When Mercury got wings
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volume 11
august 2008
When Mercury got wings
 Remembering Radio Mercur after fifty years
by Henrik Nørgaard
 Offshore radio broadcasting did not begin in Denmark. However, the concept of broadcasting popular music programs from international waters directed towards an audience in a country with a state monopoly on radio transmissions came from Radio Mercur, a Danish commercial radio station that started airing its programs on August 2nd, 1958 — now half a century ago. Henrik Nørgaard, author of the book Pirater i æteren (2003), takes us back to that day.
1 Left: Mercur's first radio ship, the small vessel Cheeta Mercur (Cheeta I)
Breaking the waves. The year is 1958 and the scene Denmark. Since the early days of radio broadcasting in the 1920's the Danish radio listeners had been used to the fact that their choice was easily made when deciding what to listen to on their radio receiver. The national broadcasting company had a law-enforced monopoly on transmitting radio signals, and there were only two programs to choose from. The concept was to educate and enlighten the audience and entertainment and modern music was almost banished. Or, at least only in minimized quanta for a few hours per week. On good days you were able to catch transmissions from Radio Luxembourg in a fairly good quality. Otherwise the only available alternative was the State Radiofonia ("Statsradiofonien"). But now, on August 2nd 1958, a new sound was in the air and could be heard over the loudspeakers.
 From international waters between Denmark and Sweden, just a few miles from Copenhagen, a floating radio station began to transmit music and commercials in a way that had never been heard before in Denmark. The new station, breaking the sea waves as well as the radio waves, was called Radio Mercur. Within a few years the idea had spread to other countries like Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Radio Mercur has since been known as the pirate radio, which gave inspiration to a whole number of pirate radio or offshore radio stations. Here, we look back at the start of Radio Mercur in 1958 to celebrate the fifty years jubilee of the first pirate radio.
2 Right: Radio Mercur's impressive looking studio complex at Copenhagen
The underlying idea. The founding father of Mercur was Peer Jansen, a young man from Copenhagen. He had the same interest for new music as many other young people in Denmark. He tuned in on Radio Luxembourg to catch the latest hits and occasionally did listen to American Forces Network. But, on the national radio he rarely found the music he fancied. On a journey to the south of Europe, he discovered that the USA military used a ship, the MV Doddridge, in the Mediterranean Sea to transmit the programs of the "Voice of America" to the people in the Soviet-alliance countries in Eastern Europe. Jansen got the idea that something like Radio Luxembourg could be combined with a floating transmitter to form a totally new kind of radio station in Denmark. What he didn't know, was how to realize the idea. But he had a good network to draw on in order to find out.
 First of all: Danish national laws didn't allow such a thing as a private radio station. But how about international regulations? Jansen had a cousin, Børge Agerskov, who was a law student at the University of Copenhagen. Agerskov tells: "There was a lot of adventure in Peer. He was very good at inspiring people. While I was finishing my studies I spent a lot of time researching radio conventions — whether it was possible at all, and it was in some way." No one had yet thought of the possibility, that a radio station could be anchored in international waters and broadcast to a specific country without having permission.
 Secondly: What about the technical side? Well, Jansen had a brother in law who was a radio enthusiast. He knew of another radio enthusiast named William Petersen. Normally he was a bike repairer but he also was very skilled in making radio transmitters. Petersen took up the challenge to build an FM-transmitter and an antennae that could be used for the purpose.
 Thirdly: The idea was costly and there was a need for financing. Jansen was working in a family owned silverware company in Copenhagen, run by Ib Fogh. Jansen presented his idea to his boss, and soon Fogh was keen on the idea and willing to invest in the project together with Jansen himself. From that point around summer 1957 things went fast with the establishing of a brand new radio station. A year later Radio Mercur was ready to go on air with recording studios in a mansion in a suburb of Copenhagen, a radio big band, a floating transmitting station and a lot of enthusiastic people working as technicians, speakers and crew on the ship.
3 Left: Mercur's radio announcer Gitta Müller
New music and rising youth culture in a conservative landscape. How could anyone succeed in setting up a new radio station in a country with a monopoly on broadcasting radio, being unquestioned for decades? Denmark in the mid 1950's was a traditional society. Young people were expected to follow in the footsteps of their parents, and everybody was expected to obey the authorities. But, a new culture was rising — slowly but clearly. Talking about 1968 as a breakthrough in changing society, the path was already made many years before. A new kind of music — rock'n'roll — came to Denmark from England and the USA. Many young people were welcoming movies like "Rock Around the Clock" with Bill Haley and The Comets, shown in cinemas in Copenhagen in August 1957. Tommy Steele gave a concert in Copenhagen. Dance schools introduced rock'n'roll dancing.
 The new music arrived in different ways. It was welcomed by the young, but among the older generation it caused a lot of worries. Rock'n'roll music was thought to lead to loose and weak morals among the young generation, especially by the underlying sexual messages in the lyrics and its wild stage performance — just think of the hip movements of Elvis Presley! A leading dancer described the effect of the music in the newspaper Aftenbladet (The Evening Paper) on September 12th, 1956 as follows: "It's in the music. Performed rightly it is hypnotizing and narcotic like primitive drums on Indians and cannibals. It begins monotonous. After a while it excites more and more. At the end they are in the wildest ecstacy." And, the later program director of the national radio said: "On the question of rock'n'roll it is my opinion that it cannot be the task of The National Radio to promote knowledge of it, when we are told that it's all about mass hysteria."
 The young generation, though, wanted to hear to the music anyhow in spite of what their parents and the authorities said. They listened to Radio Luxembourg on tiny transistor receivers, the reception usually in a poor quality due to the long distance. Therefore Radio Mercur had success with a concept putting emphasis on the popular music — both from records and with live transmissions of young Danish bands, that were invited to be recorded and broadcasted by the new radio station.
4 Right: Ib Glindemann and his orchestra pose before the Mercur villa in Gentofte
Big plans. The people behind Radio Mercur had very ambitious plans. A mansion that earlier housed the Embassy of Argentine in Copenhagen was transformed into radio studios with facilities for the recording of commercials, programs and music. A jazz orchestra of sixteen musicians was hired as a radio big band. The leader, Ib Glindemann tells about the first contact:
"I was picked up on some phony address on the island of Amager [near to the center of Copenhagen]. An agent took me in his car and told me, that I was going to participate in something completely legal, but not to be talked about, because it had to be kept top secret. Well, he was a nice person, and I wanted a job for my orchestra. We drove to a big fancy villa in Gentofte, and I was shown into the high paneled rooms — it was incredibly beautiful, almost like an English country mansion. I was wellcomed by Arne Paaby, the artistic leader of the radio station. Paaby explained that a commercial radio station was to be established — and that was hot stuff at the time. Until then there only had been one station — the royal monopolized steam radio, so it was truly unbelievable! They seemed to know what they were up to. But they needed some music. I was 'in' those days and had a wellknown orchestra. They wanted to hire the orchestra, and we were to get a fair salary."
And so Glindemann and his orchestra became the new big band of Radio Mercur. In the villa the dining room was transformed into a concert hall. Recordings of dance music began soon after to warrant programs on stock for later transmissions. It was also Glindemann who composed the jingle for Mercur with three trumpets and a voice announcing "You're listening to Radio Mercur!"
5 Left: Danish police boarding Mercur's third ship, the MV Lucky Star
A difficult start. The preparations on land went fine, but on sea things were more troublesome. During July 1958 Radio Mercur announced several dates for the official launch of its transmissions, but all these failed due to technical problems with the ship, the Cheeta Mercur, or due to unexpected stormy weather in


