text:
Why the Nutrition Label Fails to Inform Consumers
The Food and Drug Administration recently decided to update the Nutrition Facts panel (NFP). The NFP's ineffectiveness has led some to abandon information disclosure attempts and instead advocate for more intrusive paternalistic policies such as taxes and bans on certain types of food. The NFP's failure, however, is due to its poor design rather than to flawed consumer decision-making. Treating the failure of government policies as consumers' fault rather than design failure absolves policymakers of responsibility for policy failures and prevents them from seeking better, more effective solutions, since they instead fall back on the easy solution of restricting consumer choices.


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treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation in a closed heating system
Table 2 depicts the results of a simultaneous treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation in a closed heating system. Tables 2(a) and 2(b) depict the results for steam discharging times of 10 and 40 minutes, respectively, and the results therein were examined similarly as in the case of Table 1. A longer steam discharging time than that used for air-dried specimens was used due to a large MC. As depicted in Table 2(a), normal processing was possible under limited conditions. The MC after the simultaneous treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation in a closed heating system was approximately 25 percent. From Table 2(b), it can be observed that processing was possible under a wide variety of conditions, and the average specimen MC after processing was approximately 6 percent, hence demonstrating that the simultaneous treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation in the compression process of wood is feasible. Wood drying effects, such as drying checks and cupping, were not observed after the process. A noticeable swelling and a crack in the longitudinal direction were observed for the control specimens, which can most likely be explained by the aforementioned hydraulic pressure. Under the conditions denoted by the symbol "x" in Tables 2(a) and 2(b), swelling was observed, but a longitudinal crack did not form.
The effect of holes drilled into air-dried specimens was examined in a closed heating system on the deformation fixation of compressed wood. Specimens were drilled with holes to improve the permeability of steam in wood, and to reduce the press cooling-reheating process requirements that are problematic to contemporary deformation fixation. This investigation realized a basis for continuous press processing, which is expected to have important productivity and industrial implications for the lumbering industry.
The impact of drilled holes on the permeability of water in wood was examined using wet specimens. The impact of drilled holes and processing conditions on specimen compressive deformation and compression drying was investigated. The effect of the drilled holes on specimen permeability to water was observed from changes in specimen MC, compressive stress, and appearance. Water removal rates were markedly increased for drilled specimens, and the MC decreased correspondingly. Further, the MC was asymptotic at a constant value, depending on the CR. The higher the specimen MC prior to compression and the greater the CR, that is, the effect of removal was appreciable. The compressive stress of the drilled specimens was lower than that of the control specimens, and the hydraulic pressureinduced cracking was controlled by the drilled holes. The deformation speed was not observed to affect the MC change as a function of MC in this study, while the compressive stress increased proportionally to the deformation speed.
From the results obtained from processing wet specimens, it is clear that the simultaneous treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation is feasible, that is, wood can be dried using compression and fixation. This finding is expected to have important implications for reduced processing energy requirements, and improve the over efficiency of lumber processing. Unfortunately, the investigated pressing conditions were not suitable for the simultaneous treatment of compression drying and deformation fixation. Future work will investigate improved processing conditions or methods in the vein of compression drying.
Fukuta, S., F. Asada, and Y. Sasaki. 2007. Compressive deformation process of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica). Wood and Fiber Sci. 39(4):548-555.
Ito, Y., M. Tanahashi, M. Kawai, M. Shigematsu, and Y. Shinoda. 1995. Compressively molded wood and practical processing by highpressure steam treatment. Res. Bulletin of the Faculty College of Agriculture, Gifu Univ. 60:121-127. (in Japanese).
Inoue, M., M. Norimoto, M. Tanahashi, and R.M. Rowell. 1993a. Steam or heat fixation of compressed wood. Wood and Fiber Sci. 25(3): 224-235.
__________, N. Kadokawa, J. Nishio, and M. Norimoto. 1993b. Permanent fixation of compressive deformation by hygro-thermal treatment using moisture in wood. Wood Res. and Technical Notes. 29:54-61. (in Japanese).
Norimoto, M. 1993. Large compressive deformation in wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 39(8):867-874. (in Japanese).
Norimoto, M. 1994. Transverse compression of wood and its application to wood processing. Wood Res. and Technical Notes. 30:1- 15. (in Japanese).
Okuyama, T. and I. Asano. 1970. Effect of strain rate on mechanical properties of wood. I. On the influence of strain rate to compressive properties parallel to the grain of wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 16(1): 15-19. (in Japanese).
__________, K. Tsuzuki, and I. Asano. 1970. Effect of strain rate on mechanical properties of wood. II. On the empirical equation of stress-strain relation in compression. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 16(1):20- 25. (in Japanese).
The authors are. respectively, Research Scientists, Aichi Industrial Technology Inst., Aichi, Japan ([email protected] lg.jp, [email protected]); and Professor, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sci., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya-city, Aichi, Japan ([email protected]). This paper was received for publication in August 2007. Article No. 10397.
(c) Forest Products Society 2008.
Forest Prod. J. 58(7/8):82-88.
Copyright Forest Products Society Jul/Aug 2008
(c) 2008 Forest Products Journal. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All rights Reserved.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A quick and accurate test can tell human blood from animal, without destroying the sample. This could help forensic scientists onsite at hit-and-run crime scenes.
Animal and human blood are identical to the naked eye, but different at a biochemical level. Telling blood samples apart is particularly important in hit-and-run cases when suspects might lie that an incident involved an animal and not a human.
Now, scientists at the University of Albany, US, propose a method that combines spectroscopy and statistics to differentiate human and animal blood. The team first distinguished blood from humans, cats and dogs in 2015. The latest work looks at the blood of pets and species often involved in collisions with vehicles such as deer, rabbits and ferrets.
The team used attenuated total reflection Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy to analyse samples directly, with no preparation needed. The team then applied a genetic algorithm to the resulting spectrum, selecting the most informative spectral regions. The chemical fingerprints of proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates were sufficiently different between humans and other animals that they could be told apart with excellent accuracy.
Even though the test can distinguish between human and other animal blood, it's still impossible to tell different non-human animal blood apart – the relevant differences in blood between species are still unknown. With further development, the team says that the test could be a feasible strategy to analyse body fluids at crime scenes.
E Mistek-Morabito et al, Comm. Chem., 2020, DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00424-8

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Rendering Unto Caesar: Was Jesus a Socialist?
Also available to purchase for your Kindle or iPad/iPhone.
By examining the words of Jesus in the context of their time and place, Reed shows Jesus never called for the political process to rearrange wealth. He denounced envy. He stressed choice, accountability and private property. He endorsed keeping one's word and honoring contracts. He emphasized principles of personal character and the Golden Rule. These things are all difficult to reconcile with political force.
Now, when anyone suggests that the teachings of Jesus are in any way incompatible with free markets or capitalism, defenders of free markets can provide concise and conclusive responses. There is no other publication that does the job as fully or is as accessible as Rendering Unto Caesar.


Vallibadari, Valli-badari, Vallībadarī: 2 definitions
Languages of India and abroad
Sanskrit dictionary
[«previous next»] — Vallibadari in Sanskrit glossary
Vallībadarī (वल्लीबदरी):—[=vallī-badarī] [from vallī > vall] f. a species of jujube, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
[Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch)
Vallībadarī (वल्लीबदरी):—f. eine Art Judendorn, = bhūbadarī [Rājanirghaṇṭa im Śabdakalpadruma]
context information
Discover the meaning of vallibadari in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India
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text:
A bioterrorist attack which could wipe out 30 million people is becoming increasingly likely because it is easier than ever to create and spread deadly pathogens, Bill Gates has warned. The Microsoft Founder, who was speaking ahead of speech at the Royal United Services Institute in London (RUSI), warned that an outbreak of a lethal respiratory virus like smallpox would be more dangerous than even a nuclear attack. Mr Gates, whose charitable foundation funds research into quickly spotting outbreaks, said it was more important than ever to help foreign countries monitor diseases to prevent a global tragedy.
"Bioterrorism is a much larger risk than a pandemic," he said. "All these advances in biology have made it far easier for a terrorist to recreate smallpox, which is a highly fatal pathogen, where there is essentially no immunity remaining at this point. "When you are thinking about things that could cause in excess of 10 million deaths, even something tragic like a nuclear weapons incident wouldn't get to that level. So the greatest risk is from a natural epidemic or an intentionally caused infection bioterrorism events. READ MORE


