text:
Katherine Siva SaubelArticle Free Pass
Katherine Siva Saubel, née Katherine Siva (born March 7, 1920, Los Coyotes Reservation [on the border of Riverside and San Diego counties], Calif., U.S.), Native American scholar and educator committed to preserving her Cahuilla culture and language and to promoting their fuller understanding by the larger public.
Reared on the Palm Springs Reservation in California, Katherine Siva was taught by her parents from an early age to honour the traditions of her people, the Cahuilla. After graduating from Palm Springs High School, she worked as a teacher's assistant at the University of California, Los Angeles (1959–60), and as a consultant to linguist Hansjakob Seiler at the University of Cologne, Germany (1964–74). In the process Saubel became a scholar of the history, literature, and culture of the Cahuilla. Together with her husband, historian Mariano Saubel, and others, she cofounded the Malki Museum on the Morongo Indian Reservation in Banning, California, which not only displays artifacts dating from prehistoric to recent times but also sponsors the publication of scholarly works on Native Americans from the region.
Saubel's own scholarship had two very different focuses: ethnobotany and the Cahuilla language. In the late 1970s Seiler and Saubel collaborated on both a grammar and a dictionary for Cahuilla, a language which had never before been preserved in writing. She also published a dictionary, I'Isniyatam (Designs): A Cahuilla Word Book (1977). An authority also on the unique Cahuilla uses of plants, Saubel was the coauthor, with anthropologist John Lowell Bean, of Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants (1972) and of two books of ethnobotanical notes. In addition to teaching Cahuilla history, literature, and culture on various campuses in California and at the University of Cologne, Saubel also served on the California Native American Heritage Commission, where her intervention helped preserve locations sacred to Native Americans throughout the state. She was named 1987 Elder of the Year by the California State Indian Museum and was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
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text: Pune Municipal Corporation is likely to commence the construction work for Wagholi and Lohegaon WSS in Pune, Maharashtra by September 2023. The project involves construction of 13 new overhead tanks, augmenting 11 existing tanks, laying of a trunk line to fetch water and setting up a network of 500 km long distribution line. The 60 mld Bhama Askhed project has been considered the primary source of water. A trunk line will be laid to fetch water to the distribution network and overhead tanks. The water will flow as per gravity. The estimated cost of the project is Rs 2.8 billion.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


- C_{3} S} \right)^{2} }}\left[ { - \chi_{1} S^{2} + \chi_{2} S - \chi_{3} } \right]\psi (s) = 0$$
(2)
The total wave function is given as
$$\psi (s) = N_{nl} S^{{C_{12} }} \left( {1 - C_{3} S} \right)^{{ - C_{12} - \left( {{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${C_{13} }$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{C_{13} } {C_{3} }}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${C_{3} }$}}} \right)}} P_{n}^{{\left( {c_{10} - 1,\frac{{C_{11} }}{{C_{3} }} - C_{10} - 1} \right)}} \left( {1 - 2S} \right)$$
(3)
, while the total energy eigenequation is given as
$$C_{2} n - \left( {2n + 1} \right)C_{5} + \left( {2n + 1} \right)\left( {\sqrt {C_{9} } + C_{3} \sqrt {C_{8} } } \right) + n\left( {n - 1} \right)C_{3} + C_{7} + 2C_{3} C_{8} + 2\sqrt {C_{8} C_{9} } = 0,$$
(4)
where the parametric constants can be obtained as follows:
$$\left. \begin{gathered} C_{4} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {1 - C_{1} } \right) \hfill \\ C_{5} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {C_{2} - 2C_{3} } \right) \hfill \\ C_{6} = C_{5}^{2} + \chi_{1} \hfill \\ C_{7} = 2C_{4} C_{5} - \chi_{2} \hfill \\ C_{8} = C_{4}^{2} + \chi_{3} \hfill \\ C_{9} = C_{3} C_{7} + C_{3}^{2} C_{8} + C_{6} \hfill \\ C_{10} = C_{1} + 2C_{4} + 2\sqrt {C_{8} } \hfill \\ C_{11} = C_{2} - 2C_{5} + 2\left[ {\sqrt {C_{9} } + C_{3} \sqrt {C_{8} } } \right] \hfill \\ C_{12} = C_{4} + \sqrt {C_{8} } \hfill \\ C_{13} = C_{5} - \left[ {\sqrt {C_{9} } + C_{3} \sqrt {C_{8} } } \right] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\}$$
(5)
The Jacobi polynomial can be expressed in terms of Laguerre polynomial for a special case where \(C_{3} = 0\) [32]
$$\lim P_{n}^{{\left( {c_{10} - 1,\frac{{c_{11} }}{{c_{3} }} - c_{10} - 1} \right)}} \left( {1 - 2c_{3} s} \right) = L_{n}^{{c_{10} - 1}} \left( {c_{11} s} \right)$$
(6)
and
$$\lim_{{C_{3 \to 0} }} \left( {1 - C_{3} S} \right)^{{ - C_{12} - \frac{{C_{13} }}{{C_{3} }}}} = e^{{C_{13} S}} .$$
(7)
Hence, the solution given by Eq. (3) becomes
$$\psi_{\left( s \right)} = S^{{C_{12} }} e^{{C_{13} S}} L_{n}^{{C_{10} - 1}} \left( {C_{11} S} \right).$$
(8)
Radial solution of Schrӧdinger equation with modified exponential screened plus Yukawa potential
The modified exponential screened plus Yukawa potential is given as
$$V(r) = D_{0} \left( {\frac{{1 + e^{ - 2\alpha r} }}{{1 - e^{ - 2\alpha r} }}} \right) + \frac{{D_{1} e^{ - \alpha r} }}{r},$$
(9)
where \(D_{0} = \frac{{D_{e} }}{2} > 0\), \(D_{e}\) is the dissociation energy that describes the depth of the potential well, \(\alpha\) is the screening parameter which characterizes the strength of the potential. \(D_{1}\) is a real constant which also serve as a control parameter for the potential model, while \(r\) is the internuclear distance between the atoms of diatomic molecules.
The Schrödinger wave equation is given as:
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}^{2} R}}{{{\text{d}}r^{2} }} + \left\{ {\left. {\frac{2\mu }{{\hbar^{2} }}\left[ {E - V(r)} \right] - \frac{\lambda }{{r^{2} }}} \right\}} \right.R(r) = 0.$$
(10)
Substituting the potential of Eq. (9) into Eq. (10) gives
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}^{2} R}}{{{\text{d}}r^{2} }} + \left\{ {\left. {\frac{2\mu }{{\hbar^{2} }}\left[ {E - D_{0} \left( {\frac{{1 + e^{ - 2\alpha r} }}{{1 - e^{ - 2\alpha r} }}} \right) - \frac{{D_{1} e^{ - \alpha r} }}{r}} \right] - \frac{\lambda }{{r^{2} }}} \right\}} \right.R(r) = 0,$$
(11)
where \(\lambda = l\left( {l + 1} \right)\).
Let us use Greene–Aldrich approximation to the centrifugal term as [24]
$$\frac{1}{{r^{2} }} = \frac{{4\alpha^{2} e^{ - 2\alpha r} }}{{\left( {1 - e^{ - 2\alpha r} } \right)^{2} }} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{r} = \frac{{2\alpha e^{ - \alpha r} }}{{\left( {1 - e^{ - 2\alpha r} } \right)}}.$$
(12)
Substituting Eq. (12) into (11) gives
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}^{2} R}}{{{\text{d}}r^{2} }} + \left\{ {\left. {\frac{2\mu }{{\hbar^{2} }}\left( {\left. {E - D_{0


text:
You have the ability to edit your image inside the library using Pixlr, a free image editing application. You can rotate, crop, resize, fix the exposure, adjust colors, sharpen and remove red-eye. To edit your image follow the steps listed below.
- Click on Tools | Library from the blue navigation bar
- Find the image in the library and move your mouse over the image - Click on the pencil that appears in the lower right corner
- When Pixlr opens, click the button that applies to the changes you want to make, add text, filters, crop, etc.
- Resize by pixels, crop to remove unneeded space, flip and/or rotate to change the orientation of your image
- Click Apply then Save and you will be given the option to either overwrite the existing image or save it as a new image

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Relations between Portugal and France go far back in time. To avoid people living in one of the countries, but receiving income from the other, having to pay double the taxes, there's a tax treaty between France and Portugal on dual taxation. This tax treaty between France and Portugal dates to 1971 but was reformulated in 2017.
So, if you are French and your salary or pension is paid through France, but you live in Portugal, you should be aware that there is a tax treaty between Portugal and France which helps you avoid dual taxation. This treaty saves you from paying income tax twice if you've already paid in one of the two countries. The first tax treaty between Portugal and France was published in 1971 but underwent some changes in 2017.
The tax treaty between Portugal and Spain to avoid dual taxation stipulates that income paid by "one of the Contracting States, or by a political or administrative subdivision, or by local or territorial government, or by a legal person under public law to an individual, for services rendered to that state, or subdivision, or local government or legal person, can only be taxed in that State". As for pensions, they can only be taxed in the country where they are paid.
Nonetheless, in both cases the pension or worker's income "are taxable exclusively in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that state and if the individual is a national and does not also have the nationality of the former State", decree 105/71 goes on to explain. If this treaty did not exist, then the State of residence could tax income even if it had already been taxed in the other country.
Taxes covered by the tax treaty between France and Portugal
This treaty covers the following taxes:
- Income Tax (l'impôt sur le revenu);
- Corporate Tax (l'impôt sur les sociétés);
- Corporate Tax surcharge (les contributions sur l'impôt sur les sociétés);
- General Social Contributions (les contributions sociales généralisées);
- Social Debt Repayment Contribution (les contributions pour le remboursement de la dette sociale); including withheld taxes (retenues à la source and précomptes) and advances (avances) deducted from these taxes; (hereafter referred to as 'French tax');
- Income Tax (IRS);
- Corporate Tax (IRC);
The tax treaty between France and Portugal also stipulates that there be exchange of information between both countries, as well as provision of "mutual aid to the effect of collecting respective tax credits".
Better tax regime for dividends
Besides salaries and other income, the treaty between Portugal and France to avoid dual taxation also covers capital income, such as distribution of stock dividends and interest received outside of the country of origin.


