this case, the number of
$ !
ways you can choose is & 7# .
2
Case 2: If the golden apple is not among your choice, you must choose 3 apples from
$ !
the remaining 7 red apples. For this case, the number of ways you can choose is & 7# .
3
% ²
Thus, &8# = & 7# + & 7# .
$ 3! $ 2! $ 3!
% ² % ² % ²
Proof:
Statement Numerical Example Reason
& n # + & n #
$ k ¢ ! $ k !
% 1² % ²
& 7# + & 7#
$ ! $ !
% 2² % 3²
n = 7, k = 3, k –1 =
2
= n! + 7! + 7! 1.
(k ! 1)!(n ! (k ! 1))! 2!(7 ! 2)! 3!(7 ! 3)!
n!
k!(n ! k )!
= k(n!) + = 3(7!) + 5(7!) 2. n +1 – k = 5
k(k ! 1)!(n + 1 ! k )! 3(2!)(7 ! 2)! 3!(5)(7 ! 3)!
 (n + 1 ! k )(n!)
k!(n + 1 ! k )(n ! k )!
= k(n!) + (n + 1 ! k )(n!) = 3(7!) + 5(7!) 3.
k!(n + 1 ! k )! k!(n + 1 ! k )! 3!(5!) 3!(5!)
= k(n!) + (n + 1 ! k )(n!) = 3(7!) + 5(7!) 4.
k!(n + 1 ! k )! 3!(5!)
= (k + n + 1 ! k )(n!) = (3 + 5)(7!) 5.
k!(n + 1 ! k )! 3!(5!)
= (n + 1)(n!)
k!(n + 1 ! k )!
= 8(7!)
3!(5!)
6.
= (n + 1)!
k!(n + 1 ! k )!
= 8!
3!(8 ! 3)!
7.
= n + 1#
$ k !
% ²
= &8#
$ 3!
% ²
8.
Lesson Plan – 2
Subject: 11.8 Binomial Theorem Measurable objectives:
 - Students will be able to explain the proofs of the Binomial
 - Students will be able to calculate the sequence of binomial coefficients with TI-83/84 Plus graphic calculators.
Warm-Up: Expand (x – 2)3. Class work: Expand (a b)3.
Score discussion: Have students carry out (a b)3 polynomial multiplication in vertical format. Then have them substitute a by x, b by 2 to find the answer to the warm-up activity.
Page 742, Copy Binomial Theorem to your notebook.
(x + y)n =
n ¢ n xnkyk
!% k ²
k =0 & #
Group Activity: prove the Binomial Theorem; refer to the handout: Lesson 2.
Materials: Pages 741 ~ 744, Schultz, Ellis, Hollowell, Kennedy, Engelbrecht,, (2004),
Algebra 2, Holt Rinehart, and Winston, ISBN: 0-03-070044-2 TI-83 Plus graphic calculators
Handout: A Proof of the Binominal Theorem Slide: TI-83/84 Plus seq() Function Format
Daily homework: [Page 745 of the textbook, #22]
Write the summation as a binomial raised to a power; then write it in expanded form:
6 ¢6 $ x6kyk
!% k ²
k =0 & #
Handout: Lesson 2 – A Proof of the Binomial Theorem
Directions: Complete the worksheet as a group activity. Your mission is to fill out the missing reasons by following the instructions in {Hint: …} in Steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 forn the proof of the Binomial Theorem – version 1. For version 2, fill in the blanks in the Reason column. We will prove that version 2 is equivalent to version 1. Here is the Binomial Theorem:(x + y)n =
n ¢ n xnkyk … Form 1
!% k ²
k =0 & #
(x + y)n =
n ¢ n xkyn-k… Form 2
!% k ²
n # =
k =0 &
n!
#
are the binomial coefficients, and n! denotes the factorial of n; that is,
$ k !
k!(n ! k )!
% ²
n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)…(2)(1).
Mathematical Induction
The mathematical induction consists of two steps:
 - Basics step: showing that the statement holds when n =
 - Induction step: showing that if the statement holds for n = m, then the same statement also holds for n = m +
The proposition following the word "if" in the inductive step is called the induction hypothesis (or inductive hypothesis). To perform the induction step, we assume the induction hypothesis (that the statement is true for n = m) and then uses this assumption to prove the statement for n = m + 1.
The idea behind mathematical induction is like a donimo effect. In order to prove that a statement about natural numbers is true for all natural numbers, we first verify that the statement is true for the number 1. Then we prove that if it is true for a natural number m, it must be true for m + 1. Since it is indeed true for the number 1, it must be true for the number 2. Since it is true for the number 2, it must be true for the number 3, and so on.
The following sketch illustrates this idea.
Number line
The Binomial Theorem
(x + y)n =
n ¢ n xnkyk … Form 1
!% k ²
k =0 & #
Proof (BT-1):
 - Basics step
When n = 1, (x + y)1 =
¢1 $ x1–kyk = &1 # x1–0y0 + &1# x1–1y1 = &1 # x + &1# y = x + y.
!% k ²
$ 0!
$ ! $ 0! $ !
k =0 & # % ²
%1²
% ² %1²
 - Induction step
Assume (x + y)m =
m ¢ m xmkyk, which is the induction hypothesis. We want to show
!% k ²
k =0 & #
that (x + y)m+1 = m+1 ¢ m + 1$ xm+1–kyk.
k
!% ²
k =0 & #
For n = m + 1,
Statement Reason
(x + y)m +1 = (x + y)(x + y)m 1. {Hint: Textbook page 95}
= x(x + y)m + y(x + y)m 2. {Hint: Textbook page 87}
= x ¢ m xmkyk + y ¢ m xmkyk
m m
!% k ² !% k ²
k =0 & # k =0 & #
3. {Hint: What is the name of the proposition after the word "if" in Mathematical Induction? See above. What is the proposition? See the Induction step.}
= ¢ m xm+1–kyk + ¢ m xmkyk+1
m m
!% k ² !% k ²
k =0 & # k =0 & #
4. {Hint: Textbook page 95, and page 87}
= xm+1 + m ¢ m xm+1–k k m ¢ m mk k+1
!% k ² y + !% k ² x y
k =1 & # k =0 & #
5. Extracting the first term, xm+1, from the first summation (k = 0)

= xm+1 + ¢ m xm+1–kyk + ¢ m xm+1–kyk
m m+1
!% k ² !% k ( ²
k =1 & # k =1 & 1#
6. Adjusting the index k in the second summation so that it starts with 1 instead of 0
= xm+1 + m ¢ m xm+1–k k m ¢ m $ m+1–k k m+1
!% k ² y + !% k ( ² x y + y
k =1 & # k =1 & 1#
7. Extracting the last term, ym+1, from the second summation (k = m
+ 1)
m & m # & m #
= xm+1 + ([$ k ! + $ k ¢ !] xm+1–kyk + ym+1
k =1 % ² % 1²
8. Combining the two summations in the middle
m ¢ m + 1$
= xm+1 + !% k ² xm+1–kyk + ym+1
k =1 & #
9. {Hint: What is the name of the property that
& m # + & m # = & m + 1#


text:
We present the first joint observation of a small microflare in X-rays with the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR), in UV with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and in EUV with the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA). These combined observations allow us to study the hot coronal and cooler chromospheric/transition region emission from the microflare. This small microflare peaks from 2016 July 26 23:35 to 23:36 UT, in both NuSTAR, SDO/AIA, and IRIS. Spatially, this corresponds to a small loop visible in the SDO/AIA Fe xviii emission, which matches a similar structure lower in the solar atmosphere seen by IRIS in SJI1330 and 1400 Å. The NuSTAR emission in both 2.5-4 and 4-6 keV is located in a source at this loop location. The IRIS slit was over the microflaring loop, and fits show little change in Mg ii but do show intensity increases, slight width enhancements, and redshifts in Si iv and O iv, indicating that this microflare had most significance in and above the upper chromosphere. The NuSTAR microflare spectrum is well fitted by a thermal component of 5.1 MK and 6.2 × 1044 cm-3, which corresponds to a thermal energy of 1.5 × 1026 erg, making it considerably smaller than previously studied active region microflares. No non-thermal emission was detected but this could be due to the limited effective exposure time of the observation. This observation shows that even ordinary features seen in UV can remarkably have a higher-energy component that is clear in X-rays.
Bibliographical notePublisher Copyright:
© 2019. The American Astronomical Society..
- Sun: UV radiation
- Sun: X-rays, gamma rays
- Sun: activity
- Sun: corona
- Sun: transition region

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


What Does Umi Mean?
The name Umi means sea in Japanese and it is a word with a huge influence in the Asian community. However, it is a logotype of a hotel in London (Umi London) which acts as a synapse-joining staff, guests and nationalities allowing a constant flow of communication through everyone who comes into contact with the Umi brand.
Q&A Related to "What Does Umi Mean?"
1. Start with your feet placed together and bend your knees just a little. Stand tall through your torso and roll your shoulders back. Lengthen your neck and keep your arms at your
Umi is the name of an Etsy seller's cat which she picked up from the shelter a little while back.
Alpha Ursae Minoris, or Polaris, has a magnitude of 1.97. It is also a Population I (high metal content, like our sun) Cepheid variable star, which means its magnitude changes over
University Museums in Scotland (preservation organization; various locations)
Explore this Topic
Umi means umi, u-m-i as the alphabet is, it means thank you, when someone says umi in vietnamese it means thank you.So umi is said after welcome That is what umi...
Umi is a boy's name of African origin meaning 'life'. Its variant form is Umee and it sounds similar to Am, Em and Jimi. It is not a popular first name for men...


text:
From our friends at the BPL Southern History Department:
Getting the Most Out of the Census: Finding Ancestry Clues in Census Records, 1790 – 1940
The Birmingham Public Library (BPL) Southern History Department is hosting a workshop presented by Frazine Taylor on digging deeper into the information found in the censuses that even seasoned researchers overlook.
Ms. Taylor is the retired Head of Reference for the Alabama Department of Archives and History with over twenty years of experience as a librarian, archivist, lecturer, and writer. She is the author of "Researching Your African American Ancestor: A Resource Guide." One among Taylor's many honors is working on Tom Joyner's and Linda Johnson Rice's segments in the PBS series, "African American Lives 2."
This workshop does not require registration. Contact the Southern History Department of BPL at _PHONE_ for more information.
Event: "Getting the Most Out of the Census: Finding Ancestry Clues in Census Records, 1790 – 1940"
Presenter: Frazine Taylor
Date: Saturday, June 30, 2012
Time: 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.
Place: Central Library, Arrington Auditorium
Registration: Not required

