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Skip to Main Content
Systems design involves the determination of interdependent variables. Thus the precedence ordering for the tasks of determining these variables involves circuits. Circuits require planning decisions about how to iterate and where to use estimates. Conventional planning techniques, such as critical path, do not deal with these problems. Techniques are shown which acknowledge these circuits in the design of systems. These techniques can be used to develop an effective engineering plan, showing where estimates are to be used, how design iterations and reviews are handled, and how information flows during the design work. This information flow can be used to determine the consequences of a change in any variable on the rest of the variables in the system, and thus which engineers must be informed and which documents must be changed. From this, a critical path schedule can be developed for implementing the change. This method is ideally suited to an automated design office where data, computer input and output, and communications are all handled through the use of computer terminals and data bases. However, these same techniques can also be effectively used in classical engineering environments.


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A chilling image, but can it be right that the column would be 269 miles long?
The dead are marching four abreast so 1,104,890 divided by 4 gives 276,222 rows. There are 5,280 feet in a mile and 1,420,320 feet in 269 miles. If we divide 1,420,320 by the 275,222 rows it gives 5.142 feet for each row. That sounds about right. If marching men are too close together they would be constantly stumbling into each other.
So, the marching war dead of the British Empire [Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and other smaller countries] would produce a column 269 miles long.
In the top right hand corner of the image there is a small yellow box. This gives equivalent distances for other Empire countries. For example, the column would stretch from Quebec to Ottawa. It also gives the time needed for the column to march past the Cenotaph war memorial in London. I cannot read the number but it is easy to calculate.
British Army Field Service Regulations gives a infantry marching speed of 294 feet per minute [3.3 miles per hour]. At that speed it would take 18 minutes for one mile of the column to pass the Cenotaph and 18 x 269 = 4,842 minutes [3 days, 8.6 hours] for all the column to pass.
Similar columns for the total military dead [casualty figures from Wikipedia] for other countries.
France 340 miles [127% of the BE figure]
Germany 486 miles [181% of the BE figure]
USA 28 miles [10.4% of the BE figure]
On the 1st July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, the British Army suffered 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead. The dead from that day would form a column 4.68 miles [7.53 kilometres] long.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Super simple Arduino TFT SD Card reader tutorial plus alternative to Arduinos default library…
- Connect the SD card module with Arduino according to following connection table:
Arduino SD Card reader 4 CS 13 SCK 11 MOSI 12 MISO 5V Vcc GND GND
- Insert SD card into the reader
- Open Arduino IDE
- Connect Arduino with computer.
- Select CardInfo example sketch:
- Upload sketch and open Serial Monitor
- If everything is working correctly the output will be similar to this:
- Next test ReadWrite example script, output should be following:
- And thats it for basic use of SD card.
Now Arduinos default library is quite basic. For more feature rich library use: _URL_
SdFat features functions like speed test, formatting and much more.


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How to choose your polishing materials?
Polishing is the action of remove surface for the shortest time, while ensuring a high level of surface finish, fitting the application.
The polished substrate is the material on the surface of the device to be polished. Each substrate has its own intrinsic hardness, often measured on the Mohs scale (0 to 10).
The polishing process always implies a compromise between polishing speed (Removal Rate – RR) and surface finish. This will depend on the nature of the substrate to polish and especially its intrinsic hardness, and the polishing technique used.
We can provide various products design adapted to the polishing process of our customer: powder, slurry, paste, formulation. In the powders, we control the agglomerates to offer the best efficiency (integration of spray-dried products, fine alpha particles blended with gamma, agglomerates of alpha particles, isolated alpha particles…).
Especially for alumina, we can play on the size of the particles and the particle size distribution in order to fit the most closely with the required surface finish. We can also intervene on the alpha alumina rate into a gamma alumina matrix. In the case of formulations, we can play on other important parameters for polishing, such as viscosity, complementary to the abrasive efficiency.
For various substrates, we will play on abrasive properties of particles, choosing the nature of the abrasive (Zirconia, Ceria, Spinel…). Baikowski delivers products to polish substrates such as:
- Ceramic. We can polish various ceramic substrates such as spinel pieces (see transparent ceramics).
- Crystal. For example, the sapphire: we can adapt the products according to the crystallographic face to polish. This substrate can be found in watchmaking (watch tops before and after polishing in the opposite illustration) and semiconductor industries.
- Glass. High performance glass parts can be polished with ceria-based slurries.
- Metal. Fine pieces for watchmaking, low thickness, requiring highly fine surface finish.
- Organic Glass. This category includes intraocular lenses (picture below), which can be polished by an alumina-based formulation.
- Varnish & lacquer. Car polish is a well-known application, which requires pastes-type formulations, or at least high-viscosity products.
Processability of Baikowski® powders
We design our polishing materials to make them implementable in various media (pastes, slurries), and we can optimize the design of our abrasives to adapt to the application requirements (viscosity, pH control…). We also provide ready to use slurries, see BaikoPolish page.


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Book: Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice Author: L. E. Carmichael Publisher: Abdo Publishing Date: 2015 Genre: science; for grades 7-12, ages 12-17 Pages: 112; hardcover Price: $35.00 My rating: Fascinating subject very well presented to understand
Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice is a book I purchased at the children's book fair I attended in 2016. I had a lovely chat with the author, Lindsey Carmichael, and was quite impressed. She has a collection of books she's written, for most she had to do serious research to cover the topic – and she loves the research. This book – one of a series – required much of that.
Although for many people the topic of forensic science is far from what they would like to read about, I find it fascinating. This book is put together so expertly that it will be appealing to many.
Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice focuses mainly on the ways science has become vital in solving many crimes. Fingerprinting, DNA testing, the insects found at different times on human remains that help to determine time of death – it all fascinates me – and this book does not disappoint in going into detail. The author has added side bars of information, for example, one that informs the reader that the same forensic techniques used to investigate crimes against people can be applied to investigate crimes against wildlife. Here are others …
Here are the chapters:
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Bodies of Evidence
- Chemical Clues
- Firearms Analysis
- Written in Blood
- No More Mistaken Identity
- Never Without a Trace
- From Page to Screen
- The Future of Forensics
- Essential Facts
- Additional Resources
- Source Notes
- About the Author
The author delves into the history of forensic science and describes its use in actual events, including previously unsolved crimes, missing persons cases, toxicology information, the CSI (Crime Scene Investigation) aspect, and so much more. The photography throughout this book is bold and effective, adding superb descriptive detail.
Lindsey Carmichael's writing is easy to understand as she lays out a very complex subject in an organized, accurate way that is totally absorbing.
Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice could be the book that inspires a young person's interest in this vital field. There is so much amazing information contained in this book, from the earliest days of recorded methods to present digital forensics. The timeline included at the back of the book starts with 44 BCE when the first recorded autopsy was performed on murder victim Julius Caesar! For readers of any age Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice will definitely answer questions regarding criminal investigation.
You can find Forensic Science: in Pursuit of Justice by L. E. Carmichael on my BUY THE BOOK page.
Thanks for reading, and … Creative Musings! 🙂


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Living a meaningful life could mean living a longer life, new research suggests.
Patrick Hill, a psychology professor at Carleton University, is the lead author of a study that connects sense of purpose to mortality rates for adults.
Along with Nicholas Turiano from the University of Rochester Medical Centre in New York, Hill analyzed the lives of 6,000 study participants, 20 years of age and older, over a period of 14 years.
The people who died over the course of the study, published this month in the journal Psychological Science, were less likely to have a feeling of purpose. This means people who feel a sense of direction tend to live longer.
Defining a sense of purpose
The study had participants respond to a series of statements such as: "Some people wander aimlessly through life, but I am not one of them" and "I sometimes feel as if I've done all there is to do in life."
But defining what that sense of purpose really means can be tricky, says Hill.
"To have a purpose in life reflects that you have broader, lifelong goals that serve to direct and organize your day-to-day activities and things that you value," he says.
In previous work that focused on college students, Hill says, these goals fell into four broad areas: creative, occupational or financial, pro-social and family-oriented.
Someone might derive their sense of purpose from pursuing written work or fine arts. Others might want to be brilliant managers and excel in the workforce.
Careers can also be stepping stones toward achieving other goals, such as being financially stable to focus on family life and raising children.
The most frequently cited purposes had to do with helping other people, or trying to improve the social structure.
"Some politicians would fall into this category. Certainly not all," says Hill. "You would also find people who are volunteering in their community."
Age is just a number
Hill explains he was surprised that age didn't affect the relationship between purpose and mortality.
Previous studies focused on older adults, who are at a greater risk for declining health. Many older adults are also adjusting to post-retirement life, and may have difficulty dealing with a loss of structure and routine.
"They might have lost their sense of direction," says Hill.
This led researchers to believe that a sense of purpose could affect older adults even more. "But instead, it seems to have a similar effect across different ages," says Hill.
Health, purpose go hand in hand
Hill says though the study did not factor in things such as cause of death, this could paint an even richer picture.
Though sudden or unexpected deaths can't always be prevented, longer-term health risks like cardiovascular disease may be affected by an individual's sense of purpose.
Someone who is healthier may also be more likely to feel a sense of direction, and vice versa.
"When you're in bed sick or injured, you probably aren't feeling that purposeful on that specific day. It's definitely having an effect on your sense of purpose," he says.
"But the benefit of these long-term studies is it shows that above and beyond these things, in the long term, purpose seems to be predicting better health."


