text:
In the townland of Kilmore an ordinary looking field of about 1.5 hectares rejoices in the name of Cillín Leasa Ronán - Ringfort of Ronán's Small Church. The Local folk-lore describes it as a burial ground, and like most such redundant burial grounds it has been used, in recent history, for those who were denied a Catholic burial. i.e. Unbaptised Infants, Suicides, Excommunicants etc. At one corner there is a rock, which tradition calls a Mass-rock.
When drainage work was undertaken on the field a souterrain was discovered. Souterrain is a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground cellar associated mainly with ringforts. A number of important facts should be noted here. Firstly the adjacent road seems to take a broad sweep to miss the southern boundary of the field. Next, if we continue the sweep of the road to complete the boundary as a circle or ellipse we have a very large area perhaps 150 metres across. The name includes St. Ronan, one of the patrons of the present church. Finally, during late summer evening sun, a double ditch surrounding at least part of the field had been spotted from a neighbouring hill. Was this the Great Church (Kilmore) ?
All these features taken together suggested an early medieval ecclesiastical establishment and the evidence was strong enough to interest Glasgow University's Achaeological Research Division. A co-funding deal was put together between the University and Ballingeary Historical Society and in 1997 a small team from the university joined local volunteers in a survey.
Unfortunately the results were inconclusive, a filled double ditch structure was found, but no artifacts or signs of a settlement. Remember that absence of proof is not proof of absence, but the evidence was not strong enough to attract funds for a full excavation.
I feel that this could be the remains of an early medieval religious settlement but we should look at the historic scenario into which it fits. Establishments of this kind would be self supporting, often not only consisting of monks, but also a greater number of lay workers. Large ringfort like structures were often built with a division across their centre separating the church and monks, in the eastern part, from the lay members and sometimes vegetable gardens and animals in the west. They were often fairly close to the local chieftain's dwelling, which would also have been a ringfort. In early medieval times there was a ringfort at nearby Tirnaspideoge.
So why are we not able to find any written reference to the establishment. I think that is because it was deserted in the late 12th. century or early in the 13th.. There is a quite good reason for this: At almost exactly the same time (1192 it is said) the O'Leary Clan were driven out of Rosscarbery and settled in the upper Laoi valley. Having come from exactly the area of the great monastic School of Ross, they probably brought their own clerics with them and these may well not have approved of the previous inhabitants.
After the establishment was abandoned, it, like all sites associated with Christianity would still have been used for burying the dead that the Church would not accept. The earthwork was probably used for fairs, feasts and gatherings for a while. Strangely enough this field is now used for the annual Ballingeary Show. Then after the locals began to turn from their traditional cattle herding to a more settled and agricultural lifestyle around eight centuries of ploughing would have the removed most surface traces. I think that one day an excavation by an enlightened archaeologist will prove this an important site.


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Radiation Therapy Patient Scheduling: An operations research approach
The defendant will present her thesis that will be defended on May 26th.
Sara Frimodig
Time: Tue 2023-05-16 13.00 - 14.00
Location: 3721
Language: English
Participating: Sara Frimodig
Export to calendar
Abstract
The manual scheduling of patients for radiation therapy is difficult and labor-intensive. With the increase in cancer patient numbers, efficient resource planning is an important tool to achieve short waiting times and equal right to care. This thesis studies an operations research approach to the radiation therapy scheduling problem. The four appended papers each provide incremental steps towards a clinical implementation of an automated scheduling algorithm. In Paper A, three models for the radiation therapy scheduling problem in a simplified clinical setup are proposed. It is shown that the two constraint programming models find feasible solutions more quickly, while the integer programming model proves optimality faster. However, none of the models can solve large problem instances in sufficient time. In Paper B a collaboration with a large cancer center with ten linear accelerators is initiated. The previous models are refined and adapted to a more realistic clinical setup. Moreover, a column generation approach is introduced. The models are compared using different objective function combinations designed to mimic the scheduling objectives at different cancer centers. The column generation approach outperforms the other methods on all problem instances, regardless of what objective is optimized. In Paper C the column generation approach is further developed to include additional medical and technical constraints. Different methods to ensure that there are available resources for high priority patients at arrival are compared. Finally, in Paper D the potential for clinical implementation of the column generation approach is evaluated. The schedules generated by the column generation model are clinically validated. Compared to manually constructed, historical schedules for a time period of one year, the automatically generated schedules are shown to decrease the average patient waiting time by 80%, improve the consistency in treatment times between appointments by 80%, and increase the number of treatments scheduled the machine best suited for the treatment by more than 90%, without loss of performance in other quality metrics. Since the constraints between radiotherapy centers are similar and multiple objective functions are presented, the column generation approach can be generally used for automated patient scheduling in radiation therapy. This would allow radiotherapy centers to save time during the scheduling process and improve the quality of the schedules.
Keywords: Radiation therapy scheduling, patient scheduling, multiappointment scheduling, operations research, integer programming, constraint programming, column generation


Basement and overland flooding
Sandbags are available for pick-up by Winnipeg residents who need to protect their properties against overland flooding.
Winnipeg residents can now pick up sandbags for overland flooding at the following locations between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m.:
Basement flooding icon
Basement flooding
Basement flooding happens when the City's sewer system is overwhelmed by heavy rainfall and wastewater backs up through house sewer lines and flows into basements that aren't protected.
Overland flooding icon
Overland flooding
Overland flooding happens when there's too much water around your home due to poor drainage, either from excess snowmelt, a nearby water main break or heavy rain, and it seeps into your home through the outside walls.
Is my home at risk?
Since 1977, the City of Winnipeg has spent more than $290 million improving the city's sewer system to protect against basement flooding. However, there is still a risk of basement and overland flooding no matter where you live in Winnipeg. The causes of basement and overland flooding, such as excess snowmelt, heavy rainfall and water main breaks, are unpredictable.
Homes that are not protected by a backwater valve or sump pit drainage system are at greater risk of basement flooding. If you can't tell whether or not your home has a backwater valve or sump pit drainage system, a licensed plumber may be able to help you.
The year your home was built can also help you determine whether or not you have a backwater valve or sump pit drainage system:
 - If your home was built after 1979, it was required by law to have a backwater valve installed.
 - Homes built since 1990 are required to have a sump pit drainage system installed.
 - Some older homes may have had backwater valves and sump pit drainage systems installed after construction.
How can I protect my home?
You can follow these steps to reduce the risk of basement and overland flooding:
 - Arrange for a licensed plumber to install a backwater valve or a sump pit drainage system (includes a sump pit, a sump pump, and a pump discharge pipe) on a sewer line in the basement of your home.
 - Improve drainage around your house
 - Clear snow away from your foundation to prevent snowmelt from seeping in through the walls.
 - Don't throw garbage, grease or hazardous waste down your drains. Garbage that gets into your sewer through your drains can clog your sewer and cause sewer backup and grease hardens as it cools and sticks to the inner lining of sewer pipes, eventually causing a blockage.
 - Don't put grass clipping, leaves, or other debris on the streets as they can plug the drains and prevent proper drainage, particularly during heavy rainfalls. Plugged drains cause water to build up on the street, increasing your risk of basement flooding.
 - Prop appliances such as washers, dryers, and freezers off the floor by putting blocks of wood under them so they don't get damaged by water. It is common for backups to be less than a few inches of water.
 - Don't store belongings in cardboard boxes on the floor in the basement. Store them on a shelf or in plastic totes.
Cleaning up after a flood
Residents who encounter overland or basement flooding should:
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the specific [tokenizer] used by the FTS table
 being queried. Refer to the section on [tokenizer|tokenizers] for details.

 The paragraph above notes that a MATCH operator with a simple term as the
 right-hand operand evaluates to true for all documents that contain the
 specified term. In this context, the "document" may refer to either the
 data stored in a single column of a row of an FTS table, or to the contents
 of all columns in a single row, depending on the identifier used as the
 left-hand operand to the MATCH operator. If the identifier specified as
 the left-hand operand of the MATCH operator is an FTS table column name,
 then the document that the search term must be contained in is the value
 stored in the specified column. However, if the identifier is the name
 of the FTS table itself, then the MATCH operator evaluates to true
 for each row of the FTS table for which any column contains the search
 term. The following example demonstrates this:
<codeblock>
 -- Example schema
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE mail USING fts3(subject, body);
 -- Example table population
 INSERT INTO mail(docid, subject, body) VALUES(1, 'software feedback', 'found it too slow');
 INSERT INTO mail(docid, subject, body) VALUES(2, 'software feedback', 'no feedback');
 INSERT INTO mail(docid, subject, body) VALUES(3, 'slow lunch order', 'was a software problem');
 -- Example queries
 SELECT * FROM mail WHERE subject MATCH 'software'; -- Selects rows 1 and 2
 SELECT * FROM mail WHERE body MATCH 'feedback'; -- Selects row 2
 SELECT * FROM mail WHERE mail MATCH 'software'; -- Selects rows 1, 2 and 3
 SELECT * FROM mail WHERE mail MATCH 'slow'; -- Selects rows 1 and 3
</codeblock>

 At first glance, the final two full-text queries in the example above seem
 to be syntactically incorrect, as there is a table name ("mail") used as
 an SQL expression. The reason this is acceptable is that each FTS table
 actually has a [sqlite3_declare_vtab|HIDDEN] column with the same name
 as the table itself (in this case, "mail"). The value stored in this
 column is not meaningful to the application, but can be used as the
 left-hand operand to a MATCH operator. This special column may also be
 passed as an argument to the [snippet()|FTS auxiliary functions].

