their desire or by her condition. The fathers of the bride and groom are listed, but if one did not want father contacted... If the father was deceased, this may be noted, but lack of such an entry does not mean the father was alive. It is also safe to say that a high percentage of the brides were pregnant, so the first child might arrive only a few months after the wedding, if not already in a pram in the back room. Marriages that took place in non-conformist churches before 1898 had to be carried out in the presence of a civil registrar.
Starting in the last quarter of 1911, the GRO Indexes began to include both surnames.
A Marriage Certificate will contain the following information:
 1. Date and place of the event
 2. Names of the bride and groom
 3. Ages of the bride and groom (see above)
 4. Each spouse's "condition" (bachelor, spinster, widow, etc.)
 5. Each person's rank or profession
 6. The bride and groom's respective residences
 7. The bride and groom's respective fathers' names
 8. The fathers' ranks or professions
 9. An indication of the form of the ceremony "after banns", etc.
 10. The signatures (or marks) of the couple
 11. the signatures (or marks) of two witnesses
 12. Signature of officiating minister or registrar
If one of the fathers were deceased or retired, the registrar was supposed to note that, but it was a practice not uniformly followed.
Could you marry your cousin? Check our Consanguinity page.
It was not common knowledge, but some widows remarried in the church only, not recording the marriage with the Civil Registrar. This protected her widow's pension from the first husband.
Death Certificates: In 1837 a death had to be registered within 8 days, this was reduced to 5 days in 1875. At the start of 1866, the indexes to deaths give the age of the deceased at death. Again, the information on the certificate is only as good as the informant's knowledge of the deceased. Women often shaved a few years off their age and this "revised" age might be the one recorded. If there was no body a death cannot be registered. In 1875, to get a death certificate, you needed a certificate from the Doctor with the cause of death. This allowed you to get the Civil Registration Death Certificate and a Certificate of Disposal to take to the undertaker.
Again, there was a "standard" of "No body, no registration." Men who were lost at sea or who died in mine disasters would not get a certificate unless the body was recovered. At last check, this is still true today.
A death certificate will contain the following information:
 1. Place and date of death
 2. Name and Surname of the deceased
 3. Sex
 4. Age at death
 5. Occupation of the deceased
 6. Cause of death
 7. Signature, name and address of informant (and sometimes relationship to the deceased)
 8. Date of registration
 9. Signature of registrar
On 1st July 1927, registration of the death of stillborn commenced. After 1 April 1969, the date and place of birth of the deceased and the maiden name (in the case of a married woman) are also given.
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Adoption was never a "civil registration function". There are two timelines for Adoption:
 1. Prior to 1927: Adoption was an informal process within the family. Generally, if a man married a woman with children from an earlier union, the children were still "maintained" by their birth father. But the children may be listed in official records, like the census, with their new father's surname. There was no registration.
 2. 1927 to now: Adoption became a formal legal function in 1927. The new father would have to apply for adoption and go through the legal steps necessary to make the adoption a fact. It should be noted that a 100-year Closure Rule means that adoption information is still sealed.
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Deaths at Sea
Search the Marine Register of Deaths at the GRO. The index to this Register is at the Family Record Centre at Myddleton St, London, and may be available at other large libraries.
The Death Certificate will give the name of the trawler, date, and place of death. Armed with that information, you can search through the Fishing Dock Arrivals section of the Grimsby Telegraph to find when the trawler next docked a after the death. A death likely would not have been reported until the trawler returned to port, although after 1927 they may have used a radio. Look in the Fishing News section of the Grimsby Telegraph on the day the trawler docked for a report of the accident. You may also find a report of the Board of Trade inquiry in the following day's edition. They usually held an Inquiry before the trawler went back to sea.
Another good source for finding the deaths of Grimsby men who died at sea within the fishing industry is the fisherman's chapel within the Central Hall at Grimsby, it was moved from the old Fisherman's mission when it was replaced by New Saint Andrews Church. It has all their deaths and an index. You might try e-mailing the Grimsby library, who could do a quick look up for you.
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Who is the "Informant"?
Death Certificates always list an "Informant". Who was this person? Guy Etchells provides this information:
From the 1953 Act:
16.-(1) The following provisions of this section shall have effect where a person dies in a house.
 -(2) The following persons shall be qualified to give information concerning the death, that is to say-
 1. any relative of the deceased person present at the death or in attendance during his last illness;
 2. any other relative of the deceased residing or being in the sub-district where the death occurred;
 3. any person present at the death;
 4. the occupier of the house if he knew of the happening of the death;
 5. any inmate of the house who knew of the happening of the death;
 6. the person causing the disposal of the body.
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Registering Stillbirths
Stillborn children were not registered prior to 1927.
Stillbirth registration was introduced on 1 July 1927 to help protect infant life, provide a valuable source of statistical information and to give parents the opportunity to have their child officially acknowledged. A stillborn child is a child born after the 24th week of pregnancy who did not breathe or show any other signs of life. When a child is stillborn the midwife or doctor will issue a medical certificate of stillbirth which will be used to register the stillbirth.
When stillbirth registration was introduced the the age limit was the end of the 28th week of pregnancy, not the 24th (as it is now). This is a relatively recent change following the greatly increased survival rates of premature babies.
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It is (or was) possible to re-register some events. Mistakes made by staff are usually just initialled on the original certificate. But when requested by the registrant, a new entry is made and the old one sealed - you are not allowed to see it.
When a child's birth is re-registered, the original entry becomes closed. The information may be the same but when re-registered after marriage the 'illegitimate' child becomes legitimate (ie. a child of the marriage, even if it is years later, as long as the original father was the man the mother marries). You wouldn't normally be told it was a re-registration. You might pick this up by the information on the certificate by the registrar's signature and date on the new certificate, but most people wouldn't notice this subtle anomally and not realise the birth had been re-registered.
What are likely to be the differences on the two certificates? On the original entry the mother's name would be her maiden name, obviously different from the father's name. On the new certificate, her name will appear as name (married name) and maiden name as 'formerly xxxxx'.
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Lincolnshire Registry Offices
The Registrar General's Office is at:
The General Register Office
PO Box 2
Phone: (0845) _PHONE_, Fax: (01704) 550013
This office is staffed from 8am to 6pm Monday to Thursday, 8am to 5pm on Friday and 10am to 4pm on Saturday. Caution: telephone calls will be queued, leading to long wait times for some.
For GRO Marriage Certificates, look up both the bride and groom. The GRO references will be identical 'if' you have the correct individuals. At last check, a GRO certificate cost £8.00
Certificates of birth, death and marriage can be obtained from the Superintendent Registrar at the following District Register Offices:
If ordering from a District Office, please note the following:
 1. Civil Registration in England and Wales began on July 1st 1837


This page contains a list of all the countries, as jurisdictions, in Asia. There is some overlap with the jurisdictions also considered to be part of the Middle East and Europe.
Asia is the largest continent and consists of 48 recognised countries, including several autonomous regions and disputed areas that are often considered countries of their own.


AttachConsole function
Attaches the calling process to the console of the specified process as a client application.
Syntax
BOOL WINAPI AttachConsole(
 _In_ DWORD dwProcessId
);
Parameters
dwProcessId [in]
The identifier of the process whose console is to be used. This parameter can be one of the following values.
Value Meaning
pid Use the console of the specified process.
ATTACH_PARENT_PROCESS (DWORD)-1 Use the console of the parent of the current process.
Return value
If the function succeeds, the return value is nonzero.
If the function fails, the return value is zero. To get extended error information, call GetLastError.
Remarks
A process can be attached to at most one console. If the calling process is already attached to a console, the error code returned is ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED. If the specified process does not have a console, the error code returned is ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE. If the specified process does not exist, the error code returned is ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER.
A process can use the FreeConsole function to detach itself from its console. If other processes share the console, the console is not destroyed, but the process that called FreeConsole cannot refer to it. A console is closed when the last process attached to it terminates or calls FreeConsole. After a process calls FreeConsole, it can call the AllocConsole function to create a new console or AttachConsole to attach to another console.
This function is primarily useful to applications that were linked with /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS, which implies to the operating system that a console is not needed before entering the program's main method. In that instance, the standard handles retrieved with GetStdHandle will likely be invalid on startup until AttachConsole is called. The exception to this is if the application is launched with handle inheritance by its parent process.
To compile an application that uses this function, define _WIN32_WINNT as 0x0501 or later. For more information, see Using the Windows Headers.
Requirements

Minimum supported client Windows XP [desktop apps only]
Minimum supported server Windows Server 2003 [desktop apps only]
Header ConsoleApi.h (via WinCon.h, include Windows.h)
Library Kernel32.lib
DLL Kernel32.dll
See also
Console Functions
Consoles
AllocConsole
FreeConsole
GetConsoleProcessList


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Learning Lambda Calculus
Getting deeper into my journey that began with Spencer Brown's Laws of Form (the book costs over $50 on Amazon! I haven't read it yet) I am now learning lambda calculus, inspired by its usage in a Bruno Marchal paper. A paper by David C. Keenan called To Dissect A Mocking Bird describes the same with the use of a graphical notation of "bird-brains" which was very enjoyable.
His delving into that subject helped revive Andrewes' own sundial idea, what he calls the Longitude Dial. His original inspiration came from a 1610 map that University of Wisconsin cartographer David Woodward had once shown him. That map and others by the mathematician Franz Ritter are the oldest known examples of a gnomonic projection. They appear in Ritter's how-to book on sundials, Speculum Solis (Mirror of the Sun), published in Nuremberg, Germany. Ritter's map placed Nuremberg at the center of the Western Hemisphere. The farthest reaches of the map's landmasses look grossly distorted as a result, but the novel perspective causes the meridians of longitude to radiate out from the North Pole in straight lines, so they can double as the hour lines of a sundial. Ritter's innovative pairing of time and place might well have impressed any dialist, but it struck Andrewes with the force of a revelation. And although Ritter intended his gnomonic projection as the basis for a novel sundial, he seems never to have built one. Andrewes knew of no such dial anywhere. But he determined to make one.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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You know you are good at blog writing when you can write a post about most topics.
The hens and ducks are prolific layers at the moment. They are like the Dixie Dean's and Erling Haalands of the egg laying world.
Yesterday ("All my eggs seemed so far away") see song at end of this post, we had scrambled eggs on toast. Even the dogs love them and the pigs like fresh ones.
Scrambled eggs on toast complete with House of Parliament brown sauce or HP for short and is now made in the 🇳🇱 Netherlands.
Apparently according to WIKIPEDIA the first recorded or written account of Scrambled eggs was in a 14th century Italian cook book.
Do you like scrambled eggs on toast? We had Indian omelette for Sunday tea.
Here's a song by one of the Beatles about Scrambled Eggs. Who knows he might write a classic hit one day?😊

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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260Q Qualatex - White (100/bag)
Professional quality balloons for shaping into animals and flowers. Great for parties, fairs and festivals.
The size 260 refers to 2 inches diameter and 60 inches length when inflated. This is the most common size used by balloon artists, clowns etc for making balloon animals, swords etc
100 balloons per bag
Balloons arrive uninflated
NOTE: Latex Balloon Colors are NOT the same uniflated and inflated. They are usually a darker color before they are blown-up.
LATEX BALLOON WARNING! Choking Hazard. Children under 8 years can choke or suffocate on uninflated or broken balloons. Adult supervision required. Keep uninflated balloons from children. Discard broken balloons at once.


