the other does not. That's different from any write getting garbled in transfer. Two different problems.
 Regards,
 Bart
 - Bart,
 Just some precisions. Active Data Guard can automatically repair corrupted blocks.
 Starting in Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2), the primary database automatically attempts to repair the corrupted block in real time by fetching a good version of the same block from a physical standby database. This capability is referred to as automatic block repair, and it allows corrupt data blocks to be automatically repaired as soon as the corruption is detected. Automatic block repair reduces the amount of time that data is inaccessible due to block corruption. It also reduces block recovery time by using up-to-date good blocks in real-time, as opposed to retrieving blocks from disk or tape backups, or from Flashback logs.
 Hth ?
 Vincent
 1. Hi Vincent,
 Appreciate your thoughts on the matter!
 Although that's a great feature to have, it corresponds to a feature of EMC SRDF, which is allowing reads from the remote system in case of local (multiple) disk failures. SRDF is implemented as remote storage "mirroring" rather than offering a replication "copy". If you have RAID-1 locally and replicate (either synchronous or asynchronous) to a remote system with RAID-1, then you have effectively 4 disks containing the same data (in the case of async, the most recent writes are in cache).
 If you have a local disk failure, the RAID mirror will serve the I/O. In the unlikely event of a double disk failure with both failed disks in the same RAID volume, you would normally suffer some data loss. With SRDF however, the local host reads will be served from the *remote* Symmetrix system. The local database host will not even notice (except that un-cached read requests for that specific volume will have a bit higher latency probably).
 Although again you cannot make an apples-to-apples comparison between Data Guard and SRDF, I still think of Data Guard's remote repair feature very similar to SRDF's remote read ability even considering they serve slightly different failure situations.
 However, it is still my opinion that protecting against corruptions, disk failures, and all other sorts of local data loss for that matter, should be prevented or solved locally and not be (solely) dependent on solutions that were designed for full disaster recovery instead of local data repairs. The choice for a D/R tool should primarily be based on the ability to reliably and consistently fail over (and back!) a complete landscape of applications (i.e. multiple heterogenous databases, applications and non-DB data sets such as plain filesystems) in case a major disaster strikes, and other features are, IMHO, just "Nice to have".
 In particular to the "block corruption repair" feature of DG, I would spend (as a systems admin) more effort in preventing those (by choosing the right platforms & I/O load balancers, and making sure the drivers and firmware are up to date, etc) than having a tool that repairs them (fyi – I have another post on how EMC attempts to prevent block corruptions).
 The discussion reminds me of a radio advertorial on Dutch radio (it was probably also advertised in other countries) when Microsoft Vista came out. MS marketed the new OS as having the option to "repair itself" if something fails.
 Well, I don't want that. I want a system that does not fail in the first place 🙂
 Best regards and I would appreciate your thoughts…
 - As Hurricane Sandy swept through the NJ and NY areas I called and texted friends who live and work in the area to see how they where doing. One happens to be an Oracle DBA manager for a large German bank, if your guessing which one, just translate German bank into german. He was doing well and I asked about the Oracle databases he manages. His response was a causal, "Oh, we failed over to xyz a handful of main systems using SRDF, no problems." We went on to talk about how his dogs were holding up.
 1. Hi Bill 🙂
 I know similar stories… A fire extinguisher exploded in a datacenter causing all systems to get full of microscopic dust, all servers went haywire, EMC Symmetrix dialed home and customer failed over with SRDF. Zero bytes lost for the entire production environment – Windows, UNIX, Linux, DB, file servers, Exchange, you name it… (some non-prod was not replicated and – if I'm not mistaken – had to be restored).
 - Nice article.
 You have a good point of: what if the lost-write happens in the standby and then, when shit hits the fan during a DR, we are really toasted !
 It's addressed by: I could have an automated refresh of standby every week. Also, if I/O happens again on the same block in Primary, MRP will know if that block has data divergence, i am sure, there'll be an error in the standby alert log.
 But, I'd still go with DG over SRDF. Straight-forward reason.
 The moment a lost write happens in my prod, I will know that because a ORA-752 is triggered in the standby.
 And I care more if the lost write is in prod, than if the lost-write happens in standby. And I want to know it IMMEDIATELY. Because it's basic CYA, as a DBA 😉
 Thanks
 1. @JCnars:
 I see your point 🙂
 A few comments:
 1) So you rely on a D/R tool (Data Guard) to prevent from *local* data corruptions. It's like using a screwdriver to hammer a nail. I would prefer to have DG (or any other DR tool) do what it's supposed to do (protect all of your data against datacenter outages) and leave corruption protection to other tools. Like Bob C. above here mentioned re the HBA vendors working with Oracle.
 2) If you have a lost write on the local, how is the standby aware of this? I don't think this happens. The claim Oracle people make is only that local corruptions like lost writes are still possible – just that they don't make it to the standby. Plus a few features that can repair local lost writes from data that was written correct on the standby.
 3) How would you do the automated refresh? Full sync? Not feasible for large datasets plus you need to shutdown/restart the standby plus during resync you are not DR-capable?
 4) I can think of a few situations re corruption that DG will not protect you from at all (future blogpost maybe)…
 All by all (and admitted I might be biased working for EMC) I regard Data Guard as a tactical DB admin DR tool that replicates log data from *one* database. SRDF (or equivalent SAN replication tools from other vendors) protect (in a multi-app consistent way) *all* data regardless OS, DB & host HW, and offer one point of control for everything, therefore are a strategical (CxO level) tool.
 But from a DBA perspective, I can see the attractiveness of Data Guard (not being dependent on the storage guy, nice to play with DG options, and frankly, DG has some benefits over SRDF (quicker failover and no need to re-create remote snapshots frequently).
 Thanks for your interesting comment,
 Bart
 - Hi Bart, Thanks for the response. Our shop is 1 primary with 2 local standbys and a 3rd DR standby
 1) If I have a swiss knife, i want to use all that it provides.
 2) _URL_
 3) We have OCFS2 mounted on both primary and the 3 standbys. Very simple scripting.
 It may be just me, but exactly because DG is designed (and tightly integrated) with the Oracle engine and SRDF can be used for, say, Microsoft Exchange, I would go with DG
 Sure, It's my pleasure to come across your blog and point of view !
 1. JCnars,
 Like this discussion, good feedback!
 1) Good point, if you decide to use a tool anyway then why not use all useful features
 2) Will check it out sometime (today is last day of my short holiday, let's see if I can give it a shot sometime next week)
 3) I'm not sure I understand how you do this:
 Let's say you have an undetected corruption on the standby somewhere and you want to do periodic refreshes to overcome this (not really prevent but you'll just overwrite the corruption if there is any).
 So whatever tool or script you implement has to check all datablocks of all datafiles. Not sure how OCFS2 is going to do this?
 I would expect the refresh goes something like this:
 a) stop (shutdown) standby
 b) overwrite standby from some source dataset (i.e. backup or remote rsync or something like that), i.e. this is almost like re-creating the standby DB from scratch
 c) recover database, open in maintenance mode and restart Data Guard
 d) apply (using DG or otherwise) all updated archive logs
 e) re-enable Data Guard replication
 Especially on the remote this procedure can take some


