RIO DE JANEIRO - Some have claimed she's indulging a forbidden romance. More likely, loneliness compels her to seek company at Rio de Janeiro's zoo.
Either way, a blue-and-yellow macaw that zookeepers named Juliet is believed to be the only wild bird of its kind left in the Brazilian city where the birds once flew far and wide.
Almost every morning for the last two decades, Juliet has appeared. She swoops onto the zoo enclosure where macaws are kept and, through its fence, engages in grooming behaviour that looks like conjugal canoodling. Sometimes she just sits, relishing the presence of others. She is quieter - shier? more coy? - than her squawking chums.
Blue-and-yellow macaws live to be about 35 years old and Juliet - no spring chicken - should have found a lifelong mate years ago, according to Neiva Guedes, president of the Hyacinth Macaw Institute, an environmental group. But Juliet hasn't coupled, built a nest or had chicks, so at most she's "still just dating."
"They're social birds, and that means they don't like to live alone, whether in nature or captivity. They need company," said Guedes, who also co-ordinates a project that researches macaws in urban settings. Juliet "very probably feels lonely, and for that reason goes to the enclosure to communicate and interact."
Aside from Juliet, the last sighting of a blue-and-yellow macaw flying free in Rio was in 1818 by an Austrian naturalist, according to Marcelo Rheingantz, a biologist at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and there are no other types of macaws in the city. The lovebirds featured in the 2011 film "Rio? are Spix's macaws, which are native to a different region of Brazil and possibly extinct in the wild.
Being boisterous with brilliant plumage helps macaws find each other in dense forest, but also makes them easier targets for hunters and animal traffickers. They're often seen in other Brazilian states and across the Amazon, and it is suspected Juliet escaped from captivity.
Biologists at BioParque aren't sure if Juliet's nuzzling is limited to one caged Romeo, or a few of them. They're not even certain Juliet is female; macaw gender is near impossible to determine by sight, and requires either genetic testing of feathers or blood, or examination of the gonads.
Either would be interference merely to satisfy human curiosity with no scientific end, biologist Angelita Capobianco said inside the enclosure. Nor would they consider confining Juliet, who often soars overhead and appears well-nourished.
"We don't want to project human feelings. I look at the animal, and see an animal at ease," Capobianco said, noting Juliet has never exhibited behaviour to indicate disturbance, such as insistently pecking at the fence.
"Who am I to decide it should only stay here? I won't. It comes and goes, and its feathers are beautiful."
After more than a year of COVID-19 quarantine and travel bans, the appeal of roaming without restriction is evident to humankind. Macaws are used to flying great distances of more than 30 kilometres (20 miles) a day, Guedes said.
Last year, BioParque g ave its macaws more space: a 1,000-square-meter (10,700-square-foot) aviary where they fly beside green parrots and golden parakeets to compose an aerial, technicolour swirl. It's a massive upgrade from prior enclosures that were roughly 100 square feet. BioParque reopened to the public in March, after privatization of Rio's dilapidated zoo and almost 17 months of renovations.
BioParque aims to feature species associated with research programs at universities and institutes. One such initiative is Refauna, which reintroduces species into protected areas with an eye on rebuilding ecosystems, and is participating with BioParque to start breeding blue-and-yellow macaws.
The plan is for parents to raise some 20 chicks that will receive training on forest food sources, the peril of predators and avoidance of power lines. Then the youngsters will be released into Rio's immense Tijuca Forest National Park, where Juliet has been sighted and is thought to sleep each night.
"Their role could be important in terms of ecosystem and reforestation. It's a big animal with big beak that can crack the biggest seeds, and not all birds can," said Rheingantz, the university biologist, who is also Refauna's technical co-ordinator. "The idea is for it to start dispersing those seeds, complementing forest animals that can't."
After some pandemic-induced delays, the project has slowly restarted and Rheingantz expects to release blue-and-yellow macaws into Tijuca park toward the end of 2022.
After two decades of relative solitude, Juliet will then have the chance to fly with friends. Neves said Juliet could teach them how to navigate the forest, or even find a love of her own.


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Jumper Offset
A jumper offset in a plumbing system uses a combination of fittings to go around an obstacle, such as a cylindrical tank. If your planning on writing a plumbing exam, rest assured that a jumper offset will be on the exam.
Using simple math and various constants, it's possible to find the required center-to-center lengths for each pipe in the offset, which are outlined below.
To find the missing values in a jumper offset you will need to remember the constants for right angle triangles used in a 45 degree offset; which are:
 1. To find the hypotenuse (the long side) multiple a short
 side by 1.414
 2. To find a short side when the hypotenuse is known, multiply it by 0.707
Jumper offset using 45-90-45 fittings
plumbing jumper offset
Use the image above to sketch out the jumper offset using the variables on the right. After a couple practice runs, try changing the numbers.
R - 4"
A = 3"
E = 2"
C - 20"
Step 1 - The first thing you need to find is the side of the secondary square (G). So add (R) + (A) = (G)
4 + 3 = 7" This number is known as the secondary square (G).
Step 2 - Multiplying the secondary square by 2 will give you the length of pipe (B), and the length of pipe (F) to the centerline of the tank.
(G) x 2 = (B) so to find the end to end length of pipe (B) which ends on the center line it would be 7" x 2 = 14".
Step 3 - To find the length of pipe (F) will require two steps, first you have to multiply dimension (E) by 1.414 to find the length of pipe (F) below the centerline of the tank, then add that number to result you got in step two above.
2" x 1.414 = 2.828 then 2.828" + 14" = 16.828" or roughly 16 7/8"
Step 4 - To find (H) also known as the offset, multiply the diagonal (B) by the constant 0.707
(H) = 14 x 0.707 = 9.898"
Step 5 - Find dimension (J) by adding the offset (H) with (E)
(H) +(E) = (J) / 9.898 + 2 = 11.898"
Step 6 - Finding the length of pipe (D) is simple subtraction.
(C) - (j) = (D)
20 - 11.898 = 8.102"


text:
TITLE: PLOTTING A HURRICANE USING LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE AUTHOR: Kathy Mendoza, Redemptorist High School, LA GRADE LEVEL/SUBJECT: 9 - 12 OVERVIEW: It is important for students to be able to read maps and understand the purpose of maps. Map skills support instruction in geography by helping students understand the role played by location. PURPOSE: This map skills lesson is to be used in the early part of the school year. It is designed to help students learn how to use the grid system to locate areas on a map and to help students understand that geography puts emphasis on "place." OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to: 1. Define "absolute location." 2. Define latitude and longitude. 3. Use the grid system. 4. Locate on a map or globe the Earth's poles, circles, tropics, and beginning points of measurements for latitude and longitude. 5. Use Cardinal and intermediate directions as well as latitude and longitude to locate places on a map. RESOURCES/MATERIALS: Atlas, map and worksheet handouts, colored pencils ACTIVITIES AND PROCEDURES: Have students practice using latitude and longitude. 1. Discuss in class and have students write in their notebooks the meaning of the following terms: absolute location intermediate directions parallels Antarctic Circle International Date Line Prime Meridian Arctic Circle relative location latitude Cardinal directions location scale Equator longitude South Pole grid meridian hemisphere Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn North Pole 2. On a world map handout have students label global reference points such as the Equator, Prime Meridian, the Cardinal directions, the North and South Poles. 3. Have students construct a page-size grid system in their notebooks using ten degree intervals and locate coordinates written on the blackboard. 4. Using an atlas and maps and worksheets from geography workbooks or worksheets constructed by the teacher students will: a. practice locating places on a map using latitude and longitude b. list the latitude and longitude of various locations on a map TYING IT ALL TOGETHER: Plot a tropical storm or hurricane using the latest coordinates from the morning newspaper and news reports. Students will have their own personal hurricane map. If there is more than one storm or hurricane to plot use different color pencils for each one. If there is no storm to plot, make one up.
Click here to return to OFCN's Academy Curricular Exchange
Click here to return to OFCN's Academy
Click here to return to OFCN's Main Menu

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Some airlines are much more successful at optimizing efficiency than others. This study is far from the first to rank airlines on sustainability, but few predecessors have accounted for passenger volumes and all five efficiency drivers to provide as accurate a rating on real-world emissions per passenger per mile.
Among the 20 largest airlines by passenger volume, the cleanest, Ryanair, uses barely more than a third the fuel to transport its average passenger one mile compared to the least efficient, American Eagle.
From a business perspective, as from an environmental one, this is nontrivial - higher efficiency is a boon that allows airlines to pass financial and environmental savings on to their customers.
Ryanair succeeds by ranking first or second for efficiency in load factor and seating density, while runner-up Cathay Pacific ranks first on aircraft fuel economy, distance, and freight share.
It should be kept in mind that while enormous efficiency variation exists among airlines, the same is true within each airline. While the airline averages presented here are insightful in understanding air travel dynamics, using them in calculations for any specific flight commits the same error as failing to account for efficiency variation in the first place


text:
Opposite to the coast of Lavreotiki at the southern part of Euboekos Bay it is situated the wild and arid island of Makronissos ("the long island" in Greek), or Nissos Elenis (the island of Helen) as it was known in antiquity. During the period of the civil war in Greece and the years after, until 1974, this island served as a place of exile and tortures of the political opponents of the government.
The eastern coast of the island has several small sandy beaches, accessible only by boat or yacht, provided the captain of the boat knows very well the sea, as several reefs scattered around may prove dangerous. A small cove, well protected from the winds is found at the southern coast; be cautious when reaching this cove, as there is an invisible reef some 200 meters far from the coast.
The island is found at a distance of some 2-4 nautical miles far from the boat slide of Lavrio, depending on the coast you choose to visit.


