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Spermidine is a natural chemical compound that is found in all living cells. It is involved in many cellular processes and has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits. In this article, we will provide an overview of Spermidine, including its chemical properties, health benefits, potential side effects, dosing information, and safety considerations.
Chemical name: Spermidine Molecular formula: C7H19N3 Formula weight: 145.25 g/mol CAS No.: 124-20-9
Top ten keywords from Google and Synonyms:
Synonyms: N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, SPDS.
The exact mechanisms by which Spermidine exerts its health benefits are not fully understood but appear to be related to its ability to activate the autophagy pathway, improve mitochondrial function, and modulate various signaling pathways involved in inflammation, immunity, and cellular metabolism. Spermidine can also act as a free radical scavenger and reduce oxidative stress in cells.
Spermidine is generally considered safe when taken orally in appropriate doses. However, there is limited research on its long-term safety and potential interactions with medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using Spermidine unless directed by a healthcare provider.
Spermidine is generally well-tolerated, and side effects are rare. However, some people may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as bloating or diarrhea, when taking high doses of Spermidine.
There is no established recommended dose of Spermidine, and optimal dosing may vary depending on the individual's age, health status, and reasons for use. Most studies have used doses ranging from 1 to 5 mg per day, taken orally in divided doses. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
Spermidine is a natural compound with potential therapeutic properties, particularly in the areas of anti-aging, autophagy, neuroprotection, heart health, cancer prevention, immune modulation, and mitochondrial function. Spermidine appears to be safe when taken orally in appropriate doses, but further research is needed to establish its long-term safety and potential interactions with medications. Overall, Spermidine shows promise as a natural supplement for promoting overall health and wellness.


Comprehension Test
Before testing commitment, test comprehension.
Illustration of Comprehension Test
Evidence strength
Relevant metrics: Conversion
Validates: Desirability
How: Write out your value proposition in 1-3 sentences. Show it to participants for just enough time to read it, then take it away. Finally, ask participants to explain the value proposition back to you in their own words. If the explanation is roughly comparable to your own, count it as a positive result. If 20 people participate, you want 80% to understand your message.
Why: Evaluate whether customers understand a marketing message explaining the value proposition to eliminate a possible false negative bias in later tests where customers indicate they do not want the value proposition when they actually do not understand it. As an example, you will want to run a comprehension test before a spoof landing page test or you won't understand why it doesn't work.
This card is part of the Validation Patterns printed card deck
A collection of 60 product experiments that will validate your idea in a matter of days, not months. They are regularly used by product builders at companies like Google, Facebook, Dropbox, and Amazon.
Get your deck!
Before the experiment
The first thing to do when planning any kind of test or experiment, is to figure out what you want to test. To make critical assumptions explicit, fill out an experiment sheet as you prepare your test. We created a sample sheet for you to get started. Download the Experiment Sheet.
How to proceed
Before you run a smoke test (that tests commitment), you should run a comprehension test.
You can run the comprehension test manually, showing a piece of paper to the participant for them to read it – and then taking it away to explain what they just read back to you in their own words.
If the participant's explanation roughly compares to your own, you can count it as a positive result. Otherwise, it's negative. Aim for a sample size of at least 20 participants and a positive success rate of around 80%. Eighty percent intuitively seems very high - but it must be as regardless of what your value proposition is, your target customers should still understand it.
As a digital alternative to the manual Comprehension Test, the Five Second Test is commonly used.
Who to recruit
Depending on your target market, who you bring to a comprehension test is important.
If your target market has a high school level education, you just need someone with the same basic level of education and vocabulary. At this point, you are not testing to see if someone wants your value proposition, but if they can understand it.
If your value proposition uses industry jargon, you will want to be more critical of who you recruit as test participants. You want to make your value proposition understandable to those who aren't already converted, so if the customers you want to sell to do not understand your industry specific words, you need to change your value proposition.
Once your target audience understands your value proposition (conversion of at least 80%), you can move on to more sophisticated and (maybe more) expensive tests to probe real customer behavior.
After the experiment
To make sure you move forward, it is a good idea to systematically record your the insights you learned and what actions or decisions follow. We created a sample Learning Sheet, that will help you capture insights in the process of turning your product ideas successful. Download the Learning Sheet.
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Adelberg Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Adelberg Name Meaning
German: habitational name from a place in southwestern Germany called Adelberg, named with Middle High German adel 'noble' + berg 'mountain'. Jewish (Ashkenazic): ornamental name composed of German adel 'noble' + Berg 'mountain'.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Edelberg, Selberg, Melberg, Helberg, Heiberg, Arenberg, Milberg

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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DRIFT-FOOD team present during the EUROPEAN RESEARCH SERVICES ON AGROECOLOGY CONFERENCE
The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, in cooperation with French partners from AnaEE (Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems) and CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), organized a conference on 5th and 6th of June called European Research Services on Agroecology in the Aula of CZU in Prague.
The conference was held within the framework of the important European project AgroServ (Integrated SERvices supporting a sustainable AGROecological transition) of which the CZU is part of. The results of the AgroServ project will have a major impact on the future of the food system, preserving biodiversity and reducing the impact of agriculture on the climate. DRIFT-FOOD has been presented through the ECO-READY during the conference.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Malaria Minute Podcast: CRISPR-Based Malaria Test Useful for Low-Resource Settings
Click on the image above to listen to the podcast by Fight Malaria:
A new malaria test offers high specificity from a small form factor, and researchers develop an imaging tool to examine mosquito feeding behaviour
The current tools for diagnosing malaria have limitations; rapid diagnostic tests lack sensitivity and specificity whilst PCR-based molecular tests require time and labour. A new CRISPR-based diagnostic approach, using the 'SHERLOCK' protocol, seeks to bridge the gap between the two, offering accurate results from a small form factor. It delivers results in 60 minutes and can differentiate between multiple strains of P. falciparum and P. ovale malaria with 100% specificity. This new generation of tests has particular application to low-resource settings where they will be useful to detect malaria prevalence among asymptomatic patients.
By deploying high-resolution imaging, researchers are now one step closer to understanding the complex feeding behaviour of mosquitoes. The so-called 'biteOscope' is a device that attracts mosquitoes to a host mimic with artificial blood. The host is transparent to allow for the recording of activity, with a particular focus on movement and posture.


New Superhero, 3,200 Years Old, Turns CO2 Into Wood Superfast
The giant sequoia's ability to grow faster as it ages makes it a champ at carbon sequestration.
Actually, it's a poster tree: Sequoiadendron giganteum, the giant sequoia. And thanks to Professor Steve Sillett and his team at Humboldt State University, here's what we now know: these trees do more growing when they're older than when they're younger. The older they get, it seems, the faster they grow.
Let me say that again: Giant sequoias grow faster later in life than earlier in life."
Robert Krulwich reports for NPR December 4, 2012.
Wednesday, December 5, 2012