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*lsp-log*buffer and verify that
lsp-modeis able to find the server. If
lsp-modeis unable to find the binary but it is on the path it is probably caused by the fact that emacs is running with different path. You may check the current path by executing M-:
(getenv "PATH"). If this is the case, you have several options to fix the issue.
- make sure that emacs is using the proper path by running emacs from terminal.
- Modify the path using
- Look for
lsp-modevariable to customize server path. Usually, you may find the variable by doing: M-x
tto inspect communication between client and the server. Use
lsp-workspace-show-logto switch to the corresponding log buffer.
lsp-describe-sessionwill show the current projects roots + the started servers and allows inspecting the server capabilities:
- If you manage your Emacs packages with the built-in
package.el, we recommend the following procedure to update your packages:
- Delete your LSP-related packages
- Restart Emacs
- Install the new versions of the packages.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Why Do Humanoid Robots Walk in a Semi-Squatted Position?
Discover the biomechanics behind humanoid robots' semi-squatted walking and how nature-inspired design meets robotics technology.
Why Do Humanoid Robots Walk in a Semi-Squatted Position?
Photo by Ben Griffiths / Unsplash
Humanoid robots, developed to mimic human motion and behavior, incorporate a semi-squatted walking posture for enhanced stability and control.
This positioning allows them to have a lower center of mass, providing better balance and agility during movement.
Control in the Knees
When humanoid robots walk in a semi-squatted position, they gain more control, especially in the knees.
Unlike walking in an upright position, the knee joints have the ability to move in multiple directions, enabling the robot to navigate diverse terrains and adapt to uneven surfaces efficiently.
Nature's Influence
In nature, many animals, particularly quadrupeds, often adopt a semi-squatted posture when walking or running.
This position offers them enhanced stability and control while conserving energy.
Humanoid robot designers have drawn inspiration from these natural movements to incorporate similar mechanics into the robots' walking patterns.
Upright Walking vs. Squat Walking
Humanoid robots walking in a semi-squatted position differ from humans who predominantly walk in an upright position.
The biomechanics of upright walking allow humans to conserve more energy compared to squat walking.
However, humanoid robots are currently more focused on enabling them to walk in varying environments rather than optimizing for the most energy-efficient gait.
Challenges in Designing Upright Walking Robots
Designing humanoid robots to walk in an upright position poses numerous challenges, including the complexity of replicating the intricate mechanics of the human body.
Additionally, upright walking requires advanced balance control and intricate sensorimotor skills, which are difficult to replicate artificially.
Robotics Technology
As robotics technology continues to advance, it will be fascinating to observe how future developments may bridge the gap between nature-inspired movement and energy-efficient walking in humanoid robots.


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I'm building a package to help me write packages and their documentation. In this post I explained how to make a package and its documentation. In the answer I provided I describe how to build a very simple package. However, I have been looking around the extra packages that come with Mathematica and in some packages I see many .m files. I see this as a good way of dividing the application. Can someone describe the structure of a package?
To do this lets try to make a package out of the next simple functions. Suppose that we have the following in a notebook:
AddTwo::usage = "AddTwo[a, b] returns a+b";
AddThree::usage = "AddTwo[a, b, c] returns a+b+c";
DotTwo::usage = "DotTwo[a, b] returns a*b";
DotThree::usage = "DotTwo[a, b, c] returns a*b*c";
AddTwo[a_, b_] := a + b;
AddThree[a_, b_, c_] := a + b + c;
DotTwo[a_, b_] := a*b;
DotThree[a_, b_, c_] := a*b*c;
I would like to put these functions in a package. They all seem to be very simple arithmetic operations so let us make a package named SimpleArithmetic. This package is perfect to be divided into sections. One for additions and one for products, so we can make "subpackages" Addition and Product. If we follow some of the examples in the Mathematica installation we can create a folder called SimpleArithmetic in say $UserBaseDirectory. Inside SimpleArithmetic we can create two other files Addition.m and Product.m. The code for the additions would be placed in Addition.m and the code for multiplications would be placed in Product.m.
The question now is, how would these files look like? There is also a folder called Kernel which contains Init.m.
Could someone please just explain the best practices to create packages? I've read over the documentation and the whole "context" and "packages" keywords have already confused me. The code in the files I have described would be very appreciated.
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There is no simple answer to this. In the Java world there is a tool just to create quality metrics for this topic. Read about it here: clarkware.com/software/JDepend.html. This might give you an idea of the complexity of the subject you touched. – ndroock1 Jul 9 '11 at 7:15

@ndroock, Is the creation of packages in Mathematica that complicated? So far I can just create a simple package, which is a collection of functions. I might be overthinking things because of the notation <<PackageName'Somethingelse' where the ' is of course '. What exactly does this mean? – jmlopez Jul 9 '11 at 7:27
4 Answers 4
up vote 54 down vote accepted
Package creation is a large topic indeed. I will still attempt to give a minimal clarification of the encapsulation mechanism behind packages, since in my experience it pays off to understand it.
What constitutes a package
Basically, a piece of Mathematica code (usually containing a number of variable and function definitions), which is placed inside
Begin[someContext]
code
End[]
can be called a package. Usually, however, at least some more structure is present. In particular, to separate interface from implementation, the typical package looks like
BeginPackage[someContext]
public-functions-usage-messages
Begin["'Private'"]
code
End[]
EndPackage[]
Contexts and symbol names
The context here is a namespace. The convention is that context name is a string ending with "'". At any given moment, the value for the current working namespace is stored in the system variable $Context, and can also be queried by calling Context[]. Begin["test'"] will simply add the current context to the context stack, and then change it to "test'", while End[] will exit the current context by making the previous one current.
Every symbol must belong to some context. The system commands belong to the "System'" context, and the default working context for interactive FrontEnd sessions is "Global'". When mma code is parsed, the symbols are given their "true" (long) names, which contain both a symbol name and a context where the symbol is. For example, Map is really System'Map, and if I define a function f[x_]:=x^2 in the FE session, it will be Global'f. For any symbol, one can call Context[symbol] to determine the context where that symbol belongs. To "export" a symbol defined in a package, it is sufficient to simply use it in any way in the "public" part of the package, that is, before "'Private'" or other sub-contexts are entered. Usage messages is just one way to do it, one in principle could just write sym; and the sym would be created in the main package context just the same (although this practice is discouraged).
Every symbol can be referenced by its long name. Using the short name for a symbol is acceptable if the context where it belongs belongs to the list of contexts currently on the search path, stored in a variable $ContextPath. If there is more than one context on the $ContextPath, containing the symbol with the same short name, a symbol search ambiguity arises, which is called shadowing. This problem should be avoided, either by not loading packages with conflicting public (exported) symbols at the same time, or by referring to a symbol by its long name. I discussed this mechanics in slightly more detail in this post.
Contexts can be nested. In particular, the "'Private'" above is a sub-context of the main context someContext. When the package is loaded with Get or Needs,only its main context is added to the $ContextPath. Symbols created in sub-contexts are therefore inaccessible by their short names, which naturally creates the encapsulation mechanism. They can be accessed by their full long names however, which is occasionally handy for debugging.
Storing and loading packages
Packages are stored in files with ".m" extension. It is recommended that the name of the package coincides with the name of the package context. For the system to find a package, it must be placed into some of the locations specified in the system variable $Path. As a quick alternative (useful at the development stage), $Path can be appended with the location of a directory that contains a package.
When the Needs or Get command are called, the package is read into a current context. What is meant by this is that the package is read, parsed and executed, so that the definitions it contains are added to the global rule base. Then, its context name is added to the current $ContextPath. This makes the public symbols in a package accessible within the current working context by their short names. If a package A is loaded by another package B, then generally the public symbols of A will not be accessible in the context C which loads B - if needed, the A package must generally be explicitly loaded into C.
If the package has been loaded once during the work session, its functions can be accessed by their long names even if it is not currently on the $ContextPath. Typically, one would just call Needs again - if the package has been loaded already, Needs does not call Get but merely adds its context name to the $ContextPath. The internal variable $Packages contains a list of currently read in packages.
The case at hand
Here is how a package might look like:
BeginPackage["SimpleArithmetic'"]
AddTwo::usage = "AddTwo[a, b] returns a+b";
AddThree::usage = "AddThree[a, b, c] returns a+b+c";
TimesTwo::usage = "TimesTwo[a, b] returns a*b";
TimesThree::usage = "TimesThree[a, b, c] returns a*b*c";
Begin["'Private'"]
plus[args___] := Plus[args];
times[args___] := Times[args]
AddTwo[a_, b_] := plus[a, b];
AddThree[a_, b_, c_] := plus[a, b, c];
TimesTwo[a_, b_] := times[a, b];
TimesThree[a_, b_, c_] := times[a, b, c];
End[]
EndPackage[]
The functions AddTwo, AddThree, TimesTwo,TimesThree are public because these symbols were used in


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MOTYS 2001 is a word game containing an french and english dictionary with 100000 words. The objective of this game is to discover a word which is randomly chosen by the computer like Mastermind.
At each attempt the computer indicates the correct placed characters (red background) and the ones incorrectly placed (green background).The game is fully parametrized time to think, initial difficulty, addition/deletion of words to the dictionary. The more difficult the setup is chosen, the faster the score rises! Many sounds accompany a game.
MOTYS 2001 is available in french and english. The clear and user-friendly interface let you dive right-away into action!


