Tutorial - Tools for debugging applications on DC/OS
DC/OS comes with several tools relevant for application debugging:
DC/OS web interfaces
DC/OS provides many web interfaces for various components, these are particularly when debugging application deployment issues:
DC/OS web interface
The DC/OS web interface is a great place to start debugging as it provides quick access to:
 - Cluster Resource Allocation to provide an overview of available cluster resources
 - Task Logs to provide insight into tasks failures
 - Task Debug Information to provide information about the most recent task offers and/or why a task did not start
Pic of DC/OS web interface
Figure 1. Task debug interface
Mesos web interface
The DC/OS web interface shows the majority of the information you need for debugging. However, sometimes going a step further and accessing the Mesos web interface can be helpful – especially when checking failed tasked or registered frameworks. The Mesos web interface can be accessed via https:///mesos.
Pic of Mesos web interface
Figure 2. Mesos web interface
ZooKeeper web interface
As much of the cluster and framework state is stored in Zookeeper, it can sometimes be helpful to check these states using the ZooKeeper/Exhibitor web interface. Frameworks such as Marathon, Kafka, and Cassandra store information with Zookeeper, so this resource can be particularly useful when debugging such frameworks. For example, a failure while uninstalling of one of these frameworks can leave entries behind. So then for sure, if you experience difficulties when reinstalling a framework you have uninstalled earlier, checking this web interface could be very helpful. You can access it via https:///exhibitor.
Pic of ZooKeeper/Exhibitor web interface
Figure 3. ZooKeeper/Exhibitor web interface
Logs are useful tools for seeing events and the conditions that occurred before they emerged. Often logs include error messages that can supply helpful information regarding the cause of the error. As logging is an important topic in its own right, we recommend the DC/OS logging documentation, for more information.
DC/OS has a number of different sources for logs. In general, these are the most helpful logs for application debugging:
In DC/OS, there are multiple options for accessing any of these logs: the DC/OS web interface the DC/OS CLI, or HTTP endpoints. Moreover, DC/OS rotate logs by default to prevent utilizing all available disk space.
NOTE: Need a scalable way to manage and search your logs? It could be worth building an ELK stack for log aggregation and filtering.
Sometimes it can help to increase the level of detail written to a log temporarily to obtain more detailed troubleshooting information for debugging. For most components, this can be done by accessing an endpoint. For example, if you want to increase the log level of a Mesos Agent for 5 minutes after the server receives the API call, you could follow something like this simple two-step process:
Connect to Master Node
$ dcos node ssh --master-proxy --leader
Raise Log Level on Mesos Agent
$ curl -X POST
Task/Application Logs
Task/application logs are often helpful in understanding the state of the problematic application. By default, applications logs are written (together with execution logs) to the STDERR and STDOUT files in the task work directory. When looking at the task in the DC/OS web interface, you can just simply view the logs as shown below.
Pic of task log
Figure 4. Task log
You can also do the same from the DC/OS CLI:
$ dcos task log --follow
Scheduler/Marathon Logs
Marathon is DC/OS's default scheduler when starting an application. Scheduler logs, and Marathon logs in particular, are a great source of information to help you understand why or how something was scheduled (or not) on which node. Recall that the scheduler matches tasks to available resources. So then because the scheduler also receives task status updates, the log also contains detailed information about task failures.
You can retrieve and view a scheduler log about a specific service through the list of services found in the DC/OS web interface, or via the following command:
$ dcos service log --follow
Note that since Marathon is the "Init" system of DC/OS, it is running as a SystemD unit (same with respect to the other DC/OS system components). Due to this fact, you need the CLI command to access its logs.
Mesos Agent Logs
Mesos agent logs are helpful for understanding how an application was started by the agent and how it may have failed. You can launch the Mesos web interface by navigating to https:///mesos and examining the agent logs as shown below.
Pic of Mesos agent UI
Figure 5. Mesos agent interface
Alternatively, you can view the agent logs by first using dcos node log --mesos-id= from the DC/OS CLI to locate the corresponding node ID. Enter:
$ dcos node
where you will see something similar to the following output:
HOSTNAME IP ID TYPE ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S3 agent ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S1 agent ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S2 agent ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S4 agent ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S0 agent
master.mesos. ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce master (leader)
Then, in this case, you can enter:
$ dcos node log --mesos-id=ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S0 --follow
and get the following log output:
2018-04-09 19:04:22: I0410 02:38:22._PHONE_ http.cpp:1185] HTTP GET for /slave(1)/state from with User-Agent='navstar@ (pid 3168)'
2018-04-09 19:04:24: I0410 02:38:24._PHONE_ logfmt.cpp:178] dstip= type=audit timestamp=2018-04-10 02:38:24.752481024+00:00 reason="Valid authorization token" uid="dcos_net_agent" object="/slave(1)/state" agent="navstar@ (pid 3168)" authorizer="mesos-agent" action="GET" result=allow srcip= dstport=5051 srcport=56595
Mesos Master Logs
The Mesos Master is responsible for matching available resources to the scheduler. It also forwards task status updates from the Mesos Agents to the corresponding scheduler. This makes the Mesos Master logs a great resource for understanding the overall state of the cluster.
Be aware that there are typically multiple Mesos Masters for a single cluster. So you should identify the current leading Mesos Master to get the most recent logs. In fact, in some cases it might even make sense to retrieve logs from another Mesos master as well: e.g., a master node failed and you want to understand why.
You can either retrieve the master logs from the Mesos web interface via /mesos, via dcos node log --leader, or for a specific master node using ssh master and journalctl -u dcos-mesos-master.
System Logs
We have now covered the most important log sources in the DC/OS environment, but there are many more logs available. Every DC/OS component writes a log. As mentioned above, each DC/OS component is running as one Systemd unit. You can retrieve the logs directly on the particular node by SSHing into the node, and then typing journalctl -u . Two of the more common system units to consider during debugging (besides Mesos and Marathon) are the docker.service and the dcos-exhibitor.service.
As an example, consider the system unit for the docker daemon on the Mesos agent ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S0 (recall the dcos node command retrieves the Mesos ID).
First, we can SSH into that agent using the corresponding SSH key:
$ dcos node ssh --master-proxy --mesos-id=ffc913d8-4012-4953-b693-1acc33b400ce-S0
Then we can use journatlctl, to look at the Docker logs:
$ journalctl -u docker
which outputs something like this:
-- Logs begin at Mon 2018-04-09 23:50:05 UTC, end at Tue 2018-04-10 02:52:41 UTC. --
Apr 09 23:51:50 systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...
Apr 09 23:51:51 dockerd[1262]: time="2018-04-09T23:51:51.293577691Z" level=info msg="Graph migration to content-addressability took 0.00 seconds"
Metrics are useful because they help identify potential issues before they become actual bugs. For example, imagine a situation wherein a


