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Club Atletico de Madrid
Atlético Madrid were originally founded on the 26th of April in 1903 as Athletic Club de Madrid by three Basque students living in Madrid. These three students saw the new club as a youth branch of their childhood team, Athletic Bilbao. As such, they played in blue and white. However, by 1911 Athletic Club de Madrid were playing in their current colours of red and white. One story claims that due to red and white cloth being used to make bed mattresses, shirts could be easily made from any spare material and were therefore cheaper to buy. This is the origin of one of the club's nicknames: Los Colchoneros, meaning the mattress makers. Another story, arguably more plausible, states that Juanito Elorduy, a former player and member of the board, went to England to buy the blue and white kits of Blackburn Rovers for both Athletic Madrid and Bilbao. He did not find Blackburn Rovers' blue and white kits and instead bought Southampton's red and white kits. Athletic Bilbao adopted the full kit, with red and white shirts and black shorts, whilst Athletic Madrid only adopted the shirts and kept the blue shorts. This lead to the nickname Los Rojiblancos.
It wasn't until 1921 that Athletic Madrid became independent of Athletic Bilbao. As part of this interdependency, a company known as Compańía Urbanizadora Metropolitana – the company that ran the underground communication system in Madrid – built a 35,800 capacity stadium named the Estadio Metropollitano de Madrid. The stadium was used until 1966, when the club moved into current stadium Estadio Vicente Calderón.
Birth of Atlético de Madrid
During the 1920s, Athletic won the Campeonato del Centro three times and were runners-up in the Copa del Rey on two occasions in 1921 and 1926. Based on this record, they were invited to join the inaugural La Liga in 1928. They were relegated only after two seasons to the Segunda División. They returned to La Liga briefly in 1934, before being relegated again in 1936. Fortunately, the Spanish Civil War gave Athletic a reprieve. Real Oviedo was unable to play due to the destruction of their stadium during the bombings. Thus, both La Liga and Athletic's relegation were postponed, the latter by winning a play-off against CA Osasuna, champions of the Segunda División.
By the time La Liga resumed in 1939, Athletic had merged with Aviación Nacional of Zaragoza to become Athletic Aviación de Madrid. Aviación Nacional had been founded in 1939 by members of the Spanish Air Force. They had been promised a place in the Primera División for the 1939/1940 season, only to be denied by the RFEF. As a compromise, Aviación Nacional merged with Athletic Club de Madrid who had lost eight players in the Spanish Civil War. As a replacement for Real Oviedo, Athletic Aviación were awarded a place in the 1939/1940 Primera División. Under the management of the legendary Ricardo Zamora, the club won their first La Liga title that season and then retained the title in 1941. In the very same year, a decree issued by Franco banned teams from using foreign names and the club became known as Atlético Aviación de Madrid. In 1947, the club decided to drop the military association from its name and settled on its current name of Club Atlético de Madrid. This marked the beginning of Atlético's golden era.
Atlético's Golden Era
Under Helenio Herrera and with the help of Labri Benbarek, Atlético won La Liga again in 1950 and 1951. With the departure of Herrera in 1953, Atlético began to slip behind Real Madrid and Barcelona. For the remainder of the 1950's, they were left to battle it out with Athletic Bilbao for the title of third best team in Spain.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Atlético Madrid seriously challenged Barcelona of the position of second best team. They finished second in La Liga in 1958/1959 and managed to qualify for the European Cup, since Real Madrid were the reigning European champions. Atlético reached the semi-finals after beating Drumcondra, CSKA Sofia and Schalke. They played rivals Real Madrid in the semi's, losing the replay 2-1 after the original match ended 2-2 on aggregate. Atlético would gain their revenge when they defeated Real Madrid in two Copa del Rey finals in 1960 and 1961, under the management of former Real coach José Villalonga no less. They won the 1962 European Cup Winners Cup, beating Fiorentina 3-0 after a replay. In 1963, the club reached the final but was thrashed by English side Tottenham Hotspur 5-1.
Unfortunately for Atlético, they only managed to win the La Liga title on four more occasions between the years of 1961 and 1980, with Real Madrid winning the competition an outstanding 14 times during that period. Atlético won the Copa del Rey a further three times and in 1965, became the first club to beat Real Madrid at the Bernabéu in eight years.
Atlético would again win the Copa del Rey in 1985 under former player Luis Aragonés, thanks largely to striker Hugo Sánchez who won the Pichichi that year. Even after Sánchez left for Real Madrid a year later, Atlético won the Supercopa de Espańa in 1985.
It was in the year 1987 that controversial politician and businessman Jesús Gil became club president. Atlético had not won La Liga for ten years and were desperate for league success. Gil immediately spent heavily, bringing in players such as Paulo Futre from Porto. However, all of the spending only succeeded in bringing two consecutive Copa del Rey trophies in 1991 and 1992. As a result, Gil developed a ruthless reputation due to the manner in which he ran the club, particularly with managers. He had hired and fired a number of coaches, such as César Luis Menotti, Ron Atkinson, Javier Clemente, Tomislav Ivić and club legend Luis Aragonés. Significantly, Gil closed down Atlético's youth academy in 1992; a move which saw 15-year old academy member Raúl González Blanco move to Real Madrid and achieve worldwide fame.
A narrow escape of relegation in 1996 prompted a wholesale squad change. Now under Radomir Antić, Atlético finally won La Liga as well as another Copa del Rey trophy.
In December 1999, Gil and his board got suspended pending investigation into the misuse of club funds and government-appointed administrator José Manuel Rubí began running Atlético's day to day operations. With the removal of club president Jesús Gil and his board, the club floundered and the players put in disastrous performances. Then coach Claudio Ranieri handed in his resignation with the club in 17th spot out of 20 and heading towards relegation. The return of Antić for the third coaching stint failed to prevent the inevitable. Despite reaching the Copa del Rey final, Atlético were relegated.
Rising Once Again
Atlético spent two seasons in the Segunda División, narrowly missing out on promotion in 2001 before winning the Segunda División in 2002. It was again Luis Aragonés, in his last spell as a manager of Atlético, who brought Atlético to the Primera División. He also coached the team during the next season, being the one who gave Fernando Torres the opportunity to make his début in La Liga, at the Camp Nou against F.C. Barcelona in a 2–2 draw
Fernando Torres left Atlético for Liverpool in 2007 for a fee of Ł26,500,000. During this time, Atlético signed Diego Forlán from Villareal, Simăo from Benfica and José Antonio Reyes from Arsenal to join the likes of Luis García, Costinha, Maniche and young Argentine striker Sergio "Kun" Agüero. With Javier Aguirre in charge, the club had one of their most successful seasons in the past decade, reaching the last 32 of the UEFA Cup, the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey and finished 4th in La Liga, qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1996/1997.
Javier Aguirre was dismissed in 2009 after a horrible start to the 2008/2009 campaign, though he claims he was released by mutual termination. The decision sparked public outrage, with many believing the Mexican not to be cause of their problems. Diego Forlán in particular believed the players were not playing well and that Aguirre was wrongly dismissed. Abel Resino replaced Aguirre and the club finished 4th again that season.
However, the 2009/2010 season started poorly with many defeats and goals conceded. Resino was eventually sacked and replaced by Quique Sánchez Flores. Despite still not performing to expectations in La Liga, Atlético managed to qualify for the UEFA Europa League by finishing third in their Champions League group. They went on to win the tournament, defeating Liverpool in the semi-finals and then Fulham in the final. It was their first European success since the 1961/1962 European Cup Winners' Cup win. They also reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time since 1996, but were defeated by


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Representing refugees: Canadian newspapers' portrayals of refugees of El Salvador's civil war, 1980 – 1992
Dubois, Danielle Jacqueline
During the civil war in El Salvador, approximately 38,000 Salvadorans came to Canada, making them the largest group of Latin American migrants to Canada in that era. The arrival of these Salvadoran refugees has received limited academic attention. My thesis examines how Salvadoran refugees to Canada were portrayed in Canadian newspapers. I specifically examine how Salvadorans were written about in the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star and Montreal's Gazette; I focus on three eras: 1980 to 1982, 1986 to 1987, and 1991 to 1992. I argue that, throughout these years, Canadian newspapers acted as discursive gatekeepers to the "imagined community" of Canada. Salvadoran refugees moved closer to this community, but were not granted full admittance.
refugees, El Salvador, Canada, civil war

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text: Link-adaptive regeneration (LAR) is a novel relaying strategy other than decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) in user cooperative communications. Requiring simple channel state information (CSI) of both the source-relay and the relay-destination links, LAR has been shown to achieve full diversity using coherent modulations. In this paper, we generalize the idea of LAR into differential and non-coherent cooperative transmissions, which do not require CSI at either relays or destination. We prove that full spatial diversity gain can still be achieved in such systems, without incurring the overhead of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme is universally applicable to multi-branch and multi-hop cooperation regardless of the constellation size and outperforms existing alternatives.


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The Great Smoky Mountains National Park covers more than 522,000 acres in Tennessee and North Carolina. While the Tennessee side of the park sees more visitors, Cherokee, NC is a can't-miss destination tucked away in the heart of the park's North Carolina side. With its deep history, unique culture and rugged landscape, Cherokee is the perfect place to enjoy everything that makes the Appalachias amazing.
The Other Side of the Smokies
The drive from Pigeon Forge to Cherokee is just under 45 miles and takes just over an hour. The route is easy; find Newfound Gap Road (441-S) near the Sugarlands Visitor Center in Gatlinburg and head south to Cherokee! You'll travel through the center of the Smokies and climb 3,000 feet along the way. Want to really take the scenic route? Consider a slight detour and stop at Clingmans Dome.
History of Cherokee, NC
Cherokee, NC, is home to the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians. The city is in the protected Qualla Boundary land trust, purchased by the tribe in 1870. Members of the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians descended from about 900 Cherokee people who remained in the area after the Indian Removal Act forced out more than 15,000 others in the 1830s. The boundary represents a tiny fraction of the tribe's ancestral homeland.
Culture in Cherokee, NC
Cherokee's history is evident everywhere! Some of the most apparent remnants of the region's past are the street signs displayed in English and the Cherokee language syllabary. Culture abounds at attractions like Oconaluftee Indian Village, Museum of the Cherokee Indian and Mountain Farm Museum. You can find handicrafts made with generations-old techniques at Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc.
Things to Do in Cherokee
While history and culture make Cherokee most unique, there are more ways to experience this side of the Smokies! Hiking trails here are known for being less traveled and more peaceful. The Oconaluftee River, famous for its well-stocked waters, flows through Cherokee. You can even experience The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians' story in person and under the stars at a live production of Unto These Hills.
Blue Ridge Parkway
One of the most famous stretches of roadway on the entire East Coast begins (or ends, depending on your direction) in Cherokee, NC. The 469-mile Blue Ridge Parkway connects the Great Smoky Mountains to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia. You'll find many pull-offs and scenic overlooks along the Parkway and the speed limit never exceeds 45 mph.Blue Ridge Parkway
Are you feeling lucky? Harrah's Cherokee Casino Resort might be the perfect place for your next big win. The casino in Cherokee is definitely a big win for the Qualla Boundary and the people who live here. In its short 25-year history, revenue from the casino has funded a new school and hospital, paid for public housing, upgraded EMS services and is a source of basic income for all members of The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians.
Are you ready to plan your next adventure? Experience both sides of the Great Smoky Mountains and make memories to last a lifetime!


