ShadowSync: Performing Synchronization in the Background for Highly Scalable Distributed Training
arXiv
Abstract
Ads recommendation systems are often trained with a tremendous amount of data, and distributed training is the workhorse to shorten the training time. Meanwhile, a commonly used technique to prevent overfitting in Ads recommendation is one pass training. In this scenario, the total amount of data is fixed. When we express data parallelism on n workers, each worker only processes 1/n data. The larger the number of workers, the less data each worker observes. While the training throughput can be increased by simply adding more workers, it is also increasingly challenging to preserve the model quality.
To address this problem, we propose the ShadowSync framework, in which the model parameters are synchronized across workers, yet we isolate synchronization from training and run it in the background. In contrast to common strategies including synchronous SGD, asynchronous SGD, and model averaging on independently trained sub-models, where synchronization happens in the foreground, ShadowSync synchronization is neither part of the backward pass nor happens every k iterations.
ShadowSync is simple but effective. Our framework is generic to host various types of synchronization algorithms, and we propose 3 approaches under this theme. The superiority of ShadowSync is confirmed by experiments on training deep neural networks for click-through-rate prediction. Our methods all succeed in making the training throughput linearly scale with the number of trainers. Comparing to their foreground counterparts, our methods exhibit neutral to better model quality and better scalability when we keep the number of parameter servers the same. In our training system which expresses both replication and Hogwild parallelism, ShadowSync also accomplishes the highest example level parallelism number comparing to the prior arts.
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ive gate automation installation. The motor body contains a hydraulic piston that is pushed out of, and pulled back into the body during operation.

The end of the motor body is attached to the gate post or pillar and the end of the piston arm is attached to the gate. With the piston full retracted, the gate is open. The gate is closed by pushing the piston out of the motor body.

Hydraulic rams are quite an efficient method to automate gates as the piston arm mounts to the gate a good distance from the hinges. However, as the assembly is affected by oblique pressure on the piston, the installation has to be aligned carefully.

If hydraulic rams leak, they lose operational force, so they should be inspected every six months by a professional. All swing gate motors need regular lubrication of motor mounting points.

Linear screw swing gate motorSwing Gate Linear Screw Motors

Linear screw motors often appear to be just a long, slim motor housing with no arm. However, the arm is contained within the motor housing and is a threaded shaft. This can be seen through a wide slit in the gate motor housing.

The gate attachment point is internally threaded and mounted on the threaded arm. The gate motor rotates the threaded shaft and because the mounting point is fixed to the gate, it is screwed along the shaft and pushes the gate open or closed.

Like rams, linear screw motors need careful alignment during installation. They are also strong motors capable of automating large and heavy gates.

Swing Gate Articulated Arm Motors

Articulated arm swing gate motor
Articulated arm motors have a jointed metal arm attached to a motor output.

The motor housing is mounted to the gate post and the end of the arm is attached to the gate. When the motor turns, the articulated arm opens or closes the gate.

Articulated arms tend to be a little more tolerant of slight installation inaccuracies than rams and linear screws.

Also, like rams, the gate mounting is further from the gate hinge, so less force is required to open and close gates.

Articulated arms use a jointed arm that closes up as the gate opens. This can trap anything caught in it and should be considered when planning gate automation safety.

Underground gate automation system
Swing Gate Underground Motors

Underground motors are discrete gate operators that are sunk into pits beneath the gate hinge axis.

Arms connected to the hidden gate motors are then attached to the base of the gate. As the body of the motor is below ground level under a housing cover, undergrounds are very discrete.

However, the underground location also makes them prone to water damage unless sufficient drainage is provided. If an underground gate motor is submerged in water for a short period of time, it will fail.

Underground motors require careful installation and require a lot of force to operate gates, as the motor output shaft is in-line with the gate hinges and the arm mounts close to the hinge point. They use electric motors or hydraulic systems and need regular inspection for optimum operation.

Swing Gate In-Post Motors

In-post motors are discrete motors installed within (usually) specially constructed gate posts. Arms connected to the hidden gate motors are then attached to the base of the gate.

This makes in-post motors similar in operation to undergrounds but without the requirements for drainage. They do however, need to be strong to operate gates as their arms are also mounted on the gates close to the pivot point.

Nice fast sliding gate motor

What are the Fastest Gate Motors?

There are fast versions of gate motors, and the manufacturer Nice has a range of High Speed swing and sliding gate motors. However, there is a difference in the distance travelled by swing and sliding gate motors, so like-for-like motors will open one faster than the other.

With a 4m gap between pillars, a sliding gate moves more than 4m, while the opening edge of each swing gate moves 3.141m to open 90 degrees. Despite the differences in motion type (sliding vs rotating) and motor action, swing gates are slightly quicker to open because of this.

What are the Safest Gate Motors?

A risk assessment should be carried out as part of the design of every gate automation system. This looks at the physical aspect of the installation, operation requirements, who will have access and where any possible danger areas exist.

A qualified installation engineer knows that sliding gates move across stationary surfaces so have the potential to cause shearing and crushing injuries. They will also understand that swing gates can cause pinching and crushing injuries at the hinges and impact and crushing injuries as the gates swing open.

Many electric gate motors have obstacle detection in-built. This means that if the electric gate hits an obstacle, it stops and reverses operation.

Whatever motors are used, a professional gate automation installer will ensure that your requirements are met from a safe automated gate system.

Who Can Install Electric Gates?

Because there is no regulating body for gate automation, anyone can legally install gates and automate them. However, that installer is then liable for the safety of those gates and can be held responsible for injury or death caused by their automated gate installation.

Badly designed and installed electric swing gates and sliding gates have caused significant injuries and fatalities, so it's important to highlight the issues faced by the inexperienced installer.

DIY Electric Gate Installation
DIY gate installation disaster

Some manufacturers of gate automation kits and motors advertise their equipment as DIY. This is designed to show that the systems can be installed relatively easily and that they do not require a highly detailed set-up of the system controls.

However, this does not take gate automation safety into consideration. An experienced gate installer should be up to date on safety techniques and requirements so that they can install a fully functioning, safe automated gate system.

An electrician is perfectly qualified to work with electricity. A landscape gardener knows how to prepare groundwork and build foundations for pillars. And a security system installer can assemble a bespoke security system from individual components.

These are all skills required to install electric gates, but none of trades people described above work with the specific safety issues faced by the electric gate installer.

Any electric gate kit can be installed in an unsafe gate automation system, so it is always advisable to have a qualified engineer install automated gates.

What Makes Electric Gates Unsafe?

Unsafe automatic gatesBy building a bespoke gate automation system from individual components, an electric gate installer is creating a new piece of machinery. This is made up from the gate automation system, the gates themselves, gate posts, safety systems and access control equipment.

This 'machine' is unique as it is the only one built at that location with that combination of components for that specific amount of use by those specific individuals. And therefore, it has a unique set of potential safety issues.

Generally, the risks are grouped into different types of potential injury including crushing, impact, drawing in, shearing, hooking and cutting.

Injuries could be caused by contact with the moving gate or in conjunction with the moving gate and another object such as gate posts, metal railings, motor arms, walls or parked vehicles.

Swing gates should ideally swing inward so that they don't swing out onto pavements or even into roads.

A sliding gate should not be installed on a slope as this can overload the motor. And a very wide opening may present issues with gate size and weight. In these cases, folding or concertina gates can be considered rather than sliding or swing gates.

What Makes Electric Gates Safer?

There are complex British Standards intended to help with the identification of potential risks, and every new powered gate installation must comply with the Machinery Directive 2006 /42/EC.

These give gate installers a 'set of rules' to use to make gates safer. Step one is to employ methods to prevent access to potentially dangerous areas. These include physical barriers such as wire mesh and cages.

Gate automation safety
Step two involves the use of electronic safety devices that don't need the gates to hit anything before they change the movement of the gate. A typical example of this safety measure could be the use of safety photocells. Here a beam of invisible light is broken if someone passes between two photocells into a danger area created by moving gates. The photocells send a signal back to the gate controller which is programmed to stop the gates and even reverse them so there is no contact.

Finally, in areas not covered by physical access prevention or electronic non-contact methods, electronic measures that stop gates if they hit something should be employed. These include safety edges installed on the gates and the use of gate motors with built-in obstacle detection.

Having gates come into contact with anyone or anything should be avoided through the use of the first two methods of gate safety. However, if contact is made, safety edges and obstacle detection will stop the gates and reverse their action away from the impact point.

These principles allow a qualified gate installer to carry out a safety audit on their proposed automatic gate system plans. The goal is to identify the possible risks and develop safety measures to eliminate them. Additional training on the safe use of a new gate system should also be provided to the owners. However, training is not a substitute for safe gate design, as untrained users, such as visitors, will come into contact with the gates regularly.

The safety audit will consider risks posed by:
 - The size and weight of the gates
 - How much force is required to move the gates
 - How frequently the gates will be operated
 - Environmental factors such as exposure to wind

These factors will also influence the selection of appropriate gate motors that will not be stressed in use.

