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§Handling form submission
§Overview
Form handling and submission is an important part of any web application. Play comes with features that make handling simple forms easy and complex forms possible.
Play's form handling approach is based around the concept of binding data. When data comes in from a POST request, Play will look for formatted values and bind them to a Form object. From there, Play can use the bound form to value a case class with data, call custom validations, and so on.
Typically forms are used directly from a Controller instance. However, Form definitions do not have to match up exactly with case classes or models: they are purely for handling input and it is reasonable to use a distinct Form for a distinct POST.
§Imports
To use forms, import the following packages into your class:
import play.api.data._
import play.api.data.Forms._
§Form Basics
We'll go through the basics of form handling:
The end result will look something like this:
§Defining a form
First, define a case class which contains the elements you want in the form. Here we want to capture the name and age of a user, so we create a UserData object:
case class UserData(name: String, age: Int)
Now that we have a case class, the next step is to define a Form structure. The function of a 'Form is to transform form data into a bound instance of a case class, and we define it like follows:
val userForm = Form(
 mapping(
 "name" -> text,
 "age" -> number
 )(UserData.apply)(UserData.unapply)
)
The Forms object defines the mapping method. This method takes the names and constraints of the form, and also takes two functions: an apply function and an unapply function. Because UserData is a case class, we can plug its apply and unapply methods directly into the mapping method.
Note: Maximum number of fields for a single tuple or mapping is 22 due to the way form handling is implemented. If you have more than 22 fields in your form, you should break down your forms using lists or nested values.
A form will create UserData instance with the bound values when given a Map:
val anyData = Map("name" -> "bob", "age" -> "21")
val userData = userForm.bind(anyData).get
But most of the time you'll use forms from within an Action, with data provided from the request. Form contains bindFromRequest, which will take a request as an implicit parameter. If you define an implicit request, then bindFromRequest will find it.
val userData = userForm.bindFromRequest.get
Note: There is a catch to using get here. If the form cannot bind to the data, then get will throw an exception. We'll show a safer way of dealing with input in the next few sections.
You are not limited to using case classes in your form mapping. As long as the apply and unapply methods are properly mapped, you can pass in anything you like, such as tuples using the Forms.tuple mapping or model case classes. However, there are several advantages to defining a case class specifically for a form:
§Defining constraints on the form
The text constraint considers empty strings to be valid. This means that name could be empty here without an error, which is not what we want. A way to ensure that name has the appropriate value is to use the nonEmptyText constraint.
val userFormConstraints2 = Form(
 mapping(
 "name" -> nonEmptyText,
 "age" -> number(min = 0, max = 100)
 )(UserData.apply)(UserData.unapply)
)
Using this form will result in a form with errors if the input to the form does not match the constraints:
val boundForm = userFormConstraints2.bind(Map("bob" -> "", "age" -> "25"))
boundForm.hasErrors must beTrue
The out of the box constraints are defined on the Forms object:
§Defining ad-hoc constraints
You can define your own ad-hoc constraints on the case classes using the validation package.
val userFormConstraints = Form(
 mapping(
 "name" -> text.verifying(nonEmpty),
 "age" -> number.verifying(min(0), max(100))
 )(UserData.apply)(UserData.unapply)
)
You can also define ad-hoc constraints on the case classes themselves:
def validate(name: String, age: Int) = {
 name match {
 case "bob" if age >= 18 =>
 Some(UserData(name, age))
 case "admin" =>
 Some(UserData(name, age))
 case _ =>
 None
 }
}
val userFormConstraintsAdHoc = Form(
 mapping(
 "name" -> text,
 "age" -> number
 )(UserData.apply)(UserData.unapply) verifying("Failed form constraints!", fields => fields match {
 case userData => validate(userData.name, userData.age).isDefined
 })
)
You also have the option of constructing your own custom validations. Please see the custom validations section for more details.
§Validating a form in an Action
Now that we have constraints, we can validate the form inside an action, and process the form with errors.
We do this using the fold method, which takes two functions: the first is called if the binding fails, and the second is called if the binding succeeds.
userForm.bindFromRequest.fold(
 formWithErrors => {
 // binding failure, you retrieve the form containing errors:
 BadRequest(views.html.user(formWithErrors))
 },
 userData => {
 /* binding success, you get the actual value. */
 val newUser = models.User(userData.name, userData.age)
 val id = models.User.create(newUser)
 Redirect(routes.Application.home(id))
 }
)
In the failure case, we render the page with BadRequest, and pass in the form with errors as a parameter to the page. If we use the view helpers (discussed below), then any errors that are bound to a field will be rendered in the page next to the field.
In the success case, we're sending a Redirect with a route to routes.Application.home here instead of rendering a view template. This pattern is called Redirect after POST, and is an excellent way to prevent duplicate form submissions.
Note: "Redirect after POST" is required when using flashing or other methods with flash scope, as new cookies will only be available after the redirected HTTP request.
Alternatively, you can use the parse.form body parser that binds the content of the request to your form.
val userPost = Action(parse.form(userForm)) { implicit request =>
 val userData = request.body
 val newUser = models.User(userData.name, userData.age)
 val id = models.User.create(newUser)
 Redirect(routes.Application.home(id))
}
In the failure case, the default behaviour is to return an empty BadRequest response. You can override this behaviour with your own logic. For instance, the following code is completely equivalent to the preceding one using bindFromRequest and fold.
val userPostWithErrors = Action(parse.form(userForm, onErrors = (formWithErrors: Form[UserData]) => BadRequest(views.html.user(formWithErrors)))) { implicit request =>
 val userData = request.body
 val newUser = models.User(userData.name, userData.age)
 val id = models.User.create(newUser)
 Redirect(routes.Application.home(id))
}
§Showing forms in a view template
Once you have a form, then you need to make it available to the template engine. You do this by including the form as a parameter to the view template. For user.scala.html, the header at the top of the page will look like this:
@(userForm: Form[UserData])(implicit messages: Messages)
Because user.scala.html needs a form passed in, you should pass the empty userForm initially when rendering user.scala.html:
def index = Action {
 Ok(views.html.user(userForm))
}
The first thing is to be able to create the form tag. It is a simple view helper that creates a form tag and sets the action and method tag parameters according to the reverse route you pass in:
@helper.form(action = routes.Application.userPost()) {
 @helper.inputText(userForm("name"))
 @helper.inputText(userForm("age


text:
Do you want to learn how to adjust inventory in the warehouse and how to count items? This module explains how you can use the warehouse journals to adjust, count, and reclassify items.
In this module, you will:
- Identify the difference between the warehouse item journal and the item journal.
- Adjust an item's stock in the warehouse.
- Calculate warehouse adjustments.
- Post negative and positive adjustments from the item journal.
- Prepare the physical inventory count.
- Adjust inventory based on the physical count.
- Reclassify items between bins.
- Reclassify item tracking information.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
As Passover approaches, many Jewish pet owners wonder how to feed their pets without breaking the laws of Passover. As Passover approaches, many Jewish families have started cleaning their kitchen cabinets of any chametz, leavened bread or anything made from the five major grains (wheat, rye, barley, oats and spelt).
They put away the challah dough and spaghetti for themselves, but how about the food for their pets? Since most pet foods contain chametz, Jewish pet owners often wonder how to feed their pets without breaking the laws of Passover.
Kosher households can feed their pets non-kosher food year-round, unless the food is a mixture of dairy and meat or during Passover.
An easy solution is to give your pet a mini-vacation at a non-Jewish friend's house for the eight days of Passover. However, if you want to celebrate with your pet, the Chicago Rabbinical Council has compiled a list of Kosher for Passover pet products. If you cannot find these in your neighborhood, KosherPets is permissible or your pet can eat Kosher for Passover human food.
Also, although Ashkenazi Jews (Eastern European or German descent) do not eat kitniyot (rice, corn, peas, beans, etc) during the holiday, it is permitted to feed pets this type of food.
But do pets need separate Passover dishes like humans? No. Your pet can use his regular bowl or this bowl acts as an appropriate alternative.
With these simple alternatives, every member of the family will love Passover, especially those with four legs.
For tips on staying Kosher with your pet all year round, click here.
To find the best Passover gift for your pet, click here.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Been posting this on Google+, putting it all together here for my easy reference : )
Rough plan of the '9box' symbol. It should allow guides if needed, but autodetect your intentions if it can do that correctly. Potentially even autodetect the 9box (or nBox) from a bitmap. A true 3box (where the tl and bl are not symmetrical) would need to be specified in the properties.
It also needs layers for things that cover the whole box, like a shadow or highlight. These things can scale based on their locks and springs – so eg a highlight on the entire box, or textbox with it's top left corner locked to the top left box's center point.
- templates are per device or per screen (template is created for each target screen, all common devices have prebuilt templates).
- some devices (like XBoxes) have an unknown screen, so you can target multiple screen (eg: put unimportant graphics in the 16:9 area).
- guides are attached to the template, not the rulers.
- guides are locked to the template, and move/grow proportionally as the template changes.
- There is a view mode for each targeted template. Automated positions can be overridden in those, but not in the 'master' template (some kind of broken icon for the overridden handle).
- handles are normally box (or rotation) allowing the designer free control of the object.
- anything with box icons (default) will behave as normal, and will be positioned in absolute coordinates on export.
- a lock icon always locks to the template (or guides).
- a pin icon locks to the paper (which grows and shrinks per device template
- an anchor locks to objects
- a spring locks to objects or templates/guides
- if a side is locked (like button 1 top), then not only is its position locked to the template, but the designer can not scale in that direction without removing the lock.
- in the case of button 1, the top corner boxes will only allow horz scaling, thus they are greyed out a bit.
- whenever something is moved to 'snap' to a guide/template, it automatically locks in that direction. If moved or keyboard nudged, it keeps the lock, but it becomes distance bound.
- locks can be cleared with a shortcut (perhaps ctrl/shift/Z, clear all transforms also breaks custom icons?).
- in button two (bottom left image), the item is locked 5 pixels from the bottom left title safe area (this may be better accomplished with guides?). It is also pinned to the paper on the right. Thus it will grow horizontally to the right. It does this when the designer drags it, per template, and when the width is set in code. The top is not set, therefore it will not change per template (constant height), however it could change with code or by designer adjustment.
- the center icon group is pinned to the center (center icons can be set). In the center this has the same effect as being locked to the center, but had it been offset, the offset would be proportional the the template size.
- these icons are separated by springs. This can be set manually, but it is automatically set when something is distributed.
- Spring or anchor joined objects become a 'weak' group. In the center icons case, you could move the third icon independently, but the second would move to keep the distances equal, and pin would change locations. Had the pin been a lock, the first icon would move left to keep distances equal.
Bottom Right Set
- the second icon set (bottom right) has been top aligned. This automatically anchored to tops to each other. moving one icon up or down will move them all, but moving them left or right will be the spring behaviour.
- they are locked to the guide on the right. Moving this guide will move the group (and anything else attached to it). Probably that would move the group 'as is' rather than affecting the springs.
- the guide is locked to the template, so as the template grows, the guide will as well.
Templates in Symbols
- templates can be used internally to define symbols. The allow things like minimum size, flow handling, stretch logic etc. So when scaling a symbol defined with a template, you will not necessarily get the regular stretch – eg a grid defined this way may space the icons differently (or even add icons if it is so defined).
Edit in Place
The green outline is the bounds, but it isn't a template/guide bounds so you can't lock objects to it. It auto grows and shrinks as you transform objects like normal, but distinguishes from Flowable objects (next). When used, this type of symbol scales like normal objects in Flash do, where flowable objects can have specific flows.
Flowable Symbol – Kern
This is editing an Array or Flowable symbol (not sure what to call these yet, they are like primitives that you use for components, with specific flows and can be made of collections).
This shows a grid of objects, but it could also be used to specify a table row of multiple elements, or a whole table where each row is grouped (that may be separate versions of the same type of element).
The elements have been separated by springs (selecting the first two elements and 'distributing' would give this setup for everything). The number of elements can be set with the slider. The designer can drag in different types of symbols and they will be added to the possible symbol types. For auto added types, the user can specify on the property bar whether to add randomly or in order added.
These types can be marked 'Creatable', where it is empty at start up and is dynamically filled at runtime (the object is a collection in code, and syntax is basically xx.Add() or xx.Add(Type) if the developer wishes to add different types of objects). This can be restricted by specifying 'named types' – eg: only allow symbols with at least an element named 'bkg' and a text field named 'label'. This can be set in the ide as well.
When the blue handle at the bottom right is moved in, the objects compess their width based on the regular handle icon rules.
This version flows down, as indicated by the top left icon, and the arrow at the bottom of the first icon. The elements of the first row are therefore indexed 0,2,4,6.
The blue outline box indicates this is a templated component, so it flows when scaled. When finishing editing the component will retain its set bounds, but if it is scaled later on stage it will flow the same way it did when edited.
Floawable Symbol – Wrap
This is similar to the kern object, but it is set to wrap. Kern or wrap will need to be able to be manually specified, probably if the row count or column count is manually set then it must be a kern object, if not it is a 'wrap at bounds' object. That level of specification probably needs to be discovered through use…


