FIX: Lenovo laptop is stuck at LOGO screen. (Solved)
If your Lenovo laptop stuck at the logo screen, then continue reading. This tutorial contains step by step instructions to fix the following problem on Lenovo laptops: After turning on, the laptop doesn't boot and hangs at the Lenovo logo splash screen. (The problem persists even when you try to boot from a USB bootable device).
FIX: Lenovo laptop is stuck at LOGO screen.
How to FIX: Laptop Stuck at LENOVO LOGO screen. *
* Important: Before troubleshooting a computer, disconnect all peripheral devices to make sure that the problem is not due to a connected device.
Step 1. Reset BIOS to default settings.
The first step to resolve the laptop freezing at Lenovo logo, is to reset the BIOS to default settings. To do that:
1. Turn OFF the Laptop by constantly pressing the power button for 5-7 seconds.
2. Now follow the instructions below according your model, to enter into BIOS:
 - If your system is ThinkPad, press the Power button and then immediately press the (Fn+) F2 or the (Fn+) F1 key rapidly and repeatedly.
 - If your system is ideapad laptop, locate and press the NOVO button, which is commonly located beside the Power button, and then select Enter BIOS Menu.
3. At Exit tab select Load Default Settings or "Load Optimized settings".
4. Save and exit from BIOS settings and see if you can boot to Windows.
5. If the laptop still freezes at Lenovo logo screen, continue to next step.
Step 2. Disable the Lenovo Service Engine.
In some Lenovo laptops (and desktops), the system hangs at "Lenovo Logo" during boot, when the "Lenovo Service Engine" is enabled. To disable the service:
1. Enter in BIOS menu.
2. At Security tab, highlight and disable the "Lenovo Service Engine".
3. Save and Exit from BIOS menu.
4. If the laptop still stuck at Lenovo logo splash screen, continue to next step.
Step 3: Perform a Power Reset.
The next method to resolve the "Lenovo Logo stuck" issue, is to perform a power reset. To do that:
1. Disconnect all connected peripherals.
2. Remove the AC Adapter.
3. Remove the Battery. *
* Note: If you cannot remove the battery, leave the laptop open until the battery is discharged.
4. Press and hold down the Power button for at least 50-60 seconds and then release the Power button.
5. Connect only the AC Adapter and turn on the laptop.
6. If Windows starts normally, shutdown your laptop and reconnect the battery and peripherals.
Step 4. Remove the CMOS battery.
1. Remove the Battery and the AC adapter.
2. Turn the laptop upside down and remove the back cover. *
* Note: The way of removing the back cover differs according the laptop model. So, perform a Google search about how to disassemble your own Lenovo laptop model.
3. Locate and remove the CMOS battery. *
* Note: The CMOS battery has shape like a circle and you can remove it out by gently prying it out with a small, flat-head screwdriver.
4. Press and hold down the Power button for at least 50-60 seconds and then release it.
5. Connect first the AC Adapter and then reinsert the CMOS battery.
5. Turn on the laptop. *
* Note: If the problem persists, remove and leave the CMOS battery unplugged for at least 30 minutes. Then, put the CMOS battery back, connect the AC Adapter and turn on the laptop.
Step 5. Remove the DVD unit. *
* Important: Turn off your computer and remove the Power Adapter, before adding or removing parts.
If you own a laptop with a DVD drive, then remove it and turn on your laptop again. (This sounds weird, but in some cases works.)
Step 6. Remove and Reseat the RAM & Hard Drive.
When a computer (desktop or laptop) freezes at LOGO (POST) screen, usually means a problem with the hard drive (HDD), or the memory (RAM). So, proceed as follows:
* Important: Turn off your computer and remove the Power Adapter, before adding or removing its parts.
1. Remove and reseat the RAM Module(s).
2. Turn on the laptop and see if the problem persists. If yes, then…
3. Turn off the laptop and remove (disconnect) the hard drive (HDD).
4. After removing the HDD, turn on the laptop again.
5. If the HDD is the cause of problem, then the Lenovo LOGO splash screen will disappear and you will receive a message saying "No bootable device found" or something like that. If this happen:*
a. Turn Off the laptop.
b. Clean the contacts on both hard drive and the HDD socket with a contact cleaner spray.
c. Reconnect the hard drive and continue reading below (6).
* Note: If this does not happen, this indicates a BIOS problem, or a motherboard problem, which can only be repaired by a specialized computer technician.
6. Turn on the laptop and see if the problem has solved. If not, proceed to backup your files and then perform a clean installation of Windows, by following the steps below:
a. Remove and connect the hard drive to another working computer (e.g. by using a USB to SATA Hard Drive Adapter).
b. If you can read the drive's contents, proceed and backup your files. *
* Note: If the hard drive is not recognized from the secondary computer, then the HDD is faulty and you have to replace it.
c. After backing up your files, proceed and diagnose the Hard Drive for problems, and according the results, replace the HDD (if it is faulty), or (if its OK) proceed and delete all partitions on the HDD.
7. After cleaning the partitions, put the HDD back on the laptop and proceed to clean install Windows.
That's all folks! Did it work for you?
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text:
RIDECORED: Excellence Network for saving water in irrigation based on the results of the Consolider-Rideco project
Freshwater is a vital resource of the planet. Even though humans need relatively small amounts of water for drinking, the requirements to produce their food are much higher, to the point that irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water on Earth. In areas such as Spain, future water scarcity threatens the sustainability of its horticultural industry and research is needed to save irrigation water.
This was the objective of a 6 -year research program funded under the CONSOLIDER-RIDECO grant that ended at the end of 2012. Experiments and models were used by five groups, representing more than half of the scientific production in Spain on irrigation, to advance the knowledge on how to reduce irrigation water use and to enhance water productivity in tree crops and vines. The external international reviewers of the program stated that the RIDECO team represented the strongest research effort on deficit irrigation in the world.
The project needed additional efforts to increase its impact on the irrigation community; thus the objective is to further increase the impact of RIDECO by effective networking with a variety of stakeholders and potential users of the results. RIDECORED is a network of excellence which will aim at:
- Disseminate RIDECO results to users in the public and private sectors.
- Ensure the collaboration among RIDECO partners by completing the analyses of long-term experiments and by producing specific, useful recommendations to achieve greater impact.
- Propose joint activities and grant proposals for national and international calls (H2020 and others).
- Open the current team to the participation of other research groups to create a hub of irrigation research activities.
RIDECORED will last two years and, in addition to increase the impact of RIDECO, it will also contribute to maintain the prominent position of Spanish irrigation research.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A new design for a problem fixture on a machining center
Keywords: machining center, fixture, design, hydraulic control, defect
In the machining of dual-clutch gearbox valve body workpieces, 9 sets of 0P10 stations with solenoid valve processing lines, actuator processing lines, and valve body processing lines distributed horizontally in the valve body area are used. The hydraulic fixture used is Matching machine tools. However, in mass production of products, equipment defects have a certain impact on the quality of processing, and the design of fixtures is particularly prominent.
Fixture problems during production line operation
The appearance of the hydraulic clamp is shown in Figure 1. A machine tool is equipped with 2 fixtures, each fixture can hold 2 workpieces, each component of the fixture is the same, the workpiece is installed horizontally, manual loading and unloading of the workpiece, and the hydraulic control of the fixture's actuator components. According to the description of the production site personnel, the main problem of the fixture is that the movement order of the actuator is incorrect.
When the workpiece is clamped, the ejection of the clamp-assisted support precedes the clamping action of the platen cylinder, which causes the workpiece to bend and deform after clamping. After processing, the workpiece elastically recovers after being relaxed. After measurement, the flatness of the milling is extremely poor; When the workpiece is being loaded, the clamping deviation often occurs, which causes severe damage to the tool during processing; when the processing is completed, the workpiece is often ejected by the auxiliary support when it is loosened and falls off the fixture. Operators have adopted methods such as replacing the spring in the auxiliary support and moving the auxiliary support cylinder installation position back overall, but the effect is not satisfactory.
Defect analysis of fixture design
Take the actuator processing line fixture as an example for analysis, as shown in Figure 2. The positioning and clamping methods and fixture actuators of the other line processing products are similar to those of the actuator processing line fixture.
1. Analysis of positioning and clamping schemes
(1) Workpiece positioning
The positioning of 3 points on the plane restricts the Z-axis movement, X-axis rotation, and Y-axis rotation of the workpiece; the clamp has 1 limit in the X direction and 2 limits in the Y direction, which limits the X and Y movements of the workpiece And Z axis rotation, there are 1 positioning cylinders in X direction and Y direction respectively, pushing the workpiece to the limit of X direction and Y direction on the fixture. The six degrees of freedom of the workpiece are completely limited.
(2) Workpiece clamping
There is a platen cylinder at each of the three points on the plane for clamping the workpiece. In order to prevent workpiece deformation and reduce vibration during machining, 4 auxiliary supports are provided on the fixture. Due to the horizontal installation of the workpiece, in order to prevent the workpiece from falling during installation, a spring clamping assembly is respectively installed in the x direction and the l direction.
2. Analysis of hydraulic control scheme
This fixture belongs to the OP10 station. As the first process of machining, the workpiece is positioned using a blank surface, which is different from the positioning of the subsequent process (the latter process often uses one side and two pins for positioning). Usually, a positioning cylinder is used on the OP10 clamp. The positioning of the workpiece pushed to the limit position is more critical. The positioning sequence of the positioning cylinder and the clamping platen cylinder has the special characteristics of the OP10 station fixture: When performing workpiece clamping, first perform the movement of the platen cylinder. After the workpiece is clamped by the pressure plate, the working pressure of the pressure plate cylinder is relieved to a low pressure, and the positioning cylinder is pushed out to position the workpiece. After the positioning cylinder is finished, the pressure plate cylinder is regained the working pressure required for clamping the workpiece. The purpose of the sequence is to prevent the positioning cylinder from being easily deformed due to the movement of the positioning cylinder. The layout of the hydraulic pipeline components on the specific back of the clamp is shown in Figure 3. The fixture uses 3 fluid channels, which are called Lu, Spa, and LDe.
The Lu channel is used on this fixture to monitor whether the clamping action of the platen cylinder is completed. When the workpiece is clamped, the Spa will enter the oil and Loe will return to the oil; when the workpiece is relaxed, the Loe will enter the oil and the Spa will return to the oil. The passage of hydraulic oil in and out of the channel Spa and Loe is controlled by a three-position four-way solenoid valve on the fluid panel of the machine tool fixture. According to the pipeline, the actuator and the fixture fluid panel of the machine tool, the hydraulic schematic diagram is drawn, as shown in Figure 4.
3. Problems with hydraulic control schemes
Combined with the analysis of the hydraulic principle diagram, the design of the hydraulic control method of the fixture has the following unreasonable phenomena:
① The action of all actuators on the fixture is controlled by the same set of superimposed hydraulic valves. The pipeline leading from the hydraulic valve is connected to the Spa and Loe channels of the fixture. This design method makes it impossible for the pressure plate cylinder and the positioning cylinder to achieve the order when the workpiece is clamped. The sequence of operations cannot complete the switching process of first releasing pressure and then increasing pressure after the platen cylinder is finished. The positioning cylinder and the platen cylinder move at the same time, which can easily cause workpiece deformation and positioning failure, and even the workpiece is directly ejected by the positioning cylinder and the workpiece is clamped out of the workpiece, which causes damage to the flat milling cutter during processing.
② The action of clamp-assisted support is usually designed after the workpiece is fully positioned and clamped. The fixture attempts to limit the oil input to the auxiliary support through a one-way throttle valve, delaying its movement, and making the ejection of the auxiliary support slower than the action of the platen cylinder and the positioning cylinder. But in fact, unless the throttle valve is completely closed, as long as it is slightly opened, the oil will enter the auxiliary support cylinder, and because the volume of the oil chamber inside the auxiliary support cylinder is small, it can be ejected with a small amount of hydraulic oil. This design results in auxiliary support when clamping the workpiece
Prior to the action of the pressure plate cylinder, the workpiece was ejected by the auxiliary support, which could not be positioned correctly in the plane, and was deformed under the opposite force of the auxiliary support and the pressure plate, which affected the processing quality.
③ When the workpiece is relaxed, because the actuator uses the same fluid channel Spa to return the oil, the positioning cylinder retracts, the platen cylinder releases the workpiece and the auxiliary support returns at the same time. It is easy for the return oil of the platen cylinder and the positioning cylinder to return in short time. A back pressure is formed in the pipeline of the auxiliary support cylinder, which causes the auxiliary support to rush forward, and the workpiece is ejected by the auxiliary support and dropped from the fixture.
④ Since the same set of hydraulic valves are used for control, the working pressure of the positioning cylinder is equal to the working pressure of the platen cylinder for workpiece clamping. From a design perspective, if the pushing force of the workpiece positioning is too large, it will easily cause the workpiece to deform and affect the processing quality. Therefore, the control pressure of the two actuators needs to be controlled separately.
⑤ The pressure reducing valve on the auxiliary support pipeline should be cancelled. The structure of the auxiliary support is shown in Figure 5. The working process is as follows: the hydraulic rod pushes the piston rod to move, the spring l inside the auxiliary support cylinder is compressed, and at the same time, the support rod moves forward with the piston rod driven by the spring 2 at the front of the piston rod. After the support rod contacts the workpiece, the piston rod continues to move until the end of the stroke of the cylinder. The spring 2 at the front of the piston rod is compressed. Hydraulic oil cannot directly act on the workpiece. The force on the workpiece is the force generated by the deformation of the spring 2. The hydraulic oil continues to enter the auxiliary support cylinder, and the support rod is firmly locked by the internal tension sleeve to support the weak part of the workpiece and prevent the processing vibration. The higher the pressure of the hydraulic oil entering the auxiliary support, the higher the degree of holding of the auxiliary support rod, and the better the anti-vibration effect. When the hydraulic oil in the auxiliary support is drained, the piston returns to its original position under the action of the deformation recovery of the spring 1, and the support rod returns to the initial position.
Improvement of fixture hydraulic control method
Modification of the hydraulic control method of the fixture: adding hydraulic control valve groups, modifying the hydraulic components of the fixture, rearranging the hydraulic pipeline, and increasing the use of the fluid channel of the fixture. The improved hydraulic principle of the fixture is shown in Figure 6.
After the improvement, the pressure oil circuit of the pressure plate cylinder and the positioning oil cylinder is separated when the workpiece is clamped. The channel Spa pressure oil is used for the action of the


