hash is correct.
 2. Payload size is correct.
 3. Signature chain is valid.
 4. Source NKN address and public key match the first element of the signature chain.
 5. Destination NKN address and public key match the last element of the signature chain.
So far, we have covered the NKN data packet, signature chain and its verifiable design. Now , it is time to introduce the NKN's proof of relay (PoR) mechanism. As demonstrated in Figure 6, we use NKN packet with payload field removed as a proof of relay work for all relay nodes along the route. It satisfies our verifiable, unforgeable and untamperable requirements such that everyone is able to verify the validity of a signature chain, while no one can forge or modify a valid signature chain without controlling (have private keys) of all nodes in the route.
Signature chain cannot be forked because each element contains the NKN address and public key of the next node. If a node on the route is malicious and removes or modifies some previous elements on the chain when generating his signature, the chain is no longer valid. Similarly, If a partially signed signature chain is intercepted by a malicious party, no valid signature chain can be generated without the private key of the designated next node.
On the other hand, considering the need to put the PoR mechanism into practice, it is necessary to consider the efficiency. Therefore, every NKN packet has a proof which can be used as a receipt to generate transactions from source to relayers. However, it is inefficient to create a transaction for every packet transmitted in the NKN. Instead, only packets whose last signature on the signature chain is smaller than a threshold are eligible for transactions.
The last signature on the signature chain is verifiable to everyone, while still being unpredictable and uncontrollable unless all nodes along the route including source and destination are controlled by the same party. The last signature is essentially deterministic given the payload and the full path, but cannot be computed in advance without all the private keys along the route.
With an ideal hash function, the last signature on the signature chain is random across packets. Thus, selecting only packets with small enough last signature for transactions (with adjusted price per packet) does not change the expected rewards for relay nodes but introduced some variation in pricing and rewards. The threshold should be chosen to balance the need for less transactions and smaller reward variation.
As with all public blockchains facing complex open environments, NKN needs to ensure the security of PoR in the case of malicious attacks. Signature chain in NKN packet is unpredictable and uncontrollable as long as the private key of at least one node is kept secret. However, if a malicious party controls all nodes on the route including source and destination, the party is able to predict and create valid signature chain and NKN packet without actually transmitting the packet. To solve this problem, we differentiate two classes of signature chain. One class, which is mathematically shown to have trivial probability to be controlled by a party, can be used to gain more benefits such as mining rewards. The other class has no additional benefits so that nothing but economic loss can be gained by creating signature chains. For more details on PoR security, please refer to the NKN Github wiki page (_URL_ . This includes how to design secure paths, session-based data transfer modes, etc.
Consensus and Blockchain
NKN draws on the Cellular Automata (Ising model) to achieve a consensus to improve the scalability of the network. Mathematical proofs and simulation results for consensus between nodes using the majority voting cellular automaton (MVCA) algorithm were described in the NKN white paper (_URL_ MVCA is efficient in both time and message count as only a few iterations of communications between neighbors are needed to reach consensus, as shown in the whitepaper.
Information required for consensus (e.g. next block) is sent to all participating nodes at the beginning of the consensus through a gossip-like protocol that takes up to O(logN) time, which is the main time cost for consensus process. Such time can be reduced to O(logN/logk) by having up to k times more neighbors similar to Kademlia DHT as we may implement in our future version.
The consensus algorithm can be implemented by an event-driven protocol triggered by consensus messages. Every consensus message has a topic id identifying what is being agreed on. For each consensus message received from a neighbor regarding a binary state (e.g. accept or reject a block), the following procedures are executed:
 1. If it's the first message with the topic id, then compute self initial state and send the state to neighbors.
 2. Update sender's state for the topic id.
 3. If more than half of the nodes choosing self as neighbor have the other state from self state for the topic id, then change self state to the majority state and send the state to neighbors.
The consensus process for a topic id stops after a fixed amount of time since first receiving messages with the same topic id. The correctness and convergence of the MVCA algorithm is shown in our whitepaper.
The production process of the block in NKN is also very characteristic. New block is added to the blockchain by first selecting a "leader" that proposes the new block. The leader selection is uncontrollable but verifiable. The expected probability that a node is elected as leader is proportional to the data relayed by the node on secure paths. The selected leader proposes the next block and sends it to the network for confirmation. The proposed block will be added to the blockchain as the next block if consensus among nodes is reached.
A leader is selected by first selecting a signature chain on a secure path. The signature chain being selected is the one that has the lowest last signature value. As discussed before, signature cannot be predicted or forged until a malicious party has controlled all nodes in the chain. On the other hand, any malicious party has a very low probability to control all nodes on a secure path. These two properties combined guarantees that selecting the signature chain with lowest last signature on secure paths is effectively randomly selecting signature chain on secure paths and the selection cannot be predicted or controlled by any party.
To select the signature chain with lowest last signature, each node who signs the last signature checks if the last signature is smaller than a threshold. If the last signature is smaller than the threshold, the node sends out the signature chain to the network as a candidate for the lowest last signature. The threshold is chosen so that with high probability, the lowest last signature is smaller than the threshold. Let t be the threshold in unit of largest possible signature value, and the signature is distributed uniformly from 0 to the largest value. The probability that all last signature are above the threshold is (1 — t)^L, where L is the number of signature chain. We need (1 — t)^L < e where e is small enough. For small t we have t > — (log e) / L. We choose t = — (log e) / L to minimize the number of candidates. L can be estimated from the average number of signature chains in a number of previous blocks.
Nodes reach consensus about signature chain selection after receiving candidates. The initial choice of each node is the signature chain candidate with lowest last signature. If all nodes receive the same candidates, then consensus is trivial as all honest nodes will make the same initial choice. Otherwise the same signature chain (but not necessarily the one with global lowest signature if initially it is not received by enough nodes) will be guaranteed by the consensus protocol.
When consensus about the signature chain is reached, leader is chosen deterministic from the signature chain. Let S be the last signature of the signature chain. Relay nodes on the signature chain are labeled from 0 to L-1, where L is the number of relay nodes. Then the leader is the node with label S mod L on the signature chain.
Finally, a block is proposed by the selected leader in each round. Proposed block is sent to all nodes for verification and consensus. During consensus phase, each node sends to its neighbors the hash of the block (in case the leader sends out different blocks to different neighbors) and if it is accepted or not. When consensus is reached, all nodes should have the same accepted block or none if rejected. Proposed block is added to the blockchain if accepted.
Relay Path Validation (RPV)
Although signatures in a signature chain guarantee that it is signed by the claimed relayers, they do not guarantee the correctness of the relay path, where a path is defined as correct if it is the designated path of our distributed data transmission network (DDTN). Being able to validate the correctness of a path is crucial for the security of signature chains, otherwise attackers could break the assumption that each hop leads to a random node by selecting specific node as next hop, and a malicious party could construct signature chains fully under control by relaying packets only to nodes under control. Signature chain fully controlled by a party is no longer unpredictable by the party, and can be computed by the party without actually transmitting any data. The malicious party can then gain unfair economic advantage by producing more signature chains than it should, increasing its chance to get mining rewards.
The validity of any relay path should be consensus among all nodes as it is a prerequisite to select globally unique mining node for each block. There are two ways to achieve the consensus: 1. nodes use global information (e.g. previous blocks) that has already be agreed on; 2. nodes use their own local information, and reach consensus later. We choose the first approach as it does not require extra communication between nodes and is much


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The Hittite Notion of Border. A practical view
The Hittite cuneiform texts (16th-12th cent. BCE) contain a number of detailed descriptions of borders of various countries and territories. Such fragments, mainly found in the international treaties as well as the annals of the kings, clearly reflect the particular formal interest on the part of the Hittite rulers in specific delimitation of political territories.
Although the Hittite listings of the topographical points, which make up a frontier can extend over many lines of texts, one never finds any use of cardinal directions which would indicate the position of these points. Instead, the Hittite scribes applied a peculiar internal reference system that combines the position of the speaker and another point of reference in order to locate a specific part of the border.
The talk will briefly review the corpus of the Hittite border descriptions and discuss how such fragments were conceptualized. It will also tackle the question, whether they reflect a 'bird's eye', cartographic view of the land, or rather a ground-level, hodological perspective.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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MiniKiwi Farm Sp. z o.o.
64-212 Siedlec, Poland
In the second half of April every year in a couple of nights, the temperature drops below zero degree. To protect the young shoots against freeze we used sprinklers for applying water to plants. This is the first year in which we've used this system. The thermometer showed temperature about minus 2 degrees, in the ground minus 3.5 degree.
Let's hope this is the end of spring frost season.


