Hiring in-house counsel? Ask these three questions when assessing candidate fit
May 16, 2018
I am frequently asked to assist our in-house legal department clients in preparing them for interview with their finalist candidate(s). In particular, they often look for key questions to help identify best fit beyond a lawyer's technical or legal skill set for a given role. Here are three questions senior executives frequently explore when conducting interviews with prospective in-house counsel hires:
 1. How would you make a key decision on behalf of the organization in a situation where you were unable to reach the CEO on a time sensitive matter? Perhaps provide a recent example of an issue the leadership team faced along these lines.
This question is designed to assess how a candidate deals with making decisions they aren't normally accustomed to making. The goal is to better understand a candidate's decision process; how they arrive at a decision can be as important as the decision itself. Often, our clients are also interested to see whether a candidate introduces any safeguards to walk back a decision in the event it diverges from company objectives.
 1. How would you deal with a situation where the CEO and the board have divergent views on how to move forward on a company initiative?
This question is designed to assess how a candidate deals with conflicting senior opinions on a matter – you can easily substitute two other senior roles (CEO, CFO, COO etc.) in the question. Clients are often interested to see how a candidate balances competing organizational views against any legal obligations the company may have as it relates to the question.
 1. How do you deal with ambiguity in your decision-making process?
This question is designed to assess how a candidate fills in knowledge and/or procedural gaps as it relates to their duties as counsel. Do they aim to introduce process once a gap is identified? Do they revert to guiding/core principles for the organization? This may also shed some light on a candidate's general risk tolerance as well. We have also seen this question paired with a specific scenario to provide additional insight on how a candidate works through ambiguity in real time.
Whether you are preparing to interview a legal counsel for your company, or are a candidate preparing to be interviewed, turning your mind to these types of questions can help shed light on fit beyond the technical requirements of the role. Of course, if you are looking for further assistance in developing your hiring strategy for your next in-house counsel hire, we would welcome the opportunity to chat with you and your organization on how we might be able to assist.
Warren Smith, Managing Partner


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Mass market digital manufacturing devices are severely limited in accuracy and material, resulting in a significant gap between the appearance of the virtual and the real shape. In imaging as well as rendering of shapes, it is common to enhance features so that they are more apparent. We provide an approach for feature enhancement that directly operates on the geometry of a given shape, with particular focus on improving the visual appearance for 3D printing. The technique is based on unsharp masking, modified to handle arbitrary free-form geometry in a stable, efficient way, without causing large scale deformation. On a series of manufactured shapes we show how features are lost as size of the object decreases, and how our technique can compensate for this. We evaluate this effect in a human subject experiment and find significant preference for modified geometry.
- Job Openings

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: An important question about color vision is how does the brain represent the color of an object? The recent discovery of "color patches" in macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex, the part of the brain responsible for object recognition, makes this problem experimentally tractable. Here we recorded neurons in three color patches, middle color patch CLC (central lateral color patch), and two anterior color patches ALC (anterior lateral color patch) and AMC (anterior medial color patch), while presenting images of objects systematically varied in hue. We found that all three patches contain high concentrations of hue-selective cells, and that the three patches use distinct computational strategies to represent colored objects: while all three patches multiplex hue and shape information, shape-invariant hue information is much stronger in anterior color patches ALC/AMC than CLC. Furthermore, hue and object shape specifically for primate faces/bodies are over-represented in AMC, but not in the other two patches.


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75 million euro to finance the construction of NZEBs in Sweden
The European Investment Bank (EIB) has signed a EUR 75 million loan with real estate company Castellum for the construction of nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) in Stockholm and Örebro, Sweden. The loan was made possible by the support of the European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI), central pillar of the European Commission's Investment Plan for Europe.
Castellum will use the loan to construct two new NZEB office buildings, specifically the "Torsplan" building in the Hagastaden part of Stockholm and the "Citypassage" in central Örebro.
"We're particularly proud to support Castellum in this initiative, also since climate action is high on the agenda for the European Investment Bank." said Romualdo Massa Bernucci, Director for EIB lending in the Nordic countries. "Both residential and office buildings are responsible for a large part of the CO₂ output, so making them more energy efficient is an important step in mitigating our footprint in large cities."
Cecilia Malmström, Commissioner for Trade, said: "Improved energy efficiency in buildings is an important part of our transition towards a greener society but it often requires significant investments. This is where the Investment Plan can play an important role. With today's agreement, the European Fund for Strategic Investments will contribute to Sweden's development towards a reduced dependency on fossil fuels."
With climate action as a main priority for the EIB, Castellum's initiative in constructing NZEBs fits perfectly with the Bank's strategy and comes after a number of similar projects that EIB has recently supported in Sweden, Finland and Germany.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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It's been said that incandescent light bulbs lifetime has exponential distribution. As I understand, this means a 10,000 hours time-to-failure has the same probability no matter how long the light bulb was used until now (i.e. the "memorylessness" property).
On the other hand, Wikipedia says that "(a light bulb's) Lifetime is approximately proportional to $V^{−16}$". Doesn't this mean that if the lifetime is 10,000 hours and 5,000 hours have passed, failure in 10,000 hours is less likely than in 5,000 hours?
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I would not expect light bulbs to have an exponential distribution, as there is a wear out mechanism involved-evaporation of the filament material. The Wikipedia statement that the lifetime is proportional to $V^{-16}$ is for steady state conditions. Higher voltage leads to higher operating temperature, which leads to increased evaporation. "Long-life" bulbs have cooler filaments, as you can see because they generate less (and redder) light for the same power consumption. All this ignores the stresses generated in on/off cycles, and the fact that the power when the bulb is turned on is much higher than steady state due to the lower resistance at lower temperature.
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Image caption (right): phase angle change
The phase angle (φ) is the angle between light source (in this case, the Sun) and the observer (here, the HRSC camera on Mars Express) when seen from the viewed object (the Martian moon Phobos). Over the course of the animation, this schematic representation illustrates how this angle changes due to the observer's movement. In the animation, the phase angle of the individual Phobos observations changes from 17 degrees (A) at the beginning to almost 0 degrees (B) to 15 degree (C) at the end.
Image Credit: DLR


Current Projects: Americana Engine (Game Engine Development)
Tuesday, January 5, 2016
Superhuman, Chess Pieces, and Binary Code
The first performance of the Jan 4 premiere of Superhuman has Zoe Wheeler reciting from memory the sequence of 60 chess pieces (30 white, 30 black). Only there are two types of pieces to memorize: a King (White) and Queen (Black). A 0 or a 1. Binary Code.
Although there are over 1 trillion combinations (more like 118 quadrillion) that figure need not apply here.
Memorizing 60 1's and 0's might be a difficult task, but there are ways to cut down on the memorization significantly.
There are various methods of memorizing groups of binary code, including hexadecimal (grouping four 1/0s together to get 0-9, a-f), and base64 (grouping six 1/0s together to produce a letter or a number). I use the latter since I can memorize a string of 10 letters/numbers easier than other options.
Base 64 Summary:
A set of six 0 and 1's (64 possible combinations) are grouped together to form a single letter or number (A-Z, a-z, 0-9). Two more characters are used for the binary values of 63 and 64 since the total number of letters and numbers = 26+26+10 = 62. There aren't a string of seven black/white pieces in a row, so they can be skipped for the purposes of memorizing this.
The order the pieces are laid out are as follows (Treating a white piece as a 1, with the piece closest to her as the first):
100101 001001 010010 001001 010100 111010 110110 001010 111001 101101
This can be encoded to base 64 as follows:
37 9 18 9 24 58 54 10 57 45
kIRIT 51J4s
Now it's a matter of memorizing this string, converting it back to binary, and reciting it... in front of a live audience.


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Keys to Aging Cheddar Cheese
- Be sure that the cheese is in a controlled environment and the temperature is between 46°F and 52°F for best aging. At Golden Age Cheese we age our cheese at a constant 48°F.
- The Cheese must have a good seal so the cheese does not mold during the aging process.
- The cheese should not be exposed to natural light while in the aging process.
- Time is key! "The longer the cheese sits, the sharper it gets". A good start is 18 months for sharp Cheddar, but age it yourself for as long as you please.


Class ArimaForecastingMetrics (2.5.0)
ArimaForecastingMetrics(mapping=None, *, ignore_unknown_fields=False, **kwargs)
Model evaluation metrics for ARIMA forecasting models.
Attributes
NameDescription
non_seasonal_order Sequence['.gcb_model.Model.ArimaOrder']
Non-seasonal order.
arima_fitting_metrics Sequence['.gcb_model.Model.ArimaFittingMetrics']
Arima model fitting metrics.
seasonal_periods Sequence['.gcb_model.Model.SeasonalPeriod.SeasonalPeriodType']
Seasonal periods. Repeated because multiple periods are supported for one time series.
has_drift Sequence[bool]
Whether Arima model fitted with drift or not. It is always false when d is not 1.
time_series_id Sequence[str]
Id to differentiate different time series for the large-scale case.
arima_single_model_forecasting_metrics Sequence['.gcb_model.Model.ArimaForecastingMetrics.ArimaSingleModelForecastingMetrics']
Repeated as there can be many metric sets (one for each model) in auto-arima and the large-scale case.
Inheritance
builtins.object > proto.message.Message > ArimaForecastingMetrics
Classes
ArimaSingleModelForecastingMetrics
ArimaSingleModelForecastingMetrics(
 mapping=None, *, ignore_unknown_fields=False, **kwargs
)
Model evaluation metrics for a single ARIMA forecasting model.
Methods
__delattr__
__delattr__(key)
Delete the value on the given field.
This is generally equivalent to setting a falsy value.
__eq__
__eq__(other)
Return True if the messages are equal, False otherwise.
__ne__
__ne__(other)
Return True if the messages are unequal, False otherwise.
__setattr__
__setattr__(key, value)
Set the value on the given field.
For well-known protocol buffer types which are marshalled, either the protocol buffer object or the Python equivalent is accepted.


