Differential metabolomics reveals ophthalmic acid as an oxidative stress biomarker indicating hepatic glutathione consumption
Tomoyoshi Soga, Richard Baran, Makoto Suematsu, Yuki Ueno, Satsuki Ikeda, Tadayuki Sakurakawa, Yuji Kakazu, Takamasa Ishikawa, Martin Robert, Takaaki Nishioka, Masaru Tomita
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
460 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging tool that can be used to gain insights into cellular and physiological responses. Here we present a metabolome differential display method based on capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry to profile liver metabolites following acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. We globally detected 1,859 peaks in mouse liver extracts and highlighted multiple changes in metabolite levels, including an activation of the ophthalmate biosynthesis pathway. We confirmed that ophthalmate was synthesized from 2-aminobutyrate through consecutive reactions with γ-glutamylcysteine and glutathione synthetase. Changes in ophthalmate level in mouse serum and liver extracts were closely correlated and ophthalmate levels increased significantly in conjunction with glutathione consumption. Overall, our results provide a broad picture of hepatic metabolite changes following acetaminophen treatment. In addition, we specifically found that serum ophthalmate is a sensitive indicator of hepatic GSH depletion, and may be a new biomarker for oxidative stress. Ourmethod can thus pinpoint specific metabolite changes and provide insights into the perturbation of metabolic pathways on a large scale and serve as a powerful new tool for discovering low molecular weight biomarkers.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)16768-16776
Number of pages9
JournalJournal of Biological Chemistry
Volume281
Issue number24
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2006 Jun 16
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Biochemistry
 - Molecular Biology
 - Cell Biology
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Cavitation‐Free Continuous‐Wave Laser Ablation from a Solid Target to Synthesize Low‐Size‐Dispersed Gold Nanoparticles
Abstract : Continuous wave (CW) radiation from a Yb-fiber laser (central wavelength 1064 nm, power 1–200 W) was used to initiate ablation of a gold target in deionized water and to synthesize bare (unprotected) gold nanoparticles. We show that the formed nanoparticles present a single low-size-dispersed population with a mean size of the order of 10 nm, which contrasts with previously reported data on dual populations of nanoparticles formed during pulsed laser ablation in liquids. The lack of a second population of nanoparticles is explained by the absence of cavitation-related mechanism of material ablation, which typically takes place under pulsed laser action on a solid target in liquid ambience, and this supposition is confirmed by plume visualization tests. We also observe a gradual growth of mean nanoparticle size from 8–10 nm to 20–25 nm under the increase of laser power for 532 nm pumping wavelength, whereas for 1064 nm pumping wavelength the mean size 8–10 nm is independent of radiation power. The growth of the nanoparticles observed for 532 nm wavelength is attributed to the enhanced target melting and splashing followed by additional heating due to an efficient excitation of plasmons over gold nanoparticles. Bare, low-size-dispersed gold nanoparticles are of importance for a variety of applications, including biomedicine, catalysis, and photovoltaics. The use of CW radiation for nanomaterial production promises to improve the cost efficiency of this technology.
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Contributeur : Tatiana Itina <>
Soumis le : jeudi 11 mai 2017 - 18:21:21
Dernière modification le : vendredi 16 novembre 2018 - 14:57:37
Identifiants
Citation
Alexey Kucherik, Yu. V. Ryabchikov, S Kutrovskaya, Ahmed Al-Kattan, S.M. Arakelyan, et al.. Cavitation‐Free Continuous‐Wave Laser Ablation from a Solid Target to Synthesize Low‐Size‐Dispersed Gold Nanoparticles. ChemPhysChem, Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2017, 18 (9), pp._PHONE_. 〈_URL_ 〈10.1002/cphc.201601419〉. 〈ujm-01521492〉
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text:
Preserving the Vision is the name of the strategic planning process, which began in 2008, to insure the future of Catholic education within the Diocese of Brooklyn. It is an ongoing process, guided by the Preserving the Vision Advisory Committee, and aimed to preserve and strengthen the mission of Catholic education in Brooklyn and Queens.
The Preserving the Vision Advisory Committee is comprised of both religious and lay people committed to Catholic education. Among the many individuals on the committee are leaders in the Catholic faith, educators specializing in different fields, lawyers, marketing professionals, financial advisors, and development specialists.
The long-term goal of Preserving the Vision is to enhance the mission of Catholic elementary schools by creating "multiple partnerships" designed to strengthen every aspect of a Catholic elementary school's life and to transform it into an academy that includes competent lay leadership in its governance. These partnerships will support and strengthen each school's Catholic identity, further enhance and promote its academic excellence and strengthen its long term viability and stability.
The priorities of Preserving the Vision are:
- Strengthening the Catholic identity and academic excellence of the schools and academies within the Diocese of Brooklyn with particular attention to the implementation of New York State Common Core Learning Standards.
- Increasing enrollment through effective marketing and outreach to the diverse communities within the diocese.
- Attracting new sources of funding to increase the dollars available at the local and diocesan levels for operating revenue and tuition assistance.
- Transitioning all schools to academies by 2017 and insuring that the academies are vibrant institutions providing an excellent Catholic education.
- Utilizing up-to-date technology to enhance instruction which will reflect 21st century learning skills, improve marketing efforts and facilitate effective communication with parents and between schools and the diocese.
- Academies and schools within the diocese will participate in the diocesan parish strategic planning process, Christ Jesus Our Hope, in order to strengthen the connections between schools, academies and the home parishes of their students.
- Academies and schools within the diocese will give strong support to the New Evangelization initiatives of the universal church in order to meet the challenges which today's society and changing cultures are posing to the faith.
- Academy and school leadership, in partnership with the Superintendent of Schools ~ Catholic School Support Services, will vigorously participate in political advocacy with state and local officials in order to bring all possible benefits to the Catholic educational community of the diocese.
- Academy and school leadership will collaborate with Catholic high school principals and Board Members, as well as with colleagues in higher education, in order to ensure quality Catholic education in the P-16 continuum.
- All school buildings and the learning environments therein will meet the safety needs of students and staff.
- The stability of the infrastructure of school buildings within the diocese will be diligently maintained.
Preserving the Vision remains an ongoing process. Therefore, the Advisory Committee meets on a regular basis, progress in relation to the goals is reported on an annual basis, and the Strategic Plan is updated as needed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Main Menu>Curriculum Management>Maintain Schedule of Classes>Enrollment Cntrl Tab
How to Establish Enrollment Controls
1. In the Class Status drop down box, select a status. To open the class to enrollment, select Active.
2. In the Enrollment Capacity field, type a numeric value for the course capacity. This value represents the maximum number of students who can enroll.
3. Click Save.
4. Determine if the Add Consent and Drop Consent field values are accurate. The system defaults to No Consent indicating that no instructor or departmental consent is required for students to enroll.
5. If student-specific permission is required for a student or students to add or drop the class, select either Dept Cnsnt or Inst Cnsnt from the appropriate Add or Drop Consent drop box.
6. Click Save.
7. Click the Basic Data tab.
8. Select the Student Specific Permission check box.
9. Click Save.
NOTE: None of the Enrollment Cntrl tab's Auto Enroll/Wait List features are currently enabled. These features are scheduled for activation in a later release.
How to Create a Tentative Section, Halt Enrollment on an Active Class Section, and Cancel a Section with Enrollment
- Creating a tentative section of a class allows you to work with reserve cap sequences or groups without students being able to enroll in the class section
1. In the Class Status drop down box, choose Tentative Section.
2. Click Save. Note that the Enrollment Status field reflects a status of Closed. Thus, while the course has an enrollment capacity assigned, students can't enroll.
- If enrollment in an active class section must be halted...
1. In the Class Status drop down box, select Stop Further Enrollment.
2. Click Save.
- To cancel the class after students enrolled in it...
1. Select the Cancel if Student Enrolled check box.
2. Then, in the Class Status drop down box, choose Cancelled Section.
3. Click the Cancel Class button. The Enrollment Status field now has a value of Closed. And the Total column reflects a value of 0.
4. Click Save.


