."
Choose the trigger command, enter it in the box, and click "Add Slash Command Integration." For our example, we'll configure our trigger as /troll.
Under Integration Settings, we will need to configure a URL, Method, Name, Icon, and (optionally) Autocomplete help text.
The URL will be the address of the host processing our slash command and returning the output. For our example, the server will be listening on port 8080.
The Method can remain POST. The options provided are POST and GET.
We'll fill in the remaining info and click save.
Slash command setup
Note the token string. We will use that to filter unwanted requests to the server.
Now when we run /troll brody in Slack, it will send a request with "troll" as the command attribute, "brody" as the text attribute, and the other applicable information detailed above to the configured URL.
Server Setup
The server will consist of a Python script and a troll dictionary text file. You can either run it on a VPS or a PaaS provider, like Heroku. Using a VPS provides additional easy customizations, such as pulling our troll dictionary from a text file rather than a hardcoded dictionary, so this example will do that.
In short, our script will act as a web server and wait for Slack requests. When a request is received, the script validates the Slack token, looks in troll_dict.txt for a name (key) matching the provided name, and returns a random troll associated with that name to Slack. Slack will post the message into the channel from which the slash command originated.
Two important things to keep in mind when processing slash commands requests:
 - Responses must be received by Slack within three seconds of the outgoing request. Otherwise, Slack will discard the response. If the script may take significant time to process a slash command request, use incoming webhooks for the response. (For an example of that, check out the story bot in the next section.)
 - Responses can either be In Channel or Ephemeral. In Channel responses are posted in the channel the slash command originated from and are visible to everyone in that channel. Ephemeral responses are only visible to the user who ran the slash command. For more info, check out Slack's documentation.
Our server script will rely on the Python Bottle framework to handle processing the incoming and outgoing requests. Install Bottle if it isn't already:
pip install bottle
Next, we put our script, trollbot.py, and our dictionary of trolls, trolldict.txt, up on the server.
Modify the following settings in trollbot.py, as needed:
 - Change the slack_token variable on line 19 to your slash command's token. This is required for the script to work properly.
 - Modify the file path for trolldict.txt in the trollfile variable on line 22 if the file is not in the same directory as trollbot.py.
 - To change the port, modify the serverport variable on line 23.
Update trolldict.txt with your dank trolls using the format:
name%%troll
If multiple trolls are provided for one username, the script will select one randomly. As a caution, single quotes can cause the script to error out if they aren't escaped properly.
Now we're ready to go! Start the server:
python trollbot.py
Here's a demo of the script in action:
Trollbot Demo
Other Evil Ideas
Of course, there's more evil that can be had using webhooks and slash commands in Slack.
Spamming Chat
Nothing beats a good old-fashioned spamming. With incoming webhooks, spam is as easy as a while true loop.
while true
do
curl -X POST --data-urlencode 'payload={"username": "SpookyBot", "icon_emoji": ":ghost:", "channel": "#spam", "text":":ghost:"}' _URL_
done
A Bash script is available here for ease.
Chat spam
Slack limits incoming webhooks to one message per second, but it does "allow bursts over that limit for short periods." In my "testing" I've found the bursts are generous. In fact, if you run a few of these loops in parallel, you can post so much that it causes everyone's Slack app to slow down to the point of being unusable. Not that I know that from experience…
Storytime Bot
Everyone likes a good story. Why not add a nice, long story to Slack that can be triggered with a slash command? The source for this example is available on GitHub here.
The Slack and server setup are the same as the troll bot example above, with a few exceptions:
 - We also need an incoming webhook configured
 - We'll use a different trigger word
 - The script is storybot.py
 - The story itself will be put in story.txt, which is configurable with the storyfile variable on line 22.
Since the story will take longer than the three seconds Slack expects its response within, we'll return an ephemeral response to the user who triggered the story as an acknowledgment and use incoming webhooks to post the story. The story will be pulled from a text file with each message's text on a new line. To pace the story correctly, we'll add some random sleep times between lines.
When the command /storytime is issued, the bot will run.
StoryBot
Using the script provided, it would be trivial to add more stories to the bot and trigger different ones with the slash command, like /storytime spooky.
Twitter Fame Checker Bot
Twitter can be a great source of useful, and less than useful, information that can be pulled into Slack. For instance, we could pull trending posts in a certain hashtag or see if a certain mountain in Seattle is "out." Instead, we'll make a slash command to pull a provided user's internet fame (Twitter follower count) and post it in the channel.
To set this up, we'll need to set up a slash command. In my example, I use the following syntax:
/famecheck [Twitter handle]
Place the final script on your server and modify the Slack slash command token (line 22) and, optionally, server port (line 24). The script uses Beautiful Soup to parse the follower count from Twitter. Install Beautiful Soup if it's not present on your server:
pip install beautifulsoup4
Beautiful Soup usage is out of the scope of this post, but here is the the code that handles the follower parsing:
web_page = urllib2.urlopen(twitterurl).read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(web_page, 'html.parser')
c = str(soup.find('a', {'data-nav':'followers'}).contents).split('data-count="')[1].split('"')[0]
The script concatenates the follower count with a random snarky phrase about fame (pulled from a hardcoded list on line 37) and returns an In Channel message:
Famecheck Bot
Errors are returned as an Ephemeral message.
Providing a mechanism for your Slack bots to parse web content opens the door to countless other lulz, but that's an exercise left to the reader to determine and implement.
Looking Forward
Slack also provides a Bot User API, which allows users to interact with third-party applications via natural chat. The API provides a wealth of options and could prove useful for both work and teh lulz.
This post focused on Slack; however, most of the functionality covered should be possible on competing platforms. Both HipChat and Microsoft Teams provide APIs for third-party integrations.
Summary
We covered the incredibly useful incoming webhook and slash command APIs in Slack and demonstrated a few ways they can be used for work, such as integrating Cobalt Strike with Slack, and for fun, such as annoying coworkers. The post only scratches the surface of how powerful Slack integrations are. If these examples interested you, I encourage you to check out some of the cool ways people have integrated third-party applications with Slack and try it on your own. I'd love to hear about any Slack bots you come up with, especially those designed to annoy and harass those in your Slack team!
Want to leave a comment? Visit this post's issue page on GitHub (you'll need a GitHub account).


medianNormalise: Median normalise data in a matrix
Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) Examples
View source: R/ExpressionSetIlluminaNormalisation.R
Description
Normalises expression intensities so that the intensities or log-ratios have equal median values across a series of arrays (columns).
Usage
1
Arguments
exprs
a matrix of expression values
log
if TRUE then do a log2 transformation prior to normalising
Details
Normalisation is intended to remove from the expression measures any systematic trends which arise from the microarray technology rather than from differences between the probes or between the target RNA samples hybridized to the arrays.
For median normalisation, the intensity for each gene is adjusted by subtracting the median of all genes on the array and then adding the median across all arrays. The effect is that each array then has the same median value.
Value
Produces a matrix of normalised intensity values (on the log2 scale by default) with the same dimensions as exprs.
Author(s)
Mark Dunning
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
if(require(beadarrayExampleData)){
data(exampleSummaryData)
exampleSummaryData.log2 <- channel(exampleSummaryData,"G")
exampleSummaryData.med = assayDataElementReplace(exampleSummaryData.log2, "exprs", medianNormalise(exprs(exampleSummaryData.log2)))
}
beadarray documentation built on Nov. 8, 2020, 4:51 p.m.


text:
Crops are technical blocks that grow on farmland, that can be harvested for plants and special crop items when fully grown. Advent of Ascension adds many crop-blocks to the game.
Overview[edit | edit source]
The player is not able to obtain the physical crop blocks into their inventory, no matter if the player has a tool enchanted with Silk Touch or not. The player can place crop blocks into the world by planting seeds on a farmland block. Once the player has planted the seeds, crop blocks behave just like regular crops in vanilla Minecraft; the player must wait for them to grow. Crops blocks will grow until they've reached their last stage, at this point the player can harvest the crop block. If harvested while in their last stage, crop blocks will drop an item unique to the crop block, and may even drop some seeds that the player used to plant the crop originally. Bonemeal and Fragmented Anima Stones can be used to speed up crop growth.
Drops[edit | edit source]
All crops below can be right-clicked to be replanted. This replants the crop, but decreases the seed (or crop item) drop count by 1 in order to make up for the planted crop.
Seeded crops[edit | edit source]
When an immature crop is broken only 1 seed item is dropped, and when a mature crop is broken 1 crop item is dropped, as well as 1-4 seed items. However, Heart Fruit and Magic Marang crops only drop 1-2 seed items.
Unseeded crops[edit | edit source]
List of crops[edit | edit source]
A list of crops can be found below, along with the seeds used to plant them, and the amount of growth stages they contain.
|Crop block||Name||Seeds||Item dropped||Number of growth stages|
|Bubble Berry Plant||Bubble Berry Seeds||Bubble Berries||5|
|Chilli Plant||Chilli Seeds||Chilli||5|
|Eye Bulb Plant||-||Eye Bulb||5|
|Floracles||Floracle Seeds||Floracle Sticks||5|
|Goldicaps||Goldicap Seeds||Goldicap Petals||5|
|Heart Fruit Plant||Heart Fruit Seeds||Heart Fruit||5|
|Lunacrike Plant||Lunacrike Seeds||Lunacrike||5|
|Lunalon Plant||Lunalon Seeds||Lunalons||5|
|Luna Globe Plant||Luna Globe Seeds||Luna Globe||5|
|Magic Marang Plant||Magic Marang Seeds||Magic Marang||5|
|Mystic Shroom Plant||-||Mystic Shrooms||5|
|Rosidon Plant||Rosidon Seeds||Rosidons||5|
|Tea Plant||Tea Seeds||Tea Shreddings||5|
|Thorny Plant||Thorny Plant Seeds||Thorny Petals||5|
|Trilliads||Trilliad Seeds||Trilliad Leaves||5|
History[edit | edit source]
|1.0||Added crops. The crops that existed at the time were Mystic Shroom Plant, Eye Ball Plant, and Holly Tops.|
|1.1||Added the following crops: Floracles, Goldicaps, Rosidon Plant, Lunalon Plant, Lunacrike Plant, Luna Globe Plant and Trilliads.|
|2.0||Added Chili Plant and Tea Plant.|
|2.2.5||Added Thorn Plant, Magic Marang Plant, Heart Fruit Plant, and Bubble Berry Plant.|
|3.0||The id of all crop blocks was changed.|
|3.2||Eye Bulb Plants and Mystic Shroom Plants no longer have seeds.|
|3.4||Removed the Holly Top Plants.|

