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A: 230 x 76 x110mm. Of course, not everyone follows these measurements to the letter, but this is the 'Australian Standard'.
A: These are bricks built to withstand saline (salty) environments and their exposure grading is determined by a lab test. They are recommended when building up to 1km from a surf coast or up to 100m from a non-surf coast.
A: Efflorescence is a fancy way of describing the white, salty powder that sometimes appears on bricks (usually from salts in cement and mortar). Fortunately, the powder is completely harmless and will usually weather away with time. You can brush it off, although it may return if the salt source is still active.
A: The most common mix is a) one part cement, b) one part lime and c) six parts sand (M3 1:1:6, though the 'Australian Standard' lists 7 other mix options). Whichever mix you choose, however, we strongly recommend one containing lime as it makes the mortar more durable and less prone to cracks.
A: 'Thermal Lag' is a term used to describe the way bricks both absorb and release heat slowly (hence the 'lag' part). It helps keep brick homes cooler in summer and warmer in winter.
A: The best time to clean brickwork is while it is being laid. Mortar smears should be cleaned as soon as possible using a scrubbing brush, running water and a sponge. If mortar hardens, acid cleaning can be used, but only as a last resort.
A: PGH bricks are made from clay, shale and other minerals that are moulded into the 'brick' shape then fired (cooked) at temperatures up to 1200°C.
A: Actually they're better. Thanks to improved technology, not only are today's bricks are stronger than ever before, they also come in a wider variety of colours and textures.
A: A brick's 'face' is the side designed to be seen. Most bricks only have one 'face' and therefore it is important that bricklayers lay them correctly.
A: Bricks with holes (or 'extruded bricks') are manufactured with these holes to ensure that when they are fired, they cook evenly. The holes, up to 30% of material thickness, have no effect on the insulation or fire resistance of the brick (as confirmed by Australian Standards).
A: Yes. In fact, bricks are one of the few construction materials that can. The only circumstance where a brick might not be suitable for reuse is if that brick was not manufactured for a saline environment or wasn't intended to be a 'face' brick.
A: Absolutely. Bricks have a remarkably low environmental cost, an extraordinary long life. Their thermal mass even reduces the need for artificial heating and cooling.
A: When designing energy efficient buildings, the architect and consulting engineers need to be able to calculate the heat loss or gain of materials used to construct the buildings. This is why building materials are categorises into 3 categories: Light (L), Medium (M) and Dark (D). Light coloured being a low solar absorptance and Dark coloured being a higher solar absorptance.
A: Yes. Depending how these pavers are laid, however, not all are right for all driveways. Please call us on 13 15 79 if you need more information.
A: Not all pavers are manufactured for use in marine environments. Fortunately, PGH has a large selection of products that are suitable for these environments.
A: There are definitely situations where a slope may be too steep for laying pavers. The best way to discover if your driveway is suitable is to discuss it with your licensed tradesperson.
A: The majority of PGH pavers are sealed with Pavegard. This coating that helps guard against efflorescence and staining.
A: No. Due to issues with staining and drainage, it is an industry practice not to lay pavers on crusher dust.
A: We guarantee that all our products will be fit for purpose. Due to the natural variation that occurs in fired clay products affecting colour, texture and other features, however, we can't guarantee our products will match any sample or brochure.
A: PGH pavers are made from fired clay, ensuring their colour and strength will last a lifetime.
A: The minimum amount varies between states due to different packaging configurations. To check the minimum in your state call us on 13 15 79.
Yes. Cultured Stone products are suitable for both, and allow you to bring the outdoors inside, emphasizing design and continuity in colour and texture.
Base colour is blended throughout the entire product. Colour overtones are applied and integrated into the product during the casting process.
Cultured Stone is the registered brand name for our extensive line of manufactured stone veneer products.
Cultured Stone products are cast in moulds taken from carefully-selected natural stone, using a process that faithfully captures even the faintest detail. Each colour and texture uses its own blend of Portland cement, lightweight natural aggregates and iron oxide pigments. Even on close examination, these manufactured stones look and feel just like the originals.
Flat pieces are sold by the carton in square metre lots, and corner pieces (by the carton) are sold by the linear metre. Watertables / Sills and Cap Stones are also available.
The installed cost of Cultured Stone products is usually much lower than the installed cost of natural stone. Cultured Stone products require no additional footings, foundations or wall ties (depending on height), and installation time will be considerably less than when using natural stone.
As Cultured Stone products are a lightweight concrete material, they typically last as long as any quality concrete or masonry material such as concrete block, brick etc. Cultured Stone products carry a 50 year limited warranty.
Occasional washing to remove surface dust and dirt is all that is required. Cultured Stone products are virtually maintenance free. Never use any harsh detergents or chemicals on Cultured Stone products.
Cultured Stone products may be applied over most properly prepared, clean, untreated, structurally sound wall surfaces such as wood, wallboard, masonry or metal. See the Cultured Stone Installation Instructions for details. _URL_ PGH BRICKS & PAVERS PTY LTD
Just as natural stone, Cultured Stone products will experience normal weathering during the life of the installation, no different than any other cement based material. See actual printed warranty for details.
Brick Terms
The sharp edge formed by any two surfaces meeting at an angle.
Brickwork, normally of a contrasting colour or texture, one or more courses high.
The specific production run of bricks or pavers.
Building Code of Australia.
The edges of the face of some bricks are bevelled or sloped, providing a softer decorative effect.
A mixture of two or more brick types.
Brick sand
Also called 'brickies sand'. Common term for sand used for making mortar. Colour can vary by region and therefore impact the mortar colour achieved.
Brick Veneer
Construction where a timber or metal frame is covered with a lining material for internal walls and a single leaf or layer of brickwork forms the exposed exterior of the building.
An aesthetic treatment during firing to create light to dark blushes. Also known as 'flashing'.
Bricks that are to be covered up, or used where they are not seen.
Very fine non-structural cracks on the face of the brick.
Damp course
A course, or layer, of impervious material in a wall or floor to prevent the migration of moisture. Also called 'damp-proof course' or DPC. The Building Code of Australia requires the DPC to visibly extend beyond the mortar.
Dry Pressed bricks
Solid bricks that are made by pressing clay into individual moulds.
A white or sometimes coloured powder, often furry in appearance, that can form on the surface of brickwork. This is caused by salt deposits in the mortar and can easily be brushed off. It disappears over time.
The long surface of a brick to be exposed in a wall.
A method used during firing to create light to dark blushes or areas of deepened colour.
Footings or foundations
The base of a building, usually concrete, designed to transfer loads to the ground.
A glass substance melted onto bricks to create glossy spots.
Full or double brick
Construction where most of the external and internal walls are made of brick. The external walls are usually composed of two layers of brick, with a 50mm cavity between them.
A red, or sometimes orange, aesthetic burn on the brick face.
How the layer of mortar between two bricks is finished.
Containing only one colour.
A mixture of lime, cement, sand and water.
Owner builder
A builder who controls the building process of their own home, managing the project and coordinating subcontractors.
A package or bundle of bricks or pavers prepared for delivery.
A brick face texture where the face of a brick is chipped off.
A texturing process where a coloured solution is applied and kiln fired into the body of the brick to create a permanent, ceramic finish.
Tumbled or rumbled
A term used to describe the distortion of brick edges.
A form of efflorescence derived from yellow or green salt deposits that is particularly visible on light-coloured bricks.
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
A measure of the reduction in sound level passing through a wall.
Wirecut bricks
Also called extruded bricks, these are bricks with holes made by forcing a column of clay through a die,


text:
Wireless charging has come a long way since its first usable inception, and even the very first notable thoughts that Nikola Tesla had about inventing wireless power. Wireless chargers today aren't on the same level that he was thinking of, but wireless charging is still a technical marvel.
So how exactly does wireless charging work? The thought that you can charge a battery just by putting the battery near a charging station instead of plugging into it is still crazy to me. To explain that, let's go over what's inside of that little charging station, and all of the technology behind it that makes the magic happen.
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
How to open SRT files?
An SRT or Subrip format is a caption file that is read by video player programs such as Windows Media Player and iTunes. Subrip format files are more notably known as subtitles. These subtitles can be opened with special programs that are made to run them in conjunction with the movie you are watching. Nevertheless, it is possible to just open and edit the file with any text editor program such as Notepad or WordPad.
Locate the SRT file that you want to open and edit.
Right-click on the file and go to Properties.
Click on the Change button that is in the General tab of the file's properties.
Select Notepad or WordPad in the Open With window. Select the Always use the selected program to open this kind of file option to make sure that the program you choose opens all files with SRT file extension.
Click OK. Double-click on the file. The SRT file will open up in either Notepad or WordPad. You will then be able to read and edit the subtitles.
Save the SRT file and load up the video into your video player and then drag the respective SRT file into the video window. The player will accept the file and assign the subtitles to the video that is being watched.


text:
Documentary film, 'Languages Lost and Found -
Speaking and Whistling the Mamma Tongue'
TUXEDO PARK — Every two weeks, somewhere on our planet, a language dies. This startling fact, and a trip to an island where people communicate with a whistle language, led filmmakers Iris Brooks and Jon H. Davis to create this documentary "Languages Lost and Found - Speaking and Whistling the Mamma Tongue." The film will be shown at 2 p.m. on Sept. 15 at the Tuxedo Park Library at 227 Route17 in Tuxedo Park,
This film is a global mosaic celebrating diverse linguistic and cultural practices on five continents, highlighting cultural history, stories, songs, philosophy, proverbs and poems while demonstrating the way we think, speak, and express our ideas is a reflection of our language. Following the screening the filmmakers will facilitate a discussion using dynamic images and global sounds. The film is narrated by William Hurt and featuring music by John McDowell.
Register at tuxedoparklibrary.org or call _PHONE_.