The Surprising Link Between Your Calf Muscles and Dementia
Link between your calf muscles and dementia
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As we age, we tend to lose our memory. You might associate cognitive decline and dementia as a normal part of aging.
Although there are normal cognitive changes that occur with age, dementia is not one of them. So, what determines who is going to suffer from dementia and who is not?
Did you know there's a connection between our brain and our calf strength? Cognitive decline may seem inevitable with older age, but it doesn't have to be.
Recent research has found an association between calf strength and blood pressure. It's believed these can determine our risk for developing cognitive disorders, like dementia. Let's take a deeper look.
You may also like:
This Obscure Food Drastically Improves Memory, According to a New Study
The Scary Link Between Brushing Your Teeth And Alzheimer's Disease
Blood Pressure and Brain Function
When you go to a physical at your doctor's office, you will notice them checking your blood pressure levels.
This is the amount of pressure your heart uses to push blood to different parts of the body. We often hear about the dangers of high blood pressure for heart health.
But, low blood pressure may be a concern for our brain health.
 Recent studies have found low blood pressure to be a predictor of cognitive decline. That makes it a risk factor for dementia in older individuals.
When our blood pressure is low, we have decreased blood flow to areas of our brain when we are sitting or standing. With a lack of blood flow comes a lack of oxygen and essential nutrients to support the function of our brain (1).
Restriction of these nutrients can cause irreversible damage to our brains as we age. On the flip side, elevated blood pressure can also increase your risk for dementia. High blood pressure can damage the fragile blood vessels in your brain. This can affect the part of the brain that we use for memory and critical thinking (2).
Blood pressure can play a significant factor in the health of our brains. So, how can we avoid this? Maintaining a healthy blood pressure range is easier said than done.
If you suffer from irregular blood pressure, speak with your doctor about treatment options. Those with high blood pressure may be able to treat it with lifestyle changes. Weight loss, cutting out salt, eating a balanced diet, and incorporating regular exercise can help.
Where Do Our Calf Muscles Fit In?
relationship-between-your-calf-muscles-and-dementia
Image // Theladders.com
If blood pressure may be the hidden culprit to dementia risk, where do our calf muscles fit in? Low blood pressure can have many causes. The most common cause is low cardiac output.
This means your heart is not pumping enough blood as it needs. This means not enough is being returned to the heart from the lower body.
The soleus muscle in our calf is responsible for pumping blood back up to our heart when contracted. This is the muscle that runs from the back of our knee to our ankle.
It sits beneath our gastrocnemius. When this muscle is weakened, it can increase our risk for stroke and other health concerns. Common causes of muscle weakness or loss in this area include a sedentary lifestyle, spinal cord injury, and malnutrition (3).
How to Reduce Your Risk
Aside from keeping your blood pressure in tip-top shape, maintaining the strength of your calf muscles is crucial. Maintaining muscle strength throughout age can help to prevent a variety of different age-related issues. It can also increase our quality of life. So, how can we do this?
As we get older, certain conditions can cause us to decrease our activity level. Age-related muscle loss is a common cause of an increase in sedentary lifestyles in the elderly. To combat this, it's important to maintain regular physical activity as you age.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends adults 65 and older get moving. Getting in 75-150 minutes of moderate-vigorous intensity activity each week along with two days of strength training is all you need.
Strength training exercises should work each major muscle group – legs, hips, back, abs, chest, shoulders, and arms (4).
Bottom Line
Maintaining a healthy blood pressure range and regular activity throughout age can reduce your risk for cognitive decline. With adequate blood pressure to pump to your brain and strong muscles to help with circulating the blood, you can cut your dementia risk down.
You will also cut down your risk of developing other health conditions that might arise from frailty and blood pressure imbalance.
If you feel you have any of these conditions or concerns, speak with your health care provider about treatment options. Always get clearance from your doctor before starting an exercise routine.
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Meghan Stoops, RD
Meghan is a Registered Dietitian and freelance content writer in the beautiful New Smyrna Beach, Florida. She takes an all-foods-fit approach to nutrition and is dedicated to freeing others from diet culture and simplifying healthy eating.
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INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ITUC)
Workers' Rights Endangered in Greece
Brussels, 7 February 2012 (ITUC OnLine): The ITUC has condemned the attacks on workers' rights in the current demands being made of the Greek government by the European Union and the IMF . The international trade union movement has urged all parties to engage instead in a genuine dialogue that could build a consensus-based economic recovery in Greece.
The IMF and the European Union are pressuring, among other conditions, for deregulation of labour rights in the private sector, enhanced wage flexibility including reductions in the minimum wage, legislative changes to facilitate employment reductions and other forms of interference in freely determined collective bargaining processes.
"This is totally unacceptable for the ITUC," stated Sharan Burrow, ITUC General Secretary. "Legitimate social dialogue and internationally recognised workers' rights have been cast aside. Far from achieving a jobs recovery, this is going to condemn Greece to years more austerity accompanied by a rise in unemployment, informality and insecurity in the workplace."
In a letter sent to the IMF, the ILO and the Greek authorities, the ITUC Is asking the organisations involved and the government to cease attempting to impose the current reforms and to seek instead a productive dialogue based upon a pro-growth strategy to build a consensus-based recovery in Greece.
"The international institutions and the Greek Government are destroying social dialogue, collective agreements and job and income security," added Sharan Burrow. "They are destroying the base of democracy. The ITUC stands with workers in Greece and everywhere where workers' rights are under attack."
To see the letter, please go to _URL_
The ITUC represents 175 million workers in 153 countries and territories and has 308 national affiliates.
Website: _URL_ and _URL_
For more information, please contact the ITUC Press Department on: +32 2 _PHONE_ or +32 476 62 10 18.


text: Cross-borehole geophysical data can provide valuable information concerning hydrologic properties of the unsaturated zone. Such data are most often used sequentially, where images of soil physical properties are obtained through numerical inversion and then converted to hydrologic state properties using petrophysical relationships. If not accounted for, inversion artifacts are transferred to the resulting hydrologic images. We propose a framework in which multiple geophysical data sets can be incorporated using an integrated data fusion approach. The geophysical data collected are integrated in a forward modeling approach to evaluate a series of plausible hydrologic models. The approach permits an evaluation of the sensitivity of geophysical data for constraining hydrologic model parameters. We illustrate the approach using geophysical data collected during a dual water and solute tracer experiment in the unsaturated zone. Cross-borehole ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography, measuring electromagnetic travel time and electrical transfer resistances, respectively, were collected during a 20-d period. As a first approximation, one-dimensional flow was considered and three models (one, two, and five layers) of the subsurface were evaluated. The five-layered model was found to be the only model capable of mimicking the infiltration pattern satisfactorily. The results showed that only the hydraulic conductivity and one of the parameters (empirical parameter n) describing the soil moisture release curve for three of the five layers could be constrained by the data, illustrating the nonuniqueness of the problem. The data fusion approach proved, however, that application of multiple geophysical methods may reduce hydraulic parameter uncertainty.


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There are many functions of animal communication however, some have been studied in more detail than do animals have language - michele bishop, ted ed, 4. To what extent we can say animals have language are animals capable of language it is in the opinion of the author that animals do not have the. Chirps, whistles, clicks: do any animals have a true 'language' very long way from understanding this transition from animal communication to human language. It's a common fact that ancient people worship some animals, just analyze their mythology essay on animal's have feelings home \ free essay sample papers. Essay topic: what feelings do you think animals have these are all emotions that animals feel and express in their own language. Language is considered to be a very complex form of communication that occurs among the human race it is a set of verbal and non-verbal conventions that humans use. Do animals have rights essay 3736 words | 15 pages someone or something else, their duty is to look out for those that they rule the use of the bible as a standard. Free essay on animal liberation - do animals have rights available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community.
Animals communicate with each other animal sound is language unique to humans language might be described as the ability to take a finite set of elements. Essay writing guide do animals have rights i conclude that animals do have rights and should be respected but also should be allowed to be killed due to. Animals have feelings and are humans too sponsor this essay have you ever thought that an animal can get their feelings hurt weekly podcast of featured essays. Evidence is there to support the argument that animals can or do possess language animals do have the same cognitive powers as humans.
Animals have communication systems, some of them are quite complex, but they do not have language the sounds they use do not have phonology, morphology. Which animals have consciousness and recall the cartesian argument that animals do not use language conversationally the nature of mind and other essays.
One of the hottest questions in the study of animal behavior is, "do animals have emotions" and the simple and correct answer is, "of course they do" just. All animals communicate but do they have language michele bishop details the four specific qualities we associate with language and investigates whether or. Their entire essay is since animals do not have verbal language this article was adapted from do animals typically think like autistic savants.
Free coursework on animal communication from essayukcom, the uk essays company for essay, dissertation and coursework writing. Can animals understand each other and if they do, do they communicate through language is their language sophisticated enough to combine sounds into meaning in some. Essay animal minds 1 but to say that animals have a biological basis for there is a great deal more to learn about animal minds grammatical language can.
Best answer: define what you consider language do animals have a language the answer to this question is highly debated and a part of the even.
Can any animals talk and use language like humans these animals do have something in common we don't yet know when our speech and language evolved. Up for consideration this time is the extent to which language makes the human species distinct from other species of animal firstly, a distinction between language. Get everything you need to know about language as power in animal farm the theme of language as power in animal farm from litcharts | the creators of sparknotes. The difference between animal and human communication essays 50 critical analysis in some cases we don't even know if some animals have symbolic language. Have you ever thought that an animal can get their feelings hurt just like humans i believe that all animals are just like humans this includes anything from.


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Although many people use the terms interchangeably, there is a significant difference between a nanny and an au pair.
Differences between an au pair and a nanny:
- Au pairs are, by definition, young people from overseas who travel legally to the U.S.to care for children on a cultural exchange visa. Nannies can be anyone employed to care for a child in its own home.
- Nannies can work part-time, full-time or even overtime. Au pairs working conditions are regulated by the U.S. Department of State, so there are rules that must be followed. An au pair can work up to (but no more than) 45 hours a week, 10 hours per day.
- Nanny fees vary widely depending on if they are part-time or full-time, how many children you have, and where you live. The cost of hosting an au pair can be broken down into two main parts: Fees paid to an agency for the program administration and year-round support, and a minimum weekly stipend of $195.75, paid directly to your au pair.
- Some nannies are professionally trained and are in the field as a career. Others become nannies as a temporary way to earn money while they decide on college or other career paths. Au pairs are not professionally trained but many of them have hundreds, even thousands, of hours of experience as babysitters, tutors, kindergarten assistants, camp counselors and sports instructors.
- Nannies are employees. Au pairs are not considered an employee but rather an extended family member. The term au pair means "on par".


