text:
Table of Contents
Besides searching for places, Marble can display possible routes between two or more of them. Do you want to plan a bicycle tour in the nearby wood? Need driving instructions to get to an address in a foreign city? Click on the Routing tab on the bottom of Marble's toolbox to start planning your trip.
In the Routing tab you'll see two green buttons A and B. Enter the start address in the input field next to the A button, the route start input field. Press Enter or click on the Search button to find matching placemarks. A small progress animation will shorten your waiting time while the search is running. Using the search term "Weavers Lane, London", the result will look similar to the screenshot below:
Matching placemarks line up in the list below the input fields. They're also shown in the map. The first result is automatically selected as the route start. In the map, this position is indicated using the same A icon as the button next to the route start input field. If the first result is not your desired route start, click on any other result to make that the new start position. You can either click on it in the result list or on its icon in the map to achieve that. The currently chosen route start is always indicated using the A icon.
With the route start at hand, let's move on to enter the destination of our trip. The procedure is the same: Enter the destination address in the input field next to the B button, press Enter and select the desired item among the result list.
Did you notice that the Search button is now gone and replaced by a Get Directions button? Marble is signalizing that all information needed to calculate a route has been entered correctly. Click on the Get Directions button to retrieve a suitable route now. If your destination search term is "Sun Walk, London", the result will resemble this screenshot:
If the start (or destination) position is already visible on the screen, you may find it more convenient to select it directly in the map. To do that, click on the A (or B) button next to the input field. Select From Map in the upcoming menu. Once clicked, the map input mode is activated: The next click on a position in the map will become the start (or end) of your trip. The mouse cursor turns into a cross to ease an accurate selection. The selected position will be included in the route and marked in the map. To abort the selection, either click on the button again or press Esc.
An alternative selection of the route start and destination is provided via the context menu of the map: Click with the Directions from here or Directions to here, respectively.mouse button on the desired location and select


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Successfully complete the game to unlock Challenge mode.New Game+ mode
Successfully complete the game. You can now start a second playthrough with all your original upgrades; however, they will not be active until the Sand Army is released.Sarcophagus locations
Search the following locations to find all ten Sarcophaguses. Note When you get near a Sarcophagus, you will hear a sound and can identify them by their blue orb glow.
1. Near the exit of "The Stables", climb to the top of the octagonal-shaped room, to find the first Sarcophagus.
2. In "The Fortress Courtyard", jump to the platform beneath the circular switch you have to activate to progress.
3. After the spiked floors in "The Fortress Courtyard", drop off the main path, and slide along a series of ledges to reach the Sarcophagus.
4. Near the exit of "The Prison", activate the switch to open the gate. As you quickly run past the traps to roll under the closing door, before you exit the prison, go right to climb the wall, then go right again to find the Sarcophagus.
5. At the start of "The Sewer" when you are climbing the frozen water spout, jump towards the beam. Use the frozen water spout again to reach a second beam above the first one. Then, you will be able to jump over a gap to reach the Sarcophagus.
6. Near the exit of "The Sewer", walk along the side-path on the left. Then, freeze the water to swing across the gap and reach the Sarcophagus on the other end.
7. When you enter a room in "The Royal Chambers" with a water spout on the left with switches to its sides, freeze the water, and use it to jump towards each switch. The Sarcophagus is behind a door that opens after activating both switches.
8. In the middle of "The Royal Chambers", you will reach a room with a waterfall on both sides, and two accompanying water spouts. Freeze the water, jump up to the second water spout, and use it to jump towards the waterfall. While in mid-air, quickly unfreeze your ability so you will go straight through the waterfall and land on a ledge. Then, climb up to find the Sarcophagus.
9. Near the exit of "The Royal Chambers", jump on a ledge to the right of the water wheel room, and continue on the ledge without freezing the water. Then, perform a wall run up from the ledge to reach the wall. Jump off the wall to reach a pole. Jump off the pole to another ledge, and move left across it to find the Sarcophagus.
10. At the beginning of "The Throne Room", climb the wall on the left until you reach the balcony to find the last Sarcophagus.
When you reach Rekem, there will be an area where you fight three Glowing Sand Creatures (the ones that spawn other Sand Creatures). Use your power slash to kill the Sand Creatures they spawn. After you have a few hits, run around the area and repeat the process until you unlock the "Sand Nemesis" achievement.Achievements
Accomplish the indicated achievement to get the corresponding number of Gamerscore points:
- Memories of Azad (20 points): Reach the thick of the battle.
- A Warm Welcome (20 points): Catch up to Malik.
- Solomon's Army (30 points): Release Solomon's Army.
- Just us and them (50 points): Close the fortress gates.
- Not what it looks like (50 points): Defeat Ratash.
- Eye of the Storm (30 points): Reach the final fight.
- Prince of Tides (50 points): Complete the Enemy Tides Challenge.
- Power Boost (20 points): Find and break a sarcophagus.
- Got Walkthrough? (50 points): Find and break every sarcophagus.
- Completist (50 points): Purchase every item in the upgrade menu.
- Anger Management (15 points): Break 100 vases and sarcophagi.
- Sand Nemesis (30 points): Kill 50 enemies in a row without being hit and without using upgrade powers or the Power of Time.
- And King of Blades (20 points): Kill 500 enemies with the sword.
- Acrobat (30 points): Jump on enemies 30 times in a row without falling or using the Power of Time.
- Like Dominoes (15 points): Knock down 5 enemies with one kick.
- Floors are for losers (15 points): Wall run for a total of 1/2 mile (805 meters).
- Stay Dry (30 points): Move on solidified water for 1 minute without using the Power of Time.
- Untouchable (30 points): Defeat Ratash in the Throne Room wihout taking any damage.
- Death from Above (30 points): Finish off 10 enemies in a row using only the Aerial Slash.
- Invincible (20 points): Finish the final battle against Ratash without taking any damage.
- And stay down! (15 points): Use the finishing lunge 20 times.
- Air Time (15 points): Perform 20 Aerial Slash attacks.
- David and Goliath (15 points): Finish 5 titans with the Aerial Slash.
- This is Persia! (20 points): Kick 20 enemies off of ledges.
- Attack from all angles (15 points): Knock down 15 enemies using the aerial kick.
- Swift as the Wind (15 points): Defeat 30 enemies using the Power of Flight.
- Big Finish (10 points): Defeat an enemy by doing a power attack on the fifth hit in a combo.
- Elemental Control (20 points): Upgrade one power to level 4.
- Ding! Level Up! (15 points): Purchase your first upgrade.
- Close Call (15 points): Save the Prince's life by using the Power of Time.
- Not how it Happened (15 points): Use the Power of Time 20 times.
- Prince of Fire (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Flame Trail.
- Prince of Earth (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies while using the Stone Armor.
- Prince of Water (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Ice Blast.
- Prince of Wind (15 points): Defeat 50 enemies using the Whirlwind.
Additionally, there are five secret achievements:
- No longer human (50 points): Suffered defeat at Malik's hands.
- Welcome to Rekem (30 points): Arrived in Razia's city.
- Power of the Djinn (30 points): Razia becomes part of sword.
- End of the Army (50 points): Complete the game.
- Our Little Secret (5 points): Start the game on the Normal difficulty. Then, switch to the Easy difficulty at the very beginning, and play through the game.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Homework Help
 What is the style of the play Lion in the Streets by Judith Thompson
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Lion in the Streets is a two-act play with sometimes violent and terrifying incidents engulfing the audience with its representations. Isobel, a ghost, must watch as others make life-altering mistakes in an urban setting. The imaginative style of the narrative, as each twist and turn becomes painfully obvious, accentuates the repetitive cycle of an urban lifestyle.
Judith Thompson conceived this play as a radio play and invites the audience to experience each extract as it occurs. The seemingly detached, even random occurrences are linked as Thompson uses Isobel to wander between scenes much as she would if she was passing-by. In this way, the play develops its purpose as Isobel seeks to find her murderer and thus "ascend" into heaven.
The "lion" is in everyone and, when exposed, has the potential to explode or "roar" when internal and external forces collide. The metaphor of the lion in the streets - it can threaten but it is also representative of the power within us to overcome indicates stark contrasts. The contrasts also indicate Thompson's style. The living Isobel was an immigrant child who did not blend into her surroundings and ultimately pays the price for that and the deceased Isobel - a ghost - goes sometimes noticed and sometimes unnoticed.
This style of Thompson's in Lion in the Streets exposes the conflict between the inner self and that which people expose to the outside world. Thompson effectively destroys any illusion of a safe environment. The audience is drawn in to the play, willingly or otherwise and the theatrical and dramatic representations complete the picture.
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text:
According to a new study conducted by the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, it was revealed that may be obese teens are more intense with risky behaviors such as smoking, drinking and use of drugs; they also have risky sexual and suicidal behaviors.
The study, which was conducted by Zeller and colleagues, involved almost 9,000 teens.
The study is unexpected of the thoughts that social seclusion and shame does not let them involve in such stuff. Even, the study revealed that girls are more likely to have sex while they are drunk and high.
The study explained that obese girls are more likely to indulge in smoke and tobacco in comparison to the healthier girls.
Researchers urged physicians to take some steps for the prevention of obese people from the risky behaviors. They explained that obese teens need a better understanding of their mental and physical states.
Meg H. Zeller, Ph. D., said, "It's critical to understand them in the broader context of adolescence and what kind of care they're going to need in the long term".
The study explained that overweight girls before the age of 13 may get involve in sex with multiple sexual partner.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Resin 3D printing is experiencing greater adoption in real-world fabrication settings for both prototyping and manufacturing. To optimize the speed of these fabrication methods, few techniques for predicting and visualizing such processes, and its variants, in real-time have been proposed and rigorously evaluated. In this work we outline and validate two complementary methods to monitoring resin 3D printing, specifically continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), in real-time for optimal print parameter selection. Namely, we use: (1) a load cell mounted on the build platform capable of measuring tensile forces during printing, and (2) our novel approach to optical coherence tomography scanning aligned with the printer resin vat. After describing our technical implementation of each of these strategies below, we assess the benefits of each in turn, and evaluate their relative limitations.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The Sangamonian Stage (or Sangamon interglacial) is the term used in North America to designate the last interglacial period. In its most common usage, it is used for the period of time between 75,000 and 125,000 BP. This period of time is equivalent to all of Marine Isotope Stage 5 and the combined Eemian period and early part of the Weichselian glaciation in Europe. Less commonly, the Sangamonian Stage is restricted to the period between 122,000 and 132,000 BP, which is equivalent to Marine Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian period of Europe. It preceded the Wisconsinan (Wisconsin) Stage and followed the Illinoian Stage in North America.
The Sangamonian Stage, originally the Sangamon interglacial stage, is defined on the basis of the Sangamon Soil, a paleosol, which is developed in contemporaneous colluvium and older glacial tills and loesses and overlain by Wisconsinan loesses or tills. Although originally described from water wells in northwestern Sangamon County, Illinois, the current type sections for the Sangamon Stage are the Rochester section in eastern Sangamon County and the Chapman section in Morgan County, Illinois. In the Rochester Section, the Sangamon Soil is developed in Sangamonian colluvial sediments, called "accretion gley", that accumulated contemporaneously with the development of the Sangamon Soil. In the Rochester section, the Sangamon Soil is developed directly in Illinoian glacial till and overlain by Roxana Silt, the oldest of the two regional Wisconsinan loesses.
In its typical and broadest usage, the Sangamonian Stage is equivalent to all of Marine isotope stage 5 between 75,000 and 125,000 BP. Although it includes the same time span, the Sangamonian Stage (sensu lato) is not temporally equivalent to the Eemian in Europe. In its much less common usage, the Sangamonian Stage (sensu stricto) is equivalent to Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian. In case of this usage, Marine Isotope Substages 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d are collectively referred to as the Eowisconsinan Stage. In its broadest sense (sensu lato), the Sangamonian Stage precedes the Wisconsinan (Wisconsin) Stage and follows the Illinoian Stage in North America.
Research concerning the age and degree of development of the Sangamon Soil demonstrates that it actively developed, at the least, over all of Marine Isotope Stage 5, which is a period of time from 125,000 to 75,000 BP. Unlike Europe, the development of ice sheets in Canada was limited during Marine Isotope Substages 5b, 5c, and 5b and either completely disappeared or were greatly reduced in size during Marine Isotope Substage 5a. Because of the continuous development of the Sangamonian Soil in the Midwest and the limited development of ice sheets in North America during this marine isotope stage, the Sangamonian Stage, unlike the Eemian in Europe, is regarded as encompassing all of Marine Isotope Stage 5.
The start of the Sangamonian Stage is constrained by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates obtained from fluvial deposits of the Pearl Formation and Illinoian glacial tills of the Glasford Formation, which fill an ancient and buried Mississippi River valley in north-central Illinois. The age of fluvial sediments overlying the youngest glacial till (Radnor Member) of the Glasford Formation yield optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates that averaged 131,000 BP. These OSL dates demonstrate that the Illinoian Stage ended and the Sangamonian Stage started about 125,000 BP. These dates refute older dates, i.e. between 220,000 and 450,000 BP, given by older publications for the start of the Sangamonian Stage.
- Hansel, A.K. and E.D. McKay, in press, Quaternary Period, in D.R. Kolata, ed., The Geology of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois.
- Willman, H.B., and J.C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Illinois. Bulletin no. 94, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
- Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986, Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America, Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.
- McKay III, E.D., R.C. Berg, A.K. Hansel, T.J. Kemmis, and A.J. Stumpf, 2008, Quaternary Deposits and History of the Ancient Mississippi Valley. North-Central Illinois, Guidebook for the 51st Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene Field Trip, Streator, Illinois, May 13-15, 2005: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook 35, 98 p.
- Fulton, R.J., P.F. Karrow, P. LaSalle, and D.R. Grant, 1984, Summary of Quaternary stratigraphy and history, Eastern Canada, in R. J Fulton, ed., p. 193-210, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Canada — A Canadian Contribution to IGCP Project 24, Geological Survey of Canada Paper, no. 84-10.
- Curry, B.B., and M.J. Pavich, 1996, Absence of Glaciation in Illinois during Marine Isotope Stages 3 through 5. Quaternary Research. v. 46, no. 1, p. 19–26.
- Grimley, D.A. , L.R. Follmer, R.E. Hughes, and P.A. Solheid. 2003, Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois. Quaternary Science Reviews. 22 no. 2-4, p. 225–244.
- Clague, J.J., D.J. Easterbrook, O.L. Hughes, and J.V. Mathews, 1992, The Sangamonian and Early Wisconsinan Stages in western Canada and Northwestern United States. in Clark, P. U., and Lea, P. D., p. 253-268, , The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America. Special Paper no. 270, p. 171–184. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 978-0-8137-2270-2
- Lamothe, M., M. Parent, and W.W. Shilts, 1992, Sangamonian and early Wisconsinan events in the St. Lawrence lowland and Appalachians of southern Québec, Canada. in P.U. Clark and P.D. Lea, eds., p. 171-184, The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America. Special Paper no. 270, p. 171–184. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 978-0-8137-2270-2
- McKay, E.D., 2007, Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River.[permanent dead link] Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2-4, 2007, 11 p.
- McKay, E.D., and R.C. Berg, 2008, Optical ages spanning two glacial-interglacial cycles from deposits of the ancient Mississippi River, north-central Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 40, No. 5, p. 78 with powerpoint presentation
- Hintze, L.F., 1973, Geologic History of Utah. Brigham Young University Research Studies, Geology. v. 20, Part 3, no. 8.
- Ericson D.B., and G. Wollin, 1968, Pleistocene Climates and Chronology in Deep-Sea Sediments. Science. v. 162, no. 3859, p. _PHONE_.
- Wornardt. W.W., and P.R. Vail , 1991, Revision of the Plio-Pleistocene Cycles and their Application to Sequence Stratigraphy and Shelf and Slope Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 41, p. 719-744.
- Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, 2004a, Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
- Gillespie, A.R., S.C. Porter, and B.F. Atwater, 2004, The Quaternary Period in the United States. Developments in Quaternary Science no. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-444-51471-4
- Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., eds., 1986, Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 5, pp. 1-514.
- Muhs, D.R., 2006, Last Interglacial: Timing and Environment (LITE). U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.