text:
The Observatory of Geneva is located
at the site of Sauverny (town of Versoix, Canton of Geneva), where
the buildings of the Department of Astronomy of the University
of Geneva (Observatory of Geneva) and the "Laboratoire d'Astrophysique
are set up.
These two institutes work closely together
at the scientific level and constitute the main gravity centre
for astrophysics in French-speaking Switzerland as far as teaching,
research and the service to the public are concerned.
The ISDC (Integral Science Data Centre) is
located at Ecogia, which also belongs to the town of Versoix.
The centre is linked to the Observatory of Geneva and deals with
the processing of the data provided by the satellite INTEGRAL
(INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysic Laboratory) of the European
Space Agency (ESA).
On the two sites of Sauverny and Ecogia, a
group of approximately 143 people are employed, including scientists,
PhD candidates, students, technical staff (computer and electronics
specialists, mechanics), as well as administrative staff.
The Observatory of Geneva manages two permanent
astronomical observation stations: a 1,2 m telescope on the site
of La Silla (ESO, Chile), and a 1 m telescope on the site of St-Michel
(Observatory of Haute Provence, OHP, France). Our astronomers
also use the telescope of the station of the University of Leuven
(Belgium) which is located at the observatory "El Roque de
los Muchachos" on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands,

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
- How much do counselors with a masters make?
- How much can you make with a masters in social work?
- Are psychologists better than social workers?
- Is a Lcsw a therapist?
- Is getting a masters in counseling worth it?
- Can you be a counselor with a masters in social work?
- Which is better LPC or LCSW?
- Why do counselors get paid so little?
- Where do mental health counselors make the most money?
- How do I get a masters in social work paid for?
- How much money does a LPC make?
- What type of counselor gets paid the most?
- Is there a demand for counselors?
- Do social workers or counselors make more money?
- What is the difference between school counselor and social worker?
- What's the highest paying social work job?
- Where are the highest paid social workers?
- Are counselors in high demand?
- Do social workers make more than teachers?
- What type of therapist makes the most money?
- How long is a masters in counseling?
- How much does a private practice counselor make?
- Is an LPC a therapist?
How much do counselors with a masters make?
According to the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary for someone with a master's in counseling psychology is $70,000..
How much can you make with a masters in social work?
What can you expect to earn with a master's in social work? With an MSW, you should expect to make between $50,000 to $60,000 annually. According to Indeed, "those with 10-19 years experience earn a median salary of $52,000; and those with 20-29 years experience earn a median annual salary of $60,000."
Are psychologists better than social workers?
Social workers contribute to the human services field by providing holistic solutions to the social, behavioral, economic or health problems faced by their clients. Whereas, psychologists focus their efforts specifically on helping their patients address potentially damaging mental health issues.
Is a Lcsw a therapist?
The LCSW practices a type of mental health therapy that is strength based, meaning that they work with the client to find out what strong natural skills and talents they possess that can be used as a launching point to tackle issues causing hardship in the individual's life.
Is getting a masters in counseling worth it?
Yes, a masters in mental health counseling is likely worth it. With a median salary of $47,210 and 16% average job growth (Bureau of Labor Statistics), a degree in mental health counseling can help you launch a career in this human services field.
Can you be a counselor with a masters in social work?
Counseling represents a facet of social work, but social workers can only provide counseling if they have achieved a certain level of education and licensure — usually a master's degree alongside a clinical license.
Which is better LPC or LCSW?
LCSW has the advantage in all areas except for one: training. LPCs and LMHCs are better trained in therapy. However, the LCSW has more flexibility in doing private practice and working for an employer. Whatever program you choose, just make sure the social work program is CSWE accredited.
Why do counselors get paid so little?
The real reason counselors get paid what they do is quite simply, economics. One reason for the apparently low salaries is that practitioners accept those salaries. … Electricians have a median salary around $50k and it takes 5-6 years to become a journeyman electrician — that includes 4-5 years working as an apprentice.
Where do mental health counselors make the most money?
Best-Paying States for Mental Health Counselors The states and districts that pay Mental Health Counselors the highest mean salary are New Jersey ($83,050), District of Columbia ($66,080), California ($65,020), Connecticut ($64,590), and New York ($63,520).
How do I get a masters in social work paid for?
The following is a list of ten sources for MSW scholarships and grants that are available to graduate students pursuing their Master's of Social Work.Virtual Academic Center Scholarship.Yellow Ribbon Program.American Association of University Women (AAUW)Davis-Putter Scholarship Fund.Hispanic Scholarship Fund (HSF)More items…•
How much money does a LPC make?
What Is the Average Licensed Professional Counselor Salary by StateStateAnnual SalaryHourly WageCalifornia$65,333$31.41Delaware$65,258$31.37Mississippi$65,172$31.33Vermont$64,578$31.0546 more rows
What type of counselor gets paid the most?
Here's a brief rundown of five of the hottest and highest paying counseling jobs today.School Counselor. … Career Counselor. … Mental Health, Marriage and Family Counselor. … Rehabilitation Counselor. … Gerontological Counselor.
Is there a demand for counselors?
According to the BLS, the demand for mental health counselors is expected to grow by 25% through 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. National long-term projections of employment growth may not reflect local and/or short-term economic or job conditions, and do not guarantee actual job growth.
Do social workers or counselors make more money?
counseling salary information can vary depending on the particular career, the setting, certifications, educational background, and experience level. Salaries for social work career paths in the following list range from about $47,000-$57,600, while the included counseling careers extend from about $44,600-$47,000.
What is the difference between school counselor and social worker?
Addressing Issues that Affect a Child's Development and Education. According to The Classroom, school counselors address issues that affect a child's psychological development. … On the other hand, social workers in schools address social issues that affect a child's development and education.
What's the highest paying social work job?
The 10 Best Careers in Social WorkSubstance Use and Recovery Treatment Counselor. Median Salary: $42,170. … Mental Health Counselor. Median Salary: $42,170. … Marriage and Family Counselor. Median Salary: $42,350. … Medical Social Worker. Median Salary: $59,420. … School Social Worker. … Foster Care Social Worker. … Child and Family Therapist. … Corporate Social Responsibility.More items…•
Where are the highest paid social workers?
Highest Paying States and Industries for Social Workers Healthcare social workers also make high annual mean salaries in California ($79,620), Oregon ($74,050), Connecticut ($72,980), and Nevada ($72,640).
Are counselors in high demand?
Job Outlook Employment of school and career counselors is projected to grow 8 percent from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. Increasing school enrollment is expected to lead to employment growth of these workers.
Do social workers make more than teachers?
Social worker salaries varied from $43,340 for mental health and substance abuse social workers to $54,870 for clinical social workers in 2012. Preschool and kindergarten teachers earned an average of $37,800 in 2012, while elementary and middle school teachers earned $56,180 and high school teachers earned $57,710.
What type of therapist makes the most money?
Highest Paying Psychology CareersPsychiatrist. Average Yearly Salary: $216,090. … Industrial-Organizational Psychologist. Average Yearly Salary: $102,530. … Neuropsychologist. Average Yearly Salary: $93,440. … Engineering Psychologist. Average Yearly Salary: $90,340. … Psychology Teacher. … Clinical Psychologist. … Counseling Psychologist. … School Psychologist.More items…
How long is a masters in counseling?
Answer: Master's in counseling programs are generally designed to be completed in four academic semester, or roughly two years of full-time enrollment. Students who enroll part-time in a counseling program may take three or more years to complete the degree.
How much does a private practice counselor make?
National Average As of Jan 10, 2021, the average annual pay for a Private Practice Therapist in the United States is $97,696 a year. Just in case you need a simple salary calculator, that works out to be approximately $46.97 an hour. This is the equivalent of $1,879/week or $8,141/month.
Is an LPC a therapist?
Licensed professional counselors (LPCs), also called licensed clinical professional counselors or licensed mental health counselors in some states, focus on mental, emotional, and behavioral issues in a variety of healthcare settings.


text:
MOVER - multiphase areal flow with vacuum enhanced recovery model
MOVER Categories: flow models - saturated zone, flow models - unsaturated zone, fractured systems models, multiphase flow and transport, vapor transport
MOVER is an areal three-phase (water, oil and gas) finite-element model. Currently, the most advanced model of its kind, MOVER can be used to model flow of water, oil and gas, and optimize the recovery of LNAPL and water by minimizing NAPL entrapment in the saturated/unsaturated zones. A submodel of MOVER can be used to simulate coupled flow of water and LNAPL with a static atmospheric gas phase. MOVER simulates heterogeneous, anisotropic porous media or fractured media. It allows use of isoparametric elements to accurately represent material and physical/hydraulic boundaries. MOVER can be used to design NAPL recovery and hydraulic containment systems under complex hydrogeological conditions.
Scientific Software Group P.O. Box 708188 Sandy, Utah 84070
Phone _PHONE_ Toll Free (U.S.) _PHONE_ Fax _PHONE_ E-mail _EMAIL_
Copyright 1998 Scientific Software Group All rights reserved


text:
LIFETEC AS has long experience in the design, measurement and assessment of possible measures of noise offshore, from industry and transport.
- Noise control in all phases of engineering. This includes støyprediksjon, specifications, studies of acoustic output, rørstøyberegninger mm
- After measurements and documentation of noise and vibrations.
- Measurements with noise dose meter and calculating noise doses
- Recommendations of noise reduction measures, based on measurements and / or calculations.
- Risk assessment of hazardous noise.
- Measure and calculate utdendørs støyutberedelse from industry.
- Consider noise equipment requirements and regulatory requirements to noise.
- Measuring whole-body vibration from the vibrating equipment.
Transport and Communications
- Measurements and calculations of traffic noise.
- Description of measures.
- Assessment of noise in relation to regulatory requirements.
- Measurements of sound insulation.
- Measurement of reverberation.
- Recommendation of measures.
PA and alarm systems
- Calculation of articulation index (Ai)
- Calculation of the signal / noise ratio
- Measurement of Rapid Speech Transmission Index (RASTI)
- Measurement of alarm coverage


text:
Four new Tasmanian devils have been welcomed to Wellington Zoo today.
The four devils are part of the Save the Tasmanian Devils Program, based in Tasmania, which works with zoos and institutions around the world.
The new exhibit was opened in Neighbours, Wellington Zoo's recently-opened Australian Precinct.
Conservation minister Nick Smith opened the new exhibit, saying the animals with their "big mouths, bad behaviour and noisiness" would fit in well with the nation's politicians in the capital.
"This new exhibit helps the conservation of the devils, is good for trans-Tasman relations and adds to the attractions at New Zealand's oldest zoo," he said.
"The Tasmanian devil got a rough rap with its name and it is not as cute as Australia's koala or New Zealand's kiwi. However, it is an iconic species for Tasmania and a unique mammal that we must work to ensure the survival of."
New Zealand had more endangered species than Australia and more experience in saving them from extinction, Dr Smith said.
"The Tasmanian devil population in the wild have decreased by 80 per cent due to the rapid spread of the Devil Facial Tumour Disease.
"It is good for New Zealand to take on four ambassador devils from the insurance population and raise awareness of the plight facing their species."
The Save the Tasmanian Devils Programme aims to see the animals thriving in the wild again.
"The arrival of these animals and the new exhibit at Wellington Zoo will inform more people about this endangered species," Dr Smith said.
APNZ hm gf