text:
Alone in a world of circles and squares, Restibo seeks out the seven keys needed to
unlock the dark planet core. Scattered amongst the hanging blocks are Voids, floating
circles that nullify gravity and contain items like feathers, springs, spikes, claws,
and bubbles. These items help Restibo advance through the layers of the atmosphere,
flinging from one block to the next to reach larger and more intricate Voids.
Restibo is a game of exploration and physics puzzles. It takes place on the surface
and seven atmospheric layers of a long-locked planet.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Environmental Dilemmas and Policy Designby Huib Pellikaan, Robert J. van der Veen, Robert J. Veen
Pub. Date: 09/16/2002
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
This book examines environmental policy-making through research into individuals' reaction to environmental issues. It is often assumed that people are reluctant to contribute to environmental protection, because they do not see it as in their interests. The authors argue that self-interest is just one of a number of motives which affect people's choices, and that
This book examines environmental policy-making through research into individuals' reaction to environmental issues. It is often assumed that people are reluctant to contribute to environmental protection, because they do not see it as in their interests. The authors argue that self-interest is just one of a number of motives which affect people's choices, and that voluntary environmental polices are thus more likely to succeed than might be expected. They base their arguments on detailed surveys of public opinion.
Table of Contents
Preface; Part I. Background: 1. Environmental pollution as a problem of collective action; 1.1. Can something be done?; 1.2. Environmental dilemmas and the logic of collective action; 1.3. Surveying environmental dilemmas from the actor's perspective: rational choice; 1.4. How motives speak to preferences; 1.5. Non-equivalent dilemmas and reported behaviour; 1.6. Policies of self regulation in the Netherlands; 1.7. Moral commitment in environmental dilemmas: conditional or unconditional?; 1.8. Determinants of cooperation in environmental dilemmas and policy design; 2. A Dutch approach: self regulation as a policy concept; 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Dutch environmental policy and the idea of self regulation; 2.3. The social instruments; 2.4. An environmental ethos and the social dilemma; 2.5. Self regulation: compliance-oriented or virtue-based?; 3. The actor's perspective on collective action; 3.1. The subjectivity of the actor in rational choice theory; 3.2. Problems of collective action; 3.3. Social dilemmas; 3.4. The actor's perspective; Part II. The Survey: 4. Preference orderings and measurement; 4.1. Three potential social dilemmas; 4.2. Measuring preference orderings; 4.3. Three different environmental problems; 4.4. Avoiding response effects; 5. Rational choice; 5.1. Conditions of rational choice; 5.2. The dominance rule of rational choice; 5.3. Choice of strategy; 5.4. The robustness of the dominance rule; 5.5. Conclusion; 6. Consistency of motives and preferences; 6.1. A model of reasoned choice; 6.2. The motives of Valuation and Willingness; 6.3. The test of consistent preferences; 6.4. Consistent preferences in the three cases; 6.5. Does motive-preference consistency matter?; 6.6. Conclusion; 7. The non-equivalence of the cases; 7.1. Hard and easy cases of the dilemma; 7.2. The model of the hardest case; 7.3. The scalability of the cases; 7.4. Conclusion; 8. Reported behaviour; 8.1. Determinants of behaviour; 8.2. The sociocultural model; 8.3. An alternative model; 8.4. From motives to behaviour; Part III. Conclusions: Theory and Policy: 9. Do people accept self regulation policy?; 9.1. Introduction to Part III; 9.2. Acceptance and agreement; 9.3. The acceptance of legal regulation and self regulation; 9.4. Conclusion; 10. Do people agree with the environmental ethos?; 10.1. Introduction; 10.2. The two stages of the environmental ethos; 10.3. Knaves, pawns or knights?; 10.4. The ethical interpretation of motives and preferences; 10.5. The agreement response; 10.6. Acceptance and agreement: overview; 11. Moral commitment and rational cooperation; 11.1. Ranking preference orderings; 11.2. The meta-ranking approach; 11.3. Enlightened self-interest and moral commitment; 11.4. Consistent preferences in the meta-ranking; 11.5. An environmental meta-ranking; 12. Reciprocity and cooperation in environmental dilemmas; 12.1. The puzzle of unconditional cooperation; 12.2. The reciprocity thesis; 12.3. Cost of cooperation and conditionalities in environmental dilemmas; 13. Assessing self regulation policies; 13.1. The context of environmental dilemmas; 13.2. Consistent ethical cooperation; 13.3. Background features of hard and easy cases; 13.4. Mapping problems and the salience of the environmental ethos; 13.5. Individual cost and collective gain; 13.6. Comparing motives in the polar cases; 13.7. The dimension of private significance; 13.8. Self regulation policy: symbolic or real?; 13.9. A non-moralistic approach to environmental responsibility; 13.10. Self regulation in proportion to facilitation; Bibliography; Index.
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text:
The identification of large numbers of phosphopeptides from complex samples largely relies on sample fractionation to reduce complexity and allow using large amounts of starting material. For such experiments, commonly fractionation of whole cell lysate digests followed by enrichment of phosphopeptides from the single fractions is performed. We evaluated the tip-based fractionation of batch-enriched phosphopeptides as an alternative method. We compared three tip-based fractionation methods employing strong cation exchange (SCX), strong anion exchange (SAX), and C18 material for basic reversed-phase (BRP) fractionation using HeLa whole cell lysate digests. We show that SCX tips are superior to BRP and SAX tips due to a more efficient retention and distribution of phosphopeptides as well as a better resolution. Furthermore, we show that tip-based fractionation results in a similar performance as fractionation followed by phosphopeptide enrichment of the single fractions and outperforms analysis of unfractionated phosphopeptide-enriched samples with long chromatography gradients. Our fractionation approach using SCX tips is straightforward, reproducible, and requires a fraction of time, effort, and instrumentation compared to those of the fractionation of whole cell lysate digests with subsequent enrichment of phosphopeptides from the single fractions.
Keywords: BRP; SAX; SCX; large-scale phosphoproteomics; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; phosphopeptides; phosphorylation; tip-based fractionation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


A computer analysis of photographs could help doctors diagnose which condition a child with a rare genetic disorder has, using a computer program that recognizes facial features in photographs, looks for similarities with facial structures for various conditions, such as Down's syndrome, Angelman syndrome, or Progeria, and returns possible matches ranked by likelihood.
This image shows an average face taking on the average facial features of eight rare genetic disorders that have been built from a growing bank of photographs of people diagnosed with different syndromes. Oxford University scientists have developed a computer program to help doctors diagnose rare genetic disorders by recognizing facial structure in photographs. Credit: Christoffer Nellåker/Oxford University
Zisserman says, 'It is great to see such an inventive and beneficial use of modern face representation methods.'
Identifying a suspected developmental disorder tends to require clinical geneticists to come to a conclusion based on facial features, follow up tests and their own expertise. It's thought that 30–40% of rare genetic disorders involve some form of change in the face and skull, possibly because so many genes are involved in development of the face and cranium as a baby grows in the womb.
They developed a programme that – like Google, Picasa and other photo software – recognises faces in ordinary, everyday photographs. The programme accounts for variations in lighting, image quality, background, pose, facial expression and identity. It builds a description of the face structure by identifying corners of eyes, nose, mouth and other features, and compares this against what it has learnt from other photographs fed into the system.
Source: University of Oxford


Video Library
This is the main page for the video library.
The purpose of the video library is to provide a valuable resource for members of the Write Group. There are three sub-pages, each containing links to videos on a specific topic. The sub-pages are writing, publishing and book marketing. Each topic will have video links for the topic, discussions and interviews.
Videos made by the Montclair Write Group will have an intro slide similar to the above graphic. If the video doesn't have this graphic, it's a publicly displayed video from another site.
Over time, the number of videos in the library will grow.


Dynamic behaviour of a layer of discrete particles, Part 2: Response to a uniformly moving, harmonically vibrating load
A.S.J. Suiker, A.V. Metrikine, R. Borst, de
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
18 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
The steady state response of a discrete, granular layer to a uniformly moving, harmonically vibrating load is elaborated. This model simulates the response of a ballast layer to an instantaneous train axle passage. After deriving the boundary value problem and illuminating the corresponding solution procedure, a parametric study is carried out that considers cases that are relevant for railway practice. In the parametric study, the examination of the displacement pattern is combined with the analysis of the kinematic characteristics of the waves generated by the load. The latter analysis requires the derivation of an infinite number of so-called kinematic invariants. Accordingly, the emergence of typical "discrete waves" is demonstrated, which cannot be captured by a continuum model. The parametric study elucidates how the response is influenced by the particle size, the layer viscosity and the load frequency. In conclusion, the influence of the load velocity on the steady state response is studied, revealing the magnitudes of the critical velocities that characterise resonance of the layer vibrations.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)19-39
JournalJournal of Sound and Vibration
Volume240
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2001
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text:
THE ENIGMATIC POWER OF 142857 IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
Ever since the enigmatic number 142857 was unearthed within the archaeological context of the ancient Egyptian pyramids, it has captivated the attention of mathematicians and scientists worldwide. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to establish a direct or indirect connection between this number and the pyramids, yet no conclusive research findings have emerged thus far. Nevertheless, based on the continuous research of ancient civilizations, characters, and masterpieces, the calculation method of the line segment and the relationship between polygons and numbers are discovered in the exploration of polygons, right triangles, multiplication tables, and the mathematical constant π. These discoveries have unveiled a fascinating string of numbers that can potentially reveal that ancient Egyptian pyramids were designed and constructed using the mathematical approach rooted in the application of isosceles right triangles, with "5" and "7" as representative values, rather than simply representing the cyclic meaning. Furthermore, they have illuminated the profound wisdom possessed by the ancient Egyptians, affirming that the pyramids stand as a testament to the advanced development of ancient mathematics. This discovery not only represents a cognitive advancement in the study of ancient Egyptian archaeology and history but also holds immense importance in the broader realm of ancient mathematics and its impact on the development of modern mathematics.


text:
What are they?
littleBits is a platform of easy-to-use electronic building blocks that empower you to invent anything, from your own remote controlled car, to a smart home device. The Bits snap together with magnets, no soldering, no wiring, no programming needed. (from the _URL_)
How do you use them?
Either follow directions for building a specific project, or just piece together the individual pieces to see what you can come up with!
Use the Cloudbit Starter Kit to create internet-connected devices in seconds without needing to know how to code or program.
Individual pieces include lights, motors, switches, buzzers, synthesizers, and more.


text:
Preparation and Characterization of Lanthanum Self-Assembled Nano-Films
Lanthanum (La) nano-films prepared by a self-assembled technique on a silicone-based material surface, was studied by using an all-round functional Turbiscan LAB stability analyzer and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as well as atomic force microscope (AFM). La content introduced in the assembled nano-film reached a maximum at pH value between 5 and 6. In the preparation of colloidal sol, no phase separation took place at 60 °C where the colloidal particles uniformly and stably dispersed in the solution. The optimum topographic feature was observed after 24 hours, whence self-assembled process was performed. The particle dispersion of the assembled film was uniform and compact at the optimum EDTA to La molar ratio 0.5.
Yansheng Yin and Xin Wang
G. X. Yu et al., "Preparation and Characterization of Lanthanum Self-Assembled Nano-Films", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 79-82, pp. 871-874, 2009