text:
Love it or hate it, Microsoft Excel is an indispensable tool for most design engineers. It provides a very quick and easy way of recording, visualizing and performing calculations on data. Often, the calculations performed in excel provide results that are used to determine the dimensional and geometric data that is then created in the CAD application. Some more advanced users will use the spreadsheet to actually drive parameters in their 3D model. While this can be a very useful workflow, there is still an element of manual re-calculation and updates that can be time-consuming.
What if we could have our CAD model, feeding live data to Excel, which is simultaneously performing calculations on said data, and feeding the results back to the CAD application? This would allow the user to remain in the 3D modelling environment whilst still leveraging the calculation powers of Excel. The answer is (as is often the case when you ask me) iLogic in Autodesk Inventor!
Hypothetical Design Scenario
You are required to specify an electric motor / gearbox combination that will be used to tip a mixer bowl that is used for mixing huge batches of pancake batter. The motor/gearbox output shaft will be connected to the shaft that forms the pivot for the bowl. You intuitively have an idea of where you might position the pivot point, but knowing that the center-of-mass of the liquid will change as it pours out, you need to be fairly accurate to optimise the motor/gearbox size for the job.
Now there are a few factors at play here. As the bowl tips, the volume of the liquid will start to decrease, but not linearly, partly due to the fact that the bowl is round. In other words, this is a 3D problem. While the center-of-mass will remain on the center plane of the bowl, it will move in both of the other two planes during the tipping cycle. We could calculate the volume at a series of time steps, use that data to calculate the mass and center-of-mass position, and then use that to determine the moment at the pivot, but it seems like a lot of work when Inventor already understands volume and mass as properties of a solid.
Attacking the Problem
To start off, I created a surface model of the bowl that I could tip using an angle parameter whose value could be driven using a slider in an iLogic form. It's range of motion is 0 to 90 degrees. I constructed the geometry using the origin of the part as the pivot point of the bowl. I then created some parameters to move the bowl geometry around the pivot point which allows me to control the offset. By defining a workplane at the level of the "spout" that remains horizontal, I could represent the surface level of the liquid. Using the "Sculpt" tool in Inventor, I then created a solid body to represent the volume of the fluid. As the bowl is tipped, the fluid volume reduces accordingly.
Now that I have a mechanical representation of the problem, I harnessed the power of iLogic to share the numerical information with Excel as follows. First I created an iLogic form to expose the parameters for the tip angle and pivot offsets and created sliders to adjust the values. Next I created parameters to store the volume and mass of the liquid, and also the horizontal offset distance between the pivot point and the current center-of-mass of the liquid. The last Inventor step was to create the following rule in iLogic:
'Get the current offset between center of mass and pivot point in horizontal plane
'and assign that value to the relevant parameter.
CoGX = iProperties.CenterOfGravity.x
'Pass the offset value to excel (divide by 1000 to give meters)
GoExcel.CellValue("3rd Party:Embedding 1", "Sheet1", "C2") = CoGX / 1000
'Get the current volume of the metal and assign it to the AluVol parameter.
AluVol = _URL_ '(in cm^3)
'Create variable to hold the density of the current material
materialDensity = ThisDoc.Document.ComponentDefinition.Material.Density '(g/cm^3)
'Calculate the mass of the metal in kg
AluMass = (AluVol * materialDensity)/1000 ' (in kg)
'Pass the mass to Excel
GoExcel.CellValue("3rd Party:Embedding 1", "Sheet1", "A2") = AluMass
'The following lines have been commented out. They were included as a crude form
'of data-logging so that the movement of the center-of-mass could be graphed in Excel.
'GoExcel.CellValue("3rd Party:Embedding 1", "Sheet1", "E" & Index) = TipAngle
'GoExcel.CellValue("3rd Party:Embedding 1", "Sheet1", "F" & Index) = AluMass
'Index = Index + 1
'Update the document immediately to see changes as a smooth animation.
Once the data was in Excel and the spreadsheet had been embedded in the part file, I created a few formulas to calculate the current moment (torque) due to the mass of the liquid at the pivot point (ignoring the mass of the bowl itself). I also put a list of motors down the side which were specified based on maximum torque that they could provide. Using conditional formatting, I could then change the colour of the cells that represent each motor size based on the ratio between current torque required and maximum torque available from the motor. This gave me a nice visual representation of the suitability of each motor size. Red meaning the motor is overloaded (over 100% of maximum torque) and green being underutilised (not an efficient choice). By adjusting the sliders in the inventor form and running the model through the tip cycle, you can get an idea of which motor provides the best choice. The Excel spreadsheet can remain open while you adjust the model parameters and iLogic ensures that the calculations remain live.
In summary, this workflow is not about using some magical powers of Inventor to provide calculation that was otherwise impossible. It's actually about thinking about the calculation/modelling flow differently. As I said earlier, most engineers/designers already use Excel all the time, so why not integrate it in a way that is seamless between the engineering and design phases. Anyway, enough text, watch the following video to see it in action.
Edit: Here's the file for those of you who'd like to have a play with it.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


drawDetails.dlgrob: drawDetails dlgrob
Description Usage Arguments Author(s)
View source: R/positioning.functions.R
Description
Process data points using the Positioning Method and draw the resulting direct labels. This is called for every panel with direct labels, every time the plot window is resized.
Usage
1
2
## S3 method for class 'dlgrob'
drawDetails(x, recording)
Arguments
x
The dlgrob list object. x$method should be a Positioning Method list and x$data should be a data.frame with the following variables:
x,y
numeric horizontal and vertical positions of direct labels, in native units. These are converted to cm units before applying the Positioning Method.
groups
factor that indices the different groups, and colour indicates the corresponding group colour.
hjust and vjust
(optional) numeric values usually in [0,1] that control the justification of the text label relative to the x,y position.
rot
(optional) numeric value in [0,360] that specifies the degrees which the text should be rotated.
cex, alpha, fontface, fontfamily
(optional) passed to gpar.
Additionally, x$debug should be set to TRUE or FALSE, and x$axestonative should be a function that converts units shown on the axes to native units of x$data[,c("x","y")].
recording
Author(s)
Toby Dylan Hocking
directlabels documentation built on May 29, 2017, 11:27 a.m.


text:
Nuts Book - The encyclopaedia of nuts
Nuts Book is an encyclopaedic book aimed at shading some light in the field of nuts. It focuses on the stimulation of curiosity and passion around the themes of nature and food, with respect for ourselves and the relationships we have with our fellow human beings and the nature surrounding us.
Starting from the seed planted, up to the seed produced by the plant, this book informs about the characteristics of each species, the land of origin and the relative climatic and cultivation requirements.
The book is in English.
Authors: Veronica Babini, Francesca Buccella, Elisa Cavulla, Francesca Nanni, Michela Pagnani, Eleonora Sinchen, Mario Zani
ISBN code 978-88-944736-8-1
Edited by: Euro Company Srl SB / NutsforLife Edizioni - Cambiamenti
Euro Company's experts sign research and in-depth studies of this work:
Pictures: Laura Zavalloni
Questions & Answers by Nut lovers
Be the first to ask a question about this product!


text:
TEXAS STATE PARKS
Natural Economic Assets
STATE PARK PROFILES
Balmorhea State Park
Balmorhea State Park is located in far West Texas in the community of Toyahvale, four miles west of Balmorhea. The 45.9-acre park's main attraction is San Solomon Springs, a spring-fed pool that covers 1.75 acres with a year-round water temperature between 72 to 76 degrees. The pool holds 3.5 million gallons, but anywhere from 22 million to 28 million gallons of fresh water flow through the pool every day. The deeper parts of the pool are in a natural state, allowing swimmers to enjoy the fish and aquatic vegetation. The park also includes the Cienega Project, a spring-fed desert wetland and canals that are home to endangered fish, a variety of aquatic life, turtles, birds and other animals.
In 2007, park attendance was about 52,000, evenly distributed between day users and overnight visitors.
The springs provided water to the American Indians and later to the Mexican farmers who used the water for their crops and dug the first irrigation canals. In the mid-1800s, the springs were called Mescalero Springs after the Apache Indians in the area, but later the Mexican farmers renamed them San Solomon Springs. Today, the clear and cool waters attract numerous swimmers and scuba divers to the area.1 In fiscal 2007, park attendance was about 52,000, evenly distributed between day users and overnight visitors.2 The park and the pool are popular with Texas and New Mexico residents. Groups enjoy coming to the park from the nearby Buffalo Trail Scout Ranch and the Historic Prude Ranch.3
In addition to the springs, the park includes a concession building, two bathhouses, the superintendent's residence and San Solomon Courts Motel, all built in Spanish Colonial style. The pool and other structures in the park were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the early 1930s. By helping to preserve these CCC structures, the park is playing an important role in safeguarding the nation's heritage.
The springs are a magnet for scuba divers and dive instructors in Texas and New Mexico. At 20 feet deep, with a horizontal clarity of 80 to 100 feet and constant water temperatures, the springs provide a predictable environment for divers.4 Lead Park Ranger Tony Fleenor says, "We have divers year-round. In the off season, fall and winter, divers are our bread and butter."5
Neta Rhyne, the owner of the Toyahvale Desert Oasis dive shop, adjoining the park, says, "I like to refer to San Solomon Springs as the only dive site that provides entertainment for the whole family. One can swim, scuba dive, snorkel, sunbathe, bird watch, picnic, play in the playground, sit under a shade tree by the spring, camp and enjoy the beautiful sunrises and sunsets."6
Balmorhea State Park also plays an important role in the economic wellbeing of the surrounding communities of Toyahvale and Balmorhea, with a combined population of just over 500. "The state park has a significant positive economic impact on local businesses," says Balmorhea City Manager Terry Upshur. "The park attracts tourists to the area, increasing business for local hotel/motels, grocery stores and restaurants."7
Local area retailer Rhyne says, "My business would not exist without the park, which is the main economic catalyst for the local economy. Many other area businesses would be unable to survive without the park."8
Balmorhea State Park contributed $961,316 in sales and $522,195 in personal income to Reeves County in 2006.
In fiscal 2007, the park reported operating expenses of $443,735 for staff salaries and minor repairs, and revenues of $657,837, for a net operating gain of $214,102.9
According to a study conducted by John Crompton and Juddson Culpepper of Texas A&M University, Balmorhea State Park contributed $961,316 in sales and $522,195 in personal income to Reeves County in 2006. The park also created 19.5 jobs and generated $4,806 in sales tax revenue for the county in that year.10
Summary Economic Impacts
Balmorhea State Park, Reeves County
|2006 County Sales||2006 County
|2006 County Employment
Sales Tax Generated
Source: Texas A&M University.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Direct Spending (Fiscal 2007)
|Revenues||Operating Expenses*||Net Income|
* Includes salaries, operating expenses and minor (non-capital) repair.
Source: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
- 1 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, "Balmorhea State Park," pp. 1-4, _URL_ (Last visited August 25, 2008.)
- 2 Data provided by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, "State Park Sites, Acreage, and Visits," with Texas Comptroller's office calculations.
- 3 Interview with Tony Fleenor, lead park ranger at Balmorhea State Park, Toyahvale, Texas, July 24, 2008.
- 4 Yvonne Lanelli, "Balmorhea State Park, Texas," DesertUSA (September 2005), pp. 1-4, 6, _URL_ (Last visited August 25, 2008.)
- 5 Interview with Tony Fleenor, lead park ranger at Balmorhea State Park, Toyahvale, Texas, July 24, 2008.
- 6 Yvonne Lanelli, "Balmorhea State Park, Texas," DesertUSA (September 2005), p. 4.
- 7 Interview with Terry Upchurch, city manager, city of Balmorhea, Balmorhea, Texas, July 24, 2008.
- 8 Interview with Neta Rhyne, owner of the Toyahvale Desert Oasis dive shop, Toyahvale, Texas, July 24, 2008.
- 9 Data provided by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, "Revenue Less Operating Costs, FY 2006-2007," with Texas Comptroller's office calculations. Amounts may not total due to rounding.
- 10 Texas Coalition for Conservation, The Economic Contributions of Texas State Parks in FY 2006, by John L. Crompton and Juddson Culpepper, Texas A&M University, Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences (Austin, Texas, December 2006), _URL_ (Last visited August 25, 2008.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Sandia brings back sounding rockets for missile tests
After a 15-year hiatus, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is returning to flying sounding rockets. The centerpiece of the High Operational Tempo Sounding Rocket (HOT SHOT) program, the suborbital rocket launches are designed to cut the development time for new weapon systems by a third while lowering R&D costs.
With the United States working to modernize and expand its nuclear deterrent, developing warheads, missiles and their components by the US Nuclear Security Administration's (NNSA) takes a high priority. However, development testing is a long and expensive prospect taking as long as 15 years. In addition to being a budget burden, it can also be a real problem if the agency has to respond to a sudden national security emergency.
One bottleneck of testing is that there comes a time when components have to undergo actual flight conditions. While ground tests, simulations, and computer models all play a part, they is no substitute for the moment when prototypes need to face the unique combination of temperatures, pressures, and other other forces found during and after a missile launch.
According to SNL, this is usually done by the US Department of Defense, but these missile flights are scheduled long into the future and are very expensive with a price tag in the tens of millions of dollars, so the components must already be close to successful by the time they fly. Otherwise, there won't be the time or the money for any corrections.
To help speed things along, SNL's HOT SHOT uses simple, two-stage sounding rockets built from spare parts. In the nose cone of each rocket are racks to carry components or other experiments, so several tests involving everything from flight computers to structural brackets can be carried out at the same time. In addition, the data gathered helps to improve ground tests. During the flight, telemetry sends data back to the ground in real time.
"HOT SHOT fills a hole between ground testing and missile testing," says Olga Spahn, manager of the department at Sandia responsible for payload integration for the program. "It gives researchers the flexibility to develop technology and see how it handles a flight environment at a relatively low cost."
The first HOT SHOT flight was in May of this year from the SNL Kauai Test Facility in Hawaii, with four more scheduled for 2019. The first experiments were flown by Sandia and Kansas City National Security Campus, but Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Britain's Atomic Weapons Establishment are scheduled to participate in later launches. The hope is to fly several rockets each year, so that multiple versions of devices can be tested over time by researchers.
"We provide the payload integration and ride; they provide the experiments for the payload," says Spahn.
The video below shows the first HOT SHOT launch from Hawaii.


