Manual VCO selection for a faster locking PLL
MAX2870 PLL PCB with STM32F103 microcontroller designed by Salil Tembe
MAX2870 PLL PCB with STM32F103 microcontroller designed by Salil Tembe
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PLL chips such as the ADF43xx, MAX287x and so on come with an integrated VCO. The frequency range on these PLL chips can extend all the way from few tens of MegaHertz to several GigaHertz. Such a wide range of output frequency can be obtained only if you have a VCO that can tune over a wide range of frequencies. Let's take an example of MAX2870 PLL which promises a tuning range from 27MHz to 6GHz. Internally, it has a continuous VCO tuning range from 3GHz to 6GHz which is further divided to obtain the lower frequencies. A single VCO that can tune over 3GHz range is quite difficult to design. Having multiple VCOs that can tune over smaller ranges solves the problem.
A little about the insides
MAX2870 PLL has 4 VCO cores with 16 sub-bands that allow continuous tuning from 3GHz to 6GHz. This gives us 64 different VCOs to choose from depending on the output frequency we desire. An internal state machine selects a VCO core and a corresponding VCO sub-band. Furthermore, the selected VCO's tune input gets connected to the external loop filter output. The state machine in MAX2870 is clocked at mere 50kHz leading to a slower lock time. What if we were to bypass this state machine and tell the chip straight away to choose a particular VCO? In case you are using ADF4351, it lets you clock the VCO auto select state machine to a higher clock rate. I haven't tried clocking the MAX2870 PLL's band select clock higher than 50kHz. May be, I would try that sometime soon.
Building a register look up table
Coming back to the main point, we can manually select the VCO inside MAX2870 significantly reducing the time required to lock the PLL. Maxim Integrated Inc. claims that you can shave off approximately 200 microseconds from the lock time. The datasheet provides a basic method on how that can be achieved. For example, you have a certain frequency points that you know the PLL needs to lock on to. Firstly, enable the VCO auto-select state machine and program the PLL to your desired frequency. Secondly, readback the Register 6[8:3] and store it. Similarly, follow this procedure for all the frequency points you need. Finally, you should end up with an array of VCO settings for all your desired frequency points.
VCO look-up table.
Equipped with the VCO look-up table, you can tell the PLL chip the VCO you wish to select. The 5-bit VCO information needs to be inserted into the Register 3 VCO-field and then send it over to the chip. The register programming sequence given in the datasheet follows a descending order; Register 5 first, then 4 and so on. Finally, you end the programming by writing Register 0 thereby leaving the chip to lock-on to the desired frequency.
A little coding…
To make things a little bit easier to understand, follow the code snippet below:
The function buildLUT has four arguments; a pointer to the array where we will store read-back values, start frequency, frequency step size and number of frequency steps. In my case, the start frequency is set to 400MHz, step size 10MHz and finally, 64 frequency steps. Following code snippet shows the internals of the buildLUT function.
There are a couple of custom functions written here such as updateFrequency() used to calculate register values and write it over SPI. On the other hand, readSPI() reads back the Register 6, and aligns it to fit the Register 6 32 bit C struct.
Correspondingly, testLUT() function programs the PLL while its VCO auto select is disabled. Note in the first code snippet, reg3.b.VAS_SHDN is set to 0x01 to disable the state machine. Only then we move on to execute the testLUT() function.
Verifying our code
While this function runs, the PLL will sweep through all your frequency points.
There are two ways to verify the functioning of our code. First, probing the Lock detect pin and watching the waveform over oscilloscope. Second, observing the spectrum output of the PLL. In case of the second method, insert a break-point at 'j++' and observe the spectrum.
Oscilloscope capture showing a 33us time from start of programming until PLL lock detect
Your PLL should jump frequency in desired step size every time your code halts at the break-point. In my case, at the first halt it locks to 400MHz. Correspondingly, on the second halt it locks to 410MHz, a step delta of 10MHz as desired. This should go on for the next 'n' number of points.
PLL output in zero span mode. Since, we are cycling through the same frequency points, we see a pulse shape for the duration PLL is locked to one of the frequency points. In this case, it is locked to 400MHz and repeats every 20ms.
nuclearrambo
Salil is an electronics enthusiast working on various RF and Microwave systems. In his free time he writes on the blog, talks over ham radio or builds circuits. He has Yaesu FT2900R VHF transceiver, FT450D HF transceiver and a TYT UV8000E Handheld transceiver.
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1 Response
 1. Zia Malik says:
 Hi
 I am new in frequency syntheses programming. I want to generate band 860 MHz to 970 MHz , 1800Mhz to 1900MhZ and 2100 MHz to 2150 Mhz.
 I am using MAX2870 Board and want tp program it . please guide me at least send me the code for one band i am using arduino
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text:
Megaminx Speedsolving Methods
Contrary to popular belief, the Megaminx is not substantially harder than a 3x3x3 to solve. The Megaminx can be solved up until the last face exactly like F2L on a normal Rubik's Cube. Generally, a solver will start with a "star" on one side, analogous to the cross on a Rubik's Cube. Then, corners and edges are paired and placed exactly like that of CFOP F2L until only the last face needs to be solved. From here there are several ways to go about solving the last face. Many algorithms used on a Rubik's Cube can be applied to the last layer of the Megaminx. For example, Sune (R U R' U R U'2 R') cycles three edges, and F R U R' U' F' and its inverse orient edges just like that of a Rubik's Cube.
List of methods

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Introducing the sub-photon as a basis of the structure of photons
Considering that the smallest, fastest, and lightest object in the universe is photon and the universe mass is about 1053 kg, if we consider the photon as the basis of the Big Bang, the volume and density are far different from the information that obtained for the Big Bang before. In other words, the photon is not the desired particle that could have formed the Big Bang sphere. Therefore, we define a special particle called "sub-photon" with dimensions of one billionth of a photon (in terms of radius value). In this paper we will show that this fundamental particle could be the basis of the structure of photons.
Author: Gh Saleh.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Syndicate content
Ladies First? Understanding Whose Job is Vulnerable in a Crisis
Mary Hallward-Driemeier's picture
To complicate matters a little further, the sorting and differential treatment effects could potentially work in opposite directions. For example, women may face greater differential treatment effects, but sort into jobs that are less vulnerable. If so, aggregate employment numbers may obscure the true extent of women's vulnerability within a firm.
In a recent paper I coauthored with Bob Rijkers and Andrew Waxman, we use Indonesia's census of manufacturing firms to analyze employer responses to the 1997-98 East Asian crisis and to identify the importance of these two mechanisms. The results show that women indeed faced disproportionate reductions in employment and wages within firms. However, these differential treatment effects were relatively small. They were also more than offset in the aggregate by sorting: women were more likely to be employed in firms that suffered less in the crisis, with the net result that women fared better than men. Even though 45% of all manufacturing jobs were held by women, women's net job losses accounted for only a third of all the jobs lost during the crisis.
The reason for these favorable sorting effects is that women's employment was concentrated in labor-intensive export industries that were more resilient to the crisis. Sorting by gender also occurred along occupational lines; men suffered more because they were more likely to be working in white-collar jobs, which were hit harder. On the other hand, female blue-collar workers appear to have experienced slightly larger wage losses than their male colleagues because they were employed in firms that reduced wages more. Interested readers can find detailed descriptions of how the relative importance of these mechanisms varies across different types of firms and workers in different occupations in our paper.
Existing studies of the impact of crises on the labor market that rely on labor force and household-level data focus on labor supply. However, crisis-induced changes in labor market outcomes are predominantly driven by changes in labor demand; labor supply responses are typically muted compared to the large contractions in labor demand that are a defining feature of crises. This analysis illustrates how firm level data can benefit our understanding of who is at risk of losing their job and why. Indeed, perhaps the most important lesson from this analysis is that employers' vulnerability and responses to major shocks are important, but often overlooked, determinants of the distributional impact of crises. In the case of Indonesia in the East Asian crisis, women were more vulnerable within a firm, but where you worked mattered more than your gender.
In the current financial crisis—as in the East Asian crisis—it's also important to take into account both sorting and differential treatment before jumping to any conclusions. In the current crisis, the sorting channel is also likely to be important. In countries where the construction sector has been hardest hit, the sorting effect will mitigate the impact on women. However, in countries with large exports of light manufacturing, the sorting by gender is likely to render the women more vulnerable.
Further Reading:
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Bob Rijkers and Andrew Waxman. (2011) "Ladies First? Firm-level Evidence on the Labor Impacts of the East Asia Crisis."
World Bank Group staff can also join the upcoming FPD Academy talk by Mary Hallward-Driemeier—details will be posted on the FPD Academy page when they become available.
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text:
A New Approach to Optical Beam Shaping for Lighting Applications based on Nano-Optics
In this paper a new revolutionary approach to optical beam shaping for lighting applications is presented. The optical devices, developed by IQ Structures under the trade name Nanoptiqs are based on principles of diffraction, which are applied in a novel way to achieve improved performance of white light illumination systems. This unique solution is based on full control over the modulation of material and geometric properties of the optical elements at a nano-level. The surface (or volume) properties of the micro/nano structured optics are calculated with details as small as 10 nanometres, generally in three-dimensions. High complexity modelling of the light interaction with matter at nano-scale makes this task extremely computationally intensive. Moreover, manufacturing of three-dimensional optical nano-structures requires application of state-of-the-art mastering techniques with extreme spatial resolution such as electron-beam lithography, direct-writing based on multi-photon absorption and similar. These techniques together with in-house developed computational tools and high-precision mass-replication technologies stand behind Nanoptiqs unique properties, which promise an important role with these products not only in laboratory applications, but also in high capacity industrial production.
This contribution is focused on the explanation of physical principles of Nanoptiqs elements, description of selected approaches to computer modelling of optical nano-structures and optimization techniques developed particularly for design of advanced lighting systems. Commonly used approaches to design and analysis of diffractive elements are further extended for systems exploiting polychromatic light sources. The interaction of light with nano-structured materials is modelled using a hybrid approach based on a combination of ray-tracing methods with rigorous vectorial wave-optics techniques. Manufacturing of the designed elements using lithographic techniques is also discussed with focus on deep volume structures. Special attention is devoted to mass production of Nanoptiqs elements as this is a key factor for their future wide application in commercial practice. Besides improving the performance of current lighting solutions, the main benefits of Nanoptiqs are completely new design options and optical features following from full control of the light through nano-structured materials. Highly efficient mass production and reduced material and energy costs further emphasize attractiveness of presented approaches.
The paper also analyses possible future complex lighting systems consisting of a combination of transmission diffractive micro/nano elements with specially designed reflection systems. Nanoptiqs elements include hybrid systems using specially designed micro-reflectors. The technology of cost-effective (but simultaneously very precise) production of miniaturized systems of reflectors with complex shapes is a part of the proposed solution. Finally, the cooperation of IQ Structures with company Crytur is briefly mentioned, which focuses on the first application of Nanoptiqs directly on the surface of LED phosphor parts. Such a combination leads to a significant improvement in efficiency of LED light sources.