but sim_size. This flag is useful for testing compressed outputs that are non-deterministic despite having deterministic decompressed contents. By default, only files compressed with bz2, gzip and zip will be automatically decompressed. Note, for specifying assertions for compressed as well as decompressed output the corresponding output tag can be specified multiple times. This is available in Galaxy since release 17.05 and was introduced in pull request #3550.
False
delta
If compare is set to sim_size, this is the maximum allowed absolute size difference (in bytes) between the data set that is generated in the test and the file in test-data/ that is referenced by the file attribute. Default value is 10000 bytes. Can be combined with delta_frac.
False
delta_frac
If compare is set to sim_size, this is the maximum allowed relative size difference between the data set that is generated in the test and the file in test-data/ that is referenced by the file attribute. A value of 0.1 means that the file that is generated in the test can differ by at most 10% of the file in test-data. The default is not to check for relative size difference. Can be combined with delta.
False
count
Number or datasets for this output. Should be used for outputs with discover_datasets
False
location
URL that points to a remote output file that will downloaded and used for output comparison. Please use this option only when is not possible to include the files in the test-data folder, since this is more error prone due to external factors like remote availability. You can use it in two ways: - In combination with file it will look for the output file in the test-data folder, if it's not available on disk it will download the file pointed by location using the same name as in file (or value). - Specifiying the location without a file (or value), it will download the file and use it as an alias of file. The name of the file will be infered from the last component of the location URL. For example, location="https://my_url/my_file.txt" will be equivalent to file="my_file.txt". If you specify a checksum, it will be also used to check the integrity of the download.
False
metric
If compare is set to image_diff, this is the metric used to compute the distance between images for quantification of their difference. For intensity images, possible metrics are mean absolute error (mae, the default), mean squared error (mse), root mean squared error (rms), and the Frobenius norm (fro). In addition, for binary images and label maps (with multiple objects), iou can be used to compute one minus the intersection over the union (IoU). Object correspondances are established by taking the pair of objects, for which the IoU is highest, and the distance of the images is the worst value determined for any pair of corresponding objects.
False
eps
If compare is set to image_diff, this is the maximum allowed distance between the data set that is generated in the test and the file in test-data/ that is referenced by the file attribute, with distances computed with respect to the specified metric. Default value is 0.01.
False
tool > tests > test > output > discovered_dataset
This directive specifies a test for an output's discovered dataset. It acts as an output test tag in many ways and can define any tests of that tag (e.g. assert_contents, value, compare, md5, checksum, metadata, etc…).
Example
The functional test tool multi_output_assign_primary.xml provides a demonstration of using this tag.
<outputs>
 <data format="tabular" name="sample">
 <discover_datasets pattern="(?P<designation>.+)\.report\.tsv" ext="tabular" visible="true" assign_primary_output="true" />
 </data>
</outputs>
<test>
 <param name="num_param" value="7" />
 <param name="input" ftype="txt" value="simple_line.txt"/>
 <output name="sample">
 <assert_contents>
 <has_line line="1" />
 </assert_contents>
 <!-- no sample1 it was consumed by named output "sample" -->
 <discovered_dataset designation="sample2" ftype="tabular">
 <assert_contents><has_line line="2" /></assert_contents>
 </discovered_dataset>
 <discovered_dataset designation="sample3" ftype="tabular">
 <assert_contents><has_line line="3" /></assert_contents>
 </discovered_dataset>
 </output>
</test>
Note that this tool uses assign_primary_output="true" for <discover_datasets>. Hence, the content of the first discovered dataset (which is the first in the alphabetically sorted list of discovered designations) is checked directly in the <output> tag of the test.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
designation
The designation of the discovered dataset.
False
tool > tests > test > output > metadata
This directive specifies a test for an output's metadata as an expected key-value pair.
Example
The functional test tool tool_provided_metadata_1.xml provides a demonstration of using this tag.
<test>
 <param name="input1" value="simple_line.txt" />
 <output name="out1" file="simple_line.txt" ftype="txt">
 <metadata name="name" value="my dynamic name" />
 <metadata name="info" value="my dynamic info" />
 <metadata name="dbkey" value="cust1" />
 </output>
</test>
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
name
Name of the metadata element to check.
True
value
Expected value (as a string) of metadata value.
True
tool > tests > test > output > assert_contents
This tag set defines a sequence of checks or assertions to run against the target output. This tag requires no attributes, but child tags should be used to define the assertions to make about the output. The functional test framework makes it easy to extend Galaxy with such tags, the following table summarizes many of the default assertion tags that come with Galaxy and examples of each can be found below.
The implementation of these tags are simply Python functions defined in the /lib/galaxy/tool_util/verify/asserts module.
General assertions
has_size:
Asserts the output has a specific size (in bytes) of value plus minus delta, e.g. <has_size value="10000" delta="100" />. Alternatively the range of the expected size can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
size
Desired size of the output (in bytes), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
value
An outdated alias for size
False
delta
Maximum allowed size difference (default is 0). The observed size has to be in the range value +- delta. Can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum expected size, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum expected size, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
Assertions for text data
has_text:
Asserts the specified text appears in the output (e.g. <has_text text="chr7">). If the text is expected to occur a particular number of times, this value can be specified using n. Optionally also with a certain delta. Alternatively the range of expected occurences can be specified by min and/or max.
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
text
Text to check for
True
n
Desired number, can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
delta
Allowed difference with respect to n (default: 0), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
min
Minimum number (default: -infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
max
Maximum number (default: infinity), can be suffixed by (k|M|G|T|P|E)i?
False
negate
Negate the outcome of the assertion.
False
not_has_text:
Asserts the specified text does not appear in the output (e.g. <not_has_text text="chr8" />).
Attributes
Attribute
Details
Required
text
Text to check for
True
has_text_matching:
Asserts text matching the specified regular expression (expression) appears in the output (e.g. <has_text_matching expression="1274\d+53" /> ). If the regular expression is expected to match a particular number of


How to Choose the Right Solid Bus Bar For Your Needs
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text:
SAVINGS ACTION 62: Consider a laptop for your next computer
Are you thinking of buying a new computer? Why not consider buying a laptop instead of a desktop? Desktops use much more power than a laptop does, and costs you more money to run. Desktops use around 100 watts of energy to run while laptops only use about 38 watts. Also, desktops need to be plugged in to function while laptops can operate for hours on battery power. Modern laptops now have fairly equal functionality, so choosing a laptop does not mean you'll have to sacrifice functionality for mobility. You can use a laptop almost anywhere, while a desktop will always be limited by its size and need for an outlet to function.
Cost: An average laptop costs $500, but the price is largely dependent on what brand you want to purchase.
Savings: Approximately $1,320.42 annually by using a laptop instead of a desktop
Environmental Impact: Prevent the emission of 227 pounds of CO2 annually
Take the challenge and learn more about saving energy! Visit: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
[I regret that quoting a dubious internet source from an ex-colony that has managed to boldly* mangle the English language, grammar and spelling does not prove anything. Claymore is of an age and education where he should know the difference and I expect is abjectly ashamed of his error.
I stand corrected. It would seem it's a common mistake and myself and Claymore have made it.
From the Oxford English
"There is a distinction in meaning between infer and imply. In the sentence the speaker implied that the General had been a traitor, implied means that the speaker subtly suggested that this man was a traitor (though nothing so explicit was actually stated). However, in we inferred from his words that the General had been a traitor, inferred means that something in the speaker's words enabled the listeners to deduce that the man was a traitor. The two words infer and imply can describe the same event, but from different angles. Use of infer to mean imply, as in are you inferring that I'm a liar? (instead of are you implying that I'm a liar?), is an extremely common error.
I thought a 'comms' man would know. One is TD the other is RD. Back to basics.
You learn something every day


text:
The Seed Trilogy is a critically-acclaimed adventure in colonization and conflict from award-winning SF writer Pamela Sargent
Centuries ago, Ship carried the seed of humankind from Earth to the planet Home. Now, Ship returns to discover what has happened to the descendents of Earth.
Centuries ago, the people of Earth sent Ship into space. Deep within its core, it carried the seed of humankind…More than twenty years have passed since Ship left its children,...
Ship hurtles through space. Deep within its core, it carries the seed of humankind. Launched by the people of a dying Earth over a century ago, its mission is to find a habitable world for...
© 2014 Macmillan
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text:
SPNI calls to save country's rare salt marshes
Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel calls protection of the country's dwindling salt marshes.
Salt marshes at the Kishon River banks Photo: Amit Mendelssohn
The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel has called for the country's
policymakers to save the special habitats that make up the country's dwindling
salt marshes, in a newly released 30-page report titled "The Salt Marshes of
Israel – Extreme and Unique Living Environment."
The country's salt
marshes, home to exclusive and rare species, are facing an imminent threat of
extinction, according to the report, dated January 2013. It defines salt marshes
as lands characterized by extreme salinity, brought about by underground water
flow and above ground regional topographical conditions.
which makes recommendations to policymakers, planners and educators on the
preservation of these lands, was written by Dr. Gil Ben-Natan of BenGurion
University's Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, and edited by Alon Rothschild,
biological diversity coordinator at the (SPNI).
Because most plants and
animals are unable to extract the water they need from the hyper-saline
environment of the salt marshes, only rare species exist in this environment –
those that have adapted evolutionarily to such harsh conditions, the report
explains. Some of these species are exclusive to the salt marsh environment and
require its extreme conditions to survive.
"Together, they present a
special species composition not found elsewhere," the authors
Because salt marshes only exist when a very specific set of
conditions are given – and due to ongoing development and construction – they
are found only minimally in Israel. In the past, marshes existed only along the
northern coast, but most of these original spots have disappeared.
portions of salt marshes have survived along the Kishon River banks, but face
the threat of urban development, says the report.
Meanwhile, some salt
marshes in the Dead Sea region have been either destroyed or disrupted, as the
basin's water level changed. A bit further south, some Arava Desert salt marshes
have been damaged, while others have been protected and even designated as
nature reserves, the report says.
Due to the fact that evolution has
occurred in the salt marshes in extremely harsh environments, these ecosystems
provide windows into "valuable biological processes" and mechanisms that can aid
the development of agriculture, industry and medicine, according to the authors
of the report.
Some of the plants that commonly appear in these saline
zones are the tamarisk tree, the monecious seablite shrub and the glacuous
glasswort – the latter two are found in the Sodom salt marsh near Ein Gedi. This
area is also inhabited by a local population of wild boars, Dead Sea sparrows
and Nubian Nightjar birds.
Other salt marshes – many of which have
suffered sever damage or have been destroyed – in the country occur in the
Kishon, Atlit, the northern Dead Sea region, Zohar, HaTzeva, Ein Yahav, Yotvata,
Eilat and Evrona, the report says.
"The salt marshes' inherent value,
together with the increasing risk of their extinction from Israel, require
decisive action for their preservation, for present and for future generations,"
In order to facilitate this preservation, decision-makers need
to take action, such as determining a water quota for nature in salt
Secondly, authorities must work to protect habitat continuity
when possible; and at sites already fragmented, to maintain the functionality of
these ecosystems. It is likewise crucial to collect information regarding the
composition of the salt marshes, in order to be able to properly generate
management plans for both the marshes themselves and surrounding
Educational initiatives to familiarize the public with the
endangered habitat are also critical, the report adds.


