History of Composites
The Evolution of Lightweight Composite Materials
Nordex Wind Turbine Factory
Sean Gallup/Getty Images News
When two or more different materials are combined, the result is a composite. The first uses of composites date back to the 1500 B.C. when early Egyptians and Mesopotamian settlers used a mixture of mud and straw to create strong and durable buildings. Straw continued to provide reinforcement to ancient composite products including pottery and boats.
Later, in 1200 AD, the Mongols invented the first composite bow.
Using a combination of wood, bone, and "animal glue," bows were pressed and wrapped with birch bark. These bows were powerful and accurate. Composite Mongolian bows helped to ensure Genghis Khan's military dominance.
Birth of the "Plastics Era"
The modern era of composites began when scientists developed plastics. Until then, natural resins derived from plants and animals were the only source of glues and binders. In the early 1900s, plastics such as vinyl, polystyrene, phenolic, and polyester were developed. These new synthetic materials outperformed single resins derived from nature.
However, plastics alone could not provide enough strength for some structural applications. Reinforcement was needed to provide additional strength and rigidity.
In 1935, Owens Corning introduced the first glass fiber, fiberglass. Fiberglass, when combined with a plastic polymer created an incredibly strong structure that is also lightweight.
This is the beginning of the Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) industry.
WWII – Driving Early Composites Innovation
Many of the greatest advancements in composites were the result of wartime needs. Just as the Mongols developed the composite bow, World War II brought the FRP industry from the laboratory into actual production.
Alternative materials were needed for lightweight applications in military aircraft. Engineers soon realized other benefits of composites beyond being lightweight and strong. It was discovered, for example, that fiberglass composites were transparent to radio frequencies, and the material was soon adapted for use in sheltering electronic radar equipment (Radomes).
Adapting Composites: "Space Age" to "Everyday"
By the end of the WWII, a small niche composites industry was in full swing. With lower demand for military products, the few composites innovators were now ambitiously trying to introduce composites into other markets. Boats were one obvious product that benefited. The first composite commercial boat hull was introduced in 1946.
At this time Brandt Goldsworthy often referred to as the "grandfather of composites," developed many new manufacturing processes and products, including the first fiberglass surfboard, which revolutionized the sport.
Goldsworthy also invented a manufacturing process known as pultrusion, a process that allows dependably strong fiberglass reinforced products. Today, products manufactured from this process include ladder rails, tool handles, pipes, arrow shafts, armor, train floors and medical devices.
Continued Advancement in Composites
In the 1970s the composites industry began to mature. Better plastic resins and improved reinforcing fibers were developed. DuPont developed an aramid fiber known as Kevlar, which has become the product of choice in body armor due to its high tensile strength, high density, and light weight. Carbon fiber was also developed around this time; increasingly, it has replaced parts formerly made of steel.
The composites industry is still evolving, with much of the growth now focused around renewable energy. Wind turbine blades, especially, are constantly pushing the limits on size and require advanced composite materials.
Looking Forward
Composite materials research continues. Areas of particular interest are nanomaterials -- materials with extremely small molecular structures -- and bio-based polymers.
Format
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Your Citation
Johnson, Todd. "History of Composites." ThoughtCo, Apr. 2, 2017, _URL_-composites-820404. Johnson, Todd. (2017, April 2). History of Composites. Retrieved from _URL_ Johnson, Todd. "History of Composites." ThoughtCo. _URL_ (accessed April 24, 2018).


text:
- O Amor em Visita (1958)
- Poemacto (1961)
- Os Passos em Volta (1963)
- Retrato em Movimento (1967)
An author of experimental poetry
Herberto Helder is a poet who falls within the broad context of universal poetic culture. His poetic universe is autonomous and has its own characteristics.
Considered as one of the most important experimental or concrete poet, he is also known as a visionary poet, holding a special place in the Portuguese surrealist poetry. It can be thus be seen that the work of Herberto elder is complex and undoubtedly one of the highest expressions of contemporary Portuguese poetry.
With Herberto Helder the reader won't expect a world completely built. Instead, he will find a world with a different shape, a shape that is dictated by issues of rhythm, of words with isolated meaning. It is therefore reliving, and no longer reproducing, which moves Herberto Helder.
Herberto Helder, person and poet, appears as a mystical figure within the history of Portuguese poetry, completely withdrawing from any circuit of visibility.
Historical period in literature:
Contemporary literature, Surrealism period
Consulted sources:Portal da Literatura Portuguesa

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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How can human infants gradually socialize through interaction with their caregivers? This paper presents a learning mechanism that incrementally acquires social actions by finding and reproducing the contingency in interaction with a caregiver. A contingency measure based on transfer entropy is used to select the appropriate pairs of variables to be associated to acquire social actions from the set of all possible pairs. Joint attention behavior is tested to examine the development of social actions caused by responding to changes in caregiver behavior due to reproducing the found contingency. The results of computer simulations of human-robot interaction indicate that a robot acquires a series of actions related to joint attention such as gaze following and alternation in an order that almost matches the infant development of joint attention found in developmental psychology. The difference in the order between them is discussed based on the analysis of robot behavior, and then future issues are given.
Autonomous Mental Development, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:2, Issue: 1 )
Date of Publication: March 2010

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
I took a look at what you could cram into a 1x1 mm cube using fabrication technology that is on the leading edge.
You can build chips that are 1x1 mm and 25 microns thick, including the active layer.
You could stack them and interconnect them using through silicon vias into a stack of 40.
The leading edge of scaling is 10 nanometers (more or less - but easier for the math) which means you could have 400 billion transistors or 50 gigabytes of memory in that one millimeter cube. This is not out of the realm of being manufacturable in 10 years.
One basic problem in things talking to each other wirelessly is the physics of antennas. That's a much more difficult problem, but then I think everything that is analog is a more difficult problem.
And I'm not sure how you would get them to "bond" to each other.


text:
Platelet Ionized Magnesium, Cyclic AMP, and Cyclic GMP Levels in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache
Article first published online: 19 JAN 2002
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
Volume 37, Issue 9, pages 561–564, October, 1997
How to Cite
Mishima, K., Takeshima, T., Shimomura, T., Okada, H., Kitano, A., Takahashi, K. and Nakashima, K. (1997), Platelet Ionized Magnesium, Cyclic AMP, and Cyclic GMP Levels in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 37: 561–564. doi: 10.1046/j._PHONE_._PHONE_.x
- Issue published online: 19 JAN 2002
- Article first published online: 19 JAN 2002
- Accepted for publication February 2, 1997.
- migraine, tension-type headach
Decreased serum and intracellular levels of magnesium have been reported in patients with migraine. It has been suggested that magnesium may play an important role in the attacks and pathogenesis of headaches. We measured ionized magnesium cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate), and cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) in platelets of patients with migraine in patients with tension-type headache, and in healthy controls. The platelet level of ionized magnesium from patients with tension-type headache was significantly lower than the levels from the other two groups. The platelet level of cyclic AMP from patients with migraine was higher than those from the other groups. We found no significant differences in the platelet cyclic GMP levels among the three groups. It is suggested that reduced platelet ionized magnesium in patients with tension-type headache is related to abnormal platelet function, and that increased platelet cyclic AMP in patients with migraine is related to alteration of neurotransmitters in the platelet.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A Hexapod platform is a six-legged robot with six degrees of freedom. Also known as a Stewart–Gough platform, its principal advantages are a high load-to-weight ratio and the ability to precisely position heavy loads. Disadvantages include limitations on the range of motion.
The Stewart–Gough or Hexapod platform consists of six extensible legs connecting a fixed base to a movable platform. The platform is capable of moving with six degrees of freedom, three translational and three rotational. The Inverse Problem in robotics, calculating the actuator coordinates (leg lengths) for a given platform orientation, is straightforward in this situation. Simple geometry is all that is needed to express the rotation and translation matrices. In a nutshell, the nominal platform coordinates of the legs are rotated and translated by the desired values. Then the leg lengths are calculated by simply taking the norm of the difference between the base and platform coordinates for each leg. This Demonstration uses homogeneous coordinates to combine the rotations and the translations into a single matrix operation.


text:
To use Program Categories, we'll first need to define our categories in a Code Table. To do this, follow these steps:
- Go to Administration>Code Tables
- We can filter on Program at the top. Then click the Program Category code table name.
- On the Action bar, click Add. The New Table Entry screen appears.
- Enter the name of the Program Category
- Go to the Events section of Altru.
- Click Program Search and find the program that you'd like to attach a Category.
- At the top left, under Tasks, click Edit Program. Here we'll see a dropdown to select the Program Category.


