_;
};
int main (void)
{
 Handle h;
 h.set(new Body());
 h->foo(); // A way of invoking Body::foo()
 (*h).foo(); // Another way of invoking Body::foo()
}
Using the -> operator alone mitigates the problem of duplicating interface of body class in the handle class. An alternative is to overload deference (*) operator as show in the code snippet above but it is not as natural as the earlier one. If the Handle abstraction is a some sort of pointer abstraction then both the overloaded operators should be provided (e.g., std::auto_ptr, boost::shared_ptr). If the Handle abstraction is not a pointer like abstraction then * operator need not be provided. Instead, it could useful to provide const overloaded set of arrow operators because client always interacts with the handle class objects. For the client code, handle is the object and hence const-ness of the handle should be propagated to corresponding body whenever it's appropriate. In general, the obscure behavior of being able to modify a non-const body object from within a constant handle should be avoided. Unlike pure pointer semantics, in some cases, automatic type conversion from Handle class to Body class is also desirable.
class Body;
class Handle // Less pointer like semantics
{
 public:
 void set (Body *b) { body_ = b; }
 Body * operator -> () throw()
 {
 return body_;
 }
 Body const * operator -> () const throw()
 {
 return body_;
 }
 operator const Body & () const // type conversion
 {
 return *body_;
 }
 operator Body & () // type conversion
 {
 return *body_;
 }
 // No operator *()
 private:
 mutable Body *body_;
};
int main (void)
{
 Handle const h;
 h.set(new Body());
 h->foo(); // compiles only if Body::foo() is a const function.
}
An alternative to using member conversion functions is to use the Non-member get idiom as shown below. The overloaded non-member get() functions must be in the same namespace as the Handle class according to the Interface Principle.
namespace H {
class Body;
class Handle { ... }; // As per above.
Body const & get (Handle const &h)
{
 return *h.body_;
}
Body & get (Handle &h)
{
 return *h.body_;
}
} // end namespace H.
int main (void)
{
 H::Handle const h;
 h.set(new Body());
 get(h).foo(); // compiles only if Body::foo() is a const function.
}
Known Uses
 - std::auto_ptr (Completely pointer like semantics)
 - boost::shared_ptr (Completely pointer like semantics)
 - CORBA Var types in C++ (TAO_Seq_Var_Base_T< T > Class in TAO (The ACE ORB) - less pointer like semantics)
Related Idioms
References
Intent
Also Known As
Motivation
Solution and Sample Code
Known Uses
Related Idioms
References
Reference
Tag Dispatching
Temporary Base Class
Intent
Reduce the cost of creating temporary objects.
Motivation
Temporary objects are often created during execution of a C++ program. Result of C++ operators (unary, binary, logical, etc.) and return-by-value functions always give rise to temporary objects. For built-in types, the cost of creating temporaries is minimal because compilers often use CPU registers to manipulate them. However, creation of temporary objects can be quite expensive for user-defined classes that allocate memory in the constructor and may require expensive copy operations in the copy-constructor. Temporaries are often wasteful because their lifespan is usually very short and they exist only to be assigned to a named object (lvalue). Even though their lifespan is short, the C++ language rules require the compilers to create and destroy temporaries to maintain correctness of the program. (In reality, RVO and NRVO optimizations are allowed to eliminate some temporaries). The cost of creating and destroying temporaries can adversely affect the performance of programs that use heavy objects.
Consider, for instance, a Matrix class that uses heap memory to store an array of integers. This class uses the usual RAII idiom to manage the resources: allocation in the constructor and de-allocation in the destructor. The copy constructor and the copy-assignment operator take care of maintaining exclusive ownership of the allocated memory.
void do_addition(int * dest, const int * src1, const int * src2, size_t dim)
{
 for(size_t i = 0; i < dim * dim; ++i, ++dest, ++src1, ++src2)
 *dest = *src1 + *src2;
}
class Matrix
{
 size_t dim;
 int * data;
public:
 explicit Matrix(size_t d)
 : dim(d), data(new int[dim*dim]())
 {
 for(size_t i = 0;i < dim * dim; ++i)
 data[i] = i*i;
 }

 Matrix(const Matrix & m)
 : dim(m.dim), data(new int[dim*dim]())
 {
 std::copy(m.data, m.data + (dim*dim), data);
 }

 Matrix & operator = (const Matrix & m)
 {
 Matrix(m).swap(*this);
 return *this;
 }

 void swap(Matrix & m)
 {
 std::swap(dim, m.dim);
 std::swap(data, m.data);
 }

 Matrix operator + (const Matrix & m) const
 {
 Matrix result(this->dim);
 do_addition(result.data, this->data, m.data, dim);
 return result;
 }
 ~Matrix()
 {
 delete [] data;
 }
};
Using objects of this class in expression such as below have several performance issues.
Matrix m1(3), m2(3), m3(3), m4(3);
Matrix result = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4;
Temporary Matrix objects are created as a result of every summation and they are destroyed immediately. For every pair of parenthesis in (((m1 + m2) + m3) + m4), a temporary object is needed. Creation and destruction of each temporary requires memory allocation and de-allocation, which is quite wasteful.
Temporary Base Class idiom is a way of reducing the overhead of temporaries in arithmetic expression such as the above. However, this idiom has major drawbacks as described towards the end.
Solution and Sample Code
Temporary Base Class idiom (TBCI) does not change the fact that temporary objects are created but it reduces (substantially) the cost of creating them. This is achieved by recognizing the places where temporaries are created and by using a type that is lightweight to create and destroy. Unlike C++11, C++03 does not have a language supported way of distinguishing temporary objects (rvalues) from named objects (lvalues). Const reference is the only way available in C++03 for binding a temporary object to a reference.
In TBCI idiom, each class for heavy objects is represented by two classes. One class, D (for derived), is meant to represent the named objects whereas another class, B (for base), is used to represent temporary objects. Users are expected to use only D class in variable/function declaration because objects of type D behave just like regular objects. For instance, deep copies are performed when copying D objects.
The B class is used for intermediate temporary objects created in arithmetic expressions. Creation and destruction of B type objects is transparent to the user provided all the results computed by D objects are assigned to another D object. The key difference between B and D classes is the copying behavior. Whenever a B or D object is created from a D object, a deep copy (i.e., new memory allocation and copying data) is performed. On the other hand, whenever a B or D object is created from a B object, a shallow copy (i.e., just copy pointers) is performed. These rules are also applicable to the assignment operators with an exception that existing memory may have to be deleted in the left hand side object (e.g, an assignment from a B to B or D). Moreover, unlike D objects, B objects do not have exclusive ownership of the data and therefore do not destroy it when a destructor is called.
Construction and Assignment
Deep Copy Shallow Copy
From D to B, D From B to B, D
Interfaces of B and D classes are designed carefully to fully support conversion from one another with respect to the rules of memory management given above. The following example is a TBCI version of the Matrix class shown above. The Matrix class is the main class whereas TMatrix class is meant to represent temporary matrices.
class Matrix;
class TMatrix
{
 size_t dim;
 int * data;
 bool freeable;
 void real_destroy(


Commodore Tricorne
Commodore tricorneRareExclusive
[Head] All Races
DEF:24 HP+10
Ranged Attack+8
Augments "Phantom Roll"
Lv. 75 COR
View the entire Commodore Attire Set.
Augments "Phantom Roll"
 - Occasionally supercharges rolls with bonuses usually only received if a specific job is in party, without the need for that job to be present. Chances of effect happening seem to be around 31-33%.
 - Does not need to be worn during Double-up. Supercharged Phantom Roll effect will persist throughout the duration of the roll, unless you bust.
 - Does not increase the extra bonus received if the associated job is present in the party.
 - Does not apply to any rolls which lack a specific party bonus job (rolls learned after level 75).
Other Uses
Relic Armor +1
Resale Price: Cannot be sold to NPCs.
Synthesis Recipes
Used in Recipes
 - None
Desynthesis Recipes
Obtained from Desynthesis
 - None
How to Obtain
Cannot be auctioned, traded, bazaared, or delivered.
Historical Information
A tricorne (also spelled: tricorn) is cocked hat with the brim turned up to form three points that was popular during the late 17th century and 18th century. It fell out of style shortly before the French Revolution. At the peak of its popularity, the tricorne was worn as civilian dress and as part of military and naval uniforms. Its distinguishing characteristic was a practical one: the turned-up portions of the brim formed gutters that directed rainwater away from the wearer's face, depositing most of it over his shoulders. Before the invention of specialized rain gear, this was a distinct advantage. Typically a tricorne would be worn with one of the three points facing forward directly above the forehead the other two parallel to the shoulders. Corsairs in Final Fantasy XI clearly take a little more liberty in how their hats are worn and folded.
A commodore is a naval rank used historically and presently by several navies. The rank of Commodore derives from the French commandeur, which was one of the highest ranks in orders of knighthood, and in military orders the title of the knight in charge of a commenda (a local part of the order's territorial possessions).