text:
GCE Ordinary Level
The O-level (Ordinary Level) is a subject-based qualification conferred as part of the General Certificate of Education (GCE). It was introduced as part of British educational reform in the 1950s alongside the more in-depth and academically rigorous A-level (Advanced Level) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Northern Ireland replaced O-levels with GCSE and IGCSE exams in 1988. The Scottish equivalent was the O-grade (replaced, following a separate process, by the Standard Grade).
O-levels were predominantly exam-based; this had advantages for students in part-time or evening education. Some commentators criticised this mainly exam-based approach as offering only partial proof of the student's overall ability in comparison with other methods (e.g., coursework-based assessment). There was no summative "school certificate": each subject was a separate O-level in its own right.
Madsen Pirie found that the O-level was advantageous to boys because of exam-based learning. Pirie also observes that the GCSE focus on coursework has disadvantaged boys, reversing the gender gap in attainment, to the degree where in all subjects girls outperform boys, including traditionally male subjects such as sciences and physical education.
From 1963, passing grades for the O-level were 1 to 6 or A, B, C, D and E. In the former case grades 7 to 9, and in the latter case U (Unclassified), were classified as a fail. Most certificates did not include the grade that was awarded; this was issued separately on a results slip. Subjects with results graded 7 to 9 or U were not listed in the certificate. From the summer of 1975 onwards, all boards adopted the same system, with grades A to C equivalent to the previous pass grades. At the same time, a change was made from numerical (1-6) grades to alphabetic grades (A-E).
In 1988, O-level qualifications in the UK were replaced by a new system, the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE); previously, the O Levels itself had replaced the School Certificate over thirty years ago. This meant that the final O-level examinations were taken in 1987, while the curriculum for the new system was introduced in 1986. However the O-level is still used in many Commonwealth countries, such as Bangladesh, Mauritius,and Singapore. Some British schools also reverted to exams based on the O-levels. The Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination was also benchmarked against the O-levels for comparable subjects. But it has switched to benchmark against the IGCSE.
O-levels continue to thrive as well respected international qualifications for students in other countries, who use them for preparation for advanced study in their own country and/or access higher education overseas. In June 2005, 12 million candidates from more than 200 countries registered for O-level examinations across the world. Institutions that offer O-levels include Cambridge International Examinations (CIE).
In 2012, it was revealed in leaked documents that Education Secretary Michael Gove planned for the return of the O-Levels in England and to scrap the GCSE's. The leaked documents suggested the plan could be that students in England sit more traditional O-Levels from 2016 onwards, with the papers set by a single examination board.
See also
- List of CIE Ordinary Level subjects
- Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE), an alternative qualification for those who did not take the O-level
- General National Vocational Qualification, another abolished qualification in the United Kingdom
- General Certificate of Secondary Education, which replaced the O-levels and CSE
- General Certificate of Education, which comprises O-levels and A-levels
- General Certificate of Education in Singapore
- Pirie, Madsen. "How exams are ﬁxed in favour of girls", The Spectator, 20 January 2001.
- In particular see page 88 of the definitive UCAS document at _URL_
- Clark, Laura. "Private schools dump GCSEs in favour of old-style O Levels", Daily Mail, 9 August 2006.
- Cambridge O Levels described at CIE's website
- Sky News "Return Of O-levels As GCSEs 'Face Axe'", Yahoo! News, June 21, 2012.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
How do I add a payment method?
To view payment methods:
- Select the 'Settings' button situated on the tab on the left-hand side of your screen (at the bottom of the screen).
- A drop-down list will then open, once loaded select the 'View Settings' button.
- On this page it allows you to set the general settings of your venue and account. Select the icon to expand the 'Payments' section of the menu.
- While remaining on the 'View Settings' page select the button labelled 'Connect with Stripe'.
- Once selected you'll be taken to authorization screen where you'll need to fill out a form.
- Before submitting make sure all fields are correct and that all required (*) fields have been filled in. Once ready to submit your form click the 'Authorize access to this account' button located at the bottom of the page.
- After your form has been submitted you'll be taken back to the 'Payment Settings' page where it will automatically fill your Stripe credentials into the Token and Key fields.
- Save your updated settings by clicking the 'Update Settings' button located in the bottom left corner of the form.


text:
What are the advantages of Danoline perforated gypsum compared to other acoustic materials?
Contrary to porous materials, Danoline perforated gypsum tiles can be repainted over and over again without any loss of acoustic performance. In addition, our material is more robust and easier to create different shapes with. Finally, compared to other porous materials, Danoline perforated gypsum poses no risk of releasing hazardous dust particles. You can learn more about the properties of our perforated gypsum ceiling and wall solutions under "Functions". Their environmental impact is explained under "Environment".


text:
UBC Theses and Dissertations
Effects of low dose gamma radiation on the human immunodeficiency virus-1 Xu, Yingdong
Lymphocytes are highly radiosensitive and the major host cells of HIV-1. To evaluate the effects of low doses of gamma radiation on HIV-1 replication, models of acute HIV-1 infection, PBMCs of HIV-1-infected patients and HIV-1 positive cell lines were used. The results demonstrated that HTLV-IIIB virus (laboratory strain of HIV-1) replication significantly increased in cultures initiated from PBMCs exposed to gamma radiation at the dose of 50 cGy given prior to PHA stimulation and acute infection. Similar results were also obtained in purified CD4 cells. The mechanism underlying these observations may be related to oxidative stress since pre-infection treatment with 35 nM H₂O₂ increased the susceptibility of PBMCs to acute infection in a similar way. Exposure of the cells to gamma radiation after in vitro infection had no significant stimulatory effect. In HIV-1-infected PBMCs taken from a patient with high levels of HIV-1 replication in the plasma, viral replication was clearly stimulated by exposure to 50 cGy as compared to the non-irradiated control. The highest stimulatory effect was found when acute infection following host cell irradiation was delayed for 24 hours. It seems that this stimulatory effect is due to host cells becoming more susceptible to viral infection rather than latent viral DNA becoming transcriptionally active following low doses of ionizing radiation. Radiation effects on viral replication are closely related to its timing, the stimulatory effects being more obvious in the early stage of the viral life cycle (perhaps before the integration of viral DNA). The stimulatory response of low doses of gamma radiation on viral replication is a trigger-type rather than dose-dependent response. Results support a mechanism in which low doses of gamma exposure induce IL2α receptors on the surface of mitogen-stimulated PBMCs that makes cells more susceptible to virus infection. Viral replication is continuous throughout the course of HIV-1 infection and a delicate balance among a wide array of host factors likely determines the net rate of viral replication. In light of our results, we recommend that extra precautions be considered when treating HIV-1 infected patients with radiation for medical purposes.
Item Citations and Data

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Subject to exceptions (depending on the category of work), works in South Africa are protected for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years from the end of the year in which the author dies.
Publishers have copyright in published editions (i.e. the edited typeface, format, etc) for 50 years from the end of the year in which the edition is first published (even if the original material is no longer in copyright (e.g. a new edition of a Shakespeare play).
South Africa adopted the minimum required term of protection provided in the Berne Convention and TRIPS Agreements. Many developed countries have extended this period by 20 years. Since developing countries are net importers of intellectual property, it is not in their interests to extend this period. Some African countries have extended this period by 20 years, either via the US Free Trade Agreement, e.g. Morocco, or via pressure from rightsholders believing that an extended period would benefit developing countries. Empirical evidence in 8 African countries in the African Copyright and Access to Knowledge Project (ACA2K) showed that extension of copyright term was not beneficial to developing and least developed countries and recommended that the term be reduced back to 50 years after the author's death.


text:
Arbor Day – The Selflessness Of Trees
Arbor Day, as it is commonly known today, is of American origin and was first observed in Nebraska, USA on the 10th of April 1872. Now it is always observed on the last Friday in April. Arbor Day in different forms and names is now observed in more than fifty countries. Arbor in Latin means a tree. The spirit of Arbor Day is to plant trees and care for them and help them grow strong. It is what we give back to nature.
If we think about our ancestors, we can imagine the dependence on trees in those times. Trees were widely used for wood, fruits, flowers and the shade a tree gave. The earliest humans derived tremendous benefits from the trees. We are all obliged to trees. Can birds survive without trees? Think of a tree.
Most of the trees grow from a small seed. Let us become a little philosophical. The seed makes a tree and the tree gives so many more seeds, who in turn give so many trees and in turn more seeds. How many trees does a seed contain? Infinite. Is this not an exciting thought? The trees stand alone on a piece of land. The roots go deep down the earth and hold the soil strongly. The tree gives leaves, wood, bark, fruits, flowers, sometimes different types of gums and shade for the tired souls. A tree gives all that it has got back to the animal world. In deep jungles, so many animals rest below the trees in the afternoons, and the birds make countless nests on the trees. Can one imagine the importance of trees in the ecological balance? It can not be measured.
The butterflies know about that than many of us humans. Many of us have seen so many trees since our childhood that we never give a thought to them. Visit a desert and you will realize the blessing that are trees. The desert looks so desolate without any growth, without the trees. Where are the singing birds in a desert? Where are the fruits, the flowers, and the shade? Trees are necessary for our growth, and they tell us about a selfless life. After you plant a tree and help it grow, it asks nothing from you for its lifetime. It only gives. That is the selflessness of trees and that is how a life must be lived by all of us. Give more and expect less in return.
Australian Capers Articles
Australian Capers Books


Next: , Previous: watchgnupg, Up: Helper Tools
7.2 Verify OpenPGP signatures
gpgv2 is an OpenPGP signature verification tool.
This program is actually a stripped-down version of gpg which is only able to check signatures. It is somewhat smaller than the fully-blown gpg and uses a different (and simpler) way to check that the public keys used to make the signature are valid. There are no configuration files and only a few options are implemented.
gpgv2 assumes that all keys in the keyring are trustworthy. By default it uses a keyring named trustedkeys.gpg which is assumed to be in the home directory as defined by GnuPG or set by an option or an environment variable. An option may be used to specify another keyring or even multiple keyrings.
gpgv2 recognizes these options:
Gives more information during processing. If used twice, the input data is listed in detail.
Try to be as quiet as possible.
--keyring file
Add file to the list of keyrings. If file begins with a tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the HOME directory. If the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in the home-directory ("~/.gnupg" if –homedir is not used).
--status-fd n
Write special status strings to the file descriptor n. See the file DETAILS in the documentation for a listing of them.
--logger-fd n
Write log output to file descriptor n and not to stderr.
GnuPG normally checks that the timestamps associated with keys and signatures have plausible values. However, sometimes a signature seems to be older than the key due to clock problems. This option turns these checks into warnings.
--homedir dir
Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this option is not used, the home directory defaults to ~/.gnupg. It is only recognized when given on the command line. It also overrides any home directory stated through the environment variable GNUPGHOME or (on W32 systems) by means of the Registry entry HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.
The program returns 0 if everything is fine, 1 if at least one signature was bad, and other error codes for fatal errors.
7.2.1 Examples
gpgv2 pgpfile
gpgv2 sigfile [datafile]
Verify the signature of the file. The second form is used for detached signatures, where sigfile is the detached signature (either ASCII-armored or binary) and datafile contains the signed data; if datafile is "-" the signed data is expected on stdin; if datafile is not given the name of the file holding the signed data is constructed by cutting off the extension (".asc", ".sig" or ".sign") from sigfile.
7.2.2 Environment
Used to locate the default home directory.
If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg".
7.2.3 FILES
The default keyring with the allowed keys.


