J3/02-232r1 To: J3/INTERP Subject: Interpretation request on STAT= variable requirements in ALLOCATE From: Malcolm Cohen. Date: 2002-08-13 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBER: 000099 TITLE: STAT= variable requirements in ALLOCATE KEYWORDS: ALLOCATE, STAT= DEFECT TYPE: STATUS: J3 consideration in progress QUESTION: [79:40-41] says "The shall not appear in a bound in the same ALLOCATE statement." This requirement appears, on the face of it, to apply to the syntax, not to whichever actual variable is identified by the syntax. Question 1: Given INTEGER :: A(10) = (/ (i,i=1,10) /) POINTER P(:) READ *,I,J ALLOCATE(P(A(I)),STAT=A(J)) Is the ALLOCATE standard-conforming, or does it depend on the relative values of I and J? From the quoted text, it would appear that it is always conforming, even when I==J. Question 2: Similarly, given: EQUIVALENCE(I,J) POINTER P(:) I = 5 ALLOCATE(P(I),STAT=J) is the ALLOCATE conforming? Question 3: Similarly, given: POINTER P(:) INTRINSIC DIGITS I = 5 ALLOCATE(P(DIGITS(I)),STAT=I) is the ALLOCATE conforming? From the quoted text, it would appear not to be conforming, despite the non-dependence of the array bound on the value of the STAT= variable. ANSWER: The intent was that the restriction should apply to the actual variable being used for the STAT= variable, not to the syntax. Thus, (1) The ALLOCATE statement is only standard-conforming if I and J are not equal. (2) The ALLOCATE statement is not standard-conforming. (3) The ALLOCATE statement is standard-conforming. Edits to the standard are supplied to clarify this. EDITS: [79:40-41] Delete "The... statement." [80:6] Append to paragraph "No array bound in an ALLOCATE statement shall depend on the value of the." SUBMITTED BY: Malcolm Cohen. HISTORY: 02-232 m162 Submitted 02-232r1 m162 Revised, passed by J3 meeting. ----------------------------------------------------------------------


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Resistivity Modeling as a Formation Evaluation Tool
This chapter describes a process of 1-D and 2-D resistivity modeling as a tool for formation evaluation. A modeling flow chart was developed based on applying resistivity modeling for formation evaluation in numerous wells. The chapter ends with a list of considerations when evaluating resistivity-modeling software packages.
Resistivity-tool-response modeling as a formation-evaluation tool is about inversion, and geophysical data inversion yields a non-unique formation-resistivity profile. Hence, the inverse modeling process must begin with good quality data and solid integration of geological and geophysical constraints derived from various measurements to achieve a rational result with minimum uncertainty.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Golden Gate Highlands National Park
About this schools Wikipedia selection
This content from Wikipedia has been selected by SOS Children for suitability in schools around the world. A good way to help other children is by sponsoring a child
|Golden Gate Highlands National Park|
IUCN category II ( national park)
|Location||Free State, South Africa|
|Area||340 km2 (130 sq mi)|
|Governing body||South African National Parks|
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, Republic of South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km² (131.3 mi²). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
Geography and climate
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs that are found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 square kilometres (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981 the park was enlarged to 62.41 km² (15,420 acres) and in 1988 it was enlarged to 116.33 km² (28,746 acres). In 2004 it was announced that the park would be joined with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km² (84,016 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft).
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hails and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (30 inches) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than fifty grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro Alpine Grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout Leucosidea sericea, an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "Big Five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, ten species of carnivores, and eight antelope species have been recorded in the park. The Grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
Over 210 bird species have been observed in the park, including the rare Bearded Vulture and the endangered Cape Vulture and Bald Ibis.
Snakes and fishes
Seven snake species, including the puff adder, mountain adder, and rinkhals are found in the park.
Geology and palaeontology
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations are visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and the Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 metres (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop it is 600 meters (2000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravaning and camping sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached via a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.


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Grammar Index : 2
Assertive sentences are simple sentences.
They state a fact or thought or an opinion or direction.
- The parrot is a beautiful bird.
- The Sun shines bright.
- They live in Chennai.
- Shivaji was a great king.
- Today is Sunday.
- It is very hot today.
- We have to go to Mexico.
- You are a good player of cricket.
- The Amazon is the longest river.
- Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
- I want to bur a car by this year.
- His father is a Minister.
- You are the best student of Math.
- I have to take home-tutoring to increase my grade in Math.
- She loves you.
The other three kinds of Sentences are :
From Assertive Sentences to HOME PAGE
- Interrogative Sentences
- Imperative Sentences
- Exclamatory Sentences


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In-Cylinder Measurements of Liquid Fuel During the Intake Stroke of a Port-Injected Spark Ignition Engine
The presence and distribution of liquid fuel within an engine cylinder at cold start may adversely affect the hydrocarbon emissions from port-injected, spark ignition engines. Therefore, high speed videos of the liquid fuel entry into the cylinder of an optical engine were recorded in order to assess the effect of various engine operating parameters on the amount of liquid fuel inducted into the cylinder, the sizes of liquid drops present and the distribution of the fuel within the cylinder. A 2.5L, V-6, port-injected, spark ignition engine was modified so that optical access is available throughout the entire volume of one of the cylinders. A fused silica cylinder is sandwiched between the separated block and head of the engine and a "Bowditch-type" piston extension is mounted to the production piston. The Bowditch piston has a fused silica crown so that visualization is possible through the top of the piston as well as through the transparent cylinder.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Slime People
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Slime People
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Basic Information
Homeworld: Xarxis 5
Language: Bubblish (:f)
System: Delta Equuleus
Physiology
Height: 145cm
Lifespan: 130 years
Breathes: Oxygen
Game Mechanics
 - Slime core for brain.
 - They only have a heart, "brain", and lungs for internal organs.
 - Has Slime jelly for blood.
Boons
 - Can regrow lost limbs.
 - They cannot "break bones".
Maluses
 - Lower cold threshold & 3x damage from cold.
 - +50% brain damage.
 - Cannot be cloned.
 - Have to replenish blood with slime jelly.
Slime People are a race of gelatinous and translucent beings from the vast oceans of the tropical world Xarxis 5.
Slime People and YOU
Greetings, esteemed crewmember!
In an effort to encourage inter-species cooperation and workplace efficiency, Nanotrasen has compiled a series of helpful guides on the various species that you may be working with!
(NOTE: If you are a member of the species this guide pertains to, please give it to the nearest crewmember of another species)
This particular guide refers to the species known as the Slime People.
Slime People Naming Schemes
Slime People utilize an unorthodox naming system that to this date lacks a traditional analogue or proper translation. As a result of the unusual pronunciation and characteristics of traditional names within Slime People society, many names are impossible to vocally reproduce for other species.
As a result of this language barrier and for the sake of simplicity, many Slime People choose an appropriate analogue in Galactic Common. Perhaps as a throwback to their unique physiology, many of the names chosen in Galactic Common include variations of phrases such as squish, bubble or pop.
Slime People Physiology
Slime People are made up of what appears to be a transparent jelly-like substance that varies in colour based upon the genetic predilection of the individual. Internally, Slime People possess a unique skeleton-like structure, while their overall Gelatin is similar to Ballistic Gel, the gelatins that compose this skeleton-like structure contain quintuple helixes of collagen instead of the common triple helixes, rendering the skeletal structure both extremely flexible and hard enough to offer support to the body. This renders their ability to stand as well to exercise strength. This unique skeletal structure, in combination with their gelatinous form, offers them a wide range of motion and flexibility, traits that were likely adapted due to the environmental conditions of Xarxis 5. Though this flexible "skeleton" is less sturdy than that of other species, their gelatinous exterior helps in supporting the body's overall balance as well.
Slime People have a central nervous system that operates via subtle vibrations from their slime core - an organ which effectively acts as the brain for an individual slime person. Due to this unusual internal system of communication, developments in new medical and therapeutic practices board Xarxis 5 heavily incorporate the use of ultrasound devices. Additionally, Slime People have the capability to change the shape of the gelatinous layer surrounding their head, lending them the capability to effectively change their facial expression. While Slime People naturally lack any sort of hair, this trait has been used to co-opt a variety of human hairstyles. Though the natural colour of any given Slime Person is a matter of genetics, it can be changed via the ingestion of dyes or certain chemicals.
Slime People don't have an inherent sex, but often assume a female or male gender and the associated accoutrements to adjust to the culture encountered aboard Nanotrasen facilities.
The Bubblish Language
Slime People traditionally communicate with a series of bubbling and popping sounds produced via the vibration of their cores. The nature of these sounds make it difficult if not impossible to successfully emulate the language through natural means. Direct translation has proven incredibly problematic without immense amounts of computing power thanks in part to Slime People's unique production of sound, along with the abstract structure of the language itself.
Despite widespread adoption of Galactic Common, Slime People still make heavy use of their native language. Fascinatingly, the native language of Slime People appears to be an innate characteristic rather than a learned one. The exact biological mechanism for this innate language is unknown and is a hot topic of debate among scholars.
Sadly, as Slime People were discovered in their infancy they appear to lack any form of standardized written version of their language. While many early writing systems appear to exist, they lack the structure and lexicon of more advanced written languages. This has lead to much of the treaties established with Slime People to be written in Galactic Common rather than their native script.
The Slime People Homeworld
Xarxis 5 is a lush, tropical world with large amounts of plant life and native fauna; the atmosphere of the planet largely consists of argon, with minute amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide. While the coastal regions show an impressive amount of biodiversity, Xarxis 5's most interesting features are its sprawling oceans - vast bodies of water that take up much of its surface and contain most of the world's species. Xarxis 5 has a single satellite in its orbit; an icy moon with indistinct features.
Perhaps the most notable feature of the planet is its highly elliptical orbit which leads to unstable periods of cooling and heating as the planet draws closer or further away from its star. As a result of this orbit, the plant and animal life living above the vast oceans are incredibly hardy, being resilient to both hot and cold periods. While the thermal mass of the oceans is significant and helps mitigate the effects of these hot and cold periods, Slime People still make routine mass migrations to different depths to better ensure their survival. Like other creatures on Xarxis 5, they enter into a hibernation-like state after ingesting large amounts of mass during the cold season and become more active in the hot season.
Thanks to the industrial expertise offered by Nanotrasen, the world of Xarxis 5 is slowly becoming more civilized, with small towns and cities now housing larger populations of the indigenous species. Prior to intervention by Nanotrasen, industry was extremely limited outside of very primitive workshops due to the migratory and hibernation patterns of Slime People. Now, factories are rapidly dotting the planet's surface and ocean floor, allowing for further development and industrialization.
A Brief History Slimeflag.png
Xarxis 5.png
Xarxis 5
Slime People, up until recently, lived in fairly isolated and primitive tribes. With agriculture being a recent adoption and Slime People traditionally being horticulturalists, their civilization was a long ways away from discoveries enabling wide-scale industrialization, let alone space flight.
In the year 2521, a small Nanotrasen probe discovered life in the Xarxis system, leading to the prompt establishment of formal communications with Slime People. Following a lengthy period of diplomatic talks, initially made difficult by the considerable language barrier, Nanotrasen established work agreements and began developing the first modern factories and mines on Xarxis 5. While there was limited amounts of local resistance (mostly due to isolated tribes), the establishment of Nanotrasen facilities on the planet's surface has been met with widespread approval.
The home world of the Slime People is presently managed by a provisional government on behalf of Nanotrasen and education and employment initiatives are ongoing. Laying the basic groundwork for setting up a competent bureaucracy, these initiatives are rapidly bringing the Slime People of Xarxis 5 up to galactic standards. In fact, the best and brightest from Xarxis 5 have already become scientists and employees aboard Nanotrasen facilities. Continued investment by Nanotrasen on Xarxis 5 has not only helped the local economy flourish, but has brought many of the disparate tribes of Xarxis 5 under the folds of the provisional government. While there are some isolated tribes who have been holdouts to these recent industrial advances, efforts are being made to contact and civilize them.
Slime People Culture
Slime People culture is traditionally a collective affair and tightly intertwined with the practice of horticulturalism. Commonly forming large and extended bands, the group is often more important than the individual. These bands come together during the hot seasons of Xarxis 5 to form larger tribes, cooperating during the hot, productive seasons and returning to their band structures during cooler periods.
The religious and cultural practices of Slime People almost ubiquitously feature references to the cyclical nature of things, likely inspired by the elliptical orbit of the world and the migratory patterns it has lead to. While there are no formal religious structures, traditional beliefs are tightly entwined with the metaphysical concept of a soul. Individual Slime People are commonly believed to house the spirits of their ancestors and carry them with them, both as guides and protectors.
While many Slime People still practice their traditional beliefs, tribal and band-like structures have started to break down with the introduction of agriculture and industry. Larger communities have begun to form due to new buildings that are capable of withstanding the planet's seasonal fluctuations. This in part has lead to a gradual abandonment of the old ways in favour of new amenities and opportunities.
Present Day
With the the assistance of a provisional government, a basic fleet, as well


