text:
poor understanding of tradeoffs make it difficult to set targets for non-financial measures and to change incentive systems, it has been claimed that measuring non-financial parameters is meaningless if rewards are not attributed to them (Eccles, 1991). But in addition to difficulties in determining challenging target levels, it should be acknowledged that non-financial measures are not free from gaming possibilities either1 (Fisher, 1992).
نتیجه گیری انگلیسی
This study investigated the role of strategic performance measurement systems in respect of the interplay between different control levers. The 3K Scorecard was used for both diagnostic and interactive control purposes at the case company. Furthermore, the 3K Scorecard had specific implications for both beliefs systems and boundary systems (see Table 2). In the course of the development process, the main objective of the performance measurement system evolved from communicating customer focus (i.e. support to beliefs system) via strict strategic control (i.e. diagnostic control) finally to making sense of strategy and learning about strategic interdependencies (i.e. interactive control). The emphasis on an interactive (rather than diagnostic) use of the 3K Scorecard for strategic learning purposes has several implications. Already in the construction phase, managers frequently praised how enlightening the measurement team meetings were, giving strategy documents a specific content and nurturing intellectual discussion of underlying cause-and-effect relationships. When using the scorecard, it is possible to look at trends and evaluate the validity of anticipated relationships. This in turn accentuates the need to formulate and describe the measures in a way that the assumed cause-and-effect relationships are visible, and hence, it is possible to evaluate or question the validity of those assumptions. Our findings strongly support the use of strategic maps ( Kaplan and Norton, 2000 and Kaplan and Norton, 2001) and the definition of at least tentative cause-and-effect relationships as presented in other recent case studies (e.g. Wenisch, 2004). Two of the most intriguing findings in our case study relate to normative prescriptions that are commonly associated with the use of non-financial measures in such systems as the Balanced Scorecard, namely: (1) ex ante cause-and-effect verification; and (2) tight connections to managerial bonus systems. In our case study neither of these prescriptions held which could be explained by the bottom-up development process and interactive use of the measures. First, the connection between different measurement perspectives and two specific cause-and-effect relationship paths were not tested before the system was implemented. These relationships were based solely on managerial reasoning. But, ambiguity concerning the balance between different non-financial measures and the links between non-financial and financial measures was not considered to be a measurement problem per se. Rather, this was exactly the reason for using a balanced performance measurement system – i.e. to learn about potential cause-and-effect relationships, and the relative importance of different measures. Similarly, target setting was perceived as a challenge, and any meaningful target setting was only expected to follow the use of the system. Having said this, tentative target levels were set initially. Second, at the end of our research period only minimal changes had been made to the managers' remuneration systems. Some non-financial aspects had been added to bonus contracts, but this was not necessarily directly linked to the use of the 3K Scorecard. One important explanation for this stems from the development process and the way in which the system was used. From the perspective of global ABB, managers of FinABB could be considered as middle management. The impetus for adopting a new performance measurement system did not come top-down, but rather it was FinABB's management's own idea to develop a scorecard that would assist them to improve strategic management. Thus, there was consistent belief that the new system would eventually lead to improved financial performance and there was strong commitment towards using the system (perhaps with the exception of the Domestic Sales Manager). In addition, the focus was on discussion and learning – interactive use – and there was no interest in creating a reward or punishment atmosphere. Finally, it was perceived that reward systems should not be tightly linked to the bonus systems when ambiguity about measures and appropriate target levels prevails. But, as suggested above, such a connection might be less important if the managers have themselves developed the system for their own learning purposes. While interactive use of performance measures sheds a little different light on performance management, it can also be problematized. At least two problems remain with performance measurement and possibly even worsen when strategic performance measurement systems are primarily used for interactive controlling. First, the introduction of new non-financial performance measures may initiate rather strong resistance. Non-financial measures improve the visibility of actions. Since interactive control initiates discussions about strategic uncertainties, it is likely that more information about subordinates' and peers' actions is disclosed when compared to diagnostic control. This is likely to intensify resistance to change. The introduction of new non-financial measures is also likely to disrupt the power structures within an organization. An in-depth knowledge of customers, for example, implies an informal power dimension which might result in those who possess such knowledge being reluctant to share it (Vaivio, 2001 and Tuomela, 2001; see also Markus and Pfeffer, 1983). The additional time spent on data-gathering and the actual use of information creates further problems. In relation to the interactive use of strategic performance information, middle managers and functional managers were instructed to collect some of the data required for the 3K Scorecard. While these reporting requirements were perceived as an important means of communication, it added to these managers' workload. In addition, the business controllers at FinABB saw their workloads increase as a result of the 3K Scorecard – partly due to a need to continually remind and instruct middle managers and functional managers about their new reporting responsibilities. An interactive control, with its emphasis on discussion, also increased the number and length of meetings, consuming much managerial time. To conclude, the way in which strategic performance measurement systems are used has several implications for the benefits and problems related to its use. This finding is consistent with earlier results (Langfield-Smith, 1997, Abernethy and Brownell, 1999, Vaivio, 2001 and Bisbe and Otley, 2004) that it is not only the specific control tools (like the Balanced Scorecard) that are used but also the way they are applied that should be taken into account. Moreover, it should be taken into account that performance measurement systems have implications for all levers of controls and that the interactive use of performance management systems has some special benefits and challenges when compared to diagnostic controlling.


