Difference between revisions of "2100: Models of the Atom"
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| π || The {{w|Pi|number pi}} ratio of circumference of a circle to half its diameter. Pi is present in many physics equations, often as its double value (2π); also in the definition of the {{w|Planck_constant#Value|reduced Planck constant}} present in quantum-mechanical equations.

| π || The {{w|Pi|number pi}} ratio of circumference of a circle to half its diameter. Pi is present in many physics equations, often as its double value (2π); also in the definition of the {{w|Planck_constant#Value|reduced Planck constant}} present in quantum-mechanical equations.

|-

|-
| 173 || Possibly a typo (could be 137) referring to the fine structure constant which value is approximately 1/137. Alternatively, 173 could be the mass of the top quark in GeV/c², or it could be the atomic number from which point {{w|Extended periodic table|supercritical atoms}} start.
+
| 173 || Could be the mass of the top quark in GeV/c². Or it could be the atomic number from which point {{w|Extended periodic table|supercritical atoms}} start (the latter can be calculated by a mathematical term (when starting with the innermost electron shells they have such high binding energies that they {{w|Pair production|create electron-positron pairs from the vaccum}}) and does not fit to a typical basic physical theory). Alternatively, a typo, and it should be 137, referring to the fine structure constant which value is approximately 1/137. As an interesting aside the start of the supercritical atoms would be exactly the fine-structure-constant 137, if the nucleus is assumed to have size.

|-

|-

| √2 || An irrational constant, the square root of two, which comes up frequently

| √2 || An irrational constant, the square root of two, which comes up frequently
Revision as of 08:36, 30 January 2019
Models of the Atom
J.J. Thompson won a Nobel Prize for his work in electricity in gases, but was unfairly passed over for his "An atom is plum pudding, and plum pudding is MADE of atoms! Duuuuude." theory.
Title text: J.J. Thompson won a Nobel Prize for his work in electricity in gases, but was unfairly passed over for his "An atom is plum pudding, and plum pudding is MADE of atoms! Duuuuude." theory.
Explanation
Ambox notice.png This explanation may be incomplete or incorrect: Created by a COMPLAINING EQUATION. Please mention here why this explanation isn't complete. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.
If you can address this issue, please edit the page! Thanks.
This comic humorously describes the changing view of what an atom is. This has happened so much it seems that we never really knew what we are looking at, and there have been many competing theories aside from the mainstream ones we are taught in school. He lists major depictions in the history of our understanding of an atom, and adds a few humorous ones in to poke fun at how diverse, contentious, and in retrospect often foolhardy, this history has been.
Small hard ball model
The first model shown, in 1810, is said to be a "small hard ball model." Around this time, John Dalton published his textbook A New System of Chemical Philosophy which linked existing ideas of atomic theory and chemical reactivity to produce a combined Law of multiple proportions which proposed that each chemical element is comprised of a single unique type of atom, and introduced the concept of molecular weight. Dalton's theories form the basis of what is known today as stoichiometry, which underpins chemical reactivity. As atoms were considered at this time to be the smallest possible division of matter the scientific community thought of them as "hard round balls" of different sizes; thus the name described here. The "small hard ball" model is still commonly used when teaching and discussing chemical molecules which do not require the level of detail provided by more advanced models, with atoms represented as small, hard, round balls connected by sticks representing chemical bonds.
Plum pudding model
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the study of these "atom" things faced a crisis: where would the newly discovered "electrons" go? In 1904, physicist J. J. Thomson, who discovered electrons, had an idea: maybe the electrons were small point charges moving around in a big mass of positive charge. This was the "plum pudding model", the second model on the comic, called this because people imagined the positively charged mass as a "plum pudding". (The title text references Thomson as well, along with the humorous observation that plum puddings themselves are made of atoms.) The problem with this approach is that same charges generally repel, resulting in the more mobile or unbalanced charges forming a surface shell around the others, attempting to escape, rather than being content to being randomly distributed among them.
Tiny bird model
There were many competing ideas in the formative years of what-are-atoms-made-of-ology, Randall makes up a 1907 "tiny bird model."
Rutherford model
Ultimately, the tentative winner in the battle was the model of Thomson's student Ernest Rutherford, who discovered from electrostatic scattering experiments that the positive charge seemed to be concentrated in the center of the atom, and proposed his Rutherford model, or "planetary model", in 1911, where electrons orbit a very concentrated positive charge. This model has often been compared to the orbit of the planets around the sun, with the electrostatic attraction of the electrons and protons shaping the orbits, rather than gravity. This is the fourth model in the comic.
Bohr model
The Rutherford model could not explain the discrete spectral lines in absorption and emission spectra. It also did not explain why electrons did not spiral in to the nucleus. Niels Bohr patched the model up by proposing that electrons could only exist in distinct "energy levels" at discrete distances from the nucleus. The 1913 "Bohr model", the fifth model shown here, was part of beginning quantum mechanics. Physics behaves differently at the small scale of atoms than the large scales we are more familiar with.
Nunchuck model
Randall facetiously suggests a "nunchuck model", the sixth model shown, of a packet of protons swinging a packet of electrons around. One can imagine a handle filled with electrons bonded by the strong nuclear force to a chain made of neutrons, bonded again by the strong nuclear force to a handle made of protons. The heavier protonic handle acts loosely as an orbital center as the electron-filled opposite handle swings wildly around it, attempting to resolve its electrostatic attraction within the restraints of its chain.
Chadwick model
The next refinement was in the structure of the nucleus. Note that at this time, nobody thought of splitting up the nucleus into protons and neutrons. But pretty soon people noticed that protons and neutrons existed; James Chadwick, who discovered the neutron, figured that the atom had a nucleus of neutrons and protons, along with a bunch of electrons orbiting around it in a Bohrish manner. This is what the layman today often thinks of as an atom, and is the seventh model shown here.
538 Model
The eighth model shown is a made up "538 model," in 2008. 538 is a statistical analysis website that gained fame in 2008 for predicting every race but 2 correctly in the US presidential election and predicting every state and Obama's win in the 2012 election. Unlike most other media and polling institutes it saw a rather high probability of 29% for Trump to win the 2016 election by summing up the uncertainties in all the battle states. It has since been known for making mathematical models for everything; the model jokingly suggests that 538 has modeled and presumably made predictions about the atom. The pie chart shows the statistical composition of neutrons, protons and electrons, 38%, 31%, and 31% respectively. This could either be the average of a massive body with several isotopes or represent gallium-69, the most abundant isotope of gallium, with 31 protons, 31 electrons and 38 neutrons. FiveThirtyEight has previously been mentioned in several xkcd comics, including in 477: Typewriter, 500: Election, 635: Locke and Demosthenes, 1130: Poll Watching, 1779: 2017, and 2002: LeBron James and Stephen Curry. It's appropriate to list the 538 model as a precursor to the quantum model, as it is a step towards considering the likelihood of different quantities of subatomic particles to be in different volumes of space, rather than considering them as strictly kinematic particles. The comic moves this development into 2008 in support of this joke, when it was actually made much earlier.
Quantum model
But is the Chadwick model what scientists endorse today? No! The theory of electromagnetism says that accelerated charges, like the electrons circling, would lose energy emitted as electromagnetic waves and would quickly orbit into the nucleus. Bohr only postulated that this would not happen, but his model could not explain why. Another problem[citation needed] is that atoms, even the hydrogen atom are not flat - which


text:
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Legislative Committees
Environment and Public Works
National Senate Committee
410 Dirksen Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510-6175
Phone: _PHONE_
Fax: _PHONE_
Web Address:
(1) Committee on Environment and Public Works, to which committee shall be referred all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the following subjects:
1. Air pollution.
2. Construction and maintenance of highways.
3. Environmental aspects of Outer Continental Shelf lands.
4. Environmental effects of toxic substances, other than pesticides.
5. Environmental policy.
6. Environmental research and development.
7. Fisheries and wildlife.
8. Flood control and improvements of rivers and harbors, including environmental aspects of deepwater ports.
9. Noise pollution.
10. Nonmilitary environmental regulation and control of nuclear energy.
11. Ocean dumping.
12. Public buildings and improved grounds of the United States generally, including Federal buildings in the District of Columbia.
13. Public works, bridges and dams.
14. Regional economic development.
15. Solid waste disposal and recycling.
16. Water pollution.
17. Water resources.
(2) Such committee shall also study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to environmental protection and resource utilization and conservation, and report thereon from time to time.


text:
Better water quality for agriculture
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However, the PWG also contributes to a great financial cost saving with. After all, calcification of water pipes or equipment can also cause considerable expense in agriculture. With the PWG, such fears are a thing of the past.
Photons water generator as a helper in agriculture
The benefits of the PWG are particularly versatile. This is mainly due to the fact that the PWG is a product in the field of water engineering. In addition, every person and every business sector consumes large amounts of water. In agriculture, a particularly large amount of water is consumed to irrigate plants or to feed animals.
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2022 Sun Water of Life. All Rights Reserved.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: The story of Ireland's stunning transformation from a rural nation to a global communications hub.Like most of the world today, Ireland is abuzz with telecommunications. The country's software industry includes nine of the world's top ten tech firms and generates 50 billion in annual exports. Yet it was only a few decades ago that Ireland was a largely agrarian nation with a two-year waiting list to get a landline phone installed. Connecting a Nation tells the story of Ireland's telecommunications boom--a story not just of cables and SIM cards but of the pivotal role telecommunications has played in the development of the country over the last two centuries. Deryck Fay--a longtime telecom industry worker--shows how Irish telecommunications is intimately bound up with politics, economics, and geography, illustrating these interconnections by drawing on a range of historical personal stories. Fay brings to life the first day of work for an operator at Dublin's new telephone exchange in 1881, the painful process of getting a phone installed in the 1970s, and the story of how an airline website created by two students ignited the digital revolution in Ireland. In providing a direct line between the past to the present, Connecting a Nation offers an insider's perspective on how the telecommunications decisions of the past continue to shape the lives of the Irish, both individually and nationally, while pointing the way towards an ever-connected future.


