text:
FAQs about FACS (Family and Consumer Sciences)
What is family and consumer sciences (FACS)?
Answer: Family and Consumer Sciences was formerly "family studies" in BCPS. This content area was once known as "home economics."
From its early science beginnings that led to the school lunch program and improved water quality, FACS has been in the forefront of applying science to benefit individual and family living. Family and Consumer Sciences remains the only educational program that directly addresses the preparation of students for adult roles, including work and family responsibilities.
What is addressed in FACS courses and programs?
Answer: FACS courses and programs address individuals and the family in current society and real-time societal problems. Major current problems in the U.S. include obesity; food related illnesses; child, date, and spousal abuse; foreclosure; and bankruptcy. FACS courses help students learn and apply information to prevent and solve these problems. In FACS courses, students develop knowledge and skills in:
Opportunities are provided for students to develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors for:
FACS courses provide education for the whole child and practical applications to develop 21st Century Learning Skills.
What does resource management include?
Answer: Resource management includes the study of human (i.e., energy, intellect) and non-human resources (i.e., time and money). For example, in Independent Living students learn how to make informed decisions about renting or buying housing, purchasing a car, insurance, living within their earnings, and managing savings and investments. They learn to manage time and other resources. There is a strong focus on personal financial literacy in Independent Living. Resource management is integrated in all FACS classes.
What do students do in FACS classes?
Answer: In FACS classes, students:
For example, in child development courses, students observe and plan activities for pre-school children after studying theories of child development. While learning about financial literacy, students participate in computer experiences to apply what they have learned for their own spending or through simulations. After studying nutrition, students use current dietary guidelines to plan and prepare items that preserve nutrients and supply a well-balanced diet across the lifespan.
Will students use technology in FACS classes?
Answer: Yes. FACS classes make technology seamless as students participate in laboratory experiences related to daily living, such as learning about electronic banking or analyzing fabrics used for a variety of purposes.
Students work with computers and a variety of other technological equipment. For example, in the Teacher Academy of Maryland students use the latest instructional technology found in classrooms. Technological advances are integrated throughout FACS classes.
Why should students take FACS courses?
Answer: A former slogan for this content area was, "If you don't pass FACS, you may not pass life." FACS courses prepare students for their current and future roles as individuals, family members, and members of society. They learn how to balance work and family in order to have a well-rounded, successful life.
Students may take FACS elective courses for personal interest or to explore possible career areas. FACS completer programs prepare students to enter post-secondary institutions or employment upon high school graduation.
From learning how to communicate to learning how to manage, FACS prepares students for life! For example, future pediatricians, psychologists, and parents take child development to learn how children grow and develop. Students interested in careers serving people take courses in the Human Services Associate program. Information about FACS-related careers is integrated in all courses.
Can students earn articulated (college) credit in FACS programs?
Answer: Students completing a FACS completer program may be eligible to earn college, or articulated, credits which will save time and money in college. Some of the completer programs have articulation agreements with the Community College of Baltimore County and area colleges and universities.
Where are FACS courses offered?
Answer: FACS courses and programs are located in selected middle and high schools in BCPS. Some middle schools have family and consumer sciences as a requirement. Completer programs may be found in technical high schools and comprehensive high schools. High school elective courses are found in comprehensive high schools only. The BCPS Course Registration Guide lists the courses and programs available in BCPS. Contact the school counselor to see what is available at a specific school.
Are there FACS college degrees and careers?
Answer: Yes, FACS college degrees are available in Maryland colleges and nationally. There are many careers related to FACS content areas. Listed below are some examples:
FACS middle and high school courses give students a chance to learn about and explore FACS-related careers.
Contact your school counselor for more information about the FACS course and program offerings at your school.


Why We Keep Looking and Looking for Lost Items
Jan. 18, 2010 -- SUNDAY, Jan. 17 (HealthDay News) -- Looking for something? New research provides insight into why we miss things when they're uncommon.
"We know that if you don't find it often, you often don't find it," said Jeremy Wolfe of Harvard Medical School. "Rare stuff gets missed." Wolfe's comments came in a news release from Cell Press, which published a study on the phenomenon online Jan. 14 in Current Biology.
Anyone who's ever tried to find the so-called needle in a haystack knows of what he speaks. But why does this happen?
In a new study, researchers say that people who look for common things don't stop. "When nothing is there, they don't give up on the response," Wolfe said. "It's all terribly adaptive behavior for a beast in the world. If you know berries are there, you keep looking until you find them. If they are never there, you don't spend your time hunting."
When something is rare, we try hard to look for it, but "we aren't well-built for that and make more errors than we'd like," he said.
What to do in places like airports, where security screeners have to look for uncommon objects like weapons? Wolfe said it might be wise to prime people at the beginning of shifts by having them search for common things, then let them go on duty and look for rare things.
The researchers plan to test their theories in airports and in health clinics, where medical employees look for rare things like tumors.
More information
The Franklin Institute has more about the brain.
SOURCE: Cell Press, news release, Jan. 14, 2010


text:
Torresol Energy's objectives are the development and operation of efficient thermosolar plants that contribute actively to the evolution of the electricity generation system towards a renewable and sustainable model.
Torresol Energy is fully aware of its commitment with employees and all others who interact with the company on a daily basis. This commitment has led us to identify excellence in Safety and Health as a priority and highly strategic objective in all our activities, from early planning through to the operating phase.
Integrated Safety is the basic tool that we use for drafting our Occupational Risk Prevention Policy. Our objective is the ongoing improvement of working conditions and levels of protection for everyone that collaborates in the development of Torresol Energy. We are firmly convinced that accidents and occupational diseases may be prevented, a goal toward which we are working steadfastly.
Our commitment is based on the following Basic Principles of Action:
- To promote the participation of everyone that collaborates in the daily development of Torresol Energy
- To promote a culture of risk prevention through information, training and permanent skill-building, to make it clear how our work affects our health and the health of those around us
- To keep risk-prevention plans updated and operational in all our facilities
- To analyze risk situations and accidents that take place, never accepting them as conditions inherent to the job; this analysis should always lead to specific actions geared towards reducing the risks of accidents
- To extend the scope of this management model to all our collaborating investigators towards a common commitment of improving safety and activating effective communication and coordination channels
- Guarantee fulfillment of the applicable legislation in matters of prevention, as well as our in-company requirements, being extremely rigorous in the monitoring of this management model
- To promote the development of new technologies, processes and working methods that entail less exposure to risks for people
- Establish and maintain close collaboration with the different public administrations in order to become a reference in the sector.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How to Manage Energy Usage with Ethernet I/O – Metering Project – _PHONE_
Metering Project – Managing Energy Usage with Ethernet I/O
Defining the Problem:
The university power plant produces both electricity and steam for the campus. The chilled water and steam condensate need to be monitored and recorded by totalizing the pulsed outputs from; magnetic, positive displacement, and vortex flowmeters. The volumetric flow rate, together with the liquid heat loss from the steam-to-heat transfer process, is used in steam cost calculations to better manage the energy demand across the campus.
System Requirements:
 - The university requires consistent installations that can be duplicated across the campus.
 - Communication with the data historian software, InStep eDNA, via Modbus TCP/IP over the campus Ethernet network.
How to Manage Energy Usage with Ethernet I/O - Metering Project App Note
Implementing the Solution:
 1. Connect a PC to the 989EN-4016, open an internet browser, then assign the network parameters, followed by configuring the discrete inputs as counters to totalize the flowmeter pulse outputs.
 2. Simulate input pulses and observe the count increase in the 989EN-4016 counter test page.
 3. The eDNA software periodically reads the current count value of each input from the 30,000 Modbus input registers; or the 43,000 holding registers. Two registers of 16-bit unsigned integer values yield a 32 bit totalized count value.
Featured Products:
Notes: 989EN-4016 modules have 16 discrete I/O where each channel can be an input or an output. Optionally, this model allows the first 8 channels to be used as non-volatile pulse counters; with the remaining 8 channels available as local output alarms for their associated input counters.
Why Acromag:
The 989EN-4016 module is an affordable, versatile discrete and counter/alarm remote I/O. With fast installations and Class 1 Div 2 ratings, duplication across the campus was easily achieved. Additionally, the campus data historian software was quickly programmed to communicate with the 989EN solution.

Learn more: What is Ethernet/IP?


Skip to definition.
Noun: Susiana ,soo-zee'a-nu or,soo-zee'ey-nu
 1. An ancient country in southwestern Asia to the east of the Tigris River (in what is modern Iran); was known for its warlike people
 - Elam
Encyclopedia: Susiana


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This study deals with the design and the evaluation of technological solutions for the electrification of public transport in urban areas. A Decision Support System (DSS) developed by ENEA â within the Research program on Electric System (RSE) has been adopted in order to verify the technical feasibility of several electric architectures of single bus lines and compare the investment and management costs, as well as the external costs due to vehicle emissions and noises, of the feasible solutions with respect to the conventional alternatives (Compressed Natural Gas, CNG, and diesel). The DSS has been applied to several bus lines located in the south-west area of the city of Rome, Italy, and covering different types of service: peripheral lines, main lines connecting suburbs with the city center and secondary lines going to the main metro stations. Input data for the DSS derived both by simulation and by open database available from the public transport operator in Rome (ATAC). Results show that a suitable electric architecture can be found for each of these lines with lower or comparable total costs with respect to the traditional alternatives. Finally, a sensitivity analysis has been performed considering several scenarios in terms of discount rate of recharge stations and batteries, battery's duration, price of conventional fuels.
Conti, V., Orchi, S., Valentini, M.P., Nigro, M., Calo', R. (2017). Design and evaluation of electric solutions for public transport. In Transportation Research Procedia (pp.117-124). Elsevier B.V. [10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.033].

