Exploiting Software Integrity Checks with ROP
Exploiting Software Integrity Checks with ROP
Apr 12, 2023·
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Hello, today we will be exploring the use of ROP (Return Oriented Programming) to exploit computer software and bypass an increasingly common integrity / anti-tamper technique engineers are employing to protect 'critical' or 'high-value' methods inside of software programs.
Let's set up some definitions first.
ROP: Return-oriented programming (ROP) is a technique used in computer security exploits where an attacker leverages existing code in a program to execute malicious instructions. ROP attacks rely on finding small pieces of code within a program, called "gadgets", that end with a return instruction. The attacker chains together these gadgets by manipulating the program's stack in a way that causes the program to execute the gadgets in sequence. By combining these gadgets, the attacker can construct arbitrary code that the program will execute.
Gadget: A gadget is a small piece of code within a program that performs a specific function and ends with a return instruction. Gadget code is typically less than 15 instructions long and is often found within shared libraries or executable files. In a ROP attack, an attacker identifies useful gadgets and chains them together to construct arbitrary code. Gadgets can perform a variety of functions, such as loading data from memory, writing data to memory, performing arithmetic operations, and calling functions. The usefulness of a gadget depends on its location in memory, the values on the stack, and the values in registers at the time the gadget is executed.
It's important to mention briefly that ROP is only part of the puzzle when it comes to common integrity validation techniques used in production software. These types of approaches are easily mitigated by patching the program to not execute the control flow in place to validate return addresses and callee assembly. This method is usually paired with integrity checks such as program-wide hashing validation (CRC32/FNV1A) to protect the software from inline patching.
Keeping this in mind, we will be writing example software assuming these integrity checks are in place and that there may be other malicious actor detections in place to prevent us from directly manipulating the software.
Let's examine how a high-value method may be implemented to validate return address memory bounds and callee assembly enforcement (typically checking that the method was not invoked from a jmp, but expressly a 0xE8 (call)).
void call_me()
{
 uint64_t BaseAddress = (uint64_t)GetModuleHandle(NULL);
 uint64_t returnaddr;
 asm("mov 8(%%rbp),%0"
 : "=r"(returnaddr)
 :
 :);
 printf("Return address %p\n", returnaddr - BaseAddress);
 if (isAddressWithinMemory((void *)returnaddr))
 {
 printf("Return address is within our memory\n");
 }
 else
 {
 printf("Return address is outside of our memory\n");
 }
 uint8_t gadget = *(uint8_t *)(returnaddr - 0x5);
 printf("Gadget instruction: %x\n", gadget); // we expect the gadget to be 0xE8 because it's from a call
 if (gadget != 0xE8)
 {
 printf("This call doesn't look right, are you hacking me?\n");
 }
 // Perform high value operations now that we're assuming 'safety'.
}
We see here that the engineer would be checking the return address from the stack, as well as reading 5 bytes above it to ensure that the method was invoked by a 0xE8 (call) instruction. 'E8 ? ? ? ?'
Defeating the return address check is simple: we can find a ROP Gadget that's explicitly a 0xC3 (retn) call and push it to the stack before invoking the target method.
Let's take a closer look at potential disassembly for a vulnerable gadget, since we're only looking for explicitly a 0xC3 (retn) call, we can really just grab any retn call address from the program at random, with the assumption the range check is the entire software and not some more restrictive boundaries.
Here's a small bit of disassembly we can inspect for this demonstration.
.text:0000000140001626 ; void __cdecl _tcf_0()
.text:0000000140001626 __tcf_0 proc near ; DATA XREF: __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int,int)+2C↓o
.text:0000000140001626 ; .pdata:000000014000B090↓o ...
.text:0000000140001626 push rbp
.text:0000000140001627 mov rbp, rsp
.text:000000014000162A sub rsp, 20h
.text:000000014000162E lea rax, _ZStL8__ioinit ; std::__ioinit
.text:0000000140001635 mov rcx, rax ; this
.text:0000000140001638 call _ZNSt8ios_base4InitD1Ev ; std::ios_base::Init::~Init()
.text:000000014000163D nop
.text:000000014000163E add rsp, 20h
.text:0000000140001642 pop rbp
.text:0000000140001643 retn
.text:0000000140001643 __tcf_0 endp
From this example, our vulnerable gadget will be 0x1643
The next few steps may require a bit of finesse to achieve, as we will need to write our payload assembly, in this example I'm just going to return code flow under payload in the main() method, so retrieval of the control flow target address will be a 2 step process (writing the payload and compiling/disassembling the example binary)
To save time, all that is required is retrival of the address immediately after the jmp instruction in our payload as such.
.text:0000000140001606 jmp rcx
.text:0000000140001608 ; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:0000000140001608 sub rsp, 30h
Now let's explore and explain a potential payload.
int main()
{
 uintptr_t base = (uint64_t)GetModuleHandle(NULL);
 __asm__ __volatile__(
 "add $48, %%rsp\n\t" // remove prologue rsp changes from the stack
 "push %0\n\t" // our control flow target (this is printf("Hello"))
 "push %1\n\t" // this is our rop gadget
 "jmp %2\n\t" // call_me() call
 :
 : "r"((uintptr_t)base + 0x1608), "r"((uintptr_t)base + 0x1643), "r"((uintptr_t)&call_me)
 :);
 __asm__ __volatile__(
 "sub $48, %%rsp\n\t" // repair the stack for main()'s prologue
 :
 :
 :);
 printf("Execution successful");
 return 0;
}
Upon executing the program, we will see that our return address is within memory (obvious in this example, but the implication is that the payload is not being invoked from the immediate process's memory).
Return address 0000000000001643
Return address is within our memory
Gadget instruction: 48
This call doesn't look right, are you hacking me?
Execution successful
We see that the return address was successfully spoofed and execution was properly handed back off to our payload method. However, since our gadget was not valid, our attempt to invoke the method was detected. In a production piece of software, this would likely result in the program crashing or telemetry being fed back to a server.
Since we know that we require a Gadget that is 5 bytes away from an 0xE8 (call) instruction, we can search in IDA for 'E8 ? ? ? ?', it may


" preterites evolved through regular sound change from their Latin ancestors as follows:
SAPUI > saupi > Old Spanish sope
CAPUI > caupi > Old Spanish cope
POTUI > pouti > pudi > Old Spanish pude
POSUI > pousi > pusi > Old Spanish puse
Note that of all of these Old Spanish preterites, only those of poder and poner had the vowel u in their stem. It was the preterite of these two verbs, and in particular, pude, that influenced the final change in all the others. That is, pude (and perhaps puse) caused Old Spanish ove, tove, estove, sope, and cope to shift to uve (now spelled hube), tuve, estuve, supe, and cupe.
QUESTION: Why is veía, and not *vía, the imperfect form of ver?
Because in Old Spanish the verb was veer, like leer and creer. Thus we have in modern Spanish veía, like leía and creía. Old Spanish veer later contracted to ver, while leer and creer have not.
QUESTION: Why are era, eras, etc. the imperfect forms of ser, and iba, ibas, etc. the imperfect forms of ir?
Because both sets of forms continue the Latin paradigms with very little, though regular, sound change, as shown below:
ESSE "to be" ser
ERAM ERAMUS era éramos
ERAS ERATIS > eras erais
ERAT ERANT era eran
IRE "to go" ir
IBAM IBAMUS iba íbamos
IBAS IBATIS > ibas ibais
IBAT IBANT iba iban
QUESTION: Why do the present tense forms of ir look like forms of the -ar verbs?
The present tense of this verb is actually made up of forms from two different Latin verbs, namely, IRE "to go", and VADERE "to go quickly". Some of the forms of IRE became, through regular sound change, too short, and were replaced by forms of VADERE. The forms of VADERE should have actually evolved like those of CADERE (Spanish caer "to fall"), yielding *vaes, *vae, etc., but did not. Instead, because of analogy with forms of the verb DARE "to give", Spanish dar, we find in the earliest Old Spanish texts, the forms vo, vas, va, and van (like Old Spanish do, das, da, dan from Latin DO, DAS, DAT, DANT). In fact, in Old Spanish, the entire paradigm was: vo, vas, va, imos, ides, van, showing two other forms originally from IRE, namely, imos < Latin IMUS, and ides < Latin ITIS. These were eventually replaced by vamos, vais (in the mid-15th century). The only other change from there was Old Spanish vo > modern Spanish voy, explained below.
QUESTION: Why do the verbs voy, soy, doy, and estoy end in -y?
These forms descended from Latin SUM, VADO, DO, STO, which, through regular sound change, evolved to so, vo, do, estó in Old Spanish. The syntactic combinations of these verbs with the postposed subject pronoun, i.e., so yo, do yo, vo yo, estó yo, eventually produced articulations such as soy yo, doy yo, voy yo, estoy yo, while they remained unchanged if the pronoun came before or did not appear at all. After many generations, however, the verbs themselves, that is, even without the postposed subject pronoun, were reinterpreted by speakers as soy, doy, voy, estoy. The reason why this did not occur with other verbs, for example, digo yo, creo yo, etc., is because the final -o of these is unstressed, whereas the final -o of Old Spanish so, vo, do, estó was indeed stressed. It was the stressed nature of the final vowel of these forms that attracted an element of the pronominal form yo to them.
QUESTION: Why do all three conjugations (-ar, -er, -ir) have the same endings in the future? (This phenomenon applies to Portuguese, French, and Italian as well.)
Because, historically, the future forms are really a combination of the infinitive + the verb haber (Old Spanish aver). Haber was often used in place of, or where one would expect in modern Spanish, tener. If one said he/she had to do something, this obligation carried an implied futurity. There was then a shift in meaning: hablar (h)é con él "I have to speak with him" > "I will speak with him".
QUESTION: Why do some verbs, like morir, poner, escribir, etc., have irregular past participles?
Because these were "irregular" in Latin. For example, the forerunner of Spanish escrito was Latin SCRIPTUM, which evolved regularly as follows:
SCRIPTUM > iscriptu > escritto > escrito
Note the English derivatives, scripture, script, manuscript (manu "hand" + script "written").
We provide below a list of the most common "irregular" past participles of Spanish along with their Latin ancestors and English derivatives:
Infinitive Spanish Latin English derivatives
Morir muerto MORTU(U)M mortuary, mortician
Poner puesto POS(I)TUM position, posit, post
Ver visto VIS(T)UM vision, visor, visual
Infinitive Spanish Latin English derivatives
Escribir escrito SCRIPTUM scripture, (manu)script
Abrir abierto APERTUM aperture, apertural
Romper roto RUPTUM rupture, errupt
Through the Latin connection and association with the English derivatives, students may more readily remember the -t- or -st- element of the past participle, thus avoiding the common errors *morido, *ponido, *escribido, etc.
QUESTION: Why does Spanish have the letter h if it is never pronounced?
There are three reasons.
First, Latin had some words that began with h-, and this letter was pronounced as it is in English. It soon ceased to be pronounced, so that the Latin words beginning with this letter appear in the oldest Spanish texts without it. For example, Latin HABERE "to have" > Old Spanish aver. The h- was eventually replaced to make these Spanish words look more like Latin in the hope that Spanish would attain the same level of prestige. Thus, Old Spanish aver, for example, was given a new spelling, haber (note that the b, which has changed to v in some texts and u in others, was also replaced.).
Second, many Latin words that began with f- underwent a change from Old to modern Spanish in which this sound came to be pronounced like h, and eventually, like the original Latin H, not at all. For example, FABULARE "to tell fables" > Old Spanish fablar "to speak" > Late Medieval Spanish hablar (in which the h was pronounced like the h of English) > modern Spanish hablar (in which the h is no longer pronounced). The now silent h- has simply been retained.
Third, in Old Spanish, the letter u could represent either a vocalic or consonantal element. Thus, the Old Spanish spelling, ueuo, could have represented either the word for "egg", or "I drink". In order to indicate that the word-initial u- was a vowel, scribes adopted the practice of adding a silent h- (which was never part of the Latin spelling). Thus, ueuo, when meaning "egg" (< Latin OVUM), was later written hueuo to indicate the vocalic nature of the u-, and eventually, huebo. The word ueuo, when meaning "I drink", was eventually respelled bebo, again, to give it a more Latin look, cf. Latin BIBO "I drink". Another example is Latin OSSUM "bone" > Old Spanish ueso (which could also be pronounced like beso "kiss") > hueso.
One notes that French also employed h- for the same reason: Latin OCTO "eight" > Old French uite (which was also the old spelling for modern French vite "quickly") > modern French huite "eight".