The International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts
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Discrimination and equal rights
Do snide remarks on social media amount to discrimination?
Freedom of expression also applies to the Internet and social media. On Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram the same rules and regulations apply as in other parts of society. Basically, you can say or show (almost) anything, and you do not need anyone's permission to do so.
But beware: you may not discriminate against others on the internet or on social media either. A hateful remark about an entire population group or about someone's background, skin colour, or religion can be considered offensive and discriminatory. And everyone - you, I, we - also has the right not to be discriminated against.
Moreover, you should be aware that Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram function as magnifying glasses where freedom of speech is concerned. Anything you say or show there can spread rapidly - sometimes even across the world - and appear out of context.
Unfortunately, bullying (harassing someone) and discrimination (for example, insulting or threatening groups of people) are all too common on the internet and social media. They are forbidden and sometimes even punishable by law – people bully and discriminate anyway.
In many countries, you can file a report if you encounter discrimination on one of the social-media platforms, either with an anti-discrimination hotline or with the police. In the Netherlands, people have been convicted for posting hateful and discriminatory remarks on Twitter or Facebook.
Also very important: react! You too can make yourself heard if you think that someone is going too far. Raise your voice when you read or see something like that on someone's Facebook page or Instagram account.
Thanks to the freedom of speech, everyone is allowed to say a lot, but this freedom is something that should be handled with care.


text:
Robb Godshaw, from Syynlabs,
has created a haptic cube that gives you an impression of what the
temperature will be like tomorrow.
The cube, which Godshaw has named the Cryoscope, consists of an
aluminium shell surrounding a Peltier
element, heatsink, cooling fan and an LED, all controlled by an
Arduino. The cube is heated to a "neutral" state of 30C, and then
adjusted by the number of degrees that the next day's forecast
differs from room temperature (23C).
It takes into account wind chill and humidity to give an idea
what the following day will "feel" like, rather than merely
reflecting air temperature. So, for example, if the forecast for
the next day is for 18C, once those factors are all taken into
account, the cube's
temperature will decrease five degrees from 30C to 25C,
resulting in it being slightly cool to the touch.
Godshaw describes it in the video above as a "haptic
weathervane", adding: "Users enter their location into a web app.
The cube then automatically adjusts to the forecasted temperature.
By touching the Cryoscope, the user is able to feel tomorrow's air
You can see
the Cryoscope in action over on Godshaw's website.
Updated 08:29 09/05/2012: Godshaw has
redesigned the Cryoscope and is raising money for full production
over on Kickstarter.


hamming Distance Metric Learning
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This paper tries to propose a method to learn mappings from high dimensional data to binary codes. One of the main advantages of using binary space is one can do exact KNN classification in sublinear time. Like other metric learning method this paper also tries to optimize some cost function which is based one a similarity measure between data points. One choice of similarity measure in binary space is Euclidean distance which produces unsatisfactory results. Another choice is Hamming distance, which is the total number of positions at which the corresponding bits are different.
The task is to learn a mapping from b(x) that project p-dimensional real valued input x onto a q dimensional binary code while preserving some notion of similarity. This mapping, which is called hash function is parameterized by a matrix w such that:
[math]b(x,w)=sign(f(w,x))[/math]
In a previous paper, the authors tried to used a loss function which bears some similarity to the hinge function used in SVM. It includes a hyper-parameter which is a threshold in Hamming space that differentiates neighbors from non-neighbors. such that similar points are mapped to binary codes that do differ in more than P bits and disimilar points should map to points closer no more than P bits. For two binary codes [math]h[/math] and [math]g[/math] with hamming distance [math]||h-g||_H[/math] and a similarity label [math]s \in {0,1}[/math] the pairwise hinge loss function is defined as:
However in practice finding value of P is not easy


