text:
During playback (your Little Musician lessons), you will need to know which keys and mouse clicks you can use to navigate your way through a lesson.
- To advance to the next slide, use the left-click on your mouse, or press the Right Arrow, Spacebar or Enter on your keyboard.
- To repeat the slide, click on your mouse-wheel or press the Down Arrow on your keyboard.
- To go back, use the right-click on your mouse or press the Left Arrow on your keyboard.
- To exit the playback, click on the ESC key, and you'll return to your Little Musician.
NOTE: If you want to use your keyboard to control lessons during playback, make sure that the Keyboard Lock is turned OFF (click once on the Keyboard Lock at the left side of the Play Panel so that the light turns red).


text:
At present fertilizer has become essential to modern agriculture to feed the growing population. Though chemical fertilizers increase crop production; their overuse has hardened the soil, decreased fertility, strengthened pesticides, polluted air and water, and released greenhouse gases, thereby bringing hazards to human health and environment as well. Due to the adverse effect of chemical fertilizers and the presence of plant pathogens, apart from using chemically based methods present study provides a biological platform to increase plant productivity. It has been reported that many siderophore producing bacterial and fungal strains have their potentials in plant growth promotions because although iron is abundant in the soil it is unavailable to plants because of its low solubility. Thus siderophore produce will chelate iron and make it available to the plant. Pseudomonas fluorescens was able to produce extracellular water soluble yellow green siderophore of pyoverdine type in succinate medium. Siderophore produced was also proved to be useful for plant growth promotion due to increase in root length, shoot length and number of leaves of leguminous plants like Lens Culinaris and Phaseolus lunatus when grown under iron limiting conditions with siderophore supplements. Thus siderophore can be used in combination with other biofertilizers to increase crop productivity.
No. of Downloads :

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


" wants is the name of the package whose symbol table you want. The default package is called "main". If you have multiply nested packages, pass their names to "gv_stash*v", separated by "::" as in the Perl language itself.
Alternately, if you have an SV that is a blessed reference, you can find out the stash pointer by using:
 HV* SvSTASH(SvRV(SV*));
then use the following to get the package name itself:
 char* HvNAME(HV* stash);
If you need to bless or re-bless an object you can use the following function:
 SV* sv_bless(SV*, HV* stash)
where the first argument, an "SV*", must be a reference, and the second argument is a stash. The returned "SV*" can now be used in the same way as any other SV.
For more information on references and blessings, consult perlref.
Double-Typed SVs
Scalar variables normally contain only one type of value, an integer, double, pointer, or reference. Perl will automatically convert the actual scalar data from the stored type into the requested type.
Some scalar variables contain more than one type of scalar data. For example, the variable $! contains either the numeric value of "errno" or its string equivalent from either "strerror" or "sys_errlist[]".
To force multiple data values into an SV, you must do two things: use the "sv_set*v" routines to add the additional scalar type, then set a flag so that Perl will believe it contains more than one type of data. The four macros to set the flags are:
 SvIOK_on
 SvNOK_on
 SvPOK_on
 SvROK_on
The particular macro you must use depends on which "sv_set*v" routine you called first. This is because every "sv_set*v" routine turns on only the bit for the particular type of data being set, and turns off all the rest.
For example, to create a new Perl variable called ''dberror'' that contains both the numeric and descriptive string error values, you could use the following code:
 extern int dberror;
 extern char *dberror_list;
 SV* sv = get_sv("dberror", GV_ADD);
 sv_setiv(sv, (IV) dberror);
 sv_setpv(sv, dberror_list[dberror]);
 SvIOK_on(sv);
If the order of "sv_setiv" and "sv_setpv" had been reversed, then the macro "SvPOK_on" would need to be called instead of "SvIOK_on".
Read-Only Values
In Perl 5.16 and earlier, copy-on-write (see the next section) shared a flag bit with read-only scalars. So the only way to test whether "sv_setsv", etc., will raise a ''Modification of a read-only value'' error in those versions is:
 SvREADONLY(sv) && !SvIsCOW(sv)
Under Perl 5.18 and later, SvREADONLY only applies to read-only variables, and, under 5.20, copy-on-write scalars can also be read-only, so the above check is incorrect. You just want:
 SvREADONLY(sv)
If you need to do this check often, define your own macro like this:
 #if PERL_VERSION >= 18
 # define SvTRULYREADONLY(sv) SvREADONLY(sv)
 #else
 # define SvTRULYREADONLY(sv) (SvREADONLY(sv) && !SvIsCOW(sv))
 #endif

Copy on Write
Perl implements a copy-on-write (COW) mechanism for scalars, in which string copies are not immediately made when requested, but are deferred until made necessary by one or the other scalar changing. This is mostly transparent, but one must take care not to modify string buffers that are shared by multiple SVs.
You can test whether an SV is using copy-on-write with "SvIsCOW(sv)".
You can force an SV to make its own copy of its string buffer by calling "sv_force_normal(sv)" or SvPV_force_nolen(sv).
If you want to make the SV drop its string buffer, use "sv_force_normal_flags(sv, SV_COW_DROP_PV)" or simply "sv_setsv(sv, NULL)".
All of these functions will croak on read-only scalars (see the previous section for more on those).
To test that your code is behaving correctly and not modifying COW buffers, on systems that support mmap(2) (i.e., Unix) you can configure perl with "-Accflags=-DPERL_DEBUG_READONLY_COW" and it will turn buffer violations into crashes. You will find it to be marvellously slow, so you may want to skip perl's own tests.
Magic Variables
[This section still under construction. Ignore everything here. Post no bills. Everything not permitted is forbidden.]
Any SV may be magical, that is, it has special features that a normal SV does not have. These features are stored in the SV structure in a linked list of "struct magic"'s, typedef'ed to "MAGIC".
 struct magic {
 MAGIC* mg_moremagic;
 MGVTBL* mg_virtual;
 U16 mg_private;
 char mg_type;
 U8 mg_flags;
 I32 mg_len;
 SV* mg_obj;
 char* mg_ptr;
 };
Note this is current as of patchlevel 0, and could change at any time.
Assigning Magic
Perl adds magic to an SV using the sv_magic function:
 void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen);
The "sv" argument is a pointer to the SV that is to acquire a new magical feature.
If "sv" is not already magical, Perl uses the "SvUPGRADE" macro to convert "sv" to type "SVt_PVMG". Perl then continues by adding new magic to the beginning of the linked list of magical features. Any prior entry of the same type of magic is deleted. Note that this can be overridden, and multiple instances of the same type of magic can be associated with an SV.
The "name" and "namlen" arguments are used to associate a string with the magic, typically the name of a variable. "namlen" is stored in the "mg_len" field and if "name" is non-null then either a "savepvn" copy of "name" or "name" itself is stored in the "mg_ptr" field, depending on whether "namlen" is greater than zero or equal to zero respectively. As a special case, if "(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)" then "name" is assumed to contain an "SV*" and is stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
The sv_magic function uses "how" to determine which, if any, predefined ''Magic Virtual Table'' should be assigned to the "mg_virtual" field. See the ''Magic Virtual Tables'' section below. The "how" argument is also stored in the "mg_type" field. The value of "how" should be chosen from the set of macros "PERL_MAGIC_foo" found in perl.h. Note that before these macros were added, Perl internals used to directly use character literals, so you may occasionally come across old code or documentation referring to 'U' magic rather than "PERL_MAGIC_uvar" for example.
The "obj" argument is stored in the "mg_obj" field of the "MAGIC" structure. If it is not the same as the "sv" argument, the reference count of the "obj" object is incremented. If it is the same, or if the "how" argument is "PERL_MAGIC_arylen", or if it is a NULL pointer, then "obj" is merely stored, without the reference count being incremented.
See also "sv_magicext" in perlapi for a more flexible way to add magic to an SV.
There is also a function to add magic to an "HV":
 void hv_magic(HV *hv, GV *gv, int how);
This simply calls "sv_magic" and coerces the "gv" argument into an "SV".
To remove the magic from an SV, call the function sv_unmagic:
 int sv_unmagic(SV *sv, int type);
The "type" argument should be equal to the "how" value when the "SV" was initially made magical.
However


text:
Search results for: Harris Mary
Page 1/1 1 items
This study aimed to assess the impact of the Parent Teacher Education Connection curriculum on the knowledge and attitudes of teacher education candidates. The findings reveal that knowledge and attitude assessments administered before and after use of the modules showed significant improvement in knowledge and attitudes across all settings. This study demonstrated that teacher candidates experienced significant knowledge gains from preto posttest after studying the Parent Teacher Education Connection Modules as they were embedded in various courses of their teacher education curricula.
Updated: May. 13, 2018

