Rising freeze-dried demand drives improvements to control automation
Optimal Industrial Automation, one of the UK's leading integrators of 'difficult to deliver' automation systems for the food, pharma and chemical industries, has developed a range of control automation solutions for pilot and commercial-scale freeze-dryers
ptimal's solutions champion the use of closed loop control, SCADA layers and the latest data historians to improve system efficiency, plant integration and the quality and consistency of the finished product. Here, the process is broken down into its key stages and consideration given to the various control options available. Martin Gadsby, Optimal MD,
comments: "We are well known for building and integrating automation systems for life science and other process industry manufacturing equipment, typically when the application or surrounding conditions make it too complex to deliver for the majority of mainstream system integrators. "Working with freeze-dryers is no different, however, since Optimal has completed a large number of new and retrofit projects in this area we have used our experience and knowledge to develop and formalise a range of control systems specifically for industrial freeze-dryers. "The result is a flexible service offering, that is also fast to specify and deliver, the ultimate goal obviously being a more reliable process, improved productivity and reduced costs for the end customer or operator."
UPDATING THE PROCESS "The freeze-drying process was originally developed as a commercial technique that enabled serum to be rendered chemically stable and viable without having to be refrigerated. Since then the process has been developed considerably allowing freeze-dried medicines to be easily reconstituted using purified water for ingestion or injection, but, the principles remain the same: "Freeze-drying in this context is the process by which water (and other solvents) are removed from a frozen material by sublimation and secondary processing. The sequence is generally as follows: freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and then secondary drying (desorption).
"It is essential that these stages are
precisely controlled and independently monitored to achieve a consistent product with an extended shelf-life which is far easier to preserve in a packaged form and is less sensitive to temperature variations, making it easier to transport or feed-in to the next stage of processing."
CONTROLLING THE PROCESS The high financial value of pharmaceutical products and strict manufacturing and traceability guidelines set largely by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also make it essential that correct procedures are followed and records maintained. There are some major challenges therefore during the process that makes close control particularly important. Any control system used for a freezedrying application should ideally be capable of automatically adjusting the process to maintain the ideal conditions. The control system must therefore provide a fast, easy to use HMI and inherent control flexibility, in addition to providing accurate and reliable control of each freeze-drying cycle. Traditionally, open loop control systems have been used, with the freezing and heating temperatures and the chamber pressure being controlled according to a specific profile. However, this approach has several drawbacks, including the inability to cope with temperature variations outside of the set profile. With no way of accelerating the process if conditions change, the overall freezedrying period is also prolonged. For optimum control of the freezedrying process, a closed loop control system should be used. Data from the pressure and temperature sensors is fed back to the controller where it is compared to a reference value. The controller takes the difference between the output and the reference value and uses it to change the inputs to the system to help compensate for the difference.
Demand for aseptic packaging and preservation, as well as the rise in production of protein-based drugs is expected to continue to boost global demand for freeze-drying capacity. This means pharmaceutical
manufacturers and their equipment suppliers are turning to an array of advanced process analytical technologies (PAT) to help optimise their freeze-drying operations
The result is a more dynamic and precise control of the freeze-drying process, with the ability to address any unexpected fluctuations in process conditions.
DATA COLLECTION AND USE IS VITAL The main innovations in the recent development of freeze-dryers have been in process control and the automation of the loading and unloading processes. Optimal has used its in-depth knowledge and experience to develop a range of integrated control systems for freezedryers. Ranging from client server SCADA systems to much more basic designs, a system can be developed to suit the exact requirements of the client. Optimal has also achieved significant
improvements in productivity by the use of data historians to capture critical and quality parameters. Data historians allow users to archive and retrieve years of useable data in a fraction of the time of a conventional relational database. Data is formatted and presented in way that is easy to process and interpret. When combined with Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) systems, the performance and productivity of each dryer is maximised. Due to the inherently complex nature of freeze-dryers, the standard offering provides a high level of automation for a single system. The use of a single SCADA interface on the system offers fully automatic as well as manual control. The design has a recipe system together with historic and real-time trending, plus data logging, to allow batch reports to be produced.
Optimal Industrial Automation T: 01454 333222


text:
Pruning apple trees can be confusing, but not with the Complete Garden plant advice pruning guide encyclopaedia CD-ROM.
Each garden plant on the interactive CD-ROM is accompanied illustrated pruning advice and written explanation to help you.
There are over 20 pruning ilustrations for pruning apple trees alone. The CD is the what, when and how to prune resource.
The interactive plant database CD-ROM is not only a pruning advice resource. The CD-ROM also helps you plan an attractive garden with seasonal colour by suggesting the right plants for your garden conditions.
Interactive means that you can select to see plants and advice to answer your questions quickly and easily.
For example you might be looking for plants to line your path that won't grow too tall. Simply select a height, the month you want it to be in leaf or flower, a colour, and if the areas is in shade, partial shade or full sun. Click search and the plants to suit your requirements are displayed within seconds.
To be creative you can then find other plants to match your colour scheme and to ensure seasonal change and interest.
Each plant is accompanied with photographs to help with identification plus in-depth planting tips, pests and diseases, and garden styles to inspire your creative ideas.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Questions about multiple colors or channels gradually blended together. A rainbow is an example of a natural gradient.
A gradient is the outcome of blending multiple colors or channels gradually together. A rainbow is an example of a gradient.
The most common types of gradients are linear, radial, angle, reflected and diamond:
Web 2.0 gradients
"Web 2.0" gradients are usually described as either:
- Sharp gradients, ie. gradients that have a color stop between two colors without any blending (see e.g. the angle gradient at 12 o'clock under "Common types").
⇒ To make the object look glossy.
- Subtle gradients, where colors either blend very slowly or where the blended colors are close together.
⇒ To give the object texture.
Some examples of gradients that could be described as "web 2.0 gradients":
Using transparency instead of a color gives the image/object a fading effect:
(Image by _USER_)

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This originally Norman surname of WARNKE was derived from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements WARIN (guard) and HERI (meaning army). The name has two distinct origins, it was a baptismal name 'the son of Warrener' and an occupational name meaning the keeper of the 'warren' a place privileged for the keeping of conies, hares, partridges and pheasants. The name is also spelt WARNE, WERNKE, WARNINCK, WARNKEN, WERTZ, WORLIN, WESSELMAN, WERNJTES and WESSELING, to name but a few. Early records of the name mention Edward WARNE who was recorded in County Devon in the year 1185, and Jervase de WERNE of the County Somerset was recorded in the year 1273. Gervase de WERNE appears during the reign of Edward III (_PHONE_). William WARNES of Yorkshire, was listed in the Yorkshire Poll Tax of 1379. Edward WARNE, of County Gloucestershire, registered at Oxford University in 1607. Hereditary surnames were originally imported from France into England during the Norman Conquest of 1066. In the two centuries or so after the Conquest surnames were acquired by most families of major landholders, and many landed families of lesser importance. There appears to have been a constant trickle of migration into Britain between about the years 1200 and 150O, mostly from France and the Low Countries, with a small number of migrants from Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and the Iberian peninsular, and occasional individuals from further afield. During this period groups of aliens settled in this country as for example, the Germans who from the late 15th century onwards settled in Cumbria to work the metal mines. Immigration during this time had only a small effect on the body of surnames used in Britain. In many cases, the surnames of immigrants were thoroughly Anglicised. The late sixteenth century saw the arrival, mostly in London and the south-coast ports of large numbers of people fleeing from the war regions of France. Robert Browne married Mary WARNES in Canterbury, Kent in the year 1661. Baptised. John, son of Stephen WARNES at St. Columb Major, Cornwall in 1707.
Orders over $90 qualify for Free Shipping within the U.S. (Use coupon code: FREESHIP).


text:
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Oct 7 2014
Media Contact: Molly Antos
Punch Technologies launches Punch Alert, the only all-in-one mass emergency communication platform for schools
CHARLOTTE, NC, Oct 7 2014 – Punch Technologies today launched Punch Alert – the only all-in-one, mobile emergency communication platform created to help schools and universities protect and connect their campus.
Punch Alert improves security by including a panic button that, once pressed, alerts emergency responders of a potentially life-threatening situation. Responders then have the ability to release emergency information to others on campus when appropriate, involving them collaboratively in the response process. Punch Alert streamlines communication by enabling faculty, staff, and students to submit information and emergency responders to deliver mass updates during emergencies. Punch Alert also, through its use of GPS and iBeacon/Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, provides location awareness by capturing the location of the initial report and actively monitoring the location of all faculty and staff until the emergency is resolved.
"School security is a significant priority to parents, faculty and administrators. What better way to protect the school campus then by putting a panic alarm and emergency communication system in the hands of every staff and faculty member?" said Greg Artzt, CEO of Punch Technologies.
"Punch Alert offers a unique combination of smart communication, emergency management and real-time location awareness that makes it the ideal platform for protecting a school campus. Punch Alert represents a new standard in school security."
Punch Alert is being piloted by schools and universities nationwide and has already been implemented in a number of schools including the East Hampton and South Huntington public school districts in New York.
"Communication in any organization is the first thing to break down during a crisis," said Robert Hagan, Director of Technology Learning and Instruction, East Hampton School District.
"Punch Alert has solved this dilemma for the East Hampton School District by putting an easy-to-use panic system in place for our schools."
Punch Alert is cost effective. Schools do not need to buy expensive hardware to implement the platform, they can use the technologies and smart devices they already have on hand.
Punch is also positioned to scale with new wearable devices as they become available which offers a low-cost means to track/locate versus traditional methods.
Additional features and functionality include:
- Define the monitored region with geofencing
- Setup faculty, staff, and emergency responders from the Punch Alert Web Console
- Press the Panic button to instantly alert authorities, emergency responders, and other staff and faculty
- Monitor real-time location of everyone on school campus in the event of an emergency
- Upload and share pictures, audio recordings, videos and text messages
- Deliver mass updates and instructions to staff and faculty from the mobile app or web console
- Pinpoint indoor location with inexpensive bluetooth beacon installations (optional)
- Resolve the incident and automatically inform all staff and faculty
"School security is not something to be taken lightly," said Artzt. "We want to make sure that all schools are prepared in the event of an emergency, and we believe that Punch Alert offers the best means of managing the safety of a school campus – via a real-time, collaborative security system."
For more information on Punch Alert, visit our overview page or check out our explainer video.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


