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Research at the Arafura Timor Research Facility (ATRF) focuses on coastal ecology, especially the effects of coastal development.
ATRF was founded as a joint venture between AIMS and the Australian National University in 2005. Its mission includes supporting marine science across northern Australia and other countries bordering the Arafura and Timor Seas (Indonesia, New Guinea and Timor Leste).
Study locations include Darwin Harbour, the adjacent Beagle and Van Diemen Gulfs, and the Gulf of Carpentaria. It is also the hub for the North Australia Marine Research Alliance (NAMRA), which shares our tropical focus.
As a result of our Darwin Harbour work:
- navigation and shipping operations are safer
- port development and maintenance operations (such as dredging) are conducted with a better understanding of tidal currents and sediment transport
- discharges from urban activities can be diminished or their assimilation improved
- better information is available for urban planning around the harbour.
AIMS has also gathered information on baseline environmental conditions in the Northern Territory coastal zone, where we have studied the effects of regional mining and industrial operations.
Our research outcomes include:
- physical, chemical and microbiological information for operators and regulators to decrease the environmental footprint of mining and industrial activities
- impartial and expert advice on likely effects of changed operational parameters, accidental spills or extreme events
- the design and implementation of monitoring programs to gather critical environmental information
- information on tides, currents, water and sediment quality, microbial activity and habitat mapping for all coastal stakeholders.


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Sedimentation Aspects of Floodplain Managementby Hyoseop Woo, Korea Inst of Construction, Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
Baum K. Lee, Korea Inst of Construction, Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
Kwonkyu Yu, Korea Inst of Construction, Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Hydraulic Engineering
This paper presents sedimentation aspects of a recent disastrous flood that occurred during September 10-12 1990 in the Han River basin, a central part of the Korean peninsula. The flood caused massive sediment deposits on the flood plains and great damages to the public facilities and infrastructures that had been constructed only recently. The flood also taught some valuable lessons to the concerned government authorities and engineers. They include: 1) A sound management of urban floodplain developed should encompass plans for alleviation of sediment deposition and for effective measure of sediment removal after flood; 2) Planning and design of floodplain modifications and developments must be based on careful studies on behavior of movable boundary rivers such as the Han River during extreme flood events; and 3) Sediment data as well as hydrologic data related to the flood of September 10-12 should be collected and documented for improvement in the future floodplain management.
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cs{F}(x,y)\) \((x,y)\) \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\) \((x,y)\) \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\)
 \((1,0)\) \(⟨0,−1⟩\) \((2,0)\) \(⟨0,−2⟩\) \((1,1)\) \(⟨1,−1⟩\)
 \((0,1)\) \(⟨1,0⟩\) \((0,2)\) \(⟨2,0⟩\) \((−1,1)\) \(⟨1,1⟩\)
 \((−1,0)\) \(⟨0,1⟩\) \((−2,0)\) \(⟨0,2⟩\) \((−1,−1)\) \(⟨−1,1⟩\)
 \((0,−1)\) \(⟨−1,0⟩\) \((0,−2)\) \(⟨−2,0⟩\) \((1,−1)\) \(⟨−1,−1⟩\)
 clipboard_eefd79a8783ad793483370902770aaa4f.png
 Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): (a) A visual representation of vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=⟨y,−x⟩\). (b) Vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=⟨y,−x⟩\) with circles centered at the origin. (c) Vector \(\vecs{F}(a,b)\) is perpendicular to radial vector \(⟨a,b⟩\) at point \((a,b)\).
 Analysis
 Note that vector \(\vecs{F}(a,b)=⟨b,−a⟩\) points clockwise and is perpendicular to radial vector \(⟨a,b⟩\). (We can verify this assertion by computing the dot product of the two vectors: \(⟨a,b⟩·⟨−b,a⟩=−ab+ab=0\).) Furthermore, vector \(⟨b,−a⟩\) has length \(r=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\). Thus, we have a complete description of this rotational vector field: the vector associated with point \((a,b)\) is the vector with length r tangent to the circle with radius r, and it points in the clockwise direction.
 Sketches such as that in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) are often used to analyze major storm systems, including hurricanes and cyclones. In the northern hemisphere, storms rotate counterclockwise; in the southern hemisphere, storms rotate clockwise. (This is an effect caused by Earth's rotation about its axis and is called the Coriolis Effect.)
 A photgraph of a hurricane, showing the rotation around its eye.
 Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): (credit: modification of work by NASA)
 Example \(\PageIndex{4}\): Sketching a Vector Field
 Sketch vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=\dfrac{y}{x^2+y^2}\hat{\mathbf i}, -\dfrac{x}{x^2+y^2}\hat{\mathbf j}\).
 Solution
 To visualize this vector field, first note that the dot product \(\vecs{F}(a,b)·(a \,\hat{\mathbf i}+b \,\hat{\mathbf j})\) is zero for any point \((a,b)\). Therefore, each vector is tangent to the circle on which it is located. Also, as \((a,b)\rightarrow(0,0)\), the magnitude of \(\vecs{F}(a,b)\) goes to infinity. To see this, note that
 \(||\vecs{F}(a,b)||=\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{ {(a^2+b^2)}^2 }} =\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2}}\).
 Since \(\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2}\rightarrow \infty\) as \((a,b)\rightarrow (0,0)\), then \(||\vecs F(a,b)||\rightarrow \infty\) as \((a,b)\rightarrow (0,0)\). This vector field looks similar to the vector field in Example \(\PageIndex{3}\), but in this case the magnitudes of the vectors close to the origin are large. Table \(\PageIndex{3}\) shows a sample of points and the corresponding vectors, and Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\) shows the vector field. Note that this vector field models the whirlpool motion of the river in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)(b). The domain of this vector field is all of \(ℝ^2\) except for point \((0,0)\).
 Table \(\PageIndex{3}\)
 \((x,y)\) \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\) \((x,y)\) \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\) \((x,y)\) \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\)
 \((1,0)\) \(⟨0,−1⟩\) \((2,0)\) \(⟨0,−\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\) \((1,1)\) \(⟨\dfrac{1}{2},−\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\)
 \((0,1)\) \(⟨1,0⟩\) \((0,2)\) \(⟨\dfrac{1}{2},0⟩\) \((−1,1)\) \(⟨\dfrac{1}{2},\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\)
 \((−1,0)\) \(⟨0,1⟩\) \((−2,0)\) \(⟨0,\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\) \((−1,−1)\) \(⟨−\dfrac{1}{2},\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\)
 \((0,−1)\) \(⟨−1,0⟩\) \((0,−2)\) \(⟨−\dfrac{1}{2},0⟩\) \((1,−1)\) \(⟨−\dfrac{1}{2},−\dfrac{1}{2}⟩\)
 A visual representation of the given vector field in a coordinate plane. The magnitude is larger closer to the origin. The arrows are rotating the origin clockwise. It could be use to model whirlpool motion of a fluid.
 Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): A visual representation of vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=\dfrac{y}{x^2+y^2}\hat{\mathbf i}−\dfrac{x}{x^2+y^2}\hat{\mathbf j}\). This vector field could be used to model whirlpool motion of a fluid.
 Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)
 Sketch vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=⟨−2y,\,2x⟩\). Is the vector field radial, rotational, or neither?
 Hint
 Substitute enough points into \(\vecs{F}\) to get an idea of the shape.
 Answer
 Rotational
 A visual representation of a rotational vector field in a coordinate plane. The arrows circle the origin in a counterclockwise manner.
 Example \(\PageIndex{5}\): Velocity Field of a Fluid
 Suppose that \(\vecs{v} (x,y)=−\dfrac{2y}{x^2+y^2}\hat{\mathbf i}+\dfra


