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Adrien Semin develops mathematical models to describe the propagation of sound waves. He is postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität Berlin.
»If nature could be written in equations, there would be no more surprises«
Why do we need mathematical models to study natural phenomena?
Modelling and simulations are often less time-consuming and expensive than real experiments. And in some cases, it would simply not be feasible to conduct a real experiment and make observations. For example, if we wanted to understand the aerodynamics of an aeroplane in flight, it would be very difficult to see or measure air behaviour in a real experiment. The same applies to sound waves, which is what I am trying to model. I am working on a Navier–Stokes equation that describes acoustic waves in the presence of fluids. My goal is to understand how waves are propagated at different length scales. I'll give you an example: if we have a turbine chamber which is one metre long with small holes of one millimetre in diameter, there will be perturbations near these small holes. But they will not happen in the same way on a larger scale, if the holes are ten times that size, for example. The patterns will be different. Our idea is to derive a mathematical model that fits both scales.
What about wave type? Does it make a difference in simulations?
When mathematicians think about wave propagation, it makes no difference whether we are talking about water waves, sound waves, or light waves. The theoretical models, the geometry, and even our observations can vary, but the mathematics behind them always stays the same. So the techniques we use to develop the model also remain relatively constant.
How close do models come to real phenomena?
Not especially close, I would have to say. To describe a complex physical phenomenon like the flow of water in a turbine chamber, we have to break it up into a series of different mathematical problems. We start with simplified equations that only include a limited number of parameters, for example the size of the turbine chamber. We cannot create a complete model that accounts for all possible parameters of the phenomenon we are studying. That would be mathematically impossible. Our models can offer little more than approximations. This is fine, as long as we apply a given model within our explicit range of parameters. However, we will start to have problems when we try to transfer a model to a new set of parameters. Reality is far too complex to be described in mathematical terms. On the other hand, if nature could be written in equations, there would be no more surprises. That would make my job as a scientist far less exciting.
This page will not be updated after the end of the fellowship.


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Hide the date from the taskbar in Windows 7
By default, Windows 7 displays the date next to the time in the notification area of the taskbar (system tray). This used to be the case with previous versions of Windows when you resized the taskbar to a large enough height to allow enough space to show the date, and even the day of the week. In this tutorial, we will show you how to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar, without having to hide the time! This means that you will keep the system clock, but only show the time, without a date.
Note that this tutorial assumes that you want to hide the date from the taskbar, but that you still want to keep the time showing in the notification area; if this is not the case, Windows 7 lets you show or hide the clock altogether, and completely remove it from the taskbar.
Show only time in taskbar, no date
To hide the date from the taskbar, follow these steps:
- Right-click on an empty area of the taskbar, and choose "Properties"
- Windows 7 will open the "Taskbar and Start Menu Properties" window
- Make sure that the Taskbar tab is selected
- When, as is the case by default, Windows 7 uses "Large Icons" in the taskbar, it makes your taskbar higher, as shown on the screenshot below:
- In the Taskbar properties window, check the "Use small icons" checkbox
- Now, click Apply to preview the change; Windows 7 will make the icons smaller, and at the same time make the taskbar itself smaller. As you noticed, the taskbar no longer displays the date, but it still displays the time:
- And, best of all, even if the date is now hidden from the taskbar, you can still see it by moving your mouse cursor above the clock, and leave it there for a second or so:
And this is all it takes to hide the date from the Windows 7 taskbar! You can at any time get the date by moving your mouse above the system clock, or by quickly resizing (temporarily) the taskbar, to get not only the date, but also the day of the week:
Tip: you can also view a full month calendar in the taskbar (instead of just a simple day or date), by giving a single click on the system clock. Some older versions of Windows used to accept a double-click, which would show the full date and time settings, but since Windows Vista you have this mini built-in calendar, right in your taskbar.up ↑

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
September 1, 2000
Stories from pioneer union organizers in the maquilas and banana plantations of Guatemala and Honduras who have inspired campaigns against sweatshops across North America. Provides first person accounts of life in the maquilas.
"Every stitch of every garment we wear contains the hidden story of a woman's life and struggles. In Women Behind the Labels you can finally read these stories for yourself -- and be inspired by the courage and determination that shines through them!"
- Barbara Ehrenriech, US feminist journalist and political analyst
"The women we meet in Women Behind the Labels and the many workers like them throughout Central America and Asia, are the inspiration for our student campaigns in the North. Their stories of strength, courage and leadership make me proud to be part of the struggle for worker and human rights."
- Sangeeta Kerai, Students Against Sweatshops-Canada

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Random voltage refers to a control voltage (CV) signal that varies unpredictably over time, generated by a module designed to create random or stochastic fluctuations. This random voltage can be used to modulate various parameters of other modules in a modular synthesizer, such as oscillator frequency, filter cutoff, or amplitude, introducing organic, unpredictable, and evolving behaviors to the sound.
Random voltage is often generated using modules such as noise generators, sample & hold (S&H) circuits, or dedicated random voltage generators. Here are some examples of how random voltage is created and used in modular synthesis:
- Sample & Hold (S&H): A sample and hold module takes an input signal (often white noise) and samples it at regular intervals, determined by an external clock signal. The sampled voltage is then held constant until the next sampling event. This results in a staircase-like random voltage signal, which can be used to modulate other modules.
- Noise generator: A noise generator module can output different types of noise, including white noise, which contains random fluctuations in amplitude. By passing the noise through a low-pass filter, you can create slower and smoother random voltage signals.
- Dedicated random voltage generators: Some modules are specifically designed to produce random voltage signals with various degrees of control over the range, distribution, and smoothness of the output voltage. These modules often include options for generating random gates, triggers, or sequences as well.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Published: 2022 Januar
Organisation: 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)
Trust transfer is a promising perspective on prevalent discussions about trust in AI-capable technologies. However, the convergence of AI with other technologies challenges existing theoretical assumptions. First, it remains unanswered whether both trust in AI and the base technology is necessary for trust transfer. Second, a nuanced view on trust sources is needed, considering the dual role of trust. To address these issues, we examine whether trust in providers and trust in technologies are necessary trust conditions. We conducted a survey with 432 participants in the context of autonomous vehicles and applied necessary condition analysis. Our results indicate that trust in AI technology and vehicle technology are necessary sources. In contrast, only vehicle providers represent a necessary source. We contribute to research by providing a novel perspective on trust in AI, applying a promising data analysis method to reveal necessary trust sources, and consider duality of trust in trust transfer.
Download: Media:HICSS55-Necessary Conditions of Multi-Source Trust Transfer in Artificial Intelligence.pdf


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HIDALGO FALLS. The Hidalgo Falls are on the Brazos River five miles northwest of Washington-on-the-Brazos in Washington County (at 30°24' N, 96°11' W). The Hidalgo Cliffs rise above the falls, twenty feet above river level. They are surrounded by rolling hills that support post oak forest. The falls are a series of exposed limestone shoals that were formed by the erosion of the adjacent Hidalgo escarpment. They mark the dividing line between the middle and upper reaches of the Brazos River. Riverboats headed above Hidalgo Falls had to wait for a rise in the water level before proceeding upstream; if a boat's navigator misjudged the length of time the river would remain above normal level, the riverboat was trapped above the falls until the river rose again. The Brazos River above the falls offered limited access to upriver points during most of the year.
Pamela A. Puryear and Nath Winfield, Jr., Sandbars and Sternwheelers: Steam Navigation on the Brazos (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1976).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article."HIDALGO FALLS," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 23, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


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Using the inverse piezoelectric effect and inverse magnetostrictive effect in a multiferroic heterojunction, an electric field is able to control the magnetization switching of a uniaxial nanomagnet. Compared with traditional spintronic devices based on magnetic field, multiferroic nanomagnet devices have the advantages of ultra-low consumption and high radiation resistance, showing great application potential in modern high-integrated circuits and military electronic systems. However, the difficulties of electric field control of complete magnetization reversal of the nanomagnet and nanomagnet arrays in a nanomagnetic logic gate still restrict the developments of multiferroic nanomagnet device. In this chapter, the uniaxial nanomagnets in multiferroic heterojunctions are mainly discussed. The two core problems of the electric field control of nanomagnets and nanomagnetic logic gate are well solved.
Part of the book: Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Levitation