E-mail _EMAIL_
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Harsher Penalties for Hawaiian Monk Seal Harm
A bill recently became Hawaiian state law, increasing penalties for those caught intentionally harming Hawaiian endangered animals, including the Hawaiian monk seal. Doing so could result in up to a $50,000 fine and five years in prison, as hurting endangered animals has been raised to a class C felony. The Hawaiian monk seal was targeted to be the primary beneficiary of the bill.
The Hawaiian monk seal is currently considered to be critically endangered, with an estimated 1,000 individuals remaining. They are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and prefer living on islands mostly uninhabited by humans. They eat fish, octopus, eel, and lobster, which they dive as deep as 600 feet to obtain. They have the ability to slow their heart rate down to 10% of the norm when they are diving, reducing their need for oxygen, and increasing the amount of time they can stay underwater, up to 20 minutes.
Because of their aversion to human activity, Hawaiian development is a major factor in the animal's decline. Also, the seals have been historically hunted for their meat and skin, as have the animals that they prey upon, leading to a decrease in available food for the species. Becoming entangled in fishing nets and predation from sharks also have reduced the seal's numbers. Conservation efforts, in addition to the increased penalties mentioned previously, include cleaning marine toxins from their habitat, disallowing humans from certain parts of certain islands (to minimize interaction), removing sharks from areas that the Hawaiian monk seals dwell, and changing fishery regulations to design more seal-friendly methods of gathering fish.
 1. incredible- 600 foot dives for 20 minutes?? I wish I could do that!! wonderful pictures CC
 2. Amazing how much these seals can do. Love the pictures


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Home / Technical Articles / How do you become a master electrician?
Master electrician exam
There are a number of differences between the Journeyman test and the Master electrician exam. Generally speaking, the test for the Master electrician's exam has more questions, lasts longer and includes more advanced electrical fundamentals and formulas. I have already briefly touched on some of these theories in some of the earlier technical articles, but now it's time to build on the basics.
How do you become a master electrician? Let's prepare for an exam!
How do you become a master electrician? Let's prepare for an exam!
A master electrician has to be capable of determining the proper size for grounding conductors.
Grounding conductor sizes are provided in Table [250-122] below. Branch circuit and feeder conductors are protected by fuses or a circuit breaker, and the size of the grounding conductor is based on the rating of the fuse or circuit breaker.
Table [250-122]
Minimum Size Equipment Grounding Conductor for Grounding Raceway and Equipment
Rating or Setting of Automatic Overcurrent Device in Circuit Ahead of Equipment, Conduit, etc., Not Exceeding (Amperes)CopperSize (AWG or kcmil)
Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum*
 15 14 12
 20 12 10
 30 10 8
 40 10 8
 60 10 8
 100 8 6
 200 6 4
 300 4 2
 400 3 1
 500 2 1/0
 600 1 2/0
 800 1/0 3/0
 1000 2/0 4/0
 1200 3/0 250
 1600 4/0 350
 2000 250 400
 2500 350 600
 3000 400 600
 4000 500 800
 5000 _PHONE_
 6000 _PHONE_
 - Note! Where necessary to comply with Section 250-2(d), the equipment grounding conductor shall be sized larger than this table.
 - * See installation restrictions in Section 250-120.
Solve example #1
Let's look at an example: If a 150 ampere circuit breaker protects a set of #1/0 AWG copper feeder conductors with insulation rated at 758 degrees C, then the equipment grounding conductor shall not be smaller than which of the following:
 1. #6 AWG copper
 2. #8 AWG copper
 3. #10 AWG copper
 4. #12 AWG copper
In this problem, you start by looking up 150 amperes in Table [250.122] above. Since there is no listing for 150 amperes, you have to use 200 amperes, and choose #6 copper.
When conductors are run in parallel, and each set of conductors is run in a separate nonmetallic raceway, then an equipment grounding conductor is required with each circuit conductor in the raceway.
Each equipment grounding conductors has to be sized based on the rating of the circuit or feeder overcurrent device as outlined in Section [250.122(F)(1)].
Solve example #2
Look at the another example below and determine the correct answer:
If a feeder is protected by a set of 300 amp fuses, and runs from one panel to another as two parallel sets of #1/0 AWG copper conductors with 758 degree C insulations, and terminates in separate non-metallic raceways, and a copper equipment grounding conductor runs with each parallel set of conductors, then the minimum equipment grounding size shall be no less than which of the following:
 1. #4 AWG
 2. #6 AWG
 3. #8 AWG
 4. #12 AWG
Look up the 300 amp overcurrent device in Table [250.122] to find that it would be necessary to run #4 AWG copper grounding conductors in each of the raceways.
Potential difference or voltage drop
One of the next variables you are likely to find not only on the exam, but in the field as well as a master electrician, is Voltage Drop. Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage between the source of power in an electrical circuit and a device that utilizes the power.
Voltage drop is present in all electrical circuits powering any device and must be taken into consideration in circuit design.
The NEC sets guidelines for the maximum voltage drop that is allowed in branch circuits, conductors and feeders. Sections [210.19(A)(1) FPN #1] and [215.2(A) FPN #2] require branch circuit conductors and feeders individually to be sized to prevent a voltage drop larger than 3 percent at the farthest outlet of power or 5 percent combined.
Ohm's law is used to calculate current, potential difference, and resistance. The potential difference is the voltage drop. Alternating current continually reverses direction in a circuit at 60 hertz (60 cycles per second). The voltage drop in an alternating current (AC) circuit is the product of the current and the impedance (Z) of the circuit.
The equation is:
I (Current) = V (Voltage) / R (Resistance)
V = I x R Voltage = Current x Resistance (Ohms)
I = V / R Current = Voltage / Resistance (Ohms)
R = V / I Resistance (Ohms) = Voltage / Curent
The formula for voltage drop is based on single-phase or 3-phase systems:
 - Single phase voltage drop: VD = 2 × I (Current) × R (Resistance)
 - Three phase voltage drop: VD = 1.73 × (for 3-phase) × I × R
Resistance in a conductor
Resistance in a conductor is represented by "K " multiplied by the length of a conductor divided by the cross-sectional area of the conductor, which is represented in circular mils by CM. K can be 12.9 ohms for copper or 21.2 ohms for aluminum.
 - K is direct-current constant and it represents the DC resistance for a 1,000-circular mils conductor that is 1,000 feet long, at an operating temperature of 75 degrees C.
 - I = Amperes: The load in amperes at 100%
 - L = Distance: The distance of the load from the power supply. When calculating conductor distance, use the length of the conductor—not the distance between the equipment connected by the conductor.
 - CM = Circular-Mils: The circular mils of the circuit conductor as listed in NEC Chapter 9, Table 8.
The formula for calculating resistance is also based on single-phase or 3-phase.
 - Single phase resistance: 2 × K (Resistance) × L (length) 4CM
 - Three phase resistance: 1.73 × K (Resistance × L (length) 4CM
Current flows through the non-zero resistance of a practical conductor and produces a voltage across that conductor.
In alternating current (AC) circuits, there is more opposition to flow of current because of an interaction between electric and magnetic fields. The opposition of current within the conductor is called Impedance.
The DC resistance of a conductor depends on the conductor's length, cross-sectional area, type of material, and temperature. The impedance in an AC circuit depends on the spacing and dimensions of the conductors and the frequency of the current. Electrical impedance, like resistance, is expressed in ohms and opposes the current flow in a circuit.
Electrical impedance is the vector sum of electrical resistance, capacity reactance, and inductive reactance (as illustrated below).
Z = √(R2+XL2)
Where:
 - Z – Impedance (ohms)
 - R – Resistance (ohms)
 - XL – Inductance Reactance (ohms)
Reactance (Inductive and Capacitive)
Reactance is the part of total resistance that appears in AC circuits only. Like other resistance, it is measured in ohms. Reactance produces a phase shift between the electric current and voltage in the circuit. Reactance is represented by the letter "X."
The two types of reactance are Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance.
 - If X > 0, the reactance is said to be inductive.
 - If X = 0, then the circuit is purely resistive (in other words it has no reactance).
 - If X < 0, it is said to be capacitive.
The relationship between impedance, resistance, and reactance is illustrated by the equation:
Z = R + jX
Where:
 - Z – Impedance in ohms
 - R – Resistance in ohms
 - X – Reactance in ohms
 - "j" – Imaginary unit of √-1
Inductive reactance
Inductive reactance is the resistance to current flow in an AC circuit, due to the effects of inductors in the circuit. Inductors are coils of wire, typically wires that are wound on an iron core. Transformers, motors and fluorescent ballasts are the most common types of inductors. Inductance opposes a change in current in a circuit and creates a lag in the voltage in the circuit. When the voltage begins to rise in the circuit, the current does not begin to rise immediately.
Instead it lags behind the voltage. It is like when you turn the heat on in your car – the fan starts blowing right away but the warm air takes a minute to start coming out. The amount of lag depends on the amount of inductance in the circuit.
In electrical formulas, inductive reactance is signified by XL, capacitive reactance by XC. The amount of impedance in a basic inductive or capacitive situation boils down to just the reactance.
The reactance formula looks like this:
X = XL − XC
Inductive reactance (symbol XL) is caused by the fact that an electrical current is accompanied by a magnetic field


