-decimal base in the earliest traces of the Germanic languages, is attested by the presence of words and glosses meaning that the count is in decimal (cognates to ten-count or tenty-wise), such would be expected if normal counting is not decimal, and unusual if it were.[29][30] Where this counting system is known, it is based on the long hundred of 120 in number, and a long thousand of 1200 in number. The descriptions like 'long' only appear after the small hundred of 100 in number appeared with the Christians. Gordon's Introduction to Old Norse p 293, gives number names that belong to this system. An expression cognate to 'one hundred and eighty' is translated to 200, and the cognate to 'two hundred' is translated at 240. Goodare details the use of the long hundred in Scotland in the Middle Ages, giving examples, calculations where the carry implies i C (i.e. one hundred) as 120, etc. That the general population were not alarmed to encounter such numbers suggests common enough use. It is also possible to avoid hundred-like numbers by using intermediate units, such as stones and pounds, rather than a long count of pounds. Goodare gives examples of numbers like vii score, where one avoids the hundred by using extended scores. There is also a paper by W.H. Stevenson, on 'Long Hundred and its uses in England'.[citation needed]
 - Many or all of the Chumashan languages originally used a base-4 counting system, in which the names for numbers were structured according to multiples of 4 and 16.[31]
 - Many languages[32] use quinary (base-5) number systems, including Gumatj, Nunggubuyu,[33] Kuurn Kopan Noot[34] and Saraveca. Of these, Gumatj is the only true 5–25 language known, in which 25 is the higher group of 5.
 - Some Nigerians use duodecimal systems.[35] So did some small communities in India and Nepal, as indicated by their languages.[36]
 - The Huli language of Papua New Guinea is reported to have base-15 numbers.[37] Ngui means 15, ngui ki means 15×2 = 30, and ngui ngui means 15×15 = 225.
 - Umbu-Ungu, also known as Kakoli, is reported to have base-24 numbers.[38] Tokapu means 24, tokapu talu means 24×2 = 48, and tokapu tokapu means 24×24 = 576.
 - Ngiti is reported to have a base-32 number system with base-4 cycles.[32]
 - The Ndom language of Papua New Guinea is reported to have base-6 numerals.[39] Mer means 6, mer an thef means 6×2 = 12, nif means 36, and nif thef means 36×2 = 72.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ The History of Arithmetic, Louis Charles Karpinski, 200pp, Rand McNally & Company, 1925.
 2. ^ Histoire universelle des chiffres, Georges Ifrah, Robert Laffont, 1994 (Also: The Universal History of Numbers: From prehistory to the invention of the computer, Georges Ifrah, ISBN 0-471-39340-1, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 2000. Translated from the French by David Bellos, E.F. Harding, Sophie Wood and Ian Monk)
 3. ^ Lam Lay Yong & Ang Tian Se (2004) Fleeting Footsteps. Tracing the Conception of Arithmetic and Algebra in Ancient China, Revised Edition, World Scientific, Singapore.
 4. ^ "Decimal Fraction". Encyclopedia of Mathematics. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
 5. ^ a b Math Made Nice-n-Easy. Piscataway, N.J.: Research Education Association. 1999. p. 141. ISBN 0-87891-200-2.
 6. ^ Fingers or Fists? (The Choice of Decimal or Binary Representation), Werner Buchholz, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 2 #12, pp3–11, ACM Press, December 1959.
 7. ^ Decimal Computation, Hermann Schmid, John Wiley & Sons 1974 (ISBN 047176180X); reprinted in 1983 by Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company (ISBN _PHONE_)
 8. ^ Decimal Floating-Point: Algorism for Computers, Cowlishaw, M. F., Proceedings 16th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic, ISBN 0-7695-1894-X, pp104-111, IEEE Comp. Soc., June 2003
 9. ^ Decimal Arithmetic - FAQ
 10. ^ Egyptian numerals
 12. ^ Graham Flegg: Numbers: their history and meaning, Courier Dover Publications, 2002, ISBN 978-0-486-42165-0, p. 50
 13. ^ Georges Ifrah: From One to Zero. A Universal History of Numbers, Penguin Books, 1988, ISBN 0-14-009919-0, pp.213-218 (Cretan numerals)
 14. ^ a b Greek numerals
 16. ^ Georges Ifrah: From One to Zero. A Universal History of Numbers, Penguin Books, 1988, ISBN 0-14-009919-0, pp. 218f. (The Hittite hieroglyphic system)
 17. ^ Lam Lay Yong et al The Fleeting Footsteps p 137-139
 18. ^ a b c d e Lam Lay Yong, "The Development of Hindu-Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic", Chinese Science, 1996 p38, Kurt Vogel notation
 19. ^ a b Joseph Needham (1959). "Decimal System". Science and Civilisation in China, Volume III, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Cambridge University Press.
 21. ^ Gandz, S.: The invention of the decimal fractions and the application of the exponential calculus by Immanuel Bonﬁls of Tarascon (c. 1350), Isis 25 (1936), 16–45.
 25. ^ "Indian numerals". Ancient Indian mathematics. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
 26. ^ Azar, Beth (1999). "English words may hinder math skills development". American Psychology Association Monitor 30 (4). Archived from the original on 2007-10-21.
 27. ^ Avelino, Heriberto (2006). "The typology of Pame number systems and the limits of Mesoamerica as a linguistic area" (PDF). Linguistic Typology 10 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1515/LINGTY.2006.002.
 28. ^ Marcia Ascher. "Ethnomathematics: A Multicultural View of Mathematical Ideas". The College Mathematics Journal. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
 29. ^ McClean, R. J. (July 1958), "Observations on the Germanic numerals", German Life and Letters 11 (4): 293–299, doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.1958.tb00018.x, Some of the Germanic languages appear to show traces of an ancient blending of the decimal with the vigesimal system .
 30. ^ Voyles, Joseph (October 1987), "The cardinal numerals in pre-and proto-Germanic", The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 86 (4): 487–495, JSTOR 27709904 .
 31. ^ There is a surviving list of Ventureño language number words up to 32 written down by a Spanish priest ca. 1819. "Chumashan Numerals" by Madison S. Beeler, in Native American Mathematics, edited by Michael P. Closs (1986), ISBN 0-292-75531-7.
 32. ^ a b Hammarström, Harald (17 May 2007). "Rarities in Numeral Systems". In Wohlgemuth, Jan; Cysouw, Michael. Rethinking Universals: How rarities affect linguistic theory (PDF). Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter (published 2010). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2007.
 33. ^ Harris, John (1982). Hargrave, Susanne, ed. Facts and fallacies of aboriginal number systems (PDF). Work Papers of SIL-AAB Series B 8. pp. 153–181.
 34. ^ Dawson, J. "Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria (1881), p. xcviii.
 35. ^ Matsushita, Shuji (1998). Decimal vs. Duodecimal: An


text:
Project: Castle Black
Architects: Klopf Architecture
Author: Geoff Campen
Designer: Diana Ruiz
General Contractor: Empire Contracting
Structural Engineer: ZFA Structural Engineers
Location: Sea Ranch, California
Photography: ©2021 Mariko Reed
Completion year: 2020
Courtesy of Klopf Architecture
True artists inspired by socially relevant modern design, architect Geoff Campen and designer Diana Ruiz designed a new minimal, modern, open home they would call their own. It was important that the design of their new house engage closely with the contours and characteristics of the landscape. The former San Francisco city dwellers fell in love with Sea Ranch with its consistency, inventiveness of designs and the careful architectural connections to the land.
The two main factors for the design of the volume are the relationship with the site, and the requirements for structures in The Sea Ranch. A unique site, the forest creates a wall in the back and the view to the ocean is in the front, much of the design came from this interaction. The Castle Black rises and is more vertical amongst the trees, and appears more horizontal in the meadow facing the ocean. The house with its dark stained siding rises upward toward the back where it blends with the pine and redwood forest behind it. The windows and interior spaces also follow the vertical and horizontal orientation. The bedroom loft captures views of the forest through tall vertical windows that mimic the trees outside. A steep sloping roof line flows downward where the living spaces have wider horizontal windows framing the seascape.
A truly open floor plan includes just two enclosed bathrooms while the rest of the flex spaces are divided by a series of curtain systems and separated floors. The functional kitchen wraps around a central core allowing for unobstructed views of the ocean and forest throughout most of the house.
The project is very energy efficient, and uses high performance windows/glass, spray foam insulation, hydronic radiant heating in the concrete slab, and high efficiency water heating. Additionally, the house is prepped for solar panels.
The simple palette of materials that contributed to the house are dark stained siding, white oak paneling and cabinets, raw steel trim, exposed concrete floor, lastly white painted walls. The simplicity and natural finish of the materials connects well to the surrounding environment. The dark stained siding which extends into the interior ceiling allows the house to minimize its visual impact and blend into the shadow line of the surrounding trees.
Castle Black stands proudly epitomizing and bounding landscape and architecture in The Sea Ranch, developed beginning in the 1960s and known for its distinctive timber-frame structures designed and planned by several noted American architects.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
"Control" in a Sentence (with Audio)
control (n, v): the act of controlling something or someone, or the power to do this; to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour
Use "control" in a sentence
He struggled to retain control of the situation.
He couldn't control his anger.
Nobody can control us.
Everything is under control.
Back to "3000 Most Common Words in English"