_PHONE_ _EMAIL_
ZIM Language Reference
$fill
< All Topics
$fill
Fills part of a string with a specified character
Syntax
$fill(source,position,length,string)
Parameters
source
a character string, or an expression that evaluates to a character string
position
a number, or an expression that evaluates to a number
length
a number, or an expression that evaluates to a number
string
a character string, or an expression that evaluates to a character string
Return Value
Character string, consisting of source filled with the first character from string, starting at position, for a length of length.
Comments
Use $fill to initialize strings to specific values. The function fills source with the (first) character from string, starting at position, for length number of characters. The fill character replaces any characters that already exist in the string in the specified positions.
In a string, the position of the first character is always 1. If position is beyond the end of source, or if position is zero or negative, then source is left unchanged.
If length is zero or negative, then source is left unchanged.
If there are fewer than length characters from position to the end of source, then all characters from position to the end of source are replaced by the fill character.
If string is the null string, then a space is used as the fill character.
Example
$fill(Title,1,$length(Title)," ")
The above expression fills Title with spaces.

See Also
$concat
$delete
$insert
$left
$position
$replace
$right
$squeeze
$substring
$translate
About Character Literals
About Functional Expressions
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Table of Contents


MAKEFS(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual MAKEFS(8)
NAME
 makefs - create a file system image from a directory tree
SYNOPSIS
 makefs [-t fs-type] [-o fs-options] [-d debug-mask] [-B byte-order]
 [-S sector-size] [-M minimum-size] [-m maximum-size]
 [-s image-size] [-b free-blocks] [-f free-files] [-F specfile]
 [-N userdb-dir] image-file directory
DESCRIPTION
 The utility makefs creates a file system image into image-file from the
 directory tree directory. No special devices or privileges are required
 to perform this task.
 The options are as follows:
 -t fs-type
 Create an fs-type file system image. The following file system
 types are supported:
 ffs BSD fast file system (default).
 -o fs-options
 Set file system specific options. fs-options is a comma separated
 list of options. Valid file system specific options are detailed
 below.
 -d debug-mask
 Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
 set in debug-mask. XXX: document these
 -B byte-order
 Set the byte order of the image to byte-order. Valid byte orders
 are 'big' or 'be' for big endian, and 'little' or 'le' for little
 endian. Some file systems may have a fixed byte order; in those
 cases this argument will be ignored.
 -S sector-size
 Set the file system sector size to sector-size. Defaults to 512.
 -M minimum-size
 Set the minimum size of the file system image to minimum-size.
 -m maximum-size
 Set the maximum size of the file system image to maximum-size. An
 error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
 than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
 -s image-size
 Set the size of the file system image to image-size.
 -b free-blocks
 Ensure that a minimum of free-blocks free blocks exist in the im-
 age. An optional '%' suffix may be provided to indicate that free-
 blocks indicates a percentage of the calculated image size
 -f free-files
 Ensure that a minimum of free-files free files (inodes) exist in
 the image. An optional '%' suffix may be provided to indicate that
 free-blocks indicates a percentage of the calculated image size
 -F specfile
 Use specfile as an mtree(8) 'specfile' specification.
 If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its per-
 missions and modification time will be used unless specifically
 overridden by the specfile. An error will be raised if the type of
 entry in the specfile conflicts with that of an existing entry.
 In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry
 in the underlying file system) the following occurs: If the spec-
 file entry is marked optional, the specfile entry is ignored. Oth-
 erwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is necessary
 to specify at least the following parameters in the specfile: type,
 mode, gname or gid, and uname or uid, device (in the case of block
 or character devices), and link (in the case of symbolic links).
 If time isn't provided, the current time will be used. If flags
 isn't provided, the current file flags will be used. Missing regu-
 lar file entries will be created as zero-length files.
 -N dbdir
 Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database
 text file group from dbdir, rather than using the results from the
 system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library calls.
 Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected. Two or
 more numbers may be separated by an ''x'' to indicate a product. Each
 number may have one of the following optional suffices:
 b Block; multiply by 512
 k Kilo; multiply by 1024 (1 KB)
 m Mega; multiply by _PHONE_ (1 MB)
 g Giga; multiply by _PHONE_ (1 GB)
 t Tera; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TB)
 w Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
 FFS-specific options
 ffs images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
 Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equals sign ('='), and a
 value. The following keywords are supported:
 avgfilesize Expected average file size
 avgfpdir Expected number of files per directory
 bsize Block size
 cpg Cylinders per group
 density Bytes per inode
 fsize Fragment size
 maxbpg Maximum blocks per cylinder group
 minfree Minimum % free
 nsectors Number of sectors
 ntracks Number of tracks
 optimization Optimization preference; one of 'space' or 'time'.
 rotdelay Rotational delay
 rpm Revolutions per minute
 nrpos Number of rotational positions
SEE ALSO
 mtree(8), newfs(8)
HISTORY
 The makefs utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6.
AUTHORS
 Luke Mewburn <_EMAIL_>
NetBSD 1.6 February 8, 2002 2
You can also request any man page by name and (optionally) by section:
Command:
Section:
Architecture:
Collection:

Use the DEFAULT collection to view manual pages for third-party software.
©1994 Man-cgi 1.15, Panagiotis Christias
©_PHONE_ Modified for NetBSD by Kimmo Suominen


text:
Add or modify a hotspot
A picture can contain one or more clickable hyperlinked areas that are called hotspots, which function like any other hyperlink. You can also set a default hyperlink for all other areas on the picture where you haven't defined a hotspot.
The Pictures toolbar provides tools that enable you to draw rectangular, circular and polygonal-shaped hotspots on an image. After you draw the hotspot, the Insert Hyperlink dialog box appears for you to specify the link for the hotspot. You can highlight hot spots on a picture in Microsoft Expression Web, such as when it's hard for you to see the hot spot outlines on the picture.
To set a hyperlink for all other areas on the image outside of the hotspots, select the image and add a hyperlink to it. For more information, see Create or modify a hyperlink.
In Design view, in your web page, click the picture to which you want to add a hotspot.
On the Pictures toolbar, click Rectangular Hotspot, Circular Hotspot, or Polygonal Hotspot.
On the picture, do one or more of the following.
To draw either a rectangle or circle, drag where you want a hotspot.
To draw a polygon, click to create each vertex of the polygon shape. To complete the shape, either click on the first vertex you created, or double-click.
In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, locate the file you want to link to, and then click OK. For more information, see Create or modify a hyperlink.
In Design view, in your web page, click the picture that contains the hotspot you want to modify.
On the Pictures toolbar, click Select, and then do one or more of the following.
To move a hotspot, click within the hotspot and drag it to where you want.
To resize a hotspot, drag a vertex on the hotspot.
To modify the hyperlink of a hotspot, double-click the hotspot. In the Edit Hyperlink dialog box, set the Address box to the hyperlink you want and click OK.
To delete a hotspot, click the hotspot and press DELETE.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
One Hundred Twenty-Two Years of Essential Work
It required a considerable number of people to manage, maintain, and support the Bowen households. Information about the essential workers at Roseland Cottage when it was a residence is sparse. There are documents, like the U. S. Census beginning in 1850, that provide insight. A handful of photographs exist. Individuals or positions are mentioned occasionally in journal entries and letters. Most important for our understanding are the existing spaces and the objects at Roseland Cottage. Every room or space provides information about work accomplished or a service provided. Much like putting a jigsaw puzzle together, the pieces of information can be assembled to create a picture of the often overlooked hard work that contributed to the public success of the Bowen family.
The Written Record
Letters, Journals, and the Census
Surviving family letters, Clarence Bowen's records, and the United States Census provide additional information about the men and women employed in the Bowen household over the years. The 1850 census for Brooklyn, New York sheds light on a young household with four children and four women listed as servants. Three of the women are from Ireland, one from Scotland. Jane Stewart appears in the list, aged twenty-two, along with Elizabeth Stewart, aged thirteen. Their relationship is not stated. Jane is found in subsequent records, sometimes in New York, sometimes in Woodstock. In the 1900 census, Ellen Bowen is head of the household in Woodstock and Jane Stewart's occupation is seamstress.
Lucy Bowen's letters provide additional insight into the household. In a letter to a friend she writes that "I now have a professed Cook...She cooks beautifully, makes ice creams.. " In 1854, Lucy writes to staff member Jane Miller that "Lizzie we shall keep too, we need two up stairs now, as Clare requires some constancy with him."
Further information is found in Clarence Bowen's journals and scrapbooks. A newspaper clipping from 1889 states that "Mr. H. C. Bowen's employees have stored two hundred tons of ice in anticipation of a warm summer."
Image courtesy of the National Archives

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Persian/ Urdu Alal, Allal, in 12th century Persia was believed to be one of the names of the queen of the full moon, princess of hearts, or mother of the sky.
The legend of Alal is celebrated across south Iran and parts of the Middle East.
There are a range of Myths that portray Alal to be the Greek Aphrodite or the Roman Venus, Goddess of Love. She was believed to be the daughter of a wine merchant who ran away to a nearby river and fell in love with nature. Alal was known to be the symbol of charisma and love. She was described to have a voice that was flowing and musical along with eloquence and affection.
The Alal was typically described to be crowned with dark hair, large lustrous eyes and a round doll-like complexion. Many of the antique Persian miniatures often outlined her certain characteristics. The 17th and 18th century Persian court poets, described her to be a beautiful yet mysterious socialite that possessed a heart of gold with extreme radiance. She was known to be a rare and striking beauty, too glorious to live on Earth, and was moved to the Sky, where she resides in her palace amongst the stars, and became as we know her today, the Moon.


witch hazel
Herbal Plant Profiles
Witch Hazel: Herbal Plant Profile
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Disclaimer: This Materia Medica is provided for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Please consult with a qualified healthcare practitioner or herbalist before using any herbal remedies.
Materia Medica: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)
Introduction: Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is a versatile and widely used medicinal plant renowned for its numerous therapeutic properties. As a professional herbalist, I'll provide an exhaustive materia medica for witch hazel, offering insights into its botanical characteristics, historical uses, preparation methods, and contemporary applications.
Botanical Description:
 - Botanical Name: Hamamelis virginiana
 - Common Names: Witch hazel, winterbloom
 - Family: Hamamelidaceae
 - Parts Used: Bark, leaves, and twigs
 - Habitat: Native to North America, primarily the eastern United States.
Botanical Characteristics:
 1. Tree or Shrub: Witch hazel is a deciduous shrub or small tree that can reach heights of 10 to 30 feet.
 2. Leaves: The leaves are alternate, oval-shaped, and have a wavy margin. They turn vibrant shades of yellow and red in the fall.
 3. Flowers: Witch hazel blooms in late fall or early winter when most other plants are dormant. Its fragrant, spidery yellow flowers have distinctive ribbon-like petals.
 4. Fruit: The fruit is a woody capsule that contains seeds. When the seeds mature, the capsules forcefully expel them.
 5. Bark: The bark is smooth and gray, with astringent properties.
Historical Uses:
 1. Native American Medicine: Indigenous peoples in North America, such as the Osage and Iroquois, used witch hazel for various medicinal purposes, including wound healing and as a soothing agent.
 2. Early American Settlers: European settlers adopted Native American remedies, and witch hazel became a common folk remedy in colonial America.
 3. Topical Applications: Witch hazel was traditionally used topically for skin conditions, bruises, and insect bites.
 4. Hemorrhoid Treatment: Its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties made it a popular remedy for hemorrhoids.
Constituents: Witch hazel contains several active compounds, including:
 - Tannins: Responsible for its astringent properties.
 - Flavonoids: Known for their antioxidant effects.
 - Gallic Acid: Provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
 - Essential Oils: Contribute to its aromatic properties.
Preparation Methods:
 1. Witch Hazel Extract: The most common preparation involves making an extract from the leaves, bark, or twigs. This extract is often available commercially as witch hazel water.
 2. Infusions and Decoctions: Infusing or decocting witch hazel leaves can yield teas for internal use, although it's more frequently used topically.
 3. Compresses: Soaking a cloth in witch hazel extract and applying it to the affected area can relieve skin irritations and inflammation.
Contemporary Applications:
 1. Skin Care: Witch hazel is renowned for its skin-soothing properties. It is used as a natural astringent and toner, helping to tighten pores and reduce acne breakouts.
 2. Hemorrhoid Relief: Witch hazel can alleviate the discomfort associated with hemorrhoids when applied topically.
 3. Anti-inflammatory: Its anti-inflammatory effects are beneficial for treating minor cuts, burns, and insect bites.
 4. Eye Irritation: Witch hazel can be used to soothe irritated eyes, although it should be used cautiously and not directly in the eye.
 5. Anti-aging: Some skincare products incorporate witch hazel for its potential to reduce signs of aging, like wrinkles and fine lines.
Safety and Precautions:
 - Witch hazel is generally considered safe when used topically in recommended doses.
 - It is crucial to ensure the product is pure and not mixed with alcohol or other additives that may cause skin irritation.
 - Internal use should be approached with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
 - Allergic reactions are rare but possible, so perform a patch test before applying it widely on the skin.
Conclusion: Witch hazel's enduring popularity as a medicinal plant is a testament to its efficacy in various applications, particularly in skincare and minor wound care. As a professional herbalist, it's essential to understand its botanical characteristics, historical uses, preparation methods, and contemporary applications to provide effective and safe herbal remedies to clients. Always advocate for responsible and informed herbal usage.
Author
 - Willow Leigh
 Willow is a graduate of The Herbal Academy and has been practicing herbalism since 2020. Her passion is empowering others improve their health and wellness though the natural world around us! She is an avid reader, cook, crafter, and gardener. Willow lives in Colorado with her husband, three kids, and four dogs.
Willow is a graduate of The Herbal Academy and has been practicing herbalism since 2020. Her passion is empowering others improve their health and wellness though the natural world around us! She is an avid reader, cook, crafter, and gardener. Willow lives in Colorado with her husband, three kids, and four dogs.
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Windowing (also known as weighting) functions are used to combat spectral leakage from digital signal processing (discontinuities).
The Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) needs one period of a periodic signal. In the FFT, the discontinuities create high-frequency components, which were not present in the original signal. Therefore, a problem arises when applying FFT to measure the frequency components of a radar signal.
The windowing technique is used to overcome the aforementioned problem. It reduces the discontinuities at the boundaries. It enables the amplitude to vary smoothly and gradually reduce toward zero at the edges, resulting in a continuous waveform.
Freescopes includes the following Windowing Functions:
- Hann (also known as Hanning)


