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The package "scala" has a number of classes named Product, Product1, Product2, and so on, up to Product22.
The descriptions of these classes are surely precise. For example:
Product4 is a cartesian product of 4 components
Precise, yes. Communicative? Not so much. I expect that this is the perfect wording for someone who already understands the sense of "cartesian product" being used here. For someone who doesn't, it sounds a bit circular. "Oh yes, well of course Product4 is the mumble product of 4 mumble-mumbles."
Please help me understand the correct functional-language viewpoint. What is the sense of "cartesian product" being used here? What do the Product classes' "projection" members indicate?
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4 Answers 4
up vote 13 down vote accepted
"The set of all possible pairs of elements whose components are members of two sets."
"Specifically, the Cartesian product of two sets X (for example the points on an x-axis) and Y (for example the points on a y-axis), denoted X × Y, is the set of all possible ordered pairs whose first component is a member of X and whose second component is a member of Y (e.g. the whole of the x-y plane)"
Perhaps better understanding can be gained by knowing who derives from it:
Direct Known Subclasses: Tuple4
Or by, knowing it "extends Product", know what other classes can make use of it, by virtue of extending Product itself. I won't quote that here, though, because it's rather long.
Anyway, if you have types A, B, C and D, then Product4[A,B,C,D] is a class whose instances are all possible elements of the cartesian product of A, B, C and D. Literally.
Except, of course, that Product4 is a Trait, not a class. It just provides a few useful methods for classes that are cartesian products of four different sets.
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please do talk about "Or by, knowing it "extends Product", know what other classes can make use of it, by virtue of extending Product itself. " even if it is long. People will appreciate it. – Win Myo Htet Dec 12 '11 at 20:09
_USER_ Go here, click "known subclasses", have fun. – Daniel C. Sobral Dec 12 '11 at 22:28
Everyone else has gone for the maths so I'll go for the silly answer just in case! You have a simple car which has a gearbox, a steering wheel, an accelerator and a number of passengers. These can each vary: which gear are you in, which way are you steering, is your foot "on the floor" etc. The gearbox, steering, accelerator etc are therefore variables and each has its own set of possible values.
The cartesian product of each of these sets is basically all possible states that your car can be in. So a few possible values are:
(gear, steer, accel, pssngers)
(1st, left, foot down, none)
(neutral, straight, off, the kids)
the size of the cartesian product is of course the product (multiplication) of the possibilities of each set. hence if you car has 5 gears (+ reverse + neutral), steering is left/straight/right, accelerator is on/off and up to 4 passengers, then there are 7 x 3 x 2 x 4 or 168 possible states.
This last fact is the reason that the cartesian product (named after Rene Descartes by the way) has the multiplication symbol x
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Personally I find the maths explanation a lot simpler! – oxbow_lakes Aug 19 '09 at 22:14
From this thread:
From mathematics, a Cartesian Product of two sets A, B is denoted as AxB and its elements are (a, b), where a in A and b in B.
For three sets, the elements of the (Cartesian) product are (a, b, c) and so on...
So, you have tuples of elements, and indeed you can see in the Scala library that all the tuples (like Tuple1) inherit the respective product trait (like Product1).
Think of product as the abstraction and the respective tuple a concrete representation.
The projection allows to get the instance of the 'n' class referenced by the Product.
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A cartesian product is a product of sets. Given sets A and B, A x B ("A cross B") is the set of all tuples (x, y) such that x is in A and y is in B. A cartesian product may be analogously defined on types: given types A and B, A x B is the type of tuples (x, y) where x is of type A and y is of type B.
So Product4 is the type of tuples (w, x, y, z), where w, x, y, z are components.
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Your Answer


text:
Can't? Cannot? Can not? Find out the right way to use all three.
Can't is a contraction of cannot, and as such it's sometimes unsuitable for formal writing. In everyday writing and in speaking, it's ubiquitous:
Cannot is better for formal writing:
Don't use can not when you mean cannot. The only time you're likely to see can not written as separate words is when the word "can" happens to precede some other phrase that happens to start with "not":
Here is a quick summary:
- Can't is a contraction of cannot, and it's best suited for informal writing.
- In formal writing and where contractions are frowned upon, use cannot.
- It is possible to write can not, but you generally find it only as part of some other construction, such as "not only... but also."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Mygreatlakes | The Great Lakes Higher Education Corporation at mygreatlakes.org
Education is considered as basic need meaning its essential for everyone to get some to manoeuvre in life. However, education takes most of the financial income since the most institution of privatized education. These deter many from pursuing higher education living with basic or no education. To curb these problems, several organizations offer scholarships and student loans.
Many students take advantage of the loans and complete their education only to find it difficult to pay back. However, the loan institutes have several ways of retrieving their money and helping more students. The Great Lakes is among the best and largest student loan providers and guarantor in the United States. The corporation is a non-profit and is among the four best companies dealing with United states federal students loans. The company later sold the part of the organization that offered loans to a new company Nelnet.
Applying for consolidation at Mygreatlakes
A student with multiple loans and servicers might find it difficult to manage the loan. However, the US education department gave all students with loans to choose a consolidation servicer. The great lakes are one of the renown servicers which students can select.
- Prepare and apply for the consolidation loan; have the application ahead of time. The process takes 30 minutes, and you're done filling personal details.
- Have a repayment plan for your loan; students can check some of the great lakes repayment plans and use some on the application form. Note some plans require student's requirements to help pay for the loan.
- Use the online process for the application process; you should enter the details fast as one session has 30 minutes and cannot be saved if you leave the page.
- Now select the consolidation servicer for the list given by the education department which includes great lakes. Now you can complete the process and wait for the results.
- Students can track their application though the corporation (great lakes) always communicates after one or two business days. one can check the status from the official great lakes website portal _URL_
- The student will receive information on:
- If the application is received
- if the student needs to take any action,
- when the process is complete.
How to help a student pay their mygreatlakes loans?
Parents and the Institution should help the student learn how they can repay their loans once they clear from school. Parents can offer the following tips:
Counselling on completing exit
students are required to take student loan exit counselling; this helps students know everything about the loan payments. They can survey different plans and the options which are there if they cannot pay the loans. Parents can encourage students to complete to know the difference between normal loans and student loans.
- Help student understands the loan is real, and they will pay after they are done with school. They should learn the money comes with interest so they should borrow what they need and not beyond that.
- Teach students who they owe (great lakes) and how much: students should know who they have to pay and how much they should give on every instalment.
- The student should keep all records students are offered a grace period once they graduate. Here they should learn the grace period time not to expire before they plan on how to pay.
- To ease the payment students can sign up for automatic payments, the auto pay is best as they can manage their finances. The great lakes have an automatic payment method which student can implement on the accounts.
- Students can learn the options in case they don't have an income after the grace period. They can postpone the loan data or seek loan forgiveness.


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Is there any known formulae for the derivative of the Bessel function with respect to the order of the Bessel function?
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which Bessel functions are you talking about? There are lots of different kinds. – Scott Morrison Nov 4 '09 at 0:26
5 Answers 5
series... from Maple
$${\frac {d}{dr}}{{\rm J}_r\left(2\right)}= \sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac { \left( -1 \right) ^{k+1}\Psi \left( 1+r+k \right) }{\Gamma \left( 1+r+k \right) \Gamma \left( 1+k \right) }}$$
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I suggest looking at Landau's paper:_URL_
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Abramowitz and Stegun give a couple of special cases but don't give a general result. Starting from some of the integral or series representations and differentiating you can get a corresponding integral or series for the derivative, but I would guess that it's unlikely to simplify to a "known" function in the general case. An example they give is (for the spherical Bessel function $j_\nu(x)$):
$$[ \frac{d}{d\nu} j_\nu(x) ]_{\nu=0} = \frac{\pi}{2x}(\operatorname{Ci}(2x)\sin x - \operatorname{Si}(2x)\cos x)$$
They also give examples evaluated at $\nu=-1$ and similar results for the case of the "other" spherical bessel $y_\nu(x)$.
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As I understand it you are looking for $D_\nu(x):=\frac{d}{d\nu} J_\nu(x)$. Perhaps you would like to explain a bit why you are looking at $D_\nu$?
I have worked a bit with the Legendre functions of the first ($P_\nu$) and second kind ($Q_\nu$). Where my primary interest was to find estimates in $\nu$ and both parameters. To find such estimates basically I used relations together with integral representations. At one point I estimated an integral expression for $\frac{d}{d\nu} Q_\nu(x)$ in order to see that for fixed $x>1$ it is decreasing with respect to $\nu$. (The main reason to these studies was to prove a Tauberian theorem for spaces like $L^1_w(G//K)$ - the double coset space of $G=SL(2,R)$ - where $\hat{f}(s)=\int_1^\infty f(x)P_s(x)dx$ is the Fourier transform.)
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Your Answer


text:
The Counters Creek Sewer Flooding Alleviation Scheme aims to reduce the risk of flooding to over 1,700 basement properties within the Counters Creek catchment.
Heavy rainfall in July 2007 caused widespread basement sewer flooding in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. A number of properties also flooded during storms in 2004 and 2005, with some residents reporting sewer flooding up to six times in recent years.
Why does basement flooding occur?
When sewers become overwhelmed by storm water runoff, the local sewer water levels rise and back up the sewerage network into basement properties.
What are we doing?
We have identified the cause of flooding in the area and established the best solution to reduce the problem. The scheme is composed of the following main elements:
- A new storm relief sewer
- Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)
- Anti-flooding devices (FLIPs)
- Local sewer improvements