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Faception is an artificial Intelligence company that has developed a facial profiling technology. The company was founded by David Gavriel, Itzik Wilf, and Shai Gilboa in 2014, in Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
The company has developed technology that can perform computer vision and machine learning tasks to analyze facial images and automatically identify people in real-time. The company has providing their technology for public places such as airports, train stations, government, public buildings, and border control areas.
Faception looks to provide their solutions for the purpose of screening, surveillance, data processing and storage, investigations, and security. The technology is capable of scanning video feeds of audiences with the purpose of identifying potential threats. The technology decides whether or not anonymous people pose as a threat based on facial imaging. The idea is that the image reveals the person's personality, and doesn't rely on identity, social media data, race, class, gender, or phone records.


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Corin R. Anderson, David E. Smith, and Daniel S. Weld
Graphplan has attracted considerable interest because of its extremely high performance, but the algorithm's inability to handle action representations more expressive than STRIPS is a major limitation. In particular, extending Graphplan to handle conditional effects is a surprisingly subtle enterprise. In this paper, we describe the space of possible alternatives, and then concentrate on one particular approach we call factored expansion. Factored expansion splits an action with conditional effects into several new actions called components, one for each conditional effect. Because these action components are not independent, factored expansion complicates both the mutual exclusion and backward chaining phases of Graphplan. As compensation, factored expansion often produces dramatically smaller domain models than does the more obvious full-expansion into exclusive STRIPS actions. We present experimental results showing that factored expansion dominates full expansion on large problems.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Impacts due to Density Current Deposition in Reservoirsby Jiahua Fan,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: North American Water and Environment Congress & Destructive Water
Different flow pafterns of density currents in reservoirs are discussed. In delta region, lateral density currents from non-stratified flow in the main channel occurs resulting in floodplain deposits with silt and clay. Density current deposition downstream of the topset bed forms wedge-shaped deposit along the reservoir. When a density current reaching the dam under backwater effect, muddy lake deposit may occur before the dam with adverse impacts.
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Congratulations to Liliana and Bruce Stevens who received this month's pick for the Brookwood HOA's Yard of the Month.
The Stevens moved to 408 Wayfare Lane just over a year ago from Colorado and say that they are still learning about gardening in Florida. "When we moved in," Liliana says, "there were some bushes and other plants and not much color. We wanted to create not only an attractive garden but also to incorporate some Florida native plants which can help provide natural habitats (many of which have been disappearing due to land developments) for birds and other pollinators."
The Stevens say that they also want to have a diversity of plants which hopefully will make their garden more naturally resistant to pests. In their garden you can find Florida natives such as Black eyed Susan, Lanceleaf Coreopsis, Blue eyed Grass, Coontie palms and Firebush in between Pentas and Bulbine.


Quick Answer: How To Dig Up A Tree Stump With A Tractor?
Can you remove stumps with a tractor?
Both John Deere utility tractors and compact utility tractors have powerful backhoe attachments that you can add-on to remove large tree stumps. Once you have the stump and roots exposed, free the roots by loosening up the soil around them with the shovel.
Can a bulldozer remove stumps?
A bulldozer can remove stumps if it has a strong enough motor. Dig a trench that's three feet wide and eight feet deep on all sides of it. Use the bulldozer to push the stump until the roots pull out of the ground. Lift and push the loose stump and grind it down or chop it up to dispose of it.
What machine removes stumps?
Keep reading!
 - What Are Tree Root Removal Machines? Generally, a tree root removal machine is a heavy-duty tool that has a powerful engine, as well as cutting, digging, or pulling mechanism, which is used to remove tree roots.
 - Tractors.
 - Backhoe.
 - Stump Grinder.
 - Shovel & Saws.
 - Shovel.
 - Garden Shears.
 - Backhoe.
Can a skid steer remove stumps?
As a reliable piece of equipment, a skid steer can in fact remove a stump from your job site – it just takes a little more work to get the job done.
You might be interested: Question: How To Bleed A Diesel Tractor?
How do you pull a stump out of the ground?
How do you dig up a large tree stump?
Dig out the soil around the stump. Expose as much of the roots as possible, by removing the surrounding soil using a shovel or spade. Work in a circle around the stump, removing the dirt. You may need to dig fairly deep on each side of the larger roots to really expose them so that you can cut or chop them up.
What size tractor do I need to push over a tree?
How long does Epsom salt take to kill a stump?
Following the directions outlined above, it takes 8 to 10 weeks for the stump to die using the Epsom salt method.
Will bleach kill a tree stump?
If bleaching a tree stump can kill it, then killing tree roots with bleach will work as well. Using a drill is also a good option; just drill holes right into the roots you wish to be rid of. With a paintbrush, paint bleach onto the roots where you have cut into them or fill the holes.
You might be interested: How To Input Fs19 Tractor Models Into Blender?
Do it yourself stump removal?
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Abstract: In this paper, solutions to the problem of voltage sags caused by distributed generators anti-islanding protection are proposed. In a system with both substation and Distributed Generator (DG) supplying in parallel to a load, during any temporary fault condition, the DG will be disconnected from system by anti –islanding protection. After the reclose operation, the whole power has to come from the substation since the DG is no longer present and due to this there is voltage sag at the load end. This problem can seriously affect power quality indices as well as distributed generators reconnection procedure. In this context, this work investigates several potential solutions to be adopted by the utility or the DG owners and presents a thorough evaluation of their main advantages and disadvantages. The presented studies and procedures will guide the utility engineers in the making decision process associated to the choice of reasonable mitigation techniques to this problem. Solutions are simulated using ETAP 12.0 tool and HIL typhoon SCADA software. Certain solutions are simulated by developing a hardware prototype. The results obtained were compared and analysed for the better understanding of the stated solutions.
Keywords: Anti-islanding, Reclosing operation, Voltage sag
| DOI: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2018.6108


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Tough scrutiny for tip plan
The proposal for a new Esperance landfill will be subject to the highest level of Environmental Protection Authority scrutiny.
In the authority's decision to undertake a public environmental review, chairman Dr Tom Hatton said the proposed tip had the potential to affect surface water quality and flows, as well as soil and groundwater quality because of leachate seepage.
Dr Hatton said there were also potential effects of odour, noise, dust and landfill gas emissions to consider.
"This proposal has a high level of public interest," he said.
"Detailed assessment is required to determine the extent of the proposal's direct and indirect impacts, and how the environmental issues could be managed."
The Shire of Esperance council wants to build the new waste management facility at Lot 12 Kirwan Road, Merivale.
The authority has received 84 submissions about the proposal, with 80 asking for the public environmental review.
The council yesterday said it was one of those asking for this highest level of assessment.
Shire president Victoria Brown said the environment was a council priority, and any potential impact must be investigated fully to determine if the location was the right place to build a landfill site.
"We do not want to build a landfill site in a location that may cause damage to our beautiful natural assets," she said.
"A modern waste management facility is always going to create angst among those who live nearby and we all need to be certain that a new landfill site will have no significant impact on the surrounding environment, the neighbours and the community."
A motion calling for the abandonment of Lot 12 Kirwan Road as the proposed site was passed at the Shire of Esperance annual electors' meeting on January 30.
Shire of Esperance councillors were to consider the motion at a special meeting taking place last night after the Kalgoorlie Miner went to press.
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The overall emphasis of trainings is to improve water productivity i.e. producing more crop per drop. The main objective of the trainings is to achieved by adopting improved irrigation practices, promoting crop diversification, and effective application of non-water inputs. It would contribute to increased agricultural production, more employment opportunities in rural areas, higher incomes from farming, better living standards of the farmers, and improved environment. Following are the key objectives of the trainings:
- Capacity building of departments that how to Improving productivity of irrigation water by efficient conveyance and its effective farm level use by adopting conservation agricultural practices
- Production of more profitable crops through high efficiency irrigation systems (HEISs) for meeting increasing domestic demand and enhancing exports
- Strengthening the private sector service delivery capacity and sustainability for supporting irrigated agriculture
- Capacity building of stakeholders in better managing irrigation water for attaining higher crop yields with less production costs.


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The SFD was first tested in DNW's wind tunnel in Marknesse (NL), followed by the first flights in Dutch airspace, in Deelen in March. After successful completion of these qualification flights, the entire system was transported to Aeroporto di Taranto-Grottaglie in southern Italy to carry out measurement flights.
The Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA) developed the Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) system that the scale model used for carrying out a total of 70 automated manoeuvres in Italy. The GNC is thus effectively a second autopilot on board the aircraft. The aircraft is camera-controlled and actually flown from a cockpit just like a real plane, but from the ground. The camera is attached to the tail of the SFD. A head-up display (HUD) developed by NLR is used for relaying information to the pilot. The GNC can be switched on from the ground station, after which it flies a pre-programmed route during which the manoeuvres are executed.
There was also advanced test equipment on board for measuring the aircraft's flight characteristics, including small sensors for measuring the airspeed, aircraft movements and positions of the control surfaces.
"Those measuring devices also had to be scaled down, of course," says Floris Bremmers, an R&D engineer at NLR, "and we were aiming for the same level of accuracy as for full-scale aircraft." Bremmers was involved in the project from the very start and was also present on site during the test flights. "We tested things such as how quickly the aircraft responds to input from the cockpit on the ground while performing various manoeuvres. We also carried out measurements of the dynamic flight behaviour, for instance as a result of manipulating the ailerons."