text:
Iranian New Wave By Torres Hortelano, Lorenzo J.
The Iranian New Wave began when a group of young Iranian directors—following developments in the Iranian cultural arena with origins in the political and social changes of the 1950s and 1960s—started, in the mid-1960s, to make films that broke radically from the conventions of Film Farsi, the mainstream Iranian cinema that no longer satisfied the audience. These directors shared some characteristics: many had been educated abroad, and some were initially engaged in film criticism and showed a passion for modern literature. In fact, the interaction between literature and cinema is a main feature of the Iranian New Wave or Mowj-e No. The 1960s was a "golden era" of Iranian literature, one which influenced films such as Khest va Ayeneh [The Brick and the Mirror] (1965) by one of the forerunners of the New Wave, the writer Ebrahim Golestan, who employed modern techniques of storytelling in it. Although Golestan's masterpiece is set in Teheran, many New Wave films deal with rural areas and their visual significance. Unlike the French New Wave [Nouvelle vague] or Italian Neorealism, the directors started filming without a significant theoretical framework, and engaged in cinema as a work-in-progress.


text:
Translate Cancer | into French | into Spanish 1 Astronomy a constellation (the Crab), said to represent a crab crushed under the foot of Hercules. It is most noted for the globular star cluster of Praesepe (the Beehive cluster).
(as genitive Cancri
/ˈkaNGkrē/) used with a preceding letter or numeral to designate a star in this constellation:the star Delta Cancri
2 Astrology the fourth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the northern summer solstice (about June 21).
) a person born when the sun is in the sign of Cancer.


text: AbstractBiocemented shale soils are composite materials, and their micromechanical properties are difficult to measure using common macromechanical tests. In this work, nanoindentation tests were conducted to study the effects of microstructures, crystal types of calcium carbonate, and locations of test points on the micromechanical properties of biocemented shale soils. The transformation process of crystal types of calcium carbonate during biogrouting was revealed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction imaging techniques. The results showed that a significant amount of voids within the cementing body were generated due to the death of bacillus pasteurii. Vaterite and calcite were both detected in the same sample, where the vaterite gradually changed into calcite during the biogrouting process. The nanoindentation tests were carried out in locations with different surrounding conditions, and the micromechanical properties of biocemented soils were obtained through analysis of the load-displacement curves. The relationships between fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and hardness were found to be linear based on our test results. The established empirical relationships help understand the correlations between micromechanical properties and also provide a useful method for the characterization of fracture toughness of biocemented shale soils.


text:
01 Aug Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center
Greetings! Jose Gonzalez here 🙂 These photos are from my visit to Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center at Rancho Sierra Vista in Newbury Park, CA. "Satwiwa, which means 'the bluffs,' was the name of a nearby Chumash village. To reflect this heritage, Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center and Natural Area was established by the National Park Service in partnership with the Friends of Satwiwa" (NPS, 2015).Park Ranger Robert Cromwell and Archaeological Technician Austin Ringelstein gave us a tour of the area by leading us on a hike to an excavation site. Youth members of the Urban Archaeology Corps will be excavating an area which was once a Chumash rock oven. Antonio Solorio, the SAMO youth program coordinator, gave us a tour of the Satwiwa Native Plant Garden. We tasted several plants that were important for the Chumash and Tongva people.
The visit to Rancho Sierra Vista was amazing! It was wonderful to learn about the many uses plants served for Native American cultures as well as the continued use of many of these plants in modern society. There was lots of wildlife near the cultural center including a King Snake and a lizard. The King Snake gets its name because it is able to eat rattlesnakes which are prevalent in the area.


text:
Named in honor of George Washington, Washington County was created in 1799 from Tyrrell County. It lies in the eastern part of North Carolina and is bounded by Bertie, Beaufort, Hyde, Martin and Tyrrell counties, and the Albemarle Sound. The courts were ordered to be held at Lee's Mill until a courthouse could be erected.The town of Plymouth was established in 1787. It started out as a private enterprise much like one of today's subdivisions. An area of 100 acres was set aside and divided into streets and lots.
Being on the Roanoke River and near the Albemarle Sound, Plymouth's prime importance was as a port. During the early 1800′s Plymouth was one of 6 main ports in North Carolina and ranked 9th in population among towns.
Plymouth was incorporated in 1807. In 1823 the Washington County court house was moved from Lee's Mill to Plymouth.The USGenWeb and NCGenWeb projects are maintained by volunteers. We encourage you to interact and share information with your fellow researchers.
Be sure to check the BLOG for the latest site updates!


text:
Optimizing the electrical conductivity of CNT embedded thin films printed with industrial inkjet technology for strain sensing applicationsMittwoch (22.05.2019) 12:30 - 12:50 Uhr Bestandteil von:
The design and construction of aerospace structures is governed by the concept of lightweight design to maximize sustainable loads while increase fuel-efficiency. Despite the use of materials with outstanding mechanical properties, such as aluminium alloys or fibre-reinforced polymers, the monitoring of these structures is of grave importance to ensure the integrity and furthermore the safety of the structure during its service life. Next-generation structural health monitoring systems themselves need to be lightweight and integrated into the structure to accomplish this task. The development of nanomaterial-based thin films with their unique properties made the design of inkjet-printed spatial strain sensors possible. However, the capabilities and qualities of such sensors is dependent on many factors including materials used and the ratio of components, utilized process for deposition of the material on the surface and post-processing procedure. The objective of this study was to develop a carbon nanotube (CNT) based thin film strain sensor and to optimize its electrical properties by enhancing its conductivity. To accomplish this task, the composition of the ink in which the CNTs are dispersed as well as the printing process were modified in comparison to a previous study where the thin film was sprayed onto the surface. The effects of these modifications were studied by microscopy to measure the distribution of CNTs. Additionally, resistance measurements were carried out for piezoresistivity characterization. Lastly, the MATLAB-based open-source software EIDORS was used to verify the electrical behaviour of the thin film sensor using a finite element approach.


text:
Introduction: How to Make an Apocalyptic Stove
It's turning to night and you need something to cook your beans and meat in. You can hear the zombies screaming in the distance. If you don't get something in you soon, you'll end up dead. Lucky for you, you found this set of instructions on how to build an apocalyptic stove.
Step 1: Gather Materials
Warning! These dimensions are from my stove. You don't have to use them exactly, just something close to them.
- Two large tin cans with a height of about 17.7 cm and a diameter of 15.5 cm
- One medium can with a height of about 11.3 cm and a diameter of 10.2 cm
- Two small cans with a height of 10 cm and a diameter of 6.5 cm
- Wire/metal cutters
- Cement gun
- Wire mesh
- Dirt, fertilizer, or sand
- Wire or metal coat hanger
- Pot or pan to cook food
- Wood pellets/chips or something to burn for the fire
- A match or something to light the fire
Step 2: Construct the Stove
The first step is to take the two large cans. Cut of the top and bottom of one of them and the top off the other. You can do this by drilling a hole and using the wire cutters to cut the rest off. Stack the two cans vertically and cement them together using the cement gun. The two cans stacked together will serve as the base of the whole stove.
Step 3: Construct the Stove
Next, cut a hole near the bottom of the can stack. The hole should have a diameter a little bigger than 10.2 cm so you can fit in the medium can. The hole should be about 1 cm up from the bottom. The reason for this is because most cans go up a little on the bottom so in order to fit the can in you need to raise the hole up from the bottom.
Step 4: Construct the Stove
After this, cut the top off of the medium can. Then in the side of the medium can, cut a hole with a diameter of 6.5 cm. Place the medium can inside of the big can stack. The open end should be sticking out and the hole in the side should be facing up. The medium can will serve as the place where air flows in and where the fire is. You can now seal together the big and medium can.
Step 5: Construct the Stove
The next step is to get the two small cans. Cut the tops and bottoms off of both of these cans. Then, cut one of the small cans so it only has a height of 6 cm. Stack these two cans vertically and seal them together. These small cans will serve as the smoke stack where the heat rises into. Take the smoke stack and place it into the hole in the side of the medium can. Make sure the smoke stack goes about 2.5 cm into the medium can. The reason for this is so that the smoke stack is steady. You can now seal the medium can and the smoke stack together.
Step 6: Construct the Stove
Now, drill four holes into the side of the big can stack. The holes should be about 2.5 cm above the smoke stack. Make sure the holes are evenly spaced apart. The reason the holes are 2.5 cm above the smoke stack is because the cooking pot will be placed at the level of the holes. You want to make sure that heat can flow between the pot and the smoke stack because otherwise there wouldn't be airflow. Next, take the wire or metal coat hanger and cut it so you can run it through the holes. It should form a cross hair.
Step 7: Construct the Stove
After that, you need to take the wire mesh and place it into the medium can. The purpose of the mesh is so you can place your wood pellets/chips on it to burn and the ashes will drop down below the mesh.
Step 8: Construct the Stove
The last step is to place your dirt in the area surrounding the smoke stack. This is needed for insulation so no heat can escape.
Step 9: You Are Finished!
You are now done. Your stove should look something like this. Hopefully now you will last a couple more days.


