Power and Sample Size for Repeated Measures ANOVA with R
January 20, 2012
By
(This article was first published on Statistics, plain and sample., and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
Background
One of my colleagues is an academic physical therapist (PT), and he's working on a paper to his colleagues related to power, sample size, and navigating the thicket of trouble that surrounds those two things. We recently got together to walk through some of the issues, and I thought I would share some of the wildlife we observed along the way. If you just want the code and don't care about the harangue, see this gist on GitHub.
The problem
Suppose you are a PT, and you've come up with a brand new exercise method that you think will decrease neck pain, say. How can you demonstrate that your method is effective? Of course, you collect data and show that people using your method have significantly lower neck pain than those from a control group.
The standard approach in the PT literature to analyze said data is repeated measures ANOVA. (Yes, those guys should really be using mixed-effects models, but those haven't quite taken off yet.) There are two groups: the "Treatment" group does your new exercise method, and a "Sham" group does nothing (or just the placebo exercise method). For each Subject, you measure their pain at time 0, 15 minutes, 48 hours, and 96 hours. Pain is measured by an index (there are several); the one we're using is something called NDI, which stands for "Neck Disability Index". The index ranges from 0 to 100 (more on this later). There is some brief information about the index here.
Now comes the question: how many people should you recruit for your study? The answer is: it depends. "On what?" Well, it depends on how good the statistical test is, and how good your method is, but more to the point, it depends on the effect size, that is, how far apart the two groups are, given that the method actually works.
I encounter some variant of this question a lot. I used to go look for research papers where somebody's worked out the F-test and sample sizes required, and pore over tables and tables. Then I resorted to online calculators (the proprietary versions were too expensive for my department!), which are fine, but they all use different notation and it takes a lot of time poring through documentation (which is often poor, pardon the pun) to recall how it works. And I was never really sure whether I'd got it right, or if I had screwed up with a parameter somewhere.
Some of the calculators advertise Cohen's effect sizes, which are usually stated something like "small", "medium", and "large", with accompanying numerical values. Russell Lenth calls these "T-shirt effect sizes". I agree with him.
Nowadays the fashionable people say, "Just run a simulation and estimate the power," but the available materials online are scantly detailed. So my buddy and I worked it all out from start to finish for this simple example, in the hopes that by sharing this information people can get a better idea of how to do it the right way, the first time.
How to attack it
The avenue of attack is simple: for a given sample size,
 1. use prior research and practitioner experience to decide what difference would be "meaningful" to detect,
 2. simulate data consistent with the above difference and run the desired statistical test to see whether or not it rejected, and
 3. repeat step 2 hundreds of times. An estimate of the power (for that sample size) is the proportion of times that the test rejected.
If the power isn't high enough, then increase the given sample size and start over. The value we get is just an estimate of the power, but we can increase the precision of our estimate by increasing the number of repetitions in step 3.
What you find when you start down this path is that there is a lot of information required to be able to answer the question. Of course, this information had been hiding behind the scenes all along, even with those old research papers and online calculators, but the other methods make it easy to gloss over the details, or they're so complicated that researchers will give up and fall back to something like Cohen's T-shirt effect sizes.
Now for the legwork
The details we need include: A) prior knowledge of how average pain decreases for people in the Sham group, B) some idea about the variability of scores, C) how scores would be correlated with one another over time, and D) how much better the Treat group would need to be in order for the new procedure to be considered clinically meaningful.
As a first step, the PT sat down and filled in the following table.
0 hrs 15 min 48 hrs 96 hrs
Treat 37 32 20 15
Sham 37 32 25 22
All of the entries in the above table represent population mean NDI scores for people in the respective groups at the respective measurement times, and were filled in based on prior research and educated guesses by the PT. It was known from other studies that NDI scores have a standard deviation of around 12, and those have been observed to decrease over time.
Note: we could have assumed a simpler model for the means. For example, we could have assumed that mean NDI was linear, with possibly different slopes/intercepts for the Treat/Sham groups. Prior info available to the PT said that such an assumption wasn't reasonable for this example.
Repeated measures designs assume sphericity for the exact F tests to hold, so we need to specify a variance for the differences, \(\mathrm{Var}(X_{i} – X_{j})\), and sphericity says this variance should be the same for all time points \(i\) and \(j\). As it turns out, this last choice implicitly determines all of the remaining covariance structure. We set this standard deviation to \(9\).
Finally we do some coding
We are now ready to turn on the computer. We first intialize the parameters we'll need, next we set up the independent variable data, then we do the simulation, and finally we rinse-and-repeat. Let's go.
set.seed(1)
nPerGroup <- 10
nTime <- 4
muTreat <- c(37, 32, 20, 15)
muSham <- c(37, 32, 25, 22)
stdevs <- c(12, 10, 8, 6)
stdiff <- 9
nSim <- 500
All of the above should be self-explanatory. Next comes setting up the data – creatively named theData – for the independent variables. Just for the sake of argument I used code to generate the data frame, but we wouldn't have had to. We could have imported an external text file had we wished.
Subject <- factor(1:(nPerGroup*2))
Time <- factor(1:nTime, labels = c("0min", "15min", "48hrs", "96hrs"))
theData <- expand.grid(Time, Subject)
names(theData) <- c("Time", "Subject")
tmp <- rep(c("Treat", "Sham"), each = nPerGroup * nTime)
theData$Method <- factor(tmp)
Again, the above should be self-explanatory for the most part. The data are in "long" form, where each subject appears over multiple rows. In fact, let's take a look at the data frame to make sure it looks right.
head(theData)
 Time Subject Method
1 0min 1 Treat
2 15min 1 Treat
3 48hrs 1 Treat
4 96hrs 1 Treat
5 0min 2 Treat
6 15min 2 Treat
Lookin' good. Now for the fun part. We generate the single remaining column, the NDI scores. The repeated measures model is multivariate normal. The population covariance matrix is a little bit tricky, but it's not too bad and to make things easy we'll assume both groups have the same covariance. See the original paper by Huynh and Feldt for details.
# to set up variance-covariance matrix
ones <- rep(1, nTime)
A <- stdevs^2 %o% ones
B <- (A + t(A) + (stdiff^2)*(diag(nTime) - ones %o% ones))/2
We simulate with the mvrnorm function from the MASS package.
library(MASS)
tmp1 <- mvrnorm(nPerGroup, mu = muTreat, Sigma = B)
tmp2 <- mvrnorm(nPerGroup, mu = muSham, Sigma = B)
theData$NDI <- c(as.vector(t(tmp1)), as.vector(t(tmp2)))
Now that we have our data, we can run the test:
aovComp <- aov(NDI ~ Time*Method + Error(Subject/Time), theData)
summary(aovComp)
Error: Subject
 Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F


Skip to main content
 - Dexamethasone-Mediated Activation of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly Inhibits Dispersal of Human Primary GBM Cells in a Novel in Vivo Model
 Final Number:
 1125
 Authors:
 Arthur Carminucci MD; Shabbar F. Danish MD; Ramsey A Foty PhD
 Study Design:
 Laboratory Investigation
 Subject Category:
 Meeting: Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2018 Annual Meeting
 Introduction: Early and continuing dispersal of tumor cells away from the surgical margin is a major cause of recurrence and relapse of GBM patients. Identifying drugs that can mitigate dispersal, particularly after patients undergo the Stupp protocol, may increase the length of time to radiological recurrence and improve overall survival. Previous studies from our lab have shown that Dexamethasone (Dex), a drug currently used to treat brain tumor related edema, but which is tapered as soon as possible after surgery, can also significantly reduce dispersal of primary human GBM (pGBM) cells in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we introduce a novel in vivo dispersal assay to demonstrate that Dex also significantly inhibits dispersal in vivo.
 Methods: Single cell dispersions of fluorescently-labeled pGBM cells were injected into mouse retinas and mice were either treated with vehicle control or Dex at a dose equivalent to 8mg/day for 5 days, whereupon mice were sacrificed and eyes removed and fixed in 4% PFA for 24 hours. Retinas were then extirpated, stained with Fn antibody and DAPI, mounted, and imaged by scanning laser confocal microscopy. z-stacks were collected and penetration distance assessed. 3-color images were generated for localization of GBM cells, FNMA and DAPI.
 Results: We show that Dex significantly reduces z-axis penetration of GBM cells into mouse retina (Figure 1), that Dex treatment significantly alters the morphology of dispersal of injected GBM cells within the x,y plane (Figure 2), that without Dex, the presence of fibronectin effectively increases tumor cell dispersal, that Dex treatment activates fibronectin matrix assembly (FNMA) by GBM cells leading to containment of the tumor mass, and that Dex-mediated activation of FNMA is fibronectin dose-dependent.
 Conclusions: Our study defines a role for fibronectin as a facilitator of GBM dispersal and Dex-mediated activation of FNMA as an inhibitor of that process.
 Patient Care: Early and continuing dispersal of tumor cells away from the surgical margin is a major cause of recurrence and relapse of GBM patients. Identifying drugs that can mitigate dispersal, particularly after patients undergo the Stupp protocol, may increase the length of time to radiological recurrence and improve overall survival.Here, we introduce a novel in vivo dispersal assay to demonstrate that Dex also significantly inhibits dispersal in vivo.
 Learning Objectives: By the conclusion of this session, participants should be able to: 1) Describe the potential of dexamethasone to inhibit tumor cells dispersal in an in vivo model. 2) Discuss in small groups the role of dexamethasone and fibronectin matrix assembly in tumor cell dispersal. 3) Identify dexamethasone as a potential treatment in the management of GBM cell dispersal.
 References:
We use cookies to improve the performance of our site, to analyze the traffic to our site, and to personalize your experience of the site. You can control cookies through your browser settings. Please find more information on the cookies used on our site. Privacy Policy