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Malheur Cave, 13 miles east of Princeton, is 3,000 feet long, and the height varies from 8 feet near the entrance to a maximum of 20 feet far back in the cave. An underground lake fills the lower end of the cave, and fluctuation can cause the water to raise within 1,000 feet of the entrance.
The Masons, Robert Burns Masonic Lodge No. 97, used this cave extensively for ceremonies and other functions. The curious come on a year-round basic, the kids for fun, the scientists for answers to long-time questions, and the cavers, just to meet or visit an old friend. The Masons own the cave, but have left it open to whoever wishes to cool off on a hot summer day, explore its many wonders and paddle its waters, just as it was done decades ago
After passing under the low, arching entrance, the passage opens to a wide expanse of level dirt floor. The walking passage eventually reaches two rows of wooden beachers used by the Masons. After passing the cement platform, the passage begins to get more muddy and filled with boulders of breakdown from the ceiling. The point where the passage turns to water depends on the time of year and the level of the adjacent reservoir. Beneath the waters is a submerged boat and soon the waters reach to the ceiling of the passage. Divers have plumbed to the end of the cave.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


handling
In view of the memory capacity and performance requirement, you should import a large file and perform data manipulation in parts. This, therefore, involves the exchange of data between internal and external memory. In an effort to achieve even higher efficiency, you'd better retrieve the file by bytes using multithreaded parallel processing. By doing so, data importing doesn't necessarily cover complete rows for each part. Thus the problem of incomplete records arises. It's difficult to amend the situation involving detail work through hardcoding, but a structured data computing layer can handle this in a simple way.
Data querying
Query a large text file according to a given time period. Here's the code:
1 =file("d:\\sales.txt").cursor@t()
2>=startDate && OrderDate<=endDate)
Open the file whose size is larger than the available memory size in the form of the cursor; then use the select function to query data and return result set as a cursor. The Java main program can access the ResultSet in the JDBC stream style.
To improve the performance, use the following parallel code:
 A B
1 4
2 fork to(A1) =file("d:\\sales.txt").cursor@t(;A2:A1)
3>=startDate && OrderDate<=endDate).fetch()
4 =A2.conj()
Set 4 parallel threads. Each will retrieve one part of the file, perform the query and return result to the main program that is responsible for concatenating the returned result sets and returning the final result to Java via JDBC. Here the select function performs the query on cursor and returns cursor too. Usually the query result set is small enough that can be retrieved into the memory with fetch function.
The cursor@z function divides the file by bytes into 4 parts, which have approximately the same sizes, and retrieves only one part. By giving up the head line and complementing the tail line, esProc is capable of ensuring that each part is retrieved with complete rows.
Data sorting
To sort a large file, open it with the cursor and use sortx function to do it. The result is still a cursor: Below is the code:
The usage of sortx function is similar to that of sort function. It is capable of performing a sort in reverse direction or by multiple fields or according to both.
Grouping and aggregation
Usually the result set of grouping and aggregation is not big, so you just need to open the large file with the cursor and then use the groups function to perform the group operation. If the result set is large, use groupx function to return it as the cursor:
To have a better performance, use the following parallel code:
 A B
1 4
2 fork to(A1) =file("/files/data/sales.txt").cursor@t(;A2:A1)
3 =B2.groups(SellerId:s,year(OrderDate):y; sum(Amount):a,count(~):c)
4 =A2.conj()
5 =A4.groups(s,y;sum(a):atotal,sum(c):ctotal)
Set the number of parallel threads as 4. Each thread retrieves one segment of the large file, performs grouping and aggregation and returns result to the main program, which concatenates all the returned result sets and performs a second grouping and aggregation.
Getting unique values
To create a client list based on sales.txt, use the following code:
1 =file("D: \\sales.txt").cursor@mt(Client)
2 =A1.(Client).groups(~)
Open the file in the form of parallel cursors and retrieve only the Client field which will be grouped in the next step. _USER_ means parallel processing. When performing group operation on the grouping field, the groups function will return a set of values of the grouping field.
Here we assume that the result set is relatively small. If the result set is sufficiently large, you can use groupx function to return it as the cursor:
Intuitive multi-step computing style
It's a common practice to use several basic algorithms in a certain order for the same task. Using hardcoding, it is easy to get bogged down in detail algorithms. What's more, you have to worry about the performance and code reuse, making it difficult to design an algorithm in a natural, top-down way of thinking. A computing layer, however, already encapsulates the basic algorithms into easy to use functions. Programmers just write an algorithm intuitively by focusing on the business logic, delivering far better development efficiency.
Here's an example. The Stock.txt file holds records of warehouse management. In one day, the stock of a product may be added or removed repeatedly. Also there may be consecutive days when no product is admitted or checked out. The initial quantity of a product is 0, and its increase is In and its decrease is Out. The task is to calculate the daily inventory for every product. Below is the source data：
date name quantity flag2014-04-01 Item1 15 In
2014-04-01 Item1 4 In
2014-04-02 Item1 3 In
2014-04-02 Item1 10 Out
2014-04-03 Item1 3 In
2014-04-04 Item1 5 Out
2014-04-07 Item1 4 In
2014-04-10 Item1 2 Out
2014-04-01 Item2 20 In
2014-04-02 Item3 30 In
2014-04-03 Item3 14 Out
The code:
 A B
1 =file("D:\\stock.txt").cursor@t()
3 =periods((,t.max(),1)
4 for A3 =A4.align(B3,date)
5 >c=0
7 =@|B5
A2 calculates the daily quantities of In and Out respectively for every product. Then get the complete list of dates according to the smallest and biggest dates and store it in B3. Next, group the data by product, loop through each group and align it with B3 to calculate the inventory of the current day. Here's the result:
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Get To Know The Beliefs Of Chinese People When It Comes To Praying
Religion is a topic close to everyone's sentiment; believing in divinity is a very personal issue for every individual. People have their definition when it comes to praying to the deity Jin Paper. Some believe God exists, and others believe that they are just a concept created by humans. But Chinese people have a different take on the aspect of praying to the lord.
Pin on Josh Greco period 1 China
Who does the Chinese believe in?
Most people believe in Buddhism and Daoism; it does not have a strict praying ritual. There are no rigid religious practices; rather, they tend to follow the occasions that help them pray to their gods during those days. Other minorities belong to the Christian religion who regularly meet in the church to pray and have a good time. The other major chunk falls under the criteria of atheism as they do not believe in God, so they generally do not pray.
As there are many people following Buddhism, they indulge in the activity of going to the pilgrimages that many monks follow as the religion can be easily identified with the help of the monks. It is a peaceful religion based on many morals and beliefs, which moulds people into a better human.
Items that help in the process of praying
 - Many items are needed while offering a prayer towards God; these include the religious book with a detailed explanation of how to get involved in the praying act. These books are of immense help to people who have changed their religion or are unsure how to go about it.
 - Chinese people believe in a collective culture, which means that they hold the societal view ultimately rather than focusing on the individuals in the society. So it is essential to follow the mass, and these books are the best aid that can give them a guide when it comes to praying.
 - The Chinese, in their prayers, largely use incense sticks; it refreshes the entire room with a pleasant fragrance. The mellow smell helps calm people as these sticks are burned in a bundle while praying to God, which people traditionally follow. These incense come in different fragrances, so people can opt for whatever smell they like that.
 - It is a large part of their tradition. There are other materials like devotional goods, incense stick holders available in the markets that have a particular shop with the help of which buying these products will be easier. It can be preferable to buy these online as numerous sites allow customers to get the exact products to their home with few clicks. Better quality and a different selection of praying items can be purchased online.
Praying to God gives a peaceful time to oneself to reflect on their thoughts and be calm amidst all the chaos that is going on around the world. Therefore, it is good to remove some time of your day and pray to whoever you believe as it will bring some relief to your mind from all the accumulated stress.


text:
COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY
The navigation of the operating room can be compared to that of a car. The GPS system of a car leads the driver safely to the predetermined destination, whereas the surgical navigation system helps the surgeon to arrange precisely the optimal position of the artificial joint.
This system is especially advantageous in case of strong deformations of the joint. Moreover, it is often possible to perform the operation, making short incisions, according to the so-called minimally invasive posterior approach: a smaller incision restricts the surgeon's field of vision, the navigation technology displays the patient's anatomy as a complete three-dimensional image on the screen.
The important point is that the navigation differs fundamentally from robotic surgery: the operation is always performed by the surgeon himself. The system merely supports his knowledge and experience. It gives the surgeon additional information directly, but does not take the whole operation out of his hands.
Beispielbild der computergestützten Navigation


text:
Posted on 07 March 2015
PuzzleThere is a spear tip with the following sequence of numbers:
The key is five letters.
You need the first names from the weekday solutions.
Convert the numbers to letters:
Take the initials from the first names of the persons for the weekly puzzle solutions:
Milton Hershey (Commodore) Cornelius Vanderbilt (Princess) Diana Spencer Ganesh Dutt Clara Brown
to get MCDGC. Using that as a key to decrypt a Cipher results in ANCSOCSTUDENTS (Ancient Societies Students), who were philanthropic with respect to the Cahokia Mounds Brochure Campaign.
The answer is stl.la/ancsocstudents.
The letter in Pramik Sanning


text:
- Purchase/rental options available:
This article examines the formation of the rules and regulations for the Qing administration, beginning with the establishment of the six boards in 1631 and ending with the publication of the first Da Qing huidian, or administrative code, in 1690. It charts the administrative problems that arose during the early Qing, and how state-makers turned to the Ming Huidian for answers but consistently found it unable to provide solutions to Qing-specific problems. In response, Qing officials called for the compilation of a Qing Huidian that would account for the emergent Qing-specific administrative structure and apparatus. The article shows that the Qing Hudian was not merely a copy of the Ming document of the same name; rather, it was a compilation of the regulations that developed in response to administrative and political problems over a sixty-year period, and did so in tandem with the emergence of the Qing state. The article further argues that the Qing had administrative law. The intent behind the regulations of the Huidian was to lay out enforceable procedural requirements that regulated administrative activity, as well as to set binding rules about the organizational structure of the state and the relations among actors and internal agencies.


