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View or Configure an Address Rewrite Entry
Exchange 2010

Applies to: Exchange Server 2010 SP3, Exchange Server 2010 SP2
Topic Last Modified: 2012-07-23
You can use the Shell to view or modify an existing address rewrite entry on a computer that has the Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 Edge Transport server role installed.For more information about address rewriting, see Understanding Address Rewriting.
Looking for other management tasks related to transport agents? Check out Managing Transport Agents.
CautionCaution:
Be careful when you modify an address rewrite entry. Any changes that you make are applied immediately when the command is run. We recommend that you first run the command with the WhatIf parameter.
For more information about the WhatIf parameter, see WhatIf, Confirm, and ValidateOnly Switches.
You need to be assigned permissions before you can perform this procedure. To see what permissions you need, see the "Address Rewriting agent" entry in the Transport Permissions topic.
noteNote:
You can't use the EMC to view a summary list of all address rewrite entries.
This example provides a summary list of all address rewrite entries.
Get-AddressRewriteEntry
For detailed syntax and parameter information, see Get-AddressRewriteEntry.
You need to be assigned permissions before you can perform this procedure. To see what permissions you need, see the "Address Rewriting agent" entry in the Transport Permissions topic.
noteNote:
You can't use the EMC to view detailed configuration of a single address rewrite entry.
To view detailed configuration of an address rewrite entry, you must pipe the output of the Get-AddressRewriteEntry command to the Format-List command by using the following command syntax.
Get-AddressRewriteEntry <GUID or address rewrite entry name> | Format-List
For more information about pipelining, see Pipelining. For more information about how to work with the information returned by a command, see Working with Command Output.
This example provides detailed configuration of the Rewrite Contoso.com to Northwindtraders.com address rewrite entry.
Get-AddressRewriteEntry "Rewrite Contoso.com to Northwindtraders.com" | Format-List
For detailed syntax and parameter information, see Get-AddressRewriteEntry.
You need to be assigned permissions before you can perform this procedure. To see what permissions you need, see the "Address Rewriting agent" entry in the Transport Permissions topic.
noteNote:
You can't use the EMC to modify an address rewrite entry.
To modify an address rewrite entry, you must provide the Identity parameter of the address rewrite entry that you want to modify. You typically use the name of the address rewrite entry as its identity, although you can use its GUID.
You can modify several parameters configured on an address rewrite entry. To modify an address rewrite entry, specify the identity of the entry in double quotation marks. You don't have to specify the Identity parameter label because it's implied. Also, you should include each parameter that you want to modify, together with its value.
To modify an address rewrite entry, use the following syntax.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry <Identity> -Parameter <value>
This example modifies the ExternalAddress parameter.
importantImportant:
On a single address rewrite entry, the ExternalAddress parameter and the InternalAddress parameter both must either be an e-mail address or a domain. You can't mix the two types of values on a single address rewrite entry.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry "Contoso to Northwindtraders" -ExternalAddress northwindtraders.net
This example modifies the InternalAddress parameter.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry "Northwindtraders to Contoso" -InternalAddress northwindtraders.net
This example modifies the OutboundOnly parameter.
importantImportant:
You must use the OutboundOnly parameter when you configure address rewrite entries to rewrite multiple internal subdomains to a single external domain. If the OutboundOnly parameter is enabled on an address rewrite entry, Exchange 2010 doesn't rewrite inbound e-mail messages sent to the rewritten external domain that you specified.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry "Contoso to Northwindtraders" -OutboundOnly:$true
This example modifies the ExceptionList parameter.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry "Contoso to Northwindtraders" -ExceptionList sales.northwindtraders.net
noteNote:
If the ExceptionList property that the ExceptionList parameter modifies contains multiple values, be sure that you don't overwrite existing values when you add subdomains. For more information about how to add values to, and remove values from, the ExceptionList property, see Modifying Multivalued Properties.
This example modifies the Name parameter.
Set-AddressRewriteEntry "Contoso to Northwindtraders" -Name "Contoso to Woodgrove Bank"
For detailed syntax and parameter information, see Set-AddressRewriteEntry.
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text:
The Espoonjoki river flows for seven kilometres from the confluence of the Glimsinjoki and Glomsinjoki rivers all the way to the Espoonlahti bay. The river rehabilitation area is located south of the Turunväylä road from Kirkkojärvi to Kauklahti.
The rehabilitation of the Espoonjoki river started in summer 2020 with mowing and removing fallen logs from the river bed. More visible and extensive works started at the beginning of 2021 near the Turunväylä road. The construction of the Vanttila site access road started at the same time. The implementation and progress of the work depend on the water level, ground frost situation and weather conditions. The Espoonjoki river is being renovated to improve the flow of water, the recreational use of the river, the landscape and the living conditions of fish.
The river will be dredged and some of the willow on the banks removed. Wetland areas will be built in Vanttilanoja and at Muuralanpuro brook in Kirkkopuisto park. A flood plain will be used to enhance solids absorption. This is aimed to make the material making the water muddy sink into the area of the river bed with slower flow. The living conditions of the fish will be improved by paving and gravelling the bottom of the river bed at flow points.
Flooding has been an annual problem for Kirkkojärvi. Levees have been built in the area in order to reduce flood damage. Park routes and the Turunväylä road have also been raised.
At the end of the project, the recreational routes and roads will be restored. Apart from the section between Vanttila and Mikkelä, which is planned to serve as part of an outdoor recreation route that will be built later, the site roads will be demolished.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Common 07 – Cv or Kv Control Valve Coefficients
There are many different types of components and control valves on the market. Each may have different flow / pressure loss characteristics. Control valve manufacturers usually publish a Cv flow coefficient or a Kv flow coefficient that defines the flow / pressure loss characteristics of the valve. Cv or Kv flow coefficients are also sometimes used to specify the flow versus pressure drop characteristics of a partially closed balancing valve.
A Cv flow coefficient specifies the volume of water in US gpm at 60∞F (15.55∞C) that will flow through a valve with a 1.0 psi pressure drop across the valve.
A Kv flow coefficient specifies the volume of water in m3/hour at 20∞C (68 ∞F) that will flow through a valve with a 1.0 bar pressure drop across the valve.
The Component object is used to model a control valve with Cv or Kv characteristics.
Three ways to add a Component with a Cv or Kv flow coefficient to a pipe:
a) Click on the pipe to highlight it and then click the Add/Edit Component button on the pipe pane
to display the 'Component Pressure Loss' screen.
b) Click on the pipe to highlight it and then Right Click and select the Add/Edit Component from
the Popup Menu.
c) Select the Add Component button from the tool bar (the component cursor appears) then click
the pipe where the component is to be added.


