text:
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Competitive neutrality means that state-owned and private businesses compete on a level playing field. This is essential to use resources effectively within the economy and thus achieve growth and development. Therefore the principle of competitive neutrality is gaining wide support around the world. But how to obtain it in practice, is a much more difficult question.
The purpose of this report is to help respond to this question. The report identifies the most important issues that governments need to address in order to achieve competitive neutrality. It is framed around eight building blocks, including choosing the best corporate form, achieving a commercial rate of return, accounting for public service obligations, improving debt neutrality, and making public procurement open and transparent. It provides country examples of how to implement competitive neutrality policies in practice.
The report is not about privatisation. Rather, it aims to provide guidance to policy makers who want to make sure that the presence of the state owned enterprises in the market place does not thwart private entrepreneurs, skew competition or lead to other inefficiencies. Understanding how to avoid unintended economic consequences that may follow from state ownership is particularly important for policy makers that face the challenge to balance the commercial objectives of state owned enterprises with other important policy objectives: A challenge that permeates all levels of government.
The book may be read in conjunction with two publicly available stocktaking papers:
Overview of OECD work on competitive neutrality


a GPS signal depends on the sample rate and the maximum storage capacity. Using a 2 TB RAID volume (the largest addressable disk size in Windows XP), you can record signals at 5 MS/s for up to 25 hours.
Configuring the RF Front End
With cascaded LNAs providing 60 dB of gain, you significantly increase the power at the front end of the vector signal analyzer. From your measurement, 60 dB of gain was enough to increase the peak power from -116 dBm to -56 dBm. Note that with 60 dB of gain applied (and a 1.5 dB noise figure), the noise power of the signal is –112 dBm/Hz (-174 + Gain + F). The maximum obtainable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal, 56.5 dB (-56 dBm +112.5 dBm), is less than the dynamic range of the instrument, so you can be sure that with 80 dB of dynamic range, your vector signal analyzer can record the maximum possible SNR without introducing noise in the off-the-air signal.
When recording any signal off the air, it is a good practice to set the reference level at least 5 dB above the typical peak power to account for any signal strength anomalies. While this reduces the effective dynamic range of the vector signal analyzer in some cases, GPS signals are unaffected by this technique. Because the maximum theoretical SNR of a GPS signal at the antenna input is 58 dB (-116 + 174), you gain no advantage by recording more than 58 dB of dynamic range at the vector signal analyzer. Thus, you can essentially "throw away" 10 dB or more of your instrument's dynamic range without affecting the quality of the recorded signal (at this bandwidth, the PXI-5661 has a dynamic range of better than 75 dB).
With the reference level appropriately set, you need to properly configure the RF front end of the recording device. As previously mentioned, you can achieve the best RF recording results using an active GPS antenna. While the active antenna uses a built-in LNA to provide up to 30 dB of gain with a low noise figure, you must also supply it with a DC bias. Several biasing methods are described below.

Method 1: Active Antenna Powered by GPS Receiver
The first method to power an active antenna is with a DC bias "T." Using this component, a DC signal (3.3 V in this case) is applied to the DC port of the bias T, which applies the appropriate DC offset to the active antenna. Note that the precise DC voltage you should apply depends on the DC power requirements of the active antenna. A diagram illustrating the connections is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. You can use a DC bias "T" to power an active GPS antenna.
Observe in Figure 8 that you can use an NI PXI-4110 programmable DC power supply to supply the DC bias signal. While you can use many off-the shelf power supplies (including many less expensive ones) for this application, the PXI-4110 was used in this case as a matter of convenience. Also, you can use a generic off-the-shelf bias T that is operational up to 1.58 GHz, but the one used in this experiment was purchased from _URL_.

Method 2: Active GPS Antenna Powered by Receiver
A second method that you can use to power the active GPS antenna is with the receiver itself. Most off-the-shelf GPS receivers use a single port to power an active GPS antenna, and this port is already biased with an appropriate DC signal. By combining an active GPS receiver with a splitter and DC blocker, you can power an active LNA and simply record the signal observed by the GPS receiver. A diagram of the appropriate connections is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. With a DC blocker, you can record and analyze the GPS signal.

Figure 9 shows how you can use DC bias from the GPS receiver to power the LNA. Note that method 2 is particularly useful for drive tests because you can observe the receiver's characteristics such as velocity and dilution of precision while recording.
Cascaded Noise Figure Calculations
To calculate the total noise that is added to the recorded GPS signal, you can simply determine the noise figure for the entire RF front end. As a matter of principle, the noise figure of the entire system is always dominated by the first amplifier in the system. Think of noise figure as the ratio of SNRin to SNRout (see Noise Figure for measurement techniques) through any RF component or system. When recording GPS signals, it is necessary to determine the noise figure of the entire RF front end.
When performing a cascaded noise figure calculation, you first convert each noise figure and gain to its linear equivalent, which is called the "noise factor." When calculating the noise figure for a system with cascaded RF components, you can first determine the system noise factor and then convert to noise figure. Thus, you must calculate system noise figure using the following equation:
Equation 2. Noise Figure Calculation for Cascaded RF Amplifiers [3]
Note that both noise factor (nf) and gain (g) are shown in lowercase because they are linear and not logarithmic relationships. Thus, you also introduce the conversion from linear to logarithmic gain and noise figure (and vice versa) in the equations below:
Equations 3 through 6. Conversions between Linear and Logarithmic Gain and Noise Figure [3]
An active GPS antenna using a built-in LNA typically provides 30 dB of gain while introducing a noise figure usually on the order of 1.5 dB. During the second stage of the recording instrumentation, the PXI-5690 provides 30 dB of additional gain as well. Though its noise figure is higher (5 dB), the second amplifier introduces little noise into the system. As an academic exercise, you can use equation 2 to calculate the noise factor for the entire RF front end of the recording instrumentation. Gain and noise figure values are expressed in Table 3.
Table 3. Noise Figure and Factors of the First Two Components of the RF Front End
 According to the calculations above, you can determine the overall noise factor for the receiver:
Equation 7. Cascaded Noise Figure for an RF Recording System
To convert noise factor into a noise figure (in dB), you apply Equation 3 to yield the following results:
Equation 8. The noise figure of the first LNA dominates the noise figure of the receiver.
As Equation 8 illustrates, the noise figure of the first LNA (1.5 dB) dominates the noise figure of the entire measurement system. Thus, with the vector signal analyzer configured so that the noise floor of the instrument is less than that of the input stimulus, your recording introduces only 1.507 dB of noise to the off-the-air signal.
Talking to the GPS Receiver
While many receivers may use proprietary software that enables the user to visualize information such as longitude and latitude, a more standardized approach is required for automated measurements. Fortunately, you can configure a wide variety of receivers to talk to a PXI controller through a protocol known as NMEA-183. In this case, the receiver continuously sends commands through either a serial or USB cable. In LabVIEW software, you can parse all commands to return satellite and position fix information. The NMEA-183 protocol supports six basic commands, and each provides unique information. These commands are described in Table 4.
Table 4. Overview of Basic NMEA-183 Commands
For practical testing purposes, the GGA, GSA, and GSV commands are the most useful. More specifically, you can use information from the GSA command to determine whether the receiver has achieved a position fix and is used in TTFF measurements. When performing sensitivity measurements, use the GSV command to return C/N (carrier-to-noise) ratios for each satellite that you are tracking.
This application note does not describe the NMEA-183 protocol in great depth, but you can find all command information at various Web sites such as _URL_ In LabVIEW, you can parse these commands using the NI-VISA driver.

Figure 10. LabVIEW Example Using NMEA-183 Protocol
Back to Top
4. GPS Measurement Techniques
While you can use a wide variety of measurements to characterize the performance of a GPS receiver, several common measurements apply to all GPS receivers. This section examines the theory and practice of performing measurements such as sensitivity, TTFF, position accuracy/repeatability, and position tracking uncertainty. Note that you can use many different methods to validate position accuracy and perform functional test of receiver tracking ability. This section describes several basic methods, but they are by no means the complete set.
Back to Top
5. Introduction to Sensitivity Measurements
Sensitivity is one of the most important measurements of a GPS receiver's capability. In fact, for many commercial-grade GPS receivers, it is often the only RF measurement performed in production test of the final product. At a high level, the sensitivity measurement defines the lowest satellite power level at which a receiver is still able to track and achieve a position fix on satellites overhead. As you might expect, GPS receivers are required to apply significant gain through several cascaded LNAs to amplify the signal to the appropriate power level. Unfortunately, while an LNA increases signal power, it degrades SNR. Thus, as the RF power levels of a GPS signal increase, SNR decreases and eventually the receiver is no longer able to track the satellite.
Many GPS receivers actually specify two sensitivity values: acquisition sensitivity and signal tracking sensitivity [9]. As the names suggest, acquisition sensitivity represents the lowest power level at which a receiver is able to achieve a position


