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Cube - BOINC Graphics Demonstration
Topics
Graphics API
Animation
Unix Shared Library
Additional Notes
Release Notes
This is a simple demonstration of non-trivial screen-saver graphics in BOINC, including animation. It also shows how the graphics thread of a Unix application can be put into a separate shared library, so that the application can continue to run even if the graphics fails to start.
Last modified: 6 January 2011
Overview
This is a BOINC application which demonstrates the basics of how to write a graphics thread for a screensaver, including simple animations.
The previous example application (yello) showed how to get graphics output, but focused on all the libraries and linking commands necessary to do that. The actual graphics were overly simple and not very illustrative. Now we look at how to create more interesting graphics.
Unlike the more complicated example application which follows (lalanne), this app does a fixed amount of "work", regardless of whether or not the graphics are ever activiated, and then it exits.
In addition to demonstrating how to create a simple animated screensaver, this application will be used to test (and then demonstrate) a way to compile against dynamic libraries on Linux so that the application can run on a wide range of Linux installations. It will also eventually demonstrate how to compile on Windows against the BOINC libraries rather than the full source code. Eventually, the computation thread will also be upgraded to do something more interesting.
The BOINC API's are documented on the BOINC website:
For this example application the Graphics API is the most important one.
It is possible to compile and run this application without relying on GLUT by not setting the compiler macro USE_GLUT. In this case the floating text won't appear. It is also possible to compile and run the application without any graphics at all by not setting BOINC_APP_GRAPHICS (but why would you want to?)
Graphics API
This example application displays a simple OpenGL graphics animation, which provides a working example of how to do that. For your own application you can just take out my silly drawings and put in your own code.
Like many animated graphics programs, there are three routines ("callbacks") which you need to write:
The first routine needs to clear the screen and initialize the OpenGL viewpoint and modeling transformation. If you have previously used OpenGL with GLUT then you need to know that BOINC does not provide a useful default viewpoint.
The window change routine just needs to adjust the viewport to accomodate the change in window size. In Windows, when the graphics window is "put away" (on the task bar) the window size is changed to (0,0). It would be possible to use this information to bypass rendering the scene, which would give more cycles to the science thread. We have not done this here.
There are also a few other callbacks you can provide to BOINC, for mouse and keyboard input and in case user preferences have changed. At this point you can just leave these empty, though you do need to provide them. The examples here just print out which key or button was pressed, but do not do anything interesting.
Animation
Moving, animated graphics are created by having the rendering routine draw a slightly different picture each time it is called. There are two general ways to do this, "absolute" and "relative". In either case, the rendering routine is provided with the current time, in floating point seconds, so that it may know exactly what picture to draw.
An "absolute" rendering routine uses the current time t to determine exactly what image to show. In the case of this example the viewpoint is rotated around the cube (though it looks like the cube is rotating and the viewpoint is fixed). The amount of rotation is simply proportional to the time t according to the relation
theta = PI2/20.0 * t;
where PI2 is 2π, which is the number of radians in one revolution. Thus the cube will make a full rotation in 20 seconds.
It is not always possible, or at least not as easy, to compute the scene based on the exact time t. Instead, you compute the "relative" change in the parameters that specify the scene over the time interval dt since the last time the scene was rendered. The one complication to this is that you have to remember the time the routine was first called. Although the rendering routine used in this example application is "absolute", it also shows how to compute dt and how to get the process started. This makes it easy for you to insert "relative" rendering code if you like.
Unix Graphics in a shared library
THIS SECTION IS OLD. BOINC 6 DOES NOT USE DYNAMIC GRAPHICS LIBRARIES. The fact that there are so many different Linux distributions with so many different versions of graphics libraries adds some extra complexity to the task of getting a BOINC application to run with graphics on Linux. In the 'yello' example program we simply compiled the graphics routines in with the application, and that runs fine on machines that have the proper libraries. But if the client machine does not have the appropriate libraries then the application will fail just because of this relatively small problem.
The way around this is to compile the graphics routines into a separate shared object (or "dynamical") library. When the application goes to start the graphics it tries to load this library. If the library fails to load then it is assumed that the proper supporting graphics libraries are not available, and the application continues with the calculations but without displaying graphics. This is described on the BOINC web site as part of the BOINC graphics API.,
The Unix Makefile included with the source code for 'cube' demonstrates how to compile and link the code to produce both the main program and the separate shared library for the graphics code. The shared library is called cube.so.
When you "add" the application to your project, or more specifically when you udate a version of the application, you must package up both the executable and the shared library together, which is slightly more complicated than simply adding a single executable, as you did for the 'hello' and 'yello' examples. Instructions for doing this can be found here. One thing to note is that the shared object library needs a full name with a version number in it, but will be opened with a simple name like "cube.so". Thus you need to include a file_ref_info file containing a <file_ref> block which associates the physical name of the file (with version number) to the logical name (without version number).
The supporting script add_app.sh will take care of this for you if it finds a shared object library for your application. You can either run this script from the directory in which you built the application, or follow what the script does yourself 'by hand'.
Getting the code
You can get a tarball containing the source code and build scripts here.
Since BOINC v6 the screensaver graphics have been moved to a separate program (instead of just a separate thread). The code for the main graphics program is common to all of the example applications and can be downloaded here: graphics_app.C
On unix you can use CVS to get the code thus:
% cvs -d :pserver:_EMAIL_-hill.net:/usr/local/cvsroot/boinc checkout src/apps/cube.d
Then move the directory cube.d to wherever you want to use it. On Windows you need to put this in the boinc/apps folder so that the relative paths are correct in the MSVC++ project file.
Release Notes
Here are more specific notes for particular versions of cube as they are released:
cube 6.07 (31 December 2010)
The binaries for this version of the app are the exact same as cube 6.01 - they were just taken from backups from two years earlier.
cube 6.05 (14 February 2010)
The spinning cube graphic was replaced with concentric hearts, each spinning at a slightly different rate to give a mesmerizing effect. Built against the server_stable branch from SVN.
cube 6.04 (27 March 2009)
This was a test of static linking for Linux. It used the same source code as cube 6.03, but was linked statically against more libraries in an attempt to make it more portable. This fixed problems running the 32-bit version on 64-bit machines, but also broke the graphics for 64-bit machines.
cube 6.03 (12 February 2009)
Built with the SVN trunk, r17125 (labeled version 6.7.0), in anticipation of making it the newest "server_stable" release. The windows version was built with MSVC++ 2003 on Windows 2000.
cube 6.02 (23 December 2008)
The Linux version of this app was corrupted on the project (it was built on a Mac, but had a Linux name). A new version was released, but with no differences frm 6.01.
cube 6.01 (22 December 2008)
Built with the SVN branch "server_stable" (r16543), which was at the time labeled BOINC version 6.3.14. Linux and Mac makefiles adjusted accordingly. Windows version built using MSVC++ 2003. The source code of the application remains the same, but the Windows build configuration files have changed to account for the fact that BOINC source code now uses file extension .cpp rather than the


Two jaguar cubs are bringing more than just cooing visitors to Milwaukee's zoo. They're introducing new genes to the endangered species' captive population.
The spotted brothers were born Nov. 13. They don't have official names yet, but zoo keepers are calling them "Dots" and "Gaps," because of markings on their heads.
Their father was born in the wild, which is rare.
Stacey Johnson, coordinator of the jaguar species survival plan for the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, said the father's new genes will help sustain the zoo population over next 100 years.
It also helps that both cubs are male. Johnson said zoos currently have more female jaguars than male.
The cubs are still too small for their exhibit. But zoo keepers said they should be ready by early February.


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The Fahey/Klein Gallery is pleased to present Young Men & Still Lifes by German photographer, Herbert List --- The first exhibition of his legendary homoerotic male nudes in Los Angeles in over 25 years. List's playful but austere, classically arranged compositions taken in Italy and Greece have become an indelible influence in modern and contemporary photography. Diary-like images of friends and still lives with found objects gave birth to a style that half a century later would influence fashion or lifestyle photography of masters like Bruce Weber or Herb Ritts.
Herbert List (1903 -1975) was born into a prosperous Hamburg merchant family and began an apprenticeship at a Heidelberg coffee dealer in 1921 while studying literature and art history at Heidelberg University. During travels for the coffee business between 1924-28, the young List began to take photographs, almost without any pretensions to art.
In 1930, though, his artistic leanings and connections to the European avant-garde brought him together with the American photographer Andreas Feininger, who introduced his new friend to the Rolleiflex, a more sophisticated camera that allowed a deliberate composition of images. Under the dual influence of the surrealist movement on the one hand, and of Bauhaus artists on the other, List photographed still life and his friends, developing his style. He has described his images as "composed visions where [my] arrangements try to capture the magical essence inhabiting and animating the world of appearances."
After leaving Germany in 1936 in response to the danger of Nazi police attention to his openly gay lifestyle and his Jewish heritage, he turned his hobby into a profession. Working in Paris and London, he met George Hoyningen-Huene, who referred him to "Harper's Bazaar". Dissatisfied with the challenges of fashion photography and hired models, List instead focused on composing still lifes. The images produced there would later be compared to the paintings of Max Ernst and Giorgio de Chirico, and paved the way for List's role as the most prominent photographer of the Fotografia Metafisica style.
Greece became List's primary interest from 1937 to 1939. After his first visit to the antique temples, sculptures and landscapes, his first solo show opened in Paris in the summer of 1937. Publications in Life, Photographie, Verve and Harper's Bazaar followed, and List began work on his first book, Licht über Hellas, which wasn't published until 1953.
Working in Athens, List hoped to escape the war but was forced by invading troops to return to Germany in 1941. Because of his Jewish background, he was forbidden to publish or work officially in Germany. Several works, stored in a hotel in Paris, have been lost. In 1944 List was deployed by the German Wehrmacht to Norway where he served as a map archivist.
In 1951, List met Robert Capa, who convinced him to work as a contributor to Magnum. He turned his interest towards Italy from 1950 to 1961, photographing everything from street scenes to contemplative photo-essays, from architectural views to portraits of international artists living in Italy. He discovered the 35mm camera and the telephoto lens in 1953. His work became more spontaneous and was influenced by his Magnum colleague Henri Cartier-Bresson and the Italian Neo-Realism film movement.
Herbert List's work has been collected, exhibited, and published internationally. List's work is held in Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris, France), Fotomuseum im Münchner Stadtmuseum (Munich, Germany), The J.Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, CA), ICP (New York, NY), The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, NY) Musée de l'Elysée (Lausanne, Switzerland), The Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, MA,) The Museum of Modern Art (New York, NY) and The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco, CA), among others.
Past publications of Herbert List's work include The Magical in Passing (Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2014), Herbert List: The Monograph (Ed. Max Scheler with Matthias Harder, texts by Bruce Weber Edmund White. Monacelli Press, New York, 2000), Italy (Ed. Max Scheler, Thames & Hudson, 1995), Herbert List: Junge Männer (Ed. Stephen Spender, Thames & Hudson, 1988,) Napoli e i suoi personaggi (Ed. Vittorio De Sica, Rizolli, 1968) Nigerian images: the splendor of African sculpture (Ed. William Fagg, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), Caribia : ein photographisches Skizzenbuch von den Caribischen Inseln (Rowohlt, 1958), Licht über Hellas: Eine Symphonie in Bildern (München: G.D.W. Callwey, 1953), and more.