The GENetic optimization and Bootstrapping of LInear Structures (GENBLIS) Home Page
Walter R. Mebane, Jr. and Jasjeet S. Sekhon
Please direct all questions and comments to Jasjeet Sekhon.
GENBLIS (GENetic optimization and Bootstrapping of LInear Structures) is an evolutionary program which estimates structural equation models with latent variables by combining the global search strength of evolutionary algorithms with the ability of derivative based algorithms to do rapid local hill climbing. GENBLIS provides bootstrap confidence intervals for parameters and bootstrap confidence limits for the goodness-of-fit test statistic. Structural equation models are often used in political science, sociology, psychology, marketing and related social science fields to specify and estimate stochastic models for linear relations in the presence of measurement errors.
There are a variety of ways to parameterize structural equation models. Following Bollen (1989 [*]), GENBLIS uses a parameterization developed by Jöreskog (1973 [*]) and Wiley (1973 [*]). This parameterization has become a standard because of the popularity of the LISREL program which was developed by Jöreskog and Sörbom.
GENBLIS is described in the GENBLIS Manual. One can download the following binaries:
The UNIX binaries are in tar and gzip format. Therefore, to unpack them in a given directory please issue the following commands:
zcat genblis.linux-1.11.4.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
You may have to change the mode of the genblis binary to make it an executable. The can be done by issuing the following command:
chmod ugo+rx genblis
Small parts of the current GENBLIS code were adapted from an early version of Zbigniew Michalewicz's GENOCOP I.
Return to Jasjeet Sekhon's Homepage


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Review, The Wild Vine: A Forgotten Grape and the Untold Story of American Wine
Author Todd Kliman's history of the American grape, Norton's Virginia Seedling, starts off in an almost sultry manner as he teases the reader by veiling his intent. What begins to look like an unhealthy promotion of a single vineyard, Chrysalis, breaks the bonds of being a wine book and launches into the story of an American epic, a battle against nature and God: the stuff of Manifest Destiny as fought by American outsiders.


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Piece of cloth or cloth pouch
- Midsummer herbs
- Piece of red string or yarn
- Midsummer flowers
- Gold or yellow robe, shirt or dress
- Yellow or gold candle
- Summer fruit
Prepare for the Summer Solstice ritual by gathering a piece of cloth or cloth pouch and midsummer herbs. Use any combination of sage, rosemary, thyme, basil, lavender, Saint John's wort and vervain that appeals to you. Meditate on your pain, troubles, sorrows and illnesses. Tie up the cloth or pouch with a red string or yarn and save it for the ritual.
Think about the qualities of fire because the Summer Solstice ritual is a fire ritual. Contemplate what you need protection from (debt-collectors, a jealous friend, an abusive family member). Write down in what aspects of your life you need strength because the Summer Solstice ritual is a time to gather courage.
Collect flowers for your Summer Solstice ritual that are golden yellow, deep red, white, pink and purple. Whatever you wear, choose a gold or yellow color to honor the sun. Use a gold or yellow candle to represent the god in ritual.
Cook dishes with midsummer herbs such as basil, sage, thyme and rosemary. Tomato soup or sauce, with its fiery red color, is suitable for the season. Eat fresh fruit or fruit salad at the close of the ritual for a sweet end to summer.
Set up your altar with your summer flowers, golden candle, pouch of herbs and any other tools you wish to use and cast the circle. At the point most suitable to you during your Summer Solstice ritual, hold the pouch of herbs in both hands. Mentally pour all your troubles, sorrows and pain into it. At the end of the ritual, bury the pouch deep in the ground.
If you would like some advice about what sort of magick is needed, simply enter a short explanation of your situation. Our resident witch will be happy to assist. Good Luck!!
- Using the Psalms for Solving Problems by shirleytwofeathers - 119 Comments
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- 62 Spells To Defeat Your Enemies by shirleytwofeathers - 14 Comments
- Bay Leaf Wish Spell by shirleytwofeathers - 10 Comments

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Common Good
The Power to Dominate and the Power to Love
As Christians, our continual task is to explore and mediate on Jesus' teachings, as well as to emulate his deeds. Central to this two-fold task is comprehending the type of power Jesus wielded, namely the power to love. It often sounds repetitive to state that the poor carpenter loved those who were outcast by the dominant first-century Palestine social powers. But it is certainly worth repeating, for so radical was his power to love that it led to his dehumanizing demise.
Liberation theologian Leonardo Boff states that two powers were operative in the first-century oppressive Palestinian context: 1) exousia (Greek), which is the power to unite through patience and understanding of others; and 2) potestas (Latin), meaning the power to dominate through sheer force
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The amorphous magnetic wires are widely used as magnetic or magneto-mechanical sensors due to their very soft magnetic properties and high sensitivity to stress. 1-4.
A new design of a high sensitivity sensor with high capability to measure applied forces or load is proposed by this paper.
The sensor consists in four pieces of high permeability Co68.18Fe4.32Si12.5B15 amorphous magnetic wire, 120 Î¼m in diameter, 20 mm in length, glued prestressed on a pcb board having 0.3 mm in thickness, 7 mm in width and 30 mm in length (Figure 1). The ends of each wire is soldered on the PCB to form a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The opposite arms of the bridge are placed on the same side of the pcb to increase the bridge unbalance when stressed. Also, all wires forming the bridge arms are parallel and close one to another to minimize the effect of the surrounding magnetic field. By using different PCB support for the bridge, it is possible to tailor the sensitivity and force measuring range. A special designed electronic device was built to power the bridge using a high frequency sinusoidal signal and to extract and amplify the unbalanced voltage of the bridge.
The dependence of the output voltage/gain versus applied force, for a signal excitation frequency of 1 MHz, is shown is showin figure 2. The sensor shows linear behavior between Â± 0.15N and sensitivity of 43.7 mV/N, without gain, in the linear region.
Financial support by the NUCLEU Program (PN 19 28 01 01) is gratefully acknowledged.


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Plant-based essential oils are being tapped for important and high value ingredients for sunscreens, perfumes, and other personal care items. The term biomass refers to biological material or recently living organisms, and most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials.
This new approach for tapping biomass as a sustainable raw material is called metathesis and was the topic of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
This technique may very well replace the usual raw materials obtained from petroleum. In fact, breaking down plant material into ingredients for making a host of commercial products is very attractive due to its sustainability, not to mention low cost.
Researchers decided to test the complimentary approach by enhancing the complexity of substances found naturally in plants in ways that produce antioxidants and other ingredients commonly found in cosmetics. These ingredients are often expensive, wasteful, and resource intensive.
Scientists have discovered metathesis can be used in the laboratory to transform compounds into essential oils which can then be used in expensive and high value personal care ingredients. The process is completely sustainable and better for the environment. Researchers are excited by metathesis' possibilities since they see it as a method for economic expansion through the maintainable cultivation and expansion of high-yield source species in the tropics that produce these essential oils.


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Integrating Visio 2007 with SQL Server Analysis Services
Previously discussed was how to integrate SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) with Excel 2007 in the article, Accessing Cubes from Excel 2007. Visio 2007 is another tool available in Office 2007 that can be used to connect to a SSAS database. There are two reasons why Visio is not an automatic choice to connect to SSAS:
- Visio is not a popular tool among business users. Unlike, Excel most business users don't have Vision installed on their computer.
- Another reason that Visio is not used as client tool for SSAS is widespread lack of knowledge about it. This article aims to help resolve this.
To visualise what can be done with SSAS and Visio, the following image shows how information can be presented in Visio based off a SSAS cube:
Configuring SSAS Connection to Visio
Configuring an SSAS connection to an SSAS cube is similar a connection from Excel except for the first screen. After creating a new Visio document, select Insert PivotDiagram from the Data in the Main menu and the screen shown below will be presented:
There is the option to create links to other sources such as Excel, Access and SQL Server. This article will concentrate on SQL Server Analysis Services (SASS).
After this screen, a tool bar and side bar appear as shown in the flowing images:
The next section will examine how these options can be used in detail.
Using SSAS Data
The PivotDiagram has three sections, Category, Total and Actions. Category is mapped to dimensions in SSAS – where all the dimension attributes and hierarchies are found. Total is mapped to the fact table measures. Actions are performed on the Pivot Diagram. In the Actions section, the Other Actions button gives additional options to customise output.
Once the options are understood, an example is used to show how to use them. For example, to analyse the sales amount with the Gender of the Customer.
Select the sales amount from the Add Total section. Next, select Customer:Gendar from the Add category section and the following output will given:
Perform further analysis by adding more categories. For example, to analyse the Female sales amount by occupations; select the F Box under the Gender and select Customer:English Occupation from the Add Category section and the output will be as shown below:
To analyse Gender M with some other category, selecting the other category.
In the Other Action button, the most important option is Edit Data Graphic as the other options are self explanatory.
The data fields can be controlled with the option to add new items, edit existing items, delete existing items and set the default positions.
Note that by default, the amount will have four decimal points and is lacking a comma separator. Reconfigure this by clicking Edit Item.
Configure the Format of the value, Label etc. For example, Value format #,0.00 will display the amount with two decimal points and a thousand separator. There are other parameters like border type and fill type to display, that can be used to format the dispaly.
Rather than adding fields from the side bar, use the New Item option in the dialog. The New item option has four sub-options shown below:
The first, Text, will simply add a column and display it in a text format. The Data bar will display data with some graphical presentation. As shown below, select the graphical representation needed by selecting the Call out option.
Set the minimum and maximum value according to that select indicator represents graphical value. Data can be presented in various formats and the figure below shows the available Data Bar formats.
The Icon Set allows display of values with given icons. For each callout there is five icons set that can define what to display. For each icon, rules can be set using different criterions from the available drop down. That drop down contains options like equals, does not equal, is greater than, is less than, is between and contains etc.
The image below shows available icon sets for selecting an icon set to match the data.
Colour by value gives an opportunity of colouring a Visio diagram. It is possible to set colours for particular values and for ranges of values. The image below shows how to set the colouring method for a range of values:
The issue with these options is that there is no option to set the colouring methods for one level.
Visio is a client tool that can be used to visualize cube data created using SSAS. This provides options for presenting data in an aesthetically pleasing manner.