text:
From Our 2008 Archives
Running Slows the Effects of Aging
Latest Exercise & Fitness News
Study Shows Older Runners Have Fewer Disabilities Than Non-Runners
By Caroline Wilbert
Reviewed By Louise Chang, MD
Aug. 11, 2008 — Regular running slows the effects of aging, according to a new study from the Stanford University School of Medicine that tracked 500 older runners for more than 20 years.
Older runners have fewer disabilities, remain more active as they get into their 70s and 80s, and are half as likely as non-runners to die early deaths, the study shows.
"If you had to pick one thing to make people healthier as they age, it would be aerobic exercise," James Fries, MD, an emeritus professor of medicine at the medical school and the study's senior author, says in a news release.
Researchers tracked 538 runners over age 50, comparing them to a similar group of 423 non-runners. The runners were part of a nationwide running club.
The participants, now in their 70s and 80s, answered yearly questionnaires about their ability to perform everyday activities such as walking, dressing, grooming, getting out of a chair, and gripping objects. The researchers used national death records to learn which participants died and why. Nineteen years into the study, 34% of the non-runners had died, compared with only 15% of the runners.
At the beginning of the study, the runners ran an average of about four hours a week. After 21 years, their running time declined to an average of 76 minutes per week.
Everyone in the study became more disabled after 21 years, but for runners the onset of disability started later. Perhaps not surprisingly, running was linked to lower rates of cardiovascular deaths from causes such as stroke and heart attack. However, it also was associated with fewer early deaths from cancer, neurological disease, infections, and other causes, according to the findings.
The study appears in the Aug. 11 edition of Archives of Internal Medicine.
SOURCES: Chakravarty, E. Archives of Internal Medicine, Aug. 11, 2008; vol 168: no 15. News release, Stanford University Medical Center.
©2008 WebMD, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
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How to Raise Chickens for MeatThe Cornish Cross Chicken
Updated on April 30, 2019
Helena Ricketts profile image
Helena Ricketts is a blogger, freelance writer, and artist. She cares for dogs, cats, hamsters, and chickens.
Chickens can easily be raised to supply meat in addition to eggs.
Chickens can easily be raised to supply meat in addition to eggs. | Source
With all of the additives, preservatives and chemicals that have started showing up in our food, many people have decided to turn to raising their own. Chickens are the easiest meat to raise because they require less space and less food than other animals that humans eat.
Raising meat chickens is a rewarding experience from start to finish. The meat does taste different and has a denser texture than the bird you purchase from the grocery store. This is because it is all natural without the broth or water injections that are so commonly added to the bird in commercial processing plants.
If you are considering raising meat chickens, there are quite a few things that you need to know. It is the old way of doing things and can reconnect us with where our food actually comes from. Unfortunately, for the most part, we have become disconnected from where our food comes from which has resulted in a broken and unsafe commercial food system.
It is important to not treat your meat chickens as pets because come processing time, that can create a problem with the psychological side of the processing because for most of us, this isn't an easy thing to do. There is no enjoyment on processing day. The enjoyment comes later when the chicken is eaten.
Chicks Start Their Lives in a Brooder
Chicks in their brooder.
Chicks in their brooder. | Source
Supplies You Need for Brooding Meat Chicks
This list can vary slightly depending on if you are raising Cornish Cross chickens or not and the number of chickens you are planning to raise. Brooding materials are an up front cost of raising chickens for meat and most of the items will only have to be purchased or built once.
You will need:
 - A source of heat such as a heat lamp. Chicks need to be kept at a certain temperature for their first few weeks and a source of heat is a must have.
 - Chick drinker and feeder.
 - Litter for the bottom of the container. It can be newspaper, straw or wood chips (anything but cedar).
 - Some sort of large container to keep them in. A large plastic tote will work for less than 10 chicks for a couple of weeks but after that, you'll need something larger as the chicks grow until they are fully feathered. Some people find watering troughs work well as brooders. You will also want to have something that will work to cover the top as a lid.
 - Feed
How to Set Up a Brooder
It doesn't have to look perfect or be perfect. Since it is now fashionable and trendy to raise chickens for backyard coops and so many people are doing it, there's a lot of equipment to choose from for brooding chicks. This information is the same whether you are brooding laying hens or meat birds.
 1. Choose the right area for brooding your chicks. You want to stay away from high draft areas around doors and windows. It is personal preference whether you want to brood the chicks in the house, in the garage or outside but all will work if done correctly. I keep my chicks in the kitchen for the first two weeks then move them to the garage until they are ready to go outside.
 2. Fill the bottom of your container with either a layer of newspaper or 1 inch of the material you are going to use for litter.
 3. Attach the heat lamp either to the brooder container or somewhere that it will hang over the top of the container. You will want to keep the lamp to one side so the chicks can get away from the light and the heat if they need to.
 4. Fill the water container and the feed container and put them inside the brooder. I always advise to put the water in the side of the brooder box that doesn't have as much light and heat. That way their water doesn't get heated up from the lamp.
 5. Add the chicks and put the lid on it.
You are done with setting up your brooder.
A 4 Day Old Chick
Raising chickens for meat can be a rewarding experience.
Raising chickens for meat can be a rewarding experience. | Source
Raising Chicks
There are a few important things to remember when raising chicks.
Brooder Temperature: For the first week of the chick's lives they need to be kept in a 90 degree environment. After the first week, the temperature inside the brooder can be brought down about 10 degrees per week and the light removed once the nighttime temperatures don't require the use of the light.
It's a good idea to use a red colored heat lamp bulb when the brooder light is being used at night so the chicks aren't disturbed by lighting when trying to sleep. You wouldn't like trying to sleep with a bright white light shining down on you and neither do they! The red color does not disturb normal sleeping patterns and when their eyes are closed, the light doesn't shine through the eyelids.
Changing the Litter: Depending on what breed of meat chicken you are brooding, plan on changing the litter as often as every other day to at least twice a week. If you are raising Cornish Crosses, the litter will have to be changed a lot more often.
Feed and Water: Change the water twice a day and keep the feeder full. Chicks grow extremely fast and will eat more than what you would expect. They can also be messy. Even though they are babies, they will scratch in the litter which means they will toss litter up into their food and water. Some people set their water and feed containers on bricks or blocks of wood to elevate them and help keep the litter problem to a minimum.
Handling the Chicks: Even though these are meat birds and you won't want to treat them as pets, it is important to have the chicks used to being handled. You will want to pick each chick up daily for a few seconds so they will be used to being handled when they are bigger.
When to Put the Chicks Outside: Just like laying hens, meat chickens are ready to go to an outside pen or coop when they are fully feathered out. They can be allowed to free range or be outside in a fenced in area during the day after they are a couple of weeks old but since they require a certain amount of heat to keep them warm, only allow them to go out when the outdoor temperature is even or higher than their current temperature requirement.
What Does Chicken Feed Look Like?
Choosing the right feed for meat birds is extremely important.
Choosing the right feed for meat birds is extremely important. | Source
Feed and Food for Meat Chickens
Chickens are like miniature garbage disposals and they will eat almost anything. This is true when they are chicks too. Feel free to introduce your meat birds to all foods that chickens love like fresh vegetables, seeds, bugs and fruits. These foods are all nutritious for the chicken which will lead to a healthier chicken and a better bird on the table.
Chick feed is different than chicken feed. They are similar but the difference is similar to a child's vitamin and an adult vitamin. At different stages in our lives, we have different needs. If you choose to use feed, make sure to use chick starter feed for the first few weeks if using the Cornish Cross or about twelve weeks for other meat chickens.
Poultry grit is a necessary additive in both laying hens and meat chickens. The grit is reserved by the gizzard and helps the chicken digest their food. It can be mixed into feed or offered in a separate feeder for the chickens to eat as they need it. Poultry grit is simply small rocks and chickens that are not allowed to free range will need to be offered grit in order to be able to digest their food properly.
When it gets closer to processing time, a lot of people start upping the amount of corn that their meat chickens eat. This adds more bulk to the meat and "fattens" the chicken up before processing. The corn can be given fresh on the ear, in feed form or even out of a can.
Are you raising chickens for meat?
See results
Chicken Breeds to Raise for Meat and Where to Get Them
Chicks are usually available for purchase at feed stores in the spring. Sometimes they are sexed and sometimes they aren't but if you are raising chickens for meat, sexing really doesn't matter.
Hatcheries are also a good option for purchasing meat chickens. You place your order and they will send your chicks to you through the mail. You will need to pick up your chicks at your local post office in person. Chicks are surprisingly resilient and can survive being sent through the mail.
The breeds that you want to look for when choosing your meat birds are the ones that are called "heavy breeds." These breeds include the Jersey Giant, Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rocks and Orpingtons to name a few. Heavy breed chickens are ready for processing at different times depending on the breed, feed and desired size.
The most common breed of chicken that is raised for meat is the Cornish Cross. These chickens grow quickly and can be ready for processing in as little time as 8 to 12 weeks. This is the same breed


text:
1 Streams and lazy evaluation (40 points)
We know that comparison sorting requires at least O(n log n) comparisons where were are sorting n elements. Let's say we only need the first f(n) elements from the sorted list, for some function f. If we know f(n) is asymptotically less than log n then it would be wasteful to sort the entire list. We can implement a lazy sort that returns a stream representing the sorted list. Each time the stream is accessed to get the head of the sorted list, the smallest element is found in the list. This takes linear time. Removing the f(n) elements from the list will then take O(nf(n)). For this question we use the following datatype definitions. There are also some helper functions defined.
(* Suspended computation *) datatype 'a stream' = Susp of unit -> 'a stream (* Lazy stream construction *) and 'a stream = Empty | Cons of 'a * 'a stream'
Note that these streams are not necessarily infinite, but they can be.
Q1.1 (20 points) Implement the function lazysort: int list -> int stream'.
It takes a list of integers and returns a int stream' representing the sorted list. This should be done in constant time. Each time the stream' is forced, it gives either Empty or a Cons(v, s'). In the case of the cons, v is the smallest element from the sorted list and s' is a stream' representing the remaining sorted list. The force should take linear time. For example:
- val s = lazysort( [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4] ); val s = Susp fn : int stream' - val Cons(n1, s1) = force(s); val n1 = 4 : int val s1 = Susp fn : int stream' - val Cons(n2, s2) = force(s1); val n2 = 5 : int val s2 = Susp fn : int stream' - val Cons(n3, s3) = force(s2); val n3 = 6 : int val s3 = Susp fn : int stream'
Here is what is given as code:
(* Suspended computation *) datatype 'a stream' = Susp of unit -> 'a stream (* Lazy stream construction *) and 'a stream = Empty | Cons of 'a * 'a stream' (* Lazy stream construction and exposure *) fun delay (d) = Susp (d) fun force (Susp (d)) = d () (* Eager stream construction *) val empty = Susp (fn () => Empty) fun cons (x, s) = Susp (fn () => Cons (x, s)) (* Inspect a stream up to n elements take : int -> 'a stream' -> 'a list take': int -> 'a stream -> 'a list *) fun take 0 s = | take n (s) = take' n (force s) and take' 0 s = | take' n (Cons (x, xs)) = x::(take (n-1) xs)
My attempt at a solution
I tried to do the following which get the int list and transforms it to int stream':
(* lazysort: int list -> int stream' *) fun lazysort (:int list) = empty | lazysort (h::t) = cons (h, lazysort(t));
But when calling force it does not return the minimum element. I have to search for the minimum, but I do not know how... I thought of doing insertion sort like following:
fun insertsort = | insertsort (x::xs) = let fun insert (x:real, ) = [x] | insert (x:real, y::ys) = if x<=y then x::y::ys else y::insert(x, ys) in insert(x, insertsort xs) end;
But I have to search for the minimum and to not sort the list and then put it as a stream...
Any help would be appreciated.


text:
- About Us
Potential Effects of a Forest Management Plan on Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis): Linking a Spatially Explicit Model with GIS
Journal or Book Title: Conservation Biology
Page Number(s): 62-79
Year Published: 1995
By combining a spatially explicig individual-based population simulation model with a geographic information systerrg we have simulated the potential effects of a US. Forest Service management plan on the population dynamics of Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) at the Savannah River Site, a U.S. Department of Energy facility in South Carolina. Although the Forest Service's management plan explicitly sets management goals for many specie& most of the prescribed management strategy deals with the endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) because of legal requirements. We explored how a species (the sparrow) that is not the target of specific management strategies but that shares some habitat requirements with the woodpecker, would fare under the management plan. We found that the major components of the proposed management plan may allow the sparrow population to reach and exceed the minimum management goal set for this species, but only after a substantial initial decline in sparrow numbers and a prolonged transition period, In the model, the sparrow population dynamics were most sensitive to demographic variables such as adult and juvenile survivorship and to landscape variables such as the suitability of young clearcuts and mature pine stands. Using various assumptions about habitat suitability, we estimated that the 50.year probability of population extinction is at least5% or may be much higher if juvenile survivorship is low. We believe, however, that modest changes in the management plan might greatly increase the sparrow population and presumably decrease the probability of extinction. Our results suggest that management plans focusing on one or a few endangered species may potentially threaten other species of management concern. Spatially explicit population models are a useful tool in designing modifications of management plans that can reduce the impact on nontarget species of management concern.
Type of Publication: Journal Article