text:
Northwestern Belize has a high diversity of wildlife due to extensive areas of intact natural habitat and relatively low levels of human disturbance. The wide range of fauna reflects the diversity of Northern Belize's many habitats. The following are brief descriptions of the more common species you might encounter when visiting each of the different ecosystems of northern Belize. The list is by no means comprehensive.
You can easily access these areas at the Chan Chich/Gallon Jug area, the Rio Bravo Conservation Area, and near the Lamanai Mayan site.
Most of the lowland broadleaf forests of northern Belize support healthy populations of all 5 species of wildcat - Jaguar (Panthera onca), Puma (Felis concolor), Ocelot (Felis pardalis), Margay (Felis wiedii) and Jaguarundi (Felis yagouaroundi). NW Belize is an area with perhaps the largest population of wildcats in Belize probably because the natural prey base has not been hunted out.
Two species of monkey inhabit the broadleaf forests of northern Belize. The howler monkey (Alouatta pigra), a large, relatively heavy set primate, can be heard roaring early mornings and evenings. Known in Belize as the "baboon", they live in the tree tops feeding on fruit and leaves. The spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), known as "monkey" in Belize, also lives in the tree tops, but is much more agile than the howlers, swinging from branch to branch using their arms.
Medium and small sized mammals will probably dominate your wildlife sitings. Herds of 10 or 20 White-tailed deer grazing along the trimmed roadside and second growth bush are common near Gallon Jug. The grey fox, though an arboreal mammal, is a frequent roadside siting as are armadillos and opossums at night. Probably the most frequently seen nighttime mammal is the kinkajou, found high in the canopy and located by their eyeshine.
Search openings in the canopy for the keel billed toucan, Belize's national bird. You can usually hear them even in the thick of the forest as a low, throaty, reptilian sound repeated over and over rrrk-rrrk-rrrk. In fact, because of the dense foliage, you will probably hear more birds than you will see. The Blue-crowned Motmot is a gorgeous bird with a deep-throated double hoot-hoot. Arguably the most beautiful and memorable call comes from the montezuma orependola. This crow sized bird builds large hanging nest high on emergent trees; the song is impossible to describe, but consists of an unforgettable series of bizarre gurgles and hollow popping notes.
Finally, all throughout the northwestern forest, you will encounter the large occellated turkey feeding along roadsides and clearings. As the sun sets, listen for the haunting, eerie, powerful, and quavering whistle of the great tinamou which so typifies nature in the tropics.
At first glance, the pine ridge and savanna habitat appear to be void of wildlife. But wildlife watching often is rewarding. Probably the most frequently seen mammal is the grey fox running along the roadside with its bushy tail waving behind. It feeds on small mammals and insects. At night, you can hear the nine-banded armadillo snuffling through dead leaves and soil searching for ants, termites and other insects. The puma is the principle top predator of the lowland savanna ecosystem of the north.
Characteristic reptiles include the beautiful rainbow ameiva, an iridescent lizard which feeds predominately on insects. Another extremely common lizard is the anole, a small, plain, greyish lizard perched on branches, shrubs or tuffs of grass. At night you can find the large cane toad, which feeds on almost anything that can fit into its mouth. This toad has a good supply of poison glands on its skin which can cause headaches and nausea if ingested; dogs have died from biting this toad.
Birds are easily seen in the savanna habitat and include such notable species as the king vulture soaring overhead and the yellow-headed parrot and jabiru stork nesting on the top of dead pine trees. Along roadsides you will encounter a pretty white flycatcher with a long forked tail performing dramatic up-down-zigzag flight. The forked-tailed flycatcher is sometimes found in flocks of 30 or more birds in open areas with scattered bushes. Other birds that are mostly restricted to the savanna habitat include the brilliant vermilion flycatcher and the aplomado falcon.
The best way of experiencing the savanna is to hike during the early morning and late afternoon. Use a pair of binoculars. Walk slowly and stop often. Listen. Sounds of insects and birds will carry far in the open country. And if you are lucky enough to venture upon one of the many watering holes, find a dry place to sit down with a good view of the shore.
Closely associated with the savannas of northern Belize are the freshwater wetlands, including rivers, swamps (bajos) and lagoons. While these wetlands are important flood channels and plains, the rich soil ladened runoff waters are the source of food for plants and invertebrates which make up the lower levels of the food chain. This wealth of food attracts a large number of migrant and resident birds.
Common birds of this habitat include the many species of herons and egrets, ibis, woodstorks, spoonbills, and the relatively rare agami and bare-throated tiger herons. Rails are often heard foraging along the banks of lagoons in the tall grass, and anhingas and cormorants feed underwater on the plentiful freshwater fish.
One of the most common and noticeable predators in this habitat is the snail kite, a black hawk-like looking bird with a long hooked bill evolved to extract the body of the apple snail from its shell. This predator is the reason you will find so many large, beautiful shells littering the shoreline of lagoons and rivers of northern Belize.
There are two important reptiles that frequent the waterways and lagoons of northern Belize. The hickatee turtle (Dermatemys mawii) lives in the large, deep lowland rivers and lagoons of northern Belize, feeding on leaves and fruit which drop into the river or are carried downstream. The hickatee is widely hunted for its meat. The other reptile is the Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreleti), commonly known as "alligator". The Morelet's lives mainly in inland lagoons and the slow flowing rivers. They feed on any small prey such as birds and small mammals along the shorelines of the wetlands of northern Belize.
The mangrove and coastal lagoon is home to a rich diversity of marine species both above and below the water. The animals that inhabit the underwater region of this habitat must be able to stand a wide and often sudden change in salinity, but take advantage of the shelter and abundant food source available. Birds, reptiles, invertebrates and mammals also take advantage of the protection of the mangrove trees and vegetation while the rich source of food provides a perfect location for reproduction.
Many waterfowl use the mangrove for nesting. One of the most impressive is the wood stork, one of Belize's largest birds. Their rookeries are restricted to the coastal lagoons, with several large nesting sites accessible with proper guides in the Shipstern Lagoon. Other waterfowl frequenting the coastal mangrove include the many species of heron and egret, ibis, spoonbills and white-crowned pigeons. These birds feed on the abundance of shrimp, crabs, worms, small fish and insects which live in and around the mud and leaf detritus.
Below the waterline, life also flourishes. Many marine invertebrates such as sponges, tunicates, anemones, oysters and barnacles live on the root systems of the red mangrove. The young of commercial marine species such as snapper, grouper, lobster and crabs begin their life in the mangrove before moving out into the deeper marine waters. A snorkel through the rich mangrove lagoons of Bacalar Chico or along the mouths of the many rivers of northern Belize will give you a glimpse of the diversity and richness of this underwater habitat.
Common reptiles include the ubiquitous anole lizard, abundantly found on almost any tree trunk. Boa constrictors and other snakes feed on the many insects and young birds raised in the mangrove, as well as the unsuspecting migrants which use the coastal mangrove as a feeding and resting stop during their journeys. The other crocodile species in Belize, the American Crocodile, prefers the salt and brackish water of the coastal lagoons.
Mammals are less abundant, though the racoon and coatimundi are sometimes seen in the mangrove, as well as squirrels. The most impressive mammal you will see while exploring the coastal mangrove habitat is the West Indian Manatee. This endangered species feeds on the turtle grass in the shallows around mangrove islands along the north coast, and is normally seen with just the snout sticking out of the water, or a swirl of mud along side your boat.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
3D numerical model for dynamic loading-induced multiple fracture zones around underground cavity faces
- Publication Type:
- Journal Article
- Computers and Geotechnics, 2013, 54 pp. 33 - 45
- Issue Date:
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Three dimensional numerical modelling was used to examine the fracture responses around cavities in rock masses experiencing the stress of excavation. In addition to the primary fracture zone in the near-field, numerical modelling generated a second fracture zone in the far-field and an elastic non-fracture zone between the two fields, i.e., fracture and non-fracture zones occurred alternately around a deep cavity. Further research illustrated that the dynamic load and static stress gradient are two necessary precursors for a far-field fracture in the excavation process. Neither quasi-static loading nor homogeneous stress conditions could induce a far-field fracture. A simple theory is introduced, suggesting that multiple fracture zones occur during excavation due to both the initial stress gradient and the dynamic load. This finding indicates that it may be possible to induce continuous rock fractures in deep underground rock masses by employing optimal excavation methods to generate multiple contiguous fracture zones. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:


Petland Mall of Georgia
Irish Setter
Irish Setter
Beloved for their rich mahogany silky coat and their excellence at bird hunting, the Irish Setter is truly an Irish beauty. Due to their friendliness and enthusiasm with visitors, they are one of the most common pets all over the world. Discover more about our Irish Setter puppies for sale below!
Breed History
Their history runs back to the 18th century in Ireland where they were developed to help farmers locate birds in the wild. Irish Setters were not always completely chestnut in color, the original Irish Setters had a mix of white coloring with red patches on their coats.
In the latter part of the 18th century, the Irish Setter was not predominantly red, they were born sporting different colors. However, the red dogs were the most popular.
Irish Setters are gundogs – dogs specially trained to assist in game hunting. They were traditionally employed to hunt because of their swiftness, their quick reactions and their keen sense of smell.
The Irish Setters are fun-loving animals. They are always lively, they greet visitors enthusiastically and are very friendly with children. The Irish Setter has a high sense of alertness.
They are usually very alert to their surroundings. It is easy to train this type of dog because of the high level of intelligence they display.
They can be too rambunctious with children. They can pose a threat to small animals in the home because they are a breed developed for hunting.
The Irish Setter thrives on the availability of human companions. Leaving them alone and void of human connection can make them hyperactive and destructive.
 Stated earlier, is the love Irish Setters have for their human owners and the constant to be around them. They would do well in an environment that lets them make occasional contact with human beings.
They love to run. A perfect environment for this breed is one that is fenced, which would allow them room to run as much as they want without the risk of wandering away from home.
However, it is inadvisable to keep this breed in an isolated place like a backyard all by itself as they can get destructive, bored and hyperactive over time.
The Irish Setter is an energetic dog. It loves to run around and initiate physical activities with owners or visitors alike. They require an hour of exercise daily.
Owners can achieve help them achieve this in different ways. As a hunting dog, it loves the wild, so owners can schedule jogs with it. Owners can also take bicycle rides and the Irish Setter would excitedly run after the bicycle.
The Irish Setter is not advised for people who spend long hours at work or people who don't live an active lifestyle. There are Another exciting way to get them exercised is Frisbee throwing.
Getting them to the pool and going for a dive is also great for their physical health. Hunting is a natural activity that they'd love to participate in.
Irish Setters have attractive coats that make them an easy spot in a sea of dogs. It is an important feature that sets it apart from other dogs in the world. They possess a coat that is not too long and aligns perfectly with the rest of their body.
Irish Setters are to be brushed often to keep the luster of the coat. They should be checked for debris after a fun time out. They usually don't need a bath for more than a few times in a year. To avoid getting his skin and coat parched, dog shampoo should be utilized.
Clean their ears weekly with a recommended cleanser and cotton ball, to prevent ear infections. Nails should be trimmed every month and their teeth should be brushed to prevent the buildup of bacteria in their denture.
The unregulated breeders who are selling outside of the USDA regulations and without a license are what we consider to be "Puppy Mills." We are committed to offering Irish Setter puppies who will grow up to become important members of your family. We only purchase puppies from the very best sources, and we stand behind every puppy we sell.
Contact us today to learn more about the availability of our Irish Setter puppies for sale. We look forward to helping you find your next family member. Our pet counselors can answer any questions you have about our Irish Setter puppies.
Top Ten Frequently Asked Questions about the Irish Setter
Are Irish Setters unstable and hyperactive?
Irish Setters gained a reputation as 'hyper dogs' in the 1970s when they became popular. This reputation has people believing they are highly unstable. While they are quite energetic, they only become hyperactive and unstable if they are not being constantly exercised or if they are not well trained.
How much grooming do Irish Setters need?
Their long chestnut coat does require some care but a habit of brushing them daily is the minimum they need.
Are Irish Setters good guard dogs?
While they are highly sensitive to changes in their surroundings, they would only alert owners to the presence of a threat. They would however not be doing any attacking the intruders. They are more likely to find a place to hide or greet the stranger happily.
How often should Irish Setters be fed?
Irish Setters require feeding three times a day when they are less than six months old. When they are older, feeding could be reduced to twice a day.
Do Irish Setters shed a lot?
They don't shed easily even though they have a long coat.
Are Irish Setters good apartment pets?
Old Irish setters possess good house manners. Young ones are however not great for apartments because they need room to run.
What is Irish Setters life expectancy?
They usually live for about 12 years.
How tall do Irish Setters get?
Male Irish Setters can grow to about 67 cm while females grow to a height of 62 cm.
How big do Irish Setters get?
Adult males can grow to a size of 32 kg and females reach an optimum of 29kg.
What should Irish Setters be fed?
They prefer homemade food, i.e. Real food
The Irish Setter is a breed that is easy to care for. As a very athletic animal, it challenges owners into an active lifestyle.
Are you interested in purchasing a Irish Setter?


