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Countries With The Highest Government Spending To GDP Ratio
The world is in the midst of a seemingly unending sovereign debt crisis with many nations either unwilling or unable to control government spending. One measure that investors might use to track these expenditures on a global basis is government spending expressed as a percentage of GDP.
TUTORIAL: Economic Indicators: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The top five major countries with the highest government spending levels as a percentage of GDP are spread across the globe, and include some of the wealthiest nations in Europe, along with one of the world's poorest countries.
According to the Heritage Foundation, Zimbabwe is the most profligate spender under this criterion, with government expenditures totaling 98% of GDP in Zimbabwe in the latest year that data was available. This includes consumption and transfer payments, as well as direct government spending.
This doesn't necessarily mean that government spending is increasing on an absolute basis in Zimbabwe, as the economy in that country contracted for most of the last decade, before finally rising at a real growth rate of 6% in 2009 and 9% in 2010.
Any investor that is thinking of putting some money directly to work in Zimbabwe should probably reconsider because that country has little regard for property rights, price controls on major parts of the economy as well as restrictions on foreign exchange transactions and capital flows.
Investors with a high risk tolerance can look to the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange, which allows foreigners to buy shares in companies based here. Liquidity is an issue here, as total share volume for the entire Zimbabwe Stock Exchange during a recent trading day was approximately 10 million shares. (For related reading, see The Birth Of Stock Exchanges.)
It probably comes as no surprise that Cuba is second on the list due to that county's reputation as one of the few remaining communist states. Cuba's government spending is at 78% GDP, a level that has been fairly stable over the last decade.
Although Cuba has made some efforts at reform through allowing limited private ownership of businesses, Cuba essentially has a state run economy and employs more than 80% of the labor force.
Investors can go into the over the counter market and buy shares of Cuban and other companies that operated there prior to the 1959 assumption of power by Fidel Castro. These companies all suffered the expropriation of assets in Cuba, leaving shareholders only the very, very slim hope that some value may one day be realized if the government in Cuba changes and offers compensation for these assets.
Although Europe is at the center of the sovereign debt crisis, with Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain often mentioned as having the greatest debt problems, these four countries aren't even the biggest spenders on that continent. That honor belongs to Denmark, France and Sweden, where government spending levels are at approximately 52% of GDP.
All three countries have seen this percentage increase since 2005, as government spending on fiscal stimulus and social protection surged to help buffer the effects of the recession. This is the pattern in most members of the European Union, where the average spending as a percentage of GDP increased from 46.8% in 2005 to 50.3% in 2010. (For additional reading, see Is It Eurobonds Or Bust For The Eurozone?)
Although Denmark, France and Sweden are at the top of the list, this does not necessarily mean that investors should avoid putting money to work here, as all three countries have AAA sovereign debt ratings from Standard and Poor's and the other major ratings agencies.
The lack of any relationship between investment quality and government spending as a percentage of GDP is demonstrated by examining Bulgaria and Romania. These two countries spend the least amount as a percentage of GDP, and yet have BBB sovereign debt ratings.
Although the United States has suffered from a recent downgrade of its sovereign debt rating, government spending as a percentage of GDP is in the middle of the pack. The White House reports that total government expenditures as percentage of GDP totaled 35% in fiscal 2010. This includes both Federal and State spending and off budget items as well. The Heritage Foundation, which calculates the spending level differently than the White House, puts the percentage at 38.9%.
The Bottom Line
Government spending as a percentage of GDP is a simple metric that some may rely on to keep up on government spending across the globe. One weakness of this measure is that it considers only the expense side and ignores government revenues generated through taxation and other methods. Use this in conjunction with other statistics to get a true handle on government spending. (For related reading, see What Is Fiscal Policy?)


Who Is Called Mother Of Nation?
Who is known as Mother of Nation?
The resolution to declare cow "Rashtra Mata" (mother of nation) was passed on Wednesday.
"It was moved by state Animal Husbandry Minister Rekha Arya and passed unanimously after it got the support of both the Opposition and treasury benches," local government officials said..
When was Gandhi called Mahatma?
Who is father of Indian planning?
Sir M VisvesvarayaSir M Visvesvaraya, a Bharat Ratna recipient, was an engineer, statesman, and a scholar. He served as the Diwan of Mysore during the period of _PHONE_. In 1934, he published a book titled "Planned Economy in India", in which he presented a constructive draft of the development of India in next ten years.
How is called the Father of Nation?
Indian constitution (Art. 18) prohibits the State from conferring any titles. Origin of this title is traced back to a radio address (on Singapore radio) on 6 July 1944 by Subhash Chandra Bose where Bose addressed Gandhi as "The Father of the Nation".
What is India's full name?
Who wrote our Constitution?
B. R. AmbedkarConstitution of IndiaAuthor(s)B. R. Ambedkar Chairman of the Drafting Committee Benegal Narsing Rau Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly Surendra Nath Mukherjee Chief Draftsman of the Constituent Assembly and other members of Constituent AssemblySignatories284 members of the Constituent Assembly18 more rows
How old is Indian democracy?
What is the name of India's first computer?
Who is the father and mother of India?
Who is the mother of revolution?
Bhikaiji Rustom CamaBhikaiji Rustom Cama,(_PHONE_) was an outstanding lady of great courage, fearlessness, integrity, perseverance and passion for freedom, and is considered as the mother of Indian revolution because of her contributions to Indian freedom struggle.
Who is the mother of Indian Constitution?
Why do we call Gandhiji Bapu?
According to the Oxford dictionary, Bapu is defined as: "A father (often as a form of address)". 'Bapu' was a polite form of address given to him considering his age, position and wisdom by his near and dear ones and later became one of the sobriquets used for him along with Mahatma and Father of the Nation.
Who is the first woman freedom fighter of India?
Kittur Rani ChennammaIndia's First Female Freedom Fighter. Kittur Rani Chennamma, the ruler of South Indian princely state Kittur, is largely overlooked. Yet Karnataka's "Joan of Arc" beat the British at least once.
Who is called Mother of India?
Who gave Bapu name to Gandhi?
Devchand Uttamchand ParekhIt was given by Devchand Uttamchand Parekh, an eminent citizen of Jetpur, on behalf of the people of the town. The citation addressed Bapu as 'Shriman Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi'. It stated that Bapu lived life like a saint in a way prescribed by the scriptures.
What is the 5 name of India?
Why India is called Bharat Mata?
Bharat Mata or Mother India is a name that evokes a deeply emotional veneration in almost all Indians. Often portrayed carrying the national flag and riding a lion, she is to most Indians, a goddess in her own right. … As one cannot have two mothers, India cannot be considered as his mother, he said.


Tarzan's Tripes Forever, and Other Feghoots
The Web's Original Shaggy Dog Story Archive
Programming Problems
Category: Rated G
This computer tale was sent to us by Andy Skinner who says, "This came to me during a computer architecture course at UNC."
As fast as computers go these days, one of the strategies of a computer processor is to allow multiple operations to go on at the same time. You have to ensure that things happen in the correct order, however.
If a program instructs the computer to read from a certain memory location and then write to it, the computer must be built to ensure that the read will actually occur first, so that you don't read the value that was supposed to be written later.
There is a similar problem that can occur if you are supposed write to a memory location and then read it, but the read happens first, returning the value of the location before it was changed.
Finally, there is an error where the program was to write two different values to a memory location, but the operations happen out of order, and the memory location is left with the wrong value at the end. I think this was called a write-after-write condition, and is an example of when two writes can make a wrong.
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Facts About the Feather Duster Worm
By Cindy Quarters
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Feather duster worms may not sound glamorous but these marine creatures can often be quite beautiful, with long, flowing appendages of red, green, orange, gray or other colors. These flowery tops are actually clusters of branched tentacles attached to the sides of the worms' heads and are essential to the worms' survival. Feather duster worms may be found on their own or in groups, often mixing with other types of sea creatures including coral, other marine worms and anemones.
Description
The feather duster worm belongs to the Sabellidae family, commonly known as tubeworms because they live in long, protective tubes they make. Each worm secretes mucus that it uses to build a long, leathery or parchment-like tube that it affixes to rock, coral or another solid surface. Though free-floating in the larval stage, once it makes a home the worm remains in the same place for the rest of its life. When things are safe the worm spreads out its feathery top, but when threatened the worm instantly retreats into its hole to wait for conditions to improve.
Feeding
The appendages that give this worm its name are finely divided tentacles that act as plankton filters. The worm spreads its plumes as widely as possible, catching whatever types of plankton happen to come by. They also wave their tentacles to move the water around them, increasing the odds of catching food. The food is then conveyed from the tentacles into the worm's mouth. These tentacles have long grooves that get progressively smaller, so that only plankton small enough to eat reaches their mouths. Another tube runs up from the inside of the worms' bodies to carry away waste.
Habitat
Feather duster worms live in the ocean, often along the rocky shores, on coral reefs or on the pilings of piers. They inhabit a wide range and can be found in the shallow, intertidal areas where they are out of the water at low tide or living at a depth of almost 150 feet, or anywhere in between. These worms do well in turbulent areas, since the wave action tends to stir up plankton, offering the stationary worms more opportunities to catch food.
Regeneration
Most sea creatures face constant danger from marine predators, and a hungry fish is sometimes quick enough that it can bite off a piece of the feather duster worm before it can hide. This diminishes the worm's ability to feed itself, but only temporarily, since these worms are able to regrow missing or damaged parts. Having plenty of tentacles is also important because feather duster worms use them to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, so the ability to regenerate missing tentacles quickly helps them keep breathing.
Photo Credits
 - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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What was the Sugar Act and why did it upset the American colonists so much?
The Sugar Act of 1764 was a law that was intended to make money for the British government. The Sugar Act put a tax on sugar, molasses, and wine. If colonists bought any of these products from the British West Indies [Jamaica and other islands in the Caribbean], then they would have to pay this tax. The colonists imported a good deal of these products; molasses was and important part of the Triangular Trade. This type of tax was nothing new and issues it raised were not really about money. The colonists paid the tax and it raised more money than all other taxes. The way the Sugar Act was imposed and enforced were the real issues that upset the colonists.
The Sugar Act took away our right to a jury trial. The signing of the Magna Charta in 1215 established the right to a trial by "a jury of your peers" [people like you]. The Sugar Act set up Admiralty Courts to try people accused of buying things from countries other than Britain. These Admiralty Courts were run by the British navy. The Admiralty Courts were set up because the American juries did not treat buying goods from another country as a crime. The whole purpose of a jury trial is that the people on a jury will protect you from being unfairly convicted of a crime by the government. The colonists felt that taking away their right to trial by jury was tyranny [unjust rule]. [The British use of Admiralty Courts is why we have the 6th and 7th Amendments to our Constitution, protecting the right to a jury trial.]
The Sugar Act also raised the issue of unfair taxation. Americans were really the only people who bought sugar from the British West Indies. Therefore, the Sugar Act really only applied to Americans and not to the other British citizens - that was unfair. But what was worse is that the Americans did not get to voice their opinions about this tax - the British government just placed it on them without their consent [agreement].