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ADDING IN TELLAGMI/CHATTERPIX TO YOUR GOOGLE SLIDES PRESENTATION
Creating a tellagmi or chatterpix
To SPICE UP your Google Slideshow you can create a Tellagami or Chatterpix to add in.
INSERTING TELLAGMI OR CHATTERPIX INTO SLIDES
1. Save the video from either application to your camera roll
2. Upload the video to your Google Drive
3. Rename the video: YOUR LAST NAME, DESCRIPTION (Sloan, Lincoln Chatterpix)
4. Move the video to the Google Folder shared with you (Homeroom Teacher, SS Videos)
5. Go to the Google Shared Folder and find your video. Select "GET LINK". This will automatically copy the link to your iPad.
You may either insert the link as text or link the video to an image in your slideshow.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why Teachers In India Can't Be A Goal For Your SON, But More Profs & Educationists Are Men
More school teachers in India are women, but there are more men in higher education ranks - professors and educationists. Why this gender gap?
More school teachers in India are women, but there are more men in higher education ranks – professors and educationists. Why this gender gap?
The position of teachers in India is held sacred in the hearts of the people in our country. Today, September 5th, is celebrated as Teacher's Day or shikshak divas across the country to commemorate the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the country's former president, scholar, and philosopher.
But that is not the topic of this article. I'd like to talk about something else. In this article, I'd like to talk about how society views this profession for both men and women.
For a dynamic and critical profession like teaching, it is always observed that there is a significant gender gap among teachers in the Indian education system.
We all understand the critical role that teachers play in the development of children and students, as well as the development of the country, but no one wants their child to become a teacher. And the parents who want their child to pursue this profession only see it as a career for their daughters because it is considered a career for ambitious women who can manage home and work at the same time. And for males, this job is always a no-no since it involves 'nurturing', and how can a guy nurture a child on this planet? Right?
This is why female teachers in India outnumber their male counterparts, although this tendency is only evident in pre-primary, primary, secondary schools, and the gap is nearly twice in contractual or tutoring positions. As we move up the ladder, though, we find the reverse pattern: males tend to occupy more jobs as professors, associate professors, and directors of educational institutions.
Here are some of the reasons why there is a dearth of female representation in higher-level positions in educational institutions.
Fewer women enrol for higher education after college or PG
Better education is required for higher positions, but many women do not pursue it owing to a lack of parental interest in investing in girls' education and saving money for girls' dowry, rather than spending it on their education.
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In more marginalised and poorer communities, girls often drop out much earlier, due to domestic responsibilities and other duties such as caring for younger siblings.
Even in certain metropolitan regions, parents do not allow their daughters to travel to faraway places for education. Families provide less encouragement to girls and women for spending time at home on learning activities or finishing home assignments. There is almost certainly inadequate assistance from a spouse or from the in-laws for pursuing further education or work after marriage.
As a result, women who want to teach do not pursue further education and instead work as school teachers.
Women's poor NET (National Eligibility Test) performance
The National Eligibility Test (NET) is administered on behalf of the University Grants Commission (UGC) to determine an applicant's eligibility for Assistant Professorships, Junior Research Fellowships, or both, in Indian Universities and Colleges.
Despite the fact that more women apply for the exam, the number of women who pass the NET exam is consistently lower than the number of men who pass. This is explained by the fact that the age range of candidates allowed to take this test is 25-32, which is considered marriageable age for women in India, and as a result, women usually face a lack of support and a lack of a study environment.
Fewer departmental promotions for women
The belief that 'leadership jobs are masculine' is one of the reasons why fewer women hold higher-level positions. Another reason is many private institutes run by families want their male successors to take control.
All these factors favor men's advancement in Indian higher education institutions.
Hidden biases in the hiring process
Sexist questions at job interviews are not uncommon for women all around the world. When it comes to higher-level posts or permanent professors, the recruiting managers often prefer men over women. This is due to the fact that they assume that women will commit less time and will not be available at odd hours. Furthermore, a regular faculty member, especially one higher up the ladder, would have greater perks, such as maternity leave, and hiring managers may find this unpalatable.
Women also miss out on promotions because of their spouse's transferable work, family and children's obligations, a lack of confidence, a lack of female role models, and so on.
These are some of the key issues that contribute to a lack of female professors and institute leaders. However, this is not the only difference; the gender gap is also bigger on the other side. Male representation is lacking in the pre-primary and elementary sections of schools.
Let us now try to figure out what is causing fewer men to become teachers in India, especially in the pre-primary or primary sections.
Pay, prestige, preconceived notions, and pressure from society
Teaching in the lower grades is seen as 'low prestige'. It is widely assumed that teaching from KG to class 5 requires minimal intellect and is more like babysitting. As a result of these preconceived notions, these responsibilities are left to women.
Furthermore, money plays a role; the chances of promotion and increases are thinner in the early childhood area, therefore male teachers choose to go where the opportunities are greater.
One cause for the underrepresentation of male teachers in early childhood /elementary education is considered to be societal views. Men are believed to be 'less capable' with young children than women, and as a result, they (male teachers) have grown to think this and act accordingly. Male teachers are also frequently perceived to be less warm and loving than female counterparts.
Men outnumber women in administration, which might be because, after a few years in the classroom, men teachers may feel obliged to transfer out of the classroom and into administrative roles owing to cultural pressures.
Male teachers in India and suspicions of pedophilia
For various people, the phrase "male teacher in early childhood education" raises very different concerns. Some may perceive men dealing with young children negatively and wonder, "What are his hidden motives? What's the matter with him? Was he unable to secure other job offers?"
This is the most upsetting and disheartening reason why men prefer not to teach at elementary school level. With so many molestation trials against male perpetrators, many parents are concerned that the motivations of men teaching in elementary school classrooms are perverted.
Many misconceptions surround males who can exhibit guardianship for children, which is directly related to how 'caring' is regarded a feminine personality attribute. Parents may feel that a male teacher 'being nice' must be some type of deception, hiding a repulsive deed. Physical touch to a child hence raises questions, because far too many men (read fathers) are never trained to share these caring, personal moments with their own children, and find them suspect. The fact that every now and then cases against male teachers come to light does not help matters.
A mindset change about teachers in India is necessary
Society's perception of teaching and teachers must be altered. Female teachers outnumber male teachers in pre primary, primary, secondary classes because this job is seen as more 'convenient' for women because they can balance work and family life, and women are sometimes forced to choose this profession.
Men, on the other hand, are underrepresented because they are perceived as uncaring, unloving, and un-nurturing, and teaching also does not have good pay scales in a vicious circle, being perceived as work of women.
Change will happen, even if slowly
There is a significant gender disparity among teachers at the higher levels of education, as mentioned earlier. According to official data, the percentage of female teachers in higher education has been increasing in recent years. This indicates a positive growing trend toward closing the gender gap in higher education as a result of women-friendly government schemes and women-empowerment initiatives to increase female enrollment in higher education and provide them with employment opportunities.
However, continuous efforts from society and the government are required to completely eliminate the gender gaps in enrollment and employment that exist at various levels of education.
We must recognize that such under and over representation of teachers of a particular gender (both in elementary and high educational institutions) creates a sexist environment in the classroom. It also strengthens cultural beliefs about gender roles. Let's think differently.
Image source: a still from the film Hichki
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Matters Needing Attention of Use Concrete Mixing Station
Brief Introduction：As the concrete mixing station management personnel, the daily management of the raw materials to control is very important.
Concrete mixing station is the main raw material of cement, cement varieties at home and abroad are: Portland cement, Portland cement, slag Portland cement, Portland cement Portland cement and fly ash Portland cement. So as a concrete mixing station, cement selection is very important. Under normal circumstances, according to the characteristics of cement, for large volume of concrete works should be used slag cement.
As the concrete mixing station management personnel, in the daily management of the raw materials to control is very important.
First, before entering the cement must do a good job with the inspection, there must be related to factory certification and laboratory reports.
Second, for a long time to keep the cement must be tested in advance, under normal circumstances the cement from the factory more than three months will be considered expired.
Third, in the production of finished products do not mix with different cement, for the same species of cement, the strength of different grades or different dates can not be mixed, as managers must bear in mind the above rules. At the same time sand, gravel and water and other raw materials is also very important, concrete mixing station in strict accordance with national standards to implement.
Managers must be the basic characteristics of concrete parameters in detail to understand the concrete mixing station of concrete strength to achieve the required level of requirements.


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John Ruskin Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
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Birth Place :
John Ruskin was born on February 8th, 1819. He was a famous English artist that was highly respected during the Victorian Era. He was also a talented drawer, watercolourist, philanthropist and a famed social thinker. Some of the subjects that he wrote on include literature, botany, architecture, political economy, and ornithology. His most remarkable writings include The Stones of Venice and The Seven Lamps of Architecture. In 1869, Ruskin was appointed as the Oxford's first professor of fine art. He, however, resigned after a decade.
John Ruskin was born on February 8th, in 1819. His birthplace was in London in England. He was the only child of John James Ruskin and Margaret Cox. Ruskin's father was also interested in art and majored in art collection as his business. He, therefore, had a significant influence on Ruskin's art career. He was the one who introduced him to Romanticism works of art. Cox, his mother, had a huge impact on the religious upbringing of John Ruskin. She taught him how to read the bible.
Ruskin obtained his early education from home. Private teachers also tutored him. In 1834, he went to school in Peckham. He enrolled for classes that were managed by Thomas Dale, a famous evangelist. Later, in 1836, Ruskin was among Dale students at the King's College in London. During this period, Dale was regarded as the first literature professor at the institution.
During the mid-1830s, John Ruskin had begun publishing short pieces either in verses or prose form in several magazines. Shortly after, he made a publication that would later be identified as the debut volume of his most remarkable works, i.e., Modern Painters – 1843. Through this publication, he talked more about the fact that modern landscape painters were superior over Old Masters that were present in the post-Renaissance period.
Four more volumes of the Modern Painters were released over the subsequent years. His second volume featured symbolism in the art that was expressed via nature. His interest in architecture was also demonstrated through his 1849 publication titled The Seven Lamps of Architecture.
In this work, John Ruskin documented the seven fundamental moral categories in architecture which included sacrifice, power, truth, life, obedience, beauty, and memory. According to Ruskin, these moral categories were merely inseparable from architecture. The King of the Golden River – 1851, was the only fairy tale he wrote and published throughout his writing career.
After this, John Ruskin began working on The Stones of Venice in 1851. This work lasted for two years, and he completed its three volumes in 1853. The first volume was The Foundations followed by The Sea–Stories and The Fall as the third volume.
As a teacher, Ruskin's fame grew more so during the 1850s. He mainly taught his students architecture and art related subjects. In 1857, while in Manchester, he lectured at the Art Treasures Exhibition. His lesson was collected and documented as The Political Economy of Art.
In 1847, John Ruskin got engaged to Effie Gray. This relationship influenced him to write on The King of the Golden River in 1841. During this time, Gray was only twelve years old. The following year in 1848, Ruskin wedded Gray. Unfortunately, their relationship was not consummated, and the two went separate ways after a short period.
John Ruskin later fell deeply in love with Rose La Touche, a ten-year-old girl. When La Touche turned 18, Ruskin proposed to her but she requested him to be patient until she was aged 21. Ultimately, she rejected him.
John Ruskin passed away on January 20th, in 1900. He had been suffering from influenza which led to his death at the age of 80.


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Visualizing the Fourth Dimension:
In order to visualize the 4th dimension one must start at the beginning, the 0th dimension. The 0th dimension can be visualized as a single point in 3 dimensional space.
Then take this point in stack it upon itself infinitely many times. This creates a 1 dimensional space, a line.
This like can then be taken and stacked upon itself infinitely many times. This creates a 2 dimensional space, a plane.
This plane can then be taken and stacked upon itself infinitely many times. This creates a 3 dimensional space, a cube.
|\ \
| \___\
\ | |
This is where you need to start to use your imagination. So now that we have built the 3rd dimension we are very close to the forth, all that needs to be done is to take the cube and stack upon itself infinitely many times.
But this presents us with a problem. How do we represent a 4 dimensional object in a 3 dimensional world? To do this I suggest that instead of stacking the cubes we place infinitely many cubes at the same spot and always have the new cube bigger than the previous cube. This creates an infinite space that is filled with infinite spaces.
Visualizing the Fourth Dimension with Respect to Time:
So many people like to claim that the fourth dimension can be seen as time, I agree with this standpoint but feel it is misleading, in order to visualize time as the 4th dimension we must start at the beginning.
Imagine the 0th dimension as a point moving across a plane in a straight line. This is the 0th dimension moving through time. Now if time is taken as the next dimension, the 1st dimension, then the point moving through time can be represented as a line. This line represents 1 dimensional space or 0 dimensional space moving through time.
The same concept can be used to construct 2nd and 3rd dimensional spaces.
Now if this concept is then applied to a cube moving through 3 dimensional space it can be seen as a long line of cubes. These cubes can then be taken and pressed together until all that exists is a single cube filled with an infinite number of cubes. Which turns out to be the same space created earlier.
If you find this topic interesting I suggest you check out the book Flatland by Edwin A. Abbott.