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or equivalently of the form
with energy function
where V is the potential energy of the system. The method is known by different names in different disciplines. In particular, it is similar to the Velocity Verlet method, which is a variant of Verlet integration. Leapfrog integration is equivalent to updating positions and velocities at interleaved time points, staggered in such a way that they 'leapfrog' over each other. For example, the position is updated at integer time steps and the velocity is updated at integer-plus-a-half time steps.
Leapfrog integration is a second order method, in contrast to Euler integration, which is only first order, yet requires the same number of function evaluations per step. Unlike Euler integration, it is stable for oscillatory motion, as long as the time-step is constant, and.
In leapfrog integration, the equations for updating position and velocity are
where is position at step, is the velocity, or first derivative of, at step, is the acceleration, or second derivative of, at step and is the size of each time step. These equations can be expressed in a form which gives velocity at integer steps as well. However, even in this synchronized form, the time-step must be constant to maintain stability.
One use of this equation is in gravity simulations, since in that case the acceleration depends only on the positions of the gravitating masses, although higher order integrators (such as Runge–Kutta methods) are more frequently used.
There are two primary strengths to Leapfrog integration when applied to mechanics problems. The first is the time-reversibility of the Leapfrog method. One can integrate forward n steps, and then reverse the direction of integration and integrate backwards n steps to arrive at the same starting position. The second strength of Leapfrog integration is its symplectic nature, which implies that it conserves the (slightly modified) energy of dynamical systems. This is especially useful when computing orbital dynamics, as many other integration schemes, such as the (order 4) Runge-Kutta method, do not conserve energy and allow the system to drift substantially over time.
Because of its time-reversibility, and because it is a symplectic integrator, leapfrog integration is also used in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, a method for drawing random samples from a probability distribution whose overall normalization is unknown.
- Numerical ordinary differential equations
- Symplectic integration
- Euler integration
- Verlet integration
- Runge–Kutta integration
- C. K. Birdsall and A. B. Langdon, Plasma Physics via Computer Simulations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985, p. 56
- 4.1 Two Ways to Write the Leapfrog
- [Skeel, R. D., "Variable Step Size Destabilizes the Stömer/Leapfrog/Verlet Method," BIT Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 33, 1993, pp. 172-175.]
- Bishop, Christopher (2006). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 548–554. ISBN 978-0-387-31073-2.
- The Leapfrog Integrator, Drexel University Physics


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Are figs really full of baby wasps?
The fig plant and the fig wasp both have the same goal: reproduction. For this to happen, a fig plant needs to share its genetic material (in the form of pollen) with another of its kind, and the fig wasp needs a place where its larva can grow and feed. Think of the fig wasp as a tenant, and the fig plant as a landlord who takes payment in the form of pollen.
What we call a fig (a structure called the syconium) is more inverted flower than fruit, with all its reproductive parts located inside. After a female fig wasp flies over from the fig plant she emerged from, she must travel to the center of the syconium to lay her eggs. To get there, she climbs down through a narrow passage called the ostiole. The passage is so cramped that the tiny fig wasp loses her wings and antenna during her claustrophobic trek. Once inside, there's no getting back out and flying to another plant — but is she in the right place?
Fig plants boast two kinds of figs: male caprifigs and female edible figs.
If a female wasp enters a caprifig, she'll find male flower parts that are perfectly shaped to hold the eggs she'll eventually lay. The eggs will grow into larvae, which will develop into male and female wasps. After hatching, the blind, wingless male wasps will spend the remainder of their lives digging tunnels through the fig. The female wasps then emerge through these tunnels and fly off to find a new fig — carrying precious pollen with them.
If a female fig wasp enters an edible fig, she eventually dies from exhaustion or starvation. The female flower parts include a long stylus that hinders her attempts to lay her eggs. She may die, but she succeeds in delivering the much-needed pollen first. So a fig farmer winds up with caprifigs full of wasp eggs and edible figs full of seeds.
Though edible figs may not be filled with baby wasps, doesn't this mean that these figs contain a lot of female wasps who died of loneliness?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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EQUIPMENT, AUTOMATION AND OPERATION
The speed at which goods are passed through a transit chain is controlled by the speed of its weakest link. Particular attention must therefore be focused upon the handling facilities in rail and port terminals, which form the most important links in the chain between manufacturer and user. A wide variety of handling equipment is used at the trans-shipping points within a container terminal, and the flow of goods from ship to land is not continuous, making a buffer store at the port an essential requirement. In order to prevent a pile-up at the terminal a data flow must be closely associated with this goods flow, which must be faster thn the goods flow itself. Modern process computers and data processing systems offer the means which can satisfy this need. An automation concept with hierarchical structure provides comprehensive, up-to-date data for the control of the container handling process, for operational and strategic planning, and for billing and accountancy purposes; enables far reaching automation of the transport system, reduces operator costs by rationalisation, raises productivity and improves the quality of the handling process. Within the "hierarchical system concept" the author considers the electrical drive equipment of container cranes, demands on the mechanical design of an automated crane, and the automation of container stacking cranes and container port cranes.
- Paper presented at the 2nd Terminal Operations Conference, Amsterdam, June 1980.
- Trautnitz, W
- Publication Date: 1980-6
- Pagination: 7 p.
- TERMINAL OPERATIONS CONFERENCE
- Publisher: C S PUBLICATIONS --
- TRT Terms: Cargo handling equipment; Container handling; Container terminals; Containerization; Containers; Control systems; Cranes; Information processing; Terminal operations
- Old TRIS Terms: Container control
- Subject Areas: Data and Information Technology; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation;
- Accession Number: 00330062
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: International Cargo Handling Coordination Assn
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Apr 15 1981 12:00AM


Why Do We Twitch
Geo Beats
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Why Do We Twitch - as part of the news and politics series by GeoBeats.
Everyone experiences the sensation known as twitching, which is caused by small involuntary muscle movements in our bodies. Twitches happen to muscles in tiny groups that are linked with only one motor nerve fiber, which make the feeling centralized.
The vast majority of twitches are not particularly noticeable and are caused by stress, fatigue, or the effects of caffeine. Most common are twitches in the eye, leg, and thumb. Lots of people also experience twitching during sleep, which can cause the person to wake up. Scientists think this is an effect of our loss of motor function during sleep causing us to have a delayed response to an outside stimulus like a noise or movement.
There are cases where twitching can also be a symptom of a serious disease. In these cases twitching is only part of a much more serious health problem.
But since everyone twitches there are theories about our genetic predisposition to twitching. One theory posits that our ancestors, faced with daily struggles that involved life or death situations, were physically wired to react quickly to stressful situations and muscle twitches were necessary to keep them on their toes.
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Dry Etching & Dry Etching vs. Natural stone such as granite, marble and limestone provide numerous design possibilities for the enhancement of front facades of spaces such as hotel lobbies, shopping mall, stores etc. 3. Wet Etching, 12 Feb. 2016, Available here. The extra oil in the cylinder should temporarily seal the … Remove all spark plugs and open the throttle. Each liner has a purpose to … Keep the plugs in order by the cylinder. 20 % different from the other most important components in an engine and are referred by names... Sports Medicine Blog the difference between wet Air and dry Air similar, though also different... 'S get started 1 23 of AUC0–144, and record the readings write a short note on Pressure... Compression test is unreliable when performed on engines where the cylinders so if you 're ready to delve more the... This is a useful trick to determine if your rings are worn or not a and. Is a useful trick to determine if your rings are worn or.! 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Small. Fast. Reliable.
Choose any three.
Deterministic SQL Functions
1. Overview
SQL functions in SQLite can be either "deterministic" or "non-deterministic".
A deterministic function always gives the same answer when it has the same inputs. Most built-in SQL functions in SQLite are deterministic. For example, the abs(X) function always returns the same answer as long as its input X is the same.
Non-deterministic functions might give different answers on each invocation, even if the arguments are always the same. The following are examples of non-deterministic functions:
The random() function is obviously non-deterministic because it gives a different answer every time it is invoked. The answers from changes() and last_insert_rowid() depend on prior SQL statements, and so they are also non-deterministic. The sqlite3_version() function is mostly constant, but it can change when SQLite is upgraded, and so even though it always returns the same answer for any particular session, because it can change answers across sessions it is still considered non-deterministic.
2. Restrictions on the use of non-deterministic functions
There are some contexts in SQLite that do not allow the use of non-deterministic functions:
In the cases above, the values returned by the function affects the information stored in the database file. The values of functions in CHECK constraints determines which entries are valid for a table, and functions in the WHERE clause of a partial index or in an index on an expression compute values stored in the index b-tree. If any of these functions later returns a different value, then the database might no longer be well-formed. Hence, to avoid database corruption, only deterministic functions can be used in the contexts above.
3. Special-case Processing For Date/Time Functions
The built-in date and time functions of SQLite are a special case. These functions are usually considered deterministic. However, if these functions use the string "now" as the date, or if they use the localtime modifier or the utc modifier, then they are considered non-deterministic. Because the function inputs are not necessarily known until run-time, the date/time functions will throw an exception if they encounter any of the non-deterministic features in a context where only deterministic functions are allowed.
Prior to SQLite 3.20.0 (2017-08-01) all date/time functions were always considered non-deterministic. The ability for date/time functions to be deterministic sometimes and non-deterministic at other times, depending on their arguments, was added for the 3.20.0 release.
3.1. Bug fix in version 3.35.2
When the enhancement was made to SQLite 3.20.0 such that date/time functions would be considered deterministic as they do not depend on the current time, one case was overlooked: Many of the date/time functions can be called with no arguments at all. These no-argument date/time functions behave as if they had a single "'now'" argument. Thus "datetime()" and "datetime('now')" both yield the current date and time. However, only the second form was recognized as non-deterministic. This meant that developers could sneak the non-deterministic "datetime()" form into CHECK constraints, index expressions, generated column expressions, and similar places where non-deterministic functions make no sense. This oversight was fixed in version 3.35.2 (2021-03-17). However, there may be legacy databases in circulation that were created by SQLite version 3.20.0 through 3.35.1 that have non-deterministic date/time functions in their schemas.
4. Application-defined deterministic functions
By default, application-defined SQL functions are considered to be non-deterministic. However, if the 4th parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() is OR-ed with SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, then SQLite will treat that function as if it were deterministic.
Note that if a non-deterministic function is tagged with SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC and if that function ends up being used in the WHERE clause of a partial index or in an expression index, then when the function begins to return different answers, the associated index may become corrupt. If an SQL function is nearly deterministic (which is to say, if it only rarely changes, like sqlite_version()) and it is used in an index that becomes corrupt, the corruption can be fixed by running REINDEX.
The interfaces necessary to construct a function that is sometimes deterministic and sometimes non-deterministic depending on their inputs, such as the built-in date/time functions, are not published. Generic application-defined SQL functions must be always deterministic or always non-deterministic.
This page last modified on 2021-06-17 16:11:09 UTC