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"A participatory research using short film to start conversations about sexual violence among adolescents in order to reduce stigma towards the victims."
A film was chosen to raise the problem of stigma toward adolescent victims of sexual violence. The storyline was based on the experiences of adolescents in an urban community in Jakarta and the community's perception of the problem. The short film was used as a research instrument because it is an art form that the young researchers' assessed as the best medium to deliver their message. During the closed screening, the film was successful in raising the issue of exploitation, and in creating a discussion on the complexity of solutions for sexual violence. The short film was also used as a discussion starter for women community members (Ibu-Ibu PKK) and female adolescents, to express their opinions and ideas, which were then formulated for stakeholders' recommendations.
The purpose of the research was to provide direction/education to communities on how to respond to cases of sexual violence; to provide recommendations on how communities can create a safe space for everyone so that there is no more sexual violence.


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HOUSTON — NASA's Johnson Space Center and Epiomed Therapeutics have signed an agreement to develop and commercialize a NASA-crafted, fast-acting nasal spray to fight motion sickness.
Under the Space Act Agreement, Epiomed will formulate the drug, called intranasal scopolamine, or INSCOP. Astronauts often experience motion sickness in space. As a result, NASA has conducted extensive research into the causes and treatments for the condition. Scopolamine is effective and can be administered as a tablet or injected. With a precise dosage, the NASA spray formulation has been shown to work faster and more reliably than the oral form.
Scopolamine is currently approved as a prescription-only transdermal patch called Transder Scop, manufactured by Novartis, and is indicated to help prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.
"NASA and Epiomed will work closely together on further development of INSCOP to optimize therapeutic efficiency for both acute and chronic treatment of motion sickness which can be used by NASA, the Department of Defense and world travelers on land, in the air and on the seas," stated Lakshmi Putcha, developer of the treatment strategy at Johnson.
A gel formulation of INSCOP was developed and tested under a Space Act Agreement between Johnson and the Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory in Pensacola, Fla. Results from that trial were published in the journal Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine in April 2010 that suggest INSCOP is a fast-acting and reliable way to prevent and treat motion sickness.
The U.S. Navy is working on an agreement with Epiomed to test the nasal spray. NASA and Epiomed will collaborate on clinical trials related to the Federal Drug Administration requirements. NASA is transferring sponsorship of future clinical trials and FDA approvals to Epiomed, which will supply the product for use by NASA and others.


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iCAST Director receives Royal Society Medal
University of Oxford
Professor Charlotte Williams OBE, iCAST Deputy Director, has won the Royal Society Leverhulme Medal for her pioneering work developing and understanding high-performance carbon dioxide utilisation catalysts, including the manufacture of next-generation plastic materials.
Each year, the Royal Society recognises exceptional research achievements through a series of prestigious medals and prizes named after great scientists of the past. Professor Williams is one of eight recipients of the 2021-22 awards, announced today, given to Oxford University researchers for their outstanding contributions to science and medicine.
Professor Williams said: 'I am inspired to work on applied problems and to try to reduce negative environmental impacts associated with polymer production. In particular, I am interested in carbon dioxide recycling to make useful products with lower greenhouse gas emissions, and producing materials from mixtures of raw materials – an achievement that nature makes look easy, but is a major challenge in chemistry.'
Professor Williams researches the chemistry of next generation plastics and materials: products designed to deliver high performances in applications but with minimal environmental impacts. Her work focuses on addressing fundamental challenges in catalysis (to reduce energy input in manufacturing) and on polymer chemistry, involving close collaboration with scientists and engineers in both academic and industrial laboratories.
Tap into the expertise, facilities and networks of a partnership created to help you bring innovation in sustainable technologies to market.


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Roll paper is one of the indispensable paper mainly for people to use in daily life. The raw materials of toilet paper are often wood pulp, bamboo pulp, straw pulp and so on. Roll paper is characterized by strong water absorption, less bacterial content (the total number of bacteria does not exceed 200 to 400 without E. coli and other pathogens) soft paper, uniform thickness, wrinkled uniform, consistent color and less impurities without holes. The small volumes of double toilet paper should have the same punching pitch. The pinhole is clear. Besides, it is neat and easy to tear.
How to identify the quality of toilet paper
1, Some toilet paper feels thicker, such paper has low quality. Because in the case of same weight, the number of thick paper is less. Therefore, in the case of the same weight, you should choose the thick toilet paper.
2, Because the toilet paper is sold by weight, some manufacturers will add more filler during the production process. This paper is thick and hard which has a certain harm to the human body. Therefore, you should choose the toilet paper with soft texture while purchasing.
3, The whole process of toilet paper production is completed at high temperatures. If the packaging is not timely, incomplete or has improper storage, the paper will be damp or polluted. Therefore, you must choose those who are well packaged and the production date is closer.
4, Pay attention to view the industry standard (GB2500-2000) of the toilet paper issued by Ministry of Light Industry, which divide the toilet paper into small tissue paper
and knife cut paper. Technical indicators are divided into A, B, C, D, E. Toilet cutting paper basically belong to the D, E grades. At the time of purchasing, please note the text on the packaging. If the implementation standard is GB2500-2000D-1, it is part of the D-level toilet paper which has good quality.