[Author Login]
Title:Reanalyzing the definiteness effect: evidence from Danish
Authors:Line Hove Mikkelsen
Abstract:This paper presents a novel analysis of definiteness
effects in expletive and related constructions.
Where previous analyses posit a restriction on what can
appear in the pivot position, the present analysis treats
the definiteness effect as an epiphenomenon arising from
the interaction of constraints governing the subject
position, in particular the cross-linguistic preference for
definite over indefinite subjects. The definiteness effect
reflects the fact that definite DPs are forced to move to
subject position where possible, whereas indefinite ones
are not. When a definite DP is prevented from moving to
subject position for independent reasons (reating to Case
assignment) it may surface in pivot position. This shows
that the definiteness effect is not absolute, but can be
overridden when other considerations outweigh the
preference for a definite subject. Expletive insertion itself
is seen as a way of resolving the conflict between avoiding
an indefinite DP in subject position and satisfying the
requirement that something must occupy that position.
Type:Paper/tech report
Article:Version 1


text:
Amid the protests against systemic racism, people across the country are calling for change, including tearing down statues and renaming things commemorating racist historical figures or Confederate war heroes.
That's happening in California, which fought against the Confederacy and slavery. Fort Bragg, a small town of fewer than 8,000 people in Northern California, is named after a recognized Confederate general. Though the town was named for him before the Civil War. It's once again facing calls to change its name.


Degrees, Minutes, Seconds to Decimal Calculator
Enter degrees, minutes, and seconds to convert them to degrees in decimal form.
How to Convert Degrees, Minutes, Seconds (DMS) to Decimal
Degrees can be expressed with minutes and seconds or in decimal form. One degree is equal to 60 minutes or 3,600 seconds.
To convert degrees to decimal form, find the decimal value of degrees for the minutes and seconds, and then add them to the degrees.
Step One: Convert Minutes to Decimal Degrees
Minutes are expressed using the prime symbol (′). Minutes can be converted to decimal form by dividing them by 60, since there are 60 minutes in a degree.
decimal = minutes ÷ 60
Step Two: Convert Seconds to Decimal Degrees
Seconds are expressed using the double-prime symbol (″). Seconds can be converted to decimal form by dividing them by 3,600, since there are 3,600 seconds in a degree.
decimal = seconds ÷ 3,600
Step Three: Add Degrees, Minutes, & Seconds
Once the minutes and seconds have been converted to degrees, the final step to convert to decimal is to add them to the whole degrees. Thus, the decimal value is equal to the whole degrees plus the converted minutes plus the converted seconds.
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds to Decimal Formula
Summing it all up, the formula to convert DMS to decimal is:
decimal = degrees + (minutes ÷ 60) + (seconds ÷ 3,600)
For example, let's convert 60° 35′ 15″ to decimal form.
decimal = 60 + (35′ ÷ 60) + (15″ ÷ 3,600)
decimal = 60 + 0.583333 + 0.004167
decimal = 60.5875°
Thus, 60° 35′ 15″ is equal to 60.5875°.
graphic showing how the equation to convert degrees, minutes, and seconds to decimal works
You might also be interested in our calculator to convert decimal degrees to degrees, minutes, and seconds.


Ronin - Meaning of Ronin, What does Ronin mean?
home > boy names > ronin
Ronin - Meaning of Ronin
What does Ronin mean?
Meaning of the name Ronin
[ 2 syll. ro-nin, ron-in ] The baby boy name Ronin is pronounced as ROWNihN †. Ronin is used mostly in Hebrew and English, and its language of origin is Hebrew and Celtic.
Ronin is a derivative (Hebrew) of the English, Spanish, Dutch, and Hebrew name Ron.
Ronin is also a derivative (English) of the English and Irish name Ronan.
Ronin is somewhat popular as a baby name for boys. The name has been rising in popularity since the 2000s; prior to that, it was of infrequent use only. At the modest peak of its usage in 2012, 0.015% of baby boys were named Ronin. Its ranking then was #771. In 2012, out of the group of boy names directly related to Ronin, Ronan was the most commonly used. The name was twice as popular as Ronin in that year.
Baby names that sound like Ronin include Ronan (English and Irish), Raam (Hebrew), Racham (Hebrew), Raemonn, Rahaeim, Raham (English and Hebrew), Rahan, Rahane, Raheem (Arabic and English), Rahiem, Rahim (Arabic, English, and Iranian), Rahma, Rahmahn, Rahman (Arabic and Turkish), Rahmen, Rahmin, Rahym, Raimee, Raimey, and Raimi.
Ronin Baby Name Explorer
Meaning of Ronin Meaning of Ron Meaning of Ronny Meaning of Ronnie Meaning of Roni Meaning of Ron Meaning of Ronny Meaning of Veronica Meaning of Ronnie Meaning of Aaron Meaning of Ronald Meaning of Rowena Meaning of Rhonda Meaning of Cameron Meaning of Byron Meaning of Jaron Meaning of Myron Meaning of Ronan Meaning of Lerone Meaning of Taron
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Ronin - Meaning of Ronin, What does Ronin mean?


text:
In a recent edition of my Friday Flower series I featured Tradescantia longipes (dwarf spiderwort or wild crocus), an exquisite Ozark endemic found scattered in dry igneous woodlands of the Missouri's St. Francois Mountains and Arkansas' Ouachita Mountains and that I had seen this past April at Sam Baker State Park. Growing alongside these beautiful plants was this equally exquisite plant bearing strikingly cleft petals on its blossoms. I recognized it clearly as some type of phlox, but not one that I recalled having seen before. There is good reason for this, as a quick check of Steyermark (1963) revealed this to be Phlox bifida, which, though not a true Ozark endemic, is known from just a handful of Missouri counties where it grows typically in dry, rocky soils of upland woods, ravine slopes and bluff ledges. Commonly called cleft phlox or sand phlox, the strongly cleft (bifid) petals distinguish it from other species in the genus and, not surprisingly, are the basis for its species name. This is another plant that would seem to make a good choice for a native wildflower garden, as it can perform very well in cultivation.
Photo Details: Canon 50D (ISO 100, 1/250 sec, f/18), Canon 100mm macro lens, Canon MT-24EX flash (diffused 1/4 power), typical post-processing (levels, unsharp mask).
Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State University Press, Ames. 1728 pp.
Copyright © Ted C. MacRae


write_time_seconds_total[30s]) / irate(node_disk_io_time_seconds_total[30s])
Additionally, we're also provided with a gauge-based metric that lets us see how many I/O operations are occurring at a point in time:
node_disk_io_now
Other metrics include:node_disk_read_bytes_total and node_disk_written_bytes_total, which track the amount of bytes read or written, respectively node_disk_reads_completed_total and node_disk_writes_completed_total, which track the amount of reads and writes node_disk_reads_merged_total and node_disk_writes_merged_total, which track read and write merges
File System Metrics
00:07:54
Lesson Description:
File system metrics contain information about our mounted file systems. These metrics are taken from a few different sources, but all use the node_filesystem prefix when we view them in Prometheus. Although most of the seven metrics we're provided here are fairly straightforward, there are some caveats we want to address — the first being the difference between node_filesystem_avail_bytes and node_filesystem_free_bytes. While for some systems these two metrics may be the same, in many Unix systems a portion of the disk is reserved for the root user. In this case, node_filesystem_free_bytes contains the amount of free space, including the space reserved for root, while node_filesystem_avail_bytes contains only the available space for all users. Let's go ahead and look at the node_filesystem_avail_bytes metric in our expression editor. Notice how we have a number of file systems mounted that we can view: Our main xvda disk, the LXC file system for our container, and various temporary file systems. If we wanted to limit which file systems we view on the graph, we can uncheck the systems we're not interested in. The file system collector also supplies us with more labels than we've previously seen. Labels are the key-value pairs we see in the curly brackets next to the metric. We can use these to further manipulate our data, as we saw in previous lessons. So, if we wanted to view only our temporary file systems, we can use:
node_filesystem_avail_bytes{fstype="tmpfs"}
Of course, these features can be used across all metrics and are not just limited to the file system. Other metrics may also have their own specific labels, much like the fstype and mountpoint labels here.
Networking Metrics
00:06:18
Lesson Description:
When we discuss network monitoring through the Node Exporter, we're talking about viewing networking data from a systems administration or engineering viewpoint: The Node Exporter provides us with networking device information pulled both from /proc/net/dev and /sys/class/net/INTERFACE, with INTERFACE being the name of the interface itself, such as eth0. All network metrics are prefixed with the node_network name. Should we take a look at node_network in the expression editor, we can see quite a number of options — many of these are information gauges whose data is pulled from that /sys/class/net/INTERFACE directory. So, when we look at node_network_dormant, we're seeing point-in-time data from the /sys/class/net/INTERFACE/dormant file. But with regards to metrics that the average user will need in terms of day-to-day monitoring, we really want to look at the metrics prepended with either node_network_transmit or node_network_receive, as this contains information about the amount of data/packets that pass through our networking, both outbound (transmit) and inbound (receive). Specifically, we want to look at the node_network_receive_bytes_total or node_network_transmit_bytes_total metrics, because these are what will help us calculate our network bandwidth:
rate(node_network_transmit_bytes_total[30s])
rate(node_network_receive_bytes_total[30s])
The above expressions will show us the 30-second average of bytes either transmitted or received across our time series, allowing us to see when our network bandwidth has spiked or dropped.
Load Metrics
00:03:29
Lesson Description:
When we talk about load, we're referencing the amount of processes waiting to be served by the CPU. You've probably seen these metrics before: They're sitting at the top of any top command run, and are available for us to view in the /proc/loadavg file. Taken every 1, 5, and 15 minutes, the load average gives us a snapshot of how hard our system is working. We can view these statistics in Prometheus at node_load1, node_load5, and node_load15. That said, load metrics are mostly useless from a monitoring standpoint. What is a heavy load to one server can be an easy load for another, and beyond looking at any trends in load in the time series, there is nothing we can alert on here nor any real data we can extract through queries or any kind of math.
Using cAdvisor to Monitor Containers
00:07:31
Lesson Description:
Although we have our host monitored for various common metrics at this time, the Node Exporter doesn't cross the threshold into monitoring our containers. Instead, if we want to monitor anything we have in Docker, including our application, we need to add a container monitoring solution. Lucky for us, Google's cAdvisor is an open-source solution that works out of the box with most container platforms, including Docker. And once we have cAdvisor installed, we can see much of the same metrics we see for our host on our container, only these are provided to us through the prefix container. cAdvisor also monitors all our containers automatically. That means when we view a metric, we're seeing it for everything that cAvisor monitors. Should we want to target specific containers, we can do so by using the name label, which pulls the container name from the name it uses in Docker itself. Steps in This VideoLaunch cAdvisor:
 $ sudo docker run
 --volume=/:/rootfs:ro
 --volume=/var/run:/var/run:ro
 --volume=/sys:/sys:ro
 --volume=/var/lib/docker/:/var/lib/docker:ro
 --volume=/dev/disk/:/dev/disk:ro
 --publish=8000:8080
 --detach=true
 --name=cadvisor
 google/cadvisor:latest
List available containers to confirm it's working:
 $ docker ps
Update the Prometheus config:
 $ sudo $EDITOR /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
 - job_name: 'cadvisor'
 static_configs:
 - targets: ['localhost:8000']
Restart Prometheus:
 $ sudo systemctl restart prometheus
Hands-on Labs are real live environments that put you in a real scenario to practice what you have learned without any other extra charge or account to manage.
00:30:00
Application Monitoring
Using a Client Library
00:09:44
Lesson Description:
For us to actually add metrics into custom application that will not have available exporters and tools, we need to first add the client library for Prometheus to our application. Prometheus itself supports four client libraries — Go, Java, Python, and Ruby — but third-party client libraries are provided for a number of other languages, including Node.js, which is what our own application uses. For us to get started with instrumenting metrics on our app, we're going to need to add this library. But the Node.js prom-client is not restricted to just allowing us to write new metrics; it also includes some default application metrics we can enable, mostly centered around the application's use of memory. Of course, adding this library isn't enough in and of itself: We also need to make sure we have a /metrics endpoint generated that Prometheus can scrape, which we'll be creating using the Express framework our application already utilizes. Steps in This VideoMove into the forethought directory:
 cd forethought
Install the prom-client via npm, Node.js's package manager:
 npm install prom-client --save
Open the index.js file, where we'll be adding all of our metrics code:
 vim $EDITOR index.js
Require the use of the prom-client by adding it to our variable list:
 var express = require('express');
 var bodyParser = require('body-parser');
 var app = express();
 const prom = require('prom-client');
With prom being the name we'll use when calling the client library.Enable default metrics scraping:
 const collectDefaultMetrics = prom.collectDefaultMetrics;
 collectDefaultMetrics({ prefix: 'forethought' });
Use Express to create the /metrics end