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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When wanting to learn the word for "ID card" I seem to find both "身份证" and "身分证".
They both have the same pronunciation "shēnfèn zhèng".
I don't think they differ by being traditional vs simplified?
What exactly is the difference? Can I use either one? Is it maybe regional?
share|improve this question
Not interchangeable. Only Taiwan uses "身分證", other places use "身份证/身份證". This is not an issue about traditional vs simplified either. For the pronunciation, you're right, they are both shēnfèn zhèng (_USER_-3 you may check the 重編國語辭典). – Stan Feb 5 '14 at 10:24
On a search, I find 身分证 is only used in Taiwan. – amateur Feb 5 '14 at 17:39
_USER_: So it looks pretty much to be regional orthographic (spelling) difference. – hippietrail Feb 5 '14 at 17:52
+1 interesting. I will do some research on this and probably add the alt form to Wiktionary. – deutschZuid Feb 5 '14 at 21:04
It's 身分証 in Japanese, so don't know if Japanese rule in Taiwan could have influenced the Taiwanese way of writing it. 份 is not in common use in Japan. – dainichi Feb 6 '14 at 2:11
2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
The character 分 has two different readings. As fen1, it has a range of meanings. As fen4, it can mean a role or part played by a person, a more general part or portion of something, or a component. Fen4 can also be written 份, and dictionaries I consulted from both Taiwan and the mainland don't seem to differ here.
The Far East Chinese-English Dictionary, pretty much the standard bilingual dictionary in Taiwan, has the following: 身分證 or 身份證 shēnfènzhèng 'ID card'.
The Chinese-English Dictionary from the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press is a mainland publication. It has 身分证 or 身份证 shēnfenzhèng 'ID card'. This dictionary does one thing a bit differently – it divides the meanings of fen4 into those which can be written with either character and those which use only 分. In the latter category is 分外 'especially'. But this doesn't affect the term for ID card.
There may be some cross-strait difference in actual usage between分 and 份 in this word, but as I have shown here, according to dictionaries both forms are acceptable wherever you are!
share|improve this answer
In simplified, it's 身份证.
In traditional, it's 身分證.
share|improve this answer
No it's not... they're pronounced differently as well. – 50-3 Feb 5 '14 at 9:26
Check your traditional link. It's 身份證 (not 身分證) – amateur Feb 5 '14 at 17:46
Your Answer


text:
By Karen Clifford
GRANGER —The International Catholic Stewardship Council (ICSC) named St. Pius X of Granger as a runner-up for the Archbishop Thomas J. Murphy Award on Oct. 13. Julie Kenny, from Our Sunday Visitor and a member of the ICSC board of directors, accepted the award on the parish's behalf in Dallas, Texas.
According to Michael Murphy, executive director of the ICSC, this award recognizes parishes that give witness to stewardship in many areas of parish life. St. Pius X was one of only five parishes in the country to receive this distinction.
St. Pius X "demonstrated their commitment to exercising stewardship in pastoral areas such as prayer and worship, formation and education, offering hospitality, cultivating leadership, communications and promoting among their parishioners the stewardship of time, talent and treasure," Murphy emphasized.
Scott Bader, vice president of the ICSC and director of parish stewardship for the Archdiocese of Seattle, explained that St. Pius X helps to set the standard in stewardship for parishes nationwide: "St. Pius X Parish is a superb example of how a parish can build up the individual and collective practice of faith through stewardship. The parish is one we definitely suggest others consider emulating."
In 2007, Betsy Quinn, the director of stewardship and evangelization at St. Pius X, oversaw the creation of a stewardship core team, which worked to develop a comprehensive, multiyear strategic plan for stewardship and development. Areas highlighted in the plan include volunteer appreciation, communication, education/catechesis, outreach and welcoming and hospitality.
Specific programs that have resulted from the plan include development of an adult education program, enhancement of the parish welcoming committee, formation of a young adult ministry and expansion of youth activities.
"With a large parish, of over 3,000 families, we are challenged to keep a tight-knit, community feel. By having an ongoing and active stewardship program, we are creating a true Christian atmosphere founded on the pillars of stewardship: hospitality, prayer, formation and service," said Quinn.
She added, "We are always striving for conversion in the hearts of our parishioners, young and old, to embrace the stewardship message: from new parishioners to our founding families, at baptisms and at funerals, in our children's religious education programs and through adult education opportunities, at social events, and, most importantly, at Sunday liturgies. Through the leadership of Father Bill Schooler, Father Bob Lengerich, the parish staff, and the commitment of our dynamic Stewardship Core Team, we are continually finding ways to contribute to the conversion journey."
Father Schooler credited Quinn's leadership as key to the recognition of St. Pius X by the ICSC. "Betsy Quinn is the reason we received this award from the national stewardship council. She has worked tirelessly to promote stewardship as a way of life at St. Pius and to educate parishioners on what it really means to be a good steward."
Quinn, Father Schooler and the St. Pius X community were congratulated by Bishop John D'Arcy for their stewardship efforts. Father Schooler noted that St. Pius X gave the St. Vincent de Paul Society $81,000 in food and direct grants last year. In addition, the parish gives 5 percent of its income to the parish school of St. Adalbert in South Bend and 2 percent to local, national and international needs of the poor annually.
"That truly is an act of faith by the parish," Bishop D'Arcy stressed.
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text:
Integrate prototyping into your development process! With the Pidoco API you can link wireframes and prototypes directly to your wikis, bug-tracking, requirements and project management systems.
Most professionals use different systems during development or even during the initial wireframing and prototyping stages to keep track of requirements, manage project progress, and communicate with others. Often, business users and developers use different systems. Pidoco helps bridge these gaps by providing a collaborative prototyping solution with central access to projects. But Pidoco offers more to help you deal with these communication challenges.
With the Pidoco API you can link your prototypes to other IT systems, for example by incorporating images of prototype pages into requirements systems or by adding prototypes to your enterprise wiki or project management system via direct links. If you want to integrate Pidoco even more closely with your existing IT systems and development tools, the Pidoco API provides an API key for your application to communicate with the prototype, which enables you to perform different operations like creating, reading, updating or deleting a resource from within other applications. Take advantage of the API access to improve your development or reporting.
- Embedding: Link up to prototypes directly from within existing applications for easy access.
- Collaboration: Bridge gaps between different users and IT systems.
- Integration: Integrate prototyping with your development processes using API keys.
- Convenience: Use up-to-date visuals for development and reporting.
Your Benefits with Pidoco:
- Improve teamwork with easy access
- Communicate across systems and roles
- Integrate seamlessly with IT systems
- Link prototypes to enterprise wikis
- Integrate with project management
- Improve development processes

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Analysis of Expected Route Surviving Time and Power Optimization for Cooperative Linear Multi-Hop Networks
Wireless multi-hop communications has a wide variety of applications such as in cellular and sensor networks. One of the challenging issues is to design energy efficient schemes to solve the problem of high energy consumption especially in large scale networks where massive power is needed to ensure the reliability and high transmission speed of the networks. One promising energy efficient wireless transmission technique is the opportunistic large array (OLA) where all nodes that are able to decode a message relay the message immediately after reception without the need of coordination with other relays. In this work, we would like to investigate the issue of power optimization of the OLA networks with a linear topology. We try to develop a more energy efficient transmission scheme by optimizing the power allocation within each hop, such that the overall system performance in terms of the expected route surviving time could be enhanced. In this work, we model the linear multi-hop networks as a Markov chain in discrete time. Given a certain total power budget for each hop, the system will keep the transmission of a packet through the linear network until failure at a certain hop. The sub-stochastic matrix of the Markov chain we formed helps determine the expected number of hops the transmission could reach, i.e., the expected route surviving-time. It turns out that the expected route surviving time is tightly related to the Perron-Frobenious eigenvalue of the matrix. Based on a tight lower bound of the Perron-Frobenious eigenvalue, we derived a closed-form expression of the optimum power allocation scheme for the transmission under certain total power budget for each hop. We then analyzed the scheme and compared it with the equal power allocation scheme. Our analysis and simulation results show that the optimum power allocation scheme outperforms the equal power allocation scheme by achieving significant longer transmission distance, especially in the high SNR region. It is also observed that increasing the hop size will help increase the transmission distance above certain SNRs, depending on the hop size, for both optimum and equal power allocation schemes.