text:
Development of Modelling Techniques for Pulsed Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (PP-CVD)
Thesis DisciplineMechanical Engineering
Degree GrantorUniversity of Canterbury
Degree NameDoctor of Philosophy
In this thesis, a numerical and theoretical investigation of the Pulsed Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition (PP-CVD) progress is presented. This process is a novel method for the deposition of thin films of materials from either liquid or gaseous precursors. PP-CVD operates in an unsteady manner whereby timed pulsed of the precursor are injected into a continuously evacuated reactor volume. A non-dimensional parameter indicating the extent of continuum breakdown under strong temporal gradients is developed. Experimental measurements, supplemented by basic continuum simulations, reveal that spatio-temporal breakdown of the continuum condition occurs within the reactor volume. This means that the use of continuum equation based solvers for modelling the flow field is inappropriate. In this thesis, appropriate methods are developed for modelling unsteady non-continuum flows, centred on the particle-based Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. As a first step, a basic particle tracking method and single processor DSMC code are used to investigate the physical mechanisms for the high precursor conversion efficiency and deposition uniformity observed in experimental reactors. This investigation reveals that at soon after the completion of the PP-CVD injection phase, the precursor particles have an approximately uniform distribution within the reactor volume. The particles then simply diffuse to the substrate during the pump-down phase, during which the rate of diffusion greatly exceeds the rate at which particles can be removed from the reactor. Higher precursor conversion efficiency was found to correlate with smaller size carrier gas molecules and moderate reactor peak pressure. An unsteady sampling routine for a general parallel DSMC method called PDSC, allowing the simulation of time-dependent flow problems in the near continuum range, is then developed in detail. Nearest neighbour collision routines are also implemented and verified for this code. A post-processing procedure called DSMC Rapid Ensemble Averaging Method (DREAM) is developed to improve the statistical scatter in the results while minimising both memory and simulation time. This method builds an ensemble average of repeated runs over small number of sampling intervals prior to the sampling point of interest by restarting the flow using either xi a Maxwellian distribution based on macroscopic properties for near equilibrium flows (DREAM-I) or output instantaneous particle data obtained by the original unsteady sampling of PDSC for strongly non-equilibrium flows (DREAM-II). The method is validated by simulating shock tube flow and the development of simple Couette flow. Unsteady PDSC is found to accurately predict the flow field in both cases with significantly reduced run-times over single processor code and DREAM greatly reduces the statistical scatter in the results while maintaining accurate particle velocity distributions. Verification simulations are conducted involving the interaction of shocks over wedges and a benchmark study against other DSMC code is conducted. The unsteady PDSC routines are then used to simulate the PP-CVD injection phase. These simulations reveal the complex flow phenomena present during this stage. The initial expansion is highly unsteady; however a quasi-steady jet structure forms within the reactor after this initial stage. The simulations give additional evidence that the collapse of the jet at the end of the injection phase results in an approximately uniform distribution of precursor throughout the reactor volume. Advanced modelling methods and the future work required for development of the PP-CVD method are then proposed. These methods will allow all configurations of reactor to be modelled while reducing the computational expense of the simulations.


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Characterization of small-scale groundwater irrigation schemes in a humid coastal region of southern India|
|Citation:||Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 2009, Vol.47, , pp.37-42|
|Abstract:||Small-scale groundwater irrigation schemes involving large diameter wells are prevalent in the coastal district of Uttara Kannada, Karnataka State, India. A study was conducted to assess the characteristics of these large diameter open wells and the hydraulic properties of shallow aquifers. Field tests were conducted in 19 wells to assess their potential to supply irrigation water requirements of the region. Constant discharge pump tests indicated significant spatial variations in aquifer transmissivity (5.60 to 64.55 m2 day-1) and specific yield (0.063 to 0.95). Low transmissivity values signify poor potential of the aquifer to supply irrigation water needs. Exponential prediction models linking transmissivity and well specific capacity gave a good fit. Implications of spatial variability in aquifer parameters on irrigation development in the region are highlighted.|
|Appears in Collections:||1. Journal Articles|
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IWYU
A brief overview of the updated code base for UE4, now using an Include-What-You-Use (IWYU) dependency model.
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IWYU.png
Include-What-You-Use (IWYU), as the name implies, means that the Engine's source code only includes the dependencies that it needs to compile. The purpose of IWYU is to avoid including monolithic header files, such as Engine.h or UnrealEd.h, thereby mitigating superfluous dependencies. The following reference guide tells you what it means to IWYU, including a high-level explanation of how to enable IWYU, ensuring that your project adheres to IWYU conventions. Additionally, if you opt into using IWYU mode for your game project(s), you will learn some general tips that will help you get the most out of working in IWYU mode.
IWYU mode is disabled by default for games and game plugins; however, IWYU mode is enabled by default for the Engine and Engine plugins.
What it Means to IWYU
In previous versions of Unreal Engine 4 (UE4), the majority of engine functionality was included via large, module-centric header files, such as Engine.h and UnrealEd.h and fast compile times were dependent on those files being compiled quickly through Precompiled Header (PCH) files. As the engine grew, this became a bottleneck.
With IWYU, every file includes only what it needs, and any PCH file we choose to use, purely acts as a layer of optimization on top of the underlying source files. They can be modified to minimize build times, independently of changing the source files themselves, and without affecting whether the code compiles successfully or not.
When writing IWYU code, there are four specific conventions that we adopt:
 1. All header files include their required dependencies.
 2. .cpp files include their matching *.h files first.
 3. PCH files are no longer explicitly included.
 4. Monolithic header files are no longer included.
IWYU Conventions
The following descriptions of IWYU conventions should give you a good idea about what it means to IWYU.
 1. All header files include their required dependencies.
 - There is a CoreMinimal header file containing a set of ubiquitous types (including FString, FName, TArray, etc.) from UE4's Core programming environment.
 - The CoreMinimal header file (located under the UE4 root directory at \Engine\Source\Runtime\Core\Public\CoreMinimal.h) is included first by most of the Engine's header files.
 CoreMinimalHeader.png
 - Within the Core module, most header files include the CoreTypes.h header file first. This only includes typedefs for primitive C++ types, UE4 build macros, and directives to configure the compile environment.
 The main takeaway is that every header file now includes everything that it needs to compile.
 2. .cpp files include their matching *.h file first.
 CPPFileIncludingHeader.png
 - To verify that all of your source files include all of their required dependencies, compile your game project in non-unity mode with PCH files disabled.
 3. PCH files are no longer explicitly included.
 - Although PCH files are still used, they're force-included on the compiler command line by UnrealBuildTool (UBT).
 4. Monolithic header files are no longer included.
 - The compiler will emit a warning if your Engine code includes monolithic header files (such as Engine.h or UnrealEd.h).
 Monolithic header files still exist in UE4 for compatibility with game projects, and (by default) a warning won't be emitted if your game projects include them.
Verifying IWYU is Enabled
Before establishing IWYU conventions with the release of version 4.15, UE4 code typically included a PCH file at the top of every CPP file, which is contrary to what a developer wants their IWYU compliant code to include. Following IWYU conventions, PCH files can be thought of as layers of compile-time optizations that are applied separately from how the code was originally authored. So, rather than composing and including PCH files, we leave it to UBT to decide which PCH file to use (if any).
If you want to verify that IWYU is enabled, ensuring that a module complies with IWYU conventions, open the module's *.build.cs file and verify that 'PCHUsage' is set to 'PCHUsageMode.UseExplicitOrSharedPCHs'.
ExamplePlugin_PCHUsage.png
Setting PCHUsage to PCHUsageMode.UseExplicitOrSharedPCHs creates an explicit PCH file for a module only if it has a PrivatePCHHeaderFile setting in the module's *.build.cs file. Otherwise, the module will share a PCH with another module, saving the tool from generating more PCH files than necessary. Also, keep in mind that when you enable 'UseExplicitOrSharedPCHs' mode, the source file must include its matching header file. Alternatively, if you want a module to opt-out of complying with IWYU conventions, you can set 'PCHUsage' to 'PCHUsageMode.UseSharedPCHs'.
ExamplePlugin_UseSharedPCHs.png
After converting the engine's code base to an IWYU model, we've observed significant improvements with UE4 compile times.
Running in IWYU Mode
If you're running your game in IWYU mode, you'll need to ensure that your .cpp file(s) include their corresponding .h file(s) first. This is a useful practice, because it enables the compiler to ensure that the *.h file includes all of its required dependencies (when PCH files and unity builds are disabled). Unreal Build Tool (UBT) will emit a warning if you don't include the matching header file first (for its corresponding CPP file).
If you want to disable the compiler from emitting warnings, you can set bEnforceIWYU to false in the module's *.build.cs file.
ModuleBuildCS_bEnforceIWYUfalse.png
If you want to disable the warning for an entire target, you can set bEnforceIWYU to false in the *.target.cs file.
General Tips
If you want your game to opt-in to IWYU, there are a few tips to keep in mind:
 1. Include CoreMinimal.h at the top of each header file.
 2. To verify that all of your source files include all of their required dependencies, compile your game project in non-unity mode with PCH files disabled.
 3. If you need to access UEngine or GEngine, which are defined in Runtime\Engine\Classes\Engine\Engine.h, you can #include Engine/Engine.h (distinguishing from the monolithic header file, which is located at Runtime\Engine\Public\Engine.h).
 4. If you use a class that the compiler doesn't recognize, and don't know what you need to include may be missing the header file. This is especially the case if you are converting from non-IWYU code that compiled correctly. You can look up the class in the API Documentation, and find the necessary modules and header files at the bottom of the page.
Additional Resource
In an effort to help our users convert existing C++ projects into an IWYU style, we released IncludeTool, which you can find in [UE4Root]\Engine\Source\Programs\IncludeTool.
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text:
Recent UK studies advise of strong health risks when using Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) in nanoparticle form in powdered mineral makeup. These inhaled TiO2 nanoparticles coming in contact with living tissue have a similar effect as asbestos and could cause lung cancer.
However, TiO2 is safe when contained in cream form as it cannot then become airborne. This is typically the case in sun screens. In cream form, TiO2 stays on the upper layers of the skin and does not come in contact with living tissue.
Titanium Dioxide is often used in cream form in products to provide all-natural mineral-based sun protection. It is not used in powered form. TiO2 particles in products are a larger size (not a nanoparticle) and is additionally coated with stearic acid to further prevent interaction with living tissue.
An excellent study was published in the Journal of Nanobiotechnology: Nanoparticles - known and unknown health risks