text:
Floods of 1996 and 1997
Floods in Yosemite Valley aren't uncommon during spring runoff, when the Merced River swells with melted snow and overflows into meadows. The largest, least common floods occur during winter--most recently in January 1997. See what Yosemite Valley looked like during the floods of May 1996 and January 1997. (6 minutes)
You can also download a Quicktime version of this movie: [24 MB].
Did You Know?
Natural fires in Yosemite are often no more than a single burning snag (standing dead tree) or a slow moving, low intensity fire that cleans underbrush from the forest floor. These fires prevent unwanted fires by removing accumulating forest debris that can fuel a larger fire in hot, dry conditions.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Were the Ancient Jewish people always in Israel?
Asked by: Adam2
 - Yes SOME of the Jewish people have been in Israel the whole time.
 The rest were scattered out among the nations. Genetics tests were done not long ago that demonstrated that the scattered Jews were connected in a high degree to the original ancient people. Just in case someone is going to try to say that the Palestinians are the true Jews I'm going to pop that bubble. Palestinians are Arabs from Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria who showed up and claimed the land about 3 generations ago. Many of them had to rent from the Arab land owners who owned it. They were what you call squatters.
 - We All Come from Africa
 The Ancient Jews weren't always in Israel. Abraham was a nomad who went throughout the Middle East. Before Judaism flourished, civilizations in Mesopotamia, India and China rose up. For a time, the entire Jewish population was enslaved in Egypt. Jews claiming a territorial homeland in Israel is bogus--the human race originated in Africa anyway when some great apes evolved into homo sapiens. If you want to go that far back, Ancient Jews at one time lived in Africa as hairy humans before evolving into more civlized people.
 - The Ancient Jewish people were not always in Israel.
 First, Israel didn't exist before the 20th century. Israel was the name of the Jewish people themselves. Also, Jews were not always in the area that today is called Israel. They were exited in Babylon and Egypt for some of their history. Israel is their homeland, but they did not always stay there.
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text:
Design of physical systems and associated control systems are coupled tasks; design methods that manage this interaction explicitly can produce system-optimal designs, whereas conventional sequential processes may not. Here we explore a new technique for combined physical system and control design (co-design) based on a simultaneous dynamic optimization approach known as direct transcription, which transforms infinite-dimensional control design problems into finite dimensional nonlinear programming problems. While direct transcription problem dimension is often large, sparse problem structures and fine-grained parallelism (among other advantageous properties) can be exploited to yield computationally efficient implementations. Extension of direct transcription to co-design gives rise to a new problem structures and new challenges. Here we illustrate direct transcription for co-design using a new automotive active suspension design example developed specifically for testing co-design methods. This example builds on prior active suspension problems by incorporating a more realistic physical design component that includes independent design variables and a broad set of physical design constraints, while maintaining linearity of the associated differential equations.
- Design Engineering Division and Computers and Information in Engineering Division
Co-Design of an Active Suspension Using Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization
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Allison, JT, & Han, Z. "Co-Design of an Active Suspension Using Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization." Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Volume 5: 37th Design Automation Conference, Parts A and B. Washington, DC, USA. August 28–31, 2011. pp. 903-913. ASME. _URL_
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text:
Working with a large number of reaction steps and subsequent workup and isolation stages to identify potential problems in scale-up to pilot plant for clinical trial campaigns, and potentially to full scale for manufacturing, requires tools for identifying potential risks and mitigating them.
DynoChem provides tools that enable Reaction Engineers to work with Process Development Scientists to understand the API synthesis and identify issues that may 'spoil the chemistry' on scale. A wide range of ready-to-edit template models, physical property tools and mixing and heat transfer utilities are available to be applied rapidly to new projects.
For example, a user recently presented a case where they used DynoChem on a new API production in the lab, where the reaction time had been longer, the yield lower and the impurity level higher than expected.
They used DynoChem to identify conditions that would optimise the reaction conditions to provide a yield of 99%, shorten the time to End of Reaction and also minimise impurity formation. This was used to identify the reactor most suited to the operation and mixing requirements for successful scale-up.


1. What is the difference between Nigori Sake and Refined Sake?
 Sake is brewed using rice and water, made from the moromi (fermenting rice solids) produced during the fermentation process of malted rice.
 Refined sake is made by pressing the moromi using a cotton bag to filter and remove the solid content, or sake lees, for sake that is completely clear and serene.
 Nigori Sake is sake that remains unfiltered, resulting in unfermented rice solids deliberately left floating around inside. A sweeter smooth flavoring produced by these remnants therefore adds to the taste of the sake.
 2. What is the difference between MoMo Nigori Sake and other Nigori Sakes?
 MoMo uses orginal style sake as its base. Therefore, the sweet yet acidic flavoring from rice is characterized for having a very natural and mellow quality, and the sake is comparably low in alcohol content.
 This rich and smooth flavor cannot be found in Nigori Sakes that use refined sake as its base, and is what distinguishes MoMo from other sakes.
 3. When does MoMo Nigori Sake expire and what is the best preservation method?
 MoMo's delicate flavors and qualities are sensitive to UV rays so make sure to keep it away from direct sunlight or fluorescent light.
 Temperatures above 68F（18℃） for prolonged periods may also have adverse affects on its smell and taste.
 A cool, dark storage area is ideal for preserving MoMo's delicious taste.
 4. What is the white sediment at the bottom of the bottle? Is it ok to drink?
 The white layer is formed by the remnants of rice, and contains nutrients that are vital for the health and beauty of your body, such as fiber and amino acids.
 The naturally sweet and flavorful rice remnants also add to the taste and quality of the sake.
 Therefore, to enjoy MoMo to its full potential, it is important to thoroughly shake or stir the bottle before pouring so that the sediments are mixed in with each sip.
 5. Unlike other Nigori Sakes which are usually white, why is MoMo Nigori Sake pink?
 MoMo's distinctive pink color is a natural color produced by a special yeast.
 This all-natural, delicate, and cute coloring is another one of MoMo's unique appeals.
 6. Once the bottle is opened, does the pink color disappear?
 Even after the bottle is opened, as long as it isn't exposed to strong UV rays, MoMo's pink color can be preserved.
 However, because no synthetic preservatives are used, once opened, the overall flavor and aroma will spoil at a faster rate.
 Therefore, after opening the bottle, it is best to keep it refrigerated and finish it as soon as possible.
 7. Does the pink color ever disappear? In how long?
 Because the pink coloring is naturally produced, the pigments will dissolve and color will be lost (turn white) from prolonged exposure to strong UV rays.
 As long as MoMo is kept out of direct sunlight, the color will remain preserved for an extended period.
 8. What is the best way to drink MoMo Nigori Sake?
 It can be enjoyed both chilled, or on the rocks.
 Find out original recipes for cocktails that make use of MoMo's exceptional qualities and flavors
 Highly recommended is the Simple MoMo Mix, MoMo Nigori Sake mixed with fruit juice at a 1 to 1 ratio. Squeeze drops of 100% Lime Juice for a touch of zest and a refreshing, crisp finish.
 MoMo's catchphrase is "Discover Something Delicious!"
 Let your imagination take over and have fun inventing your very personal MoMo creations!