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Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) is a systematic approach to problem-solving and continuous improvement that was developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. The PDCA cycle consists of four steps:
- Plan: Identify the problem and plan a solution.
- Do: Implement the plan and collect data.
- Check: Analyze the data and determine if the plan was effective.
- Act: If the plan was effective, implement it permanently. If the plan was not effective, return to the "Plan" step and develop a new plan.
The PDCA cycle is a widely used method for continuously improving processes, products, and services in a variety of industries. PDCA is used to systematically solve problems and improve processes, products, and services. It can be applied to a wide range of issues, including manufacturing processes, business processes, and management systems.
PDCA can be used by individuals, teams, or organizations to continuously improve processes, products, and services. It is a simple and effective method for identifying and solving problems and driving continuous improvement. The best way to learn the PDCA method is to apply it in a real-world setting. This could involve identifying a problem and using the PDCA cycle to develop and implement a solution. By going through the steps of the PDCA cycle and seeing the results firsthand, you can gain a deeper understanding of the method and how it works.
Regardless of the approach you choose, it is important to have a clear understanding of the steps of the PDCA cycle and how they fit together. Practice applying the method in a variety of situations to get a feel for how it works and how it can be used to drive continuous improvement.
The steps of the PDCA cycle are as follows:
Plan: Identify the problem and plan a solution.
- Define the problem: Clearly define the problem that needs to be addressed.
- Determine the root cause: Identify the root cause of the problem.
- Develop a plan: Based on the root cause, develop a plan to address the problem. The plan should include specific actions that will be taken, as well as performance measures that will be used to track progress.
Do: Implement the plan and collect data.
- Implement the plan: Put the plan into action.
- Collect data: Use the performance measures identified in the "Plan" step to collect data on the performance of the process, product, or service.
Check: Analyze the data and determine if the plan was effective.
- Analyze the data: Review the data collected during the "Do" step to determine whether the plan was effective in addressing the problem.
- Determine effectiveness: Based on the analysis of the data, determine whether the plan was effective in addressing the problem.
Act: If the plan was effective, implement it permanently. If the plan was not effective, return to the "Plan" step and develop a new plan.
- Implement permanently: If the plan was effective, put it into place permanently and continue to monitor the process to ensure that the improvement is sustained.
- Develop a new plan: If the plan was not effective, return to the "Plan" step and develop a new plan to address the problem.
It's important to note that the PDCA cycle is continuous and iterative, meaning that it should be repeated over and over to drive continuous improvement. After implementing a plan and determining its effectiveness, the cycle begins again with the "Plan" step, and the process is repeated.
There are several benefits to using the PDCA process:
- Continuous improvement: PDCA is a continuous and iterative process, which means that it drives ongoing improvement. By continually identifying problems, developing plans to address them, and collecting data to measure the effectiveness of those plans, organizations can make ongoing improvements to their processes, products, and services.
- Problem-solving: PDCA provides a structured approach to problem-solving. By following the steps of the PDCA cycle, organizations can systematically identify and address problems, rather than reacting to problems as they arise.
- Data-driven decision making: PDCA is a data-driven approach that relies on collecting and analyzing data to determine the effectiveness of a plan. This helps organizations make informed decisions based on objective data rather than subjective opinions.
- Collaboration: PDCA encourages collaboration and teamwork. It involves involving relevant stakeholders in the problem-solving process, which can foster a sense of ownership and commitment to improvement.
- Flexibility: PDCA is a flexible process that can be applied to a wide range of problems and industries. It can be tailored to fit the specific needs and goals of an organization.
Overall, the PDCA process is a powerful tool for driving continuous improvement and solving problems in a systematic and data-driven way.
Here is an example of how the PDCA process might be used in a large financial institution:
- Plan: A financial institution identifies a problem with the accuracy of the credit scores it provides to customers. The institution's credit scoring system is based on data from a number of sources, and it has been found that the data is often incomplete or incorrect.
- Do: The financial institution develops a plan to address the problem. The plan includes implementing a new system for verifying and updating the data used to calculate credit scores, as well as training employees on the new system.
- Check: The financial institution implements the plan and begins collecting data on the accuracy of credit scores. After a few months, the data is analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the new system.
- Act: The analysis of the data shows that the new system has significantly improved the accuracy of credit scores. The financial institution decides to implement the new system permanently and continues to monitor the process to ensure that the improvement is sustained.
This is just one example of how the PDCA process could be used in a large financial institution. The PDCA process can be applied to a wide range of problems and industries, and it is a powerful tool for driving continuous improvement and solving problems in a systematic and data-driven way.
PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) is an excellent problem-solving approach that is widely used in business to drive continuous improvement. The process involves identifying a problem, developing a plan to address it, implementing the plan and collecting data, analyzing the data to determine the effectiveness of the plan, and either implementing the plan permanently or developing a new plan based on the analysis. One of the key benefits of PDCA is that it encourages collaboration and teamwork, and it can be tailored to fit the specific needs and goals of an organization. If you're looking for a systematic and data-driven approach to problem-solving and continuous improvement, we recommend giving PDCA a try. The best way to learn the process is to apply it in a real-world setting, so we encourage you to try it out and learn by doing.
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Resilient Power Project
Building the foundation for energy resilient communities
As extreme weather and prolonged power outages become more frequent and severe, clean energy solutions – primarily solar PV paired with battery storage (solar+storage) – can provide resilient, life-saving backup power during emergencies, as well as economic and social benefits during times of regular grid operations.
Through its Resilient Power Project, Clean Energy Group (CEG) accelerates the equitable deployment of solar+storage technologies in historically marginalized and underserved communities. CEG supports and promotes the advancement of inclusive resilient power investments nationwide by offering technical assistance to community-serving organizations that are exploring and developing solar+storage projects, by supporting community energy resilience capacity building, by advancing policies and programs that ensure more equitable access to solar+storage technologies, by preparing and disseminating solar+storage information and resources, and by amplifying community voices through close collaboration with partner organizations and promoting partner successes.
Who We Serve
The communities that would most benefit from resilient power typically have had the least access to these technologies. The Resilient Power Project aims to reverse this trend by supporting the deployment of solar+storage in essential community facilities serving environmental justice communities, low-income communities, and communities of color.
The project incorporates two funding programs to support local efforts:
The Technical Assistance Fund supports community organizations, service providers, affordable housing, and first responders by providing one-on-one technical guidance and by providing funding for communities to engage technical consultants to perform solar+storage feasibility assessments at a specific facility.
The Resilient Power Leadership Initiative awards funding to nonprofit and grassroots organizations to build internal capacity around resilient power. The funding enables organizations to devote more time to their energy resilience efforts, as well as to learn more about how solar+storage can directly benefit the communities they serve.
Informed and guided the development and implementation of the first and most innovative resilient power programs, policies, market mechanisms, and financing initiatives in the country, unlocking hundreds of millions of dollars for resilient solar+storage development.
Resilient Power Project Webinars
Meet Our Team
Photo Credits, top to bottom: Resonant Energy; Footprint Project; Via Mobility Services; Solar Responders.