CoralReef RockTanks
A Complete Guide For Chalice Coral Care And Propagation
Chalice Coral is an extremely desirable and popular specimen for setting up a coral tank. If you need a colorful and bright reef tank, all you need them at the bottom of your tank.
If you are new to the coral tanks or are not familiar with the care and placement of red chalice coral, this is exactly the right piece of information you need.
Chalice Coral Guide
Interested people can add coral unit in reef tank. Chalice coral may be precisely what you need. Here you will find the information for chalice territory and how to build and thrive in your tank.
What are Chalice Coral?
Chalice Coral is a member of the Pectiniidae family and belong to the group of cup coral species. There are six genera of chalice that include Echinophyllia Coral, Echinopora, Oxypora Coral, Mycedium Chalice, Pectinia, Physophyllia, and Echinomorpha.
Chalice Corals are one of the most interesting for the hobbyist because of their stony skeleton, calcium carbonate composition, and usually large fleshy polyps. Chalice care is not very difficult, and indeed they are the easiest corals to care for in a reef tank.
You Will Also Love To Read : Dwarf Hairgrass Care Guide
In the wild, Chalice Corals are native in the Pacific, and they get distributed throughout the world for raising in the tanks. Usually, hobbyists assume them to be common species, but they are getting reduce in number. In Fiji and Indonesia, there is a complete ban on the exports and imports of Chalice Coral. For this reason, Australia is the leading exporting country responsible for their distribution.
Although Chalice Coral are thought to an easy to rise and readily available corals, their price range varies due to their size. Their price ranges between $50 to $500 and can change more or less. Due to this, they get attention from both beginners and senior tank hobbyists.
Read Also : Basic Tips For Growing Aquarium Plants
Chalice Coral Identification
Chalice Coral ID is easy, but sometimes it becomes difficult to verify their authenticity. This happens due to the different specimens and genera. In general, they are bright and look at fluorescent colors. Their price tag varies according to their shape, design, color, and size.
Chalice Coral Identification
How to Care for Chalice Coral
When we observe the Chalice Coral care pattern, they are among the easiest corals to grow and need low maintenance with a proper care routine.
Although they need proper lighting, water flow, water parameters, and proper feed, so read out their requirements before buying them.
In a typical routine, Chalice Corals require light conditions that are low to moderate in intensity. They need light up to 100 PAR and range between 50 to 100 PAR. They are found naturally in the habitat below 40 to 80 feet in the water. It would be best if you mimicked the lighting in which they live in the sea.
Chalice Coral feature a very bright and vibrant-colored body. When they are in good condition, you can place them in different lighting conditions or follow the pattern of the seller's tank. An actinic blue light can improve their vibrant body color.
You need to follow, as mentioned earlier, lighting guide, but you can vary the light according to your own experience. Because they are adaptable to the lighting, you can place them in their favorite lighting conditions and gradually change the light to your preference.
They are also readily adaptable to many lighting conditions, but it's best to introduce them slowly to the conditions you would prefer for them to thrive.
Water Flow:
A moderate water flow is an optimum condition for the Chalice Coral in the tank. The flow of water should not be light to put debris over the coral. Also, it should not as fast to put the coral out of its placement.
Some of their species form a bowl shape that collects the debris over them in low water flow conditions. You can check the optimum water flow by putting a tissue inside the tank, and if it does not move around, it is perfect for chalice placement.
Water Parameters:
The water conditions are necessary to monitor for keeping your Chalice coral health in pristine and well-stable conditions. These corals follow the same parameters that we see in the standard coral reef system. They survive in different water parameters besides low nutrition systems.
You need to keep a check on the levels of different elements in the water. For example, you don't want your magnesium levels at lower levels. Chalice requires magnesium levels to as high as 1400 ppm; otherwise, corals get tissue loss.
 Chalice Coral water parameters
Chalice Coral Feeding
Chalice Coral feeding is not difficult to feed, and they like to eat at night because of their eating patterns. This eating habit gives them the advantage that their food has fewer chances of getting stolen by other tank companions.
They like to consume different materials, from frozen food to fresh food and pallets. Identifying their feeding choices is like a trial and error, and you need to try different foods and be patient about their habits.
For maximum food consumption, you need to make sure that they get their food near their mouth and consume it within 5-8 minutes. They are capable of making their food from photosynthesis, so a balanced combination of food is recommended.
Read Also : Chili Rasbora Care Guide | Feeding, Breeding, Tank size & Diseases
Chalice Coral Aggression
The coral chalice is very aggressive when it is close to the other chalice corals. They have sweeping tentacles to use in the aggression on other neighboring coral and do them severe damage.
For a peaceful chalice coral tank, placement is the key. Place them away from each other at a safe distance.
Chalice Coral Aggression
Propagation and Placement
Chalice Coral has a better propagation tendency than others, but sometimes they get difficult to propagate due to few reasons.
The first thing that most hobbyists do wrong is using the same cutting tool on several. Chalice coral growth rate gets affected by this method, and they get in aggressive mode. Clean the tool after cutting each coral and then use it on other corals to avoid their aggressive behavior.
The second main problem in propagation is challenging chalice placement after cutting the perfect pieces. They are difficult to glue down on the substrate when in smaller pieces. So its becomes a frustrating situation to glue them again after dislodging from glue failure.
So you are thinking now that, what is the best method for Chalice Coral placement in the tank for propagation? The answer is straightforward: you need to stick down them and use an adequate gel superglue quantity followed by a spray of an instant set element.
More For You : A Complete Guide to Raise Roseline Shark (Denison Barb) in the Tank
Chalice coral is beautiful and easy-to-rise in the reef or fish aquarium. They represent vibrant corals that have several genera. They have both cheaper and expensive specimens to attract every category of the hobbyist.
Besides their appearance and pricing, they do not require particular habitat to raise. Chalice quickly adapts to the habitat having a well-balanced light, clean water, and desirable food. A little to moderate expertise need to keep them in the tank, so they are the perfect choice for any aquarium that contains corals.


text:
IFA President John Bryan said the final CSO farm income for 2010 confirms the recovery in agriculture; however average farm incomes are still only €18,000.
Mr Bryan said, "The Single Farm Payment and the farm schemes continue to be crucial for all farm families and make up a very significant proportion of net farm income. Teagasc figures show that direct payments made up 94% of farm income last year."
He said the income increase indicates a recovery in the sector after two very difficult years in agriculture, where incomes dropped by over 40%. "Escalating fuel, feed and fertiliser costs are dampening the recovery and adding to volatility, which has the potential to undermine production as our model of family farming cannot absorb the impact of a 'boom-bust' cycle."
The IFA President added, "In the context of the EU budget proposals, and decisions on the public finances, the figures demonstrate the importance of direct payments and Government support for schemes in underpinning agriculture's contribution to the economy.
"It is vital that all existing supports are maintained to achieve the growth and export targets for agriculture and the food industry set out in Food Harvest 2020."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
New challenges in public order policing: the professionalisation of environmental protest and the emergence of the militant environmental activist
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
Over the last decade there have been significant changes in the nature of protest which have posed new challenges to policing organisations. This article using the case of environmental protest charts the changing nature of protest and using a new typology identifies a new form of protester that has been termed the Militant Environmental Activist. The characteristics and innovative tactics used by these activists are examined and it is argued that they amount to a 'professionalisation' of protest. The article then moves on to highlight the 'fragmented' policing structure that has evolved to tackle these activists encompassing both public, 'hybrid' and private policing agencies. Finally, the article briefly examines some of the strategies these policing agencies are developing to combat these new challenges.
|Journal||The International Journal of the Sociology of Law|
|Publication status||Published - Mar 2002|


text:
ReichenauArticle Free Pass
Reichenau, island in the Untersee, the western arm of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Belonging to the city of Konstanz, it is 3 miles (5 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and is connected to the mainland by a causeway 1.25 miles (2 km) long. Reichenau (meaning "Rich Pasture") is a lake resort where flowers, fruit, and grapes are still cultivated. The island is known for the richly endowed Benedictine monastery founded there in 724 and secularized in 1803; it was the artistic and literary centre of southwestern Germany during the 9th–11th centuries, known for its excellent book illustration and a college that produced many archbishops and bishops of the period. The abbey church at Mittelzell (10th–11th century, with a late Gothic choir) contains the tomb of Charles III (the Fat), who retired to Reichenau after being dethroned. In 2000 the island was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site for its monastic architecture and for its significance to the history of European art.
What made you want to look up "Reichenau"? Please share what surprised you most...


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Lead Contents
FAQ03419 of Contact Sensors / Liquid Leakage Sensors FAQ
FAQ No. FAQ03419
Primary Contents
What is the monitor output resolution and/or the analog output resolution of the D7F-C01/-C03 Vibration Sensor?
The monitor output and analog output of the D7F-C01⁄-C03 do not have resolutions.
This is because there is no A⁄D conversion circuit. Analog data is output as analog output.
The resolution of the output waveform is the resolution of the measurement device, such as an oscilloscope.


