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Exploring the Cosmos: Star Gazing Tours in India
India, a land of diverse cultures and landscapes, has long been celebrated for its rich history, vibrant traditions, and stunning natural beauty. However, beneath the tapestry of its ancient myths and modern bustling cities lies a hidden gem that has captivated the imagination of stargazers and astronomers for centuries – its night sky. India's vast and varied geography, from the high Himalayan peaks to the pristine beaches of its southern coasts, offers a unique canvas for celestial observation. In recent years, star gazing tours have gained popularity, drawing both amateur and professional astronomers, as well as curious travelers. Let's embark on a celestial journey as we explore the allure of star gazing tours in India.
- Diverse Landscapes, Varied Skies
India's diverse landscapes create an incredible range of celestial viewing experiences. The remote deserts of Rajasthan, the lush forests of Kerala, and the high-altitude regions of Ladakh all offer distinct celestial perspectives. These varying terrains influence the clarity of the night sky, allowing visitors to witness a mesmerizing display of stars, planets, and celestial phenomena. Whether you seek to witness the Milky Way arching overhead or spot elusive constellations, India's landscapes offer unparalleled stargazing opportunities.
- Observatories and Dark Sky Reserves
India boasts several world-class observatories and dark sky reserves that make it an astronomical hotspot. The Indian Astronomical Observatory in Hanle, Ladakh, is one such facility situated at a staggering altitude of over 4,500 meters above sea level. Here, visitors can gaze at the stars while standing amidst the world's highest observatory. Additionally, the Nainital Astronomical Observatory in Uttarakhand and the Kavalur Observatory in Tamil Nadu are other popular destinations for avid stargazers.
In Indian culture, the night sky has deep-rooted significance. Ancient scriptures and folklore are replete with stories and mythological connections to celestial objects. Stargazing tours in India often incorporate these cultural elements, with expert guides providing insights into the astronomical heritage of the country. Learning about the celestial stories embedded in Indian mythology adds a unique layer to the stargazing experience.
- Meteor Showers and Celestial Events
India offers prime viewing opportunities for various celestial events, including meteor showers, eclipses, and planetary alignments. Tour operators plan their itineraries around these events, ensuring that visitors have a front-row seat to witness the awe-inspiring beauty of the cosmos. The Perseid meteor shower, Geminid meteor shower, and solar and lunar eclipses are among the highlights that draw enthusiasts from around the world.
As awareness of the environmental impact of tourism grows, star gazing tours in India are adopting sustainable practices. Many tours are designed to minimize light pollution, use eco-friendly accommodations, and promote responsible travel. This approach not only preserves the pristine night skies but also supports local communities.
Star gazing tours in India offer a truly transcendent experience for anyone who gazes up at the night sky with wonder and curiosity. The combination of diverse landscapes, world-class observatories, cultural richness, celestial events, and sustainable practices make India a top destination for stargazers. Whether you're a seasoned astronomer or simply wish to connect with the cosmos, India's starry nights beckon you to explore the mysteries of the universe, all while immersing yourself in the country's rich cultural tapestry. So, pack your binoculars and embark on a celestial adventure that will leave you with memories of a lifetime.


Review: What Is Technic?
In this chapter, we sought to answer one simple question, "What is Technic?" You discovered that the answer really has two parts to it. First, you found out that Technic is a system within a system. It is a set of LEGO elements with unique and interesting features that can also work with the standard parts you've seen elsewhere in this book. Second, you saw that Technic is also a style of building with the specialized pieces that make up this class of parts. This could mean wheeled vehicles that have working steering or it could mean a small helicopter with rotor blades that turn when you give its tail a spin with your finger.
Defining Technic wasn't as easy as some of the other questions we've tackled in this text, but...
Get The Unofficial LEGO Builder's Guide now with O'Reilly online learning.


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In light of the increase in coyote activity around the community and the loss of multiple neighbors' pets, we want to share some recommendations and information from the City of Austin.
- ALWAYS be present with small dogs and cats while outside.
- Small pets are not safe when left unattended, especially at night.
- Outdoor cats are not safe, at night or during the day, but make a point of bringing them indoors at night.
- The city encourages hazing coyotes when seen during the day.
- Do not take photos of the coyotes, unless you are going to haze immediately after. Taking photos without hazing will just encourage the coyote's behavior.
- Hazing will encourage the coyotes to avoid contact with people and pets.
- You can haze with you voice, a whistle, air horn, waving your arms, stomping, or throwing rocks if needed. This gives the coyotes a negative consequence and makes them feel unsafe.
- Smells from food, garbage, and/or compost will draw the interest of coyotes.
- Remember, coyotes are opportunistic, so they will take advantage of whatever food source is available.
For more information, visit _URL_

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Colaizzi's method of data analysis is an approach to interpreting qualitative research data, often in medicine and the social sciences, to identify meaningful information and organize it into themes or categories. The approach follows seven data analysis steps.
Qualitative research uses surveys with open-ended questions or loosely structured interviews to uncover how people think and feel in certain situations, such as becoming a first-time father or undergoing chemotherapy. A researcher can apply Colaizzi's seven steps to analyze the data collected in a survey or interview.
In the first step, the researcher reads a description of each person participating in the study to gain a sense of the participants. Next, the researcher extracts statements with significance to the research question, such as descriptions of how a first-time father feels about caring for a newborn. To reflect the research data accurately, the significant statements should be direct quotations from the participants. To analyze the significant statements, the researcher begins to articulate what the statements mean and creates themes from the meanings. The researcher groups similar themes together and organizes them into categories. Finally, the researcher integrates the results into a comprehensive description of the topic and returns to each participant to verify the results.


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Tell Us Your Story
And experience the stories of others
Storytelling has been passed down from generation to generation as a way of keeping history alive. We all have our favorite stories that we enjoy hearing when friends and family gather together. What if we could continue listening to these stories anytime we wanted with a simple click? With digital storytelling, this is possible. Digital storytelling provides the technology to interview and record historical moments that may have otherwise been lost. Solano County Library has been given the opportunity to participate in a project called California of the Past. This project will ensure that the storytellers and pieces of California's history will never be forgotten.
California of the Past is supported in whole or in part by a California State Library grant supported by the U.S. Institute of Museum & Library Services and Technology Act, administered in California by the State Librarian with services provided by Media Arts Center San Diego. For more information go to Digital Story Station - _URL_.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


, Volume 591, Issue 1, pp 103-115
Evaluating climatic and non-climatic influences on ion chemistry in natural and man-made lakes of Nebraska, USA
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Conductivity and major ion chemistry data were analyzed for a suite of Nebraska (USA) natural lakes, reservoirs, sand pits, and barrow pits to evaluate the magnitude of climatic versus non-climatic influence on ionic concentration and composition. In both natural lakes and sand and barrow pits, conductivity is positively related to longitude and reflects decreasing effective moisture from east to west. Reservoirs showed no relationship between lake conductivity and location, probably because the reservoirs are very strongly influenced by groundwater and surface water inflow and have shorter residence times relative to the other lake types. At smaller spatial scales, conductivity among natural lakes is variable. Lakes that are at low elevation within a groundwater flow system were fresh, because of substantial input of fresh groundwater. In contrast, lakes at high elevation exhibited a wide range of conductivity, probably because of differences in the degree of connection to groundwater and surface to volume ratio impacts on evaporation rates. Differences also were evident among natural lakes in terms of their response to seasonal changes in precipitation. Sub-saline and saline lakes showed more seasonal variation in conductivity than freshwater lakes, and lakes in the more arid part of the state showed larger responses to precipitation change than those in areas to the east that receive higher precipitation.


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Revised Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations now includes additional 15 kHz for 60 Metre Band with the same power limits as earlier allocated spot frequencies.
RAC – In August 2017, the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED) issued "Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations". These proposed changes followed decisions made at the World Radiocommunications Conference in 2015 (WRC-15) that included a 15 kHz-wide allocation for the Amateur Service in the 60 metre band. The proposed revisions to the Table would retain the original five 5 MHz spot frequencies with 100 watts of effective radiated power, but restrict the new 15 kHz allocation to only 15 watts (eirp), the agreement at WRC-15 that accommodated concerns of a few countries over possible interference to their domestic communications. Decisions these days at World Radio Conferences require unanimous consent of all member nations.
Radio Amateurs of Canada noted in its response to the proposed changes that there had been no reports of interference from Amateur Radio operations on the existing five 60m spot frequencies following their use in Canada since 2014 and in the USA for even longer. Further, the rationale for allocating the spot frequencies had been based on the value of 60m for emergency communications and the low power limit adopted at the WRC would seriously limit this use. Other responses from the Radio Advisory Board of Canada (of which RAC is a member organization), the Ottawa Valley Mobile Radio Club, the Marconi Radio Club of Newfoundland and several individual Radio Amateurs also recommended 100 watts. The new allocation will be more effective and manageable for domestic SSB communications and consistent with the existing use of the band on the five spot frequencies now enjoyed by Canadian Amateurs. The responses can be read at: _URL_
We are happy to report that in their release of the Revised Table of Frequency Allocations (_URL_ issued on April 13, 2018, ISED has addressed the concerns of the Canadian Amateur Radio community. The Revised Table now allocates the band 5351. kHz5 – 5366.5 kHz (which overlaps one of the previous 60m spot frequencies) and the four previously allocated spot frequencies (5332, 5348, 5373 and 5405 kHz). The conditions for the use of the band and spot frequencies remain the same as those governing the spot frequencies previously: maximum effective radiated power of 100 watts PEP, 2.8 kHz emission bandwidth and permitted modes telephony, data, RTTY and CW. The Table notes that the Amateur 60m allocations are not in accordance with international frequency allocations and that Canadian Amateur operations shall not cause interference to fixed or mobile operations in Canada or other countries. As in the previous allocation of the spot frequencies, the Table notes that if interference occurs the Amateur Service may be required to cease operations. This is a standard condition of domestic allocations and as noted previously by RAC has not occurred during operation on the previously allocated and authorized spot frequencies.
Even though the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations now identifies this new 60 metre allocation for the Amateur Service, Canadian Amateurs must await authorization by ISED before using the new 15 kHz segment. Such authorization is normally effected via a revised issue of document RBR-4 – Standards for the Operation of Radio Stations in the Amateur Radio Service(_URL_ Radio Amateurs of Canada will be urging ISED to authorize the new 15 kHz segment as soon as possible.
Glenn MacDonell, VE3XRA
RAC President and Chair

