MPS 2020.2 Help
Diagramming Editor
The diagramming support in MPS allows the language designers to provide graphical editors to their concepts. The diagrams typically consist of blocks, represented by boxes, and connectors, represented by lines connecting the boxes. Both blocks and connectors are visualization of nodes from the underlying model.
Diagramm
Ports (optional) are predefined places on the shapes of the blocks, to which connectors may be attached to. MPS allows for two types of ports - input and output ones.
Optionally, a palette of available blocks may be displayed on the side of the diagram, so the user could quickly pick the type of the box they need to add to the diagram.
Adding elements
Blocks get added by double-clicking in a free area of the editor. The type of the block is chosen either by activating the particular block type in the palette or by choosing from a popup completion menu that shows up after clicking in the free area.
Connectors get created by dragging from an output port of a block to an input port of another or the same block.
Samples
MPS comes with bundled samples of diagramming editors. You can try the componentDependencies or the mindMaps sample projects for initial familiarization with how diagrams can be created.
Dependencies
In order to be able to define diagramming editors in your language, the language has to have the required dependencies and used languages properly set:
Used languages and developer kits
Dependencies
 - jetbrains.mps.lang.editor.diagram - the language for defining diagrams
 - jetbrains.mps.lang.editor.figures (optional) - a language for defining custom visual elements (blocks and connectors)
 - jetbrains.jetpad and jetbrains.mps.lang.editor.diagram.runtime - runtime libraries that handle the diagram rendering and behavior
Diagram definition
Let's start from the concept that should be the root of the diagram. The diagramming editor for that node will contain the diagram editor cell:
Editor cell
The diagram cell needs its content parameter to hold all the nodes that should become part of the diagram. In our case we pass in all the components (will be rendered as blocks) and their dependencies (will be rendered as connectors). The way these nodes are rendered is defined by their respective editor definitions, as explained later.
Down in the Inspector element creation handlers can be defined. These get invoked whenever a new visual block is to be created in the diagram. Each handler has several properties to set:
 - name - an arbitrary name to represent the option of creating a new element in the completion menu and in the palette
 - container - a collection of nodes that the newly created node should be added to
 - concept - the concept of the node that gets created through the handler, defaults to the type of the nodes in the container, but allows sub-types to be specified instead
 - on create - a handler that can manipulate the node before it gets added to the model and rendered in the diagram. Typically the name is set to some meaningful value and the position of the block on the screen is saved into the model.
There can be multiple element creation handlers defined.
Similarly, connector creation handlers can be defined for the diagram cell to handle connector creation. On top of the attributes already described for element creation handlers, connector creation handlers have these specific attributes:
 - can create - a concept function returning a boolean value and indicating whether a connector with the specified properties can be legally constructed and added to the diagram.
 - on create - a concept function that handles creation of a now connector.
 - the from and to parameters to these functions specify the source and target nodes (represented by a Block or a Port) for the new connection.
 - the fromId and toId parameters to these functions specify the ids of the source and target nodes (represented by a Block or a Port) for the new connection.
Elements get created when the user double-clicks in the editor. If multiple element types are available, a completion popup menu shows up.
Connectors get created when the user drags from the source block or its output port to a target block or its input port.
Palette
Pallete
The optional palette will allow developers to pick a type of blocks and links to create whenever double-clicking or dragging in the diagram. The palette is defined for diagram editor cells and apart from specifying the creation components allows for visual grouping and separating of the palette items..
Blocks
The concepts for the nodes that want to participate in diagramming as blocks need to provide properties that will preserve useful diagramming qualities, such as x/y coordinates, size, color, title, and so on.
Diagram properties
Additionally, the nodes should provide input and output ports, which connectors can visually connect to.
The editor will then use the diagram node cell:
Diagram node cell
The diagram node cell requires a figure to be specified. This is a reference to a figure class that defines the visual layout of the block using the jetpad framework. MPS comes with a set of pre-defined graphical shapes in the jetbrains.mps.lang.editor.figures.library solution, which you can import and use. Each figure may expose several property fields that hold visual characteristics of the figure. All the figure parameters should be specified in the editor definition, most likely by mapping them to the node's properties defined in the concept:
Diagram editor for the concept
The values for parameters may ether be references to the node's properties, or BaseLanguage expressions prepended with the # character. You can use this to refer to the edited node from within the expression.
If the node defines input and output ports, they should also be specified as parameters here so that they get displayed in the diagram. Again, to specify ports you can either refer to the node's properties or use a BaseLanguage expression prepended with the # character.
Custom figures
Alternatively you can define your own figures. These are BaseLanguage classes implementing the jetbrains.jetpad.projectional.view.View interface (or its descendants) and annotated with the @Figure annotation. Use the @FigureParameter annotation to demarcate property fields, such as widthheight, and so on.
myCell
The MovableContentView interface provides additional parameters to the figure class:
MovableContentView
By studying jetbrains.mps.lang.editor.figures.library you may get a better understanding of the jetpad library and its inner workings.
Connectors
The nodes that will be represented by connectors do not need to preserve any diagramming properties. As of version 3.1 connectors cannot be visually customized and will be always rendered as a solid black line. This will most likely change in one of the following versions of MPS.
Connectors
The editor for the node needs to contain a diagram connector cell:
Diagram connector cell
The cell requires a source and a target for the connector. These can either be ports:
Connector settings
or nodes themselves:
Connector settings
The values may again be direct references to node's properties or BaseLanguage expressions prepended with the # character.
Rendering ports
Input and output ports should use the input port and output port editor cells, respectively. The rendering of ports cannot be customized in MPS 3.1, but will be most likely enabled in later versions.
Using implicit ports
In some situations you will not be able to represent ports directly in the model. You'll only want to use blocks and connectors, but ports will have to be somehow derived from the model. This case can easily be supported:
 1. Decide on the representation of ports. Each port will be represented by a unique identifier, such as number or a string
 2. Have the concept for the blocks define behavior methods that return collections of identifiers - separately for input and output ports
 Defining behavior
 3. Use the methods to provide the inputPorts and outputPorts parameters to the DiagramNode editor cell
 methods of the DiagramNode
 4. In the connector editor cell refer to the block's node as source and target. Append the requested id after the # symbol
 connector reference
Last modified: 08 May 2020


The Man Behind the Graham Cracker
Did you know? The graham cracker is named after an American Presbyterian minister. Today we remember Reverend Sylvester Graham, who was born on July 5, 1794.
Graham was a social reformer who recommended a strict diet for people to stay pure and healthy. He advocated drinking only pure water and eating only a high-fiber vegetarian diet. This included bread made at home from unsifted wheat flour (as opposed to refined white flour).
Graham's followers began marketing graham flour, graham bread and graham crackers. (Graham was not involved in any of these products and never earned any royalties from their sales.) reports that "although Graham had his adherents during his lifetime, he was mostly regarded as a bit of a nut." For instance, Graham believed that mustard and ketchup cause insanity. (Come to think of it, that could explain a lot of things.)
(The reason why Graham advocated his stringent diet is best left to a separate discussion. But you can read more about that here.)
Whole wheat contains an array of phytochemicals. These naturally occurring plant chemicals contain antioxidants that can stimulate the immune system, repair damaged DNA and help your body fight cancer. Compounds include phytosterols (which can lower cholesterol) and tocols (which can prevent certain diseases).
American researchers studied six whole wheat products to characterize their antioxidant capacity. Products included biscuits, graham crackers, pasta, toasted chips, wheat crackers and woven wheat crackers. Analytical equipment included an Agilent gas chromatograph coupled to an Agilent mass spectrometer.
Interestingly, the researchers found that whole wheat content does not correlate with phytochemical content.
"Ingredients other than whole wheat in the products appear to contribute substantially to the phytosterol and tocol content," the researchers write, "as their composition were dissimilar to those reported for plain whole wheat." These "other" ingredients, the researchers theorize, may include soybean oil.
For more information go to:


text:
Why it took so long: and star ron perlman was forced to take a pay cut that he graciously did so but was forced to wait until the technology needed to make. 07092006 hi all, i had the same prob, after the boot i had to wait with an empty dektop for 2-3 minutes i did all the above mentioned and nothing, the same prob i. 05052018 it did not take that long there was resistance from the confederacy since their economy was built on slavery, and remarkably a war hade to be fought to. _PHONE_ why did the cold war last so long in office were using all the gas to take personal fact finding trips the cold warand how long did it. Why did it take so long for penicillin to be produced in britain on a large scale it took a long time for penicillin to be produced on a large scale in.
Relationships with narcissists take an unusually long time to recover from survivors often find themselves frustrated because they haven't healed as fast as they. Why did it take so long to abolish the slave trade define slave trade the procuring, transporting, and selling of human beings as slaves, in particular. _PHONE_ why did it take so long for the new testament to be written.
It took a very long time to discover the planet pluto mainly as it is a small one and it is also the last planet of the nine from the sun, and a very powerful. _PHONE_ why it took so long for hamlet to kill claudius essayswhy did it take so long for hamlet to kill claudius the theatrical play hamlet by william. Get an answer for 'why did it take the union so long to defeat the south your answer should include a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages both sides faced.Why did it take so long for colonist to make the declaration of independent they did not group together very fast, most did not like being a colony but no one. Why did it take so long to make the sequel plus, what was it like the first day on set farrelly brothers: why it took so long to make 'dumb & dumber to. Why did it take my brain so long to figure out what was going on in this pic from facebook tagged as dank meme.
27052009 why does it take so long for my laptop to start up you are reporting the following post: why does it take so long for my laptop to start up. I have emailed the 'helpdesk' but i just got a standard reply which did not help either i am so fed up why does my payment take so long why should we send. 04102013 [b]question: why does my laptop take so long to shut down[/b] i am having a problem and cannot figure out what it is.
05102017 originally posted by common sense 1 where did you get this information i watched a press briefing and the sheriff's dept said he stopped shooting aft. Texas would be admitted as a slave state, and it would upset the balance of the equal number of states being slave states and non-slave states. 29022008 why did people take her seriously for so long raising questions about the authenticity of someone's holocaust testimony, however implausible it seems, is. Start studying social studies chp 2 learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, why did it take so long for early people to reach south america.
Why does my computer take so long to boot up are you in front of that computer monitor staring at the hour glass icon that has been up on your screen for five minutes. _PHONE_ why is your number port taking so long it's a system invented before people had the wizard-like ability to take so that's how and why. _PHONE_ so how long will my job search take how long do you expect your job search to take probably longer than you think how long will my job search take.Download