text:
SaskWater employs provincially certified operators who monitor and maintain the quality of water from the initial source to final point of delivery in order to:
The Water Security Agency (WSA) is the regulator in Saskatchewan, ensuring drinking water is safe and water supply sources are protected. The WSA determines legally enforceable requirements, or standards, for drinking water quality in the province. For the most part, these standards are mandatory health parameters for systems that supply water for human consumptive use.
The WSA also sets non-mandatory water quality aesthetic objectives for potable water systems, which address considerations such as taste, odour and colour of treated water and determine parameters for certain substances that may affect these qualities.
SaskWater undertakes water quality testing as required by The Waterworks and Sewage Works Regulations (2015) and by operating permits for our owned and operated water treatment plants and distribution systems. SaskWater also monitors several parameters to comply with WSA aesthetic objectives, ensuring we continue to produce a superior quality of water that customers find appealing and refreshing. SaskWater publishes the results annually in its water quality report, found here 2022 Water Quality Report.
More information on water quality, standards and aesthetic objectives can be found here:
SaskWater's highly trained and dedicated operators, technicians, technologists and professional engineers keep abreast of technological changes, water quality innovation, and any upgrading needs of our waterworks systems to meet ever-changing water quality standards and monitoring requirements. That's why we're happy to handle the paperwork for our customers.
SaskWater also monitors most of our facilities and customer facilities remotely, which means we have up-to-date data so you can have peace of mind. Remote monitoring equipment is installed in 64 locations owned or operated by SaskWater, allowing continuous facility surveillance. We monitor key water quality parameters, equipment operation, water levels, pressures and flows—data which we compile into comprehensive records for our customers.
As per the Water Security Agency, in accordance with The Waterworks and Sewage Works Regulations (2015), the 2022 Water Quality and Sample Submission Compliance Records are available below.


text:
The Shadow Patterns course covers:
The three classes of shadow:
- Split ego states
- How each class of shadow must be worked with differently
- The sequential evolutionary steps to resolving shadow issues
- The best techniques to use for each class of shadow and the specific steps in your healing process
- How using a technique that works well for one class of shadow may actually be harmful in working with another class
Every shadow healing technique is usually adaptive to only one class of shadow. In addition, each technique is generally only sufficient for one or two steps along the path of shadow resolution. That path is:
- Aware of symptoms
- Aware of external triggers
- Aware of one's internal process*
- Conscious conceptualization*
Each step has substeps to it and specific ways that help and /or hinder it. The intersection between classes of shadow issues and the sequential evolutionary pattern will give you a comprehensive map for understanding what to do and when to do it in the process of discovering and resolving your shadow.
The recordings of Shadow Patterns include:
- Video and audio recordings of the five teaching sessions and a Q&A session held at the end of the course
- Transcripts of all sessions in PDF format
The price for the recordings is $349. After your purchase is completed you will receive an email with links to download the recordings to your computer. (We don't recommend downloading to a phone or tablet, as they usually don't have enough storage space.)
You'll find it most helpful if you review the recordings before the Shadow Craft course begins, but you can purchase them at any time during the course.
Privacy Notice: This offer is only for participants in the Shadow Craft course who have NOT taken the Shadow Patterns course so please do not share it. Thanks for your support.
Please contact us at _EMAIL_ if you have questions or need assistance purchasing.


text:
The Origin of Life
During the _PHONE_ school year, BioPoint followed the action in one high school biology lab at Cheltenham High School. In this segment, consider the variety of scientific theories about the origin of life, and then read the students' own perspective on the matter.
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Biological And Life Sciences, Biology
The Franklin Institute

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Subject: Re: funlink() for fun!
To: NetBSD Kernel Technical Discussion List <>
From: der Mouse
List: tech-kern
Date: 07/11/2003 16:48:54
>>> If all one is trying to do is flesh out the set of f*() system
>>> calls which have file descriptor parameters to make it orthogonal
>>> to the set which have pathname parameters then
>> shouldn't do funlink() in this form in the first place, as
>> unlink() is not an operation on a file but an operation on a link to
>> a file.
> But that's the whole point of funlink() (and perhaps even some of the
> other f*() calls, such as fchdir()) -- turn an operation on a file
> into an operation on a filename (i.e. a link to a file).
Not quite. chdir() operates on a process and a directory; the pathname
is necessary only to identify the directory. It could equally well
identify the directory by a file descriptor open on it, and that's
exactly what fchdir() does. truncate() operates on a file; the
pathname is used merely to find the desired file. It too could equally
well identify the file by a file descriptor open on it, and that's
exactly what ftruncate() does.
However, unlink() does not operate on a file, except as a side effect;
it operates on a link to a file. The file is affected, sometimes very
mildly, sometimes severely, but the critical point is that the pathname
is not serving just to locate the file, but rather to locate a
particular link to the file. Since file descriptors are on files, not
on links to files, funlink() doesn't really make sense.
>> Now, an funlink() that takes an fd on a directory and a (slashless)
>> component name, that would be a sensible way to add an fd-based
>> variant of unlink().
> If the process has an FD open on the parent directory then it should
> be able to much more easily just fchdir() there first, obtaining and
> keeping an open FD for its PWD for those cases where it has to go
> right back to where it started.
Yes, it should be able to. But since you can't open "." if your
current directory is execute-only, it can't. (It'd also be nice to be
able to do one syscall (funlink of this flavor) instead of three
(fchdir, unlink, fchdir).)
> For other uses (such as unlinking stdin) such a form would be
> unusable, and after all the goal is to define a system call that
> accepts a file descriptor and acts upon the file that was opened in
> the same way as the s/^f// system call would act when passed a
> filename referring to the same file that was opened.
Which is why you can't do funlink(), because unlink doesn't operate on
files; it operates on links to files. The file is operated on only in
that it's garbage-collected once it's no longer referenceable. (Which
may be when its refcount goes to zero, or it may be an indeterminate
time later.)
> I've always though the only extremely serious omission in the f*()
> function call set has been faccess()
It doesn't really make sense, unless you also add fopen() (which name
has unfortunately already been preempted by stdio), to re-open a file
with potentially different access rights. Otherwise, faccess() doesn't
tell you anything of use.
> (and of course there should not have ever been an access() call since
> it is inherently insecure);
How so? Provided you realize what it does, and more importantly what
it doesn't do, there's nothing wrong with it. (In particular, access()
with F_OK is useful to non-setid programs.)
> It could also be very useful for secure programming if we had an
> O_MKDIR flag for open() that would [combine mkdir() and open()].
> O_MKDIR may even eliminate enough of the cases where you'd use your
> O_NOACCESS to make O_NOACCESS strictly unnecessary.
No, it wouldn't. You still couldn't save and restore your current
directory by opening "." and fchdir()ing back there if your current
directory is execute-only, even with O_MKDIR, without O_NOACCESS.
/~\ The ASCII der Mouse
\ / Ribbon Campaign
 X Against HTML


text:
The nursing profession is an important component of the provision of community healthcare, and nearly a third of the nurses in Israel are employed in the community. The role of community nurses has altered significantly in recent years due to the following changes: the aging population and increase in chronic morbidity; activities and changes within the health system including programs of שmeasurement of the quality of medical care, the mental-health reform, and expanded health promotion; expanded opportunities for advanced training for nurses, and academization of the profession.
In light of these changes, this study was designed to provide data for the first time on the following:
- The main changes in the role of community nurses in recent years
- The main areas of nursing work today and the nature of their work in these areas.
In addition, the study also furnishes data on these issues:
- The extent of autonomy felt by nurses in their work
- The extent of their satisfaction with various aspects of the work
The barriers to the continued development of the role of community nurses.The study was based on in-depth interviews with some 50 senior medical and nursing professionals, and on a survey of some 700 nurses from the four health plans who provide direct patient care in the community. The role of community nurses in Israel was compared with that in the US and UK by means of a literature review and consultations with experts in these countries.
The study found that nursing leaders, as well as a large majority of the front-line nurses (85%), perceived that the nature of their work had changed substantially in recent years. Key changes included a transition from reactive to initiated work, increased specialization, a shifting of tasks from hospitals to community settings, and greater autonomy. The main areas of current activity include caring for chronically ill patients, health promotion, and routine care. Four out of five front-line nurses were satisfied with their work to a great or very great extent, and approximately three out of four of them felt that they had autonomy at work to a great or very great extent. Perceived barriers to further role development include traditional attitudes on the part of some physicians and nurses, an insufficient number of dedicated nursing positions, and insufficiently attractive wage levels.
The study findings are expected to contribute to the efforts to recruit more people to the profession, especially to community nursing; to update the curricula of nursing schools; and to the discussion of health plans when defining nursing tasks and considering budgets and compensation levels. The findings will also help the general public better understand the roles of community nurses and contribute to nurse empowerment.
The study was funded with the aid of a research grant from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research.