and without limitation, a temporal resolution example is provided where photons are timed using a gating system and the elapsed time is used to determine photon paths in tissue.
Referring now to FIGS. 9A-D, an example of a temporally resolved gating system 900 is illustrated. Generally, in the temporal gating system 900 the time of flight of a photon is used to determine the pathlength, b. Referring now to FIG. 9A, at an initial time, t0, an interrogation pulse 910 of one or more photons is introduced to the sample, which herein is skin of the subject 170. The interrogation pulse 910 is also referred to as a pump pulse or as a flash of light. At one or more subsequent gated detection times 920, after passing through the sample the interrogation pulse 910 is detected. As illustrated, the gated detection times are at a first time 922, t1; a second time 924, t2; a third time 926, t3; and at an nth time 928, tn, where n is a positive number. Optionally, the gated detection times 920 overlap. For the near-infrared spectral region, the elapsed time used to detect the interrogation photons 910 is on the order of picoseconds, such as less than about 100, 10, or 1 picosecond. The physical pathlength, b, is determined using equation 2:
OPD = c n ( b ) ( eq . 2 )
where OPD is the optical path distance, c is the speed of light, n is the index of refraction of the sample, and b is the physical pathlength. Optionally, n is a mathematical representation of a series of indices of refraction of various constituents of skin and/or skin and surrounding tissue layers. More generally, observed pathlength is related to elapsed time between photon launch and photon detection where the pathlength of photons in the sample is related to elapsed time, optionally with one or more additional variables related to one or more refractive indices.
Referring now to FIG. 9B, illustrative paths of the photons for the first gated detection time 922 are provided. A first path, p1a; second path, p1b; and third path, p1c, of photons in the tissue are illustrated. In each case, the total pathlength, for a constant index of refraction, is the same for each path. However, the probability of each path also depends on the anisotropy of the tissue and the variable indices of refraction of traversed tissue voxels.
Referring now to FIG. 9C, illustrative paths of the photons for the second gated detection time 924 are provided. A first path, p2a; second path, p2b; and third path, p2c, of photons in the tissue are illustrated. Again, in each case the total pathlength for the second elapsed time, t2, is the same for each path. Generally, if the delay to the second gated detection time 924 is twice as long as the first gated detection time 922, then the second pathlength, p2, for the second gated detection time 924 is twice as long as the first pathlength, p1, for the first gated detection time 922. Knowledge of anisotropy is optionally used to decrease the probability spread of paths observed in the second set of pathlengths, p2a, p2b, p2c. Similarly a-priori knowledge of approximate physiological thickness of varying tissue layers, such as an epidermal thickness of a patient, an average epidermal thickness of a population, a dermal thickness of a patient, and/or an average dermal thickness of a population is optionally used to reduce error in an estimation of pathlength, a product of pathlength and a molar absorptivity, and/or a glucose concentration by limiting bounds of probability of a photon traversing different pathways through the skin layers and still returning to the detection element with the elapsed time. Similarly, knowledge of an index of refraction of one or more sample constituents and/or a mathematical representation of probable indices of refraction is also optionally used to reduce error in estimation of a pathlength, molar absorptivity, and/or an analyte property concentration estimation. Still further, knowledge of an incident point or region of light entering she skin of the subject relative to a detection zone is optionally used to further determine probability of a photon traversing dermal or subcutaneous fat layers along with bounding errors of pathlength in each layer.
Referring now to FIG. 9D, mean pathlengths and trajectories are illustrated for three elapsed times, t1, t2, t3. As with the spatially resolved method, generally, for photons in the near-infrared region from 1100 to 2500 nanometers, both a mean depth of penetration of the photons, dn; the total radial distance traveled, rm; and the total optical pathlength increases with increasing time, where the fiber optic-to-detector distance is less than about three millimeters. Preferably, elapsed times between a pulse of incident photon delivery and time gated detection are in a range between 100 nanoseconds and 100 picoseconds, such as about 1, 5, 10, and 50 picoseconds.
Spatial and Temporal Resolution
Hence, both the spatial resolution method and temporal resolution method yield information on pathlength, b, which is optionally used by the data processing system 140 to reduce error in the determined concentration, C.
Analyzer and Subject Variation
As described, supra, Beer's Law states that absorbance, A, is proportional to pathlength, b, times concentration, C. More precisely, Beer's Law includes a molar absorbance, ε, term, as shown in equation 3:
A=εbC (eq. 3)
Typically, spectroscopists consider the molar absorbance as a constant due to the difficulties in determination of the molar absorbance for a complex sample, such as skin of the subject 170. However, information related to the combined molar absorbance and pathlength product for skin tissue of individuals is optionally determined using one or both of the spatially resolved method and time resolved method, described supra. In the field of noninvasive glucose concentration determination, the product of molar absorbance and pathlength relates at least to the dermal thickness of the particular individual or subject 170 being analyzed. Examples of spatially resolved analyzer methods used to provide information on the molar absorbance and/or pathlength usable in reduction of analyte property estimation or determination are provided infra.
Spatially Resolved Analyzer
Herein, an analyzer 100 using fiber optics is used to describe obtaining spatially resolved information, such as pathlength and/or molar absorbance, of skin of an individual, which is subsequently used by the data processing system 140. The use of fiber optics in the examples is used without limitation, without loss of generality, and for clarity of presentation. More generally, photons are delivered in quantities of one or more through free space, through optics, and/or off of reflectors to the skin of the subject 170 as a function of distance from a detection zone.
Referring now to FIG. 10A, an example of a fiber optic interface system 1000 of the analyzer 100 to the subject 170 is provided, which is an example of the sample interface system 150. Light from the source system 110 of the analyzer 100 is coupled into a fiber optic illumination bundle 1014 of a fiber optic bundle 1010. The fiber optic illumination bundle 1014 guides light to a sample site 178 of the subject 170. The sample site 178 has a surface area and a sample volume. In a first case, a sample interface tip 1016 of the fiber optic bundle 1010 contacts the subject 170 at the sample site 178. In a second case, the sample interface tip 1016 of the fiber optic bundle 1010 proximately contacts the subject 170 at the sample site 178, but leaves a sample interface gap 1020 between the sample interface tip 1016 of the fiber optic bundle 1010 and the subject 170. In one instance, the sample interface gap 1020 is filled with a contact fluid and/or an optical contact fluid. In a second instance, the sample interface gap 1020 is filled with air, such as atmospheric air. Light transported by the fiber optic bundle 1010 to the subject 170 interacts with tissue of the subject 170 at the sample site 178. A portion of the light interacting with the sample site is collected with one or more fiber optic collection fibers 1018, which is optionally and preferably integrated into the fiber optic bundle 1010. As illustrated, a single collection fiber 718 is used. The collection fiber 1018 transports collected light to the detector 132 of the detection system 130.
Referring now to FIG. 10B, a first example of a sample side light collection end 1016 of the fiber optic bundle 1010 is illustrated. In this example, the single collection fiber 1018 is circumferentially surrounded by an optional spacer 1030, where the spacer has an average radial width of less than about 200, 150, 100, 50, or 25 micrometers. The optional spacer 1030 is circumfer


text:
The much awaited reported from UN Panel will be out on Monday, March 31, which will talk on the impacts of climate change on certain regions, natural resources and human settlements.
To be released in Japan's Yokohama, the report will put some light on how some of the major Asian cities might be at risk with rising levels of sea, including for cities like Dhaka, Kolkata and Mumbai.
The UN Panel consists of hundreds of researchers, government representatives and scientists around the globe and finalized the report on Saturday.
The report from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will have a close look on many global warming prospects and can change the way most policymakers think around the world, according to reports on a leaked draft.
The first leaked version was released in a leading publication, and if that is to be believed, there are tough times ahead with huge impact on natural resources like drinking water and overall global economy.
The impacts of global warming on other essentials such as food-grain production and human settlements will be talked about in the report, with Asia remaining the main focus of the brunt.
It is being speculated that the report will talk of Himalayan glaciers and Indo-Gangetic plains. If the reports are to be believed at the leaked stage, there can be a huge fight for fresh-water resources in India,
Back in 2007, the report had some serious flaws, which is why experts are taking every word of new report seriously. Another report is expected in a month, which will talk of mitigation of climate change.


