigation devices in two research papers this year in the journal Transactions on Haptics, published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Haptics is to the sense of touch what optics is to vision.
In one of those studies, Provancher tested a haptic device that stretched the fingertip skin in four horizontal directions (right, left, front, back) and found that relatively faster and larger (one twenty-fifth of an inch) movements conveyed direction information most accurately.
In that study, Provancher also mentioned other possible uses for such devices, including allowing command centers to direct emergency responders and urban soldiers to incident locations, or directing air traffic controllers' attention to important information on a computer screen.