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: Field sensors were deployed to determine tidal creek flow measurements and their associated turbidity changes during flood and ebb cycles. These measurements can aid in our understanding of sediment transport and possible accretion patterns occurring in Meadowlands wetlands. The study detected a clear tidal discharge asymmetry of the marsh drainage system. It has been suggested that these tidal discharge asymmetries occur as a consequence of drainage basin morphology and storage characteristics in conjunction with prevailing tidal range and stage (Boon 1975). In this study we use GIS to determine general basin morphology and storage characteristics of five tidal creek basins and compare these with the corresponding stage velocity curves. If there is a strong correlation between landscape metrics, properties, sediment transport, and accretion; then we could use landscape metrics to monitor and predict accretion rates without having to actually measure sediment transport.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


- Tutorials >
 - (beta) Building a Convolution/Batch Norm fuser in FX
(beta) Building a Convolution/Batch Norm fuser in FX
Author: Horace He
In this tutorial, we are going to use FX, a toolkit for composable function transformations of PyTorch, to do the following:
 1. Find patterns of conv/batch norm in the data dependencies.
 2. For the patterns found in 1), fold the batch norm statistics into the convolution weights.
Note that this optimization only works for models in inference mode (i.e. mode.eval())
We will be building the fuser that exists here: _URL_ First, let's get some imports out of the way (we will be using all of these later in the code).
from typing import Type, Dict, Any, Tuple, Iterable
import copy
import torch.fx as fx
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
For this tutorial, we are going to create a model consisting of convolutions and batch norms. Note that this model has some tricky components - some of the conv/batch norm patterns are hidden within Sequentials and one of the BatchNorms is wrapped in another Module.
class WrappedBatchNorm(nn.Module):
 def __init__(self):
 self.mod = nn.BatchNorm2d(1)
 def forward(self, x):
 return self.mod(x)
class M(nn.Module):
 def __init__(self):
 self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1)
 self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(1)
 self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1)
 self.nested = nn.Sequential(
 nn.Conv2d(1, 1, 1),
 self.wrapped = WrappedBatchNorm()
 def forward(self, x):
 x = self.conv1(x)
 x = self.bn1(x)
 x = self.conv2(x)
 x = self.nested(x)
 x = self.wrapped(x)
 return x
model = M()
Fusing Convolution with Batch Norm
One of the primary challenges with trying to automatically fuse convolution and batch norm in PyTorch is that PyTorch does not provide an easy way of accessing the computational graph. FX resolves this problem by symbolically tracing the actual operations called, so that we can track the computations through the forward call, nested within Sequential modules, or wrapped in an user-defined module.
traced_model = torch.fx.symbolic_trace(model)
This gives us a graph representation of our model. Note that both the modules hidden within the sequential as well as the wrapped Module have been inlined into the graph. This is the default level of abstraction, but it can be configured by the pass writer. More information can be found at the FX overview _URL_
Fusing Convolution with Batch Norm
Unlike some other fusions, fusion of convolution with batch norm does not require any new operators. Instead, as batch norm during inference consists of a pointwise add and multiply, these operations can be "baked" into the preceding convolution's weights. This allows us to remove the batch norm entirely from our model! Read _URL_ for further details. The code here is copied from _URL_ clarity purposes.
def fuse_conv_bn_eval(conv, bn):
 Given a conv Module 'A' and an batch_norm module 'B', returns a conv
 module 'C' such that C(x) == B(A(x)) in inference mode.
 assert(not (conv.training or bn.training)), "Fusion only for eval!"
 fused_conv = copy.deepcopy(conv)
 fused_conv.weight, fused_conv.bias = \
 fuse_conv_bn_weights(fused_conv.weight, fused_conv.bias,
 bn.running_mean, bn.running_var, bn.eps, bn.weight, bn.bias)
 return fused_conv
def fuse_conv_bn_weights(conv_w, conv_b, bn_rm, bn_rv, bn_eps, bn_w, bn_b):
 if conv_b is None:
 conv_b = torch.zeros_like(bn_rm)
 if bn_w is None:
 bn_w = torch.ones_like(bn_rm)
 if bn_b is None:
 bn_b = torch.zeros_like(bn_rm)
 bn_var_rsqrt = torch.rsqrt(bn_rv + bn_eps)
 conv_w = conv_w * (bn_w * bn_var_rsqrt).reshape([-1] + [1] * (len(conv_w.shape) - 1))
 conv_b = (conv_b - bn_rm) * bn_var_rsqrt * bn_w + bn_b
 return torch.nn.Parameter(conv_w), torch.nn.Parameter(conv_b)
FX Fusion Pass
Now that we have our computational graph as well as a method for fusing convolution and batch norm, all that remains is to iterate over the FX graph and apply the desired fusions.
def _parent_name(target : str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
 Splits a qualname into parent path and last atom.
 For example, 'foo.bar.baz' -> ('foo.bar', 'baz')
 *parent, name = target.rsplit('.', 1)
 return parent[0] if parent else '', name
def replace_node_module(node: fx.Node, modules: Dict[str, Any], new_module: torch.nn.Module):
 assert(isinstance(node.target, str))
 parent_name, name = _parent_name(node.target)
 setattr(modules[parent_name], name, new_module)
def fuse(model: torch.nn.Module) -> torch.nn.Module:
 model = copy.deepcopy(model)
 # The first step of most FX passes is to symbolically trace our model to
 # obtain a 'GraphModule'. This is a representation of our original model
 # that is functionally identical to our original model, except that we now
 # also have a graph representation of our forward pass.
 fx_model: fx.GraphModule = fx.symbolic_trace(model)
 modules = dict(fx_model.named_modules())
 # The primary representation for working with FX are the 'Graph' and the
 # 'Node'. Each 'GraphModule' has a 'Graph' associated with it - this
 # 'Graph' is also what generates 'GraphModule.code'.
 # The 'Graph' itself is represented as a list of 'Node' objects. Thus, to
 # iterate through all of the operations in our graph, we iterate over each
 # 'Node' in our 'Graph'.
 for node in fx_model.graph.nodes:
 # The FX IR contains several types of nodes, which generally represent
 # call sites to modules, functions, or methods. The type of node is
 # determined by 'Node.op'.
 if node.op!= 'call_module': # If our current node isn't calling a Module then we can ignore it.
 # For call sites, 'Node.target' represents the module/function/method
 # that's being called. Here, we check 'Node.target' to see if it's a
 # batch norm module, and then check 'Node.args[0].target' to see if the
 # input 'Node' is a convolution.
 if type(modules[node.target]) is nn.BatchNorm2d and type(modules[node.args[0].target]) is nn.Conv2d:
 if len(node.args[0].users) > 1: # Output of conv is used by other nodes
 conv = modules[node.args[0].target]
 bn = modules[node.target]
 fused_conv = fuse_conv_bn_eval(conv, bn)
 replace_node_module(node.args[0], modules, fused_conv)
 # As we've folded the batch nor into the conv, we need to replace all uses
 # of the batch norm with the conv.
 # Now that all uses of the batch norm have been replaced, we can
 # safely remove the batch norm.
 # After we've modified our graph, we need to recompile our graph in order
 # to keep the generated code in sync.
 return fx_model
We make some simplifications here for demonstration purposes, such as only matching 2D convolutions. View _URL_ for a more usable pass.
Testing out our Fusion Pass
We can now run this fusion pass on our initial toy model and verify that our results are identical. In addition, we can print out the code for our fused model and verify that there are no more batch norms.
fused_model = fuse(model)
inp = torch.randn(5, 1, 1, 1)
torch.testing.assert_allclose(fused_model(inp), model(inp))
Benchmarking our Fusion on ResNet18
We can test our fusion pass on a larger model like ResNet18 and see how much this pass improves inference performance.
import torchvision.models as models
import time
rn18 = models.resnet18()
inp = torch.randn(10, 3, 224, 224)
output = rn18(inp)
def benchmark(model, iters=20):
 for _ in range(10):
 begin = time.time()
 for _ in range(iters):
 return str(time.time()-begin)
fused_rn18 = fuse(rn18)
print


text:
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article
|Journal publication date||03/1991|
|Journal||Semiconductor Science and Technology|
|Number of pages||5|
A non-quantum interference mechanism in the current-voltage characteristics of double-barrier semiconductor heterostructures is suggested. It is based on the admixing of independent contributions of channels corresponding to different values of the electron momentum along the plane of device. The disturbing of coherence of channels due to non-parabolicity of the conduction band and magnetic field parallel to the plane causes a modulation of amplitude of resonant oscillations (looking like beats) in devices with wide interbarrier space. In the simplest cases the amplitude of oscillations depends on the voltage drop V and magnetic field H as sin(V3/2)/V3/2 and J1(H)/H respectively. Our consideration gives an interpretation of the experiments in a parallel magnetic field.