text:
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Considerations for use: First use Kent® Freshwater Plant Supplement which provides iron and other essential trace minerals for lush greening of freshwater plants. Then use this product, Pro•Plant with Pro•Gro plant growth accelerator to spur rapid plant growth. Both products are phosphate free so that they do not cause unwanted algae growth!
Kent Blackwater Expert will provide rich humins, much like rich soil that you put around your tomatoes. The rich nutrients in Blackwater Expert will accelerate cell division and stimulate root systems.
Plants also require strong lighting of proper spectrum and abundant carbon dioxide in the system. If you are planning a heavily planted tank, you may want to invest in a CO2 system. Do not use more than twice the recommended dosage.
The use of Kent® Freshwater Plant Supplement simultaneously with the Pro•Plant will provide all of the nutrients that freshwater plants need for vigorous growth and healthy leaves and roots. No laterite is required!
Pro•Plant and Freshwater Plant Supplement should be used simultaneously with Freshwater Essential, Discus Essential or A F Cichlid Rift Lake Trace Elements for a synergistic effect.
Pro•Plant 17.4oz: only

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Biography & Family History Add details
Joseph Asvanyi (1911 - 1997) was born on January 29, 1911. He was born into the Asvanyi family.
He died on May 12, 1997 at 86 years old.
Joseph Asvanyi's last known residence is at West Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida.
This record of Joseph Asvanyi comes from the United States Social Security Death Index. According to information provided to the SSDI, this death record has been verified by a family member of the deceased. This data can be considered very accurate. What is the SSDI?
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- West Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, Florida
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- Charles Cloutier
- Francois Cloutier
- Genevieve Moreau Cloutier
- Genevieve Cloutier Verreau
- Louise Cloutier Cauchon
- Jean Busque
- Paul Verreau
- Antoine Dorval
- Antoine Ignace Nadeau
- Genevieve Crepeau Dorval
- Romaine C Raine
- Joseph Berube
- Pierre Berube
- Augustin Goupille
- Joseph-Marie Cloutier
- Agnes N
- Genevieve-Eleonore Cloutier Belisle
- Marie-Joseph Cloutier Boucher
- Marie-Charlotte Lessard Cloutier
- Jacques Cloutier


What exactly is a wahoo?
August 23, 2012
Lahaina News
LAHAINA - Most of the Lahaina Charter fleet landed ono during July, with 116 hitting the docks.
With the nice weather holding for a couple of days, the boats headed to Molokai.
The best day saw 30 ono caught, with two other days seeing 19 fish hanging.
Article Photos
Most often the peak ono season is between late spring and early fall. They are normally found in abundance during the summer.
Wahoo, better known in Hawaiian waters as ono, are the biggest, fastest and meanest mackerel in America. It can reach speeds of up to 45 miles per hour in short bursts, allowing quick capture of prey species.
What exactly is a wahoo? It is a unique member of the tuna family called Scombridae; a "tribe" line of the tunas and mackerels called seerfish. That "tribe" contains the 18 species of Scomberomorus (king and Spanish mackerels) around the world, with the unique wahoo in its only species, Acanthocybium solandri.
Even the names, both common and scientific, are interesting. In 1769, the crew on James Cook's Endeavour, north of Tahiti, caught the first of these speedsters to be recorded in the Western world. It was scientifically named (Solandri) to honor the great Swedish scientist on board the Endeavour, Dr. D.C. Solander.
The name "wahoo" logically dates from the early whalers and missionary settlers seeing and utilizing the fine edible species in the Hawaiian Islands. Then and now, Oahu, which they pronounced and sometimes spelled "Wahoo," was an important base. The Hawaiians had long recognized the quality of wahoo with their name "ono," meaning delicious or tasty.
Wahoo are open ocean swimmers found near the surface in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. Wahoo live in tropical waters year-round but move with the changing seasons, traveling into cooler waters during warm summer months.
Most often the peak ono season is between late spring and early fall, and they are normally found in abundance during the summer. They are frequently found alone or in small, loosely connected groups rather than in compact schools. They are also often found near banks, pinnacles and flotsam (natural debris drifting in the ocean).
They grow fast, attaining a length of three-and-a-half feet the first year. Twoand three-year-olds are five feet long. The maximum reported size for the wahoo is 98 inches total length with a maximum weight of 184 pounds.
Typically, individuals attain a size of 39 to 66 inches. After reaching a length of 38 to 41 inches, individuals grow at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 inches per month. Latitude appears to influence size, with average weight increasing with distance from the equator, apparently correlated to cooler temperatures.
A 58.4-pound fish caught was five feet, three inches long; a 66-pound fish was five feet, three-and-a-half inches long; with a 71.7-pound fish five feet and six inches long. A 183-pounder was almost seven feet long. Not only do they get long, they get girthy.
The current IGFA all-tackle record is by a woman at 184 pounds, eight ounces on 80-pound test from Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, in 2005. The Hawaii state record is 133 pounds, three ounces in 2000 off Pohoiki, Hawaii. The Lahaina Harbor record is 78 pounds aboard the Charger back in 1984 by Capt. Mike Kearns and crewman Shadow.
Wahoo are sexually mature at one to two years of age. They usually live to about six years of age but can live longer. Male wahoo appear to reach maturity at a smaller size and possibly younger age than females.
Males are able to reproduce when they reach 2.8 feet in length; females are sexually mature when they reach 3.3 feet. They are usually about a year old at this size.
Wahoo start breeding at one-year-old. Female wahoo are very fertile, averaging approximately 40,000 mature eggs per two pounds of body weight. Females can produce up to 60 million eggs during spawning. The larvae are pelagic and prefer shallower water (less than 300 feet or so). The size of wahoo at hatching is 2.5 millimeters. Babies are two-thirds fish and one-third alligator.
Wahoo spawn year-round in tropical waters and during the summer in higher latitudes, including Hawaii, when sea surface temperatures are over 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Individual wahoo spawn multiple times throughout the spawning season. They are very productive, releasing millions of eggs per year to compensate for eggs that might not survive to adulthood.
In the subtropical Pacific Ocean, the wahoo spawning season extends for five months, although in equatorial regions of the Pacific, larval wahoo have been found year-round, suggesting a more prolonged spawning season.
The condition and abundance of wahoo appear to be related to a simple annual reproductive cycle. The condition of wahoo is highest in May before the spawning season and declines through the spawning season, reaching a minimum in July-August. Catch peaks in summer, during the spawning season, suggest that wahoo may gather near the islands to spawn.
Migration related to reproduction may also explain some of the seasonality in catch rates of wahoo near the Hawaiian Islands. The occurrence of wahoo larvae in plankton tows within 15 miles from shore of the main Hawaiian Islands has been reported during June-September.
It appears that wahoo migrate from the open ocean to the islands and banks to reproduce, then leave the islands and banks to feed in the open ocean. Surface currents and eddies generated in the island wakes are mechanisms that could transport larvae and juveniles to the open ocean.
A limited amount of spawning could also occur offshore. However, a move to nearshore waters in May for spawning throughout the summer would be consistent with the increase in condition and catch rates in the nearshore fisheries. The highest abundance areas for wahoo are southwest of the islands year-round but spread northward into coastal banks distributed over 1,200 square miles in summer.
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text:
The following expression returns -16. This expression returns a number that indicates the difference between the letters r and b when presented in alphabetical order. Since there are 16 letters between the letters b and r, when bob is compared to ray, the value is -16. Alternatively, if r were compared to b, the value returned would be 16.
 bob ray

