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Dark wood found favour with Irish craftsmen
Mahogany today is so closely associated with excellent quality antique furniture that it always comes as a shock to realise the wood was not available in this country before the second quarter of the 18th century. Prior to that date, other materials had been used, their existence primarily known through inventories such as that of the Earl of Cork in 1645 and the Earl of Fingall in 1736; little furniture produced before 1700 has survived. Favourite woods during the earlier period tended to be oak, of which Ireland had a plentiful supply, and walnut. Most of it was destroyed during the successive upheavals of the 17th century and even from the first decades of the 18th century only a small number of items remain, most notably a series of very fine marquetry-inlaid walnut writing desks one of which - now in London's Victoria & Albert Museum - is said to have belonged to Dean Swift.
The Fingall inventory mentions japanned furniture as well as items in oak and walnut. A mere decade later, an inventory produced for William Smyth of Co Westmeath includes many mahogany furnishings, so rapid was the emergence of this hard wood as a favourite among Irish craftsmen and their clients.
One reason for mahogany's appeal lay in its excellent response to carving and subsequent polishing. Elaborately carved surfaces are a particular feature of 18th century Irish furniture. It has also been suggested that the Irish fondness for dark woods stemmed from the traditional use here of bog oak, the colour of which is almost black.
Mahogany first came to Ireland around 1725 in ships from the West Indies. Initially it was simply used as a ballast aboard these vessels. There was considerable demand for furnishings of all kinds during the early 18th century as the country recovered from a succession of wars that had left it exhausted. During the course of the century, Dublin and other urban centres expanded rapidly, and so too did the number of large, private houses on Irish estates. All of these properties had to be furnished and by 1786, it has been estimated, there were 28 cabinet makers, 12 carvers and gilders, three joiners and upholsterers and six harpsichord and music instrument makers registered in the capital alone. Their clientele would have been essentially the country's nouveau riche, many of them relatively recent arrivals in Ireland where they had been granted land as a reward for loyalty to the English crown. Some of our greatest 18th century houses were built by self-made men and the robust vigour of Irish mahogany furniture at the time reflects their own temperaments.
Compared to what was being produced elsewhere, Irish early 18th century items can sometimes seem coarse and lacking in subtlety; they were designed to reflect their arriviste owners' prestige and wealth and therefore needed to make an immediate impact. This also explains the popularity during the same period for lavish stucco work - just like early 18th century furniture, it made an instant impact on viewers.
To the modern eye, houses then would have been relatively sparsely furnished and therefore it was even more important that any item on display was noteworthy. Here is another reason why so much Irish furniture is profusely carved. But it is possible that a national love of ornament for its own sake may also have been in part responsible for carved mahogany's popularity.
In an examination of early 18th century Irish marquetry decoration (The Irish Arts Review, Volume 13), the Knight of Glin features a writing table and cabinet the lower section of which is carved with fantastical twin-headed and curly-tailed canines, the direct descendants, it might be thought, of mythical beasts seen in the Book of Kells and similar Celtic manuscripts. Certain stylistic elements occur repeatedly in 18th century mahogany furniture, suggesting Irish craftsmen were using the same few pattern books and sources of inspiration. Exuberance of decoration means that the overall flavour of the work is baroque, long after this style had fallen out of fashion elsewhere in Europe.
Among the most frequently featured details are lion head masks, baskets of flowers or scallop shells in raised relief on the centre of sidetables, and legs terminating in hairy paws - all four legs of a chair may be so decorated rather than just the two in front. Relief details are often seen against a background of finely-carved diamond trellis and the shell motif turns up also on chairs and sofas.
Wherever an opportunity for carving presents itself, this may be exploited. So, for example, the bulbous hocks on the corners of tables, desks, chairs and stools may be ornamented with carving, frequently using an acanthus scrollwork pattern. Cabinets and mirrors tend to have a swan-neck pediment, sometimes framing an urn or cartouche; these pieces would usually have at least some gilding and marquetry work was also much favoured. A number of problems arise when considering Irish furniture of the first half of the 18th century, not least that of attribution. Considering both its quality and enduring popularity, surprisingly little research has been carried out in this field and a definitive guide remains to be written.
For the moment, attribution remains difficult because Irish craftsmen did not sign their work except in rare cases, the best known of which would be the Dublin firm of Francis and John Booker who produced highly distinctive gilded and pedimented mirrors. Adding to these difficulties is the fact that much Irish furniture was exported to the United States earlier this century when the contents of so many country houses were dispersed at auction.
There are definite similarities between 18th century Irish and American furniture - hardly surprising since many craftsmen from this country travelled across the Atlantic at the time - and today it would be almost impossible to pick out which pieces were created for clients here. What has gone from these shores is unlikely ever to be reclaimed. Heavily-carved mahogany furniture remained in production in Ireland long after it had started to fall out of favour elsewhere. However, by the 1770s, a change in direction was definitely perceptible and Adamesque neo-classicism quickly became the dominant style.
As a result, from this period on it becomes increasingly difficult to tell Irish from English furniture. The age of exuberance lasted less than 50 years - another reason why the amount of furniture available is restricted.
One of the best places in which to see such work is Malahide Castle, where a large selection of Irish furniture is on permanent display.
However, from next Wednesday until Saturday, 29th August, Johnston Antiques is presenting an exhibition of Irish Georgian furniture at Dublin's Newman House.
The majority of 21 items on show date between 1730 and 1760 and include a Booker mirror, a mahogany cabinet formerly in Adare Manor, a mahogany kneehole writing cabinet and several console and side tables. All pieces display the decoration typical of Irish furniture.
Admission to the exhibition costs £10 including a copy of the colour catalogue with funds raised going to the Irish Georgian Society. For further information, contact Johnston Antiques, Tel. 01-_PHONE_.


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Dlink modem is a modulation and demodulation device manufactured by Dlink corporations based in Taiwan. With the help of Dlink modem, one can connect to the internet and exchange data and information over the internet. Modem performs the function of a device that encrypts and decrypts the packets of data sent to and from a computer system and internet server. Dlink is a leading modem manufacturer and Dlink modems are widely used to connect to internet by a large number of people. Every Dlink modem comes with some default factory settings which are set at the factory level and shipped. However, the modem factory settings need to be changed sometimes so as to connect to the internet depending upon the connection settings of that area. you can also reach us at Dlink modem support number.
In this process after a long time of usage, sometimes the modem might not work properly or for some other reason, there might be a need to change the modem setting to its default factory settings. For example, if you have forgotten your Wi-Fi router password, then you might need to reset your modem to default factory settings. Dlink modem comes with a built-in feature to allow the users to change the settings to default factory settings. The procedure to change the settings to default factory settings is given below:
Step 1) Check whether your modem is working and is turned on and then look out for the Reset button on the modem. The reset button is given at the back of the modem and would be un-pressed.
Step 2) Press the reset button on the modem for a long time. You need to press the reset button for at least 10 seconds to take the effect. The button needs to be pressed by a clip as it is not easy to press the button by a single press of hand or fingers.
Step 3) Check that the modem would restart after you have long pressed the reset button. This is important as when the modem restarts only when it will be reset to factory settings. After the modem, has successfully restarted, check for the green light. If the light is on that means the restart is successful.
Step 4) Now try to connect to the internet using your Dlink modem with the original password. If it connects to the internet, this means your Dlink modem has been successfully reset to the factory settings.
Need quick help for how to reset Dlink modem to factory settings?
In case you face any technical difficulty regarding how to reset Dlink modem to factory settings, you can always contact Dlink modem support number on our toll free number as mentioned on website. Dlink technical staff will get in touch with you and resolve your queries.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Remote estimation of reconnection parameters in the Earth's magnetotail: model and observations
Abstract. We develop a method to estimate the reconnected magnetic flux and the location of the reconnection site using properties of magnetic field and plasma velocity disturbances in the regions surrounding the reconnection plasma flow. Our analysis is based on a 3-D non-steady reconnection model with a finite-sized X-line length. In this framework, we obtain a system of equations capturing the relationships between the disturbances of the magnetic field and plasma flow from one side and the reconnection characteristics from another side. These equations allow us to determine the reconnection characteristics from one-point remote observations of the reconnection fast flow, propagated in the magnetotail current sheet. We apply the model to magnetic field and plasma observations at (−43, −11.2, −6.9) RE GSM obtained by the THEMIS/ARTEMIS spacecraft, located in the tail lobe during a substorm event. We found that the reconnection region was located at ~ (−27, 3.5, 0) RE GSM. The X-line appeared to be close to the local time of the substorm current wedge identified from ground-based observations. We estimated the total magnetic flux, which was reconnected in the event as ~5 MWb. That corresponds to a small fraction of the total amount of magnetic flux transferred during a substorm.