This API is deprecated and will be turned down in January 2019. Migrate to Cloud Firestore or another data store as soon as possible to avoid disruptions to your application.
Create a Realtime Application
There are several steps that are common to all Realtime API applications and must be performed at some point in the application life cycle. Follow the links below to learn about each step.
Step 1: Enable the Drive API
First, you need to enable the Drive API for your app. You can do this in your app's API project in the Google API Console.
To get started using Drive API, you need to first use the setup tool, which guides you through creating a project in the Google API Console, enabling the API, and creating credentials.
 1. From the Credentials page, click Create credentials > OAuth client ID to create your OAuth 2.0 credentials or Create credentials > Service account key to create a service account.
 2. If you created an OAuth client ID, then select your application type.
 3. Fill in the form and click Create.
Your application's client IDs and service account keys are now listed on the Credentials page. For details, click a client ID; parameters vary depending on the ID type, but might include email address, client secret, JavaScript origins, or redirect URIs.
Take note of the Client ID as you'll need to add it to your code later.
Step 2: Load the Realtime library
The Google JavaScript API loader can load all components you need to use the Realtime API. To begin, you must include the library as shown here:
<script type="text/javascript" src="_URL_
Use the gapi.load function to load the required components for your application. An example would be:
gapi.load("auth:client,drive-realtime,drive-share", callback);
This example loads the following components:
auth:client
The OAuth 2.0 client library suitable for authorizing the Drive API.
drive-realtime
The Drive Realtime API client library
drive-share
The Drive SDK sharing component (optional)
Once these libraries are loaded, the callback function is called. You can use this to start the application and the authorization procedure described in the next step.
Step 3: Authorize access
Authorization with the Realtime API uses OAuth 2.0. We recommend using the Google Sign-In and the JavaScript client library that is loaded with the Realtime library.
After you load the Realtime API client library and authorize access to the user's Drive, you're ready to create a collaborative document.
Step 4: Create or fetch a Google Drive file
Realtime documents are attached to files stored in Google Drive. Accordingly, your application should use the Drive REST API to interact with Drive files. For example, to create a new file, use the files.insert method from the Drive REST API. To retrieve a file that already exists, use the files.get method.
For more information on interacting with files in Google Drive, see Google Drive Integration.
Step 5: Start the Realtime API
You can start the Realtime API with a single call:
gapi.drive.realtime.load(fileId, onFileLoaded, opt_initializerFn, opt_errorFn);
The parameters are:
fileId
The Drive API fileId for the file resource.
onFileLoaded
A callback to be called when the Realtime API has loaded the file. This can be used to connect any user interface elements to collaborative entities in the model.
opt_initializerFn
An optional callback to be called when the Realtime API model is created for the first time. This can be used to create collaborative attributes to initialize the model.
opt_errorFn
An optional callback to be called when an error occurs while the document is being loaded or edited.
Step 6: Initialize the data model
You initialize the model with the initializeModel callback that you pass when starting the Realtime API. In this function, you can create any default starting collaborative objects by building your model. In the case of Realtime binary files, you can use the initializeModel callback to read the file and generate a current Realtime model.
For example, the Realtime quickstart example uses this function to create a model with a collaborative string that controls a text box. The string has a starting value of "Hello Realtime World!", and is named "text":
function initializeModel(model) {
 var string = model.createString("Hello Realtime World!");
 model.getRoot().set("text", string);
}
You create the collaborative object (in this case a CollaborativeString), and attach it to the model hierarchy. Here we attach the string to the model root with the key text.
For more information about models, collaborative objects, and model design, see Build a Collaborative Data Model.
Step 7: Connect listeners for model events
When the Realtime API loads a file, it calls the callback you supply to gapi.drive.realtime.load (in this example, onFileLoaded). This callback marks the start of your application. You should use it to connect user interface components to event listeners. The complete model is available as doc.getModel() and can also be modified at this time.
For example, to connect the Collaborative String above to the function onStringChanged, you would write:
function onStringChanged(evt) {
 // Log the event to the console.
 console.log(evt);
}
function onFileLoaded(doc) {
 // Get the field named "text" in the root map.
 var text = doc.getModel().getRoot().get("text");
 // Connect the event to the listener.
 text.addEventListener(gapi.drive.realtime.EventType.TEXT_INSERTED, onStringChanged);
}
The different types of events are described in more detail in Listening to Realtime Events.
Send feedback about...
Realtime API
Realtime API
Need help? Visit our support page.


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Implications of traffic characteristics on interdomain traffic engineering
Abstract (Summary)This thesis discusses the implications of the traffic characteristics on interdomain traffic engineering with BGP. We first provide an overview of the interdomain traffic control problem. Then, we present results concerning the characteristics of the interdomain traffic, based on the analysis of real traffic traces gathered from non-transit ASes. We discuss the implications of the topological properties of the traffic on interdomain traffic engineering. Based on this knowledge of the traffic characteristics, we go on to study the complexity of designing interdomain traffic engineering techniques by defining the problem as an optimization problem. We show that designing traffic engineering techniques is possible but that several issues inherent to the current interdomain architecture make the task complex. Finally, we evaluate the current state-of-the-art of interdomain traffic engineering and discuss how we envision its future.
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:traffic engineering internet bgp
Date of Publication:03/02/2004


text:
A commissioner is a member of a commission, or the leader of a governmental body. Commissions are commonly created to solve specific problems or address specific ongoing issues, and are staffed with experts in those areas, these experts would be commissioners.
In 2267, the Federation maintained some form of commission for the purpose of mediating disputes; this body dispatched assistant commissioner Nancy Hedford to Epsilon Canaris III. Her goal was to prevent the outbreak of war; her mission was cut short when she developed Sakuro's Disease and had to be recalled. (TOS: "Metamorphosis")

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Perhaps Italians have air conditioning too: lower latitudes have less vitamin D – July 2013
Regional differences of vitamin D deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis patients in Italy.
Reumatismo. 2013 Jul 23;65(3):113-20. doi: 10.4081/reumatismo.2013.113.
Rossini M, D'Avola G, Muratore M, Malavolta N, Silveri F, Bianchi G, Frediani B, Minisola G, Sorgi ML, Varenna M, Foti R, Tartarelli G, Orsolini G, Adami S, Italian Society Of Rheumatology Sir OB.
Rheumatology Unit, University of Verona. _EMAIL_.
Vitamin D deficiency is very common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the different Italian regions and whether these variations are associated with different severity of the disease. The study includes 581 consecutive RA patients (464 women), not taking vitamin D supplements, from 22 Italian rheumatology centres uniformly distributed across Italy. Together with parameters of disease activity (disease activity score 28), functional impairment (activities of daily living and health assessment questionnaire disability index) and mean sun exposure time, all patients had serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) measured in a centralized laboratory.
Vitamin D deficiency (25OHD level < 20 ng/mL) was very frequent among RA patients; its prevalence was 60%, 52% and 38% in southern, central and northern Italy, respectively. Mean disease activity and disability scores were worse in southern regions of Italy. These scores were inversely related to 25OHD levels and this correlation remained statistically significant after adjusting for both body mass index (BMI) and sun exposure time. However, disease severity remained significantly higher in southern regions versus central-northern Italy after adjustment also for serum 25OHD levels, age and BMI. In RA Italian patients there are significant regional differences in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency explained by different BMI, and sun exposure time, and inversely associated with disease activity and disability scores.
PMID: 23884026
Chart from a report on the same study at the Vitamin D Council
Image
Image
Many places around the world are now able to totally avoid the hot summer sun by using air conditioning.
The Middle East, for example, avoids the summer sun so much that the flu comes in the summer instead of the winter.
The people living in the Southern portion of the US appear to be using air conditioning so much that the latitude affect of MS reversed by the middle of the century
Shows decrease of association of MS with latitude during 2oth century wars - probably due to people in the South being able to be indoors due to air conditioning
See also VitaminDWiki
Less Sun Less D Less Health
6035 visitors, last modified 08 Aug, 2013,
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text:
Sensitivity analysis of operational performance under conventional diamond interchange and diverging diamond interchange
Park, Sung Jun
MetadataShow full item record
Rapidly growing traffic volumes and changes in traffic patterns over time have forced many intersections and interchanges into sub-optimal operation. Diverging diamond interchange (DDI) is one of many innovative interchange designs currently being proposed and implemented to better accommodate these changes. This study compares the operational performance of a conventional diamond interchange (CDI) and a DDI at different traffic volumes and turning movement combinations, and explores conditions for which one interchange design may be more advantageous over the other. To achieve this objective, traffic simulation models built using the microscopic simulation software, VISSIM, and procedures involving the Critical Lane Volume (CLV) method were used to conduct sensitivity analyses at different traffic conditions and to explore differences in delay, travel time, queue length, number of stops, and volume-to-capacity ratio between the two interchange designs studied. The results of the study show that the DDI will have better operational performance at high cross street traffic volumes with high left-turn ratio (above 50%), while the CDI will perform better at low cross street traffic volumes with low left-turn ratio (below 30%). The through/left proportion where the CDI and DDI has similar performance is dependent to the cross street cross sections. This study is one of the first to examine in detail the parameters and conditions that are best accommodated by the DDI related to conventional interchanges. Findings from this study can support planning and decision making processes associated with the implementation of DDIs.