You can actually see the fish and dolphins in the canals of Venice again as tourists stay away during coronavirus crisis
Greg Evans
Wednesday 18 March 2020 08:45
The coronavirus outbreak is worrying for everyone. But people being kept inside has resulted in some positive effects for the surrounding environment.
Pollution levels have dropped above northern Italy as factories have been forced into lockdown and air pollution in London has reportedly dropped due to the amount of people working from home.
Although the lack of tourists around the world have forced animals in places like Thailand and Japan to forage for their own food, in Venice, Italy the world-famous canals have miraculously become so clear again that you can actually see the fish for the first time in decades.
Images of the canals have been widely shared on social media and people, especially those that have visited the city are astonished at what they have seen.
It's not just fish that have been spotted in the city again. Dolphins, swans and even wild boars (which are actually in Sardinia) have begun to reclaim their place in the world.
Meanwhile, this is what it looks like in Venice, one of the biggest tourist destinations in Italy, from a human perspective.
At the time of writing, Italy remains on lockdown after confirming more than 31,000 cases and 2,503 deaths.


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Did you know?When Kroondal was looted in 1900, the British interned many of its residents in concentration camps.
The Kroondal Mission Station is one of 22 German Lutheran missionary congregations established in the former Transvaal province and it was from this mission that the town of Kroondal grew.
It was founded in 1896 by German missionaries and farmers on Jan Michiel van Helsdingen's farm, Kroenendal, originally built in 1843. The mission employed workers who later formed part of the surrounding farm community.
In 1889 the mission settlement was divided into plots and a school was built. Two of its pupils went on to excel in later years: Louis Botha became South Africa's first prime minister; while JD du Toit achieved fame as renowned Afrikaans poet Totius.
The Kroondal church, which replaced the original mission, was constructed in 1962. Today it occupies the town centre while the old church has been converted into the town library. Once a month the service is in Afrikaans. On all other Sundays the service is conducted in German.
The Kroondal church also boasts a brass band, choir, women's support group, bible study group, Sunday school, youth group and a senior citizens' group. The church in turn supports the library and an old-age home.
Today German is still the most spoken language and Kroondal reflects its German heritage in the form of architectural influences, culture and food.
Some of the more popular attractions include the old Lutheran Church – a national monument built in 1896 and later restored – and the water mill.
After serving the community for generations, the mill, owned by successive generations of the Ottermann family, closed in 1994 when operations were moved to Rustenburg.
The Kroondal Mill was later restored to its former glory and today houses a restaurant where one can sip coffee and marvel at the building's original milling equipment.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
Pastors Victor and Petra Röhrs
Phone: +27 (0)14 _PHONE_
How to get here
Kroondal lies close to the city of Rustenburg. Follow the R27 through Rustenburg to Kroondal. The town is approx. 7km from Rustenburg and is well signposted.
Around the area
There are a number of interesting destinations worth visiting in the area: Hartbeespoort Dam; Sun City; Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre; Pilanesberg Game Reserve; Lesedi Cultural Village; Magaliesberg Mountains; and the Cradle of Humankind.
Tours to do
Tobacco and Cotton Research Institute tours are conducted by the Department of Agriculture.
Self-drive is recommended to give you the flexibility of stopping at many other interesting points in the area.
Home-brewed peach brandy, known locally as mampoer.


Walking and Dancing: Three Years of Dance in London, 1951-53
Category: Tag:
Take a walk through London and discover where history happened!
In the early 1950s, the 'ballet boom' in Britain was at its height, not only for the country's 'home grown' ballet companies but on the stages where variety, cabaret and musical theatre were performed. Visiting companies brought ballet from America and Europe and national dance styles from around the world.
Between 1951 and 1953 London also hosted some of the most famous celebrations of nationhood of the twentieth century, shaping the image of Britain for decades to come. The Festival of Britain of 1951, the Accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 and the Coronation of 1953 took place at time when the country was at a juncture between the privations of the 1940s and the more vibrant cultural life of the later 1950s and 1960s.
Using the novel framework of a series of London walks, Larraine Nicholas makes a unique contribution to the current reassessment of this era. Firmly based on primary sources, the walks take readers on imaginative recreations of dance performances within their venues, sometimes in unexpected places, always within the temper of times.
Written for students, dancers and dance audiences, Walking and Dancing is ideal for anyone who fancies stepping outdoors for a self-guided tour of London's vibrant theatrical heritage.
The Noverre Press (Dance Books), 2013. Softcover, 140 pages.


it is possible to create an invalid XML tree (for example, by adding two attributes with the same name or by setting attribute/node name to empty/invalid string). Tree modification is optimized for performance and for memory consumption, so if you have enough memory you can create documents from scratch with pugixml and later save them to file/stream instead of relying on error-prone manual text writing and without too much overhead.
All member functions that change node/attribute data or structure are non-constant and thus can not be called on constant handles. However, you can easily convert constant handle to non-constant one by simple assignment: void foo(const pugi::xml_node& n) { pugi::xml_node nc = n; }, so const-correctness here mainly provides additional documentation.
As discussed before, nodes can have name and value, both of which are strings. Depending on node type, name or value may be absent. You can use set_name and set_value member functions to set them. Similar functions are available for attributes; however, the set_value function is overloaded for some other types except strings, like floating-point numbers. Also, attribute value can be set using an assignment operator. This is an example of setting node/attribute name and value (samples/modify_base.cpp):
pugi::xml_node node = doc.child("node");
// change node name
std::cout << node.set_name("notnode");
std::cout << ", new node name: " << << std::endl;
// change comment text
std::cout << doc.last_child().set_value("useless comment");
std::cout << ", new comment text: " << doc.last_child().value() << std::endl;
// we can't change value of the element or name of the comment
std::cout << node.set_value("1") << ", " << doc.last_child().set_name("2") << std::endl;
pugi::xml_attribute attr = node.attribute("id");
// change attribute name/value
std::cout << attr.set_name("key") << ", " << attr.set_value("345");
std::cout << ", new attribute: " << << "=" << attr.value() << std::endl;
// we can use numbers or booleans
std::cout << "new attribute value: " << attr.value() << std::endl;
// we can also use assignment operators for more concise code
attr = true;
std::cout << "final attribute value: " << attr.value() << std::endl;
Nodes and attributes do not exist without a document tree, so you can't create them without adding them to some document. A node or attribute can be created at the end of node/attribute list or before/after some other node. All insertion functions return the handle to newly created object on success, and null handle on failure. Even if the operation fails (for example, if you're trying to add a child node to PCDATA node), the document remains in consistent state, but the requested node/attribute is not added.
attribute() and child() functions do not add attributes or nodes to the tree, so code like node.attribute("id") = 123; will not do anything if node does not have an attribute with name "id". Make sure you're operating with existing attributes/nodes by adding them if necessary.
This is an example of adding new attributes/nodes to the document (samples/modify_add.cpp):
// add node with some name
pugi::xml_node node = doc.append_child("node");
// add description node with text child
pugi::xml_node descr = node.append_child("description");
descr.append_child(pugi::node_pcdata).set_value("Simple node");
// add param node before the description
pugi::xml_node param = node.insert_child_before("param", descr);
// add attributes to param node
param.append_attribute("name") = "version";
param.append_attribute("value") = 1.1;
param.insert_attribute_after("type", param.attribute("name")) = "float";
If you do not want your document to contain some node or attribute, you can remove it with remove_attribute and remove_child functions. Removing the attribute or node invalidates all handles to the same underlying object, and also invalidates all iterators pointing to the same object. Removing node also invalidates all past-the-end iterators to its attribute or child node list. Be careful to ensure that all such handles and iterators either do not exist or are not used after the attribute/node is removed.
This is an example of removing attributes/nodes from the document (samples/modify_remove.cpp):
// remove description node with the whole subtree
// remove id attribute
pugi::xml_node param = node.child("param");
// we can also remove nodes/attributes by handles
pugi::xml_attribute id = param.attribute("name");
Saving document
Often after creating a new document or loading the existing one and processing it, it is necessary to save the result back to file. Also it is occasionally useful to output the whole document or a subtree to some stream; use cases include debug printing, serialization via network or other text-oriented medium, etc. pugixml provides several functions to output any subtree of the document to a file, stream or another generic transport interface; these functions allow to customize the output format, and also perform necessary encoding conversions.
Before writing to the destination the node/attribute data is properly formatted according to the node type; all special XML symbols, such as < and &, are properly escaped. In order to guard against forgotten node/attribute names, empty node/attribute names are printed as ":anonymous". For well-formed output, make sure all node and attribute names are set to meaningful values.
If you want to save the whole document to a file, you can use the save_file function, which returns true on success. This is a simple example of saving XML document to file (samples/save_file.cpp):
// save document to file
std::cout << "Saving result: " << doc.save_file("save_file_output.xml") << std::endl;
To enhance interoperability pugixml provides functions for saving document to any object which implements C++ std::ostream interface. This allows you to save documents to any standard C++ stream (i.e. file stream) or any third-party compliant implementation (i.e. Boost Iostreams). Most notably, this allows for easy debug output, since you can use std::cout stream as saving target. There are two functions, one works with narrow character streams, another handles wide character ones.
This is a simple example of saving XML document to standard output (samples/save_stream.cpp):
// save document to standard output
std::cout << "Document:\n";;
All of the above saving functions are implemented in terms of writer interface. This is a simple interface with a single function, which is called several times during output process with chunks of document data as input. In order to output the document via some custom transport, for example sockets, you should create an object which implements xml_writer_file interface and pass it to xml_document::save function.
This is a simple example of custom writer for saving document data to STL string (samples/save_custom_writer.cpp); read the sample code for more complex examples:
struct xml_string_writer: pugi::xml_writer
 std::string result;
 virtual void write(const void* data, size_t size)
 result.append(static_cast(data), size);
While the previously described functions save the whole document to the destination, it is easy to save a single subtree. Instead of calling xml_document::save, just call xml_node::print function on the target node. You can save node contents to C++ IOstream object or custom writer in this way. Saving a subtree slightly differs from saving the whole document; read the manual for more information.
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1. All trademarks used are properties of their respective owners.