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Salvia columbariae is an annual plant that is commonly called chia, golden chia, and desert chia, because its seeds are used in the same manner as Salvia hispanica (chia). It grows in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora, and Baja California, and was an important food for Native Americans. Some native names include pashí from Tongva and it'epeš from Ventureño.
S. columbariae grows 10 to 50 cm (3.9 to 19.7 in) tall. Its stem hairs are generally short and sparse in distribution. It has oblong-ovate basal leaves that are 2 to 10 cm (0.79 to 3.94 in) long. The leaves are pinnately dissected and the lobes are irregularly rounded. The inflorescence is more or less scapose, meaning it has a long peduncle that comes from the ground level that has bracts. The bracts are round and awn-tipped. There are usually 1-2 cluster of flowers within the inflorescence. The calyx is 8 to 10 mm (0.31 to 0.39 in) long and the upper lip is unlobed but has 2 (sometimes 3) awns. The lower lip is about twice the size of the upper lip. The flower color can be pale blue to blue and purple tipped. The stamens of the plant are slightly exserted. The fruit of S. columbariae is a nutlet that is tan to grey in color and 1.5 to 2 mm (0.059 to 0.079 in) long.
S. columbariae can be found in dry undisturbed sites in chaparral, and coastal sage scrub. It generally grows at elevations lower than 1,200 m (3,900 ft). In cultivation, it prefers good drainage, sun, and dry weather.
- Salvia columbariae var. columbariae Benth. - California sage, chia
- Salvia columbariae var. ziegleri Munz - Ziegler's sage
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salvia columbariae.|


Pocillopora coral
Most often referred to by the common names cauliflower coral and brush coral, species of the genus Pocillopora are very small and have a fuzzy appearance.
These popular corals are typically fast growers. They come in a wide variety of colors including deep pinks, pale purples, blues and startling purples.
Pocillopora corals rank second only to those of the genus Acropora for their contribution to reef structures.


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Integration with Other Programmes
Cycle training schemes are most effective if they are an integral part of other programmes encouraging healthier lifestyles. This is potentially easier for local authority based scheme providers where course managers work within other areas on a daily basis. All scheme organisers can, however, benefit from the added value of being integrated with other programmes.
School Travel Planning and Safer Routes to School
Many school travel plans identify cycling as the preferred mode of travel for a majority of pupils. If schools do not already offer cycle training courses it can be identified in the action plan and funding support can be available for the provision of secure cycle storage and improvements on routes to school.
The National Healthy Schools Programme is a popular and well respected programme among schools promoting healthy lifestyles in line with the Every Child Matters agenda. School travel planning and the encouragement of walking and cycling to school is included in the Physical Activity section of accreditation under 3.7. Visit the Healthy Schools website for more information.
A number of local authorities employ Bike It Officers to work with clusters of schools specifically to promote cycling. Many schools involved have been able to show significant increases in numbers of pupils cycling to school. Visit the Bike It website for more information.
Go-Ride activities can include BMX, Cycle Speedway, Cyclo-Cross, Mountain Biking, Road and Track Riding, and aims to encourage pupils to continue their cycling interests outside of school. Strong school-club links make sure that children are given the opportunity to become young members of local clubs, and develop a keen interest in their chosen aspect of sport or leisure cycling. Find out more about Go-Ride and Go-Ride clubs by visiting the Go-Ride pages at British Cycling.
Wheels to Work
This scheme aims to provide access to opportunities for individuals and groups who are experiencing difficulties in accessing training, employment and/or educational opportunities because of a lack of suitable public or private transport. Whilst primarily focussing on providing powered two wheel transport, a number of organisations are providing bicycles to young people and offering cycle training.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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When ignited, manure foam can turn into fire and explosion.
When foaming, methane gas bubbles rise up from manure stored in a deep pit and come in contact with a spark from a heater, welding torch or a cigarette, there can be serious consequences, says a University of Minnesota agricultural engineer.
Larry Jacobson says a pork producer in southeast Minnesota learned the hard way. He noticed a lot of foaming in a manure pit under one of his empty hog barns. "The foam was literally coming up through the slats," Jacobson explains. "He wanted to knock down the foam, and one of the ways that people have done this is to agitate the manure in the pit."
The producer went inside the building during pit agitation to make some adjustments. There was 4 ft. of foam in the 8-ft.-deep pit, oozing above the slats and flowing out of the pit's pump-out ports. As he was leaving the barn, it exploded and he was blown 30-40 ft. from the site, Jacobson says. The explosion raised the roof several feet in the air, causing considerable truss and ceiling damage.
There have been several other cases noted in Minnesota, Iowa and surrounding states with the following common denominators:
Ventilation had been turned off or down to minimal levels after animals had been removed.
All barns had deep-pit manure storage.
Only one barn or one room out of several barns or rooms seem to be involved, even with multi-barn sites.
"One of the dangers in barns with deep-pit manure storage is obviously methane gas production, which is a highly flammable gas. Foam on top of liquid manure can contain 60-70% methane," Jacobson explained in a talk at the Iowa Pork Congress. "When this foam is broken up through agitation or other means, it releases this stored methane (like bubbles bursting) into the air. It can become explosive and it doesn't need that much of a spark to ignite it."
The foaming problem seems to take some time to develop — months or a year — but once established, it can produce problems quickly.
Foaming also reduces manure storage space and results in dirty pigs when foam pushes above the slats in the pens.
Spray washing the pit area, sprinkling water and pig activity seem to work best to somewhat control the foam issue, Jacobson says.
Foam's Origin Debated
Fortunately, manure pit foaming is a relatively rare problem. Jacobson admits there are no ready answers to why the foam forms in the first place. Could it be due to diet or water source or related to climate?
"Right now we do not have solid answers," he says. But the University of Minnesota, Iowa State University, the University of Illinois and other organizations are working on getting some answers. Jacobson says more investigations of farm cases will get attention. Plus, he and fellow Minnesota researcher David Schmidt are formulating a survey to send to a targeted group of producers/managers to build a baseline of common factors.
The survey will ask whether distillers dried grains with solubles, antibiotics and pit additives were being used.
Jacobson doesn't think there will be a silver bullet to solve the problem. Rather, he expects to find multiple things that seem to trigger these increasingly frequent events.
Actually, manure foaming is not new. "We have seen foaming for a long time, going back to the '70s and what were called 'black fires' where people were welding and you would see this flash. But it was a pretty rare event," he recalls.
Importance of Ventilation
"If you ventilate swine facilities, make sure you get enough air exchange so that the methane concentration is below the explosive limit (5-15%), and you won't have an explosion," Jacobson says.
"If there is sufficient ventilation to keep the gas concentration in the barn below 5%, typically four air exchanges per hour — the average minimum ventilation rate — this should keep it under wraps," he adds.
However, if there is foam present in the pit and manure is being pumped, or the foam is being broken up by spraying water, etc., Jacobson advises up to 10 air exchanges per hour to keep methane concentration in check.
When manure is foaming high enough to block or restrict air flow from pit fans, he recommends that ventilation be provided by wall fans rather than pit fans.
In a curtain-sided barn with only pit fans, make sure the curtains are open to improve ventilation rates. However, if the wind is not blowing enough to retain static pressure, keep the curtains closed and pit fans operating, he suggests.
Obviously, keep people out of the barn when dealing with a manure foaming problem.
Mixing fans can help distribute air in a room or building, but remember they don't exchange air.
"Many times in a mechanically ventilated barn, it is better to not open up (doors and sidewall vents) the barn too much because you lose your static pressure," he reminds. "It is better to have ceiling inlets open and pit pump-outs closed."
Avoid pit agitation until manure is at least 2 ft. below the slats and, if possible, only agitate manure intermittently.
"There are really no permanent ways to eliminate foam formation," Jacobson says. "We do have defoaming agents, but I think in an anaerobic pit situation, they are probably not going to be very effective. Until we understand exactly how that foam is generated in an anaerobic manure pit situation, I think it is going to be difficult to do something permanent to prevent it."
Iowa Fire Investigations
Robert Burns and his associates Lara Moody and Ross Muhlbauer at Iowa State University's (ISU) Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department investigated five of eight fires that occurred in deep-pit swine facilities in Iowa since the fall of 2009. Burns says three explosive gases can be generated in manure storage systems: methane, hydrogen sulfide and phosphine.
Sampling by the ISU team found that foam in Iowa deep-pit swine manure systems contains from 50-70% methane and less than 250 ppm hydrogen sulfide.
Table 1 compares the findings from the five fires investigated. Foaming was present at all five fires, and high foam levels may have reduced the effectiveness of pit fans at some sites, Burns reports. Four of the five sites had fires occur after the foam was broken.
Successive explosions very similar to the Iowa deep-pit fires were also reported in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada in 2003. In those cases, investigations revealed that explosive levels of methane were captured in foam, and when the foam broke (wash water falling through the slats), it released methane that was ignited by a barn heater, Burns relates.
The action of foaming is not well understood, but Burns says it has been shown to invert the solids profile — meaning that there are more solids at the top of containment than on the bottom.
Possible sources affecting the surface tension of the liquid manure and increasing the potential for foaming include natural and synthetic detergents, oils and greases, proteins, lipids and polymers.
However, Burns admits that in his experience, foaming and fires occurred in facilities that both used and hadn't used detergents.
Literature indicates that DDGS use in pig diets in the last decade has significantly increased manure volume due to reduced dry matter digestibility. But, he stresses, there is no data indicating that DDGS has in any way caused or increased the incidence of these fires.
|Site||Foam Present||DDGS-Based Ration1||How Foam Broken||Ignition Source|
|1DDGS stands for distillers dried grains with solubles.|


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FrameworkElement::BeginStoryboard Method (Storyboard)
Begins the sequence of actions that are contained in the provided storyboard.
Assembly: PresentationFramework (in PresentationFramework.dll)
Most typical animation scenarios do not use this method. Typically, you create the Storyboard or BeginStoryboard element in markup, and then you place these as the EventTrigger content on an element. When triggered by the event, the animation then runs. Most of the control aspects of a Storyboard can be addressed by properties that are exposed in markup.
For the signatures that do not use the isControllable, parameter, or when that parameter is specified false, the timeline clocks that are associated with the animation are removed as soon as the animation reaches the "Fill" period. Therefore the animation cannot be restarted after running once. Controlling an animation also requires that the storyboard have an x:Name Directive or be accessible by reference in code.