IP culture shift: the rise of summary disposition
Andrew Moeser analyzes the shift towards summary disposition in Canadian IP litigation
Canadian intellectual property law has evolved considerably over the last few years, initiated in part by changes to summary procedures but increasingly carried forward by Canadian courts and new legal strategies. This pivot towards the use of early disposition instruments in place of longer and more expensive trials is having significant reverberations for IP holders and businesses. We asked intellectual property expert Andrew Moeser of Lenczner Slaght what caused this change and why – and what effects it will have on IP law now and in the future.
Why has the shift towards summary disposition occurred, and why now?
Most intellectual property litigation in Canada happens in Federal Court, where there are two mechanisms for early disposition: summary judgment and summary trial.
Summary judgment has been around for a long time. However, historically, the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal ("FCA") had typically held that summary judgment is not the preferred means of resolving IP cases, which are often complex. This reluctance was particularly apparent in patent infringement cases, which are technical and usually involve expert evidence (see e.g., Suntec Environmental Inc v Trojan Technologies Inc, 2004 FCA 140). Summary judgment was usually only successful for procedural issues, such as cases turning on payment of filing fees.
In 2009, the Federal Courts Rules were amended to add a summary trial procedure, which was modelled on a mechanism that had been successfully used in British Columbia. Summary trial is brought by way of a motion with affidavit evidence, but after that, it is a highly flexible process. The Court can make any procedural order about the conduct of the summary trial – e.g., length, which witnesses will give live testimony, whether live testimony will consist of cross-examination only or include evidence-in-chief, etc. The motion can be brought at any time before the trial date is set, including prior to discovery. The rules empower the Court to grant judgment generally or on an issue, as long as "there is sufficient evidence for adjudication, regardless of the amounts involved, the complexities of the issues and the existence of conflicting evidence."
Despite the availability of the new summary trial procedure, it was used sparingly in its first few years.
As in many other areas of Canadian law, the Supreme Court of Canada's call for a "culture shift" in its 2014 Hryniak decision was a signal to IP lawyers to give greater consideration to summary procedures. However, unlike in some other areas, there was a bit of a lag in embracing this "culture shift" in the IP bar. Along with the relative newness of the summary trial procedure and the complex subject-matter of many IP cases, a 2015 decision (Manitoba v Canada, 2015 FCA 57) held that Hyrniak did not materially change the procedures or standard to be applied in summary judgment motions, which may have suggested to some lawyers that the Federal Court and FCA retained their historical aversion towards summary judgment.
In the last couple of years, there have been several new decisions where the Federal Court endorsed summary judgment and summary trial in appropriate IP cases, including in complex patent cases (see e.g., Gemak Trust v Jempak Corporation, 2020 FC 644; ViiV Healthcare Company v Gilead Sciences Canada, 2020 FC 486). Recently, the FCA weighed in and similarly endorsed summary judgment in a patent case (Canmar Foods Ltd v TA Foods Ltd, 2021 FCA 7). We may now see a positive feedback cycle where with each new decision lawyers are expanding the scope for summary procedures in IP cases, and it is likely that this trend will continue until the case law solidifies around the appropriate limits.
This in turn absolutely affects the options that IP lawyers should present to their clients. In many ways, this trend is consistent with the broader "culture change" we have seen in the legal profession post-Hryniak, where lawyers are reminded to consider whether a trial is required to resolve any case.
What are the wider implications, if any, of this trend for Canadian consumers?
Most IP litigation involves IP holders and businesses supplying goods and services, rather than Canadian consumers themselves. It is possible that summary disposition could lead to reduced transaction costs associated with IP enforcement, and those cost savings could be passed through to the consumer. For example, in a recent patent trial decision, the Federal Court commented that:
The trial lasted 21 days. Nevertheless, as these reasons will show, the case largely turns upon an issue of claims construction. Claims construction, we are often told, is a question of law, although some forms of evidence are admissible to assist in the process. Where more than 90% of the value of the claim depends on a question of law, the parties should contemplate bringing a motion for summary judgment or summary trial. Had the parties done so in this case, a considerable amount of judicial resources would have been saved, and each party's legal costs would have been substantially reduced. As I suspect that both parties will pass their litigation costs on to their customers, it is ultimately skaters and hockey players across Canada who will bear the burden of the parties' strategic choices. (Bauer Hockey Ltd. v. Sport Maska Inc. (CCM Hockey), 2020 FC 624)
There are also a couple of exceptions where consumers might see a more direct effect.
First, IP cases often affect the availability of a product or service in the marketplace. IP holders sometimes seek injunctions to prevent allegedly infringing competitors from selling their products, and later market entrants sometimes seek a determination on the validity of a competitor's patent or trademark before launching a product. Faster disposition of IP cases could lead to faster availability (or removal) of products in the marketplace.
Second, consumers themselves are sometimes involved in IP cases, such as in copyright infringement cases relating to online file-sharing. There have been some recent examples of copyright holders suing consumers, in some cases seeking to sue large numbers of consumers in so-called "reverse class actions". In theory, the increased availability of summary disposition could have a direct effect on consumers in these kinds of cases, and that effect could go either way – either the IP holder or allegedly infringing consumers could seek to make use of summary procedures.
Will this shift have any effect on cross-border transactions, or are its effects strictly limited to Canada?
This is a complicated question. IP rights are national in scope – e.g., inventors get a Canadian patent that provides exclusive rights in Canada and a separate US patent that provides exclusive rights in the US. But there are at least three ways where there could be a cross-border effect.
First, cross-border issues are sometimes raised in Canadian IP cases, such as where there is an international supply chain and export/import issues arise in the infringement analysis.
Second, this trend could bring Canada more in line with the US, where summary judgment has historically been more available in IP cases. That said, it is unlikely that summary motions will become quite so common in Canadian IP cases: among other reasons, our costs-shifting regime is a disincentive to bringing summary proceedings with a very low likelihood of success. Similarly, though it is not a summary disposition per se, the Canadian summary trial procedure could also be used to narrow the issues in dispute in patent cases through an early hearing relating to claims construction, which is similar to the Markman procedure in the US where patent claim terms are interpreted at an early stage.
Third, there are often parallel IP proceedings occurring in different jurisdictions, and parties typically employ sophisticated transnational litigation strategy. The availability of summary proceedings (and the opportunity to get a fast decision) potentially makes Canada a more important venue in such strategies.
Is the rise in summary disposition strictly limited to patent cases, or will it affect IP law in Canada on a wider scale?
It affects IP law in Canada on a wider scale. In fact, some of the earliest uses of the summary trial procedure were in trademark cases. As an example, in cases relating to counterfeit goods, sometimes the legal issues are relatively straightforward and there is no technical complexity, and the cases turn on contested facts and credibility issues. Credibility issues have traditionally been a substantial obstacle to summary judgment, but they can be addressed with live witnesses at a summary trial.
The more notable aspect of the recent trend is that summary disposition has been treated more favourably in patent cases as well. So the takeaway message is that there are no longer particular categories of IP cases that are (or are not) suitable for summary disposition; it is more about a case-by-case analysis of whether the facts and legal issues in any specific case lend themselves to either summary mechanism.
How will this trend affect small businesses and individuals seeking to protect their IP and patents?
Summary disposition can make it more cost-effective to pursue IP enforcement. The opposite side of the same coin is that summary disposition can also be a cost-effective tool for defendants to short-circuit weak IP infringement allegations.
Do you have any other insights on helping IP clients navigate the legal landscape post/during COVID?
The Federal Court is very much "open for business", and this includes scheduling and hearing motions for summary judgment and summary trial. In addition to the ongoing use of case management in IP cases, the Federal Court has been on the leading edge of courts using technology to keep cases moving ahead despite physical distancing restrictions and other public health measures. The Court has been conducting video hearings of contested matters, including video trials, almost since the beginning of the pandemic.
Andrew Moeser is a partner at Lenczner Slaght. Andrew's practice is primarily focused on intellectual property litigation, with particular experience in industries such as pharmaceutical and biologics, information technology, and oil and gas. Andrew also has experience in commercial litigation relating to environmental


text:
The name "poultry" comes from the French word "poule" which is actually derived from the Latin word "pullus", meaning small animal.
Poultry is one of the most commonly consumed types of protein not for one but many good reasons; It is lean meat, available in plenty, and has a very neutral flavour that goes very well with any palate. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat after pork, accounting for over 30% of the total world meat production and sixteen billion birds are annually raised for consumption.
Poultry Recipe of the Day - Peri Peri Chicken
The Peri-Peri Chicken is a spicy chicken dish with roots both in Africa and Portugal. This dish was created in Angola and Mozambique when Portuguese settlers arrived here with a special chilli pepper called African Bird's Eye Chilli (known as Piri-Piri in the Swahili language).
It was probably the Portuguese who introduced the African Bird's Eye Chili Pepper as we know it today to Europe and the Far East. They probably were also the first to use peppers to create a hot sauce. Nowadays the Peri-Peri sauce in its many variants is enjoyed by people around the world.
Chicken marinated in deliciously spicy Peri-Peri sauce and grilled to one's liking.