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
This small exhibition highlighted some of the finds made by Museum of Liverpool's archaeologists at Lunt Meadows, Sefton. This nationally-important site has revealed evidence for 8,000 year old Mesolithic houses, a very unusual discovery.
In the Mesolithic period (10,000-4,000 BC) people lived hunter-gatherer lifestyles, and finding settled 'homes' usually evades archaeologists who often find stone tools, and locate places where they made chert or flint tools by finding a mixture of tools and waste stone.
The houses discovered at Lunt remain as post-holes – darker areas of soil where wooden structures once stood. Archaeologists record these details to enable them to reconstruct what a site might have been like in the past


text:
News and Events
More than 3,000 new homes, a new primary school and town plaza in Sydney's North West have been given the green light today, with the NSW Government approving the concept plans for Ivanhoe Estate.
The NSW Government is seeking community feedback on plans to expand employment land, protect the environment and improve public space near Penrith Lakes.
The NSW planning system will keep moving throughout COVID-19 to keep people in jobs and the economy moving, with all public hearings and meetings to be held online during the pandemic.
Water compliance is increasing in NSW, thanks to the actions of the Natural Resources Access Regulator (NRAR) who this week marked its second anniversary, and tripled prosecution for water theft and lack of compliance earlier this month.
Community Housing Providers (CHPs) will have greater contractual certainty, to enhance the delivery of social housing outcomes, through a new initiative by the NSW Government.
The first of four planned high-flow environmental water releases during winter and spring to the Snowy River are set to commence in late June, NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Acting Director Water Planning Implementation, Allan Raine, said today.
Thousands of new homes, new industrial complexes and six schools are among the first wave of projects that will have their assessments fast-tracked to boost the State's economy and create opportunities for thousands of new jobs in response to the COVID-19 crisis.
The NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment today announced temporary water restrictions for unregulated river water access licence holders authorised to extract water from parts of Buccaneit and Cunninyuek creeks within the Murray below Mulwala water source.
Communities in Sydney's inner west will benefit from new and improved public spaces, thanks to $20 million in funding from the NSW Government's Parramatta Road Urban Amenity Improvement Program.
Two landholders from the Walgett area will face 14 charges in the Land and Environment Court for breaches of water laws in 2016 and 2017.


this already long post at least somewhat palatable, I will show only two. Specifically, I want to explain self-subsumption (or self-subsuming resolution) and (bounded) variable elimination (BVE), but to explain them, I first have to explain resolution and subsumption.
Let's start with subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, A subsumes B, \(A \subseteq B\), iff every literal from A is also present in B. What this means practically is that A is more restrictive in regards to satisfiability than B, and thus B can be thrown away.
Resolution is an inference rule that, given a set of existing clauses, allows us to create new clauses that do not change the satisfiability of the whole set of clauses because it is satisfied when its precursors are also satisfied. This is done by taking a pair of clauses that contain complementary literals, removing these complementary literals and splicing the rest of the clauses together. Complementary literals are literals where one of them is a negation of the other, e.g. \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{1}\) are complimentary, while \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{2}\) or \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{1}\) are not, because in the first pair the variables do not match and in the second pair, both literals have the same polarity.
This sounds complex, but it really is not. Here is a simple example, where the two clauses above the line are originals, and the clause below the line is the result of resolving them together:
\frac{x_1 \vee \neg x_2, \neg x_1 \vee x_3}{\neg x_2 \vee x_3}
A good way of thinking about how resolution works (and why it is correct) is to think through both of the possible assignments of variable \(x_1\). First, let us consider the case of \(x_1 = true\). In this case, the first original clause is satisfied, and the only way to satisfy the second clause is to assign \(x_3 = true\). This assignment means that the resolvent clause is also satisfied. The second option is to assign \(x_1 = false\). This satisfies the second clause, and to satisfy the first one as well, we need to assign \(x_2 = false\). This assignment also means that the resolvent clause is satisfied.
With this knowledge in hand, we can look at self-subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, and their resolvent R, A is self-subsumed by B iff \( R \subseteq A \) (A is subsumed by R). This means that we can replace A with R, in effect shortening A by one literal.
As an example, take \((x_1 \vee x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\) as clause A and \((\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_3 )\) as clause B. The resolvent of these two clauses is \((x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\), which subsumes A. This means that A is self-subsumed by B.
(Bounded) variable elimination (BVE) is also simple. If we want to remove a specific variable x from a set of clauses, all we have to do is split all clauses containing that particular variable into two groups, one with all clauses where the variable's literal has positive polarity, and one with all clauses where the variable's literal has negative polarity. If we then resolve each clause from the first group with each clause from the second group, we get a (potentially large) set of resolvents without x. If we then replace the original clauses with the resolvents, we removed x from the original set of clauses, without changing the satisfiability of the set as a whole.
Unlike self-subsumption, which will always simplify the SAT instance, variable elimination might make it harder. The reason is that it trades a variable for clauses, which might be beneficial, but does not have to be. This leads to the idea of bounded variable elimination, where a variable is only eliminated if the resulting number of clauses is bounded in some way, e.g. in the total number of added clauses[22], or the size of resulting clauses.
That's it for part 3, but not for this series, because I still have at least two more posts planned, one of which will again be theoretical.
 1. Simple explanation of the MaxSAT problem is that you have to find how many clauses in an unsatisfiable SAT problem can be satisfied. ↩
 2. Determinizing a local-search algorithm has proven that the upper-bound on algorithmic complexity of solving a generic CNF-SAT with n variables and m clauses is \[\mathcal{O}\left(2^{n\left(1 - \frac{1}{\ln{\frac{m}{n}} + \mathcal{O}\ln{\ln{m}}}\right)}\right)\] You can improve this significantly if you limit yourself to 3-SAT (SAT where every clause consists of exactly 3 literals), to just \(\mathcal{O}(1.473^{n})\). ↩
 3. At least conceptually. Implementing DPLL/CDCL in a performant manner can be quite complex. ↩
 4. All literals of such variable become positive if any of them becomes positive. Therefore, all clauses containing that variable can be trivially satisfied and thus removed. ↩
 5. In other words, we have reached the state of the art in the 1960s. ↩
 6. This part is very hand-wavy because the exact details of conflict analysis are complex and beyond the scope of this post. ↩
 7. The largest problem we've had a SAT solver successfully solve contained ~300M variables and almost 1 billion clauses. Using MiniSat and our know-how, it took 15 minutes to solve it. ↩
 8. The (z)Chaff solver was a significant upgrade on the capabilities and performance of SAT solvers, and is often considered as the first CDCL SAT solver with "modern" performance. It also pioneered at least 2 techniques that are still used with only minor modifications, (2-)Watched Literals and VSIDS heuristic. ↩
 9. This is because a single cache-line can hold these summaries for 8 clauses, as opposed to \( \leq 2 \) clauses. ↩
 10. The specific improvement depends on the problem, but for most problems, CDCL can deal with an order (or two) of magnitude more variables than plain DPLL. ↩
 11. Given the underlying learning mechanisms, LBD score of 2 is the lowest, and thus the best, that can be achieved when ranking a learnt clause. ↩
 12. If the conflict resolution and clause learning are done in a specific way, the learnt clause can be guaranteed to always have only one variable from the lower decision level. ↩
 13. As long as we assume that the random number generation is independent for each clause. ↩
 14. Said Jabbour, Jerry Lonlac, Lakhdar Sais and Yakoub Salhi, Revisiting the Learned Clauses Database Reduction Strategies, CoRR, 2014 ↩
 15. In fact, variants of the VSIDS heuristic function might still be the dominant heuristic. Recently there has been a paper on using the current understanding of SAT problem structure to design a new heuristic function, and the result was very promising, as the new heuristic dominated VSIDS when implemented in MiniSat. However, I have not kept up with it so it might not have panned out. ↩
 16. In practice, VSIDS updates are not as expensive as they would appear, because we can get the same results if we, instead of decaying the counters of all variables, keep multiplying \(c_{add}\) by \(1 \over{c_{decay}}\). In a sufficiently large problem, this approach will eventually lead to an overflow, but that can be also solved by periodically renormalizing the counters and \(c_{add}\). ↩
 17. There is a reason why naming things is one of the three "two hard things in CS". ↩
 18. The exact definition of learning rate (LR) of a variable is intentionally left ambiguous. The very rough answer is that it is the ratio of learnt clauses that contained a given variable to the total number of clauses learnt when that variable was set. ↩
 19. General version of this idea is called phase saving and is surprisingly powerful. The motivation behind it is that if a variable was given specific assignment via BCP, then there is likely a good reason for that assignment and thus it should be reused. ↩
 20. Strictly speaking, this is not actually true. Glucose 2.1 uses \(K = 0.8\) because it multiplies the average LBD of the last X clauses by K. I think multiplying the average LBD of all clauses is more intuitive and \(K =


text:
The exhibitions at this small museum focus on archaeological finds and fine arts from the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia) and Central Asia (the Silk Road). Standing in the entranceway is a replica of the stele of the Code of Hammurabi from the 18th Century BC, covered with cuneiform writing, while the rooms beyond are filled with ancient pottery and other artifacts, including many reproductions. Special exhibits are held three times a year covering various topics.
This book will introduce you to more than twenty of Japan's favorite specialty foods that are less well known abroad, along with a guide to the best places in Tokyo to try them and expert tips on what to order. From our sister site Bento.com.


print cursor
Example of digitizing positions in a photocopy or laserprint. Digitized positions on different pages can be visualized and superimposed digitally to link copies or prints to the same machine or eachother.
Printer defects are another example. Defects have been marked with the Digitization plug-in and the measured points have been used to create a vectorized overlay (click on the image to see the overlay). The overlay shows the marks and the results of the analysis: straight lines fitted through the defects.
The relative positions of the defects can be compared to link different documents to eachother or to a suspected printer.