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Definitions of care:
- noun: activity involved in maintaining something in good working order
Example: "He wrote the manual on car care"
- noun: the work of caring for or attending to someone or something
Example: "No medical care was required"
- noun: attention and management implying responsibility for safety
Example: "He is in the care of a bodyguard"
- noun: a cause for feeling concern
Example: "His major care was the illness of his wife"
- noun: an anxious feeling
Example: "Care had aged him"
- noun: judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger
Example: "He handled the vase with care"
- verb: provide care for
- verb: feel concern or interest
Example: "I really care about my work"
- verb: be concerned with
- verb: prefer or wish to do something
Example: "Do you care to try this dish?"
- verb: be in charge of, act on, or dispose of
- name: A surname (very rare: popularity rank in the U.S.: #52546)
Search for care at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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| Volunteer Fire Assistance
Congress has determined that the protection of rural areas and rural communities from fire is of national interest therefore, there is a Federal role.
The purpose of the Volunteer Fire Assistance (VFA)
Program, formerly known as the Rural Community Fire Protection (RCFP)
Program, is to provide Federal financial, technical, and other assistance
to State Foresters and other appropriate officials to organize, train
and equip fire departments in rural areas and rural communities to prevent
and suppress fires. A rural community is defined as having 10,000 or less
population. This 10,000 population limit for participation in the VFA
Program facilitates distribution of available VFA funding to the most
needy fire departments.
In spite of the abundance of nearby water, Missouri homes on the Lake of the Ozarks could be threatened if wildland fire strikes. Local, volunteer fire departments are the first line of defense for these houses nestled among the trees.


In this post, we are going to see jQuery append and appendTo methods.
Both do the same task, insert text or html after content of every selected elements, so it will put text or html to last index of selected element. Both methods add text or html as a child to selected elements .Syntax is quite different for append and appendTo methods.
Syntax for append() :
$("selectors").append("element to be inserted")
Example :
$("div").append("
inserting using append
");
Syntax for appendTo() :
$("element to be inserted") .appendTo("div");
Example:
 $("
inserting using appendTo
").appendTo("div");
Let's understand with the help of example:
<!doctype>

 <title>Jquery append and appendTo example </title>

 <button id="appendButton">Using append</button>
 <button id="appendToButton">Using appendTo</button>
<button id="reset">Reset</button>

 Hello world from java2blog!!!!

 Welcome to JQuery.

Live demo: Jquery append and appendTo example on jsbin.com
In this post, we will see how to integrate Spring MVC with log4j.
Logging is essential part of programming. It helps developer to track code workflow and fix bugs efficiently. If we get any issue in the code, we check logs for that workflow or functionality.
Log4j is fast , reliable logging framework and can be easily integrated with the code.
We will extend Spring MVC hello world example and enable log4j logging into it.If you are wondering how to use log4j in maven project, you can follow log4j maven integration example.
You only need to follow below steps to enable log4j in Spring MVC.
 - Put log4j jar in classpath and you can use maven to do it for you by adding dependency to pom.xml.
 - Create log4j.properties and put it in the classpath (resource folder in maven)
Project structure:
Step 1:
Add log4j dependency in pom.xml for maven project. For non maven project , put log4j.jar in Web-INF/lib folder.
<dependency>
 <groupId>log4j</groupId>
 <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
 <version>1.2.17</version>
</dependency>
Your pom.xml will look as below:
<project xmlns="_URL_ xmlns:xsi="_URL_
 xsi:schemaLocation="_URL_ _URL_
 <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
 <groupId>com.arpit.java2blog</groupId>
 <artifactId>SpringMVCLog4JExample</artifactId>
 <packaging>war</packaging>
 <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
 <name>SpringMVCLog4JExample Maven Webapp</name>
 <url>_URL_</url>
 <dependencies>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>junit</groupId>
 <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
 <version>3.8.1</version>
 <scope>test</scope>
 </dependency>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
 <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
 <version>3.1.0</version>
 </dependency>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
 <version>${spring.version}</version>
 </dependency>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
 <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
 <version>${spring.version}</version>
 </dependency>
 <dependency>
 <groupId>log4j</groupId>
 <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
 <version>1.2.17</version>
</dependency>
 </dependencies>
 <build>
 <finalName>SpringMVCLog4JExample</finalName>
 <plugins>
 <plugin>
 <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
 <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
 <version>3.1</version>
 <configuration>
 <source>${jdk.version}</source>
 <target>${jdk.version}</target>
 </configuration>
 </plugin>
 </plugins>
 </build>
 <properties>
 <spring.version>4.2.1.RELEASE</spring.version>
 <jdk.version>1.6</jdk.version>
 </properties>
</project>
Step 2:
Create log4j.properties as below and put it in the java/main/resources folder.
log4j.rootLogger=DEBUG, console, file
log4j.appender.console=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.console.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.console.layout.ConversionPattern=[%t] %-5p %c %x - %m%n
log4j.appender.file=org.apache.log4j.RollingFileAppender
log4j.appender.file.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.file.layout.ConversionPattern=[%t] %-5p %c %x - %m%n
log4j.appender.file.File=applicationLogs.log
Step 3:
Change HelloWorldController.java as below:
package org.arpit.java2blog.springmvc.controller;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
@Controller
public class HelloWorldController {

 private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HelloWorldController.class);
 @RequestMapping("/helloworld")
 public ModelAndView hello() {

 String helloWorldMessage = "Hello world from java2blog!";
 logger.info("This is info message");
 logger.error("This is error message");

 return new ModelAndView("hello", "message", helloWorldMessage);
 }
}
Step 4:
When you run the project, you will get below screen.
When you click on the link, you will get below screen.
When you will see logs, you will get below entries.
As you can see, logging is enable for our Spring MVC project.
Logging is essential part of programming. It helps developer to track code workflow and fix bugs efficiently. If we get any issue in the code, we check logs for that workflow or functionality.
Log4j is fast , reliable logging framework and can be


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The painting style Hopper worked out in the early 1920s was not fundamentally different from that of Rene Magritte (who, incidentally, initially made his living as an illustrator and commercial artist). Nothing could be more foreign to this type of idiom than bravura brushwork. Like Magritte, Hopper strove above all to achieve an internal consistency of composition and homogeneity of pictorial form. Only in his landscapes did Hopper continue, into the 1930s, to permit himself the freedom of pulling forms together into expansive units, and of letting the brushstroke stand as an autonomous pictorial element in certain passages.
It is interesting to compare Rene Magritte's Empire of Light, 1950 - one of seventeen versions of the subject he painted - with Hopper's House at Dusk, 1935. Apart from the fact that Hopper's picture seems more eerie, because more real, than Rene Magritte's heightened reality, the comparison shows that the effect of such motifs depends largely on a painting technique oriented towards photographic precision. Yet despite a renunciation of sumptuous brushwork, the technique can still evince great finesse in paint handling, as Hopper's painting indicates even more than Magritte's.


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Date of Award
Master of Public Health
Field of Study
School of Public Health
An estimated 33 million people have been displaced by complex humanitarian emergencies. The most pressing issues of refugees include HIV/AIDS awareness, sexually transmitted diseases, gender issues, human rights, conflict resolution, and repatriation. Primary tasks of humanitarian agencies include health maintenance, nutritional support, community development, and training of health workers. Tools used to promote health and education in the refugee camps include film screening/videotape, pamphlet, posters, self-instructional manual, and group sessions. These strategies address most of the critical health and social issues when a dynamic and community-based approach are used and takes into consideration the cultural norms of the community. These strategies are used to promote health, alleviate psychological trauma, and promote interventions and community responses that allow members of the refugee community to improve health.
"Literature Review of Effective Health Promotion and Education Strategies Used to Promote Health in the Refugee Community" Fort Worth, Tx: University of North Texas Health Science Center;


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For driving in Honduras, a foreign visitor must have a full driving license valid in the country of his residence and an International driving permit.
To rent a vehicle in Honduras, a driver must be at least 21 years of age and have held a driver license for 2 years or more. Drivers under 24 and have to pay a young drivers surcharge.
The main road traffic rules:
- Driving is on the right hand side of the road.
- The minimum driving age is 18 years.
- Seat belts when driving are mandatory for drivers and passengers.
- Children under 12 years must be transported in the back sits.
- The use of a mobile phone while driving is prohibited, with the exception of a hands-free system.
- The maximum speed limit in urban areas is 40 km/h, and outside the urban areas 80 km/h.
- The permitted blood alcohol level is 0.07%.
- It is required to have in the car warning triangle, spare tire, and tools.
- It is not permitted to smoke while driving.
- Helmets are mandatory for all motorcycle riders.
- It is not permitted the following types of turns, unless allowed by the signaling and traffic management:
- right turns with caution in crossing areas covered by light;
- left turns;
- U-turns or return.
- To park vehicles in urban areas and in permitted areas, the vehicle tires must be at a maximum of 15 inches from the curb.
- It is prohibited to park on driveways and sidewalks, curves, bridges, less than 5 meters of intersections, street and pedestrian crossings.
Driving Overseas - Short Information
- Drivers must carry at all times while driving their valid driver licenses, car registration and insurance documents.
- Honduran roads are poorly lit and marked. People and animals are on the roads at all hours.
- In Honduras, there are no toll roads.
- In case of an emergency, foreign travelers should carry mobile phones in case of an emergency.
- Rockslides are common, especially in the rainy season which is from May through December.
- Foreign drivers should always drive with their doors locked and windows closed to avoid robberies. It is recommended to park vehicles in secure parking areas.
- In a case of an accident, vehicles may not be moved until the traffic police arrive.
- Any vehicle traveling in the country, must carry corresponding plates identification, one positioned in the front of the vehicle and another in the rear, except for vehicles requiring a single plate, which must be placed on the rear with a lighting device. Vehicles with foreign license plates entering the territory of Honduras can run with permit issued by the customs Honduran admission location.
- The back down is only allowed to park or accommodate a vehicle. It is forbidden to drive on public roads and making turns as long as it recedes.


