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38 - Down to Earth: Aristotle on Substance
Aristotle rejects Plato's Forms, holding that ordinary things are primary substances. But what happens when we divide such substances into matter and form?
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- M.F. Burnyeat, A Map of Metaphysics Zeta (Pittsburgh, PA: 2001).
- M. Frede, Essays in Ancient Philosophy (Oxford: 1987).
- M.J. Loux, Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η (Ithaca, NY: 1991).
- T. Scaltsas, D. Charles, and M.L. Gill (eds.), Unity, Identity, and Explanation in Aristotle's Metaphysics (Oxford: 1994).
- M. Wedin, Aristotle's Theory of Substance: the Categories and Metaphysics Zeta (Oxford: 2000).


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The rich culture of Vietnam was represented through fairy tales at a two-day festival that opened in Long Island Children's Museum (LICM) in New York on Nov. 5.
The event was co-organised by the New York Humanitarian Science Council and the Vietnamese Permanent Mission to the United Nations.
The festival brought visitors back in time to early days in the history of the Vietnamese nation when Au Co, a mountain fairy got married to a dragon, Lac Long Quan, and gave birth to a sac containing 100 eggs. The eggs hatched 100 children who were the ancestors of the Vietnamese. They then travelled through tales about the uprising led by the Trung sisters against northern aggressors and legendary hero Thanh Giong's victory against An aggressors and learnt about the nation's traditions and customs, also through stories that have been passed down many Vietnamese generations.
Dr. Ngo Thanh Nhan, a researcher at the New York-based Centre for Vietnamese Philosophy, Culture and Society, performed the traditional "dan tranh" (16-string zither) at the event.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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While the first guidance note by the inclusive governance unit focuses primarily on the moment of the outbreak and emergency responses, this note anticipates to examine conditions of governance after the outbreak and how HI interventions could look like to further mitigate or event prevent negative effects of the outbreak. It is already clear that the long-term socio-economic impacts will affect persons with disabilities disproportionately, so proactivity is necessary as from now. It aims to enable global reflection while respecting that situations differ according to the national context of an HI country of intervention
Inclusive education is a concept born in the global North. Research has shown that its relatively recent but widespread adoption by countries in the global South is often done without consideration of the actual needs of these contexts, and by solely focusing on strategies for learners with disabilities. As a result, inclusive education has been criticised as a neo-colonial project in need of renovation. The aim of this article is to show how research can broaden the understanding of inclusive education and make it more relevant to southern contexts. Drawing on an ethnographic research on inclusive education in Colombia, I present some unique examples of vulnerability, but also experiences of belonging in the direst of circumstances. I conclude that in order to decolonise the concept of inclusive education and make its practice sustainable in southern contexts, we need more culturally sensitive research to inform our understanding of these under-researched spaces.
Disability & the Global South (DGS), 2020, Vol. 7 No. 1
Good practices of DPO (Organisations of Persons with Disabilities) involvement in Light for the World programmes are analysed and successful ways of supporting DPO empowerment are reported. The paper is based on interviews and focus group discussions with organisations of persons with disabilities (DPOs), other project partners and Light for the World programme colleagues in Bolivia, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Northeast India and South Sudan
This report looks at the impact of unpaid care work on disability inclusive programming and shares some practical ideas for how to address this based on experiences of CBM partners and other agencies.
Programme experience discussed include:
- Building agency and relationships: a community mobilisation approach in Jharkhand, India
- Engaging men as care advocates in the Phillipines
- Recognising and supporting care givers in Ghana
- Good practice
Published in 2011, the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative provided a framework to guide the research needed to improve treatment and prevention of mental health disorders and expand access to mental health services. At the Academy's workshop on global mental health participants reflected on progress since 2011, focusing on specific life-course stages, and identified priorities for research in treatment and prevention, as well as enduring challenges and emerging opportunities
Disability research in Indigenous communities operates within a culture of academic neo-imperialism. There is a need to decolonise disability research on a global level. Limited knowledge exists on Indigenous disability researchers' experiences in the disability research academy and on Indigenous disability research methodologies. In part, this is due to the limited writings produced by Indigenous peoples on disability research and research methodologies. Four indigenous disability researchers, one from the Nordic Region and two from Australia, and one from New Zealand met during and after the 2017 Nordic Network on Disability Research conference and reflected on and discussed each other's experiences as Indigenous disability researchers. This paper reports on these scholars' reflections on comparing the research methodologies and experiences of their disability research. Findings highlight how although Indigenous peoples are from different tribes/nations and countries, there are similarities and differences between each of the Indigenous disability researcher's approach to decolonisation in disability research. The paper concludes that Sami, Australian Aboriginal people, and Maori people can learn from each other to advance the decolonisation of disability research, service and policy, at local, national and international levels.
Disability and the Global South, 2018, Vol.5, No. 2
An overview is presented of a project in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Thailand to:
- To support communities in raising socially and emotionally healthy kids in refugee/IDPs camps and in host communities.
- To create opportunities for children with disabilities and other vulnerable children (0-12 years old) including children at risk of developmental delays/psychological distress in displacement contexts, to learn and develop safely while having fun.
- Using "play" as key driver to learn and develop safely children's potential while having fun.
The project was implemented using:
- Existing HI tools (Personalized Social Support, Adapted Physical Activity, etc.)
- Tools piloted in IKEA project (Blue Box, low-cost toy making, inclusive playgrounds, Ideas box)
- Environmental Footprint Assessment across 3 project sites
Monitoring & evaluation was carried out using techniques including
- Scopeo (Sc-ore O-f Pe-rceived O-utcomes) Kids
- Participatory M&E approaches (digital story telling, child-child video interview etc)
Presented at the People at the centre Seminar, Dec 2017
This report suggests a "twin-track" approach based on the World Health Organization's Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less Resourced Settings, an eight-step process, and dedicated disability inclusion programming, the "plus." By following this 8 Steps+ approach, community development organizations can provide appropriate wheelchairs and empower their constituencies to exercise their rights and fundamental freedoms.
The papers in this volume on gender, persons with disabilities and WASH in South Asia help to provide important pointers on ways forward. A common thread throughout the four articles is that a constellation of challenges still exists, from 'exclusion' through prejudice at different levels, to institutional realities that render policy and other instruments ineffective in practice. In some cases, even, there remains a complete absence of key legal and policy instruments.
Titles of the articles in this issue are:
- Planning for inclusion: exploring access to WASH for women and men with disabilities in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka
- Breaking down Barriers: Gender and Disability in Access to Agricultural Water Management in Nepal
- The Gender Gap between Water Management and Water Users: Evidence from Southwest Bangladesh
- Are policies enough to mainstream Gender in water and sanitation programs? Experiences from community managed drinking water supply schemes in India
Today there are Community-based Rehabilitation (CBR) programmes in a large number of countries. In many countries, the CBR approach is a part of the national rehabilitation services. However, there is a lack of reliable data about persons with disabilities who benefit from CBR and the kind of benefits they receive.
This article reviews the disability data collection systems and presents some case studies to understand the influence of operational factors on data collection in the CBR programmes.
The review shows that most CBR programmes use a variable number of broad functional categories to collect information about persons with disabilities, combined occasionally with more specific diagnostic categories. This categorisation is influenced by local contexts and operational factors, including the limitations of human and material resources available for its implementation, making it difficult to have comparable CBR data.
Therefore, any strategies to strengthen the data collection in CBR programmes must take these operational factors into account.
A review by Plan International of their work in the area of inclusive education is presented. Rights associated with inclusive education, education targets in SDGs and global education intitatives and trends are outlined. Issues associated with inclusive education implementation and what needs to be done are discussed. The experience, standards, priorities and strategies and advocacy of Plan International are reported.
This UNICEF report explores how climate change and related crises impact children. The report begins by outlining major climate related risks, how they may impact children, and how repetitive crises can have an increased impact on children and families. Secondly, the report shows how different mitigating actions might impact children and families. Finally the report presents a number of broad policy recommendations to reduce global warming, decrease children's exposure and increase their resilience to climate change and environmental risks
"This is a book about social change practices from many countries. It contains a variety of stories, analyses, and ideas, with many poems and illustrations to illuminate and enhance the text. For activists, civil society leaders, practitioners and students, this is not a book of easy answers, but one of experiences, learnings and questions, all asking "What is the real work of social change?" The writers have not attempted to provide "best practice models", but rather something to be learned from, to deepen our questions, and to be more thoughtful in our practice"
Malezi AIDS Care Awareness Organization (MACAO) is a non-profit organization reaching out to neglected Indigenous people in Ngorongoro District, Arusha Region of Northern Tanzania. Macao founded in 2003, Macao is a humanitarian organization that provides assistance to approximately 200,000 Indigenous Maasai community in Ngorongoro district for addressing needs of water and sanitation, food security, health Care Research, Education, Research environment, Maasai Traditional Research, Human Rights and sustainable economic development by strengthening their livelihoods. In addition to responding to major relief situations, MACAO focuses on long-term community development through over 4 Area Development Project. We welcome the donors and volunteers to join us in this programs, we are wolking in ruro villages.
"The intention of this guide is to provide practical guidance on how Oxfam undertakes political economy analysis (PEA) in order to inform operations and programming. It is based on the experience of working with Oxfam Myanmar (and heavily features this experience), initially looking at how PEA could be used to address two areas: 1) 'How can citizens/civil society get engaged with local planning and budgeting processes?' and 2) 'How will the economic opening up of Myanmar affect small-scale farmers?'"
This guide aims to assist professionals in conducting an accessibility audit, and is aimed at Handicap International professionals who have responsibility for developing, implementing

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Control iPad Objects Without Touching The Screen Using Augmented Reality Glove [Video]
Now you can reach into your iPad and interact with items in a virtual environment.
What if you could reach into your iPad and move around the objects on the screen with your hand? Now you can do just that with the T(ether), an augmented reality glove that allows wearers to create virtual environments on the tablet with simple hand gestures. Users can manipulate the objects on the screen, such as picking them up, dropping them down, pushing them aside, or creating a new object by tracing the shape's outline.
T(ether) can also be used by a multiple number of people to collaborate on the same virtual environment. By using Vicon motion capture cameras, the position and orientation of the tables, user's heads, and hands, are tracked and spatially annotated in real-time. Watch the video below to see how the device works.