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In the ever-evolving world of building design and management, rooftop HVAC platforms have emerged as an innovative and efficient solution for maintaining indoor comfort and air quality. These platforms, which house heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems on building rooftops, have some benefits that make them a popular choice for both residential and commercial structures across Australia. In this article, we will explore the top benefits of installing HVAC rooftop platforms, shedding light on the reasons why they are becoming increasingly prevalent in the Australian construction landscape.
Maximizing Space Efficiency
One of the foremost benefits of opting for HVAC rooftop platforms is the efficient utilization of space. In urban environments where available land space is limited, utilizing the rooftop for HVAC installations allows for valuable ground space to be allocated for other purposes, such as recreational areas, parking, or additional green spaces. This space-saving advantage is precious in densely populated Australian cities like Sydney.
Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Rooftop HVAC platforms often provide superior energy efficiency compared to ground-based systems. The elevated position of these units allows for better ventilation and heat dissipation, reducing the strain on the HVAC system and, in turn, improving its overall energy efficiency. This is especially important in Australia, where energy costs can be high, and energy conservation is a top priority for many businesses and homeowners.
Easy Access And Maintenance
Maintaining HVAC systems can be a complex task, but rooftop platforms simplify the process. Technicians can easily access and service rooftop units without disrupting the daily operations of the building. This accessibility not only reduces maintenance costs but also minimizes downtime, ensuring that occupants remain comfortable year-round.
HVAC systems can generate significant noise, which can be disruptive to both occupants and nearby neighbors. By locating these systems on the rooftop, the noise is naturally attenuated by the building structure itself, resulting in a quieter indoor environment. This is especially beneficial for residential buildings and hotels, where guest comfort is paramount.
Improved Air Quality
Australians are becoming increasingly concerned about air quality, especially in densely populated urban areas. Con-form Group HVAC Platforms facilitate the installation of advanced air filtration and purification systems, leading to improved indoor air quality. Cleaner air improves not just comfort but also the entire health and well-being of building inhabitants.
Rooftop HVAC installations can be designed to be visually discreet, minimizing their impact on the building's exterior aesthetics. This is particularly important in Australia's major cities, where skyline views and architectural appeal are highly valued. The ability to blend rooftop platforms with the building's design adds to their charm.
Safety And Security
Placing HVAC systems on the rooftop enhances safety and security. Ground-level systems are vulnerable to theft, vandalism, and damage caused by severe weather events. By relocating these systems to the roof, property owners can reduce the risk of such incidents, safeguarding their investments.
Rooftop HVAC platforms are exposed to fewer contaminants and potential damage sources compared to ground-level systems. This can result in a longer lifespan for rooftop units, lowering replacement and maintenance expenses in the long run. In a country like Australia, where extreme weather conditions can take a toll on equipment, durability is a significant advantage.
Adaptability To Solar Installations
Many Australians are embracing solar energy solutions to reduce their carbon footprint and energy bills. Rooftop HVAC platforms can be designed to accommodate solar panels, allowing for integrated energy generation and HVAC systems. This synergy further enhances energy efficiency and sustainability.
The advantages of installing HVAC rooftop platforms in Australia are clear and compelling. From enhancing air quality and security to increasing space efficiency and energy savings, these platforms provide a holistic answer to the difficulties that building owners and managers confront. As Australia continues to grow and urbanize, rooftop HVAC installations are likely to become even more prevalent, contributing to greener, more efficient, and more comfortable built environments across the country.


Pythagorean dates
The numbers that make up today's date—12, 16, and 20—form a Pythagorean triple. That is, 12² + 16² = 20².
There won't be any such dates next year. You could confirm this by brute force since there are only 365 days in 2021, but I hope to do something a little more interesting here.
The Mathematica function
 PowersRepresentations[n, k, p]
lists the ways to represent a number n as the sum of k pth powers. Calling PowersRepresentations[21^2, 2, 2] shows that there is no non-trivial way to write 21² as the sum of two powers; the only way is 0² + 21². You might try using the whole year rather than the last two digits, but there's no non-trivial way to write 2021 as the sum of two powers either.
The paragraph above says that no Pythagorean triangle can have hypotenuse 21 or 2021. But could there be a Pythagorean date next year with 21 on one of the sides?
If the components of a date correspond to sides of a Pythagorean triangle, and one of the sides is 21, then the day must be on the hypotenuse because all the month numbers are less than 21, and that day must be greater than 21.
Let's look for Pythagorean triangles with a side equal to 22, 23, …, 31 and see whether any of them have a 21 on the side.
The Mathematica command
 For[d = 22, d <= 31, d++, Print[PowersRepresentations[d*d, 2, 2]]]
This tells us that the only numbers from 22 to 31 that can be on the side of a Pythagorean triangle are 25, 26, 29, and 30.
The number 21 does appear in the list: (20, 21, 29) is a Pythagorean triple. But if the 29th of a month were a Pythagorean date next year, it would have to be the 20th month. Since we only have 12 months, there won't be any Pythagorean dates next year.
The number 22, 23, and 24 can't be written as sums of squares in a non-trivial way, so if there's a Pythagorean date in the next few years it will have to be with the day of the month on the side. We can see from the output above that (7, 24, 25) is a Pythagorean triple, so the next Pythagorean date is 7/25/24, and the next after that is 7/24/25. And the next after that will be 10/24/26.
Incidentally, there is an algorithm for counting how many ways a number can be written as the sum of k squares, and it is implemented in Mathematica as Squares[k, n]. If you run SquaresR[2, 441] it will tell you that there are four ways to write 441 as the sum of two squares. But all four of these are trivial: (0, 21), (21, 0), (0, -21), and (-21, 0). Because every square can be written as the sum of two squares analogously, a return value of 4 means there are no non-trivial solutions.
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buy more.
There are two options for clearing iCloud, the first of which can simply hide the application through iTunes, preserving all the data and with them the second opportunity to download a game or program from the App Store.
The procedure itself is as follows:
 1. Connect the device to your computer.
 2. Open iTunes and go under the Apple ID through which you downloaded the software.
 3. Go to "Purchases" in the user settings.
 4. Select the application and click on the "X".
 5. To return the software back to purchases, you need to go to "Account information", and under "iTunes in the cloud" go to "Hidden purchases""Manage""Show".
 6. The items will then become available for download again.
Using the second option, you completely delete the program with all the data. But in case you need to download the application again, you will have to pay for it again.
You can erase data from iCloud in the following way:
 1. Launch "Settings", section "iCloud", "Storage".
 2. Click "Manage".
 3. In the column "Documents and data", you can see how much memory the remaining files occupy.
 4. Select the deleted application, click "Change" and "Delete all".
The data is completely destroyed from the cloud. If you are not satisfied with such radical results, but need to reset the progress in the game, you can simply create a new account in it.
Why Can't I Uninstall Software
When there are no crosses at all or the "Uninstall" button does not appear in the settings, it is likely that there is a restriction on uninstalling. Choosing a solution to this problem depends on the OS version of the device. For example, for iOS below 11, you need to go to "Settings""Universal Access" "Restrictions" and activate the ability to uninstall software.
In iOS version higher than 12, open "Settings""Screen Time""Content and Privacy" "iTunes and App Store purchases""Remove apps".
If the crosses are not on all the icons, most likely we are talking about standard software that cannot be cleared, although the latest versions of the OS provide such a possibility. Perhaps the games or programs were downloaded through a jailbreak, and in this case, the removal can be done using a special application Cydia.
Recently, many users have faced a problem when trying to remove any program or game from their iPhone. The icon is hidden from the home screen, but the program itself remains in the application library on the smartphone.
It also fails to delete something through the SettingsBasiciPhone Storage menu. In the section for each of the applications is trivial there is no Delete button.
It's all about the "helpful instructions" that some public figures have recently circulated in order to protect applications on the iPhone from mythical deletion from the smartphone.
Everyone who followed such an example is now unable to delete any program. The solution to the problem is simple enough.
 1. Go to SettingsScreen TimeContent & Privacy.
 2. Disable the master switch to disable all restrictions from this section or go to the iTunes and App Store Purchases menu.
 3. Under Uninstall apps, change the setting to Yes.
If screen time was only enabled for the sake of this option, you can disable this system feature altogether.
Now all apps will be deleted from your iPhone without any problems.
How to Permanently Remove an Application That is Left
It is not uncommon for situations when, after uninstalling, gray or white iPhone app icon remains on the desktop instead of games and programs. This indicates that the device is not quite working correctly. Do not get upset, most likely, you will not need to reflash the device. To solve this problem, you can try several options below.
The easiest and fastest of them is to simply reset the device. Here is you can find out how to turn off iphone 12 pro max.
In doing so, it is advisable to perform a hard reboot, and if this option does not help, look at how much free space is left on the device. The lack of free space can be the reason for freezing an application, when it seems to be installed and seems to be not.
Free up memory, this is likely to help. Also, you can try to remove the "ghost" program using the App Store. Find the uninstallable object in the list and perform any of the suggested actions: uninstall, install or update. You can also use your computer and iTunes for the same purpose.
The last, but not least, is the removal of the configuration profile. Software with this profile is not completely uninstalled, so you will have to do it forcibly. A few years ago, Apple removed from the App Store certain programs that installed root certificates.
And it is with their help that data is monitored, so to protect personal information, it is better to remove such applications and all configurations. You can clear the profiles by going to "Settings""Main""Profiles" or "Device Management", and then you will need to select the configuration profile and delete it.
Video: How to Delete Apps on iPhone 12
In this video, you can watch 4 useful tips how to delete apps on iPhone 12.
How to Restore a Deleted App on iPhone and iPad
Any deleted application can be recovered if it was purchased (downloaded as a free download) in the App Store.
Just go to the App Store application, in the upper right corner, click on the user's avatar and go to the Purchases section. All you need to do is find the desired application among the purchases and click on the "cloud" with an arrow.
You should agree that it is the applications that make the iPhone a functional gadget, capable of performing a lot of useful tasks. But since Apple smartphones are not equipped with the ability to expand memory, over time, almost every user faces the question of deleting unnecessary information.
At least once in a while uninstall applications from your iPhone using any of the methods suggested in this article, and then you will not be faced with a lack of free space.