omega_0x(0) \,
Over-damping (ζ > 1)[edit]
When ζ > 1, the system is over-damped and there are two different real roots. An over-damped door-closer will take longer to close than a critically damped door would.
The solution to the motion equation is:[5]
x(t) = Ae^{\gamma_+ t} + Be^{\gamma_- t}
where A and B are determined by the initial conditions of the system:
A = x(0)+\frac{\gamma_+x(0)-\dot{x}(0)}{\gamma_--\gamma_+}
B = -\frac{\gamma_+x(0)-\dot{x}(0)}{\gamma_--\gamma_+}.
Under-damping (0 ≤ ζ < 1)[edit]
Finally, when 0 < ζ < 1, γ is complex, and the system is under-damped. In this situation, the system will oscillate at the natural damped frequency ωd, which is a function of the natural frequency and the damping ratio. To continue the analogy, an underdamped door closer would close quickly, but would hit the door frame with significant velocity, or would oscillate in the case of a swinging door.
In this case, the solution can be generally written as:[6]
x (t) = e^{- \zeta \omega_0 t} (A \cos\,(\omega_\mathrm{d}\,t) + B \sin\,(\omega_\mathrm{d}\,t ))\,
where
\omega_\mathrm{d} = \omega_0 \sqrt{1 - \zeta^2 }\,
represents the damped frequency or ringing frequency of the system,[7] and A and B are again determined by the initial conditions of the system:
A = x(0)\,
B = \frac{1}{\omega_\mathrm{d}}(\zeta\omega_0x(0)+\dot{x}(0)).\,
This "damped frequency" is not to be confused with the damped resonant frequency or peak frequency ωpeak.[8] This is the frequency at which a moderately underdamped (ζ < 1/2) simple 2nd-order harmonic oscillator has its maximum gain (or peak transmissibility) when driven by a sinusoidal input. The frequency at which this peak occurs is given by:
\omega_{peak} = \omega_0\sqrt{1 - 2\zeta^2}.
For an under-damped system, the value of ζ can be found by examining the logarithm of the ratio of succeeding amplitudes of a system. This is called the logarithmic decrement.
Alternative models[edit]
Viscous damping models, although widely used, are not the only damping models. A wide range of models can be found in specialized literature. One is the so-called "hysteretic damping model" or "structural damping model".
When a metal beam is vibrating, the internal damping can be better described by a force proportional to the displacement but in phase with the velocity. In such case, the differential equation that describes the free movement of a single-degree-of-freedom system becomes:
m \ddot{x} + h x \imath + k x = 0
where h is the hysteretic damping coefficient and i denotes the imaginary unit; the presence of i is required to synchronize the damping force to the velocity (xi being in phase with the velocity). This equation is more often written as:
m \ddot{x} + k ( 1 + \imath \eta ) x = 0
where η is the hysteretic damping ratio, that is, the fraction of energy lost in each cycle of the vibration.
Although requiring complex analysis to solve the equation, this model reproduces the real behaviour of many vibrating structures more closely than the viscous model.
A more general model that also requires complex analysis, the fractional model not only includes both the viscous and hysteretic models, but also allows for intermediate cases (useful for some polymers):
m \ddot{x} + A \frac{d^r x}{dt^r} \imath + k x = 0
where r is any number, usually between 0 (for hysteretic) and 1 (for viscous), and A is a general damping (h for hysteretic and c for viscous) coefficient.
Nonlinear damping[edit]
Nonlinear passive damping offers important advantages compared to purely linear designs.[9] Nonlinear damping using an odd function, for example cubic damping, allows the user to damp the resonance without increasing the energy in the frequency response tails and hence overcomes several limitations of a purely linear design.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
 1. ^ MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource
 2. ^ Katsuhiko Ogata (2005). System Dynamics (4th ed.). University of Minnesota. p. 617.
 3. ^ Ajoy Ghatak (2005). Optics, 3E (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 6.10. ISBN 978-0-07-058583-6.
 4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Damped Simple Harmonic Motion--Critical Damping." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. [1]
 5. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Damped Simple Harmonic Motion--Overdamping.", MathWorld.
 6. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Damped Simple Harmonic Motion--Underdamping." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. [2]
 7. ^ Lincoln D. Jones (2003). Electrical Engineering License Review (8th ed.). Dearborn Trade Publishing. p. 6‑15. ISBN 978-0-7931-8529-0.
 8. ^ Millard F. Beatty (2006). Principles of engineering mechanics. Birkhäuser. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-387-23704-6.
 9. ^ Billings S.A. "Nonlinear System Identification: NARMAX Methods in the Time, Frequency, and Spatio-Temporal Domains". Wiley, 2013
Books[edit]
Komkov, Vadim (1972) Optimal control theory for the damping of vibrations of simple elastic systems. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 253. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York.
External links[edit]


ABSTRACT
Mesophases are found in all kinds of materials. To specify the nature of the mesogenic material one distinguishes between:
1.Thermotropic LCs (low molecular mass species) 2.Lyotropic LCs (aqueous solutions of amphiphiles) 3.Polymeric LCs (reticulated or not) 4.Colloidal LCs (suspensions of colloidal particles, the best known being the tobacco mosaic virus)
This distinction is important because, even though a mesophase always has, by definition, the same symmetries and the same laws of macroscopic behavior, its physical constants strongly depend on the chosen material. Thus, thermotropic nematics flow very easily (with viscosities ranging from that of water to that of glycerine) while polymeric (unreticulated) nematics are extremely viscous.


text:
For discussing the functions of different structures of all organisms.
7 posts • Page 1 of 1
Well, adipose tissue is known to act as a thermal insulator.
1) Why do body organs need thermal insulation?
2) How does adipose tissue provide it? Is it a property of fat stores or something?
The adipose tissue contains less water and blood vessels than most other tissues in the body. Thus, it conducts heat less efficiently, helping it to be retained in the core organs. Also, low blood flow amounts to lesser heat loss. In order to reverse this in hot environments, the surface blood vessels and capillaries of the skin dilate, facilitating better heat loss (coupled with sweating).
The function of most organs in mammals is severely compromised if the deep body temperature gets lower from the optimal and thus it is essential that we have means to keep us warm when it is cold. For us humans, clothes serve as the most important way of thermal insulation, and for many land mammals the primary insulator is the fur. However, when you look at the marine mammals you can definitely see the importance of fat as a thermal insulator: whales, seals and such can live in freezing cold waters because of the thick layer of blubber (fat) under their skin. Although blubber has more vascularization than normal adipose tissue, their diameter is controlled in a similar manner as in the skin: blood vessels are dilated when heat loss is required and contracted when it must be prevented. A human would become hypothermic within minutes and die soon after in a similar environment.
I am not certain to what extent animals sweat, but I know that many mammals are capable of sweating to some extent. However, pretty much only in humans (and perhaps in some other primates?) it is a major way of cooling. I also read somewhere that horses sweat as a means to cool down. Most mammals have few sweat glands and they are probably for other purposes (secreting pheromones or other such substances).
Dogs and cats (and even crows!) pant if they are getting too hot. Kangaroos lick their arms to cool themselves and so forth. The ways are many :)
I guess you could say that we humans are specialists in sweating!
answer1:Body organs of endotherms need to operate at the normal body temperatures of these animals, because they evolved to operate at those temperatures. The enzymes they have would not operate efficiently or they would not operate at all at lower temperatures. One of the major reasons people die from hypothermia is major organ failure.
Fat is a good natural insulator, as is air. It is just one of their inherent properties. Adipose tissue is fatty tissue.
answer2:Adipose tissue is now recognised as a highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Great strides have been made in uncovering the multiple functions of the adipocyte in cellular and molecular detail, but it is essential to remember that adipose tissue normally operates as a structured whole. Its functions are regulated by multiple external influences such as autonomic nervous system activity, the rate of blood flow and the delivery of a complex mix of substrates and hormones in the plasma. Attempting to understand how all these factors converge and regulate adipose tissue function is a prime example of integrative physiology. Adipose tissue metabolism is extremely dynamic, and the supply of and removal of substrates in the blood is acutely regulated according to the nutritional state. Adipose tissue possesses the ability to a very large extent to modulate its own metabolic activities, including differentiation of new adipocytes and production of blood vessels as necessary to accommodate increasing fat stores. At the same time, adipocytes signal to other tissues to regulate their energy metabolism in accordance with the body's nutritional state. Ultimately adipocyte fat stores have to match the body's overall surplus or deficit of energy. This implies the existence of one (or more) signal(s) to the adipose tissue that reflects the body's energy status, and points once again to the need for an integrative view of adipose tissue function.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Mayford Heritage Pond
Pictures of the pond's reconstruction
Saturday 27th September, 1997
The original pond had completely disappeared, so work had to start by creating a hollow for the new pond. The picture shows the excavator which was used to create a rough hollow. This was then shaped with the help of many volunteers to form a smooth depression with a central deeper area.
Sunday 28th September, 1997
The work of the excavator has been completed and the team of volunteers is shaping the pond hollow ready for the lining to be installed. There is a deeper area in the middle of the pond (6ft deep when full) that will continue to hold water during periods of drought.
Sunday 28th September, 1997
At this stage the soil in the pond's base had been hand-picked to remove any stones that could puncture the lining. The pile of soil in the background is the spoil from the sieving.
Sunday 12th October, 1997
Here you can see a part of the grey hessian sheeting used to cover the butyl liner for extra protection. On top of this, a layer of sieved soil and then a layer of sand was put down for plants to set root in. The layer of sand was used to stop the soil being washed away when it was originally filled with water.
Wednesday 22nd October, 1997
The pond soon after being initially filled with water.
Saturday 25th October, 1997
Volunteers are landscaping the pond's surrounds, using the spoil of excess soil and stones from the sieving process. This was used to create small mounds around the back and front areas, which were to become part of the wildlife-rich grassland.
Sunday 26th October, 1997
Finally some turf was laid over the edges of the pond and some plants were planted in and around the pond.
Monday 10th November, 1997
This is the day of the grand opening. Here several of the team were helping to prepare for this event.
Monday 10th November, 1997
Councillor Rosie Sharpley congratulated the villagers on their restored pond.
Monday 10th November, 1997
After the formal opening, there was a champagne reception to celebrate the successful completion of this phase of the project.


text:
Animal Species:Cape York Sheathtail Bat
Very little is known about Cape York Sheathtail Bats in Australia. They are also found in Papua New Guinea.
Cape York Sheathtail Bats seem to roost in tree hollows in Australia, but in New Guinea they are known from limestone caves.
Feeding and Diet
Cape York Sheathtail Bats eat beetles, flying ants, grasshoppers and moths. They fly high and straight over the top of trees in open forests hunting for prey.
Cape York Sheathtail Bats are vulnerable to destruction of roost sites in hollows trees by clearing for agriculture and changes to feeding areas by agricultural activities.