effect. * Abbrev Table Properties:: How to read and set abbrev table properties. Which properties have which effect. Processes * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting an asynchronous subprocess. * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. * System Processes:: Accessing other processes running on your system. * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. * Network:: Opening network connections. * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function to create connections and servers. * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. * Serial Ports:: Communicating with serial ports. * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. Receiving Output from Processes * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. Low-Level Network Access * Network Processes:: Using @code{make-network-process}. * Network Options:: Further control over network connections. * Network Feature Testing:: Determining which network features work on the machine you are using. Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays * Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout. * Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing. * Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you! Emacs Display * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style for text characters: font, colors, etc. * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections. * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. The Echo Area * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area. * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user. * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area. Reporting Warnings * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings. * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. Overlays * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. What properties do to the screen display. * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. Faces * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for a character. * Face Remapping:: Remapping faces to alternative definitions. * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts and information about them. * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts that handle a range of character sets. * Low-Level Font:: Lisp representation for character display fonts. Fringes * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes. * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes. * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe. * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators. * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes. * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. The @code{display} Property * Replacing Specs:: Display specs that replace the text. * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels. * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it up or down on the page; adjusting the width of spaces within text. * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of the main text. Images * Image Formats:: Supported image formats. * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. * TIFF Images:: Special features for TIFF format. * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format. * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once it is defined. * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. Buttons * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings. * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons. * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers. * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons. * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons. Abstract Display * Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package. * Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc. Display Tables * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. Operating System Interface * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs startup processing. * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to calendrical data and vice versa. * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text and vice versa. * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has been idle for a certain length of time. * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input. * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows. * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. Starting Up Emacs * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at startup. * Init File:: Details on reading the init file. * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed, and how you can customize them. Getting Out of Emacs * Killing Emacs:: Exiting


text:
led with an "East Asian" flavor spurred scholars to look pessimistically upon expressions of local identity in art music production. Due to this, many scholars persistently have underestimated the influence of the local social context in the process of contemporary music composition. In this paper, the author considers the impact of national cultural memory on the work of midto late-twentieth-century East Asian composers. Drawing on the assumption that society and culture determine individual and collective memory (Velicu 2011), the author investigates the ways by which pivotal twentieth-century East Asian composers conjured cultural memory through use of local musical idioms and iconic melodies. The author focuses on three major late-twentieth-century symphonic works of well-known composers from Korea, Japan and China: Isang Yun's (1917–1995) Exemplum in Memoriam Gwangju (1981), Hosokawa Toshio's (1955) Voiceless Voice in Hiroshima (2000) and Zhu Jian'er's (1922) Symphony No. 6 (1992–1994). Each of these works meditates on a pivotal moment in each country's respective national history. In revisiting a shared cultural memory, the composers employ sonic indices and clear structures to conjure an aesthetic of belonging. All three composers choose the symphonic form and contrast eurogenic structures and aesthetics with iconic aural imagery from local history and musical traditions. In this hybridity, the composers delve into national trauma, communicating a clear perspective which entangles their work into local cultural memory. Through an analysis of each symphonic work and the narratives of the composers about thei work, the author uncovers the relationship between cultural memory, tradition, compositional practice and paradigms of national identity.
Interculturality is a popular concept in the world of Korean contemporary music composition. Rather than a collection of divergent musical forms fused via composition, the term interculturality implies a groundedness integral and inseparable from the identity of the composer, as well as that of the listener. Therefore, when studying the work of contemporary Korean composers, questions regarding to what extent and in what form both personal and cultural contexts influence musical themes and forms are often relevant. In this paper, I examine the compositions of Hae-Sung Lee (*1961) in order to explore interculturality as a process of identity articulation. Like with many contemporary Korean composers, Lee's compositional training and experience is grounded within the European art tradition and underscores her approach to composition. At the same time, while not explicitly writing "Korean" contemporary music, her personal history and cultural background frame her perspective on compositional focus and aesthetics. Straddling musical worlds, Hae-Sung Lee's awareness of her identity has always been a main concern for her, whether in a direct or indirect way. Lee disapproves of assumptions regarding a fusion of the assumed-monolithic "Korean" and "Western" musical cultures. Instead, she stresses that when musical cultures interact nuanced distinctions emerge. Lee's perspective is one embodying a pursuit of aesthetic equality through a reciprocal interchange between musical cultures; something which I contend forms the heart of any intercultural music practice. In this paper, I examine bicultural orchestration and Korea-specific sociological-historic themes in Lee's works in order to illustrate this perspective on interculturality. To explore Lee's compositional perspective, the paper analyzes Mulkil (Waterway) for Violin, 2 Hae-Gums, and Cello (2000), Darem for Gayago and Violin (2001), Maruta for Orchestra (1995), Sae-ya Sae-ya for Violin and Orchestra (2003).


text:
google pixel watch 2 It was launched last month during the company's Made by Google event. The newly unveiled smart wearable powered by the Qualcomm 5100 SoC is heading to more shelves around the world, however, and rumors about next year's Pixel Watch 3 have already started to surface on the web. According to a new patent filing, the Pixel Watch 3 may debut with a new sensor technology that will allow users to control the wearable only with gestures instead of buttons.
in the beginning spotted by wearable, Google has filed a new smartwatch patent Filed with the United States Patent Office titled "Gesture recognition on watch bezel using strain gauges". The patent next discusses the possibilities of implementing new sensors inside the Pixel Watch that can detect gestures such as press, tap, squeeze, and swipe. The introduction of these sensors could lead to new ways of using smartwatches as they can perform a variety of functions such as controlling music, accessing smart home devices, and viewing or managing heart rate data.
Deploying this new sensor technology will eliminate buttons from future Pixel watches. In addition to the detailed description, the patent also includes some images to provide further context that show how the gesture recognition controls would work. The images show a smartwatch with sensors arranged along the edge of the display and no crown. We can see a user swiping their finger along the display edge to turn the volume up or down in the Music app. It also prompts you to press the display on both ends of the wearable device to pause a song or open a notification.
Google says that the buttons, bezels, and crown make the manufacturing process and waterproofing more complicated. "Touching the device easily obscures content on such a small screen, making it difficult to accurately select and scroll because the user cannot see what they are selecting or scrolling," Google said in the filing. are doing." Tech giants admit that dials, rotating crowns and more are efficient and convenient options, but they have flaws. So adding sensors within the watch will keep the control methods within the housing, resulting in a cleaner design. It will also allow the processor to communicate directly with the sensors.
Google has not provided any details about the adoption of the gesture recognition sensor on the Pixel Watch. The patented technology can only be used for testing and changes are expected before the launch of the next version of Pixel wearables.
pixel watch 2 was launched During the Made by Google launch event in October. Its price is Rs. 39,900 in India. The smartwatch is powered by Qualcomm 5100 SoC, paired with 2GB of RAM and 32GB of inbuilt storage. It comes with Wear OS 4.0 and has a 306mAh battery.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What is the shortest word in the Torah?
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closed as not a real question by Isaac Moses Jun 16 '11 at 22:09
2 Answers 2
up vote 1 down vote accepted
הַאֲזִינוּ פרק לב פסוק ו
הַ לְיְהוָה, תִּגְמְלוּ-זֹאת
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I don't understand how this answer could be accepted without any source justifying that this is actually a word. – Curiouser May 23 '11 at 16:36
_USER_ - Note the usernames. – WAF May 24 '11 at 23:10
There are a number of words of two letters, which could all count as the shortest.
But according to the Ibn Ezra, the heh which begins Devarim 32:6 is connected to the lamed and is not a word on its own. This is a famous mechlokets. See a nice video on the topic here.
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text:
Mapping Marblehead: From Founding to Freedom
Learn about Marblehead's 17th and 18th Century History
Join Marblehead Historical Commissioners Pam Peterson, Chris Johnston, and David Krathwohl to learn about Marblehead history through maps on Thursday, June 17 at 7 p.m. The Marblehead Museum will host the presentation via Zoom. Register at marbleheadmuseum.org to receive the link to the free lecture. Booklets about the exhibit will also be available at the Marblehead Museum and at the Abbot Hall giftshop to those signing up for the lecture.
Marblehead is a town that is unusually rich in history. With five centuries of stories to tell, this is just the beginning. Maps from the 17th and 18th centuries set the framework for the town and its development. The 17th century founding of a small fishing settlement laid the groundwork for a stable governing body and a strong economy. This foundation allowed the town to grow and prosper in the 18th century, becoming independent and strong enough to be a part of the creation of the new United States.
The presentation will recap the highlights of the exhibit presented by the Marblehead Historical Commission at the Old Town House in 2019. The next exhibit, Mapping Marblehead: The Nineteenth Century, will open on July 7th at the Old Town House. Descriptive panels, artifacts, and interactive computer maps will illustrate Marblehead's growth. A photo opportunity will allow visitors to step back in time, and inspire them to take their interest out into the town, to see and explore all that Marblehead has to offer.


