Using Caché Globals
Using Multidimensional Storage (Globals)
[Home] [Back] [Next]
InterSystems: The power behind what matters
Class Reference
Search:
This chapter describes the various operations you can perform using multidimensional storage (global variables). It includes the following topics:
Storing Data in Globals
Storing data in global nodes is simple: you treat a global as you would any other variable. The difference is that operations on globals are automatically written to the database.
Creating Globals
There is no setup work required to create a new global; simply setting data into a global implicitly creates a new global structure. You can create a global (or a global subscript) and place data in it with a single operation, or you can create a global (or subscript) and leave it empty by setting it to the null string. In ObjectScript, these operations are done using the SET command.
The following examples define a global named Color (if one does not already exist) and associate the value "Red" with it. If a global already exists with the name Color, then these examples modify it to contain the new information.
In Caché Basic:
^Color = "Red"
In ObjectScript:
 SET ^Color = "Red"
Note:
When using direct global access within applications, develop and adhere to a naming convention to keep different parts of an application from "walking over" one another; this is similar to developing naming convention for classes, method, and other variables. Also, avoid certain global names that Caché uses; for a list of these, see the section Global Variable Names to Avoid in the "Rules and Guidelines for Identifiers" appendix of the Caché Programming Orientation Guide.
Storing Data in Global Nodes
To store a value within a global subscript node, simply set the value of the global node as you would any other variable array. If the specified node did not previously exist, it is created. If it did exist, its contents are replaced with the new value.
You specify a node within a global by means of an expression (referred to as a global reference). A global reference consists of the caret character (^), the global name, and (if needed) one or more subscript values. Subscripts (if present) are enclosed within parentheses "( )" and are separated by commas. Each subscript value is itself an expression: a literal value, a variable, a logical expression, or even a global reference.
Setting the value of a global node is an atomic operation: It is guaranteed to succeed and you do not need to use any locks to ensure concurrency.
The following are all valid global references:
In Caché Basic:
^Data = 2
^Data("Color") = "Red"
^Data(1,1) = 100
^Data(^Data) = 10 ' The value of ^Data is the subscript
^Data(a,b) = 50 ' The values of local variables a and b are subscripts
^Data(a + 10) = 50
In ObjectScript:
 SET ^Data = 2
 SET ^Data("Color")="Red"
 SET ^Data(1,1)=100 /* The 2nd-level subscript (1,1) is set
 to the value 100. No value is stored at
 the 1st-level subscript (^Data(1)). */
 SET ^Data(^Data)=10 /* The value of global variable ^Data
 is the name of the subscript. */
 SET ^Data(a,b)=50 /* The values of local variables a and b
 are the names of the subscripts. */
 SET ^Data(a+10)=50
If you are using ObjectScript, you can construct global references at runtime using indirection.
Storing Structured Data in Global Nodes
Each global node can contain a single string of up to 32K characters.
Data is typically stored within nodes in one of the following ways:
Deleting Global Nodes
To remove a global node, a group of subnodes, or an entire global from the database, use the ObjectScript KILL or ZKILL commands, or the Caché Basic Erase command.
The KILL command deletes all nodes (data as well as its corresponding entry in the array) at a specific global reference, including any descendant subnodes. That is, all nodes starting with the specified subscript are deleted.
For example, the ObjectScript statement:
 KILL ^Data
deletes the entire ^Data global. A subsequent reference to this global would return an <UNDEFINED> error.
The ObjectScript statement:
 KILL ^Data(100)
deletes contents of node 100 within the ^Data global. If there are descendant subnodes, such as ^Data(100,1), ^Data(100,2), and ^Data(100,1,2,3), these are deleted as well.
The ObjectScript ZKILL command deletes a specified global or global subscript node. It does not delete descendant subnodes.
Note:
Following the kill of a large global, the space once occupied by that global may not have been completely freed, since the blocks are marked free in the background by the Garbage Collector daemon. Thus, a call to the ReturnUnusedSpace method of the SYS.Database class immediately after killing a large global may not return as much space as expected, since blocks occupied by that global may not have been released as yet.
You cannot use the NEW command on global variables.
Testing the Existence of a Global Node
To test if a specific global (or its descendants) contains data, use the ObjectScript $DATA function.
$DATA returns a value indicating whether or not the specified global reference exists. The possible return values are:
Status Value Meaning
0 The global variable is undefined.
1 The global variable exists and contains data, but has no descendants. Note that the null string ("") qualifies as data.
10 The global variable has descendants (contains a downward pointer to a subnode) but does not itself contain data. Any direct reference to such a variable will result in an <UNDEFINED> error. For example, if $DATA(^y) returns 10, SET x=^y will produce an <UNDEFINED> error.
11 The global variable both contains data and has descendants (contains a downward pointer to a subnode).
Retrieving the Value of a Global Node
To get the value stored within a specific global node, simply use the global reference as an expression.
Using Caché Basic:
color = ^Data("Color") ' assign to a local variable
Print ^Data("Color") ' use as an argument to a command
MyMethod(^Data("Color")) ' use as a function argument
Using Caché ObjectScript:
 SET color = ^Data("Color") ; assign to a local variable
 WRITE ^Data("Color") ; use as a command argument
 SET x=$LENGTH(^Data("Color")) ; use as a function parameter
The $GET Function
Within ObjectScript, you can also get the value of a global node using the $GET function:
 SET mydata = $GET(^Data("Color"))
This retrieves the value of the specified node (if it exists) or returns the null string ("") if the node has no value. You can use the optional second argument of $GET to return a specified default value if the node has no value.
The WRITE, ZWRITE, and ZZDUMP Commands
You can display the contents of a global or a global subnode by using the various ObjectScript display commands. The WRITE command returns the value of the specified global or subnode as a string. The ZWRITE command returns the name of the global variable and its value, and each of its descendant nodes and their values. The ZZDUMP command returns the value of the specified global or subnode in hexadecimal dump format.
Traversing Data within a Global
There are a number of ways to traverse (iterate over) data stored within a global.
The $ORDER (Next / Previous) Function
The ObjectScript $ORDER function (and its Caché Basic equivalent: Traverse) allows you to sequentially visit each node within a global.
The $ORDER function returns the value of the next subscript at a given level (subscript number). For example, suppose you have defined the following global:
 Set ^Data(1) = ""
 Set ^Data(1,1) = ""
 Set ^Data(1,2) = ""
 Set ^Data(2) = ""
 Set ^Data(2,1) = ""
 Set ^Data(2,2) = ""
 Set ^Data(5,1,2) = ""
To find the first, first-level subscript, we can use:
 SET key = $ORDER(^Data(""))
This returns the first, first-level subscript following the null string (""). (The null string is used to represent the subscript value before the first entry; as a return value it is used to indicate that there are no following subscript values.) In this example, key will now contain the value 1.
We can find the next, first-level subscript by using 1 or key in the $ORDER expression:
 SET key = $ORDER(^Data(key))
If key has an initial value of 1, then this statement will set it to 2 (as ^Data(2) is the next first-level subscript). Executing this statement again will set key to 5 as that is the next first-level subscript. Note that 5 is returned