text:
NetLogo's logging facility allows researchers to record student actions for later analysis.
Logging in NetLogo, once initiated, is invisible to the student. The researcher can choose the type of events logged through a configuration file.
NetLogo uses the log4j package for logging. If you have previous experience with this package you'll find logging in NetLogo familiar.
Logging is supported only by the special NetLogo Logging application. It doesn't work in applets.
This depends on what operating system you are using.
There is a special logging launcher in the NetLogo directory called NetLogo Logging. Double click on the icon.
On Windows, the NetLogo directory can be found at C:\Program Files, unless you chose a different location when you installed NetLogo.
To enable logging, invoke the netlogo.sh script as follows:
netlogo.sh --logging netlogo_logging.xml
You could also modify the script to include these flags, or copy the script and modify the copy.
You can replace netlogo_logging.xml with any valid log4j XML configuration file, which will be discussed in more detail later.
When NetLogo starts up it will ask for a user name. This name will appear in all the logs generated during this session.
Logs are stored in the OS-specific temp directory. On most Unix-like systems that is /tmp. On Windows XP, logs can be found in c:\Documents and Settings\\Local Settings\Temp, where is the logged in user and on Windows Vista the logs can be found in c:\Users\\AppData\Local\Temp. On Mac OS X, the temp directory varies for each user. You can determine your temp directory by opening the Terminal application and typing echo $TMPDIR at the prompt.
There are two convenience commands that will help you manage the logs. __zip-log-files filename will gather all the logs in the temp directory and put them in one zip file, at the location specified. After doing __zip-log-files the existing logs are not deleted, you can do so explicitly by using __delete-log-files.
The following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the XMLLayout. All the loggers are found in org.nlogo.log.Logger. When referring to the loggers in the configuration file you should use the fully qualified name. So, for example, the logger GLOBALS would actually be org.nlogo.log.Logger.GLOBALS
|GLOBALS||a global variable changes||info, debug||
 FOO 51.0
|GREENS||sliders, switches, choosers, input boxes are changed through the interface||info||
 changed foo 51.0 0.0 100.0 1.0
|CODE||code is compiled, including: command center, Code tab, slider bounds, and buttons||info||
 compiled crt 1 O success
|WIDGETS||a widget is added or removed from the interface||info||
 added
|BUTTONS||a button is pressed or released||info||
 show 1 released once
|SPEED||the speed slider changes||info||
 0.0
|TURTLES||turtles die or are born||info||
 turtle 1 born TURTLES
|LINKS||links die or are born||info||
 link 2 7 born LINKS
The default logging configuration (netlogo_logging.xml) looks something like this:
NetLogo defines 8 loggers, all descend directly from the root logger, which means unless you explicitly set the properties (appender, layout, and output level) in the configuration they will inherit them from the root. In the default configuration the root is set to level INFO, the appender is org.nlogo.log.XMLFileAppender and layout is org.nlogo.log.XMLLayout. Together these generate a nicely formatted XML file as defined in the netlogo_logging.dtd which is based on the log4j dtd. If the appender is a FileAppender (including the XMLFileAppender) a new file is start each time the user opens a model.

This configuration, first defines an appender named "A1" of type XMLFileAppender with an XMLLayout. The appender defines where the logging data goes, in this case the data goes into a file. In fact, if NetLogo is given a FileAppender it will automatically start a new file every time the user opens a new model. The XMLFileAppender also does some formatting and writes the appropriate headers to the file. The layout defines how to write each individual message. Unless you are an advanced user there is no need change (or worry about) the appender or the layout.
At the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. All of the other loggers descend from the root logger and, thus, inherit the properties of the root unless explicitly set. This case is fairly simple, having set up the appender A1 we make that the default appender for the root (and all other loggers) and make the default priority "INFO". Messages that are logged at the INFO level or higher will be written, messages logged at lower levels will not. Note that with only one exception NetLogo always logs at level INFO. Sets to globals that don't change the value of the global are logged at level DEBUG. Which means that these messages are disabled by default, since debug is lower level than info. The rest of the body of the configuration file overrides properties of the root logger in a few specific loggers (or categories as they are known in the configuration file, the terms can be assumed to be synonymous for the proposes of this document). That is it turns off the WIDGET, TURTLES, and LINKS loggers, by default. To re-enable them you can changes the priority from off to info, like this:

or you can simply remove the entire reference to the category from the configuration file, as it is not serving any other purpose.
This is only a basic introduction to configuration files for logging in NetLogo. There are many more configuration options available through the log4j framework. See the log4j documentation.


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Oracle® Developer Studio 12.5: C User's Guide
Exit Print View
Updated: June 2017

7.1 New-Style Function Prototypes
The 1990 ISO C standard's most sweeping change to the language is the function prototype borrowed from the C++ language. By specifying the number and types of parameters for each function, every regular compile gets the benefits of argument and parameter checking (similar to those of lint) for each function call, while arguments are automatically converted (just as with an assignment) to the type expected by the function. The 1990 ISO C standard includes rules that govern the mixing of old- and new-style function declarations since there are many, many lines of existing C code that could and should be converted to use prototypes.
The 1999 ISO C standard made old-style function declarations obsolete.
7.1.1 Writing New Code
When you write an entirely new program, use new-style function declarations (function prototypes) in headers and new-style function declarations and definitions in other C source files. However, if someone might port the code to a system with a pre-ISO C compiler, use the macro __STDC__ (which is defined only for ISO C compilation systems) in both header and source files. Refer to Mixing Considerations for an example.
An ISO C-conforming compiler must issue a diagnostic whenever two incompatible declarations for the same object or function are in the same scope. If all functions are declared and defined with prototypes and the appropriate headers are included by the correct source files, all calls should agree with the definition of the functions. This protocol eliminates one of the most common C programming mistakes.
7.1.2 Updating Existing Code
If you have an existing application and want the benefits of function prototypes, a number of possibilities for updating exist, depending on how much of the code you would like to change:
 1. Recompile without making any changes.
 Even with no coding changes, the compiler warns you about mismatches in parameter type and number when invoked with the– v option.
 2. Add function prototypes only to the headers.
 All calls to global functions are covered.
 3. Add function prototypes to the headers and start each source file with function prototypes for its local (static) functions.
 All calls to functions are covered, but this method requires typing the interface for each local function twice in the source file.
 4. Change all function declarations and definitions to use function prototypes.
For most programmers, choices 2 and 3 are probably the best cost/benefit compromise. Unfortunately, these options are precisely the ones that require detailed knowledge of the rules for mixing old and new styles.
7.1.3 Mixing Considerations
For function prototype declarations to work with old-style function definitions, both must specify functionally identical interfaces or have compatible types using ISO C's terminology.
For functions with varying arguments, you cannot mix ISO C's ellipsis notation and the old-style varargs() function definition. For functions with a fixed number of parameters, you can specify the types of the parameters as they were passed in previous implementations.
In K&R C, each argument was converted just before it was passed to the called function according to the default argument promotions . These promotions specified that all integral types narrower than int were promoted to int size, and any float argument was promoted to double, which simplified both the compiler and libraries. Function prototypes are more expressive, as the specified parameter type is what is passed to the function.
Thus, if a function prototype is written for an existing (old-style) function definition,the function prototype should not contain any parameters with any of the following types: char, signed char, unsigned char, float, short, signed short, unsigned short.
Two complications remain with writing prototypes: typedef names and the promotion rules for narrow unsigned types.
If parameters in old-style functions were declared using typedef names, such as off_t and ino_t, you must know whether the typedef name designates a type that is affected by the default argument promotions. For these two, off_t is a long, you can use it in a function prototype; ino_t used to be an unsigned short, so if it were used in a prototype, the compiler issues a diagnostic because the old-style definition and the prototype specify different and incompatible interfaces.
Determining what should be used instead of an unsigned short is complicated. The biggest incompatibility between K&R C and the 1990 ISO C compiler is the promotion rule for the widening of unsigned char and unsigned short to an int value. (See Promotions: Unsigned Versus Value Preserving.) The parameter type that matches this old-style parameter depends on the compilation mode used when you compile:
 - -Xs and– Xt should use unsigned int
 - –Xa, – Xc, and -std=anyvalue should use int
The best approach is to change the old-style definition to specify either int or unsigned int and use the matching type in the function prototype. You can always assign its value to a local variable with the narrower type, if necessary, after you enter the function.
Be careful about the use of ID's in prototypes that may be affected by preprocessing. Consider the following example:
#define status 23
void my_exit(int status); /* Normally, scope begins */
 /* and ends with prototype */
Do not mix function prototypes with old-style function declarations that contain narrow types.
void foo(unsigned char, unsigned short);
void foo(i, j) unsigned char i; unsigned short j; {...}
Appropriate use of __STDC__ produces a header file that can be used for both the old and new compilers:
header.h:
 struct s { /* . . . */ };
 #ifdef __STDC__
 void errmsg(int, ...);
 struct s *f(const char *);
 int g(void);
 #else
 void errmsg();
 struct s *f();
 int g();
 #endif
The following function uses prototypes and can still be compiled on an older system:
struct s *
#ifdef __STDC__
 f(const char *p)
#else
 f(p) char *p;
#endif
{
 /* . . . */
}
The following example shows an updated source file (as with choice 3 above). The local function still uses an old-style definition, but a prototype is included for newer compilers:
source.c:
 #include "header.h"
 typedef /* . . . */ MyType;
 #ifdef __STDC__
 static void del(MyType *);
 /* . . . */
 static void
 del(p)
 MyType *p;
 {
 /* . . . */
 }
 /* . . . */