text:
Water and Solution Evaporation Rates
Date: Winter 2011-2012
After researching many sites including yours, my son attempted an experiment to determine what would evaporate quicker: tap water, bottled purified water, or a homemade solution of salt water. All of the research dictated that the tap water should evaporate first. He conducted the experiment 3 separate times and came up with different results every time. The variables for all three experiments were the same every time. He used 8 ounces of each specific type of water in the same size plastic container each time and allowed it to sit for 48 hours in a controlled area of the house (a dark dining room). He then measured the amount of water left in the container. During the first experiment the tap water evaporated the quickest followed by the salt water and lastly the bottled water. After 48 hours the results were 6 oz (tap), 6.125 oz (salt), 6.25 oz (bottled). In the second experiment the salt water evaporated the quickest then the bottled water and lastly the tap water. The results were 7oz (tap), 6.5 (salt) and 6.75 (bottled). In the third attempt the salt water evaporated quickest, followed by the tap water and lastly the bottled water. The results were 7 oz (tap), 6.75 oz (salt), and 7.125 oz (bottled). Please help explain these findings, we are at a loss trying to explain this. Unfortunately time isn't on our side as this needs to be turned in this Friday the 10 of Feb.
Did your son have a hypothesis (which water did he predict would evaporate more quickly)?
Were the containers steam cleaned before each experiment?
Was each container exactly like the others?
Were they located in the exact same place (and in the same order)?
How were the measurements made? By weight or volume?
What techniques were used?
Were air vents in the area?
Was shade an issue?
It is OK to be at a loss and unable to explain your results. One of the many great things about science is that often the results raise more interesting questions that need exploration.
Your son could say that the inconclusive results require further experimentation. This type of conclusion would be appropriate.
Leslie Kanat, Ph.D.
Professor of Geology
Johnson State College
First, please allow me to applaud you and your child for attempting to do experimental science.
The inconsistency of the results indicate that there must be other factors at play. These might be called experimental errors. Experimental errors are not necessarily a bad thing. They can be due to unforeseen environmental factors. It may also be that your data indicate a flaw in the prevailing theories about evaporation rate, which would be especially exciting!
In looking over your results, the lack of consistency would seem to infer that there is some kind of experimental error. Identifying the source of the error can be difficult. Some critical areas that come to my mind that would affect results include: surface area, water temperature, humidity, air flow above the water sample. Another thing that you did not include in your write-up was the amount of salt in your salt water sample.
It is really important to control all the variables except those that we are changing and testing for. I am wondering why you though that bottled water would evaporate at a different rate than tap water? A lot of bottled water is just filtered tap water. Any differences in rate could be due to the concentration of mineral content in either the bottled or the tap water.
To control for all these factors may require equipment that is more sophisticated than the apparatus that you have.
A better test would be to obtain distilled water and test that against various concentrations of salt water. To control for environmental factors, you should run multiple sets at the same time. For example, several containers of distilled water, several containers of low concentration salt water, several containers of slightly higher concentration salt water, several containers of even higher concentration salt water, several containers of even higher concentration salt water, and so forth. All the containers should remain in the same environment. The salt water should be made from table salt and distilled water. The results should be averaged and compared.
Ray Tedder, NBCT
I think you should think the experiment through with this idea:
A little liquid evaporates and makes water vapor. The air holds rather little of that.
The water vapor has to go away somewhere for more liquid to evaporate,
and the motion of the air is what moves that vapor.
In any one run of your experiment I'm not convinced that all 3 dishes experienced the same amount of airflow and heat input.
I also can't know whether the relevant things were the same between one trial and the next.
The typical dish of water will evaporate faster if there is a fan blowing over it, than if the air is left to it's own spontaneous motions.
There is almost always some rate of motion, due to convection or breezes or whatever.
If the rate was zero, evaporation would pretty distinctly stop.
When something that matters like this airflow is so subtle you do not see it, but it still matters,
then mysterious things just keep on happening.
It is a variable and you must eliminate or measure the variables.
If the room is totally closed, the fan will not help much.
the whole room gets humid, then there is no more room in the air for more water vapor.
Or maybe the walls drip if they are held cooler than the dishes.
But the usual exhaust path for water vapor is out of the room through some window or door.
Then the world at large can worry about getting rid of it.
Someday It will condense in a cloud somewhere and rain onto the ground or into the ocean.
Evaporation requires heat input.
That is _not_ the same as saying the temperature has to be higher.
The water can be a little colder than the room and still keep evaporating.
When it is cold, it tries to suck in heat from the surroundings.
If it can get that heat, it keeps evaporating.
If you had a perfect thermos bottle of water with no way for heat to get in,
some evaporation would happen, and that would make the water cooler,
and that would slow down the evaporation.
It would keep getting cooler, and slower, until evaporation pretty much stopped.
So all 3 dishes need to have the same heat-sinking to have a fair experiment.
Be sure they have identical containers,
and you don't have a lamp pointing right at one dish more than the others,
or sunlight with moving shadows.
Plastic cups are probably the best identical containers you can get.
Maybe put all three on a common aluminum plate or pan,
and maybe even have an opaque roof, elevated a few inches over the pan.
I think you need to do a control run.
put 3 identical containers filled with the same liquid into your setup.
They should go down at about the same rate, but maybe they are up to 30% different.
Measure how fast or how far in a given time, for each. The ratios between them are what matters.
If one has a better position than the others, it shows up clearly here.
Do it one more time, and hope the ratios of rates are the same as the first time.
If they are, you can start doing assorted various liquids and know you are measuring the right thing.
If you do the same 3 liquids three times, but rotate the positions so that each liquid gets to be in each position once,
and then you average the rates of those three times for each liquid,
that can be a pretty fair answer.
But it is important to know that the relative advantages of the 3 positions are repeatable.
That is what the control runs are for.
I would use bottled water for control runs.
It has the least solids, and solids can precipitate at the surface and affect the exposure to moving air,
either by blocking or by wicking.
I would probably do this by making a big box with two 4" holes
or getting a large pot and propping the lid up 1" on one side.
then have a fan point at one hole of the box or tangent to the open side of the pot-lid.
Keep the fan at a fixed and fairly large distance.
Air is really going to swirl around inside the pot. I think that helps all 3 cups get equal air exposure.
Having a fan in the room you used, next to the wall on the opposite side of the room,
blowing parallel to the wall, probably would have helped. (I know, who would have guessed that...)
It would make sure the air was moving at a fair (non-zero) pace, the same pace each time,
and about the same speed for all three cups, if all three were the same distance from the wall they were near.
You could let the liquids take turns being the upwind cup.
There are several issues that need to be resolved. The first is "units". Unfortunately, in English units (ounces = oz) can be either volume, or weight (mass), if gravity is take into account. Although you assert that the samples were evaporated in a controlled area (a dark dining room), how do you "know" that this is a controlled area? For example, how do you "know" that the humidity was the same in the various conditions. Both temperature and humidity would have to be carefully a controlled constant. This is not so easy as it may seem. The presence or absence of light would be much less important than small changes in temperature and humidity. Small changes in the flow of air above the samples would be a much more important factor. How do you know these variables were controlled? Were the three test samples tested simultaneously