text:
HVAC Procedure and Performance Guide
TASK: Make a tubing run with offset and corner using bending tool.
STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE
Tube bends must be smooth and turned to specified angle. Tubing must not flatten or kink in bends. Run must conform to job requirements. Applicable safety procedures must be followed.
- Review manufacturer's specifications and job specifications.
- Collect tools, equipment and materials.
- Put on safety and protective equipment and apparel.
- Determine tube size and wall thickness, location of offset and corner bend, amount of offset and angle required.
- Select correct bender for tube size.
- Determine minimum allowable bending radius for tube.
- Make offset:
- Locate first offset bend and position tube bender on tube.
- Bend to correct angle with desired radius.
- Move bender to location for second offset bend and make same bend in opposite direction to complete offset.
- Make corner bend:
- Position tube bender on tube at desired location.
- Bend tube to correct angle with desired radius.
- Remove bender and install tubing run.
- Remove safety and protective equipment and apparel.
- Gather tools, equipment and leftover materials, and leave work site clean.


text:
Let's discuss the question: how to prime a duramax fuel system. We summarize all relevant answers in section Q&A of website Countrymusicstop.com in category: MMO. See more related questions in the comments below.
How do you prime a 2015 Duramax after running out of fuel?
Prime the fuel system by turning the ignition on (Run position) for 30 seconds, but do not start the engine. This allows the pump to prime the system. Turn the ignition off, and then crank it for 15 seconds. If it does not start, repeat the first task and this one until it starts (cycle the key).
How do you prime a diesel engine after changing the fuel filter?
In some diesel engines, priming the fuel pump can be as simple as turning the ignition key to "run" for several seconds, turning off, and then repeating up to four times. This restart procedure will most likely be recommended by your manufacturer and allow you to restart the engine after a few minutes.
How to bleed the Air out of the Fuel on a Duramax
Images related to the topicHow to bleed the Air out of the Fuel on a Duramax
How do I prime a fuel pump?
The proper method to start any EFI engine in a car or a truck is to turn the ignition key to run and no farther. Wait for the fuel rail to prime, and when you hear the fuel pump relay shut off, continue into the crank mode. The proper sequence is run, wait, turn to crank.
How do you prime a fuel filter?
- Turn the ignition key to the accessory position for about five seconds and then back off again. Repeat this three times to prime the new fuel filter with gas.
- Crank the engine on the fourth turn of the engine, and let it run for about 15 to 20 seconds.
What should the fuel rail pressure be on a Duramax?
For starting a Duramax, you'll need a minimum of 1,500 psi fuel pressure at the rail while cranking and at idle a minimum of 5,000 psi.
Does Duramax have fuel pump in tank?
The Duramax is probably the most responsive to an aftermarket lift pump. The GMC and Chevy Duramax pick-up trucks do NOT have a lift pump to supply fuel to the engine. From the factory, the CP3 injection pump is the truck's only means of getting fuel from the tank to the engine.
Prime Fuel Pump on 01-07 Duramax
Images related to the topicPrime Fuel Pump on 01-07 Duramax
How do I start my car after running out of diesel?
- Press the accelerator pedal to engage the fuel injectors more quickly. This will get the fuel circulating through the engine to help the car start.
- Turn the ignition to the 'on' position without starting the engine. …
- Make sure the car has had plenty of time to cool down.
How do you bleed air from a fuel system 7.3 Powerstroke?
Now to your problem, there is no way to "bleed" a 7.3L fuel system like you can an older mechanical engine. The only way you will get the air out of the system is to let the truck warm up then go drive it like you stole it around the block a few times. That's the only way you can clear the air out of the lines.
How do you get rid of an airlock in a diesel engine?
Your fuel lift pump will be mounted on the engine and connected to the primary fuel filter. Begin pumping the lever or plunger while keeping an eye on the bleed screw. You will see bubbles form as air leaves the system. Use your rags or other absorbent material to sop up the fuel as it bleeds out.
What are some of the reasons you may have to prime your fuel system?
Air often gets into the fuel line when a vehicle runs completely out of gas. This causes a vehicle to have problems starting, forcing you to "prime" the fuel system to remove the air. Pump fuel through the fuel line via the manual pump to prime a fuel system.
How do you manually prime a carburetor?
- Crank the car for about 15 seconds.
- Stop for about 15 seconds.
- Pump the accelerator petal twice.
- Crank the car again, if it doesn't start immediately keep cranking the car for a maximum of 15 seconds.
- Stop Wait at least 2 minutes, this is to prevent damage to the starter.
- Then go back to step 3.
How to Prime Your FASS System With The XWS-3002 and PF-3001!
Images related to the topicHow to Prime Your FASS System With The XWS-3002 and PF-3001!
How do you bleed a Stanadyne injection pump?
To bleed the fuel filter loosen three turns the bleed screw on the IN side of the filter. Pump the priming lever on the fuel lift pump until fuel spurts out without any air bubbles. Retighten the screw and move on to the OUT side of the filter and repeat the purging process.
Why is it necessary to bleed a diesel system?
Bleeding the low pressure side prevents, among other things, defects to the high pressure pump which can occur during filter change without manual bleeding, for example. Diesel fuel provides the sole lubrication within the system. That is why it is particularly important that it never runs dry.
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text:
Data set ID:
Increased nutrient inputs is one of many global change factors predicted to affect the composition and ecosystem function of plant communities. In general, nitrogen deposition decreases diversity and increases productivity. The effects of phosphorus addition have received less attention, however, and the interactive effect of both nutrients is likely to exacerbate diversity loss over time. Here we addressed whether chronic nutrient additions changed community structure and ecosystem productivity of a native tallgrass prairie.


12th Grade Vocabulary Antonyms Practice
Does anyone know of a good place that I can practice 12th grade vocabulary antonyms?
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 1. I don't know if there's any magic website for this, but if you have a list of words, think of at least one antonym for each one, and then look them up at _URL_ to see if your antonyms are correct. Keep in mind that there are often more than one antonym for just about any word.
 Also keep in mind that some words don't have antonyms!
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 3. If you wernt you'd know the answer
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text:
Nathaniel P. Banks
24th Governor of Massachusetts
- Father of Nathaniel P. Banks — 2nd Generation
- Ahnentafel No:
- John Banks
- Susannah Prentice
- Birth Date:
- 1 Aug 1783
- Birth Location:
- Alstead, Cheshire, New Hampshire
- Christening Date:
- Christening Location:
- Death Date:
- 24 Apr 1857
- Death Location:
- Waltham, Middlesex, Massachusetts
- Burial Date:
- Burial Location:
- Grove Hill Cemetery, Waltham, Middlesex, Massachusetts
- Spouse Name:
- Rebecca Greenwood
- Marriage Date:
- 29 Jan 1815
- Marriage Location:
- Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts
Nathaniel Prentice Banks (Ahnentafel No:1 )
Nathaniel Prentice Banks
Scroll down to see sources.
Sources for Nathaniel Prentice Banks
- 1 Find A Grave, (accessed 01/08/2020).
- 2 Massachusetts, U.S., Town and Vital Records, _PHONE_, Marriage record for Nathaniel P Banks and Rebecca Greenwood.
- 3 Massachusetts: Vital Records, _PHONE_, Waltham, Vol. 1, p. 112, Marriage intention for Nathaniel P Banks and Rebecca Greenwood.
- 4 Massachusetts: Vital Records, _PHONE_, Waltham, Vol. 112, p. 178, Death record for Nathaniel P Banks.
- 5 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1852, Vol. 6, p. 274.
- 6 New Hampshire: Births, Deaths and Marriages, _PHONE_, Vol. Births B to 1901, p. 5028, Birth record for Nathaniel Prentice Banks.
- 7 Binney, Charles James Fox, The History and Genealogy of the Prentice, or Prentiss Family, in New England, Etc., from 163 1 to 1883, 2nd Edition, Boston: Published by the Editor (1883), 66.
- 8 Greenwood, Isaac John, The Greenwood Family of Norwich, England in America, Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Press (1934), 86, gives Nathaniel's wedding date as 12 FEB 1815.
- 9 Wikipedia, "Nathaniel P. Banks", (accessed 01/08/2020).


text:
Australia Day, 26 January
On January 26 each
year, Australians have a national holiday to remember our
origins and celebrate our achievements.
Australia Day, the achievements of Australian citizens are
recognised. Australia Day Awards are conferred upon civilians for
outstanding work in the community. It is one of the ways the
Australian government recognises the dedication and integrity these
individuals display by their actions. The Order of Australia was
instituted in 1975. In 2000, the "Young Australian of the Year"
Ian Thorpe, in 2001 it was
James Fitzpatrick, a medical student and Queenslander, Scott Hocknull,
was "Young Australian of the
Year" in 2002. In 2003, the winner is Leyton
Hewitt, a young tennis star who has won many major tournaments.
For more information about Australia Day, please
follow the links on the left. For students, we have a worksheet page
to go with these pages.
Click here for that page. When you've finished, have a go at our
game, an Australian Find-a-Word.