text:
Urine drug testing helps clinicians create a foundation of honesty and openness between patient and practitioner. Prescription medications are frequently used in the treatment of mental health disorders. Substance abuse and psychiatric disorders often co-exist, and determining the appropriate course of action is essential for successful treatment. Urine Drug testing (UDT) results can help psychiatrists conduct a more thorough and accurate assessment and pave the way to an effective treatment plan.
- Monitor ongoing issues with substance use disorders (SUD)
- Identify recent use of prescription medications, non-prescribed and illicit substances
- Detects medications that may results in drug-drug interaction
- Advocate for and communicate individual treatment plans


(or "%8" and "%9" for actual bytes URL-encoded as "%8A".."%8F" or "%9A".."%9F") are an incomplete scanf/printf placeholder, not correctly terminated by a valid type/format letter (so yes this is a serious bug)
When trailing bytes are in "%A0".. "%BF", this bug does not occur because "%A" or "%B", in capitals, are not recognized as valid placeholders for C/C++, but the bug would occur if these bytes were encoded using non-standard lowercase in "%a0".."%bf" (because "%a" and "%b" could eventually be placeholders in some C/C++ libraries using extended scanf/printf formatters). actually does not properly check if theses are valid C/C++ placefolder for print/scanf. It does not even know that the message will be used with a C/C++ library, and it also supposes this could be placeholders for other languages (such as DOS-Command or NT-CMD shell variables, or libraries for Java, Javascript, PHP, Python...).
Here you tried "%8D" which superficially looks like a printf/scanf placeholder for a format of length 8 but unknown type/format letter "D"; as this is not recognized, then TranslateWiki assumes this could be also a basic "%n" placeholder for another syntax (a shell syntax for or some other programming language of library), and errs because there's no such "%8" placeholder in the original string to translate. What does is just making superficial guesses, with frequently false assumptions.
 - One possible workaround could be to link to another redirecting article that does not use these characters in their title (e.g. redirecting the English title).
 - Another alternative would be to not URL-encode non-ASCII characters in the URL, using the IRI syntax supported by modern browsers (and supported also by the MediaWiki parser).
 - You've found the wordaround using the MediaWiki editor instead of the Translate UI (but note that even if you've edited it there, the text cannot be validated in the "review" UI of TranslateWiki, or will resurrect if one needs to point to another URL on the target wiki).
This is a bug of the Translate interface itself: the solution would be to mark the resource to translate as not using the Mediawiki syntax (if this is the case) and containing no C/C++ "printf/scanf-like" placeholder when importing the resource on, so that its UI won't perform an incorrect validation check.
As far as I know, the UI of still does not support such flagging (unlike what other common UIs for translations of.po/.pot files for gettext) and just makes some "magic" guess of the format used, assuming it is either using the Mediawiki syntax (where such URL-encoding of URLs is not needed, but where "{}" and "[]" are special-cased for MediaWiki's parser, as well as "$name" for Translatewiki's syntax itself and supported in the Mediawiki API internal libraries, and a few other syntaxes) or the placeholders in C/C++ "printf/scanf" format strings. should not perform such magic guess of the expected format. It creates false positives and does not properly validate all what may be needed for projects. It should support resource-flagging like in.po/.pot translation tools (where the uncompiled ".po" format uses special comment-lines starting by "#," before the resource texts starting by "msgid" or "msgstr"), using some metadata separated from the original string, possibly stored in the "/qqq" doc subpage, or in a dedicated "/qqx" subpage, or using some hidden tag in the source page (like TWN already does when prepending hidden "!!FUZZY" markers in translated subpages that need updates).
I would suggest prepending "!!FORMAT(...)" or "!!{...}" markers is source pages to store that metadata, and possibly as well in the translated pages to make sure that these special markers are in sync with the original).
As well, a project should be able to store such global metadata for their whole message group (to provide some defaults that could be overriden in specific resources using the special marker), notably the programming language that will use these resources, so it will know if printf/scanf format strings are really needed, or if Mediawiki or HTML syntax is expected. This means creating a special page for each message group, containing the group description, contact info, supported formats (including supported plural forms), URL to help/support pages, URLs to their bug tracker and relevant discussions or terminologies for specific languages...
These changes in TWN would make this wiki more universal to better support more projects. The alternative for these projects are to use online translation tools other than (most of them are built for.po resources with gettext)...
The alternative would be for Blockly to accept this string in IRI format, natively in UTF-8 (like in the address bar of modern web browsers, or in the Mediawiki parser), documenting that the URL should not be URL-encoded (this would require Blockly to URL-encode that IRI itself, either in its runtime code or during the import of translated resources from TWN to their code repository) and documenting that info in the "/qqq" doc subpage of However that last alternative requires involving Blockly developers, notifying them, and make them aware of what they can do when importing/exporting their project with (only these developers can instruct translators about what they can do).
Verdy p (talk)19:32, 20 March 2021
Hi, Verdy. Thank you a lot for your detailed and clear explanation. The last option would certainly be best but would require someone with the relevant technical knowledge to communicate with developers. Would you be willing to take this on? Otherwise, I'll ask a colleague or will try to do it myself. For the time being, I'm staying with the workaround. --Eleassar (talk) 08:14, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
Eleassar (talk)08:14, 21 March 2021
Feel free to link this talk thread. I would be pleased to see such suggestions implemtend somewhere for improving and better support the hosted projects with better communications and reporting with translators, and improved checking and validation of translations.
Verdy p (talk)22:32, 3 April 2021
Activate new language-code: Aruban Papiamento [pap-AW]
I'm active in the Wiki goes Caribbean working group and would like to request another language code for Papiamento. We already facilitate Papiamentu ('pap'), spoken on Bonaire and Curacao, but Papiamento, spoken on Aruba, is slightly different in grammer and spelling. Per my conversation with Amir, I would like to suggest to use 'pap-aw' for this variant of the language.
Please let me know if you have any questions.
Ciell (talk)20:04, 24 February 2021
Amir E. Aharoni (talk)10:03, 4 March 2021
Hi _USER_, Can you help me find this language on translate wiki?
Ciell (talk)09:03, 29 March 2021
Hmm, for some reason it cannot easily be found in the language selector! I'll try to fix that.
In the meantime, here's a direct link that should work as a start:
This link is for core MediaWiki. You can select other components, such as "Visual Editor" in the project selector on the top right side of the screen.
Amir E. Aharoni (talk)10:34, 29 March 2021
Hi Amir, We seem to have the same problem on Wikidata, the language is not visible yet.
Ciell (talk)16:07, 29 March 2021
Please ask Wikidata developers about it.
Amir E. Aharoni (talk)06:17, 30 March 2021
Please add the Kom language [bkm]
I speak the Kom language of Cameroon, and I'd like to translate MediaWiki into this language.
X-Savitar (talk)11:14, 31 March 2021
This is now enabled!
Amir E. Aharoni (talk)15:31, 31 March 2021
Encyclopedia of Life: no export since 29 August 2019
Is the "Encyclopedia of Life" (EOL) project still actively maintained ? Or jsut dormant (waiting for further developments). There's not been any commit in their repository since 29 August 2019:
But in fact there's not been any other commit for any other part of their project in their repository (and no progress at all in their online bug reports). As well the online version of the site seems to be frozen from the same date.
If it is maintained now by another administrator, using another repository, or going to become a closed project, or waiting for a new admin, we should be informed.
Verdy p (talk)19:17, 26 March 2021
Hi Verdy p,
Changes to Encyclopedia of Life are pushed to this repository:
Abijeet Patro (talk)10:22, 31 March 2021
Then the projet portal gives the wrong repository if it has changed. It needs to be updated.
Verdy p (talk)12:44, 1 April 2021
New project :
We're translating in french since around 2000. After using pottle for a few years, since 201