text:
Children's Stick Insect is a medium sized stick insect. Females are larger and bulkier than males, and usually green, but can also be pinkish or cream. The wings are yellowish with bright patches of yellow and blue at the base. Males are slender and light reddish brown. Both males and both the males and females have two pairs of wings. Males are strong fliers, but females are too bulky to fly well. They rely on camouflage to avoid predators. When threatened, Children's Stick Insect will spread its wings showing the yellow and blue markings. Nymphs have a yellow stripe running along the length of the body. When at rest, the nymphs will align themselves on the leaf so yellow stripe aligns with the leaf midvein.
length to 14cm
feeds on leaves of Eucalypt trees
The females lay their eggs from a tree where they drop down into the leaf litter. The eggs are small, oval and grey and hatch after about four months. The nymphs are light green or green tinged with pink or purple.
Children's Stick Insect is found in eastern coastal areas of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
|Common Name:||Children's Stick Insect|


TY - CONF TI - A simple repair mechanism can alleviate computational demands of pragmatic reasoning: simulations and complexity analysis AU - Arkel, Jacqueline van AU - Woensdregt, Marieke AU - Dingemanse, Mark AU - Blokpoel, Mark AB - How can people communicate successfully while keeping resource costs low in the face of ambiguity? We present a principled theoretical analysis comparing two strategies for disambiguation in communication: (i) pragmatic reasoning, where communicators reason about each other, and (ii) other-initiated repair, where communicators signal and resolve trouble interactively. Using agent-based simulations and computational complexity analyses, we compare the efficiency of these strategies in terms of communicative success, computation cost and interaction cost. We show that agents with a simple repair mechanism can increase efficiency, compared to pragmatic agents, by reducing their computational burden at the cost of longer interactions. We also find that efficiency is highly contingent on the mechanism, highlighting the importance of explicit formalisation and computational rigour. C3 - Proceedings of CoNLL 2020 DA - 2020/// PY - 2020 KW - key ER -


text: Graph-to-text generation aims to generate fluent texts from graph-based data. In this paper, we investigate two recently proposed pretrained language models (PLMs) and analyze the impact of different task-adaptive pretraining strategies for PLMs in graph-to-text generation. We present a study across three graph domains: meaning representations, Wikipedia knowledge graphs (KGs) and scientific KGs. We show that the PLMs BART and T5 achieve new state-of-the-art results and that task-adaptive pretraining strategies improve their performance even further. In particular, we report new state-of-the-art BLEU scores of 49.72 on LDC2017T10, 59.70 on WebNLG, and 25.66 on AGENDA datasets - a relative improvement of 31.8%, 4.5%, and 42.4%, respectively. In an extensive analysis, we identify possible reasons for the PLMs' success on graph-to-text tasks. We find evidence that their knowledge about true facts helps them perform well even when the input graph representation is reduced to a simple bag of node and edge labels.


Subject: Re: name server problem NetBSD-current/stunos
To: None <,>
From: Don Lewis <>
List: current-users
Date: 04/29/1996 21:10:46
On Apr 29, 11:22am, wrote:
} Subject: Re: name server problem NetBSD-current/stunos
} NOTE: I understand the phrase "inverse query" to mean "given IP address
} A.B.C.D, query the server and return a name". If
} this is an incorrect assumption, kindly disregard this letter.
This is what RFC 1035 says about inverse queries:
 6.4. Inverse queries (Optional)
 Inverse queries are an optional part of the DNS. Name servers are not
 required to support any form of inverse queries. If a name server
 receives an inverse query that it does not support, it returns an error
 response with the "Not Implemented" error set in the header. While
 inverse query support is optional, all name servers must be at least
 able to return the error response.
 6.4.1. The contents of inverse queries and responses Inverse
 queries reverse the mappings performed by standard query operations;
 while a standard query maps a domain name to a resource, an inverse
 query maps a resource to a domain name. For example, a standard query
 might bind a domain name to a host address; the corresponding inverse
 query binds the host address to a domain name.
 Inverse queries take the form of a single RR in the answer section of
 the message, with an empty question section. The owner name of the
 query RR and its TTL are not significant. The response carries
 questions in the question section which identify all names possessing
 the query RR WHICH THE NAME SERVER KNOWS. Since no name server knows
 about all of the domain name space, the response can never be assumed to
 be complete. Thus inverse queries are primarily useful for database
 management and debugging activities. Inverse queries are NOT an
 acceptable method of mapping host addresses to host names; use the INADDR.ARPA domain instead.
 --- Truck


text:
Preschool visitors between the ages of 4 and 6 to the Children's Museum of Cleveland (CMC) will be invited to participate in a new study from the department of psychology at Case Western Reserve University to boost creativity and imagination in free play.
Nearby moms and caretakers will also engage in the study by watching how the children play and learn how to develop those play skills at home during several planned play sessions a week with mom, dad or the caretaker, according to Sandra Russ, professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University and the study's principal investigator.
The researchers have partnered with their campus neighbor at the museum for the study "Effects of Play Intervention on Play Skills in Preschool Children."
Russ, along with graduate students Kelly Christian and Karla Fehr and undergraduate Kathryn Clusman, will study approximately 40 children to see if a play intervention, first piloted at the CMC last year, continues to support the hypothesis that play interventions helps children learn how to be better players and use more creativity and imagination in their daily lives.
CMC will help recruit children and parents for the study.
Children will be given verbal and creative assessment tests before and after three interventions or plays sessions.
Russ and her team will meet individually with the children during the interventions at the museum and let children take the lead on playing and telling stories for approximately 20 minutes. Children will play with some basic toys, like blocks and toy cars. They will use the toys as props for the stories they imagine to turn a block into anything from a house, food or whatever goes along with the story line.
This imaginative free play will continue at home as parents or caregivers have two homework assignments to play with the children for two 10-minute sessions during the week.
A control group of children will color picture sheets or put together puzzles or a pre-formed object such as a dinosaur during their play sessions with a facilitator and follow up with similar playtimes with their parents at home. Each group will be evaluated for their imagination and creativity in blind testing before and after the interventions or play sessions.
This study adapts an intervention which was tested on elementary school children in a large inner city school district and found that children did learn how to play better and include more creativity and imagination when given the opportunity and some directions on how to do it.
In previous studies, Russ found these play skills have been shown to relate to how children cope with stressful situations and problem solving. Imagination and emotional expression in play also is linked to creativity, which is independent of intelligence.
"Sometimes all children need is permission to be creative," said Christian, who was involved in the pilot study.
According to Fehr, children use play as an opportunity to explore new ideas, practice expressing how they feel, and what they think about their day to day interactions with people in a safe environment.
"Play is central to a child's development," added Fehr.
Russ said the study also helps parents to be better players with their children. It also helps parents learn to step back and follow the lead of where the child is going.
"Parents may not realize they are dominating the play instead of letting their children play," she said.
Christian finds this young age group a delight to work with, because the story may start out as a trip to the zoo but suddenly those blocks and cars can turn into a birthday party or something else.
That's okay, according to Christian, because the children are using their imaginations.
This study and the pilot study have had some benefits for the children's museum.
"One of the key strategic themes for the Children's Museum of Cleveland, tied to museum mission and vision, is the fostering of creativity, which relates directly to the research project's intended outcomes," said Colleen Cross, CMC's education director.
CMC has created an environment to promote innovative and impactful educational experiences for families with children ages birth through 8 years old. "This research project will hopefully provide the museum with groundbreaking research that will help us create extraordinary exhibits and programming, especially in the area of creativity," Cross said. "The project will gather very unique data that we will help put CMC's programming and exhibits at the top of the children's museum field."
Since Russ and her team performed a pilot study for preschool interventions in play, Cross said the museum has been more thoughtful of the types of objects in exhibits and encourages more parents to follow the lead of their children in exploring the museum's offerings.
"No matter what language one speaks or religion one practices, or salary one earns, it is universally accepted that children learn best through hands-on play and that parents want the best learning opportunity for their children," said Cross.
This study is one of the unique partnerships that Case Western Reserve has with its community neighbors.
Cross said, "As long as an organizations is working to improve early childhood experiences for children, families and teachers, CMC is open to working with them to obtain their goals."
If interested in participating in the study, visit the museum for registration forms.
Posted by: Kimyette Finley, December 3, 2008 12:29 PM | News Topics: Collaborations/Partnerships, College of Arts and Sciences, Community Outreach, Faculty, HeadlinesMain, Provost Initiatives, Research, Students, news
Case Western Reserve University is committed to the free exchange of ideas, reasoned debate and intellectual dialogue. Speakers and scholars with a diversity of opinions and perspectives are invited to the campus to provide the community with important points of view, some of which may be deemed controversial. The views and opinions of those invited to speak on the campus do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration or any other segment of the university community.