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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What is a Reverse NDR Attack
The non-delivery report (NDR) is generated when an email message is not able to be sent to the next hop.
Spammers can use NDR as a method to generate spam towards victims by using the victim's email address as the sender. This is called a reverse NDR Attack.
Consider the following scenario:
 - Bob (the victim), has an email address
 - You run an email server that accepts messages for In addition, it accepts messages for valid as well as invalid users.
 - Jim (the attacker), wants to send a spam message to Bob. However, instead of sending it directly to Bob, he sends it through your email server. He does this to prevent his IP address from getting black listed.
 - Jim's composes an email with the following values for Sender and Recipient:
Since does not exist, your email server will generate an NDR. However, that NDR will get sent to Bob instead of Jim, because Jim forged the sender to be Bob instead of Jim.
Refer to the diagram below for more information:
Preventing such attacks in Xeams
There are two features in Xeams that will help against a reverse NDR attack.
 - Configure Xeams to reject invalid users. This is done by specifying a valid list of users or integrating with Active Directory.
 - Configure how NDRs are generated.
 Configuring NDRs
 After logging in as admin, go to Smtp Server Configuration and select the Advanced Tab. Following bullets describe two important configuration parameters.
 Include Original:
 This option configures whether to attach the original email message in the NDR. By default, this option is disabled. It is highly recommend to leave this option disabled to prevent spammed messages.
 Generate NDRs only for outbound emails:
 This option only allows NDRs to be generated for outbound emails. This prevents the reverse NDR attack where someone uses your email server to bounce back spam messages.
Created on: May 18, 2016
Last updated on: Jun 18, 2021
Your email address will not be published.


Antos Antler Dog Chew - Large
Antos Antlers are healthy chews for dogs. Antos antlers satisfy a dog's natural urge to chew, whilst also helping to strengthen and clean teeth.
Brand Antos
Manufacturer Antos
Species Dog
Out of stock
What are Antos Antler Dog Chews?
Antos Antlers satisfy a dog's natural urge to chew, whilst also helping to strengthen and clean teeth.
Antos antlers are a naturally grown chew so don't contain nylon like some long-lasting chews. They are not an 'empty' chew like rawhide and contain important minerals.
Even dogs who are losing weight can enjoy Antos antlers because they only contain a tiny amount of fat. Naturally, they don't contain additives or preservatives.
Antos antlers are sourced from naturally shed Red Deer and Fallow Deer antler, much of which is from Scottish highland herds.
Please Note:
Make sure your dog is gnawing on the antler chew and not trying to break it in half. Don't hold the antler chew for him as this may cause him to bear down on it. Leave it for him to work out how to enjoy it. Please don't leave Antos antler chew toys outside in the elements, where other creatures can get to them, to safeguard your dog's health.
Like any dog chew, the following is very important: To avoid a choking risk, take the Antos antler chew toys away from your dog once it gets worn down to a small enough size that your dog could easily swallow. Always supervise your dog when chewing the antos antler chew toy.
What are the benefits of using Antos Antler Dog Chews?
Naturally shed antler
Contain important minerals
Leaves no stains or mess
Helps with dental hygiene
No additives or preservatives
What is in Antos Antler dog chews?
100% Naturally shed deer antler
What size Antos Antler is best for my dog?
Just like with any chew, buying the right size for your dog is important. For example, whilst a toy dog could take on an extra large antler, it would serve no benefit at all and would be quite overwhelming for the dog. Likewise, a giant breed should not be given a small antler.
Size Guide:
Small (50 - 75g) - suitable for toy dogs
Medium (75 - 150g)- suitable for small to medium dogs
Large (150 - 220g) - suitable for medium to large dogs
Extra large (220 - 270g) - suitable for large to giant breeds or dogs with strong jaws
In the very unlikely event that your dog isn't interested in chewing the antler, try rubbing it with sandpaper or a nail file. If your dog still isn't interested in it, try smearing on a small amount of peanut butter or honey, or soaking it overnight in water in the refrigerator.
Remember, Antos antlers are incredibly long-lasting so you may find your dog leaves and goes back to the antler chew many times before it's finished.
Write Your Own Review


text:
System Properties is a section of Microsoft Windows for editing operating system settings, including hardware settings, connectivity, user profiles, security settings, and the computer name. The image below shows an example of how the system properties window looks in Windows 10.
How do I open System Properties?
- Press the Windows key + Pause/Break key on the keyboard. Or, right-click the This PC application (in Windows 10) or My Computer (previous versions of Windows), and select Properties.
- Under Control Panel Home, click one of the bottom three options.


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A person will be continually exposed to a low level of radiation throughout their life, this is perfectly normal and does not cause any health effects. Exposure to large amounts of radiation however can cause sterility, cataracts or even death.
Northumberland County Council may be required
to respond to a radioactive incident within the County of
Northumberland. The County Council Resilience Team has produced a
plan to ensure that robust and effective arrangements in place to
meet the requirements outlined in the Radiation Emergency
Preparedness and Public Information Regulations (REPPIR) 2001.
The Regulations place specific duties on the
County Council which include the dissemination of public advice in
conjunction with partner agencies.
REPPIR covers all of the key agencies involved
in responding to radiological emergencies, including the operators,
carriers and Local Authorities. The Regulation with most
importance to Local Authorities is Regulation 17.
The purpose of Regulation 17 is to ensure
members of the public actually affected by a radiation emergency
are informed promptly of the details and facts of the emergency,
and the measures to be taken to ensure their health and well being


text:
Radioisotope-Powered Voltaic Cells
Small Business Information
One Patriots Park, Bedford, MA, 01730
AbstractSpire's program will develop a high energy density, long life power source for space applications such as Brilliant Pebbles and Brilliant Eyes. The essential element of the proposed device consists of a radioisotope powered indium phosphide voltaic cell that can achieve an energy density over ten thousand times greater than that of chemical batteries. In past attempts to develop radioisotope powered voltaic cells, the power attained was severely limited by radiation damage to the silicon semiconductor material used in the cells. This limitation has been removed by the recently discovered radiation damage resistance and annealing properties of indium phosphide. High energy beta and alpha emitters can now achieve high power and long life, and the use of alpha emitters can eliminate external radiation. Spire's voltaic cells represent a power source for remote or inaccessible locations such as space, ocean depths, arctic or mountainous regions, as well as for implantable power sources for cardiac pacemakers, insulin pumps, and ventricular assist devices.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.


text:
At 8.4 x 12.4 micrometers, the world's smallest advent calendar was created in a lab late one night in Germany. The motivation for the work was that the researchers wanted to have "a nice picture of Christmas to put on our homepage."
"We waited until normal business was done for the day in the clean room," said PhD student Daniel Neumaier at the University of Regensburg, one of the three collaborators on the project. "Then we went in and did it. We were just having fun." He said the creation took about two hours.
On the randomly-numbered calendar, the doors for the first six days of December are open, revealing six different images, including Santa Claus, a bell, a snowman and a church. The smallest images on the calendar are the glass panes on the church windows, which measure about 20nm. At the bottom of the calendar, the researchers finished with a wish: "Merry Christmas wish from Nanonic" in German. It would take about 5 million of the calendars to fit on a postage stamp.
Nanonic is the start-up company founded by the three doctoral students, which supplied the computer program that guided an electron microscope in this project. Using the electron microscope, the scientists etched a semiconducting wafer coated with a material called "Poly(methyl methacrylate)" (PMMA). By breaking the bonds of the PMMA, they etched the lines and images on underlying semiconductor. Later they improved the contrast with an ion beam.
One of the collaborators, Dieter Weiss, thinks that the advent calendar is the smallest in the world, but explains that he doesn't know for sure. "I searched on Google and could find nothing smaller," he said.
The researchers admit that other labs around the world could create similar nano-scale images, which are used primarily for scientific research, and not art.
Via: Chemistry World


Answered
Store Old-New Relations Between Hidden Fields and Answers
 - 25 October 2022
 - 6 replies
 - 96 views
Hey y'all,

I'm using Typeform as a method for our users to update their personal information. Using hidden fields, I am able to display their current (old) information, then users can branch to questions where they can input (new) information, if it has changed. E.g.:
Q1: "Is still your mobile number: {hidden_field_mobile}?"
A1: "No."
Q2: "Please enter your current mobile number."
A2: [a short text input]
In essence, I want to create an old-new relationship between values stored in hidden fields and answers to questions related to the hidden fields.

We have an endpoint that parses the request sent by the webhook; there, using an association between answers and hidden fields, I would like to see the difference between the old and new inputs so we can display it to administrators of the system.
Here are my attempts at creating these associations:
 1. My initial idea was to set variables, with the same names as the hidden field, and assign to them the answer of select questions (within the Typeform), but I haven't found a way to do that. This would allow me to compare the values with identical keys across the "hidden" (old values) and "variables" (new values) objects in the webhook request.