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Next:, Up: N-tuples [Index]
24.1 The ntuple struct
Ntuples are manipulated using the gsl_ntuple struct. This struct contains information on the file where the ntuple data is stored, a pointer to the current ntuple data row and the size of the user-defined ntuple data struct.
typedef struct {
 FILE * file;
 void * ntuple_data;
 size_t size;
} gsl_ntuple;


text:
3:40pm – The National Weather Service in Portland has issued a Coastal Flood Advisory for minor tidal overflow, in effect from 9:00am to 3:00pm Sunday, for the South Washington Coast and North and Central Oregon Coast . A High Surf Advisory remains in effect until 7:00pm this evening for the South Washington Coast and North and Central Oregon Coast.
* Seas and Surf: seas will remain around 20 feet through this evening with periods around 16 seconds. Waves will slowly subside to around 17 feet late this evening. Swells of this magnitude will produce dangerous surf conditions.
* Tides: the observed high tide during the late morning on Sunday is expected to reach around 11 feet at Toke Point, Washington and between 10 feet and 11 feet for Astoria and South Beach (Newport), Oregon. With tidal anomalies of around 1.5 feet, this high tide will occur around 11:00am. These values are similar to the tides observed today.
* River Flows: coastal rivers flow are increasing due to abundant rainfall today. With expected additional rainfall tonight, the Willapa, Nehalem, Wilson, Siletz, Alsea and Siuslaw rivers are all expected to be at or near bankfull. Rivers may continue to run near flood flows during the midday Monday high tide. Current river levels and forecasts are available here.
* Impacts: affected locations will include low lying areas near bays and sloughs.. Highway 101, Highway 126 east of Florence and the lower reaches of coastal rivers. Historically, tides around 11 feet paired with near flood flows on local rivers have resulted in minor tidal overflow near Raymond, Tillamook, Nehalem, Waldport and Depoe Bay. The greatest impacts are likely between 9:00am and 2:00pm on Sunday.
Precautionary/Preparedness Actions: A High Surf Advisory means that high surf will affect beaches in the advisory area producing rip currents and localized beach erosion. A Coastal Flood Advisory indicates that onshore winds and tides will combine to generate flooding of low areas along the shore.


text:
Lots of visitors are coming to the show curated by Eileen Haring Woods at the Aldeburgh Lookout on the beach. There are souvenirs from 150 years ago and more recent ones, that include a gilded moustache mug, the dancing Statue of Liberty and snowglobes. The map room is at the top of the tower and Bill Jackson's installation takes a virtual world tour. Deborah's series of ceramics reveal her interpretation of the sea's waves hitting the shore.
A new edition of Victoria, by Deborah Jaffé, was published by Andre Deutsch on 11 August. First published in 2001 for the centenary of Queen Victoria's death, this is the fourth edition. The edition coincides with the forthcoming ITV programme, Victoria. Illustrated throughout, in full colour, it places Queen Victoria in the context of the enormous social, political and industrial changes of the 19th century. See more about Victoria here.
An hour spent on the Thames Beach by London Bridge revealed a plethora of ceramic finds, including Roman and Medieval pieces; terracotta roof tiles charred by the Fire of London; parts of Hanseatic storage jars; decorated tin glaze ware and clay pipes. It was a busy time and we had to leave quickly when the tide came in.
September's issue of Newcomen Links will include full reports of the Summer Meeting in Dublin. These include the fantastic Diving Bell in Dublin Port. Devised by Bindon Blood Stoney in the 1880s it was essential for the building of the deep water docks. It stands on the quay side, close to where it was used.
Following the successful talk on Frank Hornby and Meccano to the Newcomen Society at MOSI Manchester; Portsmouth and the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh; Deborah is pleased to be repeating it in Newcastle and London in 2017. Further information here.


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gaa handball
Overview — By Pat Daly GAA Head of Games
The main objectives of the GAA's Games Grassroots to National Programme (GNP) are to maximise participation and optimise playing standards. The big challenge for those in charge of teams is to ensure that games are structured to cater for the needs and abilities of those who participate.The GAA Coaching and Games Development Committee has developed 3 GO Games in Hurling and 3 in Gaelic Football known as —
What are the Key Objectives of the Go Games?
The key objectives of the Go Games can be summarised as follows:
 1. Promote Full Participation: Provide playing opportunities for all children at their respective levels of participation by ensuring everyone gets to play in the game and that nobody remains a substitute. "Playing, not winning, is the name of the game."
 2. Propagate the Principles of Fair Play: Promote sportsmanship by ensuring that all participants endeavour to play by the rules and give due respect to the opposition, the match officials and the game.
 3. Cater for the varying developmental needs of young players: Use modified playing rules and equipment that are appropriate to the age group and ability level of those participating
 4. Implement the GAA's Code of Best Practice for Youth Sport: Give practical expression to the GAA's Code of Best Practice for Youth Sport by invoking the principles of the Code at the fundamental levels of participation. N.B. While the playing rules for First, Quick and Smart Touch are not necessarily set in stone - the principle of ensuring that all participants get to play the full game is, as is the principle of not awarding medals or trophies arising from success in the Go Games.
What are the Benefits of the Go Games?
The benefits of the Go Games are:
 1. Increased enjoyment
 2. Increased number of touches on the ball
 3. Increased physical work rate
 4. Increased perception of competence
*Research conducted under the guidance of Professor Niall Moyna at the School of Health and Human Performance at DCU and presented at the 2004 National Coaching Conference
* To download the Go-Games coaching handbooks, go to _URL_
Contact Us
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text:
The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) gathers and analyzes data to disseminate critical multi layered information on the mobility, vulnerabilities, and needs of displaced and mobile populations that enables decision makers and responders to provide these populations with better context specific assistance.
Conceptualized in 2004 in Iraq, for the IDP assessments and monitoring exercises, the DTM has been continuously refined and enhanced through years of operational experience in countries of implementation affected by natural disaster, conflict, or in complex situations.
- Asia and the Pacific
- Central America, North America and the Caribbean
- East Africa and the Horn of Africa
- European Economic Area, the European Union and NATO
- Middle East and North Africa
- South America
- South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe and Central Asia
- Southern Africa
- West and Central Africa


Aemilia (moth)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Erebidae
Subfamily: Arctiinae
Tribe: Arctiini
Subtribe: Phaegopterina
Genus: Aemilia
Kirby, 1892
Type species
Ameles rubriplaga
Walker, 1855
Ameles Walker, 1855 (non Burmeister, 1838[verification needed]: preoccupied)
Aemilia is a genus of tiger moths in the Erebidae family. It was initially named Ameles, but this name properly refers to a praying mantis genus.[1]
A group of species closely related to the Red-banded Aemilia ("A." ambigua) was formerly placed in the genus (though only uneasily so). The species has recently been moved to the revalidated genus Pseudohemihyalea.[2]
Selected species[edit]
Species of Aemilia include:[3]
 1. ^ Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), and see references in Savela (2004)
 2. ^ Schmidt (2009)
 3. ^ Wikispecies (2010-DEC-05), and see references in Savela (2004)
External links[edit]