 The following example illustrates the above. The expressions "docs",
 "docs.docs" and "main.docs.docs" all refer to column "docs". However, the
 expression "main.docs" does not refer to any column. It could be used to
 refer to a table, but a table name is not allowed in the context in which
 it is used below.
<codeblock>
 -- Example schema
 CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE docs USING fts4(content);
 -- Example queries
 SELECT * FROM docs WHERE docs MATCH 'sqlite'; -- OK.
 SELECT * FROM docs WHERE docs.docs MATCH 'sqlite'; -- OK.
 SELECT * FROM docs WHERE main.docs.docs MATCH 'sqlite'; -- OK.
 SELECT * FROM docs WHERE main.docs MATCH 'sqlite'; -- Error.
</codeblock>

Summary

 From the users point of view, FTS tables are similar to ordinary SQLite
 tables in many ways. Data may be added to, modified within and removed
 from FTS tables using the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE commands just as
 it may be with ordinary tables. Similarly, the SELECT command may be used
 to query data. The following list summarizes the differences between FTS
 and ordinary tables:

 As with all virtual table types, it is not possible to create indices or
 triggers attached to FTS tables. Nor is it possible to use the ALTER TABLE
 command to add extra columns to FTS tables (although it is possible to use
 ALTER TABLE to rename an FTS table).

 Data-types specified as part of the "CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE" statement
 used to create an FTS table are ignored completely. Instead of the
 normal rules for applying type [affinity] to inserted values, all
 values inserted into FTS table columns (except the special rowid
 column) are converted to type TEXT before being stored.

 FTS tables permit the special alias "docid" to be used to refer to the
 rowid column supported by all [virtual tables].

 The [FTS MATCH] operator is supported for queries based on the built-in
 full-text index.

 The [FTS auxiliary functions], [snippet()], [offsets()], and [matchinfo()] are
 available to support full-text queries.

 <tcl>hd_fragment hiddencol {FTS hidden column}</tcl>
 Every FTS table has a [hidden column] with the
 same name as the table itself. The value contained in each row for the
 hidden column is a blob that is only useful as the left operand of a
 [FTS MATCH|MATCH] operator, or as the left-most argument to one
 of the [FTS auxiliary functions].

Compiling and Enabling FTS3 and FTS4

 Although FTS3 and FTS4 are included with the SQLite core source code, they are not
 enabled by default. To build SQLite with FTS functionality enabled, define
 the preprocessor macro [SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3] when compiling. New applications
 should also define the [SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS] macro to enable the
 [enhanced query syntax] (see below). Usually, this is done by adding the
 following two switches to the compiler command line:
<codeblock>
 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS
</codeblock>

 Note that enabling FTS3 also makes FTS4 available. There is not a separate
 SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4 compile-time option. A build of SQLite either supports
 both FTS3 and FTS4 or it supports neither.

 If using the amalgamation autoconf based build system, setting the CPPFLAGS
 environment variable while running the 'configure' script is an easy
 way to set these macros. For example, the following command:
<codeblock>
 CPPFLAGS="-DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_PARENTHESIS" ./configure <configure options>
</codeblock>

 where <configure options> are those options normally passed to
 the configure script, if any.

 Because FTS3 and FTS4 are virtual tables, The [SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3] compile-time option
 is incompatible with the [SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE] option.

 If a build of SQLite does not include the FTS modules, then any attempt to prepare an
 SQL statement to create an FTS3 or FTS4 table or to drop or access an existing
 FTS table in any way will fail. The error message returned will be similar
 to "no such module: ftsN" (where N is either 3 or 4).

 If the C version of the <a href=_URL_ library
 is available, then FTS may also be compiled with the SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
 pre-processor macro defined. Compiling with this macro enables an FTS
 [tokenizer] that uses the ICU library to split a document into terms
 (words) using the conventions for a specified language and locale.
<codeblock>
 -DSQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
</codeblock>

Full-text Index Queries

 The most useful thing about FTS tables is the queries that may be
 performed using the built-in full-text index. Full-text queries are
 performed by specifying a clause of the form
 "<column> MATCH <full-text query expression>" as part of the WHERE
 clause of a SELECT statement that reads data from an FTS table.


the ADC will be pegged (255) at 4.2V. You could then use a lower battery voltage. For example if battcheck produces 250 at 4.0V, you would scale this value as250*4.2/4.0=262.5 You would enter 262.5. It's OK if the value is above 255. Your readings will peg, but the calibration will be correct below the limit.
VII.1.b Inverted "internal" read calibration
To calibrate the inverted ("internal") READ_VOLTAGE_FROM_VCC method used on 1S OTSM builds, you can run the battcheck build corresponding to your firmware. Run it with a full battery and it will flash out an ac reading, let's call it R. Example:
strobe.. 7 … pause strobe : R=70 strobe 7 … 2 strobe: R = 72
To find the internal reference voltage us:
V_ref= (Vbatt-0.2)*R/255
R is the ADC readout and the 0.2 is a correction for the diode and may depend on your diode.So that's it, get R from battcheck on a full battery and use 4.2 for Vbatt, plug into your calculator and you have Vref. Place the Vref value in fr-calibration.h (#define reference_V) , and recompile.
So for example if you had a 4.2V battery and battcheck flashes 75 you get:
V_ref = (4.2-0.2)*75/255& = 4.0*75/255 =1.176 V
VII.2 OTC CAP timing Adjustments
OTC timing is done the same as in bistro. Modify thresholds in calibration.h. See bistro documentation for more details. This feature should be obsolete on everything but the tiny 15 mm build.
VIII Flashing and Fuses
VIII.1Flashing
To flash a hex first associate the included flashanyXX.bat for your chip as the default application for opening hex files.
To do this right click on the flashanyXX.bat file for your chip and select "run as administrator". You will get a "UAC" prompt to run the script as administrator. Click OK. This should do it.
Next right click flashanyXX.bat and edit it in notepad or similar. Edit the fuses and the mcu to your needs at the top. Save it.
Now you can double click any hex file to flash it. However, you can only flash to the associated chip.
To flash to a different chip, follow the procedures again to associate hexes for that chip.
The file association is only tested for windows 10. If for any reason it doesn't work, you may need to perform manual association in other versions using the right click "open with" dialogue and selecting the bat file as the default.
Like almost anything that sets up defaults in windows, the association does edit your registry and comes with no warranties.
Of course you can also flash from the command prompt without association, by for example
flashany25.bat myfirmware.hex
VIII.2 fuses
To flash the software you will need fuse settings. This is at your risk. The wrong fuses can make your chip useless and un-flashable.
You can edit the fuse settings in the top of the flashanyXX.bat files.
Fuses (for attin25/45/85):
Some options for the high fuse are:
DD=> BOD disable
Early revision chips may not work with BOD and OTSM. Disabling BOD might get it working, but risks corruption.
DE=> BOD set to 1.8V
Non-V-version chips are still not specced for this and may corrupt. late model V chips with this setting is best.
DF=> BOD set to 2.7V
Safe on all chips, but may not work well with OTSM, without huge caps. You can try.
And for the low fuse:
C2=> 0ms startup time.
Probably won't work with BODS capable late model chips, but should improve OTSM a little if not using one anyway.
D2=> 4ms
Testing finds this seems to work well on
attiny25 BODS capable chip, data sheet maybe implies 64 is safer (not
clear and hardware dependent), but 64 seems to eat power.
E2=> 64ms startup.
Will consume more power during off clicks and will probably break click timing.
Ext fuse should be: 0xff
Also tested with high:DE , low:D2,Ext 0xff
Worked on both attiny25 non-V and attiny25V although the non-V is not spec compliant with these fuses, and reports of resulting corruption do exist.
attiny13: To be written, try documentation for biscotti for now.
For more details on these settings _URL_
IX OTSM Build Instructions
IX.1 Short Version
Making OTSM work required a combination of software work and the best parts. It may be possible now to use cheaper or lesser parts since OTSM performs a little better than needed with these, but these are tested and work.
All builds use standard TA components except as specified here.
All builds: It's required to have BODS support for the mcu (see theory below). From page 36 of the manual this requires:
ATtiny25V-10SSU®, revision E, and newer (all known recent attiny25V's) or
ATtiny45V-10SU®, revision D, and newer (all known recent attiny45V's) or
-ATtiny85V-10SU®, revision C, and newer
(none have ever been seen, skip the attiny85)
Note the attiny25V-10SSU® is the small footprint that fits 17mm and 25mm boards without bending pins.
D1: Schottky Diode part number:RB751V40T1G
_URL_
For alternatives, leakage should be below about 1 or 2 uA when hot.
C2: Powers MCU during off time,quality counts here.
Cap part number:298D476×0010P2T _URL_
For alternatives,compare leakage and temp derating. Beware DC of performance of ceramic.
OTC: None, unpopulated.
C1: 1uF
1S builds
Voltage divider: R1 of 1K and R2 of 3.3K (1%), Any similar values with R1< 1/3 of R2 will work.
Lower values, or adding 500ohm bleeder can improve OTSM performance, at the expense of higher moon mode drain.
2S, 3S, 4S builds:
The diode above goes on the R7 resistor pad with the anode (+ side) pointing away from C2.
 R1 R2
 2S: _PHONE_
 3S: 2550 1500
 4S: 2870 1100
Note these only work with a 5.0 V LDO.No bleeder. That's it. See the section below on tailcap led if using one.
IX.1 Long Version
For 2S or more build, the attiny must be fed power by some form of voltage regulation such an LDO. This means that Vcc(input voltage) cannot be used to measure the battery voltage. The divider must be used. Furthermore because the divider pin must stay logic high to indicate power on, the 1.1V reference cannot be used. The REFERENCE_DIVIDER_READS_TO_VCC option must be used (It's compiled into the LDO firmware) This reads pin voltage as a fraction of Vcc with Vcc being the max, allowing the highest possible divider voltages.
There's some difficulty here because a low battery, 2.5V/cell is 0.6 the voltage of a full battery: 4.2V/cell. 0.6Vcc is also the maximum trigger level for a pin change interrupt, which indicates a click and puts the light into sleep. In reality the trigger level should be below this, but by spec it can be this high. So we need the divider voltage to really stay as high as possible. Furthermore Vcc is reduced from the LDO voltage by the diode voltage. This fluctuates slightly with temperature and current, so we need to estimate this max voltage as well as possible. From the diode spec sheet a maximum diode voltage of about 0.4V at 2 to 4mA is seen, but more typical is0.35V and this should be correct within 0.1V even when hot.
Parts:
Using a TA generation 1 (v1) LDO board, a diode must be added, the same one as for the 1Configuration above. The diode can be added in place of the R7 0-ohm resistor. The same caps are used.
The only other difference is the correct resistor values should be chosen. We want a total resistance R2+R1= about 4kOhms. We need the voltage on pin 7 to be equal to the LDO voltage minus the diode voltage, ie Vcc, when the batteries are at max voltage, Vbm.
So the divider should be R2/(R1+R2) =