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(PhysOrg.com) -- Technology developed at The University of Nottingham will be giving James Bond the edge over his enemies when the latest high octane 007 adventure hits cinema screens later this week.
When Daniel Craig reprises the role of Fleming's iconic superspy in The Quantum of Solace, he will continue the franchise's special relationship with Aston Martin by taking the wheel of their flagship model, the DBS.
And a new lightweight but super strong material developed by researchers in the University's Polymer Composites Group, in collaboration with Aston Martin engineers, will be helping to ensure that any high-speed chases leave him stirred, but not shaken.
Underneath the cool, sleek exterior of the DBS is a highly engineered body structure which contains components made using a unique process, Directed Carbon Fibre Preforming (DCFP). During the process, carbon fibres are placed by a robot into a carefully controlled form and epoxy resin is injected around the fibres to create a carbon fibre composite component.
The DCFP process produces a material that is both light and incredibly strong and is able to withstand huge impacts in the event of a crash, making it ideal in the use of high performance cars like the DBS. In addition to this, the material is greener than many of its mainstream counterparts as it can be recycled in accordance with European vehicle end of life directives.
Professor Nick Warrior, in the University's Faculty of Engineering, said it was exciting to think that technology which originated in Nottingham would be seen by cinema-goers around the world.
He added: "The high strength and low weight characteristics of the DCFP have enabled the Aston Martin designers to increase the performance of the DBS reduce its fuel consumption and ultimately minimise 007's carbon footprint — we hope to be able to spin-out DCFP to more affordable vehicles in the near future."
The DCFP process is part of a longstanding research collaboration between The University of Nottingham and Aston Martin. A unique carbon fibre 3-D braiding process, developed by the research group, was an integral component used in the windscreen pillar of the Aston Martin Vanquish, seen in the 20th James Bond film, Die Another Day.
The DCFP technology was also used in the Aston Martin DBSV12 car seen in Daniel Craig's first outing as Bond, Casino Royale. The car was seen in a spectacular crash in which stunt driver Adam Kirley used an air cannon behind the driver's seat to propel the car into a record seven rolls.
The DCFP process was developed during the ALBOS project (Affordable Lightweight Body Structures), government-funded Technology Strategy Board (TSB) programme through the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR). Aston Martin, The University of Nottingham and composites materials suppliers Hexcel and Toho Tenax formed the industrial partnership to create the new process. The project was managed by Qinetiq.
The University continues to work with Aston Martin in a new BERR TSB project, Advanced Structural Preforming.
Provided by University of Nottingham
Explore further: Sensitive bomb detector to rove in search of danger


2017i Table of Contents
Merged part marks
Last updated September 6, 2017 by Tekla User Assistance _EMAIL_
Software version:
2017i
Merged part marks
Merged part marks
A merged part markmark that includes a set of selected property elements related to a part
Part marks are used for identifying constructions, for giving information about welding, for giving information about assemblies to a workshop, for giving information about how parts should be connected to each other, and for creating bills of quantities, for example.
In the US, the term piece mark is used to refer to position number.
means that you have only one part mark for similar parts in a drawing, instead of a separate mark for each of the parts. Merged part marks indicate the number of included parts, and contain the defined part mark contents, and the near side and far side information. The marks are merged only in X direction of the main part(1) part that exists in a building object and that determines the position number for the assembly or cast unit and the direction of assembly or cast unit drawings
(1) Main part can be an assembly main part or a cast unit main part.
(2) input part that the user selects first when creating a component
(2) Connections and details always have a component main part.
.
Tekla Structures merges marks for visible parts in drawings if:
 - The secondary parts are welded or bolted to the same main part.
 - The parts are on the same line.
 - Distances between the parts are equal.
 - The parts have the same part positionposition number that is assigned to a part
 .
 - Distance between parts is not more than what is set for the advanced option XS_PART_MERGE_MAX_DISTANCE.
 - There are at least as many parts in the array as it has been set for the advanced option XS_MIN_MERGE_PART_COUNT.
Limitations
 - Part marks can be merged only on view and drawing level. It is not possible to merge or split part marks manually.
 - You cannot merge part marks (assembly marks) that are not part of the same assembly.
 - Tekla Structures does not merge neighbor partpart that is close to a part that the drawing is made for but that is not in the same assembly or cast unit
 The representation of neighbor parts is usually different from that of the part.
 Neighbor parts can be used as reference in dimensioning.
 marks.
Advanced optionssettings used to customize Tekla Structures for specific companies, standards, users, or user groups
In Tekla Structures, advanced options are settings that are used, for example, in a specific project or geographical area, or by a specific company.
In Tekla Structures, advanced options usually begin with the initials XS and are followed by the name of the function, for example XS_BACKGROUND_COLOR.
in merging marks
In merging part marks, you may find the following advanced options useful:
XS_MULTIPLIER_SEPARATOR_FOR_MERGED_PART_MARK
XS_NSFS_POSTFIX_FOR_MERGED_PART_MARK
XS_NS_POSTFIX_FOR_MERGED_PART_MARK
XS_FS_POSTFIX_FOR_MERGED_PART_MARK
XS_PART_MERGE_MAX_DISTANCE
XS_MIN_MERGE_PART_COUNT
Example
In the example below, the part marks are merged in X direction of the HEA300 beam (main part).
In the example below, the leftmost part marks are not merged, because they are too far from each other.
In the example below, the marks in the Y direction are not merged, because the marks are merged only in X direction (which in this example is horizontal).
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Are girls taking over the world? It would appear so, based on magazine covers, news headlines, and popular books touting girls' academic success. Girls are said to outperform boys in high school exams, university entrance and graduation rates, and professional certification. As a result, many in Western society assume that girls no longer need support. But in spite of the messages of post-feminism and neoliberal individualism that tell girls they can have it all, the reality is far more complicated. Smart Girls investigates how academically successful girls deal with stress, the "supergirl" drive for perfection, race and class issues, and the sexism that is still present in schools. Describing girls' varied everyday experiences, including negotiations of traditional gender norms, Shauna Pomerantz and Rebecca Raby show how teachers, administrators, parents, and media commentators can help smart girls thrive while working toward straight As and a bright future.
Foreword by Anita Harris
1. Are Girls Taking Over the World?
2. Driven to Perfection
3. Fitting In or Fabulously Smart?
4. Sexism and the Smart Girl
5. A Deeper Look at Class and "Race": Belongings and Exclusions
6. Cool to Be Smart: Microresistances and Hopeful Glimpses
Appendix: Study Participants
Shauna Pomerantz is Associate Professor of Child and Youth Studies at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. She is the author of Girls, Style, and School Identities: Dressing the Part and the coauthor of "Girl Power": Girls Reinventing Girlhood.
Rebecca Raby is Professor of Child and Youth Studies at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. She is the author of School Rules: Obedience, Discipline, and Elusive Democracy and the coeditor of Power and Everyday Practices.
"A compelling look into the complex topic of female academic success."—Library Journal
"In general, smart girls felt they needed to 'dumb down' their intelligence in order to be popular. If a girl was talking to a boy, she might pretend she didn't know the answer to a question and ask the boy to explain it to her. Or, she might not raise her hand in class, to avoid being labelled as smart, says Pomerantz."—St Catharines Standard
is unexplored territory. Pomerantz and Raby have conducted a superbly balanced mix of interviews and analysis for a post-feminist and neoliberal age to help us understand why the stereotype of the 'smart girl' holds such sway in our culture and how to put girls back on the political and social agenda."—Leslie C. Bell, author of Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom
"Pomerantz and Raby urge us to reconsider the 'smart girl' stereotype that pervades popular culture, schools, and common-sense beliefs. With compelling analysis and engaging writing, the book reveals the challenge of negotiating smartness alongside narrow ideals of popular femininity and post-feminist promises of success. A fine contribution to studies of gender, schooling, and girlhood, Smart Girls
vividly depicts the lived experience of educational inequities in a context where these very inequities are widely dismissed as a thing of the past."—Kate Cairns, author of Food and Femininity
goes straight to the heart of the dilemma—how have high-achieving girls been modified through the discourses and practices of neoliberalism? This is a satisfying, highly readable, and fascinating book."—Bronwyn Davies, coauthor of Deleuze and Collaborative Writing: An Immanent Plane of Composition