Happiness is being young or old, but middle age is misery
The results, published in the journal Social Science & Medicine, showed that people's levels of happiness followed a U-shaped curve, a pattern that was remarkably consistent in the vast majority of countries the researchers looked at, from Azerbaijan to Zimbabwe.
Andrew Oswald, from the University of Warwick, and David Blanchflower, from Dartmouth College in the US, led a study of more than 2 million people from 80 countries to find if happiness was related to age.
They found that the signs of mid-life depression were consistent across many groups of people, irrespective of socio-economic status, whether they had children in the house, were divorced, or were facing changes in jobs or income.
"Some people suffer more than others but in our data the average effect is large," said Oswald.
A total of 72 countries were found to follow the U-shaped pattern of happiness. In the eight countries that did not seem to follow the pattern - mostly developing countries - Oswald said that the available data had been less robust, so discerning patterns had been difficult. He added that shorter lifespans might skew the results of a country.


text:
to calculate and frequently used. The Kakwani formula for the variance of P0, the head count index, is [P.sub.0](1 - [P.sub.0])/(n - 1), where n is the sample size. The formula for all other variance estimates of the FGT indices is ([P.sub.2[alpha]] - [P.sup.2.sub.[alpha]].)/(n - 1). The primary disadvantage of the Kakwani estimates is that they assume the sample was collected using a simple random draw from the population.
As noted in the introduction, using the Kakwani standard errors when the data were collected from a multistage sample design results in a large underestimate of the true sampling variance. The strategy used in this paper to estimate the design-corrected estimates of sampling variance is to first derive exact estimates for the poverty measures, and then to address the issue of sample design. An advantage of the FGT class of poverty indices in this context is that they are additively decomposable de·com·pose
v. de·com·posed, de·com·pos·ing, de·com·pos·es
1. To separate into components or basic elements.
2. To cause to rot.
1., a characteristic that greatly simplifies deriving exact estimates of the sampling variance of the poverty measures. To illustrate this, consider any income vector y, broken down into M subgroup sub·group
1. A distinct group within a group; a subdivision of a group.
2. A subordinate group.
3. Mathematics A group that is a subset of a group.
tr.v. income vectors, [y.sup.(1)],..., [y.sup.(m)]. Because P is additively decomposable with population share weights, it can be written as
(2) [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION A group of characters or symbols representing a quantity or an operation. See arithmetic expression. NOT REPRODUCIBLE re·pro·duce
v. re·pro·duced, re·pro·duc·ing, re·pro·duc·es
1. To produce a counterpart, image, or copy of.
2. Biology To generate (offspring) by sexual or asexual means. IN ASCII ASCII or American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a set of codes used to represent letters, numbers, a few symbols, and control characters. Originally designed for teletype operations, it has found wide application in computers. ]
where n is the sample size, [n.sub.j] is the size of each subgroup, and z is again the poverty line. By treating each observation as a subgroup, the estimate of poverty is the weighted mean of the individual-specific measures of poverty and the sampling variance of the poverty measure is the variance of this mean, or
(3) [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
where i subscript is the individual.
The next step is to incorporate the sample design information, which typically requires that the researcher has access to not only unit record data, but also data identifying the characteristics of the sample design. In the case of the CPS data, the sample design information that identifies the strata and primary sampling units (PSUs), has been censored cen·sor
1. A person authorized to examine books, films, or other material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable.
2. from the public-use files to maintain respondent In Equity practice, the party who answers a bill or other proceeding in equity. The party against whom an appeal or motion, an application for a court order, is instituted and who is required to answer in order to protect his or her interests. confidentiality. To compensate for the missing design information, the U.S. Bureau of Census (2000, Appendix C) provides detailed notes on how to approximate design-corrected standard errors for a limited set of poverty estimates. An important shortcoming short·com·ing
A deficiency; a flaw.
a fault or weakness
Noun 1. of this method is that parameter (1) Any value passed to a program by the user or by another program in order to customize the program for a particular purpose. A parameter may be anything; for example, a file name, a coordinate, a range of values, a money amount or a code of some kind. estimates are only provided for the head count index; there are no corrections provided for any other measures of poverty. (15)
In addition to the issue that the Census does not provide sample-design corrections for either the poverty-gap or squared poverty-gap indices, there is the additional problem that the recommended method appears to be significantly less precise for nonmetro-metropolitan comparisons. The proposed correction for all nonmetropolitan statistics provided by the U.S. Bureau of Census (2000, Appendix C) is to multiply mul·ti·ply
1. To increase the amount, number, or degree of.
2. To breed or propagate. the design-correction coefficients by 1.5. The implication of this correction is that for all statistics the ratio of the design effects for metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas is constant. Another factor likely to affect the accuracy of this correction is that it has not been updated in the last 20 years, whereas the design-correction coefficients for all other characteristics are frequently updated. (16)
Given that the Census-recommended method does not provide corrections for the sampling variance of [P.sub.1] and [P.sub.2], and that the adjustment factor for nonmetropolitan areas appears to be a rough approximation approximation /ap·prox·i·ma·tion/ (ah-prok?si-ma'shun)
1. the act or process of bringing into proximity or apposition.
2. a numerical value of limited accuracy., I abandoned this method. Instead, I followed an approach based on replicating aspects of the CPS sample design by creating synthetic variables for the strata and clusters that induce in·duce
1. To bring about or stimulate the occurrence of something, such as labor.
2. To initiate or increase the production of an enzyme or other protein at the level of genetic transcription.
3. similar design effects. A more detailed description of the approach, and simulation results suggesting that it provides useful approximations, are provided in Jolliffe (2001).
The first step of the synthetic design approach for this analysis of poverty is to sort the data by income. (17) Then each set of four consecutive housing units is assigned as·sign
tr.v. as·signed, as·sign·ing, as·signs
1. To set apart for a particular purpose; designate: assigned a day for the inspection.
2. to a separate cluster. The purpose of the sorting is to induce a high level of intracluster correlation, and the choice of four matches, on average, the actual CPS cluster size. I select the four regions of the United States as synthetic strata to capture the geographic aspect of the CPS stratification stratification (Lat.,=made in layers), layered structure formed by the deposition of sedimentary rocks. Changes between strata are interpreted as the result of fluctuations in the intensity and persistence of the depositional agent, e.g.. The Appendix provides a summary table from Jolliffe (2001) illustrating that the synthetic design approach matches the estimates provided by the Census Bureau Noun 1. Census Bureau - the bureau of the Commerce Department responsible for taking the census; provides demographic information and analyses about the population of the United States
Bureau of the Census for the head count index.
With the selection of the synthetic strata and clusters, one can then directly obtain design-corrected estimates of sampling variance based on Equation 3. Following Kish Kish, ancient city, Mesopotamia
Kish, ancient city of Mesopotamia, in the Euphrates valley, 8 mi (12.9 km) E of Babylon and 12 mi (19 km) east of the modern city of Hillah, Iraq. (1965) and noting from above that [P.sub.[alpha]] can be considered a sample mean, the estimated sampling variance of the FGT poverty indices from a weighted, stratified, clustered sample is given by
(4) [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
where the h subscripts each of the L strata, i subscripts the cluster or PSU PSU - power supply unit in each stratum stratum /stra·tum/ (strat'um) (stra'tum) pl. stra'ta [L.] a layer or lamina.
stratum basa'le, and j subscripts the ultimate sampling unit (USU USU Usually
USU Utah State University (Logan, UT)
USU Uniformed Services University
USU Ural State University (Ekatherinburg, Russia)
USU Universidade Santa Úrsula ), so [w.sub.hij] denotes the weight for element j in PSU i and stratum h. The number of PSUs in stratum h is denoted by [n.sub.h], and the number of USUs in PSU (h, i) is denoted by [m.sub.hi]. (18)
Nonmetro-metropolitan Poverty Comparisons
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is more to be learned about the difference between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan poverty than by what is revealed in an analysis of the incidence of poverty ([P.sub.0]). The incidence of poverty is insensitive in·sen·si·tive
1. Not physically sensitive; numb.
a. Lacking in sensitivity to the feelings or circumstances of others; unfe


text:
For those types of system where instead of a standard data screen:
It would be better to use a form based input screen:
You can easily accomplish this by using one or more input screens to replace the standard data screens.
Defining the forms
The forms to be used are defined as part of the settings for the data set:
This displays the Settings screen:
You defined the forms to be used in the InputForms entry.
Each line establishes the form to be used as well as other options available:
The simplest entry is the generic name, which is a form name without the ## symbols in the name. This name indicates that the form can be used for any type of input, for example in Law, the form can be used for both Workers Compensation and Vehicle Accident.
A typed name is indicated by entering the ## symbol followed by the type for which the form applies. Only in those situations that the type of case matches the form type is the form included.
Note that the same form can be used multiple times with different types.
In both cases, the forms is looked up using the name wthout any type modifier, so for Extended Intake ## Vehicle Accident, the form that is used is Extended Intake.
Overriding a form for a specific type
Once the form name is established, eCandidus looks for a form in the following sequence:
This means that you can create forms for specific case types using the name ## type as the form name and forms for all other case types by leaving the case type out.
eCandidus™ Desktop will use the first form allowed for the case type as the first or default screen:
The list of all available forms is displayed in the drop down box in the lower left corner of the screen.
When you select a form from the list, eCandidus™ Desktop will add it to the list of open forms:
If the form had been selected before, it will be brought to the top of the screen.
Input Forms per Associate Type
You can also define input forms that apply only for specific associate type:
This allows your office to work with the normal data screen except for those associates that are doing intakes or special work.
All forms used are screen are automatically made into interactive forms, but only while being used as data entry.