Category: Neuropsychology
FAQ Regarding Psychological Practice in Geriatric Facilities
Over the last ten years, I have received multiple questions regarding psychological services in nursing homes and assisted living facilities. Many of the questions are difficult to answer, due to the actual naming of a practice or individual. What follows is a general fAQ for administrators and social workers to identify suspicious professional practice::
1) They are marketed as appropriately trained psychologists when in fact most have no formal training in geriatrics, let alone dementia assessment and treatment. This is defined as "unethical" practice by the American Psychological Association. Psychologists must have formal training in any population served or intervention offered. My suggestion is to examine the psychologist's vita for appropriate training. Do not trust what marketing people have to say regarding qualifications. See for yourself.
2) The psychologist is working three to five days a week in your 120 bed facility. This is a recipe for ethical disaster, if not overt malpractice. A 400 bed nursing home is not likely to offer more than 2 full days of work for most psychologists. If the psychologist is not trained in neuropsychological assessment, one day should be plenty! As the kids say-do the math. Are there more than five or ten high functioning (mentally ill) residents that could profit from insight-oriented psychotherapy in your building? Probably not. Psychologists trained in outpatient work will fill their clinical time by treating demented residents. It is imperative that they generate the numbers that please their respective corporations. Medical necessity is reduced to a vague consideration.
3) The psychologist treats dozens of residents, yet does not obtain written permission to treat any resident. A psychology corporation executive told me that an attending physician's medical release covers psychologist's liability as well. This is not the historical position taken by the Florida Dept. of Health, Medicare, or the American Psychological Association. Psychology is an independent profession that requires written permission to treat, and offers informed consent regarding the nature of the treatment. As explained to the executive, I worked many years ago as a neuropsychologist for a company called Apogee. A Medicare audit discovered that Apogee did not obtain written permission to treat their nursing home patients. Medicare demanded a full refund for each patient that had not signed a release. The company folded like a tent in a hurricane.
4) The psychologist assigned to your facility changes every year or two. This reflects the fact that most psychologists hired by psychological corporations are young graduates. Most have no experience in long-term care, have no formal training in dementia care, and have little desire to make a career in this area. On the other hand, some older psychologists gravitate to geriatrics after failing in their primary area of interest. This actually describes two owners of a local geriatric psychology corporation. Both the young and old clinicians are similar in the sense of being inadequately trained. They differ in that the young clinicians will move on to their chosen area of interest, and the older will cling to nursing homes as their last resort. I do not believe either group adequately serves the interests of the residents.
5) The psychologist/marketer offers to wave Medicare copays and treat managed care residents for free. An offer to wave Medicare copays is definitely not kosher. Medicare rules for participating providers are clear that we must bill for our copays a total of three times! I must admit that if I receive a letter refusing to pay, I let the matter drop at that point. Technically, I may be in the wrong. To tell others that I will not collect copays whatsoever is another matter. As for free treatment of Medicaid and managed care residents, I'll believe that when I see it. I suspect that unpaid Medicaid patients are cured in two sessions, while all the paid residents require years of follow-up.
In summary, it is not difficult to identify unethical behavior or actual malpractice in your facility, but first you must be educated regarding the behavioral markers. It is important to always keep in mind that psychological corporations are in your building to make money-period. If your goal is to have all the Medicare residents billed as frequently as is allowable, I believe that you will not be disappointed with most psychology corporations. If your goal is effective and ethical treatment of your residents, I fear you will have to look for individual experts and small dedicated group practices. Lastly, I offer Holzmacher's general rule of nursing home marketing as a helpful guide:
The potential for fraud and abuse increases in direct proportion to the slickness of the marketing, the frequency of the marketing efforts, and the reticence to supply the names and skills of those who actually perform the work.
Good luck!
Remember?
Business Logo for Psychological and Neuropsychological IssuesThere is a century old debate in psychology regarding the method the brain employs to store memories. A recent article in the Scientific American (February, 2013) contained an article that spoke to this very debate. It attempts to revive the theory that the human brain stores memories in specific neurons. Put another way, any memory encoded is programmed into a discrete cluster of neurons within the brain. For example, the authors reported they discovered the exact brain cells that encoded the image of Jennifer Aniston (actress) in someone's brain. Quite impressive. The competing theory is that the features of any memory are distributed across the brain. Rather than being stored with Ms. Aniston in a particular area of the temporal lobe, this same area is conjectured to be the site where the location of each sense memory is stored. For example, the name of Jennifer Aniston would be stored in the area of the brain that retains words, her face would be stored in a different area that stores faces, and her body type would be stored in an area that retains spatial details. This retrieval strategy has similarities to the library card catalogue system. The actual books (content) are not stored in the library cards, but rather the cards store the location where the content may be found.
This article is perhaps most notable for its contradictions than it is for presenting new ideas. It is very seductive to believe there is an exact area of the brain that serves as a storage sight of each memory. It corresponds to the way we store objects in our everyday life. Nothing is easier or more attractive than to relate complicated processes to our everyday experience. Contrary to this end, the authors (to their credit) admit that brain cells that fired to a picture of Jennifer Aniston also fired to a picture of another blond actress. This tends to disprove their contention of discrete cellular representations of each memory. Another objection advanced by the authors is that there is not enough brain cells to encode every new experience in the human brain. Essentially, our brain would fill with memories until the bucket could hold no more. The authors believe the solution to this contradiction is that a "typical person remembers no more than 10,000 concepts." Their notion of "concept" is problematic, even beyond their vague definition as to what defines a "concept." The notion that all information regarding objects and their relations should hover around 10,000 bits is difficult to accept.
The authors advance another contradiction as proof of their theory. They cite the famous case of a man whose hippocampus was surgically destroyed. The hippocampus is a medial temporal lobe structure where the authors believe all our memories are stored. This unfortunate man could not encode new memories at all, but he enjoyed complete retention of all his old memories-until the time of the surgery. This strongly contradicts the authors contention of exact cellular storage of each memory. Given that the hippocampus was destroyed by a surgeon, this man should lose all his old memories as well. He would literally become a tabula rasa; incapable of even drawing anything new upon the slate.
Even without a detailed knowledge of neuroscience, a critical reading of this article would alert the reader to fundamental problems. In psychology it is called "internal consistency." This refers to a story having a logical progression that avoids contradictions. The authors brought up the contradictions in order to dispel these arguments; long advanced by psychologists. They tended to reframe the contradictions in an effort to prove their theory; rather breath new life into an old theory. This is a perfectly normal error that bedevils all human thought. Once humans formulate a goal, we will tend to gloss over the contradictions to obtain that goal. It may be termed "messaging the data" to ensure that data proves the desired outcome. Science is the bulwark protecting us from ourselves. Always maintain a critical eye. These authors have a bit of wool over theirs!
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text:
The students brief was to select a health based organisation, visit its website, research that organisation (core values, purpose, service to community, research etc) and then plan how they could portray that organisation in a short 1 minute iMovie Trailer.
Organisations included the Cancer Council, Heart Foundation, Beyond Blue, Sun Smart, Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (FARE) among others.
Students used the following planning tool (the example pictured is the first page only). To access downloadable PDF versions of all the planning tools for iMovie trailers go to the blog Learning in Hand by Tony Vincent. Students can even type into these documents.
My students had to work in pairs to achieve this task and provide me with a completed planning document before they could move on and create their trailer. Students had to demonstrate the following before creating their trailer:
- A clear message was required that represented the organisation they had chosen. It had to be simple and easy to understand.
- The images needed to be high quality. We discussed how to use the Search Filter in Google images to search by Large Image for better quality pictures.
- Images need to match the text and support the message being conveyed by the students.
- Spelling and grammar needed to be correct.
One of the major aims of the videos was to promote the health organisation to the community. To complete this aim the videos will be playing in the community library to promote those organisations to a wider audience.
I have included two student Trailers and was impressed by the efforts of all my students to meet the criteria for this task.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
During the 1980s and 1990s, archaeology went through a transitional period where researchers began to wonder how their presence affected the local people through the work they were conducting. In her forthcoming book, archeologist Allison Mickel examines the history of archaeology, how it has been done in the Middle East and how it affects the communities located near dig sites.
Mickel's fieldwork in Jordan and Turkey has examined the impact of tourism and archaeological research on local communities and forms the basis of her book Why Those Who Shovel Are Silent: The Unknown Experts of Archaeology. Based on seven years of ethnographic and oral history research at Petra in Jordan and at Catalhoyuk in Turkey, Mickel reveals the untapped expertise that site workers on these projects have developed from their years of participation in excavation.
"In the Middle East, we have decades and decades of hiring, especially men, from the local communities," says Mickel, assistant professor of anthropology in the department of sociology and anthropology. "You essentially have these villages of archaeological experts. But students and volunteers are brought in to supervise and document the excavation. This means there's knowledge missing, since you don't have the same people doing the recording who are doing the digging."
Mickel employed network analysis to systematically compare the workers' oral historical record to the site archives from the two sites, demonstrating how the two bodies of information overlap, conflict or complement one another. Despite the evident professional knowledge and skills that locally hired laborers at Petra and Catalhoyuk possess regarding archaeological finds, methods and analysis, she posits that local laborers are valued purely for their manual expertise. The economic realities of how archaeological labor is organized make it financially beneficial for local community members to disavow their privileged expertise about archaeological work.
She found that workers are not paid to be experts, but rather to pretend like they are not skillful. Because archaeologists are working on a budget and overtly won't recognize this expertise the workers possess, they want people who are going to be quiet, amiable, obedient workers, she says. Workers neglect to fully share their knowledge because it puts them at risk if they share the full extent of their knowledge. And because their work is seen as unskilled, they are paid very low wages.
"Many of these workers are seasonal hires who work in strenuous, often dangerous environments, and there is no assistance for a worker who is injured on the job. There's a health cost and an economic cost to doing this kind of work," Mickel says. "It is better for a worker to say, 'I don't know anything about archaeology. I need to learn from you. I want you to teach me,' even if that worker has been working in archaeology for 30 or 40 years."