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Cicada wing surface biomimicry could lead to anti-bacterial surfaces
While many research groups throughout the world seek for better ways to fight bacteria, an international research group of researchers Australia's Swinburne University of Technology and Spain's Universitat Rovira i Virgili investigated cicada insect and came up with a discovery that may lead to a surface able to destroy bacteria solely through its physical structure.
The clanger cicada (Psaltoda claripennis) is a locust-like insect whose wings are covered by a vast hexagonal array of nanopillars which aid in insect's fight against bacteria – one of the first natural surfaces found to do so. Although it seems as the texture layout could be puncturing bacteria, this bed of nails made of nanopillars actually does not puncture the bacterial cells on first contact.
When a bacterium settles on the wing surface, its cellular membrane gets "grabbed" by these nanopilars, thus sticking to the surface. After sticking to the surface of nanopillars, the surface of bacterium stretches into the gaps between them. As you can see in the video bellow, bacteria membrane ruptures if its surface is soft and thin enough.
"The rupturing effect is more like the stretching of an elastic sheet of some kind, such as a latex glove. If you take hold of a piece of latex in both hands and slowly stretch it, it will become thinner at the center, [and] will begin to tear", said Elena Ivanova, Professor of Bionanotechnology at the Swinburne University of Technology and lead author of the study.
Ivanova and her team irradiated bacteria with microwaves to generate cells that had different levels of membrane rigidity in order to test their hypothesis that the more rigid bacteria would be less likely to rupture between the nanopillars. The results confirmed the model and demonstrated that the cicada's nanopillar defense couldn't be used for general fight against bacteria, but rather a fight against bacteria with sufficiently soft membranes.
Swinburne University of Technology researchers claim that they need to study cicada's wing before its physical-defense properties can be mimicked in man-made materials. These materials could be used on public surfaces that commonly harbor disease, such as bus railings, thus significantly cutting costs for maintenance and environmental impact of detergents uses during their cleaning.
Once further researched and perfected to become more efficient against tougher membranes, the surface could act as be combined with coatings which don't allow bacteria to stick to surfaces. The surface with nanopillars could be used as "drains" where bacteria unable to stick to coated surfaces can stick to. Aside acting as passive bacteria-killing surface for bacteria with suitable membranes, it could be replaceable and cleaned with microwaves and sterilized for reuse.
For more information, read the paper published in the Biophysical Journal: "Biophysical Model of Bacterial Cell Interactions with Nanopatterned Cicada Wing Surfaces"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Xiaolei Tang, Yuanyuan Cao, Jiaqian Yu, Runjie Shi, Yuye Huang, Jinhui Wu and Yiqiao Hu
A recent study shows that propranolol hydrochloride (PRO) related substances may also reduce the stability of tablets in storage. Therefore, it is necessary to control the level of PRO related substances in tablets. However, the analysis in U.S. pharmacopoeia could not detect PRO related substances. To overcome this, we developed a new method which can detect PRO, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and all of their impurities. In this study, validation studies were also performed, linear relationship with a good correlation coefficient (r2)>0.990 was found of both PRO impurities and HCT impurities in the range of 0.12-0.60, and 0.15-0.75 μg/ml respectively. Acceptable intra- and inter- assay precisions were achieved. Accuracy and robustness were reported as percent recovery, and all the recoveries were at the range of 70-130%. After validation, the methods were successfully used in the routine quality control of the tablets.


text:
| < April >
|Normal Max/ High Temperature
|Min/ Low Temperature
|Number of Wet Days (probability of rain on a day)
|Average Sunlight per day
|Average Daylight per day
|Sunny (Cloudy) Daylight Hours
|Sun altitude at solar noon on the 21st day.
- The average temperature in Khartoum in April is very, very hot at 31.9 °C (89.42 °F).
- Afternoons can be severely hot with average high temperatures reaching 40 °C (104 °F).
- Overnight temperatures are generally fairly hot with an average low of 23 °C (73.4 °F).
- The variation/ range of daily mean temperatures in April is 17 °C (30.6 °F).
- The weather in April is bone dry with no rain. An airy 0.4mm (0in) of fluid is released during on average 0.5 days.
- The heavens above Khartoum are very sunny with an average of an appreciable 10:21 of brilliant solar radiation per day.
- The shortest day is 12:15 long and the longest day is 12:40 long with an average length of 12:28.
- There are approximately 1:59 per day when bright sunshine is absent due to cloud, haze or the sun being too low on the horizon to register.
- It is sunny approximately 83.8% of daylight hours and cloudy 16.2% of daylight hours.
Check the distance to and compare the Khartoum April averages with somewhere beginning with:
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | All
Weather Trend Graph for April in Khartoum, Sudan
Navigate to April Weather in Locations Surrounding Khartoum:
- Atbara, Sudan - 278 kms (172.8 miles) NNE
- Hudeiba, Sudan - 263.7 kms (163.9 miles) NE
- Shendi, Sudan - 154.5 kms (96 miles) NE
- Aroma, Sudan - 386.2 kms (240 miles) E
- Kassala, Sudan - 412.7 kms (256.5 miles) E
- Halfa El Gedida, Sudan - 328.4 kms (204.1 miles) E
- Wad Medani, Sudan - 166.9 kms (103.7 miles) SE
- El Showak, Sudan - 373.7 kms (232.2 miles) ESE
- Gedaref/ Azaza, Sudan - 352.4 kms (219 miles) ESE
- Sennar, Sudan - 255.2 kms (158.6 miles) SSE
- Kosti, Sudan - 270.9 kms (168.3 miles) S
- Umm Benin, Sudan - 319.5 kms (198.6 miles) SSE
- Abu Na'Ama, Sudan - 361.6 kms (224.7 miles) SSE
- Renk, Sudan - 428.8 kms (266.5 miles) S