text:
Global Warming Book for Seventh-Graders Recalled by Michigan Math and Science Center
A progressive children's book lauding Al Gore as an "eco-hero," and offers kids suggestions on global warming activism, has been recalled by the Battle Creek Area Math and Science Center — but only after the book had been included in science kits marketed to 35 Michigan school districts for use in their seventh-grade curriculum.
"This book makes sweeping statements" unfounded in science, BCAMSC Director Connie Duncan said Thursday. "We want to be sure the information we send out is 100 percent correct to the best of our knowledge."
But doesn't a book titled, "A Hot Planet Needs Cool Kids," that urges children to become activists, raise doubt about its bias and factual accuracy in the first place? Why would such material be distributed to Michigan seventh-graders at all?
The author is Washington State resident Julie Hall, a self-described poet and co-founder of ProgressiveKids, "a planet-friendly" online company.
The book holds up Al Gore as an "eco-hero;" promotes organizations such as Greenpeace and Rainforest Alliance; urges children to persuade their parents to "Vote Green" and buy organic; cautions against new-home construction, the plastics industry and conventional agriculture, and notes "many people believe that it is best for the earth for families to have no more than one child."
As reported in the Kalamazoo Gazette Sunday, the Michigan Farm Bureau complained a few weeks ago that the 88-page book, "A Hot Planet needs Cool Kids," pushes an inaccurate take on modern agriculture, both by including erroneous information based on opinion rather than science and by failing to include information about ways that agricultural practices can help combat climate change.
Now BCAMSC is contacting schools and teachers, "any way we could get hold of them," regarding the dubious material included in the seventh-grade kits intended to teach children about climate change.
"We wouldn't have pulled the book" just because Farm Bureau objected, Duncan said, "but we will review (a book) because someone disagrees with it."
Duncan stated the review of A Hot Planet revealed that, although "this book has some wonderful things in it, it also has some things in it that are not appropriate. There are some other pieces in there that are not based on fact."
- John McCain Lectures Tea Party Senator on How 'Business' Gets Done in Congress: 'That's What We've Been Doing for a Couple Hundred Years' 494 Comments
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
would you be to not have air conditioning at all in your residence during the summer?|
Table 7 shows some results from the part of the survey that targeted lifestyle impacts. The first lifestyle question showed that Swiss students were more amenable to the prospect of walking 10 blocks (on the order of one mile) to save gas. The median and mode responses were a 4 for Swiss students and a 3 for U.S. students.
|How willingly would you be to walk 10 blocks during the winter or summer in order to save gasoline?||4||4||3||3|
|How happy would you be to not have air conditioning at all in your residence during the summer?||4.5||5||2||1|
The second lifestyle question explores the importance of air conditioning in the summer. Stark differences between Swiss and U.S. students were noted on this question. The median answer for Swiss students was a 4.5, which implies that summer air conditioning is not mandatory. The median response for their U.S. counterparts was a 2, meaning that summer air conditioning is an expectation for day-to-day living.
The air conditioning question reveals significant lifestyle differences. Many Swiss residences have a limited amount of air conditioning, due in part to a moderate climate noted in Table 1, but also because of differences in comfort expectations and regulations on residential electricity consumption. It is probably not a coincidence that many Swiss people take a month-long holiday in August, when apartment life without air conditioning could become very uncomfortable.
What is the overall message from this survey of Swiss and U.S. students? Is there an underlying theme that sheds light on differences in residential construction practices? An effort was made to consolidate the survey results by computing an "energy consciousness quotient." This is an informal term that combines the three major survey topics (housing options, energy awareness, and resulting lifestyle impacts) in order to directly compare Swiss and U.S. students in terms of lifestyle differences that impact energy use.
The results of selected survey questions were combined into a scale with a range from 0 to 100%. The mean value for this "energy consciousness quotient" for the Swiss students was 85.5%, with a standard deviation of 0.51. The mean for U.S. students was 71%, with a standard deviation of 0.83. Statistics were applied to see whether the difference between the two values was statistically significant. T-statistic calculations showed with 99.9 % confidence Swiss students have a higher "energy consciousness quotient" than their U.S. counterparts.
The "energy consciousness quotient" is an interesting parameter. Within the population surveyed it probably does a reasonable job of quantifying to what extent energy conservation has an impact on student lifestyles. It was encouraging to document that both student populations consider energy conservation as part of day-to-day living. It is not surprising that Swiss students rated higher in this regard, probably because of simple economics. Costs for fuel, electricity, and other energy resources are typically higher in Switzerland.
This research analyzed six different residential construction models using Swiss and U.S. metrics. It was found that a Swiss home built in Indiana would be more expensive, yet more energy efficient than the other homes in its neighborhood. Typical U.S. construction techniques are cost effective during the short term. However, Swiss low energy construction becomes a better investment after longer periods of home ownership. A brief survey of students noted cultural, lifestyle, and economic differences that might also help explain the differences in construction standards.
Changes in energy policy and technology could affect some of the trends noted in this article. In the United States, federal tax credits for investments in residential energy efficiency, such as windows or insulation, have been popular. Future research could be completed utilizing this as a method to review possible zero-energy and energy efficiency techniques. European countries have more historic data that could be applied to the research of energy efficiency in the United States in the future.
Dr. Daphene Cyr Koch is an Assistant Professor in Building Construction Management at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.
William J. Hutzel is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.
Jason M. Kutch was a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering Technology at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. He now works in facilities services at the university where he applies the energy developed from his research.
Eric A. Holt is a PhD graduate student of Building Construction Management at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.
Anderson, R., Christensen, C., & Horowitz, S. (2006). Analysis of residential system strategies targeting least-cost solutions leading to net zero energy homes. ASHRAE Transactions, 112 (Part 2), 330–341.
Banerjee, A., & Solomon, B. (2003). Eco-labeling for energy efficiency and sustainability: A meta-evaluation of US programs. Energy Policy. 31(2003). 109-123.
Charron, R., & Athieneitis, A. (2005). An international review of low and zero energy home initiatives. Paper presented at the ISES Solar World Congress 2005, Orlando, FL.
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2010). International Energy Outlook 2010 (Report No. DOE/EIA-0484). Retrieved from _URL_
Energy Star (2009). Energy Star Qualified New Homes. Retrieved from _URL_
International Energy Agency (2008). Energy technologies perspectives: Scenarios and strategies to 2050, OECD/IEA, 2008, Paris.
Judkoff, R., & Neymark, J., (1995). Home energy rating system building energy simulation test (HERS BESTEST): Volume 1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 tests user's manual, Goldon, CO: National Renewable Energy Lab.
Minergie Homepage (2010). Retrieved from _URL_
Polly, B., Gestwick, M., Bianchi, M., Anderson, R., Horowitz, S., Christensen, C., & Judkoff, R., (2011). A method of determining optimal residential energy efficiency retrofit packages. Goldon, CO: U.S. Department of Energy.
Perez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., & Pout, C., (2008). A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy and Building 40(3) 394-398.


PVC (Prisoner, Vacationer, Change-maker)
PVC (Prisoner, Vacationer, Change-maker)
Materials Needed:
 - PVC Model (Flipchart or Power point)
 PVC stands for Prisoner, Vacationer, and Change-Maker'
 - These are mindsets you can have in any given experience
Prisoner Mindset:
In this mindset you may feel trapped in a situation and completely unhappy. You are stuck in a situation and your not really trying to find a way out.
Vacationer Mindset:
In this mindset things are great, you feel fine, and you can just kick back and go for the ride. There are many things going on around you but your not really focused on what's happening, your in your own world.
Change-Maker Mindset:
Change-Makers are able to assess their position in any situation, and work to change things so that they are making the most out of their
PVC Activity Suggestions
Facilitator Instructions
1. Create a list of scenarios that your participants may encounter in life and/ or on the program (i.e. "Going on family vacation", "Completing a group project", "Participating in this program")
2. Make three big signs, one each for Prisoner, Vacationer, Leader. Place the signs on three different walls of your program space (or on the floor or ground, depending on space available)
3. Begin the activity by reviewing the PVC model with the participants (using the model displayed on a flipchart or PowerPoint slide). Ask participants to tell you what a mindset is, discuss the meaning of mindset and some common mindsets. Review the PVC model after they understand the meaning of 'mindset'.
4. One at a time, read out your list of prompts and have participants move to the sign that depicts their mindset in each scenario.
5. Once the participants have moved to a sign, you may choose to have them discuss their mindset with the others at that station, or explain their mindset to a group at a different station.
6. You may wish to ask participants what it would take for them to change their mindset in particular situations. Is it possible to change ones mindset in challenging situations? Why or why not?


Pearcy v. Stranahan
205 U.S. 257 (1907)
Annotate this Case
 - Syllabus |
 - Case
U.S. Supreme Court
Pearcy v. Stranahan, 205 U.S. 257 (1907)
Pearcy v. Stranahan
No. 1
Submitted March 4, 1907
Decided April 8, 1907
205 U.S. 257
The averment that territory named in the complaint is a part of the United States is a conclusion of law and not admitted by a demurrer.
The court takes judicial cognizance whether or not a given territory is within the boundaries of the United States, and is bound to take the fact as it really exists, however it may be averred to be.
Who is the sovereign de jure or de facto of territory is not a judicial, but a political, question, the determination of which by the legislative and executive departments of any government conclusively binds the judges as well as all other officers, citizens, and subjects of that government. Jones v. United States, 137 U. S. 202.
The Isle of Pines, under the provisions of the Platt Amendment and the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, is de facto under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Cuba, and. as the United states has never yet taken possession thereof, it has remained and is foreign country within the meaning of the Dingley Tariff Act of 1897. Delima v. Bidwell, 182 U. S. 1; United States v. Rice, 4 Wheat. 246.
The facts, which involve the political status of the Isle of Pines and whether it is under the jurisdiction of Cuba or that of the United States, and whether merchandise therefrom is subject to duty, as coming from a foreign country within the meaning of the Dingley Tariff Act, are stated in the opinion.
Page 205 U. S. 262