Those male parts can be troublesome…
About 20 years ago, horticulturist and author Thomas Ogren became interested in allergy-free gardening because his wife suffered from allergies and asthma. He has since discovered that many "dioecious male" trees trigger severe allergies (most people don't realize that some plants are male, some are female, and many are bisexual). Pollen is the main culprit.
Ogren suggests that the allergy problem is increasing because male trees, which do not produce fruit, seeds, messy flowers or old seedpods, are being planted by the millions.
Understanding sex of plants helps limit garden's allergy sources
I'm going to have to revise my old credo: "If it's got tires or dioecious male parts, it's gonna give you trouble…"


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Enthalpy of Mixing (Excess Enthalpy)
Excess enthalpy data (HE) are important for the description of the correct temperature-dependence of the activity coefficients following the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
For fitting interaction parameters of gE - and group contribution models, applicable for a larger temperature range, enthalpy of mixing data directly provide the temperature dependence of the activity coefficients. Therefore, a combination of vapor-liquid equlibrium and excess enthalpy measurements is a good solution to cover a broad range of temperature.
Heats of mixing can be measured with different experimental devices.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
When set to hair mode, particle system creates only static particles, which may be used for hair, fur, grass and the like.
The first step is to create the hair, specifying the amount of hair strands and their lengths.
The complete path of the particles is calculated in advance. So everything a particle does a hair may do also. A hair is as long as the particle path would be for a particle with a lifetime of 100 frames. Instead of rendering every frame of the particle animation point by point there are calculated control points with an interpolation, the segments.
The next step is to style the hair. You can change the look of base hairs by changing the Physics Settings.
A more advanced way of changing the hair appearance is to use Children. This adds child hairs to the original ones, and has settings for giving them different types of shapes.
You can also interactively style hairs in Particle Mode. In this mode, the particle settings become disabled, and you can comb, trim, lengthen, etc. the hair curves.
Hair can now be made dynamic using the cloth solver. This is covered in the Hair Dynamics page.
Blender can render hairs in several different ways. Materials have a Strand section, which is covered in the materials section in the Strands Page.
Hair can also be used as a basis for the Particle Instance modifier, which allows you to have a mesh be deformed along the curves, which is useful for thicker strands, or things like grass, or feathers, which may have a more specific look.
- Regrow Hair for each frame.
- Enables advanced settings which reflect the same ones as working in Emitter mode.
- Set the amount of hair strands. Use as little particles as possible, especially if you plan to use softbody animation later. But you need enough particles to have good control. For a "normal" haircut I found some thousand (very roughly 2000) particles to give enough control. You may need a lot more particles if you plan to cover a body with fur. Volume will be produced later with Children.
Settings for adding movement to hair see Hair Dynamics.
- Draw hair as curves.
- Draw just the end points if the hairs.
- The number of segments (control points minus 1) of the hair strand. In between the control points the segments are interpolated. The number of control points is important:
- for the softbody animation, because the control points are animated like vertices, so more control points mean longer calculation times.
- for the interactive editing, because you can only move the control points (but you may recalculate the number of control points in Particle Mode).
- 10 Segments should be sufficient even for very long hair, 5 Segments are enough for shorter hair, and 2 or 3 segments should be enough for short fur.
Hair can be rendered as a Path, Object, or Group. See Particle Visualization for descriptions.
- Fur Tutorial, which produced (Image 4b). It deals especially with short hair.
- Blender Hair Basics, a thorough overview of all of the hair particle settings.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Azo-dye Synthesis
The diazo-coupling reaction
Background Colour:
Click the structures and reaction arrows in sequence to view the 3D models and animations respectively
The coupling reaction between benzene and the diazonium salt was modelled using Spartan '08 software to produce some interesting results.
Although both reactions appear to be "single step", the mechanism of the trans isomer displays an initial addition reaction followed by a distinct deprotonation step (red arrows). In the mechanism of the cis isomer, it can be seen that these steps occur simultaneously.
Substituents on the benzene, usually at the para position, affect the resulting colour of the molecule due to their contributions to the HOMO/LUMO orbital energies. Take a look at the azo-dyes page to view a selection of dyes and their HOMO/LUMO orbital represenations.
The transition states for these reactions were found by Henry Rzepa of Imperial college.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
The name is derived from the Greek words kopros meaning "dung" and lithos meaning "stone".
Coprolites are also trace fossils and vary in size from the small fecal pellets of a sea-snail to the large droppings of crocodiles, dinosaurs, or mammals. Typical sizes vary from less than 5 mm (0.2") to 5 cm (2"), although they may exceed 30 cm (12") in length. There is a large variety of shapes: cigar-shaped, lens-shaped, kidney-shaped, cone-shaped, round, oval, cylindrical, or spiral-shaped, depending upon the type of animal which produced them, although as with other trace fossils, the specific animal is usually not known.
The recognition of coprolites is aided by their structural patterns, such as spiral or annular markings, their content, such as undigested food fragments, and also by associated fossil remains. The smallest coprolites are often difficult to distinguish from inorganic pellets or from eggs. Most coprolites are composed chiefly of calcium phosphate, along with minor quantities of organic matter. By analysing coprolites sometimes the diet of the animal which produced them may be determined.
Coprolites have been recorded in deposits ranging in age from the Ordovician period to recent times and are found worldwide. Some of them are useful as index fossils, such as 'Favreina' from the Jurassic period of Haute-Savoie in France.
Some marine deposits contain a high proportion of fecal remains, however, animal excrement is easily fragmented and destroyed and so usually has little chance of becoming fossilized.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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To save a portion of the floodwater that routinely drains into the sea, a check dam is set to be built across the Kosasthalaiyar river in Thirukandalam, Tiruvallur district, 27 km from the city.
The Water Resources Department (WRD) will begin work in April, once the project's design and technical aspects are approved of and hopes to complete it within a year's time.
Another benefit of the check dam will be in the saving of huge amounts of water that are lost every time surplus water from the Poondi reservoir is released into the Kosasthalaiyar river during the monsoons.
This project, which was mooted during the formulation of the Krishna water supply scheme three decades ago, remained on paper for several years due to the opposition towards land acquisition.
However, now, the design of the check dam has been altered to ensure there is no land acquisition in the locality for the speedy execution of the project.
The check dam will be constructed between Tamaraipakkam anicut and Cholavaram lake.
Last year, the State government had announced that a large storage structure would be built in Thirukandalam, which is nearly 27 km away from Chennai, to store Krishna water received from Andhra Pradesh and to meet the increasing drinking water needs of the expanded metropolis. However, the plan had to be dropped, as it would involve acquisition of several plots of private land to increase the river's width and would inevitably result in a delay.
Officials of the WRD said that unlike a normal check dam built at a height of up to 1.5 metres this structure will be nearly 6.5 m high.
The river's flood banks, which have eroded in some spots owing to sand mining, will also be raised up to a height of 10 metres.
Only then, about 150-200 million cubic feet of water, which is equal to one week of the city's water supply, can be stored in the 195-metre wide river.
The structure will help retain surface water for nearly 9 km on the river. Ground water in surrounding villages, including Thirukandalam and Arikambedu, will be recharged once the check dam is completed.
At present, the water table in the area has dipped below 100 feet, owing to illicit sand mining. Several farmers have been forced to give up paddy cultivation and move to growing flowers, for want for water. Officials said the check dam is expected to increase the water table by at least a few metres.
A major share of the project cost of Rs. 35 crore, is being funded by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.
Means of conveying water from the storage structure for Chennai's water needs will be decided depending upon the amount of water to be stored and when water is available, officials said.
Keywords: check dam

