text:
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Filtering of a Dissonant Frequency Based on Improved Fundamental Frequency Estimation for Speech Enhancement
IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
Publication Date: 2003/08/01
Print ISSN: 0916-8508
Type of Manuscript: Special Section LETTER (Special Section on Digital Signal Processing)
dissonant frequency, fundamental frequency estimation, parametric cubic convolution,
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There have been numerous studies on the enhancement of the noisy speech signal. In this paper, we propose a completely new speech enhancement method, that is, a filtering of a dissonant frequency based on improved fundamental frequency estimation which is developed in frequency domain. The subjective test results indicate that the proposed method provides a significant gain in audible improvement especially for speech contaminated by colored noise and a husky voice. Therefore if the filter is employed as a pre-filter for speech enhancement, the output speech quality and intelligibility should be greatly enhanced.


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Digging To the North Pole
Wally and Osborne aren't morons, just a bit naive. It's actually about 7,926 miles from the south pole to the north pole. If they could average five feet an hour they could be there in about 955 years. This is of course based on them maintaining that digging speed going through rock and metal as well as being burned up from the heat of the earth's core (Actually little is known about the earth's core but scientists speculate that it is made up of iron and nickel and reaches temperatures over 9000Â°F).

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What's that thing that looks like a spike of light on your radar?
What you're describing looks like a nail-shaped spike of light pointing toward the radar. It's what we call a 'sun spike', and it's seen only when skies are mostly clear in the direction of the sun when it's low in the sky. Radiant energy (sunlight) streaming from our local star hits the weather radar 'dish' and is interpreted as energy returning from precipitation. It's not of course, it's just energy released by the sun that happens to be at the necessary angle to strike the radar dish. Such 'sun spikes' can be seen either just before sunset or just after sunrise. Keep an eye out for them on our radar displays on KING5.com or on the air.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


About CRDS
CRDS is the radical shift Death Studies needs and thereby serves as a source of knowledge for how death practitioners, death care professionals, students and scholars alike can all better understand deathways of people of color and marginalized groups.
Who Are We? We are a collective of Scholars, Funeral Directors, Death Work Practitioners, Activists, and Students of Death Studies who view death work as synonymous with anti-racism work, synonymous with actively dismantling oppression, and as a way to validate cultural and social life among marginalized groups. We are working to achieve the goals of decolonizing death studies in theory and in practice from a variety of angles.
What Is Our Mission? Our mission is to interrogate the field of Death Studies to decolonize and de-center whiteness while calling to radicalize death practices, all in theory and in practice from a variety of angles, i.e. our research, writing, community work, and professional careers.
What Are Our Goals?
 1. To create a Radical Death Canon that can be adapted as a tool by death educators, death scholars, death practitioners, and all those interested in understanding death, dying, and the rituals of care provided from a decolonized perspective.
 2. To increase diversity in death scholarship and conversations–beyond class analysis
 3. Working to analyze how death, mourning, burial, and death investigations have changed over time along the lines of race, class, gender, ability/disability, sexuality
 4. To serve as a resource for a discerned understanding of the end-of-life experience and rituals around death for marginalized people and their communities
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Fesian, natively Fēstēlus was the primary language of the Republic of Tūsīco. Hailing from the southwest of Sandula, the ancestor of Fesian is little understood (if I'm being honest, it doesn't exist). Fesian had very regular morphological patterns and syntax that was very loose. Fesian's descendants are among the most spoken languages in modern Sandula.
Spoken in: The Republic of Tūsīco
Conworld: Sandula
Total speakers: 16.5 Million
Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: Agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: Accusative
Writing system: Statatris sen Fēstēlus
Created by:
Gabriel Wysong 2020
Phonology and Orthography
The phonology of Fesian was relatively small compared to its neighbor Kalersan. It's most distinctive feature are the geminate consonants /pː/ /tː/ /kː/ and /sː/. It also features long vowels in every place.
Bilabial Labiod. Alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m n
Plosive p pː b t tː d k kː g
Fricative f s sː
Approximants w j
Trill r
Lateral Approximant l
Front Near-front Central Back
High i iː u uː
High-mid e eː o oː
Low a aː
Allophony and Sound Change
Fesian exhibited allophonic nasal vowels at the end of words. This sound change is found in most of the Central Fesian languages, excluding the North and Northwest Central groups. /s/ following long vowels changed to /h/, eventually being dropped. /k(ː)/ shifted to /ʧ(ː)/ before front vowels, as did /g/ to /ʤ/. /n/ before velars shifted to /ŋ/.
Writing System
Fesian was written in the Fesian alphabet, known natively as Statatris sen Fēstēlus. It is derived from the old Kalersan script.
Fesian has been analyzed as a polysynthetic language by some linguists. It features highly complex verbs with noun classifier incorporation, with comparatively simple nouns. Its syntax is very lax, with SOV being a default order.


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The Wanted Design show in New York City saw a team of students from the School of Visual Arts expend their creativity by showing off a bunch of interventions which encouraged guests to interact with one another. So much for social media remaining in the digital realm – this is analogue social media that we are talking about, where it involves a bunch of communication platforms which the students carried around the show. Known as "MissionCtrl," students could be seen in white shirts and blue ties, not to mention carrying wooden objects as well.
For instance, there is the "portal," which happens to be some sort of introductory entryway to the project. Guests will be able to walk through this gateway in the same manner of it being symbolic as a login, while "press" happens to be a rolling stamp station where visitors are able to create messages of their own using large letter stamps, a smiley face or a thumbs-up. Stamping would obviously reduce the speed at which you communicate, where the user ends up working "with the whole body" as the stamps require some muscle.
Magnetic message boards, white boards and the stamped signs then pave the way for guests to "post." These messages are carried around the show's space using tall wooden signs, sharing what you have decided to "say" until someone else decides to "post."
Next Story: Twitch Acquisition Talk "Isn't Imminent"


iard balls, it will bounce back. Okay, I don't have a design.
1shminux9yIt sure will, after imparting some momentum to the wall. My point is that I do not know how to construct a gate out of components interacting only through repulsive forces. I am not saying that it is impossible, I just do not see how it can be done.
0DanielVarga9yHow much momentum will it lose before it bounces back? If a large enough wall can make this arbitrarily small, then I think the Fredkin and Toffoli billiard gates [] can be built out of a thick wall of billiard balls. Lucky thing, in this model there is no friction, so gates can be arbitrarily large. Sure, the system might start to misbehave after the walls move by epsilon, but this doesn't seem like a serious problem. In the worst case, we can use throw-away gates that are abandoned after one use. That model is still as strong as Boolean circuits.
3Dreaded_Anomaly9yThe difference I see between photons and your example with billiard balls is that billiard balls have a rest frame. In other words, you can set them up so that they have no preexisting motion relative to you, and any change in their positions is due to your inputs. You can't do this with photons in a vacuum; they are massless, and must always move at c. Photon-photon scattering is also a rare process in quantum electrodynamics. If you look at the Feynman diagram: It has four vertices. Each vertex gives the cross-section of the process another factor of the fine structure constant α, which is a small number, about 1/137. A process like electron-electron or electron-positron scattering, on the other hand, has diagrams with only two vertices, so only two factors of α. (Of course, cross-sections also depend on mass, momentum, and so forth, but this gives a very simple heuristic for comparing processes.) The additional factor of α² ~ 0.00005 makes the cross section tiny compared to common QED processes. If you want to use photons for computing, photonic crystals are your best bet, although the technology is still in early stages of development.
1DanielVarga9yI don't know much about photon-photon scattering, but I do know that the cross section is very small. I see this as something that does not make a difference from a strictly theoretical point of view, but that might be because I don't understand the issues. Photonic crystals are not really relevant for my thought experiments, because you definitely can't build computers out of them that expand with the asymptotic speed of light. Maybe if you can turn regular material into photonic crystal by bombarding it with photons.
1Dreaded_Anomaly9yIf two billiard balls come to occupy an overlapping volume in space at the same time, they will collide with probability (1 - ε) for ε about as small as we can imagine. However, photons will only scatter off each other rarely. Photons are bosons, so the vast majority of the time, they will just pass right through each other. That doesn't give you a dependable logic gate.
1DanielVarga9yMaybe you are right, but it is not immediately obvious to me that small cross-section is a deadly problem. You shouldn't look at one isolated photon-photon encounter as a logic gate. Even an ordinary electronic transistor would not work without error correction. Using error correction, you can build complex systems that seem like magic when you attempt to understand them at the level of individual electrons.
When I read about quantum mechanics they always talk about "observation" as if it meant something concrete. Can you give me an experimental condition in which a waveform does collapse and another where it does not collapse, and explain the difference in the conditions? E.g. in the two slit experiment, when exactly does the alleged "observation" happen?
'Observation' is a shorthand (for historical reasons) for 'interaction with a different system', for example a detector or a human; but a rock will do as well. I would actually suggest you read the Quantum Mechanics Sequence on this point, Eliezer's explanation is quite good.
1Ezekiel9yEliezer's explanation hinges on the MWI being correct, which I understand is currently the minority opinion. Are we to understand that you're with the minority on this one?
Well, yes. But if you don't like MWI, you can postulate that the collapse occurs when the mass of the superposed system grows large enough; in other words, that the explanation is somewhere in the as-yet-unknown unification of QM and GR. Of course, every time someone succeeds in maintaining a superposition of a larger system, you should reduce your probability for this explanation. I think we are now up to objects that are actually visible with the naked eye.
1witzvo9yWhen I hear the phrase "many worlds interpretation," I cringe. This is not because I know something about the science (I know nothing about the science), it's because of confusing things I've heard in science popularizations. This reaction has kept me from reading Eliezer's sequence thus far, but I pledge to give it a fair shot soon. Above you gave me a substitute phrase to use when I hear "observation." Is there a similar substitute phrase to use for MWI? Should I, for example, think "probability distribution over a Hilbert space" when I hear "many worlds", or is it something else? Edit: Generally, can anyone suggest a lexicon that translates QM terminology into probability terminology?
I'm not sure I'm addressing your question, but I advocate in place of "many worlds interpretation" the phrase "no collapse interpretation."
2witzvo9yThat's very helpful. It will help me read the sequence without being prejudiced by other things I've heard. If all we're talking about here is the wavefunction evolving according to Schr\:odinger's equation, I've got no problems, and I would call the "many worlds" terminology extremely distracting. (e.g. to me it implies a probability distribution over some kind of "multiverse", whatever that is).
-1shminux9yPersonally, I advocate "no interpretation", in a sense "no ontology should be assigned to a mere interpretation".
1Viliam_Bur9yI am curious how exactly would this aproach work outside of quantum physics, specifically in areas more simple or more close to our intuition. I think we should be use the same basic cognitive algorithms for thinking about all knowledge, not make quantum physics a "separate magisterium". So if the "no interpretation" approach is correct, seems to me that it should be correct everywhere. I would like to see it applied to a simple physics or even mathematics (perhaps even such as 2+2=4, but I don't want to construct a strawman example here).
2shminux9yI was describing instrumentalism in my comment, and so far it has been working well for me in other areas as well. In mathematics, I would avoid arguing whether a theorem that is unprovable in a certain framework is true or false. In condensed matter physics, I would avoid arguing whether pseudo-particles, such as holes and phonons, are "real". In general, when people talk about a "description of reality" they implicitly assume the map-territory model, without admitting that it is only a (convenient and useful) model. It is possible to talk about observable phenomena without using this model. Specifically, one can describe research in natural science as building a hierarchy of models, each more powerful than the one before, without mentioning the world "reality" even once. In this approach all models of the same power (known in QM as interpretations) are equivalent.
1witzvo9yCan you elaborate on this? (I'm not voting it down, yet anyway; but it has -3 right now) I'm guessing that your point is that seeing and thinking about experimental results for Themselves is more important than telling stories about them, yes?
6Grognor9yYou could go with what Everett wanted to call it in the first place, the relative state interpretation. To answer your "Edit" question, no, the relative state interpretation does not include probabilities as fundamental.
2witzvo9yThanks! Getting back to original sources has always been good for me. Is that "Relative state" formulation of quantum mechanics []?
5RolfAndreassen9yI think it is necessary to exercise some care in demanding probabilities from QM. Note that the fundamental thing is the wave function, and the development of the wave function is perfectly deterministic. Probabilities, although they are the thing that everyone takes away from QM, only appear after decoherence, or after collapse if you prefer that terminology; and we Do Not Know how the particular Born probabilities arise. This is one of the genuine mysteries of modern physics.
3witzvo9yI was reflecting on this, and considering how statistics might look to a pure mathematician: "Probability distribution, I know. Real number, I know. But what is this 'rolling a die'/'sampling' that you are speaking about?" Honest answer: Everybody knows what it means (come on man, it's a die!), but nobody knows what it means mathematically. It has to do with how we interpret/model the data that we see that comes to us from experiments, and the most philosophically defensible way to give these models meaning involves subjective probability. "Ah so you belong to that minority