text:
In this paper the results of simultaneous and spatially coincident, multi-frequency, polarimetric, spatio-temporally
collocated measurements of waved pool water surface microwave reflective (radar backscattering coefficient) and
emissive (brightness temperature) characteristics angular dependences at 5.6GHz, 15GHz and 37GHz are presented.
Angular measurements were carried out for various water surface roughness parameters at clear air, cloudy and rain
conditions. For these measurements C-, Ku and Ka-band, polarimetric, combined scatterometric-radiometric systems
were used, set jointly on a mobile buggy moving along the measuring platform. Structures, operational features and the
main technical characteristics of the utilized systems are presented too. The paper has an aim as well to attract attention
of interested researchers and to invite them to perform their own or joint researches using available devices and facilities.


text:
Public representatives, council staff and figures from the Defence Forces were joined by members of the public last Saturday for the renaming of a section of Grace Road in honour of the Elliot sisters, Emily and Eilís.
The Elliot sisters hailed from Toberclaire. Founding members of Cumann na mBan, they played an important role in the nationalist scene and in the 1916 Rising in Dublin.
Addressing the crowd last weekend, Mayor Aengus O'Rourke said he was honoured to be part of such a historic situation.
"We are here today to further commemorate Eilis and Emily Elliott from Toberclaire, who played a significant role in the making of modern Ireland," Mayor O'Rourke began. "In doing so we also acknowledge the role played by their colleagues from the greater Athlone area, who also made a valuable contribution.
"For many years the role of women in Easter 1916 and later years was overlooked, but happily the part played by both Emily and Eilsih has been recognised and commemorated in Athlone. As part of the centenary 1916 commemorations, a plaque was erected in Count John McCormack Square in their honour.
"In 2017, the bypass bridge on the River Shannon was named as Cuman Na mBan Bridge, and a plaque was erected commemorating all those from the greater Athlone area who were active in The Irish Volunteers, The Irish Republican Brotherhood, The Irish Citizen Army, and Cumann na mBan at the time of the Easter Rising in 1916.
"And today, the section of road from White Bridge to the Town Bridge will officially be named as Elliott Road."
With relations of the Elliot sisters watching on, Mayor O'Rourke told the crowd of the exploits and bravery displayed by Emily and Eilish during the Easter Rising in Dublin.
"At an early age Eilish and Emily went to Dublin to find work where they trained as confectioners. In Dublin they both joined the Keating branch of the Gaelic League and were founding members of Cumann Na mBan, and were members of the central branch.
"Both Eilish and Emily participated in the 1916 Easter rising. They were in Reis's in Abbey Street (opposite the Hibernian Bank ) on Easter Monday and spent the day going back and forth to the GPO carrying bread, supplies and messages.
"On Tuesday they answered a call for volunteers for the Four Courts and set off along the Quays where they stayed until the surrender on the Saturday."
Mayor O'Rourke told the crowd that Eilish and her husband Seamus O'Brien settled down in Athlone after the Rising and continued to play a part in local politics, being founding members of Fianna Fáil in the town. Eilish was an active member of Fianna Fáil, was chair of the local Wolfe Tone Cumann, and was made president of the Cumann for a number of years.
"Ladies and gentlemen, these insights into the work and influence and commitment of Emily and Eilis Elliott makes it clear for me and I'm sure for all of us, the reasons why we are here today," Mayor O'Rourke continued.
"These ladies were committed republicans, fearless in the pursuit of freedom, and sacrificed so much for this country and for future generations. It gives me great pleasure as the Mayor of Athlone to officially declare the road before us, outside this building, named from this day forward as Elliott Road."


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If you're a YouTube creator or a die-hard fan who loves engaging with your favorite online personalities, then you've probably heard about YouTube Super Chat and Super Stickers. These exciting features allow you to show your support during live streams by highlighting your messages or sending eye-catching stickers that creators can see and respond to. In this article, we'll explore the ins and outs of YouTube Super Chat and Super Stickers, providing you with all the tips and tricks you need to make the most of these interactive tools. So get ready to take your online interactions to the next level and make a lasting impact on your favorite creators!
Understanding YouTube Super Chat
YouTube Super Chat is a feature that allows creators to monetize their live streams by allowing viewers to purchase chat messages that are highlighted during the stream. This feature provides a way for creators to interact with their fans in real-time while also generating revenue.
How does YouTube Super Chat work?
When a viewer purchases a Super Chat, their message is pinned to the top of the chat section for a specific duration, depending on the amount they spend. The more a viewer spends, the longer their message will stay at the top. This not only grabs attention but also helps the creator to easily spot and respond to Super Chat messages.
Benefits of using YouTube Super Chat
Using Super Chat during live streams offers several benefits for both creators and viewers. For creators, it provides a source of income and allows them to engage with their most dedicated fans. It also helps creators to stand out in the chat section, as their Super Chat messages are more prominent. For viewers, Super Chat offers the opportunity to have their messages noticed by the creator and the live chat community. It allows for a more meaningful interaction and support for their favorite creators.
Enabling and Setting Up Super Chat
To enable Super Chat on your YouTube channel, you must meet certain eligibility requirements. You need to be at least 18 years old, have monetization enabled, and adhere to YouTube's terms and policies. Additionally, your channel must be based in a country where Super Chat is available.
Enabling Super Chat on your YouTube channel
To enable Super Chat on your channel, go to YouTube Studio and navigate to the Monetization tab. From there, click on the Super Chat option and follow the prompts to set it up. It's important to carefully review and accept the terms of service before proceeding.
Setting up payment options
To receive payments from Super Chat, you need to set up your payment options. YouTube supports various payment methods, including credit cards and PayPal. Choose the option that works best for you and provide the necessary information to ensure a seamless payment process.
Using YouTube Super Chat during Livestreams
How to activate Super Chat during a livestream
To activate Super Chat during a livestream, you need to start a live stream on your YouTube channel. Once the stream is live, viewers will have the option to purchase Super Chats and have their messages highlighted. As the creator, you can easily identify Super Chat messages as they will appear at the top of the chat section.
Customizing Super Chat settings
YouTube provides creators with the ability to customize their Super Chat settings. You can choose the duration of time that Super Chat messages stay pinned to the top, as well as set a maximum and minimum purchase amount. These settings allow you to tailor the Super Chat experience to best fit your channel and audience.
Managing Super Chat messages
As a creator, it's important to effectively manage Super Chat messages during your livestream. You can use the moderation tools provided by YouTube to moderate and block any inappropriate or spammy messages. Remember to engage with Super Chat contributors by acknowledging their messages and responding to them during the stream.
Moderating and monitoring Super Chat
Moderating Super Chat messages is crucial to maintaining a positive and inclusive chat environment. YouTube offers moderation features that allow creators to monitor and moderate Super Chat messages. This includes blocking specific keywords, blocking users, and hiding inappropriate messages. By actively managing Super Chat, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience for all viewers.
Optimizing Super Chat to Maximize Benefits
Promoting Super Chat in advance
To maximize the benefits of Super Chat, it's important to promote it in advance. Let your audience know that you are using Super Chat and explain how it works. Encourage them to participate by highlighting the value and benefits they will receive by using Super Chat during the livestream. Building anticipation can help increase engagement and participation.
Engaging viewers through Super Chat
Super Chat provides an excellent opportunity to engage with your viewers in real-time. Encourage your audience to send Super Chats by asking questions, requesting feedback, or offering exclusive perks for Super Chat contributors. Engaging viewers through Super Chat will not only increase their participation but also make them feel valued and connected to your channel.
Creating exclusive Super Chat perks
To further incentivize Super Chat contributions, consider creating exclusive perks for Super Chat users. This could include offering shoutouts, showcasing Super Chat messages on the screen, or providing access to exclusive content or merchandise. By providing exclusive benefits, you can encourage more viewers to participate in Super Chat and support your channel.
Leveraging Super Chat analytics
YouTube provides analytics specifically for Super Chat, allowing you to track the performance and impact of your Super Chat messages. Use this data to understand which messages are most successful, which time frames generate the most engagement, and which tactics lead to increased Super Chat contributions. This information will help you optimize your Super Chat strategy and maximize its benefits.
Super Stickers: Enhancing User Interaction
Introduction to YouTube Super Stickers
In addition to Super Chat, YouTube also offers Super Stickers as a way to enhance user interaction during live streams. Super Stickers are animated images that viewers can purchase and send as a form of support and engagement. They add a visual element to the chat section and allow viewers to express themselves in a fun and unique way.
Using and customizing Super Stickers
Using Super Stickers is simple for both viewers and creators. Viewers can select from a variety of animated stickers, each with its own price. Creators can customize the Super Stickers available on their channel, selecting the ones that align with their brand and audience. This customization allows for a more personalized and engaging Super Sticker experience.
Benefits of incorporating Super Stickers
Incorporating Super Stickers into your livestreams can provide several benefits. They offer an additional way for viewers to support your channel and engage with your content. Super Stickers also add a visual appeal to the chat section, making the livestream more dynamic and entertaining for viewers. By utilizing both Super Chat and Super Stickers, you can create an interactive and rewarding experience for your audience.
Monetizing with YouTube Super Chat
Earning revenue through Super Chat
One of the primary benefits of Super Chat is the ability to monetize your livestreams. When viewers purchase Super Chats, a portion of the revenue goes to the creator. The exact percentage depends on your channel's monetization agreement with YouTube, but Super Chat can provide an additional stream of income for creators.
Managing and withdrawing Super Chat earnings
YouTube provides creators with tools to manage and track their Super Chat earnings. In your YouTube Studio, you can view detailed analytics and reports that provide insights into your Super Chat revenue. When it's time to withdraw your earnings, you can easily set up your payment preferences and withdraw funds through YouTube's payment system.
Super Chat Best Practices
Establishing reasonable Super Chat pricing
When setting the pricing for your Super Chat messages, it's important to establish reasonable prices that align with the value you provide. Consider your audience's willingness to pay and ensure that the prices are affordable and fair. Finding the right balance between generating revenue and encouraging participation will maximize the benefits of Super Chat.
Creating Super Chat guidelines
To maintain a positive and inclusive chat environment, it's essential to create Super Chat guidelines. These guidelines should outline acceptable behavior and content for Super Chat messages. Be clear about what is allowed and what is not, and enforce these guidelines consistently. By setting clear expectations, you can ensure a safe and respectful community for all viewers.
Acknowledging Super Chat contributors
A key practice when using Super Chat is acknowledging and appreciating Super Chat contributors. Take the time to read their messages aloud during the livestream and express your gratitude for their support. This simple act of recognition helps to strengthen the bond between creators and their most dedicated fans.
Balancing Super Chat with content delivery
While Super Chat offers the opportunity to generate revenue, it's important to balance its use with content delivery. Ensure that the livestream remains engaging, informative, and entertaining for all viewers, regardless of their participation in Super Chat. Maintaining a balance will create a more enjoyable experience for both Super Chat contributors and non-contributors.
Exploring Super Chat Alternatives
Other YouTube monetization options
While Super Chat is a popular monetization option, it's not the only one available for YouTube creators. YouTube offers various other monetization options, such as channel memberships, merchandise shelves, and YouTube Premium revenue. It's worth exploring these alternatives to find the combination that best suits your channel and content.
Comparison with YouTube Super Stickers
YouTube Super Stickers offer a unique alternative to Super Chat. While Super Chat allows viewers to highlight their messages in the chat section, Super Stickers provide a visual and interactive element. By comparing the benefits and features of Super Chat and Super Stickers, you can determine which option better aligns with your livestream goals and audience preferences.
Super Chat: Pros and Cons
Advantages of using Super Chat
The advantages of using Super Chat are numerous. It provides a way to monetize your livestreams, engage with your audience in real-time, and stand out in the chat section. Super Chat also helps to build a strong and supportive community of fans who are willing to financially support your channel.
Considerations and limitations
While Super Chat has many benefits,