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Welcome to another IDS 11.10 (Cheetah) new feature close-up. This time we'll take a look at the possibility of creating multiple triggers on the same table and same event.
Up to IDS 11 you could have only one INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/SELECT trigger for each table. That means that if you wanted to do more in one of the events for which you already had a trigger you would have to change the existing trigger definition.
Now, with Cheetah, you can simply create another trigger. When the event happens both triggers will be fired and their actions will be done. It's a simple concept, but you should be aware of one important aspect: The sequence of execution of the triggered actions.
There is no guarantee to which trigger will execute first, but all the BEFORE actions will be done before all FOR EACH ROW actions, and finally the AFTER actions will be executed. So, the events have a pre-defined order to be executed, but you can't tell which trigger's event will be fired first. I've set up a test case that tries to show this issues. Let's take a look:
1 drop procedure trigger_change;
2 drop table test;
3 drop table action_log;
4 drop procedure trigger_proc;
5 CREATE TABLE test
7 col1 INTEGER,
8 col2 CHAR(20)
9 ) LOCK MODE ROW;
11 CREATE TABLE action_log
13 trig_name CHAR(20),
14 trig_event CHAR(20),
15 trig_action CHAR(20),
16 trig_seq SERIAL
17 ) LOCK MODE ROW;
19 CREATE PROCEDURE trigger_change () REFERENCING OLD AS old NEW AS new FOR test
20 LET new.col1 = 0;
21 END PROCEDURE;
22 CREATE PROCEDURE trigger_proc (t_name CHAR(20), t_action CHAR(20))
23 DEFINE t_event CHAR(20);
24 LET t_event = NULL;
25 IF t_action = 'FOR EACH ROW'
29 WHEN DELETING THEN "DELETING"
30 WHEN UPDATING THEN "UPDATING"
31 WHEN INSERTING THEN "INSERTING"
32 WHEN SELECTING THEN "SELECTING"
34 INTO t_event
35 FROM sysmaster:sysdual;
36 END IF
37 INSERT INTO action_log VALUES (t_name, t_event, t_action, 0);
38 END PROCEDURE;
40 CREATE TRIGGER ti_1_test INSERT ON test
43 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','BEFORE')
45 FOR EACH ROW
47 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','FOR EACH ROW'),
48 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_change() WITH TRIGGER REFERENCES
52 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_1_test','AFTER')
55 CREATE TRIGGER ti_2_test INSERT ON test
58 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','BEFORE')
60 FOR EACH ROW
62 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','FOR EACH ROW')
66 EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_proc('ti_2_test','AFTER')
69 INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1,"one...");
70 SELECT * FROM test;
71 SELECT * FROM action_log;
The execution result is:
_EMAIL_:informix-> dbaccess stores_demo multiple_triggers.sql
Your evaluation license will expire on 2007-11-24 00:00:00
1 row(s) inserted.
1 row(s) retrieved.
trig_name trig_event trig_action trig_seq
ti_1_test BEFORE 1
ti_2_test BEFORE 2
ti_1_test INSERTING FOR EACH ROW 3
ti_2_test INSERTING FOR EACH ROW 4
ti_1_test AFTER 5
ti_2_test AFTER 6
6 row(s) retrieved.
So, let's make a line by line examination of the script. Hopefully, at the end, and after looking at the results, you'll get a clear picture of what's new in this area.
Lines 1 to 18 just create two tables: "test" table will be used as the triggers object and "action_log" will save the name of the trigger (in a minute...), the event that was being executed (BEFORE, FOR EACH ROW, AFTER), the action (INSERT,DELETE...) and the sequence by which they were called.
Lines 19 to 21 create what is called a triggered UDR. This UDR must be created in SPL, but can call other UDRs in another languages (C, JAVA...). This UDR must contain the REFERENCING and FOR clauses to be considered a triggered UDR. The referencing clause is similar to the same clause in triggers. The FOR clause defines which table's triggers can call this UDR in the FOR EACH ROW clause. I've included this to show that you can change the values that the user process used as VALUES in an INSERT statement for example. So, actually you can replace the values given by the client process.
The next lines (22-38) contain another procedure that will be called by the triggers and receives the trigger name and action. This procedure contains two new things:
- It uses the new operators "DELETING", "INSERTING", "UPDATING" and "SELECTING". These new operators can be used in the context of a FOR EACH ROW action and return true if the trigger event is respectively DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE and SELECT
- It also uses a new IDS 11.10 feature, the sysmaster:sysdual table. This is an Oracle ©right; compatibility feature. You could create a "dual" table in any Informix version, so this isn't really a big feature...
Lines 40-68 include the two trigger definitions. They are both INSERT triggers and they call the second procedure in each of it's actions. The first one also calls the first procedure (trig_change) to show that the insert value can be changed.
Line 69 just does an INSERT on the test table with the values "1" and "One". This will fire both triggers.
Lines 70 shows the content of table test, after the previous INSERT, and line 71 shows the contents of the action_log table.
So, what do we see in the results?:
- The value inserted in the test table was actually "0" and not "1"
- The sequence column of the action_log table shows that the BEFORE actions of both triggers were executed first, then the FOR EACH ROW and last the both AFTER clauses.
- First, all the BEFORE actions of all the triggers for the event
- Then all the FOR EACH ROW actions of all the triggers for the event
- In the end, all the AFTER actions of all the triggers for the event
Why would we want to use this feature? Well, for start, it can be handy in application conversions from other RDBMS where this is available and the existing application already uses it. Besides this, DBAs can use this to implement some triggered behavior in "blackbox applications". By this I mean applications where you don't have any influence on the developing phase. You can create your own triggers without interfering with existing ones. This can be used for auditing purposes or for some data extraction, based on changes made on the data fields.
So, in conclusion, the usefulness of this feature will depend largely on your environment requirements, but in some scenarios this can be a very valuable tool.
I think that if you look at the example above you'll see the most important aspects of this feature. So, take your time, and if any doubts remain don't hesitate to check the URL references to the manual and other sources. You can also leave a comment of course.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Discover The Magic of Fluorescent Minerals
Only about 15% of all minerals on the planet can fluoresce, making them rare and worthy of study. Our Glow Rocks Kit includes six naturally occurring rocks and minerals that will "light up" under the glow of the included UV lamp, displaying a variety of colors.
The UV lamp is portable, allowing you to hunt for glowing rocks in your backyard. Or dim the lights and wave it over coins, plants and more, and discover the fluorescent properties in many everyday objects. 10 experiments are included in the kit's Adventure Guide.
Includes six Glow Rocks, portable UV lamp, and Adventure Guide.
Requires 4 AA batteries (not included).
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD-Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.


Want to ask a question? Click here
Was there a school in Wilmington named for Zebulon B. Vance?
Gail Calloway
Q. Was there ever a school in Wilmington by the name of Zebulon B. Vance? Time period would have been in the 1940s.
Zebulon B. Vance was born in 1830 in Weaverville, in Buncombe County near Asheville. He was governor of the Confederate State of North Carolina during the Civil War, an N.C. Congressman, state legislator, and Confederate colonel. He was an influential leader of the Civil War Reconstruction in North Carolina and is considered by some to be the most popular political leader the state has ever produced.
Being the astute and beloved person that he was, there are many monuments, towns, buildings and schools named after him all across the state. The schools found named after him are Zebulon B. Vance High School in Charlotte, and Zebulon B.Vance Elementary in Kittrel. None were found in the Cape Fear area.
If any readers remember a school in Southeastern North Carolina named for Vance, let us know in the Comments section below.
Who are the schools named after?
Why did they change the name of the Williston Trojans to Tigers?
User-contributed question by:
Kay Moore
Bookmark and Share
Ask a question
Ask a question
Your question:
Post a comment
Talk to us!
Your comment:


Creative Thinking for Individuals and Teams: An Essay on Creative Thinking for Military Professionals
Discusses the role of creativity in the military within the context of type, focusing on the fact that STJ (the dominant type in the military) tend towards efficient problem solving, while NTP (not so dominant) tend towards creative problem solving. Argues that the army would benefit from encouraging a more creative culture, leading to higher adaptivity and more successful problem solving. Also examines military leadership styles.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
if i have an integer a_variable = 1.1
how do i round it up to 2?
share|improve this question
The value 1.1 cannot be stored in an integer variable. Do you mean a Single or Double variable perhaps? – CesarGon Dec 15 '09 at 20:43
sure yes correct – IIIIIllllllllIlllllIIIIIIIIlll Dec 15 '09 at 20:47
2 Answers 2
up vote 17 down vote accepted
share|improve this answer
Math.Floor(a_variable+1)... : ) – Nick Vaccaro Dec 15 '09 at 20:57
Assuming you mean a single/double, use math.ceiling to get the next highest whole number.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
We are physically located in the Old Pathology Building, built in 1896 (National Register of Historic Places), at the site of the former Central State Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. This building stands as the only 19th century pathology laboratory in the United States, and holds the Indiana Medical History Museum. The building is the nation's premier example of architecture and medical history for the nineteenth century practice of pathology, and for the pedagogy of pathology as it developed in the era of scientific medical discovery. The building itself is a forerunner to the Indiana University School of Medicine, and on a grand scale the building provides insight into the relationship between scientific discovery and medicine as it evolved through the twentieth century.
Indiana pathologists formally organized on September 26, 1933 at the French Lick Hotel in French Lick, Indiana, as the Indiana Laboratory Association. Among their objectives were facilitating discussion with each other regarding advancements and improvements in the field of pathology, the standardization of laboratory methods, and to promote the practice of scientific medicine by a wider application of clinical and public health laboratory methods." The organization originally included members with three years of post-graduate experience in laboratory sciences. Additionally, an associate level consisting of registered technicians approved by the American Society of Clinical Pathologists Board of Registry plus Honorary designees who made note-worthy contributions to the laboratory sciences made up the early membership.
In 1935, the name Indiana Association of Pathologists was adopted and the Associate level of laboratory technicians was removed.
The annual slide conference began in 1949. The conference now bears the name the IAP Spring Slide Seminar. The IAP became officially incorporated with the State of Indiana in 1957.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Geology exposure along Highway 221 south of Prosser, Washington.
The units are clay, diatomite, and sandstone with a minor offset.
Elephant Mountain member basalt capping a member of the Ellensburg Formation
The Ellensburg Formation are the non basalt basalt units in between the various Columbia River Basalt Group lava flows. In this case the exposed outcrop is capped by the Elephant Mountain member of the Saddle Mountains Basalts - one of the youngest lava flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The member designations of the Ellensburg Formation are derived from the age of the basalt flows above and below them. On this basis the unit would be the Rattlesnake Ridge member. Laval (1956) mapped this area and proposed Prosser member for a unit containing diatomite.
A number of distinct units can be seen within the Ellensburg Formation at this site: 1) a green-gray clay that likely highly altered volcanic ash, 2) bright white layers of diatomite, 3) cross bedded sands and silts with a mix of diatomite and volcanic ash and 4) a volcanic ash or tuff deposit.
Diatomite layers over clay and under sands. Diatomite is formed by the accumulation of diatoms, a single-celled organism with a silica structure. Diatomite signifies a quiet lake environment will little sediment input as it takes a long time for the diatoms to accumulate.
Volcanic ash overlaid by basalt of the Elephant Mountain member


text:
Pronunciation of Air pollution
Hyphenation of Air pollution
How is Air pollution hyphenated?
- British and American usage: Air pol‐lu‐tion
Examples of pronunciation in real context
Click on an item to listen a few seconds from that video:
...on the earth's ecosystems. >>Human air pollution is filling the earth place of science.
Air pollution is everywhere.
Human air pollution is filling the earth place of science...
...in the world. And as you can see, there is no protection whatsoever from the exposure of dust and air pollution as well."...
Critics of shale oil extraction pose questions about environmental management issues, such as waste disposal, extensive water use, waste water management, and air pollution.
Share this page
Go to the wordplay of Air pollution for some fun with words!