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Last month, an ambitious project began in Australia to save the Great Barrier Reef from further bleaching due to global warming. By using harmless salt crystals to boost a naturally occurring process, researchers are hoping to protect the entire reef from further bleaching.
The co-called cloud brightening approach uses a modified turbine to spray minuscule salt particles into the air — the majority of them too tiny for the human eye to see — which, in theory, would mix with low altitude clouds and make them brighter. And these clouds would naturally reduce the temperature of the atmosphere and oceans by reflecting more of the sun's energy away from the ocean.
Rising ocean temperatures are wreaking havoc on coral reefs. Indeed, ghostly white corals, once the backbone of a vibrant and colourful Great Barrier Reef, are one of the most shocking examples of the consequences of global warming. Record high temperatures in 2020 led to the third mass bleaching event in five years.
The project is part of an Australian government-backed initiative funding 43 different concepts to rescue the ailing Reef. However, the cloud-brightening strategy is viewed as one of the most promising approaches since it does involve the use of chemicals and instead relies on a completely natural process. According to Dr Daniel Harrison of Southern Cross University, who led the preliminary experiment, cloud brightening is one of the most innovative and promising methods for protecting large areas of the reef.
The concept is similar to the snow-making machines used by ski resorts to make snow, but instead of freezing to produce snowflakes, the much finer droplets evaporate leaving trillions of salt crystals that encourage more robust cloud formation.
"Nature does most of the work for you, Harrison explained. "Microscopic seawater droplets are sprayed into the air, evaporating leaving just nano-sized sea salt crystals which act as seeds for cloud droplets, brightening existing cloud and deflecting solar energy away from the reef waters when heat stress is at its maximum".
"This makes a nano-sized salt crystal at hundreds of trillions per second. They get into a cloud and grow a cloud droplet that reflects a lot more sunlight".
The team, including members from the Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), the University of Sydney, and Queensland University of Technology (QUT), deployed the first vessel off the coast of Townsville at the end of March to perform the first test at one-tenth of the scale they are aiming for.
The experiment was not designed to test whether the approach is effective, but to show that the approach does indeed work. Harrison says that in this respect, the team has succeeded. Next year, they plan to triple the size of the trial and to scale up even further the following year. Further research is still needed to examine the potential risks and to investigate the effects of cloud brightening on rainfall.
While the method is not foolproof, it is relatively cheap to implement and could buy some time to reduce emissions and slow down climate change. As Harrison explained: "Cloud brightening could potentially protect the entire Great Barrier Reef from coral bleaching in a relatively cost-effective way, buying precious time for longer-term climate change mitigation to lower the stress on this irreplaceable ecosystem".


Indo-European Connection LogoINDO-EUROPEAN CONNECTIONIndo-European Connection Logo
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indo-european cruor krew kraujas kravis icon
Latin "cruor", Slavic "krev", Welsh "creu", Lithuanian "kraujas". All those words mean "blood".
Indo-European word connected to this topic denoted something "raw, bloody, uncooked" or "meaty".
Sanskrit words "रौधिर (raudhira)" = "bloody" and "रुधिर (rudhira)" = "blood-red" are connected to the Indo-European color RED just like Lithuanian "raudonas" or Slavic "rudy".
If we swap H with K in Old English "hrǣw" we get "krǣw" very similar to Welsh "crau (krau)".
Old English, Old Saxon, Old High German and Old Norse all kept the initial H which was dropped in the descendant languages. That initial H came most probably from K.
Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravis), क्रव्य (kravyá) ("raw flesh")
Lithuanian: kraujas
Samogitian: kraus
Old Prussian: krawian
Welsh: crau
Polabian: krâi
Bulgarian: кръв (krǎv)
Old English: hrǣw, hrēaw, hrēow, hrā ("raw")
Old Saxon: hrāo ("raw")
Old High German: hrāo ("raw")
Old Norse: hrár ("raw")
Icelandic: hrár ("raw")
Belarusian: кроў (kroŭ)
Russian: кровь (krovʹ)
Ukrainian: кров (krov)
Old Cornish: crow
Cornish: krow
Irish: cró ("blood, gore")
Polabian Drevani: karroy
Sanskrit: क्रूर (krura) ("bloody")
Latin: crūdus ("raw, bloody, uncooked")
Old Irish: crú
English: crude
English: cruel
Greek: κρέας (kréas) ("meat")
Old Church Slavonic: крꙑ ⰽⱃⱏⰺ (kry)
Slovene: krȋ
Old Polish: kry
Macedonian: крв (krv)
Serbo-Croatian: кр̑в, kȓv
Slovak: krv
Molise Croatian: krv
Czech: krev
Kashubian: krew
Polish: krew
Latvian: kreve ("coagulated blood")
Upper Sorbian: krej
Middle Welsh: creu
Lower Sorbian: kšej
---> Finnish: raaka ("raw")
Middle English: ra, rau, raw ("raw")
Scots: rau, raw
English: raw
West Frisian: rau ("raw")
Dutch: rauw ("raw")
Middle High German: rā, rō, rou ("raw")
Faroese: ráur ("raw")
Old Swedish: rār ("raw")
Old Danish: ("raw")
Saterland Frisian: räi ("raw")
Old High German: rāo ("raw")
Middle Dutch: raeu ("raw")
Scanian: aráer ("raw")
Gothic: 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rauhtjan) ("to become angry, rage against")
Old High German: ("raw")
Middle Low German: ("raw")
German: roh ("raw")
Swedish: ("raw")
Danish: ("raw")
Elfdalian: ("raw")
Norwegian: ("raw")
Gutnish: råar ("raw")
Luxembourgish: réi ("raw")
Article published on the 30th of October 2018.
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text:
Range Creek on display
Book Cliff students visit exhibit
|The students learn about the tanning process from Ephraim Dickson.|
Emery County has been put on the map with the news leaking out last year on the archaeological discoveries at Range Creek. The Utah Museum of Natural History is bringing the first Range Creek exhibit to the John Wesley Powell River History Museum in Green River for one year. The kickoff event was held on March 10. Students from Book Cliff Elementary attended the event for some hands on fun with museum presenters.
The students learned about nature's grocery store and explored the use of plants in the Fremont world. The students learned how to grind corn and the chores involved with gathering enough food each day to exist. Ephraim Dickson, director of Education for the Utah Museum of Natural History discussed hunting practices and tools used among the Fremont. Students learned about tanning hides and scraping them with rock scrapers.
|Julie Hansen talks about Fremont pottery with the school children.|
Julie Hansen, cultural anthropologist, explained how the Fremont used pottery in their everyday lives and how they made pots by collecting clay and mixing it with sand or crushed rocks to make it stronger. Sometimes they painted the pottery. The pots were baked in the sun. The clay was coiled around and around like a snake and formed into a pot. The pot was smoothed with a rock inside and out. The students saw pots made in the Fremont era and baskets.
Dickson explained how the trash piles the Indians left behind tell a lot about the way they lived. Chris Lyon, geologist, showed the children some rock art and figurines. She told them the use of the figurines isn't known at this time. The children speculated on the use of the figurines with answers like, "maybe they were used for snuggling," or "maybe they represent people who have died," or "maybe they protected the corn." No one knows for sure and one guess is as good as another as the children thought about the ancients and their way of life.
Sharon Hughes' first grade class will write stories about the Indians and the things they have learned about them.