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Maine takes domestic violence extremely seriously. As a result, sentencing can be especially harsh. Nonetheless, as with any crime, the State must prove the elements of the offense beyond all reasonable doubt to get a conviction.
William H. Ashe, a respected criminal defense attorney in Maine, will argue a strong case on your behalf, casting doubt on guilt. Provided below is an overview of what must be proved in domestic violence cases in Maine and what defense may be employed. Remember, each case is different according to the facts and circumstances. If you have additional questions or want to start building a strong defense today, contact the Law Offices of William H. Ashe to learn more about his approach to criminal defense and how he may help you in your specific case.
What are the elements of domestic violence assault in Maine?
In Maine, anyone charged with assault can also have the added element of domestic violence when the alleged victims qualify as a family or household member. Assault, according to Title 17-A §207, occurs when a person:
- intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly
- causes bodily injury or offensive physical contact
- to another person.
A bruise or other visible signs of an assault are not necessary for the commission of the crime. If a person shoves or bumps into another person offensively can satisfy the elements required of assault. To be a domestic violence assault, the alleged offender must have committed that assault, according to 17-A §207A, against a family or household member.
Title 19-A §4002(4) defines family or household members as:
- current or former spouses or domestic partners
- current or former roommates
- current or former intimate partners or persons who engage(d) in a sexual relationship
- biological parents of a child
- Minor children of a household member when the alleged offender is an adult household member
- adult household members related by blood or marriage.
What are the penalties in Maine of a domestic violence conviction?
Penalties in Maine are based on the offense and its classification as a misdemeanor or felony. There are also other consequences to a domestic violence penalty that often apply regardless of the classification of the offense.
Misdemeanor Domestic Violence Sentencing
Domestic violence assault is typically a Class D misdemeanor. Penalties for this crime classification include:
- a fine up to $2,000
- a jail sentence up to one year
- probation up to two years (17-A §1201)
- participation in a 48-week Batterers Intervention education program (17-A §1204).
Felony Domestic Violence Sentencing
Domestic violence assault is enhanced to a Class C felony when the alleged offender has a prior conviction within the last ten years – according to 17-A §9-A. The convictions that qualify as an enhancer include any of the following:
- Domestic violence assault 17-A §207-A
- Domestic violence criminal threatening 17-A §209-A.
- Domestic violence terrorizing, 17-A §210-B.
- Domestic violence stalking, 17-A §210-C.
- Domestic violence reckless conduct, 17-A §211-A.
- Violating a Protection from Abuse order 19-A § 4011.
If an alleged offender was convicted of similar charges in another state, then that would count also as a prior conviction.
Domestic violence assault can be charged as a Class C felony when the alleged offender violated conditions of release per 15 §1092 1(B). In this scenario, the defendant is on bail for domestic violence and violated the condition of bail by either (1) contacting the alleged victim; or (2) possessing a firearm.
A Class C felony conviction can result in the following penalties:
- a fine up to $5,000
- a prison sentence up to five years
- probation up to two years
Other Consequences to a Domestic Violence Conviction
There are other consequences of a domestic violence assault conviction. Important consequences that can be life-changing include the following:
- You can face problems with child custody if you currently have shared custody or want to pursue custody.
- Anyone convicted of domestic violence (misdemeanor or felony) in Maine is prohibited from ever possessing firearms or ammunition for the rest of his or her life. A violation can result in a federal crime.
- If you were convicted of felony domestic violence, you can lose your right to vote.
- If you were convicted of felony domestic violence, you may face particular difficulty finding employment or good housing.
There are many other collateral consequences of a conviction just by the mere existence of a criminal record. These consequences are worth considering as reason to fight a charge of domestic violence assault in Maine.
Are there defenses in Maine to a domestic violence assault case?
You should never plead guilty at an arraignment because that denies you your right to fight the criminal charges against you. In domestic violence cases, there are defenses that may apply in your specific case. These defenses include:
- Self-Defense. If you were defending yourself against another person's use of physical force, you have a defense in Maine. When self-defense is raised, the prosecutor will have to prove that your conduct was not self-defense.
- Witness Credibility. Was the alleged victim motivated to lie about the domestic violence? For example, is there a custody case pending or did the alleged offender and victim recently breakup? Given the close relationships those involved in domestic violence share, there are often reasons an alleged victim will lie or create a story, and if his or her credibility is questioned, that casts doubt on the alleged domestic violence.
- Factual Dispute. In these cases, it is often one person's word against another person's word. Who really struct who first? Was the physical force intentional or incidental to another activity? Guilt can boil down to the small details of these types of cases.
Even when there isn't a specific defense, a good attorney will develop a strong defense strategy to help you get the best outcome possible in your case.
Contact an Aggressive, Smart Domestic Violence Defense Attorney in Maine Today
Domestic violence charges are deeply personal and emotional. Getting aggressive yet compassionate legal representation can be fundamental to fighting the charges without undue stress. William H. Ashe, a reputable criminal defense lawyer in Maine, will provide a strong and thoughtful defense. Contact his law office online or at _PHONE_ to schedule a consultation and to learn more about how he can help you fight domestic violence charges.


Research ArticleECOLOGY
Foraging behavior links sea ice to breeding success in Antarctic penguins
See allHide authors and affiliations
Science Advances 24 Jun 2020:
Vol. 6, no. 26, eaba4828
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4828
Abstract
Population trends and breeding success variability of Adélie penguins, a bioindicator of Antarctic environments, have been attributed to changing sea-ice extents; however, causative mechanisms remain unclear. By electronically tagging 175 penguins in four seasons with contrasting sea-ice conditions, we show that ice-free environments enhance, not deteriorate, foraging efficiencies and breeding success. In an ice-free season, penguins traveled by swimming rather than walking, leading to larger foraging areas, shorter trip durations, and lower energy expenditure than three ice-covered seasons. Freed from the need to find cracks for breathing, dive durations decreased, and more krill were captured per unit dive time, which may also be associated with phytoplankton blooms and increased krill density in the sunlit ice-free water. Consequently, adult body mass, chick growth rates, and breeding success increased. Our findings explain the regional population trends and demonstrate a key link among sea ice, foraging behavior, and reproductive success in this iconic species.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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create a filter that limits the data to a sliding time window, such as the previous 5 days. You specify filters in Charts using an MQL Query Document. To specify a relative date query, you need to do a bit of arithmetic to create a new Date object based on the number of milliseconds relative to the current date, represented by Date(). To specify the last 5 days, use the following filter:
{ observationDate: {$gte: Date(Date() - 5 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)}}
After applying the filter, you can give your chart a title and we're done!
After saving the chart, you can resize it on your dashboard, and then start to create additional charts to give you even more insight into the weather in your city.
Another Example: Home Battery Data
I chose the Weather scenario for the main example in this article as it's easy to get working and something we can all relate to. However, in practice, you can probably get a lot of this info from weather websites. The real value is not so much in this one specific example but in the pattern and its implementation using the MongoDB platform.
No matter what your interests are, chances are there are APIs that return data that is of value to you, and you can use the same approach from the weather example to ingest and visualize this data. The following screenshot shows one I created to show the status and history of my home battery storage system. You can see the storage level over the last week, the current storage level and understand how the usage changes over the seasons.
Hopefully, this will give you some ideas on dashboards that you'd like to create. Have fun exploring and visualizing your data!


The ReComp vision
The figure below provides a summary of our vision of a ReComp meta- process for making recurring, selective re-computation decisions on a collection of underlying analytics processes for both Forwards and Backwards patterns.
The ReComp loops
The ReComp loops
In both cases, the meta-process is triggered by observations of data changes in the environment (top). In the Forwards pattern, on the left, these are new versions of data used by the process. This pattern requires the ability to
 1. quantify the differences between two versions of a data,
 2. estimate the impact of those changes on a process outcomes,
 3. estimate the cost of re-computing a process,
 4. use those estimates to select past process instances that optimise the re-computation effort subject to a budget constraint, and
 5. re-enact the selected process instances, entirely or partially.
Previous: Forwards and Backwards ReComp