A Custom Table Model
Besides problems with sorting numeric data, the DefaultTableModel has some other drawbacks. If the data being stored in a JTable is associated with a java object, you will have to work harder to synchronize changes to the JTable with the underlying data. Suppose you have an ArrayList of some Java objects. You have to convert this data into Object[][] to populate the JTable. If you make changes to the JTable, you have to remember to make corresponding changes in the ArrayList of the underlying data. That same type of synchronization must occur if you change the underlying data and you want the JTable to be updated.
A way to make this synchronization easier, is to use a custom table mode, by extending the javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel class. An abstract class can consist of regular methods that you inherit if they are public. But, an abstract class will also have abstract methods that must be implemented by the class that extends the abstract class.
The AbstractTableModel class has the following abstract methods:
public int getRowCount();
public int getColumnCount();
public Object getValueAt(int row, int column);
There are additional methods you may want to add, but your class that extends AbstractTableModel must implement these methods. Before we get to this, we need a simple storage class. Here is "SimpleBook.java", from the previous page on JTables
public class SimpleBook {
 private String title;
 private String author;
 private double price;
 public SimpleBook(String t, String a, double pr) {
 title = t.trim();
 author = a.trim();
 price = pr;
 }
 public String getTitle() {
 return title;
 }
 public String getAuthor() {
 return author;
 }
 public double getPrice() {
 return price;
 }
}
Here is the file "SimpleBookList.java", also from the previous page on JTables with some modifications.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.io.*; //File,FileReader,FileNotFoundException,BufferedReader,IOException
public class SimpleBookList {
 private ArrayList<SimpleBook> bookList;
 public SimpleBookList() {
 bookList = new ArrayList<SimpleBook>();
 }
 public void add(SimpleBook sb) {
 bookList.add(sb);
 }
 public ArrayList<SimpleBook> getBooks() {
 return bookList;
 }
 public void readFromCSV(String filename) {
 File file = new File(filename);
 FileReader reader = null;
 try {
 reader = new FileReader(file);
 }
 catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 System.exit(1);
 }
 BufferedReader infile = new BufferedReader(reader);
 String line = "";
 try {
 boolean done = false;
 while (!done) {
 line = infile.readLine();
 if (line == null) {
 done = true;
 }
 else {
 String[] tokens = line.trim().split(",");
 String title = tokens[0].trim();
 String author = tokens[1].trim();
 double price = Double.parseDouble(tokens[2].trim());
 SimpleBook sb = new SimpleBook(title,author,price);
 bookList.add(sb);
 }
 }
 }
 catch (IOException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 System.exit(1);
 }
 }
}
The new lines, lines 11-13, are shown with a different background. Also, the convert2Data() method has been removed because it won't be needed with the custom table model.
A class that extends javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel
Here is the file "SimpleBookTableModel.java":
import javax.swing.table.AbstractTableModel;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class SimpleBookTableModel extends AbstractTableModel {
 private String[] columnNames = {"Title","Author","Price"};
 private ArrayList<SimpleBook> myList;
 public SimpleBookTableModel(SimpleBookList bkList) {
 myList = bkList.getBooks();
 }
 public int getColumnCount() {
 return columnNames.length;
 }
 public int getRowCount() {
 int size;
 if (myList == null) {
 size = 0;
 }
 else {
 size = myList.size();
 }
 return size;
 }
 public Object getValueAt(int row, int col) {
 Object temp = null;
 if (col == 0) {
 temp = myList.get(row).getTitle();
 }
 else if (col == 1) {
 temp = myList.get(row).getAuthor();
 }
 else if (col == 2) {
 temp = new Double(myList.get(row).getPrice());
 }
 return temp;
 }
 // needed to show column names in JTable
 public String getColumnName(int col) {
 return columnNames[col];
 }
 public Class getColumnClass(int col) {
 if (col == 2) {
 return Double.class;
 }
 else {
 return String.class;
 }
 }
}
As mentioned earlier, any class that extends the AbstractTableModel class must implement the following methods:
public int getColumnCount()
public int getRowCount()
public Object getValueAt(int row, int col)
These are the absolute minimum necessary methods to display data in the JTable. However, the getColumnName() method is also needed if you want to display column headings. In addition, the getColumnClass() method is also needed if you want to sort properly by any column other than a column with a String type. So, these methods are important as well.
If you are going to allow removing rows from the table, you would include a method for doing that in this class as well. That requires modifying the internal data for the model (in this case the variable myList) and calling the fireTableRowsDeleted(index, index) method.
For the SimpleBookTableModel to work, an ArrayList<SimpleBook> object must be returned from a SimpleBookList object. The constructor defined on lines 6-8 has been written to take this into account.
A GUI program that uses this custom table model with a JTable
Here is the program "CustomJTable.java". It is modified from "BasicJTable.java".
import javax.swing.JTable;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Dimension;
public class CustomJTable extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
 private SimpleBookTableModel tableModel;
 private JTable table;
 private SimpleBookList myList;
 public CustomJTable(String title) {
 super(title);
 setBounds(10,10,400,300);
 setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
 myList = new SimpleBookList();
 myList.readFromCSV("books.csv");
 tableModel = new SimpleBookTableModel(myList);
 table = new JTable(tableModel);
 table.setAutoCreateRowSorter(true);
 JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(table);
 scrollPane.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(380,280));
 JPanel panel = new JPanel();
 panel.add(scrollPane);
 add(panel,BorderLayout.CENTER);
 }
 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {

 }
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 CustomJTable myApp = new CustomJTable("Custom JTable");
 myApp.setVisible(true);
 }
}
The new or modified lines, shown with a different background, are line 9, 10, 13, 19 and 32-33.
Line 9 has the class name changed to CustomJTable. Line 10 defines a new instance variable, tableModel, that is used to hold the SimpleBookCustomTable object.
Line 13 has the constructor name changed to match the class name. Line 19 constructs the table model by passing the SimpleBookList object to the SimpleBookCustomTable constructor.
Lines 32 and 33 have been changed to use the name of this new class.
If you run this program, you will see that the Price column sorts correctly now.
Updating the JTable
Here are a few events that cause an update the JTable:


Torsion springs, known for their ability to generate torsional or rotational force when twisted, are a key component in various devices and machines. Their application can influence the way they operate. For instance, in vehicle suspension systems, the torsion spring's design and selection is integral to vehicle stability and passenger safety. It's worth noting that even though springs are made to return to their initial state after twisting, this rate can vary based on factors such as the spring's material and diameter. This article aims to explore the different application areas of torsion springs, providing strategies for improving their functionality.
Hinges
Torsion springs are an essential component of hinges in various applications like doors and cupboards. The torsion spring in a door hinge allows the door to return to its primary closed position post-opening, functioning by retaining mechanical energy during the door's opening and releasing it as rotational movement when the door closes.
The performance of a torsion spring depends on its specific characteristics, including the type and size, and these should be tailored to the specific door in use. The door's weight and size are key considerations in torsion spring selection. For instance, a lighter, interior door relies on a smaller, less rigid torsion spring, while a robust security door necessitates a larger, more robust spring. A precise selection process is a requirement for successful spring calibration.
Accurate calibration of a torsion spring is central to mitigating problems like the door forcefully closing or opening too wide. A well-calibrated spring ensures the stable performance of the door, decreasing the possibility of structural damage and preventing unpredictable door movement.
Angular Shock Absorption
Torsion springs can be useful in systems tasked with shock absorption. Key parameters dictate the performance of these springs in this role.
The dominant variables include the spring's diameter, wire diameter, material constitution, total coil count, and its spring rate. For instance, a spring's diameter and wire diameter contribute to its spring rate or stiffness, relevant for shock absorption. Springs with larger diameters and thicker wires demonstrate increased stiffness and better endurance against twist and deformation, making them more effective in shock absorption.
However, amplifying a spring's stiffness does not always lead to positive outcomes. While shock absorption might improve, an overly stiff spring might harshen the system's response due to a lack of dispersed energy absorption. In this context, the choice and design of torsion springs must consider both the shock absorption force and duration or total stroke angle.
Mouse Traps
Torsion springs in mouse traps are kept under a torque, which applies force to a catch. Once a mouse interacts with the trap, the spring releases its stored mechanical energy, enabling the trap to close.
A careful material selection for the spring can influence the durability of the product because of the stress due to repeated torsional forces. For instance, high carbon steel is often used for springs in mouse traps owing to its strong characteristics.
Modifying the torsion spring can alter trap sensitivity. Springs with less strength may be appropriate for uses needing greater sensitivity, whereas springs with more strength might be fitting for uses that require additional resistance.
Despite the straightforward design, handling torsion springs during installation might include hazards because of the potential energy within the spring. Following safety procedures during installation can reduce possible risk. This scenario shows that torsion springs possess a capacity to both store and regulate the release of mechanical energy.
Pendulums
Torsion springs in pendulum clocks are part of the operative mechanism. They secure to the pendulum rod and twist to accumulate energy as the pendulum swings. Subsequently, they unwind and release this energy, propelling the pendulum in the other direction. This repeating cycle contributes to the consistency of the clock's timing. Torsion spring selection directly correlates with this timing consistency.
Selecting an appropriate torsion spring is determined by the features of the associated pendulum, specifically its weight and length. Generally, heavier and longer pendulums require torsion springs with higher spring constants. These have the ability to manage the greater torque, reducing timing errors. For example, a pendulum clock with a heavy pendulum paired with a torsion spring that lacks the necessary stiffness could result in the clock losing time.
Multiple parameters must be considered when choosing torsion springs for pendulum clocks. These include the pendulum's physical attributes and the features of the spring's material. For example, the type of material used in the spring can impact its elastic properties. This has an effect on the spring's ability to store and release energy, its durability, and ultimately, the lifespan of the pendulum clock.
Pins
Conclusion
Wrapping up, torsion springs serve as essential parts in the operation of numerous mechanical objects, extending from common home items to advanced industry equipment. Understanding the workings of torsion springs offers engineers the benefit of selecting the right spring for their design, and utilize its attributes to better the overall performance. The utilization of torsion springs can be seen in mechanisms such as a pendulum clock, a mousetrap, or a door hinge - each highlighting the basic yet fundamental role of these components.