… sorry to cause folks distress earlier. I found the bug in my code… essentially I had accidentally restricted the possible knights moves to always be +- 2 steps horizontally and +-1 step vertically. With the bug fixed, I also get a mean of 168.
 18. SteveBrooklineMA
 Convergence seems fast for O(1/sqrt(n)). I get 168 to 10 decimal points with 6925 iterations. Priezt is right, the answer depends on the start position, and is a function of the degree of the vertex, specifically 336/degree. So if you start near the center of the board, the mean to return is 336/8=42 moves. Also, (bishop, rook, queen, king, knight)=(40, 64, 69.33333, 140, 168). Starting from the corner, the bishop gets back soonest on average.
 19. How many ways could a knight get caught in an infinite loop?
 How many ways could a knight return to its starting position?
 Are the two values the same?
 Does an infinite sequence of moves exist avoiding loops?
 20. SteveBrooklineMA
 I tried experimenting with connected graphs having various numbers of vertices and random connections. If the graph has E edges, and you start at a vertex with degree K, the mean return time is 2*E/K. Despite deinst's efforts, it's still not clear why to me.
 Cool problem John. It looks like a classic example where generalizing the problem makes it easier to analyze and understand.
 21. Followup statement: For every sequence of moves returning the knight to its starting position that you hand me, I can hand you one that differs by the last step and so does not return.
 Christopher Allen-Poole is correct. The calculation of the mean is nonsense. The fact that simulation matched the Markov chain model has some of you fooled. Your programs avoid inifinite loops and your random number generators try to as well, the Markov model does the same thing under the hood too. So there is nothing amazing here to me about 168.
 The problem is not stated clearly enough to get a rigorous answer and it is contrived in more ways than one.
 These are my thoughts anyhow.
 22. The "real-world" question is my favorite. I guess one could have faith that the knight returns more often than not; the likelyhood of this to me is almost surely absurd :-).
 23. But surely, Jeff, that argument would apply to the geometric distribution, which _does_ have a well-defined mean?
 I mean, if you could how many coin tosses it takes you to toss a head, you could say 'what about tail, tail, tail…?' – but it's ok because the probability of your 'different last step' series gets vanishingly small and you end up with a geometric series that sums to two.
 I imagine I've missed a subtlety in your argument, though – how would you have phrased the question differently?
 24. SteveBrooklineMA
 I think Jeff's point is valid. However, I also think that we can avoid the problem mathematically by limiting our event space to sequences of moves that terminate, i.e. those that do return to the origin. We can calculate the probability of each such path, and the (countably infinite and absolutely convergent) sum of their probabilities is 1.0. Whether or not this models the "real world" is a question that goes beyond math.
 25. _USER_
 Limiting the event space makes the problem concise, but the Markov chain solution still lacks rigor.
 To help you better understand my point I suggest reading a more conrete and meaningful application of Markov chains, namely on the Kruskal Count card trick. I think Lagaias co-authored a paper on it.
 26. I tried to limit board size to 3*3 and 4*4, the formula still worked. Cool.
 I really should read more about Markov chain.
 27. _USER_ Beveridge
 You'll just have to reread my followup statement above. It's so lucid that I actually am a bit proud of myself for saying it.
 A test to a mathematician is to explain it away in rigorous fashion … Good luck with that.
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Materials Engineers
Career, Salary and Education Information
What They Do: Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a wide range of products.
Work Environment: Materials engineers generally work in offices where they have access to computers and design equipment. Others work in factories or research and development laboratories. Materials engineers typically work full time and may work overtime hours when necessary.
How to Become One: Materials engineers must have a bachelor's degree in materials science and engineering or in a related engineering field. Completing internships and cooperative engineering programs while in school can be helpful in getting hired as a materials engineer.
Salary: The median annual wage for materials engineers is $95,640.
Job Outlook: Employment of materials engineers is projected to grow 2 percent over the next ten years, slower than the average for all occupations. About half of all materials engineers work in manufacturing industries, including many that are expected to have slow growth or declines in employment.
Related Careers: Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of materials engineers with similar occupations.
Following is everything you need to know about a career as a materials engineer with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can come back to this page to continue reading about the career:
Top 3 Materials Engineer Jobs
 - Construction Materials Engineer - Kleinfelder, Inc. - San Jose, CA
 Kleinfelder is seeking a Materials / Construction Engineer to serve in a project oversight role on state and local sponsored transportation projects. We are flexible with location and would like the ...
 - Materials Engineer - Microsoft - Mountain View, CA
 Senior Materials Engineer - Polymer Materials In Mixed Reality, people--not devices--are at the center of everything we do. Our tech moves beyond screens and pixels, creating a new reality aimed at ...
 - Materials Engineer (Recent Graduate) - NTS - National Technical Systems - Anaheim, CA
 We may consider a recent BS Materials Engineering graduate with work, internship or project experience in related testing. We have been referred to as the "Disneyland of Engineering " because of the ...
See all Materials Engineer jobs
What Materials Engineers Do[About this section] [To Top]
Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances in order to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements. They also help select materials for specific products and develop new ways to use existing materials.
Duties of Materials Engineers
Materials engineers typically do the following:
 - Plan and evaluate new projects, consulting with other engineers and managers as necessary
 - Prepare proposals and budgets, analyze labor costs, write reports, and perform other managerial tasks
 - Supervise the work of technologists, technicians, and other engineers and scientists
 - Design and direct the testing of processing procedures
 - Monitor how materials perform and evaluate how they deteriorate
 - Determine causes of product failure and develop ways of overcoming such failure
 - Evaluate technical specifications and economic factors relating to the design objectives of processes or products
 - Evaluate the impact of materials processing on the environment
Materials engineers create and study materials at the atomic level. They use computers to understand and model the characteristics of materials and their components. They solve problems in several different engineering fields, such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, civil, nuclear, and aerospace.
Materials engineers may specialize in understanding specific types of materials. The following are examples of types of materials engineers:
Ceramic engineers develop ceramic materials and the processes for making them into useful products, from high-temperature rocket nozzles to glass for LCD flat-panel displays.
Composites engineers develop materials with special, engineered properties for applications in aircraft, automobiles, and related products.
Metallurgical engineers specialize in metals, such as steel and aluminum, usually in alloyed form with additions of other elements to provide specific properties.
Plastics engineers develop and test new plastics, known as polymers, for new applications.
Semiconductor processing engineers apply materials science and engineering principles to develop new microelectronic materials for computing, sensing, and related applications.
Work Environment for Materials Engineers[About this section] [To Top]
Materials engineers hold about 27,500 jobs. The largest employers of materials engineers are as follows:
Transportation equipment manufacturing 15%
Engineering services 13%
Primary metal manufacturing 9%
Computer and electronic product manufacturing 8%
Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences 7%
Materials engineers often work in offices where they have access to computers and design equipment. Others work in factories or research and development laboratories. Materials engineers may work in teams with scientists and engineers from other backgrounds.
Materials Engineer Work Schedules
Materials engineers generally work full time. Some materials engineers work more than 40 hours per week.
How to Become a Materials Engineer[About this section] [To Top]
Get the education you need: Find schools for Materials Engineers near you!
Materials engineers must have a bachelor's degree in materials science and engineering or in a related engineering field. Completing internships and cooperative engineering programs while in school can be helpful in getting a position as a materials engineer.
Materials Engineer Education
Students interested in studying materials engineering should take high school courses in math, such as algebra, trigonometry, and calculus; in science, such as biology, chemistry, and physics; and in computer programming.
Entry-level jobs as a materials engineer require a bachelor's degree. Bachelor's degree programs include classroom and laboratory work focusing on engineering principles.
Some colleges and universities offer a 5-year program leading to both a bachelor's and master's degree. A graduate degree allows an engineer to work as a postsecondary teacher or to do research and development.
Many colleges and universities offer internships and cooperative programs in partnership with industry. In these programs, students gain practical experience while completing their education.
Many engineering programs are accredited by ABET. Some employers prefer to hire candidates who have graduated from an accredited program. A degree from an ABET-accredited program is usually necessary to become a licensed professional engineer.
Important Qualities for Materials Engineers
Analytical skills. Materials engineers often work on projects related to other fields of engineering. They must determine how materials will be used and how they must be structured to withstand different conditions.
Math skills. Materials engineers use the principles of calculus and other advanced topics in math for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.
Problem-solving skills. Materials engineers must understand the relationship between materials' structures, their properties, how they are made, and how these factors affect the products they are used to make. They must also figure out why a product might have failed, design a solution, and then conduct tests to make sure that the product does not fail again. These skills involve being able to identify root causes when many factors could be at fault.
Speaking skills. While working with technicians, technologists, and other engineers, materials engineers must state concepts and directions clearly. When speaking with managers, these engineers must also communicate engineering concepts to people who may not have an engineering background.
Writing skills. Materials engineers must write plans and reports clearly so that people without a materials engineering background can understand the concepts.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations for Materials Engineers
Licensure for materials engineers is not as common as it is for other engineering occupations, nor it is required for entry-level positions. A Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership and independence, can be acquired later in one's career. Licensed engineers are called professional engineers (PEs). A PE can oversee the work of other engineers, sign off on projects, and provide services directly to the public. State licensure generally requires
 - A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
 - A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
 - Relevant work experience, typically at least 4 years
 - A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam
The initial FE exam can be taken after earning a bachelor's degree. Engineers who pass this exam are commonly called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE).
Each state issues its own licenses. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the licensing state's requirements meet or exceed their own licensure requirements. Several states require continuing education for engineers to keep their licenses.
Certification in the field of metallography, the science and art of dealing with the structure of metals and alloys, is available through ASM International and other materials science organizations.
Additional training in fields directly related to metallurgy and materials' properties, such as corrosion or failure analysis, is available through ASM International.
Other Experience for Materials Engineers
During high school, students can attend engineering summer camps to see what these and other engineers do. Attending these camps can help students plan their coursework for the remainder of their time in high school.
Advancement for Materials Engineers
Junior materials engineers usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers. In large companies, new engineers may receive formal training in classrooms or seminars. As engineers gain knowledge and experience, they move on to more difficult projects where they have greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions.
Eventually, materials engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a team of engineers and technicians. Many become engineering managers or move into other managerial positions or sales work. An engineering background is useful in sales because it enables sales engineers to discuss a product's technical aspects and


text:
Indexing is the process of replacing a unique identifier such as the CHI number, or a combination of identifiers such as name, date of birth and post code with a randomly assigned study ID so that records can still be linked but no explicit "real world" identifiable information about an individual is made public. The process uses probability matching of available personal identifiers to a population spine and returning an anonymised unique person identifier specific to the project. For health data where PHS is the data controller eDRIS can perform the indexing, otherwise indexing services are provided by trusted third party indexing services from National Records Scotland (NRS) Indexing Team or PHS CHI Linkage (CHILi) Team as required.
A useful image illustrating the indexing process can be found at the NRS website here.
Data for your study will be linked using established probability matching techniques based on the Howard Newcombe principles. Linkage will be undertaken by a trusted third party and a Population Spine used as an intermediary linkage tool. The Population Spine contains the personal identifiers of all individuals in Scotland who have been in contact with NHS Scotland. The steps describing the process of linking data are detailed below:
- Data Providers will supply personal identifiers (only) plus their own person or record ID number to the indexing team.
- The indexing team will probability match the identifiers to the Population Spine using complex algorithms.
- The Data Provider will receive a file back with their own person or record ID number and a unique person index ID number specific to that dataset. This is generated by the indexing team.
- The Data Provider will attached the received index ID number to the remaining content of the dataset to be provided for linkage and send to their Research Coordinator.
- The Research Coordinator will confirm that the agreed data has been received and send the file to the linkage agent. The linkage agent is an automated computer programme which carries out the linkage.
- The linkage agent will receive 2 files all the datasets and their unique person ID numbers plus a master control file containing a master person ID and all the dataset unique Person index ID numbers.
- The linkage agent will then replace all the dataset unique Person ID numbers with the master Person ID number on each of the content data files.
- This allows the person analysing the data to see all the records belonging to an individual across all the datasets without the need to see the personal identifiers.