text:
PLANT PROTECTION NUTRIENT FOR therapeutic plant LACALVA STRESS
WHAT IS PLANT PROTECTION? - DEFINITION
To help protect your therapeutic plant, we need the necessary nutrients to feed and heal our crops. For this task, we have our high-quality liquid fertilizer Lacalva Stress, which is dedicated to controlling the enemies of your crop.
Plant protection consists of having control of the nutrients your plant absorbs so that it can develop without any plague or deficiency in its growth.
This fertilizer helps to control plant diseases and ensure that the productivity of your crop is not limited and reduces the quantity and quality of the buds.
NUTRITIONAL FERTILIZERS ANTI STRESS - SUPER CONCENTRATED AMINO ACIDS FOR PLANTS - PROPERTIES
Balanced NPK recipe with a high content of amino acids, bioencapsulated manganese and secret ingredients, it is recommended for times of stress and maximum demand of your therapeutic plant or hemp plants, making them stronger and protecting them from any need or attack.
Its use is recommended in phase changes, as well as when there is a lack of nutrients or the plant suffers an attack, specifically designed by MADAME GROW® for times of maximum need, it provides all the necessary elements to overcome moments of stress.
The high concentration of amino acids makes our plant reach the end of the cycle with all the vigor and protection necessary to obtain a successful harvest.
Before any moment of stress, do not hesitate and treat your plant with LACALVA STRESS TREATMENT, and in a very short time you will see how it recovers its splendor.
COMPOSITION - VEGETABLE PROTECTION FERTILIZER
BEST VEGETABLE PROTECTION NUTRITIONAL FERTILIZERS
VEGETABLE PROTECTION AND NUTRITION FERTILIZER - INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
SUPERCONCENTRATED, NPK 5-3-4: Root and foliar application, pour between 2 and 4 ml per liter of water, during the phase changes from growth to flowering, and at the beginning of fattening.
Plants can absorb amino acids in 2 ways:
- Root route: they would be absorbed the same as nitric or ammonium nitrogen and the sap will distribute it throughout the plant.
- Foliar route: It is the most used, since they can be applied together with other treatments such as foliar fertilizers, phytosanitary products, herbicides, etc.
It is convenient to use Lacalva Stress when your plant is lacking in nutrients or suffers an attack. We indicate the growing phases where it is most often used:
GROWTH PHASE FLOWERING PHASE
- Week 2: 2ml/l - Week 7: 2ml/l
- Week 3: 2ml/l - Week 8: 2ml/l
For more information, consult the MADAME GROW® Grow Table.
Product guaranteed by VEGETAL BIOPLANT laboratories.
BENEFITS OF SUPER AMINO ACID CONCENTRATE FOR PLANTS
Plant amino acids are closely related to plant growth and development. Some plant hormones are linked to amino acids or come from their transformation.
This makes the application of our super-concentrated amino acid fertilizer for plants LACALVA STRESS a success for the plant to overcome and develop in the face of any adversity.
The benefits of the plant protection fertilizer with concentrated amino acids manufactured by vegetalbioplant, are the following:
- Increase cell permeability.
- Improves the absorption and translation of nutrient ions.
- Increases flowering and decreases the number of floral abortions.
- Regulates osmotic processes.
- Accelerate the recovery of plants, subjected to adverse conditions, such as: transplants, transport, frost, wind, hail, pruning, suffocation, toxic effects of phytosanitary treatments, etc.
In short, this nutrient is essential to have an excellent flowering. Combined with micro-elements, they increase the weight and flavor of the buds.


able if an unrecognizable message type is received, since this probably indicates loss of message-boundary sync.
For either normal or abnormal termination, any open transaction is rolled back, not committed. One should note however that if a frontend disconnects while a non-SELECT query is being processed, the backend will probably finish the query before noticing the disconnection. If the query is outside any transaction block (BEGIN ... COMMIT sequence) then its results may be committed before the disconnection is recognized.
44.2.9. SSL Session Encryption
If PostgreSQL was built with SSL support, frontend/backend communications can be encrypted using SSL. This provides communication security in environments where attackers might be able to capture the session traffic.
To initiate an SSL-encrypted connection, the frontend initially sends an SSLRequest message rather than a StartupMessage. The server then responds with a single byte containing S or N, indicating that it is willing or unwilling to perform SSL, respectively. The frontend may close the connection at this point if it is dissatisfied with the response. To continue after S, perform an SSL startup handshake (not described here, part of the SSL specification) with the server. If this is successful, continue with sending the usual StartupMessage. In this case the StartupMessage and all subsequent data will be SSL-encrypted. To continue after N, send the usual StartupMessage and proceed without encryption.
The frontend should also be prepared to handle an ErrorMessage response to SSLRequest from the server. This would only occur if the server predates the addition of SSL support to PostgreSQL. In this case the connection must be closed, but the frontend may choose to open a fresh connection and proceed without requesting SSL.
An initial SSLRequest may also be used in a connection that is being opened to send a CancelRequest message.
While the protocol itself does not provide a way for the server to force SSL encryption, the administrator may configure the server to reject unencrypted sessions as a byproduct of authentication checking.
Privacy Policy | About PostgreSQL
Copyright © _PHONE_ The PostgreSQL Global Development Group


text:
curriculum requirement for Experiential Learning.
360 Senior Capstone Research. (2-4)
Capstone library research (2) or laboratory research (2-4) done under the supervision of a faculty advisor. Required for all chemistry majors except those completing HONR 398 (Honors Senior Research) which fulfills the research and capstone requirement. Students also attend regular class meetings focusing on their research progress, literature review, and preparation of a final paper and oral presentation given at the end of their senior year. Although students may register for the course in the Fall and/or Spring semesters of their senior year, the must select an advisor and sign a research contract in the beginning of their senior year. A grade is given after the final presentation and paper.
371 Individual Learning Project. (1-4)
Supervised reading or research at the upper-division level. Permission of department chair and completion and/or concurrent registration of 12 credits within the department required. Consult department for applicability towards major requirements. Not available to first-year students.
398 Honors Senior Essay, Research or Creative Project. (4)
Required for graduation with "Distinction in Chemistry." Prerequisite: HONR 396 and approval of the department chair and director of the Honors Thesis program. For further information see HONR 398.
XXX Chemistry Comprehensive Exam. (0)
Required for graduation with a chemistry or biochemistry major. Spring.


text:
Picture of the founder of Evangelical Covenant Church of America,
Carl August Björk
Swedish Lutheran immigrants founded the Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America (now ECC) on February 20, 1885, in Chicago, Illinois.
A pietistic religious awakening had swept through Sweden around the middle of the 19th century. Out of this awakening and reformation came the Swedish Mission Covenant Church in 1878. The state church discouraged the gathering of these believers. It was people from this movement that emigrated to America and formed the Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant of America. Early leaders and influences included PP Waldenström, 1838–1917 and David Nyvall, 1863–1946, among others. They desired to create a voluntary covenant of churches that were committed to sharing the Gospel of Jesus, as well as provide means for ministerial training. The name was changed to the Evangelical Covenant Church of America in 1954 and the "of America" was eventually abandoned because the denomination includes a Canadian conference.


For Success, You Have to Build Synergy
Statue of Lib Pyramid
We all know the United States of America as the only super power that has ever been but this is not true. Go back in history and study how many super power nations have been there. You will be surprised to find out that the continent that is now currently the poorest on planet earth was once a super power. Yes Africa. So what made Africa and or any other superpowers successful? The answer is simple, they build team synergy.
Think of the Roman Empire, British Empire which is also considered to be the most influential and effective superpower in history. On this post I am only going to focus on Africa as the then super power. Egypt a country that is today run by guns was once at the level of America in dominance and power. It ruled Africa and its neighboring countries mostly under the influence of kings and pharaohs.
We all have a dream of one day taking a trip to Africa to tour the stunning architectural work that was put in building the Egyptian Pyramids. These are some of the stamps of authority that we can trace about Pharaohs. Historical analysis tells us that the Egyptians built the Giza Pyramids in a span of 85 years between 2589 and 2504 BC.
It is estimated that some pyramids took up to 100,000 people to build yet it goes down in history that Pharaohs build the pyramids. One thing that these pharaohs knew was how to build team synergy. Thy knew that thy could not do it a lone and therefore they used other people to implement their dreams. Unfortunately most people who took part in building pyramids were slaves but nobody talks about them. Everybody thanks and wonders at the marvelous works of pharaohs yet I am sure they hardly placed a brick to build the most astounding architectural work in the history of the world.
Pharaohs dominated and oppressed people until they saw their dreams come true. In the world today, we do not have to practice that to see our dreams come true but we can pick a team of qualified people to implement our dreams for us. No successful person does it a lone. We need people and that is why human beings are social beings. There are some people who know more than we know, some are gifted in different fields that we are. Let us give them a chance to shine. This does not mean that we are going to be successful by randomly places people in our work environment.
We have to select the right people for the right jobs. One of the most important knowledge and wisdom every leader or entrepreneur should have is the ability to pick the right people for the right jobs. Just as Pharaohs picked wisely their architects, engineers and slaves who were strong, skilled and proficient, we also need to follow suit but with one thing in mind. That we have to create opportunity for growth to people who serve with us. Add value in their lives and not turn them to slaves.
Let them enjoy what they do, let them love their work place and above all motivate them to go extra miles. Treat your people with love because they are the ones who build team synergy that results into success. You need people, you can and will not do it a lone.
One thought on "For Success, You Have to Build Synergy
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s


text:
Feb 16 2024
To edit a ligand:
To edit the ligand in 2D:
You can select more than one group. ICM will sample the energy of each group and return a table of the results ranked by binding score. The table columns are described below.
About the modifiers table
mol = 2D sketch of ligand with core substructure highlighted in green. Modifier group is not highlighted in green.
L = Click in box to display ligand with modifier group.
smiles = smiles string of modifier group
SubstScore = Score for modifier group only
Score = Score of whole ligand including modifier group
MolLogP = Predicted LogP
MolLogS = Predicted LogPredicted LogS
MoldHf = Preidction model build for 'delta Hf in gas' property, using public NIST database. Description can be found: _URL_ A low dHf value means that the compound is more 'stable'.
MolPSA = Polar Surface Area
Volume = Volume of ligand.
The default set of modifiers LIGAND.modifiers is just an sarray of smiles and it is hard-coded into ICM. You can add your own groups by clicking on the "Add New" button in the editor _URL_ When sketching you need to add an attachment point - right click on the attachment point atom in the 2D editor and select attachment point.
You can also add manually through the command line:
LIGAND.userModifiers = LIGAND.userModifiers // "c1[c*]nc(N)s1" write system preference
To manually change torsion angles - click on the torsion angle button in the Edit Tools Panel. Click on the bond you want to rotate until you see the torsion angle displayed in orange font. Then click and hold and rotate the torsion.
In version 3.9-3b you will see a plot as you rotate the torsions. Current value of -Log(probability) will be shown as a red dot on a profile in the left top corner.
Every edit (even after docking) can be undone or redone.
To undo or redo:
You can view a table with a log of all modifications by clicking and holding on the "undo" button and choose "Modification history". This will produce a chemical table with a column (operation) describing the modification. Double click to load the modification into the receptor or use the "L" column to toggle the display on and off.
If you like a particular ligand and want to save the changes for use later, then you can save the 3D ligand to a chemical spreadsheet. You can then double click on the ligand in the spreadsheet to load it back into the editor or toggle the ligand on or off.
To save to a chemical spreadsheet:
You can also tag a chemical with a unique name which is stored in the spreadsheet. To do this click and hold on the "Add Current Ligand to Table" button and enter a tag name. The ligand table can be grouped by this tag column (Right Click on the column and choose "Group View By").
After editing the ligand you can:
|Copyright© _PHONE_, Molsoft,LLC - All Rights Reserved.
This document contains proprietary and confidential information of
The content of this document may not be disclosed to third parties, copied or duplicated in any form,
in whole or in part, without the prior written permission from Molsoft, LLC.