text:
Blowing in the Wind
Long straight stitches dotted with French knots radiate from the center of this graceful dandelion pouf. Wispy fly-stitch florets create a sense of movement.
Designer: Tsuki Fox
12" square of blue linen
6"-diameter wooden embroidery hoop
Embroidery floss: white
Matching sewing thread
1. Click on "Download this Project" above for pattern and stitch instructions. Using a light box or a sunny window, trace the pattern onto the center of the fabric using a sharp pencil.
2. Place blue linen square in embroidery hoop, centering traced design inside hoop and pulling fabric taut. Tighten screw.
3. Using four strands of white embroidery floss and beginning at the bottom of dandelion stem, chain stitch stem.
4. Using two strands of white embroidery floss and a long straight stitch, stitch each dandelion pouf line. Add a double-wrapped French knot to end of each long stitch.
5. Flystitch floating dandelion florets with one strand of embroidery floss. Modify stitched slightly to look as if they are floating in the wind.
6. Remove embroidery from hoop. Using a warm iron and working on wrong side, press finished embroidery. Insert embroidery into hoop, centering design and pulling fabric taut.
7. When all stitching is complete, turn the hoop over. Stitch a running stitch approximately 1-1⁄2" outside the hoop in the fabric that extends past the hoop edges. Pull the thread to gather the fabric; knot the thread. Trim away the extra fabric approximately 1" outside the gathered line.
8. If desired, cut a felt circle that is slightly smaller than the back of the embroidery hoop. Whipstitch the felt circle to the gathered fabric on the back side of the hoop.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Roman monetary history has tended to focus on the study of Roman coinage but other assets regularly functioned as, or in place of, money. This book places coinage in its broader monetary context by also examining the role of bullion, financial instruments, and commodities such as grain and wine in making payments, facilitating exchange, measuring value and storing wealth. The use of such assets reduced the demand for coinage in some sectors of the economy and is a crucial factor in determining the impact of the large increase in the coin supply during the last century of the Republic. Money demand theory suggests that increased coin production led to further monetization, not per capita economic growth.
Money in the Late Roman Republic
David B. Hollander
Like coinage, bullion, financial instruments and a variety of commodities played an important role in Rome's monetary system. This book examines how the availability of such assets affected the demand for coinage and the development of the late Republican economy.
No additional information


text:
winning means a simple majority or over half of the votes.
If it takes
at least half voting Yes to pass a motion, the motion
did not pass.
There are different ways to solve the
Look at different numbers of boys and girls. Think about
each of the following:
A class of 50 boys and 50 girls
A class of 0 boys and 100 girls
A class of 100 boys and 0 girls
In neither of the extreme cases nor in any other case
will the motion pass.
Above the line, you see that 100% of
the boys are depicted to the left of the bold line [light
blue rectangle] with 100% of the girls to the right [pink
rectangle]. Below the line are the voting percentages
of Yes and No for both boys and girls.
To determine if the Yes vote wins, then the segments
representing the Yes votes together have to be over half
the length of the entire segment. The segments representing
Yes will never add to half of the total length so the
motion cannot pass.


) to yield dihydrodipicolinate. In this work we tested the inhibitory effects of structural analogues of pyruvate on recombinant Mtb-DapA (Mtb-rDapA) using a coupled assay with recombinant dihydrodipicolinate reductase (Mtb-rDapB). Alpha-ketopimelic acid (α-KPA) showed maximum inhibition of 88% and IC50 of 21 μM in the presence of pyruvate (500 μM) and ASA (400 μM). Competition experiments with pyruvate and ASA revealed competition of α-KPA with pyruvate. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) showed that the relative abundance peak of final product, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, was decreased by 50%. Thermal shift assays showed 1 °C Tm shift of Mtb-rDapA upon binding α-KPA. The 2.4 Å crystal structure of Mtb-rDapA-α-KPA complex showed the interaction of critical residues at the active site with α-KPA. Molecular dynamics simulations over 500 ns of pyruvate docked to Mtb-DapA and of α-KPA-bound Mtb-rDapA revealed formation of hydrogen bonds with pyruvate throughout in contrast to α-KPA. Molecular descriptors analysis showed that ligands with polar surface area of 91.7 Å(2) are likely inhibitors. In summary, α-hydroxypimelic acid and other analogues could be explored further as inhibitors of Mtb-DapA. PMID:27501775
 4. Transcripts for genes encoding soluble acid invertase and sucrose synthase accumulate in root tip and cortical cells containing mycorrhizal arbuscules.
 Blee, Kristopher A; Anderson, Anne J
 2002-09-01
 Arbuscule formation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (Schenck & Smith) was limited to cortical cells immediately adjacent to the endodermis. Because these cortical cells are the first to intercept photosynthate exiting the vascular cylinder, transcript levels for sucrose metabolizing-enzymes were compared between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. The probes corresponded to genes encoding a soluble acid invertase with potential vacuolar targeting, which we generated from Phaseolus vulgaris roots, a Rhizobium-responsive sucrose synthase of soybean and a cell wall acid invertase of carrot. Transcripts in non-mycorrhizal roots were developmentally regulated and abundant in the root tips for all three probes but in differentiated roots of P. vulgaris they were predominantly located in phloem tissues for sucrose synthase or the endodermis and phloem for soluble acid invertase. In mycorrhizal roots increased accumulations of transcripts for sucrose synthase and vacuolar invertase were both observed in the same cortical cells bearing arbuscules that fluoresce. There was no effect on the expression of the cell wall invertase gene in fluorescent carrot cells containing arbuscules. Thus, it appears that presence of the fungal hyphae in the fluorescent arbusculated cell stimulates discrete alterations in expression of sucrose metabolizing enzymes to increase the sink potential of the cell. PMID:_PHONE_
 5. Wounding stimulates ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE gene and increases the level of jasmonic acid in Ipomoea nil cotyledons
 Emilia Wilmowicz
 2016-03-01
 Full Text Available Allene oxide synthase (AOS encodes the first enzyme in the lipoxygenase pathway, which is responsible for jasmonic acid (JA formation. In this study we report the molecular cloning and characterization of InAOS from Ipomoea nil. The full-length gene is composed of 1662 bp and encodes for 519 amino acids. The predicted InAOS contains PLN02648 motif, which is evolutionarily conserved and characteristic for functional enzymatic proteins. We have shown that wounding led to a strong stimulation of the examined gene activity in cotyledons and an increase in JA level, which suggest that this compound may be a modulator of stress responses in I. nil.
 6. Molecular cloning and regulation of murine fatty acid synthase mRNA
 Mouse liver mRNA that was enriched in sequences coding for fatty acid synthase (FAS) by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation was used as a template for cDNA synthesis. Double-stranded cDNA sequences were inserted into pBR322 and λgt10 and cloned. Clones containing putative cDNA sequences for FAS were identified by differential hybridization where 32P-cDNAs, synthesized from sucrose gradient purified liver mRNA from mice starved or starved and refed a fat-free diet, were used as probes. Two of these clones were further studied and found to contain sequences complementary to FAS mRNA by hybrid-selected translation and specific immunoprecipitation. Using these clones as probes, they selected 33 additional clones containing cDNA sequences for FAS. Partial DNA sequence data for these clones were obtained. Northern blot analysis revealed a single mRNA size of 9.3 kb when a cDNA clone with a 3.1 kb insert was used as a probe. This is in contrast to rat liver FAS which showed two mRNAs sizes of 9.2 and 10.0 kb. They also studied FAS mRNA level of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes during differentiation into adipocytes. An approximate 10-fold increase in FAS mRNA content was observed which corresponded with an increased rate of FAS synthesis indicating pretranslational regulation. The FAS cDNA probe was also employed to demonstrate that induction of FAS in the livers of previously starved mice that were fed a fat-free diet was controlled pretranslationally by a parallel modulation of the FAS mRNA concentration
 7. Acid sphingomyelinase gene knockout ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemic glomerular injury in mice lacking cystathionine-β-synthase.
 Krishna M Boini
 Full Text Available Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM has been implicated in the development of hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys-induced glomerular oxidative stress and injury. However, it remains unknown whether genetically engineering of ASM gene produces beneficial or detrimental action on hHcys-induced glomerular injury. The present study generated and characterized the mice lacking cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs and Asm mouse gene by cross breeding Cbs(+/- and Asm(+/- mice. Given that the homozygotes of Cbs(-/-/Asm(-/- mice could not survive for 3 weeks. Cbs(+/-/Asm(+/+, Cbs(+/-/Asm(+/- and Cbs(+/-/Asm(-/- as well as their Cbs wild type littermates were used to study the role of Asm(-/- under a background of Cbs(+/- with hHcys. HPLC analysis revealed that plasma Hcys level was significantly elevated in Cbs heterozygous (Cbs(+/- mice with different copies of Asm gene compared to Cbs(+/+ mice with different Asm gene copies. Cbs(+/-/Asm(+/+ mice had significantly increased renal Asm activity, ceramide production and O(2.(- level compared to Cbs(+/+/Asm(+/+, while Cbs(+/-/Asm(-/- mice showed significantly reduced renal Asm activity, ceramide production and O(2.(- level due to increased plasma Hcys levels. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that colocalization of podocin with ceramide was much lower in Cbs(+/-/Asm(-/- mice compared to Cbs(+/-/Asm(+/+ mice, which was accompanied by a reduced glomerular damage index, albuminuria and proteinuria in Cbs(+/-/Asm(-/- mice. Immunofluorescent analyses of the podocin, nephrin and desmin expression also illustrated less podocyte damages in the glomeruli from Cbs(+/-/Asm(-/- mice compared to Cbs(+/-/Asm(+/+ mice. In in vitro studies of podocytes, hHcys-enhanced O(2.(- production, desmin expression, and ceramide production as well as decreases in VEGF level and podocin expression in podocytes were substantially attenuated by prior treatment with amitriptyline, an Asm inhibitor. In conclusion, Asm gene knockout or corresponding enzyme
 8. Effect of estrogen on gene expression of fatty acid synthase in periosteum
 ZHENG Rui-min; LIN Shou-qing; LIU Yong; HUANG Man-ting; GONG Wei-yan; WU Zhi-hong
 2009-01-01
 Background Estrogen deficiency contributes to postmenopausal osteoporosis.Periosteum might be a potential target of