text:
ATF Scenario Builder
ATF Power Toolkit
in Raging Tiger
What's new in The
Falklands War: 1982
What's new in The
Star and the Crescent
How to Edit a Hierarchy
A Hierarchy is an object that represents either a platoon or a
company. It contains units and hierarchies which represent the
hierarchy's subordinate units. In the ATF Scenario Builder
hierarchies are generated either manually or during the process of adding
a Unit Package. From the
Hierarchy Tree window, you can edit the appearance or attributes of a
hierarchy, no matter how it is created.
NOTE: In Armored Task Force, enemy platoons are
represented on the map and in windows as companies, and companies as
battalions. Besides this, in every respect, they behave just as
Open the Hierarchy Tree Window:
While hierarchies are visible on the map, they can only be edited from
the Hierarchy Tree window. While, in Armored Task Force,
there is only a friendly Hierarchy Tree window, in ATF Scenario
Builder, there are three Hierarchy Tree windows: Friendly, Enemy, and
1. Select 'Friendly' from the 'Hierarchy Tree' sub-menu of the
Edit a Hierarchy:
On the map, hierarchies are depicted by flags or NATO piece
markers. When you add a Unit Package, it may or may not have the
correct flag and, even if it does have the correct flag, it will almost
certainly not be labeled correctly. To fix the problem, you will
have to edit the appearance of the hierarchy.
To begin editing a hierarchy, right-click on it in the Hierarchy Tree
window, and select 'Edit'.
1. To change the attributes or appearance of a hierarchy, make
changes in the Hierarchy Platoon or Company Data dialog.
- Name. The screen name of the hierarchy, which appears both
in the Hierarchy Tree window and in the 'tooltip' labels on the map.
- Max Units. The maximum number of directly subordinate units
or hierarchies under this hierarchy (both units and platoon
hierarchies, but not subordinate platoon's units).
- Spacing. The distance between units in the hierarchy while
in formation (in tens of meters).
- Command Radius. Not currently implemented.
- Command and Control, BOS Flags. These flags are combined
to determine what kinds of formations and Missions are available to
- NATO Piece. The NATO symbol that represents the hierarchy,
both in the Hierarchy Tree and on the map.
- Graphic Piece. The 'Flag' that represents the hierarchy on
the map when vehicles are visible.
- Graphic Label Piece. The number or letter that is displayed
on the flag.
- Destroyed NATO and Graphic Piece. Not implemented.
- Locked? If this box is checked, hierarchies and units can
not be added to or removed from the hierarchy.
2. To change the flag, click on the 'Graphic Piece' button and
select a piece of the type '..._flag'.
3. To change the letter or number on the flag, select 'Graphic
4.... And select a piece with a name of the form '..._label'.
5. When you click 'OK' to close the Hierarchy Platoon Data
dialog, the graphic representation of the hierarchy will be altered on
Task Organize Hierarchies:
Just as in Armored Task Force, platoons and units can be moved
from one hierarchy to another.
1. Click on the hierarchy and, while holding down the left-mouse
2.... drag the hierarchy to the new hierarchy and 'drop' it by
releasing the left mouse button.
Edit a Unit in the Hierarchy Tree:
Units are also represented in the Hierarchy Tree window. Their
attributes effect not only how they are depicted in the Hierarchy Tree,
but also how they are depicted on the map when NATO icons are
selected. These attributes also effect the unit's ability to lead
1. Right-click on a unit in the Hierarchy Tree and select 'Edit'.
2. Now you can alter the attributes of the unit.
- Name. The name of the unit. This will supersede any
name set for the unit on the map.
- Rank. If the unit also has 'Platoon Leader Capable' or
'Company Commander Capable' set, this number sets the order of
precedence in which this unit will assume command of the hierarchy
of which it is a part. For instance, a unit with a Rank of 1
will assume command before a unit with a Rank of 2. A zero or
negative Rank will override the leader settings and prevent this
unit from assuming command.
- Platoon Leader Capable, Company Commander Capable. If one of
these is checked, and the unit has a positive Rank, the unit will
assume command of the hierarachy of which it is a direct member,
unless a unit with a lower Rank is present. Obviously 'Platoon
Leaders' can only lead platoons and 'Company Commanders' can only
- NATO Piece. The NATO icon which represents the unit both on
the map and in the Hierarchy Tree. This setting will override
settings for the vehicle type of the unit.
- Graphic Piece, Destroyed NATO Piece, Destroyed Graphic
Piece. Not implemented.
- Locked? If checked, the unit can not be moved from its
current hierarchy to another hierarchy or out of all hierarchies.
Next step : Copy Units


text:
ShareMouse Pro 6.0.50 Crack With License Key Full Version Free Download [Win/Mac]
ShareMouse Pro Crack is the software that helps users to control different computers through a single mouse. Moreover, the users can move the mouse from one computer to another. All in all, this app has a pointer control that jumps from one computer to another. Besides, the software empowers you to use multiple computers at a time. Henceforth, if you want to run multiple PC with a single mouse, then, this software is just accordingly. In addition, you can run it to transmit different tasks through this product.
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Basically, it is used widely for great purposes. On the other hand, the users can run it to access other user's PC. All in all, they can also remote the windows through their keyboard and mouse. It means they can use all computers in the lab with a single mouse and keyboard. In other words, the clients can apply one mouse and keyboard strokes to more than one PC. Therefore, you can get it with improved connections. Even, the app transmits the mouse and cursor to an adjacent PC. Besides, it works with superb speed ever. Also, it has hot keys that lets you jump the pointer directly to another PC.
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You can also download Glary Utilities Pro Crack
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Download Link is Given Below…


text:
ARREAGE is unpaid dividends on cumulative preferred stock.
AFUDC is Accumulated Funds Used During Construction or Allowance for Funds Used During Construction.
ROYALTY is the share of the product, or of the proceeds realized from the product, reserved by an owner for permitting another entity to exploit and use that entity's property, i.e. it is the rental paid to the original owner of property based upon a percentage of sales, profit or production. Royalty can involve literary works, inventions, and other intellectual property, as well as mining leases and conveyances.
Enter a term, then click the entry you would like to view.


text:
Rina joins African Hydrogen Partnership
Italian certification body Rina is boosting its presence in the hydrogen economy and joining the African Hydrogen Partnership Trade Association (AHP) to develop the green H2 value chain and the uptake of hydrogen-based chemicals.
The European Union is helping Africa to build its green hydrogen economy. Last year under the so-called REPowerEU plan, the EU boosted its hydrogen imports target to 20 million tonnes per year by 2030. That means around 10m t/y of green hydrogen will be imported from diverse suppliers, with Africa and the Mediterranean region expected to contribute significantly, Kallanish notes.
The AHP's mission is to help establish a solid hydrogen industry in all African nations and promote partnerships within the continent and with other international organisations. It vows to accelerate the uptake of renewable sources, green hydrogen and fuel cell technology and counts amongst its members the port of Rotterdam, AngloAmerican, HDF energy, Hydrogen Europe and Gencell.
"In conjunction with our African footprint, our expertise in technologies enables us to open new hydrogen corridors, supporting local and international initiatives while acting as a system integrator along the entire hydrogen value chain," Rina's carbon reduction executive vice president Andrea Bombardi says in a note, adding that the collaboration with AHP intends to build a bridge between Europe and Africa. Rina will contribute with its services in consulting engineering, inspection, testing and certification for African hydrogen projects. AHP expects Rina's membership to provide assurances to companies, investors and regulators.
"Renewable African hydrogen is essential to the world and Europe meeting its net-zero targets … As Africa ramps up its sustainable energy supply and many of its countries leapfrog to the new age of hydrogen technologies, the AHP is confident that clean, sustainable and renewable African hydrogen will price diesel and petrol out of the market between 2025 and 2030," AHP chairman Innocent Uwuijaren said when Belgium-based hydrogen and fuel cell association Hydrogen Europe joined AHP last year (see Kallanish 3 May 2022).
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winding on to the drum for right and left hand laid steel wire rope respectively.
rope technology fig 43
Cutting and Seizing of Steel Wire Rope
Randers Reb recommends that, as long as the steel wire rope does not have welded ends, it has to be seized before being cut. The following seizing method must be used (See Fig. 44):
Please note that low-rotation and rotation-resistant steel wire ropes must have at least four seizings on each side of the cutting point.
rope technology fig 44
Running in Steel Wire Rope
After the steel wire rope has been installed, Randers Reb recommends that it is run through the system several times at low speed and moderate loading (e.g. 5% of tensile strength). In this way the steel wire rope will gradually become accustomed to the new conditions. The strands will settle, the steel wire rope will lengthen and the diameter will decrease a little due to the fact that the strands and the core are compressed. The steel wire rope will thus be less susceptible to damage when maximum load is applied. The time spent "running-in" the steel wire rope will be earned many time over, as the steel wire rope will thus have a longer life expectancy.
Maintenance of Guidance Equipment
Thorough maintenance of the equipment that the steel wire rope will come into contact with is of great significance for the steel wire rope's life expectancy. Worn sheaf grooves, guide rolls, etc., crooked sheaves and jammed bearings all result in such effects as shock load and vibrations in the steel wire rope, which have a destructive effect on the steel wire rope, resulting in exaggerated wear and tear and fatigue.
Equipment that the steel wire rope comes into contact with must be inspected regularly. If there is a problem with the equipment, it must be replaced or repaired immediately. If the guidance equipment is repaired by welding, care should be taken to ensure that hardness of the welding material is approx. 300 Brinel, so that it is the sheaf that is worn, and not the steel wire rope (see also "Inspection of Guidance Equipment", page 8-19).