text:
My father-in-law just asked me an interesting question:
How much would an inch of water covering an acre weigh?
It's not such a difficult question. It seems like a perfect query for Wolfram Alpha.
WA doesn't get the question at all. In fact, it seems to have classified an acre as an animal. Maybe I should have said hectare? Nope. It does no better.
Interestingly, Google makes solving this problem trivial, thanks to the useful "convert" command. I solved the problem in two steps. (It helps to know that a cubic centimeter of water weighs a gram – in fact, that's the definition of a gram.)
Convert 1 inch x 1 acre to cubic centimeters -> 102 790 153 cubic centimeters
We already have the answer, 102,790,153 grams, but to put it into terms that are more human I Googled:
and got the correct answer, 113.306748 short tons.
No matter that my father-in-law used a calculator, we both got the same answer, proving that Google is, in some cases, better at numeric analysis than Wolfram Alpha.
The real problem with WA is that it's not easy to formulate a query that produces the results you're looking for. Type 'blood alcohol' and you'll get fascinating results (thanks to Chris Heath for finding that, by the way), but not necessarily results you can expect. And, as it turns out, predictability is an important feature of any search engine, or computational knowledge engine for that matter. Before it's useful you need to have some idea of what kind of answers you might get, and, for the moment, Wolfram Alpha's results seem utterly random. I'm rooting for it, but it may be that it's just too smart for The Rest Of Us.
(Thanks to Edward Coffey who points out that the query "1 acre * 1 inch * 1g / cubic centimetre" works on Wolfram Alpha. Quite well, in fact. But I don't think that changes my point.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
AllianceBlock and Datomize Integration
AllianceBlock announcing its integration with Datomize, a synthetic data solution provider. The partnership will allow Datomize to bring its state-of-the-art data replication and synthesization tools to the Data Tunnel.
It will also allow all users to harness Datomize's options to anonymize, expand, and augment datasets. This will add an optional privacy and experimentation benefit to our data solutions that will allow more users and institutions to access our product while a lower initial investment is needed.
AI-Powered Data Privacy Opens Up New Institutional Use Cases for the Data Tunnel
Using integrated tools from Datomize, Data Tunnel's users can create a synthetic replica of a dataset that keeps the same key statistical and demographic characteristics while excluding sensitive or personal information such as names, contact details, or social security numbers.
In cases where datasets are biased or incomplete, users can expand them using probabilistic, AI-powered tools. This will allow Data Tunnel users to gain insights from synthetic datasets that retain the characteristics and trends of real-world data while ensuring compliance with relevant data privacy regulations.
By using the technology of Datomize, their users can create more training data for their models (Replicate), improve the quality of the data of their datasets (Recharge) or synthesize new data inside their dataset so that it can generate new insights (Reinvent). Here is an overview of Datomize's features and how they accelerate the use of Data Tunnel :
- Replicate: AI-powered data generation tools to generate high-quality synthetic data that improve the quality and variety of existing datasets. This means data publishers can now submit their data without privacy concerns. They can also create additional data based on the original.
- Recharge: Specialized tools to enhance the quality and variety of training data for machine learning models. This means that users wanting to use incomplete datasets that they see potential in can now use machine learning models to fill out the gaps based on existing information.
- Reinvent: Dedicated features to reconstruct and augment existing datasets to overcome bias or gaps in existing data. This will allow users to test different scenarios and hypotheses by combining various data sources.
AllianceBlock Co-Founder and CTO Matthijs De Vries said: "Data is the fuel that powers new ideas and drives good decisions. But anyone who has worked in data science or analytics knows how hard it can be to deal with incomplete or skewed datasets. By partnering with Datomize, we will empower Data Tunnel users to fill the gaps in their data, unlock new possibilities, and uncover insights from machine learning."
Datomize Founder and CEO Avi Weiss added "Information is at the heart of every economy and when data is more openly accessible, it leads to more innovation and growth. Partnering with AllianceBlock was an obvious choice as we share a common vision of a transparent, open and compliant data economy that preserves user privacy".
Datomize's synthetic data solution accelerates and streamlines the development, training and testing of AI/ML models and applications that drive business growth. Datomize preserves the behavioral features of the original production data without violating personal privacy regulations to speed up the time to market for new products and services and rapidly generate insights that drive digital transformation. Providing the speed and scale required by global financial institutions and highly regulated industries, Datomize processes highly complex data structures with multiple dependencies and is fully scalable to process thousands of tables and millions of records. Datomize enables enterprises to rapidly release new services, move analytics to the cloud, integrate third-party solutions, and glean insights from AI/ML models to become market leaders.
AllianceBlock is building seamless gateways between TradFi and DeFi by remedying issues in both spheres and linking them more closely. They see the future of finance as an integrated system where the best of both worlds can work together to increase capital flows and technological innovation.
They are building this future by bridging traditional finance with compliant, data-driven access to new decentralized markets, DeFi projects and ecosystem-scaling tools such as funding and interoperability. As such, they are building a next-generation financial infrastructure that aims to provide regulated financial entities worldwide with the tools they need to access the DeFi space seamlessly.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Skip to content
Advertisement
 - Technical advance
 - Open Access
 - Open Peer Review
This article has Open Peer Review reports available.
How does Open Peer Review work?
A double-blind placebo needle for acupuncture research
BMC Complementary and Alternative MedicineThe official journal of the International Society for Complementary Medicine Research (ISCMR)20077:31
_URL_
Received: 21 June 2007
Accepted: 10 October 2007
Published: 10 October 2007
Abstract
Background
Placebo needles that can mask acupuncture practitioners to the type of needle used have been considered almost impossible to develop until now.
Methods
We designed a double-blind non-penetrating placebo needle, the needle tip of which simply presses against the skin, and a matched penetrating needle. The needles are encased inside an opaque guide tube and the appearance and feel of the pair are designed to be indistinguishable. To validate the masking effect for the practitioner, 10 acupuncturists each applied 23 non-penetrating needles and 17 penetrating needles to the Large Intestine-4 point. After removing each needle, they judged whether the needle was 'penetrating', 'non-penetrating' or 'unidentifiable'. For the validation of patient masking, an acupuncturist randomly applied a non-penetrating/penetrating needle pair to the bilateral Sanjiao-5 points in 60 volunteers. When both applications were completed, we asked them to write down anything that they noticed regarding the needle application and associated sensations.
Results
The mean ± SD of correct/unidentifiable/incorrect answers given by the 10 acupuncturists were 17.0 ± 4.1/6.4 ± 3.6/16.6 ± 3.0, respectively. Regarding patient masking, none of the subjects commented in the questionnaire that they had received a non-penetrating needle. Of 60 penetrating and 60 non-penetrating needle applications, 48 (80.0%) and 25 (41.7%) applications elicited skin penetration sensation and 48 (80.0%) and 20 (33.3%) applications elicited de qi, respectively.
Conclusion
These needles have the potential to mask both practitioners and patients from the type of needle used in acupuncture research.
Keywords
 - Acupuncture Treatment
 - Needle Insertion
 - Skin Penetration
 - Insertion Depth
 - Guide Tube
Background
The strongest evidence supporting the efficacy of acupuncture has been obtained using single-blind methods [14], which fail to meet the methodological standards for study blinding in conventional medicine [58]. As a result, the effectiveness of acupuncture has remained controversial, even though studies of the highest possible quality have been published in leading medical journals [8]. The reason for this is that study subjects/patients are still exposed to possible bias due to the expectations, enthusiasm, suggestions and attitude of unmasked practitioners [513], and placebo needles aimed at masking practitioners have been considered unfeasible [7, 8, 13]. Until date, there have been no published reports on the development of a procedure or placebo needle that can mask practitioners from the type of needle used.
Although single-blind trials using placebo or sham needles are a significant advance [1416], double-blind trials using placebo needles are critically important to ensure that acupuncture research meets the methodological standards of medical science to provide stronger evidence of the effectiveness of treatment using needles [58]. Only then will acupuncture be incorporated into generally accepted practice [58, 1113].
Here, we report the design of double-blind (practitioner-patient masking) non-penetrating placebo and matched needles [17] to solve the methodological conundrum of practitioner masking [7, 8, 13, 14] with a statistical evaluation of the masking effect of these needles.
Methods
Participants
We recruited well-experienced and licensed acupuncturists on the teaching staff and healthy volunteers familiar with acupuncture treatment as experimental subjects from Hanada College. Before the study, the purpose and format were explained and the subjects provided written consent. The Showa University Ethics Committee gave its approval.
Design of double-blind needles
We designed a double-blind (practitioner-patient) non-penetrating needle, the tip of which presses against the skin but cannot penetrate it, and a matched penetrating needle with a specified insertion depth to be used in acupuncture research [17]. The appearance and feel of the penetrating and non-penetrating needles were indistinguishable from one another (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Double-blind placebo and matched needle. Design of the double-blind acupuncture needles. Each needle assembly comprises an opaque guide tube (1) and upper stuffing (2) to provide resistance to the needle body during its passage through the guide tube. The body of the penetrating needle (3) is longer than the guide tube by an amount equal to the insertion depth, but the body of the non-penetrating needle (4) is only long enough to allow its blunt tip to press against the skin when the needle body is advanced to its limit. The non-penetrating needle contains stuffing at the bottom as well (5) to give a sensation similar to that of skin puncture and tissue penetration. Both needles have a stopper (6) that prevents the needle handle (7) from advancing further when the sharp tip of the penetrating needle (8) or the blunt tip of the non-penetrating needle (9) reaches the specified position. The pedestal (10) on each needle is adhesive, allowing it to adhere firmly to the skin surface. The diameter of the needles used in this study was 0.16 mm.
Validation test for practitioner masking
Ten highly experienced, licensed acupuncture practitioners (mean ± SD: 41.7 ± 8.8 years; all men) with a mean [SD] duration of acupuncture experience of 12.4 [7.8] years participated in this study (Table 1). Four sets of 10 sterilized needles were prepared as follows: one non-penetrating and nine penetrating, six non-penetrating and four penetrating, nine non-penetrating and one penetrating, and seven non-penetrating and three penetrating needles. In total, 23 non-penetrating and 17 penetrating needles were used. Before the trial began, the practitioners were informed that each set of 10 needles comprised a random number of both non-penetrating and penetrating needles. Each acupuncturist took four sets at random and consecutively applied 40 needles at the Large Intestine-4 point of author (NT), which is located between the two heads of the first and second metacarpals on the dorsal surface of the right hand [18], using the alternating twirling technique (alternating between rotating the needle clockwise and counterclockwise). The insertion depth of the penetrating needle was 10 mm [18]. Each needle was inserted and pulled out after the stopper had made contact with the top of the guide tube. Immediately after the removal of each needle, the practitioner recorded his judgment of the needle to be 'penetrating', 'non-penetrating' or 'unidentifiable'.
Table 1
Numbers of correctly, unidentified and incorrectly identified needles in 10 acupuncturists on 40 (23 non-penetrating/17 penetrating) needles
Acupuncturist
Years of experience
Number of correctly identified needles (non-penetrating/penetrating)
Number of unidentified needles (non-penetrating/penetrating)
Number of incorrectly identified needles (non-penetrating/penetrating)
No. 1
8
15 (10/5)
6 (2/4)
19 (11/8)
No. 2
25
21 (12/9)
7 (3/4)
12 (8/4)
No. 3
15
19 (13/6)
9 (3/6)
12 (7/5)
No. 4
13
22 (12/10)
1 (0/1)
17 (11/6)
No. 5
3
14 (12/2)
8 (4/4)
18 (7/11)
No. 6
5
13 (10/3)
12 (7/5)
15 (6/9)
No. 7
5
9 (7/2)
10 (3/7)
21 (13/8)
No. 8
25
19 (8/11)
3 (2/1)
18 (13/5)
No. 9
10
19 (9/10)
6 (4/2)
15 (10/5)
No. 10
15
19 (14/5)
2 (1/1)
19 (8/11)
Mean ± SD
12.4 ± 7.8
17 ± 4.1 (10.7/6.3)
6.4 ± 3.6 (2.9/3.5)
16.6 ± 3.0 (9.4/7.2)
Validation test for patient masking
Sixty healthy volunteers (29.7 ± 7.5 years, 35 men, 25 women) who were familiar with receiving acupuncture were recruited for the validation study. Before the trial began, the experimental procedure was explained to the subjects as follows: 'We will apply two needles, which may or may not differ in type, at bilateral Sanjiao-5 (SJ-5) points that are located three finger widths above the wrist crease between the ulna and radius on the posterior surface of the forearm [18]. Once both applications have been completed, we will ask you for each arm whether you felt a skin penetration sensation and de qi, a deep dull pain sensation that is considered essential for a successful acupuncture treatment [18].