text:
The challenges of constructing a non-hegemonic masculine identity : a study of isi-Zulu-speaking adolescent boys.
Burnard, Andrew James.
MetadataShow full item record
Hegemonic masculinity (HM) is considered by many boys and men to be the "gold standard" of masculinity to which they are expected to conform (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005). However, many boys feel that they fall short of this standard and are thus challenged to negotiate their sense of masculinity through positioning themselves in relation to masculine standards in various ways (Wetherell & Edley, 1999). This research therefore aims to explore the process of subject positioning in relation to HM and, if it occurs, the process of successfully aligning masculine identity with alternative (non-hegemonic) forms of masculinity. Eight late adolescent boys from rural KwaZulu-Natal were interviewed, and the data were qualitatively analysed by focussing on the boys' narratives used to describe masculinity and how they position themselves in relation to the various norms of masculinity. The results indicate that these boys did not show signs of having non-hegemonic masculinities. However, all boys reframed HM into a new discourse still based on the acceptance of the hegemonic domination over women and femininity (including less masculine boys), while disavowing practices relating to alcohol use, crime and risky sexual practices. This discourse represented a sanitised version of HM. It was suggested that boys maintain these multiple versions of masculinity in parallel, and use psychological splitting to maintain them. Soccer emerged as serving an important function for the creation and maintenance of these sanitised masculinities.


text:
Mache is an extremely nutritious green that can be added to salads during the winter months. Here, in the northeastern U.S. where it is cold (and frozen), mache can be grown in a sunny window inside. This vegetable actually likes the cold—it won't germinate until temperatures stay consistently below 70 degrees F. So it is best to wait until the weather is cold and plant it outside.
Drill two holes in the bottom of two window boxes for drainage.
Placing a paper towel over the holes, fill ¾ full with potting soil.
Sow the mache seeds; it's good to sow them quite thickly. Cover with potting soil.
Once the seeds have germinated and the little seedlings are popping up, bring the window boxes inside and place in a sunny (preferably southern) window. They look like two bunny ears at first and these can be thinned and added to salads.
The remaining plants will turn into four bunny ears, then eight, then sixteen as they are thinned—making sure that the plants left in the box have room to grow. By the end of the winter, there may be just two plants left covering the entire box.
Once danger of frost has passed, the boxes can be brought back outside. Be sure to watch their hydration and don't let these plants dry out. They will flower and get pollinated by the bees. Collect the seeds placing them on a plate or tray to dry for a few days before moving them into a sealed glass jar. Replant next fall.


Energy is not infinite
Let's reduce electricity consumption!
We must make very conscious use of the electricity it and save it whenever we can.
Energy is not an inexhaustible source. It should be used efficiently and do everything we can to save it.
Will you help us to reduce electricity use in the Club?
 - When reaching port, disconnect all the craft's electrical appliances. Then connect the cable to the craft's power point first, and then to the service pedestal power point.
 - Make sure the plug does not fall into the water as the presence of salt is a potential hazard.
 - Advise the boatyard staff if you find any faults with the connection or supply from the service pedestals.
 - Once you have charged the craft's batteries, disconnect from the service pedestal power point first and then from the craft. Also make sure that electrical appliances have been disconnected beforehand.
 - When you finish using the electrical connection, make sure the cover of the service pedestal power point is closed.
 - Air conditioning: keep the temperature between 24-26º C when using.
 - Heating: Take advantage of the heat of the sun during the day and keep the temperature between 19- 20º C and 16-17º C at night.
15.0º C
Vent: 44 NE 15.4Kts, 16.9 Max


text:
Probiotic Drinks Help Against Allergies, Wageningen University Study
6/16/2011 7:29:34 AM
Probiotic drinks such as Yakult and Vivit can alleviate the symptoms of pollen allergies, says Wageningen UR PhD scholar Yvonne Vissers. They do this by diminishing the amounts of certain proteins that cause hay fever. The probiotic drinks also stimulate the manufacture of allergy-inhibiting substances. Particularly good results were obtained with Lactobacillus plantarum lactic acid bacteria. Vissers describes her findings in the thesis she defended on Friday 10 June. Allergies are an excessive reaction by the immune system to foreign substances in the body, such as pollen, flakes of skin or house mites. In cases of pollen allergy, the body makes an immune protein known as IgE, which attacks the intruding pollen. This causes histamine to be released, which is responsible for the classic allergy symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, and red and watery eyes.


What makes a sticky jingle?
January 8, 2019
Repetunitis, Melodymania, Song Stuck Syndrome, the Jukebox Virus…there are many names for the phenomenon, but the experience is practically universal: a piece of music repeats again, and again, and again…but only in your mind.
Repetunitis can strike anyone, anywhere, at any time!
Once, in 1986, I unwittingly listened to a jingle for the store Easy Pickins, never suspecting that it's "yeah-yeah-yeah" hook would live on in my mind FOREVER. Now, not a day goes by without a nod from this familiar stranger. What is going on up there??
Jingles are radio or tv advertising slogans set to a (hopefully) memorable melody. Jingles are written explicitly about a product. As long as the slogan is instantly catchy – and hard to forget there's almost no limit to what advertisers can say in a jingle.
In the early 1930s radio was enjoying a golden age, but there were strict advertising rules. Direct advertising during prime-time hours was prohibited, so advertisers started using a clever loophole — the jingle. Jingles could mention a company or product's name without explicitly selling that product.
A good jingle can do wonders for business — it can save a dying brand, introduce a new item to a broader audience and rejuvenate a product that has slipped from popularity. [Source: Faulkner]
So how does one go about inducing *ahem* Jingle Melodymania?
Experts agree, a song that typically "sticks" in the mind has a simple, upbeat melody, catchy, repetitive lyrics; and a surprise such as an extra beat or unusual rhythm. Top jingle-makers are song stylists adept at weaving together these crucial elements. For example, this simple, catchy tune for Wish Me caused the creative team at Hutton Miller to experience Song Stuck Syndrome weeks after the project's completion.
While this may explain the art of creating a sticky jingle, there is science involved as well. Psychologists and neurologists who study the effects of music on the brain have found that some pop songs contain earworms: pleasantly melodic, easy-to-remember "hooks" that have the attributes of a typical jingle. Earworms, also known by their German name*, "ohrwurm," are those tiny, 15- to 30-second pieces of music that you can't get out of your head no matter how hard you try.
Earworms!! Seriously? Yes: undetectable, undeniable, unforgettable little worms go into your ears and cause, wait for it: Brain Itch. I know. You are wondering to yourself, "Can this concept possibly get any more DRTV-esque?" I think we've peaked, but read on…
"Earworms," while not parasites, are parasitic in the sense that they get lodged in your head and cause a sort of "brain itch" — a need for the brain to fill in the gaps in a song's rhythm. When we listen to a song, it triggers a part of the brain called the auditory cortex. Researchers at Dartmouth University found that when they played part of a familiar song to research subjects, the participants' auditory cortex automatically filled in the rest — in other words, their brains kept "singing" long after the song had ended [source: Prokhorov].
So there you have it. Jingles at their peak are actually ear worms that cause brain itch in consumers suffering from the Jukebox Virus. (Don't you love science?)
In the event that advertisers using insidiously perfect jingles ARE Evil Geniuses, the question then arises: Are said advertisers indifferent to the mania their jingles may be causing? Perhaps this is like asking a potato chip manufacturer if he is indifferent to the compulsive way people get hooked on his salty crisps… "Ummmmm, I mean, crunch*crunch*crunch, crunch*crunch, kind of??"
*The reader's use of the term "ohrwurm" should be restricted to brain/sound conferences or when speaking German to avoid being perceived as pretentious and/or borderline insane.
 Further Reading:
Top Ten Catchiest Commercial Jingles
How Commercial Jingles Work (Podcast)


text:
In a number of key ways shipbuilding is different than any other industry that builds big things. In a nutshell, that means problems common to other industries require different approaches, and challenges unique to shipbuilding cannot be solved using general tools.
What makes shipbuilding different?
Ships and offshore structures are typically already being engineered before the design is approved and built before the engineering is complete. This means that pre-existing engineering work, and already built sections, need to be considered when the resulting changes that need to be made are handed down.
Ships, and shipbuilding, are governed by regulations and regulatory bodies that apply to shipbuilding. Unlike buildings and other onshore facilities, the only projects that approach the same scale, a single ship operates in a variety of environmental, regulatory, and political landscapes as it travels around the globe.
Large shipbuilding programs consist of tens or dozens of vessels of the same class. Even between two sister ships, the differences can be significant. This differs quite a bit from any other industry – consumer goods are designed once and manufactured millions of times, buildings are typically designed and built once, even airplanes are engineered once and built hundreds, if not thousands, of times with comparatively small variations between each plane and the next. Shipbuilders have to get it right quickly while managing a large amount of change between each ship.
Managing a huge amount of change
To get things right quickly, while managing that large amount of change, your organization needs to:
- Allow your design and engineering teams to manage and track changes throughout the project.
- Facilitate dynamic communication between engineering and production departments.
- Ensure that any change across sister ships is seamless and transparent.
- Have your teams working in the same unified platform and on the same drawings that will be delivered to class societies.
[eBook] Why Shipbuilding Requires Shipbuilding Specific Solutions
If you're a shipbuilding executive, you'll already be closely familiar with the challenges you face within your industry, so make sure to look out for solutions for and insight into the problems you encounter every day. For those who have had less exposure to shipbuilding, this eBook will provide you with a fantastic overview of why the more unique aspects of shipbuilding demand shipbuilding specific solutions.Access the eBook


to the local auth cache
 BasicScheme basicAuth = new BasicScheme();
 authCache.put(getHttpHost(url), basicAuth);
 // 3. Add AuthCache to the execution context
 BasicHttpContext localContext = new BasicHttpContext();
 localContext.setAttribute(ClientContext.AUTH_CACHE, authCache);
 return localContext;
 }
});