which separates the gold from the ore. The gold is then removed from the solution with a filter press. For the carbon-in-pulp method, the ground ore is mixed with water before cyanide is added.
Solved How many cubic centimeters of an ore containing …
Question: How many cubic centimeters of an ore containing only 0.22% gold (by mass) must be processed to obtain $100.00 worth of gold? The density of the ore is 8.0 g/cm3 and the price of gold is $818 per troy ounce. (14.6 troy oz = 1.0 ordinary pound, called an avoirdupois pound: 1lb=454 g)
Gold: The mineral native Gold information and pictures
The color of pure Gold is bright golden yellow, but the greater the silver content, the whiter its color is. Much of the gold mined is actually from gold ore rather then actual Gold specimens. The ore is often brown, iron-stained rock or massive white Quartz, and usually contains only minute traces of gold. To extract the gold, the ore is ...
Gold: The mineral native Gold information and pictures
The ore is often brown, iron-stained rock or massive white Quartz, and usually contains only minute traces of gold. To extract the gold, the ore is crushed, then the gold is …
Treatment of Antimonial Gold Ores
In addition sulfur-containing anions such as thioantimonites (Sb S 3 3 −), and sulfides (S 2−) are known to be strong "poisons" in the cyanidation of gold (Nicol et al., 1987), and Fink and Putnam (1950) have shown that dissolved sulfide levels of as low as 0.5 mg/L can have a significant deleterious effect on rates of gold dissolution. . …
The cyanide leaching of gold in solutions containing sulfide
Sub microscopic refractory gold ore is an important resource of gold with the depletion of free-milling gold deposits in this century. It has been generally accepted that submicroscopic gold mainly in the form of solid-solution and colloidal particles are physically locked inside mineral phases and impervious to cyanide solution.
Solved Cyanide compounds such as sodium cyanide, NaCN …
Ore containing only small quantities of gold can be used in this form of chemical mining. The equation for the reaction is : 4Au + 8NaCN + 2 H2O + O2 Cyanide compounds such as sodium cyanide, NaCN are especially useful in gold refining because they react with Gold to form a stable compound that can be separated and broken down to retrieve the gold.


text:
Which one is smarter cats or dogs?
A team of scientists discovered that dogs possess about 530 million neurons in the cortex of their brains, while cats have about 250 million. For perspective, the human cortex contains 16 billion neurons. Based off of this, the logical implication is that, yes, dogs are much more capable than cats.
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Help make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE


text:
The Art of Lèse Majesté
Monarchs claim to be surrounded by an aura of majesty. Cartoon historian Mark Bryant examines some famous incidents when a caricaturist's pen punctured this aura and revealed the lack of a sense of humour in high places.
From the beginning of Victoria's reign until the 1960s, political cartoonists and caricaturists in Britain were remarkably respectful towards the royal family. Indeed Punch (founded in 1841) rarely even published cartoons featuring the monarch. Gone were the days of Rowlandson, Cruikshank and others who had mercilessly lampooned Victoria's uncle, George IV, and were fined and even imprisoned for such acts. Victoria had said 'We are not amused' and that seemed to be an end of it until Private Eye and Spitting Image came on the scene more than a century later.
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This is a mature male Pteragogus aurigarius wrasse, found in the Northwest Pacific around Japan and Taiwan.
Males compete with one another to establish territorial boundaries. This individual has just engaged in a brief battle with another male. He is departing the area, suggesting that he was no match for the rival male. These fish are normally darker in coloration. This light hue might possibly be a sign of submission. There is no common name in English for this fish. It is known as uhaguro-bera in Japanese.


Longines Wittnauer A7 Aircraft Clock
Written by AnubisTTP on 2017-03-05
World War 2 and the buildup immediately preceeding it saw the manufacture of numerous different types of aircraft clocks, and this Longines Wittnauer A7 clock is one such example. A7 model clocks differ from the much more common A6 model in that they have a 'pendant wind' winding stem which exits the bottom of the case instead of extending vertically below the 6-o-clock position. A metal plug has been pressed into the winding stem hole that would have been used in an A6 model clock. This clock makes use of a Jaeger LeCoultre 201M caliber movement, a relatively high end time-only movement with a 7 jewel lever escapement. This model of clock was also manufactured with a less common and more expensive 14 jewel movement.
Longines Wittnauer A7 aircraft clock, at rest.
This model of clock uses a Jaeger LeCoultre 201M movement.
Backside of A7 clock. Like most aircraft clocks, this model has two threaded plugs to allow access to the winding gears and regulator.
 Return to Clocks and Timers


text:
If you ever find yourself in the woods after a long day of hunting or fishing, you're going to need a fire. So in this two part video tutorial you'll find out how to build an upside down fire and make it last longer than the traditional method of making a fire. Enjoy!
Oh and like Smokey the Bear always says: "You can prevent forest fires!" So please be careful!
We try an up-side-down fire in a different configuration than we used last time.


text:
LED floor lamp, also known as LED ground lamp or buried lamp, is a lighting facility embedded in the ground. Lanterns illuminate the ground and vegetation on the ground, which can make the landscape more beautiful and pass safely. At present, LED energy-saving light source is widely used. Ground lamps need waterproof joints, silica gel sealing rings, tempered glass, waterproof, dust-proof, leakage-proof and corrosion-resistant.
At present, most floor lamps or ground lamps use LED as light source, which has a long life and can reach more than 100,000 hours. Because of its low voltage, it is very suitable for solar floor lamps.
LED can control the color, change the light distribution, and create dynamic dreams. Therefore, it is especially suitable for solar lawn lamps.
Solar LED Ground Light is widely used for family grass land, it's convenient to be fitted anywhere, no wires and no power needed.


text:
ESSENTIALS: MAKE IT SIMPLE
Accurately test your aquarium's salinity with a
Portable Refractometer. Simple to use, optical instrument gives a direct, temperature compensated reading of specific gravity and salinity.
Deep Six Hydrometer's unique design takes true water samples for accurate reading.
Instant Ocean Hydrometer economically tests your aquarium's salinity and specific gravity.
Specific gravity measures the relative salinity (amount of dissolved salts) in your aquarium water in comparison to pure water. Measuring specific gravity on a regular basis is crucial to maintain the ideal environment for your marine inhabitants. The following helpful tips will ensure accurate results when measuring specific gravity.
- Most hobbyists use a simple hydrometer or a refractometer to measure salinity.
- For professional results consider a portable refractometer or a high tech electronic salinity monitor.
- Before changing your aquarium water, measure and record the specific gravity. Make sure the new saltwater matches the specific gravity of your aquarium. Too much of a deviation in salt levels could "shock" or potentially kill sensitive aquarium inhabitants.
- Replenish evaporated water with clean freshwater - not prepared salt water. Remember, salts remain behind after water evaporates. If you top off your aquarium with salt water, you are compounding salt levels in your aquarium.
- Before using a new swing-arm hydrometer, condition or "season" the hydrometer by soaking it in saltwater for 24 hours.
Reef Aquarium: 1.023 to 1.025
FOWLR Aquarium: 1.020 to 1.025
FAQs About Refractometers
What does a refractometer do?
Serious hobbyists know that the best way to measure the salinity and specific gravity of aquarium water is to use a refractometer. These precision optical instruments are incredibly accurate even at very low salt levels, and are equally easy to use. Recently, these instruments have become more affordable, so now every aquarium owner can have one to help monitor water conditions.
How do I use it?
Place 1 to 2 drops of aquarium water onto the prism glass and close the plate cover. Once a fluid sample is placed on the measuring surface, the light passing through it slows and bends. The refractometer focuses this bent light on a tiny internal scale. The scale is magnified by the eyepiece lenses so it is easily visible.
Look through the eyepiece and view the scale. The top portion of the scale appears blue and the bottom part appears white. Take your reading at the intersection of these two colors. One side of the scale measures salinity and the other side measures specific gravity.
To effectively monitor your marine aquarium water conditions, consider investing in a refractometer. The accuracy and affordability make it worthwhile.
|Salinity & Specific Gravity are easily viewed when looking through the Refractometer


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High humidity in Cuba and high temperatures are causing a pleasant weather at times, but also and partly tropical hot and humid. It is warm to hot all year round and invites to bathe at average water temperatures of 27 degrees. Dued to the lesser rain the best time for traveling is from January to May. Most precipitation decrease from June to November.
› Overview: Climate in Cuba
› Duration of daylight and sunshine in Cuba
hours of sunshine per day rainy days per month Precipitation in mm/day Relative humidity in % Water temperature Absolute humidity in g/m³ (approx.)
The most important cities in the region of La Habana
La Habana is a part of Cuba and has an east-west extension of about 00 km. From north to south it is approximately 20 km. The biggest cities are Havana and Arroyo Naranjo. The local time is now Monday, 9:16 am.
Data basis: German Weather Service, individual values averaged and supplemented by own elements.