text:
Buenaventura climate guide, Colombia
Welcome to the Buenaventura climate guide, which shows average weather for Buenaventura, Colombia. Check maximum temperature, the number of days with rainfall, sea temperature and daily hours of sunshine for each month of the year.
Buenaventura climate guide: quick links
- Buenaventura temperature
- Buenaventura rainfall
- Buenaventura sunshine hours
- Buenaventura sea temperature
Maximum temperature (°C) in Buenaventura
Days with some rain in Buenaventura
Hours of sunshine in Buenaventura
Sea temperature (°C) in Buenaventura
The Buenaventura climate guide is provided by Weather2Travel.com. For more information about the weather in Buenaventura, Colombia including monthly rainfall, mininum temperature, UV maximum, heat & humidity and daylight hours visit the Colombia climate guide page.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The name Kangra style is given to this group of painting for the reason that they are identical in style to the portraits of Raja Sansar Chand of Kangra. Paintings of the Kangra style are attributed mainly to the Nainsukh family.
Some of the Pahari painters found patronage in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Sikh nobility in the beginning of the 19th century and executed portraits and other miniatures in a modified version of the Kangra style which continued till the middle of the 19th century.
Salient features of this school of art:
- The delicacy of drawing and quality of naturalism are the stand-out features of this school of art
- The Kangra style is by far the most poetic and lyrical of Indian styles marked with serene beauty and delicacy of execution.
- Distinctive is the delineation of the female face, with a straight nose in line with the forehead, which came in vogue around the 1790s, is the most distinctive feature of this style.
- Most popular themes that were painted were the Bhagvata Purana, Gita Govinda, Nala Damayanti, Bihari Satsai, Ragamala and Baramasa
Figure: Kangra school of Painting


HMO Mortgages
What does HMO stand for?
HMO stands for 'A House of Multiple Occupation', which means that you've got more than one tenant (from different families) living in a property. An HMO mortgage is essential for these types of properties.
What are the benefits of an HMO rental
As rent is often more affordable for those renting an HMO property, they tend to be popular with both tenants and landlords. The tenant benefits as they are able to more easily afford the property.
For landlords, the rental yield or 'return on investment' is generally higher than a standard buy to let property where you've got one tenancy agreement in place.
Is anyone with an HMO licence able to obtain an HMO mortgage?
Obtaining an HMO mortgage is not as straightforward as just getting a license. Lenders all have their own slightly different criteria for acceptance. Many prefer to offer HMO mortgage finance to experienced landlords.
A lack of experience isn't always a barrier, however. Lenders will look at all different aspects of the application. The value of the property, the loan amount, the rental income potential, how many rooms are going to be let and whether you're going to manage the property yourself, will all be considered.
It will also make a difference whether you borrow through a limited company or as an individual. Of course, your own financial circumstances are always part of the equation too.
How does a broker go about arranging an HMO mortgage?
It's important to have a constant line of communication between the mortgage broker and the applicant. Once the applicant's basic details have been established, the broker will advise you on the best lender for you. They can also give advice about what licenses you may or may not need.
How does the mortgage work?
An HMO mortgage is very similar to a buy to let mortgage in that the loan is generally set up on an interest only basis. This means you pay just the interest on the loan each month with the rental income from the property. Most landlords will then repay the capital by selling the property.
How does it differ from a BTL (Buy to Let) mortgage?
The main difference between the mortgage types is that the landlord needs to obtain a license from the council to operate an HMO rental property. For a BTL mortgage this is not required.
HMO mortgage lenders also apply strict lending criteria to these properties, more so than for standard buy to let properties. Some impose a cap on the number of bedrooms, others base their lending decisions on whether the borrower has experience as a landlord. Most lenders will require twenty five to thirty percent deposit on the property.
Properties classed as small HMO have interest rates similar to a buy to let mortgage, whereas large HMO, have a slightly higher rate because they're classed as more of a commercial entity. A Small HMO is a property with a maximum of three tenants from different households and a large HMO is generally a property with five rooms or more, being let separately.
What is an HMO license and who can get one?
The government defines that a House of multiple occupation (HMO) is a property that's rented out by at least three people who are not from the same household, but share facilities like a bathroom and kitchen.
If you want to rent your house as an HMO property in England and Wales, you should contact your local council to find out if you need a license. You then apply through them directly if you do. The local authority will do checks on your background, such as whether you've had any complaints as a landlord.
Your local council website will have an HMO licensing page. This should show how much they are currently charging for a license.The cost usually varies depending on the amount of legible rooms. It should also list the requirements they will want you to fulfill in order to gain a license. Sometimes there may be planning restrictions that prevent HMO licenses being granted by the council.
Is there anything else I should know about an HMO mortgage?
You should bear in mind that if you operate a property as an HMO without a licence and a tenant reports you, various fines are applicable. You could also be asked to repay the rent already paid by all tenants in the property.
An HMO mortgage application is quite a complex process and it's always best to contact a mortgage broker for advice, prior to your application. On the Ideal Home Loans website you will find lots of helpful information in the dedicated mortgages section. Otherwise, just send an enquiry via the contact form on the website.


text:
Introduction to Sociology
The only textbook that helps students make micro-macro connections, Introduction to Sociology helps students uncover the surprising links between everyday life and global change.
The Seventh Edition does not simply compare the United States to other countries, but shows students how global processes play out in their lives. Drawing on research from both macro and micro sociology, the author team shows how sociologists bring the two together to give a comprehensive picture of modern society.
- January 2009
- 8.5 × 10.9 in
/ 762 pages
- Territory Rights: USA and Dependencies, Philippines and Canada.
Seventh Edition / Loose leaf, three-hole punch
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Downloadable Version
Seventh Edition / Ebook, Online Version

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


exceeded.
 {
 ushort count = Count;

 What purpose of the last line? Count already ushort and it's a field, not a property (which is a case where this assignment can has sense).
 2. A lot of spaces:
 UlongHeap heap = new UlongHeap( count );

 for ( ushort i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 )

 Don't use spaces after ( and [, and before ) and ]. They add noise to the code.
 3. Don't use PascalCasing for private fields names. Many programmers use _ prefix to indicate private field.
 4. Use var where it's appropriate. For example, here
 UlongHeap heap = new UlongHeap( count );

 it's obvious that heap will be of type UlongHeap. So this
 var heap = new UlongHeap( count );

 is more clear without redundant type specification.
 5. Increments can be written as ++ instead of += 1.
 6. It's better to use properties instead of public fields. Also properties like this
 public int Count { get{ return _Count; } }

 can be rewritten as
 public int Count => _Count;

 7. Use full names for variables and method parameters. So instead of dleft, dright and so on use depthLeft, depthRight.
 8. Use consistent naming. You have variables treeNode, maxBits, bl_count, next_code. Use camelCasing (like maxBits) without underscores.
 9. Magic numbers should be defined as constants. What is 0xff0000u or 0xffffffffff000000?
 10. Place bodies of if statements on next line, like so
 if (maxBits > Limit)
 return true;