text:
5.7. Scalar Coordinate Variables
When a variable has an associated coordinate which is
single-valued, that coordinate may be represented as a
scalar variable. Since there is no associated dimension
these scalar coordinate variables should be attached to
a data variable via the
Under COARDS the method of providing a single valued coordinate was to add a dimension of size one to the variable, and supply the corresponding coordinate variable. The new scalar coordinate variable is a convenience feature which avoids adding size one dimensions to variables. Scalar coordinate variables have the same information content and can be used in the same contexts as a size one coordinate variable. Note however that use of this feature with a latitude, longitude, vertical, or time coordinate will inhibit COARDS conforming applications from recognizing them.
Once a name is used for a scalar coordinate variable it can not be used for a 1D coordinate variable. For this reason we strongly recommend against using a name for a scalar coordinate variable that matches the name of any dimension in the file.
Example 5.11. Multiple forecasts from a single analysis
dimensions: lat = 180 ; lon = 360 ; time = UNLIMITED ; variables: double atime atime:standard_name = "forecast_reference_time" ; atime:units = "hours since 1999-01-01 00:00" ; double time(time); time:standard_name = "time" ; time:units = "hours since 1999-01-01 00:00" ; double lon(lon) ; lon:long_name = "station longitude"; lon:units = "degrees_east"; double lat(lat) ; lat:long_name = "station latitude" ; lat:units = "degrees_north" ; double p500 p500:long_name = "pressure" ; p500:units = "hPa" ; p500:positive = "down" ; float height(time,lat,lon); height:long_name = "geopotential height" ; height:standard_name = "geopotential_height" ; height:units = "m" ; height:coordinates = "atime p500" ; data: time = 6., 12., 18., 24. ; atime = 0. ; p500 = 500. ;
In this example both the analysis time and the single pressure level are represented using scalar coordinate variables. The analysis time is identified by the standard name "forecast_reference_time" while the valid time of the forecast is identified by the standard name "time".

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
||This article needs attention from an expert in Computer science. (November 2008)|
|Part of a series on|
Packing problems are a class of optimization problems in mathematics that involve attempting to pack objects together into containers. The goal is to either pack a single container as densely as possible or pack all objects using as few containers as possible. Many of these problems can be related to real life packaging, storage and transportation issues. Each packing problem has a dual covering problem, which asks how many of the same objects are required to completely cover every region of the container, where objects are allowed to overlap.
In a packing problem, you are given:
- 'containers' (usually a single twoor three-dimensional convex region, or an infinite space)
- A set of 'objects' some or all of which must be packed into one or more containers. The set may contain different objects with their sizes specified, or a single object of a fixed dimension that can be used repeatedly.
Usually the packing must be without overlaps between goods and other goods or the container walls. In some variants, the aim is to find the configuration that packs a single container with the maximal density. More commonly, the aim is to pack all the objects into as few containers as possible. In some variants the overlapping (of objects with each other and/or with the boundary of the container) is allowed but should be minimized.
|Covering problems||Packing problems|
|Minimum set cover||Maximum set packing|
|Minimum vertex cover||Maximum matching|
|Minimum edge cover||Maximum independent set|
Packing infinite space
Many of these problems, when the container size is increased in all directions, become equivalent to the problem of packing objects as densely as possible in infinite Euclidean space. This problem is relevant to a number of scientific disciplines, and has received significant attention. The Kepler conjecture postulated an optimal solution for packing spheres hundreds of years before it was proven correct by Thomas Callister Hales. Many other shapes have received attention, including ellipsoids, Platonic and Archimedean solids including tetrahedra, and unequal-sphere dimers.
Hexagonal packing of circles
These problems are mathematically distinct from the ideas in the circle packing theorem. The related circle packing problem deals with packing circles, possibly of different sizes, on a surface, for instance the plane or a sphere.
The counterparts of a circle in other dimensions can never be packed with complete efficiency in dimensions larger than one (in a one dimensional universe, the circle analogue is just two points). That is, there will always be unused space if you are only packing circles. The most efficient way of packing circles, hexagonal packing, produces approximately 91% efficiency.
Sphere packings in higher dimensions
In three dimensions, the face-centered cubic lattice offers the best lattice packing of spheres, and is believed to be the optimal of all packings. The 8-dimensional E8 lattice and 24-dimensional Leech lattice are also believed to be optimal.
Packings of Platonic solids in three dimensions
Cubes can easily be arranged to fill three-dimensional space completely, the most natural packing being the cubic honeycomb. No other Platonic solid can tile space on its own, but some preliminary results are known. Tetrahedra can achieve a packing of at least 85%. One of the best packings of regular dodecahedra is based on the aforementioned face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice.
Tetrahedra and octahedra together can fill all of space in an arrangement known as the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb.
|Solid||Maximum known packing density||Lowest upper bound for lattice packing density|
|octahedra||0.947003...[better source needed]||18/19 = 0.947368...|
Packing in 3-dimensional containers
Spheres into a Euclidean ball
The problem of finding the smallest ball such that disjoint open unit balls may be packed inside it has a simple and complete answer in -dimensional Euclidean space if, and in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space with no restrictions. It is worth describing in detail here, to give a flavor of the general problem. In this case, a configuration of pairwise tangent unit balls is available. Place the centers at the vertices of a regular dimensional simplex with edge 2; this is easily realized starting from an orthonormal basis. A small computation shows that the distance of each vertex from the barycenter is. Moreover, any other point of the space necessarily has a larger distance from at least one of the vertices. In terms of inclusions of balls, the open unit balls centered at are included in a ball of radius, which is minimal for this configuration.
To show that this configuration is optimal, let be the centers of disjoint open unit balls contained in a ball of radius centered at a point. Consider the map from the finite set into taking in the corresponding for each. Since for all, this map is 1-Lipschitz and by the Kirszbraun theorem it extends to a 1-Lipschitz map that is globally defined; in particular, there exists a point such that for all one has, so that also. This shows that there are disjoint unit open balls in a ball of radius if and only if. Notice that in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space this implies that there are infinitely many disjoint open unit balls inside a ball of radius if and only if. For instance, the unit balls centered at, where is an orthonormal basis, are disjoint and included in a ball of radius centered at the origin. Moreover, for, the maximum number of disjoint open unit balls inside a ball of radius r is.
Spheres in a cuboid
Packing in 2-dimensional containers
Packing circles
Circles in circle
Pack n unit circles into the smallest possible circle. This is closely related to spreading points in a unit circle with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, dn, between points.
Optimal solutions have been proven for n≤13, and n=19.
Circles in square
Pack n unit circles into the smallest possible square. This is closely related to spreading points in a unit square with the objective of finding the greatest minimal separation, dn, between points. To convert between these two formulations of the problem, the square side for unit circles will be L=2+2/dn.
Optimal solutions have been proven for n≤30.
Circles in isosceles right triangle
Circles in equilateral triangle
Packing squares
Squares in square
Pack n unit squares into the smallest possible square.
Optimal solutions have been proven for n=1-10, 14-16, 23-25, 34-36, 62-64, 79-81, 98-100, and any square integer.
Squares in circle
Pack n squares in the smallest possible circle.
|Number of squares||Circle radius|
Packing rectangles
Identical rectangles in a rectangle
The problem of packing multiple instances of a single rectangle of size (l,w), allowing for 90° rotation, in a bigger rectangle of size (L,W) has some applications such as loading of boxes on pallets and, specifically, woodpulp stowage.
For example, it is possible to pack 147 rectangles of size (137,95) in a rectangle of size (1600,1230).
Different rectangles in a rectangle
The problem of packing multiple rectangles of varying widths and heights in an enclosing rectangle of minimum area (but with no boundaries on the enclosing rectangle's width or height) has an important application in combining images into a single larger image. A web page that loads a single larger image often renders faster in the browser than the same page loading multiple small images, due to the overhead involved in requesting each image from the web server.
An example of a fast algorithm that packs rectangles of varying widths and heights into an enclosing rectangle of minimum area is here.
Related fields
In tiling or tessellation problems, there are to be no gaps, nor overlaps. Many of the puzzles of this type involve packing rectangles or polyominoes into a larger rectangle or other square-like shape.
There are significant theorems on tiling rectangles (and cuboids) in rectangles (cuboids) with no gaps or overlaps:
- An a × b rectangle can be packed with 1 × n strips iff n divides a or n divides b.
- de Bruijn's theorem: A box can be packed with a harmonic brick a × a b × a b c if the box has dimensions a p × a b q × a b c r for some natural numbers p, q, r (i.e., the box is a multiple of the brick.)
The study of polyomino tilings largely concerns two classes of problems: to tile a rectangle with congruent tiles, and to pack one of each n-omino into a rectangle.
A classic puzzle of the second kind is to arrange all twelve pentominoes into rectangles sized 3×20, 4×15, 5×12 or 6×10.
Packing of irregular objects
Packing of irregular objects is a problem not lending itself well to closed form solutions; however, the applicability to practical environmental science is quite important. For example, irregularly shaped soil particles pack differently as the sizes and shapes vary, leading to important outcomes for plant species to adapt root formations and to allow water movement in the soil.
See also
- Set packing
- Bin packing problem
- Slothouber-Graatsma puzzle
- Conway puzzle
- Covering problem
- Knapsack problem
- Tetrahedron packing
- Cutting stock problem
- Kissing number problem
- L