text:
FISCAL POLICY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS, CASES OF EU COUNTRIES
Keywords:indicators of the development, GCI, HDI, growth of economy, taxes, GDP
AbstractThe article deals with problematic issues of economic competitiveness in the context of the EU. Fiscal policy and competitiveness as the world emerges from the global recession, the full extent of the deterioration of fiscal accounts is becoming visible and is raising questions about the consequences for longer-term competitiveness. Upon characterizing the tendencies of economic growth the most often used indicator is GDP per capita. Developing research in a similar direction and characterizing the tendencies of formation of the structure of new socioeconomic indicators to describe economic growth was carried out. In this case GDP per capita (growth) is far from a robust indicator of social welfare (progress)–witness the common substituting phrase "standard of living". Countries with developed economics have much experience with respect to formation of business-friendly tax systems. The tax system (fiscal policy) is one of the most basic economic mechanisms determining the economic development. Finally, it could be shown that the correlation coefficients between the rankings of GCI, HDI and livings standards are high and positive.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The dramatic backdrop of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park provides unsurpassed opportunities for bird photography, says author and photographer Ed Aylmer. He shares images of the park's birdlife, which has adapted to the harsh desert conditions.
When we at Wild saw Ed Aylmer's photographs of birds in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, we were immediately won over. The images bring us close to creatures often seen only at a distance, giving a glimpse of their daily life. We asked Ed about his love for the park's birds.
Why the Kgalagadi?
"I have visited most of the major national parks in SA and the Kgalagadi remains one of my favourite destinations for bird photography. It doesn't have the large number of species that occur in the Kruger National Park, but because of the open environment, it provides great opportunities to photograph birds in uncluttered situations that make the subject stand out from its background."
What birding is on offer?
"The Kgalagadi has approximately 280 species of birds of which only about 92 are resident. The remainder comprises migratory, vagrant and nomadic species. During the summer months, large numbers of migratory birds of prey descend on the park. Migratory storks and water birds are also present. The numerous waterholes along the Auob and Nossob riverbeds are good for sightings of colourful finches and waxbill species. The waterholes also offer opportunities for observing lanner and red-necked falcons which prey on unsuspecting doves and sparrows that come down to drink."
Your favourite bird species?
"Birds of prey, in particular the bateleur. It's always a thrill to see this bird gliding effortlessly in the sky at low altitude with its characteristic short tail and side-to-side rocking motion. It is so Africa! I also enjoy photographing the very often overlooked LBJs (little brown jobs). These species include larks and pipits. The opportunity of capturing these birds in their natural habitat and then being able to identify them is very rewarding."
What are typical camera requirements for bird photography?
"Use fast, long telephoto lenses typically in the range of 400 to 500 mm focal length with apertures of F2.8 to F4. This allows you to bring the subject closer and also with shallow depths of field, to separate the subject from its background. A good understanding of camera settings and how they are applied for different situations is also important."
Tell us more about your camera equipment.
"I have previously used Canon 1D Mk2 and 7D bodies coupled with Canon 70-200mm F2.8 and 500mm F4 lenses. I have recently purchased two Canon 7D Mk2 bodies which are fitted to the above lenses. Bird photography, particularly flying birds, requires fast shutter speeds (1/2 000 second and faster) in order to freeze action. Focus and tracking capability of the camera are also key to good bird photography. The Canon 7D Mk2 fulfils all these requirements."
More about Ed
"My interest in birds goes back to my childhood, when a friend introduced me to bird watching. In those days there was no television and the technological distractions we have today. Weekends were spent birding in our neighbourhood using rather rudimentary equipment – including eyes. Since then I have pursued the hobby and always enjoy going to new destinations to record and photograph species that occur in the area.
"I currently reside in Johannesburg and work for an Australian mining company. My wife and I travel to the game parks on a regular basis and have two Kgalagadi trips lined up for the next six months. In addition to my love for wildlife photography, I am also a wildlife artist and am fortunate enough to use my images as art references. I have published a coffee table book on the Kgalagadi called A Harsh Paradise and I am working on a book which will focus on birds."
Visit Ed's website for more information.


American Truck Simulator in VR is highly immersive. Through virtual reality, players can fully immerse themselves in the truck driving experience, feeling like they are actually behind the wheels of a big rig in the American countryside. The VR technology allows for a more realistic and engaging gameplay, where players can appreciate the detailed graphics, depth perception, and the feeling of being in a lifelike truck cabin. Overall, American Truck Simulator in VR creates an incredibly immersive experience for players.
Yes, here are some recommended tips and tricks for playing American Truck Simulator in VR:
1. Adjust the graphics settings: VR requires a higher performance, so it's important to find the right balance between visual quality and smooth gameplay. Experiment with different graphics settings to achieve a comfortable and immersive VR experience.
2. Use a comfortable headset: Ensure your VR headset fits well and is comfortable to wear for extended periods. Adjust the straps and make necessary modifications to minimize discomfort during gameplay.
3. Set up the play area: Make sure you have enough space to move around comfortably without bumping into objects or walls. Clear the area of any obstacles that could hinder your play. Consider placing a soft mat to stand on while playing to relieve foot strain.
4. Adjust your seat position: Fine-tune the in-game seat position to match your actual real-life driving position. This contributes to a more realistic experience and can help reduce motion sickness.
5. Take breaks: Playing in VR can be intense, so it's crucial to take regular breaks to rest your eyes and avoid fatigue. VR-induced motion sickness can also occur, especially in new users, so taking breaks whenever you don't feel well is essential.
6. Experiment with control settings: Try out different control settings to find what works best for you. Some players prefer using a steering wheel and pedals for a more authentic experience, while others may find a gamepad or hand controllers more comfortable.
7. Adjust the scale: In the VR settings, you can adjust the scaling options to get a proper sense of depth and size. Experiment until you find the setting that feels most natural to you.
8. Consider comfort options: American Truck Simulator offers comfort options like reducing camera shake and limiting head movement. Explore these settings to find what suits you best and minimize any potential motion sickness.
9. Increase in-game scale: Increase the scaling factor within the game settings to make objects appear larger. This can help enhance immersion and make the world feel more realistic in VR.
Remember, everyone's preferences and tolerance for VR gameplay can differ. Feel free to experiment with various settings and adjustments to find what works best for you and provides the most enjoyable experience in American Truck Simulator.
Question Answer
Is American Truck Simulator compatible with VR headsets? Yes
Which VR headsets are supported by American Truck Simulator? Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Valve Index
Do you need any additional hardware to play American Truck Simulator in VR? Yes, you will require a compatible VR headset and a computer that meets the recommended system requirements for running VR games.
Can you play American Truck Simulator in VR on PlayStation or Xbox? No, American Truck Simulator is only available for PC, and the VR mode is specifically supported on PC platforms.
Are there any specific settings or requirements for playing American Truck Simulator in VR? Yes, you may need to adjust the graphics settings and enable the VR mode within the game settings. Additionally, ensure that you have the necessary VR drivers installed for your headset.
Is the VR experience in American Truck Simulator immersive? Yes, playing American Truck Simulator in VR provides a highly immersive experience, allowing you to feel like you're really driving a truck in the game.
Rate article
Immersive Experience On The Road: Exploring the Possibilities of American Truck Simulator in VR
Immersive Experience On The Road: Exploring the Possibilities of American Truck Simulator in VR
Unveiling the Power and Versatility of Truck-Like Cars: A Perfect Blend of Style and Utility