By Paul Strauss
Vintage Rube Goldberg Clip Explains Gas Engineszoom in
In this classic 1940s clip from General Motors, they enlisted the help of master of contraptions Rube Goldberg to help explain how gasoline powers car engines. In the short film, titled Something for Nothing, Goldberg first shows us how his overly complicated door opener functions, then some other silly inventions before he gets down to business. Then, he discusses the idea of perpetual motion machines.
Ultimately, he's interrupted by an announcer who explains how fuel is a necessity for powering engines, and mentioning along the way such dated concepts as fossil fuels being "virtually unlimited." The demonstration of how exploding gasoline causes an engine's pistons to work is pretty entertaining though.
Also, that self-tipping hat should be on Kickstarter.
Source:: 95 Octane


subscribe" || command === "psubscribe" || command === "unsubscribe" || command === "punsubscribe") {
 this.pub_sub_command(command_obj);
 } else if (command === "monitor") {
 this.monitoring = true;
 } else if (command === "quit") {
 this.closing = true;
 } else if (this.pub_sub_mode === true) {
 throw new Error("Connection in pub/sub mode, only pub/sub commands may be used");
 }
 this.command_queue.push(command_obj);
 this.commands_sent += 1;
 elem_count = args.length + 1;
 // Always use "Multi bulk commands", but if passed any Buffer args, then do multiple writes, one for each arg.
 // This means that using Buffers in commands is going to be slower, so use Strings if you don't already have a Buffer.
 command_str = "*" + elem_count + "\r\n$" + command.length + "\r\n" + command + "\r\n";
 if (! buffer_args) { // Build up a string and send entire command in one write
 for (i = 0, il = args.length, arg; i < il; i += 1) {
 arg = args[i];
 if (typeof arg !== "string") {
 arg = String(arg);
 }
 command_str += "$" + Buffer.byteLength(arg) + "\r\n" + arg + "\r\n";
 }
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send " + this.host + ":" + this.port + " id " + this.connection_id + ": " + command_str);
 }
 buffered_writes += !stream.write(command_str);
 } else {
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send command (" + command_str + ") has Buffer arguments");
 }
 buffered_writes += !stream.write(command_str);
 for (i = 0, il = args.length, arg; i < il; i += 1) {
 arg = args[i];
 if (!(Buffer.isBuffer(arg) || arg instanceof String)) {
 arg = String(arg);
 }
 if (Buffer.isBuffer(arg)) {
 if (arg.length === 0) {
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send_command: using empty string for 0 length buffer");
 }
 buffered_writes += !stream.write("$0\r\n\r\n");
 } else {
 buffered_writes += !stream.write("$" + arg.length + "\r\n");
 buffered_writes += !stream.write(arg);
 buffered_writes += !stream.write("\r\n");
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send_command: buffer send " + arg.length + " bytes");
 }
 }
 } else {
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send_command: string send " + Buffer.byteLength(arg) + " bytes: " + arg);
 }
 buffered_writes += !stream.write("$" + Buffer.byteLength(arg) + "\r\n" + arg + "\r\n");
 }
 }
 }
 if (exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("send_command buffered_writes: " + buffered_writes, " should_buffer: " + this.should_buffer);
 }
 if (buffered_writes || this.command_queue.getLength() >= this.command_queue_high_water) {
 this.should_buffer = true;
 }
 return !this.should_buffer;
};
RedisClient.prototype.pub_sub_command = function (command_obj) {
 var i, key, command, args;
 if (this.pub_sub_mode === false && exports.debug_mode) {
 console.log("Entering pub/sub mode from " + command_obj.command);
 }
 this.pub_sub_mode = true;
 command_obj.sub_command = true;
 command = command_obj.command;
 args = command_obj.args;
 if (command === "subscribe" || command === "psubscribe") {
 if (command === "subscribe") {
 key = "sub";
 } else {
 key = "psub";
 }
 for (i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
 this.subscription_set[key + " " + args[i]] = true;
 }
 } else {
 if (command === "unsubscribe") {
 key = "sub";
 } else {
 key = "psub";
 }
 for (i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
 delete this.subscription_set[key + " " + args[i]];
 }
 }
};
RedisClient.prototype.end = function () {
 this.stream._events = {};
 this.connected = false;
 this.ready = false;
 return this.stream.end();
};
function Multi(client, args) {
 this.client = client;
 this.queue = [["MULTI"]];
 if (Array.isArray(args)) {
 this.queue = this.queue.concat(args);
 }
}
exports.Multi = Multi;
// take 2 arrays and return the union of their elements
function set_union(seta, setb) {
 var obj = {};
 seta.forEach(function (val) {
 obj[val] = true;
 });
 setb.forEach(function (val) {
 obj[val] = true;
 });
 return Object.keys(obj);
}
// This static list of commands is updated from time to time. ./lib/commands.js can be updated with generate_commands.js
commands = set_union(["get", "set", "setnx", "setex", "append", "strlen", "del", "exists", "setbit", "getbit", "setrange", "getrange", "substr",
 "incr", "decr", "mget", "rpush", "lpush", "rpushx", "lpushx", "linsert", "rpop", "lpop", "brpop", "brpoplpush", "blpop", "llen", "lindex",
 "lset", "lrange", "ltrim", "lrem", "rpoplpush", "sadd", "srem", "smove", "sismember", "scard", "spop", "srandmember", "sinter", "sinterstore",
 "sunion", "sunionstore", "sdiff", "sdiffstore", "smembers", "zadd", "zincrby", "zrem", "zremrangebyscore", "zremrangebyrank", "zunionstore",
 "zinterstore", "zrange", "zrangebyscore", "zrevrangebyscore", "zcount", "zrevrange", "zcard", "zscore", "zrank", "zrevrank", "hset", "hsetnx",
 "hget", "hmset", "hmget", "hincrby", "hdel", "hlen", "hkeys", "hvals", "hgetall", "hexists", "incrby", "decrby", "getset", "mset", "msetnx",
 "randomkey", "select", "move", "rename", "renamenx", "expire", "expireat", "keys", "dbsize", "auth", "ping", "echo", "save", "b


Calculates the expected time to absorption
survival(samc, init)
# S4 method for samc,missing
survival(samc)
# S4 method for samc,ANY
survival(samc, init)
Arguments
samc
A samc-class object created using the samc function.
init
Sets the initial state \(\psi\) of the transients states. Input must be able to pass the check function when compared against the samc-class object. Can only contain positive finite values.
Value
See Details
Details
\(z=(I-Q)^{-1}{\cdot}1=F{\cdot}1\)
 - survival(samc)
 The result is a vector \(\mathbf{v}\) where \(\mathbf{v}_i\) is the expected time to absorption if starting at transient state \(\mathit{i}\).
 If the samc-class object was created using matrix or RasterLayer maps, then vector \(\mathbf{v}\) can be mapped to a RasterLayer using the map function.
\(\psi^Tz\)
 - survival(samc, init)
 The result is a numeric that is the expected time to absorption given an initial state \(\psi\).
Performance
Any relevant performance information about this function can be found in the performance vignette: vignette("performance", package = "samc")
Examples
# "Load" the data. In this case we are using data built into the package.
# In practice, users will likely load raster data using the raster() function
# from the raster package.
res_data <- samc::example_split_corridor$res
abs_data <- samc::example_split_corridor$abs
init_data <- samc::example_split_corridor$init
# Make sure our data meets the basic input requirements of the package using
# the check() function.
check(res_data, abs_data)
#> [1] TRUE
check(res_data, init_data)
#> [1] TRUE
# Setup the details for a random-walk model
rw_model <- list(fun = function(x) 1/mean(x), # Function for calculating transition probabilities
 dir = 8, # Directions of the transitions. Either 4 or 8.
 sym = TRUE) # Is the function symmetric?
# Create a 'samc-class' object with the resistance and absorption data using
# the samc() function. We use the recipricol of the arithmetic mean for
# calculating the transition matrix. Note, the input data here are matrices,
# not RasterLayers.
samc_obj <- samc(res_data, abs_data, model = rw_model)
# Convert the initial state data to probabilities
init_prob_data <- init_data / sum(init_data, na.rm = TRUE)
# Calculate short- and long-term metrics using the analytical functions
short_mort <- mortality(samc_obj, init_prob_data, time = 50)
short_dist <- distribution(samc_obj, origin = 3, time = 50)
long_disp <- dispersal(samc_obj, init_prob_data)
#>
#> Cached diagonal not found.
#> Performing setup. This can take several minutes... Complete.
#> Calculating matrix inverse diagonal...
#>
Computing: 49% (~10s remaining)
Computing: 99% (~0s remaining)
Computing: 100% (done)
#>
Complete
#> Diagonal has been cached. Continuing with metric calculation...
visit <- visitation(samc_obj, dest = 4)
surv <- survival(samc_obj)
# Use the map() function to turn vector results into RasterLayer objects.
short_mort_map <- map(samc_obj, short_mort)
short_dist_map <- map(samc_obj, short_dist)
long_disp_map <- map(samc_obj, long_disp)
visit_map <- map(samc_obj, visit)
surv_map <- map(samc_obj, surv)


text:
(rebroadcast of live show)
Target: Grades 6-8
Length: 30 minutes
Internet: _URL_ ⇒
In Data Analysis and Measurement: Dancing in the Night Sky, students will learn about the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights. They will learn the many legends and myths that have revolved around the aurora throughout the history of mankind. Students will also discover how NASA scientists and engineers use satellite technology to measure and analyze aurora data. They will see how Norwegian scientists apply the concepts of data analysis and measurement to study the Northern Lights by using ground-based instruments and sounding rockets. By conducting hands-on and web activities, students will make the connections between NASA research and the mathematics, science and technology they learn in their classrooms.To order a copy of this video, please visit the Central Operation of Resources for Educators Web site.
This program was first broadcast on NASA TV Education File Schedule April 10, 2003.