text:
In the heart of Birmingham, the city around which the country's canal system is based, you can find the Gas Street Basin, arguably the most important spot on the entire canal network. Canals were built to transport cargo around the country during the Industrial Revolution, and basins were the inland ports where that cargo was unloaded. Given the role of canals in Birmingham, and the role of Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution, Gas Street Basin could be the internal hub around which everything revolved. Following changes in canal use from industry to leisure, Gas Street Basin is almost as busy as ever, but it now moves with the sound of shoppers and revellers who visit the many bars and restaurants that now reside in the area.
Gas Street – so named as it was the first place in the city to get gas lighting – was created in the 1790s as a meeting point for the Birmingham Canal and the Worcester & Birmingham Canal, although competition between the two companies meant a physical barrier, the Worcester Bar, divided the basin between the two areas of water. Gas Street Basin would have been teeming with activity for much of its existence, as raw material from all over the country arrived in the country's second city. As a result it was surrounded by wharves and warehouses, as well as factories. The Birmingham canals largely survived the coming of the railways but were done for by improvements in road transport after the Second World War. The basin became derelict until regeneration got underway in the 1980s.
Many of the original warehouses have now been converted and the basin is a bustling place again, though now with leisure and recreation rather than hard industry. There are many bars and restaurants around Gas Street, and the Worcester Bar can still be seen, while the sights and attractions of Birmingham itself are near at hand. But the basin also acts as something like a living canal museum. It's one of those places where there's enough people, boats and surrounding architecture to get a sense of what an industrial canal basin might once have been like. As such, it's an essential place to visit, either by foot or on one of several boat trips that travel through Gas Street from surrounding canals.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Source Determination – Detect the Origins of Contaminants in Drug Products
Source determination detects the origins of contaminants and is necessary to improve drug product quality and overall process quality.
Understanding what foreign material is present is only half of the story. True resolution cannot be reached without first understanding where the material came from, when it entered the manufacturing process, and how to prevent recurrence. Therefore, source determination is a critical test for drug developers that is capable of determining whether contaminants are present within pharmaceutical products and drug manufacturing processes.
Gateway Analytical provides source determination analysis so our customers can quickly find possible origins for their contamination problems. Our experts build reference material analysis databases with an all-of-the-above approach that may include microscopy, FTIR, Raman, and/or SEM-EDS depending on a project's unique needs. As a customer's database becomes larger and more encompassing, the time required to conduct source determination tests on foreign material is reduced, resulting in improved processes and turnaround times.
Want to learn more about source determination and our database analysis capabilities? Contact us today.


What is the difference between Wallet Synchronization and Daemon Synchronization, in case of using either of local node or remote node?
enter image description here
Daemon status is how synced it's blockchain is. Wallet status is how many blocks are scanned.
A daemon syncs blocks, a wallet scans blocks for incoming transfers.
Your Answer


4 challenges you'll face when making friends in a new country
When you're living abroad away from friends and family, it might be a challenge to get settled and feel completely at home. And without having your family members around, having friends you can talk to would be really helpful especially if you're always feeling homesick. However, some international students find it harder than others to make friends. We identify a few reasons why that might be which most students may relate to.
Entering adulthood
Undertaking overseas study and living abroad for the first time is the first step into adulthood for many young international students. And part of being an adult is to be independent – to try and solve certain problems on your own instead of seeking help from others. The sense of maturity, coupled with newfound independence can make it difficult for students to reach out for help.
Cultural and language differences
International students tend to click more with people from the same country at first because of the same culture and language spoken. But when they mesh with other students both local to Australia and from other parts of the world, cultural and language barriers often make it difficult to find something common to bond over.
Different and busy schedule
During orientation week, you might have made a couple of new friends at the start but as classes start, things may begin to change. Different courses and schedules will inevitably make it harder to catch up. You might not even see them again after orientation. This problem isn't just exclusive to international students and can even happen to locals as well so you may have to get used to the idea of having to look for other friends you can hang out with.
If you do find yourself dating someone else while you're studying abroad, you might think this is actually a great thing. You'll always have someone to keep you company and do things with. But as you spend more time with your partner, you may not feel the need to socialise with new people. A partner is important but so is surrounding yourself with additional company.
A burgeoning sense of maturity and independence can affect our relationship with others. | Photo: Kelly Lam
Solutions: How you can make it easier to connect with others
It's not all doom and gloom however. International students have every chance to make friends and meet new people during their studies as everyone else. We spoke to Trinity College's student counsellor, Anita Krautschneider, who offered her own advice for international students on how they can simply make friends.
1. Find friends who have the same interest with you. Joining school clubs are always the best opportunity to make new friends and build connections. Clubs always have regular meetings and gatherings. So, you can spend time with your like-minded friends.
2. Struggling in finding topics? Share your experience and story with your friends. Because they will respond and talk about their experience as well. It is a great opportunity to make a strong bond because it can build a deeper conversation between you and your mates. Also, sharing experience is better than asking boring questions such as "What class do you have?"
3. Ask your friends to have lunch or dinner together. It is a very good chance for meeting friends because nobody will say NO to food!
4. Volunteer in events. You can always meet people from different schools. It creates wondering memories and it is always meaningful.
5. Don't stick with your partner all the time, give yourself some time to spend it with your friends. They are also the one who support and understand you. Be more aware of the relationship with your friends. Once you break up, you will not have friends you can rely on.
6. Don't need to worry! It always takes times to make friends, especially close friendship.
If you're ever struggling with homesickness or you feel lonely in an unfamiliar environment, hang in there. It gets easier. If you need professional help, seek guidance from your university counsellor.
Post Your Thoughts


text:
What is a Stage-Gate Process?
Stage-gate process refers to a specific technique in project management where the process is divided into distinct stages, or phases, demarcated by decision points known as gates. At each gate, current results and information, like the specific case, risk analysis, and resource availability, determine the next decision.
Most commonly, there are five phases in stage-gate processes: scoping the breadth of work based on the initial brainstorming session; formulating a business case; developing the structure and fleshing it out; testing and either validating or correcting errors; and launching the product or service. Typically, the gates that separate each stage consist of addressing major themes: quality of execution, business rationale, and action plan. When addressing these concepts, there are five possible answers: go, conditional go, kill, hold, and recycle.
Because some industries carry a higher level of risk and failure than others during the innovation process (e.g. pharmaceuticals, technology, etc.), incorporating regularly-scheduled safeguards helps mitigate risk and failure before allowing them to grow too much. One of the earliest and most famous stage-gate process examples can be traced back to NASA in the 1960s during the Apollo and Gemini projects; since then, many organizations have adopted it into their own workflows.
Other Names for Stage-Gate Process:
- Phase gate process
- Phase review process
- Front-end loading
- Big design up front
- Waterfall process
Why is Stage-Gate Process Important?
The stage-gate process is important for several reasons: it helps those involved work on the right task at the right time; it minimizes loss of resources; mitigates risk; keeps the original scope from growing out of control; offers flexibility in adjusting details and direction; improves cross-team collaboration; and highlights errors at the earliest possible point.
When it comes to innovation, often, the endpoint can't be learned until well into the process because of competing players and data, which is why a structured process is vital for maximizing success. Businesses value predictability because it helps make budget planning and resource allocation clear and easy to understand. Plus using the stage-gate process reduces risk and increases the chances of success.
If knowledge is power, then the stage-gate process epitomizes that concept, especially when it comes to innovation. Having enough – and the right kind of – information is a key tool in managing risk and ensuring project success.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Google Draw where MS Paint Left Off
We live in an era of big data and really powerful computer programs to help us analyze and navigate that data. The top end powerful programs seem to get a lot of press when released. The moment the newest version of Photoshop hits Phlearn, Tony Northrup, and several others will have videos explaining the features to their audiences. We often forget the programs on the lower end of the spectrum.
Low-end programs are generally bundled with an operating system for free and enable basic features for text and image editing. Many of you might be familiar with Microsoft Paint, a basic image editor bundled with Windows since 1985. Quite often these low end programs are our first introduction to tools are seem intentionally designed with cumbersome interfaces and missing toolsets.
One of the most modern missing tool sets from desktop applications is the ability to share a project while still in the creative process. Collaboration is key for most of what I produce and so I've found myself using Google Draw more and more these days to get things done. My kids are required once a week to record a video for our podcast available at HorseRockets.com with videos available at our youtube channel as well (feel free to subscribe). My oldest daughter does most of the editing and uploading to youtube.
DFD created in google draw
DFD created in google draw
When I create an image file to use as the custom thumbnail I need to be able to share this with her in a way she can edit the file. If I were to do this in Microsoft Paint, it would flatten the image upon saving and she wouldn't be able to edit it. If I were to do this in Adobe's suite (photoshop, illustrator, or fireworks could all work for this) I'd have to purchase another license and the cost doesn't justify this expense. Besides, those programs don't have native file sharing.
Enter Google Draw. This program will allow me to save the project as an .SVG which is a browser compatible vector format. It's also a format that can be read by free software applications such as inkscape. While inkscape does have a more robust tool set Google Draw has what I need to get most jobs done. When it was time to create a data flow diagram for class it was my platform of choice for creation.
Also this week Eliza and I did some on screen research on Octopuses (or Octopi) and I wanted to create a custom thumbnail for the episode. One again Google Draw came through. Now she has this thumbnail template shared with her to use with upcoming episodes.
We often overlook the lower end of the software spectrum because of its lack of tool set or key features, but the low end of the spectrum in some areas is certainly powerful enough to lift some very heavy loads. Google Draw's big draw for us is the ability to share and export in easily recognizable formats, whether it's the open source SVG format for editing in other applications such as inkscape, or a ready to publish PNG/JPG file, this is more than the little program that could. It's the little program that does!


