A Tire Should Always Be Inspected Only Externally.
Tires are an essential component of any vehicle. They provide the necessary grip and stability for safe driving. As a responsible driver, it is crucial to ensure that your tires are in good condition. One common belief is that tire inspection should be limited only to external checks. But is that all there is to it? In this article, we will delve into the topic of tire inspections and explore whether or not they should be limited solely to external examination.
**Should a Tire Always be Inspected Only Externally?**
No, a tire should not always be inspected only externally. While external inspections are undoubtedly important, they do not reveal the entire picture. To ensure optimal tire health and safety, both external and internal aspects require evaluation. Let's explore the various aspects of tire inspections in detail.
External Tire Inspection
The first step in tire inspection is examining the external surface. This involves visual checks for any signs of wear and tear, such as cuts, bulges, or punctures. A tire with external damage can pose a significant risk, leading to blowouts or reduced traction. It is essential to inspect the tread depth as well. A worn-out tread indicates the need for tire replacement.
Internal Tire Inspection
While external inspection covers the visible aspects, an internal inspection is equally important. An internal inspection involves examining the tire's internal structure, such as the sidewalls and belts. This is typically done by a trained professional using specialized equipment. Inflating the tire and submerging it in water can also reveal any hidden leaks or damage. Internal inspections help identify potential issues that may not be visible on the surface.
Reasons for Internal Tire Inspections
1. **Safety**: Internal tire damage, such as separated belts or sidewall cracks, can compromise the tire's structural integrity. These issues may not be apparent during external inspections and could result in tire failure while driving.
2. **Prevention of Tire Failures**: Regular internal inspections can detect early signs of potential failures, allowing for timely repairs or replacements. This proactive approach helps prevent accidents due to tire blowouts or loss of control.
3. **Enhanced Tire Performance**: Internal inspections can uncover hidden damage or wear that may impact the tire's performance. Addressing these issues promptly can improve the overall performance and longevity of the tire.
Tire Inspection Frequency
The frequency of tire inspections depends on various factors, including driving conditions and individual driving habits. However, it is generally recommended to inspect tires at least once a month. This includes both external and internal evaluations, whether done personally or by a professional.
Signs That Indicate the Need for Tire Inspection
In addition to regular inspections, drivers should pay attention to certain signs that may indicate the need for immediate tire inspection. These signs include:
1. **Vibration**: Excessive vibration while driving could suggest an issue with tire balance, alignment, or internal damage.
2. **Uneven Tread Wear**: Uneven tread wear is often an indication of incorrect tire alignment, inflation, or suspension problems. It is crucial to identify and address the underlying cause promptly.
3. **Prolonged Air Loss**: If a tire consistently loses air pressure, it could be due to a puncture or valve stem leak. This should be inspected to prevent further damage or unsafe driving conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: Can I inspect my tires myself?
A: Yes, you can perform basic visual inspections yourself, checking for signs of wear, cuts, or bulges. However, it is advisable to have a professional perform comprehensive inspections, including internal checks.
Q: Can my tires be repaired if internal damage is found?
A: It depends on the extent and location of the damage. Some internal damages can be repaired, while others may require tire replacement. Consult a professional tire technician for an accurate assessment.
Q: How can I extend the lifespan of my tires?
A: Regular maintenance, including proper inflation, alignment, and rotation, can help extend the lifespan of your tires. Additionally, avoiding harsh driving conditions and avoiding overloading the vehicle can also contribute to tire longevity.
Final Thoughts
While external tire inspections are undoubtedly crucial, limiting inspections solely to the external surface can lead to overlooking potential internal issues. To ensure the utmost safety and optimal tire performance, regular inspections should include both external and internal evaluations. Keeping your tires in good condition through comprehensive inspections can contribute to a safer, more enjoyable driving experience. So, don't overlook the importance of both external and internal tire inspections and prioritize the maintenance of this vital vehicle component. Stay safe on the road!
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For the past two decades the ChainLink family of software has provided a no frills add-on utility to your Project Management system to
produce quality Time Location charts quickly and easily.
ChainLink 5 now takes over the baton and brings with it most of the bells and whistles that have been missing in the past, with some
more still to come. Available in two versions Standard and Professional, it is now even easier to transfer data from your PM system, add the formatting fields and produce a Time Location chart
like the ones shown above.
The software is primarily designed to operate on a two screen display, with the Data on one screen and the Library windows and Chart on the second screen, however, can be run quite successfully on
a single screen.
All data, including any graphics, is now held in a single project file making it easier to transfer data between planners and computers. Only special Layout files need to be transferred with the
data file. All diagrams, clipart and logos are already included.
Apart from general improvements in ease of use and data input, the main changes to be found in each version of the software are:-
- All the features found in version 4.5
- Colour coded windows for ease of recognition when multiple windows are displayed
- Multiple charts per page, including combining Time Location and Gantt Charts on same page
- Header Lines on charts
- Improved input spreadsheets with chart, schedule and task filtering and column selection and user naming
- A Personal Bar Library which allow combinations of Bar Types and Colours to be saved for use on every project
- A Project Bar Library, which replaces the Key/Legend facility of v4.5, containing all the Bar Type and Colour combinations used in the project
- A Standard Bar Types Library, which replaces the v4.5 Toolbars for selecting the bar and hatching combination
- A Personal Bar Types Library which allows user defined bars to be saved for use on every project
- A Project Bar Types Library, which replaces the v4.5 User Defined Bars
- A Personal Colour Library, which allows additional user named colours to be added to the eleven Standard Colours of v4.5 for use on every project
- A Project Colour Library, which stores the named colours used on the project
- A Filter Library, which stores the Filters to be applied to tasks for both input and output
- Improved Print Preview
- Improved and extended Chart Options
- Improved Layout Designer including Custom Page Size (v4.5 Page Setup)
- Title Block Designer
- Multi-Page mosaic printing
- Extensive Onscreen Help
- Links between Tasks
- ChainLink 4.5 mode Task interface
- All the features found in Standard
- Graphical input window for Tasks, which allows a Time Location chart to be drawn from scratch on the screen without the need for transfer of data, or Task scheduling to be manually amended
without the need for rescheduling.
- Graphical input window for Labels
- Graphical input window for Text/Notes (v4.5 Milestones/Notes)
- Graphical input window for Graphics (v4.5 Diagrams/Clipart)
- Ten step Progress Data storage
- Bar Profiling for non-linear production tasks
- Resource Tables, Histograms and Graphs
- Financial Tables, Histograms and Graphs
For futher details or to download the software and user manual click on the links below.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Post Cover
Working with Reactive Forms in Angular
Angular Posted Aug 15, 2020
In a previous article, we discussed about what Template-driven forms are and how we can develop Forms for simpler use cases using Template-driven forms. We have also looked at the shortcomings of these forms and why we would need something much more powerful than these forms. In this article, let's talk about another kind of Forms that we can develop in Angular, called Reactive Forms. We shall look at how different Reactive Forms are when compared with Template-driven Forms and how we can build powerful Form interactions using Reactive Forms.
What are Reactive Forms?
Reactive Forms provide a Model based approach to handle form inputs and offer an immutable approach for handling the form state at any given point of time. This facilitates having consistent and predictable form state data for easy testing.
In a Reactive Form, the structure and behavior of the Form are defined by a "Model" designed in the Component Class, and it is wired up with the Template View - HTML. This is in contrast with the View handling the form state in the Template-driven forms.
We get the form data in the form of Observable streams of form values, and we can access these synchronously.
How Reactive Forms are helpful?
 - Reactive Forms provide a better solution for creating complex forms which require complex or customized validation logics.
 - These work on the concept of Observables which emit a new immutable value of the form state each time a form state changes, which is a lot better than a single mutable ngModel state that changes each time form is updated
 - Since the control of the form happens from the back-end instead of the HTML itself, its much more scalable and testable.
How Reactive Forms are different from Template-driven Forms?
In Template-driven forms, we have the input elements bound to an ngModel, which is responsible for managing the input values and the form state, and these Models are mutable - the original state changes without any backtracking.
Whereas in Reactive forms, we have no ngModel interaction - the form is built based on how we configure the FormControls and group them into FormGroups. The value changes over the time are maintained by these FormControls and FormGroups which provide immutable values - meaning that a new value state is created each time user input changes, and the results are published over Observable streams. This results in effective and clean way of working with the form state.
Working with Reactive Forms - Example:
To better understand how effective Reactive Forms are, let's create a User SignUp form in our SocialApp which accepts three inputs from the user - EmailAddress, Password and ConfirmPassword fields. Expectation is such that as soon as a user enters his EmailAddress in the form, the application must query the database whether this EmailAddress has already been registered or not and show respective message to the user.
To begin with, let's create a new component in our application which holds this SignUp form.
> ng generate component Signup
This creates a new component Signup with its component.ts, component.html, component.css added to the application.
Since we're working with Reactive Forms here, the modeling of the Forms happens in the component.ts first opposite to the Template-driven forms which rely on the ngModel for the modeling and state management.
"We need to now include Reactive Forms module inside the Module.ts as an import, in contrast to FormsModule used in Template-driven forms."
@NgModule({
 declarations: [
 SignupComponent
 ],
 imports: [
 ReactiveFormsModule,
 FormsModule,
 -----
 ]
})
export class AppModule { }
Building blocks - FormGroups and FormControls:
In Reactive Forms, we have FormControls and FormGroups.
 - FormControls - Input elements like a TextBox which the user interacts with.
 - FormGroups - A Logical grouping of one or more FormControls, which provides an encapsulation on the same. Helps us in adding logic which are applied across all controls within that group.
In a general scenario, a Form is a logical grouping of one or more Groups. So we have a parent FormGroup which contains one or more FormControls or FormGroups.
In our Signup Form, we use a single FormGroup which contains three FormControls namely - EmailAddress, Password and RetypePassword.
To create a FormGroup we use a FormBuilder, which is a built-in service provided by the Reactive Forms module.
The declaration as a whole looks like below:
@Component({
 selector: 'app-signup',
 templateUrl: './signup.component.html',
 styleUrls: ['./signup.component.css']
})
export class SignupComponent implements OnInit {
 signupForm: FormGroup;
 constructor(
 private formBuilder: FormBuilder
 -----
 ) { }
 ngOnInit(): void {
 this.signupForm = this.formBuilder.group({
 email: new FormControl(
 '',
 [Validators.email, Validators.required, Validators.pattern("[^ @]*@[^ @]*")]
 ),
 password: new FormControl('',
 [Validators.required]),
 retypepassword: new FormControl('',
 [Validators.required,])
 });
 }
}
Let's try to understand what's happening here: we have the this.formBuilder.group() method which returns a FormGroup object assigned to signupForm field. The formBuilder.group() takes an object where we add the FormControls as "key-value" pairs of formControlName and the FormControl it points to.
Each FormControl() object takes two parameters - one is the default value and the second is an array of Validators which are to be applied on to the input which is mapped to this FormControl.
Angular provides us with several built-in Validators as well as option to create our own Validators: which we shall look at soon.
With this declaration, we have created three FormControls email, password and retypepassword which point to respective FormControl instances.
Complementing these FormControls, let's also add a few Getter properties which return if the FormControl is in a valid state or not.
get isInvalidEmail() {
 let emailCtrl: AbstractControl = this.signupForm.get('email');
 return emailCtrl.invalid && this.isEmailDirty;
}
get isEmailDirty() {
 let emailCtrl: AbstractControl = this.signupForm.get('email');
 return emailCtrl.dirty;
}
get isInvalidPassword() {
 let pwdCtrl: AbstractControl = this.signupForm.get('password');
 return pwdCtrl.invalid && pwdCtrl.dirty;
}
get isInequalPasswords() {
 let pwd = this.signupForm.get('password');
 let rep_pwd = this.signupForm.get('retypepassword');
 return pwd.dirty && rep_pwd.dirty && pwd.value != rep_pwd.value
}
Observe how we're accessing each FormControl within the FormGroup represented by signupForm field. To access a single FormControl we can use the FormGroup.get('[formControlName]') method which accepts the formControlName (Key) as the parameter and returns an "AbstractControl" which is the base type of the FormControl.
In the HTML, we use these formControlNames defined within the FormGroup to map the HTML input element to their respective FormControls.
The final HTML looks like below. Not to worry about the weird properties and conditions we've added in the HTML - we'd get to there in a moment.