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We are supplying a wide array of Natural Flour. It is useful to prevent from many diseases like constipation, indigestion and other stomach related issue. This flour is processed in a hygienic environment and clean with advance technique. Apart from this, provided flour is useful to boost immunity and controls blood sugar level. Natural Flour is grown in a soil and by natural substances. It contains more nutrients to make healthy and active body.
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Did Vikings Have to Die with Sword in Hand to Reach Valhalla?
There may not have been a more fearsome sight for coastal areas in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages than Viking longships silently approaching the shore, laden with the most ferocious warriors of their time. The Vikings arguably achieved greater military accomplishments with less manpower than any society in history, and much of this can be attributed to their strong beliefs concerning the afterlife.
Vikings did not have to die with a sword in hand to reach Valhalla. But only warriors killed in battle would be selected by Odin and his Valkyries to join them in the great halls of Valhalla, where they would spend the afterlife training by day and feasting by night until the arrival of Ragnarok.
Valhalla to the Vikings was more than just a destination in the afterlife, and unlike the Christian concept of heaven, it was not eternal bliss.
\However, it was what all Viking warriors lived and fought for, and it was this deep aspiration to earn entry into Valhalla that fueled the unrivaled courage they displayed on the fields of battle. Even though distinction beyond measure awaited them, so too did the apocalypse.
A lot of people are interested in the role of Viking women in their society. See Did female Vikings go to Valhalla? to learn more.
Valhalla was the Vikings' Ultimate Goal
Viking sword
Viking sword, dated c. 750–850, found in the river Meuse near Den Bosch, the Netherlands
The mere act of dying while clutching a sword was not a guaranteed ticket into Valhalla. If such were the case, then common farmers and even slaves could find themselves walking among great Viking kings and warriors in the afterlife.
The true measure by which Vikings were selected to enter Valhalla was not simply dying in battle but doing so with distinction and uncommon bravery (even by Viking standards).
Simply put, to reach Valhalla, Vikings had to die a true warrior's death and not simply for ideological reasons or to uphold the Norse code of honor.
There was a practical reason for limiting entry into Valhalla to those who had proven themselves in combat. It had everything to do with Ragnarok, the Norse version of the apocalypse, the cataclysmic end of days. [1]
People love Viking history and many people want to own some of it. See Can you buy genuine Viking artifacts today? to learn more.
Only the Bravest Viking Warriors Entered Valhalla
Viking sword found at Mercia
Viking sword found in Mercia
The Viking people believed the gods of the Norse pantheon predetermined their fates. In fact, not only did Odin and his Valkyries oversee the fallen warriors who reached Valhalla, according to many sources, they actually selected who would live and die on the fields of battle, thereby steering those they deemed most worthy of joining their ranks in the afterlife.
In the eyes of Viking warriors, Valhalla was the ultimate reward for fighting with distinction and dying with honor.
However, for the all-father Odin, leader of the Norse gods, the recruitment of Scandinavia's finest fighters and most respected leaders to join his ranks of Einherjar in Valhalla was driven by the need to amass a fighting force worthy enough to face Fenrir and his evil cohorts.
According to Norse mythology, the ultimate battle between good and evil would result in a complete re-birth of the universe. Sadly, even the events of Ragnarok had been foretold with Odin and most gods (including his son Thor), the mighty Einherjar, and virtually all living things the cosmos, fated to meet complete annihilation. [2]
The Vikings were known as fighters. See Why did the Vikings attack monasteries? to learn more.
Valhalla was a True Warrior's Paradise
Viking women shields swords
Modern depiction of female Vikings
Despite the knowledge that their time in the afterlife would come to an end and that they would fall once more in battle during Ragnarok, Viking warriors were resolute in their yearning to reach Valhalla.
Aside from the honor of being in the company of Odin and the Valkyries, the Einherjar experienced a true warrior's paradise:
 - They trained by day, fighting amongst each other, and any wounds they suffered would be healed
 - At night, they feasted on the meat of a magical beast whose flesh would be restored by the next day to provide another day's meal
 - The mead they drank came from the udder of the goat Heidrun and was limitless in supply [3]
Most Vikings Warriors did not Even Own a Sword
Any edict from the Norse gods that only those Vikings who died with sword in hand could reach Valhalla would fly in the face of the warrior spirit instilled in these Norse people from birth fail to recognize the makeup of the men and warriors that comprised Viking fighting forces.
It would also disregard the harsh realities of life in general during the Middle Ages.
Because the metals used to produce swords (primarily iron in the case of the Vikings) were difficult to source and the process so laborious and specialized in crafting them, swords were extremely expensive to acquire, and only prominent and wealthy Vikings owned them.
Put another way, the overwhelming majority of Viking warriors could not afford a sword, let alone die on the field of battle with one in hand. The most common weapons used by the Vikings in battle were those that were cheap to produce and affordable to all who needed them.
This was likely the most widely used weapon as only the tip needed to be forged from metal, while the staff (which varied in length from 3 to 10 feet long) was made from wood. Spears were adaptable to fighting from a distance, in which case they would be hurled toward enemy soldiers, or in hand-to-hand combat where they would be thrust toward a target.
In a pinch, the same axe that was used to chop wood and perform menial tasks around the farm could be used as a weapon by lower-class Viking infantry.
Even specially crafted battle axes, which featured long handles and larger heads, were far less expensive to produce than swords but were capable of inflicting just as much damage (if not more).
Bows and Arrows
Born from hunting equipment, bows and arrows played a vital role in Viking military strategies as volleys of arrows could be launched toward enemy frontlines from great distances (over 600 feet), inflicting great damage to them. Viking warriors would then advance to engage in hand-to-hand combat after these initial Medieval airstrikes.
Although primarily a defensive implement, shields could also be used as weapons in difficult situations.
Measuring three feet in diameter and constructed nearly entirely from wood, shields could be used to knock enemy soldiers off-balance, and they could even be used to strike at them along their edges. Best of all, from the perspective of the common warrior, they could be built from readily available resources. [4]
Viking Warriors were Buried with their Weapons
Although scholars and the historical records have largely dispelled the notion that Vikings had to die with sword in hand in order to enter Valhalla, archeological evidence has established that weapons and other personal effects belonging to the deceased played significant roles in:
 - The ways that the Vikings buried their dead
 - How the deceased were honored, and their community status recognized
 - Preparing the dead for their time in the afterlife
The Viking practice of burying their dearly departed with personal items demonstrates their deeply held belief in the afterlife.
These so-called grave goods were considered to be absolutely essential to performing a proper burial as they would ensure that the deceased would carry on after death as they did during life. For the wealthy, this meant luxury goods, and for warriors, this meant their weapons.
In the case of warriors killed in battle (and presumably chosen to enter Valhalla), they were buried with their full armament of weapons.
They considered this logical, as they would surely need them to properly train with the other Einherjar in preparation for the arrival of Ragnarok and the waging of the greatest battle of them all.
(Interestingly, many weapons found by archaeologists at gravesites have been determined to be deliberately broken as the Vikings believed that a warrior's soul rested within the blade, and breaking it would release it to its final resting place.
This practice was also intended to discourage would-be grave robbers from disturbing burial sites.) [5] [6]
Final Thoughts
Viking warriors aspired to die in battle so that they might reach Valhalla and fight alongside each other in the battle to end all battles.
[1] historicmysteries.com
[2] pantheon.org
[3] norse-mythology.org
[4] historyhit.com
[5] lifeinnorway.net
[6] history.com
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The name Ephraim seems to commonly be given two etymologies, one referring to an "ash heap" and the other referring to "fruitfulness". Example I can understand the fruitfulness etymology linking אֶפְרַיִם back to פָּרָה, but where does the etymology of "ash heap" come from? Are these competing etymological theories, or are they somehow compatible?
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migrated from christianity.stackexchange.com Nov 13 '12 at 15:36
I've added the genesis tag since Joseph gave the name to his second son in Genesis 41:52. The NET Bible explores the meaning of the name, but doesn't mention the "ash heap" definition. +1 for an interesting question. (I hope you'll activate your account here soon and that we'll see you around.) – Jon Ericson Nov 13 '12 at 18:37
4 Answers 4
up vote 6 down vote accepted
I'm not sure this is a answer, certainly if it is, it is speculative. However, it isn't clear why "ash heap" is an option here, because the word clearly derives from the word for fruitfulness. But as we know, words are a lot more than their etymology. They are a network of associations tying together different ideas based on the context in which they are used. Just a a pineapple is neither a pine cone nor an apple, the word stands on its own meaning, and own usage.
However, a couple of points worth considering. First, it is more commonly used of the place name Bethlehem Ephrath. This is the place where Joseph's mother Rachel was buried, Jacob's beloved one. Perhaps the place was named "Fruitful" originally but then became associated with the mourning for Jacob's beloved Rachel -- especially at that time, so close the actual event. Hence the two meanings, originally the literal, later the associated meaning of sadness. Of course ash heap is strongly associated with mourning in the Abrahamic tradition.
The best parallel I can draw is our English word Columbine. The columbine is a beautiful flower found in the woodlands of high altitude states like Colorado. However, now in English when we hear the name we think not of the flower but the tragedy associated with the school of that name. Beauty and terror in one word. Were your name Columbine, what would you think? How would you feel?
Another point that I think is pretty interesting is the context of the verse. The name is given, and its meaning is ambiguous, with the two possible meanings being almost opposites. The name is first given in Gen 41:52, occurring right in the middle of the Egyptian crisis (see the following few verses), seven years of plenty (fruitful), seven years of famine (ash heap.) In the seven years of plenty, and seven years of famine, which did the LORD make Jacob, plentiful or mourning? The fruitful and ash heap ambiguity seems quite poignant in that light I think.
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I was 3 miles from the Columbine school when the incident at the Aurora theatre occurred. – Blessed Geek Nov 14 '12 at 20:05
Pardon me for inserting my less than scholarly conjectures.
Due to the Hebrew words for
 1. Ash
 2. Fruit
In my own words
 1. Ash as an adjectival descriptor
 = Stuff that has been made to be, appear to be like, ash.
 Frequently, in languages including English and Hebrew, we use the adjectival or participle descriptor with an implied object. And then ascribe plural declension to that descriptor. Therefore
 = plurality of such ash-related stuffs.
 Hence, Ephraim
 2. Concoct a 1st person singular hiphil causative to fruit
 = I cause (target) to bear fruit.
 (Is that the way to hiphilize a word ending with yod? I'm not sure).
 And then similarly, ascribe dual or plurality - I doubly/multiply cause (targets) to bear fruit.
Conjecture #2 is less plausible because a pual form might be more appropriate - I am caused to bear fruit - I am fruitful -> I am doubly/multiply fruitful.
Therefore, I vote for conjecture #1 - Plurality of stuffs that have been made into or appear as ash. Which would collide with all the good things biblical/rabbinic scholars have said about the tribe of Ephraim.
Someone with good biblical hebrew could please critique my conjectures.
share|improve this answer
BTW, אפר in modern hebrew also mean to put on make-up. Does this come from an ancient source of painting one's face, as I think ancient Egyptians must have practiced. Therefore, the hiphil could imply a make-up artist. – Blessed Geek Nov 14 '12 at 21:09
Ashes for eye shadow? Only a guess. – Bob Jones Nov 27 '12 at 0:48
I looked up אפר in BDB, which led to three references in torah (and more in the rest of tanakh that I didn't chase):
וַיַּעַן אַבְרָהָם, וַיֹּאמַר: הִנֵּה-נָא הוֹאַלְתִּי לְדַבֵּר אֶל-אֲדֹנָי, וְאָנֹכִי עָפָר וָאֵפֶר.
And Abraham answered and said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, who am but dust and ashes. (Gen 18:27)
וְאָסַף אִישׁ טָהוֹר, אֵת אֵפֶר הַפָּרָה, וְהִנִּיחַ מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה...
And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer... (Num 19:9, see also 19:10)
I think the connection to fruitfulness (פָּרָה) is more likely, but perhaps these verses are what support the alternate "ashes" explanation.
share|improve this answer
Both fruit and ash come from the two-letter sub-root פֶר.
Sub-roots are not words, though some are occasionally used as such. They are primarily metaphoric concepts which are narrowed by the intersecting ideas of the letters which are added to them.
פֶר means young bull. As such it is the metaphor of the young bull. It is viril (fruitful) and it is the sacrifice (ash heap).
The aleph (אֵ) represents separation (see the heavens and the earth separated by the firmament), so the separated bull is the ash heap. The yud (י) represents the initial spark of creation and when added to the bull becomes fruitfulness.
It is made plural with the suffix. The metaphoric meaning of doubling is that the thing happens in heaven and on earth.
share|improve this answer
I'm not familiar with the notion of "sub-roots" having any meaning (any more than that it's meaningful to say that "Bob" and "job" are related just because they have two letters in common). Can you share sources that support that approach? – Gone Quiet Nov 18 '12 at 4:10
Google "Hebrew subroots" to find Jewish sources. Although it is all over the internet now, it was originally only taught to Jewish men over age 40. It is also suggested by rabbis that individual letters have hieroglyphic meanings and that an unknown Hebrew word can be discerned from the meaning of the letters. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:51
In the case of bull it is a two letter word as well as a subroot. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:51
Oh.. and English is not deeply rooted as is Hebrew, so I agree that your example is nonsense. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:56
Sub-roots is a very midrashaesque concept. Meaning they have expository and gematric value in scholarship but not much evidence linguistically. As you can see my similar attempts at hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/2062/… was voted down. Perhaps, whoever voted me down should consider voting this down too - to be fair to me. – Blessed Geek Nov 21 '12 at 2:23
Your Answer


