Why do dogs bite their paws?
I have a female 4year old boxer. She bites her paws all the time. I need to know why she bites her paws?
Asked by Member 538050 on Nov 28th 2007 in Health & Wellness
 - This question is closed.
Best Answer
Not all dogs bite their paws. A little nibble now and then could be a common, normal itch. But if the chewing or licking is excessive then there is definitely some other cause.
The most common causes for foot chewing include allergies or boredom/stress.
What is she eating? Check the label for some common allergens such as corn or high amounts of grains, artificial preservatives, colors, or flavors. You may also want to try switching food brands completely and choose a formula with a different meat source and a different grain source than what you are currently using. Or try grain free food, home cooking, or a raw diet. Take treats into consideration as well.
To determine whether it is stress or boredom, look at her daily routine. Is she home alone a lot? Does she have a job? Is she well socialized and adaptable to new situations? Consider games or activities to stimulate her mind. This could be an organized sport and training, at home thinking games, or at home trick training.
Gio answered on Nov 29th.
Other Answers
Kaiden *aka BOO*, PAWS
My first reaction would be to say that they itch. However, I am learning that it can be something more like fleas. *They bite at their paws for a variety of reasons. The 2 most common are as follows:
1. Allergies/irritants which have caused irritation between the toes or on the pads.
2. Full anal glands.
Either case have it checked out..
Kaiden *aka BOO*, PAWS answered on 11/28/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer
I've heard of several dogs who bite at their paws when they are stressed, much like a nervous tic. Has there been any changes in her life lately (a move to a new house, new baby, less walks, less people home, someone moved out?) If so, I would suggest trying to deflect her attention from the paws, perhaps giving her a toy each time she goes for her paw? I'm not an expert, but after getting a check up at the vet, I would look into possible stressors.
take care!
Rudy answered on 11/29/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer
I would have it checked, but I would beleive it to be allergies. If she licks at them to a point where they start getting discolored then I would lean more toward allergies than anything
Member 521584 answered on 11/29/07. Helpful? Yes/Helpful: No 0 Report this answer


Depreciation Schedule Template
How to Make of Depreciation Schedule Template
The important thing for an accountant is making a simple formula for calculating cost or asset. Depreciation can be used as the simplest formula for calculating assets in a fast way. It is also can be used as a simple document for calculating compensation in a year. It makes the depreciation schedule template is important for reducing the mistakes in calculating and also to help your work
finish quickly.
The Advantages of Creating Depreciation Schedule Template
As the explanation above, depreciation is used due to the simplest formula. It can make an accountant easier to do the work. Besides, by using a depreciation schedule, you will be easier to calculate assets in large amounts along with different results within a certain period. This method will make you faster in completing work, and you can immediately do other tasks.
The Thing to Do For Making Depreciation Schedule Template
1. Collecting The Data
The first thing to do for making a deprecation schedule is collecting all of the data. It can be the number of assets, compensation, or some costs. By collecting the data you will know how many works that must be done, so you can manage it well.
2. Choosing the Method of Depreciation
Several methods can be chosen based on your needs. The methods are a straight line, declining balance, the sum of the year's digits, and unit production. Choose the simplest method that you need for helping you to create a depreciation schedule template. Don't make a complicated method, just choose what you need and relatable with the schedule.
3. Choosing the Media
Media can influence your creativity. You have to choose attractive media for making a deprecation schedule. Digital media is often used by an accountant due to the simple way and great facility. The advice for you is just whatever you want, but remember it must be useful and understanding.
4. Creating the Priority
The last stage for making a depreciation schedule is creating priority. It means you have to filter some jobs that the most important to do as soon as possible. You can be a good planner if you usually make your real priorities.
That is all the stages of how to make a depreciation schedule template. Depreciation is an important method for an accountant, so be careful about calculating the cost, asset, or compensation. Remember to re-check and understanding your work before creating the depreciation schedule. If you make mistakes in creating that schedule, your work will be getting worst. So, good luck!.
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Temporary Assistance for Needy Families or the TANF is a program funded by both the federal government and the state government. It aims to provide a safety net for families who are financially struggling and cannot provide for the family's basic needs. There are 4 goals that TANF focuses on, which are the following:
Maryland Unemployment Assistance are federal and local program that provide benefits for unemployed individuals in Maryland. Most of these program help by giving financial assistance to support individuals that are unemployed as a result of the pandemic.
Prescription Drug Assistance Programs is a Medicare program that assists the prescription of drugs of beneficiaries. It was implemented when the authorized passed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003.
Veterans Medical and Health Care Benefits are programs from the government that primarily focuses upon benefiting veterans in terms of medical and health care units.
EBT or the Electronic Benefits Transfer Cards or Common Benefit Identification Cards (CBIC) are electronically systematic cards that process the disbursement of the benefits under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
Unemployment Compensations are created by the federal and local government to assist and give benefits for jobless workers. These compensations primarily provide financial aid for unemployed individuals.
The unemployment rate in Michigan continues to rise as establishments and institutions lay off workers and reduce their business activity. This is due to the ongoing rage of the COVID-19 pandemic, and as more COVID cases are being reported in Michigan, many employees are at the risk of losing their jobs or source of income.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal program funded by the U.S government aiming to give food assistance to its eligible beneficiaries. It prioritizes low-income individuals, children, people with disabilities, and senior citizens to provide food necessities.
Child Care Certificate Program is a program that helps and assists parents with the tuition for child care. It primarily covers a part of a payment for the child care of its beneficiaries. Eligible families can freely choose the kind and type of child care as they participate within the said program.
Texas Unemployment is a relevant issue addressed by the Texas Workforce Commission or the TWC wherein they offer unemployment benefits to those individuals who lost their job due to reasons, not their fault, or got laid off because of the pandemic.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Gireogi appa
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Flock of geese during autumn migration
A gireogi appa (Korean: 기러기 아빠, literally "goose dad") is a Korean man who works in Korea while his wife and children stay in an English-speaking country for the sake of the children's education.[1] The term is inspired by the fact that geese are a species that migrate, just as the gireogi appa father must travel a great distance to see his family.[2] Estimates of the number of gireogi appa in South Korea range as high as 200,000 men.[3]
Related terms[edit]
If the gireogi appa has the finances to pay for frequent visits to see his family, he is called an "eagle dad" (독수리 아빠) but if finances constrict his ability to travel abroad, he is known as a "penguin dad" (펭귄 아빠)[4] because he cannot fly and may go without seeing his family for years at a time.[5] If the man cannot afford to send his children abroad, he rents a small studio for his wife and children in Gangnam, an area dense with hagwon. That father is called a "sparrow dad"(참새 아빠). And if the man sends his children to elementary school in Daechi, he hires lodgings and is called a "Daejeondong dad"(대전동아빠).[6]
More than 40,000 South Korean schoolchildren are believed to be living in USA, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia expressly to increase English-speaking ability. As of 2009, over 100,000 Korean students were studying abroad.[7] In at least some of the cases, a South Korean mother will choose to live abroad with her children with the additional reason of avoiding her mother-in-law, with whom a historically stressful relationship may exist due to Korean Confucianism.[8]
See also[edit]
External links[edit]


Top 5 Frost-Free Refrigerators and why should we buy them
None of us are guests to seeing ice form in our freezers. This happens due to the uneven circulation of cooling air in the freezer. As soon as cool air meets hot or humid air, frost is formed. Frost-Free refrigerators as the name implies prevents the formation of frost or ice. This is due to a small convection (electrical fan) that evenly distributes cold air avoiding frost to form.
Advantages of frost-free refrigerators:
 1. The main advantage of frost-free refrigerators is that you don't have to manually clean the fridge to thaw and drain out the ice every few months. The frost-free fridge avoids the formation of ice saving you time and effort.
 2. It maintains the maximum freshness of food, preventing it from getting spoilt due to ice crystals forming on stored food.
 3. Storage can be utilized to the maximum as there is no frost to create an interference with space.
 4. Neglecting regular frost formation in the fridge could cause a problem with the fridge's lifespan. As frost-free refrigerators prevent frost from forming, they have a longer lifespan.
Here is our list of the top 5 Frost-Free Refrigerators to buy:
Whirlpool FP 343D Frost-Free Refrigerator
The Whirlpool FP 343D is a triple door frost-free refrigerator with a storage capacity of 330 litres. It comes with the 6th sense active fresh technology and moisture retention technology.
The 6th sense active fresh technology keeps all the fruits and vegetables fresh for a longer time. The moisture retention technology maintains the natural taste and moisture for longer. Additionally, the air booster circulates air so that all compartments of the fridge receive even circulation of cool air.
LG GL-I322RPZL Frost-Free Double Door Refrigerator
The LG I322RPZL is a double door frost-free refrigerator that comes with a storage capacity of 308 litres. It has incorporated various technologies like the smart inverter compress which adjusts the cooling power based on the amount of food stored in the fridge.
The ice beam door cooling technology makes sure that there is even temperature flowing throughout the fridge. Furthermore, the unique jet ice technology converts water to ice in less than 90 minutes.
Top 5 Frost-Free Refrigerators and why should we buy them
SAMSUNG RT28M3022S8-HL Frost-Free Refrigerator
The Samsung RT28M3022S8-HL is one of the best double door frost-free refrigerators in India. With the new digital inverter technology, the compressor speed is automatically adjusted according to the cooling demand. This frost-free fridge uses minimal noise and energy and gives a long-lasting performance.
The shelves of this sleek and elegant fridge are made with toughened glass to hold a weight of almost 150 kg without any hassle. The fridge has a power-efficient and long-lasting LED lighting making it easier to find things quickly.
Whirlpool FP 313D Frost-Free Refrigerator
The whirlpool FP 313D frost-free triple door refrigerator is a packed with features. These features make the fridge all the more tempting to buy. The 6th sense active fresh technology along with the moisture retention keeps the fruits and vegetables fresh and safe from moisture.
Alongside that, the micro-block system which is present in the refrigerators compartment kills up to 99.9 percent of the microbes keeping your food healthy and safe for consumption. The air boosters system makes sure to circulate precise cooling throughout the fridge as well as prevents the odour mixing from one compartment to the other.
Top 5 Frost-Free Refrigerators and why should we buy them
SAMSUNG RT28K3022RJ/HL Frost-Free Refrigerator
The Samsung RT28K3022RJ/HL double door frost free fridge comes with a 253 litres capacity is a long-lasting refrigerator. It automatically adjusts the cooling speed with the help of the digital inverter compressor making the fridge durable. It is an energy-efficient refrigerator saving on the electricity consumption.
The easy slide shelf feature is built on rolling hinges to easily pull out and organize the items on the rack. The Big guard feature is not usually found in conventional refrigerators. It becomes easy to store bigger bottles or containers with this added feature.
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Crotty Dam also known earlier as the King River Dam is an 82metre high concrete faced rock and gravel fill dam in Western Tasmania. It is one of two dams that contain Lake Burbury, which forms the headwaters for the King River Hydroelectric Power Development on Tasmania's West Coast. The other is Darwin Dam.
The dam is located in the upper reaches of the King River gorge where the river breaks through the West Coast Range. It captures the high rainfall in the catchment of the King River and allows diversion of water through a tunnel to the John Butters Power Station some 8 kilometres downstream of the dam.