Overview
Web Call Server allows embedding of a video chat to your project, that will work on most of modern browsers without installing third-party software as well as on mobile devices.
Supported platforms and browsers
Chrome
Firefox
Safari 11
Chromium Edge
Windows
+
+
+
Mac OS
+
+
+
Android
+
+
+
iOS
+ (iOS 14.6+)
+ (iOS 14.6+)
+
Supported codecs
Functions
Operation flowchart

 1. The browser of the participant 1 connects to the server via Websocket and sends the join command.
 2. The browser of the participant 1 can send a stream via WebRTC to publish it in the chat room and receive streams published in the room.
 3. The browser of the participant 2 connects to the server using Flash and sends the join command.
 4. The browser of the participant 2 can send a stream via RTMP to publish it in the chat room and receive streams published in the room.
Video conference
1. For the test we use:
2. Open the Conference web application. In the "Login" field enter any arbitrary user name, for example test:
3. Click the Join button. A connection with the server is established, and you should see the corresponding "ESTABLISHED" label. The chat room is automatically created:
In the bottom of the screen, an image from the web camera, a text chat and a link to invite users to the room are shown:
4. Copy the link to the chat room and open it in a new tab of the browser. Enter a user name other than the name of the chat room creator, for example, test2, and click the Join button. The page will display an image from the web camera of the test participant (left) and from the web camera of the test2 participant (below):
5. In the text chat window of the test2 participant enter a message and click Send:
6. On the browser tab of the test participant enter an answer:
7. Make sure the answer is received:
8. To leave the chat room, click the Leave button.
Video chat
1. For the test we use:
2.Open the Two Way Video Chat web application. In the "Login" field enter any arbitrary user name, for example test:
3. Click the Join button. A connection is established to the server, and the corresponding "ESTABLISHED" label is shown. The chat room is automatically created:
Below the screen, a text chat and a link to invite other users to the room are shown:
4. Copy the link to the chat room and open it in a new tab of the browser. Enter a user name other than that of the creator of the room, for example, test2, and click the Join button. The page will display a large image from the web camera of the test user and a smaller image from the web camera of the test2 user (in the lower left corner):
5. In the text chat box, enter a message and click the Send button:
6. On the tab of the test user enter an answer:
7. Make sure the answer is received:
8. To leave the chat room, click the Leave button.
Video conference with screen sharing
1. For the test we use:
2. Open the "Two Way Video Chat & Screen" web application. If the Install Now button is active, click it and install the extension.
In the "Login" field enter any arbitrary user name, for example test. Click the Join button. A connection is established to the server, and the corresponding "ESTABLISHED", label is show. The chat room is created automatically, and an image from the web camera is shown:
3. Copy the link to the chat room and open it in a new tab of the browser. Enter a user name different from the name of the chat room's creator, for example test2, and click the Join button. The page displays an image from the web camera:
4. Click the "Share" button and allow the browser to gain access to your screen or to the application window:
5. On the tab of the test user you should see the screen or the app window you allowed the browser to access:
6. To leave the chat room, click the "Leave" button.
Call Flow
Below is the call flow when using the Conference example.
conference.html
conference.js
1. Participant 1 establishes a connection to the server.
RoomApi.connect(); code
 connection = RoomApi.connect({urlServer: url, username: username}).on(SESSION_STATUS.FAILED, function(session){
 setStatus('#status', session.status());
 onLeft();
 }).on(SESSION_STATUS.DISCONNECTED, function(session) {
 setStatus('#status', session.status());
 onLeft();
 }).on(SESSION_STATUS.ESTABLISHED, function(session) {
 setStatus('#status', session.status());
 joinRoom();
 });
2. Participant 1 receives from the server an event confirming successful connection.
ConnectionStatusEvent ESTABLISHED code
 connection = RoomApi.connect({urlServer: url, username: username}).on(SESSION_STATUS.FAILED, function(session){
 ...
 }).on(SESSION_STATUS.DISCONNECTED, function(session) {
 ...
 }).on(SESSION_STATUS.ESTABLISHED, function(session) {
 setStatus('#status', session.status());
 joinRoom();
 });
3. Participant 1 enters the chat room.
connection.join(); code
 connection.join({name: getRoomName()}).on(ROOM_EVENT.STATE, function(room){
 ...
 });
4. Participant 1 receives from the server an event describing the state of the room.
RoomStatusEvent STATE code
 connection.join({name: getRoomName()}).on(ROOM_EVENT.STATE, function(room){
 var participants = room.getParticipants();
 console.log("Current number of participants in the room: " + participants.length);
 if (participants.length >= _participants) {
 console.warn("Current room is full");
 $("#failedInfo").text("Current room is full.");
 room.leave().then(onLeft, onLeft);
 return false;
 }
 setInviteAddress(room.name());
 if (participants.length > 0) {
 var chatState = "participants: ";
 for (var i = 0; i < participants.length; i++) {
 installParticipant(participants[i]);
 chatState += participants[i].name();
 if (i != participants.length - 1) {
 chatState += ",";
 }
 }
 addMessage("chat", chatState);
 } else {
 addMessage("chat", " room is empty");
 }
 publishLocalMedia(room);
 onJoined(room);
 ...
 });
5. Participant 1 publishes the media stream.
room.publish(); code
 room.publish({
 display: display,
 constraints: constraints,
 record: false,
 receiveVideo: false,
 receiveAudio: false
 ...
 });
6. Participant 1 receives from the server an event confirming successful publishing of the stream.
StreamStatusEvent PUBLISHING code
 room.publish({
 display: display,
 constraints: constraints,
 record: false,
 receiveVideo: false,
 receiveAudio: false
 }).on(STREAM_STATUS.FAILED, function (stream) {
 ...
 }).on(STREAM_STATUS.PUBLISHING, function (stream) {
 setStatus("#localStatus", stream.status());
 onMediaPublished(stream);
 }).on(STREAM_STATUS.UNPUBLISHED, function(stream) {
 ...
 });
7. Participant 1 sends the stream via WebRTC.
8. Participant 2 establishes a connection to the server.
9. Participant 2 receives from the server an event confirming successful connection.
10. Participant 2 enters the chat room.
11. Participant 2 receives from the server an event describing the state of the room.
12. Participant 1 receives from the server an event informing that participant 2 has joined.
RoomStatusEvent JOINED code
 connection.join({name: getRoomName()}).on(ROOM_EVENT.STATE, function(room){
 ...
 }).on(ROOM_EVENT.JOINED, function(participant){
 installParticipant(participant);
 addMessage(participant.name(), "joined");
 }).on(ROOM_EVENT.LEFT, function(participant){
 ...
 }).on(ROOM_EVENT.PUBLISHED, function(participant){
 ...
 }).on(ROOM_EVENT.FAILED, function(room, info){
 ...
 }).on(ROOM_EVENT.MESSAGE, function(message){
 ...
 });
13. Participant 2 receives the stream published by participant 1.
14. Participant 2 publishes the media stream.
15. Participant 2 receives from the server an event confirming successful publishing of the stream.
16. Participant 2 sends the stream via WebRTC, participant 1 receives


text:
Ahmedabad: Scant spells of rain in the city of Ahmedabad on Monday, combined with the cloudy weather, gave respite to the citizens from the heat and humidity. Ahmedabad received an average rainfall of 5.6mm.
The maximum rainfall recorded in the North (Memco, Naroda, Kotarpur) and South (Maninagar, Vatva) zones was 7.5mm and 6.7mm respectively, while an average of 2mm rainfall was recorded in the western parts of the city till 12 pm on Monday. The possibility of light to moderate rainfall was mentioned by the Indian Meteorological Department on Tuesday, with the maximum temperature dipping to 28 degree celsius- as reported by the Times of India.
It was the third consecutive day of good rainfall for the state, with more than 50 mm rainfall being recorded at 13 talukas out of a total of 251. 25 talukas recorded 25-50mm rainfall, while 126mm rainfall was recorded in Petlad in Anand, 92mm in Borsad in Anand, 89mm in Dolvan in Tapi, 80mm in Visavadar in Junagadh, and 78mm in Khergam, Navsari.
Valsad and Navsari districts are likely to receive heavy rainfall on Tuesday, while light to moderate showers might occur in other districts. So far, the district has recorded 32.5% of the seasonal rain. The highest recorded by South Gujarat is 35% while the lowest recorded by the East-Central region is 30%.
'Active wet spell' predicted in Gujarat till 27th July 2021
As heavy rains occurred in several parts of Gujarat since 26th July, severe waterlogging and damage took place, resulting in the closure of 56 roads in the state for vehicular movement. In its latest forecast, the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has revealed that heavy showers will occur in parts of the state till 27th July, advising fishermen to not venture into the Arabian Sea until 29th July.
A release by the State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC) revealed that 56 roads, including a state highway, were shut down due to the heavy downpour. All the national highways passing through the state, however, were open for traffic.