To enable SSL on client, a ClientHttpEngine containing a SSLContext can be created to build client as in the following example:
ClientHttpEngine myEngine = new ClientHttpEngine() {
 ...
 public void setSslContext(SSLContext sslContext) {
 this.sslContext = sslContext;
 }
 @Override
 public HostnameVerifier getHostnameVerifier() {
 return hostnameVerifier;
 }
};
myEngine.setSslContext(mySslContext)
ResteasyClient client = ((ResteasyClientBuilder)ClientBuilder.newBuilder()).httpEngine(myEngine).build();

An alternative is to set up a keystore and truststore and pass a custom SslContext to ClientBuilder:
Client sslClient = ClientBuilder.newBuilder().sslContext(mySslContext).build();

If you don't want to create a SSLContext, you can build client with a keystore and truststore. Note if both SSLContext and keystore/truststore are configured, the later will be ignored by Resteasy ClientBuilder.
Client sslClient = ClientBuilder.newBuilder().keystore(keystore,mypassword).
 trustKeystore(trustStore).build();

During handshaking, a custom HostNameVerifier can be called to allow the connection if URL's hostname and the server's identification hostname match.
Client sslClient = ((ResteasyClientBuilder)ClientBuilder.newBuilder()).sslContext(mysslContext)
 .hostnameVerifier(myhostnameVerifier).build();

Resteasy provides another simple way to set up a HostnameVerifier. It allows configuring ResteasyClientBuilder with a HostnameVerificationPolicy without creating a custom HostNameVerifier:
Client sslClient = ((ResteasyClientBuilder)ClientBuilder.newBuilder()).sslContext(mysslContext)
 .hostnameVerification(ResteasyClientBuilder.HostnameVerificationPolicy.ANY).build();

 - Setting HostnameVerificationPolicy.ANY will allow all connections without a check.
 - HostnameVerificationPolicy.WILDCARD only allows wildcards in subdomain names i.e. *.foo.com.
 - HostnameVerificationPolicy.STRICT checks if DNS names match the content of the Public Suffix List (_URL_ Please note if this public suffix list isn't the check you want, you should create your own HostNameVerifier instead of this policy setting.
The RESTEasy Client framework automatically creates and properly configures the underlying Apache HTTP Client engine. When the ApacheHttpClient43Engine is manually created, though, the user can either let it build and use a default HttpClient instance or provide a custom one:
public ApacheHttpClient43Engine() {
 ...
}
public ApacheHttpClient43Engine(HttpClient httpClient) {
 ...
}
public ApacheHttpClient43Engine(HttpClient httpClient, boolean closeHttpClient) {
 ...
}

The closeHttpClient parameter on the last constructor above allows controlling whether the Apache HttpClient is to be closed upon engine finalization. The default value is true. When a custom HttpClient instance is not provided, the default instance will always be closed together with the engine.
For more information about HttpClient (4.x), see the documentation at _URL_
Note. It is important to understand the difference between "releasing" a connection and "closing" a connection. Releasing a connection makes it available for reuse. Closing a connection frees its resources and makes it unusable.
If an execution of a request or a call on a proxy returns a class other than Response, then RESTEasy will take care of releasing the connection. For example, in the fragments
WebTarget target = client.target("http://localhost:8081/customer/123");
String answer = target.request().get(String.class);

or
ResteasyWebTarget target = client.target("http://localhost:8081/customer/123");
RegistryStats stats = target.proxy(RegistryStats.class);
RegistryData data = stats.get();

RESTEasy will release the connection under the covers. The only counterexample is the case in which the response is an instance of InputStream, which must be closed explicitly.
On the other hand, if the result of an invocation is an instance of Response, then Response.close() method must be used to released the connection.
WebTarget target = client.target("http://localhost:8081/customer/123");
Response response = target.request().get();
System.out.println(response.getStatus());
response.close();

You should probably execute this in a try/finally block. Again, releasing a connection only makes it available for another use. It does not normally close the socket.
On the other hand, ApacheHttpClient43Engine.finalize() will close any open sockets, unless the user set closeHttpClient as false when building the engine, in which case he is responsible for closing the connections.
Note that if ApacheHttpClient43Engine has created its own instance of HttpClient, it is not necessary to wait for finalize() to close open sockets. The ClientHttpEngine interface has a close() method for this purpose.
If your javax.ws.rs.client.Client class has created the engine automatically for you, you should call Client.close() and this will clean up any socket connections.
Finally, given having explicit finalize() methods can badly affect performances, the org.jboss.resteasy.client.jaxrs.engines.ManualClosingApacheHttpClient43Engine flavour of org.jboss.resteasy.client.jaxrs.engines.ApacheHttpClient43Engine can be used. With that the user is always responsible for calling close() as no finalize() is there to do that before object garbage collection.
RESTEasy's default async engine implementation class is ApacheHttpAsyncClient4Engine. It can be set as the active engine by calling method useAsyncHttpEngine in ResteasyClientBuilder.
 Client asyncClient = ((ResteasyClientBuilder)ClientBuilder.newBuilder()).useAsyncHttpEngine()
 .build();
 Future<Response> future = asyncClient
 .target("http://locahost:8080/test").request()
 .async().get();
 Response res = future.get();
 Assert.assertEquals(HttpResponseCodes.SC_OK, res.getStatus());
 String entity = res.readEntity(String.class);


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Regexp::Assemble(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Regexp::Assemble(3)
NAME
 Regexp::Assemble - Assemble multiple Regular Expressions into a single
 RE
SYNOPSIS
 use Regexp::Assemble;
 my $ra = Regexp::Assemble->new;
 $ra->add( 'ab+c' );
 $ra->add( 'ab+-' );
 $ra->add( 'a\w\d+' );
 $ra->add( 'a\d+' );
 print $ra->re; # prints a(?:\w?\d+|b+[-c])
DESCRIPTION
 Regexp::Assemble takes an arbitrary number of regular expressions and
 assembles them into a single regular expression (or RE) that matches
 all that the individual REs match.
 As a result, instead of having a large list of expressions to loop
 over, a target string only needs to be tested against one expression.
 This is interesting when you have several thousand patterns to deal
 with. Serious effort is made to produce the smallest pattern possible.
 It is also possible to track the original patterns, so that you can
 determine which, among the source patterns that form the assembled
 pattern, was the one that caused the match to occur.
 You should realise that large numbers of alternations are processed in
 perl's regular expression engine in O(n) time, not O(1). If you are
 still having performance problems, you should look at using a trie.
 Note that Perl's own regular expression engine will implement trie
 optimisations in perl 5.10 (they are already available in perl 5.9.3 if
 you want to try them out). "Regexp::Assemble" will do the right thing
 when it knows it's running on a trie'd perl. (At least in some version
 after this one).
 Some more examples of usage appear in the accompanying README. If that
 file is not easy to access locally, you can find it on a web repository
 such as <_URL_ or
 <_URL_
 See also "LIMITATIONS".
Methods
 add(LIST)
 Takes a string, breaks it apart into a set of tokens (respecting meta
 characters) and inserts the resulting list into the "R::A" object. It
 uses a naive regular expression to lex the string that may be fooled
 complex expressions (specifically, it will fail to lex nested
 parenthetical expressions such as "ab(cd(ef)?gh)ij" correctly). If this
 is the case, the end of the string will not be tokenised correctly and
 returned as one long string.
 On the one hand, this may indicate that the patterns you are trying to
 feed the "R::A" object are too complex. Simpler patterns might allow
 the algorithm to work more effectively and perform more reductions in
 the resulting pattern.
 On the other hand, you can supply your own pattern to perform the
 lexing if you need. The test suite contains an example of a lexer
 pattern that will match one level of nested parentheses.
 Note that there is an internal optimisation that will bypass a much of
 the lexing process. If a string contains no "\" (backslash), "[" (open
 square bracket), "(" (open paren), "?" (question mark), "+" (plus), "*"
 (star) or "{" (open curly), a character split will be performed
 directly.
 A list of strings may be supplied, thus you can pass it a file handle
 of a file opened for reading:
 $re->add( '\d+-\d+-\d+-\d+\.example\.com' );
 $re->add( <IN> );
 If the file is very large, it may be more efficient to use a "while"
 loop, to read the file line-by-line:
 $re->add($_) while <IN>;
 The "add" method will chomp the lines automatically. If you do not want
 this to occur (you want to keep the record separator), then disable
 "chomp"ing.
 $re->chomp(0);
 $re->add($_) while <IN>;
 This method is chainable.
 add_file(FILENAME [...])
 Takes a list of file names. Each file is opened and read line by line.
 Each line is added to the assembly.
 $r->add_file( 'file.1', 'file.2' );
 If a file cannot be opened, the method will croak. If you cannot afford
 to let this happen then you should wrap the call in a "eval" block.
 Chomping happens automatically unless you the chomp(0) method to
 disable it. By default, input lines are read according to the value of
 the "input_record_separator" attribute (if defined), and will otherwise
 fall back to the current setting of the system $/ variable. The record
 separator may also be specified on each call to "add_file". Internally,
 the routine "local"ises the value of $/ to whatever is required, for
 the duration of the call.
 An alternate calling mechanism using a hash reference is available.
 The recognised keys are:
 file
 Reference to a list of file names, or the name of a single file.
 $r->add_file({file => ['file.1', 'file.2', 'file.3']});
 $r->add_file({file => 'file.n'});
 input_record_separator
 If present, indicates what constitutes a line
 $r->add_file({file => 'data.txt', input_record_separator => ':' });
 rs An alias for input_record_separator (mnemonic: same as the English
 variable names).
 $r->add_file( {
 file => [ 'pattern.txt', 'more.txt' ],
 input_record_separator => "\r\n",
 });
 clone()
 Clones the contents of a Regexp::Assemble object and creates a new
 object (in other words it performs a deep copy).
 If the Storable module is installed, its dclone method will be used,
 otherwise the cloning will be performed using a pure perl approach.
 You can use this method to take a snapshot of the patterns that have
 been added so far to an object, and generate an assembly from the
 clone. Additional patterns may to be added to the original object
 afterwards.
 my $re = $main->clone->re();
 $main->add( 'another-pattern-\\d+' );
 insert(LIST)
 Takes a list of tokens representing a regular expression and stores
 them in the object. Note: you should not pass it a bare regular
 expression, such as "ab+c?d*e". You must pass it as a list of tokens,
 e.g. "('a', 'b+', 'c?', 'd*', 'e')".
 This method is chainable, e.g.:
 my $ra = Regexp::Assemble->new
 ->insert( qw[ a b+ c? d* e ] )
 ->insert( qw[ a c+ d+ e* f ] );
 Lexing complex patterns with metacharacters and so on can consume a
 significant proportion of the overall time to build an assembly. If
 you have the information available in a tokenised form, calling
 "insert" directly can be a big win.
 lexstr
 Use the "lexstr" method if you are curious to see how a pattern gets
 tokenised. It takes a scalar on input, representing a pattern, and
 returns a reference to an array, containing the tokenised pattern. You
 can recover the original pattern by performing a "join":
 my @token = $re->lexstr($pattern);
 my $new_pattern = join( '', @token );
 If the original pattern contains unnecessary backslashes, or "\x4b"
 escapes, or quotemeta escapes ("\Q"..."\E") the resulting pattern may
 not be identical.
 Call "lexstr" does not add the pattern to the object, it is merely for
 exploratory purposes. It will, however, update various statistical
 counters.
 pre_filter(CODE)
 Allows you to install a callback to check that the pattern being loaded
 contains valid input. It receives the pattern as a whole to be added,
 before it been tokenised by the lexer. It may to return 0 or "undef" to
 indicate that the pattern should not be added, any true value indicates
 that the contents are fine.
 A filter to strip out trailing comments (marked by #):
 $re->pre_filter( sub { $_[0] =~ s/\s*#.*$//; 1 } );
 A filter to ignore blank lines:
 $re->pre_filter( sub {