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1. High in Unsaturated Fats
Camel milk is high in unsaturated fatty acids, which help reduce cholesterol and maintain a healthy heart. Its high vitamin C content (3 to 5 times higher than cow's milk) makes it an excellent immunity booster
2. Great for kids!
Camel milk is close in composition to human milk, making it nutritionally beneficial for babies and children
3. A healthy gut
Camel milk is a natural probiotic, which aids in maintaining a healthy gut
4. Healing powers
Camel milk has been found to have positive effects for patients that suffer from diabetes, hepatitis C and autoimmune diseases
5. Cow's milk alternative
Unlike traditional cow's milk, camel milk is easier for the body to digest, which is great news for those who suffer from lactose intolerance. There are also no known allergies to camel milk so it's a great substitute for people who are allergic to cow's milk.
So how do I use it?
Camel milk has a very similar taste profile to that of cow's milk – the only noticeable difference is that camel milk is slightly saltier. It can be used to make yoghurt, paneer, ghee, ice cream and even chocolate. Simply use camel milk exactly as you would use cow's milk in baking or cooking!


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Does tracking school children with computer chips make them more safe -- or more vulnerable?
A San Antonio school district has sided with the former, though not without some debate. The end result is that Northside Independent School District will begin the 2012 school year by distributing ID cards enabled with radio frequency identification (RFID) chips throughout three schools and to 6,290 of its students.
The main idea here is to be able to determine where any given student is at any time during the school day. That's the main idea. The other part of this is that it could help the school district net hundreds of thousands -- if not millions -- of additional dollars. But more on that in a moment.
The chips will be able to detect when a student boards a school bus and where in the school they are located, though it won't work outside of school grounds.
"Parents expect that we always know where their children are, and this technology will help us do that," said district spokesman Pascual Gonzalez. "This way we can see if a student is at the nurse's office or elsewhere on campus." The San Antonio Express-News reports that Gonzalez also said the only people who can access the tracking data will be school administrators.
The ACLU, though, has previously voiced strong objections to chipping students, pointing out that these "insecure" card readers have been copied "with a handheld device the size of a standard cell phone that was built using spare parts costing $20." Equipped with one, they argue, it would be simple for someone to track a student. The group says an even larger concern is that chips could also be copied, allowing would-be kidnappers to take a child off campus while the duplicate chip continues to tell RFID readers that the child is safely at school."
Scary stuff. But a blogger over at Babble thinks these fears are a bit extreme. "God knows I'm one of the most nervous moms around, but even I'm not convinced that utilizing high-tech ID cards is going to trigger a rash of kidnappings," writes Joslyn Gray. "It's not like they're implanting a chip into the kids' necks, like something out of 'X-Files.' It's a chip in an ID card, just like those used by businesses."
Gray adds that "privacy is all well and good until you want to know where your kid is."
So what about those parents whose children will now be part of the district's pilot program? One mom told the Express-News, "I would hope teachers can help motivate students to be in their seats instead of the district having to do this. But I guess this is what happens when you don't have enough money."
Aah, right -- the money.
Because state funding is partly based on attendance, the school district also stands to make quite a bit of cash by tracking students. No small deal in a district which the News-Express reports had to cleave $61 million from their budget last year. According to the paper, "Northside would get $1.7 million next year from both higher attendance and Medicaid reimbursements for bussing special education students."
And that's just with implementing the program in three schools. In all, there are 112 schools in the district.
The program will reportedly cost $525,065 to roll out and then $136,005 annually to support. Officials believe if it's successful, it will pay for itself in a very short time.
Do you believe the proposed safety and financial benefits outweigh privacy concerns? With school funds being slashed across the nation, are these the types of options they need to be exploring? Share your opinion with us in the comments.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


[Back to Home Page]
Black DTMF Decoding Algorithm
Decoding DTMF tones on the minimum PIC hardware - a new algorithm.
Roman Black - 5th March 2011.
Note!! This page is about decoding DTMF. If instead you want to generate DTMF I have a nice sinewave DTMF generator algorithm in C code you can see here.
DTMF is Dual Tone Multi Frequency, (or "Touchtone") these are the sounds made by telephones to dial a number. Each DTMF sound is made by two frequencies which are mixed together.
Standard DTMF encoding
DTMF decoding normally uses a specialty IC that receives the DTMF waveform and "decodes" it to one of the 16 possible outputs, usually as a 4bit binary output. These IC's are hard to get for hobby and project use, and can be expensive in small quantities, and require extra components including a 3.79MHz xtal.
DTMF decoding can be done in software on a high power microcontroller or DSP micro using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).
DTMF decoding can be done reasonably well in software using mid power micros using a modified Goertzel's algorithm or a similar form of DFT (Direct Fourier Transform) but this still requires a decent amount of processing power, ROM for the sin/cos tables and the process is complex and not very versatile.
My DTMF decoding algorithm
I decided to try a totally different approach. Rather than use a math system like Goertzel or DFT and then try to squeeze it into a tiny low-cost PIC, I would start with the small PIC then try different techniques which are each optimised for the strengths of the small PIC and hopefully combine the techniques to work synergistically to get a "good enough" finished result that will decode DTMF reasonably reliably with simple and tunable code.
Capitalising on the strengths of a small PIC meant starting with the things it could do well;
1. Internal comparator; good zero-crossing detection
2. Since the PIC has a xtal; accurate period measurement
And well, that's about it. :)
I made up some standard DTMF waveforms in a spreadsheet program, and analysed the waveforms. These waveforms have zero "twist" which means the high DTMF tone and the low DTMF tone have the same amplitude. This is a reasonable enough representation of the received DTMF tone from a telephone line. The minimal hardware dictated that the DTMF waveform would simply be AC coupled to the PIC comparator input pin through a capacitor, to make a zero crossing detector. This produces a simple ON-OFF signal or "1 bit DAC".
If this was going to be possible using period measurement I needed a way to reduce the period triggering to the most secure parts of the waveform, which was done creating the "HI-LO debounce system" that is very good at removing zero-cross noise and high frequency mis-triggering and produces reliable periods, synchronised to the DTMF waveform.
The HI-LO debounce system detects the more reliable parts of the DTMF wave, the major peaks and troughs. This is done by cyclic testing using a debounce feature;
1. Wait until it detects a 220uS period that is at least 90% high (sampled every 5 uS)
2. Grab the timer value (used to capture a period)
3. Wait until it detects a 220uS period that is at least 90% low (sampled every 5 uS)
4. (repeat)
As you can see above, this seems to work quite well in theory, it eliminates the noise and high frequencies and zero-cross fluff very well, and seems to capture the major periods fairly reliably. It also reduces the need for external hardware as it provides a significant filtering effect by software alone.
This debounce feature works synergistically to be more than just a period measurement, because it is only triggered on a certain characteristics of the DTMF waveform it perfoms a crude pattern recogniton too, as you can see it triggers only in response to certain major peaks. This will be very useful later.
Another benefit of this system is that unlike Goertzel or DFT this is not limited to any specific frequency, so the same hardware and code can just as easily detect the dial tone, ring tone, or ringback tones etc, and can detect a single tone if needed or dual tones, all of which may be of benefit in a PIC telephone application.
Analysing the periods - ideas?
Since these periods looked reliable (in theory) and are closely correlated to the frequencies of the 2 sinewaves in the DTMF waveform, the next step was to see if a small PIC could somehow analyse the periods to deduce the DTMF tones.
Fortunately these periods are fairly long, from 800 to 1600 uS (a synergistic benefit of the HI-LO debounce system) so there is plenty of time even on a small PIC to do some processing or testing between each period capture.
The obvious thing would be to test the frequency spectrum, (period spectrum?) for the most popular periods that are detected and see if these periods can be directly used to indicate the DTMF frequencies. For convenience, instead of trying to detect the 2 separate sine frequencies it would be simpler to test for a "match" to each one of the 16 DTMF combinations and it's particular signature.
The DTMF _PHONE_ example from above produces a lot of periods of about 1155 uS and some periods of about 788 uS, and not much of anything else. In fact there are about 5 of the longer periods for every 2 of the shorter periods. So for 50 periods tested, the spectrum analyser should look something like this;
Testing it in real world hardware
First I made a spectrum analyser, this was actually easier than it sounds. I used my trusty MikroElektronika SmartGLCD and wrote some code so it can capture periods on the PIC comparator input using the zero-cross HI-LO debounce system I designed above. This enabled testing of the actual comparator system as well as just being a period spectrum analyser.
I simplified the HI-LO debounce by just checking for 200uS continuous HI and 200uS continuous LO to trigger each cycle. The DTMF was generated by another PIC using my PIC dual sine accurate DTMF generator (see link at page top). The systems were linked by a 3k trimpot to adjust the DTMF waveform amplitude and a 0.1uF AC coupling cap. A very crude and simple hardware setup.
The software is quite simple; it measures 50 consecutive "debounced" periods, records them as 50 entries in ram, and then draws them on a bar chart where each period is drawn as 1 pixel high on the bar. Only 128 bars were used, keeping it simple as this will be ported to a small PIC 12F or 16F later.
I really didn't expect this good a result, but it worked perfectly. :)
Using the simplest period measurement possible, the PIC TMR0 was set to 16uS per timer tick. So the period of 72 shown above = 72 x 16uS = 1152uS. On the right of the bargraph is shown the 6 most common periods, ranked vertically.
It matches the expected result very well, although each period may be +/- 1 count because of the crude resolution used to measure period. (In reality it tested significantly better than +/- 1 count). The most common period was detected as period 72 and 73, with a total number of samples of 27+8 = 35 samples. The next period was detected as 49 and 50 with total samples of 10+3 = 13. Then there are a couple of defective samples, due to noise etc.
This result almost perfectly matches the math model generated in the spreadsheet as the original concept waveform! That predicted 36 and 14 samples for the two main frequencies, the actual hardware produced 35 and 13.
I set the spectrum analyser to continuously log and display, and turned the DTMF waveform amplitude up and down. The result was always good, with DTMF waveforms ranging from 2.6v p/p (the max) down to about 0.4v p/p and all amplitudes gave a very similar result on the spectrum analyser. This was excellent!
Can this simple period data decode the DTMF?
The periods shown below are from my testing in hardware. A period of 100 = 1600uS. Percentages are approximate but seemed reasonably reliable over many sample iterations and different DTMF waveform amplitudes. I have guesstimated fractional periods based on the appearance of the spectrum analyser bars. The time taken to get 50 period samples is somewhere in the 40 to 70 mS range.
DTMF pair per1 % per2 %
_PHONE_ 98 56 66 30
_PHONE_ 63.3 46 94 44
_PHONE_ 60.7 65 90.4 35
_PHONE_ 58.1 70 86.5 26
_PHONE_ 92 74 62 5?
_PHONE_ 88.7 66 60 26
_PHONE_ 85 52