text:
Madonna di Senales
Madonna, the largest village in the Senales valley, lies at an altitude of 1,500 m a.s.l. and is surrounded by old farmsteads and green alpine pastures
As the name testifies, the history of this mountain village is closely linked with the statue of Virgin Mary which is preserved in the Santuario di Madonna di Senales church, which dominates the surrounding region. It is believed that the 13 cm high, beech wood sculpture of Virgin Mary with Child belonged to a pilgrim, who made a pilgrimage through regions lying south of the Alps and on his return journey gave it to a farming family from the village. This event dates back to the year 1304 and just two years later the chapel had been built, which was extended in 1349 with the addition of an altar in the interior. In 1407 the construction work on the Gothic church was completed. In 1756 the church was enlarged and renovated in Baroque style.
Near the pilgrimage village you can pay a visit to the open-air Museum Archeoparc, on whose site you can see dwellings which have been recreated to let you see what the originals from the time of Ötzi would have looked like.


text:
Let's create two tables. The capitals table contains state capitals which are also cities. Naturally, the capitals table should inherit from cities.
CREATE TABLE cities ( name text, population float, altitude int -- (in ft) ); CREATE TABLE capitals ( state char(2) ) INHERITS (cities);
In this case, a row of capitals inherits all attributes (name, population, and altitude) from its parent, cities. The type of the attribute name is text, a native PostgreSQL type for variable length ASCII strings. The type of the attribute population is float, a native PostgreSQL type for double precision floating-point numbers. State capitals have an extra attribute, state, that shows their state. In PostgreSQL, a table can inherit from zero or more other tables, and a query can reference either all rows of a table or all rows of a table plus all of its descendants.
Note: The inheritance hierarchy is actually a directed acyclic graph.
For example, the following query finds the names of all cities, including state capitals, that are located at an altitude over 500ft:
SELECT name, altitude FROM cities WHERE altitude > 500;
name | altitude -----------+---------- Las Vegas | 2174 Mariposa | 1953 Madison | 845
On the other hand, the following query finds all the cities that are not state capitals and are situated at an altitude over 500ft:
SELECT name, altitude FROM ONLY cities WHERE altitude > 500; name | altitude -----------+---------- Las Vegas | 2174 Mariposa | 1953
Here the "ONLY" before cities indicates that the query should be run over only cities and not tables below cities in the inheritance hierarchy. Many of the commands that we have already discussed -- SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE -- support this "ONLY" notation.
In some cases you may wish to know which table a particular tuple originated from. There is a system column called TABLEOID in each table which can tell you the originating table:
SELECT c.tableoid, c.name, c.altitude FROM cities c WHERE c.altitude > 500;
tableoid | name | altitude ----------+-----------+---------- 139793 | Las Vegas | 2174 139793 | Mariposa | 1953 139798 | Madison | 845
(If you try to reproduce this example, you will probably get different numeric OIDs.) By doing a join with pg_class you can see the actual table names:
SELECT p.relname, c.name, c.altitude FROM cities c, pg_class p WHERE c.altitude > 500 and c.tableoid = p.oid;
relname | name | altitude ----------+-----------+---------- cities | Las Vegas | 2174 cities | Mariposa | 1953 capitals | Madison | 845
Deprecated: In previous versions of PostgreSQL, the default was not to get access to child tables. This was found to be error prone and is also in violation of the SQL standard. Under the old syntax, to get the sub-tables you append * to the table name. For exampleSELECT * from cities*;
You can still explicitly specify scanning child tables by appending *, as well as explicitly specify not scanning child tables by writing "ONLY". But beginning in version 7.1, the default behavior for an undecorated table name is to scan its child tables too, whereas before the default was not to do so. To get the old default behavior, set the configuration option SQL_Inheritance to off, e.g.,SET SQL_Inheritance TO OFF;
or add a line in your postgresql.conf file.
A limitation of the inheritance feature is that indexes (including unique constraints) and foreign key constraints only apply to single tables, not to their inheritance children. Thus, in the above example, specifying that another table's column REFERENCES cities(name) would allow the other table to contain city names but not capital names. This deficiency will probably be fixed in some future release.


Vine Wreath Tutorial – Just in Time For The Holidays
Want an easy but really pretty wreath for your Thanksgiving Dinner? Just a few supplies and you are ready to start:
Vine clippings at least 24" in length; Floral water tube; Lightweight paddle wire or floral tape; Floral scissors; Ribbon
Step 1. Gather the ends of your vines and place stems in water tube filled with water.
Step 2. Bend your vine around itself to create a circular shape
Step 3: Wire or tape together the two ends of the circle you have created, covering your water tube in the process.
Step 4. Use ribbon to cover any exposed tape or wire.
Be sure to make the ribbon long enough to wrap, make a bow and have long ends to drape when you hang it.
Step 4. Hang and enjoy!
Photography Shannon Elizabeth| Floral Design Soil and Stem | Ribbon Frou Frou Chic


Sun Java System Messaging Server 6 2005Q4 Administration Reference
Language Specific Options
To list or set options for a specific language, append ;lang-xx immediately after the option with no spaces, where xx is the two-letter language identifier. For example, to view the text of the Japanese version of the store.quotaexceededmsg message:
configutil -o "store.quotaexceededmsg;lang-jp"
The semicolon is a special character for most UNIX shells and requires special quoting as shown in the example.


text:
St Machar's Cathedral
St Machar's Cathedral usually called Old Machar (Scottish Gaelic: Cathair-eaglais Naomh Machar), (or, more formally, the Cathedral Church of St Machar) is a Church of Scotland church in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is located to the north of the city centre, in the former burgh of Old Aberdeen.
The Den & The Glen
The Den and the Glen (formerly known as Storybook Glen) is a children's park in Maryculter, Scotland, near the city of Aberdeen. It is best known for its disformed and off-looking models of various fairytale characters, as well as some more modern characters such as Shrek and Postman Pat.
Old Aberdeen is part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland. Old Aberdeen was originally a separate burgh, which was erected into a burgh of barony on 26 December 1489.
Aberdeen Harbour, rebranded as the Port of Aberdeen in 2022, is a sea port located in the city of Aberdeen on the east coast of Scotland. The port was first established in 1136 and has been continually redeveloped over the centuries to provide a base for significant fishing and ship building industries.
University of Aberdeen Library
The University of Aberdeen (Scots: University o' 'Aiberdeen; abbreviated as Aberd. in post-nominals; Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Obar Dheathain) is a public research university in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Union Terrace Gardens
Union Terrace is a single carriageway street in the city centre of Aberdeen. At the south end, it has a junction with Union Street, at Union Bridge and Bridge Street; and at the north end, it has a junction with Rosemount Viaduct, with the Central Library and His Majesty's Theatre on that street.
Aberdeen Exhibition & Conference Centre
The Aberdeen Exhibition and Conference Centre (also known as the General Electric Exhibition Centre and often shortened to the AECC) was a large exhibition and conference complex, in the suburb of Bridge of Don, in Aberdeen, Scotland. The complex is home to a Holiday Inn and Holiday Inn Express hotel, conference facilities and multi-purpose arena.
Kirk of St. Nicholas
The Kirk of St Nicholas is a historic church located in the city centre of Aberdeen, Scotland. Up until the dissolution of the congregation on 31 December 2020, it was known as the "Kirk of St Nicholas Uniting".
Pittodrie Stadium, commonly referred to as Pittodrie, is an all-seater stadium in Aberdeen, Scotland. Used primarily for football, it has been the home ground of the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL) club Aberdeen F.
Royal Aberdeen Golf Club
Royal Aberdeen Golf Club in Aberdeen, Scotland, was founded in 1780 and claims to be the sixth oldest golf club in the world. It was founded as the Society of Golfers at Aberdeen, and became the Aberdeen Golf Club in 1815 subsequently receiving royal patronage in 1903.
King George VI Bridge
The King George VI Bridge is a bridge over the River Dee in Aberdeen, Scotland. The foundation stone of the bridge was laid by the Lord Provost Edward W.
Queen Victoria Bridge, also known as Victoria Bridge is a road bridge across the River Dee in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was built in response to the River Dee ferryboat disaster of 5 April 1876, and opened in May 1881.
Aberdeen Maritime Museum
Aberdeen Maritime Museum is a maritime museum in Aberdeen, Scotland. The museum is situated on the historic Shiprow in the heart of the city, near the harbour.
Bridge Of Dee
The Bridge of Dee or Brig o Dee (Scottish Gaelic: Drochaid Dhè) is a road bridge over the River Dee in Aberdeen, Scotland. The term is also used for the surrounding area of the city.
P&J Live (also known as The Event Complex Aberdeen) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the suburb of Bucksburn, in Aberdeen in Scotland. Opened in August 2019, it offers a capacity for all types of shows and events from 5,000 to 15,000.
The Torry Battery is an artillery battery near Torry in Aberdeen, Scotland, which has overlooked the city's harbour since 1860. It was originally constructed for nine guns with a defensible barracks at the rear.
Doonies Rare Breeds Farm, Aberdeen, has one of Scotland's largest collections of rare and endangered farm animal breeds. The farm occupies 134 acres and is nationally recognised as a breeding centre for rare breeds.
Murcar Golf Club
Murcar Links Golf Club is a golf club in northern Aberdeen, Scotland, to the north of the Royal Aberdeen Golf Club. The 18-hole, par 71, 6,156 yard course was established in 1909.
Cullerlie Stone Circle
Cullerlie stone circle, also known as the Standing Stones of Echt, is a small stone circle situated near Echt, Aberdeenshire. It consists of eight irregular stones of red granite arranged at approximately equal intervals to form a circle of 10.
Linx Ice Arena
Linx Ice Arena is an indoor ice rink located in Aberdeen, Scotland. It is situated adjacent to the Beach Leisure Centre.
Keep the places you liked for later stored in your account.Sign up
Twitter for Travelling
Join for free
Wrld is like Twitter but for travelling minded people!
Top places around
Dallas Dhu Whisky Distillery
The Dallas Dhu distillery was a producer of single malt Scotch whisky that operated between 1899 and 1983 in Forres, Moray, Scotland.View more
Doonies Rare Breeds Farm, Aberdeen, has one of Scotland's largest collections of rare and endangered farm animal breeds.View more
Aberdeen Harbour, rebranded as the Port of Aberdeen in 2022, is a sea port located in the city of Aberdeen on the east coast of Scotland.View more
Cullerlie Stone Circle
Cullerlie stone circle, also known as the Standing Stones of Echt, is a small stone circle situated near Echt, Aberdeenshire.View more
Fyvie Castle is a castle in the village of Fyvie, near Turriff in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.View more