text:
Federal Trade Commission: A History
Our History at 600 Pennsylvania Ave, NW
The FTC established its headquarters at 600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., with President Franklin D. Roosevelt laying the cornerstone himself.
Roosevelt remarked, "May this permanent home of the Federal Trade Commission stand for all time as a symbol of the purpose of the government to insist on a greater application of the golden rule to conduct the corporation and business enterprises in their relationship to the body politic." Listen to FDR's speech here.
The building which is particularly known for its two art deco style statues, called " Man Restraining Trade," is located at the apex of the Federal Triangle, and was the culmination of the massive Depression-era government building project. Commissioners and staff officially moved in on April 21, 1938, and the building continues to function as the FTC's headquarters, serving the agency's adjudicative, executive, policy, and administrative functions.
The Bureau of Corporations at 100
Under legislation sought by President Theodore Roosevelt, the FTC's predecessor, the Bureau of Corporations, was created on February 14, 1903.
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of that event, the Bureau of Economics held a roundtable on September 4, 2003. The focus of the roundtable was the contributions of economics and of the Bureau of Economics to the Commission's mission and to economic policy generally over the past several decades. The Bureau of Economics was featured because the original functions of the Bureau of Corporations were to collect information, to conduct industry and policy research, and to prepare reports at the request of Congress and the President. Participants in the roundtable included FTC Chairman Timothy J. Muris, former FTC Chairman and OMB Director James C. Miller III, and BE Directors from the 1950s to the present. More information about the roundtable, including a transcript, is available.
The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control and Competition
Marc Winerman, reprinted from 71 Antitrust Law Journal 1 (2003) [PDF 510K]
Outpost Years for a Start-up Agency: The FTC from _PHONE_
Marc Winerman and William E. Kovacic, reprinted from 77 Antitrust Law Journal 145 (2010)
The William Humphrey and Abram Myers Years: The FTC from _PHONE_
Marc Winerman and William E. Kovacic, reprinted from 77 Antitrust Law Journal 701 (2011)


text:
A term in football referring to a penalty that is called when a team has more players on the field than the rules permit. Football only allows 11 men on the field during a play. Too Many Men on the Field can happen when a team improperly uses a substitution.
During a substitution the twelfth player must be off the field before the snap. If the twelfth player is attempting to leave the field but has not done so before the snap then a penalty of "Too Many Men on the Field" will be called. This penalty can be assessed against an offending team also when there are twelve or more players in a huddle for 3-5 second or twelve or more players in formation before the play. The offending team is penalized 5 yards when a penalty of Too Many Men on the Field is assessed against them.


text: These are photos of the bush in Riverton, New Zealand. The green carpet covering spans across the distant hills. The pathways lead deep into the native forests. Tall trees tower above shrubs and younger trees. Beneath these grow ferns and mosses. Sunlight filters through the lush foliage, and birds and insects thrive. The bush is often dense and tangled, and you can easily get lost. For this reason, I only hike through trails with distinct pathways like the one in the photos. I don't fancy being lost.


text:
Double Rainbow Over Salisbury Cove, Maine
June 27, 2008
Provided by: Dong-Eog Kim, Dep't of Neurology, Dongguk University International Hospital, Korea
Summary authors & editors: Dong-Eog Kim, Jim Foster
This well defined double rainbow was observed over Salisbury Cove, Maine, late in the day on August 11, 2004. Since the primary and secondary bows are so arched, and because the strongest colors are red and orange, it's evident that these bows formed near sunset. Note that the color scheme for the inner bow (primary) and the outer bow (secondary) are the reverse of one another. The darkened strip of sky between the bows is referred to as Alexander's band --named after Alexander of Aphrodisias, who first described it over 2,000 years ago.


text:
What is acacia?
The name acacia is given to a group of hundreds of different trees and shrubs. Acacia trees are known for their ___LEAVES___. They ___ARE_DIVIDED___ into many small leaflets. This makes them look feathery or fernlike.
Acacias have small, often fragrant, yellow or white flowers. Acacias have different ways of protecting themselves. Their leafstalks may have sharp thorns which keep animals from ___EATING___ the branches.
In the 1400s and early 1500s, the Aztec people controlled a vast empire in the area that is now central and southern Mexico. The Aztec ruled ___THEIR___ empire from the great capital, Tenochtitlán. It ___WAS_LOCATED___ on the site of what is now Mexico City.


text:
We support developers, landowners, local planning authorities, schools, and the environment with Biodiversity Net Gain solutions
Civity has a growing landbank suitable for developers showing a Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) to obtain planning permission. We are qualified to survey and value land in Biodiversity Metrics, sell Biodiversity Units and preserve and create wildlife habitats.
Preparing for Biodiversity Net Gain
On the 12th February 2024, the Environment Act Became law became
law. Consequently, developers need to show a Biodiversity Net Gain of at least 10%:
the difference between the biodiversity value of the land before and after
development. Planning permission will not be granted without a 10% biodiversity
gain valued by a qualified ecologist at the time of application.
Our landbank is a source of Biodiversity Units available to developers to offset the impacts they cannot deal with on-site, an opportunity for landowners to make financial gains from unprofitable land and support local planning authorities with biodiversity consultation if and when required. Perhaps the greatest benefit is to the environment; Civity is an established ecologist company helping to preserve the land for the future of wildlife and mankind in this country.
Connecting the right partners
Biodiversity Net Gain is a mandated standard in law, it becomes central to the consideration of all development proposals.
Imperfect market conditions prevail, hence the need for an expert integrator of interests to maximise the natural capital benefits from Biodiversity Net Gain.
That's where we come in.
Biodiversity Net Gain for developers
Developers can create their own Biodiversity Units from their development site; the preferred option. Alternatively, units can be created from suitable land they already own or wish to buy but this will lock up funds perhaps better used for their core business. They will need to show they can manage the land as an approved habitat for a minimum of 31 years.
Or they may prefer to deal with a company like Civity, which is approved to sell Biodiversity Units. This option would be free of risks, obligations, tied-up assets and ongoing costs over the 30-year period demanded by law.
How landowners can benefit from biodiversity
Many landowners will have pockets of unprofitable land already acting as sanctuaries for wildlife or land that could be easily managed to create new habitats. Civity will become your tenants, guaranteeing a long-term lease of pockets of land of 5 hectares or more. In addition, we enter into a contractual agreement with you to create and manage habitats on your land and pay you for doing this. As your consultant, Civity will hold your hand throughout and take any liability for the sale of units, monitoring and reporting.
How Civity can help local authorities with biodiversity net gain
The Environment Act imposes additional burdens on planners by adding an extra process on the route to planning permission. Civity has been a leading player in forming a commercial market for units and can support planners in reconciling their responsibilities under the new law with minimum compromise and maximum benefit to the community.
Our Biodiversity Net Gain FAQs
Biodiversity Net Gain is a measure of the variety of wildlife in a natural environment, essential for developers and effective land management. It's a measure of how rich in species an area is, or how much rare or innately valuable wildlife is present in the natural environment. A Biodiversity Net Gain is the difference between the ecological loss caused by a development's land take and the compensating ecological gain on the same or on other sites. It is a crucial aspect of the Environment Act 2021, emphasising the need for developers to consider sustainable land management practices that contribute to deliver biodiversity net gain, including efforts to create wildlife habitats. The principal aim of this act is to leave the natural environment in a measurably better state than it was. Planning permission for qualifying building development can be granted without proof of a minimum 10% Biodiversity Net Gain, underscoring the significance of developers' commitment to responsible land management that includes delivering biodiversity net gain.
When development projects takes place, there is always some damage to the ecology of the site. The Environment Act 2021 makes it mandatory to compensate for resulting biodiversity loss. The compensation can be done by creating new habitats or enhancing the value of existing habitats. When this compensation is done offsite, away from the development site, it is called a Biodiversity Offset.
The UK's increasing population has made corresponding demands on developers, land managers, and existing habitats. This now seriously affects our lives and the ecology of our wildlife, so the government has intervened, not just to halt further decline, but to build, repair, and maintain habitats and to help preserve the environment for future generations.
Biodiversity Offsets present an opportunity to pool significant resources from multiple developments into large, well-designed, and strategic habitat creation projects. This approach, in line with the biodiversity net gain approach and local nature recovery strategies, will result in the creation of 'bigger, better, and more joined up' ecological networks for our wildlife habitats, enhancing the connectivity of existing habitats.
If a development site is unable to produce a 10% increase in the difference between its pre- and post-biodiversity value on site, it must offset the loss by acquiring Biodiversity Units elsewhere. Under the terms of The Environment Act, the gain should be onsite and, if this is impossible, close to the development site. If that is not possible, Biodiversity Units may be bought further afield but their value may be reduced.
Biodiversity Metric 4.0 is a biodiversity accounting tool created by Natural England that can be used for the purposes of calculating Biodiversity Net Gain. It is a key tool that supports the delivery of Biodiversity Net Gain and is used to calculate the baseline biodiversity value of a site in terms of biodiversity units, and forecast its future biodiversity value. It is the standard biodiversity measurement designed for use by ecologists, developers, planners, and other interested parties.
Biodiversity Net Gain differs from previous local plans laws in that the Environmental Act 2021 makes the biodiversity gain mandatory. The mandatory Biodiversity Net Gain is legally secured between two (or more) consenting parties, private or public, using a Section 106 agreement (securing the land for biodiversity purposes) or a Conservation Covenant.
This is the major change to the Planning rules: The Environment Act sets out a 'general condition' that should be applied to all planning permission applications, requiring a Biodiversity Gain plan to be submitted and approved before the start of development, ensuring that biodiversity net gain requirements are achieved on site.
DEFRA and Natural England are preparing a 'site register' of approved biodiversity offsetting land. This register may be formed by multiple different providers, including landowners themselves, private brokers, land banks, or local planning authorities.
The ultimate gain is for the environment. The time has come for everyone. Who uses the environment for self-interest to make a significant contribution for its preservation. For developers, a making Biodiversity Net Gain of 10% minimum is a mandatory requirement to obtain planning permission from the local planning authority; for landowners, unproductive land can produce a revenue stream in the form of rent and management funding for 31 years without loss of access. Together, developers and landowners can dovetail their interests for the benefit of future generations.
For More FAQs
Local Planning Authorities
More About Biodiversity Net Gain:
Please contact us if you'd like to start a conversation about how our company can assist you with your Biodiversity Net Gain needs