Get Price
 1. Home
 2. >> How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency
How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency
How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher calculating the efficiency of jaw crusher the energy efficiency of crusher is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing auxiliary crushing pit.
[email protected]
Sent Message Chat Online
 - Jaw Crusher Efficiency Calculation
 Calculating efficiency crusher jaw crusher efficiency calculation NRG solution calculating jaw crusher efficiency terms crusher energy efficiency is defined as theory PQ University Lesson 7 crushing auxiliary crushing pit August 5, 2015 mobile jaw crusher production range is 100 to 1500 TPH new design mobile.
 - How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency Worldcrushersjaw
 How to calculate the efficiency of crusher calculation efficiency crusher aw crusher efficiency calculation NRG solution to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher the energy efficiency of crusher is defined as the ratio of output of mobile jaw crusher in theory PQ University Lesson 7 crushing secondary crushing pit August 5, 2015.
 - How To Calculate Crusher Efficiency
 Crusher calculation jaw crusher is a school introduction to calculating the efficiency of jaw crushers in the United States about how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crushers log in below enter your details log in if you are an existing member of the times and the Sunday Times, enjoy.
 - How How To Calculate Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 Calculation efficiency crusher zostanlidelem jaw crusher efficiency calculation nrgsolutions calculating jaw crusher efficiency term crusher energy efficiency is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing secondary crushing pit on August 5, 2015, the output of mobile jaw crusher was between 100 and 1500.
 - How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiencysmall Mobile
 How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher nrgsolutions to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher the term crusher energy efficiency is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing - secondary crushing ratio August 5, 2015 pit mobile jaw crusher output.
 - Skmefficiency Of Jaw Crushers
 Calculation of jaw crusher efficiency nrgsolutionsbe calculation of jaw crusher efficiency term crusher energy efficiency is defined as the ratio of the production of crushing secondary crushing pit in theory.
 - How To Calculate Efficiency Of A Jaw Crusher Aoligei
 How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher r efficiency calculation August 2, 2016 as the calculation formula of jaw crusher efficiency is the nomograph price of a real closed crushing circuit and the online efficiency of jaw bentonite crusher.
 - How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency
 Calculation of efficiency crusher cone crusher power calculation of a mine jaw crusher size in jaw crusher design calculation PDF vibration screen efficiency calculation page 1 of 2 September 11, 2012 vibrating screen efficiency calculation dear how to calculate the efficiency of shale shaker input to the screen 2900 tons / day.
 - How To Calculate Efficiency Of A Jaw Crusher
 Calculating the efficiency of a jaw crusher calculating the efficiency of a jaw crusher selling this is a simple video slide. If you want to know more details, please click on our website and we will calculate the crushing efficiency of the crusher by GTG online kalyaz how to calculate the crushing efficiency of the crusher.
 - How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency Crushing
 How to calculate the crushing efficiency of jaw crusher skj series jaw crusher skj series European jaw crusher is generally suitable for primary and intermediate crushing using the most advanced technology and process in the world. Skj series European jaw crusher is the first choice for effectively crushing hard and strong corrosive materials.
 - Jaw Crusher How To Calculate Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 Evaluating energy efficiency of jaw crushers how to calculate jaw crusher efficiency calculating jaw crusher efficiency terms crusher energy efficiency is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing auxiliary crushing pit August 5, 2015 mobile jaw crusher production range is 100 to 1500 TPH new design of mobile jaw crusher and impact crusher includes.
 - How To Calculate Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 How to calculate the efficiency of a jaw crusher as an equation for calculating the efficiency of a jaw crusher is the real efficiency of a jaw crusher. How to calculate the efficiency of a steel ball mill is a computer simulation method for obtaining the quotation. In the jaw crusher model, however, it also allows you to make any modifications quickly and efficiently. Fig. 2 jaw crusher.
 - Jaw Crusher Efficiency Calculations
 How to calculate the efficiency of a jaw crusher? The upper jaw of T. rex was larger than all, except that the equation behind the jaw was used to calculate the speed of the crusher. The disadvantage of this kind of crusher is that when high capacity is needed, the discharge width with limited capacity is relatively small compared with the discharge circuit.
 - To Calculate Cone Crusher Efficiency Pdf
 Calculation of jaw crusher efficiency calculation of jaw crusher efficiency of jaw crusher metal content crusher selection crusher design crusher installation cost crusher application scope of rock crusher rock crusher the commonly used empirical rules around rock crusher and crusher are listed here, which are applicable to hard rock mines below 600.
 - Jaw Crusher How To Measure Crusher Efficiency
 How to calculate the productivity of coal crusher product August 2, 2016 as jaw crusher efficiency calculation formula is the actual jaw efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate ball mill efficiency coal crushing productivity and tagart formula capacity jaw crusher crusher efficiency formula diesel Seite bersetzen.
 - To Calculate Cone Crusher Efficiency Pdf
 Crusher efficiency measurement crusher mill cone crusher efficiency kuulkoplinnl efficiency jaw crusher crusher cone crusher to the front of the target engineer investigated the energy efficiency of the crusher. In the first experiment, they studied the influencing factors, such as the use of deep granular bed, which usually exists in ball mills.
 - Calculate The Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher regenypark calculates the technical details of jaw crusher efficiency. Various core equipment manufactured by Rajkot manufacturer of Amardeep welding plant are jaw crushers. The efficiency and output size of roller crusher are calculated on the basis of 60.
 - How To Calculate Crusher Efficiency
 How to calculate crusher efficiency how to calculate jaw crusher efficiency for 18 x 36 jaw crushers, the width must be at least 36 inches, so a 4-foot x 8-foot screen is acceptable. The 1 inch screen is the second layer of 38 TPH of jaw crusher, so the correction factor of screen surface is 090 and the screen capacity is 21 x 09 189 tphsq ft. the jaw crusher needs 38189201 square meters.
 - How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency Worldcrushers
 Crusher efficiency calculation the maximum size of the quarry rock of 12 inches will be processed in two stages, with a speed of 70 tons per hour, a maximum output size of 1189 inches, and the need to separate materials larger than 1 inch with a negative 1 inch output.
 - Calculate Efficiency Crushers Crusher
 Calculating efficiency crusher crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher calculating the efficiency of jaw crusher the energy efficiency of crusher is defined as the ratio of production of mobile J in crushing secondary crushing pit on August 5, 2015.
 - Jaw Crusher Efficiency Calculations
 Crusher efficiency calculation for 18 x 36 jaw crushers, the width must be at least 36 inches, so a 4-foot x 8-foot screen is acceptable. The 1 inch screen is the second layer of the jaw crusher 38 TPH, so the correction factor of the sieve plate is 090 and the screen capacity is 21 x 09 189 tphsq ft.
 - How To Calculate Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 Nrgsolutionsbe is used to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher. The term crusher energy efficiency is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing auxiliary crushing pits August 5, 2015 mobile jaw crushers have a production range of 100 to 1500 TPH of newly designed moving jaw plates and impact.
 - Efficiency Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher NRG solution to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher the term "energy efficiency of crusher" is defined as the ratio of the output of mobile jaw crusher to the output of mobile jaw crusher in the range of 100 to 1500 TPH on August 5, 2015.
 - Calculate The Efficiency Of Jaw Crusher
 Calculation of jaw crusher efficiency calculation of jaw crusher efficiency 20191211 metal content crusher selection crusher design crusher installation cost crusher scope of application of rock crusher this paper lists the rock crusher and the commonly used experience rules around the crusher. Crusher selection is suitable for hard rock mines below 600 and jaw selection.
 - F0nh How To Calculate Efficiency Of Jaw Crushersmall
 How to calculate the efficiency of a jaw crusher how to calculate the efficiency of a jaw crusher? For an 18 x 36 jaw crusher, its width must be at least 36 inches, so the 4-foot x 8-foot screen is the second layer of the jaw crusher's 38 TPH, so the sieve plate correction factor is 090 and the screen capacity is 21 x 09 189 tphsq ft.
 - How To Calculate Crushing Efficiency
 Crushing efficiency calculation education carein jaw crusher efficiency calculation recent project calculation crusher crushing efficiency calculation c times capture efficiency to get price efficiency crusher crushing bauxite.
 - How To Calculate Crushing Efficiency
 How to calculate the crushing efficiency


The scenario merge workflow is a part of the Ardoq scenarios feature.
The data section of the merge workflow lets you merge changes to components, references, and tags from the mainline to the scenario, and from the scenario to the mainline.
Head here to learn more about how to keep the metamodel between your scenario and mainline in sync with the metamodel merge workflow.
Steps in the Data Section
The workflow will take you through a series of steps for the components, references, and tags where there have been changes.
ardoq steps in the data section
Components
Delete Components
For components that are deleted in the source, you can either select to accept the deletion or to keep the component.
ardoq delete components
Create Components
For components that are created in your scenario, you can choose to also create them in the mainline when merging.
ardoq create components
When merging a component, there is a prerequisite that the parents of the components exist in the mainline. If these have been deleted, you'll be given the option to recreate the parents in order to merge the component.
The create components step is available only when creating components from your scenario in the mainline. New components in the mainline will not show up in the merge workflow from the mainline to the scenario. The merge workflow revolves around components that have been explicitly included.
Update Components
When merging components that have updated field values, you'll be able to choose the value from either the mainline or the scenario. The column original value shows what the value was - either when you created the scenario or the last complete merge.
If a field value is changed either in the scenario or the mainline, the updated value is preselected. If the value is changed in both the scenario and the mainline, the status column shows a red dot, and no preselection is made.
ardoq update components
References
Delete References
Same as for components, for references that are deleted in the source, you can either accept the deletion, or keep the reference.
ardoq delete references
Create references
References that are created between components in your scope can be accepted into your branch.
ardoq create references
When creating a reference, it is a prerequisite that both the source and the target component exists. If it doesn't exist, or any of their parents is missing, you will be given the option to recreate them before continuing.
Update References
When merging references that have updated field values, you'll be able to choose the value from either the mainline or the scenario. The column original value shows what the value was - either when you created the scenario or the last complete merge.
If a field value is changed either in the scenario or the mainline, the updated value is preselected. If the value is changed in both the scenario and the mainline, the status column show a red dot, and no preselection is made.
ardoq update references
Tags
Delete Tags
When deleting a tag you will also see all the components and references that currently use that tag.
ardoq delete tags
Create Tags
When accepting the creation of a tag, you'll also see all the components and references that will be tagged.
ardoq create tags
Update Tags
Tags only have a name and a description, so those two properties are the only ones that can change here. The update table for this follows the same pattern as the previous update tables.
Merge Tags
The final step of the tag merge will show you a table that shows where the tag applied originally, either when creating the scenario or at the last merge, as well as where the tag applies in the mainline and the scenario. The checkboxes can be used to select whether the tag should apply or not.
ardoq merge tags
If you still have questions or need more information, reach out to us via our website or by using the in-app chat.
Did this answer your question?


text:
Brooklyn Museum Identifies Maryann's Statue
Remember the statue Sam picked up at Maryann's house in True Blood's season premiere? He remembered it from his encounter with Maryann as a 17-year-old, too. Clearly that statue is significant, but what's the big deal? The Brooklyn Museum has some clues: they have a similar statue in their collection, called "Bird Lady". This statue dates back to around 3500 B.C.E. in Egypt. The symbolism, function, and identity of the figure are not certain; however, similar female figures painted on vessels from the same era appear to be goddesses, because they are always larger than the male "priests" shown with them.
Is this a clue that Maryann is a goddess? Is she 5000 years old? Or is it just another antique she likes to display?


Earl of Nithsdale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Robert Maxwell, 2nd Lord Maxwell)
Jump to: navigation, search
Coat of arms of the Maxwell of Carruchan,[1] the last chief of Clan Maxwell: William Maxwell of Carruchan, who died 1863.[2] Also (according to Nisbet) the arms of the Earl of Nithsdale[3]
Earl of Nithsdale was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1620 for Robert Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell, with remainder to heirs male. He was made Lord Maxwell, Eskdale and Carlyle at the same time. The title of Lord Maxwell had been created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1445 for Herbert Maxwell.
Some confusion in the numbering of the Lords Maxwell has arisen from the second Lord's surrender of his barony during his lifetime in favour of his son, who then pre-deceased him. Some authorities refer to the son only as "the Master of Maxwell", but he is more usually counted as the third Lord Maxwell.[4] The fourth Lord Maxwell was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. The 8th Lord Maxwell was beheaded in Edinburgh in 1613 for a revenge killing.
On the second Earl of Nithdale's death in 1667 the titles were inherited by John Maxwell, 7th Lord Herries of Terregles, who became the third Earl. He was the great-grandson of Sir John Maxwell, second son of Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell. His grandson, the fifth Earl, was involved in the Jacobite Rising of 1715 and attainted with his titles forfeited. However, Lord Nithsdale made a celebrated escape from the Tower of London by changing clothes with his wife the day before his execution. The Lordship of Herries of Terregles, was later restored to his descendants and remains extant.
Lords Maxwell (1445)[edit]
Earls of Nithsdale (1620)[edit]
See also[edit]
 1. ^ heraldry-online
 2. ^ maxwellsociety.com
 3. ^ scots peerage
 4. ^ Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage, volume VI (David Douglas, Edinburgh, 1909), at pages 477-479