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The approach taken to evaluate performance for DOAC assays complies with specifications detailed in ISO 13528 Statistical Methods for use in proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons and is as follows:
The consensus median is taken as the central reference point or "target value".
A z score is calculated using the following formula:
[result – mean] / SD
The mean is a "robust" mean value, with outliers excluded; the SD is a "robust" SD determined after exclusion of outliers.
A result identical to the mean will give a Z score of 0. ISO13528 defines Z score above 3 or below -3 as an "action signal". A Z score above 2 and below 3 (or below -2 and above -3) is a "warning signal". It is suggested in this ISO guide that one action signal, or two successive warning signals require investigation.
Assessment is against overall medians, for each DOAC, when n =>10. If the DOAC assay is performed by 10 but <20 centres, performance is assessed but centres should note that z-scores can be unreliable with small numbers of samples (n<20) as in this case. If <10 centres return results for an assay, performance will not be assessed.


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The most famous statues of the world
The most famous statues of the world
The statues were created during the entire time of human existence. One of the oldest statues extant is the lion statue with height 29,6 cm, it was created almost 32,000 years ago. The statues at all times represented religious deities, historical events, influential people. Many of the extant statues are of great historical value.
We decided to tell about the most famous statues of the world, those are definitely worth a look if you like tours from Chelny. Kazan, Ulyanovsk and other cities of our country.
1. The Little Mermaid (Denmark).
The little Mermaid statue located in Copenhagen Harbor "Langelinie" in Denmark. Tourists, who first see this sculpture are surprised by its small size, usually photosgrafiek the little Mermaid. The little Mermaid statue is 1.25 metres high and weighs about 175 kg. the author of the sculpture Edvard Eriksen, the statue was erected in 1913. The little mermaid is a fairy tale character of Hans Christian Anderson, whose work is a national treasure of the country. The little Mermaid poor several times his head off, but every time the head was rebuilt. The authorities in Copenhagen decided to move the statue out in the Harbor to avoid vandalism.
2. Lions on the island of Delos (Greece).
Delos island is one of the most important mythological, historical and archaeological sites in Greece. During the ancient times, Delos was the birthplace of the Olympic Greek mythology, here was inhabited by Apollo and Artemis. Currently remained only 5 marble lions. The originals were moved to the Archaeological Museum of Delos in 1999.
3. The Statue Of The Motherland (Russia).
The world famous statue of Mother Motherland is situated on Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd, it was dedicated to the battle of Stalingrad. When the memorial was erected in 1967 it was the tallest sculpture in the world. Two hundred steps, symbolizing the 200 days of the battle of Stalingrad, lead from the foot of the mountain to the monument. Currently, the statue sags due to changes in groundwater levels.
4. The Olmec Heads (Mexico).
The Olmecs were an ancient pre-Columbian civilization living tropical lowlands South-Central Mexico, where it is currently located Veracruz and Tabasco. The Olmec civilization flourished roughly from 1400 BC to about 400 BC. The most widely recognized aspect of the Olmec civilization are the enormous statue heads, clothed in helmets. Archaeologists believe that the Heads are portraits of rulers of civilization and high priests of the Olmec. Today discovered 17 statues of heads. The sizes of the heads range from 3.4 m to 1.47 m in height.
5. Mount Nemrut (Turkey).
Nemrut is a 2134 metre in height on the South-East of Turkey, near the city of Adiyaman. In 62 BC, on top of the mountain was built the tomb-sanctuary of king Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, which was surrounded by huge statues 8-9 m high. Among them was a statue of the king, two lions, two eagles, and statues of various Greek and Persian gods. At the expiry time the set of statues was partially destroyed and debris scattered around the perimeter of this place. From the top of mount Nemrut offers a magnificent view of the surrounding mountains. This is quite a popular place among tourists because here you can watch the sunsets of unearthly beauty.
6. Statue Of David (Italy).
The statue of David is a masterpiece of the Renaissance. The author of the works of Michelangelo who created the statue in the period 1501 through 1504. The statue is of 5.17 meters in height and made of marble. The statue depicts the biblical king David. Unlike traditional image of king David, on which he appeared after his victory over Goliath, Michelangelo decided to bring in the statue of David before the fight, as if thinking about the upcoming battle. To protect the statue from damage, in 1873 it was decided to move it to the Gallery in Florence in Italy, where she is to this day. Its exact copy was placed in the Piazza della Signoria, to the original location of the original sculpture.
7. Great Sphinx (Egypt).
The Sphinx is located on a desert plateau at Giza in Egypt. The great Sphinx is one of the largest and oldest sculptural structures in the world. Still no fall silent disputes who was the model for its implementation. This is the largest monolithic statue in the world, although in size it is considerably smaller than the Pyramids around it. Despite conflicting evidence and viewpoints of archaeologists for many years, the modern point of view of Egyptologists is that the Great Sphinx was built around the year 2500 BC by the Pharaoh khafra, presumably during the construction of the second pyramid at Giza. According to some researchers of Egypt, the Sphinx was called to protect the peace of the afterlife of the pharaohs and to inspire fear of foreigners.
8. The Statue Of Liberty (United States Of America).
The statue of Liberty is a gift Norodom France in honor of the centenary of the signing of the Declaration of independence of the United States. The statue stands on Liberty Island and is one of the most famous symbols in the world. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884 and a year later the statue arrived in new York Harbor. Today the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of the United States.
9. Christ The Redeemer (Brazil).
Christ the Redeemer – statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Located atop the 700 meters on mount Corcovado, overlooking a wide panorama from the interior of Guanabara Bay to the North, to Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas to the South. The statue is 39.6 metres tall, including 9.5 metres is her pedestal, and 30 meters wide. The symbol of Christianity, the famous statue of Christ has become an icon of Rio and Brazil.
The world-famous sculptural complex of the Moai are monolithic statues located on Easter island, one of the most isolated Islands on Earth. The statues were created between approximately 1250 – 1500 ad. In addition to representing deceased ancestors, the Moai may also be regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or dead generals. The highest sculpture was called Paro, it is almost 10 meters high and weighs 75 tons. The statues were discovered when Europeans first visited Easter island, but most of them were destroyed in recent conflicts between people living on the island clans. Today, about 50 Moai have been re-erected on Easter island.
If You are interested in sculpture and history, you probably would like to combine leisure with wonderful excursions to the most ancient monuments of architecture and art. We are pleased to offer a variety of tours from Chelny to different corners of our planet. We are sure You will be satisfied with your journey!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Date of this Version
Variations of hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation in tissue provide important indications concerning the physiological conditions of tissue, and the data related to these variations are of intense interest in medical research as well as in clinical care. In this study, we derived a new algorithm to estimate Hb oxygenation from diffuse reflectance spectra. The algorithm was developed based on the unique spectral profile differences between the extinction coefficient spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb within the visible wavelength region. Using differential wavelet transformation, these differences were quantified using the locations of certain spectral features, and, then, they were related to the oxygenation saturation level of Hb. The applicability of the algorithm was evaluated using a set of diffuse reflectance spectra produced by a Monte Carlo simulation model of photon migration and by tissue phantoms experimentally. The algorithm was further applied to the diffuse reflectance spectra acquired from in vivo experiments to demonstrate its clinical utility. The validation and evaluation results concluded that the algorithm is applicable to various tissue types (i.e., scattering properties) and can be easily used in conjunction with a diverse range of probe geometries for real-time monitoring of Hb oxygenation.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License.
Po-Ching Chen and Wei-Chiang Lin, "Spectral-profile-based algorithm for hemoglobin oxygen saturation determination from diffuse reflectance spectra," Biomed. Opt. Express 2, _PHONE_ (2011)
In Copyright - Non-Commmercial Use Permitted. URI: _URL_
This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for non-commercial uses. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).


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Learn All Year Long
ReadWriteThink has a variety of resources for out-of-school use. Visit our Parent & Afterschool Resources section to learn more.
Telling My Story: Make a Bio-Cube
|Grades||3 – 5|
|Activity Time||20 to 30 minutes to create and construct the cube, plus time to write and discuss|
The Bio-Cube tool asks children to describe a person using key pieces of information. Constructing an "All About Me" cube gives children a chance to share interesting details and thoughts about themselves, including their biggest obstacles and important quotations. Get into the spirit by making a Bio-Cube about yourself before sharing the activity. Children can also use the cubes as the basis for a short writing task.
Successful students can do more than just understand what they've read; they can also boil it down to the essential information. The Bio-Cube tool helps children condense what they want to say about themselves. The cube activity also offers a chance for self-discovery, allowing children to see how complex they are.
This activity was modified from the ReadWriteThink lesson plan "Getting to Know You: Developing Short Biographies to Build Community."


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From Farm Boy to Senator by Horatio Alger
History of the Boyhood and Manhood of Daniel Webster
ILLUSTRATED - The life of Daniel Webster is recounted in this fictionalized biography, from his youth on a New Hampshire farm to his distinguished career in Congress. Alger's biographical account of the life of one of the nation's foremost orators, Daniel Webster, details his life from his early days as a young farm boy to the culmination of his political career as a respected member of the Senate. During his climb to greatness, Webster met many people who would become his friends, coworkers, and also be the biggest influences of his life.


text: Longac Capsule is a multivitamin, multimineral preparation containing ferrous fumarate, folic acid, vitamins (B12, B6, K), zinc, elemental iron, iodine, copper, manganese, ferrous gluconate. Longac because of its fortified iron and folic acid properties is an ideal preparation for treatment, and prevention of anemia. The iron and folic acid helps in maturation of red blood cells thereby improving oxygenation, vitamin B12 and B6 are required for neuronal development. Longac also improves immunity and promotes formation of clotting factors in the liver. Longac is recommended for anemia, and as a nutritional supplement in pregnant women.