Tech Insight Data Centre Management: Trends and Challenges
Data Centre Management in the U.S. and China: Trends and Challenges
Business and technology decision makers often focus on factors such as performance and uptime when investing in new solutions. However, as the amount of data that companies collect grows, organisations have had to place more emphasis on a larger number of factors than they have in years past. Seagate surveyed data centre managers throughout the United States and China to explore the most prominent issues facing facility decision makers.
The Seagate Data Centre Manager study polled 651 respondents, who were screened based on several qualification criteria. Those polled had to have IT management responsibilities and work in their organisation's data centre (with a minimum of 50 servers or 100 terabytes of storage). In addition, individuals had to have some responsibility over storage devices. Below is a summary of the study's key findings:
 - Security is a top priority and challenge for both regions.
 - Time-consuming drive management activities represent the largest storage-related pain point.
This report will explore the key issues that data centre managers face, as well as how storage relates to common challenges associated with running a facility. However, it is necessary to first understand general data centre growth and budget trends.
Data Centre and Data Growth Trends
As many businesses place greater demands on their IT departments to spur innovation and generate new efficiencies, it makes sense to first look at the issue of facility budgets. The good news is that a majority of data centre budgets are expected to increase over the next year. This is countered by the fact that storage capacity demand is expected to grow at approximately double that rate. Below is a breakdown of how respondents plan to accommodate expanding data growth.[see Datat Growth Strategies chart below]
The most commonly cited strategies involved new investment; the majority of data centre operators in both regions planned to purchase new hardware, while replacing or upgrading existing solutions was the second highest response. However, fewer respondents (30%) planned to hire new employees to manage these assets, suggesting that they will likely turn to the hardware and software to ease the burden of management. This is also reflected in the most common storage pain points, which are focused on drive management activities.
Although respondents in China tended to be more likely to have new investments planned, some of this may be due to differences in budget growth. While the amount of increase was similar for both regions, more respondents in China (75%) expected larger budgets than those in the United States (54%). This gap may also help to explain some of the key differences in concerns among data centres in the two regions.
Data Centre Operators: Key Concerns and Top Priorities
Managing the modern data centre presents a myriad of challenges, and managers are feeling pressure due to a number of different factors. While there were some regional differences in this area, one factor was prevalent in both countries. When asked to identify the top three challenges for their data centres in 2013, security topped the list with 31% of all survey respondents ranking it the highest. {see Challenges (Top 10) chart below}
Interestingly, data security was ranked below system performance and staff issues for U.S. respondents as a top challenge, but this group ranked improving security as a first priority.
Hardware management presented another top challenge for organisations, but some of the reasons for this difficulty were different depending on region. For instance, U.S. respondents were more likely to cite staffing issues as a top challenge, while data centre operators in China expressed frustration with infrastructure complexity. The difference can likely be attributed to the lower frequency of budget growth in the former. However, both of these problems suggest a heightened demand for streamlining management activities. A limited number of employees will ultimately impact the ability to detect and prevent issues, while the issue of complexity can make it difficult even for a large staff to operate efficiently.
In addition to challenges, Seagate asked respondents what their data centre's top three priorities were for 2013. There was some overlap in the area of security, which garnered the highest number of responses. However, this question also raised new issues and presented some significant regional differences. For example, data centre operators in the United States (28%) placed more emphasis on reducing cost than those in China (19%).
The other top priorities for data centres in China were to increase agility and consolidate operations. This may be a reflection of frustration with infrastructure complexity, as it can become more difficult to incorporate new technologies when the IT ecosystem consists of so many moving parts. Similarly, the focus on operational consolidation suggests that emphasis is placed on improving efficiency to deal with expanding data volume.
It is also worth noting that these issues are not entirely separate. While U.S. respondents were more likely to deal with constrained budgets, the activities associated with data centre consolidation would likely produce cost benefits, whether they stem from lower hardware costs or fewer staff hours spent managing devices. In other words, motivations for doing so may differ, but addressing the core challenges of data centre operation is likely to achieve comparable results.
Data Security: A Detailed Look
The importance of protecting information stored in data centres has risen in prominence alongside news of high-profile breaches. Given that it is a top priority for both regions, it may be helpful to take a closer look at this problem in particular.
Security in general has been climbing executive agendas due to three main factors: mobile security, big data and advanced targeted attacks.
Although not all of those issues are storage problems, the mention of big data does corroborate the notion that expanding volume and complexity plays a role in making data centre security more stressful. In addition, the emergence of targeted attacks makes it more important to protect data in transit, while stored on active drives and after devices have been retired.
InformationWeek's 2013 Strategic Security Study revealed another layer of complexity to the issue. Although the IT industry pays a lot of attention to external attacks, organisations are comparably worried about malicious insiders. When asked about the greatest security risks they face, 53% of respondents said cyber criminals, while 51% cited authorised users.
Fortunately, the Ponemon Institute's 2013 IT Security Tracking Study found that senior-level IT professionals were well aware of the need for comprehensive security {see Important Technologies for Combating Security Risk chart below}. Encryption for data at rest was rated as the third most important technology for mitigating risk, behind security intelligence and access governance systems. Considering that more than 50% of respondents rated numerous solutions as important, businesses have recognised the need for a multifaceted strategy to address this problem.
One potential issue that could arise from utilising numerous solutions is difficulty in managing them. For example, employing encryption for data at rest can be a cumbersome and time-consuming process, particularly if the organisation does not have an information governance strategy in place.
The Issue of Storage
Rapid data growth and increasing demand for capacity place storage at the heart of many data centre challenges. Particularly as enterprises collect and generate larger amounts of information, understanding the issues affecting storage can lead to significant improvements in overall data centre management activity. {See earlier Data Growth Strategies chart}
The leading strategy for accommodating data growth is to purchase new storage solutions, cited by 60% of respondents. This is followed by hardware replacement at 55%, suggesting a dynamic storage ecosystem in most data centres as drives are retired and new hardware is purchased. Despite the rapid rate of change in the average storage environment, fewer respondents (30% of those polled) planned to increase staffing.
This means that data centre operators worldwide will likely have to follow the "do more with less" paradigm that has become prevalent in resource-strapped organisations. The other issues facing data centres, such as existing staffing difficulties in the United States, means that managers would benefit from adjusting storage management practices and vendors will need to implement solutions that streamline drive management activities. For example, one prominent concern regarding ageing drives is that older hardware is more likely to fail and may experience performance degradation. However, retiring drives too early will result in higher total cost of ownership. In this case, it may be beneficial to adopt performance analytics software to ensure drives are working optimally and to use predictive analysis to identify potential failures before they disrupt operations.
Conclusions and Recommendations
As the research shows, data centres face a number of challenges that can all affect total cost of ownership and the difficulty of managing their hardware. Businesses are expected to continue generating large volumes of information, and addressing that data growth requires a comprehensive strategy that makes strategic purchases while maximising those investments.
It is important to consider total cost of ownership from both a process and a technological perspective. While storage hardware management represents a core concern among data centre operators, organisations would also benefit from making these tasks more efficient. For context, Payscale.com lists the median hourly rate for a data centre technician as US$26.11, and Seagate research revealed the five most time-consuming storage drive activities:
 - Monitoring or analysing devices (2.09 hours)
 - Troubleshooting drives (1.46 hours)
 - Improving drive management processes (1.25 hours)
 - Researching new solutions (1.24 hours)
 - Training new staff on procedures (1.22 hours)
** Average hours spent per drive management employee (per week)
Three of those activities are directly related to daily management tasks, meaning that organisations would see an immediate reduction in total cost of ownership by improving operational efficiency. For example, a 20% reduction in drive monitoring and analysis time alone would save US$44 per drive management employee per month. The savings would be even greater if carried out across other key activities, and improving some processes would likely create widespread benefit.
The hardware itself can also play a role in how efficiently tasks can be completed, so it is important to consider the impact of IT investments. Data security serves as a good example. Technology that makes it easier to encrypt stored data would make the process itself faster while mitigating the risk of


text: An epigram is a short, succinct poem, often with witty (or even vicious) content. Coleridge wrote an epigram to define an epigram: "What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, / Its body brevity and wit its soul." It is worth noting that this is a stricter definition than epigrams seem to have had in classical Greece and Rome, where the form originates; it is probably the eighteenth-century fondness for a smart wit and the epigrams of Martial that tightened the definition thus. The preference in contemporary poetry for exploring an issue rather than summing it up means epigrams are not as popular as they were then, but Anne Stevenson's 'On Going Deaf', with its wit, rhyme and definite opinion, is probably the closest example within the Archive.


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Researchers are developing a prototype contact lens for the blind that would translate images into a Braille-like sensation felt on the eye using small electric impulses.
Tel Aviv, Israel-Researchers are developing a prototype contact lens for the blind that would translate images into a Braille-like sensation felt on the eye using small electric impulses.
The lens is in development at Bar-Ilan University in Tel Aviv, Israel. The system sends an image taken by a smartphone to the contact lens, which has been fitted with a series of electrodes that will send electric impulses to relay shapes onto the cornea.
"It's like reading Braille, not with your fingertips, but with your eyes," says Professor Zeev Savelsky, who is developing the lens. "We can encode an image with many more points than the Braille system and use these to stimulate the surface of the cornea."
Researchers say they've had some success with initial trials and test subjects were about to identify objects after some practice. The project is still several years away from the market as it has yet to go through full clinical trials and is searching for funding for mass production.


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Representing signals using only timing information and feature extraction for automatic speech recognition
Acoustic signals are separated into frequency components by filtering in the inner ear and represented by streams of spike trains in the auditory nerve. Typically, the spikes are all-or-none stereotyped waveforms, so all the information represented by the spikes is encoded in their timing. This raises the question: how can band-pass signals be represented by timing information only? ^ It is well known that only a special class of bandpass signals, called Real-Zero(RZ) signals can be uniquely represented by their zero-crossings. However, it is possible to invertibly map arbitrary bandpass signals into RZ signals, thereby, implicitly represent the bandpass signal using the mapped RZ signal's zero-crossings. This mapping is known as Real-Zero Conversion(RZC). In this dissertation a class of novel signal-adaptive RZC algorithms is proposed. Specifically, algorithms to convert an arbitrary bandpass signal into other signals, whose zero-crossings contain sufficient information to represent the bandpass signal's phase and envelope are presented. Since the proposed zero-crossings are not those of the original signal, but only indirectly related to it, they are called hidden or Covert Zero C&barbelow;rossings (CoZeCs). Rational signal functions of the complex-time variable ξ are reviewed. The proposed algorithms are used to represent speech signals processed through an analysis filter bank and it is shown that they can be reconstructed given the CoZeCs. ^ Based on this model, a novel approach to extract noise robust features for speech recognition is developed in the second part of this dissertation. Speech was processed first by a bank of band-pass filters. At the output of the band-pass filters the signal is subjected to a log-derivative operation which naturally decomposes the band-pass signal into analytic and anti-analytic components. The average instantaneous frequency (AIF) and average log-envelope (ALE) are then extracted as coarse features at the output of each filter. Further refined features may also be extracted—a sequential hierarchy of modulation analysis—from the analytic and anti-analytic components. Speech recognition experiments with the Aurora 2 task was performed. For clean training, (compared to the mel-cepstrum front end) the AIF/ALE front end achieves an overall improvement of 7.97% in accuracy rates. ^
Engineering, Electronics and Electrical
"Representing signals using only timing information and feature extraction for automatic speech recognition"
Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access).