 <form (ngSubmit)="signup()" class="form" [formGroup]="signupForm">

 <input formControlName="email" type="email"
 [ngClass]="{
 'border-danger':isEmailDirty && (isInvalidEmail || isEmailAlreadyExists),
 'border-success':isEmailDirty && !(isInvalidEmail || isEmailAlreadyExists)
 }"

 class="form-control"
 placeholder="_EMAIL_" name="email" aria-describedby="basic-addon2">
 <div class="input-group-append" *ngIf="is


What Animals Eat Pumpkins Uk
They will keep going until they reach the seeds, as we all know they love these! What animals eat pumpkins that is so persistent in getting a bite?
PETA has announced the best vegan food of the year Food
Animals have the right idea.
What animals eat pumpkins uk. Eat the pumpkin you left out in your yard with epic music playing. Pumpkins are easy to grow, easy to attain, and easy to add into most any dish. Not only will farm animals play with it, but they will also eat them!
However, this sweet food is susceptible to external insects and bugs that are capable of putting an end to such a rich harvest. Ten of the best pumpkins to grow for eating including the type used to make libby's pumpkin puree. Also, tips on the best eating pumpkins to grow in cooler climates and small gardens.
Squirrels are among the most common animals that might end up feasting on your pumpkins. So we're urging people not to waste them but to feed them to the wildlife in their gardens or perhaps even to their pets. Pumpkins are usually grown in a warm climate and transform from plants to edible vegetables during the summer.
Owners of gerbils can give their pet pumpkin seeds as a healthy treat instead of fattier seeds such as sunflower seeds. More than a few pests like to make a snack of both plants and fruit! We recommend that the pumpkin fed to your small pets is fresh, so do pick up an extra pumpkin that you are not planning to carve!
Call a local farm ahead of time to make sure they will welcome the gift and drop it off. Conkers can be mildly poisonous to many animals, causing sickness if eaten, although some animals can safely consume them, most notably deer and wild boar. More importantly, you should be also aware of how you can protect pumpkins from these animals.
I live up in the mountains in the woods so any wild animal will come a long and have a nice pumpkin evening dinner. Can pigs eat pumpkin « reply #11 on: Garden for wildlife all year.
Pumpkins with blemishes typically are discarded and many pumpkins are broken or damaged during harvest, making them unacceptable for market. Things to do with pumpkins after halloween: Like any other pests that devour ripe pumpkins, woodchucks are notoriously known as an animal that knows no limits.
Animals love eating pumpkins when fall comes around!. With this, it will be good to know what animals eat pumpkin. 31, the market for decorative pumpkins plummets and many pumpkins are just left in the fields.
There's a pumpkin for every garden but not all of them are for eating. Rodents such as mice and rats enjoy nibbling on pumpkins, especially if they're cut open to reveal the soft and delicious fruit. Why not ask the local farm/farmer if he/she would like your old pumpkins for an animal feed!
You can even ask the farmer if you can watch the animals eat the pumpkins with your kids. Small animals such as guinea pigs, rabbits, or chickens love to eat pumpkin. Check out these pictures of all different species of animals from all over the world with one thing in common:
Many local farms will accept donations of pumpkins as a treat for their animals after halloween. "squirrels, foxes, badgers and birds all enjoy them, so people could leave chopped up pumpkin outside in dishes for wild animals to eat if they choose. Birds love all kinds of seeds, pumpkin included, so you could save the seeds and put them in your feeder.
October 29, 2011, 05:54:49 pm » after reading this topic i bought 2 yesterday and cut them in half so all 4 pigs got a go. In states experiencing outbreaks of chronic wasting disease, attracting deer to a pile of pumpkins could lead to disease. Her facebook post in which she shared her idea racked up almost 43.5k.
So we're urging people not to waste them but to feed them to the wildlife in their gardens or perhaps even to their pets. Other rodents may also come to sample your pumpkins, such as squirrels and chipmunks. They take up to five months to grow and are harvested in the uk between october and december.
Most people around the world love their pumpkins, and this is why we are cooking it so often. Common animals that eat pumpkins. They have a strong sense of smell, which is why they can easily find pumpkins.
Yep squirrels are one of those animals that eat pumpkins, whether they are still growing in your pumpkin patch or whether they are freshly carved at your back door. Maisie jordan knows that squirrels love pumpkin and is encouraging people to leave them outdoors as a treat for the animals. Animal garden pests of pumpkins you like pumpkins.
The british hedgehog preservation society suggest hanging your pumpkins in trees to allow birds and squirrels to eat the fruit. Dry them out first by putting them in the oven at 180c/gas 4 for about ten minutes. Wasting pumpkins = wasted time, fertilizer, water, land, and labor altogether.
Pumpkins are a member of the squash family and are believed to have originated in north america. Pumpkins need lots of water to grow (about 44 gallons of water per pound), so throwing them out also creates water waste too! Pumpkins are actually a type of fruit and there are around 500 varieties worldwide, growing in many different shapes and sizes.
Check with your state wildlife agency to confirm recycling your pumpkin outside is permitted: They love a good pumpkin. So does a wide variety of animal pests.
Pumpkins left outside as a decoration are often eaten up by squirrels, deer, and other outdoor animals. Wild hedgehog numbers are in decline, their habitat reduced by commercial and residential development. ( thanks to one of our other bloggers who looked into this!
Like it is a question of my teacher so please answer! Here's how your old halloween pumpkins can help wildlife in glasgow. Some of them gnaw away at the plant, while others like the fruit.
Squirrels, foxes, badgers and birds all enjoy them, so people could leave chopped up pumpkin outside in dishes for wild animals to eat if they choose. If you have a chinchilla as a pet however, the rspca advises that you. Even if you wrap your patch with a secured line of wires, a woodchuck will ignore this and would simply burrow under the wires and pass unscathed.
"people think it's called the horse chestnut because people think horses like to eat the chestnuts, but it's not, because they can be poisonous. If you like pumpkins and have some in your garden, pay attention to the next article from onehowto.com. You can help smaller birds by breaking them up a bit before you put them out.
Pfizer vaccine approved in the uk. Too much insoluble fibre in the diet can also interfere with the proper absorption of certain nutrients and minerals including calcium, zinc and iron and can cause bulky, dry stools or. Pumpkin is becoming more and more popular as a fibre source for pets, especially for those animals that are suffering from a digestive upset such as diarrhoea.
Some garden pests forage by day, while other will visit your pumpkin patch at night.
23 Animals Eating Halloween Pumpkins Fort worth zoo
Kerbl Poultry Net Single Prong Electrifiable, 50 m/ 112 cm
Pumpkin carving
Treat your pup with these GrainFree Sweet Potato Dog
Matcha yoghurt recipe. Breakfast bowls recipe, Yoghurt
Craving pumpkin pie? Check out America's best harvest
Pin on Bunnies
Rowen & Wren Bloom, Halloween pictures, Hot cider
Cream Cheese Stuffed Pumpkin Cookies Pumpkin cookies
Old spots in the field. Animals, Farm
Where to Eat at Chocolate pumpkin bread, Pumpkin
Kiel James Patrick (kjp) • Instagram photos and videos in
Animal pictures of the week 30 October 2009 Elephant
Open wide! Hilarious pictures of hippo having his teeth
Conker Caterpillar http//maestromummy.co.uk/2015/11/10
March 2014 Issue Cake Masters Magazine Fondant animals
Jomo the Gorilla celebrates Halloween with a festive and
Jammie Dodgers Berries recipes, Food, Vegan cookies
Pin by olga wilkinson on Autumn Halloween scene, Fall
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The National 5 Exam is made up of three parts.
Explaining and commenting on the meaning and context of religious beliefs, practices and sources.
Morality and Belief
Presenting detailed and reasoned views about contemporary moral question
Religious and Philosophical Questions
Analysing religious and philosophical questions and responses.
It lasts 90 minutes, so roughly 30 minutes per section. Within each section there are different topics, you need to make sure you answer only the topic you have studied.
Each section will have 3-4 questions, the whole section will be worth 20 marks.
There are two main skills you will need in your exam, alongside basic description questions.
Analysis is a pivotal skill in National 5. The focus in analysis is on breaking down factual information. Analysis can follow knowledge and understanding and very often excellent knowledge and understanding is, in fact, analysis. Similarly, analysis often precedes evaluation. Analysis includes the following:
- making connections
- explaining the background
- predicting consequences
- identifying implications
- interpreting sources and viewpoints
There will be an 8 marker question in each section, this will be an Evaluation question.
For some time now, 'evaluating' has been misunderstood as simply listing two sides of an argument. The skill demands much more than this and expects candidates to discuss the quality of any positions taken. This involves:
- making a supported judgement on an issue
- making a supported measurement of the effects, impact or significance of an issue
- presenting a case for or against a position
- commenting on the quality of positions taken on issues