text:
Swat (princely state)
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2012)|
|State of Swat|
|Province of the Mughal Empire (1802–1858)
Princely state of the British Raj (1858–1947)
Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1955)
|Wāli of Swat||His Highness Sultan Faghal (first)|
|His Highness Miangul Jahan Zeb, Wāli of Swat (last)|
|Historical era||Mughal Empire (1802–1858) Indian British Empire (22 February _PHONE_) Princely state of Pakistan (_PHONE_) Part of West Pakistan (_PHONE_) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (1970-present) Dividing between the Swat, Buner and Shangla|
|-||Merged into West Pakistan||14 October 1955|
|Currency||Rupee, Pakistan Rupee (after 1947)|
This article is part of the series
The Yousufzai State of Swat (Urdu: ریاست سوات) was a province of the Mughal Empire ruled by local rulers known as the Akhunds, then until 1947 a princely state of the British Indian Empire, which was dissolved in 1947, when the Akhwand acceded to Pakistan. The state lay to the north of the modern Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan and continued within its 1947 borders until 1969, when it was dissolved. The area it covered is now divided between the present-day states of Swat, Buner and Shangla.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2012)|
- See also History of Swat
The Swat region has been inhabited for more than two thousand years and was known in ancient times as Udyana. The location of Swat made it an important stopping point for many invaders, including Alexander the Great and Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. The second century BCE saw Swat forming part of the Buddhist civilisation of Gandhara.
Swat was a center of Hinayana Buddhism and of the Mahayana school that developed from it. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien, who visited the valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries. After him, Sun Yun (519 CE), Hsuan-tsang (630 CE), and Wu-kung (752 CE) visited Swat as well and praised the richness of the region, its favourable climate, the abundance of forest, flowers and fruit-trees and the respect in which Buddhism was held.
The Kushan dynasty ruled for four centuries until it was overrun by the White Huns in the 5th century CE and the glory of the Gandhara era came to an end. Hsuan-tsang recorded the decline of Buddhism. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned. The monks still quoted from the scriptures but no longer understood them. There were grapes in abundance but cultivation of the fields was sparse.
From the 8th century CE onwards, Muslim Arabs started to exert pressure from the west in the most eastern-Iranian lands where the Hindu Shahi Dynasty still ruled. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Gabari Royal Tajik tribe advanced through Laghmanat, Ningarhar, and Dir to invade Swat, defeating the Bhudists and the Hindus. This war was headed by Sultan Pakhal Gabari and later on by Sultan Behram Gabari, both Jahangirian sultans. Rulers of Kuner Pich and cousin of Rulers of Balkh and Kashmir. Later some Dilazak encroached on the area and settled among the Gabaris, who in 1519 and 1520 were ousted in their turn by the Yusufzais backed by the Mughal Badshah Zahiruddin Muhammad Baber,the fierce super power. It is a historical paradox that the Yusufzais were ousted from Kabul by Mirza Ullegh Beg, the uncle of Baber, and killed 600 Malak of Yusufzai, whereas the Gabaris warmly welcomed Yousofzai refugees and settled them within Gabari sultanate areas of Bajour, Dir and Swat. The Yusofzais forgot the generosity of the Gabaris and encroached on their state with the plotted help of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babar.And thus, In 1519 they demolished the Gabar-Kot fortress in Bajour killed the Sultans including Sultan Mir Haider Ali Gabari.Further advanced into Swat, forcing the last Gabari ruler, Sultan Awais Gabari Manglaware Fort, to Retire to Upper Dir. He established his rule in Upper Dir, Chitral Wakhan, Badakhshan and other petty states of the Upper Oxus.
The modern area of Swat was ruled sporadically by religious leaders, who took the title of Akhoond, also spelt Akhund or Akond. The Akhund of Swat who died in 1877 was particularly famous as the subject of a well known humorist poem by Edward Lear, The Akond of Swat. The nonsensical poem suggests a far away place and a mystical person, at least through the eyes of a Victorian poet and painter.
The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force, but the state was in abeyance from 1863 to 1915. Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan was made ruler by a local Jirga and had trouble exercising power. In 1917 another Jirga appointed Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud. The British recognised the state as a princely state in 1926. Following the Partition of India in 1947, the ruler acceded the state to Pakistan, while retaining considerable autonomy. The ruler of Swat was accorded a 15-gun hereditary salute in 1966, but this was followed by the abolition of the state in 1969 due to the policy of Government of Pakistan.
The people of Swat are mainly Pashtuns, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinctive physical characteristics, including blonde hair and blue eyes. They may be of Dardic extraction, as found in other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the surrounding area.
The rulers of Swat held the title Amir-e Shariyat and from 1918 were known as Badshah; the title changed to Wali in 1926 when it became a Princely State of the British Raj. Since 1969 the former princely state has been under a civil administration as part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Miangul family is still prominent in Pakistan and has held a variety of appointed and elective posts.
|Tenure||Rulers of Swat||Honorary|
|Sultan Faghal or Sultan Pakhal|
|Sultan Behram Jahangeeri|
|Sultan Ghiyasunddin Abdullah Khan|
|Sultan Owais Jahangeeri|
|1849 - 11 May 1857||Sayyid Akbar Shah|
|11 May 1857 - 1863||Sayyid Mubarak Shah Sahib|
|1863–1915||State in abeyance|
|1915 - September 1917||Sayyid Abdul-Jabbar Khan|
|September 1917 - 12 December 1949||Miangul Golshahzada Abdul-Wadud Badshah Sahib|
|12 December 1949 - 28 July 1969||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|28 July 1969||(civil administration)||Miangul Abdul-Haqq Jahan Zeb|
|1987 to date||(civil administration)||Miangul Aurangzeb|
See also
- Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
Further reading
- The Last Wali of Swat: An Autobiography as Told by Fredrik Barth (Asian Portraits), by Fredrik Barth
- Sack, John (2000). Report from Practically Nowhere. ISBN 0-595-08918-6.
- Sultan-i-Rome, Swat State, 1915–1969, From Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-Political, and Economic Development, Karachi: Oxford University Press (2008), ISBN 0-19-547113-X
- Sultan-i-Rome. Forestry in the Princely State of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan): A Historical Perspective on Norms and Practices, NCCR IP6 Working Paper No. 6. Zurich: Department of Geography, University of Zurich (2005)
- Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- RoyalArk website on general and dynastic history
- Details on the ruling family of Swat
- Daily Times: NWFP Religious Background
- Geographic Journal article on Swat

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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This afternoon, the flood wave will reach Chop. In the Tisa, the water is expected to rise up to 11 meters
The priority measures to liquidate the aftermath of the flood are being taken in the region. As of Tuesday morning, rescue units have pumped water out of almost all previously flooded households in Mizhhirya, Tyachiv and Rakhiv districts.
The water levels in rivers in the highlands are decreasing. Yesterday (Monday), in the afternoon, the maximum water level was recorded in the lower reaches of the Borzhava river, it reached 565 centimeters, after which it began to decrease.
This afternoon, the flood wave in Tisa and Latorytsia rivers will reach the extreme point of the region in the vicinity of Chop. The rise of water in the Latorytsia is expected to be 450 centimeters, and in the Tisa - up to 11 meters above the zero of the post.
Water may break out onto the floodplain, but without flooding or other serious consequences. Rescue units in Transcarpathia are in full readiness in case of emergency, Civil Protection Service of Hungary have been warned about the approaching flood wave.
As of Tuesday, 8:00 am, the rise of water level in the Tisa near Chop is 8 meters 60 centimeters.
20 May 2018 21:09
8 May 2018 13:46


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I say, there's a zebra crossing Piccadilly! How the Georgians kept kangaroos and electric eels as pets in their back gardens
- Wealthy Georgians went mad for exotic creatures
- Lions, rhinoceros and orangutans were kept in British houses
- Canaries and goldfish were unusual Georgian pets that are still pets today
Exotic animals such as zebras used to be pets
The Georgian Menagerie
by Christopher Plumb
(I. B. Tauris £20)
A young Irishman visiting London in the late 18th century wrote home to his father in some astonishment about the sights the capital had to offer.
Walking down Piccadilly, he had met a porter carrying a live kangaroo.
'After smelling at the man's ear for a long time, it gave it a terrible bite, and nearly clipped it off.' Enraged, the porter threw the kangaroo to the ground and made as if to beat it.
A passing drayman leapt to defend the kangaroo, giving the porter 'a hearty drubbing'.
He then lifted the animal on to his own cart, consulted the luggage label tied to its feet and dutifully drove the kangaroo to the address of the wealthy household that had purchased this bizarre creature.
The kangaroo had come from Mr Gilbert Pidcock's menagerie at Exeter Exchange in London where, from 1793 to Pidcock's death in 1810, he presented 'the greatest assemblage of foreign birds and animals ever exhibited in the kingdom'. Visitors paid an entrance fee to see his zebra (bought for £300), his lion (£400) and his rhinoceros (£700) - or bought their own.
Pidcock wasn't the only man in Britain risking enormous sums of money on a menagerie of animals. As historian Christopher Plumb reveals in this entertaining book, England went mad for exotic creatures of all stripes and spots in the 18th century.
In an age before anyone had thought of animal protection, some of these creatures had a tough time of it - such as the five electric eels transported from the rivers of Dutch Guiana to a cramped tank in exhibition rooms on Haymarket, where visitors were charged for the thrill of receiving electric shocks from the poor creatures. This proved so popular that the man-handled eels became exhausted, and openings were reduced to Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
THE GEORGIAN MENAGERIE by Christopher Plumb
Then there was poor old Chunee the elephant, a 'celebrity' of the Exeter 'Change menagerie. When the urge to mate came upon him, the usually docile Chunee became enraged and stormed his pen, tearing iron and wooden fittings from the wall. Arsenic and mercury administered in oranges and buns did nothing to subdue him, and soldiers and keepers armed with muskets were summoned. It took more than 150 musket balls and an hour's agony before Chunee was killed.
Animals in private homes, however, were much loved. Queen Anne doted on her zebra, inspiring scurrilous satirical poems about The Queen's Ass. Lady Shelburne was devastated by the death of the family's orangutan, writing on Christmas Day 1768 that he had been killed by the night's 'intense cold' in Wiltshire.
A handful of the more unusual Georgian pets continue to share our homes. We still keep canaries, and what child has not at some time owned a goldfish? These once-exotic curiosities arrived in London in the 1760s; by the end of the century they were so common they were seen swimming in ditches.
We no longer keep elephants, camels, zebras and cheetahs as pets. It's right that we do not raise orangutans in our gardens or flamingos in our kitchens, but how extraordinary to read about an age when kangaroos hopped the streets of London.