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Apple Hill String Quartet
The Apple Hill String Quartet has earned accolades from around the world for their interpretive mastery of such traditional repertoire as Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Schumann, Beethoven, and Ravel — along with their special dedication to seldom heard masterworks and contemporary music. They have performed concerts extensively throughout the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia as part of Apple Hill's innovative Playing for Peace™ program.
Education is an integral part of the quartet's mission — therefore they have conducted mini-residencies in embassies, communities, schools and universities locally in the Monadnock region, nationally in the major U.S. cities, and throughout the world in such faraway places as Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Algiers, Cyprus, Ireland, England, Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and Russia. They also spend countless hours as dedicated teacher-performers at Apple Hill's renowned Summer Chamber Music Workshop, held each summer on the 100-acre Apple Hill campus.
As 21st-century musicians, the quartet is deeply committed to the commissioning of new works. Their recent commission by composer and long-time "Apple Hiller" Daniel Sedgwick was premiered at Apple Hill in 2009 and performed to critical acclaim throughout the U.S., Europe, and the Middle East. Their project, "Around the World with Playing for Peace™", features the rich multicultural repertoire of works and compositions associated with countries visited through the Playing for Peace™ program, as seen through the lens of the string quartet. Featured composers have included Victor Ullman (String Quartet #3, written in the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp), Turkish composer Ekrem Zeki Ün, Armenian composers Alan Hovhaness and A. Zohrabian, Syrian composer Kareem Roustom, and American composers Roger Sessions, John Harbison, Tom Oboe Lee, Larry Siegel, and Charles Ives.
The quartet is comprised of Elise Kuder and Colleen Jennings, violins, Michael Kelley, viola, and Rupert Thompson, violoncello.
Elise Kuder, violin
Called "first rate" by the Boston Globe, Elise Kuder is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory and The Juilliard School. Her teachers and coaches have included Monica VanderBaan, Marilyn McDonald, Joel Smirnoff, David Takeno, Eugene Lehner, Felix Galimir, Gilbert Kalisch, Robert Merfeld, and Lenny Matczynski. She attended the Tanglewood Music Center, where she won the Kohn Award for outstanding musicianship and served as concertmaster of the Tanglewood Music Center Orchestra. As a Fulbright scholar, Elise studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, England, where she was first violinist of the Tate Quartet, which made its successful debut at Wigmore Hall in London. Beginning her association with Apple Hill as one of its youngest participants at age 12, Elise is currently first violinist of the Apple Hill String Quartet and has been an artist-inresidence at Apple Hill since 2001.
Colleen Jennings, violin
Colleen Jennings has been performing and teaching around the globe for many years. As a member of the Kammerorchester Basel in Switzerland and a resident there for 4 years, she toured extensively throughout Western Europe. She recorded several CD's with the group including Beethoven Symphonies 1-2 with Giovanni Antonini and a recording of Modern Classical music with Christopher Hogwood and Emma Kirkby. Also while in Switzerland, she co-founded the chamber ensemble Ex Luce Color. The unique ensemble, made up of 2 violins and soprano, seeks to bridge early, contemporary and traditional music in its varied programs some of which include works written for the ensemble. Stateside, she has played with the New England Piano Quintet, Arcadia Players, the Springfield Symphony, and the Opera North orchestra. She is on the faculty at Smith College. Colleen began her association with Apple Hill as a summer faculty coach in 2010, is now second violinist of the Apple Hill String Quartet, and has been an artist-in-resident at Apple Hill since 2013. Colleen received a Bachelor of Music degree from Oberlin Conservatory and a Masters of Music degree from Rice University. Her principal teachers include Sergiu Luca, Marilyn McDonald and Antonio Pellegrini.
Michael Kelley, viola
Michael Kelley graduated from The Walnut Hill School for the Arts and has received degrees from Oberlin Conservatory and The Juilliard School. His teachers have included Leonard Matczynski, Jeffrey Irvine, and Karen Tuttle. A prize winner at the Primrose International Viola Competition at the age of 18, Mike is currently violist of the Apple Hill String Quartet and has been an artist-in-residence at Apple Hill since 1996. He is the Music Coordinator for Apple Hill's Summer Chamber Music Workshop, where he directs sessions, performs concerts, and coaches chamber music throughout the summer. An active composer, Mike has been a Teaching Fellow in Electronic Music at the Juilliard School, has written music for everyone from Madison Square Garden to Yale University, and frequently gives lectures/ demonstrations on the subject of creating electronic music. As disco-pop singer Kelley Polar, he has performed at major European pop-rock music festivals and in club venues worldwide, collaborating with many groups including the Junior Boys, Metro Area, and Bomb the Bass. His albums have recently been selected for the "best of the decade" lists of music magazines Stylus and Fact, and have been highly recommended by Entertainment Weekly, Spin, and the Guardian.
Rupert Thompson, cello
Rupert Thompson made his solo debut with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra at the age of 18. He has studied with Mihaly Virizlay and Timothy Eddy, holding degrees from the Peabody Institute (BM) in Baltimore Md., and SUNY Stony Brook of New York (MM and DMA). Rupert has received a career grant from the Concert Artist Guild, as well as the CD Jackson Memorial Award of Merit from the Tanglewood Music Center. Live radio broadcasts of his solo engagements include WFMT of Chicago and WQXR in New York City. He began his association with Apple Hill as a resident artist in 2000 and is now cellist of the Apple Hill String Quartet, where he tours around the world through Apple Hill's Playing for Peace™ program. In addition to his active concert schedule, Rupert is also a photographer, a screen writer, and served as film composer for the award-winning movie Sensation of Sight.


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A Welsh university is hoping to find novel commercial uses for the by-products of a greener fuel made from ryegrass.
Researchers from Glyndŵr University will investigate how sugars from new forms of ryegrass can be chemically modified to produce additives, which could be used as a thickening or gelling agent in a range of products in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.
They will work with scientists from Aberystwyth University and Bangor University in a pan-Wales research project that has been awarded more than £450,000 in funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's Integrated Bio-refining Research and Technology Club (IBTI).
Glyndŵr University will focus its research on fructans in new strains of ryegrass, grown on land unsuitable for arable farming, which have been developed by plant biologists at Aberystwyth to produce biofuel.
Traditional ryegrasses store their carbohydrates as starch, a very stable molecule that is difficult to modify. In the new ryegrasses, however, these are stored as fructans, long chains of fruit sugar molecules that can be easily modified using chemicals — without impacting upon the suitability of the grass for producing biofuel.
A third Welsh university, Bangor, will look at ways to increase the yield of the fructans and minimise waste products by using its expertise in sonication, a scientific process that uses soundwaves to agitate particles.
The project is being led by Prof Peter Williams, director of the Centre for Water-Soluble Polymers at Glyndŵr University, who said that the isolation and modification of fructans for use in industry would make the crops more cost effective for farmers and encourage their growth.


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Views: 0 Author: katreenipump Publish Time: 2023-07-27 Origin: Site
How to solve the wear and erosion of pulp pumps
1. Choose wear-resistant materials:
For the components of pulp pumps, especially the impeller, pump casing, and other parts, wear-resistant materials should be selected.
Commonly used wear-resistant materials include high chromium alloy, rubber, ceramics, etc.
These materials can effectively resist the wear and erosion of solid particles, extending the service life of pumps.
2. Reduce flow rate:
Reduce the flow rate of the pulp pump appropriately to reduce the impact and wear of liquid on the internal components of the pump.
By adjusting the pump speed and flow rate reasonably, the degree of wear and erosion can be reduced.
3. Regular maintenance:
Conduct regular maintenance and upkeep on the pulp pump, check the wear of the impeller,
pump casing, bearings and other components of the pump, and replace severely worn components in a timely manner to maintain the pump in good condition.
4. Control of solid content:
During the pulp conveying process, try to control the content of solid particles in the pulp as much as possible to reduce the abrasion of solid particles on the pump.
The content of solid particles can be reduced through methods such as screening and filtration.
5. Increase lubrication:
Adding a certain amount of lubricant to the liquid can reduce the wear and erosion of the pump caused by the liquid.
Suitable lubricants can reduce friction and wear, reduce pump energy consumption, and improve pump efficiency.