text:
Ingenious fishing method may be spreading through dolphinsAugust 24th, 2011 in Biology / Plants & Animals
(PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers from Murdoch University believe a recently documented method of fishing may be spreading throughout a population of dolphins.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Shark Bay were photographed engaging in conching in 2007 and 2009.
The dolphins would trap small fish in large conch shells with their rostrums (beaks), then bring the shells to the surface and shake them, causing the water to drain out and the fish to fall into their mouths.
Murdoch Cetacean Research Unit Researcher Simon Allen says this previously rarely witnessed phenomenon might be on the increase, suggesting that the technique is spreading.
In the last four months alone, the research team have seen and photographed the behaviour no less than six times, possibly even seven.
If and that is a big if we are witnessing the horizontal spread of this behaviour, then I would assume that it spreads by an associate of a conching dolphin closely observing the behaviour and then imitating it, Mr. Allen said.
It is a tantalising possibility that this behavior could spread before our very eyes over a field season or two and that we could track that spread.
The prospect of observing a learned behavior spreading through a population over a short period of time is exciting in itself, but the behavior also raises new questions about how exactly dolphins engage in conching.
As yet, we dont know if dolphins simply pursue fish into the refuge of the large, empty conch/bailer shells or whether they actually manipulate the shells prior perhaps turning them over so that the opening is facing up in order to make them appealing to fish as a place to hide from the jaws of death, Mr. Allen said.
If we were to set up a few shells opening down in a known location and either witness dolphins turning them over, see evidence of them having been turned over when we werent around, or better still get some video footage of dolphins manipulating them in some way, then that would be priceless, since that implies forward planning on the dolphins part.
I wouldnt be too surprised to find such cunning and devilish ploys being adopted by Shark Bays bottlenose dolphins.
Until such observations are recorded though, Mr. Allen says it is too early to rush to any conclusions.
Members of the Murdoch Cetacean Unit, with colleagues from the University of Zurich, spend roughly four months of the year studying western Shark Bays dolphin population in the field.
The Unit operates with the assistance of a partnership with Shark Bay Resources, who provide accommodation, office space and mess facilities for the research teams.
Provided by Murdoch University
"Ingenious fishing method may be spreading through dolphins." August 24th, 2011. _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
We have compared the properties and resistance to DA fouling of a carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) microelectrode to a traditional carbon fiber (CF) microelectrode. These two materials show comparable electrochemical activities for outer-sphere and inner-sphere redox reactions. Although the CNTF might have a higher intrinsic RC constant, thus limiting its high-frequency behavior, the CNTF shows a significantly higher durability than the CF in terms of electrode stability. During constant oxidation of 100 μM DA, the signal measured by the CNTF microelectrode shows a 2-h window over which no decrease in current is observed. Under the same conditions, the current obtained at the CF microelectrode decreases by almost 50%. A model of the fouling process, assuming the formation of growing patches of insulator on the surface, has been compared to the data. This model is found to be in good agreement with our results and indicates a growth rate of the patches in the 0.1-2 nm s-1 range.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Analytical Chemistry


text:
Inspired By the Great War:
I always enjoy watching movies about WW1 dog fighting, because I'm fascinated by how everything started. That's where the first planes were used as military weapons to surveil, fight and bombard the enemy. The fight for the sky supremacy has launched a technology war between the Allies and Germany. Thanks to its great engineers, the Brits came up with on of my favorite biplanes: the Sopwith Pup.
The Sopwith Pup was a British single-seater biplane fighter aircraft built by the Sopwith Aviation Company. It entered service with the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service in the autumn of 1916. With pleasant flying characteristics and good maneuverability, the aircraft proved very successful. The Pup was eventually outclassed by newer German fighters, but it was not completely replaced on the Western Front until the end of 1917. Remaining Pups were relegated to Home Defence and training units. The Pup's docile flying characteristics also made it ideal for use in aircraft carrier deck landing and takeoff experiments.
As I was working on this project I drew a little sketch of this pilot crash landing his Sopwith Pup. It gave me an idea to design a poster that only showed love for the biplane.
I was inspired by WW2 propaganda posters and 19 century packagings, to create a vintage design that fits the start of the 20th century.


text:
About Uncle Seth
Part 1. Why Do the Yankees Hate Us?
Part 6. Uncle Seth's Reply to Self-Hating, Yankee-Educated Southerners
Part 9. Louis Napoleon Nelson–Black Confederate and Loyal Friend
Part 20. Humanity in the Midst of Hell
Part 29. The Confederate Flag–Brave Men Carried It and Died Defending It
Part 33. He Fought for the South and He Had No Slaves
Part 42. Early Southern Anti-Slavery
Part 49. Rape and Murder–Yankee Treatment of Southern Civilians
Part 61. But The War Is Over!
Part 69. Did the South Intentionally Mistreat Yankee Prisoners of War?
Part 77. Yankee Torch Applied to Southern Homes
Part 83. Yankee Invaders Hang Seventeen-Year Old Arkansas Boy
Part 89. Yankee Materialism: The Root Cause of the War
Part 96. Reconstruction–Southerners Become Slaves of the Federal Empire
Part 105. The Confederate Soldier's Only Regret
Kennedy uses the "everyman" character of Uncle Seth to represent the courageous and rugged individualists who combined the best of the Scotch-Irish, German, and other fiercely independent peoples who found refuge in the South because of racial or religious persecution. Uncle Seth's stories focus on the Southern determination to be left alone by the federal government and their strong commitment to community, God, and family. The atrocities he chronicles as part of his tales to the youngsters around him provide an insight into the horrors of subjugation and anti-Christian behaviors of Northern invaders while giving a hint at what the future might hold if individuals do not fight for their rights and freedoms.


text:
Recently an important line of research using laboratory experiments has provided a new potential reason for why we observe gender imbalances in labor markets: men are more competitively inclined than women. Whether, and to what extent, such preferences yield differences in naturally-occurring labor market outcomes remains an open issue. We address this question by exploring job-entry decisions in a natural field experiment where we randomized nearly 7,000 interested job-seekers into different compensation regimes. By varying the role that individual competition plays in setting the wage, we are able to explore whether competition, by itself, can cause differential job entry. The data highlight the power of the compensation regime in that women disproportionately shy away from competitive work settings. Yet, there are important factors that attenuate the gender differences, including whether the job is performed in teams, whether the job task is female-oriented, and the local labor market.
Source: "Do Competitive Work Places Deter Female Workers? A Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment on Gender Differences in Job-Entry Decisions" from NBER Working Paper No. 16546, Issued in November 2010


John Titus Jungao John Titus Jungao -4 years ago 143
Python Question
Streaming two line graphs using bokeh
I would like to create a visualization where there are two line graphs which are updated with one new point per line graph per second.
The result will be something like this.
I have recently read about bokeh and found out that it can be used in visualizing streams of data in real time. However don't know how to code in it yet.
I would appreciate it if someone can show me how this task can be done using bokeh. thanks!
Answer Source
For bokeh-0.11.1:
Basically, you need to run you python app in the bokeh server. Then anyone can connect to the server and view the graph in realtime.
First, write your program. Use this code for example:
# myplot.py
from bokeh.plotting import figure, curdoc
from bokeh.driving import linear
import random
p = figure(plot_width=400, plot_height=400)
r1 = p.line([], [], color="firebrick", line_width=2)
r2 = p.line([], [], color="navy", line_width=2)
ds1 = r1.data_source
ds2 = r2.data_source
@linear()
def update(step):
 ds1.data['x'].append(step)
 ds1.data['y'].append(random.randint(0,100))
 ds2.data['x'].append(step)
 ds2.data['y'].append(random.randint(0,100))
 ds1.trigger('data', ds1.data, ds1.data)
 ds2.trigger('data', ds2.data, ds2.data)
curdoc().add_root(p)
# Add a periodic callback to be run every 500 milliseconds
curdoc().add_periodic_callback(update, 500)
Then run the server from the command line, with your program:
C:\>bokeh serve --show myplot.py
This will open the browser with your realtime graph.
For all the details see the bokeh server documentation.
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Chief's Message
Peace making in an ever changing world. For thousands of years, the Lenca rulers of Managuara have not only played a delicate stewardship of the narrow land bridge in the continent, they have also played a mediation role between the north and south cultural blocs. In this video, the current Chief explains that unique role of the House and the Chief. By extension, it is the role of all Lenca descendants, wherever they are.
Who and where are the Lenca? What is their role among other Native Nations?
Filmed at All My Relations Arts, Native American Community Development Institute.