Where Is Microphone on iPhone 12 – Detailed Manual
In this post, we'll show you where is microphone on iPhone 12, 12 Pro, 12 Pro Max and 12 Mini, with the precise microphone location. Microphones are important in any smartphone, whether recording 4K video or FaceTime calls or talking on the ear speaker, without a microphone your iPhone is useless.
It is noteworthy that Apple has allocated several microphones for different purposes, for example, if you shoot videos, the camera microphone will be used, during calls the iPhone will use the microphone next to the Lightning connector, and so on. In addition to software specifications, people often like to learn about hardware specifications such as the camera, microphones, sensors, etc.
Where is Microphone on iPhone 12/iPhone 12 Mini
Like many modern smartphones, the iPhone 12 has three microphones, which are in completely different places. Turn your iPhone around and look closely at the rear camera on the back. If you're careful, you'll notice a small hole near the rear camera. This is the rear camera microphone for recording videos with the camera on your iPhone.
The other microphone is located near the lightning connector on the device. The four microphone holes on the right are the stereo speaker grills, and everything else belongs to the microphone. Not far from the ear speaker is a third microphone, for comfortable hearing when talking on the phone.
Where is Microphone Location in iPhone 12 Pro/iPhone 12 Pro Max
The iPhone 12 is considered Apple's most popular product for a reason. Not only does it boast a gorgeous and compact screen, but the hardware additions aren't bad either. There are three microphones in the iPhone 12 pro and pro max too, and they too are located in different places.
One of them is near the charging jack of the phone, it is designed to transmit the voice during calls and to increase its clarity. Siri uses a microphone near the ear speaker. That's where she listens to you and executes your commands. It is quite hard to see, but if you are attentive, you can detect it with ease. And there's another one near the camera. It records sound while you're shooting videos on your iPhone.
Microphone Functions
Camera Microphone
The name of this feature is telling: while you're recording your video, this microphone catches the sound and stitches it into your video. Without the camera microphone, you won't be able to record, and then hear, background music and other people's voices in the video.
Built-in Microphone
This microphone is designed to control Siri with voice commands, not only is it needed for her, but for a couple of additional functions. When you want to say something to the voice assistant, it automatically turns on and helps you execute commands.
Bottom Microphone
When you call someone, the microphone underneath starts transmitting your voice to the other person, if this microphone breaks or is turned off, you will not be able to convey the information to the person you are calling.
How to Activate the Third Microphone
The third microphone, which is built into the body of the iPhone, is designed to suppress external noise. This feature has been around since iOS 7 and allows you to adjust the status of the third microphone depending on whether or not you need noise cancellation at the moment. This action can improve the call quality.
In earlier versions of the firmware, noise cancelling is off by default. On the contrary, in the latest iOS 12 and iOS 13 firmware versions,


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Main menu:
Natural Flow Cooling System
Our Technology > Patented Technology
Since the electrical resistance of a conductor such as a silver wire is dependent upon collisional processes within the wire, the resistance could be expected to increase with temperature since there will be more collisions. Likewise, the more the temperature rises the more the conductor resistance increases causing audible signal loss especially in high frequencies because of skin effect. Moreover, materials possess their own specific tonal signatures, independently of shape or size, but directly related to temperature.
In order to minimize this phenomenon most cables suffer from, we must aim at keeping the conductor temperature of all our cables as low and stable as possible. Therefore, we leave the two ends of the conductor Teflon insulation tubes open while the external tube remains hermitically closed.
As the diameter of the insulation tube is quite bigger than the conductors', air can easily flow through it.
When the current flows through the conductors the temperature increases and the air in the external tube of the cable starts to flow, cooling the conductors.
This patented
"Natural Flow Cooling System" stabilizes the operation temperature level of our cables lower than a conventional cable, offering a significant diminution in signal loss.
Moreover, by keeping the temperature quite low we avoid corrosion farther, same as any chemical activity, achieving a time-lasting stable cable.
Projects using our Natural Flow Cooling System:
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text:
Data format: Shapefile
File or table name: LocCode_Public
Coordinate system: Geographic
Theme keywords: LocCodes, Codes, Public, Location, Boundary, Boundaries, Tax, Sales, Use District
Abstract: An intersection of Washington State counties, Incorporated cities, Regional Transportation Authority, Public Transportation Authority and Community Empowerment Zone boundaries depicting sales and use tax location code areas as polygons. Participating boundary datasets are updated quarterly as annexation and boundary change notices are received. This dataset is created as part of geoprocessing to generate quarterly updates. Dataset intended use is to determine applicable sales and use tax location code by location.
Metadata elements shown with blue text are defined in the Federal Geographic Data Committee's (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM). Elements shown with green text are defined in the ESRI Profile of the CSDGM. Elements shown with a green asterisk (*) will be automatically updated by ArcCatalog. ArcCatalog adds hints indicating which FGDC elements are mandatory; these are shown with gray text.


ImporterStepValidationIssueType Table
ImporterStepValidationIssueType is a static table listing all of the validation issues that can occur on a ComplianceConnection.
Table 1. Database columns for ImporterStepValidationIssueType table
Database Column
Details
ImporterStepValidation IssueTypeID
Type: integer. Key. Generated ID
ResourceName
Type: text (max 256 characters). Key
The unique name of the localizable resource string representing the ImporterStepValidationIssueType record. Foreign key to the ComplianceResourceString table.
DefaultValue
Type: text (max 256 characters)
The text to display if the state resource string has no translation.


The Importance of Comparing Cooling Capacity Performance when Selecting Enclosure Air Conditioners
the-importance-of-comparing-cooling-capacity-performance-when-selecting-enclosure-cooling
When selecting an enclosure air conditioner, it's important to make adequate allowance for the effect temperature has on the cooling capacity performance of the unit. As the ambient temperature increases, the BTU/H capacity of an air conditioner decreases. This phenomenon, depending upon the design characteristics of the unit, is affected by the choice of refrigerant, compressor design, and the type of expansion device used. It also depends on the climatic and environmental conditions on site along with any special requirements that may exist.
Define Operating Parameters
As a first step, determine the maximum desired enclosure temperature taking into account the thermal sensitivity of the components inside the enclosure. It's wise to adopt a conservative approach to ensure that electronic equipment such as PLCs and variable speed drives don't exceed their design temperatures.
Then, calculate the heat load, allowing for the effect of solar radiation and other environmental influences that may exist where the enclosure is located. If necessary, use a BTU/H calculator to establish the required air conditioner capacity under those conditions.
High Ambient Temperature Performance
The ambient temperature at which an air conditioner's nominal capacity is calculated is generally 105ºF. However, the ambient temperature around an electrical enclosure could be higher so it's necessary to understand the effect temperature has on the performance and capacity of the unit.
For example, the actual capacity of an air conditioner at 125ºF may be less than half its capacity at 85ºF. Before selecting an enclosure air conditioner, it's important to refer to the manufacturer's specifications to establish the cooling capacity under actual operating conditions.
Benefit of Thermal Expansion Valves
All air conditioners have an expansion device that's used to control the expansion of the refrigerant liquid into the evaporator. The simplest device is a capillary tube that's great for limited temperature changes such as would be expected with a refrigerator, but is not well suited to the wide variations in temperature expected of an enclosure air conditioner. In fact, the performance loss of a capillary tube between the temperatures of 80ºF and 131ºF is as much as 85 percent.
A thermal expansion valve is better able to adapt to temperature and load changes and maintain an adequate supply of refrigerant to the evaporator. It's twice as efficient as a capillary tube and is a far better solution for an enclosure air conditioner, offering better performance over a wider temperature range.
Review Performance Curves
It is crucial that an enclosure air conditioner controls the maximum temperature inside the electrical enclosure to within predefined limits to prevent the possibility of equipment failure or damage. For this reason, engineers selecting an enclosure air conditioner should ignore the nominal nameplate capacity of the air conditioner and review the air conditioner performance curves to establish the actual capacity of the unit under the actual conditions expected on site.
Clear Specifications Simplify Selection
A review of enclosure air conditioner supplier websites reveals a wide variation in the amount of information supplied on their different models, and at times it's difficult to assess the debating factors that need to be applied at high ambient temperatures.
Before selecting an enclosure air conditioner, take time to verify the unit's cooling capacity performance to make sure it has the capacity to keep the electrical enclosure cool at all times.