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Home > Articles > The Power of DryFire
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The Power of DryFire
It is most likely strange to you that an article from an ammo manufacturer is discussing on dry fire (training without live ammunition). However, if skill improvement is really the focus, then we would be remised not to discuss this valuable tool. Dryfire is talked about in many circles of the competitive and tactical communities. Opinions and use vary across the spectrum and are often polarizing. Let's be honest, putting thousands of rounds down range requires, a lot of ammo and a lot of time. These 2 components are often not available in large quantity for most people out there pursuing excellence in a shooting discipline.
Dryfire allows an individual to acquire a very large volume of repetitions of key skill sets required in most 3gun, USPSA, IDPA and Precision matches. The term "muscle memory" is often used to describe the benefit of this activity. The better explanation is getting enough reps that you can turn what started out as a conscious action (or something you must think about in detail to achieve) to a subconscious action (something you do without thinking about the specific mechanics of the operation). THIS IS HUGE in practical application.
The complexities of executing a stage plan occupy all the availability of the conscious mind, so to maximize this stream of data in your mind, you do not want to be thinking consciously about the mechanics of a good draw, or a pistol mag change or how to dump a shotgun and remember to actuate the safety. These actions need to happen on their own due to significant repetitions and the driver is the most economical method to acquire these skills.
If you have been convinced by the arguments above that dry fire is a practice you need to adopt, you are probably asking yourself how to structure this and what this training looks like. The good news is there are a lot of resources out there that give you good direction. Ben Stoeger has several books on the topic for USPSA that can easily be adopted for 3Gun. Dry fire targets are available through several resources as well. One key point to consider, is that a dry fire session does not need to be lengthy to be successful. 15 to 30min is a lengthy session when you consider how many pistols, draws, mag changes and gun manipulations can be done in that period of time. Fatigue will bring about bad habits to be thoughtful as to how you are feeling as you start to build a program for yourself. In conclusion,don't, forgot this valuable tool. Dry fire is not a substitute for live fire, but rather a valuable addition to your overall training regimen.
Josh T.


text:
Zab (zäb, zăb) [key], name applied to the two principal tributaries of the Tigris River. The Great Zab, 265 mi (426 km) long, rises in SE Turkey and flows generally S through Iraq to the Tigris. The Little Zab, 250 mi (402 km) long, rises in NW Iran and flows SW through Iraq to the Tigris. Both rivers are extensively used for irrigation, flood control on the Tigris, and hydroelectricity. Bakhma Dam on the Great Zab and Dokan Dam on the Little Zab are among the world's highest dams.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Zab from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Middle Eastern and Iranian Physical Geography


text:
In this study, mechanical alloying (MA) of Al-WC powder system was studied to produce aluminium composite powders having finer tungsten carbide fraction in aluminium matrix. For this purpose, elemental mixtures of 70 wt. % aluminium (Al) powder and 30 wt. % of tungsten carbide (WC) powder were mechanical alloyed for the duration of 2, 4 and 8 hrs. MA'ed powders then annealed at 300 ºC, 400ºC and 500ºC for 2 hours under inert atmosphere. Apparent densities of powders were measured in order to characterize both mechanical alloyed and annealed powders. Compressibility of the powders was determined by green density measurements after pressing.
Microstructural characterizations were conducted with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Strain rates and crystallite sizes were measured according to fundamentals parameter approach (FPA) by applying Lorentzian function using software TOPAS 4.2.


text: Although the measured amount of roof deformation associated with a given rollover crash test is often the residual or post test deformation, rollover crash test researchers are aware that roof deformation occurs dynamically throughout the rollover event with varying magnitude. The challenge to quantifying dynamic roof deformation has been the lack of a reliable method to measure and record the dynamic roof deformation during the rollover test. Researchers have explored various methods to measure dynamic roof deformation including the use of film analysis of external targets, accelerometers, string potentiometers, and 3D photogrammetry.This paper discusses a series of simulated curb trip rollover tests conducted to study and compare different methodologies to measure and record dynamic roof deformation. The tests involved midsize crossover utility vehicles instrumented with accelerometers on the roof rails at the A and B pillars and string potentiometer arrays at roof locations above the front driver and passenger seating locations. High speed digital motion cameras were rigidly mounted inside the vehicles to monitor the movement of the interior roof targets as the roof deformed during the rollover event. This paper discusses and compares the dynamic roof deformation data as measured by the roof string potentiometers and 3D photogrammetry as compared to post-test residual deformation measurements.


text:
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|Noun||1.||Hieracium pilocella - European hawkweed having soft hairy leaves; sometimes placed in genus Hieracium|
hawkweed - any of numerous often hairy plants of the genus Hieracium having yellow or orange flowers that resemble the dandelion
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.


text:
How ClickHouse consume the available RAM?
In ClickHouse, memory management is handled by the MemoryTracker class, which is responsible for allocating and deallocating memory to different parts of the system. The MemoryTracker class uses a hierarchical approach to manage memory, with different levels of memory allocation, such as global, per thread, and per block.
- Global memory allocation: This is the highest level of memory allocation in ClickHouse. It is used for the memory-mapped files, the read and write buffers, and the compression and encoding buffers. The global memory allocation is done at the start of the process and is not released until the end of the process.
- Per-thread memory allocation: This level of memory allocation is used for the memory allocated by each thread. The per-thread memory allocation is done on demand, when a thread needs to perform a specific task, such as sorting or merging data.
- Per-block memory allocation: This is the lowest level of memory allocation in ClickHouse. It is used for the memory allocated by each block of data. The per-block memory allocation is done on demand, when a block of data is loaded into memory.
In addition to managing the memory allocation, MemoryTracker class also monitors the memory usage of the system, and takes action if the memory usage exceeds a certain threshold. If the memory usage exceeds the threshold, MemoryTracker will try to release memory by flushing the read and write buffers to disk, releasing the memory allocated by the threads, and releasing the memory allocated by the blocks of data.
Python script to monitor top ten ClickHouse queries by memory consumption
#import the necessary libraries import clickhouse_driver import pymysql #establish a connection to the clickhouse server conn = clickhouse_driver.connect(host='localhost', port=9000, user='user', password='password') #fetch the top 10 ClickHouse queries by memory consumption query = ''' select query, memory_usage from system.query_log order by memory_usage desc limit 10 ''' cur = conn.cursor() cur.execute(query) #fetch and print the top 10 results for row in cur: print(row) #close the connection cur.close() conn.close() #end of code
In summary, ClickHouse manages memory using the MemoryTracker class, which uses a hierarchical approach to manage memory allocation. Memory is allocated globally, per-thread, and per-block. MemoryTracker also monitors the memory usage of the system, and releases memory if the usage exceeds a certain threshold. This approach allows ClickHouse to efficiently manage memory and ensure that the system stays within the boundaries of the available physical memory.


text: Graded-art system imposed at schools and arts learning center can be considered detrimental to a child's intrinsic motivation to continue drawing as they grow. Drawing, a form of visual art should encourage the creation of thinking and communication that allows the children to speak from their heart. This study adopts reflexivity from the first author's discouraging experience of art being graded during her childhood experience. It describes the arts syntegration model at a home-setting to promote thinking. This paper provides evidences that informal teaching beyond-school can promote significant creativity; especially for children between the ages of four and nine years.


Research
Systems and Networking Research highlights
Fast and Powerful Hashing Using Tabulation
Posted
 1. Abstract
 2. 1. Introduction
 3. 2. Simple Tabulation
 4. 3. Twisted Tabulation
 5. 4. Double Tabulation and High Independence
 6. Acknowledgments
 7. References
 8. Author
 9. Footnotes
 10. Figures
Read the related Technical Perspective
Fast and Powerful Hashing Using Tabulation, illustration
Randomized algorithms are often enjoyed for their simplicity, but the hash functions employed to yield the desired probabilistic guarantees are often too complicated to be practical. Here, we survey recent results on how simple hashing schemes based on tabulation provide unexpectedly strong guarantees.
Simple tabulation hashing dates back to Zobrist (A new hashing method with application for game playing. Technical Report 88, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin). Keys are viewed as consisting of c characters and we have precomputed character tables h1, . . ., hc mapping characters to random hash values. A key x = (x1, . . ., xc) is hashed to h1[x1] ⊕ h2[x2]….. ⊕ hc[xc] This schemes is very fast with character tables in cache. Although simple tabulation is not even four-independent, it does provide many of the guarantees that are normally obtained via higher independence, for example, linear probing and Cuckoo hashing.
Next, we consider twisted tabulation where one input character is "twisted" in a simple way. The resulting hash function has powerful distributional properties: Chernoff-style tail bounds and a very small bias for minwise hashing. This is also yields an extremely fast pseudorandom number generator that is provably good for many classic randomized algorithms and data-structures.
Finally, we consider double tabulation where we compose two simple tabulation functions, applying one to the output of the other, and show that this yields very high independence in the classic framework of Wegman and Carter.26 In fact, w.h.p., for a given set of size proportional to that of the space consumed, double tabulation gives fully random hashing. We also mention some more elaborate tabulation schemes getting near-optimal independence for given time and space.
Although these tabulation schemes are all easy to implement and use, their analysis is not.
Back to Top
1. Introduction
A useful assumption in the design of randomized algorithms and data structures is the free availability of fully random hash functions, which can be computed in unit time. Removing this unrealistic assumption is the subject of a large body of work. To implement a hash-based algorithm, a concrete hash function has to be chosen. The space, time, and random choices made by this hash function affects the overall performance. The generic goal is therefore to provide efficient constructions of hash functions that for important randomized algorithms yield probabilistic guarantees similar to those obtained assuming fully random hashing.
To fully appreciate the significance of this program, we note that many randomized algorithms are very simple and popular in practice, but often they are implemented with too simple hash functions without the necessary guarantees. This may work very well in random tests, adding to their popularity, but the real world is full of structured data, for example, generated by computers, that could be bad for the hash function. This was illustrated in Ref.21 showing how simple common inputs made linear probing fail with popular hash functions, explaining its perceived unreliability in practice. The problems disappeared when sufficiently strong hash functions were used.
In this paper, we will survey recent results from Refs.6, 7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 25 showing how simple realistic hashing schemes based on tabulation provide unexpectedly strong guarantees for many popular randomized algorithms, for example, linear probing, Cuckoo hashing, minwise independence, treaps, planar partitions, power-of-two-choices, Chernoff-style concentration bounds, and even high independence. The survey is from a users perspective, explaining how these tabulation schemes can be applied. While these schemes are all very simple to describe and use, the analysis showing that they work is nontrivial. For this analysis, the reader is referred to the above papers. The reader is also referred to these papers for a historical account of previous work.
* 1.1. Background
Generally a hash function maps a key universe
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text:
The Government of Canada introduced Securing an Open Society: Canada's National Security Policy (NSP), in April 2004. All levels of government must work together to prevent and respond to the threat of terrorism.
The National Security Policy included measures to address terrorist threats. One such measure was the creation of the Integrated Threat Assessment Centre (ITAC), which entered into operation on October 15, 2004.
In June 2011, ITAC was renamed the Integrated Terrorism Assessment Centre in order to renew its focus on the terrorist threats to Canadians and Canadian interests.


text: Technological development in the area of wireless communications lead to the requirement of tight integration of both the digital and analog functional units. Integrating mixers is a challenging task, especially in mixed signal design. IoT communication devices require low design complexity as we expect millions of devices connected. In this paper we propose a mixer less low complex QPSK based transmitter architecture targeting low frequency applications which reduced the complexity in transmitter design. A prototype has been developed using Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) and FPGA as the base band controller. The design can easily be adapted to MOSFET technology and modulation is achieved without the need of generating the carrier externally. The prototype developed was tested successfully by generating frequencies of range varying from 1 KHz to 120 MHz. The proposed architecture can also be used for any other digital modulation scheme such as BPSK, FSK etc. © 2014 National Institute of Information and Communicatio.


text:
haulm definition by Webster's New World
- the stalks or stems of cultivated cereal plants, beans, peas, etc., esp. after the crop has been gathered
- straw or hay used for thatching, bedding, etc.
- a stem of grass or grain
Origin: Middle English halm ; from Old English healm, halm, straw, akin to German halm ; from Indo-European an unverified form olemos, reed, cane from source Classical Greek kalamos, Classical Latin culmus
haulm definition by American Heritage Dictionary
noun Chiefly British
Origin: Middle English halm, straw, from Old English healm.