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(Phys.org)—Tried-and-true techniques could help optimize oilseed yield for biodiesel production, according to studies conducted by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists.
For more than 30 years, near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been used as a rapid and nondestructive method for measuring protein, moisture, and oil levels in whole grains. Now Agricultural Research Service (ARS) research leader Dan Long is studying how to use remote sensing tools to quickly assess seed oil quality and quantity before and after harvest.
ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency, and this research supports the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.
Long, who works at the ARS Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center in Pendleton, Ore., used a special NIR sensor to assess seed oil content in 226 canola samples from Montana, Washington and Oregon. Seed oil concentration is used to estimate extraction efficiency, which is the percentage of oil recovered in relation to the amount of oil in seed.
Using this technique, Long was able to determine that oil concentrations in the samples ranged from 32 percent to 46 percent, and that the NIR sensor estimated seed oil content with an average error of 0.73 percent. A bout of abnormal weather affected results from one group of seeds in this study. If this group had been excluded from the analysis, the overall error rate would have been less than 0.5 percent.
Long believes that NIR sensors could be installed in seed crushing facilities to rapidly and continuously measure the oil content of clean seeds flowing into the expeller, where they are crushed to obtain the oil. Using NIR to monitor extraction efficiency might enable workers to adjust the choke setting on the expeller to compensate for oil loss in meal.
This would boost profits associated with seed processing, and lower the costs of the oil feedstock that is converted into fuel. NIR measurements might also help reduce the number of acres needed for oilseed feedstock production by maximizing seed oil extraction rates in the seed crushing facilities.
Explore further: Researchers identify new target to boost plant resistance to insects and pathogens
More information: Findings from these studies were published earlier this year in the Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy.


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If a rough surface is illuminated by a coherent lightwave of wavelength λ1, it is not possible to determine the surface profile from the phases of the speckle field formed by the scattered light. If the rough surface is illuminated, however, by an additional coherent wave of wavelength λ2, the phase differences between the two speckle fields do contain information about the macroscopic surface profile even if subject to a statistical error. It is shown that (1) the macroscopic surface profile may be determined from the phase differences if the effective wavelength Λ = λ1λ2/|λ1 - λ2| is sufficiently larger than the standard deviation of the microscopic profile of the illuminated surface, and (2) the statistical error is reasonably small if the phase measurements are obtained from speckles of sufficient intensity. Using a heterodyne interferometer we demonstrate the feasibility of this technique. In the first experiment we determine the radius of curvature of a rough spherical surface. In the second experiment the macroscopic surface contour on two ophthalmic lenses of the same power variation, one with a grounded surface and the other with a polished surface, was determined.
© 1985 Optical Society of America
A. F. Fercher, H. Z. Hu, and U. Vry, "Rough surface interferometry with a two-wavelength heterodyne speckle interferometer," Appl. Opt. 24, 2181-2188 (1985)


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The SYNCO Mic-D30 is a professional supercardioid mic for camera. It features a sophisticated microphone amplifier to boost the sound signals, provides transparent sound performance, and boasts flexible functionality diversification. It fits cameras, camcorders, smartphones, recorders, laptops, tablets, and bodypack transmitters well.
What are contained in the D30 box?It contains 1 x D30 mic for camera, 1 x furry windscreen, 1 x shock mount, 1 x Type C to 3.5mm camera cable, 1 x Type C to 3.5mm phone cable, 1 x Type C to USB charging cable, 1 x user manual, and 1 x packing box.
How many steps you should take to start the SYNCO D30 camera microphone?In the video, we clearly show you how to use the microphone. See the video and check the following steps for practical use.
1. Install the shock mount to camera;
2. Insert the directional microphone into the windscreen;
3. Insert the D30 into the shock mount;
4. Connect the external mic to camera with the Type C to 3.5mm TRS camera cable for output;
5. Charge the mic via the Type C port with the Type C to USB charging cable;
6. Long press on/off button to turn on or off the mic;
7. Short press on/off button to turn on the overdrive protection function;
8. Press the 75Hz or 150Hz low cut directly to get a proper filter;
9. Use the stepless analog gain knob to control the gain level for proper input and output signals;
10. Use the 3.5mm TRS headphone output for audio monitoring if necessary.
Now it is the time for you to start your recording journey!
Some Q&A you may concern
1. What to do if the self-noise is too obvious?
First you should make sure that you are recording with the D30 external microphone instead of the device's inbuilt microphone; Second, adjust the gain of the directional microphone to an appropriate level (Please kindly note that if the gain of device is too high, the self-noise will be even more obvious); Third, use the 75Hz/150Hz low cut to run off unnecessary environmental noise if needed.
2. How long it would take to fully charge the D30 and how long it could be used when fully charged?
It takes around 3.5 hours to fully charge the camera mic and 30 hours is the time to use.
3. Can the D30 transfer the data to computer using USB-USB cable?
No, it can't. The shotgun microphone does not have a built-in sound card and cannot support digital transmission.
4. What would happen if the sensitivity stays high?
When the sensitivity is too high, the output voltage would also be too high, easy to cause distortion. It's known that high sensitivity would help improve the input level to the mixer, as well as the signal-to-noise ratio. But please make adjustments based on real conditions.


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ReWorks and its partners, Keep Akron Beautiful, Countryside Conservancy and Let's Grow Akron, have selected Ms. Julie's Kitchen as the Grow Green Compost Giveaway recipient. Ms. Julie's Kitchen received an 8 cubic yard truckload of compost and the remaining entrants were rewarded with a 40-pound bag of compost.
All community gardens located within Summit County that supply fruits and vegetables as a food source to the surrounding community were qualified to enter. The winning entry was selected based on its impact on the community and the garden's efforts to reduce organic waste, conserve water and reduce chemicals applied to the garden.
"Community gardens are a visible sign of a commitment to improving green space and community aesthetics," stated ReWorks Executive Director Yolanda Walker. " Along with our partners, we see the Grow Green program a unique opportunity to both enrich the soil and support the practice of composting within our community gardens."
Ms. Julie's Kitchen is a vegan farm-to-table restaurant located at 1809 S. Main St. in Akron. They farm two acres of vacant city property adjacent to the restaurant.
The compost provided was made from food scraps and compostable paper collected from participants in ReWorks' Commercial Food Scrap Collection program. Offered as a free service to Summit County businesses and schools by ReWorks, the program diverts food scraps and compostable paper from the waste stream by providing program participants with the resources to separate these materials from garbage.
ReWorks is Summit County's Solid Waste Management Authority. ReWorks provides solutions and leadership to empower Summit County communities, institutions and businesses to develop and utilize environmentally sound, cost-effective recycling and waste management strategies.


Design rules
The MOSIS design rule numbering system has been used to list 5 different sets of CMOS layout design rules. These are:
Layout is usually drawn in the micron rules of the target technology. When a new technology becomes available, the layout of any circuits which can be migrated needs to be adapted to the new design rule set. This can be a problem if the original layout has aggressively used all the minimum widths and spacings which are then incompatible with the rules of the new technology.
A solution made famous by Mead and Conway is to draw the layout in a nominal 2µm layout and then apply a lambda scaling factor to the desired technology. This actually involves two steps.
 1. A lambda scaling factor based on the pitch of various elements like transistors, metal, poly etc.
 2. Under or over-sizing individual layers to meet specific design rules.
Thus, for the generic 0.13µm layout rules shown here, a lambda scaling factor of 0.055 is applied which scales the poly from 2µm to 0.11µm. Then the poly is oversized by 0.005µm per side to bring its width up to 0.12µm. If the foundry requires drawn poly geometries of 0.13µm, then the oversize is set to 0.01µm per side.
I think Mead and Conway used 2µm technology as their reference because it was the leading edge technology of the time. It does have the advantage that the rules can be kept integer … that is the minimum segment length is 1λ. Other reference technologies are possible, and the Alliance sxlib uses 1µm.
The layout rules includes a generic 0.13µm set. Generic means that layout drawn with these rules could be ported to a 0.13µm foundry with no scaling, but some individual layers (especially contact, via, implant and poly) might need to be over or undersized.
The scaling factor from the pharosc rules to the 0.13µm rules is λ=0.055, and for scmos-DEEP it is λ=0.07. A factor of λ=0.055 has been used for the sxlib, although this gives design rule violations in the final layout. The ssxlib has been created to overcome this problem. The scmos rules will need a scaling factor even larger than λ=0.07 because the rule set is not well tuned to the requirements of deep submicron layout.
For some rules, the generic 0.13µm rules are more aggressive than the lambda rules scaled by 0.055. This implies that layout directly drawn in the generic 0.13µm rules could be denser. However, the risk is that this layout could not then easily be ported to other technologies.
When we talk about lambda based layout design rules, there can in fact be more than one version. The layout rules change with each new technology and the fit between the lambda and micron rules can be better or worse, and this directly affects the scaling factor which is achievable.