text:
Загрузить техническое описание
The InfiniiVision 4000 X-Series offers a 20-MHz built-in dual-channel function/arbitrary waveform generator. Ideal for education teaching labs, or R&D labs, where bench space and budget are at a premium, the 20-MHz built-in function/arbitrary waveform generator provides standard stimulus output waveforms to your device under test as well as user-definable frequencies, amplitudes, offset, pulse widths, modulation and arbitrary waveform capability. WaveGen's outputs are routed to two BNCs on the front panel of the oscilloscope below the display.
You can use the built-in waveform editor to create custom waveforms. It is also possible to capture a known good or golden waveform on a scope channel and then automatically save it as an arbitrary waveform for re-generation. Rethink how you test your designs by using real-world signals to test your margins to the breaking point.
This WaveGen option works with all InfiniiVision 4000 X-Series 2-channel and 4-channel DSO and MSO models.
-10 bits, 100 MSa/s, 8 kpts, DDS technology
-Create/edit AWG waveforms using built-in editor
-Internal memory and USB thumb drive save/recall


Node TAP 18.4.0
tap Custom Reporters
The easiest way to write fancy custom reports for node-tap is by using the facilities provided by the @tapjs/reporter module. The documentation for the module is shown below.
@tapjs/reporter
A set of ink based reporters for tap, and utilities you can use to write your own.
The modern reincarnation of treport.
Reporters in Node-Tap#
The following reporters are built into this module, and always available in node-tap.
base#
--reporter=base is the default. It provides a reasonable amount of information about what's going on, without too much noise. If you run tap with --passes, then it'll show all the passing assertions, though that's often excessive, so it's off by default.
terse#
As the name suggests, the terse report shows much less information than base. But otherwise, they are very similar. If tests pass, it shows a very brief summary. When tests fail, it shows the same diffs, traces, and so on.
min#
More terse than terse. Shows information about failures and todo items, but no summaries, counts, etc. For successful test runs, this is equivalent to silent.
silent#
The silent report prints nothing at all to the terminal, but still exits with an error status code if the tests did not pass.
tap#
The --reporter=tap option will output raw the TAP content, similar to just running the test programs directly.
junit#
XML output format used by JUnit. The testmoapp/junitxml repo has a good description of the format.
json#
A single JSON object, somewhat similar in shape to the XML produced by the junit reporter.
Suite objects contain metadata about a test, and a list of suites and cases (ie, test point assertions). Suites can contain other suites.
jsonstream#
The same data as the json format, but streamed as newline-delimited JSON.
Each line is an array with two members. The first is a string, one of 'start', 'end', 'pass', 'fail', 'skip' or 'todo'. The second is a data object, as follows:
markdown#
Similar data as shown by the jsonstream report, but formatted in Markdown.
Other Reporters#
The reporter config option can also be set to:
Writing Custom Reporters#
For streams and command-line reporters written in JavaScript, the tap-parser module is the best way to parse the incoming TAP stream. For other languages, there are many other TAP consumer libraries available.
For React component reporters, the components, hooks, and utilities in this package are likely very useful.
The easiest way to write a custom React reporter is as an ESM-only module that default exports its Reporter function on the main package module. Then, users can do --reporter <package-name> in their configs to use it.
Another way, if a reporter comes along with some other plugin functionality, is to add it to the default set via the API presented here. However, some care must be taken in that case, because @tapjs/reporter is ESM-only, and plugins must be compatible with both CommonJS and ESM. The @tapjs/dummy-plugin package contains an example of this.
@tapjs/reporter API#
The API available at import '@tapjs/reporter'.
interface TapReportOpts#
The options provided to reports.
interface TapReportOpts {
 test: TestBase
 config: LoadedConfig
}
type Reporter#
Alias for React.FC<TapReportOpts>
types: Record<string, Reporter>#
A record of all the known reporters, indexed by their config name.
addType(name: string, reporter: Reporter)#
Add a reporter at the name provided, so that it can be used on the --reporter config.
report(Type: string | Reporter, tap: TAP, config: LoadedConfig)#
Render the specified reporter with the tap object and loaded config.
Base#
The --reporter=base implementation
Terse#
The --reporter=terse implementation
hooks#
Alias for the @tapjs/reporter/hooks module
components#
Alias for the @tapjs/reporter/components module
utils#
Alias for the @tapjs/reporter/utils module
@tapjs/reporter/components API#
This provides a collection of useful components for building tap reports.
The relevant tags are listed here, but this module also exports several types and interfaces that they use for their property definitions.
BailedOut#
<BailedOut test={tap} />
Print a bold red "Bailout!" message if the test bails out.
Diff#
<Diff diff={diffString} />
Create a colorized diff from a patch string.
HangingIndent#
<HangingIndent indent={4}>
 Some very long string, which might wrap to multiple lines. Every
 line after the first is indented.
</HangingIndent>
Indent every line after the first, useful when printing long stack frame lines.
Any ink Text properties are allowed.
Log#
<Log includeTests test={tap} config={loadedConfig} />
Creates an ink <Static /> component containing console output, standard output, and (if includeTests is set) tests as they complete.
TestLogLine#
The component used by <Log /> to show lines for each test as it completes.
ConsoleLogLine#
The component used by <Log /> to show console output in the runner process.
StdioLogLine#
The component used by <Log /> to show stdio output from child test processes.
ResultDetailList#
<ResultDetailList
 test={tap}
 filter={t =>
 !!t.counts.fail ||
 !!t.counts.skip ||
 !!t.counts.todo ||
 !t.parser.ok
 }
 Banner={
 <Box>
 <Text>tests complete</Text>
 </Box>
 }
/>
When the test suite is completed, this prints the Banner if provided, and then the detailed results of all tests that pass the filter.
By default, passing tests are excluded from this report.
ResultDetails#
<ResultDetails result={result} />
Print detailed information about a test point's diagnostics.
Runs#
<Runs test={tap} />
Print a line for each test in progress, removing the line when it completes.
Source#
<Source source={result.diag.source} at={result.diag.at} />
Pass in a test result.diag that has a source and callsite, and it'll return a prettied up source line with the callsite highlighted.
Stack#
<Stack stack={stackString} />
Print a stack string nicely.
Long lines are given a hanging indent, and local filenames are highlighted.
SuiteSummary#
<SuiteSummary test={tap} />
The 10 pass 3 fail 2 skip of 18 complete lines at the bottom of the test run.
Also prints Bailout! and Timeout messages.
TestBadge#
<TestBadge test={subtest} />
The PASS, FAIL, etc. badges for a subtest.
TestResultsList#
<TestResultsList test={subtest} details />
Show the list of results for a completed test. (Shows nothing if the test is not yet complete.)
details is set in the display in the final test summary, false when used in the log.
TestSummary#
<TestSummary test={subtest} details omitPassing />
Show the summary for a completed test with its test badge, result details, and so on.
The details flag will cause it to print the full diagnostic output for failing test points. It is set false when printing in the log, true when printing in the final test results report.
TimedOut#
<TimedOut test={tap} />
Print a bold red Timeout message when the suite times out.
@tapjs/reporter/hooks API#
Hook functions that can be used in components providing helpful test information that updates at the appropriate times.
useAssertTotals(test: TestBase)#
An up to date test.assertTotals
useBailedOut(test: Base)#
true or the bailout reason if/when the test bails out. false otherwise.
useCleanup(effect: CleanupEffect, deps: any[])#
The CleanupEffect type is a function that may take an array of cleanup methods as its first argument, and a doCleanup function as its second, and can optionally return a cleanup function as well.
By pushing onto the array, or returning a cleanup function of its own, the effect will be properly disposed as needed.
Useful in cases where you need to listen to multiple events, and clean them all up at the appropriate time.
Example:
import { useCleanup } from '@tapjs/reporter/hooks'
import { listenCleanup } from '@tapjs/reporter/utils'
const useMyHook = emitter => {
 const [firsts, updateFirsts] = useState([])
 const [seconds, updateSeconds] = useState(