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The cigarette beetle is a small insect – less than 1/8″ long. However, it is a serious pest of tobacco that is in storage. The cigarette beetle is also a pest of stored food products in homes, warehouses, and food processing facilities.
The cigarette beetle is oval-shaped. It is light brown and has tiny holes on the back. When it is viewed from above, the beetle's head is hidden and it has a "humped" appearance.
Many people confuse the cigarette beetle and the drugstore beetle. The drugstore beetle has tiny holes on its back and they are in straight rows. The holes on the cigarette beetles back are not in rows. The antennae of the two beetles are different. The cigarette beetle's antenna has tiny ridges like teeth on a saw blade. The drugstore beetle's antenna is straight and it ends in a club shape.
The cigarette beetle larva is white and grub-like. It is usually less than 1/8″ long and it usually curls into a C-shape. The larva has well-developed legs and many hairs on its body.
Cigarette beetles attack almost every type of food. They have been found in dried fruits, dried vegetables, dried flowers, nuts, spices and seeds. They have been found eating book binding paste, dry dog food, and fabrics like silk and leather.
The adult beetle deposits eggs on the food material. When the eggs hatch, the larvae eat and grow. As they grow, the larvae shed their skins 5 or 6 times. When they are ready to change to adults, the larvae spin silken cocoons.
Controlling cigarette beetles begins with a thorough inspection. It is important to find everything that the larvae are eating. Go through the pantry and the cabinets and check all of the food packages. Discard everything that is infested. Vacuum the shelves thoroughly before replacing the food on the shelves.
Inspect packages at the store. Do not buy food products in broken or torn packages. Store food in containers with lids that fit tightly.


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In the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, the Learning by Doing Initiative (LBDI), a joint project between the Government of Ethiopia, the Amhara Regional Health Bureau, USAID's Hygiene Improvement Project (HIP), and the Water and Sanitation Program, started at large scale and then expanded, growing from an initial 93,000 households in four districts to include 5.8 million people in 94 districts. LBDI resulted in 2.8 million more people stopping the practice of open defecation.
In Learning by Doing: Working at Scale in Ethiopia, Kebede Faris and Julia Rosenbaum summarize key strategies and lessons from LBDI.Working at the sub-district level, LBDI trained a cadre of outreach workers, focusing on both community mobilization and household-level behavior change tools. Strategies including building capacity at the community level and developing and testing tools and training manuals. LBDI also emphasized "small doable actions," whereby health extension workers negotiated directly with household members to determine the sanitation and hygiene options best suited to their household's needs.
See Related Content:
- Results from Working at Scale for Better Sanitation and Hygiene in Amhara, Ethiopia: Baseline and Endline Comparisons of Institutional, Household, and School Surveys (full report)
- Success Story: Promoting Hygiene Improvement in Amhara, Ethiopia
- Stepping Onto the Sanitation Ladder: Stopping Open Defecation in Rural Ethiopia (video)
- WSP Approaches to Scaling Up Rural Sanitation in Ethiopia and Tanzania (slide presentation)


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The Impact Bat PRO is a heavier, more advanced version of the popular Impact Bat wood training bat. The Pro model is made for the more advanced player because it has a smaller sweet spot and it is game weighted (-3 weight drop). It is made of acrylic and has a rectangular handle which emphasizes palm up/palm down hands. This bat promotes rotational hitting mechanics and is endorsed by renowned hitting instructor Mike Epstein.
- Made of acrylic
- Ideal for High School, College, and the Pros
- Barrel is 2 3/4" wide and the handle is rectangular
- Proves and reinforces square contact
- Teaches proper hand position at contact (palm up/palm down)
- Gives instant feedback on balls that are hit (rolling the wrists = misses or ground balls)
- Helps determine a square path to the ball when the back elbow tucks
- Teaches how to get INSIDE and BEHIND the ball
- Maximizes carry and lift
- Builds the proper Muscle Memory for Square Contact
- Promotes the proper grip of the bat
- Use it with whiffle balls, tennis balls or other lite balls (not intended for use with hard balls)
Instant Feedback and Understanding
If you swing and miss, or hit it into the ground, then you most likely rolled your wrists too soon. When you square it up with the Impact Bat, you will hit line drives. This gives you instant feedback and creates the proper muscle memory like all professional hitters.
With the square handle and the flat side, the Impact Bat reinforces proper hand position for square contact. It helps the player determine the square path to the ball without any thought. When someone swings the Impact Bat for the first time, they get an instant understanding of how the hands are supposed to be at contact. When the thumbs are placed on the bat, it helps the hitter understand how to get inside and behind the ball by giving the hands the mechanical advantage.
Too often players whip their hands through the strike zone to create bat speed, causing the wrists to roll over. This is a leading cause for ground balls, pop ups, and misses. All MLB players have their top hand palm up and the bottom hand palm down at impact to deliver the most force on the ball. The Impact Bat reinforces this position!
"This makes sense, the Impact Bat teaches a player proper hand position at contact. We use it with everyone we teach." - Mike Epstein, Major League Player from _PHONE_ and Owner of Mike Epstein Hitting.


Antisymmetry of the Connection
by
This property is easily proven as in the attached paper, with an introductory essay on the far reaching consequences of this finding. As in the following note, the same commutator method gives the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass as a consequence of geometry. Extending this method, all the well known equivalence principles of physics can be derived from the ECE antisymmetry law. The introductory essay of the attached paper can be understood by the non specialist and general reader.
Paper139.pdf
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Velziran Salome (/ˈvelziran ˈsaʔlomɛ/) is a Mage belonging to House Salome, the last prominent magical family based in Wrytoll. While her official purpose in entering the Storynth is to oversee Elloria's pilgrimage to the Tomb of Cerulos, she seems to have other goals at both the academic and personal level. She is a playable character who uses a variety of magical techniques, especially those related to fire.
Velziran is a young adult human with dark brown skin, black hair, and purple eyes. She wears the deep blue robes that are commonly associated with House Salome. Velziran's hair is short and spiky in the back, with her long bangs parted slightly to the right. Her left eye is partially obscured by her bangs.
Velziran is resourceful, eager to learn, and confident in her abilities. She is not easily angered, except by injustice and wanton destruction of magical and educational resources. Velziran prefers to solve problems and resolve conflict through the use of logic rather than emotion.
Velziran's thirst for knowledge and concern for the well-being of others and the world led her to restore various forbidden House Salome texts through the use of temporal magic. While this allowed her to gain proficiency in Sraharl and understand the general layout of the Storynth even before entering, it also led to severe repercussions with the leadership of her House. Much of Velziran's mana and magical power remains sealed during the events of the game due to the Atriarch's binding spells—a punishment for breaking House Salome's codes.
Final Weapon
This section contains story spoilers.
Velziran receives the Fieli Greatstaff, an heirloom of Master Scholar Talrendis' family, after Zorvus' visit to the Bloodfort. Talrendis believed that her ancestor's volume on translating between Humoni and Fieli languages had been lost, so she was stunned to learn that a Mage from the World Above had learned Sraharl through a copy of the book.
The staff's appearance, menu icon, and attack animation are purple in color.
 - Velziran's surname was originally Clearwater. Additionally, this surname was temporarily given to Elloria after it was determined that Velziran's would be changed. In the end, it wound up being Velziran's (non-magical) father's surname.
 - Velziran's blue fire—a trait she shares with her mother Fyreldin—is a result of both Mages' mana potency, stemming from their direct ties to both House Salome and House Leoric.
 - The Fieli Greatstaff was originally intended to be given to Velziran by a Fiend named Olmaran, but this scene was changed to reduce cutscene density in the Bloodfort.
 - Velziran's event objects are often titled "Velzi," though she's never referred to as such in-game.


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Purpose: Energy-discriminating, photon counting detectors (PCDs) are an emerging technology for spectroscopic imaging in CT. Current PCDs suffer from poor spectral separation due to charge sharing effects. We propose the coincidence bin as a mechanism for charge sharing compensation. The coincidence bin simply counts coincidences in the lowest level discriminator (LLD) of adjacent pixels. The estimator uses the coincidence bin as if it were an energy bin to improve material decomposition estimates. Unlike other charge sharing compensation mechanisms, it does not reduce the count rate capability of the detector. We compare the impact of the coincidence at low flux against charge summing. Because charge sharing is often under the LLD threshold, we examined the incremental benefit of lowering the LLD from a standard (30 keV) to reduced threshold (10 keV).
Methods: The interaction of photons with the CdTe substrate was simulated using GEANT4. Separate Monte Carlo simulations are used to model the charge collected in pixels, modeling these pixels as perfect collectors. Noise in material decomposition images was then estimated using the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound. We assumed a 120 kVp spectrum, a 20 cm thickness water background, 5 energy bins equally spaced from the LLD to 110 keV, and used 10,000 noise realizations to calculate the CRLB.
Results: The relative dose efficiency for an iodine material decomposition task is 32%, 54%, and 100% for a 5-bin simulated PCD without charge sharing compensation, with the coincidence bin, and with analog charge summing. When the LLD is reduced from 30 keV to 10 keV, the dose efficiencies change to 36%, 68%, and 98%. Benefits are somewhat less for a water material task.
Conclusion: The coincidence bin is a simple and effective mechanism for charge sharing compensation. With a carefully selected LLD threshold, it can nearly double spectral performance in certain tasks.