]
approx_dc_threshold = <integer>
* When using approximate distinct count (i.e. estdc(<field>) in
 stats/chart/timechart), do not use approximated results if the actual number
 of distinct values is less than this number
* Default: 1000
dc_digest_bits = <integer>
* The size of the digest used for approximating distinct count.
* The digest is configured to be 2 ^ 'dc_digest_bits' bytes in size.
* Must be >= 8 (128B) and <= 16 (64KB)
* Default: 10 (equivalent to 1KB)
default_partitions = <integer>
* Number of partitions to split incoming data into for parallel/multithreaded
 reduce.
* Default: 1
list_maxsize = <integer>
* Maximum number of list items to emit when using the list() function
 stats/sistats
* Default: 100
maxmem_check_freq = <integer>
* How frequently, in number of rows, to check if the in-memory data
 structure size limit is exceeded, as specified by the
 'max_mem_usage_mb' setting.
* Default: 50000
maxresultrows = <integer>
* Maximum number of rows allowed in the process memory.
* When the search process exceeds "max_mem_usage_mb" and "maxresultrows",
 data is sent to the disk.
* If not specified, uses the value set for 'maxresultrows' in the
 [searchresults] stanza, which is 50000 by default.
* Default: 50000
max_stream_window = <integer>
* For the streamstats command, the maximum allow window size.
* Default: 10000
maxvalues = <integer>
* Maximum number of values for any field to keep track of.
* When set to "0": Specifies an unlimited number of values.
* Default: 0
maxvaluesize = <integer>
* Maximum length of a single value to consider.
* When set to "0": Specifies an unlimited number of values.
* Default: 0
max_valuemap_bytes = <integer>
* For the sistats command, the maximum encoded length of the valuemap,
 per result written out.
* If limit is exceeded, extra result rows are written out as needed.
* 0 = no limit per row
* Default: 100000
natural_sort_output = <boolean>
* Whether or not to perform a natural sort on the output of 'stats'
 if the output size is greater than or equal to the 'maxresultrows'
 setting.
* A natural sort means that numbers are sorted numerically and non-numbers
 are sorted lexicographically.
* Default: true
partitions_limit = <integer>
* Maximum number of partitions to split into that can be specified with the
 'partitions' option.
* When exceeded, the number of partitions is reduced to this limit.
* Default: 100
perc_method = nearest-rank|interpolated
* Which method to use for computing percentiles (and medians=50 percentile).
 * nearest-rank picks the number with 0-based rank R =
 floor((percentile/100)*count)
 * interpolated means given F = (percentile/100)*(count-1),
 pick ranks R1 = floor(F) and R2 = ceiling(F).
 Answer = (R2 * (F - R1)) + (R1 * (1 - (F - R1)))
* See wikipedia percentile entries on nearest rank and "alternative methods"
* Default: nearest-rank
perc_digest_type = rdigest|tdigest
* Which digest algorithm to use for computing percentiles
 ( and medians=50 percentile).
 * rdigest picks the rdigest_k, rdigest_maxnodes and perc_method properties.
 * tdigest picks the tdigest_k and tdigest_max_buffer_size properties.
* Default: tdigest
sparkline_maxsize = <integer>
* Maximum number of elements to emit for a sparkline
* Default: The value of the "list_maxsize" setting
sparkline_time_steps = <time-step-string>
* Specify a set of time steps in order of decreasing granularity. Use an
 integer and one of the following time units to indicate each step.
 * s = seconds
 * m = minutes
 * h = hours
 * d = days
 * month
* A time step from this list is selected based on the <sparkline_maxsize>
 setting.
* The lowest <sparkline_time_steps> value that does not exceed the maximum number
* of bins is used.
* Example:
 * If you have the following configurations:
 * <sparkline_time_steps> = 1s,5s,10s,30s,1m,5m,10m,30m,1h,1d,1month
 * <sparkline_maxsize> = 100
 * The timespan for 7 days of data is 604,800 seconds.
 * Span = 604,800/<sparkline_maxsize>.
 * If sparkline_maxsize = 100, then
 span = (604,800 / 100) = 60,480 sec == 1.68 hours.
 * The "1d" time step is used because it is the lowest value that does not
 exceed the maximum number of bins.
* Default: 1s,5s,10s,30s,1m,5m,10m,30m,1h,1d,1month
NOTE: The following are rdigest and tdigest settings.
 rdigest is a data structure used to compute approximate order statistics
 (such as median and percentiles) using sublinear space.
rdigest_k = <integer>
* rdigest compression factor
* Lower values mean more compression
* After compression, number of nodes guaranteed to be greater than or equal to
 11 times k.
* Must be greater than or equal to 2.
* Default: 100
rdigest_maxnodes = <integer>
* Maximum rdigest nodes before automatic compression is triggered.
* When set to "1": Specifies to automatically configure based on k value.
* Default: 1
tdigest_k = <integer>
* tdigest compression factor
* Higher values mean less compression, more mem usage, but better accuracy.
* Must be greater than or equal to 1.
* Default: 50
tdigest_max_buffer_size = <integer>
* Maximum number of elements before automatic reallocation of buffer storage
 is triggered.
* Smaller values result in less memory usage but is slower.
* Very small values (<100) are not recommended as they will be very slow.
* Larger values help performance up to a point after which it actually
 hurts performance.
* Recommended range is around 10tdigest_k to 30tdigest_k.
* Default: 1000
tmpfile_compression = <string>
* temporary file compression format, used for stats tmp files only
* "lz4" indicates use of the lz4 format
* "zstd" indicates use of the zstd format
* "none" indicates use of no compression
tmpfile_compression_level = <int>
* Temporary file compression format level.
* If tmpfile_compression is lz4 or zstd, this will indicate the compression level.
* For zstd higher numbers indicate higher speed, and lower compression ratios.
* For lz4 higher numbers indicate lower speed, and higher compression ratios.
[top]
maxresultrows = <integer>
* Maximum number of result rows to create.
* If not specified, uses the value set for 'maxresultrows' in the
 [searchresults] stanza, which is 50000 by default.
* Default: 50000
maxvalues = <integer>
* Maximum number of distinct field vector values to keep track of.
* Default: 100000
maxvaluesize = <integer>
* Maximum length of a single value to consider.
* Default: 1000
[transactions]
maxopentxn = <integer>
* Specifies the maximum number of not yet closed transactions to keep in the
 open pool before starting to evict transactions.
* Default: 5000
maxopenevents = <integer>
* Specifies the maximum number of events (which are) part of open transactions
 before transaction eviction starts happening, using LRU policy.
* Default: 100000
[tscollect]
squashcase = <boolean>
* The default value of the 'squashcase' argument if not specified by the command
* Default: false
keepresults = <boolean>
* The default value of the 'keepresults' argument if not specified by the command
* Default: false
optimize_max_size_mb = <unsigned integer>
* The maximum size in megabytes of files to create with optimize
* Specify 0 for no limit (may create very large tsidx files)
* Default: 1024
[tstats]
allow_old_summaries = <boolean>
* Whether or not the 'tstats' command, when run on an accelerated datamodel,
 confirms that the datamodel search in each bucket's summary metadata is
 considered to be up to date with the current datamodel search.