text:
The Controlled Descent Apparatus (CDA), or more commonly referred to, as a boatswain chair is one of the most common types of equipment employed for exterior building maintenance.
Cal-OSHA Ruling on Suspended Scaffold System
Chairs are considered conventional equipment supplied by the window cleaning. A controlled descent apparatus is primarily intended to allow downward movement only.
The Controlled Descent Apparatus is the mechanism that allows the window cleaning technician to descend downward in a safe manner.
Independent Anchorages Required
When using a boatswain chair, you must have two lines secured to approved independent anchorages. The boatswain chair line, or "suspension line" is secured to one anchorage, and the "safety" or "lifeline" is secured to another anchorage. The chair is rigged directly to roof in line with the point of suspension, and the primary synthetic rope suspension lines are normally protected at the roof edge using contractor supplied carpet or other anti-protection devices. Alternatively, contractor supplied equipment such as outrigger beams with counterweights, parapet wall clamps or cornice hooks can be used to suspend the chair if they are approved. These devices must be tied back to permanently installed safety anchors.
Note: When the roof edge is not capable of supporting the applied loads, primary suspension support equipment such as outriggers supported on blocks or beam dollies, or davits, must be considered. A separate independent wall or roof anchor is required to secure the worker's lifeline.
Cal-OSHA Ruling on Controlled Descent Apparatus' (CDA)
When using such equipment for window cleaning applications, its design, use and maintenance shall conform to Cal-OSHA ruling,
Article 5, §3286. Cal-OSHA expects employers whose employees use descent control devices to implement the following procedures and precautions:
-Have documentation on file that employees have been trained by a competent person
-Review with employees of the written detailed work procedures for the work site provided by the building owner.
-Inspection each day before use of all equipment.
-Proper rigging, procedures utilized.
-Use of separate fall arrest system, which will quickly stop the employee's fall.
-Ropes are effectively padded where they contact surfaces, which might cut or weaken the rope.
-While suspended, window cleaners shall not reach further than six (6) feet in any direction.
On October 25, 2001, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved the International Window Cleaning
Association (IWCA) I-14.1 Window Cleaning Safety Standard for publication as ANSI/IWCA I-14.1-2001. This standard addresses the safe use of descent control equipment i.e. rope descent systems (RDS) shall not exceed 130'-0" (40 m) above grade unless the windows cannot be safely and practically accessed by other means.
When performing descents over 130 feet (40 m), special attention shall be given to prevent against dangers associated with wind, length of time workers are suspended, the ability of the rope descent apparatus to function without the worker to apply excessive force and the ability to provide a prompt rescue in the event of an emergency. Additionally, in California, special written permission from Cal-OSHA is required for descents over 130 feet (40 m).


Marijuana use in Africa?
5 Apr 1995 17:59:36 -0600
/A heavy bias towards prevailing American cultural standards is apparent
/in your statements. Use and abuse are only cultural definitions in the
/sense that both involve the same activity. Only the predominant preception
/of the culture is different.
I don't understand if you are saying I am biased against American culture
or am stuck in my American view and therefore biased against other
despite the fact that these particular words have
saying. Someone who ingests peyote to seek guidance and direction for
approach is necessarily better than the other, only that they
are different. I chose these words because I thought that their
across more generally and clearly.


text:
The Value of Diversity for LKS2
- Product Code: 2813200W
It should not be difficult to source books where the heroes, heroines and main characters represent the diversity we find in modern Britain but it is. However, after diligently searching our library we have found some wonderful examples, brilliant books that represent ethnic and cultural diversity and some that include people with disabilities. The stories might be about football, space exploration, school friends or magical quests but the diverse characters are there, living on the pages and in the minds of the readers.
Availability: In stock

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
The saw-whet owl is found throughout North America from southern Alaska and Canada to central Mexico. They inhabit dense coniferous or mixed forests, wooded swamps, and bogs. More migratory than most owls, they winter through and south of their breeding range, the migration being a general southward withdrawal to escape food shortages or extreme cold.
The saw-whet may be a more common winter resident in North Dakota than is believed due to their habit of roosting silently in coniferous trees and being difficult to flush. While a winter visitor for the most part, they have also been known to nest on rare occasions in North Dakota.
Strictly nocturnal, saw-whets prefer coniferous woods in swampy areas. They nest in abandoned woodpecker holes, often those of flickers, and also in natural tree cavities. When hunting, they float silently along edges of open parks and meadows, dropping on their prey in the grass. Their primary food is insects, but they will also eat mice, rats, small squirrels, chipmunks, and occasionally sparrows and juncos.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
A method is proposed to control seismic response of a high-rise building considering function maintenance of an elevator. When a cost function for optimal control is formulated to reduce response of rope, response of a building deteriorates especially in high frequency range. In order to overcome this drawback, the proposed method employs frequency shaping linear quadratic Gaussian control and variable gain feedback. Time history analysis is carried out using simulated ground motion and it is verified that the proposedmethod can reduce the response of both a building and rope effectively.
|Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
|Published - 2011 12月
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
A brick wall
Curtain panel pattern-based can be used to lay brick in offset courses. The key concept in this lesson is that a non-adaptive object can be placed in the pattern-based panel. Thus a standard brick can be used to make a curved wall. There are two examples: 1) the brick that is laid in tilted courses to conform the surface of the bricks closely to the surface, and 2) the brick that is laid in horizontal courses so that its face is always vertical.
The first step is to draw a brick. It might as well be a parametric brick. Create a new family as a Generic Model. Draw the brick with its insertion point aligned with its bottom edge and its face centered. Draw a two vertical planes and one horizontal one.
Add dimensions, making the two vertical planes EQ from the centerline.
Label the dimensions with type parameters for length and width.
Draw an extrusion. Sketch it with a rectangle. Lock the edges of the rectangle to the reference planes.
Finish the extrusion. Select the extrusion and look at the Extrusion End property. Click on the Associate parameter button and give it a new parameter of height.
Look at it in 3D to see if it is right. Adjust the parameter values and change the shape of the brick. Note that you can put equations into the parameter values to calculate things like the height of a brick (=8"/3-3/8").
Finish up with a brick that is nominally 8/3" high, 8" long, and 4" wide.
In the Category settings, make the family Work plane based and uncheck always vertical.
Save this file as brik.rfa
Now start a new family of curtain panel pattern-based. Click on the blue border to change the pattern type. With the type selector, change it to 1/2 step. Change the spacing of the pattern to 8" in each direction. You will want to adjust your zooming and change the scale so it looks better. Drag the points around to get everything out of plane and away from the default work plane. Save this file as brick pattern.rfa
Go back to the brick family and load it into the new pattern.
Before you place the brick, set the work plane to be the horizontal work plane of the middle adaptive point. This will keep the brick oriented and located on the pattern.
Create a test surface as a conceptual mass. Load the brick pattern into the test surface. Divide the surface and apply the brick pattern.
The spacing of the nodes may need adjustment. Use 4" in one direction and 8"/3 in the other direction. This should space the mortar properly.
The next idea is that bricks are typically laid in level courses. To test this, make a test surface that is roughly vertical, like a wall. A quick way to do this is to Ctrl drag the level 1 to make two more levels. Then draw a Spline through point on each level. Blend sweep between them to make the surface.
Go to the brick family. Change its Family Category and Parameters to check Always vertical
Load it into the brick pattern. Save the brick pattern with a new name, such as brick pattern vertical.rfa
Change its Family Category and Parameters to check Always vertical.
Swap out the brick for brick vertical.
Load it into the test surface and apply it to a divided surface on the wall.
It looks right, except the bricks are rotated to show their width rather than their face. We could work to try to rotate it, but it is a parametric
brick and it is easy to swap the parameters. Go back to the brick vertical family. Swap the width for height. Change the associated parameter for the Extrusion end too.
Reload into the pattern, and reload into the test surface.
Adjust the spacing of the bricks, once again using Fixed Distance.
The brick wall should look right!