text:
Question: When the person begins his spiritual path, he must have some kind of desire, "fuel." To the degree of attainment, does this type of fuel change or does it remain the same? In which stage does the giver of the gift become more important than the gift itself, or is this significance also egoistic?
Answer: That "fuel" we work with (i.e., the reason why I exist, live, move forward) is changed both quantitatively and qualitatively. This reason improves all the time, becoming more qualitative.
If previously only your "self" was important to you, now, even against your will, the group becomes important. And this is not because you require the group to attain the higher goal, but just like a child is important to its parents.
So gradually a state is created when this is yours and after that this is more important than yourself. Gradually the higher component, the higher power, truly begins to be discovered in the group. You will see that essentially this is not a group, but that creature that we call by the name of "Malchut" and in it the Creator is discovered. But this will happen when you begin to relate to it exactly as the Creator relates to you, even in the smallest way.
From the Moscow Virtual Convention "Unity Without Boundaries" Day Two 12/14/13, Lesson 2


text:
At Black Girl MATHgic, our mission is to help girls build the math confidence they need to succeed in class today and society tomorrow!
Created by a woman with a Math degree and over 15 years of math tutoring experience, the Black Girl MATHgic™ (BGM) Box is the first and only monthly subscription box curated to increase math confidence and decrease math anxiety in girls on a 3rd-8th grade math skill level. Each box contains a relevant and engaging math activity booklet, items to support the activities, an affirmation to inspire confidence, a profile of a black woman mathematician and a Caring Adult Guide.
While the box is curated for black girls because they endure unique struggles as a doubly marginalized group and sit at the intersection of wide racial and gender gaps in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education, girls of all racial and ethnic backgrounds benefit from the math confidence the Black Girl MATHgic Box offers. They also learn more about black history, which is American history. Win Win!
THE EQUATION IS SIMPLE
Math Confidence + Representation =
A Girl With Options Who Has The Confidence and Skill To Design The Life She Wants!
Join us in sprinkling some Black Girl MATHgic and helping ALL girls build the math confidence they need to succeed in class today and society tomorrow!
Thank you to our Founding Members
We couldn't have completed this equation without you!
Lisa Tavares Bodiford


Population Biology
Visit Population Biology and complete the virtual lab.
_URL_
This lab gives you the opportunity to explore the affects of competition on population growth. Follow the instructions on the Population Biology Submission Form. Using this worksheet, you will answer the lab questions and fill in the table on the Population Biology Submission Form. Save it as a Word document and submit it.
Alternative Assignment:
Write a paper on how competition between different species is important in the shaping of biological populations, including the possibility of such competition leading to extinction.
The paper must be two pages in length and formatted according to APA style. You must use at least one recent scholarly source other than the textbook to support your points. Cite your source in text and on the reference page.
Laboratory: Population Biology
Complete the Population Biology Lab found at: _URL_ This lab gives you the opportunity to explore the affects of competition on population growth.
CAREFULLY, follow the instructions to conduct your virtual experiments. Fill in the table below as you go. The questions below are the same ones found in the "journal" of the lab. Hint: Make sure you read click on the "Information" box; valuable information for answering the questions can be found there! You are required to answer all six questions and submit this document to the Dropbox. Do NOT email the journal questions to your instructor through the website above.
Paramecium Growth Data P. aurelia grown alone, cells, mL P. caudatum grown alone , cells, mL P. aurelia grown in mixed culture, cells/mL P. caudatum grown in mixed culture, cells/mL
Day 0
Day 2
Day 4
Day 6
Day 8
Day 10
Day 12
Day 14
Day 16

Journal Questions
 1. Make a hypothesis about how you think the two species of Paramecium will grow alone and how they will grow when they are grown together. (Make sure you understand what a hypothesis is before you address this!)
 1. Explain how you tested your hypothesis. (Give details of how you conducted your experiment. Consider this the "Methods" section of a lab report.)
 1. On what day did the Paramecium caudatum population reach the carrying capacity of the environment when it was grown alone? How do you know?
 1. On what day did the Paramecium aurelia population reach the carrying capacity of the environment? How do you know?
 1. Explain the differences in the population growth patterns of the two Paramecium species. What does this tell you about how Paramecium aurelia uses available resources?
 1. Describe what happened when the Paramecium populations were mixed in the same test tube. Do the results support the principle of competitive exclusion
 1. Explain how this experiment demonstrates that no two species can occupy the same niche.


text:
I have long said that the UX world stands to learn alot about user behavior from video games. As an avid gamer, I found this article really helpful in outlining the current differences between the two.
Designing and developing video games is a challenging and demanding process. Developers must create a game that is enjoyable and rewarding to a diverse audience of players to ensure the product garners financial success. Thus, understanding how different players interact and behave during gameplay is of vital importance. An accurate understanding of target players and their gameplay experience can help to identify and resolve potential problem areas during development, leading to a better player experience and arguably greater game review scores and sales.


text:
Cytokines such as IL-2 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract inflammation. Cytokine levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) have been used as a measure of respiratory inflammation in children with viral infections, but it is unclear whether they reflect levels in the lower respiratory tract.Objective:
We sought to assess the correlation between IL-2 levels in the nasopharyngeal and endotracheal secretions of children intubated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-positive bronchiolitis.Methods:
NPA and endotracheal aspirates were collected concurrently from intubated infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. IL-2 levels were assayed by ELISA, and the results were compared according to collection site.Results:
Nine paired specimens were collected. IL-2 levels ranged from 31 pg/mL to 8040 pg/mL. No significant difference was found in the geometric mean IL-2 values from the 2 collection sites. The intraclass correlation coefficient between NPA IL-2 levels and endotracheal aspirate IL-2 levels was 0.83.Conclusion:
IL-2 levels in NPAs are comparable with those in the lower respiratory tracts of infants with RSV-positive bronchiolitis. NPA cytokine levels provide a simple and useful means of assessing respiratory tract inflammation.


text: In this paper, a virtual Air handling unit (AHU) level water flow meter is developed by using a control valve as a measurement device. The flow through the valve is indirectly calculated using two measurable inputs (differential pressure measurements and valve opening positions) and three constants (inherent valve characteristics, valve coefficient and the valve authority). Thus, the non-intrusive virtual flow meter introduced in this paper provides a solution to one of the measurement barriers and challenges: a low cost, reliable energy metering system at the AHU level. Due to the fact that the virtual flow measurement is achieved by an indirect calculation based on multiple inputs, possibility of measurement errors is significantly increased comparing with a direct flow measurement. In this paper, we first introduce mathematical models of the virtual flow meter. Sensitivity and error propagation analyses are carried out afterwards to investigate the flow accuracy. As results, the valve stem position is a dominant variable in determining the accuracy of the virtual flow meter and thus the error impacts from other inputs except the valve stem position are minor. When the valve stem position errorranges from 0.5% to 2.0%, the accuracy of the virtual flow meter ranges from 1.96% to 7.83% under the valve authority of J and the accuracy ranges from 0.92% to 3.60% under the valve authority of 0.3. This simulation study has proven that it is feasible to use the control valve as the measurement device at the AHU level to provide satisfactory results. More studies will be carried out on experimental tests in next phase study.


text:
App bundles are zip compressed archives containing the following files:
policyAppIdof this application
appHMITypeof the WebEngine application
appHMITypes of the WebEngine application
sdl.js contains the SDL JS library used to interact with SDL Core.
All other HTML / JS files used to run the application.
In order for a WebEngine application to appear on the SDL app list, the HMI must notify SDL Core about newly installed WebEngine applications by sending a
BasicCommunication.SetAppProperties. The properties sent in this request will be stored in Core's policy table and the information will stay persistent between ignition cycles.
Not all parameters in the
AppProperties struct apply to WebEngine Apps. WebEngine Apps should omit
When the user activates a WebEngine application, the HMI will use information from the manifest.js to launch the entrypoint HTML (our development HMIs do this by creating an invisible iframe). Here, the app will begin execution on the head unit and eventually call
RegisterAppInterface. When the HMI receives an
OnAppRegistered notification signalling that the WebEngine app has successfully registered, the HMI should then send Core an
In order to support the WebEngine feature, a WebSocket server transport was added to SDL Core. This contrasts to the WebSocket client transport in SDL Core that is used by Java Cloud applications. When the HMI launches a WebEngine application, it will provide Core's hostname and port as query parameters to the entrypoint of the WebEngine application. This transport supports both secure and non-secure WebSocket communication, which is also determined by a query parameter passed to the entrypoint HTML file of the WebEngine application.
These are the accepted values for the sdl-transport-role parameter:
Example URL with query parameters:
WebSocket server transport will only run if either all three of these are valid or if none are provided:
If all three are provided, SDL Core will use WebSocket Secure, otherwise, Core will use regular WebSocket communication. These values can be set in the smartDeviceLink.ini configuration file.
Please refer to the following diagram which describes the hierarchy of transport components for the WebSocket Server transport adapter.
Please refer to the following diagram that describes the initialization sequence when SDL Core is started.View on GitHub.com