The client requests that the server change the UNIX user and group ownership to the given decimal values. Note there is currently no way to remotely look up the UNIX uid and gid values for a given name. This may be addressed in future versions of the CIFS UNIX extensions.
close <fileid>
Closes a file explicitly opened by the open command. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
del <mask>
The client will request that the server attempt to delete all files matching mask from the current working directory on the server.
deltree <mask>
The client will request that the server attempt to delete all files and directories matching mask from the current working directory on the server. Note this will recursively delete files and directories within the directories selected even without the recurse command being set. If any of the delete requests fail the command will stop processing at that point, leaving files and directories not yet processed untouched. This is by design.
dir <mask>
A list of the files matching mask in the current working directory on the server will be retrieved from the server and displayed.
du <filename>
Does a directory listing and then prints out the current disk usage and free space on a share.
echo <number> <data>
Does an SMBecho request to ping the server. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
exit
Terminate the connection with the server and exit from the program.
get <remote file name> [local file name]
Copy the file called remote file name from the server to the machine running the client. If specified, name the local copy local file name. Note that all transfers in smbclient are binary. See also the lowercase command.
getfacl <filename>
Requires the server support the UNIX extensions. Requests and prints the POSIX ACL on a file.
hardlink <src> <dest>
Creates a hardlink on the server using Windows CIFS semantics.
help [command]
See the ? command above.
history
Displays the command history.
iosize <bytes>
When sending or receiving files, smbclient uses an internal buffer sized by the maximum number of allowed requests to the connected server. This command allows this size to be set to any range between 0 (which means use the default server controlled size) bytes and _PHONE_ (0xFFFF00) bytes. Using the server controlled size is the most efficient as smbclient will pipeline as many simultaneous reads or writes needed to keep the server as busy as possible. Setting this to any other size will slow down the transfer.
lcd [directory name]
If directory name is specified, the current working directory on the local machine will be changed to the directory specified. This operation will fail if for any reason the specified directory is inaccessible.
If no directory name is specified, the name of the current working directory on the local machine will be reported.
link target linkname
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. The client requests that the server create a hard link between the linkname and target files. The linkname file must not exist.
listconnect
Show the current connections held for DFS purposes.
lock <filenum> <r|w> <hex-start> <hex-len>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Tries to set a POSIX fcntl lock of the given type on the given range. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
logon <username> <password>
Establishes a new vuid for this session by logging on again. Replaces the current vuid. Prints out the new vuid. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
logoff
Logs the user off the server, closing the session. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
lowercase
Toggle lowercasing of filenames for the get and mget commands.
When lowercasing is toggled ON, local filenames are converted to lowercase when using the get and mget commands. This is often useful when copying (say) MSDOS files from a server, because lowercase filenames are the norm on UNIX systems.
ls <mask>
See the dir command above.
mask <mask>
This command allows the user to set up a mask which will be used during recursive operation of the mget and mput commands.
The masks specified to the mget and mput commands act as filters for directories rather than files when recursion is toggled ON.
The mask specified with the mask command is necessary to filter files within those directories. For example, if the mask specified in an mget command is "source*" and the mask specified with the mask command is "*.c" and recursion is toggled ON, the mget command will retrieve all files matching "*.c" in all directories below and including all directories matching "source*" in the current working directory.
Note that the value for mask defaults to blank (equivalent to "*") and remains so until the mask command is used to change it. It retains the most recently specified value indefinitely. To avoid unexpected results it would be wise to change the value of mask back to "*" after using the mget or mput commands.
md <directory name>
See the mkdir command.
mget <mask>
Copy all files matching mask from the server to the machine running the client.
Note that mask is interpreted differently during recursive operation and non-recursive operation - refer to the recurse and mask commands for more information. Note that all transfers in smbclient are binary. See also the lowercase command.
mkdir <directory name>
Create a new directory on the server (user access privileges permitting) with the specified name.
more <file name>
Fetch a remote file and view it with the contents of your PAGER environment variable.
mput <mask>
Copy all files matching mask in the current working directory on the local machine to the current working directory on the server.
Note that mask is interpreted differently during recursive operation and non-recursive operation - refer to the recurse and mask commands for more information. Note that all transfers in smbclient are binary.
notify <dir name>
Query a directory for change notifications. This command issues a recursive filechangenotify call for all possible changes. As changes come in will print one line per change. See _URL_ for a description of the action numbers that this command prints.
This command never ends, it waits for event indefinitely.
posix
Query the remote server to see if it supports the CIFS UNIX extensions and prints out the list of capabilities supported. If so, turn on POSIX pathname processing and large file read/writes (if available),.
posix_encrypt <domain> <username> <password>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Attempt to negotiate SMB encryption on this connection. If smbclient connected with kerberos credentials (-k) the arguments to this command are ignored and the kerberos credentials are used to negotiate GSSAPI signing and sealing instead. See also the -e option to smbclient to force encryption on initial connection. This command is new with Samba 3.2.
posix_open <filename> <octal mode>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Opens a remote file using the CIFS UNIX extensions and prints a fileid. Used for internal Samba testing purposes.
posix_mkdir <directoryname> <octal mode>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Creates a remote directory using the CIFS UNIX extensions with the given mode.
posix_rmdir <directoryname>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Deletes a remote directory using the CIFS UNIX extensions.
posix_unlink <filename>
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Deletes a remote file using the CIFS UNIX extensions.
posix_whoami
Query the remote server for the user token using the CIFS UNIX extensions WHOAMI call. Prints out the guest status, user, group, group list and sid list that the remote server is using on behalf of the logged on user.
print <file name>
Print the specified file from the local machine through a printable service on the server.
prompt
Toggle prompting for filenames during operation of the mget and mput commands.
When toggled ON, the user will be prompted to confirm the transfer of each file during these commands. When toggled OFF, all specified files will be transferred without prompting.
put <local file name> [remote file name]
Copy the file called local file name from the machine running the client to the server. If specified, name the remote copy remote file name. Note that all transfers in smbclient are binary. See also the lowercase command.
queue
Displays the print queue, showing the job id, name, size and current status.
quit
See the exit command.
readlink symlinkname
This command depends on the server supporting the CIFS UNIX extensions and will fail if the server does not. Print the value of the symlink "symlinkname".
rd <directory name>
See the rmdir command.
recurse
Toggle


