Dapr actors overview
Overview of Dapr support for actors
The Dapr actors runtime provides support for virtual actors through following capabilities:
Actor method invocation
You can interact with Dapr to invoke the actor method by calling HTTP/gRPC endpoint
POST/GET/PUT/DELETE http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/method/<method>
You can provide any data for the actor method in the request body and the response for the request is in response body which is data from actor method call.
Refer api spec for more details.
Actor state management
Actors can save state reliably using state management capability.
You can interact with Dapr through HTTP/gRPC endpoints for state management.
To use actors, your state store must support multi-item transactions. This means your state store component must implement the TransactionalStore interface. The following state stores implement this interface:
 - Redis
 - MongoDB
 - PostgreSQL
 - SQL Server
 - Azure CosmosDB
Actor timers and reminders
Actors can schedule periodic work on themselves by registering either timers or reminders.
Actor timers
You can register a callback on actor to be executed based on a timer.
The Dapr actor runtime ensures that the callback methods respect the turn-based concurrency guarantees.This means that no other actor methods or timer/reminder callbacks will be in progress until this callback completes execution.
The next period of the timer starts after the callback completes execution. This implies that the timer is stopped while the callback is executing and is started when the callback finishes.
The Dapr actors runtime saves changes made to the actor's state when the callback finishes. If an error occurs in saving the state, that actor object is deactivated and a new instance will be activated.
All timers are stopped when the actor is deactivated as part of garbage collection. No timer callbacks are invoked after that. Also, the Dapr actors runtime does not retain any information about the timers that were running before deactivation. It is up to the actor to register any timers that it needs when it is reactivated in the future.
You can create a timer for an actor by calling the HTTP/gRPC request to Dapr.
POST/PUT http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/timers/<name>
The timer duetime and callback are specified in the request body. The due time represents when the timer will first fire after registration. The period represents how often the timer fires after that. A due time of 0 means to fire immediately. Negative due times and negative periods are invalid.
The following request body configures a timer with a dueTime of 9 seconds and a period of 3 seconds. This means it will first fire after 9 seconds, then every 3 seconds after that.
{
 "dueTime":"0h0m9s0ms",
 "period":"0h0m3s0ms"
}
The following request body configures a timer with a dueTime 0 seconds and a period of 3 seconds. This means it fires immediately after registration, then every 3 seconds after that.
{
 "dueTime":"0h0m0s0ms",
 "period":"0h0m3s0ms"
}
You can remove the actor timer by calling
DELETE http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/timers/<name>
Refer api spec for more details.
Actor reminders
Reminders are a mechanism to trigger persistent callbacks on an actor at specified times. Their functionality is similar to timers. But unlike timers, reminders are triggered under all circumstances until the actor explicitly unregisters them or the actor is explicitly deleted. Specifically, reminders are triggered across actor deactivations and failovers because the Dapr actors runtime persists the information about the actors' reminders using Dapr actor state provider.
You can create a persistent reminder for an actor by calling the Http/gRPC request to Dapr.
POST/PUT http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/reminders/<name>
The reminder duetime and callback can be specified in the request body. The due time represents when the reminder first fires after registration. The period represents how often the reminder will fire after that. A due time of 0 means to fire immediately. Negative due times and negative periods are invalid. To register a reminder that fires only once, set the period to an empty string.
The following request body configures a reminder with a dueTime 9 seconds and a period of 3 seconds. This means it will first fire after 9 seconds, then every 3 seconds after that.
{
 "dueTime":"0h0m9s0ms",
 "period":"0h0m3s0ms"
}
The following request body configures a reminder with a dueTime 0 seconds and a period of 3 seconds. This means it will fire immediately after registration, then every 3 seconds after that.
{
 "dueTime":"0h0m0s0ms",
 "period":"0h0m3s0ms"
}
The following request body configures a reminder with a dueTime 15 seconds and a period of empty string. This means it will first fire after 15 seconds, then never fire again.
{
 "dueTime":"0h0m15s0ms",
 "period":""
}
Retrieve actor reminder
You can retrieve the actor reminder by calling
GET http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/reminders/<name>
Remove the actor reminder
You can remove the actor reminder by calling
DELETE http://localhost:3500/v1.0/actors/<actorType>/<actorId>/reminders/<name>
Refer api spec for more details.
Last modified November 20, 2020: Revert commands for 0.11 (#947) (904c3d3)


text:
Isadora Duncan loved teaching children in particular the joy of movement through dance. She opened several dance schools for youngsters in Europe and Russia.
Something in the Way She Moves
Isadora Duncan is born in San Francisco, California
Inspired by everything from ancient Greek art to the power of nature embodied in rushing rivers and rainy weather, Isadora Duncan poured all she had into dancing, which she believed to be the body's expression of the soul's innermost desires. She rejected classical ballet as too confining and controlled.
A true free spirit, Duncan brought a new athleticism to dancing; her choreography was full of leaps and jumps and skips. Barefoot, her long hair flying, dressed in Grecian-inspired flowing tunics, she was a captivating sight as she danced. She taught her students that the energy they need for dance originated in the solar plexus, a group of nerves in the body's abdominal region.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Thesis
Introduction
In consultation with my thesis advisor, Matt Carrano, we decided to study one aspect of displaying community information: the intersection of time and space. My original thesis had included displaying time and space as a minor aspect of a larger digital community event map. Matt and I decided to make it my central topic of research because it was smaller in scope, singular in focus, and a less studied issue than digital communitites as a whole.
The Problem
We decided to study how to display location-based data (markers on a map) in the same interface with their relative time data. In other words, how can we show that one action presented by a marker occured before, after, or roughly at the same time as another action? If we could do this, how could we show the time relationships between multiple markers? And, if we could, would it be interesting or meaningful data for users? We were also interested in what kinds of data users would want to see to displayed by their location in time and space.
We chose this interface problem because it was narrow enough in scope that I could adequately study it in the time allotted; it posed a single problem that could be studied and discussed as such; and because it had not been studied much before. Google searchs for display time and space in user interface and mapping time and space in user interface revealed two different tools for looking at temporal and location data in the same interface. The Tempest tool, created by Robert Edsall and Donna Peuquet at Penn State University, uses a three-pronged model to display space, time and object data. This three-dimensional approach shows data via three widgets on the screen at once, one for each dimension. In the same fashion, the Controversy Space Explorer, a collaborative project among several European universities, maps the dimensions of controversies. It also uses the same approach as Tempest of separating each dimension into a different graphical tool and showing all three tools on the same screen.
Proposed Solution (Hypothesis)
Unlike the one widget for one dimension approach others had taken, I am interested in displaying mulitiple dimensions in one display. I am interested in this technique for several reasons:
 1. It allows the designer to display more data for a given screen size
 2. Each dimension is anchored, and therefore understood, in relation to the other dimensions
 3. It allows users to find relationships between the dimensions
 4. Users need not move their eyes back and forth between the various dimension displays to try and grasp all the data
However, there are many problems with this approach:
 1. Showing mulitple dimensions in one display multiplies the density of the data, increasing the user's cognitive load
 2. There are no conventions for showing time on a map, so color or iconography must include explanations and labels
 3. The time scale must be overlayed on the map at the granularity (minutes, hours, months, years) that makes sense for the particular data you are plotting
 4. Time and place and descriptive data must all be visible without covering up related elements so that trends can be seen
Some of these considerations I understood before I built the prototype, but I learned most of them by having people test my prototype.
Matt and I together came up with the ideas for a prototype map with time interface. It contains the following elements:
 - A Slider for moving through time: I felt strongly that a slider, where sliding right goes forward in time and sliding left goes backwards in time, would be intuitive for the users.
 - Color to signify the time element of each marker: We chose color to convey the relative time, with darker colors being more recent and lighter being older. We choose years for the granularity, basically so we could aggregate or bucket the colors in a way that would show the time element.
 - A layer metaphor: Because we want to give the users a sense of layering, the markers are both lighter and smaller the older they are, so that they appear to recede into the background.
 - A swipe animation: We added a swipe animation to help reinforce the layer metaphor.
 - A faceted search to show different types of data on the same map.
Using this design, I hoped to be able to learn the following:
 1. Could one show time and space on the same display?
 2. Would people want to see community data displayed by time and space?
Building the Interface
I chose Drupal 7 as the framework within which I would build my prototype space and time interface because:
 1. I have used Drupal and I thought it would work for this project.
 2. I like using Drupal for projects because I want to learn it better.
 3. Because Drupal is a Content Management System, it had the concepts of users, authorizations, content workflow, aggregating content into complex reports, etc.
 4. I knew it had mapping tools.
I used the following tools to build the interface:
 1. Drupal 7, for the above reasons
 2. The OpenLayers mapping API
 3. The Google maps API
 4. The Geofield Drupal Module
 5. The OpenLayers Drupal Module
 6. The book, Mapping with Drupal by Alan Palazzolo and Thomas Turnbull
 7. Adobe Photoshop to create the custom markers
After reading Mapping with Drupal, I chose to use the Geofield module approach to Drupal mapping, versus the simpler and older Location module approach because Geofield supports areas and layers as well as points. I stuck with this decision even though it created a few extra coding requirements later on in the project.
Originally I started mapping withe OpenLayers API, which is a very extensive open source JavaScript library for mapping. I started out by bulding the map totally within the OpenLayers Views interface. By doing so I was able to learn how to create Drupal content with Geofield address fields and plot those on a map. Once I had the map working I realized that I could not customize OpenLayers Views to the extent I needed to create the interface described in the Proposed Solution section above.
My second step was to get Drupal View data into JavaScript so that I could create and manipulate an OpenLayer's map myseful. By creating a custom Drupal page template, I was able to pipe the standard Drupal "$view->results" array into a JavaScript array of map points, like this (There is a better, more standard way to move Drupal data into JavaScript. To make the application production ready this code should be refactored to use the standard method.):
<?php
foreach ($view->result as $point) {
 if ( isset($point->field_field_historical_date[0]['raw']['db']['value']) ) {
 $date = $point->field_field_historical_date[0]['raw']['db']['value']->format("m/d/Y");
 } else {
 $date = "No Date Set";
 }
 if(isset($point->field_body[0]['raw']['safe_value'])) {
 $body = $point->field_body[0]['raw']['safe_value'];
 } else {
 $body = "No description given.";
 }
 if (!isset($point->field_field_historical_geo[0]['raw']['wkt'])) {
 print "error.push(".$point->nid.")";
 }
 print 'var foo={title:'.json_encode($point->node_title).',wkt:'.json_encode($point->field_field_historical_geo[0]['raw']['wkt']).',body:'.json_encode($body).',date:'.json_encode($date).'};';
 print "wwwRozzie.mapPoints.push(foo);";
}
?>
Once I had all the information in JavaScript, I created an OpenLayers Map and plotted the points onto it. This took a while to learn how to do in OpenLayers, because the API is very extensive. OpenLayers has the concept of an array of markers attached to a layer and each marker can be shown and hidden, so it should have been relatively easy to show markers every time the user moved the slider. It was not. I spent some time trying to work with it and then I quit.
I rebuilt the map using the Google Maps API, which was not difficult. It did require me to create a separate array of markers and iterate through them each time the user moved the slider. Based on whether the date of the marker fell between a given set of dates, the marker would be given a different-colored icon. Like this:
function addPoints() {
 for (i=0;i < wwwRozzie.mapPoints.length; i++) {//
 var point = convertWKTtoGoogle(wwwRozzie.mapPoints[i].wkt);
 var id = new Date(wwwRozzie.mapPoints[i].date).valueOf();
 var idDate = new Date(wwwRozzie.mapPoints[i].date);
 var marker;
 var position = wwwRozzie.markers.