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Back to Glossary Index
Schema Mapping
Translate data from one schema or structure to another to facilitate data integration.
Schema mapping definition:
Schema mapping is the process of mapping the schema of one dataset to the schema of another dataset in order to integrate or merge them. It involves mapping the fields or attributes of one dataset to the fields or attributes of another dataset, ensuring that the data types, formats, and other properties match between the two datasets. Schema mapping is a crucial step in data integration, as it enables datasets with different schemas to be combined and analyzed together.
Schema mapping example using Python:
Please note that you need to have the necessary Python libraries installed in your Python environment to run this code.
In Python, one way to perform schema mapping is by using the PySpark library. Here's an example:
# Importing the required libraries
from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
from pyspark.sql.functions import col
# Creating a SparkSession
spark = SparkSession.builder.appName("Schema Mapping Example").getOrCreate()
# Creating a sample dataframe with multiple columns
data = [("John", 25, "25000.50"), ("Smith", 30, "35000.75"), ("Jane", 28, 32000.25)]
df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ["name", "age", "salary"])
# Defining the mapping schema
mapping_schema = {
 "name": "string",
 "age": "integer",
 "salary": "double"
}
# Creating a new dataframe with the mapped schema
mapped_df = df.select([col(c).cast(mapping_schema[c]).alias(c) for c in mapping_schema.keys()])
# Displaying the original and mapped dataframes
print(f"Original dataframe: {df}")
print(f"Mapped dataframe: {mapped_df}")
# Applying some transformations on the mapped dataframe
filtered_df = mapped_df.filter(mapped_df.age > 25)
grouped_df = filtered_df.groupBy("name").agg({"salary": "sum"})
# Stopping the SparkSession
spark.stop()
This will print out the schema of each dataframe showing the new mapping:
Original dataframe: DataFrame[name: string, age: bigint, salary: string]
Mapped dataframe: DataFrame[name: string, age: int, salary: double]
Other data engineering terms related to
Data Management:
Archive
Move rarely accessed data to a low-cost, long-term storage solution to reduce costs. store data for long-term retention and compliance.
Augment
Add new data or information to an existing dataset to enhance its value. Enhance data with additional information or attributes to enrich analysis and reporting.
Backup
Create a copy of data to protect against loss or corruption.
Curation
Select, organize and annotate data to make it more useful for analysis and modeling.
Deduplicate
Identify and remove duplicate records or entries to improve data quality.
Dimensionality
Analyzing the number of features or attributes in the data to improve performance.
Enrich
Enhance data with additional information from external sources.
Export
Extract data from a system for use in another system or application.
Index
Create an optimized data structure for fast search and retrieval.
Integrate
combine data from different sources to create a unified view for analysis or reporting.
Memoize
Store the results of expensive function calls and reusing them when the same inputs occur again.
Merge
Combine data from multiple datasets into a single dataset.
Mine
Extract useful information, patterns or insights from large volumes of data using statistics and machine learning.
Model
Create a conceptual representation of data objects.
Monitor
Track data processing metrics and system health to ensure high availability and performance.
Named Entity Recognition
Locate and classify named entities in text into pre-defined categories.
Parse
Interpret and convert data from one format to another.
Partition
Divide data into smaller subsets for improved performance.
Prep
Transform your data so it is fit-for-purpose.
Preprocess
Transform raw data before data analysis or machine learning modeling.
Replicate
Create a copy of data for redundancy or distributed processing.
Scaling
Increasing the capacity or performance of a system to handle more data or traffic.
Synchronize
Ensure that data in different systems or databases are in sync and up-to-date.
Validate
Check data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency.
Version
Maintain a history of changes to data for auditing and tracking purposes.


Andrew Hardin, a grad student at the University of Colorado, designed these neat, colorful maps that show how long it will take you to move around Boulder, Denver, San Francisco, or Seattle using public transit. Just click any point on the map, and colors pool out around it — like a heat map, but for time spent on buses or subways.
These maps aren't meant to tell you exactly how minutes it'll take a person to get from her front door to a favorite restaurant. FastCoExist:
Hardin's maps, which are based on Open Street Map data, aren't completely accurate. For example, they assume people cross rivers directly, when normally people take bridges or tunnels. "Frankly, better tool exists for planning your commute," he admits. The point is to offer approximations, so you know immediately how far two destinations are from each other.
But they show something more interesting than commute times — the shape of city, as determined by its public transit. You can see, for instance, the impact of train stops, which create distinct circles of time around them, like drops of food coloring on a liquid surface.
Grist thanks its sponsors. Become one.


Alexandru Solomon To Investigate TARZAN'S TESTICLES
Todd Brown, Founder and Editor
Half the battle in making a compelling documentary is selecting a compelling topic and Romanian producer / director Alexandru Solomon has got himself a doozy in Tarzan's Testicles. Solomon will be exploring actual research done by the Abkhazian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy throughout the Soviet era which attempted to cross breed humans with monkeys. Says FNE about the project:
Once a part of the Soviet Union, Abkhazia is now a disputed territory, with a handful of nations - Russia among them - recognizing it as independent while most of the world considers its territory to be a part of the Republic of Georgia. Georgia officially considers it an autonomous republic with its government sitting in exile in the Georgian capital of Tblisi, while officially listing it as a Russian occupied territory. Let's just say the local politics are thorny.
Tarzan's Testicles is in planning now with a release planned for 2014.
Around the Internet:
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Alternative For LED In The Night Vision Devices
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night-vision-without-led-illuminator
night-vision-without-led-illuminator
The night vision devices with LED illuminator make use of the laser diode or the other ambient light sources such as the filtered incandescent lamp, to provide the proper wavelength of infrared illumination. This proper wavelength helps to eliminate the differentiation involved in the ambient light.
It allows the user to eradicate the shadows, in order to illuminate and improve the quality of the image contrast. The filtered incandescent lamps based on the high power lamp pass through the infrared radiation and laser type, based on the infrared laser diode for the near infrared energy emission and are used with the night vision technology instead of using the LED illuminator.
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text:
Evidence is presented for the presence of opiate binding sites with a preference for benzomorphans in seven regions of the human brain. The highest concentration of these sites was found in the hypothalamus and the lowest level in the thalamus. By utilizing the phencyclidine derivative, 3-hydroxyphencyclidine, we have obtained data suggesting that these benzomorphan binding sites may be a mixture of κ and σ sub-types of opiate receptors.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all)


Doctor and activist
Load-Based Pollution 24/12/16
Dr Ben Ewald from the Hunter, who has been working with Doctors for the Environment has been lobbying for a Federal EPA and wrote a submission on the load-based licensing system, which is another name for polluters paying a levy per tonne of pollutant that they produce. There is some charge for each type of pollutant, and the charge can also be loaded for how close the pollutant is to population centres, as this relates to its health impacts. NSW has had such a scheme for years, which is fact the best developed in Australia, but NSW keeps the rate of this tax very low otherwise NSW would merely end up importing electricity from other states that pollute more but had no such tax. Hence the need for a national system. The current NSW fee is only 0.82% of the sale price per megawatt.
Other facts were that there is 1.1 million tonnes a year of Sulphur dioxide produced in Australia, 51% from coal-fired power stations. They also produce 380,000 tonnes of Nitrous oxides, 52% of all produced annually in Australia. Coal-fired power stations produce 8,900 tonnes of PM2.5, which is however only 29% of the national output of PM2.5, which is 31,000 tonnes. PM2.5 is particles of 2.5 microns in diameter, which are the smallest ones measured. There used to be a lot of emphasis on how much pollution in the air by how much weight of pollutant there was per cubic metre of air. Then researchers realised that big particles get caught in the nose, whereas small particles continue down into the lungs and have bigger health effects. So the absolute weight of particles is not as important as the number of smaller particles. Hence the new interest in PM2.5!
It also turns out that while the coal-fired power stations are the ones with the load-based licences, the open cut mines produce the most carbon particle pollution but are exempt from fees! That is a political decision of course. Doctors for the Environment need to be supported as they beaver away producing the submissions and organising the facts that the governments need to be told and that the activists need to amplify! Here is the submission:
Arthur Chesterfield-Evans
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text:
Birth Name: John Alexander McGeoch
Place Of Birth: Scotland
Date Of Death: March 4, 2004
Cause Of Death: N/A
John McGeoch was born on the 25th of August, 1955. He was known for being a Guitarist. Scottish guitarist and member of many post-punk bands like Magazine, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Visage.
John McGeoch was born in Scotland. He received his first guitar when he was twelve years old. His first band was called Slugband.
John McGeoch was a Virgo and was born in the Baby Boomers Generation.
John McGeoch was born in 1950s. The 1950s is often viewed as "baby boom" and a period of conformity, when young and old alike followed group norms rather than striking out on their own. The 50s were also the beginning of the Space Race, Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. Discover what happened on this day.
John Alexander McGeoch is part of the Baby boomers generation. Also known as "boomers", are the result of the end of World War II, when birth rates across the world spiked. They are associated with a rejection of traditional values. These hippie kids protested against the Vietnam War and participated in the civil rights movement.
John's education details are not available at this time. Please check back soon for updates.
John McGeoch's mother's name is unknown at this time and his father's name is under review. We will continue to update information on John McGeoch's parents.
Like many famous people and celebrities, John McGeoch kept his personal life private. Once more details are available, we will update this section.
John McGeoch was born in the Year of the Goat.
|REAL NAME:||John Alexander McGeoch|
|AGE GENERATION:||Baby Boomers Generation|
Zodiac Sign: John McGeoch was a Virgo. People of this zodiac sign like animals, healthy food, nature, cleanliness, and dislike rudeness and asking for help. The strengths of this sign are being loyal, analytical, kind, hardworking, practical, while weaknesses can be shyness, overly critical of self and others, all work and no play. The greatest overall compatibility with Virgo is Pisces and Cancer.
Chinese Zodiac: John McGeoch was born in the Year of the Ox. People born under this sign enjoy being alone with their thoughts. They're creative thinkers, economic, cautitous and appreciate the arts, they can also be indecisive.
Ruling Planet: John McGeoch had a ruling planet of Mercury and has a ruling planet of Mercury and by astrological associations Wednesday is ruled by Mercury. In Astrology, Mercury is the planet that rules our mindset. People who are born with Mercury as the ruling planet have communication skills, intellect and cleverness.
John McGeoch's birth sign is Virgo and he had a ruling planet of Mercury.
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Fact Check: We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us. This page is updated often with new details about John McGeoch. Bookmark this page and come back often for updates.