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Issue No.09 - September (1982 vol.31)
pp: 907-913
R. Aleliunas , Department of Computer Science, University of Waterloo
ABSTRACT
The main results in this paper demonstrate that there exist pairs of integers <E, D> (for "area Expansion" and "edge Dilation," respectively) such that any n-vertex rectangular grid can be embedded into a square grid having at most En vertices, in such a way that images in the square grid of vertices that are adjacent in the rectangular grid are at most distance D apart. Several techniques for "sq
INDEX TERMS
theory of VLSI layouts, Bounding aspect ratios of layouts, embedding graphs in grids, generic graphs, graph embeddings
CITATION
R. Aleliunas, A.L. Rosenberg, "On Embedding Rectangular Grids in Square Grids", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.31, no. 9, pp. 907-913, September 1982, doi:10.1109/TC._PHONE_


text:
|Government:||Third Union Wismaga|
|Form of Government:||Confederation, Parliamentary democracy|
|Affiliation:||United Federation of Planets|
|Dr. Lucus Kesar|
The Wismagan recorded history only goes back 8000 years, beginning with their colonization of Liccus XII, a desert planet, which they then took 600 years converting it into a more hospitable planet. Most Wismagan scholars believed they were once a group of nomads who traveled space searching for a home. Once their society had fully incorporated themselves onto Liccus XII, they declared that they were the Third Union of the Wismaga, which hints at the possibility that their society is much older than their recorded history.
The governing body of the Wismagan is officially called the Grand Curia, it is similar to parliamentary democracy, with a Chief Minister as the head of state. The Chief Minister's term of office lasts for three years, after which they may run for reelection if they so choose. The Wismagan political system incorporated a "course of honor" system similar to that found in Ancient Rome on Earth. Most Chief Ministers are aged in their 60s, but Lucus Kesar was 42 when he became Chief Minister, making him the youngest in their recorded history.
The average height amongst all Wismagan is roughly five feet and ten inches. Their face is similar to human, except the mouth and nose look more like a chimpanzee's than a human. Light brown hair surrounds their faces, almost like a lion's mane. Their entire body, except for palms and soles, is covered in hair. Hair which is similar to fur found on apes on the planet Earth.


Learn How To Cook Oha Soup In Easy Steps
Oha soup - Happenings
Learn How To Cook Oha Soup In Easy Steps
Cooking Oha soup is fun and easy. Learn the steps here!
Titilayo Ilori
Oha soup is a traditional dish mostly eaten by the Igbos. The method of cooking this soup is similar to that of cooking Bitterleaf soup. It is one of the most special delicacies there are in Nigeria because of the Oha leaves used to prepare it.
Ingredients needed to prepare Oha soup include:
1. Vegetables.
2. Oha leaves.
3. Cocoyam.
4. Palm oil.
6. Assorted beef.
7. Shaki (cow tripe).
8. Dry fish, stock fish, crayfish.
9. Chili pepper.
10. Seasoning cube (s).
Method of cooking:
1. Grind your crayfish and pepper
Make sure you grind your crayfish and pepper.
2. Wash your cocoyam
Wash the body of the cocoyam to get rid of sand, and boil it till it is soft. When it is cooked, peel the skin and pound using a mortar and pestle till it is smooth.
3. Cut your Oha leaves
After you have separated each leaf from its stick, use your hand to cut it into pieces. If you cut your leaves with a knife, it will make the soup dark in colour
4. Boil your stock
Boil your meat, shaki, cow tripe, stock fish and dry fish. Make sure they are all soft before moving on to the next step.
5. Add Maggi, pepper and ground crayfish
Add maggi cubes, pepper and ground crayfish to the boiling stock and let it cook for 10 minutes.
6. Add your cocoyam paste
Add your cocoyam paste to your mixture and add palm oil. Cover the pot and let it cook for about 15 minutes. Once the cocoyam paste is dissolved and you notice the soup is too thick, pour some water.
7. Add your Oha leaves
Your next step is to add your Oha leaves and leave to cook for another five minutes.
8. Add some salt to taste
Remember to add some salt to taste at this point and leave your pot of soup to cook for another five minutes. You can eat Oha soup with Eba, Fufu, Semolina, and Amala.
Happenings Media


Abalone Shell
Abalone Shell
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The abalone shell was traditionally used in smudging ceremonies to represent the element of Water. They have been uncovered in archaeological digs from around the world dating back thousands of years.
The iridescent nacre inside the shell is formed from microscopic calcium carbonate tiles, making it exceptionally strong in addition to it's beauty. This distinctive rainbow shine is also frequently seen in jewelry.
Commonly used today as a fire safe container while smoke cleansing or to represent the ocean or feminine on an altar.
Can be supported upright with separate stand. Sold by the each


let A, B, C be non empty transitive with_units AltCatStr ; :: thesis: for F1, F2, F3 being covariant Functor of A,B
for G1 being covariant Functor of B,C
for p being transformation of F1,F2
for p1 being transformation of F2,F3 st F1 is_transformable_to F2 & F2 is_transformable_to F3 holds
G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)
let F1, F2, F3 be covariant Functor of A,B; :: thesis: for G1 being covariant Functor of B,C
for p being transformation of F1,F2
for p1 being transformation of F2,F3 st F1 is_transformable_to F2 & F2 is_transformable_to F3 holds
G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)
let G1 be covariant Functor of B,C; :: thesis: for p being transformation of F1,F2
for p1 being transformation of F2,F3 st F1 is_transformable_to F2 & F2 is_transformable_to F3 holds
G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)
let p be transformation of F1,F2; :: thesis: for p1 being transformation of F2,F3 st F1 is_transformable_to F2 & F2 is_transformable_to F3 holds
G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)
let p1 be transformation of F2,F3; :: thesis: ( F1 is_transformable_to F2 & F2 is_transformable_to F3 implies G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p) )
assume that
A1: F1 is_transformable_to F2 and
A2: F2 is_transformable_to F3 ; :: thesis: G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)
A3: ( G1 * F1 is_transformable_to G1 * F2 & G1 * F2 is_transformable_to G1 * F3 ) by A1, A2, Th10;
A4: now :: thesis: for a being Object of A holds (G1 * (p1 '*' p)) ! a = ((G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)) ! a
let a be Object of A; :: thesis: (G1 * (p1 '*' p)) ! a = ((G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)) ! a
A5: ( G1 . (F2 . a) = (G1 * F2) . a & G1 . (F3 . a) = (G1 * F3) . a ) by FUNCTOR0:33;
A6: G1 . (F1 . a) = (G1 * F1) . a by FUNCTOR0:33;
then reconsider G1ta = (G1 * p) ! a as Morphism of (G1 . (F1 . a)),(G1 . (F2 . a)) by FUNCTOR0:33;
A7: ( <^(F1 . a),(F2 . a)^> <> {} & <^(F2 . a),(F3 . a)^> <> {} ) by A1, A2;
thus (G1 * (p1 '*' p)) ! a = G1 . ((p1 '*' p) ! a) by A1, A2, Th11, FUNCTOR2:2
.= G1 . ((p1 ! a) * (p ! a)) by A1, A2, FUNCTOR2:def 5
.= (G1 . (p1 ! a)) * (G1 . (p ! a)) by A7, FUNCTOR0:def 23
.= (G1 . (p1 ! a)) * G1ta by A1, Th11
.= ((G1 * p1) ! a) * ((G1 * p) ! a) by A2, A6, A5, Th11
.= ((G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p)) ! a by A3, FUNCTOR2:def 5 ; :: thesis: verum
end;
F1 is_transformable_to F3 by A1, A2, FUNCTOR2:2;
hence G1 * (p1 '*' p) = (G1 * p1) '*' (G1 * p) by A4, Th10, FUNCTOR2:3; :: thesis: verum