and B3LYP / 6-31G ++ (d, p), I got negative values of Fukui indexes.
 There are sites and papers such as, J. Melin, P. W. Ayers, J V Ortiz, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111, 10017, [164], that accept the validity of negative Fukui functions.
 Is there validity in these Fukui negative values?
 thank you
 39. Favero Reisdorfer Paula
 Dear Prof.
 I use natural populational NBO and B3LYP / 6-31G ++ (d, p) to calculate the Fukui índices and I got negative values.
 Is there validity in these Fukui negative values?
 thank you
 - Yes there is! You are getting atoms depleted of electron density after the change of charge. I like to interpret them as disfavorable sites for molecular attacks.
 I hope this helps
 40. Dear prof,
 First I would like to appreciate the useful information that you provide in this website. I have still ambiguity about Which value from output file we have to select to put in as PA(N+1), PA(N), and PA(N-1) to calculate Fukui Functions?
 I personally believe that,It is in "Summary of Natural Population Analysis" that has core,valence,Rydberg and we should get the total value and subtract it from natural charges of each atom. however, someone in linkedin explained "You can use the *Total* column in the NPA summary section of the output for the population as is." Could you please confirm which approach is correct?
 41. Dear Prof,
 I calculated the fukui indices (f+) for a sulfonyl chloride and got the highest values not for the expected sulfur atom but for the two adjacent oxygens. Somehow, this makes sense since I would expect that the electron will be accepted by the sulfur but will be then located on the oxygens after all due to the electronegativity. However, isn't that a problematic case in sense of the interpretation: f+=electrophilicity? The oxygens of sulfonylchlorides are surely not electrophilic. Thank you in advance for your answer.
 Best wishes,
 - Hello Adriano,
 Calculation of Fukui indices is always done under certain risks such as the one you have observed which is counterintuitive to your chemistry knowledge.
 First, I'd like to ask what level of theory are you using. I assume you are using the same basis set for all the atoms in the molecule, but maybe the polarization scheme you are using is not right.
 On the other hand, I'd like to ask what population analysis are you using. I hope it's not Mulliken's or that could be the source of the problem.
 The third observation is that even when your interpretation seems right it is also a bit ad hoc, since Fukui can't tell you where the electron density will go after equilibrium but rather which are the atoms most perturbed by the inclusion of an extra electron.
 Last, did you optimize both structures? remember only the first one should be optimized (your reference state).
 I hope this helps!
 - Dear Prof.,
 thank you for your fast reply. I'm using m062x, 6-31+(d,p) and npa for the population analysis (for every atom the same). I optimized only the reference structure and used this optimized structure to calculate the population of the reference state and the N+1 species.
 Is it right to assume that the increase in electron density after a nucleophilic attack is somehow correlated to the AO-coefficients of the LUMO in the molecule referred to those found in the HOMO?
 thank you again and best wishes,
 - That is an interesting question, Adriano! To be honest with you I don't know if such correlation exists but it would be a good idea to check for it since it sounds reasonable. However, I'm inclined to think it only works for calculations in which you don't have polarizable atoms with too many basis functions or your correlation would be biased.
 It is worth considering. Let me know how it went!
 43. Dear sir, I want caliculate Fukui indices for flavone, how to caliculate? we have Gaussian09 software.
 44. Deepika Kathuria
 Can I use NBO charges for the calculation of NBO?
 45. Deepika Kathuria
 The next thing I would like to know for taking charges for N+1 and N-1 species do I have to optimise these species. Or directly i can optimise the molecule and then consider the single point state of N+1 and N-1 species?
 - Do not optimize the N-1 nor the N+1 states! The Fukui index is a response coefficient to the change in particles at a given state or PES. Optimizing this stated changes the PES and therefore your conclusions would have no correlation.
 46. Dear Professor,
 Is it possible to calculate Fukui indices for an anionic complex (charged negatively)?
 if, yes what would be the cationic and neutral states?
 Thanks in advance,
 Benoit De Lafort
 - Dear Benoit,
 It is perfectly possible. Now the anion (say it's charge is -1) is your reference state now the f+ is calculated with -2 charge and the f- with zero charge.
 I hope this helps!
 47. Dear Professor,
 Thank you so much for your kind help.
 48. I quite like reading through a post that can make people
 49. Thanks for the description about Fukui indices. I came here as I read an article where Fucui indices were used to describe the reactivity. Hopefully, in future if Ill use them, your blog would help me.
 50. Hello Sir,
 I have optimised a cationic species having N electrons at the B3LYP/6-311G**(d, p) level of theory using Gaussian 09 program. The charge and multiplicity was 0 and 2 respectively and performed NBO analysis. We calculated Fukui function (fk+), to know the most electrophilic site in that cationic species. For doing so, we changed the charge = -1 and multiplicity = 1 for the N+1 system on the same optimised geometry. And finally, used the formula given below to calculate the fukui function:
 fk+ = qk(N+1)-qk(N)
 where qk is taken as the natural charge obtained on atom k after NBO analysis.
 For N+1 system
 Natural —
 Atom No Charge
 C 1 -0.08527
 C 2 0.15819
 For N system
 Atom No Charge
 C 1 -0.02604
 C 2 0.08278
 F1+ = 6.08527-6.02604 = 0.05923
 F1+ = 5.84181-5.91722 = -0.07541
 This is how we had calculated fukui function. I need to know wether we have calculated it correct or not because I am really confused about qk.
 - Hello,
 There are some inconsistencies in your procedure.
 First, you claim that your molecule of interest is a cationic species but the charge you use is 0. This is a mistake, if you have a cationic species as a reference state (the N state) then you should use charge = 1 multiplicity = 2 (assuming this is an organic molecule); Therefore the N+1 state (to which you have added an electron) would have charge = 0 and multiplicity = 1 (This second calculation should be performed at the optimized geometry of the N state without further optimization).
 Now, the qk values in the equations written in the post are not charges but atomic populations, which only differ with charges in the value of Z the nuclear charge; from what I see you included Z = 6 to compensate.
 So, in short, the use of the fk expressions is appropriate but your numbers are incorrect due to the inconsistency of charges in the N and the N+1 states.
 I hope this helps. Have a nice day
 51. Hello Sir,
 If I am using charge = 1 and multiplicity = 2 for the reference cationic state (N), then link died and server message #2070 displayed on the screen. In gauss view, if we kept charge = 1 then system self took multiplicity = 1 and output file is generated with normal termination. I want to know this is correct or not, actually the results obtained are quite satisfactory. The NPA charges are calculated and fukui calculation displayed desired results.
 52. Thank you for instant reply.
 53. Good review! Is it possible to run a comparative Fukui indexes study between two molecules where just one atom changes (i.e acyl chloride vs. acyl fluoride) to explain and rationalize which one is more electrophilic?
 - Thank you Carlos!
 I was going to reply that I don't think that is a formal comparison since the number of electrons is different, but then again you may compare population changes in the C atom bearing the halogen and see how it changes. So, yes


Fxna, a novel gene differentially expressed in the rat ovary at the time of folliculogenesis, is required for normal ovarian histogenesis
Cecilia Garcia-Rudaz, Felix Luna, Veronica Tapia, Bredford Kerr, Lois Colgin, Francesco Galimi, Gregory Dissen, Neil D. Rawlings, Sergio Ojeda
 Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
 12 Scopus citations
 Fingerprint
 Dive into the research topics of 'Fxna, a novel gene differentially expressed in the rat ovary at the time of folliculogenesis, is required for normal ovarian histogenesis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
 Medicine & Life Sciences


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@rv, $mod if check( # { $type => { allow => $list } }, # { $type => $mod->$type() } # ); push @rv, $mod if allow( $mod->$type() => $list ); } return \@rv; } else { my @rv = $self->_source_search_module_tree( allow => $list, type => $type, ); return \@rv; } } =pod =head2 _search_author_tree( type => TYPE, allow => \@regexex, [data => \@previous_results ] ) Searches the authortree for author objects matching the criteria you specify. Returns an array ref of author objects on success, and false on failure. It takes the following arguments: =over 4 =item type This can be any of the accessors for the C objects. This is a required argument. =item allow A set of rules, or more precisely, a list of regexes (via C or plain strings), that the C must adhere too. You can specify as many as you like, and it will be treated as an C search. For an C search, see the C argument. This is a required argument. =item data An arrayref of previous search results. This is the way to do an C search -- C<_search_author_tree> will only search the author objects specified in C if provided, rather than the authortree itself. =back =cut sub _search_author_tree { my $self = shift; my $conf = $self->configure_object; my %hash = @_; my($authors,$list,$verbose,$type); my $tmpl = { data => { default => [], strict_type=> 1, store => \$authors }, allow => { required => 1, default => [ ], strict_type => 1, store => \$list }, verbose => { default => $conf->get_conf('verbose'), store => \$verbose }, type => { required => 1, allow => [CPANPLUS::Module::Author->accessors()], store => \$type }, }; my $args = check( $tmpl, \%hash ) or return; if( @$authors ) { local $Params::Check::VERBOSE = 0; my @rv; for my $auth (@$authors) { #push @rv, $auth if check( # { $type => { allow => $list } }, # { $type => $auth->$type } # ); push @rv, $auth if allow( $auth->$type() => $list ); } return \@rv; } else { my @rv = $self->_source_search_author_tree( allow => $list, type => $type, ); return \@rv; } } =pod =head2 _all_installed() This function returns an array ref of module objects of modules that are installed on this system. =cut sub _all_installed { my $self = shift; my $conf = $self->configure_object; my %hash = @_; ### File::Find uses follow_skip => 1 by default, which doesn't die ### on duplicates, unless they are directories or symlinks. ### Ticket #29796 shows this code dying on Alien::WxWidgets, ### which uses symlinks. ### File::Find doc says to use follow_skip => 2 to ignore duplicates ### so this will stop it from dying. my %find_args = ( follow_skip => 2 ); ### File::Find uses lstat, which quietly becomes stat on win32 ### it then uses -l _ which is not allowed by the statbuffer because ### you did a stat, not an lstat (duh!). so don't tell win32 to ### follow symlinks, as that will break badly $find_args{'follow_fast'} = 1 unless ON_WIN32; ### never use the @INC hooks to find installed versions of ### modules -- they're just there in case they're not on the ### perl install, but the user shouldn't trust them for *other* ### modules! ### XXX CPANPLUS::inc is now obsolete, remove the calls #local @INC = CPANPLUS::inc->original_inc; my %seen; my @rv; for my $dir (@INC ) { next if $dir eq '.'; ### not a directory after all ### may be coderef or some such next unless -d $dir; ### make sure to clean up the directories just in case, ### as we're making assumptions about the length ### This solves rt.cpan issue #19738 ### John M. notes: On VMS cannonpath can not currently handle ### the $dir values that are in UNIX format. $dir = File::Spec->canonpath( $dir ) unless ON_VMS; ### have to use F::S::Unix on VMS, or things will break my $file_spec = ON_VMS ? 'File::Spec::Unix' : 'File::Spec'; ### XXX in some cases File::Find can actually die! ### so be safe and wrap it in an eval. eval { File::Find::find( { %find_args, wanted => sub { return unless /\.pm$/i; my $mod = $File::Find::name; ### make sure it's in Unix format, as it ### may be in VMS format on VMS; $mod = VMS::Filespec::unixify( $mod ) if ON_VMS; $mod = substr($mod, length($dir) + 1, -3); $mod = join '::', $file_spec->splitdir($mod); return if $seen{$mod}++; my $modobj = $self->module_tree($mod); ### seperate return, a list context return with one '' ### in it, is also true! return unless $modobj; push @rv, $modobj; }, }, $dir ) }; ### report the error if file::find died error(loc("Error finding installed files in '%1': %2", $dir, $@)) if $@; } return \@rv; } 1; # Local variables: # c-indentation-style: bsd # c-basic-offset: 4 # indent-tabs-mode: nil # End: # vim: expandtab shiftwidth=4:


text:
Multi-purpose drone that is capable of
maximum flight duration of 50 min.
CERES 7 is an intelligent multi-purpose drone that is developed for four different purposes:
mapping, RTK, mission equipment, and education.
Max. 50 min.
Max. Take-off Weight
Max. 16.5 lbs
When equipped with 16,000mAh battery, it can fly up to 50 minutes (based on hovering mode).
More than that, when CERES 7 is combined with SESOS-K, its flight stability drastically increases.
In the education field, CERES 7 can be used for both Class 2 and 3 of the Korean Drone License Test. With its maximum take-off weight of 7.5kg and maximum flight duration of 50 minutes, it is capable of stable flight performance in the current drone training center industry.
In accordance with the revised drone certification law from 2021, CERES 7 has been developed as a Class 2 drone for the ultra-light flight drone training center which is mandatory for all the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport's certified drone training center.
SESOS-K, the flight controller.
With three IMUs, two CPUs, and two barometric pressure sensors equipped, SESOS-K monitors data in real-time during a flight through an advanced diagnostic algorithm. In case of an error regarding one CPU, IMU, or barometric pressure, the second CPU, IMU, or barometric pressure automatically operate in order to maintain the drone's stable flight.
SESOS-K doesn't require its user to manually maintain the drone's altitude since it automatically maintains a stable altitude.
Payload & Functions
Flying Time Test
CERES 7 SPECIFICATION
Max. Take-off Weight
Max. Flight Altitude
Max. Flight Speed
Wind Resistance Level
510 x 520 x 232 mm
4.0kg (Including 16,000mAh battery)
3510 / KV360
22.2V 6S 16,000mAh /
22.2V 6S 10,000mAh
(Need to be purchased separately)
Manual mode / Position mode
GPS / Atti mode
Maximum 3km (Depends on
Max. 50 min. (Excluding payload)
Break Point Memory (BPM) when frequency gets disconnected
Automatic landing during low-voltage / Turning back
Checking drone's status with LED
Beep sound during emergency


The Slippy Flippy Challenge: Make Active Boundaries in Sprite Kit.
icon2_120In Flappy Bird, hitting the top or bottom boundaries ends the game. They also convey a sense of motion. The boundaries make for a better playing experience. Last time, we set up collision detection, but we need boundaries that are sprites. Sprite node boundaries would be able to tell us what we hit, and run handlers for those cases. We animate them to give a sense of motion.
The boundaries are two sprites that don't move. We have one on the top of the screen and one on the bottom of it. Most properties of the top and bottom sprites are the same. Make one method to make both:
-(SKSpriteNode *)makeWorldBoundaryWithName:(NSString*)name{
 CGSize size = CGSizeMake(self.frame.size.width, self.frame.size.height * 0.10); //10% of height
 SKSpriteNode *boundary = [SKSpriteNode spriteNodeWithColor:[UIColor blueColor] size:size]; = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%_USER_",name]; //all boundaries suffixed with Boundary
 boundary.physicsBody = [SKPhysicsBody bodyWithRectangleOfSize:size]; //physics on, no gravity or motion
 boundary.physicsBody.dynamic = NO;
 boundary.physicsBody.categoryBitMask = obstacleCategory;
 boundary.physicsBody.collisionBitMask = penguinCategory;
 boundary.physicsBody.contactTestBitMask = penguinCategory;
 return boundary;
This code should be familiar by now. It has been covered in other posts. We make the boundary size proportional to self.frame. With two boundaries, take a fifth of the frame height for the boundary, and the width of the screen. Make the boundary a solid blue, and set up physics. Like the obstacles, this is a non dynamic physics body. Set the collision bit masks to find this as a boundary. If there is a penguin collision, the physics engine executes didBeginContact: as we discussed last time.
Orient the boundary to the edge of the frame. Some quick calculations can find it, but there is a better way. Each node has a property AnchorPoint which is a CGPoint with x and y values between 0.0 and 1.0. Sprite Kit uses AnchorPoint to figure position. By default, it is the center of the node.
anchor points
Anchor Points
As indicated in blue, we can use points at (0.5,1.0) and (0.5,0.0) as anchor points for aligning the top and bottom directly to the edge. We can add the following code to initWithSize:.
//make boundaries
SKSpriteNode *topBoundary= [self makeWorldBoundaryWithName:@"top"];
topBoundary.anchorPoint = CGPointMake(0.5, 1.0); //top center anchor
topBoundary.position = CGPointMake(CGRectGetMidX(self.frame), CGRectGetMaxY(self.frame));
[self addChild:topBoundary];
SKSpriteNode *bottomBoundary = [self makeWorldBoundaryWithName:@"bottom"];
bottomBoundary.anchorPoint = CGPointMake(0.5, 0.0); //bottom center anchor
bottomBoundary.position = CGPointMake(CGRectGetMidX(self.frame), CGRectGetMinX(self.frame));
[self addChild:bottomBoundary];
The new method makeWorldBoundaryWithName:makes a sprite. Change the anchor point, then place our boundary easily on the edge of self.frame.
Build and run:
iOS Simulator Screen shot May 12, 2014, 6.09.00 AM
We now have top and bottom boundaries. The penguin bounces off them. As we move forward, there are several thing we need to do:
 - Add animation on the boundaries to convey a sense of movement
 - Handle a Game Over situation
 - Correct the obstacle code so the gap must show up in playable space
 - Add a scoring and high score mechanism
We will address each of these. Next time, we will add animation on the boundaries through marquee animation.
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In recent years, the development of agricultural industry clusters is rapid in China. As a main producing area of bananas, the Hainan Ledong Industrial Cluster's competitiveness is of great significance to the development of the whole banana industry in China. This paper first analyzed the cultivation of tropical banana and the market share of bananas in each region, and then analyzed the competitiveness of Ledong banana industry cluster through the GEM (Groundings- Enterprises- Markets) model. The results showed that the GEM model score was 456 points, and the domestic cluster competitiveness exceeded the average level. The "factor pair" socre suggested that the scores of the structure, strategy and competition of the enterprise were low, which restricted the development of Ledong banana industry cluster.
The purpose of this research was to screen out the optimal -producing peptide conditions for cow milk fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6. The effects of temperature, inoculation size, time and skim milk concentration on the ACE inhibition rate of fermented milk were investigated by single factor experiment, and the optimal fermentation conditions were determined by orthogonal experiment. The conditions of the single factor experiment were: Temperatures were 37° C, 39° C, 42° C, 44° C and 46° C. The inoculation amount was 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%, the time was 8h and 10h. At 12h, 14h and 16h, the concentration of skim milk was 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%, respectively. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions for ACE inhibitory peptide produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6 were 4% inoculation, 13h in time, 42°C in temperature and 13% in skim milk. Under this condition, the ACE inhibition rate reached 76.50% and the OD value was 0.330. The titration acidity was 116.4°T, the pH was 4.62, and the sensory evaluation was 75 scores.
In recent years, as the Chinese consumption level increased, the consumption quantity of fresh pork had been increasing year by year. Freshness was an important index to judge the quality of pork. This study aimed to analyze freshness indices change of pork and pork exudate during storage. Thus the conclusion of this study was to characterize freshness change of pork by change law of freshness indices of pork exudate. So as to provide a reference for more convenient determination of the pork freshness. The results showed that the freshness indices of pork and their exudates change accordingly with the increase of storage time. On day 3, the pork seeped out more obvious juice. The turbidity of pork and its exudates increased gradually with the decrease of freshness, and sensory scores decreased gradually. The color changed from bright red to reddish brown and finally grey brown. The indicators of pork and their exudates (the total volatile basic nitrogen, the pH, a* and turbidity levels) were significantly correlated at the 0.01 level, the correlation coefficients were 0.9727, 0.9823, 0.9205, and 0.8765, respectively. Therefore, freshness indices of pork exudates can reflect the freshness of pork.