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Volume 2, Issue 10 (November 2005)
A Review of Climate Loads Relevant to Assessing the Watertightness Performance of Walls, Windows, and Wall-Window Interfaces
When assessing a wall assembly's ability to manage rainwater and control rain penetration, the two key climatic elements to consider are wind speed and rainfall intensity. However, of significance to rain penetration is the effect of wind-driven rain on the building cladding — that is wind coincident with rainfall. When water is present at openings in the cladding, water is driven into the layers of the assembly by the action of wind. Paths providing a direct line from openings in the cladding to inside the assembly offer particularly vulnerable points for water entry. Performance testing helps determine the location of vulnerable locations in a wall assembly and the test loads at which penetration occurs, and it possibly relates the amount of entry to specific details and simulated climate effects. Undertaking watertightness performance tests requires knowledge of extremes in wind-driven rain or specifically the occurrence and level of extreme rainfall events for locations of interest. A review of climate information on wind-driven rain is provided, and its relevance to assessing the watertightness performance of walls, windows, and wall-window interfaces is discussed. Values of rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency or occurrence are given, emphasizing the level of significance of these variables to different North American climates.


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Many teens have questions about drugs. On Drug Facts Chat Day, NIDA scientists get to listen in and answer these questions from students all across the country.
Here's one from "zippy do da" from Kingswood Middle School in New Hampshire:
Why do teens who smoke think they are so cool?
There could be many reasons why teens who smoke think they're cool—maybe their friends smoke, maybe their parents told them not to smoke, maybe they think it gives them an edgy look, or a temporary high. But the truth is, as far as your health goes—smoking is so not cool.
And who defines cool anyway? What's cool to one person may not be cool to another. Just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, coolness is an individual decision. Not everyone thinks that doing something illegal or unhealthy because your friends are doing it is cool. Lots of teens would say its cooler to hold a pen, paintbrush, or drum stick between your fingers, instead of a cigarette.
When our parents were younger, many of them thought "the Fonz" from the hit TV show Happy Days was the epitome of cool. Pretty dorky now.
Today it seems like a lot of teen smokers are figuring out that smoking is not very cool at all. How do we know? Because according to a 2007 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 50% of all high school smokers are actively trying to quit. And, according to the recent NIDA-funded Monitoring the Future Study of 8th, 10th and 12th graders, smoking among American teens is at an all time low.
Coolness is a funny thing. Some things are cool one year (or one minute!), and not the next. Other things are cool no matter how much time has passed. What's cool is also influenced by your gender, age, where you live, and, most of all, by who you are. Check out how one high school student examined the cool factor as a science fair project—it even won her a cool prize. But don't take our word for it—you decide.


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Production Efficiency - Ecosystem
The maximum amount of solar energy harvested by plants is about 5 per cent but the average for green plants, on the whole is only a small fraction of sunlight, i.e., 0.02 per cent reaching the atmosphere. The production efficiency that is the ratio of net primary production to gross primary production (of green plants) is on the average rather high. It varies between 40 to 85 per cent. The most efficient are those plants which have low maintenance requirement due to minimum non-photosynthetic (non green) tissues, such as in grasses, algae and phytoplankton. Algae and crops like corn have an efficiency of about 80 to 85 per cent, submerged aquatic plants 60 to 75 per cent, deciduous forests about 42 per cent. Different ecosystems have different productivities.
Productivity of ecosystems depends on a variety of factors such as sunlight, temperature, rainfall and the availability of nutrients. Those situations that provide the best circumstances for plant growth are the most productive. Warm, moist, sunny areas with high levels of nutrients in the soil are ideal. Some areas have low productivity because one of the essential factors is missing. Deserts have low productivity because water is scarce, arctic areas too have low productivity because temperature is low, and open oceans also have low productivity because nutrients are in short supply. Coral reefs and tropical rain forests have high productivity. Marshes and estuaries are-highly productive since waters running into them are rich in the nutrients and they also get enough light.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


By Paul Lupo
St. Lukes Health CEO
I would like to tell you the story of Miss B in order to demonstrate the importance of healthcare providers working collaboratively.
Miss B is 85 and lives alone in an independent living village. She has a regular GP who helps manage her heart condition. One weekend, Miss B wasn't feeling well and was attended to by a different GP. The GP diagnosed her with a urine infection and told her to drink plenty of fluids.
Miss B did as she was instructed and became short of breath – the extra fluids she had consumed altered her fluid balance and impacted on her heart condition.
The 'new' GP did not know about Miss B's heart condition and treated her appropriately for a urine infection, however, Miss B wasn't well educated about her condition and didn't comprehend the impacts of drinking too much.
She could have ended up in hospital.
As proven by Miss B's story, patient-centric healthcare needs to be at the heart of what those in the health sector do and increased collaboration between all levels of the healthcare system is the best way to ensure this.
Too often it is reported that while our healthcare system is world-class, its fragmented nature can lead to a disconnect between service providers.
This lack of communication can affect even the most basic health issues like managing blood pressure or your medications. For an older person such as Miss B, who has multiple chronic conditions with several different providers managing different aspects of their care or condition, it is vital that collaboration between providers occurs.
A whole range of diagnostic tests and observations can be requested and reported, with at times little or no interaction between the providers administering each test.
Sounds like a perfect storm with less than optimal outcomes or worse.
Recently, St. LukesHealth attended a consumer-focused workshop with the Department of Health to talk about sub-acute care in Tasmania. The department heard very clearly from those in attendance that the voice of the patient or person is often drowned out in the system with a focus on what suits the services or providers. The department understood that there are healthcare access issues, including the non-existence of services in regions, the cost, location of service and knowledge of what is
The convenor asked the workshop if a navigator role would be useful and the overwhelming response was yes. Being able to speak to one person who could advise what services are available, where they are located, how to access them and the cost would provide much more transparency and more timely access to valuable services.
It is heartening to know that more and more providers are considering ways of making sure that the patient is at the centre of their care.
St.LukesHealth provides a holistic service to identified members with chronic disease to aid in averting preventable hospitalisations. The service involves comprehensive assessments and support, providing members and their carers with education and tools to better self-manage their conditions in association with their GP.
Medication errors account for many hospital admissions, so helping members understand their medications and the side effects and interactions with other over the counter medication is an important part of the service.
We are uniquely placed in Tasmania with one health service and one primary health network to take advantage of opportunities to improve services and access to those services for our population.
Working collaboratively with local, state and federal governments, consumers, providers and non-government organisations around chronic disease to improve transparency and
reducing siloed interventions can only result in positive outcomes.


