text:
VW Strain Gauge Q&A
Question: What checks can I perform on VW strain gauges.?
Answer: You can perform standard wire checks as follows:
1. Read the device with the appropriate VW indicator and check its frequency of oscillation against expectations. Note that some gauges will not perform unless they are welded to a surface.
2. Read the temperature device embedded in the unit which should typically yield a reading within a couple of degrees centigrade. Most VW sensors now have a thermistor.
3. Check for short circuits between cable leads and the metallic body on the gauge, and between circuits per the table below. This can be done with a digital multi-meter with ohms range of 20 megaohm. Do not use a high-voltage megger device as this can damage the gauge by breaking down insulation.
Question: How can I convert Hz readings of the spot-weldable strain gauge to microstrain?
Answer: This is covered in the manual for our spot-weldable strain gauge. You'll need acrobat reader to view or print this manual. You can also use the formula below:
microstrain value = 0._PHONE_ x SQ(Reading in Hz) + (-2030.1)
Note that these numbers work only with the VW spot-weldable strain gauge. They are not suitable for the arc-weldable or embedment strain gauges.
Question: For some time, our technician was recording readings from the VW spot-weldable strain gauge using the VWP Indicator's "microstrainVS" setting (rather than the correct "microstrainVW" setting. How can I convert these VS readings to the correct microstrainVW readings?
Answer: The data can be converted without too much difficulty. The main
problem is that the VS readings used a
Hz = SQRT(711.09 * VS + 6783) - 82.4 (where VS is the microstrainVS reading)
Then, to convert the result to the correct microstrainVW reading, use the formula below:
uStrain = (Hz^2 / 1320) - 2030.1
For your convenience, we've made an Excell worksheet that provides these equations. The file is called VS2VWmicrostrain. Note that is equation is just for use with the VWP Indicator. You'll need an UnZip utility to access the file.
Question: I am not using a Slope Indicator readout. How can a obtain a reading in degrees C from the RTD used in your sensors?
Answer: Our published instructions assume that users are reading these 2K ohm RTDs using Slope Indicator readouts or the Campbell Scientific CR10X with AVW1 or AVW100 vibrating wire interface. These instructions will not work with other devices.
If you are using another device, obtain a reading in K ohms. Then apply either
of the following polynomial coefficients to obtain degrees C:
Solution A: For a range of -10 to +30 C.
Ax2 + Bx + C, where
Ax5 + Bx4 + Cx3 + Dx2 + Ex + F
A = 0.95659


text:
From: Tony Deng
Subject: A Question on Language Acquisition
E-mail this message to a friend
Why is it that behavioristic theories can account sufficiently well for the
earliest utterances of the child, but not for utterances at the sentence
and discourse level? Do nativistic and functional approaches provide the
necessary tools for accounting for those later, more complex utterances?
Read more issues|LINGUIST home page|Top of issue

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Emergency Medicine Book
Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Aka: Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma, Blunt Abdominal Injury in Children, Pediatric Abdominal Trauma
 1. See Also
 1. Pediatric Trauma
 2. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 3. Pediatric Abdominal Pain
 2. Epidemiology
 1. Splenic Rupture and Liver Laceration are the most common blunt abdominal injuries in children
 3. Precautions
 1. See Pediatric Trauma
 2. Children hide hemodynamic instability from Hemorrhage
 1. Children compensate even with Massive Hemorrhage until they precipitously, hemodynamically collapse
 3. Children are higher risk for serious injury following blunt Abdominal Trauma
 1. Compact torso with large organ to body mass ratios (concentrated in a tight Abdomen)
 2. Large organs not fully protected by rib margin, and minimal abdominal fat and musculature
 4. Communication challenges
 1. Preverbal children
 2. Crying or fearful
 3. Adolescents may not be forthcoming of all aspects of injury
 5. Consider Nonaccidental Trauma
 1. Findings not consistent with history of injury
 4. History
 1. Mechanism of injury
 2. Restraints or protective equipment
 1. Review with parents and EMS which restraints were present at the scene (e.g. MVA)
 2. Improper Car Restraint use (e.g. premature transition from Booster Seat) is associated with greater injury risk
 3. Site of impact (e.g. handlebar injury to the duodenum)
 4. Underlying conditions
 1. Bleeding Disorder (e.g. Hemophilia)
 2. Splenomegaly (e.g. Mononucleosis)
 3. Weak or absent abdominal muscles (e.g. Eagle-Barrett Syndrome)
 5. Exam
 1. See Trauma Primary Survey
 2. See Trauma Secondary Survey
 6. Signs: Higher Risk Findings
 1. See Pediatric Trauma
 2. Low systolic Blood Pressure
 1. Ominious finding that may herald imminent cardiovascular collapse
 2. See Pediatric Vital Signs
 3. Kehr Sign
 1. Left Shoulder Pain referred from left upper quadrant and splenic region
 4. Decreased mental status (GCS<15)
 5. Seat Belt Sign
 1. Erythema, Ecchymosis or abrasion across the Abdomen secondary to the Seat Belt restraint
 2. Mildly associated (RR 1.6) with intraabdominal hollow viscus injury (but not solid organ injury)
 3. Intraabdominal injuries in 5.7% of children without Abdominal Pain, tenderness (2% required surgery)
 4. However, Seat Belt Sign is present in only 73% with significant intra-Abdominal Trauma
 5. Mahajan (2015) Acad Emerg Med 22(9): 1034-41 [PubMed]
 6. Peritoneal signs (Abdominal Distention, guarding, rebound, rigidity)
 7. Pelvic instability
 8. Femur Fracture
 9. Abdominal tenderness or pain
 1. Present in most children with Abdominal Trauma and typically non-specific
 2. Correlate with other abdominal findings
 3. Abdominal Pain and tenderness Test Sensitivity for intraabdominal injury drops with GCS
 1. Test Sensitivity 79% for GCS 15
 2. Test Sensitivity 51-57% for GCS 14
 3. Test Sensitivity 32-37% for GCS 13
 4. Adelgais (2014) J Pediatr 165(6): 1230-5 [PubMed]
 7. Labs: Higher Risk Findings
 1. Bedside Glucose (fingerstick Glucose)
 2. Serum Lipase increased
 1. Positive Predictive Value: 75% (highest of the Abdominal Injury markers)
 3. Increased transaminase Liver Function Tests (AST >200, ALT >125)
 1. Negative Predictive Value: 71% (highest of the Abdominal Injury markers)
 4. Hematocrit <30% (initial on presentation)
 5. Urinalysis with Microscopic Hematuria (or certainly Gross Hematuria)
 1. Urine Red Blood Cells (urine RBC) >5 rbc/hpf
 1. Otherwise well appearing child with benign exam
 1. Consider renal Ultrasound (or FAST Exam)
 2. Observe and repeat Urinalysis
 2. Other physical findings or lab abnormalities suggesting Renal Injury
 1. CT Abdomen
 2. Urine catheterization typically yields <5 rbc/hpf
 1. Sklar (1986) Am J Emerg Med 4(1): 14-6 [PubMed]
 6. Other testing to consider
 1. Urine Pregnancy Test (or serum Qualitative hCG)
 8. Imaging
 1. FAST Exam
 1. Helpful if positive (esp. hemoperitoneum)
 2. High False Negative Rate in children
 1. Of those with significant solid organ injury on CT Abdomen, 33% had no free fluid on FAST Exam
 2. Scaife (2013) J Pediatr Surg 48(6): 1377-83 [PubMed]
 2. CT Abdomen and Pelvis (with IV Contrast but no Oral Contrast)
 1. See Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule for indications
 2. See CT-associated Radiation Exposure for risks
 3. False Negatives (esp. hollow viscus injury) if performed early after injury
 4. Normal CT in blunt Abdominal Trauma is reassuring
 1. Negative Predictive Value: 99.8% for significant intraabdominal injury
 2. Lower Test Sensitivity for pancreatic injury or bowel injury
 3. Misses 2 cases in 1000 of intraabdominal injury requiring immediate intervention
 4. Misses 5 cases in 1000 of intraabdominal injury overall
 5. Kerrey (2013) Ann Emerg Med 62(4):319-26 +PMID:23622949 [PubMed]
 9. Differential Diagnosis
 1. Early presentations
 1. Hemorrhagic Shock
 2. Liver Laceration
 3. Splenic Rupture
 4. Diaphragmatic Rupture
 5. Duodenal or jejunal Laceration (esp. handlebar injury)
 6. Pancreatic Laceration
 7. Bowel injury
 2. Delayed presentations
 1. Pancreatic Pseudocysts
 1. Surgery indicated for large cysts (>5 cm), Pancreas rupture, Hemorrhage, infection or gastric outlet obstruction
 2. Duodenal hematoma
 1. May present as Small Bowel Obstruction (confirmed with CT Abdomen)
 2. Nonoperative management with gastrointestinal decompression
 3. Hematobilia
 1. Presents up to 4 weeks after injury with Biliary Colic, Obstructive Jaundice and Upper GI Bleeding
 2. Confirmed with CT Abdomen and managed surgically
 10. Evaluation
 1. CT Imaging indications
 1. See Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 2. Abnormal lab testing (e.g. AST, ALT, Lipase, UA)
 2. Hemodynamic instability findings indicating surgical intervention
 1. Altered Mental Status
 2. Significant Tachycardia
 3. Hypotension
 4. Capillary Refill prolonged
 5. Pallor
 6. Decreased Urine Output
 7. Altered pulse quality (e.g. weak and thready)
 8. Unresponsive to IV fluids
 9. Unresponsive to Blood Transfusions (esp. >40 ml/kg)
 11. Management
 1. Blunt Abdominal Trauma (>90% of cases)
 1. Initial evaluation
 1. Trauma Primary Survey and Trauma Secondary Survey
 2. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST Exam)
 3. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma Decision Rule
 2. Stable child with a negative FAST Exam and a negative decision rule
 1. Consider observation and serial abdominal