Council of Kadosh
Philosophical and Chivalric Degrees
NumberDegree NameNumberDegree Name
19Grand Pontiff25Knight of the Brazen Serpent
20Master of the Symbolic Lodge26Prince of Mercy
21Noachite or Prussian Knight27Knight Commander of the Temple
22Knight of the Royal Axe28Knight of the Sun
23Chief of the Tabernacle29Knight of St Andrew
24Prince of the Tabernacle30Knight Kadosh
The degrees encompassed by the Council of Kadosh are the 19th through 30th. Although Pike identifies them as chivalric or philosophical, they are all intensely mystical with respect to the lessons conveyed and symbols employed.
The Council degrees explain why morality and the practice of virtue are indispensable to Masons. The political lessons explain why intolerance, superstition and bigotry are special enemies of human freedom. The examination of widely varied religions seeks to explain the nature of Deity and the relationship between Him and mankind.
Comments are closed.


text:
By: Rupak G
Dec 27, 2022
One of the worst weather-related disasters to ever hit western New York, which claimed 28 lives, On monday.
There have been at least another 20 deaths reported across the rest of the United States as a result of the fierce winter storm.
Acc. to the National Weather Service, up to 9 more inches (23 centimetres) of snow could fall in some parts of western New York through Tuesday.
Around Buffalo, bodies were discovered in homes, cars, and snowbanks. Some people died while shovelling snow, while others died as a result of delayed response to medical emergencies.
Scientists say the climate change crisis may have contributed to the storm's intensity. This is due to the fact that the atmosphere can carry more water vapour, which acts as fuel.
The blizzard ravaged western New York on Friday and Saturday. With many grocery stores in the Buffalo area closed and driving is bans.
According to the flight tracking website FlightAware, 3,410 domestic and international flights were cancelled as of 3 p.m. EDT Monday.
Data of 400 million Twitter users, including Sundar Pichai, has been leaked


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varchar columns: Similarly to the previous sin, when your attribute has a fixed character size, there is no point in using a varying character type. If your attribute has exactly 3 characters, why use varchar(3)?
Extra evil bonus: varchar(1) will get you double points.
- Storing duration in time or datetime columns: Datetime and time represent points in time and they are not meant for storing durations. If you really want to store a duration, use a numeric column to store the number of seconds (it's the ANSI standard unit measure for representing a duration). Even better, you could store the start/end date and time in two separate datetime columns. SQL Server 2016 also supports periods.
- Getting Unicode wrong: Choosing nvarchar for attributes that will never contain Unicode data and choosing varchar for attributes that can contain Unicode data are equally evil and will get you instant damnation. For instance, a ZIP code will only contain numeric characters, so using Unicode data types will have the only outcome of wasting space. At the same time, storing customer business names or annotations in varchar columns means that you won't be able to persist international characters. While it may appear quite unlikely that such characters will ever appear in your database, you will regret your decision when that happens (and it will).
- Messing with XML: I'm not a big fan of XML in the database, but sometimes it can come handy. Storing XML data in a plain varchar column is a very bad idea. The XML data type provides validation rules that won't allow in invalid or malformed XML and also provides functions to manipulate the XML data. Storing schema-less XML is another bad idea: if you have an XML schema use it, otherwise you will end up saving invalid data. On the other hand, using XML to go "beyond relational" and mimic Oracle's nested tables will only get you damned. Fun times.
- Using different data types in different tables for the same attribute: there's only one thing worse than getting your data types wrong: getting them wrong in multiple places. Once you decided the data type to store an attribute, don't change your mind when designing new tables. If it is a varchar(10), don't use varchar(15) in your next table. Usually proper foreign key constraints help you avoid this issue, but it's not always the case.
If this query returns rows, chances are that you have schizophrenic columns in your database schema:
WITH my_schema AS ( SELECT OBJECT_NAME(c.object_id) AS table_name, c.name AS column_name, t.name AS type_name, c.max_length, c.precision, c.scale FROM sys.columns AS c INNER JOIN sys.types AS t ON c.system_type_id = t.system_type_id ), incarnations AS ( SELECT *, DENSE_RANK() OVER ( PARTITION BY column_name ORDER BY type_name, max_length, precision, scale ) AS incarnation_number FROM my_schema ), incarnation_count AS ( SELECT *, MAX(incarnation_number) OVER ( PARTITION BY column_name ) AS incarnation_count FROM incarnations ) SELECT * FROM incarnation_count WHERE incarnation_count > 1 ORDER BY incarnation_count DESC, column_name, type_name, max_length, precision, scale;
The lack of proper constraints will be the topic of the next post, when we will meet the anarchic designers. Stay tuned!
Object-Oriented programming taught us that generalizing is a good thing and, whenever possible, we should do it. Complex class hierarchies are a good way of reusing code, hitting the specialized classes only when a special implementation is needed.
In the database world, the concept doesn't play exactly well.
What they say in Heaven
In Heaven, there is a lookup table for each attribute, no matter how simple and no matter how small is the lookup table.
For instance, if your database is about sales, you probably have a Customers table and an Orders table, each with its own attributes resolved through a Foreign Key. The lookup tables are usually very small, with just a handful of rows in them:
Temptation comes from our own desires
Wouldn't that be great if you could stop adding small, insignificant tables to your database schema? Wouldn't it be a lot easier if you had ONE table to store all that lookup nonsense? "Less is more" after all, isn't it?
If you had a "One True Lookup Table", everything would be more elegant and simple. Look at this database schema:
Isn't it elegant and clean?
INSERT INTO LookupTable (table_name, lookup_code, lookup_description) VALUES ('Order_Status', 'OP', 'Open'), ('Order_Status', 'CL', 'Closed'), ('Order_Status', 'SH', 'Shipped');
Devil's in the details
You may have less tables to deal with now, but there's a price to pay. A bigger price than you would have expected.
- No foreign keys: Did you notice that the foreign keys are gone? In order to create a foreign key, you would have to add the lookup table name to the Orders and Customers tables, for each attribute stored in the lookup table. I don't think you would like it.
- Generic data type: In order to merge all lookup tables in one, you need to choose a "generic" data type that fits for all. The most generic data type is a character-based type, so you'll probably end up with a huge nvarchar column. You probably don't want the same huge column in the referencing tables and you could end up having different data types between the main tables and the lookups. One more not-so-good idea. Moreover, when you're joining your tables with the lookup table, you will have implicit (or explicit) conversions happening, which is a performance nightmare.
- Single Hotspot: Instead of hitting multiple tables for lookups, everyone will hit the same table over and over. This will create a hotspot in the database, with locking and latching issues all over the place.
- Acrobatic constraints: Defining constraints on a generic table becomes very difficult. Not an impossible deal, but very difficult. For the schema in this example, you could define a CHECK constraint to enforce the use of the correct data type, but the syntax of the constraint will not be very straightforward:
CHECK( CASE WHEN lookup_code ='states' AND lookup_code LIKE '[A-Z][A-Z]' THEN 1 WHEN lookup_code = 'priorities' AND lookup_code LIKE '[0-9]' THEN 1 WHEN lookup_code = 'countries' AND lookup_code LIKE '[0-9][0-9][0-9]' THEN 1 WHEN lookup_code ='status' AND lookup_code LIKE '[A-Z][A-Z]' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END = 1 )
It could get even worse
As soon as you start to realize that trading multiple lookup tables for an OTLT is not a good deal, devil will raise the bid and offer the ultimate generalization: the Entity Attribute Value, also known as "EAV".
If you come to think of it, who needs fixed attributes in a table when you can have as many attributes as you want in a general-purpose table? Why messing with ALTER TABLE statements when you can have a single table that can store an infinite number of attributes that you can bind to any row in any table?
A typical EAV schema looks like this:
This way, you can have any type of attribute bound to your main entities. For instance, to define a "ship_date" attribute in your Orders table, you just have to insert a couple of rows in your EAV schema:
INSERT INTO Entities (entity_id, entity_name) VALUES (1, 'Orders'); INSERT INTO AttributeNames (attribute_id, entity_id, attribute_name) VALUES (1, 1,'ship_date'); INSERT INTO AttributeValues (attribute_id, entity_id, id, value) VALUES (1, 1, 123, '2015-06-24 22:10:00.000');
Looks like a great idea, doesn't it? Unfortunately, it is not.
- Generic data types: again, what would prevent a date such as '2015-02-30 18:30:00.000' from being assigned to the ship date? Uh-oh: nothing.
- No foreign keys: again, enforcing foreign key constraints would be impossible.
- A single hotspot in the database: every attribute for every table involved in this nonsense would have to be looked up in the same table.
- No constraints: how would you enforce a constraint as simple as "NOT NULL"? Good luck with that.
- Dreadful reporting queries: when you will be asked to create a report on a table that uses this paradigm (I said "when", not "if", because it will happen), you will have to OUTER JOIN to the EAV table for each and every attribute that you want to retrieve. In case you are wondering if this is good or bad, take into account that the optimizer starts to freak out when it finds too many JOINS in a query and will likely timeout looking for a decent execution plan, feeding you the best it could come up with (usually, a mess).
Some software solutions are entirely based on user-defined attributes and the ability to define them is a central feature. For instance, many CRM solutions are heavily dependent on user-defined attributes. However, there are many ways to achieve the same results without resorting to an EAV design. For instance, one could wonder why ALTERing the database schema seems to be a less desirable solution.
There are also many flavors of EAV, with different degrees of evil involved. Some implementations at least provide different columns for different data types, some others use XML or JSON.
The EAV design comes with the intent of solving a real world problem that doesn't have a definitive


text:
The house of Cornwallis has its centre of power in the city of Pashire. Many don't get the loyalty the house seems to have towards Pearlhal and The Astalles dynasty especially since it was Cyna Astalles that lead the forces from Pealhal and conquered their home in the final battle of the Second unification war which finally concluded the 778-year long conflict of unification. The family explains that loyalty and pride in the family have always been important. With the arrival of the Astalles, the Astalles proved they were stronger by besting them on a battlefield where the Cornwallis had the home advantage. Hence, the loyalty shifted to serving the Astalles, but they still kept their pride. After the war, the family's possessions were confiscated by the Dercians, but once law and order had been brought to the area, the majority of it was given back again; the only things that the Dercians kept control over were forts and towns located in strategic positions.
The Cornwallis can trace their lineage to before the Ancient Empire arrived in Dercia. However, most of the earlier known history of the house is still shrouded in mystery as many documents are half destroyed or lost to time. Because of their remoteness from the centre of the empire, the house is mostly allowed to operate with minimal oversight. Their province is still ruled by a governor elected by the Imperial senate and approved by the emperor, and the leader of the house, the duke of the province, is still answering to the governor.