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Conditional proposition 1: If it is sunny, then I'll go.
Conditional proposition 2: I will go unless it is not sunny.
Let's decompose them as simple propositions.
A: It is sunny.
B: I will go.
Thus re-write the previous 2 conditional propositions:
1: If A, then B
2: B, unless not A
In my opinion, the truth table for each of them are:
A--------B--------Proposition 1
F--------T-------------F <---- here is the difference.
So I think these 2 statements are not equivalent, but the famous Discrete Mathematics and its Applications by Kenneth H. Rosen indicates that they are equivalent.
Could someone shed some light on this?
Another post is made here:
(Below is my latest thought on the shuttle to my company this morning.)
As a normal human being, we come to the following 2 conclustions without doubt.
"A unless B" implies that:
 1. if not B, then A : ¬B → A
 2. if B then not A : B → ¬A
Though these 2 implications are acceptable to a human, they are not consistent with each other as logic is concerned. Because they are logic inverse of each other. And logoic inverse leads to different truth table.
Though we cannot tolerate ambiguity in math/logic, we shouldn't live with only one of the the 2 implications. Because either of them cannot hold the complete meaning of the original statement without the other.
I think we should translate the A unless B into:
(¬B → A)^(B → ¬A)
that is:
A ↔ ¬B (A is equivalent with ¬B)
share|improve this question
$B$ unless not $A$ only indicates that $B$ will always be true when $A$ is. If $A$ is false, all you know is that it is possible for $B$ to be also false, not that it definitely has to be. So you should still have a T in the third row of your second truth table. – Matthew Pressland Apr 9 '12 at 16:20
I have a feeling that there should be some "order" here. Not sure yet, I will take a look at _URL_-261/bender1/Lo.pdf – smwikipedia Apr 10 '12 at 5:18
There's several pages about this construction and translations in general here: math.stackexchange.com/questions/121388/… – Rachel Apr 10 '12 at 5:48
Many thanks Rachel. I will read that in detail. – smwikipedia Apr 10 '12 at 9:33
I think the correct conclusion is Never use "unless...not" in a mathematical context. – JeffE Apr 11 '12 at 7:57
1 Answer 1
up vote 7 down vote accepted
You're interpreting "$B$ unless $A$" as "$B$ if and only if not $A$", whereas in a mathematical context it usually means "$B$ if not $A$". A mathematical statement of this form in a book on discrete mathematics certainly means "$B$ if not $A$".
Under this interpretation, if one were being mathematically pedantic, one would have to interpret the statement, "I will go unless it is not sunny" as, "I will go. Unless it is not sunny -- in which case, who can say?"
I actually think this is valid in a wider nonmathematical context, too, but that's a question for _URL_ and I'll say no more about it here.
share|improve this answer
This is a case where the translation from logic to standard English is flawed. Special notations exist to avoid this kind of confusion. Travel Agent: I will charge you the full price, unless you cancel at least a week in advance. You (later): I'm not able to go. Give me my refund. Travel Agent: What refund? My statement only specified what would happen if you did not cancel a week in advance. You: What?! TA: You should have interpreted what I said as "I will charge you full price. Unless you cancel a week in advance -- in which case, who can say?" You: Go to hell. – Hank Apr 9 '12 at 17:06
Honestly, the discrepancy between logical operators and English conjunctions is as old as "Your money or your life!" – Rahul Apr 9 '12 at 17:26
"Unless it is not sunny -- in which case, who can say?", it is to say "in case it is not sunny, no one can tell whether I will go or not." But I believe I feel the implication that "in case it is not sunny, I will definitely NOT go." If I will go is my money, it is not sunny will be my life. – smwikipedia Apr 11 '12 at 6:03
_USER_: I've added the words "in a mathematical context" to my answer. Does that help? The correspondence between mathematical terms (including words like or, if, unless) and their usual English meaning is not exact. – Rahul Apr 11 '12 at 6:20
_USER_: We can argue all day about which meaning is more intuitive or more acceptable, but I don't see what good will come out of that. Let's just say it is better to be have a way to make a weaker statement ("$B$ if not $A$") and optionally strengthen it afterwards, than to only have a way to make the stronger statement ("$B$ if and only if not $A$") and be unable to express the weaker one. – Rahul Apr 11 '12 at 8:13
Your Answer


text:
Are cow parsnips dangerous?
Are cow parsnips dangerous?
Can you eat cow parsnip? It is not toxic, but the juice can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Washing the affected area and avoiding sunlight for a few days can reduce irritation. The plant is eaten by deer, elk, moose and livestock.
How can you tell if a plant is giant hogweed?
Giant Hogweed Identification Edges are spikey and serrated. Numerous small white flowers arranged in umbrella-shaped heads up to 80cm (31 inches) across. Flowers in late spring to mid summer. Thick, bright green often with reddish spots – can also be nearly completely reddish.
Is cow parsley the same as hogweed?
Cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) The leaves are completely different to giant hogweed, with a feathery appearance. This is a native plant common along hedgerows. It grows to 60–170 cm (24–67 in) and also has clusters of white flowers in umbels.
What's the difference between wild parsnip and cow parsnip?
Cow parsnip (pictured above) has white flowers while wild parsnip has yellow flowers. Once cow parsnip starts to turn to seed, some can confuse the two because the flower color starts to fade. Difference can be seen in the leaf shape. It looks like an open palm while wild parsnip leaves look oblong.
Is hogweed and cow parsnip the same plant?
The Cow Parsnip's stem, green and ridged with fine white hairs. The Hogweed stem, green with purple / reddish splotches and coarse white hairs. The leaves of the Hogweed have a knife-like serrated edge. The shape of the Cow Parsnip leaf is similar to that of a maple leaf.
Can you touch cow parsnip?
All parts of the cow parsnip plant contain a phototoxic sap. When an individual gets the sap on their skin it causes a reaction called phytophotodermatitis.
Are wild parsnip and giant hogweed the same?
Giant Hogweed is often confused with native Cow Parsnip. The two are compared below. Giant hogweed has large, very deeply lobed leaves with jagged edges (up to 2.5 metres long), whereas Cow parsnip leaves are smaller (only 40cm long) and its leaves are wider, less lobed and less jagged.
How do you identify wild parsnips?
Wild parsnip can grow up to 5′ tall and has hollow, grooved stems that are hairless. Leaves resemble large celery leaves. They are yellow-green, coarsely toothed and compound, with 3-5 leaflets. Small, yellow flowers are clustered together in a flat-topped array approximately 3-8″ across.
Is Cow Parsnip hogweed?
Heracleum sphondylium, commonly known as hogweed, common hogweed or cow parsnip, is a herbaceous perennial or biennial plant, in the umbelliferous family Apiaceae that includes fennel, cow parsley, ground elder and giant hogweed. It is native to Europe and Asia.
Is cow parsnip hogweed?
How can you tell cow parsley from giant hogweed?
Hedge parslies tend to be smaller, more delicate and spindly and often shorter than cow parsley. Hogweeds have a bigger leaf, with broader fronds. Giant hogweed sap from all parts of the plant is poisonous. Common hogweed may also pose a threat as the hairs on the stem can cause skin irritation and burns.
Are hogweed and wild parsnip the same?
View the Difference Both plants have large leaves dissected into 3 leaflets, but leaflets of cow parsnip (left) have rounded lobes and giant hogweed leaflets (right) have pointed lobes. Also, giant hogweed leaves are twice the size of cow parsnip leaves.
How do you get rid of Cow Parsnip?
Herbicides containing glyphosate can be an effective tool to control larger populations of wild parsnip. Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide that kills green plants that it comes into contact with.
What is Cow Parsnip used for?
As medicine, pastes of dried grated roots are applied to swollen legs to relieve swelling and also used on aching limbs and heads to relieve pain. Other uses included making a yellow dye from the roots and using the dried stems to make flutes for children. In the garden, Cow Parsnip is easy to care for.
Does Cow Parsnip cause blindness?
That striking plant can attain a height of 4 metres (about 13 feet) and has a stout red-spotted stem and a white inflorescence up to 0.5 metre in diameter. Contact with the sap of giant hogweed is especially dangerous and can cause severe photosensitive blistering and scarring; blindness can also occur.
Is hogweed the same as wild parsnip?
What does it look like? Giant Hogweed is often confused with native Cow Parsnip. The two are compared below. Giant hogweed has large, very deeply lobed leaves with jagged edges (up to 2.5 metres long), whereas Cow parsnip leaves are smaller (only 40cm long) and its leaves are wider, less lobed and less jagged.
What happens if you touch wild parsnip?
Wild parsnip, which is similar to giant hogweed, produces a poisonous sap which causes the skin to become extremely sensitive to sunlight, leading to severe burns and blisters. WARNING: Disturbing image of the burn and blister is below. Discretion is advised.
Is common hogweed cow parsnip the same plant?
Are cow parsnips edible?
Cow parsnip is an edible plant. But, unlike other common edibles like nettles or lambs quarters, it has a strong flavor that some people won't like. For the best result, I suggest you cook with cow parsnip's green parts as you would an herb.
Is Cow Parsnip in the UK?
Cow Parsnip is also sometimes referred to as hogweed. It is a plant that grows commonly across the UK. You probably have seen it on the side of the road while driving in the humid areas of Scotland, but it is also common in other parts of the UK.
Is Cow Parsnip the same as poison hemlock?
Another distinction: cow parsnip's outer flowers have more deeply divided petals of unequal size. Poison hemlock is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Its probably one of DuPage County's most poisonous plants. It grows throughout the county, mostly in sunny degraded areas.
Can you mow over wild parsnip?
Use a riding mower (not a push mower) to mow wild parsnip so mowed pieces are left on the ground and not on you. If possible, begin mowing in late May and continue through the summer, at a height of 8 inches or less. Mow the area for about three years and the parsnip will be virtually gone.
Why should you not burn wild parsnip?
Like giant hogweed and other members of the carrot family, it produces sap containing chemicals that can cause human skin to react to sunlight, resulting in intense burns, rashes or blisters.
How do you get rid of cow parsnips?
If possible, begin mowing in late May and continue through the summer, at a height of 8 inches or less. Mow the area for about three years and the parsnip will be virtually gone. Use a Parsnip Predator tool, available online through Prairie Enthusiasts, to easily and safely remove wild parsnip as whole plants.
Is Cow Parsnip toxic to dogs?
Cow parsnip poisoning is caused by furanocoumarins in the foliage of Heracleum maximum, which can produce phytophotodermatitis or photosensitivity if your dog eats the plant or if the sap is absorbed through the skin. In addition, exposure to cow parsnip can also cause ocular damage leading to permanent blindness.
Is cow parsnip the same as hogweed?
This flowering plant is native e to North America and garden owners consider it a weed as it is invasive in nature and grows very quickly to tower other plants. One of the most known species of Cow Parsnip is the Giant Hogweed. It is important to know what makes the difference and why cow parsnip vs giant hogweed is not the same thing.
What are the most common skin reactions to cow parsnip/hogweed?
One of the more common skin reactions to cow parsnip/hogweed, is the 'weed eaters' or 'strimmers' dermatitis. When string trimmers are used to clear long grass, components of weeds are usually mulched and scattered in all directions, often coating the legs and arms of the operator.
What does a cow parsnip look like?
The fact that there are many related plants with Cow Parsnip that scare people when they identify it in their gardens. The visible characteristic of this perennial plant is its large flower head that looks like an umbrella consisting of lots of tiny white flowers.
Is cow parsnip an invasive plant?
Cow Parsnip is a name used for more than 60 species of perennial plants belonging to the genus Heracleum. This flowering plant is native e to North America and garden owners consider it a weed as it is invasive in nature and grows very quickly to tower other plants. One of the most known species of Cow Parsnip is the Giant Hogweed.