text:
This is a job market seminar organized for selected candidates from the European Job Market.
Despite massive migration flows in the past century, their long-term consequences for the communities of origin remain largely unexplored. This paper examines the impact of mass emigration on human capital accumulation over a century. The context is the Galician diaspora, one of the greatest emigration episodes of the twentieth century in Europe. I combine newly digitized data from multiple historical sources with contemporary administrative and survey data to build a unique database of all Galician municipalities from 1860 until today. I use data on absent men as a novel proxy for emigration that I instrument with two sources of plausibly exogenous variation: pioneer emigration caused by extreme rainfall and the economic cycle at migrants' destinations. I find that while emigration depressed literacy rates at origin in the short run, one decade later the impact became positive and led to persistent gains in human capital. I provide empirical evidence that these long-run effects are partly due to migrants' investments at origin and a cultural change. Migrants financed the construction of hundreds of schools in their hometowns that subsequently raised educational attainment. Similarly, emigrants realized that education was of major importance and transmitted these norms back home leading to a persistent change in beliefs about the value of education and effort.


text:
BETOPOX® BREA is a solvent-free, two-component impermeable coating, based on epoxy resins modified with special tars. Once the mixture has been catalysed, it forms an impermeable, hard, resilient, flexible film with high chemical aggression and abrasion resistances
Waterproofing bridge decks.
Waterproofing concrete construction elements in contact with the ground such as retaining walls, foundations, water ducts, pipes, pits, etc.
Coating for steel and concrete tanks and ducts in general.
As protection against chemical aggressions in water purifying plants, decanters, digesters anaerobic, storage tanks, wastewater pipes, etc.
Good abrasion resistance.
Good adherence to concrete, metal, fibre cement, ceramic tile substrates, etc.
Good chemical strength against bases and diluted acids, mineral oils, grease and detergents.
Resistant to atmospheric agents, sea water and fecal water.
Flexible and with elastic properties.
Easy and quick to apply.
High film thickness in one layer.
Long application time.
The amount used depends on the application system, the purpose and the condition and temperature of the substrate. On average, the amount used varies between 650 - 1000 g/m2.
For metallic surfaces it is advisable to have a thickness of 60-80 microns, with a coating of approximately per layer. 125 a 150 g/m2
For concrete and mortar surfaces 300-500 g/m2 per layer, with 2 or 3 layers being recommended in some cases. When an abrasion resistant coating is required by sprinkling with silica, the amounts increase to 400-500 g/m2 per layer, sprinkling 300-500 g/m2 of silica over the intermediate layer and _PHONE_ g/m2 over the final coating layer.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Indoor and outdoor suspended particulate matter and associated carbonaceous species at residential homes in northwestern Portugal|
|Abstract:||Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10μm (PM10), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were measured simultaneously in the indoor and outdoor air of 4 residences located in urban and sub-urban areas in northwestern Portugal. The residences were studied with occupants. One residence was also studied without any indoor activity, taking advantage of the fact that the occupants had moved into a new home. First, 48-h aerosol samples were collected on quartz fiber filters with low-volume samplers equipped with size selective inlets. The filters were weighed and then analyzed for OC and EC using a thermal-optical transmittance method. The average indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations in the occupied residences were 71.9±38.3μg/m3 and 54.0±13.3μg/m3, respectively. Despite the higher concentration of PM10 indoors, outdoor sources were found to be a significant contributor to indoor concentrations. An estimate based on data from the residence studied under different occupancy conditions indicated that outdoor sources can account for 68% of the indoor PM10 mass concentration. Average indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratios for OC ranged from 1.7 to 5.6 in occupied residences, showing that indoor sources, such as cooking, smoking, biomass burning and movement of people, strongly influenced indoor OC concentrations. In contrast, I/O ratios for EC were close to 1, except for a smokers' residence, suggesting that indoor concentrations were mainly controlled by outdoor sources, most likely from vehicular emissions and biomass burning.|
|Appears in Collections:||CESAM - Artigos|
DAO - Artigos
Files in This Item:
|Custodio et al. - 2014 - Indoor and outdoor suspended particulate matter an.pdf||178.27 kB||Adobe PDF|
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
This two-hour webinar will teach participants the following:
- Effective strategies for recruiting a diverse pool of qualified candidates—what's working?
- Strategies for increasing representation from within your community.
- How diverse is your eligible hiring pool and are your recruiting efforts falling short of representing that diversity?
Documenting your day-to-day recruiting efforts and hiring practices to:
- Verify internally that you are engaging in a good faith effort to create a department that reflects the community you serve, and
- Defend your agency against claims of willful discrimination or deliberate indifference if those claims are unfounded.
Long-term strategies for increasing diversity in your agency and in your profession
Matt Dolan is a licensed attorney in the State of Illinois, who specializes in training and advising public safety agencies in matters of labor and employment law. His practice experience focuses on employment discrimination claims brought under federal law, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ("Title VII"), the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"). He received his Bachelor's Degree in Political Science from DePaul University and his J.D. from Loyola University Chicago School of Law.
Matt serves as a public safety instructor with Dolan Consulting Group. He has trained and advised thousands of public safety professionals throughout the United States in matters of legal liability related to personnel management.


text:
Women and Equality in Air Traffic Control
There is a growing worldwide shortage of air traffic controllers, a profession which is key to a safe aviation industry. Forecasts from the International Civil Aviation Organisation, a United Nations specialized agency, predict a shortfall of over 40,000 controllers over the next 20 years.
Many of IFATCA's Member Associations also report a decreasing interest from qualified applicants to pursue a career in ATC. As with aviation in general, women remain significantly under-represented in our profession. Given the gender imbalance, investing in making the profession more attractive to women could tap into a currently underused demographic, which currently risks missing out on up to 50 % of the recruitment base.
In most countries, female air traffic controllers remain a minority. While an increasing number of women have been working as controllers over the past decades, there is still a significant imbalance, even in the public perception of the job. While a controller requires specific skills, none of these correlates directly to gender. Our profession is generally open to female applicants, however greater effort is needed to make it more accessible and attractive to women, and to encourage them to apply.
The air traffic control community consists of an extremely diverse mix of people, in which women should be proportionally represented. One of the enablers for this is to have role models. In other words:
If She Can See It, She Can Be It
As the professional organisation representing over 50,000 air traffic controllers worldwide, IFATCA joins other organisations on March 8th, the International Women's Day. We acknowledge the contributions of all female colleagues to our unique profession. At the same time, we recognise the women who are at the start of their career in ATC and encourage those that are considering pursuing one.
IFATCA highlights the importance of role models to help convince new generations of women that they have an essential role in aviation and in air traffic control. We call upon employers and lawmakers to ensure an equal opportunity environment exists in recruitment, training and career opportunities. Any existing bias should be removed, aiming for a more balanced gender distribution in air traffic control, and aviation in general.