GST-Binding Plates
Assay GST-fusion proteins
A glutathione peptide, crosslinked to the polymer surface via a spacer arm, enables binding by specific affinity interaction of GST, which is typically genetically engineered into a fusion protein. The spacer arm maximizes surface reactivity while minimizing non-specific binding, and the covalent linkage reduces the occurrence of leaching. The surface does not need to be blocked and therefore a high S/N ratio is obtained.
These glutathione-coated plates can be used in the analysis of cell lysates to determine the presence and concentration of the GST-fusion protein produced in an expression system. Alternatively, the plates can be used to capture and coat fusion proteins via their GST tag for subsequent binding assays involving the recombinant protein (either protein interactions or a specific antibody).
The figure above shows coupling of a GST-tagged protein/peptide to glutathione plates. GSH = Glutathione; GST = Glutathione-S-transferase
Related resources
GST-tagged Proteins
Protein purification with affinity tags such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), histidine (HIS), and other affinity tags, enables purification of proteins with both known and unknown biochemical properties. Therefore, this methodology has become a widely used research tool for determining the biological function of uncharacterized proteins.
A selection of FAQs is listed below. For more technical information and FAQs, please visit our Solid Phase Guide ›
The Immobilizer Glutathione plates are designed for optimal detection of glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged proteins or purified GST.
We recommend using transparent polystyrene plates for colorimetric assays, white polystyrene plates for bio and chemi-luminescence assays, and black polystyrene plates for fluorescence assays.
The background is extremely low when using the Immobilizer Glutathione plates. This results in a high signal-to-noise ratio and a low detection limit which in general means that the detection limit (OD 0.5) is 3ng per well (100 μL).


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Ya'eqob, Zare'a (scholar)
Zare'a Ya'eqob (who is believed to have lived in the 17th century) was the author of a book of philosophy known as Hatata Zara Yaqob ("The Investigations of Zare'a Ya'eqob").
The religious policies of the reign of Emperor Susneyos [reigned 1607-32], who had accepted Catholicism, were a threat to Ethiopians of the Orthodox Church, among whom was Zare'a Ya'eqob. He was obliged to leave his city, Aksum, to live a secluded life in the mountains of Ambara, in Tegré province. His religious contemplation there led him to the point of doubting even the existence of God. Since no previous existing work in Ethiopia deals with religious problems in a rational way, the unique quality of his work raised doubts in the minds of the 20th-century Italian scholar C. Conti Rossini. Conti Rossini tried to prove that the name Zare'a Ya'eqob was only a pseudonym adopted by the Father Giusto da Urbino, an Italian monk and scholar who lived in Ethiopia in the 19th century, and whom he believed to be the real author of the Hatata. Although some of Conti Rossini's assumptions may be correct, it is nevertheless difficult to believe that such a vivid account of the religio-political situation of 17th century Ethiopia could have been written 200 years later.
C. Conti Rossini, "Lo Hatata Zare'a Ya'eqob e il Padre Giusto da Urbino" ("The Hatata Zare'a Ya'eqob and Father Ciusto da Urbino"), Rendiconti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Vol. XXIX, Rome, 1920; I. Guidi, Storia della letteratura etiopica ("History of Ethiopian Literature"), Rome, 1932; E. Littmann, Geschichte der Athiopischen Literatur *("History of Ethiopian Literature"), Leipzig, 1907, Philosophi Abessini, sive vita et philosophia magistri Zare'a Ya'eqob eiusque discipuli Walda-Heywat philosophia ("Abyssinian Philosophers, or the Life and Philosophy of Master Zare'a Ya'eqob and the Philosophy of His Disciple Walda Heyewat"), Paris, 1904; E. Mittowoch, *Die amharische version der 'Soirées de Carthage' ("The Amharic Version of the 'Nights of Carthage'") Berlin, 1934.
This article was reprinted from The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One Ethiopia-Ghana. Ed. L. H. Ofosu-Appiah. New York: Reference Publications Inc., 1977. All rights reserved.


text: Safety is the most important issue in the development of nuclear energy. This paper reports experimental studies of a thermoelectric energy harvesting system designed for integration in a nuclear power plant capable of performing in radiation rich environments and producing enough power to run wireless sensors meant to increase plant safety. Furthermore, the system, which utilizes wasted heat present in coolant system piping, has the unique ability to provide power in both normal and accidental situations, to run the sensors without the need for external power. Two energy harvesting prototypes were designed utilizing a heat pipe for heat transfer. The first can supply a maximum power of 2.25 W using two Bi2Te3 thermoelectric modules of 2.79cm (1.1″) × 2.79cm (1.1″), in a source temperature near 250 °C. A second design was put forward to extend the application in higher-temperature primary loops, in which one PbTe-Bi2Te3 hybrid TEG module of 5.6cm (2.2″) × 5.6cm (2.2″) can provide a power of 3.0 W when the hot side temperature reaches 340 °C. In addition to the energy harvester, wireless communication circuits were developed along with an integrated power management circuit for wireless data transmission. A high intensity gamma radiation experiment was conducted during which each component was irradiated. A total dose of 200 kGy±10% (20M rads) was applied to the first prototype in order to approximate the expected lifetime accumulation for one implemented thermoelectric generator. Results showed that thermoelectric modules used in the prototype had no reduction in voltage output throughout irradiation. Throughout the experiment the harvester system witnessed a small voltage drop in open circuit voltage attributed to a reduction in heat pipe performance from radiation exposure. We also acquired a baseline radiation survivability level for non-hardened, non-shielded electronics of 102 Gy.


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Find out what your kids are learning, data on local schools and services to support young children.
Issues in Child Maltreatment
2120 Bladensburg Road NE, Washington, DC 20019
Firefighters Union Building
This training is designed to enhance the participants' knowledge including but not limited to:
- Identifying signs of child maltreatment
- Understanding the policies and procedures for responding to suspected maltreatment
- Reporting incidents or expected incidents of child maltreatment to Child Protective Services


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Section 7 - people from an ethnic minority
People from an ethnic minority are defined as those from an ethnic group other than 'white British'. They are treated as a particular group for the JSNA because it is important to ensure that the experiences and opportunities that affect people's health and well-being are not dependent on their ethnic background.
The key points from the 2011 JSNA relating to people from an ethnic minority in Herefordshire are as follows:
- Herefordshire has a relatively small, but growing, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) population: only 6% of residents were from a ethnic group other than 'white British' in 2009, but this is nearly one and a half times as many as in 2001 (compared to a growth of just 3% in the total population). By far the largest minority group (4,300) is 'white other than British or Irish'; which will include some of the county's estimated 800-900 Gypsies, Roma and Travellers as well as migrants who have settled in the county from Eastern Europe. See the ethnicity topic page for more details.
- Increasing numbers of births (200 in 2009) are to mothers born outside the UK, mainly in Poland and other Eastern European countries.
- Herefordshire continues to host several thousand temporary seasonal workers every spring and summer, mainly young men from Bulgaria, Romanian and Poland. Most are accommodated on the farms where they work, and many return year after year.
- Although the educational achievement of Herefordshire pupils is good overall, there are still significant attainment gaps between pupils from different ethnic groups, notably Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) children.
- A potential need for additional authorised pitches for Gypsies, Roma and Travellers in Herefordshire during the next ten years will require continued working with local communities.
Other relevant findings are:
- A survey of the health needs of over 200 seasonal migrant workers in 2008, mainly young adult males from Poland, Bulgarian and Romania, found that the vast majority (89%) felt they were in good or very good health. Only 5% said they had a disability, long-term illness or health problem which limited their daily activities or the work they could do - although 28% said they had back pain. 20% felt they faced barriers to healthcare - see the full report for more details.
- A similar survey of the health needs of just under 50 Gypsies, Roma and Travellers in Herefordshire found that a third felt their health was bad or very bad, which is much higher than for the general population. Just under half said they had a disability, long-term illness or health problem which limited their daily activities or work. Just over a third felt they faced barriers to healthcare. See the full report for more details.
Last updated: 21 September 2011


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THE rising profiles of berry production in Australia has been given a stronger industry voice with three grower representative groups combining.
The new organisation represents a combined membership of more than 700 growers across Australia, ranging from major horticultural enterprises and multi-site agribusinesses to local cooperatives and independent farms.
In total, the growers' annual output of 109,000 tonnes of berries represents a gross return of $1.05bn farmgate value in the national economy.
- Berry industry could benefit from tunnel vision
- IPM move boosts strawberry productivity
- Conditions ripe for quality local SA fruit
The Costa Group's Peter McPherson was elected inaugural president of the new body at the inaugural meeting in Coffs Harbour, NSW.
The new organisation wasted no time in contributing to the national horticulture conversation, welcoming a federal government confirmation of a $650,000 assistance package to restore consumer confidence following the recent spate of incidents of tampering with strawberries and other fruits.
Mr McPherson said the recent impact on strawberry growers showed the economic vulnerability of Australian farmers to sabotage beyond their control.
"Australia has a well-earned reputation internationally for the quality of our fresh produce and the safety standards and care taken by our growers," he said.
"Our farmers are proud of the freshness and quality of what they grow and want their produce to go on sale in the same condition that it left the farm.
"Consumer confidence at home and overseas is critical for Australia's reputation as a source of safe fresh food and a lot is currently being invested in promoting both on-farm safeguards and the systems in place from farmgate to consumer."
"It is also important to remember that the strawberries incident was beyond the influence and control of growers and it's essential that any program developed is national, integrated and based on the real needs of the horticulture sector, and doesn't impose more costs on farmers already struggling in a tough environment."
Mr McPherson said the newly formed Berries Australia joint venture represented all grower members nationally, and aimed to foster:
- opening and expansion of domestic and global markets for Australian berries
- continued innovation and development of skills to the advantage of all growers
- sustainable farming practices, including minimising operational impacts on surrounding communities and the environment
- ethical sourcing and engagement of labour
- provision of a safe working environment.
Berries are grown in NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia enabling year-round production and supply to consumers.