.
Results and Discussion
Compatibility Between Polymers and the Drug
The compatibility between a drug and polymer is known to be one of the key factors in determining the effectiveness of polymeric delivery systems [30]. In general, the better the compatibility between a drug and polymer, the higher the loading content and the slower the drug release as well. Thus, the compatibility between a drug and polymer which was referred to miscibility and interaction has been shown to be of importance in the design of a wide range of delivery systems including polymeric micelles.
Thermodynamic criteria for the mutual miscibility of two substances is based on the Gibbs energy of mixing (Δ GM) which is defined by the following equation: Δ GM = ΔHMT ΔSM. The two substances are said to be mutually soluble if ΔGM is negative. Equation 5was used to calculate ΔHM considering it takes into account all forces: Van der Waals dispersion, dipole–dipole, and hydrogen bonding. A smaller ΔHM indicated a stronger interaction between two substances. As shown in Eq. 5, the value of ΔHM mainly depends on that of ∆, indicating that the compatibility between a drug and polymer can be evaluated by ∆ or ΔHM which is referred as interaction parameter. The interaction parameters of CyA with various polymers calculated by GCM were listed in Table 1. The results showed that the interaction parameter of CyA with PLA was lower than those of other drug–polymer pairs, suggesting that PLA was identified to be more compatible to CyA among the three polymers. Based on the results calculated, PLA was therefore selected as the hydrophobic segments of the amphiphilic copolymer for the subsequent studies.
Table 1 The interaction parameters for CyA and various polymers
Synthesis and Characterization of mPEG–PLA Copolymers
mPEG–PLA copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization ofd,l-dilactide by using mPEG as initiator. Various chain lengths of PLA in the copolymers were obtained by modulating the feed ratio of mPEG andd,l-dilactide. Figure 1 showed the 1H-NMR spectrum of mPEG5–PLA2.5 which was representative for all synthesized mPEG–PLAs: the peak at 3.6 ppm corresponded to methylene protons (–OCH2CH2–) in mPEG blocks, signals at 1.5 ppm could be attributed to the hydrogen atoms of CH3O-groups for PLA segments, respectively [33]. The ratio of number-averaged molecular weight (Mn) of the mPEG to PLA blocks of each copolymer was calculated from the 1H-NMR data. In brief, the ratio of the number of methylene protons (–OCH2CH2–) in PEG and (–OCH3) in PLA was equally as the ratio of integral value of H in 3.6 and 1.5 ppm. The molecular weight of mPEG was known as 5000 and the molecular weight of PLA linked to mPEG would be known as listed in Table 2. It could be seen that the copolymers could be synthesized reliably.
Figure 1
figure1
1H-NMR spectrum of mPEG5–PLA2.5 copolymer
Table 2 Characterization of mPEG5–PLAy copolymers and polymeric micelles
Micelle formation requires the balance between the attractive interactions of the insoluble PLA moieties and the repulsive interactions of the soluble PEG segments. In effect, PEG moderates the association of PEG–PLA molecules, leading to micelle formation. When the PEG proportion in the copolymer chains is too low, PEG segments cannot moderate the association of the separating PLA–PEG molecules, and macroscopic agglomerates are formed. In line with these observations, Shin et al. reported that micelles could not be formed by a poly(ethylene glycol)/epsilon-caprolactone copolymer with a too-high caprolactone content (70.7% by weight) [37]. Moreover, a low CAC is an important feature for the application of these micelles in drug delivery because it assures that micelles will be stable in vivo, where considerable dilution takes place. Polymeric micelles can be formed only when the block copolymer concentration is higher than CAC which characterizes the micelle stability. The micellization behavior of the synthesized mPEG5–PLAy copolymers was therefore investigated. Table 2 summarized the CAC values of various synthesized mPEG–PLA diblock copolymers ranging from 1.08 × 10−7 to 3.07 × 10−7 mol/L. These values appeared much lower than those of low molar mass surfactants, indicating that micelles formed from mPEG–PLA copolymers as drug carriers could preserve stability without dissociation after dilution [13, 38], which was of major interest for oral administration. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of mPEG–PLA copolymers mainly depending on the mass ratio of mPEG/PLA or mPEG content had much influence on the CAC value [39]. As shown in Table 2, the CAC values of copolymers appeared to decrease with increasing of PLA block length. mPEG5–PLA15 had longer hydrophobic PLA block and, thus, could self-assemble more easily to form micelles, leading to lower CAC value. This was consistent with our previous report [20].
Characterization of mPEG–PLA Polymeric Micelles
The polymeric micelles were evaluated by particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading content. The mean particle size and size distribution of CyA-loaded polymeric micelles were determined by DLS. The mean diameter ranged from 60 to 96 nm for CyA-loaded micelles with narrow distributions (Table 2). It appeared that the micelle size gradually increased with increasing of the length of PLA chains, which was consistent with our previous report [20]. This result was also in agreement with the characteristic of amphiphilic copolymeric micelles, i.e., the shorter the hydrophobic block length, the smaller the micelles. It might be attributed to the fact that it is difficult to form compact polymeric micelles for amphiphilic copolymers with longer hydrophobic chain length.
The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading content (LC) of micelles were presented in Table 2. It could be found that the LC and EE of CyA-loaded mPEG5–PLA5 polymeric micelles were significantly higher than those of others (p < 0.05 for LC and p < 0.01 for EE, respectively). Notably, the results were not the general trend that LC and EE of polymeric micelles increased with increasing hydrophobic chain length. This finding may be assigned to the factors contributing to LC and EE. In general, LC and EE depend on the composition of the copolymers [38],[40, 41], the length of hydrophobic block [42], initial diblock copolymeric concentration or the feed weight ratio of the drug to the copolymer, the solvent used in formulation process[41, 43] and micelle preparation method [44, 45], and so on. In the case of our experiment, mPEG5–PLA2.5 and mPEG5–PLA5 polymeric micelles were prepared by rotary evaporation method, whereas mPEG5–PLA10 and mPEG5–PLA15 polymeric micelles were prepared by dialysis method. In general, the LC and EE of polymeric micelles prepared by rotary evaporation method are higher than those of polymeric micelles prepared by dialysis method [4547]. The results in current study were in agreement with this trend. Moreover, for mPEG5–PLA2.5 and mPEG5–PLA5 polymeric micelles, the LC and EE were the general trend, i.e., increased with increasing hydrophobic chain length, however, the results were opposite for mPEG5–PLA10 and mPEG5–-PLA15 polymeric micelles, as reported that LC and EE decreased with increasing hydrophobic chain length when polymeric micelles were prepared by dialysis method due to enhanced water-insolubility of copolymers [48].
Stability Studies of CyA-Loaded Polymeric Micelles in Simulated Gastric and Intestinal Fluid
The particle size and entrapment efficiency of micelles incubated in SGF and SIF at 37 °C were determined at predetermined time intervals. As shown in Fig. 2, there was no significant change in either EE or particle size of micelles with time from 0 h until 12 h, indicating that the CyA-loaded polymeric micelles were stable in SGF and SIF at 37 °C for a long enough time. Further, the micelles appeared equally stable in these two media for the time period studied.
Figure 2
figure2
Variation of size (a) and entrapment efficiency (EE) (b) of CyA-loaded polymeric micelles with incubation time in SGF and SIF at 37 °C (n = 3)
In addition, in the case of release experiment, it was found that no CyA was detected in SGF or SIF at the end of 24 h, which might be due to the


text:
Chemical Genomics Centre
The Chemical Genomics Centre (CGC) was established as a joint initiative of several departments and research groups in the Max Planck Society and the pharmaceutical industry. The focus of the CGC is the analysis of biological phenomena through the use of small molecules. The CGC focuses on novel basic research in the biosciences and chemical biology that holds great promise for application in the discovery and development of novel bioactive compounds and modulators of disease-relevant processes.
This partnership opened up opportunities for research normally inaccessible to academia and research institutions. The CGC network interconnects the scientific, infrastructural and institutional strength of well-established Max Planck Departments with new research groups bringing in intellectual talent and novel scientific approaches.
The CGC was set up as a 5 years project. After two successful funding periods (CGCI: 2005-2010; CGCII: 2012-2017), a third funding period of the CGC (CGCIII) was initiated in October 2018 in partnership with the pharmaceutical companies Astra Zeneca, Pfizer and Merck KGaA, Darmstadt. The four newly-established independent research groups are led by Malte Gersch, Jochen Imig, Peter 't Hart and Peng Wu.