text:
Nexla supports ingesting Amazon S3 data sources. In order to allow Nexla access to a customer S3 bucket, a customer can simply enter their access key and secret key in the Nexla UI when setting up the data source. These AWS credentials are encrypted and stored safely in the Nexla database. If the customer would prefer for Nexla not to store their access and secret keys, they can provide S3 access to Nexla via an AWS ARN. This document describes steps to assign permissions to Nexla's AWS account with an ARN.
1. Login to AWS Console using admin credentials
Navigate to Amazon S3.
If your buckets are in a different region, please insert specific AWS region in the url above.
2. Create a bucket policy
Select the bucket and navigate to the Permissions tab.
Click on bucket policy.
Paste the following policy in the text box. This will give Nexla access to list the contents of the bucket and download files from the bucket. Please replace "exampleBucket" with the name of an actual bucket.
"Sid": "Example permissions",
If the use case needs Nexla to write data into S3 bucket, we would also need s3:putObject permissions.
The following screenshot shows the details.
Click on Save.
3. Notify Nexla
Please notify Nexla ([email protected]) about bucket policy change. Nexla will run quick tests to ensure correct permissions are assigned.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Overview | Related MBeans | Attributes | Operations
These parameters control what should happen to messages when failures occur. They allow the adminstrator to control error destinations, logging and other actions that might be taken when a message can not be delivered or when other failures are detected
 - Deployer
Access Points You can access this MBean from the following MBean attributes:
Related MBeans
This section describes attributes that provide access to other MBeans. For more information about the MBean hierarchy, refer to WebLogic Server MBean Data Model.
 The name of the target error destination for messages that have expired or reached their redelivery limit. If no error destination is configured, then such messages are simply dropped. If a message has expired or reached its redelivery limit, and the Expiration Policy is set to Redirect, then the message is moved to the specified Error Destination.
 For standalone destinations, an error destination must be another standalone destination that is targeted to the same JMS server as the destinations for which the error destination is defined. For uniform distributed destinations (UDDs), the error destination must be a another UDD that shares the same subdeployment (i.e., targets) as the current UDD.
 This attribute is dynamically configurable, but only incoming messages are impacted; stored messages are not impacted.
 Privileges Read/Write
 Relationship type: Reference.
 This section describes the following attributes:
 The policy that defines what information about the message is logged when the Expiration Policy is set to Log. The valid logging policy values are:
 When specifying multiple values, enter them as a comma-separated list. The %header% and %properies% values are not case sensitive. For example, you could use "%header%,%properties%" for all the JMS header fields and user properties. However, the enumeration of individual JMS header fields and user-defined properties are case sensitive. To enumerate only individual JMS header fields you could use "%header, name, address, city, state, zip".
 Note: The JMSMessageID field is always logged and cannot be turned off. Therefore, if the Expiration Logging Policy is not defined (i.e., null) or is defined as an empty string, then the output to the log file contains only the JMSMessageID of the message.
 Deprecated. Replaced by MessageLoggingParamsBean
 Privileges Read/Write
 The message Expiration Policy to use when an expired message is encountered on a destination. The valid expiration policies are:
 None - Same as the Discard policy; expired messages are simply removed from the destination.
 Discard - Removes expired messages from the messaging system. The removal is not logged and the message is not redirected to another location. If no value is defined for a given destination (i.e., None), then expired messages are discarded.
 Log - Removes expired messages from the system and writes an entry to the server log file indicating that the messages have been removed from the system. The actual information that is logged is defined by the Expiration Logging Policy.
 Redirect - Moves expired messages from their current location to the Error Destination defined for the destination. The message retains its body, and all of its properties. The message also retains all of its header fields, but with the following exceptions:
 It is illegal to use the Redirect policy when there is no valid error destination defined for the destination. Similarly, it is illegal to remove the error destination for a destination that is using the Redirect policy.
 The Maximum Message quota is only enforced for sending new messages. It is ignored when moving messages because of the Redirect policy.
 Privileges Read/Write
 Default ValueDiscard
 Legal Values
 - Discard
 - Log
 - Redirect
 The number of redelivery tries a message can have before it is moved to the error destination. This setting overrides any redelivery limit set by the message sender. If the redelivery limit is configured, but no error destination is configured, then persistent and non-persistent messages are simply dropped (deleted) when they reach their redelivery limit.
 The default value (-1) specifies that the destination will not override the message sender's redelivery limit setting.
 Note: The number of times a message has been redelivered is not persisted. This means that after a restart, the number of delivery attempts on each message is reset to zero.
 This attribute is dynamically configurable, but only incoming messages are impacted; previously sent messages continue to use their original redelivery limit.
 Privileges Read/Write
 Default Value-1
 Minimum value-1
 Maximum value2147483647
 This section describes the following operations:
 This is used to find the sub-deployment-name for this destination.
 Operation Name"findSubDeploymentName"
 This is used to find the template bean for this destination
 Operation Name"getTemplateBean"
 Operation Name"isSet"
 ParametersObject [] { propertyName }
 - propertyName is an object of type java.lang.String that specifies:
 property to check
 SignatureString [] { "java.lang.String" }
 Returns boolean
 - java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
 IllegalArgumentException if propertyName is not a recognized property
 Restore the given property to its default value.
 Operation Name"unSet"
 ParametersObject [] { propertyName }
 - propertyName is an object of type java.lang.String that specifies:
 property to restore
 SignatureString [] { "java.lang.String" }
 Returns void
 - java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
 UnsupportedOperationException if called on a runtime implementation.


text:
How does the word sound?
History of this Word
"mega" is from "megas" (great) spoken by people of Greece starting about 1000 B.C.
In this sense, it is a word added to another word to form a new word.
A prefix added to the start of a word. Indicates that "million" or "very large" modifies the word. Created to expand meanings. Can be used with many words to form new words.
Examples of how the word is used
|It's a resort-type location where you'll not only find plenty of hotels, motels, and cabin-based resorts, but also megabuck houses.|
|One megawatt provides enough energy to power 1000 homes.|


text:
Aerokinesis is defined as ones natural ability to manifest energy and control air using the Mind.
Aerokinesis tech 1 So go outside and meditate for an hour, this only takes a small amount of concentration. Now, think how that wind would feel hitting you from the direction of your choice.Then, once you feel the wind start to kick up, try to make it as strong as you can.
Aerokinesis tech 2 Imagine strings of psi stretching off of your finger toward the winds. Pull not jerk, you hand where you want the wind to blow.This takes a while to master and eventually you will be able to bring strong winds.
Practicing Aerokinesis (Indoors) Hold your hands about four inches away from your face. Keep them about three inches apart from each other. Blow air in between your two hands. Choose one hand to move the air with. Make sure the other hand cannot feel the wind being blown past it. With the hand you've chosen, try to push the wind towards the other hand until you can feel it against your skin.
Medium tornado: To start off you need to meditate for at least an hour and after that you have to feel the wind and connect with the wind feel it rage form that rage in circles going up in the air.
Hand tornadoes: First you need to meditate for an hour, imagine strings of energy connecting you to the wind now that you can feel the attachment to the wind, control the wind, and let it blow in the two directions to know what it feels like. Now imagine that tornadoes are forming around your hands and feel the wind getting stronger around your hand and blowing in your face with a lot of power, now let all your bad emotions go in the tornado around your hand and let it rage with power. When you have done it the wind is suppose to be blowing like a tornado is in front of you.
Air balls: First, call a wind summon. Next gather air energy in your hands. Form it into a ball-like shape. Gather until there is nowhere for the energy to go but out. Release all air energy in a form of a ball. Air Blade Basically use your ablility to sharpen the air. Condense the air into a blade; this may help you visualize a sword or a knife. After it's condensed, focus on sharpening the blade, just keep sharpening until you feel that it's razor sharp, then either swing it,, or launch it in a wave.
Air Jump: First, concentrate on controlling the air around you. Then jump into the air. Then, when you reach the peak of your jump, focus and condense the air underneath your foot to become as hard as stone. Vacuum Speed Control the air in front of your leg, and in the path of the leg and move it somewhere else to create a vacuum. The lesser air pressure means lesser air resistance, and you will kick faster.
Resistance shield: Visualize the molecules in the air being drawn to you, and compacting tightly as a shield around your body, visualize the shield being a sphere over your body bonded by the air molecules and time you breathe, more molecules compacting on the sphere, keep visualizing the sphere becoming denser.
Air Pressure Wave: Visualize air molecules being drawn to your palms, and visualize those atoms stacking up as a wall of tightly bonding air atoms in front of you. Visualize your hands being filled with the substance of air within it. Feel it flowing through your body. And visualize it building up in your palms. Now put your palms on the wall of pressured air and visualize your air ki blasting out at the wall and push it.
WHIRLWIND ATTACK: Highly dangerous First do a wind summon and after that spin around making the air go around spinning faster and make the air lift you above the ground and move the whirlwind around the area like a tornado and pick up stuff and make it hit something.
Flying: First you power-up using any method(s) that feel right for you. Now levitate now while levitating use your ki from your chakra point and have your ki come out of your body and push you into the direction in which you want to go.


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Automated Threat Recognition (ATR) Algorithms for Explosion Detection Systems
The final report for this workshop available at:
ADSA08 focused on automated threat recognition (ATR) algorithms for explosion detection systems was held at Northeastern University in Boston on October 24-25, 2012.
The topic of ATR was chosen for the workshop in order to support the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) objective of improving the detection performance of existing technologies. Improved detection performance is defined as increased probability of detection, decreased probability of false alarms, lower detected threat mass and an increase in the number of types of explosives detected.
The topics that were addressed at the workshop are as follows:
- ATR for:
- CT-based EDS
- Whole body imaging (WBI) & Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT)
- Carry-on baggage inspection
- Fused systems
- Risk based screening
- Behavioral detection
- Detection explosives implanted in a passenger's body
- XBS dose
- Accelerating deployment of third party advances
The presentations and discussions concentrated on imaging devices such as CT-based EDS and Advanced Imaging Technology.
The workshop was successful fostering interaction between third parties and vendors, reducing barriers to their working together, now and in the future. It also directly led to increased third party involvement in the development of advanced ATR algorithms. This conclusion is based on anecdotal evidence of the number of third parties engaging in discussions with vendors during the workshop and the editors' knowledge of third parties consulting for the vendors.
- For an imaging device:
- ATR should be defined as an operation with images as input and a yes/no decision on the presence of a threat as an output
- ATR should include the following steps: segmentation, feature extraction, correction for device imperfections and classification.
- It would be very difficult for a third party to develop, without direct assistance from a vendor, an ATR for a deployed explosive detection device (e.g., an EDS) for the following reasons.
- Detection requirements are classified
- Data from deployed equipment are SSI or classified, and are under export control
- There is no publicly available set of images that are representative of challenging ATR problems for explosive detection systems.
- The business interests of the vendors should be protected
- DHS/TSA policies do not allow TSL to test components (e.g., an ATR) separate from a complete scanner.
- Third parties can make advances to ATR by working with data and requirements that are in the public domain. This task could be accomplished through the following steps.
- Detect a set of benign objects such as peanut butter and rubber sheets.
- Write detection requirements based on these benign objects
- Scan these objects on an equivalent device in a related field. For example, for x-ray based EDS, scan on a medical CT scanner.
- Provide an environment in which third parties, industry and Government can interact
- The following topics should be considered in detail in the future.
- Developing and testing ATRs with few training and test samples.
- Developing metrics for improved performance when the confidence intervals for tests of PD and PFA are large due to small data sets.
- Funding for researchers from DHS, TSA, government laboratories, and industry.
- Incentives from the TSA for vendors to deploy equipment with improved detection performance. These incentives will lead to the deployment of advanced ATR algorithms.
- Developing ATRs with support for risk-based screening, deterrence and the human in the loop.