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Definition of tinta. Meaning of tinta. Synonyms of tinta
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word tinta. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tinta and, of course, tinta synonyms and on the right images related to the word tinta.
Definition of tinta
tintaTent Tent, n. [Sp. tinto, properly, deep-colored, fr. L.
tinctus, p. p. of tingere to dye. See Tinge, and cf.
A kind of wine of a deep red color, chiefly from Galicia or
Malaga in Spain; -- called also tent wine, and tinta.
Meaning of tinta from wikipedia

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What you need to know before you start to configure the client: 1.) principal URL for your server 2.) what is the difference between cross-domain and non cross-domain setup 3.) cross-domain setup problems and how to solve them (if you use cross-domain setup) 4.) digest authentication problems and how to solve them (if your server uses digest auth) 5.) problems with SSL /https/ and invalid (or self-signed) certificates 6.) choose your setup type (3 different setup types are supported) 7.) HTML5 cache update 8.) Generic installation instruction 9.) DAViCal (non cross-domain) installation instructions 1.) Your principal URL - What is my principal URL? Check you server documentation! Example principal URLs ( = your username): _URL_ (DAViCal example) _URL_ (Baïkal example) _URL_ (Radicale example) _URL_ (OS X example 1) _URL_ (OS X example 2) 2.) Cross-domain / non cross-domain setup - What is the cross-domain setup? If your server origin is not identical with your client installation origin then your setup is cross-domain! - What is the origin? Origin is an URL without the "full path" part => ://: Example 1: URL: _URL_ Origin: _URL_ (default port for http is 80) Example 2: URL: _URL_ Origin: _URL_ (default port for https is 443) Example 3: URL: _URL_ Origin: _URL_ - What is my server origin? It is your principal URL origin - Complete examples? Example 1: Principal URL: _URL_ (your server URL) Client URL: _URL_ (your client installation URL) => Server origin: _URL_ Client origin: _URL_ Is this setup cross-domain? YES (server origin != client origin) Example 2: Principal URL: _URL_ (your server URL) Client URL: _URL_ (your client installation URL) => Server origin: _URL_ Client origin: _URL_ Is this setup cross-domain? NO (server origin == client origin) NOTE: if cross-domain setup is detected you will see a warning in your browser's console! NOTE: cross-domain setup is detected automatically and you don't need to set it manually in config.js! 3.) Cross-domain setup problems and how to solve them (if you use cross-domain setup) - Why cross-domain setup is problematic? The client is written in JavaScript which has one major security limitation (it is hardcoded into browsers): If you want to use cross-domain setup and your server NOT returns proper HTTP CORS headers (see _URL_ then JavaScript REFUSES to make requests to your server (more precisely: it performs one OPTIONS request /called preflight request/ to check HTTP headers returned by your server, and if no proper CORS headers are returned, then the real request is NOT performed!). - What to do to solve this problem? a.) Your server MUST return the following additional HTTP headers: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET, POST, OPTIONS, PROPFIND, PROPPATCH, REPORT, PUT, MOVE, DELETE, LOCK, UNLOCK Access-Control-Allow-Headers: User-Agent, Authorization, Content-type, Depth, If-match, If-None-Match, Lock-Token, Timeout, Destination, Overwrite, Prefer, X-client, X-Requested-With Access-Control-Expose-Headers: Etag, Preference-Applied b.) If Access-Control-Request-Method header is sent by your browser (preflight request defined by CORS) then your server MUST return these headers for OPTIONS request WITHOUT requiring authorization and MUST return 200 (or 2xx) HTTP code (Success). - Howto add these headers to my CardDAV/CalDAV server? Check your server documentation or contact your server developer and ask for CORS or custom HTTP headers support. - Howto add these headers to my server if it has no support for CORS or custom HTTP headers? Configure custom headers in your web server /or proxy server/ configuration (if possible) - see misc/config_davical.txt for Apache example. 4.) Digest authentication problems and how to solve them (if your server uses digest auth) - Why digest authentication is problematic? Lot of browsers have wrong or buggy digest auth support (especially if used from JavaScript). - What to do to solve this problem? a.) Disable the digest authentication and enable the basic authentication in your server config (NOTE: ALWAYS use SSL /https/ for basic authentication!) b.) Alternatively (if it is not possible to switch to basic auth) you can try to enable the globalUseJqueryAuth option in config.js (NOTE: there is no guarantee that it will work in your browser) NOTE: if you want to use the auth module /see 6.) c.) below/ you MUST use basic auth (there is no digest auth support in this module)! 5.) problems with SSL /https/ and invalid (or self-signed) certificates - Why the client cannot connect to server with invalid/self-signed certificates? If a user opens a web page and the browser detects invalid/self-signed certificate it warns user about this problem, and usually shows an option to accept the server certificate (or add a security exception) manually. If the request is sent by JavaScript there is NO such option to show user the security warning, and also it is NOT possible to add security exception directly by JavaScript! - What to do to solve this problem? a.) use valid server certificate from commercial CA or b.) if your server certificate is not self-signed and is issued by your own CA, add your CA certificate into "Trusted Root Certificates" in your browser/system or c.) open the principal URL directly by browser, accept the invalid certificate (or add a security exception) manually 6.) Client setup types - What types of setup are supported by the client? a.) Static setup with predefined principal URL, username and password stored in config.js. For this setup use globalAccountSettings (instead of globalNetworkCheckSettings or globalNetworkAccountSettings) and set the href option to your full principal URL in config.js. - advantages: fast login process = no username/password is required (no login screen) - disadvantages: username/password is visible in your config.js (recommended ONLY for intranet or home setup) b.) Standard setup shows login screen and requires valid username and password from the user. For this setup use globalNetworkCheckSettings (instead of globalAccountSettings or globalNetworkAccountSettings) and set the href option to your principal URL WITHOUT the username part (username is appended to the href value from the login screen) in config.js. - advantages: username/password is required from the user (no visible username/password in config.js) - disadvantages: if a user enters wrong username/password then browser will show authentication popup window (it is NOT possible to disable it in JavaScript; see the next option) c.) Special setup sends username/password to the PHP auth module (auth directory) which validates your username/password against your server and if the authentication is successful then sends back a configuration XML (requires additional configuration; the resulting XML is handled IDENTICALLY as the globalAccountSettings /a.)/ configuration option). For this setup use globalNetworkAccountSettings (instead of globalAccountSettings or globalNetworkCheckSettings) and set the href value to your auth directory URL (use the default if the auth directory is stored in the client installation subdirectory). Use this setup AFTER you have working b.) and want to solve the authentication popup problem. - advantages: no authentication popup if you enter wrong username/password, dynamic XML configuration generator (you can generate different configurations for your users /by modifying the module configuration or the PHP code itself/) - disadvantages: requires PHP >= 5.3 and additional configuration, only basic authentication is supported Auth module configuration: - update your auth/config.inc: set the $config['auth_method'] to 'generic' (this is the default) set the $config['accounts'] - usually you need to change only the "_URL_" part of the href value but you can also change the syncinterval and timeout values set the $config['auth_send_authenticate_header'] to true - update your auth/plugins/generic_conf.inc:


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Competition Among Plants
by Ron Kurtus (revised 3 May 2015)
Just as humans and animals compete to win a prize or gain an advantage, there is also competition among plants. This competition is both among its own species, as well as against other types of plants and even animals.
Plants seek the rewards of nutrients, water, sunlight, and territory necessary for survival.
One type of competition is comparing the performance with other plants. The "winner" grows the best. Another type of plant competition is head-to-head against other plants. In this case, the winner squeezes out the others to get the most sunlight or such. The third type of competition is where a plant grows at the expense of another plant.
If there are sufficient ingredients, the plants will compete by their performance for reproductive ability.
If the plants are in proximity, there may be a limited amount of these essential ingredients, resulting in a head-to-head competition for as much of a share as possible.
In some cases, parasitic plants will compete with host plants for the nutrition owned by the host.
Questions you may have include:
- How do plants compete for reproduction efficiency?
- How do plants compete for survival?
- What type of competition does a parasite create?
This lesson will answer those questions.
Plants that have sufficient nutrients, water, sunlight, and territory for survival and healthy growth will compete against each other to show which ones can reproduce the best.
For example the ones with the most attractive flowers to insects will be able to be pollinated and reproduce better than those of their species with less attractive flowers. Also, competition between species can be determined by which one creates the most seeds and has the best method of dissemination.
Performance competition with plants is just doing what is natural for them. Although some plants can sense when a predator—such as a caterpiller—is eating nearby plants, they really are not aware of who is the "winner" in a contest, as are humans and animals.
Plants that are close to each other may compete for nutrients, water, sunlight, and territory necessary for survival. Some plants go mainly on the offense, trying to get as much as they can. Other plants use defensive methods to stifle their opponents from getting needed nutrients.
They spread their roots to gather nutrients and water necessary for survival and growth. In the competition, there is only so much of these ingredients available, so the stronger or better competitor may be so efficient that it dow not allow the other plant enough for survival or much growth. But it is also possible that neither plant will grow much in such a competition.
Offense and defense
Another area of competition is in gathering available sunlight. Plants that grow rapidly and have big leaves may be able to gather sunlight at the expense of nearby, less aggressive plants.
Some plants use other defensive tactics to prevent opponents from competing. Some put toxins in the ground nearby, so competitors cannot get too close.
There are plants that seek nutrients owned by another. Parasitic plants will compete with host plants for the host's nutrients. The parasite is on the offense, trying to take nutrients directly from the victim of the attack. The victim plant is on the defense, trying to fend off the attack and succeed in surviving.
Although this seems like a one-sided competition, if the plant is able to prevent the parasitic plant from getting its nutrients, the parasite may wither and even die. But if the host plant dies, the parasite may be in trouble and even die itself.
In this type of competition, one may survive and grow, while the other leads a weakened life.
Plants with sufficient nutrients, water, sunlight, and territory compete by their for reproductive ability. If the plants are in proximity and there is a limited amount of essential ingredients, a head-to-head competition for as much of a share as possible results. In some cases, parasitic plants will compete with host plants for the nutrition owned by the host.
Learn through observation
Resources and references
Questions and comments
Do you have any questions, comments, or opinions on this subject? If so, send an email with your feedback. I will try to get back to you as soon as possible.
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Competition Among Plants


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What is the Soil Food Web?
The key to having nutrient dense food is having a healthy functioning soil food web in your garden. This course will give you a good foundation in understanding how to use biology in your organic gardening to grow tasty, healthy, nutritious food. Pair this class with the hands-on 'Soil Biology for Gardeners' for a deeper dive into this fascinating subject.
Instructors Kim Martin and Laurie Bostic, owners of Barking Cat Farm, focus on growing high quality crops in an organic and sustainable manner. Brix testing is done regularly to monitor the nutritional quality of the produce and compost and compost teas are applied to the soil to ensure that soil biology is constantly improving. Both Laurie & Kim have their Permaculture Design Certificate from Geoff Lawton's Permaculture Design Course. Both have studied under Dr. Elaine Ingham and are working towards becoming Certified Soil Life Consultants. They offer permaculture design and soil biology consulting services to other growers and gardeners.
This class will meet in the Classroom at BRIT.
$30 members/$35 non-members
About Horticulture and Gardening
As community leaders in plant based knowledge and education, BRIT and the Fort Worth Botanic Garden are pleased to partner with experts in the fields of horticulture and gardening to provide the public with opportunities to expand their knowledge of the plant world through a variety of classes and workshops.
These half and full day classes and workshops will take place on the BRIT campus, at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden, and in the field. Please check the individual event announcements for further details.


the efficiency of a particular synthesis technique. Our first guess was to use : SUM(k=1 to n) ((A2(t,k) - A1(t,k))^2 e(t) = sqrt( ------------------------------------ ) SUM(k=1 to n) A1(t,k)^2 which gives a normalized difference (error) vs. time. k is the partial number t is time, and A1(t,k) and A2(t,k) are the kth partial amplitudes vs. time for signals s1(t) and s2(t). Then the average error over time is given by e_ave = (1/DUR) SUM(t=0 to DUR) e(t) The theory is that given two syntheses of signal s1, namely s2 and s3, s2 is a better synthesis of s1 than is s3 if e_ave_2 < e_ave_3. This formulation seems to work fairly well, but it really fails when a synthesis has weak upper partials not found in the original. The weak upper partials contribute very little to the error calculation, but make a big difference in the perceived result. Therefore, it would probably be much better to add up the amplitudes within critical bands than to give all frequencies equal weights as we have been doing, and also to use an amplitude-to-loudness (in sones) translation. (Usually, S = K*A^0.6). The problem with equalizing the A(k,t) using the Fletcher-Munson curves is that one doesn't really know the absolute level of a given sound prior to playing it back, except in a lab testing situation, perhaps. Thus, the difference result would vary with playback level, an uncomfortable situation. From: Richard Parncutt ------------------------------------------------------------------------- The psychoacoustic distance between two steady state complex sounds (or its converse, perceived similarity) is influenced by a number of factors, including similarity of loudess, timbral similarity, and the degree to which the sounds have pitches in common (where by "pitch" I mean PERCEIVED pitch in the psychoacoustic sense.) Terhardt (1972) distinguished two kinds of pitch. Spectral pitches correspond to individual audible pure-tone components. Virtual pitches correspond to groups of audible pure-tone components whose frequencies form an approximately harmonic pattern, suggesting the presence of an (embedded) harmonic-complex tone. Most pitches perceived in everyday and musical sounds are virtual pitches. The relative perceptual salience of pitches may be estimated by the algorithm of Terhardt et al. (1982). Parncutt (1989) defined the pitch commonality of two complex sounds as the extent to which they have perceived pitches in common, depending on the number and salience of coinciding pitches (by comparison to non-coinciding pitches). Calculated pitch commonality values correlate well with similarity judgments of pairs of complex sounds that differ relatively little in loudness and timbre (Parncutt, 1989, 1993), and with music-theoretic accounts of the strength of harmonic relationship between musical tones and chords (Parncutt, 1989). From: Christopher John Rolfe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metrics have a long tradition in the literature, beginning with Fechner in the 19th Century. Cognitive science, however, points out that perceptual space may be non-Euclidean. In other words, there is NO simple metric. ______________________________________________________________________________ References / Books ______________________________________________________________________________ "Loudness: its definition, measurement, and calculation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1933, vol 5, p 9. Author: Fry R.B. PhD Dissertation, Duke University Title: Measurement of Specific Sequence Effects in Loudness Perception Date: 1981 Author: Lane H.L., Catania A.C., Stevens S.S. Title: Voice Level: Autophonic Scale, Perceived Loudness, and Effects of Sidetone Journal: JASA Volume: 33 Number: 2 Page(s): 160-167 Date: 1961 Author: Peterson G E, McKinney N P Title: The measurement of speech power Journal: Phonetica Volume: 7 Page(s): 65-84 Date: 1961 Author: Schlauch R.S., Wier C.C. Title: A Method for Relating Loudness-Matching and Intensity-Discrimination Data Journal: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research Volume: 30 Page(s): 13-20 Date: 1987 Author: Small AM, Brandt JF, Cox PG Title: [...?] function of signal duration Journal: JASA Volume: 34 Page(s): 513-514 Date: 1962 Author: Stevens S.S. Title: Calculation of the Loudness of Complex Noise Journal: JASA Volume: 28 Number: 5 Page(s): 807-832 Date: 1956 Handel, S. (1989). "Listening: an introduction to the perception of auditory events." MIT, Cambridge, MA Dooling, R. J. and Hulse, S. H. (ed.) (1989). The comparative psychologoy of audition: Perceiving complex sounds. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. McAdams, S. and Bigand, E. (ed.) (1993). Thinking in sound: the cognitive psychology of human audition. Oxford Univ. Press, NY Sloboda, J. A. (1985). The musical mind: The cognitive psychology of music. Clarendon, Oxford Proceedings of IEEE, V. 81, No 10,"Signal Compression Based on Models of Human Perception". Grey, J.M. "Multidimensional Perceptual Scaling of Musical Timbres" Journal of the Acoustical Soceiety of America, 63, _PHONE_. Repp, B.H (1984) "Categorical perception: Issues, methods, findings" In N.J. Lass (ed.) Speech and Language: Advances in Basic Research and Practice. Vol. 10. _PHONE_. Moore and Glasberg, JASA 74(3) 1983. "Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns" Bladon and Lindblom, JASA 69(5) 1981. "Modeling the judgement of vowel quality differences" J. R. Pierce, The Science of Musical Sound (Freenam, New York, 1983). J. G. Roederer, Introduction to the Physics and Psychophysics of Music (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975). S. S. Stevens, "Measurement of Loudness", JASA 27 (1955): 815 S. S. Stevens, "Neural Events ans Psyhcophysical Law", _Science 170_ (1970): 1043 E. Zwicker, G. Flottorp, and S. S. Stevens, "Critical Bandwidth in Loudness Summation", JASA 29 (1957): 548 Author:Hynek Hermansky Institution:Speech Technology Laboratory, Division of Panasonic Technologies, Inc., 3888 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA Title:Perceptual linear predictive ({PLP}) analysis of speech}, Journal: JASA Year:1990 Vol.87,Number 4, Page(s):_PHONE_ Gersho et al (Bark Spectral Distance). IEEE Journal Selected areas of Communications Sept. (?) 1992 Name: "An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing" Author: James O. Pickles,Dept. of Physiology,Uni. Birmingham,England. Publisher: Academic Press,1982. ISBN 0-12-554750-1 (hardback) ISBN 0-12-554752-8 (paperback). "An introduction to the psychology of hearing" by B. MOORE, 3d Edition. Terhardt, E. (1972). Zur Tonhoehenwahrnehmung von Klaengen (Perception of the pitch of complex tones). Acustica, 26, 173-199. Terhardt, E., Stoll, G., & Seewann, M. (1982). Algorithm for extraction of pitch and pitch salience from complex tonal signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71, 679-688. [ The following papers are from Richard Parncutt (parncutt(at) -- AK ] Bigand, E., Parncutt, R., & Lerdahl, F. (under review). Perception of musical tension in short chord sequences: The influence of harmonic function, sensory dissonance, horizontal motion, and musical training. Perception and Psychophysics. Parncutt, R. (1993). Pitch properties of chords of octave-spaced tones. Contemporary Music Review, 9, 35-50. Parncutt, R. (1989). Harmony: A Psychoacoustical Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Springer Series in Information Sciences, Vol. 19. Eds.: T.S. Huang & M.R. Schroeder. ISBN 3-540-51279-9. 218 pages, 22 figs.) Stoll, G., & Parncutt, R. (1987). Harmonic relationship in similarity judgments of nonsimultaneous complex tones. Acustica, 63, 111-119. Terhardt, E., Stoll., G., Schermbach, R., & Parncutt, R. (1986). Tonhoehenmehrdeutigkeit,