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It's a birders' paradise, one which gets avian visitors from far and wide. Over 60 species of migratory birds visit this bird sanctuary which is known for its avian wealth as well as unique topography.
The Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary in Kozhikode is spread over a cluster of islands and is hemmed in by hillocks. Come the migratory bird season, the area sees a heavy influx of birds and also birders. Seagulls, terns, sandpipers, sand plovers, and turnstones are just a few varieties of the birds that arrive during the birding season.
The ideal time to visit this sanctuary is between November and April when the place turns into a paradise, bustling with birds of different plumage. There is never a dull moment, as over 100 species of native birds dwell here.
From here, one can see the mouth of the Kadalundi as it drains into the Arabian Sea. Apart from birds it invites, the sanctuary is known for its marine wealth which includes fishes, crabs and mussels. The locale makes for a scenic escapade with its mangrove forests and other natural wonders. Other activities that may attract the traveller include trekking and photography. The climate is good for the most part of the year as it is located along the coast.


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On April 8, 2024, a total solar eclipse will cross North America. The eclipse will begin shortly after 2 PM and will last about two and a half hours until about 4:30 PM, which will overlap with dismissal at the Weston schools.
The Weston PTO has purchased DESE approved solar eclipse safety glasses for all WPS students. The glasses will be distributed to each student by the schools and Dr. Susan Erickson and Dr. Stephen Ribisi will inform and instruct students how to observe the solar eclipse safely.
Solar Eclipse Resources and Information
More information on how to view the solar eclipse safely can be found here:
- Enriching our Students • Supporting our School
- Connecting Parents • Creating Community


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Gang Shen (Ph.D. 2010) to receive 2013 American Physical Society Dissertation Award in Nuclear Physics
September 9, 2012
BLOOMINGTON, Ind. --
Gang Shen (Ph.D. 2010) has been selected to receive the 2013 American Physical Society Dissertation Award in Nuclear Physics. Gang is recognized "for the development of a new self-consistent equation of state of hot and dense matter intended for use in numerical simulations of core-collapse supernova, neutron star mergers and related extreme astrophysical phenomena. This equation of state provides a unified description of matter at the relatively low density and temperature where nuclei are present, and the high density and temperature phase where uniform nuclear matter with neutrons, protons and electrons exists." The award is given to a recent Ph.D. in experimental or theoretical nuclear physics from a North American university within two years from graduation.
As a graduate student and doctoral candidate at CEEM, Gang worked under advisor Dr. Charles Horowitz in the Nuclear Theory group. His doctoral thesis was on "Equation of State for Astrophysical Simulations."
Dr. Shen is currently a Research Associate at the Institute of Nuclear Theory at the University of Washington in Seattle.


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Flannagan Reservoir is a 1,143-acre impoundment located in Dickenson County. The reservoir was built to provide flood control, pollution abatement, fish and wildlife habitat, and recreational opportunities. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers completed construction of the dam and project in 1964. The project was named for Ninth District Congressman John W. Flannagan.
Fifty miles of beautiful shoreline consisting of mature hardwood forest interspersed with spectacular rock bluffs surround this deep, clear reservoir. At full pool elevation of 1396 feet above sea level, the lake has a maximum depth of 166 feet and an average depth of 58 feet. During the summer and fall the lake is incredibly clear, with visibility often exceeding 20 feet. The lake level fluctuates about 16 feet per year. The lake is drawn down to winter pool during October and November, and is typically returned to summer pool in April.
Flannagan Reservoir is home to a variety of sportfish species including: largemouth and smallmouth bass, walleye, hybrid striped bass, channel catfish, flathead catfish, crappie, bluegill, rock bass, common carp and musky. Alewives and gizzard shad provide forage for the sportfish populations.


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Thanks for asking. That last word in the title of THE BOOK OF KILLOWEN, is pronounced 'KILL-OWEN,' as if you were saying, 'Arrghhhh! I'm going to kill Owen if he does that one more time!'
I'm hearing a lot of people say 'KILLOW-en,' with the emphasis pronounced to rhyme with 'WILLOW-en,' but the place name is originally two words in the Irish language and that's why it's pronounced the way it is.
As pointed out in THE BOOK OF KILLOWEN, the country was fairly rotten with churches and monasteries in the early middle ages. There were chapels around every bend in the road. You can still see a fair number of them, thanks to the Irish attachment to crumbly stonework. Thousands of place names in Ireland begin with 'kill,' and now you know why.
My farvorite reference book on all this is IRISH PLACE NAMES, by Deirdre Flanagan and Laurence Flanagan, which gives detailed information on certain common constructions in Irish place names, and then translations for hundreds more. Here's what they say about 'cill':
Means 'church' and is the form which most frequently occurs in Irish place-names. It is the dative singular of the word ceall, derived from the Latin cella, which in Classical Latin referred to a 'room within a building', one of its special applications being to a'shrine of a deity within the pagan 'templum'. In place-names it has a range of associated meanings: 'church, monastic settlement or foundation, churchyard, graveyard'. Of these, in place-names,'monastic settlement' is the commonest reference, particularly where the name can be shown to pre-date the ecclesiatical reforms of the twelfth century.If you're interested in the interesting and poetic place names in Ireland, you'll
My favorite ancient churches and chapels are places like Dysert O'Dea in Clare (pictured here), which has the most fantastic carved heads around the archway at the main door to the chapel. It's worth the visit, and cutting through the pasture and climbing over the stile in the stone fence to see this beautiful place.
The Nun's Chapel at Clonmacnoise (you have to cut through another pasture to get there!) is another great example of an intricately carved Romanesque doorway, and the interior of Cormac's Chapel at the Rock of Cashel is another, though it's badly damaged from too much moisture these days, and covered in scaffolding much of the time.
Another wonderful ancient church worth visiting (again, if you like climbing fences and hiking) is Teampall Chrónáin in the Burren region of County Clare.


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Informativity in Image Captions vs. Referring Expressions
Elizabeth Coppock | Danielle Dionne | Nathanial Graham | Elias Ganem | Shijie Zhao | Shawn Lin | Wenxing Liu | Derry Wijaya
Proceedings of the Probability and Meaning Conference (PaM 2020)
At the intersection between computer vision and natural language processing, there has been recent progress on two natural language generation tasks: Dense Image Captioning and Referring Expression Generation for objects in complex scenes. The former aims to provide a caption for a specified object in a complex scene for the benefit of an interlocutor who may not be able to see it. The latter aims to produce a referring expression that will serve to identify a given object in a scene that the interlocutor can see. The two tasks are designed for different assumptions about the common ground between the interlocutors, and serve very different purposes, although they both associate a linguistic description with an object in a complex scene. Despite these fundamental differences, the distinction between these two tasks is sometimes overlooked. Here, we undertake a side-by-side comparison between image captioning and reference game human datasets and show that they differ systematically with respect to informativity. We hope that an understanding of the systematic differences among these human datasets will ultimately allow them to be leveraged more effectively in the associated engineering tasks.