. Examples of pH-dependent polymeric substances used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, enteric polymeric substances. Examples of enteric polymeric substances include, but are not limited to, methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymers (Eudragit L100, Eudragit S100, manufactured by Rohm GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt, Germany), methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymers (Eudragit L100-55, Eudragit L30D-55, manufactured by Rohm GmbH & Co. KG, Darmstadt, Germany), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HP-55, HP-50, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical, Japan), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (AQOAT, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical, Japan), carboxymethyl ethylcellulose (CMEC, manufactured by Freund Corporation, Japan), and cellulose acetate phthalate.
Examples of pH-dependent polymeric substances that swell in water or dissolve in water to form a gel include, but are not limited to, alginic acid, pectin, carboxyvinyl polymer, and carboxymethyl cellulose. In the present invention, a single pH-dependent polymeric substance may be contained in the composition, or a plurality of pH-dependent polymeric substances may be contained. The pH-dependent polymeric substance used in the present invention is preferably an enteric polymeric substance, more preferably a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer, a methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, particularly preferably a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer.
When using a pH-dependent polymeric substance in the manufacturing process of a composition according to the present invention, a commercially available product of a powder type or a granular type, or a suspension type in which the pH-dependent polymeric substance has been dispersed in a solvent in advance can be used as is, or such a commercially available product can be used dispersed in water or an organic solvent. The lower the particle diameter of the pH-dependent polymeric substance the better the performance, with the pH-dependent polymeric substance preferably being of the powder type. In the case of a methacrylic acid-ethyl acrylate copolymer, an example is Eudragit L100-55. There are no particular limitations on the mean particle diameter of a pH-dependent polymeric substance used in the present invention, but the mean particle diameter is preferably from 0.05 to 100 μm, more preferably from 0.05 to 70 μm, most preferably from 0.05 to 50 μm. Moreover, there are no particular limitations on the amount of the pH-dependent polymeric substance, for example, in the case of an enteric polymeric substance, the amount is generally from 0.1 to 90 parts by weight, preferably from 1 to 70 parts by weight, more preferably from 5 to 60 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 10 to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the composition.
A therapy according to embodiments reported herein may further contain any of various additives, such as any of various pharmacologically acceptable carriers such as diluents, lubricants, binders and disintegrants, as well as preservatives, colorants, sweeteners, plasticizers, film coating agents and so on, as necessary. Examples of diluents include, but are not limited to, lactose, mannitol, dibasic calcium phosphate, starch, pregelatinized starch, crystalline cellulose, light silicic anhydride, synthetic aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminate metasilicate or the like. Examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, sodium stearyl fumarate or the like. Examples of binders include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone or the like. Examples of disintegrants include, but are not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, sodium carboxymethyl starch, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose or the like.
Examples of preservatives include, but are not limited to, paraoxybenzoic acid esters, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid or the like. Preferable examples of colorants include, but are not limited to, water-insoluble lake pigments, natural pigments (e.g., beta-carotene, chlorophyll, red ferric oxide), yellow ferric oxide, red ferric oxide, black ferric oxide or the like. Preferable examples of sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sodium saccharin, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, aspartame, stevia or the like. Examples of plasticizers include, but are not limited to, glycerol fatty acid esters, triethyl citrate, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or the like. Examples of film coating agents include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose or the like.
Manufacturing Methods
To manufacture embodiments as reported herein, a single conventional method, or a combination of conventional methods, can be used. For example, when manufacturing drug-containing granules as a sustained-release portion or an immediate-release portion, granulation is the main operation, but this may be combined with other operations such as mixing, drying, sieving, and classification. As the granulation method, for example, a wet granulation method in which a binder and a solvent are added to the powder and granulation is carried out, a dry granulation method in which the powder is compressed and granulation is carried out, a molten granulation method in which a binder that melts on heating is added and heating and granulation are carried out, or the like can be used.
Furthermore, in accordance with the granulation method, an operating method such as a mixing granulation method using a planetary mixer, a screw mixer or the like, a high-speed mixing granulation method using a Henschel mixer, a Super mixer or the like, an extruding granulation method using a cylindrical granulator, a rotary granulator, a screw extruding granulator, a pellet mill type granulator or the like, a wet high-shear granulation method, a fluidized-bed granulation method, a compression granulation method, a crushing granulation method, or a spraying granulation method can be used. After the granulation, drying using a dryer, a fluidized bed or the like, cracking, and sieving can be carried out to obtain the granules or fine granules for use. Moreover, a granulation solvent may be used when preparing the composition according to the present invention. There are no particular limitations on such a granulation solvent, which may be water or any of various organic solvents, for example, water, a lower alcohol such as methanol or ethanol, a ketone such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, or a mixture thereof.
For sustained-release granules contained in embodiments, at least one drug and at least one selected from non-pH-dependent polymeric substances and pH-dependent polymeric substances are mixed together, a diluent and a binder are added as necessary, and granulation is carried out to obtain granular matter. The granular matter obtained is dried using a tray dryer, a fluidized bed dryer or the like, and sieving is carried out using a mill or an oscillator, whereby the sustained-release granules can be obtained. Alternatively, as a method of manufacturing sustained-release granules in the present invention, it is possible to add at least one drug, at least one selected from non-pH-dependent polymeric substances and pH-dependent polymeric substances, and as necessary a diluent and a binder using a dry compactor such as a roller compactor or a slug tabletting machine, and carry out compression-molding while mixing, and then carry out granulation by cracking down to a suitable size. The granular matter prepared using such a granulator may be used as is as granules or fine granules according to the present invention, or may be further cracked using a power mill, a roll granulator, a rotor speed mill or the like, and sieved to obtain sustained-release granules


text:
As we consider all the things we are grateful for this Thanksgiving, let's not forget the majestic elephant. With the species in peril of extinction in only a decade, here's a reminder of the many reasons we are thankful for their presence and why we need to safeguard their survival for future generations:
1. Elephants are highly social and intelligent animals who have life spans similar to humans. They form strong family bonds led by matriarchs and show feelings of sadness and an understanding of mortality by handling the bones and tusks of elephants who have been killed.
2. Because elephants are so large and roam so widely, they are an integral part of the overall ecosystem, and their activities contribute to a healthy and diverse environment.
3. They pull down trees and thorny bushes, which helps create grasslands for other animals to survive.
4. Many plant species rely on elephants to disperse their seeds far and wide.
5. In dry terrain, elephants help provide water for other animals by digging waterholes in dry riverbeds and creating water holes with their large foot prints that then collect rain.
6. They create salt licks that are rich in nutrients for other animals.
7. Elephants forge trails through vegetation that acts as fire breaks and water run offs. Humans and other animals depend on the openings created in the forest and brush.
8. Elephant poop, believe it or not, is a very important resource. Baboons and birds pick through dung for undigested seeds and spread them throughout the land, and dung beetles reproduce in it. Elephant dung also contributes to nutrient-filled soil in which humans can plant crops.
Madeline Bakar and Karen Bakar


Active Directory Group age
(5 Ratings)
Description
Queries Active Directory to get a list of all user groups, the date it was created and last modified, and writes the output to a CSV file. Useful when cleaning up Active Directory.
Note: The script uses rootDSE to bind to the domain in which you are logged into. If you are in a forest scenario and want to bind to the root you can replace ("defaultNamingContext") with ("rootDomainNamingContext").
Source Code
This script has not been checked by Spiceworks. Please understand the risks before using it.
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'==========================================================================
' Name: GroupAge_AD.vbs
' Author: Jose Cruz (merlinpr)
' Date: 11/04/2009
' Desc: Queries Active Directory for all group objects and writes the date
' when it was created and last modified to a CSV file.
'==========================================================================
On Error Resume Next
Const ADS_SCOPE_SUBTREE = 2
Set RootDSE = GetObject("LDAP://RootDSE")
domainContainer = rootDSE.Get("defaultNamingContext")
Set objConnection = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Set objCommand = CreateObject("ADODB.Command")
objConnection.Provider = "ADsDSOObject"
objConnection.Open "Active Directory Provider"
Set objCommand.ActiveConnection = objConnection
objCommand.Properties("Page Size") = 1000
objCommand.Properties("Searchscope") = ADS_SCOPE_SUBTREE
objCommand.CommandText = _
 "SELECT Name, whenChanged, whenCreated FROM 'LDAP://" & domainContainer & "' WHERE objectCategory='group'"
Set objRecordSet = objCommand.Execute
objRecordSet.MoveFirst
Set objFSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Set objLogFile = objFSO.CreateTextFile("ADGroups_Age.csv", _
 ForWriting, True)