text:
Artists tell stories with color and imagery. They'll often create images of what life was like during their lifetime. Collage artist Megan Coyle creates images of scenes that are familiar to her today. Years from now, others will be able to see what life was like during Coyle's lifetime.
Find out more about Megan Coyle and how she became an artist.
Coyle created this collage after one of her trips to New York City. She took a series of photographs while walking around Coney Island. The "Coney Island" collage was inspired by her photographs.
Study the Collage
Try to answer the questions below as you study Coyle's "Coney Island" collage. Click on one of the questions to find the answer. Each answer tells you a little more about collage's story.
- Who do you see?
- How many people are in this scene?
- What do they look like?
- What are they wearing?
- Are they happy or sad?
- Are they hot or cold?
- Are they inside or outside?
- What time of year is it? Is it spring, summer, fall, or winter?
- What are the people doing?
- Where are they? How do you know?
Now think of the places where you have been. What does this collage remind you of? Does it remind you of a specific memory?


text:
Northern Indiana Center for History [IN]
The Northern Indiana Center for History includes a 38-room Victorian mansion and gardens, a cottage interpreted with 1930s interiors, a children's museum, and galleries covering local and Notre Dame history. The mansion, known as Copshaholm, was owned by J.D. Oliver, president of Oliver Chilled Plow Works. Built in 1895-96, the architecture is Romanesque Queen Anne in style, and the interior furnishings are original. Highlights include works by Bartolozzi (_PHONE_), famed Italian engraver, and American sculptor Lorado Taft (_PHONE_). The Dom Robotnika, erected in the 1870s, is an example of quarters like those in which factory workers from the Oliver Chilled Plow Works might have lived. Other offerings include archives, the Kidsfirst Children's Museum, the Ernestine M. Raclin Gallery of Notre Dame History, and the Voyages Gallery of Local History.
Copshaholm offers an introductory video and guided tours. The society also offers a variety of themed educational programs, covering the fur trade, Civil War, and cabin life in the 1830s. Tours are also available in the Dom Robotnika, the Worker's Home; the Kidsfirst Children's Museum; Voyages: Exploring the History of the St. Joseph River Valley; and the Ernestine M. Raclin Gallery of Notre Dame History. School programs and tours meet state educational standards.


text:
Question text is in black, my answers in blue.
No, you can implement this with
variables. The numerical precision problem is that the true probabilities
are fractions and the
double values you'll use are thus
approximations. When you add up lots of numbers that are slightly off, the
errors can accumulate. But here you are only adding a few thousand numbers
and the error shouldn't be significant. The problem of integer overflow is
that if you deal with numbers larger than 2 billion or so the computer wraps
around and gets wrong answers. I don't see why you would want such large
numbers for this problem, particularly if you deal with all the probabilities
double values, but in any case we won't worry about overflow
when grading your paper code.
No, for the homework
you can assume that you have a package lying around that does all this
stuff, so you can just call methods like However, coding up these methods on your own is a good way to internalize
their definitions, and would be fair game as a test question!
binom(n, k) or
bernoulli(n, i, p) and not even worry precisely what they are
called. The point of this problem is to show that you can solve the baseball
problem using the material from the chapter.
However, coding up these methods on your own is a good way to internalize their definitions, and would be fair game as a test question!
First, the standard Poisson variable is equal to 0 with probability 1/e, equal to 1 with probability 1/e, equal to 2 with probability 1/2e, equal to 3 with probability 1/6e, and in general equal to 1 with probability 1/(i!)e. The expected value of P is an infinite sum, 0(1/e) + 1(1/e) + 2(1/2e) + 3(1/6e) +..., and this is a sum that you should recognize. To get the variance, you need to also calculate the expected value of P2, which is another infinite sum, 02(1/e) + 12(1/e) + 22(1/2e) + 32(1/6e) +..., that is harder but still possible to evaluate just knowing the basic fact that ex is the sum for all i of xi/i!. (The hard part in MATH 132 was seeing why this is true using Taylor series, but we don't need to get into that.)
Last modified 17 October 2009


Baseball and Race in Post-bellum Pennsylvania
In the years after the Civil War many people, like Octavius Catto, worked tirelessly to break down racial barriers and ensure that blacks received the social and political rights they deserved. In many places, including Philadelphia, baseball provided a platform through which to do this. Through their talent, intelligence, diligence, and drive both on and off the field, men like Octavius Catto and the players in Pythian's Base Ball Club worked to build strong ties as well as local and national support systems for the black community of Philadelphia.
19th century
African American
Recreation and Sport
Big Ideas
Pennsylvania History
Perspective on Events
Essential Questions
How has social disagreement and collaboration been beneficial to Pennsylvania society?
 - Conflict and cooperation among social groups, organizations, and nation-states are critical to comprehending society in Pennsylvania. Domestic instability, ethnic and racial relations, labor relation, immigration, and wars and revolutions are examples of social disagreement and collaboration.
Background Material for Teacher
"Octavius Catto and the Phythians of Philadelphia," by Jerrold Casway in Pennsylvania Legacies
End of Unit Assessment
The teacher will divide the classroom into groups, preferably either in two large teams or in smaller groups of 4. Then, teacher will select approximately 4 students to act as "referees." Essentially, the teacher will act as the "pitcher," pitching questions to the class that are opinion-based, meaning there is no one correct answer, but questions that can be supported by facts learned during the day or by using references to primary source material used. Each side takes a turn answering a question, using facts and referencing resources particularly, at which point the group of referees, led by the teacher to ensure proper learning, will determine whether it is a "homerun," giving the team a point, or by giving them a "strike out," and awarding them zero points. Then, the other side gets a chance to either A) Refute the other side's claim, again using resources and historical facts, or can further support it with new facts/resources/quotes, etc. This can become a great review game that encourages students to speak, especially to a larger audience. Teacher can ask students to take notes as game progresses to encourage personal responsibility over content, and can act as an exit slip for the day for teacher to, even formatively, check for understanding before next class. Alternatively, one could assess the letters the students write at the end of the lesson.


text:
I have started video recording some of my game sessions recently. Some of the consoles I am using output 720p and I was wondering what the effect would be, if I record them with 1080p:
- How does that impact the file size?
- How does that impact the sharpness of the imagery?
- Do I gain some advantage this way?
- Should I record 720p always with 720p?


William the Worm and the Magic Beans
Scoil Mobhí Glasnaíon, 5th Class, 27th May 2019
Once there was a worm called William. His companion was Passion Fruit the Monkey.
William's friend Passion Fruit was badly injured in the war so he took him to the forest.
They enjoyed a quiet life in the forest - until a year later, when they saw four glowing beans in the night.
Then it started raining salt and the beans disappeared.
William started crying and he went to his underground house in his mini-van.
He found the glowing beans in the ground. William brought the beans to the surface in the mini-van.
Passion Fruit stole the beans from the van.
He used the glowing beans' power to teleport away.
William was confused why Passion Fruit would steal the beans so he went to his secret underground library to study about the beans.
William discovered that the beans were magic and that looking at the beans makes anyone want to steal them.
Meanwhile, Passion Fruit had eaten one of the beans and it turned him into a big, big, big gorilla.
Now, there were only three beans left…


%0 Journal Article %A LAN Haoxin %A CHEN Yunhua %T SNN Training Algorithm Based on Relationship Between Pulse Frequency and Input Current %D 2022 %R 10.3778/j.issn._PHONE_.2106-0506 %J Computer Engineering and Applications %P 87-92 %V 58 %N 10 %X Spiking neural network（SNN） is driven by asynchronous events and supports massively parallel computing. It has great potential in improving the computational efficiency of synchronous analog neural networks. However, SNN is still facing the problem that it cannot be directly trained. For this reason, inspired by the research on the response mechanism of leaky integrate-and-fire（LIF） model, this paper proposes a new SNN training algorithm based on rate coding. Firstly, this paper models the spike rate of the LIF neuron through the simulation experiment, obtains the expression relationship between the spike rate and the input current, and takes the derivative as the gradient, which solves the non-differentiability of the discrete spike event during the SNN training process. Secondly, this paper uses the LIF neuron response mechanism to update the network parameters, which improves the learning efficiency. The experimental results on the MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets verify the effectiveness of this method. The classification accuracy reaches 99.53% and 89.46%. The recognition accuracy on CIFAR10 data is 4.22 percentage points higher than that of previous researchers and the learning efficiency has been doubled. %U _URL_


text:
ChainIn set theory, a chain is a totally ordered subset of a partially ordered set. In algebraic topology, a chain is a formal combination of simplices.
A chain is a measurement of length equivalent to 22 yards (20.12 metres), which is one tenth of a furlong or one eightieth of a mile. It was used in surveying land in England and places under English influence, such as the United States, but is obsolete in many places. It is also called the surveyor's chain or Gunter's chain after 17th century mathematican and astronomer Edmund Gunter, who introduced it. The distance of 22 yards is the length of the pitch (from wicket to wicket) in cricket.
The engineer's chain or Ramden's chain of 100 feet (30.48m) was also used.
See also: U.S. customary units


text: This paper presents further investigations into the axisymmetric progressive crushing behaviour of metal tubes subject to quasi-static axial loads. Based on experiments and a finite element analysis, a new, more realistic theoretical model is developed by introducing the concept of effective plastic hinge length which is proportional to tube thickness. The theoretical crushing force history, mean crushing force and plastic half-wavelength are compared with experiments and finite element analysis results. It is found that for normalized mean crushing force, P m / M o, better agreement is obtained using the present theoretical model than previous ones. This analysis helps explain the paradox between the D/t exponent calculated from experimental results and previous theoretical predictions. Also, a good estimate of plastic half-wavelength, h, is also obtained.