text:
Today, we will be crushing on Miss Fatima Oyiza Ademoh from Kogi state.
Miss Fatima Oyiza Ademoh is the founder and CEO of AjimaYouth Empowerment Foundation.
She has over six years of experience in business development, entrepreneurship, agribusiness and more recently, the energy sector.
Fatima is currently the project manager for the US African Development Foundation- funded off-grid energy project implemented by Ajima Farm in Nigeria.
Fatima is an entrepreneurship and finance lecturer at Baze University in Abuja.
Fatima is a volunteer for the Tony Elumelu program (TEEP), where she mentors TEEP finalists across Africa during their entrepreneurial training.
Fatima holds a BSC in Finance from American University of Nigeria and an MSC in Financial Risk Management from the University of Leeds UK.
Upon completion of the Mandela Washington Fellowship, Fatima plans to scale up the Ajima Farm's off-grid energy project to promote access to energy services for rural off-grid communities and agribusinesses.
Having grown in an environment where agricultural communities could not access electricity, which led to the loss of many perishable goods, Fatima decided to work towards a solution; she developed the Waste to Watt project, the first mini grid biogas to the power system in Nigeria, which has provided renewable electricity to two rural communities, with over 1,100 people.
Fatima is passionate about using clean energy sources to electrify rural off-grid communities and businesses.
Her passion and work in social entrepreneurship has won her several awards in the past, including The Rockefeller Foundation 2012 Innovation Competition, The 2017 British Council Social Impact Award and the 2017 Young Energy Leader Award by the African Utility Week Industry Awards.
BY MAIMUNA BAGUDU


text:
RSJtravel Program's objective is to introduce Russian-speaking Jewish families to the contribution of the Jewish community to the local cultural, communal, and civic life of the communities through the immersive multi-day travel experience.
The trips are combined with the guided walking tours exploring historical sights & landmarks, peer-led discussions of Jewish-themed topics, and community-building exercises (often organized in partnership with the local Jewish communities). The trips are an informative and memorable experience for all ages. Participants are immersed in the Jewish culture of the city by visiting synagogues, important historical landmarks, and meeting local Jewish leaders.
A sample of the recent trip include:
- Washington D.C.
- Rhode Island
- Day trips (e.g., Harlem, Lower East Side)


text:
Latest update: December 11th, 2012
Jacob and Esau are about to meet again after a separation of 22 years. It is a fraught encounter. Once, Esau had sworn to kill Jacob as revenge for what he saw as the theft of his blessing. Will he do so now, or has time healed the wound? Jacob sends messengers to let his brother know he is coming. They return, saying that Esau is coming to meet Jacob with a force of 400 men. We then read: "Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed" (Genesis 32:8).
The question is obvious. Jacob is in the grip of strong emotions. But why the duplication of verbs? What is the difference between fear and distress? To this a midrash gives a profound answer:
Rabbi Judah bar Ilai asked whether fear and distress are identical. The meaning, however, is that he was "afraid" that he might be killed and that he was "distressed" that he might kill. For Jacob thought that if he prevails against me, will he not kill me? If I prevail against him, will I not kill him? That is the meaning of "he was greatly afraid" – lest he should be killed – "and distressed" – lest he should kill.
The difference between being afraid and distressed, according to the midrash, is that the first is a physical anxiety while the second is a moral one. It is one thing to fear one's own death, quite another to contemplate being the cause of someone else's. However, a further question now arises. Surely self-defense is permitted in Jewish law. If Esau were to try to kill Jacob, Jacob would be justified in fighting back, if necessary at the cost of Esau's life. Why then should this possibility raise moral qualms? This is the issue addressed by Rabbi Shabbetai Bass, author of the commentary on Rashi, Siftei Chachamim:
"One might argue that Jacob should surely not be distressed about the possibility of killing Esau, for there is an explicit rule: 'If someone comes to kill you, forestall it by killing him.' Nonetheless Jacob had qualms, fearing that in the course of the fight he might kill some of Esau's men, who were not themselves intent on killing Jacob but merely on fighting Jacob's men. And even though Esau's men were pursuing Jacob's men, and every person has the right to save the life of the pursued at the cost of the life of the pursuer, nevertheless there is a condition: 'If the pursued could have been saved by maiming a limb of the pursuer, but instead the rescuer killed the pursuer, the rescuer is liable to capital punishment on that account.' Hence Jacob feared that, in the confusion of battle, he might kill some of Esau's men when he might have restrained them by merely inflicting injury on them."
The principle at stake, according to the Siftei Chachamim, is the minimum use of force. Jacob was distressed at the possibility that in the heat of conflict he might kill some of the combatants when injury alone might have been all that was necessary to defend the lives of those – including his own – who were under attack.
There is, however, a second possibility, namely that the midrash means what it says, no more, no less: that Jacob was distressed at the possibility of being forced to kill, even if that were entirely justified.
At stake is the concept of a moral dilemma. A dilemma is not simply a conflict. There are many moral conflicts. One example: may we perform an abortion to save the life of the mother? This question has an answer. There is a right course of action and a wrong one. Two duties conflict and we have meta-halachic principles to tell us which takes priority. There are some systems in which all moral conflicts are of this kind. There is always a decision procedure and thus a determinate answer to the question, "What shall I do?"
A dilemma, however, is a situation in which there is no right answer. I ought not to do A (allow myself to be killed); I ought not to do B (kill someone else); but I must do one or the other. To put it more precisely, there may be situations in which doing the right thing is not the end of the matter. The conflict may be inherently tragic. The fact that one principle (self-defense) overrides another (the prohibition against killing) does not mean that, faced with such a choice, I am without qualms. Sometimes being moral means that I experience distress at having to make such a choice. Doing the right thing may mean that I do not feel remorse or guilt, but I still feel regret or grief that I had to do it.
About the Author: Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, chief rabbi of the British Commonwealth since 1991, is the author of many books of Jewish thought, most recently The Koren Sacks Rosh HaShana Mahzor (Koren Publishers Jerusalem).
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text:
Phone map apps often have a few optional settings for a route, such as:
- Avoid highways (for driving)
- Fewer bus transfers (for public transit)
- Avoid hills (for walking)
Sometimes, you want drive on the most scenic route from point A to point B, without too much concern about efficiency.
For example, you might want to impress an out-of-town guest, or hide the seedier parts of a city from a visiting foreign dignitary or investor.
The "scenic route" to a destination attempts to route you through the highest-economic-value areas that it can find.
This method, called the "Potemkin Route" after the 1787 idea of the same name, uses the following data:
- Tax records (to find the highest property values)
- The police blotter (to avoid areas of high crime)
- Elevation maps (to look for scenic views)
Then, it routes you to the optimum area to show off the most appealing areas of the region near your route (user interface mockup in Figure 1).
You could use this route yourself, even if you aren't trying to impress a foreign dignitary.
PROS: Allows you to ignore the problems of your city.
CONS: Allows you to ignore the problems of your city.


but which cannot be used to send arbitrary data to the ter-
 minal, and so these are printed as-is. The directives %f, %h,
 %l, %p and %P are quoted. This quoting is performed in the same
 way as for GNU ls. This is not the same quoting mechanism as
 the one used for -ls and -fls. If you are able to decide what
 format to use for the output of find then it is normally better
 to use '\0' as a terminator than to use newline, as file names
 can contain white space and newline characters. The setting of
 the 'LC_CTYPE' environment variable is used to determine which
 characters need to be quoted.
 -print, -fprint
 Quoting is handled in the same way as for -printf and -fprintf.
 If you are using find in a script or in a situation where the
 matched files might have arbitrary names, you should consider
 using -print0 instead of -print.
 The -ok and -okdir actions print the current filename as-is. This may
 change in a future release.
 OPERATORS
 Listed in order of decreasing precedence:
 ( expr )
 Force precedence. Since parentheses are special to the shell,
 you will normally need to quote them. Many of the examples in
 this manual page use backslashes for this purpose: '\(...\)' in-
 stead of '(...)'.
 ! expr True if expr is false. This character will also usually need
 protection from interpretation by the shell.
 -not expr
 Same as ! expr, but not POSIX compliant.
 expr1 expr2
 Two expressions in a row are taken to be joined with an implied
 "and"; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false.
 expr1 -a expr2
 Same as expr1 expr2.
 expr1 -and expr2
 Same as expr1 expr2, but not POSIX compliant.
 expr1 -o expr2
 Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.
 expr1 -or expr2
 Same as expr1 -o expr2, but not POSIX compliant.
 expr1 , expr2
 List; both expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated. The value of
 expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of expr2.
 The comma operator can be useful for searching for several dif-
 ferent types of thing, but traversing the filesystem hierarchy
 only once. The -fprintf action can be used to list the various
 matched items into several different output files.
STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
 For closest compliance to the POSIX standard, you should set the
 POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable. The following options are speci-
 fied in the POSIX standard (IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition):
 -H This option is supported.
 -L This option is supported.
 -name This option is supported, but POSIX conformance depends on the
 POSIX conformance of the system's fnmatch(3) library function.
 As of findutils-4.2.2, shell metacharacters ('*', '?' or '[]'
 for example) will match a leading '.', because IEEE PASC inter-
 pretation 126 requires this. This is a change from previous
 versions of findutils.
 -type Supported. POSIX specifies 'b', 'c', 'd', 'l', 'p', 'f' and
 's'. GNU find also supports 'D', representing a Door, where the
 OS provides these.
 -ok Supported. Interpretation of the response is according to the
 "yes" and "no" patterns selected by setting the 'LC_MESSAGES'
 environment variable. When the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment
 variable is set, these patterns are taken system's definition of
 a positive (yes) or negative (no) response. See the system's
 documentation for nl_langinfo(3), in particular YESEXPR and NO-
 EXPR. When 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set, the patterns are in-
 stead taken from find's own message catalogue.
 -newer Supported. If the file specified is a symbolic link, it is al-
 ways dereferenced. This is a change from previous behaviour,
 which used to take the relevant time from the symbolic link; see
 the HISTORY section below.
 -perm Supported. If the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is not
 set, some mode arguments (for example +a+x) which are not valid
 in POSIX are supported for backward-compatibility.
 Other predicates
 The predicates -atime, -ctime, -depth, -group, -links, -mtime,
 -nogroup, -nouser, -print, -prune, -size, -user and -xdev are
 all supported.
 The POSIX standard specifies parentheses '(', ')', negation '!' and the
 'and' and 'or' operators ( -a, -o).
 All other options, predicates, expressions and so forth are extensions
 beyond the POSIX standard. Many of these extensions are not unique to
 GNU find, however.
 The POSIX standard requires that find detects loops:
 The find utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering
 a previously visited directory that is an ancestor of the last
 file encountered. When it detects an infinite loop, find shall
 write a diagnostic message to standard error and shall either
 recover its position in the hierarchy or terminate.
 GNU find complies with these requirements. The link count of directo-
 ries which contain entries which are hard links to an ancestor will of-
 ten be lower than they otherwise should be. This can mean that GNU
 find will sometimes optimise away the visiting of a subdirectory which
 is actually a link to an ancestor. Since find does not actually enter
 such a subdirectory, it is allowed to avoid emitting a diagnostic mes-
 sage. Although this behaviour may be somewhat confusing, it is un-
 likely that anybody actually depends on this behaviour. If the leaf
 optimisation has been turned off with -noleaf, the directory entry will
 always be examined and the diagnostic message will be issued where it
 is appropriate. Symbolic links cannot be used to create filesystem cy-
 cles as such, but if the -L option or the -follow option is in use, a
 diagnostic message is issued when find encounters a loop of symbolic
 links. As with loops containing hard links, the leaf optimisation will
 often mean that find knows that it doesn't need to call stat() or
 chdir() on the symbolic link, so this diagnostic is frequently not nec-
 essary.
 The -d option is supported for compatibility with various BSD systems,
 but you should use the POSIX-compliant option -depth instead.
 The POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable does not affect the behaviour
 of the -regex or -iregex tests because those tests aren't specified in
 the POSIX standard.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
 LANG Provides a default value for the internationalization variables
 that are unset or null.
 LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all
 the other internationalization variables.
 LC_COLLATE
 The POSIX standard specifies that this variable affects the pat-
 tern matching to be used for the -name option. GNU find uses
 the fnmatch(3) library function, and so support for 'LC_COLLATE'
 depends on the system library. This variable also affects the
 interpretation of the response to -ok; while the 'LC_MESSAGES'
 variable selects the actual pattern used to interpret the re-
 sponse to -ok, the interpretation of any bracket expressions in
 the pattern will be affected by 'LC_COLLATE'.
 LC_CTYPE
 This variable affects the treatment of character classes used in
 regular expressions and also with the -name test, if the sys-
 tem's fnmatch(3) library function supports this. This variable
 also affects the interpretation of any character classes in the
 regular expressions used to interpret the response to the prompt
 issued by -ok. The 'LC_CTYPE' environment variable will also
 affect which characters are considered to be unprintable when
 filenames are printed; see the section UNUSUAL FILENAMES.
 LC_MESSAGES
 Determines the locale to be used for internationalised messages.
 If the 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set, this also
 determines the interpretation of the response to the prompt made
 by the -ok action.
 NLSPATH
 Determines the location of the internationalisation message cat-
 alogues.
 PATH Affects the directories which are searched to find the executa-
 bles invoked by -exec, -execdir, -ok and -okdir.
 POSIXLY_CORRECT
 Determines the block size used by -ls and -fls. If POSIXLY_COR-
 RECT is set, blocks are units of 512 bytes. Otherwise they are
 units of 1024 bytes.
 Setting this variable also turns off warning messages (that is,
 implies -nowarn) by default, because POSIX requires that apart
 from the output for -ok, all messages printed on stderr are di-
 agnostics and must result in a non-zero exit status.
 When