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Orlando Family & Divorce Lawyer
Call for a Confidential Consultation Hablamos Español
Does Florida Law Treat Inheritance as a Marital or Non-Marital Asset?
When dividing property during a divorce, the question "Is an inheritance a marital asset in Florida?" may cross your mind. As you may know, any marital assets – the property that you and your spouse own together – will be split during the property division process. But what about inheritance?
Whether an inheritance will be considered a marital asset depends on multiple factors, including whether:
 1. The inheriting spouse kept the inheritance separate;
 2. The inheriting spouse commingled the inheritance with other marital assets; and
 3. The inheritance was left to one or both spouses.
Equitable Distribution and Inheritance
In order to understand whether an inheritance will be "split" between divorcing spouses, you need to know how Florida's equitable distribution process works.
After a divorce, Florida courts divide marital property in a manner that is not only fair but also equitable. However, the process of property division is not necessarily "equal."
Unlike community property states that split all assets acquired during a marriage equally, Florida's family law provides that while the distribution should be fair, courts may adjust that division when adjustment is appropriate for the couple's unique situation.
To do so, courts will review and consider a plethora of factors, including:
 - Each spouse's contributions to the marriage;
 - The duration of the marriage;
 - The financial circumstances of the parties; and
 - Contributions of spouses to each other's career or education, among many other factors.
Is Inheritance a Marital or Non-Marital Asset in a Florida Divorce?
Under Florida law, courts can divide only marital assets and debts. Any assets acquired during the marriage by spouses are considered marital assets (real estate, cars, mortgages, cars, bank accounts, and others).
If the item was acquired only in your name, a Florida court would likely consider it a marital asset. Thus, if you bought a car during the marriage but the vehicle is listed in your name, it may still be considered a marital asset.
But is an inheritance, which you received during the marriage, a marital asset, too? If an inherited home or another asset was put in both spouses' names, the inheritance is considered a marital asset.
Non-marital assets and liabilities are any items acquired by either spouse before the marriage. Generally, gifts and inheritance received during the marriage are also considered non-marital assets, unless the inherited asset was put in both spouses' names.
Also, any income received from non-marital assets and items exchanged for non-marital assets is considered separate property. For example, if you inherited a home in the course of a marriage and decided to rent out that house, any rent money you receive is considered non-marital assets.
Was Inheritance Commingled with Your Marital Assets?
Commingling is mixing or converting the non-marital assets into marital assets during the marriage. This can happen if a spouse does not treat his or her non-marital assets separately and ends up commingling marital with non-marital assets.
As a result, any commingled non-marital assets lose their special status. Thus, if you inherited a home and decided to sell it, and then used that money to purchase marital property or pay joint debts, you have committed what is known as commingling.
However, a knowledgeable Orlando property division attorney may help prove to the court that the commingled non-marital asset should not be treated as a marital asset during your divorce proceedings. Reach out to Donna Hung Law Group to talk about your options. Call at _PHONE_.


XCG:ATGTAGAATAGAGATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTACTACTACTTTAGCACCATGATTACGATTCTTCTACTGAAGTAGCAGCTGAGACCGCAAGAAGAAGAAGTAGCTAGGAATCACATGAGGAGAGCGATAAGTGATGATGATGATGATGATAA
From Creatura Wiki
Periguracei Jeczonttur
Kingdom Animals
Order Amphibiae
Species Periguracei Jeczonttur
Discovery
Rarity Common
Date 17/05/2023
By [[XCI:]]
Periguracei Jeczonttur
The {0} are average size members of the amphibiae, characterized by red skin. Most {0} have average size red head with average size eyes and feed on plants and other animals with their average size red limbs. This species of amphibiae has long shape, with average size tail and average size characteristic irregularities, often acting curious and aggressive while being generally playful.
NCI


ThingM Project Feature: BlinkM in The MEAL Project
BlinkM in The MEAL Project Creator: Corinna Sherman
For the distracted diner who wants a subtle reminder to assess how full he or she is while eating, the MEAL dish is a weight-sensing dish that illuminates with colored light to give the user a sense of how much food has been eaten since the meal began. Normal dishware provides no feedback, placing the burden of self-monitoring entirely on the individual. Mealtime distractions pose less of an issue, however, when responsive MEAL dishes help people mind their own sense of satiety with subtle, pleasant cues via ambient light.
How It Works:
1. Plug the Arduino into wall outlet and press the power button on the base unit to register the minimum weight of the empty dish.
2. Fill the dish with food. 3 RGB LEDs that are located inside the base unit will pulse red when the minimum amount of weight has been added to enable subsequent monitoring.
3. Press the calibration button on the base unit to register the maximum weight.
4. Each of the dish's three legs sits upon a load sensor. The sensors connect to the Arduino, which monitors the total weight sensed over time. As food is eaten from the dish, the Arduino translates the sensed weight change into a hue shift in the LEDs from red (a color shown to stimulate appetite) to blue (a color shown to promote relaxation).
Downloadable PDF:
link to more information:
Leave a Reply


And how affordable was the penny post?
The answer is, of course, it depends.
Clearly it was very affordable for the middle classes but possibly less so for the poorer elements of society. Most writers suggest that it was the equivalent of something between fifty cents and a dollar, in fact around what it would cost to post a letter today.
But consider Emile L'Angelier, Madeleine Smith's lover.
In the mid 1850's in Glasgow he was earning around sixty pounds a year as a seedsman's clerk. To keep things simple let's say that he earns sixty pounds a year or five pounds a month, giving him around one pound three shillings a week, which, remembering my predecimal maths would be 276 pennies.
Now, someone working in a similar job today could arguably be getting $60,000 a year (possibly a bit more) which comes out at around $1115 a week.
If we say that a letter costs 1/276th of a weekly income to post, we come to something a little over four dollars.
Now one crucial difference is that Emile didn't pay tax or a medicare levy. Assuming a marginal rate of 30%, our imaginary seedsman's clerk would be paying $334 a week in tax, giving him a disposable income of $780 a week.
Using the 1/276th test, that has a letter costing $2.82 to post, not counting the cost of the paper or the envelope, which, in the 1850's was not insubstantial given that the only paper commonly available was rag paper (Cheap wood pulp paper didn't arrive until the 1860's).
In other words, writing and posting letters was a substantial cost. We see a hint of this in some of Madeleine's letters which are cross written ie the letter is written first top down and then continues at 90 degrees to the original text, like in this other nineteenth century letter
cross wriiten letter
as a way of saving paper, even though as a wealthy young woman Madeleine could well afford to write several letters a week …
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text:
June 24, 2007
June 24, 2007
June 27, 2007
Computers in Education
12.1025.1 - 12.1025.7
Low-Cost Vector Signal Analyzer for Communication Experiments
Vector signal analyzers (VSA) are systems that provide real-time analysis of in-phase and quadrature components of RF signals, as well as providing spectral analysis and other signal measurement features. VSA's would be an ideal addition to any undergraduate communications laboratory because of their ability to investigate the many types of signals prevalent today. Unfortunately, most VSA's are priced well beyond the budgets of typical undergraduate ECE departments. This paper describes a novel low-cost VSA that uses basic PC data acquisition (DAQ) cards to capture signals of interest and real-time processing of signals with LabVIEW and MATLAB. This VSA system provides a user interface that has much of the basic functionality of standard hardware VSAs, but with the limitation that bandwidth is constrained by the sampling rate of the DAQ. The system provides real-time plots of I/Q constellations. We describe the user interface as well as example laboratory experiments, where students get hands- on experience with a variety of signals such as BPSK, QPSK, and QAM. Any undergraduate lab with workbenches outfitted with standard PC and data acquisition equipment will be able to make use of this novel VSA.
Many universities offer a laboratory component as part their introductory digital and analog communication course. In traditional undergraduate teaching laboratory environments, many communication topics are difficult to convey because of their complexity in implementation. In the first reference1, a framework for meaningful hands-on undergraduate communication laboratories was introduced using a set of LabVIEW-based exercises that interact with computer- controlled industry-standard test and measurement equipment. This environment allows the students to explore a wide range of communication concepts using actual real-world signals and a balance between what is provided for the students and what the students need to design and implement to reinforce a particular concept. This paper expands on previous work1 by introducing a low-cost vector signal analyzer (VSA) built around a PC based data-acquisition (DAQ) card using LabVIEW and MATLAB. The second reference2 describes the use of hardware VSA's in undergraduate labs. This paper goes on to describe a number of student laboratory exercises which use this VSA.
Most undergraduate textbooks3-6 do an excellent job of describing signal constellations that would be observed for signals such as QPSK and QAM, but few mention VSA's as the test equipment used to measure these constellations. By introducing VSA's in the laboratory, students get exposure to equipment used in the communication industry and hands on experience with real-time I/Q techniques. Many students find I/Q concepts to be difficult to understand. By having the students work with real-time I/Q signals in the laboratory, a goal is to make these concepts less abstract and more meaningful to the students.
Many test instruments can be created for undergraduate laboratories using a data acquisition card and LabVIEW. While the speed of operation of these instruments is usually limited by the acquisition rate of the data acquisition card and the computing power of the PC, the basic
Tuffner, F., & Catellier, A., & Kubichek, R., & Pierre, J. (2007, June), Low Cost Vector Signal Analyzer For Communication Experiments Paper presented at 2007 Annual Conference & Exposition, Honolulu, Hawaii. 10.18260/1-2--3041
ASEE holds the copyright on this document. It may be read by the public free of charge. Authors may archive their work on personal websites or in institutional repositories with the following citation: © 2007 American Society for Engineering Education. Other scholars may excerpt or quote from these materials with the same citation. When excerpting or quoting from Conference Proceedings, authors should, in addition to noting the ASEE copyright, list all the original authors and their institutions and name the host city of the conference. - Last updated April 1, 2015


SmartPlug Help File
From OpenCircuits
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Debugging)
(How To:...)
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*Set a timer:

*Set a timer:

*See status:

*See status:
*Make a graph
+
*Make a graph:
 +
*Export a csv file:
 +
*Install:
 +
*Debug:
 +
*Change Parameters:
 +
*Retrieve data from plug: On the GUI, but not implemented.