text:
Did Active Labour Market Policies Help Sweden Rebound From The Depression Of The Early 1990s?
Source: Princeton University
In the early 1990s the Swedish labour market was hit by the worst shock it experienced since the 1930s, with the unemployment rate rising to 10 percent. This development stands out in light of Sweden's performance in the post-war period. Between the mid 1940s and the crisis of the 1990s, the Swedish unemployment rate oscillated between one percent and just under four percent (Figure 1). Unemployment even remained low in the 1970s despite oil price shocks that led to persistently high unemployment elsewhere in Europe.


text:
An approach combining thermal modeling, Bayesian inference, and soil temperature time series with vertical spatial resolution reveals under what conditions soil thermal diffusivity can be reliably inferred.
Improving the quantification of soil thermal properties is key to achieving a better prediction of soil hydro-biogeochemical processes and their responses to changes in atmospheric forcing. Obtaining such information at numerous locations with conventional soil sampling is challenging. The increasing availability of vertically resolved temperature sensor arrays offers the potential for improving the estimation of soil thermal properties from temperature time series. In this study, the team developed a parameter estimation approach based on a combination of thermal modeling, Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation to estimate thermal diffusivity and its uncertainty over time, at numerous locations, and at an unprecedented vertical spatial resolution (i.e., down to 5 to 10 cm vertical resolution) from soil temperature time series. Also, the team assessed under which environmental conditions, temperature sensor characteristics, and deployment geometries soil thermal diffusivity can be reliably inferred. Synthetic experiments show that in the presence of median diurnal fluctuations ≥1.5°C at 5 cm below the ground surface, temperature gradients >2°C m-1, and a sliding time window of at least 4 days, the proposed method provides reliable depth-resolved thermal diffusivity estimates with percentage errors ≤10%. Reliable thermal diffusivity under such environmental conditions also requires temperature sensors to be spaced with accuracy to a few millimeters, and with a bias defined by a standard deviation ≤0.01°C. The application of the developed approach to field data acquired on the Seward Peninsula of Alaska indicates significant repeatability in results and similarity with independent measurements, as well as the ability to use a sliding time window to estimate temporal changes in soil thermal diffusivity, as needed to potentially capture changes in bulk density or water content. These findings represent a critical step to guide the development of cost-effective methodologies to estimate soil thermal and physical properties at numerous locations.
Citation: Brunetti, C., J. lamb, S. Wielandt, S. Uhlmann, I. Shirley, P. McClure, and B. Dafflon. 2022. "Probabilistic estimation of depth-resolved profiles of soil thermal diffusivity from temperature time series." Earth Surface Dynamics 10: 687–704. _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
On 30 November at 11.00, to commemorate the start of the war, state leadership will lay a wreath at the National Memorial to the Winter War at Kasarmintori Square in Helsinki. After that, 105 candles will be lit at the memorial, one for every day of the war, to honour the Finns, volunteers from abroad and friends of Finland from all over the world who lived at the time of the war.
The commemoration event will be open to the public.
This year marks the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Winter War. The war started when the Soviet Union attacked Finland without a declaration of war.


How to find out that "/nvdli-nano" is the name of the directory in the docker container?
Hi guys, I am currently going through the DLI Course and when mounting a directory to the docker container using volume command we set the path of the container as "/nvdli-nano". My question is how do we find this out?
I'm sorry if the question may seem a little noobish, I'm quite new to docker.
--volume ~/nvdli-data:/nvdli-nano/data
Hi, this argument to docker run means that your user's ~/nvdli-data folder on your device (outside of container) will be mounted into the container and appear at /nvdli-nano/data (inside the container)
The /nvdli-nano path inside the container is where the notebooks reside and was how the container was setup. So knowing that path requires knowledge of how the container was built. Or you can typically launch a container and just look around for the different folders.
1 Like


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A stereological method for obtaining estimates of the total number of neurons in five major subdivisions of the rat hippocampus is described. The new method, the optical fractionator, combines two recent developments in stereology: a three-dimensional probe for counting neuronal nuclei, the optical disector, and a systematic uniform sampling scheme, the(More)
The superior efficiency of systematic sampling at all levels in stereological studies is emphasized and various commonly used ways of implementing it are briefly described. Summarizing recent theoretical and experimental studies a set of very simple estimators of efficiency are presented and illustrated with a variety of biological examples. In particular,(More)
Modern stereological methods provide precise and reliable estimates of the number of neurons in specific regions of the brain. We decided to estimate the total number of neocortical neurons in the normal human brain and to analyze it with respect to the major macro- and microscopical structural components, to study the internal relationships of these(More)
In the present paper, we summarize and further develop recent reseach in the estimation of the variance of sterelogical estimators based on systematic sampling. In particular, it is emphasized that the relevant estimation procedure depends on the sampling density. The validity of the variance estimation is examined in a collection of data sets, obtained by(More)
The new stereological methods for correct and efficient sampling and sizing of cells and other particles are reviewed. There is a hierarchy of methods starting from the simplest where even the microscopic magnification may be unknown to the most complex where typically both section thickness and the magnification must be known. Optical sections in suitably(More)
Stereology is a set of simple and efficient methods for quantitation of three-dimensional microscopic structures which is specifically tuned to provide reliable data from sections. Within the last few years, a number of new methods has been developed which are of special interest to pathologists. Methods for estimating the volume, surface area and length of(More)
The total numbers of neurons in five subdivisions of human hippocampi were estimated using unbiased stereological principles and systematic sampling techniques. The method addresses the problems associated with the results and conclusions of previous quantitative studies, virtually all of which have been based on biased estimates of neuron densities. For(More)
Cerebella from 19 normal Caucasian males, ages 19-84 years, were studied using stereological methods. Cerebellum was divided into four different regions: the anterior and posterior lobe, the vermis, and the flocculonodular lobe. Total volume of the cerebellar cortex and white matter, cerebellar surface area, total Purkinje and granule cell number, and the(More)
Neurostereology has been applied to quantitative anatomical study of the human brain. Such studies have included the total neocortical number of neurons and glial cells, the estimated size distribution of neocortical neurons, the total myelinated fiber length in the brain white matter, the total number of synapses in the neocortex, and the effect of normal(More)
In the present pilot study, age-related white matter changes were investigated by the use of design-based stereological methods. In the brains of elderly subjects, the total volume of the white matter and the total volume of the myelinated fibers therein were lower than in those of young subjects (15% and 17%, respectively), but the differences were not(More)


text:
Hot on the heels of the recent Ipsos Mori research that showed a shift to more positive views on the impact of immigration over the last two years, a new report from independent trust Power to Change reveals that the role of migrant communities is indeed one to celebrate; for their positive influence on business start-up rates.
The new report Neighbourhood Economic Models finds that start-up rates for small businesses are higher than average in areas where:
- recent immigration from inside and outside the EU is higher
- income and education standards among residents are higher
- levels of opportunity within a community is higher, even where income is relatively low (measured by the number of children on free school meals going on to higher education)
Neighbourhood Economic Models concludes that migration rates, along with the social class mix and equality of opportunity for local people, can help generate jobs and opportunities in areas where there is too little of both.
Genevieve Maitland Hudson, Head of Evaluation and Impact Assessment at Power to Change, said:
"This research can help us answer questions which have long dogged government, about making sure local economies really thrive.
"If we follow the evidence we can see that entrepreneurial ideas are more likely to emerge in places where migrants have chosen to settle, and where there are already skilled people and a sense of opportunity. These start-up businesses have the potential to help generate local jobs and create income for that community. We need to think hard about how to sustain that entrepreneurial buzz and maintain a healthier local economy."
Neil Reeder, author of the report and Director of Head and Heart Economics, said:
"Enterprise is at its strongest when there is co-operation in the community. Help and advice from those nearby when their business is fragile and under pressure, and openness to ideas and inspiration from around the world generate local jobs.
"The Brexit vote, and reactions to that vote, have shown that neither aspect of co-operation can be taken for granted. But the recent opinion polls show views can change. There is a huge amount to do, not least in devising and implementing new ways for enterprises of all sizes to access global relationships and insights."
Power to Change is an independent trust, whose funding is used to strengthen community businesses across England. At a time when many parts of the UK face cuts, neglect and social problems, we are helping local people come together to take control, and make sure their local areas survive and stay vibrant.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: The Kishau Dam is a proposed gravity dam on the Tons River which will straddle the border between the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The project site is located about 39 km (24 mi) north of Dakpathar and upstream of the Ichari Dam. The primary purpose of the dam is power generation and downstream water supply. It will support a 660 MW power station and provide water for the irrigation of 97,076 ha (239,880 acres) of crops. After years of negotiations over watersharing between the two states, the dam is currently awaiting clearance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Construction is expected to begin in 2015. Completion is slated for 2023.