Social Studies 10F > Mapping >
Giant Map of Canada
Using the map provided you are going to map out what Canada looked like three years after Confederation. You'll do this in a group.
 1. You need to assemble the map.
 2. As accurately as possible, you have to outline the Northwestern Territories, Rupert's Land, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. You should also outline British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland (and Labrador) but remember that they're not part of Canada so they won't be colored.
 3. Neatly color each of these areas in a separate color. You don't need to color each area in fully. It can be done as a series of parallel lines or cross hatchings. It should be neat, and not scribbled.
 4. Neatly label each section of the map.
 - Does the map accurately reflect the boundaries of Canada in 1870?
 - Is the map neatly and accurately colored with a good choice of colors so you can easily tell the different areas apart?
 - Did your group work well together finding a way to include everyone in the work?
Accurate boundaries
Canadian boundaries displayed the way they were in 1870.
 Appropriate sections labelled.
Neatly colored
Different color for each region
 Appropriate regions colored.
 Stayed within the lines
 Colored without scribbling.
CooperationWas everybody included who wanted to be?
 Total /10
Map courtesy of Library and Archives Canada
James Dykstra,
Sep 21, 2015, 6:07 AM


text:
|Join FONZ to receive Smithsonian Zoogoer in your mailbox!|
Sidebar: To Cut or Not to Cut?
Common cuttlefish (Mehgan Murphy/NZP)
Veterinarians prescribed oral antibiotics for a common cuttlefish in 2007 after its right cornea became inflamed. The medication was injected into the cuttlefish's food—a shrimp—daily. Several days later, there was no sign of infection.
Yet the veterinary team also discovered that the cuttlefish had cataracts in both eyes. That raised a tough question: Should the vets operate? The zoo's veterinary team is capable of operating on cuttlefish, which they sedate by putting anesthetic in the water. But surgery always involves some stress and risk for the patient.The veterinarians decided against operating. Cuttlefish cataracts are often a sign of aging, and these creatures rarely make it past the ripe old age of two. So surgery would be an invasive, risky option with little chance of long-term benefits. The animal's quality of life, veterinarians concluded, would be better served by letting nature take its course
If you have a comment about Smithsonian Zoogoer magazine, please email it to us.Smithsonian Zoogoer 40(1) 2011. Copyright 2010 Friends of the National Zoo. All rights reserved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
On the road with Piet de Becker in Doode Bemde (Flanders)- "Nature-based solutions for river floods is the best"
Jos Dekker & Geert de Blust
Piet De Becker is the manager of Doode Bemde nature reserve in the valley of the river Dijle upstream (south) of the city of Leuven. The strongly meandering river originates in and flows through a loamy catchment area, which is part of a limited area in Europe. The alluvial character of the river, with regular flooding, is a damage risk for the city of Leuven. The solution for avoiding flood damage proposed by the nature conservation NGO is nature-based flooding as opposed to the technical solution with storm basins proposed by the river manager. The nature-based solution has proven its worth since the start of this century.
Click here for the PDF of this article.


text:
Hierarchical Path: War of the Spanish Succession (Main Page) >> Navies
|Units of measurement used|
|In our articles dedicated to the vessels in service at the time of the War of the Spanish Succession, unless specifically mentioned, units of measurement are presented in metric and/or Imperial units.|
Throughout the XVIIIth century, technologies related to naval warfare evolved very rapidly in Europe, faster indeed than land warfare technologies. Thanks to their navies, European powers held the world in their networks of colonies and trading posts.
The following navies were involved in the War of the Spanish Succession:
|Aligned with France||Aligned with the Empire|
Great Britain (31 articles)
N.B.: Some of the belligerents had no navy. To our knowledge, this was the case for Austria, Hanover, Prussia and Savoy.


Meet the Ocicat: The Cat That Thinks It's a Dog!
If you've ever been on the lookout for a dog-like cat that is intelligent and super friendly, the Ocicat is one breed you should consider. The Ocicat's fur pattern resembles a wild cat, but it's actually a fully domesticated cat without any wildcat genes.
Ocicats look like wild cats because of their spotted fur. Even though their name is similar to the wild Ocelot, they actually bear no relation to the cat. The original Ocicat was bred from a Siamese cat and an Abyssinian domesticated cat, resulting in its unique fur. These cats come in 12 coat colors and have a muscular appearance. Because these cats are so muscular, they need plenty of opportunities to play and exercise.
(Photo Credit: Shutterstock)
The Ocicat is known to be very "dog like" in its demeanor. They aren't shy around strangers and often greet visitors who come to the home. They can be good pets for a family with children and are often very "talkative." These cats are also extremely loyal, friendly, and highly intelligent.
Ocicats are very trainable too! Many Ocicats are taught to fetch, sit, lie down, and do other tricks commonly associated with dogs. Some cats can be taught to walk on a harness outside. Here are some videos of fun tricks that Ocicats have learned:
Walking on a Leash:
Fetching a Toy:
Running on a Treadmill:
Running in a Cat Wheel:
And Cooper the Ocicat, Who Can Do Almost Any Trick!
As you can see, an Ocicat is an extremely versatile breed of cat that pretty much thinks it's a dog. This is a great cat if you don't mind the chance that it'll be a little talkative and if you're ready to play with her a lot. This kitty will definitely want your attention!


Next: , Previous: Setting, Up: Using Variables
6.6 Appending More Text to Variables
Often it is useful to add more text to the value of a variable already defined. You do this with a line containing '+=', like this:
 objects += another.o
This takes the value of the variable objects, and adds the text 'another.o' to it (preceded by a single space). Thus:
 objects = main.o foo.o bar.o utils.o
 objects += another.o
sets objects to 'main.o foo.o bar.o utils.o another.o'.
Using '+=' is similar to:
 objects = main.o foo.o bar.o utils.o
 objects := $(objects) another.o
When the variable in question has not been defined before, '+=' acts just like normal '=': it defines a recursively-expanded variable. However, when there is a previous definition, exactly what '+=' does depends on what flavor of variable you defined originally. See The Two Flavors of Variables, for an explanation of the two flavors of variables.
When you add to a variable's value with '+=', make acts essentially as if you had included the extra text in the initial definition of the variable. If you defined it first with ':=' or '::=', making it a simply-expanded variable, '+=' adds to that simply-expanded definition, and expands the new text before appending it to the old value just as ':=' does (see Setting Variables, for a full explanation of ':=' or '::='). In fact,
 variable := value
 variable += more
is exactly equivalent to:
 variable := value
 variable := $(variable) more
On the other hand, when you use '+=' with a variable that you defined first to be recursively-expanded using plain '=', make does something a bit different. Recall that when you define a recursively-expanded variable, make does not expand the value you set for variable and function references immediately. Instead it stores the text verbatim, and saves these variable and function references to be expanded later, when you refer to the new variable (see The Two Flavors of Variables). When you use '+=' on a recursively-expanded variable, it is this unexpanded text to which make appends the new text you specify.
 variable = value
 variable += more
is roughly equivalent to:
 temp = value
 variable = $(temp) more
 CFLAGS = $(includes) -O
 CFLAGS += -pg # enable profiling
The first line defines the CFLAGS variable with a reference to another variable, includes. (CFLAGS is used by the rules for C compilation; see Catalogue of Implicit Rules.) Using '=' for the definition makes CFLAGS a recursively-expanded variable, meaning '$(includes) -O is not expanded when make processes the definition of CFLAGS. Thus, includes need not be defined yet for its value to take effect. It only has to be defined before any reference to CFLAGS. If we tried to append to the value of CFLAGS without using '+=', we might do it like this:
 CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -pg # enable profiling
This is pretty close, but not quite what we want. Using ':=' redefines CFLAGS as a simply-expanded variable; this means make expands the text '$(CFLAGS) -pg before setting the variable. If includes is not yet defined, we get ' -O -pg, and a later definition of includes will have no effect. Conversely, by using '+=' we set CFLAGS to the unexpanded value '$(includes) -O -pg. Thus we preserve the reference to includes, so if that variable gets defined at any later point, a reference like '$(CFLAGS)' still uses its value.