What is a Whisper Swivel Valve? Everything you Need to Know
A Whisper Swivel Valve is a type of valve that can be used in many different applications. The design includes a rotating disk with two ports that seals one or both ports as the disk rotates.
This creates what is known as an "on-off" function, which increases the versatility of this valve. We'll go into detail about what makes this product special and what it's used for below!
What is a whisper valve?
A whisper valve is a type of valve that can be used in many different applications. The design includes a rotating disk with two ports that seals one or both ports as the disk rotates. This creates what is known as an "on-off" function, which increases the versatility of this valve. We'll go into detail about what makes this product special and what it's used for below!
Features of Whisper Swivel Valve
The whisper swivel valve is suitable for applications that require high pressure or when you need to maintain the flow of fluids.
These valves also work well in situations where there are changes in direction and curvature, which would otherwise create turbulence with other types of valves. The design includes what's known as an "on-off" function, which means that the flow of fluids can be easily changed as the disk rotates.
These valves are commonly used for applications such as water and gas, but they're also suitable for use in other liquids like oils and pastes.
The pressure rating range is what sets this valve apart from others. It's capable of handling pressures up to 250 psi, which is what makes it a popular choice for industries that require high pressure.
This valve is also designed to be easy to install and maintain, with its compact size making it an ideal choice in tight spaces or when there are space constraints. The durability of this valve extends over time because the materials used aren't subject to corrosion like other metals.
From what is a whisper swivel valve to what are the benefits of using this valve, there's plenty more information on our website that you should check out.
How many valves are in the Ambu bag?
There are five valves in an Ambu bag. We'll go into detail about what makes this product special and what it's used for below!
What is an active exhalation valve?
This valve is what makes it possible for the user to keep their airway open while they exhale, instead of gasping. This reduces back pressure and allows a person to breathe easier when there's not enough oxygen in their blood. Active exhalation valves are used with people who have sleep apnea or other breathing problems that disrupt the normal breathing cycle.
What are the different sizes of swivel joints?
There are three different sizes of swivel joints that can be found on the market. The first size is ¼ inch and it's what you'll find in most industrial machines. These swivels are used with smaller hoses where there might not be as much movement, but they also make great options for home use.
The second size is ½ inch and what you'll find on a lot of larger machines, especially those that use higher pressure. These are best for industrial settings where there are more chances for movement or when the hose might want to move around on its own.
This can also be found in home applications while operating equipment with high-pressure what needs to be able to move around.
The last size is ¾ inch and what you'll find in a lot of cars, trucks, or other vehicles that are using what type of equipment with high pressure can deal with more movement. These are also found on smaller machines when there's not as much chance for the hose to shift on its own.
The what size to choose will depend on what the machine is using and what it needs for pressure or what type of movement it can handle, but all of these are good choices if you want a quality product that's going to last and provide the user what would like from their hose. A whisper swivel valve is what type of what that can provide a lot of movement and is in the ¾-inch size.
What makes the flow valve better than other swivel joints?
Flow valve uses what's called a "flexible coupling" which allows for what type of movement to be handled. This what makes it different from other swivel joints that can only deal with one angle or position. And because the flow valve has two threaded connectors, you don't need an adapter when attaching your hose – what's makes it a better choice.
What are the benefits of using a flow valve?
The hose is what can handle multiple angles and positions, which means you don't need to worry about twisting or turning your hose every time you want to change what type of position that you're in. This allows for what's what makes it a better choice for you.
The flow valve also has what can be seen as an advantage to the user because having two threaded connections means there is no need for adapters, which are expensive and time-consuming.
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This question isn't a pure C# question, but rather a design question.
Just to get a better idea about the question, I will give you an example. Pretend I am going to implement a solution that handles stock information and such a things.
To be able to get stock information, such as value at the end of the day, there is a StockFetcher class. It fetches information about a certain stock that is requested. Somehow the information is the base for the instantiation of a StockInformation class. Also, StockInformation classes may be instantiated when a call comes from the application layer where the actual data is taken from a local database.
Now to the question:
I try to set up a hierarchy based on the following design layers:
What parts would go where according to you?
I assume that StockInformation class is at the Domain level.
I also assume there is a DB mechansim class handling the connections. Does it also handle StockInformation specific calls or is that part at some other layer, which??
Finally, the StockFetcher class that makes a http request to a stock site and parses the html is at the mechanism layer according to me.
BUT... If the instatiation is done at the mechansim layer, the mechanism classes will have dependencies upward, to the domain layer and to just send back pieces of data back from the mechanisms and do the instantiation above somewhere seems to be awkward. How would you do? Should I put in a factory somewhere and how would that change the situation?


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Assignment 2: LASA: Victim Population Analysis
Working with the population for which you were approved in formulating the bibliography in Module 1, follow the general guidelines for your Victim Population Analysis paper outlined below.
Read the research literature related to your chosen victim population. Consider the specific aspects that you will cover in your final paper (i.e., trauma, demographics, interaction with criminal justice system, victimsâ€™ rights, assessment, evaluation, and treatment). Using the research literature and specifically empirical studies, write a 12-page paper addressing the following:
- Describe the theoretical and empirical knowledge about psychological trauma and the impact of victimization within this population.
- Identify and evaluate commonalities and differences in demographic variables and psychological profiles between subtypes of victims that may present in this population.
- Compare and contrast empirical research findings related to the assessment and evaluation of victims in this population.
- Compare and contrast empirical research findings related to treatment for victims in this population.
- Define and analyze the role and impact of the criminal justice system on victims within this population.
- Define and analyze the role and impact of past and current legal rights on victims within this population.
- Cite the references appropriately.
Your paper should rely upon scholarly resources from the professional literature. The literature may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (.edu,.org, and.gov).
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
- By Monday, January 9, 2017, save your paper as M5_A2_Lastname_Firstname.doc and submit it to the M5 Assignment 2 LASA Dropbox.
LASA is worth 300 points.


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Unbound by John Kovaleski
John Kovaleski uses discarded books and journals from Musselman Library. He takes individual pages from the discards, highlights a word on the page, and uses that word as inspiration for a drawing on the page.
Kovaleski has strung together hundreds of pages of drawings and hung them in the library's stairwell in long rows from the top of the stairwell to the bottom.
From the artist: "'Unbound' began as a simple exercise in using used books as sketchbooks and the words on the pages as the subject of the drawings, thus altering their identity. When I began using discarded bound journals the change in identity became even more important since they'd been rendered useless in this electronic age. The next logical step was to free them from their bindings and install the pages in a familiar setting but in a different context."
Unbound is a part of Musselman Library's Book Arts.


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Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
Ear piercing in infants has been a cultural practice for centuries, with proponents and opponents expressing varying views on its appropriateness. The decision to pierce a baby's ears is deeply personal and often influenced by cultural, religious, and familial factors. Let's explore the different perspectives on piercing babies' ears. Providing a well-rounded understanding of the debate and the ethics of baby ear piercing.
Cultural and Familial Traditions:
Many families view ear piercing as a cultural or familial tradition, often passed down through generations. In some cultures, piercing a baby's ears is seen as a rite of passage or a symbol of cultural identity. Families that hold these beliefs may choose to pierce their infants' ears shortly after birth as a way of honouring their heritage. Other cultures wait until much later as having your ears pierced is considered a more adult thing. In the UK, many parents will take their children to get pierced at the end of year 6.
Respect for cultural diversity and sensitivity to cultural practices are important considerations in discussions about baby ear piercing. For many communities, ear piercing holds cultural significance and is deeply ingrained in traditions and customs. Criticising or condemning these practices without understanding their cultural context can be perceived as ethnocentric or culturally insensitive.
Religious beliefs can significantly impact the decision to pierce a baby's ears. Some religious traditions have specific rituals or ceremonies associated with ear piercing. Others may discourage or prohibit the practice altogether. Families often consult religious leaders and adhere to specific guidelines within their faith when deciding whether or not to pierce their baby's ears. When we have a family that comes as part of their religious beliefs, we need be informed ahead of time. We can then then comply on the piercing day with the correct ear piercing process.
Ethical Concerns of Baby Ear Piercing:
On the opposing side of the debate, there are medical and ethical concerns associated with piercing infants' ears. Critics argue that subjecting a baby to the pain and potential risks of infection is unnecessary. We practice painless ear piercing in our clinic.
Infants may not have the ability to consent to the procedure, raising ethical questions about bodily autonomy. Some healthcare professionals recommend waiting until a child is old enough to express their own desire for ear piercing. Allowing them to participate in the decision-making process.
We are of the opinion that once a child is old enough to communicate their feelings, they need to be prioritised in the decision making process. You can read our negative reviews that we "don't know what we're doing" because we have shown parents the door when the child made it clear they didn't want to have their ears pierced. We are ok with that, in fact, proud!
Parental Autonomy vs. Child Autonomy:
One of the central ethical dilemmas surrounding baby ear piercing is the tension between parental autonomy and child autonomy. Parents have the legal authority to make decisions on behalf of their children, including decisions about their appearance. However, some argue that children should have the right to bodily autonomy and self-determination, which includes the right to decide whether or not to undergo cosmetic procedures like ear piercing.
Waiting until the child is old enough to consent:
Whilst this sounds like a good idea on the surface, we also need to be aware of the downside of leaving it until the child is older. We see children with a huge amount of anxiety coming in for ear piercing. This anxiety primarily comes from her school friends telling her how "painful" it was, how they "nearly died" from the pain and could not "sleep for days" post the piercing. By the time they get to Lorena they're are an axious mess. They don't believe when she promises that it will be pain free and the next hour is full of dread and anxiety. Not to mention the emotional build up the day.
Also, we need to consider that the older the child gets the higher the chances of complications such as infections. Parent's tend to be under the impression that an older child can look after their piercing. Please consider the general state of the average 13 year old's bedroom before placing this responsibility on their child. Lorena is passionate about this point and she equates it to a parent finally allowing a child to have a pet but only if she agrees to do 100% of the care of that pet. In other words, setting up the child to fail…because…she's…a child…unable to keep her promise.
Teens face a different type of problem. Having waited so long to have their ears pierced they want to change their earrings as soon as possible. Ensuring an infection to the area. Sometimes they will exchange earrings with their friends at school straight from one ear to the other. Every single time that we have had a complication with one of our piercings (because we want to know immediately and see you if something goes wrong regardless of how much time has passed) the child has walked in with a different, and/or dirty earring on.
Practical and Medical Considerations of the ethics of Baby Ear Piercing:
Practical considerations, such as hygiene and aftercare, also play a role in the debate. Infants require meticulous care to prevent infection, and parents must commit to cleaning the pierced ears regularly.
Additionally, concerns about potential allergic reactions to certain metals used in earrings may influence the decision-making process. What we do know is that infections among infants are rare whilst on older children the infection rate is as much as 50%. This is because parents do the aftercare rather than leave it to an older child. Also, infants tend to not play with their ears therefore keeping bacteria at bay.
In case of infections, antibiotics is the only way to fight the infection. The ear is an area of the body that doesn't fight off infection on it's own so a prescription from your doctor is the only way to fight it.
The Importance of Informed Consent:
One common thread in the discussion is the importance of informed consent. Regardless of cultural, religious, or familial traditions, advocates for waiting until a child can express their own wishes argue that individual autonomy should be respected.
Allowing the child to participate in the decision-making process when they are older may foster a sense of ownership over their body. Cultures that pierce as an infant argue that it's only one of many decisions that the parents make for this children. Doing it young has huge benefits with future possible complications. We have made the decision to not pierce a child that says NO or shows signs of fear.
Making the decision to pierce your baby or not:
The debate surrounding ear piercing in infants is nuanced and multi-faceted. Cultural, religious, and familial traditions often clash with medical and ethical considerations. Ultimately, the decision to pierce a baby's ears is a personal one that falls on the parent. It should be made with careful thought and consideration of the child's well-being. As societal perspectives evolve, conversations around informed consent and bodily autonomy will likely continue to shape the way we approach this age-old practice. Ultimately, this is a personal decision made by the child's family. Along with the piercer's responsibility to have the child's best interest at heart. Sadly, we have seen in our practice that some parents have other priorities above their child's.
We take ear piercing very seriously. We use numbing cream to make the child have a pain free procedure that both parents and child can enjoy. You can call us on 0800 _PHONE_ and you can book online HERE. You can book a free video consultation if you wish to speak to Lorena directly.