of tint on the inside of the glass (likely goes to about 1" above the bolts).
For instructions on how to remove a 5th gen prelude door panel see _URL_ or follow these (copied from a bayarea prelude post by natcc99 post here)
 - Remove the screw that is hidden behind the cap located at the door handle.
 - Pull the door handle and tweeter unit out and disconnect all the wires.
 - Unhook the door handle metal rod with a flat head screw driver
 - Pull off the speaker cover. (There are hooks located closest to the door's edge. The other end are held by snaps.)
 - Once the speaker cover is off, remove the THREE screws located around the speaker.
 - Remove the screw that is hidden under the cap located inside the handle used for closing the door.
 - Remove the small plastic cap located at the upper corner near the door's hinge.
 - Lastly, grab the door panel from below and carefully pry the door loose.
 - Finish off by pulling up to unhook it from the window's edge and disconnect any remaining wires.
If you need to, you can completely remove the window from the car by doing the following:
 - Roll the window about 95% down.
 - Remove the plastic weather covering by using a heat gun to loosen up the glue. Once the area is warm, pull the covering to reveal the bolt as shown in the picture above.
 - Remove the bolts, BUT be careful not to drop the window!!!
 - Carefully lift the window upwards. When the window is half way up, tilt the back of the window up and pull it out of the rear tracks.
 - Continue to carefully pull the window up until it is off the car.
 - Lay the windows on some soft towels, as shown below.
Once you can access all of the tint on the window, you can go ahead and steam and remove the tint as you did before.
Step 5: Tips & Discussion
Tips:
 - DO NOT RUSH - it isn't worth it. If you pull the whole sheet off you will have to steam the glue separately and it makes a mess, is annoying, and makes hair grow on your palms.
 - Listen to music/talk on the phone/drink beer - why not?
 - If you do pull too fast or some glue remains steam the hell out of it (15-45 sec) and rub it with a clean towel. It will ball up into yellow balls that are not very sticky. Wipe them off by pushing on a towel and wiping it hard (otherwise you'll just smear the glue around). It isn't too hard, just use a clean towel & don't rush..... Have I mentioned not rushing yet?
 - Wipe off the condensation on the molding around the windows, but don't worry about it. It will be fine.
 - DO NOT USE RAZOR BLADES, if you have to use a razor you're not doing it right and are going to ruin your defrosters & antenna (not to mention make a mess)
Discussion
(from Questions and responses from previous posts on BayAreaPrelude.com and preludepower.com)
Using Ammonia and razor blades:
Many people use ammonia, soap, and razorblades, garbage bags, and sun heat to remove tint. This is definitely cheaper, and how most people online have recommended removing tint. (for more complete instructions just google "remove tint") This process works, however there are some major problems. Firstly, this method is messy and smelly. Secondly this method takes longer (steamer > sun). Thirdly, if you make a mistake you could ruin your rear defogger, antenna, or scratch your glass.
With the method described in this instructable, the only mess is steam on the inside of your car and possibly some small balls of non-sticky glue.
We are talking about the difference of $25-$30 for a clothes steamer that you can use and return if you want, or use later to clean your car (it works great at removing oil & dirt buildup on armrests etc.), and on your clothes versus a bunch of garbage bags, soap, & razor blades that cost a few bucks and the possibility of a huge mess & the risk of messing up your car.
Outside temperature:
When I did it we were having a cold spell and it was in the 50s or maybe even the 40s. If it is colder out then the steamer will have to heat the window more, but it should still work. I'd guess if you're not in the arctic (or Minnesota in the winter), you'll be fine.
Best of luck, feel free to post your questions or post your success stories.
Thanks for reading,
- The DNR
Comments
author
DerekS95 made it!(author)2017-01-17
Awesome. I used a $20 hand-held version and it worked great! Easily 20 times faster than a razor-blade and ammonia. The only thing I would recommend is definitely keeping all the doors open. I had them closed on my SUV (hey, it was cold -- it gets down in the 60's in Phoenix) and the steam got on everything, which basically spread glue film/residue everywhere. My steering wheel, center console, and A/C and radio controls all have a weird tacky feeling now. Still, beats having sore fingers from scraping tint and glue off for several hours.
author
CynthiaS63 made it!(author)2016-07-25
Fantastically easy. I bought the SteamFast Compact Fabric Steamer for $20 at Walmart. Took less than an hour to do back door windows and rear sides and only two steamer fills of water. I didn't bother with the tunes or booze and had an assistant pulling the tint film while I steamed.
author
GenaMassingill made it!(author)2016-01-13
OMG..... what a great time.... Just me locked in the car with a bottle of Crown Royal and my Steamer.. Blasting my favorite tunes, playing the drums on the steering wheel and singing along off key... it was pretty damn easy, takes just about enough time for the Crown to hit your knees when get out of the car cuz you gotta potty... but good thing the bed is not far away from the Driveway. The neighbors REALLY loved it, infact they all called each other so they could stand in the yard across the street and discuss it before sending the weak one over to ask if I was okay. (Of course I pretended I didn't hear him and kept on steaming to the beat of the music.. (I think I need to get out more)
author
JodieH6 made it!(author)2016-01-03
THANK YOU!!
You have saved us heaps of time and your advice was a total success. We headed to Bunnings (AUS) this morning to find no "cheap" steamers :-( then off to target we went to find out they haven't been available for at least a year :-( we were beginning to think we would have to drive further across town (probably wait until tomorrow) when I took the chance on the little cheap shop in the centre (like a crazy Clarks or reject shop). He had one left, right up high on a shelf and it looked like it had been used and opened. It was marked at $40.95 and I queried if it had been used and opened then asked if there was a chance of a further discount. $30 later we walked out the new proud owners of the steam cleaner!!! Got home and went straight to work and realised the 2 hours we had painstakingly done in the morning with a razor and methylated spirits (poor job) could of been reduced to 1 hour in total. 1 hour later and we had removed the tint and glue off all 4 car windows and the little side triangle windows at the back. I just wish I had of read your site before beginning this morning and convinced my partner earlier (he nearly wasn't going to let me purchase the steamer). Luckily he has now realised that we can use this steam cleaner for many other purposes and it was a $30 very well spent!!! Thanks again for your site and tips!!!!!
Queensland, Australia- 2016
author
WayneD11 made it!(author)2015-11-01
This worked like a charm on my vehicle. Make sure to spend extra time with the steamer around the edges of the window to weaken the glue bond.
author
Pablo_Sanchez1987 made it!(author)2015-06-13
a steamer is a good idea. I have always used a heat gun (cheap at harbor freight) on the outside of the glass while removing the sheet slowly from the inside, but that requires a second set of hands for the rear window. Also, for those little spots of glue, some 000 steel wool from the hardware store and a spritz of simple green work wonders without scratching the glass.
author
Emmiljoseph made it!(author)2015-06-08
If you are looking for a good unwanted car removal services visit our site _URL_
cash-for-cars-in-melbourne.jpg
author
SachaJ made it!(author)2015-05-14
Worked perfectly!!! After getting the tint off, I used Goo Gone and Goof Off to rub off the last bits glue. It took me under 2 hours to get my whole windshield off, which is NOTHING compared to what my friend went


Easily Simulate Airflow Using Splines in C4D
Nikolaus Schatz shows how you can visualize airflow in C4D using splines.
Splines are extraordinarily useful components in 3D. You can use a spline as construction for modeling, reference or rendering, or all three. This new tutorial from Nikolaus Schatz shows how you can use splines to create a simple airflow visualization, like the one seen on the Xbox explainer.
The tutorial shows why hair rendering may not be the way to go, and then finalizes the experiment by using Octane to create the shaders and render the animation.


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Making the material starts with a sheet of transparent indium tin oxide which is usually used in computer displays. On top of that goes a solution that includes a new type of crystal — developed by the U of M researchers — that's chemically similar to the ingredients found in latex paint.
However, when light hits that top layer, it creates an electrical charge on the underlying metallic sheet that causes the crystal particles to move towards or away from it, creating distinct shapes or patterns. Similar materials have existed before, but they could only form pre-existing shapes and templates on the underlying material. But this new approach mimics the exact shape of the light that hits it.
The new material could eventually pave the way for active camouflage that's able to match unique patterns or colours all around it, based on reflected light hitting it. Or displays for mobile devices that are able to adjust themselves for better contrast, depending on where they're being viewed. [YouTube via Popular Science]


text:
- What temperature is space?
- What is the hottest place on earth?
- Does cold actually exist?
- Which is hotter lightning or lava?
- How is normal temperature calculated?
- What is the range of temperature danger zone?
- Is there a limit to how hot something can be?
- What is the lowest temperature ever recorded?
- Is Kelvin Zero Possible?
- What is the hottest temperature ever created by man?
- Is there a limit to how cold it can get?
- Which is hotter lava or fire?
- How hot is a lightning bolt?
- Is lava hotter than the sun?
- What is the difference between average temperature and temperature range?
- What is the hottest temperature possible in the universe?
- How do you find the maximum temperature?
What temperature is space?
If atoms come to a complete stop, they are at absolute zero.
Space is just above that, at an average temperature of 2.7 Kelvin (about minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit).
But space is mostly full of, well, empty space..
What is the hottest place on earth?
Death Valley, California, USA The aptly named Furnace Creek currently holds the record for hottest air temperature ever recorded. The desert valley reached highs of 56.7 degrees in the summer of 1913, which would apparently push the limits of human survival.
Does cold actually exist?
Believe it or not, cold does not actually exist. What you're experieincing when you experience cold, is the absence of heat. Temperature is the energy of clashing atoms. A cubic meter of deep space would make you freeze instantly due to the lack of atoms.
Which is hotter lightning or lava?
The lightning is so hot that the air turns into … … Lightning because lightning is 70,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Lava is just 2,240 degrees Fahrenheit. So lightning is hotter than lava.
How is normal temperature calculated?
To calculate a normal temperature, add the daily high and low temperatures at a given spot in the period _PHONE_ and divide by the number of entries. Calculating meteorological normals is an arbitrary venture.
What is the range of temperature danger zone?
Bacteria grow most rapidly in the range of temperatures between 40 °F and 140 °F, doubling in number in as little as 20 minutes. This range of temperatures is often called the "Danger Zone." Never leave food out of refrigeration over 2 hours.
Is there a limit to how hot something can be?
Absolute hot is a theoretical upper limit to the thermodynamic temperature scale, conceived as an opposite to absolute zero.
What is the lowest temperature ever recorded?
The lowest air temperature ever measured by a weather station, minus 89 degrees Celsius (minus 128 degrees Fahrenheit), was recorded there at Russia's Vostok Station in July 1983.
Is Kelvin Zero Possible?
On the absolute temperature scale, which is used by physicists and is also called the Kelvin scale, it is not possible to go below zero – at least not in the sense of getting colder than zero kelvin. … At zero kelvin (minus 273 degrees Celsius) the particles stop moving and all disorder disappears.
What is the hottest temperature ever created by man?
around 5.5 trillion KelvinBut can we take these intense temperatures further? Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN have smashed lead ions together to achieve the hottest man-made temperatures ever recorded – around 5.5 trillion Kelvin.
Is there a limit to how cold it can get?
Yes! And it's known as Absolute Zero. Absolute Zero is the theoretical limit for how cold something can be. On the Celsius scale it is equal to −273.15°C!
Which is hotter lava or fire?
If the fire is a burning candle, parts of the flame can be as hot as 1400 °C! … On the other hand, a big blob of lava contains many more bouncing particles than a small candle flame, so it has a lot more heat energy.
How hot is a lightning bolt?
In fact, lightning can heat the air it passes through to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5 times hotter than the surface of the sun).
Is lava hotter than the sun?
Lava is indeed very hot, reaching temperatures of 2,200° F or more. But even lava can't hold a candle to the sun! At its surface (called the "photosphere"), the sun's temperature is a whopping 10,000° F! That's about five times hotter than the hottest lava on Earth.
What is the difference between average temperature and temperature range?
You are usually told an average temperature for a day. That value is the average of all the measurements made at each moment during the day. There is also a temperature range. That range is the difference between the hottest and coldest temperatures in a specific amount of time.
What is the hottest temperature possible in the universe?
As such, it seems that the highest possible known temperature is 142 nonillion kelvins (1032 K.). This is the highest temperature that we know of according to the standard model of particle physics, which is the physics that underlies and governs our universe. Beyond this, physics starts to breakdown.
How do you find the maximum temperature?
Put them in order from lowest to highest. Identify the lowest number in the data set, as well as the highest number. Subtract the lowest number in the set from the highest number. The resulting value is the range of the set of temperature values.