Which of my OCs are you like?
I have several OCs that I would like to use in 3 different web comics. Once I get better at drawing and acquire the right software I'll create them all.
But before I do I wish to see if other people will like them and relate to them. So see which of the OCs you most relate to. You might be surprised by what you get.
Created by: Roboticlus Prime
 1. What is your age?
 2. What is your gender?
 1. Pick one.
 2. If you had one of these powers, which one would you want?
 3. Which quality best describes you?
 4. Which pet would you rather have?
 5. Which of these foods do you like?
 6. Which of these would be your greatest enemy?
 7. Which would be your preferred weapon in combat?
 8. Which is your favorite genre of music?
 9. What do you think of the quiz?
 10. Are you a nature lover?
Remember to rate this quiz on the next page!
Quiz topic: Which of my OCs am I like?


text:
1) Using 'File' option located at the top of the browser's menu bar (figure 1). You can not print any Section of an Act, Ordinance or President's Order with footnotes (if any) through this option. To print with the footnotes, click on any footnote mark (usually marked with the Section details) and you will see the footnote(s) at the bottom of the page (Figure 3). Then click 'File' option and select 'Print' option from the browser menu (Figure 1, & 2) to print.
2) After you browse any Section of an Act, Ordinance or President's Order, chose 'PRINT VIEW' option (shown with printer icon) from the browsing page (figure 1). The "PRINT VIEW' will display the text as well as the footnotes (if exist under that section) as shown in Figure 3. Then click 'File' option and select 'Print' from the browser menu (Figure 1, 2) to print.


text:
A research facility in green concrete
The state-of-the-art research facility of B130 at the Department of Civil Engineering of DTU – Technical University of Denmark will act as a framework for the department's research of materials as well as supporting a number of its core services. The building itself is part of the research project on green concrete, where, for the first time ever, a newly developed green concrete is used, saving up to 30 percent in CO₂ emissions.
The ambition of the building is to support interdisciplinary collaboration and to offer an attractive and stimulating universe for research and learning. Hence, the disposal of the project is based on securing a high degree of openness and transparency – both in relation to the surroundings, where the students and employees can include the outdoor areas for experiments, and within the building where one will be able to view the activities in the workshops and laboratories from the outside. Furthermore, the workshops and laboratories of B130 will consist of facilities that support research, teaching and innovation of building materials.
Together with B128 and B129, completed in 2018, B130 will create a sculptural and workshop inspired spatial whole.


Article ID : S500024724 / Last Modified : 11/04/2018
How do I use Share Charm in Windows 8?
How do I use Share Charm in Windows 8?
 The Share Charm allows you to quickly share files and information with people you know or send info to another app, without having to exit to the App you are currently using. Examples of using the Share Charm are emailing photos to someone or posting an article to Facebook.
 The share Charm is available from anywhere in the system, but it can only be used to the Apps that supports Sharing.
 To use the Share Charm:
 1. Open a file or information you want to Share. For example, using the Photos App, select one of the Photos you have.
 Note: If you have not selected any item, Windows 8 will display a message that there's nothing to share and asks you to select an app and try again.
 2. Move your mouse from the top or bottom-right corner of the screen, and then click on Share charm from the Charms bar.
 3. Choose which app to share with, and then follow the on-screen instructions. For example, choose Email app if you want to email the photo you've selected.


Wick's theorem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Wick theorem)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the formula expressing the higher moments of a Gaussian distribution in terms of the second moments, see Isserlis' theorem.
Wick's theorem is a method of reducing high-order derivatives to a combinatorics problem.[1] It is named after Gian-Carlo Wick. It is used extensively in quantum field theory to reduce arbitrary products of creation and annihilation operators to sums of products of pairs of these operators. This allows for the use of Green's function methods, and consequently the use of Feynman diagrams in the field under study. A more general idea in probability theory is Isserlis' theorem.
Definition of contraction[edit]
For two operators and we define their contraction to be
where denotes the normal order of an operator .
Alternatively, contractions can be denoted by a line joining and .
We shall look in detail at four special cases where and are equal to creation and annihilation operators. For particles we'll denote the creation operators by and the annihilation operators by (). They satisfy the usual commutation relations , where denotes the Kronecker delta.
We then have
where .
These relationships hold true for bosonic operators or fermionic operators because of the way normal ordering is defined.
Examples[edit]
We can use contractions and normal ordering to express any product of creation and annihilation operators as a sum of normal ordered terms. This is the basis of Wick's theorem. Before stating the theorem fully we shall look at some examples.
Suppose and are bosonic operators satisfying the commutation relations:
where , denotes the commutator, and is the Kronecker delta.
We can use these relations, and the above definition of contraction, to express products of and in other ways.
Example 1[edit]
Note that we have not changed but merely re-expressed it in another form as
Example 2[edit]
Example 3[edit]
In the last line we have used different numbers of symbols to denote different contractions. By repeatedly applying the commutation relations it takes a lot of work, as you can see, to express in the form of a sum of normally ordered products. It is an even lengthier calculation for more complicated products.
Luckily Wick's theorem provides a shortcut.
Statement of the theorem[edit]
A product of creation and annihilation operators can be expressed as
In other words, a string of creation and annihilation operators can be rewritten as the normal-ordered product of the string, plus the normal-ordered product after all single contractions among operator pairs, plus all double contractions, etc., plus all full contractions.
Applying the theorem to the above examples provides a much quicker method to arrive at the final expressions.
A warning: In terms on the right hand side containing multiple contractions care must be taken when the operators are fermionic. In this case an appropriate minus sign must be introduced according to the following rule: rearrange the operators (introducing minus signs whenever the order of two fermionic operators is swapped) to ensure the contracted terms are adjacent in the string. The contraction can then be applied (See Rule C″ in Wick's paper).
Example:
If we have two fermions () with creation and annihilation operators and () then
Note that the term with contractions of the two creation operators and of the two annihilation operators is not included because their contractions vanish.
Wick's theorem applied to fields[edit]
The correlation function that appears in quantum field theory can be expressed by a contraction on the field operators:
where the operator are the amount that do not annihilate the vacuum state . Which means that . This means that is a contraction over . Note that the contraction of a time-ordered string of two field operators is a c-number.
In the end, we arrive at Wick's theorem:
The T-product of a time-ordered free fields string can be expressed in the following manner:
Applying this theorem to S-matrix elements, we discover that normal-ordered terms acting on vacuum state give a null contribution to the sum. We conclude that m is even and only completely contracted terms remain.
where p is the number of interaction fields (or, equivalently, the number of interacting particles) and n is the development order (or the number of vertices of interaction). For example, if
This is analogous to the corresponding theorem in statistics for the moments of a Gaussian distribution.
Note that this discussion is in terms of the usual definition of normal ordering which is appropriate for the vacuum expectation values (VEV's) of fields. (Wick's theorem provides as a way of expressing VEV's of n fields in terms of VEV's of two fields.[2]) There are any other possible definitions of normal ordering, and Wick's theorem is valid irrespective. However Wick's theorem only simplifies computations if the definition of normal ordering used is changed to match the type of expectation value wanted. That is we always want the expectation value of the normal ordered product to be zero. For instance in thermal field theory a different type of expectation value, a thermal trace over the density matrix, requires a different definition of normal ordering.[3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
 1. ^ Philips, 2001
 2. ^ See for example also: Mrinal Dasgupta: An introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Lectures presented at the RAL School for High Energy Physics, Somerville College, Oxford, September 2008, section 5.1 Wick's Theorem (downloaded 3 December 2012)
 3. ^ (Evans and Steer, 1996)


text:
Lotus Tips uses a REZZOU technology designed to protect laptop data, guaranteeing domino database that information is always accessible which is not shed. The RAID controller is a professional computer technology which you can use to spin data in the eventuality of a disc failure. This can be a great way to assure the uptime of a program.
One of the most significant features of Lotus Notes is the fact that that it works with several open up standard technologies. This enables developers to build work applications of any complexity and enables designers to create top-of-the-line applications.
Raid technology, as its term implies, is actually a combination of multiple hard disk drives. The benefit of this technology is that it provides solid file system with a excessive degree of consistency. It can be especially beneficial for businesses with a number of hard disks in their environment.
There are numerous advantages of employing Raid technology for That lotus Notes. This consists of the fact that it allows designers to improve features of their databases. Another advantage of the technology is their ability to furnish superior info integrity. In case there is a hard drive failure, the controller may rewrite data in the remaining hard disk drives.
The RAID technology likewise uses a astonishingly large number of standard factors. This is a good thing as it makes it easier for designers to come up with fresh and creative ideas. For example , the iDataAgent supports custom database catalogues.


text:
Skill Level: 3
Original Honor: 2012
AdventSource Honors Handbook PDF
AdventSource Catalog: Advanced Star Order (must have approved order login) (link from AdventSource)
Wiki.pathfindersonline.org Article/Answer Key
Originating Institution: South American and North American Divisions
1. Have the Guitar honor.
2. Define "Triads" and show how are they used. Demonstrate how to play triads derived from high score notes.
3. Demonstrate two different methods of guitar tuning.
4. Define tablature (tabs). Demonstrate how to read and perform tablature (tabs) on a guitar.
5. Demonstrate how to change the key of a song to fit the vocal range of the singers.
6. Define and explain the differences between consonant and dissonant chord?
7. Practice and perform a solo in at least two scales with the guitar.
8. Create a personal song book of at least 25 hymns and spiritual songs with chords properly written. Play them as part of a song service or performance during a club meeting worship service, worship, or other group function.