1
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How does subpartitioning actually work and what physical files are created?
I can't understand how the subpartitioning works in mysql. I am reading the following example: create table invoices ( customer_id int not null, product_id int not null, amount decimal ...
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1answer
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How many files should I create for one filegroup and 9 weekly partitions?
I have 9 weekly partitions on one filegroup. How many files do I need to create? There are 3 tables containing 46 million, 16 million and 10 million rows.


text:
While the use and size of land connected with U.S. lighthouses varies, observers say the Point Retreat lighthouse reserve near Juneau is larger than most.
Years ago, lighthouses established by the federal government were assigned a reservation. In some cases an entire island was set aside as a lighthouse reserve. In other cases, part of the island became the reserve, said Dave Snyder, a historian with the U.S. Lighthouse Society, a nonprofit historical and educational organization based in San Francisco.
U.S. Lighthouse Society President Wayne Wheeler was a navigator on the Coast Guard cutter Sweetbrier in Alaska in the 1960s. Among other duties, the crew dropped off food, mail and movies at Southeast lighthouses, including Point Retreat, every two weeks.
At 1,500 acres, Point Retreat's land base is unusual, he said.
"There's no reason for them to have that kind of acreage. If you look at other light stations around the country, there's just not that kind of acreage," Wheeler said.
The society's Washington chapter runs a lighthouse at New Dungeness on the Olympic Peninsula that includes about 20 acres. The light station at Point Bonita, Calif., was about 180 acres, he said.
Lighthouses closer to railroads or more populated areas might have included less land, while those further away, such as those in Alaska, might have included more land so the keeper would be self-sufficient, Snyder said.
As an example, a lighthouse keeper might fell trees for firewood or to build a fence. Some keepers were involved in minor commercial activities such as fishing or crabbing, Snyder said.
"In lighthouse days, there would have been minimal management," he said.
Light stations in the early 19th century also used the land to plant crops, grow vegetables and keep cows, chickens and pigs, Wheeler added.
In Alaska, the Coast Guard leased the 216-acre Cape Decision lighthouse reserve to Cape Decision Lighthouse Society in 1997, according to society President Karen Johnson of Sitka. Along with the lighthouse and other buildings, the reserve includes a 0.7-mile spur trail that provides access to the site, she said.
Part of a 4.5-mile Port McArthur historic trail also is on the reserve. The lighthouse group has collaborated with the Forest Service on trail construction, Johnson said.
As with the land around the Point Retreat lighthouse reserve, the land adjacent to Cape Decision on southern Kuiu Island is managed for semi-remote recreation by the Forest Service. The designation provides a predominantly natural setting for semi-primitive recreation with some rustic recreation and tourism facilities allowed, according to the agency.
The Cape St. Elias lighthouse is on Kayak Island between Cordova and Yakutat. The island is 22 miles long by 2 miles wide, and the Cape St. Elias Lightkeepers' Association lease with the Coast Guard includes about 500 acres, President Toni Bocci said.
"It's sheer rock that goes up 1,500 feet that you can't do anything with. The lighthouse is on the tip," she said.
The association's main focus is restoring the lighthouse building, a task made more difficult because of the site's location, Bocci said.
"Ours is more remote than some of the other ones," she said. "You have to charter a plane, land on the beach and hike two miles, carrying everything on your back."
Closer to Juneau, the Sentinel Island Lighthouse, which can be seen from Amalga Harbor, is on six forested acres.
The Five Finger Light sits on a "three-acre rock" 64 miles south of Juneau, according to Valerie O'Hare of the Juneau Lighthouse Association. What a land transfer at Point Retreat could mean to other Alaska lighthouses will depend on what happens next, she said.
"What's going to affect us is what they do after," she said. "With that being said, we hope that whatever they do is not only done in the best interest of Point Retreat, but done within the best interest of the entire lighthouse program in Alaska."
Juneau Empire ©2013. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Whitefish – Great Lakes
Whitefish is a fast growing freshwater fish that can reach a length of three feet, a weight of roughly 42 pounds, and live for 50 years. Whitefish are found throughout the Great Lakes and are the main commercial fish species there.
The abundance of Whitefish has varied over time, and is currently at a medium level across the Great Lakes. Several factors are impacting Whitefish populations in the Great Lakes, particularly competition and predation from invasive species, loss of their primary food source, and habitat degradation.
Whitefish are caught by trap nets and gillnets, which results in minimal damage to the sea floor and medium levels of bycatch.


text:
DEL started out as names for certain ASCII control characters, used so often that they have special keys of their own. For instance,
TAB was another name for
C-i. Later, users found it convenient to distinguish in Emacs between these keys and the corresponding control characters typed with the
Ctrl key. Therefore, on most modern terminals, they are no longer the same:
TAB is different from
Emacs can distinguish these two kinds of input if the keyboard does. It treats the special keys as function keys named
delete. These function keys translate automatically into the corresponding ASCII characters if they have no bindings of their own. As a result, neither users nor Lisp programs need to pay attention to the distinction unless they care to.
If you do not want to distinguish between (for example)
C-i, make just one binding, for the ASCII character
TAB (octal code 011). If you do want to distinguish, make one binding for this ASCII character, and another for the function key
With an ordinary ASCII terminal, there is no way to distinguish between
C-i (and likewise for other such pairs), because the terminal sends the same character in both cases.


text:
Scrofula is a tuberculous infection of the lymph nodes in the neck.
Scrofula in adults is most often caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In children, can also be caused by Mycobacterium scrofulaceum or Mycobacterium avium.
Infection with mycobacteria is usually caused by breathing in air that is contaminated by these organisms.
Exams and Tests
Tests to diagnose scrofula include:
- Biopsy of affected tissue
- Chest x-rays
- CT scan of the neck
- Cultures to check for the bacteria in tissue samples taken from the lymph nodes
- HIV blood test
- PPD test
- Other tests for TB
When infection is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, treatment usually involves 9 - 12 months of antibiotics. Several antibiotics need to be used at once. Common antibiotics for scrofula include:
- Isoniazid (INH)
When infection is caused by another type of mycobacteria (which often occurs in children), treatment usually involves antibiotics such as rifampin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin.
Surgery is sometimes used first. It may also be used if medications are not working.
With treatment, patients usually make a complete recovery.
- Draining sore in the neck
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if your child has a swelling or group of swellings in the neck. Scrofula can occur in children who have not been exposed to someone with tuberculosis.
People who have been exposed to someone with tuberculosis of the lungs should have a PPD test.
Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 332.
Fitzgerald DW, Sterling TR, Haas DW. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 250.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


text:
Why buy personalised square labels and stickers?
In the vast majority of cases, you can't go wrong with squares and rectangles. They are certainly up there with circles as some of the most popular shapes – and for good reason. Unless your artwork consists of a truly elaborate shape, then virtually any design can fit comfortably into a square or rectangle. Plus, with the ability to adjust the height and width to tailor the overall shape to your needs, it means that you can almost always find the right sized rectangle or square to go with your artwork.
The versatility of rectangles
Rectangle stickers are one of the few types where you can not only change the size, but also the shape. For example, circle and triangle shapes remain fixed, allowing you to simply increase or decrease the size of them. However, rectangles allow you to manipulate the overall dimensions by being able to use custom height and width measurements with FastPrint. Read More
Whilst this means that you can have small or large square labels and stickers of any size, it also means that you can adapt the rectangular shapes to your needs. For example, if you artwork is thin and long, then a smaller height measurement and a larger width measurement will create the ideal shape which is perfectly suited to your artwork. If you have something which is tall but narrow, then simply adjust the height and width to create a shape which suits. If you need a traditional square, then identical height and width measurements will create a square shape in any size you wish.
With this approach, your stickers can be catered to your artwork instead of catering your artwork to pre-set dimensions which you have no control over. This avoids wastage, avoids any unused white background and ultimately makes your square and rectangle stickers look much more professional.
How can I use them?
Printed rectangle labels and stickers are extremely versatile and allow for the vast majority of uses whilst being suitable for any type of artwork. You can use them for promotional advertising, informational needs, branding purposes and more. The shape of the sticker is especially useful if there's a lot of text or individual graphical elements, as the full area of the shape is usable from corner to corner. This is contrary to other shapes such as circles or triangles, where the actual usable space may be far lower depending on the overall shape of the artwork.