Излучение (emission)#
Emission Shader node.
The Emission node is used to add Lambertian emission shader. This can for example, be used for material and light surface outputs.
Light strength for point, spot and area lights is specified in Watts.
Sun lights are specified in Watts/m2, which require much smaller values like 1 W/m2. This can be confusing, but specifying strength in Watts would not have been convenient; the real sun for example has strength 384.6×1024W. Emission shaders on meshes are also in Watts/m2.
Входы#
Цвет (color)
Цвет излучаемого света.
Сила (интенсивность) (strength)
Strength of the emitted light. For point and area lights, the unit is Watts. For materials, a value of 1.0 will ensure that the object in the image has the exact same color as the Color input, i.e. make it „shadeless".
Свойства#
Эта нода не содержит свойств.
Выходы#
Излучение (emission)
The Emission shader output can both be plugged into the Surface Input as well as the Volume Input of the Material Output node.
Примеры#
../../../_images/render_shader-nodes_shader_emission_example.jpg
Шейдер Emission с силой 1.0.#
../../../_images/render_shader-nodes_shader_emission_example-bright.jpg
Шейдер Emission с силой 3.0.#


Paul Allsopp en Maths, computer teaching, Engineers and Technicians, Software Developer Software Developer • Performance Food Group 17/5/2016 · 2 min de lectura · +500
Binary Search
I came across a question by a jQuery user who asked how to: "Insert a row into a table alphabetically on a row cell"
The two answers that were suggested to him used an iterator to go over every row of data in the HTML table, and check to see if his value should be slotted in at that point. I poked myself in the eye at this point wishing I had never read those answers, and concluding that I needed to point out why. So here goes…
In a binary search solution you first check to see if the datum you are searching with, is less than the first row of data, by the field you are matching on. If it is, then your row goes at the top of the dataset. If however it does not, you can check to see if your data is greater than the last row in the dataset. If it is, then your data goes at the end of the dataset.
On the third hand, if it is neither, then you can use a binary search to find the correct location for your row.
You start by splitting your total number of rows into two. You then check to see if the data on the last row of the first set is greater or less than the data you want to insert. Whatever the outcome, you have just reduced the dataset you are searching in by 50%, and you can throw away the subset of data which your data does not fall into.
So let's say your data is less than the last row in the first set. You now divide that set into two and check if your data is lesser or greater than the last row of your new first set. Again, whatever the outcome you have just reduced the dataset by 50%. So in the grand scheme of things, in 2 iterations you ha


text:
OTHER COMMON NAMES: FLOWERING ASH, FRESNO
BOTANICAL NAME: Fraxinus cuspidata
PRONUNCIATION: FRAK-suh-nus cus-pi-DA-tah
FAMILY: Oleaceae (Olive Family)
TYPE: Deciduous ornamental tree
HEIGHT: 10 to 20 feet
SPREAD: 8 to 12 feet
FINAL SPACING: 8 to 15 feet
NATURAL HABITAT AND PREFERRED SITE: It grows naturally in the canyons of the Devils and Pecos Rivers along the Rio Grande
in Val Verde County and on the western Edward's Plateau. It primarily grows in the Trans-Pecos and far west Texas on mountain slopes and in canyons, primarily rocky soil conditions.
IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION: Fragrant ash has white flowers that are very fragrant - the only ash with this kind of flowers. It is more shrubby than tree like and has long thin leaflets on compound leaves.
FLOWERS AND FRUIT: Flowers have four white petals that appear as the leaves first emerge in the spring and are born on clusters 3 or 4 inches long. In the spring fragrant ash seem to be completely covered with a white blanket of flowers. Bloom period is generally in the spring from April to May. The fruit is drooping panicles of long samaras on slender stems. The foliage is compound leaves 3 to 6 inches long made up of 5 to 7 leaflets which are delicate and narrow.
BARK: The bark is smooth and white to medium gray. On old trunks the bark starts breaking into short scales and irregular fissures.
CULTURE: Fragrant ash will grow equally well in slightly alkaline limestone soils or slightly acidic igneous soils. It even does well in the heavy black clay soils.
PROBLEMS: Availability in the nursery trade is the biggest problem.
PROPAGATION: Best grown from seed. The seed may be planted in the fall immediately after harvest or in the spring after storing at 41 degrees.
INSIGHT: This gorgeous tree is at least as showy as flowering dogwood and should be planted much more in Texas.


text:
Available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International Licence
The rainwater harvesting pilot project was commissioned by the National Rural Water Monitoring Committee in 2005 to assess the feasibility of supplementing treated mains water used for non-potable purposes. The project involved the design, installation, commissioning and monitoring of rainwater harvesting facilities in a rural housing development in County Carlow and in a 250-acre livestock farm in County Meath. Construction was carried out between 2005-2007.
McCarton, L., O'Hogain, S., Reid, A., McIntyre, N., Pender, J.: Rainwater Harvesting Pilot Project Report. National Rural Water Monitoring Committee, 2009.
National Rural Water Monitoring Committee, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government


text:
Durham, NC — Coyotes today are pint-sized compared to their Ice Age counterparts, finds a new fossil study. Between 11,500 and 10,000 years ago — a mere blink of an eye in geologic terms — coyotes shrunk to their present size. The sudden shrinkage was most likely a response to dwindling food supply and changing interactions with competitors, rather than warming climate, researchers say.
In a paper appearing this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers studied museum collections of coyote skeletons dating from 38,000 years ago to the present day. It turns out that between 11,500 and 10,000 years ago, at the end of a period called the Pleistocene, coyotes in North America suddenly got smaller.
"Pleistocene coyotes probably weighed between 15-25 kilograms, and overlapped in size with wolves. But today the upper limit of a coyote is only around 10-18 kilograms," said co-author Julie Meachen of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center in Durham, North Carolina.
"Within just over a thousand years, they evolved into the smaller coyotes that we have today," she added.
What caused coyotes to shrink? Several factors could explain the shift. One possibility is warming climate, the researchers say. Between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago, global average annual temperatures quickly rose by an average of six degrees. "Things got a long warmer, real fast," Meachen said.
Large animals are predicted to fare worse than small animals when temperatures warm up. To find out if climate played a role in coyotes' sudden shrinkage, Meachen and co-author Joshua Samuels of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument in Oregon measured the relationship between body size and temperature for dozens of Ice Age coyotes, and for coyotes living today, using thigh bone circumference to estimate body size for each individual.
But when they plotted body size against coldest average annual temperature for each animal's location, they found no relationship, suggesting that climate change was unlikely to be the main factor.
If the climate hypothesis is true, then we should see similar changes in other Ice Age carnivores too, Meachen added. The researchers also studied body size over time in the coyote's larger relative, the wolf, but they found that wolf body sizes didn't budge. "We're skeptical that climate change at the end of the Pleistocene was the direct cause of the size shift in coyotes," Meachen said.
Another possibility is that humans played a role. In this view, coyotes may have shrunk over time because early human hunters —believed to have arrived in North America around 13,000 years ago — selectively wiped out the bigger coyotes, or the animals coyotes depended on for food, leaving only the small to survive. Stone tool butchery marks on Ice Age animal bones would provide a clue that human hunters had something to do with it, but the fossil record has turned up too few examples to test the idea. "Human hunting as the culprit is really hard to dispute or confirm because there's so little data," Meachen said.
A third, far more likely explanation, is dwindling food supply and changing interactions with competitors, the researchers say. Just 1000 years before the sudden shrinkage in coyotes, dozens of other species were wiped out in a wave of extinctions that killed off many large mammals in North America. Until then, coyotes lived alongside a great diversity of large prey, including horses, sloths, camels, llamas and bison. "There were not only a greater diversity of prey species, but the species were also more abundant. It was a great food source," Meachen said.
While coyotes survived the extinctions, there were fewer large prey left for them to eat. Smaller individuals that required less food to survive, or could switch to smaller prey, would have had an advantage.
Before the die-off, coyotes also faced stiff competition for food from other large carnivores, including a bigger version of wolves living today called the dire wolf. After bigger carnivores such as dire wolves went extinct, coyotes would have no longer needed their large size to compete with these animals for food.
The findings are important because they show that extinction doesn't just affect the animals that disappear, the researchers say — it has long-term effects on the species that remain as well.
"In a time of increasing loss of biodiversity, understanding the degree to which species interactions drive evolutionary change is important," says Saran Twombly, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Division of Environmental Biology, which supported the research.
"Species interactions are delicate balancing acts. When species go extinct, we see the signature of the effects on the species that remain," Meachen said.
CITATION: Meachen, J. and J. Samuels (2012). "Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent) is a nonprofit science center dedicated to cross-disciplinary research in evolution. Funded by the National Science Foundation, NESCent is jointly operated by Duke University, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University. For more information about research and training opportunities at NESCent, visit _URL_.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Bird Studies Canada – why bother doing the summary if you know more than half the birds are not being collected? Why is the specific data on each projects 'kill' confidential? Do the wind companies own the wildlife here too? Seems like it.
"In Ontario, 1,187 bird carcasses were found, comprising 118 identified species. Passerines were the most common fatality, representing approximately 69% of all bird fatalities in Ontario. The most prevalent passerine species found were: Golden Crowned Kinglet (9.39% of all bird carcasses found), Red-eyed Vireo (6.91%) and Horned Lark (5.39%). Raptors represented 8% of all bird fatalities, with Turkey Vulture (2.29%) and Red-tailed Hawk (3.99%) found most commonly. Gulls represent approximately 2% of all bird fatalities; with Ring-billed Gull (1.59%) the most often reported Gull species. Waterbirds represent approximately 2% of all bird fatalities, with Mallard (1.29%) as the most frequently reported waterbird species.
Table 4 lists the top 20 bird species found during post-construction mortality monitoring at wind power projects in Ontario and the proportion of carcasses found of each species, listed from lowest rank (most prevalent across sites) to highest rank (least commonly found). A full list of fractional rankings by species is available in Appendix 2."
Table 4: The top 20 bird species found at wind power projects in Ontario based on fractional ranking and percent species composition. A full list of fractional rankings by species is available in Appendix 2.
Rank Species % Composition
- Golden-crowned Kinglet 9.39%
- Red-eyed Vireo 6.19%
- Horned Lark 5.39%
- Purple Martin 6.09%
- Tree Swallow 8.79%
"The total number of operating turbines in Ontario as of February 2014 was 1,331 (CanWEA, personal communication) resulting in an estimated mortality of 7,250 bird fatalities (95% confidence interval of 6,236 to 8,265 fatalities) in Ontario between May 1st and October 31st based on February 2014 installed capacity."
"The mortality estimates presented here potentially underestimate true mortality as they are based solely on carcasses that fell within 50 m of the turbine base. It is expected that a certain proportion of birds and bats will fall outside of this radius, and there are several different approaches to quantifying this correction factor as can be inferred based on extrapolation of Figures 11 and 12. Zimmerling et al. (2013) reported that turbine heights were very similar (~80 m) for most turbines installed in Canada as of 2011 and estimated the proportion of carcasses expected to fall outside of 50 m to be up to 51.8% of birds, based on 4 studies that searched a radius up to 85 m. These values were further validated based on a field trial that searched up to 85 m from the turbine base (Zimmerling et al. 2013). Smallwood (2013) found that the proportion of both birds and bats that fell within 50 m of the turbine base varied with turbine height and estimated higher correction factor values for carcasses falling outside of 50 m than Zimmerling et al. 2013. Smallwood (2013) fit a logistic function to carcass distributions, and the proportions of carcasses falling within the search radius were calculated based on a variety of search radius and turbine height combinations. For 80 m turbines, carcasses were expected to fall to a maximum distance of 156 m. These findings indicate that the mortality estimates presented here may underestimate true mortality, but still allow for comparisons amongst sites and regions as long as turbine heights are similar; this is an important consideration for future investigation of landscape level factors and mitigation measures."
Read more here