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Date: March 26, 2014
Who owns the world's forests, and who decides on their governance? The answers to these questions are still deeply contested. To many Indigenous Peoples and local communities who have lived in and around forests for generations, the forests belong to them, under locally defined systems of customary tenure. In most countries, however, governments have claimed ownership of much of the forest estate through historical processes of expropriation, and those claims have been formalized in statutory laws. While governments are increasingly recognizing local ownership and control of forests, forest tenure arrangements remain in dispute or unclear in many places, including low, middle, and high income countries.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
To submit a comment, contact _EMAIL_
Description found in Archives
Kaei 6 (1853)
Place of creation
Scope and content
1853 (Kaei 6) Japanese world map by Suido Nakajima. Presented on a Mercator projection, this map marks a significant advancement in Japanese globular cartography and a far more sophisticated adaptation of western cartographic standards than is evidenced in most earlier Japanese world maps. No longer reliant on 17th century Dutch maps acquired via the Dutch East India Company's (VOC) trade concession in Nagasaki, the Japanese have here abandoned many of the antiquated cartographic notions, such as an insular California, which were common in Japanese maps of the previous decade. Japanese cartographers may have been motivated to update their traditional world view in the light of the explosion of cartographic ideas associated with the arrival in Edo Harbor of the American Commodore Matthew Perry in the same year this map was published. As a whole this map offers a sophisticated cartographic presentation of the world embracing the most up to date cartographic knowledge available in the mid-19th century. Though adapted to the Japanese printing style, this map presents a generally accurate world view. British Claims to Washington and British Columbia are noted in North America, Australia and the Pacific are accurately rendered, as are the discoveries of Vitus Bering and James Cook in the Arctic, and Africa is clearly pre-Speke. The disputed East Sea / Sea of Japan / Sea of Korea is here labeled as the Sea of Joseon (Korea), which some scholars suggests indicates Japanese acceptance of the "Sea of Korea" convention. The map is printed on woodblock and hand colored in vivid, blues, greens, oranges, and yellows. A fine example of the redefined Japanese cartography style of the later Tokugawa period.
Conditions of access
Original can be viewed in the presence o
f an early cartographic archivist. Microfiche version is open.
669 Item no. assigned by LAC 669
Credit Library and Archives Canada.
Cartographer: Nakajima, Suido.
Cartographic math data
Citation / reference note
David Rumsey Collection
World - Maps.
- Date modified:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
All members of the Lane College community have certain rights. These include:
A. The constitutional rights of freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of political belief and affiliation, freedom from discrimination, freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of petition for redress of grievances.
G. The right to dissent or, in other words, to carry on individual or organized activity which expresses grievances held against or changes desired in society or the College or both. This activity is carried on within the limits of the democratic process of freedom or speech, assembly, and petition.


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Make your own cave wall handprints with this easy art project you can do with your kids. You can buy powder paint at most craft stores and is called tempera.
What you need:
- Piece of black or brown paper
- White powder paint (tempera)
Dampen the paper with a squirt bottle or damp cloth.
Place your child's hand down firmly on the damp paper.
Flick the white powder paint over the hand and the paper.
Carefully lift your child's hand from the paper and look at the impression left behind.


Wither Scientific Temper & Rationality? Gauhar Raza
By May 5, 2020videos page
Gauhar Raza will speak on the importance of scientific temper and rationality in society and how to promote it. He will analyse recent trends taking people away from the scientific temper and rationality and comment on how it impacts the society.
Gauhar Raza, Scientist, Poet, Film Maker, Activist
Gauhar Raza is a scientist, social activist, a leading Urdu poet and a documentary film maker. His passion includes communicating science and promoting scientific temper.
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Connecting to data in another Google Sheet
Now that you know how to combine multiple spreadsheets into one by linking data within the same sheet, let's learn to link data between two Google Sheets.
Use the IMPORTRANGE function, which looks like this:
The formula requires two variables:
 - The URL of the spreadsheet you want to pull data from. Copy this from the address bar of the sheet you're pulling data from and enclose it in quotes.
 - The sheet name and range (also enclosed in quotes) using similar syntax we saw back in the Cell-By-Cell reference section. You'll likely see a reference error, so you'll need to grant access to the current sheet.
Once you click Allow access (assuming you own both sheets or have edit access to both), the data gets pulled into the sheet:
The changes in the linked sheet eventually get updated (not instantly, but pretty close).
Importing data from another Google Sheet with Coefficient
Let's go over how Coefficient can help you combine multiple spreadsheets into one using an easier and more streamlined process.
Open the Google Sheets Add-ons menu, click Coefficient: Salesforce, Hubspot Data Connector, then Launch.
Click Import Data on the Coefficient pane.
Then, select Google Sheet.
Choosing google sheets
Choose any Google Sheet you want from your Google Drive or other documents you have shared access to.
For this example, let's pull up the same User Subscriptions list we used in the previous steps and click Select.
Coefficient takes a few seconds to access the data and read the column information. You'll then see an import panel and the option to filter the data as it comes in.
Import from a google sheet to a google sheet
For this example, add a filter for subscription numbers greater than 1025. You could use this to filter out inactive subscriptions or those with more than a certain number of users. Doing this with Coefficient is faster and simpler than the manual process on Google Sheets.
Once you're done, click Import.
Import Button
There you have it. Coefficient imports your data almost instantly, and you don't even need to deal with functions and formulas throughout the entire process.
So maybe now you're wondering, "How can I get Google Sheets to auto-update a reference to another sheet?
Coefficient has you covered since it lets you automatically refresh that data on a schedule, so you won't need to do it painstakingly and manually.
The IMPORTRANGE solution allows you to import entire columns at once, but you'll need to specify bounds for it or it will disrupt your dataset if your data moves too much.
Also, IMPORTRANGE doesn't offer a built-in way to filter data, so you'll need to do this separately.
Coefficient takes care of both problems for you by building the filter into the import, including importing any populated rows or columns seamlessly.
Another benefit to using Coefficient is when you want to generate reports for your presentations and don't want your data to be updated in real-time.
Your data gets automatically updated when you use the IMPORTRANGE function, and it happens as soon as the source spreadsheet data is changed.
This means that if you're preparing a presentation from a live document, you would need to either create a copy or the owner needs to stop updating the file while you finish your task.
You can already guess the confusion and disruption that can happen when many people work on the same document at the same time.
However, Coefficient can sync on demand, saving you from these challenges. You can do a final sync and then prepare your presentation materials without the source data changing or the linked tables getting rewritten and blowing up your spreadsheet in the process.
The methods introduced in this guide helps you streamline the process of linking spreadsheet data between multiple Google Sheets.
As you link multiple Google Sheets together, allowing the files to interact with each other automatically, you can increase your productivity and the accuracy of your data.
With the amount of stress, frustration, and manpower expense you'll shave off by automating the process of linking your sheets, you can focus on running your business better.
Try Coefficient for free today!


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Romare Bearden: Celebrating the Victoryby Myron Schwartzman
The collage artist Romare Bearden (_PHONE_) believed that art had a greater function than just to be admired. Bearden's distinctive collage style combined cut and pasted paper, scraps of photographs, pieces of burlap, wallpaper, and paint, glued together to make a work mean more than just the sum of its parts. He drew on influences such as the cubism of Picasso, Braque, and Davis, the cut-out style of Matisse, and even Chinese landscape painting.
Author Myron Schwartzman traces the fascinating life of this African-American artist. In Harlem, his studio was in the heart of one of America's most vibrant artistic communities. He crossed paths with artists, composers, and prominent jazz and blues musicians, who became his friends and muses.
In this deeply personal biography, Myron Schwartzman has drawn on his own conversations with the artist to help us understand how Bearden was able to translate his experiences as a twentieth-century African-American into a body of truly victorious art.
- San Val
- Publication date:
- Product dimensions:
- 7.32(w) x 9.24(h) x 0.57(d)
- Age Range:
- 13 - 17 Years
and post it to your social network
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text:
Word Origin & History
O.E. forcippian "to pare away by cutting," v. form of cipp "small piece of wood," perhaps from PIE base *keipo- "sharp post" (cf. Du. kip "small strip of wood," L. cippus "post, stake, beam"). Sense of "break off fragments" is 18c. Noun is attested by early 14c.; meaning "counter used in a game of chance"
is first recorded 1840; electronics sense is from 1962. Used for thin slices of foodstuffs (originally fruit) since 1769; specific ref. to potatoes is from 1859 (in "A Tale of Two Cities"); potato chip is attested by 1886. Meaning "piece of dried dung" first attested 1846. To chip in "contribute" (1861) may come from card-playing. Potato chip is 1859. Chip of the old block is used by Milton (1642); earlier form was chip of the same block (1621); more common modern phrase with off in place of of is early 20c. To have a chip on one's shoulder is from at least 1820s, U.S., from the custom of a boy determined to fight putting a chip on his shoulder and defying another to knock it off. Chip in "contribute" is 1861, Amer.Eng.


text:
Proposed Loophole Could Cause Millions of Tons of Carbon Pollution, undermine Obama Administration Climate Goals, and Degrade Wildlife Habitat
DENVER— National and local conservation groups today condemned a decision by the U.S. Forest Service to continue pressing to open national forest roadless areas in Colorado to coal mining.
Photo of bulldozer near Sunset Roadless Area courtesy U.S. Forest Service. Photos are available for media use.
In a notice filed today, the Forest Service announced it would move forward by issuing a draft environmental impact statement on the proposal to pave the way for mining. The proposal would reopen a loophole in the "roadless rule" for national forests in Colorado to enable Arch Coal — the nation's second largest coal company — to scrape roads and well pads on nearly 20,000 acres of otherwise-protected, publicly owned national forest and wildlife habitat in Colorado's North Fork Valley.
The loophole was thrown out by the U.S. District Court of Colorado last year because the Forest Service had failed to consider the climate change impacts of mining as much as 350 million tons of coal in the national forest. (Today's notice reduces the estimated coal available to 173 million tons.) The Forest Service admits that reopening the loophole could result in hundreds of millions of tons of additional carbon pollution from mining and burning the coal. That carbon pollution could cost the global economy and environment billions of dollars, according to today's notice. From: _URL_
GR: Apparently, the U. S. Forest Service isn't satisfied with just clear-cutting the forests; it wants to widen its attack with more roads and more global warming CO2 emissions. Way-to-go Forest Service!