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Car make and model are both terms used to identify and describe vehicles. Make is essentially a short term for an automaker, which means the company that makes the vehicle. Toyota, Ford, Chevrolet, and Honda are all examples of automakers or car makes. So what is the model of a car? Model is the specific type of vehicle produced by the automaker. For instance, a Camry is a model of Toyota, and a Civic is a model of Honda. Other terms to describe cars include the model year, body style and trim level.
Understanding Car Makes
The manufacturers and large companies that produce different car makes are typically multinational corporations with more than one location. Nevertheless, they are strongly associated with their home countries. For example, Nissan, Honda, Subaru, Mazda, and Toyota are often referred to as Japanese automakers, despite having many satellite branches around the globe. Similarly, Hyundai and Kia are associated with Korea, which is their home country. Ford, Chevrolet, and Chrysler are examples of American car makers. Volkswagen, Fiat, Porsche, and BMW are examples of car makers located in Europe and strongly associated with Europe, despite being popular around the world. Some consumers have a strong preference for particular automakers and will only buy from that brand.
Another thing to remember is that sometimes car makes will be made by the same company. For example, Acura is the luxury brand of Honda, and Lexus is the luxury brand of Toyota. These vehicles are luxury cars and differ from the car models found under their parent company brands.
Understanding Car Models
Car model, on the other hand, refers to different types of cars found within one car brand. Car models have distinct names within the brand to differentiate them from other vehicles in the lineup. Sometimes car models have specific proper names such as a GMC Yukon. Other times, the car model might just be a number or letter or a combination such as the Audi Q3. Some of the more famous car model names include the Mustang, Corvette, Prius, Explorer, and Beetle. Car model names are important to distinguish vehicles as sometimes car makers release very similar vehicles. For example, the GMC Yukon and the Chevrolet Tahoe are very similar vehicles and, despite the different brands, are owned by the same company.
Differences Between Car Models
Despite car models being a more precise way to identify a vehicle besides just the car make, it may not be precise enough in many applications. Depending on the year and trim of a car model, it could be radically different and treated differently in terms of buying or selling, shopping for car insurance or even registering the vehicle. For example, various trims and model years of vehicles may have different options such as safety features, engine size, and transmission among others. This affects the value of the vehicle and can change the type of quote you get for car insurance.
Car Model Body Styles
The same car model might also include different body styles under the same name. For example, a single passenger car model might offer a sedan, convertible, wagon and coupe version with the same name. An SUV crossover might also be referred to as a hatchback. The body style refers to the general shape and function of the vehicle. Identifying a Toyota sedan, for example, would narrow it down to cars with four doors. A Mitsubishi coupe is likely to be used to distinguish a two-door vehicle under that brand name.
Trim Levels For Car Models
Along with body styles, most car models also have at least a few different trim levels. For example, the 2019 Dodge Charger has the following trim level options: SXT, GT, R/T, SXT AWD, Scat Pack, and SRT Hellcat. Trim levels can be used in a tiered method where the lowest trim is the vehicle with the least amount of options while the luxury trim is at the top with the most options. However, sometimes trim levels are used to distinguish a vehicle's different use category. In the example used above, the SRT Hellcat is a top-level sportscar trim. In another case, the Rubicon is a Jeep Wrangler trim designed more for off-roading. Some car makes logically distinguish trim levels while others have to be decoded. Mercedes-Benz is one of these that uses a combination of letters and numbers. The C 300 and the AMG C 43 are both C Class car models but are different trims.
Car Model Year
Car model years are another important way to distinguish vehicles and assess their value. Car makers often completely redesign car models and the year is a meaningful way to know this. However, it's important to remember that the model year does not necessarily indicate when the car was manufactured. For example, cars from the 2019 model year were available to purchase back in 2018. So if a redesign of a specific car model occurred for the 2019 model year, it was most likely manufactured in 2018.
Car Makes By The Same Manufacturer
As previously mentioned, some car manufacturers actually have more than one brand under their label. However, these brands are distinct car makes, and it would be incorrect to call an Acura MDX a Honda MDX. They are also not interchangeable, so you can't refer to a Honda Civic as an Acura Civic. In some cases, like with General Motors, the other brands are due to mergers with other companies in the past. GM has acquired Buick and Cadillac in the past, and these are considered GM brands in the present. However, at one point they were their own brands. This is different from Toyota, which created Lexus for the luxury car market and Scion to target an economy market.
How To Determine Your Car's Make and Model
Car makes are identified by logos and by their name. You can always find both on your vehicle in one place or another. The emblem appears prominently on the grille for example. The car model is usually also indicated somewhere on the vehicle, but in the case that it's not, it will also be on the registration and owner's manual.


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In celebration of World Wetlands Day, which is observed on 2 February, the City of Tshwane is happy to announce that it has taken the first steps in rehabilitating the Centurion Lake and Hennops River.
On 5 February 2020, the City will remove the remaining two sluice gates of the Centurion Lake Weir at the Hendrik Verwoerd Bridge, which will increase the free flow of water through the lake, and get the drainage and desilting process of the lake underway.
While this signals the end of an era of a major Centurion landmark, the lake was not constructed in such a way that it could deal with the extent of pollution and accumulated sediment from upstream municipalities. Over the past decade, more than 50 000 m3 of sediment has accumulated in the lake and opening the weirs will relieve the pressure on the existing storm water systems flowing into the lake. It will also reduce leakages from the sewage system on the southern side of the lake, and reduce odours from stagnant water.
Once the weirs have been opened, the City will start removing silt from the northern and southern stretches of the lake, as well as the silted area in front of the Centurion Hotel. This will create channels on either side of the lake, improve the water flow and speed through the lake, and eventually improve storm water drainage.
The City is constantly interacting with the National Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation to ensure that all processes are in accordance with the City's water use licence. The rehabilitation process will have a minimal downstream impact, however, residents downstream will notice a darkening of the water colour for the first few weeks. As the water levels in the lake drop, exposed sediment may release unpleasant odours, which will improve as the sediment dries out.
As part of the lake rehabilitation process, much consideration has been given to preventive upstream measures, such as minor excavations of silt at the ARC Weir. The City is also planning to construct a sediment and litter trap at the weir. This will significantly reduce the amount of silt and litter being flushed downstream. The entire project will require the cooperation of our neighbouring municipalities as well as the National Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation.
The City will continue to work with all spheres of government and the non-governmental organisation sector to find sustainable solutions for a cleaner, safer Hennops River.
Cllr Dana Wannenburg
MMC for Environment and Agriculture Management
_PHONE_