Other important considerations include:
 - Proximity (as the gates open and close) to traffic and pedestrians not using the gates, as well as vehicles and people passing through open gates
 - Rising or falling ground level in the path of moving gates
 - Drainage for underground systems
 - Potential crushing, pinching, shearing and impact points created by


The Algae is always Greener: Effects of Light Cycles on Cell Density
Sara Martin, Jacob Osborne, Ashton Mason, Scott Goeppner
Abstract
This experiment revolves around testing the theory of island biogeography, but instead of using islands, we will be using lakes. We are also testing how nutrient levels affect species diversity. We tested four different sized bodies of water in Oklahoma to determine how many different species we could find within a 1.0mL sample. On a hemocytometer grid, we counted the number of algae in order to measure the species diversity. Within our results, eight different species of algae were found in the water samples. The most abundant species found was Chlorella. There is no correlation between the size of the bodies of water and species diversity. Nutrient levels also appear to have no effect on species diversity in bodies of water.
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Can Chickens Lay More Than One Egg a Day?
If you have chickens, or are considering chickens, you might be wondering if it's possible for one chicken to lay more than one egg a day. This question can easily send you down a rabbit hole of research, looking into chicken fertility, breeds that lay the most, and how long chickens can be expected to produce eggs. But fear not! We have all the answers for you here.
How your chicken makes eggs
In order to understand how many eggs to expect from a chicken, it is useful to understand the chicken's reproductive cycle. According to this article from PennState Extension, this cycle begins within 30 minutes after the last egg was laid. At this point, a new yolk forms in the hen's ovary. Once the yolk is large enough, the egg can be fertilized. This initiates the process of growing the egg which takes a little more than 24 hours. During this period only one egg is produced.
At this point you might be thinking to yourself, "I'm certain I've heard someone say that their hen lays more than one egg!" While there may be rare hens that have this ability (and why not, if there are people with six fingers on one hand) they are certainly not the norm. There are several more likely answers though.
It can be pretty easy to miss an egg, especially if you're checking early in the morning before you've had a cup of coffee to perk you up. (I've been known to do this once or twice.) It's also possible that you hen has an odd laying cycle. If she dropped an egg late at night and then later in the morning the next time, it may seem like she dropped two eggs in a few hours when in reality we just missed her window.
This news might seem a little disappointing if you were having dreams of owning just one or two hens and having cartons upon cartons of fresh eggs to share with friends or neighbors. If we take a look at it from the chicken's perspective though, we can understand why laying one egg at a time is better for your bird.
According to Dr. Jacquie Jacob from the University of Kentucky, the way hens lay eggs is part of their nature as a prey species. Chickens lay once per day over a period of consecutive days. Because the eggs contain all the nutrients needed to feed the chicks for a few days after hatching, spacing the eggs out means that if a hen had to leave the nest to avoid a predator, she could come back a few days later and at least some of her young would still be healthy.
The eggs a hen lays in a group is called a clutch. Once the hen lays her clutch, she takes a little break to prepare for motherhood. This system of laying eggs in clutches is important to understand how many eggs a hen can produce in a year.
Why a chicken might not be laying eggs
When a hen lays all the eggs in a clutch, she needs a little break before she can start producing eggs again. If you have chickens, you might notice that your chicken does not always lay an egg every day, and this is part of the reason. A chicken's reproductive cycle is also very dependent on light.
Most hens require a certain number of hours of light each day to produce their egg. Under normal circumstances, hens ovulate before 3 pm each day, as long as they are experiencing a normal daylight cycle. Not getting enough sunlight could reduce your bird's fertility. Happiness and nutrition are also key to making sure your chicken consistently produces eggs.
Breeds that lay the most eggs
Some breeds of chicken can lay more eggs in a clutch meaning that they spend less time each year recovering and more time producing. These breeds tend to have smaller bodies, so they tend to be egg producers only instead of being used for eggs and poultry.
Breeds like the ISA Brown chicken are known for both high production (a whopping 300 eggs per year) and for being very docile. This breed is particularly popular with families and backyard farmers, as the hens tend to be calm and quiet.
- Over 200 Varieties to Choose From
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Another popular high-production breed is the Rhode Island Red. This chicken's size makes it a good dual-purpose bird. The Red can lay 250 eggs in a year, which is very impressive.
Read More: 6 Best Egg Laying Chicken Breeds
If you've seen the old cartoon character Foghorn Leghorn, then you are already familiar with the Leghorn breed. The Leghorn is known for its pure white body and bright red comb, an iconic look. This distinctive white bird lays about 250 eggs in a year.
There are several other breeds that can lay 200 or more eggs in a year, and it can be a tough choice if you are shopping around. It is a great idea to consider what you need. If you plan to have your chicken coop in the backyard, a quiet or friendlier breed is a great choice. It is also helpful to consider how long you would like your chicken to produce eggs for, which brings me to my next point.
Hens produce less as they age
It is a natural part of the aging process for a hen to produce fewer eggs as she ages. According to the folks over at The Happy Chicken Coop hens typically produce the most eggs for the first 18 months to two years. At that point, commercial farmers typically cull their chickens and replace them with younger birds.
Producing more eggs over a shorter period of time will put more strain on a chicken's body. The exertion of constant production combined with genetic problems from breeding chickens for egg production only has an effect. This means that high yield hens like the ISA Brown are going to have shorter lives and more health problems, especially after they hit that two year mark.
If your goal is to have hens that will lay more consistently and for longer, it may be a good idea to look into a lower yield breed. Heritage hens, in particular, are known to be productive for five to seven years.
Although your chickens won't be laying several eggs per day, if you make sure that they are happy and healthy you will likely find that they still produce well. Understanding your hen's reproductive cycle and breed goes a long way in being happy tender of chickens. I hope you feel better informed and ready to start your own coop. Happy farming!
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The measurement campaigns that DNV GL delivers include standard testing within the remit of certification, a specially developed testing programme to inform product design, and a bespoke service for instances where a client has a very specific requirement; for example, in relation to performance issues in an operational device. In all cases, the measurement activities can help to identify changes that can be made to components and processes; this is especially useful where components or effects are impossible to simulate.
Performance monitoring studies
Effective performance is vital for the certification process and key in optimising product design, regardless of the size of a device.
DNV GL has been running measurement campaigns, on both complete devices and their components, for many years. The company is acknowledged for its advanced technology, which has evolved over that period and remains at the forefront of the sector. As a result, there is nobody better placed to understand the design progression of solar devices and the implications it has for their performance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Safety Monitoring Relays
Emergency stops to high-powered machinery and electrically powered tools are sometimes required if there's a malfunction, blackout or other workplace disruption. That's when a safety monitoring relay becomes essential to your job. These relays are designed to start or execute commands to stop a machine when there's a hazard or required work stoppage. Choose from electrical relays, safety relays, programmable relays and more. For more relay products, check out Zoro's selection of voltage sensor relays and relay accessories like adapters, mounting track, sensors and more.


Nutrition Australia submission to the Health Star Rating five year review
The Health Star Rating (HSR) Advisory Committee is undertaking a five year review of the HSR system, which will consider if, and how well, the objectives of the HSR system have been met, and identify options for improvements to and ongoing implementation of the system.
The HSR system is a voluntary front of pack labelling scheme that rates the overall nutritional profile of packaged food and assigns it a rating from ½ a star to 5 stars. It is a joint Australian, state and territory and New Zealand government initiative developed in collaboration with industry, public health and consumer groups. From June 2014, food manufacturers started to apply HSRs to the front of food product packaging.
Nutrition Australia submitted a response to several of the review questions, which is summarised below.
We congratulate the government for establishing the Health Star Rating and for taking feedback at this critical review point. We acknowledge the complexity of the initiative and with further changes it will be a convenient, easy to understand tool to assist consumers to make healthier choices.
Nutrition Australia considers the HSR has considerable potential as a successful public health intervention if:
 - foods and drinks are scored in a way that aligns with the Australian Dietary Guidelines by scoring whole and minimally-processed foods from the five core food groups, higher than foods and drinks which are not recommended for regular consumption.
 The Federal Government's Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs) recommend the types and amounts of foods we should aim to eat each day for overall health and wellbeing. This is based on the how many serves we should aim to consume from each of five core food groups each day: fruit; vegetables and legumes/beans; grain (cereal) foods; lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans; milk, yoghurt cheese and/or alternatives.
 The ADG also categorises energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and drinks as 'discretionary items' that are not recommended as part of a healthy, balanced diet.
 Nutrition Australia believes that the HSR does not currently score foods in a way that aligns with a recommended heathy diet according to the ADGs.
 It is imperative that any front of pack labelling scheme that aims to improve healthy eating aligns with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. The HSR should support the implementation of the ADG by steering consumerchoices towards foods from the five core food groups, and away from energy-dense, nutrient-poor discretionary items.
 - the HSR was made mandatory, and for all packaged food and drink items including fresh foods (eg, fruits, vegetables and meats), and premade items, such as salads and sandwiches.
 The HSR is currently a voluntary system, and not all items have a rating. As suchthe HSR only allows shoppers to make an informed choice between a limited range of items at present.
 Additionally, some consumers have expressed concern that the HSR appears on the more expensive 'big name' branded items, with limited use on the cheaper/home brand options. This limits shoppers' ability to select healthier cheaper items using the HSR as a guide.
 - the score could be used to judge the relative healthiness of items across food categories, not just within specific categories.
 The HSR allows consumers to compare the relative healthiness of items within the same category, but it doesn't allow consumers to compare items across categories. This isespecially relevant if they are seeking healthier options of any type, such as comparing a muesli bar to a cheese snack.
 Nutrition Australia believes the score should be able to be used as an indicator of relative healthiness compared to ANY other item.
In addition, we made recommendations regarding:
Consumer education
There has been a notable lack of mass communication to educate consumers about the HSR. Nutrition Australia beliesves the implementation of HSR should be one strategy and supported by consumer education across all media, and in partnership with nutrition and health promotion organisations.
Nutrition Australia considers the involvement of food industry in the design and oversight of the HSR a concern. The system aims to reduce the purchase and consumption of unhealthy foods and drinks, and as such, manufacturers of those foods (or their industry representatives) have a conflict of interest in designing such a scheme.
We believe that the food industry should be widely consulted in the development and review of the HSR system, but should be distanced from the final decision making and oversight of this particular, vital, public health initiative.