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The Details
How Much to Separate?
The Torah does not specify an amount that must be separated for challah, bikkurim, or terumah. By contrast, it does specify that one-tenth of the crop is given to a Levi as ma'aser. The Sages determined that a professional baker separates one out of forty-eight parts, while a lay baker separates one out of twenty-four parts.
Why does the professional give less challah? The Ateres Zahav states that the Sages were more lenient with a baker because baking is his livelihood, and the Sages wanted him to enjoy more of the fruits of his labor. The Rambam writes that whereas a baker generally deals with large portions of dough, the amount that he separates, even at the smaller one-forty-eighth ratio, generally is large enough to make a suitable gift to the kohen. A housewife kneads smaller quantities, so that a larger percentage, one-twenty-fourth, is required to make her gift suitable.
The Lubavitcher Rebbe advances a more esoteric reason for the difference. He explains that G-d wants us to perceive His providence in all that we do. A professional baker is heavily reliant upon a good planting season and a good harvest. He carefully monitors these and thereby witnesses G-d's providence throughout the process of flour manufacture. A non-professional sees only the final product. He must give a greater percentage, so that he will have a greater awareness of G-d's manifestation.
Today, because the mitzvah of challah is Rabbinic in nature, there is no minimum amount that must be taken. In Israel, there is a widely observed custom to take a k'zayis, the size of an egg.
While both men and women have the obligation to separate challah, this is among the mitzvos that were specially entrusted to women. Where both husband and wife are involved in making dough, it is preferable for the wife to separate the challah.
How large must the dough mass be to require the taking of challah? One must take challah if the dough is at minimum the size of an omer, equivalent to a volume of forty-three and one-fifth eggs. (The omer is the standard of measurement for food in the Torah.) There is a disagreement concerning the precise measurement of an omer. There is a consensus that dough weighing five pounds meets the minimum size requirement. A consensus exists as well that dough weighing less than two and one half pounds is too small to require the taking of challah. Therefore, when one kneads five or more pounds of dough, she recites the blessing. If kneading less than two and a half pounds, she does not take challah at all. When kneading dough that weighs between two and a half pounds and five pounds, one does take challah, but should consult a competent Orthodox rabbi regarding the recitation of the blessing.
The blessing made for the taking of challah is "who sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to separate challah." A common custom is to say "... to separate challah from the dough." This latter version is not recorded in the Shulchan Aruch, and the Taz, one of the principal commentators on the Shulchan Aruch, notes that he does not know the basis for it. Nonetheless, the custom in many circles is to add the words "from the dough."
Challah is taken only from five grains: wheat, oats, rye, spelt, and barley. Challah is not taken from rice, corn, or other grains with which dough may be made. Also, challah is taken once the flour and water have been mixed; it cannot be taken before the kneading has been done. And it should be taken before the dough is baked; nonetheless, if one neglected to separate challah before baking, she does so after baking. (In Passover matzoh baking, where we must complete the baking process quickly, we take challah only after baking.)
We separate challah from cake doughs as well as from bread doughs; however, if the majority of the liquid content is juice rather than water, we do not make the blessing. If none of the liquid is water, it is preferable to add a little water and separate challah. (For a detailed, practical exposition of the challah laws, see Spice and Spirit: The Complete Kosher Jewish Cookbook.)
The mitzvah of taking challah serves a number of purposes. It connects the mundane act of food preparation to G-d, by reminding us that He is the true owner of the land. It also establishes a bond between the common folk and the kohanim, the priests, who are ideally the recipients of the challah. The kohanim, by virtue of the fact that they were deeply involved in the service at the Temple, were unable to engage in farming on a regular basis. Challah, terumah, and the other gifts given them afforded the kohanim sustenance as they performed their work.
Today we do not give challah to the kohanim. While we do have kohanim in our midst, we are unable to verify their lineage beyond any doubt. A non-kohen is not permitted to eat challah. Therefore, we destroy the challah by burning it to the point that it is inedible. (Walk into a kosher pizza store, and you will often see a crisply burned ball of dough resting on top of the oven. This is the challah.)
Rabbi Yitzchak Hanoka is a Rabbinic Coordinator at the OK Labs
Originally published in The Jewish Homemaker
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Discussion (20)
April 25, 2014
Where and when is the best place to burn the challah that one separates? During the bread being baked? in the oven at the same time or not?
February 3, 2014
amount of dough vs amount of flour
Indeed you are correct. The measurement mentioned in Halachah is in flour measurements, not in dough.
Shaul Wolf
January 31, 2014
amount of dough vs amount of flour
In this article, it states that when five pounds of dough is kneaded, one must separate challah with a blessing. In other articles, the amount necessary is the use of five pounds of flour.
Can you please clarify for me?
Thank you,
March 8, 2013
why are we supposed to burn a peice of dough in the oven
February 4, 2013
challah on bagels
Do you take challah from bagels if they are boiled and then baked. Studying Pesachim and it differentiates between baking and fying or boiling. Also if you do take challah from bagels, at what point do you do so?
September 10, 2012
RE: burning the challah
You should not burn it at the same time that you are baking your bread, as you do not want the forbidden challah flavor to enter your bread.
Rabbi Menachem Posner
September 7, 2012
burning the challah
may the challah be burnt in the same oven at the same time I am baking my loaves?
brooklyn, ny
August 19, 2009
Using different liquids in challah recipes
If I use liquids other than water in my challah recipes (eg. soy milk, wine, juice, liquor, etc.) Is the challah still considered hamotzi? Can it be used as lechem mishne on shabbat? Is there a difference on this for Sephardim vs. Ashkenazim?
March 13, 2009
RE: which is it, kezayis or egg?
"which is it, kezayis or egg?"
A Kzayis.
See the gloss from Rabbi Moshe Isserlis to the Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deiah 322:5
Yehuda Shurpin
Brooklyn, NY
March 12, 2009
you write that "there is a widely observed custom to take a k'zayis, the size of an egg."
which is it, kezayis or egg?
montevideo, uruguay
Show all comments


text:
"Let The World Read And Know"
The Oneg Shabbat Archives is the most signficant collection of sources in the world documenting the Holocaust - sources that were created, gathered, and written by the victims themselves, in real time, at the moment when they were experiencing the horrors. The Archives is comprised of diaries and notes, memoirs, photographs, clandestine newspapers, monographs, letters and more - all of which are of inestimable value in the study of the living conditions, the creativity, the struggle and the murder of Polish Jewry.
The Archive was named by its founder and director Emanuel Ringelbum. Ringelblum historian, teacher, social activist and visionary gathered together writers, teachers, cultural leaders, scholars and communal workers. They met secretly on Saturday afternoons - hence the name Oneg Shabbat (Sabbath pleasures). With Ringelblum's leadership and guidance, the members of Oneg Shabbat, under unimaginably adverse conditions, provided the documentation and research of that tragic period as well a repository of the spiritual heritage of the generations murdered with such cruelty.
In "Let The World Read and Know" we are given a glimpse of the workings of Oneg Shabbat and Emanuel Ringelblum through:
- The moving images on film that visually tell the story of Oneg Shabbat.
To view: click here
- The poignant words of Warsaw Ghetto survivor and world renown Holocaust scholar Prof. Israel Gutman. To view: click here
- Some of the photos, documents, journals, diaries that were preserved by burying them throughout the ghetto. To view: click here