Why Do My Legs Itch When I Run?
Although it might sound odd to talk about an allergy to cold temperatures or an allergy to exercise, these conditions do actually exist. In fact, these conditions are among the most common causes of itchy legs while running. As you run around town or on a treadmill, you might experience an itchy sensation spread across your legs. Although your itchy legs might be caused by the exercise itself, they might be caused by allergies.
Urticaria
According to FamilyDoctor.org, exercise-induced urticaria is "a condition that causes hives and other allergic symptoms. It can occur during or after exercise." The condition commonly appears during or immediately after vigorous exercise, such as running. The runner develops raised, red bumps on the skin (hives). As the hives spread, the skin looks red and blotchy and becomes extremely itchy. Although the condition is quite bothersome, it is not life-threatening. In fact, the symptoms of urticaria typically dissipate within 10 minutes of the end of your run.
Anaphylaxis
If you notice additional symptoms while running, you may have a more serious condition known as exercise-induced anaphylaxis. In addition to the itching hives, runners with this condition might also experience difficulty breathing, vomiting and fainting. If you continue running despite these symptoms, the condition might block the flow of oxygen to your heart and brain, resulting in death. For some people, the condition is triggered simply by vigorous exercise. For others, the condition is triggered by a combination of exercise and a specific food. According to MSNBC, there have only been 1,000 documented cases of exercise-induced anaphylaxis between 1970 and 2008, with only one death occurring from those cases.
Cold Allergy
If you only notice itchy legs while running in cooler temperatures, you might have a condition known as "cold urticaria," or an allergy to cold temperatures. The symptoms of cold urticaria are quite similar to those of exercise-induced urticaria, including red, itchy hives that spread across the skin. If your hands are uncovered, you might also notice swelling in the hands. People with severe cases of urticaria might develop more serious symptoms, such as chills, racing heartbeat, swelling of the limbs and fainting. According to the Mayo Clinic, the exact cause of cold urticaria is still unclear, as of 2010. Some people simply have allergic reactions to cold temperatures.
Circulation
In some cases, itchy legs while running might simply be caused by a lack of running. If you have not been running or exercising much lately, the capillaries in your legs collapse slightly. However, once you begin exercising again, your legs require an increased supply of blood. As the flow of circulation to this area increases, the capillaries in your legs must expand to allow for more blood flow. As these capillaries expand, the nerves surrounding them send "itchy signals" to the brain. Fortunately, these symptoms typically stop after a few days of regular running.
Prevention
Fortunately, exercise-induced anaphylaxis is the only life threatening cause of itchy legs while running. Allergies to exercise or cold temperatures are non-life threatening, except in very serious cases. However, to ensure your safety and comfort, there are certain techniques you can take to prevent itchy legs while running. Warm up and cool down for at least 10 minutes before and after your workout. If necessary, take short breaks throughout your run and allow your body to cool down and relax. If you are allergic to cold temperatures, dress in layers and cover any exposed areas of the skin while running. In the case of exercise-induced anaphylaxis, it might be necessary to adopt a less strenuous exercise, such as swimming.
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@article{Dandan Xu_1581, author = {[Dandan Xu, Jin Zhang]}, title = {A COLLISION-AVOIDANCE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR SPACECRAFT PROXIMITY OPERATIONS BASED ON IMPROVED ARTIFICIAL POTENTIAL FUNCTION 1)}, publisher = {Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics}, year = {2020}, journal = {Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics}, volume = {52}, number = {6}, eid = {1581}, pages = {_PHONE_}, keywords = {;proximity operation;collision avoidance;artificial potential field;instantaneous collision probability;safely approaching Corridor}, doi = _URL_ }


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This device is the first in a series of projects exploring wearable device solutions to drug overdose and drug addiction.
The primary motivation for building this prototype was to start a discussion with the National Institute on Drug Abuse on potential opportunities to detect opiate overdose with inexpensive devices built from off-the-shelf components. Depressed respiration is the best way to detect opiate overdose and the only approved indicator for the administration of Narcan (Naloxone).
The device contains an accelerometer, a PPG optical heart rate sensor and a thermopile contactless thermometer to detect skin temperature. The device also contains an extremely loud buzzer and is connected to a smartphone app which is capable of alerting an emergency response team. The emergency response feature is currently a mockup and does not function. The general idea is that the device uses sensor data to detect a possible drug overdose event. The device then activates its buzzer. If the user does not deactivate the buzzer after an allotted period of time it is assumed that an overdose is taking place and the device alerts emergency responders through the connected phone app.
The odalert device is a prototype. We have no current plans to move this project forward, as it served its purpose in our NIDA discussions, and we are busy working on similar but more practical devices.


importance assigned to tight clustering of peaks across participants. If there is high importance assigned to rank order (smaller M), then relatively larger clusters of peaks across participants will be acceptable (although these may have little anatomical consistency). However, if the effect in question does not reach the top M peaks in most participants, it will be completely missed by the analysis. By contrast, if M is set to be too large, then the inclusion of many superfluous (i.e., low rank) peaks will mean that a very tight spatial distribution is required to distinguish a functionally meaningful cluster from one occurring by chance. This is an analogous problem to the choice of image smoothing parameters in fMRI, and analogously the choice depends on the question asked. As a starting point, we propose a simple heuristic to choose a value of M which balances dependence on peak rank against cluster size. If we take the knee of the curve in Figure 1 to represent some optimal balance between dependence on peak magnitude (small M) and anatomical consistency across participants (small R), we can compute a parameter J which quantifies the distance of the curves from the knee,
where M and R are the number of peaks and the confidence radius respectively. Now plotting J against M gives a curve with a clear minimum (see Figure 2). For each sub-group (N), crosses on the curve indicate that at least one significant (p<0.05) cluster was found for this choice of M when analyzing positive peaks. Importantly, and giving some validiation of our choice of heuristic, these significant excursions predominate around the minimum of the function.
Figure 2. Peak amplitude and anatomical consistency trade-off.
A plot of the heuristic to optimize the balance between peak magnitude and anatomical consistency across subjects. J increases for large numbers of peaks (where there is a very tight distance threshold (R) on how close the peaks must be) and also increases when M is small due to the corresponding decrease in anatomical specificity (due to increase in threshold R shown in Figure 1). Alternatively, one can choose to test a range of M (2–30 in this case), produce significant clusters (for each M; shown by crosses), and then correct for multiple comparisons. After multiple comparison correction (for M), two significant clusters were found which are denoted by the circles and squares around these points. These are the same two clusters identified in our experimental data.
The next problem is how to set an appropriate significance level. There is a single univariate null hypothesis–that the peaks are clustered by chance. However, as we change (increase) M, we are re-testing the same hypothesis with different subsets of data. Hence, a multiple comparisons penalty is necessary. One simple solution would be to only examine the function minima at each value of N. One problem here is that the minima are relatively flat and the smoothness depends on the number of random permutation steps performed, which is processing intensive. Also, one can see from Figure 2 that each subgroup curve N has a different optimal M value (the larger the number of participants in the group, the larger the optimal number of peaks).
Another possibility is to consider the range of M which defines this minimum. This approach does not rely on the identification of minima (so it is more robust) and can be computed for all N at once. However, there is a multiple comparisons penalty. It is important to note, however, that a completely new (i.e., independent) set of data is only introduced each time the number of peaks is doubled.
Making a Bonferroni correction, the significance level should be decreased by a factor each time the number of peaks is doubled. This means that the test wise error rate to give a family wise error rate of 0.05 is based on the following Bonferroni correction:
where log2 is log to the base 2, pcorr is the corrected significance level and Mstart and Mend define the range of M we pre-specify an interest in. The circles and squares around the crosses in Figure 2 show the two significant ellipsoids found after multiple comparisons correction for the range of peaks tested (for Mstart = 2 and Mend = 30).
Measuring Algorithm Performance: Simulated Data
In order to test algorithm performance against some ground truth we simulated a single dipolar source across a group of participants. The same single sphere head model and sensor locations were used for each simulated participant. System white noise was simulated at 10 fT/sqrt (Hz) over a bandwidth of 80 Hz. Data for 10 participants were simulated, differing only in the simulated source location and white noise realization. In each simulated participant, a random seed location was generated, drawn from a Gaussian distribution of standard deviation 5 mm, centered on MNI location x = 52, y = −29, z = 13. The nearest canonical mesh location [8] to this seedpoint and the corresponding surface normal were used to set the location and orientation of the single simulated dipole in each participant. Our simulated sources were normal to the cortical mesh, but as location was jittered, both source location and orientation changed over participants. The dipolar source was driven with a 40 Hz sinusoid over a period of 200 ms (sample rate = 200 Hz). The source was active for 30 of 60 epochs and a linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer was used to produce a volumetric beamformer image of the change in power in the 0–300 ms, 0–80 Hz band in terms of a normalized difference (or pseudo-t) image [9] on a 10 mm grid. The beamformer has been described extensively [2], [3], [9], [10], and an abbreviated version is presented here.
The beamformer is simply a spatially filtered expression of the MEG sensor data.
where W is a vector of weighting coefficients and m(t) is the measurement vector at time t. To obtain the weighting coefficients, power is minimized over the covariance window subject to the constraint of unit gain at a specified coordinate θ:
where H is the forward solution for an equivalent current dipole (ECD) at coordinates and orientations specified by the vector θ. The solution to the equation is:
where C is the covariance matrix of the measurements calculated over the specified covariance window (Tcov). The 2 (i.e., single-sphere) or 3 (i.e., multiple spheres) orthogonally oriented components of W at each location can be estimated independently to produce a vector beamformer. In this case, we used a scalar beamformer in which optimal source orientation at each voxel was estimated through the method of Sekihara et al. [11]. A normalized source power estimate can be obtained over any test period (within the covariance window) through the estimation of the sensor level covariance matrix Ctest over this period, and an estimate of the sensor noise εtest (in this case, we used identity) matrix over this period:
We should note that in the experimental data analysis stage, we used the proprietary software (SAM) to analyze the data [9]. This computes separate covariances (and hence weights) for both active and passive periods. In the simulation stage, however, we computed a single covariance matrix (based on both active and passive periods), but as there was only white noise in the passive period, this should have marginal effect on the power difference calculation (see discussion).
Different participant groups were constructed by drawing 8 of these 10 images randomly twenty times. For each participant group, we used SnPM (multiple participant, one sample t-test, variance smoothing 25 mm) to identify significant (family wise error = 0.05) positive effects across the normalized power difference images. Using the peak clustering algorithm, we used the same data to look for clusters within the top 5 image peaks that were smaller than one would expect by chance (i.e., M = 5 peaks, N = 8 participants). For each simulated group, we compiled a list of the significant local maxima (p<0.05 corrected) in the SnPM images and a list of the centers of the peak-clusters deemed significant. We classed a hit as a peak/ellipse center closer than 20 mm to the initial MNI seed location and a miss to be any significant peak or ellipsoid center outside this range. The peaks were defined by local image maxima identified using the SPM function spm_max based on 18 neighbors. This means that two local maxima can be as close as a single (non-maximal) voxel apart.
Measuring Algorithm Performance: Experimental Data
We assessed the performance of our peak-clustering algorithm on experimental data. In our experiment, ten right-handed volunteers (Mean Age = 29.4 years, range = 20–36 years; 2 males) gave written informed consent following Aston University ethical guidelines and participated in the MEG study. The protocol was approved by the Aston University Institutional Review Board and complied with all guidelines expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Briefly, participants (N = 10) performed a superordinate-level categorization task on pictures of objects drawn from 3 living and 3 nonliving categories (see Figure 3). A total of 78 pictures were selected, half of which depicted a living object and half a nonliving object. Each picture was shown twice, half with a congruent label and half with an incongruent label. Therefore, a total of 156 trials were shown during the scan. The order of trial presentation was randomized across participants. We recorded neuromagnetic data at a 600 Hz sampling rate with a bandwidth of 0–150 Hz using a CTF 275 MEG system (VSM MedTech Ltd., Canada