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Bamboo For Energy Savings
Did you know bamboo can reduce energy costs?
Some of our clients have recognized as much as a $60 savings (each month) by planting bamboo near exposed areas of their home. Doing this essentially blocks the cash burning rays of the hot sun with shade providing bamboo.
Depending on just how exposed your home is, you could benefit from a real energy savings with as few as 6-7 plants! It will take you roughly just over a year to recoup your initial bamboo costs with a $60 energy savings.
- Every house is different, you may not save exactly $60 each month by planting shade bamboo especially during cooler months.
- You may save more or less depending on where your bamboo plants are located and how energy efficient your home is.
- You may want to consider situating the bamboo plants so they are both aesthetically pleasing from the inside and outside views of your home.
- If you are going for pure function over form, try to gauge the times when the most sun energy is hitting the largest area of exposed home.
- To optimize your bamboo for energy savings, take a long post (10-20′ tall) and walk from the exposed area of your home during the greatest periods of exposure. Simply look where the shade is being cast on your home. This will tell you where you need to plant your bamboo.
- You can move your plants later but keep in mind this can cause some initial shock and stunt growth so you will want to get it right the first time for maximum effect.
- Be sure to find the right mix of bamboo plants to ensure you are getting the greatest result. You can see many of our plants heights and characteristics by clicking here.
To find out how you benefit from the use of bamboo for energy savings call: _PHONE_
Click here for even more tips to save on your home and business energy costs.
You can learn more about us by the bamboo we carry – see below
Please call us before you stop out to ensure we have what you need: _PHONE_
We Specialize in Sale and Delivery of Commercial, Residential, & Mixed-Use Bamboo & Palm Trees
(click for prices)
Timor Black Bamboo – 'Bambusa lako'
Dwarf Buddha Belly Bamboo — Bambusa vulgaris 'Wamin'
Bonnie Bamboo — Bambusa Boniopsis
Malay Dwarf Bamboo — Bambusa Heterostachya
Tropical Blue Bamboo — Bambusa Chungii
Fernleaf Bamboo — Bambusa Multiplex
Asian Lemon Bamboo Bambusa Eutuldoides 'Viridi-Vittata'
Oldhamii Bamboo – Oldham's — Giant Timber Bamboo — Bambusa
Graceful Bamboo — Bambusa Textilis Gracilis


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This beginner's guide explains the steps to change slide background color in LibreOffice Impress.
Although, changing the background color of a single slide or all slide is pretty straight forward still for beginner's it worthwhile to create an article.
How to Change Slide Background Color
- To change the slide background color in LibreOffice impress for a single slide, select a slide.
- Then from menu,
Click Slide --> Properties
- In the Slide setup dialog, go to Background Tab, click on the Color button. Choose the color of your choice and click ok.
- The color will be applied to the currently selected slide.
- To apply to the entire presentation i.e. all the slides, follow the next steps.
- To apply a background color to all slides, you have to change the Master Slide or we call it Slide Master.
- Slide Master contains your presentation's primary style slides. Whenever you make a change in Slide Master, it gets applied to all the slides in your presentation.
- Select any slide and in the right sidebar, click properties.
- Under Slide, click Master View.
- Now you can change the background color in the master view and Click Close Master View.
- The color will be applied to all the slides in your presentation.
- To remove the color from the background, click on the Slide Properties to pull up slide Setup dialog. In the Slide setup dialog, click on the NONE button and press OK. This will remove the color.
- Apart from color, you can also have the option to change slide background with Gradient, Any Image, Patterns, and Hatch.


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This paper makes two contributions to the empirical literature on agglomeration economies. First, the paper uses a unique and rich database in conjunction with mapping software to measure the geographic extent of agglomerative externalities. Previous papers have been forced to assume that agglomeration economies are club goods that operate at a metropolitan scale. Second, the paper tests for the existence of organizational agglomeration economies of the kind studied qualitatively by Saxenian (1994). This is a potentially important source of increasing returns that previous empirical work has not considered. Results indicate that localization economies attenuate rapidly and that industrial organization affects the benefits of agglomeration.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Economics and Econometrics


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The Institute for Advanced Study and its international partners have received a €10 million Synergy Grant from the European Research Council to fund a multidisciplinary study of more than 100 medieval cemeteries located across central and eastern Europe.
The project, HistoGenes, will seek to understand the impact of migrations and mobility on the population of the Carpathian Basin from 400–900 CE, based on an analysis of samples from 6,000 ancient burial sites. HistoGenes will unite historians, archaeologists, geneticists, anthropologists, and specialists in bioinformatics, isotope analysis, and other scientific methods in understanding this key period of European history.
The team's four principal investigators, representing various disciplines, are Patrick Geary of the Institute for Advanced Study, Johannes Krause of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany, Walter Pohl of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Austria, and Tivadar Vida of Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. The research team in the United States includes Krishna Veeramah, a population geneticist at Stony Brook University. Geary and Veeramah had previously led a pilot study that sequenced the genomes of entire ancient cemeteries to examine the relationship between the genetic background of these communities and the archaeological material left behind.
"The size of the grant will make possible an extraordinary advance in both our understanding of Europe's population during a crucial historical period as well as in developing new procedures to integrate natural scientific and humanistic scholarship in a common effort," said Geary, who is a professor emeritus at the Institute's School of Historical Studies. "The early support for our pilot project, provided by the Institute, was crucial in demonstrating the feasibility of these new approaches, and thus paved the way for this award."
The core objectives of the project are to explore the impact of mobility on early medieval populations, refine the methods of archaeogenetic research, and establish a multidisciplinary model for future research. The project fuses together cutting edge techniques in genetic testing with familiar archaeological and textual analysis to examine a half-millennium of migration and settlement in a crossroads region of Eurasia. European Research Council panel members said the project will push the study of human history in new directions.
Geary is a pioneer in applying the genomic revolution to obtain a deeper understanding of history. His most recent project studied the migration of European societies north and south of the Alps through the analysis of ancient DNA in Longobard-era cemeteries in Hungary and in Italy. Geary first joined IAS as a Member in the School of Historical Studies in 1990 and was appointed to the permanent faculty in 2012.
HistoGenes is among 37 research groups to receive funding from the European Research Council as part of its 2019 Synergy Grant competition, which supports the world's top researchers to address complex research problems.


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This is an entry level system at the lowest possible cost. The lightweight housing will be suitable for most bioreactors and is ideal for 25mm diameter side mounted probes.
The Futura is a new generation of compact, lightweight biomass monitoring instrumentation that can be used on conventional and disposable bioreactors.
The Aber Futura is the complete instrument; it has all the biomass monitoring processing power contained within a compact housing. Each connected probe has unique calibration data stored in a micro-processor within the probe body allowing the Futura to automatically detect and identify the connected probe. Information on the probe life cycle can be provided by an intelligent sensor management software system.
Like all Aber products, the Futura can be provided with full IOQ documentation making it the ideal choice for cGMP cell culture. Changes to the Futura configuration are tracked in it's integral 2 gigabyte memory so a full audit trail is always available.
The Futura will be offered in three configurations to meet your needs. In each case, no additional transmitter or complex multiplexer is required and the customer can use their own PC or fermenter control system(including via OPC) to configure the simple options for measuring different cell types. There is no restriction on the number of instruments that can be controlled from a PC or control system. The Standard Futura can be provided with a low cost PLC based colour touch screen if a local display is required.
To View & download our most recent Futura Brochure, please follow this link: FUTURA Brochure
To view details on an ABER distributor in your region, click here