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The Administration has released the names of three Mexican organizations against which the President has decided to impose sanctions pursuant to the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (the "Kingpin Actâ€) (21 U.S.C. _PHONE_, 8 U.S.C. 1182). Kingpin Act targets, on a worldwide basis, significant foreign narcotics traffickers, their organizations, and operatives.
The Kingpin Act became law on December 3, 1999. Its purpose is to deny significant foreign narcotics traffickers, their related businesses, and their operatives access to the U.S. financial system and to prohibit all trade and transactions between the traffickers and U.S. companies and individuals. The Kingpin Act authorizes the President to take these actions when he determines that a foreign person plays a significant role in international narcotics trafficking. Congress modeled the Kingpin Act on the effective sanctions program that the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control ("OFACâ€) administers against the Colombian drug cartels pursuant to Executive Order 12978 issued in October 1995 ("Executive Order 12978â€) under authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ("IEEPAâ€).
The Kingpin Act requires that the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency coordinate to identify drug kingpins and propose them to the President for sanctions. The Department of Homeland Security and the Directorate of National Intelligence are also included in the process. The Act calls for the President to report to specified congressional committees by June 1 of each year on those "foreign persons [he] determines are appropriate for sanctionsâ€ and stating his intent to impose sanctions upon those Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers pursuant to the Act. While previous Presidential determinations have been tied to the statutory June 1 timetable, the President may also identify Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers at any other time pursuant to the Act.
Under the Kingpin Act, the President may identify foreign entities as well as foreign individuals as Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers, or "kingpinsâ€: a foreign person is defined in the Act as "any citizen or national of a foreign state or any entity not organized under the laws of the United States, but does not include a foreign state." Likewise, the President is not required to designate Colombian persons exclusively under Executive Order 12978, and may impose sanctions on a Colombian individual or entity under the Kingpin Act, which is intended to be global in scope.
The long-term effectiveness of the Kingpin Act is enhanced by the Department of the Treasury's authority (in consultation with appropriate government agencies and departments) under the Act to make derivative designations of foreign individuals and entities that provide specified types of support or assistance to designated traffickers, or that are owned or controlled by such traffickers, or that act on their behalf. This authority broadens the scope of application of the economic sanctions against kingpins to include their businesses and operatives. Including this year's action, the President has named a total of 78 Significant Foreign Narcotics Traffickers since the first set of kingpins was announced on June 1, 2000. The Department of the Treasury's OFAC has issued a total of 496 derivative designations pursuant to its authorities under the Kingpin Act; these entities and individuals are subject to the same sanctions that apply to kingpins.
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Analysis of Catenary Shaped Timber Structures
Sammanfattning: In the design of a building there are many parameters that effect the material efficiency. The choice of structural solution and material are two of the parameters that will be investigated further in this rapport. Suspension structures is one type of structural solution that has high material efficiency, here the bending stiff properties of timber could also be utilized in order to increase the stiffness of the structure. The use of suspension principle on roof structures is however not frequently used as it can give rise to unfavourable load cases which of course causes increased uncertainties. Some reference building has in spite of this been identified and increased understanding about how suspension structures in timber could function and what possible weaknesses this type of structure can have. With some ideas of how a suspension structure in timber could be designed, different load cases were studied, especially those that were expected to be important for design. Here the uneven snow load, wind uplift and dynamic instability from wind can be highlighted as potential problem areas. In order to get a better understanding of the snow drift on a suspension roof, a scale experiment was performed that showed that most of the snow drift is produced with wind oncoming perpendicular to the roofs parabolic shape and in proximity to the separation zones. The test also showed that a double-sided roof slope resulted in a less unfavourable snow load and that approximating the snow load with an butterfly roofs can give an approximation on the unsafe side. When the loads on the structure were determined, three different factors that affected the load carrying cross section was evaluated. Firstly the support stiffness was studied, here a lower support stiffness meant bigger displacements and bending moments, while its impact on the normal force were negligible. Secondly the member shape was investigated, the conclusion from this test was that a small catenary shape corresponded to an increase in normal force but at the same time resulted in less deflection, bending moment and increased eigenfrequency. Here the result was calculated with both computer aided FE analysis and analytical expressions. A comparison between the result of FE- and analytical calculations, showed a good agreement for calculations of normal force, while the displacement and bending moment showed larger differences between the different calculation methods. Thirdly the effect of slenderness for the cross-section was examined. In this test a slender cross-section means a high bending stiffness which resulted in that a bigger part of the load was resisted through bending. Finally a preliminary design on the catenary "timber-cable" was performed, where the information from the investigations could be applied. Biggest difference compared with the reference building was a reduction of catenary shape, which decreased the deformations and made it possible to utilize both the normal force- and bending moment capacity efficiently. The designed building take advantage of a green roof in order to counteract the large suction forces that can occur for this roof shape. In this way, the green roof result in a more slender load carrying cross-section in combination with having several other benefits. With a span of 70 m the final cross-section was designed with a glulam beam with the dimensions of 250 x 300 mm, with a center to center distance of 800 mm. In the load carrying structure two layers of plywood was also used which mostly contribute to the stability of the building. To be able to compare the the material efficiency of the timbercables, the height of the load carrying elements instead would have used a a truss design. With a truss design the hight of the load carrying element would require several meters which clearly shows the advantage of timber cable concept.
HÄR KAN DU HÄMTA UPPSATSEN I FULLTEXT. (följ länken till nästa sida)


text:
The MJF Centre for Dignified Empowerment and Sustainable Development East in Kalkudah is the largest private sector funded community project in the Eastern Province. It is established and operated by the MJF Charitable Foundation and Dilmah Conservation in fulfillment of Dilmah Founder Merrill J. Fernando's vision of making business a matter of human service. The facility which was constructed at a cost of over Rs. 1 billion is dedicated to the transformation of socially and economically marginalised individuals and communities through knowledge and inspiration, with the intention of achieving dignified empowerment. The MJF Centre East will also develop and demonstrate sustainable agricultural practices to encourage small farmers in evolving traditional agricultural practices and adapt to a changing climate.
Established on a 23-acre site in the heart of one of Sri Lanka's most poverty stricken areas; it brings the Dilmah philosophy to the East with the objective of providing opportunities for women, men, youth, boys and girls as well as people with disabilities. As the regional focus of Dilmah Conservation activities, it aims to secure livelihood options and build climate resilience amongst the communities through the introduction of innovative and sustainable concepts in agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing practices and livelihood support as well as ecosystem restoration. Other programmes include entrepreneurial skills development, vocational training, therapy, supplementary tools for education and life skills development for vulnerable communities. The unique design of the site reflects the Dilmah commitment to sustainability and uses climate smart, low carbon and environmentally friendly technology throughout.
MJF Centre for Dignified Empowerment and Sustainable Development East
RDS Road, Kumburumulai,
Vembu, Kalkudah 30410.
Telephone: + 94 65 _PHONE_
MJF Centre for Dignified Empowerment and Sustainable Development inaugurated in Kalkudah
Disadvantaged in Kalkudah to be empowered
Hope rises in the East
Men, Women, Boys and Girls Gain Control of Their Future and Give Back to Their Communities
The MJF Centre for Dignified and Sustainable Empowerment in the East of Sri Lanka, which integrates principles of empowerment and dignity, has the vision to transform the lives of the communities whose wellbeing was compromised due to the ethnic conflict. A replication of several community development initiatives under the MJF Charitable Foundation such as the MJF Centre in Moratuwa which implements multifaceted projects, the National Centre for Children with Cerebral Palsy & Developmental Disorders in Ambagahawatte, Sithijaya Centre in Ambalantota, this Centre in the East has the objective to find long term solutions to the foremost challenges faced by the community in the region- predominantly the issues of unemployment, lack of vocational training opportunities, teenage pregnancies, high rate of school drop outs, deteriorating forest cover etc. Of the 14 Divisional Secretariat Divisions in the Eastern Province, the Centre will primarily focus on nine DS Divisions including areas with the highest concentration of vulnerable communities. The projects will improve the quality of life of the communities that are most underserved and deserving of assistance and thereby fulfill the vision of the Dilmah Founder, Merrill J. Fernando to make business a matter of human service.


text: The objective of this work is the study of prehistoric agriculture during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age in a small region of Andalucía. Ethnographic models to archaeobotanical samples were applied. This was possible because small pockets of land where glume-wheat cultivation continues to date can be studied. Therefore a detailed analysis of glume-wheat husbandry and processing sequences was carried out. The result is an extension of the range of current ethnographic models used in archaeobotany for interpreting remains of crops and their weeds in terms of ancient husbandry practices.