BALP01 Knee and ankle proprioception and balance exercise-on pillow
Function
To improve the stability at the joints of the leg by increasing neurological feedback between the ankle, knee and hip joints and the control centres of the cerebellum and brain. The aim of the exercise is to create a relatively unstable environment for the above joints in order to challenge and therefore improve stability and balance.
Method
Starting Position:
This exercise is best performed using a specially designed Wobble Board. Please consult your osteopath if you would like to acquire this equipment.
Stand upright next on to a wall, a table or a stable chair with the affected side closest to this support structure. Place a folded non-feather filled pillow beneath your feet. Be sure to support/stabilise yourself using this support structure.
Action:
Initially just stand still on the pillow. Then whilst holding onto the support wobble / tilt your body from side-to-side, then lift one foot off the pillow then alternate with the other foot. Attempt to wobble your body gently from side-to-side maintaining your balance. The set amount of time and repetitions, to be specified by your osteopath.
Notes:
Begin using support and with eyes open. As your rehabilitation progresses your osteopath may encourage you to try this exercise firstly with your eyes closed, and then also without using the table/wall for support.


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The Good, the Bad and Potential Difference Physics
Find more details on the Altmetric Attention Score and the way the score is figured. Another option, naturally, is to just block the ball and pass it on. It's possible to upgrade your players and boost their skill and stats. Find answers to all your doubts about the Potential Difference or Voltage.
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Top Potential Difference Physics Choices
1 eV is the quantity of energy connected with moving one electron through a possible difference of 1 volt. The equation can thus be employed to figure the most voltage. It is essential that you know about electricity. In both circuits, we keep the possible difference the exact same.
The electron is provided kinetic energy that's later converted to some other formlight in the television tube, for example. Write a hypothesis about which turf you believe the ball is going to be the bounciest on. This episode introduces using a possible divider for a source of variable pd. The rock gains the exact same amount of energy.
review article
A Secret Weapon for Potential Difference Physics
Thus V doesn't depend on q. Exactly like the water in the waterfall, electrical circuits require a prospective energy difference to produce the electrons flow. Potential distinction is the thing that makes electrons, and so, current flow. Electric potential is comparable to level in the event of water, the temperature in the event of heat and pressure in the instance of fluids.
The prospective improvements are sufficiently dramatic they provide an actual discovery potential, states Kostelecky. You will receive a steady tracing over the baseline. For this, we have to offer energy to the system. Thus, by way of example, you aren't going to feel a larger sensation of pain, or have a more powerful muscle contraction, due to the size of the action potential since they aren't different sizes.
Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Potential Difference Physics Is Wrong
This is supposed to be a straight line. academic essay writing It's most likely one of the greatest things ever invented. It's time to use the global abbreviations in the equations. Use this online possible difference calculator to get the electric potential difference without difficulty.
The thermistor may be used as a member of an electronic thermometer if it's connected into a suitable possible divider circuit and calibrated. Be certain the power plug isn't connected until your wiring was accepted by the instructor. If it happens over huge distances, there'll be nothing left while the wire reaches you. Unfortunately, as you do this, a part of dirt gets into the plug. You can achieve this by making the wires as thick as you are able, and from a very good conductor. The movement of charge during the internal circuit necessitates energy as it is in a direction that's against the electric field.
Gossip, Lies and Potential Difference Physics
In the lack of external forces, the angular momentum is all but constant. This is known as the Magnus effect, more commonly called a banana kick. Be aware that though the term force is included, EMF doesn't have anything to do with force. When a force is conservative, it's possible to define a possible energy connected with the force, and it's usually simpler to handle the prospective energy (because it depends just on position) than to figure out the work directly.
The Characteristics of Potential Difference Physics
This isn't coincidental! That's also pretty easy, actually. You are unable to understand why.
Rechargeable batteries are extremely frequently utilised in household goods such as mobile phones and laptops. For the time being, we'll continue our discussion about the manner AC behaves. Electric potential isn't the exact same as electric potential difference.
The Fundamentals of Potential Difference Physics Revealed
Now you have a fundamental comprehension of electricity, you may safely read Electrical Safetyby clicking on the menu at the peak of this page. However, we may use the relationship mentioned above to find out the field based on a several prospective measurements at various locations. There is an assortment of materials they can utilize. There are many useful approaches to define voltage, including the conventional definition mentioned at the beginning of this page.
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Instead of connecting the elevator's winch to a motor, connect it to a Continuously Variable Transmission.
Connect this CVT to a really tall drive shaft, which goes down from the winch & CVT at the top of the elevator shaft, to a utility room at the bottom of the shaft.
At the bottom of the drive
shaft, connect a positive displacement reversible water pump -- a pump which can either send water up, consuming power, or which can lower water down, generating power. This pump should be connected to two water storage tanks -- one at the top of the building, and the other at the bottom.
When the elevator is going up, the pump (acting as a motor) lowers water from the upper tank to the lower, generating power. The CVT is adjusted to the correct gear ratio so that the torque produced by the pump to produce the right amount of lifting power.
When the elevator is going down, the pump lifts water from the lower tank to the upper. Again, the CVT is used as necessary to control the rate of power transferred from the elevator to the pump.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


The Age Old Question
Are mandatory service bulletins really mandatory?
The question about mandatory bulletins has been around at least as long as I've been in this business. Although the guidance material out there continues to indicate conflicting positions within the FAA I think that the latest guidance makes it easier to determine the answer to the question "Is a mandatory service bulletin required for airworthiness compliance?" In this issue we will talk about what a service bulletin is and what the rules say about them being mandatory in the eyes of the manufacturer as well as the eyes of the FAA. Maybe we can come up with an answer that you will be able to hang onto for a while.
Let me start by making my personal position on this issue very clear. Compliance with mandatory service bulletins is one of the most important maintenance actions that an owner/operator can take to keep their aircraft in the safest and best possible condition. The manufacturer knows better than anyone else when special maintenance needs arise and the issuance of service bulletins is the chosen method for keeping us all informed. Not to mention what compliance with mandatory service bulletins can do for the resale value of the aircraft. My objective in this article is to help you understand the difference between the manufacturer's highest level of suggestive maintenance (mandatory service bulletins) and the regulations.
Service bulletin
"Service bulletin" is a term that is used in our industry to describe notices that are sent out by equipment manufacturers to keep those who use and maintain the equipment aware of changes, errors, findings, new ideas, etc. It is an effective way for manufacturers to get information out to the market quickly. I've heard "service bulletins" called many things; service letters, customer bulletins, change notices, the list goes on and on. Each manufacturer has established its unique naming convention as well as numbering methodology. For the purposes of this discussion let's just refer to them inclusively as service bulletins.
When manufacturers began issuing bulletins forever ago, I presume that they were just "bulletins" if only for a few months or years. But eventually the manufacturers must have realized that there were different levels of seriousness or criticality to a bulletin and began to further categorize them as recommended, optional, informational, mandatory, alert, etc. Having no standard for the terminology, it was left to the manufacturer to categorize the bulletins as they thought was best. The lack of standardization at least contributes to the confusion.
The evolution of the service bulletin, particularly in the business aviation community, has left us with a multitude of different types and different levels to hash through and try to make sense of. When the manufacturer attaches the term mandatory to a service bulletin, it's human nature to ask the question, "Are mandatory bulletins really mandatory?" Or "What is mandatory anyway?" and look to the regulations for the answer. The manufacturer can categorize a service bulletin as mandatory, but where in the regulations does it say that service bulletins issued by the manufacturer are mandatory? Well, it doesn't.
Airworthiness directive
Somewhere along the line, the FAA decided that a bulletin that had been issued by a manufacturer to correct a serious enough condition that operators needed to comply with the service bulletin, even though it was not considered "mandatory" by regulation, needed a new designation. It issued an airworthiness directive. 14 CFR Part 39 has been set aside for capturing all airworthiness directives issued by the FAA. This makes every airworthiness directive a regulation, and thus compliance becomes an issue of aircraft airworthiness. The distinction between mandatory and non-mandatory service bulletins is determined on a case-by-case basis and decided only by the FAA. Issuance of an airworthiness directive is one way that a service bulletin can be required by regulation. New guidance material issued by the FAA explains a few other ways that a manufacturer's bulletin can become an airworthiness compliance requirement.
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Read the full story from the Portland Tribune.
PSU project offers remote sensors to monitor progress
A Portland State University professor is spearheading a $50 million health campaign to serve clean water and energy to a quarter of Rwanda's rural population.
The project will distribute water filters and efficient cookstoves to about 600,000 households by next spring, in an effort to reduce the need to boil drinking water and the demand for wood fuel.
The project aims to tackle two of Rwanda's biggest health issues: pneumonia and diarrhea. Dirty water causes the vast majority of disease in Rwanda, where life expectancy is less than 50 years.
"We anticipate this project will bring significant health improvements to these communities and demonstrate the potential to deploy and monitor international health programs like this on a very large scale," says Evan Thomas, the engineering professor who will oversee the distribution of the filters on-site.
About 600 of the filters and cookstoves will be equipped with a remote smart sensor — known as SweetSense — developed by Thomas and his PSU students.
"The sensors help us answer two questions: Does the technology work, and do people use it?" Thomas says. Many international development projects rely on in-person spot checks, making it difficult to collect reliable data and convince donors that improvements will be long-lasting.
"The overall motivation is to improve the sustainability of these programs, through better data collection and more sustained financial mechanisms," Thomas says. The biggest challenge in global development, he says, is often the finite funding for a project without long-term monitoring.
Data from the sensors in Rwanda is sent back in real time to the lab at PSU for students to analyze.
By next spring, 2,000 Rwandese community health workers will distribute water filters and clean-burning cookstoves to serve nearly 3 million people.
According to Thomas, there are 1 billion people worldwide who lack access to clean drinking water, 2 billion who lack access to safe sanitation facilities, and 3 billion who use biomass for their daily energy needs. "These are the leading causes of economic stagnation, illness, and death in many places in the world, and we're able to help address that."
The project will be made possible through the use of carbon credits, each of which equals one ton of carbon dioxide either not emitted or removed from the atmosphere. Companies or countries can then buy those credits to show compliance with the climate-change obligations of the Kyoto Protocols.
Thomas says the carbon price can vary between roughly $5 a credit to as much as $30, depending on the market and the particular project. He anticipates generating several million credits a year, and repaying the project's initial cost over three years, though organizers are still shopping around for potential credit buyers.
The idea is that the cookstoves lower carbon emissions by reducing the need to chop down so many trees, and the water filters reduce the energy needed to boil water.
Indoor air pollution from cookstove smoke has been classified by the World Health Organization as one of the biggest threats to the public health of vulnerable populations in developing countries, leading to nearly 2 million deaths annually.
Every year, 1.5 million people die from diarrhea and other enteric illnesses associated with lack of access to safe drinking water and poor sanitation. Ninety percent of those people are children under the age of 5, most of them in developing countries.
Josh Kefauver, chief operating officer of Manna Energy — the British company implementing the clean water program — calls their work in Rwanda a health campaign to train households on the use of these healthier, cleaner habits.
"It's a really elegant system that we think will seriously benefit the community," he says. Kefauver has been in Rwanda since April, and plans on staying there semi-permanently for the duration of the 10-year program. He is in charge of making individual house calls to find out who will need the filters and cookstoves.
Five AA batteries power each sensor for up to a year while it measures usage and performance. Portland State engineering students have helped develop the sensors over the past year and a half.
Thomas has received $550,000 to commercialize the remote sensors in partnership with Oregon BEST, the Lemelson Foundation, Stevens Water and Mercy Corps, all based in Portland.
Thomas, who is now in Rwanda, will lead a trial distribution of the filters and stoves this fall to 2,000 homes, and begin monitoring usage data. He helped design and implement a similar effort in 2011 that covered 877,000 households in Kenya.