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There are no HIV-specific provisions in Hungary, however general harm provisions have been used to prosecute HIV 'exposure' and transmission.
Section 164 of the Criminal Code governs the offence of assault and battery, defined as the causing of bodily harm, which can result in a penalty of one to five years' imprisonment in aggravated cases which includes where 'permanent disability or serious impairment of health' is caused. This provision has been applied in cases of 'exposure' and transmission, by sexual and non-sexual means.
Since the first publicly recorded case in 1994 – which did not result in any charges being brought – proceedings have been initiated against at least four men living with HIV for alleged transmission. Two of these cases resulted in convictions, while the other two failed due to lack of evidence. AIDS Action Europe's 2023 report, HIV Criminalisation in the EU, contains some details about these convictions:
- In 2008, a man was convicted of causing bodily harm resulting in serious impairment of health (section 164(6)) after allegedly transmitting HIV to his wife and ex-partner. He received a sentence of 10 months' imprisonment.
- In 2009, a man spat bloody saliva onto the face of a security guard, who reportedly swallowed it, after an altercation. Although transmission did not occur, the man was convicted of attempt to cause bodily harm resulting in serious impairment of health for the perceived 'exposure'. The sentence is not known.
In addition, Hungary's Healthcare Act of 1997 has some provisions that could apply to people living with HIV including mandatory disclosure of HIV status in healthcare settings and mandatory partner notification. However, there have been no prosecutions for not doing so.
Section 164. Assault and battery
(1) Whoever injures the physical integrity or health of another commits assault.
(5) The penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of one to five years if the slight bodily injury causes permanent disability or serious impairment of health.
(6) The penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of one to five years if the grievous bodily harm
(d) causing permanent disability or serious impairment of health,
(7) A person who commits a preparation to commit an offence specified in subsection (3) or (6) shall be punishable as a misdemeanour with imprisonment for a term of up to one year.
(8) The penalty shall be imprisonment for a term of two years to eight years if the assault causes danger to life or death.
The Healthcare Act of 1997
Under the obligations of the patients part (Paragraph 26 (2)) states that: "If allowed by his state of health, a patient shall cooperate with the health care workers involved in his care according to his abilities and knowledge, as follows:
(b) inform them of every detail in connection with his illness which may endanger the lives or physical safety of others, in particular, of any communicable diseases, and of illnesses and conditions disqualifying him from pursuing an occupation,
(c) in the case of communicable diseases set forth in the relevant decree of the Minister of Health, name the persons from whom he may have contracted the communicable disease and whom he may have infected…
Our thanks to Ferenc Bagyinszky at AIDS Action Europe for his assistance in confirming the current relevant legislation.


text:
- Iran Nameh
- Oral History
- Women's Center
- About Us
Reflections on Contemporary Literature in Afghanistan
Three external sources have informed the Contemporary literature of Afghanistan. The first has been the Russian and later Soviet literature and cultural, particularly 19th century literature represented by the likes of Tolstoy, Pushkin, Gorky, and Chekov. Next to French literary figures, the classic Russian writers had the deepest have had the deepest influence on Afghanistan's novelists. Furthermore, the post-revolutionary Russian writers also have had considerable impact on the style of the left leaning and Marxist Afghan literary figures. The influence of Iranian literature on Afghan poets and storywriters can not be underestimated. In particular, the Iranian writers and novelists with leftist tendencies or who were sympathetic to the Tudeh party, such as Abolqasem Lahouti, Ahmad Shamlu, Farokhi Yazdi, had considerable influence on Afghanistan's leftist literary figures. Finally, the impact of European literature, specially French and German writers, on contemporary Afghan literary figures began from the second decade of the twentieth century. The American literary influence, however, is of recent origin.
Short stories, novels, plays and prose poetry were all western literary genres adopted by Afghan writers and poems. With the spread of European literature in Afghanistan, either directly from Europe or through translated works from Iran, traditional Afghan literature, particularly poetry, gradually gave way to modern versions. A new wave of modern Afghan writers and poets blazed, at times fearlessly, new literary trails. The gate to modernity was further widened with the increase in the number of Afghan students in both western and communist countries. A gradual rush to translate modern literary works also contributed to the growing familiarity of Afghan writers and poets with various components of modernity in western literature.