el); elt->incoming_edges->e = incoming_edge; elt->incoming_edges->next = NULL; return elt; } /* E was in the hash table. */ else { /* Free ELT as we do not need it anymore, we will extract the relevant entry from the hash table itself. */ free (elt); /* Get the entry stored in the hash table. */ elt = (struct redirection_data *) *slot; /* If insertion was requested, then we need to add INCOMING_EDGE to the list of incoming edges associated with E. */ if (insert) { struct el *el = XNEW (struct el); el->next = elt->incoming_edges; el->e = incoming_edge; elt->incoming_edges = el; } return elt; } } /* Given a duplicate block and its single destination (both stored in RD). Create an edge between the duplicate and its single destination. Add an additional argument to any PHI nodes at the single destination. */ static void create_edge_and_update_destination_phis (struct redirection_data *rd) { edge e = make_edge (rd->dup_block, rd->outgoing_edge->dest, EDGE_FALLTHRU); tree phi; e->probability = REG_BR_PROB_BASE; e->count = rd->dup_block->count; /* If there are any PHI nodes at the destination of the outgoing edge from the duplicate block, then we will need to add a new argument to them. The argument should have the same value as the argument associated with the outgoing edge stored in RD. */ for (phi = phi_nodes (e->dest); phi; phi = PHI_CHAIN (phi)) { int indx = rd->outgoing_edge->dest_idx; add_phi_arg (phi, PHI_ARG_DEF (phi, indx), e); } } /* Hash table traversal callback routine to create duplicate blocks. */ static int create_duplicates (void **slot, void *data) { struct redirection_data *rd = (struct redirection_data *) *slot; struct local_info *local_info = (struct local_info *)data; /* If this entry should not have a duplicate created, then there's nothing to do. */ if (rd->do_not_duplicate) return 1; /* Create a template block if we have not done so already. Otherwise use the template to create a new block. */ if (local_info->template_block == NULL) { create_block_for_threading (local_info->bb, rd); local_info->template_block = rd->dup_block; /* We do not create any outgoing edges for the template. We will take care of that in a later traversal. That way we do not create edges that are going to just be deleted. */ } else { create_block_for_threading (local_info->template_block, rd); /* Go ahead and wire up outgoing edges and update PHIs for the duplicate block. */ create_edge_and_update_destination_phis (rd); } /* Keep walking the hash table. */ return 1; } /* We did not create any outgoing edges for the template block during block creation. This hash table traversal callback creates the outgoing edge for the template block. */ static int fixup_template_block (void **slot, void *data) { struct redirection_data *rd = (struct redirection_data *) *slot; struct local_info *local_info = (struct local_info *)data; /* If this is the template block, then create its outgoing edges and halt the hash table traversal. */ if (rd->dup_block && rd->dup_block == local_info->template_block) { create_edge_and_update_destination_phis (rd); return 0; } return 1; } /* Not all jump threading requests are useful. In particular some jump threading requests can create irreducible regions which are undesirable. This routine will examine the BB's incoming edges for jump threading requests which, if acted upon, would create irreducible regions. Any such jump threading requests found will be pruned away. */ static void prune_undesirable_thread_requests (basic_block bb) { edge e; edge_iterator ei; bool may_create_irreducible_region = false; unsigned int num_outgoing_edges_into_loop = 0; /* For the heuristics below, we need to know if BB has more than one outgoing edge into a loop. */ FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->succs) num_outgoing_edges_into_loop += ((e->flags & EDGE_LOOP_EXIT) == 0); if (num_outgoing_edges_into_loop > 1) { edge backedge = NULL; /* Consider the effect of threading the edge (0, 1) to 2 on the left CFG to produce the right CFG: 0 0 | | 1<--+ 2<--------+ / \ | | | 2 3 | 4<----+ | \ / | / \ | | 4---+ E 1-- | --+ | | | E 3---+ Threading the (0, 1) edge to 2 effectively creates two loops (2, 4, 1) and (4, 1, 3) which are neither disjoint nor nested. This is not good. However, we do need to be able to thread (0, 1) to 2 or 3 in the left CFG below (which creates the middle and right CFGs with nested loops). 0 0 0 | | | 1<--+ 2<----+ 3<-+<-+ /| | | | | | | 2 | | 3<-+ | 1--+ | \| | | | | | | 3---+ 1--+--+ 2-----+ A safe heuristic appears to be to only allow threading if BB has a single incoming backedge from one of its direct successors. */ FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->preds) { if (e->flags & EDGE_DFS_BACK) { if (backedge) { backedge = NULL; break; } else { backedge = e; } } } if (backedge && find_edge (bb, backedge->src)) ; else may_create_irreducible_region = true; } else { edge dest = NULL; /* If we thread across the loop entry block (BB) into the loop and BB is still reached from outside the loop, then we would create an irreducible CFG. Consider the effect of threading the edge (1, 4) to 5 on the left CFG to produce the right CFG 0 0 / \ / \ 1 2 1 2 \ / | | 4<----+ 5<->4 / \ | | E 5---+ E Threading the (1, 4) edge to 5 creates two entry points into the loop (4, 5) (one from block 1, the other from block 2). A classic irreducible region. So look at all of BB's incoming edges which are not backedges and which are not threaded to the loop exit. If that subset of incoming edges do not all thread to the same block, then threading any of them will create an irreducible region. */ FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->preds) { edge e2; /* We ignore back edges for now. This may need refinement as threading a backedge creates an inner loop which we would need to verify has a single entry point. If all backedges thread to new locations, then this block will no longer have incoming backedges and we need not worry about creating irreducible regions by threading through BB. I don't think this happens enough in practice to worry about it. */ if (e->flags & EDGE_DFS_BACK) continue; /* If the incoming edge threads to the loop exit, then it is clearly safe. */ e2 = e->aux; if (e2 && (e2->flags & EDGE_LOOP_EXIT)) continue; /* E enters the loop header and is not threaded. We can not allow any other incoming edges to thread into the loop as that would create an irreducible region. */ if (!e2) { may_create_irreducible_region = true; break; } /* We know that this incoming edge threads to a block inside the loop. This edge must thread to the same target in the loop as any previously seen threaded edges. Otherwise we will create an irreducible region. */ if (!dest) dest = e2; else if (e2!= dest) { may_create_irreducible_region = true; break; } } } /* If we might create an irreducible region, then cancel any of the jump threading requests for incoming edges which are not backedges and which do not thread to the exit block. */ if (may_create_irreducible_region) { FOR_EACH_EDGE (e, ei, bb->preds) { edge e2; /* Ignore back edges. */ if (e->flags & EDGE_DFS_BACK) continue; e2 = e->aux; /* If this incoming edge was not threaded, then there is nothing to do. */ if (!e2) continue; /* If this incoming edge threaded to the loop exit, then it can be ignored as it is safe. */ if (e2->flags & EDGE_LOOP_EXIT) continue; if (e2) { /* This edge threaded into the loop and the jump thread request must be cancelled. */ if (dump_file && (dump_flags & TDF_DETAILS)) fprintf (dump_file, " Not threading jump %d --> %d to %d\n", e->src->index, e->dest->index, e2->dest->index); e->aux = NULL; } } } } /* Hash table traversal callback to redirect each incoming edge associated with this


text:
Plant size: 2-3 plants in a single pot
Pot size: 2.5 inch nursery pot
These cute looking plants also known as Nerve Plant are perfect for any small spaces to brighten them up, they are also perfect as a terrarium plant.
Initial Care (After receiving the plant)
- Leave the plant in its nursery pot for a few days, if the soil is looking dry and leaves are drooping, water the plant and keep in a shady location for a day.
- In Summer Keep the soil mix a bit moist and check that water drains properly.
- In winter reduce watering and wait for the soil to be drybefore watering again.
A good potting mix consists of one part soil, two parts coco peat, one part perlite, and one part compost.
- As a tropical plant that grows in the humid bright shade of tropical forests, this plant prefers similar conditions when grown as a houseplant.
- It dislikes full sunlight, preferring bright, indirect sun, such as that offered by north-facing windows. It will also thrive under fluorescent lights.
Don't let your fittonia dry up totally, it can damage their stems.
Based on 3 reviews
Received in a very good condition, well packed and hyderated
i am super happy with my purchase. though some leaves are brown but that is totally okay
Received a lovely plants. Happy buy!


text:
For the last four years, the Barron-Gafford Research Group has been studying the potential for co-locating agriculture and photovoltaics – agrivoltaics – as an untapped opportunity to simultaneously increase food and energy production while reducing water use. The group uses a combination of field measurements of carbon and water fluxes (plant ecophysiology) and environmental monitoring to describe the impacts of this co-location in terms of water use efficiency, changes in phenology, plant performance, impacts of solar panel performance, potential for up-scaling to larger installations, etc.
Students with a background in carbon and water flux measurements, physical geography, ecohydrology, and / or urban gardening are encouraged to apply, but prior knowledge of plant ecophysiological techniques should not be a barrier for an interested student. The team is a diverse group looking to use their research to make meaningful change in the world.
To learn more about this project, please visit the Barron-Gafford Research website.
The deadline for fall admission is January 5 for both domestic and international applicants.
The position will have guaranteed funding through the first four years through TAships, and the group is constantly seeking federal, private, and industry funding to extend their research. The Barron-Gafford Research group is committed to fostering an inclusive learning and working environment that embraces the diversity of experiences and interests represented in their communities and the broader world.
For additional information, please visit the University of Arizona website.
For questions on the application process, please contact the University of Arizona admissions department:
Graduate Progam Questions
Dr. Carl Bauer
Graduate Application and Curriculum Questions
Elizabeth S. Cordova