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How Is Limestone Mined In A Quarry
Mining extraction of limeston
Quarry mining britannica. quarry, place where dimension stone or aggregate sand, gravel, crushed rock is mined. the products of dimension stone quarries are prismatic blocks of rock such as marble, granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate.
Mining extraction of limestone - sanda-massagen. extraction limestone mining is done out in the open. once studies show the existence of stone at the site, the extraction is made by separating the rock in quarry benches and dividing it into blocks.
Surface limestone mining. all over the world, the limestones are generally mined from a quarry or the open pit mining. it is the easiest way to remove the limestone without causing much destruction. in surface mining or open pit mining, the top soil and the overburden covering the mineral is removed. then by the process of drilling the rocks or jaw crusher.Jun 13, 2011 a quarry is a place where rocks, sand, or minerals are extracted from the surface of the earth. a quarry is a type of mine called an open-pit mine, because it is open to the earths surface.another type of mine, a sub-surface mine, consists of underground tunnels or shafts.. the most common purpose of quarries is to extract stone for building materials.
How can i get a quarry shut down or stop a quarry from opening in my community? a mining company has the right to remove minerals as long as they comply with the pennsylvania law and regulations. mineral extraction is a valid use of land and is of economic benefit for the local community, and state and national interests.
Noncoal mines and quarries
Dec 13, 2020 the giza quarries, the granite quarries in assuan and the tura limestone quarries. franz l hner shows, that granite cant be processed without iron tools see continue reading → environmental hazards of limestone mining ehow. limestone is often mined from a quarry. however, underground limestone mines can be found in the central and eastern jaw crusher.
Quarry mining ope
Limestone mining is done out in the open. once studies show the existence of stone at the site, the extraction is made by separating the rock in quarry benches and dividing it into blocks. before beginning the quarrying process, a resource analysis is made. this study investigates the existence and quantity of stone at the site and also the economic viability of the process.Longer haul at a higher cost from quarry to customer. limestone production patterns most of the limestone that is mined . is crushed for aggregate. the majority of u.s. crushed stone production has come from limestone for at least the last 40 years. this is true even though carbonate rocks are only 25 to 35 of the rocks at the surface.In clayton county, an abandoned underground sandstone mine is used as a storage facility. underground mining in urban areas can be an attractive future alternative when the stone producer must compete with other land uses and increasing land acquisition costs. throughout most of iowa, production of limestone aggregate from surface quarries will.Limestone quarry anno 2070 wiki fandom. construction cost 300 4 4 maintenance cost -2 -20 -2 size mine site hitpoints produces unlock 1 tycoon employee / 1 eco engineer the limestone quarry produces limestone that can be used with sand to make concrete at the concrete factory for tycoon buildings or to make glass in a glassworks for eco buildings. to produce limestone, a limestone deposit and jaw crusher.Quarries are normally utilized for extracting building materials, like dimension stone. quarries are normally shallower than other kinds of open-pit mines. quarries are also at times used as filming locations. in other words a quarry is a big man-made hole in jaw crusher.The limestone deposits in loudoun county were mined primarily for agricultural lime prior to the civil war source: library of congress, a map of the state of virginia, constructed in conformity to law from the late surveys authorized by the legislature and other original and authentic documents 1859 virginia has different types of rocks rich in calcium carbonate, including limestone jaw crusher.
Limestone mining began in florida during the first spanish period. in 1672, construction began on the castillo de san marcos in st. augustine. locally mined coquina was used. this is the oldest masonry fort in the continental united states. in 1753, construction began on a limestone fort in st. marks to replace older wooden structures.
Limestone quarries and mines show caves of the world. limestone quarries and mines. limestone is of rather low value, but nevertheless it is probably the most important mineral. it is mined and used in large amounts, read more.The quarry is a limestone quarry in the great desert, found just east of fort spencer, northwest of the buried library, and west of puerto dorado.limestone can be mined from large deposits scattered around the quarry. it is a good place to mine due to the fair selling price of limestone and higher chance of getting emeralds.. scaffolding and ramps can be seen throughout the quarry, with jaw crusher.
Santa rita limestone quarr
Jun 01, 2013 world's largest limestone quarry is pure michigan. it looks like something out of the westjaw crusherthe wide open spaces, the eerie landscape. but it's the world's largest limestone quarry, located near the tip of michigan's mitt in rogers city. limestone is a raw material formed when the area was covered with a shallow saltwater sea, and it jaw crusher.Quarry mining britannica. quarry, place where dimension stone or aggregate sand, gravel, crushed rock is mined.the products of dimension stone quarries are prismatic blocks of rock such as marble, granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate.after cutting and polishing, these materials are used in the primary construction of buildings and monuments and also for.May 29, 2017 crushed stone. in 2016, 1.48 billion tons of crushed stone valued at more than 16.2 billion was produced by 1,430 companies operating 3,700 quarries, 82 underground mines, and 187 sales and distribution yards in 50 states.
Feb 25, 2018 mining limestone begins with its extraction from viable deposits in mines and quarries, like the one present in the lake belt region of western miami-dade county. there is no naturally formed rock anywhere in the world that demonstrates the versatility of limestone.In these conditions, the number of core holes will have to increase to define the areas of quality limestone and the geologic structures, and to determine the mineability of the deposit. these types of limestone deposits are normally only mined by open pit quarrying. underground mining is usually too difficult to mine safely.Nov 07, 2019 limestone has been mined from the ube isa quarry in yamaguchi, japan, since 1948. what makes this mine special, however, is that it is located in the immediate vicinity of a residential area. this is why ube industries, the owner of the quarry, hired okumura engineering to mine the limestone in an environmentally friendly way that wouldn't jaw crusher.
Ontario limeston
The building stone was taken from a quarry on the west banks of the scioto river. every time a ton of steel is recycled, it means 2500 pounds of iron ore, 1000 pounds of coal, and 40 pounds of limestone will not have to be mined from the earth. absolute trivia. resources. coogan, jaw crusher.Sep 12, 2019 several slope mines in the high bridge originally were the site of open-pit quarries in the lexington limestone. after reserves of lexington limestone on the property were exhausted, an inclined slope was driven down into the underlying high bridge limestone and dolomite to produce stone by underground mining.
Santa rita limestone quarry. this location is part of the arizona mineral industry location system azmils, an inventory of mineral occurences, prospects and mine locations in arizona. pima188 is located in t18s r15e sec 11 se in the corona de tucson - 7.5 min quad.
Here, the famous bayport limestone is quarried. the pictures below show that quarry, and beach rip rap, which is one use of the limestone. most of the limestone is transported from this quarry by truck, but some is still moved by rail. in addition to limestone, michigan also produces pure lime as well.Quarry, place where dimension stone or aggregate sand, gravel, crushed rock is mined. the products of dimension stone quarries are prismatic blocks of rock such as marble, granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate. after cutting and polishing, these materials are used in the primary construction of buildings and monuments and also for jaw crusher.
How are limestone quarries mined sisters . a limestone is surface mined through open pit quarries or hillside cuts, or horizontally by tunneling under the overlaying surface rock quarrying is the most mon method used, because it is an easier and cheaper method for removing shallow deposits underground operations are used when the overlaying surface rock is.
How limestone is forme
Mining can take place under hundreds of miles and many areas of quarry miles. many different quarries will put together several different products and some crushed rocks that are impure can be used for road items. using limestone . limestone has a lot of different industrial uses and can be mined and processed for those reasons as a raw material.
Quarrying solid rock, like limestone and granite, requires blasting, whereas mining sand and gravel generally does not. sand and gravel can generally be taken directly from the ground by a front-end-loader or excavator if above water jaw crusher.
Mineral appraisals: what is the value of a quarry or mine?
Limestone is a material of national importance, and resource sterilization can result in a longer haul at a higher cost from quarry to customer. limestone production patterns. most of the limestone that is mined is crushed for


Type-Level Programming in Scala
This series is intended as a guided tour of some type-level programming I have done in Scala. It generally consists of code and examples with a few lines of explanation. It is usually assumed that the reader understands the features of Scala's type system. This is not always a good assumption about either the author or the reader of course, so comments and questions are welcome.
The series is in 10 parts, with some parts consisting of more than one post each. The present post will serve as a table of contents linking to the rest of the series, so bookmark this page for easy reference.
 1. Type recursion (this post)
 2. "Implicitly" and type equality
 3. Booleans
 4. Naturals
 1. Peano Number Basics
 2. Comparing Peano Numbers
 3. General Recursion on Peano Numbers
 4. Peano Arithmetic
 5. Binary type-level numbers
 1. Binary Numbers
 2. Project Euler Problem 4
 6. Heterogeneous Lists
 1. HList Basics
 2. HList Folds
 3. HList Indexing
 4. HList Zip/Unzip
 5. HList Apply
 6. Deriving Type-Class Instances Through HList
 7. Type-Indexed HLists
 7. Natural Transformation Literals
 8. KList: a higher-kinded HList
 1. KList Motivation
 2. KList Basics
 3. KList zipWith
Prior work/reference:
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All source code is available at
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Get the source and use sbt console to try things out.
Part 1: Type Recursion
Scala's type system in 2.8 allows recursion, and infinite recursion at that, as demonstrated in [1,2]. Arbitrary recursion is not allowed, as seen by 'illegal cyclic reference' errors. Perhaps allowing recursion is actually a bug, but we'll try to do some interesting things while it is possible.
To use recursion, define a trait with a type declaration. A type declaration is an abstract type that can have type parameters and bounds. Then, define a subtrait that implements the type declaration. Recursion is allowed in this implementation, with restrictions that are discussed later.
Infinite Loop Example:
// define the abstract types and bounds
trait Recurse {
 type Next <: Recurse
 // this is the recursive function definition
 type X[R <: Recurse] <: Int
}
// implementation
trait RecurseA extends Recurse {
 type Next = RecurseA
 // this is the implementation
 type X[R <: Recurse] = R#X[R#Next]
}
object Recurse {
 // infinite loop
 type C = RecurseA#X[RecurseA]
}
Note that Int is arbitrary and could be replaced by any type. In general, this bound will be something meaningful. Like any other bound, it allows you to know something about the result without knowing the exact parameters provided.
There are some rules to follow to enable recursion. The upper bound can be a function of the type parameters, but it cannot change during recursion.
Consider:
trait Recurse {
 type X[A, B] <: A
}
for some types A and B. The implementation of X in some subtrait of Recurse cannot change A during recursion, but B can change. Concrete examples of this will be seen in later posts dealing with type-level numbers, HLists, and binary search trees.
Another restriction is that all recursion must be through a prefix, like a type projection:
type X[R <: Recurse] = R#X[R#Next]
You cannot do direct recursion on a type member on the current type like this:
type X[R <: Recurse] = X[R#Next]
So, with some reasonable restrictions, we have recursion and corecursion in the type-system, and thus full initial algebra semantics. Scala's type system is a Turing-equivalent programming language.
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11 thoughts on "Type-Level Programming in Scala
 1. > Perhaps allowing recursion is actually a bug, but we'll try to do some interesting things while it is possible.
 If its a bug, I don't want to rely on this!…
 So is it a bug or not?
 - I think it's definitely not a bug. Recursion is absolutely inevitable if you allow top-level defines, which is exactly what a type constructor member is. Any given type cannot recurse on itself (since the lambda calculus strictly does not support this), but it's perfectly reasonable to refer to other types in the type environment, which opens up recursion. Scala's type system is not a total language, so it cannot disallow recursion.
 - My uncertainty comes from a couple comments by Adriaan.
 First in a comment on the SKI encoding post, he seems to approve. But then, in a recent mailing list post, he says "… I would consider it a bug if you managed to make the type checker loop — or, more likely, overflow the stack …". Probably
 - Yeah, while it may be possible to make Scala's type system total, you will still want to allow recursion (and corecursion). To close the "bug" you would just be required to supply evidence that your recursion terminates (or coterminates).
 - No argument from me against it being useful to recurse- just that the infinite loop example compiles in 2.8 but not 2.7 (illegal cyclic reference or something). Since I don't know of any official statement that this change was intentional, I can't say for sure what will be supported in the future.
 2. Pingback: High Wizardry in the Land of Scala « Another Word For It
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The answer to that question is almost certainly "no," but a new study that is getting lots of media attention does claim that there is a correlation between having an uncommon name and being more likely to show up in the juvenile justice system. The study finds this relationship to be true both for blacks and whites.
As the authors clearly state in the abstract of their paper, "Uncommon names are likely not the cause of crime but correlated with factors that increase the tendency toward juvenile delinquency."
To me, that makes the result a lot less interesting. It is kind of like saying that we know that people who regularly wear orange jumpsuits are more likely to be criminals, when orange jumpsuits just happen to be the required uniform in the state prison. The wearing of orange jumpsuits isn't the cause of the criminal activity, but it is highly correlated with past criminal involvement.
And to be honest, I think there is a good chance that even the claimed correlation between unusual names and criminality is wrong. I only quickly glanced through the academic paper, but it seems to me like the authors have made a mistake that will bias their results.
The authors first compute criminality for each name by taking the ratio of the number of juvenile delinquents with that name and dividing it by the number of children total with that name. The higher that ratio, the more criminal the name. But then the authors take the log of that ratio. The problem is that the log of zero is equal to negative infinity, so any name for which that ratio is equal to zero gets dropped from the analysis.
The kinds of names that will have a ratio of zero are uncommon names for which no one with that name is a juvenile delinquent.
If I understand correctly what they are doing, if exactly one person has a particular name, the only way that the observation for that name will be included in their sample is if that person is a juvenile delinquent! This leads to a powerful bias toward mistakenly concluding that people with uncommon names are more likely to be criminals.