text:
Software Integration and Distribution: Overview
This section documents all the procedures and tools used for releasing the gCube system. It is intended as the central access point to information about the integration, validation, and distribution of the system for developers, software testers, release managers, and for any other actor involved in the development of the system (see Roles).
Given the large size of the gCube system, its high degree of modularity and the number of developers involved in the implementation, a set of procedures that formalize and simplify the integration, test, documentation and distribution of the software have been defined. These procedures coordinate the actions and the timing of the different actors to achieve the desired result. Section Release Procedures provides a detailed description of each procedure by listing actors and their responsibilities for each step of each procedure.
Activities in release procedures are highly automated and supported by several tools described in section Release Tools.
- Tracking System
- Integration Infrastructure
- Testing Infrastructure
- Continuous Integration
- Release Cycle
- Maintenance Release Cycle
- Documentation Writing Guidelines
- Distribution Procedure


text:
This Schedule will support the designation or establishment of National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) Body/ies in the Australian Capital Territory (the ACT), in accordance with Part 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT).
Article 17 under Part 4 of the OPCAT provides that 'Each State Party shall maintain, designate, or establish, at the latest one year after the entry into force of the present Protocol or of its ratification or accession, one or several independent national preventive mechanisms for the prevention of torture at the domestic level.'
In the context of Article 17, 'designate' means to assign the role of NPM to an existing institution or institutions, and 'establish' means to set up a new body or bodies to carry out the functions of an NPM on an ongoing basis.
FFA - Affordable Housing, Community Services and Other
10 March 2022
30 June 2023


Organizational Structure of the Kitchen
After reading this article you will learn about organizational structure of the kitchen department in hotel and food establishments of various types and sizes.
Modern kitchen organizations aim at orienting staff in all the areas of the kitchen, so that a multi-skilled workforce is created. A business organization is defined as an arrangement of people in jobs to accomplish the goals of the operation. The organizational structure of the kitchen reflects the needs of the operation, the job functions, and the various goals.
The jobs and duties of staff members also vary from kitchen to kitchen, and so do the tides attached to the jobs. But certain positions and titles do occur throughout the industry.
Here are some of the most common positions with a general definition for each and a place in the typical kitchen hierarchy:
Chef De Cuisines (Executive Chefs or Head Chefs):
This position carries overall responsibility for all aspects of production, for the quality of the products served, for hiring and managing the kitchen staff, for controlling costs and meeting budgets, and for coordinating with departments not directly involved in food production.
Duties also include making new menus, purchasing, costing, and scheduling of employees. They are also responsible for kitchen plant and machinery.
Sous Chefs (Under the Chefs):
They are the principal assistants to the head chefs and aid the chefs in general administration and in particular, supervising food production, and overseeing its service. They are the acting head chefs in the absence of the head chefs.
Chef Gardemangers (Pantry Chefs):
They are responsible for all cold food presentations, which might include hors d'oeuvres, salads, sandwiches, pates, etc.
Butcher Chefs:
They are in charge of the butcher shop which prepares meats, fish, and poultry as desired by the user departments of the kitchen.
Pastry Chefs:
They enjoy a different status and the work of their department is generally separated from the main kitchen and is self-contained in the matter of cold storage, machinery, and equipment. They are responsible for all hot and cold desserts. These may include cakes, pastry, ice creams, creams, etc.
They are the bakers who work under the pastry chefs and are responsible for all baked products such as bread, breakfast rolls, etc.
Potagers (Soup Cooks):
They are responsible for preparing soups and stocks, which may include cream soups, consommes, bisques, broths, national soups, essences, etc.
Entremetier (Vegetable Cooks):
The entremets course is, on the menu, the sweet which is prepared by the pastry chefs. Entremets de legumes were the vegetable courses traditionally featured on a menu.
The entremetiers are therefore concerned with the preparation of the following:
i. All vegetable dishes,
ii. All potato dishes,
iii. All egg dishes,
iv. All farinaceous dishes.
Chef Rotisseurs [Roasting Cooks):
They are responsible for braised meats, roasted meats, and meat dishes. Their section is also responsible for deep-frying of foods.
They are responsible for all sauces and sauce-related dishes.
Banquet Chefs:
They are responsible for all food to be prepared for banquet functions and also for the buffet in coffee shops.
Chef Tournants:
They are the reliever chefs who take charge in the absence of the section chefs. They were usually multi-skilled cooks, who would fit into any job in case of emergencies.
Chef De Parties (Section Chefs):
All chef de parties are supervisors in charge of a clearly defined set of activities within the kitchen. They are the station heads and must be skilled to cook every dish made by their stations. They should also have a certain degree of administrative skills. They should be able to plan and carry out production schedules for the section.
Demi Chef De Parties:
They are also in a supervisory capacity. They take charge in the absence of the chef de parties. They assist the chef de parties.
There are both commis Is and commis IIs; the Is being seniors. They are the assistants to die chef de partie. However, in most hotels now, the commis I and II have been classified as commis only.
These are the trainees who help out in day-to-day operations.
These positions defined here are in a classical sense. In the real world, they are combined, altered, and adapted to fit the specific goals of the individual operation.
Figures 2.1-2.5 represents the organizational charts of the kitchen departments of different types of hotels.
Orgnizational Chart of Kitchen Department
Orgnizational Chart of Kitchen Department of a Large-Size Hotel
Orgnizational Chart of Modern Kitchen Department of a Large-Size Hotel
Organizational Chart of Resort Hotel
Organizational Chart of a Medium-Size Hotel
,,,
Comments are closed.