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- OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERAX marks the spot; how "witching" for water works is a mystery, but this time-honored method of locating good well sites is still in use today.
- 3.Well.PointAttach.001_phatchfinalThe well point is attached to a length of water-supply pipe and a pipe cap screwed on to prevent damage or deformity from pounding.
- OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERAHere, a pilot hole is augured to guide the well point as it is driven downward.
- 5. Well.Hammer.001_phatchfinalA 100-pound "slam-hammer" drives the well pipe and point down to the water table.
- 6.Well. Drop string_phatchfinalWhen a "bong" sound is heard it's time to check the depth of the water in the well pipe with a drop string.
- 7.Well.PipeJoint.001_phatchfinalA good vacuum is critical to hand pump efficiency, so all threaded joints must be sealed with Teflon tape or pipe joint compound.
- 8.Well.PumpPrime.001_phatchfinalPriming the pitcher pump with water helps to seal its suction cylinder.
- 9. Well.FirstPumps.001_phatchfinalThe first several gallons of water from your well will be muddy, until loose soil is pumped away to leave a cavity filled with clear water.
- OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERAWell output is tested using a portable electric pump to see if it delivers the benchmark 5 gallons per minute.
- OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERAThe well point. Slotted holes permit water to enter, while stainless steel mesh inside keeps out abrasive sand.
When the well point reaches water you'll hear a hollow "bong" sound from the pipe with every blow. Remove the cap and drop a chalk line down the well pipe until slack in the string tells you that the weight has reached the bottom of the well point.
Pull up the string, and measure how much of it has been wetted to determine how deeply the well point has penetrated into the water table. To ensure suction at the pump, it's important that the entire length of the well point be immersed, and preferably 2 feet beyond that to account for seasonal variations in the water table.
Install The Pump
When the drop-string is wetted to a length of at least 5 feet, it's time to screw-on a pitcher pump (remember to seal the threads). Prime the pump to create suction for its vacuum cylinder by pouring a cup of water into the pump's top, and jack the handle until water spurts from the pump with each down stroke. Jack the handle roughly 100 times to create a cavity filled with clear water around the well point.
Alternately, you can use a portable electric water pump to create a cavity more quickly around the well point, and to test for a benchmark flow of 5 gallons per minute. When only clear water comes from the well spout, remove the pump and thread-on a "check valve" between the well pipe below and the pump above; this will help to prevent water in the pipe from draining back down, reducing the need to prime the pump.
Well debth depends on how deep the water table might be at your place. The depth to which manual pumps can operate is limited, depending on the type of pump, the force of gravity and the length of its drawing stroke. In general, pitcher, jet, or centrifugal hand pumps are effective to a depth of 25 feet. Larger stand pumps with draw cylinders will work to a depth of 50 feet.
Even with all of the pesky red tape, a driven hand-pumped well is worth the hassle for the peace of mind it brings knowing that you can never run out of drinking water, come what may.


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Every one wants to feel skilled and valued. The best way to motivate some one is to make them feel skilled and valued. This is especially important for young athletes who are just learning the skills and strategies of a sport.
The key to motivating young athletes is to point out their successes, encourage them to improve, and teach them needed skills. The following are strategies coaches can use to create an ideal atmosphere to motivate athletes:
1. Monitor your feedback to athletes
- Let athletes know what they do well as well as what needs improvement (e.g., good hustle, nice effort, good catch, way to be in the right place).
- Minimize punishment or criticism – this does not mean to ignore mistakes; rather use instruction and encouragement to help athletes improve.
2. Individualize athlete feedback
- Respond to mistakes based on the athlete's current ability. In youth sport, skills may vary widely. Not all athletes should be held to the same standard. Instead, expect all athletes to show effort and improvement.
- Reward athletes when you see improvement
- Reward athletes who are trying hard and who are hustling
3. Encourage teamwork.
- Use drills where athletes have to work together to meet your goals.
- Reward athletes for encouraging and helping each other.
Benefits of using these Strategies
- Athletes will be motivated to continue improving and trying hard
- Athletes will be more confident as the coach points out their improvements and successes
- Team cohesion will improve
- Athletes won't be afraid of making mistakes (which may make them tentative or lead to making mistakes)
- Practices and games will be more fun
- Athletes' skills will improve as they get more instruction

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Kodiak Island, Alaska is an isolated island off the south coast of the state and gets no power from the state's main grid. Like other isolated islands, Kodiak has relied upon diesel generators to provide a large chunk of their energy needs, but the island is starting to ditch the diesel and harness the wind.
Up until recently, the island got 80 percent of its energy from a two-unit hydroelectric plant and the other 20 percent from seven diesel generators. The island installed three 1.5-MW wind turbines atop Pillar Mountain last year and as of this past August, those wind turbines have replaced most of their need for diesel, with the oil only accounting for 7.7 percent of their energy.
The Pillar Mountain Wind Project will save over a million gallons of fuel a year. The Kodiak Electric Associaton (PDF) hopes to produce 95 percent of their energy through renewable sources by 2020 and they're already most of the way there.
While Kodiak Island only has a population of 12,000, it seems places like this are leading the way to a clean energy future.
via Earth Techling
written by Cody Littlewood, October 22, 2010
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Tolkien Gateway
(Redirected from 10 Afteryule)
Months in the Shire Calendar
 1. Afteryule (January)
 2. Solmath (February)
 3. Rethe (March)
 4. Astron (April)
 5. Thrimidge (May)
 6. Forelithe (June)
 7. Afterlithe (July)
 8. Wedmath (August)
 9. Halimath (September)
 10. Winterfilth (October)
 11. Blotmath (November)
 12. Foreyule (December)
Afteryule was the first month of the Shire calendar, thirty days immediately following the holiday of Yule (hence its name). It ran from modern 23 December to 21 January. This month was called Frery in Bree and in the Eastfarthing[1]
[edit] Etymology
The name represents a modernization of the Old English name for January, æfterra ġēola.[2]
 2. Arden R. Smith, "The Shire month-names", Mellonath Daeron - The Language Guild of the Forodrim (accessed 29 November 2015)


What ingredients were NOT uses in the Rub On Relief Herbal formula?
Please read the complete label before use, ensuring you understand what is in the product.
Do not use if you now our suspect that you may be allergic to any of the ingredients.
In compliance with the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004, the manufacturer declares that Rub on Relief Herbal formula does not contain any ingredients that contain protein derived from an of the following major allergenic foods or food groups: Eggs, Fish, Shellfish, Milk, Soybeans, Tree Nuts, Peanuts or Wheat.
Further, none of these are in Rub on Relief Herbal formula:
 1. Mineral Oils
 2. Sunscreen Chemicals
 3. Paraffin wax
 4. Formaldehyde
 5. Petrolatum oils
 6. Parabens free
 7. Triclosan
 8. Phenol carbolic Acid
 9. Acrylamide
 10. Lauryl Sulfate
 11. Toluene
 12. Dioxane
 13. Titanium dioxide
 14. Synthetic Fragrance
 15. Synthetic colors
Discontinue use if you suspect the product is causing you any discomfort.
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What do Giraffes Eat?
Giraffes are the tallest animals on land and probably some of the strangest looking. They live on the savanna and lightly-wooded regions of Africa, grazing on trees and shrubs at their leisure.
What Do Giraffes Eat
What Do Giraffes Eat
They grow to be up to 20 feet tall and weigh 2500 pounds, meaning they are too big for any predator to go after. However, any animal that big needs a lot of food. If a giraffe ate and digested its food like a normal animal, it would never be able to survive. Thankfully, giraffes were given unique and useful traits to support themselves. Read on to learn how they can reach the most nutritious foods on the savanna, and then digest those foods multiple times to power their massive frames.
What do Giraffes Eat?
Giraffes reach the highest leaves on trees with their long necks. This allows them to reach food that shorter animals cannot. Despite the long spikes on its branches, the acacia tree is their favorite food. Giraffes get around this conundrum by having tongues that are as long as their necks. They can get their tongues through the spikes and collect the leaves without getting hurt. So, what exactly do Giraffes eat? Giraffes eat other trees, as well as shrubs, grasses, and fruits. The average giraffe consumes 65 pounds of foliage per day and requires 15 pounds to survive. At birth, baby giraffes are six feet tall and nurse from their mothers until they are tall enough to reach leaves. Giraffes frequently have trees in their enclosures in zoos, but most zookeepers also leave bales of hay tied in nets to the trees. This allows them to graze naturally while still getting the nutrition they require.
Also Check Out → What Do Toads Eat?
Giraffe Eating
Giraffes Eating
Giraffes are ruminants, which means they digest food in the same way that cows do and have four stomachs. When a giraffe grabs a mouthful of leaves, it chews them up, swallows them, and then processes them in its first stomach. Food that is small enough is passed through the rest of the giraffe's system, but larger pieces with a lot of nutrients are passed all the way back up the giraffe's neck. The giraffe then chews these cud pieces and digests them again. Giraffes have to eat significantly less foliage for their size than most herbivores due to this process and the rich leaves they can access. A giraffe will spend the day browsing before chewing its cud while resting or moving.
How do Giraffes Drink?
Giraffes, like their relative the camel, can go a long time without drinking water. This is partially biological and also because acacia leaves have such high water content. But giraffes do have to drink eventually, and you may look at such a tall animal and wonder how, exactly, they manage to reach the water. Giraffes, just like us, only have seven spinal vertebrae in their neck.
This means they can't just bend their long necks down to get a drink, they have to splay out their front legs and stoop to get their heads that low. Giraffes are usually safe from predators, but having their head at a level vulnerable to crocodiles and lions can be dangerous. Because of this, they usually drink in small groups, with one bending down for water while the rest keep guard. They take turns and then wait another few days before drinking again. In a safe environment like a zoo, giraffes drink up to 10 gallons of water per day. Their reliance on water is the only chink in their armor, a testament to the magnificent evolutionary oddity that is the giraffe.
Also Check Out → Tardisgrade in Space Facts
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When implementing a system that requires performance, we sometimes use NIFs, a mechanism for calling higher-performance C code from Elixir. NIFs perform better than Port, another mechanism to call C. However, they have the disadvantage that if they crash, the entire Erlang VM will be abnormally terminated, even under Supervisor's control. This defect is a significant obstacle when building fault-tolerant systems.
This talk shows three points to describe robust NIFs:
- Appropriately set a conditional branch where each function call may return an uncertain value.
- Perform error handling according to general conventions.
- Make assertions that specify implicit preconditions and raise exceptions for Supervisor to handle. This talk also shows how to improve performance even with such robustness and fault tolerance and build NIFs for various platforms.
- Present that NIFs are mechanisms for calling higher-performance C code from Elixir.
- Also, present that though Supervisor realizes fault tolerance, ordinal NIFs hinder it.
- Provide three tips on enabling Supervisor to achieve fault tolerance even with NIFs.
- Anyone who has interested in how to describe NIFs with fault-tolerance.