text: A monopulse antenna array is designed by using a novel element combining wideband linearly tapered slot antennas (LTSA) with an interleaved, closely-spaced, travelling wave slotted waveguide array (TWSWA) similar to [1-3]. To decrease the deteriorating coupling between sum and difference rows in previous studies for monopulse operation, adjacent rows of interleaved arrays are designed to have the same amplitude distribution but different propagation constants. So, interleaved arrays generate two simultaneous sum beams with distinct but close squint angles. Dual array elements are represented by Sport networks. A 40-by-infinite array operating in 13% sidelobe bandwidth in C-band with 30-dB Taylor amplitude distribution is synthesized by the method proposed in . The array is verified by full-wave simulations in HFSS.


text:
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) is an out-crossing, perennial, multi-use crop species that is grown worldwide and belongs to the Compositae, one of the most successful Angiosperm families. We describe the first genome sequence of globe artichoke. The assembly, comprising of 13,588 scaffolds covering 725 of the 1,084 Mb genome, was generated using ∼133-fold Illumina sequencing data and encodes 26,889 predicted genes. Re-sequencing (30×) of globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon (C. cardunculus var. altilis) parental genotypes and low-coverage (0.5 to 1×) genotyping-by-sequencing of 163 F1 individuals resulted in 73% of the assembled genome being anchored in 2,178 genetic bins ordered along 17 chromosomal pseudomolecules. This was achieved using a novel pipeline, SOILoCo (Scaffold Ordering by Imputation with Low Coverage), to detect heterozygous regions and assign parental haplotypes with low sequencing read depth and of unknown phase. SOILoCo provides a powerful tool for de novo genome analysis of outcrossing species. Our data will enable genome-scale analyses of evolutionary processes among crops, weeds, and wild species within and beyond the Compositae, and will facilitate the identification of economically important genes from related species.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text: In the Legal Tender Act of 1862, Congress coined paper dollars as bills of credit that constituted legal tender for public and private debts, including those debts already incurred. The plaintiff sued the federal government (defendant), challenging the constitutionality of the act and claiming that Congress did not have the power to make paper money valid legal tender for previously incurred debts. The plaintiff asserted that as the Constitution gave Congress the power to coin money and establish the money's value, such power applied only to coins, i.e., gold and silver. The lower court upheld the act's constitutionality. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari.


Who invented the 1st submarine and what was it called
 +1 Views: 1816 Answers: 5 Posted: 10 years ago
 Tags: ships boats
 5 Answers
 When it came to wartime machines, Leonardo DaVinci often seemed to look at both sides of the coin. He would invent offensive equipment and then he would design defensive equipment just in case the enemy had similar ideas to him. A good example of this is in the double-hulled and semi-submersible (sometimes termed Leonardo's submarine) boat designs.
 The'submarine' was simply a shell with room enough for one person to sit inside. It was topped with a conning tower which had a lid and pre-dated the true submarine by over one hundred years. Leonardo was to describe it as a "ship to sink another ship."
 Leonardo considered that the best way to defend against underwater attack by ships similar in design to his'submarine' was to have double-hulled boats. This would not only solve the problem of ramming, but also that of divers interfering with the vessel. By this time he had already devised a method by which divers could separate the planks of ships.
 He considered how lost ships could be recovered, and designed air-filled tanks which divers could attach to the hulls of a sunken ships in an attempt to re-float them. And once your ship is once more on the surface you need to remove the excess water. Leonardo then designed a machine which would extract the water and then dry the holds of ships.
 His designs included a one-man battleship, and in considering ships for wartime use Leonardo realised the importance of making guns easier to load and fire. This same drawing displays two remote-control guns with rapid-firing mechanisms.
 I need to start getting paid for this. For crying out loud, Survivor is on!
 John Hunley, and the submarine was called the Hunley. It was built during the civil war.
 Hunley Sub was built in 1861 but Hunley wasn't the INVENTOR of the Submarine nor the first to NAME ONE.
 I stand corrected, But I think the question was what was the name, not who named one.
 You know what they say about those submariners........A hundred men go down.....fifty couples come up.
 I thought the first submarine was a one man unit called the turtle...
 Click on the link I posted above and see. :)
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A distinguished avenue in downtown Vancouver is more likely to be accord the honorary identify of Komagata Maru Strategy to commemorate the incident in 1914 when the Japanese steamship of that identify carrying 376 passengers from India was escorted away from metropolis in British Columbia attributable to discriminatory legal guidelines that have been then in place in Canada.
Vancouver's Canada Place is a big two-block part of town. Vancouver's metropolis council is anticipated to present it a secondary identify of Komagata Maru Approach later this month. In line with the outlet Vancouver Solar, a report from the council employees mentioned that the situation will "supply residents and vacationers arriving to Vancouver on foot, transit and by ship a chance to replicate as they be taught extra about this historic incident from the secondary identify signage."
Raj Singh Toor, descendant of one of many passengers on the ship, was happy that the naming will develop into actuality quickly. "I gave this request 5 years in the past to town of Vancouver," he mentioned. The placement was necessary because it was on the waterfront and people strolling alongside the road can see the place the ship was detained over 100 years again. Toor's grandfather Baba Puran Singh Janetpura was the one scholar aboard the ship.
Comparable recognition has been accorded elsewhere as effectively lately.
In July 2019, a avenue within the city of Surrey within the Metro Vancouver area was formally assigned the identify of Komagata Maru Approach. In June that yr, a Komagata Maru Park was inaugurated within the city of Brampton within the Higher Toronto Space.
Earlier this yr, the city of Abbotsford, additionally within the Metro Vancouver space, selected a commemorative renaming of a portion of a freeway. Toor mentioned the formal signage will likely be put in there this summer time.
In 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau had formally apologised on behalf of the nation within the Home of Commons, for the discriminatory occasion that led to the turning again of the vessel from Vancouver Harbour. A everlasting memorial marking the episode exists in Vancouver.
In 1914, The Japanese ship arrived close to Vancouver harbour on Could 23, and its passengers have been largely Sikhs from India, many in search of to immigrate to Canada, although it was additionally a political act as some amongst these returned to India to struggle for Independence. Nonetheless, immigration authorities refused to permit the bulk to return ashore, citing the discriminatory Steady Passage Regulation, a legislation that mandated that immigrants arrive in Canada immediately from the house nation. For these from India, that was logistically unimaginable. The racist laws was meant to be exclusionary. The passengers had a standoff with the authorities, at instances the offended passengers confronted them. A part of the explanation for the motion in opposition to these aboard the ship was that the British empire additionally thought-about a number of the passengers to be linked to the revolutionary Ghadar motion. On July 23, two months after the arrival of the ship, the resistance was overcome and the ship was escorted away from Vancouver and again to India. On its arrival, British police boarded the vessel and tried to arrest the leaders of the passengers who they thought-about to be insurgents. Within the resultant riot, 19 passengers have been killed and over 200 arrested.
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Temperatures across Australia was above average in 2018, says the Bureau of Meteorology.
Senior climatologist Dr Lynette Bettio said Australia's average temperature in 2018 was 1.14 degrees above the average for 1961 to 1990, making it slightly warmer than 2017.
She said it was the third warmest year for the country on record.
"When we look across all of Australia in 2018, we can see that every single state and territory had above-average day and night-time temperatures," she said.
"The average maximum temperature for the country as a whole was particularly warm, sitting 1.55 degrees above the 1961 to 1990 average, making 2018 Australia's second warmest year on record for daily high temperatures.
"Average minimum temperatures for 2018 were 0.73 degrees above average, the 11th-warmest on record."
Tasmania had another warm year, she said.
It was the fifth warmest year on record for the state, with record high temperatures in January and the warmest December on record for the state as a whole.
Dr Bettio said the warmest day of 2018 was at St Helens on January 19 with a high 39.7 degrees.
Rainfall was close to the average for the state, however, it was the wettest March since 2001.
There was also record-breaking rain on May 10 and 11, causing flash-flooding in the south.
On Friday, a little rain was expected through the state, with one to three millimetres expected in the North-East and central North from the late morning.
Temperatures on Saturday were expected to be in the low to mid-20s for most areas, however, the North-East will hit the high-20s to low-30s during the morning.
Also on Saturday, a very high fire danger rating was forecast for the central North, North-East, and midlands.
Statewide dry thunderstorms could be possible early Saturday morning.
Warm to hot conditions were expected to continue from Sunday into early next week, with daylight temperatures expected to be about five to six degrees above average for January.
Weather conditions were expected to be mostly fine and sunny statewide next week.
- To keep up-to-date, visit _URL_.


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Brewer's rice
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Brewer's rice is a term applied to rice, usually short-grain varieties, that has been damaged in the milling process. This makes it aesthetically less desirable for use as food, but does not otherwise affect its chemical properties. As a result, these damaged rice grains are often sold to brewers for use as a brewery adjunct.