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Definitions of extinct:
- adjective: of e.g. volcanos; permanently inactive
Example: "An extinct volcano"
- adjective: of a fire; being out or having grown cold
Example: "Threw his extinct cigarette into the stream"
- adjective: no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives
Example: "An extinct species of fish"
Search for extinct at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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The Morris Fromkin Memorial Collection
The Morris Fromkin Memorial Collection was launched in 1970 with seed money donated in memory of Morris Fromkin, who died in 1969. The donors were Morris Fromkin's widow, Selma Fromkin, and his three children, Marcia Fromkin Prester, Sari Fromkin Magaziner, and David H. Fromkin.
The Collection is now fully supported by the Golda Meir Library. The Collection's broad theme is social justice in the United States from the end of the Civil War to the end of World War II.
It also contains materials on European and Asian ideas and movements -- for example, the Russian and Chinese Revolutions, the rise of Fascism in Europe, the Civil War in Spain, the social insurance, city planning, and housing reform movements in England and Germany--that affected the American Left.
Morris Fromkin's interest in social justice and his legal work for the labor movement and pro bono work for the poor inspired this theme.
The Fromkin Collection covers a variety of subjects:
- The labor movement in the United States.
- Marxism, Leninism, and anarchism.
Communist ideology and the Communist Party in the United States.
- Socialist ideologies and the Socialist Party in the United States.
- The ideas of Henry George and the Single Tax movement in the United States.
- Social insurance, including old age pensions, workmen's compensation, health insurance, unemployment insurance, disability benefits, and pensions for widows and orphans, in the United States.
- A variety of liberal reform movements, such as prison reform, housing reform, city planning, the crusades against child labor and prostitution, and efforts to aid immigrants.
- The social concerns of social workers and the rise of social work as a profession.
- Pacifism and antiwar movements.
- Proletarian novels and fiction dealing with many subjects covered by the Collection.
Additionally, through the Archives, social justice researchers also have access to archival collections owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society. These collections are among the most important in the nation for the study of the American labor movement and the American Left, the civil rights movement and other social action movements of the post-World War II period, and social, political, and economic reform during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.


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Background and objective: In contrast to the well-described effects of tobacco smoking upon pulmonary emphysema, with approximately 15% of smokers being affected at the age of 65 years, the effects of marijuana smoking are rarely reported and poorly understood.
Methods: We report a series of 10 patients (mean age 41 +/- 9 years, eight male, two female), who presented over a period of 12 months to our respiratory unit with new respiratory symptoms, and who admitted to regular chronic marijuana smoking (>1 year continuously). Symptoms on presentation were dyspnoea (n = 4), pneumothorax (n = 4) and chest infection (n = 2).
Results: High-resolution CT revealed asymmetrical, variably sized, emphysematous bullae in the upper and mid zones. However, the CXR was normal in four patients and lung function was normal in five.
Conclusions: Marijuana smoking leads to asymmetrical bullous disease, often in the setting of normal CXR and lung function. In subjects who smoke marijuana, these pathological changes occur at a younger age (approximately 20 years earlier) than in tobacco smokers.


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Thermal Cycler Temperature Accuracy – A Comparison of Different Models
Application Note Nov 14, 2018
Thermal cycler temperature accuracy may be a critical factor in the success or failure of a PCR reaction. Temperature accuracy is particularly important during annealing temperature optimization, which requires both accuracy and consistency in the thermal cycler.
Download this application note to learn about:
- Thermal cycler temperature performance across different models
- Thermal cycler temperature performance against manufacturers' published specifications
- Temperature accuracy measurements in isothermal, VeriFlex™, and gradient mode


text:
Definitions for sfumatosfuˈmɑ toʊ
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
gradation of tone used to blur the outlines of a form in painting.
Category: Fine Arts
Origin of sfumato:
1840–50; < It, ptp. of sfumare to gradate tone or color
In painting, the application of subtle layers of translucent paint so that there is no visible transition between colors, tones and often objects.
Origin: sfumato,'shaded, toned down' (1909)
having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a painting


enabled for c, then the effect of this command is to replace y with the union, y | x. Another command, "c.disableEvents(x)", will disable the event types in x for the component c. It does this by replacing the current set, y, with y & ~x.
 Exercises
 1. Suppose that the numbers x and y represent the sets A and B. Show that the set A B is represented by x & (~y).
 2. Write each of the following binary numbers in hexadecimal:
 a. \(10110110_{2}\) b. \(10_{2}\) c. \(111100001111_{2}\) d. \(101001_{2}\)
 3. Write each of the following hexadecimal numbers in binary:
 a) 0x123 b) 0xFADE c) 0x137F d) 0xFF11
 4. Give the value of each of the following expressions as a hexadecimal number:
 a) 0x73 | 0x56A b) ~0x3FF0A2FF c) (0x44 | 0x95) & 0xE7 d) 0x5C35A7 & 0xFF00
 e) 0x5C35A7 & ~0xFF00 f) ~(0x1234 & 0x4321)
 5. Find a calculator (or a calculator program on a computer) that can work with hexadecimal numbers. Write a short report explaining how to work with hexadecimal numbers on that calculator. You should explain, in particular, how the calculator can be used to do the previous problem.
 6. This question assumes that you know how to add binary numbers. Suppose x and y are binary numbers. Under what circumstances will the binary numbers x + y and x | y be the same?
 7. In addition to hexadecimal numbers, the programming languages Java, C, and C++ supportoctal numbers. Look up and report on octal numbers in Java, C, or C++. Explain what octal numbers are, how they are written, and how they are used.
 8. In the Unix (and Linux, macOS, ...) operating system, every file has an associated set of per- missions, which determine who can use the file and how it can be used. The set of permissions for a given file is represented by a nine-bit binary number. This number is sometimes written as an octal number. Research and report on the Unix systems of permissions. What set of permissions is represented by the octal number 752? by the octal number 622? Explain what is done by the Unix commands chmod g+rw filename and chmod o-w filename in terms of sets.
 9. Most modern programming languages have a boolean data type that has the values true andfalse. The usual logical and, or, and not operators on boolean values are represented in Java, C and C++ by the operators &&, | |, and !. C and C++ (but not Java) allow integer values to be used in places where boolean values are expected. In this case, the integer zero represents the boolean value false while any non-zero integer represents the boolean value true. This means that if x and y are integers, then both x & y and x && y are valid expressions, and both can be considered to represent boolean values. Do the expressions x & y and x && y always represent the same boolean value, for any integers x and y? Do the expressions x | y and x | | y always represent the same boolean values? Explain your answers.
 10. Suppose that you, as a programmer, want to write a subroutine that will open a window on the computer's screen. The window can have any of the following options: a close box, a zoom box, a resize box, a minimize box, a vertical scroll bar, a horizontal scroll bar. Design a scheme whereby the options for the window can be specified by a single parameter to the subroutine. The parameter should represent a set of options. How would you use your subroutine to open a window that has a close box and both scroll bars and no other options? Inside your subroutine, how would you determine which options have been specified for the window?


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only a few percent more than those grown on Earth. As such, although the results did point towards a reduction of lignin in space-grown plants, the difference was deemed statistically insignificant.
The second experiment used the mung beans and oats for chromosomal studies, revealing much fragmentation and breakage and confirming that their root cells had been affected by exposure to microgravity. A third experiment investigated how the organisation of the plants' gravity-sensing tissues, including the root cap, was affected by spaceflight. Within hours of Columbia's landing, the seedlings were removed from the PGU, immersed in fixative, thin-sectioned and stained for light and electron microscopy.
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Purification, crystallization, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of fatty acid amide hydrolase from Candida albicans
 - 17
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a member of the amidase signature (AS) family of serine hydrolases. FAAH hydrolyzes anandamide and oleamide, which regulate pain perception, inflammation, and the cognitive state. Thus far, a limited number of structures of mammalian FAAH and non-mammalian AS family members have been determined. In this study, to understand structural features and functional diversity of FAAH, we crystallized the FAAH protein from the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. X-ray diffraction data were obtained at 2.2 Å resolution. The crystal of the C. albicans FAAH (CaFAAH) belonged to P21, with the unit cell parameters a = 84.8, b = 68.7, c = 100.9 Å, α = γ = 90, and β = 99.6°. The crystals contained two CaFAAH molecules in asymmetric units.
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METHODS
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Teachers union sues state over lost day
The Washington Education Association sued the state yesterday over a lost day of work.
The lawsuit, filed in King County Superior Court, challenges the Legislature's decision in 2002 to cut a non-student learning-improvement day for teachers. The 76,000-member union figures that cost the average teacher about $250.
"That day had become part of the definition of basic education in the state of Washington," said Charles Hasse, the WEA's president.
The lawsuit argues that the decision violates both the Washington Constitution's mandate that the state provide for basic education and Initiative 732's requirement that teachers be given annual cost-of-living raises.
The union hasn't been shy about challenging lawmakers before, especially in recent years, as tight budgets have prompted the Legislature to rein in spending.
Last year, the state Supreme Court agreed with the WEA's contention that lawmakers had violated I-732 by not providing raises for all school employees, not just those whose base pay came from the state.
This year, lawmakers amended the initiative to render that ruling irrelevant and suspend the yearly raises, although some money was allocated to increase pay for the newest teachers. The WEA has threatened to sue over that move as well, arguing that who gets pay increases should be dictated by local contracts between teachers and school districts.


User account
Enter your College of Europe username.
Enter the password that accompanies your username.
Log in using your email address or your username.
For students this is your studentnumber, 2020xxxx, where xxxx is your number.
For staff this is either a number, or firstname.lastname, or flastname, where f is the first letter of the firstname. Or if you were a student before it could also be your number.
In case of problems, please consult the ICT helpdesk to find out what is your sam-accountname.


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To become a highly-reputable education hub for syariah and law studies to contribute towards the preserving and upholding the sanctity of Islam as well as the development of the ummah and the country at large.
To produce outstanding graduates and world-quality research in the area of syariah and law whose reputation are recognized at national and international levels, through high-quality teaching and learning methods together with contemporary research, which are based on exemplary values and professional ethics.
1. To produce graduates who are capable and well-versed in diverse areas of syariah and law including studies in comparative law.
2. To produce scholars and experts who are capable of solving issues faced by society especially those related to Islamic legal rulings.
3. To equip graduates with sufficient Islamic education and excellent personal values in order for them to be holistic Muslim individuals.
4. To produce highly-capable and professional human capital in areas of syariah and law.