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If you want to go beyond the basics of creating and producing
music with Logic Pro, this Apple-certified guide is for you.
Whether you're a composer, producer, songwriter, engineer,
studio programmer, or simply a music-lover who wants to create or
produce professional-quality music in your Logic-based studio,
you'll find the self-paced, step-by-step instruction you need
to begin creating your audio master works immediately.
As a professional musician, educator, and a former employee of both Emagic and Apple, author David Dvorin knows Logic like no one else. Here, he uses project-based tutorials to guide you through real-world production tasks, revealing Logic's secrets along the way. In short order you'll be scoring and composing, creating your own sounds with Logic's software instruments, and employing advanced mixing, editing, and production techniques. A companion DVD includes the lesson and media files needed to complete the book's exercises, plus free trial Logic plug-ins from leading manufacturers.


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After building a homebrew x-ray backscatter imager, [Ben Krasnow] realized he had nearly all the components to build his own CT scanner, able to make a 3D model of the inside of a frozen chicken.
Basically, a CT scanner takes dozens of x-rays of an object and reassembles them with the help of fancy algorithms to allow doctors to peer inside a human body. The CT scanners you'll find at your local hospital are monstrous devices, rotating an x-ray tube and sensor around a patient with the help of some very heavy duty electromechanical engineering. [Ben] wanted to keep his build rather small, so instead of rotating the x-ray tube and screen around an object, he simply made a stepper motor-driven lazy suzan to rotate his frozen bird.
[Ben] set a digital camera off to the side of his build and captured 45 images of a rotating chicken. After correcting for the perspective distortion, the images were thrown into 3D Slicer to create a true 3D representation of a x-rayed chicken.


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Proposal development for future DRB modeling (2020)
Modeling experts are collaborating on two goals 1) to determine modeled water quality goals ("needs") for various watershed scales and 2) to determine the existing or new modeling components that are needed to estimate the water quality goals. This model is anticipated to be a predictive model that can generate scenarios to determine specific conservation investments that meet water quality goals at specified scale.
Supported through the William Penn Foundation, through University of Maryland Environmental Finance Center. Collaboration with Stroud Water Resources Center, and Academy of Natural Sciences,
Land Protection Impact Assessment (2019-2021)
The objective of this work are to provide information that communicates the impact and value of forest protection/conservation activities within the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI) and improve modeling tools for future land protection modeling. This work includes: 1.) modeling efforts (3 approaches), 2.) research scoping review to identify potential use of LiDAR for quantifying the environmental benefits of forest protection and 3.) enhancing Model My Watershed software.
Project supported by the Open Space Institute. Collaboration with Stroud Water Research Center.
How will forest ecosystems and hydrologic processes in the Delaware River Basin be affected by climate change and land cover change? (2017-2020)
Our purpose is to explore how the multiple stressors of climate change and land use/land cover (LULC) change will alter hydrologic systems and forest ecosystems in the Delaware River Basin (DRB). To accomplish this purpose, our goal is to construct a basin-wide coupled modeling framework that builds on four existing models: a land use/land cover change model under development with funding from the William Penn Foundation (WPF) (C.A. Jantz et al. 2015), a gridded basin-wide hydrologic water budget model (Hawkins 2015), the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model, and a suite of distribution models for 40 eastern U.S. tree species (P.A. Jantz et al. in press). As a basin-wide study (Figure 1), this research will generate consistent, high-resolution, gridded data sets, thus providing improved understanding of the regional manifestations of climate and land use changes, a critical starting point for any coordinated adaptive management effort.
This project is supported through the Delaware Watershed Research Fund (DWRF), a new opportunity for research funding intended to complement the broader watershed protection work of the William Penn Foundation. The DWRF will build on the goals of the Delaware River Watershed Initiative (DRWI) to ensure water quality in the Delaware Basin through restoration, protection, and monitoring of watersheds.
A land cover mapping, modeling, and monitoring system for the Delaware River Basin (DRB) in support of maintaining and restoring water resources (2014-2017)
To address the need for watershed-wide planning and coordinated restoration for the DRB, our team proposes an ambitious project comprised of three related components: 1) High resolution Lidar-based land cover mapping; 2) Development of a basin-wide land cover modeling tool; and 3) Feasibility study for long-term land cover change monitoring.
Funding for this project comes from the William Penn Foundation. The William Penn Foundation, founded in 1945 by Otto and Phoebe Haas, is dedicated to improving the quality of life in the Greater Philadelphia region through efforts that increase educational opportunities for children from low-income families, ensure a sustainable environment, foster creativity that enhances civic life, and advance philanthropy in the Philadelphia region. In partnership with others, the Foundation works to advance opportunity, ensure sustainability, and enable effective solutions. Since inception, the Foundation has made nearly 10,000 grants totaling over $1.6 billion. The Foundation's assets exceed $2.3 billion as of Nov. 30, 2014. More information about the foundation is available on its website at _URL_.


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The Fovea as an Emergent Property of Visual Attention
Neural attention has been applied successfully to a variety of different applications including natural language processing, vision, and memory. An attractive aspect of these neural models is their ability to extract relevant features from data with minimal feature engineering. We further extend this ability to learning interpretable structural features of the attention window itself. We describe a learnable retinal sampling lattice similar to the retinal ganglion cells present in the primate retina. We explore the emergent properties of this lattice after training and find connections to features found in the physiology. Furthermore, we find conditions where these emergent properties are amplified or eliminated providing clues to their function.
Brian Cheung is a PhD Student at UC Berkeley working with Professor Bruno Olshausen at the Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. His research interests lie at the intersection between machine learning and neuroscience. Drawing inspiration from these fields, he hopes to create systems which can solve complex vision tasks using attention and memory.


Build a trigger to collect custom metrics for HTTP 404 errors
When your customers and clients cannot reach the information they need due to web page errors, you can write a trigger to help you find answers.
For example, when a customer requests a page that your HTTP server cannot find, the server responds with a 404 status code, or "page not found" error. Such responses tend to indicate that the link the customer clicked leads to an invalid URI. It would be useful to know what URI customers are trying to access and to find the referrer, or source, of the invalid link.
In this walkthrough, you will build a trigger that answers the following questions:
 - Are my customers receiving "page not found" errors?
 - What is the URI of the page that results in the error?
 - What is the referrer that caused the error?
You will create a trigger that generates a new custom metric that returns both the invalid URI and the referrer of the invalid URI. You will also create an application that provides a tailored view of your web traffic by collecting web metrics each time a 404 status code occurs on specified devices.
Prerequisites
 - You should familiarize yourself with the concepts in this walkthrough by reading the Get started with triggers section of the ExtraHop Web UI Guide.
 - You must have access to an ExtraHop Discover appliance with a user account that has limited write or full write privileges.
 - Your ExtraHop appliance must have network data with web server traffic.
 - It is helpful to have basic JavaScript knowledge.
Configure the trigger
In the following steps, you will name and describe the trigger, enable debugging, and configure the trigger to run on HTTP response events.
 1. Click the System Settings icon , and then click Triggers.
 2. Click Create.
 3. Type a name for the trigger. For this walkthrough, type HTTP 404 Errors.
 4. Type a description of the trigger. For this walkthrough, type Track 404 errors back to the source.
 5. Click Enable debug log.
 6. Click in the Events field and select HTTP_RESPONSE from the list.
The following figure displays the trigger configuration attributes you configured above:
Write a debug statement
Next, add a simple debug statement to familiarize yourself with the trigger editor layout and features.
When the trigger runs, it seeks HTTP response events and checks if the status code in the response is 404. If a 404 status code is detected, the debug call adds the URL that the user attempted to access to the debug log.
 1. Click the Editor tab.
 2. Add the following code to the editor:
 if (HTTP.statusCode === 404) {
 debug (HTTP.uri);
 }
 Tip:The editor provides some autocomplete capabilities when typing code. For example, typing a dot (.) after selecting a class object results in a list of methods and properties applicable to the HTTP object. You can select the element you want from the list as shown in the following figure:
 Clicking the i icon displays a description of the current element, as shown in the following figure:
 3. Click Save and Close.
Assign the trigger to devices
Before the trigger can log output from the debug statement, you must assign the trigger to at least one device. For this walkthrough, you will assign the trigger to the HTTP server device group.
After the trigger is assigned, the system runs the trigger each time an HTTP response occurs on any server in that group.
Important:When creating your own triggers, only assign triggers to the specific devices that you need to minimize the performance impact of your triggers on the system.
 1. Click Assets from the top menu.
 2. Click Device Groups, and then select HTTP Servers checkbox.
 3. Click Assign Trigger from the top of the page to open a list of triggers that are eligible for assignment.
 4. Select the HTTP 404 Errors trigger, and then click Assign Triggers.
 5. Click the System Settings icon, return to the Triggers page, and select the HTTP 404 Errors trigger .
 6. In the Assignments field, verify that the selected HTTP servers are added.
The field should look similar to the following figure:
View debug output
After you assign the trigger to HTTP servers, the system runs the trigger when HTTP response traffic occurs, and if any responses contain a 404 status code the system sends results to the debug log.
To view the results of the debug statement, click the Debug Log tab, which should look similar to the following figure:
Debug output starts as soon as the trigger is assigned and saved; however, the log cannot display data from 404 responses that occurred prior to when the trigger was assigned and saved.
Create a custom metric
The debug statement results have verified that there are URIs resulting in 404 status codes. In this section, you will create a custom metric named "404UriAndReferrer" to extract the invalid URIs and corresponding referrers.
The custom metric will return both the invalid URI and the referrer of the link enabling you to extract the two data sets in a single result.
To create a custom metric, you must specify a metric source from which the data is extracted, such as an application, network, or device. In this walkthrough, you will create an application named "File Not Found" as the source for the custom metric.
 1. In the right pane, add the following trigger code, highlighted in green, to the existing script:
 if (HTTP.statusCode === 404){
 debug (HTTP.uri);
 var app = Application("File Not Found");
 }
 This code declares the application as a variable and specifies the application name. We recommend that you declare a variable for methods that you intend to call more than once to reduce resource consumption by the trigger. In this walkthrough, the code will call the application twice.
 2. Add the following trigger code, highlighted in green, to the existing script:
 if (HTTP.statusCode === 404){
 debug (HTTP.uri);
 var app = Application("File Not Found");
 app.metricAddDetailCount(
 "404UriAndReferrer",
 "404:" + HTTP.uri + " | REFERRER:" + HTTP.referer,
 1);
 }
 The metricAddDetailCount method specifies the metric name and the event property data returned by the metric. The method also specifies the format of the extracted data as 404: <uri> | REFERRER: <uri> when displayed in a chart. See the Application section of the ExtraHop Trigger API Reference for more information about custom metric methods.
 3. Click Save.
After the code is saved, the ExtraHop system adds the new custom metric to the Metric Catalog and creates the application. At this point, the application is a source for the custom metric only; the application does not collect built-in metrics. See the Metric Catalog section of the ExtraHop Web UI Guide and the Application section of the ExtraHop Trigger API Reference for more information.
View the custom metric in a chart
To view your custom metric, you must to add it to a chart widget on a dashboard. In the chart, the custom metric will reveal which URIs are invalid and the referrer of each invalid link.
For more information about viewing metrics on a dashboard, see the Get started with dashboards section of the ExtraHop Web UI Guide.
 1. On the Dashboard page, click the command menu in the upper right corner, and select Create Chart.
 2. Click the empty chart widget in your newly created dashboard to launch the Metric Explorer.
 3. Click Add Source.
 4. Type and select File Not Found, which is the application created by the trigger.
 5. In the Metrics field, type 404 and then select 404 Uri and Referrer, which is the custom metric created by the trigger.
 Note:The ExtraHop system converts the custom metric name you specified in the code to a friendly display name. In this walkthrough, "404UriAndReferrer" is converted to "404 Uri And Referrer". You can edit the friendly display name in the Metric Catalog. See the Metric Catalog section of the ExtraHop Web UI Guide for more information.
 6. Select the Bar chart type from the bottom of the Metric Explorer.
 7. In the lower right corner, click Add to Dashboard and select Create Dashboard.
 8. Type a name for your dashboard in the Title field. For this walkthrough, type HTTP 404 Errors.
 9. Click Create.
The chart containing data extracted from the custom metric is automatically added to the new dashboard. The dashboard output should look similar to the following figure:
Gather built-in metrics in the application
In the previous steps, you added code to the script to create an application as the source of your new custom metric. In this section, you will add code that enables the application to gather built-in HTTP metrics, but not custom metrics, to provide a tailored view of your web traffic each time a 404 status code occurs on the specified devices.
 1. In the Trigger Configure window, click the Editor tab.
 2. Add the following trigger code, highlighted in green, to the existing script:
 if (HTTP.statusCode === 404){
 debug (HTTP.uri);
 var app = Application("File Not Found");
 app.metricAddDetailCount(
 "404UriAndReferrer",
 "404:" + HTTP.ur