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Since 2011 the Northern Picts project at the University of Aberdeen (in collaboration with the University of Chester and University of Glasgow) has been uncovering an early royal centre of the Picts at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire. The placename Rhynie derives from early Celtic (Pictish) rig, 'king', and our work at the site suggests Rhynie was an important power centre of the Picts during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Excavations have uncovered a series of fortified enclosures where a number of decorated Pictish stones stood, including one, the Craw Stane, which still stands at the site today and two others including the iconic Rhynie Man discovered in the 1970s. The excavations have revealed a rich material assemblage including sherds of Late Roman wine amphorae imported from the eastern Mediterranean, sherds of glass drinking beakers from France and high-status metalwork. The metalworking evidence includes moulds and crucibles for production and an incredibly rare set of fine metalworking tongs.
The high-status metalwork also includes an axe-shaped pin with a serpent design that resembles the axe carried by the Rhynie Man (the network logo). We have also found traces of the contemporary cemetery that went alongside the fortified settlement and uncovered the remains of Pictish burial mounds including the partially preserved remains of an adult female buried within one of the barrows. Ongoing work at Rhynie aims to uncover more of the royal complex and understand a site that clearly encompassed elements of settlement, burial, cult and ceremony – key components of an early royal pagan centre of Pictland.
Excavations at Rhynie 2012 next to the Craw Stane Pictish symbol stone © University of Aberdeen


Monitor whether outside doors and windows are closed during cold weather
5 Detective KS1, KS2
Activity summary
Getting the temperature right in the classroom is important; too hot and everyone falls asleep and doesn't learn, too cold and we shiver, and must put extra jumpers on. Sometimes teachers open windows or doors when the classroom gets too warm and stuffy during the winter months. Instead we should try to turn down the heating to reduce energy use and save the school money. Opening windows or doors means we are letting all the heat out of the building, and wasting money.
Pupils can complete this activity to identify where heat is being wasted in school. Are thermostats and radiators turned too high?
View all activities


Government Offices
Government offices...
Unless your law problem is criminal, you are probably involved in civil law, or hukum perdata in Indonesian. Although we often think of civil law cases as starting with attorneys and courts, in fact you almost certainly started with a government office.
It is not unusual for anyone involved in a civil law case to discover that the documents or contracts at the heart of it are not as purported to be when signed. (See Criminal False Documents.)
Government offices involved might include:
 - Badan Pertanahan Negara (BPN) - the National Land Office, formerly known as Kantor Agraria;
 - Kantor Catatan Sipil - the Civil Records Office;
 - Kantor Agama - the Religious Office for Islamic marriages;
 - Depnaker - the Department of Labor;
 - Kantor Imigrasi - the Department of Immigration;
 - Perdagangan - the Ministry of Trade;
 - and others.
Many expatriates don't actually go to these offices directly, and for good reason. Few civil servants speak English, all the documents are in Indonesian, and expatriates are likely to run into almost inpenetrable obstruction intended to elicit bribes. As a result, expatriates tend to use a jasa or service, a law office, or an Indonesian friend or spouse as an intermediary.
Expatriates wishing to marry, start a business, or purchase land are quickly socialized to the idea that false documentation is normal in Indonesia. Law offices assure potential clients on public websites that they can prepare clearly false documents involving proxy shareholders and bogus loan agreements, while marriages apparently must based on false religious conversions. The corruption in the system is so blatant that everyone just sort of winks and looks the other way.
So typically after a jasa, lawyer, friend, or spouse arranges the documents, the expatriate signs them—without reading them thoroughly because they are in Indonesian. Even if the expatriate can read the documents, the meanings can be so opaque that eventually all the expat can do is receive the explanation "that's the way it's always done; it's okay!" and sign with a shrug.
Not all the false documentation is harmless, and the opportunites for misrepresentation and fraud are obvious. But there are few alternatives for expatriates who do not speak Indonesian and are unfamiliar with Indonesian law.
Protecting yourself: try not to sign false documents
But how will you know?
In the earlier discussion we pointed out that the purpose of the Mafia Hukum is often to rake off profits from local economies. As the first point of contact to that economy, some civil servants are on the look out for opportunities.
When we talk about corruption, the problem is NOT the irritant of extra payments to obtain documents from government offices, but the possibility that the documents will be deceptive—either because they say something other than they are supposed to say, or because their purpose is not as explained.
If the documents are properly prepared to begin with, or at least if it's true that they are "okay" because they are always done that way, it doesn't mean they will stay that way, or that another set of documents is not floating around as well.
Acquiring false official documents is relatively easy, involving only a payoff to government office staff. Documents in government offices can also mysteriously appear, disappear, or change. Using false official documents in theory can result in severe criminal penalties for False Documentation, Fraud, or Perjury. But in practice, if the Mafia Hukum system is working properly, police investigation and criminal prosecution is unlikely. In the absence of criminal investigation, courts will then readily accept false documents and use them as basis for civil decisions.
If the documents are clearly false or stating something with which you do not agree, don't sign them. You will have enough trouble with documents which seemed okay at the time, and yet turn out later to be misrepresentations. Having signed something which is clearly false will weaken your legal position.


Towards a risk evaluation of workers' exposure to handborne and airborne microbial species as exemplified with waste collection workers
Tidsskriftartikel - 2020
Resume
Bioaerosol exposure is associated with health problems. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether it is possible to assess the risks posed by waste collection workers' exposure through identification and characterization of bacterial and fungal species, to which the workers are exposed. Using MALDI-TOF MS, microorganisms in waste collection workers' exposure through air, hand, and contact with the steering wheel were identified. Fungi found in high concentrations from the workers' exposure were characterized for the total inflammatory potential (TIP), cytotoxicity, and biofilm-forming capacity. In total, 180 different bacterial and 37 different fungal species in the workers' exposure samples were identified. Some of them belong to Risk Group 2, e.g. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus fumigatus, some have been associated with occupational health problems e.g. Penicillium citrinum and P. glabrum and some are described as emerging pathogens e.g. Aureobasidium pullulans. The TIP of fungal species was dose-dependent. High TIP values were found for Penicillium italicum, P. brevicompactum, P. citrinum, and P. glabrum. Several species were cytotoxic, e.g. A. niger and P. expansum, while some, e.g. P. chrysogenum, did not affect the cell viability. Based on waste workers' average inhalation rate, they inhaled up to 2.3 × 104 cfu of A. niger, 7.4 × 104 cfu of P. expansum, and 4.0 × 106 cfu of P. italicum per work day. Some species e.g. A. niger and P. citrinum were able to form biofilm. In conclusion, the workers were exposed to several species of microorganisms of which some to varying degrees can be evaluated concerning risk. Thus, some microorganisms belong to Risk Group 2, and some are described as causing agents of occupational health problems, emerging pathogens, or intrinsically antibiotic resistant. For some other species very little is known. The TIP, cytotoxicity, and ability to form biofilm of the dominating fungi support and expand previous findings. These parameters depended on the species and the dose, thus highlighting the importance of species identification and exposure level in the risk assessment of exposure.
Reference
Madsen AM, Frederiksen MW, Jacobsen MH, Tendal K. Towards a risk evaluation of workers' exposure to handborne and airborne microbial species as exemplified with waste collection workers. Environmental Research 2020;183:109177.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109177
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class Hash
View source on GitHub →
A set of key/value pairs.
Hash can be thought of as an associative array, binding unique keys to values (which are not necessarily unique), though it can not guarantee consistent order its elements when iterating. Because of the nature of JavaScript, every object is in fact a hash; but Hash adds a number of methods that let you enumerate keys and values, iterate over key/value pairs, merge two hashes together, and much more.
Creating a hash
You can create a Hash either via new Hash() or the convenience alias $H(); there is no difference between them. In either case, you may optionally pass in an object to seed the Hash. If you pass in a Hash, it will be cloned.


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Crossword puzzles are a mix of riddles and riddles in that they can be confusing. Fortunately, there are solutions available for whenever you need them. For today's puzzle, take a look below for the Spot for firing crossword clue.
The complete answer list for the Spot for firing crossword clue is below. If you found the clue used in previous crossword puzzles, the top answer is probably your best bet. Check the letter count next to each answer to ensure it fits into the grid.
Answer to the crossword puzzle Spot For Firing
The answer to the Spot crossword clue for firing is:
- KILN (4 letters)
The clue and answer(s) above were first seen by the New York Times. It may also be seen in several crossword publications, including newspapers and websites around the world, like the LA Times, New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and others.
You can find more crossword clue answers in our website's Crossword section. We've got a great selection of both today's clues as well as those that may have stumped you in the past. Wordle is a well-known word game, but there are other choices as well.


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The small eastern European nation of Hungary has contributed greatly to Olympic history, and perhaps in no field so much as in fencing. Hungarian athletes have historically excelled at the sport, winning gold medals in every individual sabre competition between 1924 and 1964.
One of Hungary's most accomplished sabre athletes was Rudolf Kárpáti, who trained with members of the nation's famed Hussar cavalry, in which he had briefly served. An amateur composer, musician, and dancer, Kárpáti brought balletlike grace and a seemingly tireless agility to the fencing court, which served him well at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia. The 36-year-old Kárpáti faced a formidable field of opponents, including Jerzy Pawlowski of Poland, Lev Kuznyetsov of the Soviet Union, and Jacques Lefèvre of France. He retired 18 of those opponents, losing only a single match to Pawlowski and earning a gold medal. He earned a second gold medal as a member of Hungary's six-man sabre team, which fought a spirited battle against the Soviet team, exacting symbolic vengeance for the Soviet Union's recent invasion of their homeland.
After the Melbourne Games, Kárpáti became a fencing coach in Hungary. He competed at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, repeating his 1956 performance in both the individual and team sabre events. Kárpáti died in February 1999, revered by his countrymen as the last of a storied line of brilliant sabre fencers.