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STEM in Action® The Great Toy Design Challenge - Online Resources
Students explore and conduct tests to identify materials based on their physical properties. By using critical thinking, communication, and collaboration to build a toy prototype, students prepare for essential skills of the 21st century. Students work through the Engineering Design Process – to learn the value of rethinking and supporting multiple solutions.
Help for The Great Toy Design Challenge
Facilitating STEM in the Classroom, Part I
How can you inspire students to become innovators and problem solvers? Watch this testimony to learn how easy it is to increase student engagement and egnite their passion for STEM.
Facilitating STEM in the Classroom, Part II
What can you expect from doing a STEM activity? Find out how students will react when they collaborate as a team using the Engineering Design Process


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Described in this paper are the synthesis, characterization and catalytic application of H-ZSM-5 zeolites for the conversion of CH3Br into aromatics. The H-ZSM-5 zeolites were fabricated by hydrothermal crystallization using n-butylamine (BTA) as a template and characterized by XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD techniques. The effects of batch SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, alkalinity, NaCl/Al2O3 ratio, seed crystals, and crystallization time on the yield, structure/texture and catalytic performance were systematically studied. Adopting the optimum sol (SiO2/Al2O3 = 70, BTA/SiO2 = 0.2847, Na2O/SiO2 = 0.1237, H2O/SiO2 = 37.4, NaCl/Al2O3 = 60, and seed/SiO2 = 5 wt%) and under the most preferable crystallization conditions of 100 °C/24 h–170 °C/24 h, H-ZSM-5 zeolites of high crystallinity and small size (300–700 nm) were obtained. Good catalytic performance was observed over the H-ZSM-5 zeolites (aromatic yield up to 44.2%). However, unlike the modification of large commercial HZSM-5, the use of MoO3 or PbO as modifying agents for the small-size H-ZSM-5 zeolites results in a decline of catalytic performance. The relationship between the structure and the catalytic efficiency of as-synthesized H-ZSM-5 samples were investigated. It was found that with crystallinity enhancement and/or decline in crystal size, there is improvement of catalytic performance.
Arakawa, H, Aresta, M, Armor, JN, Barteau, MA, Beckman, EJ, Bell, AT, Bercaw, JE, Creutz, C, Dinjus, E, Dixon, DA, Domen, K, DuBois, DL, Eckert, J, Fujita, E, Gibson, DH, Goddard, WA, Goodman, DW, Keller, J, Kubas, GJ, Kung, HH, Lyons, JE, Manzer, LE, Marks, TJ, Morokuma, K, Nicholas, KM, Periana, R, Que, L, Rostrup-Nielson, J, Sachtler, WMH, Schmidt, LD, Sen, A, Somorjai, GA, Stair, PC, Stults, BR, Tumas, W (2001) Chem Rev. 101:953.


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In this work the questions concerning the influence of pollutants on the water bioresources of the Dnipro (Zaporizhzhia) reservoir are considered. The results of researches of fish pollution in the Dnipro (Zaporizhzhia) reservoir concerning natural and artificial radionuclides are presented. The general β-activity is determined, the levels of accumulation of natural and artificial radionuclides by hydrobionts are established. The limits of their distribution between organs and in the body of individual fish species, depending on the type of food they eat, are given. The results of general β-activity in fish organs, depending on their type of food, are presented. The conducted studies of the content of radioactive contamination of hydrobionts in the reservoirs indicate that the increase in the content of radionuclides in the body depends on the type of food and the intensity of migration of radionuclides.
The determined indicators of the status of aquatic organisms allow to establish the fish response to increased radioactive contamination, provide an opportunity to estimate the levels of accumulation of radionuclides in the organism of fish and their distribution in organs.


common bond in a sentence
Example sentences for common bond
Most importantly, you need to share the common bond of concern for fellow motorcyclists.
Having a vision gives us a common bond and purpose to strive for.
Their common bond is a desire to share their life experiences with kids who need help.
Competencies create a common bond of understanding and a common language for discussing performance.
The mill is constructed of brick perimeter walls laid in common bond and heavy timber framework.
Famous quotes containing the word common bond
There was a time when all these things would have passed me by, like the flitting figures of a theatre, sufficient for t... more
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text:
St Mark's VET studies — Textbook Information
Textbook list for 10348NAT Graduate Certificate in Professional Supervision (Clinical) (Pastoral) 2017
- Supervision In The Helping Professions (Supervision in Context) 4th Revised ed. Edition by Hawkins, Peter Shohet, Robin Hawkins (For clinical AND pastoral streams)
- Pastoral Supervision – A Handbook. Leach, J. and Patterson, M. (2015) SCM Press: London.(For pastoral stream only)
CSU School of Theology — Textbook Information
Textbook list for Session 2 2017 (updated 9 May 2017)Download the textbook list in PDF and Word.
Ordering Text Books
The School of Theology does not order its texts through the University Co-op Bookshop as we order in small quantities. Students need to find texts through book shops or online stores. The following websites have proven to be good sources for purchasing School of Theology texts:
St Mark's on-campus students may also like to buy or order through the following local Christian bookshops:
- Catholic Bookshop: Favier House, 51 Cooyong St, Braddon. Ph: 6201 9888
- Koorong Books: Unit 1/26 Maryborough St, Fyshwick. Ph: 6280 34
Preparing to study theology
God, by degrees is written for students of academic theology, written by a community of teachers who share a common experience of engaging with generations of new students who are simultaneously bemused, thrown off balance and energized by the new world they are discovering. In wide-ranging but simply expressed chapters students are led through the essentials of preparing for and undertaking theology study.
The book is divided into three parts. The first section is an exploration of principles that lie behind the study of theology, such as faith, doubt, discipline and the importance of community. The second and third parts are more practical, presenting a range of study skills that guide students in preparation and production of theological assignments. Helpful appendices, introduced by one student's testimony, include useful texts and websites, a guide for referencing, a template for exegesis and a glossary of theological terms.
'Journey' is a central metaphor in the book, acknowledging that all of us are still travelling in our quest to know God. God, by degrees implies that academic theological study is nonetheless incremental. This book provides an essential and practical guide along the way.
About the editor
The Rev'd Dr Jeanette Mathews teaches Old Testament subjects in the School of Theology in Charles Sturt University and is based at St Mark's National Theological Centre in Canberra. She is an ordained Baptist Minister.


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Thermal processing of foods results in proteins undergoing conformational changes, aggregation, and chemical modification notably with sugars via the Maillard reaction. This can impact their functional, nutritional, and allergenic properties. Native size-exclusion chromatography with online electrospray mass spectrometry (SEC-ESI-MS) was used to characterize processing-induced changes in milk proteins in a range of milk products. Milk products could be readily grouped into either pasteurized liquid milks, heavily processed milks, or milk powders by SEC behavior, particularly by aggregation of whey proteins by thermal processing. Maillard modification of all major milk proteins by lactose was observed by MS and was primarily present in milk powders. The method developed is a rapid tool for fingerprinting the processing history of milk and has potential as a quality control method for food ingredient manufacture. The method described here can profile milk protein oligomeric state, aggregation, and Maillard modification in a single shot, rapid analysis. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
- Milk proteins