text:
Judicial Independence, Judges' Incentives and Efficiency
Alessandro Melcarne () and
Giovanni Ramello ()
IEL Working Papers from Institute of Public Policy and Public Choice - POLIS
Although often assumed by economic theory, an efficient judicial system sounds an oxymoron. In this work we suggest an innovative approach investigating the determinants of court performance. Our focus is on the ideal institutional environment fostering the appropriate set of incentives for judges to operate efficiently. In this setting, we find evidence that greater independence enjoyed by the judiciary from politics induces more competition among judges to obtain professional upgrades. Such environment will incentivize ambitious individuals to be more efficient, thus positively affecting the aggregate performance of the judiciary.
Keywords: Judicial Efficiency; Judicial Independence; Judicial Decision-Making; DEA; Clearance Rate (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C14 C34 K41 K49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 25 pages
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cse and nep-law
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (7) Track citations by RSS feed
Downloads: (external link)
_URL_ ... Vma/view?usp=sharing (application/pdf)
Journal Article: Judicial Independence, Judges' Incentives and Efficiency (2015)
Working Paper: Judicial Independence, Judges' Incentives and Efficiency (2015)
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.
Export reference: BibTeX
RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan)
Persistent link: _URL_
Access Statistics for this paper
More papers in IEL Working Papers from Institute of Public Policy and Public Choice - POLIS
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Lucia Padovani ().


text:
Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature Lapse Rates in the Andean region of Ecuador and Peru
To know the vertical distribution of air temperature is complex, and this is necessary for different applications. The main explanatory variable of air temperature is elevation above sea level, whose relationship with air temperature is measured by air temperature lapse rates (LRs). LRs can vary considerably spatiotemporally due to a wide spectrum of geographical, environmental, and other atmospheric factors. Our study presents the first comprehensive assessment of spatiotemporal changes of LRs over the Tropical Andes. Our study is focused on the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes, divided in two subregions by the parallel 9.5° (i.e., north and south). Maximum and minimum air temperatures were employed from 115 quality checked weather stations, for the period 1994–2011. Maximum (LRmax) and minimum (LRmin) air temperature lapse rates have been calculated for the whole study period. The effects of seasonality, humidity content and ENSO on the variability of LRs have been analyzed. Results show that LRs have large spatiotemporal variability, since references values of LRmax range from −3.57 (South, dry season) to −4.77 (North, wet season), and LRmin range from −3.78 (North, dry season) to −4.93°C km−1 (South, dry season), in function of season and subregion. Results indicate that the ENSO phases contribute significantly to the variability of southern subregion LRs. This study also presents that minimum air temperatures were more unpredictable than maximum air temperatures in terms of error and uncertainty, as a consequence of the larger spatial variability of nocturnal air temperatures, mainly influenced by local topography. In conclusion, this work goes deeper into the need to obtain precise LRs adapted to the study region, and shows that the use of standard LR values can cause significant failures in modeling air temperature in regions of complex terrain, such as the Andes.


text:
HEALTH-conscious young families are snapping up allotments across the north west, shaking off their old flat-cap image.
Experts say the plots are growing in popularity as more and more people seize the opportunity to grow their own produce. Fears surrounding the safety of genetically-modified (GM) crops are widely believed to be part of the reason. The government promotion of healthy eating, encouraging more people to take fruit and vegetables, is also playing a part.
Tending to the vegetable patches provides an opportunity to get out in the fresh air and keep fit. Seed companies are reporting a large increase in sales of vegetable seeds, which in some cases have now overtaken the sales of flower seeds.
Roger Bravey, from the Stockport Metropolitan Allotment Garden Association, said: "We have seen an increase in people taking up allotments in the last few years. We've got quite a few young families now. We are finding a lot of people moving towards organic growing because they are sceptical about GM crops."
Geoff Spokes, of the National Society of Allotment and Leisure Gardeners, said: "We are seeing more first-time allotment holders at shows."
National Allotment Week takes place August 8-14 to promote awareness and availability of allotments.


Dust Lamp Surveys are an important aspect of an Occupational Hygienists work in identifying potential hazards and mitigating the dangers of dust in the workplace.
All dusts are assigned into 3 different sizes: inhalable, thoracic and respirable.
 - Inhalable particulate is up to 100 microns in size, can enter the body through the nose or mouth and can impact the respiratory tract.
 - Respirable dust is smaller than 10 microns, can penetrate into the deeper lung (alveola) and cannot be seen in normal light conditions.
 - Thoracic fraction of dusts will penetrate beyond the larynx.
As stated in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 employers must identify hazards and implement measures to prevent or adequately control exposure to dust.
One of the most common hazards that can affect workers is the presence of dust, which can lead to respiratory problems and various other serious health issues.
Thousands of workers fall ill from exposure to dusts every year developing COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), Occupational asthma, other lung diseases and different types of cancer all of which can take many years to develop.
Dust Lamp Surveys ECL
What Is A Dust Lamp Survey?
A Dust Lamp Survey is a method of identifying dust hazards in the workplace as detailed in MDHS 82/2.
This survey involves the use of a specialised lamp that emits a powerful light beam, which can illuminate dust particles that are not visible to the naked eye.
By using a Dust Lamp, we can identify areas where dust is accumulating and needs to be controlled, which can help with preventing health hazards, mitigate the dangers of dust and reduce the risk of potential fires and explosions.
If your COSHH Risk Assessment has highlighted a possible exposure to particulates, the dust lamp is a simple qualitative method to establish the presence and possible risk of airborne particulate.
The method can also be used to determine whether control measures such as local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is capturing contaminants effectively or identify the existence of any leaks in processes or control systems.
Due to the different fractions of dusts, not all dust generated from processes is visible; a Tyndall Beam Dust Survey can however be used to make airborne particulates which are smaller than 10µm aerodynamic diameter visible. Particulates of this size can move with the air they are suspended in and also settle out of the air at a slower rate and can remain airborne for a longer period of time.
The light beam will allow the observer to visualise the presence and see movement of the dust cloud and can be used to identify areas which have likelihood of exposure.
Once high risk areas are identified, further sampling can be carried out using active sampling methods for specific dusts to obtain quantifiable results to compare to relevant Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs).
Alternatively, when an Air Sampling Campaign has been carried out and indicated potentially significant exposure when the results are compared to WELs, the dust lamp can be used to gain an understanding of the source of exposure.
Who Requires Dust Lamp Surveys?
Any workplace where dust is present can benefit from a Dust Lamp Survey, as dust can come in many forms and through a wide variety of processes and industries such as:
 - Factories
 - Construction sites
 - Laboratories
 - Wood Working Processes
 - Demolition Sites
 - Baking Industry Processes For Flour Dusts
Additionally, any workplace that is subject to health and safety regulations must ensure that dust levels are kept within safe limits to reduce the dangers of dust, and a Dust Lamp Survey can help to achieve this.
What Are The Benefits of a Dust Lamp Survey?
There are many benefits to conducting Dust Lamp Surveys in the workplace.
 - It can help to identify areas where dust is accumulating, which can help to prevent respiratory problems and other health issues.
 - It can help to prevent fires and explosions, which can be caused by the accumulation of dust in certain areas.
 - It can help businesses to comply with health and safety regulations, which can prevent costly fines and legal action.
A dust lamp can be used to identify areas of a system in which particulate is escaping. For example, if particulate is still present on surfaces, for example before Wood Dust Monitoring to locate dust around a wood processing machine which is already fitted with LEV, or prior to Silica Dust Monitoring to find fine Respirable Crystalline Silica created by the cutting, grinding or drilling of materials such as concrete, granite, brick and mortar, among others.
The dust lamp can also be used to ascertain the likelihood of personal exposure to water mixed metal working fluid (WMMWF) from CNC machines. As there is no exposure limit for WMMWF or oil mist and exposure must be reduced as low as is reasonably practicable (ALARP); the dust lamp can be used effectively for visualizing potential exposure while operating the machinery.
The use of the dust lamp can help to identify whether the control measures in place are effective at preventing mists escaping into the workplace atmosphere. To comply with ALARP, CNC machines should be fully enclosed, LEV installed and time delays set on doors with good fluid management.
The dust lamp can also be used in conjunction with Smoke Clearance Time Testing to ascertain the time needed for mists/particulates to be cleared from an enclosure by the LEV. The smoke clearance time testing is useful when examining whether a time delay on CNC machines or spray booths are correct / sufficient.
The Dangers of Dust Dust Lamp Survey ECL
How Can ECL help You Mitigate The Dangers of Dust?
Dust Lamp Surveys are an essential part of workplace health and safety.
Whether a company decides to undertake a dust lamp survey alongside an active Workplace Air Monitoring Campaign can sometimes come down to financial constraints, however the company has a legal obligation to identify all potential hazards and ensure workers are protected from them using control measures.
By identifying potential dust hazards, businesses can prevent health issues, fires and explosion risks, whilst complying with health and safety regulations.
Liaising with qualified professional occupational hygienists can help businesses generate appropriate strategies to assess exposure risks within the workplace.
ECL have over 20 years experience with BOHS members at Chartered, Licentiate and Associate levels of the Faculty Occupational Hygiene. We offer a range of Occupational Hygiene Services, including Dust Lamp Surveys, LEV Testing, COSHH Risk Assessments and Occupational Exposure Monitoring.
Our team of highly trained and experienced Occupational Hygienists can help to identify potential dust hazards and provide advice on how to reduce the dangers of dust in the workplace.
By using state-of-the-art equipment to conduct our dust surveys, including specialised dust lamps that can detect even the smallest particles.
Our services are tailored to the needs of each individual business, and we pride ourselves on providing accurate and reliable results.
If you require a Dust Lamp Survey or any of our other Occupational Hygiene services, please contact ECL via our Online Contact Form, by emailing _EMAIL_ or calling us by phone on 01443 841 760 to find out how we can help.