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In CosmoLex, each user has a calendar, however, some firms choose to share one calendar for everyone's activities, this we refer to as a Team Calendar.
- The first step is to choose a user who will "host" the team calendar. Typically an admin user, but it can be any user whose calendar is visible to all users.
- Have that user login, go to Setup > My Settings > My Preferences and confirm their default calendar is their own.
- Then, go to Activities > Calendar.
- Here you will see their calendar listed at the bottom left along with other users. Since this calendar will be shared with other users, you will want to rename it to something which indicates it is a group calendar, such as Firm Calendar, or Team Calendar.
- To do so, click the pencil icon and type n the new calendar name and click Save.
- Next, you will want to make sure that each user has access to this user's calendar.
- To verify, go to Account > User Management, and edit each user to see if they have any calendar restrictions in place. Each user will need permission to this users calendar to access the team calendar.
- Once that is done, each user will then have the ability to add events to the team calendar.
- If you would like this to be the default calendar for all users, they will each need to log in, go to Setup > My Settings > My Preferences and change their default calendar to the team calendar.


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The Questions settings control the operation of the Password Reset Questions within the Site.
Each Question Setting contains the text associated with a single Reset Password question. This corresponds directly to a Users table of the same name (in the form dusQuestion[n]) that contains the User's response to Services: Questions.
While these Settings can be directly edited via Administrator: Options-Settings for simple text changes, the Administrator is encouraged to make use of Administrator: Database-Questions to insure that the database fields and the related Settings stay properly synchonized.
- Duplicates (default=3)
- The number of Questions that can have the same answer. This also has the effect of permitting Questions to remain unanswered. Default is "3".
- IgnoreBlanks (default=1)
- Indicates if Profile-Questions will ignore Blanks (1) or not (0) for the purposes of determining Duplicates. Default is "1".
- Minimum (default=5)
- The minimum number of Questions that must have a non-blank response. Default is "5".
The Webmaster is reminded that, once established and after Site Users have responded to a Question, changing the text of the question is highly likely to introduce unwanted confusion associated with the Question and corresponding response. Always delete a Question and add a new one (using Administrator: Database-Questions) if you would like to replace a Question as this will cause the deletion of the corresponding database response field.


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industry, a major challenge is ensuring that dyes adhere properly to fabrics. A case study from a leading textile manufacturer shows that incorporating soda ash into the dyeing process significantly improved color fastness. Soda ash, by altering the fabric's pH, helped the dye molecules bond more effectively, resulting in vibrant and long-lasting colors.
- Glass Manufacturing: Improving Quality and Efficiency A renowned glass manufacturing company utilized soda ash to enhance the quality and efficiency of glass production. By adding soda ash to the glass mixture, they were able to lower the melting point of the mix, resulting in energy savings. Additionally, soda ash contributed to the removal of impurities, producing clearer and stronger glass products.
- Environmental Remediation: Cleaning Oil Spills An environmental agency successfully used soda ash in cleaning up oil spills. Soda ash's alkaline nature helped in neutralizing the acidic components of the oil, breaking it down into smaller, more manageable particles. This method proved to be an effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional oil spill remediation techniques.
- Food and Beverage Industry: Sanitization and Cleaning A food processing company incorporated soda ash into their cleaning regimen. The alkaline nature of soda ash made it an excellent agent for sanitizing and cleaning food processing equipment, effectively removing organic residues without leaving harmful residues.
- Paper and Pulp Industry: Enhancing Production Processes In the paper and pulp industry, a case study demonstrated how soda ash was used to improve the pulping process. Soda ash helped in adjusting the pH and softening the water, which in turn facilitated the breakdown of wood chips into pulp. This not only enhanced the efficiency of the pulping process but also resulted in a higher quality end product.
These case studies exemplify the diverse and innovative applications of soda ash across different industries. From enhancing product quality in the textile and glass industries to playing a vital role in environmental remediation and the food processing sector, soda ash proves to be an invaluable asset. Its ability to adapt to various industrial needs underscores its significance as a versatile and efficient cleaning and processing agent.
Soda ash proves to be a multifaceted cleaning agent, offering both eco-friendly and efficient solutions across various sectors. From enhancing the quality of products in the glass and textile industries to playing a pivotal role in environmental cleaning and industrial applications, soda ash's versatility is unmatched. Its ability to clean with soda ash in diverse settings while ensuring environmental safety and cost-effectiveness makes it an invaluable resource in the world of industrial and household cleaning.
Purchasing This Product from Petro Naft
For more detailed information and to purchase the product discussed in this article, please visit the dedicated product page below. Alternatively, use the various communication channels provided on our site to register your purchase inquiry or take advantage of our expert guidance.
Prepared by the PetroNaft Co. research team.


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Message shortcodes are special snippets of text that allow for precisely controlling how dynamic content will display in the message template. If you are familiar with how WordPress shortcodes work then using these shortcodes should be fairly straightforward. Shortcodes such as
[EVENT_AUTHOR_FORMATTED_EMAIL] all provide an easy way to indicate where dynamic content will be inserted when messages are sent.
There are also special shortcodes that we call list-type shortcodes. These are shortcodes such as
[QUESTION_LIST]. These shortcodes are special because when you use it, you are indicating that this is where you want a list of items to be displayed in your template. When the message generator gets to this shortcode, it will signal it to look for a corresponding field in the template to know how to parse each item in the list. So when you see a field in a message template that is labelled with
[event_list] then you know that when the
[EVENT_LIST] shortcode is parsed, the generator will look in the
[event_list] field to know how to parse each event item.
Display Answers to Questions in Your Templates
To display all answers:
You add the
[QUESTION_LIST] shortcode to the
[ATTENDEE_LIST] section, then within the
[QUESTION_LIST] section you can add the
To display individual answers:
[RECIPIENT_ANSWER_*] shortcode in a valid location, and use the question display text you are testing. In my case the question was "What color?" so when I added the shortcode it was
[RECIPIENT_ANSWER_* What color?] I also prefaced the shortcode with the actual question text so I could tell that I was seeing the right message when I received it.
Note: It is VERY important that your question display text match exactly what the question is.


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- Total is the total number of people with that surname.
- Rank is the position in the list of names ordered by total (eg, a rank of 1 means that it's the most common name, and a rank of 10 means it's the tenth most common, etc).
- Frequency is the percentage of people with that surname.
- Per million people is the number of people with that surname per million of the population.
All of these are approximate figures, and the current figures especially so. The 1881 census figures are correct for what was recorded on the census, but we don't really know how accurate it was. At least, though the 1881 figures won't change, as it's a snapshot of a point in time. The current figures, by contrast, are variable according to births, deaths, migration and marriages, so the values shown here are only a best approximation to whatever was the case when the underlying data was collated and will not be the same as whatever the values are right now.
'N/A' indicates that we don't have data for this name in that country or time (usually because it's quite uncommon there and our stats don't go down that far). It doesn't mean that there's no-one there with that name at all!
For less common surnames, the figures get progressively less reliable the fewer holders of that name there are. This data is aggregated from several public lists, and some stats are interpolated from known values. The margin of error is well over 100% at the rarest end of the table!
It's possible for a surname to gain in rank and/or total while being less common per million people (or vice versa) as there are now more surnames in the UK as a result of immigration. In mathematical terms, the tail has got longer, with a far larger number of less common surnames.


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Cary Institute's motto, "the science behind environmental solutions," is motivating a new collaborative venture. In November, a delegation from the Cary Institute met with other scientists, policy leaders, and media experts to plan a new partnership intended to bridge the gap between science and policy.
Named the Northeast Science and Policy Consortium, the joint venture will provide objective information on serious environmental problems so as to better inform critical decisions facing our society. The effort will establish a strategic flow of information that synthesizes scientific research, disseminates material through press releases and educational reports, and briefs policymakers at regional and federal levels.
The six institutions leading the effort are the Cary Institute, Ecosystems Center/Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Harvard Forest/Harvard University, Hubbard Brook Research Foundation, Syracuse University, and the University of New Hampshire. Efforts are underway to secure grant funding for the consortium, and Gary Lovett's research into invasive forest pests and pathogens is among the first of four projects to launch the initiative.


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Harnessing Video Technology
Produced by the Learning and Skills Improvement Service (LSIS), this case study looks at the theme of harnessing technology. It describes how the engineering department of Worcester College of Technology tackled the problem of delivering practical engineering techniques to students in a non-workshop setting when the workshop.
Their solution was to create a series of demonstration videos. This case study includes videos that demonstrate knurling, lathe calibration and vertical milling.
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.