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This submenu makes the Ragdoll happen.
If in previous steps you've made everything correctly, you are ready to create the Ragdoll
Create the Ragdoll. #
Push the "Ragdoll" button.
The Ragdoll plugin builds Connectors against the skeleton, in the Connector settings attaches the joints to each other, creates rigid body colliders to cover up the body. The created Connectors is trying to maintain the correct orientation. I.e. if it is the human knee, then it should bend forward and not backward or sideward. Plugin reads the bones in the Retarget menu and in the result creates realistic human behavior.
The Collider is responsible for a physics collision during animation. The Ragdoll plugin build them with the form and sizes of the character body! This saves you having to manually build colliders for your character!
During creating the Ragdoll you can chose the type of colliders.
Cubes checkbox. #
Cubes checkbox. Here you can chose between the generating the polygon object collider or the cube collider. Sometime each one suits better to your task.
Left: cubes (subdivided). Right: polygon objects.
Cubes are little bit faster. Meshes are more physically correctly.
Springs button. Push it and the Ragdoll plugin will create the bunch of springs. You can find it under the Ragdoll instance. Each spring connects the wrist bone to a forearm, the forearm bone to a shoulder, the hip bone to the pelvis, etc.
Using it you can control the character's pose.
For example, create the Ragdoll, create the springs, hit the play animation. Your character will fall on the floor losing its pose. This is how you expected the Ragdoll behavior.
Now set the force of all springs to 60. Hit play. Character will fall, but now the character holds himself in the pose for which the springs were created.
Achieve any results!
You can create as many bunches as you want. Mix them during the animation.Just create the animation keys for the spring's force.
Colliders creation/changing #
When you have created the ragdoll, two buttons are existing here:
- Simple solver
- GeRay solver
You are free to delete collider for any joint in any time, create a new one with type of Cube or Mesh, modify it, delete again and create a new one with another type.
When the plugin calculates the character's body parameters, some parts of the 3d model could be hard for understanding for a plugin. F.e. when the character is not in the T-pose. Or when the mesh is complicated. In this case you may need to modify the colliders by hand. These buttons will help you with it.
To create a new collider:
- you need to select the joint(s)
- set the Cube-checkbox – Off,
- push the GeRay solver button.
- the Ragdoll plugin will recalculate and create new Mesh-collider.
To recalculate the sizes of the cube-collider(s) (if you've created the ragdoll with the cube-colliders):
- you need to select the cube-collider(s).
- set the Cube-checkbox – On,
- if you've assigned the mesh in the Retarget menu, pass this step. If in the Retarget menu you did not assign the character's mesh to plugin, please select the closest mesh to the previously selected collider(s),
- push any of "solver" buttons. Choose which one works better for you.
These two buttons depend on the type of the selected objects – the cube or the joint.
The logic to assign the character's mesh #
You can assign the exact mesh of the character or not (in the previous Retarget group / Character Mesh"-in/exclude field). Depending on this several logics, the Ragdoll plugin will work differently.
F.e. lets consider the generating of colliders logic when the Plugin will process the head_joint. We have two ways here:
- If a) you did not assign any character's mesh and b) have set Cube checkbox = Off. In this case the Ragdoll plugin will process all the meshes skinned to the head_joint and will calculate the collider for each mesh it can find. In the result you will receive few Mesh-colliders under the head_joint in your scene: for the head_mesh, eye_mesh, teeth_mesh and for a part of the neck from a body_mesh.
- If a) in the Retarget group / "Character Mesh"-in/exclude field you have assign the main head_mesh and skip the eyes_mesh, teeth_mesh etc and b) have set the Cube checkbox = Off, then in this case the plugin will generate the Mesh-collider exactly for a head_mesh. Under the head_joint you will receive a single-collider and avoid all other head parts.
Sometimes the 1st method is better for us, sometimes the 2nd.
It does not matter the amount of mesh colliders under the joint.Till the setting "Collision/Inherit Tag" is set to a "Compound Collision Shape" in the Dynamic body tag the physics engine will process everything under the joint as a single object.
Delete button / Created objects #
In the "Created objects" in/exclude field you can see a bunch of objects which was created for our ragdoll. Each object in this field now is registered in the current Ragdoll plugin instance. Now the Plugin will apply different algorithms to each of these objects. Rigid body tags are controlled via "Follow position", "Follow rotation", "Mass" sliders, rope-bones (created via "Generator" mode) are controlled by "radius" & "position distribution" parameters. Etc. And of course all objects are controlled by Delete button.
You can manually remove the object from this field and the Plugin will stop to take any control over them.
Push the Delete button and you will completelly delete current ragdoll from your scene.
There is also the same Delete button in the Advanced tab. The Delete button in the Advanced tab deletes only objects which were created via Advanced tab. The same button but in the main tab will delete everything.
This is especially useful for cases when firstly you've created the main ragdoll and the secondary you've created its fingers via Advanced tab. You can delete ragdoll for fingers without hitting the ragdoll for body.
Also you can use few plugin instances for one character: the first one for the tail, the second one for legs, etc. And delete/create again parts freely.


biomass (µgC.inds-1) ranged from 0.02 to 0.045, while the assemblage biomass (mgC.m-2) varied from 1.28 to 224.29. The mean individual respiration (nlO2.hour-1.inds-1) ranged from 0.32 to 0.67, and between 0.27 and 24.99 for the assemblage respiration (mlO2.day-1.m-2). In addition, the length, length/width ratio, the proportion of morphological groups, total biomass, total respiration, and respiration rate were significantly correlated with the salinity of the river. This was the first time that the evaluation of the respiration of free living nematode communities in Vietnam was done. Besides traditional features (e.g. abundance, biodiversity, distribution patterns), these studied characteristics, including the morphometry, biomass, and respiration of free living nematodes, could be used as a potential tool for bioindicators.
 Thai Thanh Tran Yen Thi My Nguyen Tan Van Lam Hoai Ngoc Pham Quang Xuan Ngo ##submission.copyrightStatement## _URL_ 2022-01-14 2022-01-14 6 1 press press 10.32508/stdjns.v6i1.1082 title description none g Methane emissions from river sediment affected by dams: Study on Ba Lai river, Ben Tre province _URL_
The phenomenon of greenhouse gas emissions from sediments of water bodies with dams and reservoirs has been recorded from many parts of the world. Even though Vietnam is a country with having many dams and reservoirs, this issue has not been fully studied, despite the fact that greenhouse emissions are potentially dangerous to the environment and ecosystems. This study analyzed sediment samples from Ba Lai River in Ben Tre province during the rainy season of 2019. The objectives of the present study are: (i) analyzing methane content emitted from river sediments, (ii) analyzing the relationship between methane content and Ba Lai River environmental parameters, (iii) comparing methane content in the Ba Lai River sediments with other dammed waters in the world. The results of the present study showed that the amount of methane (ppm) emissions is quite high, which varied from 117 ± 2.01 to 8073 ± 251.57. The sampling stations in the upstream of the dam showed higher emission of greenhouse gases than the stations located in the downstream. The pH of the sediments was negatively correlated with the emitted CH4 content (r = -0.83, p-value = 0.0001). The results obtained from the present study provided the first scientific information on the methane content formed in the dam conditions in order to assess the potential long-term impacts of the Ba Lai dam on greenhouse gas emissions.
 Hoai Pham Ngoc Thai Tran Thanh Yen Nguyen Thi My Dong Nguyen Van Huynh Nguyen Thi Thuy Tran Kim Tinh Tran Bijeesh Kozhikkodan Veettil Quang Xuan Ngo Phan Thi Thanh Huyen ##submission.copyrightStatement## _URL_ 2022-01-19 2022-01-19 6 1 press press 10.32508/stdjns.v6i1.1083 title description none g Designing, fabricating and testing at a laboratory scale a water desalination system using electrodialysis _URL_
Salinity-contaminated water caused by seawater intrusion and droughts in provinces of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam is one of the most serious issues that people here face every year. In this study, a desalination system using electrodialysis (ED) technology was designed, fabricated and tested as an alternative to reverse osmosis (RO) technology. The ED stack, an important part of this desalination system, was designed with a size of 12 × 12 cm. It was composed of 16 cells consisting of cation and anion membranes connected in series and the active area of the ion-selective membranes was 8×8 cm. The ED stack was fabricated by commercially available materials. The desalination system using this ED stack was then set up and tested at a laboratory scale in the batch mode where the dilute and concentrate streams were recirculated up to the desired salinity. The effects of the applied voltage and salt concentration were studied. The results showed that the ED system was able to reduce the salinity of 3.0 g/L, 5.0 g/L, and 7.0 g/l to below 0.5 g/L within 25 min, 38 min, and 52 min, respectively, for an input water of 1.6 L at the applied voltage of 16 V. The study showed a promising application of the ED technology for the water desalination in Vietnam.
 Linh Duy Nguyen Quoc Van Nguyen Nga Thi Thao Nguyen San Tu Tran Tin Chanh Duc Doan Dung My Thi Dang Chien Mau Dang ##submission.copyrightStatement## _URL_ 2022-01-19 2022-01-19 6 1 press press 10.32508/stdjns.v6i1.1116 title description none g