Combustion of Alkanols
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 - Published : April 30, 2012
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Combustion of Alkanols
Aim: To determine which alkanols has higher heat combustion
Hypothesis: The alkanols with the longer carbon chain will a higher heat combustion Background Information:
Heat combustion can be calculated by using various formulas. By using ΔH= -mcΔT, we can gather the amount of heat released. Since the experiment is exothermic, ΔH will have a negative value. By dividing the total amount by 1000, the units changes into KJ. Divide the total KJ of heat by the amount of fuel used(in grams) which gives the amount of kilo jewels per gram. By multiplying the total value by the molar mass of the alkanols will give the total KJ/mol. Method:
1. Use a clamp to connect a metal cup to a retort stand
2. Measure the initial weight of the of the alkanols
3. Add exactly 100 ml of water into the cup
4. Place the alkanols fuel source under the metal cup
5. Take the initial temperature of the water
6. Light the fuel source to heat the cup of water
7. When the temperature of the water increases by exactly 20 ̊C, blow out the flame 8. Measure the new weight of the fuel source
9. Record the result
10. Repeat for the other alkanols
Results:
Alkanols used| Fuel used (grams)| Kilo jewels per gram (KJ/g)| Kilo jewels per mole (KJ/mol)| Class average (KJ/g)| Class average (KJ/mol) | Methanol| 1.02| -8.2| -262.7| -8.4| -291|
Ethanol| 0.77| -10| -435| -12.1| -536|
Propanol| 0.78| -10.7| -644| -18.85| -883.2|
The molar heat combustion increases with carbon chain lengths as the alkanols contains hydrogen bonding and because of more carbons, this results in increased dispersion forces along the chain, thus the activation energy is higher and has a higher molar heat combustion.
Discussion:
The experiment results fell a little out of range of the class average. The reliability of the experiment was high as most groups in the class results were consistent. The...
tracking img


What is phantom traffic and why is it ruining your life?
Obtener código incrustado.
24 idiomas
Altavoz: Benjamin Seibold
You're cruising down the highway when all of a sudden endless rows of brake lights appear ahead. There's no accident, no stoplight, no change in speed limit, or narrowing of the road. So why is there so much traffic? It's due to a phenomenon called a phantom traffic jam. Benjamin Seibold explains why it happens and how we might prevent it in the future. [Directed by Cris Wiegandt, narrated by Addison Anderson, music by André Aires, AIM Creative Studios].


text:
It's hard to believe that 26 years before the outbreak of the American Civil War, 28 years before the Emancipation Proclamation, and 35 years before African Americans were allowed to vote, Oberlin College opened its doors to both white and black students alike to get a high quality, equal education. In 1835, It became the first University to regularly admit black students and hold a policy that it would accept any qualified student regardless of race. Oberlin was home to many ardent abolitionists and played a significant role in the Underground Railroad. Oberlin was a key stop and offered shelter to fugitive slaves on their escape to other northern states or Canadian territory. Not only was Oberlin the first college to regularly admit African-Americans but it became the first coeducational university in the country. In 1837, four female students enrolled with the rest of the male student body and 3 of them received their Bachelor of Arts degree in 1841. They are the first women ever to receive this type of degree. Oberlin College is truly a path setter in the way it laid the foundation for blacks and women to receive a higher education. It's also appropriate that the first African-American woman to receive a Bachelor's degree graduated from Oberlin in 1862.
Photo via Oberlin.edu

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Children urged to make waves
GET off the Xbox and get into the ocean this summer, with the North-West Vegemite SurfGroms children's program.
The robust, cutting-edge junior surf development program teaches kids all about surf conditions, surf survival, beach etiquette, basic first aid and ocean rescue skills - as well as how to surf a gnarly wave.
"We guarantee that you'll be standing up before you complete the course," SurfGroms instructor Joey Cotton said.
The Vegemite SurfGroms program is a national initiative available to anyone aged between five and 12, regardless of experience or ability.
This summer it will be offered in Devonport, Ulverstone and Hawley Beach.
"It's all about introducing kids to a healthy lifestyle that is inherently Australian. Too many kids aren't getting out enough and are opting for the Xbox instead. Summer's approaching, the water is getting warmer - why not make the most of the beach?" Mr Cotton said.
"There aren't too many patrolled beaches on the NorthWest Coast also, making it extra important for kids to be aware of the dangers out there.
"That's where we come in."
SurfGroms is the only surf school operating directly out of the North-West, the next-closest being Scamander on the East Coast.
"Tassie's pretty good in terms of beach fatalities - let's keep it that way," Mr Cotton said.
Tablet - Narrow
Tablet - Wide


Bad Habits to Kick : Using loops to populate large tables
This is part of more than a decade of posts involving Bad Habits and Best Practices.
See the full index.
Today I'd like to talk about using primitive loops to generate a large number of rows. Okay, I'll admit, in most cases you are doing this for a demo or proof of concept, and so speed / performance is not all that important. But using a loop to populate a table with 1 million rows, one row at a time, is not fun at all, no matter how much thumb-twiddling you are willing to do.
I often see people building up test cases like this:
 _USER_ int,
 _USER_ int;
 _USER_ = 1,
 _USER_ = _PHONE_;
WHILE _USER_ <= _USER_
 SET _USER_ = _USER_ + 1;
For 500 or 50,000 rows, this probably wouldn't be a big deal. But when you get into the bigger numbers, you are going to be spending a long time waiting for the inserts to finish. So how do you get around it?
I have long been an advocate of an auxiliary numbers table. It makes quick work of generating dummy data, does not require a lot of storage space, and is easy to join against for various reporting-type functions. Let's say you create a numbers table with 1,000,000 rows, then you can change the above code to:
DECLARE _USER_ int = _PHONE_;
 SELECT [Number]
 FROM dbo.Numbers
 WHERE [Number] BETWEEN 1 AND _USER_;
However, there are some who fundamentally object to adding a table to their schema, even if they put it in some utility database.
Thankfully, there are some clever workarounds to this that let you construct a numbers table on the fly. Here is one that I have used in previous posts:
DECLARE _USER_ int = _PHONE_;
 x = ROW_NUMBER() OVER
 (ORDER BY s1.[object_id])
 FROM sys.all_objects AS s1
 CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects AS s2
 CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects AS s3
SELECT [Number] = x
 INTO _TAG_
 FROM n
 WHERE x BETWEEN 1 AND _USER_;
And here is one using a set of CTEs and no system views, based on code I stole from Itzik Ben-Gan at some point:
DECLARE _USER_ int = _PHONE_;
 n5 (x) AS (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 0),
 n4 (x) AS (SELECT 1 FROM n5 CROSS JOIN n5 AS x),
 n3 (x) AS (SELECT 1 FROM n4 CROSS JOIN n4 AS x),
 n2 (x) AS (SELECT 1 FROM n3 CROSS JOIN n3 AS x),
 n1 (x) AS (SELECT 1 FROM n2 CROSS JOIN n2 AS x),
 n0 (x) AS (SELECT 1 FROM n1 CROSS JOIN n1 AS x),
 Nbrs (x) AS
 FROM n0
SELECT [Number] = x
 INTO _TAG_
 FROM Nbrs
 WHERE n BETWEEN 1 AND _USER_;
Another alternative is the recursive CTE.
DECLARE _USER_ int = _PHONE_;
;WITH n(x) AS
 SELECT x = 1
 SELECT x + 1
 FROM n WHERE x < _USER_
SELECT [Number] = x
 INTO _TAG_
 FROM n
 OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0); -- or <= 32767 if you need fewer rows
Since writing this post, I wrote another series on generating sets without loops: Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3
If you are going to continue using a loop, at the very least, please get in the habit of adding SET NOCOUNT ON; statements to your code. This way, at least, that big loop won't be wasting all that effort passing 1 row(s) affected to the client n times, and the client won't be wasting all that effort printing it out to you n times.
Now, don't get me wrong; I am not saying that loops are a bad thing. In fact, for a lot of things, they are the right answer, and for some things they are the only answer. But in cases where things don't have to happen one at a time, they shouldn't happen one at a time.
See the full index.
Aaron Bertrand
25 Responses
 1. Balaji Ram says:
 Regarding using optimal transaction size (100000 in the example above). This seems to matter only for permanent tables in user databases. Tempdb's _TAG_ do not suffer much of a performance hit even when no transaction size is used and left to default(auto commit) with no explicit transaction.
 Thanks to Paul Randal, I know tempdb data pages are NOT flushed to disk unless there is memory pressure. What about the tempdb LOG BLOCKs? Is it also NOT flushed to tempdb log file unless there is memory pressure?
 Any Insights/thoughts? Thanks.
 2. Dean says:
 Thanks Aaron, I understand cross joins, I just meant from a functional point of view, I was interested in why you chose that particular approach. I think I can pretty much imply it now from your reply – you just want access to a table with sufficient rows that a cross join to itself will create a large number of results, without having to create and populate it yourself, right? If so hopefully my experience will be useful to people that if they have a very particular and large number in mind, they may want to be careful about relying on any system tables. (Even my sys.all_objects table only has 2,267 rows, so would only create 5 million results when cross joined.)
 The general point of your post has really helped me though, I had a requirement to fill a table with 50 million rows of random sales data, and the way I was previously doing it (with a 1 to 50,000,000 WHILE loop) took 50 minutes. Following your approach, but using a smaller loop to populate a table variable with 7,072 rows, I now have it down to 5 minutes. I've posted it here in case a) it helps anyone or b) anyone has any further suggestions for improvement! (Once again, thanks for the post, it was a life saver!)
 DECLARE _USER_ TABLE (col1 INT);
 DECLARE _USER_ INT = 1
 WHILE _USER_ <= 7072
 INSERT INTO _USER_ VALUES(_USER_);
 SET _USER_ = _USER_ + 1;
 — Sales figures random between 315 and 1140
 — Dates random number of minutes between 1 and _PHONE_ after 1/1/07
 — (makes a range of approx 5 years)
 IF OBJECT_ID('sales_figures') IS NOT NULL DROP TABLE dbo.sales_figures;
 SELECT TOP 50000000
 CONVERT(VARCHAR(30), DATEADD(minute, ABS(CHECKSUM(NewId())) % _PHONE_, '01-JAN-2007'), 100) AS sales_date
 , 315 + (ABS(CHECKSUM(NewId())) % 825) AS sales_figure
 INTO dbo.sales_figures
 FROM _USER_ t1 CROSS JOIN _USER_ t2;
 3. AaronBertrand says:
 Hi Dean, sorry, the code should be using sys.all_objects instead of sys.objects. I ran my tests in AdventureWorks but in relatively empty databases I could understand that you might fall short of 1,000,000 rows as a result.
 I'll think about a separate blog post to explain the cross joins, but in the meantime maybe this series will help:
 4. Dean says:
 Hi Aaron. I like the look of your preferred option but would you be able to explain it a little? What exactly does it do, and why? I have just run it for the first time and I only get 970,299 rows, not 1,000,000. I just think it may be useful to people to explain what the code is doing (especially to give people confidence to edit it to their own needs). Thanks!
 5. Abhijit says:
 Guys, fantastic. I kicked myself (better late than never).
 Having said that, any better solution for my problem below.
 I need to generate following output where R1..Rn are rows and C1..Cn are columns (max limit known)
 R1 => C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 …….Cn
 R2 => C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 …….Cn
 R3 => C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 …….Cn
 For this I generate a series of numbers for Rows and Columns.
 Is using left join good (assuming there are 10000 rows and 5000 columns)
 I have tried to depict my problem in a very simple mechanism but let me know if the description is adequate.
 6. Razvan Socol says:
 Hello Aaron,
 You wrote that the recursive CTE method is