of the text background, specified as a number in the range [0, 1]. When set to 1, the text background is completely opaque. When set to 0, the text background is completely transparent.
Label text color, specified as an RGB triplet, a color name, or a short color name.
You can specify any color using an RGB triplet. An RGB triplet is a 3-element row vector whose elements specify the intensities of the red, green, and blue components of the color. The intensities must be in the range [0, 1].
You can specify some common colors by name as a string scalar or character vector. This table lists the named color options and the equivalent RGB triplets.
Color NameShort NameRGB TripletAppearance
"red""r"[1 0 0]
A rectangle colored pure red
"green""g"[0 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure green
"blue""b"[0 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure blue
"cyan" "c"[0 1 1]
A rectangle colored pure cyan
"magenta""m"[1 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure magenta
"yellow""y"[1 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure yellow
"black""k"[0 0 0]
A rectangle colored black
"white""w"[1 1 1]
A rectangle colored white
Here are the RGB triplets for the default colors that MATLAB uses in many types of plots.
RGB TripletAppearance
[0 0.4470 0.7410]
A rectangle colored medium blue
[0.8500 0.3250 0.0980]
A rectangle colored reddish-orange
[0.9290 0.6940 0.1250]
A rectangle colored dark yellow
[0.4940 0.1840 0.5560]
A rectangle colored dark purple
[0.4660 0.6740 0.1880]
A rectangle colored light green
[0.3010 0.7450 0.9330]
A rectangle colored light blue
[0.6350 0.0780 0.1840]
A rectangle colored dark red
Example: "LabelTextColor","r"
Example: "LabelTextColor","green"
Example: "LabelTextColor",[0 0.4470 0.7410]
Label visibility, specified as one of these values.
ValueDescription
"on"Label is visible when the ROI is visible.
"hover"Label is visible only when the mouse is hovering over the ROI.
"off"Label is not visible.
Width of the ROI border, specified as a positive number in points. The default value is three times the number of points per screen pixel, such that the border is three pixels wide.
Marker size, specified as a positive number in points. The default value is eight times the number of points per screen pixel, such that markers are eight pixels in size.
ROI parent, specified as an Axes or UIAxes object. For information about using an ROI in a UIAxes, including important limitations, see Using ROIs in Apps Created with App Designer.
Radius of the circle, specified as a nonnegative number.
Selection state of the ROI, specified as a numeric or logical 0 (false) or 1 (true).
Color of the ROI when selected, specified as an RGB triplet, a color name, a short color name, or "none". If you specify "none", then the value of Color defines the color of the ROI for all states, selected or not.
You can specify any color using an RGB triplet. An RGB triplet is a 3-element row vector whose elements specify the intensities of the red, green, and blue components of the color. The intensities must be in the range [0, 1].
You can specify some common colors by name as a string scalar or character vector. This table lists the named color options and the equivalent RGB triplets.
Color NameShort NameRGB TripletAppearance
"red""r"[1 0 0]
A rectangle colored pure red
"green""g"[0 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure green
"blue""b"[0 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure blue
"cyan" "c"[0 1 1]
A rectangle colored pure cyan
"magenta""m"[1 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure magenta
"yellow""y"[1 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure yellow
"black""k"[0 0 0]
A rectangle colored black
"white""w"[1 1 1]
A rectangle colored white
Here are the RGB triplets for the default colors that MATLAB uses in many types of plots.
RGB TripletAppearance
[0 0.4470 0.7410]
A rectangle colored medium blue
[0.8500 0.3250 0.0980]
A rectangle colored reddish-orange
[0.9290 0.6940 0.1250]
A rectangle colored dark yellow
[0.4940 0.1840 0.5560]
A rectangle colored dark purple
[0.4660 0.6740 0.1880]
A rectangle colored light green
[0.3010 0.7450 0.9330]
A rectangle colored light blue
[0.6350 0.0780 0.1840]
A rectangle colored dark red
Example: "SelectedColor","r"
Example: "SelectedColor","green"
Example: "SelectedColor",[0 0.4470 0.7410]
Color of the ROI stripe, specified as an RGB triplet, a color name, a short color name, or "none". If you specify "none", then the ROI edge is a solid color specified by Color. Otherwise, the edge of the ROI is striped, with colors alternating between the colors specified by Color and StripeColor.
You can specify any color using an RGB triplet. An RGB triplet is a 3-element row vector whose elements specify the intensities of the red, green, and blue components of the color. The intensities must be in the range [0, 1].
You can specify some common colors by name as a string scalar or character vector. This table lists the named color options and the equivalent RGB triplets.
Color NameShort NameRGB TripletAppearance
"red""r"[1 0 0]
A rectangle colored pure red
"green""g"[0 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure green
"blue""b"[0 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure blue
"cyan" "c"[0 1 1]
A rectangle colored pure cyan
"magenta""m"[1 0 1]
A rectangle colored pure magenta
"yellow""y"[1 1 0]
A rectangle colored pure yellow
"black""k"[0 0 0]
A rectangle colored black
"white""w"[1 1 1]
A rectangle colored white
Here are the RGB triplets for the default colors that MATLAB uses in many types of plots.
RGB TripletAppearance
[0 0.4470 0.7410]
A rectangle colored medium blue
[0.8500 0.3250 0.0980]
A rectangle colored reddish-orange
[0.9290 0.6940 0.1250]
A rectangle colored dark yellow
[0.4940 0.1840 0.5560]
A rectangle colored dark purple
[0.4660 0.6740 0.1880]
A rectangle colored light green
[0.3010 0.7450 0.9330]
A rectangle colored light blue
[0.6350 0.0780 0.1840]
A rectangle colored dark red
Example: "StripeColor","r"
Example: "StripeColor","green"
Example: "StripeColor",[0 0.4470 0.7410]
Tag to associate with the ROI, specified as a character vector or string scalar. Use the tag value to find the ROI object in a hierarchy of objects using the findobj function.
Data to associate with the ROI, specified as any MATLAB data. For example, you can specify a scalar, vector, matrix, cell array, string, character array, table, or structure. The drawcircle object does not use this data.
ROI visibility, specified as "on" or "off", or as a numeric or logical 1 (true) or 0 (false). A value of "on" is equivalent to true, and "off" is equivalent to false. The value is stored as an on/off logical value of type OnOffSwitchState.
ValueDescription
"on"Display the ROI.
"off"Hide the ROI without deleting it. You still can access the properties of an invisible ROI.
Output Arguments
collapse all
Circular ROI, returned as a Circle object.
Tips
 - The ROI supports the following interactivity, including keyboard shortcuts.
 BehaviorKeyboard shortcut
 Cancel drawing the ROI.Press Esc. The function returns a valid ROI object with an empty Position property.
 Resize the ROI.
 Position the pointer over one of the vertices on the circle and then click and drag. The aspect ratio of the ROI remains constant (1:1).
 Move


Making a Stereoscopic 3D Movie In After Effects
Creating Stereoscopic 3D effects using After Effects is actually very simple. This makes it possible to create a video that people can watch in three dimensions by wearing special glasses. It's possible to convert any video into a 3D video with very little work. When you create these videos, it's possible to watch them on your computer or burn them onto DVD to watch them on a TV.
Converting the Scene to 3D
After Effects makes it very simple to convert the scene to stereo 3D. To do this, select the scene and then click on "Generate Right Comp" at the right side of the screen. This will create a new composition which looks very similar to the first view. However, there is a new object called stereo controls.
Camera Separation
Open the Stereo controls option, and you will see a slider for camera separation. This is the separation between the left and right cameras. Adjust the slider to something that you are happy with. Set this to 30 to start off with. Now regenerate the right composition by clicking the button at the right hand side of the screen. This will create two slightly different image.
Select both the left and the right views and click on the "Stereo Viewer." Now, click on "Generate Stereo Comps". This will generate a new folder containing the files for the stereoscopic image. In the main image, both the images will be combined using the normal red and green.
Removing Borders
To remove some borders, you can adjust the scale of the scene. This will remove unnecessary elements from the video.
It's possible to make changes to your composition, and then the left results will be updated automatically. You will need to manually click on Generate Right Comp to update the right view.


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Part of complete coverage on
Jakarta: Seaport city bathed in history
By Lauren Said-Moorhouse, for CNN
August 30, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT)
The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history. The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history.
Sunda Kelapa
Jakarta: Seaport city
Pinisi schooners docked at Kelapa
Jakarta's maritime museum
"Pasar Ikan" or "Fish Market"
Visiting Pasar Ikan
Kota Tua
Fatahillah Square
Indonesian independence
 - Jakarta boasts a vibrant maritime history because of its location along the spice route
 - Travelers can get a taste of Jakarta's nautical past
 - Indonesia is a melting pot of cultures and people
Each week The Gateway goes behind the scenes of the world's major transport hubs, revealing the logistics that keep goods and people moving. This month, the show is in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sunda Kelapa port
Sunda Kelapa port
The "coconut of Sunda" (the port's name translated from Sundanese) soon flourished and attracted the attention of other maritime-invested nations including the Portuguese, Dutch and British. To this day, you can still see the influence of the Dutch colonialists in the architecture of many of the buildings in the old city.
Today, Indonesia is an independent republic that has become a melting pot of cultures and people. Nicknamed by travelers as the "Big Durian" (a pungent-smelling but sweet-tasting local fruit), the modern metropolis of Jakarta is a swelteringly smoggy city bursting at the seams with people.
Watch: Jakarta's maritime history
Jakarta's maritime history
Female captain fights armed robberies
Its moniker is probably a good description of the city. It may not be everyone's idea of a typical vacation spot -- some portions of the city are grungy, dilapidated streets with scruffy slums. But underneath the seemingly overpopulated, polluted exterior lies a vibrant city rich in history and eclectic tourism options. Here are our top picks for tourists wanting to sample Jakarta's maritime heritage.
Often missed by vacationers, the historic harbor of Sunda Kelapa sits at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. The original settlement is a fantastic insight into the city's history and is home to what is said to be the world's last wind-powered seafaring trade fleet.
Walk amongst the traditional pinisi ships -- simple but sturdy wooden vessels -- that once provided trade from Indonesia to Europe and Africa. Climb up Syahbandar Tower and gaze upon the beautiful views from the top.
Pasar Ikan
Pasar Ikan
Literally meaning "Fish Market" in Bahasa Indonesia (the country's native tongue), Pasar Ikan sits at the end of Sunda Kelapa harbor. Although the market now sells all types of wares, Indonesian fishermen still gather here daily to sell their catch. The best time to visit and join locals purchasing the best goods is in the morning before it gets too hot and the smell of fish becomes overwhelming.
In numbers: The world's shipping industry
Nearby, you can also see traditional kampung houses (dwellings on stilts) where local families live. Don't be shy and say hello to the incredibly friendly and welcoming folks that reside next to the market.
Museum Bahari
Museum Bahari
A short distance from Pasar Ikan are several repurposed Dutch East India Company warehouses, which now operate as Museum Bahari. Today, the museum lets you step back in time through the country's nautical past and emphasizes how important the sea still is to the economy of present-day Indonesia.
On display are beautifully decorated fishing boats and pinisi schooners as well as shipbuilding tools and explanations of Indonesian folklore and maritime traditions.
Steering away from the old harbor, visit the Kota Tua (Old Batavia) area. In the 16th century, the Dutch settled in Indonesia -- renaming Jakarta "Batavia" -- after seeing a high demand for the country's spices. It is in the popular Kota district that tourists can see the influence left by Indonesia's former colonists.
Kota Tua
Kota Tua
The buildings surrounding Fatahillah Square have distinct Dutch facades and architectural elements. Stroll down roads lined with stalls, street acts and tourists to visit the Jakarta History Museum, Wayang (Puppet) Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics.
Outside the Jakarta Historical Museum sits Si Jagur -- a disused Portuguese cannon that is believed to bring fertility to women who touch it. And a few blocks west of Fatahillah Square is the Great Canal, with its historical Dutch drawbridge, Jembatan Pasar Ayam, rising over the waterway. No longer operational, in the past the drawbridge was built to connect the Dutch and British forts stationed on each side of the canal.
Finally, end your visit to Jakarta by visiting the National Monument (known locally as "Monas") in the center of Merdeka Square. It was erected in the 1960s as a tribute to Indonesian independence and today stands as a reminder of Jakarta's vibrant and multicultural history.
Part of complete coverage on
A ropeway hangs above the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.