s sort of golden yellow). The wizard will guide you through the process of selecting the StrataFrame security table model and populating it with your data. Click Next to get on with the process.
The first step in the Wizard is to select the Data Type. The purpose of this Wizard is to copy the security tables from the StrataFrame (not the StrataFrameSample) database and add them to our new database. So, select the Role Based Security radiobutton, as shown in Fig. 19:
In Fig. 20, you select the StrataFrame database as the Source database:
Next, select the destination database. This will hold the security system tables. Ours is named SFArticle12:
The Project Selection step is where you check the name of your Security project. Ours was SFSecurity, so check it and click Next:
Fig. 23 will appear in a few seconds, indicating that the data migration package, a file with the extension .pkg, has been created.
Now you're ready to load your security project data; select Deployment Data, then click the Deploy To Server icon (Fig. 24).
After a confirming dialog that asks if you want to create a new deployment package (click "Yes"), you'll see Fig. 25, indicating that the package has been created. Click Ok to allow it to install. In the next dialog screen (Fig. 26), Standard Deployment will be selected; click Next to continue. You'll click Next another four or five times before you see Fig. 27, indicating that deployment of your Security project (users, roles and permissions) to the SFArticle1 database has finished.
If you open the SQL Server Management Studio, you'll find your new database with the eight SF Security tables. You can browse through them to see the users, roles and permissions previously created in the Security editor.
Your users can now work directly with the security tables in the SFArticle1 database to add roles and users, and to assign permissions to either. We'll add a menu option shortly that lets them do so. Permissions, however, can only be added by the developer, since we refer to specific permissions in code to determine who does what. To add permissions, you (the developer) will run the Security editor within the IDE, then re-run this deployment package. It will merge your new and changed permissions with the existing records, so that records added by the users are not disturbed. The merge process is very smart, so it's not going to lose additions or changes made by your users.
We've now created a group of tables containing permissions, a couple of roles, and a single user (Les/sample). It took a while to describe, but it only takes a couple of minutes to actually do what was described above. Now, we'll see how you use these permissions in your code.
Using StrataFrame Security
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Now that you've built the initial cache of permissions, and perhaps a user or two and a role or two, you need to tell your application where they are and what they're for. The code may look a little unfamiliar, but you only have to change two or three strings, and optionally add one line of code. In fact, I've removed the comments from the generated code in program.cs|AppMain.vb to emphasize how little code is required; you may want to create an app and read the comments to supplement your understanding of StrataFrame's inner workings.
Using the security database in your application
The entry point for your application, generated automatically when you create a StrataFrame Security project, is called program.cs (or AppMain.vb). It needs a little attention.
When the program first runs, your users will be prompted twice for a server and database name. The first prompt refers to your "data" database; the second refers to the Security database. The default names that are passed as the third parameter in the call to AddRequiredDataSourceItem are the default database names that they'll be asked to accept. (Note that they can enter any database name, as long as it contains the tables the app is looking for.) Note that the security tables can be added to your production database, in which case only one call to AddRequiredDataSourceItem() is required. Once they've supplied these names, the application remembers them, together with the connection strings built when they were first selected.
If you pick the wrong database and want to change it later, you have to either delete the cache (located on my Windows 7 machine at C:\Users\Les\AppData\Local\Temp\MicroFour\Metadata), or change the value of ConnectionManager.ApplicationKey at the start of the SetDataSources method in program.cs|AppMain.vb and re-run the application.
In Listing 1, I've used the first AddRequiredDataSourceItem() call to register the ConnectionString for your application's main database; by default, it's a blank key (the first parameter). The second call to AddRequiredDataSourceItem() is to register the ConnectionString for the Security database. The first parameter in this second call (the DataSourceKey for the security database connectionString) must be assigned to SecurityBasics.SecurityDataSourceKey at the end of SetDataSources(), to tell it which of the two database connections to use for Security. Simple as that..
Security adds one additional requirement: In the InitApplication() method a few lines below, you need to supply the string that you entered as the Security Database Security Key, which was "SFS" (see Fig. 3), as the only parameter in the call to SecurityBasics.SetSecurityKeyAndVectorForUserAuthentication. The line to change is highlighted in yellow in Listing 1. This is the encryption key for the security data.
The first thing you'll need to do is inform your application about the existence of this little database. To do that, select Solution Preferences from the StrataFrame menu and fill in the dialog that appears, as shown in Fig. 28:
In addition, in program.cs|AppMain.vb you'll have to inform your application about both the location of your SQL database and the security code for your security system tables:
SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission
So how do you use this security system? Much of it is done in code. If you want to disable or hide controls, use SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission(PermissionString to disable or hide buttons. Put the code in the form's constructor, just after InitializeComponent.
You use the Action property of the SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission() method to return the PermissionAction of a particular Security Key, then compare the returned value to the appropriate PermissionAction. You can do this to set the Enabled or Visible property of a button, a menuitem, or anything else. For example, to hide a phone number, add a "View Phones" permission, then add this code in the form's InitApplication code:
 txtPhone.Visible = SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission("View Phones").Action == PermissionAction.Grant;
If a user doesn't have that particular permission, either assigned directly or via a role, the field will be hidden.
Exposing the Security Editor
There is, however, a little code that you'll want to add to your Security Editor menu pad. Administrators and perhaps others should be able to add roles and users and to assign them permissions, so we'll need to include the Security Editor in the application.
Using GetPermission() in code
The most basic programmatic control is done using the GetPermission() function. To prevent instantiation of a form, you compare the return value of
 SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission(@"View Customers").Action
to the enums PermissionAction.Grant or PermissionAction.Deny.
To limit access to, say, the Customers form Add button, add a "Customer Add" permission in the Security Editor, assign it to those of your users who can add customers, then include this in the form's constructor:
 C#: btnEdit.Enabled = SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission("Customer Add").Action == PermissionAction.Grant;
 VB: btnEdit.Enabled = SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.GetPermission("Customer Add").Action == PermissionAction.Grant
In our sample application (Fig. 2, above), we can launch the Security Editor, and we can display the Customer Maintenance form, but only if security permits the current user to do so. Listing 2 shows the complete code for MainForm, which includes the code to respond to the securityEditorToolStripMenuItem Click event. I've added "Application Security" to the Permissions list, so that the test for GetPermission("Application Security") is looking for that exact security key in the Permissions table, and checking whether the current user has that specific permission, either directly assigned, or through a role assignment.
Note that testing for SecurityBasics.CurrentUser.IsAdministrator isn't necessary,