Yes, lush is a Scrabble word!
Lush is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definitions of the word 'lush'
The meaning of lush
4 definitions of the word 'lush'.
 1. Produced or growing in extreme abundance
 2. Characterized by extravagance and profusion
 3. Full of juice
 1. A person who drinks alcohol to excess habitually
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in lush?
4 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
1 Anagram of Lush
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to lush:
Unscramble the letters in lush
There are 11 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'lush'.
More words that can be made using the letters in lush


text:
Effect of circumferential magnetic field on braking performance of a direct vane magnetorheological fluid retarder 2019-01-0342
The hydraulic retarder used in commercial vehicles can provide hydraulic damping to generate braking torque, reducing the pressure of the braking system on the slope section and increasing the safety . In this paper, the magnetorheological fluid with fast magnetic field reflection characteristics is used to increase the response speed of the hydraulic retarder, which can effectively reduce the response time of the hydraulic retarder. In this paper, the influence of the change of circumferential magnetic field on the braking torque and response speed of the magnetorheological fluid retarder is studied.
This paper analyzed the internal flow characteristics and braking mechanism of the hydraulic retarder based on the traditional hydraulic retarder, established the mathematical model of the magnetorheological hydraulic retarder which based on the straight blade structure,and studied the variation of the braking torque of the magnetorheological fluid retarder when the rotational speed changed under the condition of no magnetic field .Then based on the Bingham model, the relationship between the braking torque and the response velocity of the magnetorheological fluid retarder with the intensity of the circumferential magnetic field is analyzed under the condition of constant temperature and liquid filling rate.
In this paper , the experiments are conducted to studied the variation of the braking torque when the rotational speed changed and the variation of the braking torque when the rotational speed changed . The traditional hydraulic retarder is used as a reference group in the experiment, and the braking performances of the traditional hydraulic retarder and magnetorheological fluid retarder are compared.
The results show that the magnetorheological fluid retarder can provide more braking torque at the same speed. At the same time, when the magnetic field changes, the braking torque provided by the magnetorheological fluid retarder can change rapidly.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: We explore how households insure themselves against consumption volatility. We asked households how they would fund an unexpected emergency consumption expense equivalent to one month's income. Answers reveal a range of consumption insurance mechanisms, including borrowing from credit markets and social networks. Despite this, more than one quarter of households have no plan to insure their consumption. The likelihood of non-insurance increases with poor financial literacy and is highest among households most at risk of experiencing a financial shock. Among these households we see large effects of poor financial literacy on non-insurance.


text:
In today's technology-driven world, our reliance on electronic devices has skyrocketed. Protecting these devices from unexpected damage or malfunctions has become increasingly important. Electronics protection plans, also known as extended warranties or service plans, offer a safety net that provides coverage and peace of mind. In this comprehensive blog post, we will delve into the worth of electronics protection plans, their benefits, considerations before purchasing, the types of technology covered, and why some individuals may be skeptical about these plans. By the end, you will have a thorough understanding of electronics protection plans, empowering you to make an informed decision when it comes to safeguarding your valuable electronic devices.
I. What is an Electronics Protection Plan?
To start, let us define what exactly an electronics protection plan entails. An electronics protection plan is a contractual agreement between the consumer and a provider that extends coverage for electronic devices beyond the manufacturer's warranty period. These plans typically offer repair, replacement, or reimbursement for covered damages, defects, or malfunctions. We will explore the key features of electronics protection plans, including the duration of coverage, the scope of protection, and the terms and conditions that govern these plans.
II. Why Some People Don't Think They Need Protection Plans
Despite the advantages they offer, some individuals may be skeptical about purchasing electronics protection plans. In this section, we will examine the common reasons behind this skepticism. Factors such as the perceived cost-effectiveness of protection plans, the existence of manufacturer warranties, self-insurance strategies, or personal risk assessment may influence the decision to forgo these plans. Understanding these concerns will help you evaluate whether an electronics protection plan is the right choice for you.
III. What to Consider Before Purchasing a Protection Plan
Before investing in an electronics protection plan, it is essential to consider various factors. This section will provide an in-depth exploration of the key considerations that should be taken into account. We will discuss factors such as plan coverage, cost analysis, deductibles, claim processes, provider reputation, and customer reviews. By evaluating these aspects, you can ensure that the protection plan you choose aligns with your needs and provides the desired level of coverage and service.
IV. Types of Technology That Are Covered
Electronics protection plans cater to a wide range of technology. From smartphones and laptops to home appliances and gaming consoles, this section will explore the types of devices typically covered by protection plans. We will discuss the coverage of popular consumer electronics and appliances, providing insights into the breadth of protection offered by these plans. Understanding which devices fall within the scope of coverage will help you determine whether an electronics protection plan is suitable for your specific needs.
V. Benefits of Electronics Protection Plans
The benefits provided by electronics protection plans are significant and can outweigh the initial investment. This section will delve into the advantages that these plans offer. We will discuss the peace of mind that comes with knowing your devices are protected, the upfront pricing that allows for better budgeting, the convenience of professional repair services, potential cost savings compared to out-of-pocket repairs or replacements, and the added value of extended coverage beyond the manufacturer's warranty. By understanding these benefits, you will be able to assess the value proposition of electronics protection plans and make an informed decision.
Electronics protection plans provide a valuable layer of security for your cherished devices in an increasingly digital world. By examining their worth, understanding the benefits they offer, considering individual needs, and evaluating the types of technology covered, you can make an informed decision about protecting your electronic devices. Whether it's the peace of mind that comes with comprehensive coverage or the potential cost savings from professional repairs, electronics protection plans can provide you with the assurance and security you need. Take the time to explore the options available and choose the protection plan that aligns best with your requirements, ensuring that your electronic devices are safeguarded for years to come.


text: As it was shown in numerous works concerning various plant species tissue culture derived plants may serve as potential variability resources for breeding. This subject was also investigated in rye. However, the number of publications is relatively low. A somaclonal variation in rye was investigated on different levels as molecular one, cytological or morphological. Based on these searches, several general conclusions can be drawn: (1) the frequency of somaclonal changes in rye is high, which can be connected with the presence of genome region, especially susceptible for tissue culture conditions, (2) the range and spectrum of somaclonal changes depend on donor plant genotype, (3) the majority of somaclonal changes has an negative character, e.g. reduction of plant viability, fertility or yield quality influence negatively plant quality, (4) some somaclonal changes can be useful for rye breeding.