Deconstructed Pools – Jackie & Anny
Material: Food as structure. We wanted to strip everyday food items of their edibility and change their "behavior". Can we give depth to a solid volume (i.e. a loaf of bread)? Can a plane (of milk) become a portal to a scene beyond?
Visual content: Reversal of reality. Our directional association with sky and sea is up and down. In our manufactured set, we flipped that world– where oceanic images are contained like clouds and hover over a surface of sky.
Setup (before/after)
We used two projectors opposite from each other so that we could capture 5 visible surfaces of the loaf of bread, as well as the tabletop milk pieces. Found videos of aquariums and pools were projected onto the hung loaves of bread, and moving clouds onto the milk.


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A 60th Anniversary Tribute to the Harry Smith Anthology of American Folk Music
Saturday, May 12th 3:00 PM
Artist, filmmaker, and musicologist Harry Smith was born in Portland, and he changed the world with music. Old Weird Americana is a celebration of his legend and legacy and the 60th anniversary of the release of his Anthology of American Folk Music. In-store performers include Ural Thomas, Joe McMurrian, Lewi Longmire, Bob Shoemaker, David Lipkind, Kory Quinn, Miz Kitty, and more.
The Anthology of American Folk Music was a compilation of recordings of American folk and country music commercially released as 78 rpm records between 1926 and 1932. The anthology was released in 1952 on Folkways Records as three two-LP sets. In 1997, the album was re-released as a boxed set of six compact discs on Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. In 2000, a fourth installment of the anthology, conceived of in the '50s but abandoned, became available on Revenant Records. The Anthology is generally thought to have been enormously influential on the folk & blues revival of the '50s and '60s, and brought the works of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Mississippi John Hurt, Dick Justice and many others to the attention of musicians such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, and featured such legendary acts as The Carter Family and Clarence Ashley.
Smith edited and directed the design of the anthology, including the cover art, which featured a Theodore de Bry etching of a monochord which Smith had taken from a mystical treatise by scientist/alchemist Robert Fludd. Smith also penned short synopses of the songs in the collection, which were made to resemble newspaper headlines—for the song "King Kong Kitchie Kitchie Ki-Me-O" by Chubby Parker, Smith notes: Zoologic Miscegeny Achieved Mouse Frog Nuptuals [sic], Relatives Approve. Smith culled selections from his amassed personal collection of 78 rpm records, picked for their commercial and artistic appeal within a set period of time, 1927 to 1932. Smith chose those particular years as boundaries since, as he stated himself, "1927, when electronic recording made possible accurate music reproduction, and 1932, when the Depression halted folk music sales." Smith earned a belated Grammy, the Chairman's Merit Award, for his contribution to this collection shortly before his death in 1991.
On May 20th, the Old Weird Americana tribute show comes to the Alberta Rose Theatre, including performers Ural Thomas, Joe McMurrian, Lewi Longmire, Baby Gramps, James Low, Mark Lemhouse, Lauren Sheehan, Michael Dean Damron, Bob Shoemaker, Mike Midlo, PDX Country Underground, Miz Kitty, Kory Quinn, Jane Keefer, Tin Pan Alley Killers, Joe Hickerson, The Ghost of Harry Smith, and more. _URL_


The Lady of the Lake: The Good, the Bad, and the Complicated
By: E.J. Lawrence
I once heard a saying–I don't know how true it is–that in the ancient eras, boys were more often associated with water, while girls were more often associated with fire. The reasoning given to me was that boys spent more time in the outdoors and were more prone to fall into wells, rivers, oceans, etc., while girls spent more time indoors or around fires and were more prone to burning themselves.
Whether this is true or not (and it isn't like our ancestors are known for their super meticulous record keeping and preserving), it is interesting how few stories one can find that associate women with water. The ones that do tend to be negative–sirens, mermaids, women on a ship as "bad luck." Which is why I find the connection between women and water in the Arthurian legends fascinating–first, because they exist, and second, because they are equal parts "good" and "bad."
Really, "good" and "bad" are too simplistic a way of describing the relationship women in these legends have with water. Women in the Arthurian canon are notoriously complicated characters, but they also make a valuable contribution to the medieval discussion about the roles of women. From a theological (and thus academic) standpoint, there were two primary schools of thought on women. Camp A: Women are like Eve; they are all temptresses who work to bring about the downfall of mankind and their passions must be kept in check (see: Tertullian, Augustine). Camp B: Women are like Mary; they are good and chaste and through them, we receive hope (children) for the future (see: Julian of Norwich, Hildegard).
The answer to the question "Are women more like Eve or Mary?" is probably "yes." Also, "no." Which is precisely how many of the Arthurian texts answer this same question. Particularly when it comes to the women associated with water.
Though there are several, I will briefly cover two Arthurian women and their complex, watery ways.
The first that comes to mind is probably the Lady of the Lake. Depending on which
(Walter Crane, 1911)
version of the legend one reads, she goes by many names: Nimue, Vivienne, or simply "The Lady of the Lake"…and any spelling variations of those. Many might consider her "good"–she gives Arthur his famed sword, Excalibur, after all!
…But she does so with the caveat that Arthur will owe her a favor one day (spoiler alert: This particular deal never goes well in literature.)
The "favor" she asks for later is that he behead Balin, one of his own knights. So this would seem to make her evil again.
Arthur refuses, and Balin takes of the lady's head instead. Arthur is unhappy, but the lady doesn't die; she's a fairy, after all.
She also raises a human boy as her own. His name is "Lancelot du Lake"–or "Lancelot of the Lake." See? She's good again!
Beguiling of Merlin (Edward Burne-Jones, _PHONE_)
…But later, she forces Merlin to teach her all of his secrets of magic and then traps him in a tree for all eternity, depriving Arthur of his adviser just when he needs him most. So…evil again.
When Arthur dies, he asks Sir Bedivere to return the sword Excalibur to the lake. After three tries, Bedivere finally does so and sees a woman's hand reach up from the lake, grab the sword, brandish it three times and then disappear. It is then Arthur knows he can cross the sea to Avalon. So…perhaps she is good, after all.
Accompanying Arthur across the sea is also his sister Morgan le Fay, whom I've written on extensively here and here. Morgan le Fay (also a "fay" or "faerie") shares many of the Lady of the Lake's qualities–she, too, is sometimes "good," acting in the best interests of Arthur's kingdom, and sometimes "evil," acting against Arthur and his kingdom.
But perhaps it's best to view these two women as acting in their own interests more so than determining their morality based on how they act in the interest of others. Considering the significance of symbolism to the medieval world, I think the fact that these two women in particular are associated with water helps to show their fluid nature, as well as the fact they "ebb and flow" according to what is needed. Are they Eve or Mary?
Yes. And no.
Though this fluidity might make them seem fickle, it's important to note there is a consistency to their actions. Both the Lady of the Lake and Morgan le Fay pursue their own interests and goals to the exclusion of others', and while their own goals come into conflict with Arthur's at times, everything in the Arthurian narrative works toward the ultimate goal of bringing the downfall of Camelot.
Still, this is one of the reasons I adore the women of the Arthurian canon–they are complicated. Though popular narrative has tried to boil them down to "good" or "bad" distinctions (Morgan le Fay, "bad"; Lady of the Lake, "good"), when one actually digs into the stories themselves, it just isn't that simple. Medieval literature is known for its driving plots, not its complex characterization. Which makes it all the more interesting to see these types of nuanced female characters represented in medieval narratives.
The Death of King Arthur (James Archer, 1860)
Runner Up Idea: I really want to write about Perceval's sister one of these months, and I thought about writing her story here since she meets the Grail Knights by boat…but the Lady of the Lake seemed to align more closely to the theme. But keep an eye out for my discussion of Perceval's sister!
Source Note: All summaries in this article are from Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur, both the Winchester and Caxton MS.