Gamma
Gamma[z]
is the Euler gamma function .
Gamma[a,z]
is the incomplete gamma function .
Gamma[a,z0,z1]
is the generalized incomplete gamma function .
Details
 - Mathematical function, suitable for both symbolic and numerical manipulation.
 - The gamma function satisfies .
 - The incomplete gamma function satisfies .
 - The generalized incomplete gamma function is given by the integral .
 - Note that the arguments in the incomplete form of Gamma are arranged differently from those in the incomplete form of Beta.
 - Gamma[z] has no branch cut discontinuities.
 - Gamma[a,z] has a branch cut discontinuity in the complex z plane running from to .
 - For certain special arguments, Gamma automatically evaluates to exact values.
 - Gamma can be evaluated to arbitrary numerical precision.
 - Gamma automatically threads over lists.
 - Gamma can be used with CenteredInterval objects. »
Examples
open allclose all
Basic Examples (8)
Integer values:
Half-integer values:
Evaluate numerically for complex arguments:
Plot over a subset of the reals:
Plot over a subset of the complexes:
Series expansion at the origin:
Series expansion at Infinity:
Series expansion at a singular point:
Scope (50)
Numerical Evaluation (5)
Evaluate numerically:
Evaluate to high precision:
The precision of the output tracks the precision of the input:
Evaluate Gamma efficiently at high precision:
Gamma threads elementwise over lists:
Gamma can be used with CenteredInterval objects:
Specific Values (5)
Singular points of Gamma:
Values at infinity:
Find a local minimum as a root of (dTemplateBox[{x}, Gamma])/(d x)=0:
Evaluate the incomplete gamma function symbolically at integer and halfinteger orders:
Evaluate the generalized incomplete gamma function symbolically at halfinteger orders:
Visualization (3)
Plot the Euler gamma function:
Plot the real part of TemplateBox[{{x, +, {ⅈ, , y}}}, Gamma]:
Plot the imaginary part of TemplateBox[{{x, +, {ⅈ, , y}}}, Gamma]:
Plot the incomplete gamma function for integer and half-integer orders:
Function Properties (10)
Real domain of the complete Euler gamma function:
Complex domain:
Domain of the incomplete gamma functions:
The gamma function TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] achieves all nonzero values on the reals:
The incomplete gamma function TemplateBox[{1, x}, Gamma2] achieves all positive real values for real inputs:
On the complexes, however, it achieves all nonzero values:
The incomplete gamma function TemplateBox[{{1, /, 2}, x}, Gamma2] has the restricted range :
The Euler gamma function has the mirror property TemplateBox[{TemplateBox[{z}, Conjugate, SyntaxForm -> SuperscriptBox]}, Gamma]=TemplateBox[{TemplateBox[{z}, Gamma]}, Conjugate]:
The complete gamma function TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is a meromorphic, nonanalytic function:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is analytic in for positive integer :
But in general, it is neither an analytic nor a meromorphic function:
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] has both singularities and discontinuities on the non-positive integers:
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is neither non-increasing nor non-decreasing:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is a non-increasing function of when is a positive, odd integer:
But in general, it is neither non-increasing nor non-decreasing:
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is not injective:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is an injective function of for noninteger :
For integer , it may or may not be injective in :
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is not surjective:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is also not surjective:
Visualize for :
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is neither non-negative nor non-positive:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is non-negative for positive odd :
In general, it is neither non-negative nor non-positive:
TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] is neither convex nor concave:
TemplateBox[{a, x}, Gamma2] is convex on its real domain for :
It is in general neither convex nor concave for other values of :
Differentiation (4)
First derivative of the Euler gamma function:
First derivative of the incomplete gamma function:
Higher derivatives of the Euler gamma function:
Higher derivatives of the incomplete gamma function for an order :
Integration (3)
Indefinite integral of the incomplete gamma function:
Indefinite integrals of a product involving the incomplete gamma function:
Numerical approximation of a definite integral int_1^2TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma]dx:
Series Expansions (6)
Taylor expansion for the Euler gamma function around :
Plot the first three approximations for the Euler gamma function around :
Series expansion at infinity for the Euler gamma function (Stirling approximation):
Give the result for an arbitrary symbolic direction:
Series expansion for the incomplete gamma function at a generic point:
Series expansion for the incomplete gamma function at infinity:
Series expansion for the generalized incomplete gamma function at a generic point:
Gamma can be applied to a power series:
Integral Transforms (4)
Compute the Laplace transform of the incomplete gamma function using LaplaceTransform:
InverseLaplaceTransform of the incomplete gamma function:
MellinTransform of the incomplete gamma function:
InverseMellinTransform of the Euler gamma function:
Function Identities and Simplifications (5)
For positive integers (n-1)! = TemplateBox[{n}, Gamma]:
Use FullSimplify to simplify gamma functions:
The Euler gamma function basic relation, TemplateBox[{{z, +, 1}}, Gamma]=z TemplateBox[{z}, Gamma]:
The Euler gamma function of a double argument, TemplateBox[{{2, , x}}, Gamma]=(2^(2 x-1))/(sqrt(pi)) TemplateBox[{x}, Gamma] TemplateBox[{{x, +, {1, /, 2}}}, Gamma]:
Relation to the incomplete gamma function:
Function Representations (5)
Integral representation of the Euler gamma function:
Integral representation of the incomplete gamma function:
The incomplete gamma function can be represented in terms of MeijerG:
The incomplete gamma function can be represented as a DifferentialRoot:
TraditionalForm formatting:
Generalizations & Extensions (6)
Euler Gamma Function (3)
Gamma threads element-wise over lists:
Series expansion at poles:
Expansion at symbolically specified negative integers:
TraditionalForm formatting:
Incomplete Gamma Function (1)
Evaluate symbolically at integer and halfinteger orders:
Generalized Incomplete Gamma Function (2)
Evaluate symbolically at integer and halfinteger orders:
Series expansion at a generic point:
Applications (5)
Plot of the absolute value of Gamma in the complex plane:
Find the asymptotic expansion of ratios of gamma functions:
Volume of an dimensional unit hypersphere:
Lowdimensional cases:
Plot the volume of the unit hypersphere as a function of dimension:
Plot the real part of the incomplete gamma function over the parameter plane:
CDF of the distribution:
Calculate the PDF:
Plot the CDF for different numbers of degrees of freedom:
Properties & Relations (7)
Use FullSimplify to simplify gamma functions:
Numerically find a root of a transcendental equation:
Sum expressions involving Gamma:
Generate from integrals, products, and limits:
Obtain Gamma as the solution of a differential equation:
Integrals:
Gamma can be represented as a DifferenceRoot:
Possible Issues (2)
Large arguments can give results too large to be computed explicitly:
Machinenumber inputs can give highprecision results:
Neat Examples (2)
Nest Gamma over the complex plane:
Fractal from iterating Gamma:
Wolfram Research (1988), Gamma, Wolfram Language function, _URL_ (updated 13).
Text
Wolfram Research (1988), Gamma, Wolfram Language function, _URL_ (updated 13).
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1988. "Gamma." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 13. _URL_
APA
Wolfram Language. (1988). Gamma. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from _URL_
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2021_gamma, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Gamma}", year="13", howpublished="\url{_URL_ note=[Accessed: 21-May-2022 ]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2021_gamma, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Gamma}, year={13}, url={_URL_ note=[Accessed: 21-May-2022 ]}


text:
This chart communicates the same insights as a contour plot. What is interesting is the choice of hexagonal buckets (rather than squares) to aggregate data. In fact, any tessellation would work, in particular Voronoi tessellations.
3-D Voronoi tessellation
The reason for using hexagons is that it is still pretty simple, and when you rotate the chart by 60 degrees (or a multiple of 60 degrees) you still get the same visualization. For squares, rotations of 60 degrees don't work, only multiples of 90 degrees work. Is it possible to find a tessellation such that smaller rotations, say 45 or 30 degrees, leave the chart unchanged? The answer is no. Octogonal tessellations don't really exist, so the hexagon is an optimum.
Hexagonal binning plots (source: here)
Implementation in R
The three plots described here (Voronoi diagram, hexagonal binning and contour plots) are available in the ggplot2 package.
Voronoi diagrams can be used for nearest neighbor clustering or density estimation, the density estimate attached to a point being proportional to the inverse of the area of the Voronoi polygon containing it.
Example of contour map (source: here)