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Get a Landlord policy for any residential investment property. Anything from condo units to single-family homes to quadplexes - insure it your way
If you own a residential unit, your investment property acquired to generate income by renting to your tenants, you need Landlord Insurance. Insurance agents call it DP3 or Dwelling protection form 3. It is also known as a Dwelling Fire insurance policy.
Landlord policies offer different forms
Landlord insurance policies are written on one of the following forms:
- Basic. Coverage is provided only due to specific causes of loss. Losses outside of that list are not covered.
- Broad. Just like basic, it covers against specified perils (cause of loss). This list is slightly larger by a few additional causes of loss.
- Special. That's the one you want. It's more expensive, of course, but it's an open peril form, meaning that any causes of loss are covered except those expressly excluded.
When shopping online, generally, everyone compares insurance companies' rates based on three things: Dwelling coverage, Liability, and Deductible. You chose the cheapest one and think you did a great job. Maybe you did, but not one policy is the same. Some policies are written on a Basic form while others – on a Special, which is a big deal between these two. Also, many policies are just very limited regarding add-on coverages that come with Landlord Insurance, and there could be many exclusions and limitations. So, working with an insurance agent that understands that type of coverage may help you avoid future claims that may not get paid.
The main purpose of this policy is to protect the physical structure of the dwelling and liability protection for the landlord.
Typically, Landlord insurance policies offer the following coverages:
Coverage A (Dwelling)
Coverage A (Dwelling) is one of the most important parts of Landlord Insurance. Often landlords do not choose a high enough limit by underestimating how much it costs to rebuild the building. It is your responsibility, not the bank's or agent's, to insure your building up to the replacement value.
What is Replacement Cost
Landlords and even some agents think the limit of Coverage A should equal the mortgage amount or the property's market value. The property's mortgage amount, market value, and replacement cost are three different things.
To get your investment property insured, you need to determine the replacement cost of the building, which is the amount of money required to rebuild your property from the ground up, after a loss like a fire, for example. The replacement value should include the cost of removing debris, cost of labor, and materials.
The insurance company will not pay off your loan in case of fire. Neither will they give you a check for the amount of insurance you purchased nor a check for what your home is worth. They will pay a contractor to rebuild the property up to the limit of the Dwelling coverage.
However, if you fail to insure the property up to its replacement value, the insurance company may pay a proportionate amount. For instance, if you insured your property for $200,000 but it costs $400,000 to rebuild it, you insured only 50% of your property. In this case insurance company may end up paying you only 50% ($200,000 *50%=$100,000) of your coverage (penalizing you for being under-insured).
Coverage B (Other structures)
Coverage B (Other structures) is for the structures on your property that are not attached to the main building, like a fence, detached garage, shed, etc. As with any limits of the insurance – make sure to have a sufficient amount to cover such structures.
Coverage C (Personal Property)
Coverage C (Personal Property) may not be automatically included in some Landlord policies. Landlords rarely have their personal belongings on the premises that are rented out to others. However, if you do have some belongings, such as appliances or furniture – add Personal Property coverage to your policy.
Coverage D (Loss of use)
Coverage D, also known as Loss of Use or Fair Rental Value, is a crucial aspect of your Landlord Insurance policy that deserves your attention.
How does this coverage work?
Imagine your property is suddenly uninhabitable due to a covered loss, such as a fire. Your tenant must at least temporarily relocate, thus pausing your rental income. This Loss of Use coverage will pay for your loss of rental income. Now, isn't it helpful – since your mortgage company will continue billing you every month regardless of your property or rental situation?
The time to rebuild or fix a property may depend on many factors; therefore, having enough coverage to last for 1-2 years is advisable.
Coverage E (Personal Liability)
Coverage E (Personal Liability) coverage is one of the most important coverages for landlords. Since you own the property, you are responsible for it and for keeping your tenants safe and secure. As a landlord, you could face liability lawsuits for various things; therefore, purchasing sufficient Liability limits is very important (and adding an Umbrella policy is also advisable).
Since individuals or families own many rental properties under their names, their assets are being put at a huge risk. Imagine a liability lawsuit for 3 million dollars when you only have a $100,000 Liability limit. $2,900,000 may spill over to be paid to the injured party by you personally.
This coverage is one of the most inexpensive coverages but one of the most essential coverages out there. Make sure you purchase a sufficient amount of Personal Liability coverage.
Coverage F (Medical Payments)
Coverage F (Medical Payments) will pay for small immediate medical expenses regardless of fault. Consider this coverage a good gesture and a possibility to avoid a lawsuit.
The Optional coverage selection can be broad, depending on the insurance company. Knowing what kind of endorsements are offered in your Landlord policy is essential. These coverages are optional yet may be extremely helpful. Some of such Optional coverage examples are:
- Extended Replacement Coverage
- Building Ordinance or Law
- Personal Injury
- Wrongful Eviction
- Privacy Invasion
- Water Back up and Sewer/sump Overflow
- Loss Assessments, etc.
If you are a landlord, work with an agent to help you get the correct policy type, proper form, necessary coverages, sufficient limits, and important endorsements, which will add necessary protection in case of loss. Ensure you understand all the exclusions and limitations of your Landlord insurance policy.
Contact one of our knowledgeable agents for your rental properties.


A Theory of Religion 1st edition
A Theory of Religion 0 9780813523309 _PHONE_
Details about this item
A Theory of Religion: In this unique text, Stark and Bainbridge begin with basic statements about human nature and, employing the principles of logic and philosophy, build toward increasingly complex propositions about societies and their religious institutions. They provide a rigorous yet flexible sociological theory of religion as well as a general sociological model for deriving macrolevel theory from microlevel evidence.
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Development of a high-resolution cavity-beam position monitor
Yoichi Inoue, Hitoshi Hayano, Yosuke Honda, Toshikazu Takatomi, Toshiaki Tauchi, Junji Urakawa, Sachio Komamiya, Tomoya Nakamura, Tomoyuki Sanuki, Eun San Kim, Seung Hwan Shin, Vladimir Vogel
研究成果: Article査読
45 被引用数 (Scopus)
We have developed a high-resolution cavity-beam position monitor (BPM) to be used at the focal point of the ATF2, which is a test beam line that is now being built to demonstrate stable orbit control at ∼nanometer resolution. The design of the cavity structure was optimized for the Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) beam in various ways. For example, the cavity has a rectangular shape in order to isolate two dipole modes in orthogonal directions, and a relatively thin gap that is less sensitive to trajectory inclination. A two stage homodyne mixer with highly sensitive electronics and phase-sensitive detection was also developed. Two BPM blocks, each containing two cavity BPMs, were installed in the existing ATF beam line using a rigid support frame. After testing the basic characteristics, we measured the resolution using three BPMs. The system demonstrated 8.7 nm position resolution over a dynamic range of 5μm.
ジャーナルPhysical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams
出版ステータスPublished - 2008 6 16
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - 表面および界面
「Development of a high-resolution cavity-beam position monitor」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。


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Nature Therapy Ireland is delighted to welcome you to Midleton Arts Festival 2021 for a series of events where we will explore the incredible health and wellbeing benefits of spending time in nature.
Never have we been so removed from the natural world. The good news is that even a small amount of time spent in nature can have a positive impact on our physical and mental health and wellbeing.
These events will guide you in exploring your own connection to nature, offer invitations to spark your creativity, create a sense community and hopefully leave you feeling relaxed and inspired to get outdoors. The history, science and current practices of nature connection will be woven throughout leaving you with tools to bring into your own daily life.
These interactive sessions will be accessible and inclusive for everyone. Invitations will be easy to understand and simple to action. Whether you have access to nature imagery, indoor house plants, an urban park, a mountain or woodland, there is no right or wrong way to connect to nature.
Please note that the details of events listed above are provided by the relevant Local Authorities.


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The LED placement machine mainly needs to meet the lamp bead placement accuracy requirements of 3014, 2835, 3528 and 5050, 5630, 5730. Compared to the traditional placement machine's machining accuracy,
LED placement machine requirements are relatively low. However, the LED placement machine pays more attention to the performance, that is, the stability, speed, operability, and size requirements of the machine operation.
It is required that the LED mounter must have the following design ideas and rigid requirements.
1) The intelligent means is more maturely applied to the LED chip mounter, and various types of sensors with excellent performance can be fully collected during the operation.
According to computer disposal, the stability and reliability of the entire placement process are guaranteed. At the same time as other equipment, it must be based on scientific methods and technical specifications and regularly
LED patch machine for maintenance, such as cleaning the surface and dirt on the surface of the machine and the circuit board, can effectively prevent the internal heat dissipation of the machine due to dust and dirt.
Bad, causing overheating of the device. The LED mounter has good stability to maximize the efficiency of the enterprise and reduce production costs.
2) The speed of the LED mounter must be fast, with a minimum mounting speed of 18 000 points/h.
3) The easy-to-learn user-friendly operation method can greatly shorten the training time of personnel and effectively reduce misoperation in the production process and improve the production efficiency.
Rate and product quality.
4) The LED mounter should be able to mount a PCB with a length of 1 200 mm at least. Because a large part of the LED is to replace the traditional lighting of the light pipe, the length will be greatly increased.
Exceeds the traditional PCB size. In addition to these, in order to ensure that a single LED panel has no color difference, the entire batch of LED lamps to be mounted is required to have the same color temperature BIN ( BIN
Generally speaking, it is the range of some parameters of the LED lamp bead. Different ranges can be represented by different numbers. These parameters include voltage, color temperature, brightness, etc.
So there will be voltage BIN, color temperature BIN, brightness BIN so that you can use BIN to represent the product model).