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Are you lost on your bike? Fear not! The Vibrobelt could send you in the right direction. This smart belt will send subtle vibrations to guide bicyclists to their destinations.
The Vibrobelt was developed by Haska Steltenpohl and Anders Bouwer in the Intelligent Systems Lab at the University of Amsterdam. Their goal was to find a way to gently steer bicyclists to a location so they avoid being dangerously distracted by visual maps, GPS screens or smartphones.
Worn around the waist, the Vibrobelt gives waypoint, distance and endpoint information using directional tactile cues, according to its creators. The belt works by taking information about the route and translating it into unique buzzes that indicate where the bicyclist should go. For example, the vibration for going left is different from the one for going straight.
When the two researchers tested the belt against a GPS screen on a group of 20 volunteers who were taking unfamiliar routes, they found that everyone made it to their destinations just fine. However, the volunteers who used the Vibrobelt were able to navigate more quickly, remembered the route they took and could recall landmarks along it better. Paul Marks, writing for New Scientist, called the Vibrobelt "satnav for your waist."
Bouwer and Steltenpohl plan to refine their system and their paper about the Vibrobelt was accepted for the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, which takes place in Santa Monica next month. Wonder if they considered a smart bicycle seat cover. Although something like that might end up being a bit too, um, distracting.
Credit: Richard Masoner


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1. The undersigned, Sergio Marchionne, in his capacity as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Richard Palmer, as the executive officer responsible for the preparation of the Company's financial statements, pursuant to the provisions of Article 154-bis, clauses 3 and 4, of Legislative Decree no. 58 of 1998, hereby attest:
- the adequacy with respect to the Company structure
- and the effective application
of the administrative and accounting procedures applied in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements at 31 December 2013.
2. The assessment of the adequacy of the administrative and accounting procedures used for the preparation of the consolidated financial statements at 31 December 2013 was based on a process defined by Fiat in accordance with the Internal Control – Integrated Framework model issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, an internationally-accepted reference framework.
3. The undersigned moreover attest that:
3.1 the consolidated financial statements at 31 December 2013:
a) have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, as endorsed by the European Union through Regulation (EC) 1606/2002 of the European Parliament and Council, dated 19 July 2002;
b) correspond to the amounts shown in the Company's accounts, books and records; and
c) provide a fair and correct representation of the financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of 31 December 2013 and for the year then ended
3.2 the report on operations includes a reliable operating and financial review of the Company and of the Group as well as a description of the main risks and uncertainties to which they are exposed.
27 February 2014
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
EXECUTIVE OFFICER RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE COMPANY'S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


text:
The study involved 66 spider-phobic women who watched a video of a spider 14 times. The participants were randomly divided into different groups to either watch the video every two hours or every 12 hours, and either in the morning or evening, or after spending a night sleeping or a full day awake.
The researchers also sounded off a loud noise during some of the videos and then measured the participants' palm sweat in response.
Overall, women who managed to get a good night's sleep after watching the spider videos — before being shown the spiders again — were less likely to rate the spider high on a scale of "fearfulness, disgust, and unpleasantness," according to the Harvard Gazette.
On the other hand, subjects who stayed awake for 12 hours after watching the spider videos and were then shown the videos again at the end of the day exhibited a stronger stress response.
There was no evident difference in reaction between participants who viewed the spider videos in the morning or the evening.
"Thus, sleep following exposure therapy may promote retention and generalization of extinction learning," the researchers wrote in the study.
The researchers added that REM sleep in particular could be responsible for the effect.
Recently, a Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study showed that severely arachnophobic adults who participated in just one session of therapy experienced brain changes that allowed them to hold a tarantula in their hands. The effect lasted six months after the therapy session.
"Before treatment, some of these participants wouldn't walk on grass for fear of spiders or would stay out of their home or dorm room for days if they thought a spider was present," study researcher Katherina Hauner, Ph.D., postdoctoral fellow in neurology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, said in a statement.
"But after a two or three-hour treatment, they were able to walk right up and touch or hold a tarantula. And they could still touch it after six months," Hauner said.
The study is published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research.
Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research


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Equipping Members of the Radiant Life Christian Ministry in Nigeria for Biblical Mentoring
MetadataShow full item record
This project seeks to equip members of the Radiant Life Christian Ministry in Nigerian to mentor Biblically. Chapter 1 presents the history and ministry context of RLCF and the goals of this project. Chapter 2 explains three passages of scriptures, Ruth 1-4, Mark 3:14, and Second Timothy 2:2, to show that when Christians are mentored biblically, the church becomes the leadership locus of the marketplace in any society. Chapter 3 presents the historical and current mentoring best practices principles. Chapter 4 describes the project itself, recounting the content and teaching methodology of the specific course curriculum. Chapter 5 evaluates the efficacy of the project based on the completion of specified goals. Ultimately, this project seeks to equip Christians with the boldness and skills needed to intentionally and consistently develop Christian leaders for the world's marketplace through mentoring.


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Before implementation of the nursing flow sheet
on July 2012, a single-page system was used to activate the BAT for patients presenting with the acute onset of neurologic symptoms.
Complete investigations were recorded on flow sheet
in 5%(n=10) of the charts (very good).
Taking into consideration the results obtained we have developed a flow sheet
involving the combined process of grinding in the centrifugal-rebound mill and hydrocycling (Fig.
Nonetheless, the burn flow sheet
, a valuable and necessary tool, is not perfect.
The PFBR flow sheet
consists of one top model and one sub model.
Evaluation of the flow sheet
and treatment plan will be performed by the primary nurse at three- and six-month intervals and adjustments to the tool will be made as identified with utilization.
Whether you are documenting with a narrative style, using flow sheets
or charting by exception, the purpose of documentation is to memorialize what occurred while you took care of your patient and to capture relevant information about the patient's condition and medical history.
Because effectively managing patients with DKA requires close attention to detail, she recommended creating a detailed flow sheet
to keep track of laboratory values, vital signs, fluids, dextrose, and insulin rates.
American Data offers a variety of input methods, including infinite menus (point and click), flow sheet
(touch screen), charting by picture (touch screen), or combinations of each of these methods.
* Consider using a treatment flow sheet
as a means of tracking the patient's course and as a prompt for regular communication with the patient.
Bernoulli can automate the ventilator flow sheet
process saving significant clinician time.


Reduce, Reuse, Redesign: TPCreative's Take on Circular Economy 循環經濟的理性與感性：TPCreative的資源再生之路
Taiwan Design Forum
9/28(Sat)下午 16:00-17:20
主講：台電文創新事業開發室文創事業課課長 張小燕
與談：衍象設計實驗室FabCraft Design Lab創辦人 闞凱宇
Taiwan Power Company tries to flip the idea of a power company around with its new project "TPCreative". They are rethinking the definition of waste and resources by collaborating with the design community. With the core values of participation, communication, perception and collaboration, TPCreative is creating a collection of products that are generated through waste recycling with the concept of "design diversion and recycling".
Through deconstructing and analyzing the materials of the power supply network, and understanding the characteristics and production context, TPCreative began to conduct material experiments and product development. The rich resources and assets of TPCreative were reinterpreted by a group of designers, allowing the so-called "waste" to be reinvented and reused. This lecture will give you an in-depth understanding of how "TPCreative" goes about to minimize the impact on the environment and flourished in the trend of circular economy.


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Jiangxi Poyang Lake Series | Episode 1: White feathered crane
A young Siberian crane arrived at Poyang Lake, China's largest freshwater lake located in east China's Jiangxi Province for the first time after its birth. Its mom starts to pass on what she can offer so that her child could survive with ease at their wintering ground. However, the class is constantly interrupted by an intruding swan. Watch the first episode of Jiangxi Poyang Lake Series and learn more interesting stories about crane parenting.
About 'Journeys in Nature': Jiangxi Poyang Lake Series
Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is an internationally significant wetland. It's the most important winter grounds for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, and the largest avian winter habitat in Asia. More than 460 bird species have been recorded at Poyang Lake. Every year from October to April, more than 700,000 birds fly here for winter, including more than 98 percent of the world's Siberian cranes and 95 percent of the world's oriental storks. CGTN Nature's film crew traveled to the lake to learn about the special bond between Poyang Lake and migratory birds as well as other creatures. Stay tuned!
(Cover image via screenshot)
(If you want to contribute and have specific expertise, please contact us at _EMAIL_.)


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DuPont is a science and engineering company which, for more than 200 years, has developed innovations that tackle global challenges. In partnership with the National Association of Agricultural Educators (NAAE) and National FFA, DuPont has been a champion for bringing scientific inquiry-based learning to more students by elevating the rigor and accessibility of agricultural education.
DuPont's flagship program for agricultural educator development is the National Agriscience Teacher Ambassador Academy (NATAA). This weeklong academy focuses on helping educators enrich the scientific learning inherent in agricultural education, and teaches content through inquiry. The academy is the longest-running national professional development program in agricultural education, and it has paved the way to a greater acceptance of science and STEM in agricultural education.
DuPont also supports educators in partnership with NAAE by expanding the reach of NATAA with national and state-level agricultural programs through DuPont Agriscience Institute workshops, the National Agriscience Preservice Teacher Program and Agriscience Inquiry Institutes. These programs support agriscience teachers at every stage of their careers, helping them implement inquiry-based methodology and scientific rigor. DuPont also actively works to encourage talented young people to enter the agricultural education profession through its sponsorship of NAAE's National Teach Ag campaign.
DuPont understands that agricultural educators are the key to producing students who will be the next innovators and leaders in
agriculture, says Jay Jackman, NAAE executive director. Their support is helping agriculture teachers all over the United States give students a high-level educational experience in science, math and literacy in the applied context of agriculture.