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The Benefits of Supplemental Environmental Projects
Are SEPs good for the regulated community and everyone else, too?
Is there a way to avoid paying a penalty when a company receives a fine from an environmental agency? Not really, but a Supplemental Environmental Project (SEP) may offer some relief. An SEP allows a "violator" with a monetary penalty to spend some or all of the financial penalty money to complete an agency-approved project that will have a beneficial effect on the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed guidance for SEPs that includes a range of different types of projects, including:
- investment in wind energy,
- installation of fuel cells,
- water efficiency programs, and
- sustainability projects (e.g. development of environmental management systems).
However, the SEP needs to be connected to the violation (the term used by the agencies is "nexus") and it cannot be a project that was already planned or under way.
Regulatory agencies view SEPs as a positive method to advance the goal of protecting the environment. Rather than having a monetary penalty paid to general funds, the agency ensures that the money will be used for environmentally beneficial projects. Further, the agencies view SEP implementation as a benefit to local communities that might have been negatively impacted by the original violation.
The following case studies describe the SEP process with regulatory agencies, benefits realized by the companies involved, and how the agencies and local communities benefited from these projects.
Health Care Facility and Water Conservation SEP
The state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) found that a health care facility with a new industrial boiler did not comply with requirements for monitoring emissions based on the maximum rated (Btu) capacity of the boiler. Enforcement actions associated with this matter resulted in a consent order. The consent order included a condition that an SEP could be developed and implemented.
DEP, which has authority over the federal air emissions program, provided suggestions on acceptable types of SEPs and required explanations of their potential benefits.
Of the two SEPs submitted for consideration, the agency agreed to a water conservation project that included the replacement of free-flowing faucets with automatic infrared (no-touch) faucets. The nexus of the SEP and the violation was the relationship between the need for boiler make-up water for steam and the reduction of water use as part of the facility's overall water consumption program.
The health care facility noted the SEP would lower water consumption and reduce water discharges requiring treatment through the publicly operated treatment works (POTW). Using conservative estimates, the facility would reduce water usage by about 350,000 gallons per year.
From a business perspective, the facility would see lower costs for water purchased from the local utility. Ultimately, the cost savings would pay for the automatic faucets over an extended period. While difficult to quantify, the facility also would afford greater protection to employees and patients from bacteria and viruses that often live on fixtures.
Indirectly, the project benefited the community by potentially making more water available for other local or regional use and lowering demand on POTW capacity. Lastly, it is most likely that the patients that are served by this health care facility are local to the site. As noted above, those individuals in the local community will benefit from the reduced exposure to bacteria or viruses while being treated.
DEP accepted the proposed SEP and incorporated it into the final consent order. At this time, the automatic faucets have been purchased and are in the process of being installed.
Industrial Manufacturer and Stormwater-related SEP
DEP found that an industrial manufacturer did not complete its stormwater monitoring and reporting as often as required by the agency and the general permit.
Initially, the agency proposed a consent order that required payment of a penalty directly to the agency as well as a payment to the state's general SEP funds. During negotiations, the agency agreed to allow the manufacturer to use state fund money to complete an SEP.
DEP recommended the manufacturer eliminate industrial activities or sources that could impact stormwater at its site. If successful, the manufacturer would then be able to complete a "no exposure certification" available with the general permit. The site would still be subject to the general permit; however, the manufacturer would be exempt from monitoring, inspections, and training requirements because its activities or sources would no longer impact stormwater.
The final consent order also included incentives to complete the project. Specifically, the manufacturer needed to spend all of the money identified in the consent order, or the balance would need to be paid to DEP. If unsuccessful in eliminating the sources as identified above, the manufacturer would be required to pay the balance of the money identified in the consent order to complete the project plus an additional penalty.
The manufacturer identified several activities and areas of the site that required improvements to eliminate stormwater exposure. These items included:
- removal/disposal of potentially contaminated soils,
- construction of enclosed structures for dumpsters, and
- drainage improvements to redirect stormwater from a loading dock area.
Upon implementation of these changes, the manufacturer would have an improved site with reduced risk associated with stormwater compliance.
DEP will benefit by having lowered industrial activity impacts to a local stream adjacent to the property. A secondary indirect benefit to the agency is that there is one less site that is directly regulated by the subject general permit. This reduces the administrative burden on DEP (fewer sites mean less paperwork to be processed and tracked by the agency).
The stormwater SEP was incorporated into the final consent order. At this time, the costs are being assessed to complete the site improvements.
SEPs give companies a way to indirectly pay fines. While these projects typically benefit the company subject to the fines, regulatory agencies also have the opportunity to forward their agenda and provide a benefit to the public.
Paul Simonetta is a vice president and senior project manager at Triton Environmental, Inc. Guilford, Conn., with 18 years of combined environmental compliance experience in industrial manufacturing and consulting. He received his bachelor of science degree from Fairfield University and his master of science in environmental science from the University of New Haven. One of Simonetta's areas of expertise is in wastewater management and permitting. For more information, contact him at _PHONE_, extension 34.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Susan C. Hascall (Duquesne U. School of Law) has posted Restorative Justice in Islam: Should Qisas be Considered a Form of Restorative Justice? The abstract follows.
The restorative justice movement challenges conventional approaches to sentencing and punishment by involving the victim, community, and perpetrator in sentencing. The movement is characterized by an emphasis on the restoration of relationships, healing and rehabilitation. Like the restorative justice movement, Islamic law embraces a conception of justice that involves healing relationships. Shari'ah, the religious law of Islam, is based on Islamic teachings on justice and divine revelation. In classical Shari'ah jurisprudence, crimes are divided into several categories, which do not easily correspond to the categories defined in modern Western law. One of these categories, the crimes of qisas, is distinctive in that it gives the victim and his/her family final decision making power in punishment for physical wounding and murder. Although the victim(s) may choose retaliation in kind, payment, or forgiveness, emphasis is placed on the latter. This paper explores whether (1) qisas is a form of restorative justice (2) whether restorative justice adherents should examine the qisas processes for inspiration or methodology.
This paper begins by discussing the ideology behind the restorative justice movement and then proceeds to describe the classical Islamic law of qisas. Subsequently, examples of modern codes incorporating the law of qisas are provided. One of these exemplars highlighted within the text, particularly demonstrative of the abovementioned amalgamation, is northern Nigeria. The article concludes by emphasizing that, irrespective of the option for retaliation in kind, enough similarities and goals in the approaches of classical qisas jurisprudence, as exemplified in the modern codes of northern Nigeria, restorative justice scholars should examine qisas. There is also a calling for further field research on the processes of qisas in modern Shari'ah-based criminal jurisprudence.


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MultiVoIP isn't responding to traceroute packetsThe MultiVoIP will respond to ICMP echo requests, but not to UDP datagrams.
The MultiVoIP does not respond to traceroute packets if they are sent as UDP datagrams. Newer versions of traceroute, however, do allow the use of ICMP echo requests (-I option) or TCP SYN probes (-T option) instead.
A Windows utility that is similar to traceroute, called tracert, might see the MultiVoIP respond since tracert uses ICMP echo requests with varying Time-To-Live (TTL) values to map hops.
Use ping (ICMP echo requests) instead if you are not able to get traceroute to work.


Fences Play According to Aristotle
1540 Words7 Pages
Using Aristotle's descriptions of Tragedy, I classify Fences by August Wilson as a tragic play. The elements of tragedy, Troy Maxson as a tragic hero, and tragic plot were evident throughout the play. Also, the feeling of catharsis at the end-which is proper of tragedy, was clearly identifiable. I. Fences fits into the tragic genre based on the points given by Aristotle. In Poetics, he defines tragedy as "the imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself."
- Aristotle's idea is that the plot has a beginning middle and end and all parts follow each other in concise fashion. o In the beginning, the hero is a garbage man, who previously was given a chance to participate in professional
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The promise of change is empty; he cares only about change itself…The so-called realities of the social world around him matter little, for he dances to an internal rhythm, answering a call for self-authentication that springs from a cultural, even cosmological, dimension." (Pereira 38)
- Aristotle then says in his descriptions, "Thirdly, character must be true to life: for this is a distinct thing from goodness and propriety, as here described." o Troy fits a character who would have lived in the 1950's, having experienced discrimination, an abusive father and a changing society towards African-Americans in that period. o Troy says in Act 1, Scene 3 pg. 37 "…The white man ain 't gonna let you get nowhere with that football noway." Troy's beliefs ran true to his experiences all through the play.
- The last characteristic of a tragic hero is that he must be consistent. o Troy was consistent in his belief that the black man could not get ahead in America. o He behaved and learned from the examples given by his own father. o "The events of almost a century had underscored the distinction between de jure and de facto. Legally, blacks had been free for ninety four years, but practically they had little or no access to any of the benefits that ordinary citizens take for granted-recourse to the law, equal employment opportunitites, education." (Pereira 36) III. Troy's
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communication tends to slow data collection down the Programmable Load will be used in the analog control mode (or internal programmable step mode) driven by a stair step function from zero load current through full load current while simultaneously taking panel Voltage data at each Load current step. The stair step current ramp is repeated until voltage data for each panel in the string has been collected. The program will step through each string in the array collecting a full compliment of I-V and Temperature data including the last string which may be connected to a standard panel or string used for data comparison.
The scheme described above should be expected to collect a complete set of data for each panel in the array in less than 4 seconds.
System Software can be a Versatile Tool
Software / Soft-panel Evaluation Features:
After collecting real time performance data the software can be used to analyze the data to check relative and absolute performance of the individual panels in the array strings by comparing:
- Array string performance to each other.
- String performance to a Standard Panel.
- String performance to Solar Radiance Detector.
- Panel to Panel performance within a string or to standard.
A Measurement System of this type is key in analyzing true panel performance and accurate enough for comparative panel performance evaluation which may be of special interest when evaluating engineering prototype panels and new photovoltaic technologies. A Measurement System like this can be used at many different environmental sites due to its small size, flexibility and portability. In addition to panel performance, the information gathered with this system could be used to help predict and schedule maintenance and alert to required repairs so that the array can be kept at peak performance.
C8000 PV Inverter Test System
Open architecture software platform; Test command optimizer improves test speed; Support Shop-floor control
Solar Array Simulator DC Power Supply – 62000H-S
Programmable AC Electronic Load – 63800
Multi-Channel Digital Power Meters – 66203/66204
Current Range: 0.005/0.02/0.05/0.2/0.5/2/5/20 Arms
High Power Programmable AC Source with Transients – 61510
Power Rating: 12KVA, 18KVA
Single-Channel Digital Power Meters – 66201/66202
10mA minimum current range & 1mW power resolution
High Power Programmable AC Source – 61610
Power Rating: 12KVA, 18KVA
Programmable AC Source – 6500
Power: 1200VA ~ 9KVA