text:
The Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OR-OSHA) has promulgated a regulation covering the occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. Included in this regulation is a requirement for Oregon State University (OSU) to develop and carry out a Chemical Hygiene Plan.
The Chemical Hygiene Plan must include:
- procedures to assure safety and health in laboratories,
- criteria for implementation of control measures,
- provisions for training and information dissemination,
- provisions for medical consultation,
- designation of responsible personnel (to maintain safe conditions), and
- criteria for identification of particularly hazardous substances (i.e., labeling).
This document is OSU's Chemical Hygiene Plan. All laboratory personnel must understand and follow the guidelines outlined in this plan. In addition, each employee is expected to develop safe personal chemical hygiene habits aimed at minimizing chemical exposures to themselves and coworkers. This Chemical Hygiene Plan will be reviewed, evaluated and updated annually and must be made readily available to employees, their representatives and any representative of OR-OSHA.
It is important to follow this plan. OR-OSHA may monitor our laboratory operations. If we are not following the Chemical Hygiene Plan procedures, the University could be fined substantially. More importantly, following these procedures will assure that all OSU employees and students work in a safe and healthy environment.
This plan applies to all OSU employees engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous Chemicals.
"Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" means the handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met:
- Chemical manipulations are carried out in containers designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person.
- Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used.
- The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and
- Protective laboratory practices and equipment are available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
"Laboratory" means a room or group of rooms under the control of a lab supervisor or principal investigator (PI) where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis. Rooms such as computer labs, electronic labs, reading labs are not considered "laboratories" under this Chemical Hygiene Plan.


text:
We describe the setup of testing regions for the China Earthquake Forecast Testing Center and provide preliminary forecast results in the scope of the Collaboratory for the Study of Earthquake Predictability (CSEP) project. We investigate the spatiotemporal variations of the completeness magnitude Mc by using the frequency‐magnitude distribution of the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) catalog. We find three periods of significantly different Mc histories: (I) 1 January 1970–30 September 2001, (II) 1 October 2001–30 September 2008, and (III) 1 October 2008–31 August 2011. Mc mapping provides median values, 2.2, and 1.6 for the three periods of time, respectively, showing the improvement in catalog completeness over time. We recommend using data from periods II and III to define a baseline long enough for retrospective forecast testing. Small magnitude events from period I should be used with caution due to important fluctuations in completeness. For period III, coordinates of all national and regional seismic stations are available, and we therefore apply the Bayesian magnitude of completeness (BMC) technique, mapping Mc continuously by using prior information on the relationship between Mc and the density of seismic stations. We define four potential testing/collection areas for CSEP‐China: (A) All China, (B) North–South Seismic Belt (NSSB), (C) North and West Xinjiang Seismic Region, and (D) North China Seismic Region. In the current phase of CSEP‐China, only the NSSB (region B) is considered. To demonstrate the type of earthquake predictability experiment that will be performed in the Chinese Testing Center, we present a series of retrospective forecast experiments with TripleS, a smoothed seismicity model.
Online Material: The CENC earthquake catalog (1 January 1970–31 August 2011, restricted to magnitudes M≥3.0) as well as completeness magnitude Mc(x,y) spatial grids.


How hard is it to fly in formation?
How hard is it to fly in formation?
If you're a pilot with an instrument rating, you can pick up the skill to fly an aircraft in formation pretty quickly. At first I was shocked at how quickly a lifetime civilian pilot—admittedly they were good and experienced instrument-rated private pilots—picked it up. So, the truth is, it's just not that hard.
Can civilians fly formation?
Pilots who fly formation must adhere to the FAA regulations. (b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation. (c) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight."
How do fighter jets fly in formation?
Each formation is made of one or more wingmen following the leader of the flight. During formation flying these fighter jets must maintain a specified horizontal and vertical separation from each other. The exact separations and angle between leader and wingman vary based on their practice and aircraft characteristics.
READ ALSO: Does the government decide what is taught in schools?
Under what condition can a pilot fly in a formation?
Completion of a course based on the FAST syllabus will award the pilot with what's commonly referred to as a "FAST card." The certification is required for pilots who aspire to fly in formation during air shows that have received a Certificate of Waiver issued by the FAA to provide temporary relief from certain FARs.
Can private pilots fly in formation?
(b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation. (c) No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
What are the rules of formation flight?
The most specific formation rules are in 91.111: §91.111 Operating near other aircraft. (a) No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard. (b) No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.
READ ALSO: Which verb can be used with everyone?
How do I Master formation flying as a wingman?
Before you can master formation flying as a wingman you must know what position you are supposed to be in. Formation references depend on the type of aircraft you are flying and what position you are flying. You most likely will have a wing-line reference and a longitudinal reference.
What happens if you are unable to stay in formation?
When you are unable to join or to stay in formation without crossing over, under, or in front of Lead's aircraft. At any other time you feel that your presence in the formation constitutes a hazard. When you leave the formation, clear yourself in the direction of your turn and notify the leader.
Why is formation discipline important in aviation?
Formation discipline is essential for the safety and control of all formation flights. The integrity of a formation can only be maintained when the leader has complete knowledge and control of the actions of each flight member. The flight leader must brief the formations to be flown and formation responsibilities.
READ ALSO: Can I use my laptop in portrait mode?


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I'm trying to calculate the zoom percentage from a projection matrix. The following code works as long as the image isn't rotated:
void UpdateZoomPercent()
{
 var zoom = _projMatrix.M11 * glControl.Width / 2; // M11 is the top left value
 lblZoomPercent.Text = (zoom * 100).ToString("G3") + "%";
}
Essentially it just takes the X scale and then multiplies it out to the viewport. X an Y will always be scaled proportionally, so I don't need to look at Y. My scene is 2D.
How do I factor in rotation?
share|improve this question
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Consider a matrix of real values forming base of a cartesian coordinate system. Each column represents a base vector. In the case of a isometric zoom, all base vectors have the same length. Let C(M,n) denote the n-th column vector of matrix M, i.e. C(M,n) = M_n,j, then for a isometric zoom it would be len(C(M,0)) = len(C(M,1)) = len(C(M,…)), where len(v) = sqrt(v·v)
In the case of anisometric scaling the length of the base vectors would differ, which is what you can use to detect this situation.
In computer graphics the matrices you encounter are homogenous to allow for a single matrix to represent all possible transformations within the space they represent. Homogenous matrices have N+1 rows and columns, where N is the number of dimensions of the coordinate space represented by them. By convention (at least in all popular computer graphics software) the upper left part (i.e. M_i,j where i and j in 1…N, 1-based index) form the base vectors, while the Nth column and row form the homogenous part.
So in case of OpenGL you'd look at the upper left 3×3 submatrix as coordinate base vectors. And since OpenGL indexes column major order you don't have to reorder what's retrieved from OpenGL.
share|improve this answer

I know about the "W" dimension, but I'm not quite sure what to do with the left-upper 3x3 submatrix (or 2x2, since we're working in 2D). M(0,0) and M(1,1) are used for both scaling and rotation, and I don't know how to to factor the rotation back out. – mpen Mar 10 '13 at 0:10
2
@Mark: You don't have to "factor out" the rotation. Just calculate the length of the submatrix's column vectors, which is the scaling factor. – datenwolf Mar 10 '13 at 0:40

Oh! I guess I wasn't following along. That works perfectly, thank you :-) – mpen Mar 10 '13 at 7:16
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text:
Wise System Monitor is a free tool to control various hardware components and processes on your computer.
The process monitor displays information about running programs and processes that include CPU usage, memory usage, send and receive count the number of bytes sent and received, and the user of the process.
Wise System Monitor also includes a hardware monitor has several sections that display information about your hardware components.
Always hardware information
Computer Overview - Display an overview of your hardware and operating system.
Processor - View detailed CPU information, such as processor type, processor speed, manufacturer serial number, core temperature, and more.
Motherboard - to see the factory, product name, card type, temperature, fan speed, voltage, more.
Memory - See memory type, memory speed, data width, size, serial number, much more.
Graphics card - View information GPU engine clock, memory clock, memory size and type, temperature, more.
Hard drive - See the device name and type, size, paper type, serial number, much more.
Network adapter - View the name and adapter type, MAC address, Net connection ID.
Sound card - Displays the name and description of sound cards installed.
The program also features a floating window that is always visible allowing you to keep an eye on their use of system resources.
Important Information Of Software
|Wise System Monitor|
Windows XP / Vista / 7/8/10
March 14, 2016