OJO Vol.8 No.4 , April 2018
From Sméagol to Gollum: Mechanical Stress and Bone Remodelling
Author(s) Nicole Pace
ABSTRACT
This imaginary transformation from Sméagol to Gollum is a dramatization of the illusive repercussions of mechanical stress affecting bone. This paper presents the main ideas of mechanical stress and bone remodelling from a novel's perspective. The object of this study is to provide evidence for new ways to explore bone's functional adaptation to mechanical stress made through the copious interpretation and integration of new and existing literature. It tackles the underlying biology of bone cells and how they detect and react to strain stimuli. The different types of mechanical demands in daily activities are sifted through and any misconceptions found fallible in literature are refined. A personal experience of a stress fracture is reviewed to parallel the implications that lead to the incident with the findings on the link between mechanical stress and bone remodelling. Some factors regarding age, gender and ethnicity and the interplay with mechanical stress influencing bone remodelling are considered. Brief overviews of three new medical novelties in bone healing are outlined, hoping that these interventions of proper medical techniques can be a change for the better: one from Gollum to Sméagol rather than vice versa.
1. Introduction
In the movie adaptation of the great work of fiction that is "The Lord of the Rings", movie director, Peter Jackson presents us with the lengthy and multi-faceted transformation that led the weak hobbit Sméagol to turn into the quasi-immortal Gollum. In this imaginary change, bones must have been broken and reformed tens of times at the least, over its nine-hundred-year period. Thus in a few minutes, we witness enormous variation in the creature's overall structure; facial features; garb, gait and pace. Even its diet and behaviour transformed due to the changes in bone structure. This dramatization is a realistic and palpable one albeit being only fantasy.
Now it is not the purpose of this study to discuss this matter at any length but that this helps to illustrate these changes of a human's bones and their effects, and that may exemplify to a general audience the effect of bone remodelling over a period. Firstly, the different aspects of this essay will be individually discussed beginning with mechanical stress, followed by bone remodelling. Definitions will be brushed up and a walk through the cycle of bone remodelling and its fundamental constituents comes next. The different types of mechanical demands in activities of daily living will be sifted through and any misconceptions found fallible in literature are refined. The next part of the essay will focus on the association between the two and the effect that mechanical stress has on bone remodelling. Here, an account of stress fracture injuries is presented and the implications of mechanical stress on bone remodelling debated. The main factors affect bone remodelling through mechanical stress such as age, gender and ethnicity where possible. A brief overview of new medical applications in bone healing is outlined. Ultimately, the general conclusion from all this body of research is showed.
2. Occupational Terminology
Bone is a living rigid tissue that is subtly renewed throughout a person's life. The bones that make up the skeleton are not there just for structural support for the other bodily components but they serve a variety of functions. This includes acting as levers for the surrounding muscles to permit locomotion and movement in several planes; protecting vital internal organs from accidental damage; offering maintenance of intra- and extra-cellular levels of calcium and inorganic phosphate; serving as a stockpile of cytokines and growth factors; and providing the proper medium for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow. In all this, bone must be as lightweight as possible to decrease the overall body mass yet have the mechanical ability to endure stresses whenever a force is loaded upon them. This is mandatory for being able to carry out the conscious functions effortlessly, such as simply walking up the stairs.
2.1. Mechanical Stress
In physical terms, stress is the measure of the internal forces within a continuous material where particles standing adjacent to each other exert these forces on one other. Romani et al. concluded that "whether the stress comes from the pull of a muscle or the shock of a weight-bearing extremity contacting the ground, it is defined as the force applied per unit area of the load-bearing bone" [1] . There is also another type of stress, the physiological one. This can lead to the flight or fight response or if the state of stress prolongs over a longer period this response is stopped but the stress can have severe negative impact on a person's mental and physical well-being. Of course, there are also links between such psychological stress and diseases like osteoporosis that effect bone growth [2] . However, this is not the object of this paper and is to be distinguished from the more physical type of stress, that is mechanical stress that is the subject of the paper.
2.2. Bone Remodelling
The bone remodelling cycle preserves the integrity of the skeleton by strict control of two essentially opposing processes; bone resorption and bone formation, through the complementary toil of its constituent cell types. Bone resorption calls for the removal of mature bone from the skeleton and is accomplished by the bone-degrading osteoclast. The osteoclast cell has an exocrine function that dissolves the minerals in bone and then degrades extracellular matrix proteins by using enzymes. On the other hand, bone formation also known as ossification is as its name implies the growth of new bone tissue for which the bone-forming osteoblast is responsible for. The osteoblast cell produces the organic bone matrix and helps in its mineralization. Last but not least within bone matrix, the osteocyte acts as a mechanotransducer [3] and has a specific role in orchestrating osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. A fourth cell type, "the bone lining cell, is thought to have a specific role in coupling bone resorption to bone formation, perhaps by physically defining bone remodelling compartments" [4] .
3. Mechanical Stress
The quotidian natural forces experienced on bone are predominantly compression, tension, bending, torsion, and shear. Compression and tension are contrasting forces generated by attachments of ligament and muscle pulling on bone. Without cracking, compression causes bone to shorten and widen, thus reducing bone volume, while tension causes bone increase in volume as it lengthens and narrows. Miniscule levels of these forces cause bone to strain [1] . The mechanical aptitude of the bone's quality is reliant on material conformation of the bone's composite; geometry and architecture of the bone's network; and remodelling process repairing microdamage. These characteristics are influenced by external aspects like adaptation to the load itself and internal aspects like disease or aging [5] .
The elasticity and strength of the bone to bear a load is determined by its structure and material composition. Trabecular bone exhibits elastic properties due to its intriguing morphological arrangement [5] but can withstand stress according to the alignment of fibre matrix [1] . The stiffness of bone correlates rather well to tissue mineralization according to compression and bending tests conducted on cortical bone [6] and in fact cortical bone can withstand stress in compression better than in tension [1] .
Bone must be durable in a way that it is stiff to bear muscle forces or body weight, yet still able to resist deformation when the different types of mechanical stresses are applied on bone. Hence, throughout typical daily activity, bone must be able to shock absorb and deform accordingly when muscle forces are caused during nonimpact or impact exercises.
If the bone is made brittle in a sense that it is too stiff and unable to deform to an adequate degree, then the energy stored in the bone will be released and cause the structure to fail. Initially, microcracks will develop and eventually a full fracture will ensue. This may be observed in patients who suffer from osteogenesis imperfecta where the unfitting Type I collagen structure interacts differently with the hydroxyapatite crystals varying bone formation. In turn, collagen fibrils rapidly fail even at minor shearing forces [7] . On the other hand, if the bone is too flexible and deforms beyond peak strain thereby reaching the plastic range, it will also crack. Osteomalacia typically occurring in the elderly as it relates to factors like poor diet and being housebound lead to vitamin D deficiency. In basic terms, lack of vitamin D induces a fall in calcium and phosphate levels altering the mineralization process and deformed bowing on weight bearing bones is observed [8] .
Despite this, Crockett et al. argue that the "presence of microcracks in bone affects mechanosensing and is currently considered a crucial driver of the remodelling response by initiating osteoclastic resorption" [4] .
Acknowledging the influences required to maintain bone stability and the relationship with mechanical properties may lead to improvements in assessing a person's risk of fracture and in weighing the efficacy of new therapies and clinical tools such as prosthesis.
4. Physiology of Bone Remodelling
4.1. Bone Modelling, Turnover and Remodelling
Before heading onto the physiology of bone remodelling, I would like to point out the distinction made between modelling, turnover and remodelling which are


text:
CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE PAST
Levi Jordan Plantation
Conversations about the Past
by Carol McDavid
For more on some problems with the words we use in these conversations, go to Words.
Whose pasts? Many pasts...
This plantation has many histories. This is not to say that "historical facts" don't exist, but it IS to say that the meanings of those facts are perceived differently by different people who have different points of view. Archaeologists see the same "facts" differently than people with different sorts of training, just as different descendants will see certain "facts" differently from each other. And you may have another point of view altogether! We hope this web site will allow all of these different voices to "speak".
How to participate in the conversation...
The Big Picture
The organization overseeing this project, the Levi Jordan Plantation Historical Society, has addressed some of this in its Mission Statement and Statement of Belief. Have a look if you want more of the Big Picture of what we're up to. Or, go to Archaeology and the Internet, or to a report about this project, for more behind-the-scenes information. Also attached is a short essay entitled "Truth Claims, Conversations and Borderlands: Archaeology and the Internet", written during the early stages of this research.
From time to time we will also post information about how all this is working. The first such posting (which will be on this page) will probably be in mid-1999.
HOME * Conversations * Words * Archaeology * History * Ethnography * Community * Media * Descendants
& others * People in the Past * Kids * Bibliography * Definitions * Links * Maps * Search * Table of
For information about this site or this project, contact or.
‹ Carol McDavid 1998

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Water-activated chemical current sources
Magnesium-based alloys containing gallium and thallium, used for water-activated chemical current sources, are produced by batching base components and melting charge in container. Stirring is performed by container rotation with the following melt crystallization. Produced ingot is squeezed from container and rolled as a plate of 0,4 mm thickness at the temperature of 4000oС. Gallium and thallium distribution homogeneity in the volume of produced ingot, which is measured by technology of inductive-connected plasma atomic emission determination of chemical composition, is ±0,1%.
Produced water-activated chemical current sources (WCCS) based on Mg-Ga-Tl electrochemical system are distinguished by long-tome storing within inactivated condition, and by high values of power density.
Water-activated chemical current sources are related to standby power supply and used in marine signaling devices, rescue equipment, at buoys, in geophysical equipment, meteorological balloons, in torpedoes and acoustic buoys.