 11. Check arguments of public methods. For example, here
 public HuffmanCoding( int limit, ushort symbols )

 what will happen if user pass negative number to limit? You can check value and throw ArgumentOutOfRangeException with a message describing error if a value is invalid.
| improve this answer | |
\$\endgroup\$
0
\$\begingroup\$
Here's a revised version. I have added Package Merge code to handle the situation where the bit limit is exceeded ( rather than returning failure ). I have implemented many of Maxim's suggestions but not all.
On spacing I don't agree yet, but I will think about it. I use a leading _ for private fields only when there is a property clash. I prefer to stick to the earliest versions of C# unless there is a strong reason not to, so I don't use var or the => notation for properties.
This is an internal struct, so although it could check arguments, I think it's not essential, this is also why there are public fields. The weird names such as bl_count are from RFC 1951, I considered changing them, but I feel it makes it easier to compare my code with the standard.
struct HuffmanCoding // Variable length coding.
{
 public ushort Count; // Number of used symbols.
 public byte [] Bits; // Number of bits used to encode a symbol ( code length ).
 public ushort [] Codes; // Huffman code for a symbol ( bit 0 is most significant ).
 public int [] Used; // Count of how many times a symbol is used in the block being encoded.
 private int Limit; // Limit on code length ( 15 or 7 for RFC 1951 ).
 private ushort [] Left, Right; // Tree storage.
 public HuffmanCoding( int limit, ushort symbols )
 {
 Limit = limit;
 Count = symbols;
 Bits = new byte[ symbols ];
 Codes = new ushort[ symbols ];
 Used = new int[ symbols ];
 Left = new ushort[ symbols ];
 Right = new ushort[ symbols ];
 }
 public int Total()
 {
 int result = 0;
 for ( int i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 )
 result += Used[i] * Bits[i];
 return result;
 }
 public void ComputeCodes()
 {
 // Tree nodes are encoded in a ulong using 16 bits for the id, 8 bits for the tree depth, 32 bits for Used.
 const int IdBits = 16, DepthBits = 8, UsedBits = 32;
 const uint IdMask = ( 1u << IdBits ) - 1;
 const uint DepthOne = 1u << IdBits;
 const uint DepthMask = ( ( 1u << DepthBits ) - 1 ) << IdBits;
 const ulong UsedMask = ( ( 1ul << UsedBits ) - 1 ) << ( IdBits + DepthBits );
 // First compute the number of bits to encode each symbol (Bits).
 UlongHeap heap = new UlongHeap( Count );
 for ( ushort i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 )
 {
 int used = Used[ i ];
 if ( used > 0 )
 heap.Insert( ( (ulong)used << ( IdBits + DepthBits ) ) | i );
 }
 int maxBits = 0;
 if ( heap.Count == 1 )
 {
 GetBits( unchecked( (ushort) heap.Remove() ), 1 );
 maxBits = 1;
 }
 else if ( heap.Count > 1 ) unchecked
 {
 ulong treeNode = Count;
 do // Keep pairing the lowest frequency TreeNodes.
 {
 ulong left = heap.Remove();
 Left[ treeNode - Count ] = (ushort) left;
 ulong right = heap.Remove();
 Right[ treeNode - Count ] = (ushort) right;
 // Extract depth of left and right nodes ( still shifted though ).
 uint depthLeft = (uint)left & DepthMask, depthRight = (uint)right & DepthMask;
 // New node depth is 1 + larger of depthLeft and depthRight.
 uint depth = ( depthLeft > depthRight ? depthLeft : depthRight ) + DepthOne;
 heap.Insert( ( ( left + right ) & UsedMask ) | depth | treeNode );
 treeNode += 1;
 } while ( heap.Count > 1 );
 uint root = ( (uint) heap.Remove() ) & ( DepthMask | IdMask );
 maxBits = (int)( root >> IdBits );
 if ( maxBits <= Limit )
 GetBits( (ushort)root, 0 );
 else
 {
 maxBits = Limit;
 PackageMerge();
 }
 }
 // Computation of code lengths (Bits) is complete.
 // Now compute Codes, code below is from RFC 1951 page 7.
 int [] bl_count = new int[ maxBits + 1 ];
 for ( int i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 )
 bl_count[ Bits[ i ] ] += 1;
 int [] next_code = new int[ maxBits + 1 ];
 int code = 0; bl_count[ 0 ] = 0;
 for ( int i = 0; i < maxBits; i += 1 )
 {
 code = ( code + bl_count[ i ] ) << 1;
 next_code[ i + 1 ] = code;
 }
 for ( int i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 )
 {
 int length = Bits[ i ];
 if ( length != 0 )
 {
 Codes[ i ] = (ushort) Reverse( next_code[ length ], length );
 next_code[ length ] += 1;
 }
 }
 // Reduce Count if there are unused symbols.
 while ( Count > 0 && Bits[ Count - 1 ] == 0 ) Count -= 1;
 // System.Console.WriteLine( "HuffmanCoding.ComputeCodes" );
 // for ( int i = 0; i < Count; i += 1 ) if ( Bits[ i ] > 0 )
 // System.Console.WriteLine( "symbol=" + i + " len=" + Bits[ i ] + " code=" + Codes[ i ].ToString("X") + " used=" + Used[ i ] );
 }
 private void GetBits( ushort treeNode, int length )
 {
 if ( treeNode < Count ) // treeNode is a leaf.
 {
 Bits[ treeNode ] = (byte)length;
 }
 else
 {
 treeNode -= Count;
 length += 1;
 GetBits( Left[ treeNode ], length );
 GetBits( Right[ treeNode ], length );
 }
 }
 private static int Reverse( int x, int bits )
 // Reverse a string of bits ( ready to be output as Huffman code ).
 {
 int result = 0;
 for ( int i = 0; i < bits; i += 1 )
 {
 result <<= 1;
 result |= x & 1;
 x >>= 1;
 }
 return result;
 }
 // PackageMerge is used if the Limit code length limit is reached.
 // The result is technically not


C++ Build Throughput: Visual Studio 11 Pre-Release Compared to Visual Studio 2010 SP1
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Hi my name is Li Shao. I am a Senior Software Design Engineer in Test in the Visual C++ group. In this blog, our team would like to review Visual Studio 11 (VS11) Desktop application build throughput compared to Visual Studio 2010 SP1 (VS10). Jim Hogg, Mark Hall, Bill Bailey, Mohamed Magdy Mohamed, and Valentin Isac have also contributed to this blog. You can refer to the Blog by Tim Wagner if you are interested in the new Metro Style application build throughput.
Build throughput is one of the most important productivity factors for C++ developers, and so build throughput testing is a vital component of our overall performance testing for Visual C++. We have targeted build throughput tests for the compiler and linker, and we also have build throughput tests for the MSBuild build engine. For every release, we have performance tests to check the overall end to end build performance, including time spent in the compiler front-end, back-end, and linker. For those of you who may not know, the compiler front-end is the phase that parses and analyzes the source code to build the intermediate representation (IR) of the program. The compiler back-end is the phase that takes the IR as input, and performs optimizations and generates code in the form of object files. The linker takes these object files as input and assembles them into an executable file. In the case of building with /GL (compile for link-time code generation, or LTCG), code generation and optimization happen during the linker phase where the IR for the entire executable can be analyzed.
Every new release of Visual C++ contains a large amount of new technology and features available to customers in the form of source code libraries and header files. For a given compiler, the more source code you have, the longer it takes to compile. Fortunately, processor advances over the years have offset this increase in functionality. In recent releases, as processor speeds began topping out, we have invested in multi-core features, such as Multi-Proc MSBuild, and the /MP compiler switch. In VS11, we multi-threaded the backend. For builds that require a lot of optimization time, this has netted some great wins. For example, Microsoft's SQL build is 30% faster thanks to reduced back-end times.
The increase in functionality in VS11 is among the largest delta we've ever shipped. As we integrated all this new technology into the product, our performance tests told us how it was affecting overall build performance versus previous releases. Even though the amount of new source code being compiled rose significantly, in most cases, build time increases were held to an acceptable delta.
However, based on our testing results, if you have an application which uses the Standard Template Library heavily, you may notice slower builds due to the increased functionality mandated by the C++ Standard. In this blog, we will analyze the build throughput of a representative application to demonstrate the improvements we made and possible slowdown you may experience.
Build Throughput Data from "real world" Applications
Our end to end throughput tests use production-level, "real world" applications. We refer to them as RWC (Real World Code). Here is the build throughput data from an internal, post-Beta version of VS11 on one of our RWC projects across different machine configurations. This particular desktop application has about 50 C++ projects, with 2.8 million lines of code (LOC). The application makes heavy use of the Standard Template Library. The "RWC" below refers specifically to this application.
Configuration ProcessorType ProcessorNumber RAM OS (Windows 7 SP1)
Name (GB)
Spec A Intel Core I7 4 core (8 threads) 16 x64
Spec B Intel Core 2 Quad 4 core (4 threads) 8 x64
Spec C Intel Pentium 2 Core (2 threads) 3 x86
Figure 1: RWC Build Throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2) and Full Optimization (/Ox))
Figure 2: RWC Build throughput with link /LTCG (LTCG: Link Time Code Generation, MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2), Compile with /GL, link with /LTCG)
Figure 3: RWC Compiler Back-end throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2))
Figure 4: RWC Link time throughput (MSBuild 2 Proc (/m:2))
"Full Build time" is measured from when the build starts until the build finishes. It is the clock time that it takes for the build to finish. Compiler front-end (FE), compiler back-end (BE), and link time are the total time (accumulated time) spent in the C1.dll & C1xx.dll (FE), C2.dll (BE) and linker across all processes. Since this is a multi-proc build, and some of the projects have /MP enabled for compiler, generally there is more than one instance of the compiler running, which is why the total time spent in the tools is much larger than the "Full Build Time".
In the non-LTCG build (Figure 1), the linker does minimal work compared with the rest of the components, therefore the linker time is hardly visible from the graph. Likewise, in LTCG build (Figure 2), all the code generation happens after linking. Since the linker eliminates all redundant template instantiations across the object files before the back-end runs, the back-end time is drastically reduced in this scenario.
Based on our data when running multi-proc MSBuild (MSBuild /M:n) on this particular application, building with 4-8 Proc can give slight throughput improvement over 2 Proc for overall build time. However, due to resource contention and project reference limitation on paralleled builds that can actually happen, a 2-Proc build is representative of multi-proc build characteristics for this application in terms of overall throughput. Therefore, we are using the 2 Proc data here to present the build throughput.
Here are some key observations based on the data:
Faster Compiler Back-end phase
In VS11, we have introduced a new feature to support creating multiple compiler back-end threads to improve build performance. The compiler back-end performs optimization and code generation on a single function at a time, allowing it to generate code for multiple functions in parallel. This can be a win, especially for code generation with optimizations enabled, as performing optimizations requires the back-end to spend more time in each function.
This throughput win can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 3. While these are impressive improvements in compiler back-end throughput, we note that in this scenario the back end time is a small fraction of the total build time. We highlight it here for illustration purposes only.
Slower Compiler Front-end phase
We can see that there is 15% - 20% performance degradation in the VS11 front-end compared to VS10 in this real world example (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Our investigation revealed that this performance degradation is not in the compiler itself but rather is a function of the increased number of template instantiations being processed by the front-end. New functionality added to the STL, significantly increases the number of template instantiations in a given compilation. This major increase of the functionality is mandated by the new C++ Standard and is also widely requested by our customers. The increase in template types forces the front end to instantiate many more templates for a given input file, which causes the overall build performance to degrade. Of course, we haven't shipped VS11 yet, so we continue to analyze this issue and look for ways to improve throughput.
As we mentioned earlier, the linker takes the intermediate files generated by the compiler and produces the final assembly. As a result of larger intermediate files generated by the compiler, you may also see slight slowdown in link time for both un-optimized build and optimized build (LTCG), especially on lower end machines (Spec C as we presented) due to more symbols to process and merge.
Faster LTCG Build
On a high end machine (Spec A and Spec B as we presented), our tests show faster link time in LTCG builds (Figure 4).
For a number of releases the compiler has supported Link Time Code Generation (LTCG), whereby code generation is deferred to link-time so that information on all modules for the entire image (EXE, DLL) is made available for optimization. Thus, code generation can be done in the context of the entire image, inlining across modules, application of custom calling convention, etc. Non-LTCG builds generally limit optimizations to within the context of a single object file.
With VS11, this link-time code generation can be done in multiple threads, compiling more than one function at a time, caveat dependencies as determined by the function call tree. This is a particularly good win for projects that compile into fewer, larger images. Our data shows that when building a "big EXE" Microsoft product, SQL Server, build time improved ~30% due to the work we did to improve LTCG build throughput. Note that SQL Server sources do not use template code, which is why it does not have the build throughput degradation caused by the new STL templates.
How to improve your application's build performance?
Since build throughput is very important to C++ developer productivity, here are a few suggestions that can help you improve build throughput.
Take advantage of the CPU cores on your machine
From Figure 1 and Figure 2, you can see that although the total FE time has regressed, the regression in the overall build time is still very minimal on the particular