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Opioid treatment is associated with numerous gastrointestinal adverse effects collectively known as opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD). Most current knowledge of the pathophysiology derives from animal studies limited by species differences and clinical studies, which have substantial confounders that make evaluation difficult. An experimental model of OIBD in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting is therefore highly warranted. The aim of this study was to assess bowel function in healthy volunteers during opioid treatment using subjective and objective methods.
Twenty-five healthy men were assigned randomly to oxycodone or placebo for 5 days in a cross-over design. The analgesic effect was assessed with muscle pressure algometry and adverse effects were measured using questionnaires including the bowel function index, gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, patient assessment of constipation symptoms and the Bristol stool form scale. Colorectal volumes were determined using a newly developed MRI method.
Compared with baseline, oxycodone increased pain detection thresholds by 8% (P=0.02). Subjective OIBD was observed as increased bowel function index (464% increase; P


Environmental Design
Modificar el tamaño de letra:
"Bread is as important as the flower for the poor "
The quality of life in elderly person is closely related to their environment and affect. This environment includes adequate health care, closeness and security provided by family or friends and a means of stimulating an independent and integral development (Bernardin-Haldemann, 1993; Chaudhury, 2003, Hwang and Ziebarth, 2006).
Care environment and affective environment is basic in people with advanced dementia. "forever people" project provides a therapeutic proposal fitted to specific needs.


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With so many exciting attractions packed into a relatively small area, it's easy to understand why New York City is a popular tourist destination. NYC truly has something for everyone. With so much to see and do, it is difficult to experience it all in one single trip. Luckily, you can see many NYC landmarks easily and enjoyably through a NY Harbor Cruise on the Skyline Princess.
What makes NY Harbor so great? Read on and learn about the rich history of NY Harbor.
NY Harbor and Trade
One of the largest natural harbors in the world, NY Harbor is part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Sitting at the mouth of the Hudson River, it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States.
Henry Hudson came to New York Harbor in the year 1609. Hudson reported the protected harbor and rich farmland to the Dutch West India Company. A trading post was established around the southern area of what was called Manna-hata Island. In 1626, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and the New York Harbor was established.
As New York's settlements moved to the north, farms were created and trade around New England was common. New York's population continued to grow and just before 1800 it became the United States' largest city. Trade quickly began to boom and New York became a powerful place of commerce. By the mid 1800s, NY Harbor exchanged more cargo than anywhere else.
Cornelius Vanderbilt and Steamboats
Cornelius Vanderbilt was an American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. When Vanderbilt was just 16 years old he decided to start his own ferry service after working on his father's ferry in NY Harbor.
In 1817, Vanderbilt partnered with Thomas Gibbons in a steamboat business called the Union Line. Gibbons died in 1826, and Vanderbilt was later bought out by Gibbon's son.
In the 1830s, Vanderbilt shifted his operations to the Hudson River and went head to head against the Hudson River Steamboat Association. He named his service the "People's Line," offering cheap fares for all.
Sail with Skyline This Summer
Whether you are visiting New York or you are a local resident looking for a unique way to view many iconic landmarks, Skyline Cruises is the perfect choice. Sailing through NY Harbor you will be surrounded by history and will have a memorable trip to brag to your friends about. To learn more about renting the Skyline Princess for your next event, contact Skyline Cruises today! Please keep in mind that while we are strictly adhering to NYC guidelines for health and safety, there is a 100 guest maximum on all charters in order to practice safe social distancing.


Monitoring Heartbeat per Day to Motivate Increasing Physical Activity.
In: UbiComp Workshop on Interaction with Ubiquitous Wellness and Healthcare Applications (UbiWell)
Innsbruck (2007)
Buchaufsatz / Kapitel / Fach: Informatik; Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Physical activity is one of the most basic human
functions and essential for physical and mental health and
has major beneficial effect on chronic diseases such as
heart disease, stroke, etc. Awareness of this condition has
been one of the focuses for researching over recent years.
One common way for making this awareness is monitoring
the number of steps taken by a person and comparing it
with the minimum amount of steps s/he needs. In this
paper we suggest that instead of this, heartbeat can be
monitored to aware physical activity.
Dieser Eintrag ist freigegeben.