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For service members, veterans, and their families grappling with immigration issues in the Sunshine State, a Florida-based military immigration lawyer serves as an invaluable ally, offering tailored support and guidance through intricate legal landscapes. Let's explore how these legal professionals play a pivotal role in ensuring the rights and smooth transitions of those serving in the military.
Immigration lawyers can assist military service members with various aspects related to immigration law. Some of the practice areas where they can provide help include:
- Naturalization and Citizenship: Assisting service members in applying for U.S. citizenship through military service.
- Family-Based Immigration: Helping with petitions for family members, including spouses, children, and parents, to enter or remain in the United States.
- Adjustment of Status: Guiding service members through the process of adjusting their immigration status, especially if they're marrying a foreign national or have other eligibility grounds.
- Defense from Deportation: Representing service members facing deportation or removal proceedings due to immigration issues.
- Special Immigration Programs: Assisting with special immigration programs available to military personnel, such as the Military Accessions Vital to the National Interest (MAVNI) program.
- Visas and Extensions: Helping service members obtain or extend visas, including temporary or permanent visas for themselves or their family members.
- Legal Assistance for Military Families: Providing legal advice and assistance to military families facing immigration-related challenges or issues.
- Benefits and Protections: Advising service members on immigration-related benefits and protections available to them due to their military service status.
Understanding the Unique Challenges
Military personnel and their families can grapple with unique immigration obstacles owing to the nature of their service. For non-citizen service members, the pursuit of citizenship involves navigating a labyrinth of regulations. This process is particularly daunting during deployments or stationed periods abroad. The challenges intensify due to the stringent criteria and intricate procedures involved in obtaining citizenship while actively serving the country in various global locations.
Furthermore, the complexities extend to military families as they encounter hurdles in maintaining legal residency status or securing visas for their family members. This necessitates a comprehensive understanding of both immigration laws and the intricate web of military regulations. These families often face the challenge of staying together and ensuring legal status for all members, especially when deployed overseas where regulations might differ from those in their home country.
Expertise in Military-Specific USCIS Immigration Matters
Operating at the intersection of military service and immigration law, a Florida attorney specializing in military immigration brings a tailored skill set to support service members and their families.
- Accelerated Citizenship: Service members, whether active, reserve, or veterans, often qualify for expedited citizenship pathways. Special provisions in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) enable them to apply for naturalization, bypassing certain residency requirements and expediting the citizenship process.
- MAVNI Program and Military Enlistment: The Military Accessions Vital to the National Interest (MAVNI) program allows non-citizens with crucial skills, like medical or linguistic expertise, to enlist. USCIS collaborates with the military to oversee eligibility, application, and expedited citizenship or lawful permanent residence for these recruits.
- Parole in Place (PIP): Military personnel's family members can benefit from Parole in Place, granting undocumented spouses, parents, and children permission to stay in the US without leaving to obtain visas or green cards.
- Immigration Services on Military Installations: Some bases host USCIS offices or personnel offering immigration services, providing convenient access for service members and their families to seek guidance or file applications.
- Family-Based Immigration Benefits: Service members can sponsor immediate relatives for immigration benefits, potentially expediting processing due to their military service.
- Military Family Member Residency (MFMR) Program: Assisting spouses and dependents stationed abroad, this program maintains their residency and access to immigration benefits.
For example, a non-citizen service member seeking expedited citizenship due to military service would receive assistance compiling necessary documents and expediting the application process from a Florida military immigration lawyer.
Likewise, if a service member faces immigration issues while deployed, such as family visa complications, these attorneys provide guidance and legal measures to safeguard their family's immigration status.
Their expertise extends to advising non-citizens with critical skills enlisting through programs like MAVNI, ensuring compliance with strict legal requirements for both recruits and the military.
These lawyers act as pivotal advocates, leveraging specialized knowledge to navigate the complexities of military service and immigration law. Ultimately, they support service members and their families in fulfilling duties while addressing immigration needs.
Navigating Legal Complexities and Processes
One of the primary roles of these lawyers is to guide and represent service members facing legal challenges related to immigration. Whether it's visa denials, deportation threats, or resolving issues impacting a service member's immigration status, these legal professionals provide adept representation and counsel throughout the process.
Assistance with Government Agencies
Military immigration lawyers facilitate communication with various government entities such as USCIS, the Department of Defense, or embassies/consulates abroad. This ensures efficient resolution of immigration matters by leveraging their expertise and understanding of the specific procedures and requirements pertinent to military personnel.
Optimizing Benefits and Resources
With access to resources and information tailored for service members, these lawyers ensure that individuals are aware of all available benefits and options regarding immigration matters. This includes identifying relevant programs, waivers, and resources designed to support military personnel and their families.
Supporting Service Members' Contributions
By offering legal aid and support, Florida military immigration lawyers acknowledge and honor the sacrifices made by service members. Their role extends beyond legal representation, encompassing a commitment to safeguarding the rights and contributions of those who serve the nation.
Need Help with Military Immigration?
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Delivery of high-quality colostrum is a critical component of a successful calf-rearing enterprise. If colostrum is failing to do its job, Sheila McGuirk, Professor of Large Animal Internal Medicine and Food Animal Production Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, identifies these "Top The Reasons for Disappointing Herd Colostrum Results":
 1. Calves suckle before leaving the calving pen, meaning they spend more than two hours in the pen.
 2. Colostrum is contaminated with bacteria.
 3. More than six hours expire before fresh cows are milked for the first time.
 4. Required immunoglobulin mass is not delivered when there is adequate efficiency of absorption.
 5. Insufficient colostrum is available because low-quality and first-calf-heifer colostrum is not used.
 6. Colostrum supplement or replacement powder is added to colostrum.
 7. Inappropriate expectations of colostrum replacement products.
 8. Late summer heat stress on transition cows.
 9. Calves aren't tested for blood serum total protein and/or serum IgG levels.
 10. Test results are not reliable.


text:
This comprehensive inventory of essential skills initiatives aimed at First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples was developed through a collaboration between the Canadian Career Development Foundation, Employment and Social Development Canada's Office of Literacy and Essential Skills, the Assembly of First Nations, the Métis National Council and the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
The goal of the project is to gain a better understanding of the state of practice with respect to essential skills initiatives tailored to First Nations, Inuit and Métis youth and adults living in diverse communities throughout Canada and to share these insights and lessons learned with a larger community of practice. It also includes any identified factors, or markers of promising practice that contribute to an initiative's success.
In addition to the inventory, the website also includes case studies, a literature review, an evaluation toolkit and the list of markers – all to support and enhance practice in the field. Through the "Add to the Inventory" feature, the FIMESIP team invites program and resource developers to submit their essential skills initiatives so that the inventory can continue to grow.


text:
What you may not know is that a whopping 95% of its oranges are squeezed for juice, and a quarter of those are exported to places like Japan, South Korea and Canada.
In fact, after Brazil, the "Sunshine State" is the second-largest producer of orange juice in the world.
Among Florida's many producers is the Hunt Brothers company, which started out in 1922, when Florida farmer Deeley Hunt planted the seed that would lead to 2,000 acres of citrus.
Today, it is one of the largest orange shippers in the state, squeezing out nearly 2 million cartons per year. And Hunt Brothers is now run by the Hunt cousins -- proof that the orange doesn't fall far from the tree.
These days, some 10% of its produce goes overseas, to Asia in particular.
"It goes by container," says Frank Hunt III, president of the cooperative. "It takes quite a while to get there ... so we're picking the fruit and trying to stay as close behind the harvest as we can to keep the fruit fresh -- picking one day, packing the next day, getting it under refrigeration as soon as we can."
He adds: It's nice to think about your fruit grown here in Lake Wales, Florida, and someone's eating it in Japan."
Watch the video above to find out more.