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Which two statements about jumbo Ethernet frames are correct? (Choose two.) overlay network protocols. These situations reduce the end-to-end effective MTU size which reduces throughput and network efficiency and sometimes causes application problems. Many network devices now support larger sizes of Ethernet frames and use of Jumbo Frames is becoming more common. This article covers how to determine if your network is capable of using Jumbo Frames and if you should enable this feature.
A jumbo frame is an Ethernet frame with a payload greater than 1500 bytes.
Jumbo frames are always a fixed standard length of 9000 bytes.
Jumbo frames can increase the latency on a network due to the transmission of larger frames.
Jumbo frames enable the transmission of iSCSI packets on the IP network.
Many networks use 1500-byte MTU size, but the MTU size can be reduced by encapsulation, tunneling or other


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This article depicts a navigation control system design that is based on a set of rules in order to follow a desired
trajectory. The full control of the aircraft considered here comprises: a low level stability control loop, based on classic
PID controller and the higher level navigation whose main job is to exercise lateral control (course) and altitude control,
trying to follow a desired trajectory. The rules and PID gains were adjusted systematically according to the result of
flight simulation. In spite of its simplicity, the rule-based navigation control proved to be robust, even with big
perturbation, like crossing winds.
In this paper, a global control structure for autonomous robotic aircraft is proposed. The main objective of this advanced
control structure is to provide the unmanned aircraft with the necessary autonomy, at different levels, so that it can
accomplish complex missions, like autonomous exploration and patrolling, without the remote attendance of an operator.
The solution proposed is based on a robotic methodology that considers a multilevel control structure, with different real
time requirements, where each level is built on multiple interconnected and clearly defined modules. The proposed
control structure consists of a high level mission control and supervision module, an intermediate level control module
for navigation and obstacle management, and at the lower level, the control module which deals with stability and vessel
survival. An implementation of the control architecture is shown for a UAV platform used for geophysical exploration.


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The Try-Catch in UiPath Studio is an activity for managing exceptions. It allows you to determine how to respond if an exception is thrown so that you can handle it appropriately. This helps to prevent the UiPath robot from abruptly breaking in the event of an exception, and it's considered a key element of RPA development best practices.
Structure of the Try Catch
The Try-Catch activity contains three main sections: 1. Try that holds the activity or set of activities that could throw an exception.
2. Catches to indicate the exception type and, optionally, holds an activity or set of activities that'll be executed when the specified exception is thrown.
3. Finally, holds an activity or set of activities that'll always be executed.
Try - the activity or sequence of activities performed which has a chance of throwing an error.
Catches - the activity or set of activities to be performed when an error occurs. Here you must select the exception type to look for.
Finally - the activity or set of activities to be performed after the Try and Catches blocks are executed regardless of the result, which means it'll be executed if an error is caught or no errors occur.
There's no one right way to use the Try-Catch activity, as it depends on the design of your automation or process and its structure. However, you can avoid common mistakes and follow best practices. Here are some useful tips. 1. How to throw an exception properly
In UiPath, it's possible to throw both business and system exceptions to indicate when an error has occurred in your automation process. Here's how you can throw each type of exception. Business Exceptions: business exceptions are user-defined exceptions that you can throw in your automation process to indicate a specific error has occurred. To throw a business exception, you can use the "Throw" activity and specify the type of exception you want to throw. Example: New BusinessRuleException("You message here")
System Exceptions: System exceptions are pre-defined exceptions that are built into the.NET framework. To throw a system exception, you can use the "Throw" activity and specify the type of exception you want to throw.
Example: New System.IO.FileNotFoundException("file not found")
2. Try to avoid using nested Try-Catch When you use nested Try-Catch activities, it makes it harder to manage your Catches. Also, it doesn't look good in your code, making it hard for maintenance or changes on your project.
3. Try to catch specific exceptions In this way, you'll have control on what to do depending on the exception throw.
4. Remember that the Catches will always match the most specific exception first. In the example below, when the SelectorNotfoundException is thrown, it'll match the correspondent exception in the Catches, even if the Generic Exception is set.
5. Keep in mind to distinguish between Business Exceptions and System Exceptions Business Exceptions are related to processed data and the business logic. A Business Exception will be treated differently because it's related to the business specifications. This is something that can be controlled and must be assessed in the project requirements gathering.
System Exceptions are always related to the applications that the robot interacts with. A System Exception can happen anytime and can or can't be expected. So, the robot must be prepared to handle this type of exception. This is something present on the UiPath REFramework.
Here are some of the most common exceptions you may encounter during your RPA project development. Of course, there are plenty of other exceptions, but these are the ones you're likely to face sooner or later. System.IO.IOException - Occurs in many file I/O operations.
UiPath.Core.SelectorNotFoundException — The most common exception in UiPath, related to a selector that may have changed or that the robot was unable to find.
System.NullReferenceException — Exception related to calling a method on a null object reference.
System.ArgumentNullException — Occurs when a null argument is used in an invoked workflow.
IndexOutOfRangeException - The index is outside the range of an array or collection, meaning it exceeds its capacity.
TimeoutException — Occurs when an operation that was supposed to take place within a certain timeframe has expired.
The Try-Catch activity is an essential tool for managing exceptions in UiPath RPA projects. Exceptions can occur at any time and their proper handling can mean the difference for a successful project. By using the Try-Catch activity and following best practices, you can ensure a robust and stable automation process. Don't forget, proper exception handling is key to the success of your automation projects.
Get recognized for the most creative AI-powered automation use cases in your industry. UiPath AI Center, Document Understanding and Task Mining have the spotlight. Votes will count until February 23, 2023. Participate in the challenge here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The raincoat is a type of waterproof jacket that protects us from rain. I guess most people wonder about what are raincoats made of. Raincoat jacket specially made of water-resistant fabric and other materials. But before discussing the materials of raincoats you must know when and who invented this? Charles Macintosh in 1836 invented this mixing rubber with fabric and it was the first modern raincoat. But now there are various types of raincoats with different colors available in the market. For kids multiple colors of raincoats also accessible in the market.
The answers to those questions how are raincoats made and what is a raincoat made out of provided with all details. So carefully read this article to know the real facts about making raincoats.
_TAG_ Out What Are Raincoats Made Of:
With the basic fabric materials, the raincoat made of but if those products do not contain water-resistant properties then the researchers add water-resistant products. Here are some materials that need to make raincoats:
1. Nylon:
Nylon is a type of synthetic polymer and looks like silky material. This material is not so much expensive and long-lasting material. Most of the companies in the market prefer nylon for its long-lasting and low cost. For its synthetic polymer, silkiness, and easy folding, many people choose this for the monsoon season and summer season. For its lightweight, you can easily convey when tripping.
2. Fabric Cotton:
The first raincoat was made with fabric cotton. But the raincoat of this material is so heavy to use and also not usable for the kids. Now fabric cotton made raincoat not so much available in the market. Oilcloths of this material are available in the market.
3. Gore-Tex:
Gore-Tex is a waterproof fabric and breathable material. It is usable for all-weather for its lightweight. Gore-Tex was first invented in 1969. It is extremely different from other products and people use this for its comfort. Many raincoat-making companies are using this fabric. It is perfect for an outdoor campaign and trekking.
4. Vinyl Fabric:
Vinyl fabric is made of chlorine and natural gas (ethylene). It is strong plastic materials and mainly used for a raincoat, outdoor tablecloths, and other products. Vinyl fabric is used to forming the raincoats of kids. This material is not too much costly. Various raincoat maker companies prefer this for multiple color options, water revolting, and easy to clean.
5. Wool:
Though wool does not provide waterproof quality in winter place it gives warmth. Making with water-resistant woolen coat provides extra durable and it is mainly used in the fashion garments and military men.
There are also other items that need in making raincoats like belts, buttons, lining, thread, trip, zippers, and seam tape. In the market various types of stylish fashionable raincoats like Waxed jackets, Sou'wester, Gannex, Anorak, Oilskin, Inverness cape, Mino, Driza-Bone, Poncho, etc available.
In the end, I want to say something very important talks, before buying raincoats check colors, durable system, stylish, water-resistance quality, etc those are suits for you. After reading this content the query about what are raincoats made of is now clear to the readers.
Also read: Dress Ideas For 50-year-old Women