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Understanding Intellectual Property is important to protect new ideas on their journey to the healthcare marketplace. DigitalHealth.London can provide information, contacts, and resources that will help you during this process.
In the first instance, innovators from universities and NHS organisations should contact their local technology transfer team or commercial department.
The Intellectual Property Office provides advice and guidance on all forms of Intellectual Property and how to apply for protection.
Intellectual Property advice from Julian Hitchcock, Intellectual Property and Regulatory Lawyer at Denoon Legal
Defining aspects of Intellectual Property landscape for health tech:
- Absence of patent protection for software in the EU including UK (unless some form of technical effect, but this is not straightforward).
- Software is deemed to be a literary work therefore can be protected by copyright. However there is a problem in that a literary loophole exists whereby you can change the code slightly, even if the function is the same.
- There is a rich licensing environment around databases. Be sure you are using databases lawfully.
- Common pitfalls:
- Hubris. Energy is a good thing, but be realistic.
- Open source software. Using open source software may restrict your ability to commercialise. Check the Ts & Cs.
- Ownership of copyright in code. The author of the code is the owner of the copyright. Be sure to get an assignment from the software developers, this can be a simple agreement in writing.
- Confidentiality is key. Have non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) in place.
- Do an FTO. A thorough FTO (freedom to operate) is of huge value to investors.
- Know the regulatory route to market. Be compliant with regulations from the start.


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Proximate and mineral composition of whole body , flesh and exoskeleton of male and female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus
Treść / Zawartość
The proximate and mineral composition of the whole body (edible parts), flesh and exoskeleton of the male and female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus were determined on a dry weight basis. In the exoskeleton and flesh, the protein, fat, the percentage utilizable energy due to protein and metabolizable energy were all of higher concentration in male than in female. Among the three samples the trace elements of Co, Fe, Ni, Mn and Zn were reasonably concentrated but Cu was not detected. In all the samples the Ca/P ratio was poor with values that ranged from 0.08 to 0.20 whereas that of Na/K was high with values of 0.86 to 1.35. Fcalculated > Ftable at p<0.05 in proximate composition of male and female in exoskeleton, flesh, whole body; in mineral composition in male and female in exoskeleton, flesh, whole body; and in the mineral ratio in the flesh of male and female samples.
- 1. Adeyeye E.I., Determination of chemical composition of the nutritionally valuable parts of male and female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 2002, 53, 189–196.
- 2. Adeyeye E.I., Amino acid composition of the whole body, flesh and exoskeleton of female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 2008, 59, 699–705.
- 3. Adeyeye E.I., Adamu A.S., Chemical composition and food properties of Gymnarchus niloticus (Trunk fish). Biosci. Biotech. Res. Asia, 2005, 3, 265–272.
- 4. Adeyeye E.I., Ayejuyo O.O., Proximate, amino acid and mineral composition of turkey-hen muscle and skin. Orient. J. Chem., 2007, 23, 879–886.
- 5. Adeyeye E.I., Kenni A., The relationship in the amino acid of the whole body, flesh and exoskeleton of common West African fresh water male crab Sudananautes africanus africanus. Pak. J. Nutr., 2008, 7, 748–752.
- 6. Adeyeye E.I., Adubiaro H.O., Awodola O.J., Comparability of chemical composition and functional properties of shell and flesh of Penaeus notabilis. Pak. J Nutr., 2008, 7, 741–747.
- 7. A.O.A.C., Official Methods of Analysis, 18th ed., 2005. AOAC International, Maryland, USA.
- 8. Bingham S., Nutrition: A consumer's Guide to Good Eating. 1978, Transworld Publishers, London, pp. 123–127.
- 9. Bulloug W.S., Practical Invertebrate Anatomy. 1958, Macmillan Press, London.
- 10. Committee on Medical Aspects (COMA) of Food Policy, Diet and Cardiovascular Disease, 1984. HMSO, London.
- 11. FAO/WHO/UNU. Energy and protein requirements, 1985. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements. WHO Technical Report Series 724, WHO, Geneva, pp. 71–78.
- 12. Fornias O.V., Edible by-products of slaughter animals. 1996. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 123, FAO, Rome, p. 9.
- 13. Marten G.C., Andersen R.N., Forage, nutritive value and palatability of 12 common annual weeds. Crop Sci., 1975, 111, 829–837.
- 14. Muller H.G., Tobin G., Nutrition and Food Processing. 1980, Avi Publishing, Westport, CT, p. 195.
- 15. National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education (NACNE), Proposal for nutritional guidelines for healthy education in Britain. 1983, Health Education Council, London.
- 16. Nieman D.C., Butterworth D.E., Nieman C.N., Nutrition. 1992, Wm C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque, pp. 1–540.
- 17. Paul A.A., Southgate D.A.T., McCance and Widdowsor's The Composition of Foods, 4th edition, 1978. HMSO, London.
- 18. Pearson D., Chemical Analysis of Foods. 1976, 7th ed., Churchill, London, pp. 7–11.
- 19. Varian Techtron, Basic Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A modern introduction, 1975. Varian Techtron Pty Ltd., Springvale, Australia, pp. 104–106.
- 20. Wood J.M., Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Science, 1974, 183, 1049–1052.
Rekord w opracowaniu


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Definition of siskin in English:
A small songbird related to the goldfinch, with yellow and black in the plumage.
- Genus Carduelis (and Serinus), family Fringillidae: the North Eurasian (spruce) siskin (C. spinus), with dark-streaked greenish-yellow plumage, and several species in the New World
- Seedeaters such as evening grosbeaks, goldfinches, and pine siskins prefer black oil sunflower and niger thistle.
- Niger thistle appeals especially to pine siskins, goldfinches, and purple and house finches.
- After a four-winter absence delightful siskins returned to our garden in 1994.
Words that rhyme with siskingriskin
Definition of siskin in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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1. Madrid: Enchanted Evening Walking Tour in Spanish
Delve into the legends of Madrid that have lasted generations and discover the city's most unknown mysteries and terrifying paranormal events on this evening tour. Start from the Plaza de Oriente and head to the historical city center, the Madrid de Los Austrias, and learn about the surroundings of the primitive medieval city. Learn about the details of the Plaza Mayor and unbelievable details of its history. After discovering other ancient corners, continue to the famous Puerta del Sol and learn the secrets of how the community of Madrid was developed.


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This article requires proofreading.
As such, it may contain incorrect grammar, spelling, or punctuation.
Intuitive awareness is an advanced induction technique which is developed through extensive experience as a lucid dreamer. It occurs naturally once the brain becomes able to automatically recognize subtle differences between dreams and waking life without consciously analyzing them. When it is triggered the dream will fluidly transition between the non-lucid and lucid state as soon as they instinctively sense that they are in a dream.
Intuitive awareness is most commonly developed through keeping a regular dream journal to enhance recall and analyze dream signs. After enough practice the dreamer can accomplish a subconscious recognition of dream signs to a level which they are cognizant enough to not require formal reality checks.
This technique can be extremely risky, for example a dreamer might assume they are dreaming and attempt to use dream control to fly out of a window or jump out of a car.
There are many factors that may cause use of this technique to go wrong. Use of drugs, especially hallucinogens can both impair judgement and present subjective effects similar to those possible while dreaming. The hallucinations and change of thought process experienced during psychosis can also hinder one's ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality, which can also lead to disastrous results in this context. Even simply being sleepy from just waking up, or jumping to conclusions could cause one to misjudge that they are in a dream and do something rash.
To mitigate the risk of mistaking reality for a dream, it is important to perform a reality check to confirm one's suspicions.


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MA2C (Model-based Analysis of 2-Color Arrays) is a model-based algorithm for analyzing 2-color microarrays.A novel normalization method based on the GC content of probes is developed for two-color tiling arrays. The proposed method, together with robust estimates of the model parameters, is shown to perform superbly on published data sets. A robust algorithm for detecting peak regions is also formulated and shown to perform well compared to other approaches. The tools have been implemented as a stand-alone Java program called MA2C, which can display various plots of statistical analysis for quality control.
- Linux / Mac OsX / Windows
:: MORE INFORMATION
Song J, Johnson WE, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li W, Manrai AK, Liu JS, Chen R and Liu XS
Modelbased analysis for 2-color arrays (MA2C).
Genome Biology 2007, 8:R178


{{2,3,1},-1} is inconsistent because the order of the permutation is 3, but -1 is a root of unity of order 2. The result is the empty list, because the zero tensor does not have independent components:
In[45]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[45]=
These two generators are consistent, but their combination gives a symmetry only compatible with the zero tensor:
In[46]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[46]=
Both cases are equivalent to specifying the zero symmetry directly:
In[47]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[47]=