Learn Scuba Diving on Koh Tao
Why learn scuba diving? It may be to explore a new world, to travel to new places or to experience what it is like to be weightless just like an astronaut! If you are still wondering why, below are 5 reasons to visit Koh Tao to try scuba diving on your next trip.
Become an explorer
Descending to the depths of our ocean is a very special feeling. Realising how vast and diverse the ocean's underwater ecosystem is, can be quite humbling. Often people describe scuba diving as exploring a new and unknown world. We still regularly discover new species. Diving Koh Tao is a perfect way to satisfy this need to explore and learn how to scuba dive.
Travel to new places
Once you have completed your PADI Open Water scuba diving course, the world is your oyster! It will open up new travel destinations that you had never considered before. Maybe the quality of transport and accommodation take second place in favor of fantastic diving and exploring new parts of the vast underwater world.
Know what it feels like to defy gravity
We all know what it feels like navigate in a two dimensional way bound by gravity. But what about defying gravity and weightlessly explore in three dimensions? Your scuba diving instructor will teach you about buoyancy and how to remain neutral to gravity no matter what depth you are diving at. The possibilities are endless. Imagine exploring details of a huge war ship at eye level, as opposed to standing at the foot of it in a museum.
Join the scuba diving community
Scuba divers are relaxed people that share a love for our ocean and marine life. Being a scuba diver will undoubtedly change your life and introduce you to a new community of people. You will meet other divers from all over the world with whom you can exchange diving spots. Many divers attribute diving to having changed their lives forever. Especially those of us who become diving professionals and make a career out of diving.
Become an advocate for our ocean
We often think of the ocean as this vast body of water that is invincible. As a PADI scuba diver, you will soon realise how fragile the marine ecosystem is. Every choice you make is somehow connected to our ocean and its marine life. Most scuba divers fall in love with the ocean and become advocates to preserve our ocean for future generations. At Sairee Cottage Diving, we donate to PADI Project AWARE with every Open Water certification.
Can you think of additional reasons? Share them in the comments.
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 1. Get under the water to chill out, empty your head of all the everyday hustle, bustle and stress. So calming down there in the blue, a magical place.
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From left: Richard Ehst, President and Chief Executive Officer of Customers Bank, Dr. Rudy Ruth, Executive Director of Alvernia University's Holleran Center for Community and Global Engagement, Thomas Minick, Vice President for Institutional Advancement, Dr. Jennifer Murray, Assistant Superintendent for Teaching and Learning for the Reading School District, Dr. April Halligan-Rostek Principal of Millmont Elementary School, John R. Loyack, President of Alvernia University, Laura Cordero, Reading Youth Initiative Program Manager and AnNette Hines, Director of Cultural Advancement for Customers Bank.
Funds support Alvernia's Reading Youth Initiative
On Wednesday, March 10, 2021, Customers Bank and Alvernia University held a check presentation ceremony to recognize the bank's contribution of $150,000 to the university to support the Reading Youth Initiative. The Reading Youth Initiative aims to enhance academic progress through academic enrichment, mentoring and support for healthy choices in children who live or go to school in the Reading area.
The Reading Youth Initiative, conducted by the university at Millmont and Tyson-Schoener Elementary Schools, is offered through the Holleran Center for Community and Global Engagement. The program, which is a collaboration between Alvernia faculty, staff and students with the Reading School District, provides annual summer camps, after-school mentoring during the academic year and a variety of cultural activities, including museum visits, sporting events and educational field trips all within the Greater Reading and Philadelphia area. Since the program began in 2006, the Reading Youth Initiative has provided enrichment and literacy services to more than 1,100 students.
"As a leading community bank, we have an obligation to not only provide financial services to businesses and individuals, but also to strengthen and support the health and livelihood of the communities in which we operate," said Richard Ehst, President and Chief Executive Officer of Customers Bank. "Helping students gain access to better educational opportunities and afterschool programs helps prepare them for continuing their education, so they are able to enter the workforce and provide meaningful contributions back to their communities."
Designed to enhance the established school curriculum, the Reading Youth Initiative offers elementary school students literacy training, homework assistance, academic enrichment activities and mentoring programs. The program serves students from Millmont Elementary School, Tyson-Schoener Elementary School and the St. Peter School, where the program first launched.
"Customers Bank is a valued partner and we are appreciative for their longstanding collaboration as the university continues to expand its mission-based academic and community initiatives," said Alvernia University President John R. Loyack.
The funding from Customers Bank allows Alvernia to expand services to children during the school year and in the summer and hire professional staff for ongoing support, thus increasing the program's scale and quality. Customers Bank is funding the Alvernia initiative as part of the Pennsylvania Educational Improvement Tax Credit Program.
"Alvernia University and the Holleran Center continue to be so very appreciative of the generous support that we receive from Customers Bank," stated Dr. Rudy Ruth, Executive Director for The Holleran Center for Community and Global Engagement. "Customers Bank's continued support affords Alvernia the opportunity to partner with the Reading School District through impactful student focused programming."


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Starting Sept. 5, 2014, Genealogy.com will be making a big change. GenForum
message boards, Family Tree Maker homepages, and the most popular articles
will be preserved in a read-only format, while several other features will
no longer be available, including member subscriptions and the Shop.
While surfing various sites, I see that several people are still publishing the false information that William Brockett was born in
Wallingford, CT, son of Elisha. This has been proven to be wrong, and one would hope that all good researchers will correct their gedcoms and websites accordingly.
It is also unfortunate that John Brockett of New Haven is repeatedly shown to be born 1611, son of John of Caswell, who was son of Sir John Brockett III. This, too, is incorrect. The birth date is not yet proved, but John, son of John of Caswell, was not on the Hector in 1637. He was still in England in 1638, busy cheating his father out
of the Caswell farm, as proved in a Chancery Bill for that year and 1642-4. There is no evidence that Hector John was descended from Sir John III. Many people have based their Brockett ancestries on the false information.


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Archaeology of Madison's Stable
For the past two months there has been a flurry of activity behind Montpelier's Visitor Center. This area hasn't exactly been clutter-free either. Every day, visitors have seen tents, flags, and archaeologists making exciting discoveries about the Madisons' stables.
How do the archaeologists even know where to dig? Thankfully we have a copy of an 1837 insurance map which shows the stable in this area. Once the team had a general idea of where to look, archaeologists used metal detectors and remote sensing to pinpoint the stable location. This wasn't just an afternoon activity. The archaeologists conducted months of metal detector surveys.
These surveys showed where to find clusters of artifacts– horseshoe nails, horseshoes, tools, architectural hardware, saddle parts, and carriage hardware. Excavation units placed in the location of these artifact concentrations have shown a concentration of cobble that might represent the reinforced floor for the stable or work areas around the stable complex. Good news: these concentrations proved the team was on the right track.
The mystery doesn't end with the concentrations of artifacts. The cobble concentrations show this was a very active equestrian area. The broken horseshoes and worn horseshoe nails show animals were often in this area. Had the team found whole horseshoe nails, this would mean horses were re-shoed in this area.
So far, the archaeologists haven't found any structural features that we can tie directly to the stable of any of its outbuildings (a carpenter's shop, for example). But, the team did find several large post holes which might be related to outbuildings in this area. Post holes are a big deal in archaeology. They show the outline of where a structure once stood. The archaeology team once spent an entire summer looking for the post holes that showed where the original Madison fence in front of the mansion once stood.
So, what else did the archaeologists find? The archaeology of the site behind the Visitor Center points to this area being used for many things. It's likely that horses lived in stables and craft activities (carpentry and other tasks) took place here. The team found furniture hardware, which means the Madisons' furnishings were here at one time. There were several paddocks, which suggests there might have been stores (storage areas) located in this area as well.
All in all, our surveys indicate the area between the Visitor Center and the South Yard was a very busy place– with most activity being concentrated on the hill directly behind the Visitor Center. The archaeology team is now excavating the slave quarter just down the hill from the stable closer to the mansion.
The fun isn't just for the archaeologists. There is still time to join the team for a week. Click here to check out the archaeology excavation programs to learn how you can come dig at Montpelier.


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|ROSAT Home Page||ROSAT
The minimum detectable count rate for the WFC depends mainly on the background count rate, and the effective size of an unresolved source. The minimum detectable count rate,, can be estimated from the following formula (e.g., de Korte et al., 1981, Space Science Reviews, 30, p. 495-511):
where is the required significance threshold (i.e., signal-to-noise), is the background count rate in the ''detection cell'', f is the fraction of the total source count included in the ''detection cell'', is the minimum number of photons required to constitute a detection and t is the integration time.
The ''detection cell'' is the region of the image used to detect the source. For the WFC, assuming an on-axis source, an appropriate cell area depends on the filter used, since the point response function is energy-dependent. For the S1, S2 and P1 filters the appropriate radius enclosing 70% of the total count (i.e., ) is, whilst for P2,. The corresponding cell areas,, are thus arcmin and arcmin respectively. The count rates in the background cell are then calculated as, where arcmin is the area of the whole field of view and it the total background count rate of the whole field.
The minimum detectable count rate as a function of t is shown graphically in Figure 12.1 for, f=0.7,. Three curves are shown, the two labelled 'LOW' and 'HIGH' are to be used for the S1,S2, P1 filters and are plotted for and counts s, i.e. for the typical range of background rates expected. The low background rates are only achieved for restricted time intervals, guest investigators should therefore assume the 'HIGH' curve when proposing. The curve labelled P2 is to be used for observations with the P2 filter and assumes counts s, i.e. the night-time background rate expected in this filter (see § 7.8.4 ).