= How to Use the Parameter File =

= How to Use the Parameter File =
Revision as of 08:23, 12 September 2019
This is the Help "file" for the Python Application whose main page is: *Python Control of Smart Plugs - OpenCircuits
Help file for smart plug application ( Ver4 )
Contents
Application Features
 - Works with multiple smartplugs.
 - Provides on, off, timing, and energy recording functions from a graphical user interface ( gui )
 - Supports graphing of data.
 - Supports csv output of data.
 - Saves data to a sql lite database that you can use any way you wish.
 - Highly configurable.
Two Applications
This program is actually 2 main programs ( I may merge them later ). The first program is for control of the smartplugs and capture of data, the second for the graphing and processing of the data. The main routines may be run by respectively running: smart_plug.py graph_smart_plug.py
Download and Install
There is really no install program. Currently the application is intended for those who have at least a little familiarity with Python coding and can just insert the downloaded code into their development environment and run it. For most of you it will not run due to dependency problems. You will need to add them. Pretty much read the error messages and install the missing code. I use Anaconda Spyder so my preferred tool is conda ( conda install pyHS100 ). If conda does not work or you do not use it use pip. pyHS100, a library for smart plugs is pretty likely to be missing ( pip install pyHS100) . Depending on your installation there may be more.
Much of the application is configurable through the parameter.py file, but the default should give you an application that runs, including a default database. You probably will not be able to talk to your smartplugs, because the parameters do need to be told what and where ( tcpip address ) they are.
So to tell the application about your plugs. You should know the address of each plug. If not you might want to use an application like advanced ip scanner ( google it ). The smartplug gives up very little information on my scans, but run the scan with the plug plugged in and out, and the address that appears ( or disappears ) it the address of your device.
The section of parameters.py that locates the device looks like this:
 self.device_list = [
 { "name": "device_1", "tcpip": "192.168.0.209", "more": None, "gui_label": None, "gui_combo": None },
 { "name": "device_2", "tcpip": "192.168.0.209", "more": None, "gui_label": None, "gui_combo": None },
 { "name": "device_3", "tcpip": "192.168.0.209", "more": None, "gui_label": None, "gui_combo": None },
 ]
it is a list of dictionaries. The entry above is for 3 devices ( but I only have one, so the tcpip address is repeated ) For now only worry about the tcpip address and the name for the device; put in as many devices as you wish to control.
With the edited parameter file saved, restart the application. You should be able to "talk" to your devices. Not working? Double check or email me.
In the future I may try to add some autodetect features. There is a routine to discover the plugs in the pyHS100 library, but it does not work for me.
How To:...
 - Edit the parameter file:
 - View the log:
 - Create a new empty database:
 - Add a new device:
 - Record data:
 - Set a timer:
 - See status:
 - Make a graph:
 - Export a csv file:
 - Install:
 - Debug:
 - Change Parameters:
 - Retrieve data from plug: On the GUI, but not implemented.
How to Use the Parameter File
You need a text editor sutiable for .py files to manage the parameter file ( parameters.py ) This includes most text editors. I particularity like:
 notepad++
 geany
You can also use the editor that comes in many python development environments, the simples of which may be Idle. But there are many many others. If you are reading this you probably have some experience.
 A couple of gotchas to watch out for.
 * Python cares about capitalization, use the capitalization indicated in the default
 files and the example code.
 * Python also cares a lot about how lines are indented. Do not change the indentation from
 the sample files, and always indent using spaces ( not tabs. most text editors will use spaces
 automatically for .py files, even if you use the tab key )
 First time editing of the parameters.py file
 Use your chosen text editor to open the file parameters
specify in parameters.py with
 self.ex_editor = r"D:\apps\Notepad++\notepad++.exe" # use r" or the backslashes will not work, or you can use forward slashes instead they may be wrong
 but they work.
Working With Database Files
 - Create a directory for your data and database -- application comes with defaults
 - Run database definition routine button wf1
 You need to name a database, application will default
 You also need your sample file input, start with the one from
 the step above.
 look at output.......
The GUI
see: SmartPlug GUI Images
General
System Buttons
 * The edit functions work only after you have configured parameters.py for your systems text editor
<Edit Log> >Open the application python log file using the system editor specified in parameters.py file <Edit Parms> >Open the application parameters.py file using the system editor, after the file has been modified
 the system can be quickly restarted using the Restart button.
<Restart> >Quickly restarts the system after the parameters.py file is changed or any time you want to restart the system
 from its current defaults
Debugging
There are several application outputs that may be useful for debugging.
 - Watch the GUI
 - Check the Python console.
 - Look at the python log file ( use the GUI button <Edit Log> ( specify your editor in parameters.py first ) or use your editor on the default name of the log file ...\smart_plug\smart_plug.py_log.
Most issues will probably be missing libraries, parameters.py issues, or just bugs in my code (email me ).
Work Flow Overview
Just a bit of theory the may be helpful - Some Definitions
Databases
 These encode data in a structured and efficiently searchable format. It also easily select subsets of
 data and can sort those results. There are lots of different kinds, but one fairly standard one is a SQL or
 relational database.
Database File
 The file ( or one of the files ) where database information is kept. We are using sqllite, which keeps a whole database
 in one file. This makes it very easy to move and/or backup a database.
Table, Record, Column
 in a SQL data base data is stored in Tables ( many tables may be put in one database ). A table consists of records ( also called rows. ) Each row is information about some "thing". For example if the "thing" is a person a record
 might contain the person's first name, last name, date of birth.... The table is much like a spread sheet with
 the information on each person in a row. Each of the items ( first name, last name, date of birth.... ) is called a column.
SQL - Structured Query Language
 This is the language used by relational databases. Typically the system generated the required SQL and runs
 it. The user interface often shows the SQL which is quite a bit easier to read than it is to write.
 It may give you useful feedback on what the system is doing.
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Toolbox


Chapter 32: Alien Combat
Aliens are any organic non-anthropomorphic life form. They are the blobs, the 5 legged scuttlers, and the ferocious amphibious snake elephants. Aliens will find that they have to fight a lot. Whether it is referee persona aliens slugging it out with xenophobic anthropomorphs, or some indigenous persona making a last ditch effort to escape her place in the food chain. The referee will find that aliens spend a lot of time in combat. Alien combat is essentially no different than any other persona combat. The important elements of combat are covered in Chapter 26: Theatrical Combat and Chapter 27: Tactical Combat. This brief discussion about alien combat is to highlight the similarities and differences that alien and anthro personas have in combat.
Lunch avoiding diner. Diner acquiring lunch.
Lunch avoiding diner. Diner acquiring lunch.
Aliens roll to hit like all other participants in combat. They wait their turn, roll the appropriate dice, and add their bonA,proficient. The result must be higher than The target's armour rating before damage can be inflicted. Aliens, the same as players, also earn experience for descriptive attacks. If the alien is a tool user they may be able to employ mundane or artifact weapons.
Combat Table
The alien combat table is identical to the combat table for anthropomorph personas, however it is much easier to populate it's matrix. Aliens which have classes should use the regular combat table that is described in Chapter 9: Combat Tables. The combat table here is for the alien's natural attack type. If the alien only has a type A, type B, or type C natural attack then the combat table need only include those attack types. Educated, tool using aliens should use the combat table in chapter 9. Table 6.7 Alien Attack Type is included here for reference.
Table 6.8 Alien Combat Table
A table for calculating a table.
Weapon TypeBonus Proficient (BP)Maximum Roll (MR)
A (contact)10 times PSTR700 plus BP
B (ranged)10 times INT750 plus BP
C (weapons)10 times DEX800 plus BP
Weapon TypeBonus ProficientMaximum Roll
Type A Weapon: Thrusting and striking weapons for aliens include their naturally endowed thrusting and striking attacks. Examples are bite, punch, claw, beak, gore, stab, rake, slice, gouge, tear, trample. Any alien using a non natural Type B weapon attack should use the regular combat table for that weapon.
Type B Weapon: This attack type is designated for those aliens that fling objects, shoot quills, or spit in an attempt to inflict their natural damage (spit, breath, blast, arc, spray). Self powered ranged attacks are less common than thrusting and striking attacks for aliens. Any alien using a non natural Type B weapon attack should use the regular combat table for that weapon.
Type C Weapon: Again this is weapon type applies to those natural powered attacks that function like lasers, sonics, electric arcs, radiation doses, or extremely high velocity projectiles. Aliens with natural powered attacks are very rare, and extremely dangerous. They have specially evolved organs that allow them to attack naturally, but with equivalent effect of an artifact weapon. The natural powered attack type will inflict the damage of, and have the attack type of the weapon rolled. Any alien using a non-natural powered weapons should use a regular combat table for those weapons.
The combat table for alien natural attacks is very brief. There is no bonus non-proficient (BNP) column, because an alien can't be unskilled with its own attack, and unless the alien is a tool user it will have no attack other than it's natural attacks. There is also no Damage Adjustment (DA) because the damage inflicted by natural attacks is already moderated by PSTR. For example, an alien should not get a PSTR bonus on a Type A natural attack. This only applies to natural attacks, and tool using aliens would benefit from the Damage Adjustment (DA) as would any other persona using the tactical combat table. Table 6.8 Alien Combat Table is included here for ease of mouse pointing.
Table 6.7 Alien Attack Type
Determine what weapon type the alien's natural attack resembles.
Die Roll (d100)Attack TypeExamples
01-75Type ABite, punch, lick, rake, gore
76-97Type BSpit, breath, quill, spray
98-99Type CBullet, lazer, dart, ray
00Ref's Own Table
Die RollAttack TypeExamples
Damage Adjustment
Aliens using natural attacks do not get PSTR damage bonuses. The damage of their attack is determined by their size, and PSTR attribute. Since PSTR helps determine how much damage a hit will inflict PSTR damage adjustments are not applied. Damage can only be inflicted if the alien makes a successful roll to hit, and like all other damage it is subtracted from the opponent's HPS total.
Armour Rating
An alien's Armour Rating (AR) is dependant on its outer layer composition, internal body structure, dexterity, and natural combat skills. When an opponent attempts to hit an alien, it must penetrate the alien's armour. This is done by rolling over the target's Armour Rating (AR). The better the alien's armour rating, is the harder she will be to hit. The alien's AR may be due to a combination ofthe factors described previously, or may be due to one outstanding feature. Armour Rating bonuses such as cover, and concealment can make an alien harder to hit, whereas to hit bonuses such as flanking can make an alien easier to hit.
Hit Points
Alien hit points, like all other participants in combat, are lost whenever they take damage. A HPS of damage to an alien is the same as a HPS of damage to any other persona. The size of the alien makes no difference, if an attack scores a hit then it will inflict whatever damage the weapon designates. Since size is taken into account when the alien's hit points are generated there are no adjustments in damage based on the alien's wate. This may be different when using collision or ramming rules in the tactical combat system. A hit point is a hit point, but when an alien reaches zero HPS Total she is dead. This is the single most important difference that aliens have in combat. Aliens are irrevocably dead once they reach zero HPS. Unlike robots and anthropomorphs, an alien cannot survive a negative HPS total. Aliens are not required to make a DSS roll regardless of how much damage they take. Aliens essentially fight to the death. The reasoning for both these peculiarities is rather simple, maybe even specious. Animals generally engage in combat to avoid getting eaten. If they're knocked unconscious they are going to get eaten anyway, so they might as well fight to the death.