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Neeraj Kumari, Chandra Mohan, Arvind Negi
The present study aims to explore the impact of pristine and surfactant-modified clays (montmorillonite, bentonite and vermiculite) on the thermomechanical properties of a poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymer film. Initially, clay was modified by employing the ion exchange method. The modification of clay minerals was confirmed by the XRD pattern and thermogravimetric analysis. Pristine PVC polymer film and clay (montmorillonite, bentonite and vermiculite)-based PVC polymer composite films were fabricated using solution casting. The ideal dispersion of surfactant-modified organo-clays was observed in the PVC polymer matrix due to the hydrophobic nature of modified clays. The resultant pure polymer film and clay polymer composite film were characterized using XRD and TGA, and their mechanical properties were determined using a tensile strength tester and Durometer. From the XRD pattern, the intercalation of the PVC polymer film was found in the interlayer of organo-clay while exfoliation or partial intercalation and exfoliation were observed for pristine clay mineral-based PVC polymer composite films. Thermal analysis indicated a lowering of the decomposition temperature of the composite film as clay promotes the thermal degradation temperature of PVC. Improvement in the tensile strength and hardness was found to be more frequent in the case of organo-clay-based PVC polymer films, which is only due to the hydrophobic nature of organ clays, resulting in greater compatibility with the polymer matrix.
2023, Polymers, № 8, с. 1922
Samy A. Madbouly
2023, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, с. 100835
Yomaira Lisnedy Uscátegui Maldonado, Luis Eduardo Díaz Barrera, Manuel Fernando Valero Valdivieso, Ericsson Coy-Barrera
AbstractApplications of polyurethanes (PUs) depend on several physicochemical factors due to the presence of varied monomers involving several ratios. The present study aimed to synthesize various chitosan/heparin-inserted PUs to examine the addition effect on the mechanical and biological properties of the PU-based polymeric material. The PUs were synthesized from unmodified castor oil and isophorone diisocyanate, including chitosan and heparin as fillers. The FTIR, thermal, and mechanical characterization of materials with and without fillers exhibited properties that can be considered within the accepted values. In addition, considering the non-cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity, these synthesized polymers can be exploited as biomaterials. The results also showed that these PUs offer a competitive advantage over other materials since the observed good mechanical and biological properties were found to be within the optimal range for the biomaterial design to myocardial or vascular tissue engineering. Graphical abstract
2023, Journal of Materials Research, № 13, с. 3349-3361
Tiago A. R. Silva, Ana C. Marques, Rui G. dos Santos, Rana A. Shakoor, Maryna Taryba, Maria Fátima Montemor
Bio-based polyols were obtained from the thermochemical liquefaction of two biomass feedstocks, pinewood and Stipa tenacissima, with conversion rates varying between 71.9 and 79.3 wt.%, and comprehensively characterized. They exhibit phenolic and aliphatic moieties displaying hydroxyl (OH) functional groups, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. The biopolyols obtained were successfully employed as a green raw material to produce bio-based polyurethane (BioPU) coatings on carbon steel substrates, using, as an isocyanate source, a commercial bio-based polyisocyanate—Desmodur® Eco N7300. The BioPU coatings were analyzed in terms of chemical structure, the extent of the reaction of the isocyanate species, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and adhesion strength. They show moderate thermal stability at temperatures up to 100 °C, and a mild hydrophobicity, displaying contact angles between 68° and 86°. The adhesion tests reveal similar pull-off strength values (ca. 2.2 MPa) for the BioPU either prepared with pinewood and Stipa-derived biopolyols (BPUI and BPUII). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out on the coated substrates for 60 days in 0.05 M NaCl solution. Good corrosion protection properties were achieved for the coatings, with particular emphasis on the coating prepared with the pinewood-derived polyol, which exhibited a low-frequency impedance modulus normalized for the coating thickness of 6.1 × 1010 Ω cm at the end of the 60 days test, three times higher than for coatings prepared with Stipa-derived biopolyols. The produced BioPU formulations show great potential for application as coatings, and for further modification with bio-based fillers and corrosion inhibitors.
2023, Polymers, № 11, с. 2561
El-Sayed Negim, Gulzhakhan Yeligbayeva, Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Galiya Irmukhametova, Lyazzat Bekbayeva, S. N. Kalugin, Saltanat Uskenbayeva
2023, Polymer Bulletin
Ivan Hevus, Dean C. Webster
2023, Progress in Organic Coatings, с. 107825
M. V. Zabalov, M. A. Levina, V. G. Krasheninnikov, R. P. Tiger
2023, Polymer Science, Series B
Karthi R, Sankar Govindarajan
Abstract Novel phenol blocked polymeric methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (pMDI) derivatives were synthesized and characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The deblocking temperatures of the blocked isocyanates were determined using CO2 evolution method, DSC, and TGA spectroscopy. A cure reaction was performed between the blocked isocyanates and poly(Terathane-2000) to establish the structure-property relationship. Unsubstituted phenol-based blocked isocyanates exhibited superior deblocking temperatures and gel times compared to those with electron-donating substituted phenols. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in blocking agents such as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy acetophenone, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, and methyl 4-hydroxy benzoate resulted in unexpectedly high deblocking temperatures. Conversely, electron-withdrawing and steric effects led to low deblocking temperatures and gel times for blocked isocyanates BI-13 and BI-15. The solubility behavior of the blocked isocyanates was studied using various polyols (PEG-400, PEG-4000, and PEG-6000). Epoxy-polyurethane films were prepared using the blocked isocyanates, and their structures were confirmed using ATR spectroscopy. The thermal and mechanical properties of these films were investigated, including shoreA hardness, tensile strength, and flexural strength.
Ta-Hsin Tsung, Yu-Chien Tsai, Hsin-Pei Lee, Yi-Hao Chen, Da-Wen Lu
Ocular drug delivery is a challenging field due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Biodegradable polymers have emerged as promising tools for efficient and controlled drug delivery in ocular diseases. This review provides an overview of biodegradable polymer-based drug-delivery systems for ocular diseases with emphasis on the potential for biodegradable polymers to overcome the limitations of conventional methods, allowing for sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and targeted therapy. Natural and synthetic polymers are both discussed, highlighting their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Various formulation strategies, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microemulsions, among others, are investigated, detailing preparation methods, drug encapsulation, and clinical applications. The focus is on anterior and posterior segment drug delivery, covering glaucoma, corneal disorders, ocular inflammation, retinal diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Safety considerations, such as biocompatibility evaluations, in vivo toxicity studies, and clinical safety, are addressed. Future perspectives encompass advancements, regulatory considerations, and clinical translation challenges. In conclusion, biodegradable polymers offer potential for efficient and targeted ocular drug delivery, improving therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulation strategies and address regulatory requirements for successful clinical implementation.
2023, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, № 16, с. 12976
Swathy Krishna Bhaskaran, Karteek Boga, Ravi Arukula, Sashivinay Kumar Gaddam
2023, Journal of Polymer Research, № 8