text:
What is the Makeblock XTool D1? Small Scale Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
XTool D1 is a laser cutter that has actually been created by Makeblock. Small Scale Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
The firm was developed in 2012 by Jasen Wang, that studied aircraft layout at Northwestern Polytechnic University. The business is devoted to developing innovative items to aid people share themselves via creation. Because its development, Makeblock has actually launched several educational robotics, in addition to a coding system for youngsters. It additionally launched the MakeX Robotic Competitors.
The XTool D1 is a portable laser engraver that is capable of reducing as well as engraving a variety of materials. Its laser can remove intricate forms much faster than a scroll saw or jigsaw, and can be utilized for several jobs. Along with engraving, the D1 can also be made use of for various other projects, consisting of creating fashion jewelry as well as light tones.
The D1 is a do it yourself package that can be put together in just concerning half an hour. Its room is foldable, permitting very easy mobility as well as reliable air flow. It is additionally made of flame-retardant polyester, making it risk-free from dirt fragments. The room additionally secures the functioning surface area under the device.
The XTool D1 is equipped with a laser module that can engrave on steels and several various other products. It has actually an ultra-fine pressed laser place of 0.08 x 0.08 mm. This allows for finer engraving and also higher accuracy.
The D1 additionally has a high resolution of 1000 DPI, that makes it possible to etch on a vast array of products. The D1 also has a built-in smart device app that can be downloaded and install from the Android Store or the Apple Application Store. The application can be used to import laser layouts from totally free vector websites, including Etsy. The D1 can additionally be connected to a computer system by means of USB or WiFi. It can likewise move data by means of Wi-Fi or a large ability TF card.
The D1 is capable of inscribing on Poplar plywood, which is one of the most typically made use of timbers for laser cutters. The D1 can also reduce on various other woods, consisting of hard maple, walnut, and rosewood. Its laser head is flexible, allowing for a 50mm array. It can additionally process products as much as 10mm thick, which indicates that it is able to inscribe on a wide variety of materials. The D1 is made for both house as well as organization use.
The XTool D1 can be found in 2 models: the 20W variation and the 5W model. The 20W version has a larger laser head, as well as a smaller working location. The 5W version has a workspace of 430 x 400 mm. It has a greater maximum speed of 400 mm/s, which makes it a quicker maker. Small Scale Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
The D1 includes a steel frame, which provides optimum stability and also sturdiness. It also has a concurrent belt to boost motion precision. The belt's moderate tension is needed for accuracy, specifically when relocating at broadband. The synchronous belt can likewise help the machine stay secure and also lessen vibration. It can also eliminate the activity void, allowing for fine vector graphics at high speeds.
Order Your XTool Laser Products Here – Best Prices Guaranteed
XTool D1 Specification
432 * 406 mm (17 * 16 inch)
Wood, Bamboo, Cardboard, Plastic, Leather, PCB Board, Aluminum Oxide, Non-reflective, Electroplating Layer and Paint Surface Layer Metal, 304 Mirror Stainless Steel, Glass, Ceramics, Cotton Cloth, Slate;
Laser Output Optical Power
Fixed focus laser
Makeblock LaserBox Basic, LightBurn, Android and iOS
XTool D1 Laser Diode
XTool D1 Laser Diode is the most effective diode laser on the marketplace. It creates clear lines to 0.06 mm. This makes it an outstanding choice for nearly all engraving jobs. Its style is secure and also trusted. It is excellent for small companies and also enthusiasts.
It can etch various types of steel and timber. It has the capability to cut 8 to tenmm plywood in one pass. It additionally has the capability to reduce natural leather as well as acrylic.
It includes a variety of accessories. You can purchase the package pack that includes the Air Help Set and also Honeycomb Working Panel. It sets you back $119 as well as $269, specifically. You can also get a 1064nm laser head. This head reduces burn marks in plastic as well as is particularly valuable for fragile jewelry layouts. It also has a movement sensing unit and flame detection sensor.
It also features an emergency stop button. It can be managed with WiFi and also can import laser layouts from complimentary vector sites like Etsy. You can additionally manage it by means of the Makeblock XTool D1 application on Android and iphone.
It has an excellent focus system. The laser crosshairs relocate as required and transfer to the frame of the artwork. This makes the inscribing very exact. It can additionally be used to produce a thickening impact, which can be beneficial when inscribing big products.
The XTool D1 Pro has boosted functions as well as laser power. It utilizes a 20W laser module to develop a beam of light that cuts items in one pass. It can cut through 8mm black acrylic as well as 10mm basswood. It likewise has a higher rate. It can get to etching precision of 0.0004 inches.
XTool D1 Focusing Procedure
The focusing approach on this equipment is very brilliant. Alongside the laser component, there is a swivelling arm which you pull out when you wish to concentrate the laser. It ensures that you go down the directly the proper range from the material. Then you tighten the thumb screw and also pivot the arm back up. Small Scale Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
XTool D1 Special Features
Below are some of the leading Unique Features of the XTool D1:
Equipment can be connected using USB or a WiFi. As well as you can also manage with a smartphone application on Android or iphone.
Trimming as well as Inscription Different Materials
Engrave: Wood, Bamboo, Cardboard, Plastic, Leather, PCB Board, Aluminum Oxide, Non-reflective, Electroplating Layer and Paint Surface Layer Steel, 304 Mirror Stainless-steel, Glass, Ceramics, Cotton Towel, Slate.
The Makeblock XTool D1 is also a really capable laser cutter.
Cut: Cardboard, Non-woven Fabric, Timber Board, Polymer, Some Thin Plastic Board, Sponge; cardboard …
You can reduce greater than 10mm thick stuff with this laser engraver. The device can reduce wood, especially Poplar plywood which is soft as well as it is the preferred timber for all laser cutters.
I would certainly avoid some plastics like PVC and plastic given that it releases hydrogen chloride gas while being cut. This gas is harmful as well as very destructive (your maker will certainly corrosion swiftly).
We have tested the maker with engraving and cutting different products. You will discover the results of our examinations few chapters lower.
The Makeblock XTool D1 has steel rollers on all axis instead of the plastic ones we have seen on all various other makers. This need to enable even more accuracy and less mechanical wobble when engraving at high speeds. Small Scale Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
Advanced Stepper Electric Motor Drivers
The equipment has a really innovative controller board. It has Trinamic stepper electric motor drivers which drive the motors with a pure sine wave. By doing this the motors are extremely accurate and also silent. The motorists also sustain homing procedure without utilizing limit switches as the chauffeurs determine existing via motors as well as find the limit this way. This is why this equipment does not require physical limitation switches over for homing.
The device has vehicle drivers for 3 axis– so you can connect in the roller system as a Z axis instead of needing to detach among the axis when working with a roller system.
XTool D1 Software
XTool D1 can be regulated via Wi-Fi or USB. The laser engraver device automatically stops if an unexpected touch occurs. This is great for people that are concerned about safety and security. The tool is additionally compatible with Windows and Mac OS systems.
The XTool D1 software program is really easy to use. When you have actually the artwork prepared, you can utilize the application to establish the laser. You can also tailor the laser setups as well as produce customized art work. The app additionally includes a products list.
XTool D1 Pro is an upgrade to the previous XTool D1 laser cutter. It is a high-accuracy laser reducing maker that can engrave over 100 materials. The laser engraver device is easy to use and also comes with a protective cover. The maker has a guarantee of one year.
XTool D1 Engraving
The XTool D1 is a really flexible etching equipment. It cam be utilized to engrave on all types of materials/.
Below is a list of materials and features that the XTool D1 boasts:
- Vector Image Engraving
- Aluminium Engraving
- Acrylic Engraving And Cutting
- Plywood Cutting
- Hardwood Cutting
- Stainless Steel Engraving
- Photo Engraving
Is the XTool D1 worth it?
Makeblock XTool D1 is an extremely well considered device. Exact, rapid and also sturdily constructed. It comes with a costs cost, yet it is worth it for someone that wants a good and also almost a commercial grade


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View more Vivarium information
Dart frog diets in captivity should include supplementation with vitamin D3 for proper uptake of calcium and related biological functions. Vitamin D3 is otherwise produced in the skin during exposure to ultraviolet B / UVB light. However UVB radiation/ light is dangerous. Think of humans and sunburn and skin cancer risks sunlight brings.
Amphibians such as dart frogs require moisture in a humid environment to prevent desiccation and death. Keepers that introduce UVB lights must remove a section of glass to allow UVB to reach the frogs as glass blocks UVB light. Reducing glass covering the top of a vivarium reduces the humidity a vivarium can hold. Ideally most dart frogs should be kept in the mid 80% to 95% humidity range (with gradient ideally). Aside from the lower humidity brought by opening a vivariums canopy, a uvb light fixture will generate heat further lowering humidity. Any uvb touching a frogs skin will even further reduce moisture at the skin level. Excessive duration of UVB exposure increases chance of burns associated to UVB exposure.
Aside from the physical risks associated with use of UVB exposure in-situ there is little research showing that dart frogs bask to receive UVB light. In the rainforest the density of the canopy restricts sunlight from reaching the base of the rainforest floor where dart frogs mainly dwell. Some research shows that atleast 2 species of dart frogs actually avoid exposure to UVB light. "Using field experiments and field observations, two species of poison-dart frogs in Costa Rica (Dendrobates pumilio, D. auratus) consistently preferred areas in the field and within experimental testing chambers that offered low levels of ultraviolet-B radiation. In field observations, vocalizing D. pumilio were found at locations with significantly lower levels of ambient ultraviolet-B compared to random locations throughout their natural habitat.
Thus we do not recommend use of UVB lighting for dart frogs.