text:
archaeological dig at Scotts Landing, Eggemoggin Reach
Fri, 06 March 2009 14:28
Archaeologists unearth paleo-Indian artifacts at Island Heritage Trust site in the summer of 2006
Ancient Materials Come to Light in Scott's Landing Archaeological Dig
Holding artifacts that not seen the light of day for over 2,000 years, a group of amateur and professional archaeologists unearthed ancient materials from a shell midden illustrating life in the Early Archaic and Ceramic periods of Deer Isle's paleo-Indian ancestors at Scott's Landing this summer.
Blessed with good weather, over 20 amateur archaeologists and islanders dug and meticulously screened a small patch of the island's newest preserve in late June and early July. After a lecture and welcoming meal at Ann and Roger Hooke's the night before, Cox led his own archaeological team and the community participants through an enthralling but exhausting sunup to sun-down field school on the shores of Eggemoggin Reach.
Cox's team has worked with him on many other digs so they were paired up with community members to learn proper archaeological field techniques and how to recognize materials such as stone tools, pottery, food remains, and cultural features such as hearths and tent floors. Cox and others taught the more inexperienced participants how to record and interpret results and protect fragile artifacts for future study.
From the photo of the materials, one can see how crucial it is when excavating a site that everything be carefully removed from a site and its location recorded with precision.
Many community members remarked on the effort expended and time needed to protect the detailed history and important information that is available in a professionally supervised dig.
IHT President and anthropologist Bill Haviland says in his book, Deer Isle's Original People, that "Once taken out of context, objects by themselves tell us next to nothing. Thus to dig around in archaeological sites looking for relics destroys them and the information they contain as effectively as if they were bulldozed into oblivion."
He goes to say that Paleo-indian sites are generally "very small briefly but repeatedly by small groups of people; perhaps 1 or 2 families together."
Often the sites were used for seasonal camping, fishing and harvesting for a highly mobile people who worked closely in clans and small units.
Steve Cox will be providing an in-depth public lecture about the findings of the Scott's Landing sometime in the fall of 2007.
Many thanks to Ken and Marnie Reed Crowell for their key role in creating this great opportunity for Deer Isle and the IHT and to the Bar Harbor Bank and Trust and the Island Education Foundation and other donors who underwrote the cost of the field school.
Dr. Steve Cox has over three decades of field school experience and has led excavations for the Maine State Museum and the Abbe Museum. He is currently an Adjunct Curator for the Maine State Museum.
Cox's team included Betsy Webster, Diane Kopec, Donna Madonna, Jacob Freedman, Laurie Labar, Robert and Sandy Lewis, Robin Marion, Stephanie Wagner, and Susan Blaisdell.
Community members were 18 year-old islanders Greta Avis and Brittany Pottle, Joanie Banks, teachers Pam Cohen and Stephanie Lee, Tom and Marilyn Mehalic, Cathy Hart, Wilson Museum Director Patty Hutchins, Ken Schweikert, and Marion Foss.


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Message Phenomenon refers to communication with supernatural, extraterrestrial, and/or spiritual beings. This includes Signs from Spirit, events which have a meaningful significance to the observer or experiencer. Referred to as Messages from Heaven or Messages from the Dead. This includes the appearance of physical objects seemingly placed in the observers path such as feathers, crystals, coins (pennies from heaven). Can also include the appearance of rainbow, bird or butterfly or other insect. May also include telephone calls, text messages (or other forms of instant messaging) from a deceased loved one.
Also related to this phenomenon is the idea that supernatural beings routinely influence the thoughts of humans which then leads to creative expressions which then prove to be prophetic. An example of this is the novella, The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility, by Morgan Robertson, the plot of which is eerily similar to the sinking of the RMS Titanic.


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Definitions for Argumentˈɑr gyə mənt
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ar•gu•ment*ˈɑr gyə mənt(n.)
an oral disagreement; contention; altercation.
a discussion involving differing points of view; debate.
a process of reasoning; series of reasons.
a statement, reason, or fact for or against a point:
a strong argument.
discourse intended to persuade.
subject matter; theme.
an abstract or summary of the major points of a literary work or sections of such a work.
Math. an independent variable of a function. the angle made by a given vector with the reference axis. the angle corresponding to a point representing a given complex number in polar coordinates.
Ref: Also called amplitude. 7
* Syn: argument, controversy, dispute imply the expression and discussion of differing opinions. An argument usu. arises from a disagreement between two persons, each of whom advances facts supporting his or her point of view: an argument over a debt. A controversy is usu. a public expression of contrary opinions; it may be dignified and of some duration: a political controversy. A dispute is an oral contention, usu. brief, and often of an angry or undignified character: a heated dispute between neighbors.
Origin of argument:
1325–75; ME (< OF) < L argūmentum. See argue, -ment
a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true
"it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
controversy, contention, contestation, disputation, disceptation, tilt, argument, arguing(noun)
a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement
"they were involved in a violent argument"
argument, argumentation, debate(noun)
a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal
"the argument over foreign aid goes on and on"
argument, literary argument(noun)
a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie
"the editor added the argument to the poem"
(computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program
a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable
argumentation, logical argument, argument, line of reasoning, line(noun)
a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning
"I can't follow your line of reasoning"
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
argument(noun)ˈɑr gyə mənt
an angry disagreement
an argument about who would pay; to have an argument; You're always getting into arguments.
argumentˈɑr gyə mənt
reasons sb gives to support an opinion
the argument for/against going to war
A fact or statement used to support a proposition;.
A series of propositions organized so that the final proposition is a conclusion which is intended to follow logically from the preceding propositions, which function as premises.
, or reference to a value, passed to a function.
Parameters are like labeled fillable blanks used to define a function whereas arguments are passed to a function when calling it, filling in those blanks.
in a function definition; an actual parameter, as opposed to a formal parameter.
Any of the phrases that bears a syntactic connection to the verb of a clause.
a reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it
a process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation
the subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem
matter for question; business in hand
the quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction
the independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends
to make an argument; to argue
The Foolish Dictionary, by Gideon Wurdz
Breaking and entering the ear, assault and battery on the brain and disturbing the peace.
Translations for Argument
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a quarrel or unfriendly discussion
They are having an argument about/over whose turn it is.
- خِلاف، نِزاعArabic
- discussãoPortuguese (BR)
- pře, sporCzech
- der StreitGerman
- مشاجره؛ جدلFarsi
- וִכּוּח,וִיכּוּח, רִיבHebrew
- deila, rifrildiIcelandic
- discussione; liteItalian
- strīds; diskusijaLatvian
- krangel, tretteNorwegian
- مشاجره؛ جدلPersian
- مشاجره کول، جروبحث کولPashto
- polemika, sporSlovak
- tartışma, münakaşaTurkish
- 爭論Chinese (Trad.)
- sự cãi nhauVietnamese
- 争论Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for Argument »


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ECPE vocabulary practice test 72 of 98 Vocabulary Workshop
HOW TO PRACTISE: There is a practice question below. Select one of the options and you will immediately see the result. Next, click on the golden "Next Question" button at the bottom of the result. This way questions will appear one after another.
Question 1 of 10: What is the meaning of "pragmatic"?
2. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precarious"?
(a) 1. something that is not certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which is entirely safe and secure
(b) 1. something that is not certain 2. clear and definite 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
(c) 1. something that is entirely certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
(d) 1. something that is not certain 2. risky or subject to chance 3. something which lacks security and is in a possibly dangerous situation
3. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precede"?
(a) 1. to exist before something 2. to come before 3. to have a higher rank than someone
(b) 1. to come after something 2. to be of less importance
(c) 1. to take political action to formally declare independence and leave a country 2. to separate from a country
(d) 1. to suddenly appear 2. to appear in an unexpected place or at an unexpected time 3. to materialize
4. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precedent"?
(a) 1. a practice or act in the past which is used to justify a similar practice in the present
(b) 1. an event that comes after another important event 2. a result
(c) 1. the leader of a political party, a country, or an organization 2. a democratically elected leader
(d) 1. a feeling that something bad is going to happen in the near future 2. the sensation that something is amiss and that something negative is going to happen
5. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "preceding"?
(a) 1. after 2. in the end
(b) 1. in response to 2. as a result
(c) 1. before 2. prior to
(d) 1. on one hand 2. in contrast
6. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipice"?
(a) 1. a small steep side of a mountain or cliff, typically a short one 2. a preferable situation that could lead to success or joy 3. a very interesting situation
(b) 1. a very steep side of a factory or building, typically a short one 2. an uncertain situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very unfortunate situation
(c) 1. a very steep side of a home or building, typically a tall one 2. a confusing situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very confusing situation
(d) 1. a very steep side of a mountain or cliff, typically a tall one 2. a dangerous situation that could lead to harm or failure 3. a very dangerous situation
7. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipitate"?
(a) 1. prevent (something) from happening quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw upward; hurl upward 3. fall; fall upward suddenly and dramatically
(b) 1. cause (something) to happen slowly, rarely, expectedly, or maturely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw headlong; hurl upward 3. push; push downward suddenly and dramatically
(c) 1. cause (something) to happen quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. throw headlong; hurl downward 3. fall; fall downward suddenly and dramatically
(d) 1. attack (someone) to weaken quickly, suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely before expected, warranted, needed, or desired 2. catch headlong; hurl upward 3. throw; throw downward suddenly and dramatically
8. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precipitous"?
(a) 1. quite steep 2. occurring suddenly or dramatically
(b) 1. related to a specific division of a city for political or policing reasons 2. small-scale
(c) 1. gradually sloping 2. slightly inclined 3. going downhill at a slow pace
(d) 1. too forward or bold 2. open and willing to ask anyone anything 3. liberal to a point that is considered to be socially unacceptable
9. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "precise"?
(a) 1. desired by many 2. wanted 3. in fashion
(b) 1. coming before something 2. occurring directly before something else
(c) 1. necessary 2. required in order to do something or access something
(d) 1. accurate; exact 2. meticulous or exacting
10. ECPE Vocabulary: What is the meaning of "predecessor"?
(a) 1. a person who inspects labor issues 2. a labor investigator 3. someone who researches injury claims to confirm whether or not they are true
(b) 1. the current occupant of a post or a role 2. the person who occupies a role at this very time and age 3. something that comes after another related thing in the past
(c) 1. the previous occupant of a post or a role 2. something that comes before another related thing
(d) 1. a person who is in charge of processing credit card payments at a business or in a bank
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English Grammar Exercise Tips
The following simple English grammar tips and tricks will help you to learn and memorize English grammar rules and speak correctly. If you are on this site for English grammar practice, these tips will really help you. Let's start.
Invest your time in learning
It surely takes some time to learn English. There is no shortcut way to learn it. Some websites may say that they will teach you English in seven days or one month. These are false offers. Invest some time in learning and practicing. Your English skills will surely improve.
Speak, speak, and speak!
Try to speak English the same way you write it. Do not worry about grammatical mistakes. The more you practice, the less mistakes you will make and the more fluent you will be. So, practice daily and do not be afraid of grammatical errors.
Slow down your speaking speed
Your confidence will go down if you try to speak fluently from the very beginning. Give yourself some time. Start with slow speaking speed and increase your speed over time as you make more progress day by day. Slowing down speaking speed has another benefit — you will get enough time to make sentences in your mind before you speak.
The more you practice speaking, the more confident you will be.
Use Mobile apps
Luckily, there are many English learning apps available. Some are free and some are paid apps. If you are a smartphone user, you should install some of these apps in your mobile phone. You can at least install one app and start practicing. A mobile app is a very handy and useful thing to learn at your convenient time. You can start with free apps.
Install and use a dictionary app in your mobile
There are several free dictionary apps that will help you to learn proper pronunciation and new words. It is highly possible that your smartphone already has a dictionary installed. Use it or install a better one.
Try to get a good bilingual dictionary for better understanding. Besides using a mobile app, you can buy and use a good


