has not high accuracy. Suitable for simple measurements.
Therefore, the cost of an analog multimeter is also lower than that of a digital multimeter.
Digital multimeter.
digital Multimeter
Digital multimeter also knew as DMM, DVOM
All measurements are displayed on an easy-to-read LCD surface
Although it functions similarly to an analog multimeter, the digital multimeter is more accurate. Suitable for high precision measurements.
The price of a digital multimeter is also higher than that of an analog multimeter. However, depending on the needs of use, we should choose the right watches at reasonable prices. as it has different basic and advanced types.
A high-end digital multimeter can measure the following values:
 - AC (alternating current) voltage and amperage
 - DC (direct current) voltage and amperage
 - Resistance (ohms)
 - Capacity (farads)
 - Conductance (siemens)
 - Decibels
 - Duty cycle
 - Frequency (Hz)
 - Inductance (henrys)
 - Temperature Celsius or Fahrenheit
Essential Things To Bring For An Overnight Camping In The Forest
camping clothes
In addition to checking in at luxurious hotels, camping in the forest is also an experience that you should try once in your life.
For the first time, you will be confused about what to bring camping? What is the preparation for overnight camping?
Therefore, today I am going to answer the questions "what to bring when go camping" so that you can refer to and update a lot of useful information.
camping tips
Essentials things for a camping trip in the forest
Important gear
The first item you need to prepare for a picnic is the tent. However, for safe and convenient camping, you should choose a tent that is resistant to water and insects (if camping site is in mountain forests or wilderness).
When camping outdoors, especially at night, your body temperature will be lowered, so you need to prepare a waterproof sleeping bag, able to hold heat well. Besides, you should also pay attention to choose the type of sleeping bag material that is hypoallergenic and compact so that it can be carried easily.
forest camping
Ropes, sheets, wingking parachutes, pots and pans, mini cookers, forest knives, lighters, flashlights, compasses, etc. are also definitely indispensable items.
Camping mostly uses light from nature, there is no electric light so you need to determine the location of camping quickly and set up the tent when there is enough sunlight/light. Do not set up the tent too late, lacking of light might lead you to many difficulties. In addition, you should find places near the water source to be able to facilitate personal hygiene and living offline.
Bring food for the camping trip
You can rely on the camping time to bring the right amount of food and drink accordingly. Dry foods, canned foods such as sausages, dried food, dried shrimp, dried beef, shrimp noodles, packaged dried vegetables, sweets, cookies, etc. will always be preferred because they can be stored. for a long time. Refrain from bringing too much fresh food, because there is no refrigerator to preserve, if the weather is too hot like summer, the food is easy to smell and spoil.
In addition, water is an indispensable important thing. You should bring water rather than bring fresh water, it will make you more thirsty. Absolutely should not drink water in rivers and streams where you camp without knowing whether the water is safe or not.
Medical supplies
Medical equipment is also one of the essential items to prepare for camping. By camping, food poisoning falls, bumps, illnesses, etc. are unpredictable. Therefore, you need to bring some basic first aid and common medicines such as bandages, urgo, pain relievers, colds and flu, headache, medical cotton, alcohol, insect repellent, medicine mosquito repellent,…
Choose a comfortable outfit
Going camping in the forest takes a lot of effort, so you need to bring simple, spacious and comfortable clothes, so bring a bag with lots of bags. Also, do not forget to bring a jacket outside, in case insects bite as well as trees scratched into the woods. The shirt also helps you not to catch a cold, avoid the forest breeze. You should bring soft canvas shoes, sole to easily move as well as avoid slipperily.
You should choose to buy a backpack with a waistband to specialize in the forest, fixed to the body, avoid swaying and help you move more easily.
camping clothes
Final words
Above is a list of essentials for camping that I share with you. Hopefully, this article will help you have the most fun and comfortable travel and camping.
Camping Guide For Beginners
10 tips for beginners longboarding
10 tips that will help you as a beginner longboarder
number one is what's pushing Mongo
well there's a lot of memes and stuff about pushing Mongo on the internet
now what it is is essentially when you push with your front foot on the ground so your back foot is on the board
there's an unwritten rule in skateboarding and by pushing Mongo, if you push Mongo you're a beginner or you're considered a noob
and that's why they're quite a lot of memes about it and people on the Internet's making fun of people push Mongo
number two always brings a skate tool like a skate tool is one of the most essential things
you can have as a skater or longboarder and you never know when you need it so it's a really good habit to always bring it with you in your backpack anywhere you go
just in case there's something that you need to fix or a friend of yours has to fix something or a random person on the streets
whatever I've asked people for skate tool and lots just randomly on the streets and it's really handy
number three is a really big one I think and it's be active on social media
this is a longboarding tip
trust me it is because there are a lot of advantages I'm posting your stuff on social media
first off you can start building following even if you're a beginner longboarder
if you start when you start longboarding like I did you don't grow rapidly like crazy but you do already start building up the following
if there is a time when you're like okay I got some skills
tip number four and that's learn how to pick up your board properly
one of the easiest ways to spot beginner longboarder is one that you see them pick up the board by bending over and grabbing boards while the board is still on the ground
that's one of the easiest giveaways of really really beginner longboarder
it's a cool thing to learn in the beginning how to properly pick up your board
tip number five
that we've learned how to pick up our boards when we stop
we might grab it wrong so this is about mall grabbing so this is also a really hard topic on social media etc
number six
this will be a controversial topic
cause it's safety
it's really hard and really scary topic to talk about because people have a strong opinion about it
I still don't want to leave it out because I think it's really important
Even though I might get some heat for this
safety always the thing is wearing helmets
wearing helmets a lot of communities don't accept people who don't wear helmets especially in a downhill community just like if you post something without a helmet you will get bashed on for sure like 100%
and I support that I don't support bashing on people but I do support pushing towards
the fact that people should wear helmets for me
I'm really scared about talking about this because I don't want to come across as a hypocrite
I don't wear a helmet myself I do want to say and that's like the point
seven is a really quick one and it's making sure that your trucks are tightened to your boards
these tricks are not tightening to his boards
if that's the case and these nuts that go through your boards and trucks will vibrate a lot while longboarding
vibrations will cause a lot of stress on those points
they will make bigger holes out of it well
this is the most vulnerable spots on your boards
number eight is how to get off curbs
curbs can be your enemy if you are beginner longboarder your cruising around in the city
suddenly there's a curb got to get off if you don't want to step off your boards every time you come across a curb now luckily
there's a really easy way to get out of those curbs and I'm gonna tell you
another way to move on a the city is use a bicycle, you can find the best hybrid bike under 1000 and readmore
number nine is also really practical tip and it's learning how to jump on your boards
this is one of the coolest ways for sure to get on your boards works practicing essentially
it's a really easy thing you just grab your boards
you walk with your boards next to you and then you let loose with your boards you step on your boards and that's it now this sounds easy
it's not that hard either but it does take some practice for a lot of people
a couple of tips first off take it easy there's no need of really rushing it
you don't have to do akamikamiyaa jump and then get on your board
there's no need
you can just relax let loose of your board chill and then as you see your board getting on the ground
you step on it with your front foot and your back foot follows and then once you get more and more comfortable with the movements


STEP
(redirected from treading in steps)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
step
1. the act of motion brought about by raising the foot and setting it down again in coordination with the transference of the weight of the body
2. a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance or part of a dance
3. any of several paces or rhythmic movements in marching, dancing, etc.
4. a flight of stairs, esp out of doors
5. Music a melodic interval of a second
6. a strong block or frame bolted onto the keel of a vessel and fitted to receive the base of a mast
Step
a. a set of aerobic exercises designed to improve the cardiovascular system, which consists of stepping on and off a special box of adjustable height
b. (as modifier): Step aerobics
STEP
Abbrev. for Solar/Terrestrial Energy Programme.
Step
A stair unit that consists of one tread, the horizontal upper surface, and one riser, the vertical face.
bull-nosed step
A step, usually the lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a semicircle and projecting beyond the face of the stair string. The projection extends beyond and around the newel post.
cantilever step
A step built into the wall at one end, but supported at the other end only by the steps below.
curtail step
A step, usually the lowest in the flight, of which one or both ends are rounded into a spiral or scroll shape which projects beyond the newel.
riser
The vertical face of a stair step.
tread
The horizontal upper surface of a step; includes the rounded edge or nosing which extends over the riser.
Step

a break on the bottom of a high-speed boat; when the boat is in motion, the step creates a lifting force that causes the boat to rise and glide over the water's surface. When a boat is hydroplaning over calm water, that is, when it has risen onto its step, less of its bottom is in contact with the water and, as a result, the water offers less resistance to the vessel's motion. There may be one or more steps on the bottom of a hydroplane, cutter, scooter, or the float of a seaplane. The shape of the step (flat, flat-keeled) determines the vessel's seaworthiness and speed.
step
[step]
(computer science)
A single computer instruction or operation.
(engineering)
A small offset on a piece of core or in a drill hole resulting from a sudden sidewise deviation of the bit as it enters a hard, tilted stratum or rock underlying a softer rock.
(geology)
A hitch or dislocation of the strata.
(mining engineering)
The portion of a longwall face at right angles to the line of the face formed when a place is worked in front of or behind an adjoining place.
(organic chemistry)
step
A stair unit which consists of one tread and one riser.
STEP
STEP
(STandard for the Exchange of Product Model Data) An ISO standard for product modeling. It is designed to provide a vendor-neutral and computer readable definition of a product throughout its life cycle. See PDES and IGES.