Unknown
Dataset Information
0
Efficient production of superior dumbbell-shaped DNA minimal vectors for small hairpin RNA expression.
ABSTRACT: Genetic therapy holds great promise for the treatment of inherited or acquired genetic diseases; however, its breakthrough is hampered by the lack of suitable gene delivery systems. Dumbbell-shaped DNA minimal vectors represent an attractive, safe alternative to the commonly used viral vectors which are fraught with risk, but dumbbell generation appears to be costly and time-consuming. We developed a new PCR-based method for dumbbell production which comprises only two steps. First, PCR amplification of the therapeutic expression cassette using chemically modified primers to form a ready-to-ligate DNA structure; and second, a highly efficient intramolecular ligation reaction. Compared with conventional strategies, the new method produces dumbbell vectors more rapidly, with higher yields and purity, and at lower costs. In addition, such produced small hairpin RNA expressing dumbbells triggered superior target gene knockdown compared with conventionally produced dumbbells or plasmids. Our novel method is suitable for large-scale dumbbell production and can facilitate clinical applications of this vector system.
SUBMITTER: Yu H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4605290 | BioStudies | 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
REPOSITORIES: biostudies
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Stream Transactions
Stream Transactions allow you start a transaction, run multiple operations like AQL queries over a short period of time, and then commit or abort the transaction
Introduced in: v3.5.0
Stream Transactions allow you to perform multi-document transaction with individual begin and commit / abort commands. This is comparable to the BEGIN, COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations found in relational database systems.
Stream Transaction work in conjunction with other operations in ArangoDB. Supported operations include:
 - Read and write documents
 - Get the number of documents of collections
 - Truncate collections
 - Run AQL queries
You always need to start the transaction first and explicitly specify the collections used for write accesses upfront. You need to make sure that the transaction is committed or aborted when it is no longer needed. This avoids taking up resources on the ArangoDB server.
Transactions acquire collection locks for write operations in RocksDB. It is therefore advisable to keep the transactions as short as possible.
For a more detailed description of how transactions work in ArangoDB, please refer to Transactions.
You can use Stream Transactions via the JavaScript API and the HTTP API.
Limitations
Timeout and transaction size
A maximum lifetime and transaction size for Stream Transactions is enforced on the Coordinator to ensure that abandoned transactions cannot block the cluster from operating properly:
 - Maximum idle timeout of up to 120 seconds between operations.
 - Maximum transaction size of 128 MB per DB-Server.
These limits are also enforced for Stream Transactions on single servers.
The default maximum idle timeout is 60 seconds between operations in a single Stream Transaction. The maximum value can be bumped up to at most 120 seconds by setting the --transaction.streaming-idle-timeout startup option. Posting an operation into a non-expired Stream Transaction resets the transaction's timeout to the configured idle timeout.
Enforcing the limit is useful to free up resources used by abandoned transactions, for example from transactions that are abandoned by client applications due to programming errors or that were left over because client connections were interrupted.
Concurrent requests
A given transaction is intended to be used serially. No concurrent requests using the same transaction ID should be issued by the client. The server can make some effort to serialize certain operations (see Streaming Lock Timeout), however, this degrades the server's performance and may lead to sporadic errors with code 28 (locked).
Batch requests
The Batch API cannot be used in combination with Stream Transactions for submitting batched requests, because the required x-arango-trx-id header is not forwarded.
JavaScript API
Create Transaction
db._createTransaction(options) → trx
Begin a Stream Transaction.
options must be an object with the following attributes:
 - collections: A sub-object that defines which collections you want to use in the transaction. It can have the following sub-attributes:
 - read: A single collection or a list of collections to use in the transaction in read-only mode.
 - write: A single collection or a list of collections to use in the transaction in write or read mode.
 - exclusive: A single collection or a list of collections to acquire exclusive write access for.
Additionally, options can have the following optional attributes:
 - allowImplicit: Allow reading from undeclared collections.
 - waitForSync: An optional boolean flag that, if set, forces the transaction to write all data to disk before returning.
 - lockTimeout: A numeric value that can be used to set a timeout in seconds for waiting on collection locks. This option is only meaningful when using exclusive locks. If not specified, a default value is used. Setting lockTimeout to 0 makes ArangoDB not time out waiting for a lock.
 - maxTransactionSize: Transaction size limit in bytes.
The method returns an object that lets you run supported operations as part of the transactions, get the status information, and commit or abort the transaction.
The following example shows how you can remove a document from a collection and create a new document in the same collection using a Stream Transaction:
arangosh> var coll = "tasks";
arangosh> var trx = db._createTransaction({ collections: { write: [coll] } });
arangosh> var task = trx.query('FOR t IN @@coll SORT t.date DESC LIMIT 1 RETURN t', {"@coll": coll}).toArray()[0];
arangosh> if (task) {
........> print(task);
........> trx.collection(coll).remove(task._key);
........> var newTask = trx.collection(coll).save({ _key: "124", type: task.type, date: new Date().toISOString() }, { returnNew: true }).new;
........> print(newTask);
........> trx.commit();
........> } else {
........> trx.abort();
........> }
arangosh> trx.status();
Show execution results
Hide execution results
{
 "_key" : "123",
 "_id" : "tasks/123",
 "_rev" : "_evKqE4m--A",
 "type" : "sendEmail",
 "date" : "2022-07-07T15:20:00.000Z"
}
{
 "_key" : "124",
 "_id" : "tasks/124",
 "_rev" : "_evKqE4u---",
 "type" : "sendEmail",
 "date" : "2022-09-06T14:20:01.323Z"
}
{
 "id" : "81833",
 "status" : "committed"
}
Commit
trx.commit() → status
Commit a Stream Transaction and return the status.
Committing is an idempotent operation. It is not an error to commit a transaction more than once.
Abort
trx.abort() → status
Abort a Stream Transaction and return the status.
Aborting is an idempotent operation. It is not an error to abort a transaction more than once.
Collection
trx.collection(collection-name) → coll
Return a collection object for the specified collection, or null if it does not exist.
The object lets you access the following methods to perform document and collection operations:
Compared to the collection object returned by db._collection(), only a subset of methods is available, and the operations are executed as part of the Stream Transactions, but they work the same otherwise.
Query
trx.query(aql-query) → cursor
Run an AQL query as part of a Stream Transaction and return a result cursor. The method works similar to the db._query() method.
ID
trx.id() → id
Get the identifier of the Stream Transaction.
Running
trx.running() → bool
Return a boolean that indicates whether the Stream Transaction is on-going.
Status
trx.status() → status
Return an object with the status information of the Stream Transaction. The object has the following attributes:
 - id: The identifier of the Stream Transaction.
 - status: The status of the Stream Transaction. One of "running", "committed", or "aborted".
HTTP API
See the HTTP Interface for Stream Transactions documentation.


KISS, HDLC, AX.25 and friends
A while ago, I uploaded my gr-kiss out-of-tree GNUradio module to Github. This is a set of blocks to handle KISS, HDLC and AX.25, which are the protocols used in amateur packet radio. There are several other OOT modules that do similar things, but I didn't like the functionality of them very much. While programming this module, I've also noted that the documentation for these protocols is not so good sometimes. Here I'll give a brief description of the protocols and explain how everything works together.
KISS The KISS protocol was originally designed to interface a computer with a TNC (Terminal Network Controller). Think of the TNC as a sort of modem that does some modulation and low level framing functions. The idea of KISS is to move most of the processing to the host computer. Before KISS, a TNC usually performed some AX.25 related tasks. However, a KISS TNC only works with HDLC and passes raw AX.25 frames to the host. The KISS protocol is described here. It provides a way to separate frames and to send commands to the TNC. Since this protocol is so simple, it is also used in many situations where no TNC is involved. In this case, it is just used to divide a stream of data into frames. Thus, a series of packets can be saved to a file "in KISS format". These packets are usually AX.25 frames, but this need not be the case. Also, different pieces of software can exchange packets using the KISS format.
The end of a frame is marked by the byte 0xC0. The start of a frame need not be explicitly marked (but it is usually also marked with 0xC0). Several consecutive 0xC0 bytes may appear. This doesn't mean that there are empty frames between them. Empty frames are not allowed. The first byte of any frame is used to send commands to the TNC. When a TNC is not involved, the first byte is 0x00. Then the real frame bytes come after it. The byte 0xC0 can not appear anywhere inside a frame. If the data contains this byte, it is replaced by 0xDB 0xDC. If 0xDB appears in the data, it is replaced by 0xDB 0xDD.
HDLC The HDLC protocol is a data link layer protocol used in X.25 and other protocols. In AX.25, only a few functions of HDLC are used to do framing and frame integrity checking. The first remark is that usually HDLC is NRZ-I encoded. This means that a logical 0 bit is marked by a change of state (say, by changing from a positive frequency deviation to a negative frequency deviation or vice versa), and a logical 1 bit is marked by no change of state. The end of frame marker is the sequence 01111110 (or 0x7e). Note that other NRZ-I implementations follow the opposite convention. This is also used to mark the start of a frame and between frames as an idle signal. Before a frame is transmitted, several 0x7e bytes are sent to help the receiver synchronize. Also, after the frame is transmitted, it is usual to send the byte 0x7e several times to ensure that one of these flags is received without errors.
HDLC avoids long runs of 1's (which will make the receiver loose synchronization) by forbidding more than 5 consecutive 1's in the data (except for the 0x7e marker, where 6 consecutive 1's appear). Every time that 5 consecutive 1's appear in the data, a 0 is inserted after them. This is known as bit-stuffing. Of course, when the receiver gets 5 consecutive 1's, if the following bit is a 0 it should be ignored, and if it is a 1, the receiver should expect that the following bit is a 0, as this must be the last bit of the 0x7e marker.
Another important aspect of HDLC is that each byte is transmitted starting with the least significant bit. This is the opposite way as in many other protocols. The last function of HDLC that is used in AX.25 is the frame check sequence (or FCS). This is a 16 bit checksum that is appended to the data frame. The checksum is computed using CRC-16-CCITT. The FCS is sent least-significant-byte first (and remember that each byte is sent least-significant-bit first and that bit-stuffing is done).
Keep in mind that since HDLC uses NRZ-I, it isn't sensitive to the polarity of the signal. Thus a signal can be inverted in polarity without causing problems. For this reason, when BPSK is used to transmit HDLC frames, differential encoding is not used.
AX.25 The AX.25 protocol is a data link layer used by amateur radio. The framing and FCS is done using HDLC as described above. The AX.25 frames do not include the FCS or any other checksum. The details of the protocol are here. When reading that document, keep in mind that the 0x7e flags and the FCS are not really part of the AX.25 frame. This protocol has many features and it won't be described here. Since Linux can handle AX.25, it is useful to know how Linux can be used to deal with AX.25. Also, Wireshark can be used to inspect and analyse AX.25 frames.
Modulations It is also important to know how AX.25 HDLC frames are actually transmitted over the air. The first way to do it is using AFSK. This is normally used for a rate of 300 baud on the HF bands. The NRZ-I bits are transmitted as an audio signal which frequency shifts between two tones spaced 200Hz apart. The radio is set to SSB mode, so the actual emission is really FSK. The particular tones that are used are not standard, so this has to be compensated by setting the radio dial frequency correctly. It is not important whether LSB or USB mode is used, because the signal is not sensitive to polarity inversion.
The second way to do it is using FM AFSK. This is normally used for a rate of 1200 baud on the VHF and UHF bands. The NZR-I bits are transmitted as an audio signal which frequency shifts between the tones 1200Hz and 2200Hz. This audio signal is FM modulated before transmission.
The third way to do it is using G3RUH FSK. This is normally used for a rate of 9600 baud on the UHF bands. The HDLC bitstream is scrambled using a multiplicative scrambler with polynomial \(1 + x^{12} + x^{17}\) before NRZ-I encoding is done. The NRZ-I signal is then shaped (low-pass filtered) and used to drive an FM modulator directly, in order to produce an FSK signal.
The fourth way to do it is using BPSK. This is used in a few amateur satellites, using a rate of 1000 or 1200 baud. The NRZ-I bits are transmitted as a BPSK signal (differential encoding is not used). This BPSK signal can be generated as an audio signal on a computer and then used to drive an SSB transmitter.
Finally, fldigi can act as a KISS TNC, allowing to send AX.25 frames in many of the modes supported by this program. However, these digital modes are normally used for text based chat and rarely used for AX.25.
gr-kiss includes example flowgraphs showing how the 1k2 FM AFSK, 9k6 FSK and 1k2 BPSK modulations work.
Interfacing AX.25 with Linux As we have stated above, it is sometimes useful to interface an AX.25 system with Linux. To use the AX.25 functionality of Linux, first one needs to declare a "port" for each AX.25 interface that Linux will handle. The ports are declared in /etc/ax25/axports.
# /etc/ax25/axports
# The format of this file is:
# name callsign speed paclen window description
test EA4GPZ-10 38400 2000 2 test
test2 EA4GPZ-9 38400 2000 2 test2
This is an example. The speed is not very important if these ports won't connect to a hardware TNC through a serial (RS232) port.
Each of the ports needs to be attached to a serial port or a pty device (a sort of virtual serial port). If we want to connect some AX.25 software to a Linux AX.25 interface, we can use two tools: kissnetd and socat. kissnetd is used to create a pair of pty devices which are connected together. Everything written to one of the pty devices can be read on the other one and vice versa. This is fine if our AX.25 software can read and write to a pty device.
As an example, let's use kissnetd to send a KISS file to a Linux AX.25 interface. This can be used to analyse the frames with wireshark, by making wireshark capture traffic on the AX.25 interface.
# kissnetd -p 2 &
kissnetd V 1.5 by Frederic RIBLE F1OAT - ATE