 2. Alternatively, I thought of setting a variable (using the same naming scheme as above) to the question identifier when it is answered, then, through more parsing of the webhook request, I could create an association between the hidden field (old) value and the answer to a question (new) via this variable.

 3. The one solution I have that works (technically, albeit it is absolutely disgusting) is to set a variable (again, named like above) to a static string that's the same as the question name, to use as a pseudo-identifier (within the scope of the form). However, this makes the form much more difficult to maintain, and is a much weaker association.
Is there a precise way to associate hidden fields with answers?
Let me know if anything is unclear! Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Related information:
The guide found here (_URL_ says you can add to or divide by the answer of a question, but I wasn't able to in the Typeform I spun up. Is this a premium feature?
I found this forum post (_URL_ but it's interested in concatenating answers, and provides tools that can perform the concatenation.
There's also this fourm post (_URL_ about storing arbitrary meta-information, which is not possible.
icon
Best answer by john.desborough 26 October 2022, 18:20
View original
6 replies
Userlevel 7
Badge +5
Oofta! I'm not sure if this would be possible outside of what you've already tried, but @mathio or @john.desborough might have some insight for you.
Userlevel 7
Badge +6
@Liz @robertxisaac - what i have done for other clients is to use it as a confirmation entry rather than ask for any changes.
ie from the crm, attach all the fields i want to have them validate using the name/value structure like this: c_email={{subscriber.email}} and c_cellphone={{subscriber.cellphone}} - your crm may use different structures to append the values but this is an example.
i use the c_ nomenclature here to identify to me that these are the 'current' values
in the typeform i create the corresponding hidden variables as c_ as well.
in the questions: "In order to validate that we have the correct information on file, we ask you to input the current/correct values for the information we have about you"
 - Here is what we have for your current email address: @c_email
 - Please enter your email below to validate or correct the email we have on hand.
 - etc
that way all the fields - current and (potentially) updated - are entered and passed back to the next phase
unfortunately you will have to evaluations of the strings being passed back to you from Typeform and parse and update as necessary.. or just accept that the new data is the correct data to push into the crm record.
ain't perfect but …

des
@Liz@john.desborough - thanks for the replies!
Some further context I could have provided: the "CRM" I'm using is PHP, so I can do just about anything upon receiving the webhook request (except create arbitrary relations between strings, unfortunately).
We're following the "confirm or update" scheme you described @john.desborough, and you're right on: I'm able to parse through the objects for the hidden fields and answers. When you say you push the data into your CRM, how do you assign the answer from "Please enter your email below to validate or correct the email we have on hand" to "subscriber.email", and other answers to your other CRM variables? Or, is it a manual process you have to do yourself?
Another solution I implemented is to parse for questions with free-form text inputs (i.e., where their type is "long_text", "phonenumber", etc.), and pull answers related to those. However, it's still trying to guess what's important and definitely the weakest of the solutions I've attempted.

Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Userlevel 7
Badge +6
@robertxisaac with the native integrations to most CRM systems or by using Zapier or Make you can map your questions to fields in the target platform
if you are working with the APIs and Webhooks, you should review the developer materials if you haven't already..

Hey y'all,

It's been a year. Can anyone give a quick yes/no if a similar feature has been implemented? We'd like to use Typeform for our upcoming rollout, and the current implementation requires a ton of hand-holding.

Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Userlevel 7
Badge +5
Hi @robertxisaac great to see you back here, thanks for checking in!
As far as I'm aware, this hasn't made it into Typeform yet but I can check in with the product team to find out if there are any plans for updates around hidden fields for 2024 and let you know 😊
Reply


Controlled experiments: what do examiners mean? Grade 9 Understanding for IGCSE Biology
There are several specification points in the iGCSE syllabus that mention controlled experiments. For example in the recent work studied there are two:
 - describe how to carry out simple controlled experiments to illustrate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature
 - describe simple controlled experiments to investigate photosynthesis showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant, the production of starch and the requirements of light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll
So what exactly do they mean by a controlled experiment?
In an investigation you need to know what is meant by the independent variable and the dependent variable. To put it in the simplest terms, the independent variable is the thing you are altering; the dependent variable is the thing you are measuring.
In any experiment there will also be a range of other variables that might affect the dependent variable. For example in the first bullet point above, enzyme-catalysed reactions are not only affected by changes in temperature. They can be affected by pH, by the concentration of enzyme and by the concentration of substrate. A controlled experiment is one in which these other variables – now called control variables – are kept constant to ensure it is a fair test. So if you were devising an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on an enzyme reaction, make sure the pH is kept constant by using pH buffers and that the enzyme concentration and substrate concentration are exactly the same in every experimental set up.
It's as simple as that…….
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text:
The idea of predictive coding, namely that perception is the combination of sensory feedback and prior predictions of sensory outcomes, has only recently been applied to interoception. However, in 2012, Seth, Suzuky & Critchley introduced a theoretical model which applied predictive coding to agency and interoceptive states. We are currently engaged in empirically testing the model assumptions to determine whether it provides an accurate account of the construction of internal awareness.
Sense of Agency
Sense of agency is the feeling of being in control of one's actions. It is a subtle feeling that we do not consciously think about very often. However, it might be hugely important for engaging with the world in a self-determined way. For example, in psychological disorders such as schizophrenia people are not always able to tell if their actions are self-controlled. We are investigating what factors might determine our sense of agency, and how it can be assessed objectively.


text:
Definitions for merinoməˈri noʊ
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
me•ri•noməˈri noʊ(n.; adj.)(pl.)-nos
(n.)(often cap.) one of a breed of sheep, raised orig. in Spain, valued for their fine wool.
Category: Animal Husbandry
wool from such sheep.
a yarn or fabric made from this wool.
(adj.)made of merino wool, yarn, or cloth.
Origin of merino:
1775–85; < Sp < Ar (banū) marīn a Berber tribe known for raising this breed
merino, merino sheep(noun)
white sheep originating in Spain and producing a heavy fleece of exceptional quality
A breed of Spanish sheep that has long, fine hair
The wool of this sheep
The fabric made from this wool (or from any similar yarn)
A yarn made from a combination of wool and cotton in imitation of this wool
of or pertaining to a variety of sheep with very fine wool, originally bred in Spain
made of the wool of the merino sheep
a breed of sheep originally from Spain, noted for the fineness of its wool
a fine fabric of merino wool


text:
Abnormally Dangerous Activities
Abnormally Dangerous Activity:
An undertaking that cannot be performed safely even if reasonable care is used while performing it and for which the actor may face strict liability for any harm caused. The courts currently use a list of standards to determine whether or not an abnormally dangerous activity has been undertaken so that strict liability applies.
Ultra Hazardous Activity:
The definition is the same as that for abnormally dangerous activities. However, this is the old standard that the court used to determine strict liability.
The general rule is that if someone maintains an abnormally dangerous condition on his property or engages in an action that poses an unavoidable risk of harm to other people or property, that person may be liable for the harm caused under the theory of Strict Liability, even if he used reasonable care to prevent the harm.
Examples of this include making and using explosives, storing dangerous chemicals or fuel and other such things that have the potential to cause extensive damage if mishandled.
The question that different courts confront in cases like this is determining what an abnormally dangerous condition or activity is.
Under the original Common Law, strict liability was applied if an action was "ultra-hazardous" An activity was deemed "ultra-hazardous" if it necessarily involved a risk of serious harm to the person, land or property of another person that could not be eliminated by the exercise of even the utmost care. See Rylands v. Fletcher, L.R. 3 H.L. 330 (1868).
Today, the courts have eliminated the "ultra-hazardous" determination in favor of the presently used method of determining what an "abnormally dangerous activity" is. This involves looking at specific activities and analyzing them based on six factors in order to determine whether or not the activity is abnormally dangerous. Those six factors are:
(1) whether the activity involves a high degree of
risk or harm;
By including these six factors into its analysis, courts no longer look to an activity's inherent danger alone to determine whether or not strict liability attaches. Rather, context is considered as well. See Langan v. Valicopters, Inc., 567 P.2d 218.
We'll use this example to contrast the Common Law view with the modern view:
For reasons unclear to an investigator, a storage tank at the local gas station explodes. Before the six factors were used in analyzing strict liability, such an explosion might garner strict liability simply because storing gasoline was considered an ultra hazardous activity. However, by virtue of the six factors used in considering whether or not activities are abnormally dangerous, strict liability may not apply here. While it is clear that the storage of gasoline involves a high degree of risk, and that the gravity of that risk is high as well, it can also be argued that, given that this was a gas station, and thus, a professional seller of fuel, they knew how to eliminate or minimize risks so that the risk could be eliminated by the exercise of reasonable care. Further, it could be argued that the storage of the gasoline was a matter of common usage since hundreds of gas stations store gasoline and thousands of customers come and buy gasoline every day. It could also be argued that a gas station is an appropriate place to store gasoline and that the value of gasoline storage to the community is quite high. That being the case, storing the gasoline might not be considered an abnormally dangerous activity and strict liability might not attach in such an accident.
Extent of Strict Liability:
Once again, strict liability is imposed for the injuries suffered by the plaintiff himself or by his property, even if no one was at fault for the injuries. However, the duty to avoid causing harm is only owed to foreseeable plaintiffs. Further, the harm that the plaintiff suffers must come from a danger or risk that is foreseeable from the abnormally dangerous condition, activity or animal propensity.
In order for strict liability to attach, the defendant's activity must also be the actual and proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. Both actual cause and proximate cause in strict liability cases are determined using the same rules of actual and proximate cause in negligence cases.
Defenses to Strict Liability:
Usually, contributory negligence is not a defense to strict liability unless the plaintiff knew of the risks and his own actions were the very cause of his injuries. For example:
Leon lights a cigarette inside Jay Paul's oil refinery causing an explosion. Ordinarily Leon's lighting of the cigarette would not supply Jay Paul with a defense to strict liability. However, if Leon knew of the danger of lighting up the cigarette in an oil refinery, contributory negligence would be a defense because Leon knew of the danger and because Leon's own actions were the very cause of his injuries.
Courts that apply comparative negligence as a defense have reduced plaintiff's recovery in strict liability cases where plaintiff's own careless actions were partially to blame for his injuries.
Finally, assumption of risk is a valid defense to a strict liability case. Thus, the plaintiff may be barred from recovering under strict liability theory if he voluntarily undertakes an activity whose risks are known to him.
©2003 - 2016 National Paralegal College