Title fights, succession planning and capacity building
Wednesday, 1 June 2016
Craig Allen
Aboriginal Men carry the responsibility of sharing our culture, maintaining country and ensuring that we have created a solid, culturally safe and culturally secure platform from which our future generations can build.
Title Fight will create an opportunity for Aboriginal men to discuss two distinct and yet related topics. The session will begin by exploring the idea of a Title Fight. As men, we are grandfathers, fathers, sons, husbands, bread winners and protectors of our family. However what about the corporate world? The titles we fight for, and subsequently wear, range in power and stature, from assigned positions, such as board members or directors where we represent our communities through to less formal, however equally important, titles, such as leaders and caretakers of knowledge.
However what do these titles actually mean? Do they provide us with more power, privileges, control or leverage? Are we entitled to more respect? And if so why? And what happens in instances where the Titles we fight for become tokenistic in nature? Set us up to fail? Or just fail to fight what we would consider is the 'good fight'?
Succession Planning and Capacity Building will then enable the men to discuss exactly that. What are our visions for the future and how do we instill these visions in others? Are we succession planning and capacity building? Whom are we building capacity in?
And what was are the characteristics that we identify in those that we build? And are there others we should consider building capacity?
This interactive session encourages participants to explore dynamics surrounding these topics and workshop potential solutions in order to create beneficial changes for our communities.


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Fruit Flies Medicate Offspring with Alcohol
Female parasitic wasps have successfully infected fruit fly larvae, shown here; the wasps lay their eggs inside of the larvae, which then hatch and eat the maggots from the inside out.
CREDIT: Photo courtesy of Todd Schlenke
It's not likely anyone would nominate a fruit fly for a "Best Mother of the Year" award — after laying her eggs, the insect hits the road, never to be heard from again. But it now turns out that fruit fly mothers aren't completely uncaring and actually try to give their offspring a fighting chance at life.
If she spots a deadly parasitic wasp around, the female fruit fly will "medicate" her offspring by laying her eggs in an environment with high levels of alcohol, which is very toxic to the wasps but not to the flies, new research shows.
Throughout the world, parasitic wasps are a bane to fruit flies. Female wasps lay their eggs inside fly larvae, which then hatch and eat the maggots from the inside out. Fly larvae have a natural immune response to try to kill the wasp, but the venom the wasp injects along with her egg sometimes counters this defense.
"Who survives is totally dependent on the fly strain and the wasp strain," said lead researcher Todd Schlenke, a biologist at Emory University in Georgia. "You never really know who's going to win."
Last year, Schlenke and his team discovered that infected fly larvae have another trick up their sleeves to defeat their enemies: alcohol. Unlike wasp parasites, fruit flies have a high tolerance for alcohol, likely because the fly larvae live in rotting fruit, where a lot of fermentation is taking place. So if a maggot has a wasp growing inside of it, it will seek out and consume food with high levels of alcohol to kill the parasite. [The 10 Most Diabolical and Disgusting Parasites]
This finding led the researchers to wonder if adult fruit flies, which don't get infected by the wasps, know to use the chemical weapon against the parasites. "Would the flies change where they lay their eggs if a wasp is around?" Schlenke said.
Battling with alcohol
In the new study, Schlenke and his team stuck adult female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) into a cage with two food dishes, one alcohol-free and the other with 6-percent alcohol. If no wasps were present, only around 40 percent of the flies laid their eggs in the alcoholic food. But if the researchers put female wasp parasites (Leptopilina heterotoma) into the cage, about 90 percent of the flies laid their eggs in the alcohol-laden dishes.
This behavior, the researchers found, lasts for several days. When the fruit flies were "pre-exposed" to the wasps, they remembered the danger and continued to prefer laying eggs in the alcoholic environment for up to four days after the wasps left the cage.
The researchers then wondered how, exactly, the fruit flies sense the presence of the wasps. By using mutant flies that either couldn't see or smell, they discovered the flies recognize the wasps based on sight — an interesting ability considering that the flies had been reared in a wasp-free lab for generations.
"The flies have never seen wasps in their lives, neither have their parents or their grandparents," Schlenke explained, adding that the flies must have "innate search images for wasps."
Interestingly, these search images are sex-specific; the fruit flies don't seem to care if male wasps are around. Male parasitic wasps have noticeably longer antennae than female wasps, so the researchers tested if clipping the males' antennae would trick the flies. It didn't. The fruit flies somehow still knew the wasps were male and stuck to the alcohol-free dishes, suggesting they recognize the female wasps based on some other characteristic. [Googly Eyes: Photos of Striking Wasp Faces]
A widespread behavior?
Schlenke is curious to see how widespread this "behavioral immune response" is. In the current study, the team found that a host of other booze-tolerant flies also pre-emptively medicate their young with alcohol when they spot the wasps. But fly species that don't live in rotting fruit never choose the alcohol-laced food over the alcohol-free food, even if a wasp is in sight.
Do these flies, and maybe even other types of insects, have a different immune tactic to fight parasitic wasps?
For instance, some fly species live on mushrooms, which contain a variety of toxins, Schlenke said. "I wonder if mushroom flies are able to use the mushroom toxins to protect themselves against wasps," he said.
These behavioral examples would help show that the immune system is made up of more than just immune-activated cells, such as antibodies, Schlenke said. Specifically, immune behaviors, such as medicating oneself or another, are also part of an organism's immune system.
"We need to think of the immune system as a broader set of structures and processes that protect an organism from infection," Schlenke said.
The research is detailed in tomorrow's (Feb. 22) issue of the journal Science.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


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Facial biometrics deployment for residential access control in Canada concerns privacy advocates
A Canadian real estate management firm has deployed biometric facial recognition to prevent unauthorized access of its buildings and track building entries, Reuters reports, and some rights advocates in the country are expressing concern.
The 1Valet system combines face biometrics on surveillance cameras, lighting and door locks on one platform that building managers can control from a single "smartphone-style" panel. A representative of the company says it is the first deployment of its kind in Canada.
Property managers operate an editable database, and the system logs door use to enable security incident investigations, which could be shared with authorities if necessary.
Privacy and Access Council of Canada President Sharon Polsky notes that privacy laws in the country are 30 years old, and calls them "not adequate." She also says technologies like facial recognition "are completely unregulated."
Commercial use of personal information including biometrics is regulated in Canada by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, which was passed in 2000.
Three buildings in Ottawa are currently using the system, but it could be implemented in 12,000 housing units over the next three years. Residents are able to opt out of the facial recognition access control portion of the system in favor of a PIN, but the images of all people coming and going are still captured and retained.
Canadian Civil Liberties Association Privacy Director Brenda McPhail claims that "these kinds of 'smart technologies' are increasingly being embedded in building infrastructure," and warns that their use entails giving up privacy and anonymity. She also expresses concern about the lack of consent for delivery people and others, and implies that the system may create and store biometric templates of all people captured on camera.
Ontario Information and Privacy Commissioner Brian Beamish makes note that the system captures "the personal information of law-abiding individuals going about their everyday activities," and warned against the routine warrantless sharing of facial biometric data with law enforcement.


text:
Duplex Electrochemical DNA Sensor to Detect Bacillus anthracis CAP and PAG DNA Targets Based on the Incorporation of Tailed Primers and Ferrocene-Labeled dATP
We report the duplex amplification of two plasmid DNA markers involved in the virulence of Bacillus anthracis, CAP and PAG, and the direct electrochemical detection of these amplicons. The method consists of the simultaneous amplification of the two targets in a single-pot reaction via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using tailed primers and ferrocene-labeled dATP. Following amplification, the PCR products hybridize to probes immobilized on electrodes in a microfabricated electrode array chip. The incorporated ferrocene labeled dATP is then detected using square wave voltammetry. We evaluated the effect of electrolyte cations, anions, and concentration to condense, bend, and shrink double-stranded DNA and their effect on the intensity of the ferrocene signal. We obtained detection limits of 0.8 and 3.4 fM for CAP and PAG targets, respectively. We successfully developed a method to detect the presence of both targets in genomic DNA extracted from real samples.