text:
The calculation of radiated acoustic pressure fields from irregular multi-sided polygons
UNSPECIFIED. (2004) The calculation of radiated acoustic pressure fields from irregular multi-sided polygons. JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 115 (5 Part 1). pp. 2021-2031. ISSN 0001-4966Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
This paper presents a method of calculating the pressure at any point emerging from a plane piston of polygonal shape in an infinite baffle. This is achieved by calculation of the impulse response as a time-stepped function, and considering the effect of each edge of the polygon in turn. The pressure is found from the convolution of this function with the time derivative of the piston velocity multiplied by the density of the propagation medium. Calculated pressure fields are shown for both a series of sources shaped as regular polygons, and for a source with an irregular shape. It is shown that the approach could be useful for the calculation of radiated fields from sources of arbitrary shape. (C) 2004 Acoustical Society of America.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)|
|Journal or Publication Title:||JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA|
|Publisher:||ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS|
|Official Date:||May 2004|
|Number:||5 Part 1|
|Number of Pages:||11|
|Page Range:||pp. 2021-2031|
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text:
When the first Aboriginal people arrived in Australia over 40,000 years ago they were among the most technologically advanced people in the world at the time having made several over the horizon sea voyages to reach here. Yet by the time of European contact Aboriginal people had made very few technological advances and were still using stone tools in a metal rich country.
Why was this? It certainly wasn't due to lack of intelligence. Aboriginal people had a rich culture, a complex social structure and advanced skills that allowed them to survive in hostile environments as well as the qualities we have mentioned on What Makes a good Australian Inventor. Indeed, many Aboriginal people placed among European implements quickly became very inventive (see for example David Unaipon in the box on the right). The complex question of what environmental conditions lead to technological advances and inventiveness in certain societies and why these conditions did not exist in Aboriginal Australia is examined in Jared Diamond's excellent book, Gun Germs and Steel (see below).
Some notable Aboriginal inventions
- Stone tools - Aboriginal people are thought to be the first to use ground edges on stone cutting tools and the first to use stone tools to grind seeds.
- Boomerang - a throwing stick used for many purposes whose design allows it to return to the (skilled) thrower.
- Woomera - a spear throwing holder that acts as an extension of the arm thus allowing greater power and range for the spear. "Woomera" was adopted as an appropriate name for the rocket launching range and associated settlement in outback South Australia.
- Didgeridoo - a musical instrument whose sound is immediately recognisable. It first appeared 2,000 or more years ago and at the time of European arrival was used in the north western corner of Australia.
Guns, Germs and Steel
by Jared Diamond
This important book written by a person Professor Tim Flannery has called "the greatest living scientist" attempts to analyse why different societies and races developed in different ways. Why did certain societies excel in technology, inventiveness and the arts while others remained static for many centuries? What enabled certain races to over-run others. This is no simplistic racial supremacy polemic, but a serious scientific attempt to analyse what conditions allow certain peoples to flourish and what conditions might cause them to languish.
Our rating - 5 hats
Some useful resources on inventions and inventors:
Lord Howard Florey
The Deakin T2 Car
Who is the Inventor?
- You will find numbers of useful resources in our free newsletter - Inventions & Innovations - the White Hat guide
- The White Hat listing of forthcoming events related to inventions and innovation
- The Australian Institute for Commercialisation (AIC) is a leading service organisation helping innovators achieve commercial success. Around Australia they help business, research organisations and governments to convert their ideas into successful outcomes.
- Scienceworks in Melbourne, the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney and the CSIRO Discovery Centre in Canberra provide excellent resources in understanding Australian inventions and innovation.
- The ABC television series Landline regularly features Australian innovation and inventions. Unlike many gee-whiz pop science programs, Landline usually provides thorough and unhysterical coverage of Australian breakthroughs relating to country Australia together with their commercial ramifications. (You do need to watch the Sunday or Monday morning broadcast however, rather than the shortened Monday evening version.) Unfortunately, the same is not true of the current series on the ABC called The New Inventors. Made in infotainment style it chooses to present only a cursory investigation of the invention and skates over the top of the issues involved in successfully bringing an invention to market. Many of the products presented are not really inventions but design improvements, but any exposure in the media for creativity in such areas is to be welcomed and applauded.
- You will also find useful information at Intellectual Property (IP) Australia, The Inventors' Association of Australia and The Triton Foundation (founded by George Lewin, inventor of the Triton Work Bench) and Innovic, a Victorian organisation which provides advice on the bringing to market of innovations..
Some useful books on inventions and inventors
Edison in the Boardroom Revisited:
How Leading Companies Realize Value from Their Intellectual Property
Related Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander resources:
Emily Kame Kngwarreye
White Hat works hard to make information on these pages current and correct. However with many thousands of entries, much of it changing daily, errors may occur. Always verify the information by using the phone numbers supplied with each event or venue before making a special trip or using this information for any other purpose. If you believe some information is incorrect, please contact us at _EMAIL_ and we will attempt to verify or change the information
DISCLAIMER: White Hat makes no claim as to the accuracy of this information and takes no responsibility for incorrect or incomplete information or for actions based on the information in these pages, and accepts no liability to any person or organisation for the information contained in these pages.


wa'ter ice"
1. ice formed by direct freezing of fresh or salt water, and not by compacting of snow.
2. a frozen dessert, similar to sherbet, made of water, sweetener, and fruit syrup or other flavorings.
water hyacinthwater-inch
See also:
Related Content


.
The generated JSON data has three fields:
 - name": a string value set to "CRV Tester".
 - random_number": an integer value generated by multiplying a random number between 0 and 1 by 100 and casting it to an integer.
 - random_string": a string value that concatenates the string "abc" with a random number between 0 and 1 multiplied by 100, and then concatenates "xyz" to the end.
Finally, the ::json syntax is used to explicitly cast the generated string to JSON type and insert it into the data column of the test_json table.
This ends up with data looking like this:
JSON benchmark test data
The JSONB variant is really similar, but subtly different:
INSERT INTO test_jsonb (data)
SELECT ('{ "name": "CRV Tester JSONB", "random_number": ' || (random() * 100)::int || ', "random_string": "qwe' ||
 (random() * 100)::int ||
 'rty" }')::jsonb
FROM generate_series(1, _PHONE_);Code language: PHP (php)
The first change is that we insert into test_jsonb, not test_json.
The second, more subtle difference is that we cast to ::jsonb instead of ::json at the end of the SELECT statement.
Beyond that, the only other difference is that I changed the name to "CRV Tester JSONB" – because it's easier for me to quickly see which table I am working with from a human perspective.
This results in very similar data in the test_jsonb table:
JSONB benchmark test data
test_jsonb.sql
We're starting with updating the JSONB data type because it is the easier of the two from a query perspective. At least, that's my opinion.
Inside the test_jsonb.sql file we have the following contents:
BEGIN;
UPDATE public.test_jsonb
 SET data = jsonb_set(data, '{random_number}', to_jsonb((data->>'random_number')::int + 1))
 WHERE id = (SELECT trunc(random() * _PHONE_)::int + 1);
SELECT * FROM public.test_jsonb WHERE id = trunc(random() * _PHONE_)::int + 1;
COMMIT;Code language: PHP (php)
This SQL code performs the following actions:
 1. Starts a transaction using the BEGIN statement.
 2. Updates a row in the "public.test_jsonb" table. The update sets a new value for the "data" column using the jsonb_set function. The function takes three arguments: the current value of the "data" column, the path of the JSON key to update (in this case, "{random_number}"), and the new value to set for that key. The new value is generated by converting the current value of the "random_number" key to an integer using the "->>" operator, adding 1 to it, and converting the result back to JSONB using the to_jsonb function.
 3. The update is applied to the row where the "id" column matches a randomly generated integer between 1 and 1,000,000 (inclusive). The randomly generated integer is obtained using a subquery that generates a random float between 0 and 1, multiplies it by 1,000,000, takes the integer part using the trunc function, and adds 1 to it.
 4. The SELECT statement retrieves the updated row by selecting all columns from the "public.test_jsonb" table where the "id" column matches another randomly generated integer between 1 and 1,000,000 (inclusive).
 5. Finally, the transaction is committed using the COMMIT statement, which makes the changes permanent.
I'm not sure if I have to wrap my statements in a transaction, but because I'm going to be using pgbench for benchmarking, and that tool measures in "transactions per second", I figured I should do anyway.
test_json.sql
The SQL for test_json.sql is almost the same as the SQL above for test_jsonb.sql.
Here's the exact SQL:
BEGIN;
UPDATE public.test_json
 SET data = jsonb_set(data::jsonb, '{random_number}', to_jsonb((data->>'random_number')::int + 1))::json
 WHERE id = (SELECT trunc(random() * _PHONE_)::int + 1);
SELECT * FROM public.test_json WHERE id = trunc(random() * _PHONE_)::int + 1;
COMMIT;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)
It does look very similar. However, it differs in two ways.
Firstly it operates against the public.test_json table. That's the obvious change.
The less obvious change is the explicit casting to JSONB and then back to JSON.
I may be doing this wrong, but I couldn't figure out a better way. I only wanted to update the random_number part of my JSON.
This SQL code updates a row in the "public.test_json" table by modifying the value of the "data" column. Specifically, the update sets a new value for the "random_number" key in the "data" column by incrementing its current value by one.
The UPDATE statement takes the following actions:
 1. It uses the jsonb_set function to modify the "data" column. The function takes three arguments: the current value of the "data" column, the path of the JSON key to update (in this case, "{random_number}"), and the new value to set for that key. The new value is generated by converting the current value of the "random_number" key to an integer using the "->>" operator, adding 1 to it, and converting the result back to JSONB using the to_jsonb function.
 2. It casts the resulting JSONB value to a JSON data type using the "::json" operator.
 3. It applies the update to the row where the "id" column matches a randomly generated integer between 1 and 1,000,000 (inclusive). The randomly generated integer is obtained using a subquery that generates a random float between 0 and 1, multiplies it by 1,000,000, takes the integer part using the trunc function, and adds 1 to it.
The purpose of the CAST operator "::json" is to convert the resulting JSONB value to a JSON data type.
So it feels like this is always going to be slower on the UPDATE simply because of this overhead. But I don't know a better way to work with JSON.
Anyway, those are the three SQL files. With those in place we can actually go ahead and bring up the Docker test environment.
Docker Container Management
Given the above, we should be good to bring up the Dockerised Postgres database with a single command:
docker-compose up
This will start up the container and take over the terminal session, displaying any logs as they are output:
➜ postgres-json-jsonb-test docker-compose up
Creating postgres-json-jsonb-test_db_1 ... done
Attaching to postgres-json-jsonb-test_db_1
db_1 | The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
db_1 | This user must also own the server process.
db_1 |
db_1 | The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.utf8".
db_1 | The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
db_1 | The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
db_1 |
db_1 | Data page checksums are disabled.
db_1 |
db_1 | fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/data ... ok
db_1 | creating subdirectories ... ok
db_1 | selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
db_1 | selecting default max_connections ... 100
db_1 | selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
db_1 | selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
db_1 | creating configuration files ... ok
db_1 | running bootstrap script ... ok
db_1 | performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
db_1 | syncing data to disk ... ok
db_1 |
db_1 |
db_1 | Success. You can now start the database server using:
db_1 |
db_1 | pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/data -l logfile start
db