Ecclesiastical vestment
Contributed by: The Australian Museum of Clothing and Textiles
Front of Roman Chasuble Back of Roman Chasuble Detail of mould and stain damage on lining Detail of damage on back, near cross Front detail, showing damage and fabric use Inside front, showing flood water damage Inside front, detail of damage Detail of embroidery, centre back Fabric rot, darning and discolouration Dye transfer on inside front Mould and dye discolouration
[Collapse all]
Object information
Significance statement
The object itself shows some signs that it may have been made during a time of want by resourceful local women who sewed for the church. Traditionally eccesiastical dress would be made by an specialist Eccesiastical tailor most probably in a major city. It is difficult to determine but the quality of embriodery of the IHS ( a symbol of Jesus Christ) on the centre back suggests a professional quality. The chasuble may have had a matching set of items including a stole, chalice veil, burse and maniples. Perhaps these were lost to time or destroyed in the flood.The chasuble is one of many items of eccessiastical dress worn by the priests of the cathederal, probably from a communal wardrobe. Therefore it is difficult to say who it was made for or worn by.
The 1955 Maitland Flood is considered an extrememly significant event in the history of the Lower Hunter. It is still within living history and many local people speak of the effect it had on their lives as well as show the evidence in photographs. It was also one of the first natural disasters to be broadcast to the country on television. The local people speak of the aftermath of this disaster, the clean up, the mud, the dirt, the mould, and the want to get rid of it. Often in the aftermath of disasters, items made from paper and cloth are considered too difficult to deal with and are simply thrown away. Fortunately for this item, the rescuer saw it for what is was, possibly eccesiastical dress, and considered it worthy to be saved and conserved. The garment, how and where is was found and the fact is was saved at all make this item significant.
Author: Justine Malinowski, 01/07/2014.
A 'Roman' or 'Fiddleback' style chasuble. The garment is lined front and back. The lining is a golden chintzed cotton. The outer front panel has been pieced together for a wine red damask fabric and same colour plain heavy cotton weave fabric and is the traditional 'Roman' or 'fiddleback' shape i.e shaped like a violin back. The way in which it has been panelled suggests that the maker did not have a lot of fabric to work with. It could have been made for an older garment, perhaps'mend and make do'? The back is made from a long flat, shoulder width panel. It has been made from the wine red plain heavy weave cotton. The outline of the Cross has been created with a decorative floral woven braid, with mitered corners. The initals "IHS" are in the centre of the Cross and a decorative floral design fills the rest of the cross. The design has been created in machined chain stitch in a number of tonal colours. Two different widths of woven braid are used, they are both of the same woven design. The design resembles a twisted thorny vine with evenly spaced open petaled flowers. One is 13mm and the other is 25mm wide. The narrow braid is stitched flat around the outside edge of the garment and the 25mm braid is used to create the cross and edge the front and back neckline. The braid is used on the front panel in a rectangle and across the shoulders. On the inside front line there is a long length of cotton tape that is used to fasten the garment to the body around the chest and under the arms. Garment is extrememly water damaged with colour/dye 'run' evident on the lining. Lining is also mould stained. Garment is extremely worn around the neck line, suggesting high usage.
Link to further information about this object
History and Provenance
Do you have any stories or community information associated with this?
The garment was found in the debri of the Pro-Cathederal catholic church after the 1955 flood. The item was given to a member of the Maitland Repertory Society, who washed and cleaned it as much as possible. The item was then given to Mrs. Nell Pyle, the Repertory's wardrobe mistress, and it was stored until donated to the museum in 2005.
How does this garment relate to the wider historical context?
The 1955 Flood had the most devastating effect on the landscape, commerce and lives of the residents of Maitland and its surrounding areas. The flood was by far the largest and most destructive in the 20th Century. As with all natural disasters, it is cleaning up that is the hardest thing to face. In the case of a flood it is the effect of the water and what is carried along with it that deters people from trying to save a variety of items, in particular textile items. People believe they are beyond salvage and repair and will often throw them out. They are small (and seemingly insignificant) and would carry mould and mildew etc. As is the case of the chasuble, there has been significant water damage in two forms, dye colour transfer and mould damage, both of which are irreparable.
Make do and mendafter a close study of the garment, I feel that the garment was made in a time of want. The pieced together nature of the front panel and a simple cotton lining. The decorative braids fortunately compensate for the makeshift nature of the garment.
This garment has been exhibited
This garment was included in 'In our Area'- an exhibition organised by The Australian Museum of Clothing and Textiles, East Maitland which featured textile items and garments significant to the history of Maitland and Lower Hunter Valley area.
 1. Place of origin:
 Maitland, New South Wales, Australia
 2. Owned by:
 Roman Catholic Pro-Cathederal Maitland. Presumed to be owned by the church as part of their Ecclesiatic wardrobe, used by the Reverend at the time.
 3. Worn by:
 Various priests at the Cathederal.
 4. Occasion(s):
 Chasuables are worn as part of the Ecclesiatic wardrobe. Red is worn to celebrate Masses of the Holy Spirit.
 5. Place:
 Roman Catholic Pro-Cathederal, Maitland, closed 1989, due to earthquake damage.
 6. Made by:
 Possibly made by local women of the parish.
Trimmings / Decoration
The 13mm wide braid is stitched flat around the outside edge of the garment. The 25mm wide braid is used to form the cross on the back and edge the neck line front and back. The braid is used on the front panel in a rectangle and across the shoulders.
Garment has two different widths of woven braid. The design of the braids are the same. A 13mm wide braid and a 25mm wide braid.
Fibre / Weave
The age and use of the garment indicates that the fibre of the fabric is cotton. The garment has sustained significant water and fungal damage, with a lot of dye transfer, this also helps to indicate a natural cellulose fibre probably cotton. The are three fabrics used. The outer garment features a thick weft, plain woven fabric and a damask fabric with a decorative woven tile and floral design. The lining fabric is a plain weave and appears to have been chintzed.
 1. Natural dye
 2. Synthetic dye
Machine sewing has been used to piece the fabric and garment pieces together. The braid has been hand stitched on.
 1. Hand sewn
 2. Machine sewn
 3. Knitted
 4. Other
A number of pieces have to used to make up the centre front panel and the two sides panels that make the front. The cutter has matched the pattern of the damask in each panel.
 1. Bias
 2. Straight
Not technically a fastening, but a cotton tape is hand stitch inside the front neck line to tie the garment to the body under the arms, around the chest.
 1. Hook and eye
 2. Lacing
 3. Buttons
 4. Zip
 5. Drawstring
Chest 390 mm
Front neck to hem 710 mm
Back neck to hem 1000 mm
Neck to sleeve head 145 mm
Cross back 945 mm
Convert to inches
This type of garment'sits' on the body. It is un fitted. Therefore measurements relate to area of the body the garment would sit on. The 'neck to sleeve head' measurement is the shoulder width.
Dress Themes
While the use of the Roman style chasuble has always been closely related to the Tridentine Liturgy, it can be worn for Novus Ordo liturgies as well. The reason it was always connected to the Tridentine Rite was since the priest's back was always to the people, it was the back of the chasuble that was decorated in some way. In this case it is the IHS


text:
Scientists have developed a sound generator so powerful its shock waves can stun, and even kill people.
Another group of researchers have developed another unusual application for sound: a method of "acoustic levitation" that could help maintain colonies on Mars or the moon by using high-pitched sound waves to remove alien dust.
Blasting a high-pitched noise from a tweeter into a pipe that focuses the sound waves can create enough pressure to lift troublesome alien dust off surfaces, according to a study published January in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
Extra-terrestrial missions have been plagued by dust and debris, which cling to rovers and astronauts because lunar and Martian environments lack the Earth's water or atmosphere that can displace the particles.
According to Wired,
Electrostatic charging from solar winds and UV radiation on the Moon makes this sharp dust cling to everything, including astronaut suits where it can work its way through the glove air locks. It also sticks to the solar panels that power rovers and other instruments.
See acoustic levitation for yourself in the video below! Using only sound waves, the scientists are able to lift mock "Martian and lunar dust" off of a solar panel. Cool!


skin tone meaning, skin tone definition | English Cobuild dictionary
 ( skins plural & 3rd person present) ( skinning present participle) ( skinned past tense & past participle )
1 n-var Your skin is the natural covering of your body.
His skin is clear and smooth..., There are three major types of skin cancer..., The only difference between us is the colour of our skins.
2 n-var An animal skin is skin which has been removed from a dead animal. Skins are used to make things such as coats and rugs.
usu supp N
That was real crocodile skin.
3 n-var The skin of a fruit or vegetable is its outer layer or covering.
The outer skin of the orange is called the 'zest'.,...banana skins.
4 n-sing If a skin forms on the surface of a liquid, a thin, fairly solid layer forms on it.
Stir the custard occasionally to prevent a skin forming.
5 verb If you skin a dead animal, you remove its skin.
...with the expertise of a chef skinning a rabbit. V n
 banana skin
7 If you do something by the skin of your teeth, you just manage to do it.
by the skin of one's teeth phrase PHR with cl
He won, but only by the skin of his teeth.
8 If you say that someone has a thick skin, you mean that they are able to listen to criticism about themselves without becoming offended.
a thick skin phrase N inflects, usu v PHR
You need a thick skin to be a headmaster.
 to make your skin crawl
banana skin ( banana skins plural )
1 n-count The thick yellow or green covering of a banana is called a banana skin.
in AM, use banana peel
2 n-count If an important or famous person slips on a banana skin, they say or do something that makes them look stupid and causes them problems.
 (mainly BRIT, JOURNALISM)
...waiting for the government to slip on this week's banana skin.
in AM, use banana peel
skin care , skincare
Skin care involves keeping your skin clean, healthy-looking, and attractive. n-uncount oft N n
...a unique range of natural skincare products.
skin deep , skin-deep
Something that is only skin deep is not a major or important feature of something, although it may appear to be. adj usu v-link ADJ
Beauty is only skin deep...
skin-tight , skintight
Skin-tight clothes fit very tightly so that they show the shape of your body. adj usu ADJ n
...the youth with the slicked down hair and skin-tight trousers.
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
Collaborative Dictionary English Cobuild
caressing someone by touching his/her skin with the eyelashes
crust; epicarp; husk; integument; outer layer; peel; skin
a round and sweet fruit with pale, orange-colored skin that comes from a tree of the same name
agneau en peau de tigre craint encore le loup
c'est le ton qui fait la chanson
Or sign up in the traditional way
 - Create your own vocabulary list
 - Contribute to the Collaborative Dictionary
 - Improve and share your linguistic knowledge


text:
Skip to Main Content
The impact of a 60 MeV proton irradiation on the static characteristics of 0.13 μm CMOS transistors is investigated, as a function of the device length and width. It is shown that the degradation of the threshold voltage and of the transconductance exhibits a marked length dependence, with more pronounced changes for shorter devices. From the independence on the device width and the 2 nm gate dielectric (nitrided or reoxidized nitrided oxide), it is concluded that the basic damage mechanism is not related to the isolation or gate dielectric. The origin of the observed changes will be discussed in view of the two-dimensional doping profile, produced by lowly doped drain and pocket or halo implantations used to control the short-channel effects.