text:
floor exerciseArticle Free Pass
floor exercise, gymnastics event in which movements are performed on the floor in an area 12 metres (40 feet) square. This area is covered by some type of cloth or mat, usually with some cushioning. No other apparatus is used. Men's routines are 50 to 70 seconds in duration. The type of exercise required is a series of movements combining elements of flexibility, strength, jumps, holding of poses, and balance, as well as other maneuvers. The whole routine must be performed with rhythm and harmony, and the gymnast must move in different directions, using a major portion of the allotted area.
The exercise usually starts and finishes with a series of tumbling movements, such as a handspring or a cartwheel with a half-turn (roundoff), continuing with handsprings and somersaults (in the air), either backward or forward. Between start and finish, balances are held on one leg, handstands are achieved by placing the hands on the floor and kicking to a standing position, and movements resembling ballet, tumbling movements, and jumps are interposed.
The women's event is similar to the men's, except that it is performed to music and lasts 70 to 90 seconds. The floor exercise was introduced as an individual Olympic medal sport for men in 1936 and for women in 1952.
What made you want to look up "floor exercise"? Please share what surprised you most...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Advertising Toxicity to Defend Against Reef Predators
Table of Contents
Although chemical defenses can provide excellent protection for many reef organisms, there is always a danger that an inquisitive predator might launch an attack before realizing its mistake. Although this may have dire consequences for the attacker, the prey animal may also suffer serious injury. Therefore, it pays for animals to advertise their toxicity clearly, making sure that predators get the message well before they become too interested.
Do all inedible animals advertise?
Whereas the most dangerous animals usually do invest in warning colors, there are many species that, for whatever reason, do not. Marine sponges are soft bodied and highly vulnerable to fishes but those that live among high densities of fishes, such as coral reef sponges, are almost always unpalatable to fish. On the whole, sponges do not use bold warning colors to alert their predators, possibly because they are able to regenerate damaged tissue. But even without these warning colors most fish rarely attack them and even avoid eating fragments of sponges. This may be because the sponges also smell bad or because the fish simply learn to avoid them after an early encounter.
What color patterns do poisonous animals use as warning signals?
In biological terminology, using color patterns to warn potential predators of danger is known as aposematism. Most poisonous animals are aposematic the deadly blue-ringed octopus uses a subdued, camouflaged color pattern for most of its life, but when threatened it flashes the vivid blue warning pattern that gives it its common name. Similarly, the devil scorpionfish blends in with its background under normal conditions, but when threatened it produces a display to warn its assailant of its toxic qualities.
However, a warning signal is only effective when it can be generally recognized. For this reason, groups of poisonous animals all tend to converge on the same kinds of signal; for example, many stinging insects, such as bees and wasps, use the combination of yellow and black to give advance warning. The same happens on the reef, where different nudibranch species all adopt the same livery to consolidate the message to any potential predators, a phenomenon known as Mullerian mimicry.
Are warning colors mimicked by other reef animals?
When large groups of poisonous animals all use the same warning colors to signal that they are poisonous and should not be interfered with, it sends a strong message to their potential predators. But, rather sneakily, the message can be hijacked by perfectly harmless animals that merely pretend to be poisonous.
For example, hoverflies have exactly the same color pattern as wasps but are completely inoffensive; this is known as Batesian mimicry. In effect, the harmless creatures use the wasp's color pattern — pretending to be
dangerous without actually being so — to protect themselves. On the coral reef, predators avoid the valentine pufferfish and with good reason — it is extremely poisonous. But the blacksaddle filefish (Paraluteres prionurus), a completely harmless species, gains protection simply by looking like a valentine pufferfish. However, predators are not stupid; this bluffing strategy only works when there are comparatively few mimicking cheats relative to the number of real poisonous species, otherwise the predators would quickly leam and start to attack


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Tamper: Format a number
Available since: 1.0.0
Format a number.
Fields
Negate the condition
Negates the condition. Makes TRUE to FALSE and vice versa.
Comparison operator
The available comparison operators like equals or less than.
Comparison type
The type of the comparison.
Case sensitive comparison
Compare the values based on case sensitivity.
Decimals
The number of decimal places.
Decimal point
The character to use as the decimal point.
Thousands separator
The character to use as the thousands separator.
Data to be tampered
Data to compare with


text:
How Long Should Sex Last?
Sex can be quite a pleasurable encounter if those involved are both fully committed to the act, and come into the engagement with no prior over the top expectations for themselves or their partner. This is an activity that arguably takes place on a daily basis all around the world, and as such the various elements that are involved with the interaction cannot simply be ignored. There are a number of issues that a majority of people take into consideration whenever they are contemplating matters regarding sexual activity. The issues considered usually have to do with the quality of sex that can be had by the couple involved, including enhancing the amount of potential pleasure that they and their partner are able to receive from the experience. It should be noted that the kind of expectation that is placed on a particular encounter could potentially influence the level of enjoyment that can be had during the activity, as a result of the amount of pressure that can develop within an individual's psyche if they are distracted by too many aspects that could derail their overall focus.
One of the main questions that has been asked on multiple occasions by different people of both sexes has to do with the length of time that can be considered adequate when one is engaging in a sexual encounter. The query of how long should sex last between two ordinary individuals is one that has brought about a number of arguments that have been based on expectations, mythical conceptions, and previous experiences that have influenced the answer of the various people who have attempted to tackle it. Needless to say, a large number of people (especially men) are quite conscious about the period of time that can be considered respectable so to speak, when engaging in a sexual encounter. No person would like the reputation of an individual who is considered inadequate in bed, and as such, a lot of individuals are left feeling self-conscious about how long they are able to last in bed.
However, it should be noted that there are a number of factors that can play a role in the length of time that a sexual encounter might take up. It is crucial for one to take these elements into consideration when they are potentially judging the amount of time spent in the bedroom. Some of these factors can include:
Different people may have different levels of stamina when it comes to sexual activities. The kind of stamina that can be enjoyed by an individual will depend on a number of related factors such as the lifestyles that those involved in the encounter lead, as well as their overall health in general. The more stamina an individual is able to have, the longer they will potentially last during sex.
Products such as Viagra have become quite popular over the years as individuals look for different ways to assist them in lasting longer in bed. Needless to say, the use of such assistance can make a significant difference in the amount of time that an individual is able to last during a sexual encounter.
It should be noted that an increased period of time does not necessarily lead to an increase in the pleasure that can be experienced, and an individual should not focus on this particular element of having sex alone.