text:
Compared to the swords of other countries, Japanese katanas have a slim and elegant appearance, which gives them an image of lightness and weightlessness. We see brilliant katana wielding in period wars, but how heavy is a real Japanese katana? Katanas are quite heavy because they are weapons from a time before the advent of light metals. Let's take a closer look at the weight of Japanese katanas and the differences in the way they feel when held in the hand.
How much does a katana weigh?
During the Edo period, warriors carried two Japanese swords at their waist, one Uchinata and the other Wakizashi. At that time, there were no means of transportation, and it was normal to walk several dozen kilometers.
So, what load did they really carry? We will explain it to you based on the weight of a Japanese sword.
The average weight is about 3.2lbs
The Japanese katana, a long thin blade, is made by repeatedly bending and forging a very pure metal called tamahagane.
The original material is high quality iron sand, which is then melted down in the traditional Japanese tatara method to produce tamahagane, the core material of the Japanese sword. The smith strikes the steel repeatedly to stretch it, then laminates it to create a denser sword.
The inside of a Japanese sword is therefore not a solid object, but is made of many thin layers of steel, and despite its thin appearance, the sword is very heavy.
To carry a Japanese sword, a number of parts are needed, including the scabbard and the hilt (tsuka: the handle of a Japanese sword) in addition to the sword itself (toshin: the drawn blade). The average weight of a sword with only the hilt and the tsuba attached to the blade was about 3.2lbs, with the heaviest swords weighing about 5lbs. Considering that they moved on foot, it would have taken considerable strength to carry a Japanese sword around the waist on a daily basis.
Changes in time and weight of Japanese swords
The koto (ancient sword) is a Japanese sword made during a period of about 700 years, from the middle of the Heian period after 901 to 1595, just before the Edo period (_PHONE_). The forging method used for koto is different from that used for shin-to (new swords), but the details of the technique are not known.
From the middle of the Heian period to the Muromachi period (_PHONE_), when the ancient katana was mainly used in horseback fighting, it had to be practical and easy to handle when wearing armor. To be able to cut and break through highly defensive armor, Japanese katanas had to be strong, but at the same time heavy and practical enough to be handled easily.
A typical ancient sword measures about 2 shaku 3 sun (about 27.5") and weighs between 5.1 oz and. 8.7 oz However, during the Nanbokucho period (_PHONE_), Japanese long swords became popular and many "otachi" (big swords) with a blade longer than 3 shaku (about 35.4") were made, and the weight of these swords increased. For example, the "Taro-Tachi" (sword with handle) in the collection of Atsuta Shrine in Aichi Prefecture is over 7 shaku 3 sun (87") long and weighs 9lbs.
Since the end of the Muromachi period (_PHONE_), the length of ancient katanas has gradually decreased as the traditional long, deeply curved and graceful style has been replaced by a more practical style.
In addition, many Japanese katanas were consumed by war. Therefore, it is believed that only about 30-40% of existing katanas are ancient.
Weight of new katanas
Shintō refers to Japanese swords made between the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period and the mid-Edo period in 1763 (Horeki 13). When fighting ceased in the Edo period, the Japanese katana changed from a weapon to a symbolic object representing samurai status.
Until then, the Japanese katana was a necessity for protection and could be owned by anyone regardless of status, but due to the sword hunting ordinance, only samurai were allowed to own a katana. During the Edo period (_PHONE_), katana smiths began to congregate in large cities such as Edo and Osaka because of the stable supply of high quality materials.
Many of the katanas that survive today are new katanas made during these periods, with an average weight of about 2lbs. In the Edo period, the length of a Japanese sword (josun: the length of a sword a samurai could carry) was fixed by the shogunate, even for those who had a sword belt, and was limited to 2 shaku 3 sun 5 min (about 28").
In addition, Japanese katanas were rarely used in real battles, so the demand for katanas of good appearance and elegant workmanship increased. The importance of the Japanese katana changed from a weapon used in battle to a symbol of authority and a work of art, and the importance of the katana changed from a consumer item to an heirloom item. For this reason, many Japanese katanas from the Shintō period remain in good condition.
The katanas of the Shintō period, made when there were no major battles, were heavier than the katanas of the suekōtō period, the Warring States period. It was also said that the new katanas had lost some of the flexibility of the old ones and were more prone to breakage because of the uniform carbon content throughout the blade, due to the nationwide distribution of homogeneous domestic iron. The general opinion was that the need to compensate for strength was also a factor in why the new katanas weighed more than the shorter, easier-to-handle katanas of the Late Antique Warring States period.
Weight of Japanese katanas after Shinto
As the demand for new Japanese katanas decreased and blacksmiths in various regions declined, a movement to return to the old katanas developed, with master blacksmith "Suishinshi Masahide" advocating a "sword restoration theory".
This movement led to the emergence of shinsatoh, which produced powerful and dynamic Japanese swords in the style of Soshu-den and Bizen-den.
During the upheavals of the late Edo period, "kinouto", long and heavy swords with little deformability, became popular, and thin and short swords also appeared, which were easy to handle and could be used with Western-style clothing. As a result, Japanese katanas were made in a wide range of weights, from 8.7oz to 3lbs.
Japanese katanas made after the abolition of the sword law were called modern katanas (gendaito), and many were used in wars against other countries.
Do Japanese katanas differ in terms of actual weight and felt weight when held?
The weight felt differs according to the position of the center of gravity of the katana
Even Japanese katanas of the same weight can feel lighter or heavier when you hold several katanas in your hands. The following is an explanation of the felt weight due to the differences in the construction of Japanese swords.
The felt weight differs depending on the position of the center of gravity.
Depending on whether the center of gravity of the katana is located closer to the hilt or the spearhead/kisaki, a Japanese katana of the same weight may feel heavier or lighter. The Japanese katana is long and thin, and the length of the hilt varies depending on the brand of katana, so balance is determined by the position of the hilt.
However, there is a limit to how much balance you can give the katana just by the way you grip it. So just as the load you feel is different depending on where you hold a long stick, the position of the center of gravity of the katana itself has an effect on the weight you feel.
The center of gravity of each katana varies depending on its construction. So when selecting a katana to use in combat, we had to confirm not only simple measurements, but also the feel of actually holding and using the katana. The weight of the katana was an important criterion in selecting a katana that would be used in everyday life.
The weight one feels differs according to the length of the katana.
It is not only the position of the center of gravity that determines the perceived weight. The weight you feel also depends on the length of the katana. If you compare two Japanese katanas of almost the same weight but different lengths, the longer katana will feel heavier than the shorter one.
If the balance between length and weight does not suit you, the katana will feel heavier and more difficult to handle than it really is. The tsuba is also an important accessory for adjusting the center of gravity and length of the katana. Depending on where the tsuba is placed on the shaft, the center of gravity and the length of the handle will change.
It is said that even a Japanese katana of the same weight will feel completely different in use if the length of the sword is slightly different. The ease of handling a Japanese sword can be altered by the slightest difference in the shape of the sword.
The "Center of gravity of the hand" to reduce the perceived weight of the katana
The "hand center of gravity" means that the center of gravity is literally closer to the hilt. A Japanese katana whose center of gravity is at the hilt feels lighter than a katana whose center of gravity is in the spearhead (kirigaki), which gives you more freedom and makes it


Sep 18, 2013
Occupy the Body
Somatic practitioners are the new revolutionaries
"Occupy the Body: somatic practitioners are the new revolutionaries." Emilie Conrad, the visionary and founder of Continuum Movement, made this statement during her workshop that I attended recently in Los Angeles. As a craniosacral therapist, it resonated deeply with my own beliefs.
Often life's traumatic experiences can get held in the body preventing it from functioning in its full and healthy capacity. The body loses its ability to rebalance and heal itself, getting stuck in unhealthy physical and behavioural patterns as a result.
'Somatic' practitioners (who work with the body) such as craniosacral therapists, continuum movement practitioners and other body workers, help people to rebalance their bodies to become more self-regulating, allowing them to make more appropriate responses to given situations. Put in simple physiology, if the neuro-endocrine-immune system is functioning healthily, then the body can regulate itself so it knows when to rest, play and make love, or when to get ready to run away or fight. When in balance, the body won't fight and argue unnecessarily, or become unnecessarily paralysed when an angry person threatens it.
Healing needs to start at the body's core, working from the inside out, to effect lasting change in individuals, and therefore society. By returning to our body's natural balanced rhythms, through craniosacral therapy and other self-regulating therapeutic approaches, we can find more balance and regulation not only in ourselves, but also in our family, and in our community.
'Somatics' includes many great practices and therapeutic treatments, whose aim is to achieving this body mind regulation. The availability of these treatments is growing but it needs to grow more quickly to make a difference to society. I passionately agree with Emilie that the way to help shift unhealthy patterns in society is through healing the deep wounds in the body. If we can achieve this, a more harmonious and balanced society will ensue.
Loading Conversation


Place:Andlau, Bas-Rhin, France
Alt namesAndelasource: Orbis Latinus (1971) p 19
Andelahense coenobiumsource: Orbis Latinus (1971) p 19
Andlau-au-Valsource: Rand McNally Atlas (1994) I-7
TypeInhabited place
Coordinates48.383°N 7.417°E
Located inBas-Rhin, France
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
this article is translated from Wikipédia
The village of Andlau lies in the valley of the Andlau River, at the foothills of the Vosges mountains. The closest towns are Mittelbergheim to the north-east, Eichhoffen to the east and Bernardvillé to the south.
Research Tips


text:
What does all this snow mean for us down the road? It depends. Greg Beckstrom, the deputy Public Works director over storm water, has this to say about the heavy snow fall this year:
The water content in the snow pack in the mountains east of Provo is double the normal levels for this time of year. Current water content in the snow pack is 21-22″, compared to normal levels of 10-11″ at this time of year. These snow pack levels normally peak in early April at 24-25″ of water.
This high early snow pack creates the potential for heavy peak spring runoff flows out of frontal canyons east of Provo and in the Provo River. There are three main factors which determine the magnitude of peak runoff flows. Two of those factors, April snow pack levels and soil moisture conditions, are likely to be above, to well above, average this year. The most important factor, however, is the spring weather. Cool, wet weather, followed by suddenly hot temperatures would favor high runoff flows. Dry, gradually warming weather would moderate peak runoff flows.
The last time we had these high January snow pack levels was 1997. Spring runoff that year was above average, but well within manageable levels.


text:
While essential to effective maintenance, the live testing of mining vehicles and equipment can be hazardous and time consuming but this has all changed with the SafeGauge range of digital testing systems. Developed in Australia, SafeGauge is now distributed in South Africa by Booyco Electronics, known for its leading role in promoting safety on mines through its Proximity Detection Systems (PDS).
According to Graeme Jardine, Booyco Electronics' Chief Sales Officer, the SafeGauge range aligns closely with the company's safety focus. "As the mining industry works towards Zero Harm in the workplace, mines are always on the lookout for technologies that can make their sites safer. SafeGauge helps to achieve this strategic goal by addressing an important area of maintenance: live testing."
Quick couplers and magnets
This refers to the testing of large equipment like articulated dump truck (ADT), rigid frame dump trucks, load haul dumpers (LHDs) and hydraulic shovels while they are running, to generate vital data on the machines' condition. Graeme notes that this is traditionally conducted with hoses and handheld gauges, to test variables such as pressure, fan speed and wear on rotating equipment such as slew bearings.
The practice often involves maintenance staff being in close proximity to an idling machine, working near high pressures and rotating components. "By introducing the Safegauge sensors and products which are fitted to large equipment with quick couplers or magnets, the necessary readings and measurements can be taken from a distance of up to 50 metres," he explains. "This removes the personnel from any hazardous areas where they might, for instance, be positioned in crush zones of unplanned movement."
From a distance
This wireless monitoring system not only allows workers to test live machines from a safe distance, but it also does it up to seven times quicker. This translates directly into less downtime, which improves the productivity of mobile plant.
"The innovations by SafeGauge eliminate the need for hoses and gauges when conducting tests on running machines which eliminates the risks associated with traditional handheld gauges, such as the dangers of overpressure causing hose or gauge bursts," Graeme explains. "Instead, SafeGauge provides compact and portable kits that can be easily transported to the site or used in a workshop."
The Workshop Kit, for example, has up to seven connectable transducers for measuring pressure. Graeme notes that the SafeGauge Field Service Kit has been particularly popular as an all-in-one kit for field technicians, and includes a dial indicator for wear measurement and two pressure transducers for pressure measurement.
"In our engagement with markets in South African and north of our borders, customers have been enthusiastic about putting SafeGauge to work," he concludes. "They have also been impressed by how easy it is to use the equipment, with just a relatively short induction."