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I am writing to someone who is a sort of respectful person and I wanted to form a sentence such as below and I am wondering if using grab instead of learn or get is informal and looks odd.
I'd like to invite you to Somewhere where you will be able to grab a lot of cultural and historical artifacts.
Grab should mean "learn", "experience", etc.
share|improve this question
You probably don't want the word artifacts. The normal meaning of grab is to take possession of, hastily, or by force. And artifacts are normally physical objects of great cultural/historical significance. On a surface reading it sounds like you're inviting your colleague to accompany you on a trip to raid the pyramids for undiscovered treasures! – FumbleFingers Sep 4 '11 at 20:14
_USER_, this sentence reminded me of Indiana Jones – Thursagen Sep 4 '11 at 20:16
On a side note you might be confusing "grab" with "grasp". In the context of your sentence above its still not quite correct. However you can say "I will help you grasp the concept" or similar. – Thomas Clayson Sep 4 '11 at 23:45
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Personally, I've never heard of "grab" as in learn, but "grab" as in "get" or collect is informal, yes. This is a definition from Wiktionary of "grab", and one of its usages, the one that seems to apply to your context, has been dubbed informal:
(informal) to quickly collect or retrieve
Grab, is an informal word, and presumably not advised to be used in your situation.
If that person is a kind of respectful, dignified person, than just simply writing "I"d like to invite you to somewhere where you will be able to acquire a lot of cultural and historical artifacts" would be better.
Or, if the object was not an artifact, but learning, then, perhaps try:
I would like to invite you to a place where we would be able to increase our cultural and historical knowledge
share|improve this answer
It is weird since "grab" is used not highly but occasionally in USA at least in CA and UT. – Tarik Sep 4 '11 at 20:13
I imagine "grab some lunch" is common throughout the English-speaking world - but it is always informal, and you wouldn't use it if you were going to have a leisurely, expensive, and/or high-quality meal. So even if it could be used to mean "learn" (which I doubt), it could never be appropriate for OP's context. – FumbleFingers Sep 4 '11 at 20:21
"It's" is not a genitive! – Andrew Grimm Sep 4 '11 at 23:42
This sounds like you are inviting him to a place where he can steal things found at archaeological digs.
Grab does not mean the the same thing as learn.
You may have confused grab with grasp. Grasp is equivalent to get in that they are both synonyms for understand. But understand and learn are not the same thing.
share|improve this answer
That's more likely than my "grok", which I now deleted. – prash Sep 4 '11 at 20:47
:) steal things? I really laughed aloud :) you may be right, perhaps I am inviting him so we can steal things from museum. Thanks for the answer :) – Tarik May 9 '12 at 18:30
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Economic woes and balancing personal finances can be challenging for anyone, but it can be doubly hard when someone is living in poverty or doesn't speak the native language.
So the local Virginia Cooperative Extension offices in Chesterfield, Virginia, are equipping people with knowledge that helps them create a better economic future.
More than 6 percent of Chesterfield County lives below the poverty line. In homes where a single mom is raising kids, that number creeps as high as 31 percent. People living in these situations are especially vulnerable to losing control of their finances.


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|Published online: March 28, 2014||$US5.00|
Nutritional gardening is a strategy to increase consumption of produce among low-income populations, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. To assess produce consumption and interest in nutritional gardening, interviews were conducted with 100 low-income adults residing in a south Texas county where the population is predominantly Latino and rates of poverty and obesity are high. Respondents consumed an average of 2 servings of fruit and 1.75 servings of vegetables daily, including less than one-half serving of green vegetables. Grocery stores were the primary source of produce. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents grew some of their own food, and 67% of those who grew no food expressed interest in doing so. Those who grew food consumed approximately one more serving of fruits and vegetables combined than those who did not grow food. Almost two-thirds of the respondents were interested in participating in a community gardening program, but obstacles included caregiver responsibilities and lack of time and transportation. Given the favorable climate conditions in the region, programs to encourage nutritional home gardening may be an effective and relatively inexpensive strategy to increase consumption of fresh produce among low-income Latinos in this and similar regions.
|Keywords:||Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Nutritional Gardening, Latinos, Poverty|
Professor, Department of Social Work, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas, USA
Social Worker, South Texas Behavioral Health Center, Edinburg, Texas, USA


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In the modern manufacturing and production industries, ensuring product quality is paramount. Various quality control methods are used to maintain high standards and minimize errors. One commonly used quality control tool is the checkweigher. How do checkweighers compare to other quality control methods? A high-quality checkweigher from AP Dataweigh, Inc. can offer your company a range of valuable benefits. Read on to learn more about how checkweighers compare to other quality control methods.
The Pros of Checkweighers
Accurate Weight Verification
Checkweighers excel at providing precise weight measurements, ensuring compliance with regulations and quality standards. They quickly identify underweight or overweight products to minimize the risk of non-compliance or customer complaints.
Checkweighers offer real-time weight monitoring, enabling immediate corrective actions to be taken if deviations occur. This helps reduce product giveaway and waste, optimize production efficiency, and maintain consistency.
Modern checkweighers are equipped with advanced technologies that allow for high-speed processing without compromising accuracy. Features like double conveyor belts can handle large volumes of products, weighing each item precisely without slowing down.
Data Collection and Analysis
AP Dataweigh, Inc. machines can collect and store data regarding weight measurements. Your company can use this data to identify trends, optimize processes, and enhance your overall quality control efforts.
However, it's important to remember that checkweighers primarily focus on weight measurement and may not detect other defects like contaminants or dimensional discrepancies. Checkweighers are best used as part of your comprehensive inspection system and production line.
Comparing Alternative Quality Control Methods
A few other quality control methods are used to detect product flaws. They may work well when used with checkweighers but offer fewer benefits when used alone.
Vision Inspection Systems
These systems use cameras and image processing algorithms to detect defects, contaminants, and product inconsistencies. They can provide comprehensive inspection, non-contact inspection, and flexibility. However, these systems can be complex to set up and maintain and can be costly.
Metal detectors are used throughout the food industry, in particular, to identify metallic components. These quality control methods are best for contaminant detection, especially in a non-destructive way that doesn't alter or damage the product. However, metal detectors can only inspect metal contaminants and won't detect other quality issues. These sensitive machines must also be calibrated correctly to avoid false positives or negatives.
If you are looking for the best inspection system, contact AP Dataweigh, Inc. to find your ideal checkweigher with components designed to provide reliable quality control.
Contact AP Dataweigh, Inc. For Customized Inspection System Solutions
Established in 1994, AP Dataweigh, Inc. is a checkweigher manufacturer offering a complete line of custom-built and dynamic checkweighers and inspection system solutions. Our American-made machines address the needs of the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, and industrial product markets throughout North America. We manufacture our machines to exact customer specifications and design them to integrate into your production line. What distinguishes us from the competition? We make what customers need instead of trying to sell what we make.
To learn more about the products we can provide for your facility, contact us online or by phone at _PHONE_. You can also follow us on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and YouTube for updates on our products and industry.