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Motorcycle Maintenance
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Motorcycle Maintenance
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The maintenance of motorcycles according to a certain mileage is called regular maintenance, which can be divided into primary maintenance, secondary maintenance and tertiary maintenance.

Primary maintenance
When the motorcycle travels for a certain mileage (generally 1000-2000km), the parts that need to be lubricated should be filled with lubricant according to the regulations, and the exposed bolts and nuts of the motorcycle should be tightened. This kind of maintenance work centered on lubrication and tightening is called primary maintenance. In addition to the routine maintenance items, the content of first-level maintenance should also add the following items:

- For motorcycles driven by chains, the chain should be removed for cleaning; for motorcycles driven by belts, the pulleys should be removed for cleaning.
- Clean the carburetor, air filter and fuel switch.
- Remove the carbon deposits on the spark plug, and check and adjust the electrode gap.
- Check whether the contact of the cable connectors of the whole vehicle is good.
- Check and adjust the free travel of clutch handle, accelerator handle, brake handle or pedal, and add lubricating oil to the control wire.
- Lubricate the flexible shaft of the speedometer and tachometer with grease.
- Change the oil.

Secondary maintenance
Maintenance operations centered on inspection and adjustment are called secondary maintenance. Motorcycles should generally be maintained after 3000 ~ 6000km. In addition to the items of the first-level maintenance operation, the content of the second-level maintenance should also add the following items:

- Remove the carbon deposits on the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, piston ring and muffler.
- Check the wear of the clutch friction plates and the brake pads on the brake shoes, and adjust or replace them according to the wear and tear.
- Check and adjust the contact gap of the circuit breaker.
- Check whether the axial runout and radial runout of the front and rear rims meet the requirements. If the runout is too large, it should be adjusted or replaced.
- Check and adjust the valve clearance.
- Properly adjust the position of the rear shock absorber.
- Check and clean the carbon dust between the engine, starter commutator and commutator segments.

Three-level maintenance
The maintenance work centered on disassembling the various assemblies of the motorcycle to inspect and remove hidden dangers is called tertiary maintenance. The third-level maintenance is generally carried out after driving 6000 ~ 10000km, and should be checked at the motorcycle repair station.

Disassemble the engine, remove the carbon deposits on the cylinder head, piston top, piston ring, exhaust port, etc., check the clearance between the piston and the cylinder wall, the small end bearing of the connecting rod and the piston pin, the big end bearing and the crankshaft pin, and Check the amount of runout on the left and right halves of the crankshaft, etc.
- Disassemble the clutch, check the free length of the clutch spring and the thickness of the friction plate, and replace the spring or friction plate if necessary.
- Check the gears of the transmission for cracks, ablation, spalling and serious step wear.
- Disassemble the steering column assembly, clean the steering column bearing, add enough grease, and adjust the clearance after reassembly.
- Disassemble the front shock absorber, check whether the free length of the front shock absorber spring meets the requirements, and replace the front shock absorber oil.
- Check the wear of the brushes and commutators of the generator and starter, and replace them if necessary.

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Since its establishment, it has always been adhering to the concept of "charity without boundaries, and love without boundaries", and has been committed to social welfare activities such as building schools and assisting victims in disaster-stricken areas. As a result, it has established a deep friendship with foreign customers and the local government. The company's continuous development has laid a solid foundation.
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Christoff Rudolff (born 1499 in Jawor, Silesia, died 1545 in Vienna) was the author of the first German textbook on algebra.
Rudolff was from 1517 to 1521 a student of Henricus Grammateus (Schreyber from Erfurt) at the University of Vienna and was the author of a book computing, under the title: Behend und hübsch Rechnung durch die kunstreichen regeln Algebre.
He introduced the radical symbol (√) for the square root. It is believed that this was because it resembled a lowercase "r" (for "radix"), though there is no direct evidence. Cajori only says that a "dot is the embryo of our present symbol for the square root" though it is "possible, perhaps probable" that Rudolff's later symbols are not dots but 'r's.
Furthermore, he used the meaningful definition that x0 = 1.
- ^ a b Walter William Rouse Ball (1960), A short account of the history of mathematics (4 ed.), Courier Dover Publications, p. 215, ISBN 978-0-486-20630-1
- ^ a b Howard Whitley Eves (1983), Great moments in mathematics (before 1650: Volume 1), MAA, p. 131, ISBN 978-0-88385-310-8
- ^
- ^ a b Florian Cajori (1919), A history of mathematics (2 ed.), The Macmillan Company, p. 140
- ^ a b Florian Cajori (1993 (reprint)), A history of mathematical notations, Volumes 1-2, Courier Dover Publications, p. 369, ISBN 978-0-486-67766-8


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100% (US) Farm Workers have Covid!?
Forces Behind Riots Engineering Food Shortages Next??
USING FOOD TO FIGHT TRUMP
Bookmark _URL_ and _URL_
As riots erupt in cities across the US, the same forces behind the violence are engineering food shortages to absolutely bring this country to its knees. How could this possibly be achieved? Watch to find out. Then start growing food and work to defend our farms and food security.
THIS SOUNDS LIKE THE FARM WORKERS WERE DELIBERATELY INFECTED??
VIA THE SKY?
VIA THE WATER?
IN THE AIR?
OR VIA THE CV TESTING?
USING FOOD TO FIGHT TRUMP:
USING THE FAKE CORONAVIRUS: CDC and OSHA demanding "social distancing" to interrupt the food production via farm workers


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"In which state was the ice cream cone invented? Find a state that starts with the letter U." A terrific way for young children to become familiar with the map of the U.S.
Children draw a card and search the game board for the matching name (the state or states that begin with the letter shown on the card), picture (card images are printed on the board), or shape (of the state shown on the card). Use just the cards for a trivia game; there is a fact of interest to children on every card.
Includes 150 durable cardstock cards, game board, 4 markers, die, and timer. For 2-4 players. Parents' Choice Gold Award. Ages 4 - 7.


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AU Culture platform
The AU Culture Platform is an application that allows evaluating, from a wide perspective, the impacts generated on individuals after the participation in a cultural event.
The format is an application that can be used on mobile phones or any other digital platform. It aims to become a democratic tool for evaluating the services that cultural or policy institutions can adopt through the use of an interacting platform that produces big data. The platform is designed to generate a database that allows us to understand, at an aggregated level, how the satisfaction is constructed in the participation in a cultural event, which permits us to compare between cultural events and to analyse the reactions for each specific segment of audiences. The user her/himself evaluates the cultural experience avoiding the interviewer-dominated process, while reflecting her/his real perception and experience. The users' evaluations help to gain insight into ways of improving cultural services, and experience by acquiring more knowledge about consumer behaviour. AU Culture platform, on the one hand, helps the cultural and political organizations to meet the need and the interests of their users, and on the other, it allows the individuals to express their voice and engages themselves in active cultural dynamics in the city.
Therefore, we can summarise the characteristics of AU Culture platform as follows:
- it includes a comprehensive approach in the evaluation framework, that we will explain indepth
- in the next paragraph;
- it provides quantitative data;
- there is no interviewer-dominated process in data collection;
- it is user-oriented
Figure 1 summarizes the logical architecture of AU Culture, which is articulated in three different functionalities.
1. Person. This part collects socio-demographic information, cultural interests and habits about the users. Depending on the data entered in this section, the user will be associated with one Cultotype2 rather than another. The Cultotype is a cultural profile that defines what kind of cultural consumer the user is.
2. Event. The AU Culture platform shows various events taking place in the city where the user is geolocated.
3. Evaluation. After having participated in a specific event, the user will be able to evaluate it. Finally, the user could compare its results with those of other users who have rated the same event.
With this kind of information, the app develops intelligent algorithms for recommending cultural events around the city, which will permit a better matching and efficiency in the connection between cultural supply and demand, reducing transaction costs in the cultural ecosystem.