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Libraries, supermarkets, classrooms…the world is full of places that look very similar, and yet our brains always seem to keep track of where we are. In a new study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, researchers at Princeton University and Ohio State University have uncovered one way in which the brain does this.
Similar-looking places can be distinguished from each other because of differences in what we experience when navigating to them. As we head toward a destination, our brains catalogue details such as other nearby buildings, the look of the doorway, even the people nearby.
The researchers discovered that the parahippocampal cortex, a part of the visual system that analyzes the current scene in front of us, also incorporates the details leading up to the scene, or its "temporal context." As a result, even when two scenes look identical, we create different memory traces for them when their temporal contexts are different. Ultimately, this can help our brains to keep track of where we are in the world.
Learn more about Nicholas Turk-Browne's research at Princeton University.
Journal Citation: Turk-Browne NB, Simon MG, Sederberg PB. Scene representations in parahippocampal cortex depend on temporal context. J Neurosci. 2012 May 23;32(21):7202–7.


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Sir Alan Cunningham was educated at Cheltenham College and then the Royal Military Academy after he joined the Royal Artillery in 1906. He served with the Royal Horse Artillery during The Great War being awarded an MC in 1915 and DSO in 1918. After the war he served in the Straits Settlements for two years. He then returned to Britain. In 1937 he became the commander of the 1st Division of Royal Artillery and then the commander of the relatively new Anti-Aircraft division.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was sent to command the troops in East Africa. He led the campaign to take Somaliland and Addis Ababa from the Italians. He achieved this in a very short period of time and took over 50,000 prisoners for the loss of only 500 of his own men. This success meant that he was trusted with command of the 8th Army in North Africa. Unfortunately, he was outfought by Rommel and was dismissed by Auchinleck. He was transferred to the Staff College and Northern Ireland before returning to the Middle East as High Commissioner of Palestine from 1945 to 1948. He continued to have a role as the Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery until 1954. He died in 1983.


RIS ID
129734
Publication Details
Williams, P. E., Marshall, D. L., Poad, B., Narreddula, V. R., Kirk, B. B., Trevitt, A. J. & Blanksby, S. (2018). Comparing Positively and Negatively Charged Distonic Radical Ions in Phenylperoxyl Forming Reactions. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 29 (9), _PHONE_.
Abstract
In the gas phase, arylperoxyl forming reactions play a significant role in low-temperature combustion and atmospheric processing of volatile organic compounds. We have previously demonstrated the application of charge-tagged phenyl radicals to explore the outcomes of these reactions using ion trap mass spectrometry. Here, we present a side-by-side comparison of rates and product distributions from the reaction of positively and negatively charge tagged phenyl radicals with dioxygen. The negatively charged distonic radical ions are found to react with significantly greater efficiency than their positively charged analogues. The product distributions of the anion reactions favor products of phenylperoxyl radical decomposition (e.g., phenoxyl radicals and cyclopentadienone), while the comparable fixed-charge cations yield the stabilized phenylperoxyl radical. Electronic structure calculations rationalize these differences as arising from the influence of the charged moiety on the energetics of rate-determining transition states and reaction intermediates within the phenylperoxyl reaction manifold and predict that this influence could extend to intra-molecular charge-radical separations of up to 14.5 Å. Experimental observations of reactions of the novel 4-(1-carboxylatoadamantyl)phenyl radical anion confirm that the influence of the charge on both rate and product distribution can be modulated by increasing the rigidly imposed separation between charge and radical sites. These findings provide a generalizable framework for predicting the influence of charged groups on polarizable radicals in gas phase distonic radical ions.
Grant Number
ARC/DP140101237
Grant Number
ARC/DP170101596
Available for download on Tuesday, June 04, 2019
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text:
there's no reason really as to why the superconductivity principle can practically make a dc-motor running as perpetual except during starting only (which needs input first). Perpetual in a sense that it can run indefinitely without requiring input current always as it becomes self-sustaining and able to run with ease even with loads.
but there are sceptics and nay-sayer or other savants and researchers who still say it is not possible? Why, what's the reason?
in my view, the resistance per se is actually (unit of which is the ohm) in fact the physical reaction of the material from the passage of the electrons (which constitutes current) per second flowing through the entire lenght of the conductive material which is proportionate to it's longitudinal dimension and inveresely to it's cross section and once this wire becomes superconductive, therefore no resistance at all, then the current flows indefinitely (ad infinitum) without losses. Then if that's the case, what remains is the inductance of the wire only as it is formed into a loop and the more the loop it increases the better the inductance and with this inductance (analogous to inertia) then as the electrical energy (current flow) is stored in the magnetic field and it does in fact supports the storage of the current in magnetic the flux. So, with the help of the permanent magnet's field flux and in reaction with this stored electrical energy in the magnetic flux of the wire loops as in the stator, then one in theory, can make the dc-motor run perpetually, as the rotor rotates (using permanent magnets)!, right? So, now, why this can not be done or will not work?


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Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. As a noun, it means a production or a live show.
See: (one's) word is law a law unto a law unto (oneself) a law unto himself, herself, etc. law meaning: 1. a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves…. The free offline Law dictionary application explains the meaning of Law words Download the largest Law dictionary with over lakhs of Law words.
The manager was a law unto herself and she thought that she could do whatever she wanted. As a verb, it usually means to do something related to sports and games. play at sth definition: 1. to pretend to be a particular person or to do a particular thing, usually as a game: 2. to do…. One can listen pronunciation of Law words to read and speak words properly. for your competitive exams.Each Idiom is accompanied by meaning and example sentences. lay down the law - to state firmly what the rules or laws are for something
Idioms and Phrases on Law and Justice - Learn idioms like Null and void, Miscarriage of justice etc. The couple were law-abiding citizens who never had any problems with the law.... For in spite of a willingness to play fast and loose with the law or to get their hands dirty walking around in some pretty messy moral ambiguities,... play fast and loose; play fast and loose (with … It can also be used to describe playing instruments.However, there are also several other situations in … Meaning: Caught in an unlawful or immoral act without any mitigating circumstances. Example: The criminal was caught bang to rights, but thanks to a sophisticated defense team he served only a light sentence. What does play fast and loose with expression mean? law-abiding - obeying the law. Legal & Law Idioms, Sayings and Phrases with Meaning and Examples (Caught) Bang to Rights. These idioms and phrases will be very useful to all the freshers and other students preparing for MBA, NMAT, CAT, MAT, XAT, SNAP, MHCET, Banking exams, IBPS, SBI, RRB, SSB, SSC, RBI, UPSC etc. Meaning of words are provided with definition, synonyms and antonyms.
a law unto oneself - someone who makes his or her own laws or rules. Learn more. Learn more. Above The Law
The word play is a commonly used word. Meanings are provided with usage and example sentences to understand proper translation.


text: Efficient mRNA transport in eukaryotes requires highly orchestrated relationships between nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. For oskar mRNA, the Drosophila posterior determinant, these spatio-temporal requirements remain opaque during its multi-step transport process. By in vivo covisualization of oskar mRNA with Staufen, its putative trafficking protein, we find oskar mRNA to be present in particles distinct from Staufen for part of its transport. oskar mRNA stably associated with Staufen near the posterior pole. We observe oskar mRNA to oligomerize as hundreds of copies forming large particles which are necessary for its long range transport and localization. We show the formation of these particles occurs in the nurse cell nucleus in an Hrp48-dependent manner. We present a more refined model of oskar mRNA transport in the Drosophila oocyte.


What should be included in a social media security policy?
A social media security policy is necessary for most enterprises today. Expert Mike O. Villegas discusses what should be included in social media policies.
One infosec expert said that CISOs should be responsible for the cybersecurity of their employees' work-related...
social media accounts. Is there any merit to this? What role, if any, should CISOs take with a social media security policy for accounts associated with their organization?
Social media sites, such as LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook, have become a part of our daily lives such that they are portals to news, business events, current events, family communications, political banter, e-commerce, business opportunities and entertainment.
Much can be gained from perusing a person's social media profile, where anyone can derive a considerable amount of professional and personal information that one would not normally provide to the general public. So why do we willingly provide such information?
Enterprises use social media for marketing and research reasons. They know that these mediums sometimes provide greater visibility to their services and accomplishments that demonstrably set them apart from their peers.
Many companies today do not allow employees to have social media accounts, and use unified threat management-like controls to prevent their use. Exceptions do occur for those that present a business need, such as marketing. However, there are also some companies that do not have such controls.
Should the CISO be responsible for the cybersecurity of company social media accounts? The real question is whether the board of directors should be responsible for their organization's social media security policy, and whether social media accounts should even be allowed for company use. The board sets policy; the CISO enforces it. Of course, the CISO should recommend controls to include in the social media security policy, but, invariably, business needs pre-empt risks.
NIST SP 800-53r4 AC-23 (Data Mining Protection) states that "The organization employs [Assignment: organization-defined data mining prevention and detection techniques) for (Assignment: organization-defined data storage objects] to adequately detect and protect against data mining." This includes social networking or social media websites.
Although NIST and other cybersecurity frameworks do not explicitly state what controls are required, below are some recommended controls an enterprise could include in a social media security policy to control the use of company accounts.
 - All employees who use social networking sites should take care not to divulge information that could, in any way, be detrimental or harmful to the company.
 - No confidential or sensitive data should be revealed, including, but not limited to, personal data, financial data, strategic information, trade secrets, copyrighted material or export-controlled material.
 - No entries should be made that would, in any way, tarnish the image or reputation of the company or any of its employees. Nor should it include discriminatory, disparaging, defamatory or harassing comments.
 - Employees should be careful not to divulge information about themselves or their colleagues that could be used in a social engineering attack on the company.
 - Employees should exercise extreme caution when contacted by new friends and followers. Attempts should be made to verify their identities previous to any communication.
 - Employees should use a product like TweetDeck or DestroyTwitter to expand tiny URLs and to help validate that links are safe before clicking them.
These should be included in a social media security policy with clear enforcement statements and consequences if they're not followed.
On their own, these are not sufficient controls over social media. They should be augmented with security awareness, cybersecurity training, restrictions on use of social media, executive-sponsored communications and targeted monitoring mechanisms, such as data loss prevention, to ensure that sensitive company information is not leaked through social media.
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Let's face it. Some data isn't meant to be shared with everyone. A data clean room allows for sharing data without the risks of exposing proprietary or restricted data — curate data from your select network of organisations, biobanks, projects and researchers.
A data clean room is a safe place that allows multiple companies, or divisions of a single company, to bring data together for joint analysis under defined guidelines and restrictions that keep the data secure. A clean room created in a data federation facilitates data access, exchange and collaboration while offering reassurance that it is safe and no data ever moves.
A secure workspace where sensitive data is accessible to select people for ongoing analysis.
Time-limited access without exchanging data custody or being able to download data.