AN EFFICIENT MULTIACCESS PROTOCOL FOR ... - Semantic Scholar
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AN EFFICIENT MULTIACCESS PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS. Benjamin W. Wah and Xiao Su. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
AN EFFICIENT MULTIACCESS PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS NETWORKS Benjamin W. Wah and Xiao Su Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail: wah, xiao-su  @manip.crhc.uiuc.edu URL: _URL_ ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose and evaluate an efficient multiaccess protocol for cell-based wireless networks. Our protocol addresses the problems in existing random-access protocols for wireless networks: long-term fairness as well as short-term fairness in accessing a shared channel and the detection of hidden and exposed collisions. Our proposed protocol is a limited contention protocol in which the set of contending mobiles are chosen based on a global common contention window maintained by every mobile station. The contention window is adjusted based on three possible channel states: no transmission, success, and collision. We assume that the channel state at the end of each contention slot is broadcast by a base station in a control channel. We show analytically that the time interval between two successive accesses to the channel by any station is geometrically distributed, and that each station has equal chance to access the channel in every contention period. This is significantly better than existing random-access protocols based on the binary exponential backoff algorithm, which results in large variances in inter-access delays. Our experimental results also show that the number of contention slots to resolve collisions is constant on the average, independent of the number of contending stations. 1. INTRODUCTION The design of an efficient and scalable medium access control (MAC) protocol is extremely important for wireless networks, where bandwidth is a precious and scarce resource. Existing work on wireless medium access control protocols can be classified into two categories: ordered-access and random-access. Ordered-access protocols, such as tokenbased and polling schemes, rely on knowledge of the network configuration in order to predetermine the use of a shared channel. They are usually very efficient when the network configuration is static, requiring constant overhead to resolve the transmission order. However, they do not work well in Research supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAG 1-613 and by National Science Foundation Grant MIP _PHONE_. Proceedings of 1998 International Symposium on Internet Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, April 1998
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mobile networks in which stations can join and leave dynamically. For this reason, we study random-access schemes in this paper. One of the popular random-access schemes used in mobile networks today is DFWMAC, a CSMA/CA protocol selected as the IEEE 802.11 draft standard [4]. Collisions in this protocol are resolved by a binary exponential backoff algorithm, similar to that used in Ethernets. There are two problems associated with the use of the backoff algorithm. First, although the algorithm is fair in the long term so that every station has equal access on the average, it is not fair in the short term because it does not give equal access to all the stations competing for the channel. Oftentimes, a station that has just transmitted has a higher chance to access the channel again in the near future. This behavior may cause large variations in inter-channel access delays, an undesirable phenomenon in systems wishing to provide certain qualify of service in access. Second, the protocol does not operate efficiently in the presence of hidden and exposed terminals [8]. The backoff counters are updated incorrectly for stations involved, and do not reflect the local contention level. Our proposed wireless window protocol (WWP) is a limited contention protocol in which the set of contending mobiles are chosen based on a global common contention window maintained by every mobile. The contention window is adjusted based on three possible channel states: no transmission, success, and collision. We assume that the channel state at the end of each contention slot is broadcast by the base station in the downlink. Initially, each station generates a random contention parameter between zero and one based on a uniform distribution. Each station then derives a window with the goal of isolating exactly one parameter in the window. Since all stations derive the window boundaries using identical information and the same algorithm, the windows at all stations are synchronized. Depending on the state of contention (collision, idle, success) broadcast by the base station, stations update their windows in a synchronized fashion. Eventually, only one station is isolated in the window and transmits the message to the base station, which may forward it to another mobile in the same cell. Our protocol addresses the two problems associated with DFWMAC. Our analytical and experimental results demonstrate WWP's channel efficiency as well as its long-term and
short-term fairness. Further, as a base station always broadcasts reliable channel-state information to mobiles in the same cell, false interpretations of channel states in the hidden- and exposed-terminal scenarios are avoided in one cell. There are some implications in two-cell scenarios that are discussed in Section 3.
2. WINDOW-BASED WIRELESS WINDOW PROTOCOL FOR ONE CELL In this section, we present the design of WWP for a one-cell case. Section 2.1 gives an overview of the protocol. Since the key aspect of the protocol is the adjustment of windows based on the channel state and the current channel load, Section 2.2 discusses the dynamic-programming formulation of window adjustments. Section 2.3 presents WWP with lookahead technique. Finally Section 2.4 gives our analytical result on the inter-channel access delay.
WWP bears certain similarity to binary-tree splitting protocols proposed in wired domains in its contention-resolution process. According to the tree splitting protocol, when a collision involving  stations happens, the stations are randomly split into two subsets by flipping a coin. The stations in the first subset retransmit in the next slot, whereas the second subset must wait until all the stations in the first subset have succeeded. If the first transmission rule, i.e., when packets are transmitted for the first time, is incorporated, there are a few variants of the basic protocol. The most celebrated one, the epoch mechanism, was suggested by Gallager [6] and by Tsybakov and Mikhailov [1]. It achieves a maximum stable throughput of   .
2.1. Overview In this section, we describe the operation of our proposed window-based protocol. The protocol can be described in a two dimensional space as illustrated in Figure 1. The time space shows the progression of contention slots, and the parameter space defines stations that are eligible to contend. The operation of the protocol in one contention period consists of the following steps. 1. Parameter initialization. A station ready for transmission generates a random contention parameter in the parameter space. Without loss of generality, we assume that the parameters are generated from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1. New stations arriving before the beginning of a contention period must wait until the beginning of the next contention period. Since stations regenerate their contention parameters every time in the beginning of a contention period, each station has an equal chance of accessing the channel in each period. (This is different from ordered-access schemes that schedule accesses after generating the contention parameters once.)
The major difference between WWP and the epoch algorithm is that WWP is not a contention resolution algorithm in a strict sense. The objective of WWP is to fulfill one successful transmission in the least possible number of slots, whereas resolution algorithms resolve a whole set of stations that are involved in a collision before accepting new stations. Intuitively, contention-resolution algorithms may achieve higher channel efficiency, because they utilize information obtained from previous contentions. However, new stations suffer from longer delays. Our protocol achieves a balance between the channel throughput and the lag between the time when new stations join and the time when they are served.
2. Window estimation based on channel load. Each sta tion maintains a lower bound and an upper bound in the parameter space. (The bounds identify stations that can participate in the contention process.)
Initially,  and  . In addition, each station  computes  ,  , based on an estimated channel load. As each ready station starts with identi cal information and the same algorithm, , and  in all stations are synchronized.
There are two major advantages of WWP over the epoch algorithm. First, WWP does not put a stringent synchronization requirement on its implementation as the epoch algorithm. In the epoch algorithm, synchronization must be supported at least to the granularity of one tenth of a slot if one successful transmission requires four to five splits of the initial epoch. In WWP, synchronization is only required in the contention-slot boundary. Second, WWP does not adopt the Poisson arrival model as assumed by the epoch algorithm. As is well known, packet arrivals to the network cannot be modeled as a Poisson process since packets are bursty within connections, and the major part of the Internet traffic, such as Web surfing and ftp, is connection-oriented. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents WWP in a one-cell scenario. Section 3 describes modifications to WWP in order to adapt it to cell overlays in a two-cell scenario. It also discusses the differences between WWP and its Ethernet counterpart. Section 4 presents the performance evaluations of WWP and compares it to DFWMAC in both the one-cell and the two-cell scenarios. Finally, Section 5 summarizes


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|MadSci Network: Zoology|
There are three different types of insects that lack wings. Immature insects never have wings because they have not developed yet. Most of these need only to feed and grow so the eggs are usually laid by the parent insect in an area where the growing larvae will have food. Wings either develop slowly as the immature insect grows (as in grasshoppers and other insects with incomplete development) or develop during a pupal stage (as in butterflies). The adult then has functioning wings, which allow it to disperse, mate and lay eggs in a new area.
Some primitive insects never had wings. These include such flightless insects as silverfish. None of the ancestors of these insects seem to have had wings.
Finally there are those insects that have secondarily lost wings or have reduced wing size to the point where that cannot fly. These include some grasshoppers, many parasitic insects (like lice and fleas), a number of beetles and even some moths (the bagworm for example). The ancestors of these insects had wings, but their ultimate life style did not require flight. Selection pressure then probably eliminated the ability to fly. In the case of parasitic insects at least, wings may even have been a major difficulty and were probably eliminated rather quickly. Wings would probably catch on the host's hairs or feathers and make it difficult to hide.
Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
A summary of the answer is that some insects don't have wings because
1. They are immature and do not need them yet.
2. Their ancestors never had wings.
3. They lost their wings because of the way in which they live (for example parasites).
Try the links in the MadSci Library for more information on Zoology.


Martingale Trading Strategy: A Brief Guide
6 min read
By Chamundeswari Koppisetti
We frequently hear about martingale strategies in casino games where one doubles their bet size after every loss. Can these martingale strategies be applied to trading and increase a trader's gain?
In this blog, we will be focusing on Martingale and its application in trading strategies by going through the following topics.
What is martingale?
A random variable is an unknown value or a function which takes a particular value for each possible trial. It can be either discrete or continuous. We consider discrete random variable below to explain martingale.
Martingale is a sequence of random variables M1, M2, M3… Mn, where
E [Mn+1|Mn] = Mn, n -> 0, 1, …, n+1 🡪 (1)
And E [|Mn+1|] < ∞,
Which is read as expectation of Mn+1 given the value of Mn is equal to Mn, i.e. expectation remains constant
For a random variable which takes different values x1, x2, x3 with respective probabilities of p1, p2 and p3, the expectation is calculated as:
E[M] = x1 * p1 + x2 * p2 + x3 * p3, In simpler terms, expectation is same as the arithmetic mean.
Note: Martingale is always defined with respect to some information sets, and some probability measure. If the information sets or the probability associated to the process are changed, the process might not be a martingale anymore.
How does martingale work?
Consider a simple game, where you toss a fair coin and win a dollar if the outcome is head and lose the dollar if it's a tail.
In this game, the probability for either head or tail is always half. So, the average value of win is equal to ½(1) + ½(-1) =0, which implies that you cannot systematically earn any additional money by playing a number of rounds of the game (although random gains or losses is still possible).
Hence, the above satisfies martingale property which says that in any particular round your total earnings are expected to stay the same regardless of the outcomes of the previous rounds.
Conditional expectation in martingale
The expression on left hand side of equation (1) in martingale definition is called 'conditional expectation'. Conditional expectation (also called the conditional mean) is simply the average, calculated after a set of prior conditions has happened.
Conditional expectation of a random variable X with respect variable Z is defined as a (new) random variable Y = E(X|Z)
Martingale trading strategy
Martingale trading strategy is to double your exposure or investment size on losing trades. As your expected long-term return is still the same, (lose when the price goes down and gain when the price goes up), this strategy can be implemented by buying in dips when the price goes down and lowering your average entry price. Hence, even after a series of losing trades, if a winning trade happens, it regains all the losses including initial trade amount as it results in a profit of 2^p=∑ 2^p-1+1.
Pros and Cons of Martingale: One of the advantages is, as the trader doubles investment size after every losing trade, the strategy helps to recoup the losses and generate profits improving the net earnings. Whereas the main disadvantage is that if you are increasing the investment size without stop loss limits.
Note: You can lose your entire capital if the company goes bankrupt or result in an uncoverable drawdown requiring additional capital if the odds do not improve in the long run and you continually lose.
What is an anti-martingale?
In an anti-martingale strategy, one doubles the investment size when the prices move in a profitable direction and halve the investment size when there is a loss. This is done with the hope that stocks will continue to rise in a trend, which works in momentum driven markets.
Pros and Cons of Anti - Martingale: Major advantage of Anti-Martingale system is the minimal risk during unfavourable conditions, as the trade volume is not increased during losses. Despite advantages, anti-martingale also doesn't result in profits if there are extended losing trades. Hence, entry signals should be computed accurately in order that losses don't cover the profits gained.
In the next section, we will build the Martingale and Anti-martingale strategy in python. If you don't know where to start with respect to python, you can try our Python course or the python handbook.
Martingale vs anti-martingale trading strategy in python
We have used the Apple (AAPL) Adjusted Close price data for over 6 months. This data was pulled from the Yahoo finance website and stored in a csv file. To know how to download financial data, you can go through this blog.
Read the stock data
2019 Half yearly (Jul to Dec) Adjusted Close price data for AAPL has been downloaded
Simple Martingale strategy
Martingale trading strategy is to double your trade size on losing trades.
We start with one stock of AAPL and double the trade volume or quantity on losing trades. Strategy is built considering winning trade as a 2% increase and losing trade as a 2% decrease from the previous close price.
Note: We can notice from the above graph that the trade volume or quantity increases exponentially, and cumulative returns increased. But in this case, we might run out of capital to double the position, which leads to bankruptcy.
Simple Anti-martingale strategy
Anti-martingale strategy is to double the trade size on winning trades and halve the size on losing trades.
Similar to the above martingale strategy, we start with one stock of AAPL and double the trade volume or quantity on winning trades and half the trade volume or quantity on losing trades. The strategy is built considering winning trade as 2% increase and losing trade as a 2% decrease from the previous close price.
Standard martingale lead to highly variable outcomes in the long run, as it can encounter exponentially increasing losses. Whereas anti martingale return distribution is significantly flatter, with lower variance as it decreases exposure on losses, and increases it on profits. With this in mind, we see that majority of successful traders tend to follow anti martingale strategies as they are considered to be less risky increasing investment size during a winning streak than during a losing streak compared to martingale strategy.
You can check out the learning track for advanced Algorithmic Trading Strategies designed for traders who want to improve their existing strategies.
In this blog, we first understood the intuitive meaning of martingale by visiting the concept of conditional expectation. Next, we have learnt the types of martingale strategies. In martingale trading strategy, trade size or quantity is doubled on losing trades with the expectation of upcoming profitable trades to cover the losses and generate profits. In an anti-martingale trading strategy, trade size or quantity is halved on losing trades (protecting the downside), and doubled on profitable trades. We have also understood the market conditions which may be suitable for either of the strategy. Finally, we have implemented both, the martingale and anti-martingale trading strategies. You can learn different types of quantitative strategies and models by enrolling for our learning track on algorithmic trading for everyone.
Download Data File
 - Apple six-month earnings
 - Martingale code