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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A hierarchical coordinated control strategy based on multi-port energy router of urban rail transit
Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems volume 7, Article number: 15 (2022)
The multi-port energy router (ER) is an effective topology for integrating train traction load, AC load, the energy storage system and photovoltaic(PV) energy. The start and stop process of urban rail transit trains and the access of distributed energy sources to rail transit ER lead to serious fluctuations of DC bus power, so it is necessary to route energy between different ports, involving multi-operating modes, while seamless switching is a major challenge. In this paper, a hierarchical coordinated control strategy is proposed to enable the multi-port ER to operate in a coordinated fashion under the conditions of train parking, acceleration, constant power driving and deceleration, and to switch seamlessly under various working conditions. The energy central dispatching layer sends working condition instructions by sampling the state information of each port, while the microgrid control layer adopts centralized control, receiving upper working condition instructions and sending drive signals to the local control layers to maintain the balanced energy flow of each port. In the local control layers, the PV adopts the improved perturbation and observation method of power control (PC-P&O), while the ES system adopts voltage loop control with an SOC influence factor, voltage loop control with switching factor and power loop control according to the different working conditions, so as to transmit the required train load power accurately and maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical coordination control is verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Urban rail transit is recognized as a low energy consumption, lower pollution, fast, convenient and safe transportation tool. With the great promotion of Made in China in 2025, it is proposed to build advanced rail transit equipment with technological innovation, high quality and greenness. Therefore, the rail transit industry has become one of the most competitive and innovation-driven fields in China. With the rapid development of urban rail transit, energy saving and intelligence are important development trends .
In the urban rail transit system, there is frequent starting, accelerating, braking, etc. In operation, the train traction power fluctuates significantly, which may cause serious security issues to the connected power grid and rail transit network. On the other hand, in order to alleviate human dependence on fossil energy, intermittent and volatile distributed energy generation systems are integrated into the rail transit system network on a large scale [2,3,4]. It is thus difficult for the power supply network of urban rail transit to withstand large power fluctuations, and consequently an energy router (ER) is introduced to systematically manage energy flow .
As the key technology of the energy internet and distributed generation access to the microgrid, an ER has the functions of distribution, transmission and dispatch of electricity . An ER is composed of a series of controlled components, which can be used as the intelligent interfaces of distributed energy, power grid, load and other equipment, so that energy in the network can be reintegrated and managed through the ER. At the same time, connecting a PV system, an energy storage device, train traction load and AC load in rail transit into an ER can realize multi-level distribution and controllable flow of power, better power quality and less power loss [7,8,9,10].
With the increasing popularity of renewable distributed generation, a large number of 'energy producers' are rapidly emerging and connected to an ER. For urban rail transit, it is proposed that the PV system connect to the 1500 V DC network of rail transit through DC/DC conversion after analyzing different access methods, in . In view of the rail transit traction power supply system with PV, it is advocated to collect the feedback energy of rail transit braking or excess electricity generated by PV through energy storage devices , so as to facilitate the secondary use of electricity and improve power supply efficiency. The battery and supercapacitor are the two main energy storage devices adopted. The introduction of a multi-energy storage system in an ER structure can improve the flexibility of system operation , whereas in , a self-energy storage system is introduced into the ER to improve the power fluctuation bearing capacity and stabilize the network voltage. In order to quickly respond to power change, a supercapacitor module is introduced in the topology design of a rail transit network in [15, 16]. Through the circuit analysis of the ER, reliable topology structures and control strategies of ER of rail transit are proposed in [17,18,19].
Under various working conditions of rail transit, using a multi-port ER makes it easy to realize multiple forms of power supply, high reliability, and distributed power plug-and-play access. While energy can be routed in the ER, seamless switching of working conditions is a difficult issue [20, 21]. In , the hierarchical and distributed optimization method is adopted to decompose the microgrid dispatching scene into a single microgrid and energy routing sub-problems. This can achieve the seamless connection of energy flow in the dispatching process and improve the dynamic performance of the system. In , it is proposed to realize the switching of working conditions based on DC bus voltage signal, but it requires a wide working bus voltage range to ensure the reliable switching of working conditions, and hard switching could cause large voltage fluctuations . A hierarchical and coordinated railway energy management system for an electric traction substation is studied in . The system significantly reduces the cost and energy consumption of train operation. In , a HES droop control strategy is proposed to achieve on-grid, off-grid and seamless switching process. A seamless switching method between working conditions is developed in , but it only involves the switching between grid-connect and off-grid, and cannot make all converters switch seamlessly. In order to realize the switching of all working conditions, a control strategy based on event response is proposed in [28, 29], but it is still a hard switching, which can cause a large fluctuation of DC bus voltage at the switch instant. To solve the problem , it is proposed that the DC bus voltage is controlled by energy storage in the ER to avoid an adverse effect on power quality when working conditions are switched . However, the energy storage capacity needs to be large enough to maintain a small fluctuation of bus voltage during the switching of working conditions.
Based on the above considerations, a hierarchical coordination control strategy is proposed for the six-port ER of urban rail transit. Given differing working conditions and switching conditions, an improved perturbation and observation method of power control is adopted for PV, while energy storage uses three kinds of control, i.e., voltage loop control with SOC influence factor, voltage loop control with switching factor and power loop control with train power prediction, all to realize the power distribution and transmission for urban rail transit train operation. It shows that the hierarchical coordination control strategy of ER can realize the seamless switching of working conditions and the coordinated operation of multiple working conditions by simulating the switching of different working conditions in the process of a train start and stop process.
2 ER topology and hierarchical coordinated control framework
2.1 ER topology
The topology of the multi-port ER of urban rail transit proposed in this paper is shown in Fig. 1. The ER ports include: power grid, AC load of train electricity, train traction load, battery, super capacitor and PV ports. The 35 kV power grid is connected to the 1500 V DC bus through the 24-pulse uncontrolled rectifier circuit, and the AC load of the train is connected to the DC bus through the three-phase full-bridge inverter circuit. The PV module is connected to the DC bus through the boost converter, while the battery and supercapacitor energy storage modules are connected to the DC bus through the bidirectional Buck/Boost circuits.
The multi-port ER provides access ports for train traction load, PV, energy storage and the power grid, so that energy in the rail transit power supply network can be flexibly controlled. It is of great importance to ensure the regeneration of train traction energy and to maximize PV energy for the safe and stable operation of the rail transit power supply network under the access of new energy.
2.2 Hierarchical coordinated control framework
The hierarchical coordinated control strategy can realize seamless switching between various working conditions. This not only makes full use of distributed energy sources, but also improves the system stability of the rail transit power supply network. The proposed hierarchical coordinated control framework shown in Fig. 2 is divided into three layers according to the priority levels. The first layer is the central dispatching layer with the highest priority, and the centralized controller of the ER responds to the scheduling preferentially according to its own working conditions when there are scheduling instructions. The energy dispatching center of the urban rail transit distributes dispatching instructions to the centralized controller of the ER manually or automatically according to the departure timetable, dispatching situation, traffic status, train operation status, and ER status.
The second layer is the microgrid control layer, and the response priority is secondary to the first layer. When the microgrid control layer receives a scheduling instruction, the working condition instructions are issued to each controller according to the collected port information and ER status. Even if there is no scheduling instruction, the appropriate working condition can be selected based on the current working state of each controller. Among them, PV and energy storage can realize distributed control to a large extent, and only receive switch blocking or opening signals at the moment of access or removal. The third layer is the local control layer with the lowest priority, receiving the drive signal of the microgrid control layer. The local controller controls the switch action of each converter circuit, and uploads


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FOR IMMEADIATE RELEASE
January 19, 2023
Contact: Gregory Kwolek
Public Works Director
Successful Water Injection Test Paves Way for Morro Bay Recycled Water
MORRO BAY, California – The City of Morro Bay recently completed a critical test for the recycled water component of its Water Reclamation Facility Program. With the recently completed construction of Injection Well No. 1, the City was able to perform an extended Injection Test. The results of the Injection Test, which included injection of potable water into the Morro Groundwater Basin via Injection Well No. 1 and monitoring of nearby groundwater conditions, will inform the design of the Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) Recycled Water injection system. The test successfully demonstrated the ability to inject water into the basin to protect against seawater intrusion, augment groundwater supplies in storage, and improve groundwater quality. Next steps for IPR project will include the design, permitting and construction of the remaining injection wells and advanced purified recycled water pipelines. The advanced treatment facilities to produce the high-quality recycled water for injection into the groundwater basin are being completed and undergoing testing at the Water Resources Center.
The injection test was initiated on December 6, 2022, with a controlled flow rate of 95 gallons per minute (gpm) being conveyed into the well. The testing was conducted until January 4, 2023. During the test, water levels in both the injection well and the nearby monitoring well were recorded on an hourly basis. Water quality data were also tracked to (a) document the quality of the injected water and (b) determine the migration rate of the injected water from the injection well to the nearby monitoring well. Water quality data collected from the monitoring well on December 20, 2022, confirmed the arrival of the injection water at that location, which allows the calculation of the migration rate thru the aquifer sediments. These data will be useful in both future project planning and for permit acquisition through the Regional Water Quality Control Board. Finally, a series of water quality samples are being collected following cessation of the test to evaluate if geochemical changes occurred within the aquifer following the introduction of the potable water source (State Water Project water).
The IPR component of the WRF Program provides the City with a new water supply that will be available regardless of future hydrologic conditions, including climate change, and enables the City to improve the resiliency of its water supply portfolio to mitigate against future droughts and State Water Project infrastructure failures. Having this local, resilient supply will provide water security for the City, reduce its reliance on Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta imports, and improve local groundwater quality.


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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Wednesday, 13 June 2007, 16:09 GMT 17:09 UK
Spider silk's 'DNA breakthrough'
By Neil Bowdler
BBC News
US scientists have identified the genes behind silk spun by the black widow spider, which they say could help make super-strong body armour.
The University of California biologists also hope to produce other materials based on the silk's structure.
Black widow spiders' silk apparently has a tensile strength about half of that of steel but is much less dense and much more stretchable.
The black widow spider is among the most venomous spiders in North America.
Hanging around
Researchers at the University of California identified the genetic recipe behind the black widow spider's silk, mapping its DNA.
With that genetic code, they plan to synthesise the so-called "dragline" silk - which is apparently one of the strongest in the spider kingdom.
The university's Dr Nadia Ayoub says the commercial applications could be widespread - from stitching for surgery to ultra-strong cabling.
"There's a lot of interest in using silk for something like micro-sutures because it's incredibly strong for how small it is.
"Actually, all the things that the Spiderman does with silk, if you could make an artificial fibre that was that big you could do all of those things. You could hang from walls," Dr Ayoub says.
Other commercial applications cited by the researchers included high-tech athletic clothing.
They are now trying to synthesise the protein that makes up the silk in large enough quantities to make commercial production a possibility.
The biologists are using tomato plants into which they are injecting genetic material in the hope that the tomato seed will yield this spider-silk constituent.
The university is also trying to get a patent on their discovery.
GM goat spins web based future
21 Aug 00 | Science/Nature
Spider scientists spin tough yarn
15 Jun 07 | Science/Nature
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites
Has China's housing bubble burst?
How the world's oldest clove tree defied an empire
Why Royal Ballet principal Sergei Polunin quit
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What Skills Are Taught in Online Receptionist Classes?
Online receptionist classes teach students to communicate with business professionals, use basic computer applications and perform multiple administrative tasks. Receptionists, secretaries and administrative assistants learn to professionally answer phones, organize business documents and provide quality customer service to clients. Schools offering Administrative Assistant degrees can also be found in these popular choices.
Online receptionist courses are generally offered through certificate degree programs. Students can earn Receptionist Certificates, Office Assistant Certificates or Administrative Assistant Certificates. There are also specialty receptionist programs for medical and legal receptionists. Online courses are ideal for receptionist programs because much of a work receptionist's work is computer-based.
Skills Taught in Online Receptionist Classes
Online courses teach students to work with word processing, spreadsheet and online computer applications. Students learn to create simple business documents like memos or inventory checklists. Because receptionists are often responsible for payroll or financial records, online programs teach students basic business math skills.
Students learn how to properly use office equipment like photocopiers, printers and fax machines. Communication with coworkers and customers is a key aspect of a receptionist's work, so students learn to maximize their written and verbal communication skills. Students also learn basic business principles that allow them to work in many areas of business. Specialty courses in medical or legal administration teach skills in medical and legal terminology, procedures and transcription.
Duties of Receptionists
Receptionists are responsible for recording messages, providing basic contact or business information, clerical organization and administrative scheduling. Using computer applications, receptionists perform data entry and communication tasks. Depending on the type of business, receptionists can be responsible for greeting and assisting customers who visit the office. Receptionists can also be responsible for organizing safety and legal policies, procedures and logbooks.
To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites and financial aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below:


Dig Kit
Dig Kit is an online digital tool that aims to empower educators to design, implement and manage a school garden program. Developed as an open educational resource, Dig Kit is a website containing a centralised collection of tools and resources organised into three navigational elements: principles, co-design and community. It goes beyond a simple handbook of steps, providing educators with the tools to adapt what they are learning to their own context thus overcoming many of the identified barriers to school garden design. The ease of navigation, clear summaries of research, whole-of-curriculum approach and re-usable decision-making tools are essential for time-poor educators working in a crowded curriculum.
Branding and Identity, Web Design and Front End Development, Illustration, Iterative Prototyping, Human Centred Design, Design Thinking, User Interviews and Testing, Co-design,Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Dig Kit Logo
How did I design it?
Dig Kit's research and development was conducted across three core phases. The first, initial analysis of the issue and identification of relevant stakeholders, followed by engagement and consulting with those stakeholders to inform prototyping. The last phase of development focused on development and testing of the site. My objective was to contribute to the understanding of the value and merit of school gardens in advancing pedagogical practices for improved health, ecological awareness and social engagement.
Who is the audience?
Dig Kit is designed to be used in school contexts, by educators. It responds to the need for a centralised resource, and helps educators navigate known barriers such as program facilitation student engagement, and garden design, that have not been adequately addressed elsewhere. Current studies identify a significant gap in how school gardens are supported, with a need to support educators through appropriate resources that can be immediately used within the classroom.
Why did I design it?
In researching the topic, I found evidence that while many schools utilise school gardens, more would like to. Unhealthy eating habits amongst children, rapid urbanisation and globalisation point towards a need for renewed focus on ecological awareness across disciplines, providing opportunities to engage with the environment. While school gardens are proven to help tackle social and public health issues as well as improve educational outcomes, they face widespread barriers to implementation and long term maintenance.
What frameworks informed the design?
Systems Thinking helped me to better understand the complex, interconnected nature of the issue, as well as Social Models of Design. I supplement Systems Thinking with the methodological framework of Human Centred Design and Permaculture as an integrate approach for responding to the current concerns of primary school age children and their teachers.
"In order for school gardens to become a permanent component of their schools, those who are currently involved in school gardening and those who wish to start a school garden need to consider the common pitfalls and be prepared to address them through careful planning and by securing broad-based support."


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While researching alternatives to demolition I came across a deconstruction program that makes more sense than any other I've seen. Basically, Design for Deconstruction is legos for big people.
The ultimate goal of the Design for Deconstruction (DfD) movement is to responsibly manage end-of-life building materials to minimize consumption of raw materials. By capturing materials removed during building renovation or demolition and finding ways to reuse them in another construction project or recycle them into a new product, the overall environmental impact of end-of-life building materials can be reduced. Architects and engineers can contribute to this movement by designing buildings that facilitate adaptation and renovation. This handbook presents an overview of basic Design for Deconstruction principles, and outlines the implementation of these principles in the design of Chartwell School in Seaside, California.


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With the right equipment and programming, you can turn a box of beets into an actual "beatbox." Thus, you can play with vegetables before you have to consume them.
Advancements in technology have made it possible for people to create many interesting things in the world. One would think that anything considered to be low-tech ends up being obsolete. However, low-tech is far from being obsolete for the most part. In fact, advancements in technology tends to add a bit of "sweet and spice" to all things low-tech. With low-tech things combined with modern technology, you can make anything to bring forth any form of entertainment. This includes a box of beats which has become an actual "beatbox."
A beatbox is an instrument where percussion-like sounds are made. Humans are able to do the same thing; as a result, these people are known as "human beatboxes." When it comes to hip-hop when extended to "freestyling," human beatboxers are instrumental to creating the beats let alone the pace and tempo.
This beet box turned beatbox is the creation of Scott Garner. It was made possible using a small credit-card sized computer called the "Raspberry Pi." It is made by a charity called the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi is a very small computer that is the size of a credit card. This is perhaps the most important component when making this instrument happen. Asides from the box to hold in the beets, other parts are a capacitive-touch sensor and an audio amplifier. However, this isn't just comprised of organic and electronic hardware. There is programming involved as well to make this instrument happen.
The drawback is that you need to buy new beets as the previous ones will decay over time. According to Garner, this was mainly a course project and not a project to sell. In this respect, you can make the same thing or something similar. With this instrument, you can play with your food before you have to eat it.


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Pipistrel Vertical Solutions had finalized the PMCD (Power Management, Control and Delivery) module software specifications in cooperation with the University of Ulm. A PMCD module is used to efficiently manage the power flow between different components in the drivetrain. In order to achieve this goal, a combination of switches, diodes, and fuses are used to connect the power generation components to the power consumption components. The main software functions of the PMCD are to regulate DC link voltage, control the power flow, CAN bus communication to the hardware interfaces, detect failures, in case of malfunctions (e.g.: battery failure) adapt a new power routing, report errors and warning conditions to HMI, and communicate and receive inputs from HMI (e.g. required power). There are additional software functions considered to optimize the module performance like monitoring of H2 tank/fuel tank, status of the fuel cell, status of the battery, inverter and motor, coolant temperature and ICE supervision. A PMCD module is now, with its state of the art power management strategy, capable of optimizing usage of different aircraft power sources, such as internal combustion engine, batteries and fuel cells.
The PMCD algorithm will also monitor the states of the components and take certain mitigation actions in case of a failure or warning state in one or more of the powertrain components. The mitigation actions will depend on the type of failure. For example, during a minor critical state such as reaching a low battery state of charge while in hybrid mode, the PMCD will send a caution signal to the pilot through the human-machine interface (HMI) screen. On the other hand, a major failure such as losing communication with the battery system while on hybrid mode, is treated by the PMCD disconnecting the battery and send a warning signal to the pilot in order to reduce the power demand.
The aim of the MAHEPA project is to show that flying hybrid is possible, sustainable and safe. PMCD module connects all these objectives by managing power sources most efficiently, thus having the capability of detecting and managing every power train failure.


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||A pilot study to measure levels of selected elements in Thai foods by instrumental neutron activation analysis|
Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology
|Citation:||Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. Vol.294, No.2 (2012), 323-327|
|Abstract:||A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the scope of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for measuring the levels of selected elements in a few commonly consumed food items in Thailand. Several varieties of rice, beans, aquatic food items, vegetables and soybean products were bought from major distribution centers in Bangkok, Thailand. Samples were prepared according to the protocols prescribed by the nutritionist for food compositional analysis. Levels of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn were measured by INAA using the irradiation and counting facilities available at the Thai Research Reactor with the maximum in-core thermal neutron flux of 3 × 10 13 cm -2 s -1 of the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology in Bangkok. Selenium was determined by cyclic INAA using the Dalhousie University SLOWPOKE-2 Reactor facilities in Halifax, Canada at a thermal neutron flux of 2.5 × 10 11 cm -2 s -1 . Both cooked and uncooked foods were analyzed. The elemental composition of food products was found to depend significantly on the raw material as well as the preparation technique. © 2012 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.|
|Appears in Collections:||Scopus 2011-2015|
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BGP Origin Validation
Overview
Resource Certification (RPKI) is a community-driven system in which all Regional Internet Registries, open source software developers and several major router vendors participate. It uses open standards that were developed in the Secure Inter-Domain Routing (sidr) Working Group in the IETF.
A resource certificate offers validatable proof of holdership of a resource's allocation or assignment by an RIR. Using their resource certificate, network operators can create cryptographically validatable statements about the route announcements they authorise to be made with the prefixes they hold. This is known as BGP Origin Validation.
BGP Origin Validation
There are about 550,000 route announcements on the Internet today. The most common routing error we see is the accidental mis-origination of a prefix, meaning someone unintentionally announces an IP prefix that they are not the holder of. RPKI offers BGP origin validation, so the question it tries to answer is:
Is this particular route announcement authorised by the legitimate holder of the address space?"
RPKI allows network operators to create cryptographically validatable statements about the route announcements they authorise to be made with the prefixes they hold. These statements are called Route Origin Authorisations (ROAs).
A ROA states which Autonomous System (AS) is authorised to originate a certain IP address prefix. In addition, it can determine the maximum length of the prefix that the AS is authorised to advertise.
Based on this information, other network operators can make routing decisions.
RPKI Route Announcement Validity
When a network operator creates a ROA for a certain combination of origin AS and prefix, this will have an effect on the RPKI validity of one or more route announcements. They can be:
 - VALID
 - The route announcement is covered by at least one ROA
 - INVALID
 - The prefix is announced from an unauthorised AS
 - The announcement is more specific than is allowed by the maximum length set in a ROA that matches the prefix and AS
 - UNKNOWN
 - The prefix in this announcement is not covered (or only partially covered) by an existing ROA
Summary
The Resource Certification (RPKI) system consists of two parts:
 1. Network operators use their certificates to create Route Origin Authorisations (ROAs), stating from which Autonomous Systems their prefixes will be originated and what the maximum allowed prefix length is
 2. Other network operators can set their routing preferences based on the RPKI validity of route announcements when compared to the ROAs that were created

Please note that the current RPKI functionality solely offers origin validation. However, it lays the foundation to offering true Secure BGP, including path validation. Work on creating the standards for this are currently being developed in the IETF.
More Information:
IETF Secure Inter-Domain Routing (sidr) Working Group
Please contact certification _at_ ripe _dot_ net if you need more information.
Stay up to date!
Follow the #RPKI hashtag on Twitter.