This is the HTCondor Administrator's Manual. Its purpose is to aid in the installation and administration of an HTCondor pool. For help on using HTCondor, see the HTCondor User's Manual.
An HTCondor pool is comprised of a single machine which serves as the central manager, and an arbitrary number of other machines that have joined the pool. Conceptually, the pool is a collection of resources (machines) and resource requests (jobs). The role of HTCondor is to match waiting requests with available resources. Every part of HTCondor sends periodic updates to the central manager, the centralized repository of information about the state of the pool. Periodically, the central manager assesses the current state of the pool and tries to match pending requests with the appropriate resources.
Each resource has an owner, the one who sets the policy for the use of the machine. This person has absolute power over the use of the machine, and HTCondor goes out of its way to minimize the impact on this owner caused by HTCondor. It is up to the resource owner to define a policy for when HTCondor requests will serviced and when they will be denied.
Each resource request has an owner as well: the user who submitted the job. These people want HTCondor to provide as many CPU cycles as possible for their work. Often the interests of the resource owners are in conflict with the interests of the resource requesters. The job of the HTCondor administrator is to configure the HTCondor pool to find the happy medium that keeps both resource owners and users of resources satisfied. The purpose of this manual is to relate the mechanisms that HTCondor provides to enable the administrator to find this happy medium.
The Different Roles a Machine Can Play
Every machine in an HTCondor pool can serve a variety of roles. Most machines serve more than one role simultaneously. Certain roles can only be performed by a single machine in the pool. The following list describes what these roles are and what resources are required on the machine that is providing that service:
Central Manager
There can be only one central manager for the pool. This machine is the collector of information, and the negotiator between resources and resource requests. These two halves of the central manager's responsibility are performed by separate daemons, so it would be possible to have different machines providing those two services. However, normally they both live on the same machine. This machine plays a very important part in the HTCondor pool and should be reliable. If this machine crashes, no further matchmaking can be performed within the HTCondor system, although all current matches remain in effect until they are broken by either party involved in the match. Therefore, choose for central manager a machine that is likely to be up and running all the time, or at least one that will be rebooted quickly if something goes wrong. The central manager will ideally have a good network connection to all the machines in the pool, since these pool machines all send updates over the network to the central manager.
Any machine in the pool, including the central manager, can be configured as to whether or not it should execute HTCondor jobs. Obviously, some of the machines will have to serve this function, or the pool will not be useful. Being an execute machine does not require lots of resources. About the only resource that might matter is disk space. In general the more resources a machine has in terms of swap space, memory, number of CPUs, the larger variety of resource requests it can serve.
Any machine in the pool, including the central manager, can be configured as to whether or not it should allow HTCondor jobs to be submitted. The resource requirements for a submit machine are actually much greater than the resource requirements for an execute machine. First, every submitted job that is currently running on a remote machine runs a process on the submit machine. As a result, lots of running jobs will need a fair amount of swap space and/or real memory.
The HTCondor Daemons
The following list describes all the daemons and programs that could be started under HTCondor and what they do:
This daemon is responsible for keeping all the rest of the HTCondor daemons running on each machine in the pool. It spawns the other daemons, and it periodically checks to see if there are new binaries installed for any of them. If there are, the condor_master daemon will restart the affected daemons. In addition, if any daemon crashes, the condor_master will send e-mail to the HTCondor administrator of the pool and restart the daemon. The condor_master also supports various administrative commands that enable the administrator to start, stop or reconfigure daemons remotely. The condor_master will run on every machine in the pool, regardless of the functions that each machine is performing.
This daemon represents a given resource to the HTCondor pool, as a machine capable of running jobs. It advertises certain attributes about machine that are used to match it with pending resource requests. The condor_startd will run on any machine in the pool that is to be able to execute jobs. It is responsible for enforcing the policy that the resource owner configures, which determines under what conditions jobs will be started, suspended, resumed, vacated, or killed. When the condor_startd is ready to execute an HTCondor job, it spawns the condor_starter.
This daemon is the entity that actually spawns the HTCondor job on a given machine. It sets up the execution environment and monitors the job once it is running. When a job completes, the condor_starter notices this, sends back any status information to the submitting machine, and exits.
This daemon represents resource requests to the HTCondor pool. Any machine that is to be a submit machine needs to have a condor_schedd running. When users submit jobs, the jobs go to the condor_schedd, where they are stored in the job queue. The condor_schedd manages the job queue. Various tools to view and manipulate the job queue, such as condor_submit, condor_q, and condor_rm, all must connect to the condor_schedd to do their work. If the condor_schedd is not running on a given machine, none of these commands will work.
The condor_schedd advertises the number of waiting jobs in its job queue and is responsible for claiming available resources to serve those requests. Once a job has been matched with a given resource, the condor_schedd spawns a condor_shadow daemon to serve that particular request.
This daemon runs on the machine where a given request was submitted and acts as the resource manager for the request.
This daemon is responsible for collecting all the information about the status of an HTCondor pool. All other daemons periodically send ClassAd updates to the condor_collector. These ClassAds contain all the information about the state of the daemons, the resources they represent or resource requests in the pool. The condor_status command can be used to query the condor_collector for specific information about various parts of HTCondor. In addition, the HTCondor daemons themselves query the condor_collector for important information, such as what address to use for sending commands to a remote machine.
This daemon is responsible for all the match making within the HTCondor system. Periodically, the condor_negotiator begins a negotiation cycle, where it queries the condor_collector for the current state of all the resources in the pool. It contacts each condor_schedd that has waiting resource requests in priority order, and tries to match available resources with those requests. The condor_negotiator is responsible for enforcing user priorities in the system, where the more resources a given user has claimed, the less priority they have to acquire more resources. If a user with a better priority has jobs that are waiting to run, and resources are claimed by a user with a worse priority, the condor_negotiator can preempt that resource and match it with the user with better priority.
A higher numerical value of the user priority in HTCondor translate into worse priority for that user. The best priority is 0.5, the lowest numerical value, and this priority gets worse as this number grows.
This daemon is used on both Linux and Windows platforms. On those platforms, the condor_startd frequently cannot determine console (keyboard or mouse) activity directly from the system, and requires a separate process to do so. On Linux, the condor_kbdd connects to the X Server and periodically checks to see if there has been any activity. On Windows, the condor_kbdd runs as the logged-in user and registers with the system to receive keyboard and mouse events. When it detects console activity, the condor_kbdd sends a command to the condor_startd. That way, the condor_startd knows the machine owner is using the machine again and can perform whatever actions are necessary, given the policy it has been configured to enforce.
The checkpoint server services requests to store and retrieve checkpoint files. If the pool is configured to use a checkpoint server, but that machine or the server itself is down, HTCondor will revert to sending the checkpoint files for a given job back to the submit machine.
This daemon handles management and execution of all grid universe jobs. The condor_schedd invokes the condor_gridmanager when there are grid universe jobs in the queue, and the condor_gridmanager exits when there are no more grid universe jobs in the queue.
This daemon runs on Windows platforms to manage password storage in a secure manner.
This daemon implements the high availability of a pool's central manager through monitoring the communication of necessary daemons. If the current, functioning, central manager machine stops working, then this daemon ensures that another machine takes its place, and becomes the


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Functional Modelling of Systems with Multiple Operation Modes: Case Study on an Active Spoiler System 06-14-03-0014
This also appears in
SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems-V130-6EJ
This article presents the application of the Enhanced Sequence Diagram (ESD) for the analysis of the functionality of a system with shape-changing aspects in the context of its multiple operational modes, considering an active rear spoiler as a case study. The article provides new insights on the ESD support for model-based capture and articulation of functional requirements across multiple operation modes of the same system, with appropriate detail on attributes and metrics, and the alignment of these attributes and metrics in line with the concept of time through scope lines. The article also provides a comprehensive argument and discussion, exemplified based on the case study, for the support that the ESD provides for early systems functional and architecture analysis, within the context of a broader model-based Failure Mode Analysis methodology.