text:
Imphal, May15 (DIPR) : Education, Labour and Employment Minister Th Radheshyam today inspected the ongoing construction works of girls' hostel of Chaoyaima Higher Secondary School, Thoubal, Block Institute of Teacher Education (BITE), Ningshing Khul, District Institute of Education and Training, Keikol Koirengei and HASK Skill Development Centre Pvt Ltd, Lilong.
While inspecting the building construction works, Th Radheshyam said the buildings are to be developed for better implementation and to fulfil certain requirements and criteria of education system in the State.
He also warned the people involved in the construction to give due emphasis to its qualitative aspects.
During the visit, he also inspected various Government schools located within Heirok Assembly Constituency.
He also expressed his dissatisfaction over the dilapidated condition of the Community Health Centre at Heirok.
Water supply of Heirok Part 1,2 and 3, rivers, dams and canals were also inspected.
Discussing with the local people on ways to improve the poor irrigation facilities in the area, the Minister said that a proper planning is needed to develop the irrigation, water harvesting and flood control system in the AC.
On the utilization of Local Area Development Fund or any developmental projects, the Minister assured that he would give priority to the people or area that require immediate assistance.
The Minister was accompanied by the officials of Education Engineering Wing, PHED and Minor Irrigation Department.
Source: The Sangai Express


text:
Plant of the Week 09/06/19
Desert Sweet Fernbush Chamaebatiaria millefolium Zone 4-9
Clusters of white, fragrant flowers cover this beautiful native shrub from early to mid-summer. Finely textured, fern like foliage add to the uniqueness of this semi-evergreen shrub. The sweet smelling flowers attracts both bees and butterflies.
The flowers change into bronze seed pods that help keep this shrubs interest into winter months. Plant in full sun and water regularly until the shrub is established. Can tolerate poor soils and is drought tolerant once mature. Can reach up to 8' tall and wide.
Great when used as a single specimen, a privacy hedge or a windbreak. Deer resistant due to its fragrant foliage.


text:
The 12th International Conference on Fluidization - New Horizons in Fluidization Engineering
CANNOT FIND FILE: date.inc - CANNOT FIND FILE: location.inc
|Editors:||CANNOT FIND FILE: editors.inc|
May 13-17, 2007
The mixed gas of toluene and air was used as treated gas, self-made fluidized bed and ultraviolet lamp and TiO2/silica gel prepared in laboratory used as photo reactor and light source and photo-catalyst respectively to degrade toluene in the treated gas. The effects of operating parameters including initial concentration, operating gas velocity, ultraviolet light intensity and bed layer height on degradation rate of toluene have been probed into in this research. The results showed that degradation rate of toluene was independent of initial concentration (20～55mg/m3) but decreased with higher initial concentration; the degradation rate of toluene increased with gas velocity (below 3.98cm·s-1) but decreased in case of higher gas velocity(above 3.98cm•s-1). The results also showed that the degradation rate of toluene increased with higher light intensity or bed layer height.
Xiaoping Zhang and Cong Liao, "Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene by Nano-TIO2 in a Fluidized Bed" in "The 12th International Conference on Fluidization - New Horizons in Fluidization Engineering", Franco Berruti, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Xiaotao (Tony) Bi, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Todd Pugsley, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2007). _URL_


text:
Item ref: 4025
Private collection, Europe
In his essay dealing with the dominant influence of Paris over luxurious firearms design in the latter decades of the 17th century, the salient firearms scholar Torsten Lenk noted that at the close of the 17th century Dresden ranked with Amsterdam and Düsseldorf as a centre for the production of firearms in an entirely French style. To this we should add the imperial court of Vienna, to be followed early the next century by Berlin, Munich, Prague, Copenhagen and Madrid.
How this shift away from the Germanic traditions in firearms ornament came about is naturally rooted in the wider influence of Paris, by then the epi-centre of northern development across the decorative arts, fuelled by the abounding patronage of Louis XIV and the expanding pan-European influence of the royal court. Paris firearms design, specifically, emerged at the Dresden Electoral Court with the Dukes of Saxony commissioning the very latest French flintlock firearms.


economics 800 words original apa format
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There are many examples of how the actions of a company have negatively affected consumers. Product recalls, bans, and warning labels have helped to protect consumers and companies are focusing more today on social responsibility. Examine why has there been such a relatively high number of these incidences and what companies can do to protect consumers.
Assignment Guidelines:
 - What legal and ethical responsibilities do companies have to their customers?
 - Cite and discuss in detail two cases in which a company endangered customers because of the manufacture or design of their products. How did the company address the issue?
 - What consequences did the companies in the cited cases face and were these consequences warranted? Why or why not?
Compose your findings in a Word document, and be sure to cite your sources.
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text:
The Cinema for Peace Foundation in Berlin, Germany honored Greek documentary "Recycling Medea: Not an Opera Ballet Film" by Asteris Kutulas with the Most Valuable Documentary for 2014 award. The documentary impressed the international jury, who described it as "unconventional" and "highly artistic."
The ceremony was attended by several world-famous artists and actors such as Catherine Deneuve, Uma Thurman, Ennio Morricone, Ornella Muti, Sir Christopher Lee and the band Pussy Riot.
Asteris Kutulas' film, which was screened three weeks ago in the historical cinema Babylon in Berlin, will also be presented on February 23 in Cologne and on March 19 in Luxembourg.
"Recycling Medea" is a balletic narration of the famous Euripides' play where a mother murders her two children, choreographed by Renato Zanella, with music by Mikis Theodorakis. The director used the antique Greek tragedy as a metaphor for Greece's and Europe's current tragedy — Medea kills her own children, while modern society has ruined the life and future of the younger generation.
Commenting on his film, Kutulas has said,"Despite being recycled through myriads of versions since antiquity, this subject has lost none of its everyday and brutal topicality."
He also stated that he wanted to bring out the desperation of a woman as well as today's youth who are fighting against their own society.


text:
First turn the car key to the ACC state. Then regulate the Universal Watch to the 20V gear. Connect the black stylus to the power ground (the outer ironclad of the cigar lighter) and use the red stylus to test each wire of the car. Normally a car has two wires about 12V(some cars only have one). That is the positive pole line. How to distinguish the ACC and memory line? Pull out the car key after you find the two positive pole lines. The memory line is the electrically charged one after you nuplug the key. *(Look the Picture 1)
Turn the Universal Watch to the on/off beep gear. Then connect the black stylus to the power ground (the outer ironclad of the cigar lighter) and use the red stylus to test each wire except the two power lines. The energized one is the ground wire(negative pole). Some cars have two ground wires. * (Look the Picture 2)
Turn the Universal Watch to the on/off beep gear. Connect the black stylus to any wire except the power cord and ground wire. Then use the red stylus to test each remaining wire. The energized one is the horn wire. Then use the same method to find out the other horn lines. *(Look the Picture 3)
When you get the unit, you'd better test the unit with battery or power supply before installation. Wire connection method: Twist the red wire and yellow wire together and then connect them to the positive pole. Connect the black wire to the negative pole. Then press the switch to turn on the unit and get a horn to connect to the horn wire. (Two wires connected to the horn are of the same color. The white wire is supposed to be connected to the positive pole and the white one with black part connected to the negative pole of the horn. You can make no distinction between the positive and negative poles of the horn.) Then test the function of the unit 08.
Turn on the uint and initiate Bluetooth function of phone, and then search for the user name of the unit. Click the connect button and the phone will show it is connected. If you want to play music with Bluetooth, press the function transition button to switch to Bluetooth mode and then click songs on your phone. You can also dial numbers on your phone to make a phone call with Bluetooth.
Since each car has a different way of fixing the unit and the location of the screws are different, there is no defined way to fix the unit You may consult the fixing method of the original unit If it was fixed by tightening screws with the steel angle, you can unload the steel angle of the original unit to both sides of our unit, then use the electrician tape to tight the steel angle (since screw hole size is probably unmatched). If the original unit was fixed with iron frame, you can fix the iron frame of our unit in the car first, and then push the unit to fasten it. If the size is not fit, you can wrap the unit with electrician tape to increase the volume of the unit, and then put it in and fasten it. Or you can think of a better way to fix it, but anyway, you can fix it.
First you should tighten the screws of the navigation antenna and the unit. Then you must fix the navigation antenna module in a place that has sunlight or on the windshieled. (Thats very important because poor installation will affect navigation signals.)
Factory mode password : 8888
Bluetooth Pin Code : 0000