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Last Updated on by Sabina
Polydactyl cats, with their unique and adorable extra toes, have captured the hearts of many cat enthusiasts around the world. These charming felines possess a genetic anomaly that results in more than the usual number of toes on their paws. Adding an element of intrigue to their already captivating presence.
The Genetic Wonder: Unraveling the Origins of Polydactyl Cats
Polydactylism, or having extra toes, is a genetic mutation that can occur in cats. Believers attribute the origin of polydactylism to a natural genetic variation that occurred centuries ago. Polydactyl cats can have various numbers of extra toes. Ranging from one or two to as many as seven on each paw. This enchanting anomaly adds to the uniqueness and allure of these extraordinary felines.
Pawful Paws: The Adorable Appeal of Polydactyl Cat Feet
The defining feature of polydactyl cats is, of course, their adorable and sometimes seemingly oversized paws. These paws can resemble mittens or snowshoes, giving polydactyl cats a distinctive and charming appearance. The extra toes do not hinder their mobility or agility; in fact. They often enhance their dexterity. Allowing them to perform remarkable feats with their paws that can amuse and astonish their human companions.
A Rich History: Polydactyl Cats and Their Maritime Connection
Polydactyl cats have a fascinating historical association with seafaring communities, particularly in regions like New England and the British Isles. Sailors highly valued these cats due to the belief that the extra toes on their paws. Provided them with increased balance and dexterity aboard ships. Polydactyl cats are commonly found in coastal areas with seafaring traditions. Where people continue to celebrate them as symbols of good luck and companionship.
Charming Personalities: The Endearing Traits of Polydactyl Cats
Beyond their unique physical feature, people adore polydactyl cats for their delightful personalities, often describing them as friendly, sociable, and affectionate companions. Polydactyl cats possess a gentle and playful nature, and their extra toes seem to amplify their charm. These cats possess intelligence and adaptability, making them wonderful additions to households of all kinds, including families, individuals, and multi-pet households.
Nurturing and Care: Catering to the Needs of Polydactyl Cats
Caring for a polydactyl cat involves providing them with the same love, attention, and basic care as any other cat. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and engaging playtime are essential for their overall well-being. Due to their extra toes, their nails may require more frequent trimming to prevent overgrowth or discomfort. It is also important to provide them with appropriate scratching posts and toys to help keep their claws in good condition.
Polydactyl Cat Breeds
While polydactylism, or extra toes, can occur in any cat breed, there are a few breeds that have a higher prevalence of polydactyl individuals. Here are some polydactyl cat breeds:
The Maine Coon breed has gained recognition for its large size and tufted ears, while also being associated with a higher incidence of polydactylism. Seafaring communities have intertwined their history with polydactyl Maine Coons, highly valuing them for their purported abilities to navigate ships and catch rodents.
Originating in the United States, breeders selectively bred the American Polydactyl breed to maintain and perpetuate the polydactyl trait. Breeders intentionally bred these cats to ensure the continuation of the extra-toe characteristic. They exhibit a range of coat colors and patterns and some cat registries recognize them as a distinct breed.
The Pixie-Bob, a breed that originated in the United States, is known for its wild appearance and bobcat-like characteristics. While not all Pixie-Bobs are polydactyl, some individuals within the breed exhibit this trait, adding to their unique appeal.
While they are less common, one can occasionally find polydactyl Ragdolls within the breed. Ragdolls, admired for their large size, gentle temperament, and semi-longhair coats, are a popular choice among cat enthusiasts.
British Shorthair: While not as prevalent as in some other breeds, polydactylism can occasionally occur in British Shorthair cats. Cat enthusiasts admire this breed for its round face, dense coat, and stocky build, and the presence of extra toes adds an interesting twist to their already charming appearance.
How Rare are Polydactyl Cats
People consider polydactyl cats relatively rare compared to cats with the typical number of toes.The prevalence of polydactylism varies depending on the geographical location and specific cat populations. In some areas, such as certain coastal regions or communities with historical ties to polydactyl cats, the occurrence of polydactylism may be more common.
It's challenging to determine the exact prevalence of polydactyl cats since it can occur sporadically in any breed or mixed-breed cats. Estimates suggest that polydactyl cats make up around 2-5% of the general cat population. However, in specific breeds with a higher incidence of polydactylism, such as the Maine Coon or American Polydactyl, the occurrence may be more frequent.
It's important to note that the rarity of polydactyl cats adds to their unique appeal and desirability for those who appreciate their distinctive physical feature. Many cat lovers find the extra toes of polydactyl cats to be endearing and seek them out specifically for their charm and individuality.


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This article first appeared in Sensors Online on March 10, 2017
The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing the capability of businesses to measure and manage a range of previously standalone infrastructure. In flare-gas operations, businesses are deploying this capability to monitor flaring volumes remotely and seeing transformative results in terms of cost reduction, emissions management, and new revenue streams. While deploying this capability in gas-flaring operations will be crucial for the energy sector in the coming decades, any business that measures gas can adopt the same principles to increase efficiencies and generate new revenue streams.
Cloud technology has already made a significant impact on business operations for companies measuring gas. Whereas historically computing power was limited to on-site equipment, businesses now have access to almost unlimited computing power through the cloud.
While adoption within flaring operations is still in its infancy, the technology is poised to change gas management fundamentally. Remote gas measurement through cloud platforms can vastly reduce cost and, more significantly, risk. Operations in hostile and hazardous locations are more efficiently manageable and organizations can better manage risk. For the energy sector, this can also support the necessary management of greenhouse gas emissions.
Data Streams Are A Sea Of Potential
Gas measurement infrastructure can be difficult to access. In hostile environments, such as oil rigs, it is often hazardous for engineers tasked with operating and maintaining equipment. In both scenarios, remote access to measurement data can reduce cost. Historically it has been necessary for personnel to check whether assets are working on-site. This costs time and money and, for the oil and gas industry, means inserting a human being into a dangerous environment.
Cloud technology enables businesses to remotely monitor gas measurement assets and access real-time data feeds. The best platforms allow data to be accessed from multiple devices, anywhere in the world. Data is received instantly, insight gained quickly, and action can be taken as soon as possible. Wherever gas measurement occurs, access to improved information in real time enables more informed strategic decision making.
Emissions Reductions Are A Necessary Step
Remote data streams for diagnostics using telemetry are already used in sectors such as utilities. Data feeds are used to manage tasks such as asset well-being reporting, or for more sophisticated diagnostics, such as software updates.
With remote asset monitoring through the internet using cloud technology, applying this process to gas measurement in other industries has the potential of a transformative effect. In the oil and gas industry, the ability to monitor flare gas volumes in real-time will support the necessary transition to carbon emissions reduction. A 2015 International Energy Agency (IEA) report, 'CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights' estimates that more than 40% of global CO2 emissions come from the power sector, with a further 20% resulting from large-scale industrial processes such as chemicals production.
The ability to feed real-time CO2 emissions data into a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) in the cloud will allow organizations to collect, record, and report data remotely. Insight gained from data analytics in turn enables more effective management of emissions across multiple sites, even if they are in different countries.
To continue reading this article, click here.


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The Rosa Porrino is a pink coloured granite from Spain that is a reference granite all over the world. The Rosa Porrino has set the standards for pink coloured granites and opened a large market for this type of granites. Today, there are similar granites from different origins being commercialized all over the world, but the Rosa Porrino will still remain a pioneer for this type of granite.
Due to its fame and international recognition, this granite has taken several different names according to each supplier, market, project, etc. We present below some of these alternative names that identify the Spanish Rosa Porrino:
- Rosa Porrinho: the Portuguese name for the Rosa Porrino granite. There is a variation of the Rosa Porrino being extracted in Portugal.
- Porrino Pink: the English name for the Rosa Porrino granite, it is common to use this name on English speaking countries.
- Spanish Pink granite: a generalist name to describe the Rosa Porrino granite. If we talk about Spanish pink granite, we normally refers to its main reference: the Rosa Porrino
- Porrino granite: simply known as Porrino granite. Porrino is the town nearby where the Rosa Porrino granite quarries are located.