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Most Improved: Learning Centre students Grades 8-12
- To recognize a self-motivated, or becoming a self-motivated student who demonstrates improved work habits from September to June and the will to want to achieve. These efforts can be seen in class participation, regular attendance, and completing assignments on time.
Spirit Award Learning Centre students Grades 8-12
- To recognize consistent student effort that results in significant improvements in the following areas:
- academic achievement, organizational skills, dedication and perseverance, positive attitude, and personal growth.
- Can also be presented to students who display acts of compassion in their communities or demonstrate a significant commitment to volunteerism.
- The student must be in good academic standing, passing all core courses, and be registered as a non-concurrent student at the Learning Centre within the school year for which the award is intended.
- Students are nominated by Learning Centre staff


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Alabama DUI Look Back Period
Question: What Is a Look Back Period? What Is the Look Back Period for a DUI in Alabama?
Answer: In DUI jurisprudence, the look back period is the term used in how far back a sentencing court can look at a person's record to determine the number of prior DUI convictions they have to then be used to increase the person's sentence if they're convicted or plead guilty. In Alabama, the current law as of July 2018 says that a court can look back ten (10) years for mandatory sentence enhancement; however, a sentencing court can look at a person's entire lifetime record from a discretionary standpoint. In terms of the look back period, you go by the date of conviction not by the date of arrest to determine the number of convictions within the look back period. → Right-click here to download the audio for this question.
Watch Our Helpful DUI Videos Below:
- Refuse the Breath Test
- One-Leg Stand Field Sobriety Test
- DUI Walk-and-Turn Test
- Failing the Roadside Breath Test
- Failing the Official Breath Test
- DUI Breath Test Machine
- Identifying Suspected Drunk Drivers
- Pulled Over For DUI by the Police
- Innocent Person Pleading Guilty For DUI
- DUI Impact of Fever on Breath Test


First-generation student goes to college
CFCA sponsored youth Alfred.
CFCA sponsored youth Alfred.
Alfred is a sponsored youth from Bhagalpur, India, who is the first person from his village to attend college. Alfred is also a CFCA scholarship student, which helps cover other costs related to his education. Alfred sat down with Sreekanth, our communications liaison in India, to tell us about the academic and social challenges heís experienced as a college freshman.
Are you a first-generation college student? If so, how were you given this opportunity to attend college? Why did you decide to attend?
My father studied up to the ninth grade. He understands the value of education and encouraged me to study. Even though my college is very far away, he tried every opportunity to pay the fees and enroll me in school.
I am the first person to attend college from my village.
The hotel management and catering technology degree is a three-year diploma, and it is very expensive.
Though it is expensive, I preferred it because of CFCA's sponsorship and scholarship support. I paid part of my college fees with CFCA's help through sponsorship support and my CFCA scholarship. I was able to take out a bank loan for the remaining costs.
What did your parents think about your attending college? Did their attitudes change over time?
When I told them about going away to school and the about the college fees, my father told me that we would try to find the remaining costs from a different source.
Alfred with his family.
Alfred with his family.
We were able to use a portion of the CFCA sponsorship funds and the scholarship fund. The remaining costs were covered by a bank loan.
What are some of the challenges you've faced in attending college?
The major challenge is the language barrier. In college, teachers conduct classes in English. I had not studied the English medium, and it became difficult to understand.
I can manage writing English, but speaking is difficult for me.
I am practicing more, and soon I will speak fluently.
In the beginning, I felt that I was the poorest student in school. The other students arrive on bikes or in cars, and they are from very large towns. Many are not even familiar with my village.
I am happy that I can study among them.
How long does it take you to travel from home to college?
I am pursuing a degree in hotel management and catering technology, and the university is more than 248 miles (400 kilometers) from my home. It requires 12 hours of traveling.(Alfred stays near his school while classes are in session, and travels back home around the holidays, usually four times a year. For the final leg of his trip home, he walks eight miles from the main road to his home as there is no public transportation going to his village.)
What are some of the accomplishments you're most proud of in attending college?
I am proud to be the first person to go to college from my area.
CFCA sponsored youth
Alfred makes the long trip to the university and back.
Do you have to pay for lodging away from home in order to attend college? If so, who pays for it? How much does it cost?
At my school, hostel [boarding house] fees are expensive, and two friends and I decided to rent a room.
My father sends me money every month for rent and food expenses.
What are some other costs incurred by your college education?
Other expenses include uniforms, purchasing books, pots and pans, and groceries.
What are your plans for the future? What do you hope to do with your college education?
After I complete my studies, we will have campus selections (job fair). I participate in the campus selections and try for the best organization to join the job. I am ready to go any place to work. I am passionate to see the places..
After getting the job, my first target is to repay the education loan. I also have the responsibility of my family. I am also interested to serve the poor people.
If you could give a message to your sponsor or the donor for your scholarship, what would you say?
All my education expenses (up to intermediate) are paid for with the help of sponsorship support.
Whatever I achieved now is because of CFCA and my sponsor's help. I have been receiving support from second grade and beyond.
I am very much thankful to my sponsor and CFCA.
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Why baloney can bum you out
November 2nd, 2009 | Published in Stumpblog | 2 Comments
From BBC News:
Eating a diet high in processed food increases the risk of depression, research suggests. What is more, people who ate plenty of vegetables, fruit and fish actually have a lower risk of depression. Researchers split the participants into two types of diet – those who ate a diet largely based on whole foods, which includes lots of fruit, vegetables and fish, and those who ate a mainly processed food diet, such as sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products.
After accounting for factors such as gender, age, education, physical activity, smoking habits and chronic diseases, they found a significant difference in future depression risk with the different diets. Those who ate the most whole foods had a 26% lower risk of future depression than those who at the least whole foods. By contrast people with a diet high in processed food had a 58% higher risk of depression than those who ate very few processed foods.
 1. anne says:
 December 1st, 2009at 8:18 pm(#)
 Krista, do you know of any research on depression and diet at the level of macronutrient ratio? Or where to look for such a thing? Thanks! I've been a big fan of your site for years.
 2. Mistress Krista says:
 December 2nd, 2009at 7:13 am(#)
 Anne: Pubmed or Google Scholar would be the place I'd start. _URL_
Get "Fuck Calories"
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text:
Vestland fylkeskommune, the regional road administration that owns the regional roads in Vestland in Norway, made a demo installation of the Actibump system in Bergen, Norway. They have now evaluated the system and its effects from a number of angles. Their conclusions are very positive and in short some of them are:
- Comparisons between speed measurements collected before and after installation show a significant drop in speed at the Actibump.
- Speed measurements ca 80 meters after the installation show a lower reduction of speed.
- Emergency organisations are positive to the system.
- The public transport organisation has had no complaints about the system.
- Very few complaints from the public.
- There have been no observations of bicyclists crossing the hatch, but there have been some situations observed where bicyclists enter the bike lane right before the Actibump.
- There have been observations of rapid decelerations and evasive actions on a motorcycle but it happened in a well-controlled manner.
- There have been no observations or complaints about undesired actions connected to the system.
- Higher cost than the usual speed reducing measures but added value in the shape of traffic data.
You can find the entire report, in Norwegian, HERE


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"Mobile computing" describes the use of computing technology on the go, through devices such as smartphones, tablets, portable computers, and wearable computers and sensors. The SEI is focusing on pervasive mobile computing at the tactical edge—environments in which front-line soldiers and first responders operate.
The SEI is working to realize this vision for soldiers and first responders:
- Front-line soldiers: Dismounted soldiers receive information that is more relevant and useful for their current mission, on devices that consume fewer battery and bandwidth resources, using applications that they can readily customize to support their needs.
- Humanitarian assistance/disaster response: On-scene responders with access to local information about resource needs of victims—such as food, water, shelter, and medicine—can make better decisions that maximize use of local resources and external assistance.
The SEI explores the architecture and implementation of mobile systems that increase the flexibility of edge users to respond to diverse missions. In these systems, "pervasive computing"—the use of devices embedded with chips that can connect to a network—plays a major role.
Learn about our research in pervasive mobile computing.
Download our information sheet about the Advanced Mobile Systems Initiative.


text:
The Model 933 is a unique UV-based photometric analyzer system for H2S analysis when present in concentrations below 100 ppm in natural gas and other applications. The analyzer responds quickly to changes in H2S concentration and it quickly self-recovers from extreme upset conditions.
- Extended, unattended operation for up to 6 months or longer
- Self-recovery after high concentration H2S events
- Fast response time to increasing or decreasing H2S concentrations
- Concentration measurements of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and methyl mercaptan optionally available
- No consumables, reagents, or disposables other than zero gas
This is a low maintenance, reliable H2S analyzer in that reduces the high expenses associated with frequent scheduled and unscheduled maintenance.
The Model 933 has a unique sample conditioning system that uses frontal elution chromatography to separate and eliminate interfering species. This ensures an accurate analysis of the gas via direct-UV absorption spectroscopy. Two self-regenerating columns are employed in the 933. While one column is conditioning the gas sample, the other is automatically regenerated.