text:
Game Design Contest for Middle and High School Students
STEM Fuse is hosting our semi-annual GOT GAME? Competition. Encourage your students to compete by submitting an original game that they created using the Game Maker program (a FREE program). This is a wonderful way for students to showcase their game design skills, while encouraging STEM learning.
Here is the link to the complete rules and submission guidelines: _URL_


text:
Advanced Nutrients Revive is a liquid fertilizer, which improves your plants' health. The formula is designed to help your plants overcome stress from transportation, transplanting or nutrient deficiency. The product contains essential macro and micronutrients, which your plants can easily absorb. Growers also use Revive as a foliar spray to accelerate nutrient absorption. The fertilizer is easy-to-use and it's suitable for all growing systems. Heal your plants with Revive and enjoy top-quality harvests.
- Revive is suitable for all growing mediums and systems including hydroponics, run-to-waste hydroponics, and soil;
- The fertilizer is made for use during the vegetative and flowering stages;
- The formula contains organic and natural ingredients such as high-chelated iron, zinc, nitrogen, calcium and other essential nutrients.


text:
The necklaces you've been wearing might be worth more than you thought.The ring on the necklace might be a diamond, but it's not really a real diamond, and it might be wearing the wrong name.The word diamond has been used to describe the metal used to make the necklace since the mid-1800s.The phrase, coined by the American gemologist Alfred Wegener in 1903, has been around since the late 19th cent...
A black necklace has become a symbol for racial inequality.
The necklace, worn by young black men in New York's garment district, has become an icon of inequality and the frustration of some who see it as a way to wear their racial identity in a manner that reinforces their perceived inferiority.
It is worn by many young black women who see the black necklaces as a sign of empowerment, said Michelle Hightower, a lecturer at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and author of a book on the phenomenon.
Black women have worn black necklines for generations in the US, often with the intent of demonstrating racial pride, but many women say it is also an affront to their bodies and to their own self-esteem.
Hightower said she first encountered the black necklace when she was a student at New York University.
"I was a Black girl at a public university, and I remember sitting on the stairs of my dormitory and I saw the necklace on my wrist and I was like, what is this?" she said.
"So I thought, what if it were black?"
Black women often wear their hair in a ponytail to show their support for their communities.
The necklacing trend has also spread to other parts of the world, particularly South Asia and Africa.
Hightsower said the black body is an image of vulnerability, but black women are also taught to believe that they are inherently inferior.
"Black women are taught that we are inferior," she said, adding that the black community is also taught that white women are inherently superior.
"What that tells me is, 'Why should I care about what my body looks like?'" she said in an interview with Al Jazeera.
"The whole idea that we're inherently unequal to white women, black women, is also a kind of belief system that women have."
There's a lot of talk about 'white supremacy', but we're not really saying that, we're saying that we need to stop thinking about our bodies and start thinking about how to be better, more empowered, more able to survive and survive in the world."'
Black women aren't always in control'While the necklaced necklace may be seen as a symbol to some, Hightsower believes the black woman is also in control of her body and how she dresses."
We don't have to wear black, we don't even have to be black, you know, we just have to do this for us.
"Black women don't necessarily wear the neckline in order to be in control.
"It's a reminder that it's a privilege to be different, it's important to be able to express yourself, but also to be proud of your blackness."'"
It feels like a weapon'Hightowers said the necklines are also seen as symbols of empowerment for some young black male students.""
It's a reminder that it's a privilege to be different, it's important to be able to express yourself, but also to be proud of your blackness."'
It feels like a weapon'Hightowers said the necklines are also seen as symbols of empowerment for some young black male students.
"Some of the most powerful things I have heard [about] these necklances, like that they make you feel like you have a weapon, they feel like they're really powerful, they are very powerful," she added.
"They are a symbol that gives you an edge, that you are in control."
Hightows said the necklace may not be the most comfortable accessory to wear, but it is a sign that a young person has been given permission to wear what they want, and can do whatever they want.
"It feels very much like a tool to make them feel more powerful.
It feels like you're wearing something, you have power."
The necklacement trend is not new.
A decade ago, the black-and-white necklace became a popular trend among young women in New Orleans, Louisiana.
In New York, the Black Lives Matter movement has been seen as one of the main reasons for the black women wearing the necklining.
The black neckline is also now part of the cultural conversation surrounding women of colour, and is also being used by black men.
Hicks said in the UK, the 'black belt' was a way for black men to demonstrate that they were strong and capable.
"When black women use the 'Black belt', they're saying they're not just going to give up," she told Al Jazeera in an email.
"That they are willing to put their body on the line for a cause that is important to them.
It's a statement that Black women can be strong, and that they can be successful in this world."
Hicks also believes that the 'boots on the ground' movement is an important step towards racial equality.
"To me, I believe that a lot more people need to be involved in the process of racial equality," she wrote.
"To me it's about a lot less people being black, and a lot fewer people being poor."


Documentation
Documentation
V4 Documentation
Node Id (Name)
NCrunch Grid Node configuration setting Default Value: (network name)
ID/Tag in config file: NodeId
Purpose
This configuration setting specifies a friendly name that can be used to identify a grid node server. The name will be used to describe the server in the Distributed Processing Window after a connection has been established.
The Node Id must be unique across all servers within the grid.
Where no value is specified, the grid node server's name will default to its computer name on the network.
Recommendations
When operating in a virtualised environment where grid nodes are brought online as needed, it can be useful to leave this setting blank so that it is derived from the virtualised computer's name.
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text:
- (of a sailing vessel) rigged as a ship; full-rigged.
Origin of ship-rigged
Examples from the Web for ship-rigged
Historical Examples of ship-rigged
They were small craft, of the "Pinnace" type, ship-rigged, with spritsail-topmasts.British Flags
W. G. Perrin
The stem raked a good deal for a ship-rigged vessel; the post raked slightly.The Pioneer Steamship Savannah: A Study for a Scale Model
Howard I. Chapelle
She measured nearly eight hundred tons, was ship-rigged, and had been built many years.Peter the Whaler
The term "sloop" is now usually applied to a man-of-war, ship-rigged, and carrying less than 18 guns.
The new Wasp, like her sister ships, carried twenty-two guns and a crew of one hundred and seventy men, and was ship-rigged.Hero Tales From American History
Henry Cabot Lodge, and Theodore Roosevelt
- rigged as a full-rigged ship


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Did Newton stole the concept of gravity from Indians?
Let's talk about the Facts first and opinion later.
FACTS about gravity
 1. Newton(1642 -1726/27) gave the theory of gravity around 1700s
 2. Vaisheshika darshan is at least 2300 years old(according to western claims), much older according to Indian traditional claims.
 3. Establishing of Jesuit missions in India between 1500 – 1800, the most famous among them was Madurai mission which established colleges and started translations.
FACTS about calculus
 1. Bhāskara II (c. 1114–1185), had started working with basic calculus
 2. Mādhava of Sangamagrāma (1340 – 1425) took it further and worked with many infinite series.
 3. Newton & Leibnitz discovered calculus in 17th century
Opinion
Gravity may have been independently discovered by Newton but Indians knew about it much earlier than Newton. Surely, Newton was a beneficiary of all the translation works by Jesuit missionaries in India.
After establishing these facts, now we can offer some opinion that it takes a long tradition of knowledge to discover things which are very complex. The number system of Brahmagupta reached Europe only in 13th century.
But Christian Europe took about 300 years to accept it. Now how can anyone start working with calculus without clear understanding of numerical system? These are some of the questions to be answered.
Mr C.K Raju has done a lot of research in this area. So you must refer to some of his talks or books.


text:
The Nipawin Hydroelectric Station was constructed in the early 1980's on the Saskatchewan River. Since that time, SaskPower has experienced problems with significant water inflows entering the headworks drainage gallery through various construction joints.
Peter White's specialized engineering services were retained to assess the existing site conditions and prepare technical recommendations for resolving these water inflow problems by chemical grouting.
Small diameter core holes were strategically drilled to a depth of several meters to intercept leaking construction joints for investigation, consisting of locating water inflows, measuring flow rates and observing connections between adjacent core holes. Additional holes were drilled as necessary to provide a suitable spacing between adjacent holes prior to the start of chemical grouting operations.
Working during winter when the construction joints were open, the grouting contractor's personnel, under Peter White's direction, used water-activated polyurethane grout to systematically reduce and cut-off the major inflows of cold water.
Grouting contractor's crews successfully completed water control work at various construction joints and reduced the volume of water entering the Nipawin Hydroelectric Station headworks drainage gallery.