Longitudinal Stresses on a Ship (Online)
This course shows participants the different types of longitudinal stress that a vessel is subject to. Each stress type will be explained in terms of how the stress occurs and how the ships hull is impacted by the stress.
Delivery Method:100% online training and assessment
Designed for:Junior Deck Officers, Deck Ratings, Dry Bulk Cargo Loading Terminal, Dry Bulk Cargo Unloading/Discharge Terminal, Tanker Loading Terminal, Tanker Unloading/Discharging, Container Terminal, a refresher for Masters and Senior Deck Officers
Content Types:Written material, images, animation
Learning Outcomes:Upon successful completion of this training, participants will:
1. Know the three types of stress identified on ships hulls
2. Be able to identify how shear force is created and possible impacts on the ship
3. Be able to identify how bending moments are created and possible impacts on the ship
4. Be able to identify how torsion stress is created and possible impacts on the ship
Certification:Australian Maritime College Completion Statement.
Duration:Approximately 30 minutes
Product Code:003-026 | Version 1, 15 September 2020
Course Preview:Click here to preview the online course


What is the difference between drupal_get_form() and drupal_retrieve_form()? Can someone explain the difference? I look at the API, but the description seems similar to me.
 - I think one key difference is that drupal_retrieve_form() allows your code to access the updated $form_state as it's passed by reference, however drupal_get_form() just return the $form, not the state. – Felix Eve Apr 7 '16 at 0:32
The difference is that drupal_get_form() handles retrieving, processing, and displaying a rendered HTML form for modules automatically, while drupal_retrieve_form() returns the structured array that defines a form.
Retrieving the form
drupal_get_form() first checks if the form is present in the form cache with form_get_cache(); if it isn't present, it calls drupal_retrieve_form(), and drupal_prepare_form().
Processing the form
drupal_get_form() calls drupal_process_form(), which is the function that calls drupal_validate_form(), and that invokes the submission handlers with form_execute_handlers().
Rendering the form
The rendering is done from drupal_process_form(), which calls form_builder().
In most of the cases, drupal_get_form() is the function to use, such as in the following code.
function node_menu() {
 $items['admin/content'] = array(
 'title' => 'Content',
 'description' => 'Find and manage content.',
 'page callback' => 'drupal_get_form',
 'page arguments' => array('node_admin_content'),
 'access arguments' => array('access content overview'),
 'weight' => -10,
 'file' => 'node.admin.inc',
 // …
 return $items;
The only module I found that is calling drupal_retrieve_form() directly is the Mollom module in mollom_moderate(), which uses it for automatically submitting a form. The code could use drupal_form_submit(), but (as a comment says), "Programmatic form submissions are not able to automatically use the primary form submit button/action, so we need to resemble drupal_form_submit()."
 $form_id = $form_info['delete form'];
 $form_state = form_state_defaults();
 // We assume that all delete confirmation forms take the fully loaded
 // entity as (only) argument.
 $messages[] = "Attempt to load $form_info[entity] entity via entity_load().";
 $entities = entity_load($data->entity, array($data->id));
 $form_state['build_info']['args'][] = $entities[$data->id];
 $form = drupal_retrieve_form($form_id, $form_state);
 $form_state['values'] = array();
 $form_state['values']['mollom']['feedback'] = '';
 // Take over the primary submit button of confirm_form().
 $form_state['values']['op'] = $form['actions']['submit']['_TAG_'];
 $form_state['input'] = $form_state['values'];
 $form_state['programmed'] = TRUE;
 // Programmed forms are always submitted.
 $form_state['submitted'] = TRUE;
 // Reset form validation.
 $form_state['must_validate'] = TRUE;
 drupal_prepare_form($form_id, $form, $form_state);
 drupal_process_form($form_id, $form, $form_state);
 $result = $form_state['executed'];
Your Answer


How to remove duplicate packets in real time
Use hardware acceleration on the Gen3 capture card to remove duplicate packets before they are captured to disk or acknowledged by Observer. This is called packet deduplication.
Prerequisite(s):
Hardware acceleration must be enabled on your Gen3 capture card for this feature to function. Hardware acceleration for your virtual adapter is enabled by default.

To use hardware acceleration to skip duplicate packets:
1. Right-click the Gen3 capture card-equipped probe instance and choose Probe or Device Properties.
2. Click the Virtual Adapters tab.
3. Click Edit Adapter.
4. In the Assign Ports to Virtual Adapter window, select Skip duplicate packets and click OK.
5. Click Skip Duplicate Packets Configuration.
The Skip Duplicate Packets Using Hardware Accelerated Capture Adapter dialog appears.

Figure 98: Skip Duplicate Packets Using Hardware Accelerated Capture Adapter
Screenshot Gen2 Skip Duplicate PacketsScreenshot Gen2 Skip Duplicate Packets Screenshot Gen2 Skip Duplicate PacketsScreenshot Gen2 Skip Duplicate Packets

6. Select how duplicate packets are recognized by the Gen3 capture card and click OK.
Example: For example, by selecting Examine IP time to live (TTL), the packet time to live is considered when determining a duplicate packet. If the option is cleared, TTL is ignored for all consideration of what is, and what is not, a duplicate packet.
7. Click OK to enable packet deduplication.

The Gen3 capture card now skips duplicate packets that it receives on the active instance. The duplicate packets will not be saved to disk or acknowledged by Observer.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Acadia National Park
|Nearest city||Bar Harbor, Maine|
|Area||47,400 acres (192 km²)|
|Date of Establishment||February 26, 1919|
|Governing Body||National Park Service|
|IUCN category||II (National Park)|
Acadia National Park is a United States National Park, located primarily on Mount Desert Island off the Atlantic coast of Maine. The park is administered by the National Park Service. The area includes mountains, an ocean shoreline, woodlands, and lakes. In addition to Mount Desert Island, the park comprises much of the Isle au Haut, a small island to the southwest of Mount Desert Island. A portion of Schoodic Peninsula on the mainland is also part of the park. In total, Acadia National Park consists of 30,300 acres on Mount Desert Island, 2,728 acres (11 km²) on Isle au Haut and 2,266 acres (9.2 km²) on the Schoodic Peninsula.
The park was created as Sieur de Monts National Monument on January 19, 1916. On February 26, 1919, it became a national park, with the name Lafayette National Park in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, an influential French supporter of the American Revolution. The park's name was changed to Acadia National Park in 1929.
The town of Bar Harbor is located on the northeast corner of the island. Cadillac Mountain on the eastern side of the island is a famous tourist destination because it is one of the first places in the United States to see the sunrise. Miles of scenic carriage roads were originally built by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. with great sensitivity to the trees and contours of the land.
- "Discover Acadia National Park: A Guide to Hiking, Biking, and Paddling" by Jerry Monkman et al., Appalachian Mountain Club; ISBN _PHONE_; May 2000
- "Acadia Revealed" by Jay Kaiser et al., Papyrus Travel Guides; ISBN _PHONE_; July 2000
- Official website
- Acadia National Park Page
- Guide to Acadia National Park on Compassmonkey.com
- Acadia National Park Pictures
- Photos of Acadia National Park - Terra Galleria
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
It's that time of year again: Brussel sprouts are swelling, parsnips are ready for picking and the apple tree is probably ready for its prune. It is also when The Department of Animal and Plant Science at the University of Sheffield hold its annual Christmas lecture, and this year it was about soil nutrients… and poo!
Over one thousand schoolchildren from across Sheffield flocked to the University to learn about the cycle of nutrients from food through animals (including humans), into soil, up through plants and back into food. With both explosive and electrifying demonstrations, Professor Duncan Cameron spoke about:
The diminishing reserves of rock phosphate – one of the three major nutrients (along with nitrogen and potassium) essential for plant growth
The environmental costs of artificially synthesising nitrogen fertiliser (and that it's fixed naturally by lightning(!) and, less dramatically, by legumes such as peas and clover)
How soil organisms play a crucial role in the cycling nutrients
How recycling poo – including our own – can help maintain healthy, nutrient rich soils in a sustainable way
Once the lecture finished (with a bang), the school children had the opportunity to look at table demonstrations of our department's research. They could see how worms mix the soil and move substances between soil layers, guess the different types of natural fertilisers – from horse manure, to processed poo, and, at the MYHarvest table, guess the weight of allotment harvests.
Through the morning's exhilarating, educational adventure the children had fun and learnt a little more about the precious substance that is fundamental to our existence: soil.


text:
MORGANTOWN, W.Va. -- The National Energy Technology Laboratory in Morgantown is backing a project to help Virginia Tech researchers and Consol Energy study the prospect of storing carbon dioxide in thinner, less-valuable coal seams.
Pennsylvania-based Consol will try to sequester as much as 20,000 tons of the greenhouse gas that is believed to contribute to global warming.
Vice president of research Steve Winberg said Consol is donating three coalbed methane wells near Buchanan, Va., for the pilot project. The State Journal said the yearlong experiment is set to begin this fall.
Michael Karmis, of Virginia Tech's Center for Coal and Energy Research, said teams will test the ability to inject CO2 and whether it can help recover coalbed methane.
They expect the CO2 to be absorbed and say it might stimulate methane release.