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It makes sense conceptually to me I would just like this verified.
share|improve this question
The dot product can be distributed over addition: $\mathbf n\cdot(p\mathbf a+q\mathbf b)=p(\mathbf n\cdot\mathbf a)+q(\mathbf n\cdot\mathbf b)$... – Guess who it is. Oct 18 '11 at 1:12
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Yes! One way to check that two vectors are orthogonal is that their dot product is zero. So now you just need to algebraically check that if $\vec{v}\cdot\vec{a}=0$ and $\vec{v}\cdot\vec{b}=0$ then for any scalars $r,s$ we have $$\vec{v}\cdot(r\vec{a}+s\vec{b})=0.$$
share|improve this answer
Thanks! Seems blindingly obvious now. :D – Jon Martin Oct 18 '11 at 2:10
Your Answer


text:
Stoicism is typically used for personal endeavours but it is so much more robust than that.
A critical examination of the environmental damage linked to our favourite items.
In this open access paper, we identify the role of material in providing societal services.
Sustainable development is an important concern of the 21st century. But what does Stoicism have to do with it?
In this open access paper, we proposed the addition of the "Earth" to Hierocles Circles of Concern.
In this Stoicon 2018 presentation we demonstrated the relevance of Stoicism when it comes to combating extreme nationalism, fake news, climate change and political apathy.


text:
VBA and Field Codes in MS Word
Using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to work with Word's field codes can seem a bit tricky at first, compared to manual field code management. But the time savings that VBA code provides easily justifies the initial effort to write it.
When using VBA to manage Word's field codes, you'll want to implement these functions: adding field codes, deleting them, and navigating to them. The VBA program code in this article implements these functions.
Install the program code
Install the program as follows:
Open Word 2007 and enter the Visual Basic IDE (integrated development environment) by pressing alt-F11. In the Project window, select Normal, then create a new user form by selecting Insert>User Form.
Using one ListBox and two button controls from the control Toolbox, design a form that looks like the following figure. Be sure to create the Delete Field button before the Close button.
Tip: set the text for the button controls by right-clicking them, choosing Properties, then setting the Caption property to the appropriate text do "Delete Field" and "Close."
When you've finished designing the form's appearance, install the program code to make the form work: double-click the form to enter the code window, and paste the following code into that window:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
'Delete a field and remove it from the listbox
ActiveDocument.Fields(ListBox1.ListIndex + 1).Delete
'Delete from list
Private Sub CommandButton2_Click()
Private Sub ListBox1_DblClick(ByVal Cancel As MSForms.ReturnBoolean)
Dim s As String
Dim i As Integer
'Which item was double-clicked? Navigate to it
i = ListBox1.ListIndex
ActiveDocument.Fields(i + 1).Select
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize()
'Load the list box with the field code text from each field code in the main document
Dim i As Integer
Dim s As String
For i = 1 To ActiveDocument.Fields.Count
s = ActiveDocument.Fields(i).Code
Use the Form
Double-click Normal>Microsoft Word Objects>ThisDocument in the Project window. Enter the following code in the code window:
Public Sub showFieldForm()
That subroutine lets us call up the user form from Word. Return to Word and create some field codes in a document. Try inserting these:
– Insert>Quick Parts> Field>Date&Time, with the Update Automatically option checked
– Insert>Quick Parts>Field>Author
– Insert>Quick Parts>Field>NumWords
Run the user form you created by pressing alt-F8 and double-clicking the macro showFieldForm in the macro list. When the user form appears, notice the items in its listbox: all the field codes you entered. Double click one or two to navigate to, then press Delete to delete them. Close the form to notice the deleted fields.
Creating Field Codes Programmatically
The previous exercise showed how to navigate and delete field codes from VBA, but how and when might you use VBA to create them? Consider this scenario:
You're typing a letter that might go out to several different people, but you don't want to trouble with the multi-step process of creating a mail merge. You can instead use field codes to display the letter's addressee anywhere in the letter. When you change the addressee's name, the field codes will automatically change to display it.
Enter the Field-Creation Program Code
This task will make use of both field codes and bookmarks. Start with the field code functionality first: re-enter the Visual Basic IDE by pressing alt-F11. Double-click Normal>Microsoft Word Objects>ThisDocument on the Properties window, and select a clear space to enter the following code into:
Public Sub insertLink()
Dim p, q, s As String
'create the link field code text
p = ActiveDocument.FullName
q = Replace(p, "\", "\\") 'Must escape filename backslashes
s = "link word.document.12 " & q & " bm \a \r"
Selection.Fields.Add Range:=Selection.Range, Text:=s
Return to Word and assign a shortcut key to the macro: click the round MS Office button, then Word Options>Customize, and then the Customize button next to Keyboard shortcut. In the Customize keyboard window, select the Macro category and the InsertLink Macro. Enter a shortcut like Alt-L, then close the window.
While you're still in the Word Options window, select the option to display bookmarks: Choose Advanced, scroll down to the "Show document content" heading, and check the Show bookmark checkbox. Return to the main document.
Compose the letter in our letter-writing scenario. Start the letter with this greeting:
Dear Mr. Perkins:
Bookmark the addressee, Mr. Perkins: select the "Mr. Perkins" text, click Insert>Bookmark, then add the bookmark "bm" to the selected text. Close the window to return to Word, and resume the letter writing with the following text, being sure to follow the instructions to "press alt-L."
The Halibut was delicious. Thank you for taking the time to prepare it. You are truly one-of-a kind, [press alt-L]. Finding another like you would be an impossible task.
So long, [press alt-L], and thanks for all the fish.
When you're done writing the letter, update its field codes by selecting the whole document and pressing F9. The field codes will display the text you bookmarked: Mr. Perkins. Change the addressee now: position the cursor just inside the left brace of the "Mr. Perkins" bookmark. Type in "Mrs. Tillman" (without quotes), and delete the extra text up to the closing brace.
Select the whole document and press ctrl-A once again to update the field codes, which should now show "Mrs. Tillman."
For further exploration
The code examples in this article showed you how to navigate to, delete and create field codes from Visual Basic for Applications. If your documents use field codes, you can now more ably manage them by applying and customizing the programming examples.
References: Microsoft Office Online: Word's Field Codes


text:
The rat race
A single Norway rat released on to a rat-free island was not caught for more than four months, despite intensive efforts to trap it. The rat first explored the 9.5-hectare island and then swam 400 metres across open water to another rat-free island, evading capture for 18 weeks until an aggressive combination of detection and trapping methods were deployed simultaneously.Apparently, it is quite hard to clear islands of rats and once they are cleared they often get reinfested. Now we know why. Above is part of the abstract of and article from this week's Nature (not free access)
An extended account is here:
Despite being weighed down by a tiny radio transmitter collar, Razza eluded intensive efforts to trap him during his 10-week sojourn on New Zealand's uninhabited and forested Motuhoropapa Island.
During that time, the rat evaded an arsenal of traps and poisoned baits that included peanut butter. He even continued to stay one step ahead of sniffer dogs sent in to track him down.
Then he disappeared only to turn up on neighboring Otata Island after his dip, apparently motivated by primordial urges during the spring-summer mating season
Only a cynic would note that by not catching the rat they got a paper in Nature, and wonder how hard they really tried.


radius of a black hole is proportional to its mass:
R = 2*G*M/C^2 (2)
M = R*C^2/(2*G) (3)
So the (1) becomes:
S = (1/4)*R^2/(G*hbar/C^3) = (1/4) * R^2/lp^2 = (1/(4*PI)) * (1/4) * A/lp^2 (4)
So it differ from Hawking formula by 1/(4*PI).
Now, let me try to use a totally different but much simpler gedanken experiment to derive an entropy formular similar to Hawkings. It's trivial. Any one can think out a hundred different gedanken experiments, all arrive at the same result, differing by only a numerical factor.
Let's start with a black hole of almost zero mass, and gradually increase its size by throwing in photons in appropriate wavelength.
We do not want to throw in photons whose wavelength is much smaller than the size of the blackhole, since they will lose a great portion of their energy by gravity red-shift, and we do not know how much the mass of blackhole is increase. We do not want to throw in photons of wavelenth much larger than the blackhole size either, since then the photo will diffract around the blackhole completely, without absorbtion.
Let's choose photo wavelength
Lambda = diameter of blackhole = 2*R (5)
Such photons will be absorbed with its energy largely unchanged, increasing the blackhole mass by the equivalent mass of the photon energy. The increase of mass is:
delta M = delta E * C^2 = 2*PI*hbar * C^3/lambda = 2*PI*hbar*C^3/(2*R) (6)
We know that each photon carries an entropy of exactly one, regardless of the photon's energy, so the increase of black hole entropy for each photon is one:
delta S = 1 (7)
dM = PI*hbar*C^3/R * dS (8)
dS = 1/(PI*hbar*C^3) * R * dM (9)
Now, since
R = 2*G*M/C^2, which is M = C^2/(2G) * R (10)
dM = C^2/(2G) * dR (11)
Put it into equ. (9):
dS = 1/(PI*hbar*C^3) * R * C^2/(2G) * dR (12)
Integrate equ. (12) from zero:
S = (1/(4*PI)) * R^2/ (hbar*C^3/G) (13)
S = (1/4*PI^2)^2 * (1/4)* A / lp^2 (14)
Again we ontained virtually the same Hawking entropy, except for a small numerical factor. I could easily get the factor correct if I am willing to try a little bit numerology like the LQG and super string camp did in their crackpot theories.
So you see it is really not a big deal at all to have derived the black hole entropy proportional to horizen area divided by Planck area.
reader Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
reader Anonymous said...
This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.
reader Anonymous said...
Lubos practices censorship.
Admit it, you've got a crush on loop quantum gravity and Smolin is your hero!
reader Luboš Motl said...
You see that you can be both brief as well as tolerably polite. Your latest posting contains all the meaningful information from your previous multi-kilobytes rants. Everyone can determine for herself whether I am a secret fan of loop quantum gravity. ;-)
reader Anonymous said...
Just to say hello from a friendly soul. I thought that you will find my comments on quantum gravity entertaining - even if it would be surprised if you would agree with them - see my blog Open System.
reader Anonymous said...