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The Professional Pilot Program is Excel Flight Training Incorporated's premier course of study. This allows students to train on a full time basis and to attend regularly scheduled ground schools and daily flight lessons.
Students enrolled in this program can expect to be a Commercial Multi-Engine Instrument rated pilot within eight to ten months and ready to begin their career in aviation.
To provide the highest quality of flight training within an expeditious time frame, by creating a collegiate type environment. This enables the students to excel by maintaining a focus on their career ambitions.
To reduce tuition cost necessary to achieve student's goals within the required time frame.
High School Diploma or Equivalent
Category 1 Aviation Medical
Minimum Age of 18 Years
Classes and flight lessons run Monday to Friday for approximately six hours daily.
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Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are Banach spaces whose dual spaces are isometrically isomorphic. It is certainly true that $X$ and $Y$ need not be isometrically isomorphic, but must it be true that there is a continuous (not necessarily isometric) isomorphism of $X$ onto $Y$?
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5 Answers
up vote 13 down vote accepted
Indeed, $\ell_1$ provides a strong counterexample. As noted by Matt, the spaces C(X), where X is countable and compact, provide nonisomorphic Banach spaces whose duals are isomorphic to $\ell_1$. If X is countable and compact (and Hausdorff, of course!) then X is homeomorphic to a closed ordinal interval [0, a] (equipped with its natural order topology) for some countable ordinal a; this result is known as the Mazurkiewicz-Sierpinski theorem. About 50 years ago Bessaga and Pelczynski showed that if a and b are infinite countable ordinals and a < b, then C([0, a]) is isomorphic to C([0, b]) if and only if b < a^*w*, where w denotes the first infinite ordinal. Thus C([0, w]) is in fact isomorphic to C([0, w^2]), contrary to Gerald's assertion above. Moreover, the least infinite ordinal b such that C([0, b]) is not isomorphic to C([0, w]) is b = w^w. Combining the Mazurkiewicz-Sierpinski result with the Bessaga=Pelczynski result, one has that each space C(X), where X is countable and compact, is isomorphic to C([0, w^(w^*a*)]) for a unique countable ordinal a. In particular, there are uncountably many nonisomorphic Banach spaces whose duals are isometrically isomorphic to $\ell_1$, namely the spaces C([0, w^(w^*a*)]), where a varies over the set of countable ordinals.
$\ell_1$ has other preduals too. For example, a 1972 paper from the Israel Journal of Mathematics by Yoav Benyamini and Joram Lindenstrauss exhibits a Banach space E whose dual is isometrically isomorphic to $\ell_1$, but E is not isomorphic to any space of the form C(X).
Although Gerald's assertion that the Cantor-Bendixson rank distinguishes between spaces of continuous functions on countable compact spaces is not correct, there is a rank/index that does distinguish between the isomorphism classes of these spaces, namely the Szlenk index. In fact the Szlenk index may be used to prove the 'only if' direction of the Bessaga-Pelczysnki result.
I strongly recommend Chapter 2 of the book Biorthogonal Systems in Banach Spaces by Hajek et al if you want to read about the Szlenk index and a proof of the Bessaga-Pelczynski result. That book also contains a sketch proof of the Mazurkiewicz-Sierpinski theorem; for a full account of that theorem I recommend Section 8 of Semadeni's classic book Banach spaces of continuous functions.
If you want a different example, I think the James-tree space JT would do. JT is separable but its dual is (at least I think so - it is worth checking!) isometrically isomorphic to the dual of the direct sum $*JT \oplus H*$, where H is Hilbert space of dimension equal to the cardinality of the continuum. In particular, $*JT \oplus H*$ cannot be isomorphic to JT because they have different density characters, but their duals are isometrically isomorphic. If you want to check the details of this example consult Chapter 13 of the Albiac and Kalton book recommended above by Matthew.
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If X is any countable, compact topological space, then consider the Banach space C(X). The dual space is the finite measures on X, but as any measure is countably additive, and X is countable, taking some ordering we get an isometric isomorphism between C(X)* and $\ell_1$. But not all such C(X) are isomorphic: you can find such X by taking a countable ordinal w and considering the closed interval [0,w]. This is all very nicely explained in the book "Topics in Banach Space Theory" by Albiac and Kalton.
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One may also remark that $c_{0}$ $\times$ (ℓ∞$/c_{0}$) is a predual of (ℓ∞)$^*$.
However, $c_{0}$ $\times$ (ℓ∞$/c_{0}$) is not isomorphic to ℓ∞.
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Nice example Ady, that one has never crossed my mind. – Philip Brooker Jan 23 '10 at 0:49
More striking than this is that the separable space C[0,1] has dual which is isometrically isomorphic to the dual of the non separable space QC[0,1] (the uniform closure of the step functions on [0,1], so it is also a C(K) space). As Philip mentioned, JT provides a similar example, but of course is not isomorphic to a C(K) space. – Bill Johnson Jan 23 '10 at 16:29
IMO, to be "more striking" is only a question of taste. Since, in my example, the two preduals are homeomorphic, due to an easy application of the Michael Selection Theorem. – Ady Feb 1 '10 at 20:58
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There are non-isomorphic preduals of $\ell_1$, but I'm afraid I don't know a reference for this. Recently, Argyros and Haydon solved a long-standing open problem by constructing a predual of $\ell_1$ with extraordinary properties; $c_0$ would not have done the job...
Actually, I now realize I'm not quite sure about the isometric version -- that is, what happens if you assume the duals are isometric and not just isomorphic. But I would be very surprised if the answer to your question was yes.
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If K, L are countable compact metric spaces, then the isomorphism of C(K) and C(L) depends on the Cantor-Bendixson rank... If the first empty derived set of K is K^(n) and the first empty derived set of L is L^(m) and n \ne m, then C(K) and C(L) are not isomorphic. So, for example, C([0,w]) and C([0,w^2]) are not isomporphic. But (as noted previously) their duals are both isometric to l^1.
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Thanks to Philip for correcting this. – Gerald Edgar Jan 23 '10 at 0:56
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What's on Your Plate?
What's On Your Plate? kids and their families talk about what they eat, where it comes from, and why that matters
By: Catherine Gund
Edited by: Tanya Selvaratnam
In What's On Your Plate?, seven kids and their families explore the food chain, sharing fundamental questions and vital discoveries. With honesty, humor, and creativity, they face serious issues including the lack of access to fresh food; health problems such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and food allergies; and the national school lunch program. They celebrate time together by cooking and gathering at the table. The stories, recipes, and terrific activities in this book will inspire readers of all ages to be conscious of what they re eating and where it comes from, and to make positive changes in their homes, schools, and communities. The What's On Your Plate? project about kids and food politics started out as a documentary film from the point of view of two curious 11-year-old girls, Sadie and Safiyah. The film was broadcast on Discovery Channel s Planet Green and has been screened hundreds of times around the world, from Washington to Wisconsin, Glasgow to Seoul. Along the way, the girls spoke with friends, teachers, farmers, food activists, politicians, and each other; their journey inspired this book. As Sadie and Safiyah say, We're talking about our neighborhood. What about yours?
Add to Cart:
 - ISBN: 615405851


text:
Seed dispersal mchanisms
remove.this.ecology at ozemail.com.au
Tue Jul 11 18:38:46 EST 2000
I am working with the native Australian tree species Cadellia pentastylis an
obscure species (and a monotypic genus) belonging to the family Surianaceae.
My question relates to seed dispersal mechanisms and whether the strategy
employed by this species is at all unique.
The small fruits of C. pentastylis remain attached to woody sepals which
swell and twist following pollination and seed maturation. The sepals
enhance seed dispersal as they maintain good bouyancy in the air rotating
like the rotor blades of a helicopter.
Typically plant seeds or fruits themselves develop membranes or wings to aid
dispersal. Is this unusual for sepals to be used in this way? Are there
examples of co-evolution from other continents?
More information about the Plantbio


text:
Pipe-It History Matching allows you to minimize the difference between data and calculation while running the reservoir model and the well test conversion programs in sync.
Pipe-It can be used as a history matching and optimization tool for any commercial or in-house reservoir simulator. Some examples:
- ECL 100 and ECL 300 (Schlumberger)
- GEM, IMEX, and STARS (CMG)
- tNavigator (RockFlowDynamics)
- SENSOR (Coats Engineering)
- Psim (ConocoPhillips)
- GigaPowers (Saudi Aramco)
Flexible definition of history matching objectives:
- Match observed production rates, pressures, GOR, water cut, cumulative production, etc.
- Use any input model parameter as a history matching variable.
- Fully customizable.
- Any weighting scheme on observed data.
This solution integrates the reservoir models and does the necessary well test rate conversions.


text:
Natural native-spoken Spanish can be challenging for learners. Not everyone speaks slowly and precisely like the teacher in your classroom, or the way they speak in made-for-study recordings. Lupa stories, by Radio Ambulante, are made for native listeners. This is exactly what you need to train your ears.
Lupa lets you slow everything down, all the way to half speed (0.5x), using the audio speed controls.
Make sure Assist Mode is on (the 'light bulb' icon is yellow.)
While studying a new chapter, find a comfortable speed where you can hear at least half of the words. After you feel confident with the material, make sure to listen once through the chapter with Assist Mode off (white 'light bulb' icon) so your ears get used to listening at native speeds.
Remember, there's a world of difference between "slow Spanish" and native Spanish at a slower speed. With Lupa you're always listening to authentic Spanish, the kind you'll hear in the real world.
Read about all the other features at your fingertips to help you listen and understand effectively.