text:
All agricultural chemicals used in New Zealand including seed applied products are rigorously assessed by the Environment Protection Authority to ensure that when they are used in accordance with label directions, agricultural chemicals present no unacceptable risk to humans, livestock, birdlife or the environment.
Handling treated seed
- Treated seed is not for human or animal consumption.
- Care should be taken to avoid personal contact with treated seed, as an allergic reaction may occur in sensitive individuals.
- Wear protective clothing, gloves and a dust mask when handling treated seed and wash hands and exposed skin prior to meals.
Storing treated seed
- Keep out of reach of children, livestock, birds and unauthorised persons.
- Left over seed bags should be appropriately sealed.
- Do not use empty seed bags for purposes other than storing treated seed.
- Store treated seed in a cool, dry environment away from direct sunlight.
- The storage facility should be secure with restricted access.
Planting treated seed
- Be aware of the presence of bee hives, crops or weeds in the flowering stage, within or adjacent to the field which could attract pollinators during planting.
- Minimise dust movement from treated seeds during planting.
- Avoid adding excess seed dust from the bottom of the seed bag to the planter.
- If using vacuum or pneumatic planters direct seed dust into the soil.
- To protect birds and livestock, treated seed must be incorporated into the soil.
- Ensure any spilled seed is collected up or buried immediately.
- Clean seed planters away from sensitive environmental areas, especially those that are attractive to pollinators.
- Avoid contamination of any water supply with treated seed or empty packaging.
- Treated seed should be planted in the season of purchase.
- Livestock should not graze insecticide treated forage crops and pasture for a period of six weeks after sowing. For grass seed under-sown into an existing pasture sward the withholding period is three weeks after sowing.
For further information refer to the joint AGCARM and NZGSTA publication "Stewardship Guide, Handling and Planting Treated Seed" on the AGCARM website.
For urgent medical advice 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, call the National Poisons Centre (NZ) 0800 POISON – 0800 764 766


text:
Fire Following Earthquake
The California Seismic Safety Commission has funded the PEER Center to conduct research related to fire following earthquakes. Prof. Charles Scawthorn, a Visiting Scholar at the PEER Center, is leading the study entitled Water Supply in Regard to Fire Following Earthquake. This work is supported from the Commissionís Research Program.
The purpose of the study is to review the current status of emergency water supply in California vis-a-vis needs for fires following earthquake and provide a series of recommendations for improvements if and where needed. Issues to be discussed include fire ignitions following earthquakes, the status of the stateís urban water systems, the status of urban fire departmentsí emergency water supply, and opportunities to enhance emergency water supply systems.
View the summarizing handout Fire Following Earthquake: Will water be there for firefighters? (PDF file - 2.9 MB)


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How can I tell whether I should be using Dentro vs. Adentro? I've read that they both mean 'inside' and looked at some examples, but I still can't always figure out which one to use. Are there any good rules to learn the difference, or examples that illustrate this difference particularly well? Also, is the word 'en' sometimes used to mean 'inside' as well?
¿Como puedo saber si debería usar Dentro vs. Adentro? He leído que ambos significan 'inside' y visto algunos ejemplos, pero no siempre tengo claro cual usar. ¿Existen algunas buenas reglas para aprender la diferencia, o ejemplos que ilustren esta diferencia especialmente bien? Además, ¿la palabra 'en' también se usa a veces para decir 'inside'?
share|improve this question
Nice question!! – Alfredo Osorio Dec 7 '11 at 2:27
Tambien vease un ejemplo given by Javi en mi pregunta – Tomas Jan 5 '12 at 23:42
5 Answers 5
Both dentro and adentro mean "inside" but the latter is used with verbs of movement. For example:
 1. Nos fuimos adentro. —> (The verb "ir" means "to go"; movement);
 2. El perro está dentro del coche. —> (no movement involved).
You can see the official reference here for dentro and for adentro.
As it is said in the articles, in some parts of America, sometimes "adentro" is used when "dentro" should have been adopted.
"En" can also be used in the same way as "in" is used in English, so you can use "en" (but "dentro" emphasizes it more)
El perro está en el coche.
share|improve this answer
Ah. Es similar a "dónde" y "adónde", ¿no? – user682 Apr 25 '12 at 4:18
_USER_ Sí. Lo mismo pasa con "fuera" y "afuera". – Javi Apr 25 '12 at 8:29
Both are adverbs of location and both can be translated as inside, the difference is that dentro is used to express in the interior, inside and adentro goes with verbs indicating movement and it is used to express towards the interior. Some examples:
Dentro de mi corazón (inside my heart).
Lo llevé hacia adentro (I took it inside).
share|improve this answer
Is it safe to say it's the same as the difference between in/inside and into? – Flimzy Dec 7 '11 at 2:12
_USER_: I'd say yes at least in the cases I could think of, but I am not a native English speaker, so I wouldn't put my hand in the fire for that "yes". – Gonzalo Medina Dec 7 '11 at 3:28
Can't you also say "Estoy aquí adentro"? – jrdioko Dec 7 '11 at 17:29
_USER_: yes; adentro sometimes is also used as en la parte interior (in the interior), but this use is common in certain regions of Latin America. – Gonzalo Medina Dec 7 '11 at 17:34
In addition to the excellent answers given let me point out that dentro can also be used to denote the end of a period of time as seen from present: llámame dentro de quince minutos. Which is roughly the same as llámame en quince minutos, while there is no such exception for adentro which is always location/movement-based.
share|improve this answer
"Dentro" should only be used in the prepositional phrase (frase prepositiva) "dentro de":
La guitarra está dentro de su funda.
(The guitar is inside its case.)
On the other hand, "adentro" should only be used as a standalone adverb:
La guitarra está adentro.
(The guitar is inside.)
In short: "Dentro de " means "inside of ", while "adentro" means simply "inside".
share|improve this answer
In addition to the other answers: dentro implies inside in relation to a specific place (stated after the preposition "de" or by context).
El niño está dentro de la casa.
Mi estuche está dentro de la sala.
At least in Chile, adentro de is very uncommon, this "dentro de"/"adentro de" comparison also shows it.
By the way, the rules for dentro/adentro can be used for fuera/afuera.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
This report describes the development and full-scale crash testing of a reusable crash cushion which dissipates kinetic energy through the lateral deformation of a row of nine-high molecular weight/high density polyethylene (HMW/HDPE) cylinders. This 100 km/h impact attenuation device, called the REACT 350.9, satisfies the new crash testing requirements of National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. It is the first crash cushion to be approved by the FHWA for use on the National Highway System for use under the NCHRP 350 guidelines.
Most impact attenuation devices currently employed require the replacement of damaged structural components and spent energy dissipating elements following an impact event. Until these repairs and refurbishments are carried out, these safety devices are largely ineffective in that they are not able to dissipate kinetic energy in a subsequent impact in an acceptable manner such that relevant occupant risk parameters are within prescribed limits. In some cases, a significant time elapses before damaged impact attenuation devices are repaired and restored to effective operating status. This system "down-time" is a source of danger to the motoring public and presents a potentially serious tort liability exposure to the transportation agency involved. The REACT 350.9 is a reusable and self restorative narrow hazard crash cushion. It can dissipate large amounts of kinetic energy, undergo significant deformations and strains without fracturing, and then essentially regain its original shape and energy dissipation potential upon removal of the load.
November 19, 2007
John F. Carney.
Vanderbilt University. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
- # of Pages: 48 p., 1,729 KB (PDF)
- Subject: Collisions, Crash cushions, Dissipation, Ethylene resins, Roads, Safety equipment, Testing, Zero maintenance systems.
- Keywords: Highway safety, impact attenuation devices, maintenance free, reusable, polyethylene, self-restoration.
- Related Publications:
This abstract was last modified April 29, 2008


text:
Hydrological models often require input data on soil-water retention (SWR), but obtaining such data is laborious and costly so that SWR in many places remains unknown. To fill the gap, a prediction of SWR using a pedotransfer function (PTF) is one of the alternatives. This study aims to select the most suitable existing PTFs in order to predict SWR for the case of the upper Bengawan Solo (UBS) catchment on Java, Indonesia. Ten point PTFs and two continuous PTFs, which were developed from tropical soils elsewhere, have been applied directly and recalibrated based on a small soil sample set in UBS. Scatter plots and statistical indices of mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), model efficiency (EF) and Pearson's correlation (r) showed that recalibration using the Shuffled Complex Evolution-University of Arizona (SCE-UA) algorithm can help to improve the prediction of PTFs significantly compared to direct application of PTFs. This study is the first showing that improving SWR-PTFs by recalibration for a new catchment based on around 50 soil samples provides an effective parsimonious alternative to developing a SWR-PTF from specifically collected soil datasets, which typically needs around 100 soil samples or more.
- Java Island
- Pedotransfer function recalibration
- Soil-water retention
- Tropical upstream catchment


text:
Transplantation Science is a free program for students in grades 6-12 meant to enhance any anatomy, biology or health program and introduce students to the science behind organ, eye and tissue donation and transplantation. The Transplantation Science program has a remote learning option: The Transplantation Science Traveling Trunk!
- Due to COVID-19, many schools aren't allowing visitors until further notice. Donor Alliance is providing the TS Traveling Trunk as an option to these schools. You may request the trunk even if you would normally host an in-person class.
- For rural schools with less than 50 students and located more than 100 miles from Casper, Grand Junction, Colorado Springs or Denver, please consider requesting the Transplantation Science Traveling Trunk for your students.
- Donor Alliance will ship the trunk of materials to and from your school FREE of charge.
- Day 1: You set up four stations and run the class with pre-written lesson plans.
- Day 2: Schedule a video conference with a Transplantation Science Educator who will
meet with your students to check for understanding, go over the answers to the activities, share their experience with donation and/or transplantation and answer any questions that come up during the class.
- Please submit a request 4 weeks in advance for scheduling purposes. TS Trunk will be shipped to you one week before the scheduled class.
For questions, please contact the public education coordinator at Donor Alliance at _PHONE_ or transplantationscience@ donoralliance.org.