AWS::OpsWorks::Instance BlockDeviceMapping - AWS CloudFormation
AWS::OpsWorks::Instance BlockDeviceMapping
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "DeviceName" : String, "Ebs" : EbsBlockDevice, "NoDevice" : String, "VirtualName" : String }
YAML
DeviceName: String Ebs: EbsBlockDevice NoDevice: String VirtualName: String
Properties
DeviceName
The device name that is exposed to the instance, such as /dev/sdh. For the root device, you can use the explicit device name or you can set this parameter to ROOT_DEVICE and AWS OpsWorks Stacks will provide the correct device name.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
Ebs
An EBSBlockDevice that defines how to configure an Amazon EBS volume when the instance is launched. You can specify either the VirtualName or Ebs, but not both.
Required: Conditional
Type: EbsBlockDevice
Update requires: Replacement
NoDevice
Suppresses the specified device included in the AMI's block device mapping.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
VirtualName
The virtual device name. For more information, see BlockDeviceMapping. You can specify either the VirtualName or Ebs, but not both.
Required: Conditional
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement


text:
Linkage between the Southern and Eastern Carpathians: structural scenarios for the Bend Zone
The Carpathian Bend Zone (BZ) defines the area of transition between the roughly N-S trending Eastern Carpathians and the E-W trending Southern Carpathians. The BZ is located along the southward termination of the main structures observed in the outcropping nappes of the Eastern Carpathians (Tarcau, Marginal) which bend from a N-S to a roughly NE-SW trend. Towards the west, the BZ has been informally defined to end against the Intra-Moesian Fault (IMF), one of the faults of Dobogrea area which belongs to the southern extension of the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone. The IMF is a basement-related feature defined by geophysical anomalies, with present-day seismic activity.
The BZ is characterized by the generalized outcrop of Oligocene-Early Miocene rocks and the presence of abundant diapirs and walls formed by Burdigalian and Badenian salt. The structure of the area is difficult to interpret due to the abundant presence of salt at different structural levels and its structural complexity. Structural understanding of the BZ is further hindered by the difficulty of understanding the termination of eastern Carpathian tectonic units and the apparent disconnection of the BZ from the Southern Carpathians due to the IMF.
Despite these obstacles, analysis of available data (geologic maps, published cross sections, gravity and magnetic maps) provides powerful insights into the details of the structural linkage between the Southern and Eastern Carpathians across the BZ. Map relationships make it possible to correlate the key structural elements of the Eastern Carpathians (Tarcau and Marginale nappes and Burdigalian wedge) with equivalent structures in the BZ. The main difference between both domains is that towards the south and southwest there is a significant loss of displacement on the Tarcau nappe and a significant narrowing of the Marginale nappe. Furthermore, in the BZ, there is an increased presence of salt structures, potentially related to oblique slip on the key thrusts. The combination of the southward termination of structures and the interference of salt tectonics leads to structures becoming less laterally continuous and an overall plunge towards the SW. On the other hand, the Peri-Carpathian thrust and its hangingwall (the Burdigalian wedge) are observed to be almost identical in character in both zones.
Correlation towards the west into the Southern Carpathians is also possible. As occurs towards the north, the Peri-Carpathian thrust and the Burdigalian wedge are almost perfectly continuous between the BZ and the Southern Carpathians, calling into doubt the role of the IMF during its emplacement. As for the Tarcau and Marginale nappes, these continue to lose displacement and width, to the point where they conform a very narrow band of deformation in the Southern Carpathians, associated to high-angle inversion structures (as opposed to the low-angle thrusts observed in the BZ and Eastern Carpathians). This transition across the IMF is interpreted to be related to the control of this deep fault on the location of a regional-scale, shallow lateral ramp during thrust emplacement. The result is the present-day apparent lateral offset on the shallower thrust units (Tarcau and Marginale) and the increase in topographic relief to the east.
The correlation of structural units across the BZ opens exploration opportunities in deep sub-thrust plays in which Oligo-Miocene reservoirs have undergone a similar depositional, burial and tectonic history to those reservoirs currently producing in shallow thrust units of the BZ.
AAPG Datapages/Search and Discovery Article #90192 © 2014 European Regional Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, May 13-15, 2014


Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance
Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance Sanitizer Rotation to Prevent Bioresistance
Nov 21, 2019
Chemical sanitizers are designed to address specific microorganisms in food, beverage, dairy and pharmaceutical processing hygiene. However, in most facilities, the microflora of a processing line may shift due to changing production conditions. In these cases, sanitizer rotation is a worthwhile action to address the spectrum of microbial activity as well as concerns about the development of microbial resistance.
What is Microbial Resistance?
Microbial resistance is broadly defined as the ability of the microbe to survive and propagate under conditions that were previously lethal. Some of these conditions include temperatures, pH, water availability, and chemical exposure. There are two accepted types of microbial resistance: intrinsic and acquired.
What is the difference between intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance?
Intrinsic resistance is the microbe's natural ability to survive certain types of chemicals. For example, Iodophores are effective against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but are less effective against spores or bacteriophage.
Acquired resistance is when organism strains have survived sub-lethal exposure to chemicals. Sub-lethal exposure can be low concentrations of acids or low parts per million (ppm) of chemicals. Acquired resistance can be further classified. Some of those definitions are listed below:
 - Acid Tolerance: tolerance to acidic conditions.
 - Chemical Tolerance: tolerance to chemical exposure.
 - Cryo Tolerance: tolerance to freezer, or sub-zero conditions.
 - Thermo Tolerance: tolerance to thermal conditions.
Why use chemical sanitizers in processing plants?
There are two goals for plant sanitizing. The first is to maintain control of the plant sanitizing program and the second is to prevent any existing microbial situation from becoming worse.
A processing plant can maintain control of its sanitizing program by identifying areas of concern and maintaining them on a master Standard Sanitation Operating Procedure (SSOP) schedule. This includes the identification of problem areas (biofilm formations, bioaerosols, etc.) and the routine monitoring of these areas by microbiological means (either by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), daily plating, or monthly baseline numbers).
Preventing existing situations from worsening can be accomplished easily by putting the plant on a sanitizer rotation program. It is recommended that plants alternate sanitizers during the week to prevent bioresistance or proliferation of specific flora1.
Why rotate sanitizers?
The reason for sanitizer rotation is that using only one type of sanitizer may eliminate one type of organism, but allows others to proliferate instead. For example, a plant uses a sanitizer that is highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria. However, the sanitizer actually allows Gram-negative bacteria to flourish because there are no Gram-positive bacteria to compete for resources. The site can combat this issue by using a different type of sanitizer once a week that is more efficacious against Gram-negative bacteria thus leveling the microbial field.
Does switching sanitizers to a product like chlorine cause additional corrosion problems?
Sanitizers are highly effective and relatively low in corrosion when used at the appropriate dilution. Please refer to the label for correct dosage rate, metal interactions if listed, and contact times for sanitizing.
What precautions do you need to take when rotating sanitizers?
It is important to note that sanitizers may not be compatible with each other. For example, do not follow the use of an acid cleaner or sanitizer with a chlorinated sanitizer without rinsing well between chemical applications. Nor should you follow a quat with chlorine without rinsing well. Both of these situations can produce a dangerous chemical reaction where toxic gases can be produced. It is best to thoroughly read all Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and technical data sheets prior to application.
Most sanitizers are ineffective against large amounts of organic debris. Residual organic debris will effectively cancel the germicidal ability to sanitize2. To enhance the effectiveness of a sanitizer, thorough cleaning of the equipment, or area to be sanitized, is necessary.
Remember: a dirty surface cannot be sanitized. It is important to thoroughly clean equipment before sanitizing.
Note that when a sanitizer is rendered sub-lethal, microorganisms may become resistant.
It is also possible to employ a technique known as double sanitizing. In double sanitizing, the surface is exposed to a very strong solution, thoroughly rinsed with potable water and then sanitized. In this case, the initial sanitizer application oxidizes away any interference.
Another issue to be aware of is the fact that employees may not follow the master sanitation schedule. Employees may routinely forget to rotate sanitizers. The sanitation schedule must be clearly posted for all employees to follow. While these are just a few of the issues that can occur when rotating sanitizers, overall, sanitizer rotation is more beneficial than harmful. By incorporating a sanitizer rotation schedule into a master Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure, processors can both maintain biological control of their environment and prevent any existing microbial situations from worsening.
Diversey's hygiene specialists can help design bespoke sanitizer rotation programs aligned to the specific requirements of individual production plants. Contact us for a consultation.
1Gregersen, J., "Clean Sweep Sanitizers and Disinfectants are Only as Good the SSOP's that Govern Them", Meat Mark. Technology, 53-58, 2005.
2Yousef, A. and Juneja, V., Microbial Stress Adaptation and Food Safety, CRC Press, 2003.