If you are getting bored and want to get rid of the monotonous routine of yours then we have something really wonderful for you. You can simply annoy your friends asking them stupid and funny questions through texting or while they are around you. You can also check other reads about asking funny stuff to people such as:
Let's staying on the point, you would love to do it as in the company of friends you don't have to be so concerned about formalities nor you would have a fear that in result you may have to listen a big boring lecture on manners and ethics. So, its purely a Chill program! You and your friends will have a light-hearted conversation.
Some Hilarious Questions to Ask your Friends
 1. If God helps those who help themselves then why it is said help others?
Since childhood we are taught that God helps those who help themselves, that means ultimately you have to paddle your own canoe for making the things work as only then you should seek for God' help. That's very true, but just for the sake of fun pose this question to your friends and ask if it is so then why it is said help others, why others can't help themselves?
We should help others here our concern is just to play fun and check how witty your friends are at it.
 1. How many ears one is supposed to have for being 'All ears'?
For showing rapt attention it is said 'I am all ears', we all have two ears so in this regard why do we say I am all ears, shouldn't it be like I am two ears or I am both ears? Ask it out and see what reply you get from your buddies.
 1. Why this term is used widely 'You know' especially when are not yet done completing the whole utterance?
Before we actually start talking about a certain point we often rater frequently use the term 'you know' whereas we haven't yet done completing the whole talk, logically its nonsense isn't? why don't you ask your friend about this?
 1. Can you adopt a monkey expecting it to be evolved in a man one day?
It is an old doctrine that says that we humans were apes and monkeys and then we evolved periodically into humans, so pose this question to your friend and ask if he can adopt a monkey expecting it to be evolved into a human one day!
Recommended: cute and funny monkey pictures with captions
 1. Why a square-shaped ring for boxers is called Rings?
A place where wrestler punch and bang up with each other is called, the point to be noted here is that Ring is of square-shaped. Tickle your friend by asking him this naughty question.
 1. if you were recreated then in what form you would like to be human or animal/bird?
It's a great fun to answer such questions, people usually reply that they would like to be what they are now if they were born again. Rest depends on your friend, if he isn't much happy with his life, people have dumped him then he would rather prefer to be a crow so he could shit on all those who tormented him in his previous life.
 1. Is a liar eligible to call a liar when he admits he lies?
Another tricky question coming you way, if you happen to meet a person who lies but at the same time he admits deliberately that he speaks lie then would you call him a liar who is telling a truth?
 1. Is nose really be a culprit as because of it two eyes can never see each other?
Do you think too that its because of nose that our eyes can never see each other? Take the opinion of your friend over this. It is said distance makes the heart grow fonder! That could be a reply, besides that if the eyes are dying to see each other why they look in mirror, simple!
Also Check: Nose Shape telling truth about your Personality
 1. Why people wake you up asking you 'Are you sleeping?'
Oh, that is so widely common, no matter in which region and nook of the world you are residing you would agree that we all do this, we see that a person is sleeping then we wake him up and ask him 'Are you sleeping'? how silly isn't it? Now ask you friend and see what does he has to say in this connection.
 1. Why a Waiter is called a 'waiter'? It's we who has to wait for a meal to serve?
Whenever you visit a restaurant, a waiter comes to take your order, you place the order and then you wait, that's what happens then why it is a waiter that is called a waiter, isn't it you who should be called out as a waiter? Ask your friend to opine!
 1. If driving is not allowed while being drunk then how all the drunk persons come back to home from bars?
dont drink and drive tickletick23 - 30+ Stupid and Funny Questions to Ask friends to Annoy them
This is really thought-provoking, first you are told that drunk cant drive, or you can say that drunk isn't allowed to drive then how come all the drunk persons come back to their come from bars? If you know the answer then please do tell me too I would please to know.
 1. Say something really serious in a funny way
It means go against the expression, wow worth-trying that promises to be a real fun. Such imagine someone is telling this smilingly and laughingly 'today my boss insulted me badly'. How possibly he could add an element of fun it that's the real deal. You can also check our funny ways to answer their phone calls.
 1. Tell about the funniest thing ever happened with you?
Now this can amuse the whole group of your friends, ask one of your friend to jog his memory and share a humorous incident happened with him, enjoy the flash back with your friends.
 1. Is there any person whom you can't help laughing at?
Sometimes it happens that we can't help laughing at someone, its not because the other person makes us laugh or he does some clownish tricks, its just we can't help it without any specific reason. Ask your friend if he has also that someone in his surroundings.
 1. What would you prefer to be? ugly and intelligent or beautiful and stupid?
Sounds interesting! Take the opinion and see what do you get in replies, how your friend would rather to be? Will he prefer looks on intelligent or he wants look with a dumb mind and no talents?
 1. Did you ever feel ashamed of yourself? If yes then why?
That takes a real courage to share such moment of your life in which you felt ashamed of yourself. So pull out such ticklish truths from your friends mouth and enjoy!
 1. Would you rather choose to be a clown or a cowboy?
Obviously, a cow-boy is the better option, the aggressive looks of cow-boy look damn impressive. But that's my choice may be your friends would rather choose to be a clown.
 1. Assume that you are left in a deserted island what three things you would need for your survival?
Inquire your best buddy what three things he would demand in order to survive in a deserted island. His mobile battery is gone dead, now what he needs to have?
 1. Would you rather have an Aladdin's lamp or extra ordinary talents and skills?
That's the test of your friend's intelligence now, whether he is the one who just dosses down and seeks for an Aladdin's lamp nor he wants extra-ordinary talents and skills. When there are so much skills you have who would need an Aladdin's lamp when without that you could do wonders.
 1. Would you rather have beautiful spouse with dumb sense of humor or a sharp sense of humor with average looks?
It is seen and observed that it's a sense of humor that people find immensely attractive, every one has his own preferences and choices, to some appearance and looks matter a lot and to some it's the wit that stands out-class, get to know your friend's thoughts about this.
 1. Did any prank of yours go wrong?
Sometimes some how when you play a prank with someone it goes wrong and that sometimes leaves you in an awkward situation. Did it happen with your friend?
 1. If you were to laugh louder during a meeting in your office? In result of doing this dare you can get a hefty reward, will you accept it?
Imagine what kind of serious ambience tends to be in office meetings and during that ambience if someone broke the ice by a loud laughter what will be the reaction of the rest? Ask your friend if he could accept the offer.
 1. Why people say 'what the hell are you talking about', when they know what actually are you talking about?
When you say something that is not liked by the listener then you get in return 'what the hell are you talking about' despite knowing the fact that listener knows very well what are you talking but still he asks, why? Ask your friend and see what does he has in his mind regarding this.
Also check these Problems with Neighbours which you can totally relate.
 1. Would you rather dye your hair in multi-color or shave them off completely?
Imagine your friend in multi-color hair, what would he look? A son of a rainbow I guess, or he would choose to be bald-headed, get to know about his will!
 1. Would you rather have six set of fingers in both hands or six toes?
Yuck! Anyways have to tell you so you can take the over dose


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March 21, 2023
CCTV cameras have become an essential tool for surveillance purposes. They are used in various settings such as homes, offices, shopping centers, and even public places. However, one of most common problems that CCTV cameras encounter is blinking issue. This problem can be quite frustrating for users, as it can disrupt camera's field of vision and affect footage's quality. In this article, we will discuss reasons behind blinking problem and how it can be resolved.
The blinking issue in CCTV cameras could be caused by several factors. The first reason is poor quality cables. If cables connecting camera to power source or recording device are of poor quality, they can cause interference with camera's signal, leading to blinking issues. It is essential to use high-quality cables to prevent this problem from occurring.
Another reason why CCTV cameras blink is due to power fluctuations. If camera is not receiving a stable power supply, it can cause camera to blink. This issue can be easily resolved by using a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) or a voltage stabilizer. These devices can provide a stable power supply to camera and prevent it from blinking.
The third reason why CCTV cameras blink is due to incorrect settings. If camera's settings are not configured properly, it can cause camera to blink. This issue can be resolved by checking camera's settings and ensuring that they are correctly configured.
Another reason for blinking issue is dirty lenses. If camera's lens is dirty, it can cause camera to blink. It is essential to clean lens regularly to prevent this problem from occurring.
Lastly, blinking issue can be due to a faulty camera. If none of above reasons are causing blinking issue, it could be due to a faulty camera. In this case, it is recommended to contact manufacturer or vendor and get camera replaced.
In conclusion, blinking issue in CCTV cameras can be quite frustrating for users. However, it is essential to identify root cause of problem to resolve it effectively. The most common reasons for blinking issue are poor quality cables, power fluctuations, incorrect settings, dirty lenses, and faulty cameras. By identifying cause of problem, users can easily resolve issue and ensure that their CCTV cameras function correctly.


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Narrator: This is Science Today. The ORTEC Fission Meter is the first portable neutron detector that can distinguish between fissile and non-fissile neutron sources in real time. The suitcase-sized detector uses technology developed by researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Staff physicist Phil Kerr describes how it can be used.
Kerr: There typically is a program called reach back, where first responders might have a smaller detector that maybe detects neutrons and/or gamma rays. They can report some suspicious event or some suspicious package or maybe a facility that has elevated count rate. They can then send that application to the reach back, which are groups of people that are generally located within the national laboratory system. If that information indicates that there may be something there that is of interest, such as a neutron source or a gamma ray source that really shouldn't be there, a team would go out and they would carry a number of pieces of equipment - the fission meter could be one of those.
Narrator: For Science Today, I'm Larissa Branin.


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We are very honored to introduce #Xpert Trainer Toni Fresnedo to the blog this week. Toni is an extremely talented and experienced user of 3ds Max and Maxwell Render, and provides visualization services as well as distance/online training. Toni lives and works in beautiful Barcelona, Spain. Check out his awesome work here on his web or Facebook page. Thanks for the tutorial Toni!
The key to creating realistic glass is in the reflections and the modelling. As with all reflective materials, it's very important that the environment is as real as possible. The illumination of the scene is also essential: HDRI is probably the best option although others such as Maxwell's Physical Sky should not be overlooked. And it's important to always model your objects with real thickness.
Maxwell Render allows us to create basic glass (image on the right) or more detailed glass (image on the left) very quickly and easily with amazing results, thanks to its Material Editor and the way it calculates light.
In this article I will explain the steps to create glass materials, starting with a basic glass and then adding additional touches to get to more detailed effects.
1. OPEN THE SIMBALL
One of the components of Maxwell Render is Maxwell Studio: a sophisticated scene editor with a full 3D environment. Maxwell Studio includes a sample scene (the Simball scene) designed specifically for testing any type of material, including transparent and translucent materials like glass. If you are not familiar Studio, you might like to refer to the default layout map below to help orientate yourself around the panels. I will also add notes in italics for those who are new to the Studio layout or to Maxwell in general.
We begin by opening the scene, so go to File > Library > scenes > simball > simball_v2. We will use it as the starting point for our work.
2. CREATE A NEW MATERIAL
To create a material, right-click on the Materials panel (top left in the default layout) and select New Material > Custom. When the new material appears on the list, you can right click to rename it. The material will now be active in the Material Editor, however this does not automatically assign it to the object. To assign the material, select Test Object in the Object panel (middle right in the default layout), then right-click and select Assign Material, then scroll to the name you gave your newly created material. Alternatively, just drag the new material onto the object directly.
3. LAUNCH MAXWELL FIRE
Now hit the FIRE button in the Maxwell shelf to launch Maxwell FIRE (the interactive preview renderer) in a floating window. This will give you immediate feedback about all the changes that you are going make to the new material. You can also switch a main window panel to a FIRE display, but I recommend using a floating window, since this provides more options and frees up space for other on-screen elements in the main window.
4. SET REFLECTANCE COLOR
In the Material Editor, in the BSDF Properties rollout, change the colour swatches next to Reflectance 0 and Reflectance 90 to pure black. These swatches enable you to apply a tint to light reflected directly from the surface and reflected at a glancing angle. This is useful when recreating objects like pearls. By editing them to any desaturated color, like black, you are therefore applying no tint on the reflections, which is what you need for glass.
5. SET ROUGHNESS
In the Surface Properties rollout, set the Roughness value to between 0 and 5 for smooth, shiny glass, or between 5 and 30 for rough glass. Back in the BSDF Properties rollout, choose an overall color for your glass by setting the Transmittance color swatch. For the first test below I have used HSV: 33/224/210. Transmittance controls the color of light when it passes through a transparent material. The Transmittance swatch represents the color of the light when it has reached the Attenuation distance. We will set this next.
6. SET ATTENUATION DISTANCE
You will have noticed that the material doesn't look transparent yet. This is because the Attenuation distance is set very low, which means that light rays don't penetrate far into the material. If you increase this value, allowing light rays to penetrate further, the transparency increases. For our purposes, we can set Attenuation to a value of around 3cm (set the numerical value to 3 and select CM in the units dropdown).
7. MORE ABOUT ATTENUATION
Attenuation distance defines the depth to which light penetrates into the body of the material while it is being absorbed. Use long attenuation distances for pure, clean, transparent glasses with very little tinting (where the light travels through with very little absorption), and short attenuation distances for glasses with a more obvious coloured tint.
8. FINAL SETTINGS
Activate Force Fresnel. This ensures that the light reflected and refracted from the material will be calculated using the Fresnel equations. This ensures that the result is physically correct. The Nd field sets the Index of Refraction (IOR) for the material. Type in the correct IOR value for the type of glass you are creating. Glass ranges from 1.5 to 1.6, but in this case we are going to use a value of 1.517. You should now have a basic glass material that looks something like the image below.
9. AGEING THE GLASS
To mimic the ageing on the vintage bottle shown above, you need to create a pattern of fine scratches. You can use a texture map to do this. This can be assigned to the Roughness channel, the Bump channel, or both; we are going to use a simple bump map. On the BSDF Properties rollout, go to the Bump slot and assign a suitable texture map (available for download at the end of the post) with a Bump intensity of 3.
10. ADDING LETTERING
To add the raised lettering, you can use displacement. Back in the Material Editor, add a Displacement component to the material structure (you can do this by right-clicking in the layers list area of the editor, or from the Edit menu) and use the Map field to assign a suitable greyscale height map representing the letters on the bottle (example available for download at the end of the post). Set Type to Pretessellated. This means that the mesh will be subdivided to create the displacement at the start of the render process.
11. UNDERSTANDING DISPLACEMENT
In Pretesellated mode, the mesh is subdivided and displaced before the render starts. This requires more RAM, but once the geometry of the scene has loaded into memory, the render is much faster than using the On The Fly option, which performs the subdivision and displacement of the mesh at render time. This requires less RAM – so it may be necessary for very large scenes – but increases render times. In general, it's best to use On The Fly only for relatively small displacements.
12. SETTING SUBDIVISIONS
Set the Subdivision value to 12, and leave Subdivision Method set to Flat. Set Offset to 0 (this parameter determines what greyscale value on the texture represents zero displacement). Enable Smoothing, and set UV Interpolation to Edges and Corners. Finally, in the HeightMap Properties rollout, set Height to 0.3 cm. And that's it! If you look in the Maxwell FIRE floating window, you should see that you have created a realistic vintage glass material.
Get the map resolution right. Use textures larger than 8-bit for displacement maps to avoid problems with banding in the final render: 16-bit images are perfect. Also, remember that when using displacement, maintaining low RAM consumption is a balance between the original mesh density and the number of subdivisions applied at render time. If your original mesh is too coarse, the renderer will be forced to apply a high number of subdivisions to accommodate all the detail you are after, running the risk of running out of RAM. A displacement map is available for download at the end of the post.
< CLICK ICON TO DOWNLOAD DISPLACEMENT AND TEXTURE MAPS