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POWERFUL TOOLS FOR COLOR SEGMENTATION
The Aphelion™ Color Extension lets the user manage color images from the Aphelion Dev environment by providing advanced tools to segment images and extract objects of interest based on their color intensity. It includes four semi-automatic segmentation techniques: Interval, Distance, Region Growing, and Morphological Partition. The user first identifies some points or regions of interest in an image, and then the selected algorithm automatically extracts the regions based on the defined color. Fine-tuning tools are available to increase the regions of interest to provide an optimal match of the objects to be detected.
Segmentation of a color image in the Aphelion Dev graphical user interface using the Color Extension
Color tools included:
- Color Conversion – Support for RGB, HSI, YIQ, YUV, XYZ, Lab, and LCH color spaces.
- Interval – This method is based on the processing of the three color bands independently. The color value is defined by clicking on a reference point inside an object to be detected. A threshold is then performed using the color band values of the reference point, plus and minus the respective band tolerance values that are user defined.
- Distance – This method defines an object as being a set of pixels such that the distance of the pixel color value and the color reference is less or equal to a specified distance. The user specifies the distance value by adjusting a slider and the color reference by clicking points in the image.
- Region Growing – This method of segmentation is based on manually specifying initial object seeds inside objects of interest. Such seeded or initial regions are grown larger through the user's changing the color Distance parameter or placing additional object and non-object seeds on the image.
- Morphological Partition – This segmentation method is based on a morphological watershed operation that partitions an image into N regions such that each regional boundary line corresponds to an image edge (i.e., a gradient sign change in a three by three neighborhood).
Main Benefits of the Aphelion Color Extension
- Fully integrated in the Aphelion Dev Object Extraction Task
- Detect color objects by just clicking on a few pixels inside the objects of interest
- Segment results more accurately by fine-tuning operator parameters
- Integrate Aphelion color operators into your stand-alone application


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By: Crestone Dark Sky Community, July 2023
The 2023 Crestone International Dark Sky Celebration will be themed around the Perseid Meteor Showers. The Perseid shower is considered the best meteor event of the year for two reasons: it occurs at a time with more favorable weather (clear skies and warm nights), and it produces roughly 100 meteors an hour at its peak. In 2023 the Perseid Meteor Shower will peak on August 12 and 13.
The celebration will open with Taiko Drumming followed by acoustic background music performed by Steve Storm. The compelling astronomical presentation by Crestone's local astronomer Scott Stevens will include information about the Perseid Meteor Shower, our local dark sky from the moon, light from Alamosa, your neighbor's porch lights and seasonal sky glow. Two telescopes will also be set up for individual viewing of the meteor showers.
The 2023 Limited Edition cloisonné lapel pins, designed by local artist Stephen Hume, will be available for purchase as well as informative material about preserving and protecting our precious dark sky provided by the International Dark Sky Association. For further updates, follow us on Facebook: Crestone Dark Sky Community and our website.


text: The two lighthouses are similar in appearance, both being square, pyramidal towers topped by enclosed, square lantern rooms that are surrounded by a simple metal gallery. A white, trapezoidal daymark with a red vertical stripe is mounted on the seaward face of both towers. The front tower is 9 metres (29.5 feet) tall, while the rear tower is 10.1 metres (33.2 feet) tall. As the front tower is located near the shore at the western end of the harbour, its focal plane of 9.3 metres (30.6) is roughly the same height as the tower. The focal plane of the rear range light is 14.8 metres (48.5 feet).


Why You Should Never Be Sorry About Being A Loser
Source: i.pinimg.com
When you lose a bet, a competition, or any other relevant event in your life, what are the first emotions that surge through your body?
Sadness may be the most obvious one, without a doubt. After investing your effort, time, or even money on an activity, knowing that you can't take home a win may easily dampen your mood. Anger may come into the picture too, especially if it's something you ultimately want.
What many losers feel but don't always voice out, nonetheless, is their disappointment in themselves. "Why didn't I hold on a few seconds more?" "Why can't I have stronger stamina than them?" Well, you know the answers to these whys, for sure, so avoid thinking too hard about the loss.
Besides, if we're truthful here, you should never be sorry about being a loser due to the following reasons:
 1. Learning Patience Isn't Tricky
The first lesson that losing serves to people is the value of patience. It is significant since you can't expect everything to fall into place merely because you said so. The probability of you meeting ups and downs in life is as massive as the population count across the globe.
Imagine, in case you're often on a winning streak, and then you suddenly hit a slump, you may not know how to deal with it. Worse, your decisions may become rash and end up with irreversible consequences. Assuming you experienced a loss already, though, you understand that there's always a next time to do your best if you just wait.
Source: i.pinimg.com
According to Rebecca Burton, LMFT, "Talking through your own personal obstacles to patience can be helpful."
 1. You Don't Go Looking For Affirmation
Being a loser may change your perception as well regarding affirmations. A lot of mentors may not show it publicly, yet they evidently throw more praises to winners than everybody else. Despite that, you can't take this behavior against them. The latter most likely did what the former coached; that's why victory came easy.
Nevertheless, knowing that compliments are hard to get when you're on the losing side may make you stop wanting them in the long run. That is ideal, of course, because mentally healthy folks don't need to hear affirmation from others to realize their worth. Even if you win, for instance, you can appreciate your hard work and do better for yourself, not for the external cheers.
According to Tad Lusk, LPC, "Overly wordy affirmations might just confuse you, so choose an affirmation you can memorize and state easily."
 1. It Lets You Filter Your Friendship List
When a wise person tells you that real friends come during the bleakest scenarios, believe him or her. Though you may have many supporters behind you as you continue bringing home the bacon, take another look back after a slip-up to find out how many of them didn't leave your side. It will be lovely in case they're all still there, but we all know that's not how reality works.
Once you experience it, the last thing you should do is become eternally sad. Instead, you should rejoice since those individuals didn't make it difficult for you to detect who truly treasures your friendship.
Source: i.pinimg.com
Destiny "Desi" Teague, MS, LPC said "Friendships are somewhat easy during childhood and adolescents, as you are surrounded by people your age for 8+ hours a day, during school mostly; there is bound to be simple commonalities found between yourself and others."
 1. You Become Fearless
Losing is perhaps among the worst circumstances in someone's life. You may feel so much negativity at once, to the extent that you barely notice the beauty of things. But being able to get back on your feet after hitting rock-bottom means that you no longer have anything to fear. You'll work towards your goals no matter what, and another failure won't crumple your motivation.
Hopefully, it's clear now why you should never be sorry about being a loser.


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Adding Content Blocks To A Page
- Content Blocks are used to organise page content, and keep the page neat, informative and attractive.
- There are different types of Content Blocks for different purposes.
- To add a Content Block to your page, you need to be logged in with Admin access, and click on the Pages tab in the top menu
- Select the Widgets Icon next to the page you wish to add a Content Block to. This will take you to a page where you can view all the Widgets currently active on the page, edit and delete Widgets, and Add new Widgets.
- Click on Add Widget to bring up a list of available Widgets for the page.
- From the list on the Add Widget pop-up, select Content Blocks on the left menu.
- Click next to the Content Block you wish to add.
- The Content Block will now be listed on the Widgets page.
Types of Content Blocks
Plain Content Block
- A Plain Content Block, is used to insert general content onto your page, which you would otherwise normally enter via the Content Editor. The reason you would use a Content Block for this content, is to have it appear on your page below, or amongst other Content Blocks.
- Below is an example of a Plain Content Block.
- For more information, see Plain Content Blocks
- Accordions are used to insert content in to drop down information boxes.
- Accordions are a way to organise a page that would otherwise have lots of information, under several headings.
- For more information, see Accordions
- Tabs are used to insert content in to headings, separated by horizontal tabs.
- They can include text, pictures, media and documents.
- For More information, see Tabs
- Quicklinks are used to insert boxed information and/or pictures with links to further information
- Quicklinks can include text, pictures and links
- They are a neat and visually pleasing way to create links to other pages on your website or external sites
- For more information, see Quicklinks
- Display Cards are a fantastic Content Block, for use when you need to display an image, along side text.
- The Display Card aligns the text with the image, and providing the images are uploaded large enough, it will automatically resize and align the images.
- Display Cards act like a two column table, but are mobile responsive.
- For more information, see Display Cards
Re-ordering Content Blocks
- To re-order your Content Blocks on your page, see Page Widgets


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Enfocus Tailor 2.0.8
This allows you to open and edit any PostScript or Encapsulated PostScript file from any source.
Documents appear in the window exactly as they will when printed, and you can manipulate them directly on the screen.
Click and drag to move or resize images, paths or text; open a text line to correct a spelling mistake; use the color mixer to apply a new color. You can move between pages at random, or zoom in to check and edit in detail.


text:
Recent Benchmarking Efforts
Past Benchmarking Efforts
During the development of the Strategic Investment Plans, the NSRP Executive Control Board concluded that a baseline was needed in order to measure performance of the U.S. shipbuilding industry during the period of the program. To establish the baseline, benchmarking of shipyards in the U.S., Europe, Japan and South Korea was conducted. The proven benchmarking method that was used established each shipyard's current competitive position along with an evaluation of the applied technology and practices in key areas against peers in the shipbuilding industry, both foreign and domestic.
NSRP Recomendations for Shipbuilding Industrial Base Investment Fund (based on initial Benchmarking Study below)


Date: _PHONE_
Language: Old French
Origin: acces 'arrival', from Latin accessus 'approach', from accedere; ACCEDE
1 noun
Related topics: Law
ac‧cess1 S3 W1 [uncountable]
1 the right to enter a place, use something, see someone etc
access to
Access to the papers is restricted to senior management.
Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water.
2 how easy or difficult it is for people to enter a public building, to reach a place, or talk to someone
access for
We're trying to improve access for disabled visitors.
access to
a villa with easy access to the sea
3 the way you use to enter a building or reach a place:
Access is by means of a small door on the right.
access to
Access to the restrooms is through the foyer.
have access to a car/a computer etc
to have a car, computer etc that you can use
5SCL British English the legal right to see and spend time with your children, a prisoner, an official etc:
My ex-husband has access to the children once a week.
gain/get access (to something)
to succeed in entering a place or in seeing someone or something:
The police managed to gain access through an upstairs window.
Dictionary results for "access"
Dictionary pictures of the day
Do you know what each of these is called?