Isaiah 53:8 MT/LXX
From: clayton stirling bartholomew (
Date: Thu Feb 05 1998 - 07:55:19 EST
The Ethiopian official (Acts 8:33) had problems understanding Isaiah 53:8 and
I don't blame him.
The *first clause* of Isaiah 53:8 in the MT seems unproblematic to my
untrained eye. The syntax seems balanced and straight forward. But the LXX
version quoted in Acts has a different syntactical structure and probably a
different meaning.
In the LXX we have:
My best guess, having looked at a commentary or two is that
EN THi TAPEIWSEI is an adverbial modifier of HRQH, with H KRISIS being the
recipient of the action stated in the passive verb.
It seems that the MT is saying something quite different here. The subject of
the verb in the MT is the suffering servant. Both prepositional phrases being
adverbially related to the verb.
I am aware that there is more than one way to read this clause in the MT
(ignoring the LXX). Is there is anyway to resolve the differences between the
MT and LXX in this clause?
Clayton Stirling Bartholomew
Three Tree Point
P.O. Box 255 Seahurst WA 98062


By default, text in the Microsoft Dynamics AX application is the language that is used for the Microsoft Dynamics AX administrator account. The following procedure describes how to change a user's default language.
Note Note
Each language for Microsoft Dynamics AX requires a license. To learn how to acquire additional language licenses, contact your Microsoft partner.
To set a user's default language
 1. Click > Common Forms>.
 The form opens.
 2. Select the user you want to set the default language for, and then click.
 The form opens.
 3. On the tab, select the desired language from the list.
 4. Press CTRL + S to save changes.
 5. Inform users that they must close and reopen Microsoft Dynamics AX for the language changes to take effect.
 6. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 as needed for other users.
Note Note
Setting the language using a command-line parameter overrides the language setting in the user interface.
See Also


text:
"William IV"Print Page
A monument commemorates the 150th anniversary of the launching of the paddle steamer William IV from the Deptford Shipyards, Clarence Town in 1831 which was the first ocean going steamer built in Australia.
Paddle wheel steamer, William IV was launched in November 1831. A large crowd assembled to witness the launch and partake of the luncheon provided by owner Joseph Hickey Grose, an ex-convict. The contract to build the William IV had been signed with Williams River ship builders Marshall and Lowe earlier in 1831. James Marshall and William Lowe had arrived on the 'Tiger' in 1828.
The William IV when launched was fully rigged but minus her Liverpool made engines which were later installed and improved in Sydney. William IV had one 16hp engine which was fitted with two cylinders which were at the time frequently but incorrectly referred to as "engines."
The abundance of excellent hardwoods — flooded gum and ironbark — convinced them to commence their shipbuilding at the Williams River. They constructed a wet dock where a small creek entered the Williams so that vessels could be floated at high tide for repairs. They could be found at times travelling about the Williams River district in search of timber for their vessels.
|Address:||Grey & Earl Streets, Clarence Town Wetlands Walk, Clarence Town, 2321|
|GPS Coordinates:||Lat: -32.581524|
Note: GPS Coordinates are approximate.
|Actual Event STart Date:||14-November-1831|
|Actual Event End Date:||14-November-1831|
|Approx. Monument Dedication Date:||1981|
Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the launching of the paddle-wheel steamer "William IV' from the Deptford Shipyards, Clarence Town, 500 metres downstream on the West Bank of the Williams River on the 14th November 1831
"William IV" was the first ocean-going steamer built in Australia. She left Clarence Town under sail & her engines were fitted in Sydney. Built by William Lowe and James Marshall for Sydney merchant J.H Grose, her length was 80ft. (24.4m) and beam 15ft. (4.6m).
This plaque was unveiled by Mrs Jessie Wetzler, a great grand-daughter of William Lowe.


AlmaBetter allocates INR 2 crore fund to train data scientists
AlmaBetter allocates INR 2 crore fund to train data scientist
A certain percentage of the INR 2 crore fund will also go towards scholarships based on merit, financial aid, paraphernalia like laptops and wifi connections towards students' benefit.
- 2 lakh + student applications by next March
- Risk free education addressing the job crunch amid the pandemic
Given the pandemic and the increased threat of automation in the IT job market, AlmaBetter, a community and cohort based data science e-learning platform has allocated INR 2 crore fund to encourage aspiring data science candidates. The company will train 25000 data scientists by March 2022 readying them for employment. The platform provides risk free education to upskill aspirants, making them job ready and guaranteeing placements addressing the job crunch in the space at minimum of INR 6 lac per annum.
With 2 lac applicants by 2022, the company will train 25000 data science aspirants in lieu of the 1,10,000 vacancies in the sector today. The company records 70% of students being placed before the completion of their program.
Hailing from IITs, the founders, Shivam Dutta and Vikash Srivastava have worked with some of the most reputed brands in the country, providing cutting-edge solutions in ML and AI space.
Shivam Dutta, co-founder, AlmaBetter informed "Financial risk associated with upskilling programs is a major concern among the Indian youth especially during the current pandemic. The risk free and guaranteed placement model will enable aspirants to build a tangible career and in turn a robust ecosystem for data science."
With reference to the threat to the IT job market, he further adds "With increased AI/ML powered automation, the job crunch in the industry will further heighten, making upskilling in data science a necessity to survive in the IT job market."
The school offers two tracks, Pro and Premium. They have a novel learning framework powered by AI, called 'Competency Based Learning' which ensures personalized learning with guaranteed learning outcomes. They also provide community based learning activities, cohort based learning activities and live sessions for the students.
AlmaBetter's curriculum is designed considering industry relevance and usage of concepts and tools in the data science domain. Furthermore, the students are edified by instructors hailing from premiere institutions and fortune 500 companies. By employing innovative and easy-to-grasp methods involving experiments, gamifications and real industry projects, they ensure optimal learning outcomes.


text:
The Aurora Collection returns to the Natural History Museum
A world-class collection of 296 naturally coloured diamonds has been loaned to the Natural History Museum by diamond collectors Alan Bronstein and Harry Rodman. The Aurora Collection comprises 267.45 carats of exceptionally rare stones, from the 12 colour varieties, and reveals an enchanting spectrum from emerald green to blood red.
'Gems like these were not meant to be imprisoned in a dark vault for the momentary pleasure of a few eyes,' said Alan Bronstein, co-owner of the Aurora Collection. 'The true value of a collection is sharing it with as many people who are interested to experience nature's diversity of expression. It's thrilling to think that the collection will be seen by the 3.6 million visitors that come to the Natural History Museum each year.'
Coloured, so called 'fancy', diamonds have become more desirable than ever. Coloured stones were recently worn by actresses Halle Berry and Scarlett Johansson. Fancy diamonds are very rare: only one in every 10,000 gem-quality diamonds is coloured. The colour in diamonds results from tiny amounts of elements other than carbon, or from atomic scale defects, in the diamond structure.
'Each coloured diamond tells its own story, giving us insight not only into its formation but also to the deep earth processes that took place when the gem was formed,' said Alan Hart, Curator of Minerals at the Natural History Museum. 'For example, yellow diamonds are due to the presence of nitrogen in the structure and green diamonds owe their colour to natural radiation damage, It's an amazing opportunity to be able to display this unique collection of exceptionally rare gems at the Museum.'
The Aurora Collection was displayed for the first time in Europe in 2005 as part of the Natural History Museum's Diamonds exhibition. This stunning collection of diamonds is now on display at the end of the Museum's Minerals and Meteorites gallery. The display highlights a little-known property shared by coloured and white diamonds - some of them glow and change colour when exposed to ultra-violet light.
The Natural History Museum has secured £150,000 of funding, from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)/ Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, to transform the space that contains the Aurora collection into a dazzling gem gallery. Redevelopment plans are currently being made and the gallery is set to be finished in December 2007.
Notes for editors
Winner of the 2006 Independent award for the UK's favourite museum, gallery or heritage attraction at the Museum and Heritage Awards for Excellence, the Natural History Museum is also a world-leading science research centre. Through its collections and scientific expertise, the Museum is helping to conserve the extraordinary richness and diversity of the natural world with groundbreaking projects in 68 countries.
Venue: Natural History Museum
Opening hours: Monday to Saturday 10.00-17.50, Sunday 11.00-17.50
Visitor enquiries: _PHONE_ 5000 Monday-Friday, _PHONE_ 5011 Saturday and Sunday


text:
This virtual exhibition will guide you through a selection of manuscripts of the historical writings preserved in the Old Royal library which was presented to the nation in 1757 by King George II and today forms the Royal collection at the British Library.
Books describing and picturing the past occupied a prominent place in royal manuscript holdings, as the large number of copies that survive in the Old Royal library suggests. Knowledge of history was highly recommended to royal readers. The deeds of their ancestors and other heroes from the past informed valuable models of kingship, gave lessons in wisdom and virtue, and provided a source of noble entertainment. History, recorded in both official documents and legend, was also used in political argument. Territorial claims and claims to the throne, as well as the legitimisation of new dynasties were formulated on historical precedent and with reference to royal genealogies. Therefore, history, constructed for the use of the present day played a vital role in royal ideology and propaganda.
The selection of manuscripts in this exhibition encompasses books commissioned by or for the English monarchs as well as volumes appropriated by them, including a large group of manuscripts seized from monastic libraries by agents of King Henry VIII before and after the dissolution of monasteries. Together they provide insights into the use of history books and the role of images within them. As expressions of political thought, beliefs, and concepts of group, social and national identities these images illustrate how the past was imagined, represented, understood and interpreted in the Middle Ages.
Note: This virtual exhibition was composed in conjunction with the exhibition Royal Manuscripts: Genius of Illumination (British Library, November 2011 - March 2012) as part of the Royal Manuscripts Project funded by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council.