text:
Culture-toProduct Platform
This Platform seeks to isolate and identify new strains through mining the microbiota. These mining activities provide access to thousands of microorganisms (mostly bacteria) with potential biofunctional activities. This represents a very valuable resource for the APC and has already yielded a well catalogued, quality controlled, and easily accessed culture collection. We continue to isolate new strains (aerobic and anaerobic), many of which do not have known cultivation processes. In order to demonstrate clinical efficacy and to define the potential of these strains as functional components in various product formats, it is necessary to generate new protocols to cultivate these microorganisms in high quantities and to preserve them as dried or frozen preparations without affecting stability or their key functional activities. This Technology Platform develops the processes to deliver such cultures in formats suitable for applications in further research or in pilot-scale products.


text:
Background: After a patient death, experienced physicians have reported feelings of sadness, guilt, and self-doubt. Residents and interns experience a strong emotional impact to these deaths as well, and previous studies have shown that they only feel adequately supported 50% of the time. Residents feel more supported by their attendings and are better able to emotionally cope if debriefs occur after adverse events or deaths. There are few studies on how frequently hospitalists hold debriefs after patient deaths and how best to conduct such discussions.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand current practices in coping with patient deaths and to create a debrief tool to guide residents and hospitalists in conducting debriefs after a patient mortality or adverse event.
Description: The study was conducted at a large urban academic medical center. An initial anonymous survey was administered to Internal Medicine residents and hospitalists to understand current debrief practices. There were 13 hospitalist respondents and 31 resident respondents. The survey found that debriefs do not happen consistently, with only 31% of hospitalists reporting that they always debrief after a patient death or adverse event and 0% of residents reporting that their attending always leads debriefs. Although 77% of hospitalist respondents reported recognizing when trainees are having difficulty coping with a patient death or adverse event, only 55% of residents agreed that their attendings recognized that they were having difficulty coping. Furthermore, 65% of resident respondents reported that they were not aware of mental and emotional health resources and 69% of hospitalists reported that they have never provided such resources. Survey data also showed that 100% of the hospitalists had not received training on how to conduct debriefs, but 100% would want a tool to help them debrief.A debrief tool was created based on the need indicated from the survey (figure 1). Specific elements were selected from best practices when discussing difficult events and from a survey question related to physician perception of the purpose of debriefs. Further input was taken from focus groups of residents and hospitalists. Using the mnemonic SEEK, the tool emphasizes the following 4 components: Setting a stage, creating Expectations and a blame-free environment, discussing Emotions and providing additional Knowledge and resources. This tool also includes sample questions to guide the discussion when leading a debrief and resources for emotional and mental care. Laminated cards with the tool were published and made available online. Training sessions were conducted with both residents and hospitalists, and they were guided through elements of a debrief, sample questions to facilitate discussion, and how to use the tool. At the end of the training session, hospitalists and residents applied their newly learned skills to challenging clinical scenarios.
Conclusions: The development and implementation of a tool helped to establish an easily adopted method to facilitate debriefs. Follow-up comments from attendings and residents have shown that debriefs are occurring more frequently after adverse events and deaths, and that they have been helpful and very much appreciated by the residents. Further evaluations and results will need to be collected. Additionally, applying the tool to specialty services, in ICUs, and continuing to train additional residents and hospitalists will broaden the practice of debriefs.
To cite this abstract:Kochar, A; Radcliffe, M; Vinh-Tung, N. A TOOL TO GUIDE DEBRIEFS AFTER PATIENT DEATHS. Abstract published at Hospital Medicine 2019, March 24-27, National Harbor, Md. Abstract 314. _URL_ Accessed December 6, 2019.


text:
Eduard Dubin, Olesya V. Grishchenko, and Vasily Kartashov
Abstract: We study the asset pricing implications of a general equilibrium Lucas endowment economy inhabited by two agents with habit formation preferences. Preferences are modeled either as internal or external habits. We allow for agents' heterogeneity in relative risk aversion and habit strength. We explicitly compute aggregate prices, such as equity premium, equity volatility, Sharpe ratio, interest rate volatility, and asset holdings for both types of preferences. Equilibrium quantities are computed using a recently developed algorithm of Dumas and Lyasoff (2011), which is refined to capture time nonseparability induced by habit. We obtain that internal habits provide for a considerable improvement in obtaining aggregate asset pricing quantities consistent with historically observed magnitudes as opposed to ''catching up with Joneses" preferences.
Keywords: Consumption-based asset pricing models, external habit, internal habit, heterogeneity, time nonseparability, general equilibrium, recursive solutionFull paper (296 KB PDF) | Full paper (Screen Reader Version)


text:
21 Nov 2012
With the British High Court's judgement that a group of Kenyans can claim damages from the British government for abuses suffered during the Mau Mau rebellion, and on-going enquiries into the abuse of "terror suspects" in the War on Terror, the Frontline Club hosts a panel of experts to discuss Britain's record on involvement in the use of torture.
The panel includes, Ian Cobain, author of the new book, Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture.
What constitutes torture and how prevalent the practise is throughout the world, are two shocking facts that emerge in this discussion.
© Frontline Club


there is no way of specifying which specific stem/word is matched. A verb entry for -unknown might be included with some basic frames (e.g., transitive or intransitive) if in addition to a verb lexicon the grammar also used a guesser for unknown verbs.
Note that all subentries (op)POS XLE in these examples are really for categories POS_BASE, because of the XLE morph-code.
To add an alternative constraint for the ADJ reading.
 abc +ADJ XLE @(ADJ-OBL %stem on);
This states that the stem abc has an additional adjective entry in which it takes an oblique on phrase.
To cancel the ADV reading
 abc -ADV XLE;
The - operator must be accompanied by a part of speech category and a morph-code (* or XLE). This example states that any previously existing entry for abc as an adverb (ADV) known to the morphology (XLE) has been removed. This operator is often used when removing unwanted lexical items from the morphology (e.g., either mistakes or extremely rare words that are interfering with the parser).
To Do both previous. That is, to add an adjective (ADJ) reading while removing the adverb (ADV) one (and any other parts of speech that may have existed from previous entries).
To add a noun reading, and replace the ADJ constraints.
 abc !N XLE @(NOUN %stem);
!ADJ XLE @(ADJ-OBL %stem on);
The! indicates that the current noun (N) and adjective (ADJ) entries replace any such entries from previous lexicons. The ETC states that entries for other parts of speech, such as adverbs or verbs, are still valid. Note that the! is in fact optional because it is the default edit operator. However, for clarity it is recommended that you include the! operator.
To retain only the adjective interpretation from the -unknown entry.
 abc =ADJ XLE; ONLY.
The retain operator only makes sense with a disposition of ONLY (the default); if a disposition of ETC is given, the retain operator is effectively purposeless.
The retain operator is used when you don't know what other parts of speech there may be entries for. To remove just a particular part of speech, you should use the - operator.
Overlay Grammars
Sometimes a grammar writer will want to use a modified version of an existing grammar, but won't want to modify the existing grammar. This can happen if the existing grammar is maintained by someone else. If the grammar writer modifies the existing grammar, then new modifications will have to be made whenever the existing grammar is improved. One solution to this problem is to create an overlay grammar.
An overlay grammar is a grammar whose config file includes a BASECONFIGFILE. The base config file points to the existing grammar. The overlay grammar inherits all of the config entries of the base config file. It can also add to and subtract from the config entries. In addition, it can have new lexicon entries, new rule entries, and a new performance vars file. The new lexicon entries can modify the existing lexicon entries using edit entries. The new rules can modify the existing rules using edit rules. The morphology can either be replaced by the overlay grammar or it can be modified in the performance vars file.
Edit Rules
Just as edit entries allow the grammar writer to edit a previous lexical entry, edit rules allow a rule to edit a previous rule. The notation is similar to the notation for edit entries. If a rule name is preceded by +, -, &, or!, then the rule will be combined with the previous version of this rule based on the operator:
For example, the following rules:
 YP --> AP BP.
 +YP --> CP DP.
Are equivalent to:
 YP --> {AP BP | CP DP}.
Morphology Commands
There are a limited number of modifications that can be made to the morphology via commands in the performance vars file:


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Possible Duplicate:
What is the meaning of double curly braces initializing a C-struct?
for this following structure,
typedef struct matrix
 float data[16];
} matrix;
Is there any difference between,
matrix test1 = {0};
matrix test1 = { { 0 } };
when it comes to initializing the data member of the structure. Both initializes data to zero.
Some insight when it comes to C or C++, would be great.
share|improve this question
marked as duplicate by Björn Pollex, Ólafur Waage, cnicutar, Alok Save, Ferdinand Beyer Jun 28 '11 at 8:30
There is no partial initialization in C. An object either isn't initialized at all, or it is fully initialized. {0} explicitly initializes the first member to 0 and implicitly initializes (to 0) all other members. – pmg Jun 28 '11 at 9:02
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
With matrix test1 = { 0 } you will initialize test1 with all zero's and with matrix test1 = { { 0 } } You will initialize test1.data. with all zero's in this case it does the same actually since you don't have any other data definitions in your struct :)
share|improve this answer
That means, if I had another member in the struct then, using { { 0 } } wouldn't initialize the second variable as zero? But, that doesn't happen, however I use single or double, all are being initialized with zero! – iamcreasy Jun 28 '11 at 8:36


_PHONE_
Thursday, 4 February 2021
High Chief Ollorwi Osaro
Animal affinity (ware-beast) known in Eleme as Nkũ is the practice of establishing like-mindedness with a particular chosen animal through magical arts. The animals that were popularly attractive to the people for whom affinity is established include Mkpɛɛ (Leopard/Tiger), Lion (Nna'oro), Boar (Nji), Ɔjɔ (Python) rarely, etc.
The Nkũ Cult was typical of the Leopard (Ekpe) Society which originated among the Efik and spread throughout West Africa to as far as Brazil and so on. The different being that in Eleme Nkũ Cult was not limited to the Leopard as individual adopts wild and carnivorous animal of his own choice. Those who seek and enter into affinity with these wild beasts always act and behave like their ware-beasts.
Purpose of Ware-Beasts
The Nkũ cult in Eleme was used for the following purposes:
To protect oneself
To threaten an opponent to submission
To Destroy perceived or real enemies' farms
To waylay and kill victims (especially travellers) at random.
Area of Nkũ Activities and Pattern of Operations
The Nkũ Cult was active in almost all the communities of Eleme but residual at Onne its stronghold. Those who belong to the Mkpɛɛ (Leopard) group prefer to dress in leopard skins during operations to waylay travelers with shark-claw like weapons in the form of leopards' claws and teeth. Their victims flesh would be cut from their bodies and distributed to members of the society. They believed that the ritual cannibalism would strengthen members of the society.
These were the exclusive groups of people who were believed to possession by the spirits of carnivorous animals such as leopard/tiger, lion and boar, who carried out ritual killings while in a state of possession.
Unlike the Ekpe society of the Efik that was all men affairs the Mkpɛɛ society in Eleme has both male and female members. Women in Onne and across Eleme joined the ware-beasts cult to protect themselves and love ones, impact terror and fear in their enemies and destroy their crops. In other words, outside protection of oneself the Nkũ cult evolved a dangerous pattern such as targeting animals of enemies in broad daylight and their crops.
As the members of the Nkũ cult continue to abuse their powers by attacking innocent people unnecessarily, killing maiming and destroying properties and farms, the Paramount Ruler of Onne Chief Osarowate Olungwe Obibia (1873 – 1958) ordered that the practice be stopped by commissioning a very powerful deity known as Nsãe'o, whose priestess (Osilaechu Ngooma) was also a member of the Nna'oro (Lion) Society to deflate their powers. Not minding whether her priestess's interest and that of the group she belong will be affected or not the deity has the final say. Killing and destruction of properties must stop and peace and tranquility must return to Onne in particular and Eleme in general.
Role of Osilaechu Ngooma in Abolishing Nkũ Cults in Eleme
Who was Osilaechu? Osilaechu Ngooma was the priestess of Nsãe'o deity. She was born in Ogoloma Onne to Chu Ngooma, a famous medicine man from the deformed Ajoor community of Eleme. When Ajoor was sacked by Akaraolu Siaro of Alode, Chu Ngooma escaped to Ogoloma Onne where he continued practicing the mystical art for which he is well known. He specialized in the cure of diseases like leprosy, epilepsy, madness, elephantiasis and so on. During war was known to have send thousands of bees on attack and was always victorious. He is known for the use of common materials like water (mmu), leaves (Nsãe'o), alligator pepper (okikɛɛ̃), etc. to effect great cures and performance of unimaginable things.
Birth and Marriage of Osilaechu
It was during his exile in Onne that Osilaechu was born and she got married to Chu Kolor also of Ogoloma, Onne. When her father died, she inherited her father's arts and surpassed him. However, she divorced Chu Kolor and got married to Olaka Ollorma of Ejamah Ebubu as his third wives. But despite the fact that Olaka was wealthy, she brought him all the way to her father's house at Onne and there they lived together, abandoning his wives and children at Ejamah.
Osilaechu marriage with Olaka Ollorma lasted for a while and Olaka realized that he was under a great spell and returned to join his family at Ejamah after a fruitless encounter with great mystic woman. Not quite long she remarried for the third time to Richard Ollor of Ogoloma, Onne and they moved their residence to the foreshore at Elee.
Osilaechu and Nkũ Cult
Osilaechu had for her ware-beast (Nkũ) the lion and it could be seen frequently around her house. She sends this beast on errand at will and can transform into the animal within the blink of the eyes.
Osilaechu did many astonishing things and she believed that merely punishing somebody through mystical powers was not an offence. What she was opposed to was killing a human being. In 1959 she inflicted her husband with hernia for denying her conjugal rights. It took the intervention of her husband's relations and elders for her to withdraw the spell after performing the necessary sacrifice and within two days the mountain of hernia disappeared.
Osilaechu and Nsãe'o Shrin
So many people were deceived by the simplicity of her Nsãe'o shrine – a small pot that was always filled with water, one sugarcane, oyster, crab and periwinkle shells. With water from that pot she brought about instant cures, banished evil spirits, ends court cases and other disputes, won competitions in favour of persons who sought her help. With that same water she caused invisibility for as long as desirable for a particular engagement. She also provided security cover to those who sought her services. For many years she protected Chief Osarowate by ordering a lion to guard him wherever he went until his dead in 1958.
Unwholesome Practice of Nkũ Cult
During this time Onne people were maintaining several ware-beasts (Nkũ) that is, Leopards/Tigers, Lions, Boars, etc. A leopard can suddenly emerge even at daytime and carry away a goat belonging to any person they wanted to punish. This power was largely abused and many innocent people were being harassed, the peace of the communities threatened and living was becoming more violent and intolerable.
Abolition of Nkũ Cults in Eleme
This unwholesome practice forced Chief Osarowate to appeal to Osilaechu to come to the aid of Onne in particular and Eleme in general by abolishing the menace of leopard cult and other ware-beasts cults that have been terrorizing the people and scare the ware-beasts away from all the communities. The necessary materials were procured and sacrifice was made to Nsãe'o deity with an instruction that all ware-beasts be chased away from the communities. It took the Nsãe'o Deity only five local weekdays to accomplished the task.
That was the end of the Nkũ Cults in Onne and Eleme till today. Since then people can no more send wild beasts to destroy crops (or animals) in their enemies' farms, waylay, attack and terrify travellers or kill people just for the fun of it. But, the nickname Mkpɛɛ, Nnaoro' etc. are still common place.
High Chief Ollorwi Osaro
High Chief Ollorwi Osaro
Child Naming
Naming Ceremony
Child Name Bearing (Okora Onwi)
Sources of Name
Events or Occurrences
Place of the Child's Birth.
Period of the Child's Birth
Office/Function/Family Profession or Tradition
Veneration to Deity
Arochukwu and Nkwere Influence
Preordained Name (Abee Re 'A Obari)
Day of Birth
Veneration to God
Pet Names (Ɔlɛ Abee)
Namesake in Eleme Culture
Namesake refers to a name
 High Chief Ollorwi Osaro
Monday, 30 March 2020
Niniini be ɛgbɛrɛ egeta nɛɛ oku Eleme. Ebe ɛbɛrɛ egeta tĩrũ enu re ka nasã ɔ'ɔni nnini. Ɔbari abere jiɛnsi wee sai egeta rii nnini bãrã bũrekeɛ ɔnanaa bai titɛ ebo olo wee puma nɛɛi. Anyɔ ana ɛdaamɔ ɛbai rɛ wa kukula ɔbɔ �


text:
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text:
Write array to a file as text or binary (default).
Data is always written in 'C' order, independent of the order of a. The data produced by this method can be recovered using the function fromfile().
fid : file or str
sep : str
format : str
This is a convenience function for quick storage of array data. Information on endianness and precision is lost, so this method is not a good choice for files intended to archive data or transport data between machines with different endianness. Some of these problems can be overcome by outputting the data as text files, at the expense of speed and file size.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court
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Currently, I am developing an octree data structure. And I need it to be fast. To this end, I would like to have a fast way to extract the $m$ binary digits "after the dot" of each entry in a matrix of machine precision numbers. This matrix is of size $n \times d$ where $d$ is the space dimension (say $d=3$) and represents a set of $n$ points (shift and rescaled to lie in the unit box) to which the octree has to adapt. The number $n$ is typically in the range of a couple of 100 thousands and a few million. So, the input parameters are, e.g.,
n = _PHONE_;
d = 3;
m = 32;
x = RandomReal[{0., 1. - $MachineEpsilon}, {n, d}];
For performance, it is crucial that the resulting $n \times d \times m$ tensor is a packed array of Integers. As you can see below, I have tried already several things. But in view of the fact that actually nothing has to be computed as the mantissas of the machine precision numbers are actually stored in binary, the timings are really disappointing.
ToPack = Developer'ToPackedArray;
cf = Compile[{{z0, _Integer}, {base, _Integer}, {n, _Integer}},
 IntegerDigits[z0, base, n],
 CompilationTarget -> "C",
 RuntimeAttributes -> {Listable},
 Parallelization -> True,
 RuntimeOptions -> "Speed"
digits1 = ToPack[RealDigits[x, 2, m, -1][[All, All, 1]]]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digits2 = ToPack[IntegerDigits[IntegerPart[x 2.^m], 2, m]]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digits3 = Transpose[Table[Mod[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2], {k, 1, m}], {3, 1, 2}]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digits4 = Transpose[cf[IntegerPart[x 2.^m], 2, m], {1, 2, 3}]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digits1 == digits2 == digits3 == digits4
I have also tried to use BitGet but that was a couple of times slower than RealDigits.
In practice, I do not know in advance how many digits I need. So it would be even better to retrieve only the $k$-th digit at a time. In this case, the timings look as follows:
k = 4;
digit1 = ToPack[RealDigits[x, 2, 1, -k][[All, All, 1, -1]]]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digit2 = ToPack[
 IntegerDigits[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2, 1][[All, All, -1]]]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digit3 = Mod[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2]; // AbsoluteTiming // First
digit4 = cf[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2, 1][[All, All, -1]]; //
 AbsoluteTiming // First
digit1 == digit2 == digit3 == digit4
So, Mod and IntegerPart seem to do quite a good job, but still, there is a multiplication involved for each digit to be extracted.
Does anybody know of a fast, low-level way to retrieve the digits?
 - $\begingroup$ What I'd try for raw speed is write a C plugin where you cast the double into an unsigned long long int and extract the bits directly by masking, using info from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754 $\endgroup$ – Roman Jan 20 '19 at 20:40
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Correction: I've written a minimalistic C plugin that extracts a single binary digit directly by bit masking a uint64_t version of the double number. Even with all safety checks off, and MTensor processing inside the C function (i.e. only one function call for a large list of input numbers) this plugin just about as fast as your digit3. Not worth the trouble. In any case, as your digit3 takes only about 8 nanoseconds per conversion, I'm wondering what speed goal you had in mind? $\endgroup$ – Roman Jan 21 '19 at 17:16
 - $\begingroup$ Thank you _USER_. This is both disappointing and encouraging at the same time. ;) $\endgroup$ – Henrik Schumacher Jan 21 '19 at 17:35
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ It's a shame BitAnd and BitShiftRight don't do what you think they would do on reals. $\endgroup$ – Chip Hurst Feb 4 '19 at 15:37
Not a complete answer
We can squeeze out a bit more speed by using BitAnd instead of Mod and BitShiftLeft instead of multiplication in your digit3 calculation.
Mod[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2]; // RepeatedTiming // First
BitAnd[IntegerPart[BitShiftLeft[x, k]], 1]; // RepeatedTiming // First
Mod[IntegerPart[x 2.^k], 2] == BitAnd[IntegerPart[BitShiftLeft[x, k]], 1]
I sought a solution that masked the bits via combinations of BitAnd and BitShiftRight, but to my surprise they don't work on Real as you might think.
BitAnd[1.0, 1]
BitAnd[1, 1.]
BitShiftRight[1.0, 1]
Though in its defense, C doesn't support bitwise operations on floats or doubles without casting to an integer type first.
Something like
double x = 1.0;
long n = *((long*)&x);
n >>= 1;
x = *((double*)&n);
gives 1.11875e-154 rather than 0.5, and it behaves how we might expect it to.
We can do something similar in WL through BinarySerialize and extracting bits by masking.
MantissaDigit[arr_?Developer'PackedArrayQ, k_Integer] /; $ByteOrdering == -1 && $SystemWordLength == 64 && 1 <= k <= 52 :=
 Block[{blvl1, blvl2, dims, start, bytes, bits},
 blvl1 = 6 - Quotient[k+3, 8];
 blvl2 = 8 - Mod[k+4, 8, 1];
 dims = Dimensions[arr];
 start = blvl1 - 8(Times @@ dims);
 bytes = BinarySerialize[arr][[start ;; -1 ;; 8]];
 bits = BitAnd[BitShiftRight[Normal[bytes], blvl2], 1];
 ArrayReshape[bits, dims]
Note that this implementation depends on $ByteOrdering and $SystemWordLength.
This however is slower than the digit3 technique:
MantissaDigit[x, k]; // RepeatedTiming
{0.021, Null}
One bottleneck is applying Normal, which is needed since bitwise operations don't work on ByteArray.
Your Answer