text:
Tubular Heater for Portable Washing Equipment
A manufacturer of portable parts washing systems approached Tempco with a requirement for heating their proprietary, non-hazardous, water-based cleaning solution. Their equipment is used for cleaning industrial machinery parts, particularly for automotive manufacturing.
The cleaning is accomplished via microbes in a process known as bioremediation which is the use of living microorganisms to attack or break-down contaminants. This same method has been used for decades on a much larger scale for cleaning oil spills and industrial wastewater. In this portable application, the microbes are contained within a mat that lays below the wash basin. Operation is quite simple. The heated solution is pumped up to a hand-held nozzle. As the parts are washed, the solution drains, and the mat captures the dirt where the microbes do their work. Mats can be changed out on a regular basis as needed. Essentially, the solution cleans the part(s) and the microbes clean the solution.
The manufacturer had several specifications that needed to be met:
- Maintain the ideal operating temperature of 105°F
- Ability to provide their own sensor to monitor fluid level
- Support of the heater to ensure separation from the vessel floor
Tempco designed and manufactured an L-shaped Tubular Process Heater for their application. At 1,000 Watts and 120 volts, this immersion heater was ideal for heating the cleaning solution to the specified temperature of 105°F. The design incorporated an independent, customer-supplied sensor used to monitor the fluid level inside the vessel. When the fluid level drops below the heated section of the vessel, the sensor activates a warning light on the control box to alert the operator. The operator would then add more fluid to the vessel. Heater mounting brackets were used for two reasons. They provided horizontal support along the heated area to maintain separation from any contact with the vessel's floor. They also provided a method to secure the tubular heater to the washer's control box.
Territorial Sales Manager
April 8, 2022
Please wait while we gather your results.


text:
More than one in two Australians who have a long-term health condition or disability experiences social exclusion.
Poor health and disability are strongly linked to social exclusion in Australia. In measuring social exclusion from the latest data (2010) we found that 52% of Australians who have a long-term health condition or disability experience some level of exclusion. One in eight (13%) experience deep social exclusion.
Over the 2001–10 period we measured, the frequency of social exclusion among people with a long-term health condition or disability dropped from 61% to 52%. The frequency of deep social exclusion also fell, from 21% to 13%.
In the graph below, the 'all social exclusion' line shows the total of marginal social exclusion and deep social exclusion.
To copy this graph for your own use, right-click on the image (or control-click on a Mac) and paste the graph into your document. Please credit 'The Brotherhood of St Laurence and the Melbourne Institute 2012'.
See data table for this graph and note on updated indicators.
The social exclusion monitor is the work of the Brotherhood of St Laurence and the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (MIAESR). This page was updated using analysis of Wave 10 of the HILDA Survey in November 2012.


Contrary to appearances, Netflix's hit movie Marriage Story is not a story about divorce. It is, as its title indicates, a story about marriage. More specifically, it is the story of how a good marriage goes bad for one simple reason: Appreciation Deficit Disorder.
What is appreciation deficit disorder?
While Appreciation Deficit Disorder isn't a clinical disorder, if it was it would be defined as something like this: a "disorder" characteristic of couples like Marriage Story's Charlie (Adam Driver) and Nicole (Scarlett Johansson)– who are in decent, functional relationships, but who are "appreciation-deficient" with regards to themselves, their spouses, and their relationship as a whole.
In fact, the failed marriage between Charlie and Nicole could be considered a textbook example of this as-yet undiagnosed "disorder" because it displays all the classic symptoms of this brand-new, made-up malaise.
Here are the symptoms of appreciation deficit disorder:
1. Physical and emotional withdrawal
Example: Charlie and Nicole have been living parallel lives for the last joyless and sexless year of their marriage.
2. Criticism
Example: Nicole repeatedly criticizes Charlie for being selfish, whereas Charlie repeatedly criticizes Nicole for being… Nicole;
3. Contempt
Example: Charlie claims that Nicole hated him during the last year of their marriage, whereas Nicole feels Charlie has been contemptuously ignoring her core needs;
4. Negative sentiment override
Example: The spouses are both so flooded with negative emotion that they each accuse one another of rewriting their shared past, as when Charlie insists that Nicole has only decided, after the fact, that she wasn't happy with their life in Brooklyn, when at the time she was.
Fortunately, appreciation deficit disorder contains, embedded within itself, its own obvious cure: appreciation.
Indeed, the renowned couples therapist Terry Real considers appreciation not only the single "most effective" strategy for improving a relationship, but he goes so far as to say, "This one principle is equal to all the others combined." As we will see, most of the top couples therapists in the world agree.
How to avoid appreciation deficit disorder:
Step 1. Appreciate one another
Marriage Story opens with tender and heart-warming expressions of mutual appreciation between Nicole and Charlie. At first sight, it certainly doesn't seem like they suffer appreciation deficit.
The world's pre-eminent marriage researcher, John Gottman, would say (with one important reservation) that Charlie and Nicole both have good "love maps," a term that evokes the amount of "cognitive room" one has for all the little quirks of their spouse's personality and personal history, as well as the marriage itself.
Gottman's research shows that having good love maps is the very foundation of the seven-story "sound marital house" that constitutes a strong, sustainable relationship. His research also shows that having good love maps is a necessary prerequisite for building the next level up in the sound marital house, "fondness and admiration."
Step 2. Be grateful for the things you appreciate
Researchers like Sara Algoe, Amie Gordon, Emily Impett, and Samantha Joel would also be impressed with the way that Charlie and Nicole express gratitude for how their partner invests in their relationship– a tendency that functions as a "booster shot" for relationship commitment and overall happiness.
For instance, even when Charlie complains about Nicole's untidiness – "It's not easy for her to put away a sock, or close a cabinet, or do a dish" – he nevertheless expresses his gratitude for her effort and attributes it to her fondness for him: "but she tries for me."
Likewise, Nicole peppers her appreciations of Charlie with generous expressions of gratitude, singling out, for example:
He takes all of my moods steadily, he doesn't give in to them or make me feel bad about them.
As the marriage historian Eli Finkel explains in his widely-praised book The All-or-Nothing Marriage, "In the long run, people who experience elevated levels of gratitude also experience stronger relationship commitment and are less likely to break up."
But if Charlie and Nicole are so good at appreciating one another in all of these ways, then why do they break up?
Step 3. Express your appreciation
While they feel appreciation, Charlie and Nicole don't express their appreciation out loud to one another. When we finally hear Nicole's appreciation of Charlie articulated out loud, we come to understand that one of the main factors that causes both their marriage and their divorce to unravel is the unwillingness to give voice to appreciation.
Most of the top couples therapists in the world – John Gottman, Sue Johnson, and Terry Real – emphasize the crucial importance of not just appreciating our partners but expressing that appreciation.
For instance, Terry Real writes, "When I speak of cherishing, I do not mean just feeling warm and fuzzy inside. I mean doing something to let your partner know what you are appreciating."
Gottman makes the same basic point:
When you acknowledge and openly discuss positive aspects of your partner and your marriage, your bond is strengthened.
Why is expressing appreciation so important? Perhaps for the same reason that it's so important not just to appreciate a house plant, but also to water it.
Step 4. Appreciate one another's life dreams
Why does Nicole refuse to read her appreciations out loud to Charlie? While there are many answers to this question, they all ultimately boil down to another, more fundamental symptom of ADD.
Nicole is both hurt by and angry at Charlie because he has failed to listen for and appreciate her deepest needs and most-cherished longings.
According to Gottman, whenever there is a gridlocked conflict in a relationship the thing to do is dig down to what he calls the "dream within the conflict."
By "dream" he means the hopes, aspirations and wishes that are part of people's very identity and that give purpose and meaning to their lives. In Gottman's experience, the best way to drill down to the dream beneath the conflict is to explore the underlying symbolism of the surface-level desires at play in the disagreement.
If he had taken me in a big hug and said 'Baby, I'm so excited for your adventure and of course I want you to have your own piece of earth' then we might not be getting divorced.
The marriage researchers Shelly Gable and Harry Reis have shown that when partners communicate and celebrate their individual successes with one another they both feel greater positive emotions and mental health, and also experience increased feelings of trust, intimacy, and satisfaction in the relationship.
As Eli Finkel explains, "Enthusiastic responses are beneficial because they convey the listener's shared joy in the event and appreciation of the personal significance of the event for the discloser."
Step 5. Appreciate (or, at the very least, accept) your partner's influence
In Marriage Story, Nicole complains that all of the furniture in their apartment was Charlie's taste. She bemoans the fact she didn't even get to pick their apartment but just moved into his.
More generally, and perhaps most significantly, she remarks that during their marriage:
It would be so weird if he had turned to me and said 'And what do you want to do today?'
In their long-term study of 131 newly-wed couples who they followed for nine years, Gottman and his fellow researchers found that even in the first few months of marriage, men who allowed their wives to influence them had happier relationships and were less likely to eventually divorce than men who resisted their wives influence.
"Statistically speaking," he writes, "when a man is not willing to share power with his partner there is an 81% chance that his marriage will self-destruct."
Marriage Story Adam Driver Scarlett Johansson
Step 6. Appreciate and assert your own needs and dreams
It seems fair to say that Nicole also fails to appreciate her own dreams and assert her influence in a way that Charlie can understand.
She says, "I made noises about wanting to move back to LA, but they came to nothing, but "making noises" is a far cry from clearly and insistently articulating your dreams and desires. And unfortunately, as Terry Real writes:
You cannot create an extraordinary relationship unless you're willing to do the hard work of identifying what it is that you want and pursuing it.
It is for this reason that, out of the many possible forms of appreciation that exist, Real prioritizes the cultivation of self-appreciation.
"First and foremost," he says, "I want you to cherish yourself. I want you to value your own wants and needs. I want you to value your voice."
Real has a confrontational way of encouraging people to appreciate and express their own wants up front. He invites them to swallow this bitter pill:
You don't have the right to complain about not getting what you never asked for.
Step 7. Appreciate relationality
If Nicole had discerned and appreciated her own dreams more fully, she might have been able to summon the courage to not only stand up for herself but to speak up for herself and ask for more out of Charlie and for more out of their marriage.
This is the very essence of what Real calls "fierce intimacy" or "daring to rock the boat." Grabbing your partner by the collar and saying, 'Such-and-such is really important to me. You better take it seriously. I'm not kidding."
Unfortunately, because Nicole doesn't fully appreciate her own needs, she cannot articulate them to Charlie, let alone roll up her sleeves and fight like hell to make sure he meets them.