text:
Format of Original
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Original Item ID
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24964; PubMed Central: PMID: 26094789
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether DTI changes in the brain induced by a thoracic spinal cord injury are sensitive to varying severity of spinal contusion in rats.
Methods: A control, mild, moderate, or severe contusion injury was administered over the eighth thoracic vertebral level in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats. At 11 weeks postinjury, ex vivo DTI of the brain was performed on a 9.4T Bruker scanner using a pulsed gradient spin-echo sequence.
Results: Mean water diffusion in the internal capsule regions of the brain and pyramid locations of the brainstem were correlated with motor function (r2 = 0.55). Additionally, there were significant differences between injury severity groups for mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy at regions associated with the corticospinal tract (P = 0.05).
Conclusion: These results indicate that DTI is sensitive to changes in brain tissue as a consequence of thoracic SCI.


text:
The Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy have partnered to conserve a parcel of land that connects two separate units of the Mud Creek Wildlife Management Area and protects a 4-mile contiguous stretch of wetland from Ransoms Bay of Lake Champlain to the Canadian border. The tract also connects with 1,000 acres of conserved land on the Quebec side of the border.
The purchase of the 148.9 acre parcel follows a long-term effort to conserve the tract by Fish & Wildlife's Bill Crenshaw and The Nature Conservancy's Jon Binhammer.
"What makes the Crosby tract special is that Bill Crenshaw and Jon Binhammer worked on the conservation of this land for 17 years with two different landowners," said Jane Lazorchak, land acquisition coordinator for the Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department. "Bill and Jon's perseverance to see that this land was conserved and available to the public, in addition to their many other conservation projects throughout Vermont, represent a legacy that will last for generations." Crenshaw retired in December following a 39-year career with the Fish & Wildlife Department.
"We have finally achieved our desired result – permanent public access to about 30 acres of uplands, 120 acres of wetlands, and 1,800 feet of frontage on Lake Champlain, including a natural lake sand beach and rock outcrop called Blue Rock" said Binhammer.
The Crosby tract and Mud Creek area is well known for its waterfowl and other wetland-associated wildlife. "These forested wetlands are the preferred habitat for wood ducks, and the rocky outcrop is a basking habitat for the spiny softshell turtle, a state-threatened species," said Binhammer.
"This is an outstanding piece of fish and wildlife habitat," added Crenshaw. "About 75 percent of it is Lake Champlain-influenced wetlands which are naturally productive."
Funding for this purchase came from the North American Wetlands Conservation Act (NAWCA), passed by Congress in 1989 to conserve wetlands throughout North America for waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species. Vermont Duck Stamp Funds were used in part to help match the NAWCA grant. The Vermont Duck Stamp Program started in 1985 by Legislative action and to date has completed 82 projects in the state with approximately 11,000 acres of wetlands and adjacent uplands protected or enhanced.
Image courtesy Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department


text:
The identification of terrains on images of Europa is highly dependent on the image resolution and illumination angle, both of which are quite variable due to the observational selection constraints of the Galileo mission. Higher resolution images allow for the identification of smaller patches of chaotic terrain, which are indistinguishable from surrounding tectonic terrain in most other Galileo imagery. The incidence angle of light also introduces an observational bias in the identification of chaotic terrain: Images acquired closer to Europa's terminator generally reveal more chaos features than images taken with higher Sun. Proper accounting for selection effects has implications for the size distribution and chronology of chaotic terrain, and the geologic history of the satellite: At ∼200 m/pixel 30% of Europa's surface appears as chaotic terrain, but with the effects of lighting and resolution taken into account, the portion is 40% or more; bias correction eliminates the 10-km-size peak that had been the basis of an earlier thick-ice model; "mottled terrain" and "lenticulae" appear to be the same as chaotic terrain, even though they have been mapped separately in the past; and accounting for how observational bias affects the freshness of appearance of chaotic terrain and the identification of tectonic modification of chaotic terrain demonstrates that the formation of tectonic and chaotic terrain have been concurrent processes throughout Europa's surface history.
- Europa, satellites of jupiter
- Surfaces, satellite
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science


Technology Interrupts Sleep: Fact or Fiction?
A recent study is flying in the face of logic by suggesting that technologies such as smartphones and tablet computers are not keeping us up at night. Tesearchers at the University of Sidney in Australia compared the average hours of sleep for people between the years 1992 and 2006. After looking over all of the data, it was found that there was no significant change in duration of sleep during that time. Overall, the average hours of sleep hovered around 8 hours and 30 minutes for each sample year. This study disproves an earlier poll that said that Australians are sleeping fewer hours than they were a decade ago. Besides the initial findings, it was also revealed that sleeping fewer hours is associated with higher level of education, higher income, longer work hours, and having 2 or more children in the home.
Source: Virtual Medical Centre


Weight Loss
Text
Seeing A Mental Health Professional For Weight Control
Lesson 7
You've tried everything to get the better of your weight, but have you tried talking to a psychologist or mental health professional? There are situations in which talking to a mental health professional may be helpful and appropriate but there are other situations in which it may not really make sense.
Maybe You Can Solve Your Own Problems
You are the first mental health expert that you can talk to. You may not have a degree or a lab coat, but no one knows you like you do, and no one is in a better condition to learn about you.
Many bad eating habits are just that – habits. One of the ways in which our minds creates habits is a way of simplifying common decisions. If you regularly do things in sequence, like hit a drive-through on the way home, it can be something that you feel like you have to do. The problem is that you might not even recognize that this is happening.
Breaking these habits requires identifying them and you can do that by keeping a detailed diary. Keep a diary for a week or so and then go through it. Highlight bad food decisions and try to identify trends between them. This can help you identify "triggers" that lead to bad decisions so that you can consciously try to avoid these triggers or interrupt the chain of events to break the habit.
Maybe Your Care Provider Can Help
Just like you shouldn't think of psychologists as the only mental health experts in terms of your weight control, you should be taking full advantage of your relationship with your primary care provider and dietician if you have access to one.
 Some food habits and cravings have less to do with you as an individual and more to do with you as a human. The human body is hardwired to crave things that our ancient ancestors didn't have as much access to, like carbs, sugars, and fats.
Similarly, some cravings are at least partially caused by messenger molecules in your body - specifically the stress hormone cortisol. It doesn't take a therapist or counselor to help you to navigate these relationships between you and your food.
Maybe You Need a Mental Health Expert
So, is it ever time to talk to a mental health professional about weight control? It can be.
It's true that you can learn about yourself and that doctors and dieticians may know more about "food psychology" than we tend to give them credit for. Sometimes the reasons that we can't control our own weight go deeper and a psychologist is called for.
 - There are issues that may need to be resolved with a mental professional in order to facilitate weight loss success, such as low self-esteem, body shame and other deep seeded issues that can sabotage weight loss efforts.
 - Therapy can be helpful in changing your relationship with food. For many an unhealthy relationship with food is the core issue of a lack of weight loss success.
 - Behavior modification and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is known to work well for those struggling with weight loss.
 - Mental health professionals can be extremely useful for and are often required for those with food addiction, binging eating and emotional eating issues.
 - Some therapists use hypnosis to help patients lose weight.
 - Cortisol issues. Cortisol is a chemical released into our bodies in times of stress that controls what foods we crave and how our bodies use the nutrients in those foods. That means, if you have a high level of stress you may need a mental health professional to help you to manage stress – especially if that stress is because of a mood disorder like anxiety.
 - Similarly, people with depressive disorders may experience a lack of appetite and may not eat as much as they should. However, symptoms are different for everyone. Because depressive disorders often make it feel impossible to exercise, they can result in weight problems.
Working With A Mental Health Expert On Weight Control
One word about seeing a mental health professional about weight control: if your weight is aggravated by an underlying condition like depression or anxiety, a mental health expert will prioritize treating that condition. Sometimes this involves medication and sometimes this medication can contribute to weight problems.
The good news is there are many treatment options for depression and anxiety so these may just be a temporary roadblock on your weight control journey rather than another permanent obstacle.
Further, some conditions like depression and anxiety can be worsened by body weight concerns and self-perception so while some mental health experts will focus on treating your mood disorder before your weight, others will see managing your weight as a way of managing your mood disorder. It all depends on your condition, your priorities, and your mental health provider.
Weight control problems don't always stem from mental health problems. However, sometimes a mental health condition is a cause of your weight problem. In this case, identifying the problem and working with the appropriate experts can be a life changing or even life-saving experience.
Pen
>


How To Decide which Tense to Use
Video Overview
In English, there are a number of tenses that share some uses or can be interchangeable in most circumstances. In this video, we explain when to use these tenses so you can remember the rules easily.
Video Analysis
The tenses that share some uses are:
 1. Present Continuous and Present Simple
You could say 'I work with John', or 'I am working with John'.
The first sentence is in the present simple. The second sentence is in the present continuous. The only slight difference is that by using the Present Continuous we might understand that you intend to stop working with John at some point in the future.
2. Present Simple and Future Continuous
In the present continuous you can say 'She arrives tomorrow' in the present simple or 'She will arrive tomorrow' in the Future Continuous. Both sentences indicate that we expect the woman to arrive in the future.
3. Present Continuous and Future Simple
I am studying on Friday. (On Friday I will begin the action of studying and expect to continue for a time)
I will study on Friday. (I plan to study on Friday)
When we add a specific time to the Present Continuous we can use it to talk about events that are expected to happen in the future. In this way, it can be applied in the same way as the Future Simple.
4. Present Simple and Future Simple
The train leaves at 7. (usually, every day)
The train will leave at 7. (The train is expected to leave at 7)
There is very little difference in the meaning between these two sentences. We can use the Present Simple or the Future Simple to talk about actions that will take place after now.
Watch our video on 'Tenses with Adopted Structure' for more information.
Share post on :