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Sorting optimization for Sawmill stock
On the beginning of production you have sawlogs. On the other end you have timber in several sizes.
When sawmill usually buy sawlogs it has to sort it in some boxes prior to sawing. Number of boxes can be different from sawmill to sawmill. (Of course some technologies allow skip sorting).
So. Let's imagine that you are already sorting logs in some ways, for example with diameter step of 10mm. Then I give you these questions:
1. Is this sorting optimal?
2. For particular timber size... from which box You take sawlog to achieve optimum yield?
Sorting Optimization" module give you answers for this questions.
So, base on:
- real production (timber sizes)
- input sizes of logs
You can answer on questions:
- how should I sort logs optimally, if I need for example 12 boxes?
- I need to produce board with sizes 22x50.... from which box I have to take sawlogs?
As a result you will have:
for defined number of boxes you obtain suggested sorting of logs (4 optimization methods). Of course you can modify sorting as you wish. You can split adjacent boxes, join them or move borders between them.
Then for each timber size you obtain recommended boxes (numbered by priority).
So, you get for example results:
Box1: sawlog diameter from 100 to 102mm
Box2: sawlog diameter from 103 to 110mm
And then:
For timber 20x40 is the best to take sawlogs from box #3, then from box #2 etc.etc.


text:
Deccaet to. BBA-Proteins 2018
Calreticulin (CRT) is a calcium-binding protein that participates in several cellular processes including the control of protein folding and homeostasis of Ca2+. Its folding, stability and functions are strongly controlled by the presence of Ca2+. The oligomerization state of CRT is also relevant for its functions. We studied the thermal transitions of monomers and oligomers of CRT by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the presence and absence of Ca2+. We found three and two components for the calorimetric transition in the presence and absence of Ca2+ respectively. The presence of several components was also supported by CD and FTIR spectra acquired as a function of the temperature. The difference between the heat capacity of the native and the unfolded state strongly suggests that interactions between protein domains also contribute to the heat uptake in a calorimetry experiment. We found that once unfolded at high temperature the process is reversible and the native state can be recovered upon cooling only in the absence of Ca2+. We also propose a new simple method to obtain pure CRT oligomers.
Authors: Decca MB, Borioli GA, Durand ES, Moreschi A, Hallak ME, Montich GG.
Article: Thermal unfolding of calreticulin. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of the transition. Decca MB, Borioli GA, Durand ES, Moreschi A, Hallak ME, Montich GG. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom. 2018 Dec 12. pii: S1570-9639(18)30211-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.12.002.


text:
A simple dinosaur craft for younger children to make and paint.
Green and yellow paint
Strip of green card
Glue (or stapler)
Paint the middle of your plate and the lower half of the rim green. Paint the top half of the rim in yellow or your preferred other colour. Leave to dry.
Using the photos as a guide, cut out the head, legs and the start of the tail out of the green-painted section of the plate. Do not cut into the flat part of the plate.
Now, using our photos as a guide, cut into the yellow rim to form the spikes. Again, do not cut into the centre of the plate. Save the scraps of yellow!
Cut a tail from the green card, and stick to your plate. Use the yellow scraps that you cut off the plate to add spikes to the tail.
Draw on a face.
This craft is reprinted courtesy of Activitiy Village.


text:
Create your own water event
There are important days each year to celebrate water and freshwater environments.
Why not create an environmental event in your community. These events are a great way to bring your community together and celebrate freshwater health. Here is a list of events throughout the year that you can link to.
- World Wetland Day 2 February
- World Water Day 22 March
- World Environment Day 5 June
- World Water Monitoring day September
- National Water Week October
Invite your local council and environmental groups to set up a display, run a workshop or give a talk. Your local school can be a great place to host these events and encourage community and school participation in water monitoring activities.
Karen Player, Manager Museum Outreach


text:
Employees' perceptions of institutional values and employer-employee relationships at the North-West University
_PHONE_ - Fourie, Lynnette Mitizi
_PHONE_ - Holtzhausen, Lida
MetadataShow full item record
A multicultural and multilingual tertiary environment—the North-West University (NWU), with an endorsed corporate identity—had recently gone through an incorporation process (where other tertiary institutions had been merged into the main institutional structure). This created an ideal environment for an article aimed at the relationship between employees' perceptions of how effective the institution upheld its values and the continued quality of its employee relationships. The university consists of three independent campuses, each with their own corporate identity, ethos and employer–employee relationship structure. This article sets out to determine the nature of the NWU's employer–employee relationships and employees' perceptions of the institution's newly established corporate identity. Furthermore, values, integrity, commitment, accountability and respect were only recently established and are currently in a process of being incorporated as institutional philosophy drivers into the corporate identity of the NWU. Against this background, the following research question is asked: what is the relationship between NWU employees' perceptions of the institution's values and employer–employee relationships? The article indicates that there is a connection between the do-value, integrity and the establishment of a communal relationship between the institution and its employees.
- Faculty of Arts@PUK


In the absence if air resistance, it is plausible that thetime, t, that it takes for an object to fall (starting from rest)to the ground is a function of its initial height, h, and theacceleration of gravity, g. assume that the relation between t, h,and g has the following form:
 t = C hagb
where C, a, and b are (as of yet) unknown dimensionlessconstants. find values for the constants a and b that will makeboth sides of this equation have the same dimensions. can we findthe value of C using this method?
Expert Answer
Get this answer with Chegg Study


Is your surname Marx?
Research the Marx family
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Karl Heinrich Marx
Birthplace: Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland
Death: Died in London, England
Place of Burial: Highgate Cemetery, Swain's Lane, London N6 6PJ, United Kingdom
Immediate Family:
Son of Heinrich Hirschel Marx and Henriette Marx
Husband of Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen
Partner of Helene Demuth
Father of Jenny Caroline Longuet; Jenny Laura Lafargue; Edgar Marx; Henry Edward Guy Guido Marx; Jenny Eveline Franziska Frances Marx and 6 others
Brother of Sophie / Sophia Schmalhausen; Hermann Marx; Henriette Marx; Louise Juta; Emilie Marx and 3 others
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About Karl Marx
Karl Marx Documents on Geni
Karl Heinrich Marx (Trier, May 5, 1818 - London, 14 March 1883) was a philosopher, historian, sociologist, economist, writer and thinker German Jewish socialist. Father theorist of scientific socialism and communism, along with Friedrich Engels, is considered a key historical figure for understanding society and politics.
Karl Marx was the third of seven children of a middle-class Jewish family. His father, Herschel Mordechai (after Heinrich) Marx, who was descended from a long line of illustrious rabbis, practiced law in Trier his hometown. Herschel's brother Samuel was—like many of his ancestors—chief rabbi of Trier. The family name was originally "Marx Levi".
Herschel was also counselor of justice, but received strong political pressure, by the Prussian authorities forbade him to continue his legal practice according to their religion and forced him to embrace Protestantism in order to maintain offices in the Rhineland. Karl's mother was Henrietta Pressburg, born in the Netherlands, and Jewish at the time of Karl's birth, although she converted upon the death of her parents. Karl was baptized when he was six years old. Little is known about Marx's childhood.
His siblings were Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie and Caroline.
Karl studied law at Bonn University but left to study philosophy at Berlin. He received his doctorate at Jena in 1841 with a thesis entitled The difference between the natural philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. He soon became involved in developing work on social reality, working in 1842 with Bruno Bauer in the publishing of the Rhenish Gazette (Rheinische Zeitung), publication of which soon became editor. During this period he attended the philosophical coterie of books (Die Freien). The final publication would be operated by the censor, and later, Marx had to go into exile.
The period of Paris
Along with Ruge in Paris founded the journal Annals Franco-German (Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher), of which he was director, although for a short time since the French government pressure closes the Prussian government. In 1844, in Paris, Marx met and befriended with Friedrich Engels, who will become its main partner and will also provide financial support on many occasions due to the economic hardship that his family is subject given the possibility of their income.
Also known in France with other major socialist thinkers of the era such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc and Mikhail Bakunin and the German poet Heinrich Heine. He wrote his theoretical reflections of that time in a series of workbooks that were published posthumously as Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. Moreover, the political weight of his newspaper articles won him fame as a revolutionary, leading to his expulsion from France.
The period from Brussels and the Manifesto [edit]
Established in Brussels, he founded the League of Communists, after which it is declared a stateless person, atheist and revolutionary. After the revolutionary period of 1848 and the publication of the Communist Manifesto, written with Engels, he moved to Cologne, where he organizes a new journal, "New Rhenish Gazette" (Neue Rheinische Zeitung). His new publication reaches an immediate success in the context of an era of strong social feeling and revolutionary commitment. It is therefore forbidden by the government Rhineland.
The period of London and Capital [edit]
It is now that Marx is dedicated to writing one of his major works, The Capital, which develops in the reading rooms of the British Museum. The first volume of Capital will not see light until 1867, after eighteen years of work.
Moreover, Marx participated in the founding and organization of the First International (28 September 1864), known as the International Workers Association (IWA), participating actively in the discussions. He is charged with drafting the inaugural International Call and participates in the drafting of the statute and other documents. It will initiate discussions after a clash between Marx and Bakunin, culminating in the expulsion of the latter in the Hague Congress of 1872 and the output of the Bakun International sections. The latter, in Congress assembled, Saint-Imier (Switzerland), would not recognize the agreements refound the Hague and the International.
After the defeat of the Paris Commune of 1871, which was a heavy blow to the International, Marx retired from political struggle and devoted himself to writing his thoughts. On March 14, 1883 died in London.
Family Life
Karl Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, daughter of the Prussian interior minister, a childhood friend who promised to be a student, but only succeeded in marrying her after the death of her father, who opposed the relationship, and after obtaining a degree of economic stability (if any) as director of the "Franco-German Annals. They lived with severe economic hardship due to erratic earnings Marx, political persecution (which censured and closed the magazines published) and constantly having to move country.
Marx to Jenny von Westphalen had 6 children in 1849 and the fourth expected in 1855 and had died three-Guido, and Edgar Franciska convulsions, bronchitis and tuberculosis would cause the small, Eleanor Marx was part of the feminist movement and Laura Marx, she married Paul Lafargue French socialist leader, and committed suicide with him in 1911.
With them lived Demouth Helene, who helped them with household chores and had an excellent relationship with the Marx family. He was especially close to Karl, as well, which is supposed to have had an illegitimate child with her that was acknowledged by Friedrich Engels as its own to avoid disputes within the marriage of Karl and Jenny.
Marx had a personal life devoted to study exhaustively the various disciplines of thought and especially of philosophy and history which had never meant that economic stability, but always had the loyal and unconditional support of his friend Engels.
Thought [edit]
Witness and victim of the first great crisis of capitalism (1830s) and the 1848 revolutions, Marx set out to develop an economic theory capable of providing explanations to the crisis, but at the same time to compel the proletariat to participate in it actively to produce a revolutionary change.
Marx's work has been read in different ways. It includes works of economic theory and criticism, philosophical polemics, manifestos of political, workbooks and articles on current events of the nineteenth century. Many of his works were written with Engels. The main issues on which Marx worked were philosophical criticism, political criticism and the critique of political economy.
Some authors attempted to integrate the work of Marx and Engels in a system of philosophy, Marxism, articulated around a philosophical approach called dialectical materialism. The principles of Marxist analysis of reality also been systematized in the so-called historical materialism and Marxist economics. Of historical materialism, which places the class struggle in the center of analysis, have used many twentieth-century social scientists, historians, sociologists, anthropologists, art theorists, and so on. It has also been influential his theory of alienation.
Other authors, most notably Louis Althusser argued that Marx's writings do not form a coherent whole, but the author himself, to develop their critical reflections on the political economy during the 1850s, got rid of his own philosophical consciousness earlier and began working scientifically. From this perspective there would be no Marxist science, but a scientist, Karl Marx, who was a pioneer in understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing the functioning of modern society, especially with his reworking of the theory of value, and whose work summit was Capital.
Marx's works have inspired numerous political organizations committed to overcome capitalism. First, the interpretation should be noted that they have done the Leninists, who believe that a vanguard of the proletariat, organized in a revolutionary party, prepared, if necessary, to work underground, push the working class to gain power through force insurrectionary masses to overthrow their ancient and oppressive and dominant classes, the bourgeoisie and aristocracy, seized control of the state apparatus and the means of production, and the process of building a state worker who as well as institute a former ruling class, you can move forward toward socialism highly egalitarian and inclusive society, based on workers democracy and social ownership of the means of production, and strong cultural and productive development, with a planned economy can comfortably meet the main needs majority-and the disappearance of the division of society into classes, to get to communism and classless society without a state, based on a very high level of civilization.
On the other, which makes the social,