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Version: 2.1.0
Client architecture
Theme aliases
A theme works by exporting a set of components, e.g. Navbar, Layout, Footer, to render the data passed down from plugins. Docusaurus and users use these components by importing them using the @theme webpack alias:
import Navbar from '@theme/Navbar';
The alias @theme can refer to a few directories, in the following priority:
 1. A user's website/src/theme directory, which is a special directory that has the higher precedence.
 2. A Docusaurus theme package's theme directory.
 3. Fallback components provided by Docusaurus core (usually not needed).
This is called a layered architecture: a higher-priority layer providing the component would shadow a lower-priority layer, making swizzling possible. Given the following structure:
website
├── node_modules
│ └── @docusaurus/theme-classic
│ └── theme
│ └── Navbar.js
└── src
└── theme
└── Navbar.js
website/src/theme/Navbar.js takes precedence whenever @theme/Navbar is imported. This behavior is called component swizzling. If you are familiar with Objective C where a function's implementation can be swapped during runtime, it's the exact same concept here with changing the target @theme/Navbar is pointing to!
We already talked about how the "userland theme" in src/theme can re-use a theme component through the @theme-original alias. One theme package can also wrap a component from another theme, by importing the component from the initial theme, using the @theme-init import.
Here's an example of using this feature to enhance the default theme CodeBlock component with a react-live playground feature.
import InitialCodeBlock from '@theme-init/CodeBlock';
import React from 'react';
export default function CodeBlock(props) {
return props.live ? (
<ReactLivePlayground {...props} />
) : (
<InitialCodeBlock {...props} />
);
}
Check the code of @docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock for details.
warning
Unless you want to publish a re-usable "theme enhancer" (like @docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock), you likely don't need @theme-init.
It can be quite hard to wrap your mind around these aliases. Let's imagine the following case with a super convoluted setup with three themes/plugins and the site itself all trying to define the same component. Internally, Docusaurus loads these themes as a "stack".
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 'website/src/theme/CodeBlock.js' | <-- '@theme/CodeBlock' always points to the top
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 'theme-live-codeblock/theme/CodeBlock/index.js' | <-- '@theme-original/CodeBlock' points to the topmost non-swizzled component
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 'plugin-awesome-codeblock/theme/CodeBlock.js' |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| 'theme-classic/theme/CodeBlock/index.js' | <-- '@theme-init/CodeBlock' always points to the bottom
+-------------------------------------------------+
The components in this "stack" are pushed in the order of preset plugins > preset themes > plugins > themes > site, so the swizzled component in website/src/theme always comes out on top because it's loaded last.
@theme/* always points to the topmost component—when CodeBlock is swizzled, all other components requesting @theme/CodeBlock receive the swizzled version.
@theme-original/* always points to the topmost non-swizzled component. That's why you can import @theme-original/CodeBlock in the swizzled component—it points to the next one in the "component stack", a theme-provided one. Plugin authors should not try to use this because your component could be the topmost component and cause a self-import.
@theme-init/* always points to the bottommost component—usually, this comes from the theme or plugin that first provides this component. Individual plugins / themes trying to enhance code block can safely use @theme-init/CodeBlock to get its basic version. Site creators should generally not use this because you likely want to enhance the topmost instead of the bottommost component. It's also possible that the @theme-init/CodeBlock alias does not exist at all—Docusaurus only creates it when it points to a different one from @theme-original/CodeBlock, i.e. when it's provided by more than one theme. We don't waste aliases!
Client modules
Client modules are part of your site's bundle, just like theme components. However, they are usually side-effect-ful. Client modules are anything that can be imported by Webpack—CSS, JS, etc. JS scripts usually work on the global context, like registering event listeners, creating global variables...
These modules are imported globally before React even renders the initial UI.
@docusaurus/core/App.tsx
// How it works under the hood
import '@generated/client-modules';
Plugins and sites can both declare client modules, through getClientModules and siteConfig.clientModules, respectively.
Client modules are called during server-side rendering as well, so remember to check the execution environment before accessing client-side globals.
mySiteGlobalJs.js
import ExecutionEnvironment from '@docusaurus/ExecutionEnvironment';
if (ExecutionEnvironment.canUseDOM) {
// As soon as the site loads in the browser, register a global event listener
window.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => {
if (e.code === 'Period') {
location.assign(location.href.replace('.com', '.dev'));
}
});
}
CSS stylesheets imported as client modules are global.
mySiteGlobalCss.css
/* This stylesheet is global. */
.globalSelector {
color: red;
}
Client module lifecycles
Besides introducing side-effects, client modules can optionally export two lifecycle functions: onRouteUpdate and onRouteDidUpdate.
Because Docusaurus builds a single-page application, script tags will only be executed the first time the page loads, but will not re-execute on page transitions. These lifecycles are useful if you have some imperative JS logic that should execute every time a new page has loaded, e.g., to manipulate DOM elements, to send analytics data, etc.
For every route transition, there will be several important timings:
 1. The user clicks a link, which causes the router to change its current location.
 2. Docusaurus preloads the next route's assets, while keeping displaying the current page's content.
 3. The next route's assets have loaded.
 4. The new location's route component gets rendered to DOM.
onRouteUpdate will be called at event (2), and onRouteDidUpdate will be called at (4). They both receive the current location and the previous location (which can be null, if this is the first screen).
onRouteUpdate can optionally return a "cleanup" callback, which will be called at (3). For example, if you want to display a progress bar, you can start a timeout in onRouteUpdate, and clear the timeout in the callback. (The classic theme already provides an nprogress integration this way.)
Note that the new page's DOM is only available during event (4). If you need to manipulate the new page's DOM, you'll likely want to use onRouteDidUpdate, which will be fired as soon as the DOM


The power of being heard
To solve conflicts, being listened to has proved to be the most important factor--even more than building trust.
Neuroscientists at MIT have recently discovered that being listened to is the most important factor in solving conflicts.
Rebecca Saxe, the senior author of the study and associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences, and her volunteer Emile Bruneau, a postdoc also from MIT, discovered that the benefits of exchanging experiences are much greater when people of the disempowered group share their stories with the dominant group, as opposed to the other way around. Many studies have documented the benefits of "perspective talking" and making an effort to understand another person's point for view, but this is the first study to look at the other side of the exchange.
The study, that is published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, focused on the conflicts between Palestinians vs. Israelis and Mexican immigrants vs. whites in Arizona. Saxe and Bruneau's findings support the idea that the greatest barrier for the disempowered groups to reconcile is their belief and concerns of being ignored. The groups' sense of being neglected, disregarded or taken advantage of is the greatest obstacle to progress.
To test this hypothesis the groups were told they were a part of an online translation system. The Arizona study took place six months after the passage of the controversial anti-immigration bill, and the Middle East study was conducted six months after the 2009 Israeli military action in Gaza. The timing was important as it was a point in time when the hope for a peace agreement was particularly low.
Each participant was told to write about the difficulties they experience in the society they live in, for then to read and summarize an essay written by a member of the opposing group. All interactions took place through video and text-based chat, and each person was paired with someone who was a research assistant--unbeknown to the participant.
It became apparent that attitudes toward the opposing group improved most among members of the disempowered group when they told their own stories, and for people of the dominant group when they read the opposers' stories. But when people of the less powerful group only wrote their stories without having anyone from the opposing group read them, their attitudes towards the other group did not change. This reinforces the importance of being listened to.
For the dominant group, the researchers believe that hearing the opposing group's stories was also beneficial because members of that group often fear that they are being blamed for the conflict. Therefore, listening to the views of the disempowered group gives them a chance to show that they're actually good people, Saxe said.
Peter Colemna, the director of the International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution at Columbia University, said the study offers valuable insight to the development of both sides of a dialog. "This is good experimental research on an issue that's important to practitioners of dialogue programs," he said.
The next step in Saxe and Bruneau's research is to address which types of attitude changes are most likely to last during a conflict. An example they give is to create a program that decrease the perception that the other side is biased and irrational. They think that this might prove more successful as opposed to the usual programs that only has a focus on improving trust.
Image courtesy: MIT News Office
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text:
Benefits of NAAC
Importance of NAAC Accreditation In Higher Education
As a responsible educator, you must be implementing various innovative teaching-learning approaches for better students' learning outcomes. You might have even seen how institutions with the best NAAC grades are considered to be the finest higher education institutions. Well, let's begin with the basic & understand the importance of NAAC step-by-step.


text:
Salt from waste heat
In areas where solar evaporation is insufficient for the purpose of salt production, the evaporation rate can be enhanced by utilising waste heat.
Conventional thermal salt evaporation processes employ expensive heat at temperatures well above 100°C. The THERMOSAL process utilizes residual waste heat for enhanced brine evaporation. Waste heat can be obtained from the cooling system of power generators, from processing plants or incinerators. It is inexpensive and ecological. The heat magnifies the evaporation rate of brines in open ponds and accelerates salt crystallisation. The starting material is saturated brine or sea water, rock salt or any other low quality salt. The pure crystal salt produced with the THERMOSAL process can reach vacuum salt quality at significantly lower cost.
Send us an email using the contact form and request our proposal.