DnD 5e Saving Throws Explained
Hey everyone! In today's post, DnD 5e Saving Throws Explained, we'll have a look at one of the systems that has been in DnD since I started playing with 3.5 almost a decade ago. Really it's a pretty simple system, but it's a part of the game that will show up very often.
Saving throws have been about for a very long time, they cover many areas, from dodging spells to avoiding death itself.
So what are saving throws?
Saving Throw Explained
In 5e there is a dice roll you will be asked to make fairly often in encounters. These rolls are typically used to test the character's ability to prevent something happening to them. The scope of what a saving throw "can be" is pretty wide. Let's go into how before we cover the when.
In 5e every character is made up of the 6 main attributes, also known as abilities: –
Strength (STR)
Dexterity (DEX)
Constitution (CON)
Intelligence (INT)
Wisdom (WIS)
Charisma (CHA)
Each of these attributes will have a score, the higher the score, the better that creature/character is at tasks covered by that attribute. This includes saving throws.
During the course of a game, your GM may ask you to make an attribute specific saving throw, based on either what you're currently doing, or if an attack is being made upon your character.
If you fail the saving throw, a bad effect will take place, either a spell will take hold, or you will catch a disease, or fall off a cliff, depending on the context of the saving throw itself.
If you succeed, then most of the time you will resist or overcome whatever caused the saving throw in the first place, a spell will fail to take hold, you resist the disease, or you catch yourself before falling off the cliff.
The way a roll would typically work is that a character would be asked to make a specific attribute saving throw, they would roll their D20, and add their ability score modifier to the result (and their proficiency bonus if they are proficient with that attribute). The total of that dice roll must be equal to or higher than the Difficulty Class (DC) of what is currently happening to succeed.
Difficulty Class Explained
So you're probably asking, "how do I know what the DC is?". That's a good question, well done! Generally speaking, you won't ever know the true value of the DC. Typically, you should only ever know if you succeed or fail on the roll.
I would say there are two kinds of DC's in the game, one is set by the GM depending on how hard they think the current action/situation is. The other is based on a character's specific attribute scores, this one is what would be used when a character/creature is casting a spell on another.
For the GM determined DC's it would have a numerical range from 1-30+.
DC1-5 range would be considered very easy
DC5-10 would be something easy
DC10-15 is a medium challenge
DC15-20 is where it would be considered hard
DC20-25 is considered very hard
DC25 and upward would be considered close to impossible
For a character-specific DC's, we would most likely be talking about spells. Depending on the class the spell-caster is they would use a specific attribute to cast their spells. A spell-caster can work out their own spell-casting DC with this quick formula
8 + Spellcasting Ability Modifier + Proficiency Bonus
Saving Throw Examples
So now we know what saving throws are, and what difficulty checks are, let's look at some specific examples of times you may ask or be asked to make a saving throw for each main ability, keep in mind a spell will tell you exactly what saving throw needs to be made, so we're not going to be fully focused on spells for this one.
Strength (STR)
Let's say as the party is trying to flee a trap-filled tomb, the entrance to the tomb is being covered by a lowering stone slab. The barbarian in the party runs ahead and holds the door in place to allow their party to escape safely. As they hold the lowering door, they could be asked to make a STR Saving throw, to see if they are able to withstand the force of the door pushing down on them.
Dexterity (DEX)
As a party member climbs the thin ledge of the side of a cliff, journeying upward, they are attacked and lose their footing, they would be asked to make a DEX Saving Throw in order to catch themselves either on their safety rope, or manage to grasp their hand onto a rock further below that is jutting out of cliff face.
Constitution (CON)
The party may be fighting some rabid gnolls. One of the gnolls bites a party member viciously. That party member would be asked to make a CON Saving Throw to resist being infected by the gnoll's disease.
Intelligence (INT)
If the party is fighting against creatures that have significant psionic abilities and it attempt to psychically bombard a party member's mind, then they would be asked to make an INT Saving Throw in order to resist some, or all of the damage inflicted.
Wisdom (WIS)
The party are in an enchanted wood, and are starting to get lost, the GM may ask the party to make WIS Saving Throws to determine that they are on the wrong track.
Charisma (CHA)
The party bard may have rolled poorly on a performance check in order to entertain a tavern. They could be asked to make a CHA Saving Throw in order to determine just how badly the tavern react to the poor performance.
Death Saving Throw
This throw is made when a character is in the midst of death. When a character reaches 0 HP unless it is healed, or stabilized. Every time it's that characters turn, they must make a Death Saving Throw. The DC for which is always 10 and it is not tied to any ability score. If the character rolls a 10 or higher, they gain 1 success point, 3 of which means they are still unconscious, but not dying. If they roll lower, they gain 1 failure point, 3 of which means the character dies.
Wrap Up
I hope this post has helped you understand what Saving Throws are in DnD 5, and has given you some ideas for the different ways they can show up in your games, not just spells and monster effects but also other scenarios.
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Radiation & fractionation
I have been reading up on radiation, but have some trouble fully understanding fractionation. Is there any simple approximation of the relation of fractionation and recovery, or some sort of adjusted effective dose?
A single continuous exposure of 1 Gy over 1 hour, compared to 20 acute doses of 50 mGy (which is still an absorbed dose of 1 Gy over 1 hour), what exactly is the difference/relation? And can it be modelled/approximated? Would the fractionation effectively be less (either expressed as an effective dose [Sv] or an arbitrary constant) than the continuous exposure?
So the continuous exposure would be (assuming photons) 1 Sv, but the fractionation actually somewhat less than 1 Sv (due to the tissue/cells being able to partially recover). Or is it not possible to express it such a manner?
I guess it's not a very well understood field? I've had trouble finding more practical or straight-forward material. Everything is pretty vague, "fractionation is less damaging as it spreads out the radiation," but no hard figures or formulas. No real explanation.


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Remember the heady days of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing? Napster, Kazaa, and LimeWire are names that conjure up a bygone era of unfettered digital exchange. One of them, Files Over Miles (FOM), stood out for its simplicity and browser-based approach. But what happened to Files over Miles? Where did FOM vanish, and what can its fate tell us about the ever-evolving landscape of file sharing?
We tried to find all the answers in this comprehensive analysis. So, without further ado, let's start reading.
- User preferences for ease of use, security, and convenience are what are driving the evolution of file sharing.
- FOM's story highlights the importance of addressing security concerns and adapting to user preferences in the constantly evolving file-sharing landscape.
A Glimpse of Files Over Miles Glory Days
Launched in 2008, FOM offered a revolutionary way to share files directly between browsers without cumbersome software downloads or centralized servers. Users simply uploaded a file, generated a unique URL, and shared it with anyone. Clicking the URL triggered a direct browser-to-browser transfer, with the sender's computer acting as the temporary intermediary.
This innovation attracted legions, particularly in regions with limited internet access or bandwidth restrictions. FOM's ease of use and decentralized nature resonated with a tech-savvy audience seeking alternatives to traditional file-sharing giants.
The Cracks Begin to Show
However, FOM's success was not without its challenges. Security concerns arose, as the open nature of the platform made it susceptible to malware and malicious file transfers. Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland (German copyright infringement notices) also plagued users, prompting caution and hindering widespread adoption.
Perhaps the biggest hurdle was the rise of cloud storage and streaming services. Platforms like Dropbox and Google Drive offer a more convenient and centralized solution for file storage and sharing. Additionally, streaming services like Spotify and Netflix negated the need for large file downloads altogether.
What Happened to Files Over Miles?
By 2012, FOM's activity had dwindled significantly. The official website shut down, leaving users bewildered and the platform's future uncertain. While rumors of a relaunch swirled, they never materialized, leaving FOM a relic of a bygone era.
Lessons Learned from Files Over Miles's Demise
FOM's demise offers valuable insights into the ever-changing landscape of file sharing.
- Convenience reigns supreme. Users prioritize ease of use and seamless integration over technical prowess. Cloud storage and streaming services addressed this need, rendering FOM's direct transfer method less appealing.
- Security concerns matter: FOM's vulnerability to malware and copyright infringement concerns eroded user trust and ultimately contributed to its downfall.
- Centralization has its advantages. While decentralization was FOM's core strength, it also hampered scalability and hindered content moderation, ultimately proving unsustainable.
Beyond the Ashes: The P2P Spirit Endures
While FOM may be gone, the spirit of P2P lives on. Decentralized protocols like BitTorrent and blockchain-based solutions are pushing the boundaries of file sharing, offering users greater control and privacy. However, the future seems to lie in a hybrid approach, where centralized platforms provide convenience and content curation while decentralized technologies ensure user autonomy and security.
FOM's story serves as a cautionary tale for future innovators in this dynamic landscape. It reminds us that technology must adapt to user needs and evolve with the times. It also underscores the importance of balancing convenience with security and finding that sweet spot between centralized and decentralized models. In the end, the human desire to share information freely and easily remains constant, and it is this fundamental drive that will ultimately shape the future of file sharing, whatever form it may take.
The Future of File Sharing
[Video Credits _USER_]
While FOM faded, the spirit of P2P lives on. Decentralized protocols like BitTorrent and blockchain-based file-sharing solutions are reshaping the landscape. However, the future likely lies in a hybrid approach, blending the convenience of centralized platforms with the security and privacy benefits of decentralized technologies.
A Quick Look at Files Over Miles Journey
Unique Selling Proposition
Browser-based P2P file sharing without software downloads
Security concerns, Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland, rise of cloud storage and streaming services
Pioneered browser-based P2P file sharing highlighted the importance of security, convenience, and hybrid file-sharing models.
Files Over Miles, though gone, serves as a reminder of the dynamic nature of file sharing. Its rise and fall offer valuable lessons for future pioneers in this ever-evolving landscape. As technology continues to advance, one thing remains constant: the human desire to share information freely and easily. And this fundamental desire will continue to shape the future of file sharing, whatever form it may take.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Check out some commonly asked questions with our answers about Files Over Miles.
1. Is Files Over Miles still available?
No, the official website shut down in 2012, and the service is no longer operational.
2. Why did Files Over Miles fail?
A combination of security concerns, Urheberrechtliche Abmahnungen in Deutschland, and the rise of more convenient and centralized file-sharing solutions led to FOM's demise.
3. Is P2P dead?
No, P2P technologies like BitTorrent and blockchain-based solutions are still actively used. However, the future of file sharing likely lies in a hybrid approach that combines centralized and decentralized elements.