text:
WINTER ice can severely disrupt shipping around northern coastlines. But now a Canadian marine engineer claims he has found a way of controlling ice formation in ports and harbours. Per Andersen says his wave generator projector could help prevent seawater from freezing over by producing artificial waves.
When seawater is mechanically agitated, the deeper, warmer water mixes with the colder surface water. This process should prevent ice from building up, says Andersen, who has tested the prototype in Canada.
The machine is 7.5 metres long. It consists of a floating helical roller, similar to a large corkscrew, supported at either end by pontoons. The roller is rotated in the water by an electric motor to create a train of waves several hundred millimetres high.
According to Andersen, artificial waves have a higher height-to-length ratio than natural waves, making them better able to displace water. As a result, more water is...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Arm angle is the angle at which a pitcher throws the ball. The lower the arm angle the more lateral movement a pitcher's breaking pitches and fastball have.
There are four common arm angles used by pitchers:
Overhand: the ball is released with the pitcher's arm near perpendicular to the ground.
3/4: the ball is released at about a 45 degree angle with the ground; more diagonal to the ground than the overhand slot. There is also a low 3/4 arm slot where the ball is released with the pitcher's arm slightly above shoulder level.
Submarine: the ball is released with the pitcher's arm below shoulder-level and close to the ground.
The overhand arm angle is considered to be the safest arm action, while side-arm is the most violent angle and mostly used by relief pitchers.


text: Figure 2. Metabolic profiles of granulosa cell (GC) media within or without ZEA-treatment. Utilizing the UPLC-QTOF detection method, total ion current diagrams vs. retention time of each group of GC media are shown (A), with Z1-Z10 mean 10 µM ZEA groups 1-10 and C1-C10 mean control groups 1-10 (0 µM ZEA). (B) Significantly different metabolites between the culture media with or without 10 µM ZEA treatment were marked in the cloud plot of mass to charge ratio (m/z) vs. retention time. Red point mean the ion of certain m/z showed decrease in ZEA groups compare with control groups. And green point in return, with the size of the point reflect the significance. Three-dimensional peak diagram of retention time, signal intensity, and m/z in blank control media (C), GC media without ZEA (D) or with ZEA treatment (E). (F) Principle component analysis (PCA) of the metabolic profiles among each sample between GC media without (red point) or with (cyan point) ZEA treatment.


text:
Replacing Damaged Terra Cotta Units
- Procedure code:
- Developed For HSPG (NPS - Southeast Regional Office)
- Terra Cotta Unit Masonry
- Last Modified:
PREFACE: This procedure should be performed under the direction of an historical architect or engineer to determine the most efficient and least destructive manner for executing the work. Approval from the regional historic preservation officer is required.
- This procedure includes guidance on removing and replacing severely damaged ceramic veneer, both adhesion type and anchor type. Sculptural elements are not covered in this procedure.
- See "General Project Guidelines" for general project guidelines to be reviewed along with this procedure. These guidelines cover the following sections:
- Safety Precautions
- Historic Structures Precautions
- Quality Assurance
- Delivery, Storage and Handling
- Project/Site Conditions
- Sequencing and Scheduling
- General Protection (Surface and Surrounding)
These guidelines should be reviewed prior to performing this procedure and should be followed, when applicable, along with recommendations from the Regional Historic Preservation Officer (RHPO)
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM),
- Shop Drawings:
- The historical architect shall furnish all drawings, details and other information, including structural drawings, necessary for the manufacture of replacement material.
- Shop drawings showing details of construction and jointing of replacement material shall be submitted by the manufacturer to the contractor for approval by the RHPO before any of the material is processed. Drawings shall show sections, dimensions, and the connection with other work. (If anchored, the typical and special anchors, grooves, etc., shall be shown.)
- The manufacturer shall complete setting drawings, numbered and marked to correspond with numbers and other marks on the replacement pieces. These drawings shall also show all other necessary data to properly and efficiently set the material, including dimensions and sizes of joints, anchors, hangers, expansion and control or pressure-relieving joints, etc., which shall be furnished by others.
- Boston Valley Terra Cotta
- Gladding, McBean & Co.
- Ludowici Celadon
- The Sherwin Williams Co.
- Studio S Pottery
- Superior Clay Corp.
- Terra Cotta Replacement Units (ceramic veneer)
NOTE: ALL REPLACEMENT UNITS SHALL MATCH ORIGINAL IN SIZE APPEARANCE, COLOR AND FINISH.
- All materials shall be in accordance with the architect's drawings and details.
- All pieces shall be of even thicknessthroughout, and shall be true and even on each face.
- Each piece shall be thoroughly burned and free of cracks, air bubbles and other defects.
- All edges and details shall be crisp and sharp.
- Adhesion Type Ceramic Veneer: Approximately 1" thick, with ribs, grooves or dovetails on back. Individual units shall not have a surface area greater than 720 square feet.
- Anchored Type Ceramic Veneer: Machine or hand made, with a wall thickness of approximately 1-5/8" with dovetail ribs projecting on the back. Handmade units shall have profiles as detailed by the architect.
- Anchoring system pieces as required - either stainlesssteel, AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) Type 316, polyester resin, or as recommended by the ceramic veneer manufacturer.
- "Zinc Chromate Primer" (Sherwin Williams), or approved equal.
- Top coat(s): Number and type of paint as recommended by manufacturer of primer. Paint shall be water tolerable and made by the same Manufacturer should be same as the primer.
- Setting Mortar:
- 1 cu. ft. Portland Cement, ASTM C 150-67, Type I or Type II
- 1/2 cu. ft. approved high calcium slaked lime putty, screened and aged at least 20 days, containing no more than 4% magnesium oxide-OR-,
- 1/2 cu. ft. hydrated lime, ASTM C 206 or C 207, Type S
- 4 cu. ft. clean, sharp siliceous sand graded from fine to very fine, ASTM C 144
- 1 qt. "Hydratite Liquid" or approved equal
- Pointing Mortar:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 1/4 vol. aged high calcium lime putty as above, or
- 1/4 vol. hydrated lime as above.
- 3 vols. very fine sand as above.
- Gauge above with mix of one volume "Konset" thoroughly mixed in six volumes water, or of "Anti-Hydro"or "Suconem Red Label" or "Tricosal" or approved equal used according to manufacturer's directions.
- Grout Mix #1: For all vertical voids back of anchor-type ceramic veneer and handmade ceramic veneer shall be wet and sloppy composed of the following:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 3 vols. clean sharp sand as above.
- 2 vols. top gravel, well graded from fine to coarse.
- Grout Mix #2: For all handmade ceramic veneer sills, copings, balusters, and rails, cornices, etc., shall be lean and composed of the following:
- 1 vol. portland cement as above.
- 4 vols. clean sharp sand as above.
- 3 vols. top gravel, well graded from fine to coarse.
- Clean, clear potable water
- Paint brushes
- Hawks and trowels as required
- Hose and spray nozzle
- Grouting equipment
- Surface Preparation:
- Soak replacement pieces in a vat or box of clean water for one hour or more just prior to installation. The pieces should be noticeably damp at the time of setting. Drain pieces sufficiently to eliminate surface water.
- At the beginning of setting each day, soak all walls to be faced with clean water. Apply water with a hose and spray nozzle. Soak again with water not more than one hour before setting of replacement pieces.
- Removing Damaged Terra Cotta Units:
- Remove mortar from around damaged units by hand being careful not to chip the edges of adjacent sound units. Insert wedges as required as mortar removal progresses to hold damaged units in place until they can be removed.
- Carefully remove damaged units and all loose grout in cavity behind unit.
- Installing Anchored Type Ceramic Veneer:
- Preparing the anchoring system:
- Inspect the anchors and reinforcing armature thoroughly for any sign of corrosion.
- Remove any rust from anchors which can be reused. Coat with one coat of a rust inhibiting primer and top coat(s) of water tolerant paint as recommended by the primer manufacturer.
- Install new anchors as required and as recommended by the ceramic veneer manufacturer.
- Setting anchors and grooves:
- The general contractor shall be guided by the drawings for the placing of all loop-dowel anchors or other anchors, and the provision for the 1" x 6" horizontal grooves in the concrete to permit the proper anchoring and grouting of the ceramic veneer.
- Grooves shall be 12" on vertical centers in all spandrels and 30" elsewhere.
- Alternate detail: 1/4" x 6" grooves approximately 12" on vertical centers accomplished by the use of alternate surfaced and unsurfaced form lumber.
- The loop-dowel anchors, or approved equal anchors, shall be installed in vertical alignment on about 12" centers; and shall be spaced on equal horizontal centers of approximately 12" but not greater than 18", and so located, where practical, that a vertical line of loop-dowel anchors will be directly in back of each vertical joint of ceramic veneer. Keep loop-dowel anchors out of 1" x 6" horizontal grooves.
- Dimension from face of masonry or concrete wall to face of anchored veneer shall be a nominal 4".
- Installing pencil rods:
- Install 1/4" pencil rods vertically through loops of loop-dowel anchors.
- Install approximately 1" away from the face of the wall.
- Above openings, the lower end of the pencil rods should have 4" or more bent at right angles over ceramic veneer soffits, and should lie loosely thereon.
- Installing loose anchors:
- All loose anchors shall be located in bed joints and/or interior webs on 12" to 18" horizontal centers.
- One end of each anchor shall be securely hooked around a pencil rod, dowel rod, or structural steel member and the other end securely hooked into the ceramic veneer.
- Loose anchors shall hook around 1/4" dowel pins in joints of soffit pieces. These anchors shall pass through loops and hook around loop-dowel anchors.
- Special loop-dowel anchors:
- In deep ceramic veneer anchored soffits the special loop-dowel anchors shall extend vertically down to within 1" of the ceramic veneer soffit, and shall be threaded horizontally with 1/4 pencil rods.
- The long dowel end of the special loop-dowel anchor shall have 2" or more bent at right angles and lay flat against the top of the ceramic veneer soffit.
- The loop ends of the special loop-dowel anchors shall extend down vertically at least 5" from the concrete soffit.
- Special loop-dowel anchors are to be of the same material as the loop-dowel anchors.
- Dimension from face of concrete soffit to face of anchored veneer shall be a nominal 8".
- All anchored ceramic veneer shall be set in a full bed of mortar and all voids back of the ceramic veneer shall be filled solid with grout as specified under Gr