EditTO
Web. EditTO
EditTO
Constructor
new EditTO()
A Web edit box.
Members
displayName
Returns the object display name defined in the Application Model.
Methods
$(selector, objTypeopt) → {*}
Creates a child test object of this test object. This operation does not cause UFT Developer to search for the object in the AUT. UFT Developer interacts with the application only when a step runs that performs an operation on the AUT object.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
selectorDescription | stringThe description of the test object. Can be a full test object description or a string. If a string is provided, it is interpreted as a CSS selector with a default test object type of WebElement.
objTypeDescription <optional>
Web.Element() The type of test object to use when supplying a CSS string for the selector.
Returns:
the new child test object with the provided description.
Type
*
$$(selector, dontFilterByTypeopt) → {Promise.<Array.<TestObject>>}
Returns all child objects of this object that match the supplied test object description.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
selectorDescription | stringa description object that defines the test object type and the set of properties and values that should be common to all objects that are returned.
dontFilterByTypeboolean <optional>
false Set this parameter to true to avoid limiting the returned objects to a specific test object type.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with an array of test objects that match the supplied description.
Type
Promise.<Array.<TestObject>>
$x(xpath, childTypeopt) → {*}
Creates a child test object of this test object based on the specified xpath. This operation does not cause UFT Developer to search for the object in the AUT. UFT Developer interacts with the application only when a step runs that performs an operation on the AUT object.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
xpathstringThe xpath that will be used as the description for the new child test object.
childTypeDescription <optional>
Web.Element() The test object type for the new child test object.
Returns:
the new child test object with the provided xpath as its description.
Type
*
absoluteLocation() → {Promise.<Point>}
Returns the object's absolute coordinates relative to the screen (in pixels), format: {x,y}.
Remark: 0,0 is always the top-left corner of the (primary) monitor.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with the object's absolute coordinates.
Type
Promise.<Point>
accessibilityName() → {Promise.<string>}
Returns this object's accessibilityName property.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with this object's accessibilityName property.
Type
Promise.<string>
attributes() → {Promise.<object>}
Returns a copy of the attribute collection that is attached to this object. For example: 'id','class', etc.
Returns:
the object keys are the attribute names and the corresponding values are the attribute values.
Type
Promise.<object>
className() → {Promise.<string>}
Returns the object's CSS class.
Returns:
the object's CSS class.
Type
Promise.<string>
click(argsopt) → {Promise.<void>}
Clicks on this object using the definitions from the supplied args object. If you do not provide the args object, the click is performed in the center of the object using the left mouse button.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
argsObject <optional>
The arguments for the click operation.
Properties
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
buttonMouseButton <optional>
MouseButton.left The mouse button to use for the click.
anchorPosition <optional>
Position.center The position within the object from which the offset is taken.
offsetObject <optional>
The offset from the anchor position.
Properties
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
xnumber <optional>
0 The x-coordinate of the offset.
ynumber <optional>
0 The y-coordinate of the offset.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled when the click operation ends.
Type
Promise.<void>
css() → {Promise.<string>}
Returns the path to this object in CSS format. For example: tr.BPTRow input.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with the path to this object in CSS format.
Type
Promise.<string>
defaultValue() → {Promise.<string>}
The default value in the edit field.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with the default value in the edit field.
Type
Promise.<string>
description() → {*}
Returns the description for this test object. The test object must be obtained using the $ method, otherwise, this method returns null.
Returns:
the description for this test object.
Type
*
doubleClick(webDoubleClickArgsopt) → {Promise.<void>}
Clicks this object twice according to the specified behavior.
Remark: If you are testing a Web or hybrid mobile application on a Mobile device, this method is equivalent to performing a DoubleTap gesture.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
webDoubleClickArgsObject <optional>
Arguments that define additional behavior for double-click operations.
Properties
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
locationLocation <optional>
The location to perform the double-click.
intervalnumber <optional>
0.2 The number of seconds between the first click and the second click.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled when the method is called.
Type
Promise.<void>
dragAndDropOn(target, dragOptionsopt) → {Promise.<void>}
Drags and drops a test object onto the specified target object according to the specified DragOptions behavior.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
targetTestObject | ObjectThe target object on which this object is dropped.
dragOptionsObject <optional>
The drag and drop behavior to apply.
Properties
NameTypeAttributesDefaultDescription
buttonMouseButton <optional>
MouseButton.left The mouse button used to drag the object.
dragLocationLocation <optional>
The point on the source object where the drag operation begins.
dropLocationLocation <optional>
The point on the target object where the drag and drop operation ends.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled when the drop operation ends.
Type
Promise.<void>
exists(timeoutopt) → {Promise.<boolean>}
Checks whether this object exists in the AUT.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
timeoutnumber <optional>
The time (in seconds) to wait for this object before returning a result of true or false.
By default, uses the object synchronization timeout defined in the runtime engine settings.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with a boolean indicating whether the object exists.
Type
Promise.<boolean>
fireEvent(event) → {Promise.<void>}
Triggers the specified event on this object.
Parameters:
NameTypeDescription
eventWeb.Event | Web.MouseEventThe event object describing the event to trigger. The event can be any HTML DOM event. For details, see: _URL_
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with the triggered event.
Type
Promise.<void>
getAttribute(attributeName) → {Promise.<string>}
Returns the value of the specified attribute.
Parameters:
NameTypeDescription
attributeNamestringThe attribute name of the value to retrieve.
Returns:
the value of the specified attribute; null if the attribute does not exist.
Type
Promise.<string>
getComputedStyle(stylePropertyName) → {Promise.<string>}
Returns the value of the specified style.
Parameters:
NameTypeDescription
stylePropertyNamestringThe style name of the value to retrieve.
Returns:
the value of the specified style. Null if the style does not exist.
Type
Promise.<string>
getTextLocations(text, rectangleopt) → {Promise.<Object>}
Returns all rectangular areas containing the specified text within this object.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
textstringThe text to search for in the test object.
rectangleObject <optional>
The rectangular area in the test object to search for the text.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with an array of rectangles containing all rectangular areas containing the specified text within this object.
Type
Promise.<Object>
getVisibleText(rectangleopt) → {Promise.<string>}
Returns all visible text from this object.
Parameters:
NameTypeAttributesDescription
rectangleObject <optional>
The rectangular area in the test object to return the text from.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled with all the visible text from this object.
Type
Promise.<string>
highlight() → {Promise.<void>}
Highlights this object in the AUT.
Remark: This may be useful when debugging a test.
Returns:
a promise that is fulfilled when the highlighting operation ends.
Type
Promise.<void


Printer friendly
What does CAC stand for?
CAC stands for chronic atrophic candidiasis
This definition appears rarely
See other definitions of CAC
Other Resources: Acronym Finder has 274 verified definitions for CAC
Samples in periodicals archive:
Image: Legend: Figure 1: Chronic atrophic candidiasis (denture sore mouth). Note the diffuse erythema involving the entire hard palate due to the use of the same...
Denture-related stomatitis, a mild form of chronic atrophic candidiasis consisting of inflammation of the mucosa beneath a denture, could lead to redness of the gums.
Denture-related stomatitis (also termed denture sore mouth, [1] denture stomatitis, [1] chronic atrophic candidiasis, [1] Candida-associated denture induced...


text:
Moon Phases Game
- Print and back onto card or laminate
- Make a hole in the center of the card
- Use a split pin to attach the arrow to the center of the card
- Use some real binoculars/make some out of card and each night, take your children to sight the moon
- Use this printable to track the shape of the moon as it changes through the month, encouraging children to move the arrow to indicate the shape of the moon that they see.
- EXTENSION: Use playdough, foam, plasticine, cookie dough to fill out the shapes of the moon – Here is an example.
Game created by: Azra Hassanali


text:
cause of the difficulty that exists in distinguishing it from the onyx
agate, which it much resembles. It is much harder than this stone, but
the difficulty of determining the degree of hardness without testing
the stone prevents the possibility of deciding whether a given
substance be really calcedonyx, except by the lapidary who tests it on
Barbot is said to have determined the, specific weight of this substance, which according to him is 2-6180.
It is often even more translucent than agate.
appears that it came from the East, and was not only known to, but
engraved by the ancients, and these engraved stones are the only
specimens in existence of the ealcedonyx, as, at present, none is
found in any part of the world that we are aware of.
the ancient collection of Genevosio, Caire saw an engraved ealcedonyx,
representing a warrior seated opposite a dead body. In the Viennese
cabinet of engraved gems there is another, which represents a young
man leaning on a column.
this name, of which every one understands the general signification, we
would specially indicate, technically, a mineral substance discovered
in Brazil in the year 1812, which was found mixed with deposits of
diamonds in alluvial lands and in the mud of rivers.


Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal
April 16, 2013
Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal
Playing simple games using words and pictures can help people to learn a new language with greater ease, researchers from The University of Nottingham have shown.
Their study, published by the scientific journal PLOS ONE, revealed that using fun, informal ways of not only helped complete novices to acquire a new language but also made more traditional methods of language learning more effective.
PhD student Marie-Josée Bisson of the University's School of Psychology, who led the study along with Drs Walter van Heuven, Kathy Conklin and Richard Tunney, said: "The results of this study have implications not only for language learning and teaching, but also for anyone interested in improving their knowledge of a foreign language.
"They show that informal exposure can play an important role in foreign language word learning. Through informal exposure, learning can occur without intention, in a more effortless manner. Anyone attempting to learn another language would benefit from activities such as simple games using foreign language words and pictures, or foreign language films with subtitles where they can enjoy the activity without focusing on trying to learn the words. The results of this study suggest that these kinds of informal activities can facilitate language learning, even days afterwards."
There are many advantages to learning a foreign language, such as a better understanding of another culture or better in an increasingly multilingual society. However, picking up another language can be a difficult process.
Many believe that informal learning—for example, watching a foreign language film or spending time in another country immersing oneself in the culture—is helpful for learning the lingo.
This has now been validated by the results of the Nottingham study, which used spoken and written words along with pictures depicting their meaning to measure foreign vocabulary learning in complete novices.
In the first phase of the study, English speakers who did not know any Welsh, viewed Welsh words on a computer screen and were asked to indicate whether a particular letter appeared in each word. While viewing the word, they also heard the word being spoken and saw a simple picture showing its meaning. Importantly, the pictures and spoken words were irrelevant to their task and they had not been asked to 'learn' the Welsh words.
In the second phase of the study, English speakers were explicitly asked to learn the correct translations of Welsh words. They were presented with pairs of written English words and spoken Welsh words and had to indicate each time whether the English word was the correct translation of the Welsh. Information about whether or not their responses were correct was provided so that they could learn the correct translations. Importantly, half of the Welsh words had been presented in the first phase of the study.
Results indicated that participants performed better on the Welsh words they had previously been exposed to, indicating that during their informal exposure they had started to learn the meaning of the Welsh words.
Better performance in the explicit learning task was found immediately after the informal exposure as well as the next day. The researchers found that participants retained knowledge unintentionally learnt during the informal phase even as much as a week later following further explicit learning of the Welsh words.
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What is the global incidence of sigmoid and cecal volvulus?
Updated: Jul 24, 2020
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Worldwide geographic variations in the incidence of sigmoid volvulus are well described. Much higher frequencies are reported in African, Asian, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and South American countries. In all of these regions, the inhabitants consume a high-fiber diet, which is considered a predisposing factor for the development of sigmoid colon volvulus. In these endemic areas, patients are younger and predominantly male.
In the "volvulus belt" of Africa and the Middle East, nearly 50% of large-bowel obstructions are a result of volvulus, almost exclusively of the sigmoid colon. Cecal volvulus is much less common than sigmoid volvulus, accounting for 10-15% of all cases of volvulus and predominately affecting women in the sixth decade of life.
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text:
- spume •
Pronunciation: spyum • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: Froth or foam from a liquid, especially sea foam.
Notes: Today's Good Word allows us to distinguish sea foam from other types, since "sea foam" is its default meaning. This word may be used as a verb, as the volcano spumed forth a froth of fire. It comes with two adjectives, the Latinate spumous and the Germanic spumy, both meaning "showing or having foam". There is also a French adjective, spumescent, which we have already explored.
In Play: Today's Good Word offers us the opportunity of avoiding the cliché "foaming at the mouth": "The senator loudly pontificated at his audience, arms flailing about and bits of spume forming at the corners of his mouth." As the previous example indicated, the verbal applications of today's word are not limited to froth in the literal sense, as is the noun: "When Lana Jorgia saw the smoke spuming out of the oven door, she knew she'd left the roast in too long."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from a PIE root with a Fickle S, an initial S that is sometimes there and sometimes not. In Latin it was spuma "foam" and in Lithuanian it became spaine "mousse". But the Germanic and Slavic languages lost the initial S, so we find foam in English, Feim in German, and pena in Russian. (Today we thank Grogie, the mysterious Lexiterian in the Alpha Agora, for suggesting this lovely foamy Good Word.)


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Most of us have heard the word 3g in case of network. 3g network increases our internet speed. But-Do you know- There is a technique called 3g cutting in plants that increases our plant production in geometric ratio.
If we know the exact technique of 3g cutting, then we can increase our production in drastic and exponential way. But, if we don't know the right way of doing it, then our plant may die and we might lose all the production.
Wait wait!!-Don't worry, we are here to guide you on doing 3g cutting in a proper way. The only thing you need to do is- read this article till end without any skip.
3G cutting can be defined as the scientific process applied in plants to get higher production by increasing the number of female flowers through the process of pruning and trimming the tip of first and second generation branches.
3g here, refers three branches i.e up to 3rd generation (Tertiary) branches.
In 3g cutting-The first and second generation branches are deprived of apical dominance and are subjected to produce 3rd generation branches. This is done to increase our harvest.
Principle Of 3g Cutting
We all know the fruit develops from female flowers. That means female flower has ultimate role in production though there is necessity of male flower also.
This means if we have more female flowers in a plant-Then we can get more fruits. Right??
So-The role of 3g cutting is to increase the number of female flowers in a plant.
Generally, In a crop the ratio of male and female flower is unequal. The number of male flowers are more in comparison to female flowers.
After applying this cutting, the number of female flowers increase and becomes more or equal to male flowers in a crop. This will ultimately increases crop production in great ratio.
The ratio of male flower to female flower in cucurbitaceae family before and after 3g cutting is :-
1.Before 3G cutting
✓MALE : FEMALE = 14:1
2.After 3G cutting
So, there is great increase in female flowers after applying this technique in our plants. Less number of male flowers can also pollinate large number of female flowers. Here, I have attached a result of this procedure in chilli plant.
FACT:-We can get production equivalent to 3 crops from single crop by the application of 3g cutting.
Plants Compatible For 3g Cutting
3G cutting is popular and successful in cucurbits, However- It can be done in wide variety of other crops also.
Here is the list of crops in which 3g cutting is successful:-
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Steps Of 3g Cutting
👉Step 1:-First of all, you should allow the crop to grow freely until it attains the height of (6-8)ft.
Until the height of first 5 leaves from base(ground)-you shouldn't allow any side branch to develop from main stem.
👉Step 2:-If any side branch develops from main stem before this height-you should pinch it out. After 5 leaves-You can allow any side branches to develop from main stem.
👉Step 3:-When plant attain the height of (6-8)ft you should cut(pinch) the growing tip of main stem.The cutting of growing tip of main stem makes apical dominance of plant very less.
The reduction of apical dominance in plant favours the development of more and more side branches(2g) from main stem.
👉Step 4:-The side branches that develops after the cutting of tip of main stem should be allowed to grow until they develops 12 leaves in them.
👉Step 5:-When the 2nd generation side branches develops 12 leaves-The growing tips of all side branches should be cut off.
Note:-The reason to cut after 12 leafs is that most of the female flowers develops up to 12 leafs.
👉Results:-When the tips of side branches are cut off-Then large number of 3rd generation side branches develops.
After some days-Flowering starts. The plant develops male flowers in 1st and 2nd generation branches but in 3rd generation branches there develops large number of female flowers.
As the number of female flowers in plants becomes more-The more fruits develops.
This will increase our ultimate production to great extent.
TIPS:- People who grow these types of crops in their terrace(roofs), they should check if the pollination happened or not. If there are no bees, butterflies coming then you can do artificial pollination.
For this you, can use brush to take pollens from male flower and put them in female flowers.
Benefits Of 3g Cutting
-We can increase our production in drastic way.
-Large amount of production can be harvested at small area. This solves the problem of land scarcity.
-The quality and size of fruits will be of very high quality.
-As production increases-3g cutting helps to generate more income from small area.
Demerits Of 3g Cutting
-After the trimming of tip-The vegetative phase of plant increases and thus takes longer time to make flower and fruit.
-This technique needs good technical knowledge otherwise it may cause loss.
-There is chance of disease and fungal infection at the part which is trimmed out. So, proper care should be done.
-Farmers often finds 3g cutting as tedious job to do.
There are some things that needs to give proper attention before doing 3g cutting in any crop.
Some of the measures are:-
-As the crop germinates, there should not be any side branches until (5-6) leaves from ground. The reason is there is no production of female flowers in these branches.
-The main stem should be grow properly. It should attain height of (8-10) feet for 1st trimming.
-Before 5 leafed stage height, no side branches should be allowed to develop. If any branches develops, you should pinch it out. This makes base strong.
-Soil shouldn't be dry. There should be proper moisture in soil.
-Plant should be kept in proper sunlight.
-The plant should be trimmed so that it doesn't becomes bushy. If the plant becomes bushy, sunlight cannot enter into plant and fruits becomes small.
Thus- From the whole article we have got the information that 3g cutting in plants has immense potential.
The farmers should made aware of this technique in order to increase their production and profit.


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Laos warty newt (or Laotriton laoensis), is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. This newt is classified as Paramesotriton laoensis. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rivers.
The species is known only from the mountains of northern Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). To date, it has been reported in only four districts: Xaysomboun District, Vientiane Province, Phoukhout and Pek Districts, Xiengkhouang Province, and Phoukhoun District, Louangphabang Province. In 2013, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Lao program team conducted additional surveys for the species. These surveys provide further evidence that the species may not occur further east of where it currently known, may not occur in Viet Nam, and may be truly endemic to Lao PDR.
The species appears locally abundant, with 1,200 individuals estimated to occur in 4.7 km of stream in an area thought to have the highest abundance of the species. The species is likely to occur in relatively isolated sub-populations, as it only occurs in pools at the headwaters of streams. As they are mostly aquatic and restricted to high elevations, there is unlikely to be significant gene flow between subpopulations. Due to harvesting, and the loss and degradation of habitat it is estimated that there has been at least a 50% decline in population of the species in the last 10 years.
Habitat and Ecology:
This species inhabits pools within the headwaters of streams. These streams flow through a variety of disturbed and undisturbed habitats, including evergreen forest, shrubs, grassland, and rice fields. The habitat of disturbed sections of its range is undergoing continuous degradation. The breeding season occurs in the coolest season (November to February). In the wild, larvae have been found in February and April.
Use and Trade:
Laotriton laoensis is in high demand for the international pet trade and lesser demand for medicine and food. Historically, commerce in L. laoensis consisted of only limited local trade for medicinal or food purposes, but that demand for the species had dramatically increased in very recent years. Commercial networks have also become established in very recent years in response to demands for the species, and interviewees reported that Lao wildlife traders from Vientiane and Bolikhamxay provinces also had been placing orders with them to collect it. There is also evidence that the demand for the species for medicinal purposes has increased (Wildlife Conservation Society Laos, unpubl. data).
The primary threat to this species is over-harvesting, to which its biology (behaviour and morphology) makes it extremely vulnerable. As it is active during the day, swimming on the bottom of shallow pools in clear water, and is brightly coloured dorsally, it is harvested quickly, easily, and in large numbers. It is possible that all mature individuals could be harvested from a site in a few days, and this is why they are sold sometimes as "hundreds" of individuals or by the kilogram.
New roads being constructed within the known range of the species also facilitate harvesting.
Habitat loss and modification are also likely to threaten the species. Although the species is likely to be tolerant of some human modification of the surrounding habitat, it would probably suffer from severe changes in stream water quality or flow and extensive burning in grasslands adjacent to streams (where efts occur).
According to many scientists, because suitable habitat is currently almost entirely unprotected, a new reserve should be established and managed in core habitat to provide protection from harvesting and habitat degradation.
Also recommended are ex situ conservation measures (specifically conservation breeding), as well as international laws against trade and the establishment of public awareness campaigns.
In 2008, the species was nationally listed (as Paramesotriton laoensis) as a Category I species in the Lao Wildlife and Aquatic [Animal] Law, thereby prohibiting all commercial trade in the species (food, medicine, and pets).
Continued research is needed on the species' population status, life history and ecology, harvest rates, other threats to the species, and monitoring of its population trend is required.