text:
Sample Passion Fruit!
$25 - buys 30 seedlings passion fruit trees ready for planting!
The most commonly planted fruit trees in Omilling are pawpaw trees. But passion fruit and avocado trees can also produce good results. Different varieties produce their fruit at different times of the year. The fruit of early ripening trees tends not to keep well whereas later ripening varieties are suitable for storing over a long time.
A key factor getting a successful crop is the tree's rootstock. To ensure a productive tree, nurseries attach part of one tree to another recommended for growing fruit. This is called grafting, allowing you to benefit from the healthy rootstock of one tree and the tasty fruit of another.
The villagers are also aware of the potential size of the tree that will grow to and whether it's self-fertilizing. Self-fertile trees will produce fruit without the need for another tree to pollinate. They also know if the tree is not self-fertile it will need to be paired with another one.
The project has planted 60 passion fruits trees because it grows quicker and people see the outcomes in months. The project is planting to plant avocade, pawpaw, and more passion fruit trees.
Your gift will dramatically change the lives of poor families in Onura, by reducing the rate of waterborne disease, sparing women and children from the long trips to fetch water, and improving the general health of the people.


or modify the superbill prior to it being printed.
 8. Once you are satisfied with your changes, click the Save button.
Configure Text-Based Superbill
Follow the instructions below to create a text based superbill:
 1. Go to the Admin section.
 2. Click on the Configuration tab.
 3. Click on the Superbill sub-tab.
 4. Select Add.
 5. Enter your superbill name in the field.
 6. Select Superbill is text based.
 7. Drag and drop the fields into the appropriate column. To remove a value, simply select the value and click Clear Selected Value.
 - Check the Do not print CPT and ICD information on Superbill box if you only want to print the header of the superbill. Note: The body of the superbill will be blank.
 - Check the Do not include practice information in header box if you don't want the practice name, address, phone number and Tax ID# to be displayed.
 8. Once you are satisfied with your changes, click the Save button.
Configure CMD Default Superbill
Follow the instructions below to configure your CMD Default superbill:
 1. Go to the Admin section.
 2. Click on the Configuration tab.
 3. Click on the Superbill sub-tab.
 4. Select Add.
 5. Enter your superbill name in the field.
 6. Select Superbill is CMD default.
 - Check the Show patient balance without credits box to exclude patient account credits from the overall balance.
 - Check the Always use date generated in date field box to always use the date the superbill is printed within the "Date" field. Note: This is only applies to printing superbills from the Appointment Scheduler or Batch Printing tab.
 7. Once you are satisfied with your changes, click the Save button.
Find Superbill
Follow the instructions below to find a superbill:
 1. Go to the Admin section.
 2. Click on the Configuration tab.
 3. Click on the Superbill sub-tab.
 4. Select Find.
Edit Superbill
Follow the instructions below to edit a superbill:
 1. Go to the Admin section.
 2. Click on the Configuration tab.
 3. Click on the Superbill sub-tab.
 4. Select Find.
 5. Select the superbill you wish to edit.
 6. Once you are satisfied with your changes, click the Save button.


text:
You can use the search function in Taxi to search for projects, mailings and versions on your account. This saves time searching through pages of projects, mailings or versions. You can find the search function on the bottom left of your Taxi screen.
There are two things that we suggest to improve the search results:
1. There are advance search symbols:
'-' exclude documents that contain the term from the search results. The '-' operator only applies to individual terms.
For example, to exclude documents that contain the term email in the default search field, specify: '-email'. Searching for 'new -email' retrieves all documents that do not contain the term email, but do contain the term new.
'|' include documents that contain the term in the search results, even if they don't contain the other terms. The '|' operator only applies to individual terms.
For example, to include documents that contain either of two terms, specify: 'term1 |term2'. Searching for 'new email | campaign' includes documents that contain both 'new' and 'email', or the term 'campaign'.
'*' This matches results that contain the prefix followed by zero or more characters. You must specify at least one character as the prefix.
For example, to include documents that contain 'term1' or 'term2' or 'terminal', specify: 'term*'. Searching for 'term*' includes documents that contain any of the words that starts with 'term'.
2. Try to avoid using _ (underscore) in the names:
This will help the search results. Names should be divided by spaces, if you want to effectively search through all the emails.
Examples of using an underscore: MyPrettyEmail, My_Pretty_Email, My-Pretty-Email
Good example no underscore: My Pretty Email


text:
Undergraduate students commonly exhibit confusions and misunderstandings about fundamental topics in biology, even after instruction. In ecology, topics that require interpretation of mathematical equations or graphical representations, such as competition theory, are often particularly difficult for students. We have begun a multiphase study to identify areas of difficulty in ecology, and to assess new methods of addressing these problems. In the preliminary phase of this study, we developed a test to measure student recall and comprehension of terms and concepts associated with competition theory. We began with a set of questions modified from lecture exams and ecology textbooks. We held a series of semi-structured interviews with undergraduate biological science majors. The research subjects ranged in previous ecological instruction from introductory courses to upper-level ecology. We used subjects' written and verbal responses to the test and interview questions to identify areas of confusion, and modify the test questions.
Through our initial testing and interviews, we identified several trends in student confusion about competition theory. Regardless of previous training in ecology, students were rarely able to identify or describe common growth equations, and often had trouble interpreting graphical representations of population growth. Frequently, students incorrectly defined basic terms. Students with training in ecology did not always outperform introductory level students on conceptual understanding. The final 22-item test comprises open-ended and multiple-choice questions, and covers common terminology, basic concepts, as well as growth equations and graphs. We will use the final version of this test to document post-instructional confusions about competition theory, and to compare the effectiveness of traditional and interactive digital textbooks.