Purchases and sales of properties and businesses.
The purchase and sale of a property and/or a business raise a number of different tax issues, and planning ahead of an acquisition is therefore important to minimise costs and to avoid incurring unexpected tax costs.
Depending on how the transactions are executed (for example if the property is being sold or packaged in a company such that the shares are sold, if a business is sold through a transfer of assets and liabilities or if the shares in an operating company are sold), various tax issues arise - anything from income tax to VAT and stamp duties.


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These classes bring together people from all generations and walks of life.
We are hoping to start these sessions from December 2021 in Braintree, Chelmsford and Colchester. Please check back for more information or email us at _EMAIL_ to be added to the waiting list and we will send you full details as soon as this is ready to book.
They share their stories and experiences whilst exploring the dance space, connecting with one another and moving creatively.
As well as dancing as a group, the individual dancer will develop their own strength, balance, coordination and encourage healthy physical development and preservation of the muscles and joints through taking part in the activity.


text:
Learn and review Italian grammar at a glance
Of all the obstacles you face while learning a new language, grammar is one of the toughest. But now there's a way to learn the subtleties of grammar without all the headaches. Side by Side Italian & English Grammar is the perfect tool to help you understand the similarities and differences between English and Italian grammar.
By learning Italian grammar through comparisons to your native English language, you are able to build on what you already know. You will be better able to understand and remember Italian grammar while writing, speaking, and being tested on Italian usage. This innovative grammar guide includes:
Clear and comprehensive introductions to the parts of speech, explaining their functions and answering common questions about them
Quick Check sections that summarize main ideas
Appendices that identify possible grammar trouble spots, such as interrogative pronouns and adjectives, familiar and formal commands, and the use of determiners
Numerous verb charts with side-by-side Italian and English translations for easy understanding of each tense's meaning
An exercise section with answer key to test and review your knowledge
Side by Side Italian and English Grammar gives you a firm grasp of the structure of both languages and sets the stage for true language mastery.
- Publication Date:
- 11 / 12 / 2012


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Mary Dixon Kies
Born 1752 - Died 1837
Weaving Straw with Silk or Thread
Patented: May 5, 1809
Mary Dixon Kies was the first woman to apply for and receive a U.S.
patent in her own name. Her patent, issued May 5, 1809, was for a
process for weaving straw with silk that was adopted by the New England
Kiesís invention was praised by President James Madison's wife Dolly for
helping to improve New England's economic situation, which had been hurt
by an embargo on goods imported from Europe. New England's hat industry
was one of the few industries that continued to prosper during the War
Kies's patent, which was destroyed in the Patent Office fire of 1836,
was one of only 20 issued to a woman before 1840
Kies was born in South Killingly, Connecticut. Very little is known
about her life or her accomplishments beyond her patented weaving
process, which was widely used for over a decade.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland
In this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state's budgets and the rational use of public fi nances.


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Zespri hopes a new biochemical study will provide it with a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind the flavour, quality and nutrients of its kiwifruit.
The single-desk marketer has engaged Metabolomic Discoveries to carry out the research, which will utilise Flavour Profiler technology to define the fruit's flavour profiles and nutrient compositions and match them to Zespri's consumer sensory data.
"The biggest benefit of working with metabolomics technology is that we can measure all the compounds at once, where in the past only a handful of biochemical compounds could be detected in routine testing," says Zespri's Greg Clark.
"The point of difference for us with Metabolomic Discoveries is that they can do a comprehensive analysis of all the compounds in our kiwifruit. We believe the outcome of this research project will be very important for our research and development and production strategy to help us deliver even better Zespri Kiwifruit in the near future."
Josephine Worseck from Metabolomic Discoveries says there is still much to learn about flavour in kiwifruit.
"The research information available today concentrates on only a limited number of specific compounds," Worseck says. "However, several hundred of compounds are involved in delivering a good kiwi flavour.
"With our Flavour Profiler and metabolomics technology, we hope to shed a light on aroma and taste components in Zespri Kiwifruit varieties, environmental influences and nutrient diversity between the varieties."


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As one of the major methods for location positioning, angle of-arrival (AOA) measurement is a significant technology in wireless sensor networks (WSN), which can be explored for node and target localization, improving communication quality, location-based routing, sensor management, and other diverse applications. Due to the size, cost and energy constraints typical of a sensor node and the sophisticated resident environment, popular high resolution AOA estimation methods may malfunction and perform poorly. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for bearing estimation in unknown noise fields and harsh WSN scenarios. By modelling the noise covariance as a linear combination of known weighting matrices, a maximum likelihood (ML) criterion is established. And a particle swarm optimization (PSO) paradigm is presented for optimization of the ML cost function. Simulation results demonstrate that the paired estimator PSO-ML significantly outperforms other popular techniques and produces superior bearing estimates, especially in unfavourable scenarios typical of a sensor network.
|Publication status||Unpublished - Aug 2008|
|Event||16th European Signal Processing Conference - Lausanne, Switzerland|
Duration: 25 Aug 2008 → 29 Aug 2008
|Conference||16th European Signal Processing Conference|
|Period||25/08/08 → 29/08/08|
- wireless networks


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Early American Fiction: _PHONE_ (Chadwyck-Healey)
- Coverage Dates: _PHONE_
- Update Frequency: Not Available
- Audience: Researcher
Early American Fiction _PHONE_ contains the full text of more than 500 first editions of novels and short stories by nearly 100 American authors.
Among the authors included in the database are James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Harriet Jacobs, and Mark Twain, as well as authors who were popular at the time but whose works are long out of print.Contents are based on Wright's American Fiction _PHONE_ and the Bibliography of American Literature and offer both facsimile page images and keyword-searchable full text. Works from _PHONE_ are still being added. The Web resource Wright American Fiction _PHONE_ at Indiana University complements Early American Fiction with additional texts from the Wright bibliography.
Express Link (bookmark): _URL_


text:
It's nearly Halloween again and we here at Ella and Annie are super excited to be back sharing our fun paper bag haunted house craft! This "not so scary" haunted house craft is perfect for kiddos of all ages and easy for beginners. That means that everyone can participate! You probably already have what you need right now. Let's take a look…
What you need:
- Paper Lunch Bag
- Crayons and Markers
- Construction Paper
- Halloween Stickers (optional)
Start by making the roof. Turn the paper bag over so that the flap is facing up. We colored the flap with a brown crayon and then used a black marker to add shingles. Cut a small red rectangle from red construction paper and draw black lines to make bricks. Glue the chimney to the back of the roof.
Cut two yellow rectangles from yellow construction paper and draw a plus sign with black marker to make the window's frame. glue both the windows onto the front of your haunted house. The girls used orange construction paper to make the shutters for the windows; adds a spooky touch!
Cut a small rectangle from green construction paper to make the front door, glue onto the house. Now it is time to add the finishing touches. You can draw bats with a black marker, and use any fun Halloween stickers to decorate your paper bag haunted house. Annie cut ghosts from white copy paper and drew silly faces on them after she glued them to the bag. Add as much or as little detail as you like.
Thank you again for letting Ella and Annie share their "not so scary" paper bag haunted house with you this Fall. For more of our awesome crafts, DIY projects and recipes follow us on Instagram and Pinterest!


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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A sequence of positions on a chess board, which sequence includes each square precisely once, and where successive positions are a knight's move away from one another.
- n. A similar sequence on a board of any size or shape.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.