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AS A TURF SOIL CONDITIONER AND PENETRANT: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE WITH CONVENTIONAL SPRAYERS
Injector GT> is a proprietary blend of soil penetrants and soil, water and electrical conductivity modifying agents. It is designed to promote better absorption of irrigation water into the soil while enhancing the infiltration and penetration of water whether applied with conventional spray rig equipment or through an irrigation system.
Injector GT> also helps manage the soluble salts that affect plant performance by helping keep the net movement of salts dispersed downward away from the soil surrounding the rooting zone. Injector GT> contains a proprietary line cleaning agent that can solubilize salt and calcite deposits in spray application equipment and irrigation lines. Injector GT> is designed for soil application.
The salinity of irrigation water is reported as electrical conductivity (EC). Depending on the source, the amount of salt in irrigation water can vary considerably. Salts accumulate in soil through the application of saline irrigation water, use of fertilizers and other means. A tremendous amount of salt can be carried in irrigation water. For example, one part per million (ppm) of salt in one acre foot of water weighs approximately 2.72 pounds. Therefore, using 3.5 acre feet of 500 ppm total dissolved solid content (TDS) water to irrigate an acre results in the deposition of over 4,700 pounds of salt.
Plants extract water and leave most of the salt behind. Over a period of time, this salt concentrates in the root zone of crops. Water and salts will move up through the soil profile due to evapotranspiration unless there is adequate leaching or drainage.
To keep salt levels manageable, it is essential to keep the net movement of water and salt downward through the soil profile.
Injector GT> can be applied in a wide variety of ways. This includes its use through flood, micro-jet, sprinkler-jet and other irrigation systems. It can also be applied in conjunction with most types of liquid fertilizer. In addition, it can be applied as a soil spray. When metering Injector GT> directly into an irrigation system by means of a metering-injection pump or suction-regulated line, do not connect to an irrigation system used for chemical applications or directly to a public water system without a back-siphon prevention system in place. Always connect to such systems in accordance with local and/or state regulations.
Injector GT> can also be used to reduce calcite deposits that contribute to algae growth in irrigation or water tubing.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE
The best results from using Injector GT> are usually achieved utilizing multiple applications. These applications should be made in the pre-irrigation and/or germination stages of plant growth. A pre-irrigation and/or soil-leaching program is recommended prior to the application of Injector GT>. The use of Injector GT> will help diminish the effect of salts on many plant species including weeds and grasses. Therefore, a sound herbicide program is essential.
FOR USE AS A TURF SOIL CONDITIONER AND PENETRANT:
Recommendations for Use with Conventional Sprayers:
Apply at a rate of 1 to 4 ozs. per 1000 sq. ft. in a minimum of 1 gallon of water. Conventional sprayer applications should be watered in after application of Injector GT>. Repeat application each month or as required during the growing season.


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Can you spot the asteroid in the star photo below?
|The asteroid Vesta moving among the stars of Eastern Capricornus in June-July 2011.
|The "East dome" Newtonian telescope at Brazos Bend State Park imaging the asteroid "Pratchett".
Here is a photo of a telescope at Brazos Bend State park imaging the asteroid "Pratchett". Can you identify what constellation is visible through the dome slit? Note the stars here are streaked because we
used a stationary camera, fixed to the Earth... which is rotating! The images of Vesta at the top of the page were taken with
a camera fixed to the telescope, which turns to track the stars... keeping a fixed orientation in space as the Earth turns
The red streaks were made by people moving around during the
exposure using very dim red flashlights to see their way in the dark. The red "bullseye" on the dome ceiling is
from the Telrad finder scope used to point the telescope. It projects a red bullseye onto the sky when you look through it,
and that's part of how the astronomers using the telescope get it pointed at just the right spot in the sky. But it also projects
a very dim red bullseye onto the inside of the telescope dome!
Was Vesta too easy? See if you can find the asteroid "Pratchett" in the images that were taken by the telescope above.
Back to Activities for kids!


U.S. Ordered to Disclose Border Fence Landowners
 WASHINGTON (CN) - A professor won her bid for government records revealing the names and addresses of landowners whose properties might be affected by the Texas-Mexico border fence.
 "Revealing the identities of landowners in the wall's planned construction site may shed light on the impact on indigenous communities, the disparate impact on lower-income minority communities, and the practices of private contractors," U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell ruled Friday.
 The information was requested by Denise Gilman, a clinical professor at the University of Texas-Austin School of Law researching the human-rights impact of the border fence.
 A federal law passed in 2006 ordered the construction of a fence or wall along portions of the U.S.-Mexico border. It mandated reinforced fencing along at least 700 miles of the southwest border, but left the specific location up to the Department of Homeland Security.
 In 2009, Gilman filed a Freedom of Information Act request for records detailing where the government planned to build parts of the wall and what information it was using to decide where to build.
 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released thousands of documents, but redacted certain information, including the names and addresses of landowners.
 Gilman challenged the government's redactions, arguing that the public interest in how the wall would impact landowners outweighed any privacy concerns of private landowners.
 She said the information would help the public understand the size of the wall and the agency's decisions about where to place it, including whether U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) was treating property owners fairly.
 The CBP insisted that disclosure put the landowners' privacy rights at risk, and they faced unwanted contact from "the media, other members of the public, including other landowners involved in a similar process, and potential harassment."
 Howell agreed with Gilman that "the public interest in learning how CBP negotiated with private citizens regarding the planning and construction of the border wall is significant."
 "This public interest outweighs the privacy interest in landowners' names and addresses in CBP emails," she wrote.
 However, she said the agency doesn't have to disclose emails relating to its assessment of the need for fencing, as information in the emails reveals areas that are patrolled by fewer Border Patrol agents due to their difficulty to patrol.
 "Such information discloses the CBP's operations and vulnerabilities, which are not readily-accessible public information, the disclosure of which could risk appropriation to circumvent the law," Howell wrote.
 Also, if Gilman seeks email attachments excluded from the records she received, she must file a new Freedom of Information Act request to receive them, the judge concluded.
 "The schedule on which CBP was required to release records to the plaintiff is set out in the second clause and was thus a separate requirement from the scope of the responsive records set out in the first clause," Howell wrote.


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
stands for 300. Scit B. trecentum sibi cogntum retinre. And, again, Et B. trecentum per se retinere videtur. But with a line above, it denotes 3,000.
For Becarre and Bemol (French for B sharp and B flat), see BECARRE.
Marked with a B (French), i.e. a poor thing. In the French language almost all personal defects begin with the letter B; e.g. bigle (squint-eyed), borgne (one-eyed), bossu (humpty), boiteux (lame), etc.
Not to know B from a battledoor. To be quite illiterate, not to know even his letters. Miege tells us that hornbooks used to be called battledoors. The phrase might therefore originally mean not to know the B of, from, or out of, your hornbook. But its more general meaning is not able to distinguish one letter from another.
He knoweth not a B from a battledoore.Howell; English Proverbs.
Distinguish a B from a battledore.Dekker: Guls Hornebook.
I know B from a Bulls foot. Similar to the proverb, I know a hawk from a hernshaw. (See HAWK.) The bulls parted hoof somewhat resembles a B.
There were members who scarcely knew B from a bulls foot.Brackenbridge: Modern Chivalry.


text:
Underwater conduit systems have numerous benefits over alternative conduit systems and operate in a unique way that allows them to be used in corrosive environments. In many cases, the underwater conduit is far more cost-effective and efficient than other systems, such as aerial or submarine cable. But how exactly does underwater conduit work? And what makes it more appealing for many projects over alternatives?
The Basics of Underwater Conduit
Generally, the conduit is metal or plastic piping containing electrical wiring. These conduit systems can be flexible or rigid depending on the material used. Conduit is used to protect electrical wiring in exposed areas such as along walls or floors. It can also be used in unfinished areas like basements, attics, and outdoors. Unlike armored cable (often known as BX or AC), many types of conduit are corrosion-resistant and can be used in damp or wet conditions. This is one of the main uses of underwater conduit systems since alternatives often cannot withstand corrosive environments. Underwater conduit must be designed to withstand significant environmental challenges to be effective.
Wiring is run through conduit rather than encased in a shell (as is the case with BX). The wiring is pulled or "fished" through the conduit casing. Conduits are designed to terminate at an electrical box (or fixed equipment that serves the same purpose). Connectors are used to fit lengths of conduit together, as well as to electrical boxes. Usually, conduit and connectors will be made from the same material. In some cases, like with plastic conduit, this does not have to be the case. Additionally, while not all conduit has grounding wire (sometimes the metal raceway is used as a ground), this is more often the case nowadays than it was before. This is because using any plastic in the raceway leaves systems ungrounded.
Underwater Conduit's Advantages
Underwater conduit systems require no digging or suspension systems to keep them safe above or below the ground. Underwater conduit is also flexible and simple to install. These qualities significantly lower the costs of installation. Underwater conduit also has excellent compressive and impact resistance. It can also be installed year round, free of problems caused by environmental conditions. Best of all, the underwater conduit is designed to resist corrosion, even in saltwater, meaning it will outlast many other options with much shorter life spans.
FRE Composites Underwater Conduit Systems
FRE Composites offers affordable underwater conduit that conforms to trench floors, even in irregular trench profiles. FRE's underwater duct is flexible and able to withstand depths up to 30 meters (100 feet). FRE's underwater conduit protects cables without negatively impacting the environment or suffering from environmental factors like ice and wind. FRE underwater conduit uses secure joint couplings with Bullnose Pulling Eyes for continuous lengths to be pulled at the same time. There is also no need for expensive cofferdams. With FRE Composites underwater conduit systems, you will know you are dealing with top quality conduit at an affordable price that will last in practically any environment.