text:
Nothing's in my cart
Headset and link box
- About the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Putting on the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Adjusting the IPD on the headset
- Can I wear my prescription glasses while using VIVE Pro 2?
- Adjusting the lens distance on the headset
- Replacing the face cushion
- Connecting a USB device to the VIVE Pro 2 headset
- Removing the headset earphones
- Installing your own headphones
- Reinstalling the headset earphones
- Reattaching the head pad on the headset strap
- Updating the headset firmware
- What does the status light on the headset mean?
- What is the dual camera used for?
VIVE Link Box (2.0)
Product care and repair
- How do I fix issues such as the display turning black or showing static?
- What can I do to troubleshoot the headset?
- What can I do when the status light on the headset indicates an error?
- What should I do if the headset is not tracked?
- My headset display is blurry. What should I do?
- What can I do to resolve the "headset not found" error?
- My headset can't be detected due to a USB port issue. What should I do?
- After upgrading to Windows 10, VIVE shows as the computer's main monitor. What should I do?
- I'm experiencing skipped frames. What could I do?
- I'm seeing drifting motion or floating objects in VR. What could I do?
- There's no audio when I use my USB Type-C headphones.
- Is there a way to also hear from the computer what's in VR?
- What can I do if the headset's dual camera won't turn on?
- What should I do if there's cracking noise from the headset earphones?
- What can I do if the headset connection status is unstable?
- While the headset is connected, my PC beeps when rebooting.
Base Station 2.0
- About SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Installing SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Tips for setting up SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- How many SteamVR Base Stations 2.0 can I use in a single setup?
- What things should I consider when installing more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Setting up additional base stations
- What are the minimum and maximum play area when using more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- My available space has an irregular shape. Can I still set up more than two SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Can I use an odd number of SteamVR Base Stations 2.0?
- Configuring the base station channels
- How can I check which base stations are currently in use?
- Using the mounting kit to install SteamVR Base Station 2.0
- Cleaning the base stations
Base Station 1.0
Base Station 1.0 and 2.0 FAQs
- About VIVE Controllers (2018)
- Charging the controllers
- Turning the controllers on or off
- Pairing the controllers with the headset
- Attaching the lanyards to the controllers
- Updating controller firmware
- What does the status light on the controllers mean?
- What should I do if a controller is not tracked?
- How do I know which controller is not tracked?
- What can I do if the controller trackpad is oversensitive?
- What should I do if my controller won't turn on?
- The controller automatically turns off. What should I do?
- How do I recover my controller after an interrupted update?
- What is the play area?
- Choosing the play area
- Planning your play area
- Setting up a standing-only play area
- Setting up a room-scale play area
- Verifying your setup
- After setting up, how do I turn the VIVE system on?
- What is the recommended space for the play area?
- Can I include space occupied by furniture for the play area?
- Can seated/standing-only experiences work at room scale?
- How do I fix download errors during VIVE Setup installation?
- I can't complete the room setup. What should I do?
System Dashboard settings
- Contact Us
Attaching the lanyards to the controllers
Note:Attaching the lanyards can help prevent accidentally dropping the controllers. Don't fling or violently throw the controller as the lanyard may break.
This hardware is included with the full kit, but not with the headset-only package. You can purchase them separately if you don't have the full kit. To order, go to the Accessories section on _URL_ Product availability may vary; please contact customer care with questions.
- While holding the controller, insert the lanyard's thread from the top to the bottom hole.
- Loop the lanyard through the thread, and then tug the lanyard to fasten it in place.
Place the lanyard on your wrist, and then adjust the lock to tighten the lanyard comfortably around your wrist.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Norms and Expectations
ECE 201 Intro to Early Childhood Behavior Management
Instructor: Keli Keyes
January 13, 2013
Appropriate Classroom Behavior for Young Children
Designing effective classroom environments includes structuring the physical arrangement of the classroom to increase appropriate behaviors, such as engagement, and decrease the probability of challenging behaviors. Several strategies for structuring the Physical classroom include: arranging the classroom to ensure visual monitoring of children, arranging activity centers to support children's appropriate behaviors (e.g., limiting the number of children in a center) and facilitating smooth transitions among activities (e.g., organizing The location of materials on shelves), and arranging materials in the classroom to promote engagement, mastery, and independence. Increasing the accessibility, appropriateness, and availability of toys and materials can facilitate children's independence, thus, decreasing the likelihood of challenging behaviors. In addition, attending to details, such as the lighting, temperature, and noise levels, can reduce the probability of children who engage in problem behaviors due to sensitivity to these environmental factors (e.g., children with autism).
Children like predictability! When organizing a daily schedule, teachers may want to consider rotating large and small group activities, varying active and quiet activities, structuring a transition time in the activity, and placing the most difficult activity at a time when the children are most alert and attentive. It can also help to include a schedule within activities as well as across activities. For instance, if the activity has several components, the teacher may want to communicate to the children what will come first, next, and so forth by showing the child a sequence of visual cues (e.g., photographs, line drawings) that represent the different components...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document


text:
EFFECT OF AMLODIPINE ON ORAL GLUCOSE INDUCED GLYCEMIC CHANGES IN NORMAL ALBINO RATSAbstract
Objective: To determine the effect of amlodipine on blood glucose levels through oral glucose tolerance test in normoglycemic albino Rats and the magnitude of its effect on basal v/s glucose induced glycemic value compared to control.
Methods: Rats were divided into control and test groups to study the effect of glucose induced glycemic changes in normal rats following oral administration of amlodipine. The control group received 1 ml of distilled water everyday, test group received amlodipine everyday in the dose of 1.5 mg/Kg BW for 3 days.On the third day, 2 hours after drug administration both groups were administered oral glucose in the dose of 0.6 gm/Kg BW. The blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 60 and 150 minutes after glucose administration by rat tail snipping method using ACCUCHEK glucometer.
Results: The mean CBG of Test group is significantly higher(P<0.001) at all times of the glucose challenge i.e. 0, 60, 150 minutes from the time of glucose administration compared to control group. The optimal hyperglycemia was seen at 60 minutes which is 32.76% higher than the control group, followed by 0 minutes (29.41%) and 150 minutes (7.92%).
Conclusion: Amlodipine worsens glycaemic control in normal rats at all hours of glucose challenge. Extending this to human beings, whether with impaired glucose tolerance or overt diabetes mellitus, it is suggested to limit the use of amlodipine to situations unless absolutely necessary since it induces hyperglycaemia even in normoglycaemic rats by a postulated mechanism of inhibition of both basal and glucose induced insulin secretion significantly.
Sushma V. Naidu*, R.N. Suresha, J.C. Huralikuppi, V. Ashwini, A.M. Satish and M. Brahadeesh
Department of Pharmacology, JSS Medical College, (A Constituent College of JSS University, Mysore), SS Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
26 May, 2012
29 July, 2012
29 August, 2012
01 September, 2012


How sport rights owners can secure their premium content with NexGuard forensic watermarking
Piracy is a common and growing problem for the pay-TV industry, fuelled by the rapid uptake of streaming devices. NAGRA's own research estimates that about 10% of the media industry revenue is lost to piracy. Urgent actions are required to reduce the impact of piracy for video service providers worldwide.
One of the key weapons in a video service providers arsenal is watermarking – and for distribution, network-level watermarking. A key part of any service security strategy, it works alongside other security components such as Anti-Piracy and other advanced security tools which are backed up by comprehensive analytics. Collectively termed by NAGRA Active Streaming Protection, it forms the baseline of a video service providers security strategy with the relevant components being selected depending on the business need.
But let's focus on watermarking, and, as we recently discussed during the 24h of Ateme webinar program, in particular network-level watermarking which is designed to enable content owners and broadcasters to identify the source of live content - such as premium sport - piracy leaks, whether from playout centre, licensee, affiliate or distribution platform.
Why network-level watermarking?
The combination of content scrambling and forensic watermarking are complementary in the fight against piracy, but forensic watermarking is the only technology that can provide key insights on the source of piracy. When combined with Anti-Piracy Services, network-level watermarking allows quick identification of which licensee and territory pirates most often source their content from during live sport events.
Several benefits can then be realised by sport rights owners:
 - Analysis of the licensing income per territory against the piracy risk
 - Review of their content licensing strategy and management of the contract risk
 - Adjustment of their content protection investment, by taking appropriate anti-piracy actions.
This quick identification of the pirate source is only possible due to the capabilities of network-level watermarking:
 - It is imperceptible to the human eye
 - Its robustness against a wide range of attacks seen in the field
 - The capabilities of the Anti-Piracy team to automatically run blind investigations with a very fast turnaround time for the detection results (allowing anti-piracy actions during the live sport events).
NexGuard NetworkID ─ the network-level watermarking technology developed by NAGRA ─ meets all these key characteristics.
NAGRA and Ateme have partnered during the past years to provide sport rights owners with a joint solution, combining NexGuard NetworkID (for network-level watermarking) and BISS-CA (for scrambling satellite contribution and distributions). The strong partnership between NAGRA and Ateme at several levels in the linear distribution workflow provides content owners and their ecosystem with an exhaustive suite of solutions to seamlessly deploy scrambling and watermarking and thus actively fight against piracy.
Control over data
To be truly effective, forensic watermarking needs to form part of a wider anti-piracy strategy. That strategy must incorporate holistic data analysis to identify infringing trends in the stream and enables faster reaction times to stop the pirates in their tracks. In the case of live events, such as soccer, cricket or basketball, having readily accessible insight that is enabled through quality data and analysis is crucial to stemming any piracy quickly.
Combining network-level watermarking and anti-piracy services
Network-level watermarking, such as NAGRA NexGuard Network ID, supplements Anti-Piracy Services, by providing key piracy insights like detailed information on piracy from their licensees or from distribution paths.
This combination allows sport rights owners to focus their anti-piracy efforts where it matters the most, and to better monetise their premium content.
Making the most of your solution
Knowing where your content is pirated from is one thing but having the roadmap in place that enables sport rights owners to take systematic and conclusive action is another. The important first step is developing an end-to-end content value protection strategy using tools from the active streaming protection toolset that can actively withstand the threat. Using a combination of content scrambling, forensic watermarking and anti-piracy services delivers a highly capable solution that can be adjusted according to piracy trends and insights as both a feedback loop to continuously improve the fight against piracy and as a means of scaling the video service business as the content catalogue grows.
Click here to get in touch with our experts and learn more how your business can benefit from network-level watermarking.
Watch our recordings from the webinar with our very own Gabriel Cantin, Product Director and Julien Mandal, Contribution Segment Manager discuss how forensic watermarking can help deter and combat piracy.


IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample - Academic -Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of
Discussion in 'IELTS Forum' started by MinaRose, Sep 17, 2015.
 1. MinaRose
 MinaRose Moderator
 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
 Write about the following topic:
 Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.
 Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
 Write at least 250 words.
 Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.
 Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate.
 However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that 'change is always for the better'. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their own interests.
 In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.
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text:
The First World War was a turning point in Canadian history. It was also an important era in the development of the music and recording industries in Canada. The Great War saw an outpouring of patriotic songs and sentimental ballads urging support for soldiers, sailors, and airmen, combined with heart-felt concern for the families waiting on the home front. This era also marked the beginning of great changes in popular music, with the rise of vaudeville, the song-writing of Tin Pan Alley, the start of the dance-band craze, and the rise of jazz. Canadian singers and songwriters were leaders of this musical generation.
Visitors to the Virtual Gramophone website can consult 1500 cataloguing records in the database, and 350 digitally-restored audio recordings, documenting recordings featuring Canadian composers and performers released during the Great War. In addition there are a series of articles and images explaining the period and the music, as well as biographical sketches of the major Canadian musical personalities. Of particular note is the extensive coverage for Canada's premier entertainment troupe of that era, the Dumbells.
About the Music of the First World War Era
Biographies of First World War Era Musicians


text:
Investigation of binary nanocrystal superlattice
Christine, Kusuma Dewi
Date of Issue2011
School of Materials Science and Engineering
Binary Nanocrystal Superlattice (BNSL) is the assembly of nanoparticles of two different materials. Based on the fact that atoms and molecules can result in various crystal structures and properties, nanocrystal will definitely give an even wider choices of properties due to its size quantum effect. [Peer Assessment Review]
Student Research Poster
© 2011 The Author(s).


text:
This Coordination Action seeks to network research activities in Europe on high temperature membrane electrode assemblies and their components. Coordination activities are centred around membranes, catalysts and high temperature MEAs, with cross-cutting activities on the impact of high temperature operation on degradation of MEA components and MEA durability, identification of proton transfer mechanisms operating in water free conditions, and technical specifications for high temperature PEMFC applications . The CARISMA partnership assembles the expertise in high temperature PEMFC in European research institutes and universities and includes committed stakeholders from SMEs, industrial developers of high temperature MEAs, membranes, catalysts, gas diffusion layers, carbon supports, as well as end users of high temperature MEAs and high temperature stacks. The group will interact with the Hydrogen and Fuel cells Platform to refine the Strategic Research Agenda and will facilitate interaction with equivalent g roups in other continents. High temperature membranes and MEAs are a priority area of the Strategic Research Agenda and the International Partnership for a Hydrogen Economy scoping paper on PEMFC, and this timely grouping into a Coordination Action will in crease the impact of on-going Community funded and nationally funded programmes.
Call for proposal
See other projects for this call
Funding SchemeCA - Coordination action
Donostia - San Sebastian


text:
- Concurring Opinions - _URL_ -
Bill of Rights Day–1941
Posted By Gerard Magliocca On January 25, 2013 @ 11:38 am In Constitutional Law,Uncategorized | No Comments
As part of my research on FDR and the Bill of Rights, I came across a Proclamation that he issued on the 150th Anniversary of the ratification of the first ten amendments (about two weeks before Pearl Harbor). Here are some excerpts:
"It is fitting that the anniversary of its adoption should be remembered by the Nation which, for one hundred and fifty years, has enjoyed the immeasurable privileges which that charter guaranteed: the privileges of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the Government for redress of grievances." [Note that FDR only quoted from the First Amendment]
"It is especially fitting that this anniversary should be remembered and observed by those institutions of a democratic people which owe their very existence to the guarantees of the Bill of Rights: the free schools, the free churches, the labor unions, the religious and educational and civic organizations of all kinds, which, without the guarantee of the Bill of Rights, could never have existed; which sicken and disappear whenever, in any country, these rights are curtailed or withdrawn."
...
"Those who have long enjoyed such privileges as we enjoy forget in time that men died to win them. They come in time to take these rights for granted and to assume their protection is assured. We, however, who have seen these privileges lost in other continents and other countries can now appreciate their meaning to those people who enjoyed them once and now no longer can. We understand in some measure what their loss can mean. And by that realization we have come to a clearer conception of their worth to us, and to a stronger and more unalterable determination that here in our land they shall not be lost or weakened or curtailed."
Article printed from Concurring Opinions: _URL_
URL to article: _URL_
URLs in this post:
 Image: _URL_
Copyright © 2010 Concurring Opinions. All rights reserved.


text: The ocean is covered by sea ice for at least 15 percentage some part of the year. Like fresh water, ocean water also freezes, but at lower temperatures. Fresh water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit but sea water freezes at about 28.4 degrees Fahrenheit, because of the salt in it. Given here the online calculator to calculate freezing point of ocean water. Ocean water freezing point calculation is done based on the salinity and pressure.


text:
Why Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle?
In this section you can learn and practice Engineering Mechanics Questions based on "Equilibrium of a Particle" and improve your skills in order to face the interview, competitive examination and various entrance test (CAT, GATE, GRE, MAT, Bank Exam, Railway Exam etc.) with full confidence.
Where can I get Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle questions and answers with explanation?
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Where can I get Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle Interview Questions and Answers (objective type, multiple choice)?
Here you can find objective type Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle questions and answers for interview and entrance examination. Multiple choice and true or false type questions are also provided.
How to solve Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle problems?
You can easily solve all kind of Engineering Mechanics questions based on Equilibrium of a Particle by practicing the objective type exercises given below, also get shortcut methods to solve Engineering Mechanics Equilibrium of a Particle problems.
The joint O of a space frame is subjected to four forces. Strut OA lies in the x-y plane and strut OB lies in the y-z plane. Determine the force acting in each if the three struts required for equilibrium of the joint. Set = 45°.
A "scale" is constructed with a 4-ft-long cord and the 10-lb block D. The cord is fixed to a pin at A and passes over two small pulleys at B and C. Determine the weight of the suspended block E if the system is in equilibrium when s = 1.5 ft.
Determine the tension developed in cables OD and OB and the strut OC, required to support the 500-lb crate. The spring OA has an unstretched length of 0.2 ft and a stiffness of kOA = 350lb/ft. The force in the strut acts along the axis of the strut.


Description
UnquoteChar decodes the first character or byte in the escaped string or character literal represented by the string s. It returns four values:
1) value, the decoded Unicode code point or byte value;
2) multibyte, a boolean indicating whether the decoded character requires a multibyte UTF-8 representation;
3) tail, the remainder of the string after the character; and
4) an error that will be nil if the character is syntactically valid.
The second argument, quote, specifies the type of literal being parsed and therefore which escaped quote character is permitted. If set to a single quote, it permits the sequence \' and disallows unescaped '. If set to a double quote, it permits \" and disallows unescaped ". If set to zero, it does not permit either escape and allows both quote characters to appear unescaped.


Add
Adds a license key to the set of keys of a particular type.
Syntax
Key Add(string key)
Parameter
Specify the following parameter when using this method:
Parameter Description
key
The license key string to add to the set.
Return value
The added license key object.
Exceptions
Add may throw one of the following exceptions:
 - ApplicationException if the license key has expired, is invalid, or is a non-FIPS 140 key on a system that requires FIPS 140 keys.
 - ArgumentException if the parameter is null or empty or if the key already exists.


text:
The sample construction process yielded a population-based, random digit dialing sample of telephone numbers. The systematic dialing of those numbers to obtain a residential contact yielded a random sample of telephone households. The next step was to select eligible households within the total sample of working numbers.
An adult respondent at each number drawn into the sampling frame was contacted
about the composition of the household. Telephone numbers that yielded non-residential
contacts such as businesses, churches, and college dormitories, were screened
out. Only households, i.e., residences in which any number of related individuals
or no more than five unrelated persons living together, were eligible for
inclusion in the sample. This minimal screening was only to ascertain that
the sample of telephone numbers reached by interviewers was residential households.