What is a Homemade Bong
Homemade Bong Introduction
At the core, this is a smoking device, built at home, with the intention to function like a water bong, usually because there is no other way to smoke the herbs you have laying around. The funny thing is, most of the devices created could be considered homemade pipes if you want to get technical because often, water is not involved, likely out of convenience because making an official homemade binger is not always easy.
How to make a Homemade Bong
This is a question that cannot be answered with one single answer. That is because of the nature of this product – it is homemade and does not come with directions, although you can find some on the internet, ultimately it is just about working with what you have. This type of binger is where you get McGyver-like and hopefully construct something that can be used as a bong or at least a poor excuse of a pipe. Just make sure you have a mouthpiece, a place to pack and light the herb, plus some sort of tube or space for smoke to travel through.
Common Supplies for a Homemade Bong Idea
 - Plastic bottles in different sizes and shapes
 - Various Fruits & Vegetables
 - Aluminum Cans
 - Tubes of pens & markers
Cool Homemade Bongs
How to make a homemade gravity bong
The simplest and most effective homemade bong to construct is a homemade gravity bong.
1. Step
Get two plastic soda bottles. A two-liter bottle and a one-liter bottle work best.
2. Step
Cut the bottom off the smaller bottle, and cut the top off the larger bottle. Do not cut too much, you can always cut more. You will want to leave most of the larger bottle since it will be responsible for holding the water (in a similar process, you can fill a sink, a bucket or anything else to instead hold the water). Just be sure to leave enough of the small bottle because that is where the smoke builds up, similar to the interior of a glass bong. The more space in the bottle the more smoke that can build and the easier it is to operate. You really just need to cut the very bottom off of the small bottle.
3. Step
Now, take the cap from the small bottle and bore a hole in it. It may be easiest to splice an "X" in the cap first with a steak knife. You are going to cover that cap with aluminum foil, forming a bowl towards the interior of the cap – this cap will be screwed back on the bottle so be aware of which side is which. With the tin foil in place, finally, you will pop tiny holes in the foil bowl with a paper clip or a pin, even a thumbtack.
4. Step
There is a reason you are making the bowl inside the cap! Don't think you can do a shortcut and just put the foil over the top of the bottle opening. You can, but there are optimal ways to do things and with this is one way – with it the cap can be screwed back on the bottle to create a tight seal.
5. Step
You will want to make sure the foil is also secure around the cap so you can get suction. We don't recommend using any adhesive for a better seal, you're really just trying to McGyver something quick here.
6. Step
When all is cut properly, next, fill the two-liter, larger bottle with water. Again, in place of this 2 liter bottle you can use a large pot, a bucket, a sink, whatever you can fill with water.
7. Step
Now finally, load that homemade bowl piece! SLOWLY submerge the smaller bottle into the water but stop below the neck and mouthpiece part of the bottle. The further submerged the bottle, the more smoke that you will be able to bring into the makeshift bong.
8. Step
Once submerged, light the bowl, then SLOWLY pull your "pipe" out of the water. You will watch it fill with white smoke as you do. The pressure created by pulling the bottle upward will pull in air from the outside, as if you were taking a hit, but the pressure does it for you and the smoke comes into the bottle and stores in between the mouthpiece and water.
9. Step
When that bottle pipe is filled with smoke, screw that bowl off quickly (don't have it fully screwed on to begin with) and push the bottle back down inside the water just as you took it out. Again, pressure is at work here, except it is the opposite effect and it will push the smoke outward through the mouthpiece because of the incoming water. While pushing down, make sure to cover the bottle opening with your mouth and that is where the "bong" hit is taken.
You're sure to get a powerful hit, so keep that in mind when operating!
How to make a Soda Can Bong
This works just fine, even if people think it's so terribly ghetto or cracky looking. It's the quintessential homemade bong if you can even call it that. All you need to do is get a can and crush it right.
1. Step
Make the indentation in the center of the can simply by pushing down. Attempt to form a bit of a bowl formation, but don't go crazy – aluminum cans are super sharp when broken down.
2. Step
Next, on one of the indentation slopes, towards the center of the bowl formation, poke tiny holes with something – a thumbtack is really optimal for this, at least I have found.
3. Step
Now the aluminum pipe is made and all you do is place your herbal remedy over the holes and spark up. With this legendary soda pop can bong, you actually will get a huge hit, albeit a little harsh – if you bend the can right you can get a little water on the one side to create somewhat of a homemade bubbler.
How to make a Toilet Paper Roll Bong
This often is referred to as the most ghetto of all pipes in a pinch. In fact, it is effective at delivering a powerful, albeit harsh hit. The pipe is easily assembled with common items available most anyplace you might wish you had a bowl pipe, but do not. In fact it might be preferable to a clogged glass or metal pipe.
1. Step
Simply find a toilet paper roll. Make a cat happy if the roll full so that it doesn't go to waste. You'll need all the paper removed from the roll.
2. Step
Next, cut a little square out of the top of that toilet paper roll. This is where the homemade bowl piece will be placed so keep that in mind.
3. Step
You are going to take that trusty aluminum foil and form a bowl piece. Put it in the cut square and simply take a paper clip or pin and poke holes in the new found metal bowl – by the way, if you have a salt shaker head, that also can work, but it is not always an option.
Finally, tape that aluminum foil bowl piece into place on the roll, right into the little square that was cut out. Take care not to set anything on fire – including the roll – when you take your hit. All you do is put one end of the roll to your mouth and your hand over the other end. Next, take a puff as you would with any other smoking pipe or bong. When you want to clear the hit out, just remove your hand and pull.
How to make a Potato Bong
One often cultivated, rarely celebrated homemade bong is a potato. It's really quite simple, and the potato gets baked along with you.
1. Step
Hollow out the potato and bring out the inner sculptor. Simply create a hole at the top and another on the opposite side - you're trying to mimic the average glass pipe design here. Tunnel down from the top, but make sure it's a skinny tunnel. You don't want your buds falling inside of the potato. If that happens, add cheese, bacon and pop it in the oven. Bake at 375 degrees for 45 minutes.
2. Step
Next, place the herbs over the top of one hole, as if that hole is the bowl piece in the Roor bong you don't have. The hole on the other side acts as the mouthpiece and the tunnel between the two is well, that is where the smoke travels through. Once you have that built out just light up and get to it like Bob, no tin foil necessary.
Most people prefer to apply this same concept to an apple, which may taste better. But remember, you have to work with what you have and sometimes you may only have a potato.


text:
Technology to manufacture the largest PVC-O pipes
Molecor has developed the first system in the world able to manufacture PVC-O pipes from DN500 mm (18'') to DN1200 mm (48'') which can be used in the main distribution networks for high-pressure water supply, lake uptakes, desalination stations or other municipal or state major projects.
A robust equipment for the most demanding projects
The M-OR-P 3180 system has been designed to manufacture large diameter pipes used in the main distribution networks for high pressure water supply, uptake in lakes, desalination stations or other municipal or state major projects.
A revolutionary development
The technological development of Molecor®, specialized in Molecular Orientation, has allowed the expansion of the use of PVC-O pipes, known for decades.
Given the high technical performance of Oriented PVC and thanks to the industry knowledge, Molecor® is working and researching for launching PVC-O fittings, a unique product worldwide.
In opposition to other existing systems, Molecor Technology produces the socket at the same time as the rest of the pipe to achieve the optimum conditions for Molecular Orientation. In addition to the process simultaneously and stability, Molecor's patented technology allows for different degrees of orientation in the required sections of the socket and for specific wall thickness distribution.


text:
Nuclear Forensics: Deterrence by Attribution
The cobalt-60 incident in Delhi has thrown open many questions. Whether it was implementation of laws regarding the disposal of radioactive substances or the lack of knowledge among authorities dealing with such hazardous material, things have been found wanting. However, the most important was the question of attribution of the source of radioactive materialwhere the material came from? It took more than two weeks for Delhi police to come to a conclusion that the scraped gamma irradiator, the source of cobalt-60, came from Delhi University. This investigation was handled completely by the Delhi police who went around the job without any technical inputs form the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board or the Department of Atomic Energy, following the lead of the source from one scrap dealer to another as is done in ordinary criminal cases.
A similar question of attribution of the radioactive or fissile material source underlies the case of nuclear terrorism. How can one determine the source of radioactive or fissile material if and when a terrorist incident of such nature takes place? Unlike conventional terrorist attacks, the use of nuclear material will bring in a completely different dynamics in to play. The fear and anger which it will generate can compel governments to take punitive actions against terrorist organizations they think are responsible and also, the states supporting them. Even if the situation is triggered by a non-state actor, it can easily snowball into a confrontation between states. Such a scenario in South Asia is not very hard to imagine. Determining the source of nuclear material therefore becomes extremely crucial.
Nuclear Forensics seems to provide some answers to the dilemma of attribution. Nuclear material, both radioactive as well as fissile material, have a unique signature or fingerprint developed during the nuclear fuel cycle. This signature or fingerprint depends upon the kind of radioisotopes present in the material, the isotopic composition and their mass ratio, age of the material (determined through its half-life), impurity content, kind of alloying (other metals) or cladding (metal with which the surface of the nuclear fuel is coated) and the presence of trace elements such as oxygen and strontium. These characteristics can define the origins and history of the material. Some of these fingerprints can be present from the time of mining of the ore (kind of impurities) and others get induced while the material is enriched or processed. Most of the times, nuclear signatures can either lead to determination of the reactor type in which fuel is burnt/ irradiated or can provide vital clues about the geographic location where uranium ore is mined.
In case of a nuclear detonation, the signature of the detonated material can be compared with a database of such nuclear signatures of other states to determine the source of nuclear material. The ability to attribute the source of nuclear material can act as a deterrent against those states who seek to deliberately shell out some material to the terrorists. It will also help in fomenting international legitimacy for punitive action against such terrorist organization as well as states that mentor them. However, negative attribution is equally important as is a case of positive attribution. In other words, determining non-involvement of certain states can prove equally helpful. Moreover, it will also augment the need for states to be more vigilant about safety and security of their nuclear material. Even if the material for detonation is stolen from premises of a state without its deliberate involvement, attribution will help in fixing liabilities for damage inflicted on the victim state. Since, it is a duty of individual states to protect their nuclear material, negligent states must be made to pay.
However, technology has seldom been a replacement for political will. The most critical input needed in Nuclear Forensics is the availability of a database of nuclear signatures from all states having such capabilities. Though, IAEA, under the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement, possesses a database for civilian nuclear fissile material, the real problem exists for weapon grade fissile material. Not many countries are willing to provide such critical information. For countries with advanced nuclear capabilities especially USA, sharing signatures may lead to proliferation since fledgling nuclear countries can improve their weapon designs with the help of such information. For Russia, on other hand, divulging such information may compromise its deterrent capabilities. The problem is more acute for countries with smaller nuclear forces like Pakistan. For them, because of their small inventory, maintaining ambiguity about nuclear capabilities is a part and parcel of their nuclear posturing. Moreover, sharing signatures may also divulge critical information about their nuclear histories, especially their proliferation record, which can be source of embarrassment. Maintenance of standard nuclear signatures is again a problem. States, bent on supporting clandestine nuclear activities and supporting terrorist, would like to alter the composition of their nuclear material to avoid detection.
Many initiatives have been taken both multilaterally as well as by individual states to come to a solution for database and increase prospects of success for Nuclear Forensics. Nuclear Smuggling International Technical Working Group (ITWG) is one such multilateral effort in place since 1995. More than 45 nations have joined this effort. Under this project a number of national laboratories coordinate their efforts to develop the science of nuclear forensics. The Joint Research Center at the Institute of Trans-uranium Elements (ITU), Germany of the European Commission is also actively involved in Nuclear Forensics and constitution of a database of nuclear signatures. ITU has collaborated with Bochvar Institute in Russia to establish a small database of nuclear signatures. This is important since Russia is a source of lots of loose fissile material. The first time the institute carried on analysis of seized nuclear material was in the year 1992 and successfully traced it to Russian type graphite moderated reactor (RBMK). Moreover, the Department of Atomic Energy, USA has its own Spent Nuclear Fuel database of nuclear fuel produced in USA. France is also involved in compiling such data called the Spent Fuel Isotopic Composition Database (SFCOMPO). IAEA also maintains a small database from the information collected from the nuclear facilities safeguarded by it.
Successful attribution will be very crucial in post-detonation international environment. If the post 9/11 world is an example, the picture of international politics after a successful nuclear terrorist attack is not very hard to conceptualize. Moreover, equally important is the issue in context of South Asia. The rousing public passions on terrorist attacks have indicated the kind of unrest in the society. What is also to be witnessed is the frustration which follows the rounds of accusations and counter-accusations between India and Pakistan over the responsibility of terrorist attacks? Successful Nuclear Forensics will provide a firm base on which claims of liability and responsibility can be made. Moreover, it can also provide sound justification for retaliation. However, most important is the fear of retribution which any successful attribution of source of the nuclear material can bring into play. Deterrence by attribution can well be an asset in case of nuclear security.
* Author is Research Officer in the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle involves mining of Uranium ore, milling and processing it to chemical compounds like Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) or Uranium Oxide (UO2). It is enriched to increase the content of the radioactive isotope of Uranium called U235 which can then be used in weapons or for energy production in nuclear reactors. This is generally known as the front side of the NFC. When Uranium is burned or irradiated in nuclear reactors, it produces plutonium. However, plutonium in this stage exists with many other very radioactive elements called actinides and has to be reprocessed for use in weapons. This is called the back side of the NFC. _URL_