Intro to Collaborative Project
Intro to Collaborative Project
By Katelyn Tullis
Students will demonstrate their understanding of the collaborative nature of the actor, director, and designers and their interdependent roles in a drama/theatre work by fulfilling one of these roles in a small performance piece.
Prior Experience:
Students will draw upon all lessons in this unit as they practice the following skills: collaboration, acting, designing, script analysis, and "yes, and."
Class Style:
*Short Class Zoom Call. Transition to group work on smaller Zoom calls.*
National Standards:
TH:Cr2-I.b. Investigate the collaborative nature of the actor, director, playwright, and designers and explore their interdependent roles in a drama/theatre work.
TH:Re9.1.I.c. Formulate a deeper understanding and appreciation of a drama/ theatre work by considering its specific purpose or intended audience.
TH:Cr3.1.Ia. Practice and revise a devised or scripted drama/theatre work using theatrical staging conventions
Big Ideas:
 - Theatre makers must collaborate.
 - Rehearsal is a collaborative time period.
Enduring Understandings:
 - Students will practice listening to each other.
 - Students will practice making the script their source of storytelling ideas.
Essential Questions:
 - What does collaboration look like?
 - What is my interdependent role as a(n) _____ (actor, director, playwright, and/or designer) look like?
 1. Zoom
 2. Rubric
 3. Script Analysis Template
 4. The Odd Couple Scene
 5. Zoom groups for each of the individual classes
 1. You will need to make these ahead of time.
 2. Link regarding making the small Zoom meetings. A recurring meeting means that the same link can be used multiple times. It can be opened any day, at any time.
 3. Link regarding making the students hosts within those meetings so that they can have full access to the Zoom controls. The first link shows a comparison of host and co-host abilities. The second link shows how to make someone a co-host.
 1. Create small groups of 5 students. Two students to be actors and three students to be designers. If needed, there can be a group or two of 4 or 6 students. In these groups, there can be one more or one less designer in that group. Decide which two students will be acting (the scene is written for two men, but can be easily changed to two women) and which students will be the designers. From there, the students can decide which character they would like to be and which area they would like to design for.
 2. You will need to create small Zoom meetings that will be sent to the students in those groups. You will want to make sure that these zoom meetings are links that are reusable so that the students can join the same link multiple times. The students will be working during the end of class today as well as during the next lesson. Be sure to inform students that you will be moving in and out of the various zoom meetings to check in and answer questions, etc.
HOOK (10 minutes)
 1. We are going to watch a video and I want each of you to think about what things they do as a group of people working together to be able to work effectively and collaboratively?
 2. You, as the teacher, can choose to screencast the video so that everyone can watch it at the same time. It might be a little bit jumpy, but everyone should get the general idea.
 3. Video Link:
 4. Discussion
 1. How well did the people collaborate?
 2. What specific things did someone in the video do to work effectively with the rest of the people working on the production?
INSTRUCTION (20 minutes)
 1. "Today will be the start of your project for the end of this unit. Throughout this unit, we have learned about script analysis and how we can tell stories with both our bodies and our voices. We learned about objectives and tactics, the design process, and tableaus. We have also practiced working in groups. This project will be a culmination of all those things! I will be giving you a short scene. You will be thinking about how you can tell the story with the director's concept that I give to you."
 2. "There are 5 people in each group. Two of you will be actors and three of you will be designers. It is each of your responsibility to analyze your script." (One may consider having smaller groups where students are both the actor and designer to experience both roles and to reduce stress of delegating roles that are unwanted.)
 1. Actors role: Read through your script individually and with your acting partner. Figure out more about your character by analyzing your script. Work together to find ways to tell your story not only with your voices but with your body. Practice working through your objectives and tactics.
 2. Designers role: think about what we learned about research and script analysis. Analyze the script and decide what the needs are. Research anything that you might need more information on to make more informed design choices (for lights, costumes, or set.) Then work to come up with a sketch for us of what you think the designs could be if you were to perform this scene. I do not expect these sketches to be perfect, but I would like you to put in your best work. Use a ruler for straight lines, label items that might be small, etc.
 1. You could also use images to supplement your sketch if necessary.
 2. For example, if you choose to design the lights, it might be easier for you to choose pictures that show the kind of lighting you are imagining, but you should still turn in a sketch of where your lights might be placed on the stage. Make sure to collaborate with whoever might choose to design the set in your group so that you know what the set could look like.
 3. You can design lights, costumes, or the set.
 3. Rubric
 1. Script Analysis: At the end of the project each of you will need to either take pictures of your script with your notes in it and upload it to the class website or email it to me. Or you can take notes and tell me how those notes correspond to the text. For example, if you have a note about a specific line and you are typing up your notes, put the line from the script in "quotation" marks and then write your note next to it. You can use the template that I have put on our class website.
 2. Acting: as stated on the rubric.
 3. Designers: as stated on the rubric.
 4. Collaboration: The purpose of this unit and this project is to help you have fun, introduce you to some basics of theatre, but to also help you understand what it is like to work collaboratively as a group on a project. Part of your grade on this project will be how well you work together as a group. If you are contributing to your group, you will get a good grade for that section.
 4. Explain how their Zoom rooms will work.
 1. There is a meeting set up for each of you where you will practice as a group. The actors can practice working on their scene and the designers will be working on their design.
 5. Allow for questions as they come up so that students feel confident moving into their projects.
 6. Inform students of their groups and which students will be actors and which will be designers. Students can choose which character they would like to be or which area they would like to design for: lights, set, or costumes.
 1. Send students to their small Zoom rooms.
 2. Make sure to visit each room so that they can ask you questions. You can observe their work and help side-coach them in their work. Examples of sample questions to ask:
 1. What design choices have you made? Why?
 2. Name the active tactics the actors are making, why you chose them and where they correlate in the script?


text:
The ability for a customer to add arbitrary fields is pretty common for certain kinds of internal enterprise applications. There are several options to implement functionality like this, your example is probably the more unusual option. A typical implementation is the Entity Attribute Value model, which is probably what you mean by addding rows instead of ...
For each distinct source, write some code which normalizes data from this source. Insert the normalized data into the database.
Realize that this doesn't scale, and request that the sources provide data in a common format so you don't have to write a normalizer for each one.
Realize that your sources are not under your control and won't adapt to your needs. ...
Language Integrated Query (LINQ)
What is a query and what does it do?
A query is a set of instructions that describes what data to retrieve from a given data source (or sources) and what shape and organization the returned data should have. A query is distinct from the results that it produces.
LINQ is the answer to my question. LINQ allows developers to ...
The problem you describe is known as the "n+1 select problem" and is referenced in ORM software. It would help if you dug into this question _URL_
You either need to do a join and fetch duplicate data or do multiple selects. There are tradeoffs in ...
You can issue a query that returns
customer_name | customer_id | item_id | item_name
bob | 0 | 0 | chair
bob | 0 | 2 | hat
steve | 1 | 2 | hat
steve | 1 | 1 | table
And then construct 2 Customer instances,...
The best way I know is, you can create an alias of that property at the beginning of the method or at initialization and whenever you make changes in your model, you will just have to make changes in that alias property.
SQL recordset as a HTML Table - a bad practice?
No. But I think you're really asking if editing is ok. I say it is ok.
I've done this with ASP (i.e. like "Star Wars" when there was only the one movie). The point was to have user-enterable and editable data. Here is what worked for me.
NEVER let the user create, edit, or delete keys.
Must keep key ...
It is very common to use a "status" column in tables even if it might add overhead.
The added benefit is you can do "logical or soft" deletes in such cases as you might use a "status" column as representing the status of your row data.
I (almost) always include some kind of "status" or "flag" column but that may due to the types of applications I have worked ...
If you have ordinary data, convert it to JSON, and store it in a database, that's not clever. But if the same JSON can arrive from your server or can be sent to the server, and you need to persist it as well, then you store it in some persistent store, and that persistent store could be SQL of course. I'd expect that you have code that expects to be given ...
Storing JSON in an SQL database is a perfectly reasonable architectural choice for this requirement:
The application has a constantly updated data structure (I'd not reject calling it schema), so it is important that newer versions of the app must accept old existing data, and preserve obsolete fields that might otherwise be reintroduced in later versions.
Take a look at FossilSCM
It uses a relational database (SQLite), and also uses a flat file document system (called Artefacts).
It has the philosophy that the Artefacts are the store of truth. And indeed what is in each artefact varies considerably both by version, and purpose.
The relational database itself serves two purposes:
A resilient data format for ...


text:
|LIMSON DOLOROSA (SOLEDAD)|
Photo: Budhi, From Guagua to Quiapo by Jose Ma. Zaragoza.
Hailed as one of the most beautiful Dolorosas in the country, the antique ivory Dolorosa of the Limson Family of Guagua is an iconic Lenten image of the town, spoken with the same awe and reverence as the Sto. Sepulcro of the Infante-Velez Family.
The Limsons are an old Chinese family who settled in Guagua and are presumed to have been known by their Chinese name Sonson Lin. The earliest known Limsons were a generation of siblings who lived in the early 1800s—Vicente, Pascuala and another brother whose name has been lost to memory.
This nameless brother begot Diego Limson (ca. late 1850s-early 1860s) who married Severina Jingco. It was during Diego's time that the existence of the ivory Dolorosa was recorded through oral history, so the age of 300 years attributed to the santo may not be a realistic estimate.
In any case, what is correct was that the image was passed on through Diego's line of descendants; in fact, the image was named Soledad after Diego's first great-grandchild. The antique ivory figure was inherited by Diego's only son, Don Guillermo Limson (ca.1880s) who had two sons, and three other children out-of-wedlock. (It is interesting to note that Guillermo's youngest sister, Jacinta Limson, married Alejandro Lopez, who ordered a Dolorosa from Spain expressedly to replace the Bacani Dolorosa which was withdrawn by the owners from the Holy Wednesday procession).
The Limsons' Virgen de Soledad, a titular variant of the dolorous Virgin, has a head and hands of ivory. The head rests on a half-bust, with manikin arms and wooden framework for her lower body. When assembled, the Soledad stands 5 feet 7 inches tall, rostrillo included.
During the last World War, the image was desecrated by the Japanese, broken in pieces, placed in a sack and stashed away forgotten in a vault. When rediscovered, the pieces were put back together again and the ivory Soledad was fully restored. The metal crown and the pierced heart of the Soledad are made of silver. Its original manto was taken by the late restorer and vestment maker Carlos Mercado of Sasmuan, who must have transferred the design on new velvet, as the design, as recalled by descendants remained unchanged.
Today, the Limson Dolorosa or Soledad is still in service, with its own carroza triunfal that replicates the design of the magnificent carroza created for the Lopez's Macarena. It is lovingly cared for and attended to by Limson descendants. Then, as now, she continues to grace the Good Friday processions of Guagua, as well as the Salubong rites, continuing a hallowed tradition that have become so much a part of the lives of devoted Guagueños for generations.
Photos: Ralph Laurence sales, flickr
Toto Gonzalez, Dr/ Dindo Limson Juco
Limson family tree, online
Online Interview with Dr. Dindo Limson Juco
Jerry Punzalan Sagmit


text:
Investigations at the 13th century cathedral, which is the largest church building in northern Europe, have revealed the remains of an earlier building underneath the high altar.
Archaeologists used ground penetration radar to find the remains, which they say could be the remains of the old Holy Trinity Church, which was known to have stood in Uppsala before the present cathedral was built.
It was not known until now where the church was situated.
Archaeologists have also found seven graves under the floor of the high altar, and eight graves under the catherdral's southern doors, reports Uppsala Nya Tidning.
Holy Trinity Church plays a significant part in Sweden's national story. Erik Jedvardsson, king of Sweden, was murdered outside the church in 1160 by Danish pretender Magnus Henriksson. Erik's son later made him a saint, and he is now patron saint of Sweden.
Legend has always maintained that the Holy Trinity Church was situated on the Domberget, where the cathedral now stands, but this has never been confirmed, nor has its exact location ever been found.
But archaeologists, while cautious in their conclusions, say that the building that they have found under the cathedral, with its rounded choir, is typical of a Romanesque church built in the 12th century.
The location of the remains also fits with the archaeologists' theories. That the cathedral's high altar – the most sacred part of the cathedral – is placed over the location of the church would be symbolically appropriate, they say.
"That the church existed has been known, but its location has not," Ronnie Carlsson, archaeologist at Uppsala Museum told Svenska Dagbladet.
"This is the most logical location. If the church was anywhere, it should have been here," he said.