text:
School district aims at boosting skills
Two out of every three Langley Grade 9 students can't solve math problems by themselves, according to a just-released report prepared by Langley school district superintendent Cheryle Beaumont.
The numbers cited in the annual "Superintendent's Report on Achievement" show just 31 per cent of Grade 9 students in the 2009-2010 school year met "numeracy" skills, which are defined by the provincial ministry of education as the ability to appropriately apply mathematical concepts and procedures without a teacher at their side.
That left 69 per cent who required some help or "close, ongoing assistance" by an instructor.
Beaumont, in her report, notes the district is trying to determine the impact poor Grade 9 math skills may be having on graduation rates, since students who have trouble with the more advanced math of secondary school may be less likely to finish Grade 12.
The report flags a number of other areas of concern.
It shows that roughly one out of every five Grade 1 Langley students finished the 2010 school year unable to read short, simple illustrated selections on their own.
That is based on numbers released by the school district and the provincial education ministry that show 246 of 1359 or 18 per cent of pupils "left Grade 1 still not reading at grade level."
Provincial standards state a Grade 1 student will "fully meet expectations" for literacy when they can read short age-appropriate passages independently."
The Grade 1 stats still represent an improvement from the previous school year when 364 of 1296 or 35 per cent of Grade 1 students failed to meet expectations.
"The district is committed to having all students reading at grade level by the end of Grade 3," the Beaumont report states.
Langley Grade 10 students showed a drop in reading skills, with the percentage of students meeting or exceeding expectations falling from 93 per cent in the 2008-2009 school year to 85 per cent in 2009-2010.
The news is not all bad. In most categories, student performance is improving.
Overall, the number of students who graduate Grade 12 has increased from 78 per cent in 2008 to 83 per cent in 2010, the report states, better than the provincial average.
However, boys are lagging behind girls, with 78 per cent of male students gradating Grade 12 compared to 87 per cent of female students.
Langley First Nations students still have a relatively high drop-out rate, with four out of 10 failing to graduate Grade 12. That's still better than the provincial average for aboriginal students.
Only one in two Langley graduates goes on to university or college-level studies.
"While 2009-2010 was undoubtedly a very challenging year, we have made remarkable progress," Beaumont said in a written memo to district trustees.
"Much work remains to be done. However, the initial areas of the district that needed to be stabilized are being addressed and the work is underway."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Matokeo ya kidato cha pili Tanga 2022 – Matokeo ya kidato cha pili Tanga 2022
Matokeo ya kidato cha pili Tanga 2022 – Matokeo ya kidato cha pili Tanga 2022; Tanzania's form two results for the 2022/2023 academic year will soon be released and students
across the country are eagerly awaiting the outcome. This is a crucial moment in the lives of many young people in Tanzania, It is a time of great anticipation, but also one of intense pressure, as students hope to achieve the best possible results. With the right amount of preparation and hard work, students can make sure they are well-prepared to handle the challenge of the form two results. The results will open up new opportunities and help students to get one step closer to achieving their dreams.
Form two results are an important milestone in any student's academic journey. Students in Tanzania who are awaiting the results of their form two examinations for the 2022/2023 school year can take comfort in knowing that their hard work and dedication will pay off. With the right approach, students can achieve success in their exams and make the most of their results. This article will provide an overview of the Form Two Results 2022/2023 Tanzania, including what they mean, how they are determined, and how they can be used to further a student's academic goals.
The quantification for grade ranges at FTNA results shall be as follows
75 – 100 = A – indicating excellent
60 – 74 = B+ – indicating very good
50 – 59 = B – indicating food
40 – 49 = C – indicating average
30 – 39 = D – indicating satisfactory
20 – 29 = E – indicating unsatisfactory
0 – 19 = F – indicating fail
The weight for each grade shall be A= 5, B+ = 4, B=3, C = 2, D = 1, E = 0.5 and F = 0
Grades A, B+, B and C shall be regarded as credit while D shall be regarded as the lowest pass.
Grades E and F shall not be considered in calculating GPA.
How to check form two results Tanga | steps to view Form two necta 2022 Results Tanga
Use this article to download full pdf in form two results 2022/2023
_TAG_ 01;Turn on Internet data in your phone or computer
_TAG_ 02; Log in to chrome or opera then click _URL_
_TAG_ 03; If you are on a special necta website Search the area labeled FTNA results
_TAG_ 04; Then click the FTNA results area
##When you are on the page make sure you click on the area marked Matokeo ya kidato cha pili 2022/2023 necta or Form two necta format 2022 Results
How to Check Form Two results Via SMS
_TAG_ 01; Go to your phone write message and type <> example#rank* S0130*ftna*2020 (Send SMS to 15311)
The process Cost per SMS is Tshs 200/= This service is only available for Tigo, Vodacom and Zantel subscribers.
_TAG_ 03; Final you can check your results
About form two National Assessment examination tanzania
The Form Two National Assessment examination is conducted every year in Tanzania. It is a key step in advancing students' reading and writing skills and also covers their knowledge of other subjects like Basic mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, History, English, Kiswahili, Civics, Biology, And other subjects
The National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) is a Government Institution which was established by the Parliamentary Act No. 21 of 1973. NECTA is responsible for the administration of all National Examinations in Tanzania.
The decision to establish NECTA was a follow-up of an earlier move, in April 1971, when Tanzania Mainland pulled out of the East African Examinations Council (EAEC) to conduct her own examinations. Zanzibar pulled out of EAEC in 1970. Before the pull out, between 1968 and 1971, Tanzania sat for foreign Secondary School Examinations conducted jointly by the East African Syndicate, which before then were conducted by the Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate alone. The Examinations conducted by the Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate then were the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate Examinations. The School Certificate Examinations was taken by the African Students for the first time in 1947 and that of the Higher School Certificate in 1960.
Summary of NECTA's History
After Tanzania Mainland had pulled out of the East African Examinations Council, in 1971 and before NECTA was established by Law, in 1973, the Curriculum and Examinations Section of the Ministry of Education was responsible for all examinations. With the establishment of NECTA, the Examinations became its responsibility in accordance with the law. The Curriculum continued to be under the Ministry of Education and the University College, Tanga until when it was taken over by the newly established, autonomous Institute of Curriculum Development (ICD) in 1975, which in 1993 was renamed as the Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE).
Between 1972 and 1976 the first staff of NECTA were recruited, among them was Mr. P. P Gandye who was recruited in 1972 and later on in 1994 was appointed as Executive Secretary. The other staff members continued to be recruited and especially so when NECTA's premises moved from the Ministry of Education Headquarters to the present premises at Kijitonyama near Mwenge. Presently the number of NECTA's staff is more than 250.


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Nativity play is a spectacle about Christmas, which for centuries has been inscribed in the Polish tradition and how annually they were staged in our school. This year's nativity play in our school was prepared by all students of our school under the direction of Mr. Wojciech Bolko and the musical setting of Mr. Maurycy Banaszek.
The nativity play was intended by the disciples to bring closer the circumstances of the birth of the Lord Jesus. The nativity play scenario contained the most important events accompanying the birth of Jesus. Parents and guests watching the show believed that the performance introduced them to a Christmas time full of beautiful traditions and a solemn mood. The nativity play was for all of us a lesson in mutual rapprochement, love, reflection and reflection.
The students made a lot of effort to ensure that this year's nativity play was an opportunity for all of us to enter the beautiful atmosphere of Christmas and will be remembered for a long time. For the enormous effort put into directing and staging them, we would like to thank students, teachers, parents, friends Special thanks to Father Shibby for the trust he has placed in our school.


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2C3: Obermeyer Pump Turbine: Cost Effective Pumped Storage Hydropower
July 13, 2022
Equipment and Technology
Obermeyer Pump Turbine: Cost Effective Pumped Storage Hydropower Reversible pump turbines for pumped storage hydropower are generally installed well below tailwater level in a cavern, or shaft, powerhouse to provide sufficient pressure at the inlet to prevent cavitation. Such facilities are expensive and require suitable geology. The Obermeyer pump turbine seeks to reduce powerhouse costs by utilizing a runner with a toroidal flow path that redirects the water approximately 180 degrees. This configuration allows the Obermeyer pump turbine to be mounted at the bottom of a "well" where the water enters and exits the pump turbine from above. This significantly reduces the required civil and concrete work at site. The simple underground structure may be constructed under a wide range of geological conditions. Geological risk is further mitigated by the fact that a limited number of borings can reliably characterize the entire excavation. This simplified storage solution creates large-scale grid storage opportunities with advantages over conventional and ternary-type configurations. Simplified construction and reduced installation costs can tip the scales at sites that were previously infeasible. The relatively small footprint of the Obermeyer pump turbine makes it well suited to being utilized in existing hydropower sites and at dams that are not currently being used for power generation. Pumped storage capability may be added to existing hydro power stations without the need for large shaft or cavern powerhouses that may not be feasible adjacent to an existing dam and powerhouse. Overall costs are particularly attractive at existing hydro sites where the dam, reservoirs, penstocks and switchyards are already in place. One would need to modify the penstock to introduce the Obermeyer pump turbine, but this would be at a fraction of the cost of a new penstock. The Obermeyer pump turbine could be used as a pump only with generation via the existing hydro turbine, or it could be used as a pump turbine which would increase the site generating capacity. As part of the U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office's HydroNEXT initiative, Obermeyer Hydro was awarded $1.18 million to further develop this advanced pumped storage hydro configuration. This effort included a cost analysis of an Obermeyer pump turbine site compared to that of a conventional pump turbine. The results show a 33% reduction in overall installation costs with most of the savings coming from reduced civil costs and underground work. As more solar, wind and nuclear generating facilities are constructed, it will be beneficial to have a greater capacity for electrical power storage. It may be advantageous if the storage solution is similar in size to the facility that is generating the electricity. This allows for less dependence of other grid level activities to provide a consistent, reliable source of electricity. The Obermeyer pump turbine is well suited to provide a pumped storage solution for unit sizes down to 1MW and even lower. With reduced installation costs, this may prove attractive for the operator of a renewable energy site. It is the believed that the reduced cost for installation makes the Obermeyer pump turbine attractive to utilities and power companies that are looking to minimize storage installation costs. The Obermeyer pump turbine may also make pump storage hydro attainable for developing countries. The technology could also be utilized in a modular fashion were one or two units are initially installed at a site. As budget allows and power demands increase, the number of units could be increased without the significant investment in a new cavern, or shaft, powerhouse.