Do Until objRecordSet.EOF
 objLogFile.Write objRecordSet.Fields("Name").Value & ","
 objLogFile.Write objRecordSet.Fields("whenCreated").Value & ","
 objLogFile.Write objRecordSet.Fields("whenChanged").Value
 objLogFile.Writeline
 objRecordSet.MoveNext
Loop
objLogFile.Close
objRecordset.Close
objConnection.Close
Join or Login to share what you think!
6 Comments
 - merlinpr
 Thai Pepper
 merlinpr
 Changed the script to bind to rootDSE insdead of having people type the domain name in the LDAP query manually. Thanks to Martin9700 for the suggestion. I wrote the script very quickly to try to answer a question on a post and got lazy...lol
 - Shane Fontenot
 Thai Pepper
 Shane Fontenot
 Could you tweak this to show the age of computer accounts? Nice script for getting the age of groups but it would be more helpful if it listed computer account age for AD cleanup. Thanks.
 - merlinpr
 Thai Pepper
 merlinpr
 shanfont, to check the age of computer accounts you might want to look into OldCmp from Joeware: _URL_ I could modify the script to do what you asked very easily but OldCmp can do so much more. I recommend you download it and just run (from command line) oldcmp /? so you can see all the options. I use it to check the age of computer accounts and have it save the output to HTML. I must warn you that it is a very powerful tool so be careful if you use it for anything other than reporting.
 - Castle6342
 Pimiento
 Castle6342
 Hi, This is a great script and thanks for posting. I'm wondering what I would have to do to add the description of the Group on the excel sheet. I have tried adding the "description" attribute to the script but it just doesn't work.
 - Ben6294
 Pimiento
 Ben6294
 Massively awesome. You just saved me a lot of time. I would imagine that I can just modify the ' WHERE objectCategory='group'" to ' WHERE objectCategory='Computer'" to get the same info right?
 - collinmarsden1
 Pimiento
 collinmarsden1
 Is there a way to have a "last used" column?


text:
Common sms gaming questions
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Great for studying. You give the program some questions and answers to those questions and save them....
Select test questions from a database, add your own questions.
TestKing Questions & Answers Cisco 640-863 contains 476 questions.


text:
Greetings, you attended the workshop on tree mortality in Amador County. I want to advise you to be sure to keep track of expenses incurred to remove dead trees. I have consulted with some specialists in taxation and these costs constitute casualty losses that can be claimed on your income tax return provided that you meet certain conditions (loss exceeds 10% of AGI Adjusted Gross Income, and exceeds $100).
I have attached an informational paper on tax consequences of insect killed trees (below). Another option to consider, that is more complicated, is to establish the decline in property value associated with the loss of trees. Of course, if you have larger property with extensive mortality that cannot be captured through salvage, that may qualify for a claimed loss as well.
Richard Harris, Ph.D
Registered Professional Forester 1961
The Tax Implications of Insect Damage
Linda Wang, National Timber Tax Specialist, USDA Forest Service
If your timber are damaged or killed by the insects, unless the situation meets the special exceptions, normal level of damage to the timber is generally not tax deductible. Such losses are considered part of the risk and cost for timber property. To be a deductible loss, historically the IRS has allowed tax deductions on insect damages to the trees under special circumstances. Most often, timber property is uninsured or uninsurable, rendering no compensation or reimbursement from the insurance. The loss of ornamental trees on residential property generally is subject to more restrictions than income-producing (business or investment) timber property even if the loss quality for a tax deduction.
Normal level of timber loss from insect damage is not tax deductible.
The economic loss of the timber from the insect damage will be reflected in the decreased value of the timber. That means your profit will be less when you sell your timber down the road and the taxes that are due will also be less.
For example, Mr. Smith owns 40-acre of woodland and intends to produce income from the timber. However, this year, some trees were gradually killed by insects over a period of several months. Because this is considered a normal level of insect infestation, the loss of timber is not tax deductible. Smith worked with a consulting forester who implemented a plan to manage the timber properly. For his tax records, he adjusted the timber volume in his forest management plan, reflecting the loss of timber volume from the insect attack. The dollar amount in his timber basis, however, stayed the same (i.e., it is not changed by the loss of timber volume from the insects). This is because the basis of his timber in his case was the purchase cost he paid for the timber property five years ago. The loss of timber from the insect damage only affects the volume part of the timber basis.
Deductible Loss from "Sudden, Unexpected and Unusual" Insect Damage (Casualty Loss)
The tax law provides a tax deduction for the damage and destruction of property that is caused by a sudden, unexpected or unusual event, that is, the casualty loss deduction. A "sudden" event is one that is swift, not gradual or progressive. An "unexpected" event is one that is not ordinarily anticipated. An "unusual" event is one that is not a day-to-day occurrence and that is not typical activity. For examples, hurricanes and fires are casualty.
Generally, insect damages seldom qualify as casualty loss for tax purpose, because such damages tend to be gradual or progressive over a period of time rather than sudden. So if the insect damage does not meet the swift and sudden requirement, one can't claim a casualty loss deduction because it is not a casualty.
However, in special cases where the taxpayer was in dispute over whether the timber loss from insect damage qualify for casualty loss, the Tax Court had ruled in favor of the taxpayer. Specifically, the Tax Court granted casualty loss deduction where the ornamental ("yard") trees on residential property were killed by the Southern Pine Beetles (SPB). In the Nelson case, the taxpayer owned six acres of residential property in Texas that contained forty-eight loblolly pine trees. Twenty-four trees died within 5 to 10 days of an epidemic attack by SPB. The SPB epidemic was unexpected in the area. The court held that a casualty loss was allowable. Subsequently, the Tax Court again in the Black case determined that the infestation of trees by SPB is a sufficiently sudden event to be a casualty loss when the ornamental trees died within 30 days of attack. In the Smithgall case where the residential owner lost ornamental trees attacked by the epidemic SPB, the District Court in Georgia held that the tree loss was a casualty.
In light of the court cases, for special situations where ornamental trees were destroyed by onslaught of beetles, the IRS issued guidance that allowed a casualty loss deduction. The death of ornamental trees 5 to 10 days following a massive southern pine beetle attack in an area not known for such massive attacks results in a casualty loss deduction. In other words, the fact that the ornamental trees on the residential property were dead after 5 to 10 days from the attack of the beetles satisfied the suddenness requirement. Also, since there were no known attacks in epidemic proportions of southern pine beetles in the area of the taxpayer's residence prior and after the tax year, the event was both unusual and unexpected.
Note that even if a casualty loss is allowed, the deduction for the residential yard tree loss is subject to more restrictions than the commercial timber, limiting the amount of the write-off. Any insurance received reduces the deductible loss. To figure out the amount of casualty loss deduction due to the destruction of ornamental trees by the insects on residential property, the adjusted basis in the property must be established. The calculation of the loss deduction starts with the fair market value loss, subject to the adjusted basis limit. After that, additional deduction limits ($100 floor and 10% rules) apply to personal-use property such as residence. An appraisal on the value of the entire property before and after the casualty need to be assessed.
To deduct a casualty loss, you must be able to show that there was a casualty and be able to support the amount you take as deduction.
Casualty loss is reported on Form 4684. The appraisal fees are deductible on Schedule A as miscellaneous expenses subject to 2% adjusted gross income reduction.
Unexpected and unusual damage in a Business
Most insect damages to trees do not result in casualty loss deduction due to the lacking of the element of the suddenness. However, in a special case involving a forest product company's loss of trees from an unexpected and unusual insect infestation, the IRS allowed a tax deduction (which is termed "noncasualty business loss"). That is, even if a casualty loss has not occurred, a deductible business loss is available for unusual and unexpected insect damage to the timber used in a trade or business. The taxpayer in this case was a corporation that grows, manages, and harvests pine timber for use in its wood products manufacturing facilities. An unexpected and unusual attack on a stand of merchantable pine trees killed the trees. The IRS ruled that the taxpayer's loss of timber give rise to an allowable business loss deduction when the timber became worthless and bulldozed and burned. Because such loss did not arise from a casualty, it was required to be offsetting capital gains (noncasualty sec. 1231 gains) in most cases. Also, the amount of loss is limited to the adjusted basis in the units that are lost.
In summary, most tree losses from insect damages do not give rise to a tax deduction. Typically such loss of timber from insect infestation do not result in a casualty loss when the damage occurs over a period of time gradually. But the IRS allowed a casualty loss deduction for the death of ornamental trees from an epidemic southern pine beetle attack on residential property. Note that even if the loss to the trees is deductible as casualty loss, the amount of deductions are likely not the fair market value of the timber destroyed due to the basis (usually cost) rule. In another type of special situation, the IRS has allowed noncasualty business tax deduction on timber loss from unexpected and unusual insect attack in a timber trade or business.