text:
Philip C Wietstock, Technische Universität Berlin, Fachgebiet Brauwesen, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Co-author(s): Thomas Shellhammer, Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
ABSTRACT: Determining a beer's bitterness is an important parameter for beer quality. The international bitterness units (IBU) method, the archived ASBC iso-alpha-acids (IAA) method, and examination of hop bitter acids concentration using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are prone to operator error, are time-consuming, and require expensive equipment, respectively. In this study, a solid phase extraction technique was modified for the spectrometric determination of beer bitter units (SBU). Using 30 different commercially available beers, the new SBU method was compared to the IBU method and the archived ASBC IAA method. The same data were correlated with hop acid concentrations as determined using HPLC and sensory bitterness as perceived by a taste panel of 11 trained panelists. The method's repeatability and reproducibility were examined in a collaborative study (six collaborating labs) with three sample pairs differing in hop bitter acid concentration and level of dry-hopping. The repeatability and reproducibility was then calculated according to ASBC Methods of Analysis. Plotting all data from IBU, IAA, and SBU against iso-alpha-acid concentration as measured via HPLC yielded the highest coefficient of determination for the IAA method (R2 = 0.97), followed by the SBU method (R2 = 0.96) and the IBU method (R2 = 0.90). Sensory bitterness data displayed the highest linearity with the new SBU method (R2 = 0.93) compared with data from the IBU method (R2 = 0.90) and IAA method (R2 = 0.90). Variance analysis indicated that the SBU method had the lowest variance (Var = 226) followed by the IAA method (Var = 286) and the IBU method (Var = 371). Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation for the SBU method ranged from 1.12 to 3.32% and 4.61 to 15.56%, respectively. Taking all the data together, there is an indication that the SBU method is a repeatable and precise measurement for determining both concentration of iso-alpha-acids and sensory bitterness. This new method features elimination of trimethylpentane and is relatively simple to execute using solid phase extraction media.
Philip Wietstock is a scientific assistant at the Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. After graduating from his biotechnology studies with a diploma in engineering from the Technische Universität Berlin (2009), he worked for one year as an intern at the Department of Food Science and Technology at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. In 2011, he transferred to his present position, where he is working on his dissertation which focuses on the investigation of the influence of hops on oxidative beer stability.


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Famers In Bugisu Sub-region Can't Differentiate Genuine And Counterfeit Agro-inputs
By Melanie Aanyu
Research by the Anti-Counterfeit Network Africa has revealed that 72 percent of the farmers within the Bugisu sub-region cannot differentiate between genuine and counterfeit agro-inputs.
The study conducted in March and April 2022 was driven by common narratives about farmers' experiences with fertilizers, seeds, and other agricultural inputs.
The survey also revealed that 71 percent of the farmers who acquired the counterfeit products, especially seeds, bought them from mobile shops or vans as opposed to permanent suppliers.
According to Ronnet Atukunda from Makerere Business School and lead researcher, to test the quality of agricultural inputs, researchers focused on seeds and on fertilizer in the districts of Mbale and Sironko.
She said key among their findings was that the vast majority of fertilizers and seed samples were substandard which led to losses by farmers.
Hussein Kaguje, a small-scale farmer in Mbale city says that the increasing agro input counterfeits on the market have affected their yields. He says this is caused by the failure of farmers to differentiate between the fake and genuine.
Samuel Khauka, the Acting Mbale City Agriculture Officer says that the input dealers aim at maximizing profits and don't mind about the health of the consumers. He notes that most of the counterfeits are seen in livestock feeds, fertilizers, and chemicals which would translate into poor performance of crops and animal products.


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What is winter like in Holland Michigan?
Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Holland Michigan, United States. In Holland, the summers are warm and partly cloudy and the winters are freezing, snowy, windy, and mostly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 20°F to 81°F and is rarely below 6°F or above 89°F.
What month does it snow the most in Michigan?
The month with the most snow in Michigan Center is February, with an average snowfall of 5.7 inches. The snowless period of the year lasts for 7.1 months, from April 10 to November 15. The least snow falls around July 20, with an average total accumulation of 0.0 inches.
What is the most snowfall in Michigan?
The small Upper Peninsula town of Calumet is the snowiest place in Michigan with a yearly average of 187.4 inches and a record total of 390.4 inches set during the winter of 1978-79. Michigan has seen its share of big snowstorms.
How many months does it snow in Michigan?
Detroit's first snowfall of winter usually arrives in November. About one in five years also receive a light snowfall in October. The season's last snowfall typically happens in April, although at least one in four Aprils receive no fresh snow. Detroit is normally free of snow every year from May to September.
How hot does it get in Holland Michigan?
Holland enjoys distinct seasons and a variety of temperatures and precipitation rates throughout the year. Average temperatures range from around 25 degrees in the winter months to mid-80's in the summer (we can have a handful of days of temperatures below zero and above 90 degrees).
What is it like to live in Holland Michigan?
Holland is in Allegan County and is one of the best places to live in Michigan. Living in Holland offers residents a dense suburban feel and most residents own their homes. In Holland there are a lot of parks. Many families and young professionals live in Holland and residents tend to lean conservative.
What part of Michigan gets the least amount of snow?
In the Saginaw Valley and eastern Michigan, the Saginaw/Bay City area is slimmest on snowfall. The Saginaw/Bay City area has recorded just 1.9 inches of snow, which is almost seven inches below normal to date.
What is the warmest place in Michigan?
Warmest: Benton Harbor, Michigan
Benton Harbor, located in the southwest part of the Michigan on the shore of Lake Michigan, is the warmest city in the state. Its average high is 60 degrees.
What is the sunniest city in Michigan?
Grand Rapids is the only city in Michigan with an official sunshine measuring device.
What city gets the most snow in Michigan?
Michigan Average Snow City Rank
|Rank||Average Snow ▼||City / Population|
|1.||179.98 inches||Dodgeville, MI|
|2.||170.30 inches||Dollar Bay, MI / 896|
|3.||166.64 inches||Lake Linden, MI / 1,108|
|4.||166.46 inches||Hubbell, MI / 1,068|
How bad are winters in Michigan?
Detroit, Michigan, gets about 43 inches of snow each winter, and temperatures usually sit between 20 and 35 degrees Fahrenheit. But its winters are truly tough because of the lack of sunshine. It averages 59 days of heavy cloud every winter.
What was the snowiest winter in Michigan?
The largest snowstorm in metro Detroit history came on April 6, 1886 when 24.5 inches of snow fell. That's followed by 19.3 inches of snow between Dec. 1-2, 1974.
What is the coldest Michigan has ever been?
It was Feb. 9, 1934 when Michigan's all-time coldest recorded temperature of -51°F was recorded 11 miles northeast of town. The National Weather Service in Gaylord notes unofficial colder temperatures have been observed across portions of Western Upper Peninsula, but the -51 degrees is the official record.
Does Michigan get a lot of snow?
Michigan receives an average of 60.66 inches of snow per year. Heavy snowstorms Michigan are very common, especially because of lake effect snow. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan in the Lower Peninsula receives more snow annually than any other part of the state.