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- Changing display properties
- Changing colours
- PDF files
Changing display properties
By changing the 'Resolution' setting you can make text and images look either larger or smaller all the time. domgen.com is designed to be viewed at a screen resolution of 800 x 600.
On PC, go to the 'Start' menu and select 'Settings'. When you are given further options select the 'Control Panel' folder. The 'Control Panel' folder will then appear on your screen. At this point you should select the 'Display' icon.
Next click on the 'Settings' tab on the top of your page. You will see a box labelled 'Desktop Area'. Move the slide across so that the '800 by 600 pixels' is displayed. Finally, click on the 'OK' button.
On an Apple Macintosh, you can use the Monitor & Sound Control Panel to change the resolution.
If careers.domesticandgeneral.com's colour scheme makes it difficult for you to read the text, you can change it in your browser.
If you are using Microsoft Internet Explorer, click on 'Tools and then Internet Options'.
To ignore the colours and fonts specified on the site, click on the 'Accessibility' button towards the bottom of the window and check the relevant boxes.
To specify your own colours for both the text and the background, click on the 'Colors' button and then uncheck the 'Use Windows Colours' box. Simply click on the 'Text' and 'Background' boxes to choose your preferred colour scheme.
Last updated 21st November 2012


According to MuckRock data, perceived ethnicity does not impact public records response times - with one exception
Analysis of over 45,000 requests found that, by and large, requesters with names predicted to be Hispanic had FOIAs filled more quickly
Over the years, a number of requesters, researchers, and members of the public have asked whether we think who the requester is impacts how requests are handled. Under the law, every requester should be treated the same, but we've seen a number of cases where different requesters get different answers (and prices, and response times) for largely identical requests.
So we decided to analyze our data to see if one factor - predicted ethnicity based on name - swayed how requests were handled.
First, some important caveats.
Predicting ethnicity and race by name is an infamously flawed and inexact exercise; a number of users we know personally, for example, were matched incorrectly. That means the data is not a good breakdown of who actually makes up our user base.
But since we're mostly interested in how the requester's ethnicity and race are perceived by the public records officer, rather than what they actually are, we don't need to have correct data, just data that matches the perceptions of the people processing the request.
Second, MuckRock's users are self selecting. While we represent a broad swath of requesters (with over 18,000 registered accounts), MuckRock tends to draw some communities - such as activists, reporters, and researchers - more than others. Having a more limited sample of records requesters might mean that a smaller subset of users who happen to write better requests, or file requests with speedier agencies, might skew the data. We go into some of those possible considerations later, and welcome other researchers who want to explore the data with other hypotheses in mind.
Those caveats aside, we found some broad reassuring consistency across how quickly requests were responded to, with one surprising exception. But first, a look at MuckRock's pool of requesters.
Who appears to be filing FOIA requests?
So, what are we looking at here? For starters, we pulled FOIA data from the MuckRock API and joined it with the user's account information. User's names, as provided, were analyzed using the ethnicolr Python package to predict users' race/ethnicity. These counts represent the predicted race/ethnicity, not a reported one.
As of July 12th, 2018, MuckRock had facilitated 46,068 FOIA requests by filers likely to be perceived as white based on their names. That number compares to 1,964 likely Hispanic filers, 1,302 filers from Asian or Pacific Islander descent, and just 257 filers likely to be perceived as black.
Predicted race Count of FOIA requests through MuckRock
Asian or Pacific Islander 1,302
black 257
Hispanic 1,964
white 46,068
See full table here.
Are there differences in response rates based on perceived race/ethnicity?
Sort of, but there is a lot of uncertainty around this.
Take the following graph for example. (Find more survival curves here.)
What can be seen here is that white is essentially the same as the overall estimate. That is expected given the sizes of each group.
Predicted race Count done Percent done
Asian or Pacific Islander 382 40.86
black 74 35.58
Hispanic 717 61.92
white 14,927 43.94
The "black" group here is relatively small at just 74 FOIA requests. That's reflected in the wide uncertainty and jagged form of the graph – twenty completed requests could account for the abrupt drop in the purple line around 1,300 days. Twenty requests getting marked as done in the "white" group wouldn't make a noticeable difference in the green curve.
However, the Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander groups have more similarly shaped curves and more comparable n-sizes. These two curves are distinct with reasonable confidence. In other words, it appears that perceived race/ethnicity may impact the time it takes for a response to reach the "done" status. More specifically, the analysis showed that having a likely Hispanic name is correlated with faster time to "done" state.
Pairwise logrank tests results:
PredictedRace_A PredictedRace_B significance_code p_value
api black 0.437883
api hispanic *** 0.000000
api white 0.194233
black hispanic *** 0.000005
black white 0.163292
hispanic white *** 0.000000
Something that we have not yet sorted out is the possibility of location as a confounding variable in the predicted race analysis. One hypothesis is that the Hispanic group has a higher percentage of FOIA requests filed with agencies that more strictly enforce response timelines, thus resulting in the group having generally faster responses. If so, predicted race could simply be functioning as a proxy variable for request location and jurisdiction. Further assessment is needed to rule that scenario out.
Are there differences in response rates based on jurisdiction level (federal, state, or local)?
Yes. The survival curves below show that FOIA requests at the state level are generally much quicker to get done.
To further clarify, the curves show that the median time for a state-level FOIA request to reach the "done" was 527 days. That's compared to 1,490 days for the federal level and 1,188 days for the local level.
Limitations and thoughts on further analysis
As noted previously, there are a number of caveats to understanding this data. Other factors that could be impacting outcomes include:
 - The analysis doesn't account for the contents of the FOIA request.
 - This analysis doesn't take into account variance in confidence of name predictions. For example, if a name is predicted to be 42% likely to be Hispanic and 43% likely to be Asian, it would be classified as Asian in the survival analysis. This could be taken into account, but would require a more complicated analysis.
 - There are a few people that appear to use fake names or names of a company/group rather than a human name. These are relatively rare.
 - It would be worth further study to see if controlling for the jurisdiction or agency receiving the request impacts the predictive analysis.
For this study, FOIA and user data was most recently pulled on July 12th, 2018. Agency and jurisdiction data was most recently pulled on August 22nd, 2018.
If you are interested in learning more about the research methodology used, or would like sample code to extend the research in other directions, we'd love to talk: Reach us at
Image via US National Archives Flickr


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Welcome to the publication platform of the scientific network Worlds of Related Coercions in Work (WORCK), funded as COST Action CA18205 by the European Union (2019-2023).
WORCK calls for a radical change of perspective in labour history. It suggests a new analytical framework for the understanding of labour and power relations by studying the persistence and transformation of coercion across gender orders, geographical regions and historical eras. The network members – about 150 scholars from 40 different countries worldwide – link the stories of work and production with those of violence, expropriation and marginalisation. They study processes, dynamics and experiences of labour coercion in a wide array of historical settings ranging from the plantation, the army regiment, the prison camp, the mine, the household and the factory and the connections between such sites. They explore work ranging from wage labour to the most precarious forms of non-commodified work from the ancient world to the present.


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We have been proposed on-chip power supply system for a micro system. This power supply system operates application circuit, to achieve a stand-alone chip, referred to as a micro system. In this work, we fabricate the chip to evaluate the on-chip boost power supply that consists of photovoltaic device, ring oscillator and DC-DC boost converter on the same die. The solar cell using N-well and P-substrate outputs about 500 mV and several μW under about 7600 lx lighting. This solar cell generates negative voltage to the P-substrate but the photoelectric conversion efficiency is much higher than the solar cell generates positive voltage. In this work, the integration method is shown to realize the solar cell with negative voltage output and bootstrap charge pump(BSCP) DC-DC converter using triple well technology. The performance of newly designed BSCP DC-DC converter using MIM capacitor and previously designed BSCP DC-DC converter using MOS capacitor are compared. The converter using MIM capacitor shows the much higher voltage conversion ratio than the converter using MOS capacitor. However, designed on-chip power supply system shows a large variation of the output voltage. We discuss the variation and mismatch with simulation considering parasitic capacitances using corner simulation.
|Number of pages
|IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems
|Published - 2018
- DC-DC converter
- On-chip solar cell
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


Overview
Send the image with a POST request to the Extract API endpoint and FormX will recognize the information from the document.
FormX will use the extractor of your choice to extract and return the data in a JSON format. The extractor can be specified by the extractor_id parameter. An Access Token should also be included. They can be obtained from the web portal dashboard.
Postman Example
You can use the Postman app to test the API. Remember to set the Access Token and Extractor ID variables in the collection scope to configure your extractor.
Link to Postman Collection
Image Sizing Recommendations
The images submitted to the extraction API should be of sufficient size so that the text and features can be easily distinguished. It is recommended to use an image minimum of 1000x750 pixels or 100 DPI.
Common image file types such as JPEG, PNG, PDF are supported. For the full list, please check out our guide Here.
Limits
The file size of the image is 10MB.
The image dimension limit is 10,000 pixels on one side and total number of pixels < 75M.
Using the Asynchronous mode
If the request takes too long to complete, you can use the asynchronous mode to avoid timeout. This can be enabled by the async parameter in the form-data.
Job ID
If the async job is successfully created, a 202 Accepted response will be returned with the job_id and request_id
202 Accepted
{
 "job_id": "<string>",
 "request_id": "<string>",
 "status": "ok"
}
To get the extraction result, please refer to Get async extraction result
Language
Authorization
Header
URL
Click Try It! to start a request and see the response here!