The purpose of this study is to explain the jurisprudential and legal position on the issue of the fact that the cause of death arose from informing the other - through the Social mediaby the death of a relative falsely, whether that news was a joke or for the purposes of antagonism and aggression. The study followed the comparative analytical method, the result of this study is: That the sudden bad news for the heart patients is a lethal means, in addition to the agreement jurisprudence and legal position that the act is a murder deliberately and positive punishment if the actor intentionally killing, aware of the suffering of the other side of heart disease aware of the impact of the bad news surprise him. However, if the act is a joke without any knowledge of the perpetrator of the medical circumstances of the other party, as well as the circumstances of the incident confirms the absence of criminal intent; this killing is manslaughter and takes its provisions.
Keywords: homicide, social media, jurisprudence, law.
Included in
Religion Law Commons


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ULS IR Lamps are made of high-quality quartz tubes and feature a gold reflector for highest efficiency. The Twin Tube design gives the lamps a higher radiation density and improved mechanical stability. They are available as short-wave, medium-wave and fast medium-wave infrared emitters. This allows you to choose the optimal wavelength for the material to be heated. Dimensions and filaments are fabricated to meet your requirements.
Industrial infrared heaters often use a gold coating on the quartz tube that reflects the infrared radiation and directs it towards the product to be heated. Consequently, the infrared radiation impinging on the product is virtually doubled. Gold is used because of its oxidation resistance and very high IR reflectivity of approximately 95%.


decelerates at DIPs per millisecond.
 - RotationBehavior - decelerates at degrees per millisecond
 - InitialVelocities is read-only; it gives you the velocities calculated from the previous stage of the manipulation. You can use these values to calculate your own behaviors.
 Here is the code to add our desired behaviors for inertia:
 void canvas_ManipulationInertiaStarting(object sender, ManipulationInertiaStartingEventArgs e)
 // Decrease the velocity of the Rectangle's movement by
 // 10 inches per second every second.
 // (10 inches * 96 DIPS per inch / 1000ms^2)
 e.TranslationBehavior = new InertiaTranslationBehavior()
 InitialVelocity = e.InitialVelocities.LinearVelocity,
 DesiredDeceleration = 10.0 * 96.0 / (1000.0 * 1000.0)
 // Decrease the velocity of the Rectangle's resizing by
 // 0.1 inches per second every second.
 // (0.1 inches * 96 DIPS per inch / (1000ms^2)
 e.ExpansionBehavior = new InertiaExpansionBehavior()
 InitialVelocity = e.InitialVelocities.ExpansionVelocity,
 DesiredDeceleration = 0.1 * 96 / 1000.0 * 1000.0
 // Decrease the velocity of the Rectangle's rotation rate by
 // 2 rotations per second every second.
 e.RotationBehavior = new InertiaRotationBehavior()
 InitialVelocity = e.InitialVelocities.AngularVelocity,
 DesiredDeceleration = 720 / (1000.0 * 1000.0)
 e.Handled = true;
 - You may notice I did not override the ManipulationContainer. This is not required; it will reuse the ManipulationContainer we set during the ManipulationStarting event.
 2. [Optional] Now, we could add code at our ManipulationDelta event handler for inertia.
 This is optional, if you run the code at this point, inertia is already working, but you will notice there is no boundaries (the images fly off the screen). So, just as an example, I will add code to handle the boundaries and stop the inertia when we reach the boundaries.
 void image_ManipulationDelta(object sender, ManipulationDeltaEventArgs e)
 // …. this is the same code as above, in our manipulation delta..
 ((MatrixTransform)element.RenderTransform).Matrix = matrix; e.Handled = true; // Here is the new code.
 // We are only checking boundaries during inertia in real world, we would check all the time
 if (e.IsInertial) { Rect containingRect = new Rect(((FrameworkElement)e.ManipulationContainer).RenderSize); Rect shapeBounds = element.RenderTransform.TransformBounds(new Rect(element.RenderSize)); // Check if the element is completely in the window. // If it is not and intertia is occurring, stop the manipulation. if (e.IsInertial &&!containingRect.Contains(shapeBounds)) { //Report that we have gone over our boundary e.ReportBoundaryFeedback(e.DeltaManipulation); // comment out this line to see the Window'shake' or 'bounce' // similar to Win32 Windows when they reach a boundary; this comes for free in.NET 4 e.Complete(); } } } }
 That is it. Our image viewer now has inertia support, and we have full control on the deceleration, rotation ratios, etc.
 A sample application for Manipulation and Inertia:
 Image Viewer. Manipulation
 This sample uses the code above to manipulate the images on the canvas.
 Download the source code
 The viewer supports scaling, translating, and rotating the images, using multitouch gestures. There is also inertia support as you execute any manipulation.
 Mixing and matching approaches:
 In WPF 4 raw-touch and manipulation are not mutually exclusive –this is different from Win32.
 You can enable both raw touch and manipulation at the same time on any UI Element.
 The table below explains how logic is handled for scenarios with different options enabled.
 Manipulations Enabled
 TouchDown is Handled
 GotTouchCapture is Handled
 User Logic
 WPF Logic
 Promoted to Mouse
 Handled as Touch by user
 Handled as Touch by user
 1. Handled by Manipulation logic, TouchDevice is Captured,
 2. Manipulation logic will handle GotTouchCapture event and manipulation events will be reported
 Handled as Touch by user. User has to explicitly capture the touch device.
 Manipulation logic will handle GotTouchCapture event and manipulation events will be reported
 1. Handled as Touch by User.
 2. User has to explicity capture the touch device.
 3. GotCapture handled by user, user has to explicitly AddManipulator to invoke manipulation
 This tutorial provided a basic introduction to multitouch in WPF. As you have seen, WPF supports both raw-touch and manipulation (with inertia) for all WPF UI elements.
 Using WPF's new touch support, you can accomplish quite a bit with just a few lines of code. The support compliments and integrates quite well with the platform.
 - Jaime Rodriguez
 WPF discussions, 091101
 As usual, raw, unedited, useful info from the Microsoft's internal WPF discussions lists.
 Subject: All keys don't work in a WPF window when it is calling from a WinForm project.
 We had a big project developed in WinForm. Now I'm adding a new window to the project using WPF. The WPF window is now part of the project, i.e. it is not a separate project or dll. What happened now is any control that is supposed to accept keyboard inputs, such as textbox, does not respond to my keyboard input. The window only responds to mouse.
 You must use call the
 EnableModelessKeyboardInterop method for keyboard to work.
 Subject: Precision on WPF animations
 This question was from a partner. they have some synchronization issue between their own animation and WPF animation. The difference of ~0.2 can happen because WPF animation precision depends on rendering timing, doesn't it?
 That's right - we do a number of things to sync with rendering.
 Time only "changes" at the start of a render pass, which is scheduled differently based on a number of factors (Desktop Window Manager present and enabled? Monitor refresh rate, desired framerate for animations, etc), and then too the time chosen is actually "in the future" a bit because we're trying to produce a set of changes that will be correct when they hit the screen. To do this, we estimate the future presentation time for a given UI thread's render pass. My guess is that this is what they're seeing in this case
 Subject: Using Blend Behavior in Style?
 Why am I getting an error when setting a Behavior in a style. Isn't Blend Interaction an AttachedProperty?
 Blend's behaviors are an attached property, but publicly they are not exposed as a DPyou can do attached properties that are not DP's by having just the static GetProperty/SetProperty.
 We use this syntax to keep the behavior syntax smallerby not using a real DP here we were able to default the collection to having a value and remove 2 lines of XAML. If this were a real DP then you'd have to add the collection to the XAML as well:
 In addition behaviors cannot be used inside of styles; the core issue is that we intentionally made behaviors not sharableyou can't apply the same behavior to multiple elements. The reason is that if you use the WPF animation API as an example that it adds a ton of complexity to make the types sharable and it really detracts from the level of simplicity that we were looking for in Behaviors.
 In WPF, everything applied through a style is shared across each element that it's applied to. To get around this in early prototypes I used a trick with Freezables and the CoerceValueCallback to clone the behaviors every time they're applied to an element and are already applied to something else, but none of this is present in SL and it can lead to some unexpected runtime behavior.
 Subject: Best Match for ICO in WPF?
 Is there a built-in way in the WPF 4.0 imaging classes to get a "best match" for a multi-frame ICO?
 We don't have any automatic selection logic. You can iterate over all of the frames and find the one you want based upon each frame's properties. You should be able to get them all from a frame by doing frame.Decoder.Frames. Alternatively, you can just do BitmapDecoder.Create and read the frames that way rather than indirectly through BitmapFrame.Create.
 Note: pre-Win7 WIC does not support Vista's PNG icon frames. If you hit a PNG frame you will get an exception on Vista and XP.
 Subject: Binding and Custom Type Descriptors
 In WPF we're binding an object that has a custom type descriptor and are wondering if there is a way to get around a couple issues:
 1. Is there a way to get WPF to listen to these changes given that WPF does not appear to subscribe to change events via PropertyDescriptor.AddValueChanged?
 It appears that WPF will bind to the properties offered through the type descriptor, but WPF does not monitor that type


How to Line a Pan
This time-saving trick comes in handy when you're making brownies or fudge.
Lining a Baking Pan with Foil
This method of keeping things from sticking to the pan is used most often for brownies, bar cookies, and fudge. The additional advantage of this method is that it allows you to easily lift the bars out of the pan before cutting them.
Lining pan with foil
 1. Tear a piece of foil that is larger than the pan. Shape the foil over the outside of the pan bottom. Cut slits at the corners to make it fit neatly.
 2. Gently lift the shaped foil off the pan.
 3. Turn the pan over and fit the shaped foil into it. Leave an inch or two of overhang to use as "handles" to lift the baked goods out of the pan.