Blogs Women's Health
It's Millet Time
An ancient grain, a super grain
Dr Padma Garvey/Plant-Based Doctor Mom
It's Millet Time
Recently I came across an article discussing some issues related to climate change and food production. Water is becoming an issue for many parts of the world, including some parts of the United States. Clean drinking water and water for farming are things we can no longer take for granted. The article I read talked about projections made by the Indian government regarding the availability of enough water to sustain rice production as the population grows. Growing millet requires less water than does rice or wheat farming and is therefore an alternative to meeting the needs of a growing population.
Millet, like so many other ancient grains, is a whole grain, high in fiber. By utilizing grains that require less water, we also take small steps towards helping the planet. When looking at the problem of climate change as a whole, each one of us can feel powerless. The problem seems so daunting that we are inclined to do nothing. But each one of us making small changes to our diets does add up and is the most impactful way an individual can affect climate change.
Recently I made the switch from rice to millet and now eat all my Indian meals and stir-frys with millet instead of rice. It is also good for dishes like upma and tabouleh. I combine one cup of millet with two cups of water. I cook it in my pressure cooker for ten minutes. I love the texture which reminds me of couscous. One cup of cooked millet has slightly fewer calories and slightly more protein than does one cup of cooked brown rice. So next time you are planning on eating a meal that normally calls for rice, try millet instead.
Other articles by Padma Garvey


AISC Manual Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design 9th Edition
Clevises have to be right hand and left hand threaded when paired with a single rod to allow for tensioning. When used with a turnbuckle, both clevises will need to.
Clevises - Tie Rod Assemblies
 - AISC Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design. AISC Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design (AISC 316-89) 9th (ninth) Edition by AISC Manual Committee (1989) [aa] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on.
 - 'BEAMANAL' Program - CALCULATOR EDGE Single-Span Beam & Code Check Single-Span Beam Doc IND1 Shape explanations of input or output items, equations used, data tables, etc. (Note: presence of a "comment.
 - Design of lifting lugs - Structural engineering other. Resources for lift beam design ASME BTH-1-2008 (replaces the 2005 version) - Design of Below the Hook Lifting Devices. Similar to AISC 9th Ed.
 - AISC Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design. AISC Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design (AISC 316-89) 9th edition by Committee, AISC Manual published by American Institute of Steel Construction.
 - Steel design - Wikipedia Steel design, or more specifically, structural steel design, is an area of knowledge of structural engineering used to design steel structures.
 - I-beam - Wikipedia History. The method of producing an I-beam, as rolled from a single piece of steel, was patented by Alphonse Halbou of the company Forges de la Providence in 1849.
 - HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS - cousesteel.com 4 Tables of allowable axial compressive loads, in kips, are presented for square, rectangular and round hollow structural sections ( HSS) manufac-
 - WikiEngineer :: Structural :: Steel Beam Design Simple Steel Beam Design. Solve for the Allowable Moment of a Simple Steel Beam; Find the Stress in a member and compare it to the Allowable Stress of the beam
 - Ku!. How i can help you?
 - good translation
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 AISC Manual Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design 9th Edition 1 2 3 4 5
 malagavita.us


useful for the developers who thrive at making their asp.net application an absolutely impossible place for the hackers to deal with.
Happy reading!
ASP.NET MVC - ASPHostPortal.com :: Simple Tips for ASP.NET MVC Model Binding
clock March 1, 2016 18:25 by author Armend
Tips for ASP.NET MVC Model Binding
Model binding in the ASP.NET MVC framework is simple. Your action methods need data, and the incoming HTTP request carries the data you need. The catch is that the data is embedded into POST-ed form values, and possibly the URL itself. Enter the DefaultModelBinder, which can magically convert form values and route data into objects. Model binders allow your controller code to remain cleanly separated from the dirtiness of interrogating the request and its associated environment.
Here are some tips on how to take advantage of model binding in your MVC projects.

Tip #1: Prefer Binding Over Request.Form
If you are writing your actions like this ..
[AcceptVerbs(HttpVerbs.Post)]
public ActionResult Create()
{
 Recipe recipe = new Recipe();
 recipe.Name = Request.Form["Name"];
 // ...
 return View();
}
Then you are doing it all wrong. The model binder can save you from using the Request and HttpContext properties – those properties make the action harder to read and harder to test. One step up would be to use a FormCollection parameter instead:
public ActionResult Create(FormCollection values)
{
 Recipe recipe = new Recipe();
 recipe.Name = values["Name"];
 // ...
 return View();
}
With the FormCollection you don't have to dig into the Request object, and sometimes you need this low level of control. But, if all of your data is in Request.Form, route data, or the URL query string, then you can let model binding work its magic:
[AcceptVerbs(HttpVerbs.Post)]
public ActionResult Create(Recipe newRecipe)
{
 // ...
 return View();
}
In this example, the model binder will create your newRecipe object and populate it with data it finds in the request (by matching up data with the recipe's property names). It's pure auto-magic. There are many ways to customize the binding process with "white lists", "black lists", prefixes, and marker interfaces. For more control over when the binding takes place you can use the UpdateModel and TryUpdateModel methods. Just beware of unintentional binding – see Justin Etheredge's Think Before You Bind.
Tip #2: Custom model binders
Model binding is also one of the extensibility points in the MVC framework. If you can't use the default binding behavior you can provide your own model binders, and mix and match binders. To implement a custom model binder you need to implement the IModelBinder interface. There is only method involved - how hard can it be?
public interface IModelBinder
{
 object BindModel(ControllerContext controllerContext,
 ModelBindingContext bindingContext);
}
Once you get neck deep into model binding, however, you'll discover that the simple IModelBinder interface doesn't fully describe all the implicit contracts and side-effects inside the framework. If you take a step back and look at the bigger picture you'll see that model binding is but one move in a carefully orchestrated dance between the model binder, the ModelState, and the HtmlHelpers. You can pick up on some of these implicit behaviors by reading the unit tests for the default model binder.
If the default model binder has problems putting data into your object, it will place the error messages and the erroneous data value into ModelState. You can check ModelState.IsValid to see if binding problems are present, and use ModelState.AddModelError to inject your own error messages. See this very simple tutorial for more information on how ModelState and HtmlHelpers can work together to present validation errors to the user.
If you scroll down the comments to post you'll see code. If a conversion fails, the code will use ModelState.AddModelError to propagate the error. Both the controller action and the view can look in ModelState to see if there was a binding problem. The controller would need to check ModelState for errors before saving stuff into the database, while the view can check ModelState for errors to give the user validation feedback. One important note is that the HtmlHelpers you use in a view will require ModelState to hold both a value (via ModelState.SetModelValue) and the error (via AddModelError) or you'll have runtime errors (null reference exceptions). The following code can demonstrate the problem:
[AcceptVerbs(HttpVerbs.Post)]
public ActionResult Create(FormCollection Form)
{
 // this is the wrong approach ...
 if (Form["Name"].Trim().Length == 0)
 ModelState.AddModelError("Name", "Name is required");
 return View();
}
The above code creates a model error without ever setting a model value. It has other problems, too, but it will create exceptions if you render the following view.
<%= Html.TextBox("Name", Model.Name) %>
Even though you've specified Model.Name as the value for the textbox, the textbox helper will see the model error and attempt to display the "attempted value" that the user tried to put in the model. If you didn't set the model value in model state you'll see a null reference exception.
Tip #3: Custom Model Binding via Inheritance
If you've decided to implement a custom model binder, you might be able to cut down on the amount of work required by inheriting from DefaultModelBinder and adding some custom logic. In fact, this should be your default plan until you are certain you can't subclass the default binder to achieve the functionality you need. For example, suppose you just want to have some control over the creation of your model object. The DefaultModelBinder will create object's using Activator.CreateInstance and the model's default constructor. If you don't have a default constructor for your model, you can subclass the DefaultModelBinder and override the CreateModel method.
Jimmy Bogard has an example of sub classing the DefaultModelBinder in his post titled "A Better Model Binder".
Tip #4: Using Data Annotations for Validation
Brad Wilson explains everything beautifully in this post: DataAnnotations and ASP.NET MVC.
I encourage you to go read Brad's post, but if you are in a hurry, here is a summary:
.NET 3.5 SP1 shipped a System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations assembly that looks to play a central role as we move forward with the .NET framework. By using data annotations and the DataAnnotationsModelBinder, you can take care of most of your server-side validation by simply decorating your model with attributes.
public class Recipe
{
 [Required(ErrorMessage="We need a name for this dish.")]
 [RegularExpression("^Bacon")]
 public string Name { get; set; }
 // ...
}
The DataAnnotationsModelBinder is also a great sample to read and understand how to effectively subclass the default model binder.
Tip #5 : Recognize Binding and Validation As Two Phases
Binding is about taking data from the environment and shoving it into the model, while validation is checking the model to make sure it meets our expectations. These are different different operations, but model binding tends to blur the distinction. If you want to perform validation and binding together in a model binder, you can – it's exactly what the DataAnnotationsModelBinder will do. You can also find samples like Automatic Model Validation with ASP.NET MVC, xVal, Castle, and a Custom Binder (John McDowall), and Enterprise Library Validation Application Block with MVC Binders (Steve Michelotti). However, one thing that is often overlooked is how the DefaultModelBinder itself separates the binding and validation phases. If all you need is simple property validation, then all you need to do is override the OnPropertyValidating method of the DefaultModelBinder.
Tip #6: Binders Are About The Environment
Earlier I said that "model binders allow your controller code to remain cleanly separated from the dirtiness of interrogating the request and its associated environment". Generally, when we think of binder we think of moving data from the routing data and posted form values into the model. However, there is no restriction of where you find data for your model. The context of a web request is rich with information about the client. A good example is another Scott Hanselman post on automatically binding the user's identity into a model see: IPrincipal (User) ModelBinder in ASP.NET MVC for easier testing.
In Conclusion
Model binding is beautiful magic, so take advantage