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Brake noise plugin is used for detecting and tracking noise caused by mechanical vibration in various braking systems using an algorithm that is based on the VDA 303 guideline.
The detection of brake noise is based on the comparison of sound and the mechanical vibration amplitude spectrum. The only inputs needed to detect brake noise events are sound and vibration measurements. The amplitude spectrum calculation with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is completely integrated into the plugin. During the measurement, the plugin can detect and track multiple brake noise events in multiple sound-vibration detection pairs simultaneously, while statistical parameters of the noise event, or of any scalar Dewesoft channel, can be calculated during an actual brake noise event.
Brake noise plugin is flexible regarding different hardware configurations. With an automatic pairing of defined sound and vibration inputs in detection pairs, the configuration workload is significantly reduced for large measurement setups. The amount of brake systems measured and analyzed is only limited by the available computer resources.
As with Dewesoft's math modules, Brake noise plugin can also be used in analysis mode to recalculate the data and correct initial setup mistakes.
Brake noise plugin can be setup by it's user interface in channel setup. Plugin's user interface can be divided in four major parts:
By setting up the plugin you get output channels in which results are written. The range of results and how are they generated from detection pairs has its own topic:
User interface type
If all of the user interface items can not be displayed on your screen, there is an option to switch the user interface type to the one adapted for small screens. The switch is available in Dewesoft settings: Settings/Extension/Plugin/Brake noise.
With the user interface type option set to Small screen settings are divided into two tabs:
- Detection settings tab contains Fourier transformation, Sound weighting and Noise detection settings,
- Channel groups tab contains Channel groups settings.
Fourier transformation settings
To detect brake noise caused by vibration, plugin compares amplitude spectrums of sound and mechanical vibration measurements. The transformation from time signal to frequency spectrum is calculated in the plugin. Therefore the only inputs needed for brake noise detection are sound pressure signal in pascals and mechanical vibration signal which is usually measured with an accelerometer. Amplitude spectrum of the measured signals is calculated with the fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT). The algorithm used is the same as in other Dewesoft components that calculate signal frequency spectrum like Fast Fourier Transform. The settings exposed in the plugin are those that are relevant to brake noise detection. The default settings are based VDA 303 guideline.
- Window: here you can select which window is applied to the signal before amplitude spectrum calculation. You can select from one of this windows: Rectangle, Hanning, Hamming, Flat top, Triangle, Blackman, Blackman-Harris. By default Hanning window is selected.
Resolution: here you can select the amount of samples that are used in the transformation. This determines the number of lines calculated by the transform, line resolution and duration of the signal that is used for the transformation. Resolution can be specified in three different ways:
- Lines: the number of lines of the frequency spectrum calculated,
- Delta frequency: frequency resolution in Hz of calculated spectrum,
- Duration: the duration of the signal in milliseconds that is taken into the transformation.
In every option you can select one of the values that are already defined or you can input the desired value. The label below resolution combo boxes shows the actual values of lines, delta frequency and duration of the transformation. In case of specified delta frequency or duration the exact values specified usually cannot be achieved. This is determined mostly by the acquisition sample rate selected. The actual FFT that will be used in calculations will be as close as possible to the specified value. Also in case of duration or delta frequency the actual FFT size and number of lines does change if Dewesoft acquisition sample rate changes. In case of lines as the resolution input option, the size of FFT will remain the same if Dewesoft acquisition sample rate changes. But the resolution in terms of actual delta frequency and duration will change. The default setting of resolution option is lines, with 1024 lines calculated by the transformation. With acquisition sample rate set to 50 kHz FFT fulfills the requirement of being able to detect brake noises with duration of at least 45 ms.
Overlap: to correctly capture noise events amplitude spectrums have to be calculated with an overlap. The percent of overlap determines the amount of newest samples from the previously calculated FFT that are going to be used also for the new FFT calculation. You can select 50, 66, 75 or 90 percent overlap. By default 90 percent overlap is selected, this ensures that the calculation will at worst capture noise events that are as long as the duration of the signal used in the FFT calculation.
The sound amplitude spectrum is always calculated in decibels and frequency weighted according to the selected weighting setting. Weightings that you can select are: Linear (no weighting), A, B, C and D. By default A weighting is selected.
Brake noise event detection and tracking works by comparing the amplitude spectrum of sound and vibration signals. Amplitude peaks from both spectrums have to be above a threshold that is specified for each sound and vibration channel on it's own. Amplitude peaks that are above the threshold are then checked in the detection algorithm.
Detection algorithm can be setup with the edit boxes:
- Minimum frequency and Maximum frequency: the detection algorithm will only compare amplitude peaks which are in the range between minimum and maximum frequency set here. By default minimum frequency is set to 100 Hz and maximum to 16000 Hz.
- Maximum absolute gap: this determines if two or more amplitude peaks belong to the same noise event or should they be treated as different noise events. Therefore if the difference in frequency of peaks is less than the maximum absolute gap defined here the the algorithm threats this as one noise event. In statistics involving amplitude peak calculations only the peak with maximum value is used. By default maximum absolute gap is set to 100 Hz.
- Maximum relative gap: has the same functionality as maximum absolute gap. However the frequency difference between peaks that determine if they belong to the same noise event is calculated as a percent of frequency at which this peaks are. For example if relative gap is set to 10 percent and there is one peak at 1000 Hz and one at 1040 Hz the absolute gap determined from the maximum relative gap is calculated as 1000 Hz * (5% / 100%) = 50 Hz. Because the difference between peaks is 1040 Hz - 1000 Hz = 40 Hz which is less than 50 Hz these two peaks are treated as coming from a single noise event. By default maximum relative gap is set to 5%.
- Maximum sound and acceleration gap: this setting is crucial to match sound and vibration amplitude peaks. It determines if the sound amplitude peak is actually related to any peak in the vibration amplitude spectrum. If the difference in frequency between the sound and vibration amplitude peak is less than the one defined here sound peak is caused by mechanical vibration. By default maximum sound and acceleration gap is set to 50 Hz.
- Minimal valid duration [s]: short noise events that are not really important for measurement because they are undetectable by the human ear, can be rejected for certain periods that are defined as minimal valid duration.
The label at the bottom shows an exact value of maximum absolute gap and maximum sound and acceleration gap according to the FFT resolution. Usually the exact values can not be met. In that case gaps are rounded down to the closest possible gap. This is also true when an absolute gap is calculated from maximum relative gap setting. This ensures that the settings are always respected.
Brake noise events are often unstable. In that case the amplitudes of vibration and noise during the noise event can go below amplitude thresholds for short periods of time. Without tracking timeout brake noise detection algorithm will stop with the tracking of that particular event when it can not detect it. At stop of detection the results of event statistics are going to be written out. When the same event reappears it is going to be treated as a new noise event. This usually isn't desirable. Therefore an additional tracking timeout can be set. When tracking timeout is above zero the detection algoritm will wait for a set amount of time for each noise event to reappear. If the same noise event reappears in the time set, it is going to be tracked as the same noise event. It is important to note, that when amplitudes of an event are below threshold the statistics of an event won't be updated. However the duration output of an event is going to take into an account also the time between periods of event disappearance if that period is followed by event reappearance.
Plugin detection state can be observed by checking the Tracking status checkbox:
When activated plugin will output an additional channel called Tracking status. Also an additional edit box for tracking status Post time will appear. The channel will output a value of Not tracking (value: 0) or Tracking (value: 1). The value Not tracking will be output if the plugin hasn't detected any brake noise event in any detection pair for at least the time specified in the post time editbox. Otherwise the value in the channel will be set to Tracking. The main purpose of this channel is for the use with triggered storing when brake noise is detected. Tracking status post time is used to ignore the small gaps in tracking when the noise event is fading out. When using tracking status as a store trigger it is important to also store enough data for possible recalculation in analysis mode. Therefore you have to set enough storing trigger pre time to fit the duration of the FFT. It is important to know


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Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.45, no.1, 2022 (SCI-Expanded)
© 2021 ASTM International.Dispersive soils cause great damage to hydrophilic earth structures and unprotected slope surfaces because of their high erosion sensitivity. In fine-grained soils, erosion resistance decreases with increased dispersibility. The dispersion mechanism of clays is controlled by the clay mineralogy and by the physicochemical repulsive forces in the clay-water system. The erosion resistance of dispersive soils can be determined by surface and internal erosion tests. In this study, the internal erosion resistance of soils was determined by using new test equipment that allowed the flow to pass through a hole when the dispersion mechanism in fine-grained soils was activated. The experiments for this study were performed under a single hydraulic head on two different natural dispersive soils with similar clay mineralogy. In this experimental system, both uniform and fully developed flow conditions were achieved. Time-dependent flow rates obtained from the experimental system can be used to determine hydraulic parameters, such as energy grade line, at very low error rates with the help of basic theorems of pipe hydraulics in theoretical hydraulic models, which were formed using a physical hydraulic model. Moreover, the erosion rates were quantitatively determined by using the continuity equation, and critical shear stresses were qualitatively compared for internal erosion developed by the dispersion mechanism. The sand/clay ratio determined the erosion resistance and behavior of the dispersive soils.


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Pipe organs have worked the same way for nearly two thousand years. Air is blown into the pipe organ, stored in reservoirs, and delivered to windchests upon which the pipes sit.
When an organ's key is depressed, it causes a panel to open in the windchest, allowing air to be blown through a given pipe. In pre-electricity days, air was pumped by hand. Nowadays electric blowers do the pumping.
The pipes, from 32 feet to smaller than a pencil, are made of various materials to produce a variety of tone qualities. The largest pipes that produce booming bass notes are made of wood and metal, and can be up to thirty-two feet long.
The size or scale of the pipe determines its tone quality and intensity. Other pipes are made of different combinations of metals such as tin and lead alloys, zinc and copper.
Some pipes are designed to mimic various instruments. Flue pipes, for example, work like a whistle; air rushing over a lip in the pipe can be made to produce flute-like tones. Reed pipes work like clarinets; air flows by a reed that vibrates to produce sound.
These pipes can be adjusted to sound like anything from a trumpet to a trombone. Pipe organs are assembled by hand in workshops, and no two are exactly alike.