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Our client is an organization operating in rural parts of Western Kenya. Due to the rural set-up and challenges associated therewith, all applicants should have a personal commitment to working with the vulnerable community.
1. Purpose of the Position
Monitor progress and impact of the various projects and interventions implemented by the organization and provide feedback to implementers and stakeholders. Strengthen the M&E function and facilitate learning from M&E throughout the organization and within the community.
- T.1 Provide overall guidance, mentorship and supervision to M & E staff, to ensure successful implementation of M & E plan and activities and to meet targets.
- T.1 Guide M & E staff to help them achieve timely implementation of project work plans according to quarterly and annual targets, activities and goals.
- T.2 Conduct regular project performance reviews for M & E staff.
- T.3 Provide quality and timely delivery of all projects reports, in their agreed format, as required by donors, the Executive Director and the Board.
- T.4 Put forward new program ideas and/or recommendations for improvement of existing programs to the management, based on learning from M&E.
- T.5 Provide timely advice to the Management team on issues likely to affect/impact project implementation.
- T.6 Interpret and implement government policies that affect M & E activities.
- T.7 Coordinate and Participate in integrating lessons learnt into ongoing and new projects undertaking.
- T.8 Participate in developing program concept notes, proposals and development of log frames for donor funding.
- T.9 Advise the Management about key development forums and other networks that might serve RWMT achieve its overall objectives.
- T.10 Work with Project staff and stakeholders (where relevant) to revise existing and create new monitoring and evaluation tools, strategies and framework for RWMT as required.
- T.11 Work with staff to develop M & E plans and tools for the departments and other RWMT program staff, including management reports.
- T.12 Develop a quality and feedback system for Training and Resource Centre and assist in ensuring the feedback from students / Stakeholders is tracked, collected and analyzed
- T.1 Maintain and keep up to date and accurate summaries of field records, reports of activities and beneficiaries according to the organization's M&E reporting requirements.
- T.2 Coordinate and participate in field data collection, analysis, monitoring and reporting on indicators as per the agreed Monitoring and Evaluation Framework.
- T.3 Ensure the integrity of information collected and presented, and not compromised in any way whatsoever.
- T.4 Undertake quality control of information from the community as well as from departments and sub-departments.
- T.5 Ensure that all M&E databases are accurate and up to date.
- T.6 Supervise proper filling and documentation processes of the M & E documents.
- T.7 Maintain back-up secure electronic M & E files
- T.8 Coordinate and carry out specialized data processing tasks as needed.
- T.1 Maintain follow-up and feedback system to ensure efficient processes
- T.2 Actively maintain the internal referral system to ensure beneficiaries are provided with maximum support from the organization's various expertise
- T.1 Actively participate in the Saturday Psycho-Social Support Program for Orphaned and Vulnerable Children and build the community's capacity to eventually run the program on their own.
3. Knowledge, Skills and Abilities: (The knowledge, skills, and abilities may be required through a combination of formal schooling, self –education and prior experience or on – the –job –training.)
a) Level of education:
- At least a degree in any Social Science discipline that focuses on Monitoring and Evaluation.
- Demonstrated knowledge and understanding of project monitoring and evaluation.
- Understanding of current trends in M&E.
- At least 3 years-experience in a similar position
- Experience in designing tools and strategies for data collection, analysis and production of reports;
- Demonstrated experience gathering, analyzing and reporting both quantitative and qualitative data in multiple formats.
- Keen attention to details with strong analytical skills.
- Experience in data organization and management.
- Proficiency in computer applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint and Outlook express including statistical packages and database development;
- Good interpersonal skills with ability to build personal relationships with and mentor the community, beneficiaries, senior government officials and staff.
- Strong communication, presentation and report writing, negotiation, and administration skills.
- Must have a valid Motorbike license and be able to ride the motorbike
How to Apply
Applicants should send their applications with attached CVs to [email protected] with Monitoring & Evaluation as subject of the email.


taskPilot – a tool for mentoring and motivating pilots.
Helping newly minted solo pilots move on to flying cross country is perhaps a bigger hurdle than learning to fly in the first place.
New pilots embarking on free flights are limited by the lack of a goal and a way to analyse their performance and measure their improvements.
It is well known that taking off with a proper goal in the form of a task, however simple, means the pilot lands back with a sense of success not found after an aimless free flight.
To help with this transition to cross country, taskPilot is based around the concept of gliding clubs running leagues amongst their pilots, scored using racing and AAT style tasks set up for varying experience levels and weather conditions.
A pilot can choose a suitable task, then access information created by experienced pilots about possible ways to do the task, review landout options and so on, and create a goal and a plan for the flight, rather than taking off and free flying and not going anywhere in particular.
On return pilots load up the igc file from their flight which is scored automatically using a simple time and handicapped distance scheme, then displayed on the club league table.
Pilots can opt for privacy if they want. Unless set to private, all flights are available for anyone to view.
Pilots then have a way of measuring how well they performed. Traces can be reviewed and compared with other pilot's traces to seek ways to improve.
Where clubs have a single seater which is flown by a number of pilots for an hour or so each, then short local tasks can be set up for, e.g. the 'LS4 class', which are speed only, again so pilots take off with a plan.
It is believed that by giving pilots these tools to measure and improve their performance, and enabling them to land back with a sense of achievement, will maintain their interest, hopefully moving on to longer flights, even competitions.
And keep them in the sport.
Click on 'Help' on the top menu bar and choose 'Help with demo' This will take you to log on details along with a walkthrough of the main features.
If gliding clubs want to get access to this app, use the contact menu bar option and send in your details.


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TakeAPart: Japan Tobacco International in Zimbabwe
Alleged Violations of Tobacco Control and Other Laws
Tobacco companies aggressively block, weaken, and undermine policies designed to protect public health and reduce tobacco use, and at times they may work outside of countries' laws.
Call for a government investigation into Japan Tobacco International's actions today!
How Tobacco companies violate laws
Tobacco companies aggressively block, weaken, and undermine policies designed to protect public health and reduce tobacco use, and at times they may work outside of Bangladesh's laws. In multiple cases tobacco companies have been found guilty of violating laws to ensure they are as profitable as possible.
In Zimbabwe, children as young as 11 were found to work on Zimbabwean tobacco farms. The law sets 16 as the minimum age for children to work in any sector and prohibits children under 18 from performing hazardous work. In 2016, Human Rights Watch contacted 31 tobacco companies, including the eight companies that accounted for 86 percent of the tobacco purchase market share in Zimbabwe as well as several companies with whom they had previously corresponded regarding child labor on tobacco farms in other countries, including Japan Tobacco International.
No company that responded to Human Rights Watch indicated that they conduct any type of human rights due diligence in the auction system. None of the companies contacted publish sufficient information on their websites or otherwise. Publishing clear, comprehensive information about a company's monitoring system is an essential component of effective due diligence and sends a message that companies are willing to be accountable when human rights abuses are found in their supply chain.
Human Rights Watch found that while companies made an effort to provide overviews and some details of their efforts in response to our inquiries, they did not disclose sufficient information to allow for external stakeholders to make an objective assessment as to whether a company is identifying key human rights problems, addressing them effectively, and improving human rights compliance in its supply chain.
Join the movement, spread the word.
Learn about the movement and how you can TakeAPart