the interface, which IPAddress value contains the IP address assigned to the old network interface. The IPAddress parameter may contain more than one IP address, since in Windows you can assign multiple IP addresses (aliases) to a single network adapter.
NIC settings (including IP adress) in windows 10 registry
Remember the name of the registry key (it is the identifier of the network adapter). Remove the keys:
 - HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Adapters\{your_NIC_ID}
 - HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\{your_NIC_ID}
Restart your computer and try to assign the old static IP address to a new network adapter.
It is also recommended to reset your network. In Windows 10, you can do it in Settings -> Network and Internet -> Network Reset.
windows 10 reset network
If you face the problem after you installed an additional network card in your computer, make sure that the built-in LAN interface is disabled in BIOS/UEFI settings (the related item is usually called Onboard Gbit NIC or Onboard LAN).
]]>
_URL_ 0
Previous Command History in PowerShell Console _URL_ _URL_ Wed, 09 Jun 2021 08:00:00 +0000 _URL_ By default Windows PowerShell (as well as the command prompt) saves the history of executed commands only in the current session. When you close the PowerShell console window or restart your computer, the history of the PowerShell commands that you typed is not saved anywhere. Compared with the bash, this is a significant drawback. Starting with PowerShell 5.0 introduced in Windows 10 (Windows Server 2016), all commands entered in the PS console are now saved to a plain text log file by default.
Command History in PowerShell 5.0 and Newer
Suppose you typed and executed some complex PowerShell command. In Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016, even after restarting the computer, you can open a new PowerShell session and press the up arrow key. The last command you entered should be displayed on the screen. If you continue to press the "up" key, you will see all the commands executed earlier. Thus, using the keys "Up arrow" and "Down arrow" you can scroll through the history of PoSh commands and re-execute previously typed commands. In earlier versions of PowerShell, the history of the commands in the current session is not being saved after it is closed. Using the up/down keys, you can scroll through the command history of the current PS session only or list the entire command history using the Get-History cmdlet.
You can display more detailed information about previously executed commands in the current PowerShell session, including the command status and start/end/duration time:
Get-History | Format-List -Property *
powershell get-history
By default, the PowerShell in Windows 10 saves the last 4096 commands that are stored in a plain text file located in the profile of each user %userprofile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt.
The history is stored separately for PowerShell and PowerShell ISE.
\ConsoleHost_history.txt - powershell commands history
If a PowerShell command takes a long time to execute, you will only see it in the command history when it completes. In cmd.exe, you can display the command history in the current session with:
doskey /history
The F7 key is used to search through cmd history.
cmd list commands - doskey /history
How to Search PowerShell Command History?
If you don't want to scroll through the entire PowerShell command history using up/down arrows, you can search the command history by using the keyboard shortcuts CTRL+R (reverse search) and CTR +S (forward search). Press the key combination and start typing part of the command that you want to find in previously executed commands. The text you entered will be found in the command history in any position (unlike search in PowerShell using F8 or Shift+F8, which allows to look for the matches from the beginning of the line only). The PowerShell console should display the previous command corresponding to the search string. Line matches are highlighted in the command.
If the found command doesn't suit you, to continue searching through the history, press CTRL+R/CTRL+S again. As a result, the following command corresponding to the search pattern will appear on the screen.
powershell command history bck-i-search
Using the F8 key, you can find the command in history that matches the text on the current command line. For example, enter get- and press F8. The last entry in the command history matching this text will be found. To go to the next command in history, press F8 again.
how to search powershell command history
You can also use the # character to search through the command history. For example, to find the last command that starts with Get-WMI, type #get-wmi and press the Tab key. The last command matching the pattern will appear in the console:
search commands in powershell history
The command history works the same in both classic Windows PowerShell and the new PowerShell Core (if you've already upgraded your PoSh version).
To get a list of previous PoSh command in the Notepad.exe window, run the command:
notepad (Get-PSReadLineOption | select -ExpandProperty HistorySavePath)
To display a list of commands in history that match a query, you can use:
Get-History | Select-String -Pattern "Get-"
powershell Get-History Select-String Pattern
Managing PowerShell Command History with the PSReadLine Module
The command history functionality in PowerShell 5.0 is not built into the Windows Management Framework itself, but is based on the third-party PSReadLine module, which significantly extends the functionality of the PowerShell console. PSReadLine highlights the syntax in the console, it is responsible for selection of the text with your mouse and copying/pasting it using CTRL+C and CTRL+V. This module in Windows 10 is located in the C:\Program Files\WindowsPowerShell\Modules\PSReadline folder and is automatically imported when the PowerShell console starts.
PSReadLine is not included into the standalone PowerShell 5.0 installer for previous versions of Windows. Thus, if you want to use the PowerShell command history functionality in previous Windows versions (Windows 7/8.1 and Windows Server 2008R2/2012R2), in addition to installing Windows Management Framework 5.1, you will need to install the PSReadLine module via the PackageManagement module (formerly OneGet) from the online repository using the command:
Install-Module PSReadLine
A complete list of functions of the PSReadLine module for managing the commands history in PowerShell and the keys assigned to them can be displayed with the command:
Get-PSReadlineKeyHandler | ? {$_.function -like '*hist*'}
Key Function Description
--- -------- -----------
UpArrow PreviousHistory Replace the input with the previous item in the history
DownArrow NextHistory Replace the input with the next item in the history
Ctrl+r ReverseSearchHistory Search history backwards interactively
Ctrl+s ForwardSearchHistory Search history forward interactively
Alt+F7 ClearHistory Remove all items from the command line history (not PowerShell history)
F8 HistorySearchBackward Search for the previous item in the history that starts with the current input - like NextHistory if the input is empty
Shift+F8 HistorySearchForward Search for the next item in the history that starts with the current input - like NextHistory if the input is empty
Unbound ViSearchHistoryBackward Starts a new seach backward in the history.
Unbound BeginningOfHistory Move to the first item in the history
Unbound EndOfHistory Move to the last item (the current input) in the history
Get-PSReadlineKeyHandler
The command history can be configured using Get-PSReadlineOption and Set-PSReadlineOption cmdlets. Current PSReadline settings can be viewed using this command:
Get-PSReadlineOption | select HistoryNoDuplicates, MaximumHistoryCount, HistorySearchCursorMovesToEnd, HistorySearchCaseSensitive, HistorySavePath, HistorySaveStyle
Get-PSReadlineOption
The settings of the following PSReadline parameters can be important for us:
 - HistoryNoDuplicates – determines whether the same commands have to be saved;
 - MaximumHistoryCount – the maximum number of the stored commands (by default the last 4096 commands are saved);
 - HistorySearchCursorMovesToEnd — determines whether you have to go to the end of the command when searching;
 - HistorySearchCaseSensitive – determines whether search is case sensitive (PS command history is not case sensitive by default);
 - HistorySavePath – shows the path to the file in which the command is stored;
 - HistorySaveStyle – determines the peculiarities of saving commands:
 - SaveIncrementally — the


What Is a Ghost Mantis? Unveiling the Tiny Invisible Insect Predator
You've likely never seen a ghost mantis in the wild, and if you have, there's a good chance you thought you were looking at a leaf.
Eva Hagan - Author
By
Apr. 25 2024, Published 12:01 p.m. ET
A green Ghost mantis sits on a log in front of a black background.
Source: iStock
A ghost mantis, also known as Phyllocrania paradoxa, is a species of praying mantis that can go undetected in many forest environments because of their unusual features. Their bodies mimic the looks of a leaf, meaning they can appear virtually invisible to passing predators and prey.
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Ghost mantises are on the smaller side and are actually considered miniature mantis. However, don't let this fool you; the ghost mantis is a voracious hunter and can even kill young lizards. So, if you are curious about the basics of a ghost mantis, here's a rundown.
A brown Ghost mantis sits on the top of a branch in front of a black background.
Source: iStock
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What is a ghost mantis, aka Phyllocrania paradoxa?
A ghost mantis, also called Phyllocrania paradoxa, is a species of praying mantis known for its brown or green body that looks like a leaf. Native to the forests of Africa, including the island of Madagascar, the ghost mantis can remain unseen (or ghost-like) in forested areas because of its unique leaf-like appearance, per Keeping Insects.
According to iNaturalist, the body of ghost mantis is best compared to a decaying leaf, with flattened limbs and dark creases in their skin that help them blend into leaves on the forest floor.
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According to Keeping Insects, the ghost mantis' body is usually found in various shades of brown; however, in more humid climates, it often has a greener tint. When it comes to size, the ghost mantis can reach two inches in length as an adult, and the females tend to be much bulkier than the males. However, the ghost mantis is generally much smaller than other mantis species.
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A ghost mantis grows, like many other insects, by molting. Female mantises shed their skin—aka molt— around seven times, and males molt around six. The mantis grows and hangs upside down on a branch during each molt before eventually inching out of its old skin. The older the mantis is, the longer the molt may be, with some lasting up to two months. When it's time to lay eggs, female mantises will lay an average of six ootheca (egg clusters) per Mantid Kingdom.
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Ghost mantises are carnivores and eat insects, such as fruit flies, moths, and crickets, and are known to have a big appetite, except when they are molting.
According to Bush Guide 101, ghost mantises kill their food by ambushing them and can even catch small lizards this way. Despite their small size, ghost mantises can make themselves intimidating, and often do not run from predators but instead spread their wings and make a hissing sound to scare them away.
How long do ghost mantises live?
A ghost mantis usually lives anywhere from seven to 12 months, with females living longer than males. According to Dubia Roaches, several things can impact a ghost mantis' life span, including stress, diet, and climate.
If you are keeping a ghost mantis as a pet, feed them healthy insects so they get the proper nutrients. Ghost mantises also tend to live longer in colder temperatures and environments that mimic a forest environment, where they can climb, hide, etc.
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text:
Mean time to repair
Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time for failures divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions for failures during a given period of time. It generally does not include lead time for parts not readily available or other Administrative or Logistic Downtime (ALDT).
In fault-tolerant design, MTTR is usually considered to also include the time the fault is latent (the time from when the failure occurs until it is detected). If a latent fault goes undetected until an independent failure occurs, the system may not be able to recover.
MTTR is often part of a maintenance contract, where a system whose MTTR is 24 hours is generally more valuable than for one of 7 days if mean time between failures is equal, because its Operational Availability is higher.
However, in the context of a maintenance contract, it would be important to distinguish whether MTTR is meant to be a measure of the mean time between the point at which the failure is first discovered until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to recovery"), or only a measure of the elapsed time between the point where repairs actually begin until the point at which the equipment returns to operation (usually termed "mean time to repair"). For example, a system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "repair" of 24 hours, but with additional part lead times, administrative delays, and technician transportation delays adding up to a mean of 6 days, would not be any more attractive than another system with a service contract guaranteeing a mean time to "recovery" of 7 days.


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The Meuse River: Storing Water near the Source
Europe/Middle-East > West Central Europe > Belgium
Europe/Middle-East > West Central Europe > Netherlands
With the cooperation of local farmers WW'F works on a project to prevent future floods of the Meuse river in Belgium and the Netherlands. WWF aims to bring measures into operation for water retention to avoid downstream damage.
As a result of the modification of land use, draining of high peat bogs, forestry and increasing urbanization, natural river catchments have disappeared. Since many decades this causes water problems, for example the floods of the Meuse in 1993 and 2003.
Traditionally water problems were resolved at the time and place of occurrence by drainage, building dikes, canalising brooks or other measures. Moreover the planning and implementation of river management measures took place at regional or national levels. Since the creation of the European Framework Directive on water, problems have to be solved at international level.
The aim of the project is to restore wetlands in the low mountain ranges.
- Improve communication with Walloon authorities and bring into practice the concept project of Bergen van water (Mountains of water) on Walloon territory.
- Cooperate with Walloon farmers.
- Share experiences within the European Freshwater Programme.
- Research the possibilities for an international, externally financed project.
- Relationships with Walloon policies have been registered.
- The first cooperative farmers have been gathered.
- The concept is brought to knowledge of Walloon authorities.
- Financing possibilities for an international project have been analysed.