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A member of the succulent plant family, particularly adapted to arid and extremely hot environments, and characterised by spines. Often flowers at night.
A term that refers to alkaline soil, which contains calcium or calcium carbonate.
A plant that favours chalky or calcareous soils.
A plant that cannot tolerate alkaline soil. Described as ericaceous, calcifuges grown on alkaline soils will exhibit symptoms of iron deficiency.
A chemical element (atomic number 20, chemical symbol ca). A soft, grey, alkaline earth metal, essential for living organisms in cell physiology.
A ring or whorl of sepals, which may be coloured and petal-like or green. Helps to protect the flower in bud.
An internal layer of cells between the inner bark and the sapwood of a tree, where growth takes place. It gives secondary xylem and phloem, thereby increasing the girth of the organ.
A long, supple woody stem, often used to support young or fragile plants.
A general term for disease that's characterised by patches of dead cells on the trunk or branches of a tree or woody plant. Also see Anthracnose.


Isla de Mujeres
My daughter left today for a week long vacation to Isla de Mujeres, an island off the coast of Cancún. It is a small island that has recently been developed with resorts and hotels. When I was there in there in the 1980s, it was a laid back, quaint little island that people visited for local color. No resorts, no big hotels. Just a quaint little island.
Now it is well developed into a tourist resort with large hotels and resorts, restaurants and things for tourists to do. To reach the island, one takes a ferry from Cancún. It is not a long ride and the ferry has been much improved from the days when I was there. Then there was a rickety old ferry where the water came in through the bottom of the boat. The boat was so small the sea often felt rough. Now the ferry is modern and sleek and geared toward the tourists.
Wikipedia describes the island this way: Isla Mujeres (Spanish for Women Island) is one of the ten municipalities of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The municipality, located in the northeastern corner of the state is mostly on the mainland and has a municipal seat of the same name; Isla Mujeres. The municipal seat is a small island town a short distance off the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of Cancún. The island is some 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and 650 metres (2,130 ft) wide. In the 2005 census, the town had a population of 11,147.
In Pre-Columbian times the island was sacred to the Mayan aged goddess of childbirth and medicine, Ix Chel. When the Spanish arrived here in the 16th century they named it "Isla Mujeres" because of the many cult images of goddesses here. But the first news we have about Isla Mujeres are from the period between the years 564 – 1516 AC, when the island was part of the mayan province called Ekab (there where 4 mayan provinces in what is today the State of Quintana Roo). Since then, the island was considered sacred by the mayan civilization, therefore, this was not a mayan village where to live in, but a sanctuary dedicated to mayan goddess Ixchel. Besides this, the mayan also exploited the salt that the island produced in the "salinas" (small interior lagoons) that back in those times, the salt was used not only for the conservation of food and medicine but also has a generally accepted currency for commerce of goods along the whole mayan region. The Mayan goddess Ixchel had a temple in what is today the Hacienda Mundaca (Mundaca's Plantation House)
There was a small Mayan temple on the south tip of the island, however in 1988 Hurricane Gilbert caused extensive damage to it, leaving most of the foundation and a very small portion of the temple. Since the 1970s along with Cancún there has been substantial development for tourism in Isla Mujeres.
My daughter went to Isla de Mujeres last year for her postponed honeymoon and chose it again this year for her vacation. She loves the island and its amenities.
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2 Responses to Isla de Mujeres
 1. We used to go to Isla Mujeres in the early 80s too. We loved it but not so much now that it's been built up. I liked the quaintness of it before it got so popular. Ah well, progress for them I suppose. I have photos of that Mayan temple.
 2. The Hook says:
 Sounds like heaven!
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define compound units and datum measurements cannot be directly used as factors in mathematical formulae. There is also no conversion between a datum measurement and the quanitity unit on which it is based other than by differences as described above.
The one exception that is not restrained by these limitations is an absolute datum measurement:
C++
ulib_absolute_datum_Measurement(Kelvin, degrees_C, 273)
Kelvin is an expression of temperature in the same way as Celcius and Fahrenheit but with a different datum. Therefore it must be defined as a datum measurement, especially if we want correct automatic conversion with Celcius and Fahrenheit. However its zero datum of absolute zero really does represent non-existence therefore its numerical value really does represent a true quantity and is used as such in mainstream thermodynamics. Accordingly an absolute datum measurement can be be used to form compound units...
C++
ulib_compound_Unit( Kelvin_Kgs, =, Kgs, Mult, Kelvin)
...and absolute datum measurement variables can be directly used as factors in mathematical formulae if they are postfixed with ()
C++
kelvin abs_temp=200;
Kgs mass=5;
Kelvin_Kgs KKgs =abs_temp() * mass;
The new datum measurement types have been developed with some thought to their application in other dimensions. The library should embrace what it needs to in a generic manner. I can think of two other examples:
 - Date and Time - When we define seconds as a unit of the TIME dimension, we are really talking about a time interval not a point in time. If we want to store and use a Date Time then we must define it as a datum measurements with the Christian, Muslim, Chinese and computer manufactures versions all using different points in real time as their zero datum. N.B. Only cosmologists can even begin to talk about absolute time or the non-existence of time and although they may be quite certain about what happened in the first few seconds I don't think they can say with the same precision how long ago that was. So an absolute datum measurement in the time dimension isn't really viable.
 - Height (as in altitude) - It is sometimes convenient to record heights against a reference scale and enter them into a formula which will internally calculate the height differences that it works with. You may wish to record variously height above a particular point on the ground, height above sea level or height above the centre of the Earth. We can use datum measurement types for each of them which define how they are related and ensure that conversions are carried out correctly but height above the centre of the Earth has a case for being an absolute datum measurement. Zero above the centre of the Earth really does represent absolute non-existence of height and it is the measurement that can be applied directly as a factor in geometrical formulae in the most general sense.

Quick reference
The library (that is the engine for unit definitions) is made available for use simply by including a single header file (provided in the download) with no dependancies.
C++
#include "ulib.h"
Most of the library is wrapped in a private namespace that you need never know about. Your access to it is unseen and carried out by the macros used to define units. You may wish to wrap the units that you define in a namespace but if you do so, make sure that ulib.h is included within that namespace.
C++
namespace myunits{
#include "ulib.h"
#include "myunits.h" //This is where you define your units
}

Macros used to define units (quantities) are:
C++
ulib_Dimension(1, LENGTH)
ulib_base_Unit(LENGTH, metres)
ulib_compound_Unit( metres_psec, =, metres, Div, secs)
ulib_Unit_as_inverse_of( Herz, secs )
ulib_scaled_Unit(Kms, =, 1000, metres)
ulib_precalc_Unit_to_Unit(feet_pmin, Kms_psec)
and with multiple base unit systems:
C++
ulib_multiple_Bases(2)
ulib_all_bases_Unit(TIME, secs)
ulib_base2_Unit(LENGTH, cms, =, 0.01, metres)
//N.B. ulib_base_unit and ulib_base1_unit are equivalent.
Type modifiers for unit declarations are:
C++
sq_metres
cubic_metres
to_power<secs, 4>::type
inverse_of<secs>::type
Dot methods of unit type variables are:
C++
double variable.as<unit_type> ()
unit_type variable.integer_root<root_function, positive integer>()
bool variable.is_approx<tolerance_unit, numerator, denominator>(variable2)
int n=variable1.goes_into(variable2, Remainder)
Named global functions are:
C++
double as<unit_type> (unit_variable)
root_unit_type integer_root<root_function, positive integer>(unit_variable)
Macros used to define datum measurements (reference points with respect to a datum) are:
C++
ulib_datum_Measurement(celcius, degrees_c, 0)
ulib_absolute_datum_Measurement(kelvin, degrees_c, 273)
Promotion of absolute datum measurement variable to normal quantity unit by postfixing with ()
C++
kelvin abs_temp=200;
Kgs mass=5;
//then
Kelvin_Kgs KKgs =abs_temp() * mass;
abs_temp() = KKgs / mass;
//also
KKgs = kelvin(200)() * mass;
Global functions depreciated from the library are:
C++
root_unit_type Sqrt(unit_variable)
bool approx_equal<tolerance_unit, numerator, denominator>(numeric_variable1, numeric_variable2)
int how_many_in(U const& D, U2 const& N, U3 & R)
These can be activated with the ulib_using_depreciated(function_name) macro
Encapsulation of dimensional analysis
Barton's and Nackman's approach to dimensional analysis (mentioned earlier) is encapsulated by struct dimensions which has no data members because it is only involved in type formation and type matching at compile time.:
C++
template <int d1, int d2, int d3, int d4, int d5, int d6, int d7>
 struct dimensions
 {
 enum { D1=d1, D2=d2, D3=d3, D4=d4, D5=d5, D6=d6, D7=d7 };
 };
enum is used as a convenient way to declare a list of static const int members and initialise them. In this case they record the integer template parameters that define the class. As enums they are not allocated memory as variables and are simply inserted into runtime code wherever they appear, which in this case, is nowhere. As a result they act as pure compile time constants.
To work with this, structs are provided holding typedefs of dimensions structs representing operations on and combinations of other dimensions structs:
 - An explicit single dimension:
C++
template <int num> struct single_dimension
{
 typedef dimensions<(1==num)?1:0, (2==num)?1:0, (3==num)?1:0,
 (4==num)?1:0, (5==num)?1:0, (6==num)?1:0, (7==num)?1:0>
 dims;
};
//usage pattern
single_dimension<1>::dims LENGTH;
 - A power of an existing dimensions struct
C++
template<class dims_in, int P> struct dims_to_power
{
 typedef dimensions<dims_in::D1*P, dims_in::D2*P, dims_in::D3*P,
 dims_in::D4*P, dims_in::D5*P, dims_in::D6*P, dims_in::D7*P>
 dims;
};
 - Multiplication (op=Mult) and Division (op=Div) of one unit by another:
C++
//general definition
template<class t, class op, class b> struct Combine_dims;
struct Div{}; //Empty classes used only for selecting specialisation
struct Mult{};
//specialisation for multiplication - sum of dimension indices
template<class dims1, class dims2> struct Combine_dims<dims1, Mult, dims2>
{
 typedef dimensions<
 dims1::D1 + dims2:


text:
Coastal Works was contracted by Moree Plain Shire Council to construct a bi-directional water transfer system to ensure potable water security for the towns of Boggabilla and Toomelah. The length of the water mains was approximately 18 km requiring two (2) pumping stations and connections into the existing water reticulation systems in both communities.
The community at Toomelah is predominately indigenous and Coastal Works employed Toomelah locals to supplement the work teams. This opportunity allowed the locals to gain skills that otherwise would be difficult to obtain.
The isolation of the project meant that construction crews had to carefully plan deliveries to ensure that the project was always moving forward. The water main construction was completed in 6 weeks rather than the 12 weeks initially programmed.


text:
The Liquid Pre-amps on the Liquid Saffire 56 introduce 11 samples of delay to the audio stream. This is due to the Digital Signal Processing required to emulate the preamps.
Depending on the sample rate you are using, audio passed through inputs 1 and 2 will be the delayed by the following:
|Sample Rate (Hz)||Time Delay (milliseconds)||Offset Distance (centimeters)|
Audio recorded through the Liquid Pres can be moved forward by 11 samples in your DAW to account for the delay, however, in'real world' recording situations the user may choose to ignore this delay.
For stereo recording, either 2 Liquid Preamps should be used, or 2 standard Preamps should be used,
For ensemble recording, where more than 2 preamps are used to record, this delay should cause no audible artefacts. When two microphones are placed in a recording space, regardless of what pre-amps or interfaces are used, there is inevitably a delay between them unless they are placed at exactly the same distance from the source. This will mean that the audio arriving at the two mics, even if they are recording the same source will be non time coherent. The non time coherence - i.e. similar audio but with a delay between each mic, will be significantly more apparent due to the physical mic placement than any delay introduced by the Liquid Preamps.
Users of the Liquid Saffire 56 should set up their microphones exactly the same was as they always do, by moving the microphones around until the sound is right.


text:
PPARC believes that e-science, in the form of developing resources for data and information management and processing across local, national and global networks, will play a major role in the delivery of its future programme. Proposals are invited for PPARC e-science funding, most of which support people developing advanced informatics techniques.
Funding proposals must be science-driven. They will have to demonstrate scientific and technical excellence, setting out the specific contribution they will make to the development and implementation of generic technologies across the science programme. They will be expected to address broader scientific and industrial applicability, and include plans for effective dissemination of results to other science communities and industry. The involvement of the academic computer science community in PPARC e-science proposals is strongly encouraged. Full details online.
Contact: Dr Guy Rickett
Telephone: 01793 442014


text:
Stop Marvin Nichols
MARVIN NICHOLS RESERVOIR,
Eighty percent of the water from Marvin Nichols Reservoir would be piped to the Dallas/Fort Worth/North Texas area for future water supply. There are numerous options to meet the DFW area's future water demands that would cost less and have much lower impact than building a new reservoir. Water conservation programs could lead to substantial reductions in demand. Several already-existing sources of supply could be tapped for additional supply.
The attached information documents many of the reasons why Marvin Nichols Reservoir is not an appropriate choice as water supply for North Texas.
National Wildlife Federation (NWF)


Masquerade, Series _PHONE_
Approximately 60.96cm X 121.92cm, Oil on Canvas
All my paintings with staircases or steps refer to the sensation of becoming lost and needing to find one's way. Note that these staircases sometimes start out of nowhere and/or have no end…
More specifically, the staircases symbolise the predicaments humans create for themselves. People then have to somehow find a solution to resolve the problem that they have created, even when it looks impossible to do so.
The bird does not need a staircase, however, and moves only by instinct. The bird can fly and does not think these staircases are a problem, but humans do because that is their nature!


_USER_{NBERw6802, title = "The Case for a Populist Banker", author = "Andres Velasco and Vincenzo Guzzo", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "6802", year = "1998", month = "November", doi = {10.3386/w6802}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {We present a general equilibrium optimizing model in which we study the joint effects of centralization of wage setting and central bank conservatism on economic performance. Several striking conclusions emerge. In relatively centralized labor markets employment and output are decreasing and inflation is initially increasing and then decreasing in the degree of central bank conservatism. A radical-populist central banker who cares not at all about inflation (alternatively, who is not conservative) maximizes social welfare. Economic performance is not U-shaped in the degree of centralization of the labor market, in contrast to conventional wisdom.}, }


text:
The latest weapon unleashed to battle California's growing energy demand comes in the form of free software. The State of California Energy Commission's Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program is responsible for the development of a free software package dubbed the Sensor Placement and Orientation Tool (SPOT). The purpose of this software is to help designers establish correct photosensor placement relative to a given daylighting and electric lighting design.
Daylighting systems, which use natural lighting to supplement electric lighting, are sensitive to photosensor placement and performance. However, until now, there have been no easy-to-use tools to help designers predict performance and determine optimum sensor positioning. Using an Excel worksheet interface, SPOT accounts for variables such as room geometry, surface reflectances, solar orientation, electric lighting layout, and window design to help determine the best location for photosensors. It also helps designers comply with the daylighting requirements in California's Title 24 energy code, which calls for separate controls for daylit areas and offers substantial energy budget credits for automatic daylighting controls.
This software may be downloaded for free at _URL_


text:
Dividing Your Data02/21/2001
In the next few articles, I'll look at how FreeBSD stores data on your hard disk. To store data on a hard drive, the drive must first be divided into logical storage units, and each unit must be assigned an address. The file system will save data to these storage units and keep track of which storage units contain which files.
Like any other version of Unix, FreeBSD uses "inode" (index number) tables to record where files are physically located on disk. Before any inode tables can be created, the disk storage units must be created and given addresses. Let's summarize the steps involved in this process:
fdiskutility is used to view and create the BIOS partition table which defines up to four disk "slices."
disklabelutility is used to view and create the Unix partition table which defines up to eight Unix "partitions."
newfsutility is used to actually create a "filesystem" on each Unix partition.
- Every filesystem will then maintain its own inode table.
Notice that your FreeBSD system contains both a BIOS partition table and a Unix partition table. This is necessary as FreeBSD is a Unix operating system, meaning it understands the Unix partition table; however, FreeBSD is also an operating system which runs on a PC (personal computer). PCs require software known as the BIOS in order to initialize the computer, discover the physical geometry of the drives, and locate the software that will boot the desired operating system.
One of the instructions in the BIOS is to look at the contents of the first sector of the first hard disk. This sector is 512 bytes in size; out of those 512 bytes, 64 bytes have been set aside for the BIOS partition table. Every entry in the BIOS partition table consists of 16 bytes, therefore there is only enough room to describe four BIOS partitions.
The BIOS partition table can be viewed or changed using an
fdisk utility. If you change the BIOS partition table, you are actually "slicing" your physical disk into as many as four logical disks. FreeBSD users prefer to call these logical disks "slices" so they won't be confused with the "partitions" described by the Unix partition table.
You may be familiar with the DOS
fdisk utility; I'd like to compare it to the FreeBSD
fdisk utility so you can see the similarities between the two programs. I'll start by showing the output from one of my PCs; I booted this PC with a DOS boot disk, then ran
fdisk from the floppy prompt:
Microsoft Windows 95 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp/ 1983 - 1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information Enter choice:
Here we've entered the main menu of the DOS
fdisk utility. I don't want to change the BIOS partition table, so I'll choose option 4 to display the partition information.
Display Partition Information
Current fixed disk drive: 1
Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage
C: 1 A PRI DOS 204 FAT16 3%
2 Non-DOS 3193 52%
3 EXT DOS 2753 45%
Total disk space is 6150 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = _PHONE_ bytes)
The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives.
Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y?N)......?[Y]
Notice that I have "sliced" up my hard drive into three slices, which DOS calls "partitions." The first slice has a status of
A for active, meaning that it contains boot code in order to boot an operating system. It is 204 Mbytes in size and has been formatted with the FAT16 file system.
The second slice is 3,193 Mbytes and contains my FreeBSD partitions. This file type is not recognized by the DOS
fdisk utility and has been simply labeled as non-DOS.
The third slice is a 2,753-Mbyte extended partition. Notice that you must enter another screen to see the layout of the extended partition. Extended partitions were designed to allow you to slice your hard drive into more than four slices; the extended partition is simply a pointer to another area on disk which contains yet another table to describe the layout of the "logical" partitions contained within the "extended" partition. Unfortunately, these logical partitions are truly "logical" as they cannot contain boot code, and many operating systems will not install on an extended partition. I'll press Y to enter into the screen that will show these logical partitions:
Display Logical DOS Drive Information
Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage
D: 1396 FAT16 51%
E: 361 FAT16 13%
Total Extended DOS Partition size is 2753 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = _PHONE_ bytes)