text:
Concrete Repair for Schools
Not only is sunken concrete in schools unsightly, it poses a trip hazard for teachers, students, and parents. Once concrete voids form underneath the slab, the damage gets worse over time. However, there are many concrete repair options available, but which method will address the underlying problem? Sunken concrete can now easily be transformed into safe concrete slab. At Polyjacking.com we inject polyjacking, high density polyurethane foam that fills voids and cavities underneath the slab. It strengthens weak and loose soils, preventing future settlement.
If the concrete slab in your school has become uneven, there are various repair methods that are more effective than concrete replacement. Rather than shutting down areas of the school, we offer polyjacking which is a quick and effective way to fix uneven concrete. We can lift, level and stabilize your concrete back to normal within minutes without disrupting the school.
The concrete leveling process is simple, yet effective. It involves the following steps:
- Small holes are drilled through the concrete slab.
- Polyurethane is pumped through the holes, filling voids and cavities underneath the slab. As the foam expands, it lifts and levels the slab back to normal.
- The drill holes are patched.
- Polyurethane cures within 15 minutes, allowing the concrete to be ready the same day.
Because there is minimal downtown with polyjacking, it is ideal for schools, cafeterias, and universities. Polyjacking can be used to fix sunken concrete stairs, walkways, sidewalks, floors, and more for schools in the St. Louis and Kansas City area. Contact us today for a free estimate.


eject from
eject from (something)
1. To propel someone or something out of something, often an airplane. A noun or pronoun can be used between "eject" and "from." When it became clear that a crash was imminent, the pilot ejected himself from the plane and miraculously survived. The investigation showed that the passenger was ejected from the vehicle.
2. To forcibly remove someone from a situation or place. A noun or pronoun can be used between "eject" and "from." If you keep talking during the play, you'll be ejected from the theater!
See also: eject
eject (someone) from
some place to use force to make someone leave a place; to throw someone out of some place. The management ejected Sam from the theater. He was ejected from the theater.
See also: eject
See also:
References in periodicals archive?
Both pilots managed to eject from the aircraft, local media report.
Likewise with rifle or shotgun rounds you have to eject from the chamber.
"Radio communication was cut around 2:15 pm (1115 GMT) with the F-16 fighter plane on mission in the Amanos mountains," shortly after the pilot signalled he was about to eject from the aircraft, read the statement.
For the second time in four months a Canadian pilot was forced to eject from a doomed CF-18 Hornet.
pilots were yesterday injured when they were forced to eject from their military jet when the aircraft burst into flames during a training exercise at the British Bases.
When Craig was serving with the RAF he had to eject from the cockpit of a Lightning jet fighter just seconds before it crashed.


text:
Hospital Drug Shortages During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Patrick Yoder, PharmD, LogicStream Health CEO, was recently published in Advance for Nurses, discussing hospital drug shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In the article, Yoder outlines how drug shortages were a prevailing problem ahead of the novel coronavirus outbreak and were considered a 'chronic, ongoing crisis with no end in sight.' As has been the case historically, natural disasters can have long-term effects on the pharmacy supply chain, as evidenced by the shortages following Hurricane Maria in 2018.
Compounding the problem in the current situation is the reliance on foreign countries, namely China, Italy and India, in supplying generic medications and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to the United States. As those countries experience a disruption in their manufacturing processes, it has an extended impact on the supply chain for the U.S. pharmaceutical market. One expert, Dr. Scott Gottlieb, has shared that he thinks the list of drugs that could be at risk is much larger than the 20 sole-sourced drugs that are at risk because they are produced only in China.
Below is a condensed version of the six keys to managing shortages in the current environment. Read the full article to get all the details:
- Early warning
- Build a watch list
- Know your electronic systems
- Communicate, communicate, communicate
- Know your inventory and update it often
- Document all process, workflow, communication and inventory changes enacted during the shortage
Much more detail is provided on each of these six keys in the original article. If you're interested in learning more about how to manage drug shortages with The Drug Shortage App from LogicStream Health™, visit The App homepage. To help hospitals manage drug shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic, LogicStream Health is also offering free notifications from The App. You can sign up for those notifications by sending an email to _EMAIL_ or completing the form on this page.


text:
The nominal salary is the amount of money received by an employee, which appears on the payroll, as a result of the work carried out during a certain period of time.
The nominal salary is simply that, the amount agreed to pay for the services rendered. So, if the salary for the services you provide is 900 euros, then your monthly salary is 900 euros. So this is the amount that appears on your monthly payroll.
When taxes, insurance, contributions, etc. are deducted from the nominal salary, we then have what is called the net salary. For this reason, many also speak of the gross salary, that is, when the nominal salary has not been adjusted for inflation or taxes.
In many economies, what is called the minimum wage is established. The governments, together with representatives of the different companies that make up the national economy, carry out conciliations.
The purchasing power of wages is mostly taken as a reference to define minimum wages to be paid. This, as a way of adjusting the nominal salary from time to time.Remuneration
Characteristics of the nominal salary
The main aspect to highlight of the nominal wage is that this, by its nature, does not reflect in itself, the impact that inflation processes have.
Another important historical characteristic to highlight about this salary is that the increases in nominal salaries may not compensate for the loss of purchasing power that the salary experiences over time.
Let's say that at the beginning of the year you are receiving a nominal salary of 800 euros per month and inflation reports an increase in its level for that period. Let's also say that at the end of years you continue to receive 800 euros per month. It turns out then that your nominal salary has not decreased, but has remained at its level. However, due to the increase that has occurred in the price of goods and services, you will no longer be able to purchase the same amount of them. For example, if a loaf of bread costs $ 1 at the beginning of the period and your nominal salary is $ 800, you can buy 800 loaves of bread monthly. That is, assuming you only buy bread. Whereas if the price of a loaf of bread rises to $ 1.50 and that amount remains at $ 800, then you can buy only 533 loaves of bread.
Therefore, the nominal salary does not reflect the importance of the acquisition of the goods and services that we consume. For salary to reflect such an impact, the concept of real salary must be used. That is, the nominal wage adjusted for inflation.
Nominal salary and gross salary
Although they are practically identical concepts, the first of them is usually used in terms of adjusting for inflation. Meanwhile, the second is usually used in terms of taxes. That is, gross salary is a net salary, as a nominal salary it is a real salary.


text:
M.A., Ph.D, M.I.Chem.E, C.Eng
Development of novel sensors for industrial combustion systems, CFD modelling of radiant gas burners for use in food processing.
Industry needs sensors that are reliable and robust. My area of interest is the development of sensors for the control of industrial processes in which the water vapour content of the system affects the product quality and/or the process efficiency. This includes baking (food), drying (paper, texiles, ceramics) and boilers (steam generation, space heating).
A second area of research is the devlopment of heating systems for tunnel ovens and driers. Commercial CFD software (ANSYS CFX) is being used in conjuction with full-size prototype testing to develop optimised gas-fired heating systems. Our aim is to develop a system in which radiant and convective heat transfer to products travelling on a conveyor can be independently adjusted over a wide range without affecting the simultaneous control of water vapour concentration in the atmoaphere surounding the product.
"Development of an improved heating system for tunnel baking ovens"
Journal of Food Engineering, 2008


text:
Ivermectin for Scabies
Why It Is Used
Doctors may prescribe ivermectin to treat a scabies infestation in certain situations.Reference 1
- People who have a severe or resistant form of scabies infestation, such as Reference crusted (Norwegian) scabies, may be prescribed ivermectin in combination with medicine applied to the skin, such as permethrin. It can be especially helpful for treating Reference HIV-infected Opens New Window people who have scabies.
- A pill form of medicine may be preferred for some people who are unlikely to use topical medicated creams or lotions properly.
- Ivermectin may help get rid of or prevent scabies for people in group living situations, such as those who live in nursing homes.
Ivermectin is usually not used for children younger than 5 or for pregnant women, because its safety in these children is not known.Reference 2
|By:||Reference Healthwise Staff||Last Revised: March 14, 2011|
|Medical Review:||Reference Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Reference Alexander H. Murray, MD, FRCPC - Dermatology