Elements
51
Sb
Antimony
Antimony (Sb) is a hard brittle silver-white semi metal that has the atomic number 51 in the periodic table. It is located in Group 15 of the periodic table. It has the symbol Sb.
Antimony has been in use by humans for years. Its mineral Stibnite was used by the Egyptians in cosmetics as black eyeliner. In the 1500s metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio wrote his paper "Concerning Antimony and Its Ore" focusing on Antinomy Sulfide. It was clear from this work that Antimony was isolated but metallurgists at the time did not appreciate their discoveries. Antimony despite being a metal has a low thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity and is brittle and crystalline. It is often used in the production of Lead alloys to make harder alloys. It is located in Group 15 as a metal. It has a melting point of 630°c and a boiling point of 1587°c.
Download Antimony as a printable and fully scalable image
Get the free download here (JPEG, PDF, SVG)
FAQ's
What is the Melting Point for Antimony?
Antimony has a Melting Point of 630.74°F, meaning at 630.74°F it will turn to a liquid.
What is the Boiling Point for Antimony?
Antimony has a Boiling Point of 1587°F, meaning at 1587°F it will turn to a Gas.
What is the Electronegativity of Antimony?
Antimony's Electronegativty is 2.05. Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves.
What is the Heat of Vaporization of Antimony?
Antimony has a Heat of Vaporization of 77.14 kJ/mol.
Uses
It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.
Sources
Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).
51
Protons
51
Electrons
71
Neutrons
Sb
Element Symbol
Sb
Atomic Weight
121.76
Atomic Number
51
State
Solid
Melting Point
Unknown
630.74
°C
Boiling Point
1587
Unknown
°C
Heat of Vaporization
77.14
Unknown
kJ/mol
Crystal Structure
Rhombohedral
Thermoconductivity
0.243
Unknown
W/cmK
Shells
2,8,18,18,5
Group
Metalloid
Period
5
Block
P Block
Orbitals
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
11.0 10^-6 K^-1
Covalent Radius
1.40 Å
Density at 293K
6.684 g/cm³
Electrical Conductivity
0.0288 10^6/cm ohm
First Ionization Potential
8.64 V
Second Ionization Potential
16.53 V
Third Ionization Potential
25.30 V
Ionic Radius
.76 (+3) Å
Oxydation States
(±3),5
Lattice Parameter
4.5069 Å
Lattice Parameter 2
--
Lattice Parameter 3
--
Pronounced
AN-teh-MOH-ni
Discovered by
Known to the ancients.
Discovery date
3000 BC
Orbital configuration
2,8,18,18,5
Download the Periodic Table
Explore Other Metalloids
72.63
32
Ge
Germanium
10.811
5
B
Boron
74.922
33
As
Arsenic
28.085
14
Si
Silicon
127.6
52
Te
Tellurium
Metalloids are the chemical elements with the properties intermediate between those of typical metals and nonmetals. There is neither standard definition of a metalloid nor agreement on elements classified as such.
Previous
Tin
50
Next
Tellurium
52


spacer is limited in a short region. • Improved grid spacer can effectively reduce MCST. - Abstract: The numerical investigation was carried out to reveal the practicability of reducing the maximum cladding surface temperature (MCST) within the inner sub-channel of a tight, hexagon rod bundle using commercial CFD code STAR CCM+ 6.04. The special heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics caused by four existing grid spacer designs were discussed in detail by analyzing the effects of grid strap length, different flow enhancing features and different Reynolds numbers. It was found that the local heat transfer within the grid strap is greatly enhanced due to the raised flow velocity. Both the standard grid spacer and the grid spacer with split-vanes cause decreased heat transfer in the downstream region. The friction drag is very influential in the tight rod bundle and can eliminate the positive effect of flow blockage on the heat transfer performance. The grid spacer with flow blockage discs induces relatively good heat transfer performance and higher pressure drop within sub-channels, indicating a tradeoff between the heat transfer augmentation and the pressure drop. The combination of multiple existing grid spacers can reduce the MCST to a certain level, but the corresponding disadvantages cannot be ignored. The improved grid spacer design was proposed based on the overall considerations of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics and has been proved more suitable to widely reduce MCST for SCWR than any other grid spacer designs involved in present study
 18. Magnetic decoupling of ferromagnetic metals through a graphene spacer
 Grimaldi, I.; Papagno, M. [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 (Italy); Ferrari, L. [Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma I-00133 (Italy); Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste (Italy); Sheverdyaeva, P.M.; Mahatha, S.K. [Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste (Italy); Pacilé, D., E-mail: _EMAIL_ [Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 (Italy); Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste (Italy); Carbone, C. [Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trieste (Italy)
 2017-03-15
 We study the magnetic coupling between different ferromagnetic metals (FMs) across a graphene (G) layer, and the role of graphene as a thin covalent spacer. Starting with G grown on a FM substrate (Ni or Co), we deposited on top at room temperature several FM metals (Fe, Ni, Co). By measuring the dichroic effect of 3p photoemission lines we detect the magnetization of the substrate and the sign of the exchange coupling in FM overlayer at room temperature. We show that the G layer magnetically decouples the FM metals. - Highlights: • The magnetic coupling between ferromagnets mediated by graphene is studied. • To this end, the linear dichroic effect in 3p photoemission lines is employed. • For selected junctions no magnetic coupling is attained through graphene. • Graphene inhibits the magnetic alignment that normally occurs between ferromagnets.
 19. Dark current of organic heterostructure devices with insulating spacer layers
 Yin, Sun; Nie, Wanyi; Mohite, Aditya D.; Saxena, Avadh; Smith, Darryl L.; Ruden, P. Paul
 2015-03-01
 The dark current density at fixed voltage bias in donor/acceptor organic planar heterostructure devices can either increase or decrease when an insulating spacer layer is added between the donor and acceptor layers. The dominant current flow process in these systems involves the formation and subsequent recombination of an interfacial exciplex state. If the exciplex formation rate limits current flow, the insulating interface layer can increase dark current whereas, if the exciplex recombination rate limits current flow, the insulating interface layer decreases dark current. We present a device model to describe this behavior and illustrate it experimentally for various donor/acceptor systems, e.g. P3HT/LiF/C60.
 20. Dynamics and deformability of α-, 310- and π-helices
 Narwani Tarun Jairaj
 2018-01-01
 Full Text Available Protein structures are often represented as seen in crystals as (i rigid macromolecules (ii with helices, sheets and coils. However, both definitions are partial because (i proteins are highly dynamic macromolecules and (ii the description of protein structures could be more precise. With regard to these two points, we analyzed and quantified the stability of helices by considering α-helices as well as 310- and π-helices. Molecular dynamic (MD simulations were performed on a large set of 169 representative protein domains. The local protein conformations were followed during each simulation and analyzed. The classical flexibility index (B-factor was confronted with the MD root mean square flexibility (RMSF index. Helical regions were classified according to their level of helicity from high to none. For the first time, a precise quantification showed the percentage of rigid and flexible helices that underlie unexpected behaviors. Only 76.4% of the residues associated with α-helices retain the conformation, while this tendency drops to 40.5% for 310-helices and is never observed for π-helices. α-helix residues that do not remain as an α-helix have a higher tendency to assume β-turn conformations than 310- or π-helices. The 310-helices that switch to the α-helix conformation have a higher B-factor and RMSF values than the average 310-helix but are associated with a lower accessibility. Rare π-helices assume a β-turn, bend and coil conformations, but not α- or 310-helices. The view on π-helices drastically changes with the new DSSP (Dictionary of Secondary Structure of Proteins assignment approach, leading to behavior similar to 310-helices, thus underlining the importance of secondary structure assignment methods.
 1. Review of the helicity formalism; Revision del formalismo de helicidad
 Barreiro, F; Cerrada, M; Fernandez, E
 1972-07-01
 Our purpose in these notes has been to present a brief and general review of the helicity formalism. We begin by discussing Lorentz invariance, spin and helicity ideas, in section 1 . In section 2 we deal with the construction of relativistic states and scattering amplitudes in the helicity basis and we study their transformation properties under discrete symmetries. Finally we present some more sophisticated topics like kinematical singularities of helicity amplitudes, kinematical constraints and crossing relations 3, 4, 5 respectively. (Author) 8 refs.
 2. Torsional mode ultrasonic helical waveguide sensor for re-configurable temperature measurement
 Suresh Periyannan
 2016-06-01
 Full Text Available This paper introduces an ultrasonic torsional mode based technique, configured in the form of a helicalspring-like" waveguide, for multi-level temperature measurement. The multiple sensing levels can be repositioned by stretching or collapsing the spring to provide simultaneous measurements at different desired spacing in a given area/volume. The transduction is performed using piezo-electric crystals that generate and receive T(0,1 mode in a pulse echo mode. The gage lengths and positions of measurements are based on machining multiple reflector notches in the waveguide at required positions. The time of fight (TOF measurements between the reflected signals from the notches provide local temperatures that compare well with co-located thermocouples.
 3. Optimized spacer layer thickness for plasmonic-induced enhancement of photocurrent in a-Si:H
 Saleh, Z. M., E-mail: _EMAIL_, E-mail: _EMAIL_; Nasser, H.; Özkol, E.; Günöven, M.; Abak, K. [Middle East Technical University, Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GÜNAM) (Turkey); Canli, S. [Middle East Technical University, Central Laboratory (Turkey); Bek, A.; Turan, R. [Middle East Technical University, Center for Solar Energy Research and Applications (GÜNAM) (Turkey)
 2015-10-15
 Plasmonic interfaces consisting of silver nanoparticles of different sizes (50–100 nm) have been processed by the self-assembled dewetting technique and integrated to hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) using SiNx spacer layers to investigate the dependence of optical trapping enhancement on spacer layer thickness through the enhancements in photocurrent. Samples illuminated from the a-Si:H side exhibit a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that is red-shifted with the