About The Author
Leonardo Losoviz is a freelance developer and writer, with an ongoing quest to integrate innovative paradigms (Serverless PHP, server-side components, GraphQL) … More about Leonardo ↬
Sending Emails Asynchronously Through AWS SES
 Sending many transactional emails at once, if not architected properly, could become a bottleneck for the application and degrade the user experience. Part of the problem is connecting to the SMTP server from within the application, synchronously. In this article we will explore how to send emails from outside the application, asynchronously, using a combination of AWS S3, Lambda, and SES.
 Most applications send emails to communicate with their users. Transactional emails are those triggered by the user's interaction with the application, such as when welcoming a new user after registering in the site, giving the user a link to reset the password, or attaching an invoice after the user does a purchase. All these previous cases will typically require sending only one email to the user. In some other cases though, the application needs to send many more emails, such as when a user posts new content on the site, and all her followers (which, in a platform like Twitter, may amount to millions of users) will receive a notification. In this latter situation, not architected properly, sending emails may become a bottleneck in the application.
 That is what happened in my case. I have a site that may need to send 20 emails after some user-triggered actions (such as user notifications to all her followers). Initially, it relied on sending the emails through a popular cloud-based SMTP provider (such as SendGrid, Mandrill, Mailjet and Mailgun), however the response back to the user would take seconds. Evidently, connecting to the SMTP server to send those 20 emails was slowing the process down significantly.
 After inspection, I found out the sources of the problem:
 1. Synchronous connection
 The application connects to the SMTP server and waits for an acknowledgment, synchronously, before continuing the execution of the process.
 2. High latency
 While my server is located in Singapore, the SMTP provider I was using has its servers located in the US, making the roundtrip connection take considerable time.
 3. No reusability of the SMTP connection
 When calling the function to send an email, the function sends the email immediately, creating a new SMTP connection on that moment (it doesn't offer to collect all emails and send them all together at the end of the request, under a single SMTP connection).
 Because of #1, the time the user must wait for the response is tied to the time it takes to send the emails. Because of #2, the time to send one email is relatively high. And because of #3, the time to send 20 emails is 20 times the time it takes to send one email. While sending only one email may not make the application terribly slower, sending 20 emails certainly does, affecting the user experience.
 Let's see how we can solve this issue.
 Paying Attention To The Nature Of Transactional Emails
 Before anything, we must notice that not all emails are equal in importance. We can broadly categorize emails into two groups: priority and non-priority emails. For instance, if the user forgot the password to access the account, she will expect the email with the password reset link immediately on her inbox; that is a priority email. In contrast, sending an email notifying that somebody we follow has posted new content does not need to arrive on the user's inbox immediately; that is a non-priority email.
 The solution must optimize how these two categories of emails are sent. Assuming that there will only be a few (maybe 1 or 2) priority emails to be sent during the process, and the bulk of the emails will be non-priority ones, then we design the solution as follows:
 - Priority emails can simply avoid the high latency issue by using an SMTP provider located in the same region where the application is deployed. In addition to good research, this involves integrating our application with the provider's API.
 - Non-priority emails can be sent asynchronously, and in batches where many emails are sent together. Implemented at the application level, it requires an appropriate technology stack.
 Let's define the technology stack to send emails asynchronously next.
 Defining The Technology Stack
 Note: I have decided to base my stack on AWS services because my website is already hosted on AWS EC2. Otherwise, I would have an overhead from moving data among several companies' networks. However, we can implement our soluting using other cloud service providers too.
 My first approach was to set-up a queue. Through a queue, I could have the application not send the emails anymore, but instead publish a message with the email content and metadata in a queue, and then have another process pick up the messages from the queue and send the emails.
 However, when checking the queue service from AWS, called SQS, I decided that it was not an appropriate solution, because:
 - It is rather complex to set-up;
 - A standard queue message can store only up top 256 kb of information, which may not be enough if the email has attachments (an invoice for instance). And even though it is possible to split a large message into smaller messages, the complexity grows even more.
 Then I realized that I could perfectly imitate the behavior of a queue through a combination of other AWS services, S3 and Lambda, which are much easier to set-up. S3, a cloud object storage solution to store and retrieve data, can act as the repository for uploading the messages, and Lambda, a computing service that runs code in response to events, can pick a message and execute an operation with it.
 In other words, we can set-up our email sending process like this:
 1. The application uploads a file with the email content + metadata to an S3 bucket.
 2. Whenever a new file is uploaded into the S3 bucket, S3 triggers an event containing the path to the new file.
 3. A Lambda function picks the event, reads the file, and sends the email.
 Finally, we have to decide how to send emails. We can either keep using the SMTP provider that we already have, having the Lambda function interact with their APIs, or use the AWS service for sending emails, called SES. Using SES has both benefits and drawbacks:
 - Very simple to use from within AWS Lambda (it just takes 2 lines of code).
 - It is cheaper: Lambda fees are computed based on the amount of time it takes to execute the function, so connecting to SES from within the AWS network will take a shorter time than connecting to an external server, making the function finish earlier and costing less. (Unless SES is not available in the same region where the application is hosted; in my case, because SES is not offered in the Asian Pacific (Singapore) region, where my EC2 server is located, then I might be better off connecting to some Asia-based external SMTP provider).
 - Not many stats for monitoring our sent emails are provided, and adding more powerful ones requires extra effort (eg: tracking what percentage of emails were opened, or what links were clicked, must be set-up through AWS CloudWatch).
 - If we keep using the SMTP provider for sending the priority emails, then we won't have our stats all together in 1 place.
 For simplicity, in the code below we will be using SES.
 We have then defined the logic of the process and stack as follows: The application sends priority emails as usual, but for non-priority ones, it uploads a file with email content and metadata to S3; this file is asynchronously processed by a Lambda function, which connects to SES to send the email.
 Let's start implementing the solution.
 Differentiating Between Priority And Non-Priority Emails
 In short, this all depends on the application, so we need to decide on an email by email basis. I will describe a solution I implemented for WordPress, which requires some hacks around the constraints from function wp_mail. For other platforms, the strategy below will work too, but quite possibly there will be better strategies, which do not require hacks to work.
 The way to send an email in WordPress is by calling function wp_mail, and we don't want to change that (eg: by calling either function wp_mail_synchronous or wp_mail_asynchronous), so our implementation of wp_mail will need to handle both synchronous and asynchronous cases, and will need to know to which group the email belongs. Unluckily, wp_mail doesn't offer any extra parameter from which we could asses this information, as it can be seen from its signature:
 Then, in order to find out the category of the email we add a hacky solution: by default, we make an email belong to the priority group, and if $to contains a particular email (eg: _EMAIL_), or if $subject starts with a special string (eg: "[Non-priority!]"), then it belongs to the non-priority group (and we remove the corresponding email or string from the subject). wp_mail is a pluggable function, so we can override it simply by implementing a new function with the same signature on our functions.php file. Initially, it contains the same code of the original wp_mail function, located in file wp-includes/pluggable.php, to extract all parameters:
 if (!function_exists( 'wp_mail' ) ) :
 $atts = apply_filters( 'wp_mail', compact( 'to','subject','message', 'headers', 'attachments' ) );


text:
This experiment will show what happens to light incident on a glass/air surface when the angle of incidence gradually increases.
- Ray bos with single slit
- Power supply
- Semicircular glass or Perspex block
- A4 Sheet of plain paper
1) Place the semicircular block in the centre of a piece of plain paper and draw around it.
2) Mark the mid-point of the straight side (M).
3) Draw a line at M at 90 dregees to the straight side. This is called the normal.
4) Draw a line at an angle of 30 degrees to the normal. This is the incident ray.
5) Use a ray box with a single slit to shine a ray of light along this line
6) Mark the position of the refracted ray.
7) Measure the angle of refraction.
8) Slowly move the ray box between angles of incidence from 30 to 60 degrees.
9) Measure the angle between the ray incidence and the normal inside the block for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees. This is the critical angle. Note its value.
10) You can use the formula n= 1/sinC to find the refractive index of the block.


Hybrid Identities Instead of "Überfremdung"
On Why the Death of Stuart Hall Is a Loss for our Academy Programs
Stuart Hall, the renowned British cultural theorist and sociologist, passed away exactly one month ago, on 10 February 2014. His death prompted in us a deep sense of personal loss. His groundbreaking writings on cultural studies, in particular on racial inequality, were first translated into German in the mid 1990s—a time when people here were beginning to acknowledge the importance of racism as an issue.
Demonstrators in front of a memorial with the Magen David and a poster with the words "Ausländerfeindlichkeit" (xenophobia) and "We need more courage."
Silent vigil of the Jewish Community at the Putlitz Bridge Deportation Memorial
Photo: Michael Kerstgens, Berlin Tiergarten, 1992
Hall's approach incited a new discussion and coined a new vocabulary: until then, Germans in the Federal Republic had spoken of "Fremdenfeindlichkeit" (xenophobia), which they regarded as a marginal social phenomenon. Politicians and the media spoke matter-of-factly of society "reaching breaking point" when "the boat gets too full" owing to "Überfremdung." The latter term denotes the state of 'being overrun by foreigners.' It is itself deeply racist and was accordingly voted Non-word of the Year 1993. "Being overrun" was presumed however to be explanation enough for the fire-bombings and other attacks then being carried out almost daily on asylum-seekers' accommodation centers or immigrants' apartments—and likewise for the hate campaigns, man-hunts, and pogrom-type riots erupting in Rostock, Hoyerswerda, and elsewhere, or the emergence of no-go areas in other towns and rural centers. In consequence, the law on asylum was altered in 1993 such that judicial opinion held it to have been "de facto repealed." Therefore, anyone who wished to address the issue of racism as a structural phenomenon and thereby draw on theoretically sound academic sources had necessarily to turn to authors from England, France, the USA, or Canada—and repeatedly to Stuart Hall. continue reading