Download Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling by Geri Miller PDF
By Geri Miller
A entire, updated, and straight forward source studying the Language of habit Counseling, moment version deals an illuminating view of the scientific, theoretical, and study paintings that includes the dependancy counseling box. proposing a realistic counseling framework instead of attempting to reconcile differing theories, this beneficial textual content offers readers the data and tips had to select acceptable strategies and top practices for treating addicted members. in the course of the textual content, case experiences and interactive workouts help readers in employing wisdom won, even if in a self-teaching or a lecture room environment. habit counseling specialist and instructor Geri Miller provides a wide selection of issues designed to extend talents and understanding--from state of the art study to the most recent within the self-help/grassroots remedy move. absolutely revised and multiplied, this moment version covers: * Theories of counseling regarding dependancy remedy * evaluation and prognosis of dependancy utilizing interviews, behavioral observations, andphysiological and psychometric tools * overview, prognosis, and therapy of twin issues * The remedy approach for addictions, together with concern intervention and person, workforce, and kinfolk treatment * Relapse prevention * Treatment-related concerns reminiscent of rape and sexual abuse, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS, household violence, and consuming issues * Self-help teams * present and evolving treatment techniques and methods, together with confident psychology, resilience, the stages-of- switch version, motivational interviewing, and short remedy * specified remedy concerns resembling these with regards to gender, ethnicity, incapacity, early life, the aged, and the homeless * own improvement of the counselor, together with moral matters, court docket testimony, operating in tricky occasions, self-care, and different matters in operating with addicts * getting ready for certification and licensure as an dependancy specialist the main finished, updated, and straight forward source to be had, studying the Language of habit Counseling, moment variation deals a robust studying instrument for either scholars and execs.
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Extra resources for Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling
Example text
Some addiction theories are more amenable to this type of therapeutic framework than others and are highlighted in the following theoretical discussion. Moral Model The moral model views the alcoholic as a degenerate and sees alcoholism as a moral weakness (M. Keller, 1976). , 1979). Psychological Models There are three main psychological theories: psychodynamic, personality trait, and behavior learning. Although each theory views the specific cause of alcoholism differently, they all share a similar outlook: The causal factors must be changed in order for treatment to be effective.
Austad & W. H. ), Psychotherapy in managed health care (pp. 202–219). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. This chapter describes managed care's impact on and relationship to chemical dependency treatment. , & Frieze, I. H. (1979). Analyzing alcoholism. In I. H. Frieze, D. Bar-Tal, & J. S. ), New approaches to social problems (pp. 168–208). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This chapter provides a helpful overview of theoretical models as they relate to addiction. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
24 Theories of Counseling Related to Addiction Treatment see what is real), reaction formation (express the opposite of the impulse we experience that threatens us), projection (put desires onto others), displacement (express impulses in a safer place), rationalization (use of reasons to justify our behavior), sublimation (put energy into socially acceptable arenas), regression (go back to old behavior we had outgrown), introjection (taking in others' values), identification (identify with others in order to feel better about self ), and compensation ( hide weaknesses or develop traits so weaknesses are not seen).
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Some high-energy experiments (RHIC, LHC) use ion-ion collisions instead of proton-proton collisions. Although the total center-of-mass energy is indeed higher than p-p collisions, it might happen that the total energy per nucleon is actually lower. What are the advantages of using ion-ion collisions (e.g. gold-gold or lead-lead) instead of proton-proton collisions, considering the same accelerator?
As a clarification the energy per nucleon is always lower: for example, currently in the LHC the proton top energy is 3.5 TeV. Now the Pb energy is 3.5 TeV times Z so the energy per nucleon is 3.5*Z/A and A is greater than Z for every nucleus (except the proton where it is equal to one).
But the goal of ion-ion collision is not to increase the total energy or the energy per nucleon: it is to obtain a different type of collision.
It should be noted than in a proton-proton collision, the energy involved in the real collision process is variable: each quark and gluon carry a fraction of the energy of the proton, and hard collision involve a collision between a quark/gluon of one proton against a quark/gluon of the other.
In the case of ion-ion collision you have the same process: the energy is shared by the protons/neutrons and they can have different energies.
The goal of such collision is also to obtain a volume (bigger than in a p-p collision) with a very high energy density. In such a volume, a "state of matter" called quark-gluon-plasma is believed to be possibly created. The study of this QGP is one of the main goal of the ALICE experiment at the LHC.
A few references:


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Factor screening is the process of identifying which model elements if you take several different input/output step 1: simulate model 1 from processmodel,. Methods and apparatus may permit the generation of consistent output synthesis gas from highly variable input feedstock solids carbonaceous materials a. Disability policy evaluation: combining logic models and step 1: identify policy table 1 lists common outcome areas.
Public sector data analytics and strategy based p&c input throughput output outcome risk bearer elements enables you to ask the right questions and find the. Then profit-making throughput accounting ratio 1, then loss-making throughput to give a best outcome step 1 input the value of x & y into. Pre-data collection steps 1 step 5: after the data collection process type of measure (input, process or output): process measure. De-novo motif search is a frequently applied bioinformatics procedure to identify and prioritize recurrent elements input sequences as 1 input and output.
There are three key elements of six sigma process of six sigma to improve the quality of output the first step is input, process, and output. Read this essay on theory of constraints the theories of constraints step 1: identify you to define the output format and/or input mask for the. The outcome of the change is the as the output changes, so does the input and so the change initiatives will be focused in one of the four groups of elements. Identifying which model elements (factors) input/output combinations (ie, step 1: seek opt|mum 1 c.In silico to in vivo splicing analysis using splicing code models oped to identify some of the elements affecting splicing outcome input avispa output map to. Input and output, our system is able to accurately step 1 receives, processing them lazily for throughput. Organizational linkages: understanding the productivity of the group as it would be measured in an output to input the national academies press. Oees glossary 1 appendix c the development of input, throughput, and output servicedelivery components based on values, ,and outcome/output.
Proactive risk assessment of surgical site infection in ambulatory surgery step 1 identify all factors the output event occurs if all input events connected. Step #1 - know what a customer is input-process-output terminology many inputs, identifying improvement opportunities. 5 steps to software development effort estimation step 1 we will start with external input: 3 4 6 external output: 4 5 7.
Product x— extended responsibility 1-16 figure 1-g input-output diagram for a step in a ----- worksheet 1 -5: identifying throughput because. Step 1 focuses on generating the input data understanding des elements and identifying its relation with international journal of systems science:. Mayne (2011: 1, 7–8) described or key elements thereof nisms are not input–throughput–output–outcome process variables, nor are they the dimensions. Note that the output (blue) tracks the input (red) (p,1) step (sys_cl) title we choose a pi controller because it will yield zero steady-state error for a.
An input-output-based methodology to estimate the economic role of a port: the case of the port system of the friuli venezia giulia region, italy 1 throughput. Creating and using process maps to find the following list of are key elements of a the team needs to begin identifying the value added steps versus the. What are the components that really make an information system work in this lesson, we'll explore ipos (input, process, output and storage) and. Outcome management guide and tools step 1 implement outcome and the following questions are intended to guide the team in identifying risks to the outcome.


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Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
Most of America's-and particularly Minnesota's-fastest-growing professions require science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) skills. But too few students are graduating from high school with the knowledge and the interest in pursuing STEM degrees in college. Even in Minnesota, which consistently ranks near the top of the pack compared with other states, only half of our 8th graders are proficient in math and only 40 percent are proficient in science. Furthermore, well over half of college students in China and Japan major in STEM fields, compared with only one-third of U.S. students. Improving our students' achievement and engagement in STEM fields is vital to the future of our workforce and economy. That's why Sen. Franken introduced the STEM Master Teacher Corps Act.
The STEM Master Teacher Corps Act would offer career advancement opportunities and higher pay to the top 5 percent of K-12 STEM teachers in a participating area. Corps members will, in turn, mentor other STEM teachers and share best practices with the STEM education community to improve the ability of all teachers to impart strong STEM skills and an eagerness to learn to their students. Corps members will also serve as role models for other STEM teachers, demonstrating the opportunity for continued professional growth if they stay in teaching.
Sen. Franken also believes a strong relationship between our schools and businesses is vital to ensuring kids are engaged in STEM and have the skills they need to take on high-tech jobs. He is proud of the leadership Minnesota's businesses and manufacturers have shown in partnering with schools to prepare students for the workforce, and he will work to further support and enhance that connection.


text:
Hello,All,
I have concern about objects name and interesting know about how it is working
Let assume I have a bean of user information AND I am creating new object (new user) from servlet User user=new User(...)
but object name is the same for per request,so what will happen If at the same time two object with the same name created is Data overwritten?
And if other code start to manipulating an object, Is it separating true object
Does exist a method to avoid concurrency?


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02 May 2012, 18:12
UNICEF stresses importance of breastfeeding as rates decline in East Asia
UNITED NATIONS. May 2. KAZINFORM The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on Tuesday voiced alarm at the decline of breastfeeding across East Asia, and stressed the need to ensure that mothers understand the long-term benefits of this importance practice for the survival and development of their children.
According to the agency, evidence shows that exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of a baby's life not only improves their future growth and educational achievement, but also significantly reduces national health costs and helps prevent chronic malnutrition, the UN News Center said.
The low breastfeeding rates across East Asia result from economic developments that enable more women to enter the workforce, as well as "aggressive" marketing of infant formula in the region, it added in a news release.
"The falling rates of breastfeeding across East Asia are alarming," said UNICEF's Nutrition Advisor for East Asia and the Pacific, France Begin.
As little as five per cent of all mothers breastfeed in Thailand, while around ten per cent do so in Viet Nam. In China, only 28 per cent of babies are breastfed.
"Mothers across the region face increasing demands on their time, often have to return to work early after childbirth, and may have limited opportunities to breastfeed or express their milk in the workplace," said Ms. Begin.
"At the same time, baby food companies are targeting the fast-growing economies in East Asia with aggressive marketing campaigns, persuading mothers to give up breastfeeding and purchase their products despite the drawbacks for their children," she added.
To help stem the decline in breastfeeding rates in the region, UNICEF is calling on baby food companies to adhere to the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. The Code does not ban the sale of formulas, only the marketing practices that entice mothers to replace their breastmilk with commercial substitutes.
"When companies adhere to the Code of Marketing it will be easier for mothers to make an informed choice," noted Ms. Begin. "No formula can substitute the importance of breastmilk for children's survival, growth and development."
UNICEF is also working closely with businesses in the region to ensure that women can enjoy the right to adequate maternity leave and nursing breaks.
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Wind energy potential in Kazakhstan 18 times higher than existing generation capacity - Advisor to the UN