In Configuration Manager, the AddMembershipRule Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) class method adds a new rule to the CollectionRules property of SMS_Collection Server WMI Class.
The following syntax is simplified from Managed Object Format (MOF) code and is intended to show the definition of the method.
SInt32 AddMembershipRule(
 SMS_CollectionRule collectionRule,
 UInt32 QueryID
);
Parameters
collectionRule
Data type: SMS_CollectionRuleQualifiers: [in]SMS_CollectionRule Server WMI Class object to add.
QueryID
Data type: UInt32Qualifiers: [out]Configuration Manager-generated query ID if the rule is a query rule. If the rule is direct, this ID is 0. Use QueryID to modify or delete a query membership rule.
Return Values
An SInt32 data type that is 0 to indicate success or non-zero to indicate failure.
For information about handling returned errors, see About Configuration Manager Errors.
Remarks
This method can also be used to modify a membership rule.
Example Code
The following example shows how to add a direct rule and a query rule to a collection.
 Copy Code
 Dim instCollection As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_Collection
 Dim clsQueryRule As SWbemObject 'SMS_CollectionRuleQuery class method
 Dim instQueryRule As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_CollectionRuleQuery
 Dim instDirectRule As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_CollectionRuleDirect
 Dim Query As String
 Dim ValidQuery As Boolean
 Dim QueryID As Long
 Set instCollection = Services.Get("SMS_Collection.CollectionID=""<collectionid>""")
 ' Create the direct rule.
 Set instDirectRule = Services.Get("SMS_CollectionRuleDirect").SpawnInstance_
 instDirectRule.ResourceClassName = "SMS_R_System"
 instDirectRule.ResourceID = <resourceid>
 instDirectRule.RuleName = "MyDirectRule"

 ' Add the direct rule to the collection.
 instCollection.AddMembershipRule instDirectRule
 ' Always validate your query before adding a query rule to the collection.
 Query = "SELECT * FROM SMS_R_System WHERE SystemRoles = 'SMS Client Access Point'"
 Set clsQueryRule = Services.Get("SMS_CollectionRuleQuery")
 ValidQuery = clsQueryRule.ValidateQuery(Query)
 If ValidQuery Then
 ' Create the query rule. Note that you use these same steps to
 ' modify an existing query rule, except that you set the QueryID property
 ' value to the query rule you want to modify.
 Set instQueryRule = clsQueryRule.SpawnInstance_
 instQueryRule.QueryExpression = Query
 instQueryRule.RuleName = "MyQueryRule"

 ' Add the query rule to the collection. You only need to specify QueryID if
 ' you want to capture the identifier for use later (you use QueryID to
 ' update or delete the rule.)
 instCollection.AddMembershipRule instQueryRule, QueryID
 End If
 ' After you have added all the membership rules, call RequestRefresh to initiate
 ' the collection evaluator.
 instCollection.RequestRefresh False
Remarks
To delete a membership rule, the query number is needed to set the QueryID value.
To add multiple membership rules, use the AddMembershipRules Method in Class SMS_Collection.
Requirements
Runtime Requirements
Development Requirements
See Also
Send comments about this topic to Microsoft.


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2 edition of Control of shrinkage of concrete. found in the catalog.
Control of shrinkage of concrete.
Structural Engineers Association of California. Committee on Shrinkage of Concrete
Written in English
|Other titles||Shrinkage of concrete|
|LC Classifications||TA440 S77|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||17|
A Synthesis of Highway Practice NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges NCHRP SYNTHESIS TRB N CHRP SYN THESIS Control of Concrete Cracking in Bridges TR A N SPO R TA TIO N R ESEA R CH B O A R D Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C A D D RESS SERVIC E REQ U ESTED N O N -P R O F IT O R G. Drying shrinkage is the contraction in the concrete caused by moisture loss from drying concrete. Shrinkage-compensating concrete is used to minimize cracking and structural movement caused by drying shrinkage in concrete. The amount of drying shrinkage that occurs in concrete structures depends on the constituent materials, mixture proportions, curing, drying environment, and .
Shrinkage is the loss of inventory that can be attributed to factors such as employee theft, shoplifting, administrative error, vendor fraud, damage in transit or in store, and cashier errors that. COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this 's WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
September 1, CONCRETE MAN UAL CONCRETE MATERIALS AND TESTING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS The Specifications contain requirements for all concrete materials. Inspect all materials used in the construction of concrete work at their source, on the job, or both. The Engineers and. Ready mix concrete manufacture have less dependency on human labours hence the chances of human errors is reduced. This will also reduce the dependency on intensive labours. Cracking and shrinkage. Concrete shrinks as it cures. It can shrink 1 ⁄ 16 inch (mm) over a 10 foot long area ( meters). This causes stress internally on the.
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Contraction/Control Joints. Contraction/control joints are placed in concrete slabs to control random cracking. A fresh concrete mixture is a fluid, plastic mass that can be molded into virtually any shape, but as the material hardens there is a reduction in volume or shrinkage.
The use of a shrinkage-reducing admixture or a crack-reducing admixture allows for the reduction of drying shrinkage and control of crack widths without driving water contents to such low levels that the concrete becomes overly sticky.
on average, this concrete will have a drying shrinkage of about percent and that this shrinkage value can be reduced by 50 percent by reducing the water content to Ib/yd3 ( kg/m3), which translates into a water-cement ratio of Therefore, to minimize the drying shrinkage of File Size: KB.
Gribniak et al. Shrinkage in reinforced concrete structures: a computational aspect 50 This is only 10 to 20 % of the long-term shrinkage (Sil-liman & Newtson ).
Consequently, autogenous shrinkage was neglected for many years. On the other hand, in the case of high-strength concrete (HSC), auto. Cracking occurs beneath the sawed slot when the shrinkage stress exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete.
Sawcut joints in the same location as hand-tooled joints. In general, joint spacing to control drying and thermal shrinkage should range from 12 to 25 feet in unreinforced and lightly reinforced floors.
EVALUATING FREE SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE FOR CONTROL OF CRACKING IN BRIDGE DECKS By Swapnil Deshpande David Darwin JoAnn Browning A Report on Research Sponsored by CONSTRUCTION OF CRACK-FREE BRIDGE DECKS TRANSPORTATION POOLED FUND STUDY Project No.
TPF-5() Structural Engineering and Engineering Materials SM Report No. Concrete describes the properties of concrete, its manufacture, and use in building and civil engineering construction.
A scientific approach to the properties of materials and concrete has been united with a practical approach to methods of construction. The book begins with an introduction to. Abstract. Macro plastic fibers are increasingly used in concrete to enhance its postcracking performance and to control shrinkage cracks.
Use of recycled plastic macro fibers in concrete has gained attention recently, as it has a potential to save significant amount of plastic waste going into landfill, and it eliminates the need of steel mesh in concrete, thus saving cost and labor time. This book presents new guidelines for the control of cracking in massive reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.
Understanding this behavior during construction allows engineers to ensure properties such as durability, reliability, and water- and air-tightness throughout a.
Autogenous shrinkage: A change of volume that occurs after the initial setting of concrete due to hydration, since this process requires water and therefore reduces the internal free water. Drying shrinkage: Hardened concrete is usually caused by evaporation of water through existing capillary pores in the hydrated cement paste.
The loss of water is a progressive process that tends to. Concrete shrinkage is a common nuisance for a variety of projects. Especially for homemakers working on DIY projects, concrete shrinkage is something to be well aware of. Fortunately, there are a variety of ways to prevent it.
Often, the primary culprit of cracks in concrete is shrinkage. Shrinkage is the variance between the actual physical inventory at store and the perpetual book inventory in our system. This missing inventory is also known as obsolete inventory. Concrete Basicsaims to provide a clear, concise explanation of all aspects of making quality concrete; from the Materials and Properties involved through Planning, Preparation, Finishing and Curing.
Concrete Basicsaddresses the needs of unskilled and semi-skilled persons undertaking general concreting projects including home and handyman projects.
Concrete Foundations Association of North America CRACKING IN CONCRETE WALLS NOTES: CFA-TN - A small amount of temperature steel reinforcement will reduce the width of cracks that do occur. - Control joints are intentional weak spots designed to induce shrinkage or thermal cracks in pre-determined locations.
These can be very effective if. Concrete is the irreplaceable material in civil engineering. The strength and liability of concrete construction is a significant part of life safety.
Thus the concrete properties research is necessary. Common shrinkage crack repair methods include Chipping out the crack and applying a concrete masonry patching compound to the surface - the chipping procedure is labor intensive: the crack is chipped out in an "inverted-vee" pattern (wider at the bottom and more narrow at the top) to assure that the patch remains soundly in the crack.
Control of ConCrete CraCking in Bridges Many advances in bridge design, concrete technology, and reinforcement materials have been made over the years. Nevertheless, cracking of concrete in bridges continues to be a concern for bridge owners, particularly in.
Shrinkage is the variance between the actual physical inventory at store and the perpetual book inventory in our system. This missing inventory is also known as obsolete inventory.
CAUSES OF SHRINKAGE and CONTROL MEASURES: 1. Employee or Internal Theft: you need to have concrete evidence to prove and recover the product from the. The fourth edition of Concrete: Microstructure, Properties and Materials (P.
Kumar Mehta/Paulo J.M. Monteiro, ) defines shrinkage-compensating concrete as "an expansive cement concrete which, when properly restrained by reinforcement of other means, will expand an amount equal to or slightly greater than the anticipated drying shrinkage.
Restrained shrinkage cracking occurs when concrete is prevented from making volumetric changes by a source of restraint. Volumetric changes in concrete result from creep, shrinkage of the concrete, or thermal loads. TYPES OF SHRINKAGE Plastic Shrinkage Plastic shrinkage occurs only in fresh concrete.
The most common mechanism is the. —Factors controlling drying shrinkage of concrete —Control of shrinkage cracking —Shrinkage-compensating concrete Chapter 4—Control of cracking in flexural members, p. R —Introduction —Crack-control equations for reinforced concrete beams —Crack control in .Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties of creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.
Unlike the creep of metals, it occurs at all stress levels and, within the service stress.perature of concrete as delivered and in the structure, insu-lating the structure and termination of protective measures, and in critical conditions, post-cooling of structural mem-bers.
Some steps to minimize thermal cracking are: † Concrete mixture - Reduce heat of hydration by optimizing the cementitious materials using supplementary.