text:
Ice storm research papers
On jul 1, 2001 ra lautenschlager published: ice storm 1998 - forest policy and research papers. Impact of the 1998 ice storm on the eastern ontario maple syrup industry: a case study of natural disaster policy in canada jennifer kidon and glenn fox. Ice storm research papers - top-ranked and cheap report to ease your studying only hq writing services provided by top specialists witness the merits of qualified. Iclr research paper series – no 1 ice storm '98 by eugene l lecomte research where the common good will be served ice storms – in february. Ice storm: reacting to a natural disaster in quebec romeo lajoie no 1998/6 access statistics for this paper more papers in peb exchange.
Ice storm research papers - modify the way you deal with your assignment with our professional service put aside your fears, place your assignment here and receive. It is 1973 new canaan, connecticut is a prototypical 'bedroom' community modern homes, clean, quiet streets and plenty of greenspace lend an air of contentment to. Ice storms are an important and recurring ecological disturbance in many temperate forest ecosystems performed research analyzed data wrote paper. Ice storms, also referred to as glaze storms, cause considerable damage every year to trees in urban and natural areas they vary considerably in their severity and.
Modeling ice storm climatology variables that drive ice storms the work described in this paper is thus motivated by research in climate and atmospheric. The 2008 ice storm was extraordinary as measured by its impact on customers, the improvements, reducing reliance on paper‐based information flows. Simulated clinical environments and virtual he was a co-founder of red storm principal investigator and project manager on collaborative research and. The 1993 north american storm complex, also known as the (great) blizzard of 1993, or the storm of the century, was a large cyclonic storm that occurred on march to. Essays, term papers, book reports, research papers on world literature free papers and essays on ice storm we provide free model essays on world literature, ice.
Following ice storm injury kevin t smith, and kenneth r dudzik usda forest service, northeastern research station research station research paper ne-723. Primary research paper invertebrate community and stream substrate responses to woody debris removal from an ice storm-impacted stream system, ny usa. Ice storms and severe winter storms winter storms essay below is an essay on winter storms from anti essays, your source for research papers. The goal of this paper is to examine the using a case study of the 1998 ice storm and the eastern ontario maple ice storm damage because the crowns of. Completed research this research effort is focused on evaluating the structural attributes of scarce old-growth riparian the 1998 ice storm.
Ice storm research papers - compose a quick custom term paper with our assistance and make your teachers shocked put out a little time and money to receive the report. Tree survival and growth following ice storm injury walter c shortle, kevin t smith, and kenneth r dudzik usda forest service, northeastern research station. An analysis of southern us ice storm frequency from 2000-2009 carly kovacik national weather center research experience for undergraduates, norman, oklahoma. Ice storm research papers - get the necessary coursework here and forget about your concerns writing a custom paper means work through many steps authentic papers at. Storms papers essay on ice science coursework b booklet 2015 review research papers netflix swot analysis questions 700 essay for writing toefl pdf worksheet.
Movie c term papers, the ice storm book vs movie c research papers and unique the ice storm book vs movie c papers from essaysbankcom homepage services my. This paper is one in a series developed by the ice storms occur throughout the united satellite and mesometeorology research project paper 91 gehring c.
The goal of this paper is to examine the implications of natural disaster using a case study of the 1998 ice storm and the eastern ontario maple syrup industry. The ice storm book vs movie c the ice storm by rick moody was in such a position that one could actually look at both the and research papers in 2 minutes or. United states department of agriculture forest service research paper nrs-25 northern research station february 2014 tree survival 15 years after the. Essays research papers - the ice storm book vs movie c.


SP Serial 550 PCI
Device driver details
Category: Other
Manufacturer: Lava Computer MFG Inc.
Caution Level: Safe
Download File Size: 53.6 KB
Latest Version / Release Date: 1.00.01 / 20 Sep 2000
Download DriverScanner to check your PC for outdated drivers
Before you download: We recommend you scan Windows for registry errors
Windows device driver information for SP Serial 550 PCI
This hardware component is an expansion card which plugs into a vacant PCI slot on the computer motherboard to provide the host computer system with additional cabling possibilities for both serial and parallel interfaces. It is known as an adapter card which is capable of delivering data transfer rates of up to 115.2 kilobits per second depending on the capability of the attached hardware component. Like most devices which are installed internally it requires the corresponding extraction of its device driver which will make it both operational and functional. When properly installed in the host computer system it will be immediately detected upon reboot and will allow the underlying operating system to detect any device attached to its interface port. These types of hardware components are normally referred to as expansion cards because they supplement the existing functionality of the host computer system.
In terms of hardware functionality the SP Serial 550 PCI is designed to minimize if not completely eliminate the occurrence of bottlenecks during data transmission. Using the manufacturer provided device driver it can also address common problems that involve Interrupt Requests in the host computer system. Basically every hardware component is assigned a corresponding address and Interrupt Request which allows the underlying operating system platform to identify the attached devices. Sometimes when massive amounts of information is processed there can be bottlenecks when accessing these IRQs. The device driver of the SP Serial 550 PCI helps to avoid these instances by allowing the expansion card to take control of the data traffic for the devices attached to its ports. By handling the input and output traffic in a single card with high speed bidirectional interfaces the computer user gains a boost in the overall performance of the host machine. For older computer systems the computer user now has the ability of connecting external devices like modems, scanners, and additional printers among others. It is highly recommended you run a free registry scan for and SP Serial 550 PCI errors before installing any driver updates.
You are currently viewing the device driver detail page for SP Serial 550 PCI
Browse more device drivers


text:
StatusThe thesis was presented on the 22 November, 2012
Approved by NCAA on the 20 December, 2012
Abstract– 0.24 Mb / in romanian
The thesis is presented on 123 printed pages and consists of: introduction, 4 chapters, conclusions and recommendations for production, bibliography of 195 titles. Illustrative material includes 32 tables, 21 figures, 2 appendices. The results are published in 11 scientific papers.
Keywords: quality fruit, forms of crown; level of profitability, intensive planting, harvest, apple varieties, planting structure.
Fields of study: agriculture, fruit growing, 06.01.07.
Scope of work is to increase productivity of intensive apple plantations in two oblique planes and economic efficiency of fruit production through agro biological and economic reasoning to the most appropriate forms of crown for their establishment.
Main objectives of the scientific paper: the study of bioconstructive parameters of trees and basic photometric characteristics of structure of plantation depending on the variety and the constitution of the oblique plans, assessing fructification trees depending on variety and type of crown used at the establishment of oblique plans; apple orchard economic evaluation depending on variety and type of crown.
Scientific novelty and originality. Pentru prima dată în condiţiile Republicii Moldova s-au obţinut date experimentale noi despre creşterea şi fructificarea pomilor de măr conduşi după formele de coroană folosite la constituirea planurilor oblice ale coronamentului. S-a argumentat din punct de vedere agrobiologic şi economic cea mai adecvată formă de coroană pentru plantaţiile intensive de măr cu coronamentul în două planuri oblice. For the first time in the Republic of Moldova there have been obtained new experimental data on growth and fructification of apple trees leaded by the type of crown used at the establishment oblique plans of the crown. It was argued in economic and agro-biological terms the most appropriate form of crown for intensive apple plantations in two oblique planes.
Important scientific problem is solved in fruit growing in improving the structure of intensive apple plantation canopy in two planes oblique crown form of argument for their establishment.
Theoretical significance of scientific paper. Theoretical significance of the work is to complete scientific necessary database to optimize the structure of fruit plantations.
Practical value of scientific paper. The practical value of work paper the recommendation for froduction to form the crown in two oblique planes in intensive apple tree orchard plantations from free flat palmeta crown having an angle of branches to 75-800 from the horizontal position
Implementation of scientific results. The main results of investigations were presented and approved at 5international scientific symposia (Chisinau - 2007, 2008, 2010, Volgograd - 2008, Iasi - 2011), republican and regional practical seminars in the field. The results of scientific research were implemented on an area of 1,3 ha at DES "Criuleni".


text:
Pluto in 6th House
Pluto in 6th house characteristics
The 6th house governs self-improvement, refinement, and service to others. When Pluto, the planet symbolizing transformation and change, occupies this house, it significantly influences these life areas. This placement indicates a potent need for improvement and refinement, permeating every facet of daily life and routines.
Symbolizing daily work, health, and routine tasks, the 6th house, when occupied by Pluto, instills individuals with a profound urge to transform these areas. This transformation may involve discarding outdated patterns that no longer benefit them, leading to a total career change, a dramatic shift in daily habits, or a redefinition of their approach to health and self-care.
Similarly, the 6th house governs issues necessitating correction or improvement. Pluto's transformative energy in this house could direct towards identifying and resolving such issues, ranging from personal health challenges to work-related obstacles. The key lies in acknowledging the problem and then initiating steps to rectify it.
The 6th house also signifies care for small animals. When Pluto occupies this house, a deep-seated urge to transform these creatures' lives may manifest. This urge could find expression through involvement in animal rescue or rehabilitation, or a personal commitment to enhancing the lives of pets or local wildlife.
Lastly, the 6th house is associated with one's craft or skills, especially in the work environment. Here, Pluto's influence may compel a deep exploration into mastering a particular skill or craft, or perhaps a total revamp of one's skillset in the pursuit of a new career or hobby.
Pluto in 6th house strengths and challenges
A key strength of this placement is the inherent ability to identify life areas needing improvement and the resolve to effect necessary changes. Pluto's transformative energy can supply the drive and motivation required to make significant progress in self-improvement, career, health, and other life areas.
Another strength is the potential for growth and transformation this placement offers. Pluto's influence can trigger profound personal evolution, prompting individuals to discard old habits and patterns and adopt new thought and behavior patterns. This can result in substantial personal growth and the evolution of a stronger, more resilient self.
However, this placement also poses some challenges. The drive for constant improvement and transformation can become overwhelming, leading to burnout or frustration. It's crucial for individuals with Pluto in the 6th house to understand that change takes time, and it's permissible to take a break and rest.
Another challenge is the potential for becoming overly fixated on outcomes or specific goals. Under Pluto's influence, there can be a tendency to become excessively attached to specific results, which can impede the transformation process. Learning to release expectations and remain open to change is critical to overcoming this challenge.
Finally, despite the strong urge for transformation, there can be a fear of change. This paradox can generate internal tension and stress. Acknowledging this fear and accepting the 'death' of old patterns is crucial for achieving true transformation.
When Pluto resides in the 6th house, it incites a profound urge for transformation and improvement in daily life, work, health, and care for small animals. The strengths of this placement lie in the potential for personal growth and the determination to effect necessary changes. However, it also presents challenges such as the potential for burnout, attachment to outcomes, and fear of change. Recognizing these challenges and learning to navigate them is crucial to harnessing the transformative power of Pluto in the 6th house.
Next: pluto in 7th house