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Insulating Glass management
Perfect Cut allows to easly insert glass with more than one component such as the insulating glass and laminated glass.
It can be added on the family field (which is the material type) as:
family 1 / spacer 1 / family 2 / spacer 2 / family 3 / …
Each component can be inserted alternatively into "Components" box, with attributes that can be different for each component.
Beyond the spacer code, there are width and height (in case of structural glass), shape (regular or mirrored, or with different borders depending on the material thickness), grinding, piece rotation, reference to the label template, etc.).
If the "Spacer" field is numerical the glass is an insulating glass composed of many families. The same if the spacer code (e.g. "C12") is referenced to a row of the .ini file that describes the spacer codes (e.g. generic.ini, forel.ini, etc.). Otherwise it is considered as laminated (e.g. F3/PVB/S33).
Through the structural glass interface, or entering values with prefix + or – on width and height (in this case considered as offset relative to the first glass) the insulating glass can have different dimensions for each component.
Properly adding the insulating glass with many components on different families, the optimization will be scheduled for each involved family, while the spacer output will consider also the spacer characteristics in addition to the components ones.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The double star, Porrima, is a double star system located about 40 light-years away, relatively close to the Sun in the grand scheme of things. The two stars orbit each other about every 170 years, and as they do so, the apparent distance that separates them changes (from our Earth-bound point of view). Right now, the two are well separated, meaning that with a telescope pointed at Saturn you will see the two stars as distinct objects. Only a few years ago, their alignment was such that you would have needed a very powerful telescope to see the two stars in the Porrima system as individual stars. Right now, if you put Saturn into view in a small to medium telescope, you will also get the Porrima system in your field of view as well.
The diagram (above) illustrates where to find Saturn and Porrima over the next few days, and this article from Space.com also provides insight and additional diagrams to help you see this sight.
So seize the moment and be an amateur astronomer for a night, making a fun discovery for yourself.


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Translation of stratum in Spanish:
noun plural -ta
- 1.1 (Archaeol, Geology)Example sentences
Example sentences1.2 (Biology)
- Carboniferous to Cretaceous strata are exposed in an extensive series of outcrops along the east coast of Greenland.
- The deposition of Palaeogene siliciclastic shelf strata in the Wessex Basin cannot be interpreted exclusively in terms of fluctuations in relative sea level.
- Additional control on the subsurface continuity of the strata is provided by seismic data.
Example sentences1.3 (Linguistics)
- Women, of all ages, education, and social strata love the gossip magazines!
- There is no question that the working class must strive to win the support of other classes and intermediate social strata in the struggle against global capitalism.
- The approaches of different countries, social strata and classes differ as well.
- Cody's hypothesis would require that an individual remains within a smaller stratum in the high-density layer than in the low-density layer.
- The decision to baptize chips under a thin liquid stratum will allow the making of circuits with features that measure the breadth of a virus.
- If a school refused to participate, they selected a replacement school within the same stratum.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Here is a selection of useful words and phrases you will need in real-life situations while you're visiting Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries...
A portero is a superintendent in an apartment building who looks after it, keeps it clean, delivers mail, and keeps an eye on comings and goings. Porteros often have an apartment in the building as part of their pay. The portero, and particularly the female portera, are part of popular culture. They have a reputation for being inquisitive and fond of gossip.


Create
Create a new recording task.
This action requires a request with an active account.
Tokens
This action requires the following tokens:
 - recordtask-create
Arguments
Required arguments are marked in bold, and optional arguments are marked in italics.
Argument Type Default Description
source URL Source live stream URL for this recording schedule. Either this or livestream should be set
sourceproxy URL Source proxy for this recording schedule; used when connecting to source
livestream Hash If given, hash of the livestream to record
start DateTime If given, the task will not start until this date/time, otherwise it will start as soon as possible
end DateTime If given, the task will automatically stop recording at this time. If not given, the recording will continue until one stops it by hand
title String
Title used for the items that are created after each recording. Can use the following characters which will automatically be replaced:
 - %a: abbreviated textual representation of the day (e.g. Mon, Tue, etc.)
 - %A: full textual representation of the day (e.g. Monday, Tuesday, etc.)
 - %d, %e: day of the month with (%d) and without (%e) leading zero.
 - %b: abbreviated textual representation of the month (e.g. Jan, Feb, etc.)
 - %B: full textual representation of the month (e.g. January, February, etc.)
 - %m: month as integer, with leading zero
 - %y, %Y: year with two (%y) or four (%Y) digits
 - %H, %k: hour with (%H) or without (%k) leading zero in numeric format; 24-hour
 - %I, %l: hour with (%I) or without (%l) leading zero in numeric format; 12-hour
 - %M: minutes as integer, with leading zero
 - %p, %P: upper- (%p) or lower- (%P) -case AM / PM
 - %S: seconds as integer, with leading zero
 - %%: a literal %
If no title is given, the following will be taken, in order, if available:
 - livestream-name (%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S)
 - livestream-hash (%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S)
 - Live recording (%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S)
(note the last option has the hard-coded text 'Live recording')
If a live recording is interrupted while recording, every item except for the first one will have ' (#)' behind its title, where # is the index of the recording, starting with 2.
description String Description for the item that is created after recording
protected Boolean Whether items created with this task will be protected. If not set will default to the value of the livestream or false if no livestream provided
author String Author for the item that is created after recording
copyright String Copyright for the item that is created after recording
keywords String Keywords for the item that is created after recording; separate by a comma
categories String Categories for the item that is created after recording; hashes separated by a comma
Output
This action produces the following output on success:
An object containing the following fields:
Name Type Description
id Hash ID of this record task
source String The source of this record task
sourceproxy String The proxy for the source
livestream
The live stream of this record task
The value of this field is an object containing the following fields:
Name Type Description
id Hash Livestream ID
title String Title of the live stream
description String Description of the live stream
type Label The type of this livestream; for available livestream types, refer to the documentation of the Livestream command
title String Title for created items
description String Description for created items
author String Author for created items
copyright String Copyright for created items
keywords
Keywords for created items
The value of this field is an array containing zero or more elements, each one being one String: One keyword
categories
Categories for created items
The value of this field is an array containing zero or more elements, each one being an object containing the following fields:
Name Type Description
id Hash Category ID
name String The name of this category
protected Boolean Whether items created with this schedule will be protected
start DateTime Date and time this task will start
end DateTime Date and time this task will end
status String Status of this record task; one of queued, running, pauserequested, paused, resumerequested, completed, stoprequested, canceled, cancelrequested, failed
statusreason String If the task failed, a reason why it failed
datecreated DateTime When this record task has been created
datestarted DateTime If known, when this record task has been started; is always set if the current status is not queued
datestopped DateTime If known, when this record task has stopped; is always set if the current status is completed, canceled or failed
Errors
This action will always return one of the default status codes.


Researchers aim to uncover the secrets to happiness with new app
Anyone worldwide can now help Yale researchers uncover the secrets to happiness from their smartphones, without ever stepping foot into a lab.
The Happiness Project is a new mobile app developed by the lab of Robb Rutledge, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychology, in which users can play games to test their decision making and learn about the science of happiness.
Happiness is not usually studied with mathematical equations, Rutledge said. The goal of The Happiness Project is to advance research to understand what determines how someone feels from minute to minute.
"We think that how people feel minute to minute is really important for understanding their mental health," Rutledge said. "Very little is known about what determines this and it's such an important part of our everyday experience. My lab is trying to figure out the mathematical equations for what determines happiness."
The app's development was made more complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Lab members dispersed to locations all around the world, and the Rutledge Lab relocated from University College London to Yale over the summer.
The team designed the tasks themselves, paying extra attention to creating engaging games that people find fun and would want to play.
"We're taking a fairly dry lab experiment where we control everything and turning it into something a bit more fun," Rutledge said.
"At the same time, we're not trying to make a video game," Rutledge explained. "We don't want a game that a few people love and most people don't really want to play. What we really need is something that if you had 100 people, 99 of them would say, "I'll play these games for 10 minutes." We're trying to build something for everyone because that's what we need if we want to understand how happiness works."
When a user downloads the game, they'll learn about the team's mission to understand happiness and figure out the equations for happiness. Users are presented with a variety of game options to choose from. Users might be asked to make risky decisions or make some kind of effort to earn more points. As a user completes games, they unlock more games.
"Every time people play the games and answer the surveys, they're helping our research," Rutledge said.
"The games are looking at different aspects of human behavior and emotions. The data from their play is sent to our servers anonymously, and then we look at it to see what that person does and what makes them feel different things."
For Rutledge, the pandemic underlined the importance of better understanding mental health. And while it's been difficult for research in a more traditional laboratory setting to continue with physical distancing recommendations in place, The Happiness Project app allows people to participate in research from the safety and comfort of their own home, creating a large pool of diverse participants of all ages and backgrounds.
"We want to provide an option for people who want to contribute to mental health research. They can participate at home in just a few minutes, and ultimately it will help us understand happiness better," Rutledge said.