text:
Membrane Contactors for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture: Model Development, Sensitivity Analysis, and Application to CO2 Capture from a Coal-fired Power Plant
MetadataShow full item record
A hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) model for CO2 absorption using monoethanol amine (MEA) as an absorbent is developed based on a one-dimensional-two-dimensional modeling approach, where plug flow is assumed in the gas phase while axial convection and radial dispersion are considered in the liquid phase. A full-scale simulation of CO2 capture from flue gas of a coal-fired power plant is performed using the model, and the requirements of HFMC modules for 90% CO2 capture are calculated. The results showed that the use of HFMCs for CO2 capture has the potential to provide reduced volume compared to the traditional absorbers. The concentration, viscosity, and temperature profiles of the liquid phase are predicted. A sensitivity study is conducted to analyze the impact of model parameters on the performance of the membrane contactor.


text:
The key difference between assay and potency is that an assay is the testing of a material to determine its ingredients and quality whereas potency is the amount of a drug required to get an effect at its maximum intensity.
Usage of these two terms, assay and potency, are common in biochemistry and pharmacology.
1. Overview and Key Difference
2. What is Assay
3. What is Potency
4. Side by Side Comparison – Assay vs Potency in Tabular Form
What is Assay?
Assay is the testing of a material to determine its ingredients and its quality. Therefore, it is a qualitative and quantitative analysis. An assay can be used to determine the presence of a particular component, to determine the amount of a component present, or to determine the functional activity of a particular component. The component that is being measured is called as the analyte or the target.
A typical assay has the following steps;
- First, sample processing and preparation – manipulate the sample to obtain the target in the sample in a measurable form.
- Target specific discrimination – discriminate the target from other components present in the sample.
- Signal amplification – convert the presence and amount of target into an amplified signal that is easy to detect and discriminate.
- Signal detection – detection gives qualitative or quantitate details about the target.
- Signal enhancement – to get accurate data on the target.
What is Potency?
Potency is the amount of a drug required to get an effect at its maximum intensity. This means a highly potent drug can give the desired response in a low dose. In contrast, a drug having a low potency gives the desired response at a high dose.
The potency of a drug depends on two factors;
- Affinity – this describes the attachment of a drug with a receptor
- Efficacy – this describes how well a response is given after attachment of a drug with a receptor
The response given for a drug is the effect of the drug on our body. This effect depends on both the binding of the drug with the receptor (affinity) and the production of the response after the attachment of the drug with a receptor (efficacy).
At lower doses of the drug, the effect is also low. When the dose increases, the effect also increases until it reaches the maximum possible effect of the drug. But when the dose is further increased, the effect does not raise. And also even if the dose of the drug is increased, there can be some side effect as well. Therefore, a higher potency sometimes results in side effects. If the effect of the drug is denoted by "E", then the maximum possible effect is termed as "Emax". When the effect is equal to half of the Emax, the concentration of the drug is called half maximal effect concentration. This value is the potency of the drug.
What is the Difference Between Assay and Potency?
Assay vs Potency
|Assay is the testing of a material to determine its ingredients and quality.||Potency is the amount of a drug that is required to get an effect at its maximum intensity.|
|Used for experiments which are used to identify and quantify components in a sample.||Used to describe the effectiveness of a drug.|
|Step involves sample preparation, discrimination, amplification, and analysis.||Determine the potency of a drug by finding the half maximal effect concentration of the drug.|
Summary – Assay vs Potency
An assay is an experiment used commonly in chemistry and biochemistry in order to analyze a sample qualitatively and quantitatively. The term potency is, especially, in use in pharmacology to describe the effectiveness of a drug. The difference between assay and potency is that an assay is the testing of material to determine its ingredients and quality whereas potency is the amount of a drug required to get an effect at its maximum intensity.
1. "Assay." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Apr. 2018. Available here
2. "Potency (Pharmacology)." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Apr. 2018. Available here
1.'ELISA'By Jiver – Own work, (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
2.'Potency Figure16'By Klbrain – Own work, (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
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4 56.7 yards at 332°




DOUBLE-CHECK: d1 & d3 and d2 & d4 are 180 ° apart. This is expected when throwing at opposite
corners of the field. The answers are reasonable.
1.89.
THINK: Assume the Cornell Electron Storage Ring is a perfect circle with a circumference of C = 768.4 m.
Recall the exact conversion 1 m = (100 / 2.54) inches.
SKETCH:
RESEARCH:
=
C 2=
π r , d 2r
C  100 in 
SIMPLIFY: d = 
π  2.54 m 
CALCULATE: d
=
( 768.4 m )  100 in 
=

 9629.5007 inches
π
 2.54 m 
31
Bauer/Westfall: University Physics, 2E
ROUND: d = 9630. inches
DOUBLE-CHECK: There are 12 inches in a foot and 5280 feet in a mile. Therefore there are 63,360
inch/mile. Our answer for the Cornell ring is thus about 1/6th of a mile, which seems the right order of
magnitude.
1.90.
THINK: 4% of the 0.5 L for each exhalation is composed of carbon dioxide. Assume 1 mole
( 6.02 ⋅ 1023 molecules) has a volume of 22.4 L. The particular numbers are actually not that important.
The only important thing is that they have the right order of magnitude. So it also could be 0.3 or 0.6 L
that we exhale in each breath, which are also numbers you can find in the literature; and some sources
quote 5% CO2 in the air that we breathe out.
SKETCH: Not applicable.
RESEARCH: How many times do we breathe per day? You can count the number of breaths you take in
a minutes, and that number is around 15. This means that you breath around 800 to 1,000 times per hour
and around 20,000 to 25,000 times per day.
VCO2 # molecules in one breath CO2 breath
VCO2 = 0.04Vbreath ,
=
=
Vmol
CO2 mol
# molecules in a mol
VCO2
0.04Vbreath
(CO2 mol )
(CO2 mol )
=
Vmol
Vmol
0.04(0.5 L)
CALCULATE:
CO2 breath
(6.02 ⋅ 1023 molecules) = 5.375 ⋅ 1020 molecules
=
22.4 L
(a) CO2 day = # molecules exhaled in a day
SIMPLIFY:
=
CO2 breath
( 2.5 ⋅10 )CO
=
( 2.5 ⋅10 )( 5.375 ⋅10
=
4
2 breath
4
20
molecules
)
= 1.34375 ⋅ 10 molecules
1.34375 ⋅ 1025 molecules  365 days  
1 mole
  44 g 
2
(b)=
mCO2