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Main Article Content
The research paper ETABS is an integrated programming software providing mass distribution and rapid analysis of structures building where we can assign loadings per codal provision. Different methods are also available to elongate our research and analysis of the system. This software developed by CSI is also utilized in the designing of Burj khalifa. ETABS is coordinated programming giving mass dispersion and immediate investigation of building designs where one can allocate loadings according to any codal arrangement. Various strategies are additionally accessible to extend our examination and examination of construction. This paper depicts to determines the role of dampers in tall structures. To assess the stability of the system under seismic load considering dampers. To compare two distinct types of dampers to evaluate the seismic effect of different earthquakes. To provide cost analysis of form per SOR to assess the seismic impact on distant earthquakes.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


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It was all lined up even without the colorful aurora exploding overhead.
If you follow the apex line of the recently deployed monuments of
Arctic Henge in
Raufarhöfn in northern
Iceland from this vantage point, you will see that they point due north.
A good way to tell is to follow their apex line to the line connecting the end stars of the
Big Dipper, Merak and Dubhe, toward
Polaris, the bright star near the north
spin axis of the Earth projected onto the sky.
By design, from this vantage point, this same apex line will also point directly at the
at its highest point in the sky just during the
summer solstice of Earth's northern hemisphere.
In other words, the Sun will not set at
Arctic Henge during the summer solstice in late June, and at its
highest point in the sky it will appear just above the aligned vertices of this modern monument.
The above image was taken in late March during a
beautiful auroral storm.


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For School Boards
For personnel in regular schools
For School Boards:
How can our school board access services for a child with hearing loss?
MOSD has a supraregional mandate from the Quebec Ministry of Education, Leisure and Sports (MELS) to provide services to the English School Boards for their children with hearing loss. A child who is entering a school board at age 4 or 5 is usually already diagnosed with a hearing loss, though some children may have a loss which is only diagnosed later, for example in the case of a child with a progressive hearing loss or an acquired loss due to illness or trauma. Children suspected of having hearing loss can sometimes be tested in the audiology department at MOSD, depending on the indicators in the particular case. Children are also tested at hospitals and private clinics.
MOSD offers an array of services depending on the needs of the child and the distances involved. Boards at a distance are more likely to be offered Indirect services (link). Students attending schools closer to Montreal may receive the services of a specialist teacher of the hearing impaired as well as audiological, psychosocial and technological services through our mainstream programs ( link)
Some children with more severe losses or with more needs may benefit from attending a specialized class at the MOSD. These classes are located within a regular public school so that partial mainstreaming may occur. At MOSD, the goal is for children to attend their neighborhood school, as soon as they are ready and with appropriate support. The MOSD classes serve as a bridge to the mainstream. Academic programs link
How are services funded?
MOSD services are offered through yearly contracts with school boards. A child who had been recently diagnosed can receive services for part of a year if the board is in agreement. A child who is classified as having a hearing impairment ("44") may require a little support or a great deal of support and specialized teaching. Discussions between the board, the school, the family and MOSD can ensure that the appropriate program and services are made available. Contact the MOSD for further information at
For personnel in regular schools:
What are some possible signs of hearing loss in children?
- Often does not respond when spoken to or is surprised when he finally does hear
- Needs people to be closer to him in order to understand
- Often asks "what?" or seems puzzled
- May have some pronunciation problems;
- May give inappropriate answers to basic questions; responses may seem off topic
- May not participate well in class
- May have trouble paying attention or staying on topic
- May seem to depend a lot on visual cues
I have a child in my class who may have a hearing loss. What should I do?
If you suspect that a child may have a hearing loss it is essential to pursue this. An undiagnosed hearing loss can cause a child serious problems. Usually a general practitioner, family doctor or pediatrician will refer a child for a hearing test at a hospital or clinic. Children with many risk factors can occasionally be tested at the MOSD.
I have a child who wears hearing aids (or a cochlear implant) in my class. What can I do to help him in the class?
The classroom situation is a noisy one for the child with hearing loss who needs the best acoustic environment possible in order to use his residual hearing and make use of his amplification. Students may also use an FM system to help them hear better in noise and over distance. FM link here. A specialist teacher of the hearing impaired or a speech/language pathologist or audiologist can help you to determine adaptations that can be made in your classroom to improve the listening environment. Even with these adaptations, there will likely still be challenges to listening and learning in a regular classroom. For specific suggestions, click here.
I might like to volunteer at the MOSD; what could I do?
We'd love to hear from you! There are a number of ways that a volunteer can help.
Some volunteers work in the classes or nursery with a particular group or teacher with tasks such as helping with science themes, listening to children read, helping with 1-1 tutoring, leading a lunch activity, playing games for social support.
Some volunteers offer after-school help with homework, perhaps in French or math. Others serve a more social role, helping the student learn more about their neighborhood, visiting the library, going to movies etc.
Other volunteers may choose to help the MOSD as an organization by working on events, fundraising, or doing clerical work.
If you have a skill that you'd like to share please let us know.
How are volunteers matched?
Potential volunteers come to an intake session at MOSD and are interviewed. Their availability and preferences in relation to ages of students and types of activities are taken into consideration in making a match.
What is the time commitment?
This can be variable depending on the tasks, however in general we ask for a minimum commitment of 90 minutes a week for the school year, though we recognize that some university students may need to finish in April.


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SLANESVILLE, W.Va. -- Ice Mountain, the Hampshire County peak that earned its name and a recent National Natural Landmark designation for the refrigeration effect that takes place inside a sloping mass of boulders along its base, shows signs of thawing.
Since 1983, researchers from West Virginia University have been using temperature loggers to track the temperature of air flowing from some of nearly 150 natural vents found at the base of a 60-foot-thick boulder field that extends nearly to the top of the 1,500-foot peak.
The boulder field, or talus slope in geological terms, "is a very good cold-air trap," said Dr. J. Steven Kite, the geology professor at WVU who leads the Ice Mountain monitoring program. "The talus slope provides a lot of intake area, and the R-value of having 60 feet of rock for insulation must be in the thousands."
In winter, dense, cold air sinks deep into the Oriskany sandstone talus, and ice masses form in the spaces between the rocks. "By late winter," Kite said, "everything freezes and the vents close."
As the weather warms in spring and summer, air much cooler than outside temperatures is released through the ice vents at the base of the talus slope. The ice vent section at the bottom of the slope is about 250 yards long and 30 yards wide. "It takes months for the cold air to come out," Kite said.
For the past three years, though, air blowing from the vents at the base of Ice Mountain has reached above-freezing temperatures slightly earlier than usual. And this year, a 1 degree Celsius reading was attained on April 25, more than three weeks earlier than in any other year in which Kite and his graduate students have been logging temperatures.
Having the ice gone from Ice Mountain so early "is significant," said Rodney Bartgis, state director of The Nature Conservancy in West Virginia, which has protected a 159-acre section of Ice Mountain, including the ice vent area, since 1989. "There's reason to be concerned that a warming event may be going on."
A unique community of plants normally found at much higher latitudes and elevation has thrived in rocky soil near the ice vents probably since the end of the last Ice Age, according to Bartgis.
"It's one of the most remarkable features about this site," he said.
Dwarf dogwood, a plant that ranges from Eastern Canada to Alaska and also can be found at scattered sites above 4,000 feet in West Virginia, is found at an elevation of about 750 feet at the base of Ice Mountain. The bristly rose, also known as Arctic rose and the official provincial flower of Alberta, is another Canadian and Alaskan species that can be found at Ice Mountain, along with the twinflower, another plant normally found hundreds of miles to the north. At least six boreal, or Northern, plant species can be found near the base of Ice Mountain.
"Although this place and the plants that live here have likely persisted since the end of the Pleistocene [about 11,700 years ago], there is no promise that it will remain as it is through the coming decades," Bartgis said.
Kite said a lack of historic scientific data on Ice Mountain's natural refrigeration system makes it difficult to determine just how significant the current warming trend might be.