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Employee onboarding: identification of best practices in ACRL libraries
Purpose ‐ The purpose of this paper is to identify best practices of employee onboarding, the process by which a new employee is introduced to an organization and its vision, mission, and values. Design/methodology/approach ‐ Researchers requested that members of the Personnel Administrators and Staff Development Officers Discussion Group of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) share documents related to employee onboarding and three researchers independently reviewed the documents. The collected documents were compared to the socialization model proposed by Raymond Noe, including the detailed aspects of the organizational phase and the key components identified in the best practices literature. Findings ‐ In total, 17 institutions submitted documentation for review. All institutions discussed at least one or more of the key areas identified in the socialization process. Every institution in the study included a discussion of job expectations and evaluation criteria (100 percent); ten (59 percent) discuss mission, vision, and values; however, topics such as culture (five or 29 percent) and politics (one or 6 percent) were infrequently covered. Onboarding programs varied in length (one week to more than six months). Check lists were the most common tool used to manage the onboarding process. Other notable topics covered include dealing with change, understanding the team-based environment, diversity, library awards and library fundraising. Research limitations/implications ‐ Because of the limited number of documents examined in this study, the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications ‐ Moving from a traditional new employee orientation model to a best-practices onboarding model will require HR professionals to conduct an internal assessment of the current program. Originality/value ‐ Due to the high cost associated with recruiting new employees, the need for new employees to be fully functional and engaged as soon as possible, and the need to communicate performance indicators, the need to share best practices is important.
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Speech choirs are performance groups that recite speeches in unison, often with elements of choreography and costuming to help bring the speech to life. Much like musical choirs, dynamic -- volume -- range, expression and accurate coordination of syllables are all important for a successful performance. Speech choirs date back to ancient Greece, where they were an integral part of most plays.
A speech choir is typically the same size as a singing choir, having anywhere from 12 to 100 members or more. However, most schools and competitions feature choirs of 25 to 40 members. The choirs typically are divided into groups based on the members' natural speaking voices. Females with naturally high voices or young females comprise the "light" group, females with deeper voices and young males or males with high voices comprise the "medium" group and males with deep voices comprise the "dark" group.
Selections are typically poems or poetic passages, such as from Greek dramas or Shakespeare's plays. The conductor gives some thought to the passage, breaking it into parts that, for example, only the "light" voices recite or strong passages that are voiced by all the members. Facial expressions and intonation are also carefully planned, so all the members can practice in unison. Solo parts for specific members can add dramatic effect.
Choreography of movement is not a necessary component for a speech choir. Many successful competition choirs recite their pieces while standing in place with their hands at their sides, attention directed solely at the conductor. However, in the Greek tradition, speech choirs marched from side to side in alternating patterns called "strophe" and "antistrophe." Thus, movement is part of the rich history of speech choir, and some conductors choose to choreograph elaborate movement to accompany their pieces.
As with any other performance art, thought should be put into how the speech choir will dress. Costumes can be as simple as matching outfits or robes, such as a vocal choir would wear, or elaborate theatrical garb. Plain uniforms allow the audience to concentrate on facial expressions and allow the choir to recite several very different pieces in one performance. However, a themed costume for a single piece can highlight its meaning or help to differentiate between voice groups.


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SCPL and Crowd++: Two Unobtrusive Human Context Awareness Techniques
Rutgers University, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Thursday, July 17, 2014|
3:30pm - 4:30pm
Add to Google Calendar
About the Event
Learning human contexts is critical to the development of many applications, ranging from healthcare, business, to social sciences. Most existing work, however, acquires contextual information in an obtrusive manner -- they may require the subjects to carry mobile devices to be monitored, or rely on self or peer report to report the data. In this talk, we will present two unobtrusive techniques that can help us learn important human contextual information including the count, location, trajectory, and speech. We first present SCPL, a RF based device free localization technique. SCPL is able to count how many people are in an indoor setting and track their locations by observing how they disturb the wireless radio links in the environment. Second, we present Crowd++, a smartphone based speech sensing technique. Crowd++ records a conversation and automatically counts the number of people in the conversation without prior knowledge of their speech characteristics. Crowd++ can also calculate the percentage of each person's speech, as well as the turn-taking behavior of the speakers. Both techniques are unobtrusive, low-cost, and private, which can thus enable a large array of important applications that rely upon the knowledge of human contextual information.
Yanyong Zhang is currently an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Rutgers University. She is also a member of the Wireless Information Networks Laboratory (Winlab). Her current research interests are in future Internet and pervasive computing. Her research is mainly funded by the National Science Foundation, including an NSF CAREER award.
Contact: Ann Pace
Sponsor(s): University of Michigan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
Open to: Public


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A drilling rig is a machine that creates holes in the earth sub-surface. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and are called augers. Drilling rigs can sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and also can be used to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.
Copyright © 2010. Avadhesh Corporation


text:
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We propose atmospheric (free-space) optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system using pulse position modulation (PPM) taking into consideration the effects of scintillation, avalanche photodiode (APD) noise, thermal noise, and multiuser interference. We show that atmospheric optical CDMA systems can realize communications at a bit rate of 156 Mbps when the logarithm variance of the scintillation σs2 is smaller than, or equal to, 0.1. When σs2 is large, we need to use forward error correction codes (FECs).


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This paper estimates the future mitigation potential and costs of CO2 reduction technology options to the electricity generation facility in Korea. The monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption, membrane separation, pressure swing adsorption, and O2/CO2 input system were selected as the representative CO2 reduction technology options. In order to analyze the mitigation potential and cost of these options, it uses the long-range energy alternative planning (LEAP) framework for setting future scenarios and assessing the technology options implication. The baseline case of energy planning scenario in Korea is determined in a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. A BAU scenario is composed of the current account (2003) and future projections for 20 years. Alternative scenarios mainly deal with the installation planning options of CO2 reduction technology (exogenous capacity, planning time, and existing electric plants). In each alternative scenario analysis, an alternation trend of existing electricity generation facilities was analyzed and the cost of installed CO2 reduction plants and CO2 reduction potential was assessed quantitatively.
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
The authors are grateful to the Korea Energy Management Cooperation (KEMCO) for funding this research work.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law


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Baking soda is appropriate for use in a washing machine, according to Arm & Hammer. Baking soda can be used to remove smells and stains from clothing or to clean the machine itself.
Regular laundry soap can be used along with 1/2 cup of baking soda to brighten a load of white clothing. Baking soda rubbed onto a garment neutralizes stains caused by spills of household cleaners. Adding 1/2 cup of baking soda to the rinse cycle softens clothes naturally and removes persistent odors, such as those in old towels or workout clothes. Materials stuck inside the washing machine, such as candy or gum, can be easily removed by painting the materials with a mixture of baking soda and water.


Makea World Organisation is a not-for-profit organisation based in Cologne, Germany, that works to improve the lives of many less-fortunate people in Africa, intervening in areas such as healthcare, education, environment protection and youth development, while also educating people, especially Africans in the diaspora, about African history and culture.
Our vision is to become a global voice for many voiceless in Africa.
Makea World Organisation exists to act as a platform that will continually raise awareness among Africans in the diaspora and European communities about the living conditions of many in Africa who lack access to basic necessities, and mobilise resources to impact the lives of those less fortunate, thereby significantly contributing to poverty alleviation in Africa.
Making an Impact
Through our various interventions, we have impacted the lives of more than 50,000 people in seven countries in Africa.
We provided relief to more than 13,000 people affected by the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
Makea World provided much needed relief to over 20,000 people affected by the Ebola epidemic in Guinea.
Mobilised funding for the preservation of the Goree Island in Senegal.
Initiated youth development programmes in Ghana.
Provided a school, school supplies and medical equipment to organisations in Cameroon
Initiated youth development projects in Kenya.
Learn more about our projects
Why Africa?
Despite much progress achieved in the last two decades, the face of global poverty remains predominantly African…Let's change that!


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Student Performance on Grade 8 Math, by Economic Status
What does this measure?
The percent of students tested who scored at level 3 or above—meeting or exceeding the state standard—on the Grade 8 Math exam, broken down by students' economic background. The test is scored by placing a student's performance in one of four levels.
Why is this important?
The middle school math examination serves as a checkpoint for high school preparation. Performance on this exam can help predict high school success in math.
How are Cayuga and Seneca counties performing?
In 2010, 45% of low–income eighth–graders passed the math exam, compared to 65% of other eighth–graders in Cayuga. In Seneca, 41% of low–income eighth–graders passed, compared to 63% of other eighth–graders. The difference between passing rates for low–income students and other students was not as large in Cayuga and Seneca as it was at the state (excluding NYC), where the passing rate for low–income students was 37%, compared to 70% for other eighth–graders. Performance of low–income students in Cayuga and Seneca was similar to comparison counties, which ranged from 37%–49%, with the exception of Onondaga (27%). However, performance of other students in Cayuga and Seneca was below that of comparison counties, which ranged from 65%–78%.
Between 2009 and 2010, all six counties and the state saw drastic declines in performance as a result of the state changing the threshold for passing the exam.
Notes about the data
In 2010, the state raised the threshold for passing, requiring students to answer more questions correctly. This came after research indicated the state tests were not accurately assessing students' current skills or likelihood of succeeding at the high school and college levels. The revision impacts the comparability of test results year to year.
Students eligible for free or reduced–price lunch are considered low–income. Test results for small groups of students were not disclosed to protect student privacy.


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Asked by: Steven A Collins, by email
It's possible, but the hazard is often exaggerated. Even at midday, a normal eye will only let in enough light to heat the retina by about 4°C. You need at least 10°C to cause thermal damage. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse for more than a minute can cause damage, because your pupils are more dilated, but it doesn't result in total blindness and isn't usually permanent. If the Sun is within 10 minutes of setting below a sea-level horizon, the more dangerous short-wavelength light is absorbed by the atmosphere and it should be quite safe to look at the Sun.
Get more fascinating Q&As from BBC Focus magazine by following _USER_


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Please, please, do not put packing peanuts into your garden's soil! Most packing peanuts are made from polystyrene, which is not biodegradable. They will remain long after you and your garden have passed from this earth. Biodegradable packing peanuts made from plant starch won't help your soil either, because they dissolve when they get wet.
Improve the drainage, tilth, and overall quality of your soil by mixing compost into your garden beds. Even better, double-dig your beds. This process adds organic matter and loosens the soil, making it easier for water and air to reach the roots of your plants. For instructions on doubledigging, see "Start a Fresh Bed" in our March 2004 issue. Another option is to build raised beds and fill them with a high-quality, well-draining topsoil.
Whichever method you choose, allow the newly fluffed soil to settle for a couple of days before planting. And don't walk on your new bed; you'll compact it and undo all your hard work.
As for your packing peanuts, recycle them at a local store that provides packaging and shipping services. That's the most sensible way to get these nuts off your hands.