Legal Information: Puerto Rico
Restraining Orders
View all
December 9, 2020
What is the legal definition of domestic violence in Puerto Rico for the purpose of getting a protection order?
Domestic violence for the purpose of getting a protection order is when one of the following people repeatedly use physical force, psychological violence, intimidation, or harassment in order to cause physical harm to yourself, your property, or to another person in order to cause you severe emotional harm:
 - your spouse;
 - your ex-spouse;
 - a person with whom you share or have shared a home;
 - a person who you are dating or have dated; or
 - a person with whom you have a child in common.1
A person can be a victim of domestic violence regardless of his/her sex, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, or immigration status.
1 See 8 L.P.R.A. § 602(q)


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In this post, I'll show you how to make a cheap portable spectrum analyzer from a TV receiver dongle. The dongle gets sold as a TV (DVB-T) however its an SDR(software defined radio) which means that it can be used to receive pretty much any RF signal(depending on the chip used up to 1-2 GHz) and turn it into a digital one to be later processed by software.
You can connect this dongle to your smartphone via a USB OTG(on the go) adapter and download one of the many spectrum analyzer apps that will process and display the data captured by the dongle.
And that's it you have a portable DIY spectrum analyzer. It's not as good as a proper spectrum analyzer that costs thousands but it's dirt cheap and can do lots of other stuff as well. Like for example receive TV or radio(what is sold for), receive ADSB data from aircraft, and act as a "radar", similar data can also be receieved from ships and weather balloons, you can recive satellite data(you need a proper antenna for that) and with something like GNU Radio you can do all sorts of other things with it.


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'Irfān (Arabic/Persian/Urdu: عرفان, also spelt Irfaan/Erfan) literally means knowing/awareness.The term is often translated as gnosis, however it also refers to Islamic mysticism. Those with the name are sometimes referred to as having an insight into the unseen. Irfan is also a Muslim given name, usually used for male persons.
The concept of Irfan overlaps considerably with Sufism in both meaning and content. A large number of the Twelve Imams appear in numerous Sufi orders. In Twelver Shiism on the other hand, the term refers specifically to gnosis that can be revealed strictly within the confines of Islam.
Among the most famous modern Shia proponents of Irfan were Usooli theologians Allameh Tabatabaei and Ruhollah Khomeini. The scholars taught how gnosis can be attained by adhering to Islamic teachings with love for God. The 17th century Mulla Sadra of Iran is generally seen as the historical ideologue for Irfan in Shi'ism.
- ^ Mutahhari, Murtaza; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn; Khomeini, Ruhollah (2000). Light Within Me. Ansariyan Publications.


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Cpwd is a leading organisation practising in construction and maintenance of buildings for over a century having faced the problem of deterioration in rcc buildings under its maintenance the need of specialised unit in the field of repair rehabilitation and protection of existing buildings was felt and a unit was created on 1 1 96. Buy maintenance repair rehabilitation minor works of buildings by p c varghese pdf online isbn 9788120349452 from phi learning download free sample and get upto 33 off on mrp rental. 2 the government is very concerned about suspected bidrigging in building repair and maintenance works despite the general community consensus that proper maintenance of buildings are their owners responsibility we acknowledge that the whole building rehabilitation process from inspection determination of the scope of works. Building a fibreglass catamaran ep033 yacht repair and major maintenance issues duration 1909 life on the mold building a catamaran 7362 views. Examined a brick rehabilitation and maintenance program can be de signed to meet the needs of a historic or landmark building generally this includes establishing a scope of work phasing and budgeting organizing the work in undertaking a brick repair replace ment or repointing project the job must be planned carefully and logically
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A Nervous Flyer's Guide to Airplane Sounds
A Nervous Flyer's Guide to Airplane Sounds
BY EJAAZ CADINOUCHE 07/31/2022 AGO 5 COMMENTS
An airplane is the result of very complex engineering and requires several systems to work in harmony with each other, just like the human body. So naturally, airplanes can make a wide variety of noises. Unfortunately, many travelers are not accustomed to these noises, and therefore quite a few of them can sound unsettling or even ominous. Unfamiliar aircraft sounds tend to be one of the most common reasons to cause nervousness onboard, so here is a breakdown of a few of the most common ones you may hear on your next flight.

Let's begin at your seat. You're just getting settled in, other passengers are still boarding and you hear a few knocks, as if things are being thrown around under your seat. The most likely explanation is that the ground crew is working hard to load your bags and other cargo onto the aircraft in the belly of the plane. The bags and cargo pallets tend to make a lot of noise as they are moved around in the cargo bays. Shortly following this, depending on the aircraft, you may hear a high-pitched whine for around 30 seconds. This will be the ground crew closing the electronically operated cargo doors to prepare the aircraft for departure.

The sound of freight and bags being loaded might be the first sound you hear in your seat. Photo: Dylan Campbell
The next sound you might hear is distinctive and unique to a particular aircraft. It's fairly obvious to most when the engines are starting up, but during this process, you may hear a noise that is unique to the Airbus A320 family. Most describe it as a dog barking or a pneumatic drill. This typically occurs upon startup of the second engine and is a result of something called a Power Transfer Unit (PTU). This is responsible for ensuring hydraulic power can be transferred between systems in the event of a failure and performs a self test during engine startup. It can sound quite alarming, but in this case there is nothing to worry about. In fact, it has become something of an anticipated event among Avgeeks and frequent Airbus flyers. Due to its location on the aircraft, those seated close to the wings are more likely to hear it, but those seated in other areas may also be able to hear it as it does tend to be fairly loud.
Once the engines have spooled up and the aircraft begins to lift off the ground, depending on where you are seated, you may hear a loud whooshing combined with a couple of knocks as if a closet door is being closed. This is the landing gear being retracted into its wheel wells, followed the landing gear doors closing just a few seconds afterwards. It may go strangely quiet following this, and those seated forward of the wing may hear the pitch of the engines change quite noticeably and suddenly as the aircraft begins to pitch down slightly. This is the pilot transitioning the aircraft from takeoff to the climb phase, which doesn't require as high of a thrust setting and pitch attitude as takeoff does. Until the final stages of the flight, there isn't much else to take notice of other than the views out of the window!

Some sounds, like the PTU, are unique to the Airbus A320 family. Photo: Michael Hai
After descending, as the pilots begin the approach, they have to start slowing down the aircraft and preparing it for landing. One of the ways they do this is by using flaps and slats that extend from the wings. Depending on the aircraft, there could be a loud whining or whirring noise as they are extended on approach or retracted after takeoff. It is also normal for things to get quite loud and shaky upon touchdown, as the aircraft slows down on the runway and the pilot uses reverse thrust to help the aircraft reach taxiing speeds. Reverse thrust tends to produce a lot of noise depending on how much of it the pilot chooses to use, but is perfectly normal.
Those were a few of the most common sounds you might hear onboard an aircraft. Hopefully these explanations put you at ease for the next time you fly. If there are any other weird and wonderful sounds you have heard onboard during your travels that you would like explained or any others that you feel should have made the list, feel free to let us know below!
Comments (5)
Kip Zirkel One noise we hear frequently sounds just like a baby crying, no matter what the parents do to quell the disturbing noise. This appears to occur more often upon descent as the cabin air pressure begins to increase, as the presumed baby is not yet able to equalize the air pressure with the middle ear cavity. It is nothing to worry about, unless you are seated directly in front of said baby and wanting to take a nap.
13d ago • Reply
Sergio Khayat Some other forgotten noises are the landing gear being deployed before landing, especially when it locks., and there is a silent and uncomfortable moment in summer, when the Ground energy is disconnected , the apu is on but the air conditioning is turned off to generate extra power for starting the engines.
13d ago • Reply
James Wall On an AirMic flight many years ago in Micronesia the 727Combi I was on suffered a failed center engine on takeoff. The pilot described it as "disintegrating". What I heard was a loud pop, but not that different from the gear doors closing on takeoff. How do you tell the difference in sound? The pilot said we were fine but could not return to the airport we just left (Pohnpei I think, might have been Kosrae) as the runway was too short for an emergency landing and besides the airport had inadequate crash facilities. He added that with the center engine out we would not be able to make the next airport with suitable crash facilities, that being Honolulu. That focuses the mind. Not too long later the pilot came back on and said the US military on Kwajalein had agreed to let us use their airport as they had extensive crash facilities. On landing there were a significant number of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles out to meet us. None were needed as the landing went smoothly. We then spent a night at Kwajalein restricted to Bachelor officer quarters waiting for a replacement aircraft from Honolulu to come retrieve us.
13d ago • Reply
John When starting an engine without an Auxiliary Power Unit, the ground air cart puts out a very loud whining noise. Chimes and bells. Pilots often send signals to the flight attendants by cycling a chime or seatbelt sign. You may hear this prior to takeoff or prior to commencing an approach. On a turboprop if ice builds on the propellers it sheds off and hits the side of the fuselage very loudly. It can be distressing when you don't know what it is. Older CRJ aircraft often have the wing spar "migrate" or shrink as the airplane cools during the climb out. A very loud clunk. It's normal but sounds distressing.
13d ago • Reply
Ejohn One noise I didn't hear mentioned, occurs approaching an airport, approximately 20-25 miles out. (We lived on the approach path to SeaTac for many years.) Flaps have been deployed but not the landing gear and aircraft is typically at 5000-8000 feet. (Thanks FlightAware!) There is a descending whirring noise which lasts 3-5 seconds. I can hear it on the plane and on the ground. Any ideas?
12d ago • Reply
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Governors strive to boost higher ed's ranking on political agendas
March 26, 2001
The National Governors Association hosted a roundtable discussion on higher education, Tuesday, March 20, marking the formal launch of an effort to put higher education at the top of state and national agendas.
Goals of the four-year initiative are to expand the dialogue on postsecondary education and help states improve their higher-education systems.
"Governors recognize that economic competitiveness is no longer based on which state can provide the best tax breaks or corporate incentives," said NGA chairman Gov. Parris N. Glendening. "Economic development is being driven by investments in education, particularly in higher education."
The group released five papers it commissioned to describe the economic and demographic forces affective higher education. The essays are available at