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This is motivated by the discussion here. The usual definition of the etale fundamental group (as in SGA 1) gives automatic profiniteness: Grothendieck's formulation of Galois theory states that any category with a "fiber functor" to the category of finite sets satisfying appropriate hypotheses is isomorphic to the category of finite, continuous $G$-sets for a well-defined profinite group $G$ (taken as the limit of the automorphism groups of Galois objects, or as the automorphism group of said fiber functor). In SGA1, the strategy is to take finite etale covers of a fixed (connected) scheme with the fiber functor the set of liftings of a geometric point.
One problem with this approach is that $H^1(X_{et}, G)$ for a finite group $G$ (which classifies $G$-torsors in the etale topology) is not isomorphic to $\hom(\pi_1(X, \overline{x}), G)$ unless $G$ is finite. Indeed, this would imply that the cohomology of the constant sheaf $\mathbb{Z}$ would always be trivial, but this is not true (e.g. for a nodal cubic). However, Scott Carnahan asserts on the aforementioned thread that the "right" etale fundamental group of a nodal cubic should be $\mathbb{Z}$, not something profinite.
How exactly does this work? People have suggested that one can define it as a similar inverse limit of automorphism groups, but is there a similar equivalence of categories and an analogous formalism for weaker "Galois categories"? (Perhaps one wants not just all etale morphisms but, say, torsors: the disjoint union of two open immersions might not be the right candidate.) I'm pretty sure that the finiteness is necessary in the usual proofs of Galois theory, but maybe there's something more.
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5 Answers 5
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Check out Section 2 of Noohi's paper "Fundamental groups of topological stacks with slice property"
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Thanks. This (in particular, Theorem 2.16) is very nice. – Akhil Mathew Jul 18 '11 at 18:04
In "The pro-étale topology for schemes" (, Bhatt and Scholze introduce the pro-étale fundamental group which seems to give a good answer to your question (see, e.g., Theorem 1.10). The pro-étale fundamental group also compares well against the usual étale fundamental group and the "SGA3 étale fundamental group".
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Thank you! I've been meaning to look at this paper for some time now. – Akhil Mathew Nov 29 '13 at 22:14
Besides the references already given above, one can also mention:
SGA III 2 LNM 152 exp X /S 7 where Grothendieck sketches the theory of an enlarged fundamental group ("groupe fondamental élargi").
This was later on formalized in terms of Galois toposes in Olivier Leroy's Phd "Groupoide Fondamental et Theoreme de van Kampen en Theorie des Topos" which unfortunately does not seem to be widely available. Roughly, it goes at follows. A topos $E$ is locally Galois if it is locally connected and if every object is a sum of locally constant objects: $SLC(E)=E$ (equivalently, if it is generated by its Galois objects [ a Galois object is a locally constant non-empty object that is a pseudo-torsor under its automorphism group]). Such a locally Galois topos can be recovered from the groupoid (in the categorical sense) of its points in the sense that the functor $E\rightarrow (Point(E))^\wedge$ defines an equivalence of toposes (here for a groupoid $C$, $C^\wedge$ denotes the topos of presheaves on $C$). To sum up, $E\mapsto Point(E)$ defines an equivalence between locally Galois toposes and groupoids. You can find more details in Vincent Zoonekynd's paper The fundamental group of an algebraic stack at this address
Then starting from a scheme $X$, you can consider the topos $SLC(\widetilde{X_{et}})$ of locally constant sheaves for the étale topology. This is a Galois topos, the automorphism group of a point is Grothendieck's enlarged fundamental group. If instead the étale topology you stick to the finite étale topology $X_{fet}$, where covers are given by surjective families of finite étale maps, your recover the traditional profinite fundamental group of SGA1.
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As Leroy's notes are difficult to find, it might be worth mentioning that this Galois theory for topoi has been rediscovered by Ieke Moerdijk in his paper "Prodiscrete groups and Galois toposes", Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Indag. Math. 51 (1989), no. 2, 219–234. – Denis-Charles Cisinski Jul 19 '11 at 17:41
Interesting. Thanks for these references! – Akhil Mathew Jul 20 '11 at 4:32
(iii) $F$ preseves strict epimorphisms.
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In Dubuc and de la Vega's very nice write-up of Grothendieck's Galois theory they cover the pro-group case when the fibre functor is representable (see section 5.5):
Consider a category $C$ and an object $A \in C$. Axioms on $C$:
R1) $C$ has a terminal object and pullbacks (thus all finite limits).
R2) $C$ has coequalizers.
R3) $C$ has coproducts.
Axioms on $A$ (in terms of the representable functor $[A, −]$):
R4) $[A, −]$ preserves coequalizers.
R5) $[A, −]$ preserves coproducts.
R6) $[A, −]$ reflects isomorphisms.
Note that $[A,-]$, a priori a functor to $Set$, lifts to $Set^{Aut(A)}$, the category of $Aut(A)$-sets. Given these axioms, we get an adjoint equivalence between $C$ and $Set^{Aut(A)}$. Clearly this is a step in the right direction, but not what you are after.
In section 6.2 they mention the more general case -- prorepresentable but not finite -- and say they will develop it elsewhere. There is also a reference to SGA IV 2.7, where some of this is stated but not proved (as an aside, of course there is the usual warning that topos in SGA means Grothendieck topos, elementary topoi not being invented yet).
I'm not sure where this 'elsewhere' is, but likely to be written down in the guise of representation theorems for Galois topoi.
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Thanks. This is indeed very close to what I was looking for. Though it seems that there is no reason to expect a "universal cover" in the etale sense. – Akhil Mathew Jul 17 '11 at 16:31
Of course. There are some hints in the paper I linked to, such as strengthening the behaviour of the fibre functor to preserving not just finite limits, but all copowers with a fixed object. I think the answer is out there, but I didn't have time to hunt it down, and I suspect it is not phrased in the usual language. Perhaps something like 'A connected Galois topos with a pro-point is the topos of continuous actions of a progroup' or something like that. – David Roberts Jul 17 '11 at 22:44
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Crossing The Data Drop Chasm-Revit To Excel and Back Again Using Dynamo
It is sometimes desirable or necessary to push data from Revit to Excel, and back again. One such example I can think of is when working with a door hardware consultant.
The door hardware consultant may not have access to Revit, little lone your Revit model. You have a few options. You could export your data to Excel, have him/her populate it, and then re-enter the data once it is back in Revit OR you could export it to excel using Dynamo, and then re-import the data from excel to Revit.
It's worth mentioning that you want to be very intentional about how and when you complete these tasks. For example if you export your data, and add/remove a door, this information will be lost in translation with your door hardware consultant.
Exporting Revit To Excel
All Elements of Category paired with Categories pulls all the elements that exist in your model.
Next, we want to pick which parameters from the elements to export. To do this we will use the "Element.GetParameterValueByName" node. I'm also using the "Element.Id" so I can match the components and their data with the unique Element.Id.
List.Create allows you to take multiple streams of data and combine them. This is important as the Revit to Excel node later will be receiving one stream of data.
List.Transpose flips data. It makes rows columns and columns rows. If you are a grasshopper user, this does the same thing as "Flip Matrix" in grasshopper.
Excel.WriteToFile is AMAZING. This node is where the magic happens. We have a few inputs to match up. Where is the File located? What is the sheet name? Which Row/Column do you want to start with? Overwrite data that exist?
Here is the result! Now to email the hardware consultant! ;)
Push data from Excel to Revit
Here is the full script for importing the data from excel back into Revit.
Importing the data from Excel into Revit begins with the "Excel.ReadFromFile" node. You will use the File Path and File.FromPath nodes to browse to your excel file. Pick which sheet you want to import from. Pick the Sheet name. One of the most important subtle check boxes that I found extremely important was the "ReadAsStrings" input. The reason this input is so important is depending on if your Revit parameter name is a number or not, you will want to be intentional about checking this true or not. Revit text parameter=True. Revit number parameter=False.
We'll be using the List.Transpose again to get convert the rows back to columns and the columns back to rows.
We'll use the List.GetItemAtIndex to choose which Excel column to grab. "0" will be the first column. "1" will be the second columns, and so on.
Finally we will want to pick which elements and parameter(s) to feed our data back into. We will be using the "Element.SetParameterByName node to populate the data. We can pair the "All Elements of Category" with the "Categories" node to grab the doors again. We are using a code block with quotes for the parameter name "Door Hardware Group". It's worth mentioning again that since our excel to revit node imported as string, we do not need to convert the data to a text string for the text parameter "Door Hardware Group". You will need to take into consideration if your parameter is number parameter or an integer parameter instead of a text parameter as you may need to use the string to number node.
And here is the Door Hardware Group populated in the Revit schedule!
Here's the data set I used. Enjoy! _URL_
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text:
The interior and exterior mirrors with automatic dimming recognize glaringly bright headlight beams behind the car and darken the mirror glass automatically. An electronic control unit varies the darkening effect quickly and continuously according to actual ambient light conditions.
This technology makes use of a transparent, electrically-conductive material that becomes increasingly impervious to light when an electric current is applied to it. A very thin layer of this material is sandwiched between the actual mirror reflector and the outer glass.
The mirror also contains two photoelectric cells. One of these faces forward and determines the ambient light intensity. The second is in the rear-facing surface of the mirror, and reacts when a bright light strikes it from behind the car. If this light is significantly brighter than the ambient light intensity, the photoelectric cell generates the necessary electrical signal, the electrically-conductive layer darkens and the image in the mirror no longer dazzles the driver.


of Set The Temple of Set is an occult initiatory order founded in 1975. A new religious movement and form of Western esotericism, the Temple espouses a religion known as Setianism, whose practitioners are called Setians. This is sometimes identified as a form of Satanism, although this term is not often embraced by Setians and is contested by some academics....
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text:
How To Tie Shoelaces For Converse
Since Converse are such a unique brand of shoes, you have probably wondered how to tie shoelaces for Converse. The truth is, tying shoelaces for Converse is the same as any other shoes, and can be mastered fairly quickly.
To tie shoelaces for Converse, you will need:
- A pair of Converse
- Put on both pairs of shoes and make sure that they are laced correctly. The shoelaces should run through all of the holes on the side of the Converse, and an equal length of shoelace should stick out on the right and left side of the first pair of holes.
- Now, tighten the shoe by pulling on the shoelaces on the left and right side of the shoes. This will make sure that the shoes fit you well when the shoelaces are tied.
- Cross the left and right lace by pulling the left string under the right string. This will create an "X" shape.
- Hold the left lace (which was originally the right lace) and form a loop, holding it in place between the index finger and thumb of your left hand. Do the same for the right lace, holding it in place with your right hand. Cross both loops by putting the right loop over the left loop.
- Tie both loops into a knot, like you did in step three. Take care to ensure that the loops don't accidentally open up. If they do, simply repeat step four.
- Pull tightly and your shoelaces are now tied. To untie the shoes, simply pull on the laces.


text:
Suppose the daily benefit you get from spending another hour studying microeconomics is described by B(t) = 12t - tr^2.
a) What amount of studying time per day maximizes your benefits?
b) Derive the marginal benefits, MB(t)
c) Suppose that an alternative use of your time is to play video games that yields a constant benefit of 4 per hour, no matter how many hours you spend playing. How much time should you spend studying microeconomics?


text:
These Gasometer buildings, in Vienna, Austria, have just finished being converted into a giant community of shops, apartments, hotels, restaurants, etc. interconnected by a series of soaring skywalks and underground passages. Originally the four gasometers, constructed in 1899, supplied gas to the whole city until 1970, when Vienna converted its supply to natural gas. The gas tanks were consequently dismantled and remained abandoned until 1995 when it was decided to use these historical structures for residential and commercial purposes.
The Blue whale in Gothenburg, Sweden
Need one of these shaped like Bubbie from Flapjack.
Process drawing for reading spaces
by Marcel Maslowski


text:
Dear lovely, kind, righteous, gentle, brilliant, empathetic, sincere, truly helpful, prosperous readers,
Is there a way of finding out what the column number and or ruler position of a character is in a document?
In word each character has a column number attached to it which specifies its x-position (horizontal position) on a line.
Suppose I am writing a sentence to a word document. As I am writing it to the word document can I tell if I have reached the end of the line and now the text is being wrapped onto the second line?
Is there a way to tell what line number a particular character/word is in?