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Microsoft KB Archive/171193
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Knowledge Base
ACC97: Sample Procedure to Find the Location(s) of a File
Article ID: 171193
Article Last Modified on 1/20/2007
APPLIES TO
 - Microsoft Access 97 Standard Edition
This article was previously published under Q171193
Advanced: Requires expert coding, interoperability, and multiuser skills.
SUMMARY
This article describes how to create a sample user-defined function that uses the FileSearch object contained in the Application object to locate a file on a particular drive.
This article assumes that you are familiar with Visual Basic for Applications and with creating Microsoft Access applications using the programming tools provided with Microsoft Access. For more information about Visual Basic for Applications, please refer to the "Building Applications with Microsoft Access 97" manual.
MORE INFORMATION
The LocateFile() function takes the file that you are looking for as a string argument and returns all locations of that file. To create the function, follow these steps:
 1. Open the sample database Northwind.mdb.
 2. Create a module and type the following line in the Declarations section if it is not already there:
 Option Explicit

 3. Type the following procedure:
 Function LocateFile(strFileName as String)
 Dim vItem As Variant
 With Application.FileSearch
 .FileName = strFileName
 .LookIn = "c:\"
 .SearchSubFolders = True
 .Execute
 For Each vItem In .FoundFiles
 Debug.Print vItem
 Next vItem
 End With
 End Function

 4. To test this function, type the following line in the Debug window, and then press ENTER:
 ?LocateFile("northwind.mdb")
 Note that all locations of Northwind.mdb are printed in the Debug window.
REFERENCES
For more information about using Visual Basic for Applications code to search for files, search the Help Index for "FileSearch object," and then click FoundFiles in the object tree at the top of the FileSearch Object Help topic.
Keywords: kbcode kbinfo KB171193


Create Deep Links to App Content
When a clicked link or programmatic request invokes a web URI intent, the Android system tries each of the following actions, in sequential order, until the request succeeds:
 1. Open the user's preferred app that can handle the URI, if one is designated.
 2. Open the only available app that can handle the URI.
 3. Allow the user to select an app from a dialog.
Follow the steps below to create and test links to your content. You can also use the App Links Assistant in Android Studio to add Android App Links.
Add intent filters for incoming links
To create a link to your app content, add an intent filter that contains these elements and attribute values in your manifest:
Add one or more tags, each of which represents a URI format that resolves to the activity. At minimum, the tag must include the android:scheme attribute.
You can add more attributes to further refine the type of URI that the activity accepts. For example, you might have multiple activities that accept similar URIs, but which differ simply based on the path name. In this case, use the android:path attribute or its pathPattern or pathPrefix variants to differentiate which activity the system should open for different URI paths.
Include the BROWSABLE category. It is required in order for the intent filter to be accessible from a web browser. Without it, clicking a link in a browser cannot resolve to your app.
Also include the DEFAULT category. This allows your app to respond to implicit intents. Without this, the activity can be started only if the intent specifies your app component name.
 android:label="_USER_/title_gizmos" >

Notice that the two intent filters only differ by the element. Although it's possible to include multiple elements in the same filter, it's important that you create separate filters when your intention is to declare unique URLs (such as a specific combination of scheme and host), because multiple elements in the same intent filter are actually merged together to account for all variations of their combined attributes. For example, consider the following:

It might seem as though this supports only and app:// However, it actually supports those two, plus these: app:// and
Read data from incoming intents
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
 val action: String? = intent?.action
 val data: Uri? = intent?.data
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
 Intent intent = getIntent();
 String action = intent.getAction();
 Uri data = intent.getData();
Follow these best practices to improve the user's experience:
Test your deep links
$ adb shell am start
 -W -a android.intent.action.VIEW
 -d
$ adb shell am start
 -W -a android.intent.action.VIEW
 -d "example://gizmos"
The manifest declaration and intent handler you set above define the connection between your app and a website and what to do with incoming links. However, in order to have the system treat your app as the default handler for a set of URIs, you must also request that the system verify this connection. The next lesson explains how to implement this verification.
To learn more about intents and app links, see the following resources:


text:
4.2.1 Well Data Object
|For Standard||WITSML v2.0|
The well data object (Well) (Figure 4.2.1-1) is used to capture the general information about a well, which is sometimes called a well header. This general information includes identifying and legal information (legal name, license number, geographic location (country, state, county, region, and block), purpose (see enums), status (see enums) and more.
Additionally, the well has important related data objects related to its location including a well datum, well location and well reference point.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Is there a rule or something I can use to calculate a good number for max_connections, default_pool_size and max_client_conn?
The defaults are odd. PostgreSQL defaults to max_connections=100 while pgbouncer defaults to default_pool_size=20. Shouldn't default_pool_size always be higher than max_connections? Otherwise, what's the point? I thought pgbouncer was meant to let us handle more connections by lowering their overhead (by reusing PostgreSQL's connections). I'm confused.
I'm looking for advice similar to the ones found in PostgreSQL's wiki, like "this parameter should be ~50% of your memory".
I remember there was a spreadsheet for MySQL that would let you calculate these kind of parameters. It would be awesome to have something like that for PostgreSQL/pgbouncer.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
First, please read our canonical question on Capacity Planning.
The specific advice you're asking for is capacity planning advice, and you're going to have to work that out on your own, for your particular environment.
Second, You are looking at this wrong.
The amount of memory (or any other resource) you have doesn't dictate the number of connections you set, the number of connections you need dictates how beefy a server you must purchase.
The per-connection resource requirements are given in the manual in considerable detail, as well as discussed on the Wiki you linked to. Figure out what your environment needs (or make an educated guess) and ensure the hardware you are going to run on can handle what you're going to throw at it.
Specifically re: connection limits and pool size, you should have "enough" connections to meet your application's requirements - either on a single server or through a pool/bouncer.
"Enough" is a relative number: An application that makes (and continually reuses) one connection only requires one connection. An application that establishes a connection for each end-user who logs in requires as many DB connections as it has users.
The default values for both Postgres and pgbouncer are sensible as defaults:
 - 100 database connections is a lot for the typical person throwing Postgres into an environment.
 Developers probably won't need more than 10. Anyone else will know enough to increase the number.
 - 20 connections from pgbouncer per DB pool means you can get 4 pools pointing at one server and not overwhelm the default Postgres connection limit.
 It is possible to have multiple pooled resources in pgbouncer pointing at one back-end database, and you always want some available connections on your back-end servers.
If the defaults are not suitable for your environment you are expected to change them.
Remember that pooled connections does not mean "always tie up every database connection available".
The point of pgbouncer as you noted is to reuse connections. The efficiency gain here doesn't require that you tie up every available connection, merely that you don't disconnect, reconnect, re-negotiate SSL, re-authenticate to the database, and re-run your connection setup queries every time.
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I don't see the point of buying more hardware before configuring things properly. "Anyone else will know enough to increase the number". Well, where can I learn to know enough? I'm not finding much material about connections. Is it just trial and error? The spreadsheet I mentioned for MySQL used to work like a charm. Using more connections than the indicated by it would result in the server running out of memory. Right now I have 4GB, I was expecting to have to increase the defaults. Also, 20x4=80, what are the other 20 for? – ChocoDeveloper Feb 25 '13 at 17:42
_USER_ Please re-read my answer in its entirety (you're asking some things that I've already addressed), and spend a few minutes with the documentation I linked to. You are still looking at this backwards (see the first paragraph of my answer). Bear in mind that Postgres is NOT MySQL: You need to forget everything you think you know from your MySQL tuning experience. Postgres is more like Oracle. Study the manual, and proceed according to the instructions it gives you. – voretaq7 Feb 25 '13 at 18:00
Alright, thanks. – ChocoDeveloper Feb 25 '13 at 18:30
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Human Form
Bone on Musk forest floor
The wave function collapses
Ancient Egypt USA
The columns of Melbourne
The Wave Function Collapses is where recorded observations of the real world are presented as evidence.
What has been captured is the form of the world in which we live, and through digitization, the actual becomes an aesthetic in the new language of desire.
The virtual world The wave function collapses