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Remote Authentication in SharePoint Online Using Claims-Based Authentication
SharePoint 2010
Summary: Learn how to authenticate against Microsoft SharePoint Online in client applications using the SharePoint client-side object models.
The decision to rely on cloud-based services, such as Microsoft SharePoint Online, is not made lightly and is often hampered by the concern about access to the organization's data for internal needs. In this article, I will address this key concern by providing a framework and sample code for building client applications that can remotely authenticate users against SharePoint Online by using the SharePoint 2010 client-side object model.
Note Note
Although this article focuses on SharePoint Online, the techniques discussed can be applied to any environment where the remote SharePoint 2010 server uses claims-based authentication.
I will review the SharePoint 2010 authentication methods, provide details for some of the operation of SharePoint 2010 with claims-mode authentication, and describe an approach for developing a set of tools to enable remote authentication to the server for use with the client-side object model.
In Office SharePoint Server 2007, there were two authentication types: Windows authentication, which relied upon authentication information being transmitted via HTTP headers, and forms-based authentication. Forms-based authentication used the Microsoft ASP.NET membership and roles engines for managing users and roles (or groups). This was a great improvement in authentication over the 2003 version of the SharePoint technologies, which relied exclusively on Windows authentication. However, it still made it difficult to accomplish many scenarios, such as federated sign-on and single sign-on.
To demonstrate the shortcomings of relying solely on Windows authentication, consider an environment that uses only Windows authentication. In this environment, users whose computers are not joined to the domain, or whose configurations are not set to automatically transmit credentials, are prompted for credentials for each web application they access, and in each program they access it from. So, for example, if there is a SharePoint-based intranet on intranet.contoso.com, and My Sites are located on my.contoso.com, users are prompted twice for credentials. If they open a Microsoft Word document from each site, they are prompted two more times, and two more times for Microsoft Excel. Obviously, this is not the best user experience.
However, if the same network uses forms-based authentication, after users log in to SharePoint, they are not prompted for authentication in other applications such as Word and Excel. But they are prompted for authentication on each of the two web applications.
Federated login systems, such as Windows Live ID, existed, but integrating them into Office SharePoint Server 2007 was difficult. Fundamentally, the forms-based mechanism was designed to authenticate against local users, that is, it was not designed to authenticate identity based on a federated system. SharePoint 2010 addressed this by adding direct support for claims-based authentication. This enables SharePoint 2010 to rely on a third party to authenticate the user, and to provide information about the roles that the user has.
Because computers are designed to accommodate multiple users, authorization has always been a challenge. At first, the operating system validated the user. Then, the operating system told the application who the user was. This was the very first claim, made by the operating system to the application. The essence of this claim was the identity of the user. The operating system had determined who the user was, probably through a password that the user provided. The application did not have to ascertain who the user was; it simply trusted the operating system.
This authentication process worked well until it became necessary for a user to use applications on systems that they were not logged in to. At this point, the application had to perform its own authentication. Applications started with the same approach that operating systems had used—requiring the user's name and password. Authentication works well this way, but it requires that every application validate the user name and password. Maintaining multiple separate authentication databases became problematic, because users would want to use their same user names and passwords across applications.
Creating accounts with the same user name and password is a manageable problem. However, as the concern for security grew, the requirement for users to periodically change their passwords created an unmanageable situation, where the users would find it difficult to keep their passwords synchronized between different applications. Shared authentication mechanisms were developed to solve this problem. Once again, an application could rely upon a third party for authentication of the user.
The most popular approach for a shared authentication database is one that uses the Kerberos protocol. The Kerberos protocol provides mechanisms that enable a user to authenticate against a centralized server and then convey his or her identity through a ticket signed by that server. The advantage of this approach is that the centralized server is the only one that must know the user's password or other identifying information. This works well for providing authentication information, but it relies on a single store for user identities.
Today, some of the users of your application are using identities that you do not control. Consider an organization that provides payroll or retirement plan services for other companies. These organizations may need to accept users who belong to many other companies, and have no requirement to authenticate them individually. They have to know only that the organization that they have a contract with can identify the user. In these cases, the centralized server for authentication does not exist; there is no centralized entity that can validate every user.
Similarly, if you have an extranet website that is designed to work with multiple partners, you may not want to manage user accounts for all of your partners' employees, or even let the partners manage them. Instead, you just want to take the remote server's claim of the user's identity.
This is one of the great features of a claims-based login. Another system, which your system trusts, provides a claim of the user's identity.
There are many standards, such as WS-Federation, WS-Security, and WS-Trust that define how this sort of arrangement should work. WS-Federation is the most relevant because it describes a specific approach for the exchange of federated authentication. SharePoint 2010 implements the WS-Federation standard, as do many other Microsoft and non-Microsoft products. This means that the SharePoint claims implementation can talk to many other systems.
In addition to the authentication information described previously, there is the capability for the infrastructure to make other claims about the user, including profile properties such as name and email address. The claim can also contain the roles, or groups, that a user belongs to. This opens the door for applications, including SharePoint 2010, to use what the claims provider (known as an issuing party) trusts about the user. Then, applications can set authorization to do something to the roles that are conveyed in the claims token.
The ability for a claim to convey more than just simple identity necessitates the requirement to enforce rules about what types of claims an application will accept from a third party. The WS-Trust standard supports the idea that one party may rely on another party, as described previously. In addition, it also allows for a chain of trust, where the application, such as SharePoint 2010, trusts an internal provider such as Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) 2.0, which in turn trusts another party or even multiple other parties. AD FS 2.0 creates its own claims token for SharePoint, based on the information that it received from the issuing party that it trusts. This is particularly useful because AD FS 2.0 is a claims transformation engine. That is, it can change one claim, such as a property, into another claim, such as role membership. AD FS 2.0 can also filter the claims made by a third party, so that the third party cannot pass a claim to the application that a user is an administrator for.
Now that you have learned about the advantages of claims-based authentication, we can examine what actually happens when you work with claims-based security in SharePoint. When using classic authentication, you expect that SharePoint will issue an HTTP status code of 401 at the client, indicating the types of HTTP authentication the server supports. However, in claims mode a more complex interaction occurs. The following is a detailed account of the sequence that SharePoint performs when it is configured for both Windows authentication and Windows Live ID through claims.
 1. The user selects a link on the secured site, and the client transmits the request.
 2. The server responds with an HTTP status code of 302, indicating a temporary redirect. The target page is /_layouts/authenticate.aspx, with a query string parameter of Source that contains the server relative source URL that the user initially requested.
 3. The client requests /_layouts/authenticate.aspx.
 4. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_login/default.aspx with a query string parameter of ReturnUrl that includes the authentication page and its query string.
 5. The client requests the /_login/default.aspx page.
 6. The server responds with a page that prompts the user to select the authentication method. This happens because the server is configured to accept claims from multiple security token services (STSs), including the built-in SharePoint STS and the Windows Live ID STS.
 7. The user selects the appropriate login provider from the drop-down list, and the client posts the response on /_login/default.aspx.
 8. The server responds with a 302 temporary redirect to /_trust/default.aspx with a query string parameter of trust with the trust provider that the user selected, a ReturnUrl parameter that includes the authenticate.aspx page, and an additional query string parameter with the source again. Source is still a part of the ReturnUrl parameter.
 9. The client follows the redirect and gets /_trust/default.aspx.
 10. The server


text:
Curving Ergo Crosswalk
Can tweaking the design of a common pedestrian crossing result in fewer accidents?
One of the shortlisted entries in the Seoul International Design Competition 2010 that stood out was the 'Ergo Crosswalk' by Korean designer Jae Min Lim. In his project, Jae tweaks the traditional shapes of Zebra crossing into curves to reflect how people jaywalk on roads.
He believes that by carving out a wider road area, there will be fewer accidents involving pedestrians. Moreover, the Zebra stripes will have built-in LEDs that glow red or green to indicate when it is safe for people to cross. The designer says:
"When people cross roads, they tend to take the fastest shortcut. they sometimes do it intentionally, but mostly it is an unconscious act. this kind of action violates the traffic regulations and sometimes threatens the safety of the pedestrians. The 'ergo crosswalk' is a design that makes people follow the law, as well as consider their habits or
unconscious actions. it will encourage pedestrians to follow the lines of the cross walk and protect them
from any potential danger. If regulations cannot force people to follow the law, wouldn't it be more reasonable to
change the law and fulfill the main purpose of keeping the safety and convenience of the pedestrian…"


text:
The man stopped the machine he was riding and stepped off it to take a look. When he discovered the snake was in two pieces, he reached to grab the tail end to keep, perhaps as a souvenir. While gripping the rattle section of the snake, the other half, which included the creature's head, struck, biting the farmer on the arm.
The man, knowing the danger, and feeling the sting of the venom, ran back toward his farmhouse, seeking help from neighbors. But, the effect of the venom took him fast. Even with the assistance of neighbors, any help was to no avail. The farmer died as a result of the snake's poison.
While rattlesnake fatalities are rare in western Michigan, another occurred 18 years later. On Sept. 9, 1909, Hudsonville farmer Thomas Damm was bitten in the arm by a rattlesnake, and died the following day. The snake laid underneath a wood pile where Damm was working.
On Sept. 27, 1954, a West Olive girl suffered a rattlesnake bite on the leg while playing with friends near her home. She made a full recovery at the Holland Hospital. The "serpent killers" likely were all a breed known as a Massasauga rattlesnake. The eastern Massasauga rattlesnake is Michigan's only venomous snake, and is a rare sight for state residents.
In recent years, a Burmese python in Ottawa County made headline news. On Aug. 19, 2008, a Michigan state trooper shot and killed the nearly 7-foot long snake after it slithered onto a West Olive road frightening passing motorists. Authorities were concerned the python might attack children in the area and suspected the python was a released or an escaped pet.
Most of historical Massasauga sightings on record originate in Oakland, Livingston, Jackson and Washtenaw counties in southeast Michigan and in Allegan, Barry and Kalamazoo counties in southwest Michigan.
While the unfortunate Ottawa County victims had no protection from the Massasauga, the creature became protected under Michigan law in 1988.