- Main Menu
 - DSN (Data Source Name)
 A DSN (Data Source Name) is an identifier that is used to store information relating to a database connection. DSNs can store a database's name and server location, the directory that is used to store offline content, the database driver, and the user's ID and password. DSNs can be used for a wide variety of database applications, such as SQL databases and FTP connections.
 How DSN Works
 A DSN is simply a file that contains all information regarding a particular database. DSNs allow the user to quickly connect to a specific database without having to re-enter its information every time. Like a Notepad document, a DSN stores text-based information, but is also able to automatically fill in the database's information when the user launches an appropriate database client. While DSNs are usually stored in the Windows Registry, they can also be stored in configurations files belonging to a specific database client that ends in a ".dsn" extension.
 DSNs have a wide variety of applications and can be used on both server-side and client-side programs, but are most often used for the latter. In addition to the user's information and database's location, a DSN can also store information relating the database's permissions and may allow the user to change the database's permissions by being integrated with the user's database client. Likewise, the user may be able to change information in a DSN by changing the appropriate factors in the database client.
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text:
- What hot drinks help you lose weight?
- Why cocoa is bad for you?
- Does lemon with water burn fat?
- What kind of hot chocolate does Starbucks have?
- Is Hot Cocoa good for weight loss?
- How can I get skinny overnight?
- Who has the best hot chocolate?
- What does hot chocolate do to your body?
- What is healthier coffee or hot chocolate?
- What drink burns belly fat overnight?
- Does hot chocolate increase weight?
- Which hot chocolate is the healthiest?
- How bad is hot chocolate for you?
- Does drinking hot chocolate make you sleepy?
- What is the best hot chocolate mix?
What hot drinks help you lose weight?
The 8 Best Weight Loss DrinksGreen Tea.
Share on Pinterest.
Coffee is used by people around the world to boost energy levels and lift mood.
Like green tea, black tea contains compounds that may stimulate weight loss.
Apple Cider Vinegar Drinks.
Why cocoa is bad for you?
Heart conditions: Cocoa contains caffeine. The caffeine in cocoa might cause irregular heartbeat in some people and should be used cautiously in people with heart conditions. Diabetes: Cocoa seems to be able to raise blood sugar levels and might interfere with blood sugar control in people with diabetes. Diarrhea.
Does lemon with water burn fat?
Lemon water can promote fullness, support hydration, boost metabolism and increase weight loss. However, lemon water is no better than regular water when it comes to losing fat. That being said, it is tasty, easy to make and can be used as a low-calorie replacement for higher-calorie beverages.
What kind of hot chocolate does Starbucks have?
The beverage joins Starbucks lineup of signature handcrafted hot cocoa beverages, including Peppermint Hot Cocoa, Snickerdoodle Hot Cocoa, and Salted Caramel Hot Cocoa.
Is Hot Cocoa good for weight loss?
Overall, it appears that cocoa and cocoa-rich products may be helpful in achieving weight loss or maintaining weight, but further studies are needed. Summary Cocoa products are associated with a lower weight, and the addition of cocoa to your diet may help achieve faster weight loss.
How can I get skinny overnight?
Follow these 10 tips to help you wake up slimmer after your slumber.Avoid late night nibbles. … Choose slimming foods. … Evening exercise. … Television time. … Push yourself. … Tune time. … Set a Routine. … Banish the booze.More items…
Who has the best hot chocolate?
While all of the hot chocolates were pretty tasty, Dutch Bros. Coffee had the creamiest hot chocolate for a great price. Dutch Bros. Coffee is only in a few states around the US, so if you don't have one near you, Starbucks is the runner-up for where to get a quick cup of hot chocolate.
What does hot chocolate do to your body?
The flavonoids help your body process nitric oxide, which is why hot cocoa can improve blood flow, help lower your blood pressure and improve heart health. 6. The flavonoids in hot chocolate also help prevent platelets in your blood from mingling together and forming clots.
What is healthier coffee or hot chocolate?
A medium coffee contains about 210mg of caffeine, and the same amount of hot chocolate contains 17.5mg. That's 12 times the amount of caffeine! … So, considering that hot chocolate contains only a small amount of caffeine, that alone can make it a healthier option for your morning pick-me-up.
What drink burns belly fat overnight?
Green Tea. On the top of the list is green tea which is packed with antioxidants known as catechins that are believed to fight the stubborn belly fat. … Honey-Cinnamon Water. … Apple Cider Vinegar with Warm Water. … Pineapple Juice. … Peppermint Tea. … Celery Juice.
Does hot chocolate increase weight?
Chocolate is high in calories, sugar, and fat. And eating a lot of it will cause weight gain. And, as you know, obesity has a significant negative impact on health. However, a little chocolate may actually provide some health benefits – particularly dark, polyphenol-rich chocolate.
Which hot chocolate is the healthiest?
Best Gourmet San Francisco–based Scharffen Berger is known worldwide for selling fabulous chocolate, and its sweetened cocoa powder delivers the same intense ultra-gourmet taste. With only 10 grams of sugar per serving, it's just sweet enough for an afternoon pick-me-up.
How bad is hot chocolate for you?
Sad, but true: In fact, most 12-ounce hot chocolates contain about 370 mg of sodium, which is about 16 percent of the daily recommended value. This is especially important to pay attention to if you have high blood pressure, heart or kidney disease, Glockner said.
Does drinking hot chocolate make you sleepy?
Cocoa also contains theobromine, a heart stimulant with diuretic properties, which may make you need the loo in the middle of the night, too. Meanwhile, the sugar can cause an energy rush, which could make you less drowsy. But if the feel-good factor outweighs everything, try Green & Black's Organic Hot Chocolate.
What is the best hot chocolate mix?
Swiss Miss Classics Milk Chocolate Premium Cocoa Mix. … Ghirardelli Hot Chocolate Pouch, Double Chocolate. … Starbucks Classic Hot Cocoa. … Land O Lakes Cocoa Classics, Chocolate Supreme. … Nestle Hot Cocoa Mix (Rich Chocolate) … Equal Exchange Hot Cocoa Mix. … GODIVA Chocolatier Milk Chocolate Hot Cocoa Canister.More items…


text:
GENERAL LEGAL PRINCIPLES; CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT/ INTERPRETATION – General Principles of Contract Interpretation
Single Topic for Decision 2027M
Full Decision Text (click on the link to view): Full Text
1404.03000 – General Principles of Contract Interpretation
PERB's interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement is guided by traditional rules of contract interpretation, including those set forth in the Civil Code. A provision of a memorandum of understanding stating that the MOU superseded all side letters except "grievance resolutions documents" was ambiguous. The parties' bargaining history showed the MOU did not supersede a prior written grievance settlement because: (1) during bargaining, the union told the employer that it considered the grievance settlement to be a "grievance resolution document;" and (2) the testimony of the employer's lead negotiator that he was unaware of the union's position when he agreed to the exception language was not credible. The employer's proffered interpretation that the exception was intended to apply only to future grievance resolutions is unreasonable because: (1) it is contrary to the plain meaning of "supersede;" and (2) it would leave the exception without effect.


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The $f$-localization I mean is the one described and studied in detail in the book by E. D. Farjoun; $L_f$ is a homotopy idempotent functor which associates to each space $X$ an $f$-equivalence $X\to L_f(X)$ where $L_f(X)$ is $f$-local.
$f$-localization has a kind of uniqueness: if $F$ is some other coaugmented functor with the property that $F(X)$ is $f$-local for every $X$ (I'm happy to assume that $F = L_g$ for some map $g$), then there is a commutative square of functors and natural transformations, which I don't know how to draw here. The square would show that the composites $$ id \xrightarrow{\iota} L_f \xrightarrow{L_f(j)} L_f\circ F \qquad \mathrm{and} \qquad id \xrightarrow{j} F \xrightarrow{\iota_F} L_f \circ F $$ are equal. And $\iota_F$ is a weak equivalence for every space $X$; thus $F$ factors through $L_f$ 'up to weak equivalence'.
My Question: Suppose $X\to Y$ is an $f$-equivalence; then $L_f(X) \to L_f(Y)$ is a weak equivalence; does it follow that $(L_f\circ F)(X) \to (L_f\circ F)(Y)$ is a weak equivalence?
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3 Answers 3
If you allow $F$ to be a continuous functor, which it appears you do since localization functors are continuous, then I believe this is true. Corollary 2.1.1 in the following paper seems to be useful:
E.Dror Farjoun, Higher homotopies of natural constructions, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Volume 108, Issue 1, 8 April 1996, Pages 23-34, ISSN 0022-4049,
It says that if $\phi: X \rightarrow Y$ is a map and $G$ is a continuous, coaugmented, idempotent functor such that for all spaces $A$, the induced map $map(Y,GA) \rightarrow map(X,GA)$ is a weak equivalence, then $G(\phi): G(X) \rightarrow G(Y)$ is a weak equivalence. Letting $G = L_f \circ F$ should give the result you want. The induced map will be an equivalence since $\phi$ is an $f$-equivalence and $L_f\circ F(A)$ is $f$-local for all spaces $A$.
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I think that in general the answer is 'no', since your functor $F$ need not preserve $f$-equivalences. Take $f\colon \ast \to \ast$ to be the identity map or any other weak equivalence, then the $f$-local objects are the fibrant objects and $L_f$ is equivalent to the fibrant replacement is simplicial sets. Now take any functor $F$ which does not preserve weak equivalences and takes fibrant values. For example, $F(-) = \mathrm{fib}(\mathrm{hom}(A,-))$, where $\mathrm{fib}$ is a fibrant replacement functor and $A$ a non-trivial space. Then $L_f\circ F$ does not preserve weak equivalences (which are also $f$-equivalences) of non-fibrant simplicial sets.
I think that the condition that you need to assume about $F$ is that $F$ preserves $f$-equivalences.
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I really like this example. I never considered this $F$ before, but it does exactly what you want. I also agree that in situations like this the condition you suggest sounds right – David White May 1 '13 at 15:46
An $f$-equivalence is a map $\alpha:X\to Y$ which induces a weak equivalence $\alpha^\ast:map_\ast(Y,Q)\to map_\ast (X,Q)$ for all $f$-local spaces $Q$; equivalently, $L_f(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence. Therefore the assumption implies that every $g$-local space is $f$-local, so an $f$-equivalence $\alpha$ is also a $g$-equivalence; so $L_g(\alpha)$ is a weak equivalence.
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So this answers it for $F=L_g$, and Matthew Sartwell's answer is slightly more general, but Boris shows you can't go more general than that. Interesting. +1 to everyone – David White May 1 '13 at 15:36
Your Answer