text:
As Far As You Can Tell – Episode 12
To the sewers!
Once together the party decides to go to warehouse #11 and enter the hatch. When at the warehouse, they find that the lock is missing. There is a giant stone hatch with a hinge, and two iron rings that must be pulled at the same time to open. It leads to a 10×10 hole. The party drops down into a set of sewer tunnels on a small ledge overlooking an aqueduct. Once situated, Raziel unsheaths his sword to provide the party with light. The walkways in the sewer are extremely clean, and the water is cut off in the center. They head towards warehouse 14 with a spring in their step.
14: The party hears voices originating from the warehouse above. The unknown people speak of a broken lock, and allude to a secret door. The group decides to back around a corner in case the people above decide to check out the sewers, but instead they leave, and the party decides to head to warehouse 13.
13: The party hears combat within the warehouse above. They then decide to go to the docks and see how many warehouses they walk under along the way.
12: They hear sounds above the hatch.
11: The starting point.
10: It sounds like there are large entities above in the warehouse – noises such as wood on stone being moved around.
7: There is a hole under 7 that opens up to the warehouse. It looks like a 5×5 grate that would act like a drain, and it is 20 feet in the air.
6: The party hears the orcs talking above, but they are unable to understand their conversation.
5: The party hears muffled conversations above.
4: It sounds as if there is a party upstairs, and suddenly the air feels very hot.
3: On the way to warehouse 3, the party stops and takes a right to go to the docks. They eventually reach a blocked off section of the sewer. It looks like mortar and stone were used to block off the area.There is water on the other side, and the party realizes this is how water is being kept out. The group starts to hear a squishing noise behind them. They backtrack to a T in the sewer and approach the source of the sound. In that direction they see a light coming through a grate. Hove tries to listen through the grate but the sounds are muffled, as if the voices are underwater. Soon the party notices a small magical item under the light, which they determine is a Ring of Sustenance. Before rushing in to get the ring Raziel throws a rock at it and it gets stuck, then Ana shoots an arrow…right into a cube.
The party is able to narrowly defeat the gelatinous cube and its other cube friend. The ring was keeping the cube nourished and in place, while the other was cleaning the sewers. Fighting the cubes attracts people in the direction of the party, and they're soon confronted by a small group of men from the training room dressed like Sentinels, though lacking their signature bracers. The fight is swift, and ends with four dead and two unconscious fake Sentinels. Raziel's sword glows a bright red as it seems to drink the lifeforce from the fallen. The party loots 1pp, 14gp, and 534sp from one man who held all of the funds belonging to the fighters.
The party wakes the remaining two men. They lie and claim that they're Sentinels, and they threaten the party that Concord will deal with them soon. Their goal was to protect the assets in the warehouse and keep the route clear of intruders.They mention Astea's Grace, the alchemist fire bombs, though they do not seem to know what their end goal is. One man is named Dwayne Davis. These soldiers were brought here from Gloam. They learn from him that Concord is from Gloam as well, and that Concord is actually a Vathis Sentinel. He is here for revenge. The party is told that Salvation is female, and gives the party the description of Lydia. She is in charge of the entire operation and the mother of Concord. Dwayne met her in the station office. They own a tenement building, but Lydia stays on the ship and Concord stays in the office.
The men lead the party through the sewer to Guardian's basement, which is near the other wall blocking water. They confirm that they've been in Guardian's basement before, and they stole a suit of armor.
The party finds Zack and explains to him why they've returned. They also explain the contents of the warehouses and the impending threat of alchemist fire within the city, now within warehouses 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, and 16. More is being acquired for warehouses 11 and 14. The Asteans have been drinking the alchemist fire, but they must be using a different catalyst, as this substance is usually combustible with oxygen. The brewing operation is in warehouse 16. Though it doesn't seem to outwardly alter those who drink it, the party and Guardian both want a sample so they can analyze the chemical properties and determine what threat the Asteans might pose with the substance in their systems. Zack kills both of the false Sentinels and kicks them back down into the hole.
Back to the hotel…
When returning to the hotel, the party finds that people have checked in on the first floor. They seem to just be visiting the region. Kakara offers the party a traditional Oseptian breakfast in the morning, which they politely accept. As they ascend the lift to their suites and step out onto the balcony to admire the view and reflect on their actions, they hear the sound of explosions. Tiny fires burst into existence on the streets of Anchorage, and the city begins to burn.
- Ring of Sustenance (Violet is in possession of)
- 1pp, 14gp, 534sp


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I really need help in writing this function in Haskell, I don't even know where to start. Here are the specs:
Define a function flagpattern that takes a positive Int value greater than or equal to five and returns a String that can be displayed as the following 'flag' pattern of dimension n, e.g.
Main> putStr (flagpattern 7)
#######
## ##
# # # #
# # #
# # # #
## ##
#######
share|improve this question
2
I don't understand. Is this supposed to look like an ASCii-art number 7? Could you specify the problem in words and not in a single example? – Thomas M. DuBuisson Dec 3 '11 at 20:27

@Thomas: It looks like a cross in a box of size 7x7 to me. You can use recursion to create the cross. – Niklas B. Dec 3 '11 at 20:28

How does it then look for an even n? Also, I don't see how this is haskell-specific, its mostly problem solving in general, no? – Tarrasch Dec 3 '11 at 20:33
3
Its hard o help you if you don't even know where to start. StackOverflow works better on m ore specific questions – hugomg Dec 3 '11 at 20:42
Assuming you want a "X" enclosed in 4 lines, you need to write a function that given a coordinate (x,y) returns what character should be at that position:
coordinate n x y = if i == 0 then 'X' else ' '
(This version outputs only the leftmost X'es, modify it, remember indices start with 0)
Now you want them nicely arranged in a matrix, use a list comprehension, described in the linked text.
share|improve this answer
You should start from your problem definition:
main :: IO ()
main = putStr . flagPattern $ 7
Then, you should ask yourself about how much dots flag has:
flagPattern :: Int -> String
flagPattern = magic $ [1..numberOfDots]
Then, (hard) part of magic function should decide for each dot whether it is or #:
partOfMagic ...
 | ... = "#" -- or maybe even "#\n" in some cases?
 | otherwise = " "
Then, you can concatenate parts into one string and get the answer.
share|improve this answer
Start with the type signature.
flagpattern :: Int -> String
Now break the problem into subproblems. For example, suppose I told you to produce row 2 of a size 7 flag pattern. You would write:
XX XX
Or row 3 of a size 7 flag pattern would be
X X X X
So suppose we had a function that could produce a given row. Then we'd have
flagpattern :: Int -> String
flagpattern size = unlines (??? flagrow ???)
flagrow :: Int -> Int -> String
flagrow row size = ???
unlines takes a list of Strings and turns it into a single String with newlines between each element of the list. See if you can define flagrow, and get it working correctly for any given row and size. Then see if you can use flagrow to define flagpattern.
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Lavinia Fisher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lavinia Fisher
Born 1793
Charleston, South Carolina[citation needed]
Died February 18, 1820(1820-02-18)
Old City Jail, Charleston, South Carolina
Cause of death Execution
Criminal penalty Death by hanging
Victims Dave Ross (escaped), John Peeples (escaped), unidentified other murder victims
Country United States
Lavinia Fisher (1793 – February 18, 1820) is reported by some legends to have been the first female serial killer in the United States of America.[1] Her origins are unknown[citation needed]; however, Fisher resided in the United States for much of her life. She was married to John Fisher, and both were convicted of highway robbery—a capital offense at the time—not murder. Historians have begun to question the veracity of the traditional legend and some assert that Lavinia Fisher never killed anyone. Some, however, believe she would kill her victims by crushing their heads between her legs.[citation needed] She was however an active member of a large gang of highwaymen who operated out of two houses in the backcountry near Charleston, the Five Mile House and the Six Mile House. It is not clear whether the Six Mile House was a hotel,[citation needed] but it did serve as a hideout for a number of outlaws.
It is often claimed[citation needed] that Mary Surratt was the first woman to be hanged in the United States, but Lavinia was hanged 40 years earlier.
Fisher and her husband resided in Charleston, South Carolina for most of their lives. Together, they owned an inn, the Six Mile Wayfarer House,[2] which they managed in the early 19th century. The hotel was located six miles north of Charleston, South Carolina, hence the name. During their time there, reports were made to the local sheriff about guests disappearing. Due to lack of evidence, and the popularity of the couple with many locals, these complaints came to nothing.
Alleged crimes[edit]
Lavinia Fisher would invite lone travelers into the Six Mile Wayfarer House to dinner and ask them questions about their occupations, trying to determine if they had money. She would send them up to their rooms with a cup of poisoned tea. Once the men drank their tea and went to bed, her husband would go to the room to make sure they were dead by stabbing them.
Another version of the legend was that the tea would only put the men to sleep for a few hours. Then, when they were almost asleep, Lavinia would pull a lever and the bed would collapse and drop the victim into a pit.[2] Some believed that there were spikes waiting at the bottom of the pit.
Much of what actually occurred in the alleged murders at the hands of John and Lavinia Fisher has become wildly exaggerated through time, so factual details are hard to find. However, contemporary news accounts in the Charleston Post and Courier, claimed that a vigilante gang went to the Fishers' neighborhood in February 1819 to stop the purported 'gang activities' that were occurring there. Satisfied that they had accomplished their task, the group returned to Charleston, but left a young man by the name of David Ross to stand watch in the area.
Early the next day, Ross was attacked by two men and dragged before the gang that had terrorized the region. Among them was Lavinia Fisher, to whom he looked for help. However, rather than help him, she choked him and then smashed his head through a window. Ross managed to escape and immediately alerted authorities.[3]
Immediately following this incident, another traveler named John Peeples asked if there were any vacancies; Lavinia replied that there was unfortunately no room, but he was welcome to come inside and rest and have some tea. John happened to hate tea, and not wanting to seem rude, he dumped it when she wasn't looking. She interrogated him for hours and eventually said she discovered that in fact, they did have a room. He then went to bed. He had felt suspicious about the interrogation and was worried about being robbed, so he decided to sleep in the wooden chair by the door. In the middle of the night, he awoke to the loud sound of the bed collapsing and discovered the Fishers' plan. He jumped out the window and rode to Charleston to alert the authorities.
Based on these two accounts, the assailants were finally identified by name, something that law enforcement had previously lacked. Police were immediately dispatched to the location and during the ensuing investigation Lavinia and John were located, along with two other gang members. John Fisher surrendered the group in an effort to protect his wife and shield her from possible gunfire. Later, during interrogation, he again attempted to protect Lavinia by giving the identities of all involved in the gang.
Trial and execution[edit]
Nearly a full year elapsed between the time of their arrest and their execution. At their arraignment the Fishers pleaded not guilty but were ordered to be held in jail until their trial, which would take place in May, while their co-conspirators were released on bail. At their trial the jury rejected their pleas of innocence and found them guilty of highway robbery, a capital offense. However, the judge allowed an appeal and they were given a reprieve until the January session of the court.
During this time the Fishers occupied themselves with plans to escape, as they were housed together at the Charleston, South Carolina jail (the "Old City Jail")[4] in a 6x8 cell and not heavily guarded. On September 13 they put their plans into action and began their escape. Things did not go as planned as the rope they had made from prison linens broke, leaving Lavinia trapped in the cell and John set free. He was unwilling to continue the escape plan and was recaptured. The two were then kept under much tighter security.
The Constitutional court rejected their appeals and on February 4, 1820 both were sentenced to be hanged.[5] Awaiting execution, John accepted the counsel of the Reverend Richard Furman, a local minister, but Lavinia became even more vitriolic. She also argued to the judge that they could not hang a married woman, so they hanged John the day before her execution.
On the gallows in front of the Old City Jail before John Fisher's execution, Rev. Furman read aloud a letter John had composed, which stated that since he had become a Christian he could not be executed with a lie held to his account. Therefore he insisted on his innocence and asked mercy on those who had done him wrong in the judicial process. After the minister read the letter, Fisher then began to plead his case before the gathered crowd of some 2,000. He then seemingly contradicted himself by asking for their forgiveness.
The next day, Lavinia Fisher was hanged. According to locals, moments before her execution she addressed the crowd, saying, "If any of you have a message for the devil, tell me now—for I will be seeing him soon," or "If any of you have a message for the devil, say it now for I shall see him in a moment," and then she jumped off the stage and hanged herself.[2]
Lavinia was buried in a Potter's Field near the Old City Jail. Claims of her burial at 150 Meeting Street (The Circular Congregational Church) or at 4 Archdale Street (The Unitarian Church) appear to have been fictions promoted by tour guides.
 1. ^ Petro, Pamela (2002). Sitting Up With the Dead: A Storied Journey Through the American South. New York, New York: Arcade Books. p. 205. ISBN 1-55970-612-0.
 2. ^ a b c Mendoza, Patrick (1999). Extraordinary people in extraordinary times: heroes, sheroes, and villains. Libraries Unlimited. pp. 93–96. ISBN 1-56308-611-5.
 3. ^ Hendrix, Pat (2006). Murder and Mayhem in the Holy City. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. p. 29. ISBN 1-59629-162-1.
 4. ^ Hendrix, Pat; Hendrix, Toni; Spires, Heather; Corbett, Judy (2006). Murder and Mayhem in the Holy City. The History Press. p. 27. ISBN 1-59629-162-1.
 5. ^ Phillips, G. (January 17, 2002). "Charlestons Past". The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC). p. 2ZB. Retrieved 2011-03-06.