VibroMetra User Manual
Configuration of a digital output

Each digital output can be configured individually.
Configuration of a digital output
1
Close

1. Close This button closes the window.
But it can be opened again, for instance by a double click in the selection tree. Only deleting the annunciator will erase it permanently.
2
Status bar

2. Status bar
The status bar indicates
 - operating mode
 - last command
 - number of sent commands
 - number of errors occured when sending commands
3
Reset counter

3. Reset counter
This button zeros the counter for the errors.
4
Expand/collapse settings

4. Expand/collapse settings This button expands/collapses the setting area.

The annunciator uses less space on the screen in collapsed state.
5
Selection of the switching contact

5. Selection of the switching contact
In this area, you select the concrete switching contact.
 - All detected device types are listed up.
 - All devices of the selected type are listed up. They are represented by their addresses since there might be several devices of the same type.
 - Finally you can select the switching channel of the selected device (most devices feature several digital outputs).
6
Switching behavior

6. Switching behavior

In this area, you decide at which state the digital output is to switch on. The output switches off if the connected instrument shows a different state.
7
Hold time

7. Hold time
You can enter a minimum hold time after switching on to make sure that slower successive devices are able to recognize the switching state.


How Statistics Homework Determines The Photographer's Future
Photographer's Future
Remember the first time your kids took some shots with your camera phone. It was their first time and of course, they are not professional photographers. But guess what these are signs they will make good photographers in the future.
It might sound absurd but statistics does determine the future of the photographer. A good photographer will do well with the sound knowledge of statistics or other subjects involving calculations. This is why people can pay for statistics homework just to see the results. Let's find out how.
 1. Understanding the Rule of the third
A good photographer would obviously need a sound knowledge of statistics to excel. Take a look at the photos you have at home. Aren't they looking great? There is one formula that makes it possible to determine if something is great to the human eye. It is known as the rule of thirds.
The rule in question is simple to understand and also needs some statistical knowledge. You can have a pleasing composition of the image if this rule is applied well. The photographer's duty is to make sure that points of interest are placed along the lines of a grid of nine. This is also the area where the picture is shared into three main parts; vertically and horizontally. The view should also be divided fast.
The complex calculations in statistics are one of the reasons students dump statistics homework. Most of the calculations are abstract and difficult to understand. But if your dream is to become a professional photographer in the future, there is no point in running away from your statistics homework. It is very easy to find online help with statistics no matter how complex the homework is.
Writing service providers like have made things a lot easier for students to pass statistics assignment and broaden their understanding. They are written by experts who have sound knowledge and qualification on statistics.
 1. Making Use of the Camera
Pressing the green circle on the screen of the phone is what is used to take pictures. But there is more a professional photographer need to understand. The Single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is what the professional photographer uses. And to be effective, they need to know a thing or two about the depth of field and shutter speeds which will also involve sound statistical or mathematical knowledge. The shutter speed is used to determine how fast the camera blinks. The aperture, on the other hand, controls the amount of light that comes in.
As a photographer, one also needs to have a basic understanding of geometric sequence to determine the correct shutter speed. Calculations on shutter speed are in fractions of seconds. So photographers should be sound with calculations.
Most statistics homework is complex and difficult to understand. But students can seek statistics online help whenever they encounter challenges with their homework. There are dozens of professionals online who are willing to assist students to get good grades on their statistics assignment. So, if you want to become a professional photographer in the future, embrace statistics.


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Films on demand – over 12,000 streaming educational/academic videos available
Kent Library is pleased to announce the availability of Films on Demand. This streaming video service offers over 12,000 titles covering a wide range of academic subjects from freshman to graduate level. Content includes documentaries, lectures, instructional/curricular videos, and historical primary source videos. Example content includes Ken Burns' 'Civil War' documentary, Universal Newspapers Newsreels, and '10 essential interviewing skills'. Videos may be browsed by subject, by special collections such as PBS' NOVA, or searched by keyword, and can be linked from or embedded in Moodle course pages. You can link to/embed entire videos or specific segments, and many videos have closed captioning available. Videos may be viewed from anywhere in the world that has high speed internet access (DSL or higher recommended), including phones and other mobile devices.
To access this resource, Click Here.
Help pages: at the above link, click on 'help' near the top right to access various guides and tutorials. For example, type 'moodle' in the search box on the help screen to find information about using videos with our online learning system.


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Moon's shadow, like a ship, creates waves in Earth's atmosphere
During a solar eclipse, the moon's shadow creates waves in Earth's atmosphere. These waves mimic the behavior of the bow and stern waves of a ship moving through the ocean, except the moon's shadow is nowhere near as substantial as a ship – and these waves are in air, not water.
That's according to a team of scientists from Taiwan, who published their work in the journal Geophysical Research Letters in September 2011. They say that if the moon's shadow were a ship, this shadow-ship would be nearly 2,000 kilometers (more than 1,000 miles) long in order to make the waves they observed.
During an eclipse of the sun by the moon, the moon passes between the Earth and sun and blocks the sun from view. The shadow of the moon falls upon and travels across Earth's surface. Space scientist J. Y. Liu and his team solved a decades-old mystery about the moon's shadow when they determined that the moon's shadow does indeed create waves in Earth's atmosphere.
According to Liu, here is the reason for the waves. The land under the moon's shadow receives less incoming energy than the surrounding regions, causing it to cool. In the early 1970s, researchers proposed that this temperature difference could set off slow-moving waves in Earth's upper atmosphere. In that earlier work, it was hypothesized that the waves, moving more slowly than the traveling temperature disparity from which they spawned, would pile up along the leading edge of the moon's path – like slow-moving waves breaking on a ship's bow.
The dynamic was shown theoretically and in early computer simulations, but it was not until a total solar eclipse on July 22, 2009 that Liu's team was able to observe the behavior. Their paper this month in Geophysical Research Letters is the result of those 2009 observations.
The Taiwanese team used a dense network of ground-based global positioning satellite receivers to track the influence of the 2009 eclipse as it passed over Taiwan and Japan. They were looking for changes in the total electron content in the ionosphere and found acoustic waves with periods between 3 and 5 minutes traveling around 100 meters per second (328 feet per second) that originated from the leading and trailing edges of the moon's shadow.
They found that there was a 30-minute time difference between the arrival of the bow and stern waves suggesting that, if the moon's shadow were indeed a ship, this moon shadow ship would be 1,712 kilometers (1,064 miles) long.
Yes, nature is beautiful, and science can be amazing. These scientists article is called Bow and Stern Waves Triggered by the Moon's Shadow Boat – and it is published in the September 14, 2011 issue of Geophysical Research Letters.
Bottom line: New research from Taiwan proves a decades-old theory that – when a solar eclipse takes place, and the moon's shadow falls on Earth – the shadow produces waves in Earth's atmosphere. These moon shadow waves are like those from the bow and stern of a ship moving on the ocean.


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What are benchmark numbers in math?
Quick Answer
In mathematics, benchmark numbers are predefined numbers that assist in estimation of an unknown quantity. Benchmark numbers tend to be multiples of 5 or 10.
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What are benchmark numbers in math?
Credit: Alex Pepperhill CC-BY 2.0
Full Answer
Benchmark numbers can be used in a variety of estimation problems. They are often found on number lines and labeling known quantities, for example, a jar of pennies labeled with "100 pennies" next to a much larger unlabeled jar of pennies. In that example, knowing the volume that 100 pennies take up can help in estimating how many pennies are in the larger jar.
The concept of benchmark numbers comes from the generalized definition of a benchmark, which is a standard known quantity by which other quantities can be measured.
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littoral (adj.)
"pertaining to the seashore," 1650s, from Latin littoralis "of or belonging to the seashore," from litus (genitive litoris) "seashore, coast, seaside, beach, strand," from Proto-Italic *leitos, a word of unknown origin, possibly from PIE root *lei- "to flow" [Watkins], but de Vaan finds a better candidate in the PIE root *leit- (2) "to go forth" (see lead (v.1)), with sense evolution "the going away," hence "the edge."
The noun meaning "part of a country lying along the coast" is from 1828, from Italian littorale, originally an adjective, from Latin littoralis. Compare Lido.
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Definitions of littoral from WordNet
littoral (n.)
the region of the shore of a lake or sea or ocean;
Synonyms: litoral / littoral zone / sands
littoral (adj.)
of or relating to a coastal or shore region;