The private tutoring market in Canada has grown significantly in the last ten years, from a near revenue standstill to a projected $227.2B in 2022.
The Canadian government does not track statistics regarding how many students are currently enrolled in tutoring centres or those who have private tutoring. However, Kumon Learning Centres reported there were 28,000 students registered in their Ontario math tutoring programs in October 2017.
With the tutor demand peaking in Canada and around the world,
people are jumping into the industry as a brand-new career
 or a lucrative side hustle.
Who are the most likely and potentially best-paid tutors out there? Firstly, certified teachers are some of the most sought after and well-paid private tutors. By and large, the teachers who start a tutoring service are retired or newer teachers who are supplementing their income.
Next in line of those becoming a tutor, are the professionals who have years of experience or credentials that outstrip the average person in their field. Examples are professional musicians or working actors/actresses who use the flexibility of their careers to add teaching to their revenue streams.
Lastly, students are excellent peer tutors whose academic success and knowledge of the current curriculum make them ideal candidates. The one downside for students is they don't command the highest fees due to their relative lack of teaching experience. However, the online tutoring market has made it possible for many to gain online teaching jobs, references and the tutor training they need to charge a competitive rate.
Websites such as Superprof are opening the door to this virtual learning environment and providing tutors with a free platform to advertise their services globally.
Find out information about teaching English as a second language.
Dancer in the ballet
Dancers, musicians and other performers appreciate the flexible schedule of private tutoring. Source: Pixabay
In this kind of economy, there is no such thing as free tutoring. Sites like Superprof are very helpful when deciding what rate you should charge your students. That's our next goal. Finding the right rate to charge for both academic tutoring, the arts and the various grade levels.
Check out our article to find out more about how much to charge for private tutoring.
The best tutors available
First Lesson Free>
What Do You Need to Consider When Setting Your Tutoring Rate?
There is a multitude of variables to consider when deciding your fee.
 - Location
 - Your experience level
 - The student's grade (elementary, high school, college-level)
 - Amount of preparation time needed
 - What format is it?
 - Home tutoring
 - Tutoring online
 - Group tutoring or study groups
 - One-on-one tutoring
 - Tutoring programs
 - Tutoring centre
 - Subject
 - Resources needed – equipment or practice area
There's a lot to consider. You may be asking yourself, why is it so complicated? Your rate reflects the value you place on your services. It's also how your potential clients perceive your value. If you slash your fee and try to be the lowest priced math tutor in Toronto, you undervalue your service and tell the marketplace that you are not worth even the average math tutors' wages. You want to cover your expenses (travel, prep time, materials) and make a decent living.
What's the first step in this process?
What subject are you teaching/coaching? Then check out the pricing you see online for private tutors (through Superprof or on Google) in that subject.
From there, filter your search to include those with the same experience as you and in your city. Your location matters because where you teach will often affect the rate you can charge. It all comes down to supply and demand.
Parents with a significant net worth, whose children are in private school, invest heavily in their child's education. The demand for tutors in large cities with private schools is significant. Smaller towns may have less demand as the income base is lower; however, check to see how many tutors there are in your area of expertise. If you are the only trigonometry tutor in a 50 KM radius, your rate just went up!
What Tutors Charge for Specific Subjects
We've compiled, with Superprof's help, a list of the average rates for all the most popular tutoring subjects in Canada.
Keep in mind; this is just a starting point. Adjust the rate for your region, experience, grade taught and how you deliver the lesson (in person, online, groups).
Math and Science
The average hourly rate for a private math or science tutor in Canada is $17.50.
Homework help, study skills and test preparation are all elements of the best tutors. Source: Visualhunt
The sciences are commanding the highest rates in this category, though I suspect it is because they are taken only at the secondary school level in Canada. High school math can be as much as $50/hour for a private teacher or a university graduate of a math program.
The Humanities
English and writing tutors are the subject leading the pack in the humanities. It's important to remember that these rates originate from the online tutoring services sector. The rates would likely double if they were taught one-on-one or by a certified teacher, for high school or college tutoring students.
The modern languages are a lucrative source of teaching income, outstripping math science and the humanities. Likely because the number of quality tutors available is far less than the demand. Mandarin is the third most popular language to learn after French, as China is expected to be an even more dominant player in future international business.
Parents are preparing their children to be able to operate in the global economy
and give them the academic resources to have long term success.
Mandarin, German, Arabic, Russian, French, Italian
$27.00 - $30.00
Professional level subjects
The most complex subjects need the academic skills of a professional. Source: Visualhunt
These courses are taught at the university, college-level and even graduate school level. As a result, it is hard to find a tutor with the proper education and experience. Therefore, Lower supply = Higher Rate.
Civil Law
Criminal Law
Sociology $20.00
Music tuition can be a worthwhile endeavour as the average rate is $35/hour. The range of rates for the different instruments is not immediately available, given that Superprof just launched in Canada. However, we can assume the same rate variables are at play here as well.
The more advanced the student and the more difficult the material,
tuition rates will climb.
How Does the Grade Level Being Taught Affect Your Rates?
How much you can charge is directly affected by the sector of school you are teaching and the level of difficulty of the subject. Concerning subject difficulty, there are three levels to consider:
Beginners: are being introduced to the subject or the instrument. The instructor need not have the highest credentials but be at least at the intermediate level themselves. For tutoring these classes one can either provide individualized training or group sessions. Feedback is consistent but need not be too focused. Marking and lesson prep is minimal. The cost for the average session is just below the average subject rate.
Intermediate: the teacher is expected to have a more advanced level of knowledge or credentials than the student who has mastered the subject fundamentals. More lesson preparation time is required, marking, test prep and study strategies for the student. The rate charged is average or slightly above. Examples of this type are calculus, anatomy and physiology, social and behavioural sciences.
Advanced: tutors for this level must have mastered the subject and can provide deep knowledge and breadth of experience. Lessons are complicated and customized to the student's advanced ability. The feedback required must be detailed and give the student a clear plan where they are doing well and what they need to do to progress further. Only the most qualified tutors can provide supplemental instruction to these students. They are in short supply. Therefore, they attract the highest rates.
Tutoring programs in either a learning centre and home tutoring is proven to lead to student success. Source: Visualhunt
Tutoring programs in either a learning centre and home tutoring are proven to lead to student success. Source: Visualhunt
Yes and No. It isn't a very comforting answer, but the truth is - it depends.
On what? Generally, the harder the subject is to teach, the more complex and demanding, the higher the rate. Unless, of course, you live in an area where there are parents who want their children tutored from the earliest grades forward. Then the demand is high for primary student tutoring, and those rates will compete with secondary school rates.
Check out our article on how your skills and experience should impact your tutoring rates.
What Other Factors Affect the Amount You Can Charge?
Apart from supply and demand, the other most common factor that will affect your tutoring rate is what resources do you need to teach?
For example, in horseback riding, students are paying for not only their teacher's time but the care and well-being of the horse, the stable, equipment and lands. Fees for equestrians are considerable because there is much to be added to the cost of the lesson.
Horseback riding lessons are dear and require specialized training by appointment only. Source: Pixabay
Many factors go into deciding the best rate for your tutoring students. Hopefully, this article gave you insight into the most important elements to consider, and you now have the confidence to move forward with the best rate for your skillset and location. Good luck!
If you would like more detailed information on becoming a tutor and setting your price check out these articles.
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What Do Stars Mean in Dreams?
Aisling's articles on HubPages have 4.1 million page views. She is grateful for every single reader, and that means you!
The beauty and mystery of night's ancient shining lights punching through night's black velvet have inspired heads to crane for a better view of their glowing glory for as long as human eyes began peering past the black of night.
Stars captivate, they entice, they inspire wonder in people the world over every single night.
But do stars have the same allure when they appear as dream symbols?
Dreams about stars are often inspirational.
Dreams about stars are often inspirational.
Inspiration in Star Dreams
Throughout human history, stars have been connected with guidance.
Today, when one looks to the stars for guidance, the direction sought is normally of the spiritual variety.
However, prior to the development of GPS, radar, and other navigational aids, the guidance the stars provided was practical and literal.
Sailors looked up at the heavens, not down into darkened waters, to safely sail through the seas at nighttime.
Even today, the pole star is relied upon as a directional aid, a way of giving guidance in the sun's dark absence, pointing the northern way to all lost or alone in the dark.
Campers and hikers, who prefer an electronics-free nature experience, know that can rely on the current lodestar, Polaris, to guide them just as well as the smart phone packed away in the bedroom bureau.
Similar to their waking life physical counterparts, star dreams can function as a way to light up the depths of the unconscious, shining light on some of its content so the dreamer may be enlightened with more self-awareness in order to come closer to achieving individuation.
In the Nativity narrative, the Magi were guided to the Christ child they were seeking via a celestial event.
The point here is not to debate the merits of the Nativity narrative nor to argue over the likelihood that any celestial event occurred. The point to adding the Nativity narrative and Magi story to an article on star dream symbolism is to reveal how ingrained the story is in the psyche.
When one hears the word "nativity" or "Magi," it is more than highly likely that an image of a mother, a father, and a child basking beneath the warm glow of a supernal star will come to mind for many people. The image is an archetypal snapshot, a symbolic scene of contentment and fulfillment.
There are no hardships in the story of the Magi's Journey, there is nary a fearful moment; nor a single hair is raised the entire trip. A guiding star was promised, a guiding star delivered.
With such a story and image firmly rooted in Western minds, when stars appear in dreams, they may elicit emotions of comfort and joy. They may impart a feeling to the dreamer that he is being guided or led to a place he felt he could not go alone, that he is safe, and that waking life difficulties will some to a peaceful end.
Similarly, if one has been attempting to make a decision regarding a personal matter or if one has already made such a decision, a dream star may encourage the dreamer, appearing as a confirmation in dream time that one is walking right in one's awake time.
Which Culture Produced the First Astronomers?
Perhaps it was the Greeks or Romans, the cultures who gave us the mythologies from which modern star names are derived.
Maybe the first astronomers lived in Chaldean or Babylonian temples, carefully crafting calendars that predicted every eclipse with amazing accuracy.
However remarkable those culture's contributions, history suggest the Land Down Under most likely produced the first ancient astronomers-- the Australian Aborigines.
Hubble's Greatest Hits
The Divine in Star Dreams
As members of the empyrean sphere, stars are often associated with the Divine.
In Greek mythology, those mortals who curried favor with Mount Olympus's VIPs were often placed in the heavens as a reward for work well done--their home in the heavens granted those mortals a sort of divine dispensation allowing them a form of immortality.
The Australian Aborigines tell Dreamtime stories about a heavenly canoe that descends to earth to ferry the dead to their new, celestial digs.
Dreams of starry, starry nights like the one in Vincent Van Gogh's famous painting of the stars over the Rhone, can, therefore, indicate that one feels in touch or in communication with the divine.
One may be experiencing an awareness of life that extends beyond one's self, beyond one's daily activities and interpersonal relationships, life unlimited by boundaries because life is both boundary and boundlessness together existing as a single unit.
Star Flower
Star Flower
Star Flower
Star Dreams as Longing for the Divine
Being aware of life as more than the one which one is living may be giving the dreamer a feeling of comfort, love, and liberation--feelings finding symbolic expression in star light shining in the mind during slumber.
Attempts to fly to the stars can indicate a desire to touch the divine, to experience it first hand.
This need to contact the divine can mean that the dreamer feels she needs divine aid or guidance similar to that provided to the Magi.
Alternatively, attempted star flight can also point toward attempts to run from one's waking life or an urge to engage in escapism.
Communication is a process requiring both action and reception.
One party imparts information meant for reception by the other party involved in the process.
The two parties take on both roles at different times while they communicate--one sends, one receives, they switch and sender becomes receiver and vice versa.
This seems like an obvious point, but all too often the most obvious aspects are also the most overlooked.
This is especially true when communication with the divine is contemplated.
Instead of remembering that communication also involves listening, one simply talks at the divine.
One calls out to the divine, not for actual conversation and communion, but for the purpose of delivering one's wish list or list of demands and complaints.
While stars in a dream may be articulating a desire for divine communication, it may be helpful to consider exactly what it one is longing for.
Does communication mean talking at the divine? Does communication mean using the divine as a cure all or crutch?
While the dreamer may believe that it is she longing for the divine, it may very well be that what the dreamer is actually perceiving is the divine's longing for the dreamer.
Supernova Time Lapse
Wish Upon a Star
The symbolism of stars includes an association with the divine and this in turn would be reason enough for them to have a firm foundation in both the conscious and unconscious as symbols of promise and hope.
With their home in the heavens, next door to the place where the divine's palace is supposedly perched, stars may seem the perfect place to pin one's wishes.
Since stars seem to communicate for the divine at times, they may also have the ability to communicate to the divine at times,
Another reason for wishing upon a star is because while a belief in the stars' connection with the divine itself may be little more than magical thinking, there is no doubt that stars deliver on promises every night all over the world.
As the sun sinks in the sky, eyeing the horizon, it begins greedily gathering its rays to itself with little thought or concern for those left behind without its lustrous light.
But before the dark of night can completely consume both heaven and earth, one light, then two, then countless others answer the dark's challenge with a promise--that some light form will always shine on the earth's face.
It is easy to see why stars are symbols of hope--they never fail to appear after the sun exits the stage. They not only light the night but they prove that the dark's only true power lies in its ability to more readily reveal the light.
Limits to Limitlessness?
More Stellar Exploration
© 2012 Aisling Ireland
mystery.. on April 13, 2015:
according to bible John 14;6 Jesus said, i am the WAy the Truth and the LIFE no one comes to the father except through me..
for the bible says, it is better to believe than to have nothing..
for Jesus is coming....soon, better to prepare ourself..everyone..
mystery.. on April 13, 2015:
Aisling Ireland (author) from Bolingbroke, GA on December 10, 2012:
The subconscious is associated more with Freudian analysis than Jungian. Jung normally refers to what I believe you are referring as the unconscious.
Jung's theory on cognitive processes, the functions of perception and judgement, have to do with how one processes the information one receives from the external world, so one would definitely be having the experience. The cognitive processes are the basis for the Myers-Brigg assessment.
I am guessing, and this is only a guess, that perhaps you are feeling a bit of incredulity at his theories regarding the archetypes? If so, then it seems that there really isn't a question I can answer.
Jungian psychology is like any other philosophy, one reads it, deems it worthy, or tosses it aside as nonsense. If one finds the concepts worthless and absurd, that is completely acceptable. Again, what works for one person will not work for another.
But if, (and again, I am basing this answer on my perception which is in no way rooted in fact), you are expressing incredulity over my own subscription to Jung's ideas and concepts and are demeaning my experience, then there really isn't a question. Rather, a statement regarding my ability to find meaning in something that is meaningless