What to Do If Convicted of Theft
What to Do If Convicted of Theft
Being charged with a theft crime could lead to a number of different penalties depending on the circumstances of the case. For example, petit theft and grand theft are two different categories of crime that will result in either lower or higher fines; grand theft usually indicates stealing more than $300 in property and can lead to a prison sentence of 30 years. If you've been convicted of theft and are facing high fines and years in prison, your next step is to appeal the court's decision.
Appeals involve taking your case to a higher court, which will look at the previous evidence and testimony presented, evaluate the validity of the court's decisions, and render a verdict on whether or not the smaller court was in error. In order to make an appeal, you must be able to show that evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to support a guilty verdict, the trial court made an incorrect ruling on a pretrial issue, the trial court erroneously failed to excuse a particular jury member who clearly demonstrated prejudice against you, the trial court erred in the jury instructions that were given to the jury. Likewise, if your sentence exceeded the maximum punishment allowed, this would also be grounds for an appeal.
Appellate court rulings can also result in one of a few scenarios. The appeals court will uphold the conviction, modify the judgment, remand to the trial court, or reverse the judgment of the trial court. In the last case, it is entirely possible the court will discharge your case completely, depending on the circumstances.
The appeals process can be complicated and challenging, especially in a shorter time frame. It's best to pursue an appeal with the assistance of an experienced Miami criminal defense attorney. The founder of the Law Office of Michael Mirer, P.A., Michael Mirer, is a skilled and highly rated criminal defense lawyer who has dedicated his practice to defending his clients' rights and freedoms. Let him see what he can do for your situation. As a former prosecutor, Attorney Mirer is knowledgeable about how the opposition thinks. Whether you are facing a state or federal sentence, he can help.
Contact us by phone or fill out our online form to schedule your free case evaluation today.


The Queen's Music Club is made up of musicians looking for access to equipment and facilities in order to pursue music. We intend to provide an accessible rehearsal space for student use and foster the musician community at Queen's.
Our club facilitates three main activities. Firstly, we run open jam sessions on weeknights which students can attend after paying an initial membership fee. Secondly, we rent our rehearsal space to artists and bands in the Queen's community. Thirdly, we organize social events for students, including concerts and informal get-togethers.
 1. To enable students to continue in the pursuit of learning and creating music affordably, while attending university
 2. To unify the music community at Queen's university
 3. To provide equipment and facilities to students for the purpose of creating and learning music.
 4. To provide social functions and events with the purpose of adding to the variety of university life.
 5. To provide opportunities for members to perform on a regular basis
 6. The activities of the club shall be carried on with no intention of personal financial gain; all profits, grants, membership fees, and accretions shall be used uniquely for carrying out the club's objectives.
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Alma Mater Society of Queen's University
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Square Root of Number program in C++
# Important Points:
 - Square root in C++ can be calculated using sqrt() function defined in <math.h> header file.
 - sqrt() function takes a number as an argument and returns the square root of that number.

Example:
Given number: 1296
Square root: 36
# Algorithm
 1. Create a variable number and root.
 2. Enter the number whose cube root is to be calculated.
 3. Get the cube root using function sqrt().
Code:
#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
 float number, root;
 cout << "Enter number whose root is to be found: ";
 cin >> number;
 root = sqrt(number);
 cout << "Square root of " << number << " is " << root;
 return 0;
}

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CopyRight © 2020
CopyRight © 2020


Microsoft KB Archive/58226
From BetaArchive Wiki
Excel: Operations Using Database or Criteria on External WS
The information in this article applies to:
 - Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh, versions 2.2, 3.0, 4.0
SUMMARY
When using Microsoft Excel, you can perform database operations using a database or criteria range from another worksheet or macro sheet. To do this, choose Define Name from the Formula menu to define the database or criteria as an external reference to the worksheet or macro sheet containing the database or criteria range.
MORE INFORMATION
For example, if a database is set on Worksheet1, and you want to do an extract to Worksheet2, do the following:
 1. With Worksheet2 active, choose Define Name from the Formula menu.
 2. In the Name box, enter the word Database.
 3. In the Refers To box, enter the worksheet name followed by an exclamation point and the database range. Be sure to precede the worksheet name with an equal sign. For example, you could enter the following:
=Worksheet1!$A$1:$G$150
Alternatively, if the database is already defined on Worksheet1, you could enter the following as your reference on Worksheet2:
=Worksheet1!Database
 1. You can define the criteria on Worksheet2 in the normal manner, or you can use a criteria already defined on Worksheet1 by following the above steps to define the name "Criteria" on Worksheet2.
REFERENCES
"Microsoft Excel User's Guide 2," version 4.0, pages 305-357
"Microsoft Excel User's Guide," version 3.0, pages 347-387
"Microsoft Excel Reference," version 2.2, pages 148-157
Additional query words: macrosheet 2.20 3.0 4.00
Keywords :
Version :
Platform :
Issue type :
Technology :
Last Reviewed: March 15, 1999
© 2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of Use.


text:
Fiberfrax® Refractory ceramic fibers are a family of high temperature fibers designed to be used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. Manufactured from alumina-silica materials these fibers offer such characteristics as high temperature stability, low thermal conductivity, low heat storage, excellent thermal shock resistance, light weight, and superior corrosion resistance. Fiberfrax Refractory ceramic fibers exhibit thermal stability at temperatures up to 1260°C (2300°F).
Fiberfrax Refractory ceramic fibers are available in a variety of chemistries and diameters which can service a wide variety of applications. In addition, these fibers can be further modified by chopping or by removal of the unfiberized particles (called shot). Lubricants can also be added to the fiber to enhance fiber properties. Unifrax has the ability to control the average fiber diameter of fibers through a unique spinning operation. It is this spinning operation that is used to produce both the Fiberfrax® Spun Fiber and Long Staple Fibers. Average fiber diameters for these fibers range from 3 to 12 microns as detailed on the table below.
These larger-diameter fibers provide certain desirable properties, such as:


text:
If you know that one item being compared is a symbol, use eq?:
(if (eq? operation '+)...)
In general, for comparing simple items, use eqv?.
In the original definition of Lisp, data such as symbols, booleans,
and numbers were called atoms. In Common Lisp, an atom is defined
to be anything that is not a cons cell.
To compare list structure, strings, or vectors, use equal?.


text:
This Activity is meant for Boy Scouts.
Assortment of items that can be stacked, tied, wrapped together to form a sculpture.
Or, poles, sticks, and rope to make a structure.
Divide items up so each patrol has a fair assortment.
- Your Goal is to build a meaningful, interesting sculpture.
- You have up to eight minutes to plan what you are going to create and how you will do it. You may NOT TOUCH the items.
- When you are ready, or when time is up, you will then have 10 minutes to build your sculpture. Once the items are touched, you CAN NOT TALK.
- When the sculptures are finished, you will present your sculpture to the group and explain its deep meaning.
Did you do your part to the best of your abilities?
How did your patrol interact in planning?
How well did your patrol work together?
Was style of leadership was used?


How do I remove files older than a certain date, like logs and sessions?
The UNIX find utility is disabled for performance reasons. In order to find older files and delete them, one must create a script that performs similar logic.
Below is a way to do this using a PHP script and a HTML form as a cron job alternative.
 1. Notes
 2. The HTML form
 3. The PHP script
Before implementing your script for deletion of older files,know the following:
This is not designed to be used as a cron job. If you want to use as a cron job, do one of the following:
 - Hard code the arguments passed over HTML GET
 - OR
 - Pass the arguments on the CLI and use argv[0] and argv[1].
Example 1
ex1 $dir = opendir("/mnt/stor1-wc1-dfw1/111111/") or die("Could not open directory");
Example 2
ex2 $dir = opendir($argv[0)) or die("Could not open directory");
This form will allow anyone that can access it to delete your content. You'll want to secure it with an.htaccess file. You can also delete the form when you're done with it.
The HTML form
The HTML form that sends the directory and age to the PHP script is as follows:

 Directory:
 Days Old:

The PHP script
The PHP script that takes args from HTML GET query string can be constructed as follows:
 * DISCLAIMER: Use at your own risk. Rackspace claims no responsibility for any loss of data that occurs when using this script.
 * Pass from a HTML form the directory to be searched eg. /mnt/stor1-wc1-dfw1/111111/
 * Pass from a HTML form the age of files to be deleted in days. eg. "10" is any files that have not been modifed in 10 days
$dir = opendir($_GET["dir"]) or die("Could not open directory");
$old = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")-$_GET["days"],date("Y"));
echo "Working in ".$_GET["dir"]."";
echo "Deleting files created before ".date("F d Y", $old)."";
while(($dirent = readdir($dir)) != false)
 $cur = filemtime($dirent);
 if($cur < $old)
 echo "$dirent modified ".date("F d Y H:i:s",$cur)."";
 echo "Error deleting file $dirent";
 echo "$dirent modified ".date("F d Y H:i:s",$cur)."";
Was this content helpful?
© 2011-2013 Rackspace US, Inc.
See license specifics and DISCLAIMER


text:
By default, Gmail uses a secure connection (SSL) to check your credentials (username and password), but after that it redirects to a http connection.
Gmail encodes with gzip all the sent/ received data to transfer it faster, but this can be easily unzipped if a network sniffer monitors the traffic.
The https protocol uses more resources on both ends to encrypt and decrypt the traffic, so that's why Google didn't make it the default option.
If you want to encrypt your connection to Gmail, there is a simple option: bookmark _URL_, and use it instead of gmail.com or install a Firefox extension called Customize Google. The extension also switches Google Calendar to a SSL connection.
This is an useful trick for many sites, including meebo.com or box.net.
Updated: replaced _URL_ with _URL_ to prevent a warning about the domain name in Firefox.
Create encrypted volumes
Do you trust your computer?
New features in Gmail
ROM CHECK FAIL
1 hour ago


text:
Zoom login information will be emailed to registrants.
With billions of cell phones in the world and millions of phone applications, the amount of evidence created by cell phones can be daunting. This program will explain the common types of evidence that can be recovered from cell phones, including deleted data. Some evidence types that will be discussed include location information, text messages, multimedia, voice mails, cloud backups, and more. Real-life case examples will be used to illustrate how evidence recovered from cell phones can be used in cases and investigations. The proper methods to forensically acquire cell phone evidence will be covered, and how evidence can be challenged in court.
Presented by Lars Daniel, Practice Leader, Digital Forensics, Envista Forensics
Lars has qualified as an expert in state and federal courts. He has qualified as a computer forensics expert, a cell phone forensics expert, a digital forensics expert, a photo forensics expert, and a video forensics expert. Lars provided training in digital forensics and has taught continuing legal education (CLE) classes throughout the United States. Lars has worked on cases throughout the United States and has provided forensic services in hundreds of criminal and civil cases. He is the co-author of the book, "Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals," and the book "Digital Forensics Trial Graphics: Teaching the Jury through Effective Use of Visuals."