 =
 3.58482 ⋅ 10 kg/year
23
1 day
1
year
6.02
10
molecules
1
mole
⋅





ROUND: In this case we only estimate order of magnitudes. And so it makes no sense to give more than
one significant digit. We can therefore state our answer as
(a) CO2 day = 1025 molecules
25
(b) mCO2 = 300 to 400 kg/year
DOUBLE-CHECK: Does it makes sense that we breathe out around 300 to 400 kg of CO2 in a year, which
implies that we breathe out approximately 1 kg of CO2 in a day. Where does this materials come from?
The oxygen comes from the air we breathe in. So the carbon has to be part of what we eat each day. Since
~1/4 of the mass of a CO2 molecule resides in the carbon, this means that we have to eat at least ~1/2 of a
pound of carbon each day. Since carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are the main components of our food,
and since we eat several pounds of food per day, this seems in the right ballpark.
1.91.
THINK: Consider the Sun to be at the centre of a circle with Mercury on its circumference. This gives
r=
4.6 ⋅ 1010 m as the radius of the circle. Earth is located a distance r=
1.5 ⋅ 1011 m from the Sun so that
M
E
the three bodies form a triangle. The vector from Earth to the Sun is at 0° . The vector from Earth to
Mercury intersects Mercury's orbit once when Mercury is at a maximum angular separation from the Sun
in the sky. This tangential vector is perpendicular to the radius vector of Mercury's orbit. The three bodies
form a right angle triangle with rE as the hypotenuse. Trigonometry can be used to solve for the angle and
distance.
32
Chapter 1: Overview
SKETCH:
2
RESEARCH: r=
rM 2 + R 2 , rE sinθ = rM
E
SIMPLIFY:=
R
r 
rE 2 − rM 2 , θ = sin −1  M 
 rE 
 4.6 ⋅ 1010 
= 17.858°
(1.5 ⋅ 1011 )2 − (4.6 ⋅ 1010 )2 = 1.4277 ⋅ 1011 m, θ = sin −1 
11 
 1.5 ⋅ 10 
ROUND: =
R 1.4 ⋅ 1011 m, θ= 18°
DOUBLE-CHECK: If it had been assumed that the maximum angular separation occurred when the
Earth to Sun to Mercury angle was 90 ° , θ = tan −1 ( rM / rE ) would be about 17°. The maximum angle
should be greater than this and it is, so the answer is reasonable.
CALCULATE: R =
1.92.
THINK: This question asks about the distance to Proxima Centauri, which can be calculated using
parallax. To do so, it will be necessary to know the radius of Earth's orbit. It will also be necessary to
convert from milliarcseconds to degrees or radians. Then, geometry should be used to find the distance.
SKETCH: Because of the distances involved, the diagram will not be to scale. The earth is shown at two
locations, ½ year apart in its revolution around the Sun. The radius of Earth's orbit is labeled r and the
distance to Proxima Centauri is labeled d.
RESEARCH: The goal is to find d, the distance between the Sun and Proxima Centauri. Note that the
Earth at either of the positions shown, the Sun, and Proxima Centauri form right triangles. The textbook
lists the mean orbital radius of Earth as 1.496 × 108 km. The final answer needs to be in light-years, so it
will be necessary to convert from km to light-years at some point using the fact that 1 light-year = 9.461 ×
33
Bauer/Westfall: University Physics, 2E
1012 km. Knowing the parallax and the radius of the Earth's orbit, it is then possible to use trigonometry to
r
find the distance d from the Sun to Proxima Centauri: tanθ = .
d
r
. It is more difficult to
SIMPLIFY: Using algebra to find the distance d in terms of r and θ gives d =
tanθ
convert from milliarcseconds to a more familiar unit of angle measure, the degree. Since there are 60
arcseconds to the arcminute, and 60 arcminutes make one degree, the conversion will look like this:
1 degree
10−3 arcseconds 1 arcminute
⋅
⋅
=
angle in degrees.
1 milliarcsecond 60 arcseconds 60 arcminutes
CALCULATE: It is important to perform this calculation with the computer or calculator in degree (not
radian) mode. Using the textbook value for the radius of the earth r = 1.496 × 108 km and the given value
for the parallax of 769 milliarcsec gives:
r
d=
tanθ
1 light-year
1.496 × 108 km
⋅
12
−
3

1 degree  9.461 × 10 km
10 arcsec 1 arcminute
⋅
⋅
tan  769 milliarcsec ⋅

1 milliarcsec 60 arcsec 60 arcminutes 

= 4.241244841 light-years
ROUND: The parallax has three significant figures. The radius of the earth is given to four, and all of the
conversions are exact except light-years to km, which is given to four. So the final answer should have
three figures. This gives a total distance of 4.24 light-years.
DOUBLE-CHECK: A distance to the Proxima Centauri of 4.24 light-years means that it takes light about
4¼ years to travel between the Sun and Proxima Centauri. Knowing what we do of astronomical scales,
this makes sense.
angle in milliarcseconds ⋅
Multi-Version Exercises
1.93.
THINK: The lengths of the x and y components of the vectors can be read from the provided figure.
Remember to decompose the vectors in terms of their x and y components.
SKETCH:

RESEARCH: A vector can be written as=
V Vx xˆ + Vy yˆ , where V=
y f − yi .
x f − xi and V=
y
x
SIMPLIFY: Not applicable.


CALCULATE: =
A (−1.5 − (−4))xˆ + (3.5 − 2)=
yˆ 2.5xˆ + 1.5 yˆ , =
B (4 − (−1.5))xˆ + (1 − 2.5)=
yˆ 5.5xˆ − 1.5 yˆ

C =(−3 − 3)xˆ − (4 − (−1)) yˆ =−6 xˆ −


changes to %home trigger stateful updates. Files in other desks can be built, but not installed into the system. This might be relaxed in the future.
The process of updating varies by layer. The Hoon and Zuse layers are stateless, so their newly rebuilt cores (Nock executables) must be stored (somewhere in the system's Nock tree, in memory; remember, Urbit is a single-level store), but they have no state that would need to be migrated. The Arvo kernel, vanes, and userspace agents are all live, stateful programs, so in order to update one of those, the system must extract the state from the old program, pass that data into the newly built program, then discard the old program and store the new one. Arvo and agent state injection routines can emit effects, but vane updates cannot.
To work around this limitation, Gall has a two-phase update process. First it enters a dormant "pupal" phase that stores not running agent cores, but only the agent states that the old Gall had extracted from its agents. When Clay notifies Gall that its agents have been rebuilt, Gall "molts" back into normal functionality by loading the agent cores from Clay and then running their +on-load routines to inject the old state.
If there's a change to files in /sys on the %home desk, Clay asks Arvo to update kernelspace. Clay sends a sequence of moves (effects) to Arvo to ask Arvo to perform any necessary updates to hoon, the kernel, Zuse, and vanes. This sequence is terminated by an extra move back to Clay itself, which will be received by the updated version of Clay after migrating its state. The rebuilt Clay can then use the newly rebuilt version of Zuse to rebuild userspace and notify clients of the update. One client is Gall, which molts when Clay notifies it.
Clay triggers updates, but the Arvo kernel is responsible for performing updates to all kernelspace layers, and Gall is responsible for updating userspace agents. Agents are stored in Gall's state, but all other layers are stored directly in the Arvo core's state, so the Arvo kernel contains the routines that reload Hoon, the kernel itself, Zuse, and the vanes.
The Arvo kernel reloads itself by receiving its new source code as a %lyra move from Clay, compiling this source into a core with empty state, then calling the new core's +load routine with the relevant parts of the old state. The state passed to the new Arvo now includes not just the vane cores and their states, but also the Arvo "duct" call stack, which maintains a stack of queues of moves to be passed from one vane to another, and a list of effects to emit to Unix at the end of the current Arvo event. If needed, Arvo could migrate the outstanding moves themselves -- if, say, the duct datatype changes.
Passing the Arvo call stack state to new Arvo allows a kernel update to happen in the middle of a more complex event without disturbing other sequences of processing steps happening concurrently in the vanes.
This entire update process happens in one Arvo event and doesn't break event-dispatching semantics. This not only provides atomic rollback, but allows the update to be combined with other actions into a larger transaction -- for example, to stage complex changes, user code could trigger two kernel updates in a row, both in the same event.
Note that this is the opposite situation from the entropically leaking asynchronicity described earlier. Now the guarantees don't deteriorate; they can be composed into stronger guarantees.
How Clay Validates a Desk
A desk is Urbit's answer to a git branch. It's almost identical, except all files are typed and validated, and whenever a commit becomes the equivalent of git's 'HEAD', it's assigned a semantically meaningful revision number, and all files are typed and validated.
If Clay has been asked to perform a commit, it needs to validate all the files in this desk and notify all subscribers to live queries of this desk's data. Gall, for example, maintains live queries on builds of its live agents. Validation uses the Ford build system, which as of this update is no longer a standalone vane but a core within Clay.
A Clay commit, like a git commit, is specified as the current value of all its changed files (and, separately, references its parent commits by hash), not as the diff from a parent commit. Unlike git, Clay is typed, and every file must be validated according to its "mark". A mark is named like a file extension, e.g. %txt, %png, or %noun, and Clay maintains a mapping from that name to behaviors of values of that type under various operations. The last segment of any Clay path specifies the mark to use for operations on that file, including validation.
Mark operations include conversion to and from other marks (such as converting %json to %txt), revision control operations (diff, patch, and merge), and validating an untyped noun. Operations for mark %foo-bar are defined by a core built using the source code at /mar/foo-bar/hoon, or if that doesn't exist, at /mar/foo/bar/hoon.
Consider a file at /web/foo/json. In order to validate this file, Clay must load the mark definition core and use its validation routine to ensure the untyped value of /web/foo/json is in fact valid JSON. To obtain this core, Clay must build the file at /mar/json/hoon from source and then process the resulting raw mark core using some mild metaprogramming to get a standard interface core for dealing with marks, called a $dais, whose type is defined in Zuse.
Since building a source file only makes sense if the file has been validated as a %hoon file, but mark definitions themselves must be built from source, there's a logical dependency cycle -- who validates the validators? To break this cycle, Clay hard-codes the validation of %hoon files. This allows mark definitions to be built from source, and in fact any file can depend on any other file of any mark as long as there are no cycles. As of Ford Fusion, Ford performs a cycle check to ensure acyclicity.
Since building a file is a pure function, Clay memoizes the results of all builds, including builds of marks, mark conversions, and hoon source files. These memoization results are stored along with the desk and are used by later revisions of that desk. Future work should allow merge commits to pull memoized builds from all parents, but for now only the previous revision of the current desk is used. This is a major simplification of previous Ford architectures, which maintained much more complex caches with less clear eviction semantics. Now on every commit, we just throw away any unused memoized builds from the previous revision's Ford cache.
Once Clay has validated every file in this new revision of a desk, it constructs and sends updates to any subscriptions that other vanes or agents have requested. More Ford builds may be run to fulfill these requests, including builds for any running agents whose dependencies changed in this commit.
When Gall receives a newly rebuilt agent from Clay, it calls the gate produced by the +on-load arm of the new agent with the state extracted from the old agent. If there is a crash in any +on-load calls or in the handling of any effects they emit (which can include more agent activations), then the whole event crashes, canceling the commit. This effectively gives any agent the ability to abort a commit by crashing.
It is a bit counterintuitive that an app reload failure could prevent a kernel update. The reason is that we don't want the system to update itself into a broken state. An Urbit can be rendered practically unusable by the presence of broken agents, even if the kernel hasn't lost integrity, so it's kinder to the user not to break their agents by installing an incompatible kernel update. This also puts virtuous pressure on kernel developers not to "break userspace", the importance of which has been insisted on for decades by Linus Torvalds, among others.
If an agent does crash a commit event that included a kernel update, the attempted commit is now trivially rolled back, and the system can deliver an error message to the user. This does not leave the system in an inconsistent or stuck state, so the user could modify the failing agent and try the kernel update again later. Supporting better workflows for keeping third-party agents up-to-date will be an important aspect of Urbit's upcoming software distribution work.
Ford Build Semantics
The Three Types of Ford Builds: Files, Marks, and Casts
The Ford build semantics have been simplified. There are now three kinds of builds that Ford can perform: files, marks, and casts, all of which happen synchronously as function calls inside Clay and are available (without memoization) as scry interfaces.
File Builds
A file build takes in a filepath containing Ford runes and Hoon source, runs the Ford runes to perform imports, and then compiles the source, producing a $vase, a noun tagged with its Hoon type.
Clay exposes file builds into the scry namespace with %ca: as an example,.^(vase %ca /~zod/home/3/lib/sole/hoon) will build the sole library.
Mark Builds
A mark build produces a $dais mark-interface core. It first performs a file build on the Hoon file in /mar that defines the mark core, then it does some metaprogramming to make the operations more convenient to use. If the raw mark core delegated revision control operations to another mark core