What makes someone find the concept of ghunghat appreciable?
If somebody says they find the concept of ghunghat worthy of being 'appreciated' what is it that they are finding appreciable? How does a ghunghat make the wearer worthy of being complimented? What changes?
From what I understand, ghunghat is practiced in most of North Indian states. It involves covering of the face, (only by women) with the end of their sari/dupatta. Ghunghat is observed when married Indian women are in their sasural (in laws' home, village or even city), and also in presence of the in laws, anywhere, like if they visit the woman's parental home or village (maika).
Not observing ghunghat maybe seen as being disrespectful and shameless.
Indian menFrequently, women who observe ghunghat are required to keep their head and face covered in all weather conditions, including while cooking on chulha at 44 degrees Celsius (if there are men around). Also, while traveling, working in fields or during family functions.
DSC_0892Generally women in ghunghat do not sit when those who are considered higher in sasural hierarchy are around, they may not join family discussions; they generally may not talk, sing or laugh in loud voices or do anything to draw 'undue attention' to themselves when men or family elders are around. It is considered disrespectful for women (bahu or daughter in law) to address older men directly – obviously they may not look someone in the eye when they do say something, which they generally may not.
Ghunghat is also given as the reason for denying education or work opportunities to married Indian women. It's 'in tune with the Indian tradition'.
How do women who observe ghunghat benefit from it?
They become, amongst other things, a good example for other women.
"Look at her. She is an MLA and always wears a ghunghat. She is a regular in the assembly and yet none of us have ever seen her full face."
What is appreciable about someone's face not having been seen by others?
Do all the women who observe ghunghat have a choice?
In comparatively modern homes, ghunghat is followed in more liberal forms, some families let women cover only the head (not the face), some married Indian women are expected to wear sari but are allowed leave their heads and faces uncovered.
If a woman is in ghunghat then it is likely that she is also wearing bichia, sindoor and bangles; and generally following other rules meant specifically for daughters in law to observe in their sasural.
Many urban married Indian women are not forced to wear sari, sindoor, mangalsutra, or observe ghunghat (etc). Looking unmarried or living without the restrictions faced by traditional daughters in law does not earn misogynists' compliments, but it does seem to elicit reactions like this, 'When married Indian women strive to look unmarried'.
Some MP lawmakers appreciate women in 'ghunghat'
"When I was newly married, I used to wear ghunghat which was more than a feet long over my face," she said. Deputy Speaker Harvansh Singh, who was in the chair, observed: "That must be appreciated. The concept of ghunghat for women is in tune with the Indian tradition."
Minister for legislative affairs Narottam Mishra also praised women who wear 'ghunghat'. The deputy speaker then pointed at MLA from Gadarwara in Narsingpur district, Sadhna Sthapak, and said: "Look at her. She is an MLA and always wears a ghunghat. She is a regular in the assembly and yet none of us have ever seen her full face."
As Harvansh Singh praised her, Sadhna got up from her seat and bowed graciously to accept the 'compliment'.
Related Posts:
Ditched the dupatta, chucked the chunni – Starry eyed
"Lets keep our pretty saris to times when we just have to eat, pray, and love, cause we are tomorrows' MILs."
Sindoor, Tali and Mangalsutra.
When married Indian women strive to look unmarried.
The Modern Sari: Some Facts and a Question.
A Sari to make you a Respectable Indian Teacher.
Can't end marriage over sari 😉
"I seem to have a lot of similarities with the villainous daughters in law of India's favourite serials."
109 thoughts on "What makes someone find the concept of ghunghat appreciable?
 1. I don't get the point of covering one's face when one's arms and midriff region are bare. The abaya with niqab makes more sense than a sari with a ghunghat.
 I do think clothing should be a matter of personal choice (and I understand that a lot of these women do not have the choice of not choosing to wear one). A lot of women in the US/ Canada get flak for choosing to wear a hijab (etc) and I don't think that's fair either.
 This reminds me of my dad's sister. She was really young when she got married (arranged) and she was going to university. Her MIL told her that she had to wear a sari now that she was married. She said 'okay' and wore a sari out of the house, but stopped by the nearest restaurant to change into whatever she pleased and continued with the day. Everybody, including my uncle, thought it was hilarious.
 - It's tragic actually. I used to wear only Indian clothes, and go change into jeans in the car when going out with my husband in the first year of our marriage. He travelled a lot, and I used to go join him on his trips just to be able to wear what I wanted for a couple of days in another city.
 - She doesn't look at that time as tragic at all! When she told me about it, she rolled her eyes and said that her MIL was very old and possibly senile, so arguing with her would have been pointless. However, unlike you, she wasn't bound to the house–she could leave with her friends, etc. So she wasn't trapped unless her husband took her out or something.I think she made the best of her situation. It's not like my uncle (her husband) was advising her on what she could not wear.
 I do think people should have a choice though–so if a person chooses to wear a niquab or a ghunghat, I'm okay with that unless they're driving (an activity that requires peripheral vision) and risking other people's lives.
 - I totally agree. Not having the freedom to decide what one wants to wear – I can't imagine that happening to me, ever! It is not a small thing, as people who are torch bearers of patriarchy condition their daughters to believe.
 2. Some say that ghungat helps male members of the in laws family to control their libido on seeing the female face….and in case the are unable they can squarely blame woman not taking care of ghungat….
 - I think the more obvious reason is that having to cover oneself changes one's self-perception in important ways. Its harder to claim your humanity when you're shrouded from head to toe.
 Veiled women are easier to control because they're psychologically easy to manipulate.
 All attempts to break the human spirit begin with the imposition of strict rules on attire and appearance. They suppress individuality.
 Prison populations would be harder to control if prisoners were allowed to dress as they please.
 The same applies to the veiling of women.
 - Well said biwo, excellent comment, gunghat/burqa/hijab etc etc all in name of so called culture/tradition is simply means to keep women in control and strip her of her humanity. Loved the prison analogy, all these rules in name "oh so great culture" are nothing but a prison for women taking away her freedom and dignity.
 - Biwo, you summarized it well. A faceless human being can easily lead to a voice-less, identity-less being. I find it to be a very humiliating custom, and it succeeds in making these women invisible, in every sense.
 Yes, like some regressive prisons, we can do away with names, assign numbers.
 - "Its harder to claim your humanity when you're shrouded from head to toe. "
 Biwo…I think it extends to that famous item of clothing most of us wear (and which I have almost entirely removed from my wardrobe now)…the dupatta. I have been wanting to write a post on it. Utterly superfluous piece of clothing…I only wear it now if it adds to the elegance of the dress.
 - A friend's friend once famously said, "I'd shoot the person who invented the dupatta!" And I agree wholeheartedly. Waiting for your post _USER_
 - Haha Stars, the dupatta has its uses. I've just returned from a team lunch and had to trudge in the hot sun back from the parking lot. My dupatta was a lifesaver today. I agree about its superflousness otherwise.
 Its just that men stare at breasts so much here in Bangalore. Sometimes its comforting to not be ogled at because you're all covered in the chest