text:
Superstorm Sandy: Before, During And Beyond
Tue November 20, 2012
Thousands Of Trees Gone, Ripped Out By Sandy
Originally published on Tue November 20, 2012 5:14 pm
New York City lost almost 10,000 trees from the winds of Superstorm Sandy and the nor'easter that followed. That's far more trees lost in the city than in any other storm for which tree damage was recorded.
Walking through Central Park, Ken Chaya peers past a stone arch, observing the damage and uprooting of about 800 trees. He knows more about the park's trees than just about anybody else; he created a map that charts every single one of the roughly 20,000 trees.
"Looking over Glen Span, I can count 1-2-3-4-5 — at least five — fresh cuts of mature trees," he says, also noting the number of tree crews.
The city's Parks and Recreation Department, which looks out for street trees as well as those in parks, went on alert way before Sandy arrived. Five days before the storm, the department was already making arrangements with tree crews from around the country.
For several years, the department has noticed dramatic changes in weather. Bram Gunther, chief of forestry, horticulture and natural resources for the department, notes the unprecedented string of natural disasters in the last two years: two tornadoes, a freak storm that took down 500 Central Park trees, an unusual early winter storm and Tropical Storm Irene.
"When that happened, that really opened our eyes, and it opened our eyes to the power of these storms which we had not experienced directly in New York City, at least since I was a child," Gunther says.
Irene took down about 3,400 trees throughout the city, while Sandy claimed three times that amount. Many of those trees were old, beloved and as large as 6 feet in diameter.
"The bigger the tree, the more carbon it captures, the more particulate matter it filters, the more storm water it captures," Gunther says, "so it's a huge number in terms of environmental benefits and what it does for a community."
A study from the U.S. Department of Agriculture shows that the city's more than 5 million trees remove 42,000 tons of carbon and about 2,000 tons of air pollution per year. They also have a whopping monetary value of $5.2 billion.
Twenty-four hours after the storm, the department sent people walking, riding and bicycling all 33,000 blocks of New York City with handheld computers, reviewing damage and putting in work orders.
"We do every single one to assess and evaluate the damage of the trees and the safety of that particular block," explains Gunther, who monitored all the computers from his mobile command center.
In Central Park, Chaya points to a 75-year-old black locust. "Its trunk was just yanked out of the ground by the wind," he says.
Nearby, a downed tree has pulled up a huge rock — a piece of Manhattan schist, the 450-million-year-old bedrock that lies beneath Manhattan. Chaya says there is only a little layer of soil over the bedrock and trees can't sink a deep tap root, so they branch out horizontally. In a storm, many of the trees just topple over.
The city is already ahead of schedule in its commitment to plant 1 million trees by 2017. Because newly planted trees are small, Chaya says, it'll be years before the city can truly be what he calls an urban forest.
"Our urban forest, it's fading, we're losing it," he says.


Albanian National Archives
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Albanian National Archives (Albanian: Arkivi Qëndror i Shtetit or A.Q.SH) is the official archives of the Republic of Albania. It maintains important papers about Albania. It is in the city of Tirana and has smaller archives around the country. It was started in 1949.[1] It used to be ran by the Party of Labour of Albania, who ran the country. They were Communists. They stopped running the country in 2001 and the Swiss Federal Archives had to help the Albanian National Archives become up to date, because it's collections were damaged and the archives had no computers to help people find papers it has. By 2004, it's collections were fixed and it had computers and people could easily find what they were looking for.[2] The archives had many very important historical documents, including the Codex Beratinus,[3] Codex Beratinus II,[3] and version of the New Testament called the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript.[4] In 2011, the archives started working with the World Digital Library, who puts the archives photographs and books on their website so more people can see them.[5][6]
References[change | change source]
Other websites[change | change source]


text:
Both Ginger and Aloe Vera are known for being very beneficial. So what happens when you mix the two together? A great tea brew with multiple health benefits!
In natural medicine, these two ingredients are undoubtedly the most well-known and used.
- Aloe Vera is a plant. It grows into fleshy stalks that produce juices that are full of benefits.
- Ginger is an age-old root that's able to treat many of our common pains.
How to make ginger-aloe tea
1 cup of water
½ teaspoon of freshly grated ginger
1 tablespoon of aloe vera gel
1 teaspoon of honey
First of all, make sure you do not take more than three grams of ginger per day. Taking too much can have negative consequences.
Bring the water to a boil.
Once it's boiling, add the freshly grated garlic along with the aloe vera. The translucent gel comes from the inside of the plant's stalks. Do not add the outer part of the plant.
Let it boil for 15 minutes. Then, let it sit for another 10 minutes.
Strain the drink so only the tea remains. Sweeten it with honey and it is ready to drink.
Aids in fighting gastrithis
Can help in lowering cholesterol
Aids in weightloss
Reduces bodily toxins and bacteria
If you have hypertension, Crohn's disease, or kidney stones, you shouldn't consume ginger.
Like all things, overindulgence of Aloe Vera or Ginger can be harmful. The amounts listed in this recipe are a healthy amount.
Please consult your doctor beforehand if you have any doubts or health issues.


Type Here to Get Search Results!
How Bollywood was Established?
How Bollywood was Established?
There is no need for an introduction to Bollywood. The movies that are made in the Bollywood industry were like all over the world. From starting and till now, India is the country of art and artist, but Bollywood, India, differentiates worldwide. Bollywood is made from Mumbai old name Bombay and the Hollywood film industry name.
India has many other film industries like Tollywood, Punjabi, Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati, and many more, but the most popular and most earning and most movie industry of India is Bollywood.
 The starting of Bollywood word is in 1970 when India beat the United States for creating movies. This is just a naming.
Starting of Bollywood:
How Bollywood was Established?
The starting of India cinemas is in 1913 when the first India silent movie Raja Harishchandra release. This is the first movie made in India. After a few years from 1930, India cinema creates 200 films in a year. This is the era of silent cinema. In 1931 India's first voice video movie release and the name of the movie is Alam Ara.
The film is commercially successful. After the success of this movie, there is the starting of musical era movies. Now many movies create in India in different languages. The first color movie of India cinema is made in 1937, and the name of the film is Kisan Kanya.
After that, India faces many problems like world war 2, India Pak partition because of that, our India cinema is not that successful. Due to separation, many great artists are going to another country like Mohammed Rafi, Prithviraj Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand.
Golden Era Of Bollywood:
How Bollywood was Established?
After the independence of India in 1960, many Great Bollywood movies are released. This is the golden era of Bollywood.
The first time in 1957, Mehboob Khan made a movie Mother India. The Mother India movie is one of the biggest hits in all over the world.
Mother India movie is nominated for Academy Award for best foreign language.
But unfortunately, due to one less vote, Mother India movies not won Oscar. At the starting of Bollywood, many people do not like to work in Bollywood because they think it is not Indian culture. After the time change, people believe to be also changed, and many people give audition and show their talent to be selected in Bollywood.
In 1970 Bollywood is entirely changed. Now comedy, romance, action, every type of movie are created in Bollywood. 1970 is known as the classical era of Bollywood. From here, Bollywood famous all over the world. In 1983 for Gandhi movie Bhanu Athaiya won Oscar for best costume design.
 Today Bollywood industry is going through good times. The movies that are made in Bollywood are loved all over the world. The success of Bollywood is not because of one person, but it is because of all the hard work of the Bollywood industry in 100 years.
Exciting things may you know:
1. How did PUBG start?
2. How did Netflix start?
3. How did Tik Tok start?
4. How did ISRO start?
5. How did Google start?
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
This is the problem: Find non-trivial example of (linaer connected) space X so that cone over X is homeomorphic to cylinder over X. Trivial examples are one point set and empty set. I have absolutely no idea.My friend says it's an interval, then cone is triangle and cylinder is a rectangle, but I don't agree that they are homeomorphic. Am I wrong?
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So the cylinder is $X \times I$ while the cone is $(X \times I )/ (X \times \{0\})$. – john mangual Oct 9 '12 at 15:10
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1 Answer
For a closed interval, the cone and cylinders are a closed triangle and rectangle, and those are homeomorphic because either is homeomorphic to a closed disk.
For an open interval, however, you get into trouble. Then then the cone contains an isolated boundary point but the cylinder doesn't.
For a half-open interval there's still trouble, because the boundary of the cone is a half-open interval but the boundary of the cylinder is a closed interval.
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