text:
Most salmon species live 2 to 7 years (4 to 5 average).
How long is a Salmons life cycle?
On first entering the sea, young salmon become post-smolts and face a range of new challenges. The fish undertake extensive migrations and may stay at sea for a little over one year returning as adult one-sea-winter salmon (or grilse), or for two or more years to return as larger multi-sea-winter salmon.
What is the longest living salmon?
fall-spawning salmon and are also the youngest, at two years. Chinook can live up to nine years, the longest, which is why some chinook can grow to over 100 pounds.
How long do pink salmon live?
Pinks are unique in that they have a short, two-year lifespan.
How long do salmon stay in the ocean?
Alaskan salmon can stay at sea for up to 7 years, although this varies by species. During their ocean existence, salmon primarily eat fish, invertebrates, and crustaceans. Salmon can undertake extensive ocean migrations of over 3,000 miles, and average approximately 18 miles per day depending on the species.
How many salmon make it to adulthood?
Only about two percent of all salmon hatched will live to adulthood. There are many natural predators of salmon – birds, fish, marine mammals, and disease.
How long does it take for salmon to migrate?
Young Atlantic salmon spend two to three years in their home river before going on a one to three year journey in the North Atlantic where they grow into an adult. They travel over 6,000 miles before coming back home to spawn. They sometimes swim 200 miles up the river to find their preferred places to spawn.
What does a salmon eat?
When they're in the ocean, young and adult salmon eat a wide variety of prey, including: Fish such as capelin, Atlantic herring, sand lance, barracudina and lanternfish. Crustaceans such as amphipods and euphausiids or "krill." Cephalopods like squid and octopus. Polychaete worms.
Do salmon only live yearly?
Most salmon species live 2 to 7 years (4 to 5 average).
How many times do salmon lay eggs?
A female may lay between 2000-5000 eggs before she is senescent (spawned out) and dies. Larger females have a higher number of eggs. _PHONE_ eggs are laid per nest. A female salmon will dig a series of depressions (usually 4-5), known as a redd, to lay eggs in.
Where does salmon fish live?
Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic (genus Salmo) and Pacific Ocean (genus Oncorhynchus). Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.
What's the biggest king salmon ever caught?
The biggest king salmon ever caught was this 126-pound monster that was caught in a fish trap near Petersburg, Alaska in 1949.
How long can a tuna live?
Pacific bluefin tunas reach maturity at approximately 5 years of age and can live up to 26 years, although the average lifespan is about 15 years.
Do salmon breed only once in lifetime?
Dear Student, Both the Pacific salmon fish and bamboo only breed once in their lifetime. The Pacific salmon usually breeds in the spring( April, May and June) and after spawning they die.
Where do salmon live in the ocean?
Salmon live along the coasts of both the North Atlantic (one migratory species Salmo salar) and Pacific Oceans (approximately a dozen species of the genus Oncorhynchus), and have also been introduced into the Great Lakes of North America. Salmon are intensively produced in aquaculture in many parts of the world.
How many times do salmon reproduce?
Each year mature salmon make the long journey back to their natal river to reproduce, just once. For the five species of Pacific salmon (Chinook, chum, coho, pink, and sockeye), this arduous journey is a race against the clock that ends in a fleeting romance and ultimately death.
What is the survival rate of salmon?
Salmon have unusually high annual rates of mortality at sea compared with other marine fish species for which annual mortalities of 18% (M = 0.2) are frequently assumed, in contrast to the 65–95% mortality estimated for Atlantic salmon.
Can salmon eat other salmon?
What do salmon eat? Salmon eat insects when they are young and eventually eat other fish when they are older.
Can salmon live after spawning?
After spawning, all Pacific salmon and most Atlantic salmon die, and the salmon life cycle starts over again. There are populations of some salmon species that spend their entire life in freshwater.
How far can a salmon travel in a day?
Chinook salmon swim 46 miles upstream in a day.
How do salmon return home?
Scientists believe that salmon navigate by using the earth's magnetic field like a compass. When they find the river they came from, they start using smell to find their way back to their home stream. They build their 'smell memory-bank' when they start migrating to the ocean as young fish.
Is salmon a seafood?
Researchers define "seafood" as finned fish (tuna, cod, salmon) and shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, scallops, clams, squid).
Do salmon eat mosquitoes?
Insects. Insects provide a huge source of animal protein for the salmon as well as other types of fish. The salmon do feed on both aquatic insects that they come across at sea, as well as terrestrial insects that they find at the surface of the waters such as beetles and mosquitoes.
Why is salmon important?
Salmon act as an ecological process vector, important in the transport of energy and nutrients between the ocean, estuaries, and freshwater environments. As a seasonal resource, salmon directly affect the ecology of many aquatic and terrestrial consumers, and indirectly affect the entire food web.
Do salmon eat worms?
Science will tell us that the Atlantic salmon is a highly skilled and opportunistic predator that will feed on a wider selection of animal – ranging from tiny crustaceans, shrimps, squid, worms and fish – It will hunt in both deep and relatively shallow water in very different lighting.
What is male salmon called?
The top-ranked male gets the female. The little silver-colored males, called jacks, have more ordinary snouts and gain their mating opportunities by hiding among the rocks until they can sneak into the females' nests while the big males are busy fighting.


text: This paper focuses on heritage conservation as it relates to, and intersects with, the realm of municipal finance. The thesis builds a case that municipal Heritage Property Tax Relief Programs (HPTRP's) in Ontario, as they currently exist, do not work as they were designed. HPTRP's are aimed at incentivizing heritage designation by offering a financial benefit to property owners, yet in their current configuration, result in additional costs that reduce their effectiveness. The ideal solution would be for the Province to review and redesign the program; however, this is unlikely. A practical solution, which is proposed in this paper, is for municipalities to create a Community Improvement Program (CIP) tool that off-sets some of the unforeseen costs associated with HPTRP's. The two programs have a history of working synergistically at the local level – and together can accomplish what HPTRP's were intended to achieve unilaterally.


text:
Tanzania secondary schools in rural areas are geographically and socially isolated, hence face a number of problems in getting learning materials resulting in poor performance in National examinations.
E-learning as defined to be the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for supporting the educational processes has motivated Tanzania to apply ICT in its education system.
There has been effort to improve secondary school education using ICT through several projects. ICT for e-learning to Tanzania rural secondary school is one of the research projects conceived by the University of Dar-es-Salaam through its College of Engineering and Technology. The main objective of the project is to develop a tool to enable ICT support rural secondary school.
The project is comprehensive with a number of components, one being development of e-learning management system (e-LMS) for Tanzania secondary schools.
This paper presents strategies of developing e-LMS. It shows the importance of integrating action research methodology with the modeling methods as presented by model driven architecture (MDA) and the usefulness of Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the issue of modeling.
The benefit of MDA will go along with the development based on software development life cycle (SDLC) process, from analysis and requirement phase through design and implementation stages as employed by object oriented system analysis and design approach.
The paper also explains the employment of open source code reuse from open source learning platforms for the context sensitive development of the e-LMS for Tanzania secondary schools.