let sg = Tools.prefix_signature (parent_cp, sg) in
 find Find.module_type_in_sig sg name >>= fun ('FModuleType (name, mt)) ->
 Ok
 (of_component env mt
 ('ModuleType (parent_cp, name))
 ('ModuleType (parent', name)))
 let of_element env ('ModuleType (id, mt)) : t =
 of_component env mt ('Gpath ('Identifier id)) ('Identifier id)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_module_type name env >>= fun e ->
 Ok (of_element env e)
end
module CL = struct
 (** Class *)
 type t = class_lookup_result
 let of_element _env ('Class (id, t)) : t = ('Identifier id, t)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_class name env >>= fun e -> Ok (of_element env e)
 let of_component _env c ~parent_ref name = Ok ('Class (parent_ref, name), c)
end
module CT = struct
 type t = class_type_lookup_result
 let of_element _env ('ClassType (id, t)) : t =
 (('Identifier id :> Resolved.ClassType.t), t)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_class_type name env >>= fun e ->
 Ok (of_element env e)
 let of_component _env ct ~parent_ref name =
 Ok ('ClassType (parent_ref, name), ct)
end
module DT = struct
 (** Datatype *)
 type t = datatype_lookup_result
 let of_component _env t ~parent_ref name = Ok ('Type (parent_ref, name), t)
 let of_element _env ('Type (id, t)) : t = ('Identifier id, t)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_datatype name env >>= fun e ->
 Ok (of_element env e)
 let in_signature _env ((parent', parent_cp, sg) : signature_lookup_result)
 name =
 let sg = Tools.prefix_signature (parent_cp, sg) in
 find Find.datatype_in_sig sg name >>= function
 | 'FType (name, t) -> Ok ('T ('Type (parent', name), t))
end
module T = struct
 (** Type *)
 type t = type_lookup_result
 let of_element env : _ -> t = function
 | 'Type _ as e -> 'T (DT.of_element env e)
 | 'Class _ as e -> 'C (CL.of_element env e)
 | 'ClassType _ as e -> 'CT (CT.of_element env e)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_type name env >>= fun e -> Ok (of_element env e)
 (* Don't handle name collisions between class, class types and type decls *)
 let in_signature _env ((parent', parent_cp, sg) : signature_lookup_result)
 name =
 let sg = Tools.prefix_signature (parent_cp, sg) in
 find Find.type_in_sig sg name >>= function
 | 'FType (name, t) -> Ok ('T ('Type (parent', name), t))
 | 'FClass (name, c) -> Ok ('C ('Class (parent', name), c))
 | 'FClassType (name, ct) -> Ok ('CT ('ClassType (parent', name), ct))
end
module V = struct
 (** Value *)
 type t = Resolved.Value.t
 let in_env env name : t ref_result =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_value name env >>= fun ('Value (id, _x)) ->
 Ok ('Identifier id)
 let of_component _env ~parent_ref name = Ok ('Value (parent_ref, name))
 let in_signature _env ((parent', _, sg) : signature_lookup_result) name =
 find_ambiguous ~kind:'S Find.value_in_sig sg (ValueName.to_string name)
 >>= fun _ -> Ok ('Value (parent', name))
end
module L = struct
 (** Label *)
 type t = Resolved.Label.t
 let in_env env name : t ref_result =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_label name env >>= fun ('Label (id, _)) ->
 Ok ('Identifier id)
 let in_page _env ('P (_, p)) name =
 let rec find = function
 | hd :: tl -> (
 match Odoc_model.Location_.value hd with
 | 'Heading
 ( _,
 ({ Odoc_model.Paths.Identifier.iv = 'Label (_, name'); _ } as
 label),
 _ )
 when name = LabelName.to_string name' ->
 Ok ('Identifier label)
 | _ -> find tl)
 | [] -> Error ('Find_by_name ('Page, name))
 in
 find p.Odoc_model.Lang.Page.content
 let of_component _env ~parent_ref label =
 Ok
 ('Label
 ( (parent_ref :> Resolved.LabelParent.t),
 Ident.Name.typed_label label.Component.Label.label ))
 let in_label_parent env (parent : label_parent_lookup_result) name =
 match parent with
 | 'S (p, _, sg) ->
 find_ambiguous ~kind:'Label Find.label_in_sig sg
 (LabelName.to_string name)
 >>= fun _ -> Ok ('Label ((p :> Resolved.LabelParent.t), name))
 | ('T _ | 'C _ | 'CT _) as r -> wrong_kind_error [ 'S; 'Page ] r
 | 'P _ as page -> in_page env page (LabelName.to_string name)
end
module EC = struct
 (** Extension constructor *)
 type t = Resolved.Constructor.t
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_extension name env
 >>= fun ('Extension (id, _, _)) -> Ok ('Identifier id :> t)
 let of_component _env ~parent_ref name =
 Ok ('Extension (parent_ref, ExtensionName.make_std name))
 let in_signature _env ((parent', parent_cp, sg) : signature_lookup_result)
 name =
 let sg = Tools.prefix_signature (parent_cp, sg) in
 find Find.extension_in_sig sg (ExtensionName.to_string name) >>= fun _ ->
 Ok ('Extension (parent', name))
end
module ED = struct
 (** Extension decl *)
 let in_env env name =
 env_lookup_by_name Env.s_extension name env
 >>= fun ('Extension (id, _, te)) ->
 (* Type extensions always have at least 1 constructor.
 The reference to the type extension shares the same name as the first constructor. *)
 match te.constructors with
 | [] -> assert false
 | c :: _ ->
 let id_parent = match id.iv with 'Extension (p, _) -> p in
 Ok
 ('Identifier
 (Identifier.Mk.extension_decl
 ( id_parent,
 (ExtensionName.make_std c.name, ExtensionName.make_std name) )))
 let in_signature _env ((parent', parent_cp, sg) : signature_lookup_result)
 name =
 let sg = Tools.prefix_signature (parent_cp, sg) in
 find Find.extension_in_sig sg (ExtensionName.to_string name)
 >>= fun ('FExt (ext, _) : Find.extension) ->
 (* Type extensions always have at least 1 constructor.
 The reference to the type extension shares the same name


Last modified July 15, 2020 by John Mcgrath
Qminder logoQminder is a queuing solution for safe, touch-free customer service—greet, inform, and interact with your customers while maintaining safe physical distance. Create Qminder tickets based on user actions within the app and trigger ticket status update messages from Swrve with Swrve's Qminder integration.
Supported actions
Swrve's Qminder integration supports the following actions:
Outbound actions
 - Create a new Qminder ticket; for example, add a customer to a queue.
Inbound actions
 - Process ticket status update events from Qminder.
Use cases
Create Ticket
Using the Qminder connector, Swrve triggers the creation of a ticket in Qminder upon receipt of a selected user action that is configured as a mobile event. There are two main steps involved in triggering ticket creation via the Qminder integration:
 1. Create a custom event in the Swrve SDK for the user action that you want to use to trigger the creation of a ticket; for example, create_ticket.
 2. Create a rule in Swrve that is triggered on receipt of the designated event and uses the Create Ticket action to create the ticket.
The Create Ticket action configuration includes mandatory fields, such as the Swrve User ID and Line ID. If the values vary by user and you want to include them as dynamic content when configuring the rule, ensure the values are included as part of the trigger event payload or set up in Swrve as a user property.
Send push notification
The Qminder connector sends ticket status events to Swrve, which you can use to trigger push notifications in Swrve. For example, when a customer's ticket is called, use the receipt of the Ticket Called event to trigger a rule in Swrve that sends a push notification to a user with pertinent details about their ticket (line number, ticket status, desk number, and so forth).
Qminder configuration
In most instances, your CSM will set up your Qminder configuration, however you might need to provide them with certain credentials. To view your active Swrve integrations, on the Manage menu, select Adaptors.
Step 1: To access the configuration settings, on the Qminder card, select Configure.
Step 2: Complete the following fields as required:
Field Description
API Key Your Qminder API access key
Step 3: To save the configuration settings, select Save.
After you select Save, the configuration status changes to Active and the Deactivate button is available. If you Activate or Deactivate the configuration at any time, the changes apply to both the outbound and inbound actions.
Configuring Qminder actions
This section describes the fields that are included when creating a new rule using the selected action. For certain inbound actions, Swrve automatically creates a rule, while your CSM will likely configure any outbound actions. Most fields have the option to manually enter the value or to select a user property from the list to have Swrve automatically populate the value when the rule is processed.
Create Ticket
Adds a user to a line in Qminder. Complete the following fields to include the values required to create the ticket.
Field Description
Swrve User ID The Swrve User ID of the user to create the ticket for.
Line The Line ID to create the ticket under.
First Name The user's first name. (Optional)
Last Name The user's last name. (Optional)
Phone Number The user's phone number. (Optional)
Email The user's email address. (Optional)
Source PHONE, MANUAL, or NAME. (Optional)
Extra Attributes Custom fields/values to attach to the ticket. (Optional)
Scheduling Options Send Immediately – the action is performed as soon as the rule is triggered.
Send after – the action is performed after X minutes, hours or days.
Inbound actions
The Qminder inbound actions use webhooks with the Qminder system to receive asynchronous ticket status update events. The webhooks are set up when you activate the Qminder integration. Qminder sends the following events to Swrve:
Event Description
Ticket Called Ticket has been called.
Ticket Cancelled Ticket has been cancelled (removed).
Ticket Changed Ticket has been changed (edited) or a label was added.
Ticket Created Ticket has been created.
Ticket Recalled Ticket has been recalled.
Ticket Served Ticket has been served.