Spartan Lifestyle: Ways To Live Like A Spartan In Modern World
Jan 5 2020 By Aayushma B.
Spartan lifestyle and values
Spartan lifestyle and values
Sparta was an ancient city in Greece from the 750 to around 3rd Century BCE. Spartan lifestyles and values have been glorified all around the world. Located in the ancient grounds of Laconia in Greece, Spartan people built an empire. There are many claims that life in the ancient city wasn't as good as we think it was. The constitution of Sparta believed in slaves and killing them in order to avoid uprisings. An average man spent their whole life training to be a warrior. Even at that time, the Spartan mentality was very different from the rest of the world. An antique idol of Sparta Warrior
However, there are many principles which made the civilization successful for centuries. The Spartan men and women lived a lifestyle that kept them safe from the world outside. Currently, some people want to be away from the technological world that has made us materialistic. Spartan lifestyle and mentality will instill values different from the modern world.
There are many things that we can learn from these warrior men which can keep us content. You might not be able to follow all their principles as it would be absurd in the modern world to even think of some, but you can adopt the good ones.
The 12 things you must do in order to live your life like a spartan soldier are given below:
1. Minimalism in Spartan Lifestyle:
Spartan lifestyle and values
To this date, you will find thousands of people trying to adopt a minimalistic lifestyle. People have become so spoilt with all the possession that it is almost impossible to survive without them. So, adopting this spartan mentality might be helpful in case you are one of them.
From a very young age, Spartan soldiers were taught to be happy with very little in life. Some might even consider it ruthless keeping a child from their basic needs. But as a Spartan soldier, this was the way of life. Today, people need thousands of things just to go by a single day. This was completely opposite as per the Spartan values. The only piece of clothing that the children could get was a robe.
2. Spartan Diet:
Today, you can order something online that will reach your doorsteps in a few minutes. However, in ancient Sparta, you had to basically earn everything that you ate. From the training period, men were trained to feed themselves. They used to eat whatever they could steal or earn. They had to work hard to be able to feed themselves.
Whatever they ate was healthier compared to the greasy food items that we find today. You have to feed your body protein and veggies that are essential to help you build muscles. However, you didn't feed yourself excessively because that would make you fat and slow.
3. Physique:
Spartan Mentality
The ancient Spartan soldiers had ripped bodies from all the training that they had to undergo. So, if your goal is to develop a Spartan lifestyle and value, you'd better start working on your physical training. The Spartans soldiers used to have lean muscles that enabled them to fight with others, physically and mentally.
4. Spartan Psyche and Mentality:
An average Spartan man had to train himself mentally as well as physically. Only being strong didn't help them all the time. The Spartan soldier lived a lifestyle that required constant fight for survival and had to value whatever they would earn. They would have to steal from people without being caught, otherwise, they would be punished. Such activities made them instinctive.
5. The goal or purpose of Spartan Education:
In modern society, the primary thing for the people mostly become feeding themselves and gather as much wealth as possible. But the Spartan lifestyle and values teach you to follow a goal completely different. If you want to live like a Spartan soldier, you must dedicate your life to serve a particular place or person. Having personal materialistic goals isn't the purpose of a Spartan soldier.
6. Waking Up:
Spartan Mentality
If you are someone who wakes up after 5 snoozes of your alarm, then we have something bad for y0u. Waking up early was one of the very essential lifestyles and values in the Spartan mentality. You will need to start using your time much more efficiently and most importantly, you must wake up early.
7. Training:
Spartan Mentality
Whether you want to grow up to become an army, fighter, engineer or even a doctor, you must follow some Spartans rules and regulations. in order to lead a spartan lifestyle, you will have to train yourself much harder.
The training period in the Spartan lifestyle goes until you die. So, you need to give yourself time to learn and grow. Whatever career you pursue, you need to be able to give it all you have got. Giving up will never be an option.
8. Working in a Team:
Spartan lifestyle and values
As a Spartan, you had to fight in a team. The Spartans army used to form a wall by sticking onto each other during the war that hardly let anyone else pass through. If someone gets injured during the war, the other Spartan soldier used to come and take their place, and they would continue to move forward. So, if you want to work like a Spartan, you will have to learn to work in a team as well.
9. Intellect in Spartan Lifestyle and Value:
Spartan lifestyle and values
As we mentioned above, being strong wasn't enough for the Spartan soldiers. Also, they needed to think smartly. So, sharpening your intellect is extremely important if you want to develop a spartan mentality.
Also, read: 8 Cryptic Texts That Nobody Has Been Able to Decipher Yet
10. Practise Abstinence:
Spartans never involved themselves in any activity that would not result in either making them stronger or smarter. So, they believed all the other activities such as sex and drinking would lead them to get distracted from their values and training. Therefore, if you align your lifestyle by the values the Spartan society, you might have to restrain yourself from such things.
11. Fight Your Way Out:
Spartan lifestyle and values
The Spartan mentality was to do anything they had to for survival. So, you need to be ready to fight through all the tough moments in life. If you didn't, you get killed. If you also want to live that way, you will have to learn to fight with toff situations in life.
12. Discipline in Spartan Lifestyle:
Finally, this has to be one of the most important values you need to live by in a Spartan lifestyle. From the young age of seven, the kids were taught to take care of themselves. They were all taught to fulfill their purpose of becoming ready for the battle.
At present, even if this might not be your goal, whatever goal you have in mind, you need to establish a strong discipline in yourself. Every principle mentioned above will not be possible without considering the disciplined lifestyle that the Spartan's value.
Related Article: 9 Biggest Ancient Civilizations That Disappeared Without A Trace
Related Posts


Lab 2 – Layouts and Event Handlers, Pig Game v1
$30.00
Category:
Description
Purpose: This lab is designed to give you practice:

 - Using Layouts: Relative, Vertical and Horizontal,

 - Accommodating orientations: landscape and portrait
 - Handling events

Part 1: Do the textbook exercises shown below. Note that for many of these, there is a starter project in the source code provided by the publisher of the textbook.
 - 4-1, Test and debug the Tip Calculator app

Upload a text file to Canvas in which you will report, for each exercise above, whether you:

 1. Followed all the steps shown in the book and successfully compiled and ran the program (where applicable).
 2. Loaded the completed solution, experimented with the code, and ran the program (where applicable).
 3. Read through the steps and inspected the relevant code listings without writing or running a program.
 4. Didn't do any of the above.
Part 2: Create an app for playing the game of "Pig". Pig is a dice game with 2 players. Players roll one die as many times as they wish or until they roll a 1. Their score for the turn is the sum of their rolls unless they get a 1, then it's zero. Players keep taking turns rolling until someone gets to 100. If the player who had the first roll reaches 100, the second player may still take their turn (so that both players get the same number of turns). The player with the highest score wins.

You can see an example of an online pig game here:

_URL_

The UI for your game should be similar to the one shown below:

 - Images are provided for the six sides of the die.

 - Arrange the widgets using a relative layout, or a vertical linear layout with nested horizontal and vertical linear layouts. You can set the orientation to be portrait only in the manifest.

 - Use the names entered in the editable text views for Player 1 and Player 2 to display the name of the player whose turn it is.
 - Put the pig game logic in it's own class.

 - Optional: Use a Frame Layout to hold a background image for the app (provide your own image).

Zip the project and upload it to Canvas.
error: Content is protected !!