text:
This tutorial shows you how to use the W3C stack of technologies for Linked Data to work with metadata defined using AML.
- JVM: version 7 or higher
- SBT to build the AMF command-line
- Local installation of Apache Jena
You can download the example from the AML project examples repository in Github.
This tutorial assumes you have a working version of the AMF command-line as described in the quickstart tutorial.
Apache Jena is a popular Java library to work with semantic and linked data. It can be used as a programming library, but also contains a number of command-line tools that we will use in this tutorial.
Installing Jena is beyond the scope of this tutorial. For information about installation for your platform, see the Jena site. For example, in Mac OS systems, Jena can be installed using Homebrew
AML documents can be parsed into a graph of metadata using AMF.
This graph is encoded as a JSON-LD document. In this tutorial, we will use Jena to execute a query over this graph of information.
We will generate the resolved graph of information parsing one of the playlist documents in the music example using AMF:
The Jena query command line, needs to get the input data as a set of assertions in the Turtle format. We will use the Jena
riot command line to transform our JSON-LD output file into Turtle and store it in the
Now, we can run a query over the graph after loading it into Jena. The query is going to be expressed in the standard SPARQL graph query language.
We will list 10 songs ordered by song duration and also retrieve the name of the song:
The graph parsed from AML metadata documents can be enlarged by just adding assertions parsed from the graph.
Let's add another playlist to our graph of metadata, parsing the
Now, we will use Jena to transform the JSON-LD document into additional assertions to our playlist.ttl graph:
If we run the same query, we will find additional songs:
We can use use the relationship between playlists and songs in the graph to introduce that information into the query:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The footprint left by early cancer dynamics on the spatial arrangement of tumour cells is poorly understood, and yet could encode information about how therapy resistant sub-clones grew within the expanding tumour. Novel methods of quantifying spatial tumour data at the cellular scale are required to link evolutionary dynamics to the resulting spatial architecture of the tumour. Here, we propose a framework using first passage times of random walks to quantify the complex spatial patterns of tumour cell population mixing. First, using a toy model of cell mixing we demonstrate how first passage time statistics can distinguish between different pattern structures. We then apply our method to simulated patterns of wild-type and mutated tumour cell population mixing, generated using an agent-based model of expanding tumours, to explore how first passage times reflect mutant cell replicative advantage, time of emergence and strength of cell pushing. Finally, we analyse experimentally measured patterns of genetic point mutations in human colorectal cancer, and estimate parameters of early sub-clonal dynamics using our spatial computational model. We uncover a wide range of mutant cell replicative advantages and timings, with the majority of sampled tumours consistent with boundary driven growth or short-range cell pushing. By analysing multiple sub-sampled regions in a small number of samples, we explore how the distribution of inferred dynamics could inform about the initial mutational event. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of first passage time analysis as a new methodology for quantifying cell mixing patterns in vivo, and suggest that patterns of sub-clonal mixing can provide insights into early cancer dynamics.


text:
Doctor's Answers (1)
TCA cross treatment of deeper acne scars entails precise application of high concentration of Trichloro-Acetic acid (TCA) to the base of the scar. Frosting occurs when treated skin turns white due to irreversible damage done to the upper layers of the skin by the acidic solution. This frosting generally lasts 6-12 hours on the average.
Following the acute injury by the TCA cross, the skin initiates a healing process and the frosting fades. The frosting is first replaced by redness and swelling and later by scabbing over the following 5-8 days.
Hope this helps!


text:
Oregon Certified Court Interpreter Credential via Reciprocity
Oregon allows examination reciprocity for interpreters who have taken examinations in some other Consortium member states or who have taken the Federal Court Interpreting Examination. Oregon also allows examination reciprocity for RID ASL interpreters holding the Specialist Certificate: Legal (SC:L) who are not Oregon residents. Examination reciprocity is the first step leading towards certification reciprocity and is met by interpreters who have achieved an appropriate score on the:
- Federal Court Interpreting Examination (FCICE) or,
- Court Interpreting Oral Examination or,
- RID Specialist Certificate: Legal Examination
and meet the following requirements:
- All segments of the examination must be passed in one sitting,
- The examination must be administered and rated in accordance with Oregon requirements,
- The minimum scores on each section must meet Oregon requirements, and
- The candidate must not have tested in another state for certification during the previous 12 months.
Each candidate who has met the requirements for examination reciprocity above must also meet the following requirements:
- Submit verification that the interpreter remains in good standing in the Consortium state, the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, or with the RID.
- Pass a criminal history check.
- Attend an Ethics Orientation conducted by CLAS.
- Achieve a passing score on the Ethics Examination.
- Complete and submit documentation of at least 150 hours of court interpreting services during the 12 months prior to application in courts of record in Oregon or Consortium member states, federal courts of record, or where the interpreter is sworn in and the record can be presented into evidence.
- Complete the application process.
- Take the Interpreter's Oath administered by an Oregon State Court Judge.
Prior to completing the Application for Oregon Reciprocity Certification, or the Application for Oregon Reciprocity ASL Certification, contact the Certification and Training Program by emailing _EMAIL_ to ensure that you meet the reciprocity requirements.


text:
Today, 79 years from the Battle of Crete, humanity is experiencing an unprecedented situation in the sector of health. This is the reason that the Greek government canceled all the commemoration events of the 79th anniversary in Crete. People all over the world didn't allowed to travel in order to honour those whom we owe our freedom. The people who fought in the epic Battle of Crete. So, here in our home island there had to be someone to do what hundreds couldn't.
The recently established "Cretan Commemorations Committee – The Battle of Crete and the Resistance" decided to organize today, on May 20th 2020, a tribute tour around the memorials of western Crete laying wreaths and flowers for the memory thousands of Greeks, New Zealanders, Australians, British and Germans who gave their lives 79 years ago. It was the least thing to do since many people around the world who really wanted to do that, finally they couldn't.
Members of the "CCC" are laying the wreath at the memorial of the 42nd street
… and some flowers too
The allied war cemetery, Souda bay
Honouring the memory of those who laying at the German War cemetery of Maleme
RAF memorial, Maleme
Welch memorial, Galatas
Cadets memorial, Kalymvari
Maleme airfield memorial
Australian memorial at Rethimnon
Symbolic momvements like this, can keep the memory of the Battle of Crete alive and let the world know that we will never forget. The heritage of our people, the history, our roots, is one of the most important thing in people's lives. We must always remember and try to live better than our ancestors.
LEST WE FORGET


text:
Mental, Emotional, Physical Wellbeing in the Classroom and Beyond
Building a Loving World
Loving Classroom delivers Positive Relationship Education (PRE) which identifies and boosts the innate goodness in all students, so that they interact with respect and kindness, and crave the wellbeing and fulfilment of all individuals and humanity.
Loving Classroom's USP (unique selling points) are that it is:
as well as proven/evidence-based.
The programme has been developed over many years by founders David and Naomi Geffen - initially by running workshops on conflict resolution, which led to the realisation that delivering Positive Relationship Education in schools serves as early intervention and prevention of conflict in all its aspects. Loving Classroom was thus born - a bespoke programme, offering the best possible guidance for school students by training their staff.
Our 2022/23 UK Programme
Loving Classroom is delighted to be delivering its curriculum in the following secondary schools:
City of London Freemen's School
Henrietta Barnett School
Hitchin Boys School
Queen Elizabeth's Girls School
Royal School Wolverhampton
Sir William Borlase's Grammar School
Here, UK Director, Sir Anthony Seldon, gives his vision for Loving Classroom:
A Loving World in which individuals and nations care for one another's mental, emotional and physical wellbeing, and thereby work together to cultivate harmony, peace and fulfillment for humanity and our planet.
To train teachers globally to facilitate Positive Relationship Education (PRE: the study and practice of respect, compassion, listening, kindness, gratitude, love, friendship, care…) in their classroom - building a loving world.
Teachers and students cultivating loving classrooms: excellent relationships in the classroom, that are a foundation for excellent relationships at home, the future workplace and between communities and nations.


text:
Nathaniel Knipp is the son of Edmund Knipp and Unknown Spouse. Nathaniel was born 24 Jan 1836 Illinois. On 15 May 1862, he married (1) Adra Elizabeth English, 1837 – 1863.
On 11 June 1866, Nathaniel Knipp married (2) Martha A. Scott, 1844 – 1909.
Nathaniel died 1 Apr 1904 in Auxvasse, Callaway, Missouri, United States.
Nathaniel served in the Civil War:
Name: Nathan Knipp
Regiment State/Origin: Missouri
Regiment Name: Missouri Infantry Perkins' Battalion
Regiment Name Expanded: Perkins' Battalion, Missouri Infantry
Rank In: Sergeant
Rank In Expanded: Sergeant
Rank Out: Sergeant
Rank Out Expanded: Sergeant
Film Number: M380 roll 9
From the research of Sherry Martin:
This pic taken around 1960. The names are easy to read in this pic but the dates are hard to see. This tombstone made by ? Scott, one of Nathan's brother-in laws. The Scott has an identical tomb at Harrison Cemetary, Callaway County. If you look at Martin Van Buren Knipp stone you will see that he has sea shells on his also. Nathan and Martin were half brothers, sons of Edmund Knipp
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Adra Elizabeth English:
Infant Boy Knipp 1863 – 1863
Adra Elizabeth English Knipp died in 1863 due to complications of childbirth
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Martha A. Scott:
Margaret J Knipp 1866 – 1972
Sarah Elizabeth Knipp 1867 – 1955
Mary Knipp 1869 –
Nancy Knipp 1869 – 1880


text:
Experimental Study of a Pre-Chamber Jet Igniter in a Turbocharged Rotax 914 Aircraft Engine 2013-01-1629
An experimental study is performed to investigate the possibility of relaxing the octane requirement of a Rotax 914 engine equipped with a pre-chamber jet ignition system. A pre-chamber jet igniter with no auxiliary fuel addition is designed to replace the spark plug in cylinder two of the test engine and is evaluated across engine speeds ranging from 2500 to 5500 RPM. Experiments are performed across both normally aspirated and boosted configurations using regular 87 AKI gasoline fuel. Normally aspirated results at 98 kPa manifold absolute pressure show a 7-10° burn rate improvement with the jet ignition combustion system. Tests to determine the maximum load at optimal combustion phasing (no spark retard) are then conducted by increasing boost pressure up to maximum knock limits. Boosted jet ignition results demonstrate that 17 bar IMEPn can be achieved using 87 AKI gasoline fuel, which is the highest documented load achieved with this combustion system at stoichiometric conditions without dilution. A ~ 3 bar IMEPn increase over spark ignition combustion is also observed in the same test engine, corresponding to a ~25 kPa boost pressure increase across the speed range. When comparing the 87 AKI jet ignition results to those of the baseline spark ignition OEM engine which requires 100 low lead (≻ 99.5 MON) aviation gasoline, experimental results highlight that peak torque at 4500 RPM can be matched, however peak power is slightly reduced by 9% at 5500 RPM. Hence, it is estimated that this particular jet igniter offers a ≻ 10 octane number improvement over the baseline spark ignition system. This demonstrates that retrofitted pre-chamber jet igniter technology offers the general aviation industry a potential means of relaxing engine octane requirement. Experimental burn rate results and visual evidence of the jet impingement on the piston crown confirm that further pre-chamber nozzle and jet optimization are required to achieve the full knock limit benefits of this combustion system as demonstrated in the literature. However, results thus far are very encouraging for future lead-free gasoline aviation engines as well as boosted automotive powertrains as engine downsizing grows in popularity.