text:
Oct. 8, 2010 Optical gyroscopes, also known as rotation sensors, are widely used as a navigational tool in vehicles from ships to airplanes, measuring the rotation rates of a vehicle on three axes to evaluate its exact position and orientation. Prof. Koby Scheuer of Tel Aviv University's School of Physical Engineering is now scaling down this crucial sensing technology for use in smartphones, medical equipment and more futuristic technologies.
Working in collaboration with Israel's Department of Defense, Prof. Scheuer and his team of researchers have developed nano-sized optical gyroscopes that can fit on the head of a pin -- and, more usefully, on an average-sized computer chip -- without compromising the device's sensitivity. These gyroscopes will have the ability to pick up smaller rotation rates, delivering higher accuracy while maintaining smaller dimensions, he says. The research was recently described in the journal Optics Express.
"Conventional gyroscopes look like a box, and weigh two or three pounds," Prof. Scheuer explains. "This is fine for an airplane, but if you're trying to fit a gyroscope onto a smaller piece of technology, such as a cellphone, the accuracy will be severely limited."
With laser precision
At the core of the new device are extremely small semi-conductor lasers. As the devices start to rotate, the properties of the light produced by the lasers changes, including the light's intensity and wavelength. Rotation rates can be determined by measuring these differences.
These lasers are a few tens-of-micrometers in diameter, as compared to the conventional gyroscope, which measures about 6 to 8 inches, says Prof. Scheuer. The device itself, when finished, will look like a small computer chip. Measuring a millimeter by a millimeter (0.04 inches by 0.04 inches), about the size of a grain of sand, the device can be built onto a larger chip that also contains other necessary electronics.
Prof. Scheuer and his team of researchers are currently working on lab demonstrators of the device, which he predicts will be ready for testing in a few years' time.
Tracking inside the body
When available, the nano-gyroscopes will improve technologies that we use every day. When you rotate an iPhone, for example, the screen adjusts itself accordingly. A nano-gyroscope would improve the performance of this feature and be sensitive to smaller changes in position, says Prof. Scheuer. And that's not all. Nano-gyroscopes integrated into common cellphones could provide a tracking function beyond the capabilities of existing GPS systems. "If you find yourself in a place without reception, you would be able to track your exact position without the GPS signal," he says.
There are benefits to medical science as well. Right now, small capsules that contain cameras pass through the body during some diagnostic procedures, but to know where the capsule is within a patient, doctors must track its signal from the outside. With the addition of a nano-gyroscope, explains Prof. Scheuer, the capsule would have a built-in navigation system, which would provide the ability to move the capsule to more specific and precise locations within the body.
Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.


How to Calculate Lost Wages in a Personal Injury Claim
If you are including lost wages damages in your personal injury claim or lawsuit, you will need to know what factors are used to calculate the value of the earnings you lost while recovering. When you assess the value of a lost wages claim, you must be able to provide documentation that proves your injury, your pay, and your normal work hours in order to show a clear and accurate picture of the earnings you missed while injured. Although calculating lost wages can be straightforward, it is important to be take your time and consult an attorney with specific questions.
Before Calculating Lost Wages Damages
Before you do anything, go to the doctor. You need to substantiate your injury claim with good medical documentation, and one way to do that is to see a physician or other health care provider and have a full examination. Be sure that if the doctor tells you to take time off from work, you don't leave his or her office without a physician's medical form in your hand, authorizing you to stay home from your job for the period of time necessary to recover from your injuries.
Proving Lost Wages
In order to prove lost wages, you will first need to gather all the appropriate documentation to support your claim. You will need: a letter from your employer indicating how much time you took off, what your hourly rate of pay or your monthly salary is, how many hours a week you work, and whether or not you typically work overtime. Once you have the necessary documentation, calculate your claim using the following steps:
 1. Determine the number of hours you missed from work. If you work regular hours, simply provide documentation that shows your normal work schedule. If your hours vary, you can calculate an average based on your last 2 or 3 months of work.
 2. Determine the number of overtime hours that you missed. Overtime is typically not guaranteed, so you will need to provide documentation that shows your regularly worked overtime before your injury. Again, going back 2 or 3 months will be sufficient. If you recently were promised overtime by your boss, provide evidence of that conversation.
 3. Multiply the number of hours you missed by your hourly rate
 4. Multiply the overtime hours you missed by 1.5 times your hourly rate
 5. Add the values for regular hours missed and overtime hours missed to arrive at the total lost wages calculation
If you are a salaried employee rather than hourly, you will need to take a slightly different path:
 1. Divide your annual salary by the number of hours you work (hours a full time employee works per year: 2,080) in order to get the amount you earn per hour.
 2. Calculate the number of hours you missed by multiplying the days you were out of work by 8 (typical work days for salaried employees 8 hours - even if you actually work more).
 3. Multiply those two figures to calculate your lost wages.
Keep in mind that in most states, your lost wages are your gross earnings, not your net earnings. Some states only reimburse net wages, but regardless you should present your gross earnings and let the insurance company tell you they only reimburse net wages. Also note that if your injury was as a result of an accident on the job and you are making a workers' compensation claim, it varies from state to state whether you will be reimbursed for gross wages, a percentage of gross wages, or net wages.
Lost Wages Tips to Remember
Aside from the basic wages calculation, there are a few things that you may be able to claim:
 - Money that reflects a promotion or wage increase. If you were due for an increase and/or a promotion, make sure your employer notes this including how much more it would have been and when it was to take effect.
 - Lost commissions on sales
 - Fringe benefits lost
 - Pension benefits lost
If you were unable to return to the same job, or your job was eliminated, and you were forced to take a lower paying job, then you can claim:
 - Difference in income between the two jobs. Include in this calculation the length of time you will be at the lower paying job.
 - The money lost while you searched for a different job
If you are never able to return to work due to a serious injury, you will need to calculate lost earning potential based on your age, your employment and pay history, your job skills, and your quality of life that you earned prior to the accident. Contacting a personal injury lawyer is the best way to ensure your lost wages calculations are accurate, fair, and well supported by documentation.


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Among vs. Amongst: What's the Difference?
Amongst and among mean the same thing, but among is more common, particularly in American English. Both words are prepositions that mean "into, surrounded by; in the midst of, so as to influence; with a share for each of; in the number, class, or group of; mutually; or by all or with the whole of."
Linda Richman, a Saturday Night Live character, would often give her audience an interesting topic to ponder, such as "The peanut is neither a pea nor a nut," delivering the line in an exaggerated New York accent. "Talk amongst yourselves," she would instruct them. Why did she say "Talk amongst yourselves" instead of "Talk among yourselves?" Is amongst a word? And if so, what is the difference between among and amongst?
Among is the older version of the word, tracing its roots back to Old English. Amongst appeared in Middle English. During this period, the English language added sounds to some words to form adverbs. In modern English, we still have some words like that, such as once, always, and unawares. Amongst, whilst, whence, and amidst may sound dated to some, but they're still part of the language.
Here are some examples from literature:
"Voldemort himself created his worst enemy, just as tyrants everywhere do! Have you any idea how much tyrants fear the people they oppress? All of them realize that, one day, amongst their many victims, there is sure to be one who rises against them and strikes back!" —Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, J.K. Rowling
"But the bravest man amongst us is afraid of himself." —The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde
"Reality is the leading cause of stress amongst those in touch with it." —Jane Wagner
Though the meaning of among and amongst is the same, the frequency of use is not. Among is much more popular than amongst. The Oxford English Corpus counts about 10,000 mentions of amongst in American writing. However, among appears over 300,000 times. The difference is less extreme in British English and other international English dialects, but among is always more common.
Because it appears less often than among, amongst can seem foreign, pretentious, or even incorrect. Then again, one blog quotes Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage as saying that the commentators who call amongst quaint or overrefined are "off-target."
Among vs. Between
Use among (or amongst) to describe collective relationships: The key was hidden among the papers covering the desk. Use between when a one-to-one relationship or multiple binary relationships: The treasure map had been stuffed between the sofa cushions.
Linda Richman never asked whether writers should use among or amongst as a topic, but wouldn't it make a great discussion? Which do you prefer?
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Project: Climate proofing the Danube Delta (2011-2014)
What is this project about?
The Climate Change Adaptation in the Danube Delta project (2011-2014, 1 million EUR) supports the building of a basis for the adaptation of the Ukrainian, Moldovan and Romanian parts of the Danube Delta region to the changing climate conditions through integrated land and water management, increasing co-operation of the sub-basin countries. The project is implemented by WWF Danube Carpathian Programme Romania. The project contributes to:
- Increasing co-operation between the partner countries to develop and implement regional trans-boundary Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan. The Adaptation Strategy will be incorporated into the Climate Adaptation Strategy for the Danube River Basin adopted by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River.
- Strengthening capacity of local nature and water managers and increasing awareness of local stakeholders in the Danube Delta to address climate change.
- Demonstrating opportunities for income and energy generation from sustainable biomass production.
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Get Seconds from timestamp in Python-Pandas
 - Last Updated : 28 Jul, 2021
In this program our task is to create a program in python which will extract seconds from a given timestamp. We will use the s attribute of the DataTime object to extract the second.
Example : If we have a data frame that contains 5 different time stamps such as:

Timestamp
2012-12-11 04:12:01
2013-10-13 04:12:04
2014-12-14 04:12:05
2015-11-15 04:12:06
2016-10-15 04:12:07
And our task is to extract that seconds from given timestamps. So the output here will be:

 Attention geek! Strengthen your foundations with the Python Programming Foundation Course and learn the basics.
To begin with, your interview preparations Enhance your Data Structures concepts with the Python DS Course. And to begin with your Machine Learning Journey, join the Machine Learning - Basic Level Course
seconds
1
4
5
6
7
Example 1 :

Python3
# importing the module
import pandas as pd

# generating 10 timestamp starting from '2016-10-10 09:21:12'
date1 = pd.Series(pd.date_range('2016-10-10 09:21:12',
 periods = 10, freq = 's'))

# converting pandas series into data frame
df = pd.DataFrame(dict(GENERATEDTIMESTAMP = date1))

# extracting seconds from time stamp
df['extracted_seconds_timestamp'] = df['GENERATEDTIMESTAMP'].dt.second

# displaying DataFrame
display(df)
Output :

Example 2 :

Python3
# importing the module
import pandas as pd

# generating 5 timestamp starting from '2020-01-01 00:00:00'
date1 = pd.Series(pd.date_range('2020-01-01 00:00:00',
 periods = 5, freq = 's'))

# converting pandas series into data frame
df = pd.DataFrame(dict(GENERATEDTIMESTAMP = date1))

# extracting seconds from time stamp
df['extracted_seconds_timestamp'] = df['GENERATEDTIMESTAMP'].dt.second

# displaying DataFrame
display(df)
Output :

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Anyone that builds with wood always says you have got to have a table saw in your workshop, or "your workshop isn't a proper shop without one".
To be honest we couldn't agree more. They are a great tool that has transformed the industry by making it more efficient and consistent. Producing a professional end result at an affordable price point for even the home DIYer.
But what do woodworkers and craftsmen actually use a table saw far?
What Is A Table Saw?
It is easy to get confused with many different types of power saws on the market such as miter saws, bandsaw, or jigsaws. Let's quickly go through what makes a table saw, also known as a bench saw or sawbench, different from other power saw tools.
A table saw is a tool used commonly for woodworking, quick repetitive cuts as well as angle cuts with the correct jig.
It is often the most used tool in a workshop due to its ease of use and constancy. They consist of two main parts; a table that can come in various sizes and an adjustable saw blade.
Table saws have an inbuilt circular saw blade that is mounted to an arbor. This is used to adjust the height and angle of the saw blade. The arbor is mounted to the underside of the table surface and allows the saw blade to protrude through the table.
Various attachments can be used with a table saw such as a rip fence and miter gauge. The most professional models have built-in sawdust extraction and laser guide systems.
Types Of Table Saw
Depending on where a table saw is needed to be used or what it is used for there are different variations to suit.
The most common types to be found in workshops are Contractor and Cabinet table saws. These are large static machines that are designed to be left in situ inside a workshop.
Benchtop and Jobsite table saws are more portable as they are meant to be taken to your worksite. These have a small table area and a Jobsite table comes with its own stand.
Common Cuts Using A Table Saw
One of the main reason's woodworkers love to use a table saw is the range of cuts they can perform.
Rip Cut
A rip cut is along the length of the material, parallel with the grain of the wood. Made by aligning the material length, using the rip fence, to the saw blade.
 1. Position the rip fence at the desired distance from the blade.
 2. Adjust the blade height to no more than a quarter of an inch above the material.
 3. Place your material against the rip fence and turn on the saw
 4. Using both hands firmly guide the material towards the saw blade
 5. When close to the blade use a push stick to guide the material
 6. Turn off the blade and allow to stop before removing the pieces
A crosscut is for cutting narrow widths perpendicular to the grain of the wood. A miter gauge or sled is used to align the material.
 1. Measure and mark your material
 2. Place against the sled and clamp into place if needed
 3. Power on the table saw and move the sled towards the blade
 4. Turn off the saw before removing the material pieces
Miter & Bevel Cuts
Table saws use an arbor to adjust the height and also crucially the angle of the blade on more advanced machines. This helps to cut the different thickness of wood safely and also make bevel cuts. At least one miter slot is a common feature of the table as it allows for a miter gauge to be attached which in turn is used for miter (angle) cuts.
What Is A Jig?
A jig combined with a rip fence is used to create consistent cuts of the same width. These can be as simple as clamping a piece of wood at a set distance or building a dedicated jig for repeated cuts such as a miter cut. Other examples include a jointer jig, box joint jig, and a perfect circle jig.
Being Safe
As mentioned previously table saws are the most used tool in a workshop. It's no surprise then that you are more likely to get injured using a table saw than any other tool.
We recommend always wearing eye and ear protection when using a table saw. A push stick is an essential tool to keep your hands away from the blade. A carefully designed jig such as a sled can also help keep your hands safe. It will also help to keep the tabletop clear of rust and any damage or indents so that the material can run smoothly across the table.
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Everyone's taste buds have their preferences. Some individuals prefer to bake their chicken, while others prefer to roast it, and yet others crave fried chicken. The dispute over which cooking method produces the juiciest, delicious chicken with crispy skin persists. So, in this piece, we've compared baked vs. roasted chicken in the hopes of finally resolving this age-old debate.
What Exactly is Roasting?
Roasting is a method of cooking that includes heating food over a high temperature with dry heat, usually above 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Roasting food is most commonly done in an oven, but it can also be done over an open flame or in a closed barbeque. Roasted foods include roast chicken, fillets, beef tenderloin, and vegetables like brussels sprouts and potatoes. Most convection ovens offer a roast option, which circulates hot air in the oven for a more even cook.
Broiling, another high-heat cooking technique, should not be confused with roasting. Broiling is cooking something over high heat in a typical oven with the heating element directly above the food.
What Exactly is Baking?
Baking is cooking food with dry heat at mild temperatures, usually below 375 degrees Fahrenheit. Baking alters the structure of a dish while it cooks. When a liquid batter or dough is baked, it becomes a solid food. Bread, cakes, and other desserts are examples of this type of food. A convection bake option is found on most convection ovens, which circulate hot air throughout the oven for equal cooking.
What is Baked Chicken?
Baked chicken is chicken that has been baked at a reduced temperature in an oven. Baking chicken that has been marinated in buttermilk and spices for hours or even days is a fantastic method to prepare it.
The end product is juicy inside with crispy skin on the exterior and a flavor explosion. Baked chicken can be prepared in various ways, including filling it with cheese and ham or seasoning it with salt and pepper.
Baked chicken, regardless of the recipe you choose, has the bonus of being lower in fat than fried or roasted chicken because it doesn't use any oil or butter for cooking.
What is Roasted Chicken?
Roasted chicken has been roasted at a higher temperature to brown the skin, usually in an open and uncovered skillet.
Any housewife's kitchen should have roasted chicken on hand. It's quick and simple to make, and it tastes fantastic. In diverse recipes, roasted chicken is combined with a variety of other spices and seasonings, resulting in numerous variations. But they all taste fantastic.
What is the Difference Between Roasted and Baked Chicken?
Baked chicken is cooked in an oven, whereas roasted chicken is cooked in an open pan with fat or oil on a roasting rack.
The main difference between these two cooking methods is that one utilizes an open pan while the other uses a confined space for heat to flow around it; as a result, baked chicken is juicier than fried chicken.
Because there is more steam produced, as opposed to direct contact with high temperatures, which causes browning of the meat.
The skin of the roasted chicken is crispier than that of baked chicken.
On the other hand, roasted chicken allows the skin to come into direct contact with hot oil and crisp up as it cooks.
You might not even need sauce with all that sweetness from roasting and the dripping fat from the bird itself.
The flavor of roasted chicken is derived from the cooking process, but the flavor of baked chicken is derived from the seasoning applied before cooking.
You can easily baste the chicken with sauce or seasonings while roasting.
When it comes to baked chicken, however, the flavor is determined by how the meat is marinated before baking.
You may also take the chicken out of the oven to give it a coat of sauce outside to prevent it from burning or drying out.
Roasted chickens have more fat than baked birds, making them juicier and more flavorful.
The fat from roasted chicken will flow out and be partially retained inside the bird due to the difference in cooking methods, making it juicer and more delicious.
Keep your eyes open while roasting chicken to avoid drying the flesh and scorching the skin.
What are the Similarities and Differences Between Baked and Roasted Chicken?
To some extent, baked chicken and its roasted version are comparable. Here are some of the similarities between the two chicken dishes:
They are chicken meals with crispy skin and succulent flesh on the interior.
Crispy and gorgeous caramel color can be achieved by using a high heat temperature and cooking for a long time.
The chicken flesh should be soft and juicy when cooked properly.
They can be served with the same side dishes.
The smokey, sweet-and-savory flavor of roasted and baked chicken comes from the chicken meat and marinating herbs and spices.
Because they're very comparable in texture, you may serve baked or roasted chicken with roasted veggies, salad, or rich and creamy mashed potatoes.
When Should Chicken be Baked or Roasted?
It's important to understand the difference between roasting and baking chicken. If you're not careful, baked chicken can come out a little dry. It's easy to overcook the chicken and dry it out as the liquids have been baked. Dry chicken, of course, is not only less juicy but also less flavorful.
Roasting, on the other hand, can cause the same issue. You can dry the chicken and burn it to a crisp if you roast it for too long. Remember that roasting occurs at a higher temperature with heat coming from all sides, so making a temperature or time mistake can ruin your roasted bird. It has the potential to become not only blackened but also scorched.
Roasting is the way to go if you want a crisp outer shell on your chicken. Baking doesn't allow for that, and if you bake the chicken to the point where the skin is crispy, you've probably entirely dried the bird out. One of the benefits of roasting a chicken is that you get that crispy skin while still getting luscious, juicy chicken meat on the inside. That's a fantastic combo that's almost too good to be true.
You can roast a chicken in a roasting pan, which is usually a deep dish pan like the one used to roast a Thanksgiving or Christmas turkey. Why wait until the holidays to enjoy succulent roast chicken? Using a roasting pan and basic roasting methods, you may obtain that delicious experience whenever you want. You don't need additional heating equipment to roast a chicken in your oven.
What is the Distinction Between Roasting and Baking?
Even while these cooking procedures are practically comparable in today's kitchen, there are a few differences.
The structure of the food is the fundamental difference between different cooking methods. Cooking items with a solid structure before the cooking process begins is known as roasting (think: meat and vegetables). Baking entails items that lack structure at first becoming solid and losing their "space" during the cooking process (think: cakes and muffins)
Temperature: According to several sources, the oven's temperature setting distinguishes these two cooking methods. To develop a browned, tasty "crust" on the outside of the food being cooked, roasting requires a higher temperature (400°F and above), whereas baking requires a lower temperature (up to 375°F).
While many baked foods have fat on the inside, an outside layer of fat, such as vegetables or meat drizzled with olive oil, indicates roasting.
Roasting is usually done in an open, uncovered pan, whereas baking is usually in a covered pan.
What Types of Chicken are there, and How are they Classified?
Chickens are divided into groups based on their age and weight. Young chickens are soft and cook quickly, whereas older chickens require lengthy, moist cooking.
The amount of time it takes to cook a chicken depends on your method and the part and size of the bird you're cooking. For outstanding poultry cuisine, consider the following weights and cooking methods:
Broiler-fryers: Young chicks weighing 1-1/2 to 3-1/2 pounds, aged 7 to 10 weeks. Broiled, fried, or roasted are the best options.
Roasters: Chickens a little older (16 weeks) weigh between 4 and 6 pounds. Roasting and rotisserie cooking is ideal.
Capons are little, castrated roosters that weigh between 5 and 7 pounds. These meatier birds have a higher fat content than roasters and richer flavor.
Adult chickens (1 to 1-1/2 years old) weighing 4-1/2 to 7 pounds are called stewing hens. Their flesh is rougher and stringier, but it has a lot of flavors, so it's great for soups, stocks, and stews.
Chicken parts: Almost every recipe can benefit from cut-up chickens, usually broiler-fryers. Choose halves or quarters, or select specific sections such as breasts, thighs, wings, and drumsticks, as well as legs (thighs with drumsticks attached).
Boneless, skinless pieces: These simple solutions, a popular choice among today's cooks, offer convenience and faster cooking times. Breasts and thighs that are boneless and skinless are commonly accessible, and cutlets (also known as supremes) and tenders are two other options.
For a Safe Roast Chicken, How Long Should I Cook it?
The USDA recommends roasting the chicken until its internal temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
There's a lot of advice about what that means in minutes per pound or prodding your bird to see whether the juices flow clear,