The Role of Vortices in the Formation of the Solar System: the Effect on Dust Particles
A. V. Mehta, G. R. Flierl (MIT)
Numerical calculations show that a long-lived, robust vortex can persist in the solar nebula. The stable vortex has a negative vorticity (relative to the orbital angular velocity), which is the same sign as the Keplerian shear. If several negative vortices are close to each other, they will merge to form a larger vortex.
Dust particles suspended in the gas will tend to be expelled from a positive (unstable) vortex and drawn into a negative vortex. A tex2html_wrap_inline11 -sized particle will be mostly locked with the vortex, with a small drift component. A cm-sized particle will drift faster, reaching the middle of the vortex in about tex2html_wrap_inline15. The differential drift velocity increases the number of collisions, enhancing aggregation into larger particles.


text:
In Service Surveillance
In-service surveillance of ammunition is undertaken to ensure that ammunition
continues to meet the required quality standards throughout its entire life cycle. As explained by Mr. Adrian Wilkinson, surveillance is undertaken to ensure "that the ammunition continues to meet the required quality standards throughout its life. Quality, from this perspective, includes the performance of ammunition during use and its safety and stability during storage. The chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of ammunition change and degrade with time, leading to a finite serviceable life for each munition. The accurate assessment of munition life is of paramount importance in terms of safety and cost."
For further explanation on the requirements for the in-service proof and surveillance of ammunition see "Stockpile Management: Surveillance and Proof" by Adrian Wilkinson in Conventional Ammunition in Surplus, Small Arms Survey, 2008,
Checklist on In Service Surveillance
The Protocol V Generic Preventive Measures checklist includes questions on in service surveillance, which are set out below.
(a) Is there an 'In Service Surveillance' procedure and organisation to assess reliability and safety during the lifecycle of munitions? For pyrotechnic parts? For electronic parts? For other parts?
(b) Is there a system in place to check that all the explosive and pyrotechnic parts within the munition remain safe and reliable?
(c) Is there a system in place to check that all the explosive and pyrotechnic parts within the fusing chain are capable of initiating the next stage as required?
(d) Is the integrity of the pyrotechnic and explosive train checked (e.g. gap between components, integrity of components …)?
(e) Is there a procedure to identify and remove degraded munitions from operational service (i.e.: regular inspection of munitions)?
(f) Is there a procedure to increase/reduce the operational lifetime of munitions?
(g) In case of an increase in the operational life time of munitions do the tests and analysis maintain confidence in the previously required level of reliability and safety?
(h) Is there an 'In Service Surveillance' procedure and organisation to record the environmental conditions that the munitions have been exposed to/ tested in?
Testing is an important component of the "development to production" phases for ammunition and the in service surveillance. Testing is the key process for verifying the reliability and safety of ammunition and determining its shelf life. This should preferably be done by live-firing.
Useful resources on testing
Allied Ammunition Safety and Suitability for Service Assessment Testing Publication - Guidance, NATO Standardization Agreement, STANAG 4629
The United States of America's presentation on "Overview of testing" across the life cycle of a munition to the 2009 Meeting of Experts
"Origin of Test Requirements and Passing Criteria for the Qualification and Final (Type) Qualification of Explosives" by Ken Tomasello, Michael Sharp, John Adams and Richard E. Bowen. IMEMTS Munich, Germany 11 - 14 October 2010
"Test Requirements for Primary and Booster Explosive Qualification" by Ken Tomasello" by John Adams and Michael Sharp, ISSC 2011, Las Vegas, Nevada, 8 - 12 August 2011
Other useful resources
IATG 03.10:2011, Inventory Management. UNODA. 2011


text:
Beliefs and performance
The cognitions, or thought processes, in which an athlete engages may be critical to performance. A 1996 study by Williams and Leffingwell, Cognitive strategies in sport and exercise psychology, found several assumptions underlie the use of cognitive-behavioral inventions:
- Cognitions can affect athletic performance.
- These thought processes can be changed.
- This change can influence behavioral change, and therefore, improve performance.
They identified several areas of irrational beliefs that may affect an athlete's performance. In particular, they indicated that perfectionist demands may cause a poor self-concept or feelings of inadequacy, which increase the likelihood of failure. However, they distinguish between perfectionist demands and perfectionist desires indicating that a perfectionist desire, which is achievable and not judgmental, may increase the likelihood of success. Other irrational beliefs include:
- Considering failure a catastrophe
- Basing self-worth on achievement
- Focusing on fairness in competition
- Generalizing from a single performance to overall competence


text:
Author Notes: A simple dough made with baking powder instead of yeast, and fried in grapeseed oil. Topped off with some organic powdered sugar. Kids love it! —Dash of Amy
teaspoons baking powder
teaspoon sea salt
tablespoons cold butter, cut in cubes
ounces grapeseed oil (or frying oil of your choice)
cups organic powdered sugar
- Combine flour, baking powder, and salt in a large mixing bowl.
- Add the butter and use a fork to press it into the flour mixture until crumbly. Add the water and mix well making a smooth dough using your hands.
- Use a deep fryer, or a large pot to heat the frying oil until hot and bubbly, or 375*.
- Break the dough into pieces and using your hands stretch it and flatten it into discs.
- Drop dough carefully into the oil and cook until golden on the underside, then flip and cook until golden on both sides.
- Place on a platter of paper towels, and sprinkle with organic powdered sugar.
Photo by Dash of Amy


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Microbiota - Winner of the finals in the Spacelab 2021 Contest – Yitzhak Rabin Tichon Hadash High School, Tel Aviv
Tichon Hadash High School Tel Aviv, as part of the Ramon Foundation's Spacelab program with Prof. Kobi Moran-Gilad, Ben-Gurion University
The experiment will examine the effect of microgravity on the Microbiota in the gut. It will also examine the effect of antibiotics on the Microbiota in microgravity. In other words, we are going to examine the changes the bacteria will undergo, and from that we will conclude as to the functioning of the Microbiota in space vis-à-vis antibiotics, in an effort to streamline Microbiota transplants in Earth and in space.
Contact us for further questions about the experiment -


text:
unit BAMOWIZ DOZ (fig. 2) • Control unit for dosing function • Counter and Totalizer • For pulse flow sensors • Frequency input: from 0.04 Hz up to 10 kHz • Graphic color touch screen • Alarm on dosing cycle duration
BAMOWIZ DOZ is a programmable counter and totalizer as well as a dosing system.
The setpoint (Dosing quantity) is permanently accessible from the main display, which makes it ideal for applications that require regular adjustments.
BAMOWIZ DOZ accepts pulse signals from flow sensors operating in the range of 0.04 Hz to 10 kHz such as our BAMOFLU (data-sheet 780-01).
The BAMOWIZ DOZ consists of two elements: - A programmable monitor (fig. 1) - A control unit (fig. 2)
The monitor has a graphic color touch screen which facilitates parameter settings. Through a programmable factor, the input frequency is converted in a readable value such as litre, m³ etc.
Parameters shown on main display: - The setpoint - The volume counted during a dosing cycle - Countdown of the ''TEMPO'' (bargraph) - Relay status of each: S1, S2 and S3 - Totalizer - Number of cycles
A dosing cycle may be started (or interrupted) from the control unit which supplies and directly controls a solenoid valve via the static output. Controls of dosing start and stop can be remote from the control unit box.
General Catalog 217-05 08/04/2022 11:12
Counter, Totalizer, Dosing controller BAMOWIZ DOZ
BAMO Mesures SAS
22, Rue de la Voie des Bans Parc d'activités de la Gare
95100 ARGENTEUIL France


text: Predictive Policing: A Potential Nightmare for Communities of Color Posted on July 7, 2015July 8, 2015 by Kelly Allen Predictive policing may be a dream come true for budget-strapped police departments, but the implications of its use in youth and communities of color are a nightmare. "Predictive policing" refers to the use of data analysis software to guide law enforcement; it employs data on crime and offenses to generate predictions on the places and times that future crimes may occur. The software developers promise lower crime rates without the investment of additional staff or money. Predictive policing companies have been gaining popularity across the country, most recently with Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf's potential new investment of over $150,000 in PredPol Inc.'s software. Yet, despite the bold claims made by software developers, there has been no independent study conducted to confirm the effectiveness of predictive policing. Additionally, the negative implications of these methods for youth and communities of color have been grossly overlooked by law enforcement and completely ignored by software developers. Crime forecasting can only be as good as its data. At the fundamental level, predictive policing is destined for failure. The W. Haywood Burns Institute relies on law enforcement data to determine where inequalities exist within the system and to inform policy changes. We've discovered, and countless independent studies support, that there are vast racial and ethnic disparities throughout youth and criminal justice systems across the country. As long as these disparities exist, the implementation of predictive policing software in communities of color will lead to the continuation, if not worsening, of racial and ethnic disparities. To use a simplified example – Communities of color are policed at higher rates than predominantly White communities. Therefore, certain crimes that go unnoticed in White communities (e.g. marijuana possession) more often result in criminal charges in communities of color, despite similar usage across all demographic groups. Predictive policing software documents arrests made, not the actual crimes committed. Because communities of color tend to experience vast disparities in arrest rates when compared to their White peers, those neighborhoods are shown to be "hot spots." Thus, a cycle of over-policing in communities of color and the resulting racial and ethnic disparities in justice systems, continues to persist. While the collection and analysis of data is critical to the justice system, the statistical methods used by predictive policing confuse correlation and causation to the detriment of the lives of people of color and their and communities. Predictive policing methods should raise concerns for all communities. As a RAND report released in 2013 stated, "The very act of labeling areas and people as worthy of further attention inherently raises concerns about civil liberties and privacy rights." While Oakland may be attracted to the simplicity of fighting crime promised by PredPol, Inc., the decision to invest thousands into an unproven program is questionable at best. For a police department still under federal control for repeated abuses of power, the adoption of such a controversial program could have disastrous effects for communities of color throughout Oakland.