How to Build a Yoga Brand That Fits Your Voice
April 25, 2019
Kickin' It Old-School, Sun Salutation Style
April 30, 2019
Bandhas 101: All About the 4 Yogic Body Locks
Dive deeper into the meaning and significance of the various bandhas.
Picture this—it has been drizzling for hours. The mud has accumulated into fragments of dirt everywhere. Suddenly, the drizzle stops and these dirt fragments settle.
A gardener appears and pulls out a water pipe, turns on the tap, presses its tip—waits until the water assimilated on its nozzle before releasing it. The sudden, fat flow of water flushes those dirt balls right off the ground—the mud dissolves and corrodes, while the left over substance vanishes into the drain.
This substance is eliminated by the sudden flush of water. This flush creates pressure that the flow of water or a drizzle is unable to do. This pressure was allowed to build, as the gardener locked the tip of that water pipe between his fingers. Your body has this same 'press and flush' mechanism too.
You have four locks in your body, commonly known as the bandhas in Sanskrit. These locks or bandhas work as pressure points that your body can use to flush away toxins from the internal system.
Mula Bandha – Pelvic Lock
Also known as the root lock as it influences the Muladhara or first chakra. Located in the pelvic region, this bandha is highly advantageous for strengthening the pelvic floor. While it relieves congestion and helps with treating depression, it's also one of the most useful techniques for helping a yogi in activateing the Kundalini energy.
 1. Inhale and contract the pelvic muscle as firmly as possible.
 2. Hold the contraction while taking long, deep breaths.
 3. Concentrate on Muladhara chakra as you perform this exercise.
 4. Repeat up to five times.
Uddiyana Bandha – Locking the Diaphragm
This bandha is dedicated to the awakening of the solar plexus or the Manipura or third chakra. This particular bandha is specifically useful for lowering blood sugar levels and relieving constipation while simulating the intestines. This bandha is also an excellent remedy for dousing irritability and temper.
 1. Sit in a cross-legged position while keeping your spine straight. Lift your diaphragm and push your torso forward. Place both palms over the respective knee.
 2. Expel your breath thoroughly from your abdomen toward your cavity and out of your body. Hold this lock for as long as you can, before releasing it.
 3. Repeat up to five times.
Jalandhara Bandha - Chin Lock
Also known as the top lock or chin lock because it's located in the chin area—Jalandhara bandha plays a prominent role in simulating the Vishuddha or fifth chakra. This bandha is specifically useful for those who suffer from thoracic problems and thyroid gland malfunction.
 1. Take a long deep breath inward and hold it.
 2. Push your chin downward, so it touches the collarbone leading to the firm closure of your windpipe.
 3. Remain in this position for a few seconds while holding the bandha along with your breath.
 4. Release.
 5. Repeat this up to five times.
Maha Bandha – Three Locks Amalgamated
The Maha bandha is the most important out of all bandhas. This lock works toward the overall benefit of the body, mind, and soul. Maha bandha is beneficial in simulating all the chakras, along with exercising the nervous system for heightened capacity of the mind and the functioning of internal organs.
 1. Sit cross-legged. Inhale and exhale a couple of long deep breaths. Expel the breath out.
 2. Place both palms over the respective knee. Lift your torso up and slightly forward, while keeping your shoulders raised.
 3. Perform all three bandhas together in an orderly manner traveling upward—exercise Mula bandha while focusing on Muladhara chakra; Uddiyana bandha while concentrating on Manipura chakra; Jalandhara bandha while concentrating on Vishuddha chakra.
 4. Remain still in this position with all the bandhas, for as long as you can.
 5. Release each bandha in the same orderly fashion as applied.
 6. Repeat this five times.
For maximum benefit, practice these bandhas on an empty stomach. The practitioner is also advised to implement a pranayama or breathing exercise for a stronger hold of the breath, before indulging in any bandha practice. Revitalize energy levels and release all the harmful clogs from the body. Feel free to exercise these bandhas toward the holistic restoration of the body, mind and soul.
Pradip Kumar
Pradip Kumar
Pradeep Kumar is a passionate Yogi, Yoga Teacher, Blogger and a Traveler in India. He provides yoga teacher training in Rishikesh, India. He loves writing and reading the books related to yoga, health, nature and the Himalayas. His strong connection with Yoga and the Himalayas has made him organize yoga, meditation and Ayurveda tours, and retreats in the Himalayas. Connect with Pradip at


Active Shooter Training
Violence may take many forms and may include use of deadly weapons. Advance warning of the violence is unlikely.
"Run. Hide. Fight." Video - Surviving an Active Shooter Event
MSU Active Shooter Training
Gunshots Heard
If you are involved in a situation where gunshots are heard, the following actions are recommended:
 1. Exit the building immediately.
 3. Call MSU Police at 911 or 2222 and provide details of the situation.
 1. Go to the nearest room or office.
 2. Close and lock or barricade the door.
 3. Cover the door windows and turn off lights.
 5. DO NOT answer the door.
 6. Call MSU Police at 911 or 2222, and inform of:
 a. Your name
 b. Your location (be specific as possible)
 c. Number of shooters (if known)
 d. Identification of shooter(s)
 e. Number of person involved in situation (if known)
 7. Wait for emergency responders to assist you out of the building.
Hostage Situation
 1. Immediately evacuate the building, using the established evacuation route. Carefully avoid the attention of those taking hostages.
 2. Take no action to intervene.
 3. Call MSU Police at 911. If there is no answer, or if the line is busy, call 2222. Provide as much accurate information as possible and, if it is safe to do so, stay on the line with the dispatcher.
Remember to never put yourself in harms way.
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Ways Parents, Students Can Research Campus Safety
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges….
Georgia (Jun 16, 2014)By
Link To Article
Prospective students should explore campus safety and crime statistics as they consider colleges.
Sexual assaults, school shootings and other forms of on-campus violence are a major part of the national discussion of campus safety. The threat of a stolen laptop isn't as frightening, but there are many types of crime that can affect college students.
As prospective college students and their families try to choose the right school, researching campus safety can seem daunting, uncomfortable or even impossible.
To thoroughly evaluate a school's safety, prospective students need to research crime statistics, ask current students and campus staff the right questions and explore the programs universities have to protect and assist students, experts say.
[Learn how to stay safe on a college campus.]
Under the law, schools must submit an annual security report, maintain a crime log, share statistics for a variety of crimes that happen on campus and in some off-campus facilities, issue timely campus alerts, maintain a fire log and create policies to handle reports of missing students.
Families should first check the annual security report, which schools must submit by Oct. 1 each year, says Abigail Boyer, assistant executive director of programs at the Clery Center for Security On Campus.
The Department of Education has a site that allows users to research statistics by institution. Families should also be able to find the information through a university's website.
The Clery Act provides basic rules, but colleges have flexibility in how they implement certain sections, including how they handle campus alerts about safety issues such as a shooter.
For example, the length of time it takes for a student to receive a notification from the campus in an emergency is important but varies by school, says Robert Lang, who heads up security efforts at Kennesaw State University. Lang says that families should also ask about the variety of alerts a school uses beyond text messages and emails. Kennesaw's alert system includes computer pop-ups that can override classroom lectures, messages that display on digital signs around campus and a siren system.
Lang encourages families to ask schools who handles campus safety measures and how those measures are divided up. Some schools may have departments and programs dedicated to campus security and safety or have university police, while others may work with local police.
Families should also think about where students will spend time when they're not on campus.
"You need to do some homework too, about not just the campus itself, but the city surrounding it," Lang says.Under a federal law known as the Jeanne Clery Act, brick-and-mortar schools that receive federal student aid are required to share information about crime on and around their campuses. …