Download Analyzing Computer System Performance with Perl::PDQ by Neil J. Gunther PDF
By Neil J. Gunther
To resolve functionality difficulties in glossy computing infrastructures, frequently comprising millions of servers operating countless numbers of purposes, spanning a number of ranges, you wish instruments that transcend mere reporting. you wish instruments that allow functionality research of software workflow around the complete company. That's what PDQ (Pretty rattling speedy) presents. PDQ is an open-source functionality analyzer in accordance with the paradigm of queues. Queues are ubiquitous in each computing setting as buffers, and because any software structure could be represented as a circuit of queueing delays, PDQ is a common healthy for reading method functionality. construction at the good fortune of the 1st variation, this significantly increased moment version now contains 4 components. half I includes the foundational techniques, in addition to a brand new first bankruptcy that explains the relevant function of queues in profitable functionality research. half II offers the fundamentals of queueing idea in a hugely intelligible variety for the non-mathematician; little greater than high-school algebra being required. half III provides many functional examples of the way PDQ might be utilized. The PDQ guide has been relegated to an appendix partly IV, besides suggestions to the routines contained in every one bankruptcy. all through, the Perl code listings were newly formatted to enhance clarity. The PDQ code and updates to the PDQ guide can be found from the author's site at _URL_
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1) is: R(N ) = N −Z X(N ) and includes the think time Z. Find out more in Sect. 4 Bandwidth and Latency Are Related 11 representing the number of virtual users or client-side processes. All load-test throughput curves have this general concave shape and all latency curves have the complementary convex shape. These curves are what you should always expect to see. If certain data do not conform to these shapes, it doesn't necessarily mean those data are wrong, but someone does have a lot of explaining to do.
Find out more in Sect. 4 Bandwidth and Latency Are Related 11 representing the number of virtual users or client-side processes. All load-test throughput curves have this general concave shape and all latency curves have the complementary convex shape. These curves are what you should always expect to see. If certain data do not conform to these shapes, it doesn't necessarily mean those data are wrong, but someone does have a lot of explaining to do. The vertical line in Fig. 5 denotes a kind of optimal load point Nopt .
3). For example, a task might execute in phase with the system clock such that it relinquishes the CPU before the next clock interrupt occurs. In this way, no CPU busy time is accumulated, giving rise to significant errors at relatively low loads. , Cockcroft and Pettit 1998]. 9 Are Your Data Poissonian? One of the assumptions embedded in PDQ is that both interarrival and service periods are distributed exponentially (Chaps. 3, 4 and 8). Only Poisson processes can produce exponentially distributed periods.
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Codes of Conduct Salle Kiss Fencing Club
Junior Code of Conduct
As a junior member of the club you are expected to abide by the following code of conduct:
- You must play within the rules and respect officials and their decisions.
- You must respect the rights, dignity and worth of all participants regardless of gender, ability, cultural background or religion.
- You should keep to agreed timings for training and competitions and inform your coach or team manager if you are going to be late.
- You must wear suitable kit that conforms to the appropriate safety standards for training and tournaments as defined by British Fencing, and announced by your coach/team manager.
- You must pay any fees for training or events promptly.
- You are not allowed to smoke anywhere in or around the venue or whilst fencing at competitions.
- You are not allowed to consume alcohol or drugs of any kind in or around the venue or whilst fencing at competitions.
Parents and Carers
As a parent or carer of a junior member of Salle Kiss you are expected to abide by the following code of conduct:
- Encourage your child to learn the rules and play within them.
- Discourage unfair play and arguing with officials.
- Help your child to recognise good performance, not just results.
- Never force your child to take part in sport.
- Set a good example by recognising fair play and applauding the good performances of all.
Coaches, Officials and Volunteers
The essence of good ethical conduct and practice is summarised below. All coaches, club officials and volunteers at Salle Kiss Fencing Club must:
- Consider the well-being and safety of participants before the development of performance.
- Develop an appropriate working relationship with participants based on mutual trust and respect.
- Make sure that all activities are appropriate to the age, ability and experience of those taking part.
- Promote the positive aspects of sport (e.g. fair play).
- Display consistently high standards of behaviour and appearance.
- Follow all the guidelines laid down by the British Fencing Association, England Fencing, British Fencing North West and Salle Kiss Fencing Club
- Hold the appropriate, valid qualifications and insurance cover.
- Never exert undue influence over performers to obtain personal benefit or reward.
- Never condone rule violations, rough play or the use of prohibited substances.
- Encourage participants to value their performances and not just results.
- Encourage and guide participants to accept responsibility for their own performance and behaviour.
- Never punish or belittle a child for losing or making mistakes.
- Publicly accept officials' judgements.
- Support your child's involvement and help them to enjoy their sport.
- Use correct and proper language at all times.
- Encourage and guide performers to accept responsibility for their own performance and behaviour.


The field of law is diverse and unique on many levels. There are many laws and regulations in every state that everyone needs to obey with intent to keep order in the society. One of the legal principles in the field of business law is the principle of vicarious liability. Interestingly, vicarious liability represents liability that may be assigned to a person who did not cause any harm, but who is legally connected in any way to the wrongdoer. The principle of vicarious liability had always occupied a rather strange place in the practice of the common law. The principle is also known to be part of a doctrine that evolved over years, and it will be explained in the remainder of the paper (Faure, 2009).
Usually, vicarious liability is imposed on the second person for crimes that the first person might have committed even if the second person had no connection with the crimes that occurred. While the origins of vicarious liability are not well documented, it has been used in the common law for a few centuries. The comprehensive explanation of vicarious liability can demonstrate why it is mainly applied to the employee-employer relationship. The justification for the doctrine of vicarious liability is rationally elucidated in the relationship between an employee and employer. The employer is obligated and, thus, liable for the employee from the moment the employment contract was signed by both parties. Therefore, the responsibility for the employee's actions is of prime importance and can at times be costly for the company. Therefore, if someone tries to examine the employee-employer relationship, it will become evident that the promised contract must be fair and make sense for both parties accordingly. If an act of negligence occurs unintentionally, then the employer will take responsibility since even the most cautious people can sometimes commit mistakes. There are also cases when the intentional type of misconduct is covered with vicarious liability if actions that occurred can be categorized as an honest presentation of the contract. In any other cases, legal liability for intentional negligence will be omitted because it does not seem rational for an employer to compensate for events which could have been controlled (Q.L.R.C., 1995).
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A variety of reasons have been forwarded to explain and justify the principle of vicarious liability. One ethical concept for explaining the doctrine of vicarious liability is the idea that an employer can better increase the legal costs related to the case by having the necessary insurance or increasing the prices. Secondly, the infliction of liability should lead the employer to the provision of better safety conditions for people working in their company. Thus, it was always believed that the principle of vicarious liability has its roots rather in social norms and justice than in any concise and easily explainable legal principles. Thirdly, the employer should cover any losses caused by employees because they make profit from their activities; otherwise, there would not be a need to have employees.
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When exploring the doctrine of vicarious liability from a legal point of view, it is important to note three simple prerequisites to ascribe liability to an employer. The first requirement is to understand whether the tort was carried out by an employee. Afterwards, it is crucial to demonstrate the relationship between the boss and the employee. Lastly, it is crucial that the tort happened during the legal employment of a person who committed it. If one wants to identify vicarious liability, then it is essential to be able to identify the employee because the legal definition of an employee may be quite dubious at times. Thus, liability will begin to differ when one establishes what kind of employee is hired. When an independent contractor is hired, it is important to identify the exact terms of the contract and insure that both parties understand how they are categorized under the contract. The difference is that the contractor will usually provide service and assume liability for the job, while employee's activities will be the responsibility of the employer (Neyers, 2005).
Another legal aspect of the doctrine is the ground rules that establish what constitutes a course of employment. Since this question depends on individual cases, it is quite difficult to establish under the common law what represents a course of employment. The course of employment includes the actual time during which the employee is on the premises of the employer, including the cases of recreational events organized for business reasons. Therefore, any action authorized by the employer for the purpose of executing an event for the business, whether legal or illegal, is considered under the course of employment and becomes liability of the employer (Schwartz, 1996).
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In the modern law, it is considered that the concept of vicarious liability is not applied to the criminal law. The argument consists of the general principle that a person who planned and executed a crime should take responsibility. The concept of having one person liable for the wrongdoings of someone else is not applied in criminal law today. In the modern world, the concept of vicarious liability is mostly applied in cases that affect the welfare of people and do not involve imprisonment. The main goal of utilizing the doctrine is to protect public interests as well as impose the creation of harsher rules and closer supervision by employers (Simons, 2008).
The concept of vicarious liability represents a remedy for victims of abuse in the workplace to have fair treatment from employers under the principle of justice and good conscience. Thus, the distinction between intentional and unintentional wrongdoing in the course of employment will increase the effectiveness of applying the concept of vicarious liability to the advantage of the employee and employer accordingly.
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This 2-Track Cribbage Set (sometimes known merely as "Crib") is finely crafted from natural rubberwood. Each player races towards the end of the board as they collect points each turn from the hand of cards that they are dealt. Each point corresponds to how many spaces you are able to move along the track. The objective of Cribbage is to be the first player to score a target number of points, usually 61 or 121. Points are decided by certain card combinations from your own hand or by playing off of your opponent's cards, making this a game of both luck and skill.


text: There are union concerns that non-union forms of employee representation such as work councils may open up a second channel of communication between employees and management that would weaken union workplace representation. During World War II and the immediate post-war period, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in Australia followed its British parent firm's practice of introducing works councils. It established its first works council at its Yarraville Factory in Melbourne in 1942. By 1959 there were works councils at 12 Australian factories, each with an equal number of management nominees, and representatives elected by employees. Although they could not deal with matters covered by agreements with unions, they could deal with issues such as accident prevention, factory efficiency and timekeeping. This article analyses the impact of these works councils on labour relations, particularly trade union representation, and the demise of the works councils.