1.An adult female person; a grown-up female person, as distinguished from a man or a child; sometimes, any female person.
- Gen. ii. 22.
2.The female part of the human race; womankind.
Man is destined to be a prey to woman.
- Thackeray.
3.A female attendant or servant.
Woman hater
one who hates women; one who has an aversion to the female sex; a misogynist.
- Swift.
v. t.1.To act the part of a woman in; - with indefinite it.
2.To make effeminate or womanish.
3.To furnish with, or unite to, a woman.
Noun1.Womanwoman - an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted"
Synonyms: adult female
adult male, man - an adult male person (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus"
2.woman - women as a class; "it's an insult to American womanhood"; "woman is the glory of creation"
Synonyms: womanhood
3.woman - a human female who does housework; "the char will clean the carpet"
4.woman - a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man; "he was faithful to his woman"
man - a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man"
(tool)woman - A replacement for the Unix man documentation browsing command. Version 1.157 of woman runs under/on 386BSD, OSF, Apollo Domain/OS, BSD, HP-UX, IBM RS-6000, Irix, Linux, Solaris, Sony NEWS, SunOS, Ultrix, Unicos.
Posted to comp.sources.reviewed Volume 3, Issue 50 on 05 Jul 1993 by Arne Henrik Juul, archive-name woman-1.157.
FTP USC, USA. FTP Imperial, UK.
To see a woman in your dream, represents nurturance, passivity, caring nature, and love. It refers to your own female aspects or may also represent your mother. Alternatively, it may indicate temptation and guilt. If you know the woman, then it may symbolize the concerns and feelings you have about her. To see an old woman in your dream, indicates aging and growing old. To see a group of women talking in your dream, refers to some gossip. To see a pregnant women in your dream, symbolizes abundant wealth.Eve, Frau, adult, better half, common-law wife, concubine, dame, daughter of Eve, distaff, distaff side, domina, donna, dowager, doxy, fair sex, female sex, feme, feme covert, femininity, femme, frow, gentlewoman, girl, goodwife, goody, grown man, grownup, helpmate, helpmeet, kept mistress, kept woman, lady, lass, legalis homo, little, major, man, married woman, matron, mature man, milady, mistress, no chicken, old lady, old woman, paramour, playmate, rib, second sex, softer sex, squaw, unofficial wife, vrouw, wahine, weaker sex, weaker vessel, wedded wife, wife, womanhood, womankind, women, womenfolk, womenfolks
Translate Woman to Spanish, Translate Woman to German, Translate Woman to French
Wollaston prism
Wollaston's doublet
Wollaston's goniometer
Wollemi pine
Wolstonian glaciation
Wolverine State
-- Woman --
woman chaser
woman hater
woman of the house
woman of the street
woman's body
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
woman's doctor
woman's hat


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Plants and Paving Harmonious Integration
Apr 13, 2023
A patio is often approached as an individual element in a garden, distinct from the surrounding or adjacent plants, flowers and trees
It is frequently treated as a viewing area for the rest of the garden, or as a functional zone for seating or barbecues. A patio can sometimes seem like a slightly invasive extension of the property, rather than a key garden element. However, successfully integrating a paving arrangement with your garden's plant life can result in a harmonious, calming and visually arresting space.
Chequered paving arrangement
Laying large square pavers out in a chequered arrangement, with spaces left for plants and other elements can make for an exciting look. The empty squares can be filled with flowers, plants or even small shrubs. Leaving some squares filled with gravel or sand can offset the repetition. Such a pattern can tie the entire garden space together, and is especially suitable for display gardens – as opposed to those used to regular activity, which might see plant life damaged. At Global Stone we offer a number of paver products ideal for uniform block paving designs, such as our popular Petrous Collection.
Irregular paving arrangement
A less uniform version of cheque design is possible with an irregular paving arrangement, where select large pavers are absent, leaving space for plants, flowers and small trees. Choose trees with limited spread, such as the Amelanchier alnifolia 'Obelisk' or the Paperbark maple. Global Stone offers a range of exciting stone products ideal for irregular paving layouts, such as our Coastal Sandstone Collection and our natural Sandstone Collection.
Integrating turf strips into a patio arrangement is an unusual but visually appealing approach, where grassy strips are laid between pavers, set in borders demarcating the patio area. Allay any concerns about over-rigidity by selecting a stone with muted colour variations, such as Global Stone Paving's Artisan Mirage stone. These pavers' hues become wonderfully vivid when wet.
Zen garden layouts
Paved areas are less prominent in traditional Zen garden designs, but contemporary interpretations increasingly feature stone products. Typical Zen features such as concentrically-raked sand, mossy zones, rocks, calm pools traversed by diminutive bridges, and small plants and shrubs create a miniaturised landscape. In such a space, paved areas are best executed in organic arrangements, as areas to view the garden proper. However, circle stone layouts – as made possible with Global Stones' Sandstone collection – can be used to echo the organic Zen appearance, and are especially good if the sand is raked into circular patterns.
A harmonious garden space
Integrating your paved areas with your trees, flowers and plants presents a fun, creative challenge for those seeking to create a more harmonious – yet aesthetically delightful – garden space.


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Determine Image Quality with Photoshop CS5 Histograms
Before making image adjustments, look at the image's histogram, which displays an image's tonal values, to evaluate whether the image has sufficient detail to produce a high-quality image. In Photoshop CS5, choose Window→Histogram to display the Histogram panel.
The greater the range of values in the histogram, the greater the detail. Poor images without much information can be difficult, if not impossible, to correct. The Histogram panel also displays the overall distribution of shadows, midtones, and highlights to help you determine which tonal corrections are needed.
A full histogram indicates a smooth transition from one shade to another in the image. When a histogram is spread out and has gaps in it, the image is jumping too quickly from one shade to another, producing a posterized effect. Posterization is an effect that reduces tonal values to a limited amount, creating a more defined range of values from one shade to another.
If you have a bad histogram, we recommend that you rescan or reshoot the image. Make sure your scanner is set for the maximum number of colors.
If you have a good histogram to start with, keep it that way by not messing around with multiple tone correction tools. Most professionals use the Curves feature — and that's it. Curves (choose Image→Adjustments→Curves) adjusts levels (brightness and contrast) and color balance, all in one step.
If a Warning icon appears while you're making adjustments, double-click anywhere on the histogram to refresh the display.
Don't panic if your histogram is smashed all the way to the left or right. The bars of the histogram represent tonal values. You can break down the types of images, based on their values, into three key types:
High key: An extremely light-colored image. Information is pushed toward the right in the histogram. Color correction has to be handled a little differently for these images to keep the light appearance to them.A high key image is a light image.
Low key: An extremely dark image. Information is pushed to the left in the histogram. This type of image is difficult to scan on low-end scanners because the dark areas tend to blend together with little definition.A low key image is a dark image.
Mid key: A typical image with a full range of shades. These images are the most common and easiest to work with.A typical image with a full range of values is a mid key image.


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The Monmouth-Roseville School District is committing to improving the literacy of Spanish-speaking students over the next few years.
The district will add a second bi-lingual kindergarten class next fall.
Superintendent Paul Woehlke said the goal is to help Latino students with both their Spanish and English language skills.
He said, "Both (classrooms) will be teaching literacy in Spanish to the Hispanic students so they learn their native language literacy first. And research says that's the better approach to a bi-lingual program."


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Leonardo DiCaprio is a renowned actor who has captivated audiences with his exceptional talent and stunning performances. Despite his Italian-sounding name, there is a common misconception that he is an Italian immigrant. Let's dive deeper into the truth behind this speculation.
The Early Life of Leonardo DiCaprio
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born on November 11, 1974, in Los Angeles, California. His parents are George DiCaprio and Irmelin Indenbirken. Although his surname sounds Italian, Leonardo's ancestry does have Italian roots.
Fun fact: Leonardo's father is of half German and half Italian descent.
The Italian Connection
While the DiCaprio family name sounds unmistakably Italian, it is essential to note that Leonardo himself was born and raised in the United States. His paternal grandparents, Salvatore DiCaprio and Rosina Casella, were both of Italian heritage.
Note: Leonardo's grandmother Rosina Casella migrated from Italy to the United States during her childhood.
The Real Immigration Story
Despite the mistaken belief that Leonardo himself is an immigrant, it was actually his maternal grandparents who immigrated to the United States from Germany and Russia. His maternal grandfather came from Germany while his maternal grandmother hailed from Russia.
The Influence of Ancestry
Although not an immigrant himself, it is clear that Leonardo DiCaprio's diverse heritage has played a significant role in shaping his identity and artistic expression. He embraces his Italian ancestry as part of his cultural heritage while remaining deeply connected to his American upbringing.
In conclusion, while Leonardo DiCaprio's surname may give the impression of Italian heritage, he is not an Italian immigrant. Leonardo's grandparents, specifically his paternal grandmother, had Italian origins.
However, it is important to note that Leonardo himself was born and raised in the United States. Nonetheless, his diverse ancestry has undoubtedly influenced his life and career, contributing to his incredible performances and broad appeal.


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v.lidar.mcc - Reclassifies points of a LiDAR point cloud as ground / nonground using a multiscale curvature based classification algorithm
MetadataShow full item record
v.lidar.mcc is a modified implementation of the Multiscale Curvature Classification (MCC) algorithm proposed by Evans and Hudak 2007. The aim of the MCC-procedure is to filter non-ground returns caused by vegetation cover from point clouds produced with any kind of LiDAR instrument (e.g. also instruments without intensity information). The basic principle of the algorithm is to classify those points as non-ground points which deviate more than a user-defined threshold (t) from a surface which was interpolated from the full point cloud as a thin plate (here implemented with a bilinear spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization through v.outlier). Tension (f) and spline steps (s) parameter are passed to the relevant parameters in v.outlier. On each scale domain v.lidar.mcc calls v.outlier repeatedly until the algorithm converges, i.e. less than the amount of points (percentage of input points to the iteration) defined in the convergence threshold (j) are classified as non-ground points. Scale domains are defined in relation to the current region. With a number of scale domains (nl) greater than 1 scale domains are distributed evenly "around" the current region. With the default number of three scale domains, the first scale domaine uses half the resolution of the current region, scale domain two uses the current region and scale domain three uses 1,5 times the resolution of the current region.