text:
The goal of this programming assignment is to have you write, from scratch, a simple Android game following the Model/View/Controller pattern. This will be something you can demo and discuss in a job interview if you want to work in this area.
We will spend 30 minutes brainstorming different ideas and when you come up with an idea you should write a blog post with the title "My PA4 Game"
Your program must:
- have an initial "welcome" screen with a "play" button
- have a GameActivity screen where the game is played
- have a win/lose/retry activity that is generated when the game or level ends
- accept user touchscreen input and do something interesting
- have an underlying model that is fairly simple but not trivial (you can create a more sophisticated model later, but for this assignment keep it relatively simple!)
- have a view that does nothing but update the model and draw the view based on what is on the model. It carries no internal state itself.
- have a controller that processes all input from the user and all model-generated events that might change the user interaction (e.g. completing a level!)
- be localized to work with two languages, one of which is English. Read _URL_ to learn how to do this (it's easy!)
- be customized to work on two different devices (the phone and the xoom). The layouts should be slightly different on each device. Read _URL_ to see how to do this (also pretty easy!)


What is Ocean Protocol? (OCEAN)
The Beginner's Guide
Built on top of the Ethereum blockchain, the Ocean protocol uses 'datatokens' to gate access to data sets. The tokens are then redeemed by users who need access to the information.
Ocean is seeking to make the data sets on its platform available to startups and researchers, without the data having to leave the hands of those who store it.
Ocean's software is built to facilitate this data exchange, linking users who need data or do not have resources to store it, with those who have resources to spare. In return for their work, providers are awarded OCEAN, Ocean's native cryptocurrency.
The OCEAN token (sometimes referred to as OCEAN coin or OCEAN crypto) is designed to be multipurpose, and is used to validate the best datatokens and to allow users to both participate in governance and buy and sell data.
Further, Ocean enables marketplaces to implement its protocol to connect parties and facilitate transactions between them. For example, Ocean Market, created by the Ocean team, is a place where datatokens are publicly available for trade.
For more regular updates from the Ocean Protocol team, you can bookmark the Ocean Protocol Blog, which includes product details, new releases and project integrations.
What is ocean protocol
Who created Ocean Protocol?
Ocean Protocol was founded in 2017 by Bruce Pon and AI researcher Trent McConaghy, who previously founded BigChainDB, a blockchain database software company.
The project is supported by the Ocean Protocol Foundation, a non-profit based in Singapore, and OceanDAO, a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO).
The Ocean Protocol Foundation raised a total of $26.8 million through several rounds of token offerings, releasing roughly 160 million OCEAN tokens.
How does Ocean Protocol work?
The Ocean Protocol uses custom programs called smart contracts to ensure each datatoken can be exchangeable across Ethereum's blockchain and within its decentralized applications.
To make the system work, Ocean operates through three main components:
 - Providers – Mint datatokens and sell the right to access off-chain data sets
 - Consumers – Purchase datatokens and redeem access to datasets
 - Marketplaces – Connect providers and consumers and facilitate transactions
Ocean Market
The Ocean Market is an automated market maker (AMM) that was built to facilitate the minting and exchange of datatokens.
In contrast to traditional orderbook style trading that matches the 'bids' and 'asks' of participating parties, automated market makers use a collection of liquidity pools, similar to Uniswap and Balancer, that allow each trade to settle through a set of smart contracts.
When a provider seeks to mint and publish a datatoken, they specify several fields to inform consumers about their product, including a title, description, price, and a URL where the data can be found, which is then encrypted and stored on Ethereum.
Ultimately, when consumers decide to redeem a datatoken, the data is decrypted and subsequently downloadable directly from the wallet connected to the marketplace.
Compute-to-Data is Ocean's feature that allows data sharing while preserving user privacy.
Using this method, datatokens allow consumers to leverage certain portions of a dataset to run specific computing jobs, thus supporting the development of research or artificial intelligence, while keeping certain user information private.
Providers can therefore keep datasets on their own servers, and sell portions of it to specific parties, or for particular use cases.
Why does OCEAN have value?
Ocean Protocol's cryptocurrency, OCEAN allows users to buy and sell datatokens, participate in governance, or stake in the Ocean Market.
OCEAN's main use case is its ability to be the unit of exchange for datatokens. Of note, as a token that abides by Ethereum's standards, OCEAN and datatokens are also transferable for other ERC-20 tokens such as ETH, DAI, and many others.
Users who stake OCEAN also help govern the protocol, voting on network upgrade proposals to determine which initiatives to push forward.
Given Ocean Market operates as a marketplace, OCEAN holders may also stake their tokens and provide liquidity to the marketplace. In return, these liquidity providers can earn a percentage of the transaction fees paid by traders that utilize liquidity pools.
Lastly, OCEAN is also critical to OceanDAO operations, as it grants owners the ability to vote on which proposals to fund and guide the future of the project.
Why use OCEAN?
Users may find Ocean Protocol appealing if they wish to monetize a dataset or access data beneficial in research, AI modeling, or general analysis.
The Ocean project may also be interesting to developers who wish to implement tokenized data exchange in a marketplace.
Investors may also seek to add OCEAN to their portfolio should they believe in the future and demand for AI and data sharing markets.
Start buying Cryptocurrency
We don't yet offer OCEAN on Kraken, but check out our entire selection here and signup for an account!


text:
Why use Aquakat?
Water is one of our most precious resources, we take it for granted. But what is it and how do we use it?
H2O – Uses:
- Food Preparation
- Leisure and Sport
- Heating System
- Cooling Systems
- Plants and Livestock
- Energy and Information Carrier
- Solvent carrying e.g. soap and detergent
H2O – The human body:
- 70% of our body is water (up to 90% of our brain and blood)
- The daily water demand is 0.03 Litre per kg body weight
- Metabolic processes are only possible with water
- Optimal renal activity is only possible with a adequate water supply
We all need water supplied into our homes and work premises. As everyone knows to achieve this we use a vast network of pipes, but in doing this we put the water under pressure.
This makes water lose its vitality and solvent carrying capacity, making the water less palatable and increasing problems such as limescale build up in pipes, fittings and machinery.
An innovative range of water vitalisation devices designed and manufactured in Switzerland.
Revitalise water making it more spring like and better tasting just as nature intended.
- No maintenance
- Easy to Install simply fits alongside or around mains pipes
- Requires no power supply
- No magnets
- Reduces use of chemicals
- Lasts for years
- Improved solubility capacity
- Softer water
- Available in various sizes for use in Industry
- Commercial Premises


William Kelly
American inventor
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Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
William Kelly, (born Aug. 21, 1811, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.—died Feb. 11, 1888, Louisville, Ky.), American ironmaster who invented the pneumatic process of steelmaking, in which air is blown through molten pig iron to oxidize and remove unwanted impurities. Also patented by Sir Henry Bessemer of Great Britain, this process produced the first inexpensive steel, which became the major construction material in the burgeoning industrial age.
In the early 1840s, while on a buying trip for McShane & Kelly, a Pittsburgh dry-goods and shipping company in which he was a partner, Kelly became interested in the iron industry around Eddyville, Ky., and later persuaded his brother to join him in forming an ironworks. They bought an iron furnace and 14,000 acres of timberland and ore deposits; the Eddyville Iron Works prospered.
With the gradual depletion of the timberland and the dwindling of carbon-free iron deposits, Kelly began searching for a more efficient means of refining pig iron. Aware that air drafts cause molten iron to glow white hot, he became convinced that air blown through molten iron not only would remove the carbon but also would cause the temperature of the molten mass to rise, making further heating unnecessary.
In 1855 Bessemer obtained an English patent, and the following year several American patents, on the pneumatic process. When Kelly heard of Bessemer's patents, he filed a priority claim and in 1857 received a U.S. patent superseding Bessemer's patents.
Further innovations in steelmaking, notably by Robert Mushet of England and Goran Goransson of Sweden, made the pneumatic process practical. Before he went bankrupt during the panic of 1857, Kelly sold his patent to his father. In 1859 he renewed his experiments at the Cambria Iron Works, Johnstown, Pa., and by 1862 managed to find enough financial aid to enable him to build a steel plant in Wyandotte, Mich. Within two years he produced the first commercial steel using the Kelly process. In 1863 the Kelly Pneumatic Process Company was organized, and the following year a rival company using Bessemer's patents was organized in Troy, N.Y. Unable to achieve more than minimal success with their respective patents and processes, the two companies pooled their resources in 1866, and thereafter steel production expanded rapidly.
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