text:
In the era of rapidly growing educational requirements and an explosion of content from multiple sources, ensuring students are getting the content they need at the right time is a challenge that academic libraries continue to address.
Join us for an engaging in-person event, hosted at the University of Salford, where we will take an in depth look at the critical role of academic libraries in supporting student success and explore the challenges they face. We will hear from the University of Salford on how their library is leading the way in ensuring students have seamless access to vital study materials.
|Arrival, coffee & networking
|Welcome and introduction to Technology from Sage
|Librarian Futures Part II Report deep-dive:
An in-depth look at our latest white paper and its key findings on current trends for Academic Libraries
|Lean Library in action at the University of Salford:
Student experience and usage, led by the staff from the university library
|Technology from Sage Product Showcase:
A close look at Lean Library and Sciwheel
|Optional tour of University of Salford Library
As spaces are limited, we encourage you to sign up as soon as possible, as we will be registering attendees on a first come, first served basis!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Accueil > Communication > Actualités scientifiques > Publications scientifiques
Parasitoid wasp usurps its host to guard its pupa against hyperparasitoids and induces rapid behavioral changes in the parasitized host [PLOS One]
Subject Areas : larvae, pupae, host-pathogen interactions, diet, parasitism, parasitic diseases, insects, moths and butterflies
par Frédéric Magné - publié le , mis à jour le
Some parasites have an ability to fabricate the behavior of their host and impel the host to guard parasites' offspring, which is popularly called as bodyguard manipulation. Psalis pennatula larva parasitized by a braconid parasitoid wasp Microplitis pennatula exhibits some behavioral changes including the guarding of the parasitoid pupa from its natural enemies. We hypothesized that these behavioral change exhibited by the parasitized host larva are induced by the parasitoid and can be considered as an example of bodyguard manipulation.(...)
View online


erobes: will use oxygen if present, but can survive without it
Moisture: dissolved nutrients enter bacteria through their cell walls. Therefore, for bacteria to survive, they need to be surrounded by available water. This available water is referred to as water activity (aW). It indicates the amount of free (unbound) water present. Water activity ranges from values between 0.00 and 1.00 where 1.00 is the maximum amount of free water. Therefore, the water activity of flours would be closer to 0.00 while the water activity of a juice would be closer to 1.00. Water activity in meats can be controlled by adding salts, sugars and nitrate ingredients that are able to bind some of the water. Water activity of 0.7. 0.75 and 0.8 can activate growth of mold, yeast and bacteria respectively.
Courtney Simons
Courtney Simons on FacebookCourtney Simons on Linkedin


text:
Authors: Matthew Lieberman and Deepali Srivastava
Uber and Airbnb are two top-ranking Unicorns (private companies valued at $1 billion or more) that have helped to create an entirely new marketplace from scratch within less than a decade. In popular parlance that's sharing economy, which is essentially any marketplace that allows individuals and groups to make money from underused physical assets by turning them into shared services. But could yesterday's disruptors themselves get disrupted by regulation now? Their services, after all, are under close scrutiny in cities around the world over issues such as privacy, insurance, workplace protections, and taxation.
It's becoming clear that winning in the sharing economy now requires prioritising goals such as earning stakeholders' trust, creating collaborative ecosystems, and engaging constructively with regulators. Shock-and-awe strategies still have their place in the burgeoning sharing economy, but sustained market leadership will require a quality not all disruptive companies possess. That's resilience, an organization's capacity to anticipate and react to change, not only to survive, but also to evolve. As sharing economy quickly comes of age, increasing trust in the marketplace, one of the key traits of a resilient business, will be essential for the tech-savvy, highly-valued venture-capital-backed firms that gave birth to the sharing economy.
In a recent PwC survey on the sharing economy, 89% of consumer panelists agreed that the sharing-economy marketplace is based on trust between providers and users, and 69% said they would not trust a sharing-economy company unless recommended by someone they personally trust.
The sharing economy will continue to grow, but it will be a smoother, faster ride for businesses that increase trust in technology-enabled peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions. Here's how some companies are scripting the future of this exciting marketplace:
1. Resilient, trusted brands are embracing sharing as a positive disruption.
That's because they know that their credibility gives them an advantage in this still-unpredictable market. According to one ranking, BMW is the world's most reputable company based on factors such as innovation, governance, and corporate social responsibility. Undoubtedly, that reputation is a powerful asset as the company repositions itself in a market where new competitors are coming out of left field. "We used to be the provider of premium cars, and now we're the provider of premium mobility services, as well as premium cars," says Richard Steinberg, CEO, DriveNow, a joint venture between BMW and car rental company Sixt. Premium mobility means personal, convenient, and greener options for a generation that values transportation solutions rather than car ownership. Not surprisingly, DriveNow, introduced in 2011, already makes over half a million trips per month. Its members can use real-time apps to pick up and drop off electric BMWs based on their needs in cities like London, Vienna, and Munich, giving less-trusted sharing-economy options a run for their money.
Some start-ups see a clear benefit in associating with established, trusted brands. It's not hard to understand why. Almost half of the consumers in the PwC survey remain concerned about unreliable quality in new online marketplaces. And so we've seen Yerdle, an online marketplace for used goods, adding established retailer Patagonia's popular Worn Well used-clothes collection to its merchandise. And what does Patagonia, which famously urged American shoppers to buy less and conserve more, get in return? Higher visibility in progressive-minded online communities frequented by Yerdle's shoppers, who are likely to steer their followers toward brands they trust.
2. Self-governance within the sharing economy is setting new standards even as regulation tries to catch up. The explosive growth of sharing economy start-ups is raising questions about regulation, such as how to ensure a relatively level playing field between established and new businesses. And how to regulate new companies without stifling innovation that created those successful business models in the first place.
While regulation is still evolving, in a maturing marketplace based on trust, self-governance could be the biggest differentiator going forward.
That's why some sharing-economy companies are going to great lengths to demonstrate that their buyers, sellers and businesses partners have naturally rallied around a common purpose, which in turn encourages responsible behaviour. Airbnb, for example, is walking the fine line between sharing data with circumspect local governments and maintaining consumer privacy. Reaffirming its commitment to an open and transparent community, the company just shared anonymised data about its New York City hosts with the state government to show that most of them are average citizens earning extra incomes, rather than greedy landlords or fly-by-night hotel operators.
This is a sensible approach. A new PwC study on consumer attitudes toward brand leadership finds that consumers today gravitate toward qualities like trustworthiness, authenticity, and reliability – compared with 1999 when they associated leader brands with qualities like innovation. Over the past 15 years, "leader brands" have grown in value at nearly five times the rate of the average S&P 500 company, and that trend is likely to continue: two-thirds of US consumers say the importance of acting like a true leader brand is more important today than it was in the past and will matter even more 10 years from now. With growth expectations being set high for Uber, Airbnb and others, it's essential that these companies live up to the expectations required of brand leaders today.
The challenge before both companies and policymakers is that there is not much precedent for regulating activities like point-to-point transportation, short-term rentals, and on-demand services. Moreover, cities around the world have vastly different laws — many of which probably didn't anticipate digital disruption. So sharing-economy companies have to micromanage their market-entry strategies, including engaging policymakers and consumer groups early on in the process. For their part, regulators seem determined to catch up with this new economy. US Presidential hopeful Hillary Clinton, for example, has noted that using independent workers to fill temporary positions in the "gig economy" represents innovation but raises hard questions about workplace protections. Companies that self-govern have a greater chance of staying one step ahead of both regulators and competitors.
3. Companies that created entirely new rules of engagement are relying on good old fashioned practices as they scale up. Regulatory pressures, the need to put various stakeholders at ease – as well as the practical realities of competing in a growing marketplace -- are leading sharing-economy businesses to embrace traditional practices. Many companies are now offering insurance protections and verifying identities of buyers and sellers who use their online platforms. Consider how TaskRabbit, which connects workers with people who need services, guarantees a million dollars of coverage for tasks like folding laundry and buying groceries.
These companies are incurring significant new operating costs because they know they must put in place a "trust infrastructure" that allows people to share, access, work, barter and trade freely. The so-called Peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions are now enabled by a host of intermediaries. They are occurring within large ecosystems made up of start-ups, established businesses, and various service providers.
The building blocks of this new infrastructure are lesser known, and certainly the least glamorous, participants in the sharing economy. Take credentials management company Jumio, which verifies users' government-issued photo IDs for Airbnb. Or insurance companies that are innovating furiously to solve this new riddle: How to provide insurance for an asset that's used occasionally or an odd job that's done "on demand"? Pennsylvania-based Erie Insurance Group, a traditional insurer, and Peers, a technology company, now offer insurance programs for consumers and service providers in the sharing economy.
Of course, the desire to engender trust is not the only factor at work here. The marketplace is not only booming, but also getting more complex by the day. Perhaps no industry illustrates this better than P2P lending. When consumer credit dried up in the aftermath of the financial crisis, P2P lending soared by connecting borrowers to lenders without the intermediation of banks. Today, the industry is also lending to small businesses, students and home buyers. P2P lending companies now prefer to call themselves "marketplace lenders," getting funds from institutional investors, forging new partnerships with community banks, and on occasion, even with traditional big banks. One technology start-up, Orchard Platform, is linking up various P2P lenders with institutional investors – to put in place the infrastructure for a secondary market for these loans.
Inventing an app that works flawlessly on smartphones to connect buyers with sellers is easy. Maintaining leadership in a fast-changing, high-growth market where consumers and regulators have new expectations is much harder. Some companies are taking the lead in setting high standards for themselves and raising the bar for their competitors – while keeping their consumers, employees, and partners by their side. These businesses are more likely to succeed, as the sharing economy enters its next phase. They understand that without trust — the currency of the sharing sharing economy — collaborative markets will not function smoothly, let alone grow or thrive.
1 The Unicorn List 2016, Fortune and CB Insights and Katie Benner, "The Unicorn Club, now admitting new members", The New York Times, August 23, 205
2 The Sharing Economy, PwC, April 2015
3 Barney Jopson and Tim Bradshaw, "Regulator probes pitfalls of sharing economy," The Financial Times, May 10, 2015, Douglas MacMillan, "Sharing Economy Workers Need Safety Net