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Kamloops Air Quality Roundtable
The City of Kamloops is a contributing member of the Kamloops Air Quality Roundtable, a collaborative initiative of the BC Ministry of Environment, Interior Health, First Nations Health Authority, local and First Nation governments, industry, Thompson Rivers University, and other groups. The Fraser Basin Council serves as secretariat.
The round table is working to:
- raise public awareness of air quality issues
- support implementation of the City of Kamloops Airshed Management Plan
- identify and address air quality monitoring gaps
- support post-secondary research
- continue existing air quality monitoring partnerships
- implement and measure impacts of initiatives to improve air quality such as industry initiatives, anti‑idling programs, woodstove programs, and open burning bylaws
Air Quality Health Index
The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) uses a scale to show the health risk associated with different levels of air quality and provides guidance on managing exposure to outdoor air pollution.
- View the current and forecast AQHI for Kamloops
- Register for the provincial air quality advisory and smoky skies bulletin
- Access the BC AQHI to view values for communities throughout BC
- Download the AQHI Canada app to access air quality health information from your mobile device


Tip of the Day : How to Read and Load an Excel 2007 or Excel 2010 File Without Using Import/Export Utility
Home > SQL Server Error Messages > Msg 111 - 'CREATE FUNCTION' must be the first statement in a query batch.
SQL Server Error Messages - Msg 111 - 'CREATE FUNCTION' must be the first statement in a query batch.
SQL Server Error Messages - Msg 111
Error Message
Server: Msg 111, Level 15, State 1, Line 1
'CREATE FUNCTION' must be the first statement in a query batch.
Causes
As the error message suggests, the CREATE FUNCTION statement must be the first statement in a query batch. There should be no other statements before the CREATION FUNCTION statement that would make it not the first statement in a query batch.
To illustrate, here's a script that will generate the error message:
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM [dbo].[sysobjects]
 WHERE ID = object_id(N'[dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear]') AND
 XTYPE IN (N'FN', N'IF', N'TF'))
 DROP FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear]
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear] ( @InputDate DATETIME )
RETURNS BIT
AS
BEGIN
 IF (YEAR( @InputDate ) % 4 = 0 AND YEAR( @InputDate ) % 100 != 0) OR
 YEAR( @InputDate ) % 400 = 0
 RETURN 1
 RETURN 0
END
GO
Msg 111, Level 15, State 1, Line 7
'CREATE FUNCTION' must be the first statement in a query batch.
When scripting a user-defined function, it is a common practice to check first if the function already exists and if it already exists, drop the function first using the DROP FUNCTION statement before creating it using the CREATE FUNCTION statement. This can also be done using the ALTER FUNCTION statement. The ALTER FUNCTION statement alters an existing Transact-SQL or CLR function that was previously created by executing the CREATE FUNCTION statement, without changing permissions and without affecting any dependent functions, stored procedures or triggers. The only drawback with the ALTER FUNCTION is that it will fail if the function does not exist yet. With the DROP FUNCTION/CREATE FUNCTION combination, the script will always succeed whether the function already exists or not.
Solution / Work Around :
As the message suggests, to avoid this error the CREATE FUNCTION statement must be the first statement in a query batch. To make the CREATE FUNCTION statement the first statement in the script above, the GO command can be added to separate the DROP FUNCTION statement from the CREATE FUNCTION statement.
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM [dbo].[sysobjects]
 WHERE ID = object_id(N'[dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear]') AND
 XTYPE IN (N'FN', N'IF', N'TF'))
 DROP FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear]
GO
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[ufn_IsLeapYear] ( @InputDate DATETIME )
RETURNS BIT
AS
BEGIN
 IF (YEAR( @InputDate ) % 4 = 0 AND YEAR( @InputDate ) % 100 != 0) OR
 YEAR( @InputDate ) % 400 = 0
 RETURN 1
 RETURN 0
END
GO
The GO command signals the end of a batch of Transact-SQL statements and any statements after the GO command signals the beginning of a new batch of queries or Transact-SQL statements. By adding the GO command after the DROP function statement, the CREATE FUNCTION statement now becomes the first statement in the succeeding query batch.


text:
Communication with Physicians about Health Care Costs
CONTEXT: Health care costs have increasingly shifted to patients, and financial distress caused by medical care has increased. Patients may wish to discuss costs with their clinicians.
OBJECTIVE: Describe patient preferences for communication about cost in the clinical setting.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional, self-administered survey of a stratified random sample of the population insured in an integrated health care system in Washington State. Our sampling frame was the entire membership aged 21 years or older. Sampling was stratified by sex and group practice enrollment.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preference for discussing health care costs with one's physician. We conducted regression analyses to determine predictors of communication preference; potential predictors included demographic characteristics, financial burden, delay in seeking care because of cost, and socioeconomic variables. Survey responses were weighted to adjust for nonresponse and sampling.
RESULTS: Of 7200 invitations sent, 2200 survey responses were returned. Ninety-two percent wished to know their out-of-pocket costs before beginning treatment. Most respondents preferred their physician talk with them about out-of-pocket costs (81.4%) and expressed comfort with discussing costs with their physician (75.6%). Overall, 43.7% reported any delay in seeking care in the previous 12 months. One in 5 respondents (21.6%) reported family medical debt. Delay in seeking care was positively and independently associated with preferring to discuss costs with one's physician; current medical financial burden was not.
CONCLUSION: Patient preferences for communication about costs with physicians are high, and medical debt and delay in care-seeking are prevalent. Delay in care-seeking independently predicts cost communication preferences.


text:
He did not answer.
The high priest
The Messiah Christ?
The Son of the Blessed One?'"
ὁ δὲ ἐσιώπα καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδέν. πάλιν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ Σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ;
This is almost word for word in Matthew, chapter 26:63. In Luke, chapter 22:66-70, there was something similar. However, there was nothing like this in John, chapter 18:19, where there was a discussion of the high priest with Jesus, but more about his teachings. Mark said that Jesus was originally silent (ὁ δὲ ἐσιώπα). He did not answer the high priest (καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίνατο οὐδέν). Then the high priest again asked Jesus directly (πάλιν ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν). Was he the Messiah Christ (καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ Σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς)? Was he the Son of the Blessed One (ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ Εὐλογητοῦ)? Matthew had said that the high priest Caiaphas was going to put him under oath according to the living God. Jesus was to tell everyone there whether he was the Christ, the Messiah, the Son of God. Luke indicated that they asked Jesus whether he was the Messiah Christ or the Son of God. Thus, this was a clear question about the divine claims of Jesus, particularly his messianic Christ role and his relationship to God the Father.