Rotisserie Grilling Sample: Charcoal vs Gas
It's I wrote a Cookbook week on DadCooksDinner!
To whet your whistle, here's a sample section from Rotisserie Grilling. I let my inner food geek run wild, and explore the science of rotisserie. Enjoy!
—Start Excerpt—
Sidebar: Charcoal vs. Gas
The cheapest charcoal grill browns meat better than most gas grills. Why?
Warning! Science content ahead. If you want to skip it, the summary is: Meat browns as meat juices are exposed to heat and evaporate. Dry heat browns better than wet heat because the extra water has to evaporate before the meat will start to brown. Burning charcoal is dry heat. Burning gas releases water, making wet heat. Therefore, charcoal browns meat better than gas.
Starting science content. My wife, the high school chemistry teacher, made sure I have the science correct. She says you better not skip ahead. There will be a quiz.
Why is dry heat better than wet heat? The Maillard reaction.
The Maillard reaction occurs when sugars and amino acids are exposed to heat in a dry environment; the result is browning and the release of water. "The result is browning" is shorthand for complex chemical interactions that scientists are still figuring out. The sugars caramelize, interact with the amino acids, and produce all sorts of flavor compounds. Those flavor compounds are what make the browned crust on a roast so delicious.
Meat is full of protein fibers and meat juices. When meat is cooked, the heat tightens the muscle fibers, and they squeeze juices out of the meat. The meat juices are full of sugars and amino acids, and when they reach the surface of the meat, they are exposed to heat. That starts the Maillard reaction. As the juices brown, they release more water. That extra water slows down the Maillard reaction until it evaporates, and browning starts again.
Water prevents browning. Meat needs to be cooked at 350°F or higher to evaporate the water fast enough to keep the browning reaction going, and higher temperatures are better. Boiled meat is gray, without any browning at all, because it is covered with water. This is why recipes recommend patting food dry before cooking; any extra water slows down browning until it evaporates.
Now we get to charcoal versus gas. (Finally!)
Charcoal is wood heated in an oxygen free environment. When all the water in the wood has evaporated, you are left with carbon. When carbon is burned, it produces heat, carbon dioxide, and a little carbon monoxide. That's our dry heat – no water.
Gas is either propane or methane (also known as natural gas). When gas is burned, it produces heat, carbon dioxide, and water. That water is the problem – it needs to be evaporated by the heat of the grill before the Maillard reaction will start.
Now for the good news: a rotisserie helps browning, whether you use gas or charcoal. Escaping juices roll around the surface of the meat, spreading the sugars and amino acids so the Maillard reaction can do its thing. Yes, a charcoal grill with a rotisserie browns better than a gas grill with a rotisserie. But, a gas grill with a rotisserie browns about as well as a charcoal grill without a rotisserie. If you have a gas grill, don't give up – the rotisserie will still help.
End Science content. You can keep reading now.
If you want a gas grill that browns as well as a charcoal grill, you need more heat, to help evaporate the extra water. This means more burners, especially infrared burners, which do a great job of generating heat. But that makes the grill more expensive. It's tough to beat a cheap kettle grill filled with charcoal.
Don't get me wrong; I use both charcoal and gas grills. In a perfect world, I would use charcoal all the time. However…gas grills are so convenient. They're easy to light and provide constant, even heat as long as you don't run out of gas. There are no worries about charcoal burning down and cooling off; there's no need to add extra coals every hour. In the middle of February, when every trip to the grill involves shoveling snow, I love that extra convenience.
—End of excerpt—
The book:
Rotisserie Grilling by Mike Vrobel
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text: Samples of Mytilus edulis, together with samples of sediment and Fucus vesiculosus, were taken monthly from each of five shores on the south coast of the Shannon Estuary from March 1992 to December 1993 inclusive. Samples were digested individually and the levels of iron, zinc, manganese, cobalt, chromium and copper were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Levels of metals were lower than previously published values from Irish east coast estuaries, including Dublin, except for a few high levels in M. edulis, which did not persist in the tissues and were probably lost through excretion, spawning or detoxification. Of the metals analysed iron showed the highest levels. This was attributed in part to the background levels of iron in sediment. On some occasions high metal levels ill sediment did not lead to higher levels either in F. vesiculosus or in M. edulis, suggesting that metals in M. edulis may come from other sources, including anthropogenic inputs, in the estuary. On an international scale the levels in M. edulis of the six metals studied were relatively low in the Shannon Estuary. The longer-term monthly sampling regime followed in this Study is important since it shows that occasional high levels, which may be detected by once-off studies, are not always maintained.


Sunday, August 27, 2017
Java: Enforcing a minimum number of method arguments using varargs
Sometimes you need to write a method that requires at least a certain number of arguments. For example, let's say you have a calculation that requires three or more integer arguments. You could write it like this:
public static int calculate(int... args) {
 if (args.length < 3) {
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("At least 3 arguments expected");
 }
 // do something
 return result;
}
The problem with this is that the client cannot tell how many arguments are required and, if they are pass in too few arguments, the method will fail at runtime rather than compile time. You also have to explicity validate the number of arguments passed into the method.
A better way is to declare the method to take 3 normal arguments and 1 varargs arguments, like this:
public static int calculate(int a, int b, int c, int... rest) {
 // do something
 return result;
}
Saturday, July 29, 2017
Java 8: Multimaps
A multimap is a Map which maps a single key to multiple values e.g. HashMap<String, List<String>>.
Java 8 introduces a Map.computeIfAbsent method, which makes inserting values into a multimap much simpler:
Map<String, List<String>> multimap = new HashMap<>();
multimap.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(value);
Prior to Java 8, a multimap was usually created as follows:
// create the map
Map<String, List<String>> multimap = new HashMap<>();
// put a key/value into the map
List<String> list = multimap.get(key);
if (list == null) {
 multimap.put(key, list = new ArrayList<>());
}
list.add(value);
Or with Guava's Multimap class:
ListMultimap<String, String> multimap = ArrayListMultimap.create();
multimap.put(key, value);
You can read more about Java 8 updates to the Map class in my previous blog post.
Saturday, July 22, 2017
Java: Splitting a Pipe-delimited String - Fast!
This post shows how you can efficiently split a pipe-delimited string e.g. "foo|bar|baz". There are many ways to do this - I could even write my own - but I will only use those that are available in the JDK (or commonly used libraries) and will measure the performance of each.
Remember that, since the pipe symbol (|) is a special character in regular expressions, it needs to be escaped if necessary.
1. String.split
The most obvious way to split a string on the pipe character is to use Java's String.split:
public static String[] split(String s) {
 return s.split("\\|");
}
2. String.split with Pattern.quote
Instead of escaping the pipe ourselves, we can use Pattern.quote to do it for us. (Note: Pattern.quote("|") returns "\Q|\E".)
public static String[] splitWithPatternQuote(String s) {
 return s.split(Pattern.quote("|"));
}
3. Pattern.split
Create a static Pattern and use it to split the string.
private static final Pattern SPLITTER = Pattern.compile("\\|");
public static String[] splitWithPattern(String s) {
 return SPLITTER.split(s);
}
4. StringUtils.split
Apache Commons provides StringUtils.split, which splits a string on a single character:
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
public static String[] splitWithStringUtils(String s) {
 return StringUtils.split(s, '|');
}
So, which one is fastest?
I ran each method on 1 million pipe-delimited strings of different lengths - RandomStringUtils.randomAlphabetic is great for generating random strings - and the table below shows how long each one took:
MethodTime (ms)
split485
splitWithStringUtils520
splitWithPattern643
splitWithPatternQuote936
An interesting observation is that splitWithPatternQuote is so much slower than split, even though they both call String.split internally! If we delve into the source code for String.split, we can see that there is an optimisation (a "fastpath") if the provided regex has two-chars and the first char is a backslash. This applies to "\\|" but, since Pattern.quote produces \Q|\E, it does not use the fastpath and instead creates a new Pattern object for every split. This also explains why it is slower than splitWithPattern, which re-uses the same Pattern object.
Monday, May 29, 2017
Stack Overflow - 150,000 rep reached!
I've been a bit quiet on Stack Overflow lately, but just managed to reach 150,000 reputation!
For me, Stack Overflow has not simply been a quest for reputation, but more about learning and helping fellow programmers in need.
Sunday, May 21, 2017
Shell Scripting: <, << and <<<
This post shows the difference between the three standard input redirection operators: <, << and <<<.
1. <
< allows you to pass data contained in a file to the standard input of a command. The format is:
command < file
Examples:
# replace comma with new-lines:
tr ',' '\n' < file
# read a file line-by-line and do something with each line:
while IFS= read -r line; do
 # do something with each line
 ssh "$line" who -b
done < hosts.txt
2. <<
<< allows you to pass multi-line text (called a here-document) to a command until a specific "token" word is reached. The format is:
command << TOKEN
line 1
line 2
TOKEN
For example:
# query a database
sqsh -S server -D db << END
select * from table
where foo='bar'
go
END
3. <<<
<<< allows you to pass a string of text (called a here-string) to a command. If you find yourself echo-ing text and piping it to a command, you should use a here-string instead. (See my previous post on Useless Use of Echo.) The format is:
command <<< text
Examples:
tr ',' '\n' <<< "foo,bar,baz"
grep "foo" <<< "foo,bar,baz"
mailx -s subject $USER <<< "email body"