text:
Why Teach with Documented Problem Solving
Documented problem solving is a teaching and learning technique that requires students to write down the steps they follow when answering a question or solving a problem. According to Angelo and Cross "... students benefit by gaining more awareness of and control over their problem-solving routines." (1993: p. 222) Hess reports that, "The results of the documented problem solving will give the teacher a view of the students' thinking processes... The teacher can use the results to diagnose students' flaws in problem solving and analysis." (1994: p. 4)
Documented Problem Solving Provides a Window into Student Thought Processes
Unlike typical multiple choice, true/false, and short-answer solutions, documented problem solving requires students to think about how they approach a problem as they write down the solution steps. It's the student's reflection on the thought process as they write and the instructor's ability to essentially VIEW the thought process that makes documented problem solving so valuable (Hobson, 2008). Insight into the learning process is beneficial since it allows students and instructors to address learning gaps.
Documented problem solving establishes a dialog with individual students about their learning. This is especially helpful:
- When students are too shy or lack the self confidence to ask questions during class.
- When students think they understand the material and thus neglect to ask questions in class.
- In classes with a large number of students, which prohibits each student from asking questions during class.
- Since it measures student understanding on a more frequent basis than exams alone.
- Think Alouds - A technique similar to documented problem solving that requires students to state out loud what they are thinking as they attempt to solve a problem. The think aloud approach has been used extensively in developmental college math, reading and writing (Carnegie Foundation, 2007). Documented problem solving takes the think aloud concept one step further by asking students to write down the steps they use to solve a problem. In fact, some students may talk out loud as they write down their solution process.
- Brain Dump - The documented problem solving "... strategy is more complex than the brain dump strategy because it attempts to get at deeper issues related to student learning and content/process mastery." (Hobson, 2008: p. 5)
Documented Problem Solving is Closely Aligned with Learning Science Findings
Documented problem solving is closely tied to prominent learning science findings included in How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking, 2000). The Executive Summary states "Science now offers new conceptions of the learning process and the development of competent performance. Recent research provides a deep understanding of complex reasoning and performance on problem-solving tasks and how skill and understanding in key subjects are acquired" (p. xi).
In the process of writing the documented problem solution, students encounter the following:
- Metacognition refers to "... the ability to monitor one's current level of understanding and decide when it is not adequate." (Bransford, et al., p. 35)
- "By prompting students to make each step manifest and explicit, this CAT (classroom assessment technique) promotes the development of discipline-specific metacognitive skills – in this case, awareness of and control over problem-solving processes." (Angelo and Cross, 1993: p. 225)
- In the process of writing a documented problem solution, students who lack understanding will not be able to complete the process. Thus, documented problem solving, in essence, forces students to recognize what they don't know and assists with metacognition.
- Expert-novice learning
- According to (Bransford, et al., p. 19) "... experts have acquired knowledge that affects what they notice and how they organize, represent, and interpret information in their environment. This, in turn, affects their abilities to remember, reason, and solve problems."
- In order to complete the documented problem solving assignment, students need to be able to sort through the information available to them and then write a cohesive, step-by-step process that leads to the appropriate outcome. Clearly some "expert like" qualities are necessary in order to accomplish this task.
- Transfer of learning
- Transfer is defined as "... the ability to extend what has been learned in one context to new contexts." (Bransford, et al., p. 39)
- "Metacognitive approaches to instruction have been shown to increase the degree to which students will transfer to new situations without the need for explicit prompting." (Bransford, et al., p. 55)
- In addition to supporting metacognition, the documented problem solving approach prompts students to transfer prior knowledge to the given problem or question as they write their solution process.
Evidence on Why Documented Problem Solving Works
Anecdotal Evidence - Documented problem solving has been used for several semesters in a Principles of Economics course. It has also been used in other disciplines and the anecdotal evidence reflects the success of the technique.
Empirical Evidence - The success of documented problem solving in the context of a Principles of Economic course is analyzed.


Fast and Furioso: Cuba's Motor Racing Revolution
Cuba's streets are literally lined with signs of change. 'For sale' placards sit in windows of cars and homes, now considered private property. Cuban Americans and tourists exchange ideas and goods with locals. Government billboards proclaim: 'The reforms in Cuba are for more socialism.' People are overwhelmed, excited, uncertain. Against the backdrop of such upheaval, a smaller but significant change has nearly gone unnoticed: the legalization of car racing.
The Cuban Revolution has always had a contentious relationship with racing. In the 1958 Cuban Grand Prix, Fidel Castro's rebels kidnapped Argentine racing legend Fangio in order to publicize their cause. During that same race, an accident killed seven spectators. As a result of these incidents and the 1959 Revolution, car racing came to be viewed as a dangerous and elitist sport in Cuba. In 1962, the sport was banned entirely.
Nevertheless, underground drag racing has thrived, and last year the Cuban people, energized by all the recent reforms, successfully pressured the government to legalize car racing again. Yet in order to have official races, Cuban car clubs were given the task of training their racers and for the past two years we have been following the start-and-stop process for a feature-length documentary.
Hendy Cobas Santana is the President of Amigos del Motor, a club dedicated to promoting a racing culture in Cuba. His mission is to take drag racing off the streets and onto the tracks. But as everything in Cuba, es complicado. Watch the video to see how he does it!
Bent-Jorgen Perlmutt, Lindsey Cordero and Armando Croda are New York-based filmmakers currently working on a feature-length documentary about Cuba's underground drag-racing community and their quest to organize Cuba's first official car race since the 1959 Revolution. To learn more about them and their film, please visit


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Through EMDS, decision makers can apply logical models of ideal ecosystem conditions against spatially referenced information and then prioritize the results for a maximum net benefit to the environment based on management constraints and opportunities.
EMDS integrates the logic engine of NetWeaver from Rules of Thumb, Inc. to perform create a logical model and perform various evaluations against it, and the decision modeling engine of Criterium DecisionPlus from InfoHarvest, Inc. for evaluating management priorities to create an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments. Logic processing in EMDS is performed by the NetWeaver engine. Data input to the engine is mediated by the EMDS Project Environment and ArcMap.
Logic models (knowledge bases) that describe logical relations among ecosystem states and processes are created in NetWeaver Developer. NetWeaver readily supports design of knowledge bases for the types of large, complex, and abstract problems typically posed by ecosystem management. Priority Analyst is a dynamic MCDA tool that extends the functionality of EMDS to include integrated planning. The Priority Analyst can be used for priority setting, resource allocation, and trade-off analysis once a particular analysis has been completed in EMDS. The process of MCDA involves ranking alternative actions based on how well each rates against a set of decision criteria. Priority Analyst includes a variety of diagnostic tools that help developers, users, and the general public, understand the basis for planning priorities.


Stupid Web Tricks: Limit how long a splash page is displayed
Splash screens are great, but you don't want them to prevent visitors from getting to your real home page. Find out how to limit how long a splash page displays.
By Lauren Guzak and Patrick Joseph
(1/26/99, updated 6/22/01)
You want a splash screen to announce something big—your company's IPO, the birth of your kid—but you also want to make sure people get to your real home page. Why trust the audience to be smart enough to figure it out? Just tell the page to automatically move on in x number of seconds.
Step One
Paste the following code between the <HEAD> tags of your page:
<META http-equiv="refresh" content="10; URL=index.html">
Step Two
Play with the timing to suit your needs. Our sample code sets the page to move on to the next URL in ten seconds (that's the 10 in the code), but only because that seems like an appropriate amount of time. Depending on what's on the page, you can set the timing interval to anything you want. Just make sure that people visiting your site have enough time to read through any text. There's nothing more annoying than going to a page, starting to read what's there, and being forcefully thrust to another page before you've finished.
One problem with using meta refresh is that the clock starts ticking when the page starts loading. If a user is on a slow connection or there's congestion between the user's machine and your server, the page could refresh before fully loading. You can get around this by foregoing the <META> tag and instead place the following attribute in your <BODY> tag:
onload=setTimeout("location.href='index.html'",10000)
The onload event handler activates after the page has finished loading. Unlike meta refresh, onLoad takes its timing in milliseconds (10000) instead of seconds (10). Remember that this method doesn't work for non-JavaScript browsers; for those users, consider including meta refresh with a longer timeout. And you should always provide a link to the refresh page, both as a backup and a consideration.
One more thing. Your server probably has a default name for the first page it serves when someone browses your Web directory, such as index.html or homepage.html. If you put up a temporary splash page, you have to give the splash page the default name and rename your home page something else. Make sure you double-check the links to your home page when you set up a splash page and when you take it down.
Lauren Guzak is a project manager for Ask Jeeves, and Patrick Joseph is a freelance writer.


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Monday / Dé Luain
Description: An intimate film made in collaboration with the filmmaker's family, Cabbage looks at the complexities of bodily autonomy within an ableist paradigm. Taking place in the months leading up to an international move from Canada back home to Ireland – a country they had to leave a decade prior due to severe cuts in disability services – the film focuses on her brother's writings using eye tracking technology and her mother's memories to explore how we shape a sense of self under the pervasive weight of unspoken assumptions and fixed definitions that get placed onto bodies. Dissecting layers of language, agency and power, the film is a subtle examination of how a human life is measured and valued.
Length: 28 mins


text:
HAVANA, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- The representative of UNICEF, or the UN Children's Fund, in Cuba said here Friday that Cuba is among the countries that have best implemented the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and that countries in the world should learn from Cuba on the protection of children's rights.
Jose Juan Ortiz, speaking at celebrations marking Universal Children's Day, said Cuba, still under an economic embargo and is suffering from frequent natural disasters, has significantly reduced child mortality and improved child nutrition -- to levels that can rival those of developed countries.
The cause of the amazing achievements in children's protection in Cuba lies in the government's political will, he added.
All countries in the world should follow Cuba's example and strive to provide better conditions for children in judicial and social welfare fields, Ortiz said, adding that in this way most countries would be able to meet the targets set by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
On Friday, Cuba held a variety of activities nationwide to celebrate Universal Children's Day.
Special report: Global News Day for Children
Official Website of Global News Day for Children