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Leaf, Root & Fruit Primary School Incursions are a fantastic way to provide children from Prep to Grade 6 with opportunities to explore and discover edible gardening. We work with teachers in running a program in keeping with the Australian Essential Learning Standards.
Prior to running the Primary School Incursion, the Teachers will be provided with a program outline, including aims and expected outcomes. We also provide potential topics for the teachers to include in their programs before and after the incursion.
Our Primary school incursions can include some of the following activities:
- Introduction to edible gardening
- Discussions on sustainability, waste management and recycling
- Planting an edible seed in a pot to take home (with supporting plant care instructions for the child and family)
- Development of Procedural and Informative text skills as students write up planting and growing information, or other activities
- Starting a compost heap
- Setting up a worm- farm
- Saving and using seed from previous plantings, for future use
- Building scarecrows or bird scarers
Prices start at $300 for a one hour session for up to 25 students ($10 per student over that number). Contact us to discuss your requirements so that we can provide you with a more accurate quote.
Primary School Edible Garden Design, Set-up and Maintenance
Our Primary School services are not limited to incursions and workshops. Leaf, Root & Fruit have experience with setting up edible gardens in Primary Schools. We can help you with:
- Edible Garden design
- Construction of raised veggie garden beds
- Supply and delivery of all materials (including soil, mulch, trellis, seedlings and seeds)
- Planting out of garden beds. These are usually done with the children and incorporated into an Incursion program
- Returning seasonally to maintain the garden and run follow-up sessions
- Ongoing, routine garden maintenance and watering during the term and over the school holiday period.
Prices for these services are set in accordance with site requirements.


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1. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SACAA
The South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA) was established on 1 October 1998 following the enactment of the South African Civil Aviation Act, No.40, in September of the same year. The Act provided for the establishment of a stand-alone authority charged with promoting, regulating and enforcing civil aviation safety and security. Prior to that, these functions were performed by the Directorate of Civil Aviation in the Department of Transport. This Act was repealed and replaced by the new Civil Aviation Act, 2009 (Act No. 13 of 2009) ("the Act"). SACAA is governed and controlled by the Civil Aviation Authority Board ("the Board"). In terms of mandate, the SACAA is tasked with promoting and maintaining a safe, secure and sustainable civil aviation environment, by regulating and overseeing the functioning and development of the industry in an efficient, cost-effective, and customer-friendly manner according to international standards.
The creation of the SACAA reflected the government's then priorities of policy development, economic restructuring, addressing social inequalities and reducing the burden on the general taxpayer by expanding the application of the "user-pays" system.
A further motivation for setting up a stand-alone civil aviation regulatory authority was to be in line with international trends in the aviation world, where an increasing number of states implemented this option.
The government was indeed convinced that in operating at arms's length from the state, the SACAA would be more ready to meet its international obligations in relation to the International Civil Aviation Organisation's (ICAO) standards and recommended practices in order to ensure aviation safety in South Africa.
2. MANDATE OF THE SACAA
Regulating the civil aviation industry to ensure security and safety by complying with the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and taking into consideration the local context.
To be rated amongst the top 30 CAAs within five years.
· To regulate aviation safety and security through oversight in line with international standards
· To minimise the impact of the aviation industry on the environment; and
· To promote transformation, development and sustainability in partnership with industry players.
5. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
· Improve stakeholder relations
· Promote aviation awareness
· Comply with ICAO Safety and Security critical elements
· Reduce aircraft accidents
· Achieve BBBEE Level 3 within 5 years
· Enable environmental protection
· Establish a high performance culture
· Improve organisational efficiency.
Our excellence, your safety
Good is never good enough
Always giving best effort, and seeking to continuously improve
Maintain high ethical standards and approach issues professionally without any bias and in a transparent manner that engenders trust amongst all our stakeholders
Service delivery ahead of customer expectation
Striving to always exceed customer expectations
Teaming and partnering
Working with others where we are jointly accountable for the end result.
8. SACAA FUNDING
The SACAA gets its funding from three (3) sources, namely:
i. Direct / User Fees - These are the fees that the users (industry) pay to the SACAA for the services rendered by the SACAA such as the issuing of certificates, registration of new aircraft, etcetera.
ii. Indirect Fees - Indirect fees consist of:
ü Aircraft passenger safety charge payable by all scheduled passengers, and a
ü Fuel levy on general aviation.
iii. Government Funding - The SACAA receives funding from the Department of Transport for the investigation of accidents and serious incidents which are carried out on the department's behalf.
9. WHO ARE OUR STAKEHOLDERS?
The SACAA stakeholder profile comprises all people and organisations who are directly or indirectly involved in the civil aviation industry. These can either be people or organisations that are actively involved in the industry or those who are rendering support services. The SACAA also works closely with key decision-makers in government and with international partners. Key stakeholders thus include:
· Government, through the Departments of Transport and Foreign Affairs;
· Aircraft owners and operators;
· Aircraft designers and manufacturers
· Aircraft maintenance organisations;
· Airline operators;
· Licensed aviation personnel;
· Aviation training organisations such as flight schools;
· Other state agencies such as the Airport Company South Africa (ACSA) and Air Traffic & Navigation Services (ATNS);
· International partners such as ICAO and AFCAC;
· Other civil aviation authorities or bodies in the SADC Region and the rest of the world; and
· Other Government regulatory bodies such as Customs, Immigration and the Air Service Licensing Council.
10. WHO DO WE REGULATE?
The SACAA is responsible for regulating all individuals or organisations involved in civil aviation. These are:
· Aircraft operators;
· Air traffic services units;
· Aircraft maintenance organisations;
· Aircraft owners;
· Aircraft designers and manufacturers;
· Licensed aviation personnel;
· Aviation training organisations.
11. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The South African Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is committed to sound and transparent business practices, and upholds the principles of fairness, accountability, responsibility and transparency associated with good corporate governance. As such, the Board of the CAA (the Board) is committed to the highest standards of corporate governance and takes pride in the organisation's ethical business standards. The Board is also committed to complying with the principles contained in the King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa, 2009 (King III) and to the requirements of the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act No. 1 of 1999) ("PFMA"). Overall responsibility for the strategic direction of corporate governance within the CAA lies with the Board. On the other hand, operational responsibility and day-to-day functioning of the organisation lies with the executive team, with the Director at the helm.
The enabling legislation for the CAA requires the Minister, the SACAA Board and the Director of Civil Aviation to enter into a written Performance Agreement. The Performance Agreement relates to, among others, the Minister's requirements in respect of the Board and the CAA's scope of business, efficiency and financial performance and the achievements of objectives. In line with the enabling legislation, the Performance Agreement was negotiated and concluded between the Board, the CEO/Commissioner (as he was then known) and the Minister during the year under review. The Performance Agreement reinforces accountability by the CAA to the Minister as the Executive Authority. The Performance Agreement further sets out the deliverables, objectives and key performance indicators ("KPIs") with which the CAA has to comply.
12. Areas of Oversight
The roles and responsibilities of the CAA revolve around the following six areas of oversight:
Aircraft Safety – The Aircraft Safety Division is concerned with ensuring that all aircraft that fly in our airspace are airworthy. Included in the Divisions mandate is the upkeep of the civilian aircraft register, ensuring that civilian aircraft are maintained in accordance with requirements, oversight of Aircraft Maintenance Organisations, the approval of aircraft modifications and Supplementary Type Certificates and to ascertain that maintenance engineers adhere to the applicable regulations.
Aviation Security – The mandate of the Aviation Security Division relates to the security of airports, air operators, cargo, the safe transportation of dangerous goods as well as the oversight of aviation security training organizations.
Air Safety Infrastructure – The Air Safety Infrastructure Division is responsible for ensuring that South African airports, helistops, heliports and airspace are safe. In addition this division also ensures that off-airport structures that may affect the safety of air navigation comply with all safety standards as required by the Regulations. The division is also responsible for the approval of flight procedures and the licensing of Air Traffic Controllers. Furthermore, the division is responsible for the provision of aeronautical safety information to the industry in accordance with ICAO requirements.
Air Safety Operations – This division ensures regulatory compliance and safety oversight of all Air Operators, Aviation Training Organisations, Designated Flight Examiners, Designated Aviation Medical Examiners and Aircraft Maintenance Engineers. In addition, the Air Safety Operations Division is also responsible for Flight Inspections, Maintenance of Examinations, Testing Standards and Aviation Medical Standards in the South African aviation context. The division also certifies the safety technical compliance of Aviation Navigation Aids.
Risk and Compliance – Enterprise Wide Risk Management forms and integral part of the SACAA's business processes and risk assessments focused on the areas of Strategic Core Operational and Support Service related risk. The Division also encompasses the Client Services, Aviation Personnel Licensing and Examinations as well as the Information Management Departments.