text:
In the theory of partial differential equations, elliptic operators are differential operators that generalize the Laplace operator. They are defined by the condition that the coefficients of the highest-order derivatives be positive, which implies the key property that the principal symbol is invertible, or equivalently that there are no real characteristic directions.
Elliptic operators are typical of potential theory, and they appear frequently in electrostatics and continuum mechanics. Elliptic regularity implies that their solutions tend to be smooth functions (if the coefficients in the operator are smooth). Steady-state solutions to hyperbolic and parabolic equations generally solve elliptic equations.
A linear differential operator L of order m on a domain in Rd given by
is called elliptic if for every x in and every non-zero in Rd,
In many applications, this condition is not strong enough, and instead a uniform ellipticity condition may be imposed for operators of degree m = 2k:
where C is a positive constant. Note that ellipticity only depends on the highest-order terms.
A nonlinear operator
is elliptic if its first-order Taylor expansion with respect to u and its derivatives about any point is a linear elliptic operator.
- Example 1
- The negative of the Laplacian in Rd given by
- is a uniformly elliptic operator. The Laplace operator occurs frequently in electrostatics. If ρ is the charge density within some region Ω, the potential Φ must satisfy the equation
- Example 2
- Given a matrix-valued function A(x) which is symmetric and positive definite for every x, having components aij, the operator
- is elliptic. This is the most general form of a second-order divergence form linear elliptic differential operator. The Laplace operator is obtained by taking A = I. These operators also occur in electrostatics in polarized media.
- Example 3
- For p a non-negative number, the p-Laplacian is a nonlinear elliptic operator defined by
- A similar nonlinear operator occurs in glacier mechanics. The Cauchy stress tensor of ice, according to Glen's flow law, is given by
- for some constant B. The velocity of an ice sheet in steady state will then solve the nonlinear elliptic system
- where ρ is the ice density, g is the gravitational acceleration vector, p is the pressure and Q is a forcing term.
Elliptic regularity theorem
Let L be an elliptic operator of order 2k with coefficients having 2k continuous derivatives. The Dirichlet problem for L is to find a function u, given a function f and some appropriate boundary values, such that Lu = f and such that u has the appropriate boundary values and normal derivatives. The existence theory for elliptic operators, using Gårding's inequality and the Lax–Milgram lemma, only guarantees that a weak solution u exists in the Sobolev space Hk.
This situation is ultimately unsatisfactory, as the weak solution u might not have enough derivatives for the expression Lu to even make sense.
The elliptic regularity theorem guarantees that, provided f is square-integrable, u will in fact have 2k square-integrable weak derivatives. In particular, if f is infinitely-often differentiable, then so is u.
Any differential operator exhibiting this property is called a hypoelliptic operator; thus, every elliptic operator is hypoelliptic. The property also means that every fundamental solution of an elliptic operator is infinitely differentiable in any neighborhood not containing 0.
As an application, suppose a function satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations form an elliptic operator, it follows that is smooth.
General definition
Let be a (possibly nonlinear) differential operator between vector bundles of any rank. Take its principal symbol with respect to a one-form. (Basically, what we are doing is replacing the highest order covariant derivatives by vector fields.)
We say is weakly elliptic if is a linear isomorphism for every non-zero.
We say is (uniformly) strongly elliptic if for some constant,
for all and all. It is important to note that the definition of ellipticity in the previous part of the article is strong ellipticity. Here is an inner product. Notice that the are covector fields or one-forms, but the are elements of the vector bundle upon which acts.
The quintessential example of a (strongly) elliptic operator is the Laplacian (or its negative, depending upon convention). It is not hard to see that needs to be of even order for strong ellipticity to even be an option. Otherwise, just consider plugging in both and its negative. On the other hand, a weakly elliptic first-order operator, such as the Dirac operator can square to become a strongly elliptic operator, such as the Laplacian. The composition of weakly elliptic operators is weakly elliptic.
Weak ellipticity is nevertheless strong enough for the Fredholm alternative, Schauder estimates, and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. On the other hand, we need strong ellipticity for the maximum principle, and to guarantee that the eigenvalues are discrete, and their only limit point is infinity.
See also
- Hopf maximum principle
- Elliptic complex
- Hyperbolic partial differential equation
- Ultrahyperbolic wave equation
- Parabolic partial differential equation
- Semi-elliptic operator
- Weyl's lemma
- Note that this is sometimes called strict ellipticity, with uniform ellipticity being used to mean that an upper bound exists on the symbol of the operator as well. It is important to check the definitions the author is using, as conventions may differ. See, e.g., Evans, Chapter 6, for a use of the first definition, and Gilbarg and Trudinger, Chapter 6, for a use of the second.
- Evans, L. C. (2010), Partial differential equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics 19 (2nd ed.), Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4974-3, MR _PHONE_
Rauch, J. (2000). "Partial differential equations, by L. C. Evans" (pdf). Journal of the American Mathematical Society 37 (3): 363–367.
- Gilbarg, D.; Trudinger, N. S. (1983), Elliptic partial differential equations of second order, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 224 (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-13025-3, MR 737190
- Shubin, M. A. (2001), "Elliptic operator", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4


Home » Future of Research » Examining the Difference Between Market, Medical, and Scientific Researchers
Future of Research
Examining the Difference Between Market, Medical, and Scientific Researchers
Larry Friedman, Ph.D.
Co-Editor, GreenBook Blog
The "Jonas Salk Middle School" is a few miles from my house. I remember being impressed the first time I saw it because local schools get named for someone who has had a major impact on the community or the world.
It is appropriate for a school to be named after Salk. He discovered the first vaccine for Polio, which had ravished the United States and the world. His discovery literally saved millions.
I recently read that Salk never made a penny off the vaccine; he didn't patent it and viewed it as a gift to the world.
There are other schools around the world named after scientists like Einstein, Curie, and Pasteur. Einstein, ironically, was working in the Swiss Patent Office in 1905 when he wrote a series of papers that changed physics, including special relativity. He never patented any of it.
I am unaware of any local schools named after a market researcher.
Why is that?
Commercial appeal
It isn't that market researchers are bad people. Most are good people who are charitable and devote time to improving their communities.
I think the main reason you won't find schools named after market researchers is that market research is fundamentally a commercial enterprise, unlike basic scientific research or medical research, which primarily aim to better mankind (and no, I am not idealizing scientific researchers; I have read too many academic satires by David Lodge for that).
Basic scientific/medical research is essentially an open process. Anyone should be able to replicate your work after reading your report in a refereed journal. It is the job of editors and anonymous referees to make sure everything is on the up and up. In medical research, that is done commercially by pharma companies; the FDA ensures the methods used prove the new drug has the claimed benefits.
Protecting Assets
The commercial world of market research is not open because it is fundamentally about getting a commercial advantage. There is a veil of secrecy that is always kept up, either by clients or by market research companies.
The best work I've done in my career for clients has been kept hidden so their competitors don't find out. If I wanted to speak about it at a conference, I had to blind it so nobody really knew who I was speaking about, or what I really found.
Market research companies gain commercial advantage by developing proprietary services. They don't get a patent for them unless there is some technology involved. In speaking or writing about them, critical components are kept hidden; otherwise, they could be ripped off. Clients don't get the full story about validation the way a refereed science journal or the FDA would demand.
Therefore, the commercial world of market research is essentially a "buyer beware" world. The overwhelming majority of market researchers I've met do their best, but at the end of the day, you never really know what you're getting.
Organizations like the ARF and MSI do yeoman's work in getting the validation that only real openness can provide, but they only touch a small percentage of market research.
I'd love to see a local school named for a market researcher, but it will only happen for something they did outside of market research.
Larry Friedman, Ph.D., Co-Editor, GreenBook Blog, [email protected]
Next article


text:
Adapting pediatric psychology interventions: lessons learned in treating families from the middle East.
ABSTRACT Pediatric psychologists are increasingly called upon to treat children from non-Western countries, whose cultures may contrast with a Western medical setting. Research on cultural adaptations of evidence-based treatments (EBTs), particularly for individuals from the Middle East, is sparse. To address this need, we discuss clinical issues encountered when working with patients from the Middle East.
Synthesis of the literature regarding culturally adapted EBTs and common themes in Middle Eastern culture. Case vignettes illustrate possible EBT adaptations.
Integrating cultural values in treatment is an opportunity to join with patients and families to optimize care. Expectations for medical and psychological treatment vary, and collaborations with cultural liaisons are beneficial.
Critical next steps include systematic development, testing, and training in culturally adapting EBTs in pediatric medical settings. Increased dialogue between clinicians, researchers, and cultural liaisons is needed to share knowledge and experiences to enhance patient care.