Deciphering the mechanism of animal magnetic navigation: Geometric phase
by Prof. Ronnie Kosloff
HUJI
at Quantum optics seminar
Wed, 03 May 2023, 16:00
Sacta-Rashi Building for Physics (54), room 207
Abstract
Note that the seminar will be given in-person at the seminar room.
Abstract:
Magnetic sensing is commonly found in migratory species, and was shown to depend on ambient
blue/UV light. We hypothesize that visual opsin with a deprotonated retinal Schiff base as a
chromophore can function as a directional magnetic sensor. This photoreceptor protein is embedded
in a stack of oriented membranes aligned to the visual axis. The absorption in the blue/UV region
of the spectrum is due to the deprotonation of the Schiff base moiety. This form gives rise to n-\pi*
excited states which enables intersystem crossing with the bright \pi-\pi*
excited state. As a result magnetic sensitive triplet electronic states are formed. These triplets are the source of magnetic
sensing. A quantum phenomena based on the geometric phase accumulated by the rotation of
the molecule around the magnetic field axis operates as an interformeter. The actual double bond
isomerization of the retinal chromophore in the excited state around the magnetic axis is the source
of magnetic sensing. Magnetic directional sensitivity is then superimposed on the blue/UV visual
signal.
Created on 01-05-2023 by Folman, Ron (folman)
Updaded on 01-05-2023 by Folman, Ron (folman)


text:
"We walk. Though we are written into the landscape you don't see us.
We walked England before the English."
Thomas, Matthew and Richard walk.
They walk the first Saturday of every month. Walking and talking. But this walk…
Maybe they should have cancelled, but they needed the walk today. Out in the Peaks, they find themselves forced to walk backwards through two thousand years of Black history, encountering the spirits of their ancestors and exploring what it means to be both Black and British today.
Black Men Walking is the first national tour born from Revolution Mix – a three year movement that will spearhead the largest ever national delivery of Black British stories. It is inspired by and dedicated to the Black Men's Walking Group, and is a compelling, constantly surprising new show that turns a spotlight onto Britain's missing histories.
From £10. Limited availability so book early.


of length nvars and return a scalar value.
When the 'UseVectorized' option is true, write fun to accept a pop-by-nvars matrix, where pop is the current population size. In this case, fun returns a vector the same length as pop containing the fitness function values. Ensure that fun does not assume any particular size for pop, since ga can pass a single member of a population even in a vectorized calculation.
Example: fun = @(x)(x-[4,2]).^2
Data Types: char | function_handle | string
Number of variables, specified as a positive integer. The solver passes row vectors of length nvars to fun.
Example: 4
Data Types: double
Linear inequality constraints, specified as a real matrix. A is an M-by-nvars matrix, where M is the number of inequalities.
A encodes the M linear inequalities
A*x <= b,
where x is the column vector of nvars variables x(:), and b is a column vector with M elements.
For example, to specify
x1 + 2x2 ≤ 10
3x1 + 4x2 ≤ 20
5x1 + 6x2 ≤ 30,
give these constraints:
A = [1,2;3,4;5,6];
b = [10;20;30];
Example: To specify that the control variables sum to 1 or less, give the constraints A = ones(1,N) and b = 1.
Data Types: double
Linear inequality constraints, specified as a real vector. b is an M-element vector related to the A matrix. If you pass b as a row vector, solvers internally convert b to the column vector b(:).
b encodes the M linear inequalities
A*x <= b,
where x is the column vector of N variables x(:), and A is a matrix of size M-by-N.
For example, to specify
x1 + 2x2 ≤ 10
3x1 + 4x2 ≤ 20
5x1 + 6x2 ≤ 30,
give these constraints:
A = [1,2;3,4;5,6];
b = [10;20;30];
Example: To specify that the control variables sum to 1 or less, give the constraints A = ones(1,N) and b = 1.
Data Types: double
Linear equality constraints, specified as a real matrix. Aeq is an Me-by-nvars matrix, where Me is the number of equalities.
Aeq encodes the Me linear equalities
Aeq*x = beq,
where x is the column vector of N variables x(:), and beq is a column vector with Me elements.
For example, to specify
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 10
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 20,
give these constraints:
Aeq = [1,2,3;2,4,1];
beq = [10;20];
Example: To specify that the control variables sum to 1, give the constraints Aeq = ones(1,N) and beq = 1.
Data Types: double
Linear equality constraints, specified as a real vector. beq is an Me-element vector related to the Aeq matrix. If you pass beq as a row vector, solvers internally convert beq to the column vector beq(:).
beq encodes the Me linear equalities
Aeq*x = beq,
where x is the column vector of N variables x(:), and Aeq is a matrix of size Meq-by-N.
For example, to specify
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 10
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 20,
give these constraints:
Aeq = [1,2,3;2,4,1];
beq = [10;20];
Example: To specify that the control variables sum to 1, give the constraints Aeq = ones(1,N) and beq = 1.
Data Types: double
Lower bounds, specified as a real vector or array of doubles. lb represents the lower bounds element-wise in lb x ub.
Internally, ga converts an array lb to the vector lb(:).
Example: lb = [0;-Inf;4] means x(1) ≥ 0, x(3) ≥ 4.
Data Types: double
Upper bounds, specified as a real vector or array of doubles. ub represents the upper bounds element-wise in lb x ub.
Internally, ga converts an array ub to the vector ub(:).
Example: ub = [Inf;4;10] means x(2) ≤ 4, x(3) ≤ 10.
Data Types: double
Nonlinear constraints, specified as a function handle or function name. nonlcon is a function that accepts a vector or array x and returns two arrays, c(x) and ceq(x).
 - c(x) is the array of nonlinear inequality constraints at x. ga attempts to satisfy
 c(x) <= 0
 for all entries of c.
 - ceq(x) is the array of nonlinear equality constraints at x. ga attempts to satisfy
 ceq(x) = 0
 for all entries of ceq.
For example,
x = ga(@myfun,4,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,@mycon)
where mycon is a MATLAB® function such as
function [c,ceq] = mycon(x)
c = ... % Compute nonlinear inequalities at x.
ceq = ... % Compute nonlinear equalities at x.
For more information, see Nonlinear Constraints (Optimization Toolbox).
To learn how to use vectorized constraints, see Vectorized Constraints.
Note
ga does not enforce nonlinear constraints to be satisfied when the PopulationType option is set to 'bitString' or 'custom'.
If IntCon is not empty, the second output of nonlcon (ceq) must be an empty entry ([]).
For information on how ga uses nonlcon, see Nonlinear Constraint Solver Algorithms.
Data Types: char | function_handle | string
Optimization options, specified as the output of optimoptions or a structure.
Create options by using optimoptions (recommended) or by exporting options from the Optimization app. For details, see Importing and Exporting Your Work (Optimization Toolbox).
optimoptions hides the options listed in italics. See Options that optimoptions Hides.
 - Values in {} denote the default value.
 - {}* represents the default when there are linear constraints, and for MutationFcn also when there are bounds.
 - I* indicates that ga handles options for integer constraints differently; this notation does not apply to gamultiobj.
 - NM indicates that the option does not apply to gamultiobj.
Options for ga, Integer ga, and gamultiobj
OptionDescriptionValues
ConstraintTolerance
Determines the feasibility with respect to nonlinear constraints. Also, max(sqrt(eps),ConstraintTolerance) determines feasibility with respect to linear constraints.
For an options structure, use TolCon.
Positive scalar | {1e-3}
CreationFcn
I* Function that creates the initial population. Specify as a name of a built-in creation function or a function handle. See Population Options.
{'gacreationuniform'} | {'gacreationlinearfeasible'}* | Custom creation function
CrossoverFcn
I* Function that the algorithm uses to create crossover children. Specify as a name of a built-in crossover function or a function handle. See Crossover Options.
{'crossoverscattered'} for ga, {'crossoverintermediate'}* for gamultiobj | 'crossoverheuristic' | 'crossoversinglepoint' | 'crossovertwopoint' | 'crossoverarithmetic' | Custom crossover function
CrossoverFraction
The fraction of the population at the next generation, not including elite children, that the crossover function creates.
Positive scalar | {0.8}
Display
Level of display.
'off' | 'iter' | 'diagnose' | {'final'}
DistanceMeasureFcn
Function that computes distance measure of individuals. Specify as a name of a built-in distance measure function or a function handle. The value applies to decision variable or design space (genotype) or to function space (phenotype). The default 'distancecrowding' is in function space (phenotype). For gamultiobj only. See Multiobjective Options.
For an options structure, use a function handle, not a name.
{'distancecrowding'} means the same as {@distancecrowding,'phenotype'} | {@distancecrowding,'genotype'} | Custom distance function
EliteCount
NM Positive integer specifying how many individuals in the current generation are guaranteed to survive to the next generation. Not used in gamultiobj.
Positive integer | {ceil(0.05*PopulationSize)} | {0.05*(default PopulationSize)} for mixed-integer problems
FitnessLimit
NM If the fitness function attains the value of FitnessLimit, the algorithm halts.
Scalar | {-In