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Chapter 7 Connections
Connections are used in R in the sense of Chambers (1998) and Ripley (2001), a set of functions to replace the use of file names by a flexible interface to file-like objects.
7.1 Types of connections
The most familiar type of connection will be a file, and file connections are created by function
file. File connections can (if the OS will allow it for the particular file) be opened for reading or writing or appending, in text or binary mode. In fact, files can be opened for both reading and writing, and R keeps a separate file position for reading and writing.
Note that by default a connection is not opened when it is created. The rule is that a function using a connection should open a connection (needed) if the connection is not already open, and close a connection after use if it opened it. In brief, leave the connection in the state you found it in. There are generic functions
close with methods to explicitly open and close connections.
Files compressed via the algorithm used by
gzip can be used as connections created by the function
gzfile, whereas files compressed by
bzip2 can be used via
Unix programmers are used to dealing with special files
stderr. These exist as terminal connections in R. They may be normal files, but they might also refer to input from and output to a GUI console. (Even with the standard Unix R interface,
stdin refers to the lines submitted from
readline rather than a file.)
The three terminal connections are always open, and cannot be opened or closed.
stderr are conventionally used for normal output and error messages respectively. They may normally go to the same place, but whereas normal output can be re-directed by a call to
sink, error output is sent to
stderr unless re-directed by
sink, type="message"). Note carefully the language used here: the connections cannot be re-directed, but output can be sent to other connections.
Text connections are another source of input. They allow R character vectors to be read as if the lines were being read from a text file. A text connection is created and opened by a call to
textConnection, which copies the current contents of the character vector to an internal buffer at the time of creation.
Text connections can also be used to capture R output to a character vector.
textConnection can be asked to create a new character object or append to an existing one, in both cases in the user's workspace. The connection is opened by the call to
textConnection, and at all times the complete lines output to the connection are available in the R object. Closing the connection writes any remaining output to a final element of the character vector.
Pipes are a special form of file that connects to another process, and pipe connections are created by the function
pipe. Opening a pipe connection for writing (it makes no sense to append to a pipe) runs an OS command, and connects its standard input to whatever R then writes to that connection. Conversely, opening a pipe connection for input runs an OS command and makes its standard output available for R input from that connection.
Sockets can also be used as connections via function
socketConnection on platforms which support Berkeley-like sockets (most Unix systems, Linux and Windows). Sockets can be written to or read from, and both client and server sockets can be used.
7.2 Output to connections
We have described functions
sink as writing to a file, possibly appending to a file if argument
append = TRUE, and this is what they did prior to R version 1.2.0.
The current behaviour is equivalent, but what actually happens is that when the
file argument is a character string, a file connection is opened (for writing or appending) and closed again at the end of the function call. If we want to repeatedly write to the same file, it is more efficient to explicitly declare and open the connection, and pass the connection object to each call to an output function. This also makes it possible to write to pipes, which was implemented earlier in a limited way via the syntax
file = "|cmd" (which can still be used).
There is a function
writeLines to write complete text lines to a connection.
Some simple examples are
zz <- file("ex.data", "w") # open an output file connection cat("TITLE extra line", "2 3 5 7", "", "11 13 17", file = zz, sep = "\n") cat("One more line\n", file = zz) close(zz) ## convert decimal point to comma in output, using a pipe (Unix) ## both R strings and (probably) the shell need \ doubled zz <- pipe(paste("sed s/\\\\./,/ >", "outfile"), "w") cat(format(round(rnorm(100), 4)), sep = "\n", file = zz) close(zz) ## now look at the output file: file.show("outfile", delete.file = TRUE) ## capture R output: use examples from help(lm) zz <- textConnection("ex.lm.out", "w") sink(zz) example(lm, prompt.echo = "> ") sink() close(zz) ## now 'ex.lm.out' contains the output for futher processing. ## Look at it by, e.g., cat(ex.lm.out, sep = "\n")
7.3 Input from connections
The basic functions to read from connections are
readLines. These take a character string argument and open a file connection for the duration of the function call, but explicitly opening a file connection allows a file to be read sequentially in different formats.
Other functions that call
scan can also make use of connections, in particular
Some simple examples are
## read in file created in last examples readLines("ex.data") unlink("ex.data") ## read listing of current directory (Unix) readLines(pipe("ls -1")) # remove trailing commas from an input file. # Suppose we are given a file 'data' containing 450, 390, 467, 654, 30, 542, 334, 432, 421, 357, 497, 493, 550, 549, 467, 575, 578, 342, 446, 547, 534, 495, 979, 479 # Then read this by scan(pipe("sed -e s/,$// data"), sep=",")
For convenience, if the
file argument specifies a FTP, HTTP or HTTPS URL, the URL is opened for reading via
url. Specifying files via 'file://foo.bar' is also allowed.
C programmers may be familiar with the
ungetc function to push back a character onto a text input stream. R connections have the same idea in a more powerful way, in that an (essentially) arbitrary number of lines of text can be pushed back onto a connection via a call to
Pushbacks operate as a stack, so a read request first uses each line from the most recently pushbacked text, then those from earlier pushbacks and finally reads from the connection itself. Once a pushbacked line is read completely, it is cleared. The number of pending lines pushed back can be found via a call to
A simple example will show the idea.
> zz <- textConnection(LETTERS) > readLines(zz, 2) "A" "B" > scan(zz, "", 4) Read 4 items "C" "D" "E" "F" > pushBack(c("aa", "bb"), zz) > scan(zz, "", 4) Read 4 items "aa" "bb" "G" "H" > close(zz)
Pushback is only available for connections opened for input in text mode.
7.4 Listing and manipulating connections
A summary of all the connections currently opened by the user can be found by
showConnections(), and a summary of all connections, including closed and terminal connections, by
showConnections(all = TRUE)
The generic function
seek can be used to read and (on some connections) reset the current position for reading or writing. Unfortunately it depends on OS facilities which may be unreliable (e.g. with text files under Windows). Function
isSeekable reports if
seek can change the position on the connection given by its argument.
truncate can be used to truncate a file opened for writing at its current position. It works only for
file connections, and is not implemented on all platforms.
7.5 Binary connections
writeBin read to and write from binary connections. A connection is opened in binary mode by appending
"b" to the mode specification, that is using mode
"rb" for reading, and mode
"ab" (where appropriate) for writing. The functions have arguments
readBin(con, what, n = 1, size = NA, endian =.Platform$endian) writeBin(object, con, size = NA, endian =.Platform$endian)
In each case
con is a connection which will be opened if necessary for the duration of the call, and if a character string is given it is assumed to specify a file name.
It is slightly simpler to describe writing, so we will do that first.
object should be an atomic vector object, that is a vector of mode
raw, without attributes. By default this is written to the file as a stream of bytes exactly as it is represented in memory.
readBin reads a stream of bytes from the file and interprets them as a vector of mode given by
what. This can be either an object of the appropriate mode (e.g.
what=integer()) or a character string describing the mode


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TOMORROW is the official start of summer and to announce its arrival, the weather gods have sent a clear message to get ready for some extremely hot weather.
The Bureau of Meteorology has issued a warning that the next couple of days will bring heatwave conditions to the Tweed and temperatures will remain well above average until Monday.
However, the traditional definition of a heatwave differs from the current conditions experienced in the Tweed.
The accepted definition states conditions can only be called heatwaves if an area experiences five straight days of temperatures which are at least five degrees above average.
Bureau of Meteorology NSW weather service manager Andrew Treloar said, according to the NSW state disaster planning description, the unusual temperatures warranted calling the conditions a heatwave
"We've had mild conditions over the last few years and haven't faced similar conditions since 2009.
"The current situation doesn't exceed the 2009 event, however, any time we face heat like this there are issues regarding public health.
"We advise residents to keep hydrated and cool where and whenever possible," Mr Treloar said.
The bureau forecast temperatures will reach between 31° and 38° today and rise to between 32° and 39° on Sunday.
Monday will finally bring some relief with temperatures dropping slightly but noticeably to the low to mid 30s.
The extreme conditions are caused by a slow-moving high pressure system over the Tasman Sea which is directing hot and humid northerly winds into a weak low pressure trough over Western NSW.
The conditions forecast for this weekend can result in people suffering from heat stroke which can have serious and even fatal consequences.
Symptoms include fast breathing and increased pulse rates caused by a failure of people's cooling processes.
Animals are also at risk and pet owners are advised to provide shade and water as they become lifesaving essentials.


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Active Low Intrusion Hybrid Monitor for Wireless Sensor Networks
AbstractSeveral systems have been proposed to monitor wireless sensor networks (WSN). These systems may be active (causing a high degree of intrusion) or passive (low observability inside the nodes). This paper presents the implementation of an active hybrid (hardware and software) monitor with low intrusion. It is based on the addition to the sensor node of a monitor node (hardware part) which, through a standard interface, is able to receive the monitoring information sent by a piece of software executed in the sensor node. The intrusion on time, code, and energy caused in the sensor nodes by the monitor is evaluated as a function of data size and the interface used. Then different interfaces, commonly available in sensor nodes, are evaluated: serial transmission (USART), serial peripheral interface (SPI), and parallel. The proposed hybrid monitor provides highly detailed information, barely disturbed by the measurement tool (interference), about the behavior of the WSN that may be used to evaluate many properties such as performance, dependability, security, etc. Monitor nodes are self-powered and may be removed after the monitoring campaign to be reused in other campaigns and/or WSNs. No other hardware-independent monitoring platforms with such low interference have been found in the literature. View Full-Text
Share & Cite This Article
Navia, M.; Campelo, J.C.; Bonastre, A.; Ors, R.; Capella, J.V.; Serrano, J.J. Active Low Intrusion Hybrid Monitor for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2015, 15, 23927-23952.
Navia M, Campelo JC, Bonastre A, Ors R, Capella JV, Serrano JJ. Active Low Intrusion Hybrid Monitor for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2015; 15(9):_URL_ Style
Navia, Marlon; Campelo, Jose C.; Bonastre, Alberto; Ors, Rafael; Capella, Juan V.; Serrano, Juan J. 2015. "Active Low Intrusion Hybrid Monitor for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 15, no. 9: 23927-23952.


text:
- Consider the Source: Historical Records in the Classroom
This 146-page book is one of the first major publications to introduce the use of historical records as source material for classroom instruction. It includes reproductions of 26 historical records along with related lesson plans and activities.
- Erie Canal: New York's Gift to the Nation
A 303-page book from the Archives Partnership Trust and Cobblestone Publishing that contains:
1. Ninety-seven documents
2. Background essays
3. Learning activities developed to meet New York State's learning standards and assessments


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Birds probably know quantum physics better than many humans—it just comes to them innately. Continue reading Scientists Identify Protein That Could Let Birds See Magnetic Fields
Tag Archives: Quantum Physics
This Wild New Supersolid Is Three States of Matter at Once
You learn about three or four phases of matter in school—solids, which have a shape and volume, liquids, which have a volume only, and gases and plasmas, which have neither a definite shape nor volume. But using the laws of physics, you can create incredible substances that behave nothing like the ones you learn about in chemistry. That includes a substance that behaves like both a solid crystal and a frictionless, perfectly-flowing liquid at the same time.
Continue reading This Wild New Supersolid Is Three States of Matter at Once


Scotland's Forgotten Treasure is a detailed study of the aesthetics and the religious vision of the fantasy works written by nineteenth-century Scottish novelist, George MacDonald. MacDonald's Phantastes (1858) and Lilith (1895) are the origin of much modern fantasy writing, and Colin Manlove brings to bear on MacDonald's major achievements decades of study in fantasy literature to unlock the structures that govern MacDonald's imagination and the relevance of his works to contemporary religious and scientific thought.
Manlove reveals in MacDonald's works a depth and complexity that establishes them as among the the most original works of nineteenth-century literature, and a treasure that should be the centrepiece of any account of nineteenth-century Scottish fiction.
1: MacDonald's life and character
2: MacDonald's views, literary and theological
3: Before MacDonald
4: Phantastes (1858)
5: 'The Golden Key' (1867)
6: Lilith (1895)
7: Conclusion