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Here's a quick summary about what I'm trying to do: Let's say I got two layers. One (A) with 10 polygons and one that is more granular with 100 polygons (B). Just to check if the behavior of PostGIS and ArcMap is the same, I would like to select all polygons in B that are under a polygon in A. Since the sum of all polygons of both layer got the same shape, all polygons of B should be selected. If I do that in ArcMap, everything works fine (100 of 100 polygons selected). If I use the following statement in PostGIS, some of the polygons are not in the resultset (about 10%):
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom);
No I want to be more specific. Let's say I'd like to select all Polygons from B that are under a specific polygon from A with a polygon_id = 1. For this I use the following statement:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid FROM layer_a, layer_b WHERE ST_Contains(layer_a.geom, (SELECT layer_b.geom WHERE layer_by.polygon_id = '1');
But now, I get a empty resultset and I really don't know why. Could somebody explain me this behavior? Note: I just imported shape files without assigning a special SRID or something like this. I appreciate any help. :)
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Looks like ST_Contains is the correct function. Two things come to mind that could cause the results you are getting. First, invalid geometries can silently cause all kinds of trouble. Run a query similar to the following on both of your tables:
SELECT gid AS invalid_gid
 FROM layer_a
 WHERE NOT St_IsValid(geom);
Second issue could be that the polygons do not actually have the topological properties that you think they do. Replace St_Contains with St_Intersects and that should help to inform you. Let me know what that yields.
Your second query appears to have typos, but should look more like this:
SELECT layer_a.gid, layer_b.gid
 FROM layer_a, layer_b
 WHERE layer_b.polygon_id = 1
 AND St_Contains(layer_a.geom, layer_b.geom)
share|improve this answer
Hey Scro, I tried it with your statement and rechecked the results from ArcMap and now its looks good. Seems that I had it wrong. I thought ST_Contains would do this job for me, but now it know, that ST_Contains only selects Polygons that are completly in/under the other polygon. And ST_Intersects selects all polygons that intersects with the bigger one. Looks good now. Thank you very much! :] – Chronnie Mar 14 '13 at 12:46
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text:
If you're looking for ways to get through a drug test, you've probably heard about people using pekton. Does it work? Will using Pekton really give the right result in a drug test?
Let's clear something up first. If people are talking about pekton on weed-smoker forums, they most likely mean pectin. This is a complex material found in plants. It's a major ingredient of cooking supplies like Sure-Jell and Certo.
Why Would Pectin Work for a Drug Test?
You're probably wondering why something you can buy at your local grocery store would get you through a drug test. If you search the forums, you'll find a lot of weed smokers swear by it. Unfortunately, you'll also find a lot who say it didn't work for them. Let's have a look at why it might work.
We'll just focus on weed (THC) tests here, because they're the most relevant. It's unlikely to have any effect on other drug tests. This is because THC is fat-soluble, while most other drugs are water-soluble.
In theory, this makes a difference because pectin is a soluble fiber, and this binds with fatty acids as it moves through the digestive system. The myth goes that this also traps the THC stored in the fatty acids, which means less THC in the blood. Less THC in the blood means less metabolites collecting in your urine, and this means more chance of passing a drug test.
Well, that's the theory put forward on the forums, but there's no hard science to back it up. While there might be some truth to it, it's doubtful it would make enough difference to change a drug test result.
So Why Do People Say It Works?
The likely reason it works for some people is probably the amount of water they drink with it. It stands to reason that if you eat a whole pack of pectin/pekton, you're gonna need a lot of water to wash it down. This leads to the dilution effect, which can change a drug test result. Unfortunately, dilution can also be detected.
For the people it's worked for, maybe it's down to luck. Maybe they have a certain body chemistry that can get away with it. Maybe the testers tried to save money and didn't perform an adulteration test. Either way, it's clearly not a sure-fire method, despite what some people would have you believe.
Are There More Reliable Ways to Pass a Drug Test?
The most popular ways at the moment are to use a detox drink.
Detox drinks are perhaps the easiest, because it's just a matter of using them a couple of hours before your test and peeing a couple of times. They're specially designed to flush your system while keeping your urine's natural properties. If you want, you can combine it with the soluble fiber method and get some cheap fiber capsules. These are a lot easier to take than a packet of Sure-Jell.


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A Novel Surgical Technique For Closure of Dehiscence Conjunctiva Due to Glaucoma Drainage Device
 Channels: Glaucoma | Posted 9/27/2018
Our aim is to describe a novel surgical technique for dehiscence conjunctiva caused by glaucoma drainage devices not responsive to conventional closure methods. There has been a significant rise in the implementation of glaucoma drainage devices for the surgical treatment of glaucoma; this has required surgeons to deal with their many limitations. One common unwanted occurrence is the postoperative extrusion of such tubes or plates through eroded conjunctiva. This can have catastrophic implications and leaves this cohort of patients at high risk of endopthalmitis. There remains a significant paucity on guidance in literature best describing optimal surgical techniques when attempting to deal with this unwanted complication. We describe a modified technique successfully implemented by our institution achieving consistent outcomes in even the most complex cases. We describe a modified surgical method involving a combination of relieving conjunctival incisions, tutoplast, conjunctival autograft, and amniotic membrane. We illustrate its implementation on a case example in a patient with a complex ocular history including, keratouveitis, dry eyes, and previous Baerveldt tube insertion presenting with externalization of plate. A combined surgical closure method should be adopted in complex cases when failure of direct closure will almost be inevitable.
Abdus Samad Ansari • Glaucoma Drainage devices
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text: Hello. In oral exams my professor likes to ask if Alice and Bob can communicate, if Alice ist just above the event horizon of a schwarzschild black hole and Bob ist just below. He wants to hear: Communication is possible, because the event horizon is observer dependent. Only an observer resting at infinity distance couldn't see something cross the event horizon. Is this correct? I can't understand it. Doesn't you draw diagrams like this _URL_ exactly to see, that this is not possible? I read about apparent horizons, but the lecture is the introduction to general relativity. We talk about an ideal schwarzschild black hole, not a perturbed black hole. Would you please help me to understand?


Side effects of macrobid in elderly
Side effects of macrobid in elderly
Is Macrobid safe for elderly?
It is generally accepted that nitrofurantoin may be ineffective for UTIs in the elderly because age-related declines in renal function result in subtherapeutic concentrations in the urinary tract. However, the recommendation to avoid the drug in the elderly is not because it causes nephrotoxicity.
How long do side effects of Macrobid last?
I stopped taking the medication on day three when I noticed I had also developed a rash. And my breathing was being impacted. It took 48-72 hours to feel better and the rash to subside. While my symptoms went away within 6 hours – the side effects with this drug were awful.
How long does it take for Macrobid to clear up a UTI?
Treating urinary tract infections with Macrobid If your doctor prescribes Macrobid for your UTI, you'll likely take this drug at home. Treatment typically lasts seven days. Be sure to take Macrobid exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
Can Macrobid make you feel weak?
Feeling dizzy, sleepy, tired, or weak. Some people have had hair loss with Macrobid (nitrofurantoin capsules). This went back to normal when Macrobid (nitrofurantoin capsules) was stopped. This medicine may change the color of the urine to brown.
Why do seniors get so many urinary tract infections?
Certain factors may increase the risk of UTIs in older people. Conditions common in older adults may lead to urinary retention or neurogenic bladder. This increases the risk of UTIs. These conditions include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes.
Is Macrobid bad for your kidneys?
As renal function deteriorates, the nitrofurantoin bladder concentration decreases and plasma levels increase. Therefore, in renal impairment efficacy is reduced and the potential for adverse reactions increased. Nitrofurantoin is consequently contraindicated in patients with creatinine clearance less than 60 mL/min1.
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How long does it take for Macrobid to get out of your system?
What are the side effects of Macrobid?
What Are Side Effects of Macrobid? nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, diarrhea, rust-colored or brownish urine, vaginal itching or discharge, headaches, and. gas.
Is Macrobid 3 days enough?
How long will I take it for? If you're taking nitrofurantoin to treat a urinary tract infection, then you usually need to take it for 3 to 7 days. If you're taking nitrofurantoin to stop urinary tract infections coming back, you may need to take it for several months.
What is the strongest antibiotic for a UTI?
Which antibiotics work best to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)? Augmentin. Ceftriaxone ( Rocephin ) Cephalexin ( Keflex ) Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) Fosfomycin ( Monurol ) Levofloxacin ( Levaquin ) Nitrofurantoin ( Macrodantin, Macrobid ) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim, Septra )
How do you get rid of E coli in the urinary tract?
After a positive urinalysis, your doctor might prescribe Bactrim or Cipro, two antibiotics often used to treat UTIs caused by E. coli. If you're not better after a few doses, the E. coli may be resistant to these drugs.
What kind of bacteria does Macrobid kill?
What is nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin, Furadantin)? Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic that is used for treating urinary tract infections caused by several types of bacteria. It is effective against E. Coli, Enterobacter cystitis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Why does Macrobid turn urine brown?
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What drugs interact with Macrobid?
Drug interactions of Macrobid, Macrodantin, and Furadantin include probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, magnesium trisilicate antacids, live tuberculosis vaccines (BCG vaccine) and live typhoid vaccines, and quinolone antibiotics.
Can Macrobid treat kidney infection?
Macrobid is available as a generic. Macrobid should not be used for pyelonephritis ( kidney infections ) or other deep tissue infections such as perinephric abscesses.
Alice Sparrow
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