Greater Vestibular Glands | Bartholin's Glands
Greater vestibular glands, also known as Bartholin's glands, are two exocrine glands that lie under cover of the posterior parts of the bulb of vestibule and the labia majora. These glands are homologous to the male bulbourethral glands. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina during sexual intercourse. The important difference between the greater vestibular glands of females and the bulbourethral glands of males is that the former are located in the superficial perineal pouch and the later in the deep perineal pouch.
Function:
As stated above, the greater vestibular glands secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication during sexual intercourse. The secretion is minute in quantity and is not the major factor in vaginal lubrication. Most of the lubricating substance comes from deep within vagina.


MathRightSubSuperscriptElement
MathRightSubSuperscriptElement class
Specifies the Sub-Superscript object, which consists of a base and a subscript and superscript placed to the right of the base.
public sealed class MathRightSubSuperscriptElement : BaseScript, IMathRightSubSuperscriptElement
Constructors
NameDescription
MathRightSubSuperscriptElement(IMathElement, IMathElement, IMathElement)Initializes a new instance of the MathRightSubSuperscriptElement class.
Properties
NameDescription
AlignScripts { get; set; }Specifies the alignment of subscript/superscript. When true, subscript and superscript are aligned horizontally to each other. When false, they are kerned to the shape of the base. Default value is false.
Base { get; }Base argument
Subscript { get; }Subscript argument
Superscript { get; }Superscript argument
Methods
NameDescription
Accent(char)Sets an accent mark (a character on the top of this element)
AsArgumentOfFunction(IMathElement)Takes specified function using this instance as the argument
AsArgumentOfFunction(MathFunctionsOfOneArgument)Takes specified function using this instance as the argument
AsArgumentOfFunction(string)Takes specified function using this instance as the argument
AsArgumentOfFunction(MathFunctionsOfTwoArguments, IMathElement)Takes specified function using this instance as the argument and specified additional argument
AsArgumentOfFunction(MathFunctionsOfTwoArguments, string)Takes specified function using this instance as the argument and specified additional argument
Divide(IMathElement)Creates a fraction with this numerator and specified denominator
Divide(string)Creates a fraction with this numerator and specified denominator
Divide(IMathElement, MathFractionTypes)Creates a fraction of the specified type with this numerator and specified denominator
Divide(string, MathFractionTypes)Creates a fraction of the specified type with this numerator and specified denominator
Enclose()Encloses a math element in parenthesis
virtual Enclose(char, char)Encloses a math element in specified characters such as parenthesis or another characters as framing
Function(IMathElement)Takes a function of an argument using this instance as the function name
Function(string)Takes a function of an argument using this instance as the function name
GetChildren()Get children elements
Group()Places this element in a group using a bottom curly bracket
Group(char, MathTopBotPositions, MathTopBotPositions)Places this element in a group using a grouping character such as bottom curly bracket or another
Integral(MathIntegralTypes)Takes the integral without limits
Integral(MathIntegralTypes, IMathElement, IMathElement)Takes the integral
Integral(MathIntegralTypes, string, string)Takes the integral
Integral(MathIntegralTypes, IMathElement, IMathElement, MathLimitLocations)Takes the integral
Integral(MathIntegralTypes, string, string, MathLimitLocations)Takes the integral
virtual Join(IMathElement)Joins a mathematical element and forms a mathematical block
virtual Join(string)Joins a mathematical text and forms a mathematical block
Nary(MathNaryOperatorTypes, IMathElement, IMathElement)Creates a N-ary operator
Nary(MathNaryOperatorTypes, string, string)Creates a N-ary operator
Overbar()Sets a bar on the top of this element
Radical(IMathElement)Specifies the mathematical root of the given degree from the specified argument.
Radical(string)Specifies the mathematical root of the given degree from the specified argument.
SetLowerLimit(IMathElement)Takes lower limit
SetLowerLimit(string)Takes lower limit
SetSubscript(IMathElement)Creates subscript
SetSubscript(string)Creates subscript
SetSubSuperscriptOnTheLeft(IMathElement, IMathElement)Creates subscript and superscript on the left
SetSubSuperscriptOnTheLeft(string, string)Creates subscript and superscript on the left
SetSubSuperscriptOnTheRight(IMathElement, IMathElement)Creates subscript and superscript on the right
SetSubSuperscriptOnTheRight(string, string)Creates subscript and superscript on the right
SetSuperscript(IMathElement)Creates superscript
SetSuperscript(string)Creates superscript
SetUpperLimit(IMathElement)Takes upper limit
SetUpperLimit(string)Takes upper limit
ToBorderBox()Places this element in a border-box
ToBorderBox(bool, bool, bool, bool, bool, bool, bool, bool)Places this element in a border-box
ToBox()Places this element in a non-visual box (logical grouping) which is used to group components of an equation or other instance of mathematical text. A boxed object can (for example) serve as an operator emulator with or without an alignment point, serve as a line break point, or be grouped such as not to allow line breaks within.
virtual ToMathArray()Puts in a vertical array
Underbar()Sets a bar on the bottom of this element
Examples
Example:
[C#]
MathRightSubSuperscriptElement subsuperscript = new MathematicalText("N").SetSubSuperscriptOnTheRight("i", "j");
See Also


text:
Norman L. Bowen
Geochemistry and Geochronology
A founding father of experimental petrology.
Bowen brought together the disciplines of geology and chemistry to create the new science of experimental petrology, the experimental study of rocks. Already an amateur geologist, he graduated from Queens University with a scholarship which he took to MIT, studying under fellow Canadian Reginald A. Daly.
The 1910s and 1920s were the right time for the development of a new stage in the experimental examination of geological formations. Crustal rocks had been studied all over Europe and North America, and speculation about how the earth's crust had formed, especially with regard to igneous and metamorphic rock, was rampant. In addition, many experimental techniques to create high temperatures were just starting to be developed. The melting point of anorthite was already well established and used as a point for thermocouple calibration.
Bowen undertook to experimentally recreate the temperature and composition regimes in which dominant kinds of crustal rocks formed. His background in both chemistry and geology, as well as his strong ability of field observation, made him uniquely suited to this task.
With his new PhD, Bowen accepted a position at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington and started work there in 1912. He continued his studies of crustal rocks, now examining the albite-anorthite system which forms plagioclase, the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust. He was able to experimentally demonstrate the truth of theories about rock formation which were decades old, but not yet proven. In 1928, he published The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, which became the handbook for petrologists worldwide.
In 1937, Bowen left the Geophysical Laboratory and taught at the University of Chicago for ten years. He then returned to the Laboratory where he remained until his retirement in 1952.
Sources: Earth Sciences History, 1992, v. 11, no. 1, p. 45-55; Image: AGU Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrology website.