text:
Updated June 2020.
In our previous article, we discussed how to read optical drawings while in this installment, we will focus on surface finish details. Optical lens performance can be heavily affected by the lens surface roughness. The surface texture symbols are used in optical drawings to define a lens's necessary surface finish and roughness and will the focus of this article.
Surface texture describes the surface waviness and roughness, lay, and flaw.
The surface finish symbols used in engineering drawings are defined by technical standards, such as ISO, ANSI, or AS (Australian standard). There are three surface roughness symbols (see figure below), indicating the surface (a), required material removal (b), and prohibiting material removal (c). The second one is most frequently used in optical engineering.
Surface finish symbols as defined by technical standards.
In the drawing below, we have shown three marks related to surface texture. Two identical marks for the front and back face, and one for side face.
Surface texture Indicate by the three marks. Two identical marks for the front and back face, and one for the side face.
Need assistance designing a custom optic or imaging lens ? Learn more about our design services here.
The parameter is further described in various technical standards, including ISO standard. The full form of the said symbol is often not required, except in some applications where surface texture is crucial. An optical engineer running a ray-tracing program like Zemax will determine the allowable tolerances to achieve the desired performance. If these tolerances are not called out in production, drawing problems can occur, resulting in an unsuitable optical surface.
The ISO standard allows to define this parameter more precisely
Thus, full surface texture symbol will inform us of:
a is a type of roughness measurement – possible conventional signs are Rq (Root mean square (RMS) height variance) and PSD (Power spectral density (PSD) of surface height).
b is the value of Rq or PSD – unit of measurement is micrometer (µm).
c is the method and level of the surface treatment – possible conventional signs are G, P1, P2, P3, and P4. The ground method is used if a matte surface is needed, while P1, P2, P3, and P4 methods are used for polished surfaces. P level defines polishing quality. All the levels are described in the table.
|Level of the polishing
|Number of the defects
|Approximate roughness (in nm)
|80 < N < 400
|16 < N < 80
|3 < N < 16
|N < 3
- d\e parameter defines conditions for surface sampling – d is the value of minimum resolution for scanning of the profile surface. e is the value of the scan length. It is essential to note the units of measurement. As opposed to Rq and PSD values, which are measured in micrometer, these values are measured in millimeters (mm).
When ordering custom lenses, special care must be devoted to optical surfaces. As a rule of thumb, the higher quality surface roughness will improve product performance, but also make it harder to produce and more expensive. Thus, a best practice is to ensure you and your lens manufacturing vendor are using the same definitions related to lens quality.


A Comparison of Drivers for Azure Cosmos DB
The metrics in this article are from the most up-to-date drivers available as of July 2019.
In this article, we compare the performance of the CData ODBC Driver for Cosmos DB to the equivalent native driver, looking at two measures.
First, we compare read performance, measuring the amount of time it takes to query an Azure Cosmos DB instance for data and process the result set in some way. We find that the CData Driver is at least three times faster than the native driver.
Next, we compare the resource usage of each driver for read queries, focusing on CPU and network usage. This is used to explain the underlying cause of better performance from the CData Driver. We further extend this test to see how both drivers scale as more server resources are added to CosmosDB (by configuring Read Units (RUs) in Azure Cosmos DB settings).
The Data
In order to provide a reproducible comparison, we copied the sample restaurants dataset made publicly available by MongoDB, Inc, repeating the dataset until we built a database with 10 million records. The relevant details for the table queried are below:
Table Number of Rows
restaurants 10,000,000
ODBC Driver Read Performance
First, we tested the related performance of the drivers by running the same two queries for each driver:
 1. SELECT * FROM restaurants LIMIT 25000
 2. SELECT * FROM restaurants
To simulate actual processing of the data from Cosmos DB, we read the values of every field in each row. The times required for each product to process the results are in the table below.
ODBC Query Times by Company (in milliseconds)
Rows Queried CData Software Native
25,000 1,441 (+382%) 6,945
10,000,000 437,526 (+203%) 1,325,441
As you can see in the results, the CData ODBC Driver handled large result sets significantly faster than the native driver, processing the largest dataset three times faster.
ODBC Driver Resource Usage
After testing the read performance, we decided to run a separate test to measure and compare resource usage, looking specifically at network and CPU usage. The charts below were found by running a sample C program and using Windows Resource Monitor (we ran two instances of Resource Monitor so we could capture the CPU usage and network usage simultaneously). For the resource usage test, we looked at two separate use cases, based on allocated Read Units (RUs) in Azure Cosmos DB. We limited the results to 2.5 million rows.
1. Querying a Large Number of Rows with Minimum RUs
For the initial comparison, we ran a query for a large number of rows, with the minimum number of RUs (400) in Cosmos DB: SELECT * FROM restaurants LIMIT _PHONE_
CData Driver
Native Driver*
* Note the change in scale for the Network graph.
From the graphs above, we can see that when the RUs are set to the minimum, both drivers retrieve data and then pause in the retrieval, due to rate limiting based on the allocated RUs. However, the CData Driver appears to process the data while retrieving it, whereas the native driver appears to retrieve the data and then process it. Additionally, with the minimum RUs set, the CData Driver peaks at pulling data in between 30 and 40 Mbps, where the native driver peaks between six and seven Mbps (note the scale change for the native driver). The higher rate of data retrieval indicates that the CData Driver is making better use of the network bandwidth and results in faster query processing times for the CData Driver.
2. Querying a Large Number of Rows with High RUs
For the second comparison, we ran a query for a large number of rows, with high RUs in Cosmos DB: SELECT * FROM restaurants LIMIT 25000000
CData Driver
Native Driver*
* Note the change in scale for the Network graph.
When we set the RUs to a higher value (3500), the performance of the CData Driver improves dramatically and the differences in how each driver utilizes available resources become more pronounced. Based on the graph, the CData Driver maintains the pattern of retrieving and processing the data simultaneously but is retrieving much more data per second (around 70 Mbps), fully utilizing the allocated RUs. The native driver sees little-to-no improvement in performance with higher RUs, continuing the pattern of first retrieving the data and then processing the data separately. The native driver retrieves the data at the same rate (around 7 Mbps) as when the RUs were set to the minimum value, showing no indication of utilizing the allocated RUs.
The CData Software driver regularly proves to be faster than the native driver, particularly when dealing with large data sets and with a high RU allocation. Our developers have spent countless hours optimizing the performance in requesting data and processing the results returned by the Cosmos DB database, capitalizing on the RUs allocated to a system. This engineering means you get the best performance possible based on your allocated RUs. Download a free, 30-day trial of any of our Cosmos DB drivers and experience the CData difference for yourself.
Related Articles


text:
Policies aiming at promoting entrepreneurship are in general formed on national levels, without any consideration of differences between urban and rural areas. Usually, cities are provided with better and more modern infrastructure; cities have better supply of physical, financial and human capital, and connected services, and cities have a more modern industrial structure in the sense that their shares of growing industry are higher. Thus, it is possible that policies for entrepreneurship, which in general are designed for urban areas, might be less effective when they are implemented in rural areas. A first step to test the validity of this hypothesis could be to investigate the differences between cities and countryside regarding self-employment propensity and factors affecting the choice to become self-employed. Based on an exceptionally rich data set containing very detailed socio-economic and geographical information on all residents in Sweden, this paper examines: (a) the scope and structure of self-employment propensity in urban and rural areas, respectively, in Sweden, divided into full-time and part-time self-employment, and (b) the importance of a number of attributes that may have an impact on individuals' propensity to start an enterprise in the two area types. Variables being tested are connected to demography and education, labor market status, plant characteristics, self-employment experience, financial resources, family links and regional attributes. The main results indicate that self-employment entry is influenced by the same factors in the same way in urban and rural areas. However, countryside's industrial structure has a smaller share of growing industries. The fact that countryside's startups follow the existing industrial structure means that this "modernity gap" between densely built up areas and countryside remains. From a policy perspective, this must be seen as a serious problem for countryside's growth potential. This gives an argument for designing a special entrepreneurship policy for the countryside in order to increase its share of growing trades and thereby modernize its industrial structure.
New York: Springer-Verlag New York, 2013. Vol. 50, no 2, 479-514 p.