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During slow periods, you may only need to make one coffee at a time. But during peak time, you could be making numerous coffees every minute. Instead of using a separate jug for each coffee, the easiest and quickest solution is using one jug for numerous coffees.
When you prepare coffee using the one jug you don't want one coffee cup full and the next half empty. So how do you ensure you split the milk properly? It's all about managing your milk thickness or proportion of foam.
In this lesson, learn what 'splitting' milk means and how to split a jug of milk to make multiple coffee drinks.
This course is perfect for budding baristas or someone wanting to improve their skills and knowledge behind an espresso machine.
Hugh Kelly runs the research and development side of ONA Coffee, Canberra's largest specialty roaster, and supplier.


text:
Modules for the STARDOM™ network-based control system include control modules with the speed and reliability required for small- to medium-size turbomachinery. A frequency input module accurately measures the speed of even slowly rotating wind turbine blades. An upgraded CPU module for oil and gas upstream processes has improved reliability and greater memory capacity. A servo module controls the rotational speed of small- to medium-size turbomachinery, and a high-speed protection module protects machines by detecting anomalies such as excessive rotation speeds. The frequency input module measures rotational speeds with high accuracy (±0.1% of reading), even at speeds as low as 0.1 Hz.
Yokogawa Corporation of America
Filed Under: Electronics • electrical, Networks • connectivity • fieldbuses, Test + measurement • test equipment
Tell Us What You Think!


. collections of dynamical frames glued together by field-dependent maps (which are relational observables too), we can construct relationally local observables throughout spacetime. This further establishes a framework for dynamical frame covariance that permits us to change between arbitrary relational frame perspectives. Relational locality obeys many desirable properties: we prove that it satisfies microcausality in the bulk (in tension with previous work done mainly in a perturbative setting which we comment on), and show that it permits a relational version of local bulk dynamics. Relational locality is therefore arguably more physically meaningful than the ordinary notion of locality. Thus, our formalism -- which we argue to be an updated, gauge-invariant version of general covariance -- refutes the commonly claimed non-existence of local gravitational bulk physics.
翻訳日:2023-02-10 22:37:25 公開日:2022-06-02
# ポスト量子暗号とリプレイ攻撃による量子鍵分布の認証
Authentication of quantum key distribution with post-quantum cryptography and replay attacks ( _URL_ )
ライセンス: Link先を確認
Liu-Jun Wang, You-Yang Zhou, Jian-Ming Yin, and Qing Chen(参考訳) 量子コンピュータの開発に伴い、従来の暗号システムはますます深刻なセキュリティ脅威に直面している。 幸いなことに、量子鍵分布(QKD)とポスト量子暗号(PQC)は量子耐性セキュリティを持つ2つの暗号メカニズムであり、どちらも将来の情報セキュリティにとって重要なソリューションとなる。 しかしどちらも完全ではなく、補完的なものである。 量子鍵分布は量子暗号が持たない無条件のセキュリティを持ち、pqcはqkdネットワークに対して安全で便利な認証を提供することができる。 本稿では、pqcに基づく2つのプロトコルを提案し、qkdデータの処理後の完全認証を実現するとともに、分散鍵の長期的量子耐性を確保するために、pqcアルゴリズムの短期的安全性を仮定する。 上記の2つの認証プロトコルでは、攻撃者はリプレイ攻撃をうまく実装できないことがわかった。 これらの認証プロトコルは、大規模量子鍵分散ネットワークの応用における現在の事前共有鍵認証の問題を解決することができ、実用的な運用性と量子耐性を有する鍵分散機構を実現することが期待されており、量子鍵分散ネットワークの展開と適用を促進する上で有用である。
With the development of quantum computers, traditional cryptographic systems are facing more and more serious security threats. Fortunately, quantum key distribution (QKD) and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) are two cryptographic mechanisms with quantum-resistant security, and both will become important solutions for future information security. However, neither of them is perfect, and they are complementary. Quantum key distribution has unconditional security that post-quantum cryptography does not have, and PQC can provide secure and convenient authentication for QKD networks. In this paper, we propose two protocols based on PQC to realize the full authentication of the QKD data post-processing, and we only need to assume the short-term security of PQC algorithm to ensure the long-term quantum resistant security of distributed keys. We found that for the above two authentication protocols, attackers cannot successfully implement replay attacks. These authentication protocols can solve the problems of the current pre-shared key authentication in the application of large-scale quantum key distribution networks, and are expected to realize a key distribution mechanism with practical operability and quantum resistant security, which will be beneficial to promote the deployment and application of quantum key distribution networks.
翻訳日:2023-02-10 22:36:49 公開日:2022-06-02
# 対角直交共変量子チャネルのエルゴード理論
Ergodic theory of diagonal orthogonal covariant quantum channels ( _URL_ )
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Satvik Singh, Nilanjana Datta, Ion Nechita(参考訳) 対角直交変換に関して共変する量子チャネルのエルゴード特性を解析する。 このクラスのチャネルのエルゴード的挙動は、本質的に古典的確率行列によって支配されていることを証明する。 これにより、古典エルゴード理論のツールを利用して、そのようなチャネルの量子エルゴード性を研究することができる。 本研究では,多体系における量子カオスの最小モデルとして最近提案されている2重ユニタリブリックワーク回路について検討する。 これらの回路に局所対角直交不変対称性を課すと、そのような回路における局所可観測物間の時空間相関の長期的挙動は、対角直交変換の下で共変するチャネルのエルゴード特性によって完全に決定される。 この事実を利用して、このような対称二重ユニタリ回路は多様なエルゴード的挙動を示し、その重要性を強調する。
We analyze the ergodic properties of quantum channels that are covariant with respect to diagonal orthogonal transformations. We prove that the ergodic behaviour of a channel in this class is essentially governed by a classical stochastic matrix. This allows us to exploit tools from classical ergodic theory to study quantum ergodicity of such channels. As an application of our analysis, we study dual unitary brickwork circuits which have recently been proposed as minimal models of quantum chaos in many-body systems. Upon imposing a local diagonal orthogonal invariance symmetry on these circuits, the long-term behaviour of spatio-temporal correlations between local observables in such circuits is completely determined by the ergodic properties of a channel that is covariant under diagonal orthogonal transformations. We utilize this fact to show that such symmetric dual unitary circuits exhibit a rich variety of ergodic behaviours, thus emphasizing their importance.
翻訳日:2023-02-10 22:36:09 公開日:2022-06-02
# ソフトマックス政策勾配法のグローバル収束率について
On the Global Convergence Rates of Softmax Policy Gradient Methods ( _URL_ )
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Jincheng Mei, Chenjun Xiao, Csaba Szepesvari, Dale Schuurmans(参考訳) 我々は,政策勾配法をよりよく理解するための3つの貢献を行う。 まず, 真の勾配では, ソフトマックスパラメトリゼーションを伴う政策勾配は, 問題や初期化に依存する定数とともに, $o(1/t)$レートで収束することを示す。 この結果は、最近の漸近収束結果を著しく拡大する。 この分析は、softmax のポリシー勾配が \l{}ojasiewiczの不等式を満たすこと、最適化中の最適動作の最小確率は初期値の観点で限定可能であること、という2つの知見に依存している。 第二に、エントロピー正規化ポリシー勾配を解析し、より高速な線形収束率$O(e^{-c \cdot t})$をソフトマックス最適ポリシー$(c > 0)$に楽しむことを示す。 この結果は最近の文献で明らかな疑問を解決している。 最後に、上記の2つの結果と新たな$\omega(1/t)$下限結果を組み合わせることで、エントロピー正規化が収束率の観点からも、真の勾配においてもポリシー最適化をどのように改善


text:
This gilded wooden statue of Tutankhamun depicts the pharaoh wearing the following items:
--A headdress: possibly a cloth Nemes Headdress with a uraeus (cobra) on the front. The uraeus is a symbol of nobility and is a common addition to any of the various royal headdresses.
--A wide collar that is most likely created through intricate beading. These collars, generally, were not solid pieces of metal as they appear.
--A pectoral: a large amulet or pendant necklace that generally carried religious significance.
--A schenti: a wrapped linen skirt. It is possibly pleated.
--An apron: this is depicted with a large triangle. They could be heavily decorated with jewels, and were most likely ceremonial rather than functional.
--Sandals: possibly made of papyrus or rushes (reed-like plants) and gold.


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Brew your favorite tea in your Capresso Coffee à la Carte, but don't throw away your used tea bags. Used tealeaves are good for growing roses and ferns, and can be used to help lower the soil's pH.
Tealeaves contain tannic acid, which helps rose bushes fight fungus, and it is also good for their growth.
Types of Tea:
Black tea or Green tea can be used because they both contain tannic acid (tannins).
Tealeaves, in bags or loose, can be placed on the soil after pruning. They can also be placed in the mulch before the plants begin growing.