Create a bcrypt hash on commandline
Its easy to create a bcrypt hash on commandline with this command:
Just replace the Placeholder USER and PASSWORD with the corresponding values.
The Result should be something like that:
The part before ":" is the username. The rest is the bcrypt password hash. The -C parameter specifies the computing time for the bcrypt algorithm. The higher the value the better is the security but also the runtime.
More information about "Create bcrypt hash "
To get an explanation about all parameters and further information, just type htpasswd -h into the shell and hit enter.
One thought on "Create a bcrypt hash on commandline
 1. Immer wieder nett bei der Suche auf deinem Blog zu landen. 😉 Viele Grüße!
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Why People Love the Dangers of Motocross
Apart from the convenience motorbikes bring to our lives, they also serve as a source of recreation and excitement to thousands of motocross enthusiasts. True to their passion, there are even times when racers would find no need for a tournament. With their motorcycle helmets on and palms on the handlebars, they just speed through the city streets like wind runs through empty spaces.
Motocross, as with any other race, is risky and costly for a sport. Sometimes, accidents can even be fatal. Stories of broken limbs and slipped discs, however, cannot stop avid racers from playing the game. They would even spend thousands just for gears and custom motorcycle helmets. That is just how these racers fall in love with motocross despite the dangers it imposed.
Now we ask the question, why? Why do people love motocross? Get to know three reasons behind this enthusiasm.
It Fuels the Testosterone
It's rare to see women getting hooked in the game. Motocross, suffice to say, is a man's game. And this has a lot to do with testosterone, the hormone responsible for the engagement in risky behaviors. Studies show that testosterone drives males to seek heightened emotions such as thrill, fun, excitement, and danger. It's hard to explain why men want challenges, and it can only be testosterone.
Riding motorbikes and performing stunts in relatively difficult terrain gives men that much needed outlet for their ravishing testosterone. Others turn to other sports. Since each has his unique skill set, those who love speed and coordination prefer motocross.
It Gives Them Sense of Accomplishment
Corporate competition is now becoming a norm. Some men, who struggle with their careers, find sense of accomplishment in dangerous sports. Nothing could be more rewarding than surpassing all those obstacles with just your motorcycle helmets, gloves, and boots as your source of protection. You become manlier in the eyes of the public, especially when you take home that trophy. But then again, for those who are enthusiasts, the prize doesn't come in tangible forms. The experience and the hype will count more.
It Can Be a Form of Self-Expression
There are stresses people have to face every day. Sometimes, anger, sadness, depression, and frustration will find their way in motocross and other physically-demanding sports. It sounds ridiculous to some people, but any athlete or artist can attest to how passions become channels of pent-up emotions. Racers explain how they sometimes forget about the world once they've turned on the engine.
They forget about their worries, and even their expenses. They don't mind if they spend a lot for custom engines, custom motorcycle helmets, or custom riding boots. To them, the sport has become more of a friend and a respite from all of life's concerns. Motocross has even become a lifestyle to people who are already past their tender age.
No one can really predict why people fall in love with this dangerous game. If you're goal is to understand your friend, family or loved one who happened to become addicted to this sport, then the explanations above can help you. There's no way to stop racers from embracing motocross. The least to do is to provide them with safety measures and accept their passions.
10 Hunting Fundamentals Which You Should Have in Your Pack
If you are thinking about going on your very first hunting journey very soon, you will have to be gotten ready for everything which you have to do and all the other possibilities which could occur while you're out in the wild. Below are some of the must-haves when you are out hunting.
A Good Hunting Rifle
Brand New Hunting Rifle: Approximately $9,000.
There are so many factors which you should think about when buying a hunting rifle although the basic ones would be the following: The game you plan to hunt, your skill level and the amount of money you want to pay out.
But there are some things which first-time hunters tend to ignore. But we're informing you now so take note of these.
Your scope might go as high as 50 % the quantity of your rifle. Yes, it's that costly. So see to it that you have actually reserved adequate money for that otherwise you would be almost blind throughout the hunt. Bullets are essential too or your rifle is totally worthless in the wild. Bullet types and weight should be considered too when you're shopping for these.
Game Camera.
Brand New Game Camera: $150 – $600.
A long time back, you would have to do several rounds in the day (or at night) stalking your game. Now, you have a cordless game camera to assist you with it. All you have to do is set it up tactically and simply wait, especially when you're exhausted or resting in the camp.
Since you will need numerous of these, the cost is definitely a big element when you're going shopping. The time of the real time transmission ought to also be considered because this is generally your alert. Some ensure a 90-second transmission to your device.Be sure to check on the website first before you pick the best trail camera reviews.
Satellite Phone.
Brand New Satellite Phone: $500 – $1,700.
This is your best friend when you're travelling deep into the woods or far out in the safari. It's essential that you find excellent signal first before you set up camp just in case you need help for anything.
The majority of sat phones today have actually reproduced the common mobile phones in terms of size and weight. A lot of those even have WiFi and Bluetooth capabilities even. So all you need to keep in mind of now is the network provider and the expense per call.
Multi-Purpose Hunting Device.
As a solar-powered phone battery charger, compass, AM/ FM and weather radio, barometer, thermometer and LED flashlight, this is basically like the Swiss Knife for hunting trips. And why not have this one device instead of packing each thing in your bag, right?
There many brands out there which are not simply effective with each of its functions but also durable and water resistant.
The next set of hunting fundamentals would be those you have to have in case of emergencies. Even if the place you are off to is relatively safe and close to all contemporary conveniences including tertiary health centers, it is finest that you have all these to be gotten ready for possible mishaps and so on.
Hunting Pack.
See to it that this is big enough so you can put everything you require inside it, sturdy enough so that it would not easily rip and waterproof.
Full First Aid Kit.
Small injuries and tiny bites to severe accidents could take place and you want to be ready for all those.
This is not just for drinking, mind you. It's helpful for cleaning wounds and other injuries.
From securing your belongings to a tree branch to utilizing it as a sling for your rifle, a light rope (or a heavy cord) is among the most crucial must-haves in your hunting trip.
You never ever leave this when you go hunting.
Lighter or Matches.
Going all cave man in the wild is fun however not really hassle-free. Make it easy on yourself and bring a lighter.
Final Tip: If you aren't sure which brand to obtain, say with the game cameras readily available in the market today, go on the internet and check out as many path web cam examines as you can. This is among the very best methods which you can find that devices or gear which will match your needs and level of ability before you head out there buying. So go out there and embrace the best nature experience you had in your life and capture it using a wildlife camera.
The Complicated Road To Complicated Coffee
We do not view as much plain coffee nowadays as we used to. Exactly what could be the factor for it? It's most likely due to the fact that it is extremely easy these days to brew up a cup of premium coffee for your family, pals, and acquaintances. There are now coffee clubs and coffee social areas where coffee is handling the appearance of a social group. These meeting point can happen within the shops and community or on the Internet.
Gone are the days when you just went to a coffee bar to get a regular cup of coffee.
This is an occurring because of an obsession by coffee fans all over America for the gourmet or specialty coffee. These individuals go to all the coffee specialized shops and order it from catalogues or the Internet. They enjoy grinding the coffee beans themselves. When they take trips to locations like Costa Rica, they look for and revive the specialized coffees. Now we have "coffee tasting" occasions just like wine tasting.
There is even interior design items and furniture coming on the marketplace promoting a coffee style– excellent presents for the coffee fan.
Coffee had its beginnings as a stimulant in 900 A.D. It has also had its starts in a variety of uses such as a medication and a wine. Nothing is much different today.
Coffee is among the few unblemished products over time but that is quickly altering. Individuals are coming up with all sorts of ways to enhance its taste and fragrance and will most likely keep doing it well into the future.
And coffee shares a good portion of the world's market. It is 2nd just to oil in dollar volume as a world commodity.
Individuals also nowadays are regularly attempting to minimize their caffeine consumption. A pound of coffee has half the caffeine as a pound of tea yet we get more caffeine in a cup of coffee? Why? It is due to the fact that a pound of tea will give us 160 cups of coffee and a pound of coffee just provides us 40. This may disappoint those of you who have to drink decaffeinated coffee however hate