Sheep breeders could benefit from new gene insights
September 20, 2017
Why are sheep the way they are?
Whether you enjoy pondering abstract questions about the nature of things or not, scientists sure do. And scientists wondering why sheep are the way they are have recently gained new insight, which they hope will help farmers raise stronger, healthier and more productive flocks.
At the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, researchers studying the genome of sheep have identified which specific genes are turned off and on in different parts of the body. Their findings could help breeders create animals that are immune to diseases and that produce higher quality meat and wool. The new insights also explain the function of previously-not-understood genes.
"Sheep are a central part of the rural economy in the U.K. and are essential to sustainable agriculture across the globe," said Dr. Emily Clark, who coordinated the research. "The new resource represents a major step towards understanding how the sheep's genetic information influences its physical traits, and provides a foundation to use this information to generate sustainable improvements in the productivity of livestock animals."
How'd they do it?
The scientists got their results by looking at sheep RNA. RNA allows cells to produce protein by becoming "DNA photocopies" of the cell, which then translate the genetic code into protein using parts of the molecule called ribosomes.
RNA also functions as a guide to which genes are expressed in different parts of the body at any point in time, so the team was able to read the total amount of RNA produced in each tissue in the sheep's body.
The results of the research are available on the Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) global online database, a collaboratively built resource that provides information on genes and genomes to scientists anywhere in the world. The database is for scientists working to understand the "functional elements" of already-sequenced genomes, underpinning "improvements in the livestock sector, contributions to medical research, animal health and welfare, the evolution of domestication, and the understanding of natural animal populations."
"This is the largest resource of its kind," said Dr. David Hume, a lead researcher on the project. "Ongoing comparative analysis will provide insights to help us understand gene function across all large animal species — including humans."
For information about NEOGEN's genomics services, click here.
Category: Genomics


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I think the difference between 50% and 5% might be the difference between marketing and engineering. Engineers tend to be very literal.
If 2 cores get you 180% performance of 1, then in simple terms, that extra core is 50% that gets you the 80%.
What I asked the engineering team was "what is the actual die space of the dedicated integer portion of the module"? So, for instance, if I took an 8 core processor (with 4 modules) and removed one integer core from each module, how much die space would that save. The answer was ~5%.
Simply put, in each module, there are plenty of shared components. And there is a large cache in the processor. And a northbridge/memory controller. The dies themselves are small in relative terms.


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The picturesque Doan Brook meanders through Cleveland Heights and Shaker Heights, providing walkers and joggers with a scenic backdrop. Yet the section that flows through Cleveland's Rockefeller Park remains boxed in by crumbling stone walls.
This year, a $2.5 million project to restore these portions of the Doan Brook will finally get started. The project will remove failing stone walls and concrete dams for nearly a half-mile, allowing the stream to flow more naturally while improving water quality and increasing fish populations.
"This project could serve as a model for other communities that are seeking to create healthier streams in urban areas," says Victoria Mills, Executive Director of the nonprofit Doan Brook Watershed Partnership
The Doan Brook project was originally slated to receive $5.5 million, but was scaled back after bids came in over budget. The new plan addresses these concerns by creating natural terraces that improve drainage and reduce flooding without threatening portions of the gardens. The Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) will manage the design and construction process.
Although the project is smaller in scale than originally envisioned, Mills is excited about its impact. "I am hopeful that it will spur more improvement projects in Rockefeller Park, including a new master plan," she says.
The Doan Brook improvement project was conceived in 2001, when the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the city to restore the brook to compensate for the loss of 88 acres of wetland and more than a mile of Abram Creek at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. Abram Creek was destroyed to allow for a new runway to be built. The EPA required the city to complete $15 million in restoration projects, most of which have now been completed.
The brook is rare among Cleveland's urban streams because much of it remains above ground. The Doan Brook Watershed Partnership was formed in 2001 to coordinate the preservation efforts of the cities of Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights, Cleveland and interested citizens. Over the years, Doan Brook has developed an active constituency dedicated to its renewal. The Doan Brook Watershed Partnership will hold a clean-up day on April 17th. To register call _PHONE_ or visit the website.
The $2.5 million project will also remove some invasive species and allow limited access to the brook, but will not address flooding.
Source: Victoria Mills
Writer: Lee Chilcote


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HDG Social Performance
The third aspect of sustainable development, social ramifications, is a bit harder to measure. However, there are some inherent positive social impacts for utilizing hot-dip galvanizing. The social aspect of sustainable development is woven within both the environmental and economic impact and is most easily measured by improvements to quality of life and social progress. In addition to characteristics already discussed, such as its maintenance-free durability and longevity, hot-dip galvanizing provides positive social impact in the area of safety. The purpose of utilizing hot-dip galvanizing is to minimize corrosion. Less corrosion of infrastructure, buildings, electricity grids, etc. translates to a healthier, safer world. As North Americas infrastructure continues to age and deteriorates faster than it can be maintained, the likelihood of a potential life-threatening disaster also rises.
Additionally, hot-dip galvanizing can help minimize the damage of natural disasters. Hot-dip galvanizing meets the new, stricter seismic standards, written to make structures more durable in earthquakes. History also shows hot-dip galvanized earth anchors minimize the damage to mobile homes during tornadoes and galvanized transmission and distribution poles maintain service during natural disasters such as hurricanes.
In addition to the many social benefits hot-dip galvanizing attributes to the built environment, the hot-dip galvanizing industry strives to improve our current social, economic, and environmental position. The industry adopted a Sustainable Development Charter in 2005 providing a commitment to responsibly manage all environmental and human health risks keeping employees, citizens, and the community safer. Furthermore, rather than rest confidently in our current position, the industry actively participates in research aimed at improving the sustainability and efficiency of the galvanizing process and hot-dip galvanized products.


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Table of Contents
Ofsted GuidanceClick here for Ofsted guidance on home education to inspectors, April 2015.
Useful Background InformationWhere LAs put home education Home Education Numbers 1 Home Education Numbers 2 Ofsted, Children Missing Out on Education 20,000 children a year denied school place
Writing to your MP
If you have never contacted your MP before, this is what you do:
- Do some background research on your MP using They Work For You, the MPs own website, and wikipedia, and see if there is anything which could link to your concerns eg has your MP spoken about SEN, bullying etc
- Find out which party your MP represents (ie Government or Opposition)
- Use the Write to Them website (or the contact details for constituents on your MP's website
- When you write to your MP, use "I" and "we" rather than "home educators" or "parents"
- Paragraphs should ideally be very short, no more than a couple of sentences
- The first paragraph could introduce the topic of home education in a personal way (eg "I am/we are parents of x who is home educated/was taken out of school to be home educated" etc)
- The second paragraph could set out what you would like your MP to do
- The third paragraph could spell out why something is important for YOUR family. Make it personal, not academic or theoretical
- If your children were previously at school, you could briefly compare their experience of school with home education
- You might want to consider providing some minimal facts and figures about home education (eg "Latest figures show that there are around 27,000 home educated children across the country")
- Provide full postal address (and telephone number where possible) as MPs are only obliged to respond to their own constituents. A telephone number enables the constituency office to clarify details quickly with you
Visiting Your MP
If possible, please make an appointment to see your MP. Your message will be much stronger and more memorable if you can speak to your MP face to face.
You can find details of the constituency office and surgery hours by putting your MP's name into google plus "constituency office". Alternatively you can look on your local council website. Surgeries are often held at the end of the week, either on Friday or Saturday when the MP returns from a week at Westminster.
Click here to see which MPs are in each LA
MPs generally offer between ten minutes and half an hour for an appointment at the local constituency surgery.
It is very effective if you can get together with other home educators locally and make an appointment for a group visit to your MP.
Why No Template Email
This is why I haven't included a template email:
It's much more powerful to write in your own words, telling your representative about your own beliefs and experiences. We want to make the voice of the individual more powerful, so we block "identikit" letters.
Here's a quote from a Parliamentary researcher:
"MPs rather naturally take a sudden influx of identical or similar messages with a large pinch of salt, since they know that what they are seeing is stuff from a minority of constituents who are either impassioned/neurotic about the topic concerned or who are easily gulled into agreeing with some plausible story and sending the message, since it takes minimum effort to do so.
Given a daily mailbag of (say) 50 individual messages from individual constituents, on a wide range of topics, when the mailbag suddenly rises to 100 a day, 50 of which are much the same as each other, the representative has no way at all of knowing whether the message concerned is representative of opinion in the constituency.
All he or she knows is that 50 constituents have been persuaded to mail them about 'topic X'. Much more notice is taken of trends within the regular flow of messages from clearly identified constituents. If in a month 50 people write in different ways and through different routes with similar views on a subject, this is much more likely to raise the profile of the topic with the MP.
So please don't copy and paste the same message as everyone else. And don't
encourage others to do so. It's worse than useless as we'll automatically stop
your messages before they get through. Ask people to write in their own words.
If they care enough about your issue, they'll do so."


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Part of my role as Collection Manager at Te Papa herbarium is contributing to the further development of our dried plant collection. At the herbarium we are interested in collecting indigenous and naturalised New Zealand plant species for future scientific investigation and as an historical record.
One of our recent collection development projects focused on collecting as many species as possible in a specific coastal plant community, Hue te Taka in Wellington. One of the species growing here is the naturalised succulent, Cotyledon orbiculata. This species is a relatively common coastal plant, at certain localities, along the east coast of New Zealand.
To preserve their specific characteristics properly, succulents take a bit more thought and time to prepare as a herbarium specimen than typical flowering plant specimens. However, this is probably one of the easiest succulent species to prepare. While still fresh, I was able to longitudinally section the flower stem and scoop out the flesh. I then cut the leaves in half and, using a razor blade, skinned them so very little flesh remained. The specimen was then dried out completely in our cabinet drier.
Other internet resources talk about preparing specimens in this way. Cross-sectioning some species (of cacti, for example) may provide further detail or identification characteristics and using alcohol or boiling water to kill the cells, before pressing, enable it to dry completely and prevent it from growing in storage.
Older specimens of Cotyledon orbiculata at Te Papa have been dried conventionally, without any special preparation, with varying success. I think the leaves in particular can be preserved in a truer form if prepared in this 'skinned' way. I doubt that this species would be able to grow in storage.
The end result was a good herbarium specimen that was able to be easily mounted. Things to improve on: a few nicks can be seen in the leaves from getting too close to the leaf surface when skinning and the placement of lower right leaf should be lifted above the label. Spreading out one of the flowers enables a clear display of the flower parts. Similarly, flowers may be cut in half and the two halves pressed.