Functional Diagnostic Nutrition® (FDN) is an emerging field and growing body of work that bridges the gap between clinical nutrition and functional medicine.
FDN is a type of detective work that seeks to identify and correct the underlying causes and conditions that lead to health complaints.
FDN is a holistic discipline that employs functional laboratory assessments to identify malfunctions and underlying conditions at the root of most common health complaints.
FDN Practitioners embrace metabolic individuality and provide a step by step method that allows patients and clients to achieve repeatable, consistent and successful clinical outcomes.
FDN is not diagnosing or treating any disease nor practicing medicine.
FDN is a process that enables you to stop chasing symptoms and focus on healing opportunities instead.
FDN Practitioners interpret each lab test result on an individual basis and correlate with your conditions. The practitioner then communicates the test results and interprets the results to you in plain English making it easy to understand and follow the recommendations.


text:
Hint: Let the lead coefficient be $a_n\ne 0$ and let the constant term be $a_0\ne 0$. Then the usual Rational Roots Theorem tells you that the list of candidates is limited to numbers of the form $c/d$ where $c$ divides $a_0$ and $d\ge 1$ divides $a_n$. To use it, one then, at least in principle, tests every candidate.
In your situation, the result is exactly the same. The list of candidates is limited to numbers of the form $ci/d$, with the same conditions on $c$ and $d$.
Remark: Breaking up into real and complex parts is very often a more efficient way of ruling out candidates. The point of the above answer is that the procedure provided by the Rational Roots Theorem can be word for word extended to our new situation. The proof is essentially the same as the usual proof of the Rational Roots Theorem.


Language
Part 6: Using Data Annotations for Model Validation
By |
The MVC Music Store is a tutorial application that introduces and explains step-by-step how to use ASP.NET MVC and Visual Studio for web development.
The MVC Music Store is a lightweight sample store implementation which sells music albums online, and implements basic site administration, user sign-in, and shopping cart functionality.
This tutorial series details all of the steps taken to build the ASP.NET MVC Music Store sample application. Part 6 covers Using Data Annotations for Model Validation.
We have a major issue with our Create and Edit forms: they're not doing any validation. We can do things like leave required fields blank or type letters in the Price field, and the first error we'll see is from the database.
We can easily add validation to our application by adding Data Annotations to our model classes. Data Annotations allow us to describe the rules we want applied to our model properties, and ASP.NET MVC will take care of enforcing them and displaying appropriate messages to our users.
Adding Validation to our Album Forms
We'll use the following Data Annotation attributes:
 - Required – Indicates that the property is a required field
 - DisplayName – Defines the text we want used on form fields and validation messages
 - StringLength – Defines a maximum length for a string field
 - Range – Gives a maximum and minimum value for a numeric field
 - Bind – Lists fields to exclude or include when binding parameter or form values to model properties
 - ScaffoldColumn – Allows hiding fields from editor forms
Note: For more information on Model Validation using Data Annotation attributes, see the MSDN documentation at _URL_
Open the Album class and add the following using statements to the top.
using System.ComponentModel;
 using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
 using System.Web.Mvc;

Next, update the properties to add display and validation attributes as shown below.
namespace MvcMusicStore.Models
{
 [Bind(Exclude = "AlbumId")]
 public class Album
 {
 [ScaffoldColumn(false)]
 public int AlbumId { get; set; }
 [DisplayName("Genre")]
 public int GenreId { get; set; }
 [DisplayName("Artist")]
 public int ArtistId { get; set; }
 [Required(ErrorMessage = "An Album Title is required")]
 [StringLength(160)]
 public string Title { get; set; }
 [Required(ErrorMessage = "Price is required")]
 [Range(0.01, 100.00,
 ErrorMessage = "Price must be between 0.01 and 100.00")]
 public decimal Price { get; set; }
 [DisplayName("Album Art URL")]
 [StringLength(1024)]
 public string AlbumArtUrl { get; set; }
 public virtual Genre Genre { get; set; }
 public virtual Artist Artist { get; set; }
 }
}
While we're there, we've also changed the Genre and Artist to virtual properties. This allows Entity Framework to lazy-load them as necessary.
public virtual Genre Genre { get; set; }
public virtual Artist Artist { get; set; }
After having added these attributes to our Album model, our Create and Edit screen immediately begin validating fields and using the Display Names we've chosen (e.g. Album Art Url instead of AlbumArtUrl). Run the application and browse to /StoreManager/Create.
Next, we'll break some validation rules. Enter a price of 0 and leave the Title blank. When we click on the Create button, we will see the form displayed with validation error messages showing which fields did not meet the validation rules we have defined.
Testing the Client-Side Validation
Server-side validation is very important from an application perspective, because users can circumvent client-side validation. However, webpage forms which only implement server-side validation exhibit three significant problems.
 - 1. The user has to wait for the form to be posted, validated on the server, and for the response to be sent to their browser.
 - 2. The user doesn't get immediate feedback when they correct a field so that it now passes the validation rules.
 - 3. We are wasting server resources to perform validation logic instead of leveraging the user's browser.
Fortunately, the ASP.NET MVC 3 scaffold templates have client-side validation built in, requiring no additional work whatsoever.
Typing a single letter in the Title field satisfies the validation requirements, so the validation message is immediately removed.
Please use the Discussions at _URL_ for any questions or comments.
Jon Galloway
By Jon Galloway, Jon works at Microsoft as an Community Program Manager focused on ASP.NET MVC. Prior to that, he's worked in a wide range of web development shops, from scrappy startups to Fortune 500 financial companies. He was an ASP.NET and Silverlight Insider, ASP.NET MVP, published author, regular contributor to several open source .NET projects.


text:
Homeless Management Information System (HMIS)
A Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) is the information system designated by the Continuum of Care to comply with HUD's data collection, management, and reporting standards and used to collect client-level data and data on the provision of housing and services to homeless individuals and families and persons at risk of homelessness.
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and other planners and policymakers at the federal, state and local levels use aggregate HMIS data to obtain better information about the extent and nature of homelessness over time. Specifically, an HMIS can be used to produce an unduplicated count of homeless persons, understand patterns of service use, and measure the effectiveness of homeless programs.
Proposed Rule for HMIS Requirements
HUD was required by the HEARTH Act to establish standards related to HMIS, including standards related to encryption of the data collected and the rights of persons receiving services under the McKinney-Vento Act. As a result, HUD published the proposed rule for HMIS Requirements in the Federal Register on December 9, 2011. This proposed rule provides for: 1) uniform technical requirements of HMIS; 2) proper collection of data and maintenance of the database; and 3) confidentiality of the information in the database. The public comment period closed on February 7, 2012.
- HMIS Data Standards (March 2010)
- HMIS Data Standards Comparison Worksheet
- HMIS Summary of Changes from 2004 Notice to 2010 Notice
HMIS Questions should be submitted to OneCPD Ask A Question.


text:
The NIH Almanac
- Chronology of Events
Significant events and major research advances in NIH history, from 1798 to the present.
- Directors of the NIH
High-resolution photos of past presidential visits, NIH campus buildings, scientists and more.
Federal legislation that had a major influence on the growth of the NIH, from its beginning as the Marine Hospital Service in 1798, to the present.
- Deputy Directors of the NIH
- Associate Directors of the NIH
- Secretaries of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
- Nobel Laureates associated with the NIH
- Major NIH Lectures, highlights from the NIH
- Budget, Appropriations for the NIH
This page last reviewed on February 22, 2013