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I read that some consonants such as ㅈ are aspirated at the beginning of a sentence or phrase or something. However, I can't really find the explanation for this particular scenario where they sound aspirated.
For the first one ㅈ, I see a ㄱ before it, but I can't find the pronunciation rule for it.
I found this on Korean Phonology: When the second and third consonants are homorganic obstruents, they merge, becoming fortis or aspirate, and, depending on the word and a preceding |l|, might not elide: |lk-k| is [lk͈].
However, I don't really understand.


text: The focus of this Select Phase II program is to build and deliver laser components both for airborne water vapor and ozone DIAL systems. Specifically, Fibertek proposes to deliver to NASA the following prototype systems: 1) A complete water vapor DIAL transmitter with single-line output tunable over the 936 nm water vapor line, 2) A wavelength converter for ozone DIAL compatible with the GOLD (Global Ozone Lidar Demonstrator) pump laser, with an output on two lines between 300 and 320 nm. Fibertek has developed a common architecture for wavelength converters for both water vapor and ozone DIAL applications. Use of common technology allows us to economically manufacture components for both applications that are compatible with provide improved performance from instruments planned or previously developed by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). The laser systems delivered will provide NASA with the critical components needed for a new generation of airborne lidar sensors for measurement of stratospheric and upper tropospheric species central to improved weather forecasting and understanding of global climatology. The laser systems developed also provide a stepping-stone to space-based sensors utilizing components and architectures that are scalable and traceable to space based operations.


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Most of the time photographers opt for composites for creative purposes, but sometimes they're a necessity. Whatever the case may be, when shooting for a composite image, it's essential that the different scenes have consistent lighting. Photographer Robert Hall explains the process of photographing a composite using flash to easily execute the post-production process in Photoshop:
Hall needed to take an image of nine students standing separately in a wide-open space. If he'd used nine separate lights, it would've been really hard on the subjects. Further, the light spillage would have made the light stands appear all over the photo. He chose to use the composite technique to photograph the following image:
Steps to Create Composites
Align the Images
Working with composites can get tiring if you have to correct everything in post. It's a good idea to have as many things correct in-camera as possible. One variable to consider is the alignment of the images. Hall suggests the following tips to ensure proper alignment:
- Keep your camera still. Use a tripod and do not change it's position. It alsl helps to use a remote shutter release to fire the camera without shaking it.
- Turn off any in-body stabilization in the camera and optical stabilization in the lens. Otherwise, the system will try to compensate for shake that doesn't exist. This can cause the images to be misaligned.
- To make sure the camera doesn't hunt for focus after every frame, use manual focus mode. Hall focuses the images once on the closest subject and sets the camera to manual focus mode.
The room in which Hall was supposed to photograph had a lot of distracting elements. To prevent them from appearing in the final image, he underexposed the image and made the students pop using flash. Here's how he did it:
- To cut out most of the ambient light while still maintaining a greater depth of field, he set the aperture to f/8.
- A shutter speed of 1/250 second allowed him to cut out all of the ambient light.
- An ISO setting of 400 made the image bright enough without making the distractions visible.
Photographing the Group
Once Hall was happy with the settings, he positioned the students, making sure each was unobstructed. To light the subjects, he used a Glow EZ Lock Deep Parabolic soft-box with a grid. This ensured that he got a tight beam of light on the subjects without any spillage. He also used another eVOLV 200 with a honeycomb grid and a snoot for the rear light. Two assistants helped to carry these lights around from student to student after every shot.
"I always make sure to have the light above the subjects and pointing downward. That way, I keep the light consistent on every subject as well as cast all downward shadows. This means the shadows are going to hit the ground rather than all over the background."
He then photographed all the students individually in the position they were assigned. In the process, he made sure to take multiple images of every student with different poses and lighting setups. Once done with each student, he instructed them to move to the side so that he didn't have to work around them.
After Hall was done photographing the students, he used the key light to illuminate the other important aspects of the space, like the mascot and the sign at the top.
To make the image appear more natural, Hall placed his rear lights up at the ledge and took some shots to make the viewers feel comfortable about the rear lighting that the students had in their images.
And finally, Hall took an image of the empty space just to have an empty slate to work with during post-production.
Post Processing a Composite Image
Hall used Lightroom to adjust the exposure settings on his images them moved to Photoshop to blend them together. Here's how he did it:
- To make sure the ambience of the space looked the same in all the images, he adjusted the global adjustments uniformly. This made the exposure and the colors appear the same in all the images.
- When it came to adjusting the exposure on the individual students, he did it locally by using the brush tool. In the process, he made sure that all the students were illuminated uniformly.
- In Photoshop, he brought in all the images of the individual students to his empty slate (the picture of the empty room). For each layer, he retained the image of the students and some area around them. He did the same for the golden grizzly, the sign, and the four rear lights at the ledge.
- Once all the elements were in place and he was happy with the result, he did some final global adjustments like contrast and sharpening.
This technique comes in handy when you need to completely change the look of a space.
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Kung Pao chicken
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kung Pao chicken
Sichuan version of Gong Bao Chicken
Traditional Chinese 宮保雞丁
Simplified Chinese 宫保鸡丁
The dish is believed to be named after Ding Baozhen (1820–1886), a late Qing Dynasty official, and governor of Sichuan Province. His title was Gongbao (Kung-pao; Chinese: 宫保; pinyin: Gōngbǎo; Wade–Giles: Kung1-pao3; literally: "Palace Guardian").[1] The name "Kung Pao" chicken is derived from this title.
During the Cultural Revolution, the dish's name became politically incorrect because of its association with Ding. The dish was renamed "Fast-fried chicken cubes" (Hongbao Jiding) or "chicken cubes with seared chiles" (Hula Jiding) until its political rehabilitation in the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping's reforms.[2]
Sichuan version[edit]
The original Sichuan version uses chicken as its primary ingredient. In this original version, diced chicken is typically mixed with a prepared marinade. The wok is seasoned and then chili peppers and Sichuan peppercorns are flash fried to add fragrance to the oil. Then the chicken is stir fried and vegetables, along with peanuts, are added. Shaoxing wine is used to enhance flavor in the marinade.
Kung Pao chicken starts off with fresh, moist, unroasted peanuts or cashew nuts.[3] These are often used instead of their pre-roasted versions. The peanuts or cashew nuts are dropped into the hot oil on the bottom of the wok first, then deep fried until golden brown before the other ingredients are added.
In Sichuan, or when preparing authentic Kung Pao chicken, only Sichuan-style chili peppers such as facing heaven pepper or seven stars pepper (Chinese: 七星椒; pinyin: Qīxīngjiāo; Wade–Giles: Ch'i1-hsing1-chiao1) are used. Smaller, thinner Sichuanese varieties may also be used.
The most important component of the dish is handfuls of Sichuan peppercorns. It is these peppercorns that give authentic Kung Pao chicken its distinctive numbing flavor. Use of hot and numbing flavor (Chinese: 麻辣味型; pinyin: Málà wèixíng; Wade–Giles: Ma2-la4 wei4-hsing2) is a typical element of Sichuan cooking.
Western versions[edit]
Versions commonly found in the west, called "Kung Pao chicken" or "Kung Po", consist of diced marinated chicken stir-fried with orange or orange juice, ginger, garlic, chicken broth, sugar, cooking oil, corn starch, and salt and pepper to taste. The dish often includes or is garnished with whole roasted peanuts. Other versions substitute beef, pork, tofu, or seafood for chicken.[citation needed]
The original version includes Sichuan peppercorns, which from 1968 until 2005 were illegal to import into the United States.[4] The ban was lifted in light of new processing methods, but the 37-year ban resulted in versions without Sichuan peppercorns.[citation needed]
See also[edit]


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This is an 8thC Pictish cross slab stone which was erected on the side of the drive to Brodie House in the 19thC when the estate was redesigned. The initials AC and KB were carved on the stone some time after 1560 when it was reused as a burial stone, but no-one knows who they were.
On the side facing the road are two carvings of sea monsters or sea horses facing each other. Beneath is a beautifully carved beast with a long snout and tail and body covered with interlaced carving. At the base are two double discs with interlaced carving and a Z-rod across them.
On the other side is a cross with interlaced panels. On the sides are remains of Pictish animals.
The name commemorates Admiral Rodney's victory over the French in the Caribbean in 1782.
Make sure you stop and take your pictures of the stone on the way in to Brodie House as there is a one way system in operation.


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What was the fare for railroads and stagecoaches?
All stagecoach riders paid a price in physical discomfort, lack of sleep, bad food and unfriendly elements. As far as fare went, short trips charged 10 to 15 cents per mile. The cost for the 2,812-mile journey from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California, was $200, and that didn't cover the $1 meals.
Passenger train travel during the 1880s generally cost two or three cents per mile. Transcontinental (New York to San Francisco) ticket rates as of June 1870 were $136 for first class in a Pullman sleeping car, $110 for second class and $65 for third, or "emigrant," class seats on a bench.
Marshall Trimble is Arizona's official historian and vice president of the Wild West History Association. His latest book is Arizona Outlaws and Lawmen; The History Press, 2015. If you have a question, write: Ask the Marshall, P.O. Box 8008, Cave Creek, AZ 85327 or email him at _EMAIL_.