text:
ophysiological advantage of this response in preventing aspiration is obvious.
 There now follows an analysis and test results in greater detail that explain the advantageous use of the involuntary reflex cough test (iRCT) for investigating and diagnosing not only SUI, but also physiological abnormalities such as neurologic deficiencies. The nebulizer as described can be used in conjunction with testing. It should be understood that there are differences between normal and neurological patients.
 The EMG from the parineal muscles respond almost simultaneously to the onset of the voluntary cough because the patient does not want to leak. With the involuntary reflex cough test, on the other hand, the fast fibers that are set off reach the abdominal muscles quickly, such as in 17 milliseconds as an example. the patient is not able to set their pelvis. In some of the graphs reflecting urodynamic testing as will be described, it is evident that the onset of the EMG activity does not happen at the same time the pressure rises. Some people that have neuropathy, for example, spinal stenosis or nerve injury (even if it is mild), have a situation that prevents the reflexes from closing before the pressure has changed to push on the bladder. It is not possible to obtain this diagnostic tool methodology unless the involuntary cough reflex test is accomplished. When the involuntary reflex cough test is accomplished, it is possible to demonstrate a latency delay and show that the pathophysiology is a neuropathic problem rather than a structural problem. It is possible to separate the pathophysiology using the involuntary reflex cough test and methodology as described.
 In one example, a female patient could have a weak spinal cord and her physiology is normal. This patient may not leak during the test, but the patient cannot protect her airway. Thus, using the methodology apparatus and system associated with the involuntary reflex cough test, in accordance with non-limiting examples, it is possible not only to diagnose an unprotected airway, but also to diagnose normal bladder physiology, including the neurophysiology to the patient's sphincter closure process. This is advantageous because it is then possible to determine when someone cannot protect their airway, even though they may have a normal bladder. Conversely, there are patients with a normal airway, but cannot control their bladder. This process and system as described is able to make that diagnosis and thus the involuntary reflex cough test is an advantageous medical diagnostic tool. For example, it is possible to have a patient with a poorly functioning bladder and normal airway and use of the test allows a doctor to find lower urinary tract symptoms and neuropathology. It becomes possible to diagnose a level of lesion in a patient with a full comprehensive neurologic examination using the involuntary reflex cough test, methodology and apparatus as described.
 As will be described in detail later, the various components such as the nebulizer, one or more catheters, any pads for the paraspinal muscles when EMG is used, and drug as part of the nebulizer are inserted in a kit for use at the clinic, hospital or setting. Those components can be discarded after use. The handheld device, of course, will be used again. Use of the kit provides a clinician, doctor or other medical professional the readily available diagnostic tool to determine if a patient has a questionable airway and determine bladder physiology at the same time, all with the use of the one kit.
 A kit that is marketed for the iRCT diagnostic tool could include the nebulizer and its drug as TA in one example and one or more pads for the electrodes at the paraspinal and use with EMG. The pad may only be necessary for stress incontinence determinations. A catheter is included in another kit example for use in measuring airway and intra-abdominal pressure. In one non-limiting example, a pad can be placed on a catheter to determine urine leakage and aid in determining stress incontinence. Pressure data is sent to the handheld device in some examples. Obtaining any EMG values from the paraspinal in conjunction with the urology analysis is advantageous. It is possible in one example to measure pressure from a bladder catheter and determine at the same time EMG signals using the EMG electrodes at the L5/S1 in conjunction with the measured involuntary reflex cough test and urology catheter sensing. This is advantageous compared to placing electrodes at the perineal muscles on each side of the sphincter.
 It has been found that EMG signals obtained from the perineal muscles have EMG activity from the non-involuntary muscles, i.e., the voluntary muscles blacking out and making analysis difficult because of the signal interference. When the electrodes are placed at the back at the L5/S1 junction, on the other hand, there is nothing else but the paraspinal muscles.
 It is bone below on each side at the L5/S1 junction. The electrical impulses can be obtained that determine the number of cough impulses coming down through the patient. This is accomplished even if a person has much adipose. The electrode pad used at the L5/S1 junction, in one non-limiting example, typically has an active reference and ground. A pad holds this active reference and ground and the leads as the active reference and ground are plugged into the handheld device (or wireless sensing device in another example) and transmit data to the processor. At least one catheter is also plugged into the handheld device (or wireless sensing device) and measures bladder pressures. A rectal catheter can also be used in some examples. The processor receives EMG signals and determines when the cough event is over.
 The involuntary coughs are not hidden by interference when measured from the lower back at the paraspinals as described. This allows a clinician to determine coughs from the bladder when the EMG located at the L5/S1. In one aspect, the area under curve and the average pressure is determined for the cough event corresponding to the involuntary reflex cough test. When this involuntary component of the cough ends, in one example, it becomes silent EMG activity for a period of time. The pressures are at baseline for a period of time, which corresponds in one example to an inhalation. The involuntary component is over.
 Sometimes with the involuntary reflex cough test, the cough occurs six times without breathing, but when the patient stops to breathe, the event is over. Using the programming applied with the processor in the handheld device, it is possible to calculate the variables inside the wave as to the involuntary cough and determine airway protection capability.
 Thus, it is possible to determine and measure cough by defining through appropriate data processing the involuntary cough event compared to the whole cough epoch. For example, a patient could cough ten times, but only the first four are part of the involuntary cough event. The coughs after that event are not part of the epoch.
 The programming includes algorithm branches resulting in a conclusion of unsafe bladder based on the data analysis. It is possible to calculate from the waveforms information necessary for assessing airway protection ability. It should be understood that taking the EMG from the L5/S1 is also a better situation for the doctor or clinician, and the patient, since it is more acceptable in a hospital, outpatient or inpatient setting. The doctor or clinician does not have to bend down or stoop and look near the crotch area and place pads since the EMG can now be taken from the paraspinals. Also, the placement of pads and electrodes at the paraspinals is advantageous when patients are standing. If pads are placed at the perineal area, sweat and other problems could cause those pads to become loose and good signals may not be obtained. Also, it should be understood that the perineal muscles do not fire involuntarily. The sphincter may fire involuntarily, but that would create more noise as noted before. Electrodes are not placed at the vagina, but are placed at the paraspinal area instead.
 This information obtained from iRct and the EMG taken at the paraspinals allows the doctor or clinician to obtain data leading directly to a diagnosis. For example, some patients that have urinary stress incontinence may have a normal airway in this analysis. It has been found by experimentation that the normal airway is about 50 centimeters water average intra-abdominal pressure. It should be understood that the vesicular pressure (bladder pressure) can track intra-abdominal pressure and terms are often similar and used together. "Bladder" or intravesicular pressure is often used to determine and equate with intra-abdominal pressure. The two are sometimes used interchangeably. Stress urinary incontinence and/or bladder physiology can be diagnosed. The system and method as described leads directly to diagnosis. Fifty centimeters average intra-abdominal pressure over time has been found to correspond to an involuntary reflex cough test normal airway. Thus, the standard deviations or other percentages from that value are used in one non-limiting example to determine an abnormal airway. In a conducted study, the actual value is determined to be about 50.6 centimeters water as compared to voluntary cough values of about 48 centimeters of water. In an outpatient setting, it is possible to have the nebulizer (and drug) and only a pad and test SUI. In hospitalized patients or inpatient settings, this combination is used to measure airway and bladder physiology and the test combination includes a catheter.
 It should be understood that the involuntary cough reflex test (iRCT) gives a higher pressure average than obtained using a voluntary cough test. The involuntary cough reflex test is thus a valuable medical diagnostic tool. In one example, four variables are significant in this analysis. These variables include: (1) duration of the event; (2) average intra-abdominal pressure of


The duality between the organisation's preferences and the different innovation frameworks
The aim of this article is to reveal what organising of innovation and growth can be enabled in small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) networks. This is especially interesting for the governance of loosely coupled networks. The research is conducted in the Danish food industry with three food-producing firm networks. The posed hypotheses are tested in a structural equation modelling (SEM) approach with the available data of 60 SMEs.
The findings show that the governance of preferred behaviours of SMEs has a considerable significant positive impact on product and systematic innovation, which have a significant impact on growth. Governance of network connections is also found to have a significant positive impact on growth. The findings contribute to an understanding of how both governance of preferred SME behaviour and network connections enable innovation. This study provides SMEs, SME network organisations and policy bodies with an enhanced understanding of governance approaches.
Keywords: Innovation; SMEs; network; preferred behaviour; governanc
Fins the article right here
Tel: +45 74632660


text:
The Soushen Houji: Latter Notes on Collected Spirit Phenomena Attributed to Tao Yuanming: (365-427) (Paperback)
Special Order - Arrival Times Vary
The Sōushen houji 搜神後記 (Latter Notes on Collected Spirit Phenomena), attributed to the celebrated poet Tao Qian 陶潛 (365-427), is a compilation of anecdotes and stories known as zhiguai 志怪 ('records of the anomalous') that document strange and unusual phenomena the author observed in his lifetime. Intended to serve as a sequel to Gān Bǎo's 干寳 (d. 336) Sōushenji 搜神記 (Collected Spirit Phenomena), the original text was lost but was reconstructed in the late Ming dynasty. This volume presents an annotated translation of the entire Ming version of the Sōushen houji as well as of an additional set of surviving stories that were identified and restored to the text by the modern scholar Lǐ Jianguo 李劍國. The book also includes a history of the Sōushen houji text, an examination of its linguistic style and characteristics, a discussion of the historical nature of its contents and how it fits into the zhiguai genre, providing a window onto medieval Chinese society and culture, and a brief overview of recent zhiguai scholarship to guide readers who hope to continue their exploration of the genre.