Frame display timing
From MythTV Official Wiki
Revision as of 22:18, 7 November 2012 by YLee (talk | contribs) (Using cat + /proc: Another possible location)
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Frame Display Timing Methods
MythTV can make use of several timing methods to control how often frames are drawn in a process known as "page flipping" or "double buffering. Essentially, each frame is drawn to an off-screen buffer that is then "flipped" with the buffer that is being used for the on-screen frame. The next frame is then drawn into the buffer that contained the previously on-screen image while the frame that was just drawn into the off-screen buffer is being displayed.
The flipping of each buffer is controlled by one of the following methods:
Of the three, the video card method is often the most preferable, as buffer flipping should take place during a time when no image is being drawn (during the Vertical Blanking Interval, commonly abbreviated VBI) to prevent the buffer from being flipped before it has been fully drawn. However, the video card method is usually not available on the majority of cards. At the moment, it would appear that only some nVidia drivers support the feature to an extent that MythTV can utilize.
Second to the video card method, it is debatable whether RTC or usleep is better, although usleep is considered to consume more CPU time. Furthermore, some feel that usleep is not as accurate. Again, this is also debateable.
Side Effects of Poor Timing
The most obvious side effect of improper timing in MythTV is an effect known as "frame tearing", and can be seen during horizontal pans in scenes or in scenes where there is a high amount of horizontal motion, as in this example image provided by Intel in their article on video frame synchronization:
An Example of Frame Tearing
Currently, there do not seem to be any other noticeable side effects of poor buffer flip timing other than tearing, but tearing alone can sometimes mean the difference between an enjoyable show and an extremely distracting synchonization problem.
On some systems tearing may be present because of a lack of processing power. Such is the case with ION chipsets where Composite processing is stealing GPU cycles. More on this topic can be found VDPAU Deinterlacing modes and Tearing/Stuttering due to Composite Extension
Determining the Active Timing Method
To determine the method that is currently in use by Mythfrontend, start it from a console with the "-v playback" command-line argument, and begin watching a show, either one that is live or one that has been recorded earlier. Then, stop watching and switch back to the console. Scroll back through the console and look, after all the initial playback messages regarding finding decoders and setting up video surfaces, for something similar to the following:
2012-08-25 14:28:54.541834 I [3783/3783] CoreContext mythplayer.cpp:1737 (InitAVSync) -
Player(l): Video timing method: RTC
2012-08-25 14:28:54.541874 I [3783/3783] CoreContext mythplayer.cpp:1741 (InitAVSync) -
Player(l): Display Refresh Rate: 59.999 Video Frame Rate: 29.970
Receiving the above message would indicate that RTC timing is being used. If something like this appears instead:
2012-08-25 13:13:37.413235 E [3783/3783] CoreContext vsync.cpp:364 (TryInit) - VSYNC:
RTCVideoSync: Could not set RTC frequency:
 eno: Permission denied (13)
It means that Mythfrontend was either unable to read the current clock frequency (probably from /dev/rtc) due to insufficient permissions, or set the clock frequency to a high-enough level to use the timer. Running Mythfrontend as root would permit it to read and set the frequency no matter what the permissions are, but this is not ideal; udev is preferable. Set the frequency to a high value like 1024 outside Mythfrontend, as discussed later. To let Mythfrontend know about the higher frequency, in /etc/udev/rules.d create a file called rtc.rules:
# "rtc0" may be "rtc" depending on whether /dev/rtc and/or /dev/rtc0 exists
KERNEL=="rtc0", MODE="0664"
and reboot.
If the user has an nVidia card, the following message indicates that timing support is broken or unimplemented in the active driver release, and that MythTV will fall back to another method (usually RTC):
2005-01-04 18:21:25 nVidiaVideoSync: VBlank ioctl did not work, unimplemented in this driver?
Contrary to what Mythfrontend may say, VDPAU does not use vsync/vblank timing. RTC should be used instead.
Adjusting the RTC Interrupt Frequency
If MythTV will be using the RTC to time the display, it will usually request a high interrupt frequency, allowing it to time frames more precisely. However, unless MythFrontend is a privileged process, the highest frequency that it can request by default is 64 Hz. This is usually not sufficient for CRT monitors that are often set to a higher frequency, usually 85 or 100 Hz, as well as some LCD screens and projectors that can accept various frequencies, producing the tearing artifacts as mentioned earlier. The most common solution is simply to increase the maximum frequency that an unprivileged process can request from the RTC.
Using cat + /proc
To determine what the current maximum frequency for an unprivileged process is set at, run (as root or using sudo):
cat /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq
By default, this will be 64 on most systems. To increase it, issue the following (again, as root):
echo 1024 > /proc/sys/dev/rtc/max-user-freq
Verify that it has changed by issuing the "cat" command (above).
You may not find the setting like described above. Another possible location is
/sys/class/rtc/rtc0/max_user_freq
or
/proc/sys/dev/hpet/max-user-freq
On Ubuntu 9.04
echo 2048 >/sys/class/rtc/rtc0/max_user_freq
echo 2048 >/proc/sys/dev/hpet/max-user-freq
In some cases, /proc/sys/dev/hpet/max-user-freq may instead be found at /sys/devices/pnp0/00:05/rtc/rtc0/max_user_freq which changes the modification to the following:
 echo 1024 > /sys/devices/pnp0/00\:05/rtc/rtc0/max_user_freq
This may change depending on your hardware. The PCI id may change, for example. According to this link the change of sys nodes is an artifact of newer kernels.
In some Ubuntu configurations /dev/rtc -> /dev/rtc0 is +rw by root only and mythtvfrontend will default to usleep. A fix is found at the LinuxMusicians wiki - system configuration page
Using sysctl
Viewing:
sysctl dev/rtc/max-user-freq
Setting:
sysctl dev/rtc/max-user-freq=1024
/etc/sysctl.conf
Add the desired configuration to /etc/sysctl.conf to apply the values at startup.
$ cat /etc/sysctl.conf
dev.rtc.max-user-freq = 1024


text: This exhibit depicts the anterior anatomy of the glenohumeral joint with a type IV SLAP tear of the labrum. Anatomical structures include: the acromion process, clavicle, coracoid process, glenoid cartilage, glenoid labrum, long head of the biceps brachii, supraspinatus, humeral head, and scapula. The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilagenous rim of tissue that provides stability to the shoulder socket and serves as the insertion site for the long head of the biceps brachii. There are four classifications of labral injuries known as SLAP tears (SLAP I-IV). SLAP is an acronym representing "Superior Labral tear from Anterior to Posterior." A SLAP IV tear is a bucket-handle tear of the superior labrum, with extension of the tear into the biceps tendon.


text:
- Plants Respond To Humans Complimenting Other Plants: Jealousy Ensues
- Scientist compliment plants while rapidly growing greenery behind cries out for attention
- This is due to a sickness of hearing how « perfect » the other plants are
D'abord, Do plants recognize their owners? According to researchers, plants can count, make decisions, recognise their relatives and even remember events And while they may not have a brain, they can learn in a similar way to humans and animals, say scientists
Do plants cry when you cut them? While they may not have brains like humans do, plants talk to one another through smell and even communicate with insects to maintain survival Like any living thing, plants want to remain alive, and research shows that when certain plants are cut, they emit a noise that can be interpreted as a scream
Ensuite, Do plants like to be touched? Your plants really dislike when you touch them, apparently A new study out of the La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food has found that most plants are extremely sensitive to touch, and even a light touch can significantly stunt their growth, reports Physorg
Do plants have feelings?
Although they may seem passive, plants have their own complex sensory systems too, designed to respond to dangers or other changes in their environment Plants may not have eyes, ears or a tongue, but their skin can perform many of the same functions
Do plants like music? Plants thrive when they listen to music that sits between 115Hz and 250Hz, as the vibrations emitted by such music emulate similar sounds in nature Plants don't like being exposed to music more than one to three hours per day Jazz and classical music seems to be the music of choice for ultimate plant stimulation
Do plants Think? Plants don't have a central nervous system, so thought (as we normally define it) isn't possible But plants can sense their environment, respond to insect attacks and are even capable of limited movement
Do plants talk to each other? Plants Communicate Using Chemicals and Sound Plants do not just move randomly; they move in a purposeful manner Plants move to detect key information about their environments, to respond appropriately, and to communicate this information to other plants, using easily understood signals
Do plants like being touched?
Your plants really dislike when you touch them, apparently A new study out of the La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food has found that most plants are extremely sensitive to touch, and even a light touch can significantly stunt their growth, reports Physorg
Are plants aware of humans? Mountains of research have confirmed that plants have intelligence and even beyond that consciousness by many of the same measures as we do Not only do they feel pain, but plants also perceive and interact with their environment in sophisticated ways
Do plants have a soul?
The reason for this is that, despite the lack of any kind of cognition, plants have souls too, according to Aristotle's widely-accepted theory: trees and flowers nourish themselves, they grow, and propagate, and so they have what was usually called a vegetative soul
Do plants have memories? Like humans, plants have memories too, although they do it differently For example, many plants sense and remember prolonged cold during winter to ensure that they flower in spring
N'oubliez pas de partager l'article avec vos amis !


text:
There are three different ways to steer packets into a HPB:
- ANIC adapter is configured to use its own internal algorithms to evenly and efficiently distribute or load balance packets across a specified number (from 1 to 64) of HPBs. This is done to ensure that no processing thread is overwhelmed with data while others are starved.
- Based upon the results of packet filtering, packets can be steered to specific HPBs. For example, packets that match a specific packet filter rule might all be steered to the same HPB for processing.
- Based upon flow classification, packets are steered to specific HPBs. In other words, specific flows are identified and explicitly steered to a specific HPB for processing.
Packet traffic is typically transferred across the PCIe bus (DMA) for consumption by the host application. However there may be circumstances under which select traffic must be locally redirected or retransmitted out of one of the ANIC network ports. Packet filtering or flow classification can be used to identify which specific packets or flows must be redirected out a given port.


Engaging differently
Engaging differently
Measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic, including lockdown restrictions, have created a challenge for traditional ways of engaging with people.
How can we adapt our approach so that community engagement remains possible and meaningful?
Community engagement is a process of working collaboratively to discuss issues affecting their wellbeing with an identified group of people who share a common interest, identity or place.
Meaningful engagement involves engaging people affected by a particular policy, event or change and ensuring people of all backgrounds can take part and have their voice heard and acted upon.
But how do we meaningfully engage in the current situation? There are many articles and blogs which recommend particular platforms, tools and methods - both online and offline. Can digital and at-a-distance engagement be effective? What opportunities and challenges does this new way of working present?
Can you help?
We are looking for interesting examples from health and social care of engagement activity happening at a distance. Can you share any tips or learning from the work you are doing? We will share these approaches and continue to learn as we progress through the various phases of this pandemic.
Share your examples here on our website or on social media using the hashtag _TAG_. Remember to tag the _USER_ Twitter account.
Why differently?
Community engagement has always required a range of approaches to involve different audiences. The COVID-19 pandemic forces us to think even more creatively.
Why differently? Why differently?
Physical distancing and inclusive engagement
Engaging at a distance may remove barriers for some people while introducing new barriers for others.
Physical distancing and inclusive engagement Physical distancing and inclusive engagement
Tools and methods
The possible ways of engaging people when you can't do it face to face includes all the innovative online tools – but also less high-tech methods.
Tools and methods Tools and methods
Tips for online meetings
Online meetings and events have become the norm. How can we make sure they are engaging and accessible for everyone taking part?
Tips for online meetings Tips for online meetings
Examples of Engaging Differently
Real-life examples of how services are engaging differently with people and communities
Examples Examples
Share your experiences
Please tell us how you are engaging differently
Share your experiences Share your experiences