At a Glance
Sustainability is integrated into a luxury resort's infrastructure and new construction, creating a unique, eco-friendly vacation destination while improving the local ecology and reducing maintenance costs.
Project Description
The redevelopment of the Dorado Beach Resort, a high-end community of over 300 homes and several hotel buildings slated to be renovated or razed, presented an opportunity to improve the property's functionality, reduce operating costs, and build upon the legacy of the resort's original builder, conservationist Laurence S. Rockefeller.
As a member of the design team, Biohabitats examined the potential to enhance the project by implementing a wide range of environmental strategies. These strategies would not only create a more environmentally sensitive travel destination, but transform the way visitors think about sustainable infrastructure.
Biohabitats assessed opportunities for new and ugraded infrastructure plans, including two new hotels and a renovated environmental education center. Biohabitats identified opportunities to improve system functionality, reduce operational and maintenance costs, and provide watershed protection. Concepts were detailed in an Environmental Opportunities Memorandum, which also outlined key principles and tools needed to integrate the concepts into the redevelopment. Key principles included energy efficient design, site drainage improvements, and sustainable wastewater and stormwater management.
Given that water was one of the most valuable long-term resources available to the site, Biohabitats recommended a Water Balance that would consider: beneficial reuse and stormwater harvesting; season-specific and landscape-specific water use; precision; integrated green design; integrated phasing; and flexibility. Biohabitats also provided recommendations for alternative wastewater management and irrigation practices, drainage infrastructure plans and landscape management practices. Specific recommendations included implementation of rain harvesting systems, rain gardens, naturalized swales, and vegetated strips.
Expertise Areas
Climate Change, Coastal, Conservation, Infrastructure, Water
Caribbean Property Group
San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States


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How would you go around creating a reusable weapon class? I can't really wrap my head around creating a class, which will work for both melee and ranged weapons.
Example given, that you have a knife, an RPG, and you have an ordinary pistol. How would you go around creating a class all three can inherit from?
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Think about what they have in common and what is dfferent for each of them. That's the first step. – Maik Semder Sep 14 '11 at 14:07
3 Answers 3
up vote 5 down vote accepted
The same way you design any inheritance structure: You think about what all weapons, without exception, have in common. Obviously, damage comes to mind. Attack rate. Remember that you don't have to (and should not!) cramp everything into the base class. You put into a class what you need it (and all child classes) to do, no more and no less.
Next step, you could make 2 classes, MeleeWeapon and RangedWeapon, which both inherit from Weapon. Maybe that split is necessary because a MeleeWeapon has no range, and/or only a RangedWeapon uses ammunition. Then you repeat the above process for each of those classes, until you have all classes you need.
At every branch, you should also consider if you really need to split into 2 or more classes. For example, melee weapons could also have a meaningful range, such as spear vs. dagger, or your ranged weapons could have infinite ammo. That totally depends on your game design and cannot be generalized.
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Thank you very much, I have some quick drafts for some classes now :) – meth0d_ Sep 14 '11 at 15:14
-1, while your first paragraph I agree with, the rest of your answer trends towards the very outmoded and out-of-favor inheritance-heavy approach to design. – Josh Petrie Sep 14 '11 at 15:24
Just want to add that every weapon has a range. If a melee weapon would have a range of less or equal 0 it would not hit anything! – Marco Sep 14 '11 at 16:13
_USER_ An example where 0 range works: In a grid based system, the range represents how many squares away the target can be. 0 squares away is adjacent. 1 square away is any adjacent to the adjacent squares, and etc. What "0" means is a design specific question, and can be a valid value for range. – normanthesquid Sep 14 '11 at 17:39
_USER_ yes, I see, special cases. To Hackworth: It's not off-topic, since you were giving a statement in your answer and I thought that it would not be right; That's the matter with comments. Anyways, I still think that a range has to be defined (0 is also a value) to check any collisions with any entity. However, my understanding of range might actually differ from yours, so we should just stop discussing here. – Marco Sep 14 '11 at 18:18
To add to Hackworth's answer, with regard to damage and attack rate, in an RPG there are also modifiers to abilities. A heavy weapon may actually reduce your strength or dexterity, and give you negative modifiers. However, instead of thinking about having all weapons inheriting your modifiers, create a Modifier interface and implementation that has getters/setters for those modifiers. Now your Weapon interface should have a getter/setter for your Modifier object. This favors composition over inheritance when it makes sense.
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It should certainly be possible to create a single class that represents all weapons equally well -- and this is ideal, because allowing yourself to fall into the trap of creating many subclasses for each weapon type is cumbersome. Composition(*) should be favored over inheritance.
The big challenges are going to be
 1. Enumerating the set of data and behavior that you expect of all classifications of weapon.
 2. Determining how to abstract that data and behavior into a data-oriented approach.
"Range" is a good example -- both swords and guns both have a range. You can either elect to use a simple system when a range of 0 just means "melee" or you can use a real-world measurement so as to (as suggested by another poster), gives daggers a shorter reach than a polearm.
Behavior can be handled by scripting(**). You could have an "on-activated" script object that was invoked when the weapon was used or swung -- the script for a melee weapon would look at the range, and the location of the actor using the weapon and perhaps compute the set of targets in an semi-circle in front of the actor and apply damage to each. Conversely the script for a gun might do a raycast from the actor, limited by the range.
(*) This does not strictly imply that you have to rely on "component oriented" systems to effectively avoid going crazy with inheritance.
(**) Either via scripts loaded from another language, like Lua, or by pointing the weapon at a C++ "Script" class which you do create subclasses of. The latter is obviously easier, but lacks some of the benefits of a scripting system as it requires recompilation, for example.
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text: It is enough to give medical students a nerve-ous breakdown. Yep, I'm talking about nerves—you know, those complex peripheral nerves, nerve roots, and plexuses that will give even the heartiest mind a headache. So then, just think of the Nerve Whiz app, developed by a University of Michigan neurologist, as the aspirin to ameliorate your sore brain. This app contains four basic modules that link rote memorization with clinical relevance. The nerve and muscle chart provides a list of important nerves that can be sorted according to muscle, nerve, roots, action, trunk, or cord. The muscle localizer lets the user select a muscle that is weak in the patient and subsequently gives a possible list of localizations. The sensory localizer performs a similar task for arms and legs. Finally, the nerve diagrams are useful references that place nerves within the context of plexuses.


text:
Title: Large carbon sink potential of Secondary Forests in the Brazilian Amazon to mitigate climate change
Contact: Viola Heinrich (_EMAIL_)
This repository contains:
Zipped folder: Fig1_data_input.zip - all the files needed to produce Figure 1a-e of the main paper. Set the working directory to folder containing the file and use the script "Fig1a_f_plot.R" to run (see below). The folder contains the input files of the 6 driving variables used to build regrowth models seen in Figure 1 - these files are in the format "<driver>_assessment_v2.csv". The columns in the files are: A: age of secondary forest; B: 50th percentile (median) of the modal Aboveground Biomass (AGB) value for the given age (note, units are in biomass not carbon: Mg/ha/yr); C: The bias-corrected AGB value, calculated by subtracting the lowest AGB value in column B such that the AGB data starts at or near 0Mg/ha/yr at age 1. D: the number of secondary forest pixels observed to have the given age, E: "Threshold" : the threshold limits of the given driver e.g. 0 Fires in fire_assessmentv2.csv implies the corresponding secondary forest pixels experienced 0 fires throughout the analysis period. The folder also contains the output regrowth models seen in Figure 1 in the format "regrowth_model_<driver_threshold>.RData" where driver_threshold refers to the driving variable name and the associated threshold limit for the given driver.
Zipped folder: Fig2_regions_outline.zip - contains the boundaries of the 4 regions identified in Figure 2a of the main paper in a shapefile (.shp) format and the corresponding file formats needed to produce and load a shapefile.
Zipped folder: Fig1g_2b_e_variable_importance.zip - contains the output files of the random forest analysis assessing the variable importance for the whole Amazon ("whole_Amazon" subfolder) and for the different regions identified in Figure2a. Files are given as .RDS files that can be loaded in R and the corresponding figures produced using the script "Fig1g_2b_e_plot.R". Files start with the region of interest e.g. "whole_Amazon" or "NE_sector". Middle part of the filename - importance_conditionalTrue/False - this determines whether the importance was calculated using the conditional permutation (True) or not (False). The end of the file name - seed<NUM> - denotes the number of the random seed that was set to extract the sample data. e.g. whole_Amazon_2500_cforest_important_conditionalTrue_seed200.RDS - shows the conditional permutation importance assessment using a sample size of 2500 when the setseed parameter was set to 200 to extract a random sample representing the whole Amazon. The remaining files are the random forest output - as .RDS file. Please note the code to produce the random forest model and the importance assessment has not been included here - this code takes multiple days to run, so only the input and outputs have been included here. Please contact the corresponding author (see end) for more information on this.
Zipped folder: Fig3_data_input.zip - all the files needed to produce Figure 3a-d of the main paper. Set the working directory to folder containing the file and use the script "Fig3_plot.R" to run (see below). The folder contains the input files of the 6 driving variables used to build regrowth models seen in Figure 3 - these files are in the format "<REGION>-Group.csv". See bullet point 1 for explanations for the columns in the file. Again column E -"threshold" denotes the code used to identify the the 4 subclasses of regrowth seen in the Figure. Where 11 = No disturbance; 12 = Only burning; 21 = Only (multiple) deforestations; 22 = Both burning and multiple deforestations as disturbance. The code takes data in AGB and converts to AGC. The folder also contains the output regrowth models seen in Figure 3 in the format "regrowth_model_<region_disturbance_type>.RData" where region_disturbance refers to the region and the type of disturbance experienced.
Zipped folder: Fig4_5_carbon_sink_2017.zip - Contains two subfolders: a) Map_aggre_0.1deg -this folder contains .tiff files (and associated files) of the losses, gains and net change in AGC between 2016 - 2017 in secondary forests in Amazonia - this has been aggregated to 0.1 degree grid cells so each cell contains the total sum of the losses/gains experienced by secondary forests in that 0.1degree grid cell. b) secondary_forest_by_region_and_disturbance - this folder contains .tiff files (and associated files) of the secondary forest data at the original resolution (30m) for 2016 and 2017 split up according to the regions identified in Figure 2, and the type of disturbance (if any). The associated files include a .dbf file which includes additional data [read "README.txt" file in folder] - upon loading the data in a GIS software - the age of the secondary forest pixel will be displayed - open the attribute table to see more data associated with that given pixel e.g. modelled associated AGB for a given pixel. Files in this folder can be used to make Figure 4d and Figure 5 - see script "Fig4_Fig5_plot.R" in the code repository (see below).