text:
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201712.0197.v1
Subject: Mathematics & Computer Science, Information Technology & Data Management Keywords: air pollutant prediction; multi-task learning; regularization; analytical solution
Online: 28 December 2017 (09:09:20 CET)
In this paper, we tackle air quality forecasting by using machine learning approaches to predict the hourly concentration of air pollutants (e.g., Ozone, PM2.5 and Sulfur Dioxide). Machine learning, as one of the most popular techniques, is able to efficiently train a model on big data by using large-scale optimization algorithms. Although there exists some works applying machine learning to air quality prediction, most of the prior studies are restricted to small scale data and simply train standard regression models (linear or non-linear) to predict the hourly air pollution concentration. In this work, we propose refined models to predict the hourly air pollution concentration based on meteorological data of previous days by formulating the prediction of 24 hours as a multi-task learning problem. It enables us to select a good model with different regularization techniques. We propose a useful regularization by enforcing the prediction models of consecutive hours to be close to each other, and compare with several typical regularizations for multi-task learning including standard Frobenius norm regularization, nuclear norm regularization, ℓ2,1 norm regularization. Our experiments show the proposed formulations and regularization achieve better performance than existing standard regression models and existing regularizations.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0461.v1
Subject: Mathematics & Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence & Robotics Keywords: multi-task; Gaussian processes; cross convolution; spectral mixture; dependency
Online: 22 October 2018 (04:19:00 CEST)
Multi-task Gaussian processes (MTGPs) are a powerful approach for modeling structured dependencies among multiple tasks. Researchers on MTGPs have contributed to enhance this approach in various ways. Current MTGP methods, however, cannot model nonlinear task correlations in a general way. In this paper we address this problem. We focus on spectral mixture (SM) based kernels and propose an enhancement of this type of kernels, called multi-task generalized convolution spectral mixture (MT-GCSM) kernel. The MT-GCSM kernel can model nonlinear task correlations and mixtures dependency, including time and phase delay, not only between different tasks but also within a task at the spectral mixture level. Each task in MT-GCSM has its own generalized convolution spectral mixture kernel (GCSM) with a different number of convolution structures and all spectral mixtures from different tasks are dependent. Furthermore, the proposed kernel uses inner and outer full cross convolution between base spectral mixtures, so that the base spectral mixtures in the tasks are not necessarily aligned. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real-life datasets illustrate the difference between MT-GCSM and other kernels as well as the practical effectiveness of MT-GCSM.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0457.v1
Subject: Mathematics & Computer Science, General & Theoretical Computer Science Keywords: graph neural networks; machine learning; transfer learning; multi-task learning
Online: 31 January 2022 (12:49:31 CET)
Graph neural networks (GNNs) build on the success of deep learning models by extending them for use in graph spaces. Transfer learning has proven extremely successful for traditional deep learning problems: resulting in faster training and improved performance. Despite the increasing interest in GNNs and their use cases, there is little research on their transferability. This research demonstrates that transfer learning is effective with GNNs, and describes how source tasks and the choice of GNN impact the ability to learn generalisable knowledge. We perform experiments using real-world and synthetic data within the contexts of node classification and graph classification. To this end, we also provide a general methodology for transfer learning experimentation and present a novel algorithm for generating synthetic graph classification tasks. We compare the performance of GCN, GraphSAGE and GIN across both the synthetic and real-world datasets. Our results demonstrate empirically that GNNs with inductive operations yield statistically significantly improved transfer. Further we show that similarity in community structure between source and target tasks support statistically significant improvements in transfer over and above the use of only the node attributes.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0036.v1
Subject: Earth Sciences, Geoinformatics Keywords: multi-task learning; feature fusion; sparse representation; low-rank representation; scene classification
Online: 7 November 2016 (05:25:11 CET)
Scene classification plays an important role in the intelligent processing of high-resolution satellite (HRS) remotely sensed image. In HRS image classification, multiple features, e.g. shape, color, and texture features, are employed to represent scenes from different perspectives. Accordingly, effective integration of multiple features always results in better performance compared to methods based on a single feature in the interpretation of HRS image. In this paper, we introduce a multi-task joint sparse and low-rank representation model to combine the strength of multiple features for HRS image interpretation. Specifically, a multi-task learning formulation is applied to simultaneously consider sparse and low-rank structure across multiple tasks. The proposed model is optimized as a non-smooth convex optimization problem using an accelerated proximal gradient method. Experiments on two public scene classification datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves remarkable performance and improves upon the state-of-art methods in respective applications.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0307.v1
Subject: Engineering, Other Keywords: constrained optimization; multi-operator; multi-parameter adaptation; ensemble constraint handling techniques; Evolutionary Algorithms
Online: 17 August 2022 (08:35:44 CEST)
Real-world optimization problems are often governed by one or more constraints. Over the last few decades, extensive research has been performed in Constrained Optimization Problems (COPs) fueled by advances in computational intelligence. In particular, Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are a preferred tool for practitioners for solving these COPs within practicable time limits. We propose an ensemble of multimethod hybrid EA framework with four mutation operators, two crossover operators, multi-search [Differential Evolution (DE) & Gaining Sharing Knowledge (GSK)] optimization algorithm, and ensemble of constraint handling techniques to solve global realworld constrained optimization problem. The proposed framework FEPEA has an ascendancy of multiple adaptation strategies concerning the control parameters, search mechanisms, two sub-populations as well as uses knowledge sharing mechanism between junior and senior phases. The algorithm also combines the power of four popular constraint handling techniques (CHT) and uses a voting mechanism to select any particular CHT. On top of that, this algorithm also uses both linear and nonlinear population size reduction in every step of the evolutionary process. We test our method on 57 real-world problems provided as part of the CEC 2020 special session & competition on realworld constrained optimization benchmark suite. Experimental results indicate that FEPEA is able to achieve state-of-theart performance on real-world constrained global optimization when compared against other well-known real-world constrained optimizers.
Subject: Materials Science, Biomaterials Keywords: plastics thermoforming; sheet thickness distribution; evolutionary algorithms; multi-objective optimization
Online: 1 June 2021 (09:41:57 CEST)
The practical application of a multi-objective optimization strategy based on evolutionary algorithms was proposed to optimize the plastics thermoforming process. For that purpose, the various steps of the process were considered individually and the optimization strategy was applied to the determination of the final part thickness distribution with the aim of demonstrating the validity of the methodology proposed. The preliminary results obtained considering three different theoretical initial sheet shapes indicates clearly that the methodology proposed is valid, as it provides solutions with physical meaning and with a great potential to be applied in real practice.
ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0331.v3
Subject: Mathematics & Computer Science, Algebra & Number Theory Keywords: optimization; multi-objective optimization; decision making; Time
Online: 3 February 2022 (17:30:32 CET)
Multi-objective optimization (MOO) is an optimization involving minimization or maximization of several objective functions more than the conventional one objective optimization, which is useful in many fields. Many of the current methodologies addresses challenges and solutions that attempt to solve simultaneously several Objectives with multiple constraints subjoined to each. Often MOO are generally subjected to linear inequality, equality and or bounded constraint that prevent all objectives from being optimized at once. This paper reviews some recent articles in area of MOO and presents deep analysis of Random and Uniform Entry-Exit time of objectives. It further break down process into sub-process and then provide some new concepts for solving problems in MOO, which comes due to periodical objectives that do not stay for the entire duration of process lifetime, unlike permanent objectives which are optimized once for the entire process duration. A methodology based on partial optimization that optimizes each objective iteratively and weight convergence method that optimizes sub-group of objectives are given. Furthermore, another method is introduced which involve objective classification, ranking, estimation and prediction where objectives are classified based on their properties, and ranked using a given criteria and in addition estimated for an optimal weight point (pareto optimal point) if it certifies a coveted optimal weight point. Then finally predicted to find how far it deviates from the estimated optimal weight point. A Sample Mathematical Tri-Objectives and Real world Optimization was analyzed using partial method, ranking and classification method, the result showed that an objective can be added or removed without affecting previous or existing optimal solutions. Therefore suitable for handling time governed MOO. Although this paper presents concepts


Using Earth Files
An Earth File is an XML description of a map. Creating an earth file is the easiest way to configure a map and get up and running quickly. In the osgEarth repository you will find dozens of sample earth files in the tests folder, covering various topics and demonstrating various features. We encourage you to explore and try them out!
Contents of an Earth File
osgEarth uses an XML based file format called an Earth File to specify exactly how source data turns into an OSG scene graph. An Earth File has a.earth extension, but it is XML.
Fundamentally the Earth File allows you to specify:
 - The type of map to create (geocentric or projected)
 - The image, elevation, vector and model sources to use
 - Where the data will be cached
A Simple Earth File
Here is a very simple example that reads data from a GeoTIFF file on the local file system and renders it as a geocentric round Earth scene:

This Earth File creates a geocentric Map named MyMap with a single GeoTIFF image source called bluemarble. The driver attribute tells osgEarth which of its plugins to use to use to load the image. (osgEarth uses a plug-in framework to load different types of data from different sources.)
Some of the sub-elements (under image) are particular to the selected driver. To learn more about drivers and how to configure each one, please refer to the Driver Reference Guide.
Note: the ''version'' number is required!
Multiple Image Layers
osgEarth supports maps with multiple image sources. This allows you to create maps such as base layer with a transportation overlay or provide high resolution insets for specific areas that sit atop a lower resolution base map.
To add multiple images to a Earth File, simply add multiple "image" blocks to your Earth File:

The above map provides two images from local data sources using the GDAL driver. Order is important when defining multiple image sources: osgEarth renders them in the order in which they appear in the Earth File.
Tip: relative paths within an Earth File are interpreted as being relative to the Earth File itself.
Adding Elevation Data
Adding elevation data (sometimes called "terrain data") to an Earth File is very similar to adding images. Use an elevation block like so:

This Earth File has a base bluemarble image as well as a elevation grid that is loaded from a local GeoTIFF file. You can add as many elevation layers as you like; osgEarth will combine them into a single mesh.
As with images, order is important - For example, if you have a base elevation data source with low-resolution coverage of the entire world and a high-resolution inset of a city, you need specify the base data FIRST, followed by the high-resolution inset.
Some osgEarth drivers can generate elevation grids as well as imagery.
Note: osgEarth only supports single-channel 16-bit integer or 32-bit floating point data for use in elevation layers.
Since osgEarth renders data on demand, it sometimes needs to do some work in order to prepare a tile for display. The cache exists so that osgEarth can save the results of this work for next time, instead of processing the tile anew each time. This increases performance and avoids multiple downloads of the same data.
Here's an example cache setup:

This Earth File shows the most basic way to specify a cache for osgEarth. This tells osgEarth to enable caching and to cache to the folder c:/osgearth_cache. The cache path can be relative or absolute; relative paths are relative to the Earth File itself.
There are many ways to configure caching; please refer to the section on Caching for more details.