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Fourier-transform interferometer used for acquiring the OPO idler and laser interferograms.
(a) Interferogram recorded after the methane cell and (b) the calibration laser interferogram. The insets show the fringes across a range in the center of the data set.
Superposition of idler spectra recorded before and after the methane gas cell for idler center wavelengths of (a) , (b) , and (c) .
(a) Methane transmission spectrum constructed from six individual spectral transmission measurements and (b) the EPA calculated methane spectrum with (inset) longer wavelength absorption features shown magnified 50 times.
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In college, therapists and assistants get very little education and training in the business and compliance aspect of outpatient physical, occupational and/or speech therapy services. If they do, it is usually limited to the basics of CPT coding, documentation and perhaps, some billing. In addition, many office managers and billing staff do not receive the proper education and training regarding when a Medicare beneficiary can be held financially liable for payment for outpatient therapy services. This webinar will focus solely on the advance beneficiary notice of noncoverage (ABN) form and will answer the following questions regarding the ABN:
- In what formats can I issue an ABN?
- Can I use the ABN form for my Medicare Advantage patients?
- Can I issue an ABN if I am not enrolled in the Medicare program?
- When can I issue an ABN to a Medicare beneficiary?
- When is an ABN not required to be issued to a Medicare beneficiary?
- How does the annual therapy threshold and targeted medical review impact me issuing an ABN?
- How do I complete the ABN completely and correctly?
- If Medicare ends up paying me for the services I thought they would deny, how soon must I refund the patient?
- When would I issue a voluntary ABN to a Medicare beneficiary?
- What is the difference between Option #1 and Option #2 in Section G of the ABN form?
- How does the Qualified Medicare Beneficiary Program that some Medicare beneficiaries are enrolled in effect the completion of the ABN and my ability to collect payment from the Medicare beneficiary?
At the conclusion of this webinar presentation, participants will be able to:
- List the formats in which an ABN may be delivered to a Medicare beneficiary
- Demonstrate how to correctly complete an ABN and issue it to a Medicare beneficiary
- Calculate the estimated cost to the Medicare beneficiary that you expect Medicare to deny
- Identify when it is and is not appropriate to issue an ABN to a Medicare beneficiary
- Describe the difference between the 3 Options in Section G of the ABN form
- Differentiate the differences in the completion of a mandatory ABN versus a voluntary ABN
- Explain how the annual therapy threshold and targeted medical review impact your decision on issuing an ABN
- Recognize when you can and can't collect payment from a Medicare beneficiary when an ABN has been issued
- Recall the timeframe in which you must refund payment to a Medicare beneficiary if Medicare ends up paying for the service(s) you thought they were going to deny
- Discuss how a Medicare beneficiary who is enrolled in the Qualified Medicare Beneficiary Program (QMB) may not be financially responsible even if an ABN was issued
ABOUT THE SPEAKER:
Rick Gawenda, P.T., graduated in 1991 with a Bachelor of Science in Physical Therapy from Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. Mr. Gawenda is currently the President and founder of Gawenda Seminars & Consulting, Inc. He has provided valuable education and consulting to hospitals, rehabilitation agencies, private practices, nursing homes, and his peers in the areas of CPT and ICD-10 coding, billing, documentation, reimbursement, and compliance as it pertains to outpatient therapy services as well as denial management and the appeals process for Medicare denied claims. Mr. Gawenda's website, _URL_, provides a valuable source of information on rehabilitation rules and regulations, coding, documentation, and reimbursement.
Mr. Gawenda is a member of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and Michigan Physical Therapy Association (MPTA). Mr. Gawenda is the Past President of the Section on Health Policy & Administration of the APTA as well as Past President of the Michigan Association of Medical Rehabilitation Program Administrators.
Mr. Gawenda is also the author of "The How-To Manual for Rehab Documentation: A Complete Guide to Increasing Reimbursement and Reducing Denials" and "Coding and Billing For Outpatient Rehab Made Easy: Proper Use of CPT Codes, ICD-9 Codes and Modifiers".
Physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, speech-language pathologists, private practice owners and practice administrators, billing companies, office managers at private practices, as well as compliance officers, risk managers, directors, managers, supervisors, and billers in skilled nursing facilities, hospital outpatient therapy departments, rehabilitation agencies, home health agencies, and comprehensive outpatient rehabilitation facilities.
In addition to the expertise and advice presented during this webinar conference, you'll also receive a handout (in PDF format) that will include related reference links.
A certificate of attendance will be available upon purchase of the webinar and may be adequate for credit in some states; you will need to contact your state licensing regulatory body to determine whether or not credit will be granted for this webinar conference listened to via a playback link of the live presentation that occurred on October 21, 2021.
LENGTH OF TIME FOR PLAYBACK or AUDIO FILES:
Time: Approximately 1 hour and 23 minutes (including Q&A time recorded)
There are no refunds for no shows or any other reasons once you register and payment is received. We are not responsible for organization firewalls or computer software issues that may interfere and/or prohibit your connection to the webinar portion of the presentation.
Venue system requirements:
- Microsoft Internet Explorer 7+, Mozilla Firefox 2.5+, Safari, or Chrome
- 1024 x 768 screen resolution
- Stable Internet connection, DSL or above
- Wired Internet connection; wireless is not recommended
- Flash Player 9 or higher
- Disable pop-up blockers
- Computer speakers for participants
Note: Android Smart Phones (i.e. iPhone) are not compatible.
In order to ensure a successful connection to the playback webinar link, please take a moment to conduct a system test by clicking this link: _URL_
***Application Sharing does not need to be operational in order to view this webinar playback link.
*** This WEBINAR PLAYBACK LINK and HANDOUTS is not to be distributed outside of your organization. If you have a larger organization and have multiple locations, then please contact us here for pricing.


Why is it Worth your While to know how to Record your Mac Screen?
Record your Mac Screen: Apple's Macs stand tall in front of all of their rivals in the industry, thanks to their powerful combination of hardware and software. The integration between both aspects is seamless, which is one of the primary reasons millions of individuals prefer Macs compared to other devices. macOS, the operating system that exclusively powers Macs, leaves no stone unturned when providing its users the best features and functionalities.
Record your Mac Screen:
With every new update, the features and functionalities of the operating system get better and thus facilitate users to have a smooth and flawless user experience. According to Apple, the new macOS Ventura update will bring significant changes to numerous native utilities such as Safari, Mail, Spotlight, etc.
Speaking of native utilities, one of the most useful features that macOS offers users is the ability to record their screen and save it. Screen recording is a great feature that facilitates users to record their computer screen's content and save or share it with others. Record your Mac Screen: Besides offering a utility for screen recording, macOS also supports numerous advanced screen recording tools that provide users the feature to record their screen, edit the recorded data, and share it over numerous platforms. This article will focus on the methods following which macOS users can record their device's screen and list down the reasons why screen recording is such a great tool. So, let us dive right into it:
How to Record Your Mac Screen:
If you are a macOS user and wish to record your Mac's screen along with the audio, there are two major ways following which you can do so. You can either perform Mac screen recording using the native QuickTime Player of macOS or opt for a third-party macOS-compatible screen recording application. Here is a detailed look at both the methods:

 - Using QuickTime Player

QuickTime Player is the native screen capture utility of macOS, and it performs exceptionally well when recording the screen's content and audio. Users can record their Mac's screen using the app in two ways, i.e., either by using the default keyboard shortcut or by enabling the functionality manually. If you want to opt for the later one, you can conveniently do so by opening the app, navigating to the File Menu, clicking on the "New Screen Recording" option, and choosing the layout of the screen after enabling the audio recording option present in the "Options" menu.

 - Using Third-Party Applications

On the Mac's App Store, there are numerous screen recording applications that feature top-tier features, and tools are readily available. Even though most of them are paid applications, their advanced capabilities make them worthwhile for the user. Here are some of the most popular third-party screen recording tools available for macOS:

Clean Shot X – Clean Shot X is a great app that allows users to record their Mac's screen with a single click. It features a simple interface and allows users to record their screen's audio and video. Besides this, the app allows users to add their camera feed to the recording. It is a great third-party application that works seamlessly on Macs.

Capto – Capto is another great third-party utility that facilitates users to record their Mac screen's content without hassle. The best part about the app is that it offers in-built editing tools that users can use to amplify the appearance of their Mac screen's recording. Moreover, it also offers the option to record video using the webcam along with the audio.
Why Should Every User Know How to Record Their Mac's Screen?
Millions of people all around the globe use Macs as their daily drivers for performing numerous tasks seamlessly, such as working, consuming content, programming, etc. Screen recording is a great functionality that facilitates further enhancing their productivity. Besides this, there are numerous reasons why screen recording is a great feature. Here are some of the most prominent ones:

 - Screen recording helps users to record and share information with others. It is a great tool for receiving and implementing feedback. For instance, if you are in charge of a team of employees and wish to demonstrate how to fix an error, you can record your Mac's screen and present a step-by-step procedure following which they can resolve the issue without hassle.

 - Screen Recording facilitates users to save vital information on their Macs. For instance, if there is a good video on the Internet, but there is no option to download it, you can save it by playing it and recording your Mac's screen. Similarly, you can also save podcasts, clips, or any other multimedia content you like.

 - You can create numerous varieties of content using the screen recording functionality on your Mac. For example, if you wish to create DIY series on a topic or want to create your programming tutorial, you can record your Mac's screen and get the job done easily.

Record your Mac Screen: Screen recording is an exceptional tool that opens many opportunities for users. If you wish to record your Mac's screen easily, follow the steps mentioned above.


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Agriculture and Environment: Cotton
Carcinogenic dyes & chemicals
On the processing and manufacturing side, the use of industrial chemicals is of concern, especially those associated with dyeing textiles and finishing clothes. These chemicals affect not only the environment but also workers in the processing and apparel industries. Of particular concern is the use of carcinogenic dyes and chemicals, especially azo dyes.
Other important concerns
At the producer level, the main environmental impacts from cotton production in order of importance include use of agrochemicals, water use, soil erosion and degradation, freshwater contamination, and habitat conversion and the associated loss of biodiversity.