Why Is This Important to Know For BDSM
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Home / Resources / Human Body / Muscles
Why Know about Muscles?
When engaged in play, you are interacting with a lot of different muscle groups in a variety of ways. Depending on the positioning of the bottom (such as standing, sitting, suspended, etc) the muscles will be in different states of tension. The tension can be a pretty important difference between enjoyable and harmful play. As part of personal care for you and your partner, knowing more about how the muscles of the body work can enhance your play, reduce some dangers of muscle damage, and increase the effectiveness of your aftercare.
What You Need to Know About Muscles
The more you understand about how your body works, the safer you will be able to play with your partner. Knowing about and being comfortable with your body is also an important step to be present in the moment for your scene. All these things add up to a more enjoyable play experience. These topics cover some general and specific knowledge about the muscles in the human body.
Keeping Yourself Healthy Makes For Better Play
There is more to be healthy than being thin and what healthy means for everyone will vary depending on their medical history, current health status, and body type. Engaging in kinky activities can place extra stress on the body so keeping your body in a healthy state will help you reduce any unwanted injuries as well as increase your healing time. When you have healthy and strong muscles, you also may be able to try a wider variety of BDSM scenarios that might not be possible when you are in worse shape. Keep yourself healthy and increase your play experience and safety.
Written October 22, 2011 | Updated April 26, 2015
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Article References
Ackerley, S. K. (n.d.). Muscle Tissue. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from Developmental Biology Online:
Allen, M., Bagg, A., Hamilton, J., John, K., Fricker, J., de Burgh, J., et al. (2007). The Human Body Book. New York: DK Publishing.
Mackenzie, B. (1999). Muscle Types. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from BrianMac:
The Nemours Foundation. (1995). Your Muscles. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from Kid's Health:
Wise Geek. (2003). What are Tendons. Retrieved 10 21, 2011, from Wise Geek:
Image References
Header Image: | Retrieved April 26, 2015
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$ echo "Some contents" > file2.txt
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On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
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 modified: file1.txt
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no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$ git diff
diff --git a/file1.txt b/file1.txt
index 1ed6543..ff709a8 100644
--- a/file1.txt
+++ b/file1.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 Some contents
+A new line
The diff lists lines that have changed between two versions of the same file. New lines are prefixed with +, and removed lines with -. If multiple parts of a file have been changed, the diff will group them into distinct hunks, which encapsulate changes in nearby lines, with some unchanged lines for additional context.
You can see that the diff references the staged blob for file1.txt, 1ed6543, as well as a new blob name ff709a8. The new blob name is calculated from the file in the working tree, but is not actually saved as an object in the repository yet - a $ git add file1.txt would result a blob with the name ff709a8... being created.
By default the diff shows changes between the staging area and the working tree, and excludes untracked files like file2.txt. If we stage all changes, the staging area will match the working tree, and so a normal $ git diff won't display anything:
$ git add .
$ git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
 (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
 modified: file1.txt
 new file: file2.txt
$ git diff
# No difference between staging area and working tree, so no diff is shown
We can instead use $ git diff --staged to specify that we want to see the changes that we have staged. That means the differences between the last commit's tree and the staging area:
$ git diff --staged
diff --git a/file1.txt b/file1.txt
index 1ed6543..ff709a8 100644
--- a/file1.txt
+++ b/file1.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 Some contents
+A new line
diff --git a/file2.txt b/file2.txt
new file mode 100644
index _PHONE_..1ed6543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/file2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Some contents
If you were to create a commit right now and then run $ git show, this same diff would be shown under the commit.
Here's a graph to visualise the commands and the current states of the working tree, index, and the tree of the current HEAD. The red lines represent what the commands are comparing:
 The working tree is a table listing file1.txt next to the blob name ff709a8, and file2.txt next to 1ed6543. The repository is shown as a box containing the index (a table that matches the working tree), HEAD, and a set of objects. HEAD points to commit 173bb18, which points to tree fe89dfe, which has an entry for file1.txt which points to blob 1ed6543. A red line connecting the working tree and the index is labelled with "git diff". Another red line connecting the index and tree fe89dfe is labelled with "git diff --staged".
Skipping the staging area
If the staging area is inconvenient or unnecessary, you can specify the files you want to commit after $ git commit, e.g. $ git commit file1.txt file2.txt. This will immediately commit the contents of these files as they are in the working tree.
Alternatively, run $ git commit --all. This will immediately stage all tracked files as they currently are in the working tree, and commit them. Note that you still need to use $ git add to track new files that you're committing for the first time, or list new files you want to track after --all.
Staging hunks within a file
A common situation is having made several changes in your working tree and later realising you could split them up into several commits. E.g. you've fixed multiple bugs within a single source file. The staging area gives you the power to precisely control what goes into a snapshot, and this power makes it easier to keep commits self-contained. You can make sure each commit includes changes that serve a single purpose, that the project still builds correctly, and that all tests still succeed.
If you have multiple changes in a single file and want to split them into different commits, you can stage only a subset of your changes with $ git add --patch:
$ echo -e "First line\nSome contents\nLast line" > file1.txt
$ cat file1.txt
First line
Some contents
Last line
$ git add --patch file1.txt
diff --git a/file1.txt b/file1.txt
index 1ed6543..4a9a39f 100644
--- a/file1.txt
+++ b/file1.txt
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+First line
 Some contents
+Last line
(1/1) Stage this hunk [y,n,q,a,d,s,e,?]?
This interactive form goes through each hunk in your diff in the file(s) we want to stage, letting us choose what we want to do with it. If you ask for help with ?, here are your options:
y - stage this hunk
n - do not stage this hunk
q - quit; do not stage this hunk or any of the remaining ones
a - stage this hunk and all later hunks in the file
d - do not stage this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file
s - split the current hunk into smaller hunks
e - manually edit the current hunk
? - print help
The most important ones are, unsurprisingly y and n, for "yes" and "no". s will let you split a hunk up if it has unchanged lines between changes, which can be handy if Git hasn't managed to split the diff up the way you want it:
(1/1) Stage this hunk [y,n,q,a,d,s,e,?]? s
Split into 2 hunks.
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+First line
 Some contents
(1/2) Stage this hunk [y,n,q,a,d,j,J,g,/,e,?]? y
@@ -1 +2,2 @@
 Some contents
+Last line
(2/2) Stage this hunk [y,n,q,a,d,K,g,/,e,?]? y
If you want to change the contents of the hunk, you can use e to edit it manually:
diff --git a/file1.txt b/file1.txt
index 1ed6543..4a9a39f 100644
--- a/file1.txt
+++ b/file1.txt
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+First line
 Some contents
+Last line
(1/1) Stage this hunk [y,n,q,a,d,s,e,?]? e
The following will open in your editor. I've manually added the line containing +Another line:
# Manual hunk edit mode -- see bottom for a quick guide.
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+First line
 Some contents
+Another line
+Last line
# ---
# To remove '-' lines, make them ' ' lines (context).
# To remove '+' lines, delete them.
# Lines starting with # will be removed.
#
# If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be
# marked for staging.
# If it does not apply cleanly, you will be given an opportunity to
# edit again. If all lines of the hunk are removed, then the edit is
# aborted and the hunk is left unchanged.
After saving and quitting, you can see that your hunk has been staged without changing the file in your working tree:
# The staged diff shows "Another line" that was added by editing the hunk
$ git di


text:
A stroke occurs when the brain is damaged after being deprived of blood by a blockage or a haemorrhage in the blood vessels. While strokes are often regarded as a by-product of advanced age, stroke patients in the UAE tend to be much younger than in Europe and other comparable regions. While most strokes in Europe occur in people aged between 60 and 75, in the Emirates the danger period is between the ages of 40 and 55 - which many people view as the prime of life.
It's welcome news that medical professionals and health authorities are taking the incidence of stroke seriously and are investing resources and expertise in the area. To that end, a dedicated stroke treatment centre will open at Al Qasimi Hospital in Sharjah early next year.
As The National reported yesterday, the new centre will have the latest equipment for the emergency treatment and rehabilitation of these patients. More importantly, it will have dedicated staff and streamlined, rehearsed procedures.
According to Dr Gunther Wihl, a consultant neurologist at The City Hospital in Dubai, professional treatment is essential to the recovery chances of stroke patients.
The time between the incident and the commencement of treatment is crucial: the shorter the better, but certainly it must occur within the first four-and-a-half hours for the patient to have a positive prognosis.
Many people recover completely or with minor disabilities, but stroke can be permanently disabling or fatal if it is not treated properly and quickly by people who know what they are doing.
The facility in Sharjah will be the second specialist centre in the UAE; the other is at Dubai's Rashid Hospital. As Dr Wihl points out, the nation needs more of them. There is also an urgent need for triage staff in all hospitals to be trained to recognise stroke patients on arrival at the emergency room, and to fast-track them for critical care.
Even with professional help at hand when it is needed, it is also important for people to know the symptoms of stroke, which can include, but are not limited to, sudden headache, loss of speech, numbness or paralysis down one side of the body, and confusion.
While it may be something of a cliché when it comes to medical advice, this is an occasion when swift action really will save lives.


text:
The silicone rubber heating mat is a composite sheet made of silicone rubber and glass fiber cloth. The silicone rubber heating mat has good flexibility and can be in close contact with the heated object, the heating element of the nickel alloy foil is processed and formed, and the heating is more uniform. In this way, we can transfer heat to any desired location.
1. Maximum insulation temperature: 300°C
2. Maximum working temperature: 250°C
3. Power deviation: 8%
4. Insulation resistance: ≥5MΩ
5. Compressive strength: 1500V / 5
6. Width: 20mm-1000mm; Length: 25mm-1000mm
7. Fast heat dissipation, uniform heat transfer, direct heating of objects, high thermal efficiency, high strength, long service life, safe work and not easy to aging.
1.The silicone rubber heating mat has advantage of thinness, lightness and flexibility.
2. It can improve heat transfer, accelerate warming and decrease power under the process of operation. Fiberglass reinforced silicone rubber stabilizes the dimension of heaters.
3.The max wattage can be made for 1 w/cm².
4.The heaters can be made for any size and any shapes.
1. Used in humid, non-explosive gas environment, industrial equipment pipelines, tank and barrel insulation.
2. Used as antifreeze, air conditioning compressors etc.
3. Used in medical equipment and medical treatment (such as blood heaters, blood analyzers, corsets and waist belt heat supplements)


text:
The piovdc library for writing Vapor Data Collection (VDC) 2 data files _URL_
The piovdc library is used to write VDC2 data files in a parallel manner using PIO. After the prerequisite library functions are used, a call to pio_writedarray is made, writing the passed data to an on disk VDC2 collection.
VDF meta-file must be generated, using either rawtovdf or vdfcreate if advanced features (wavelet type, compression ratios, or boundary type) are needed VDF file requires VDC version to be 2, and requires the Waveletname, WaveletBoundaryMode, CompressionRations, and NumTransforms to be set.
After a successful write, VDC2 data will be in a directory located in the same directory as the vdf file, using the vdf name, appended with _data (ex. ghost.vdf generates VDC2 data in the dir ghost_data in the vdf dir) If no compression is enabled, a single, uncompressed file will be generated using PIO instead of a VDC


Difference between revisions of "Documentation:Windows Section 1"
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===What is POV-Ray for Windows?===

===What is POV-Ray for Windows?===

POV-Ray for Windows (also known as POVWIN) is POV-Ray, ported to the Microsoft Windows™ operating system. It contains all the features of POV-Ray itself, plus some others specific to Windows. The additional features do not affect the core rendering code (apart from the fact that they include .BMP file format support). All of the other additional features relate to making the program easier to use under Windows.
+
POV-Ray™ is short for the Persistence of Vision Raytracer™, a tool for producing
 +
high-quality computer graphics. POV-Ray is Free Software (as per the definition of the Free
 +
Software Foundation) as its source code is licensed under the
 +
[_URL_ Affero General Public License] (AGPL).
 +

 +

 +
POV-Ray for Windows (also known as POVWIN) is POV-Ray, ported to the Microsoft Windows™ operating system. It contains all the features of POV-Ray itself, plus some others specific to Windows. The additional features do not affect the core rendering code; they all relate to making the program easier to use under Windows.