How to generate the point cloud classification
This process computes a point cloud classification using the densified point cloud that is generated during step 2.Point Cloud and Mesh. Each point is automatically classified in one of the following predefined groups:
 - Ground
 - Road Surface
 - High Vegetation
 - Building
 - Human Made Object
The point cloud classification can be performed:
During processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh
After processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh
In order to perform the point cloud classification while processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh:
 1. On the menu bar, click Process > Processing Options...
 2. Select the processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh.
 3. Select the tab Point Cloud.
 4. In the section Point Cloud Classification, select the box Classify Point Cloudclassify_process_options.jpg
 5. Click OK.
 6. Process step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh.
In order to perform the point cloud classification after processing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh:
 1. On the menu bar, click Process > Run Point Cloud Classification.
Warning: When reprocessing step 2. Point Cloud and Mesh, the existing outputs and all edits will be deleted and overwritten.
The generated point groups can be visualized in the rayCloud and exported in several file formats:
Visualize the point cloud groups
Export the point cloud groups
Visualize the point cloud groups
The Point Groups layer has a Display Properties sub-layer that can be used to select the point groups to be displayed in the rayCloud. To visualize the point groups using the predefined classification colors the Show Class Color option should be enabled from the drop-down list. When the Show Class Color option is not enabled, the selected point groups are displayed with their original colors.
Note: Preselected colors are applied to the predefined point groups. User defined point groups are displayed as white points.
Export the point cloud groups
To export the point groups:
1. On the Menu bar, click View > rayCloud.
2. On the left sidebar, in the Layers section expand the Point Clouds list and right click on the densified point cloud's name to be exported.
3. Click Export Point Cloud...
4. In the Export Point Cloud pop-up that appears, select the point group to be exported.
5. Select the desired format between the following options: LAS, LAZ, PLY, XYZ.
Note: The classification labels are only exported for the LAS and LAZ file formats.
6. On Save As, type the desired file name.
Note: By default, the file is exported in the results folder with the same name as the original point cloud. To avoid overwriting the original point cloud, the name or the destination folder should be changed.
7. Click Browse... to navigate to the path where the point group is saved.
8. Click OK.
The point cloud classification is based on machine learning techniques which require training on labelled data. Both the geometry and the color information are used to assign the points of the densified point cloud in one of the predefined groups. The process performs well for environments similar to the ones of the datasets used for training the algorithm, such as rural, construction and vegetation areas. High vegetation and buildings are well-detected and classified. To learn more about the classification algorithm: Advanced knowledge - Scientific papers.
Depending on the quality of the dataset and the type of terrain, there are areas where the classification is not expected to perform perfectly and there is a need for manual intervention. Mountains, quarries and concrete buildings might need further editing. In the future, more training data will be used to improve the algorithm and give more reliable classification results for different types of projects.
Important: The classification algorithm performs better in projects with a GSD less than 5 cm.
It is possible to edit the point groups to improve the results of the classification. Points can be reallocated among point groups. The points that are erroneously assigned to a point group can be moved to the correct point group using the Edit Densified Point Cloud option: How to edit the point cloud in the rayCloud.
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27 out of 28 found this helpful
Article feedback (for troubleshooting, post here)
 - yang li
 In my cloud point classification,I can get classification.
 i find error in ipx4d note,how to solve it?
 Error loading boosting model file C:/Users/李阳/AppData/Local/Temp/pix4d.P1XkOA/model.lightgbm
 [Error]: Could not load LightGBM model from file: C:/Users/李阳/AppData/Local/Temp/pix4d.P1XkOA/model.lightgbm
 [Error]: Error classifying pointcloud: Error classifying point cloud
 [Error]: Failed to run classification
 By the way,in other time,after run classification,my all points in pointGroups 'Unclassified'，What should i do if I want get right point cloud.
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Yang,
 This issue is related to the project path.
 It seems that the 李阳 name in the path creates the problem. Could you please try to create another project using a different path that does not contain folders having special characters or spaces, such as 李阳?
 I expect the classification to work this way. If not, please let me know to further investigate the issue.
 - yang li
 Hi Blaž,
 Thanks,I have solved this problem.However, the results of point cloud classification are not ideal.If I use point cloud editing in the Raycloud, the workload will be huge. Can I export the original point cloud file of pix4d and try to use other software to classify it?
 Li yang
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 It is possible to export the point cloud and classify it in a third party software. Then you can import external point clouds back into Pix4D and use them for the generation of your DSM, orthomosaic, and all other outputs that are generated in step 3. Read here to learn more about importing an external point cloud into Pix4D for processing.
 - James Scheideler
 Hi, what is the purpose of classifying the point cloud? My end goal is to generate contour lines that accurately represent my job site. When I classify the point cloud I notice that it tries to distinguish between man made and natural features among other things. Sometimes it is correct and other times it gets things wrong, but does it affect the contours? Is it worth fixing? What is the purpose of this? Thanks
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Keep in mind that the contour lines can be generated based on the DTM or DSM and in case that you want the contour lines to represent the "ground level", we recommend using the point cloud classification.
 The results of the point cloud classification are used for the DTM generation during step 3.DSM, Orthomosaic and Index.
 This means that the purpose of point cloud classification is to automatically assign points to predetermined groups. Out of these groups (Ground, Road Surface, High Vegetation, Building, Human Made Object), only the Ground and Road Surface groups are preserved in the DTM. To improve the DTM, all the terrain points should be assigned to one of these point groups. To manually move points between the automatically generated point groups, the Edit Densified Point Cloud option can be used: How to edit the point cloud in the rayCloud.
 - Aaron Meyer
 Thank you for the helpful videos and instructions. I have some questions regarding the processing the point cloud classification:
 The help article discusses the machine-learning to better classify the point clouds.
 1. Is this something that is learned by my computer as I reclassify points in the ray cloud?
 2. Is it possible to fine tune using pixel color? I have a lot of areas that are dirt (light brown) and it is classifying these points as roads (light grey).
 3. Is there a way to save the changes made to the classification of points? I had changed a lot of points, but then it was necessary (because of another issue) to re-run step 2 processing which removed all of the work done to the point cloud.
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Arron, I am glad you were able to find information in the videos and instructions.
 As for the question:
 1. At the moment, the local reclassification is not used for learning the model and it will not influence further classifications.
 2. As mentioned in the Classification of aerial photogrammetric 3D point clouds scientific paper, our approach exploits both geometric and color information to classify individual points.
 3. The results of the classification will be lost when running Step 2. A workaround would be to export a classified point cloud prior to rerunning Step 2.
 - Corey Passlow
 Good Afternoon,
 Is it possible to create a Grid DSM of only the "Ground" and "Road" point classifications?
 - Blaž (Pix4D)
 Hi Corey,
 When generating Grid DSM all points are taken into account regardless of which point class they belong to.
 We find your need very relevant and will investigate further what could be done to cover the workflow you mention. We are