ENIGMA Development Environment
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Messages - Josh @ Dreamland
Going to need more context here. Where is asteroidParent being used that it isn't declared?
Yes and no.
For things you create arbitrarily, you are right—these could be greatly benefited by classes. I would probably have it that var would not be allowed to represent these classes, except possibly through the C# approach. There's no denying how extremely useful it would be to have object-oriented file, UI, and data structure code.
Instances, you are beginning to push the limit. It is useful to be able to say, at very least for the purpose of static analysis, that other is an obj_wall, or that instance_nearest(x, y, obj_missile) is an obj_missile. But do we really want to have you check inst instanceOf obj_missile, then cast? I'd hear an argument either way.
Resources, you have hit the limit. There is little reason to ever have spr_some_guy be anything but an integer. Let's choose a raw, gaping sore in GML as an example: sounds. Users have always been plagued by how large their audio resources end up being in GM. In the golden days, large audio files corrupted game files left and right, and even when they did not, insane save times kicked in. Pissed-off users would eventually be driven to store their sounds externally. We just recently got bitten in the ass by Round II of this issue as it became clear that optimizing sound storage for insert instead of access was the better move. This is wrong on so many levels.
The beauty of the resource tree is that your resources are managed for you—you don't need to know anything about where, when, or how sound0 was loaded. You just play it and it works. On your side, it's an integer; you can't get any simpler an opaque pointer than that. Behind the scenes, that sound may or may not be loaded, or actually even exist. We can replace this mechanism with some sort of weak reference class, but why would we? An integer serves the purpose fine.
I wouldn't argue against the use of, eg, typedef size_t sprite_t; to allow us to offer object-oriented features for these resources. But then, does spr.exists() really make any sense?
Just some considerations. I would be fine with a statically typed var of some sort, honestly.
General ENIGMA / Re: Fun with imge_single
« on: July 25, 2014, 08:36:29 PM »
As I said, accessing the caller's image_index is already an ugly operation. When it happens, usually the access is one add+dereference (which we're replacing with two and a conditional) followed by shitloads of additional data moves or comparisons that actually work with the image data. The loss from this overhead is negligible compared to what is done with the image data. I'd probably use an inline function to handle it (as opposed to an accessor).
The code you gave works in the current system; I'm going to assume that what you meant was this:
Code: (EDL) [Select]
image_index = 2;
image_single = 4;
show_message(stsring(image_index)); // Prints "4"
image_single = -1;
show_message(stsring(image_index)); // Prints "2"
In this case, you're right; the obvious solution is to give image_single a special accessor, but then, you're also right that I have no interest in pulling this into upstream ENIGMA. :P
Programming Help / Re: C++ short delay when using CIN
« on: July 23, 2014, 10:13:19 PM »
Write a custom terminal emulator that, upon printing a character, deletes the entire content of the terminal by filling it with spaces, then re-prints everything, including the new character. That might get it to be as slow. Probably not worth the effort, though.
Disclaimer: Not implying that's what Windows does. I can't conceive of why the Windows command prompt is that damn slow. Especially since it takes so many disgusting shortcuts.
Developing ENIGMA / Re: Android
« on: July 23, 2014, 10:11:42 PM »
So, the point of ENIGMA's multiple makefiles is just to let systems specify the source files they include and the libraries they depend on. They operate under two assumptions:
1. You will be compiling some C++ sources into object files in order to build the C++ engine.
2. You will be linking the objects you have compiled into a standalone executable when finished.
Presently, (2) also assumes that the binary you use for linking is the same one you use for compiling. That can be changed. You can also inject additional dependencies and provide targets for them in Android-specific makefiles.
The big issue is, from what we discussed, that Android seems to compile sources into object files, but then there's some nebulous form of magic used to link those objects into a shared object to be loaded by the operating system (namely, through JNI). Unfortunately, I can't make you any recommendations until I can figure out (or someone tells me) what the hell that operation is.
« on: July 23, 2014, 10:00:50 PM »
He's on Windows. The console is GOING to be terribly slow.
General ENIGMA / Re: Fun with imge_single
« on: July 23, 2014, 09:53:59 PM »
The behavior you describe is much simpler than you appear to be modeling it. It's a symptom of having two variables. Instead of using caller->image_index, and having image_single influence image_index directly, the following are happening:
Instead of if (image_single!= -1) image_index = image_single; else { /* image_speed logic... */ }, you would simply put if (image_single == -1) { /* image_speed logic... */ }, doing nothing otherwise.
Then in place of caller->image_index, you use caller->image_single == -1? caller->image_index : caller->image_single.
This method is a little slower, yes, but not by enough for anyone to ever really notice. Having functions use the caller's state is dirty, anyway. I wouldn't mind pulling such a patch.
General ENIGMA / Re: Indentation Styles
« on: July 20, 2014, 09:44:22 PM »
My aversion to tabs is that they have not been assigned a logical width. People individually choose how big they want their tabs. While that's great for personalization, it's bad for consistency. You can't align variables easily, or use half-indentations or double-indentations without explosion (my double is 4 spaces; some are 16). The biggest offender is when people try to line up variables after "int" or "var." It's not really my style, but it happens; exactly four spaces of indent are required to pad the next line so that all the identifiers line up. You can use spaces to do exclusively the non-indentation alignment, of course, assuming your editor lets you, but I've never seen anyone pull that off.
The lack of size agreement leads to more solid problems, in my case. GNU style seems to be two-space indent, but any leading eight spaces of indent are replaced with a single tab character. This means for me to correctly view anything GNU, I have to set my tab width to eight. My preferred tab width is two. When you send me a file and every fucking line is indented eight tabs, I flip shit. I find lately that I leave my tab widths both at two and manually replace "\t" with " " in GNU sources.
So yes, in a perfect world, everyone agrees, and we all use tabs. In this world, tabs are any multiple of 1 in size (even that's not playing it safe—some people don't use fixed-width editors, but no one cares what they think). Spaces, however, I have never noticed to be rendered as anything other than a single space of width, with or without special coloring or symbolage to denote that there's actually a character there. So I use two spaces, and my code looks the same whether it's loaded in emacs, in vim, in MS fucking Notepad, or in an actual code editor.
inb4 gr8 b8 m8
Off-Topic / Re: Religious wars in the programming community
« on: July 20, 2014, 01:14:28 PM »
This whole topic is really TL;DR; am I supposed to be doing something about it? I don't see any 72-point type, so it's looking tame enough.
Off-Topic / Re: On a distant future
« on: July 20, 2014, 01:12:02 PM »
I was mostly teasing. But no, I don't particularly like Facebook.
Off-Topic / Re: On a distant future
« on: July 19, 2014, 05:13:34 PM »
Fuck no; Facebook bought Oculus. VR is poisoned forever. AR is the new VR.
Works in Progress / Re: Norse Adventures planing stage
« on: July 19, 2014, 11:41:23 AM »
I find the ability to draw assets for video games by hand breaks down at about the point you need small, animated sprites. :P
Issues Help Desk /


text:
Elastic laser spans the spectrum
May 16, 2001
A laser that changes colour when it stretches has been developed by a team of scientists from Germany and the US. Heino Finkelmann of Albert-Ludwigs University in Freiburg, Germany, and co-workers based the device on a liquid crystal with a spiral structure that behaves like a spring. It emits green light in its unstressed state, but this shifts to red when the spring is stretched (H Finkelmann et al 2001 Advanced Materials at press). The tunable laser could be invaluable in the communications industry to send light of different wavelengths through fibre optic cables.
All of the molecules in one plane of a so-called cholesteric liquid crystal are aligned, and the molecules in each successive plane are rotated slightly with respect to those in the previous plane. This creates a series of parallel helices within the liquid crystal. Over a certain length of the helix, the molecules gradually turn through a full circle - this distance is known as the pitch.
When light shines into the liquid crystal along the axis of the helixes, the light in a short frequency range - with a central wavelength exactly equal to the pitch length - is strongly reflected. This effect can be exploited to make a laser by adding a fluorescent dye to the liquid crystal. The dye is chosen such that the peak in its emission coincides with the wavelength reflected by the liquid crystal. When a laser stimulates this structure, the emission profile is modified and the dye emits laser light at the wavelengths that correspond to the edges of the'reflection band'.
Finkelmann's team realised that this effect could be controlled by adding the dye to a type of highly uniform elastic liquid crystal known as a cholesteric liquid single crystal elastomer, and exciting the system with a laser. When elongated, they found that the laser light shifted from green to red, with a wavelength spread of just 0.3 nanometres. Most lasers have mirrors that form an optical cavity in which the light is amplified, but in the elastic laser the liquid crystal itself behaves as a 'distributed' cavity in which the laser light is continually internally reflected.