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
An extensive library of Solid Edge Tutorials and Solid Edge Training Videos is available within Solid Mastermind.
Solid Edge is nowhere near as beneficial to you and your business as it can be without great training that shows you how to use Solid Edge successfully.
Sessions include not only tutorials to help new users learn Solid Edge, but also tutorials for experienced users to transform their use of the software and propel their knowledge to the highest level.
These sessions are the equivalent to over a month of classroom training.
The Solid Edge Tutorials and Solid Edge Training Videos cover:
- 2D Drafting
- Synchronous Migration
- ST Update
- ST2 Update
- ST3 Update
- ST4 Update
- ST5 Update
- ST6 Update
- Miscellaneous Training
This curriculum can be used to supplement or replace classroom training.
From our experience the most succesful way to learn Solid Edge is by using a structured "learn at your own pace" curriculum utilising a "Look, See, Do" training technique.
So these Solid Edge Tutorials on how to use Solid Edge are delivered as streaming video tutorials that can be accessed 24/7 from anywhere you can connect to the internet.
Each video tutorial is enhanced by a downloadable goal sheet and in many cases sample files for you to use in the tutorials and assignments.
To obtain the maximum benefits for you, and your business, Solid Mastermind should be at the heart of both your initial and on-going education.
Training using Solid Mastermind will save you vast amounts of money and help propel your knowledge of Solid Edge to the highest level.
... important information to consider about training:
- Training is often seen as a one off event but that is not the case. Students simply do not retain 100% of the information delivered in a single event.
- Independent studies have proven that 70% of training occurs outside the classroom.
- Learning is an iterative process requiring continuous reinforcement.
- Classroom training courses are not always available to suit your schedules.
- As the breadth and depth of Solid Edge functionality increases the duration of classroom courses are extending introducing further problems as:
- Student concentration levels cannot be maintained at a high level for a sustained period.
- You cannot afford to have extended periods away from the workplace.
- Classroom training is now being structured to be delivered in a specific timescale often leading to the sacrifice of essential content.
- The demands of the current economic environment, and shrinking training budgets means it's not always practical nor cost effective to attend live training.
- There is never a good time to be away from home or the office.
- We are under increasing pressure to reduce our carbon footprints by minimising unnecessary travel.
- Open classroom training courses are normally limited to training using the current version of Solid Edge.
- Classroom training is very expensive upwards of $300, $400, or even $500 per day for open courses and even more, up to $3000 per day for dedicated or bespoke courses.
... which means that you can benefit immensely from using Solid Mastermind:
- Our streaming video training sessions and tutorials can be viewed at any time to suit your situation and can be replayed time and time again to reinforce your learning.
- You can train at your convenience, at any time and anywhere you have access to a high speed internet connection.
- You can work at your own speed and consume the training at your own pace.
- You are no longer constrained by other class mates or tutors.
- You can learn when your concentration levels are at their best.
- You always have the peace of mind that you can access training for previous versions of Solid Edge.
- You can save huge amounts of money over the total cost of classroom training


text:
Materials and Techniques - Types of Inks
Anatomical Study of a Seated Male Nude, Henry Fuseli, about 1770-8. Museum no. E._PHONE_
Anatomical Study of a Seated Male Nude
Henry Fuseli (_PHONE_)
Ink on laid tracing paper
Width 13 cm x height 30 cm
Museum no. E._PHONE_
The fact that the ink is brown and is eating into the paper suggests that it was iron-gall ink.
Design for a Stained Glass Window, Hans Baldung, first half of 16th century. Museum no. D._PHONE_
Design for a Stained Glass Window
Hans Baldung (called Grien) (about _PHONE_)
First half of 16th century
Black and brown inks and red chalk on laid paper
Width 31.5 cm x height 42.9 cm
Museum no. D._PHONE_
Most of this drawing is executed in iron-gall ink which has turned brown. The figure in the front has remained black and is therefore likely to be drawn with carbon ink.
The Banquet of Anthony and Cleopatra, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 18th century. Museum no. D._PHONE_
The Banquet of Anthony and Cleopatra
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (_PHONE_)
Bistre wash over black chalk on laid paper
Width 33.5 cm x height 23.5 cm
Museum no. D._PHONE_
The undissolved brown particles characteristic of bistre ink are clearly visible.
Cupid Dipped in Wine, Illustration to the Sixth Ode of Anacreon, Henry Pierce Bone, 1821. Museum no. E._PHONE_
Cupid Dipped in Wine, Illustration to the Sixth Ode of Anacreon
Henry Pierce Bone (_PHONE_)
Sepia wash over pencil on wove paper
Width 42.4 cm x height 32 cm
Museum no. E._PHONE_
This sketch was drawn at a meeting of the Sketching Society, the rules of which were that the subject should be executed in the medium of sepia. It is testimony to sepia's extensive tonal range. Were the washes in different colours rather than in shades of brown we would be inclined to call them water-colour.
Self-portrait, Charles Ginner, about 1920. Museum no. E.3308 -1980
Charles Ginner (_PHONE_)
Indian ink on laid paper
Width 10.2 cm x height 10.2 cm
Museum no. E.3308 -1980
The ink's slight shine is typical of Indian ink.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This year the theme for Science week is "Destination Moon: More Missons, More Science", as this year celebrated the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11's successful mission to the moon.
During form on Monday the secondary school participated in a science quiz competition with the winning form being Growden 3. Some of the Merredin College students participated in a Virtual Reality expedition to see the inside of the command module and a view from the surface of the Moon.
St Mary's Year 5 students were invited to the Science department to participate in many interactive activities. It started with a Virtual Reality expedition, then a search for meteorites and tektites, launching of mini bicarbonate soda and vinegar rockets (that flew approx. 10m high), launching a large water and air pressure rocket and finally watching some of Chris Hadfield's videos about life in International Space Station. Students were treated with some Astronaut dehydrated ice cream to take home.


text:
Canadian Forest Service Publications
Chemical and carbon-13 cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of logyard fines from British Columbia. 2004. Preston, C.M.; Forrester, P.D. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 767-777.
Available from: Pacific Forestry Centre
Catalog ID: 24213
Phasing out beehive burners and rising costs for landfilling have increased the need to widen options for utilization of the smaller size fractions of woody wastes generated during log handling and sawmilling in British Columbia. We characterized several size classes of logyard fines up to 16 mm sampled from coastal and interior operations. Total C, total N, ash, and condensed tannin concentrations were consistent with properties derived largely from wood, with varying proportions of bark and mixing with mineral soil. Especially for <3-mm fractions, the latter resulted in high ash contents that would make them unsuitable for fuel. Solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were consistent with the chemical data, with high O-alkyl intensity and similarity to naturally occurring woody forest floor; no samples were high in aromatic or phenolic C. Aqueous extracts of two <16-mm fines, which accounted for only a small proportion of the total C, were enriched in alkyl C and had low or undetectable tannins. Application to forest sites might cause short-term immobilization of N, but also might include possible longer-term benefits from reduction of N loss after harvesting and restoration of soil organic matter in degraded sites.
- Date modified:


Regulation Z
The Truth in Lending Act was originally Title I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, Pub.L. 90–321, 82 Stat. 146, enacted June 29, 1968. The regulations implementing the statute, which are known as "Regulation Z", are codified at 12 C.F.R. 226. Most of the specific requirements imposed by TILA are found in Regulation Z, so a reference to the requirements of TILA usually refers to the requirements contained in Regulation Z, as well as the statute itself.
Case Study
Mortgage Lending Expert in APR Calculation
A mortgage lending expert in APR calculation was needed for class action litigation alleging violations of the Truth in Lending Act, also known as Regulation Z.


Chasing the Cyclops.jpg
The Making of the Powysverse Mythology
by William Latham
In 2001, Powys publisher Mateo Latosa and author William Latham embarked on a journey that resulted in the Space:1999 novels Omega and Alpha, a journey that involved creating a unified mythology to tie together the apparently random incidents that fans have called the Mysterious Unknown Force. Chasing the Cyclops tells the story of how the mythology was built, how the novels were plotted, and ultimately, how answering questions posed for a quarter century revealed still greater mysteries!
Published December 2010


text: Create a change request template You can create a template that can be used to create change requests with pre-defined supporting tasks. Templates simplify the process of submitting new records by populating fields automatically. Before you beginThe administrator must configure the form layout to add these fields: Next Related Template, Next Related Child Template, Link element.Role required: admin About this taskThere are two change request template configuration items. Change_request: This object does not have a link element, because it is at root level. Change_task: This task object is one level below root level, so it uses the parent table as a link element. Procedure Navigate to System Definition > Templates. Click New. Complete the form as described in Create a template using the template form. Complete the remaining fields, as appropriate. Field Description Next Related Template A template at the same hierarchical level as the current template (sibling).Use this field on a child template to specify an extra child template under the same parent template. For example, you can use child templates to create multiple change tasks for a change request template and specify sibling child templates.This field is not supported on top-level templates. Next Related Child Template A template at the hierarchical level below the current template (child).You can assign a child template to a child template. Link element Specifies a link to a record created from a child template to the record created from the parent template.The template script chooses the first valid reference field that can link to the parent record when this field is left blank. Click Submit.