Memory Alpha
Riemannian geometry
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Riemannian geometry is a branch of mathematics, first defined by Bernhard Riemann in the nineteenth century, which gives a way of describing the geometry of multidimensional objects. It was used by Einstein to describe the geometry of space-time; his Theory of General Relativity would have been impossible without it. (TNG: "The Nth Degree")
Wesley Crusher studied a Riemannian tensor field in Ten Forward in 2366. (TNG: "The Vengeance Factor")
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Signal Asset, which it visually represents visually with a marker on the Timeline.
 5. Signal Receiver: A component with a list of reactions linked to a Signal Asset.
 6. Signal Asset: The association between a Signal Emitter and a Signal Receiver.
This puzzle has a lot of pieces, but don't worry, they all fit together quite easily.
Prepping Assets
Create an empty GameObject called Timeline. The Hierarchy should now look like this:
Final Scene Hierarchy
Navigate to Window ▸ Sequencing ▸ Timeline to add an empty Timeline Window to the Editor workspace. Dock this tab to the bottom so you can easily see it and the Game view at the same time. The editor layout should now look like this:
Hierarchy with the Game view in a large panel and the Timeline window below
With the Timeline GameObject selected in the Hierarchy, click the Create button in the Timeline Window. This starts the process of creating and setting up the Timeline Asset.
When prompted, save a new Timeline Asset to the Timeline folder and name it JokeTimeline. This step automatically adds a Playable Director component to the Timeline GameObject and assigns the newly-created JokeTimeline asset as the Playable.
Finally, toggle Play On Awake to True in the Inspector.
Now that all the pieces are in place, it's time to connect them.
Activating GameObjects
Timeline can control many things, but one of its simplest uses is to enable and disable GameObjects.
First, select the Timeline GameObject in the Hierarchy and make sure the Timeline Window is visible. Then, drag the Comedian GameObject to the left panel of the Timeline Window.
At this point, you'll see a prompt for the type of track you want. Choose Add Activation Track. This populates a clip in the Timeline and associates the Comedian GameObject with that clip.
When the Timeline Marker is over the clip, the Comedian is active; when the marker is not over the clip, the Comedian is inactive.
You can change the duration of the clip and move it anywhere you like on the Timeline. You can view the Timeline either in seconds or frames.
Click the Gear icon in the Timeline Window to set your preference to Seconds. For the Comedian clip, start the clip at 0:00 and stretch it to 20:00.
Do this again for the JokeWindow GameObject. Drag it to the Timeline Window to create an Activation Clip. Start the clip at 2:00 and stretch it to 18:00. This makes the JokeWindow appear after the Comedian and disappear before the Comedian.
In the Game View, make sure you haven't selected Maximize On Play so you can see both the Game View and the Timeline Window simultaneously.
Click Play and watch the sequence play both in the Game View and the Timeline Window. In Edit Mode, scroll the mouse wheel while over the Timeline Window to see more or less of the overall Timeline. Then, scrub the Timeline Marker back and forth to watch the clips activate and deactivate their associated GameObjects.
GameObjects appearing and disappearing as you scrub the Timeline
Sending Signals
Timeline tells GameObjects what to do using Signals. Signals consist of three parts: the Signal Emitter, the Signal Receiver, and the Signal Asset. The Signal Emitters are placed on the Timeline and Signal Receivers are placed on GameObjects in the scene that you want to control. During playback, whenever Timeline passes a Signal Emitter, it sends the Signal Asset to the Signal Receiver.
Before writing code to send or receive a signal, it's best to define the elements that should be in the signal. There are many things you can include, but for this app, you'll pass four pieces of data with the signal.
To help manage that data, return to the Typewriter script and, at the very bottom, add a simple class with the following code:
public class Dialog
 public string Quote;
 public float PausePerLetter;
 public bool NewPage;
 public bool NewLine;
With this code, you're declaring four variables:
 1. Quote: The text that you'll send — in this case, the joke itself.
 2. PausePerLetter: Controls the speed of the text reveal.
 3. NewPage: Tells the Typewriter whether or not to start a new page.
 4. NewLine: Instructs the Typewriter whether or not to start a new line.
Now that you've created a form for the signal, create a new script called JokeMarker to send it. Add these declarations to the script, above the class declaration:
using UnityEngine.Playables;
using UnityEngine.Timeline;
These are necessary to access the Timeline API.
Instead of the usual Monobehaviour, this script needs to derive from Marker and implement INotification. So replace the default class definition with:
public class JokeMarker : Marker, INotification
You need to send four pieces of information in the signal, which can be private and visible in the Inspector via the SerializeField attribute:
 private string quote = "";
 private float pausePerLetter = 0.1f;
 private bool startNewPage;
 private bool startNewLine;
Here, you declare:
 1. quote and set it to be empty.
 2. pausePerLetter and set it to 0.1f.
 3. startNewPage, which defaults to false.
 4. startNewLine, which also defaults to false.
Next, add the following code, which uses the variables you just declared:
 public string Quote => quote;
 public float PausePerLetter => pausePerLetter;
 public bool StartNewPage => startNewPage;
 public bool StartNewLine => startNewLine;
This exposes read-only access for your four private variables. Using [SerializeField], private and read-only properties together is a good safety pattern. It ensures that other parts of your code can't randomly change the values you set in the Inspector.
Finally, implement the INotification interface by adding the following line:
 public PropertyName id => new PropertyName();
This is a necessary identifier for notifications. As your use of notifications grows, you can use this id to identify notification channels or even individual notifications.
Save the script and return to the editor.
Now that you've created the JokeMarker, you need to create a script that listens for it. You'll do that next.
Receiving Signals
Create JokeReceiver and add the Playables declaration to the script, above the class declaration:
using UnityEngine.Playables;
In addition to being a MonoBehaviour, this class also needs to implement INotificationReceiver, like so:
public class JokeReceiver : MonoBehaviour, INotificationReceiver
Now, create a reference to the Typewriter in the scene:
private Typewriter dialogAnimator;
Since the JokeReceiver passes the content of the message to the Typewriter, you need to create a stub function in the Typewriter script to process that message. To do this, switch to the Typewriter script and add:
public void AddDialog(Dialog message)
You'll populate this function later in the tutorial, but it's helpful to have the stub in place before finishing the JokeReceiver script.
Return to the JokeReceiver script and implement the INotificationReceiver interface with the following code:
public void OnNotify(Playable origin, INotification notification, object context)
 if (notification is JokeMarker dialog && dialogAnimator!= null)
 var newdialog = new Dialog
 Quote = dialog.Quote,
 PausePerLetter = dialog.PausePerLetter,
 NewPage = dialog.StartNewPage,
 NewLine = dialog.StartNewLine
Here, you:
 1. Implement OnNotify with the necessary parameters.
 2. Check to make sure the notification is the correct type and not null.
 3. Create a temporary variable newdialog to store the content of the notification.
 4. Assign the corresponding elements of the notification to the newdialog.
 5. Forward newdialog to the stub function in the Typewriter.
Save the script and return to the editor. Attach the JokeReceiver script to the JokeText GameObject, then assign the Typewriter component on the same GameObject to the Dialog Animator slot in the Inspector for the Joke Receiver component.
As the message moves from the JokeMarker to the Typewriter, the final step is for the Typewriter to do something with the message.
Reacting to Signals
Return to the Typewriter script and fill out the AddDialog stub function:
public void AddDialog(Dialog message)
 timePerCharacter = message.PausePerLetter;
 //clear and start new
 if (message.NewPage)
 textBox.maxVisibleCharacters = 0;
 textBox.text = message.Quote;
 //append to existing
 int currentLetterIndex = textBox.maxVisibleCharacters;
 if (message.NewLine)
 textBox.text = string.Concat(textBox.text, "\n", message.Quote);
 textBox.text = string.Concat(textBox.text, " ", message.Quote);
With this code, you:
 1. Update timePerCharacter with the value in the message.
 2. Start a new page, if the message requests it.
 3. If not, add the content of the message to the existing page.
 4. Capture the current index of what's already been revealed.
 5. Start a new line, if the message requests it. If not, add the content of the message to the existing line.
 6. Begin revealing letters, starting at the index provided.
Save the script and return to the editor.
With the Timeline infrastructure in place, you no longer need the test OnEnable in the Typewriter script. Delete it or comment it out so JokeReceiver


text:
Growing up on a dairy farm in northern Wisconsin shaped Jill Lucht's passion for sustainable agriculture. At CALS, she took advantage of opportunities to study and work with people from all around the world, traveling to Trinidad twice through UW programs. After obtaining her master's degree from the University of Missouri, Lucht took a position there as a policy analyst on agricultural, food and rural policy, developing her ability to communicate between researchers, technical data analysts and the general public. In her current position with the University of Missouri's Center for Health Policy, Lucht directs a project that utilizes Missouri's Medicaid claims data to evaluate health care innovations and population health for the state and the academic research community. The data are used for everything from helping children and their families better manage asthma to evaluating the use of telemedicine in rural Missouri.
College of Agricultural & Life Sciences


text:
Increasing IA effectiveness by green procurement
2010 (English)In: IAIA10 Conference Proceedings 'The Role of Impact Assessment in Transitioning to the Green Economy', 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
The aim of this paper is to contribute towards the knowledge of increasing environmental performance of the construction industry by focusing on strengthening the links between project planning and project implementation. The paper identifies the possibilities for and the challenges involved in developing an interlinked process for Environmental Impact Assessmentand Green procurement. In order to enhance the environmental performace of the construction industry, demands have been raised to reduce the environmental impacts during all stages of planning and construction process. Application of green procurement is one way to take environmental issues into consideration. However, planning for green procurement at the stage of environmental impact assessment is still not evident in the construction sector.Since EIA is a legal requirement for almost all construction projects, the improved coordination between EIA and green procurement could strengthen the linkage between planning and construction phases.The possibilities and challenges for this coordination have been identified by focusing on the theory of integration of EIAwith planning.The consideration of EIA as a planning tool and integratingprinciples ofEIA within the design process of projects could provide space for the introduction of green procurement into EIA. Future researchshould focus on theanalysis ofthedimensions of institutionalization and the factors that influence the policy integration; link between activities and environmental aspects; and on developing a model for integratingEIA and green procurement.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139331OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-139331DiVA: diva2:685259
30th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-11 April 2010
QC 201502102014-01-092014-01-092015-02-10Bibliographically approved


Από Minecraft Wiki
Μετάβαση σε: πλοήγηση, αναζήτηση
The Creative inventory is filled with a wide variety of items.
Items are objects which only exist within the player's inventory and hands - which means, they cannot be directly placed in the game world.
Behavior[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Some items, when used, place a block or entity version of themselves into the game world. Put simply, they are an item when in the inventory, and a block when placed. For example, boats turn into an entity when placed, and beds turn into a group of blocks when placed. When selected in the hotbar, items briefly display their names above the HUD.
The only method by which items can be properly displayed within the game environment is with the use of item frames.
Items use item IDs, whereas blocks use block IDs.
List of items[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Raw materials[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Raw materials are used for crafting, brewing, and smelting other items and blocks.
Manufactured[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Some items are manufactured through most of the raw materials listed above.
Nether Brick (item)
Potions[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Potions inflict status effects on players and mobs.
Food[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Food items are used to feed the player in order to get hunger points and saturation. Some food items may inflict status effects on the player, be they positive or negative. Food items can also be used to restore the health of tameable mobs (including horses and wolves), and to make passive mobs (including pigs and cows) breed.
Plants[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Most plants can be planted, grown, and harvested for food. The growth of plants can be accelerated with bone meal.
Dyes[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Dyes are a set of 16 items used to change the color of wool, leather armor, hardened clay, certain mobs, banners and glass.
Tools[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Tools are utilized for a variety of purposes, mainly to help players harvest food and minerals.
Informative[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
These tools help players navigate and understand the world around them.
Weapons[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Weapons are mostly used to do damage and/or hinder mobs (and other players).
Armor[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Armor is used to reduce the amount of damage received from mobs, players, and the environment. Armor enchantments help to reduce damage even further.
Chain Helmet Chain Chestplate Chain Leggings Chain Boots
Vehicles[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Vehicles allow players, mobs, and even some blocks to move in a much more efficient fashion.
Utility[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Utility items are used for a wide variety of specific purposes that are helpful to the player.
Decoration[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Decorations are used only for aesthetic purposes.
11 Disc13 Discblocks Disccat Discchirp Discfar Discmall Discmellohi Discstal Discstrad Discwait Discward Disc
Creative only[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
These items can only be accessed within the Creative mode inventory.
Commands only[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
These items can only be accessed with the use of commands, such as /give.
Video[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
History[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
December 31, 2009Added the inventory, and with it, the first "non-tile" items.
Notch was hard at work making items and the inventory fully functional.[1][2]
January 11, 2010Added the first functioning items: iron shovel, iron pickaxe, iron axe, and flint and steel.
Because the crafting system did not exist at this point, these items were automatically added to the inventory after creating a new world.[3]
Apples were added, but they currently serve no function.
January 22, 2010Can now place blocks on resource items
Dropped items now experience gravity.
January 24, 2010Can now drop a whole stack of items instead of just one at a time.
January 29, 2010Added crafting.
Right-clicking drops one of a stack.
Added the following items: diamonds (originally emeralds), iron ingots, gold ingots, sticks, bowls, mushrooms, mushroom stew, bows, signs, pickaxes, swords, shovels, and axes (iron, diamond, and golden).
January 30, 2010Crafting improved - now 36 recipes.
Official release
1.312w15aStackable items now stack outside inventory when thrown to the ground individually.
1.814w25aAll items are now models, some are still generated from item icons.
Resource packs can make models for all items.
Issues[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
Issues relating to "Item" are maintained on the issue tracker. Report issues there.
See also[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]
References[επεξεργασία | επεξεργασία κώδικα]