text:
This work compares different analytical and numerical methods to evaluate the dynamic response of Spar platforms due to unidirectional and multidirectional waves, current and wind. Various analytical models of wave kinematics and hydrodynamic forces as well as different methods of numerical analysis are compared. Of particular interest are the second order difference frequency forces and structural responses. Some numerical predictions in time domain using Morison's equation and second order diffraction theory are compared to measured lab and field data. The statistical nature of the response is also studied.
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text:
Recording videos with an external program
GTK - Record My Desktop
This recorder does not seem to create too much lag in processing, so videos should be smooth and there should be no problem while playing. First open up the program and it should start up with this screen:
- The Main Screen This main screen you have a few options: you can activate or deactive the recording of sound, via the check box. The two slide bars are a quick adjustment to the quality of your recording, before you record.
- Selecting a Window When you click the "select window" button, go over and click the Xmoto (or whichever) screen and it will draw a black box around that window and display a red outline in your GTk recorder screen. (NOTE: if you want just the Xmoto window to be recorded then click INSIDE the Xmoto window, NOT on the title bar.)
- Start and Stop of Recording After you have selected a window, before you push start you should see a red circle in your task bar like: You can either click this circle or you can click the record button on the main screen.:
- Encoding/Processing When you push stop it will bring up this screen and start to write out your video to a file. Depending on if you have "Encode on the fly" activated you may not see this screen.:
Advanced Screen from the button on the main screen:
- Files From this tab you can:
- Overwrite the file it records to, or have incremental file names (ie. video001, video002, video003, etc...)
- The Temporary Directory that it uses for recording the video. (sometimes it will not write the video out fully to your chosen directory and it will keep the completed video in the TEMP folder, so if you dont see it check the TEMP folder.)
- Performance From this tab you can:
- Frames per second change the rate at which the video will record in. (NOTE: the higher the fps, the more lag there will be. 15fps is smooth for human eyes, 24fps is movie, 30fps is normal tv, and this is what I use to get more detail for each second.) Frame Rate depends on how fast of a processor you have.
- Encode on the Fly means that it will record and process the video while it is recording it. This requires a lot of processing, but is you have the ability, then it will save when you are done recording.
- Zero Compression this will only work if you have encode on the fly active. this will require less processing power, but will require more hard disk space. This does not compress temporarily recorded files.
- Quick Subsampling this requires less processing, but may (and probably will) cause some color and other defects in the outputted video.
- Full shots at every frame use this when you are recording 3D windows.
- Sound From this tab you can:
- Channels is the amount of sound is recorded. Mono = 1 channel, Stereo = 2 channels. Stereo would give better quality, but if it requires too much processing, then do Mono or no sound at all.
- Frequency is the number of wavelengths recorded in a segment of audio data. Most Stereo sound files have 44100 frequency, but the higher the number the more processing is needed.
- Device is the audio device you are using, Default usually works just fine.
- Jack, used for those you use Jack as part of their sound output/input.
- Miscellaneous From this tab you can:
- Display is the connection to the Xserver. (not Xmoto server, but it is some other server.)
- Mouse Cursor, this enables the mouse to be seen or not seen while you are recording your video.
- Follow Mouse will keep the mouse centered in the video, but for recording Xmoto, I do not recommend this feature.
- MIT-Shm Extension, leaving this enabled is recommended, it allows for some memory extension. if it is disabled it will slow down the program drastically.
- Include Window Decorations will record the window decorations of what is being recorded.
- Tooltips, display pop-up windows that give a short description.
- Outline Capture Area On Screen will record the outline that the "select window" feature displays.
- Reset Capture Area, this will reset the "selected window" every time you stop recording. If you are recording multiple times in a row, I recommend that you do not have this active.
- Extra Options allows for separate commands that will allow the program to do other things.
Final Notes on GTK
- You should be able to leave most of the settings on default, but play with settings until you find out what does best for you and your computer ability. Otherwise have fun recording videos with GTK, here is an example of my video recording of the level "Lavine" for/posted/edited by Mig: (NOTE: the music was not recorded in this video it was added afterwards, I was not recording sound when I recorded this video.)
- Currently, I have not written any tutorial for this....


Ways of Opening SQLite Databases
1. Opening through ODBC DSN (interface: ADO or BDE). Select 'ODBC data source' option and then select the ODBC DSN from the dropdown list. But first, you should create an ODBC DSN of the corresponding type using Windows administrative tools, and point it to the database file.
2. Opening through connection string (interface: ADO). Select 'Connection string' option and write a connection string. This way is the most flexible one because it allows to specify many additional parameters in the connection string and override standard Database Tour connection behaviour. But it is recommended basically for advanced users. Here are basic connection strings (more examples and details can be found in the Internet):
Driver=SQLite3 ODBC Driver;Database=C:\MyData\My_db.db; (SQLite3 ODBC Driver must be installed)
See also
 Examples of ADO Connection Strings


CH391L/S13/Mechanosensing
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==Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure==
==Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure==
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[[Image:Figure2kcb422.png|thumb|600 px|left|Illustration of effects of high hydrostatic pressure]]
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[[Image:Figure2kcb422[2].png|thumb|600 px|left|Illustration of effects of high hydrostatic pressure]]
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can cause a host of problems (reviewed in biotechapplications). Complexes of biomolecules are forced to dissociate, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and other essential cellular processes. Very high pressures can cause unfolding of proteins or nucleic acids by interfering with hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions. The equilibria of reactions accompanied by volume change are shifted, resulting in altered metabolic fluxes. Membrane fluidity is changed by close-packing of lipid tails in the bilayer. Together, these effects require many adaptations for organisms to react and survive.
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can cause a host of problems (reviewed in biotechapplications). Complexes of biomolecules are forced to dissociate, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and other essential cellular processes. Very high pressures can cause unfolding of proteins or nucleic acids by interfering with hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions. The equilibria of reactions accompanied by volume change are shifted, resulting in altered metabolic fluxes. Membrane fluidity is changed by close-packing of lipid tails in the bilayer. Together, these effects require many adaptations for organisms to react and survive.
Revision as of 11:09, 22 April 2013
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Illustration of forces due to various pressures
Illustration of forces due to various pressures
Contents
Introduction
Mechanosensing refers to the ability of an organism to respond to changes in mechanical force on them or their environment. The mechanical stress can be in a variety of forms:
 - Hydrostatic pressure, as in the case of deep ocean environments
 - Fluid shear stress, as in the case of blood flowing through veins
 - Direct force, as in the case of body weight on a bone
 - Osmotic pressure, resulting from a difference in solute concentrations across a semi-permeable membrane
There are several levels of regulation which may respond to changes in mechanical stress. Channel proteins which respond to pressure act quickly to change the environment or metabolic state of the cell. Transcriptional control is also employed by a wide variety of organisms to adapt the cellular machinery to changing mechanical stresses.
Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure
[[Image:Figure2kcb422[2].png|thumb|600 px|left|Illustration of effects of high hydrostatic pressure]] High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can cause a host of problems (reviewed in [1]). Complexes of biomolecules are forced to dissociate, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis and other essential cellular processes. Very high pressures can cause unfolding of proteins or nucleic acids by interfering with hydrogen bonding and other non-covalent interactions. The equilibria of reactions accompanied by volume change are shifted, resulting in altered metabolic fluxes. Membrane fluidity is changed by close-packing of lipid tails in the bilayer. Together, these effects require many adaptations for organisms to react and survive.
Due to the deleterious effects on cellular machinery, some pasteurization processes for food employ extremely high pressures [2]. High pressures can kill pathogens effectively similar to heat pasteurization, but pressure doesn't damage the integrity and flavor of food products as much as high temperatures.
Mechanosensing Channels
Many organisms have mechanosensitive channels which are involved in changing metabolism more quickly than transcriptional changes allow. Changes in the shape of the membrane cause conformational changes that open the cahnnel, allowing solvent or solutes to flow across the membrane.
Prokaryotic Channels
One example of well-studied mechanosensitive channel protein is MscS (summarized in [3]). This protein forms a non-specific ion channel across the cell membrane in E. Coli which opens in response to osmotic changes in the environment. When the osmotic pressure across the membrane changes, the change in lipid bilayer structure causes MscS to open and allow ions and water to move across the membrane, which prevents cell lysis from osmotic pressure. Several other classes of mechanosensitive channels have been identified, which are generally classified by their size, the magnitude of pressure which elicits a response, and ion transport specificity.
Eukaryotic Channels
The mechanosensitive channels in eukaryotes are not as well understood. There are a wide variety of channels with a multitude of functions (reviewed in [4]). Some channels resemble those of the bacterial Msc proteins, but unlike bacterial versions no direct evidence for mechanical gating has been found. This lack of evidence could be due to a different mechanism, since many eukaryotic channels require accessory proteins which tether to the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix to elicit their response. Other classes of mechanosensitive channels in eukaryotes include the DEG/ENaC (Degenerin/Epithelial Na+ Channel) family, the K2P (two-pore domain K+) channels, and the TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) channels. All of these proteins have been implicated in a huge variety of mechanosensitive processes, including proprioreception (sensing relative positions of self body parts), hearing, gentle touch sensing, pain sensing, blood pressure sensing, pH and osmolarity sensing, and intestinal force sensing. For a more thorough discussion, see [4].
Transcriptional Responses to Pressure
In some cases, changes in mechanical stress result in differential gene expression driven by mechanosensitive promoters.
In Prokaryotes
In microbes responding to high pressure environments, genes that have increased expression might include cold- and heat-shock and other stress response proteins[5], barostable polymerases[6], or membrane proteins[7, 8]. Down-regulated genes might include nutrient transporters[9, 10]. In other cases, porin proteins which provide ion diffusion pathways are opened in response to osmotic stress across the membrane.
The first high pressure induced gene in bacteria was found in 1989[7] in a deep-ocean bacterium, Photobacterium profundum strain SS9. The gene encodes for OmpH, a large transmembrane protein which is involved in nutrient uptake. Later work found that the operon also contained two outer membrane proteins, OmpL[10] (induced at lower pressures ~1atm) and OmpI[8] (induced at much higher pressures ~400atm). Interestingly, all of these gene products encode for channel proteins, a subclass of which are the other main mechanosensing proteins. It has also been found that the lac promoter can be induced by extremely high pressures (~30 MPa) [11].
In addition to genes which are induced in response to pressure, many genes are repressed by HHP. The MalB operon is one example of a regulon repressed by high pressure [9]. Since there is no evidence of a repressor which acts only under high pressure, it is more likely that the transcription factors which induce genes constitutively are inactivated by the effects of pressure on protein folding.
In Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes, higher level multicellular organisms in particular, depend heavily on mechanical forces to maintain homeostasis and to orchestrate development in all stages of growth (reviewed in [12]). From the early stages of embryogenesis, the pressure of fluid accumulation contributes to the development of embryonic stem cells, ensuring the formation of pluripotent cells which can develop into organs later. Later in development, several mechanical forces help differentiate these stem cells into the various required cell types. For example, shear stress is involved in signalling the formation of endothelial cells that make up blood vessels, and direct mechanical force is also implicated in the differentiation and proper development of bone tissues. Failures in mechanosensing transcriptional controls have been implicated in several diseases, including arthritis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and asthma. For a more thorough discussion of mechanical force contributions to transcriptional control in higher organisms, see [12].
iGEM Connection
There is a brief mention of an idea regarding mechanosensing as an earthquake sensor in the notebook section for the 2012 Baskent University team, but it seems that they chose to pursue a different idea related to quorum sensing.
2010 MIT
In one of their projects, this team focused on engineering pressure sensitive promoters in mammalian cells. They were interested in using pressure as a way to control formation of biomaterials, with a goal of being able to engineer tissues and organs. Specifically, they created a touch pad which would form bone after a pressure change input. They first characterized fluid shear stress responsive promoters and used these to create a genetic toggle switch sensitive to pressure changes. Their touch pad contained human endothelial kidney (HEK) cells with production Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 (BMP2