text:
Preserving historical buildings is not just about maintaining their aesthetic appeal but also about safeguarding a piece of our collective heritage. In South Africa, where a rich tapestry of cultures and histories converges, the maintenance of historic structures holds particular significance. One essential aspect of restoration work often involves removing lime mortar from bricks. This process requires careful attention to detail and the use of appropriate techniques to ensure the integrity of both the bricks and the surrounding environment.
In this guide, we delve into the importance of preserving heritage, the significance of lime mortar, and the methods involved in safely removing it from bricks in the South African context.
Understanding the Significance of Heritage Preservation
South Africa's architectural landscape is a testament to its diverse history, encompassing influences from indigenous cultures, colonial powers, and modern architectural trends. From the iconic Cape Dutch buildings in the Western Cape to the Victorian-era structures in Johannesburg, each edifice narrates a chapter of the nation's past. Preserving these buildings is not merely an exercise in nostalgia but a vital endeavor to honor the struggles, triumphs, and cultural identities of its people.
Heritage preservation goes beyond maintaining the physical integrity of buildings. It fosters a sense of belonging, identity, and continuity, connecting present generations with their ancestors and future ones with their roots. Moreover, historic buildings often serve as landmarks, tourist attractions, and community spaces, contributing to local economies and enriching the social fabric of neighborhoods.
The Role of Lime Mortar in Historic Buildings
Lime mortar, traditionally composed of lime, sand, and water, has been a staple material in construction for centuries. Its use dates back to ancient civilizations, where it provided a strong yet flexible bond between bricks or stones. Unlike modern cement-based mortars, lime mortar allows buildings to "breathe," enabling moisture to evaporate and preventing trapped water from causing structural damage.
In historic buildings, lime mortar is not merely a functional element but a crucial component of their authenticity and character. Over time, however, lime mortar deteriorates due to weathering, pollution, and other environmental factors. As a result, it may require removal and replacement to ensure the long-term stability of the structure.
Methods for Removing Lime Mortar from Bricks
- Chiseling: Using handheld chisels and hammers to carefully chip away at the mortar without damaging the bricks. This method is labor-intensive but allows for precise control over the removal process.
- Grinding: Employing power tools equipped with abrasive discs to grind away the mortar. Diamond blades or carbide-tipped grinders are often used for this purpose, ensuring efficient removal while minimizing damage to the bricks.
- Acid Washing: Applying a dilute solution of acid, such as hydrochloric acid, to dissolve the lime mortar. This method requires careful handling and thorough rinsing to prevent damage to the bricks and surrounding environment.
- Poulticing: Creating a paste-like mixture of chemical agents, such as acid or poultice formulations, and applying it directly onto the mortar joints. After allowing sufficient time for the chemicals to soften the mortar, the residue can be gently scraped away.
- Heat Treatment: Using heat guns or torches to soften the lime mortar, making it easier to remove with hand tools. Care must be taken to avoid overheating the bricks, which can lead to cracking or spalling.
Considerations for Environmental Preservation
- Waste Management: Proper disposal of removed mortar debris is crucial to prevent contamination of soil and water sources. Recycling or repurposing materials whenever possible can minimize environmental impact.
- Pollution Prevention: Chemical agents used in removal processes should be selected and handled with care to minimize air and water pollution. Employing eco-friendly alternatives and adhering to local regulations can mitigate environmental risks.
- Preservation of Biodiversity: Historic buildings often coexist with diverse ecosystems, providing habitats for flora and fauna. Preservation efforts should aim to minimize disruption to these ecosystems and promote biodiversity conservation.
Preserving South Africa's rich architectural heritage requires a concerted effort to maintain the integrity of historic buildings while respecting the surrounding environment. Removing lime mortar from bricks is a crucial aspect of restoration work, demanding careful planning, skilled craftsmanship, and environmental stewardship. By employing appropriate techniques and embracing sustainable practices, we can ensure that future generations inherit a legacy of cultural richness and architectural splendor.
In the tapestry of South Africa's built environment, each restored brick is a thread weaving together past, present, and future. Let us tread lightly but purposefully as we embark on the journey of heritage preservation, honoring the stories etched in every weathered facade and echoing through the corridors of time.


text:
Meet Nexi. How do you feel about Nexi? Would you loan Nexi money? It turns out, scientists can change that perception by making subtle cues to Nexi's robotic face.
A study from researchers at Northeastern University (to be published in the journal Psychological Science) discovered that there are a distinct set of cues–including touching the hands and face, leaning away, and crossing arms-that make a person seem untrustworthy. They figured this out not just by observing human to human interactions, but by looking at how humans interact with a friendly faced robot called Nexi.


text:
Author(s): KENDRIS CHRISTOPHER
Verbs and verb conjugations are the basic building blocks when learning a foreign language. Light, compact, and easy to carry wherever students go, books in this series offer approximately 300 frequently-used verbs that are presented in easy-to-read verb conjugation tables. Each verb includes its English equivalent, sample sentences, and related words and expressions. These books also include general instruction in verb usage. Titles in Barron's Verbs series are shorter versions of Barron's 501 Verbs books. This smaller-format book is a handy reference sources for students taking Spanish, as well as for Spanish language teachers, and translators.


text:
The investment project was carried out at the existing Lipki barrage across the Odra River, in the Oława Commune (Lower Silesian Voivodeship). The scope of works of the Doraco Construction Corporation included:
- construction of a power station block in the form of a tall building raised above high water
- construction of a 202.30-meter long energy channel (its length measured parallel to the axis of the bottom of the trough)
- construction of a fish ladder along the right bank of the diversion channel; in order to protect fish during their downstream migration, an electrical safety barrier was designed before the water inlet to the power plant
- reconstruction of the traffic system along with construction of a vehicular bridge over the power station block
- reconstruction of the loading berth
There were three Kaplan turbines installed in the facility as part of the Investor's supply.


text:
Location: Children's Nutrition Research CenterTitle: Carbohydrate digestion in congenital sucrase isomaltase deficient and recurrent abdominal pain children assesed by 13C- starch breath test Author
Submitted to: Gastroenterology
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/1/2010
Publication Date: 5/1/2010
Citation: Robayo-Torres, C.C., Opekun, A.R., Quezada-Calvillo, R., Diaz-Sotomayor, M., Baker, S.S., Nichols, B.L. 2010. Carbohydrate digestion in congenital sucrase isomaltase deficient and recurrent abdominal pain children assesed by 13C- starch breath test [abstract]. Gastroenterology. 138(Suppl.1)S-139. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Starches contribute about half of the food energy needs to the weaned child's diet. Malabsorption of sucrose is associated with abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. A genetic disorder called Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency (CSID) is suspected when these symptoms follow sugar ingestion and are relieved by a sugar elimination diet. Diagnosis is made upon demonstration of very low or absent sucrase activities in duodenal biopsy enzyme assays with a normal morphology. Treatment is by sucrose elimination diet and oral enzyme supplementation with sacrosidase. Clinical reviews of CSID have suggested that some of these patients also have starch malabsorption. The presence of coexisting starch and sucrose intolerance makes childhood dietary management very difficult and reduces the value of oral sacrosidase supplements. Confirmation of starch intolerance is made difficult because of lack of a specific substrate in mucosal biopsy enzyme assays and the shared SI and MGAM contributions to both maltase and glucoamylase assays results. The aim of this study was to examine starch digestion in a series of children with CSID and a population with similar symptoms of recurrent abdominal pain. The study included eleven adult control subjects; eleven patients with CSID; and 10 RAP age matched patients in oral breath test using 20mg of UL-13C-substrates and periodic 13CO2 breath enrichment analyses normalized for % of glucose oxidation (CGO%) as previously reported. UL-13C-substrates (G & ST; 20 mg. each, Isotec, Miamisberg, OH) were given in 10 gm unlabeled glucose oligomers (10%) vehicle after an overnight fast and reference sampling on 2 separate days. Serial 13CO2 breath enrichments (every 15 min x 9) were assayed using a 13CO2 infrared spectrophotometer. A Coefficient of Glucose Oxidation (CGO) was calculated for breath enrichments to adjust for individual differences. Normal adult control subjects were used to define CGO lower reference levels (LL) defined as mean-1 SD (75 +/- 19 CGO%, LL 56. Because CGO were found to be relatively constant in the period of 60-90' after load these values were averaged for each individual. The normal controls had a LL value for starch of 56% CGO. Eight of ten RAP patients fell below control LL. Within the RAP group (46 +/- 24%CGO), the LL was of 20% and 1 had < 20%. CSID patients (19 +/- 11%CGO with 6 < 20% and 2 = 20%. We concluded that starch digestion by CSID patients was significantly below the 20% %CGO ST/G LL found in RAP patients (p=0.000) and both CSID and RAP populations failed significantly below the normal LL of 56 %CGO.