text:
Cacaban dam is located at Tegal district Central Java Province. The dam is the strategic asset that play a crucial role in providing water for supplying water irrigation (to irrigate 7439 ha of land), flood control and fisheries. Total area of the upper watershed of Cacaban dam is 60.66 km2. Storage capacity of the dam is 90 million m3.
The current condition, land degradation in the upper area of the dam has increased. The degradation caused by excessive farming activity. Sedimentation flowing from the upper watershed to the dam has increased significantly. It implies water storage capacity of the dam become decreasing. In the same time, water demand for irrigating land is getting high especially in the second planting date (PD-2) where the season is moving from the wet season to the dry season and in the third planting date (PD-3) in dry season.
Using high variety of rice by the farmers with shorter age and higher water consumptive use comparing the usual variety of rice gives contribution in increasing water demand of irrigation. Therefore, recalculation of water balance of the Cacaban dam irrigation system is needed.
Hydrologic analysis was used to recalculate water balance at Cacaban dam as base to make a good rule in water resources management. The result shown that cumulative discharge is 60 million m3. Design water storage capacity of the dams is 90 million m3. It is clear that the actual water storage capacity is less than the designed capacity. This fact proved that the water flowing to the dam never been reached overflow through spillway since the dam was constructed in 1958.
There are two period of deficit of water (-) from the second week of October (Oct II) to second week of December (Dec II) and from the first week of March (Mar I) to second week of July (Jul II). Surplus (+) of water happens from the first week of December to the first week of March. Recalculating of the water balance was also conducted for other three Groups. The results also gave that water availability at the dam still not enough to supply water for irrigating total common service area of Cacaban dam system. It is recommended to increase water supply using inter watershed management.
Sukirno and Sahid Susanto. Application of Simple Hydrologic Model for Recalculating Water Balance of Cacaban Dam Irrigation System. Proceeding of International Symposium on Dams in Global Environmental Challenges, ICOLD, Bali 2014.


text:
Aircon Servicing in Boon Lay
Boon lay – an epic neighborhood of Jurong West
There is some the neighborhood in Singapore and boon lay is the famous one. Jurong West town consist boon lay. It has roughly corresponded border to the subzone of URA. Besides this, many people confused boon lay with boon lay planning area. This planning area is situated in the South of this neighborhood.
Chew Boon Lay was a famous businessman, and he inspires the name of this subzone. From the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, he owned most of the land of this neighborhood. But later on, it was captured by the colonial government and later on used by them war department. Previously it was a village, and in the year 1940, it had a population of 420. In 1969, boon lay began to develop and after that various building, and GBF flats were built in 1974. Also, West Coast GRC had divided, and this subzone is the part of that divisions.
About neighboring areas
Taking about its neighboring areas then they are seven in numbers. These following neighbors surround Boon Lay:
- Hong Kah
- Kian Teck
- Chin Bee
- Taman Jurong
There are very few estates which are built by the private sector. Otherwise, government officials made rest of the buildings. Here are the streets of boon lay:
- Avenue of Boon Lay
- Boon Lay place and,
- Boon Lay Drive
About transportation facilities
Taking the main roads of boon lay then here are their names:
- Boon lay way
- Jurong West and corporation road connects different islands around this neighborhood. Besides this, the island is linked to PIE.
Public transport of this precinct let its citizens travel comfortably. Here are the transportation options available here:
- Night bus service: This bus service is meant for those who want to travel at night i.e. during non-operational hours. There are two buses for this purpose named NR5 and 5N. SMRT operates the first one, and SBS transits operate the second one.
- Interstate bus services: This will offer services to their passengers who want to travel from one state to another. One can, but its tickets from the shopping center of Boon Lay.
- Besides this, this precinct is even connected to MRT and areas like Joo Koon, Hong Kah, Nanyang, etc.
There is only three schools in this precinct i.e. Boon Lay Garden( primary school), Secondary school of boon lay and River Valley i.e. high school.
Population of Boon Lay
Taking about the subzone population then it is 31,000, and in the planning areas, it is around 30, and it is increased from the past years.
This neighborhood contains two churches, and there is only one temple here. Besides this, they all are situated at the center of the town. There is also a shopping center here, and HBD managed it.
What boon lay is now a developed precinct plus it is upgraded by the HBD officials time to time. It also has a community center.


text:
China released a five-year plan last week, upgrading its food safety regulations, Food Safety News reports.
The new plan, developed by the country's Ministry of Health, sets out to update existing standards, write new ones, and in general close loopholes and abolish ambiguities.
The framework was announced on the heels of China's Food Safety Week.
Despite the spate of China food scandals in recent years, the country has more than 2,000 national food regulations and more than 2,900 industry-based regulations.
"Many of the regulations are overlapping or contradict each other, since multiple government agencies were given the responsibility of compiling their own standards years ago," said the government in a statement.
The plan calls for coordination between 14 different government departments, including the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Agriculture, to complete reviewing and revamping the existing standards by 2015.
"The government will prioritize safety standards for dairy products, infant food, meat, alcohol, vegetable oil, seasoning, health products and food additives so as to specify limits for dangerous ingredients in these foods," according to the release.
"Moreover, the government will make special efforts to set standards for testing various contaminants, food additives, microorganisms, pesticide and animal drug residue in food production by 2015."
Source: Food Safety News
Source: Argentine Beef Packers S.A.
Back to News Headlines


text:
Analysis of Ireland's Bubble Tied to Land-use Planning
Ireland passed its first major piece of land-use planning legislation in 1963, modelled on the UK's Town and Country Planning Act of 1947. The intentions were laudable, to restrict the construction of unwelcome developments and to empower local authorities to take a more active role in shaping the built environment. There was no desire to screw up the residential housing market, but that is eventually what happened.
The Law of Unintended Consequences, began to impact from the mid-Seventies onwards as house prices in Dublin began to diverge from the national average. It now seems so natural that houses in Dublin should cost more than comparable dwellings elsewhere in the country that few people realise that, up to about 1975, there was little or no premium on house prices in the Dublin suburbs relative to provincial towns and cities.
Read more in The Independent


Limitations and Known Issues within MariaDB MaxScale
Limitations and Known Issues within MariaDB MaxScale
This document lists known issues and limitations in MariaDB MaxScale and its plugins. Since limitations are related to specific plugins, this document is divided into several sections.
Configuration limitations
In versions 2.1.2 and earlier, the configuration files are limited to 1024 characters per line. This limitation was increased to 16384 characters in MaxScale 2.1.3. MaxScale 2.3.0 increased this limit to _PHONE_ characters.
In versions 2.2.12 and earlier, the section names in the configuration files were limited to 49 characters. This limitation was increased to 1023 characters in MaxScale 2.2.13.
Multiple MaxScales on same server
Starting with MaxScale 2.4.0, on systems with Linux kernels 3.9 or newer due to the addition of SO_REUSEPORT support, it is possible for multiple MaxScale instances to listen on the same network port if the directories used by both instances are completely separate and there are no conflicts which can cause unexpected splitting of connections. This will only happen if users explicitly tell MaxScale to ignore the default directories and will not happen in normal use.
Security limitiations
MariaDB 10.2
The parser of MaxScale correctly parses WITH statements, but fails to collect columns, functions and tables used in the SELECT defining the WITH clause.
Consequently, the database firewall will not block WITH statements where the SELECT of the WITH clause refers to forbidden columns.
Query Classification
Follow the MXS-1350 Jira issue to track the progress on this limitation.
XA transactions are not detected as transactions by MaxScale. This means that all XA commands will be treated as unknown commands and will be treated as operations that potentially modify the database (in the case of readwritesplit, the statements are routed to the master).
MaxScale will not track the XA transaction state which means that any SELECT queries done inside an XA transaction can be routed to servers that are not part of the XA transaction.
This limitation can be avoided on the client side by disabling autocommit before any XA transactions are done. The following example shows how a simple XA transaction is done via MaxScale by disabling autocommit for the duration of the XA transaction.
SET autocommit=0;
SET autocommit=1;
Prepared Statements
For its proper functioning, MaxScale needs in general to be aware of the transaction state and autocommit mode. In order to be that, MaxScale parses statements going through it.
However, if a transaction is commited or rolled back, or the autocommit mode is changed using a prepared statement, MaxScale will miss that and its internal state will be incorrect, until the transaction state or autocommit mode is changed using an explicit statement.
For instance, after the following sequence of commands, MaxScale will still think autocommit is on:
set autocommit=1
PREPARE hide_autocommit FROM "set autocommit=0"
EXECUTE hide_autocommit
To ensure that MaxScale functions properly, do not commit or rollback a transaction or change the autocommit mode using a prepared statement.
Protocol limitations
Limitations with MySQL/MariaDB Protocol support (MariaDBClient)
 - Compression is not included in the server handshake.
 - MariaDB MaxScale does not support KILL QUERY ID type statements. If a query by a query ID is to be killed, it needs to be done directly on the backend databases.
 - The KILL commands are executed asynchronously and the results are ignored. Due to this, they will always appear to succeed even if the user is lacking the permissions.
Authenticator limitations
Limitations in the GSSAPI authenticator
Currently, MariaDB MaxScale only supports GSSAPI authentication when the backend connections use GSSAPI authentication. Client side GSSAPI authentication with a different backend authentication module is not supported.
Limitations in the MySQL authenticator (MySQLAuth)
 - MySQL old style passwords are not supported. MySQL versions 4.1 and newer use a new authentication protocol which does not support pre-4.1 style passwords.
 - When users have different passwords based on the host from which they connect MariaDB MaxScale is unable to determine which password it should use to connect to the backend database. This results in failed connections and unusable usernames in MariaDB MaxScale.
 - Only a subset of netmasks are supported for the Host-column in the mysql.user-table (and related tables). Specifically, if the Host is of the form base_ip/netmask, then the netmask must only contain the numbers 0 or 255. For example, a netmask of is fine while is not.
Filter limitations
Database Firewall limitations (dbfwfilter)
The Database Firewall filter does not support multi-statements. Using them will result in an error being sent to the client.
Tee filter limitations (tee)
The Tee filter does not support binary protocol prepared statements. The execution of a prepared statements through a service that uses the tee filter is not guaranteed to succeed on the service where the filter branches to as it does on the original service.
This possibility exists due to the fact that the binary protocol prepared statements are identified by a server-generated ID. The ID sent to the client from the main service is not guaranteed to be the same that is sent by the branch service.
Monitor limitations
A server can only be monitored by one monitor. Two or more monitors monitoring the same server is considered an error.
Limitations with Galera Cluster Monitoring (galeramon)
The default master selection is based only on MIN(wsrep_local_index). This can be influenced with the server priority mechanic described in the Galera Monitor manual.
Router limitations
Refer to individual router documentation for a list of their limitations.
Comments loading...