Cause of the Week: Medical Research
 Web banner of medical sign with words "Medical research"Cause sub-categories: Cancer Research (National Breast Cancer Awareness Month), Disease Treatment and Eradication, Vaccine Development, Disease Eradication (World Polio Day, Oct. 24), Pediatric Cancer Research
"Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought." - Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
Good health can be fleeting, and negative health diagnoses can come without warning. Worldwide, diseases lower the quality of life for patients, their families, and entire communities.
Recent medical advances have improved cancer survivability rates, helped those infected with HIV manage the disease, and find vaccines and treatments effective against new, emerging diseases. Although scientific advancements have greatly improved medical treatments and protocols with research, there is more to be done.
Health professionals, scientists, and medical researchers are working hard to find cures and better treatment methods for known diseases such as cancer, age-related illnesses, and cardio-vascular disease, as well as understanding new viruses and ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases.
CFC charities run programs to help fund and assist these professionals in ongoing search for the cure to improve lives of the affected and their loved ones.


text:
essential nutrients-particularly total N and P. Loss of nutrients in runoff increased with residue removal above 50 percent in no-till wheat and reduced nutrient pools through nutrient removal with residues and via increased runoff."
Results of this study show that crop residues are indeed essential to reduce sediment, soil organic carbon, and nutrient loss in runoff, regardless of tillage system, Blanco added.
"Crop residue removal is not recommended if soil and water conservation, non-point source pollution control, and soil carbon buildup are high priorities. Residue left on the soil surface protects the soil against impacting raindrops, helps maintain the integrity of soil aggregates, and improves rainwater infiltration."
The bottom line: Only a small fraction--about 25 percent--of residue may be available for removal for biomass energy production from no-till soils.
"Further studies that will look at pollutants losses under different scenarios of rainfall intensities as well as soil and topographic characteristics are needed to more fully determine the amount of harvestable residue, Blanco said.
Larry Dreiling can be reached by phone at _PHONE_, or by e-mail at _EMAIL_.


text:
What is it?/ Headline information
Makaton uses signs, symbols and speech to help people communicate. Signs are used, with speech, in spoken word order. This helps provide extra clues about what someone is saying. Using signs can help people who have no speech or whose speech is unclear. Using symbols can help people who have limited speech and those who cannot, or prefer not to sign.
Makaton is extremely flexible as it can be personalised to an individual's needs and used at a level suitable for them. It can be used to:
- share thoughts, choices and emotions
- label real objects, pictures, photos and places
- take part in games and songs
- listen to, read and tell stories
- create recipes, menus and shopping lists
- write letters and messages
- help people find their way around public buildings
Today over 100,000 children and adults, use Makaton symbols and signs. Most people start using Makaton as children then naturally stop using the signs and symbols as they no longer need them. However, some people will need to use Makaton for their whole lives.
What are the aims?
Makaton is a language programme using signs and symbols to help people to communicate. It is designed to support spoken language and the signs and symbols are used with speech, in spoken word order. With Makaton, children and adults can communicate straight away using signs and symbols. Many people then drop the signs or symbols naturally at their own pace, as they develop speech.
How is it used / delivered/ who is responsible?
MAKATON is embedded in school life at Strathmore. All staff use MAKATON throughout the school day in lessons, snack times and play times. There is regular training for staff on MAKTON, we keep our knowledge up to date with 'Sign of the week' where staff and students will learn a sign and use it throughout the week.
SALT are responsible for the training of staff, keep an eye out for training dates if you are interested in a MAKATON course.
Who are the people I need to talk to for more information / support?
Can I use it at home?
- Yes, if MAKATON is appropriate for your child please continue its use at home. Ask your teacher if you are not sure if your child uses MAKATON & for more support.
- The children's TV programme 'Something Special' uses MAKATON and is a great way for you to get involved with MAKATON at home.
Further reading / useful links
Singing hands, songs with MAKATON signs. _URL_ see events page for performances.


)=y^2z^3+h(x,z)\).) Therefore,
 \[f(x,y,z)=x^2y+g(y,z)=x^2y+y^2z^3+h(z). \nonumber\]
 To find \(f\), we now must only find \(h\). Since \(f\) is a potential function,
 \[3y^2z^2+2z=g_z(y,z)=3y^2z^2+h′(z). \nonumber\]
 This implies that \(h′(z)=2z\), so \(h(z)=z^2+C\). Letting \(C=0\) gives the potential function
 \[f(x,y,z)=x^2y+y^2z^3+z^2. \nonumber\]
 To verify that \(f\) is a potential function, note that \(\vecs \nabla f(x,y,z)=⟨2xy,x^2+2yz^3,3y^2z^2+2z⟩=\vecs F(x,y,z)\).
 Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)
 Find a potential function for \(\vecs{F}(x,y,z)=⟨12x^2,\cos y\cos z,1−\sin y\sin z⟩\).
 Hint
 Following Example \(\PageIndex{6}\), begin by integrating with respect to \(x\).
 Answer
 \(f(x,y,z)=4x^3+\sin y\cos z+z\)
 We can apply the process of finding a potential function to a gravitational force. Recall that, if an object has unit mass and is located at the origin, then the gravitational force in \(ℝ^2\) that the object exerts on another object of unit mass at the point \((x,y)\) is given by vector field
 \(\vecs F(x,y)=−G\left\langle\dfrac{x}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} },\dfrac{y}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }\right\rangle\),
 where \(G\) is the universal gravitational constant. In the next example, we build a potential function for \(\vecs{F}\), thus confirming what we already know: that gravity is conservative.
 Example \(\PageIndex{7}\): Finding a Potential Function
 Find a potential function \(f\) for \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=−G\left\langle\dfrac{x}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} },\dfrac{y}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }\right\rangle\).
 Solution
 Suppose that \(f\) is a potential function. Then, \(\vecs \nabla f= \vecs{F}\) and therefore
 \[f_x(x,y)=\dfrac{−Gx}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }.\nonumber\]
 To integrate this function with respect to \(x\), we can use \(u\)-substitution. If \(u=x^2+y^2\), then \(\dfrac{du}{2}=x\,dx\), so
 \[\begin{align*} \int \dfrac{−Gx}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }\,dx &=\int \dfrac{−G}{2u^{3/2}} \,du \\[4pt] &=\dfrac{G}{\sqrt{u}}+h(y) \\[4pt] &=\dfrac{G}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+h(y) \end{align*}\]
 for some function \(h(y)\). Therefore,
 \[f(x,y)=\dfrac{G}{ \sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+h(y).\nonumber\]
 Since \(f\) is a potential function for \(\vecs{F}\),
 \[f_y(x,y)=\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }\nonumber\].
 Since \(f(x,y)=\dfrac{G}{ \sqrt{x^2+y^2}}+h(y)\), \(f_y(x,y)\) also equals \(\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }+h′(y)\).
 Therefore,
 \[\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }+h′(y)=\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }, \nonumber\]
 which implies that \(h′(y)=0\). Thus, we can take \(h(y)\) to be any constant; in particular, we can let \(h(y)=0\). The function
 \[f(x,y)=\dfrac{G}{ \sqrt{x^2+y^2} } \nonumber\]
 is a potential function for the gravitational field \(\vecs{F}\). To confirm that \(f\) is a potential function, note that
 \[\begin{align*} \vecs\nabla f(x,y) &=⟨−\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{G}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} } (2x),−\dfrac{1}{2} \dfrac{G}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }(2y)⟩ \\[4pt] &=⟨\dfrac{−Gx}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} },\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2)}^{3/2} }⟩\\[4pt] &=\vecs F(x,y). \end{align*}\]
 Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\)
 Find a potential function \(f\) for the three-dimensional gravitational force \(\vecs{F}(x,y,z)=\left\langle\dfrac{−Gx}{ {(x^2+y^2+z^2)}^{3/2} },\dfrac{−Gy}{ {(x^2+y^2+z^2)}^{3/2} },\dfrac{−Gz}{ {(x^2+y^2+z^2)}^{3/2} }\right\rangle\).
 Hint
 Follow the Problem-Solving Strategy.
 Answer
 \(f(x,y,z)=\dfrac{G}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\)
 Testing a Vector Field
 Until now, we have worked with vector fields that we know are conservative, but if we are not told that a vector field is conservative, we need to be able to test whether it is conservative. Recall that, if \(\vecs{F}\) is conservative, then \(\vecs{F}\) has the cross-partial property (see The Cross-Partial Property of Conservative Vector Fields). That is, if \(\vecs F=⟨P,Q,R⟩\) is conservative, then \(P_y=Q_x\), \(P_z=R_x\), and \(Q_z=R_y\). So, if \(\vecs{F}\) has the cross-partial property, then is \(\vecs{F}\) conservative? If the domain of \(\vecs{F}\) is open and simply connected, then the answer is