ASHRAE 170 Pressure Room Pressurization
Certain rooms in a healthcare building should be correctly pressurized with respect to surrounding areas. If rooms are not properly pressurized, an imbalance may exist between the supply and exhaust rates for the room. The following are examples of positively pressurized rooms:
 - Operating Rooms
 - Delivery Rooms
 - Trauma Rooms
 - Laser Eye Rooms
 - Pharmacy
 - Surgical Supply Clean Workrooms and Sterile Storage
McKenney's engineers collaborate to offer the their expert knowledge on ASHRAE 170 Room Pressurization.
 1. What is room pressurization?
 2. How do we determine and set room pressurization?
 3. What types of rooms require pressurization?
Definitions of terms used throughout this blog:
 - Protective Environment (PE) Room:
Defined by ASHRAE as "a patient room that is […] intended to protect a high-risk immuno-compromised patient from human and environmental airborne pathogens."
 - Airborne Infection Isolation (AII):
The isolation of patients infected with severe airborne diseases. This paper will refer to "AII" Rooms" as the room that provides this isolation.
 - Facilities Guideline Institute (FGI):
An organization that develops guidelines for the design and construction of hospitals and other heath care facilities.
1. What is room pressurization?
Room pressurization is a ventilation method that allows for control of the migration of airborne contaminants between rooms. This is accomplished by controlling the amount of air supplied, returned, or exhausted on a room by room basis.
Room pressurization is leveraged in stairwell systems to control smoke during fire events, in restaurants to help control food odors, as well as in hospitals to inhibit the transmission of airborne diseases. This white paper will focus on medical applications of room pressurization.
2. How do we determine and set room pressurization?
There are two main factors when it comes to room pressurization, airflow rates and infiltration. As mentioned in a previous paragraph, room pressurization is achieved by controlling supply, return, and exhaust airflow. By supplying more air than is being returned or exhausted, a room becomes positively pressurized to its surroundings. By returning or exhausting more air than is being supplied, the room becomes negatively pressurized to its surroundings. But if we are positively pressurizing a room, where does the excess air go? This is where infiltration and ex-filtration come in to play.
Rooms, and even buildings, are not 100% airtight. There are gaps beneath doors, around window seams, and in other places. If we positively pressurize a room, the excess air ex-filtrates outwards through these nooks and crannies into adjacent spaces due to a difference in pressure. When a room is negatively pressurized, the reverse is true. Air infiltrates into the negatively pressurized room from adjacent rooms. This is what allows us to control the migration of contaminants.
ASHRAE 170 defines the minimum pressure gradient be tween pressurized spaces to be a minimum of 0.01 in. wc. This pressure gradient is measured using pressure transducers, which are required to be maintained and checked at intervals specified in the FGI Guidelines.
3. What types of rooms require pressurization?
ASHRAE 170 Table 7-1 (see Appendix) outlines room pressure requirements for different medical room types. The pressurization requirements work to minimize the spread of airborne contaminants between rooms. Protective environment rooms are required to be positively pressurized to keep airborne contaminants out of rooms housing patients with weakened immune systems. On the other hand, Airborne Infection Isolation rooms, which house patients with severely contagious diseases, are required to be negatively pressurized to prevent the spread of these diseases to other people in the hospital. Refer to ASHRAE 170 Table 7-1 when questioning room pressurization requirements. An example of how to use Table 7-1 is shown in the appendix.
Above is a sample of ASHRAE 170 Table 7.1. When using this table, first, identify the type of room you are working with. This example will use a protective environment room. You will want to look to determine the pressure relationship required by code for this space. For a protective environment room, a positive pressure relationship is required. The next columns outline required air change rates, expressed in ACH (air changes per hour).
CFM can be obtained from ACH by multiplying the volume of the room in question by the required air change rate found in the table and dividing that value by 60. Both outdoor air change rates and total air change rates are specified in the table. For rooms under positive pressure, your total air changes per hour is dictated by your supply air. For rooms under negative pressure, your total air changes per hour is dictated by exhaust air. A 10% difference between supply and return/exhaust is a good rule of thumb for maintaining proper pressurization in a room.
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The technicians carried out a visual inspection of the surface of the component, looking for any indications of cracks, laps, seams, folds or other damage. No visual indications were found, so the technicians proceeded to prepare the component for UT inspection. The aim of the UT was to inspect the component and identify any defects between the rim and wheel core boundary. Initially, a 0 degree normal beam probe was used, over a 50mm grid to detect lamination type flaws.
The UT found no defect indications, so the technicians decided to use a PAUT 45 degree shear wave probe. This provided 100% surface coverage, in both directions. No defect indications were detected, however the technique was able to detect several geometric signals giving confidence that the inspection would be capable of detecting both volumetric and favourable planar defects, if they had been present. Therefore, the UT/PAUT inspection ruled out any sub-surface flaws.