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[ dmg. publications. Why can't CAD be more like Lego? ] edit
The paper describes CKB (Construction Kit Builder), a computational design environment based on defining, then working within, a system of components and rules for their placement. In construction details, the components and placement rules are standard; in less routine design tasks they are not. CKB uses a constraint-based, object oriented, system architecture to provide two levels of design support. At the higher level, designers of technical systems use CKB to specify components and rules for their positioning. At the lower level, building designers use CKB to lay out components of these systems.
last updated 12.21.2001 by Mark D Gross


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The use of rubber and plastic insulation materials, installation of rubber and plastic insulation materials technical specifications
Pay attention to the following points when installing rubber and plastic insulation materials:
1. All gaps and joints need special adhesive and sealing.
2. All tees, elbows, valves, flanges and other accessories shall be of design thickness after installation.
3. Do not use too much glue when bonding. All interfaces between materials should be glued under slight pressure.
4. When installing, the first should be the large pipe, then the small pipe, elbow, tee, then the straight pipe, and finally the valve and flange.
5. When installing cold water pipes and refrigeration equipment, glue the gaps between the two ends of the rubber and plastic pipes and the iron pipes together. The width of the glue should not be equal to the thickness of the rubber and plastic materials.
6. Crevices in pipes shall be installed as inconspicuously as possible and the crevices in two pipes shall intersect each other.
7. Do not install the machine during use, and do not open the device within 36 hours after installation.
8. Due to packaging, the rubber and plastic pipe with large diameter has become oval, please cut the flat side when cutting.
Two, determine the thickness of insulation material to consider the factors:
1. The higher the ambient temperature, the thicker the material;
2. The greater the relative humidity, the thicker the material;
3. The lower the temperature of the medium, the thicker the material;
4. The larger the pipe diameter, the thicker the material.
The above mainly introduces the rubber and plastic insulation material technical specifications and use instructions, do not understand or have the demand of friends can contact us Uetersen, we have professional colleagues to answer for you!


text:
- Introduction to Effective Communication in Parks and Recreation
- What is Effective Communication?
- Auxiliary Aids and Services
- Planning Programs and Activities in Parks and Recreation
- Providing an Interpreter
- Fees Associated with Auxiliary Aids and Services
- Planning Alternatives for Written Material
- Tapping into Community Resources
A woman walks to the front of the room and begins to communicate in American Sign Language. The hearing participants look at each other in confusion. Worry is displayed on each person's face as they wonder how will they understand the information presented in the class.
For many people with visual, auditory or cognitive impairments, this scenario can be a daily event. Effective communication is essential for an individual to be able to participate and benefit in programs and activities.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Question: What are the connected components of the familiar spaces of functions between two (let's say compact and smooth, for simplicity) manifolds $M$ and $N$?
Specifically, I'm thinking of the Hölder spaces $\mathcal{C}^{k,\alpha}(M, N)$ and the Sobolev spaces $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$.
Some comments:
 1. For a smooth function $f:M\to N$, it seems clear that, at least, all continuous functions homotopic to $f$ will be connected to it.
 2. This question is inspired by the discussion of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ in McDuff-Salamon's book on $J$-holomorphic curves. There it's stated as an offhand remark that the connected components of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ (in the case of $M$ oriented & two-dimensional; I'm not sure if this makes a difference) are the completions of the sets {$f:M\to N \text{ smooth}: f_*[M]=A$}, for $A\in H_{\dim M}(N)$.
 3. If the McD-S factoid is true, there should exist sequences of smooth not-all-mutually-homotopic functions which converge in $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$. (This isn't too counterintuitive, since $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M, N)$ presumably contains functions which aren't continuous, & so don't themselves have a homotopy class). Can someone give me an example of this phenomenon?
Please feel free to re-tag -- I can't think of anything really appropriate.
share|improve this question
I'm going to guess that $k$ and $p$ were chosen large enough so that $W^{k,p}\subset C^r$ for some $r\ge 0$, (by Sobolev), so that $W^{k,p}$ maps in the same path component are continuous and homotopic. – Paul May 1 '10 at 21:04
Ah, of course you're right -- I forgot about the Sobolev estimates. In that case, should the McD-S remark about "connected components" be interpreted as meaning "unions of connected components"? – macbeth May 1 '10 at 21:32
I think if you use the methods Dylan and Dan mention below you get that $\pi_0(W^{k,p})=\pi_0(C^r)=\pi_0(C^\infy)$. I don't know a good reference to this, but you could check Palais' book called "foundations of global non-linear analysis". Hirsch's book has results that relate $C^r$ and $C^\infty$ for all $r$, so maybe that and Sobolev embedding does the trick. – Paul May 2 '10 at 14:53
Two remarks: first, homology classes of smooth mappings $M\to N$ do not usually determine homotopy classes, though they do, by the Hurewicz theorem, when $M=S^2$ and $N$ is simply connected (maybe that's what you mean about "unions of connected components"?). Second, life on the not-quite-continuous Sobolev borderline (e.g. $W^2_1$ on a surface) is very precarious, both for analysts and topologists. – Tim Perutz May 2 '10 at 14:57
Thanks to all for useful comments. _USER_, yes, that is what I mean: since intuition (supported by the discussion here) is that the connected components are homotopy equivalence classes, and since homology doesn't determine homotopy, it should be false that the connected components are the homology classes. (But perfectly true that homology classes are unions of connected components.) I am feeling happy that here there be no pathology-dragons. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 15:46
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Any continuous map from M to N is homotopic to a smooth map, and if two smooth maps are homotopic, then they are also smoothly homotopic. (More generally, two homotopic functions are homotopic through a homotopy that is smooth except at the endpoints.) The proof involves convolving with Gaussians, and is standard; I think you can find it in Milnor's Topology from a Differentiable Viewpoint, for instance. (It's also appeard on mathoverflow before, but I couldn't find it just now.) The hard issues for smooth vs. continuous functions arise only once you start demanding the maps be injective.
I can't say more about McDuff and Salomon without more context for the quote.
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Thanks. This certainly serves as a proof of my Comment 1: if two functions are homotopic, then in any sensible topology they are in the same connected component. Paul's remark deals with my questions about the converse: if two functions are in the same connected component of $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$, then there is a continuous function $F:[0,1]\to \mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$ connecting them, and by the Sobolev inequality $||f||_{\mathcal{C}^{0,\mu}}\leq ||f||_{\mathcal{W}^{k,p}}$ (for $kp>\dim M$ and $\mu:=k-np$) this function yields a homotopy. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 8:13
The McDuff-Salamon remark is in J-holomorphic curves and symplectic topology, top of page 45 in the 2004 edition. They are interested in the Banach manifold $\mathcal{W}^{k,p}(M,N)$ (for $M$ a Riemann surface) because they are about to show that a subset of it -- those maps which are J-holomorphic -- is a finite-dimensional submanifold. – macbeth May 2 '10 at 8:22
Now I see it, and I agree with you: it should say "$\mathcal{B}^{k,p}$ is a union of components of $W^{k,p}". – Dylan Thurston May 2 '10 at 15:16
This got too long for a comment to Dylan's answer.
I like the discussion of these ideas in John Lee's book Introduction to Differentiable manifolds (the relevant part isn't in the google preview). He refers to these approximation results as the Whitney Approximation Theorem, and deduces them from the tubular neighborhood theorem and the Whitney Embedding Theorem. Interestingly, he doesn't use convolution.
Here's a sketch: start with a continuous map from $f:M\to N$, and embed N in R^n. First Lee proves that there's smooth map $g: M\to R^n$ close to f (inside a tubular neighborhood of N, say) and then he uses the projection from the tubular neighborhood back to N to get his approximation to f. Note that since balls in $R^n$ are convex, once g is sufficiently close to f there's a linear homotopy linking them, which lies entirely inside the tubular neighborhood.
To produce g, the rough idea is that near any point x in M, the constant function with value f(x) is a "good enough" approximation to f. This gives an open cover of M, and there's a finite subcover, with a subordinate partition of unity $\phi_i$. The approximation to f is now gotten by averaging these constant functions using the partition of unity: $g(x) = \sum \phi_i (x) f(x_i)$.
Lee explains how to modify this in the case where f is already smooth on some closed subset, and you want to leave it unchanged there. (That allows you to approximate homotopies.)
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Nice, I didn't know that proof. – Dylan Thurston May 2 '10 at 15:18
For the Sobolev case, I think _URL_ may be helpful [together with the references therein].
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Awesome! (Short summary: for $kp\leq \dim M$, the connected components can be very strange.) – macbeth May 4 '10 at 22:10
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text:
Pannala, Kalpitiya, Wilpattu, Kandy, Nuwara Eliya, Kitulgala, Sinharaja
What is it about?
A majority of the birds can be observed all year round. However during the summer months (April to end October) most of the migrant birds return to their home territories and sightings of those birds are unlikely. This period is ideal for spotting the endemic birds of Sri Lanka.
Who is it for?
For the bird and nature lovers.