text:
Scripts are about as close to programming Doom 3 as you can possibly get without having to purchase Visual C++. The language is similar to C++, but is arguably a bit easier to learn and use.
There are three major components in Doom 3 that are controlled by scripts:
The scritping system is based around the idea of objects and events.
Objects are referenced with $name where "name" is the name of the object in DOOMEdit.
Events look like C++ member function calls, and you can really think of them that way. To send the 'hide' event to speaker_280, you'd write $speaker_280.hide();
There is a special object known as'sys' which is where all the system calls (like print)
hide. All the events (including system calls) can all be found in "doom_events.script"
|Copyright © 2004 id software|


text:
Dog dementia, also known as Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS), is a surprisingly common condition among senior dogs. CDDS is comparable to Alzheimer's in humans. If our old buddy starts showing signs of cognitive problems such as confusion, anxiety, and listlessness, then he may have already reached a stage in his life when he needs our help. Understanding his condition will allow us the opportunity to give him the care he needs, prevent the worsening of his symptoms, and make his last years with us more comfortable.
What are the signs of dog dementia?
The age of onset of CDDS depends on a dog's breed. Early clinical signs can appear as early as seven years of age, but the average age at which symptoms of cognitive decline typically appear is 11 years or older. If our canine friend is getting on in years, we should start keeping an eye out for the following symptoms:
- Wandering aimlessly. Older dogs who wander around the house as if they're lost, or as if they're "stuck" somewhere, may be developing cognitive decline. CDDS can make it difficult for our aging pooch to remember his surroundings and where to go. We may also notice Fido no longer seems to remember the usual routes we take when we take him out for his walks.
- Behavioral changes. Cognitive decline can lead to changes in how Fido interacts with us and other humans and animals. He can exhibit increased anxiety and fear; he may become significantly less demanding for our attention and less interested in play. It would also be reasonable for him to sometimes forget his house-training and accidentally pee indoors. Anomalous aggression and territoriality may actually become the new norm as this behavioral change usually also comes with dementia. More frequent pacing and whining that's not caused by boredom may be caused by dementia-related anxiety.
- Changes in sleeping habits. Older dogs normally sleep more often and for longer periods of time. But a senior dog with CCDS will not only sleep more frequently, but also develop odd sleeping hours. As with humans with dementia, it's common for a dog with the condition to sleep more during the day, and be awake and anxious most of the night.
- Being mentally absent. The most obvious sign of this is Fido staring off into space for prolonged periods. If this behavior is unusual for our pooch, then it should be mentioned to his vet on his next checkup.
What can we do to help our senior dogs?
The earlier dog dementia is diagnosed, the earlier we can give him the help he needs. Luckily, there are ways to prevent his condition from worsening, and we can also take extra steps to give him the comfort and care he needs.
- Keeping a regular schedule. Even if he sometimes forgets what we've trained him to do, it is even more important that we keep him on a strict schedule. The routine will help minimize his anxiety and confusion.
- Keep his environment unchanged. As much as possible, we should make sure the layout of our home, larger household items, and his belongings are always in the same place. Any change to his environment, even small ones, can easily throw him off and trigger anxiety.
- Keep him relaxed. Any newly developed aggression can be addressed by following a consistent daily routine because aggressive behaviors can be triggered by anxiety and confusion. If visitors are coming, even if they're people he's familiar with, it will help to get him relaxed by tiring him out with a long walk and playtime, giving him a treat or a massage, or engaging in any activity that he always enjoys. His vet may also prescribe medication and supplements to treat his anxiety.
- Exercise him regularly. This stimulates his senses and cognitive skills, helping him stay sharp and engaged. The physical exertion also releases hormones that enhance motor coordination and promote feelings of pleasure. Regular exercise can keep stress and anxiety at bay by burning off excess energy, but the intensity and frequency of his physical activity should still be ideal for his age, overall health, stamina level, and breed.
- Make mealtime challenging. Mealtimes can be an opportunity to fire up Fido's hunting skills, problem-solving skills, and overall brain function. We can invest in puzzle toys designed for hiding food. To make things even more fun and challenging, we can also hide the toy itself, as long as it doesn't create more confusion and trigger anxiety or aggressiveness.
- Feed him a healthy diet. It is even more vital as our dog enters his golden years that we give him the right food. There are special formulas explicitly designed to help improve brain function in older dogs. Dog food enhanced with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), fish oil, B vitamins, antioxidants, and amino acids are the best choice for Fido's brain health. These ingredients are also available as individual supplements.
As an age-related condition, dog dementia is often inevitable. However, there are ways to keep him healthy and happy, physically and mentally, for the remainder of his years.
Part of growing old, not only often includes some level of dementia; for many dogs, it also means a significant decrease in mobility. EcoMobility is a joint and hip complex for dogs that is not only wallet-friendly but easy to use. Your pup can get the hip and joint support he needs to stay in optimal, agile health with this vet-approved daily supplement.
- "Dementia in Senior Dogs: 6 Ways to Deal With the Effects" Vetstreet
- "5 Signs of Dog Dementia" PetMD
- "Dementia in Dogs: 5 Signs To Look Out For" South Boston Animal Hospital
- "Dogs get dementia? Yes, they do…" Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital


text:
Is Frozen Dead Oyster Safe to Eat in India?
Seafood is a popular choice among food enthusiasts across the globe, and India is no exception. With its vast coastline, the country offers a rich variety of seafood, including oysters. However, a common question that arises among many is whether it is safe to consume frozen dead oysters in India. This article aims to address this concern and provide a comprehensive understanding of the safety and precautions associated with consuming frozen oysters in India.
Oysters are a type of shellfish that are enjoyed both raw and cooked. They are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and proteins. However, they are also highly perishable and can harbor harmful bacteria if not handled and stored properly.
Is it Safe to Eat Frozen Dead Oysters?
Generally, it is safe to eat frozen oysters, provided they have been frozen properly and thawed under controlled conditions. Freezing oysters can kill harmful bacteria and parasites, making them safer to eat. However, it is crucial to ensure that the oysters were alive before they were frozen. Dead oysters can harbor harmful bacteria, which can lead to foodborne illnesses.
How to Ensure the Safety of Frozen Oysters?
Always buy from a reputable source: Ensure that the oysters are sourced from a reliable and certified supplier. This reduces the risk of contamination.
Check for freshness: Fresh oysters have a mild sea-like smell. If they smell strong or unpleasant, they are likely spoiled.
Proper storage: Oysters should be stored at a temperature below -18°C. Any temperature above this can lead to bacterial growth.
Proper thawing: Thaw the oysters in the refrigerator and not at room temperature. This prevents the growth of bacteria.
Cooking: Cooking oysters at the right temperature can kill harmful bacteria. The U.S. FDA recommends cooking oysters to an internal temperature of 65°C.
In conclusion, while it is generally safe to eat frozen dead oysters in India, it is essential to take certain precautions. Always ensure that the oysters are sourced from a reliable supplier, stored and thawed properly, and cooked at the right temperature. By following these guidelines, you can enjoy the unique taste of oysters without worrying about potential health risks.


text:
Escape from the castle's rotary tower with this exciting Quadrilla set featuring two transparent stairways. As the marbles make their way down the rail they sound three hanging bells.
- The quadrille series games by Hape are award winning - recognized by the International toy industry with awards such as the "Spiel gut" (good toy) Award and Oppenheim toy Portfolio Platinum award winner this game is sure to entertain
- Supports S. T. E. M learning - watch your child develop their imagination, problem solving skills, counting, color identification and more while playing while "escaping the castle walls".
- Prepare your child for the future - quadrille marble runs help children to develop spatial and reasoning abilities, and has even been highlighted as a developmental tool for computer programming by the wall street journal!
- Massive 102 piece set is interchangeable with other sets - quadrille components are fully interchangeable among sets and Use Standard 5/8" Or 16mm marbles. Escape from this castle's rotary tower with exciting quadrille set featuring two transparent stairways. As the marbles make their way down the rail they sound three hanging bells while they are on their journey.
- Made from a renewable resource - you want the very best for your child and Hape delivers! Our toys provide hours of endless entertainment while using non-toxic, renewable materials that can also be recycled! The toy is and safe for your child!


text:
Gardman Bird Table Anchoring Pegs
Gardman Bird Table Anchoring Pegs helps keep your bird table steady and to keep it secured to the ground. They work with all bird tables and feeders, with an easy push down action into soil or grass.
The pegs are made from powder coated steel for strength and weather resistance. Simply push into the ground over the table or feeding station legs firmly to secure in place.
Made from powder coated steel
Easy to use
Works with all bird tables and feeders
Tips & Advice:
Locate bird tables near cover so that they're easily accessible, but not too close if there is a risk of predators. With food resources scarce now, it is essential to feed garden birds all year round. Put out food at the start of the day to ensure that birds can replace the energy they have lost overnight. Locate feeders near cover, so that the birds have a safe place to retreat to that is away from predators. Always provide fresh, clean water.
Storage & Hygiene
Always ensure wild birds have plenty of fresh, clean water for drinking and bathing. Clean feeding and drinking areas regularly with a mild disinfectant. Keep food fresh and dry, removing any wet food to prevent the spread of bacteria and diseases. Keep packaging away from children to avoid suffocation. Store food in a cool dry place away from pets or pests. Best used within 3 months of opening. Bird food is not suitable for human consumption and bird food may contain nuts.
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