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Functional consequences of a novel middle ear adaptation in the central African frog Petropedetes parkeri (Ranidae)
J Exp Biol (2001) 204 (7): 1223–1232.
This article has been cited by the following articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.
Ruling out the boys from the girls: Can subtle morphological differences identify sex of the apparently monomorphic frog,Leiopelma pakeka?
- JM Germano
- A Cree
- PJ Bishop
New Zealand Journal of Zoology (2011) 38 (2): 161.
- C. J. Leary
Integrative and Comparative Biology (2009) 49 (4): 452.
Function of the sexually dimorphic ear of the American bullfrog,Rana catesbeiana: brief review and new insight
- Y. L. Werner
- J. Pylka
- H. Schneider
- M. Seifan
- W. Walkowiak
- U. Werner-Reiss
Journal of Experimental Biology (2009) 212 (14): 2204.
A phylogeny of ranid frogs (Anura: Ranoidea: Ranidae), based on a simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data
- Elizabeth Scott
Cladistics (2005) 21 (6): 507.
- Matthew J. Mason
- Peter M. Narins
Journal of Experimental Biology (2002) 205 (20): 3167.


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The following report describes the workflow for Statistics Sweden's calculation of SDG indicator 11.3.1, within the framework of the GEOSTAT 3 project, work package 2. The test involves evaluation of the available datasets of built up land/urban areas and an evaluation of the recommended formulas to use when calculating the indicator value. There are pros and cons with all available datasets, depending on the purpose of the study. However, the national data are the most detailed dataset, both in time and in geographic scale. Creation of good detailed data of built up land involves at least principle 1-4 of the framework GSGF Europe.
Description of data
The following data sources have been used:
- National official population statististics, produced by Statistics Sweden. The statistitics are published in Statistics Sweden's statistical database, with statistics from 1860 – 2017. The data may easely be disaggregated into smaller regions and age groups, but in this test we only used the total population. The database also contains population data of urban agglomerations, for every 5-10 years, from _PHONE_.
- Geographic delimitations of urban areas following national methodology – also called Swedish localities. Data is national authoritative data available under open data licenses. Data is in vector format with separate polygons for each locality. In this test we used both the complete national dataset on localities and a filtered version where only localitites with at least 5 000 inhabitants were selected.
Data of all localities, without a threshold, contains the following years:
Data of localities with a threshold of at least 5 000 inhabitants, contains the following years:
- Urban and High-density cluster grids from Eurostat, based on the GEOSTAT 2006 and GEOSTAT 2011 population grids – hereafter referred to as GEOSTAT grid cluster data. Data for the years 2006 and 2011 were used in the test.
- Built-up land according to GHSL. Data contain a multi-temporal information layer on built-up presence, as derived from Landsat image collections in four different epochs (GLS1975, GLS1990, GLS2000, and ad-hoc Landsat 8 collection 2013/2014). Each pixel is classified according to a binary scheme as built-up or non-built-up. JRC also provides a complementary layer describing the confidence of the classification on pixel level. Data for the following years was used in the test:
When comparing the three different concepts of urban, we see that the national localities occupy a much larger space than the other datasets. The GHSL does not even occupy half of the area constituted by the national localities. The area is still a lot smaller when we compare it to the national localities with a threshold of 5 000 inhabitants. When comparing the GEOSTAT grid cluster data to the national localities with a threshold, the total urban land area is quite similar in size.
Figure 1: Calculation of total urban land area using national, European or the global urban concept, units in hectares
Figure 2 illustrates the spatial differences between the three different datasets in detail. One main difference is that the national data takes into account a number of spatial factors, besides the population density. When creating the national data, the model considers such as connectivity, barriers and land use, hence offering a more precise and detailed representation of the urban outline than the grid based clustering. In the image below, features in the national data were separated into four different clusters, because the distance between the buildings exceeded a certain distance.
The GEOSTAT grid cluster is much more generalized, as it consists of large grids, only taking account the population size of each grid.
The GHSL conceptually differs from both the national data on localities and the grid cluster data as it strictly captures built-up in the sense of impervious land. In addition, the dataset depicts all impervious land in the country, also outside of urban areas, such as highways, mines and quarries. That is why we see some scattered and singled grids outside of the urban areas. In the image below, in the northeast corner, GHSL also covers a large sandpit that is not covered by any of the other datasets. The main road is also partially covered by the GHSL.
Figure 2: The differences between national, European and global data
Source: Delimitation localities © Statistics Sweden, background geodata © Lantmäteriet
The steps to calculate the indicator 11.3.1 comprised the different phases described in detail below:
1. Delimitation of urban agglomerations
In principle, this step has already been completed prior to the indicator analysis. Three different concepts/data sources have been tested:
- Classification of urban areas based on national data (Swedish localities),
- Urban and high-density cluster grid from Eurostat based on the GEOSTAT population grid,
- Built-up land according to GHSL.
Classification of urban areas based on national data (Swedish localities)
Statistics Sweden has recurrently delineated the geographical extent of urban areas as part of the production of urban official statistics. Statistics of population in localities is published in a time series, with data for every 5-10 years since 1960. Digital boundaries, and thus data of land area per locality, exist from 1980.
A locality consists of a group of buildings, not more than 150-500 metres apart, that must fulfil a minimum criterion of having at least 200 inhabitants, as illustrated in Figure 3. Thus, localities include the largest cities as well as small settlements. The delimitation is conducted as an automated workflow involving high quality authoritative geospatial data from the NSDI in combination with point-based population data geocoded to the level of address location. The process involves several of the steps within Principle 1 and 2 in the SGF framework, from collection of data to the buildning of new geodata polygons by using GIS tools.
Figure 3: Delimitation of national urban areas; Swedish localities
The input data is geocoded registers that has been collected from other Swedish authorities, and to varying degrees processed by Statistics Sweden. Geocoded registers used for creating the 2015 version of urban geographies, were:
- Population by cadastral parcel location, December 31 2015
- Employees by workplace location, December 31 2015
- Cadastral map containing information of buildings, roads, boundaries of cadastral parcels, land use, water etc, January 2016
By using FME, objects from the registers, such as buildings and property units, were buffered in several steps. The buffers were clustered and combined to catch the variety of spatial configurations found in densely built up areas. Manual adjustments were normally not allowed, but in some cases they were accepted because of poor quality of input data. The result was a national polygon dataset representing the urban extent of each locality. Data is now available under open data license agreements.
In order to enable comparison between national and global data, a cut-off has been applied to the national data, taking into account only those urban clusters in national data having 5 000 inhabitants or more.
GEOSTAT grid cluster data
When testing the harmonised European concept of urban, grid data on high-density and urban clusters was downloaded from Eurostat's website. Data was prepared by creating national subsets of the European grid cluster data of 2006 and 2011, converting grid data to vector and finally merging the high-density clusters and the urban clusters into the same layer, with a code separating the two urban categories. High-density clusters override urban clusters where they coincide.
Built-up land according to GHSL
The Global Human Settlement (GHS) framework produces global spatial information about the human presence on the planet over time. This in the form of built up maps, population density maps and settlement maps. The framework uses heterogeneous data including global archives of fine-scale satellite imagery, census data, and volunteered geographic information. The data is processed fully automatically and generates analytics and knowledge reporting objectively and systematically about the presence of population and built-up infrastructures. GHS produces three different products, GHS built-up grid, GHS population grid and GHS settlement grid. For the testing of this indicator the GHS built-up grid was used.
The full global datasets for each epoch were downloaded from _URL_ As the resolution is 38 meters, the global dataset is quite heavy and needs to be clipped for further processing. After some initial problems to handle the datasets in ArcGIS, a subset was extracted for the extent of Sweden, using a raster clipping tool in FME.
2. Calculating size of land area
Once the subsets of GHSL were created, calculation of the total area of built-up land by NUTS3 areas and by epoch was conducted using a vector layer with the NUTS3 division to compute zonal statistics in ArcGIS. The area of urban land in accordance with the national data on localities was alredy avaliable as official statistics.
Before aggregating the area of urban land, using the GEOSTAT grid cluster data, the land area of each urban cluster had to be subtracted from the total grid area. To do this, the urban clusters were clipped using a detailed mask of water bodies (scale 1:10 000), available through the NSDI. All water bodies and streams, more than 6 meters in width, including both inland and seawater, were regarded.
3. Calculating population within urban agglomerations
Depending on which dataset we used for calculating the land area values, we used a different set of data for calculating population values:
- When using the national localities,