text:
.- Kurt von Schuschnigg Jr., son of the former chancellor of Austria, says that his Catholic faith helped him get through difficult times during World War II and now guides the way that he looks back at past events.
"Faith is always a big thing when you are in trouble," he observed. "Unfortunately today, not too many people hold on to faith anymore."
Von Schuschnigg was a first-hand witness of many of the atrocities committed during the Second World War. His father, who has the same name, was chancellor of Austria when Germany invaded the country in 1938.
On May 9, Kurt von Schuschnigg Jr. and his wife, Janet, spoke with CNA about their new book, "When Hitler Took Austria" (Ignatius, $24.95).
The book tells the story of the German takeover of Austria, as experienced by young von Schuschnigg.
He explained that his father opposed the takeover when German troops entered the country but also realized that they were not equipped to fight.
To avoid a massacre of the Austrian people, he resigned from his position as chancellor and was later sent with his wife to Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
Von Schuschnigg Jr. was able to complete his education and was then stationed on a naval vessel before deserting the German military and fleeing from the Gestapo, making a harrowing escape to safety.
He and his wife – both of whom are Catholic – worked together on the new book. Janet, who grew up in Atlanta, Ga., said that over their years of marriage, her husband told her stories about his life in Austria.
She realized that the story of Austria's takeover by the Nazis was not being taught in schools, and she decided to record the events that her husband had recounted.
The book is not a plea for anything, she explained, but is simply trying to explain how life was for people in Austria during that difficult time.
"America should know it," she said. "The rest of the world should know it."
Kurt von Schuschnigg believes that God's providence was helping him during that difficult time, sometimes manifest through the kind and daring gestures of other people.
He recalled an instance in 1945 when a German doctor in Munich saved his life. Due to the family responsibility laws, he should have been turned over to the Gestapo and would have been taken to a concentration camp or executed. But the doctor – whose name he does not even know – allowed him to escape.
He also remembered how his Austrian governess had courageously taken him in when his father was arrested, risking her own safety in doing so.
"She could never get a job again," he reflected.
Janet von Schuschnigg describes her husband's family as "centered on God." Even after all they've been through, she said, they are still good Catholics.
"You don't find so many good Catholics in Austria anymore," she continued, explaining that the Church has undergone heavy persecution.
Her husband added that while there are many good people leading "a happy life" in Austria, they have largely been forced to "forget their past" in order to do so.
For him, however, faith has played a significant role in both good and bad times.
He recalled a hand-written papal blessing that was given to his family that gave him confidence and helped him trust in God during difficult circumstances.
One time, he recounted, he was able to smuggle the Eucharist to his father in the concentration camp.
This was only possible, he explained, because the guards had been there for four years, and they had become friends.
The guards were "kind" and "decent" people, he reflected, although they would have shot his parents without hesitation if ordered to do so.
When von Schuschnigg attempted to tell some family friends about the things he had witnessed in the concentration camp, they brushed him off, refusing to believe his stories and defending the Nazis.
Kurt von Schuschnigg does not consider his actions particularly heroic, especially since at the time no one thought of themselves a a heroe.
"We were survivors," he said.
After World War II, von Schuschnigg's family was liberated and moved to America, where they became citizens.
While he has not forgotten the atrocities he witnessed and experienced, von Schuschnigg has forgiven those responsible for causing his family pain – an ability that his wife says "impressed me incredibly."
Kurt von Schuschnigg explained that he does not blame those who hurt him because he knows that "they did it out of fear."
He described the "terror" that pervaded the atmosphere of a country in which one could never trust the people around him.
You have to be able to forgive, he said. "You cannot carry things with you."
He compared the situation to a fight with a good friend. After a while, you let go and forgive, and you return to being friends, he said.
Kurt and Janet von Schuschnigg hope that "When Hitler Took Austria" will inspire people to reevaluate their lives.
Janet explained that the book is an example of discipline and faith, virtues that are sorely needed today, as many people seek immediate gratification but find that they are not truly happy.
"The world's a mess right now," she said. "It's frightening."
She lamented that so many people today have lost a sense of balance in life, forgetting the importance of virtues like discipline and duty.
"People don't go to Church anymore," she added.
Her husband agreed. He said that many of the values that were strong in his childhood have been lost by society.
Restoring these values is critical, and it must begin in the home, Kurt von Schuschnigg said.
"It cannot all be done by the schools," he explained. "It comes from the family."


text:
The institute of positive education
About the Institute of Positive Education
The Institute of Positive Education (IPE) is a ground-breaking initiative by Geelong Grammar School, the first school to embed the principles of Positive Psychology into all aspects of school life.
The IPE's primary role is to deliver transformational educational programmes to promote wellbeing throughout the world. The IPE aims to teach students valuable life skills on which they can increase their learning capacity and build a successful and happy life.
In 2018, the IPE delivered 124 training courses comprising 208 training days, which were attended by over 6000 participants. The IPE's training team has a combined total of more than 150 years of classroom and school leadership experience and over 50 years of practice implementing Positive Education. The team consists of experienced teachers (primary and secondary) and qualified psychologists and researchers.
The programmes offered by the IPE are designed to have a meaningful impact on the future wellbeing of both educators and young people so that they can flourish and contribute to their world in more positive ways. The IPE's training courses allow participants to explore the key concepts and skills of Positive Education in a practical way and all content is supported by empirical research and are evidence-based.
About Positive Education
The fundamental goal of Positive Education is to promote flourishing within the school community. Around 160,000 young people aged 16 to 24 live with depression each year. While there has been some decline in suicide rates in Australia in the past ten years, suicide continues to be one of the leading causes of death in Australians aged between 15 and 24. With this epidemic of mental health problems, Geelong Grammar School made a commitment to its young people to take positive action to promote wellbeing in schools. Research is now beginning to show that Positive Education programmes decrease stress and anxiety as well as increase self-efficacy, self-esteem and optimism. Evidence-based Positive Education programmes are playing a crucial role in teaching the skills of wellbeing and promoting positive health for students. Positive Education provides strategies to get the best out of life's situations, from exercising resilience when facing adversity to using strengths when striving for future goals. A flourishing student is engaged in their learning, contributes positively to their community and nurtures many healthy relationships. Schools have a prime opportunity to impact the wellbeing of young people by implementing a Positive Education programme.
The Institute of Positive Education presents The Science of Achievement Conference taking place at the National Education Summit on Friday 30 August 2019.


Jim DiCarlo and crew show how a weighted average of firing rates of neurons in inferior temporal cortex can explain performance on an object recognition task.
Majaj, Najib J., et al. "Simple Learned Weighted Sums of Inferior Temporal Neuronal Firing Rates Accurately Predict Human Core Object Recognition Performance." The Journal of Neuroscience 35.39 (2015): 13402-13418.
About the Author


text:
Joanna Schneider '13
Student Director forBig Brother, Big Sister
Major: Sociology modified with Psychology; Minor in Chemistry
Other Campus Involvements: DOC; General Manager of Big Green Bus
Fun fact: She got involved in Big Brother, Big Sister in high school, over 7 years ago!
Just as entrepreneurs change the face of business, social entrepreneurs act as change agents for society, seizing opportunities others miss and improving systems, inventing new approaches and creating sustainable solutions to change society for the better. Unlike business entrepreneurs who are motivated by profits, however, social entrepreneurs are motivated to improve society. But social entrepreneurs are just as innovative and change-oriented as their business counterparts, always searching for new and better ways to solve the problems that plague society.
In our case, social entrepreneurs are Dartmouth undergraduate students and/or community leaders of the Upper Valley with an innovative, sustainable idea or model to improve social and/or economic opportunities for disadvantaged members of the local community.
In the broader society, social entrepreneurs are:
Social entrepreneurs share a commitment to pioneering innovations that reshape society and benefit humanity. Quite simply, they are solution-minded pragmatists who are not afraid to tackle society's problems, at the local levels.
Social entrepreneurs see opportunities where others see intractable problems. They apply innovative solutions to social, economic and environmental issues, empowering people and communities to create positive change. Their work can reduce economic disparities, increase opportunities for the disadvantaged, promote healthier communities and increase the interpersonal and intercultural understanding that is the foundation for a better community and a better world.
Last Updated: 8/7/11


Solution faster than editorial
#1
In editorial tree is traversed 3 times.
First two traverses to find if given numbers exist in tree or not.
This time can be saved as done in following code
/**
 * Definition for binary tree
 * struct TreeNode {
 * int val;
 * TreeNode *left;
 * TreeNode *right;
 * TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(NULL), right(NULL) {}
 * };
 */
bool bexists = false, cexists = false;

inline void store(int val, int B, int C) {
 if (val == B)
 bexists = true;
 if (val == C)
 cexists = true;
}

inline bool exist(int val) {
 return val != -1;
}
int util(TreeNode* A, int B, int C) {
 if (!A) {
 return -1;
 }

 int left = util(A->left, B, C);
 int right = util(A->right, B, C);

 store(A->val, B, C);
 store(left, B, C);
 store(right, B, C);

 if (exist(left) && exist(right)) {
 return A->val;
 }
 if (A->val == B || A->val == C) {
 return A->val;
 }
 if (exist(left)) {
 return left;
 }
 if (exist(right)) {
 return right;
 }
 return -1;
}

int Solution::lca(TreeNode* A, int B, int C) {
 bexists = cexists = false;
 int res = util(A, B, C);
 return (bexists && cexists) ? res : -1;
}