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Global protest is changing. In the 1980s and 1990s, single-cause forms of protest to save the whale, protect the rain forest, or advocate indigenous rights increasingly replaced the lifelong loyalties that people had previously demonstrated through class-based, unionized forms of protest. This article argues that we may now be seeing a second shift in global protest that combines personal sub-politics with a collective, religious vision. I will illustrate how twists in political geo-politics and modernity have allowed for the emergence of not only religious forms of social movements but also religious forms of global protest. An analysis of the paradoxical links between faith and finance in the Murabitun movement, a global Sufi brotherhood of converts to Islam from Europe, Africa, and the United States, provides the basis for the argument.
Social Analysis, 2009, Vol 53, Issue 1, p. 103-122


_USER_ {1851, title = {Latent Heat Loss of a Virtual Thermal Manikin for Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Bicycle Helmets}, booktitle = {Advances in Human Factors in Simulation and Modeling}, year = {2019}, pages = {66{\textendash}78}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {Thermal performance of three bicycle helmets for latent heat loss was evaluated through a virtual testing methodology using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The virtual thermal manikin was prescribed with a constant sweat rate of 2~g/h and a constant sweat film thickness of 0.3~mm. The simulations were carried out at 6~m/s until convergence was achieved. The results from steady state simulations show heat loss of 158~W from manikin without helmet and approximately 135~W with helmets. However, the thermal performance of helmets with a sweating manikin has been reduced from 89{\textendash}93{\%} to 84{\textendash}87{\%}. These results imply that evaporative/latent heat loss plays a significant role in thermal performance of helmets. Therefore, thermal performance tests for helmets should also include testing of helmets for evaporative heat loss.}, isbn = {978-3-319-94223-0}, author = {Mukunthan, Shriram and Jochen Vleugels and Toon Huysmans and Guido De Bruyne}, editor = {Cassenti, Daniel N.} }


: User enters a number. The input can be controlled with minimum and maximums. You can specify a Step Size to require that the input be divisible by the specified value. Snap Interval is the amount that a number is increased or decreased by pressing the up or down button respectively. The Step Size value should be a multiple of the Snap Interval value unless Snap Interval is 0. The user-selected number is entered into the variable.
 - Numeric Interval: User selects a number and an item from a list. The list item has a numeric value. The value entered into the variable is the result of the multiplication. For example, if a user selects 2 and selects High (with high having a value of 3), the value is 6 in the variable.
 - Separator: A separator is a graphical way to separate sections in the user input form.
 - Text Area: User enters a large amount of text. The text is entered into the variable.
 - Text Input: User enters text input. Allowed entries can be controlled with regular expressions. The user input is entered into the variable.
 - Time: User selects a time from a drop-down list. The input can be subject to restrictions.
Most parameter types provide Options for specifying read-only values that help users understand how to configure the parameters when deploying an action. The following example shows the read-only values that you can specify for Text Input. The Preview section shows how the settings appear to users who deploy an action that uses the package.
Figure 5: Parameter options
Read-only values
Note that the Provide Help Text content appears as a tooltip when a user hovers over Information Info:
Figure 6: Provide Help Text
Provide Help Text


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PDFjet says it supports App Engine, which by extension means it will run on Wave. e question is how can I get to to work on the Google WavE?
The goal is to get a PDF-button in the wave which is able to output the whole wave into PDF
Any assistance would be greatly appreciated.
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You'll likely need to do the following:
 1. Write a wave robot that simply joins a wave so it's capable of copying its contents.
 2. Write a wave gadget that adds an 'As PDF' button to a wave. When clicked, it should make a call to your bot directly, returning the generated PDF.
 3. Write an extension installer that installs the robot and gadget in a wave.
 4. Implement code to render a wave to a PDF using PDFJet. Since PDFJet doesn't render HTML to PDFs directly, you'll either need to implement your own renderer, or use another library.
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Farming Base (farmingbase.com) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them.
By definition, carnivorous plants or insectivorous plants are plants that kill and trap other animals in efforts to derive some or most of their bodily nutrients by using their very own enzymes or bacteria in order to digest them. While brambles or blackberry bushes have some of these characteristics, the question is do brambles have all of the necessary characteristics to be labeled as a carnivorous plant?
Brambles or blackberry bushes cannot be considered a carnivorous plant as they do not have all of the necessary characteristics of a carnivorous plant, or rather don't have the ability to exude enzymes or bacteria in order to derive nutrients from their prey.
Meaning, brambles do not have all of the necessary characteristics of a carnivorous plant but there is something in their character which makes them a curious case. Although they are not exactly carnivorous plants we can call them protocarnivorous plants. Keep on reading to find out what a protocarnivorous plant is and what makes brambles or blackberry bushes a protocarnivorous plant.
Are brambles and blackberries the same thing?
Brambles and blackberries come from the same genus Rubus, the bramble is Rubus Vulgaris while the blackberry is Rubus Fruiticosus meaning that brambles and blackberries are the very same thing.
While they are one and the same, what is the difference between the two?
Blackberries are an edible fruit which is produced by the genus Rubus, mentioned beforehand, from the family of Rosaceae.
Brambles are described as a rough, tangled, and prickly shrub that grows blackberries, raspberries, or dewberries, so basically, brambles describe the plant out of which the fruit of blackberries grows.
This means that whether you decide to call them brambles or blackberries, you cannot really go wrong but if you can, stick to the right terminology.
To repeat once more, when referring to the bush which produces the fruit, brambles is the right terminology. When you are referring to the aggregate fruit which is composed out of small drupelets, blackberry is the right terminology.
Also keep in mind that, although called berries, in a botanical sense, blackberries are not considered berries.
Are brambles (blackberry bushes) carnivorous?
By that definition, a carnivorous plant is any plant that has evolved its carnivory and adapted to capturing and digesting small animals or insects in efforts to derive nutrients from them. The emphasis is, however, on their very own ability to exude enzymes or bacteria in order to decompose the prey for the purpose of easier digestion.
To be classified as a true carnivorous the plant has to have all of the following characteristics.
1. Be able to attract prey
Being able to attract prey is the very first vital characteristic that sets everything else in motion. Although plants could wait for their prey to come, that leaves them with no guarantee of constant nutrition so true carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms to attract prey.
For example, Pitfall plants attract plants in an effort to lure them into the pit from which they can no longer successfully escape. Their way of attracting prey is with nectar secreted at their openings or they can attract prey with their bright flowers and flower-like patterning.
The openings where the plants attract the prey are typically covered in a wax-like coating which causes the insects to slip into the pit. Once they are trapped within the pit, the plant starts exuding digestive enzymes which help dissolve the prey into a form that is easily absorbable for the plant. This is only one of the ways carnivorous plants attract and kill prey for digestion.
2. Have a trapping mechanism
Trapping mechanisms are divided into five basic mechanisms within the carnivorous plants.
Pitfall Traps or pitcher plants trap prey by luring them into a pit from which they cannot escape and are then digested with the help of plant's digestive enzymes and bacteria.
Flypaper traps trap prey with the help of sticky mucilage or a glue-like texture they exude. They utilize it through secreting glands – which can be either short, long, and mobile, and trap their prey by making it stick to the surface of the secretion after which the prey is digested with the help of the plant's digestive enzymes and bacteria.
Snap traps trap prey by the mouse and bear-like trap which with its rapid movement traps the prey within the two traps. The rapid movement is triggered by the sensitive hair on the leaf lobes. Currently, there are two species of flytraps – the Venus flytrap and the waterwheel plant. The digestion of the prey occurs over a period of one to two weeks.
Lobster-pot traps trap prey by forcing it to move towards the plant's digestive system by using its inward-pointing hairs. The inward-pointing hairs make the chamber easy to enter but difficult to get out and so the prey is forced to move in a particular direction and eventually trapped within the digestive system.
Bladder traps trap prey by generating a partial vacuum inside the bladder of the plant which basically sucks in the prey, makes it impossible for it to escape and as with other carnivorous plants, it gets digested with the help of enzymes and bacteria.
3. Be able to kill prey and derive nutrients by itself
The main characteristic of carnivorous plants is their ability to kill their prey and derive nutrients from its carcass through a process of chemical breakdown. The nutrients are then absorbed by the plant in an effort to enable their survival.
Carnivorous plants have evolved nine times in five different orders of flowering plants. There are close to 600 species classified with the characteristics of attracting, trapping, and killing prey all in an effort to absorb any available nutrients from the prey.
As brambles or blackberry bushes do not have the ability to impact the decomposition of the prey on their very own, they cannot be considered carnivorous plants.
Although they cannot be considered fully carnivorous plants, brambles share few of the characteristics of carnivorous plants which makes them protocarnivorous plants.
There are over 300 protocarnivorous plant species that are showing some of the characteristics of carnivorous plants.
Protocarnivorous plants, or also commonly referred to as paracarnivorous, subcarnivorous, or borderline carnivores, have some of the carnivorous characteristics attributed. Some are able to trap and kill the prey but lack the ability to derive and digest nutrients from their prey by themselves, as a carnivorous plant always can.
To be a fully carnivorous plant, the plant must exhibit all of the characteristics mentioned beforehand, whereas to be a protocarnivorous plant, the plant can exhibit only one of the characteristics – attraction, trapping, or absorbing of the prey.
What brambles or blackberry bushes have are thorns that help capture animals such as sheep. However, those thorns are not considered to be a trapping mechanism for the purpose of killing or incapacitating prey for the purpose of utilizing their nutrients but they are rather considered a defense mechanism in order to encourage herbivores to avoid it.
It gets a little bit more complicated when you take a look at the thorns of blackberry bushes. Unlike other plants with the same defensive mechanism of thorns, blackberry pushes do not have upright or straight thorns but rather have thorns that look like backward-facing hooks.
Backward-facing thorns draw the prey towards the middle of the bush where they can only get more tangled up and as they struggle they can only get more caught up within the thorns. As the prey struggles and gets to the point of absolute exhaustion it eventually dies and the brambles or blackberry bush does get its nutrients.
Despite this, brambles lack digestive enzymes for breaking down the nutrients and rather rely on symbiotic relationships with bacteria or insects for the part of absorbing the prey. It is a very important characteristic that the blackberry bushes are not responsible for the decomposition of the prey.
To conclude, let's review the characteristics of bramble and a carnivorous plant.
Characteristics of bramble and a carnivorous plant:
1. Being able to attract prey
Brambles or blackberry bushes produce the fruit of blackberries which can be used to attract prey but the question remains whether brambles evolved in a way that the blackberries were produced with the purpose of attracting prey.
2. Have a trapping mechanism
As we said before, it is debatable whether blackberry bushes evolved their thorns to backward-facing hooks in order to trap prey after attracting it or if it's just a defense mechanism in order to warn off herbivores. Also, brambles would have a hard time trapping any animal which does not have thick wool or fur in which the animal can get tangled up – which leads to a conclusion that its thorns are rather a defensive mechanism.
3. Being able to kill prey
As they use the help from their surroundings in order to derive nutrients, brambles are not necessarily responsible for killing the prey and they surely are not responsible for decomposing it.
By lacking this characteristic of absorbing the prey, brambles cannot be considered a carnivorous plant.