text:
given object. This is the most standard way to call a member function.
(->> object member): This construct can be used to get the procedure associated with the given member.
(procedure? (->> object member))will be true.
(member object arg1...): This construct can be used to call a member function of a given object, after the member function has been made 'generic', using
def-generic member); it transforms into
(-> object member arg1...).
(-> this member arg1...): This construct can be used to call a member function from within an object. Use it to call a member as if it was called from outside of the object.
(-> supers member arg1...): This construct can be used to call a member of the object its'super' objects.
(member arg1...): Use this construct to call a member function in the current object ('class closure'), e.g.:
(def-class (this (operation2 _a _b)) (supers) (private (define a _a) (define b _b)) (public (define (operation2 a b) 'nil) (define (calculate) (-> this operation2 a b)) (define (calcthis) (operation2 a b))) (constructor)) (def-class (this (add a b)) (supers (operation2 a b)) (private) (public (define (operation2 a b) (+ a b))) (constructor)) > (define a (add 3 4)) > (-> a calculate) 7 > (-> a calcthis) nil >
operation2in the current closure context.
Accessing member variables
Public member variables can only be accessed from the outside as if they were member functions. E.g.:
(def-class (this (sample _a)) (supers) (private) (public (define a _a) (define (x2) (set! a (* a a)) (- a 1))) (constructor)) >(define obj (sample 4)) >(-> obj a) 4 >(-> obj a 20) 20 >(-> obj a) 20 >(-> obj x2) 399 >(-> obj a) 400
From within the current closure, a member function can use the member variable
as if it were a standard variable. This is illustrated in the previous
sample, using the
x2 member function.
def-generic, a macro can be defined, that wraps
-> macro. For example:
(def-generic x2) (def-generic a mem-a) >(mem-a obj 3) 3 >(x2 obj) 8 >(mem-a obj) 9
def-generic with one argument
arg1, a macro is defined,
that calls a member function that is named after
def-generic with two arguments
macro is defined with name
arg2, that calls member function
The ROOS API
obj is an instantiated Roos object;
var is a Roos class definition;
(class=? obj class)
Given an object
obj and a class-name
class, which must be a symbol or
the defined function for the class, determines if
obj is of type
If any super of
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this function returns
(object? obj) and
(or (symbol? class) (procedure? class)).
_TAG_, if the given object
obj has been explicitly cleaned up.
Returns the tree of classes of which a object is made of. E.g., for
> (class a) (add (operation2))
(->> obj function)
This construct is used to retreive a specific member function from an object. Using this construct can speed up things considerably (about a factor 2 for calling overhead).
(roos-id obj) : number
Returns the id of the given object.
cleanup member of
obj (without arguments), if it exists,
obj has been invalidated, it cannot
be used anymore. Example:
(def-class (this (class-a a)) (supers) (private (define counter a)) (public (define (cl) this) (define var (* a a)) (define (inc b) (set! counter (+ counter b))) (define (get) counter) (define (count) (begin (-> this inc 1) (inc 2)))) (constructor (set! counter (* counter counter))) (explicit-cleanup (display "class-a says HI! - ")(display counter)(newline))) >(define a (class-a 32)) >a _TAG_ >(-< a) class-a says HI! - 1024 >a _TAG_ >(-> a get) ROOS:c-roos-call-member object has been invalidated (argument 0) >(roos-invalid? a) _TAG_
Is equivalent to
(-> obj function...)
Is used to call member functions.
(roos-dispatch obj symbol-for-member. args)
This function is used to dynamic dispatching of members. The member is provided as a symbol.
(roos-add-proxy obj obj-to-proxy-for) : obj
This will add all public members of
obj-to-proxy-for to the proxy
obj. If a given member cannot be found in the object
itself, it will be searched in the proxy classes.
(named-argument name:symbol arguments:list [default-value])
Can be used to get a named value from an argument list. Example:
>(named-argument 'text (list 'text "3" 'number 42) "no") "3" >(named-argument 'test (list 'text "3" 'number 42) "no") "no" >(named-argument 'test (list 'text "3" 'number 42)) _TAG_ >(named-argument 'yes (list 'text "3" 'number 42 'yes) '%noyes) '%roos-exists >(named-argument 'yes (list 'text "3" 'number 42 'yes 'nopo 665) '%noyes) 'nopo (define (f. args) (if (eq? (named-argument'mandatory-argument args 'undef) 'undef) (error "He, you're missing a mandatory argument!") _TAG_))
Note: If you are only interested if a certain named argument is there, i.e., you're using it as a kind of flag, you best test for a value as follows:
>(named-argument 'text (list 'text "3" 'number 42) "no") "3" >(named-argument 'test (list 'text "3" 'number 42) "no") "no" >(let* ((args (list 'a (list 2 43 1) 'flag 'flag1 'flag3)) (flag1 (named-argument 'flag1 args '%flag-not-there)) (flag2 (named-argument 'flag2 args '%flag-not-there))) (set! flag1 (not (eq? flag1 '%flag-not-there))) (set! flag2 (not (eq? flag2 '%flag-not-there))) (display (format "flag1=~a ~%" flag1)) (display (format "flag2=~a ~%" flag2)) (list flag1 flag2)) flag1=_TAG_ flag2=_TAG_ (_TAG_ _TAG_) >
(=> name:symbol arguments:list [default-value])
named-argument. This alias to
is in a remote way analogue to the perl way to do named arguments.
(c) 2005 Hans Oesterholt-Dijkema. Distributed undef LGPL. Contact: send email to hans in domain elemental-programming.org. Homepage: _URL_.
$Id: roos_manual.pod,v 1.4 2006/05/20 12:18:45 hoesterholt Exp $


exergonic reaction
n=1
a: Exergonic reaction ~
b: riding a bike a down hill
What:
No external pushing is needed for a bike to roll down hill. Contrast this with a endergonic reaction which is sorta like riding a bike up a hill. Riding a bike up a hill takes ALOT of energy from the person riding the bike.
Useful?
Writer: Not Stated
LCC:
Where: Reference Link Has Evaporated
Date: Feb 13 2015 11:28 AM
Green Venn Diagram
METAMIA is a free database of analogy and metaphor. Anyone can contribute or search. The subject matter can be anything. Science is popular, but poetry is encouraged. The goal is to integrate our fluid muses with the stark literalism of a relational database. Metamia is like a girdle for your muses, a cognitive girdle.


text:
Useful e-Connect and LightwaveRF Lighting integrations
Triggers (If this)
- Device enabledThis trigger fires when a device is enabled
- Light switched onThis trigger fires whenever a light is switched on.
- Device disabledThis trigger fires when a device is disabled.
- Light switched offThis trigger fires whenever a light is switched off.
- Panel armedThis trigger fires when the panel is armed.
- Panel disarmedThis trigger fires when the panel is disarmed.
- Sector armedThis trigger fires when a sector is armed.
- Sector disarmedThis trigger fires when a sector is disarmed.
Actions (Then that)
- Turn on lightThis Action will switch on your light.
- Enable deviceThis action will enable a device.
- Turn off lightThis Action will switch off your light.
- Disable deviceThis action will disable a device.
- Dim a lightThis Action will set a dim level on your light.
- Arm the panelThis action will arm the panel
- Lock lightThis Action will lock a device, preventing use of the physical buttons on the device.
- Set temperatureThis action will set the temperature of a chronothermostat.
- Unlock a lightThis Action will unlock a light, allowing use of the physical buttons on the device.
- Fully lock a lightThis Action will fully lock a light, preventing both the use of physical buttons and radio control of the device.
IFTTT helps all your apps and devices work better together


action in the same way as it would be for an assertion. If the action does not have support, then Pfc trys each of the methods it knows to undo the action until one of them succeeds.
In fact, in Pfc, one declares an action as undoable just by defining a method to accomplish the undoing. This is done via the predicate pfcUndo/2. The predicate pfcUndo(A1,A2) is true if executing A2 is a possible way to undo the execution of A1. For example, we might want to couple an assertional representation of a set of graph nodes with a graphical display of them through the use of Pfc rules:
at(N,XY) => {displayNode(N,XY)}.
arc(N1,N2) => {displayArc(N1,N2}.
For more information
Contact Tim finin,


text:
Comparison of a low-cost magneto-inductive magnetometer with a proton magnetometer: a case study on the Galali iron ore deposit in western Iran
The proton magnetometers, also known as the proton precession magnetometers, are among the most widely used instruments for magnetometry surveys, owing to their high resolution which is about 0.01 nT. As the economically attractive ferromagnetic deposits generate a magnetic field anomaly which exceeds 100 nT, this resolution is not needed for detecting such large signals. The recently introduced magneto-inductive technology has led to the development of a low-cost magnetometer that can measure the ground magnetic field up to a resolution of around 10 nT. These magnetometers are inexpensive, come in a very small size, and are lightweight compared to the more common magnetometers such as the proton precession type. In this research, a low-cost magneto-inductive sensor and a highly precise proton magnetometer are simultaneously utilized at the same profiles on the Galali iron ore deposit in the northwest of Iran. The discrepancy of two measurements is less than 400 nT, often less than 100 nT, while the changes in the total magnetic field on this anomaly are around 7500 nT, which is 11 times larger than the maximum difference between the two measurements. In addition, the value of the regression coefficient between the two measurements for all profiles is more than 0.97. Also, the slope of the fitted line for the two measurements for all profiles is close to one. These results demonstrate the applicability of the new low-cost magneto-inductive sensor in magnetic prospecting.


text:
- Urban Nation
- May 12, 2022
Museum for Urban Contemporary Art
Museum Opening Hours:
Bülowstrasse 7, 10783 Berlin, Germany
With the Fresh A.I.R. program, the Stiftung Berliner Leben awards (Artist-In-Residence) grants to European artists who deal with socio-political and urban issues. The funding enables the scholarship recipients to absorb new inspiration during their stay and develop their artistic skills further while being integrated into Berlin's cultural life. At the same time, the artists give Berlin residents insight into their perspectives and skills, during workshops and events.
Search Artists via the Urban Nation Street Art MapSearch


text:
Support Fabric Conservation Method.
This conservation method is used where areas of the textiles background are missing or fragile. It gives the textile stability and prevents further unraveling. After selecting and dying appropriate material, the fabric is attached to the back, and reinforced around the perimeter of the damaged area. When there are loose sections or threads of the textile, these too are secured to the patch.