text:
Most animals never even see their parents. Many never meet their fathers and some do not meet their mothers either. Some insects, fish, amphibians and reptiles hatch from fertilised eggs and face life on their own. And those animals who are raised by parents, are often reared by their mothers. But we found that there are some animal fathers who are great dads too.
Catfish: A male sea catfish keeps the eggs of his young in his mouth until they are ready to hatch. He does not eat during this period, which may go several weeks.
Cockroach: A father cockroach eats bird droppings to obtain precious nitrogen, which he carries back to feed his young.
Duck: Most male ducks live as bachelors, but the ruddy duck of North America helps care for his young.
Earthworms: Since earthworms have both male and female sex organs, every earthworm can be both a mother and a father. Animals that have both male and female organs are called hermaphrodites.
Wolf: When the mother wolf gives birth, the father stands guard outside their den and brings food for the mother and pups. As they grow, he not only plays with them but also teaches them how to survive. Wolves continue to live together much as human families do.
Frog: The male Darwin frog hatches his eggs in a pouch in his mouth. However, unlike the catfish, the existence of the pouch does not stop him from eating. Soon, the tadpoles lose their tails, become tiny frogs and jump out of his mouth!
Monkey: There are small monkeys in South America called marmosets. Among these monkeys, the fathers take care of their babies from birth. When a marmoset is born, the father cleans it, keeps it safe and carries it to the mother only when it needs to be nursed. When the baby can eat solid food, it is the father who feeds the child.
Penguin: A father emperor penguin bears the cold winds in the Antarctic for 60 days or more to protect his eggs, which he keeps on his feet, covered with a feathered flap. During this time, he does not eat a thing!
Most father penguins lose about 25 pounds while they wait for their babies to hatch. Afterward, they feed the chicks a special liquid from their throats. The father penguin can go to eat and rest only after the mother comes to take charge.
Rhea: Rheas are large South American birds and look like ostriches. Among rheas, it is always the father who takes care of the young. From the eggs to chicks, he feeds and protects them until they are old enough to survive on their own.
Sand grouse: A father Namaqua sand grouse of Africa's Kalahari Desert flies as far as 50 miles a day in order to soak himself in water so that his chicks can drink water from his feathers when he returns to his nest.
Sea horse: The male sea horse has a pouch in which the mother lays her eggs. The father then looks after the eggs for about two months, until they hatch and leave the pouch. He continues to protect the young until they are able to live on their own.
Siamese fighting fish: When the mother lays her eggs, the father catches them in his mouth, then drops them into a nest he has prepared. He guards the nest and protects the baby fish till they hatch.
Now, isn't that a huge list of great dads?


text:
About Write Filters in Windows Embedded
Updated: January 1, 2013
Applies To: System Center Configuration Manager 2007, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 R2, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 R3, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 SP1, System Center Configuration Manager 2007 SP2
For operational reasons, it might be undesirable to write to storage media in Windows Embedded devices. By redirecting all write requests to either a separate disk partition or RAM, a write filter allows the run-time image to maintain the appearance of a writable run-time image without committing the changes to the storage media.
Starting with Feature Pack 2007 for Windows XP Embedded Service Pack 2, the following write filters are available:
File-Based Write Filter, which operates at the file level
Enhanced Write Filter, which operates at the sector level
Enhanced Write Filter and File-Based Write Filter redirect all writes targeted for protected volumes to a RAM or disk cache called an overlay. The overlay stores changes made to the operating system but is removed when the device is restarted, restoring the device to its original state.
Enhanced Write Filter works at the sector level on protected disks and allows you to commit changes so that they persist when the device is restarted. Enhanced Write Filter is useful for thin clients that do not need to store cached information or receive frequent updates. Changes made to a system protected by Enhanced Write Filter are stored in one or more layers that represent snapshots in time. Applying changes to an image applies all changes made to the operating system during a specific period of time.
File-Based Write Filter works at the file level instead of the sector level on protected disks. By default, File-Based Write Filter protects the whole disk, but selective write through exceptions can be granted to specific files and folders. Writes to folders which have been granted exceptions persist when the device restarts.
Windows Embedded also features a registry filter, which monitors all writes to the registry and stores changes in a separate layer that is discarded when the device restarts. For registry writes, the registry filter supports persisting specific registry changes by using registry monitors when the device restarts. This feature is independent from Enhanced Write Filter and File-Based Write Filter and can be used regardless of your specific configuration.
For more information about Windows XP Embedded Enhanced Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows XP Embedded File-Based Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows Embedded Standard 2009 Enhanced Write Filter, see _URL_
For more information about Windows Embedded Standard 2009 File-Based Write Filter, see _URL_
General Software Update Processes with Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter
When you use Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter protection on the drive for the Windows Embedded device, all uncommitted writes to the device are lost when the device restarts. This includes any software or software updates that have been installed. To persist changes when the device restarts, Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter must be turned off prior to performing the change actions, or the changes must otherwise be explicitly committed to the drive using the commit command. This is required regardless of the method used to install software or software updates.
You can take the following steps to persist changes when the device is restarted.
To disable and then enable the write filter
Disable Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter. Disabling the filter takes effect after the next device restart. All changes to the system made prior to the device restart are discarded before Enhanced Write Filter is disabled.
Note An alternative to this step is to use the -commitanddisable command for Enhanced Write Filter which will cause all pending write operations to be committed to the storage device before the filter is disabled. This is not recommended because it commits an unknown number of changes to the storage device.
After the device restarts, all new changes are written directly to the storage device. The drive remains unprotected until Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter is re-enabled.
The required changes can now be made, such as installing or updating software, and changing system settings.
After the necessary changes to the system have been made, Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter can be re-enabled. This causes Enhanced Write Filter or File-Based Write Filter to be enabled after the next device restart. All changes prior to the restart are saved on the storage device.
After restarting the device, the system returns to a protected state.
Note If this procedure fails at any point after disabling the write filter, the system is left in an unprotected state.
To use the commit command to write changes
Restart the device to clear any changes that were made to the protected volume.
Make the required changes to the system, such as installing or updating software, and changing system settings.
Issue the commit command to cause all changes made to the system to be committed to the storage device after next device restart.
After restarting the device, any changes to the system are committed and the system returns in a protected state.
If any items that have been installed require the device to be restarted, a second restart might be required. Any changes caused by this second restart are automatically committed to the storage device.
Although the second method does not completely disable the write filter, both methods write the entire contents of the overlay to disk, regardless of the source of the changes. The second method might also require an additional device restart and commit action to account for installations that have post-restart actions, such as file replacement or drivers or services being installed. With the first method, you can handle any additional restarts as part of your software installation before re-enabling the write filter.
The use of write filters on Windows Embedded imposes unique requirements on system administrators who are tasked with change management. One option for administrators is to use a script to automate the additional actions needed to complete a software or software updates installation. For a sample script that performs these write filter modifications, see Example Script for Configuring Write Filters Using Configuration Manager 2007 on Windows Embedded Devices.
For additional information, see Configuration Manager 2007 Information and Support.
To contact the documentation team, email _EMAIL_.


AS3Unit is a unit testing framework. It was designed to make the testing process easier and straightforward, differently from other frameworks that require a significant amount of setting up and reconfiguring.
In order to use the framework, all tests must be placed in a convenient folder structure. Every class in folder will be run as test cases, but only methods starting with 'test' will be run. The available assert methods are like those in any other unit testing framework. ex: assert, assertFalse, assertEquals, assertSame, assertNotEquals, assertNotSame. There are fail helper methods as well: setUp, tearDown, setUpClass, tearDownClass.
import com.hoten.as3unit.TestCase;
public class TestAsserts extends TestCase {
 public function testCanary():void {
 public function thisIsNotATest():void {
 fail("Expected only methods starting with 'test' to run!");
 public function testAssertEqualsOneAndOnePasses():void {
 assertEquals(1, 1);
Testing. URL.


text:
The piece starts off talking about what is arguably Dorothea Lange's most recognizeable image, that of a California pea picker Florence Owens Thompson. The image was taken while Lange was employed by the Farm Security Administration in March, 1936.
One incredible piece of information I learned from the NPR piece was that all of the images that Dorothea Lange took during her work with the FSA became the proprety of the US Government. The original images were accompanied by captions that she wrote for each image, but they were not distributed with the images when the FSA would make them available to news outlets. Not even the titles of her images were preserved.
Listen to the NPR piece embedded below, or visit this link to read more about the new book by Linda Gordon.


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How to extract files from exe?
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2. StepBrowser to the location where you have the self extracting .exe archive in place.
How to extract files from exe?
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How to extract files from exe?
4. StepBrowse through the location of your choice where you want to extract the archive and select Install.
How to extract files from exe?
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How to extract files from exe?
6. StepThe self extracter will show complete box and if the associated archive has an executable file that is set on autorun preference will execute automatically like in my case.
How to extract files from exe?
7.Were you expecting more steps? Sorry to disappoint!
Write in the form below if you have any issue with any process explained above and we'll get down to you as soon as we possibly could.