What Is a Dripping Pan? + How to Clean It!
If you're a cook who likes a clean stove, grill, and oven, then you'll certainly love dripping pans.
As suggested by the name, a dripping pan is any container that catches the grease drippings of meat and poultry while it cooks.
Read on to find out everything you need to know about dripping pans.
What Is a Dripping Pan?
A dripping can refer to different kinds of pans. The first one is a metal pan that is typically fixed under the burner found in a gas or electric stovetop.
Another type of dripping pan is a large metal pan that you can place underneath a baking sheet when baking something in the oven.
This is the pan that will prevent the food from bubbling over and sticking to the sides and bottom of your oven.
It will also prevent the food from catching fire. Finally, grills also come with dripping pans that can catch grease drippings so that they don't affect your floor or coals.
Broiling pans also have a dripping pan that collects the fat and juices that drip off the meat and poultry.
Let's learn a bit about each type of dripping pan:
Stove Dripping Pan
Each burner on an electric stove has a dripping pan. Typically, your stove will come with attached dripping pans.
However, you need to replace these pans after every 6 months or one year. This is because food tends to burn and stick to these dripping pans, making cleaning difficult.
You can easily find them in most kitchen stores and are fairly affordable. You can also replace them quite easily.
These dripping pans are most commonly available in silver and black hues since these colors are better at hiding grease. You must also wash these dripping pans regularly to prevent food particles from accumulating on them.
Dripping Pans for Ovens
These types of drip pans are used in ovens to prevent food from overflowing onto the walls of your oven. These pans are specifically useful when baking dishes such as casseroles.
This is because they can bubble over and cause a sticky mess that will be difficult to clean up.
Food that you put under the broiler or in a roasting pan will also drip over in your oven if you don't use a dripping pan.
These dripping pans are commonly made of aluminum and are disposable.
You can also place a larger baking sheet under your casserole dish to catch the drips. Shallow and light cookie sheets also act as great dripping pans.
Using a dripping pan helps you decrease your post-cooking cleanup time. You can simply throw away the disposable pan.
Even if your pan is not disposable, you can wash it instead of scrubbing the inside of your oven.
Dripping Pans for Grills
Charcoal and gas grills also feature dripping pans. As mentioned earlier, these pans catch grease drippings that can potentially damage your patio or deck if they fall to the ground.
They are typically used when roasting or grilling food, such as ribs and roast.
These pans are typically larger than the ones available for ovens. They are made of aluminum and are quite easy to adjust inside the grill. You must remove and clean these dripping pans regularly.
This will help prevent any grease buildup. If you need to replace your pan, opt for a metal one instead of plastic. This is because plastic will easily melt if it comes into contact with hot grease.
What Is the Purpose of a Dripping Pan?
Dripping pans have many purposes. The first and most obvious one is to collect the drippings from ducks, ribs, and other fatty foods.
You can also use dripping pans for indirect grilling. Simply put the aluminum pan between the mounds of hot coal under your grate.
Then, fill it with water, herbs, wine, beer, marinades, and other flavorful liquids. Put your roast or ribs on the grill.
The liquids in the dripping pan will evaporate into palatable steam. This hot steam will slow-cook the meat and add mouthwatering flavors to it.
It will also ensure that the meat or poultry remains succulent during prolonged cooking.
You can also add all sorts of veggies, such as onions, potatoes, and celery into the mix as well.
The grease drippings from the poultry or meat will create a delectable mix of flavors that you can use with your food. When using a dripping pan for indirect cooking, just make sure that it doesn't dry out.
This will burn all your precious gravy. Simply add more hot water to the pan so that the liquid is at least an inch or two deep.
This will keep the food succulent as well. Furthermore, make sure to keep checking the pan during the slow-cooking process.
You can also use a dripping pan to collect the flavorful juices and fats from meat and poultry. You can then use these juices to make delicious stocks and sauces.
These pans are also used to prevent oil from coating coals and water during indirect cooking with water pans.
How to Clean a Dripping Pan with Stubborn Grease Buildup
When grease starts to accumulate on the dripping pan, it becomes a fire hazard. This is why you must clean your dripping pans regularly.
Here are the steps that you can follow to clean a dripping pan with stubborn grease buildup:
 1. Let the dripping pan cool completely and then remove it from the grill, stove, or oven.
 2. Submerge the dirty pan in your sink in hot water and let it soak completely for about 10 minutes.
 3. Drain the dirty water from your sink and pour some distilled white vinegar over the pan. This will help get rid of the baked-on food particles and stubborn grease.
 4. Let the pan sit in the vinegar for about 30 minutes.
 5. Sprinkle some baking soda on top of the vinegar.
 6. Let it sit for a minute or two and then use your fingers to rub it into the burnt-on crust.
 7. Allow the baking soda and vinegar blend to sit on the surface of the pans for at least 15 minutes. During this time, the burn residue will start to flake away from your dripping pan.
 8. After the designated time, drain the vinegar and baking soda mixture and use hot water to rinse your pan.
 9. Apply some more baking soda on the surface of the pan and rub it into the remaining stains as thoroughly as possible.
 10. Rinse the pan with hot water once again and use a towel to dry it thoroughly.
When Should You Change Your Dripping Pan?
You must change your dripping pan at least once a year. This is because when a drip pan is dirty with stubborn grease buildup, it becomes a safety hazard.
The biggest risk comes from the toxic fumes that can accumulate on the pan if you don't clean it regularly.
Burned meat juices and fat can be harmful to your health as well.
This is why you must remove your pan from the oven or grill when it's cool enough and clean it thoroughly. You can use hot soapy water to clean the fat drippings.
If the pan is too dirty, then you need to replace it. However, just be careful to find the perfect sized pan for your oven and grill. This is because an ill-fitted pan is also a fire hazard.
Difference between a Dripping Pan and a Water Pan
Many people confuse dripping pans with water pans. Dripping pans are typically placed right under your food to catch any grease or fat run-off.
This prevents the fat from hitting the flames and coals and reduces the risk of flareups.
Meanwhile, water pans sit directly on top of your heat source. Their primary function is to generate moisture and steam to prevent your meat from drying out.
You can also place a dripping pan above your water pan to prevent grease from hitting the water. This will ensure that the water continues to evaporate and keeps the meat succulent.
As mentioned earlier, you can also use a dripping pan for this purpose.
However, a water pan typically contains only water, while a dripping pan can contain a delicious concoction of liquids, which are used to add flavor to the food.
The Bottom Line
A dripping pan is a large pan that is typically made of metal and is used to prevent food drippings from bubbling over.
These pans are usually used to cook messy foods such as meats that have a lot of fat in them. You can also use them when baking dishes that bubble over and create a mess in your oven.
Typically, these pans are a part of electric stoves, gas and electric ovens, and gas grills. However, you can also use disposable dripping pans in your oven and grill.
You can easily find metal and plastic pans that will catch all the food drippings and prevent a mess.
Other articles you may also like:


floki from vikings facts or fiction
Floki from Vikings: Fact or Fiction
Floki, the best friend of Ragnar Lothbrok, is undeniably one of the most popular characters on Vikings. But is the character of Floki based on a real historical figure or just developed for the show?
While the character of Floki is named after the 9th century Viking explorer Hrafna-Floki, on-screen he actually an amalgam of several Vikings, including a number of explorers linked with the discovery of Iceland, as well as Erik the Red, who created the first settlement in Greenland.
 The historical part of Floki's story only seems to emerge in the later seasons after the death of Ragnar, but it is hard to imagine that the show creators didn't have this in mind from the beginning.
Let's take a close look at Floki and the real Viking on which his story is based.
Floki on Vikings
On Vikings Floki is played by Gustaf Skarsgard, yes, the brother of Alexander and Bill Skarsgard and another son of Stellen Skarsgard – they are Swedish acting royalty.
on vikings Floki
On the show, the main characteristics of Floki are that he is a gifted inventor and builder of ships, who creates the ships that allow Ragnar to sail to England; that he is dedicated to the old religion in the face of Christianity; and that he discovered Iceland and founded a settlement there.
Floki and Loki
Just as Ragnar is said to be descended from Odin, on the show Floki is described as a descendant of Loki, and many of the stories of the god are also used to create Floki's character and journey.
Floki and Loki
For example, when Ragnar punishes Floki for his role in the death of Athelstan, Ragnar ties him to two rocks and tortures him by letting water from the cave's roof drip on his head. His wife Helga stays in the cave with him, catching the water to save him from some of the torture.
This is based on the story of the punishment given to Loki for his role in the death of Balder, one of the sons of Odin. Odin has Loki chained between two rocks and a poisonous serpent hung over his head to drip stinging poison onto his head.
Loki's wife, the goddess Sigyn, stays by his side catching the poison in a dish. Sometimes she has to leave to empty the dish, and the poison hits Loki, giving him painful convulsions that cause earthquakes.
Floki and the Discovery of Iceland
One of Floki's key storylines on Vikings is his role in the discovery and settlement of Iceland. This makes it clear that the character on the show was named from Hrafna-Loki (Raven-Floki) Vilgerdarson, one of the first Vikings to visit Iceland.
Floki and the discovery of iceland
But the story of Floki on the show is actually an amalgam of the stories of several Vikings that discovered Iceland in the 9th century, recorded in the surviving manuscripts Landnámabók, the book of settlement, and Islendingabók, the book of Iceland.
These books actually suggest that the Vikings were not the first to discover Iceland. They record that a group of Christian aesthetic priests known as the paper from Ireland and the Hebrides may have already been living in Iceland seeking isolation. But they are thought to have intelligently departed when the Norsemen began to arrive.
Floki as Discoverer
Hrafna-Floki is not credited with discovering Iceland, but rather as being the first man to deliberately sail there.
Floki's journey to discover Iceland on Vikings is based on the stories of two earlier men, Naddod and Gadar Svavarsson.
Floki ad Discoverer
Naddod is said to have been a Viking from Norway who was also one of the earliest settlers of the Faroe Islands, an island cluster that lies pretty much in the center of the sea between Iceland, Norway, and Scotland.
On one of his journeys between Norway and the Faroe Islands, he was blown off course, and found himself on the east coast of Iceland. He explored a little but found no people there, so set off again and eventually reached his original destination. He called the land he visited Snaeland, which means land of snow.
Iceland was again reached by accident by the Danish Vikings Gardar Svavarsson, who was married to a woman from the Hebrides in Scotland. He set off to the Hebrides in order to claim his inheritance, but clearly got blown very far off course as he found himself in Iceland. He too landed on the east coast, but then circumnavigated the landmass, proving that it was an Island.
He seems to have set up a small home for himself on the north coast in a place that he called Husabik, meaning house bay, before leaving the island. He called it Gardarsholmi, naming it after himself.
Floki as Hrafna-Floki
Floki's namesake Hrafna-Floki heard about Iceland from Gardar Svavarsson and decided to set out for the island.
He went with his wife Gro, two daughters, and three other men named Herjolfr, Faxi and Thorolf.
They set off from the Shetland Islands, and began encountering issues from the outset, with one of his daughters drowning. They stopped at the Faroe Islands, where Floki's other daughter stayed to get married.
There Floki also got three ravens. It was Viking custom to take ravens on sea journeys. When they thought that they were approaching land, they would set a raven free. If there was no land nearby, the raven would return. If there was, the raven would head directly for the land, and the Viking sailors would follow the path of the raven.
Floki set the ravens off three times. The first time it returned to the Faroe Islands, suggesting that the still had a long way to go. The second time the raven returned, and the third time they followed the raven to Iceland, just like Floki does on the show.
It was for these ravens that Floki earned the name Hrafna-Floki.
The small crew landed at the bay near Reykjavik, but then headed further north to Vatnafjordur to establish themselves.
The summer and autumn were good, but they found the winter very harsh and lost all of their animals. When the spring came, Floki climbed a great peak to look out over the land. It is said that he saw nothing but ice and snow, and therefore called the island Iceland.
The party decided not to stay and returned to Norway.
Floki as Settler
When Hrafna-Floki and his crew returned to Norway, apparently Floki though that the land was inhospitable and did not recommend it to others. But his crew were more hopeful, and word of the new land spread.
Floki as Settler
The Vikings were always looking for new lands, and not just because they were adventurers. The Vikings needed more lands to cultivate in order to feed their growing population. This is a line of history that Vikings touches on when it looks at the Viking desire to set up farming settlements in England.
Many Vikings were also looking to escape taxation and increasingly centralized rule to live more freely. This is another storyline dealt with by the show as we see Harald established as the first king of all Norway.
Hearing of the new land, the chieftain Ingolfr Arnarson set up an expedition in 874 that established a more permanent Norse colony hear Reykjavik. Thanks to good land for grazing and farming, the colony was a success.
Despite his protestations, Floki later returned to Iceland with his life Gro and lived there until he died. This is a marked difference between Hrafna-Floki and the Floki on our screens, who begins on his expedition to Iceland following the loss of his beloved wife Helga.
Floki and Erik the Red
One of the main characteristics of Floki's character on Vikings is his dedication to the old gods. This actually seems to be based on a different Viking explorer, Erik the Red.
Erik the Red founded the first settlement on Greenland in the late 10th century, after being banished from Norway and Iceland in turn for killing his fellow Vikings in fights.
Floki and Erik the red
After his period of banishment was over, Erik returned from Greenland to Iceland to find others to colonize Greenland with him. He told many of the riches of his new land, which is in fact a harsh environment. So, when Floki does this on the show, his character is borrowing from Erik's story.
Floki's commitment to the old gods may also be a character trait borrowed from Erik. He was a staunch supporter of the old faith and rejected Christianity, despite both his wife and son converting to Christianity and spreading it throughout Greenland.
Floki: Fact of Fiction
While it is clear that Floki is not a faithful representation of any single Viking individual known from the historical record, but rather an amalgam of several, he nevertheless nicely represents and embodies several important themes from Viking history.
The superior technology of the Viking longboats, along with the better weapon and diets, was one of the main reasons that the Vikings were able to dominate their neighbors. The show uses Floki to tell the story of the Viking longships.
The conflict between the old religion and Christianity was an important part of the history of the day. On the show, we see the curious, such as Ragnar, those who converted to facilitate


text:
Learning SuDocs Call Numbers
This tutorial is designed to teach staff or student workers the SuDocs classification or call number system. The first section, SuDocs Basics, gives a brief overview of the system and focuses on the three most important things to remember. The second section is an interactive quiz with multiple choice and true/false questions, where even wrong answers teach a lesson. In the third section, you can arrange call numbers in shelving order in four different call number sequences.
This interactive tutorial is sponsored by the Continuing Education Fund Working Group of the Education Committee of the American Library Association's Government Documents Round Table. Originally designed by Becky Fox, former staff member of the Michigan State University Libraries.


text:
Quan Z.-G.,Nuclear Industry Company |
Xu G.-Z.,Nuclear Industry Company |
Fu C.-M.,Nuclear Industry Company |
Liu L.,Nuclear Industry Company |
And 3 more authors.
Northwestern Geology | Year: 2012
The paleo-interlayer oxidation is an interlayer oxidation that it formed at a certain stage of basin geological tectonic evolution process. The uranium deposit formed and preserved by this interlayer oxidation is called paleo-interlayer oxidation zone type uranium deposit. Middle-lower Jurassic coal-bearing rock series grown widely for paleo-interlayer oxidation forming and relevant type uranium mineralization growing founded basis. Badly uplift denudation at early Cretaceous period late-stage to Palaeogene period earlystage is the formation period of interlayer oxidation zone and relevant type uranium mineralization. Largescale reverse thrust tectonic causes interlayer oxidation zone and relevant type metallogenic system have been altered badly, paleo-interlayer oxidation zone and relevant type uranium mineralization formed and preserved. On the basis of its difference of alteration, destroy and conservation, the paleo-interlayer oxidation type sandstone-hosted uranium mineralization can be divided into 3 sub-type: folding-downed conserved, folded-faulting conserved and structure-uplifted destroy sub-type. The folding-downed conserved and folded-faulting conserved two sub-type cause paleo-interlayer oxidation zone sandstone uranium ore body can conserve well for blind ore, which is a key prospecting direction in future, its example are Beidatan and Lenghu Shide 26 uranium ore spot. Structure-uplifted destroy sub-type cause paleo-interlayer oxidation zone sandstone uranium ore body shows residual state or denuded. On the base of geological structural feature and prospecting criteria of different reformation subtype, and then synthetically analyzed its metallogenc characteristics, the metallogenic model of typical paleo-interlayer oxidation type sandstonehosed uranium mineralization is established.


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Research Summary
High Long-term Survivability, Patient Satisfaction After Robotic-arm—assisted Medial UKA
Anthony Calabro, MA
According to the results of a recent prospective multicenter study1, robotic-armassisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) offers long-term survival and high patient satisfaction rates at 10 years' follow-up.
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is generally used to surgically treat osteoarthritis in one of the three main compartments of the knee, most commonly the medial compartment of the knee. A total knee arthroplasty (TKA), on the other hand, is used to treat osteoarthritis in all three compartments of the knee. Further, UKA is generally considered a minimally invasive procedure that has a smaller surgical incision compared with TKA, and robotic-assisted techniques aim to improve the surgical precision of this operation.2
In their study, researchers evaluated 366 patients (411 knees) who underwent robotic-armassisted medial UKA. Researchers contacted patients at 10-years follow-up to determine implant survivorship and overall patient satisfaction. They analyzed survival by using Kaplan-Meier models. Regarding the procedure, surgeons used a cemented, fixed-bearing system with a metal-backed onlay tibial implant in all patients.
The study revealed promising results regarding the 10-year survivorship of robotic-arm-assisted UKA. The implant survivorship rate at 10 years was 91.7% (95% confidence interval, 88.8%-94.6%), indicating high durability of the procedure. In their follow-up, the authors found a total of 29 revisions, and of those revisions, 26 were converted to TKA. The authors noted that "pain and fixation failure remained common causes for revision following cemented fixed-bearing medial UKA, despite the use of a robotic-arm-assisted technique."1
Still, patient-reported outcomes were high for those without revisions. Indeed, of those without revision, 91% were either satisfied or very satisfied with their overall knee function.
"This prospective multicenter study found high 10-year survivorship and patient satisfaction following robotic-arm-assisted medial UKA," the authors concluded.
References:
1. Bayoumi T, Kleeblad LJ, Borus TA, et al. Ten-year survivorship and patient satisfaction following robotic-arm-assisted medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: a prospective multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Published online May 5, 2023. doi:10.2106/JBJS.22.01104.
2. Luo TD, Hubbard JB. Arthroplasty Knee Unicompartmental. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Accessed May 30, 2023. _URL_


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Neuroscience Seminar Series:
Marco Prado – Professor, Roberts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario
'Genetic analysis of cholinergic regulation of cognitive function'
Video sur Média2Descartes.
In this talk I will summarize efforts to understand long-term regulation of brain functions by distinct groups of cholinergic neurons. By using conditional knockout mice coupled to next generation sequencing as well as neurochemical and molecular tools, I will discuss how cholinergic neurons can fine-tune circuitries in the brain by a myriad of different mechanisms. By combining genetics, including chemogenetic tools, and behavioral assessment using touchscreen technology it is now feasible to dissect how specific cholinergic circuits regulate executive functions, such as attention and cognitive flexibility, as well as hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.