text:
Steve Holland tells me he is a student of yacht design at Southampton, and has reminded me that we need to consider the cross-flow beneath a heeled hull. These are the points he makes:
There may be another good reason to reduce the root chord of the foils of a beamier hull, and that is to lessen the ventilation effects on keel and rudder when these hulls heel. Because of the hull beam and the resulting increased stiffness, skippers of the "skiff"-type hulls carry their suits into higher wind ranges than narrow-beam hulls. It is not unusual to be able to see the keel fin and rudder root out of the water of a well-heeled skiff, and to be able to see the resulting turbulence this causes. Narrowing the root chord of these foils is meant to reduce this turbulence, reduce the drag, and reposition the lost foil area further down, well below the water surface to where it can do useful work.
Perhaps it is worth considering more carefully the required change in aerofoil cross section of the fin from root to tip. Given the hull cross-flow, it is clear that the fin, ideally, needs to twist somewhat to accommodate the higher angle of attack at the root. A rotating fin is not permitted by class rules, but an equivalent change would be to have a significantly thicker section profile at the root with maximum thickness further forward. This more rounded entry would accommodate the higher angle of attack better. The disadvantage, of course, is that the thicker section adds to drag on the run.
Alternatively, we can have an "L" shape keel, shown in the first of the diagrams here. When the boat heels, the bulb will tend to twist the fin in such a way that the root is effectively twisted off, or washed out.
While the fin, ideally, needs to twist off because of the higher angle of attack at the root, then needs to twist back in its mid-span to meet the "normal" leeway angle of attack, it also needs to twist off again at the tip because of the upwash induced there, just like the twist needed in the sails because of their induced upwash. So if we accommodate the higher angle of attack at the root with a thicker chord and maximum thickness further forward, perhaps we can accommodate the need for tip twist by carefully regulating the torsional stiffness of the lower third of the fin and locating the bulb CG well forward of the fin's leading edge. This gives us a "reverse L" shaped keel with a prognathous bulb, shown in the second diagram. As the hull heels, the weight of the bulb will twist the fin and induce wash-out, producing the sort of twist we need to reduce tip drag and premature stall.
In either case, arranging the keel as an "L" or "reverse L" shape places the fin, and hence the sail plan, either much further forward, or much further aft than current designs. If we have a "reverse L", presumably the boat is a little less nimble in the tack, though has better directional stability, with the converse applying with a regular "L" shape.
Larry Robinson offers a caution:
Finally, the page on balance points out that the more symmetric the heeled waterplane is, the less the lift produced by the hull. This was thought to provide a better-balanced boat as the wind gusts or lulls. It may also be the case that a more symmetric heeled waterplane produces less lift-induced drag, as well as producing less cross-flow under the hull, allowing the fin and rudder to work better.
We also know that some hull designs produce more asymmetric heeled waterplanes than other designs. Such designs thus produce more cross-flow and lift around the hull, and (we're guessing here, of course) might benefit if their keel was more like the "L" type. Where the hull design provides a more symmetric heeled waterplane, then it will generate relatively less cross-flow and lift, and would be better with the usual "T" keel or maybe a slightly prognathous "reverse L" keel. Hmmm...
©2011 Lester Gilbert


to register with the server using the local peer URL. All this code takes place in the ClientProcess.Login() method.
Dim PeerUrl As String = PeerChannel.GetUrl(Uri)
Server.AddUser(_Alias, PeerUrl)
In the original Talk .NET application, the client application registers the ClientProcess object and then creates a new ClientProcess instance to start sending messages to the server. When the server calls back to the client, no new object is created. Instead, the existing ClientProcess instance is used. However, with the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit, this behavior changes. If you use the exact same approach, you'll actually end up with two ClientProcess objects: the one you created manually and the one created by the Remoting infrastructure to handle the server callbacks. This creates a significant problem. Namely, the Talk form will no longer receive the ClientProcess.MessageReceived event, because it will occur in a different object than the one it's using.
The recommended way to solve this problem is to use some sort of shared location to store a callback. Emulating the design pattern used in Intel's own Messenger sample, you can make three changes:
 - Make all the members and methods of the ClientProcess class shared, except for the ITalkClient methods such as ReceiveMessage(). Change the other parts of the application so they use these shared methods and don't try to create a ClientProcess instance.
 - Use a callback instead of an event to contact the Talk form.
 - In the ReceiveMessage() method, check the shared callback delegate. If it's initialized, raise the callback.
Here's the abbreviated ClientProcess code:
Public Class ClientProcess
 Inherits MarshalByRefObject
 Implements ITalkClient
 ' This callback is used to transfer the message from the remotable
 ' ClientProcess object to the Talk form.
 Public Shared MessageReceivedCallback As ReceiveMessageCallback
 ' The reference to the server object.
 Private Shared Server As ITalkServer
 Private Shared _Alias As String
 Public Shared Property [Alias]() As String
 Get
 Return _Alias
 End Get
 Set(ByVal Value As String)
 _Alias = Value
 End Set
 End Property
 Public Shared Sub Login()
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 Public Shared Sub LogOut()
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 Public Shared Sub SendMessage(ByVal recipientAlias As String, _
 ByVal message As String)
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 ' This is the only nonshared method.
 <System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging.OneWay()> _
 Private Sub ReceiveMessage(ByVal message As String, _
 ByVal senderAlias As String) Implements ITalkClient.ReceiveMessage
 If Not ClientProcess.MessageReceivedCallback Is Nothing Then
 MessageReceivedCallback(message, senderAlias)
 End If
 End Sub
 Public Shared Function GetUsers() As ICollection
 Return Server.GetUsers
 End Function
End Class
With these changes, the Talk .NET application becomes fully functional. Another recommended change is to reduce the frequency that the client retrieves new users from the server by increasing the tmrRefreshUsers timer interval. This is useful because the communication latency is noticeably greater than it was with the pure Remoting solution.
Adding Security
In order to communicate using secure encryption, you simply need to instruct the peer service by adding the PeerSecure option to the end of the peer URL. This can be accomplished using the shared PeerChannel.MakeSecure() method.
Dim Peer As String = "pCAC4B01B908344AF9784515B13521E15.peer"
Dim App As String = "TalkServer"
Dim Obj As String = "ServerObject"
Dim Url As String = "peer://" & Peer & "/" & App & "/" & Obj
Url = PeerChannel.MakeSecure(Url)
Server = CType(Activator.GetObject(GetType(ITalkServer), Url), ITalkServer)
In addition, you can configure a service to require secure sessions and reject requests that don't use them. In this case, you use the shared PeerChannel .SecureWellKnownServiceType() method. This can be called for both the ClientProcess and the ServerProcess objects before they're registered with the Remoting infrastructure.
Dim Uri As String = "ServerObject"
Dim ServiceEntry As New WellKnownServiceTypeEntry(GetType(ServerProcess), _
 Uri, WellKnownObjectMode.Singleton)
PeerChannel.SecureWellKnownServiceType(ServiceEntry)
RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType(ServiceEntry)
Tip
You cannot use the store-and-forward capability in conjunction with secure messages.
Unfortunately, life isn't nearly this simple. In order to create a secure SSL session, the peers must be able to authenticate one another using certificates. That means that you must create a certificate for every peer and store it in the local certificate store. You must also configure the trusted roots on both peers so that certificates signed by this peer are trusted implicitly. (A better and more secure alternative is to sign the peer certificates using a trusted third party, such as a local Windows server or certificate authority. However, the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit API doesn't support this functionality directly.)
This process can be accomplished programmatically using the PeerCertificate Management class, which is demonstrated in the CertificateManagementUI sample application (see Figure 13-7). Essentially, this application calls the PeerCertificateManagement.CreateKeyAndSelfSignedCertificate() method to generate a new certificate (with a 512-bit RSA asymmetric key pair), sign it, and add it to the local personal certificate store.
Click To expand
Figure 13-7: The CertificateManagementUI utility
Figure 13-8 shows the CertificateManagementUI utility.
Click To expand
Figure 13-8: Creating a new certificate
Once a certificate is created, you still have several additional steps to complete. First, run the makecert.exe utility included with the .NET Framework, and find the certificate in the Personal store (see Figure 13-9). You must then perform three additional tasks:
 - Export this certificate to a .cer file stored on your hard drive (typically in the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit directory).
 - Import this certificate into the Trusted Root store for the current user.
 - Import this certificate into the Trusted Root store for the peer you want to communicate with securely.
Click To expand
Figure 13-9: The makecert.exe utility
All of these tasks are described in more detail, along with the basics of client certificates, in a lengthy HTML file called CertificateManagement Education and Help.html, which can be found in the CertificateManagementUI directory. A detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Finally, you need to modify the configuration file to use this new certificate. To configure the certificate for incoming connections, you modify the <ServerCertificate> tag to use the certificate name:
<Module Name="SecureListener" Assembly="...Intel.Peer.Messaging.Services.dll"
 TypeName="Intel.Peer.Security.SecureListener.SecureListenerInitializer"
 Load="true" Essential="true">
 <ListenerPort>8443</ListenerPort>
 <ServerCertificate>
 <Name>P2PUser1</Name>
 </ServerCertificate>
</Module>
You must also configure the certificate in order to use it for outgoing connections. In this case, you need to reference the exported certificate file instead of the certificate name, because the certificate information will be read from the disk, not from the local store. This quirk is related to a limitation in .NET's support for retrieving certificate information.
<Messaging LoggingLevel="0">
 <ListenerPort>8080</ListenerPort>
 <ClientCertificate>C:\MyDir\P2PUser1.cer</ClientCertificate>
 <HttpProxyHost></HttpProxyHost>
 <HttpProxyPort>1</HttpProxyPort>
</Messaging>
Finally, you must restart the peer service using the Computer Management utility in the Control Panel.
Clearly, the configuration steps involved in setting up SSL authentication and encryption are far from minor. If you need a more flexible, dynamic form of authentication and validation, refer instead to the custom examples developed in Chapter 11.
Note
With encrypted communication, the peer service performs the encryption and decryption. Thus, an unencrypted message could be sent if an attacker could determine the underlying Remoting address and contact it directly. For that reason, you should not rely on SSL sessions for encryption, unless your computer is behind a firewall that makes port