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Have you ever wondered how or why records in a county office were created? The county auditor and recorder offices create a variety of records that help us understand where and how our ancestors were living. Finding an ancestor documented in records like a tax list or a deed book may be the clue that sets you on the track to finding additional information. Representatives from the Franklin County Auditor and the Franklin County Recorder will explain the resources available, how to access the information, and what it is like to do research at a county office in Ohio. This is an excellent opportunity for family researchers to learn how these offices can make their research more complete and use the legal records concerning property to identify family surnames and places where they lived before vital statistics records were being maintained in the probate court office. Additionally, this is a rare opportunity for family historians to talk with the employees of the Auditor and Recorder Offices in a workshop setting.
Date: Saturday, September 22, 2012
Time: 10:00am – Noon
Location: Ohio History Center's Archives/Library Classroom
Cost: $15.00 OHS/FCGHS members, $20.00 non members
Records that the Ohio County Auditor's Office has created in Ohio's History (a sample that highlights items that may be of particular interest to family historians) :
- Tax Lists & Maps: Various types of property records that include names of individuals, property descriptions, and valuation.
- Assessment Lists: Lists of real property valuations including description of lot or tract, value of land & buildings and record of appraisals/reassessments.
- Quadrennial Enumerations (May have been stored with the Clerk of Courts of Common Pleas Office in some counties): Enumeration of white mail inhabitants of the county over 21 years old showing for each: name, address, race, occupation, and whether a freeholder of land within the county.
- Civil War Bounties: Township assessors' lists of volunteers filed with the county auditor for payment of county bounty, showing volunteer, company in which enlisted, age dependents, date of enlistment, and sworn statements of money paid the county for bounties to volunteers.
- Enumerations of Deaf, Dumb, Blind, Idiotic, and Insane: Original reports to the auditor from township assessors showing information for individuals identified with a disability listed. Information may include name of person, "affliction," age, sex, color, residence, whether in charge of a guardian, cause of affliction, and how long afflicted.
- Enumeration of Feebleminded, Cripples, and Epileptics: Information may include name and address of patients, amount of funds contributed toward care, how each person is cared for, if institutionalized the date of admission is given.
- Enumerations of Soldiers and Sailors: Contains enumeration of living veterans who served in the Mexican, Civil and Spanish American wars & the Philippine Insurrection. Showing name, branch of service, war, company, regiment, battery or vessel, rank and address.
- Exemptions from Military Service: Contains original affidavits from physicians relative to a person drafted into Civil War service concerning the reason for exemption.
- Indigent Soldier Burial Records: For each indigent soldier buried by the county this record shows name, last residence, rank, date of death, itemized account of burial cost, place and date of burial. Because the approval came from county's commissioners office, the reports may be filed with the commissioners.
- Manufacturers, Mines, and Labor Miscellaneous Statistics: Township assessor reports of adults employed in various industries. Names not given, but this is an excellent way to get a sense of a county's employment base.
- Militia Rolls: Contains Civil War enrollment of male residents of the county subject to conscription showing name, age, and place of residence.
- Mothers' Pension Records: Shows name of recipient, case number, number of dependent children, monthly award & dates initiated and terminated.
- Oil and Gas Returns: Detailed data on production of oil or gas on leased lands, showing names and addresses of lessor and lessee, location & acreage leased.
- Oil Wall Lists: Shows information on oil wells within the county including name and address of property owner
- Practicing Physicians and Layers Lists: Showing name and township of residence
- Records of Inmates in the State Benevolent Institutions: Record of dependent persons committed to state institutions showing name, age, name of guardian, relationship, financial condition, institution where person is living, date committed and reason for commitment.
Records that the Ohio County Recorder's Office has created in Ohio's History (a sample that highlights items that may be of particular interest to family historians):
- Deed Records: Contains verbatim transcripts of deed filed showing file number, names and addresses of Grantor and Grantee, description of property, date of transfer, and index references to plat books.
- Certificates of Transfer of Real Estate Records: Transfer of real property in estates showing decedent, age, heirs, relationship, portion inherited, description and location of property, date filed and recorded.
- Articles of Incorporation: Transcripts of articles of incorporation of fraternal, religious, social, and immigrant aid associations as well as business concerns.
- Entry Records: Contains copies of original land grants to the first settlers of the county including a description of the land, owner identification, date and acreage.
- Abstract of Mortgage Records: Shows name of grantor and grantee, date mortgage recorded, mortgage, and date cancelled.
- Lease Records: Verbatim transcript of leases, subleases, assignments of leases, and memoranda of leases.
- Mortgage Records: Verbatim transcript of mortgages, showing file number, names and addresses of mortgagor and mortgagee, description of property, total amount and duration of mortgage, and index references to plat books.
- Plat Books: Contains plat maps of all land within the county from its settlement or 1803 (whichever is earlier), showing streets/roads/alleys as laid out, including subdivisions of existing lots and annexations to municipal corporations. Show full name and address of deed holder, description of original property, and date recorded.
- Power of Attorney Record: Verbatim transcript of powers of attorney filed, showing grantee, grantor, date granted, & specific acts authorized to perform.
- Soldiers Discharge Records: Verbatim transcripts of honorable discharges from the US Armed Forces, showing full name, and address of soldier, rank, and last duty assignment.
- Soldiers Grave Records: Soldiers name, location of cemetery, lot, section, block and grave number

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


=> 'My::HTML::Form::Field::Age',
 ...
 );
This method is an alias for the add_object_type_classes method inherited from Rose::HTML::Object. It is an inherited hash representing the union of the hashes of all superclasses, minus any keys that are explicitly deleted in the current class.
add_form ARGS
This is an alias for the add_forms() method.
add_forms ARGS
Add the forms specified by ARGS to the list of sub-forms contained in this form. See the nested forms section for more information.
Valid formats for elements of ARGS are:
Form objects
If an argument is "isa" Rose::HTML::Form, then it is added to the list of forms, stored under the name returned by the form's form_name method. Example:
 $a_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $b_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 # Object arguments
 $form->add_forms($a_form, $b_form);
Form name/object pairs
A simple scalar followed by an object that "isa" Rose::HTML::Form has its form_name set to the specified name and then is stored under that name.
If the name contains any dots (".") it will be taken as a hierarchical name and the form will be added to the specified sub-form under an unqualified name consisting of the final part of the name.
Examples:
 $a_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $b_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 # Name/object pairs
 $form->add_forms(a => $a_form, b => $b_form);
 # Mixed
 $form->add_forms($a_form, b => $b_form);
 # Set nested form from the top-level
 $w_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $x_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $y_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $z_form = Rose::HTML::Form->new(...);
 $w_form->add_form('x' => $x_form);
 $x_form->add_form('y' => $y_form);
 # Add $z_form to $w_form->form('x')->form('y') under the name 'z'
 $w_form->add_form('x.y.z' => $z_form);
Form name/hashref pairs
A simple scalar followed by a reference to a hash containing a specification for a form. Currently, the only kind of form that can be specified this way is a repeatable form, in which case the hash reference is known as a "repeat spec". In order to be correctly detected as a repeat spec, the hash must contain a key named repeatable.
The repeat spec is coerced into a set of name/value pairs that are passed to the Rose::HTML::Form::Repeatable constructor call. The coercion exists to allow shorter, more friendly names to be used in the context of a repeat spec. These names are converted into the names of valid Rose::HTML::Form::Repeatable object methods. The following coercion rules are applied to the repeat spec hash reference:
 - If the value of the repeatable key is reference to a hash, the keys and values of that hash are folded into the repeat spec. Otherwise, if a key named default_count does not exist in the repeat spec, then the value of the repeatable key is used as the value of the default_count parameter.
 - The spec and form_spec parameters are aliases for the prototype_form_spec parameter.
 - The class and form_class parameters are aliases for the prototype_form_class parameter.
 - The form parameter is an alias for the prototype_form parameter.
Here are some example name/hashref pairs suitable for passing as arguments to the add_forms method:
 # Using a form class name
 emails =>
 {
 form_class => 'EmailForm',
 repeatable => 3, # Default count is 3.
 }
 # Using a form class name and form spec
 emails =>
 {
 form_class => 'EmailForm',
 form_spec => { empty_is_ok => 1 },
 repeatable => 3, # Default count is 3.
 }
 # Using a generic form class and form spec to specify the
 # contents of a repeated form "inline" in the repeat spec
 nicknames =>
 {
 form_class => 'My::HTML::Form',
 form_spec => { fields => [ nick => { type => 'text' } ] },
 repeatable => 3, # Default count is 3.
 }
 # Using a prototype object
 nicknames =>
 {
 form => NickNameForm->new,
 default_count => 0, # Explicitly set default count to 0.
 repeatable => 1, # This key must be present even though
 # the default count is set above.
 }
Each form's parent_form is set to the form object it was added to. If the form's rank is undefined, it's set to the value of the form's form_rank_counter attribute and the rank counter is incremented.
Adding a form with the same name as an existing field will cause a fatal error.
add_param_value NAME, VALUE
Add VALUE to the parameter named NAME. Example:
 $form->param(a => 1);
 print $form->param('a'); # 1
 $form->add_param_value(a => 2);
 print join(',', $form->param('a')); # 1,2
app [OBJECT]
Get or set a weakened reference to the application object that "owns" this form.
add_repeatable_form ARGS
This method is an alias for the add_repeatable_forms() method.
add_repeatable_forms ARGS
Add the repeatable forms specified by ARGS to the list of sub-forms contained in this form. This method takes arguments in the same format as the add_forms method, except that all argument types are coerced into a form that will cause add_forms to recognize it as a repeatable form. This is a convenient way to add repeatable forms without having to include the repeatable key in your repeat spec. (See the documentation for the add_forms method for more information.)
Examples
 $form->add_repeatable_forms
 (
 # Object argument
 EmailForm->new(...),
 # Name/object pair
 colors => ColorForm->new(...),
 # Name/hashref pair. (Note: no "repeatable" key needed)
 nicknames =>
 {
 form => NickNameForm->new,
 default_count => 2,
 },
 );
build_on_init [BOOL]
Get or set a boolean flag that indicates whether or not build_form() should be called from within the init() method. See build_form() for more information.
build_form
This default implementation of this method is a no-op. It is meant to be overridden by subclasses. It is called at the end of the init() method if build_on_init() is true. (Remember that this class inherits from Rose::HTML::Object, which inherits from Rose::Object, which defines the init() method, which is called from the constructor. See the Rose::Object documentation for more information.)
If build_on_init() is false, then you must remember to call build_form() manually.
Subclasses should populate the field list in their overridden versions of build_form(). Example:
 sub build_form
 {
 my($self) = shift;
 $self->add_fields
 (
 name => { type => 'text', size => 25, required => 1 },
 email => { type => 'email', size => 50, required => 1 },
 phone => { type => 'phone' },
 );
 }
clear
Call clear() on each field object and set error() to undef.
clear_fields
Call clear() on each field object.
coalesce_hidden_fields [BOOL]
Get or set the boolean flag that controls how compound field values are encoded in hidden fields. If this flag is true, then each compound field is encoded as a single hidden field. If the flag is false (the default), then each subfield of a compound field will have its own hidden field.
coalesce_query_string_params [BOOL]
Get or set the boolean flag that controls how compound field values are encoded in the query string. If this flag is true