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Key Methods for Identifying Hospital Staff
healthcare workers
In hospitals and other healthcare organisations, it's vital that patients are able to identify members of staff. It's also necessary for staff members to be able to identify each other and their roles. Different methods can be used to identify staff so that the people who need to know who they are can easily recognize them. Employees can use lots of visual cues that tell people about their role, their name, and which hospital they work for. These are some of the ways you can make sure your staff members are easily recognizable to anyone who needs to know who they are.
Uniforms are a great way to identify the staff in a hospital and to distinguish between people working in different roles. They are essential in hospitals for hygiene purposes, but they also serve an important purpose when it comes to making employees recognizable and trustworthy. Different uniforms help your staff to see who works in what role, and this can also be useful for patients, especially those who are staying long-term. Using different colors, patterns, and designs for different roles is helpful. You might also have logos or extra information printed or embroidered onto uniforms to provide further help.
Name Badges
It's not just roles that are important for patients and staff members to know. People should also be able to identify employees at a hospital by name. Name badges are an easy way to do this, putting names and roles in a visible place. Name badges should be easy to clean so that they can be wiped clean regularly. They might not always be appropriate to wear, but it depends on the environment and the duties of the person. Although name badges can be a quick way to identify someone, they shouldn't replace employees introducing themselves.
Official ID for Security
Security is another reason staff members may need to identify themselves. They will need to show identification when they enter the hospital and will likely need to use it to access certain areas of the hospital. When you provide ID for hospital staff, you also need to offer solutions for carrying and displaying it. A lanyard can make it easy for a member of staff to have their ID visible at all times. Some people might prefer to pin or clip their IDs to their clothing instead, especially if they don't want to have something hanging around their neck.
Identifying Information
It can also be useful to provide information that helps patients to identify staff members. This could include providing materials that tell them how to identify people in different roles. You can provide them with a guide to what doctors, nurses, and other members of staff wear. It's also helpful to explain what different roles mean. It's not very useful for a patient to know which uniform a phlebotomist wears if they don't know what a phlebotomist does.
Help your patients to identify hospital staff and your employees to identify each other by providing visual cues and useful information.
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Chronic Pain: How To Regain Control Over Your Life Naturally
Chronic pain is estimated to affect over 50 million Americans and is becoming an even more popular condition. Due to our lifestyles, posture, exercise level, and diet, an increasing number of people have started to suffer from chronic pain. In some cases, pain can be minimal and only represent a minor inconvenience. However, in some other cases, chronic pain can take over your life and be so overwhelming that it might prevent you from enjoying even the easiest daily tasks. Depending on the cause behind it, chronic pain can develop from mild to severe. Therefore, while there is no definitive cure, chronic pain needs to be addressed. Here are five non-invasive ways to find chronic pain relief naturally.
Understand the Underlying Causes
Firstly, it is crucial to understand what are the causes behind your chronic pain. You might have been the victim of an accident, or you might have reported injuries that haven't healed. Alternatively, an inactive lifestyle and bad posture can also lead to lower back, sciatica, and leg pain.
In some cases, some chronic diseases such as cancer and arthritis might be the cause behind the pain. Before trying to find a solution for your pain, it is crucial to understand what is the underlying cause. This will help you avoid unnecessary painkillers and move towards a longer-lasting solution.
Use Meditation and Breathing Techniques
One of the main factors that can worsen your chronic pain is stress. Indeed, stress causes damage to cells and leads to increased free radicals. In turn, these can worsen inflammation and prevent your body from healing.
Breathing techniques and meditation are mindfulness practices that allow you to focus on your breath, repeat a mantra, or focus your attention inward. This can allow you to avoid additional stress and reduce inflammation.
Aim To Move Your Body Regularly
Regular exercise is essential to allow your body to release endorphins – the happiness hormone! These compounds are the ones responsible for the famous "runner's high" and act as mood regulators. In turn, this can reduce stress levels and allow you to feel more balanced. Exercise is also essential to help you get rid of any extra weight you might be carrying. By doing so, you can lighten up your body, which takes pressure away from your muscles, joints, and bones. And of course, it can help you reduce the risk of conditions such as heart disease.
Consider a Plant-Based Lifestyle
Studies have proven that whole grain, plant-based lifestyle can reduce fatigue and chronic pain. Indeed, fruits and vegetables are famously filled with the antioxidants your body needs to reduce inflammation and the damaging effects of free radicals. Speaking to your nutritionist allows you to get started in the right way.
Try Medical Marijuana
Medical marijuana has been seen to help with certain kinds of chronic pain. If you are affected by severe chronic pain which is impacting your life, or you have an underlying condition such as arthritis or cancer, you might be able to obtain a medical marijuana card. You can learn all about Harvest House of Cannabis and how to apply for a medical card here.
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Unconventional Ways to Boost Your Health
With health tips and diets around every corner, it can be hard to know what the best course is going to be for your body. Between fad diets and finding the best workout gear, it can be overwhelming. Finding the specific rhythm to support what your body needs is going to be a lifelong journey, but there are things that you can do to get off to a good start.
Establish a Baseline
In order to know what specific health goals you need to have, you first need to establish a baseline. It is important to start with the basics and make sure that you are making generally healthy choices before you can start getting more specific.
Even though each person is different and will require different health goals, there are some things that are in common across all bodies. You need to be getting enough sleep. Not getting enough sleep can mess with your health in surprising ways. You also need to be drinking enough water each day. Most people are not drinking enough water. Being dehydrated can cause you to overeat and to be fatigued during the day. You may be surprised to see how just changing your sleep and water intake patterns can give you an extra boost.
You should also make healthy eating choices and try to get some exercise. If you are just starting on your wellness journey, then you should take small steps. If you try to take on too much at once, you will likely not be able to sustain the change.
You can start by adding more vegetables to your meals instead of trying to change what you eat. Even if you continue to eat like normal, but add in more vegetables, you will eventually be able to change your diet more drastically. You can also try switching to only drinking water instead of any other kind of beverage with your meals. This will also help with your water intake.
For exercise, you don't have to go running, even though that is probably what pops into your head first. You can start by just doing stretches before bed or going for a walk during your lunch break. Start where you are and then build on that.
Talk to Your Doctor
You should make sure that you go to your regular checkups with your doctor. If you have concerns about specific health issues, then discuss them with your doctor. If you are looking for advice in general, you can ask what their biggest concerns are and where your focus should be for improvements. They have insights into your health that can help you on your path to wellness.
Environment Changes
There may be changes you need to make to your environment in order to be functioning at one hundred percent. You should have your home tested for toxins and hazardous gases to make sure that you are not breathing in anything that may be harmful to you. You may also want to be asking questions like, What is the Safe Distance From Wifi Router? Or, does my electrical wiring need to be updated. Making these changes can improve your health if there is something happening that shouldn't be happening. You may be surprised to find out how your health can change when these silent issues get resolved.
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How To Stay Positive During the Extended Lockdown
The most recent months have been overwhelming for countless individuals, with millions worldwide dealing with stress, grief, job losses, financial challenges, and the need to isolate all due to the coronavirus pandemic. As in the UK and US, there's a potential lockdown in several countries due to the recent surge in covid-19 cases. This may heighten your anxiety levels surrounding the pandemic. How do you cope? With limited access to your loved ones and outdoor places, you should consider these five ways to


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Rolling Resistance (Fuel Efficiency)
Rolling resistance will use a classification from best performance (green category "A") through to the worst performance (red category "G") – category "D" is not being used.
Rolling resistance is the main key factor in measuring the energy efficiency of a tyre. It has direct influence on the fuel consumption of a vehicle. Fuel efficiency is important to reduce both CO2 emissions and the cost of driving.
The difference between each category means a reduction or increase in fuel consumption of between 2.5%-4.5%. That's a difference of about 0.42-0.56 mpg for a 36 mpg car per category.
This figure will increase even more for light and heavy trucks.


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Recall that for systems that approximate to ideal mixtures in the liquid phase, vapour-liquid equilibrium may be determined from pure component vapour pressure P*i data for each species i.
This is a function only of temperature T, as implied by the
It is sometimes convenient to define an equilibrium constant kifor each species:
Liquid and vapour phases in general have different compositions. The mole fraction of each species is denoted by xi in the liquid phase and yi in the vapour phase.
For an ideal mixture the equilibrium relationship between liquid
and vapour phase mol fractions is given through Raoult's law and
and partial pressures as:
We also note that all the mole fractions in a each phase will
sum to one, i.e.
All the above equations are relevant. (But note that there occasions when we must exercise care in using the summation equations in connection with material balances since they will not always be independent. For simple VLE calculations this is not a problem.)


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German Named the Second Most Commonly Spoken Language in North Dakota
Other than English, Spanish is the second most common language spoken in the United States. However, North Dakota stands out as one of the seven states with a different language as their second most commonly used.
Residents with German descent make up 44% of North Dakota's population, followed by Norwegian descent at 30%. With that information, it makes sense that German is the language most used behind English.
The six other states with a language more commonly spoken than Spanish are:
- Louisiana - French
- Maine - French
- Vermont - French
- New Hampshire - French
- Hawaii - Tagalog
- AlaskaYupik
Like any other state, North Dakota is made up of a wide variety of people. The most popular languages spoken from other descents include:
- Kru, Ibo, Yoruba