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Google Analytics can enhance the process of creating user personas and analyzing audiences. In this blog post, I'm going to show you how Seer created user personas for a credit counseling client using dimensions in the Audience section of Google Analytics.
To use this method, you have to make sure your site meets these conditions:
- Has a subfolder, or keyword(s) in a group of URL's, that can be identified with an audience.
- Has sufficient data in Google Analytics to analyze those subfolders or URL's.
The most relevant dimensions in GA we used to create user personas were:
- Affinity Categories
- In-Market Segments
- Other Categories
As a reminder, here is where you find these dimensions in the Google Analytics menu:
Before we go any further, let's make sure we understand what those dimensions in the "Interests" section actually mean. Google Analytics defines them as:
- Affinity Categories – "used to reach potential customers, to make them aware of your brand or product. These are users higher in the purchase funnel."
- In-Market Segments – "Users in these segments are more likely to be ready to purchase products or services in the specified category. These are users lower in the purchase funnel, near the end of the process."
- Other Categories – "These are more granular categories than Affinity or In-Market, and let you identify users who are not in those other categories."
Why did I highlight those words in the definitions? We used Affinity Categories and In-Market Segments to describe the lifestyle interests of our personas, and their preferences for certain products or services, respectively.
How valid is this data? It should be stated that there are limitations to its accuracy (as there are in many methods of creating personas!). Much of the information in the Interests and Demographics sections comes from Google's understanding of users based on their Ad Settings. This data is only available for a subset of overall users due to privacy reasons. However, as the article from Nathan Beddome states, this data is informative because it nonetheless represents a large sample of users and their search habits.
Now we're ready to walk through the process. We are going to use our credit counseling clients' Student Loans audience, and their "affinities," as an example. Let's get started!
- Set the Date Range to at least 6 months to a year.
- Set the first dimension to "Affinity Categories" and the second to "Landing Page." Show as many rows as you can, without sampling.
- Set an advanced filter to only show landing pages with the word "student" in them. (The advanced filter can change depending on what audience you want to analyze. If we wanted to look at our client's military veteran audience, we might filter for the words "military," "army," or "veteran" instead.)
- Export the data to Excel, then create a pivot table using "Sessions" and "Affinity Category" as the only fields. You can eliminate all other columns, including landing page, for this example. Now, you should have something that looks like this…
…And now, click that "OK" button, and you've got your pivot table!
- Sort the "Sum of Sessions" column from largest to smallest. Effectively, this shows you the most common "affinities" of users who visited pages related to students and student loans.
You can replicate this process for the other dimensions mentioned previously, and end up with a lot of useful information to fill out your personas.
We translated this data into personas with different interests, characteristics, and backgrounds, all of which provided great direction for keyword research and content recommendations. Check out the final form of the student loan example!
Since cooking and deals are two common lifestyle interests of our Student Loans audience, an article topic we might suggest is "Cooking with Coupons!"
I used Sessions as the metric for this example, but this process can go beyond that. Do you want to create more content that aligns with the buying habits of users who convert on your site? Or how about appealing to the lifestyle interests of social media users that get referred to your site? Shape this process to show what you want to show about your audience!
There are certainly a lot of different ways to create user personas. I hope this exploration of Google Analytics' capabilities will help your process.
Have you used Google Analytics to help create user personas? What are some other data-driven methods you've used to analyze your audience? I would love to hear about them!


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3-way pilot valve (positioning)
The 3-way pilot valve is a selector pilot activated by the pipeline pressure which admits the control media into the control chamber to close the main valve, relieves the media from the control chamber to open the main valve, or locks the volume in the control chamber to keep the main valve throttled at a fixed regulating position. This control principle allows for full opening of the main valve when operating conditions require the valve to be fully open.
3-way Control is used for:
- On-Off Control valves.
- Regulating valves which need operate with low pressure differential.
- Dirty water as raw irrigation water and sewage water.
- Where usage of external control media (such as pressurized air) is required.


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This gorgeous, gaseous shroud of a dying sunlike star, planetary nebula Abell 36, lies a mere 800 light-years away in the constellation of Virgo.
Shrugging off its outer layers, the nebula's central star is contracting and becoming hotter, evolving towards a final white dwarf phase. In fact, in Abell 36, the central star is estimated to have a surface temperature of over 73,000 K, compared to the Sun's present 6,000 K temperature. Learn more: _URL_
(Image Credit & Copyright: Adam Block, Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter, Univ. Arizona)


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Taneční Papírna // Pokoje
It moves, crinkles, rips, shapes itself. Paper acts within dance. To bring paper onto stage invites a connection between two fragile worlds of existence. This video marks a moment in time where paper and dance come into their own through movement, separate from each other, and yet never losing the absolute connection of coming together to create.
A part of the sixth Pokoje Exhibition, Taneční Papírna explores the elasticity of paper through an installation.


At Wednesday's ribbon cutting ceremony for Imagine Riverside's new Coachella school on Avenue 50, students said the Pledge of Allegiance in both English and Spanish - a taste of what's to come at the dual-immersion school.
"All of the different areas in both languages," Dr. Grace Jimenez of Imagine Riverside said.
You can find Imagine public charter schools all over the country. There are a total of 70 schools in 12 states, with about 38,000 students.
"Dual immersion is a little different than bilingual. It means students will be proficient in two languages, bi-literate in English and Spanish," Jimenez said.
Right now the school teaches kindergarten and first graders. Each year, Imagine Riverside will add a grade until it reaches K-8.
"It's really important for students nowadays to be ready for a global economy. We are preparing students for jobs that aren't even existing right now," Jimenez said.
A necessary education in two languages causes a lot of demand.
"We do have a list of students waiting to be in classrooms and we do have an overage of students right now. We are seeing to break those up into smaller groups and have more attention to your students," she said.
Parents watched their children at the ceremony, feeling lucky their sons and daughters will get this opportunity.
"I think it's great especially for Spanish speaking families. My child doesn't speak spanish at all but she's here, and I wouldn't say she's fluent, but getting there," father Osiel Salinas said.


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Kudu example applications
Several example applications are provided in the examples
directory of the Apache Kudu git repository. Each example includes a
that shows how to compile and run it. The following list includes some of the examples that are
available today. Check the repository itself in case this list goes out of date.
A simple C++ application which connects to a Kudu instance, creates a table, writes data to it, then drops the table.
A simple Java application which connects to a Kudu instance, creates a table, writes data to it, then drops the table.
A small Java application which listens on a TCP socket for time series data corresponding to the Collectl wire protocol. The commonly-available collectl tool can be used to send example data to the server.
A Java application that generates random insert load.
An example program that shows how to use the Kudu Python API to load data into a new / existing Kudu table generated by an external program,
dstatin this case.
An example plugin for using graphite-web with Kudu as a backend.
These examples should serve as helpful starting points for your own Kudu applications and integrations.