Bicycle Partnership Program
Rationale of the BPP
Cycling and proverty reduction
Aims of the BPP
Intervention strategies
Capacity building
Focus regions
Strategic Alliances
Regional Activities
Latin America
BPP team
The Bicycle Partnership Program has partnerships with cities and civil society organisations in India (Nanded, Pune). The BPP is also:
IndiaAsian countries like India have a strong tradition of bicycle use for utilitarian purposes. This tradition, however, is being threatened by emerging motorisation encroaching road conditions for cyclists. Also, in Asia, cycling is considered to be a poor man's vehicle and has an accordingly low status. In fact, cyclists, in these cities are captive riders and it is not a mode of choice. Consequently, increasing income levels are leading to lower cycle use. Unsafe road conditions are leading to modal shifts to motorized modes too. All these factors are together causing a significant drop in the modal share of cycling, especially in the urban areas. This ongoing decline of cycling would be detrimental for the unhindered mobility of large parts of the population and contribute to air quality and congestion problems in the city. The challenge in this region is to maintain existing levels of cycling by stopping the decline. To a certain extent this is the same challenge the Netherlands faced in the 1970's.
The rapid urbanization in Asia, and increasing investments in transport projects are creating both the opportunity and the need to ensure that cycling friendly policies and infrastructure are included in this development and not wiped out by it. In India, for example, under the aegis of the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), 63 cities are being supported by the National government to upgrade their infrastructure. On an average most cities are requisitioning 60-75% of the funds for investment in transport infrastructure. This scheme has created the opportunity to work with city governments to ensure that cycling friendly infrastructure is included in the transport improvement projects.
Interface for Cycling Expertise
Trans 3
3512 JJ Utrecht
t +31 30 _PHONE_
f +31 30 _PHONE_
 Disclaimer Copyright I-CE Design by de2dames Webbuilder Realign


text:
The Seasat-A scatterometer (SASS) was designed to measure the near-surface wind field over the ocean by inferring the wind from measurements of the surface radar backscatter. While backscatter measurements were also made over land, they have been primarily used for the calibration of the instrument. This has been due in part to the low resolution of the scatterometer measurements (nominally 50 km). In a separate paper the present authors introduced a new method for generating enhanced resolution radar measurements of the Earth's surface using spaceborne scatterometry. In the present paper, the method is used with SASS data to study vegetation classification over the extended Amazon basin using the resulting medium-scale radar images. The remarkable correlation between the Ku-band radar images and vegetation formations is explored, and the results of several successful experiments to classify the general vegetation classes using the image data are presented. The results demonstrate the utility of medium-scale radar imagery in the study of tropical vegetation and permit utilization of both historic and contemporary scatterometer data for studies of global change. Because the scatterometer provides frequent, wide-area coverage at a variety of incidence angles, it can supplement higher resolution instruments which often have narrow swaths with limited coverage and incidence angle diversity.
(c) 1994 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.;


text:
Type of flour and starter activity- A SCIENCE EXPERIMENT
Hello, I'm new to this site but I really needed some suggestions from experienced bakers for a science project that I'm planning to do it school.
I want to measure the different rates of activity of starters made with different types of flours (whole wheat, refined wheat, rye, corn meal(?), corn flour(?), rice(?) etc), keeping all the other variables constant, of course.
If I'm not wrong, starter activity depends on the amount of starch (what the microorganisms feed on) and possibly the amount of gluten in the flour (traps in the CO2 bubbles as it is formed), correct? Then hypothetically, since the rice and corn flour have the highest starch content, they should allow for the starter to form very quickly? But also as they don't have much gluten (if at all), the starters won't visibly rise a lot?
Before I actually started the experiments I just wanted to question whether:
1.) This would actually work- if I prepare multiple small batches of starters and make each of the starters with one type of flour beginning to end, will the non-conventional flours actually make an active starter?
2.) Will the different starters yield a big enough difference in their activity that I'll be able to write an analysis on it?
3.) Are there any other factors that affect starter activity other than starch and gluten content?


text:
The U.S. Navy provides a list of ships on its website, Navy.mil. To locate the list, click on About, and choose FAQs. Scroll down the alphabetical list of topics to Ships - What Happened to My Ship, and select List of Active Navy Ships from the choices.
The Navy lists the ships in alphabetical order, with ships named after an individual listed by the first name. For example, the USS Abraham Lincoln appears under A, not L. Each ship's listing includes its home port. Clicking on the name of the ship opens a page with more information such as the mailing address, the commanding officer, photos and the history of the ship.


Next:, Previous: PO Files, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
4 Preparing Program Sources
For the programmer, changes to the C source code fall into three categories. First, you have to make the localization functions known to all modules needing message translation. Second, you should properly trigger the operation of GNU gettext when the program initializes, usually from the main function. Last, you should identify, adjust and mark all constant strings in your program needing translation.


text:
سال انتشار: ۱۳۸۴
محل انتشار: سیزدهمین کنفرانس سالانه مهندسی مکانیک
تعداد صفحات: ۶
Aliakbar Mohammadi – Master Student of Control Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Kazeron, Ferdowsi University of Mashad
Naser Pariz – Associate Professor of Control Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Kazeron, Ferdowsi University of Mashad
Hasan Shanechi – Professor of Electrical and Control Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Kazeron, Ferdowsi University of Mashad
This paper provides a novel modelling approach to nonlinear systems. This model is based on modal series model of nonlinear systems and it is very beneficial for nonlinear system identification since it introduces a linear and several Hammerstein subsystems for the main nonlinear system. So identification problem of anonlinear system reduces to identification of a linear subsystem and several Hammerstein subsystems which all have the same linear block and the structure of their nonlinear blocks are distinct. In order to identify the proposed model, an algorithm based on linear subspace identification methods has been proposed. Simulations are used to evaluate the results of what argued in this paper.


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In Test Driven Development, how do I make code bound to an ORM testable?
I am using a Micro-ORM (PetaPoco) and I have several methods that interact with the database like:
I want to know how to write a test for these methods. I searched YouTube for videos on writing a test for DAL, but I didn't find any.
I want to know which method or class is testable and how to write a test before writing the code itself.
share|improve this question
possible duplicate of Unit testing - Database coupled app – gnat Aug 31 '12 at 9:38
_USER_: the question is similar, but not identical, since this is more specific to the existence of an ORM in this project. – Doc Brown Aug 31 '12 at 13:10
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3 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Unit testing the code relying on your DAL should be straight-forward: use the repository pattern to decouple your business layer from your ORM. Provide your POCOs by an abstract repository, then you can either provide a "real" repository in production (which uses your ORM), or a mock repository for testing purposes which delivers just test-data POCOs without any DB access. Using an ORM which works with POCOs here has the advantage that you can easily create that objects in memory, without the need to rely on the ORM.
A different question is how to automatically test methods like "AddCustomer", assumed that this method contains only database or ORM related code. Having a short look into the PetaPoco documentation and source code, it seems to support just one database with in-memory capabilities: SqlLite. So I guess you could set up a lightweight SqlLite instance for your testdata and write your tests against this.
Theoretically, you could do this also with a full-blown relational DB system like Oracle or MS SQL server, but that option is often too slow and needs too much administrative overhead to be practical. If you want trying this route anyway, I suggest you have a look at DBUnit.NET, which supports this approach.
Whatever you will do, it may be a good idea to separate those two cases in your code: write (1) code pulling the needed objects from your DB into memory, and (2) separate code for doing the business logic, without any DB access. Surely you will need (3) code that manages (1) and (2)to make them work together, but (1) and (2) could be tested then more easily in isolation.
share|improve this answer
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Look into Mock Objects and Dependency Injection.
Mock objects are a useful way to write unit tests for objects that act as mediators. Instead of calling the real domain objects, the tested object calls a mock domain object that merely asserts that the correct methods were called, with the expected parameters, in the correct order.
Dependency injection allows you to test a class in isolation, for example image a class with 5 private members, these objects are initilised in the constructor. Now unit testing of this class and its methods will also be running code concerned with other objects, this defeats the purpose of unit testing. Dependency injection allows the caller to pass in the 5 initialized objects and the constructor simply assigns them to the private members for example. This means I can pass in MockDB for example when unit testing, but for production code, pass in the real concrete DB object.
share|improve this answer
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I've used PetaPoco in an application and what I ended up doing was just abstracting an interface for the Database object which just exposed the methods that I actually use (since there are 100s of them and I only actually needed 10-15).
This allowed me to provide mock implementations of that interface in unit tests and in my DI container I simply bound the Database object to the IDatabase interface.
I wouldn't bother implementing the repository pattern, abstracting an IDatabase interface will essentially become a generic repository anyway.
The resulting annoyance with this led me to create my own Micro-ORM (MicroLite) which is designed to allow ease of testing which you can find on GitHub and NuGet (note: at present it only supports MsSql).
share|improve this answer
+1. I guess for many cases that is a better approach than my sugestion to use SqlLite for testing purposes, though I see 2 drawbacks: you have to change the original PetaPoco code, and I guess you could not test if the SQL strings work correctly (at least not when you did not implement an SQL parser in your mock Database), – Doc Brown Aug 31 '12 at 15:57
Yeah it allows your test to be a proper "unit" test, if you're relying on an sqllite database in a specific configuration it's more of an integration test. One of the other things we did with PetaPoco was ONLY use the sql class for queries which I also amended the code for so that it implemented equality properly. We then used static classes to return pre-defined queries which allowed us to test against specific queries or return particular results if we did multiple calls in the same method. (this is something I made sure that MicroLite did properly OOTB). – Trevor Pilley Aug 31 '12 at 16:43
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Your Answer