'); iEvtSaccade = find(strcmpi({sMatRun2.F.events.label},'saccade')); sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).times = [30, 81.5, 104, 142.5, 167, 187.5, 246.5, 319; 31, 83, 105, 144, 168, 188.5, 248, 320]; sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).samples = [18000, 48900, 62400, 85500, 100200, 112500, 147900, 191400; 18600, 49800, 63000, 86400, 100800, 113100, 148800, 192000]; sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).epochs = ones(1, size(sMatRun2.F.events(iEvtSaccade).times, 2)); bst_save(file_fullpath(sFilesRun2{1}), sMatRun2, 'v6', 1); }}} == Find examples in the code == The easier way to understand how to use a function is to search the code with the "'''Find files'''" interface in Matlab. Go to the brainstorm3 folder, click on "File files" (or Ctrl+Shift+F), enter the name of function your are looking for in "Find files containing text", Include subfolders, Match case. It will return all the lines that include the string you entered across all the files in Brainstorm. Just double-click on a line to jump to the code in the Matlab editor. {{attachment:find_files.gif||height="307",width="638"}} You can use the same interface to '''find what function is called''' when you click on a button or menu in the interface. Search for the label or the tooltip of the interface element in the same way. The example below shows how to track what happens when you click on the headmodel popup menu "Check spheres". {{attachment:find_files2.gif||height="95",width="726"}} If you have trouble understanding how to set some input parameters, you can use the '''debugger''' to explore a real use case. Place a breakpoint at the begging of your function of interest (watch [[_URL_ tutorial]] if you don't know how to do it), for in example view_timeseries.m. Then click on the corresponding menus in the Brainstorm interface (eg. double-click on on a data file). When the execution reaches the line you selected, it stops and give you back the commands. You can explore the values in all the variables, modify them, and execute the code step by step (many options available in the Editor tab of Matlab). {{attachment:debugger.gif||height="268",width="509"}} == Additional quality control [TODO] == You cann add in the reports all the information that will help you control the quality of the analysis, or even figures you want to include in publications or clinical reports. Create figures and snapshot them {{{ % Display raster plot hFigRaster = view_erpimage({sFilesEpochs1.FileName}, 'erpimage', 'MEG'); bst_report('Snapshot', hFigRaster, sFilesEpochs1(1).FileName, 'ERP image'); }}} Add messages: warnings and errors: == Loop over subject and runs [TODO] == Creating loops is not supported yet by the script generator, but relatively easy to do from a script without having to know too much about Matlab programming. 1) Fill the cell array SubjectNames with all your subjects names, with the same dimensions as the list of input raw files (sFiles). 2) Add a "for" loop that includes all the bst_process() calls (leave the bst_report() calls and input definition outside) 3) Inside the loop, replace SubjectNames with SubjectNames{i} and sFiles with sFiles(i) == How to process an entire study == This section proposes a standard workflow for processing a full group study with Brainstorm. It contains the same steps of analysis as the introduction tutorials, but separating what can be done automatically from what should be done manually. This workflow can be adapted to most ERP studies (stimulus-based). * '''Prototype''': Start by processing one or two subjects completely '''interactively''' (exactly like in the introduction tutorials). Use the few pilot subjects that you have for your study to prototype the analysis pipeline and check manually all the intermediate stages. Take notes of what you're doing along the way, so that you can later write a script that reproduces the same operations. * '''Anatomical fiducials''': Set NAS/LPA/RPA and compute the MNI transformation for each subject. * '''Segmentation''': Run FreeSurfer/BrainSuite to get surfaces and atlases for all the subjects. * '''File > Batch MRI fiducials''': This menu prompts for the selection of the fiducials for all the subjects and saves a file __fiducials.m__ in each segmentation folder. You will not have to redo this even if you have to start over your analysis from the beginning. * '''Script''': Write a loop that calls the process "Import anatomy folder" for all the subjects. * '''Alternatives''': Create and import the subjects one by one and set the fiducials at the import time. Or use the default anatomy for all the subjects (or use [[Tutorials/TutWarping|warped templates]]). * '''Script #1''': Pre-processing: Loop on the subjects and the acquisition runs. * '''Create link to raw files''': Link the subject and noise recordings to the database. * '''Event markers''': Read and group triggers from digital and analog channel, fix stimulation delays * '''Evaluation''': Power spectrum density of the recordings to evaluate their quality. * '''Pre-processing''': Notch filter, sinusoid removal, band-pass filter. * '''Evaluation''': Power spectrum density of the recordings to make sure the filters worked well. * '''Cleanup''': Delete the links to the original files (the filtered ones are copied in the database). * '''Detect artifacts''': Detect heartbeats, Detect eye blinks, Remove simultaneous. * '''Compute SSP''': Heartbeats, Blinks (this selects the first component of each decomposition) * '''Compute ICA''': If you have some artifacts you'd like to remove with ICA (no default selection). * '''Screenshots''': Check the MRI/sensors registration, PSD before and after corrections, SSP. * '''Export the report''': One report per subject, or one report for all the subjects, saved in HTML. * '''Manual inspection #1''': * '''Check the reports''': Information messages (number of events, errors and warnings) and screen captures (registration problems, obvious noisy channels, incorrect SSP topographies). * '''Mark bad channels''': Open the recordings, select the channels and mark them as bad. Or use the process "Set bad channels" to mark the same bad channels in multiple files. * '''Fix the SSP/ICA''': For the suspicious runs: Open the file, adjust the list of blink and cardiac events, remove and recompute the SSP decompositions, manually select the components. * '''Detect other artifacts''': Run the process on all the runs of all the subjects at once (select all the files in Process1 and run the process, or generate the equivalent script). * '''Mark bad segments''': Review the artifacts detected in 1-7Hz and 40-240Hz, keep only the ones you really want to remove, then mark the event categories as bad. Review quickly the rest of the file and check that there are no other important artifacts. * '''Additional SSP''': If you find one type of artifact that repeats (typically saccades and SQUID jumps), you can create additional SSP projectors, either with the process "SSP: Generic" or directly from a topography figure (right-click on the figure > Snapshot> Use as SSP projector). * '''Script #2''': Subject-level analysis: Epoching, averaging, sources, time-frequency. * '''Importing''': Process "Import MEG/EEG: Events" and "Pre-process > Remove DC offset". * '''Averaging''': Average trials by run, average runs by subject (registration problem in MEG). * '''Noise covariance''': Compute from empty room or resting recordings, copy to other folders. * '''Head model''': Compute for each run, or compute once and copy if the runs are co-registered. * '''Sources''': Compute for each run, average across runs and subjects in source space for MEG. * '''Time-frequency''': Computation with Hilbert transform or Morlet wavelets, then normalize. * '''Screenshots''': Check the quality of all the averages (time series, topographies, sources). * '''Export the report''': One report per subject, or one report for all the subjects, saved in HTML. * '''Manual inspection #2''': * '''Check the reports''': Check the number of epochs imported and averaged in each condition, check the screen capture of the averages (all the primary responses should be clearly visible). * '''Regions of interest''': If not using predefined regions from an atlas, define the scouts on the anatomy of each subject (or on the template and then project them to the subjects). * '''Script #3''': Group analysis, ROI-based analysis, etc. * '''Averaging''': Group averages for the