What is the National Animal of Ireland?
The mountain hare, the national mammal of the country of the Ireland.
A national animal, just like any other state symbol, must have symbolic meaning in order to represent a country. To this Ireland is no exception. However, because the country was not partitioned until 1922 many national symbols represent the period of Ireland before the division.
The National Bird
In the year 1990, the Irish Wildlife conservancy declared the northern lapwing bird as the national bird of the Republic of Ireland, while the Eurasian oystercatcher acts as the national bird for Northern Ireland. This decision was made in 1961 albeit unofficially. Several birds have been put forward as suitable candidates for the national bird position. These birds have included species such as the peregrine falcon, Eurasian curlew, Bohemian waxwing, common swift, and northern pintail.
The national fish of Ireland is the Nothern pike. Fresh water fish have been described as Ireland's national fish. They are also called coarse fish. This category includes the likes of bream perch and carp.
Dog Breed
The national dog breed for the Republic of Ireland is the Irish Wolfhound though some people contest the idea, proposing the Kerry Blue Terrier as the substitute.
The national land animal is not very clear although the Irish Hare has been treated as the national animal. It can be noted that the hare was not the original idea for a national animal. Initially the Irish elk is what was defined as the national animal, an iconic mammal that was found in the whole of Northern Europe. Since this mammal no longer exists, the next possible contender for the spot was the red deer. This was not well received as its origin was also not very clear. Some people still consider the red deer as the national animal. It has faced extinction as its population reduced to such a point that a conservation project was created just to protect the species.
The mountain hare was agreed on as the national animal. This animal is unique to Ireland and not found in any other place. Despite their position of importance this sub species is sadly on a slow decline. The number of mountain hares has been reducing gradually to the concern of many in Ireland who love the animal. According to a survey that was carried out in farms around mountainous areas, the animal might need to be protected from consumption.
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Entity Framework Model Inheritance with SQL CE 4
For some (unknown) reason, I've been curious to work with SQL CE, just hadn't gotten a chance to work with it. If you're not familiar with what SQL CE is all about, go through this article from Scott Gu.
To begin with I have an empty MVC 3 application. In the App_Data folder, I choose to add a SQL Server Compact 4.0 Local Database calling it Person:
image
Switch to the Server Explorer to add a new table to the database:
image
My Person schema looks like this:
image
Just as a reminder, all this is done using Visual Studio 2010 itself (no switching back-and-forth between SQL Management Studio and VS2010).
The general idea is this. This table represents a person who is either employed or is a student. The IsStudent column makes this distinction. If the entry is a student, the IsStudent will be true, UniversityName column will have a value and the CompanyName remains null. The vice-versa is true for a person who is employed. That completes my SQL Compact database work. Let's get to the Entity Framework side of the project.
I have added an ADO.NET Entity Data Model to my project and named it as PersonModel.
image
Right-click in the white-space of the page and choose Add->Entity to bring up the Add Entity dialog:
image
Set the entity name as Student and the base type as Person. The resulting diagram will look like this:
image
Now we know that UniversityName column belongs to a student, so let's move it down to the Student entity. To do this, just cut the column name from the Person entity and paste it in the Student entity.
image
I'll go ahead and do the same process to create an Employee entity and move the CompanyName column to this entity.
image
Open the Mapping Details window (View->Other Window->Entity Data Model Mapping Details). Select the Employee entity and make the changes as shown in the image below:
image
Here's what all that means. For this Employee entity, the CompanyName property is correctly mapped to the CompanyName column of the Person table. The column UniversityName makes no sense for the Employee entity so there's no mapping for it and remains null for this entity. There's also a condition added here for the IsStudent column. This maps the Person table entry to the Employee entity when the value is 0.
A very similar set up is done for the Student entity as well with a difference that there will be no mapping for the CompanyName column and the IsStudent condition is set to 1.
I also delete the IsStudent property from the Person entity as the derived entities define this property. As a last step, I mark the Person entity as abstract (Right-Click->Properties->Abstract=True). And I'm done setting up my entity model.
Coming to the coding part now, I have a Create action method in the Home controller.
image
You see that the UniversityName and the IsStudent properties are missing from this entity. The PersonId and Name are inherited from the Person entity and since CompanyName property belongs to the Employee entity, it shows up in bold face.
 1: public ActionResult Create()
 2: {
 3: using (PersonEntities personEntities = new PersonEntities())
 4: {
 5: Employee employee = new Employee
 6: {
 7: Name = "Vijay Kumar",
 8: CompanyName = "Contoso Inc",
 9: // IsStudent, UniversityName not visible
 10: };
 11: // .AddToEmployee/Student not an option
 12: // cos Student and Employee are not database concepts
 13: // they're only entities mapping to the Person entity
 14: personEntities.AddToPeople(employee);
 15:
 16: Student student = new Student
 17: {
 18: Name = "Suraj Kumar",
 19: UniversityName = "Contoso School Of Art",
 20: };
 21: personEntities.AddToPeople(student);
 22: personEntities.SaveChanges();
 23: }
 24:
 25: return RedirectToAction("Index");
 26: }
That right there is the complete implementation of Create action method. I run the app and go to home/create page. This adds the two records to the database table and gets redirected to the Index action method (not yet shown).
Before we go into the Index action method, let's see what it looks like in the database. From the Server Explorer, right-click on the Person table and choose New Query.
image
There they are - the two entries that we created. You see that IsStudent, UniversityName and CompanyName columns are set accordingly on the two records.
image
My Index action method is just a call to pull out all the entries of the table and pass the collection to the view.
 1: public ActionResult Index()
 2: {
 3: List<Person> people = new List<Person>();
 4: using (PersonEntities personEntities = new PersonEntities())
 5: {
 6: people = personEntities.People.ToList();
 7: }
 8: return View(people);
 9: }
There's an interesting thing that happens when I run the application.
image
The two entries that get loaded into the person collection are of type Employee and Student and not of type Person. This is due to the condition that we set up in the Mapping Details window earlier. This is absolutely amazing and can be used for various types of implementation. As a simple example, I can render these two types differently in my output. See below for the views:
image
And the Student and Employee display templates are:
image
Finally, this is the output that gets rendered. You'll see the change in the background color of the two partial renderings.
image
Sample code
Verdict: Entity Framework + SQL CE = Easy to use and makes way for some powerful programming - that says it all!
Published Tuesday, March 29, 2011 12:20 PM by nmarun
Comments
# re: Entity Framework Model Inheritance with SQL CE 4
Tuesday, March 29, 2011 2:14 AM by Lohith
Excellent dude... keep it comin :)
# re: Entity Framework Model Inheritance with SQL CE 4
Tuesday, April 3, 2012 3:42 PM by is this db
Is the DB not being normalized?
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Giant Marble Harvests Energy From Sun And Moon
It looks like a giant, glass marble. But this globe is no game. It's a sun-tracking, solar energy concentrator created by Barcelona-based architects Rawlemon and, according to the designers, is able to collect not just sunlight but moonlight as well. The weatherproof sphere is designed to rotate and follow the sun across the sky. It's so sensitive to light that at night, it can even harvest moonlight and convert it into electricity.
Andre Rawlemon, the architect and designer, says his spherical, sun-tracking glass globe is able to concentrate sunlight and moonlight up to 10,000 times and that the system is 35 percent more efficient than photovoltaic designs that track the sun. One of Rawlemon's idea is to build these globes into the exterior walls of buildings and use them to generate electricity.
Other products to invest in when this technology reaches full commercialization potential: Bounty and Windex.
Seriously though, the ability alone to convert moonlight to electricity could be a game changer for the manufacturers of photovoltaic cells where typical solar panels offer a range of 8 to 12 hours of usable daylight for the generation of electricity.
Coupled with products that offer greater efficiency and other simple behavioral aspects like turning off computers and monitors (or at least put in stand-by) when they're not being used could add up to significant savings and longer-term environmental benefits.


text:
posted by kelvin .
If methane at a pressure of 3.2 atm and at 21 °C is introduced into a container, the gas be heated to ______°C to increase the pressure to 12 atm.
Temperature and Pressure are proportional. If you increase the temperature, the pressure will increase.
P1/T1 = P2/T2
Temperature has to be in Kelvin
C + 273 = K
i got 352 is that right
I got something different:
3.2/294 = 12/K
That gives us the Kelvin temp then subtract 273 to get C.
i got 831 i don't think this is right???