text:
is a partition, must be injective.
Remark. In the proof, we have tacitly appealed to the axiom of choice (Axiom 4.2). Indeed, we used the choice function to choose an element from each set in the partition. The intuitive principle that we have alluded to above is formally established below:
Proof. We first show that if and if, then. Let be a bijection. We define three collections of sets,, and as follows:
- Let and.
- For each, we define.
- For each, we define.
- For each, we define.
- Let.
By definition,. Since must be a subset of, we see that. We now fix and assume inductively that for all. Since, we see that
It follows that for all. A similar argument shows that for all. Since, we see that. Repeating this process, we conclude that for all. Here is a pictoral description of,, and :
We now claim that for all. To see this, we fix. Pick an arbitrary. Since, we see :wat. Moreover,, and so the injectivity of implies that. It follows that. Since was arbitrary, we conclude that. To show that, we fix an arbitrary. Since, the relation implies that we can find an such that. Now, if, then, which would, in turn, imply that. This is evidently absurd, and so. We conclude that. Since was arbitrary, the desired result follows. The claim is now established. An important consequence of the claim is that. We set and define
is precisely the restriction of the injective function, and so it is injective. Similarly, is the restriction of the identity function, and so it is injective. It follows that is injective. Moreover,
It follows that is a bijection from onto, whence, as was to be shown. Let us now return to the general statement of the theorem. We assume that the two sets and satisfy and. This implies the existence of two injective functions and. This, in particular, implies that the composition is an injective function, and so. Now, we observe that. Since, we conclude from what we have proved above that. By injectivity of, we see that, and thus, as was to be shown.
Many applications of the Cantor–Bernstein theorem require the axiom of choice. We study the cardinality of the -fold cartesian product in Example 6.17.
Aside from the usual ordering relation on sets of numbers such as,,, and, the inclusion relation and the at-most-the-same-cardinality relation defined in Section 5 also compare "sizes" of two objects. Let us now abstract the key properties of these less-than-or-equal-to relations.
Definition 6.1. Let be a nonempty set. A partial order on is a relation on that satisfies the following properties:
(1) reflexivity. for all ;
(2) antisymmetry.if and, then ;
(3) transitivity. if and, then.
A strict partial order on is a relation on that satisfies the following properties:
(1') irreflexivity. for all ;
(3) transitivity. if and, then.
A (strict) partial order is a (strict) linear order, or a (strict) total order, if satisfies the following additional property:
(4) trichotomy. if, then one of the following three must hold:,, or.
A (strict) linear order is a (strict) well-order if satisfies the following additional property:
(5) well-ordering property. if is a nonempty subset of, then there exists an element such that for all.
Example 6.2. It is easy to see that the usual ordering relations on,,, and, respectively, are linear orders. We have shown in the proof of Lemma 5.4 that is well-ordered. Since the set does not contain a minimal element, none of the other sets of numbers we have just listed is well-ordered.
Example 6.3. The is-a-subset-of relation on the powerset of any set is a partial order. (Please carry out a proof of this fact if you do not see it immediately!) If has two or more elements, however, then is not a linear order on. To see this, we fix two distinct elements and of ; and are incomparable, in the sense that neither is a subset of the other.
Example 6.4. The at-most-the-same-cardinality relation on the powerset of any set is a partial order. Reflexivity is a consequence of the existence of the identity function. Antisymmetry is a consequence of the Cantor–Bernstein theorem. Transitivity follows from the fact that the composition of two injective functions is injective. The last example is worth a second look. It is not entirely obvious whether the relation should be a linear order. If the two sets can be well, ordered, then, intuitively, we can match up the elements of and from the smallest to the largest until the elements of one of the sets runs out. This leads us to formulate the following result:
Note also that the process of matching up the elements of and might require infinitely many steps. Since the usual principle of mathematical induction is a finitary method, we need an extension of the principle that applies to infinite processes as well. For this, we ought to be able to count each step of these processes, which require an infinitary generalization of the natural numbers that admits its own version of the induction principle.
Definition 6.8. An ordinal number is a set that satisfies the following properties:
(1) transitivity. every element of is a subset of ;
(2) strict well-ordering. the is-an-element-of relation is a strict well-order on.
We define the ordering relation by declaring if and only if.
We see at once that is an ordinal number. To fit the natural numbers into the framework of ordinal numbers, we declare to be the empty set and carry out a set-theoretic construction of the natural numbers as follows:
With this definition, we see that coincides with the usual order relation on. Moreover and for each natural number. The set of natural numbers is itself an ordinal number: transitivity is evident from the construction of the natural numbers, and strict well-ordering was already shown in the proof of Lemma 5.4. We write to denote the first infinite ordinal. Note that for all. In fact,. We therefore see that there are two kinds of ordinal numbers:
Definition 6.9. For each ordinal number, we define the successor of to be the set. An ordinal number is a successor ordinal if there exists an ordinal number such that ; if not, then is said to be a limit ordinal.
The natural numbers other than are successor ordinals; and are limit ordinals. Since the union of two sets always exist, the successor of an ordinal always exists. Furthermore, the union
exists and is a limit ordinal, which we denote by. Similarly, we can construct the limit ordinal for each. The analogous union
exists and is a limit ordinal, which we denote by. We shall assume that this process can be continued indefinitely:
Assumption 6.10. We assume that many limit ordinals exist. Indeed, we assume that the following strictly well-ordered sequence of ordinals exists:
Let us establish the principle of transfinite induction that was alluded to above.
Theorem 6.11 (Principle of transfinite induction). Let be a collection of ordinal numbers. If satisfies the following properties, then contains all ordinal numbers:
(2) if, then ;
(3) if is a nonzero limit ordinal and for all ordinals, then.
Remark. The collection that we have referred to in the statement above is actually a class, which, intuitively, is a collection of sets that may be too large to be a set. We will not attempt to formalize the notion of a class.
Proof. Suppose for a contradiction that does not contain all ordinal numbers. Since the ordinals are well-ordered, we can find the least ordinal such that. If is a successor ordinal, then we can find such that. Since, the ordinal must be in, whence by (2) must be in as well. If is a limit ordinal, then (3) and the least-ordinal property of implies that must be in. Both cases reach a contradiction, and so we conclude that must contain all ordinal numbers. We are now ready to prove the well-ordering principle.
Proof of the well-ordering principle. We use transfinite induction to label each element of the set by a unique ordinal, whence can be well-ordered by the well-ordering of the ordinal numbers. By the axiom of choice (Axiom 4.2), there exists a choice function on the set of nonempty subsets of. We set and define inductively for each ordinal by setting
we terminate the process when is empty. We now let be the least ordinal number such that. The set consists precisely of the elments of, labelled by ordinal numbers up to. We define an order on by declaring if and only if or. It follows at once that is a well-order on.
Recall that a usual application of the finitary induction principle takes the form of demonstrating that the construction of a desired mathematical object can be done one step at a time. If the construction cannot be completed in finitely many steps, then the principle of transfinite induction assures that the process will be completed, provided that there are no obstructions on the way—that is, the method of construction behaves well at the limit ordinal stages. We shall now capture this


="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">on an EC2 instance. You can find more information about development endpoints and notebooks in the AWS Glue Developer Guide.

The following examples are all written in the Scala programming language, but they can all be implemented in Python with minimal changes.

Reading a partitioned dataset

To get started, let's read the dataset and see how the partitions are reflected in the schema. First, you import some classes that you will need for this example and set up a GlueContext, which is the main class that you will use to read and write data.

Execute the following in a Zeppelin paragraph, which is a unit of executable code:

%spark import com.amazonaws.services.glue.DynamicFrame import com.amazonaws.services.glue.DynamicRecord import com.amazonaws.services.glue.GlueContext import com.amazonaws.services.glue.util.JsonOptions import org.apache.spark.SparkContext import java.util.Calendar import java.util.GregorianCalendar import scala.collection.JavaConversions._ @transient val spark: SparkContext = SparkContext.getOrCreate() val glueContext: GlueContext = new GlueContext(spark)

This is straightforward with two caveats: First, each paragraph must start with the line  <tt>%spark</tt> to indicate that the paragraph is Scala. Second, the  <tt>spark</tt> variable must be marked  <tt>@transient</tt> to avoid serialization issues. This is only necessary when running in a Zeppelin notebook.

Next, read the GitHub data into a DynamicFrame, which is the primary data structure that is used in AWS Glue scripts to represent a distributed collection of data. A DynamicFrame is similar to a Spark DataFrame, except that it has additional enhancements for ETL transformations. DynamicFrames are discussed further in the post AWS Glue Now Supports Scala Scripts, and in the AWS Glue API documentation.

The following snippet creates a DynamicFrame by referencing the Data Catalog table that you just crawled and then prints the schema:

%spark val githubEvents: DynamicFrame = glueContext.getCatalogSource( database = "githubarchive_month", tableName = "data" ).getDynamicFrame() githubEvents.schema.asFieldList.foreach { field => println(s"${field.getName}: ${field.getType.getType.getName}") }

You could also print the full schema using  <tt>githubEvents.printSchema()</tt>. But in this case, the full schema is quite large, so I've printed only the top-level columns. This paragraph takes about 5 minutes to run on a standard size AWS Glue development endpoint. After it runs, you should see the following output:

id: string
 type: string
 actor: struct
 repo: struct
 payload: struct
 public: boolean
 created_at: string
 year: string
 month: string
 day: string
 org: struct

Note that the partition columns year, month, and day were automatically added to each record.

Filtering by partition columns

One of the primary reasons for partitioning data is to make it easier to operate on a subset of the partitions, so now let's see how to filter data by the partition columns. In particular, let's find out what people are building in their free time by looking at GitHub activity on the weekends. One way to accomplish this is to use the filter transformation on the  <tt>githubEvents</tt> DynamicFrame that you created earlier to select the appropriate events:

%spark def filterWeekend(rec: DynamicRecord): Boolean = { def getAsInt(field: String): Int = { rec.getField(field) match { case Some(strVal: String) => strVal.toInt // The filter transformation will catch exceptions and mark the record as an error. case _ => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"Unable to extract field $field") } } val (year, month, day) = (getAsInt("year"), getAsInt("month"), getAsInt("day")) val cal = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day) // Calendar months start at 0. val dayOfWeek = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK) dayOfWeek == Calendar.SATURDAY || dayOfWeek == Calendar.SUNDAY } val filteredEvents = githubEvents.filter(filterWeekend) filteredEvents.count

This snippet defines the  <tt>filterWeekend</tt> function that uses the Java  <tt>Calendar</tt> class to identify those records where the partition columns (year, month, and day) fall on a weekend. If you run this code, you see that there were 6,303,480 GitHub events falling on the weekend in January 2017, out of a total of 29,160,561 events. This seems reasonable—about 22 percent of the events fell on the weekend, and about 29 percent of the days that month fell on the weekend (9 out of 31). So people are using GitHub slightly less on the weekends, but there is still a lot of activity!

Predicate pushdowns for partition columns

The main downside to using the  <tt>filter</tt> transformation in this way is that you have to list and read all files in the entire dataset from Amazon S3 even though you need only a small fraction of them. This is manageable when dealing with a single month's worth of data.


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What are the Good Faith Efforts?
The Good Faith Efforts are required methods implored by all EPA financial assistance agreement recipients to ensure that all Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBEs) have the opportunity to compete for procurements funded by EPA financial assistance dollars. The Six Good Faith Efforts Are:
- Ensure DBEs are made aware of contracting opportunities to the fullest extent practicable through outreach and recruitment activities. For Indian Tribal, state and local government recipients, this will include placing DBEs on solicitation lists and soliciting them whenever they are potential sources.
- Make information on forthcoming opportunities available to DBEs and arrange time frames for contracts and establish delivery schedules, where the requirements permit, in a way that encourages and facilitates participation by DBEs in the competitive process. This includes, whenever possible, posting solicitations for bids or proposals for a minimum of 30 calendar days before the bid or proposal closing date.
- Consider in the contracting process whether firms competing for large contracts could subcontract with DBEs. For Indian Tribal, state and local government recipients, this will include dividing total requirements, when economically feasible, into smaller tasks or quantities to permit maximum participation by DBEs in the competitive process.
- Encourage contracting with a consortium of DBEs when a contract is too large for one of these firms to handle individually.
- Use the services and assistance of the Small Business Administration (SBE) and the Minority Business Development Agency of the Department of Commerce.
- If the prime contractor awards subcontracts, require the prime contractor to take the above steps.
ATTENTION GRANT RECIPIENTS|
Documentation of your efforts to implement the good faith efforts in your procurements is the key to a successful program!