Cuda E with RC drivetrain
RC E-Bike Drivetrain tutorial
By Warren Beauchamp
RC based e-bike drives trains can be extremely efficient, high powered, and deliver a lot of bang for the buck. Because the RC industry is well established there are a wide range of vendors of products and they enjoy a reasonable price due to the high volumes of production. These systems are not designed for e-bike use, but can be readily adapted.
Note that building an RC e-bike drive train requires basic electronics and mechanical skills and use of a soldering iron. It also involves batteries with extremely high power density. The batteries used are very sensitive to over and under charging, and if damaged can catch fire in a spectacular manner. Also, these types of systems are not good for people looking for an e-bike appliance. These are more for someone looking for an e-bike hotrod.
Basic parts needed to build an RC drivetrain are an RC motor, ESC, servo tester, BEC, throttle, LiPo battery pack, and a gear system to reduce the motor RPM to bike wheel speeds.
Basic Terms
 - RC (radio controlled) - General term for products designed for the RC industry.
 - AC (alternating current) - as opposed to DC (direct current), AC voltage varies up and down around a zero point.
 - V (volts) - Generally the higher the voltage that faster you go. Sort of like how fast water flows through a hose.
 - A (amps) - This is current. Generally the more current you have, the faster you get to the top speed. 1000 milliamps (MA) = 1A
 - W (watts) - This is volts times amps. Usually used to show total power used. 1 kilowatt (KW) = 1000 watts. V * A = W
 - Controller - A device that controls the motor. Simplistically, it takes power from the battery and a signal from the throttle and used that to control how much power is sent to the motor.
RC Motor information
Motor Wiring
Builders of 3 phase brushless RC Motors Motor drivetrains have to pay attention to the motor wiring. RC motors have 6 power wires coming out of them, one set of wires for each group of windings.
These need to be arranged one of two ways, "Delta" or "Wye". Generally Wye (also called "star") is more efficient. Wye has 1.73 times less KV than Delta (slower speed per volts), but 1.73 times more torque. In general it's a good idea to stick with Wye configuration for electric bikes as e-bikes need slower motor speed, higher torque, and high efficiency.
For Wye configuration, the 3 positive wires are tied together, and the 3 negative wires go to the controller. These 3 negative wires are the phase wires, just like in a hub motor.
For Delta, the positive from one set of windings is connected to the negative of the next set. Each connection of positive and negative makes up one phase.
In both configurations, if you connect the ESC to the motor and it spins the wrong way, just reverse two of the phase wires from the ESC.
KV - RC Motors are AC brushless motors and are rated by their KV. KV is the relationship between voltage and motor speed (rpms per volt. Multiply the motor KV times the battery voltage to find the maximum motor RPM. For instance a motor with a KV of 100 would run unloaded at 5000 RPMs at 50V. Note that RPM with the motor under load is around 70% of the unloaded value. This means that the actual max motor speed while being used is about KV * V * 0.7
Windings - One of the main things that controls the KV of a motor is how the copper electro-magnets are wound. For example a 6 x 10 motor has 10 turns of wire on each pole, and 6 wires wound together in parallel onto each pole. A higher number of turns on each pole of the motor means a lower KV, lower RPM, and lower top speed. A lower number of turns on each pole of the motor means a higher KV, higher RPM and higher top speed.
Hall Sensors - Most e-bike specific motors use hall sensors. These are used to tell the controller what position the motor is in, so it knows when to send a pulse to the electro-magnets. RC Motors do not have any hall sensors, so at low RPM they can lose sync easily. Generally with RC bike systems you should pedal to at least 5MPH before the applying the throttle to avoid this issue. It is possible to retrofit hall sensors to RC motors but that will not be discussed here.
RC Motor Sync - For e-bike use, Inexpensive ECSs like Turnigy controllers can lose sync when accelerating under high load, at very low RPM, or at very high RPM. The loss of sync at high RPM sounds like the motor is screeching, and is accompanied by a loss of power. At low RPM it sounds like the motor is stuttering. This should be avoided as it stresses the controller. The Motor itself is also important. To help prevent the loss of sync a high quality motor like Plettenberg or AstroFlight is recommended.
Choosing an RC motor
There are several parameters to look at when choosing an RC motor for your e-bike application. The first is, inrunner or outrunner? With inrunner motors the shaft rotates. This is good for driving chains or belts. With outrunner motors the outside shell rotates. This is good for direct friction to tire drive applications.
Typical E-bike RC motors run at 8,000 to 12,000 RPM with no load. In general this means with a 50V battery pack you will want a KV of 225 or lower. With a motor like this you can use a simple 2 stage gear reduction. You will need to pick a motor that works with the reduction gearing you are using to deliver your chosen top speed at maximum RPM. Higher motor speeds can be used, but the speed reduction gearing becomes complex. RC e-bikers have used motors with much higher RPM with complex multi-stage or planetary gearing like the Neugart PLE units. The advantage of this is that the bike has much better low end torque.
The Astroflight 8120-5T is a 225KV motor. 5T refers to five of turns per coil in the motor. This motor when run at 48V and using a 14:1 gear reduction with a 20" wheel give a top speed of about 30MPH. Because the RC motor doesn't have hall sensors, it is a "pedal first" system. This means you will need to pedal up to about 5 MPH to allow the motor to get to a high enough RPM to sync properly at a high load. After that, whoosh!
Here's an RC Drive Calculator to help you figure out how the tire size, motor KV, battery voltage, and gearing all interact to give you a top speed.
Next you will need to determine how much power you need. RC motors are rated in watts. It takes around 2000 watts (2KW) to get up hills at a decent speed and to go over 20 MPH into a stiff headwind, so that should be the minimum to consider. Anything over 5000 watts is a monster motor and will require a very powerful battery and stronger than standard bicycle drivetrain components. Note that 750 watts is one horsepower.
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
RC Motors controllers (ESCs) are very small and light compared to traditional e-bike controllers, they are also smarter. This is nice because they are small and lightweight, but it's bad because they do not have the ability to shed heat as easily.
The RC controller (ESC) has to figure out the correct timing synchronization for each throttle position and load condition using EMF (electro motive force) feedback. Some RC controllers are better at this than others. Castle Creations controllers are an example of a good controller. Cheaper controllers like Turnigy work fine for aircraft use, as the low RPM / High load conditions of the aircraft environment are not nearly as rigorous as those in an electric bike.
Castle Creations controllers are programmable via USB. You'll need the Castle Creations USB adaptor to connect your PC to it. This will also allow you to download the logged data so you can see pretty graphs of your motor use. Click here for some suggested settings when using the HV160 with the Astro Flight 3210 motor.
RC Controllers are generally do not support voltages higher than 50V (12 LiPo cells in series). The ESCs have heavy power wires going in and three heavy phase wires going out. They also have 3 smaller wires that connect to the throttle circuitry (servo tester).
Note that the ESC throttle wire colors in the schematic above may not match those on your ESC and servo tester, and the little plug can be plugged in two ways. In general, red goes to red and black goes to brown and if you get those right the other one will be right too..
Throttle Electronics
The Throttle for an RC motor is more difficult than a traditional e-bike system because RC ESCs are designed to be throttled by signals from a radio receiver. To make is work with a resistive e-bike throttle you need a "servo tester" and a "battery elimination circuit" (BEC). The BEC converts the 48V from the battery to 5V for the servo tester.


text:
Dictionary Results for looking|
1. looking - noun
· the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually; "he went out to have a look"; "his look was fixed on her eyes"; "he gave it a good looking at"; "his camera does his looking for him"
Synonym(s): look, looking_at
Hypernym(s): sensing, perception
2. looking - noun
· the act of searching visually
Hypernym(s): search, hunt, hunting
3. look - verb
· perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards; "She looked over the expanse of land"; "Look at your child!"; "Look--a deer in the backyard!"
4. look - verb
· give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect; "She seems to be sleeping"; "This appears to be a very difficult problem"; "This project looks fishy"; "They appeared like people who had not eaten or slept for a long time"
Synonym(s): appear, seem
5. look - verb
· have a certain outward or facial expression; "How does she look?"; "The child looks unhappy"; "She looked pale after the surgery"
6. look - verb
· search or seek; "We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest"; "Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!"
Hypernym(s): examine, see
7. look - verb
· be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to; "The house looks north"; "My backyard look onto the pond"; "The building faces the park"
Synonym(s): front, face
8. look - verb
· take charge of or deal with; "Could you see about lunch?"; "I must attend to this matter"; "She took care of this business"
Synonym(s): attend, take_care, see
Hypernym(s): care, give_care
9. look - verb
· convey by one's expression; "She looked her devotion to me"
10. look - verb
· look forward to the probable occurrence of; "We were expecting a visit from our relatives"; "She is looking to a promotion"; "he is waiting to be drafted"
Synonym(s): expect, await, wait
11. look - verb
· accord in appearance with; "You don't look your age!"
Hypernym(s): match, fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally, agree
12. look - verb
· have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis"
Synonym(s): count, bet, depend, swear, rely, bank, calculate, reckon
13. looking - adjective
· appearing to be as specified; usually used as combining forms; "left their clothes dirty looking"; "a most disagreeable looking character"; "angry-looking"; "liquid-looking"; "severe-looking policemen on noble horses"; "fine-sounding phrases"; "taken in by high-sounding talk"
or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that
project or homework!
letters to unscramble the word
synonyms, antonyms and related words
word below with '?' to indicate missing letters
word to find the rhymes
letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
History and Identity in Early Medieval Wales
Thank you for taking the time to answer some questions for the Medieval Herald! Can you please begin by providing an overview of your book?
History and Identity in Early Medieval Wales is a study of how texts from ninth- and tenth-century Wales constructed ideas of ethnic identity. In other words, how did they set about defining the Welsh as a 'people', different to the other inhabitants of Britain and Ireland. Names were obviously important in furnishing a people with a collective identity, and they are also often linked to a specific territory. Attention might be drawn to the different language that a people spoke. More often than not, shared history was viewed as important, including the furnishing of an origin legend for the gens.My book considers each of these elements in turn and investigates their use by writers in the process of identity construction.
One of your conclusions is that early medieval writers viewed language as a key difference between the Welsh and other peoples, can you elaborate on this?
The role of language to identity construction in the medieval world is frequently neglected because our texts do not explicitly state that it was an important distinction between gentes. However, it was crucially important in a Welsh context, and I approach this issue a little differently in the book by examining how these early medieval writers used language. For example, both Historia Brittonum and the Life of King Alfred are Latin texts, but they also include place-names in English and Welsh. What this does is draw attention to the different languages spoken by these two groups. Historia Brittonum goes further still in including English dialogue. When Hengist, the leader of the Saxons, calls upon his followers to attack the Britons, he does so in English. Despite not explicitly stating that language is an important part of the identity of the gens, these texts consistently draw attention to the different languages spoken by the inhabitants of Britain.
How did you choose the texts to investigate? And do these texts represent the earliest records and origins of Welsh identity?
These texts are all securely dated to the ninth and tenth centuries, meaning that the study can be focused in its chronological scope. There is also a chain of familiarity between the texts; in other words, the writers were responding to each other's depiction of identities. Exploring the connections between the texts is consequently an important dimension to the study. There are certain earlier texts, Gildas's De excidio Britanniae, for example, as well as a corpus of Welsh poetry of uncertain date. But it is only from the ninth century that we see iterations of a specifically Welsh – rather than British – identity.
This is the first close examination of the construction of ethnic identity in ninth- and tenth-century Welsh texts, why do you think that is?
The construction of ethnic identities in the Middle Ages has been a subject that has generated a lot of interest. In the case of Wales, a lot of work has been done on the transformation of identities in sub-Roman period. The later period, from the twelfth century onwards, has also received significant attention. For the ninth and tenth centuries, the paucity of sources is a problem, and the sources that we do have are frequently difficult to locate chronologically and geographically. This period consequently calls for a close study of a handful of texts.
What is your background? Has this research always been of interest to you?
I first became interested in medieval Welsh history in my second year of my undergraduate degree in History. I thought I was primarily interested in modern history and only chose a medieval paper because it was compulsory for the course! I had a great supervisor and quickly realised that I wanted to pursue this avenue further. My undergraduate dissertation was on the topic of how medieval texts depicted interaction between the Welsh and English, and so depictions of gentes and questions of identity were something I gravitated towards quite early. Doing an MPhil in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic developed these interests further as I had the opportunity to work closely with the texts and to develop my language skills.
What do you have planned next?
In the second chapter of History and Identity in Early Medieval Wales I offer a detailed analysis of the place- and river-names included in Asser's Life of King Alfred. This has led to a broader interest in the way medieval writers explain and translate place-names. I am currently investigating Gerald of Wales's treatment of the Brecon Beacons, and how his comments are received and adapted in the early modern period.
What has your experience been of online conferences over the last two years? The hybrid model (online and in-person) seems likely to spread, at least in the short-term. What are your thoughts on conference formats these days?
The online format does mean that I've been able to attend more conferences over the last two years, and the impact on the environment is positive. However, it is also nice to be able to meet colleagues and friends face to face again.
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REBECCA THOMAS is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Cardiff University.