Bellefontaine Examiner
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What happened to Anna Garcia?
The Biomedical Science Satellite students at Graham High School are experiencing a great hands-on learning initiative in their classroom. The students are tasked with determining the death of Anna Garcia, a fictional character created by the writers of the Project Lead The Way curriculum. Instructor Cheryl Hess set up a crime scene in her classroom, and the students will apply the knowledge they learn throughout the year to piece together the puzzle of Anna's death. ABOVE: First year students walked into a crime scene and now are tasked with discover what really happened in the death of fictional character Anna Garcia. FRONT PAGE PHOTO: Megan Riley and Kjersten Stromberg begin to collect and analyze the evidence found at the crime scene. (PHOTOS SUBMITTED)
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text:
The world has changed as we know it.
Lockdowns and strict quarantine rules imposed to combat the deadly coronavirus have turned the outside world into a desolate place.
As streets and public areas in big cities are still running empty due to the COVID-19 crisis, animals have made their way into such spaces.
Several incidents around the world in the past few months have highlighted some really bizarre animal activities of animals entering urban areas and townships.
Not so long ago, lambs were filmed 'playing' on a roundabout inside a park that has been temporarily locked down due to the coronavirus crisis.
In India, several wild animals have been spotted on city roads and private residences. As for birds, the ones that were not seen regularly due to pollution in cities.
The latest surprise visit by animals of the wild was witnessed in the unlikeliest of places.
A video shared on social media shows a herd of deer running around the Mithi River in Mumbai.
Shared on Twitter by Mumbai-based lawyer turned environmentalist Afroz Shah, the video has left social media stunned.
Watch it here:
Aforz wrote the mammals were spotted on the evening of July 2nd.
"Our cleanup of River Mithi started at this very spot. Leave mother nature alone. Mother nature revives," he wrote on the micro-blogging site.
The video shows a herd of deer running around the area where the Mithi River starts. it seems to be a big herd of at least 20-25.
They flock near a tree for a few seconds and startled by a sound, they suddenly start running in another direction.
Afroz's video has garnered over 26,500 views. It has received over 1,200 likes and close to 400 retweets.
Here are some reactions:
Netizens lauded Afroz for his environmental work which began in 2015 with the cleaning up of Versova Beach,
A user commented, "Leave mother nature alone so true. I appreciate you @AfrozShah1 you are a first person who took a stand for Mitti (Mithi) river."


text:
Top 5 Reasons to use Direct Water Injection when Stabilizing Soil
- Uniform Consistency — Direct Injection controls the precise application of water accurately to the exact percentage needed for the stabilized cross section to reach optimum moisture.
- Gravity — Water runs downhill and puddles in low spots, so when "top dressing" or applying water through a spray bar there is no guarantee the cross section is receiving the same application of water for the stabilized area.
- Adjust for Overlap — Direct injection capabilities allow for the operator to control the width of the application area by activating or restricting water nozzles. (A remaining 4' section can effectively receive the water without over hydrating the previously stabilized adjacent area)
- Adapt to Changing Ground Conditions — Direct injection capabilities allow the operator to quickly adjust the amount of water applied to reach optimum moisture for the stabilized section. Project soils rarely retain the same moisture content or makeup throughout a site, so it's important to be able to adjust for these different ground conditions.
- Better Results & Strengths — When proper moisture is applied consistently the stabilized cross section is better controlled, more uniform, and stronger.
It's not always possible to use direct injection, but when it is, it is the best way to add moisture to your stabilized section. It's the Rock Solid Way!


Marguerite Yourcenar
Laureate Erasmus Prize 1983
Theme: Literature
To mark the 25th anniversary of the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation in 1983, four Erasmus Prizes were awarded. The recipients were Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin, Leszek Kolakowski and Marguerite Yourcenar.
Historical figures play an important role in the work of the writer Marguerite Yourcenar (_PHONE_), originally from Brussels. Her powers of empathy enabled her to go back into the past. By using historical figures, she made clear the unique but at the same time universal qualities of the individual in time, as demonstrated in her best-known books: Alexis ou le Traité du vain combat (1929), Mémoires d'Hadrien (1951) and L'Oeuvre au noir (1968). She was also able to explain her fundamental humanist belief in the unchanging nature of man.
Marguerite Yourcenar grew up in France and moved to the United States in 1939. She established her name not only as a novelist but also an essayist, dramatist and translator. In 1980 Marguerite Yourcenar was admitted to the Académie Française – the first woman to receive that honour.
Marguerite Yourcenar donated her portion of the Erasmus Prize to the World Wildlife Fund in the United States.


C# Span Tutorial – Complete Guide
Welcome! Today we'll dive into a powerful feature of the C# programming language that is gaining increasing attention from game developers and programmers alike— the C# 'Span'. This often underappreciated tool has profound implications on your projects, particularly in memory management, and can add a new level of sophistication to your coding proficiency. Let's explore its utility and potential!
Understanding 'Span' in C#
The 'Span' in C# is a new type introduced in C# 7.2 that provides a range of benefits, particularly in memory management for your code. It represents a contiguous region of arbitrary memory, which can transform how you manage memory in your games, leading to leaner, faster, and smoother running code.
The Power of 'Span'
Span can significantly increase a program's performance, especially in game development where memory management is key. With it, we can drastically reduce the amount of memory allocations and memory copies, improving overall program speed and reducing latency.
Why Learn About 'Span'?
Understanding and effectively using 'Span' can be a real game changer, raising your game development skillset to advanced levels. Despite its power, it's often overlooked by beginners. But remember, familiarizing yourself with such concepts provides you with profound insights into memory management—a critical aspect in coding and game development.
Moreover, it's a great addition to your problem-solving toolkit, empowering you to further optimize your code's performance in ways that you've never thought possible.
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Creating a Span
Creating 'Span' in C# is straightforward. Here's a simple example:
// Creating a span of integers
int[] myArray = new int[5] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Span<int> mySpan = myArray;
With this, you've created a 'Span' of integers. The 'Span' is now essentially a 'view' into your array.
Manipulating a Span
Elements inside your Span object can be accessed the same way as a regular array:
int firstElement = mySpan[0]; // Output: 1
You can also modify the elements, and the changes are reflected in the original array:
mySpan[0] = 10;
Console.WriteLine(myArray[0]); // Output: 10
Slicing a Span
One of the unique features of Span is 'slicing'. This means creating a new Span from a range of the original Span:
Span<int> slicedSpan = mySpan.Slice(start: 1, length: 2);
// slicedSpan now represents a view onto the 2nd and 3rd elements of myArray
Checking the Length of a Span
Just like arrays, you can also check the length of a Span:
int spanLength = mySpan.Length; // Output: 5
As you can see from these examples, working with Span is similar to working with regular arrays in C#, but provides more powerful capabilities.
Working with Span and Strings
One major advantage 'Span' holds is its compatibility with strings. With 'Span', you can manipulate and extract sections of the string without creating new string objects, therefore reducing memory load:
//Define string
string str = "Learning Span with Zenva";
Span<char> spanChar = str.AsSpan();
//Output: "Learning Span"
Console.WriteLine(spanChar.Slice(start: 0, length: 14));
Iterating Over a Span
Similar to arrays, you can iterate over 'Span' using a foreach loop:
foreach (var item in mySpan)
{
 Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Converting Array to Span and Vice Versa
Converting an array to a 'Span' is also quite simple, as you can assign an array directly to a 'Span'. Converting a 'Span' back to an array is straightforward as well:
int[] numbersArray = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
Span<int> numbersSpan = numbersArray;
//From Span back to Array
int[] newArray = numbersSpan.ToArray();
Remember, by doing so you're duplicating all elements in the 'Span' and creating a new array in memory.
Clearing a Span
The Clear method can help delete all the elements of the 'Span' by setting them to zero:
numbersSpan.Clear();
foreach (int num in numbersSpan)
{
 //Output: 0
 Console.WriteLine(num);
}
It's important to note that the Clear method changes the original array.
Working with Multi-Dimensional Span
A significant limitation of 'Span' is that it doesn't support multi-dimensional arrays. However, for such cases, Memory<T> can be used that provides much of the same functionality of Span and supports multi-dimensional arrays.
With the knowledge of 'Span', you are now equipped with a powerful tool in your C# programming journey, paving the way towards more efficient, performant, and low-latency games and applications. Happy coding!
Span and ReadOnlySpan
You might have noticed so far, the 'Span' objects let us modify the original array or string. But, what if we want an immutable version to ensure data integrity? Here's where ReadOnlySpan comes in:
ReadOnlySpan<int> readOnlySpan = myArray;
readOnlySpan[0] = 10; // This line would result in an error
As the name suggests, a 'ReadOnlySpan' offers a view of the data that cannot be modified.
Extracting Elements Using Index
Extracting elements from a Span utilizes the same indexing system as arrays:
int number = mySpan[0]; // Output: 1
Mutable References and Span
Unlike arrays, a Span provides a mutable reference to the elements, which means you're virtually accessing the original data. Any modification to the elements of the Span reflects back:
mySpan[0] = 100;
Console.WriteLine(myArray[0]); // Output: 100
Reversing a Span
Span also comes with a Reverse method. Here's how to use it:
mySpan.Reverse();
foreach (var item in mySpan)
{
 Console.WriteLine(item);
}
// Outputs: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Remember, this method also modifies the original array or string.
Finding an Element's Index in a Span
The IndexOf method can be used to find an element's index within the Span:
int index = mySpan.IndexOf(3);
Console.WriteLine(index); // Output: 2
As you can see, working with Span in C# can make your coding simpler, more effective, and far more efficient with regards to memory use. The hands-on examples in these sections should help you get started, but remember, practice is key to mastery!
Where to go next?
Learning never ends! Now that you have a solid understanding of the C# 'Span' utility and the change it can bring to your projects, it's time to take the next step on your journey.
You may consider diving into our Unity Game Development Mini-Degree program—an extensive collection of courses on Unity, a versatile game engine popular among triple-A and indie developers alike. It caters to an array of topics from understanding game mechanics, animations, and audio effects to assisting you in creating cross-platform games in 2D, 3D as well as AR and VR.
For a broader overview of what we offer, you might also want to explore our full lineup of Unity courses. Whether you're just getting started or fine-tuning your skills, Zenva's offerings are designed to guide learners from beginner to professional, with self-paced, project-centered lessons, quizzes, and coding challenges that not only teach, but reinforce learning.
Our ultimate goal? To empower you to publish your own games and build a strong portfolio, thus setting the stage for unlimited possibilities in the gaming industry!
Conclusion
It's exciting to think about how much potential remains out there in the game development world, just waiting to be discovered. As we've shown in this tutorial, understanding tools like the C# 'Span' and how to use them can make a significant difference in the performance and efficiency of your projects. It might not be the most straightforward concept to grasp for beginners, but once understood, it can be a real asset to your programming skills.
At Zenva, we are committed to providing high-quality, accessible education for anyone who aspires to learn game development, programming and beyond. Our Unity Game Development Mini-Degree is designed to not only teach you coding, but also to guide you on your journey towards becoming an accomplished game developer. No matter your current level, there's always a new skill waiting to be mastered!
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