Best High-Calorie Vegetables for a Survival Garden
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best high calorie vegetables survival gardening
High-calorie vegetables are an important part of a survival garden. As part of a survival food plan, fresh vegetables are a nutritious addition to any prepper diet. You need calories for the energy you need to deal with whatever challenges you may face. Here are the best high-calorie vegetables for your survival garden.
Top High-Calorie Vegetables
The top high-calorie vegetables are legumes, root vegetables, and corn. Not only are they easy to store, but they are also used as staple foods for people the world over. These vegetables are excellent additions to your vegetable garden.
What Are Legumes?
According to the Cambridge English dictionary, a legume is "a plant that has its seeds in a pod, such as the bean or pea."
Legumes include beans, peas, lentils, and peanuts. A good source of protein, legumes are also high in fiber and micronutrients. They are easy to grow and store.
what are legumes
Different Types of Legumes
With all the different types of legumes, how do you tell them apart?
Generally, beans have an oval or elongated shape. They include pinto beans, black beans, pink and red beans, and kidney beans. White beans include navy, Great northern beans, lima beans, and cannellini beans.
Kidney Bean Precautions
Kidney beans and cannellini (white kidney beans) must be well cooked. Never eat them raw. According to Dr. Josh Axe, "Raw kidney beans contain a toxin, phytohaemagglutinin, that can cause liver damage."
Soak kidney beans for eight hours or overnight and discard the soaking water.
Fill with fresh water and bring to a full boil for at least ten minutes to completely destroy the toxin. Then cook until tender.
For this reason, it's better to cook kidney beans on the stove instead of in a low-temperature cooker.
Most peas are round and have fewer calories than beans. They include black-eyed peas, English peas, snow peas, sugar snap peas, green and yellow peas, purple hull peas and field peas. Some, such as snow peas and snap peas, also have edible pods and can be eaten raw or cooked.
Lentils are round, flat disks. They include brown, green, red, and orange lentils. Lentils are very quick and easy to cook. They work well in soups and salads.
yams vs sweet potatoes
Root Vegetables
Yams vs Sweet Potatoes
How do you tell the difference between the two? According to the Library of Congress, "Yams are from the Dioscoreaceae or Yam family while sweet potatoes are from the Convolvulacea or morning glory family."
A true yam is a starchy, edible root. Yams have a brown or darker scaly skin and light insides. They have more calories than sweet potatoes and are starchier and sweeter.
Yams grow well in tropical climates and can reach sizes of over six feet long and 150 pounds. They store well, too. Properly handled, they can be stored for up to six months.
Sweet Potatoes are popular dishes for holidays meals. They range in colors from golden to copper skins with orange or yellow flesh.
There are two main cooking varieties: firm and soft. Firm sweet potatoes are similar to white baking potatoes. They stay firmer when cooked. Soft sweet potatoes, when cooked, get softer and are easier to mash or puree.
Additional High-Calorie Root Vegetables
Taro root
Rich in vitamins and minerals, taro root is high in calories as well at over 180 calories in a cup. Taro is a tropical to subtropical plant. Both the leaves and the root is edible but must be cooked first. (Taro is toxic when raw.)
Though not as common today, parsnips are another high-calorie root vegetable. At 100 calories in a cup, they are just slightly less than sweet potatoes.
Potatoes are a versatile crop and can be prepared in a multitude of ways. By also eating the skins, you can increase their nutritional value.
Corn is another versatile crop. It can be eaten both as a vegetable and dried and ground into meal.
Winter Squash
Another good source of calories is winter squash. Popular winter squashes such as acorn and butternut squash are easy to grow and store.
winter squash butternut
High-Calorie Fruits
If you live in the right climate or have a greenhouse, add these high-calorie fruits to your survival garden.
Dried Fruit
Dried fruit of any kind is generally higher in calories, being a condensed version of itself. It's easy to store and pack. It provides a quick burst of energy while satisfying the sharpest sweet tooth.
While most people consider the avocado to be a vegetable, it's also considered to be a fruit. The avocado is a good source of both calories and healthy fats.
While definitely a tropical plant, a coconut is a fruit, a nut, and a seed. High in calories, coconuts are also a good source of healthy fats.
Rich in potassium and fiber, bananas are more than just their insides. You can eat the peels, too. According to Laura Flores, a San Diego-based nutritionist, "[The skin] contains high amounts of vitamin B6 and B12, as well as magnesium and potassium. It also contains some fiber and protein."
The riper the banana, the sweeter and thinner the peel will be. To cook, bake, broil or fry for ten minutes.
A good source of Vitamin C, mangoes also provide Vitamin A and fiber.
Fats Add Calories
While vegetables and fruits are nutritious, they are lower in calories. To increase your calories, add fats to your meals.
If you're striving for food self-sufficiency, you will need sources of protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Providing the necessary fats for a healthy diet can come from either animal or plant sources. Some of the best sources of plant-based fats come from nuts and seeds.
High-Calorie Nuts and Seeds
Nut Trees
Nut trees are a good investment for a survival garden. But they do take time to grow to maturity and produce a full crop. Popular nut trees include macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, Brazil nuts, walnuts, and chestnuts.
For a faster crop, try seeds. High calorie, high-fat seeds include sunflower seeds, pumpkin and squash seeds, hemp seeds, flaxseeds, and chia seeds.
Try out some of these high-calorie vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds in your survival garden. With these few extra additions, you will be well on your way to food self-sufficiency.
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Using a Layer of Abstraction for Testing Code that Depends on Time
last updated: Nov 16th, 2020
Continuing with this month's theme, Time, I want to share a strategy I've used in the past when I've needed to write unit tests for logic that depends on time, timers, timeouts, etc.
Take for example a cache where items can expire. Suppose you want items to be evicted once they have gone untouched for some period of time.
One simple approach might be to take the idle expiry as a parameter. Say 20 minutes in a production build and only 100 milliseconds during testing.
Testing this way can lead to brittle tests. By brittle I mean that your tests will pass most of the time. But occasionally, if your machine is busy or the tests run on a different machine, it's possible that you'll get some false negatives.
In addition, your tests will take longer to run than necessary.
Here's what I do instead.
Example Code
Let's define a simple time-based cache first.
export class Cache<K extends string | number | symbol, T> { private readonly timeout: number; private readonly items: Partial<Record<K, T>>; private readonly expiry: Partial<Record<K, number>>; constructor(timeout: number) { this.timeout = timeout; this.items = {}; this.expiry = {}; } public set(key: K, item: T) { this.items[key] = item; this.expiry[key] = Date.now() + this.timeout; } public get(key: K): T | undefined { // Is the item in the cache? const item = this.items[key]; if (item !== undefined) { // Is the item still not expired? const now = Date.now(); if (this.expiry[key] < now) { // Update the expiry and return the item. this.expiry[key] = now + this.timeout; return item; } // Item is in cache but has expired. // Evict the item and return undefined. delete this.items[key]; delete this.expiry[key]; } }}
Layer of Abstraction
I introduce a layer of abstraction between my code and the time functions.
Instead of calling time functions like Date.now() directly, I call them indirectly. For instance, see the changes in the cache below.
type FnGetTime = () => number;export class Cache<K extends string | number | symbol, T> { private readonly timeout: number; private readonly items: Partial<Record<K, T>>; private readonly expiry: Partial<Record<K, number>>; private readonly fnGetTime: FnGetTime;// constructor(timeout: number) { constructor(timeout: number, fnGetTime?: FnGetTime) { this.timeout = timeout; this.items = {}; this.expiry = {}; this.fnGateTime = fnGetTime || Date.now(); } public set(key: K, item: T) { this.items[key] = item;// this.expiry[key] = Date.now() + this.timeout; this.expiry[key] = this.fnGetTime() + this.timeout; } public get(key: K): T | undefined { // Is the item in the cache? const item = this.items[key]; if (item !== undefined) { // Is the item still not expired?// const now = Date.now(); const now = this.fnGetTime(); if (this.expiry[key] < now) { // Update the expiry and return the item. this.expiry[key] = now + this.timeout; return item; } // Item is in cache but has expired. // Evict the item and return undefined. delete this.items[key]; delete this.expiry[key]; } }}
The main code that creates the cache doesn't need to change.
private readonly sessionCache = new Cache<SessionId, Session>(TWENTY_MINS);
But now my testing code can pass in a special time generation function to the constructor and not have to rely on real time.
Controlling Time
Let's create a test helper to give out timestamps for our tests. We'll pass in the times we want it to generate, and it will provide a method for advancing to the next time.
export const makeTimeGenerator = (...times: number[]) => { let index = 0; const timeGenerator = () => { return times[index]; }; timeGenerator.advance = () => { index++; }; return timeGenerator;};
Implementing the Tests
Now the tests can look like this:
import { makeTimeGenerator } from './makeTimeGenerator';const TWENTY_MINS = 20 * 60 * 1000;describe('cache', () => { it('does not expire items before the expiry time', () => { const timeGenerator = makeTimeGenerator(0, TWENTY_MINS - 1); const cache = new Cache<string, number>(TWENTY_MINS, timeGenerator); cache.set('foo', 42); timeGenerator.advance(); const result = cache.get('foo'); expect(result).toBe(42); }); it('expires items at the expiry time', () => { const timeGenerator = makeTimeGenerator(0, TWENTY_MINS); const cache = new Cache<string, number>(TWENTY_MINS, timeGenerator); cache.set('foo', 42); timeGenerator.advance(); const result = cache.get('foo'); expect(result).toBeUndefined(); });});
A Quick Note About the Real World
The simple example above of a session cache was just for illustration purposes. Note that in a real environment where you've got multiple web servers, you'd be relying on a cache like Redis to store sessions on a dedicated server.
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