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Exploring Earth In Starfield: Is There Anything?
Earth is an incredibly significant location within the expansive universe of Starfield.
During the trip to Earth in Starfield, it is discovered that the planet looks vastly different from what is usually seen. It has become uninhabitable since 2203.
Furthermore, most of the human-made structures have been destroyed.
In the Starfield game, the Earth has become a barren place. The planet Earth is in its post-apocalyptic state, where no lives are left.
This article explores the journey through the stars to rediscover Earth in Starfield and whether anything is left there or not.
What Happened To Earth In Starfield?
In Starfield, the depiction of Earth is drastically different from the green world we currently know.
At the start of the game's storyline Earth has transformed into a barren landscape.
earth location
Location of Earth at Starfield.
To comprehend how this transformation occurred, we must delve into the past.
During the year 2150, scientists realized that Earth's magnetosphere was teetering on the verge of collapse within a span of 50 years.
This catastrophic event forced humanity to seek refuge elsewhere in the cosmos.
The United Colonies emerged as the driving force behind this departure, leading to the colonization of Jemison in the Alpha Centauri system by 2160.
However, the true story behind Earth's fate is more complex than it seems.
The Grav Jump Experiment
Earth's decline was further exacerbated by a scientific experiment gone awry.
NASA scientists were experimenting with Grav Jump technology, which was tested on Earth's moon.
Over time, this experiment had catastrophic consequences, resulting in the Earth's atmosphere being irreparably damaged.
Moreover, it has transformed the planet into a radioactive wasteland.
Learn more about Starfield Cutter Upgrade and Ecological Consortium In Starfield.
How To Get To Earth In Starfield?
For players eager to revisit or explore Earth for the first time, reaching our home planet is an achievable goal.
Furthermore, there are some remains of human-made structures and natural milestones from before the catastrophe which you will find interesting to discover.
Here's how to make the journey:
1. Locate The Sol System
On the Starmap, the Sol system is just a stone's throw away from the Alpha Centauri system, where you'll likely start your journey in Starfield.
2. Complete The Old Neighborhood Quest
Ensure you've completed the Old Neighborhood quest, which is the second main quest in the game.
You'll receive this quest at the Constellation Lodge in New Atlantis.
3. Check Your Ship's Inventory
Before attempting to travel to Earth, ensure your ship's inventory is not over-encumbered and that you have no contraband on board.
Exploring Earth In Starfield
Once you've successfully reached Earth, you'll be greeted by a vast, albeit barren, landscape.
Further, the Earth in Starfield offers limited resources and little in the way of civilization.
However, there are still remnants of the past to discover, making the journey worthwhile.
Discovering Earth's Hidden Gems
Earth in Starfield is not entirely devoid of interest.
While it may appear as a featureless desert at first glance, diligent explorers can uncover a few "remnants of the old world."
Additionally, these remnants are tied to specific quests that can be found at Earth's landmarks.
They are as below:
 - The Shard (London Landmark): To unlock this landmark, players must obtain a copy of "Oliver Twist."
 - The Empire State Building (New York Landmark): "Our Lost Heritage" is the book that unlocks this iconic New York landmark.
 - The Gateway Arch (Saint Louis Landmark): Players must get their hands on "The Price of Destiny" to visit this Missouri landmark.
 - The Pyramids (Cairo Landmark): Unlock this landmark by obtaining "The Ancient Civilization of Egypt."
 - The Shanghai Tower (Shanghai Landmark): "Essentials of Modern Macroeconomics" is the key to visiting the Shanghai Tower.
 - The International Commerce Center (Hong Kong Landmark): Unlock this lesser-known landmark with "Maurice Lyon's Journal."
 - NASA Launch Tower (Story-Related): Players can visit the NASA Launch Tower during the "Unearthed" main story mission.
 - Other Man-Made Landmarks: Apart from Earth's landmarks, there are other key man-made landmarks within the SOL star system, each containing a snow globe for collectors.
Resources On Earth
Resource-minded explorers will find Earth to be a treasure trove of valuable materials.
london- andmrark
Earth's forgotten London landmark at Starfield.
Utilizing the Starmap's resource feature allows you to pinpoint the locations of Chlorine, Lead, Water, Chlorosilane, and Mercury resources scattered across Earth's vast surface.
Moreover, this resource-rich landscape can be a boon for those looking to stock up on essential supplies for their interstellar journey.
The Bottom Line
Earth in Starfield is a testament to the game's rich lore and attention to detail.
Its transformation from a vibrant world to a desolate wasteland is a story worth exploring.
Moreover, as you step onto Earth's surface and uncover its hidden landmarks, you'll better appreciate the intricate narrative woven into Bethesda's latest masterpiece.
So, equip your spacesuit, fuel up your ship, and prepare for an unforgettable journey back to Earth in Starfield.
Find more about Turning Your VSync On Or Off In Starfield and Starfield Auto Turrets.
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Threskiornis – Sacred ibises
The ibises are beautiful birds found in warmer regions near water bodies
The wading birds in this genus live in wetlands, swamps, floodplains, lagoons, and open grasslands. The large flocks usually roost in trees present near water and mangroves. Ibises make a V-formation with an outstretched neck in a flying position.
Most species wear white coats except for the Straw-necked Ibis, which prefer black clothing. The featherless head, neck, and legs are mostly black. The bills in all species are thick and curved downwards. The male and female ibises in this genus share the same looks. Rainy season provides ample food; therefore, like many other birds, they also prefer this time of the year for breeding.


text: We consider the maximization of network throughput in buffer-constrained optical networks using aggregate bandwidth allocation and reservation-based transmission control. Assuming that all flows are subject to loss-based TCP congestion control, we quantify the effects of buffer capacity constraints on bandwidth utilization efficiency through contention-induced packet loss. The analysis shows that the ability of TCP flows to efficiently utilize successful reservations is highly sensitive to the available buffer capacity. Maximizing the bandwidth utilization efficiency under buffer capacity constraints thus requires decoupling packet loss from contention-induced blocking of transmission requests. We describe a confirmed (two-way) reservation scheme that eliminates contention-induced loss, so that no packets are dropped at the network's core, and loss can be incurred only at the adequately buffer-provisioned ingress routers, where it is exclusively congestion-induced. For the confirmed signaling scheme, analytical and simulation results indicate that TCP aggregates are able to efficiently utilize the successful reservations independently of buffer constraints.


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Pronunciation: (frend'lē), [key]
—adj., -li•er, -li•est,
—adv., n., pl. -lies.
1. characteristic of or befitting a friend; showing friendship: a friendly greeting.
2. like a friend; kind; helpful: a little friendly advice.
3. favorably disposed; inclined to approve, help, or support: a friendly bank.
4. not hostile or at variance; amicable: a friendly warship; friendly natives.
Also,friend'li•ly.in a friendly manner; like a friend.
a person who is in sympathetic relationship to oneself or one's side; one who shows no hostility.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.


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The engineering and services group Bilfinger has won an order for the installation of a total of 72 foundations for the new Sandbank Offshore Wind Farm.
Sandbank is a joint partnership of Vattenfall (51 percent) and the city of Munich's public utility company (49 percent). The foundation elements will be installed in the seabed with the help of an installation ship in waters that are up to 34 meters deep and 90 kilometers west of Sylt in the German North Sea. The contract has a volume of more than €100 million. Work has already begun and will continue until February 2016.
The Hydro Sound Damper, a sound protection system that Bilfinger played a key role in developing, is being used at the Sandbank Offshore Windpark. The system helps to reduce the noise pollution that marine fauna is exposed to during the construction phase. The plastic material used for this system – a sheathing of the foundation pile – is specifically designed for the frequencies that are generated and retains its effectiveness over the entire water depth even in strong currents. Initial testing revealed a significant reduction in noise emissions.
"Bilfinger is a specialist in the manufacture, transport and installation of offshore foundations on the high seas and has proven its extensive competence in a large number of offshore projects", explains Member of the Executive Board Joachim Enenkel. "The order will be carried out by our newly-formed Offshore Systems and Grids division, in which we have brought together our marine engineering and grid construction activities within the Power business segment."
Bilfinger just recently won the order for the testing of steel foundations for the Wikinger Windpark in the Baltic Sea. From fall 2014, the group will manufacture several test piles, drive them into the seabed and subsequently conduct a comprehensive range of tests to optimize the foundations for the wind turbines from a technical and economic perspective.


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Creates a schema in the current database. The CREATE SCHEMA transaction can also create tables and views within the new schema, and set GRANT, DENY, or REVOKE permissions on those objects.
Topic link icon Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions
 ::=
 | AUTHORIZATION owner_name
 | schema_name AUTHORIZATION owner_name
 ::=
 table_definition | view_definition | grant_statement |
 revoke_statement | deny_statement
Is the name by which the schema is identified within the database.
Specifies the name of the database-level principal that will own the schema. This principal may own other schemas, and may not use the current schema as its default schema.
Specifies a CREATE TABLE statement that creates a table within the schema. The principal executing this statement must have CREATE TABLE permission on the current database.
Specifies a CREATE VIEW statement that creates a view within the schema. The principal executing this statement must have CREATE VIEW permission on the current database.
Specifies a GRANT statement that grants permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Specifies a REVOKE statement that revokes permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Specifies a DENY statement that denies permissions on any securable except the new schema.
Note Note
Statements that contain CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION but do not specify a name are permitted for backward compatibility only.
CREATE SCHEMA can create a schema, the tables and views it contains, and GRANT, REVOKE, or DENY permissions on any securable in a single statement. This statement must be executed as a separate batch. Objects created by the CREATE SCHEMA statement are created inside the schema that is being created.
CREATE SCHEMA transactions are atomic. If any error occurs during the execution of a CREATE SCHEMA statement, none of the specified securables are created and no permissions are granted.
Securables to be created by CREATE SCHEMA can be listed in any order, except for views that reference other views. In that case, the referenced view must be created before the view that references it.
Therefore, a GRANT statement can grant permission on an object before the object itself is created, or a CREATE VIEW statement can appear before the CREATE TABLE statements that create the tables referenced by the view. Also, CREATE TABLE statements can declare foreign keys to tables that are defined later in the CREATE SCHEMA statement.
Note Note
DENY and REVOKE are supported inside CREATE SCHEMA statements. DENY and REVOKE clauses will be executed in the order in which they appear in the CREATE SCHEMA statement.
The principal that executes CREATE SCHEMA can specify another database principal as the owner of the schema being created. This requires additional permissions, as described in the "Permissions" section later in this topic.
The new schema is owned by one of the following database-level principals: database user, database role, or application role. Objects created within a schema are owned by the owner of the schema, and have a NULL principal_id in sys.objects. Ownership of schema-contained objects can be transferred to any database-level principal, but the schema owner always retains CONTROL permission on objects within the schema.
Caution note Caution
When creating a database object, if you specify a valid domain principal (user or group) as the object owner, the domain principal will be added to the database as a schema. The new schema will be owned by that domain principal.
Deprecation Notice
CREATE SCHEMA statements that do not specify a schema name are currently supported for backward compatibility. Such statements do not actually create a schema inside the database, but they do create tables and views, and grant permissions. Principals do not need CREATE SCHEMA permission to execute this earlier form of CREATE SCHEMA, because no schema is being created. This functionality will be removed from a future release of SQL Server.
Requires CREATE SCHEMA permission on the database.
To create an object specified within the CREATE SCHEMA statement, the user must have the corresponding CREATE permission.
To specify another user as the owner of the schema being created, the caller must have IMPERSONATE permission on that user. If a database role is specified as the owner, the caller must have one of the following: membership in the role or ALTER permission on the role.
Note Note
For the backward-compatible syntax, no permissions to CREATE SCHEMA are checked because no schema is being created.
The following example creates schema Sprockets owned by Annik that contains table NineProngs. The statement grants SELECT to Mandar and denies SELECT to Prasanna. Note that Sprockets and NineProngs are created in a single statement.
USE AdventureWorks2012;
 CREATE TABLE NineProngs (source int, cost int, partnumber int)
 GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA::Sprockets TO Mandar
 DENY SELECT ON SCHEMA::Sprockets TO Prasanna;
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Disabling Unused Devices
If you have devices attached to your computer or installed that you do not use, you can reduce the startup time by disabling those devices. The rule to follow is to keep enabled any device that you use or might use, but if you have devices that you do not use on a regular basis, you can disable those devices without uninstalling. When you start the computer, those devices' drivers won't have to load, which will help decrease boot time.
To disable a device, follow these steps:
1. Open the Start menu, right-click My Computer, and select Properties.
2. Click the Hardware tab and click the Device Manager button.
3. Expand the category that contains the device that you want to disable.
Figure 4.12 4. Right-click the device and click Disable (see Figure 4-12). The device is now disabled and remains disabled until you re-enable it in the same manner.