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Mission: The Penobscot River Paddling Trail seeks to establish and maintain a paddling, camping and educational trail down the main stem of the Penobscot River.
Vision and Aspirations:
- Enable exceptional paddling and Leave No Trace camping experiences down the Penobscot River.
- Provide education to paddlers and non-paddlers concerning the ecology, natural history, Wabanaki history and current status, colonial history, industrial history, and present status of the Penobscot River.
- Promote and demonstrate an ethic of watershed conservation.
- Help to connect paddlers to upstream campsites on the West and East Branches of the river, to campsites of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail, and to the saltwater campsites of the Maine Island Trail Association.
- Provide a vehicle for economic growth in the watershed by including commercial outfitters, guides, lodgings, campsites, restaurants and stores in our maps and materials.


text: With the phase out of conventional CFC and HCFC refrigerants, air conditioning and heat pump systems will have to be redesigned to accommodate new replacement refrigerants. An important component in these systems is the expansion device. Short tube orifices are a common expansion device used on residential sized air conditioners and heat pumps in the United States. The design for optimum performance of these systems requires predicting correct flow characteristics through short tube orifices for a given set of operating conditions. Very little data are available on how these new replacement refrigerants will perform in short tube orifices relative to conventional refrigerants. This paper presents the results of an experimental study to evaluate the flow characteristics of HFC-134a flowing through short tube orifices in heat pump systems. Three types of measurements were made during this study: mass flow tests, pressure distribution inside the orifice, and flow visualization. Measured data were analyzed and discussed as a function of operating variables and short tube geometry. In general, the variables (upstream pressure, subcooling, and quality, and orifice diameter and length) affecting two-phase flow through orifices with HFC-134a were the same as those found with HCFC- 22. For operating saturation temperatures upstream of the orifices of 45.4°C, the mass flow produced with HFC-134a varied from 16 to 23 percent less than that for HCFC-22 under choked flow conditions. Choked flow conditions for HFC-134a were typically established when downstream pressures were reduced below the saturation pressure corresponding to the inlet temperature. The flow rate was strongly dependent on the upstream pressure and upstream subcooling/quality, but it was insensitive to downstream flow conditions. As the inlet quality increased from 0 percent to 5 percent, a sharp drop in flow was measured due to a large increase in void fraction at the entrance of the short tube. Pressure distribution data indicated the presence of a vena contracta and metastable flow near the orifice entrance.


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A fertilized, incubated chicken egg takes about 21 days to hatch; and while most of us have seen what chicks look like at either end of the developmental spectrum (either sunny-side-up in a frying pan or newly hatched in a nature documentary), the fact that egg shells aren't see-through means that not many people have seen what goes on between days 2 and 20.
Well... now you have.
As reddit user alukima points out, it's unclear whether these photos catalogue the development of a single chick, or of several chicks photographed at different stages of development. You'll notice, for example, that in the third image the yolk appears be broken, but looks fine in later images.
Having said that, it is possible to grow a chicken in a petri dish. Several methods papers have been published on the subject of Petri-grown chicks, beginning with the Auerbach method in 1974. You can check out the full set of images over on imgur.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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cellulose microfibrils | How to purchase in bulk?
What you read in this article...
What is the function of Microfibrils?What gives cellulose its strength?Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibrilWhere to find cellulose microfibrills?
cellulose microfibrils are only for sale by certain retailers. You can find these sellers by searching the internet. These major suppliers will help you to buy wholesale microfiber cellulose.
cellulose microfibrils | How to purchase in bulk?
What is the function of Microfibrils?
What is the function of Microfibrils?Microfibril is a very good fiber or fiber-like fiber composed of glycoproteins and cellulose. It is commonly, but not always, used as a general term in describing the cellulose structure of protein fiber, for example. Tail hair and sperm. The most structural pattern observed is the 9 + 2 pattern in which the two central fibrous proteins are surrounded by 9 other pairs. Cellulose in plants is one example of non-protein compounds that use the term for the same purpose. Cellulose microfibers are inserted on the inner surface of the primary cell wall. As the cell absorbs, its volume increases and new, isolated microfibrils are created to help increase cell viability.
cellulose fibril synthesis and orientation by cellulose synthase or rosette terminal complexes that reside in the cell membrane. When cellulosic fibrous cells are synthesized and grow outside the cell, they press against neighboring cells. Since the neighboring cell cannot move easily, the rosette complex is transported around the cell via the phospholipid liquid membrane.
Eventually, this results in the cell being wrapped in a layer of microfiber. This layer becomes the cell wall. The organization of microfibers forming the primary cell wall is quite disordered. However, there is another mechanism in the secondary cell walls leading to its organization.
In principle, the lines on the secondary cell wall are made with microfibrils and microtubules. These lines force the microfibers to remain in a specified area during closing. During this process, the microtubules can be self-depolymerized in different orientations and repelled again. This leads to another direction in which the cell continues to wrap.
What gives cellulose its strength?
What gives cellulose its strength?Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose molecules. Then it is long. Cellulose is exactly the same as amylose, except that it is not alpha bound, but beta bound. Beta cellulose bonds give each polymer a flat and rigid structure. Since each cellulose molecule is flat, they can be stacked on top of each other. When stacked, they line up and form H bonds. This is how cellulose forms fibrils in the cell walls of plants. This is very strong and durable. I think this answers your question. Humans can't digest cellulose because we don't have enzymes capable of breaking beta bonds.
Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibril
Structure and properties of the cellulose microfibrilCellulose is the final raw material. Cellulose is more present in the biosphere than any other material. Its basic structure is simple: a long chain of glucose units linked by b (1,4) bonds. It is the ability of these chains to bond in hydrogen-bonded fibers (microfibres) that gives cellulose unique properties of mechanical strength and chemical stability.
Cellulose microfibers contain two crystalline forms, cellulose:
 - Ia
 - Ib
which the chains are packaged slightly differently. The chain composition is similar in both forms, a smooth ribbon with a 180 ° torsion between successive glucosyl residues. This chain compound is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds parallel to the glycosidic bond, one from O-3 to the oxygen ring of the previous glucose unit and the other from O-2 to the next O-6 glucose unit.
 In the core chains, the compound is a C-6 trans boat. In the surface chains, there is a mixture of gauche-gauche and gauche-trans compounds with the gauche-trans gland, which is dry cellulose but less so when wet. The combination of trans-gypsum at C-6 in the core chains allows the O-6 hydrogen bond to the side chain, as well as allowing an intramolecular hydrogen bond from the previous O-2 residue of the same chain. This hydrogen bond does not exist in surface chains.
This difference in hydrogen bonding means that the surface chains have little freedom to move out of the shape of the flat band. The lack of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the surface chains also means that they can form more hydrogen bonds in water or adjacent polysaccharides.
Where to find cellulose microfibrills?
Where to find cellulose microfibrills?Cellulose, a fiber carbohydrate found in all plants, is a structural component of plant cell walls. Because the earth is covered with vegetation, cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate, accounting for over 50% of the total carbon in the vegetable kingdom. Cotton fibrils and filter paper are almost completely cellulose (about 95%), wood is about 50% cellulose and leaf dry weight is about 10% -20% cellulose. The most widely used cellulose is in the production of paper and paper products. Although the use of non-cellular synthetic fibers is on the rise, Raven (made of cellulose) and cotton still make up more than 70% of fabric production.
Cellulose, like amylose, is a linear glucose polymer. This is different, however, in that glucose units are bound together by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, forming a structure longer than amylose. This extreme linearity creates a large amount of hydrogen bonding between OH groups in adjacent chains, causing them to close closely to the fibers. As a result, cellulose has little interaction with water or any other solvent. For example, cotton and wood are completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical resistance. Since cellulose does not have a spiral structure, it does not bind to iodine to form a color product.
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text:
- Poster presentation
- Open Access
Accuracy of preliminary remission criteria some JIA category
© Fantini et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008
- Published: 15 September 2008
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Remission Status
- Remission Criterion
- Preliminary Definition
To evaluate disease course in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by applying newly developed preliminary definitions of remission, to assess probability of relapse of disease. Charts of patients with JIA followed since 1970 were reviewed. First episode of remission off medication status, as defined by Wallace et al., has been focused. The cohort included 761 patients (67.8% females, 32.2% males) with JIA. Mean disease onset age (± SD) was 6.25 ± 4.4 years (range 0.5–15.9). Disease mean duration to last visit was 10.02 ± 4.31 years. Follow up mean period was 7.6 ± 6.4 years (range 1.5–35 years). A total of 263 (34.56%) patients achieved remission according to criteria (persistent oligoarthritis 42.9%, extended oligoarthritis 13.1%, seronegative polyarthritis 22.4%, systemic arthritis 33.7%, enthesitis related arthritis (ERA) plus juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPsA) 33.4%. No patients with seropositive polyarthritis achieved remission status (p < 0.001). In remitted patients the mean survival function (± SEM) before relapse calculated by life table survival curve was of 20.9 (± 1.3) months overall: 21.7 (± 0.46) in persistent oligoarthritis, 25.0 (± 6.6) in extended oligoarthritis, 26.7 (± 13.2) in seronegative polyarthritis and 17.6 (± 2.44) in ERA+JPsA. The log rank test did not show a significant difference between the JIA categories survival curves (p = 0.1). In our cohort about one-third of cases obtained a remission episode in 4 decades of observation. Finally, if a remission was achieved, the mean duration before a relapse was about 20 months.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd.