Sorry everyone – LeBron's muscle cramps were NOT caused by dehydration or salt loss
LeBron James (Image by Steve Jurvetson)
LeBron James (Image by Steve Jurvetson)
Last week during game one of the NBA Finals between the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs, the air conditioning system in the AT&T Center wasn't working properly. As a result, the normally cool arena was a sweltering 90 degrees fahrenheit (~30 degrees Celsius). Miami's LeBron James suffered a debilitating bout of muscle cramps, and had to leave the game. LeBron James is the single most dominant basketball player of his generation. So when he misses a significant portion of one of the most important games of the year, it is a Big Deal. Miami went on to lose the game 110 to 95.
Almost immediately, commentators went into a frenzy discussing how the heat and related dehydration/salt loss caused King James' cramps (in the above video, the heat is mentioned several times within seconds of James cramping up). This article from ESPN, was pretty typical of the coverage that I saw online:
Or take this article, titled "Why heat cramps crushed LeBron":
"In a regular game, professional athletes lose an extraordinary amount of fluid and electrolytes," says Dr Michael Bergeron, executive director of the Sanford Sports Science Institute. "Playing in hot and humid conditions can push a player's fluid and electrolyte loss to a dangerous level." As dehydration sets in, subtle twitches or cramping can progressively turn into painful muscle spasms.
The prevailing wisdom being that the heat caused dehydration and/or electrolyte loss, which caused his muscle cramps. The analysis has been fast and furious (the classiest was Gatorade pointing out on Twitter that people who consume their sugar water sports drink can "take the heat" – LeBron is sponsored by Powerade), but most of it seems to miss a crucially important point: research suggests that exercise-related muscle cramps are not caused by dehydration or electrolyte loss (I was surprised that even articles explaining "the science of muscle cramps" largely sidestepped the issue).
The real explanation is way less sexy: exercise induced muscle cramps are caused by plain old fatigue.
What evidence links muscle cramps with dehydration and/or electrolyte loss?
The idea that muscle cramps are caused by dehydration first originated from anecdotal reports of miners suffering from "heat cramps". The miners were doing a very physically demanding job in a very hot environment, and therefore sweating a lot. Based on this information, it would be reasonable to hypothesize 2 different potential causes of their cramps:
 1. Dehydration and/or salt loss through high levels of sweating
 2. Muscle fatigue, from their physically demanding work
Essentially what happened is that people latched onto hypothesis # 1, and never thought to investigate hypothesis # 2 (until recently at least). And since exercise-related cramps often occur when people exercise in hot environments (e.g. LeBron's situation), it seemed to support the idea that dehydration and/or salt loss were to blame.
However, that evidence is based almost entirely on anecdotal reports, rather than high quality research. A fantastic review in the British Journal of Sports Medicine looks at the available research evidence, and argues that dehydration and salt loss are unlikely to have anything to do with exercise-induced muscle cramps.
For example, several recent studies have examined electrolyte levels among crampers and non-crampers following endurance events. They found no differences in electrolyte concentrations between the two groups, and electrolyte levels did not change when the cramps disappeared. Similarly, cramping athletes are not any more dehydrated than their non-cramping counterparts. It's also worth noting that "heat cramps" have been observed in cool environments, such as swimming in cold water (conversely, cooling hot a person does not make their cramps go away). Core temperature does not seem related to cramping either.
Some researchers have suggested that "salty sweating" (e.g. losing large amounts of salt through in sweat) could cause cramping, without any change in overall electrolyte concentrations in the blood. This hypothesis is based on a study that found that athletes who self-identify as crampers had higher levels of sodium in their sweat than control athletes who did not identify as crampers (it's important to note that they didn't measure sweat DURING a cramp – these were simply athletes with a history of cramping). However, the cramp-prone athletes still had relatively low levels of salt in their sweat when compared to other studies that examined sweating in a wide range of non-cramping individuals. In other words, these "salty sweaters" didn't have all that much salt in their sweat when compared to other groups of non-crampers.
It is worth noting that systemic (e.g. whole body) reductions in sodium concentrations can result in muscle cramps. This can sometimes happen during hemodialysis. However, this results in generalized cramping – e.g. cramps that occur throughout the body. Whereas muscle cramps are localized – they typically occur in only one or two muscles at a time (the calves, feet and hamstrings are especially prone to cramping). This fact alone – that only the muscles being exercised are prone to cramping – is a pretty big indication to me that cramps have more to do with muscle fatigue than with whole body electrolyte concentrations.
What evidence links fatigue with muscle cramps?
Observational studies have found that athletes often report muscle fatigue prior to the onset of cramps themselves. They have also found that athletes are more likely to experience cramps when they identify as being under-trained for the event, or as competing at a higher intensity than during training. For example, one prospective study asked 210 Ironman athletes to complete a detailed history before a race. 44 of them developed muscle cramps, and researchers found that when they matched crampers with non-crampers that had similar training and performance histories (e.g. coming into the race, you would expect the two athletes to have a similar performance), those who developed cramps had also chosen faster pacing strategies. In other words, the people who raced at a pace that was too fast for their ability were also more likely to develop cramps at some point in the race.
Another piece of evidence suggesting that cramps are caused by muscle fatigue is that numerous studies have shown that voluntary muscle contractions can be used to cause muscle cramps! Further, it is easier to induce muscle cramps following a hard workout, than it is before a hard workout. This alone is a pretty big indication that muscle cramps are more likely to be due to localized muscle fatigue, rather than systemic changes in hydration or salt concentrations.
Finally, the last piece of evidence suggesting that cramps are due to fatigue is that passive stretching helps to end a cramp. Dr Schwellnus (the author of the BJSM review) suggests that this could be explained by stretch receptors in your tendons called Golgi tendon organs, that somehow become less active following a bout of fatiguing exercise. These receptors sense stretch in your tendons, and when they sense too much stretch, they basically shut down your muscle to reduce strain and prevent injury (e.g. if the muscle stops contracting, the tension in the tendons will be reduced, and you won't rip your muscle and/or tendon). They essentially work like brakes that prevent unnecessary or potentially dangerous muscle contractions.
Golgi tendon organ (Source: Gray's Anatomy, via Wikipedia)
Golgi tendon organ (Source: Gray's Anatomy, via Wikipedia)
The hypothesis is that when you are fatigued, these Golgi tendon organs become less active, so there is less inhibition of muscle activity. Without this inhibition from the Golgi tendon organs, your muscles are more likely to contract on their own. Your muscle is now like a car with brakes that aren't working at full capacity.
This fits with the fact that contractions are more likely to occur when a muscle is already in a shortened position (e.g. a cramp is more likely in your hamstrings if you pull your feet up towards your butt) – this is when the activity of the Golgi tendon organs is likely to be very low, since there is very little stretch in the tendons. This would make it easier for your muscle to spontaneously contract, since it's getting less inhibition than it would in the non-fatigued state. It also explains why stretching can help to end a cramp – this increases the activity in the Golgi tendon organs, which helps convince the muscle to stop contracting.
What does this mean for LeBron?
LeBron's cramps last week seem to fit with the general pattern of exercise-induced muscle cramps. They came during a very hard physical effort, at the end of a long season and playoff run. They went away briefly when he went to the bench, then returned when he went back on the court (if they were caused by dehydration or salt loss, it would seem strange that they would go away with rest, only to return when he started to exert himself again). The good news is that a bit of rest seems to do the trick.
LeBron is one of the best players in the world right now, so it's in the Heat's best interest to use him as much as possible. They just have to avoid using him so much that his muscles are fatigued to the point where they cramp up. The trick is to get as close to that line as they can without going over. And it's worth mentioning that exposure to high heat may make muscle cramps more likely (there's not great evidence on this one way or another), but eating extra salt is unlikely to help prevent cr


text:
To celebrate the reintroduction of the Rebor Carnotaurus "Crimson King Requiem" model a short YouTube video has been created. The video highlights the articulated lower jaw and the flexible tail of the figure. In addition, the close-up shots allow viewers to see the detailed skin texture.
Video credit: Everything Dinosaur
The Rebor Carnotaurus "Crimson King Requiem"
The Rebor Carnotaurus "Crimson King Requiem" was introduced in 2017. It replaced an earlier Rebor Carnotaurus "Crimson King". The earlier figure was supplied with a lava field display base.
Picture credit: Everything Dinosaur
The photograph (above) shows the now retired Rebor Carnotaurus from 2017. It was supplied with a display base that was painted to give the impression of this dinosaur walking across a cooling lava field.
To view the range of Rebor models and figures available from Everything Dinosaur: Rebor Models and Prehistoric Animal Figures.
The 2021 Carnotaurus commemorates the retirement of the original "Crimson King" Carnotaurus.
Carnotaurus (C. sastrei) was formally named and described in 1985. Fossils of this large theropod had been found the previous year. The extensive skeletal material consisted of the anterior portion of a single individual animal estimated to measure around 7.5 to 8 metres in length. It was described by the late José Bonaparte.
Since the discovery of Carnotaurus, many more South American abelisaurids have been named and described.
To read a recent Everything Dinosaur blog post about the discovery of a new species of South American abelisaurid Elemgasem nubilus: A New Abelisaurid from Argentina.
Commenting on the video a spokesperson from Everything Dinosaur explained that the video was not an unboxing or model review.
The spokesperson added:
"There are lots of really good model reviews already out there. We prefer to use our YouTube channel to highlight models as they come back into stock. It is our intention to produce a wide variety of YouTube video content. We have plans for some brief videos, under a minute in length, as well as longer videos that provide more product information."
To visit the YouTube channel of Everything Dinosaur: Everything Dinosaur on YouTube.
The website of Everything Dinosaur: Everything Dinosaur.