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Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations
8-4 - NOTIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES
Various terms (i.e., alert, case, suspect, preliminary, etc.) have been used in describing the status of a sample analysis or the stage of an investigation. This has led to confusion and misinterpretation in the identification and management of emergency situations. The following terminology will be used to describe the status of a notification of an emergency:
Information without support. An alert should be made when the following type of information is received:
- Unconfirmed report of product related illness/injury or unanticipated adverse reaction;
- Unconfirmed report of the presence of a toxic (chemical, radioactive, or microbial) substance; or,
- A report of a man-made disaster (oil spill, radiological accident) or a natural disaster (hurricane, flood, tornado).
- Confirmation of declaration of pandemic influenza (WHO) Phases 4, 5, and 6; US Government Response Stages 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Information (analytical, inspectional, investigational, etc.) strongly suggests that a problem exists. Presumptive may be used to describe situations which include the following:
- Epidemiological data has provided a significant association between the illness, injury, or unanticipated adverse reactions and the product;
- An original analysis by a reliable laboratory has revealed a significant level of a toxic chemical, radioactive material, or microbial substance in a regulated product, but confirmation is not complete;
- An oil spill has drifted into fishing areas;
- A radiological incident has occurred and radioactive material has been released, but the extent is unknown; or,
- Floods have caused property damage in an area where regulated products are being held.
- Confirmation of widespread outbreak in multiple locations overseas (WHO Phase 6; US Government Response Stage 3).
A problem has been confirmed through laboratory analyses, field investigations, analysis of epidemiological data or a combination of these. Information received from another governmental agency or other source known to be reliable may be accepted for confirmation purposes. The first human case of pandemic influenza in U.S. is confirmed (WHO Phase 6; US Government Response Stage 4).
When it is not possible to obtain information confirming that an emergency situation exists, emergency investigations may be terminated at the Alert or the Presumptive stages. However, in all cases, the EOC will attempt to identify the source and scope of the problem, given the hazard involved. The depth and extent of FDA activities, at the confirmation of an emergency situation, is based on factors such as:
- interstate distribution of involved product, and/or,
- other Federal, state, or local government efforts to control the problem.
When other Federal, state, or local agencies can more effectively deal with a problem, FDA will terminate its emergency investigation, at which time ad hoc emergency teams or units established under this procedure may be phased out by EOC. EOC contact should be maintained with the investigating agency until a conclusion is reached. Following completion of an FDA emergency investigation, ad hoc emergency teams or units established under this procedure may be phased out after consultation with the EOC.


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- A coil which produces a magnetic field utilized to focus an electron beam.
- A focusing coil (1) used in a CRT. The focusing is accomplished by varying the DC flowing through such a coil mounted on the neck of the tube.
- synonym focus coil
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text:
Shoring Design Projects - Theory on Deep Excavation Design - Software Programs
This sections presents detailed information on some deep excavation projects designed with our software, DeepEX. In addition, we present theory on deep excavation design and analysis, details about retaining wall and supporting excavation systems, as well as, detailed information about our geotechnical engineering software products.
A GREAT SOLUTION FOR GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS
Projects Designed with DeepEX
DeepEX is the ultimate software program for the design and analysis of deep excavation projects. It is trusted by more than 2000 engineers and engineering companies worldwide and more than 10000 projects have been designed using DeepEX!
Theory, Analysis Methods and Design Methods in DeepEX
DeepEX has implemented several design and analysis methods for deep excavations! In this section you can find useful information and extensive theory for all these methods and the implemented design standards.
Theory in DeepEX
Review several scientific methods for the design and analysis of any deep excavation model!
Wall Types and Support Sustems in Deep Excavations
DeepEX software can design several wall types and support systems. In the following sections you can find extensive information about use, advantages, disadvantages and costs of several wall types and support sustems commonly used in deep excavation projects!
Review extensive information about several wall types commonly used in deep excavations!
The mission of Deep Excavation LLC organization is the development of user-friendly, high-quality, integrated deep excavation abd deep foundarion calculation and design software by offering multiple accepted design methods. We provide innovative software solutions for deep excavation and deep foundation design professionals!


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18 November 2022
In our #FridayScience today: Scientists from Imperial College London uncovered potential 'electrical language' of #breastcancer cells and new potential treatment avenues for blocking cancer cell communication.
This research could help us understand how cancer cells decide' when to multiply and spread. When cells become cancerous, they undergo a series of bioelectric changes. As the membrane voltage is higher than in healthy cells, it also fluctuates over time – with breast cancer cells behaving much like neurons. The 'blinking' and 'waving' electrical signals might be a form of communication between cells.
Will this potential electrical communications network between cancer cells be a future target for disruption, creating possible new treatments?
Read more: Scientists uncover potential 'electrical language' of breast cancer cells


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What is a brain Profile?
It is accepted that all human beings are different and have unique ways of understanding the world around them. This means that our minds do not necessarily function or interpret information the same way. With this said, there are implications for how people can be treated and managed because not everyone is the same. The Neethling Brain Instruments (NBI®) is a highly practical and ground breaking set of instruments and questionnaires that will expose an individual's preferred way of thinking and in so doing aid in harnessing the power and development of whole-brain thinking.


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Prizes and Celebrations in Brazil
UNESCO Brasilia Office usually promotes national events in partnership with various organizations to celebrate the International Days, Years and Decades proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations in order to mark important aspects of human life and history. The Office and its partners also promote national or international prizes in the areas of UNESCO mandate.
List of Prizes, Celebrations and Campaigns
Originally called MERCOSUR Prize for Young Researchers, the Award was created by the Specialized Meeting on Science and Technology of MERCOSUR - RECyT in 1998. Since the 2004 Call, the Award has had the partnership of UNESCO and has changed its title to MERCOSUR Science and Technology Award, comprising two categories: "Young Researchers", up to 35 years old, and "Integration", for a team of researchers with no limit of age, involving at least two member countries.
The annual context is organized by UNESCO in Brazil and partnerships in celebration of the World Science Day for Peace and Development, established by the United Nations in 2001 and celebrated every year on November 10. Each year, the context has an specific theme. All secondary education students in Brazil can participate in the context by sending their written works and/or drawings on the theme.
09.04.12 UNESCO International Prizes
UNESCO promotes international prizes to reward international outstanding efforts made in the themes of UNESCO's mandate: Education, Natural Sciences, Social and Human Sciences, Culture, Communication and Information, and Peace.
09.04.12 United Nations International Days
The United Nations General Assembly designates a number of "International Days" to mark important aspects of human life and history. UNESCO, in particular, observes the following:
09.04.12 United Nations International Years
UNESCO participates in the celebration of the following International Years proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations:
09.04.12 United Nations International Decades
UNESCO participates in the celebration of the following International Decades proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations:
UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, has designated the Brazilian Dominican friar Frei Betto as laureate of the 2013 UNESCO/José Martí Prize for his exceptional contribution to building a universal culture of peace, social justice and human rights in Latin America and the Caribbean.
UNESCO Brasilia Office Director, Lucien Muñoz, sent a letter to the Brazilian Dominican friar, Frei Betto, congratulating him for receiving the José Martí 2013 Award for his decisive contribution to a culture of peace, justice and respect to human rights in Latin America.


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This website was set up to
expose one of the great injustices of aviation history, along the way
we exposed the fact that it was caused by one of the greatest frauds in aviation history.
In September 1963 Rod Fuller
successfully flew the first Dickenson Wing.
The site of the first
flight was Grafton, NSW Australia.
This website is currently being
reconstructed to present this great Australian Story in full. Now that we
have corrected those injustices and John Dickenson and Rod Fuller
have been officially recognised as inventor and first pilot
respectively there is time for us to present the story. It may take a
little while as first we will be updating our other website, _URL_
Since 2006 our research
has turned the story about hang gliding history on its head. Every
single book with a section on hang gliding history has been
During our research not one piece of evidence has been found to support the
enormous claims made by and about Francis Rogallo and his kite. It
appears that any role he may have played is disputable and
and that any role he might have played was so insignificant as to be unworthy of mention.
many claims made by and about Bill Moyes and
Bill Bennett have also been examined, and while they each made huge
contributions to the sport, neither of them invented the hang glider.
The many published claims about Bill Moyes saying that he was the first
to fly the wing are incorrect.
At least six people flew the Dickenson
Wings, some for many hours, and there were at least seven different
gliders flown in the three and a half years prior to Bill Moyes
That said, Bill Moyes was the most adventurous pilot and his bravery is beyond question. It can
also be said of Bill Moyes that the modern sport of hang gliding
was started from his efforts. His contribution to the sport is huge in many ways over many decades.
Also missing from the old historic accounts was
the role of Aerostructures, Mike Burns and Dick Swinbourne's company
that was building gliders for John from 1966.
Bill Moyes purchased an
off-the-shelf wing built to aircraft standards by a highly respected
aircraft engineer, with an all aluminium frame, proper steel cables and
fittings, with a sewn
sail, in 1967.
This was the glider Bill Moyes flew for his first record
Moyes taught Bill Bennett to fly the glider
and the pair started breaking each others records in a competition
that led to the world wide proliferation of the sport, after 1973
the sport is well recorded, now we know the true story of where
the modern hang glider came from.