text:
Bridget Beattie, Righgt Management
Organisations that ignore the health of their employees are putting productivity and profits at risk, with new research revealing a close link between organisational performance and wellness.
Right Management's Wellness & Productivity Management study of 28,000 employees in 15 countries, shows a clear link between health and wellness and organisational performance. When health and wellness is managed well, organisational performance increased more than 2.5 times (25% v 65%). Alternatively when health and wellness is not managed well, profitability decreased more than 3.5 times (13% v 46%).
The research shows also shows a striking link between wellness, employee engagement and retention. When health and wellness is managed well, the number of engaged employees increased nearly 8 times (7% v 55%). Where it is managed poorly, organisations were four times more likely to lose talent in the next twelve months (20% v 5%).
Right Management's general manager, Australia & New Zealand, Bridget Beattie, said the research shows that managing health and wellness isn't a 'soft' issue, but critical to organisational performance. Moreover, the two concepts are closely linked.
"Employee engagement has been a focal point for some companies in recent years as they struggled to attract and retain talent. While this should remain an important issue, it's not enough on its own: wellness is the other crucial part of the equation.
"This study also demonstrates that failing to manage wellness effectively has a significant, negative impact on an organisation's profitability, so the business case for physical and psychological health is stronger than ever," Beattie said.
Right Management suggested that organisations should adopt an integrated approach to wellness that defines and measures wellness as involving physical health, psychological health and organisational engagement.
"The first step in any behaviour change program is to raise awareness through measurement at the individual and organisational level. In turn, this will allow leaders to make informed decisions about targeted and effective programs to address gaps and boost performance," Beattie said.
The Right Management study also revealed that while only 51% of Australians believe they work in organisations that promote health and wellness, Australia is in fact ahead of its global counterparts, where 49% of employees do so.
"To boost productivity, reduce costs and increase creativity, business needs to focus on overall organisational wellness. Engagement and Health should not be viewed as two unrelated constructs managed by separate departments, HR and OH&S - it needs to have a whole-of-company approach driven by the senior leadership team," Beattie said.
Practical solutions also need to go beyond gestures.
"It's no longer enough to focus solely on attraction and retention initiatives by providing gym memberships and running employee engagement focus groups. Sustainable productivity improvement is created through improved communication, education, systems and behaviours that embed change.
"Creating wellness is not an event, it involves significant culture change. Such change will, however, allow the organisation to increase its productivity so that it will not only survive the economic downturn but be ready to take advantage of an improved economy when it arrives," Beattie said.


text:
No matter how healthy a pine tree may be, it will shed it's oldest needles every year. They become brown before they fall from the tree. A pine tree with brown needles, only on the bottom branches, however, may not be indicative of a normal shed. There are several reasons why a pine tree could begin to die and start drying out from the bottom up. Here, you may find your answer as to why your pine tree may dying and drying from the bottom up, as well as some possible solutions for the cause of it.
- Pines need sunshine to flourish, and branches that don't get sun exposure can die
- Water stress in pines can cause needles to die. Lower branches may die from water stress in order to prolong the life of the rest of the tree.
- You can help your pine with blight by clipping out diseased sections. Then spray a fungicide on the pine in springtime
"If you see so many dead needles on lower pine branches that it looks like they are dying, it may be for lack of sunlight. Trimming nearby shade trees may help."


text:
KCMMB Concrete and Bridge Decks
Research performed by the University of Kansas in conjunction with many state DOTs indicates bridge decks should be treated differently than other outdoor concrete applications. Because of the importance of bridges to transportation and the difficulty caused by repair or replacement of bridges the KCMMB recommends that all mix designs for bridge decks be prepared by the consultant responsible for design of the structure. It should also be noted that the life of the bridge deck is not only influenced by the concrete mix design but also the construction of the deck.
As an example of a procedure for bridge deck design and construction the following links have been provided. These links are for a series of Kansas Department of Transportation Special Provisions for the design and construction of bridge decks. These Special Provisions are the result of joint research done by the University of Kansas and KDOT.


text:
Monteiro 2013 Thesis
|Monteiro Siqueira C (2013) Avaliação de medicamentos homeopáticos para gripe humana por ensaios in vitro, pré-clínico e clínico. Dissertation p152.|
Abstract: Influenza viruses have been responsible for highly contagious acute respiratory illnesses with high mortality, mainly in the elderly and immune compromised patients, which encourages the development of new drugs for the treatment of human flu. The biotherapics are medicines prepared from biological products, which are compounded according to homeopathic procedures indicated for infectious diseases with known etiology. The purpose of the present study is to develop biotherapics prepared from the intact and inactivated influenza A virus (A/Aichi/2/68 and A/Victoria/3/75), at 12DH and 30DH potencies, and evaluate its in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical effectiveness. The intact biotherapic was prepared according to Roberto Costa's technique and the ultrastructural aspects of viral particles prepared at the potency of 1DH in two solvents (water and alcohol 70%) were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy images indicated that the viral particles remained intact and completely lysed in the presence of water and alcohol 70%, respectively. The in vitro experiments showed alterations in important enzyme activities and in the maximum respiratory capacity when MDCK were treated with intact biotherapic 30DH. In contrast, biochemical and cell alterations were not detected in the macrophages tested (J774G8 e RAW 264-7). The preclinical study was carried out in Balb-c mice, and the results indicated that the intact and inactivated biotherapic at 30DH was not able to induce pathogenetic effects and/or immune alterations, when the animals were challenged with influenza antigen, after 21 days, using the biotherapic ad libitum. In contrast, in the second set of experiments with intact biotherapics 12DH and 30DH, some important cell alterations induced by 30DH were detected, namely: B and non-B cells increased, B2 cells decreased, B1 and CD4+ increased. These alterations indicated that the treatment with biotherapic 30DH was able to stimulate the immune response when the animals were challenged with influenza antigen. The clinical trial done in partnership with Roberto Costa Institute and Brazilian Public Health System in Petropolis/RJ proved that homeopathic medicines (intact biotherapic 30DH and IRA) have a prophylactic effect against flu and acute respiratory infection symptoms, when compared to placebo. This clinical trial, pioneer in the literature, evaluated a significant number of children (600) ranging from 1 to 5 years of age, by a triple blind, randomized and placebo controlled protocol, bringing robustness and reliability to this investigation. The set of results obtained in this study provide strong evidence of the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of the intact biotherapic 30DH against infections caused by influenza viruses.
- Keywords: Biotherapic, Nosode, Influenza, Homeopathy, Human flu • Bioblast editor: Kandolf G
Labels: MiParea: Respiration, Pharmacology;toxicology
Organism: Dog Tissue;cell: Kidney Preparation: Intact cells
Coupling state: LEAK, ROUTINE, ET Pathway: CIV, ROX HRR: Oxygraph-2k


Instructables
Picture of Home made line tracer robot
IMG0615A.jpg
In this instructables I will show you how to make a line tracer robot without using any kind of microcontroller.
It is basically works on the property of reflection of light is greater from whiter surface than black surface. Hence when the robot sensors on the black path it receives less light than desired quantity of light and hence the motor stops rotating.

Remove these adsRemove these ads by Signing Up
Step 1: COMPONENTS
STEP 2 components
To make this robot you will need the following components:
1.LM358 op-amp chip
2. 220 ohm resistors x 4
3. 1k resistor x 2
4. BC547B transistor (NPN) x 2
5. white LED x 2
6. red LED x 2
7. 3 or 6V DC geared motors x 2
8. copper clad circuit board or protoboard
9. 100k pot x 2
10.5k pot x 2
11. photo-diode x 2
& now you are ready to make ur project… ï
Step 2: Circuit diagram
Picture of circuit diagram
Place the components in circuit as shown in diagram
(NOTE: HERE PHOTO TRANSISTOR ARE USED IN DIAGRAM BECAUSE PHOTODIODE IS NOT AVAILABLE IN SOFTWEAR. BUT U SHOULD HAVE TO CONNECT ANODE OF PHOTODIODE TO GND OF BATTERY AND CATHODE TO +VE OF BATTERY i.e diode is in reversed bias.
I suggest you 1st test the circuit on breadboard. Try to solve all problems about connection and then finally place it on PCB or solder…….
watch following link for clear and enlarged circuit diagram:
_URL_
Step 3: Making the PCB
Picture of Making the PCB
Untitled.png
Making the pcb as I shown in fig.
U can also use your own design or u can directly use the protoboard.
for more details and READY MADE PCB DESIGN CLICK: _URL_
Step 4: Drilling the PCB
Picture of Drilling the PCB
I drilled this PCB with my friend Ajinkya Dixit's home made drill machine.
Step 5: SENSORS: the eyes..
Picture of SENSORS: the eyes..
IMG0650A.jpg
sensors are most important part of LINE TRACER..
here i used IR LED as transmitter and PHOTODIODE as receiver. u can also use bright red or white led but IR led increases the accuracy of sensor unit..
for details and READY MADE SENSOR BOARD DESIGN CLICK:_URL_
its nice.. but i have a doubt in my mind that how the robot takes right and left turns ...that is i want to ask , that suppose the track is turning towards right then left sensor will sense that there is no black tape in front of it then how it activates the motors to make a turn please explain me sir ..... and if you get time then please email me at _EMAIL_ explaining all the things in details. also add the pdf . as i am not the pro member and hence i was unable to download it.. please help me sir. thank you for listening me.
Pranjal Joshi (author) navjotacharya2 years ago
When the track is turning right then right sensor sense the black tape & left remains on white. So the right motor turns off but left is still moving. hence robot turn to right. at that time when right sensor senses white both motor starts and it moves straight again travelling little distance on turn the right senses black and turn towards right. this cycle is repeated very rapidly and you will see that its turning smoothly to right/left.. :)
nice bro..............
nice bro..............
Can i use LDRs instead of photodiode?
jpaul151 year ago
Sir it will work in bread board
vvirtucio1 year ago
,SIR, we've tried this in breadboard, we used photo diode(receiver) but whenever the motor is rotating and the output led is switched on, the IR led beside the photo diode is not luminating, and whenever the IR is luminating, the motor and the output LED is not working. Can you help us? please? we've followed your instruction about the photodiode.
Gurdain2 years ago
how and where to connect wires from the pcb to the sensor.
i don't no the wiring plezzz can u tell me or can u post a video
also what type of motor should i use plezz tell me as soon as u can
anshi21922 years ago
i jst lv this site bcoz i lv robots
msadashiv2 years ago
i mean what goes where
botguy243 years ago
NICE! how bout a vid?
Pranjal Joshi (author) botguy242 years ago
watch out the video... :)
Pranjal Joshi (author) botguy243 years ago
i ll try if possible
msadashiv2 years ago
ca you please tell me what is sil and where to connect the eyes of the robot to the body please
Pranjal Joshi (author) msadashiv2 years ago
the eyes i.e. sensor have to connect at front part of robot... u cant connect it 2 back side because it causes problems and complications while turns..
refer the given images carefully..!!
sunnyy3 years ago
nice project. . can u please tell me the complete details that how it makes and how it works because i determined to make this project as my final year project of computer engineering. . plzzz tell me about this
Pranjal Joshi (author) sunnyy3 years ago
when photodiode recives light frm white floor it activates the op-amp and output from op-amp activates transistor.
trans. acts as on-off switch to the motor. when photo diode on black path it switch offs opamp i.e. 1 motor and 2nd motor is runs due to sensor on white floor..
on turns due to rotation of only 1 motor robot can also turns..
bilalasd3 years ago
Nice project!!... can you explain a little how it works please. Im kinda new to all this
Thank you!
jimmy5583 years ago
Can U Tel Us Why U Had Put Some Gray Spots On Black Strip..??
Pranjal Joshi (author) jimmy5583 years ago
ohh..!!
its a black tape and gray dots are actully name of company of black tape..!! :) :)
kiberkotxxx3 years ago
NICE :)