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know that Sas starts with the observation at the top of a dataset when processing and proceeds to the next until it reaches the bottom observation, but is there an easy way to make sas process the bottom observation first and then work its way to the top?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
You certainly can change your data to be in reverse order, then process top down. Add a variable to the data set which acts as an index..then sort the data set descending by that variable.
data work.myData ;
 set work.myData ;
 indx = _n_ ;
run ;
proc sort data=work.myData ;
 by descending indx ;
run ;
share|improve this answer
+1 for a version which works with views as well as data sets – Simon Nickerson May 28 '09 at 15:00
You can use nobs and point to process it backwards without having to do any intermediate steps. Here's an example:
data backwards;
 do k= nobs to 1 by -1;
 set sashelp.class nobs = nobs point=k;
proc print data=sashelp.class;run;
proc print data=backwards;run;
See page 2 of this pdf for all the juicy details.
share|improve this answer
Nice tip and link – CarolinaJay65 May 28 '09 at 19:04
Your Answer


text: Taken post-mortem by his undertaker April 1865. This lock was kept at the U.S. patent office in the late 19th century. It was given to a prominent Washington D.C. family and remained with them until The Gettysburg Museum of History obtained it a few years ago. There were several documented locks of Lincoln's hair taken at his death bed. This lock was previously unknown to historians. The practice of taking a hair lock from the deceased seems very unusual today. In the 19th century it was a tradition practiced by most people of all classes.


text:
Eric Partridge was born in New Zealand in 1894 and attended both Queensland and Oxford universities. Among his publications on language are A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, A Dictionary of Clichés, Shakespeare's Bawdy, A Dictionary of the Underworld, Origins: An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, Comic Alphabets, The Gentle Art of Lexicography and A Dictionary of Catchphrases. He died in 1979.
Some of Eric Partridge's books:
The Estate of Eric Partridge


text:
We hear many statements that a woman should earn money herself, so the question of whether this is so is sharply raised. We decided to find out if this statement is true and how to achieve the desired goal.
These are the 5 main reasons why a woman should earn money herself
You can not meet the expectations of others.
As a rule, money gives a sense of power. Most often, using the means of their parents or partner, many people feel driven and dependent. They spend other people's money, which means they have to put up with the whims of another person. Any disapproval creates a sense of anxiety and reduces the sense of confidence. When they fail to live up to expectations, a bitter sense of guilt appears in their soul. It is this imposed sense of guilt that often leads to unpleasant consequences. With the advent of your own money, you can forget about it. A person blossoms and begins to live, not exist indeed.
The ability to express your position, including in clothing.
For a woman, appearance is significant. Of course, the original purpose of clothing is protection and warmth. However, when the fundamental needs of Maslow's pyramid are closed, a person no longer needs to survive. The image comes to the fore, which acts as a way to visualize your inner world, demonstrate your individuality, and establish interaction with the outside world. You can feel more confident, relaxed and free by choosing what you like. On the contrary, melancholy and impotence will cover your head if you have to put up with what you don't like.
You don't have to take on a job you don't like.
An unloved job or household chores are daily chores that take energy. Often, household chores are an endless waste of time, and the result of this work can be challenging to see. It seems that you just cleaned up and redid everything you need, as the next day, you can start all over again. And so on in a circle. Naturally, this isn't very pleasant. Because of the numerous routine tasks, there is a massive drain of energy that can be spent on essential things or just spending time with loved ones. With the help of money, you can solve these issues in one fell swoop. For example, you can use the services of a housemaid, order ready-made food, hire an assistant who will help you do the hated work, and so on.
Engage in creativity and self-development.
What kind of acting skills, dancing and going to concerts can we talk about when you need to pay off your communal apartment and close your debts? As a basis, we again take the Maslow pyramid. Initially, it is essential to deal with the primary needs and only then move on to a new level. Conscience or limited resources will always prevent creative expression. And without it, the brightness and taste of life, freedom and diversity are lost. If a woman earns her own money, she can afford much more, dramatically affecting her inner confidence and interaction with people.
Change your environment to a strong community.
You cannot avoid some challenges on the path of quantum leap and development. You have to face difficulties that can become a springboard before taking off. One of them is changing the environment. In other words, your thinking, interests, priorities, and values may also change when you move to a new financial level. Like attracts like, so there are new charged people in the environment who strive for their dreams and make progress. It is difficult for the old environment to understand, for example, why spend a lot of money on luxury housing when you can live like everyone else in an ordinary apartment, why buy delicacies when there are products for promotions, and so on. And it will always be so. Therefore, there must be those whose thinking and priorities will be the same. The same goes for relationships. Both must be on the same level in a couple; otherwise, it will be challenging to avoid misunderstandings and conflicts.
And most importantly, money gives you a sense of freedom. The opportunity to feel like who you are. To be yourself, you should start changing your financial thinking and income level.


Read Report Online
Making States
State Function: Governance
Insight & Analysis: State Effectiveness
In fragile or failing states, destitution and marginalisation prevent citizens from taking part in economic and political life, and large swathes of territory can fall under the control of militias. State-building is still a viable process, but it requires long-term commitments and a focus on the functions of an effective government. This paper considers how a range of organizations, both bilateral and multilateral, could adapt their processes and mindsets to make strengthening sovereignty and inclusive politics their shared goal. They will need to subordinate their existing processes, mental models and bureaucratic interests to this common objective and to the creation of a culture of collaboration.


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Rough english translation of the swedish word "fjortis", meaning a person with similar lifestyle or behavior as a typical immature fourteen year old. Fourteenies are known for, among other things, their poor knowledge of knowing when to stop drinking alcohol.
- I love fourteenies. They're so easy!
- Stop acting like a fourteeny and take a shower!


text:
Engaging Absent Fathers: Lessons from Paternity Establishment Programs
Maya Rossin, Columbia University
I provide the first comprehensive analysis of the causal effects of in-hospital voluntary paternity establishment (IHVPE) programs on paternity establishment and consequent family structure and well-being. Using variation in the timing of IHVPE initiation, I show that IHVPE programs increase paternity establishment rates by 38 percent, and reduce the likelihood of parental marriage post-childbirth. The decrease in marriage leads to positive selection into samples of both married and unmarried fathers, providing evidence for an increase in the marriage threshold in father quality. Accounting for selection out of marriage, there is some indication of a net reduction in father transfers: private health insurance provision for children declines, while maternal labor supply increases. On the whole, measures of child welfare such as total family income and child mental and physical health are unaffected, although children's access to preventative care declines. I perform numerous robustness checks to support the validity of my findings.
Presented in Session 2: Men's Roles in Families and Relationships


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MEAM_LAMMPS_JangSeolLee_2019_CaZnMg__MO_708495328010_000
Interatomic potential for Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn).
Use this Potential
Title
A single sentence description.
MEAM Potential for the Ca-Zn-Mg system developed by Jang, Seol and Lee (2019) v000
Description
A short description of the Model describing its key features including for example: type of model (pair potential, 3-body potential, EAM, etc.), modeled species (Ac, Ag, ..., Zr), intended purpose, origin, and so on.
An interatomic potential for the Mg-Zn-Ca ternary system. The development was based on the second nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method formalism, combining previously developed Mg-Zn and Mg-Ca potentials with the newly developed Zn-Ca binary potential. The Zn-Ca and Mg-Zn-Ca potentials reproduce structural, elastic, and thermodynamic properties of compounds and solution phases of relevant alloy systems in reasonable agreement with experimental data, first-principles and CALPHAD calculations. In original paper (Jang et al., Calphad, 67:101674, 2019), the applicability of the developed potentials is demonstrated through calculations of the effects of Zn and Ca solutes on the generalized stacking fault energy for various slip systems, segregation energy on twin boundaries, and volumetric misfit strain
Species
The supported atomic species.
Ca, Mg, Zn
Disclaimer
A statement of applicability provided by the contributor, informing users of the intended use of this KIM Item.
None
Content Origin _URL_
Contributor Hyo-Sun Jang
Maintainer Hyo-Sun Jang
Developer Hyo-Sun Jang
Donghyuk Seol
Byeong-Joo Lee
Published on KIM 2021
How to Cite Click here to download this citation in BibTeX format.
Funding Not available
Short KIM ID
The unique KIM identifier code.
MO_708495328010_000
Extended KIM ID
The long form of the KIM ID including a human readable prefix (100 characters max), two underscores, and the Short KIM ID. Extended KIM IDs can only contain alpha-numeric characters (letters and digits) and underscores and must begin with a letter.
MEAM_LAMMPS_JangSeolLee_2019_CaZnMg__MO_708495328010_000
DOI 10.25950/aaaae529
_URL_
_URL_
KIM Item Type
Specifies whether this is a Portable Model (software implementation of an interatomic model); Portable Model with parameter file (parameter file to be read in by a Model Driver); Model Driver (software implementation of an interatomic model that reads in parameters).
Portable Model using Model Driver MEAM_LAMMPS__MD_249792265679_000
DriverMEAM_LAMMPS__MD_249792265679_000
KIM API Version2.2
Potential Type meam
(Click here to learn more about Verification Checks)
Grade Name Category Brief Description Full Results Aux File(s)
P vc-species-supported-as-stated mandatory
The model supports all species it claims to support; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-periodicity-support mandatory
Periodic boundary conditions are handled correctly; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-permutation-symmetry mandatory
Total energy and forces are unchanged when swapping atoms of the same species; see full description.
Results Files
A vc-forces-numerical-derivative consistency
Forces computed by the model agree with numerical derivatives of the energy; see full description.
Results Files
F vc-dimer-continuity-c1 informational
The energy versus separation relation of a pair of atoms is C1 continuous (i.e. the function and its first derivative are continuous); see full description.
Results Files
P vc-objectivity informational
Total energy is unchanged and forces transform correctly under rigid-body translation and rotation; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-inversion-symmetry informational
Total energy is unchanged and forces change sign when inverting a configuration through the origin; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-memory-leak informational
The model code does not have memory leaks (i.e. it releases all allocated memory at the end); see full description.
Results Files
P vc-thread-safe mandatory
The model returns the same energy and forces when computed in serial and when using parallel threads for a set of configurations. Note that this is not a guarantee of thread safety; see full description.
Results Files
P vc-unit-conversion mandatory
The model is able to correctly convert its energy and/or forces to different unit sets; see full description.
Results Files
BCC Lattice Constant
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Zn
Species: Mg
Species: Ca
Cohesive Energy Graph
This graph shows the cohesive energy versus volume-per-atom for the current mode for four mono-atomic cubic phases (body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), simple cubic (sc), and diamond). The curve with the lowest minimum is the ground state of the crystal if stable. (The crystal structure is enforced in these calculations, so the phase may not be stable.) Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Mg
Species: Zn
Species: Ca
Diamond Lattice Constant
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered diamond lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Zn
Species: Mg
Species: Ca
FCC Elastic Constants
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) elastic constants predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Mg
Species: Ca
Species: Zn
FCC Lattice Constant
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in red) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Ca
Species: Mg
Species: Zn
FCC Stacking Fault Energies
This bar chart plot shows the intrinsic and extrinsic stacking fault energies as well as the unstable stacking and unstable twinning energies for face-centered cubic (fcc) predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Ca
FCC Surface Energies
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic face-centered cubic (fcc) relaxed surface energies predicted by the current model (shown in blue) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Ca
SC Lattice Constant
This bar chart plot shows the mono-atomic simple cubic (sc) lattice constant predicted by the current model (shown in the unique color) compared with the predictions for all other models in the OpenKIM Repository that support the species. The vertical bars show the average and standard deviation (one sigma) bounds for all model predictions. Graphs are generated for each species supported by the model.
Species: Mg
Species: Zn
Species: Ca
Cubic Crystal Basic Properties Table
Species: Ca
Species: Mg
Species: Zn
Cohesive energy versus lattice constant curve for monoatomic cubic lattices v003
Creators:
Contributor: karls
Publication Year: 2019
DOI: _URL_
This Test Driver uses LAMMPS to compute the cohesive energy of a given monoatomic cubic lattice (fcc, bcc, sc, or diamond) at a variety of lattice spacings. The lattice spacings range from a_min (=a_min_frac*a_0) to a_max (=a_max_frac*a_0) where a_0, a_min_frac, and a_max_frac are read from stdin (a_0 is typically approximately equal to the equilibrium lattice constant). The precise scaling and number of lattice spacings sampled between a_min and a_0 (a_0 and a_max) is specified by two additional parameters passed from stdin: N_lower and samplespacing_lower (N_upper and samplespacing_upper). Please see READ