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Effect of Sugar Substitution with Dates Puree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on the Physical and Organoleptic Characteristics of Kefir Ice Cream
Keywords:Kefir ice cream, dates puree, substitution.
The sour taste of kefir ice cream is less attractive with consumers, so it is necessary to add sweeteners. Dates can be used as a natural sweetener in making kefir ice cream. The aims of this research is to determine the effect of sugar substitution with dates puree on overrun, melting rates, viscosity, pH value and organoleptic properties of kefir ice cream. The method used in this research was an experimental with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Overrun, melting rates, viscosity and pH values were analyzed by ANOVA test and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test, meanwhile organoleptic characteristic were analyzed by Kruskall Wallis test and followed by Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the substitution of sugar with dates puree as a sweetener had a significant effect (p<0.05) on overrun, melting rates, viscosity and pH value of kefir ice cream. Substitution of sugar with dates puree had a significant effect (p<0.05) on sweetness, sourness, brownish color and softness of kefir ice cream. The sugar substitution with dates puree 25%: 75% (T1) had the best overrun, melting rate as well as the organoleptic characteristic because it was able to reduce the sour taste of kefir ice cream
LicenseAuthors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).


Ken Zurski's new book takes a storyteller's angle to local history.
The result is "Peoria Stories: Tales from the Illinois Heartland," which seeks not so much to chronicle facts and figures but breathe life into throwback intersections between big names and the river city.
The likes of Teddy Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln and Carrie Nation appeared in Peoria, just as they do in "Peoria Stories." But Zurski, unsatisfied with timeworn acknowledgements of their visits, aims for deeper views. Why did Roosevelt visit Grandview Drive? How did Lincoln's speech change his career? What prevented Nation from swinging her axe?
Over its 208 pages, "Peoria Stories" answers those questions and tells more tales. Still, amid personalities of renown and impact, the star is Peoria. Zurski, anchor of local radio's Traffic One and author of the 2012 book "The Wreck of the Columbia," sketches the city's and region's roles during national movements and events at various points in time.
"Peoria Stories: Tales from the Illinois Heartland" is available from Amazon.com, Barnes and Noble and the Peoria Riverfront Museum. Published by Amika Press, cost is $18.95.


What is the prevalence of antichlamydia immunoglobulin M (IgM) in sexually active adults and what does it suggest?
Updated: Sep 25, 2018
 - Author: Shahab Qureshi, MD, FACP; Chief Editor: Michael Stuart Bronze, MD more...
 - Print
Antichlamydia immunoglobulin M (IgM) is uncommon in adults with genital tract infection. The prevalence of antichlamydial immunoglobulin G (IgG) is high in sexually active adults, even in those who do not have an active infection, and it likely is due to past infection. A statistically significant association exists between chlamydia-specific serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and active disease.
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Information and Advertising Policy: A Study of Fat and Cholesterol Consumption in the United States, _PHONE_
Pauline M. Ippolito, Alan D. Mathios
The study examines changes in the consumption of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol from 1977 to 1990, a period when federal policy governing diet-disease claims changed. The study finds that dietary improvements occurred more rapidly in the post-1985 years, when the rules were relaxed. The study also includes a variety of detailed data on differences in consumer knowledge and sources of dietary fats over the period.


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Email us for help
Join your host, Felice Gerwitz and her guest, Jay Ryan. Jay is the author of Signs and Seasons and Moonfinder. His Bible-based homeschool curriculum includes the study of the traditional constellations, identifying the planets, and following the seasonal cycles of the Sun, Moon, and stars. Beautifully illustrated this book is a keepsake.
His latest book, Moonfinder is Moonfinder is the story of a little boy who learns about the phases of the moon with his dad. Each page includes a full-color illustration depicting the location and appearance in the sky of the moon at each phase, along with "celestial" views showing the corresponding position of the moon in it's orbit around the earth. With Moonfinder, every member of the family can learn how to follow the monthly cycle of the moon's phases!
Jay has a BS degree in physics but is completely self-taught in astronomy. He has studied at length the traditional astronomy of the Greeks and has read the "great books" of astronomy, including works by Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Kopernik, Galileo, Kepler and Newton.
Jay Ryan has been involved in popular astronomy writing since 1995. For five years, he had been a Contributing Editor to Sky & Telescope magazine, creating the SkyWise comic strip. He is also the author of Cycles: An Introduction to Astronomy and Time, an educational comic book used in high schools and colleges around the USA and beyond, with over 40,000 copies currently in print.


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The oldest surviving, original, fixed-wing roadable aircraft was designed Frank by Skroback in 1925 and built in 1934. It's now on display in Willowbrook Village in the north-eastern USA, near where he lived. Frank actually drove his invention along highways in Maine.
A total of six 8-ft.-long wing-segments provide the same wing area as one single 48-foot (16m) monoplane span - more than enough to lift a single occupant. Aerodynamically speaking, torque, induced drag and interference were the main issues facing Frank. It's unknown how he resolved these.


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A new report from the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine revealed that skies over Kyiv are swarming with unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The scientists created a unique observation technique, considering the objects' fast speeds. The exposure period was selected to ensure that the object's picture did not noticeably change during exposure. Fast-moving, low-visibility objects in the daytime sky over Kyiv and the surrounding villages were monitored by Ukrainian astronomers using specially calibrated cameras at two weather stations in Kyiv and Vinarivka. Dozens of objects "that cannot scientifically be identified as known natural phenomena" were observed. "We see them everywhere," was affirmed in the report. The Ukrainian paper describes between others a specific type of UFO the researchers call "phantoms" that is an "object [that] is a completely black body that does not emit and absorbs all the radiation falling on it."Some such objects range from 10 to 40 feet (3 to 12 meters) wide and can travel at speeds of up to 33,000 mph (53,000 km/h) at altitudes of up to 10 to 12 kilometers. At the opposite side, others were luminous objects, brighter than the background of the sky.
Knowing Russian invasion of Ukraine suspected that some observations described in the new report may be linked to foreign surveillance or military technologies. At least, according to a 2021 report from the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), it's likely that some such aerial observed objects are "technologies deployed by China, Russia, another nation, or a non-governmental entity." However the Ukrainian paper does not address the war in conjunction with the sightings.


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From the Old French form of the Greek name Eugenios (from eugenēs 'well-born, noble'). This name was borne by various early saints, notably a 5th-century bishop of Carthage, a 7th-century bishop of Toledo, and four popes. It is sometimes used as an Anglicized form of Irish Eóghan and has also been used as an Anglicized form of the Irish name Aodh.
English: from the Old English personal name Tāta, possibly a short form of various compound names with the obscure first element tāt, or else a nursery formation. This surname is common and widespread in Britain; the chief area of concentration is northeastern England, followed by northern Ireland.


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Significance: Using a combined approach of next generation sequencing and exon?level array comparative genomic hybridization, testing identified a genetic etiology in 15.4% of patients in this cohort and revealed the age at molecular diagnosis for patients. Our study highlights both high? and low?yield genes associated with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, indicating which genes may be considered for molecular diagnostic testing.
Objective: We evaluated >8500 consecutive, unselected patients with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders who underwent multigene panel testing to determine the average age at molecular diagnosis and diagnostic yield of 70 genes.
Methods: We reviewed molecular test results for 70 genes known to cause epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders using next generation sequencing (NGS) and exon?level array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). A positive result was defined as the presence of 1 or 2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants in a single gene, depending on the mode of inheritance of the associated disorder.
Results: Overall, 22 genes were found to have a high yield of positive findings by genetic testing, with SCN1A and KCNQ2 accounting for the greatest number of positive findings. In contrast, there were no positive findings in 16 genes. Most of the P/LP variants were sequence changes identified by NGS (90.9%), whereas ~9% were gross deletions or duplications detected by exon?level aCGH. The mean age of molecular diagnosis for the cohort was 5 years, 8 months (ranging from 1 week to 47 years). Recurrent P/LP variants were observed in 14 distinct genes, most commonly in MECP2, KCNQ2, SCN1A, SCN2A, STXBP1, and PRRT2. Parental testing was performed in >30% of positive cases. All variants identified in CDKL5, STXBP1, SCN8A, GABRA1, and FOXG1 were de novo, whereas 85.7% of variants in PRRT2 were inherited.


Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
Living Edition
| Editors: Muriel Gargaud, William M. Irvine, Ricardo Amils, Henderson James Cleaves, Daniele Pinti, José Cernicharo Quintanilla, Michel Viso
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
Living reference work entry
DOI: _URL_
Synonyms
Definition
The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway allows the metabolic use of glucose to generate ATP, NADH, and several biosynthetic precursors such as 3-phosphoglycerate or pyruvate. The EMP pathway can occur both anaerobically (leading to one or several fermentation pathways) and aerobically through the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the connection with the tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycle. The classical version of the EMP pathway is present in bacteria and eukaryotes whereas several modified versions are present in anaerobic archaea. The second half of the pathway is almost universal, and thus, it could represent the oldest part of the pathway, related to a primordial origin of gluconeogenesis.
History
By 1940, the canonical glycolytic pathway (i.e., the one responsible for alcoholic fermentation in yeasts and anaerobic glycolysisin muscle) was elucidated. Actually, it was the result of a collective task with the contributions of, among others,...
Keywords
Bioorganic Chemistry Tricarboxylic Acid Modify Version Classical Version Glycolytic Pathway
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Authors and Affiliations
 1. 1.Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain


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What is the Wine Aroma Wheel?
The Wine Aroma Wheel is an incredible tool to learn about wines and enhance one's ability to describe the complexity of flavor in red and white wines.
Initially, most people can't recognize or describe aromas so the purpose of the wheel is to provide terms to describe wine aromas.
The wheel has very general terms located in the center (e.g. fruity or spicy), going to the most specific terms in the outer tier (such as strawberry or clove). These terms are NOT the only words that can be used to describe wines, but represent ones that are most often encountered.
Easy to use and understand, it will enhance your whole wine experience.
"A person with increasing knowledge and sensory education may derive infinite enjoyment from Wine."