Controller
Introduction
Instead of defining all of your request handling logic as Closures in route files, you may wish to organize this behavior using Controller classes. Controllers can group related request handling logic into a single class. Controllers are stored in the app/HTTP/Controller directory.
Basic Controllers
Defining Controllers
Below is an example of a basic controller class. Note that the controller extends the base controller class included with Octopy. The base class provides a few convenience methods such as the middleware method, which may be used to attach middleware to controller actions:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use App\DB\Repository;
use App\HTTP\Controller;
use Octopy\HTTP\Response;
class UserController extends Controller
{
/**
* @param Response $response
* @param integer $id
* @return Response
*/
public function show(Response $response, int $id)
{
$user = Repository::where('id', $id)->first();
return $response->view('user.profile', [
'user' => $user
]);
}
}
You can define a route to this controller action like so:
$this->get('user/:id', '[email protected]');
Now, when a request matches the specified route URI, the show method on the UserController class will be executed. The route parameters will also be passed to the method.
Controllers are not required to extend a base class. However, you will not have access to convenience features such as the middleware, validate, and dispatch methods.
Controllers & Namespaces
It is very important to note that we did not need to specify the full controller namespace when defining the controller route. Since the RouteServiceProvider loads your route files within a route group that contains the namespace, we only specified the portion of the class name that comes after the App\HTTP\Controller portion of the namespace.
If you choose to nest your controllers deeper into the App\HTTP\Controller directory, use the specific class name relative to the App\HTTP\Controller root namespace. So, if your full controller class is App\HTTP\Controller\Photos\AdminController, you should register routes to the controller like so:
$this->get('foo', 'Photos\[email protected]');
Single Action Controllers
If you would like to define a controller that only handles a single action, you may place a single __invoke method on the controller:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use App\DB\Repository;
use App\HTTP\Controller;
class ShowProfile extends Controller
{
/**
* @param int $id
* @return View
*/
public function __invoke($id)
{
$user = Repository::where('id', $id)->first();
return view('user.profile', [
'user' => $user
]);
}
}
When registering routes for single action controllers, you do not need to specify a method:
$this->get('user/:id', 'ShowProfile');
Controller Middleware
Middleware may be assigned to the controller's routes in your route files:
$this->get('profile', '[email protected]')->middleware('auth');
However, it is more convenient to specify middleware within your controller's constructor. Using the middleware method from your controller's constructor, you may easily assign middleware to the controller's action. You may even restrict the middleware to only certain methods on the controller class:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use App\DB\Repository;
use App\HTTP\Controller;
class ShowProfile extends Controller
{
/**
* @return void
*/
public function __construct()
{
$this->middleware('auth');
$this->middleware('log')->only('index');
$this->middleware('subscribed')->except('store');
}
}
Controllers also allow you to register middleware using a Closure. This provides a convenient way to define a middleware for a single controller without defining an entire middleware class:
$this->middleware(function ($request, $next) {
// ...
return $next($request);
});
You may assign middleware to a subset of controller actions; however, it may indicate your controller is growing too large. Instead, consider breaking your controller into multiple, smaller controllers.
Dependency Injection & Controllers
Constructor Injection
The Octopy service container is used to resolve all Octopy controllers. As a result, you are able to type-hint any dependencies your controller may need in its constructor. The declared dependencies will automatically be resolved and injected into the controller instance:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use App\HTTP\Controller;
use App\DB\Repository;
class UserController extends Controller
{
/**
* @var App\DB\Repository
*/
protected $users;
/**
* @param Repository $users
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(Repository $users)
{
$this->users = $users;
}
}
You may also type-hint any class. If the container can resolve it, you can type-hint it. Depending on your application, injecting your dependencies into your controller may provide better testability.
Method Injection
In addition to constructor injection, you may also type-hint dependencies on your controller's methods. A common use-case for method injection is injecting the Octopy\HTTP\Request instance into your controller methods:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use Octopy\HTTP\Request;
class UserController extends Controller
{
/**
* @param Request $request
* @return Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
$name = $request->name;
}
}
If your controller method is also expecting input from a route parameter, list your route arguments after your other dependencies. For example, if your route is defined like so:
$this->post('user/:id', '[email protected]');
You may still type-hint the Octopy\HTTP\Request and access your id parameter by defining your controller method as follows:
<?php
namespace App\HTTP\Controller;
use Octopy\HTTP\Request;
class UserController extends Controller
{
/**
* @param Request $request
* @param string $id
* @return Response
*/
public function update(Request $request, $id)
{
//
}
}
Route Caching
Closure based routes cannot be cached. To use route caching, you must convert any Closure routes to controller classes.
If your application is exclusively using controller based routes, you should take advantage of Octopy's route cache. Using the route cache will drastically decrease the amount of time it takes to register all of your application's routes. In some cases, your route registration may even be up to 100x faster. To generate a route cache, just execute the route:cache Octopy command:
php octopy route:cache
After running this command, your cached routes file will be loaded on every request. Remember, if you add any new routes you will need to generate a fresh route cache. Because of this, you should only run the route:cache command during your project's deployment.
You may use the route:clear command to clear the route cache:
php octopy route:clear


text:
News items regarding dubious testing practices of educators abound in the national press. Often educators respond to external pressure to increase student scores by engaging students in test-preparation activities. Because some of these activities can result in inaccurate scores and produce negative consequences for students, teachers, schools, parents, and the community, it is important that teachers and administrators be able to make educationally and ethically defensible decisions about what types of activities can be used and in what contexts. Additional information to assist Iowa educators in making sound decisions regarding activities associated with preparing students to take the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) or Iowa Tests of Educational Development (ITED) is now available.
This program, designed by Dr. Kris Waltman of The University of Iowa Center for Evaluation and Assessment, is accessible for use by Iowa educators. The lessons are best delivered in group settings with opportunities for discussion, however individuals can also access and complete the curriculum. At the conclusion of the program, educators should have greater understanding of how criteria related to academic ethics, score meaning and use, and educational value are connected to test-preparation activities.


text:
Document Type : Original Research Paper
1 Master of Architectural Engineering, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran
2 MSc, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Iran.
3 Master Holder of Geography and Urban Planning, Borujen Branch, Payame Noor University, Borujen, Iran
4 Ph.D. Student, Civil Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Introduction: Persian garden is an architectural combination of solids and plants, a living component that reflects the culture of Persian nation and regional climate situations. The main structure of all of the world's historical gardens are based on the nature and architecture or the method of combining plants, water and buildings that organize the body to create a suitable space for human life. What distinguishes the gardens as a cultural and natural heritage from other places is the conceptual layers of the meanings as well as physical and functional characteristics.
Materials and Methods: The purpose of this study is the optimal use of water in Persian gardens and according to the previous and present works with a combination of the modern innovations such as constructed wetlands and hydroponic greenhouses that attempt to use an optimal amount of water by reusing it in these gardens.
Results: There are two direct and indirect ways to improve water efficiency. There are three direct ways to improve productivity: I. Increasing the deduction form without changing the amount of water consumed. In this way, the fractional face increases without reducing the amount of water used. Improving the fertilizer program (feeding), changing the cultivar, improving crop management are solutions that reduce water consumption, will increase the face of the fraction and thus improve the efficiency of water. II. Reducing the denominator of the fraction means implementing a program to reduce applied water by recognizing the physiological behavior of plants, recognizing useless uses and making arrangements to control them, modifying agricultural operations to reduce water consumption such as modifying the planting date, changing cultivation methods such as transplanting, modification cultivation arrangement, modification of irrigation method. III. Integrated method, in the sense that at the same time as decreasing the denominator of the fraction, the form of the fraction also increases. In this strategy, recognizing the useless uses, recognizing the physiological behavior of the plant, modifying the irrigation method along with modifying the management of fertilizer consumption and agricultural operations are cases that will lead to reduce the denominator and increasing the fraction. The indirect method basically deals with processes that, although very important and for which different inputs are used, but are not considered. Crop losses from harvest to consumer consumption, energy losses of agricultural and irrigation machines, leaching of fertilizers and damage caused by agricultural hazards are among the cases of loss of agricultural products. Obviously, the use of potash fertilizers can increase the crop resistance to frost or the use of blowers, irrigation, windbreaks, and other methods of dealing with agricultural hazards, will be effective in reducing damage and thus production productivity will increase. Constructed wetland and hydroponic system have been used in this research and have increased the water productivity.
Conclusions: This research has been accomplished by a descriptive-analytical method and field observation to improve the water productivity in Persian gardens and proposing a suitable plan for theses gardens in the semi-arid city of Esfahan. The first prerequisite for achieving water saving is the correct knowledge and understanding of the definitions and interpretations in the field of sustainable use of water, that is, to use correct and meaningful concepts. In the first step, a distinction must be made between "water use" and "water consumption". In order to identify and select technical and effective economic solutions on water demand and consumption management in each catchment, a regular system and framework of "water accounting" should be established. Instead of paying much attention to the development of pressurized irrigation in the country, more attention should be paid to other farming methods that reduce water consumption in agriculture. A Hybrid use of constructed wetland and hydroponic system in urban botanic garden could certainly overcome the water scarcity in semi-arid and arid regions such as Esfahan.
http: //www.fao.org/3/I9261EN/i9261en.pdf (accessed on 2 August 2020).
DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1002/9781119478911.ch16. (in persian)
https: //nube.siap.gob.mx/gobmx_publicaciones_siap/pag/2018/Atlas-Agroalimentario-2018 (accessed on 2 August 2020).
https: //datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/SL.AGR.Empl.Zs (accessed on 2 August 2020).