Dual currency deposit
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In finance, a dual currency deposit (DCD, also known as Dual Currency Instrument) is a derivative instrument which combines a money market deposit with a currency option to provide a higher yield than that available for a standard deposit. There is a higher risk than with the latter - the depositor can receive less funds than originally deposited and in a different currency. So one could do a USD/JPY DCD depositing USD and receive JPY.
Formal Definition[edit]
A Dual Currency Deposit ("DCD") is a foreign exchange linked deposit in which the principal can be repaid after being converted into the alternative currency at the strike rate at maturity depending on the spot foreign exchange rate. If an investor has a view on the initial investment currency a Dual Currency strategy allows the investor to benefit from higher returns. The returns are higher than the returns on normal deposits in compensation for the higher risks that are associated with DCDs due to being exposed to foreign exchange. At maturity, if the local currency is weaker than the strike rate funds will be redeemed in the local currency. If the local currency is stronger than the strike, the principal is repaid in the alternative currency, converted at the strike rate The distance from current exchange rate to "strike" is determined by investor risk appetite: If the client is comfortable with risk the conversion level will be closer to the current level, the interest payable will be higher as the risk of conversion increases.
Financial Maths[edit]
The DCD is actually composed of a normal deposit and an option. Normally in the options market the seller of an option is paid before the premium value date or spot date, however in the case of the DCD the client is paid at the end of the deposit period. For this reason some banks offer their clients a product commonly called a DCD+ which includes an interest element to account for this.
Adding this to the deposit redemption-amount means that the amount of currency that will need converting if the option strike is passed at expiry has now increased. So the option face amount needs to be altered to take the extra interest into account. This affects the premium again, and so on.
To avoid having to compute this to infinity one can use a geometric series with
a = 1+r\frac{delivery term days}{currency basis}
r = yield of option
where yield is the forward value (FV) of the option premium giving a multiplier to change a DCD's option premium to a DCD+ of:
multiplier =
\frac{1+r\frac{delivery term days}{currency basis}}{1-y}
Example of DCI/DCD[edit]
Lets say parameters selected by an Investor
 - Currency Pair: INR/USD
 - Base Currency: Indian National Rupee(INR)
 - Alternate Currency: US dollars (USD)
 - Strike Rate: Strike Rate = 0.7300
 - Investment Amount: INR100,000
 - Term: 1 month (30 days)
Other investment parameters determined by product offering institution
 - Spot Rate: The Spot Rate at the time of investment is 0.7200
 - Applicable yield : 6% per annum
Let's assume - On the Expiry Date, the Reference Rate is 0.723
Currency of repayment Since the Reference Rate on the Expiry Date (0.7230) is less than the Strike Rate selected by Investor (0.7300), Proceeds will be paid in the Base Currency (Indian Rupee) to Investor on the Maturity Date. Here, the Base Currency (INR) has appreciated no greater than the Strike Rate selected by Investor.


text:
South Sudan rejoices
THE recent independence of African nation South Sudan was the excuse for a colourful weekend celebration in Coffs Harbour.
The South Sudan Independence Day Cultural Festival at St John's Anglican Church Hall on Saturday brought together Coffs Coast residents from a wide range of backgrounds.
Citizens of the world's newest nation celebrated the independence of their homeland on July 9 but in Coffs Harbour, other events and programs interfered with that date, so the festival was postponed, however, the event showed it was no worse for being a little tardy.
More than 100 people gathered at the church hall with Sudanese people, who were joined by community leaders from many nations including Togo, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Burundi, India and Burma as well as Australians and service providers to the migrant community.
Those who attended heard a presentation from South Sudan community leader Apach Mapieu about the historical background of Sudan, its culture, religious values, heritage and natural resources and economy, as well as the conflict which led to the country being split into two separate states.
Visitors also heard what was happening to members of that community who now live on the Coffs Coast, many of whom are studying, but some of whom have already begun local business ventures.
Dances and songs from different Sudanese areas featured in the afternoon.
Mr Mapieu said they had hoped to have larger numbers at the Independence Day Festival.
"We were targeting 200 but the weather has been a barrier, especially as most of the people do not have vehicles," he said.
"We really appreciate members of the public coming from different groups.
"White and indigenous Australians, the peak organisations like the Anglican church, Anglicare, Settlement and TAFE."
The Multicultural Breakfast Club, run by Sudanese-born Wilson Loyo, will hold its next multicultural breakfast at 10-11am on September 3 at the Cavanbah Centre.
The monthly breakfasts move around different cultures and the September meeting will be an Aussie breakfast, so expect cuisine like bacon and eggs and vegemite on toast.
Everyone is welcome at the breakfast, which is free, with food provided by the breakfast club.
The September event is being held at the Cavanbah Centre because the event has outgrown its original venue at the Coffs Harbour Community Village.


returns an HTMLCollection object when there are multiple matching elements.
interface HTMLAllCollection : HTMLCollection {
 // inherits length and item()
 caller getter object namedItem(in DOMString name); // overrides inherited namedItem()
 HTMLAllCollection tags(in DOMString tagName);
};
collection . length
Returns the number of elements in the collection.
element = collection . item(index)
collection[index]
collection(index)
Returns the item with index index from the collection. The items are sorted in tree order.
Returns null if index is out of range.
element = collection . namedItem(name)
collection = collection . namedItem(name)
collection[name]
collection(name)
Returns the item with ID or name name from the collection.
If there are multiple matching items, then an HTMLAllCollection object containing all those elements is returned.
Returns null if no element with that ID or name could be found.
Only a, applet, area, embed, form, frame, frameset, iframe, img, and object elements can have a name for the purpose of this method; their name is given by the value of their name attribute.
collection = collection . tags(tagName)
Returns a collection that is a filtered view of the current collection, containing only elements with the given tag name.
2.6.2.3 HTMLFormControlsCollection
Status: Last call for comments
The HTMLFormControlsCollection interface represents a collection of listed elements in form and fieldset elements.
interface HTMLFormControlsCollection : HTMLCollection {
 // inherits length and item()
 caller getter object namedItem(in DOMString name); // overrides inherited namedItem()
};
interface RadioNodeList : NodeList {
 attribute DOMString value;
};
collection . length
Returns the number of elements in the collection.
element = collection . item(index)
collection[index]
collection(index)
Returns the item with index index from the collection. The items are sorted in tree order.
Returns null if index is out of range.
element = collection . namedItem(name)
radioNodeList = collection . namedItem(name)
collection[name]
collection(name)
Returns the item with ID or name name from the collection.
If there are multiple matching items, then a RadioNodeList object containing all those elements is returned.
Returns null if no element with that ID or name could be found.
radioNodeList . value [ = value ]
Returns the value of the first checked radio button represented by the object.
Can be set, to check the first radio button with the given value represented by the object.
2.6.2.4 HTMLOptionsCollection
Status: Last call for comments
The HTMLOptionsCollection interface represents a list of option elements. It is always rooted on a select element and has attributes and methods that manipulate that element's descendants.
interface HTMLOptionsCollection : HTMLCollection {
 // inherits item()
 attribute unsigned long length; // overrides inherited length
 caller getter object namedItem(in DOMString name); // overrides inherited namedItem()
 void add(in HTMLElement element, in optional HTMLElement before);
 void add(in HTMLElement element, in long before);
 void remove(in long index);
};
collection . length [ = value ]
Returns the number of elements in the collection.
When set to a smaller number, truncates the number of option elements in the corresponding container.
When set to a greater number, adds new blank option elements to that container.
element = collection . item(index)
collection[index]
collection(index)
Returns the item with index index from the collection. The items are sorted in tree order.
Returns null if index is out of range.
element = collection . namedItem(name)
nodeList = collection . namedItem(name)
collection[name]
collection(name)
Returns the item with ID or name name from the collection.
If there are multiple matching items, then a NodeList object containing all those elements is returned.
Returns null if no element with that ID could be found.
collection . add(element [, before ] )
Inserts element before the node given by before.
The before argument can be a number, in which case element is inserted before the item with that number, or an element from the collection, in which case element is inserted before that element.
If before is omitted, null, or a number out of range, then element will be added at the end of the list.
This method will throw a HIERARCHY_REQUEST_ERR exception if element is an ancestor of the element into which it is to be inserted. If element is not an option or optgroup element, then the method does nothing.
2.6.3 DOMTokenList
Status: Last call for comments
The DOMTokenList interface represents an interface to an underlying string that consists of a set of space-separated tokens.
DOMTokenList objects are always case-sensitive, even when the underlying string might ordinarily be treated in a case-insensitive manner.
interface DOMTokenList {
 readonly attribute unsigned long length;
 getter DOMString item(in unsigned long index);
 boolean contains(in DOMString token);
 void add(in DOMString token);
 void remove(in DOMString token);
 boolean toggle(in DOMString token);
 stringifier DOMString ();
};
tokenlist . length
Returns the number of tokens in the string.
element = tokenlist . item(index)
tokenlist[index]
Returns the token with index index. The tokens are returned in the order they are found in the underlying string.
Returns null if index is out of range.
hastoken = tokenlist . contains(token)
Returns true if the token is present; false otherwise.
Throws a SYNTAX_ERR exception if token is empty.
Throws an INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR exception if token contains any spaces.
tokenlist . add(token)
Adds token, unless it is already present.
Throws a SYNTAX_ERR exception if token is empty.
Throws an INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR exception if token contains any spaces.
tokenlist . remove(token)
Removes token if it is present.
Throws a SYNTAX_ERR exception if token is empty.
Throws an INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR exception if token contains any spaces.
hastoken = tokenlist . toggle(token)
Adds token if it is not present, or removes it if it is. Returns true if token is now present (it was added); returns false if it is not (it was removed).
Throws a SYNTAX_ERR exception if token is empty.
Throws an INVALID_CHARACTER_ERR exception if token contains any spaces.
2.6.4 DOMSettableTokenList
Status: Last call for comments
The DOMSettableTokenList interface is the same as the DOMTokenList interface, except that it allows the underlying string to be directly changed.
interface DOMSettableTokenList : DOMTokenList {
 attribute DOMString value;
};
tokenlist . value
Returns the underlying string.
Can be set, to change the underlying string.
2.6.5 DOMStringMap
Status: Last call for comments
The DOMStringMap interface represents a set of name-value pairs. It exposes these using the scripting language's native mechanisms for property access.
The dataset attribute on elements exposes the data-* attributes on the element.
Given the following fragment and elements with similar constructions:
<img class="tower" id="tower5" data-x="12" data-y="5"
 data-ai="robotarget" data-hp="46" data-ability="flames"
 src="towers/rocket.png alt="Rocket Tower">
...one could imagine a function splashDamage() that takes some arguments, the first of which is the element to process:
function splashDamage(node, x, y, damage) {
 if (node.classList.contains('tower') && // checking the 'class' attribute
 node.dataset.x == x && // reading the 'data-x' attribute
 node.dataset.y == y) { // reading the 'data-y' attribute
 var hp = parseInt(node.dataset.hp); // reading the 'data-hp' attribute
 hp = hp - damage;
 if (hp < 0) {
 hp = 0;
 node.dataset.ai = 'dead'; // setting the 'data-ai' attribute
 delete node.dataset.ability; // removing the 'data-ability' attribute
 }
 node.dataset.hp = hp; // setting the 'data-hp' attribute
 }
}
2.6.6 DOM feature strings
Status: Last call for comments
DOM3 Core defines mechanisms for checking for interface support, and for obtaining implementations of interfaces, using feature strings. [DOMCORE]
Authors are strongly discouraged from using these, as they are notoriously unreliable and imprecise. Authors are encouraged to rely on explicit feature testing or the graceful degradation behavior intrinsic to some of the features in this specification.
2.6.7 Exceptions
Status: Last call for comments
The following are DOMException codes. [DOMCORE]
 1. INDEX_SIZE_ERR
 2