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Species at Risk
What is the status of the Stinkpot turtle?
The stinkpot turtle was listed as "threatened" federally by the COSEWIC in May 2002. Is listed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act, which provides protection under federal law.
The stinkpot turtle is also listed as "threatened" provincially in Ontario by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources' Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO).
The stinkpot turtle is the smallest turtle in Canada, making it the most vulnerable to predation (from raptors etc.), even when mature.
© Parks Canada / SLINP Image Library
Why is the Stinkpot turtle in danger?
The major factor leading to the decline of Stinkpot turtles in Canada is shoreline development and the draining of wetlands.
Shoreline vegetation and adjacent aquatic plants provide the suitable that stinkpot turtles require to live. As aquatic vegetation is removed, so is the food source for stinkpot turtles. Rotten logs and abandoned muskrat houses along shorelines are required by stinkpot turtles, as they provide necessary nesting habitat. When the shoreline is altered there is less habitat to sustain stinkpot populations.
Wetland drainage has also been a major factor contributing to stinkpot turtle habitat decline. The turtles do not have the capability of traveling overland to another area when a wetland is drained. Being highly aquatic, they will dehydrate quickly and face mortality when there is insufficient water available.
Stinkpot turtles have been extirpated from particular areas due to habitat destruction, and it is estimated that there has been a 30%-50% decline in the overall population. Because of their secretive nature, stinkpot turtles can disappear from an area without anyone ever noticing.


Tuesday, July 16, 2024
HomeMicrosoft 365"Keep Your Emails Safe & Secure with Microsoft 365: Anti-Malware, Safe Attachments,...
"Keep Your Emails Safe & Secure with Microsoft 365: Anti-Malware, Safe Attachments, and Quarantine"
Outline:
H1: Email Protection Basics in Microsoft 365: Anti-Malware, Safe Attachments, and Quarantine
H2: Introduction
H3: What Is Email Protection?
H3: Benefits of Email Protection
H2: Email Protection Basics
H3: Anti-Malware Protection
H3: Safe Attachments
H3: Quarantine
H2: Conclusion
H3: Benefits of Microsoft 365 Email Protection
Popular Questions:
1. What is email protection?
2. What are the benefits of email protection?
3. How does Microsoft 365 offer anti-malware protection?
4. What are safe attachments in Microsoft 365?
5. How does Microsoft 365's quarantine feature work?
Introduction
Email protection is a suite of security features that help protect your organization from malicious email messages, such as those containing malware, phishing attempts, and other malicious content. It's a key part of the overall security of your business, and Microsoft 365 provides a number of features to help protect your organization from malicious email.
What Is Email Protection?
Email protection is the process of protecting an organization's email system from malicious content. This includes identifying malicious emails, blocking them, and preventing them from reaching users' inboxes. It also involves protecting users from malicious links and attachments in emails. Microsoft 365 provides a number of features to help protect your organization from malicious emails.
Benefits of Email Protection
Email protection is an important part of keeping your organization safe from malicious emails. The features provided by Microsoft 365 can help protect against malicious content, keep users safe from phishing attempts, and help prevent the spread of malware.
Email Protection Basics
Microsoft 365 provides a number of features to help protect your organization from malicious emails. These include anti-malware protection, safe attachments, and quarantine.
Anti-Malware Protection
Microsoft 365 includes anti-malware protection to help protect your organization from malicious emails. This protection is provided by Microsoft Defender for Office 365, which is Microsoft's cloud-based security solution for protecting against malicious emails. The anti-malware protection scans all incoming emails for malicious content, and blocks the email if it finds anything suspicious.
Safe Attachments
Microsoft 365 also provides safe attachments, which is designed to help protect your organization from malicious attachments. The feature scans attachments for malicious content, and blocks the email if it finds anything suspicious. This helps protect your organization from malicious attachments, such as malicious documents or malicious executables.
Quarantine
Microsoft 365 also provides a quarantine feature, which is designed to help protect your organization from malicious emails. The feature scans incoming emails for malicious content, and quarantines the email if it finds anything suspicious. This helps protect your organization from malicious emails, such as those containing malware or phishing attempts.
Conclusion
Email protection is an important part of keeping your organization safe from malicious emails. Microsoft 365 provides a number of features to help protect your organization from malicious emails, including anti-malware protection, safe attachments, and quarantine. By using these features, you can help ensure that your organization is protected from malicious emails.
Benefits of Microsoft 365 Email Protection
By using the email protection features provided by Microsoft 365, you can help protect your organization from malicious emails. This includes helping to protect against malicious content, keeping users safe from phishing attempts, and helping to prevent the spread of malware.
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text:
Geospatial data is essential for the development of the blue economy: for sustainable coastal management of coastal areas
and to unlock economic potential from marine and ocean resources. In developing countries, such as South Africa, there are
often gaps in the data with significant implications for the blue economy. We conducted a project aimed at addressing these
data gaps by experimenting with a circular process where geospatial data for selected areas on the South African coastline
were collected through mapathons and used in applications that were developed during hackathons. We validated this
circular approach with two iterations of mapathons and hackathons, and found that 1) the size and location of the map area
need to be carefully chosen; 2) those creating the apps needed a huge amount of help in dealing with the geospatial data; and
3) any geospatial data is useful for the blue economy, not only data with a very specific purpose in the blue economy
context, such as coastal access points. Overall, the geospatial data usability improved from one iteration to another and
would certainly improve if more iterations were added. Similar to the deployment of mapathons for disaster relief, future
research could focus on hosting hackathons for the rapid development of apps to assist with disaster relief operations.
Generally, the hosting of mapathons and hackathons in lockstep is a novel way of exposing students to interdisciplinary
collaboration in international teams with a common goal.


String *)property;
 Parameters
 property
 The property to look for a minimum on. Only properties of type int, float, double and NSDate are supported.
 Return Value
 The minimum value for the property amongst objects in an RLMResults.
 - Returns the maximum (highest) value of the given property of objects in an RLMResults
 NSNumber *max = [results maxOfProperty:@"age"];

 Warning
 You cannot use this method on RLMObject, RLMArray, and NSData properties.
 Declaration
 Objective‑C
 - (nullable id)maxOfProperty:(nonnull NSString *)property;
 Parameters
 property
 The property to look for a maximum on. Only properties of type int, float, double and NSDate are supported.
 Return Value
 The maximum value for the property amongst objects in an RLMResults
 - Returns the sum of the given property for objects in an RLMResults.
 NSNumber *sum = [results sumOfProperty:@"age"];

 Warning
 You cannot use this method on RLMObject, RLMArray, and NSData properties.
 Declaration
 Objective‑C
 - (nonnull NSNumber *)sumOfProperty:(nonnull NSString *)property;
 Parameters
 property
 The property to calculate sum on. Only properties of type int, float and double are supported.
 Return Value
 The sum of the given property over all objects in an RLMResults.
 - Returns the average of a given property for objects in an RLMResults.
 NSNumber *average = [results averageOfProperty:@"age"];

 Warning
 You cannot use this method on RLMObject, RLMArray, and NSData properties.
 Declaration
 Objective‑C
 - (nullable NSNumber *)averageOfProperty:(nonnull NSString *)property;
 Parameters
 property
 The property to calculate average on. Only properties of type int, float and double are supported.
 Return Value
 The average for the given property amongst objects in an RLMResults. This will be of type double for both float and double properties.
 - -[RLMResults init] is not available because RLMResults cannot be created directly. RLMResults can be obtained by querying a Realm.
 Declaration
 Objective‑C
 - (nonnull instancetype)init;
 - +[RLMResults new] is not available because RLMResults cannot be created directly. RLMResults can be obtained by querying a Realm.
 Declaration
 Objective‑C
 + (nonnull instancetype) new;