SANDAEROVATOR
SANDAEROVATOR is an aerospace tower-pyramid cable-tube elevator-accelerator. A passive/active structure pyramid/tower cable-tube (composite material tension/compression force), buoyancy/propeller/rocket/rail/cannon (H2/O2/H2O/molecular force), electromagnetic (electron/photonic force) launch/energy elevator-accelerator and base/structure/connection for ocean, terrestrial, aero, space cities. Sandaerovator structure has a pyramid and tower horizontal wing wind stabilizers, formed by modules with independent counter wind and flying buoyancy/propeller/rocket propulsion. Sandaerotrain elevator-accelerator 10-30-100km with Sandaeroblock pile-up towers cable/track connected to expansion Pyramid. Cross-Pyramid Space Elevator, 30 km from cube-sphere centripetal pile-up Acity to centrifugal carbon composite 4 cable-truss, connected to Geo stationary 30k km Space City. Sandaerovator can be used as an exterior elevator for any current, new or expanded building, and as an electromagnetic accelerator launching platform for a Sandaeroship, Sandaerocopter and/or Sandaerocket, including via a cable, vacuum tube coil gun and/or rail linear electric motor. H2-photo-electric acceleration can reach 11 km/s gravity escape velocity and/or 8km/s orbital velocity. Up to 200km horizontal and/or 100km vertical track can be used for safe human gradual acceleration. Carbon graphene/nanotube multi/truss cable-tube can be centrifugal stretched/sustained by geosync satellite space city and flowing cargo pellets, molecules, electrons and photons. Mountain/Pyramid Vacuum Tunnel hydrogen-photonic-electric space-cannon can shoot cargo, avatar-bots and laser-rocket-mirror spaceships to escape velocity.
Sandaerovator can be connected and give access to SANDAEROCITIES, atmospheric/mountain top Acities or geostationary Space Cities (Sandaerospace Scities), including a non-fixed connection to a Lunar City. Sandaerovator can gradually combine space elevator, tower, hook, rotor, loop, ring concepts using wing aerodynamics, flying wheel, wind propellers, gas/vacuum buoyancy, centrifugal gravity, accelerated vapor/water pressure, electromagnetic/kinetic energy, in double counter loop, for active support structure, pushing structure up, reducing gravity compression. Multi orbit Sandaerospaces can have velocity synchronized with upward tensile or propulsive counter force to allow straight elevation until geostationary orbit. Vertical- Horizontal Four-Direction Pyramid-Growth; 1 to 100km Space-Port Electric Accelerator-Elevator cross-pyramid; H2/H2O Aeroblock vertical-horizontal pile-up; 100km to 100,000km Centrifugal Counter Weight Composite Cube-Sphere Structure with 4 cables. Propeller/Wing/Counterweight and Lidar/Laser defense against wind, debris, meteorites, photonic waves etc. Sandaerovator can PRODUCE ENERGY SURPLUS AFTER PARTIAL USE FOR ACTIVE STRUCTURING: solar/wave/wind energy heats water/air sending them upward producing upward structural force on thermal turbines, then sends it downward in central tube, generating upward rocket/jet force to be cooled in water/ocean and repeat cycle. Meanwhile solenoid electromagnetic force sends pellets and payloads upward, generating also upward structural centrifugal force cycle. Solaser L1 La Grange point, Geosync and Elevator self-finance protection, communication, energy, transportation system energizes magnetic dipole shield (photo-electric solenoid/coil) for intersat protection for any planet or satellite. Circular laser network also generates larger photo-gravitonic protection fields.
GRAPHENE MACROTUBE and MACRORIBBON are macro single or multi layer rolled up (tube) or flat (ribbon/fabric) graphene single carbon hexagonal network (or composite with carbon fabric, nanotubes, polymers etc), to replace steel cables, tubes, panels with over 10 times stronger material, capable for example, with a multi cable truss or ribbon formation, of full or interrupted connection to a 3-30k km space tower-elevator geosynchronous system, with or without a 100k km centrifugal counter-weight. Earth oceanic pyramid-tower water filled carbon composite cube-sphere aquablocks bellow-on-near water line, vapor/H2 aeroblocks above water line, pile-up to buoyant AEROCITIES, deployed top-down in Venus, cable truss/ribbon connected to Geo Space Cities.
Atmospheric electric propulsion pyramid-tower-elevators and space laser propulsion can significantly lower costs of molecular rocket propulsion mobile aerospace ship-stations, with modular ascension under G$/US$1k/module for enterprises and under G$/US$100 or free for citizens with subsidy/sponsorship from solar-wind-wave energy sales. Gcity/Tower/Pyramid/Aerotrain on land/water control wind/wave excess movement by cube-sphere pass-trough shape, aqua-aeroblock anchoring, propeller and photo-electric heating/ionization counter movements. Modular carbon composite cube-sphere aqua-aeroblock cross tower-pyramid stacking can reach 1 km, gradually expand past 100km, producing solar-wind-wave energy, housing and transportation. Ocean centered, for land clearance, Aqua-Ocean-City connected to Aero-Atmosphere-City to Geo-Space-City by Pyramid-Tower-Elevator, Molecular-Electric-Photonic weather control, Earth Aerocities duplicated/moved to Venus.
Scity Geostationary Space City
Acity
Atmospheric
Aero City
Ocity - Tcity - Ucity
Ocean, Terrestrian
Underground
Cities
Scities
Space Cities
Geostationary
Sandaerospace
Earth
Lunar City
Space
Elevator
Sandaerovator
SANDAEROCITY
Non-fixed
Connetion
AEROCITY
Earth, Moon, Venus and Mars
Vertical- Horizontal
Four-Direction
Pyramid-Growth
1 to 100km
Space-Port
Electric
Accelerator-Elevator
cross-pyramid
H2/H2O Aeroblock
vertical-horizontal
pile-up
100km to 100,000km
Centrifugal Counter Weight
Composite Cube-Sphere Structure with 4 cables
SANDAEROBRIDGE
SANDAEROBRIDGE
GLOBOCEAN ACITIES
Venus
Atlantic
AeroPark-Bridge
SANDAEROHANGAR
Mars
Mount Olympus
Valles Marineris
Ice Pole
Moon
Montes Apenninus
Santos-Dumont Crater
Atlantis
Paradise
Valhalla
Eldorado
Asgard
Xangrila
Globocean
Ocities
Acities
SANDAEROPIPE
UPWARD
FORCE
SURPLUS
ENERGY
CYCLE
solar/wind/wave
heated water/air
solenoid
electromagnetic
pellets/payloads
Solar Mirror/Lens Laser transporting solar-sail mini-space ship/station/robot to Moon, Mars, Venus in minutes
SOLASER
SANDAEROSHIP
SANDAEROTRAIN
SOLASER
Sandaerotrain elevator-accelerator 10-30-100km with Sandaeroblock pile-up towers cable/track connected to expansion Pyramid.
SANDAEROTRAIN
SANDAEROBRIDGE
Aqua-Aero-Terra-Sub Train
ocean tower solar-wind-wave,
cube-sphere AeroBlocks above water,
AquaBlocks bellow water, connected by cable,
to units above weather and at bottom of ocean,
to where the tower will pyramid expand to 3-30km.
Space Tower-Elevator
30km to 30,000 km geostationary,
graphene macrotube truss cable/cube-spheres,
electromagnetic upward active structure inverted up/down linear motor/solenoid accelerator-decelerator.
SANDAEROSPACE
SANDAEROGRAPH
Aerocity
Aerocity
Aerocity
Aerocity
Ocean Beach Pier-Port extended east 1km to Gcity, then 1 km west, 1km north/south, then as a cross pyramid, 1 km up to become tallest building in world, producing solar-wind-wave energy, hydrogen, drinking water, farming and housing.


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The objective of the not-for-profit Wild Bunch Bags campaign is to raise awareness on wildlife and conservation and to empower children through knowledge to be responsible, take action and contribute positively to conserving the natural world.
Bridging the gap between science and society
By bringing scientists, conservation workers and kids face to face in the classroom or social club we are attempting to bridge the gap between science and society. The students learn first-hand about conservation projects, the environmental work that is taking place locally and why it is important from real-life action heroes.
Raising awareness about plastic pollution and providing an alternative
The students create the artwork with a focus on wildlife. The bags carry positive environmental messages and at the same time provide an alternative for single use plastic bags – a major polluter and problem for our global wildlife. With an active role in the design and distribution of the bags, the students become the real-life action heroes and role models for change for family and peers.
Fundraising for local wildlife conservation
100 % of the profits from the sales of the Wild Bunch Bags are donated to selected local wildlife conservation projects and organisations. Wild Kids Ink facilitates the campaign and works with selected organisations to ensure the fundraising is 100 % dedicated to benefit local wildlife conservation projects and is not swallowed up in overheads and admin.


Sophie
Sophie
distrib > Mageia > cauldron > x86_64 > by-pkgid > 879a5c2d92b6c8aa65e67167750c8e3a
povray-3.7.0.10-6.mga9.src.rpm
Description:
The Persistence of Vision Ray tracer creates three-dimensional,
photo-realistic images using a rendering technique called ray tracing.
It reads in a text file containing information describing the objects and
lighting in a scene and generates an image of that scene from the view
point of a camera also described in the text file. Ray tracing is not
a fast process by any means, (the generation of a complex image can
take several hours) but it produces very high quality images
with realistic reflections, shading, perspective, and other effects.
POV-Ray is a free, full-featured ray tracer.
Generated packages:
Other version of this rpm:


text:
On July 23, 2009, in Biloxi, Mississippi, the Postal Service issued the 44-cent Gulf Coast Lighthouses commemorative stamps in five designs. The stamps feature the following subjects: Matagorda Island, Sabine Pass, Biloxi, Sand Island, and Fort Jefferson.
Howard E. Paine of Delaplane, Virginia, designed the stamps. These stamps continued the popular series of lighthouse stamps by Artist Howard Koslow. Each stamp features an original acrylic painting by Koslow based on recent photographs of the lighthouses. Koslow also painted the five Pacific Lighthouses stamps issued in 2007; Southeastern Lighthouses stamps issued in 2003; the Great Lakes Lighthouses stamps issued in 1995; and the five stamps in the 1990 lighthouses booklet.
The stamps were issued in a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) pane of twenty stamps and a booklet of twenty stamped postal cards. Ashton Potter produced 100 million stamps using the offset process.
Reference: Postal Bulletin (June 18, 2009).


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Gearbox diagnostics and inspection
|Stork Diagnostic Services is an independent business unit that measures different operating variables and parameters. The unit is able to conduct vibration, torque, infrared and geometric measurements at short notice, anywhere in the world. These measurements allow clients to establish the dynamic behaviour of their installations.|
Visual inspections on machinery are a powerful tool to assess the condition of the machinery. Stork uses different endoscopes, also called boroscopes or videoscopes. The endoscopes are mostly used by the Diagnostic department to inspect bearings of gearboxes and gears in a planetary arranged gearbox. The endoscopes can be equipped differently in order to inspect very small bearings as well as large planetary gearboxes. Pictures are taken or even video can be recorded to present the results of the inspection. Most commonly, pictures are added to a technical report with an analysis of the observed damage pattern, followed by the conclusions and recommendations.
Visual inspections »
Stork Diagnostic Services uses two systems to conduct vibration measurements: the CSI portable spectrum analyser and the Bently Nevada multichannel real-time analyser. Both systems are used to determine the dynamic behaviour of turbo machinery by measuring housing vibration and axle displacement. We able to measure vibration levels onsite (the spectrum analyser can detect all kinds of errors and/or defects). Should a problem be encountered, its cause will be determined and discussed with the client. Stork Gears & Services may, at that stage, be asked to resolve it.
Vibration measurements »
Stork Diagnostic Services uses a Faro measuring arm to conduct high-accuracy onsite measurements. The data obtained can be used to define overall gearbox geometry or to reverse engineer one or more parts. To this end, the data is imported into a 3D CAD programme and analysed by our engineering department. 3D measurement can also be used to align gearboxes, turbines and bogies.
Using the newest laser equipment, precise measurements accurate to within 0.01 mm can be performed, such as:
Stork Diagnostic Services performs torque measurements where strain gauges are used (gearboxes and propeller shafts). We are able to monitor torque levels continuously. Stork installed many torque systems around the world that are now successfully used to control the drivers load (most commonly diesel engines). These installations prevent unacceptable tensional stresses, which can lead to damage or failure of the installation.
Torque measurements »
Stork Diagnostic Services measures mechanical and electrical equipment for thermographic infrared emissions. Our Raytek ThermoViewTM Ti30, which is used to measure the temperature of metals and non-metals, has an operating range between 0 and 2500oC (32 to 4820oF).
Infrared measurements »


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Ok...so we all know that corn-derived fuels are a great alternative to fossil fuels but a recent study suggests that corn may really be turning on the heat in its own little war against carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Not only may corn someday replace traditional petroleum based fuels, scientists are actually using corn to detect the CO2 emissions that these fuels emit.
A recent study shows how corn leaves can be used to map local CO2 emissions over the course of an entire growing season. So, you ask...aren't there instruments that can do this? While gas-sniffing gadgetry can directly record CO2 emissions, the low cost and abundance of corn throughout North America can greatly facilitate the process of tracking where CO2 emissions are the worst. It's a clever and relatively inexpensive way to sample emissions region wide, without sending a bunch of lab coats into the field. Corn may be an even bigger player in the reduction of greenhouse gases than traditionally thought.
So, where are the CO2 hotspots in the US? Sampling from 67 sites in 2004, this method showed that southern and central California and the Ohio Valley are the major CO2 emitting regions.
In the fight against global warming - Round #2 goes to corn.