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Soybean leafminer: Soybean leafminer, Odontota horni.
The adult soybean leaf miner is a small, flattened, squarish beetle. Its underside is black and the top of the insect is brick red and its head is black. In addition to its unique shape and coloration, there is also a thin black stripe that extends down the middle of its forewings beginning at the base of its prothorax. Note that the black stripe does not quite extend to the tip of the thorax. Another similar beetle the locust leafminer, Odontota dorsalis, is occasionally found in soybean (especially near locust trees); however, it is much less common. The locust leafminer looks similar except the black dorsal stripe widens toward the tail-end of the beetle and extends to the end of the forwings.
Larvae reach a maximum of 7 mm long, is cream-colored with a dark brown head and lateral tubercles. Typically, the larvae are not found exposed on the surface of the leaf, rather they mine within the layers of the leaf.
Soybean leafminer larva: Soybean leafminer larva.
larval soybean leafminer injury: Larval injury to a soybean leaf from the soybean leafminer.
Pupae are similar to the larvae in color and can be easily seen through the translucent pupal chamber within the leaf.


text:
Policy Tasks to Guarantee Family Diversity: Non-marriage and Unrelated Families' Experiences and Demands of Policy Reform
Kim Young Jeong
Research Fellow, Seoul Foundation of Women & Family
Nowadays, many families are non-traditional or alternative. The non-traditional family units can be same-sex couples/parents, co-habiting couples/parents, and unrelated housemates, and the number of such families has been increasing. This study aims to explore the various forms of family, focusing on the discrimination that non-married and non-kin households experience. Second, it proposes policy changes to guarantee the of Seoul citizens' rights to family life. The research conducted surveys and focus group interviews of people living in unmarried couples or unmarried housemates and literature analysis of legal data and overseas cases.
The legal system does not recognise them as partners in life and the current family and marriage norms typically deny their relationship. Even though they live together and conduct "family practice," their rights are not protected. Disapproval of such relations and institutional discrimination resulting from this does not end at an abstract level but is experienced in everyday lives and practical livelihoods. Specific cases include the recognition of common property, exclusion from housing support policies, and the inability to play a guardian's role (hospital, police station, etc.) in emergencies.
To improve these families' lives, the study suggests launching the Seoul Civil Partnership Registration System. Although the regional approach, like the partnership registration system of Japanese local governments, is not guaranteed to be legally binding, it can be expected to improve social awareness and have ripple effects through social approval of actual family relations. In addition, even before full institutional acceptance, it can help resolve discrimination of such families. City hospitals, city-affiliated institutions, and partner companies can use the proposed partnership system to guarantee their rights and make efforts to improve the right to care, economic rights, and social awareness.
*Key words: family, intimacy, family diversity, civil partnership, living together


text:
There are a number of messaging components available for use. To choose a messaging element, you can refer to either Components or States as a starting point.
Each component has properties that determine their prominence. For example:
Voice & Tone
These properties are mapped to each component. Below is an example for "inline text" component.
- Visual: Camouflaged—Visible
- Voice & Tone: Conversational—Informational
- Motion: Static
- Duration: Permanent
- Audio: Muted
Once everything is mapped, an order emerges.


Plane Angle
The plane angle a is determined by the length of the arc a and the radius r. The biggest plane angle obtains for a full circle (2πr) over 2π.
Solid Angle
Analogously, the solid angle Ω describes the size of a sector in three-dimensional space. It is the product of area A and the square of radius r². The biggest solid angle obtains for a spherical surface (4πr²) over 4π.


Eight people on a motorbike
[Culture ★★]
(P3) A motorbike is designed for one or two people. However, it is possible to fit up to 8 people on a single motorbike as you can see in the photo above.
(P3) A person in a car took a video of the motorbike with eight people on it. The person was worried about the safety of the passengers.
(P3) The photo shows one man operating the motorbike while three children sit at the front. Behind the operator, there are three people to include one woman with a toddler on her back.
SOURCE: _URL_
VOCABULARY: designed, up to, safety, while, toddler
 2. Do you think it's dangerous to ride a motorbike? Why or why not?
 3. Do you think it's unsafe to have more than 2 people on a motorbike? Why or why not?
 4. Should people be educated on how to operate a motorbike safely? Why or why not?
 1. What's the maximum number of people a motorbike is made for?
 2. Who caught the 8 people on a video?
 3. The person who took the video was only concerned about posting it on Facebook. (T or F)
 4. How many children are on the motorbike?
 5. Where is the baby on the motorbike?
What do the following expressions or phrases mean?
 - it is possible (P1)
 - took a video (P2)
 - worried about the safety (P2)
 - operating the motorbike (P3)
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Algebraic statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Algebraic statistics is the use of algebra to advance statistics. Algebra has been useful for experimental design, parameter estimation, and hypothesis testing.
Traditionally, algebraic statistics has been associated with the design of experiments and multivariate analysis (especially time series). In recent years, the term "algebraic statistics" has been sometimes restricted, sometimes being used to label the use of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra in statistics.
The tradition of algebraic statistics[edit]
In the past, statisticians have used algebra to advance research in statistics. Some algebraic statistics led to the development of new topics in algebra and combinatorics, such as association schemes.
Design of experiments[edit]
For example, Ronald A. Fisher, Henry B. Mann, and Rosemary A. Bailey applied Abelian groups to the design of experiments. Experimental designs were also studied with affine geometry over finite fields and then with the introduction of association schemes by R. C. Bose. Orthogonal arrays were introduced by C. R. Rao also for experimental designs.
Algebraic analysis and abstract statistical inference[edit]
Invariant measures on locally compact groups have long been used in statistical theory, particularly in multivariate analysis. Beurling's factorization theorem and much of the work on (abstract) harmonic analysis sought better understanding of the Wold decomposition of stationary stochastic processes, which is important in time series statistics.
Encompassing previous results on probability theory on algebraic structures, Ulf Grenander developed a theory of "abstract inference". Grenander's abstract inference and his theory of patterns are useful for spatial statistics and image analysis; these theories rely on lattice theory.
Partially ordered sets and lattices[edit]
Partially ordered vector spaces and vector lattices are used throughout statistical theory. Garrett Birkhoff metrized the positive cone using Hilbert's projective metric and proved Jentsch's theorem using the contraction mapping theorem.[1] Birkhoff's results have been used for maximum entropy estimation (which can be viewed as linear programming in infinite dimensions) by Jonathan Borwein and colleagues.
Vector lattices and conical measures were introduced into statistical decision theory by Lucien Le Cam.
Recent work using commutative algebra and algebraic geometry[edit]
In recent years, the term "algebraic statistics" has been used more restrictively, to label the use of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra to study problems related to discrete random variables with finite state spaces. Commutative algebra and algebraic geometry have applications in statistics because many commonly used classes of discrete random variables can be viewed as algebraic varieties.
Introductory example[edit]
Consider a random variable X which can take on the values 0, 1, 2. Such a variable is completely characterized by the three probabilities
p_i=\mathrm{Pr}(X=i),\quad i=0,1,2
and these numbers clearly satisfy
\sum_{i=0}^2 p_i = 1 \quad \mbox{and}\quad 0\leq p_i \leq 1.
Conversely, any three such numbers unambiguously specify a random variable, so we can identify the random variable X with the tuple (p0,p1,p2)∈R3.
Now suppose X is a Binomial random variable with parameter p = 1 − q and n = 2, i.e. X represents the number of successes when repeating a certain experiment two times, where each experiment has an individual success probability of q. Then
p_i=\mathrm{Pr}(X=i)={2 \choose i}q^i (1-q)^{2-i}
and it is not hard to show that the tuples (p0,p1,p2) which arise in this way are precisely the ones satisfying
4 p_0 p_2-p_1^2=0.\
The latter is a polynomial equation defining an algebraic variety (or surface) in R3, and this variety, when intersected with the simplex given by
yields a piece of an algebraic curve which may be identified with the set of all 3-state Bernoulli variables. Determining the parameter q amounts to locating one point on this curve; testing the hypothesis that a given variable X is Bernoulli amounts to testing whether a certain point lies on that curve or not.
 1. ^ A gap in Garrett Birkhoff's original proof was filled by Alexander Ostrowski.
 - Drton, Mathias, Sturmfels, Bernd, Sullivant, Seth. Lectures on Algebraic Statistics, Springer 2009.
 - Paolo Gibilisco, Eva Riccomagno, Maria-Piera Rogantin, Henry P. Wynn. Algebraic and Geometric Methods in Statistics, Cambridge 2009.
External links[edit]


text:
Technical Report,01 May 2014,01 May 2017
Duke University Durham United States
Pagination or Media Count:
The geolocation system Alidade, developed with support from this research contract, is a passive IP geolocation system that is fundamentally different from all prior research systems since it computes predictions for the entire IP address space while absolutely refraining from issuing any measurement probes of its own, either before or after it is presented with the IP addresses. Although the system outputs for each IP address a point-based prediction for comparing its predictions with that of the other geolocation systems, Alidades geolocation prediction is a polygonal feasible region that represents all possible locations of the IP address.
- Direction Finding