What is Gastroepiploic?
adjective Referring to the stomach and greater omentum.
What are gastroepiploic vessels?
The gastroepiploic arteries (also known as the gastroomental arteries) consist of left and right vessels that form an anastomosis along the greater curvature of the stomach.
What does gastroepiploic artery supply?
The gastroepiploic artery (GEA) is made up of two arteries which supply the greater omentum and the stomach. … It travels between layers of greater omentum giving off gastric and omental branches and can create an anastomosis with the left gastroepiploic artery.
What is gastroepiploic artery graft?
Before CABG, a procedure in which the graft is directly anastomosed to the coronary artery, was instituted, the gastroepiploic artery (GEA) was used for indirect myocardial revascularization (Vineberg procedure) for the posterior or inferior wall of the heart [3].
What is the left gastroepiploic artery?
The left gastroepiploic artery (or left gastro-omental artery), the largest branch of the splenic artery, runs from left to right about a finger's breadth or more from the greater curvature of the stomach, between the layers of the greater omentum, and anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic (a branch of the right …
Where is the right Gastroepiploic vein?
The right gastroepiploic vein runs toward the right to the head of the pancreas. Usually it joins the superior mesenteric vein and thus drains into the portal vein.
How do you say gastroepiploic?
Castro betis follet castro betis follet castro betis follet castro betis follet.
Which artery supplies the spleen?
splenic artery
Spleen is the hemo-lymph organ, receives its arterial source by splenic artery (SA). SA is the largest branch of celiac trunk and tortuous in its course.
What artery supplies the stomach?
celiac artery
The celiac artery gives rise to three major branches, including the left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries. Collectively, these major branches of the celiac artery supply the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, abdominal esophagus, pancreas, and duodenum.
Which ligament contains the left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries?
The gastrosplenic ligament
The gastrosplenic ligament is made of visceral peritoneum. It connects the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen. It contains the short gastric arteries, short gastric veins, the left gastroepiploic artery, and the left gastroepiploic vein.
Why is omentum called abdominal policeman?
Fat, connective tissue and lymphatics. The omentum is known as the policeman of the abdomen for its role in fighting intra-abdominal infection.
Can the omentum cause pain?
Torsion of the greater omentum is a rare, benign cause of acute abdominal pain, caused by twisting of the omentum around a pivotal point, usually in a clockwise direction [1].
What happens when you have your omentum removed?
Removal of the omentum impairs peritoneal defence mechanisms[3]. In experimental peritonitis, omentectomy has been found to reduce survival[40], and influence a number of peritoneal defence mechanisms[41].
Is the omentum important?
3.1.
Therefore, the omentum has been recognised as having an important role in the immune defence, specifically in the peritoneal cavity. It plays this role by adhering to sites of inflammation, absorbing bacteria and other contaminants, and providing leukocytes for the local immune response [18].
Will the omentum grow back?
After fusing with the injured tissue, the activated omentum brings about vascularization, debridment, hemostasis, healing, and regeneration of the tissue. These unique biological properties of the omentum have long been noted and applied in surgical practice.
How much does your omentum weigh?
The entire major omentum was removed during the bariatric intervention (open gastric banding or gastric bypass) and weighed on average 0.57 kg (range 0.17–1.43 kg). Before surgery, 17 patients underwent a computerized tomography (CT) scan.
What causes inflammation of the omentum?
Secondary causes for OI include hypercoagulability, vasculitides, polycythaemia, and for omental torsion, cysts, tumours, and adhesions. Primary causes, or contributing factors, to omental torsion encompass obesity, local trauma, heavy food intake, coughing, sudden body movements, laxative use and hyperperistalsis.
What does omentum pain feel like?
Patients will present with a sudden onset of cramps/abdominal pain or a 'stitch'. The pain localises in the area of the umbilicus and can radiate to the lumbar and surrounding regions.
Can omentum be removed?
An omentectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the omentum. The omentum is a fold of fatty tissue inside the abdomen that surrounds the stomach, large intestine and other abdominal organs.
Can the omentum get infected?
When the omental infarction is infected, there is a rim-enhanced collection with variable amounts of fat-fluid level and gas. It is generally surrounded by inflammatory changes and free abdominal fluid [1-3]. The difference between a peritoneal abscess and omental infarction is the presence of fat.
How does the greater omentum prevent the spread of infections?
The functions of the greater omentum are: Fat deposition, having varying amounts of adipose tissue. Immune contribution, having milky spots of macrophage collections. Infection and wound isolation; It may also physically limit the spread of intraperitoneal infections.
What is peritoneal lining?
The peritoneum is the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity or coelom in amniotes and some invertebrates, such as annelids. It covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs, and is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.
What organs are in the peritoneum?
The peritoneum is comprised of 2 layers: the superficial parietal layer and the deep visceral layer. The peritoneal cavity contains the omentum, ligaments, and mesentery. Intraperitoneal organs include the stomach, spleen, liver, first and fourth parts of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse, and sigmoid colon.
What does peritoneal mean?
relating to, by means of, or enclosed by the peritoneum, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity:Perforation of the ulcer may occur, with escape of stomach contents into the peritoneal cavity.In peritoneal dialysis, the lining of the abdominal cavity acts like the external filter to cleanse the blood.
Where is peritoneum found in the body?
So let's start with the basics; the Peritoneum is a serous membrane which lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and lies on abdominal and pelvic organs. Between its two layers – parietal and visceral – is the peritoneal cavity.


text:
Today we are going to look at Novanta Inc. (NASDAQ:NOVT) to see whether it might be an attractive investment prospect. Specifically, we're going to calculate its Return On Capital Employed (ROCE), in the hopes of getting some insight into the business.
First, we'll go over how we calculate ROCE. Next, we'll compare it to others in its industry. Last but not least, we'll look at what impact its current liabilities have on its ROCE.
What is Return On Capital Employed (ROCE)?
ROCE measures the amount of pre-tax profits a company can generate from the capital employed in its business. All else being equal, a better business will have a higher ROCE. Ultimately, it is a useful but imperfect metric. Author Edwin Whiting says to be careful when comparing the ROCE of different businesses, since 'No two businesses are exactly alike.'
So, How Do We Calculate ROCE?
The formula for calculating the return on capital employed is:
Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT) ÷ (Total Assets – Current Liabilities)
Or for Novanta:
0.13 = US$79m ÷ (US$720m – US$104m) (Based on the trailing twelve months to December 2018.)
So, Novanta has an ROCE of 13%.
Does Novanta Have A Good ROCE?
One way to assess ROCE is to compare similar companies. It appears that Novanta's ROCE is fairly close to the Electronic industry average of 11%. Independently of how Novanta compares to its industry, its ROCE in absolute terms appears decent, and the company may be worthy of closer investigation.
When considering this metric, keep in mind that it is backwards looking, and not necessarily predictive. ROCE can be misleading for companies in cyclical industries, with returns looking impressive during the boom times, but very weak during the busts. ROCE is only a point-in-time measure. Since the future is so important for investors, you should check out our free report on analyst forecasts for Novanta.
Do Novanta's Current Liabilities Skew Its ROCE?
Short term (or current) liabilities, are things like supplier invoices, overdrafts, or tax bills that need to be paid within 12 months. Due to the way the ROCE equation works, having large bills due in the near term can make it look as though a company has less capital employed, and thus a higher ROCE than usual. To counter this, investors can check if a company has high current liabilities relative to total assets.
Novanta has total assets of US$720m and current liabilities of US$104m. Therefore its current liabilities are equivalent to approximately 14% of its total assets. Low current liabilities are not boosting the ROCE too much.
The Bottom Line On Novanta's ROCE
This is good to see, and with a sound ROCE, Novanta could be worth a closer look. Novanta shapes up well under this analysis, but it is far from the only business delivering excellent numbers . You might also want to check this free collection of companies delivering excellent earnings growth.
For those who like to find winning investments this free list of growing companies with recent insider purchasing, could be just the ticket.
We aim to bring you long-term focused research analysis driven by fundamental data. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material.
If you spot an error that warrants correction, please contact the editor at _EMAIL_. This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. Simply Wall St has no position in the stocks mentioned. Thank you for reading.


text:
ExhibitPearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands
(Arts & Culture - UT Arlington and Community)
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands
October 1, 2012 through February 9, 2013
Few people would argue that Caribbean islands have not played pivotal roles in American history. From Columbus' discoveries to the U.S. Guantanamo Bay prison debate, events on islands of the West Indies have impacted our history. While most of these islands are not that distant, our personal knowledge of them is often scant. With the help of old maps, there are interesting facts to learn and more importantly, connections for us to make. Old printed maps of the Caribbean islands depict not only the geography of the islands but also reflect many of the themes of Caribbean (and American) history as well as cartographic history.
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands shows how maps of the Caribbean incorporate many of the themes of cartographic history found in maps of other geographical areas, from technical developments to increasing diversification in types of maps, and from leading "national schools" in certain time periods to such themes as the growth of a tourist map industry.
Pearls of the Antilles: Printed Maps of Caribbean Islands is located in Special Collections, 6th floor, UT Arlington Central Library and runs through February 9, 2013. Hours are 9am - 7pm Monday and 9am - 5pm Tuesday through Saturday. This exhibit is free and open to the public. For more information call _PHONE_.
Note: visit _URL_ and look at Central Library for hours during holidays. Closed November 22, 23; December 24, 25, 31, and January 1, 2013.