Index: The Book of Statistical ProofsProbability Distributions ▷ Univariate continuous distributions ▷ Log-normal distribution ▷ Probability density function
Theorem: Let $X$ be a random variable following a log-normal distribution:
\[\label{eq:lognorm} X \sim \ln \mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma^2) \; .\]
Then, the probability density function of $X$ is given by:
\[\label{eq:lognorm-pdf} f_X(x) = \frac{1}{x \sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \cdot \mathrm{exp} \left[ -\frac{\left( \ln x -\mu \right)^2}{2 \sigma^2} \right] \; .\]
Proof: A log-normally distributed random variable is defined as the exponential function of a normal random variable:
\[\label{eq:lognorm-def} Y \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu,\sigma^2) \; \quad \Rightarrow \quad X = \mathrm{exp} (Y) \sim \ln \mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma^2) \; .\]
The probability density function of the normal distribution is
\[\label{eq:norm-pdf} f_X(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \cdot \mathrm{exp} \left[ -\frac{\left( x -\mu \right)^2}{2 \sigma^2} \right] \; .\]
Writing $X$ as a function of $Y$ we have
\[\label{eq:X-Y} X = g(Y) = \mathrm{exp} (Y) \;\]
with the inverse function
\[\label{eq:Y-X} Y = g^{-1}(X) = \ln (X) \; .\]
Because the derivative of $\exp (Y)$ is always positive, $g(Y)$ is strictly increasing and we can calculate the probability density function of a strictly increasing function as
\[\label{eq:pdf-sifct} f_X(x) = \left\{ \begin{array}{rl} f_Y(g^{-1}(x)) \, \frac{\mathrm{d}g^{-1}(x)}{\mathrm{d}x} \; , & \text{if} \; x \in \mathcal{X} \\ 0 \; , & \text{if} \; x \notin \mathcal{X} \end{array} \right.\]
where $\mathcal{X} = \left\lbrace x = g(y): y \in \mathcal{Y} \right\rbrace$. With the probability density function of the normal distribution, we have
\[\label{eq:pdf-X} \begin{split} f_X(x) &= f_Y(g^{-1}(x))\cdot \frac{dg^{-1}(x)}{dx} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma} \cdot \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{g^{-1}(x)-\mu}{\sigma} \right)^2 \right] \cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}g^{-1}(x)}{\mathrm{d}x} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma} \cdot \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{(\ln x)-\mu}{\sigma} \right)^2 \right] \cdot \frac{\mathrm{d}(\ln x)}{\mathrm{d}x} \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma} \cdot \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{ \ln x -\mu}{\sigma} \right)^2 \right] \cdot \frac{1}{x} \\ &= \frac{1}{x \sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \cdot \exp \left[ - \frac{\left( \ln x -\mu\right)^2}{2 \sigma^2} \right] \end{split}\]
which is the probability density function of the log-normal distribution.
Sources:
Metadata: ID: P310 | shortcut: lognorm-pdf | author: majapavlo | date: 2022-02-13, 10:05.


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Background and methods: Chondroitin sulfate-chitosan (ChS-CS) nanoparticles and positively and negatively charged fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA)-loaded ChS-CS nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. The properties of ChS-CS nanoparticles, including cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and transepithelial transport, as well as findings on field emission-scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were evaluated in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) fibroblasts. ChS-CS nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 250 nm and zeta potentials ranging from -30 to +18 mV were prepared using an ionic gelation method.
Results: Standard cell viability assays demonstrated that cells incubated with ChS-CS and FITC-BSA-loaded ChS-CS nanoparticles remained more than 95% viable at particle concentrations up to 0.1 mg/mL. Endocytosis of nanoparticles was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. Ex vivo transepithelial transport studies using Caco-2 cells indicated that the nanoparticles were effectively transported into Caco-2 cells via endocytosis. The uptake of positively charged FITC-BSA-loaded ChS-CS nanoparticles across the epithelial membrane was more efficient than that of the negatively charged nanoparticles.
Conclusion: The ChS-CS nanoparticles fabricated in this study were effectively endocytosed by Caco-2 fibroblasts without significant cytotoxicity at high nanoparticle concentrations. ChS-CS nanoparticles represent a potential novel delivery system for the transport of hydrophilic macromolecules.
Keywords: cell uptake; chitosan; chondroitin sulfate; cytotoxicity; nanoparticles.


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Bali Impressions-Animals in and around your house or Hotel-Butterflies
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Plum Judye-Abisara geza-Nymphalidae
, Bali, Butterflies, vlinders, papillons, Plum Judye, Abisara geza, Nymphalidae
Native South East Asia Wingspan 5-6 cm
The genus Abisara belongs to the subfamily Riodininae. The butterflies are usually coloured a deep crimson brown, and has a characteristic way of flitting from leaf to leaf with half-opened wings.
Abisara geza niya is one of three species of the genus to have been observed in Singapore in recent years - the others being Abisara savitri savitri and Abisara saturata kausambioides. It can usually be found in shaded forest fringes, but is rather rare.
The butterfly is easily recognised by the pale subapical patch of the forewing and the black submarginal spots on the hindwing..
Caterpillar feed on:
Embelia laeta
Maesa japonica

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A new study conducted by Ball State University suggests that Indiana could generate 10,000 jobs if 25 percent of Hoosier waste is instead recycled. The Indiana Recycling Coalition paid for the study as it pushed for state leaders to release state funding that could improve local recycling options that would in turn provide high in demand materials to recycling companies.
"We size it, we clean it, and we sell it back to customers that turn it either into another bottle or into fiberglass insulation," said Curt Bucey, President and COO of Strategic Materials, the largest glass recycling company in the United States. One of his plants was built in Indianapolis 20 years ago, and he said he could handle 20 percent more glass.
"We'd add equipment, and we'd add jobs," said Bucey.
"While industry has developed around using recycled materials, and we have strong in-state demand for that material, what we haven't done is invest in collecting that material from residences and businesses across the state," said Carey Hamilton, an official with the Indiana Recycling Coalition.
Hamilton said the first step would be the release of some state funding among other policy changes. Indianapolis city officials agree.
'As the City of Indianapolis, we give approximately $135,000 a year to this fund that is created for recycling programs, and since 2009, they have only spent 10 percent of that budget," said Melody Park, Indianapolis Office of Sustainability Director.
The study also claims, while $6 million tons of material ends up in Indiana landfills and incinerators each year, less than 10 percent of it is truly trash.
Plus, Indiana takes waste from four neighboring states.
"We have extremely cheap disposal rates in Indiana so, we in some ways, subsidize more waste," said Hamilton.
"I need to know there is more material coming in, and then i would ramp up," said Bucey. "We have plants in California that recycle in one month what this plant does in an entire year."
Bucey also explained how the manufacturers that buy from him prefer recycled materials. "It conserves raw materials, saves energy for our customers, and it reduces air emissions," he said.
A representative with the governor's office said they are interested in looking at ways to improving Indiana's recycling rate that is described by the study as relatively low, but he would not elaborate.


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Welcome to the Bamberton Historical Society
Video #1 Introduction
Video #2 Ideas for making figures
Video #3 Construct a figure
Bamberton Museum & Bus Tours
Step back in time to the early 1900s and relive life at Bamberton, one of the most important industrial sites in BC's history.
Bambertonís Mystery History
This site traces the history of the cement industry at Bamberton, located on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. An industry that changed and shaped the skyline of BC's cities, the shoreline of its harbours, and even the flow of its rivers with the millions of tons of cement that poured forth from the Bamberton plant. It illustrates the strong role the company played in the lives of the thousands of workers and their families who lived in the village over the years. People whose lives were shaped by the fortunes of the cement industry from 1904 to 1982.
Using photos, maps, actual memories and informative text we hope to acquaint the viewer with the compelling story of Bamberton, a community that went from "Dust to Bust".
DUST TO BUST AND BACK
The history of Bamberton - first time in print! Order your copy using this form.