We're here to help
 What is Hancock MINT?
 Hancock MINT (Mobile Intake) is a mobile application that connects to the Hancock Cloud (HC) and enables the user to work offline to collect new building data through the creation of files or to edit existing building data. Using MINT, Auditors can create instant Proposals offline at the customer site to instantly show costs and savings.
 Using one-step synchronization, the user uploads all data and Proposals from the MINT app to the HC, which then become immediately available to all appropriate users within their organization. The HC online portal allows organizations to continue expanding on files and Proposals, changing or adding to the building data, and collecting multiple Proposals to apply for incentives.
 When installing MINT for the first time, various universal items catalogs are uploaded. These can be used to automatically populate relevant information in your files.
 MINT hosts files, created by the user, which act as containers for all the building information collected. Each file offers a File Overview screen, providing quick access to client information, directions to the site, and the ability to call the client. It also consists of the following main areas, each briefly discussed below. All information is collected offline. No internet connection is needed.
 Files: Building data collections. Files can be created directly on the MINT app or can be created in HEEC and downloaded to the MINT app. Existing Files assigned to the logged-in User and 'In Progress' will be downloaded to the MINT app. Files marked 'Done' are uploaded from the MINT app and removed from the local device.
 Items: Items consist of individual or groups of objects that have properties of energy consumption. Items, such as lighting fixtures, are populated using a search catalog or recently used items from previous collections.
 Areas: You can break down sections of a building. This can be an entire floor or broken down into specific areas, like bathroom, office, etc.
 Building Info: This section provides information gathered about the building including the building type, total area, year built, and utility billing information such as electricity, oil, water, etc.
 Notes Summary: MINT is able to capture multimedia images of the building. In this section, you can take photos of the building, floor layouts, rooms, fixtures, etc. You can also add helpful notes to the pictures.
 Operating Schedules: This summarizes the operating schedules you created within your areas.
 Attachments: You can attach helpful information, such as spreadsheets, reports, etc.
 Proposals: Using this feature allows you to instantly make changes to the building information and create a Proposal showing the instant cost savings that you can share with your customer immediately while still onsite.
 To-Do List: You can keep a running to-do list for each file, easily seen and ready to update as needed.
 After collecting all the data and generating proposals, the user syncs the files to the Hancock Energy Cloud online portal.
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How to restain furniture darker
How to restain furniture darker
How do you darken already stained wood?
To darken the wood without altering it drastically, choose a darker version of the existing color; for example, add depth to light walnut with polyurethane tinted with dark walnut. Dip a tapered paintbrush in the polyurethane and apply a thin coat on the furniture until the brush runs dry.
Can you stain over stain to make it darker?
Can you stain over already stained furniture?
If the wood you are refinishing already has a clear protective finish, you need to test for adhesion before applying PolyShades®. A few simple rules to keep in mind: PolyShades® will work over stained wood (meaning it does not have a clear protective finish ) or wood topcoated with a polyurethane-based finish.
How can I lighten wood stain without sanding?
Do you have to remove old stain before restaining?
You might be interested: Who buys used furniture in tampa
How can you tell if a stain is dry?
Do you have to remove old stain before restaining furniture?
Can you stain a lighter color over a darker color?
If you try to apply a light – colored stain on top of an existing dark finish, you will not notice much difference. To completely alter the color of the wood's finish, remove the existing paint using an oil based solvent. Once you have removed the original finish from the wood, you can add a lighter color stain.
How do you Restain a wood table?
Step 1: Clean the Surface. Use gentle soap and water to remove dirt and oils from the table's existing finish. Step 2: Apply Stripper. If the table is painted or varnished, you'll need to strip the surface. Step 3: Clean With Mineral Spirits. Step 4: Sand Table Surface. Step 5: Apply Stain. Step 6: Apply Finish.
How do you stain wood that has already been stained?
For a deep stain, leave the stain on the wood for 5 to 10 minutes before wiping it off with a cloth. For a lighter stain, wipe the surface immediately after application. Allow the stain to dry for 24 hours before applying the topcoat of your choice.
You might be interested: What is distressed furniture
How can I darken wood furniture without stripping it?
Step 1: Lightly Hand Sand. Using a light grit sanding block, lightly hand sand the entire surface of the wood piece that you would like to darken. Step 2: Clean Wood. Clean your entire piece thoroughly using a mild cleanser. Step 3: Apply Dark Gel Stain. Apply the gel stain using a chip brush. Step 4: Seal.
How can I darken my oak cabinets without stripping?
Coating Selection Polyurethane stain blends are available in the most-common wood stain colors. They are applied over the old finish, and aren't designed to soak in, so you don't have to sand or strip off the polyurethane. Another option is oil-based paint, but its opacity can mask the wood grain.
How do you stain dark brown wood?
Combine some steel wool and white vinegar in a mason jar and allow to sit for a few days. The vinegar and steel wool will have a chemical reaction. When applied to the tea treated wood, the vinegar will immediately start to oxidize the tannins in the wood and turn the wood dark.
Roy Barker
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text:
River-powered pumps soon to irrigate Negros Oriental lands
by Rachelle M. Nessia
Dumaguete City (5 February) -- Following its success in irrigating remote mountainside villages in Negros Occidental, the ram pump irrigation unit is now being replicated by the provincial government here for installation in irrigable lands in Negros Oriental.
Governor Emilio C. Macias II has tasked the Provincial Integrated Skills and Training Center (PISTC) here to replicate the cost-efficient and sustainable ram pumps pioneered in Negros Occidental which does not use electricity, battery nor gasoline.
The river-powered ram pumps which are submerged underwater, harnesses the power of running water to vertically push water up to 20 meters high at practically no cost.
The deeper the pump is submerged, the higher it can bring water, said Capitol Information Officer Adrian Sedillo.
Earlier, the Governor has ordered the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) here to check on the province's existing irrigation systems. "According to NIA's report, P72 million is needed just to rehabilitate the existing irrigation systems in the province," said Sedillo.
This prompted the Governor to order the development of the said ram pumps here, of which 10 units will be produced for the first batch.
"We have already identified existing irrigable lands where the ram pumps will be installed. These lands are water-dependent but lack irrigation systems," said Sedillo.
The pumps will be launched in the province under the MACIAS program, or the Mini Attainable Communal Irrigation Agricultural System, which Sedillo said will strengthen the province's food security program. (PIA/rmn) [top]


What is the kb of NaOH?
Asked By: Kouider Conze | Last Updated: 18th April, 2020
Category: science chemistry
4.9/5 (5,529 Views. 42 Votes)
What Is the Kb of NaOH? The base dissociation constant, or Kb, of sodium hydroxide, or NaOH, is approximately 1020. NaOH is classified as a strong base, which completely ionizes or dissociates in a solution into Na+ and OHions.
Click to see full answer
Also, what is the formula for KB?
Solve the equation for Kb by dividing the Kw by the Ka. You then obtain the equation Kb = Kw / Ka. Put the values from the problem into the equation. For example, for the chloride ion, Kb = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 1.0 x 10^6.
Additionally, is Ca Oh 2 stronger than NaOH? Look at charge Na has +1 charge and Ca has +2 charge after dissociation. Greater charge Stronger lattice. And as we need weak Lattice, so NaoH is stronger base than Ca(OH)2..
People also ask, what is the kb of a strong base?
Kb is the base dissociation constant. The base dissociation constant is a measure of how completely a base dissociates into its component ions in water. A large Kb value indicates the high level of dissociation of a strong base. A lower pKb value indicates a stronger base.
What is the Ka of Koh?
Solution. Potassium Hydroxide or KOH, is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to K+ and OH-. For every mole of KOH, there will be 1 mole of OH-, so the concentration of OHwill be the same as the concentration of KOH. Therefore, [OH-] = 0.05 M.
39 Related Question Answers Found
What does pKa stand for?
Key Takeaways: pKa Definition
What are the units of Ka?
An acid dissociation constant (Ka) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. The dissociation constant is usually written as a quotient of the equilibrium concentrations (in mol/L): [latex]K_a = frac{[A-][H+]}{[HA]}[/latex].
What is the difference between KB and Ka?
Ka is the "acid dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of H + ions. Kb is the "base dissociation constant." It deals with the concentration of OH - ions.
What is the kb value?
Kb value refers to a standardized ASTM test that measures the relative strength of a non-aqueous cleaning fluid. Mild solvents with lower Kb values will may not be strong enough to dissolve ionics and fluxes.
What is the difference between pKa and Ka?
Ka is acid dissociation constant and represents the strength of the acid. pKa is the -log of Ka, having a smaller comparable values for analysis. They have an inverse relationship. Larger the Ka, smaller the pKa and stronger the acid.
Can pKa be negative?
Is pKa the same as pH?
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. pKa (acid dissociation constant) and pH are related, but pKa is more specific in that it helps you predict what a molecule will do at a specific pH.
Is h3po4 an acid or base?
Salts: AgNO3(Salt), NaCl(Salt), NaNO3(salt), KNO3(salt), Acids: H3PO4(acid), HCl(acid), H2SO4(acid), HC2H3O2(acid), HNO3(acid), H2SO3(acid) Bases: Mg(OH)2(base), NaOH(base), KOHbase), NH4OH(base).
What makes a strong or weak base?
Strong and Weak Bases
The issue is similar with bases: a strong base is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a weak base. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH 3 (which does not contain OH ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base.
What are strong bases?
Strong bases are able to completely dissociate in water
 - LiOH - lithium hydroxide.
 - NaOH - sodium hydroxide.
 - KOH - potassium hydroxide.
 - RbOH - rubidium hydroxide.
 - CsOH - cesium hydroxide.
 - *Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide.
 - *Sr(OH)2 - strontium hydroxide.
 - *Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide.
Does higher pKa mean stronger acid?
A lower pKa means the Ka value is higher and a higher Ka value means the acid dissociates more readily because it has a larger concentration of Hydronium ions (H3O+).
Is a base a strong?
A strong base is a base that is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution. These compounds ionize in water to yield one or more hydroxide ion (OH-) per molecule of base. In contrast, a weak base only partially dissociates into its ions in water.
Is NaOH a strong base?
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is strong base because it fully dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions. While ammonia (NH3) is weak base because it accepts protons from water to produce fewer hydroxide ions in solution. While weak bases produce fewer hydroxide ions, making the solution less basic.
What is the kb of water?
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
Solvent Boiling point (°C) Kb (°C/mol/kg)
Naphthalene 217.9
Nitrobenzene 210.8 5.24
Phenol 181.75 3.60
Water 100.00 0.512
What is Ka KB and KW?
pKa and pKb are the -logs of Ka and Kb; Ka and Kb, when multiplied, are equal to Kw (1.0x10^-14). Kw is also equal to the hydronium and hydroxide concentrations when multiplied.
What is the full form of pKb?
pKb is the negative base-10 logarithm of the base dissociation constant (Kb) of a solution. It is used to determine the strength of a base or alkaline solution. pKb = -log10Kb.
Is Ca Oh 2 a strong base?
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base. Some strong bases like calcium hydroxide aren't very soluble in water. That doesn't matter - what does dissolve is still 100% ionised into calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Calcium hydroxide still counts as a strong base because of that 100% ionisation.