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The African Mantis, or more specific and scientific Sphodromantis lineola, is a large and fierce species of mantis. It is commonly kept as a pet because of its size and fierce hunting techniques and its relatively easy care.
Her natural habitat lies in sub-Saharan Africa.
This species of praying mantis is usually green, but there are also beige and brown varieties. The difference in color is mainly due to the environment in which the animal is kept. The brown varieties can have beautiful purple eyes as can be seen on the pictures on this page.
This is one of the larger species of praying mantis that is being successfully kept in captivity. The females are about 8 cm long, the males are a bit smaller with 6 to 7 cm. The males are thinner with wings that are slightly longer than their body. The females are larger, with wings that extend just to the end of the abdomen. On their wings they have a yellowish dot.
Sphodromantis lineola is a fierce kind of praying mantis. She will actively chase prey once she has spotted it. Females can handle very large prey. Males can sometimes be a bit intimidated by VERY large prey such as locusts, so it is better not to give them extremely large prey. When the adults of this species feel threatened it may raise its wings and move its front arms sideways to expose an orange colored area.


Abstract
Recent literature (Evamy, 1967 and de Groot, 1967) has perpetuated the use of the term dedolomitization. The use of this term (1) requires multiple terminology for a single replacement process, (2) is inconsistent with nomenclature for other replacement processes, (3) is ambiguous, and (4) is geochemically misleading. The authors feel that a replacement process should be named by the replacing mineral, not the one being replaced.
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Are you considering registering a Non-Profit Organization (NPO)? This is an important decision that can have a lasting impact on your organization. Having a clear understanding of the NPO registration process is essential for success. This article will provide you with everything you need to know about registering a NPO, from understanding the legal requirements to getting the necessary paperwork in order. Whether you are starting a new NPO or transferring an existing one, this article will cover all the steps you need to take to ensure a smooth and successful registration. We will discuss the different types of NPOs, the key legal considerations, and any associated costs.
With the right guidance, registering an NPO can be a straightforward process. In conclusion, registering an NPO requires a thorough understanding of legal requirements, paperwork, appointment of officers and directors, drafting bylaws, obtaining tax exempt status, filing annual reports, and other considerations. It is important to take the time to thoroughly research all aspects of registration before taking any steps. This guide has provided a comprehensive overview of the registration process and resources for further information.


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Last Updated on August 22, 2023 by Hannah Stevens
High Tunnels Provide Pest and Disease Control Benefits in Tropical Climates
High tunnels in subtropical environments reduce pest and disease pressures in organic vegetable cultivation. Using high tunnels can help control pests and diseases in cherry tomato plants. Also, high tunnels were used to determine if they could extend the growing season.
Vegetable growers in subtropical climates such as Florida are subject to high levels of heat, humidity, and rainfall. This can lead to severe pest pressure and disease risk. Organic and sustainable practices will be a challenge for them. Season extension presents many unique challenges due to climate. Production is at its highest in the winter months while it drops during the summer.
High Tunnels can protect crops from heavy rains, which can bring down pests and diseases. They also extend the growing season, which can provide additional income to farmers.
"Season Extension & Increased Economic Sustainability for South Florida Growers" by Kashem
He compared yields and pest pressures of an open and a high tunnel. The results showed that the high tunnel trial had a 15% decrease in the incidence of bacterial spot, and that there was a 20% decrease in pest damage. He observed that there is no prolongation of the growing season due to the high tunnels. Instead, he observed a decrease in flower production during the summer months which led to lower fruit production. The yields of high tunnel and open field production were similar.
High heat is the primary reason for the reduced flower production and fruit set in high tunnels. Therefore, it is suggested that shade cloth could be an option to lower the temperature.
High tunnel use in the normal growing season (September through April) is still an option. Normally tomatoes are the most pest-ridden crop on organic farms. They can spread pests and diseases to other crops like eggplants, okra, and peppers. High tunnels can make tomatoes more affordable to grow, and allow other crops to grow without being subject to the same pests and diseases.
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University are collaborating to facilitate the Florida SARE program. Our collaboration aims to create a program that improves the state's environmental, social and economic sustainability through education and research. Florida SARE works with extension faculty, farmers, community organizations, researchers, and producers to find and implement science-based practices in all areas of Florida's agriculture system. SARE provides education in sustainable agriculture through a variety of training each year.
You can also read more about Farm Certifications – SARE Southern.
- $8.1 million in funding since 1988
- 174 projects funded since 1988
Professional Development Program
In each state, agricultural educators work directly alongside farmers and ranchers to promote sustainable agriculture production and marketing. SARE state agricultural coordinators offer support in sustainable agriculture education and outreach strategies through a program called "The Professional Development Program" (PDP).
The Sustainable Agriculture Fellows Program is offered by SARE and NACAA. It enhances Cooperative Extension staff's knowledge of sustainable agriculture and gives them broad-based national exposure to unique and successful sustainable agriculture programs.
SARE State Coordinators play a vital role in expanding sustainable agriculture training for Extension, NRCS and other agricultural professionals. This will help producers transition to a more sustainable farming system.
Interim Director, Center for Water and Air Quality
Florida A & M University
Email | _PHONE_
Marilyn (Mickie) Swisher
Dept. of Family, Youth & Community Science
University of Florida
Email | _PHONE_
SARE Funded Projects in Florida
Southern SARE provides grant possibilities for individuals or institutions across the Southern region. Below is a comprehensive list containing the currently funded SARE projects in Florida. You may search the Project Database to find complete reports on Florida's previously funded projects. Before you apply for a grant, it is helpful to read through the reports in order to understand the types of projects SARE funds and supports.
Research and Education Grants
- LS20-342 Enhancing Hedgerow Systems in Fruit Tree Production to Improve Beneficial Insect Diversity and Abundance
- LS30-334 Optimizing Nutrient and Water Management for Organic Mixed Vegetable Production Systems
- LS19-315 Enhancing Seed Production of Regionally Adapted Crops in the Southeastern Farmers Seed System
- LS19-308 Harnessing Microbes for Sustainable Food Production
- LS18-302 Educational Materials for Cover Crop Adoption and Use in the Subtropics and Tropics
- LS18-297 Shade and Ground Cover Growing Systems for Tea Production in Florida
- LS18-291 Managing Plant-parasitic Nematodes and Promoting Beneficial Soil Organisms Through Sod-based Crop Rotation
Graduate Student Grants
- GS19-210 Toward the Development of a Push-pull Strategy to Control Whiteflies in Florida Vegetables
- GS19-206 Developing Efficient Probiotics for Microbiota of Diarrhea-resistant Livestock
- GS19-203 Evaluation of Cladosporium cladosporioides and its Extracts for the Management of Pathogenic Bipolaris Species
- GS19-199 Sustainable Strategies to Combat the Papaya Ringspot Virus
- GS18-195 Elucidating the Effects of Organic vs. Conventional Cropping Practice and Rhizobia Inoculation on Peanut Yield and Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity
- GS18-191 Developing Attract and Reward Strategy to Control Thrips and Whiteflies in Florida Tomato
- GS18-184 Evaluation of Biopesticides for Managing Silverleaf Whitefly in Tomatoes in Florida
- GS18-181 Integrated Weed Management for Long-term Nutsedge Control and Its Economic Impact in Florida Vegetable Production
- GS17-178 Overcoming Microclimate Challenges to Improve Organic Spinach Production in Florida
- GS17-170 Companion Planting of Native Insectary Plants to Benefit Crop Plants: The promotion of beneficial insects in agricultural communities via trophic resource enhancement
On-Farm Research Grants
- OS20-137 Combining Non-crop Habitat and Semichemical Lures to Increase Natural Enemy Recruitment and Retention in Florida Vegetable Crops
- OS20-135 On-farm Evaluation of an Innovative Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Practice for Improving Organic Carrot Production in North Florida
- OS20-132 Fertilizer Mismanagement Impacts on Pasture Health
- FS20-323 Evaluating Mobile Slaughter Access for Producers and Local Partners
- FS19-319 Sweet Potatoes and Their Vines: A Nutritional and Sustainable Alternative for Food and Livestock Feed
- FS19-317 Analysis of the Antioxidant Qualities of Flowers and Fruits of Several Commercial Varieties of Sambucus nigra ssp. Canadensis (The North American Black Elderberry) in Florida
- FS19-314 Season Extension and Increased Economic Sustainability for South Florida Growers: Using High Tunnels to Extend Tomato Production
You can see more Farm Grants for Females elsewhere on this website.


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AFSOR Bio-X: Encapsulated DNA-Based Molecular Autonomous Sensing Devices With Photonic I/O
Final rept. 4 Jan 2008-3 Jan 2009
DUKE UNIV DURHAM NC DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
Pagination or Media Count:
Purpose of this program was DNA-based nanostructure detector system development and demonstration with multispectral optical readouts. The overarching goal of this research was the remote hyperspectral detection of molecular targets, with application as a combat ready, modular, general purpose target detection and signal amplification system coupled to airborne imaging systems. The specific Tasks of this project were 1 To develop systems that amplify detection events through the use of existing biomolecular amplification methods 2 To optimize hydrogelaerogel encapsulation and preservation of the biomolecular detection systems to ensure robust activity upon rehydration in the field 3 To demonstrate remote detection by such systems using hyperspectral imaging.
- Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology
- Atomic and Molecular Physics and Spectroscopy