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I have and automated test that test an algorithm and the output of this test is the percentual precision of the algorithm. Currently our team is trying to make this algorithm more precise, as well as doing some refactorings. I need to find a way to do some kind of assert given the precision. My initial idea is just set a threshold (say, 80%) and create a assert like Assert.IsGreater(precision, 80). Although it seems OK, I wish I could have a better measurement tool than this. For example, I wish I could create levels (or grades), and set my precision according to these levels (100 to 90 is "A", 89 to 80 is "B", and so on). This would help me to control the quality of the code that is being built. Have you used any tools (or created one) to do such measurements? Did any of you passed for a situation like mine?
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It is difficult to answer your question without understanding the form of the algorithm's output and what the output should be compared to. What form does the algorithm's output take: e.g. a single number, a vector, a matrix? – user246 Sep 7 '11 at 13:11
I'll do my best to say something about the algorithm without giving much detail about it: the algorithm receives a matrix and the output is another matrix with some operations applied. There are some things that must be taken into consideration, as precision and performance. I can just measure the precision of the result knowing the exact result, spotting the diferences and using some heuritics to calculate the precision. – kidbomb Sep 8 '11 at 12:57
3 Answers 3
First I will summarize your question. You are testing an algorithm that takes a matrix as input and produces another matrix as output. Your test needs to measure the precision of the output. You do not want the result of your test to be simply past/fail; rather, you want your test to express a more graduated result.
I perceive two issues: how do you compute the precision in a way that measures quality, and how do you report the precision effectively?
Early in my career, I worked for a company that wrote software for the petroleum industry. The software could convert between digitized contour maps and matrices representing underground surfaces. It also had algorithms for filtering and combining matrices in different ways. There were different ways to measure the quality of the output of these algorithms, and to some degree, the quality was subjective. To put it another way, there were ways to quantify things about the matrices -- to assign a numeric score to the matrix, so to speak -- but the degree to which the score correlated with quality was always subjective. Moreover, I do not believe the scoring systems we used at that company were necessarily applicable to matrices in other industries, e.g. to digital images.
I say all this to illustrate that it is difficult to suggest an appropriate way to compute precision, as you call it, without knowing more about the data that your matrix represents and the goal of the algorithm. Nonetheless, I think it is a good idea to reduce your precision measurement to a single, concise number (or perhaps a vector) rather than a "precision matrix".
Regarding effective ways to present precision, I think the presentation method will depend on the context. If you are presenting a single precision by itself, the precision number may be good enough. If you are presenting a large number of test results, where you are comparing one precision number to another, it may be better to grade the precision with letters of the alphabet (as you mentioned), or with colors or shapes. I am sure a Google search would reveal websites devoted to effective ways of presenting statistics.
This question may also be relevant to you: How should I test the output of image renderers thoroughly, efficiently and in a branchable way.
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your question is too vague, can you reveal more details about this algorithm? I have been there, but the algorithm already had a way to test its precision (PSQM)
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I can't reveal more details about the algorithm, but you have just reached the second problem of my testing: I can just test the precision with heuristics instead of certified quality measurements. – kidbomb Sep 8 '11 at 12:49
You could have your test code log the precision measurements into an external storage (CSV, XML, RDBMS, you name it) and generate a report from that by an external tool. So if a refactoring brings the precision down, your external tool could do fancy stuff like sending everybody an XMPP message, calling the boss or shutting off the coffee machine until the former level has been restored.
Another idea is to take the threshold of the Assert from the last value written to the external storage and update that if the code passes the test. This would give you some sort of sliding threshold.
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Your Answer


Delivering Occupational Therapy Via Telehealth
Telehealth occupational therapy—yes, you read that right. You might be thinking, "How am I supposed to facilitate an activity with a child on the other side of a computer screen?" The key is occupation-based coaching. Rather than focusing on directing each intervention and doing the activity with the child, consider a parent-coaching model. Parent coaching involves the principles of a method called occupation-based coaching.
What is occupation-based coaching?
Occupation-based coaching provides interventions that include working directly with caregivers to create strategies to help the child participate in daily activities. This intervention model focuses on improving the parent-child interaction and creating child-learning opportunities within the child's routine and contexts.
Why does parent coaching work well with telehealth?
Telehealth is a "hands-off" approach. Occupational therapists have no choice but to facilitate the session with verbal and visual communication only. That means the occupational therapist takes the role of an observer while the parent takes the "hands-on" approach.
Active participation from parents during sessions results in improved child outcomes and increased parent competence. One way to accomplish this virtually is to make sure that you and your client have the same materials. That way, you're able to work on the same activity "together" even though you're not in the same room.
Is parent coaching effective?
Yes. Parent coaching results in the child meeting goals and participating in their occupations. It also yields increased satisfaction from the parent's perspective and better parent-child relationships. As the occupational therapist, you're not observing the child day in and day out. But the parent or caregiver is. So when the caregiver or parent receives effective coaching, they're able to apply those learned tools and skills outside of the designated session time.
SimplePractice Occupation Based Coaching
Strategies for Occupation-Based Coaching
1. Work with the parent/caregiver/guardian to establish the goals.
Start with the evaluation process. The occupation-based coaching model relies on regular collaboration between the occupational therapist and the parent—and that includes establishing united goals. Parents can identify goals that will impact the child's daily routine and are meaningful to their family.
2. Focus on the parent-child relationship.
Support the relationship between the caregiver and the child. Ask about the caregiver's insights about the child's behaviors. It's important to help both the parent and child better understand each other.
3. Observe.
Observation is key in occupational therapy, but it's the most important component of telehealth sessions. Observe how the parent and child interact. Take a good look at the child's home environment and context. Keen observation will make it easier to identify additional, new intervention ideas that'll make an impact.
4. Provide feedback.
Once you've observed the environment and context, have a conversation with the caregiver about how effective the strategies used during the sessions were. Engage in problem-solving with the caregiver in order to build their knowledge of the situation. That way, they can better identify what's working and what's not.
What Parents Think of Occupation-Based Coaching
Parents appreciate having interventions occur in the child's natural environment. They feel like they're able to establish a partnership with the occupational therapist and can truly collaborate with them. This gives the caregiver or parent more confidence to come up with their own strategies to help their child. Two common takeaways parents have with occupation-based coaching is a changed perspective of their child's behavior and an emphasis on their strengths.
Now pair that with telehealth, parents are able to reduce travel time, which is essential for travel with little ones. It also offers greater flexibility, especially with scheduling. Occupational therapy via telehealth has also shown to increase focus on the entire family, which enriches the experience and improves the outcomes for everyone involved. Plus, with the caregiver being the one to use a "hands-on" approach, they're naturally more engaged during sessions.
Telehealth occupational therapy services is an underutilized mode that complements real life—the way it is today, not how it was yesterday. Just be ready for some amazing results!
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text:
Vera Rubin Lives on in Lives of the Women She Helped in Astronomy
Johanna Teske: Ok, this is a spectrum.
Teske: Vera Rubin means a lot to a lot of astronomers. This was one of the instruments that she used to help discover the presence of dark matter, which we now know is the dominant form of matter in our universe.
Teske: She really was part of trying to push astronomy to be more inclusive, and make more opportunities for women in science and astronomy.
In 1942, a fourteen-year old teenager named Vera Rubin built a telescope with her father out of cardboard.
She would go on to change our understanding of galaxies — and open doors for female astronomers.
Alycia Weinberger: She is often credited as the mother of dark matter, because the science that she is most well known for is discovering that galaxies seem to have a lot more mass in their outskirts than can be accounted for by the amount of visible light coming from their stars.
in 1948 she received a bachelor's from Vassar in astronomy — the only astronomy graduate.
After being rejected from Princeton for being female— Vera enrolled in Cornell…


Conference Year
2018
Keywords
Two-phase ejector, Carbon dioxide, Look-up table method, Homogeneous Equilibrium Model
Abstract
This work presents a look-up table method to compute the thermodynamic properties of CO2. It is motivated by the massive employment of this fluid in the industrial domain, especially in the ejector-expansion cycle. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been used in the past to investigate two-phase ejector flows. CO2 exhibits then large property variations due to phase transition. As a result, it cannot be accurately modelled by a general analytical Equation of State (EoS), such as Peng-Robinson EoS and Perfect gas EoS, etc. Hence, a tabulated EoS is developed here based on the Span-Wagner (EoS), covering the temperature range from 217 to 800 K and pressures up to 50 MPa. Supercritical, liquid, vapor and liquid-vapor states are all included in this tabulated EoS. Besides, the density and the internal energy are chosen as two independent inputs to compute the other properties. The method is designed to be coupled with the system of equations in its conservative form which is a usual formulation for compressible solvers. Through two validation cases, the proposed tabulated EoS shows good performances in terms of accuracy and efficiency, making it suitable for future massive CFD simulations.
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COinS


Hi there,
I know that power law decay can be expressed as the combination of multiple single exponential decays (or another way of saying it is that if there are multiple timescales in a decay process, when there is no dominant timescale, then power law behavior emerges). Empirically, it's fairly easy to see that this is the case (and see _URL_ for an example of expressing power law decay as a sum of exponentials). However, I'm trying to understand *why* this is the case. Does anybody have an intuitive explanation for why power law decay contains multiple exponential decays? Thanks!


text:
Monash University has launched a new project designed to capture community memories of World War One. The One Hundred Stories are stories that have not been told before. They highlight the experiences of women as well as men, recover the too often forgotten contribution of Indigenous Australians, and emphasise the ongoing cost of war to the community as a whole.
The One Hundred Stories remember not just the men and women who lost their lives but also those who returned to Australia, the gassed, the crippled, the insane, all those irreparably damaged by war. The Great War shaped the world as well as the nation. Its memory belongs to us all.
Please be part of this great project by contributing your ideas and stories of who should be included within the One Hundred Stories.