's value is typically from 0.0 to 1.0, where 1.0 causes complete saturation to the light source's color at the brightest area (center) of the highlight. The default value is 0.0 and gives no highlight. The size of the highlight spot is defined by the phong_size value. The larger the phong size the tighter, or smaller, the highlight and the shinier the appearance. The smaller the phong size the looser, or larger, the highlight and the less glossy the appearance. Typical values range from 1.0 (very dull) to 250 (highly polished) though any values may be used. The default value is 40 (plastic) if phong_size is not specified.
The optional keyword albedo can be used right after phong to specify that the parameter is to be taken as the total diffuse/specular reflectance, rather than peak reflectance.
For example:
finish { phong albedo 0.9 phong_size 60 fresnel }
If phong is not specified phong_size has no effect.
Specular Highlight
The specular keyword in a finish statement produces a highlight which is very similar to phong highlighting but it uses slightly different model. The specular model more closely resembles real specular reflection and provides a more credible spreading of the highlights occurring near the object horizons.
The specular value is typically from 0.0 to 1.0, where 1.0 causes complete saturation to the light source's color at the brightest area (center) of the highlight. The default value is 0.0 and gives no highlight. The size of the spot is defined by the value given the roughness keyword. Typical values range from 1.0 (very rough - large highlight) to 0.0005 (very smooth - small highlight). The default value, if roughness is not specified, is 0.05 (plastic).
It is possible to specify wrong values for roughness that will generate an error. Do not use 0! If you get errors, check to see if you are using a very, very small roughness value that may be causing the error.
The optional keyword albedo can be used right after specular to specify that the parameter is to be taken as the total diffuse/specular reflectance, rather than peak reflectance.
For example:
finish { specular albedo 0.9 roughness 0.02 fresnel }
If specular is not specified roughness has no effect.
Note: When light is reflected by a surface such as a mirror, it is called specular reflection however such reflection is not controlled by the specular keyword. The reflection keyword controls mirror-like specular reflection.
Metallic Highlight Modifier
The keyword metallic may be used with phong or specular highlights. This keyword indicates that the color of the highlights will be calculated by an empirical function that models the reflectivity of metallic surfaces.
Normally highlights are the color of the light source. Adding this keyword filters the highlight so that white light reflected from a metallic surface takes the color specified by the pigment
The metallic keyword may optionally be follow by a numeric value to specify the influence the amount of the effect. If no keyword is specified, the default value is zero. If the keyword is specified without a value, the default value is 1.
For example:
finish {
 phong 0.9
 phong_size 60
 metallic
 }
If phong or specular keywords are not specified then metallic has no effect.
Specular Reflection
When light does not diffuse and it does reflect at the same angle as it hits an object, it is called specular reflection. Such mirror-like reflection is controlled by the reflection {...} block in a finish statement.
Syntax:
finish {
 reflection {
 [COLOR_REFLECTION_MIN,] COLOR_REFLECTION_MAX
 [fresnel BOOL]
 [falloff FLOAT_FALLOFF]
 [exponent FLOAT_EXPONENT]
 [metallic FLOAT_METALLIC]
 }
 }
[interior { ior IOR }]
The simplest use would be a perfect mirror:
finish { reflection {1.0} ambient 0 diffuse 0 }
This gives the object a mirrored finish. It will reflect all other elements in the scene. Usually a single float value is specified after the keyword even though the syntax calls for a color. For example a float value of 0.3 gets promoted to the full color vector <0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3,0.3> which is acceptable because only the red, green and blue parts are used.
The value can range from 0.0 to 1.0. By default there is no reflection.
Note: You should be aware that:
 - Adding reflection to a texture makes it take longer to render because additional rays must be traced.
 - The reflected light may be tinted by specifying a color rather than a float. For example, finish { reflection rgb <1,0,0> } gives a red mirror that only reflects red light.
 - Although such reflection is called specular it is not controlled by the specular keyword. That keyword controls a specular highlight.
 - The old syntax for simple reflection: reflection COLOR and reflection_exponent FLOAT (without braces) is still supported for backward compatibility.
falloff sets a falloff exponent in the variable reflection. This is the exponent telling how fast the reflectivity will fall off, i.e. linear, squared, cubed, etc.
The metallic keyword is similar in function to the metallic keyword used for highlights in finishes: it simulates the reflective properties of metallic surfaces, where reflected light takes on the colour of the surface. When metallic is used, the reflection color is multiplied by the pigment color at each point. You can specify an optional float value, which is the amount of influence the metallic keyword has on the reflected color. metallic uses the fresnel equation so that the color of the light is reflected at glancing angles, and the color of the metal is reflected for angles close to the surface's normal.
exponent
This property predates the introduction of proper gamma handling. People found that it was difficult to model partially reflective surfaces in a realistic way, as middle and lower brightness objects typically looked too bright when reflected. As a means to work around the phenomenon the optional exponent keyword was added, producing non-linear reflection intensities. The default value of 1.0 produces a linear curve. Lower values darken middle and low intensities and keep high intensity reflections bright. While this feature may still be used for artistic effects, it is strongly discouraged for renders aiming at realism. The original phenomenon is well understood by now, and using assumed_gamma 1.0 as recommended will avoid it entirely.
Variable reflection
Many materials, such as water, ceramic glaze, and linoleum are more reflective when viewed at shallow angles. This can be simulated by also specifying a minimum reflection in the reflection {...} statement.
For example:
finish { reflection { 0.03, 1 }}
uses the same function as the standard reflection, but the first parameter sets the minimum reflectivity. It could be a color vector or a float (which is automatically promoted to a gray vector). This minimum value is how reflective the surface will be when viewed from a direction parallel to its normal.
The second parameter sets the maximum reflectivity, which could also be a color vector or a float (which is automatically promoted to a gray vector). This maximum parameter is how reflective the surface will be when viewed at a 90-degree angle to its normal.
Note: You can make maximum reflection less than minimum reflection if you want, although the result is something that does not occur in nature.
When adding the fresnel keyword, the Fresnel reflectivity function is used instead of standard reflection. It calculates reflectivity using the finish's IOR. So with a fresnel reflection_type an interior { ior IOR } statement is required, even with opaque pigments. Remember that in real life many opaque objects have a thin layer of transparent glaze on their surface, and it is the glaze (which -does- have an IOR) that is reflective.
Conserve Energy for Reflection
One of the features in POV-Ray is variable reflection, including realistic Fresnel reflection (see the section on Variable Reflection). Unfortunately, when this is coupled with constant transmittance, the texture can look unrealistic. This unreal-ism is caused by the scene breaking the law of conservation of energy. As the amount of light reflected changes, the amount of light transmitted should also change (in a give-and-take relationship).
This can be achieved by adding the conserve_energy keyword to the object's finish {}.
When conserve_energy is enabled, POV-Ray will multiply the amount filtered and transmitted by what is left over from reflection (for example, if reflection is 80%, filter/transmit will be multiplied by 20%).
Iridescence
Iridescence, or Newton's thin film interference, simulates the effect of light on surfaces with a microscopic transparent film overlay. The effect is like an oil slick on a puddle of water or the rainbow hues of a soap bubble. This effect is controlled by the irid statement specified inside a finish statement.
This parameter modifies the surface color as a function of the angle between the light source and the surface. Since the effect works in conjunction with the position and angle of the light sources to the surface it does not behave in the same ways as a procedural pigment pattern.
The syntax is:
IRID:
 irid { Irid_Amount [


text:
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19183 Golden Valley Road
Santa Clarita, CA 91387
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+ nNodes t nNodes tree = 1 + nNodes s + nNodes t
Now, since the statement is proven for each of the cases in the structural description of the data, it follows form the principle of structural induction that the proof is finished.
In order to really nail down what we are doing here, we need to define what we mean by predicates in a strict manner. There is a way to do this using fibrations, but this reaches far outside the scope of this course. For the really interested reader, I'll refer to.
Another way to do this is to introduce a topos, and work it all out in terms of its internal logic, but again, this reaches outside the scope of this course.
3.2 Lambek's lemma
What we do when we write a recursive data type definition in Haskell really to some extent is to define a data type as the initial algebra of the corresponding functor. This intuitive equivalence is vindicated by the following
Lemma Lambek If has an initial algebra I, then P(I) = I.
Proof Let be an initial P-algebra. We can apply P again, and get a chain
We can fill out the diagram
to form the diagram
where f is induced by initiality, since is also a P-algebra.
The diagram above commutes, and thus af = 1PA and fa = 1A. Thus f is an inverse to a. QED.
Thus, by Lambek's lemma we know that if then for that PA, the initial algebra - should it exist - will fulfill, which in turn is exactly what we write, defining this, in Haskell code:
List a = Nil | Cons a List
3.3 Recursive definitions with the unique maps from the initial algebra
Consider the following PA(X)-algebra structure on the natural numbers:
l(*) = 0 l(a,n) = 1 + n
We get a unique map f from the initial algebra for PA(X) (lists of elements of type A) to from this definition. This map will fulfill:
f(Nil) = l(*) = 0 f(Cons a xs) = l(a,f(xs)) = 1 + f(xs)
which starts taking on the shape of the usual definition of the length of a list:
length(Nil) = 0 length(Cons a xs) = 1 + length(xs)
And thus, the machinery of endofunctor algebras gives us a strong method for doing recursive definitions in a theoretically sound manner.
Complete credit will be given for 8 of the 13 questions.
- Find a monad whose algebras are associative algebras: vector spaces with a binary, associative, unitary operation (multiplication) defined on them. Factorize the monad into a free/forgetful adjoint pair.
- Find an endofunctor of Hask whose initial object describes trees that are either binary of ternary at each point, carrying values from some A in the leaves.
- Write an implementation of the monad of vector spaces in Haskell. If this is tricky, restrict the domain of the monad to, say, a 3-element set, and implement the specific example of a 3-dimensional vector space as a monad. Hint: has written about this approach.
- Find a -algebra L such that the unique map from the initial algebra I to L results in the function that will reverse a given list.
- Find a -algebra structure on the object 1 + A that will pick out the first element of a list, if possible.
- Find a -algebra structure on the object that will pick out the sum of the leaf values for the binary tree in the initial object.
- Complete the proof of Lambek's lemma by proving the diagram commutes.
- * We define a coalgebra for an endofunctor T to be some arrow. If T is a comonad - i.e. equipped with a counit and a cocomposition, then we define a coalgebra for the comonad T to additionally fulfill (compatibility) and (counitality).
- (2pt) Prove that if T is an endofunctor, then if T has an initial algebra, then it is a coalgebra. Does T necessarily have a final coalgebra?
- (2pt) Prove that if U,F are an adjoint pair, then FU forms a comonad.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the comonad formed from the free/forgetful adjunction between the categories of Monoids and Sets.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the endofunctor P(X) = 1 + X.
- (2pt) Describe a final coalgebra over the endofunctor.
- (2pt) Prove that if is a final coalgebra for an endofunctor, then c is an isomorphism.