text:
ISDC 2021 Highlights: A Peek into the Future of System Dynamics Visualization
The International System Dynamics Conference (ISDC) convenes practitioners who demonstrate what's new and developing in their fields with System Dynamics. This section of the WiSDom Blog, "Conference Highlights," asks system dynamicists to spotlight key presentations and innovations presented at the conference. Check it out and let us know what you think!
– Conference Highlights Editorial Team: Saras Chung, Will Glass-Husain, Jack Homer, Sara Metcalf, and Remco Peters with coordination by Christine Tang
This highlight by Billy Schoenberg gives us a peek into the future of System Dynamics data visualization.
I'd like to describe a fascinating Plenary Session I attended on Tuesday of this year's conference. Entitled "Visual HPC Workflows for the Analysis of System Dynamics Models" (HPC stands for High-Performance Computing), the 30-minute plenary talk was given by Brian Bush and Danny Inman of the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Here's the background. Over the past two decades, NREL has developed a series of large System Dynamics models, many of them open source. A big part of the task has been to exercise the models over wide ranges of uncertainty. This means, first, developing technology to run these models on NREL's HPC supercomputer clusters. Second, it means finding an effective way to visualize an enormous volume of simulation output. To do this visualization, they've built a "holodeck"-style room where they and their stakeholders can perform model testing. In addition, this room allows them to "walk through" the data in a 3D fully virtual environment.
Brian and Danny put their innovative system in context by saying that it was inspired by the idea of double-loop learning where learners adjust their own mental models of a problem by playing through and taking part in the system.
One of the biggest challenges they've faced is the high dimensional complexity of the models they work with. Their models might have thousands of input variables and parameters affecting dozens of output variables and metrics. The big question they've been tackling is "How can a visualization system help stakeholders rapidly explore and confidently understand what it is that these models are saying?"
This is where the immersive visualization environments come in. Using these specially equipped virtual-reality rooms, users can reach out and touch the data. You can see what this process looks like in the photo above.
NREL uses this environment to enhance collaboration via "hands-on data processing", where stakeholders can work together to filter and highlight key dimensions of simulation generated data. This allows them to debug models, design scenarios, identify anomalous results, formulate and test hypotheses, as well as explore the outcomes of a large number of sensitivity runs.
While it's probably more than just a few years before we all get our own immersive visualization environments, the technology they've been developing is gradually trickling down into tools (based on open source software) that can be run on consumer-grade virtual reality or augmented reality headsets.
The NREL team has found a few specific types of data visualizations to be particularly effective. These include 3D scatter plots of sensitivity testing results (pictured below); "parallel planes" (pictured below) showing input parameters versus outputs across many runs which are a series of scatter plots where the same observations on each plot are joined by a polyline; and "self-organizing maps" in 2D or 3D space that group together results that are similar according to cluster analysis or other algorithms.
All in all, this was a pretty fantastic look at what the future of System Dynamics model outputs may look like. The immersive visual environments have a retro-futuristic feel, like a Star Trek holodeck brought to life. I doubt that this technology will ever trickle down to ordinary modelers in its full room-based form, though some of the visualization methods (e.g., 3-D scatterplots) are now available and getting some use. What does the future hold? That's anybody's guess, but I enjoyed seeing System Dynamics at the forefront of the discussion about how simulation modelers may someday be able to conveniently visualize and make sense of massive amounts of multi-dimensional data.
Billy Schoenberg – _EMAIL_
Webinar Highlights & Recording: Digital Twin Business Models for Strategy and Operational Management
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Webinar Highlights & Recording: System Dynamics Modeling with R.
Webinar Highlights & Recording: System Dynamics Modeling with R. System Dynamics is a powerful approach to understanding complex systems in various fields, such as public health, ecology, and economics. Prof. Jim Duggan, an expert in applying System Dynamics and...
A Close-Up on Our New Look
A Close-Up on Our New Look We are excited to reveal our new logo and branding, embodying the System Dynamics Society's values and vision for the future. The looped arrows with an S curve symbolize growth, change over time, and commitment to raising complex...
2023 Conference Early Bird Registration Deadline
Early bird registration deadline for both live and virtual conference registrations.
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React-Native – Citibikes app
Navigation in React-Native (Tab and Stack base Navigation)
Objectives
We have seen navigation in React Native via the navigation stack, namely createStackNavigator. For a review on how it works see createStackNavigator.
Today we will be building upon this knowledge to create a Tab based navigation hierarchy.
createBottomTabNavigator
A simple tab bar on the bottom of the screen that lets you switch between different routes. Routes are lazily initialized — their screen components are not mounted until they are first focused.
export default createBottomTabNavigator({
 Home: HomeScreen,
 Settings: SettingsScreen,
})
The app we will be building is a Citibikes app. The app will use the citibikes api to get bike station information along with real-time data on the availability of bikes at a Station.
Endpoints
Bike Station Information: _URL_
Real time status on bike availability: _URL_
CitiBikeAPI.js
The CitiBikeAPI has two functions one fetches the bike station infomation from Citibike API. In the for..in statement we construct a station object which will hold a coordinate object needed by the MapView's Marker component and the bike station object.
The bikeStationStatus fetches the real time bike status information from Citibike API.
Complete Implementation
export function bikeStationInformation() {
 return fetch('_URL_
 .then(response => response.json())
 .then(jsonData => {
 const data = jsonData['data']
 const results = data['stations']
 let objects = []