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Tamahagane (玉鋼) is a type of steel made in the Japanese tradition. The word tama means "round and precious", like a gem. The word hagane means "steel".[1] Tamahagane is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.
The carbon content of the majority of analyzed japanese sword historically lies between 0.5~0.7 mass%, however the range extends up to 1.5%.[2][3]
Tamahagane is made of a very pure iron sand (satetsu), which is found in Shimane, Japan.[4] There are 2 main types of iron sands: akame satetsu (赤目砂鉄) and masa satetsu (真砂砂鉄). Akame is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The person who decides the amount of the mixing parts is called the murage. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.
The iron sand is put in a tatara, a clay tub furnace. The clay tub measures about 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, 12 feet (3.7 m) long and 4 feet (1.2 m) wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1,000 °C (1800 °F). Then, it is mixed with charcoal to add carbon to the steel so it can be hardened.
The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours (a day and a half to 3 days), depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. Within an hour of smelting, the iron sand sinks to the bottom, called the bed of fire, in which it will be assessed by color on whether or not it has become Tamahagane. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes and the mixture is frequently turned over. When the tamahagane is finished, the clay tub is broken and the steel is removed. The best steel is on the edges of metal block, because this is where the oxidation process is stronger. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its color: bright silver pieces are very good for making blades.
Related pages[edit]
 1. ^ "Japanese-English translation :: hagane :: Dictionary". Kanjijapanese.com. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
 2. ^ "Study of Microstructures on Cross Section of JAPANESE SWORD" (PDF). _URL_. 2009. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
 3. ^ "Info". _URL_. Retrieved 2019-12-16.(in Japanese)
 4. ^ "Forging a Katana ( Japanese Samurai Sword )". YouTube. 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2019-12-16.


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With the recent passing by parliament of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 (Act 120 of 1998), it is now possible to increase the coverage of registered marriages and divorces in South Africa. In the past, since certain unions were legally not recognised, the marriage statistics collected by the Department of Home Affairs excluded a large proportion of marriages, for example customary marriages among Africans. However, the passing of legislation on its own is a necessary but not sufficient condition to ensure that customary marriages are indeed registered. The aim of the paper is to explore ways of making sure that these marriages in particular and marriages in general, are adequately registered. The paper starts by outlining the relevance of statistics on marriages and divorces, drawing from published literature. This is followed by a discussion on registration issues and the challenges to be faced in trying to improve the registration of marriages and divorces. The paper ends with a discussion followed by a conclusion.
"The Improvement of Marriages and Divorces Statistics in South Africa: Relevance, Registration Issues and Challenges,"
PSC Discussion Papers Series: Vol. 13
, Article 1.
Available at: _URL_


-23 of the argument, the green component is in bits 8-15 of the argument, and the blue component is in bits 0-7. The value zero indicates no contribution from the primary color component. –A Jimage returns this format with int rgbpixel().
34 Pixel Representations: Bytes The byte data type in Java does not take on the values 0..255. Instead it takes on the values -128 to 127. There are no unsigned bytes in Java. This creates a problem for the representation of pixels in Jimages. The solution adopted is to adopt the following representation -128 = black 0 = mid grey 127 = white
35 Pixel Representations: Floats If byte pixels are signed then so must other representations be. The solution adopted is to adopt the following representation for floats -1 = black 0 = mid grey 1 = white
36 Conversions between representations unsignedbytes shortsfloat min value0 -128 -2048 -1 maxval255 _PHONE_ 1 medianval 127.5-0.5 -0.5 0 range _PHONE_ 2 As shown in table a pixel in representation is converted to a pixel in representation by the operation:
37 Signed Pixels : advantages Signed pixels seem at first to be counter-intuitive but they have numerous advantages. A value of 0 or mid grey can be viewed as the most likely value that a pixel takes on in the absence of other information. If you do arithmetic on images, in particular subtract one image from another, then negative values of pixels naturally arise. Signed pixels allow straightforward implementation of contrast adjustments. For instance multiplying an image by 0.5 halves the contrast in the image.
38 Signed Pixels : contrast adjustment Signed pixels allow straightforward implementation of contrast adjustments. For instance multiplying an image by 0.5 halves the contrast in the image. 0.5 1 0.5 Initial contrast range Finalcontrast range 0.5 -0.5 0.25 -0.25
39 Image Multiplication
40 Image Addition
41 Image subtraction
42 What Is Convolution Convolution takes a kernel of coefficients and multiplies each pixel in a neighbourhood by the corresponding coefficient, and then sums the result x y p[I+x, j+y]*k[x,y] Will give the convolved pixel at position i, j
43 1 D convolution A 1 D convolution takes a one dimensional array as a kernel and applies it first in the X and then in Y dimension. This can often be performed faster than a 2d convolution
44 Image Convolution: smoothing double[] k= {0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.2,0.1,0.1}; marble.convolve(k)= marble = Note sum of coefficients =1
45 Image Convolution: sharpening double[] k= {-0.3,1.6,-0.3} marble.convolve(k)= marble = Note sum of coefficients =1 number terms is odd
46 Convolution in Java2D Java 2D provides a standard library for convolution of buffered images This uses the class Kernel and ConvolveOp
47 Kernels in JAVA 2D float[] blur={ 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.6f, 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.1f, 0.1f}; Kernel k= new Kernel(3,3, blur); im = new ConvolveOp(K).filter(im,null); This will blur the image im by applying the 3 by 3 kernel blur to it.
48 Importance of speed Image may contain a million pixels, Arithmetic may be required on each one Important to optimise operations or they are very time consuming May need to use assembler kernels May need to use special purpose instructions
49 Multimedia Extensions MMX Intel and other CPU manufacturers have been adding to the instruction sets of their computers new extensions that handle multi-media data. The aim is to allow operations to proceed on multiple pixels each clock cycle
50 MMX 2 Standard Intel register set eax ebx ecx edx esp ebp esi edi 8 General Registers 8 floating point registers 32 bit 64 bit fp0 fp1 fp2 fp3 fp4 fp5 fp6 fp7
51 MMX 3 Standard Intel register set operating in MMX mode eax ebx ecx edx esp ebp esi edi 8 General Registers 8 multimedia registers 32 bit 64 bit mm0 mm1 mm2 mm3 mm4 mm5 mm6 mm7
52 MMX 4 motivation Existing operating systems must still work unchanged Applications not using MMX run unchanged No new state added to the CPU Hence, shared use of the FP registers, since these are already supported by exising OSs
53 MMX data formats One 64bit integer QUADWORD Two 32 bit integer DOUBLEWORDS Four 16 bit WORDS Eight 8 bit BYTES
54 Problem of overflows A problem with limited precision arithmetic is that overflows frequently occur. This can give rise to meaningless results: consider 200+175 = 375 but in 8 bit binary _PHONE_ _PHONE_ =101110111 Leading 1 is discarded This leaves an answer of 119 decimal – clearly wrong
55 Using saturation You can fix this by using conditionals unsigned char p1,p2,p3; int I3= (int)p1 + (int)p2; p3=(I3>255?255:(unsigned char)I3);
56 Expansion of the code 1 12: j=(int)(*p1++)+(int)(*p2++); 00401043 mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-4] 00401046 xor edx,edx 00401048 mov dl,byte ptr [ecx] 0040104A mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-8] 0040104D xor ecx,ecx 0040104F mov cl,byte ptr [eax] 00401051 add edx,ecx 00401053 mov dword ptr [ebp-14h],edx 00401056 mov edx,dword ptr [ebp-8] 00401059 add edx,1 0040105C mov dword ptr [ebp-8],edx 0040105F mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-4] 00401062 add eax,1 00401065 mov dword ptr [ebp-4],eax
57 Expansion 2 13: 14: *p3 = (unsignedchar)(j>255?255:j); 00401068 cmp dword ptr [ebp-14h],0FFh 0040106F jle main+6Ah (0040107a) 00401071 mov dword ptr [ebp-18h],0FFh 00401078 jmp main+70h (00401080) 0040107A mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-14h] 0040107D mov dword ptr [ebp-18h],ecx 00401080 mov edx,dword ptr [ebp-0Ch] 00401083 mov al,byte ptr [ebp-18h] 00401086 mov byte ptr [edx],al 15: p3++; 00401088 mov ecx,dword ptr [ebp-0Ch] 0040108B add ecx,1 0040108E mov dword ptr [ebp-0Ch],ecx Total of 26 instructions in the kernel
58 Alternative using mmx Iu8vec8 *v1,*v2,*v3; int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<31;i++){ *v3=(*v1++)+(*v2++); v3++; } _mm_empty(); Type represents 8 by 8bit integers Arithmetic on 8 bytes at a time Indicates MMX regs are now free
59 Optimised Assembler Loop mov ecx,32 ; load counter with 32 l1: movq mm0,[esi] ; load 8 bytes add esi,8 ; inc src pntr paddusb mm0,[edx] ; packed unsigned add bytes add edx,8 ; inc src pntr movq [edi],mm0 ; store 8 byte result add edi,8 ; inc dest pntr loop nz,l1 ; dec counter, ; repeat non zero Go round only 32 times not 256 Total of 6 instructions in kernel
60 Speed Gain On image of 256x256 pixels Old C code executes 26*256*256 instructions = 1,703,936 instructions Optimised mmx code executes 6*256*32 instructions = 49,152 Note that no compiler currently will give the optimised code