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At the end of this module, you will be able to:
- Define a "bleaching sequence"
- Describe the goals of bleaching and how to achieve a good bleaching sequence
- Describe how to represent bleaching stages and sequences
- Identify and define typical bleaching sequences
- Describe advantages or disadvantages of typical bleaching sequences
- Identify reasons for filtrate recycling
- Identify and describe filtrate recycling configurations
The following key questions are answered in this module:
What is a bleaching sequence?
The bleaching chemicals and the order in which they are used make up a bleaching sequence.
How can the chemical demand for bleaching be reduced?
Pulp to a lower kappa number and/or use an oxygen delignification stage prior to bleaching so there is less lignin to remove.
What do the letters in a bleaching sequence mean?
Each letter represents a different chemical. Chlorine Dioxide (D), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen Peroxide (P), Ozone (Z), and Alkaline Extraction (E)
What does ECF and TCF mean?
Chlorine used to be the major pulp bleaching chemical, but it is no longer used because is harmful to people and the environment. ECF stands for elemental chlorine free bleaching. ECF sequences use chlorine dioxide instead of chlorine. TCF, or totally chlorine free, bleaching doesn't use any chlorine containing chemicals for bleaching.
What are the different configurations for filtrate recycling?
Fresh water could be used for washing after every stage, but filtrate is recycled to minimize water usage. The main configurations for filtrate recycling are direct countercurrent, jump-stage, split-flow, and fractional.
Below is a transcript of the video sample provided for this module:
One way to wash pulp in the bleach plant would be to supply fresh water to each stage, but this would require a tremendous amount of water. Note that as the pulp moves through the plant, there is less lignin to remove, hence, less dissolved lignin. So the pulp and wash filtrate becomes increasingly clean because the discharge filtrate from the last stage is cleaner than the pulp coming into the previous stage, that filtrate can be used as a wash water in the previous stage. Using this technique of filtrate recycling, wash water flows countercurrent to the pulp through a bleach plant. However, direct countercurrent flow is not ideal because of the pH differences from stage to stage. A large amount of acid or alkali would be required to raise and lower the pulp pH.
Use the additional resources and links below to learn more about this topic:


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The displays at this San Diego history museum are not your typical chronological progression from by-gone days to the present. Instead, each exhibit focuses on a specific aspect of San Diego's growth as told through the eyes of an individual or a community. It is a creative approach that can encourage children and adults to connect with the past. Check out these exhibits while you are there:
Balboa Park: The Jewel of San Diego
This 30-minute film serves as an introduction to this beloved city park and its many attractions that are frequented by both residents and visitors.
Located in the central atrium, this permanent exhibit presents items from the extensive archives of the museum. The artifacts, photos, and documents are rotated every quarter to share some of the over 17,000 curated pieces with the public.
The Document Archives, the region's largest collection of historical materials, holds over 45 million documents including public and architectural records, books, maps, scrapbooks, manuscripts, newspapers, ephemera, diaries and oral histories.
Her-Story: Pioneers of San Diego
Women can sometimes be overlooked by history, but not at this museum. This exhibit focuses on six women who documented their journey West and what life looked like in the early days of California.
I'm Not Like You: Notes from the San Diego Underground
Concentrating on the skate, punk, and hip-hop culture of the '70s through the '90s, this exhibition brings together three counter-culture movements through art and photographic images.
The Path of the Mystic: Art & Theosophy at Lomaland
Did you know that San Diego was home to a utopian society around the end of the 19th century? Learn all about this unusual slice of life through artifacts and documents preserved from the area.
Embrace the diversity in San Diego by observing at the struggles and victories of an often
persecuted and marginalized community.
Nathan Harrison: Born a Slave, Died a San Diego Legend
Focusing on a former slave and homesteader, this exhibit is a snapshot into hardships of the early African American settlement.
Marston's History Emporium
This hands-on learning lab gives child visitors a glimpse at the city's history in an experiential way.


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UFV PROFESSOR GOES TO AFRICA IN SEARCH OF A PRIMATE THAT MAY BE EXTINCT.
Professor of the Department of Forest Engineering Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo is representing the UFV on a mission to Ivory Coast, in search of the only species of primate considered extinct in the world, the "Miss Waldron's Red Colobus". According to the professor, this monkey, endemic to the African country, has not been seen for approximately 15 years.
Fabiano is contributing with his experiences related to the use of drones equipped with vision or thermal imaging cameras, which allow for more precise monitoring of fauna. He already presented this technology to us (remember the last edition of Pint of Science?) and now he is taking his knowledge to Côte d'Ivoire, to help with research, management and protection of endangered animal species.< /p>
In the words of Professor Fabiano: "In this new video, I show you a bit of my routine these days when I'm in Ivory Coast, Africa, on a very special mission. At the invitation of the Swiss Center for Scientific Research, in partnership with ReWild and Wildlife Conservation Society, two American NGOs, I was invited to lead a field team to try to find the only species on the planet that is considered extinct. The Piliocolobus waldronae is an endemic species of this African country and is critically endangered, according to the IUCN, and has not been seen since the last specimen was hunted in 2008. Furthermore, it has no formal record in the literature, be it a photo, video or vocalization. nothing is known about the biology of the species and it could disappear (if not forever) in the coming years. But nothing @biao.drone can't solve! An official mission from the Federal University of Viçosa, which I'm proud of! "


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|int NT_NetTxOpen||(||NtNetStreamTx_t *||hStream,|
|const char *||name,|
Opens a TX host buffer and returns a NtNetStreamTx_t handle.
This function is called to retrieve a TX stream handle. Note that the TX stream on capture-only adapters (NT4E Capture, NT4E_STD Capture and NT20E Capture) will have very limited transmit capabilities. They will not be able to transmit at line rate and their transmit sizes and statistics will also be limited. Packets larger than 2000 bytes will sliced to the size of 2000 bytes.
Reference to a NtNetStreamTx_t stream pointer
Stream friendly name - used in, for example, logging statements
Bitmask for ports this stream will use for transmitting
NUMA node on which the host buffer is be located (NOTE: Special options in NtNetTxOpenNumaOption_e)
Minimum size of host buffer needed. Must be in MBytes. The smallest host buffer found that is larger or equal to minHostBufferSize is used and the size of the host buffer is set to minHostBufferSize. If set to 0, the first host buffer found is used regardsless of the size.
Error - use NT_ExplainError for an error description
net/replay/replay_example.c, net/replay4GA/replay4ga_example.c, net/replayGS/replayGS_example.c, net/transmit_multifunction/transmit_multifunction_example.c, net/transmit_on_timestamp/transmit_on_timestamp_example.c, net/transmit_on_timestamp_setclock/transmit_on_timestamp_setclock_example.c, net/transmit_packet/transmit_packet_example.c, and net/transmit_segment/transmit_segment_example.c.
Referenced by main().


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While preparing soap a small quantity of common salt is generally added to the reaction mixture of vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide. Which one of the following may be the purpose of adding common salt?
A. To reduce the basic nature of the soap
B. To make the soap neutral
C. To enhance the cleansing power of the soap
D. To favour the precipitation of the soap


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Most unsayable of all are works of art, mysterious existences whose lives exist alongside ours'
At the start of the twentieth century, Rainer Maria Rilke wrote a series of letters to a young officer cadet, advising him on writing, love, sex, suffering and the nature of advice itself; these profound and lyrical letters have since become hugely influential for writers and artists of all kinds. This book also contains the 'Letter from a Young Worker', a striking polemic against Christianity written in letter-form, near the end of Rilke's life.
In Lewis Hyde's introduction, he explores the context in which these letters were written and how the author embraced his isolation as a creative force. Charlie Louth's afterword discusses the similarities and contrasts of the two works, and Rilke's religious and sexual wordplay. This edition also contains a chronology, notes, and suggested further reading.
Translated, edited and with notes and an afterword by Charlie Louth
Introduced by Lewis Hyde
- Publication Date:
- 02 / 07 / 2012
- 129 x 198mm


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The Roaring River is a right tributary of the Swan River in Manitoba, Canada. Source: Wikipedia
Maximum discharge on the river today is recorded at the Roaring River Near Roaring River with a streamflow rate of 367 cfs. However, the deepest point on the river is located at the Roaring River Near Hilham reporting a gauge stage of 11.33 ft. This river is monitored from 2 different streamgauging stations along the Roaring River, the first of which is perched at an elevation of 965 ft, the Roaring River Near Roaring River .