text:
Conditions of Use
6.1 I learned that different surface types make more or less friction, like they don't all have the same amount of friction.
6.2 I learned that the more weight on a surface type will make more friction.
6.3 I learned that if you add more surface area on a surface type the friction stays pretty much the same.
The reason we were measuring friction is because we pulled a block across a surface for a certain amount of length which made the force pull backwards which is friction.
How far we pulled the blocks
How fast we pulled the blocks
The surface type
Controlled = we were in control of the things
Manipulated = we changed it
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Y-%m"), date_breaks = "6 month") + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
#Plot for AQI of SO2
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(Month, SO2.AQI)) + ggtitle("SO2 AQI over the years") + stat_summary(fun.y = mean, geom = "line") + scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%Y-%m"), date_breaks = "6 month") + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
#Plot for AQI of CO
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(Month, CO.AQI)) + ggtitle("CO AQI over the years") + stat_summary(fun.y = mean, geom = "line") + scale_x_date(labels = date_format("%Y-%m"), date_breaks = "6 month") + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
#AQI of NO2 by country
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(y=NO2.AQI, x=State ,
colour=Month)) + ggtitle("NO2 AQI by Country") + geom_boxplot() + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
#AQI of SO2 by country
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(y=SO2.AQI, x=State , colour=Month))
+ ggtitle("SO2 AQI by Country") + geom_boxplot() + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
#AQI of CO by country
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(y=CO.AQI, x=State ,fill=State, colour=Month)) +ggtitle("CO AQI by Country") + geom_boxplot() + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90,hjust=1,vjust=0.5))
Further, we will look into the distribution of the Air Quality Index by state using a bar plot, a scatter plot, a box plot, and a histogram.
#Bar-plot
ggplot(data = p_data, aes(x = NO2.AQI, fill = State)) + geom_bar(position = "dodge") + labs(x = "Air Quality Index of NO2", y = "Count", title = "Distribution of AQI by State" )
#Scatter-plot
ggplot(data = p_data,aes(x = NO2.AQI, y=NO2.Mean, col =
State)) + geom_point(alpha = 0.6,size = 2) + labs(x = "Air Quality Index of NO2", y= "Count",title = "Distribution of AQI by State")
#Box-plot
ggplot(data = p_data, aes(x = "Count",y = NO2.AQI, fill = State)) + geom_boxplot()
#Histogram
ggplot(data = p_data, aes(x = O3.AQI,col=State)) + geom_histogram(bins = 50) + labs(title = "Air Quality Index of O3") + theme_bw()
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Implementing Linear Regression
Till now, we have visualized the data of US pollution levels. Next, we will be implementing Machine Learning algorithms such as linear regression and k-means clustering.
First, we will be loading the caTools package for implementing linear regression algorithms.
library(caTools)
#We will use the seed() function to generate the same set of random values from the dataset
set.seed(111)
#Splitting the data into a 70:30 ratio using NO2.1st.Max.Value
sample.split(p_data$NO2.1st.Max.Value, SplitRatio = 0.7) >split_tag
#Creating the train and test sets
subset(p_data, split_tag == TRUE) ->train
subset(p_data, split_tag == FALSE) -> test
#Building the linear regression model using the train dataset
l_model<- lm(NO2.AQI ~ NO2.1st.Max.Value , data = train)
#Using options will convert the scientific values into numerical values
options(scipen = 999)
#Making predictions using the test dataset
pred_val<- predict(l_model, newdata = test)
head(pred_val)
#Binding the actual and predicted values
cbind(Actual = test$NO2.AQI,Predicted = pred_val) ->final_data
View(final_data)
#As the data is in the form of a matrix, we will convert it into a dataframe
final_data<- as.data.frame(final_data)
final_data
#Calculating the error and binding it to the actual and
predicted values
final_data$Actual - final_data$Predicted -> error
View(final_data)
cbind(final_data,error) ->final_data
head(final_data)
#Calculating the root mean square. The lower value of RMSE denotes the
perfection of the model in making predictions
sqrt(mean((final_data$error)^2))
plot(p_data$NO2.1st.Max.Value,p_data$NO2.AQI
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Implementing K-means Clustering
Further in this R tutorial for Data Science, will now implement the k-means clustering algorithm to understand the structure of the data. For this, we will try to cluster the different groups of the data.
Now, Let us start implementing the algorithm.
First, we will load the required packages for implementing the algorithm.
library(dplyr)
Next, we will make a group of NO2, SO2, and O3 using the select() function.
p_data %>% select("NO2.AQI","O3.AQI","SO2.AQI")->AQI_cluster
plot_clus_coord(AQI_cluster, p_data)
We will have a view of the cluster that is created.
View(AQI_cluster)
Now, we will create separate clusters for O3, NO2, and SO2. We will start by creating the clusters of O3.
kmeans(AQI_cluster$O3.AQI,3)->cluster_O3
cbind(O3=AQI_cluster$O3.AQI,Cluster=cluster_O3$cluster)->cluster_group
View(cluster_group)
#We will convert the matrix of clusters into a dataframe
as.data.frame(cluster_group)->cluster_group
Let us now separate all the clusters of O3 by using the filter function.
cluster_group %>% filter(Cluster==1)->cluster_group_1
cluster_group %>%
filter(Cluster==2)->cluster_group_2
cluster_group %>%
filter(Cluster==3)->cluster_group_3
View(cluster_group_1)
Similarly, we will create clusters for NO2 and further separate the clusters.
kmeans(AQI_cluster$NO2.AQI,3)->cluster_NO2
cbind(NO2=AQI_cluster$NO2.AQI,Cluster=cluster_NO2$cluster)->cluster_group_NO2
View(cluster_group_NO2)
as.data.frame(cluster_group_NO2)->cluster_group_NO2
cluster_group_NO2 %>% filter(Cluster==1)->cluster_group1_NO2
cluster_group_NO2 %>% filter(Cluster==2)->cluster_group2_NO2
cluster_group_NO2 %>% filter(Cluster==3)->cluster_group3_NO2
View(cluster_group1_NO2)
View(cluster_group2_NO2)
View(cluster_group3_NO2)
Finally, we will create clusters for SO2.
kmeans(AQI_cluster$SO2.AQI,3)->cluster_SO2
View(cluster_SO2)
cbind(SO2=AQI_cluster$SO2.AQI,Cluster=cluster_SO2$cluster)-


text:
Surviving the Famine of World War I: A Case Study from Lebanon
in La rivista di Arablit, a. IX, n. 17-18, dicembre 2019, pp. 97-105.
During World War I, the area known as modern Lebanon was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The deadly famine in the Mount Lebanon region caused by the war was one of the overarching reasons for the demands by the local population for the creation of a separate Lebanese nation-state with a Christian majority, instead of having Lebanon incorporated into Muslim-majority Syria. One-third of the population of Mount Lebanon died during the war, one-third emigrated to the West, and the remaining one-third survived and witnessed the formation of the new state. Whether the Ottomans intentionally imposed starvation against their Christian subjects is highly debated; there is also some evidence that the British and French maintained the famine via food blockades as a weapon of war against the Ottomans.
How can historians of the Middle East and Arab world recover the marginalized voices of the common people who suffered the most from the famine of Mount Lebanon? This paper relies heavily on an audio recording left behind by a survivor of the famine, who was orphaned at the age of seven when both of his parents succumbed to starvation. His testimony serves as a case study from which to explore several issues related to the effects of the famine of World War I in Lebanon, in addition to how the war is remembered publicly. This rare and unique source additionally underscores the urgent need for Middle Eastern historians to be trained in oral history methods, as primarily utilizing written historical records excludes the point of view of the illiterate and focuses on the experiences of elites.


text:
The birthing body has been a site for locating competing claims of control from much before the birth of modern medical knowledge, and the contestation carries on in our contemporary. What makes for variety within this long-standing contestation are of course the shifting terms of conflict. Broadly divided into three parts, this paper shall document the different formats and priorities of the contestation project, which has actually been synonymous with a contestation between the human attendants of birth. While in preand early modern times, especially in Western Europe, this conflict played out between female and male healers, primarily over the use and abuse of'supernatural power', 19th century colonial Indian modernity saw the conflict played out between institutionalization of the elite birthing body and the collective of indigenous (i.e., 'non-modern') birth attendants. In the contemporary the contestation plays out between statist development, and a rather fleeting and often vacuous category of the traditional birth attendant.
Through these three sections what the paper shores up is the rather dynamic nature of violence that has – largely surreptitiously – been precipitated on the female, indigenous birth attendant by the male indigene, by the institution of modernity/obstetrics and by the development state.


text:
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Our Beam YOUTH Program works with our partner schools to provide an intensive apprenticeship experience to over 100 high school students per year. Beam Apprentices visit Beam Center two or more times a week for 15 weeks, working closely with engineers and artists to create a large-scale collaborative project. Past apprenticeship projects include: The Personal Planetarium, a welded-steel geodesic dome that maps the cosmos, and Current Translation, a twelve foot balancing sculpture with multi-media elements. In addition to learning technical skills, students also learn how to lead educational workshops for younger children. Apprentices who complete the program are eligible for paid summer jobs at community day camp and afterschool programs through a partnership with ExpandEd Options.


Lossiemouth jets deployed to help NATO safeguard Baltic states
Lossiemouth Typhoons head for Baltic mission
The UK is once more taking its turn to enhance NATO's Baltic Air Policing mission with four Typhoon aircraft, which have deployed from RAF Lossiemouth to Amari airbase in Estonia (Mike Crutch reports).
The Typhoons augment four Norwegian F-16 fighters aircraft in Lithuania and will safeguard the airspace of the Baltic states through until the end of August.
The Estonian Minister for Foreign Affairs Ms Keit Pentus-Roimannus welcomed the RAF as a "demonstration of Alliance solidarity carrying a visible sign and sound, which was the whisper of freedom".
The RAF detachment, forming under the banner of No.121 Expeditionary Air Wing, is led by Wing Commander Stu Smiley and took over the NATO task from the Spanish Air Force.
Having arrived directly from RAF Lossiemouth after a journey of a little over two hours the four jets from No.6 Squadron are set to play their part in ensuring that aircraft are available on high readiness ground alert to investigate any unknown approaches to the Baltic air space, usually probing Russian Air Force aircraft.
The jets will also carry out training and practice scrambles with their NATO partners.
NATO Baltic Air Policing missions have been carried out continuously since 2004. The Royal Air Force's previous roulement was in 2014, with RAF Coningsby-based Typhoons deploying to Lithuania.