Network Scanner
The network scanner in Recon allows you to remotely enroll multiple Mac computers. It scans specified IP ranges and enrolls any computers that it can connect to over SSH (Remote Login).
There are two ways to specify the IP ranges you want to scan: choose network segments that are set up in the JSS, or manually specify IP ranges. If you manually specify the IP ranges, you can choose a building, department, and site to add computers to during enrollment.
Requirements
To enroll computers using the network scanner, SSH must be enabled on the computers.
Enrolling Computers Using the Network Scanner
 1. Open Recon and authenticate to the JSS.
 2. Select Network Scanner in the sidebar.
 3. Specify the IP ranges you want to scan:
 - To choose network segments that are set up in the JSS, click Network Segments below the list of IP ranges and select the network segment you want to scan. Repeat as needed.
 images/download/attachments/_PHONE_/Network_Scanner.png
 - To specify IP ranges manually, click Add (+) below the list of IP ranges and specify information about the IP range you want to scan. Click OK and repeat as needed.
 images/download/attachments/_PHONE_/Network_Scanner_Add_IP_Range.png
 4. Specify one or more local administrator accounts that have SSH access to computers in the IP range.
 When the network scanner finds a computer on the network, it tries each account until it finds one that can be used to connect to the computer over SSH. The first valid account is used as the management account.
 1. Click Add (+) below the list of accounts.
 2. Enter credentials for a local administrator account that has SSH access to computers.
 images/download/attachments/_PHONE_/Network_Scanner_Add_Management_Account.png
 3. Click OK.
 4. If there is more than one administrator account in the specified IP ranges, repeat steps a through c as needed.
 5. To ignore computers that are already enrolled with the JSS, select the Ignore IP addresses of computers already in the JSS checkbox.
 6. To continuously scan for new computers, use the Rescan IP Ranges pop-up menu to specify how often Recon should rescan.
 7. To create a .recon file that contains the network scanner settings you just configured, click Save As. Then specify a name and location for the file.
 Double-clicking the file opens Recon (if it is not already open) and populates the network scanner settings.
 You can open the file at any time to have Recon automatically configure the network scanner settings.
 8. Click Scan.
 Recon scans the specified IP ranges and enrolls any computers that it can connect to over SSH. The progress of the scan is displayed on the Current Activity pane. The results of the scan are displayed on the Enrolled, Not Found, and Problems panes.
 images/download/attachments/_PHONE_/Network_Scanner_Progress_and_Results.png
Copyright | Privacy | Terms of Use | Security
© copyright 2002-2017 Jamf. All rights reserved.


text:
At Our Lady Star of the Sea School, our goal is to enable each of our students to sparkle a bit brighter each day. Overlooking tranquil Long Island Sound, OLSS combines a challenging academic program with a warm and caring atmosphere, thus enabling our children to become lifelong learners and spirited achievers.
Recognizing that no two stars share the same sphere, our faculty strives to foster individual self-esteem, encourage creative thinking, and build moral character. At the same time, we rejoice in the interactive design of the universe, and so we teach our stars the importance of friendship, cooperation, and a love and respect for all of God's children. Our students are taught not to reach for the stars, but to become one.


text:
In Greek mythology, the Oneiroi were the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep. They were personifications of dreams—black-winged daemon—and were said to live on the shores of the Ocean in the far West, in a cavern near the border of Hades. The gods sent dreams to mortals from one of two gates located there: true dreams emerged from a gate made of horn, whereas false dreams threaded their way from a gate fashioned of ivory. They are described in the Odyssey, Hesiod's Theogony, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. According to Euripides, their mother was Gaea.The most powerful of the Oneiroi was Morpheus. His brothers Phobetor (also known as Icelus) and Phantasos crafted parts of dreams, while he formed the dream in general. Morpheus shaped human figures, Phobetor animal, while Phantasos shaped inanimate objects.
Oneiroi in Pop Culture
Fates Warning, a progressive metal band, has a side long epic on their 1988 release No Exit titled The Ivory Gate of Dreams which touches on this myth.


text:
Make stained glass window type mosaic cover for jam jar and put tea light in for a lantern (scouting mag Nov 2003)
Jam jar (empty and clean)
Coloured tissue paper
Glitter glue (optional)
Strong florists wire
1. To work out how much black paper you are going to need, lay the jar on its side at the edge of the paper, hold the edge of the paper against the jar and roll the jar and the paper together until the jar has been wrapped completely. Mark the points on the paper with a pencil and cut to size.
2. Mark your design on the paper. This will be the rough side. To achieve a mosaic effect, first draw a simple picture on the paper. Divide that picture into smaller sections that you will want to have all one colour. Then draw little squares within that segment and cut them out, leaving borders in between, to look like mosaic squares.
3. To colour your mosaic, tear small pieces of coloured tissue and stick them to the paper to fill in the squares you have cut out. Remember to put glue on the black paper, not the tissue.
4. When you have finished filling in the coloured squares, turn your paper round to see what the front looks like. Make any alterations or corrections at this stage, and decorate with glitter glue if you like.
5. Take the wire and make a loop big enough to go round the neck of the jar. Fit it round the neck loosely and cut the ends of the wire. Before you tighten the ends off, make a long handle with a length of wire and fix to the loop on either side. Twist and cut off any loose ends. Now tighten the loop round the jar neck and trim safely.
6. Wrap the lantern mosaic round the jar and glue in place.
7. Put the tea-light in the bottom of the jar and fix firmly in place with adhesive tack so that it doesn't move about when you light it.


text:
Participants will learn how plants utilize the diffusion of water (osmosis) to bring water into their roots. After placing food dye in water and watching diffusion, an analogy will be drawn to water and plant roots. Participants will be able to view toy "crabs" that have been undergoing
osmosis for different lengths of time and be challenged to put them in order as to which has been in the longest. A artfully illustrated poster-board will complement the activities.
Name of group hosting: Franklin County High School Science Club
About the club: The Franklin County High School Science Club is sponsored by the Bryan Neuswanger at Franklin County High School in Rocky Mount, Virginia. Students join to grasp a better understanding of science and to learn how science can be cool. The Science Club sponsors a monthly lab that allows its participants to play and experiment with anything from advanced science to something you can do in your own house.


text:
Interfacing 8155 I/O ports and 8279 with multiple Addresses
This article is about a decoding technique using the 74139, a 2-to-4 decoder.
The above mentioned device has two 2-to-4 decoders inside, one is used for interfacing I/O ports and the second is used for interfacing memory.
Let's see I/O interfacing:
- The input to the decoder are the address lines A7 and A6.
- The decoder is enabled by the IO/M signal through an inverter.
- Whenever the processor asserts IO/M high to access an I/O port, the decoder becomes active.
- The address lines A5-A0 are not decoded in this schematic, some of them are connected to programmable I/O devices such as the 8155 and 8279
The figure will look something like this:
8155 I/O Addresses:
8279 I/O Addresses:
Multiple I/O Addresses:
The 8279 needs only two addresses, but because of the five don't care lines, it occupies the space of 64 I/O addresses. In the case of the 8155, three addresses lines don't care; therefore, it has eight sets of address ranges for its I/O ports and the timer.
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Manual registration for existing devices
Note
This article describes the steps for you to reuse devices you already have, and register them in Microsoft Managed Desktop. If you are working with brand-new devices, follow the steps in Register new devices in Microsoft Managed Desktop yourself instead.
The process for Partners is documented in Steps for Partners to register devices.
Microsoft Managed Desktop can work with brand-new devices, or you can reuse devices you might already have. If you reuse devices, you must reimage them. You're able to register devices with Microsoft Managed Desktop in the Microsoft Endpoint Manager admin center.
Prepare to register existing devices
To register existing devices:
 1. Obtain the hardware hash for each device.
 2. Merge the hash data.
 3. Register the devices in Microsoft Managed Desktop.
 4. Double-check that the image is correct.
 5. Deliver the device.
Obtain the hardware hash
Microsoft Managed Desktop identifies each device uniquely by referencing its hardware hash. You have four options for getting this information from devices you're already using.
To obtain the hardware hash:
Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager
You can use Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager to collect the hardware hashes from existing devices that you want to register with Microsoft Managed Desktop. If you've met all these prerequisites, you're ready to collect the information.
Important
Any devices you want to get this information for must be running Windows 10, version 1703 or later.
To collect the hardware hash information:
 1. In the Configuration Manager console, select Monitoring.
 2. In the Monitoring workspace, expand the Reporting node, expand Reports, and select the Hardware - General node.
 3. Run the report, Windows Autopilot Device Information, and view the results.
 4. In the report viewer, select the Export icon, and select the CSV (comma-delimited) option.
 5. After saving the file, you'll need to filter results to just the devices you plan to register with Microsoft Managed Desktop. Then, upload the data to Microsoft Managed Desktop.
 - Open Microsoft Endpoint Manager and navigate to the Devices menu.
 - In the Microsoft Managed Desktop section, select Devices.
 - Select + Register devices, which opens a fly-in to register new devices.
For more information, see Register devices by using the Admin Portal below.
Active Directory PowerShell script method
In an Active Directory environment, you can use the Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo PowerShell cmdlet to remotely collect the information from devices in Active Directory Groups by using WinRM. You can also use the Get-AD Computer cmdlet and get filtered results for a specific hardware model name included in the catalog. Before you proceed, confirm these prerequisites, and then proceed.
To use the Active Directory PowerShell script method:
 1. Ensure WinRM is enabled.
 2. The devices you want to register are active on the network. That is, they aren't disconnected or turned off.
 3. Ensure you have a domain credential parameter that has permission to execute remotely on the devices.
 4. Ensure that Windows Firewall allows access to WMI. To do that, follow these steps:
 - Open the Windows Defender Firewall control panel and select Allow an app or feature through Windows Defender Firewall.
 - Find Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) in the list, enable for both Private and Public, and then select OK.
 5. Open a PowerShell prompt with administrative rights.
 6. Run either one of these scripts:
 Install-script -name Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo
 #example one – leverage Get-ADComputer to enumerate devices
 Get-ADComputer -filter * | powershell -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo.ps1 -credential Domainname\<accountname>