 for(let index in results) {
 let object = {
 station: results[index],
 coordinate: {
 latitude: results[index].lat,
 longitude: results[index].lon,
 }
 }
 objects.push(object)
 }
 return objects
 })
 .catch(err => console.error(err))
}
export function bikeStationStatus() {
 return fetch('_URL_
 .then(response => response.json())
 .then(jsonData => {
 const data = jsonData['data']
 const stationsStatus = data['stations']
 return stationsStatus
 })
 .catch(err => console.error(err))
}
App.js
In App.js the RootStack is setting up a Tab Bar Style Architecture. The List route holds a ListStack object which itself is a Navigation Stack. There are two tab routes: the List tab bar and the Map tab bar.
Imports being used here are createStackNavigator and createBottomTabNavigator from the third party library, react-navigation. For the tab bar icons we use Ionicons from the react-native-vector-icons library. We import our own custom function from the CitiBikeAPI.js, namely the bikeStationInformation and bikeStationStatus functions. The are three routes (screens) in our app.
 - BikeStationsListScreen: the first tab bar which consist of a FlatList of station items
 - BikeStationsMapScreen: the second tab bar which is a MapView with station annotations
 - StationDetailsScreen: shows a MapView with a Marker of the selected station
Complete Implementation
import React, { Component } from 'react';
// import 3rd Party libraries
import { createStackNavigator } from 'react-navigation'
import { createBottomTabNavigator } from 'react-navigation'
import Ionicons from 'react-native-vector-icons/Ionicons'
// import our cutom functions
import { bikeStationInformation, bikeStationStatus } from './helpers/CitiBikeAPI'
// import screen components
import BikeStationsListScreen from './screens/BikeStationsListScreen';
import BikeStationsMapScreen from './screens/BikeStationsMapScreen';
import StationDetailsScreen from './screens/StationDetailsScreen';
const ListStack = createStackNavigator({
 List: BikeStationsListScreen,
 Details: StationDetailsScreen
})
const RootStack = createBottomTabNavigator(
 {
 List: ListStack,
 Map: BikeStationsMapScreen
 },
 {
 // Setting up the tab bar icons for the List and Map Screens
 navigationOptions: ({ navigation }) => ({
 tabBarIcon: ({ focused, tintColor }) => {
 const { routeName } = navigation.state
 let iconName
 if (routeName === 'List') {
 iconName = 'ios-list${focused ? '' : '-outline'}'
 } else if (routeName === 'Map') {
 iconName = 'ios-map${focused ? '' : '-outline'}'
 }
 return <Ionicons name={iconName} size={27} color={tintColor} />
 },
 }),
 tabBarOptions: {
 activeTintColor: 'tomato',
 inactiveTintColor: 'gray',
 },
 }
)
// The one component our App returns is the RootStack component which we have defined to be a bottom tab navigator
export default class App extends Component {
 render() {
 return(
 <RootStack />
 )
 }
}
BikeStationsListScreen.js
Complete Implementation
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import { View,
 FlatList,
 Text,
 StyleSheet } from 'react-native'
// import 3rd party libraries
import { SearchBar } from 'react-native-elements'
// import function
import { bikeStationInformation } from '../helpers/CitiBikeAPI'
// The navigationOptions is where further customization can be done for the screen component
// Here the Navigation screen title is being set.
export default class BikeStationsListScreen extends Component {
 // A stations array is declared as part of our state variables
 constructor(props) {
 super(props)
 this.state = {
 stations: [],
 }
 }
 // The componentDidMount view cycle makes a call to fetch all the Citibike stations in New York City.
 // The stations array is then set with the result of the promise
 // A filteredStations temp array is used for search filtering
 // The query variable here is used to clear the searchBar when the clear button is pressed
 componentDidMount() {
 super.componentDidMount
 bikeStationInformation()
 .then((results) => {
 let objects = []
 for(let index in results) {
 objects.push(results[index].station)
 }
 this.setState({
 stations: objects,
 filteredStations: objects,
 query: '',
 })
 })
 }
 static navigationOptions = {
 title: 'CitiBike Locations',
 }
 // The renderItemSeperator returns a View component to the ItemSeparatorComponent to render a line between items in the
 // FlatList
 renderItemSeperator() {
 return <View style={{backgroundColor:'lightgray', height:0.5}} />
 }
 // The filterSearch function takes a single String argument and does a filter on the stations and updates the FlatList
 filterSearch = (word ) => {
 this.setState({
 query: word,
 filteredStations: this.state.stations.filter((station) => station.name.toLowerCase().includes(word.toLowerCase()))
 })
 }
 render() {
 return (
 <View>
 {/* Since react-native does not have a native SearchBar component we will use react-native-elements SearchBar. */}
 <SearchBar
 lightTheme
 round
 clearIcon={{color: 'gray'}}
 placeholder='search for bike location'
 onChangeText={(searchText) => this.filterSearch(searchText)}
 autoCapitalize='none'
 autoCorrect={false}
 onClear={() => this.setState({query: ''})}
 value={this.state.query}
 />
 {/* The FlatList gets its data from the fetch API to get all Citibike stations */}
 {/* <View style={{backgroundColor:'red', height:'100%', width:'100%'}}></View> */}
 <FlatList
 data={this.state.filteredStations}
 renderItem={({item}) => <Text
 style={styles.item}
 onPress={() => this.props.navigation.navigate('Details', {
 station: item
 })}
 >
 {item.name}
 </Text>}
 // A unique key is needed here we will use the station_id
 keyExtractor={item => item.station_id}

 // Expects a component that will render between items in the FlatList
 ItemSeparatorComponent={this.


In the largest randomized, controlled trial to date of the embrace Advanced Scar Therapy device, Neodyne Biosciences reported a highly significant improvement in scarring for patients treated with embrace versus control at 1-year follow-up.
embrace Advanced Scar Therapy actively relieves the tension surrounding a healing scar to minimize scar formation and uses technology initially developed at Stanford University and subsequently licensed to Neodyne Biosciences.
"These data further support the long-term value proposition of embrace, which has now been shown to improve results out to one year post-surgery. The differences were highly significant between embrace-treated and control-treated groups when analyzed by independent, blinded reviewers using the Visual Analog Scale [VAS]," said Geoffrey Gurtner, MD, FACS and Co-Founder of Neodyne Biosciences.
The REFINE trial enrolled patients who underwent abdominoplasty procedures, a challenging indication for scarring since the incision is closed under maximum tension. Half of each newly closed incision was selected randomly to be treated with the embrace® device. The remaining portion of the incision served as the "control" side and was treated according to the plastic surgeon's standard of care.
-At 12 months, the mean VAS score for embrace-treated scars was significantly improved compared to control-treated scars, (difference = 0.39, 95% confidence interval [0.14, 0.66], p = 0.027).
-Both subjects and investigators found that embrace-treated scars demonstrated significant improvements in overall appearance at 12 months using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively).
"The differences at one year between the embrace-treated and control-treated scars were highly significant, showing no regression to the mean and an extremely positive long-term benefit in scar reduction with the embrace device," said Michael Longaker, MD, FACS and Co-Founder of Neodyne Biosciences.
"Neodyne is committed to providing clinically proven technologies to both surgeons and patients looking to minimize scarring," said Bill Beasley, President of Neodyne Biosciences, "embrace® is the first scar management product of its kind, and to our knowledge, no other scar treatment is backed by the same wealth of clinical data."


text:
2) A few years ago, NTP sued RIM. RIM makes Blackberry handheld email devices and operates a system which connects the devices. NTP held a patent which it claim Blackberry infringed. NTP sought damages and an injunction barring RIM from continuing to use its patents. The injunction would render Blackberries unable to send or receive email, unless RIM could redesign the system to avoid infringement. Blackberry argued that the patent was invalid, but a district court judge indicated that he was likely to find that the patent was valid and infringed. In 2006, before the Ebay case was decided, the parties settled. RIM paid NTP $612.5 million dollars for the right to use NTP technology.
How do you think settlement negotiations might have been different, if they had taken place after the Ebay case had been decided?
3) Damages in intellectual property lawsuits are usually measured by the plaintiff's lost profits. That is, the court estimates what the plaintiff's profits would have been, had there been no infringement. The defendant must pay the difference between that estimate and actual profits. Suppose A has a patent on telephones, which B infringed. As a result of infringement, A sold 1000 telephones, making $1 profit on each telephone. As a result of the infringement, B also sold 1000 telephones, also making $1 profit on each telephone. If B had not infringed, it would not have sold any telephones. If A prevailed in a patent infringement lawsuit against B, how would you calculate the damages?


Skip to definition.
Noun: odyle
Usage: archaic
 1. A force or natural power supposed by Reichenbach and others to be manifest in magnets, heat, light, chemical or vital action, etc.
 - od [archaic]
Derived forms: odyles
Encyclopedia: Odyle


text:
The effect of the pH on the interaction of L-arginine with colloidal silver nanoparticles. A Raman and SERS study
Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies were used to study the pH effect (7 to 9) on the interaction of arginine (Arg) with colloidal Ag nanoparticles (AgNps). A new methodology was implemented in order to obtain reproducible SERS spectra in solution. The dependence of the Arg concentration on the stability of the AgNps is discussed. A pH increasing of the colloidal solution to the limits of the Arg pKa2 value induces a preferential and stable Arg–metal interaction. j potential measurements of the Arg–AgNps system at different pH conditions studied provide information about the Arg–AgNps interaction; the pH increasing favors the interaction. SERS spectra at pH 7 indicate that the molecule interacts with the Ag surface only through the guanidinium fragment. By increasing the pH to 9, the molecule adopts a new conformation on the surface; the metal–analyte interaction is verified through the guanidinium, carboxylate and the aliphatic moieties. In addition, theoretical calculations performed by using the extended Hückel method for a model of Arg interacting with an Ag surface support the observed SERS results.
Artículo de publicación ISI
DOI: DOI 10.1002/jrs.4331
Quote ItemJ. Raman Spectrosc. 2013, 44, 1105 – 1110


text:
Now that Visual Studio 2010 has been released for a bit, consider upgrading to make use of the
parallelTestCount attribute in MSTest's
.testsettings file, as described at How to: Run Unit Tests Faster Using a Computer with Multiple CPUs or Cores.
There are a few limitations, such as:
- Only simple unit tests are supported (i.e. excludes coded UI tests and ASP.NET-hosted tests)
- Tests must be thread-safe (all tests are run in the same process)
- You can't collect code coverage (among other data & diagnostics) at the same time
Example, using 0 to mean auto-detect (the default is 1):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
These are default test settings for a local test run.
A few blogs have noted that you might have to close and re-open your project for Visual Studio to notice you added/changed that attribute. Also, if you edit the test settings file using the GUI, you'll probably have to re-add the