Popping elements from a Stack in Javascript
Consider a simple stack class in Javascript.
Example
class Stack {
 constructor(maxSize) {
 // Set default max size if not provided
 if (isNaN(maxSize)) {
 maxSize = 10;
 }
 this.maxSize = maxSize; // Init an array that'll contain the stack values.
 this.container = [];
 }
 // A method just to see the contents while we develop this class
 display() {
 console.log(this.container);
 }
 // Checking if the array is empty
 isEmpty() {
 return this.container.length === 0;
 }

 // Check if array is full
 isFull() {
 return this.container.length >= maxSize;
 }
 push(element) {
 // Check if stack is full
 if (this.isFull()) {
 console.log("Stack Overflow!");
 return;
 }
 this.container.push(element);
 }
}
Here the isFull function just checks if the length of the container is equal to or more than maxSize and returns accordingly. The isEmpty function checks if a size of the container is 0. The Push function is used to add new elements into the stack.
 In this section, we are going to add POP operation in this class. Popping elements from a Stack mean removing them from the top of the array. We are taking the end of the container array to be the top of the array as we'll perform all operations with respect to it. So we can implement the pop function as follows −
Example
pop() {
 // Check if empty
 if (this.isEmpty()) {
 console.log("Stack Underflow!");
 return;
 }
 this.container.pop();
}
You can check if this function is working fine using −
Example
let s = new Stack(2);
s.display();
s.pop();
s.push(20);
s.push(30);
s.pop();
s.display();
Output
This will give the output −
[]
Stack Underflow!
[ 20 ]
karthikeya Boyini
karthikeya Boyini
I love programming (: That's all I know
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text:
Today me and Koji set up the sensors to mesure the rhomboid motion as shown in the attachments.
We are using a fiber-coupled laser and a QPD. The QPD can be calibrated: we are going to determine the calibration curve to obtain the Volts/displacement ratio.
Attachment 1:scheme of the optics used.
Attachment 2, 3: picture of the system. We put an additional mirror on the rhomboid to balance the one we needed to sense motion.
We also put a mass on the bottom surface of the rhomboid to balance it.


Sign up ×
I am thinking about an invasive species that was introduced into North America just a few (<20) generations ago. Using microsatellite genotypes (105 loci), I have identified almost no significant linkage across the genome. I'm tempted to speculate that this has something to do with rapid population expansion that has caused LD to decay that quickly, but I'm not sure whether this is a reasonable train of thought. Can anybody think of why this might or might not be the case?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
It is certainly possible as yes, rapid population growth will reduce LD. From Slatkin, 1994:
In a rapidly growing population, however, there will be little chance of finding significant nonrandom associations even between completely linked loci if the growth has been sufficiently rapid.
Or Nature Reviews, 2002
Przeworski... showed that population growth tends to decrease the extent of LD, especially for longer periods of growth. By contrast, population subdivision tends to increase the extent of LD, especially when a sample contains individuals from several strongly differentiated subpopulations.
See also box 1:
Rapid population growth decreases LD by reducing genetic drift.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


[Skip to Content]
[Skip to Content Landing]
Article
July 1993
Pilot Trial of Transscleral Diode Laser Retinopexy in Retinal Detachment Surgery
Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(7):952-956. doi:10.1001/archopht.1993.01090070070022
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the transscleral diode laser for retinopexy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.
Design: Ten consecutive patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments underwent scleral buckling surgery, using the transscleral diode laser for retinopexy. Patients were followed up for at least 6 months.
Study Participants: Ten patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments were enrolled. Patients with chronic detachments, a retinal break greater than 90°, history of uveitis or infectious retinopathy, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy were excluded.
Main Outcome Measure: Retinal reattachment. Secondary measures: visual acuity and complications, including choroidal, retinal, and vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, and scleral damage.
Results: By 6 months, nine of 10 retinas were successfully repaired following only one operation. The retina of the 10th patient redetached at 6½ weeks owing to proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Following a vitrectomy and retinal reattachment procedure, the retina of the 10th patient has remained attached for 1 year. No significant complications were encountered with the laser retinopexy, although small presumed breaks in Bruch's membrane occurred in three eyes and a moderate scleral thermal effect occurred in two. Visual results in the postoperative course were comparable to those achieved previously with cryotherapy.
Conclusion: In this pilot series, transscleral diode laser retinopexy served as a safe and effective means of obtaining chorioretinal adhesion in retinal detachment surgery.
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Create Development Wallet
Private keys are stored locally in Keosd. Private keys are one half of public-private key pairs which are used by asymmetric cryptography. The corresponding public keys is stored on the blockchain and associated with an account. It is these keys that are used to secure accounts and to sign transactions.
Use Cleos to run commands on the blockchain and to interact with accounts and keys via wallet and other commands.
Create a Wallet
The first step is to create a wallet. Use cleos wallet create to create a new "default" wallet using the option --to-console for simplicity. If using cleos in production, it's wise to instead use --file so your wallet password is not in your bash history. For development purposes and because these are development and not production keys --to-console poses no security threat.
cleos wallet create --to-console
cleos will return a password, save this password somewhere as you will likely need it later in the tutorial.
Creating wallet: default
Save password to use in the future to unlock this wallet.
Without password imported keys will not be retrievable.
About Wallets
A common misconception in cryptocurrency regarding wallets is that they store tokens. However, in reality, a wallet is used to store private keys in an encrypted file to sign transactions. Wallets do not serve as a storage medium for tokens.
A user builds a transaction object, usually through an interface, sends that object to the wallet to be signed, the wallet then returns that transaction object with a signature which is then broadcast to the network. When/if the network confirms that the transaction is valid, it is included into a block on the blockchain.
Open the Wallet
Wallets are closed by default when starting a keosd instance, to begin, run the following
cleos wallet open
Run the following to return a list of wallets.
cleos wallet list
and it will return
Unlock a Wallet
The keosd wallet(s) have been opened, but is still locked. Moments ago you were provided a password, you're going to need that now.
cleos wallet unlock
You will be prompted for your password, paste it and press enter.
Now run the following command
cleos wallet list
It should now return
 "default *"
Pay special attention to the asterisk (*). This means that the wallet is currently unlocked
Import keys into a Wallet
Generate a private key, cleos has a helper function for this, just run the following.
cleos wallet create_key
It will return something like..
Created new private key with a public key of: "EOS8PEJ5FM42xLpHK...X6PymQu97KrGDJQY5Y"
Import the Development Key
Every new EOSIO chain has a default "system" user called "eosio". This account is used to setup the chain by loading system contracts that dictate the governance and consensus of the EOSIO chain. Every new EOSIO chain comes with a development key, and this key is the same. Load this key to sign transactions on behalf of the system user (eosio)
cleos wallet import
You'll be prompted for a private key, enter the eosio development key provided below
Never use the development key for a production account! Doing so will most certainly result in the loss of access to your account, this private key is publicly known.
Wonderful, you now have a default wallet unlocked and loaded with a key, and are ready to proceed.
Use these to help follow the tutorial series easily
Enter the public key provided in the last step in the box below. It will persist the development public key you just generated throughout the documentation.
What's Next?
Start Keosd and Nodeos: Steps to start Keosd and Nodeos.