text:
New research shows that you gain better perception through meditation. "Attentional-blink" occurs when two pieces of information are presented to a person in very close succession, and the brain doesn't perceive the second piece of information because it is still processing the first. Richard Davidson and colleagues attempted to determine if intensive mental training through meditation could extend the brain's limits on information processing, reducing "attentional-blink."
The researchers compared two groups of people—17 expert meditators and 23 novices—to see if either was better at recognizing two pieces of information shown in quick succession.
The participants were tested at the beginning and end of a 3-month period. For the intervening 3 months, the meditation practitioners participated in a retreat, during which they meditated for 10-12 hours a day. The novices participated in a 1-hour meditation class, and were asked to meditate for 20 minutes a day for the week before each test.
The researchers found that intensive training did reduce "attentional-blink." The participants who had gone through the mental training were more likely to perceive both pieces of information instead of just the first because the brain used fewer resources to detect the first piece of information—leaving more resources available to detect the second. The researchers also note that this study supports the idea that brain plasticity, or the ability of the brain to adapt, exists throughout life.
Provided by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
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text:
A Quick Reference For How To Take A Soil Test
by Marissa Caminiti, UMaine Extension Administrative Specialist, Cumberland County
What does a soil test from the Cooperative Extension do?
A soil test will tell you:
-Nutrient levels in your soil
– Soil pH levels
– Presence of lead contamination, if any
Why should I test my soil?
A soil test will help you to optimize your garden or lawn by providing the information you need to make
your soil healthy for a given crop. Test results also provide recommendations for amendments.
When do I take a soil test?
Soil can be tested any time of year when the ground is not frozen. However, the results of your soil test are
intended to provide recommendations for the following growing season. If you are testing your soil to grow
a garden, then it is most useful to test soil in very early spring, immediately after thaw, or fall in order to
allow time before the growing season begins. You can expect to receive test results in 2-4 weeks.
How do I take a soil test?
We supply soil test kits for free. They come with an order form, instructions, and a collapsible cardboard
box to put your soil sample in. Be sure to read the instruction form carefully. Choose your "analytical
service" and a 3-digit crop code so that you will receive the specific recommendations for your desired
Where do I get a soil test?
There are 3 ways to get a soil test:
1. Visit our office at: 75 Clearwater Drive, Falmouth, ME 04105
2. Call our office at _PHONE_ to request it in the mail
3. Use our online form to order a soil test
How do I mail a soil test?
Mail soil tests to our soil lab in Orono:
Maine Soil Testing Service
5722 Deering Hall
Orono, ME 04469-5722
Include payment for the amount listed for the service(s) you have chosen. In most cases the
standard test, $18 is sufficient for the Home Gardener.
What if I don't understand my soil test results?
When you receive your soil test results, you can call our office _PHONE_ for assistance with interpreting your results and recommendations.


Tag Archive | buttress roots
The Kapok tree and the incredible physics of water transport
The Kapok tree, known to science by its Latin name Ceiba pentandra, is a true rainforest giant, perhaps the largest of all Amazonian trees, and among the largest trees in the world. Biologists call the Kapok an 'emergent' tree—that is, it emerges from the forest canopy and, with individual trees being measured at 150 ft. or more, easily towers over the rest of the forest.
Ceiba_Bocas del Toro
Biologists wishing to study the rainforest canopy must fight huge gravitational forces that work to keep them on the ground—to do this, they use ropes, knots, specialized gear, and lots of muscle power. How do large Ceiba trees transport thousands of liters of water to their crowns without the use of muscles, pumps, or other technology?
Being very tall presents a number of problems for a tree. First of all, the emergent crown of the Kapok, unshielded by its diminutive neighbors, stands ready to catch any large gust of wind that might come along. And, with a shallow root system common among tropical rainforest trees, the Kapok faces the very real danger of toppling over during storms that occur frequently across the tree's geographic range.
The Kapok solves the wind problem with buttresses—large, triangular projections that connect the tree's trunk with the roots in the ground. Indeed, the buttresses of a mature Kapok can be impressively large, and they are very effective. In a study of other buttressed rainforest trees on the tropical island of Borneo, trees that had their buttresses experimentally removed by researchers quickly fell.
But wind isn't the only factor potentially limiting a tree's size. Emergent rainforest trees, like all other plants, require water, and extreme height poses a monumental challenge in the uptake and transport of water from the roots—from where water is drawn—to the leaves, where it is needed most, high in the tree's canopy.
Ceiba_Sacha Lodge
A Kapok tree in the Ecuadorian Amazon, supported by massive buttressed roots.
Given its towering height, how does the Kapok get water 150 feet or more off the ground?
The answer is best explained by physics. More specifically, it is largely capillary action that allows the tree to transport water so high.
Two fundamental phenomena underlie the capillary mechanism. The first is cohesion—the weak chemical bonds that allow individual water molecules to attract one another. Cohesion is responsible for the fact that a drop of water resting on the top of your hand, say, retains its rounded shape. This can also be thought of as surface tension—the reason that small insects can glide across the surface of a body of water. The second phenomenon underlying capillary action is adhesion—similar weak bonds that allow water molecules to attract, or adhere, to other substances. The reason, say, that the same drop of water will cling to the top of your hand when turned upside-down.
Hydrogen-Bonds-Colored-JC_2012-1080x675_Jeremy Conn
Cohesion is the result of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
At the very top of the Kapok, in the tree's crown, tiny pores known as stomata on the surface of the leaves open directly to the atmosphere. Rays from the sun strike the leaves and provide the energy needed by water molecules there to evaporate. The stomata are the exit points of the woody xylem—essentially long, thin, tube-like vessels that extend from the leaves, unbroken, all the way down through the tree trunk to the roots. As a water molecule breaks the surface of the water column in the leaf's stoma and evaporates, cohesive forces cause it to tug upwards on the molecule or molecules directly behind it, which in turn pull on other molecules, and so on all the way down each xylem vessel to the roots.
figure4_v003_01_1_2_cropped
Water moves from areas of high water potential (i.e. close to zero in the soil) to low water potential (i.e., air outside the leaves). Details of the Cohesion-Tension mechanism are illustrated with the inset panels (A), where tension is generated by the evaporation of water molecules during leaf transpiration (1) and is transmitted down the continuous, cohesive water columns (2) through the xylem and out the roots to the soil (3). Image © 2013 Nature Education
Through capillary action, the tree is able to fight the enormous influence of gravity and transport the water it needs to incredible heights—all without the aid of any active pumps or large amounts of energy input. And the process is incredibly efficient. A single Kapok tree might be able to transport as much as 1,000 liters of water to its crown in a single day!
With the problem of water transport solved, the Kapok is free to invest in other problems that require its attention and energy. And in the rainforest, those problems are numerous—herbivores, diseases, and growth in a nutrient-poor environment are just a few. Thanks to some simple yet extraordinary physical properties of water, the Kapok is able to meet these demands and thrive, towering over the rest of the rainforest and inspiring us with its awesome size and beauty—what little of it we can appreciate from just its giant roots, anyway.
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text:
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of health
3- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Dohuk
Docolorization of Methylene Blue was investigating using a Ultrasonic/Fenton like reactor in batch mode. The effects of pH, reaction time, initial concentration of dye, H2O2 and Fe on the dye removal was studied. It was found that the increase of initial dye and H2O2 concentration and the increase of initial pH, are not beneficial for improving the dye removal efficiency. Increasing the dye concentrations from 50 to 400 mg/L resulted in decreasing the rate of decolorization from 0.255 to 0.063 min-1, respectively. Complete removal (100%) was observed, when pH, reaction time, initial concentration of dye, H2O2, Fe and ultrasound density were found to be 3, 30 min, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 40 kHz, respectively. The results showed that H2O2/Fe° equal 8 is more effective for dye removal.


Silk-wrapped prey items are a girl's best friend
Following from last week's story about silk bridal veils, this post focuses on another rare use of silk in spider courtship behaviour: the giving of silk-wrapped 'nuptial gifts'.
This phenomenon has been most well studied in two spider species in closely related families: Pisaura mirabilis (Pisauridae)
Pisaura mirabilis male carrying a silk-wrapped nuptial gift. (Photo by Ferran Turmo Gort, licensed under CC BY 2.0)
and Paratrechalea ornata (Trechaleidae).
Male of genus Paratrechalea. (Photo by Gonzalo G. Useta, licensed under CC BY 2.0)
These spiders can teach us three valuable lessons about gift-giving in advance of the holiday season*.
1. Gift-giving can improve mating success.
In both families, nuptial gift giving behaviour is essentially the same. Before mating, the male obtains a prey item, (usually) wraps it up with silk, and offers it to the female during his courtship display. If she's in the mood, she'll grasp the package in her chelicerae, and while she's busy consuming the prey inside, the male will copulate. It's possible to mate without providing a gift, but in both Pisaura mirabilis and Paratrechalea ornata, males that give gifts have higher mating success: they have longer copulation durations and fertilize more of the female's eggs.
2. Failure to wrap delicious gifts may result in their consumption, but no sex.
Females willingly accept unwrapped prey items, but may run off with them before mating can occur. This happens much less frequently with wrapped gifts, which are easier to hang on to. In Pisaura mirabilis, if the female tries to abscond with a gift that he still has in his grasp, the male goes limp (called thanatosis, or death-feigning) and allows himself to be dragged along with the gift. Once the female settles down to eat it, the male springs back into action and copulates.
3. Attractive silk gift-wrap will effectively disguise useless items, but only for a limited time.
Visual appeal may play some role in whether females accept nuptial gifts, but in Paratrechalea ornata, there are chemical cues specific to the male's gift-wrapping silk that elicit female grasping behaviour. One of the advantages of this is that males can get away with giving females worthless items such as seeds, plant material, or prey that they've already fed on. Provided it's wrapped up in attractively scented (or tasty) silk, the female will accept the gift and the male can copulate. As soon as the female realizes there's no food inside the package, however, she'll cut the mating short.
So there we have it. Pick the perfect prey item, wrap it up in silk, and hang on tight!
*Lessons may have limited application to non-spider interactions
REFERENCES (also linked in the text)
Albo, María J., & Costa, F. G. (2010). Nuptial gift-giving behaviour and male mating effort in the Neotropical spider Paratrechalea ornata (Trechaleidae). Animal Behaviour, 79(5), 1031–1036. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.01.018
Albo, Maria J, Winther, G., Tuni, C., Toft, S., & Bilde, T. (2011). Worthless donations: male deception and female counter play in a nuptial gift-giving spider. BMC evolutionary biology, 11(1), 329. doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-329
Andersen, T., Bollerup, K., Toft, S., & Bilde, T. (2008). Why Do Males of the Spider Pisaura mirabilis Wrap Their Nuptial Gifts in Silk: Female Preference or Male Control? Ethology, 114(8), 775–781. doi:10.1111/j._PHONE_.2008.01529.x
Brum, P. E. D., Costa-Schmidt, L. E., & de Araujo, A. M. (2011). It is a matter of taste: chemical signals mediate nuptial gift acceptance in a neotropical spider. Behavioral Ecology, 23(2), 442–447. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr209
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Listen carefully,
the universe beckons
In this beautiful intricate phenomenon,
Come, grow with me as time moves on
Universe is a gorgeous new collection for the autumn 2019 by Kristian Saarikorpi that was no more or less inspired by the universe itself. The spiral shape occurring in nature, that can be found in flowers and pine cones as well as in galaxies has always enthralled Kristian. Therefore, Kristian wanted to bring his own interpretation of the powers guiding the whole universe into the world of jewellery, and this interpretation was the start of Universe. The pieces of the Universe collection have a cracked rock crystal in the centre of them and they have been produced using 3D printing technique.