illary pressure generated from the fluid-air interface. This rise is slowed by gravity, however, the liquid will approach an equilibrium height that can be determined by the tube radius and liquid contact angle. A significantly more complicated problem involves the capillary rise of a liquid between two plates making a small angle, a setup illustrated in Fig. 52. The small angle made by the plates means that the curvature along the plate width ( x -direction) increases, decreasing the capillary pressure jump and therefore changing the equilibrium height of the interface. This problem was recently studied by Higuera et al. [Higuera2008], who observed the interface profile over time in experiments and then compared those results to their asymptotic theory.
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Figure 53: Plot of the velocity vectors at t = 700s in a simulation of liquid rise between plates. Liquid is a silicone oil, with fluid and geometrical parameters identical to the experiments in Ref. [Higuera2008].
This problem provides a challenging verification of our computational model as it incorporates most of the features we have implemented, including gravitational forces, curvature calculation, and interface tracking. Additionally, the gradient in curvature along the interface at early times induces a very strong shearing flow tangential to the interface, shown in Fig. 53, which requires heightened grid resolution and small time steps to resolve. For our calculations, we use a rectangular mesh with dimensions and orientation consistent with the experiments in Ref. [Higuera2008]. The mesh is oriented in the x − z plane, and gravity acts in the − z direction. The top ( z = 20cm ) and bottom ( z = 0cm ) boundaries are kept at atmospheric pressure, while no-flow conditions are applied on the vertical boundaries. The domain is resolved with a 300 × 300 element mesh and the level-set field is initialized with the interface at z = 0.5cm .
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Figure 54: Direct comparison of interface profiles at six time points from computation (solid lines), compared with experiments (data points) [Higuera2008]. Fluid and geometrical parameters are identical to the experiments in Ref. [Higuera2008].
Fig. 54 shows a comparison between our calculations and experiments [Higuera2008]. The calculations, shown as the solid line, show good qualitative agreement with the experimental results, yielding consistent interface shapes at each of the time steps shown. At very early times, shown in Fig. 54, the interface profile is matched nearly perfectly, yet the calculated solution is higher than seen in the experiments. This disparity may arise because our simulations cannot start with the interface exactly at H = 0 , as there would be no fluid in the plates. Additionally, measurement error may exist in the experiments due to the small length scales, possible unknown plate depth, or dynamics of the pool interface. Other discrepancies occur near the left side of the domain, where in the experiments the plate spacing goes to zero. As we cannot achieve that in our simulations, we set a minimum plate spacing of h = 0.005cm . Despite these few quantitative discrepancies, we believe that our model accurately captures the interface
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shapes and dynamics observed in experiments, and at long time scales, our model would reach the steady-state configuration. 3.2.2.4.6 Journal bearing
Figure 55: Illustration of a journal bearing. The mean film thickness is C = ( Ro − Ri ) / 2 and the eccentricity is
ε =|| Oo − Oi || /C .
Journal bearings are a type of fluid bearing used widely in industry to lubricate and support a spinning shaft. A simple journal bearing is illustrated in Fig. 55. The outer bushing supports the load of the shaft due to the lubrication forces generated by the relative rotation. Wada and coworkers [Wada1971] investigated the pressure distribution in journal bearings over four decades ago, and we will use this problem to validate our implementation of lubrication hydrodynamics on curvilinear shell elements into our general finite-element code.
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Figure 56: Journal bearing mesh, n = 48 .
In order to simulate this bearing, a cylindrical solid is generated and a region of shell elements is meshed along the circumference, as shown in Fig. 56. These elements conform to the inner cylinder of the journal bearing. The varying thickness of the lubrication gap, illustrated in Fig. 55, is given as an analytical function as a function of the cylindrical angle, θ , by
h(θ ) = C (1 + ε cos(θ )),
(49)
where C is the mean lubrication film thickness and ε is the eccentricity. This lubrication thickness is applied as a varying h in the lubrication model, as a function of the location around the outside of the cylinder. This implementation of a cylindrical geometry, but computed in a Cartesian coordinates, highlights the power of the curvilinear shell elements, as it allows arbitrary shapes to be meshed with shell elements and used in computations.
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Figure 57: Dimensionless pressure profiles and mesh convergence for a journal bearing. For these simulations, Ri = 10cm , C = 0.1cm , U = 1cm/s , and µ = 0.01P
Pressure distributions in the lubricating film of the bearing are shown in Fig 57 as a function of number of mesh elements n around the circumference of the cylinder. In all cases, the shape of the pressure distribution is captured qualitatively. However, with fewer elements around the circumference, the maximum and minimum pressures are missed; refining the mesh improves the accuracy in capturing these pressures. As the eccentricity of the system increases, the pressure profile becomes more steep and concentrated towards the bottom of the bearing ( θ = 180° ). In the case of ε = 0.8 , a much more refined mesh is required to accurately capture the shape of the pressure distribution.
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Wada et al.[Wada1971] provided analytical solutions for the pressure at θ = 90° with eccentricities ε = 0.2 and ε = 0.8 . The convergence of our solution to the analytical values with mesh refinement is shown in Fig. 57. This metric converges quadratically with mesh refinement, with a convergence rate of 2.010 for ε = 0.2 and 1.996 for ε = 0.8 .
Figure 58: Pressure distribution in journal bearing with a deformable inner cylinder for various values of the bulk modulus.
To further demonstrate the fluid-structural interactions (FSI) between continuum solid elements and shell lubrication elements, the inner cylinder (journal) can be made deformable. In this case, the pressure profile generated by the rotation will be directly coupled to deformation of the journal. The results of these simulations for varying journal moduli are shown in Fig. 58. When the material modulus is sufficiently high, the pressure profile remains identical to the rigid case, as expected. However, when the modulus is lowered, significant deviations from the rigid case are seen. Namely, the pressure extrema are increased as the modulus is lowered, an effect that may be important for high pressure or high velocity systems. 3.2.1 Conclusions In this chapter we described our efforts in this LDRD project to build interactive models of a nano-imprinting processes which spans the feature scale to the machine/wafer scale. Although we elected not to pursue feature scale models in this project, we made clear what work still needs to be done on that level to allow for defect prediction at the template level. In order to build predictive models at the template level we developed a unique, interactive shell-element capability to allow for expedience in an otherwise intractable three dimensional problem. Together with the shell elements we also developed a pixel/pattern to mapping tool described in section 3.2.1 to facilitate our coarse-graining of pattern representation. Next, in section 3.2.2 we described an implementation of Reynolds' lubrication theory using shell elements inside a generalized three-dimensional continuum finite-element code. This implementation allows for the application of lubrication theory to a variety of problem, particularly those with complex geometries and with interactions to continuum regions. The lubrication flow equations were augmented with terms for free fluid interfaces, using the balanced-force level-set approach. This multiphase flow model allows for the study of a variety
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of industrially relevant problems, such as coating and patterning flows. A continuum solid mechanics model was also coupled to the lubrication flow model, allowing the study of fluidstructural interactions with thin fluid flows. These capabilities were demonstrated on a number of model problems having analytical or experimental solutions. First, the multiphase flow capability was tested by calculating the pressure drop inside a static, confined drop. Nearly exact simulation of the pressure drop was demonstrated. Next, the level-set tracking and fluid-structural interactions were examined with a drop confined between two moving plates. Analytical solutions and experimental images were used to compare to these simulations, showing excellent agreement. Capillary flow between two vertical plates served as another example problem, and solutions were compared with other numerical and asymptotic results. Finally, we demonstrated the flexibility of curvilinear shell elements on a journal bearing, calculating the pressure distribution in the lubricating film.
3.2.3 Methods development – coarse grained closed and open-pore shell models. Model development In this section, we derive the governing equations for a thin porous medium and also present the associated equations for multiphase