My paper "Diagrammatic time-local master equation for open quantum systems" is out in Phys Rev A.
We all know that an isolated quantum system is governed by the Schodinger equation. However, in real world, a quantum system is always interacting with the surrounding (possibly macroscopic) environment. Such unavoidable interactions are an essential ingredient that contributes to the fact that we are living in a classical world.
Unfortunately, we typically are not able to follow the dynamics for the full system+environment considering the environment may consist of hundreds of degrees of freedom. In many cases, we are only interested in the primary system instead of the environment, we can focus on the reduced density matrix of the system only. The important question is then: How do we describe the evolution of the reduced density matrices?
In this manuscript, I introduce single Feynman diagrams and rules to directly write down the exact time-local master equation for a general open quantum system interacting with an arbitrary environment.
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1. Introduction
Scala has several data structures to support lazy operations: StreamIterator, and ViewThese collections are non-strict because all computations on them are deferred. In this tutorial, we'll discuss the use cases and features of these collections.
2. Lazy and Strict Collections
When we're dealing with strict collections (such as ListSetMap), all transformations of the elements are computed at once we can verify it by the assertion:
val list = List(1, 2, 3)
list.map(_ * 2) shouldBe List(2, 4, 6))
On the other hand, there are lazy collections (such as Stream) that allow transformations of the elements without immediate computations:
val stream = Stream(1, 2, 3)
stream.map(_ * 2) // scala.collection.immutable.Stream[Int] = Stream(2, )
In this case, the tail of the stream is not yet computed until we reference it.
3. Iterator
Iterator is a trait in Scala to access sequential elements one by one. We can obtain an iterator for any collection since all Scala collections extend the IterableOnce trait which defines an abstract method iterator: Iterator[A]:
val list = List(1, 2, 3)
val it: Iterator[Int] = list.iterator
The main methods of the Iterator are hasNext and next which shifts the value of the iterator to the next value. There are also a few methods of collections available for Iterator, such as foreachmapflatMapfilter. However, it's important that in some cases, Iterator will behave differently. For example, applying of foreach to the Iterator will change it, and the call itr.next will lead to NoSuchElementException because the iterator is empty:
val itr = Iterator(1, 2, 3)
itr foreach println
Meanwhile, we don't change an Iterator when we transform it:
val itr = Iterator(1, 2, 3)
val itrUpdated = itr.map(_ * 5)
itr.next shouldBe 5
We get the value of Iterator above only when we reference it (lazy execution):
val itrUpdated: Iterator[Int] =
We can access only subsequent values of the Iterator via next, and we can't access values which Iterator has already traversed.
4. Stream (LazyList)
Unlike IteratorStream (deprecated since 2.13.0 in favor of LazyList) is a collection. Actually, Stream is a List whose tail is a lazy val:
val stream: Stream[Int] = Stream(1, 2, 3)
stream.head shouldBe 1
In the example above, only the head of the Stream is computed.
Unlike the Iterator Stream allows to access previously computed values and coming values via index:
stream(0) shouldBe 1
stream(1) shouldBe 2
We can also construct a Stream via the #:: operator in a way similar to the construction of a List via the :: operator:
val stream = 1 #:: 2 #:: 3 #:: Stream.empty
Unless we iterate through the Stream, the elements of that Stream will never be computed. For example, we can safely implement recursive algorithms which cause a stack overflow in case of strict collections, such as in the factorial example:
def factorial(a: Int, b: Int): Stream[Int] = a #:: factorial(a*(b+1), b+1)
val factorials7: Stream[Int] = factorial(1, 1).take(7)
val factorialsList = factorials7.toList // List(1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040)
We will get a stack overflow error if we implement the same factorial method for strict collection, such as List. It's important to note that the Stream's laziness doesn't matter when we need to access all elements of the Stream immediately (unlike applying of mapflatMapfilter methods):
stream.size shouldBe 3
5. View
The View is a special kind of collection in Scala that takes a base collection and executes transformer methods on that collection lazily. We can turn every Scala collection into a lazy representation and back via the view method.
Here's how we apply view on the List to get scala.collection.SeqView[Int]:
val list = List(1, 2, 3)
val listView = list.view
In this instance, calling list.view creates a new collection of type SeqView[Int]. We usually use Views when we need to avoid overhead with intermediate collections to increase performance. It is especially important when operations on collection cannot be combined at once. In the example above, we're not interested in the result of mapping the collection by (_ * 2), and we need only the final collection of strings:
(list.view.map(_ * 2).map(_.toString)).force
The call of force will create a collection back from View.
When we're dealing with some large set of data, we can consider using the collection view. For example, we want to check if the data set of strings contains some word:
val listOfWords = loadListOfWords("myList.txt")
val occurence = "Scala"
val hasOccurence = (listOfWords: Iterable[String]) => listOfWords.exists(_ == occurrence)
Then if we call hasOccurence on the listOfWords.view, we don't operate with the whole list of words and stop when the occurrence is found:
val res = hasOccurence(listOfWords.view)
It's also important to note that we should be careful when we use views with side effects because side effects will not be computed until we force it:
def printer = println(System.currentTimeMillis())
val printView: SeqView[Unit, Seq[_]] = List.range(0, 10).view.map(_ => printer)
6. Conclusion
In this article, we met IteratorStream, and View to deal with lazy calculations in Scala.
As usual, these examples are available over on GitHub.
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Main Content
Correct Phase and Frequency Offset for 16-QAM Using Coarse and Fine Synchronization
Compensation of significant phase and frequency offsets for a 16-QAM signal in an AWGN channel is accomplished in two steps. First, correct the coarse frequency offset using the estimate provided by the coarse frequency compensator, and then fine-tune the correction using carrier synchronization. Because of the coarse frequency correction, the carrier synchronizer converges quickly even though the normalized bandwidth is set to a low value. Lower normalized bandwidth values enable better correction for small residual carrier offsets. After applying phase and frequency offset corrections to the received signal, resolve phase ambiguity using the preambles.
Define the simulation parameters.
fs = 10000; % Sample rate (Hz)
sps = 4; % Samples per symbol
M = 16; % Modulation order
k = log2(M); % Bits per symbol
rng(1996) % Set seed for repeatable results
barker = comm.BarkerCode(...
 'Length',13,'SamplesPerFrame',13); % For preamble
msgLen = 1e4;
numFrames = 10;
frameLen = msgLen/numFrames;
Generate data payloads and add the preamble to each frame. The preamble is later used for phase ambiguity resolution.
preamble = (1+barker())/2; % Length 13, unipolar
data = zeros(msgLen, 1);
for idx = 1 : numFrames
 payload = randi([0 M-1],frameLen-barker.Length,1);
 data((idx-1)*frameLen + (1:frameLen)) = [preamble; payload];
Create a System object for the transmit pulse shape filtering, the receive pulse shape filtering, the QAM coarse frequency compensation, the carrier synchronization, and a constellation diagram.
txFilter = comm.RaisedCosineTransmitFilter(...
rxFilter = comm.RaisedCosineReceiveFilter(...
coarse = comm.CoarseFrequencyCompensator('SampleRate',fs,...
fine = comm.CarrierSynchronizer(...
 'DampingFactor',0.4,'NormalizedLoopBandwidth',0.001,...
axislimits = [-6 6];
constDiagram = comm.ConstellationDiagram('ReferenceConstellation',qammod(0:M-1,M),...
 'ChannelNames',{'Before convergence','After convergence'},...
Also create a System object for the AWGN channel, and the phase and frequency offset to add impairments to the signal. A phase offset greater than 90 degrees is added to induce a phase ambiguity that results in a constellation quadrant shift.
ebn0 = 8;
freqoffset = 110;
phaseoffset = 110;
awgnChannel = comm.AWGNChannel('EbNo',ebn0,...
pfo = comm.PhaseFrequencyOffset('FrequencyOffset',freqoffset,...
Generate random data symbols, apply 16-QAM modulation, and pass the modulated signal through the transmit pulse shaping filter.
txMod = qammod(data,M);
txSig = txFilter(txMod);
Apply phase and frequency offsets using the pfo System object, and then pass the signal through an AWGN channel to add white Gaussian noise.
txSigOffset = pfo(txSig);
rxSig = awgnChannel(txSigOffset);
The coarse frequency compensator System object provides a rough correction for the frequency offset. For the conditions in this example, correcting the frequency offset of the received signal correction to within 10 Hz of the transmitted signal is sufficient.
syncCoarse = coarse(rxSig);
Pass the signal through the receive pulse shaping filter, and apply fine frequency correction.
rxFiltSig = fine(rxFilter(syncCoarse));
Display the constellation diagram of the first and last 1000 symbols in the signal. Before convergence of the synchronization loop, the spiral nature of the diagram indicates that the frequency offset is not corrected. After the carrier synchronizer has converged to a solution, the symbols are aligned with the reference constellation.
constDiagram([rxFiltSig(1:1000) rxFiltSig(9001:end)])
Figure Constellation Diagram contains an axes and other objects of type uiflowcontainer, uimenu, uitoolbar. The axes contains 3 objects of type line. These objects represent Before convergence, After convergence.
Demodulate the signal. Account for the signal delay caused by the transmit and receive filters to align the received data with the transmitted data. Compute and display the total bit errors and BER. When checking the bit errors, use the later portion of the received signal to be sure the synchronization loop has converged.
rxData = qamdemod(rxFiltSig,M);
delay = (txFilter.FilterSpanInSymbols + rxFilter.FilterSpanInSymbols) / 2;
idxSync = 2000; % Check BER for the received signal after the synchronization loop has converged
[syncDataTtlErr,syncDataBER] = biterr(data(idxSync:end-delay),rxData(idxSync+delay:end))
syncDataTtlErr = 16116
syncDataBER = 0.5042
Depending on the random data used, there may be bit errors resulting from phase ambiguity in the received signal after the synchronization loop converges and locks. In this case, you can use the preamble to determine and then remove the phase ambiguity from the synchronized signal to reduce bit errors. If phase ambiguity is minimal, the number of bit errors may be unchanged.
idx = 9000 + (1:barker.Length);
phOffset = angle(txMod(idx).* conj(rxFiltSig(idx+delay)));
phOffsetEst = mean(phOffset);
disp(['Phase offset = ',num2str(rad2deg(phOffsetEst)),' degrees'])
Phase offset = -90.1401 degrees
resPhzSig = exp(1i*phOffsetEst) * rxFiltSig;
Demodulate the signal after resolving the phase ambiguity. Recompute the total bit errors and BER.
resPhzData = qamdemod(resPhzSig,M);
[resPhzTtlErr,resPhzBER] = biterr(data(idxSync:end-delay),resPhzData(idxSync+delay:end))
resPhzTtlErr = 5
resPhzBER = 1.5643e-04