 #example two – target specific devices:
 Set-ExecutionPolicy powershell -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo.ps1 -credential Domainname\<accountname> -Name Machine1,Machine2,Machine3

 7. Access any directories where there might be entries for the devices. Remove entries for each device from all directories, including Windows Server Active Directory Domain Services and Azure Active Directory. It could take a few hours to completely process.
 8. Access management services where there might be entries for the devices. Remove entries for each device from all management services, including Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager, Microsoft Intune, and Windows Autopilot. It could take a few hours to completely process.
Now you can proceed to register devices.
Manual PowerShell script method
To use the manual Powershell script method:
 1. Open a PowerShell prompt with administrative rights.
 2. Run Install-Script -Name Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo.
 3. Run powershell -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo -OutputFile <path>\hardwarehash.csv.
 4. Merge the hash data.
Flash drive method
To use the flash drive method:
 1. On a device other than the one you're registering, insert a USB drive.
 2. Open a PowerShell prompt with administrative rights.
 3. Run Save-Script -Name Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo -Path <pathToUsb>.
 4. Turn on the device you're registering, but don't start the setup experience. If you accidentally start the setup experience, you'll have to reset or reimage the device.
 5. Insert the USB drive, and then press SHIFT + F10.
 6. Open a PowerShell prompt with administrative rights, and then run cd <pathToUsb>.
 7. Run Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted.
 8. Run .\Get-WindowsAutoPilotInfo -OutputFile <path>\hardwarehash.csv.
 9. Remove the USB drive, and then shut down the device by running shutdown -s -t 0.
 10. Merge the hash data.
Important
Do not power on the device you are registering again until you've completed registration for it.
Merge hash data
If you collected the hardware hash data by the manual PowerShell or flash drive methods, you must combine the data in the two CSV files into a single file to complete registration. Here's a sample PowerShell script to make it easy:
Import-CSV -Path (Get-ChildItem -Filter *.csv) | ConvertTo-Csv -NoTypeInformation | % {$_.Replace('"', '')} | Out-File .\aggregatedDevices.csv
With the hash data merged into one CSV file, you can now proceed to register the devices.
Register devices by using the Admin Portal
In Microsoft Endpoint Manager, select Devices in the left navigation pane. In the Microsoft Managed Desktop section, select Devices. In the Microsoft Managed Desktop Devices workspace, Select + Register devices, which opens a fly-in to register new devices.
To register devices using the Admin Portal:
 1. In File upload, provide a path to the CSV file you created previously.
 2. Select a device profile in the dropdown menu.
 3. Select Register devices. The system will add the devices to your list of devices on the Devices blade. The devices are marked as Registration Pending. Registration typically takes less than 10 minutes, and when successful, the device will show as Ready for user. Ready for user means it's ready and waiting for a user to start using.
Note
If you manually change the Azure Active Directory (AAD) group membership of a device, it will be automatically reassigned to the group for its device profile and removed from any conflicting groups.
You can monitor the progress of device registration on the main page. Possible states reported include:
State Description
Registration Pending Registration isn't completed yet. Check back later.
Registration failed Registration couldn't be completed. For more information, see Troubleshooting device registration.
Ready for user Registration succeeded. The device is now ready to be delivered to the user. Microsoft Managed Desktop will guide them through first-time set-up, so there's no need for you to do any further preparations.
Active The device has been delivered to the user and they've registered with your tenant. This state also indicates that they're regularly using the device.
Inactive The device has been delivered to the user and they've registered with your tenant. However, the user hasn't used the device recently (in the last seven days).
Troubleshooting device registration
Error message Details
Device not found We couldn't register this device because we couldn't find a match for the provided manufacturer, model, or serial number. Confirm these values with your device supplier.
Hardware hash not valid The hardware hash you provided for this device wasn't formatted correctly. Double-check the hardware hash and then resubmit.
Device already registered This device is already registered to your organization. No further action required.
Device claimed by another organization This device has already been claimed by another organization. Check with your device supplier.
Unexpected error Your request couldn't be automatically processed. Contact Support and provide the Request ID: <requestId>
Check the image
If your device has come from a Microsoft Managed Desktop partner supplier, the image should be correct.
You're also welcome to apply the image on your own if you prefer. To get started, contact the Microsoft representative you're working with and they'll provide you the location and steps for applying the image.
Deliver the device
Important
Before you hand off the device to your user, make sure you have obtained and applied the appropriate licenses for that user.
If all the licenses are applied


text:
How Does a Dollar Peg Work?A country's finance minister will monitor his country's currency exchange rate relative to the dollar's value. If the currency falls below a certain range, he will buy dollars -- usually in the form of U.S. Treasuries. This increase the dollar's value so it once again falls within the intended range. If the dollar were to rise above the range, the country would sell its Treasuries to lower the dollar's value back within its targeted range.
Why Do Countries Peg Their Currency to the DollarHowever, most countries try to keep the value of their currency lower than the dollar. This gives them a comparative advantage by making their exports to America cheaper. A great example of this is China, which pegs its currency (the yuan) to the dollar to maintain competitive pricing.
Other countries, like the oil-exporting nations in the Gulf Cooperation Council, must peg their currency to the dollar because their primary export, oil, is sold in dollars. As the dollar has declined, they've become large owners of dollars in their sovereign wealth funds. These petrodollars are often invested in the U.S. to earn a greater return. In fact, Abu Dhabi invested petrodollars in Citigroup to prevent its bankruptcy in 2008. Countries that do a lot of trading with China or oil-exporting countries will also peg their currency to the dollar to remain competitive with their customer.


text:
When Was Nigeria Founded?
Nigeria, located in West Africa, is a vibrant and diverse country with a rich history. It is one of the most populous nations in Africa and has played a significant role in the continent's political, economic, and cultural development. Understanding the origins of Nigeria is crucial to comprehending its present-day dynamics. In this article, we will explore the founding of Nigeria and answer seven frequently asked questions about its history.
Nigeria's history dates back thousands of years, with evidence of human habitation found as early as 9,000 BC. The region was inhabited by various ethnic groups, each with their own distinct cultures and traditions. However, the formation of modern-day Nigeria began with the arrival of the British.
1. When was Nigeria founded?
Nigeria, as a political entity, was founded on January 1, 1914, when the British colonial authorities amalgamated the Northern and Southern Protectorates of Nigeria. This act established Nigeria as a single administrative unit under British rule.
2. What were the Northern and Southern Protectorates?
The British established the Northern and Southern Protectorates in the late 19th century as separate administrative units. The Northern Protectorate covered the predominantly Muslim regions, while the Southern Protectorate encompassed the predominantly Christian and animist regions.
3. What led to the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates?
The primary reason behind the amalgamation was to enhance administrative efficiency and facilitate effective control over the territory. The British colonial authorities sought to streamline governance and consolidate their power in the region.
4. Who was involved in the amalgamation process?
Lord Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator, played a crucial role in the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates. He served as the Governor-General of Nigeria from 1914 to 1919 and worked towards unifying the diverse regions.
5. How did Nigeria transition from British colonial rule to independence?
Nigeria gained independence from British colonial rule on October 1, 1960. The path to independence was marked by various political movements, including the Nigerian Youth Movement and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons. These movements advocated for self-governance and sovereignty.
6. What challenges did Nigeria face after independence?
Nigeria faced numerous challenges after gaining independence, including ethnic tensions, political instability, economic disparities, and corruption. These issues have continued to shape the country's history and development.
7. How has Nigeria evolved since its founding?
Since its founding, Nigeria has undergone significant transformations. It transitioned from a British colony to an independent nation and experienced periods of military rule and democratic governance. Today, Nigeria is Africa's largest economy and plays a crucial role in regional affairs.
In conclusion, Nigeria was founded on January 1, 1914, with the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates. This marked the beginning of Nigeria as a single administrative unit under British rule. Over the years, Nigeria has faced numerous challenges and undergone significant changes, shaping its present-day dynamics. Understanding the history of Nigeria is vital to appreciating its diverse cultures, traditions, and the complexities that continue to influence the nation.