_USER_ {15510, title = {Automatic assignment algorithms for loading double stack rail cars}, journal = {Transportation Research Record}, volume = {1511}, year = {1995}, month = {01/1995}, pages = {10-18}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {
The development of two automatic suggestion algorithms (ASAs) for loading containers onto double-stack railcars is described. A container-oriented ASA (COASA) considers each arriving container and selects a loading position (LP) on the train. A location-oriented ASA (LOASA) considers each loading position and selects a container from the arrival pool (the containers at the terminal entrance queue). Both approaches use heuristics to improve train loading quality. A well-loaded train has a high load factor, low center of gravity, and uniform load distribution along the length of the train. Metrics were developed for each of these measures of performance. The loading strategies are tested using the Monte Carlo method based on historical container arrival data and typical train configurations. The performance of the LOASA improves when the pool size is increased, with the greatest improvement occurring when the pool size increases from one to two. For pool sizes greater than two, the COASA and the LOASA have similar performance. A simplified algorithm also was tested and evaluated. That algorithm produced load factors similar to the LOASA and the COASA, but did not perform as well according to the other metrics.
}, keywords = {Algorithms, Containers, Heuristic methods, Loads, Monte Carlo method, Performance evaluations, Railroad cars}, issn = {0361-1981}, url = {_URL_ author = {Jahren, Charles T. and Rolle, Stephen S. and Spurgeon, Lawrence E. and Palmer, Richard N. and Newman, Ronald R. and Howland, David L.} }


Asylum Seekers and Refugees
In Australia today, some of the people most in need of a compassionate neighbour are people seeking asylum. Having fled their homeland in search of safety and refuge, they are often detained in centres worse than prisons, with no apparent way of being granted a secure a visa.
Others are permitted to live in the community but lack the resources for adequate food, education or housing. They are often left for years without their claim for asylum being processed.
Good Samaritan Sisters and oblates endeavour to support these women, men and children directly by visiting them, as caseworkers, sourcing resources and petitioning government departments on their behalf.
Valuable partnerships in this work include the Jesuit Refugee Service, the Refugee Council of Australia, and the Catholic Alliance for People Seeking Asylum.
Other Sisters assist various groups of refugees, especially in the early months and years of being in Australia. Many of these people need support as they recover from the trauma of their past and as they find their way in a new and foreign community.


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"Racconto Plurale, a modular&multimedia bookshelf dedicated to Canone Letterario Europeo, Â«an essential selection of books and authors, with the aim of creating a formative tool for future young Europeans,â¦Â» in an emotional and aesthetical dialogue between paper support and technological ones.
Books, seemingly outranked by technologic evolution that prefers digital formats, actually continue to stand for memory and culture. Design by Sara Bergando, in collaboration with Mobili in Stile Loro and Marchea, Racconto Plurale aims to collect literary cultural essence of European Union and host stories from the most important authors of continental tradition, in an emotional and aesthetical dialogue between paper support and technological ones, in a space thought to hold and interact multimedia devices. Carrie out during the project âCasa Europa â Euro decennial seen from veneto craftsmenâ through different material and processing, the project would be an expression of their pluralism thanks to itâs flexible and widely customizable structure. Starting from the original circular configuration named âCasaEuropaâ, which reminds metaphorically culture continuity and physically recalls a coin made of 17 parts â the number of countries in the Eurozone -, the modular structure allows different solutions and various combinations.
Using two materials, wood and iron, symbolizes properly the two opposite suggestions: emotional/analog books, rational/digital multimedia. Raw materials and surface processing are environmental friendly thanks to âDesign for Disassemblyâ approach.
The connexions which culture creates between different readers generations and different countries are the most important value among those communicated by this product. Racconto plurale would be an expression of their pluralism, thanks to itâs flexible and continuous structure. The bookshelf wants to keep a strong connections between books and ebook-readers, as between tradition and innovation, as craft and design, besides a constant interaction between opposite spheres."


Unevenly spaced time series
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In statistics, signal processing, and econometrics, an unevenly (or unequally or irregularly) spaced time series is a sequence of observation time and value pairs (tn, Xn) with strictly increasing observation times. As opposed to equally spaced time series, the spacing of observation times is not constant.
Unevenly spaced time series naturally occur in many industrial and scientific domains: natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or volcanic eruptions typically occur at irregular time intervals. In observational astronomy, measurements such as spectra of celestial objects are taken at times determined by weather conditions, availability of observation time slots, and suitable planetary configurations. In clinical trials (or more generally, longitudinal studies), a patient's state of health may be observed only at irregular time intervals, and different patients are usually observed at different points in time. Wireless sensors in the Internet of things often transmit information only when a state changes to conserve battery life. There are many more examples in climatology, ecology, high-frequency finance, geology, and signal processing.
Analysis[edit]
A common approach to analyzing unevenly spaced time series is to transform the data into equally spaced observations using some form of interpolation - most often linear - and then to apply existing methods for equally spaced data. However, transforming data in such a way can introduce a number of significant and hard to quantify biases,[1][2][3][4][5] especially if the spacing of observations is highly irregular.
Ideally, unevenly spaced time series are analyzed in their unaltered form. However, most of the basic theory for time series analysis was developed at a time when limitations in computing resources favored an analysis of equally spaced data, since in this case efficient linear algebra routines can be used and many problems have an explicit solution. As a result, fewer methods currently exist specifically for analyzing unevenly spaced time series data.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Software[edit]
 - pandas is a Python library for data manipulation and analysis.
 - Traces is a Python library for analysis of unevenly spaced time series in their unaltered form.
References[edit]
 1. ^ Myron Scholes; Joseph Williams (1977). "Estimating betas from nonsynchronous data". Journal of Financial Economics. 5: 309–327. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(77)90041-1.
 2. ^ Mark C. Lundin; Michel M. Dacorogna; Ulrich A. Müller (1999). "Chapter 5: Correlation of High Frequency Financial Time Series". In Pierre Lequex. The Financial Markets Tick by Tick. pp. 91–126.
 3. ^ Takaki Hayashi; Nakahiro Yoshida (2005). "On covariance estimation of non-synchronously observed diffusion processes". Bernoulli. 11: 359–379. doi:10.3150/bj/_PHONE_.
 4. ^ K. Rehfeld; N. Marwan; J. Heitzig; J. Kurths (2011). "Comparison of correlation analysis techniques for irregularly sampled time series" (PDF). Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 18: 389–404. doi:10.5194/npg-18-_PHONE_.
 5. ^ a b Andreas Eckner (2014). "A Framework for the Analysis of Unevenly-Spaced Time Series Data" (PDF).
 6. ^ Ulrich A. Müller (1991). "Specially Weighted Moving Averages with Repeated Application of the EMA Operator" (PDF). Working Paper, Olsen and Associates, Zurich, Switzerland.
 7. ^ Gilles Zumbach; Ulrich A. Müller (2001). "Operators on Inhomogeneous Time Series". International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance. 4: 147–178. doi:10.1142/S0219024901000900. Preprint
 8. ^ Michel M. Dacorogna; Ramazan Gençay; Ulrich A. Müller; Richard B. Olsen; Olivier V. Pictet (2001). An Introduction to High-Frequency Finance (PDF). Academic Press.
 9. ^ Andreas Eckner (2017). "Algorithms for Unevenly-Spaced Time Series: Moving Averages and Other Rolling Operators" (PDF).
 10. ^ Andreas Eckner (2017). "A Note on Trend and Seasonality Estimation for Unevenly-Spaced Time Series" (PDF).


Nokia Drive 3.1 - Where does My Commute in Nokia Drive retrieve the traffic info from?
The traffic info for My Commute is collected from various sources:
 - Incident reports: Incidents range from jams on highways to planned construction works. These reports come often from local authorities such as the police or a local traffic management central. In many areas we have partnerships with the local authorities who will send the information to us.
 - Highway sensors: Many metropolitan areas have statically installed traffic flow sensors that measure the current average speeds on highways and major roads.
 - Crowd-sourcing: While the incident reports are very punctual and the installed sensors usually focused on major highways, we are also using the wisdom of the crowd to understand the traffic situation over the whole city. These are for example Nokia smartphones running Nokia Drive. People who are consuming traffic information can also improve the service by providing anonymous information about their current travel speed.
 - Historic information: The above information is archived and assumptions are made about the current speed on a street based on the historic information if there's not enough information from sensors or probes. Many streets in a city have a very regular pattern, e.g. the same traffic jam every morning but fast during night times.
 - Modelling: In many cases the traffic situation on the whole street network can be deducted from partial information. E.g. from a heavy jam on a highway one can often deduct the situation on the slip road entering the highway as well as the streets just before that.


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New York Numbers
The New York Numbers game is played twice a day, at midday and in the evening. You just need to select three numbers from 0 to 9 to take part, but there are a lot of options for different play types depending on whether you want to go in search of big cash prizes or favor better odds.
How to Win NY Numbers
Straight: When you play a straight, you need to match the winning numbers in the order they are drawn. For example, if you select 123, you need the winning line to be 123 in order to win.
Box: If you play a box, the winning numbers can match your numbers in any order and you will win a prize. You can choose to play a 3-way box or a 6-way box. The odds are better for the 6-way box but the prize is smaller.
- 3-Way Box – Select a number with two identical digits. For example, if you pick 112, you will win if the numbers are 112, 121 or 211.
- 6-Way Box – Select a number with three unique digits. For example, if you pick 123, you will win if the numbers are 123, 132, 231, 213, 312 or 321.
Straight/Box: You can play a straight and a box at the same time if you wish. Half of the cost goes on the straight play and half on the box. If you match the winning numbers exactly you win both, while you win just the Box prize if you match all the numbers but in the wrong order.
Combination: If you play a combination, you enter every possible straight from a set of three numbers. You can opt for either a 3-way combination or a 6-way combination. It is different to box play because you have to pay for each combination, but you can win far bigger prizes.
Pair Play: Select a two-digit number and decide whether you want to try and match the front pair or the back pair. For example, if you pick 23 as the back pair, you win a prize if the last two digits of the winning number are 23, regardless of which number comes before them.
Lucky Sum: Wager was discontinued from September 9, 2018. If the sum of your chosen numbers matched the sum of the winning numbers, you used to win a prize.