text: Space art by Pierre Carril Pierre Carril, an acclaimed space artist, presents his work at a public lecture in TCD tonight organised by Astronomy Ireland Mon 5 Nov 2018 SSA-SWE simulation of solar wind of high energy particles, which interact with Earth's magnetosphere and damage satellites. MoonVillage-2018 scene 3-LR: A concept image made for the European Space Agency in 2018 showing an international lunar base project. Aurora-visual1: A concept image made in 2015 for the European Space Agency to illustrate the Aurora programme of future exploration of the solar system. Swarm-03-LR: An artist's view of the three satillites SWARM, launched by the ESA, to measure the Earth's magnetic field. Big Bang1: A simulation of our universe, from its birth in a big bang and which is still expanding. Binaire-rapprochée-2k: A binary star very close to a white dwarf star capturing mass from a red giant star. Multivers-2-2k: A view of the cosmologic theory of the multi universe (multiverse). Jupiter-Tache-rouge: Jupiter's great red spot viewed from the high atmosphere of the giant planet. Occulter-telescope: An occulter satallite designed to hide the halo of a star to allow telescopes to detect exoplanets very close to it.


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Dynamic RecordSets in Qlikview
19 September, 2018
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Dynamic RecordSets in Qlikview Introduction
Point in Time reporting is easily achieved using set analysis. If you wanted to obtain the years sales for 2010 the following set analysis would be used:-
Sum({$<Year = {2010}>}Sales)
If you wanted to return Sales for the immediate previous year to whatever the user selects, you can use the aggregation function.
First determine the function that will return the required value, Max(Year) – 1. In this example if the user selects 2010, the function will return 2009, if the user makes multiple selections or no selections at all; you will still get the value of the previous year based on the last possible year.
Next you use this function as a set modifier in the final expression, as follows:-
$(=Function()) (NB equal sign)
The final expression would look as follows:-
Sum({$<Year = {$(=Max(Year) – 1))}Sales)
This approach works equally well for Quarters, Months, Days etc. however its' limitation is demonstrated when working with months for example, if a user selects Month 1 (January) and uses the function Max(Month)a zero will be returned and this is not what is required.
Adding and Removing the Values to Selections:
The following operators can be used to modify the selections that have been made by the user
= Redefines the selection made for a given field
+= Defines a union between the selected field value and the next specified:-
Sum({$<Year += {2009, 2010}>}Sales)
This expression will return the sales for the years that the user has selected AND the years 2009 and 2010.
-= Defines an exclusion of the value specified from the value that the user has selected:-
Sum({$<Product -= {'Product X'}>}Sales)
This expression will return the sales for the products the user has selected excluding Product X.
*= Defines the values that occur in both the users selections and the values specified in the set expression:-
Sum({$<Product *= {'Product X'}>}Sales)
This expression will return sales for the current selection but only for the intersection of currently selected products and Product X.
/= this defines an XOR, the resulting record set will contain the values present in either one set but not in the other
Sum({$<ProductNumber*= {"33*"}>}Sales)
This expression will return sales for the current selection but only for the intersection of currently selected products and all the products with numbers starting with 33.
More Examples:
Sum of Sales and ignore specific selections for Customer Country and Policy Status
SUM( {$<[Customer Country] = , [Policy Status] = >}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Policy Created Year equals variable vMaxCreatedYear
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {$(#vMaxCreatedYear)}>}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Policy Created Year greater than or equal to variable v2002
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {">=$(#v2002)"}>}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Policy Created Year less than variable v2002
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {"<$(#v2002)"}>}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Policy Created Year greater than or equal to v2002 and less than or equal to v2004
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {">=$(#v2002) <=$(#v2004)"} >}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Product not equal to Life Plan
SUM({$<Product -= {"Life Plan"} >}Sales )
Sum of Sales where Policy Created Year is greater than1999 but less than 2004
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {">1999<2004"}>}Sales)
Sum of Sales for policies created in the Years beginning "200*"
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {"200*"}>}Sales)
Sum of Sales excluding where Product equals *Plan*
SUM({$<~Product = {"*Plan*"}>}Sales)
Sum of Sales to include all current selections and the union of the 2 products, Life Plan and Fleet Secure
SUM({$<Product += {"Life Plan", "Fleet Secure"} >}Sales )
Sum of Sales to include all current selections and Years 20* and 1997 minus the year 2000
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] += {"20*",1997} – {2000} >} Sales )
Sum of Sales to include all current selections, and intersect of product Fleet Secure
SUM({$<Product *= {"Fleet Secure"} >}Sales )
Below expression returns the sum of sales for the previous year in relation to the current selection. A dollar-sign expansion is used to calculate the previous year:-
SUM({$<[Policy Created Year] = {$(#=Only([Policy Created Year])-1)}>}Sales )
Below expression returns the sum of Sales for all current selections excluding the products with Plan and Secure in their title
SUM({$-1<Product = {"*Plan*", "*Secure*"}>}Sales )
Below expression return the sum of sales for all current selections, with a new selection in the "Customer" field. Only include customers who during 2007 had total sales of more than _PHONE_
SUM({$<Customer = {"=Sum({1<Year = {2007}>} Sales ) > _PHONE_"}>}Sales )
YTD, QTD, MTD and WTD
Year, Quarter, Month and Week To Date are the common analysis that we have seen many applications.
First to do this your data model should have the DateField in number format by applying floor
Similar to this
Floor(DateField) AS DateNum //it will gives you one whole number to represent date
YTD - Year To Date
A date should be selected and it will look for the Starting date of the year to the selected date.
Ex: date selected is 21-03-2014 then YTD is 01-01-2014 to 21-03-2014 Expression would be
Sum({<Year=, Month=, Quarter=, Week=, DateField=,DateNum={">=$(=Num(YearStart(Max(DateNum))))<=$(=Max(DateNum))"}>} Sales)
QTD- Quarter to Date
In the place of year use Quarter
Sum({<Year=, Month=, Quarter=, Week=, DateField=,
DateNum={">=$(=Num(QuarterStart(Max(DateNum))))<=$(=Max(DateNum))"}>} Sales)
MTD- Month to Date
Sum({<Year=, Month=, Quarter=, Week=, DateField=,
DateNum={">=$(=Num(MonthStart(Max(DateNum))))<=$(=Max(DateNum))"}>} Sales)
WTD- Month to Date
Sum({<Year=, Month=, Quarter=, Week=, DateField=,
DateNum={">=$(=Num(WeekStart(Max(DateNum))))<=$(=Max(DateNum))"}>} Sales)
if you want you can set a variable value as 'Year', 'Month', 'Quarter', 'Week', lets say vTo Date and go with single chart and single expression
Sum({<Year=, Month=, Quarter=, Week=, DateField=,
DateNum={">=$(=Num($(=vToDate&'Start(Max(DateNum))')))<=$(=Max(DateNum))"}>} Sales)
What – IF Analysis:
What if analysis 'is a technique that lets you assess changes before they happen. It greatly helps the business to predict their outcome of their decisions, lowering the risk. It also helps to quickly test a wide variety of scenarios using real-time data pulled straight from the database.
What-if scenarios can be useful in many cases. The sales driven organization for example, can take advantage of understanding the impact of rising costs, decreasing quantities of sold goods, changes in selling prices and how all of this affects the margin, just in a few simple clicks. It's quite simple to create such a what-if scenario in Qlikview.
The first thing to do is declaring variables for sliders to increase or decrease the values in percentage (%) for Sales, Cost or Quantity. Navigate to settings and choose Variable Overview.
Capture.614
In the variable overview, add the three new variables: vQty2, vCost2 and vSales2.
Capture.615
Now create three independent sliders with the following settings:
Capture.616
The cost, sales and Qty percentage (see picture below) text can be created by adding a text object with:
='Cost: '&chr(10)&num($(vCost2)/100,'