Unlike most of the other temperature sensors we have, this breakout has a really cool IR sensor from TI that can measure the temperature of an object without touching it.
The TMP007 is the latest thermopile sensor from TI, and is an update of the TMP006. The internal math engine does all the temperature calculations so its easier to integrate - you can read the die and target temperatures directly over I2C. The TMP007 also has better transient management, so you don't get as much over/undershoot when the temperature changes a lot.
Simply point the sensor towards what you want to measure and it will detect the temperature by absorbing IR waves emitted. The embedded thermopile sensor generates a very very small voltage depending on how much IR there is, and using some math, that micro voltage can be used to calculate the temperature. It also takes the measurement over an area so it can be handy for determining the average temperature of something.
This sensor comes as a ultra-small 0.5mm pitch BGA, too hard to solder by hand. So we stuck it on an easy-to-work-with breakout board. The sensor works with 2.5V to 5V logic so it requires no logic level shifting. There are two address pins and using a funky method of connecting the pins you can have up to 8 TMP007's connected to one i2c bus. We also include a small piece of 0.1" breakaway header so you can easily solder to and use this sensor on a breadboard. Two mounting holes make it easy to attach to an enclosure.
This guide was first published on Aug 05, 2014. It was last updated on Aug 05, 2024.
This page (Overview) was last updated on Aug 05, 2014.
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text:
4600-5000€, VAT 0%
One 3D scanner – spectrum of possibilities
RangeVision Spectrum is a new high-resolution 3D scanner based on the safe-to-use structured light technology. It is designed for scanning small, medium and larger objects. The 3D scanner has three fields of view and is equipped with 3.1 Mpix industrial color cameras. RangeVision Spectrum captures complex geometry, flat and long objects, as well as small details with constantly high 3D resolution while keeping the accuracy up to 0.04 mm.
Industrial colour cameras with 3.1 mpix sensors capture the finest details and curved surface of the object – up to 0.04 mm.
The two cameras capture the geometry of the object, while making a scanning process more accurate and stable, reducing the need to calibrate the scanner during operations to a minimum. Spectrum is an ideal device for creating accurate visualization of objects with a complex shape.
Thanks to the possibility to scan with targets and adjustable fields of view the size of the scanned object is limited only by your imagination and the power of your PC.
Any size of scan object
RangeVision Spectrum is a multi-purpose device capable of scanning objects of different sizes simply by changing the scanner's field of view. No need to look for the options or another 3D scanner – Spectrum is 3 scanners in one. This device provides highly detailed scans of any type of object, from jewelry to large automobiles, with accuracy up to 0,04 mm and 3D resolution up to 0,06 mm. It is a perfect solution for companies that specialize in 3D scanning services, reverse engineering, product design or production of all kind of small or medium-sized objects.
A multipurpose 3D scanning software RangeVision ScanCenter
User-friendly RangeVision software comes with free updates and is included in the price of the 3D scanner. Align and merge 3D scans into a complete digital 3D model without exporting to a separate post-processing software – all necessary functions are built-in. Obtain a ready-to-use 3D model for any CAD/CAM, 3D modeling or 3D printing software.
Rangevision Spectrum toimitetaan tukevassa salkussa
Tuote toimitetaan tukevassa salkussa, jossa on omat paikkansa jokaiselle komponentille.
|Scan area (H×W×D)(mm)
|The accuracy of 3D points, mm
|3D resolution, mm
|Working distance, m


text:
Scaling Bitcoin workshop : Hong Kong 2015
Why miners will not voluntarily individually produce smaller blocks
Marginal cost is very low.
In about 2011, people started discussing the idea of needing an artificial cap for a block size limit to kind of kick up the transaction fees. The orphan risk is a marginal cost the larger the block, the higher the chance of an orphan.
Now I've got some issues why orphan risk may not be so great. As technology improves, over time the technology cost of orphaning gets lower and lower, so you are relying on driving miner revenue or fees, would become less relevant. I also think that orphans just by nature are kind of bad, and the aim of the system is to prevent orphans. Another reason is that orphan risk in general, the larger you are, the larger your mining operation, you don't need to propagate to yourself. This incentivizes mining centralization, because a smaller mine rwould have to propagate to a larger portion of the network.
The defense that people give to the orphan risk idea is that, orphan risk is not a great concern and it's jus tanother cost to miner like rent and salary and electricity, and the Chinese already have a capacity advantage, so all we're doing is adding one more cost, which just increases decentralization because Chinese already have the lead here. But orphan risk is quite unique. With these other cost, it's economies of scale that could run out. If you have low energy cost, if you are near hydrothermal or something, you will use up that capacity eventually. Orphan risk is lower for larger miners and this is an inherent property of the system and might always encourage centralization. With the other costs, we hope that the impact eventually runs out, but orphan risk might not.
And then there's the question of how does marginal orphan risk vary when the block size varies? As the block size increases, does the oprhan risk go higher and higher? Whatever happens, you're always going to be in a bad scenario. This is an illustration of the graph. The dark green line is the marginal orphan risk cost. The yellow line below it is the average orphan risk cost. You have the other two lines, are the fees or the demand curve. This seems that miners keep producing blocks up to the point where marginal orphan risk equals the marginal transaction fee. You can see the red area is the total orphan risk. And the yellow area is the total average transaction fee. In this exponential scenario, the red area is a large portion of total revenue. What is total margin risk? Total orphan risk relative to miner fee revenue? If I was to draw this line where there was a linear relationship to block size and marginal orphan rate, then it would actually say 100% of miner revenue would be equal to the economic value of orphan risk. I think this is quite potentially dangerous, or potentially dangerous to rely on orphan risk to drive the fee market.
A very common question is why don't miners voluntarily produce smaller blocks? Why does a fee limit matter? Miners will just produce smaller blocks. This was discussed in 2011. Each individual miner wants to generate as much cash as possible. They will include as many transactions as possible. One is to look at the whole mining industry as a whole, maybe the mining industry will produce smaller blocks to produce and protect the Bitcoin industry. The incentives for each individual miner is they want to generate as large blocks as possible. A lot of people don't agree, they think this is too theoretical, it's unproven game theory, the focus is too much on the local and not the longer-term. I think this tragedy of the commons problem we can see today in the commodities markets. If you look at iron ore, the miners keep producing more and more, and the price keeps falling of iron ore. It's a benefit to the industry for the miners to cut production, and for price to rise, but the game theory doesn't work out like that. They each produce as much as possible to generate as much cash as they can. They never voluntarily reduce production. They keep producing as much as they can, to produce cashflow to ensure their survival.
This is probably fine in most commodity markets. But in bitcoin, we always need a healthy mining network. There's a spectrum of how miners think. One group of people would say that miners care about long-term interests of the system, and they are playing a game of Life. But the other end of the spectrum is that miners care more about short-term profit optimization. But the reality is that nobody is right here, there's a whole spectrum of mining priorities.
If the miners care more about long-term interests of the system, then maybe they wont include big blocks. We need to be aware of how miner incentives change. We need to build a robust economic system across the system. At the moment, everyone is collaborating. There is a risk that this will change in the future. Because of this risk, we need to realize that people could become very selfish and care only about the next block.
Now I am going to talk about bip100 and why it might solve some of these issues. Under bip100, miners must vote for the block size they want. Rational miners should vote to maximize their revenue. Some might care about long-term revenue, and some about short-term revenue. Revenue is block reward exchange rate + transaction volume average fee * exchange rate. Miners would vote in a balanced way, so at the moment people are debating the relative importance of the fee level or the transaction level or exchange rate, bip100 would be where miners dynamically vote in a balanced way to reflect these competing priorities. They will make their decision based on expected elasticity of their supply curve. The supply curve would be a straight curve, and miners would vote to move it back left or right, and the ywould try to maximize their fee revenue. This is quite contentious because most people don't like this straight vertical line, because it implies that the... whereas other people think there's always excess capacity. I don't think we should make a decision now. What we need to do is just keep our options open. Don't adopt a scaling proposal that locks us into constantly increasing block size. I don't think we have enough information now to find a right or wrong answer, we should keep an open mind, or adopt a proposal that allows us to go in either direction.
A common criticism of bip100 is that bip100 is a cartel. I admit it does have characteristics similar to a cartel. It enables cartel-like pricing. It's like an open framework that allows miners to decide on the block size limit in a transparent way. I think it's a good idea because I think miners would form a cartel anyway, to restrict supply space in blocks anyway, and drive up transaction fee prices. bip100 could prevent the actual cartel from forming perhaps.
Another proposal I have is that we need to recognize the difference between an increase in the limit, and a decrease in the limit. A majority of miners can impose a decrease in the limit anyway without the need for a hard-fork or any change, because 55% of the miners or whatever can always reject any block larger than some amount. This is why I think these voting mechanisms should reflect this. I think there's a proposal that requires 80% to decrease the limit, whereas I think it should always be 50%. If 79% vote for a limit reduction, this sort of advertises that 79% want it down, and this will serve as a catalyst for cartel formation anyway. If 79% can just reduce the limit, then they can ignore the voting mechanism and undermine it through forming a cartel. So I think the voting mechanisms should be designed in a way to keep this in mind, and discourage cartel creation.
I am not claiming that bip100 is perfect. It has a lot of problems. The block size limit would be sub-optimal. It's very difficult to say because the utility is kind of subjective anyway. I like bip100 from an economics perspective, there are far better technical experts than me that we can't increase the limit, I am in favor of upper and lower bounds.
There are no perfect solutions, and we need to be pragmatic and work together and be willing to compromise and accept something we don't like, because there's a lot of pressure. I think there are good proposals out there. BIP100, BIP102 and BIP103 seem like somewhat reasonable interim solutions. Thank you very much, and I'll take questions.
Q: I had an idea that I wanted to hear your take on. Rather than creating a block size changing as a way for miners to change the supply for block space, why not use miner policy, a non-fork related aspect, to control the minimum price available, so basically putting a fee floor for inclusion of transactions into blocks? What do you think? The idea is to use altruistic punishment in order to enforce the fee floor. Miners could set a certain percentage of their hashpower to intentionally orphan miners who break that. I'm not sure if I like this.
A: It's interesting. I've thought about it for a bit. I think that people already don't like bip100 because they feel they are putting the miners in control. Having a fee floor kind of manipulates the market even more and is liable to make people even less happy. That is effectively a mining cartel, and we want to avoid that as possible.
Q: collective bargaining.
Q: I've noticed that some miners have credibly said tha the 1 MB limit is already straining the network quite significantly. What do you think is the prudent approach, since we're talking about scaling the network, however proposals have suggested it might be prudent to go and wait and see. Do you think the