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A space is $F_\sigma$-discrete space if it is the countable union of closed discrete subspaces. Is it true that every subset of an $F_\sigma$-discrete space is of the type $G_\delta$?
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2 Answers 2
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The answer is yes. Suppose that $X$ is an $F_\sigma$ space as you have defined it, so that $X=\bigcup_n X_n$, where each $X_n$ is a closed discrete space. Suppose that $Y\subset X$ is any subset. For each $n$, note that $X_n-Y$ is closed in the discrete space $X_n$ and hence also closed in $X$, and so the complement $U_n=X-(X_n-Y)$ is open in $X$. Furthermore, $\bigcap_n U_n=Y$, since $Y\subset U_n$ and anything not in $Y$ is in some $X_n$ and hence thrown out of that $U_n$. So $Y$ is a countable intersection of open sets and hence $G_\delta$.
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Yes, since closed discrete sets are hereditarily closed. Let $X$ be the space and $E_n$ the closed discrete sets, so $X = \bigcup\limits_{n=1}^\infty E_n$. Then given $S \subseteq X$, each $E_n \setminus S$ is still closed, so $S = \bigcap\limits_{n=1}^\infty (E_n \setminus S)^\complement$ shows that $S$ is a $G_\delta$.
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organized meaning in hindi
Pronunciation of organized
organized Antonyms
organized Definitions and meaning in English
 1. formed into a structured or coherent whole
 2. methodical and efficient in arrangement or function
 3. being a member of or formed into a labor union
 4. arranged
 5. systematized
organized Sentences in English
 1. सुनियोजित
 An organized crime
 2. संगठित
 An organized body of workers
 3. व्यवस्थित
 A well organized event
 4. व्यवस्थित = disorgnised
 A well orgnised office
 5. एकीकृत = united
 An orgnised society.
 6. संगठित = integrated
 An orgnised society.
Tags: organized meaning in hindi, organized ka matalab hindi me, hindi meaning of organized, organized meaning dictionary. organized in hindi. Translation and meaning of organized in English hindi dictionary. Provided by a free online English hindi picture dictionary.


text:
Background: Living kidney donors have donation-related out-of-pocket costs (direct costs) and/or ongoing daily expenses while losing income (indirect costs). Yet there is little information about how much of a subjective burden these constitute for the donors.
Methods: From December 2003 through December 2014, we surveyed donors 6 months postdonation to determine their financial burden related to donation (on a scale of 1 to 10) and what resources were used to cover expenses.
Results: Of 1136 surveyed, 796 (70%) responded. Among respondents, mean age at donation was 43.6 ± 10.6 years, 64% were women, 96% were white, and 53% were related by blood to their recipient. Overall, 26% scored their financial burden as 5 or higher; 8% scored it as 8 or higher. Increased expenses were associated with a higher reported burden; however, significant burden was reported by some with no out-of-pocket expenses (presumably due to lost wages and continuing expenses). The burden was scored as 5 or higher by 27% of those employed outside the home (n = 660), 15% homemakers, 13% retirees, 40% students; 28% unemployed; and 26% whose occupation was unknown. Over half (51%) of those receiving a local or (means-tested) national grant still reported moderate to severe burden. Besides grants, donors used a variety of sources to help offset expenses: dipped into savings, borrowed from friends or family, took out a loan, and/or had a fundraiser. Those with the highest burden reported using the most additional sources.
Conclusions: Donors should not have to incur costs or a financial burden to donate; the transplant community should strive to make donation financially neutral.


Three Most Photogenic Places in The World
We have places in the world where by capturing them in photographs, the beauty of the places double. Most photogenic places in the world impel people to visit there once in their lifetime.
1) Bora Bora In French Polynesia:
There is one island known as Bora Bora is covered with lagoons and is the most famous as an Aqua centre Luxury resort. In the last census of Bora Bora (1997), the population was 8880. There is no public transportation, and the whole economy is tourism centered.
Source :Wikipedia
2) Great Barrier Reef System:( North coast of Australia)
It is the largest coral reef system made of 2900 reefs and 900 islands and spread over of 2300 kilometers off Australia. It is the single largest structure which is made by the sea organisms and is so big that it is seen from an aerial view.
Source :Wikipedia
3.Grand Canyon, USA:
Around 5 million tourists visit the Grand Canyon every year.The canyon came into existence because of forceful flow of river Colorado in the state of Arizona. It was formed due to the result of erosion due to the Colorado river cutting into the earth surface over millions of years in the southern US. The parameters are :length 446 Kms, x breadth 29 Kms,depth 1800 Meters. Around 600 people have lost lives while exploring this wonder since 1870.
Because of colorful looks, it has become sought after tourist hot spot. It may not be the biggest canyon of the world, but has come to fame because of its panoramic look. When you proceed in this canyon, the weather keeps on changing. In winters some places have snowfall
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text:
Scobee Elementary School was the first school named in honor of F. R. "Dick" Scobee, the commander of the Challenger Space Shuttle Crew.
Scobee was born a May 19, 1939. He enlisted in the Air Force in 1957 and was stationed at Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio. He was accepted as an astronaut candidate by NASA in 1978. He was pilot on the STS 41-C in 1984, logging a total of 168 hours in space during the mission. He then served as spacecraft commander of the Orbiter Challenger, which exploded during launch from the Kennedy Space Center on Jan. 28, 1986.
Scobee was chosen as the school's namesake not only because he was a hero who challenged us to "reach for the stars," but also because he had many personal ties to San Antonio.


more innocent problems, we can say that your dog will also have some cavities. Or he will start to produce much more saliva than he needs, resulting in an unwanted mess all around the house.
What to Do if Your Dog is Throwing Up After Eating Gummy Bears?
Vomiting is a very common reaction that can be caused by any food. However, if your dog is vomiting specifically after eating gummy bears, he might be suffering from xylitol poisoning. Call or contact your vet immediately to seek further help.
Make sure to check the package of the gummy bears to see if it really has xylitol in it, because your vet will probably ask about it. It is a serious situation but make sure that you remain calm and keep it under control.
Conclusion: Can Dogs Eat Gummy Bears?
Based on research about the effects of xylitol on dogs, we can confidently say that this substance is very toxic for dogs. The breed of the dog will not matter and he will get affected. That is why xylitol should be avoided and not offered to dogs. Unfortunately, gummy bears have lots of this chemical them.
Even the tiniest bit of xylitol can give your furry friend hypoglycemia or low blood sugar.
If he is getting gummy bears by himself or someone is giving him this dangerous food, you should immediately stop it and go to a vet. If your child is unknowingly feeding him gummy bears, make sure that you make them know dogs are not allowed to eat sweets.
Can Dogs Eat Guava?
Guava is a lesser-known fruit that is cultivated in tropical places. Although it is believed to originated in an area extending from southern Mexico into or through Central America, the origin of it is not known certainly. But if there is one thing that we're sure about it is that it is delicious and nutritious. But what about dogs? Can dogs eat guava?
The short answer to that question is yes, dogs can eat guava in moderate amounts. Because guava is very nutritious and contains beneficial vitamins and minerals. But it is also a fruit, so, it contains a high amount of carbohydrates and sugar. So, you should just feed it as a treat.
First, let's look at the nutritional value of the guava talk about its potential benefits and harms to dogs.
Nutritional Value
Vitamin C
You might be surprised to hear that guava contains four times more vitamin C than an orange. So, it would be true to say that it is filled with vitamin C. That is essential since vitamin C is a very beneficial vitamin.
Because it has antioxidant properties and it is very successful at combatting harmful molecules called free radicals. That plays a vital role in your dog's system because free radicals are the number one cause of cancer in humans and dogs.
Other than that, vitamin C can be beneficial to your dog in the sense that it boosts the immune system.
Vitamin A and K
Guava contains moderate amounts of vitamin A and K. Both are very important for a healthy metabolism.
Vitamin K's primary function is regulating the blood clots, and vitamin A generate new blood cell growth.
Other than that, vitamin A is good for good eye health, and vitamin K promotes bone health.
Fiber is a mineral naturally found in vegetables and some fruits. Guava contains a good amount of fiber. Although dogs don't need to have a diet with high amounts of fiber, it can be beneficial for dogs that have digestive issues.
Potassium is a mineral found in high amounts in banana, but it is also found in normal amounts in guava. Potassium is essential for bone and teeth health. So, your pooch should have a diet with high levels of potassium. Potassium deficiency can cause stunt growth in puppies.
Magnesium is another essential mineral found in guava. Magnesium is a natural relaxant that can be very beneficial for dogs that have muscles issues such as arthritis. Because magnesium provides soothing comfort on the sore muscles and joints.
Although it is not in high amounts, guava also contains sodium. Sodium can be very helpful for regulating blood pressure. But you should be mindful of the amounts that you're feeding it to your tail-wagger.
Because in high amounts, it can worsen the symptoms of some diseases by raising the blood pressure, and that is especially true for senior dogs.
Is Guava Good for Dogs?
Guava is one of the most nutritious fruits in the world. It has various benefits for humans, and it can also be beneficial for dogs.
The fact that it contains high levels of vitamin C makes this fruit a good choice if your dog has a weak immune system.
Other than that, it contains very beneficial vitamins that should be included in your dog's diet.
But the crucial part is the fiber content, in our opinion. Because fiber can be beneficial for dogs that have digestive issues such as diarrhea and constipation.
Besides all the benefits we mentioned above, guava is also known to lower the blood sugar levels. That can be very beneficial if your dog has diabetes or a weight issue.
We talked about all the benefits of guava and let's also talk about its potential harms.
First, you should keep in mind that guava is a fruit and it contains high amounts of carbohydrates. It is essential to state that dogs don't need to consume carbohydrates to sustain their lives.
That doesn't mean that your dog can't benefit from carbohydrates. But there is a difference between healthy carbs and unhealthy carbohydrates. Healthy carbohydrates mostly come from vegetables and unhealthy carbohydrates found in commercial food and also grains.
It wouldn't be wrong to say that fruits stand between the two. Because even though it is natural, the carbohydrates come from the sugar in fruits. That is why you should never exceed the moderate amounts when feeding your pooch fruits, including guava.
Other than that, you should be careful about the seeds found guava. They are perfectly healthy and edible for humans, but that is not the case for dogs. Because the seeds in guava contain cyanide, which can be toxic to dogs.
But you should still watch out for the after-effects. The usual symptoms of cyanide poisoning include rapid and heavy breathing, itchy skin, dizziness, and other health abnormalities.
Conclusion: Can Dogs Eat Guava?
All the benefits that we mentioned above clearly show that guava is not harmful to dogs in moderate amounts.
It can be even beneficial for some dogs that have a weak immune system or digestive issues.
But you should keep in mind that guava still contains a lot of fructose, which is a natural sugar. That is why you should only feed it as a treat. Because consuming too much sugar can cause diabetes and fat gain in dogs.
Other than that, you should remember not to ever feed the seeds to your tail-wagger. Because the seeds of guava contain cyanide, which can be toxic to dogs in high amounts.