text:
FARMINGTON – The Western Foothills of Maine may not be the most ideal climate to grow ginger, but Rustic Roots Farm has been doing it for the last two years and was recently awarded an $8,000 grant to study its growth.
Rustic Roots Farm owner's Erica Emery and Dave Allen have been awarded the grant from Northeast Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education and were one of 29 recipients this year. The program is designed for farmers to try different techniques and produce results that can be used as a reference for other farmers. Rustic Roots will be looking at different spacing techniques to maximize ginger yields.
"What we're going to be looking at is how seed spacing affects the ginger yields… We've tried a few different ways of spacing it out, but the literature currently is just all over the place as far as how far apart pieces of ginger should be planted," said Allen. "We want to find out what is the best way to maximize our yield."
Ginger prefers a tropical understory climate and a long growing season, both of which are unavailable in Maine.
"We're trying to grow a plant that needs a seven to eight month growing season in a climate that regularly only has three or four months," said Allen.
The process of growing a plant from a different climate involves tricking it into believing that the climate is different than it actually is, Allen said.
"We take the seed, which is basically mature ginger, ours is grown in Hawaii…we let it cure and then we plant it in trays with coconut coir and we put it into a custom built incubator," said Allen. "Which makes the ginger think it's underground for like two months. All through April and May it will be in there and then early June we'll take it out and that's when we'll plant it. Then it will stay in the ground until October, ideally."
Emery and Allen will weigh the ginger before and after planting to measure its expansion. They will then compile the data to share with Northeast SARE which will in turn be shared with other farmers as a resource.
The grant money will go towards the cost of the 25 pounds of ginger seedlings that will be dedicated to the project as well as the cost of installing an irrigation system to mimic a tropical understory climate.
Rustic Roots Farm Farm Shares are now open for sign ups. Shareholders receive twenty weeks of locally grown produce, including fresh ginger during harvest season.


TY - GEN A1 - Polus, Łukasz A1 - Szumigała, Maciej A2 - Kuczyński, Tadeusz - red. PB - Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego N2 - In this paper a numerical analysis of the resistance and stiffness of the aluminium and concrete composite beam is presented. Composite aluminium and concrete structures are quite new and they have not been thoroughly tested. Composite structures have a lot of advantages. N2 - The composite aluminium and concrete beam is more corrosion-resistant, fire-resistant and stiff than the aluminium beam. The contemporary idea of sustainable buildings relies on new solutions which are more environmentally friendly. Aluminium is lighter and more resistant to corrosion than steel, which is often used in composite structures. L1 - _URL_ L2 - _URL_ KW - belka zespolona KW - belka betonowo-aluminiowa KW - analiza numeryczna KW - aluminium and concrete beam KW - composite beam KW - numerical analysis T1 - A numerical analysis of the resistance and stiffness of the aluminium and concrete composite beam = Analiza numeryczna nośności i sztywności belki zespolonej aluminiowo - betonowej UR - _URL_ ER -


Home / Industry
Infographic: Where in the World Do Chinese People Live?
Nearly 23% of humanity is Chinese. Click to download a high-resolution PDF of TLD Registry's "Where do Chinese people live?" infographic.There are approximately 50 million ethnic Chinese people living outside of China's mainland, which itself is home to nearly 1.4 billion Chinese. Ethnic Chinese people comprise 3.7% of the world's population beyond China's borders. Most of these consumers read, write and speak Chinese.
Chinese language domain names can be an exceptionally powerful and cost-effective way of promoting your product, service or message in Chinese language communities. Chinese language domain names are culturally relevant, linguistically correct, and commercially attractive. They can substantially enhance your SEO and positively influence an audience of global consumers.
In the current "expansion of the internet" new gTLD program, in which several thousand new top-level domains (TLDs) are coming on line, the world's biggest-selling1 non-English new gTLD domain names are in Dot Chinese Online (.在线) and Dot Chinese Website (.中文网).
New York City contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, totaling 682,265 individuals, per the 2010 United States Census. There are at least nine different Chinatown communities in New York State alone.
The Chinatown in San Francisco, California, is the oldest Chinatown in North America and also one of the largest Chinese communities outside of Asia. Two other cities in California have significant Chinese populations: Los Angeles with more than 66,782 ethnic Chinese and San Jose with 63,434 ethnic Chinese.
Chicago's Chinatown is on the Windy City's South Side and is home to more than 70,000 Chinese people. Honolulu is home to more than 40,000 Chinese, and its Chinatown Historic District is one of the oldest Chinatowns in the United States.
Canada contains two important Chinatowns: Vancouver and Toronto. Vancouver's Chinatown is the largest in Canada. It is a popular tourist attraction and one of the largest historic Chinatowns on the continent. There are approximately 400,000 ethnic Chinese in the city, comprising 17% of the Vancouver Metropolitan Area's population.
Approximately 279,000 ethnic Chinese live in Toronto, comprising 10.8% of the total population. Toronto's Chinatown is now one of the largest Chinatowns in North America and one of several major Chinese-Canadian communities in the Greater Toronto Area.
Chinatowns in Asia
The largest Chinatown in Asia is in Yokohama Japan, just south of Tokyo, which is one of the largest Chinatowns in the world. There are approximately 675,000 ethnic Chinese currently living in Japan.
The Binondo district in Manila, the Philippines, is the oldest Chinatown in the world. There are over 1.1 million ethnic Chinese living in the Philippines today.
At night, Bangkok, Thailand's Chinatown resembles 1960s Hong Kong. It's been this way for some 200 years, since the capital's Chinese community moved here from the spot where the Grand Palace is now located. There are more than 9.3 million ethnic Chinese living in Thailand.
In Singapore, three out of every four people are ethnic Chinese, totaling more than 4 million of the island's 5.5 million people.
Indonesia is home to over 8.8 million ethnic Chinese. It is considered the biggest Chinatown in Indonesia, as a majority of local traders are of Chinese descent. There are 6.69 million ethnic Chinese in Malaysia.
Chinatowns in Australia
Sydney's Chinatown is an urban locality in the southern part of the Sydney central business district and is Australia's largest Chinatown. There are 350,000 ethnic Chinese in Sydney, comprising 7.9% of the city's population.
Melbourne's Chinatown is the oldest Chinatown in Australia, the oldest continuous Chinese settlement in Australia, and the longest continuously running Chinatown outside of Asia. There are 260,000 ethnic Chinese in Melbourne, comprising 6.5% of the city's population.
Chinatowns in Europe
London, UK Chinatown is located in the busy center of London, attracting 300,000 people for the Lunar New Year celebrations. Chinatown in Manchester, England is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the third largest in Europe. There are approximately 13,600 ethnic Chinese living in Manchester, although this number is said to double when including the large number of Chinese students who attend the local universities.
The Chinatown in Liverpool, England is home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe. According to a 2011 estimate by the UK census, 1.7% of Liverpool's population is of full Chinese descent (nearly 8,000 people), which makes ethnic Chinese the city's single largest non-White ethnic group.
Paris, France has several Chinatowns, the largest being located in the 13th arrondissement (13th district). Parisian Chinatown represents a massive implantation of Asian communities. "Avenue de Choisy" and Avenue d'Ivry" down to the "Porte d'Ivry" (Gate of Ivry) and the immediate surrounding suburbs (Le Kremlin-Bicêtre) are its principal axis. It is populated by nearly 50,000 Chinese, Vietnamese and Laotian nationals.
Chinatowns in Africa
South Africa is home to the largest ethnic Chinese community on the continent. Most of the 350,000 ethnic Chinese in South Africa live in the country's largest city, Johannesburg.
Globally relevant
The Chinese consumer base is global and relevant to your business. Every one of these Chinatowns have not only become vibrant Chinese enclaves, but have impacted the communities, the cities, and the world around them. It's time to take note. Take the first step to grow your business worldwide: invest in Chinese domain names.
1 According to namestat.org's report on "Biggest Selling Internationalized Domain Names" 26 September 2014
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Peder Engstrom
Portrait: Peder Engstrom
Peder Engstrom
Junior Scientist
Global Landscapes Initiative
Peder Engstrom is a scientist with the Global Landscapes Initiative. Peder has a background in geographic information science (GIS) and a passion for agriculture and food systems. He focuses on stakeholder engagement, data visualization, and map and data production. Peder also maintains the group's geo-data sharing platform, Research interests include crop species distribution patterns, better understanding gaps in agricultural data, smallholder agriculture, and equitable farm systems.
In his spare time, Peder enjoys urban gardening and landscaping, biking around Minneapolis, and exploring the natural areas of outstate Minnesota.