text:
Seals in the changing environment
Warming winter temperatures worsen
the breeding conditions for the Baltic
Sea ringed seal.
Photo: Mervi Kunnasranta
In the 1960's and 1970's, very high concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorine compounds were found in the tissues of the Baltic Sea seals. The high PCB and DDT concentrations lead to a prohibition of these substances. There is some evidence that high concentrations of organochlorine compounds can have deteriorating effects especially on seals' reproductive health.
Since then the concentrations of environmental toxins have decreased, although they are still many times higher than in comparable species in less contaminated areas. With the decreasing concentrations, the seals' reproductive health has improved. The reproductive health of female grey seals is nowadays normal. On the other hand, 20% of female ringed seals still suffer from pathological changes in uterus.
Seals and the climate change
Both the grey seal and the ringed seal breed primarily on ice. The climate change will have an impact on the breeding conditions for both of the species. The effects of the warming of the climate for ringed seals can be significant, because their breeding is strongly influenced by ice and snow cover. Grey seals can probably adjust fairly well also to ice-free winters.
Seven seal sanctuaries
In 2001, seven seal sanctuaries were established on sea areas owned by the Government. The Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute in 2003 and 2006 surveyed professional fishermen's views about seal conservation areas.


*)(v2 + 48) = 'y';
*(char *)(v2 + 49) = 'E';
That's good enough – there is no reason to dive into assembly code for purposes of understanding the video stream format.
Interpreting the header
Rather than going through the video stream by hand and extracting frame headers, I used the Ragel regular language parser generator to create a tool that would do so automatically.
The stream language is as follows:
begin = ('BoundaryS');
end = ('BoundaryE');
header = (
jpeg = (any* -- end);
main := (begin header jpeg end)*;
It is unlikely that the stream BoundaryE will occur within the JPEG image data. If it does, the video output is already pretty corrupt, so this really won't make things much worse.
Interpreting the JPEG frame contents
I used the 010 Editor to extract the first frame by hand. According to mediainfo, it's a 1280x720 JPEG image encoded in the YUV color space with 4:2:2 chroma subsampling. Not much of a surprise.
It is more surprising that the frame contains a DRI (Define Restart Interval) marker.
FF DD 00 04 00 50
The last two bytes in this marker tell us that the image will contain an RSTn (Resync) marker every 80 image blocks called minimum coded units (MCUs). See the JPEG File Layout and Format for further (terse) explanation of JPEG marker types, and see ImpulseAdventure for an excellent explanation of MCUs.
Restart markers allow resynchronization after an error, so it should be possible to mitigate the stream corruption – especially since things look pretty much fine in the mobile app.
Image decoding failure with libavcodec
Both VLC and ffmpeg use libavcodec under the hood so both tools will present similar viewing issues.
Viewing issues can be reproduced on the first frame, which I previously extracted. Using ffmpeg to convert the frame to JPEG gives a half-green image when the whole thing should be black. This command results in the following image:
$ ffmpeg -loglevel warning -i frame1.log 1.jpg
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] mjpeg_decode_dc: bad vlc: 0:0 (0x7f98ba002448)
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] error dc
[mjpeg @ 0x7f98ba003400] error y=43 x=78
Corrupt image
The ffmpeg run's output on stdout says that a bad variable-length code was encountered while attempting to decode the direct current (DC) term of a discrete cosine transform. The error occurred in MCU (78, 43).
A brief aside: mcutool
Since very few tools display information about the size and number of minimum coded units in JPEG images, I wrote mcutool, an extension of a shell script on, to extract that information from the images produced by the borescope.
Running the tool on the frame under examination yields the following output:
$ frame1.log
width 1280
height 720
mcu_x 16
mcu_y 8
n_full_mcu_x 80
n_full_mcu_y 90
n_mcu_x 80
n_mcu_y 90
n_mcus 7200
The image is 80 MCUs wide and 90 MCUs tall, so it's remarkable that libavcodec fails to decode the whole bottom half of the image after an error is encountered.
Analysis of libavcodec's mjpeg decoder
To understand what's happening, I cloned the ffmpeg Git repository listed on the download page and dug into libavcodec/mjpegdec.c. I did not run a debugger as I did not want to compile from source.
Line numbers discussed are as of commit e3dddf2142e21354bbeb27809e7699900a19ee0c made on December 7, 2019.
The error output mjpeg_decode_dc: bad vlc: 0:0 is printed from mjpeg_decode_dc on line 773. At that point, the call stack must be as follows, with the most recent call listed last:
 - ff_mjpeg_decode_frame (line 2322, called via function pointer on line 2368)
 - ff_mjpeg_decode_sos (line 1616, called on line 2537)
 - mjpeg_decode_scan (line 1408, called on line 1765)
 - decode_block (line 791, called on line 1484)
 - mjpeg_decode_dc (line 773, called on line 797)
On line 2378 within ff_mjpeg_decode_frame, the library notes restart markers when it sees them:
 if (start_code >= RST0 && start_code <= RST7) {
 av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG,
 "restart marker: %d\n", start_code & 0x0f);
 /* APP fields */
However, it doesn't do anything about them. The switch block in that same function does not respond to restart markers so ff_mjpeg_decode_sos must decode the whole image in one pass.
In short, decoding is not resumed at the next restart marker if an error is encountered. In the future, it may be beneficial to add error recovery behavior to the decoder.
Fixing the stream
While adding error recovery to libavcodec's JPEG decoder will be the most complete and authoritative fix to the issue, I don't feel like doing that right now. Let's be honest, I'm doing this for fun, and compiling ffmpeg from source doesn't sound appealing right now.
There is another way. The jpegtran program accepts JPEG input on stdin, transforms it, and writes a new JPEG to stdout. The tool uses restart markers correctly when decoding an image, so the output is far more reasonable:
$ vid.fifo & \
 ffplay -hide_banner -loglevel error -f mjpeg vid.fifo
It uses about 50% CPU on a mid-2012 i7 MacBook Pro.
Source code for the borescope_stream program is available on GitHub.
Output latency is low and consistent.
In a sample capture of 1000 frames, jpegtran found that 60% of them contained corrupt data. However, even frames that jpegtran does not flag as corrupt generally contained a significant banding artifact about halfway down the height of the image.
image with artifact
Visual artifacts don't show up in the DEPSTECH mobile app. It's not clear what is different about the decoder used in the mobile app or if some form of stream obfuscation is performed.
Future work
Multiple Android apps exist to read data from these wi-fi borescope cameras. For example:
The DEPSTECH-Wifi app appears to be packed/encrypted using Jiagu and Qihoo. Analysis won't be straightforward but it may yield information about differences in JPEG decoding.


text:
Ideology as Persuasive Belief and Theory
A group of shipwrecked sailors, in danger of death in stormy seas, might believe, falsely or without good evidence, that help would come to them in time. Nobody would call such a belief ideological merely because the sailors clung to it to allay their fears. To be ideological a belief must be one that people resort to on most or many occasions of a given kind. But a belief like this ordinarily goes along with other beliefs. It belongs to a set of related beliefs to which a community or group resort in situations that recur quite frequently. The people who share these beliefs may acquire them gradually without even being aware that they form a more or less consistent set of beliefs. It might take a sociologist or a social anthropologist to explain how these beliefs are related to one another and to define the situations in which they are resorted to.
KeywordsEurope Burial Lost Pyrenees
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.


text: Parental fitness evaluations may be ordered by the Family Court in divorce or custody proceedings. Parental fitness evaluations are recommended above other Family Court evaluations when one or both parents is alleged to have abused or neglected the children, or when the court questions the parenting capabilities of either parent. More than simply a traditional psychological evaluation, a competent parental fitness evaluation should consider collateral sources of information and the extent to which they confirm or disconfirm evaluee self-report. It should include measures targeted at problematic areas of parent-child interaction. Direct observation of parent-child interactions is often desirable, though not always possible. Collateral sources may also be utilized at times to assess the apparent quality of parent-child attachment. These evaluations focus upon parenting strengths and deficiencies, their causes, appropriate interventions, and the likelihood that the problems can be corrected. When more than one parent is assessed, caregiver comparisons can be offered.