It Would Take Way More Seagulls To Lift James' Peach
The children's author, Roald Dahl's most famous stories may strain belief, certainly, though some of us are hoping to find a golden ticket in a bar of chocolate someday. But in his book, "James and the Giant Peach," Dahl came up with a mostly plausible way to move a giant piece of stone fruit: A flock of 501 seagulls. But some physics students from England's Leicester University weren't so sure.
Figuring the potential weight of the peach, which Dahl wrote was about the size of a small house, they multiplied its density by its volume and calculated that you'd need more than 2.4 million seagulls to get that peach into the air.
We're hoping the students next school project figures out the scientific elements of the potion that actually grew that giant peach in the first place.
Support comes from:


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Example of the Penalty Structure in the OVDP Process
The Criminal Investigative unit is charged with assessing the penalty structure. The structure itself is nonnegotiable and the examiner lacks discretion to make any adjustments. The following is an example prepared by the IRS:
The values of OVDP assets are aggregated for each year and the offshore penalty is calculated at the applicable rate (either 27.5 percent or 50 percent) of the highest year's aggregate value during the period covered by the voluntary disclosure.
If the taxpayer has multiple OVDP assets where the highest value of some OVDP assets is in different years, the values of OVDP assets are aggregated for each year and a single offshore penalty is calculated at the applicable rate of the highest year's aggregate value.
For example, assume the taxpayer had the following amounts in a foreign financial account over the period covered by his voluntary disclosure. It is assumed for purposes of the example that the $1,000,000 was in the account before 2005 and was not unreported income in 2005.
|Year||Amount on Deposit||Interest Income||Account Balance|
(NOTE: This example does not provide for compound interest, and assumes the taxpayer is in the 35-percent tax bracket, does not have an investment in a Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) and files a return but does not include the foreign financial account or the interest income on the return. This example further assumes that the taxpayer is subject to a 27.5 percent offshore penalty.)
Under the OVDP Process
If the taxpayer in the above example comes forward and his voluntary disclosure is accepted by the IRS, he faces this potential scenario:
He would pay $553,000 plus interest. This includes:
- Tax of $140,000 (8 years at $17,500) plus interest,
- An accuracy-related penalty of $28,000 (i.e., $140,000 x 20%), and
- A miscellaneous offshore penalty of $385,000 (i.e., $1,400,000 x 27.5%).
If the taxpayer didn't come forward, when the IRS discovered his tax and FBAR noncompliance, he would have to pay substantially more in penalties. The taxpayer would also be liable for interest and possibly additional penalties, and an examination could lead to criminal prosecution.
Outside the OVDP Process
The civil liabilities outside the Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program potentially include:
- The tax, accuracy-related penalties, and, if applicable, the failure-to-file and failure-to-pay penalties, plus interest, as described above,
- FBAR penalties totaling up to $3,825,000 for willful failures to file complete and correct FBARs (2007 - $575,000, 2008 - $600,000, 2009 - $625,000, 2010 - $650,000, and 2011 - $675,000, and 2012 - $700,000),
- The potential of having the fraud penalty (75 percent) apply, and
- The potential of substantial additional information return penalties if the foreign financial account is held through a foreign entity such as a trust or corporation and required information returns were not filed.
Case Resolution in the OVDP Process
Assuming the taxpayers and the service can successfully negotiate all of the above twists and turns, the case will be resolved by a written agreement known as a closing agreement. The taxpayer will pay all taxes, interest, and penalties. In addition they will agree to abide by the tax laws going forward, and the matter will be resolved. As previously mentioned to date, $6.5 billion of tax revenue has been collected under the OVDP process and its predecessor programs. If an agreement cannot be reached, the taxpayer has the right to opt out of the program as discussed in the next section.
Questions about the OVDP process? Please give our office a call.


text:
KATHMANDU, Nepal– With the flow of water gushing from the mudslide is as thinner as the flow of water being amassed, the water level in the artificial lake formed after a massive landslide blocking Sunkoshi River has not been decreased.
Water in the lake is said to be increasing at 190 cusecs, while flow of water from the reservoir is only 200 cusecs. Nepal Army (NA) that is currently deployed to clear the water in the lake informed 8 million cusecs water has accumulated in the lake, spreading in three kilometers.
The width and depth of the lake is 90-400 meters and 45 meters respectively.NA is preparing for another controlled explosion to let the flow of the water, according to General Ashmin Kumar Thapa. As many as 100 NA personnel have been deployed for rescue operations.
Earlier on Tuesday afternoon, the NA had used explosives in an attempt to get rid of the blockage to the river flow; however it could not restore the flow as desired due to rain.
The Sunkoshi River was blocked after huge amount of landslide debris piled up across the river following massive landslide on Saturday morning. At least 156 villagers including 40 students have been announced dead following the deadliest landslide.
(With inputs from myrepublica)


text:
British Origins of Modern Political Islamism
This essay outlines the real and empirical origins of modern political Islamism. Furthermore, it provides the reason why Britain supported and even concocted this movement.
- Publication Date
- Apr 9, 2009
- All Rights Reserved - Standard Copyright License
- By (author): Nu'man Abd al-Wahid


text:
Green woodworking may bring to mind reclaimed lumber, eco-friendly tools, or non-petroleum based finished. That's not quite the right idea, though. Green wood working is an art, specifically one that uses wood that isn't dry or seasoned. It's a common technique for building chairs, such as ladder-back or Windsor chairs and stools. Carving and basketmaking also utilize this technique. All products are made without the use of power. Here are some of the basics of this wood art.
Hand Tools for Green Woodworking
Instead of using high powered wood cutting tools, the sections of logs used in green woodworking are usually split with an ax. Some of the tools used include a froe, drawknives, and spokeshaves. Adzes, travishers, and inshaves are used to contour the wood. A pole lathe, powered by a foot pedal is used to turn spindles.
A Froe or Frow
Is a tool that splits wood along the grain. This l-shaped tool is used with a hammer. An edge of the blade is hammered into the end of a piece of green wood. Since it is put in the direction of the grain, the wood splits clean when the blade is twisted.
An Adz or Adze
Is used to smooth out a piece of wood. It's used in a rather unique fashion, though. While straddling the piece of wood, the adz is swung downwards. It chips off pieces of wood, leaving a fairly smooth surface on the wood.
Is also known as a chair maker's, bottomer's shave, or a spoke shave. It's slight curve runs from end to end and it's most often used on Windsor seats.
A Pole Lathe
Is a rather unique tool. The treadle is pressed with your foot and it pulls a cord that is wrapped around the piece of wood stock. Some woodturners use a hand treade which is more difficult to use as only one hand is available to hold the chisel. The other end of the cord is attached to the end of a long pole. The work rotates one way and then the other way, allowing for turning in two directions. It does take a bit of experience to use this lathe properly.
When done properly, green woodworking is very eco-friendly. Traditional woodworking requires a lot of energy and non-renewable resources. Using a fresh log to create a beautiful piece of finished furniture is almost spiritual in nature. It's difficult to reach this level of peace when you're working with an electric planer buzzing in your ear. Since many of the green techniques use hand tools, the savings on energy is substantial, as well.
Learning the Craft
You may find it's difficult to find an instructional program for this particular type of woodworking. There are courses available in some formal schools and by individuals. Most of these courses will focus on chair making or green woodturning. A quick search of the internet will provide you with some tips for learning this very impressive woodworking technique.
We really hoped you have enjoyed this information; please see below for more related, wood working info on:
Woodturning Tools - Which Ones Are Best
Woodcarving Hand Tools
Find woodcarving tools
Take a Peak at the Drawknife
The Adze is a Green Tool too
Return to Woodworking from Green Woodworking

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Learning objectives are a type of ePortfolio item that enable you to take ownership of your learning by allowing you to manage and track personal learning goals.
- Associate learning objectives with artifacts, reflections, collections, and presentations that demonstrate progress toward your learning plan. If you submit a learning objective to a dropbox folder, its associated items go with it.
- Share learning objectives with rubrics attached to them to generate feedback and informal assessment from other ePortfolio users. (Items associated with a learning objective are not available to others unless you specifically share them.)
- Display learning objectives in presentations and add them to collections.
- Submit a learning objective to a dropbox folder for formal assessment. Associated items serve as evidence toward meeting the learning objective.
- Use learning objectives as an organizational tool by categorizing your ePortfolio items by learning experience.
- Delete learning objectives that are no longer relevant to your learning path.
Import learning objectives into your ePortfolio
If you are in an independent studies or co-op program, you might have the ability to directly import learning objectives into your ePortfolio.
- On the My Items page, click Learning Objective from the Add button.
- Click on the course you want to import learning objectives from.
- Select the check boxes beside the learning objectives you want to add.
- Click Import.
Associate items with learning objectives
Do one of the following:
- Click Associate Learning Objective from the context menu of an artifact, reflection, collection, or presentation.
- On the Edit page for an item, click Associate Learning Objectives.
- On the My Items page, select the items you want to associate with a learning objective, then click Associate Learning Objective from the More Actions button.