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by Stephen Rogers
For many years beginning in the early 1980s, collection managers in Carnegie Museum of Natural History's Section of Birds began keeping a spread wing and sometimes a tail for many of the skeletons we produced. The rational was that there were two sets of wing bones, and sacrificing one side to produce a spread wing and sometimes also a tail (not sacrificing the pygostyle), would produce a reference item that could be used to examine molt, verify identity, and as reference for morphology and artists who use the collection.
Above is an example of a spread wing and tail and the other corresponding wing parts from the other side of the wing. This photo was sent to a person wishing to have measurements of the pollex bone and the length of the alula—in this case we could provide measurements from the same individual. The pieces of tissue on the wing can also be used to supply dried tissue for DNA.
We did not and, even now, do not preserve tissue in ethanol or liquid nitrogen. Usually dried toe-pad material is used to get DNA when tissue is not available, but if we did not save skins of the specimens collected, a piece of tissue from the wing can be used. Another use of these specimens has been the extraction of wax like material that birds apply from the uropygial gland to keep the bird feather waterproof. One researcher extracted these chemicals from spread wings which was easier than doing so from study skins—dipping the feathers into a solution to dissolve off the material and running it through a gas chromatograph.
Stephen Rogers is a collections manager at Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Museum employees are encouraged to blog about their unique experiences and knowledge gained from working at the museum.


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The Hermetic Wild West
In nineteenth century America, the Order of Hermes is recovering from the trauma of the Civil War, where wizards stretched or even broke the Code on both sides. With the war over, House Guernicus is recruiting Hoplites to pursue lawbreakers into the untamed west where the Order as a whole struggles with the challenges of native magic, abundant magical resources, and the "Vis Rush" it precipitated.
This is an Ars Magica 5th ed. game set in the American west. The Order of Hermes is a publicly known institution which struggles to find its place in a young country.


the manual, either.)
Anyway, you are learning. And that's good. You should be learning a LOT from your queries and the information provided in response to them here on sometimes things are NOT just technically black and white. Like hero, automated turbine control systems. They aren't what they are made out to be by salespeople and what owners and managers want them to be. Or, what they want them to be when they realize what they actually are.
Someone wrote to tell me I should have explained the "high-high" references.
Many control systems or control system providers/packagers refer to an alarm setting value as a "high" condition (when it exceeds some value in the increasing direction), or a "low" condition when the condition drops below an alarm setting value (drops below the alarm value in a decreasing direction).
And, if the condition results in a further alarm, or a trip, then the next alarm setting is referred to as a "high-high" alarm, or a "low-low" alarm.
For example, when the bearing L.O. temperature for a GE-design heavy duty gas turbine exceeds approximately 165 deg F (approximately 74 deg C) an alarm "L.O. Temperature High" is annunciated. If the bearing L.O. temperature is allowed to continue increasing and exceeds 175 deg F (approximately 79 deg C) the unit is tripped and another alarm, "L.O. Temperature High - Trip", is annunciated. The first alarm setpoint is called the "high" value, and the second alarm (trip in this example) is called the "high-high" value.
Hope this helps!


Channel coding scheme
1. What does an ideal channel coding scheme achieve?
2. Give an example of a block error code used with character data.
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3. Compute the Hamming distance for the following pairs: ( 0000, 0001 ), ( 0101, 0001 ), ( 1111, 1001 ), and ( 0001, 1110 ).
4. Define the concept of Hamming distance.
1. Explain the concept of code rate. Is a high code rate or low code rate desirable?
2. How does one compute the minimum number of bit changes that can transform a valid codeword into another valid codeword?
3. What can a RAC scheme achieve that a single parity bit scheme cannot?
4. Generate a RAC parity matrix for a ( 20, 12 ) coding of the dataword 100011011111
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The use of digital twin for research purposes
Controlled Environments for Living Lab Studies (CELLS) is a research infrastructure consisting of two seemingly similar rooms that allow testing of different comfort and automation levels under real-life conditions of use. The aim of the project is to provide researchers with a digital twin of this research infrastructure to test experiments virtually before they are implemented in real life.
The first step of the project enabled preparation of the model to be used for dynamic thermal and natural lighting simulations. The following steps should allow us to convert the BIM model into a digital twin, in order to do life cycle analysis and monitor building performance.


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The UK Tax System Explained to Students
12 page Work Booklet Citizenship GCSE
GCSE Citizenship or Business (9-1) CIT/C8/WB/66
Work Booklet Outcomes:
-To study the UK tax system and understand the different types of taxes that exist
-To understand how income tax is calculated and what amounts to a tax-free allowance
-To evaluate whether austerity is working in Britain and if a new 1% NHS tax should be introduced
It can be used to teach this topic, through a range of stimulating exercises, encouraging discussion and liven up lessons through structured engagement between students.
This Booklet Contains:
o Revision Summary Topic Map
o Contemporary case studies around this topic
o A clear focus on key terms and literacy-based activities
o Differentiated Exam Questions and Practice (1-5 and 6-9)
o Key term Revision Cards
o Brand New Revision Activities
o Lots of ready-to-use student worksheets designed to be written on
o A wide range of activities, to suit all types of learners.
o Minimal preparation required – Just print and go!
o Discussion activities included in with every case study, challenging your most able students
o Links to online digital and flipped learning activities
Professional study work booklet of classroom-ready activities will enthuse and engage students, and ensure they get the most from their Citizenship GCSE (9-1-2016 onwards course.)
Fully matched to cover all specification content for GCSE Citizenship. Just Print & go! CIT/C8/WB/66


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A new model by scientists at MIT uses data on building size and usage to simulate energy usage on every single day of the year in Boston. Photo by MIT News/SD Lab
BOSTON, Feb. 23 (UPI) -- In an effort to help city officials plan for a more energy-efficient future, researchers at MIT have built a model that simulates the energy usage of the entire city of Boston.
The simulation estimates the electricity and gas demands of more than 100,000 Boston buildings for every day of the year.
"Nobody has ever modeled a city the size of Boston at this level of detail," Christoph Reinhart, associate professor of architecture at MIT, told MIT News. "It's also the first time that these data are being used by a city to guide energy policy decisions."
There are a number of available solutions for buildings looking to become more energy efficient. Combined heat and power systems, solar paneling, battery storage and ground source heat pumps can all help property owners either use less, waste less or produce cleaner energy -- or all three.
The question city planners and property managers have to answer is: which solution or combination of solutions works best for each building?
The new model developed by researchers at the MIT Sustainable Design Lab and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory -- and supported by the Boston Redevelopment Authority -- can help answer that question.
"If you have a building consuming a lot of electricity at certain hours, you need buildings around them that can use that waste heat," said Carlos Cerezo, a PhD student in MIT's Building Technology Program. "Our model is built for figuring out where those things happen."
Researchers built a series of algorithms designed to predict energy usage based on building size, shape and purpose -- residential, office, hospital, school. City records helped researchers amass a data set. The algorithms accounted for each building's heating and cooling systems, electricity demands, thermostat settings, peak occupancy and wall and roof materials and structure.
The model's architects believe other New England cities, like Providence, R.I., can plug in their own housing stock and building data and get a similarly detailed energy usage map.
Scientists are currently comparing their model's outputs to actual electricity and gas usage data to check for accuracy.
"We'll do this using any building-level energy dataset that we can get our hands on, so the models become more and more accurate," Reinhart said. "Ultimately, our goal is for every city in the world to rely on a citywide energy model to meaningfully manage its future energy supply and carbon emissions."


Modeling TTL-based Internet Caches
Jaeyeon Jung, Arthur W. Berger, Hari Balakrishnan
IEEE Infocom 2003, San Francisco, CA, April 2003
This paper presents a way of modeling the hit rates of caches that use a time-to-live (TTL)-based consistency policy. TTL-based consistency, as exemplified by DNS and Web caches, is a policy in which a data item, once retrieved, remains valid for a period known as the "time-to-live". Cache systems using large TTL periods are known to have high hit rates and scale well, but the effects of using shorter TTL periods are not well understood. We model hit rate as a function of request arrival times and the choice of TTL, enabling us to better understand cache behavior for shorter TTL periods. Our formula for the hit rate is closed form and relies upon a simplifying assumption about the inter-arrival times of requests for the data item in question: that these requests can be modeled as a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Analyzing extensive DNS traces, we find that the results of the formula match observed statistics surprisingly well; in particular, the analysis is able to adequately explain the somewhat counterintuitive empirical finding of Jung et al. that the cache hit rate for DNS accesses rapidly increases as a function of TTL, exceeding 80% for a TTL of 15 minutes.
[PDF (215KB)] [PostScript (495KB)] [Gzipped PostScript (84KB)]
Bibtex Entry:
 author = "Jaeyeon Jung and Arthur W. Berger and Hari Balakrishnan",
 title = "{Modeling TTL-based Internet Caches}",
 booktitle = {IEEE Infocom 2003},
 year = {2003},
 month = {April},
 address = {San Francisco, CA}