text:
What range of pipe diameters is available?
PE100 can be manufactured in a wide range of pipe diameters from 16mm to 2000mm. Even larger diameters are possible with the development of appropriate extrusion dies. However the common range of pipe sizes is from 32mm to 1200mm.
Nominal diameter of a PE100 pipe is its external diameter, not its internal bore diameter.
Standard diameters in this range are:
The internal bore diameter for each of these sizes will depend on the SDR of the pipe. Non-standard pipe sizes can be manufactured for specific applications if necessary.


text:
In celebration of the recent resolution of the Kadison-Singer problem by Marcus, Spielman, and Srivastava, here is a question on isotropic point sets on which Kadison-Singer does not (seem to) shed any light. A positive resolution would likely have strong implications for the Sparsest Cut problem and SDP hierarchies. The question arose in discussions with Shayan Oveis Gharan, Prasad Raghavendra, and David Steurer.
Open Question: Do there exist constants such that for any, the following holds? Let be a collection of orthonormal bases and define. Then there are subsets with and.
[Some additional notes: One piece of intuition for why the question should have a positive resolution is that these orthonormal bases which together comprise at most vectors cannot possibly "fill" -dimensional space in a way that achieves -dimensional isoperimetry. One would seem to need points for this.
One can state an equivalent question in terms of vertex expansion. Say that a graph on vertices is a vertex expander if for all subsets with. Here, denotes all the nodes that are in or are adjacent to. Then one can ask whether there exists a 1-1 mapping from to for some orthonormal bases such that the endpoints of every edge are mapped at most apart (as ).]


, and the events that trigger these animations. Composition then executes these animations when the appropriate trigger conditions are met.
InsetClip InsetClip InsetClip
Clips a portion of a visual. The visible portion of the visual is a rectangle defined as inset values from the edges of the visual. The portion of the visual outside the rectangle is clipped.
InsetClips are defined using offsets from the bottom, left, right and top of the Visual to be clipped in pixels. It is possible to fully clip the entire Visual. Negative values are allowed. InsetClips support all the same transforms as Visuals except the 4x4 matrix. Unlike Visuals, InsetClips are 2D and are defined, instead, with a 3x2 matrix. InsetClip properties are fully animatible.
KeyFrameAnimation KeyFrameAnimation KeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation with one or more key frames. These frames are markers, allowing developers to specify values at specific times for the animating property. KeyFrame animations can be further customized by specifying how the animation interpolates between keyframes.
LayerVisual LayerVisual LayerVisual
A ContainerVisual whose children are flattened into a single layer.
LinearEasingFunction LinearEasingFunction LinearEasingFunction
Represents a linear function for interpolating between animation key frames.
The linear function of another supported easing function that can be used with KeyFrame Animations. When used, the animating property will change in between two KeyFrames linearly over time.
PointLight PointLight PointLight
A point source of light that emanates light in all directions.
PopupIslandSite PopupIslandSite PopupIslandSite
Prerelease.
QuaternionKeyFrameAnimation QuaternionKeyFrameAnimation QuaternionKeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation that targets the Orientation property with one or more key frames.
The QuaternionKeyFrameAnimation class is one of the supported types of KeyFrameAnimation s that is used to animate the Orientation property on a Visual. Quaternions are a useful and sometimes simpler way to think about rotations – Quaternions take the shortest path between angles and avoid issues like Gimbal Lock that rotation angle/axis and rotation matrices run into. A Quaternion is made up of two components: a scalar and vector part.
RenderingDeviceReplacedEventArgs RenderingDeviceReplacedEventArgs RenderingDeviceReplacedEventArgs
Arguments for the RenderingDeviceReplaced event.
ScalarKeyFrameAnimation ScalarKeyFrameAnimation ScalarKeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation that targets any Scalar-based property with one or more key frames.
SpotLight SpotLight SpotLight
A light source that casts inner and outer cones of light. For example, a flashlight.
SpriteVisual SpriteVisual SpriteVisual
Hosts 2D boxed content of type CompositionBrush. CompositionBrush can be either a CompositionColorBrush, a CompositionSurfaceBrush or a CompositionEffectBrush. Any part of the visual not covered by pixels from the brush are rendered as transparent pixels.
StepEasingFunction StepEasingFunction StepEasingFunction
A step function for interpolating between animation key frames.
Advances animations in increments like steps which can be can be defined. Behaviors for initial and final steps can be customized.
Vector2KeyFrameAnimation Vector2KeyFrameAnimation Vector2KeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation that targets any Vector2-based property with one or more key frames.
Vector3KeyFrameAnimation Vector3KeyFrameAnimation Vector3KeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation that targets any Vector3-based property with one or more keyframes.
Vector4KeyFrameAnimation Vector4KeyFrameAnimation Vector4KeyFrameAnimation
A time-based animation that targets any Vector4-based property with one or more keyframes.
Visual Visual Visual
The base object in visual tree.
VisualCollection VisualCollection VisualCollection
Represents a collection of visual instances.
VisualIslandSite VisualIslandSite VisualIslandSite
Prerelease.
VisualIslandSiteEventArgs VisualIslandSiteEventArgs VisualIslandSiteEventArgs
Prerelease.
VisualTreeIsland VisualTreeIsland VisualTreeIsland
Prerelease.
VisualUnorderedCollection VisualUnorderedCollection VisualUnorderedCollection
An unordered collection of visuals.
Interfaces
ICompositionAnimationBase ICompositionAnimationBase ICompositionAnimationBase
Base class for composition animations.
ICompositionIslandSite ICompositionIslandSite ICompositionIslandSite
Prerelease.
ICompositionSurface ICompositionSurface ICompositionSurface
Represents the content of a SpriteVisual. All object types that can be set as content of a SpriteVisual must implement this interface. For example, CompositionImage is one of the content types that implements ICompositionSurface. A single ICompositionSurface can be set as content for multiple SpriteVisual(s).
IVisual3 IVisual3 IVisual3
Prerelease.
Enums
AnimationDelayBehavior AnimationDelayBehavior AnimationDelayBehavior
Specifies the animation delay behavior.
AnimationDirection AnimationDirection AnimationDirection
Specifies the play direction of an animation.
AnimationIterationBehavior AnimationIterationBehavior AnimationIterationBehavior
Specifies if the animation should loop.
AnimationStopBehavior AnimationStopBehavior AnimationStopBehavior
Specifies the behavior of an animation when it stops.
CompositionBackfaceVisibility CompositionBackfaceVisibility CompositionBackfaceVisibility
Specifies whether the back face of a visual is visible during a 3D transform.
CompositionBatchTypes CompositionBatchTypes CompositionBatchTypes
Batch types for CompositionCommitBatch and CompositionScopedBatch.
CompositionBitmapInterpolationMode CompositionBitmapInterpolationMode CompositionBitmapInterpolationMode
Specifies the algorithm used for interpolating pixels from ICompositionSurface when they do not form a one-to-one mapping to pixels on screen.
CompositionBorderMode CompositionBorderMode CompositionBorderMode
Controls the aliasing behavior on the edges of visual borders.
CompositionColorSpace CompositionColorSpace CompositionColorSpace
Specifies the color space for interpolating color values in ColorKeyFrameAnimation.
CompositionCompositeMode CompositionCompositeMode CompositionCompositeMode
Determines how a non-opaque visual's content is blended with the background content behind the visual.
CompositionDropShadowSourcePolicy CompositionDropShadowSourcePolicy CompositionDropShadowSourcePolicy
Prerelease.
CompositionEffectFactoryLoadStatus CompositionEffectFactoryLoadStatus CompositionEffectFactoryLoadStatus
The status of the asynchronous compilation of a shader for an effect description.
CompositionGetValueStatus CompositionGetValueStatus CompositionGetValueStatus
Indicates the outcome of an attempt to retrieve the value of a key-value pair.
CompositionIslandVisibilityHints CompositionIslandVisibilityHints CompositionIslandVisibilityHints
Prerelease.
CompositionStretch CompositionStretch CompositionStretch
Specifies how content is scaled when mapped from its source to a destination space.