text:
Pouring. Please wait.
The trajectory of the history of the George Hotel, from grandeur to dilapidation and back again, is said to reflect the fortunes of St Kilda itself. While the current building was constructed in stages between 1880 and 1930, the Terminus Hotel, as it was known until 1868, was built in 1857 to cater to the passengers travelling from Melbourne to the newly opened St Kilda railway line terminus opposite. Frederick Wimpole was its proprietor and publican from 1874, while his son Frederick, took over from the 1900's to the 1950's.
During this period, the hotel underwent several physical renovations. The corner section, designed by Harry B Gibbs, is a large and ornate example of Boom-style Italianate architecture. By 1930 successive additions created a 169-room hotel, which rendered it one of the largest and most well known hotels in Victoria, and certainly the largest in Melbourne outside the city. The rear wing contains the large dining room, now known as the highly decorated and richly historical Ballroom.
By 1987, however, the hotel's associations with drug dealing and other criminal behaviour led to a forced closure and de-licensing. In 1991, the hotel was reopened by restaurant entrepreneur Donlevy Fitzpatrick, whose visionary redevelopment in 1996-97 contained apartments, with bars, cafes and shops at ground level and the ballroom.


type: double | doubleList, default: 0.5 (dot), 1.0 (twopi), minimum: 0.02
In dot, sets the desired rank separation, in inches.
This is the minimum vertical distance between the bottom of the nodes in one rank and the tops of nodes in the next. If the value contains equally, the centers of all ranks are spaced equally apart. Note that both settings are possible, e.g., ranksep="1.2 equally".
In twopi, this attribute specifies the radial separation of concentric circles. For twopi, ranksep can also be a list of doubles. The first double specifies the radius of the inner circle; the second double specifies the increase in radius from the first circle to the second; etc. If there are more circles than numbers, the last number is used as the increment for the remainder.
Valid on:
 - Graphs
Note: dot, twopi only


5783 diagonal cutters.
In similar fashion we can observe that the Early Craftsman 5797 Combination Pliers are also marked with the model number and have the diamond-checkered gripping pattern, thereby identifying Kraeuter as the maker.
In addition to the physical examples available here, we have also seen photographs of Craftsman linemen's pliers marked with model number 5782 and having the diamond-checkered gripping pattern, and these are presumed to be Kraeuter production as well.
But for the special case of the Craftsman 5782 linemen's pliers, there's a much easier way to confirm Kraeuter as the maker. In the very first Sears catalog listing for these pliers (in the Fall-Winter 1930 edition catalog), Kraeuter furnished a highly detailed cut showing the pliers with its own patented "Don't Slip" gripping pattern! (The interested reader can see the early listing in our section on the Kraeuter Craftsman Contract.) Normally a supplier to Craftsman will try to disguise its contract production, and Kraeuter quickly rectified the situation by developing the diamond-checkered gripping pattern for its Sears production.
Changes for Later Production
At this point we have presented evidence and discussion to establish that Kraeuter supplied several styles of Craftsman pliers in the early to mid 1930s. Craftsman pliers underwent some changes in the mid to late 1930s, and to understand these changes, we can go back to the Button's pliers for examples, as these models remained recognizable as Kraeuter production.
If we examine the Craftsman "AM9" 8½ Inch Button's Pliers and Craftsman "AM41" 8½ Inch Button's Pliers, one change is immediately apparent: the handle pattern is now a simple line of nested diamonds rather than the earlier diamond-checkered pattern. Another minor change is that the former 8 inch size is now advertised as 8½ inches, and measures close to 9 inches. Apart from the changes in the handle pattern and length though, the key features of the construction remain the same.
There is also a new marking in the form of the letters "AM" stamped on the underside of one handle, usually followed (but sometimes preceded) by one or two digits. The digits observed on our examples (considering all styles) are 9, 41, 42, and 43. (We've seen a photograph showing an "AM40" code as well.) We hope our readers are thinking "Manufacturer's code!" and "Date code!", which would qualify as Very Useful findings.
New Handles and a Custom Length
Let's now look more closely at the changes for the later Button's pliers. The new gripping pattern (we call it "Nested Diamonds") appears not only on Button' pliers, but on later production of other styles as well. The "Nested Diamonds" pattern is first documented in the 1939 catalogs, but probably appeared some years before that. It was also used by at least one other vendor, the maker using the "C-Circle" manufacturer's code.
The "Nested Diamonds" pattern contined to be used during the 1940s, and during the 1950s is became the "official" pattern for Craftsman pliers — to the extent that even Wilde Tool was forced to use it! (Wilde Tool strongly preferred their own "Rope-Banded" pattern.)
From these considerations, it's likely that the "Nested Diamonds" pattern was developed by Sears as a way of giving their pliers a more consistent appearance. The pattern is fairly simple and could be used by even by vendors without the skills to make highly detailed forging dies. So we can assume that at Sears' request, Kraeuter dropped their diamond-checkered pattern and switched all Craftsman production over to the "Nested Diamonds" pattern.
Now let's consider the change in length of the Button's pliers from 8 to 8½ inches. In the late 1930s the sales of Button's pliers were beginning to slow down, and Sears apparently did not want to stock the pliers in three sizes. But since there was still some demand, they decided on a compromise by offering just an 8½ inch size. An 8½ model would probably still be acceptable to someone wanting the 8 inch size, and might pick up some of the demand for 10 inch pliers as well.
Since Kraeuter only offered the 8 inch size for its own production, this meant that the company would have had to make custom forging dies for the Craftsman 8½ inch Button's pliers. The minor increase in length could have been provided with slightly longer handles, and Kraeuter was in the business of custom forging anyway, so making new dies would not have been a problem for them.
With this understanding of the changes for the new handle pattern and increased length, we can remain confident that the 8½ inch Button's pliers were still being produced by Kraeuter.
The "AM" Manufacturer's Code
With the recognition that Kraeuter was the maker of the later Button's pliers, we get a bonus: the clearly marked "AM" codes on the two examples noted above appear to be manufacturer's codes for Kraeuter. This is a significant finding, as having a marked code will allow us to identify pliers in the absence of a unique gripping pattern.
Usually after finding a proposed manufacturer's code, we like to look for other examples and see whether they can confirm the identification. If we review the other Craftsman pliers marked with the "AM" code, the styles include diagonal cutters, linemen's pliers, needlenose pliers, and angle-nose pliers. The examples we have are all plausibly by Kraeuter, although for these other styles there are so many competing examples that it's difficult to positively identify the maker.
In particular, the Craftsman Angle-nose Gripping Pliers have some production characteristics that don't exactly match any known producer, although they are very similar to several, including Kraeuter. Thus the additional examples with the "AM" code are generally consistent with Kraeuter as the producer, but nothing emerges as a strong confirmation.
At this point we think it's highly likely that the "AM" code indicates Kraeuter, but would like to gather additional evidence to support this conclusion. Some additional examples that would be helpful would be:
What about the apparent date codes? All of the observed "AM" markings come with a one or two-digit code such as "9" or "41", and we think it's likely that these are date codes for the years 1939 to 1943. The tools marked with "AM" codes are all of late 1930s to early 1940s production based on other characteristics, so the date codes would fit well with the a priori date estimate.
The date code turns out to be not very useful though, simply because the "AM" code itself has not been observed on tools made after the mid 1940s. If we had examples of pliers marked with the "=Craftsman=" logo and an "AM47" or "AM48" code, the date code would be extremely helpful — it's very difficult to estimate production dates for tools of the post-war era. But we haven't seen any examples like this, and it's uncertain whether Kraeuter even continued as a supplier to Craftsman after the mid 1940s.
Maker Lectrolite
The Lectrolite Corporation was a maker of drop-forged wrenches and other tools and was closely associated with Sherman-Klove (S-K) during the 1950s onward. This section will present evidence that Lectrolite was the maker of Dunlap wrenches marked with the "LC" code made during the 1950s and early 1960s.
During the 1950s Lectrolite offered a line of economy tools under the "TruFit" brand, which included open-end, box-end, and combination wrenches. The wrenches were made in a style with depressed panels and forged-in markings.
During the 1950s Sears offered Dunlap brand wrenches in open-end, box-end, and combination styles, and the 1957 Craftsman catalog illustrates the wrenches with depressed panels. Examples of Dunlap wrenches have been found with depressed panels and forged-in markings that are very similar to the Lectrolite TruFit wrenches in construction, and in addition the Dunlap wrenches have a forged-in "LC" code, an obvious mnemonic for "Lectrolite Corporation".
An example can be seen as the Dunlap "LC" 3/8x7/16 Offset Box Wrench, which resembles the Lectrolite TruFit 3/4x25/32 Offset Box Wrench in its construction. (We have only a limited selection of TruFit tools and don't have the exact matching size.)
Another example can be seen as the Dunlap "LC" 5/8 Combination Wrench, which closely resembles the TruFit 9/16 Combination Wrench.
Another point of similarity between the Lectrolite and Dunlap wrenches is that Lectrolite typically included a forged-in letter code at the left of the panel with the "TruFit" name, and this manufacturing quirk persists in the Dunlap examples. For example, with the combination wrenches noted above the TruFit wrench has an "H" at the left and the Dunlap wrench has a "T" at the left. (We're not certain of the meaning of the codes, but they may have been part of Lectrolite's quality control process.)