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Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants
Four medicinal plants including Ranunculus arvensis, Equisetum ravens, Carathamus lanatus and Fagonia critica were used for the study. All the plants were biologically active and were used for different types of ailments. Keeping in view their importance, this work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of their crude phytochemicals, vitamins and protein contents. The quantitative determination of crude phytochemicals (alkaloids, total phenols, flavonoids and saponins) vitamins (riboflavin, vitamin C, niacin and pectin) and protein were determined in the aforementioned herbs. The phytochemicals including alkaloids, total phenols, flavonoids and saponins were determined quantitatively using literature methods. Vitamins were measured using a UV/ visible spectrophotometer (UV- 1601 Shamidzu) and the protein was determined by the Micro KJeldahl's method (Horwitz et al., 2000). The studied plants showed variable amounts of phytochemicals, vitamins and protein contents. The study is very important, in that it intended to show the contents of the studied medicinal herbs and also provide a scientific data base line which is of particular importance for the local practioners as well as for the local people using these herbs for a variety of body disorders.
Key word: Phytochemical analysis, medicinal plants, Pakistan.


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Common faults and troubleshooting of vacuum hot pressing furnace
Vacuum hot pressing furnace Common Faults and exclusion method
High vacuum pumping on but does not leak (mean value vacuum gauge does not move for a long time) Possible reasons:
1. High vacuum gauge tube aging
2. Diffusion pump oil aging Solution: Replace the vacuum gauge; replace the diffusion pump oil. Thermocouple automatic access failure, warning lights alarm
1. Inner and outer limit failure.
2. Out of the motor does not turn.
Solution: Adjust or replace the stopper inside and outside; testing whether the motor is already bad, as bad replacement of the same type of motor. (Note) should be observed before the heating furnace within the limit indicator light should be lit. Low vacuum was not on but does not leak (mean value vacuum gauge does not move for a long time) Possible reasons:
1. Low vacuum gauge operating current is incorrect.
2. Mechanical Pump Oil aging
Solution: Adjust the operating current regulatory vacuum; replace mechanical pump oil. Over-temperature alarm and warning lights on
1. Over-temperature furnace
2. Instrument setting incorrect Solution: Press the manual reset over-temperature alarm parameter After a period of time the temperature does not rise up Possible causes: heater resistance value is increased. Solution: According to instructions to transfer large output power meter; severe aging only replacement heater Overcurrent control cabinet panel light is on and alarm Possible causes: Short circuit heater Solution: Open the lid heater observe whether there is a short circuit troubleshooting. Without water light is on and alarm Possible reasons:
1. Did not open the valve
2. Low water pressure
Workaround: open the valve; increase water pressure.
PECVD tube furnace
Large Multi station tubular furnace
PECVD system for graphene growth
High temperature high pressure tube furnace


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You must have administrator rights to access this feature.
This add-in conveys data edits made in ArcMap to the customer's Cartegraph database. If you edit data that participate in a two-way integration in ArcMap, the ArcMap Workstation should have the Cartegraph ArcMap Add-in installed. These are the workstations where GIS users edit GIS data with ArcMap. As GIS data is edited in ArcMap, the add-in component communicates with the Cartegraph Web Server to keep the Cartegraph database in sync with the geodatabase. In order for the Add-In to work, the SOE must be installed on the ArcServer and the feature layer must be registered as versioned. If the add-in is not installed or not configured, the sync must run to see any updates in Cartegraph.
Functions of the Cartegraph Service Object Extension (SOE)
Essentially the SOE provides the following two pieces of functionality that are essential to proper integration between Cartegraph and Esri ArcGIS Server:
The extension writes a metadata tag to each feature class Cartegraph integrates with. This metadata tag ensures the feature class in question only integrates to one instance of Cartegraph, since it reads the integration information from the tag, and also allows the Cartegraph Add-In for ArcMap to determine which Cartegraph server it should inform about changes made to an integrated feature class.
The extension also checks for duplicate records in the feature class at the time of integration by scanning the unique ID field determined by the end user during field mapping to ensure a successful integration. If duplicates are found, you are informed and the integration is prevented until you address the duplicate records.
Use the Cartegraph user name and password instead of the ArcGIS Identity user name and password. See Installing the SOE.
Download the files:
Installation and Configuration
The SOE for the ArcGIS Server and the Cartegraph ArcMap Add-In for ArcMap workstations are each a single file for deployment.
- Copy the CartegraphAddin.esriAddIn file to a location on the ArcMap machine or a shared network location.
- In ArcMap, from the Customize menu, select Add-In Manager to open the Add-In Manager.
- Click the Options tab and add the folder where you placed the add-in.
- For the Security Setting, select either the second or third choice to enable third-party add-ins.
- Click Customize to open the Customize dialog box.
- Click the Commands tab.
- For Show commands containing, enter Cartegraph.
- Select the Menus category, which displays the Cartegraph menu in the second column.
- Drag this menu up to the ArcMap menu bar.
- Click Close.
- From the new Cartegraph menu, select Cartegraph Options.
- Enter the Cartegraph Web server URL and a Cartegraph user name and password with permissions to edit the integrated Cartegraph data.
- Click Test to confirm the settings.
- Click OK.
- Repeat this process on all workstations where geodata is edited.


Coming from someone who grew up in the "Bluegrass State," I will be the first to tell you some state nicknames don't make sense — or are at least misleading. The state got this nickname from early settlers who named a certain type of grass "Bluegrass" because of the blooms on the top, which were slightly blue. But this grass isn't as common as the state nickname would lead you to believe. Here is a look at five other state nicknames that no longer make sense.
Wisconsin — The Badger State
Credit: MarynaG/Shutterstock
Wisconsin's state nickname no longer makes sense — and technically never did — because there are no more badgers in this state than there are anywhere else. The nickname "The Badger State" comes from the 1820s, when thousands of miners flocked to the Midwest. They made homes for themselves by digging caves in the rock under the ground, much like badgers do. For this reason, these miners became known as "badgers" or "badger boys." There were so many of them (or maybe the nickname was just so funny) that the whole state became known as the Badger State.
Minnesota — The North Star State
Credit: f11photo/Shutterstock
It is not clear why Minnesota was ever called the North Star State, unless it was just due to its position as one of several northern states in the contiguous United States. The name comes from the translation of the state's French motto "L'Etoile de Nord," but the state isn't particularly well-known for its eoile (star) or being in the nord (north). This nickname has been especially misleading since Alaska joined the United States in 1959, making that state the northernmost in the country.
Utah — The Beehive State
Credit: Johnny Adolphson/Shutterstock
Like Wisconsin, this is another nickname that is more misleading than "wrong." With a nickname like "The Beehive State," you would expect Utah to be a leader in honey sales or production, but it is actually 24th in the nation when it comes to that industry. So why is it called the Beehive State? According to historians, Utah has used the beehive as its state symbol for hundreds of years, as it stands for "hard work and industry." In fact, Utah values industry so much that its state motto is simply "Industry." So the busy bees in the Utah beehives are not real bees, but hard-working people.
Alaska — The Last Frontier
Credit: Maridav/Shutterstock
Space is the final frontier, according to Star Trek, but Alaska has long been known as "The Last Frontier," due to its unsettled areas and its general wildness. Many people take this nickname to mean that it was the last territory to be settled in America, and this is no longer true. While both Alaska and Hawaii officially became states in 1959, Alaska achieved statehood in January, while Hawaii didn't become a state until August. In this case, maybe Hawaii is the real last frontier.
New Jersey — The Garden State
Credit: ESB Professional/Shutterstock
Anyone who has ever been to New Jersey, especially the northern part, can tell you there is not much garden to be found in this "Garden State." A good portion of the state is bustling with businesses, people and traffic. The origin of the nickname actually comes from a speech given by Abraham Browning in 1876. He said that "our Garden State is an immense barrel, filled with good things to eat and open at both ends, with Pennsylvanians grabbing from one end and New Yorkers from the other." How that translates to a garden, I'm not sure, but it makes a great example of a state whose nickname no longer makes sense.


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Registered apprenticeships are an ideal solution for the mismatch between unfilled tech openings and talented workers who face challenges with traditional hiring processes. The Urban Institute served as a tech apprenticeship intermediary for three years, helping employers and sponsors design, register, and implement their programs. By working hands on and in partnership with employers, we documented what works in the field.
Five major findings emerged from this work. First, incentive funding is an important motivator to encourage employers to register programs, particularly when funds are paid after apprentices have been hired and engaged in work. Second, the registration processes are complicated, so easing this burden on employers such as through the work of intermediaries is important for scaling the system. Third, many employers seek flexibility and customization in the programs they implement, which requires knowledgeable and skilled help to navigate them through this process. Fourth, awareness about registered apprenticeship is low, so sharing the evidence and best practices in the field is important for advancing high-quality programs. Finally, registered apprenticeships can build needed diversity, equity, and inclusion in the tech industry. Supporting organizations that commit to this work is paramount.