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A Thematic Approach to Integrating the Arts into the Curriculum
Barbara Beckwith, W. Thompson Garfield, Charles M. Holley, J. Curtis Jones, and Susan E. Porter
Tribal rhythms, an interdisciplinary arts program of Cooperative Artists Institute, acts as an educational strategy to help schools deal with problems facing children. The program uses a variety of teaching approaches that match students' learning styles and reflects the cultures and interests they have. The program is discussed in detail.
Click here to access this article.


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While no country is spared from the effects of climate change, Asia is seen as more vulnerable because of its geography. With more people in Asia living in coastal cities, coupled with the dependence of many Asian economies on agriculture and natural resource industries, rising sea levels and temperatures will undoubtedly have a significant impact on this region.
Asia is diverse, with varying levels of development across economic, social, and governance metrics. There is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to ESG in Asia. With this in mind, we have developed SGX Future in Reshaping Sustainability Together (FIRST) – a multi-asset sustainability platform that cuts across a series of elements to facilitate collaboration within the ecosystem, designed to catalyse change and deliver growth in a sustainable manner.
This represents our approach on how to tackle sustainability for all.
An exchange-led sustainability platform
Through our unique position at the centre of the market ecosystem, exchanges have an important role to play. Singapore Exchange (SGX) believes that shaping a sustainable future requires the ecosystem to work in partnership.
To address climate change in Asia, SGX FIRST is working towards offering end-to-end multi-asset solutions and actively building capacity in the ecosystem to facilitate the sustainability transition. We are increasing issuers' and investors' access to ESG information and solutions, while pushing for greater disclosure.
Providing actionable corporate climate mitigation steps
We are conscious that industries and companies are at different stages of their sustainability journey, with climate change having various implications for their business models and processes. Hence, at the forefront of our thinking when developing the easily accessible FIRST platform is how we can assist all stakeholders without leaving anyone behind.
To assist corporates in navigating the myriad climate action initiatives, SGX has released a guide on "Credible decarbonisation and transition for corporates in Asia" that provides corporates with a set of actionable climate mitigation steps. Written in collaboration with the CDP, the Climate Bonds Initiative and HFW, these steps are:
- Measure your carbon footprint
- Set targets according to the carbon mitigation hierarchy
- Reduce the absolute emissions footprint within the company's operations and value chain
- Neutralise unabated emissions
- Concurrent compensation
- Disclose the progress of your journey year-on-year for steps 1 to 5
As more companies embed this approach, we expect disclosures to continue to improve, providing more information for investors to accurately assess sustainability and climate risks.
To set an example for the market to follow, SGX has become the first Asian exchange to commit to science-based emission reduction targets in line with a 1.5°C future. We are following our own recommendations to guide the market to adopt best practices when reducing GHG emissions. Our aim is to support our partners, companies, investors, and other stakeholders along the way to a more sustainable ecosystem.
Enhancing the quality of disclosures and data
We mandated sustainability reporting in 2016 and have seen encouraging progress since then. This year's review of sustainability reports from our listed companies showed overall improvement in the level of disclosure. There were broad-based gains across the scorecard regardless of listing size or industry sector. Notably, issuers of a smaller market capitalisation posted the largest increase in average scores.
We are continuing to step up climate-related measures. We have been actively encouraging listed companies to adopt the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations and will be updating our sustainability guidance. By guiding the distillation of key information, we hope that challenges in sustainability reporting – namely, quantification, comparability, and harmonisation – can be addressed.
Disclosure and data are seen as two sides of the same coin. As we look at ways to raise the quality of ESG disclosures, we are also working on promoting the application and integration of ESG factors, across capital market stakeholders, in the long term. As an example of this integration, in partnership with the Nasdaq Sustainable Bond Network (NSBN), we are enhancing accessibility to and transparency of green, social, and sustainability bonds in Asia Pacific.
We are collaborating with partners to develop an ESG data platform so that SGX-listed companies will be able to align their disclosures with major sustainability standards, foster best practices via industry benchmarking, and ultimately, meet investor needs for a consistent and reliable source of ESG data.
Directing investments for impact
Besides better data, market participants must be able to make sustainable investments easily, with appropriate risk-management tools, to see real impact.
As part of FIRST, SGX has launched a pioneering suite of ESG equity index futures, together with FTSE Russell, covering various developed and emerging markets. We also introduced the world's first ESG REIT derivatives with Nikkei.
Our subsidiary, Scientific Beta, launched a unique series of Climate Impact Consistent Indices (CICI) in April 2021. Designed to implement the recommendations of net-zero investment coalitions at the portfolio-construction level, CICI is the only pure climate index offering on the market to help make investment decisions and engagement practices consistent, in order to maximise their impact.
Backed by SGX's track record as a major price-discovery venue for global commodities, our upcoming joint venture, Climate Impact X (CIX), will enable efficient price discovery and provide organisations with high-quality carbon credits to address hard-to-abate emissions. We are in the process of putting together an independent expert body comprising NGOs, leading MNCs, business groups, and academics who will guide the market on the complexities related to carbon credits.
Today, achieving a sustainable Asian financial market, with the support of our ecosystem, is more attainable than before. Moving forward, we intend to unlock the growth of ESG investments in Asia by rolling out an increased suite of ESG-focused investment and risk-management products to meet investors' needs.
Sustainability is a journey, not an end destination. Through SGX FIRST, and the various initiatives launched or under development, we hope to be a positive influence as a leading sustainable and transition finance and trading hub. By offering trusted, quality, end-to-end products, solutions and resources, we can foster collaboration and partnerships to connect stakeholders and drive industry sustainability efforts.


What is 87 Ounces in Long Tons?
Unit Converter
Convert 87 Ounces to Long Tons
To calculate 87 Ounces to the corresponding value in Long Tons, multiply the quantity in Ounces by 2.7901785714286E-5 (conversion factor). In this case we should multiply 87 Ounces by 2.7901785714286E-5 to get the equivalent result in Long Tons:
87 Ounces x 2.7901785714286E-5 = 0.0024274553571429 Long Tons
87 Ounces is equivalent to 0.0024274553571429 Long Tons.
How to convert from Ounces to Long Tons
The conversion factor from Ounces to Long Tons is 2.7901785714286E-5. To find out how many Ounces in Long Tons, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Mass converter above. Eighty-seven Ounces is equivalent to zero point zero zero two four three Long Tons.
Definition of Ounce
The ounce (abbreviation: oz) is a unit of mass with several definitions, the most popularly used being equal to approximately 28 grams. The size of an ounce varies between systems. Today, the most commonly used ounces are the international avoirdupois ounce (equal to 28._PHONE_ grams) and the international troy ounce (equal to 31._PHONE_ grams).
Definition of Long Ton
A long ton is defined as exactly 2,240 pounds. The long ton arises from the traditional British measurement system: A long ton is 20 cwt, each of which is 8 stone (1 stone = 14 pounds). Thus a long ton is 20 × 8 × 14 lb = 2,240 lb. Long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois or Imperial system of measurements standardised in the thirteenth century that is used in the United Kingdom
Using the Ounces to Long Tons converter you can get answers to questions like the following:
 - How many Long Tons are in 87 Ounces?
 - 87 Ounces is equal to how many Long Tons?
 - How to convert 87 Ounces to Long Tons?
 - How many is 87 Ounces in Long Tons?
 - What is 87 Ounces in Long Tons?
 - How much is 87 Ounces in Long Tons?
 - How many uk ton are in 87 oz?
 - 87 oz is equal to how many uk ton?
 - How to convert 87 oz to uk ton?
 - How many is 87 oz in uk ton?
 - What is 87 oz in uk ton?
 - How much is 87 oz in uk ton?


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History notes borrowed from Parachuting, The Skydiver's Handbook, by Dan Poynter and Mike Turoff
Parachuting competition dates to at least 1930 in Russia, where jumpers demonstrated who could land closest to a target. In 1948, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale named American Joseph Crane to chair the newly established Commission Internationale de Parachutisme (CIP), now known in this country as the International Parachuting Commission (IPC). The first FAI sanctioned World Parachuting Championships took place in Yugoslavia in 1951, with five European teams competing. The U.S. fielded its first team to world competition in 1956.
In modern competition, the first 4-way sequential event was introduced at the 1970 U.S. National Skydiving Championships. Canopy formation was added in 1983. Canopy piloting became a medal event at the 2005 Nationals in Perris, California, and the most recent event, vertical formation skydiving, became official in 2007 when USPA included it in the national skydiving championships at Skydive Chicago in Illinois. Meanwhile, the original freefall style and accuracy landing events, often called the "classics," remain a part of each U.S. Nationals and World Championships.