text:
ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
The name of a man and a place…
A descendant of Judah, of whom it is recorded that "God granted him that which he requested" after he called on Him. He was apparently an honorable head of a family in the tribe of Judah. He was given this name by his mother, "Because I bare him with sorrow." Jabez only appears in these two verses:
"And Jabez was more honourable than his brethren: and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, Because I bare him with sorrow. And Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that thou wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thine hand might be with me, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested" (1 Chronicles 4:9-10).
A place inhabited by several families of the scribes (1 Chr. 2:55).


text:
Trends in the farming of the snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) in Thailand
- The production of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) from wild stocks and traditional culture systems has been declining in central Thailand, although they are on the increase in modern culture practices adopted in some provinces. Net yields of T. pectoralis in traditional systems are about a third of those in modern systems. The potential of T. pectoralis as a candidate for more intensive waste-fed polyculture appears promising if seed supply constraints can be removed.
- Sustainable aquaculture
- Journal Article


text:
Embarking on an adventure to Thailand? Amidst the allure of its bustling cities and pristine islands, figuring out how to get around Thailand can seem challenging. In this comprehensive guide by Mihitravel, you'll discover various modes of transportation, from the chaotic streets of Bangkok to the breathtaking Thai islands. Navigate through the whirlwind of tuk-tuks, longtail boats, and colourful songthaews like a pro, and make your Thai adventure a breeze. So, buckle up and let's hit the road!
Modes of Transportation in Thailand
If you're looking to explore Thailand, you'll find that the modes of transportation available will take you on a journey through the country and into its rich cultural tapestry.
When it comes to navigating rural areas, several alternative modes of transportation can provide unique experiences. One popular option is taking a long-tail boat along the rivers and canals, allowing you to witness the picturesque landscapes and traditional villages that dot the countryside.
Another way to get around is by renting a motorbike or bicycle, which allows you to explore at your own pace and discover hidden gems off the beaten path.
In addition to these alternative modes, Thailand offers reliable public transportation options for travelling between cities and provinces. Trains are a great choice for longer distances, providing comfortable seating and scenic views as they pass through diverse landscapes. Buses are another affordable option, with extensive routes covering major tourist destinations and remote areas.
Public transportation is essential when navigating Bangkok, one of Asia's most vibrant cities. But don't worry; this bustling metropolis has an excellent network of trains, buses, and boats that efficiently connect every corner of the city. From iconic tuk-tuks zipping through traffic-clogged streets to modern strains soaring above skyscrapers, getting around Bangkok is an adventure.
In summary, whether you're exploring rural areas or navigating Bangkok's busy streets, Thailand offers many transportation options that cater to every traveller's needs.
To navigate Bangkok, you'll easily find your way with the help of detailed maps and reliable public transportation. The city has an extensive network of trains, buses, and boats that can take you to all the popular attractions.
The BTS Skytrain and MRT subway are efficient ways to get around the city, with air-conditioned cars and frequent stops near major tourist spots. If you prefer a more scenic route, hop on a boat along the Chao Phraya River or its canals, known as khlongs. These boats will give you a unique perspective of Bangkok and take you to famous landmarks like Wat Arun and the Grand Palace.
Finding your way on public transportation is made easier by English signs and announcements, making it accessible for tourists. Additionally, several mobile apps are available that provide detailed directions and real-time schedule updates. These apps also offer information on fares and connections, ensuring a smooth journey through the bustling city.
Now that you have mastered navigating Bangkok's public transportation system let's move on to getting to and from the airports seamlessly.
Getting to and from the Airports
When it comes to getting to and from the airports in Thailand, there are a few key points to keep in mind.
First, Suvarnabhumi Airport is Bangkok's main international airport, just 30 kilometres from the city centre.
Secondly, Don Mueang Airport is the hub for low-cost airlines and a popular choice for budget travellers.
And finally, Phuket International Airport is the gateway to the beautiful beaches of Phuket and provides easy access to some of Thailand's most stunning coastal destinations.
Suvarnabhumi Airport: Bangkok's Main International Airport
Upon arriving at Suvarnabhumi Airport, travellers will be greeted with a bustling atmosphere and a myriad of transportation options to explore the vibrant city of Bangkok. Located about 30 kilometres from the city's heart, this airport is the main gateway for international flights to Thailand's capital.
From here, visitors can easily access all of Bangkok's cultural landmarks and popular tourist attractions. Whether you prefer taking a taxi, hopping on the efficient BTS Skytrain, or opting for the Airport Rail Link, getting to your desired destination is convenient and hassle-free.
As you make your way through the airport, you'll find numerous information counters to assist with any inquiries or directions you may need. Connecting flights and transportation services are readily available at Suvarnabhumi Airport for those looking to venture beyond Bangkok.
Transitioning into Don Mueang Airport: The hub for low-cost airlines…
Don Mueang Airport: The Hub for Low-Cost Airlines
Don Mueang Airport, located about 25 kilometers north of central Bangkok, is a bustling hub specifically catering to low-cost airlines. It offers affordable options for travelers looking to explore Thailand and beyond. As the country's second busiest airport, Don Mueang provides a wide range of flight options to both domestic and international destinations. Whether you're flying within Thailand or venturing further abroad, this airport has got you covered.
After touching down at Don Mueang, getting to your final destination is easy with various transportation options available. From taxis and public buses to private transfers and rental cars, there's something to suit every traveler's preference.
Now, let's move on to our next stop: Phuket International Airport – the gateway to the beautiful beaches of Thailand.
Phuket International Airport: Gateway to the Beautiful Beaches
As you step off the plane at Phuket International Airport, you'll be greeted by a warm tropical breeze and the enticing smell of salty ocean air. This bustling airport is the gateway to some of Thailand's most beautiful beaches and popular attractions.
The best time to visit Phuket International Airport is during the dry season from November to April when the weather is sunny and pleasant. Once you arrive, there are plenty of transportation options available to take you to your desired destination, whether it's Patong Beach, Kata Noi Beach, or any other stunning spot along the coast.
From vibrant nightlife to pristine white sands, Phuket has something for everyone. As we transition into exploring Thailand's islands, get ready for an adventure like no other in this tropical paradise.
Exploring Thailand's Islands
When it comes to exploring Thailand's islands, there are a few key points to keep in mind.
First, ferries and speedboats are the most common modes of transportation to get to the islands. They offer convenience and often breathtaking views of the surrounding waters.
Second, island-hopping is a popular way to discover multiple islands in one trip. It allows you to experience different beaches, landscapes, and cultures all in a single journey.
Lastly, renting motorbikes or bicycles on the islands is a great way to explore at your own pace. It gives you the freedom to discover hidden gems and remote beaches that may not be accessible by other means of transportation.
Ferries and Speedboats: Getting to the Islands
To fully immerse in the island experience, hop on a ferry or speedboat for easy access to Thailand's stunning islands.
Ferries and speedboats are the main modes of transportation when it comes to getting around the islands. Ferries are larger and slower, providing a more relaxed journey with ample space for passengers and their belongings.
On the other hand, speedboats offer a quicker way to reach your destination, perfect for those who want to maximize their time exploring multiple islands in one trip.
The best time to visit the islands is during the dry season from November to April when the weather is sunny and clear.
With plenty of options available, you can easily plan your island-hopping adventure and discover multiple islands in one trip seamlessly.
Island-Hopping: Discovering Multiple Islands in One Trip
Embark on an unforgettable island-hopping adventure, where you can effortlessly explore multiple islands in one trip.
Island hopping experiences in Thailand offer a unique opportunity to discover the beauty and diversity of this tropical paradise.
From the stunning beaches of Koh Phi Phi to the vibrant coral reefs of Koh Tao, there is something for everyone.
One of the highlights of island hopping is snorkeling in crystal clear waters, surrounded by colorful marine life.
Don't miss out on visiting Maya Bay, made famous by the movie 'The Beach,' or exploring the hidden coves and limestone cliffs of Railay Beach.
Renting motorbikes or bicycles to explore the islands is a convenient way to continue your adventure and discover even more hidden gems without missing a beat.
Renting Motorbikes or Bicycles to Explore the Islands
One exciting way to fully immerse yourself in the island-hopping experience is by renting motorbikes or bicycles. This allows you to effortlessly explore the hidden gems and stunning landscapes of Thailand's islands.
Renting scooters or bicycles gives you the freedom to venture off the beaten path and discover secluded beaches, lush jungles, and charming villages that are often inaccessible by other means of transportation.
As you ride along scenic coastal roads, you'll come across vibrant local markets where you can sample delicious street food, shop for unique souvenirs, and interact with friendly locals. It's a thrilling way to soak up the culture and embrace the laid-back island lifestyle.
Plus, traveling between major cities is seamless as well. Just hop on a ferry or take a short flight to your next destination.
Traveling between Major Cities
When traveling between major cities in Thailand, there are several options to consider.
One of the most enjoyable ways to journey across landscapes is by taking an overnight train. Not only do these trains promise comfort, but they also offer a front-row seat to stunning countryside vistas.
When covering shorter distances, buses present an affordable and convenient option. They offer a budget-friendly mode of transport