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Negotiating Sexualities: Magazine Representations of Sexualities and the Talk of Teen and Young Adult Readers
Thesis DisciplineFeminist Studies
Degree GrantorUniversity of Canterbury
Degree NameMaster of Arts
In response to contemporary moral and feminist criticisms regarding the hypothesised effect magazine discourses of sexuality have on readers, this thesis explores how six groups of adolescents and young adults respond to representations of sexualities from the teen and women's magazines Cosmopolitan, Cleo, Girlfriend and Dolly. Drawing upon theories of poststructural feminism, cultural studies and audience reception this work expands upon existing magazine literature by attending to the ways teen and women's magazines are interpreted and talked about by different groups of adolescents and young adults. This analysis fills a gap in contemporary magazine research, which has generally failed to address how gender and sexuality, as they are portrayed in contemporary periodical publications, are made sense of by readers. Therefore, in focusing on reader talk this thesis is also able to address the ways in which individual and collective identities are constructed interactively in the socially specific context of focus group discussions. Attention is given to looking at the complexities surrounding the relationships that exist between magazine reading, representations of sexuality and adolescents and young adults through an examination of the discourses girls, boys, young women and young men draw upon in their talk on magazine representations of sexualities. I argue that readers of magazines are active producers of meaning who think and talk about magazine representations of sexualities in a variety of complex, contradictory and often ambiguous ways. Research participants employ interpretive repertoires, drawn together from various new, traditional and alternative discourses about sexuality, in the process of attributing meaning to contemporary sexualities, as both cultural objects and aspects of everyday life. Thus, rather than take up and accept the sexual subject positions that magazines make available to readers, the talk of the research participants in this project illustrates how sexualities are constantly being negotiated. The articulation and performance of masculine and feminine sexualities is therefore recognized within this thesis as a highly contradictory, contextual and negotiated process.


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Information contained on this page is provided by an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. If you have any questions or comments about this page please contact _EMAIL_.
SOURCE Ford Motor Company
DEARBORN, Mich., March 22, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --
Ford reduced the average amount of water used to make each vehicle by 8.5 percent between 2011 and 2012 – putting the company more than halfway toward its current goal of using an average of just 4 cubic meters per vehicle globally by 2015.
Since 2000, Ford has reduced the amount of water it uses in everything from cooling towers to parts washing and paint operations by 10.6 billion gallons, or 62 percent. That's equal to the amount of water used by nearly 99,000 U.S. residences annually, or enough to fill 16,000 Olympic-size pools. Ford's reduced consumption rates mean even more to regions around the world struggling with water-related issues like drought and extensive population growth.
Ford's water reduction success is a result of the company's commitment to reduce the amount of water it uses by aggressively monitoring and managing just about every drop of water going into and out of its facilities and properties, says Andy Hobbs, director, Environmental Quality Office.
Since 2000, Ford decreased the total amount of water used around the world annually from 64 million cubic meters to 24 million cubic meters.
"That's about 10.6 billion gallons of water that was conserved and went to use somewhere else," says Hobbs.
Ford voluntarily launched its Global Water Management Initiative in 2000, putting in place ways to manage water conservation, quality and reuse of storm and process water. Ford's water strategy complements the company's overall Code of Human Rights, Basic Working Conditions and Corporate Responsibilities.
"Ford recognizes the critical importance of water, and is committed to conserving water and using it responsibly," says Robert Brown, vice president, Sustainability, Environment and Safety Engineering. "Many vehicle manufacturing processes require water and the resource is used at every point in our supply chain."
Ford aims to use an average of 1,056 gallons of water to make each vehicle globally – consistent with its overall goal of a 30 percent reduction in the amount of water used per vehicle between 2009 and 2015. That is slightly more than the 1,000 gallons fire engine tankers in the U.S. are required to contain in their tanks. One cubic meter of water is equal to 264 gallons.
Continuing the progress
Ford had a positive impact on the world's water supply in many ways during 2012. The Ford Fund, for example, supported 19 different water-related projects in China, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, India, Germany and South Africa.
One project in arid Southwest China, for instance, involved 60 Ford employees from Nanjing, who helped eight families build water cellars designed to capture water during the rainy season to store and use during drier times of the year.
At the same time, Ford's biggest water-related projects were within its own facilities and included:
These accomplishments reflect Ford's overall approach to water use, which emphasizes several goals:
More information about Ford's water use-related efforts can be found in the company's annual sustainability report that is released annually every June. The most recent version can be found here.
About Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F), a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Mich., manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. With about 171,000 employees and 65 plants worldwide, the company's automotive brands include Ford and Lincoln. The company provides financial services through Ford Motor Credit Company. For more information regarding Ford and its products worldwide, please visit _URL_.
©2012 PR Newswire. All Rights Reserved.


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Statute of Limitations on Florida Criminal Cases: An Overview
Officials at the Broward County Sheriff's Office in Fort Lauderdale must have been shocked when they received a call from an out-of-state police department, stating that a man was confessing to a murder he committed in 2002. As reported by Fox News, the man has been extradited to Florida to face charges in the case. Because the matter is 14 years old, you might wonder how authorities can still pursue first-degree murder charges after so much time has passed. A criminal defense attorney can tell you the specifics on the time limitation for bringing a criminal case, otherwise known as the statute of limitations in Florida. However, here are the answers to the most common questions.
How does a statute of limitations work?
The statute is a time limitation which prohibits a prosecuting attorney from bringing criminal charges for a crime committed more than a designated number of years ago. After the time period is over, a criminal case cannot be initiated, so the statute of limitations acts as a defense to the offense. The number of years depends on the alleged crime, with more violent crimes being subject to a longer statute of limitations.
Why does Florida have a statute of limitations on crimes?
The whole point of a statute of limitations is that it makes criminal trials more fair. Evidence of a crime can deteriorate over time, so certain facts that may exonerate a criminal defendant may not exist a few years down the road. Plus, the recollections of witnesses fade as the years pass. The criminal trial process is more equitable when evidence is intact and testimony is within recent memory.
What is the statute of limitations in Florida criminal cases?
More serious, violent offenses do not have a statute of limitations: Crimes that are punishable by the death sentence or life in prison can be prosecuted at any time – even years after the incident. Other statutes of limitations include:
- First Degree Felony: Four years;
- Felonies of Lesser Degree: Three years;
- First Degree Misdemeanor: Two years; and,
- Second Degree Misdemeanor: One year.
In addition, there are laws that provide specific statutes of limitations for abuse of the elderly or disabled individuals, violations of securities transactions, and certain sex crimes.
When does the statute of limitations start?
The clock starts ticking when a person commits a crime, and a prosecuting attorney has the designated amount of time to file charges; the trial does not need to be completed within the statute of limitations. There are exceptions that put the time period on hold, which is why it's important to take with an attorney about your case.
Contact a Qualified Defense Attorney in Fort Lauderdale
If you've been charged with a crime that is several years old, you may be able to argue the statute of limitations as a defense. However, the law regarding the statute of limitations is complex if you don't have a legal background. An experienced criminal attorney can help you raise any timing issues and present other defenses in your case to ensure the best possible outcome. For more information on the statute of limitations in Florida, please contact Fort Lauderdale lawyer Kevin J. Kulik to discuss your situation.


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Various Safety Risks Exist in Wig Products
"Due to the fact that most wig manufacturers do not adhere to national standards, there are certain safety hazards associated with their quality." To prevent potential harm, in line with the risk monitoring requirement of "early detection, early warning, and early response," the Sichuan Provincial Market Supervision Bureau has conducted quality and safety risk monitoring on wig products. Multiple safety risks have been identified in these products, prompting a cautious approach from consumers.
Wigs are artificial synthetic hair products that can be categorized based on their functionality, including full wigs, hairpieces, hair extensions, and accessories. They can also be categorized by material, such as human hair products, synthetic fiber products, and blends of human hair and synthetic fiber. According to risk monitoring, potential unsafe factors associated with wig products include: formaldehyde content, pH value, heavy metals, water and sweat resistance, color fastness, and warning labels.
Formaldehyde and pH Value Risks: Manufacturers may use subpar dyes or fail to properly clean wig products before finalizing their shape due to cost-saving measures or substandard production processes. This can lead to excessive formaldehyde content and pH levels, which may cause discomfort to wearers' respiratory systems or trigger skin allergies.
Heavy Metal Risk: Heavy metals (such as arsenic, lead, and mercury) present in the dyes used to color wig hair strands may migrate into the body through sweat. Accumulation of heavy metals in the body can lead to health issues.
Water and Sweat Resistance, Color Fastness Risk: If the water and sweat resistance as well as color fastness do not meet standards, the wig may discolor due to sweat or rain during use. This can lead to staining of clothes and skin. Severe discoloration may cause skin allergies or other discomfort.
Manufacturing and Warning Label Risk: Many wigs on the market lack proper labeling and information. Consumers may have difficulty obtaining correct usage and care instructions, potentially leading to incidents of harm.
The Sichuan Provincial Market Supervision Bureau advises consumers to "Avoid Two and Be Cautious One": Opt for purchases through reputable channels and avoid products without brands, material information, specifications, manufacturer details, or care instructions. Examine product characteristics carefully and avoid purchasing wigs with inconsistent hair thickness, odor, discoloration, or hair loss.
During use, consumers should "Wash One and Cease Two": Before using newly purchased wig products, soak and dry them in clean water or neutral detergent, or undergo professional cleaning and care before wearing. This helps reduce the harm of harmful substances to the body. After regular use, perform routine cleaning and care and maintain a well-ventilated and dry storage space. If mold or odor is detected, discontinue use promptly. If discomfort occurs after wearing, stop use immediately and seek medical attention as needed.