Documentation
From Olympus
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Contents
Overview
The Ravenclaw dialog manager structures a dialog application as a task or set of tasks in a target domain that the system helps a user perform. Tasks can be hierarchical. For example in a travel arrangements task, asking for an airplane schedule or reserving a hotel room would be two included but separate tasks. To complete a task Ravenclaw will need certain pieces of information, for example a date or a city name in the travel domain. Dialog consists of acquiring, modifying or validating this information. You might want to think of tasks as being plans. The task organization supports mixed-initiative interaction which supports easy shifts between tasks (you can think of tasks as topics) and allows the user to specify what the system does next. This is in contrast to so-called directed dialog systems that require users to follow a prescribed sequence of exchanges in order to complete a task. Of course if the user is not familiar with the task or domain, the dialog will appear directed, as the system pursues the goal of completing the task at hand.
More detailed information can be obtained from the papers listed in the References section.
The development process
The following is a very simple account of the development process. The tutorials below will guide you through the details. You may also want to examine one of the example systems to get an idea of what needs to be done.
 1. Define the task(s) that the system will carry out. Some tasks may not require data but other will; specify these data.
 2. Create an initial language specification. This will be the grammar and will contain entries that correspond to how users will refer to tasks and to the language they will use to specify input data and control the system.
 3. Using the language as a guide, create a task-tree for the dialog manager.
 4. Create a "back-end" that will process queries form the dialog manager and will return information that can then be spoken to the user.
 5. Populate the language generator module with language used to speak system output to the user.
The above is an outline of a simple speech-only application that might, for example, retrieve information from a database. Olympus can also be used to build more complex multi-modal systems as well as action-oriented systems (such as robot interfaces).
Getting started
Step-by-step tutorial
Reference
General
Modules
Here's is a collection of reference material relating to the most important Olympus components, especially with regard to their configuration. For a more complete reference, see the File Structure.
Audio Server
Apollo
Interaction Manager
Phoenix
Parser
RavenClaw
Dialog Manager
Rosetta
Language Generation
Kalliope
Speech Output
Backend
Tools
Advanced Topics
Plugging in your own modules into Olympus
Advanced features
Questions and Problems
For additional information, as well as specific questions, email the developers mailing list (_EMAIL_).
Personal tools


Question: Is Psychology Hard In A Level?
Is Psychology hard to study?
How difficult is it to study psychology.
Psychology ranks as a very prestigious degree.
An awful lot of coursework, exams and lectures are in store for you here..
Does psychology need math?
Is Psychology hard to get a job?
Is Psychology a good A level?
Psychology is one of the most popular subject choices at A-level. It gives you experience of scientific theory, maths & research skills, history and essay writing, so it can compliment a range of subjects.
What is the hardest a level?
What are the 12 Hardest A Level Subjects? The 12 hardest A-Level subjects are Maths, Further Maths, History, Chemistry, Biology and Physics. The list also includes English Literature, Art, Psychology, Computer Programming and Music.
Is there a lot of maths in psychology a level?
Overall, at least 10% of the marks in assessments for Psychology will require the use of mathematical skills. These skills will be applied in the context of A-level Psychology and will be at least the standard of higher tier GCSE mathematics. … These skills could be developed in other areas of specification content.
Is Psychology a level harder than sociology?
What is the easiest a level?
A-level Film Studies is the easiest A level subject. A level Film Studies has a pass rate of over 99%. … A-level film studies is a really enjoyable and effortless subject.
Is Psychology a useless degree?


text: This species may never be the most common passerine at a given time in the Pribilofs, but it is the most common species that is a permanent resident in the islands. It is a common and conspicuous bird that is reliably found on any given day of the year, though numbers appear to decrease in the winter as it may be a partial migrant. Nesting can occur quite early in the year and begging is often heard while snow still remains on the ground, with fledglings first appearing in late June or early July and continuously throughout much of the summer. The only noticeable fluctuations during the year occur during late summer and fall when this species forms large flocks of post-breeding adults and recently fledged young birds, while the smaller than average numbers during mid-winter have typically rebounded to normal summer levels by early spring (late April and early May). Populations of this species on Otter and Walrus Islands, the smallest of the Pribilof Islands, are not well known.


the SSO registration process.
 9. Optionally, you can specify log_file and log_level using the procedure specified in steps d.) through h.).
 - Add a string value with the name log_file and the desired location of the log file, such as c:\osss\osso_plugin.log.
 - Add a string value with the name log_level and a value for the desired log level. Valid values are debug, inform, error, and emerg.
 10. Close the Registry Editor window by selecting Exit from the File menu.
 2. Use the Microsoft IIS management console to add a new virtual directory to your Microsoft IIS Web site with the same physical path as that of the osso.dll.
 1. Open the IIS Manager by clicking Start -> Programs -> Administrative Tools -> Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager.
 2. Expand the server folder by clicking the plus sign (+) preceding the server name.
 3. Right-click the Default Sites folder, and then select the New -> Virtual Directory option from the menu.
 4. In the Virtual Directory Creation Wizard window, enter osso for the Alias. Then, enter the path or browse to the directory containing the oracle_osso.dll file (e.g., c:\osso) and select the Execute (such as ISAPI applications or CGI) check box.
 5. Click Finish to close the Virtual Directory Creation Wizard.
 3. Use the Microsoft IIS management console to add oracle_osso.dll as a filter in your Microsoft IIS Web site. The name of the filter should be osso and its executable must point to the directory containing the oracle_osso.dll file.
 1. Right-click the Default Sites folder, and then select the Properties option from the menu.
 2. In the Default Web Site Properties window, select the ISAPI Filters tab.
 3. Click Add to add a new filter.
 The Add/Edit Filter Properties window is displayed.
 4. In the Filter Name field, enter osso for the filter name.
 5. In the Executable field, enter the path for the location containing the oracle_osso.dll (e.g., c:\osso\oracle_proxy.dll), or click the ellipsis button (...) to navigate to the folder that contains the oracle_osso.dll file.
 Description of iis6_addfilter_osso.gif follows
 Description of the illustration iis6_addfilter_osso.gif
 6. Click OK to close the Add/Edit Filter Properties window.
 7. Click OK to close the Default Web Site Properties window.
 4. Configure security settings for Oracle Home directory. Make sure you login to machine as an administrator user.
 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click the ORACLE_HOME\bin folder, select Properties from the menu, and then click the Security tab.
 2. Add the IIS_WPG, NETWORK and NETWORK SERVICE groups with Read and Execute permissions.
 3. Click OK.
 5. Stop and restart the Microsoft IIS 6.0 Server.
Notes:
 - To restart Microsoft IIS 6.0, you must stop all the Microsoft IIS 6.0 services through the control panel or restart the computer. This is the only way to ensure that the .dll file is reloaded. Restarting Microsoft IIS 6.0 through the management console is not sufficient.
 - If you want multiple Oracle installations on the same home, then the ORACLE_HOME\bin PATH entry for the installation that you plan to use in conjunction with the Oracle SSO Plug-In must appear first in your PATH.
 - Make sure the newly added ISAPI filter is marked with a green upward arrow.
A.2.6 Configuring Microsoft IIS 7.0 Listener to Use Oracle Single Sign-On
This section provides instructions on configuring the Microsoft IIS 7.0 Listener to use Oracle SSO Plug-In. The plug-in consists of a single .dll file, oracle_osso.dll. To install the plug-in, copy the .dll to the host on which Microsoft IIS 7.0 resides and perform the following steps:
 1. Complete step 1 in Section A.2.5, "Configuring Microsoft IIS 6.0 Listener to Use Oracle Single Sign-On" to use the Microsoft Windows Registry Editor to create new registry entries for the plug-in.
 2. Use the Microsoft IIS management console to add the oracle_osso.dll as a filter in your Microsoft IIS Web site:
 1. Open the IIS Manager by clicking Start -> Programs -> Administrative Tools -> Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager.
 2. Expand the server folder by clicking the plus sign (+) preceding the server name (e.g, DSCDAA10-VM6).
 3. Expand the Sites folder by clicking the plus sign (+) preceding its name.
 4. Click the Default Web Site icon to open the Default Web Site Home page.
 5. Double-click the ISAPI Filters icon to open the ISAPI Filters page, and then complete the following tasks:
 - In the Actions pane, click Add to open the Add ISAPI Filter dialog box.
 - In the Filter Name field, enter osso.
 - In the Executable field, enter the file system path for the location containing the oracle_osso.dll (e.g., c:\osso\oracle_proxy.dll), or click the ellipsis button (...) to navigate to the folder that contains the oracle_osso.dll file.
 Description of isapi3_osso.gif follows
 Description of the illustration isapi3_osso.gif
 - Click OK.
 3. Configure security settings for Oracle Home directory. Make sure you log in to machine as an administrator user.
 1. In Windows Explorer, right-click the ORACLE_HOME\bin folder, select Properties from the menu, and then click the Security tab.
 2. Add the IIS_WPG, NETWORK and NETWORK SERVICE groups with Read and Execute permissions.
 3. Click OK.
 4. Restart the Microsoft IIS server by opening the Services Control Panel, and then stopping and restarting the World Wide Web Publishing Service.
Notes:
 - To restart Microsoft IIS 7.0, you must stop all the Microsoft IIS 7.0 services through the Services Control Panel or restart the computer. This is the only way to ensure that the .dll file is reloaded. Restarting Microsoft IIS 7.0 through the management console is not sufficient.
 - If you want multiple Oracle installations on the same home, then the ORACLE_HOME\bin PATH entry for the installation that you plan to use in conjunction with the Oracle SSO Plug-In must appear first in your PATH.
A.2.7 Troubleshooting Oracle SSO Plug-In
This section describes common problems and solutions.
Oracle Dependency Libraries Not Found
You may not have included ORACLE_HOME in your path.
Solution
Check to see that you have ORACLE_HOME/lib included in your library path variable on UNIX. On Microsoft Windows, ensure that you have ORACLE_HOME\bin in your path.
Microsoft IIS Oracle SSO Plug-In Does not Work with HTML Authentication
The Oracle SSO Plug-In is designed not to work with other authentication modules. Authentication is either a native listener authentication module or a third-party module.


Including a Plus Symbol Before Values In Mac Numbers
If you need to include something like a + symbol before positive numbers in cells, you can do it using formulas or using custom cell formatting. Using a custom cell format is more versatile and can be easily reused no matter how complex the calculation.