HomeOpinion & AnalysisReasons why we have bad Chinese deals
Reasons why we have bad Chinese deals
On a scale of one to 10, the next Chinese tender you will flip through in Zimbabwe is a bad deal. Call it the Sino effect.
That's not because China is incapable of good deals, no.
It's just that in Zimbabwe, pretty the same as in most of Africa, there are deliberate and naughty intentions to make deals bad where Chinese investments are concerned, as we ratchet with this nasty omen called Sino imperialism.
Sino imperialism — a nosy phrase meaning Chinese influence in Zimbabwe, Africa and elsewhere — comes in different shapes and sizes.
Get it good right from the start, China is not here to promote Chinese communism. Nobody is bothering about political ideology at all.
Sino-imperialism is a soft imperialism — as opposed to the brute and guns that brought western colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries, sprinkled with spiritual tales from the Bible that tamed the native mind and soul, what Karl Marx must have been thinking about when he talked about "the opium of the people".
Here, as elsewhere, it's been coming mostly as business investments, a money thing, if you like.
In the past, Sino imperialism was meant to counter US and Russian influence in Africa.
While Beijing still wants to prove a point or two against the USA as a super power today, its increasing presence in Africa is mainly a bread-and-butter issue.
China has a squirming two billion population, or thereabouts.
That's an awesomely dangerous situation if you won't be able to feed all those ravenous mouths and give the people jobs and markets for whatever trinkets they are producing.
If you can't get the raw materials to get local commerce running, you are damned too.
So, never mind the arrogance that is typical of Sino imperialism, Africa — read as the eating African elite, of course — is China's messiah.
The imperialism, advanced by China's state-owned enterprises and bits of private entities, comes in the form of investments and loans.
The Chinese are investing big time in road, sea and air transport, engineering, health, mining and oil, construction, agriculture and retail. But they are doing other things too.
The fact that state-owned enterprises are at the forefront of this Sino imperialism makes Beijing the real culprit of neo-imperialism.
They hardly do anything without a nod from the Communist Party of China which has ruled that sprawling country since Before Christ.
Besides selling you Sinovac and Sinopharm after authoring Covid-19, they are investing heavily in "cyber security".
These are the dudes that are helping Zimbabwe and others with smart gadgets that peep into your phone and laptop without asking you.
Some say they are helping the government steal elections too, and we heard much about that in 2013 when we held our last but one polls.
China is good at giving Africa loans, never free money.
Between 2000 and 2006, for instance, it lent US$125 billion to Africa, and, at the 2018 China-Africa cooperation conference, pledged a further US$60 billion in loans.
But China is a classic example of a loan shark, a giant Sherlock.
Once you take its money, you are finished.
It forces you to mortgage anything and everything. From your minerals and farmland to your political power and soul.
It sets very intricate conditions that reduce your country to modern-day servitude and penury.
That's how it almost took over the Kenyan port of Mombasa.
But the late John Magufuli saw through that and stopped the same happening in his own country
Magufuli stalled a US$10 billion deal that would have seen China Merchants Holdings International effectively take over a Tanzanian port and all that would come with this key asset.
When the Chinese come under the guise of foreign direct investment, they use what clever guys call purposeful isolation.
This is whereby they bring their own labourers, equipment, supervisors, etc.
And, when all is done, they remit every cent back home, save for the change that they use to bribe the local elites.
That brings in the major question. How are the Chinese managing to penetrate Zimbabwe and Africa with such ease and speed?
The major answer is — you must have guessed — corruption.
Here in Zimbabwe, the power elite hides behind a very thin phrase — all-weather friends.
They say China has supported Zimbabwe politically, financially and economically since the days of the struggle against western colonialism without wavering.
They say that makes China, Zimbabwe's trusted and eternal ally.
They cite such examples like when China, together with Russia, vetoed a United Nations arms embargo against Zimbabwe in 2008 after hotly disputed elections.
As if Zimbabwe is at war and needs weapons that much.
Or, in 2009, when the same duo vetoed out a motion on sanctions against Zimbabwe.
But that's a tall fib.
The truth is, China has found an easy target and pawn — not friend — in Zimbabwe, in its quest to find markets, foods and jobs in Africa to manage a potentially explosive population back home.
But then, what makes Zimbabwe a good pawn is the greed and corruption among those in power.
Here is what happens, generically.
A Chinese — often state-owned — company comes to Zimbabwe. Its directors identify key people who can make things happen.
They make use of their "grounds men" in Zimbabwe, the deal brokers who are making a living out of this.
They take them to a Chinese restaurant. They give them brown envelopes and then promise better money once the deal is done. It all depends on the kind of deal.
They take the minister or permanent secretary and parastatal heads or some other critical guys out for dinner.
Depending on the value of the projects, other more useful offices are involved.
After this, telephones start buzzing.
Respective procurement heads run around like native chickens. They get strange visitors at their offices. They are told what to do.
After that, tender and contract formalities follow.
The tenders are fixed. Deserving bidders are sidelined.
When they ask questions, they are told that this thing is coming from "high offices".
It doesn't matter whether or not the Chinese investors can do the job.
In fact, most of them can't, or haven't. And nobody is talking about the sensitivity of the job. Only the money is talking.
That is why almost every tender or contract with a Chinese signature is a bad deal.
Aviation communication, diamond mining, gold mining, farming, cement and tile production, shopping malls, steel, coal and power generation, you name it. Hundreds of them.
The bigger guys in the power elite can't do anything, largely.
That's where the politics comes in.
They know that China is holding them in its palm, literally.
More often than not, the government gets its politics wrong and attracts angry international responses.
When people protest, the protesters have to be "managed", for instance.
That usually attracts angry emotions from western embassies. And when matters come to a head, issues of human rights abuses go to the highest global offices, the UN in particular.
Without China — and Russia — the power elite would be finished because there would be no-one to veto for them.
So, what better thing to do than to let Sino imperialism fester?
 - Tawanda Majoni is the national coordinator at Information for Development Trust (IDT), and can be contacted on _EMAIL_
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LAURENCE CADBURY COLLECTION
Assembled at the beginning of the 20th century, the Laurence Cadbury Collection helps show what life was like in a 16th and 17th century house.
Dating from about 1500 to the early 1900s it comprises furniture and domestic objects, agricultural artefacts, armour, archives and decorative works.
On permanent display, the collection includes:
This would have been used in a church to store food that parishioners collected for the poor. The food would then be 'doled out' to them, hence the expression 'on the dole'.
16th CENTURY CHEST
Dating from 1520 our oldest chest is carved with ornate scenes depicting a variety of strange creatures and mythical beasts.
1592 TESTER BED
Plaited reeds or rushes were woven together to create a cover for the bed's rope supports. A feather mattress was probably placed on top.
This depicts Henry VIII's Surrey palace of Nonsuch. There was to be 'nonsuch' like it, but Henry died before it was completed.
A space-saving piece of furniture with an under-seat storage area and a top that folds down to form a table.
This large cupboard, dated 1673, was used for storing tableware.
A carved wooden Bible Box that stored objects of great value, most notably the family's Bible.
A 1713 cupboard with three sections; the top can be lifted down and used as a bench.
18ft OAK TABLE
Dating from the 1630s, this spectacular 18ft eight-legged table was brought from Crook Hall, Lancashire, in 1921.


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Sensors are essential components when setting up a data acquisition system for field recording. If a sensor is in the wrong orientation, the recording device may gather incorrect data, if any at all. Additionally, parsing through data will be complicated if the engineer does not document the position or orientation of the sensors.
Pre-recording planning will help to simplify recording and analysis, especially if the engineer is recording at multiple locations. Although plans rarely pan out exactly as intended, it is wise to consider the behavior of the device under test and what vibration is necessary to record before getting it out into the field.
It can be helpful to draw a preliminary diagram of the axes of vibration for the device under test. When the engineer gets to the field, this diagram can remind them how to orient their sensors and label them in the acquisition system. They should consider any surfaces they might wish to record, such as the undercarriage of a vehicle.
This type of diagram will help to keep axes consistent across recordings in different locations. Although engineers can label their axes differently at each location without affecting the data, the post-recording analysis will be challenging, particularly if comparing recordings at different locations.
Vibration Sensor Orientation
Engineers should mount single-axis sensors in the direction of the vibration they want to record. A single-axis sensor records data perpendicular to the mounting surface.
In the field, it is not always as simple as mounting the sensor in the direction of the excitation. A bump in the road may excite the suspension system in the z direction, but a window or mirror in the x direction. In the instance that the engineer doesn't know which direction the component will vibrate, a triaxial accelerometer can be beneficial.
A triaxial sensor records data in the x, y, and z directions. The face of the sensor has x, y, and z labels that the engineer can use to align with their diagram.
Even if the engineer is recording data to determine the response axis of a component, it is still beneficial to be consistent with the axes across recordings. Post-recording, they will quickly know which axis it is vibrating on and can compare the response to other locations.
Adjusting Sensor Orientations in VR Mobile
Sensors typically have a designated face for mounting, so the engineer can only manually rotate two of the three axes. If the engineer cannot mount the sensor in the same direction as the axes they've diagramed, they can change the axes in the software.
For example, due to spacing constraints, a sensor might only fit so that the y-axis label records the z-direction data (and vice versa). The engineer can switch the axes in the software so that the z-axis data appears under a z-axis label and the y-axis data appears under a y-axis label. Otherwise, the engineer will need to note that the data labeled as y-axis is z-axis data, which can quickly become confusing.
Engineers can re-label their sensors manually in the Inputs tab in VR Mobile. VR Mobile is a desktop/mobile device application that works in tandem with the ObserVR1000.
The Math Traces feature in ObserVIEW also includes a solution for rotating triaxial sensor channels to a new direction. It can adjust the desired direction of motion per axis using the angle of the mounted sensor. To change the data for a single rotation about the axis, follow the instructions in the Uses for Math Traces in ObserVIEW document.
VR Mobile also has an Invert option under its Inputs parameters. If the engineer must mount their sensor upside down due to space constraints, they can select Invert to invert the sensor's signal. Post-process, the positive and negative amplitudes will coincide with the typical orientation of the device under test.
Adding the axis to the channel name will make for easier analysis later. VR Mobile simplifies this process if a sensor has a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS). The user can select the Append Axes to Labels option under Inputs, and the software will add the axis to each channel name.
Sometimes, an x, y, or z-axis label is not as descriptive as a lateral, vertical, or longitudinal label. The engineer should use whichever is standard in their field, so long as they're consistent.
Sensors Online Course
If you are interested in learning more about selecting and using sensors for proper vibration control, Vibration Research has a free online course on Sensors for Vibration Testing.
Sensors VRU Course