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Farmers around the world: Avocado grower in Israel wins the "Excellent Farmer 2006 Awards"
Mr. Zvi Harat (Ziki to his friends, including myself who has worked closely with him in the past), aged 68 is an avocado grower from Kibutz Givat Brenner, situated about 45 minutes drive south of Tel Aviv, Israel. Ziki has been working in the Kibutz avocado orchard since it was first planted in 1978. Our story is about Ziki, the avocado orchard he planted 30 years ago, and recognition of his contribution to the avocado industry in Israel.
In early 2007, Carmel Agrexco - the largest exporter of agricultural produce in Israel - presented Ziki with the "Excellent Farmer for 2006" in the export fruit sector. The award states that Ziki "is one of the pillars of the avocado sector in Israel", and that his achievements are reflected by the high productivity of the orchard and ratio of exported fruit. Ziki was also praised for "working in close collaboration with research and extension, and his team for taking an active part in the stewardship of young agronomy students" at various research forums.
As far as is known, the first avocado (Persea Americana Mill) trees were brought to Israel in 1908 to the French Monastery in Latrun, near Jerusalem (Shachar, 1982). Until the early fifties, avocado trees planted commercially did not exceed 2,000 and were grown mostly in the central coastal plain. Since the end of the fifties, many commercial orchards have been planted in most parts of Israel, and - by 1975 - the total area had increased to 3,600 hectares. Since 1990, the avocado area in the country declined from almost 9,000 to 5,100 ha in 2005, yet productivity tripled from 566 to 1679 kg/ha (FAOSTAT, November 2007). Many rootstocks are now used, depending on the soil and climatic conditions. For example, West Indian rootstocks have been developed for planting/growing in heavy lime soil or where irrigation water has a high salt content.
The Kibbutz Givat Brenner avocado plantation is planted over 32 hectares, on relatively heavy soil (~50% clay) with pH=7.5. Planting during recent years has been in high beds (up to 80 cm) and the whole orchard is now drip irrigated with three laterals per row, an emitter every 30 cm, and a discharge rate of 1.8 l/h each. The main cultivars are Hass, Etinger, Fuerte and Reed. Irrigation water used is mostly treated wastewater (TWW) to a secondary tertiary level, with levels of Cl ranging from 100 ppm at the beginning of the irrigation season (April) to 250 ppm Cl at the end of the irrigation season (November).
During the last 25 years, Ziki has regularly sampled leaves from sub-plots and by cultivar, from which a detailed fertilization program is prepared. All fertilization is done via fertigation, which is fully controlled by a PC situated in the orchard and at Ziki's home, 15 kilometres away. Application rate of nutrients is 300, 60 and 400-650 kg of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively, per hectare. During the last few years, Ziki has started applying SOP in winter to deliver some of the high potassium levels required, and used phosphoric acid as the P source, applied towards the end of the summer. This has the added benefit of also cleaning the drip system. Source of N is ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate solutions, with reduced Cl levels of potassium fertilizers. Constant iron deficiency requires the application of 10 litres/ha of dissolved sequestrin (FeEDDHA).
I asked Ziki how he is able to pay for all these expensive inputs. "Well," he said," you should ask first about the cost of water." I did. Ziki pays between USD 0.2 to 0.4 per cubic metre (m3), and uses about 10,000-12,000 m3/ha. "This is our most expensive input, and we do whatever we can to make optimal use of the water we have," he explained. During the last four years, Ziki (and the kibbutz) have been significantly rewarded for the extensive investment in the orchard, and he harvests close to 20 mt/ha every year. He estimates the total inputs (including labor) at approx. USD 10,000/ha, and returns at approximately USD 13,000/ha.
Avocado research in Israel is carried out in close participation with farmers, and Ziki is a member of the R&D team at the Israeli Avocado Consortium. The consortium receives its funding from growers, and the government matches this contribution. Researchers at the Faculty of Agriculture (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), ARO Volcani Center and applied research centers, funded and run by farmers, compete for research grants. According to Ziki, the main challenges that avocado growers in Israel face today are improving the size of Hass, reduction in yield variations, biological pest control, and better use of treated wastewater.
I asked Ziki about the award he received and what it means to him and to the kibbutz where he has lived since he was born. "For me", he said, "the meaning of the award is the message it delivers of the need to assist the younger generation to see that there is a future in agriculture."
Thank you Ziki. We congratulate you on winning this prestigious award and we wish you many more fruitful years in the field.
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What is Tao Jiao?
(scientific name: Amygdalus persica L.
[Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] ), which is also called Peach gum
, also called tao hua tears, is a red-brown or yellow-brown jelly-like substance secreted from the bark of peach trees. These secretions are peeled off from the bark and dried to obtain raw peach gum, which can be used in traditional Chinese medicine, or simply processed and eaten.
The main component of raw peach gum is macromolecular polysaccharide. Raw peach gum removes impurities, and after hydrolysis, decolorization and other treatments, it becomes small molecular polysaccharides, which is commercial peach gum.
Types of Tao Jiao
The main component of Raw Taojiao is macromolecular polysaccharide, which is not easy to dissolve in water, but has good water absorption, and the volume can be foamed more than 10 times. Raw peach gum removes impurities, and after hydrolysis, decolorization and other treatments, it becomes small molecular polysaccharides, which is commercial peach gum. The purpose of hydrolysis is to change the difficult-to-dissolve macromolecular polysaccharides into soluble small-molecular polysaccharides, which is convenient for industrial use.
Commercial Taojiao can thicken, emulsify, coagulate, etc. in food, which is close to the function of another common gum (gum arabic). Since gum arabic needs to be imported and is more expensive, peach gum is its cheap substitute. In Japan, peach gum can be used as a food additive. Peach gum is better than Arabic gum in some properties, such as greater light transmission and viscosity. In addition, peach gum is also widely used in chemical, cosmetic, printing and dyeing industries.
Growth environment of Tao Jiao
Peach is distributed in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places. Widely cultivated throughout the country. Tao grows on hillsides at an altitude of 800-1200m, at the bottom of valleys, or in wild forests and shrubs.
Taojiao is a red-brown or yellow-brown jelly-like substance secreted from the bark of peach trees.
Processing methods of Tao Jiao
Collection and processing
Harvest in summer, cut the bark with a knife, and collect after the resin overflows. Soak in water, wash away impurities, and dry in the sun.
Tao Jiao TCM
The resin secreted from the bark of Rosaceae plants such as peach or mountain peach.
Sweet and bitter; flat; non-toxic.
Return large intestine, bladder meridian.
Regulating blood, treating stranguria, antidysentery.
Stone stranguria; blood stranguria; dysentery; abdominal pain; diabetes; chyluria.
Tao Jiao is in the form of irregular lumps, teardrops, etc., with different sizes, the surface is yellowish brown, light yellow, horny, translucent. The texture is tough and soft, hard when dry, and the section is shiny. Slight gas, sticky when added with water.
Oral administration: decoction, 9-15g, or into pills or powder.
1. "Bie Lu": The main protection is not hungry, and endures the wind and cold.
2. "Tang Materia Medica": The main stone is drenched, blood is broken, and the evil is infested.
3. "Compendium": harmonizing blood and replenishing qi, treating diarrhea and relieving pain.
4. "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": Peach trees are glued, clearest fluid, and can cure bloody, stone stranguria. Acne is black and sunken, use Bisheng ointment.
Peach gum benefits
Cells and tissues in the human body contain a lot of protein. Protein is not only an important component of the human body, but also a participant in various activities in the human body. Protein is the source of life for the human body. Eating Tao Jiao can supplement the body with protein. Nutritional supplements.
The aging of human skin is directly related to free radicals. The elasticity of the skin is related to collagen. When the collagen in the human body is insufficient, the elasticity of the skin will decrease and wrinkles will appear. Tao Jiao contains more plant collagen. Moderate consumption of peach gum helps to supplement the body's collagen.
Brain-replenishing and intelligence-enhancing
Tao Jiao contains a lot of galactose, which is a component of cerebrosides in the brain nervous system. Proper consumption of peach gum can supplement the galactose needed by the brain, which is of great help to nourish the brain and improve intelligence.
Tao Jiao side effects
1. Patients with weak spleen and stomach should not eat too much Tao Jiao. If they eat too much, it may cause gastrointestinal system dysfunction and cause adverse symptoms such as diarrhea. Because peach gum contains a lot of plant collagen fibers, which can stimulate gastrointestinal motility and have the effect of laxative and laxative. Eating too much may speed up gastrointestinal motility, which will cause abdominal discomfort.
2. Patients with low blood sugar should not eat too much Tao Jiao, because peach gum has a certain hypoglycemic effect. If the blood sugar is low and then eat too much peach gum, it may aggravate the discomfort symptoms.
3. Pregnant women are not recommended to eat Tao Jiao blindly, because eating too much peach gum may easily cause symptoms of getting angry and constipation.
4. Women who have a lot of menstrual flow are not recommended to eat Tao Jiao during menstruation. Peach gum has a certain effect on promoting blood circulation. If you eat too much during menstruation, it may aggravate menstrual flow.
How to take Tao Jiao?
Peach gum soup
Materials: peach gum, red dates, rock sugar
1. Soak the Tao Jiao in clean water for a whole day to make it rise until it feels free of hard lumps; remove the black impurities on the surface of the peach gum and rinse with clean water.
2. Soak the red dates until they become fat. After cleaning, put them into the pot together with the peach gum, add an appropriate amount of water, bring to a boil on high heat, turn to low heat and simmer for 1.5 hours, add rock sugar and cook until the soup is thick; serve cold Suitable for both hot and cold.
Tao Jiao White Fungus
Ingredients: 15 grams of peach gum, 30 grams of rock sugar, 1 Sydney pear (300 grams), 5 grams of white fungus.
1. 5 grams of peach gum, 1000 ml of water. Soak Tao Jiao in clean water overnight until soft and swollen, about 10 times larger in volume.
2. Carefully remove the black impurities on the surface of the softened Tao Jiao, wash it repeatedly with clean water, and break it into even small pieces.
3. After soaking Yin er in water for 20 minutes to soften, break it into small flowers by hand. Peel Sydney pears and cut into 1cm-sized cubes.
4. Put the Tao Jiao, white fungus and water into the pot, bring to a boil on high heat, then change to low heat and continue to cook for 30 minutes. At this time, the soup starts to become a little viscous.
Cut Tao Jiao into granules, wash with water, chew and take. It is recommended to drink some warm water while chewing to help swallow and relieve stomach pain.
Tao Jiao Saponin Rice Porridge
Ingredients: saponin rice, peach gum, rose sauce, 1 spoon each, 6 red dates.
1. Wash saponin rice and Tao Jiao separately and soak them in water. I soak them for 8 hours. After 8 hours, wash the peach gum and saponin rice briefly and put them in a casserole, add 6 red dates.
2. Add enough water to the casserole, use high heat to bring to a boil, turn to medium and low heat for 2 hours and it will be cooked. Stir it from time to time during the period, so as not to burn the pot.
3. Add 1 spoon of rose sauce to the bowl, pour the cooked peach gum and saponin rice into it while it is hot, and stir well.
How to choose Tao Jiao?
The color of good Tao Jiao is very crystal clear under the care of the light, like amber, and the older the tree, the better the peach gum. The color of the new gum is relatively light, and the color is relatively dark.
The degree of foaming
The foaming degree of good peach gum is very good, which can reach more than ten times, and it melts as soon as it is boiled.
Cooked finished product
After cooking, it has a Q-like texture. If it is boiled into water, it is generally not old Tao Jiao.
Good peach gum has very few impurities, and generally has to be manually selected to remove impurities, while poor peach gum has a lot of impurities and looks dark.
Choose peach gum from old trees
Tao Jiao of the old tree is darker in color, and the peach gum of the new tree is lighter in color. Peach gum from old trees is better than new trees in terms of