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As a historian I have seen lots of memorials in churches in Britain and Europe, but this is very unusual – possibly unique.
Tudor monuments often show effigies of the parents recumbent above of their children lined up in order of size, praying for them. Sons are generally on the left, and daughters on the right. But the furtherest – ie youngest – on the right here is a short haired character, so a son, with its arm through that of his sister who was probably his twin. It even shows him at a slight distance from her, as if being led by her.
This looks like a blind boy, which in turn begs the question of why this monument is so unusual. Given how many stories there are of blind people in the Bible, of blind people being noted as being in need of alms etc, why does this memorial stand out?
Was blindness ignored in effigies or were blind people kept out of sight, so were – apart from professional beggars – invisible?


Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
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Ayşe Hafsa Sultan
Valide Sultan
BustOfAyseHafsaSultan ManisaTurkey.jpg
Bust of Ayşe Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey
Spouse Sultan Selim I
Sultan Suleiman I
Şehzade Orhan
Şehzade Musa
Şehzade Korkut
Hatice Sultan
Beyhan Sultan
Şah Sultan
Fatma Sultan
Hafsa Hanım Sultan
Full name
Devletlû İsmetlû Ayşe Hafsa Vâlide Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri
House House of Osman (by marriage)
Father Meñli I Giray
Born Ayşe
5 December 1479
Havsa, Edirne Province, Ottoman Empire
Died 19 March 1534(1534-03-19) (aged 54)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Constantinople[1][2] (present day Istanbul)
Religion Islam
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: عائشہ حفصہ سلطان; 5 December 1479 – 19 March 1534), or in short, Hafsa Sultan, was the first "Valide Sultan" (Queen Mother) of the Ottoman Empire, wife of Selim I and mother of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the period between her son's enthronement in 1520 and her death in 1534, she was one of the most influential persons in the Empire, as her son's de facto co-regent during these fourteen years, coming second only to the sovereign, which is a point remarked also by the ambassadors of European powers at the Ottoman court.[3]
Although Ayşe Hafsa Sultan's year of birth is known, historians debate that she was the daughter of Meñli I Giray of the Crimean Khanate. According to an alternative theory, the daughter of Meñli I Giray of the Crimean Khanate was another consort of Selim I known as Ayşe Hatun, consequently the stepmother of Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Ottoman inscription (vakfiye) describes her as Hātun binti Abd-ul-Muin (Daughter of Abd-ul-Muin), which means that her father was possibly a Greek convert to Islam. The reason behind calling her Hafsa was that she was from Havsa, a district of Edirne Province of Turkey.
Having resided in the city of Manisa in western Turkey with her son, who administered the surrounding region between 1513 to 1520, the town being one of the traditional residences for Ottoman crown princes (şehzade) in apprenticeship for future power, Ayşe Hafsa Sultan is the initiator of the Manisa's "Mesir Festival", a local tradition still continued today. She also had a large complex consisting of a mosque, a primary school, a college and a hospice built in the city.
She was also the first imperial spouse to be called by the title usually rendered in English language as "Sultana" (full title in Turkish; "Valide Sultan", literally "the Queen Mother" but in only approximate terms in the Ottoman context). Her period signalled the shifting status of the sultan's mother and her increased share in power.[4] After the birth of her son Suleiman, born 6 November 1494 in Trabzon, she had also five daughters: Hatice, Beyhan, Şah, Fatma and Hafsa[5]
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan died in March 1534 and was buried near her husband in a mausoleum behind the qiblah wall of Yavuz Selim Mosque, in Fatih, Istanbul. The mausoleum was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 1884, a reconstruction effort started in the 1900s (decade) having been left discontinued, and her tomb today is much simpler than it was built originally.
Hospice famed especially as a mental hospital built by Ayşe Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey.
 3. ^ Pietro Bragadin, Venetian Republic's ambassador in the early years of Suleiman the Magnificent's reign notes "a very beautiful woman of 48, for whom the sultan bears great reverence and love..." Leslie Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem : Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire p. 62 ISBN 0-19-508677-5. Oxford University Press.
 4. ^ Amy Singer (2002). Constructing Ottoman beneficence: An imperial soup kitchen in Jerusalem p. 90 ISBN 0-7914-5351-0. State University of New York Press.
 5. ^ Hafsa the daughter later married Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha, grand vizier for ten months in 1514 - 1515 and, after his execution, a vizier and soldier of note, Çoban Mustafa Paşa.
 and three other sons: Orhan, Musa and Korkut. There were half a dozen notable female figures in Ottoman history who were named "Hafsa". Among these, it is Ayşe Hafsa Sultan who is referred to as "Hafsa Sultan" in short, "Sultan" in this case standing for "Sultana".
 A namesake also of primary historical prominence and who had preceded Ayşe Hafsa Sultan by about two centuries was the wife of the sultan Bayezid I and the daughter of İsa Bey, the last bey of Aydin, and she is generally referred to as Hafsa (Hâfize) Khātun. It is this earlier Hafsa who is at the origin of the final form the name of a town depending Edirne, Havsa, has taken.
 The word Hâfiz designates a male person who memorized the Qur'an, and Hâfize indicates that the person is female. Hafsa is the more common and easier to pronounce, especially when fastly discoursed, of this name.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
Royal titles
Preceded by
Gülbahar Hatun I
Valide Sultan
30 September 1520 – 19 March 1534
Succeeded by
Nurbanu Sultan


text:
The study was carried out on ten local dairy cows called Zebu at a research centre located in the west part of Burkina Faso. Dairy cows were supplemented 53.8 MJ metabolized energy and 735.7 g Crude Protein and were free access to natural pasture. Milk yield recording and individual milk sample collection took place within one month. Milk samples were analyzed for composition with the method of mid infrared spectroscopy and for somatic cell count with fluorescent method. The results showed that saleable milk yield varied between dairy cows and days. The lowest milk yield (1.04 ± 0.29 L/day) was associated to higher somatic cell count (5.30 ± 0.73 = Log10) compare to cows with the highest daily milk yield in this study (3.46 ± 0.39 litres/day and 4.73 ± 0.45 = Log10). But, the higher fat content (5.79 ± 1.62) was found for cow with higher somatic cell count. Saleable milk yield and milk composition were strongly associated to somatic cell count but the study did not show how much milk and its components could vary with higher somatic cell count.
Key words: Local cow, milk yield, Somatic cell count, composition.
Copyright © 2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0


text:
Using a weight bearing CT (WBCT)-first approach for diagnosing syndesmotic instability is the most cost-effective…
A groundbreaking study that outlines a new semi-automatic tool that can be used to quantify hindfoot misalignment was recently published in Foot and Ankle International. Titled "3D Biometrics for Hindfoot Alignment Using Weightbearing CT", the study outlines a new 3D metric tool called Foot and Angle Offset (FAO).Use of this new tool eliminates many of the operator and anatomical biases that can negatively impact the accuracy of the 2D radiograph-based measurements of hindfoot alignment (HFA) that are currently in widespread use.
One of the researchers' achievements was finding a plausible way to use the forefoot instead of the tibia to measure HFA in clinical practice. Recent investigation has shown that use of the forefoot rather than the tibia as a reference in HFA measurements is a step forward in reducing anatomical bias related to measuring HFA projection and rotation. However, up until now use of the forefoot to measure HFA was too complicated for application in clinical practice using older, 2D methods. This study demonstrates that 3D processing of weightbearing CT data makes using the forefoot to measure HFA much more practical, representing one breakthrough in HFA measurement which could result in better outcomes for patients if further studies can validate FAO for clinical use.
An even more impressive achievement was that researchers established use of an entirely original, 3D analytical tool as an effective way to use data from weight-bearing CT to measure HFA. FAO is a measurement of the offset between the talus projection on the ground plane and the hind-foot-to-forefoot midline of the foot. Essentially, this is a 3D measurement of the severity of varus and valgus, which corresponds to the torque generated in the ankle through the combined actions of body weight and ground reaction force. The researchers set out to prove that the FAO calculated using weight-bearing CT data from clinically normal, varus, and valgus cases would be significantly different.
To test their hypothesis, the researchers performed a retrospective cohort study in which they processed existing weightbearing CT data, collected through the CurveBeam pedCAT system, through the new CurveBeam Torque Ankle Lever Arm System (TALAS), an automatic measurement tool capable of calculating FAO. The researchers' hypotheses were proven correct which establishes FAO as an efficient tool for measuring the severity of hindfoot malalignment using weight-bearing CT. The authors claim "the originality of this study lies in the description of an entirely new concept (3D biometrics) for measuring HFA that avoided projection, rotation, and operator errors related to traditional 2D methods."
The researchers did note several limitations to the study. First, there is no "gold standard" or "true" measurement of HFA, and typically HFA measurement reliability is found by assessing intra and inter-observer reliability. They also state that they did not compare their measurements with a traditional HFA measurement method such as the Saltzman view. Despite the study's limitations, researchers ultimately concluded that using 3D biometric software to asses FAO "may represent the way forward to make the best of [weight-bearing] CT."


text:
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A. to size and dimension requirements for residential . If an existing in single ownership at the time of adoption of this Code does not meet minimum or dimension requirements of the applicable residential zone, the may be occupied by a residential permitted outright in the respective zone. If there is an area deficiency, the residential shall be limited to a single- residence.
B. to requirements. The following to the requirement for a or in a residential zone are allowed without the need for an adjustment:
1. If there are on both with less than the required depth for the zone, the for the new need not exceed the average of the abutting ; and
2. If there is a on one with a less than the required depth for the zone; the for the new need not exceed a depth one-half way between the depth of the on the and the required depth.
The may require a greater depth than specified in the Code when the abuts a that is designated for widening by the .
C. Projections into required . The following may project into required :
1. Unroofed paved terraces and wood decks less than three feet in height may project into required or ;
2. Unroofed landings and stairs may project into required or ;
3. Window sills, belt courses, cornices, eaves, canopies, sunshades, gutters, leaders and similar incidental architectural features – excluding balconies and decks more than three feet from ground level – may project not more than two feet into any required ; and
4. Chimneys shall not project more than two feet into any required .
(Ord. 2009-01, passed 3-9-2009)