A super healthy candy that will help you stay healthy during the coldest time.
immunity boosting candies
Nut and Dried Fruit Immunity Boosting Candies
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This mix of nuts, dried fruits, lemon zest and honey (optional) provides all the vitamins necessary for your body to fight cold and flu. Pair a couple of these candies with a hot ginger tea and stay healthy!
Prep Time
Prep Time
 1. Prepare all the required ingredients. Use equal parts of each main ingredient measuring by weight.immunity boosting candy ingredients
 2. Use a food processor to crush the walnuts. Make sure you do not over process the nuts.crash walnuts in a food processor
 3. Continue with dates (remove the pit before processing), apricots and raisins. Make sure each product is crushed into a smooth mass.process dried apricots, raisins and dates
 4. Zest a lemon.
 5. In a bowl mix walnuts, dates, apricots, raisins and lemon zest. If you like you can also add some honey. Knead as a regular dough until all walnuts are evenly mixed in and the mass feels sticky. Set aside.
 6. Chop coconut slices and crush pecans into small pieces (not a flour).
 7. Start making candies – roll nut and dried fruit mass into balls, then roll the balls in either chopped coconut or crushed pecans.
 8. Store candies in the fridge. Serve at the room temperature. And don't forget a cup of hot ginger tea for even better results! Bon Nuppetie!immunity boosting candy


text:
The History of Wellington, WA and the Train Disaster of March 1, 1910
Wellington, the town:
Wellington, WA was established in 1893 by the Great Northern Pacific Railroad as small unincorporated town for the railroad workers and their families. Wellington was located about three miles west of the Stevens Pass Summit and just off the old Stevens Pass Highway. Due to the negative connotation of the original name after the 1910 train disaster, the Great Northern Railroad changed Wellington's name to Tye in 1913. The town's new name was derived from the nearby Tye Creek. The town of Tye was abandoned in 1929 when the old railroad grade route was abandoned and a new grade route was developed and came into use. The new railroad grade route, including the new Cascade Tunnel, is still in use by the Burlington Northern Sante Fe Railroad today. The old grade route was turned into a hiking trail named the Iron Goat Trail that winds about seven miles through the forest from the trailhead at Highway 2 to the original town site of Wellington. The name Iron Goat was taken from the Great Northern Railway corporate symbol of a mountain goat standing on a rock. "Iron goat" was applied to Great Northern locomotives climbing mountainous rail line in the Rockies or Cascade mountains. Wellington Elementary School located in the Northshore School District of Seattle, WA. was named after the town of Wellington.
The Wellington train disaster of March 1, 1910 is still the worst avalanche, measured in terms of lives lost, in the history of the United States. The unofficial number of lost lives was set at 96. Unfortunately, no one will ever know the actual number of victims that may well have exceeded 96. Of the 96 men, women and children killed, 35 were passengers, 58 were Great Northern employees on the trains, and 3 were railroad employees asleep in their bunkhouses. 23 passengers did somehow survive as they're broken bodies were pulled from the wreckage by railroad employees living at Wellington. Due to the unsafe and extreme weather conditions, rescue efforts were abandoned. It was late July, before it was possible to retrieve the last of the bodies. The last body recovered was that of Archibald McDonald, a 23 year old brakeman lay trapped under piles of splintered timbers.
On February 23, 1910, after a snow delay at the east Cascade Mountains town of Leavenworth, two Great Northern trains, the Spokane Local passenger train No. 25 and Fast Mail train No. 27, preceded westbound towards their destination, Seattle. Combined, there were 6 steam and electric engines, 15 boxcars, passenger cars, and sleepers. The trains had passed through the Cascade Tunnel from the east to the west side of the mountains, when snow and avalanches forced them to stop near Wellington.
This horrific train disaster was an accident just waiting to happen due to extreme weather conditions and the treeless slopes of Windy Mountain. It began on February 19, 1910 when Wellington was hit by a terrible snow blizzard. On February 23 both trains were trapped on a narrow ledge on Windy Mountain, about 150 feet above the ravine of Tye Creek, just outside the town of Wellington. Heavy snowfall, labor disputes, and the dwindling coal supply made it impossible for train crews to clear the tracks. The rotary snow plows were only effective at depths up to 13 feet. The deeper drifts, up to 40 feet deep, had to be shoveled by hand down to the 13 foot level before the rotary snow plows could be used. Passengers became impatient as the supplies of food and water ran low, sanitation on the passenger train deteriorated, and snow continued to pile up on the slopes above the stranded trains. A few small groups of passengers and workers eventually walked westbound on the tracks for help; eventually they reached the small town of Scenic. For six long days, the trains were stranded in an ideal environment for the avalanche. Then it happened, White Death! Shortly after midnight, on March 1st. with everyone asleep in the trains and the town bunkhouses, the avalanche came roaring down Windy Mountain as a ten foot wall of snow that measured a half a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide. The avalanche carried the two trains over the narrow ledge and they finally came to rest about 150 feet below in the Tye Creek ravine. Great Northern worked for three weeks to repair the tracks before trains were running again over Stevens Pass.
First Hand Descriptions:
Charles Andrews, a Great Northern employee, was walking towards the warmth of his employee bunkhouse, shortly after midnight. In the quiet, peaceful night, suddenly the mountainside roared to life. In a 1960 interview, he described what he witnessed:
"White Death moving down the mountainside above the trains. Relentlessly it advanced, exploding, roaring, rumbling, grinding, snapping, a crescendo of sound that might have been the crashing of ten thousand freight trains. It descended to the ledge where the side tracks lay, picked up cars and equipment as though they were so many snow-draped toys, and swallowing them up, disappeared like a white, broad monster into the ravine below".
One of the 23 survivors interviewed three days after the Wellington train disaster stated: "There was an electric storm raging at the time of the avalanche. Lighting flashes were vivid and a tearing wind was howling down the canyon. Suddenly there was a dull roar, and the sleeping men and women felt the passenger coaches lifted and borne along. When the coaches reached the steep declivity they were rolled nearly 1,000 feet and buried under 40 feet of snow".
A surviving train conductor sleeping in one of the mail train cars was thrown from the roof to the floor of the car several times as the train rolled down the slope before it disintegrated when the train slammed against a large tree.
In the days that followed, news of the tragedy that reached the rest of the country was inaccurate. On March 1 there were reports of "30 feared dead." On March 2 there were "15 bodies... recovered... [and] 69 persons missing. "One hundred and fifty men, mostly volunteers, are working to uncover the dead." On March 3 a headline stated, "VICTIMS NOW REACH 118."
The injured were sent to Wenatchee. The bodies of the dead were transported on toboggans down the west side of the Cascades to trains that carried them to Everett and Seattle.
Victims and Heroes of Wellington:
Miss Nellie Sharp (Mrs. Nellie McGirl) and friend Mrs. Herbert Tweetie:
In a hotel room in Spokane, Washington, Nellie Sharp said to her companion, Mrs. Herbert Tweedie, "I'll tell you what we'll do. We'll draw for it. The one who gets the short straw goes east to Montana, the one who gets the long, west to Seattle". Nellie Sharp drew the long straw. Nellie was a young twenty-six year old woman, recently divorced, freelance writer, working on a traveling article with her friend Mrs. Herbert Tweetie. Mrs. Tweetie also seemed to be on her own and without a husband. She and Nellie Sharp were planning their new direction in life. From Spokane, Nellie would go west to the coast to do research for a travel article and interview loggers and fishermen of the Washington coast. Mrs. Tweetie would go east to Montana and research the cowboys and homesteaders of the Great Montana Plains. They panned to meet again in Spokane in a couple of weeks, finalize their articles and submit them to the popular magazine "McClures".
Ida was a recent widow from Spokane, WA traveling with here three small children and elderly parents to Seattle.
Sara Jane Covington:
A petite, sixty-nine year old grandmother who after visiting her ailing son, Melmoth A. Covington from Spokane. Melmoth had become gravely ill due to a scratch from a cat and within three days, had to be hospitalized for his infection. She later wrote to her daughter. "They injected serum in his chest that made him extremely weak; then they cut three gashes in his arm which was swollen very much. When I first saw him, they were spraying him with stuff that burned and smarted so as to make him holler out." After a month, Sara Jane was returning home to her husband where they would be celebrating their fifty-first wedding anniversary on March 3rd. In Olympia, she was well known for her intellect and involvement in charity and reform work.
The owner of her own hair accessories company.
Henry H. White:
Henry H. White boarded the train a Wenatchee. A salesman for the American Paper Company was now headed home to Seattle at the Fenimore Hotel where he and his wife resided.
Lewis C. Jesseph:
Lewis was a thirty-two year old lawyer who boarded the Seattle Express, the Great Northern Railways No. 25, in Spokane and was heading to Seattle for an important court case in Washington States Supreme Court. Lewis later wrote "we knew that the Great Northern Railway had constructed many snowsheds to protect the right-of-way from slides and that the rotary snowplows could clear the exposed track".
John was a lawyer in his fifties and close friend of Lewis Jesseph who was also headed to Seattle's Supreme Court to argue his case against Lewis as the opposing lawyer and by chance, was booked on the same train as Lewis.
Edward W. "Ned" Topping:
In the sleeper car Winnipeg, was Edward W. "Ned" Topping a twenty-nine year