Revision as of 15:25, 26 August 2013
This document is protected, so submissions, corrections and discussions should be held on this documents talk page.
Introduction
This section provides information on how to use the Microsoft Windows™ version of the Persistence of Vision Raytracer™ (also known as POVWIN).
Before we start, we'll have a brief discussion of just what this program is, and what it does.
What is POV-Ray for Windows?
POV-Ray™ is short for the Persistence of Vision Raytracer™, a tool for producing high-quality computer graphics. POV-Ray is Free Software (as per the definition of the Free Software Foundation) as its source code is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL).
POV-Ray for Windows (also known as POVWIN) is POV-Ray, ported to the Microsoft Windows™ operating system. It contains all the features of POV-Ray itself, plus some others specific to Windows. The additional features do not affect the core rendering code; they all relate to making the program easier to use under Windows.
An extensive discussion of the POV-Ray 3 Scene Description Language can be found elsewhere in this help file. For a quick demonstration of POV-Ray for Windows, start up the program by selecting 'Run Demo' from the Render menu.
... And What Is It Not?
POV-Ray for Windows is not a modeler. It will not let you design scenes graphically on-screen. The POV-Ray project does have a freeware 3D modeler for Windows called 'Moray'. Moray is currently under re-development to make it compatible with modern versions of Windows. There are also several other shareware and freeware programs available for this purpose.
With POV-Ray itself, to write or modify POV-Ray scenes you just edit the actual text file containing the commands. New users might be surprised to learn that, although this sounds primitive, it is in fact one of the things that gives POV-Ray so much power and flexibility. There are many other rendering programs that give you a point-and-click interface, but when it comes down to absolute control of your scene, it's hard to beat a text-based scene description language (even though it's harder for some to learn).
Who Can Use POV-Ray for Windows?
Almost anyone can use POV-Ray for Windows. If you have never seen a ray tracing program before, you can have great fun just rendering the sample scenes and animations installed together with POV-Ray for Windows. Once you have studied some scene files and spent a little bit of time reading this documentation, you can start putting basic scene files together.
Remember, though, that you do need to invest some time getting to know the program. For instance, you do not have to worry about most of the POV-Ray settings at first, but some of them are important. Ignore them and POV-Ray may not do what you expect. The default settings have been selected so as to be satisfactory in the large majority of cases, but sometimes they will not give you what you want. Don't give up. The solution is bound to be a simple one, as long as you take the time to read the documentation. Investing a little bit of time getting to know the program will pay off - guaranteed!
As for experienced POV-Ray users, you will find POV-Ray for Windows makes life much easier. Working under Windows means you can edit one scene while rendering another and modifying the INI file of a third. This feature, combined with the File Queue option lets you speed up the scene generation cycle considerably while leaving you the option of doing some 'serious' work at the same time.
System Requirements
POV-Ray for Windows requires Windows XP or later, and has been tested on versions up to and including Windows 7 (32 and 64-bit). We recommend having at least 100mb or so of free disk space (for temporary file storage during renders) and at least 1GB of available memory (though less is OK if you are not doing complicated scenes).
System Specific Features
What's new in POV-Ray for Windows
This section covers version 3.7 changes and new features that apply to POV-Ray for Windows. See the section Changes and New Features Summary for information about non-platform specific changes.
 1. An experimental Real-Time Raytracing feature was added.
 2. Added 'alternate render file' feature to povwin IDE. Look here for more details.
 3. New Render Window behavior.
 4. The Render Priority menu supports a new option.
 5. Added extensions .MCR and .MAC to the list of files povwin considers include files (i.e. which are filtered as such in the various file dialogs and assigned the POV file type for the editor syntax highlighting).
 6. Added .INI file type to povwin editor syntax highlighting.
 7. Added window menu to povwin IDE. Entries are MRU-sorted.
 8. Added these POVWIN features:
 - file modified indicator to filename shown in POVWIN main window caption.
 - notification for when auto-reload results in files being auto-saved.
 9. Added ability to close edit tab in windows version by middle-clicking on it. (NB this means on the tab itself, not the contents of the tab). Also, Ctrl-W now defaults to closing the current editor file.
 10. Added /EDITDLLPATH command-line parameter, which overrides the default edit DLL locations for the windows version.
 11. Added a crash upload utility.
 12. Added ability to specify thread count from Windows version render menu (unsaved setting).
 13. Windows console version now sends stream output to stderr by default.
 14. Added Control-A support in windows version commandline input box (select all).
 15. Changed windows version render window keypress code to hand focus to main window for any key, not just escape.
 16. Expanded number of available insert menu ID's to about 9000.
 17. Added support for loading of PNG and JPG files as insert menu hints. (search order PNG, JPG then BMP)
 18. Windows editor tab/indent settings are no longer per-file+global default; changing one affects all files.
 19. Added display of filename when hovering over an editor tab.
 20. Added a right-click menu to editor tabs allowing the following:
 - opening of folder in explorer.
 - copy of filename to clipboard.
 - save the file.
 - close it, close all but it.
 - move the tab left and move the tab right.
 21. Additionally the previous new entries have also been added to the window menu.
 22. Added a new file ~ini\user-keywords.txt that allows users to add their own keywords for syntax highlighting and auto-completion in the editor.
 23. Added new option to prevent the system from sleeping whilst a render is in progress, by default this is selected.
SYS File Type
The SYS file type has been deprecated, and the cross-platform output file type is now PNG, or type n. See the section Output File Type for more information.
System Specific Charset
The section titled Charset refers to a system specific charset. There is no system specific charset support specially implemented within POV-Ray for Windows.
Spelling
Some US Residents have commented on the spelling of some words such as colour, initialisation, and minimised (they expect color, initialization, or minimized). POV-Ray is an international effort and as such our spelling sometimes conforms to British, European, or Australian, rather than American, English. You'll find examples of this both in this document and in POV-Ray itself (for example, POV accepts both 'color' and 'colour' as valid keywords).
Reporting Bugs


text:
For Further Information Contact:
Channel Islands Field Station
1901 Spinnaker Drive
Ventura, CA 93001-4354
Phone: _PHONE_
FAX: _PHONE_
The Southern California Bight and its offshore islands are a unique natural resource with many sensitive and endemic plants and animals. This area is also an expanding urban center for the nation. The corresponding elimination and degradation of coastal habitats have created a need for scientifically guided management.
The Channel Islands Field Station has cooperative agreements with Channel Islands National Park in Ventura, Calif., and the University of California, Santa Barbara, that facilitate collaboration between field station scientists and university and park biologists. The linkage with the university also provides opportunities to supervise graduate students in marine ecology and work in laboratories with flow-through seawater to allow housing temperate marine species. Channel Islands National Park provides access to the habitats of several rare and endemic plant species suffering from the impacts of exotic weeds and feral animals. The national park also has a wealth of marine resources in need of study and management. Field station biologists analyze data collected from the park and assist with the park's extensive resource monitoring program.
Scientists at the Channel Islands Field Station conduct research on the ecology and conservation biology of sensitive plants and animals at the Channel Islands and along California's coast. In doing so, the field station supports information needs of the National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and other state and federal clients such as the Department of Defense, National Marine Sanctuary, and California Department of Fish and Game.
Some examples of ongoing research in plant ecology include rare plant demography, effects of grazing by feral animals on native plant communities, restoration ecology, and the distribution of invasive exotic weeds. Examples of research in marine ecology are restoration strategies for the nearly extirpated white abalone, patterns of disturbance for threatened western snowy plovers, marine reserve design, and kelp forest community dynamics.


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
Geopolitics is an effort to draw attention to the significance of geographical patterns in political history. This article studies the urban space of Toledo with such an approach, during the social movements of the Umayyad period of al-Andalus. After the capture of al-Andalus by the Muslims in 714 AD, Toledo lost its capital position, but it still retained its geopolitical advantages that attracted a large population; advantages including geographical centrality, economic and agricultural priorities, existence of ancient access roads, and location of the Christian Clergy Center in that city. In the eighth and ninth centuries, Toledo had an arena of revolt against the Umayyad rulers, and at that juncture in history, frequent repression did not prevent the movements from rising again. Given the geopolitical importance of the Toledo, the difference between its protest movements and other movements in al-Andalus, and continuation of unrest for almost two centuries, these questions arise that what were the characteristics of Toledo's urban space? and which geopolitical factors did affect this space? and how did they do that? The research hypothesis is that place identity and social stratification as two geopolitical factors affected the urban space of Toledo and paved the way for the continuation of the movements.
Data gathering procedure of the present paper is based on library findings and the research is descriptive- analytic in terms of method and nature.
Results and Discussion
Toledo was the ancient royal city and pomp and ceremony, the former capital of the Visigoths, the center of the Andalusian Church, the geographical center of the peninsula, the crossroads of trade caravans, located on high and rocky ground, and surrounded by the swift-flowing river, Tago. These geostrategic features made it possible to resist external attack. People's awareness of these characteristics was effective in shaping their sense of place and the territory did not be conceded without fierce resistance. Proper economic capacity provided the basis for the movement and whenever these conditions were not met, the possibility of protest movements was reduced.
Some places had become symbols of stability and repression during this period, three examples of which are discussed in this paper. Seeing these symbols evoked emotional arousal of Toledo residents. On the other hand the bloody massacre of the protesters affected the atmosphere of the city: a cloud of fear and suspicion. Toledo's social stratification was also significant. Different groups lived in this city were knitted together by common interests, a blend of various races: The Maladies, who were the largest population, the Mozarabs and the Berbers. The Umayyad Arabs were the ruling minority who had certain economic and social benefits.
Research findings show that the place identity of Toledo was the source of the reproduction of the spirit of independence. The presence of repressive symbols in the city was reminiscent of days of struggle and epic. The combination and synergy of people's sense of place shaped the identity of place in Toledo in this kind of circumstances: A stable city with rich internal resources, a glorious past and a vague future, whose inhabitants sought to change their destiny. Also influenced by the presence of the Maladies, the Mozarabs, the Arabs and the Berbers, Toledo's social stratification was a context of continuing anti-Umayyads sentiment. Power and wealth were concentrated in a few hands and the Toledo people saw themselves facing inequality in social and economic opportunities which meant that spatial justice had not been achieved, which caused tension and mistrust between the rulers of Cordoba and the Toledo rebels. Thus, the urban space was always inflamed and confrontational, and every time an insurgency was quelled, it would resume shortly after, and it lasted for about two centuries
74.Zaydan, J (1993). History of Islamic Civilization. translated by Ali Jawaherkalam. Tehran: Amirkabir Publisher. [In Persian]