text:
Pen colour affects teacher-student relations
Seeing red Red pens are making students feel blue, according to a US study that recommends teachers refrain from using the colour when marking.
In a paper published in The Social Science Journal, sociology professor Richard Dukes and associate professor Heather Albanesi, at the University of Colorado, show the use of a red pen in marking has a negative impact on student relations with their teacher.
Dukes says while the findings are of moderate strength, they are statistically significant.
"They are like a gentle rain - not life-changing, but it is raining," he says.
For the study, the researchers randomly gave 199 participating undergraduate students one of four versions of an essay answer and mark by a hypothetical student named Pat.
The four versions included a high-quality response and a lesser-quality answer with comments from the teacher in either red or aqua.
The students were asked to rate whether they agreed with the teacher's grading, what grading they would give the paper and to rate various qualities of the teacher based on the essay comments including whether the teacher was: knowledgeable, organised, nice, enthusiastic and had a rapport with students.
Student participants were also asked to fill out a questionnaire at the end on the materials they had been given.
Teacher's 'bedside manner'
Dukes says the findings show that students' perceptions about the quality of learning are not affected by the use of the red pen.
However teacher-student relations are affected with comments written in aqua resulting in the teacher rating higher in their "bedside manner".
"When the student learns well (actually, performs well) and receives a high grade, the situation is a "win-win" (teacher and student are feeling good about the process)," says Dukes.
"However, when the student does not perform well, at least some of the blame is put upon the teacher."
Loaded with emotion
He says it appears the use of a red pen equates in the student's mind to shouting in the same way as writing in all capitals.
Writing in the colour red is therefore loaded with emotion, the researchers say.
This additional emotional loading of messages on the grading of student assignments may not be a tactic that teachers should use to convey constructive, critical comments to students, the researchers say.
Dukes says a change in marking pen colour can "generate worthwhile results by facilitating teacher-student interaction, and can do so without affecting rigour in the delivery of the curriculum".
"If red writing on a student's paper adds emotional loading that the teacher does not intend to be part of the content of the communication with the student, the rethinking of the choice of pen colour is worthwhile," the researchers conclude.
Dukes says he is unaware of the history of why red was chosen as a marking colour, "but it does not seem to have been a particularly good one".
He says the findings against the use of a red pen would likely apply to other professions, "especially those where it often is not wise to shout".


text:
Nine trafficked orangutans were flown back home to Indonesia on Friday after they were rescued from the illegal wildlife trade in Malaysia. The animals were flown to North Sumatra.
Poachers in Southeast Asia frequently capture the critically endangered Sumatran orangutans from forests to sell as pets. Fewer than 15,000 of the apes are estimated to remain in the wild.
Provincial conservation official Hotmauli Sianturi told a press conference on Friday that the apes had been tested and cleared for COVID-19 infections. They will be taken to a sanctuary in North Sumatra to undergo observation for a few months before they are returned to the forest.
Their arrival in Indonesia came the same day as the orangutans Ung Aing and Natalee were flown back to the country from Thailand. Traffickers had attempted to smuggle them into Thailand through Malaysia three years ago but were intercepted by local authorities at the border.
Sumatran orangutans' habitat has drastically shrunk over the past few decades from logging, palm oil plantations and mining. Plantation workers and villagers sometimes also attack the animals.


Secure IP Infrastructures For Broadcasters - Part 2 - Lights Out Control
In the previous article in this series we looked at advanced server security and how the controller within a hard disk drive or SSD can be vulnerable to hacking even with the most advanced firewalls and anti-virus software. In this article, we delve deeper into the remedies and how Lights Out Control further ensures safe server operation.
As well as providing external control of a server, some out-of-band control systems also help significantly improve security. iLO (Integrated Lights Out) is one version of this and is a proprietary embedded design from Hewlett Packard that solves two challenges. Firstly, it allows servers to be controlled even when the operating system is not running, thus providing access to all the peripheral devices, and secondly, it provides unparalleled levels of hardware and server security.
In an old-school datacenter, IT engineers would be near the equipment to carry out certain hardware tasks. For example, if the server needed a power recycle or an operating system needed installing, they would require a CD-Rom or USB to be connected to it with the relevant media available. Many maintenance operations on the server needed a basic operating system to be running otherwise they wouldn't be able to communicate over the ethernet port.
As datacenters developed and their capacity increased, physically running up and down racks of equipment trying to find the correct server was both inefficient and dangerous. Power cycling the wrong server could have disastrous consequences and loading operating systems or Virtualization Code onto multiple servers could prove to be a challenge, especially if they were physically dispersed within a datacenter or multiple datacenters.
The iLO design is an embedded circuit board that sits inside the server but is its own independent system. It has its own ethernet port and IP address to facilitate an external connection, and more importantly, it operates even if the server is powered off.
Fig 1 – iLO checks all peripheral devices including the UEFI and BIOS before loading the operating system. As well as providing better monitoring and control for maintenance, security is significantly improved.
Fig 1 – iLO checks all peripheral devices including the UEFI and BIOS before loading the operating system. As well as providing better monitoring and control for maintenance, security is significantly improved.
It is possible to control the whole server remotely as if you were physically sat next to it. The IT engineer can log onto the iLO card and power the server on and off, connect virtual CD-Rom and USB memory devices for maintenance and for loading the operating system.
Using management software, an IT engineer can load the operating system into multiple servers all over the world without having to leave their desk. The monitoring and diagnosis functions help flag any issues quickly so they can be rectified, and the monitoring and logging system provides detailed information about the server. This includes power supply voltage levels, CPU temperatures, fan speeds, memory capacity, whether the CPU is working or not, the CPU types fitted and much more.
But iLO has developed over the years to include deep security checking and validation of the server's own hardware and firmware.
Boot Validation Sequence
When the power supply to the server is first applied, the CPU motherboard is inhibited and the iLO firmware boots and enables its own ethernet/IP port to allow a web browser to open the password protected monitoring and administration pages. Immediately after this, it will check the UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) and BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), and then test the firmware in each of the connected devices. Only when this has successfully completed does it load the operating system.
Back in 1981 when the first open architecture PC's hit the market, they did not have disk drives as standard. Instead, users would use compact cassette recorders to load software into the limited memory space.
Even today, servers and computers still harbor this legacy architecture in their design.
When a CPU is released from its reset state it jumps to a specific memory address where the first instruction of the program will run. As disk drives could not be assumed to be fitted, the CPU had to have some code to execute in place of the operating system and this was the primary role of BIOS. Included in the BIOS is POST (Power On Self Test) and this provided some basic checking of connected hardware.
The original designers of the PC actively encouraged third parties to build peripherals and write software, consequently, the POST could not assume any specific peripherals were fitted. POST tested for connected devices, so the system booted into a known state allowing the operating system to be loaded.
BIOS Legacy
The BIOS also included a method of providing common hardware access for some peripherals using the concept of software interrupts. In the x86 architecture, it is possible to create an interrupt by issuing a software instruction from anywhere in the user-space code. This had the advantage for early developers as they did not need to know where the device port map address of the CPU resides. The interrupt vectors are loaded during boot by the BIOS so the relevant code is run to access devices such as the keyboard, mouse, screen and disk drive.
As PC architectures and operating systems have developed, software device drivers in the kernel of the operating systems have taken over the role of the BIOS. However, the BIOS is still needed to execute the first instruction of the CPU after reset, provide some basic peripheral testing and system testing, and then load the operating system from the boot device.
To keep up with advances in x86 architecture, and provide improved testing, control, and security, UEFI has been developed and is expected to take over from BIOS. Again, it's contains the first executable instruction after the CPU reset but it addresses some of the limitations of the original 16bit 1Mbit x86 addressable space.
EEProm Access
The original BIOS code was stored in a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) and it was almost impossible to add code or change it. However, as computer hardware developed, BIOS and UEFI code was stored in EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programable Read Only Memory). Although this provided some significant advantages for upgrades and bug fixes, it also potentially made these devices vulnerable to attack.
During its secure boot, iLO checks the certification of the code in the BIOS or UEFI and validates it. In other words, it can ascertain whether the code has been tampered with. This process continues for all the devices with iLO validating each version of firmware.
Figure 2 – UEFI is a significant improvement in low level hardware configuration for x86 servers.
Figure 2 – UEFI is a significant improvement in low level hardware configuration for x86 servers.
Each version of firmware has its own unique key and iLO checks this against its own database. Through the silicon root of trust, vendors collaborate to guarantee each version of firmware is validated by the manufacturer of the device and that it has not been tampered with.
After all the tests have successfully completed, only then does iLO allow the processor to boot its first instruction from the BIOS/UEFI, and then the operating system or virtualized monitoring software. And even after the operating system is running, iLO continues to periodically check each devices firmware to test for malware or if the code has been tampered with.
Silicon Secure Root of Trust
At a first glance there might seem to be some duplication when UEFI is installed instead of the BIOS. That is, the UEFI provides firmware certificate validation as well as providing some external control and testing. However, the iLO system contains the concept of the silicon root of trust. Every component and firmware version can be traced back through a reliable audit trail. This is incredibly powerful in the fight against cybercrime.
Furthermore, iLO provides software interfaces with support for languages such as .NET, Java, and Powershell to facilitate remote control and automation. An array of centralized monitoring and logging tools use these interfaces to constantly monitor the state of each server in the infrastructure to provide speedy notifications if a hardware or security issue does occur. This monitoring information can be collated and tagged to form the basis of AI monitoring systems – a critical tool in the fight against cybercrime.
If it is suspected that a firmware version has been tampered with or has just become corrupted through some temporary hardware anomaly, a method of rolling back or reinstalling the firmware for each device is possible. A copy of trusted firmware versions is securely stored so that if a firmware breach is detected then a known good version of the firmware can be installed in the device thus mitigating any third-party attacks but also keeping the server up and running with the shortest possible downtime.
Cybercrime attacks have changed beyond all recognition over recent years and hardware manufacturers have not only raised their game to fight against these attacks but are increasingly proactive in doing so. Firmware validation and silicon root of trusts are critical in pursuit of this fight. In the same way commercial airplane manufacturers can trace the provenance of every single component on their aircraft, the same is becoming true of advanced high-end OEM server manufacturers. The need to be secure not only includes your server infrastructure but extends to the finished x86 server product a vendor may bring into your broadcast facility. They need to be secure too!
In the next article we continue our in-depth journey into infrastructure security and look at virtualization security.
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Secure IP Infrastructures For Broadcasters - Part 3 - Secure Virtualization
In the previous articles in this series we