A few aspects of analise financial conditions enterprises of the Far East
The finance, taxes and book keeping
There are five groups of enterprises according to the activity characteristic functioning in the Far East. Each stage of the enterprises development is characterized by specific major tasks, which arose before the enterprises at the given stage. Every group has its own distinctive market peculiarities, specified levels of capital profitability and turnover, balance structure and reliability in connection with budget, credit institutions and state structures


Mystery bird: tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
This neotropical mystery bird is a tyrant flycatcher, a group of birds whose name seems to forewarn birders of its confusingly (tyrannically?) similar family members
Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, also known as Azara's kingbird, Lichtenstein's kingbird, the Gray (Grey)-headed kiskadee, melancholy kingbird, the west Mexican kingbird and the yellow kingbird, photographed at Galveston County, Texas (USA).
Image: Joseph Kennedy, 14 May 2011 [velociraptorize].
Question: This North American mystery bird is part of a group of birds that tend to be so cryptic and difficult-to-identify that their name seems to allude to this quality. Can you name this group and tell me which species this is (and why you think it is that species)?
Since Pete Moulton asked for a recording of the bird's voice, here you go:
Now, if you're really ambitious, tell me what species of bird is calling in the background of this recording!
Response: This is an adult tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, a member of the Tyrannidae, or tyrant flycatchers. Tyrant flycatchers are very difficult to distinguish, even when in-hand, so it requires a variety of morphological, behavioural, geographic and aural clues to make a reasonable identification, and even then, one must be satisfied to realise that it is simply not possible to identify all tyranids in all seasons and in all places -- something that also is true for all bird species.
But generally, tropical kingbirds can often be distinguished from several confusingly similar tyranids: (1) Cassin's kingbird, T. vociferans, has a darker gray head, back and breast (mostly not visible in this image) which make a stronger contrast with its white throat, and a white tip to its tail; (2) western kingbird, T. verticalis, has white outer edges on its black tail (not easily visible in this image), a grayer breast and a smaller bill. Which leaves us with Couch's kingbird, T. couchii, an almost identical species that was recently split from the tropical kingbird. These two species are best distinguished by voice, thus the song recording that Pete Moulton requested to make sure he'd gotten the correct ID.
Now to answer my "extra" question regarding the recording: the bird calling in the background is a ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum.
twitter: _USER_


1. Forum
 2. >
 3. Topic: Turkish
 4. >
 5. [Grammar] Suffix: -dir
[Grammar] Suffix: -dir
After countless questions about the usage of "-dir", I thought we should have a small guide on the topic.
How many of you guys have started hating this annoying suffix?
This suffix has a number of uses, but I'll just talk about 3 of them here and see how it goes:
I. When writing a sentence, "writing" being the keyword here, if you're stating important facts, "important" being the keyword here, then you should use "-dir".
For example, you want to write: "Phobos is a satellite of Mars"? Yes, that's a fact. And it's pretty important! (Mind you, soon we're going to Mars). Had it been a satellite of Uranus, you wouldn't need it, because we're not going there anytime soon!................ (Just kidding. You would use it there too. It's all encyclopaedical information. You need the "-dir" with such statements.)
But this is when writing. When speaking, it's up to you really. I never use it when I speak, for instance.
Also remember my remark about using the "-dir" in important facts. So please don't walk around saying "-dir" with sentences like "This chicken smells fishy", "The weather is nice today," "My father is in the kitchen," or "My car is a BMW," because everyone knows a Mercedes is better……… And also because none of these are encyclopaedical pieces of information. TL;DR : No one cares about your car. (I love BMWs btw. Contact me and we can exchange photos).
If it seems hard to decide when to use it, just never use it. It's much worse (for the listeners) when you use it in the wrong place than when you simply discard it where it's expected. You'll learn it in time. No rush.
II. Here comes the weird part: the "-dir" is also used when you're not too sure of something. After reading the first rule about encyclopaedical usage of "-dir" which you state established facts with, this might seem like a paradox. But this is usually a spoken language thing, although it's fine to use it in writing too. For example, you're about to rob a bank with some friends. (With friends like that…) And one of them asks: "So where do you think they're keeping all the money?" (He's asking in Turkish, btw. So feel free to ask him to take his sock-mask off so you can hear him clearly; Turkish is hard to understand as it is!) And so you turn to him with rolling eyes: "Probably in the vault?" You could say: "Muhtemelen kasada," but wait! Don't kill the moment! Remember this guide and use the "-dir"! "Muhtemelen kasadadır." That's not necessarily a fact. With the "-dir", you mean: "I mean I haven't seen it, but that's probably the case."
Another example: "You give a bacon to the cat, but it won't eat it." (Dogs > cats. _TAG_ popcorn#) So you go to your friend and say: "The cat's not eating the bacon." Your friend might say: "Aç değil." He's not hungry, hinting he had fed him earlier. But, he could also say: "Aç değildir," which would mean: "He's probably not hungry".
III. You would use "-dir" also to indicate the duration of something. English uses "for" for this. "5 saattir buradayım." → I've been here for 5 hours, or: "Sen o şehre taşındığında 10 yıldır orada yaşıyordum." (When you moved to that city, I'd been living there for 10 years). But remember, you can only use it when in English you would use a perfect tense. Otherwise you can't. For example a sentence like "I'll be in London for 5 days," would not allow "-dir". No perfect tense is used. So: "Dört gün Londra'da olacağım." You could use "boyunca" in this case if you really want to use something: "Dört gün boyunca Londra'da olacağım."
I hope this sheds some light on the matter!
May 16, 2015
Your posts are amazing. I thought Turkish was going to be very difficult to learn; however, the course is constructed so well with clear and comprehensive tips and notes, relevant sentences in exercises (you guys went to the extent of adding different words which sound or appear similar to the same "logical" sentence so that we know the difference!), logical progression of skills and most importantly brilliant moderators, who are very active in the discussion rooms and explain every issue with such clarity. My mind is blown away, not only am I finding the Turkish course the easiest to learn (I tried different apps before and was fed up with how difficult the language seemed to be!), this course is actually helping me improve my English grammar! Çok acayıp, çok şaşırtıcı! In short, I want to declare to the universe that I love the Turkish course moderators, the course and language itself, Doulingo and Turkey!! Çok teşekkür ederim :-)
Very good explanation, indeed! For the first one I would like add some points that I consider important. I think -dir is used mostly in written and formal language. I recently realized that I have seen it quite often in warning and information texts in public places such as subways, buses, concerts, restaurants, shopping malls... Let me give a couple examples
İki bira alana bir tane ücretsizdir. - One beer is free when you buy two beers. (Written on a menu or on a signboard on the table.)
Sistem geçici süreyle servis dışıdır. - The system is temporarily unavailable. (Written on a screen at subway)
Film gösterimi üst kattadır. - The movie screening is at the top floor. (Written on a signboard)
However advertisements don't like it very much. They usually use -dir when giving necessary information in small fonts such as 'KDV dahildir'. (Vat is included). But if this is part of advertising/campaign they don't use it and say KDV Dahil! (Vat is included!) in big fonts. Because it's less formal, so more attractive.
So when you want to go formal, official or public (all in all, BORING) you can prefer to use -dir. It's usually used in written language (especially public or formal) and public speechs. In daily speaking some people may also use it in order to sound very assuring and confident especially when they try to prove their points or teach something. It can make a statement sound something very true and need to be accepted/learned. I personally find it a bit bumptious, smarty or distant in a one to one conversation.
Yes in one word it can be explained as boring.
Funny and informative! Thanks! They made a good choice, adding you to Team Turkish.
[deactivated user]
 I laughed like an idiot ahahah I love the way you explained the whole topic, gg wp
 Hilarious and helpful. (Everyone knows Turkish cats are Muslim and don't eat bacon. Look it up on the encyclopedia.)
 However, it's very peculiar and subtle. İt'll take years to master, no doubt. (That's a "-dir")
 Very useful and funny, I will never forget the puzzled robber :) Thanks and have a lingot!
 Have writtin more articals? If yes please give me the links, because you are hilarious! I really did enjoy the reading :D
 I loved everything about this post as a Turkish person! :) Great job. If anyone needs help i would be more than happy to participate :3
 Simply Amazing. You explained it so well and in such a witty way, that it really becomes very interesting to read it again and again. And after reading this, I am reading all your comments you have ever posted. I have to search "Ektoraskan" in order to read your posts. Is there any other way to find all your/his posts?
 Thanks again
 Your posts are blowing my mind. Thanks! :)
 for the first one, in order to use -dir, the verb must be ''to be''
 Very well written!
 teşekkür ederim, çok faydalı.....
 hahaha, so funny! sağ ol!
 I wish I had read this earlier, would've saved me a lot of time and head-scratching! I remember reading that -dir is sometimes used when the word on its own sounds vague(probably in longer sentences)? If that is indeed true, I would like some examples, please! :D
 P.S. Cats > Dogs :p
 [deactivated user]
 nice explanation sir.
 1. Loved the explanation! 2. Does this work for past as well? E.g If I want to say "It was the correct file" (really stressing the fact that it was (:) Thanks!
 very useful :):)
 you are a good teacher, although I didn't grab the entire subject but I'm happy that it's something that we can skip in speaking.
 Frankly speaking all the suffixes are


A. Exchange 2010 introduces a new archiving capability. With the archive, users have a second mailbox, the archive mailbox that exists in the same Mailbox database and is available from both the Outlook client and Outlook Web Access. The Archive mailbox is associated with the user's primary normal mailbox and the management of the archive and primary is identical. The primary mailbox is available online and offline and its content is stored in the Outlook OST cache file. The archive mailbox isn't cached on the user's local machine and is therefore only available online.
The online-only storage is the point of the archive. As you increase the size of mailboxes, you don't necessarily want all the data stored locally on user machines, because it can lead to very long initial download times when users get a new machine. The data users frequently access is stored in the primary mailbox, which is ideally less than 10GB and is cached locally. Everything else is stored in the archive mailbox and available online, so it can be much larger and contain historical data. Because the archive mailbox is part of the same mailbox database, its availability is the same as the primary mailbox (i.e., it will be replicated as part of a database availability group).
The user experience for the archive is intuitive. Users will see their mailbox and their archive mailbox. They can drag and drop a PST file into the archive and the PST will be imported into the archive automatically, or users can schedule the import to happen at outside of working hours. The viewing and navigation of the primary and archive mailbox is the same. If a user searches all mail items, the archive content is included. Users or administrators can set retention policies so that mail is automatically moved to the archive after a number of days, and different policies can be set on different folders.
The goal of this feature is to kill off local PST files, which are a nightmare to maintain and backup and are very difficult to search and manage from a compliance perspective. Functions exist to allow delegation of search capabilities to compliance officers so they can easily find email over all mailboxes in the environment, and legal holds can be placed on items so they aren't deleted.
In my opinion, Microsoft has missed the boat on this feature. The fact that the archive has to be in the same mailbox database as the primary means that you can't host the primary mailbox on one tier of storage (such as higher availability, higher performance) and the archive on a lower tier of disk. The Microsoft position is that the lower tiered disk for the archive isn't required because all storage can now be just a bunch of disks (JBOD) because of the low IO profile of Exchange 2010. That being said, I think in a future Exchange service pack they will change this design to allow the archive to be in a separate mailbox database.
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