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BAMOS Autumn 2022
Francis Carrington also produced this sketch showing the reporters huddled together in the train carriage — again , hinting at the very cold temperatures of the early morning , 28 June 1880 . Photograph : " Reporters On Police Train ", Francis Carrington Sketch , State Library of Victoria .
Upon reaching Benalla railway station the reporter again remarked on the night sky : " A fine large station but dimly lighted by gas . That mattered little though for by this time the moon was up , silvering with her radiance the earth and the heavens and casting a halo of glory upon the rugged and mountainous " Kelly country "— the peaks and spurs of which reared themselves ahead of us — standing out in bold relief against the cloudless sky ". 2
These reports indicate that the early morning of 28 June was clear and cold , with local frosts likely around the Glenrowan area . Lunar tables indicate that the moon was " waning gibbous " phase — the first phase after full moon .
Bureau of Meteorology rainfall data :
The daily rainfall record for Wangaratta for June 1880 reveals a wet spell before the siege . In the 24 hours ending at 9am on 25 June , 26.9 mm was recorded followed by 13.2 mm the next day . This was on top of 105.8 mm in April and 44.2 mm in May , meaning that it was possible that conditions in the bush in the surrounding area , including Glenrowan , were wet under foot on the morning of the siege .
Also , in " A Guide to Australian Bushranging — the Siege of Glenrowan Pt 2
", the author mentions , " shortly after heading into the bush Ned passed out near a fallen tree . It is uncertain how long he was unconscious for but when he came to he crawled into the bush leaving his carbine and skull cap behind in the mud ".
This would indicate that there were likely puddles and mud areas around the Glenrowan Inn , due mainly to the rain event of the previous week .
There were no formal wind recordings taken from the immediate area . However during the early afternoon the Glenrowan Inn was set on fire by the police to displace any gang members that may have still been inside . Photographs of the burning Inn were taken and the line taken by the pall of smoke gives us some idea on the wind direction at the time .
Top : the smoke plume appears in the photograph taken on the afternoon of 28 June 1880 . Photograph : State Library of Victoria . Bottom : The direction of the smoke plume from the fire at the Glenrowan Inn superimposed on the sketch " Birdseye view of Glenrowan " in Illustrated Australian News , 17 July 1880 .
In the images below , it appears the wind was from the west / southwest — a common wind direction for Victoria during the winter months .
There are several newspaper references to " mist " around the Glenrowan area in the early hours of 28 June , mostly around the time that Ned Kelly , in full armour , attacked the police from outside the Inn .
A retrospective article in the Ararat Advertiser of 26 February 1914 recalled that "... when on the tragic morning Kelly loomed out of the mist in his armour and bullets began to fly ..." 3
The weather conditions during the famous siege of Glenrowan that occurred from the early hours of 28 June 1880 until well into the afternoon have been reconstructed using data from the Bureau of Meteorology , contemporary photography , the lunar calendar and newspaper reports from the time .
From this information it is hypothesised that the pre-dawn conditions were clear , cold and frosty , with the ground wet underfoot as a result of quite substantial rain over the previous week . Some morning mist also lay across the area . As the day progressed some cloud moved across but no rain fell .
Wind during the afternoon was likely from the west to southwest as deduced from the direction of the smoke plume produced when the Glenrowan Inn was set on fire by the police .
3 Retrospective article : The Ararat Advertiser 26 February 1914 , P3


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ac5b00712_si_001.pdf (758.31 kB)
Three Birds with One Fe3O4 Nanoparticle: Integration of Microwave Digestion, Solid Phase Extraction, and Magnetic Separation for Sensitive Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Fish
journal contributionposted on 2015-06-16, 00:00 authored by Yun Jia, Huimin Yu, Li Wu, Xiandeng Hou, Lu Yang, Chengbin Zheng
An environmentally friendly and fast sample treatment approach that integrates accelerated microwave digestion (MWD), solid phase extraction, and magnetic separation into a single step was developed for the determination of arsenic and antimony in fish samples by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Compared to conventional microwave digestion, the consumption of HNO3 was reduced significantly to 12.5%, and the digestion time and temperature were substantially decreased to 6 min and 80 °C, respectively. This is largely attributed to Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles being a highly effective catalyst for rapid generation of oxidative radicals from H2O2, as well as an excellent absorber of microwave irradiation. Moreover, potential interferences from sample matrices were eliminated because the As and Sb species adsorbed on the nanoparticles were efficiently separated from the digests with a hand-held magnet prior to analysis. Limits of detection for arsenic and antimony were in the range of 0.01–0.06 μg g–1 and 0.03–0.08 μg g–1 by using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, respectively, and further improved to 0.002–0.005 μg g–1 and 0.005–0.01 μg g–1 when inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used as a detector. The precision of replicate measurements (n = 9) was better than 6% by analyzing 0.1 g test sample spiked with 1 μg g–1 arsenic and antimony. The proposed method was validated by analysis of two certified reference materials (DORM-3 and DORM-4) with good recoveries (90%–106%).


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Water boatmen are aquatic bugs that live in ponds and slow-flowing streams. In the UK we have 'Lesser' and 'Greater' water boatmen. The Lesser water boatmen include the two families Corixidae and Pleidae; and the Greater water boatmen, includes the family Notonectidae.
You can tell the difference between the Lesser and Greater water boatmen by the way they swim with Greater water boatmen swimming on their backs and Lesser water boatmen swimming on their front.
|Greater Water boatman (Notonecta glauca) © Roger Key|
Athletes of the water bug world
Water boatmen have flat bodies and four oar-like rear legs which are covered in hairs, making them look like mini boats. Water boatmen also have a pair of scoping front legs, these coupled with their powerful rear limbs allows gracefully skimming under the water's surface as well as diving deep into watery depths.
Aquatic plant smoothies
Most Water boatman are vegetarians. If you look closely you will notice their triangular shaped heads have a straw-like mouthpart (a proboscis); which is used to inject plants with digestive saliva. The saliva creates a plant smoothie which is sucked back up and eaten by the boatman. However, a few water boatmen are predators and will eat other insects. Water boatmen are also food for a number of aquatic animals and are eaten by water beetles and dragonflies. Please note: you must be careful if you catch a Greater water boatman when pond dipping as they can give a nasty nip, which is painful but not poisonous.
All aquatic bugs lack gills and therefore have to come to the water's surface to breathe air. However, Water boatmen have a clever trick that allows them to remain under water for longer. They hang upside down below the water's surface and collect air, they then carry this air as a bubble on their body or under their wings; this allows them to breathe when underwater.
Male Water boatmen attract females by rubbing their front legs against a ridge on their head (stridulate) to create a low chirping noise. Water boatman breed once a year and lay (oviposit) their eggs on submerged plants, sticks, or rocks; allowing a brood of young Water boatman to hatch out every year. International Bugs Species of Water boatmen occur all over the world.
In Mexico they are actually considered a delicacy, where they are harvested and eaten in large numbers!


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Study on the Optimization of Deposition Processing Technology of Diamond Coated Tools
Diamond films was deposited on cemented carbide tools with two-step pretreatment method under different distances between the substrates and hot filaments, and the effect of the distance between the substrates and hot filaments on the crystallographic orientation of diamond films and the characteristics of diamond coated tools was investigated in bias-enhanced HFCVD system in this paper. The cutting performance of diamond coated tools was verified by the experiments of cutting particles reinforced aluminum base composite material with 15 vol.% Si as compared with uncoated ones. The quality of diamond film was analyzed by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimization deposition processing was obtained. The relative intensity ratio of (111) facet and (220) facet in the film tested by XRD was one third. The cutting performance of diamond coated tool was improved significantly when machining the Si particle reinforced aluminum-based metal matrix composite; its lifetime was 30 times longer than that of uncoated one. The work done in this paper was of great practical significance to accelerate the industrialization of diamond films coated WC–Co substrates.
Julong Yuan, Shiming Ji, Donghui Wen and Ming Chen
Y. P. Ma et al., "Study on the Optimization of Deposition Processing Technology of Diamond Coated Tools", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 69-70, pp. 16-19, 2009


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SCADA System Failure Causes Shut down of Dublin Port Tunnel
The SCADA system, responsible for height detection of vehicles, fire suppression mechanisms, closed circuit television and emergency lighting in the Dublin Port Tunnel failed causing traffic chaos. The National Roads Authority (NRA) expressed "serious concerns" about both the "durability and reliablility" of the SCADA safety system. An NRA spokesman described the shutdown as "an emergency situation". Adding that the system would be replaced or repaired "piece by piece" to avoid future shutdowns.
The SCADA system failure was responsible for a forced shutdown of the Dublin Port Tunnel resulting in traffic chaos.


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INDICATORS OF CORROSION RESISTANCE OF EQUIPMENT IN VARIOUS AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
Ключевые слова:corrosion rate, carbon dioxide compositions, corrosion indicators, carbonate scale deposits
The aggressiveness of the coolant composition is caused by various carbon dioxide -based components, such as CO2, H2CO3, HCO3-, CO32-, OH-, H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42-, as well as a soluble oxygen molecule and slightly soluble hydrogen sulphide. Such a composition of the coolant, taking into account the indicated ions that are in a dissolved state, it can be said with confidence, is capable of forming and depositing a corrosive composition in the form of scale on the inner surface of pipelines that prevents the free passage of the coolant. Due to the occurrence of electrochemical processes, OH-, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ products formed near the metal surface of the pipeline are capable of forming and depositing a significant amount of corrosive carbonate sediment on the inner surface of the pipe, causing significant corrosion of the steel surface of the pipeline. Carbonate sediment significantly complicates the passage of the coolant through pipes in heat supply systems.