text:
N7: Endangered Research Station
- Edit source
- View history
Scans indicate a research station on planet [sic] Sinmara ( Solveig system , Caleston Rift ) is in danger of eradication by deadly radiation coming from the unstable local sun. If the station's protective magnetic shield were reactivated, it could survive the solar storms.
- 1 Acquisition
- 2.1 Puzzle description
- 2.2 Puzzle solution
- 3 Mission Summary
Acquisition [ ]
The assignment can be acquired when Solveig becomes open for access after the mission on the seemingly empty Collector Cruiser . Note: If the Firewalker Pack is installed and the M-44 Hammerhead is already retrieved, Solveig becomes available as early as after the mission on Horizon .
Scanning Surtur 's moon Sinmara uncovers an anomaly. Surtur is the first planet from the star.
A beacon broadcasts:
"Magnetic shielding failure detected. Catastrophic solar radiation exposure probable."
Pinpointing the anomaly reveals:
"ANOMALY DETECTED Planetary scans indicate that the Sinmara colony is vulnerable to its sun's hazardous solar flares. Malfunction detected in colony's magnetic shield. Shield must be reactivated to avoid exposing colony to unstable solar activity and potential annihilation."
25 May 2021
20 March 2017
Walkthrough [ ]
This mission involves no combat, and there is nothing hazardous except a few explosive crates at the landing zone. Shepard lands without any squad members at the magnetic shield generator.
The only loot in the area is 2,000 units of palladium . It can be salvaged from a broken generator on the left side of the walkway to the controls for the shield.
Bypassing the station central command terminal gives access to the necessary part of the station to do the repairs. To complete the repairs, you'll have to solve a sort of "puzzle".
Puzzle description [ ]
There's 4 components involved:
- A control switch (just in front of you, as you go up the stairs)
- A cooling unit (to your left, at the 9 o'clock position)
- A shield control unit (several paces in front of you, at the 12 o'clock position)
- A shield generator (to your right, at the 3 o'clock position)
The control switch controls which of the other three Shepard can activate. The 3 main components are connected to the control switch via a pipe on the floor. The pipe that is illuminated yellow will tell you which device the control switch is currently active. Control switches happen in clockwise order, i.e. if you're currently connected to the cooling unit, and you use the control switch once, you'll be now controlling the shield control unit. You can only "use"/turn on the unit that the control switch is connected to. Switching the control unit to a different device will NOT disable that device.
The puzzle is not timed at all, but you must complete the steps in the order they're described.
Puzzle solution [ ]
Use the control switch twice to switch power to the cooling unit, then turn the cooling unit on.
Next, use the control switch to switch power to shield generator and turn that on.
Finally, use the control switch to switch power to the shield control and bypass it. The "found credits" mentioned in the mission summary are automatically added at the end of the assignment.
Mission Summary [ ]
Restored magnetic shield, keeping Sinmara colony safe from catastrophic solar activity.
Credits reward transferred from Sinmara colonists.
- Experience reward: 125 (156)
- Cerberus Funding: 3,750
- Credits Found: 3,750
- Palladium: 2,000
- Sinmara is erroneously referred to as a planet in the assignment objective text when it is actually a moon. Although the moon has no atmosphere according to its info page, the assignment takes place in an environment with a hazy orange atmosphere and clouds. The atmosphere is not present in Mass Effect Legendary Edition .
- 3 Romance (Mass Effect: Andromeda)
This page of IGN's Mass Effect wiki guide is all about the Sol system in the Local Cluster, including all Discoveries in the system as well as maps for any ships and Uncharted Worlds you can explore in the Mako.
Sadly, there's no Discoveries to be made in the Sol system.
Luna is the moon of the third planet, Earth, and is where you can complete the UNC: Rogue VI Assignment. Once again, this only unlocks after you reach Level 20 and travel to a new cluster, upon which Admiral Hackett will give you the Assignment.
- UNC: Rogue VI
Up Next: Maroon Sea
Top guide sections.
- Legendary Edition Changes
- Tips and Tricks
- How-To Guides
Was this guide helpful?
In this guide.


Stencil object
Official Content
This documentation is valid for:
Defines a design composed of UI controls (without associated code) to be reused in different objects.
Description
Stencils allow you to create compositions of UI controls to be able to define designs (without associated code) that can be reused in different objects.
They integrate the work of designers and developers and allow sharing designs (reuse them "as a unit" in different objects, export them, etc.).
You can even define several Stencils that have the same controls but are distributed or presented in different ways, and this allows you to keep the same design in different objects but with variants.
Surely, they help you to define standards and add consistency, simplifying the implementation of Design Systems.
Below is described how Stencils can help you:
1. Reuse the visual design of a table control in multiple panels by wrapping it as a Stencil.
Consider the BitBitNews application, which manages and shows articles about cryptocurrencies as well as the latest valuations.
It contains the following Transactions:
Coin
{
 CoinId*
 CoinName
 CoinCode
 CoinImage
 CoinCurrentPrice
 CoinCurrentTrend
}
Article
{
 ArticleId*
 ArticleTitle
 ArticleImage
}
and two Panels for Smart Devices: Coins and News.
At runtime the panels will look as follows:
Stencils_Image0
The blue frames in the panels point out a design that is desired to be always reused to show the coins (a coin image followed by its code: Stencils_Image1).
Initially, the News Panel for Smart Devices (whose object name in the KB is: ListArticles) is designed as shown below:
Stencils_Image2
The table that contains a coin code and a coin image (in this particular case the two controls that show the data are elements of an item collection variable which have been loaded with a certain logic) can be reused in other objects with the same design. So, it makes sense to wrap the table as a Stencil. To achieve this, right-click on the table and in the contextual menu select: Wrap as New Stencil.
Then, the following dialog is opened to enter a name for the new Stencil:
Stencils_Image3
After assigning a name to the Stencil and pressing the Create button, the Stencil will be created as a new object:
Stencils_Image4
You can make any change in the ShowCoin Stencil object (colors, controls movements, settings, etc.). Once saved, the changes will be reflected in the object that contains the Stencil (the ListArticles panel).
Even, to make the Stencil more generic, you can replace the &Categories.item(0).CoinCode variable with a new scalar variable (i.e. &CoinCode). Likewise, you can replace the &Categories.item(0).CoinImage variable with a new scalar variable (i.e. &CoinImage):
Stencils_Image5
Now suppose you remove the label associated with the image in the Stencil object:
Stencils_Image6
As already explained, appearance changes made to a Stencil object, are applied to the objects that contain the Stencil. So, the ListArticles panel does not show the label anymore:
Stencils_Image7
On the other hand, notice that the original variables were not changed in the panel, that is to say, the ListArticles panel still contains the original variables (and of course the logic that was defined for it). Other panels could share the same Stencil to inherit the layout, and you may replace these two controls, for example, by attributes.
What is applied and reused is the Stencil appearance.
When a second panel includes the Stencil, and the two controls are replaced by two attributes, it is probably unnecessary to define logic associated with that data load. The Stencil has nothing to do with the logic defined in the object.
Even though the layout and the appearance properties now can only be changed in the ShowCoin Stencil and not in the ListArticles panel (the panel layout shows the Stencil with gray color), while positioned on the Stencil in the panel, you can quickly access the Stencil object by right-clicking and selecting in the context menu: Open Referenced Stencil.
Stencils_Image8
Finally, to reflect the exact design that must be shown at runtime, in the Stencil object, let's swap the image with the code:
Stencils_Image9
and the ListArticles panel "receives" the corresponding update.
Now, suppose that another panel (ListCoins) is defined as shown below:
Stencils_Image10
The ShowCoin Stencil must be inserted in the grid on the left, because the coin image and the coin code must be shown with the standard design, being the first data to be shown for each line.
You can drag it into the grid from the KB Explorer or from the Stencils window(*). After that, you only need to select each control of the ShowCoin Stencil and replace each suggested variable with the corresponding attribute (&CoinImage must be replaced with CoinImage, and &CoinCode must be replaced by CoinCode):
Stencils_Image12
Note: As you may have noticed, in the first panel (ListArticles) the Stencil is inside a Flex Grid (which presents the data in a horizontal line) while in the second panel (ListCoins) the Stencil is inside a Standard Grid.
Watch Video (49s)
Another possibility to create a Stencil object is directly by selecting in the main GeneXus Menu: File > New > Object. After created, as mentioned above, to include it in some object you only have to drag it from the KB Explorer or from the Stencils window(*).
A Stencil object will always contain variables. This is because a Stencil hasn't got navigation nor a logic defined. So, if a Stencil is created from a Panel with attributes, when you save the Stencil the attributes are converted to variables. Also, if you create a new Stencil directly, it is reasonable to use variables.
2. Swapping Stencils that contain the same controls.
Stencils can also be used to quickly change between alternative designs.
Suppose you continue working with the same Knowledge Base. Now suppose you are asked to modify the design of the coin by showing the coin image below the coin code:
Stencils_Image14
Instead of editing the ShowCoin Stencil you can save it as another Stencil object and update the second one to keep both design alternatives:
Stencils_Image15
As both Stencils contain the same controls, from an object that contains one of them, you can swap it with the other (or with any other defined that contains the same controls).
So, open for example the ListCoins panel and select the ShowCoin Stencil control. After that, search in the Stencils window(*) the ShowCoin_TitleTopImageBottom and press its SWAP button:
Stencils_Image16
Thus, the referenced Stencil is the one you have chosen, and the design has changed accordingly:
Stencils_Image17
Note: You can decide to use the new Stencil only to show the coins in that way in that object, or in certain objects, or in all objects that show coins since coherence is maintained. The two Stencils correspond to the same concept of a coin, with two alternative designs.
3. Design for both Web and Smart Devices while maintaining conceptual unity.
When designing an app for both Web and Smart Devices, there are some visual elements across both platforms that are conceptually the same, even if they have to be designed differently. To take this into account, Stencils contain two layouts, one for Smart Devices and another one for the Web.
For instance, in the BitBitNews Knowledge Base, the ShowCoin Stencil was designed for SD, but it offers a combo as the image shows, to switch between the layouts for SD and Web to edit both:
Stencils_Image20
The layouts need to be edited separately because, even if they look the same at runtime, they use different design properties and might contain different controls.
If being in a Web Panel object you open a Stencil by selecting Open Referenced Stencil, it takes you directly to its Web layout. In the same way, if being in a Panel object you open a Stencil by selecting Open Referenced Stencil, it takes you directly to its SD layout.
Also, if you drag a Stencil from the KB Explorer or the Stencils Windows to a Web Panel object, the Stencil Web layout will be inserted. On the other hand, if you drag a Stencil to a Panel object the Stencil SD layout will be inserted.
Recommendation: When you open the Stencil object, observe in which tab you are positioned before making changes.
(*) You can open the Stencils window by selecting in the main GeneXus Menu: View > Other Tool Windows.
Availability
This feature is available as of GeneXus 15 upgrade 12
Scope
Objects Panel for Smart Devices, Web Panels, Work With for Smart Devices
Controls Compositions of controls inside a table
Platforms Web (.NET,Java), Smart Devices (iOS, Android)
Videos
Start Video Stencil