the values given by lower automata do not explicitly influence the possible transitions. A series f ∈ KhhΣ + ii is r-nwA-recognizable if f = JAK for some r-nwA A. It is nwA-recognizable if it is r-nwA-recognizable for some r. We let Kr-nwA hhΣ + ii (resp., KnwA hhΣ + ii) be the class of r-nwA-recognizable (resp., nwA-recognizable) series over K and Σ. 2
Example 8. A 1-nwA recognizing the series u 7→ 2|u| over N is A = ({p}, µ, 1, 1) where, for every a ∈ Σ, µ(p, a, p) is the weighted automaton of Example 1. We can generalize the proof of (1) ⇒ (2) in Theorem 7 in order to get the following result. The converse will be obtained in Section 5. Proposition 9. Every nwA-recognizable series is FO+BTC< -definable.
5
Pebble weighted automata
We now consider pebble weighted automata (pwA). A pwA has a read-only tape. At each step, it can move its head one position to the left or to the right (within 7
hal-00608179, version 1 - 12 Jul 2011
the boundaries of the input tape), or either drop or lift a pebble at the current head position. Applicable transitions and weights depend on the current letter, current state, and the pebbles carried by the current position. Pebbles are handled using a stack policy: if the automaton has r pebbles and pebbles ', . . . , r have already been dropped, it can either lift pebble ' (if ' ≤ r), drop pebble ' − 1 (if ' ≥ 2), or move. As these automata can go in either direction, we add two fresh symbols B and C to mark the beginning and the end of an input word. ˜ = Σ ] {B, C}. To compute the value of w = w1 · · · wn ∈ Σ + , a pwA will Let Σ work on a tape holding w e = BwC. For convenience, we number the letters of w e from 0, setting w e0 = B, w en+1 = C, and w ei = wi for 1 ≤ i ≤ n. Let r ≥ 0. Formally, an r-pebble weighted automaton (r-pwA) over K and Σ is ˜ ×2r ×D×Q → K a pair A = (Q, µ) where Q is a finite set of states and µ : Q× Σ is the transition weight function, with D = {←, →, drop, lift}. A configuration of a r-pwA A on a word w ∈ Σ + of length n is a triple (p, i, ζ) ∈ Q×{0, . . . , n+2}×{1, . . . , n}≤r . The word w itself will be understood. Informally, p denotes the current state of A and i is the head position in w, e i.e positions 0 and n + 1 point to B and C, respectively, position 1 ≤ i ≤ n points to w ei ∈ Σ, and position n + 2 is outside w. e Finally, ζ = ζ' · · · ζr with 1 ≤ ' ≤ r + 1 encodes the locations of pebbles ', . . . , r (ζm ∈ {1, . . . , n} is the position of pebble m) while pebbles1, . . . , '−1 are currently not on the tape. For i ∈ {0, . . . , n+1}, we set ζ −1 (i) = m ∈ {', . . . , r} | ζm = i (viewing ζ as a partial function from {1, . . . , r} to {0, . . . , n + 1}). Note that ζ −1 (0) = ζ −1 (n + 1) = ∅. There is a step of weight k from configuration (p, i, ζ) to configuration (q, j, η) if i ≤ n + 1, k = µ(p, w ei , ζ −1 (i), d, q), and     η = iζ if d = drop j = i − 1 if d = ← and ζ = iη if d = lift j = i + 1 if d = →     η=ζ otherwise. j=i otherwise A run ρ of A is a sequence of steps from a configuration (p, 0, ε) to a configuration (q, n + 2, ε) (at the end, no pebble is left on the tape). We denote by weight(ρ) the product of weights of the steps of run ρ (from left to right, but we will mainly work with a commutative semiring in this section). The run ρ is simple if whenever two configurations α and β appear P in ρ, we have α 6= β. The series JAK ∈ KhhΣ + ii is defined by JAK(w) = ρ simple run on w weight(ρ). of formal power series definable by a We denote by Kr-pwA hhΣ + ii the collection S r-pwA, and we let KpwA hhΣ + ii = r≥0 Kr-pwA hhΣ + ii. Note that a 0-pwA is in fact a 2-way weighted automaton. It follows from Theorem 11 that 2-way wA have the same expressive power as classical (1-way) wA. 2
Example 10. Let us sketch a 1-pwA A recognizing the series u 7→ 2|u| over N. The idea is that A drops its pebble successively on every position of the input word. Transitions for reallocating the pebble have weight 1. When a pebble is dropped, A scans the whole word from left to right where every transition has 2 weight 2. As this scan happens |u| times, we obtain JAK(u) = 2|u| . 8
Theorem 11. For every commutative semiring K, and every r ≥ 0, we have (1) Kr-pwA hhΣ + ii ⊆ Kr-nwA hhΣ + ii < (2) KFO+BTC hhΣ + ii = KpwA hhΣ + ii = KnwA hhΣ + ii. < (3) KFO+BTC hhΣ + ii ⊆ KpwA hhΣ + ii holds even for noncommutative semirings.
hal-00608179, version 1 - 12 Jul 2011
Proof. (1) We provide a translation of a generalized version of r-pwA to rnwA. That generalized notion equips an r-pwA A = (P, µ) with an equivalence relation ∼ ⊆ P × P , which is canonically extended to configurations of A: we write (p, i, u) ∼ (p0 , i0 , u0 ) if p ∼ p0 , i = i0 , and u = u0 . The semantics JAK∼ is then deq q0 fined by replacing equality of conB ... a b ... C B . . . (a, 1) . . . C figurations with ∼ in the definition p0 of simple run. To stress this fact, → p1 we henceforth say that a run is ∼p2 simple. So let r ≥ 0, A = (P, µ) be p3 ← an r-pwA over K and Σ, and ∼ ⊆ p4 P × P be an equivalence relation. drop p5 (p5 , 1) We assume wlog. that all runs in which a pebble is dropped and impˆ5 (ˆ p5 , 1) lift mediately lifted have weight 0. We p6 build an r-nwA hAi∼ = (Q, ν, λ, γ) p7 over Σ such that JhAi∼ K = JAK∼ . drop p8 (p8 , 2) The construction of hAi∼ proceeds inductively on the number of pˆ8 (ˆ p8 , 2) lift pebbles r. It involves two alternatp9 ing transformations, as illustrated in → p10 Figure 3. The left-hand side depicts p11 final a ∼-simple run of A on some word (a) (b) w with factor ab. To simulate such a run, hAi∼ scans w from left to right Fig. 3. (a) Runs of r-pwA A and r-nwA and guesses, at each position i, the hAi∼ ; (b) run of (r − 1)-pwA Aq sequence of those states and directions that are encountered at i while pebble r has not, or just, been dropped. The state of hAi∼ taken before reading the a at position i is q = p0 → p3 ← p4 drop p5 pˆ5 lift p6 ← p7 drop p8 pˆ8 lift p9 → (which is enriched by the input letter a, as will be explained below). As the micro-states p0 , p3 , . . . form a segment of a ∼-simple run, p0 , p3 , p4 , p6 , p7 , p9 are pairwise distinct (wrt. ∼) and so are p5 , pˆ5 , p8 , pˆ8 . Segments


text:
DNA Replication Rates lower Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes... why a difference...
dellaire at ATLAS.ODYSSEE.NET
Tue Jan 16 01:05:18 EST 1996
>for a biology paper,=20
>i need to solve the follwing question:
>WHY IS DNA REPLICATION IN PROKARYOTES NEARLY 100 TIMES FASTER THAN
>REPLICATION IN EUKARYOTES?
The numbers I have quote:
E.coli at 500 nt/s and Human Fibroblast at 50 nt/s
that would be 10X faster
>i have wondered if it is because of (a) life span of pro vs eu
>karyotes, (b) because of existence ofa nuclear membrane in eukaryotes,
>where one is not found in prokaryotes...
>if anyone can shed some light on this question, please reply by
>posting or send email to:
k.venkiteswaran at odyssey.on.ca
Here are a few possibilities I could come up with.
One, in E.coli you are not worrying about mutations that much.
In fact =
a high mutation rate is desirable if the bacterium is to adapt
changing environments. The result is you can replicate your DNA
without worrying about a mutation occurring. In higher
eukaryotes such =
as mammals this is a big problem... mutations can kill the
organism if well placed (i.e. cancer). For yeast I don't think
this is =
as strong a point as they are unicellular and much like in
--high mutation rates are adaptive.
The error rate in E.coli is consequently ~10-8 where as in
Fibroblasts it is ~10-10
Two in E.coli you have very little packing of DNA compared to
eukaryotes. To start DNA replication you need to gain access to
the DNA =
and expose the template for the polymerase. For instance you
have the =
HU protein of bacteria compared to H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 as
well as =
the HMG proteins in mammals. The bacterial genome is much less
so by simple logic to replicate DNA it is much easier to gain
accesss to =
DNA in bacteria then in a mammal and hence it is faster in
Further as a point of interest
In E.Coli you only have one origin of replication where as in
cells it is estimated there are between 10 to the 4 --10 to the
possible origins. This may reflects both the difference in size
complexity of the two genomes as well as the speed at which DNA
replicated. Multiple initiations of replication could help
increase the =
time to replicate the genome if it is very large.
E.Coli has 3 X10 to the 6 bp and in the human genome there are
~3X 10 to =
the 9 or=20
1000X more DNA to replicate. =20
1000 X 10 (the difference in speed of DNA replication)=3D 10
000 or 10 =
to the 4
hmmmm by a rough calculation it makes sense why you have ~10 to
the 4 =
origins in the human genome and only 1 in bacteria.
To your suggestion of the nuclear membrane as a possible reason
higher replication rates I think the membrane provides a way of
segregating transcription and translation first of all and may
really have much to do with replication on a surface level. =20
dellaire at odyssee.net
More information about the Biochrom


Ellen Herman
Department of History, University of Oregon
Brief Statement About the Subject of Your Intellectual Biography
In no more than one page, please include the following:
 1. Her name and dates.
 2. A brief description of your subject and explanation of her relationship to intellectual history. Was she a writer? An artist? A scientist? Is she well known? If so, why? If not, why not?
 3. One or two key questions you hope to ask and answer about your subject.
 4. A list of at least four sources you plan to consult. (Please include both primary and secondary sources.)


Quick Answer: Do Mobile Speed Cameras Catch You From The Front Or Back?
Which way does a mobile speed camera catch you?
Mobile Speed Cameras: The enforcement vehicles are only placed within road safety black spots.
How long after speed camera do you get letter?
14 daysThe letter should arrive within 14 days, and then you'll need to return the completed Section 172 notice within 28 days. Then you'll be sent a Fixed Penalty Notice (FPN). This is where you can plead guilty or not guilty.
At what distance does a mobile speed camera work?
How do I know if I have a speeding fine?
Can a speed camera van catch two cars at once?
Do speed camera vans catch you from the front?
Mobile speed cameras typically work out of parked vans, however, they can still catch motorists from a moving vehicle. Can a mobile camera detect your speed on the opposite side of the road? Yes, a laser gun is able to take accurate reading of a vehicle's exact speed as long as it is aimed at the target.
Can police speed cameras catch you both ways?
How much is a speeding fine UK 2020?
How does a speed camera calculate a car's speed?
Speed cameras detect the speed of vehicles by using detectors embedded into the road surface or radar technology. … If the speed of the vehicle exceeds the legal limit, or a vehicle runs a red light, a digital picture is taken of the offending vehicle.
Does a speed camera flash always mean a ticket?
"If you've been flashed, it doesn't mean that you'll get a ticket." True. Seeing the dreaded flash doesn't necessarily mean that you'll be seeing a notice of intended prosecution on your door mat. It's widely believed that only one in four speed camera 'flashes' actually results in a prosecution notice.
Are mobile speed cameras accurate?
What happens if you get flashed by a speed camera?
The policeman can give you a verbal warning, which a speed camera cannot, but in most cases you will either be: Offered the chance to attend a speed-awareness course, which you'll have to pay for. Issued with a Fixed Penalty Notice (a speeding ticket), with a fine of £100 and penalty points. Prosecuted for speeding.
When would you be offered a speed awareness course?
What happens if you get caught speeding more than once in a day?
If you are caught speeding several times on the same journey and accept a fixed penalty for each, you could be at risk of a penalty points disqualification (totting-up). It can happen more easily than you might think, for example where several speed cameras are placed on the same road or motorway.
Do you get a ticket in the mail for passing a school bus?
You may have received a ticket in the mail for meeting or overtaking a school bus. The police don't even have to be present at the time of the alleged violation for you to receive the citation. … Often the school bus driver is unable to identify the person who allegedly passed the bus.
Can mobile speed cameras catch you on a bend?
Typically, depending on the type of mobile speed camera, the range will be about two miles on a straight bit of road – they cannot work round bends or over brows of hills. Do mobile speed cameras need to pre-warn of their presence in an area?
Do speed cameras flash twice?
They flash twice. Then the two pictures are timed.
Can a speed camera get you on the opposite side of the road?
Are police speed vans manned?
The minimum enforcement hours for these vehicles is 7,400 hours per month, speed vans are something most motorists will come across on a regular basis. … Is there a person inside the van? These vans are manned at all times, and the GoSafe runs 24/7, for all 365 days of the year.
What are the GREY cameras on lampposts?