Schools, parents unaware of 'disturbing' religious education - secular education lobbyist
A secular education campaigner says as many as four in 10 state schools have religious content that tells children their friends can die or suffer because of their sin, or has parallels with child grooming.
Tanya Jacob is the South Island representative for the Secular Education Network, a lobby group currently campaigning to get the law around religious education in schools in line with existing human rights legislation.
Ms Jacob told The AM Show on Wednesday morning that "hundreds and hundreds" of schools currently have curriculum supporting unhealthy religious education.
"We are reaching out to parents to let them know what the religious instruction in their school is really all about. Generally the parents aren't told what's going on in their religious instruction classes - and often the schools don't know either," she said.
"The sorts of things they can have - and we're talking primary and intermediate schools - are things like telling children things like they can die, and their friends can die, and that people they care about can suffer terribly if they sin.
"Some of the content can be disturbingly similar to grooming. We're talking things like creating secrets in the class, and special friends."
Ms Jacob says the Secular Education Network is currently appealing to the Human Rights Review Tribunal to get the legislation around religious education in schools looked at.
She says if anything, she's the opposite of anti-religion, and is merely trying to ensure all religions get the same exposure - including non-religion.
"We are trying to allow all kids to have fair access to their schools - not promoting one religion over another and kicking the non-Christian kids out of their classroom and promoting that religion," Ms Jacob said.
"If you want to have religious freedom, you have to have everyone on an even playing field - not the school endorsing one religion."


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This article presents a comprehensive analysis of beach management in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) by introducing and integrating results from different partial projects. They analyzed the legal, political, and administrative framework of beach management, the quality tools available, the practices of management, the processes of beach use, and beach waste/litter dynamics.
Abstract View references (40)
Artificial islands have been constructed next to large cities due to the need for extra space in highlypopulated areas. These emerged structures have been used by many countries as platforms for developing infrastructure (airports, harbors, highways, etc.), rebuilding ecological areas, and creating new spaces for tourism or residential areas. In this study, two state-of-the-art numerical models for wave propagation and nearshore circulation are used to simulate the effects of an emerged artificial island on the Barcelona coast. Several sea indicators (wave height, intensity and direction of currents, and mean water level) are analyzed to assess the changes likely to be induced by an artificial island. Three different situations are studied and the indicators are compared across the different tests to obtain information that can be used in the planning process of these structures. In two-meter wave conditions, the tests show that wave height is generally reduced in the sheltered area, which leads to improved safety for beach users (bathing is prohibited when wave height exceeds the two-meter threshold). However, the numerical models also reveal that velocities in the sheltered area usually decrease, whichmust be controlled to prevent stagnation in the bathing area.


Citrus Leaf Miner Attacks Citrus Trees in the Gulf Coast Area
Citrus leaf miner is a moth that affects all types of citrus trees. Beginning in April until the first fall frost, many people in the Lake Jackson, Tx. area call me wanting to know what makes the leaves on their citrus trees shrivel and curl and what can be done to stop the destruction. The culprit is a small moth called Phyllocnistis citrella, known as citrus leaf miner, that flies around at night, laying eggs on the under side of young, tender citrus leaves. The moth and larva are barely visible to the naked eye. If the moth can not find new tender leaves for its eggs, it will lay them on fruit and tender green branches. The larva hatches from a water clear egg and immediately burrows under the epidermis ("skin") of the leaf. Once it is under the protective epidermis of the leaf, it is immune to surface sprays. The larva tunnels throughout the leaf, leaving a trail of fras, destroying the leaf. When it matures, the larva then goes to the side of the leaf and rolls one of the edges over. Using the leaf, the larva creates a caterpillar type of cocoon, protecting itself from sprays as it changes into a moth. Once it becomes a moth, this cycle repeats itself. The larvae can go through several generations in one growing season. Because the moth does not want to destroy its entire food source, it does not eat the first flush of spring growth, but it does become much more active during the second and subsequent flushes of growth. In the winter the moth hibernates (but not on the plant) so removing damaged leaves in the winter does not stop the moth's cycle.
Male CLM caught in a pheromone trap.
ISCA Technologies makes a pheromone trap for male CLM that can be hung in trees near your citrus. I don't know how much they cost, but you can go to their web page for a quote: _URL_ I do not recommend this trap to get rid of CLM. I have a friend who hung 10 in her backyard and she still got a lot of damage. It is only good to give indication when the males are active and when to start spraying.
Close up of male CLM caught in trap.
A new organic insecticide, Spinosad has come on the market. This is the active ingredient in Green Light's Lawn & Garden Spray with Spinosad which is sold at Lowes. It is also found in Ferti-lome's Borer, Bagworm, Leafminer, and Tent Caterpillar Spray sold at local nurseries and a more concentrated form is called Conserve SC which is sold on ebay. This is a surface spray, so it needs to be applied on the top and under the leaves to be effective. The spray has to be applied about every two weeks and also after a hard rain. Dormant oil slows the moth down, but it does not stop her from going to a leaf that did not get the spray. Do not spray Spinosad until you see damaged leaf which is usually in late April or early May as earlier sprays only waste money and spray.
On non-fruiting citrus, a systemic (absorbed by the plant) insecticide has an active ingredient called Imidacloprid which is used by commercial growers. It is sold commercially under the brand name Admire Pro, and it is also used in Tree & Shurb Insect Control by Bayer which can be purchased at Wal-Mart*, Lowes*, and other such stores. This systemic insecticide is to be used in a soil-drenching procedure which is absorbed by the roots and moves up the tree to the leaves. Since the insecticide goes inside the plant, it is more effective long term than using surface sprays and is not washed off by rain or irrigation sprays. It also has to be applied a week or two before CLM show up, time for the chemical to get to the new leaves. The best way to use Admire is to apply a few drops to the green stem (trunk on real young trees) where new growth is occuring and it will be absorbed and protect that limb for over a month. Be sure to follow instructions on the bottle on how to mix these insecticides in other ways.
Citrus Leaf Miner Damage.
There are several predator wasps that lay their eggs on CLM pupae and eat the CLM. Unfortunately, the Texas entomologist are having trouble introducing them to Texas orchards.
UPDATE 4/28/2013
*Lowes, Home Depot and Wal-mart has started selling the Bayer Imidacloprid products mixed with fertilizer. But Imidacloprid and Spinosad can be purchased at nurseries like Houston Garden Center under the Feri-lome Brand and other brands.
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text:
Recommended Year Group: Year 10 / 11 / 12 / 13
Recommended Group Size: Year group
Duration: 30 Mins - 1 Hour
- To introduce the students to vocational progression routes.
- To demonstrate the kind of careers that vocational training can lead to.
Students will :
- Gain a better understanding of what is meant by vocational training and the options it offers.
- Be better informed about the short and long term benefits of a vocational route.
- Understand how apprenticeships are structured.
- The detail relating to pay and minimum wage will need to be kept updated.
- The contact details for local FE colleges will need to be kept updated and any specific information on their application procedures can be added as required.


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In EYFS we use an exciting way to record, track and share your child's learning during their time in nursery and reception. This system, called 'Tapestry', is an 'online learning journal' and enables staff to take photographs, videos and make written observations of some of the 'wow' activities your child does at school. Once set up, you can access this information through the Tapestry app or website (using your email address and a secure password to log in) so that you can celebrate their learning at home too. You can also add your own photos and comments to the journal, send us messages or ask any questions that you may have about your child in school. We set up a parents' noticeboard for each class where general information and letters are posted, and find that this is a very effective way of keeping in touch and communicating with you as parents.
Please follow the tabs to find out more about Tapestry and how to use it.