text:
There are a large variety of pelecypod molluscs on display
in the museum. They are a fairly common fossil in the Pennsylvanian to
Cretaceous rocks of the central plains. Some of the fossils on display
include large Inoceramus fossils, Gryphaea, Exogyra and a
variety of others from the Pennsylvanian Age and younger. In many cases,
modern cousins of these molluscs are displayed beside their ancient predecessors.
The image below is of a giant Inoceramus shell found in western
to Museum Home Page


text:
Acoustic chamber AC-11
|Dimensions of acoustic chambers, m:|
|Anechoic chamber||14.0×11.5×8.0 (1288 m³)|
|Free volume||12.2×9.7×6.3 (750 m³)|
|RC1||6.4×6.4×5.15 (210 m³)|
|RC2||6.6×6.4×5.15 (220 m³)|
|Operational frequency range, Hz||80…16000|
|Dynamic range (RC1—RC2), dB||45…83|
|Background noise, dB||~ 0|
|Data acquisition-processing system:|
|PULSE Multi-analyzer System Type 3560-C|
|Number of channels||10|
|Frequency range, Hz||0…25600|
|Measurement accuracy, dB||±0.1|
Acoustic test facility AC-11 consists of three interconnected chambers: one anechoic and 2 reverberation chambers consecutively connected with the use of two apertures for setting test panels with dimensions 2.2×1.5 m2 or 1.5×1.5 m2. To prevent the structure interference, the chambers are not rigidly bound to each other and to building structure. They are mounted on special rubber cushions and have separate foundations. Acoustic facility is equipped with co-ordinate systems and advanced multi-channel data acquisition-processing system for real-time acoustic measurements.
Additional systems: complex of equipment for carrying out vibro-acoustic measurements on the basis of laser vibrometer Polytec PDV-100.
Acoustic facility AC-11 provides for the following acoustic tests:
- determination of sound transmission losses of panels under diffusive excitation and reception in two interconnected reverberation chambers (RC1—RC2);
- determination of sound transmission losses of panels under directed excitation (AC—RC1), under directed reception (RC1—AC), under directed excitation and reception (muffled RC1—AC);
- determination of sound absorbing structures and materials characteristics in RC;
- determination of acoustic power of sound sources in RC or AC;
- determination of vibro-acoustic characteristics of panels at their installation in an aperture between chambers or at their placing in one of chambers;
- vibro-acoustic tests of full-scale or model aircraft fuselage compartment in the conditions of diffusion (RC1) and free sound (AC) fields;
- determination of influence of exciting fields structure on vibroacoustic characteristics of panels, compartments and aircraft models.
The wide frequency range, high dynamic range, low level of background noise and possibility of modeling the various exciting fields, that permits to carry out the extensive range of standard and non-standard acoustic researches. Depending on tasks in view, cameras (mutually or separately) can be transformed to independent functional setting. Great volume of cameras allows to carry out not only tests of scale models, but also tests of full-scale panels and compartment of various vehicles and the industrial equipment. RC1 can be easily converted to the small anechoic camera (muffled RC1).


text:
Comparison of cluster measures
Clustering algorithms can be described as unsu-pervised learning algorithms in machine learning process. They assign class labels to data objects based on the relationship between data items without any pre-defined class label. This gives rise to an inherent uncertainty in the clustering process. As such clustering validity measures are needed to verify the clusters from different clustering algorithms. In this paper we compare various cluster validity measures proposed in the literature. We use the 'usage frequency' of these measures as a distinguishing attribute to classify them. We also provide the results of our experimentation to validate our classification.
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition 2009, AIPR 2009
Anyanwu, M., Shiva, S., & Lin, D. (2009). Comparison of cluster measures. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition 2009, AIPR 2009, 348-355. Retrieved from _URL_


Manger son pain noir :
Manger son pain noir (Eating black bread) is an expression that means going through a difficult period, having difficulties.
This expression comes from the rebirth, bread becomes a common food. Noble people eat white bread which is better while poorer people ate black bread. This meant that they were in difficulty.
For example : Les étudiants pendant la période de pandémie mangent leur pain noir.
Manger de la vache enragée :
Manger de la vache enragée (Eating rabid cows) means having an angry attitude. In this expression we have the word 'vache', the cow, and 'enragée', rabid which means someone who has rabies (the disease) or is very angry.
This expression comes from the fact that in the past, when there was no food, some people were forced to eat meat from sick animals that sometimes had rabies.
For example : Elle a mangé de la vache enragée ou quoi? Elle a l'air énervée.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger de la vache enragée
Manger à tous les râteliers :
Manger à tous les râteliers (Eating at all racks) means taking advantage of all possible sources, taking advantage of as many things as possible selfishly.
'Un râtelier' is a rack, an object in which animals can eat.
Animals will often eat at all racks and take advantage of their neighbors' food.
For example : Il mange vraiment à tous les râteliers. Il demande de l'argent à ses parents, à son oncle et maintenant à son frère.
Manger son chapeau :
Manger son chapeau (Eating your hat) means acknowledging your mistake.
Admitting that one has made a mistake is something difficult to do in general, eating one's hat is also difficult, hence the meaning of this expression.
This expression would originate from the equivalent English expression.
For example: Parfois, il faut savoir manger son chapeau pour favoriser la communication.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger son chapeau
Manger sur le pouce :
Manger sur le pouce (Eating on the go) means eating very quickly. The thumb here represents the finger.
When we eat on the thumb, we don't sit at the table, we're going to eat a sandwich, so we're going to use our hands, our thumbs.
For example : Le midi, j'ai une pause très courte donc je mange sur le pouce.
Manger dans la main de quelqu'un :
Manger dans la main de quelqu'un (Eating out of someone's hand) means being submissive and dependent on someone.
When you eat out of someone's hand, you are like an animal that has been domesticated, you have no control.
For example : Depuis qu'il a une piscine, tout le monde lui mange dans la main.
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger dans la main de quelqu'un
Manger les pissenlits par la racine :
Manger les pissenlits par la racine (Eating dandelions by the root) means being dead.
The expression comes from the fact that when someone is dead and buried the flowers grow above him and the roots are then his only food.
For example : Je n'ai pas hâte de manger les pissenlits par la racine.
Manger du lion :
Manger du lion (Eating lion) means having a lot of energy. This expression is a metaphor in reference to lions, which are animals full of energy and strength.
For example : Tu es en forme ce matin. Tu as mangé du lion?
French Idiomatic Expression - Manger du lion
Your turn, make a sentence with one of these idiomatic expressions, write it in comment!


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Fuel Consumption Unit Conversion Calculator
Convert between European, British and American fuel consumption measures: US MPG to Imperial MPG to Litres/100km.
Including Fuel Consumption Calculator (below) - uses the amount of fuel added and the distance you travelled (with optional fuel cost calculator to show cost per mile or kilometer in US Dollars, British Pounds and Euros).
Convert Your Fuel Consumption
This calculator converts between various measures of fuel consumption:
Choose the measure that you are converting from:
There are 1.200949857 US gallons to 1 Imperial (UK) gallon (US gallons are smaller). Therefore 20 miles per US gallon (less fuel) is more economical than 20 miles per imperial (UK) gallon (more fuel).
Fuel Consumption Calculator
Use this too if you know your distance and amount of fuel (and optionally your spending) and want to work out the fuel consumption that you achieved.
The best way to use this tool is: (a) Top up your fuel tank and zero your trip meter. (b) Make a trip in your car. (c) Top up your tank again, recording the amount of fuel added and the distance shown on your trip meter.
Choose the unit of volume for the fuel:
Choose the units of distance for the distance covered:
Tripmeters/odometers are inaccurate e.g. yours may show 100 miles when only 99.6 miles have been completed. That example would require a correction factor of 1.004 (100 divided by 99.6), which is 1.004, showing that you used less fuel per unit of distance than without correction. * Leave as 1.000 unless you have experimentally calculated your vehicle's correction factor and understand variation due to tyre inflation pressure and wear. If you wish to correct for refuelling measurement inaccuracy, incorporate that into the tripmeter correction factor.
Include Costs? (Optional)
Choose your currency:
Enter your cost per unit volume or for this tank fill:
(results below...)
Fuel Consumption:
Cost per mile or kilometer: (if costs were entered)
Improve Your Fuel Consumption Now with Michelin ENERGY Tyres
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