Charles Bonnet
Bonnet painted by [[Jens Juel (painter)|Jens Juel]], 1777. Charles Bonnet (; 13 March 1720 – 20 May 1793) was a Genevan naturalist and philosophical writer. He is responsible for coining the term ''phyllotaxis'' to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant. He was among the first to notice parthenogenetic reproduction in aphids and established that insects respired through their spiracles. He was among the first to use the term "evolution" in a biological context. Deaf from an early age, he also suffered from failing eyesight and had to make use of assistants in later life to help in his research.
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z-transform helpwill rate LIFESAVER
0 pts ended
A causal system isrepresented by the following difference equation:
a) Find the systemfunction H(z) and give the corresponding region of convergence.
b) Find the unit sample response of the system in analyticalform.
c) Find the frequency response and determine itsmagnitude and phase
Answers (0)


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Coins (also referred to as gold pieces, gp, gold, or simply money) are the most common form of currency in Old School RuneScape. They can be used to represent the value of virtually every single tradeable item in the game, as well as various services offered throughout.
When the number of coins in a single stack exceeds 99,999, then the examine text reads "____ x Coins", where the blank is the exact number of coins in the stack. If there is less than that, the examine text reads "Lovely money!" when examined in the inventory. When a stack of coins on the ground is examined, the examine will always show the exact amount.
Players often refer to one thousand (1,000) coins as 1k and one million (1,000,000) coins as 1m or 1mil. Both can be applied to larger numbers, for example, 10m refers to ten million coins (10,000,000). More rarely, 1b or 1bil refers to one billion coins (1,000,000,000).
Alchemy spells, which create coins, cannot be cast on coins. If a player attempts it, a message will inform the player that "Coins are already made of gold." You can, however, turn other items made of gold like gold ore and gold bars into coins.
The alternate terms for coins have seen seldom official usage since RuneScape Classic was replaced by RuneScape 2. One of the only NPCs who say "GP" ingame is the brewer dwarf in Keldagrim. The reason given is that he prefers to associate with gold at the expense of proper terminology. Additionally, when the glassblower was added to Entrana, he always referred to coins as 'gold pieces'. Another instance that a player may find coins referred to as "gp" is when attempting to pass through the gates to Al-Kharid, right-clicking upon the gate will give the player the option to spend 10 gp to go through.
- 3 coins respawn can be found from Varrock West Bank basement, more can be telegrabbed from the locked room.
- There are a few coin spawns in the room with Elvarg.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Taverley Dungeon near ghosts.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Haunted Mine.
- There are a few coin spawns in the King Black Dragon's den.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Asgarnian Ice Dungeon.
- There are some 5-coin spawns in Varrock Sewers near the red spiders.
- Asking Anja at Rimmington for some free stuff, will lead to a long dialogue, followed by Anja giving 1 to 3 coins.
- There are some gold spawns all over the Wilderness.
- There are 7 coins that spawn in the Edgeville Dungeon.
Real world trading
Some players purchase coins in exchange for real-world money using websites such as eBay. This is known as real world trading. Although players can potentially gain monetary value within RuneScape by such means, this method is not recommended, as Rule #12 of the RuneScape Code of Conduct forbids the trading of RuneScape items for items outside of RuneScape, and can result in a player ban.
- Coins appear in the inventory as plain flat cylinders, but during Grim Tales, it is revealed that coins have more intricate designs imprinted on their faces.
- During the quest Shilo Village, there is an item that looks like coins in one of the tunnels; however, the coins can be picked up only by use of Telekinetic Grab. They are not the same as normal coins, being non-stackable and untradeable. If a player tries to pick them up without Telekinetic Grab, they will be attacked and the coins will turn to dust.
- The maximum number of coins in a stack is 2,147,483,647, because RuneScape uses 32-bit signed integers to store values, which are unable to represent a higher number. Theoretically it would be possible to use higher values by storing them in larger data types like long (64-bit integer with a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807).
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St. Louis, Mo.
Size: Sound recording: 2 sound cassettes
Collection Summary: An interview of Joseph Pulitzer conducted 1985 July 9, by Sue Ann Kendall, for the Archives of American Art.
Biographical/Historical Note: Joseph Pulitzer (_PHONE_) was an art collector from St. Louis, Mo.
This interview is part of the Archives' Oral History Program, started in 1958 to document the history of the visual arts in the United States, primarily through interviews with artists, historians, dealers, critics and others.
Funding for the digital preservation of this interview was provided by a grant from the Save America's Treasures Program of the National Park Service.
How to Use this Interview
- A transcript of this interview appears below.
- The transcript of this interview is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Quotes and excerpts must be cited as follows: Oral history interview with Joseph Pulitzer, 1985 July 9, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
- For more information on using the Archives' resources, see the FAQ or Ask Us.
Also in the Archives
This transcript is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Quotes and excerpts must be cited as follows: Oral history interview with Joseph Pulitzer, 1985 July 9, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Interview with Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.
Conducted by Sue Ann Kendall
At the interviewee's home in St. Louis, Missouri
July 9, 1985
The following oral history transcript is the result of a tape-recorded interview with Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. on July 9, 1985. The interview took place in St. Louis, Missouri, and was conducted by Sue Ann Kendall for the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
[Tape 1, side A]
SUE ANN KENDALL: Mr. Pulitzer, in your last interview with the Archives, you spoke of the discipline and the connoisseurship of your training at Harvard. You said that that led you to wait until pieces were—I think you used the word, "settled in"—and accepted before you purchased them. In your more recent collecting, though, you have bought and commissioned works by relatively young artists. What brought about the change in your collecting?
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well, when I was developing this acreage in St. Louis County, and had built a house, designed by William Adair Bernoudy, and a garden which he also designed, it was quite clear to me that this would be an ideal setting for outdoor sculpture. And so I had met and liked and admired Andrea Cascella, the Italian sculptor who lives in Milan, and I arranged through another friend, Beatrice Monti, who was the director of the Galleria del Ariete in Milan to have him do a fairly large scale stone piece for the property and that worked out very nicely. It was a commission and one that I have enjoyed greatly, and it was the beginning, then, of a trend toward perhaps more contemporary artists that came along in due course. But I should remind you that the other artists of the more established and historic position, such as Maillol, Rodin, Matisse and Lipchitz, were already coming into the collection and had already been installed in the country, and so it was really an extension of that process that led into the more contemporary. My wife, Emily, who had been the curator—the curator, very funny—of the St. Louis Art Museum—which now has I think five or six curators, but that was a number of years ago—was very interested in the more contemporary things, and through her I met Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Richard Serra, and Mark diSuvero, either directly or indirectly through my wife. And that led to the moving of the collection as a whole into a more contemporary mode. Now when I say "settled," I'm not sure I ever used the word "settled," but what I think I meant, and what I certainly do think today, is that I like art that has stood the test of time and been around a while, and I liked the feeling that it can get into the mainstream of art and be comfortable, as an expression that is not so unconventional or so totally at odds with the art that one has become accustomed to that one can't relate it to the art of the past. I think that all of these things that have emerged on our property have and can easily be related, through formal contemplation and through style, through the artist's perception and his expression of form and his intent. Those things are not radical to me, and I don't believe they are really radical in the sense of being out of place with the more established art of the past; it's simply that they are new forms that took me a little longer to get acquainted with.
SUE ANN KENDALL: Is it their formal characteristics that you related to works of the past?
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well, I believe that.... There's no question that the formal character of these works has a great deal of interest to me, but then of course there are the other, the humanistic, I mean, and the perception of the artist, in his interest in space or in whatever his particular interest is, whatever his focus is, that I think I also understand and appreciate—or try to understand and appreciate, right.
SUE ANN KENDALL: Do you feel that you're collecting what you would call definitive works from say the sixties and seventies and even into the eighties?
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well, I think the.... I believe that the objects that we have fit quite comfortably into the criterion of being well-expressed examples of what the artist was striving to do. I think our examples are good examples. And I think those examples are—to the extent that one can use the word—accomplished, in that they accomplish what the artist intended. There's nothing tentative or particularly unsettling about the examples we have; they seem to have a definitive, finite and final... a finality that is very, I think, consistent in this collection as a whole. I think that the collection as a whole has achieved a rather finished and final and realized expression. And I believe these contemporary things do fit into that quite comfortably.
SUE ANN KENDALL: Um hmm. You also said in the previous interview, and I can quote this one, "I hoped that I would be able to assemble a few things that would have quite a relevance to what was emerging as a twentieth-century School of Paris." And that was back in the thirties when you were beginning....
JOSEPH PULITZER: Oh, yes, when I was in school.
SUE ANN KENDALL:... to put into your collection the School of Paris works. How do you define relevance today in regard to the works that you are collecting?
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well, the whole Minimalist experience in the sixties is very well expressed, I think, in the.... Or even later than that: Serra certainly, in Kelly, in Judd. And these are very disciplined works, very reduced, very simplified, but at the same time extremely expressive works of art. I find that that phase of art is much closer in its overtones to classic art than it is to Expressionism. I believe that this collection as a whole is not as involved in Expressionism as it is in the more resolved and classic and composed works. And the Minimalists, of course in my perception have achieved a composure and a stability and an authority that is quite dramatic and positive and has a good deal of force and persuasion to it.
SUE ANN KENDALL: What led you in that direction, although I think maybe you've just answered some of that question, but [what—Ed.] led you in that direction rather than some of the manifestations of art that exist today, or have existed since, in the sixties, seventies.
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well, I don't know that there's any (chuckles) deliberate sort of scheme. I've never been systematic at all. I've never tried to fill gaps and cover everything and be sort of encyclopedic. That wouldn't have been my style, and nor would I have had the resources always to do that sort of thing, which maybe museums do. But I bought things that appealed to me and attracted me but which, again, had received enough critical evaluation and enough judgments had been made that I could read a bit and know something about the artist's intent—and often met them. In fact, the people who have done the commissions here were all well known to us and then became friends, so there was no problem in that respect. But as to expressionism as a whole, I think that this collection—and romanticism as a whole—this collection rather leans toward classicism in the sense of the repose and the finality and the stability and the classic sense of order rather than the dramatic and the disorder of expressionism—on which I can go on at considerable length if you like (chuckles), but I think we'll hold that for later.
SUE ANN KENDALL: (chuckles) All right. How are the Minimalists' and the Conceptualists' work today.... How do you relate their work to life today?
JOSEPH PULITZER: Well....
SUE ANN KENDALL: In other words, how do you relate the work to its time?