text:
Photographer Wayne Lawler visited Brogo Reserve in the Bega Valley of New South Wales in June 2003.
There is no such thing as a casual stroll at Brogo Reserve. The land makes you work to discover its secrets. Everywhere seems either straight up or straight down!
The reserve spans three forested ridges topped with domed granite outcrops from which a hiker can look across deep fern gullies. The reserve then falls away through open grassy forest to the secluded Brogo River.
The intimate sandy pools and murmuring riffles of the river are bordered by towering old river oaks (Casuarina sp.) that dip their mossy roots into the clear water. This riparian oak forest is the only example of its type reserved for conservation.
Many of the other forest types on the reserve, such as the wet shrub forest, are also among the last remnants in existence. Over 90% of Australia's dry rainforest has been cleared, and Brogo protects its most southerly extent.
Having walked through the sunny, ridgetop, dry grass forest with its huge forest red gums, drumming cicadas and busy thornbills, I headed to a granite outcrop to catch my breath and enjoy the view.
Below I could see a shady grotto under an ancient, contorted rock fig (Ficus sp.). Intrigued, I entered into the cloistered world of the dry rainforest through a veil of glossy leaves and tangled vines. Small, strange plants and miniature fungi grew among the mossy rocks, deep leaf litter and coiling vines.
An eastern yellow robin observed me quietly from a metre away and an unseen wallaby thumped away downhill.
I sat on a mossy log listening to a superb lyrebird and a golden whistler competing to be the best songster in the gully, and thanked Bush Heritage for preserving this diverse and beautiful part of our natural heritage.
– Wayne Lawler


text:
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with over 1 million new cases diagnosed each year. Advances in treatment and survival are likely to have increased lifetime costs of managing the disease. Cost-of-illness (COI) studies are key building blocks in economic evaluations of interventions and comparative effectiveness research. We systematically reviewed and critiqued the COI literature on CRC.
Methods: We searched several databases for CRC COI studies published in English, between January 2000 and February 2011. Information was abstracted on: setting, patient population, top-down/bottom-up costing, incident/prevalent approach, payer perspective, time horizon, costs included, cost source, and per-person costs. We developed a framework to compare study methodologies and assess homogeneity/heterogeneity.
Results: A total of 26 papers met the inclusion criteria. There was extensive methodological heterogeneity. Studies included case-control studies based on claims/reimbursement data (10), examinations of patient charts (5), and analysis of claims data (4). Epidemiological approaches varied (prevalent, 6; incident, 8; mixed, 10; unclear, 4). Time horizons ranged from 1 year postdiagnosis to lifetime. Seventeen studies used top-down costing. Twenty-five studies included healthcare-payer direct medical costs; 2 included indirect costs; 1 considered patient costs. There was broad agreement in how studies accounted for time, but few studies described costs in sufficient detail to allow replication. In general, costs were not comparable between studies.
Conclusions: Methodological heterogeneity and lack of transparency made it almost impossible to compare CRC costs between studies or over time. For COI studies to be more useful and robust there is need for clear and rigorous guidelines around methodological and reporting "best practice."


System Center Updates Publisher
Applies to: System Center Updates Publisher
System Center Updates Publisher (Updates Publisher) is a stand-alone tool that enables independent software vendors or line-of-business application developers to manage custom updates. This custom updates management includes updates that have dependencies, like drivers and update bundles.
Using Updates Publisher, you can:
 - Import updates from external catalogs (non-Microsoft update catalogs).
 - Modify update definitions including applicability, and deployment metadata.
 - Export updates to external catalogs.
 - Publish updates to an update server.
After you publish updates to an update server, you can then use System Center Configuration Manager to detect and deploy those updates to your managed devices.
Workspaces
When you open Updates Publisher, it defaults to the Overview node of the Updates Workspace.
Updates Publisher console
Updates Publisher has four workspaces to help organize it.
Updates Workspace: Use this workspace to create and manage software updates and update bundles. This workspace includes assigning updates and bundles to a publication, publishing, and exporting to another Updates Publisher repository.
Publications Workspace: This workspace is where you manage publications. A publication is group of updates you create to simplify the export and publishing of the updates.
Managing publications includes publishing updates to a server so your clients can find and install them, exporting updates and bundles for use by other Updates Publisher installations, or modifying the contents of or details of a publication.
Rules Workspace: Here is where you manage applicability rules that can be saved and then used with updates you deploy. There are two types of rules:
 - Installable rules – These rules help determine if a client should install an update.
 - Installed rules – These rules verify if an update is already installed.
Catalogs Workspace: Use this workspace to add and manage software update catalogs. This workspace includes the import of software updates from those catalogs to the Updates Publisher repository.
What's new in System Center Updates Publisher
Note
The latest version of System Center Updates Publisher was released on November 6, 2019. For more information, see the Release history section.
There's a new authoring mode System Center Updates Publisher to help you author your updates. When you enable authoring mode, a Categories Workspace is added to the start screen. A new Detectoid button is also added to the Updates Workspace when authoring mode is enabled.
To enable authoring mode
 1. In upper left corner of the console, click on the Updates Publisher Properties tab, and then choose Options.
 2. Go to the Authoring options.
 3. Check the box for Enable authoring mode.
Enable authoring mode for Updates Publisher
About the categories workspace
The categories workspace enables update authors to organize updates that belong together. For instance, if you're an OEM, you might wish to organize your updates based on models or product lines. You can define multiple categories and child categories but not grand child categories as you're limited to two levels.
Screenshot of Categories Workspace
Assign an update to a category
Once you've authored your update, you can assign it to a category by selecting the update then clicking the Categorize button. You can also right-click the update and select Categorize.
Screenshot of categorizing an update
About detectoids
Once authoring mode is enabled, you can create detectoids for updates. Detectoids are useful when you have multiple updates that use the same rule (or a set of rules) to determine applicability. In those instances, you would create a detectoid and assign it as a prerequisite for an update. You can assign multiple detectoids to an authored update.
Create a detectoid
 1. Open the Updates Workspace.
 2. In the ribbon, click the Detectoid button.
 3. Follow the prompts in the wizard to create your detectoid.
Update prerequisites using a detectoid
Release history
Next steps
To get started, first install, and then configure options for Updates Publisher.


text:
Definition of'septic tank'
Trends of'septic tank'
Used Rarely. septic tank is in the lower 50% of commonly used words in the Collins dictionary
View usage for:
Translations for'septic tank'
British English: septic tank /ˈsɛptɪk tæŋk/ NOUN
A septic tank is an underground tank where faeces, urine, and other waste matter is made harmless using bacteria.
- American English: septic tank
- Arabic: غُرفِةُ تَفتيش
- Brazilian Portuguese: fossa sética
- Chinese: 化粪池
- Croatian: septička jama
- Czech: septik
- Danish: septiktank
- Dutch: septic tank
- European Spanish: pozo séptico
- Finnish: saostuskaivo
- French: fosse septique
- German: Faulbehälter
- Greek: σηπτικός βόθρος
- Italian: fossa biologica
- Japanese: 浄化槽
- Korean: 정화조
- Norwegian: septiktank
- Polish: szambo
- European Portuguese: fossa sética
- Romanian: fosă septică
- Russian: септический резервуар
- Spanish: pozo séptico
- Swedish: septiktank
- Thai: ถังปุ๋ยหมัก
- Turkish: septik çukur
- Ukrainian: септичний резервуар
- Vietnamese: hố rác tự hoại
Definition of septic tank from the Collins English Dictionary
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text:
PERNI, S., READ, E.S. and SHAMA, G., 2008. Detachment of Listeria innocua and Pantoea agglomerans from cylinders of agar and potato tissue under conditions of Couette flow. Journal of food engineering, 89 (3), pp. 355-359
Cylinders of raw potato or agar were contacted with suspensions of Listeria innocua and Pantoea agglomerans and then used as replacement rotors in a rheometer in order to investigate detachment under the influence of known shear forces. These shear forces were functions solely of the rotational speed of the rotor and the fluid (glycerol) in which the cylinders were caused to rotate. With this system surface shear forces ranging from 1.3 to 125 Pa could be generated corresponding to rotational speeds of 12.5 to 775 rpm. Under these conditions detachment phenomena were quite rapid with in most cases complete detachment being achieved over timescales of the order of 30 s. In general, lower shear forces were required to detach L. innocua from both agar and potato. For agar cylinders an applied shear force of only 1.3 Pa was sufficient to achieve 98 % detachment of L. innocua after 20 s. By contrast, relatively high shear forces were required to detach P. agglomerans particularly from potato; under an applied shear force of 2.8 Pa only 9.5 % detachment was achieved after 30 s. The results obtained at the highest shear forces studied here (125 Pa) with potato cylinders were suggestive of mass transfer into glycerol of one or more constituents present in potatoes that caused detached cells to aggregate causing an apparent decrease in percentage detachment. The data obtained could be used as a basis for the rational design of washing processes for fresh ready to eat food products.