FANDOM
Deltoptychius is an extinct species of cartaliginous fish related to the modern chimaeras. It lived in the Carboniferous period of present-day Europe.
Although it emerged over 300 million years ago, Deltoptychius was similar in appearance to modern-day chimaeras, possessing a long, whip-like tail and large, wing-like pectoral fins that it probably used to glide through the water. Deltoptychius's large eyes allowed it to hunt in deep waters, crushing shellfish between solid tooth plates in its mouth.
GalleryEdit
ReferencesEdit


text:
Microgrid Installation Database
The Microgrid Installation Database is a data collection effort sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and maintained by ICF. The database contains a comprehensive listing of microgrid installations throughout the country. Combined heat and power (CHP) can play a central role in microgrids by providing energy resilience and ensuring continuous operation for critical loads at connected buildings, campuses, and communities in the event of grid outages. ICF tracks microgrids according to the DOE definition: a network of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect and re-connect to the larger utility grid as a single entity, allowing the connected loads to continue to be served during utility outages. Microgrids can also be found in remote locations where they may not be connected to a larger utility grid. The database includes microgrids that use multiple technologies and/or deliver electricity to multiple buildings.
The U.S. Department of Energy Microgrid Installation Database is designed to provide straightforward information about operational microgrids in the United States. The information is presented in tabular format, with each state having its own table of microgrid systems including site name, location, end-user application, generation capacity, storage capacity, operating year, and technologies. Maintenance of this database is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. It is updated monthly and is composed of information from a variety of sources.More Less


ggle the grass off, type again to toggle the grass on.
ToggleTrees (TT)[edit]
Simple: it toggles the trees on and off. Makes it easier to travel around forests, and helps you to see things in the distance when there are a lot of trees in the way.
Notes: Type once to toggle the trees off, type again to toggle the trees on.
Other Commands[edit]
AdvancePCSkill SkillName # (AdvSkill SkillName #)[edit]
Will add the specified number to the specified skill and count towards your level if it's a major skill.
Example: AdvSkill Blade 100; adds 100 to the player's Blade skill.
Notes: If the number you add to the specified skill would increase the skill beyond 255 then it will loop the skill back to 0 before increasing it further. Inputting a negative number will almost certainly crash the game, so don't try it. Also, when modifying a skill with a name containing multiple words, such as Hand to Hand, omit the spaces (i.e. HandToHand).
AdvancePCLevel (AdvLevel)[edit]
Levels you up once and displays the level-up screen so you can increase your attributes. This isn't a substitute for resting as it doesn't set the number of major-skill-levels required to level-up back to 0, but it doesn't leave them as they were, either. It will add 10 to the number of major-skill-levels required to level-up so that you have to make up for the free level. For example, if you needed 4 more major-skill-levels to level-up, then used this command, you now need 14 major-skill-levels before you can start leveling normally again.
MoveToQuestTarget (MoveToQT)[edit]
This will move you to the target of your currently active quest. Whether it's a location, NPC, creature, etc. doesn't matter, you'll end up wherever your compass was pointing. However, if the quest updates when you get to that point or do something there, then you'll have to use the command again to go to the next quest target.
Notes: It is possible to get stuck inside walls and doors with this command. If this happens you can use the TCL command to get out of there.
CenterOnCell BaseID (CoC BaseID)[edit]
(Only works with cell IDs.)
Teleports you to the center of the specified cell. An alternative to fast-travel, as it's instant, but you need to know the ID of the place you're heading to. This is also the only way to get into most of the test cells.
Example: CoC ICMarketDistrictAFightingChance; teleports the player to A Fighting Chance.
Links: Each Place page provides all of the console codes for that location.
Notes: CoC TestingHall will take you to a room filled with doors leading to dozens of test cells and is a great place to check out.
CompleteAllQuestStages (CAQS)[edit]
Will complete every quest in the game, including a few test quests that aren't available. Not much purpose to this, other than if you want to see what every quest in the game is and how many there are.
PlayerSpellBook (PSB)[edit]
Will give you every spell in the game, including many test spells, any spells added by mods, and some spells run by scripts that were deleted (they do nothing now).
Notes: This will add some interesting spells, such as Wabbajack's effect, Sanguine Rose's effect, and Bound Mythic Dawn Armor.
SaveIni[edit]
Forces a save of your current configuration in your ini-file just in case the game doesn't remember them after quitting. Useful if this is caused by mods.
Save Name 1[edit]
Makes a save game with the specified name. The name has to all be one word or enclosed in quotation marks.
Example: Save Oblivion 1; makes a save named Oblivion.
Other applications: This is used in a method of finding almost any NPC, creature, or item in the game which is explained below.
Notes: Using this method of saving creates a text file that contains the in-game IDs of almost every NPC, creature, and item in it.
SetPCFame # and SetPCInfamy #[edit]
Sets your character's fame and infamy to the specified number, respectively.
Example: SetPCFame 1000; sets the player's fame to 1000.
ShowQuestTargets (SQT)[edit]
Shows the ID and current stage of your active quest. Not much use to you on its own, but it can be applied when forcing a quest to update.
Other applications: The information this supplies can be used in SetStage QuestID Stage commands, explained below.
ResetHealth ("Player.ResetHealth")[edit]
Acts like a full heal. Useful when you're about to die, or an ally is, and you don't have any spells or potions to heal with. Will only work with later updates.
ShowEnchantment and ShowSpellmaking[edit]
These will pull up the Enchanting and Spellmaking windows, respectively. This allows you to enchant equipment and make spells no matter where you are, and regardless of if you even have access to any altars.
CloseCurrentOblivionGate[edit]
Similar to the above except that it will close the Oblivion Gate that you're currently inside. Could be handy if you get stuck somewhere inside an Oblivion Gate and can't find your way out or don't feel like going back. It will close the gate and set you back outside of it.
EnablePlayerControls[edit]
This is used to enable your controls during those cinematics when they're disabled. Occasionally the game will glitch and not enable your controls again - instead of reloading, put in this command and carry on.
SetWeather BaseID (SW BaseID)[edit]
(Only works with weather IDs.)
Changes the current weather to the specified weather.
Example: SW 38EF0; changes the weather to cloudy.
Other applications: By putting a 1 at the end of the command (SW WeatherID 1) you can make the selected weather permanent. To reset the weather so that it changes again, type ReleaseWeatherOverride.
Notes: Here are the weather IDs:
 Paradise - 370CE
 Clear - 38EEE
 Cloudy - 38EF0
 Default - 15E
 Fog - 38EEF
 Overcast - 38EEC
 Rain - 38EF2
 Snow - 38EED
 Thunderstorm - 38EF1
 Oblivion sky - 836D5
Also, note that fast travelling may revert the weather back to normal. In the case that you want the weather to stay as it is everywhere you go you may want to use ForceWeather WeatherID (FW WeatherID) instead. It will immediately change the current weather to the specified weather, rather than have a transition phase, but it will be permanent until you release it with ReleaseWeatherOverride.
ModPCMiscStat StatNum #[edit]
This allows you to add to or subtract from your miscellaneous stats such as murders, assaults, items stolen, days in prison, etc. To add to it, use a positive number; to subtract from it, use a negative number.
Example: ModPCMiscStat 4 5000; adds 5000 to the player's 'Largest bounty' stat.
Note: This command has been disabled in the GOTY Edition.
StatNum Statistic
0 Days in prison
1 Days passed
2 Skill increases
3 Training sessions
4 Largest bounty
5 Creatures killed
6 People killed
7 Places discovered
8 Locks picked
9 Picks broken
10 Souls trapped
11 Ingredients eaten
StatNum Statistic
12 Potions made
13 Oblivion gates shut
14 Horses owned
15 Houses owned
16 Stores invested in
17 Books read
18 Skill books read
19 Artifacts found
20 Hours slept
21 Hours waited
22 Days as a vampire
StatNum Statistic
23 Last day as a vampire
24 People fed on
25 Jokes told
26 Diseases contracted
27 Nirnroots found
28 Items stolen
29 Items pickpocketed
30 Trespasses
31 Assaults
32 Murders
33 Horses stolen
Set MQ00.AllowGatesToReopen to #[edit]
Determines whether the random Oblivion Gates will have a chance of reopening every time you enter a cell containing one. Using 0 will not allow gates to reopen, while using 1 will.
Notes: No gates will respawn if the maximum number of open Oblivion Gates has been reached; before and after the main quest the maximum number of gates that can open is set to 0, and throughout the main quest the number is occasionally modified. Refer to the commands below to change this.
Set MQ00.MaxOpenGates to # and Set MQ00.RandomGateChance to #[edit]
The first one takes a number between 0 and 90 and sets how many of the possible random Oblivion Gates have a chance of opening; the second one takes a number between 0 and 100 and determines the chance of a random Oblivion Gate opening when you enter a cell containing one. By setting them both to their maximum values (90 for the first and 100 for the second) they combine to guarantee that all 90 possible random Oblivion Gates will spawn no matter what point you are at in the main quest, or even if you haven't started it yet. Conversely, by setting them both to 0 you will stop any